cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient memory impairment in monkeys with bilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex

Performance on five behavioral tasks was assessed post-operatively in Macaca fascicularis monkeys prepared with bilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex (E group). Three of the tasks were also readministered 9–14 months after surgery. Initial learning of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) task was impaired in the E animals relative to unoperated control monkeys. On the delay portion of DNMS, the performance of E animals was nearly at control levels at short delays (up to 60 sec) but was impaired at 10 min and 40 min retention intervals. On the retest of DNMS, the E animals performed normally at all retention intervals. The E animals were unimpaired on the four other memory tasks. Neuroanatomical studies revealed a significant transverse expansion of the terminal field of the perirhinal cortical projection in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Compared to unlesioned, anatomical control monkeys, the transverse length of the perirhinal terminal field in CA1 increased approximately 70% in the E monkeys. Although this was a striking morphological alteration, it is not known whether the sprouting of this projection influenced the behavioral recovery. The results of these studies suggest that the entorhinal cortex may normally participate in the learning and performance of tasks that are dependent on the medial temporal lobe memory system. However, recovery of normal DNMS performance demonstrates that the entorhinal cortex is not, by itself, essential for learning and performance of such tasks.
Induction paclitaxel and carboplatin for patients with head and neck carcinoma

BACKGROUND After standard therapy for advanced head and neck carcinoma, 5-year survival rate is less than 50%. Our purpose was to develop a new treatment for advanced head and neck carcinoma by using preoperative chemotherapy. Long term efficacy and toxicity of induction paclitaxel and carboplatin is reported here. METHODS Between 1994 and 1999, 62 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed head and neck carcinoma were treated with paclitaxel and carboplatin induction chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was administered every 21 days with 3 courses of paclitaxel (150–265 mg/m2) and carboplatin at a dose calculated using the Calvert formula area under the curve of 7.5. Patients who achieved complete or partial response at the primary received definitive radiation to the primary tumor and those with lymph node disease received neck dissection followed by radiation to the regional lymph nodes. Nonresponders received standard resection of primary tumor and draining lymph node basin followed by radiation. RESULTS Sixty-two consecutive patients were treated. Seventy-four percent had Stage IV (according to the 5th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging manual) disease. The median duration of follow-up from initiation of chemotherapy was 64 weeks (range, 1–272 weeks). Overall complete plus partial response rate was 41 of 62 (66%). Responses were observed at all anatomic sites: oropharynx 20 of 33 (61%); hypopharynx 8 of 12 (67%); and larynx 13 of 17 (76%). Kaplan–Meier estimates of overall survival (OS), at 230 weeks, were significantly better in Stage IV oropharynx/hypopharynx responders than nonresponders (55% vs. 27%; P = 0.04). Of the variables evaluated in multivariate models, response at the primary tumor and lymph nodes were associated with improved disease free survival and OS. Organ preservation was achieved in 28 of 62 (45%) of patients at all anatomic sites: oropharynx 39%, hypopharynx 42%, larynx 59%. Seventeen of 28 (61%) patients had their primary organ site preserved for a mean duration of 78 weeks (range, 13–238 weeks). CONCLUSIONS Induction paclitaxel and carboplatin was well tolerated. The response rate was encouraging considering most patients were Stage IV. Chemotherapy response identified a group with improved prognosis. Organ preservation was possible at all anatomic sites. Cancer 2001;91:940–8. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Linear 3D reconstruction of time-domain diffuse optical imaging differential data: improved depth localization and lateral resolution

We present 3D linear reconstructions of time-domain (TD) diffuse optical imaging differential data. We first compute the sensitivity matrix at different delay gates within the diffusion approximation for a homogeneous semi-infinite medium. The matrix is then inverted using spatially varying regularization. The performances of the method and the influence of a number of parameters are evaluated with simulated data and compared to continuous-wave (CW) imaging. In addition to the expected depth resolution provided by TD, we show improved lateral resolution and localization. The method is then applied to reconstructing phantom data consisting of an absorbing inclusion located at different depths within a scattering medium.
{3,3′‐[Ethane‐1,2‐diylbis(methylimino)]bis(propane‐1‐thiolato)}nickel(II)

The title compound, [Ni(C10H22N2S2)], contains a square-planar Ni center coordinated by the tetra­dentate ligand 3,3′-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(methyl­imino)]dipropane-1-thiol­ate. Upon chelation, the N2S2 ligand generates one five-membered chelate ring containing the N donors and two six-membered chelate rings in chair conformations, each containing one N and one S donor. The cis S donors, which are not directly linked together, form an acute S—Ni—S angle of 82.965 (18)° due to ligand constraints.
An electrophoretic study of proteins in chick embryonic fluids

