cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chiroptical Switching and Quantitative Chirality Sensing with (Pseudo)halogenated Quinones.

We report that (pseudo)halogenated quinones react with chiral amines, amino alcohols and amino acids toward push-pull conjugates with distinctive chiroptical properties amenable to new sensing and switching applications. Strong circular dichroism (CD) signals are induced that allow determination of the absolute configuration and enantiomeric ratio (er) of the chiral target molecules. At the same time, UV changes are observed that can be directly correlated to the total concentration of both enantiomers. The sensing reactions are fast, proceed without by-product formation at room temperature, tolerate a variety of solvents, and are insensitive to moisture. A work-up free chirality sensing protocol that is broadly applicable as demonstrated with more than thirty aliphatic and aromatic target compounds, operationally simple while much faster than traditional chromatographic methods was developed. The absolute error margin of the simultaneous concentration and er analysis is within a few percent which is demonstrated with 20 nonracemic samples. In addition, the chiroptically active push-pull conjugates can serve as redox switches between two reversibly interconverting states. The addition of sodium borohydride generates a hydroquinone which is quantitatively re-oxidized to the original quinone upon exposure to air. The corresponding redox couple has remarkably different UV and CD signatures and the switching coincides with a stark colorimetric change. This chiroptical quinone/hydroquinone redox system combines attractive features such as simple set-up, use of inexpensive chemicals, short response time, thermal and photochemical stability, and it shows no sign of signal decay after three redox cycles. A conceptually new approach that is based on integrated chiroptical sensing and redox switching enables on-the-fly spectral deconvolution of otherwise overlapping CD spectra and is used for unprecedented er analysis of challenging samples containing constitutional isomers.
Triamterene Enhances the Blood Pressure Lowering Effect of Hydrochlorothiazide in Patients with Hypertension

Triamterene, because of its potassium-sparing properties, is frequently used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) to treat patients with hypertension. By inhibiting the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the cortical collecting duct, triamterene reduces potassium secretion, thus reducing the risk of hypokalemia. Whether triamterene has an independent effect on blood pressure (BP) has not been well studied. To determine if triamterene provides an effect to further lower BP in patients treated with HCTZ. We conducted an observational study using electronic medical record data from the Indiana Network for Patient Care. Participants were 17,291 patients with the diagnosis of hypertension between 2004 and 2012. BP was the primary outcome. We compared the BP between patients who were taking HCTZ, with and without triamterene, either alone or in combination with other antihypertensive medications, by using a propensity score analysis. For each medication combination, we estimated the propensity score (i.e., probability) of a patient receiving triamterene using a logistic regression model. Patients with similar propensity scores were stratified into subclasses and BP was compared between those taking triamterene or not within each subclass; the effect of triamterene was then assessed by combining BP differences estimated from all subclasses. The mean systolic BP in the triamterene + HCTZ group was 3.8 mmHg lower than in the HCTZ only group (p < 0.0001); systolic BP was similarly lower for patients taking triamterene with other medication combinations. Systolic BP reduction was consistently observed for different medication combinations. The range of systolic BP reduction was between 1 and 4 mm Hg, depending on the concurrently used medications. In the present study, triamterene was found to enhance the effect of HCTZ to lower BP. In addition to its potassium-sparing action, triamterene’s ability to lower BP should also be considered.
Parametric Rectangles: A Model for Querying and Animation of Spatiotemporal Databases

We propose parametric rectangles -- cross products of intervals whose end points are functions of time -- as a new data model for representing, querying, and animating spatiotemporal objects with continuous and periodic change. We prove that the model is closed under relational algebra and new spatiotemporal operators and that relational algebra queries can be evaluated in PTIME in the size of any input quadratic non-periodic parametric rectangle database. Finally, we also describe the implementation in our PReSTO database system.
Polymer Applications of IR and Raman Spectroscopy

Among the large number of applications of infrared and Raman spectroscopies, applications to polymeric systems are especially interesting because of the wide variety of chemical structures and physical ordering that is present in such systems. This article presents first the application of these spectroscopies to the determination of chemical properties of polymeric systems. In particular, their use as an identification tool for complex polymeric systems and their application to the various chemical reaction processes are detailed. Then the determination of polymer structure on a wide range of length scales using these techniques is explained, with particular emphasis on the determination of stereoregularity, chain conformation and crystallinity. Finally, the study of dynamic properties of polymers such as diffusion and rheological properties and current topics such as millisecond time-resolved and microimaging applications are illustrated.
The measurement of neutral beam thermal profiles on 'V'-shaped calorimeters