The protein fractions of 7–18 day chick serum, allantoic and amniotic fluid and egg white were demonstrated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The similarity in protein fractions suggests that most of the amniotic fluid proteins are derived from egg white while serum contributes most of the allantoic fluid proteins. Several protein fractions which are unique to the respective fluids may be produced by components of the extraembryonic membranes. The nature of the proteins found in both serum and allantoic fluid suggests a selective transfer of protein between the two fluids.
Comparative ultrastructure of catch tentacles and feeding tentacles in the sea anemone Haliplanella

Abstract TEM observations of catch tentacles revealed that the tentacle tip epidermis is filled with two size classes of mature holotrich nematocysts and a gland cell filled with electron-dense vesicles. Vesicle production is restricted to upper-middle and tentacle tip regions, whereas holotrich development occurs in the lower-middle and tentacle base regions. Thus, catch tentacles have a maturity gradient along their length, with mature tissues concentrated at the tetacle tip. Occasional feeding tentacle cnidae (microbasic p-mastigophores and basitrichs) and mucus gland cells occur in proximal portions of catch tentacles, but are phagocytized by amoeboid granulocytes and transported to the gastrodermis for further degradation. No feeding tentacle cnidae or mucus cells occur distally in catch tentacles. Unlike catch tentacles, feeding tentacles are homogeneous in structure along their length with cnidocytes containing mature spirocysts, microbasic p-mastigophore or basitrich nematocysts distributed along the epithelial surface. Cnidoblasts are recessed beneath cnidocytes, occurring along the nerve plexus. Mucus gland cells and gland cells filled with electron-dense vesicles are present in feeding tentacles, distributed at the epithelial surface. Granular phagocytes are rare in the feeding tentacle tip, but common in the tentacle base.
Design of Elastic Element and Controller Algorithm

Recent development of series elastic actuators have revealed a capability to mimic muscle-like properties and achieve accurate force control. Series elastic actuators have also been widely used in humanoid and surgical robotic devices. The design of the elastic elements are critical and complex. This tends to increase costs and complexity of designing and controlling series elastic actuators. Here, we present a novel low cost and easy-to-fabricate design for a series elastic element that also has adjustable stiffness. The design consists of simple shaft couplers and spring steel plates. During the test, the stiffness of the designed elastic elements is very close to linear (R2 = 0.999) when the clamped spring-steel strip length is sufficiently long. As the clamped strip length shortens, the resulting torque deflection curve becomes slightly quadratic but remains largely linear. Also, the designed elastic element exhibits little hysteresis during loading and unloading. The stiffness of the designed elastic element can be tuned to achieve a range of stiffness values, thus it is suitable for different applications with different stiffness requirements. We also design a simple control algorithm and develop a simulation based on the dynamic properties of the designed elastic element. In simulation, the controller is able to accurately track the commanded torque values. Overall, this design could help reduce the cost and development time required for series elastic actuators.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
UV-visible absorption spectroscopy for the detection of differences in oligonucleotide influenced aggregation of colloidal gold nanoparticles

Transposable elements (TEs) or transposons are mobile segments of DNA that are capable of being excised and moved from one chromosomal location to another by a process known as transposition. This process requires an enzyme called the transposase that performs the excision reaction, recognizes specific target site sequences and then promotes insertion of the TE at the target site (transposition). This study provides new clues towards unraveling the causes behind the preferential affinity of the Hermes transposable element for certain insertion sites compared to other sequences which also contain recognizable target sites. The technique consists of a rapid, simple and reproducible assay that can be used to detect differences in the ability of various oligonucleotides to influence the aggregation of colloidal gold nanoparticles. The aggregation of the gold nanoparticles is monitored through UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy. Single isolated colloidal gold particles have a surface plasmon resonance manifested as a single absorbance peak at approximately 520 nm and aggregated gold complexes develop new red-shifted peaks/shoulders depending on the nature and extent of the aggregated complex. A simple ratiometric study of the area under the single and aggregated plasmon resonance peaks gives information about the extent of the aggregation. It is postulated that differences in dynamic flexibility of the oligonucleotides affect their influence on the aggregation state of the gold nanoparticles. Therefore such differences in dynamic flexibility between various insertion sites could directly or indirectly contribute to the observed target site preferences of the Hermes transposable element.
An exact, closed-form expression of the integral chord-length distribution for the calculation of single-event upsets induced by cosmic rays

This paper presents a derivation of an exact closed-form expression of the integral chord-length distribution for the calculation of single-event upsets (SEUs) in an electronic memory cell, caused by cosmic rays. Results computed for two rectangular parallelepipeds using this exact expression are compared with those computed with Bradford's (1979) semiexact expression of C(x). It is found that the values of C(x) are identical for x equal or smaller than b but are vastly different for x greater than b. Moreover, while C(x) of Bradford gives reasonably accurate values of SEU rate for certain sets of computational parameters, it gives values more than 10 times larger than the correct values for other sets of parameters.
The relationship between position on shore and shell ornamentation in two size-dependent morphotypes of Littorina striata , with an estimate of evaporative water loss in these morphotypes and in Melarhaphe neritoides

Shells of small (< 7 mm) Littorina striata are frequently nodulose, but shells of larger individuals are striate. Nodulose L. striata dominated the littoral fringe of a black basalt Azorean shore where daytime rock temperatures rose significantly higher than nearby shores of different rock composition or colour. There was no evidence of intraspecific size-partitioning on the latter shores, where the numbers of striate and nodulose L. striata were approximately equal between high eulittoral (low-shore) and high littoral fringe (high-shore) localities. The prevalence of small L. striata in the littoral fringe is opposite to that usually characteristic of the Littorinidae, where the largest individuals usually occupy the higher positions on the shore. It is hypothesized that small L. striata attain a resting posture better able to minimize heat absorption from the substratum than attained by larger individuals. Smaller individuals also take advantage of both posture and a nodulose shell surface to re-radiate absorbed incident radiant thermal energy more effectively to the atmosphere by convection. Thus, small, nodulose L. striata are especially well adapted to occupy geologically young basaltic rocks commonly found fringing islands of the mid-Atlantic.
Latimeria, the Living Coelacanth, Is Ovoviviparous

Dissection of a specimen of Latimeria chalumnae in the American Museum of Natural History revealed that it is a gravid female containing five advanced young, averaging 317.8 millimeters long. Each ...
Uncertainty Analysis for Dimensioning Solar Photovoltaic Arrays

As the world population increases, so does their demand for energy. The demand of energy is mainly in the form of electricity with an origin primarily from fossil fuels. Since solar photovoltaic technology has the ability to convert solar energy directly into electricity, this technology has become one of the most popular alternatives at all scales for substitution of technology that uses fossil fuels. However, a limiting factor for the massive use solar photovoltaic technology is economics. A key component in the overall strategy to overcome the economic limitation of solar photovoltaic technology is the system size optimization at the design stage. At the design stage, data related to the solar energy availability, energy demand, and equipment performance is used to determine the size of the equipment while being able to satisfy the targeted peak energy demand. In general, a common engineering safety factor is used to ensure the system to meet the energy demand during its life cycle operation. The sizing procedure of solar photovoltaic systems can be further improved to be more reliable and economical when the uncertainty in the design process is considered. This paper presents a framework to perform an uncertainty analysis that can lead to improve sizing process for solar photovoltaic arrays. Through results from the application of the proposed approach, a reliable interval for the size of the photovoltaic array is found that can lead to more accurate and economic design compared to the use of common engineering safety factors.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Color and Its Stability in Restructured Beef Steaks during Frozen Storage: Effects of Various Binders

Color and its stability were evaluated in restructured steaks made with various binders (calcium alginate, crude myosin extract, whey protein concentrate, wheat gluten, soy isolate or surimi) vs controls (intact ribeye muscle, restructured steaks with no additives or with NaCl and sodium tripolyphosphate). Steaks made with various binders showed similar effects on initial surface metmyoglobin concentration and sensory color attributes, except steaks made with calcium alginate or soy isolate protein. During 12-wk frozen storage, steaks made with various binders (except soy protein isolate) had similar color stabilities.
129I in Gulf of Mexico waters

Abstract Nuclear weaponry and power generation have released far more 129 I onto the Earth's surface than was formerly present. The effects of this release are clearly visible in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, far from the major sources. New 129 I is found down to at least 500 m, and probably to 1000 m. Surface values are approximately 60 times the pre-nuclear era levels. The 129 I penetration depth of 470 m agrees well with that determined from bomb fallout isotopes 3 H and Δ 14 C during the 1970s and 1980s in the Gulf of Mexico and in the western North Atlantic at similar latitudes. The observed levels exceed amounts expected from globally distributed nuclear test fallout. The observed surplus must come primarily from spent fuel reprocessing plants in the eastern North Atlantic, followed by rapid circulation of the North Atlantic gyre, and subsequent delivery into the Caribbean Sea and thence into the Gulf of Mexico. Airborne transport also appears significant.
A quantification of the value of flexibility

Abstract Managers of production systems are often faced with the decision of acquiring production capacity to meet forecast demand. Return on investment (ROI) models have traditionally been used, but unfortunate results have occurred in some instances, because the benefits of flexibility were not quantified. This paper concentrates on two aspects of flexibility, the ability to change manufacturing mission and capacity. They are shown to have quantifiable economic value in a particular situation by use of a decision theoretic model. System parameters of interest are investigated to estimate their influence, including uncertainty.
Optical metamaterials for photonics applications