It is customary in high power neutral beam systems to use a 'V'-shaped calorimeter to stop and measure the beam. With proper instrumentation, it is possible to determine both the neutral beam power and divergence. By utilizing a near-grazing angle of incidence, the area over which the beam is in contact with the surface is increased, thereby decreasing the power density over the case of normal incidence. Thermocouples on the back of the calorimeter, in conjunction with real time fitting algorithms, are used to deduce the divergence from the thermal profile. This measurement implicitly assumes that the measured-profile corresponds to that of the incident beam. It is shown that such is not the case. Energetic particle reflection at near-grazing angle causes the thermal profile on the calorimeter to be more peaked than the incident distribution. The implications of this on the non-linear multiple regression technique of determining the divergence are discussed. With the aid of a reflection model, developed and applied to the beam from a typical TFTR ion source, it is shown that a peaked power density can be modelled. Neural networks are being studied as a means of supplanting the older regression technique of measuring divergence. Y-direction divergences have been successfully derived using a one-dimensional neural network.
Control of Contact Forces in Wheeled and Legged Off-Road Vehicles

The use of variable configuration vehicles creates the possibility of direct control of the contact forces between the foot or wheel of a vehicle and the ground. That control is an important element of the coordination of practical walking machines. Control of the contact forces at each wheel is also attractive for wheeled vehicles. For example, the power consumed in driving such a vehicle is quite sensitive to wheel-ground conditions. In conditions of strict power budgets, as in planetary roving vehicles, it becomes attractive to attempt to minimize power consumption by optimizing the wheel-ground contact forces. Unfortunately, control of contact forces in a wheeled vehicle is very complex because of the non-holonomic nature of the system.
Postpartum engorgement of the breast

Abstract Postpartum engorgement of the breast is important because it can be extremely painful, because it may predispose to the development of nipple fissures and breast abscesses, and because it is associated with lactation failure. In spite of this the condition has received very little attention from investigators. Waller 1 emphasizes that severe engorgement often leads to lactation failure and believes that it is due to the fact that milk is not released or removed from the breast. Naish 2 says that "the cause of engorgement is not yet worked out" and feels that the engorged breasts, at any rate at the beginning, are not overfull of milk but of blood; and the reason why the milk present cannot be withdrawn is that the ducts are closed by the raised pressure in the tissues around them. DeLee 3 states that the cause of engorgement is popularly believed to be retention of milk, but that the symptoms are due to lymphatic and vascular statis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the part played by milk in the development of engorgement.
Chapter 31 Sensitivity and spin-up times of cohesive sediment transport models used to simulate bathymetric change

Abstract Bathymetric change in tidal environments is modulated by watershed sediment yield, hydrodynamic processes, benthic composition, and anthropogenic activities. These multiple forcings combine to complicate simple prediction of bathymetric change; therefore, numerical models are necessary to simulate sediment transport. Errors arise from these simulations, due to inaccurate initial conditions and model parameters. We investigated the response of bathymetric change to initial conditions and model parameters with a simplified zero-dimensional cohesive sediment transport model, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic/sediment transport model, and a tidally averaged box model. The zero-dimensional model consists of a well-mixed control volume subjected to a semidiurnal tide, with a cohesive sediment bed. Typical cohesive sediment parameters were utilized for both the bed and suspended sediment. The model was run until equilibrium in terms of bathymetric change was reached, where equilibrium is defined as less than the rate of sea level rise in San Francisco Bay (2.17 mm/year). Using this state as the initial condition, model parameters were perturbed 10% to favor deposition, and the model was resumed. Perturbed parameters included, but were not limited to, maximum tidal current, erosion rate constant, and critical shear stress for erosion. Bathymetric change was most sensitive to maximum tidal current, with a 10% perturbation resulting in an additional 1.4 m of deposition over 10 years. Re-establishing equilibrium in this model required 14 years. The next most sensitive parameter was the critical shear stress for erosion; when increased 10%, an additional 0.56 m of sediment was deposited and 13 years were required to re-establish equilibrium. The two-dimensional hydrodynamic/sediment transport model was calibrated to suspended-sediment concentration, and despite robust solution of hydrodynamic conditions it was unable to accurately hindcast bathymetric change. The tidally averaged box model was calibrated to bathymetric change data and shows rapidly evolving bathymetry in the first 10–20 years, though sediment supply and hydrodynamic forcing did not vary greatly. This initial burst of bathymetric change is believed to be model adjustment to initial conditions, and suggests a spin-up time of greater than 10 years. These three diverse modeling approaches reinforce the sensitivity of cohesive sediment transport models to initial conditions and model parameters, and highlight the importance of appropriate calibration data. Adequate spin-up time of the order of years is required to initialize models, otherwise the solution will contain bathymetric change that is not due to environmental forcings, but rather improper specification of initial conditions and model parameters. Temporally intensive bathymetric change data can assist in determining initial conditions and parameters, provided they are available. Computational effort may be reduced by selectively updating hydrodynamics and bathymetry, thereby allowing time for spin-up periods.
Low mortality from intracranial haemorrhage in paediatric patients with haemophilia