This paper discusses our investigation into artificial structures called metamaterials. Metamaterials make it possible to achieve electromagnetic properties not existing in nature. The investigation focuses on the modeling, fabrication and testing of metamaterials at optical frequencies. The main purpose of this research is to identify a method to fabricate the artificial structures. We identify limitations in the fabrication process which are used to build the metamaterials. Measured reflectance data from fabricated devices is then compared with modeled data to identify limitations affecting the "as-built" figure of merit (FOM). Understanding the parameters which limit the FOM will lead to device fabrication improvements and ultimately to components suitable for optical applications such as optical surveillance systems.
Is there a future for the past? An overview of archaeology in western Russia and Ukraine

The current political and economic situation in Russia and Ukraine poses grave dangers for the archaeological and museum professionals who guard these nations' legacies. At the moment that political barriers to Western collaboration were removed, new problems have crippled the post-Soviet archaeological community. Concurrently, Westerners tend to misunderstand Soviet and post-Soviet archaeological theory, forgetting that techniques such as lithic microwear and taphonomic analysis were introduced by Soviet scholars. New discoveries are described in three general categories: the origins of food-producing economies in western Russia and Ukraine, the evolution of surprisingly large towns in Copper Age Ukraine, and the origins of pastoralism in the Russian and Ukrainian steppes.
Keeping posted Why register clinical trials?-Revisited

This marks the beginning of a new column for Controlled Clinical Trials: "Keeping Posted." The main purpose of this column is first to serve as a clearinghouse for information about registers of clinical trials that are planned or in existence today, as it appears that the prospect of one large register of trials is unlikely to exist in the near future. Toward that end, the column will include a listing of all registers of which I am aware (see Appendix). The list on which the Appendix is based was compiled over a period of years and involved the input of many individuals. Philippa Easterbrook has created a detailed directory of trials registers [1] and through her work has made a major contribution to the list. All information in the Appendix was collected directly from register directors who responded to a questionnaire sent to them in 1990. Criteria for inclusion in the listing are merely existing as a database of research studies, devoted primarily to registering clinical trials. The registers may include clinical trials that were conducted in the past or may be oriented toward registering trials as they are initiated or in the planning stages. Readers who know of trials registers not listed in the Appendix should write to me with relevant information. Those interested in additional details concerning an individual register may wish to write to register directors. The second purpose of the column is to provide a forum for discussion of issues critical to registration of trials. This may mean that I choose a topic to expound on, such as I have done in this issue. The column may also include register news, opinion pieces, and a "mail bag," where readers have an opportunity to speak out. Please send your suggestions, news, and comments to: Kay Dickersin, PhD, Clinical Trials-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, 419 W. Redwood St., Suite 460, Baltimore, MD 21201.
Effects of carnosine on olfactory bulb EEG, evoked potentials and DC potentials.

Abstract Carnosine is a dipeptide found in great quantities in the primary olfactory nerve and has been suggested to be the neurotransmitter of the olfactory receptor axons. The aim of the present study was to describe some of its electrophysiological actions in the olfactory bulb (OB) of rabbits under anesthesia. Carnosine as a 10% solution in amounts of 2–5 μl was injected to the OB at the level of the glomerular layer by means of a pepette attached to a Hamilton syringe. Averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) on the stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT-AEP), electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and slow potential (DC) recordings were obtained. The LOT-AEPs were analyzed by fitting damped sine waves to them. The parameters of amplitude, frequency, decay rate, phase and rise rate were measured and statistically compared to the values obtained prior to the carnosine injection. An increase in frequency and decreases in the phase and the decay rate of the AEP were found. Carnosine also produced a sustained oscillation in the EEG and a surface negative, deep positive shift in the DC recording. The changes were maximal within the first minute after injection and lasted 2–7 min. Tyrode's solution, which was used as the carnosine vehicle, did not produce any changes, nor did beta-alanine, which is one of the constituents of carnosine, at equivalent osmotic concentrations. It is concluded that carnosine has an excitatory action on the mitral/tufted cells, and that this effect is obscured by a secondary increase in granule cell (inhibitory) activity.
Mentoring mathematics faculty: a model

Because mathematics departments are called on to train future mathematics teachers, efforts to redesign mathematics courses for teacher preparation are surfacing in most mathematics departments. While it is imperative that these courses provide models of both good mathematics and good teaching, many university faculty lack the confidence and experience to provide both. This article describes a mentoring program that was used to train additional faculty to teach a new course in geometry for elementary education majors.
Determination of fetal RhD status from uncultured amniocytes

Objective To determine the accuracy of DNA analysis for fetal RhD status using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on uncultured amniocytes. Methods Three hundred forty-seven amniotic fluid (AF) samples obtained for a variety of clinical indications were tested for fetal RhD status using PCR and primers specific for the genes coding for D and Cc/Ee. Fetal RhD status was confirmed by serologic methods on neonatal cord blood obtained at the time of delivery. Results In 346 of 347 cases (99.7%), the PCR results of AF were in agreement with the serologic RhD blood type. The single error was in an RhD-negative fetus (misidentified as RhD-positive) whose AF was contaminated with blood from an RhD-positive mother. The likelihood of an erroneous result was 0.3%. Conclusion Polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of fetal RhD status using uncultured amniocytes and established primers appears to be highly accurate.
Role of Needle Gauge and Tip Configuration in the Production of Lumbar Puncture Headache

Background and Objectives Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is a morbidity that occurs frequently after lumbar puncture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of needle diameter and tip configuration in causing PDPH. The incidence of PDPH was evaluated in parturients because this group of patients is at high risk for developing PDPH and because they often undergo lumbar puncture for spinal anesthesia. Methods The incidence of PDPH after spinal anesthesia with 26- and 27-gauge Quincke and 25-gauge Whitacre needles was studied in a series of 4,125 parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia over a 4-year period. Data were also collected on the incidence of PDPH with 17-gauge Huber-tipped Weiss needles in 21,578 parturients receiving lumbar epidural analgesia and/or anesthesia over the same interval. Additionally, the need to treat PDPH with epidural blood patch in all of these patients was studied. Results The incidence of PDPH was 5.2% with 26-gauge Quincke needles (1987-1989), 2.7% with 27-gauge Quincke needles (1989-1990), and 1.2% with 25-gauge Whitacre needles (1990-1991). During the same periods, the incidence of PDPH with 17-gauge Weiss needles averaged 1.1%, 1.7% and 1.2%, respectively. As compared with the 26-gauge Quincke needle, there was a lower incidence of PDPH with the 27-gauge Quincke (P Conclusions The morbidity associated with lumbar puncture can be decreased by selecting the proper needle gauge and tip configuration. Use of the smallest gauge needle and one that has a noncutting Whitacre tip produces the lowest incidence of PDPH in parturients, a group of patients at increased risk for developing PDPH.
Mixing 1X Scanning And 5X Step-And-Repeat Exposure Systems In A Semiconductor Processing Line

VLSI products require extremes in lithographic capabilities. Several masking levels typically demand leading-edge lithographic capabilities, while a number of other levels typically have less stringent requirements (approximately 5pm). Similar statements may be made regarding typical overlay requirements. This leads to the consideration of mixing 1X aligners with step-and-repeat 5X reduction systems. The objective of this procedure is to minimize costs and meet lithographic requirements with increased real-time throughput. There are three key issues to be dealt with: 1) Mixed tool set overlay, 2) Relative process/tool cost considerations, 3) Logistics of line operation. This paper describes mixed-tool set overlay results and a description of the techniques used to minimize them.
Long-term comparison using Ex-PRESS glaucoma shunt in black and white patients.

Abstract Objective To compare clinical outcomes, including patterns of failure, using the Ex-PRESS glaucoma shunt, in black and white patients with open-angle glaucoma. Design Retrospective comparative study. Participants Sixty-three eyes of 50 black patients and 44 eyes of 34 white patients with open-angle glaucoma. Methods The Ex-PRESS shunt procedure was performed for uncontrolled glaucoma in a series of white and black patients with glaucoma. Success was defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) between 5 and 18 mm Hg, 20% reduction from baseline, with or without suture lysis or adjuvant medication, but no additional glaucoma surgery. Results Mean length of follow-up was 29 months (range 12–81 months) for black patients and 25 months (range 12–66 months) for white patients. Mean preoperative IOP was 27 ± 7.2 and 30 ± 7.7 mm Hg for black and white patients, respectively. Mean postoperative IOP was 13 ± 3.6 and 12 ± 3.3 mm Hg for black and white patients, respectively. Using Kaplan–Meier survival curves, the success rates were 77.6% and 95% at 12 months for black and white patients, respectively. The log-rank test for comparison of survival curves indicated a significant difference between the 2 groups at 12 months ( p = 0 .015) but revealed no difference at 2 years ( p = 0.462). Conclusions This study shows that patterns of failure between black and white patients treated with the Ex-PRESS glaucoma shunt change significantly with the passage of time. Black patients experience failure early, whereas white patients experience failure later at a greater pace resulting in a similar survival rate at 2 years.
Modeling of the underwater light field and its effect on temperature, stability, and momentum

A model of the subsurface irradiance distribution that is based on the two-flow equations and allows for variations of the concentrations of various water quality constituents with depth has been described by Bostater, Ma, and McNally. This model allows output of the irradiance spectra at various depths. By combining the two-flow model with the hydrodynamic model of Blumberg and Mellor, the effect of the absorption of irradiance as a function of wavelength and depth on water temperature, density, turbulent kinetic energy, pressure, and the resulting circulation in an idealized ocean basin is studied. The two-flow model is set up to allow variation of the water quality parameters to occur in three layers, any number of layers, or to be constant with depth and thus affect the absorption of the sun's energy. Three simulations were run using (a) clear water coefficients, (b) a vertical distribution of chlorophyll, and (c) a vertical distribution of suspended sediments. For comparison, coefficients and attenuation for various water types included in the Princeton Ocean Model were used for comparison.
Age-specific light preferences and vertical migration patterns of a Great Lakes invasive invertebrate, Hemimysis anomala

Abstract We use a combination of spectral sensitivity analyses, laboratory behavioral observations and field distributions of a vertically migrating invertebrate, Hemimysis anomala (a recent invasive species to the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America), to determine if light preference and timing of emergence has an ontogenetic component. Juvenile Hemimysis ( −3.4 and 10 −2.4 mylux— a Hemimysis- specific unit of brightness derived from visual pigment analyses (wavelength of maximum absorbance = 500 nm; 1 mylux ~ 159 lx). These preferred light levels are equivalent to those present during nautical twilight on the Earth's surface and were several orders of magnitude brighter than those most preferred by adults (> 4.5 mm) in the laboratory (10 −6.4 to 10 −7.4 mylux). Both size classes completely avoided light levels of 10 −0.4 mylux and greater, which are representative of daytime light levels at the Earth's surface. Net hauls taken at ~ 20-min intervals from sunset to the end of nautical twilight on two sampling occasions on Seneca Lake, New York (sampling depth = 2 m) revealed that juveniles emerged into the water column during civil twilight. Adult Hemimysis emerged later during nautical twilight when juveniles had already reached their maximum abundance in the water column. Laboratory-derived light preferences successfully predicted the timing of emergence and time of maximal abundance of both size classes on both sampling occasions. This study is one of the first to demonstrate that Hemimysis diel vertical migration has an ontogenetic component and to report the specific light levels likely to initiate and limit vertical movements.
5' upstream DNA sequence of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene directs high-level and tissue-specific expression to catecholaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of transgenic mice.

Abstract Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters, is expressed within central and peripheral catecholaminergic cells. To delineate DNA sequences necessary for tissue-specific expression of the rat TH gene, transgenic mice were produced containing 0.15 kb, 2.4 kb, and 9.0 kb of 5′ flanking sequence fused to the E. coli lacZ (s-galactosidase) reporter gene. The reporter gene expression in the transgenic animals was monitored by both X-gal histochemical staining and s-galactosidase immunohistochemistry and compared to TH mRNA and protein expression. Transgenic mice bearing 9.0 kb, but not the smaller constructs with either 2.4 kb or 0.15 kb of 5′ flanking sequence, fused to lacZ were able to direct high level expression of s-galactosidase at levels equivalent to the endogenous TH in central catecholaminergic cells, and to a lesser degree to adrenal gland. Previously, 4.8 kb of 5′ flanking region was reported to contain some tissue-specific element(s) determined by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assay using regional brain dissections and was not able to demonstrate cellular localization of the CAT expression [2]. Using histological procedures which allow for spatial resolution, this study demonstrated that the crucial catecholaminergic neuron-specific DNA element(s) resides between -9 kb and -2.4 kb of the 5′ flanking region of the rat TH gene; this assertion is substantiated by the high-level of tissue-specific expression of lacZ in catecholaminergic cells.
Deconstructing phonetic transcription: covert contrast, perceptual bias, and an extraterrestrial view of Vox Humana.

This article honours Adele Miccio's life work by reflecting on the utility of phonetic transcription. The first section reviews the literature on cases where children whose speech appears to neutralize a contrast in the adult language are found on closer examination to produce a contrast (covert contrast). This study presents evidence from a new series of perception studies that covert contrast may be far more prevalent in children's speech than existing studies would suggest. The second section presents the results of a new study designed to examine whether naive listeners' perception of children's /s/ and /theta/ productions can be changed experimentally when they are led to believe that the children who produced the sounds were older or younger. Here, it is shown that, under the right circumstances, adults report more tokens of /theta/ to be accurate productions of /s/ when they believe a talker to be an older child than when they believe the talker to be younger. This finding suggests that auditory information alone cannot be the sole basis for judging the accuracy of a sound. The final section presents recommendations for supplementing phonetic transcription with other measures, to gain a fuller picture of children's production abilities.
Patient-centered care for Muslim women: provider and patient perspectives.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to address the gap in existing literature regarding provider perspectives about provision of high-quality, culturally appropriate, patient-centered care to Muslim women in the United States and (2) to explore congruence between provider and patient perceptions regarding barriers to and recommendations for providing such care. Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, a written survey was administered to a convenience sample of healthcare providers (n = 80) and Muslim women (n = 27). Results: There was considerable congruence among patients and providers regarding healthcare needs of Muslim women. A majority (83.3%) of responding providers reported encountering challenges while providing care to Muslim women. A majority (93.8%) of responding patients reported that their healthcare provider did not understand their religious or cultural needs. Providers and patients outlined similar barriers/challenges and recommendations. Key challenges in...
Space-Time Block Codes for Quasi-synchronous Cooperative Diversity

Li and Xia have recently investigated the design of space-time codes that achieve full spatial diversity for quasi-synchronous cooperative communications. They show that certain of the binary space-time trellis codes derived from the Hammons-El Gamal stacking construction are delay tolerant and can be used in the multilevel code constructions by Lu and Kumar to produce delay tolerant space-time codes for PSK and QAM signaling. In prior work, the first author has developed generalizations of the Lu-Kumar construction for more general AM-PSK constellations that also preserve the delay tolerance of the underlying constituent codes and exhibited a new construction of short block codes that achieve significant levels of delay tolerance. Use of space-time block codes (STBC) of short length in the Li-Xia transmission framework results in a significant loss of rate. We present generalizations of that framework that make short STBC a potentially attractive option for quasi-synchronous cooperative diversity
Intramolecular vibrational relaxation in the dual-channel 5-methyl-3-hexyl radical system excited by different activation pathways

Abstract The study of the rate of vibrational energy relaxation in chemically activated systems has been extended to the competitive channel decomposition of 5-methyl-3-hexyl radicals activated to the average level of ⋍ 44 kcal mol −1 over the range of H 2 bath gas pressures from 1 to 46500 Torr at 298 K. Two activation pathways were used. One is addition of H atoms to cis -5-methyl-2-hexene. Preferential decomposition of the initially formed, internally non-randomized 5-methyl-3-hexyl radical occurs on a picosecond time scale to produce 4-methyl-1-pentene product. Formation of 1-butene product by the second decomposition channel has its onset only after internal randomization of the energy which was initially deposited by the activation reaction has occurred. By contrast, activation of 5-methyl-3-hexyl by addition of H atoms to trans -2-methyl-3-hexene should not, and does not give rise to initial formation of 4-methyl-1-pentene at short times. Instead, 1-butene is formed preferentially, as is expected for this mode of production of the initially non-randomized state. From the pressure dependence of the product ratios, relaxation times in the range 0.1–0.6 ps are obtained, given plausible extremes of alternative assumptions about the size of the initially excited subset of vibrations. The percentage of mode-specific chemistry (non-random decomposition) is 10 −4 % in these systems in contrast to some of our earlier work where this percentage reached 2–10???.
Persistence of contractile behaviour in acutely ischaemic myocardium.

Experiments were performed in pigs and dogs which showed that myocardium rendered acutely ischaemic by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery nonetheless maintained contractile behaviour. The ischaemic myocardium responded to both positive and negative inotropic agents, and, despite aneurysmal dilatation during systole, was less distensible than at necropsy. These effects could be quantitated by application of force-velocity relationships.
Retinal pigment epithelium tear in a diabetic patient with exudative retinal detachment following panretinal photocoagulation and filtration surgery.

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tears have been associated with age-related macular degeneration, RPE detachments, choroidal neovascularization, and retinal detachments. 1,2 We report a case of a macular RPE tear with an exudative retinal detachment (ERD) following panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) and filtration surgery in a diabetic patient. Report of a Case. —A 51-year-old woman with an 18-year history of diabetes presented to the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago, in August 1988, with 1 week of painful decreased vision, redness, and tearing of her left eye. Visual acuity was 20/40 OD and 1/200 OS. Examination of the left eye showed diffuse microcystic corneal edema, 2+ flare and red blood cells, 4+ rubeosis iridis, and posterior and nuclear sclerotic cataract. Intraocular pressure was 65 mm Hg OS by pneumotonometry; gonioscopy showed 360° of neovascular angle closure. Ophthalmoscopy showed neovascularization of the disc with neovascularization elsewhere; the central retinal artery was without pulsations.
Trauma to Juvenile Pinfish and Spot Inflicted by Submarine Detonations

Abstract Juvenile pinfish Lagodon rhomboides and spot Leiostomus xanthurus exposed to pressure waves emanating from experimental submarine detonations exhibited both sublethal and probable antemortem trauma. Hyperemia within the swim bladder and liver, hematuria, coagulative liver necrosis, and rupture of the pancreas were the most recurrent and significant traumas evident from histopathological examination and were directly attributed to exposure to pressure waves. These traumas were probably caused by the rapid compression and expansion of the swim bladder as the impulse passed. Of these traumas, hyperemia within visceral organs and hematuria are probably sublethal. Rupture of the pancreas and coagulative liver necrosis are typically irreversible and hence probably antemortem.
A comparison of athletic mouthguard materials

The development of protective mouthguards resulted from extensive injuries during participation in contact sports. This has produced a dramatic decrease in the incidence of injuries to the orofacial complex. Numerous materials and techniques have been used for mouth guard fabrication. The purpose of this investigation was to make an in vivo comparison of various thermoplastic mouthguard materials.Mouthguards were fabricated upon maxillary models of 40 members of the UCLA football team. The mouth guards were made of the following materials: (1) poly (vinyl acetate-ethylene) copolymer clear thermoplastic; (2) polyurethane; and (3) laminated thermoplastic. Eleven measurements were taken for each mouthguard to demonstrate dimensional changes that occurred with wear. Statistical analyses determined differences be tween the types of mouthguards.The clear thermoplastic revealed less dimensional change than the polyurethane material. The laminated thermoplastic showed significantly less dimensional change than th...
Effects of dietary vitamin A restriction during finishing on color display life, lipid oxidation, and sensory traits of longissimus and triceps brachii steaks from early and traditionally weaned steers.

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of vitamin A restriction during finishing on color display life, lipid oxidation, and sensory traits of longissimus lumborum (LL) and triceps brachii (TB) steaks from early and traditionally weaned steers. Forty-eight steers weaned at either 137 ± 26 days (EW) or 199 ± 26 days (TW) were supplemented with either 15,400 IU/kg dry matter of vitamin A (HA) or restricted to no supplemental vitamin A (LA) during finishing for 210 and 150 days, respectively. Both LL and TB steaks from the HA steers had the darkest ( P P a ∗, b ∗, and saturation index values were lowest ( P L ∗ values were lower ( P
Defective adult oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell development, pigment pattern, and craniofacial morphology in puma mutant zebrafish having an alpha tubulin mutation

The processes of myelination remain incompletely understood but are of profound biomedical importance owing to the several dysmyelinating and demyelinating disorders known in humans. Here, we analyze the zebrafish puma mutant, isolated originally for pigment pattern defects limited to the adult stage. We show that puma mutants also have late-arising defects in Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system, locomotor abnormalities, and sex-biased defects in adult craniofacial morphology. Using methods of positional cloning, we identify a critical genetic interval harboring two alpha tubulin loci, and we identify a chemically induced missense mutation in one of these, tubulin alpha 8-like 3a (tuba8l3a). We demonstrate tuba8l3a expression in the central nervous system (CNS), leading us to search for defects in the development of oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS. We find gross reductions in CNS myelin and oligodendrocyte numbers in adult puma mutants, and these deficits are apparent already during the larval-to-adult transformation. By contrast, analyses of embryos and early larvae reveal a normal complement of oligodendrocytes that nevertheless fail to localize normal amounts of myelin basic protein (mbp) mRNA in cellular processes, and fail to organize these processes as in the wild-type. This study identifies the puma mutant as a valuable model for studying microtubule-dependent events of myelination, as well as strategies for remyelination in the adult.
An open letter to the journal

This letter welcomes on the scene this new journal, celebrating it as a milestone for qualitative research in the field of communication disorders. The history leading up to this milestone is reviewed, beginning with the ancients. The letter ends with a caution that the journal should be adventuresome and embrace a wide variety of studies that fall under the rubric of qualitative work.
Object recognition by multiresolutional template matching

A novel and efficient pose-invariant guided template matching algorithm, for object recognition in images, is proposed. Template matching is performed in a rotation-scale- translation (pose) invariant fashion, thus greatly reducing the 4-d search space to a single point. The invariance is achieved by preprocessing the input image and associating certain geometric descriptors with the objects in the image. These descriptors completely characterize the affine parameters associated with the objects which must be applied to candidate templates, and the location in the image where the template is to be applied for a match. Preprocessing and matching are performed on a wavelet pyramidal decomposition of the image in a multiresolutional coarse-to-fine fashion for computational efficiency. An efficient search strategy is also proposed for selecting templates in the template database.
Knowledge and adoption of solar home systems in rural Nicaragua

Solar home systems (SHSs) are a promising electrification option for many households in the developing world. In most countries SHSs are at an early stage of dissemination, and thus face a hurdle common to many emerging alternative energy technologies: many people do not know enough about them to decide whether to adopt one or not. This study uses survey data collected in Nicaragua to investigate characteristics that predict the knowledge and adoption of SHSs among the rural population. First, a series of probit models is used to model the determinants of four measures of SHS knowledge. Next, a biprobit model with sample selection is employed to investigate the factors that predict SHS adoption, conditional on having sufficient knowledge to make an adoption decision. Comparison of the biprobit formulation to a standard probit model of adoption affirms its value. This study identifies multiple determinants of SHS knowledge and adoption, offers several practical recommendations to project planners, and provides an analytical framework for future work in this policy-relevant area.
The Text REtrieval Conferences (TRECs): Providing a Test‐Bed for Information Retrieval Systems

Les congres de la TREC (Text REtrieval Conferences) ont pour sujet d'etude les methodes de recherche d'information ainsi que l'evaluation de ces methodes. La TREC fournit des collection-test