Introduction Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in patients with haemophilia has an estimated mortality rate of 20%. Advances in haemophilia care have significantly reduced many bleeding complications but it is unclear if these advances have impacted mortality from ICH. Aim To determine the in-hospital mortality from intracranial ICH in paediatric patients with haemophilia. Methods This retrospective multicentre cohort study utilized the Pediatric Health Information System administrative database with data from 43 paediatric tertiary care hospitals in the United States from January 1, 2002–December 31, 2011. Subjects included were male < 21 years of age with an ICD-9-CM code for haemophilia A or B. ICH events were identified using ICD-9-CM codes. Results There were 8325 admissions for 3133 male subjects with haemophilia. About 271 (3.3%) admissions had an ICH event in 236 (7.5%) individual subjects. The proportion of ICH events was stable over time (P = 0.13). The median age of ICH was 2 years (interquartile range 0.6–7.3). In 28.4% (77/271) of the ICH events the subject had an inhibitor. Twenty-one deaths occurred in the entire cohort (0.7%). Six (28.6%) of these deaths were in patients with an ICH for an ICH mortality rate of 2.5% (6/236). Conclusions Mortality from ICH in paediatric patients has significantly improved from prior estimates of 20% to the current estimate of 2.5%. Unfortunately the rate of ICH events remains constant and further efforts are needed to identify alternative strategies of prevention.
Effect of Cyclopentaneglycine on Metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium

Cyclopentaneglycine (CPG) inhibited the growth of wild-type Salmonella typhimurium. The inhibition was overcome by isoleucine or any isoleucine precursor formed after threonine. CPG appeared to mimic isoleucine as a strong inhibitor of the activity of l-threonine deaminase. The analogue was a poor inhibitor of isoleucyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. CPG did not appear to be incorporated into protein nor did it replace isoleucine in repression. Cells that had recovered from growth inhibition by CPG had derepressed levels of the isoleucine-valine biosynthetic enzymes.
Caring for the Middle Class Soul : Ambivalence, Ethical Eating and the Michael Pollan Phenomenon

This paper insists that the writing of Michael Pollan be analyzed with respect to its popularity among members of the liberal professional middle class. I understand Pollan's writing as lifestyle instruction, a technology of the self in Foucault's sense, offering readers tips for cultivating a more ethical relationship with food. While Pollan's advice often aligns with imperatives of neoliberal citizenship, his widespread uptake within this class formation is more reflective of ambivalence about neoliberalism than simply another instantiation of it. Pollan's work is productive of classed technologies of the self and an ethical, albeit highly ambivalent, form of neoliberal citizenship.
Plant sulfur metabolism--the reduction of sulfate to sulfite.

Abstract Until recently the pathway by which plants reduce activated sulfate to sulfite was unresolved. Recent findings on two enzymes termed 5′-adenylylsulfate (APS) sulfotransferase and APS reductase have provided new information on this topic. On the basis of their similarities it is now proposed that these proteins are the same enzyme. These discoveries confirm that the sulfate assimilation pathway in plants differs from that in other sulfate assimilating organisms.
Electronic-structure modifications induced by surface segregation in La0.65Pb0.35MnO3 thin films

Using spin-polarized inverse photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques, we show that the electronic structure of La0.65Pb0.35MnO3 thin films depends on the composition at the surface. With a gentle annealing procedure, the surface provides a maximum of 80% spin asymmetry at 0.5 eV above the Fermi level in spite of extensive Pb segregation. A heavily annealed (restructured) surface exhibits a reduced surface "ordering" temperature of 240 K (compared to the approximately 335 K bulk value) as well as a reduced spin asymmetry value of 40% at 0.5 eV above Fermi energy.
Improvement of Root Canal Disinfection Protocol Using Er;Cr:YSGG Laser: Theoretical Study of Temperature Distribution in Human Dentin

There has been a great deal of interest regarding the use of Er;Cr;YSGG laser heating to disinfect human root canal, prior to a root canal procedure. Current disinfection procedures rely on irrigant solutions, such as sodium hypochlorite, which are applied to the canal prior to filling. However, prior experimentation has shown that bacteria are capable of penetrating into the dentin tubules as far as 800 μm, measured laterally from the root canal surface [Haapasalo and Orstavik 1987; Kakoli et al., 2009]. Further studies have proven that irrigants are incapable of destroying bacteria within deep dentin tubules, despite their ability to kill approximately 98% of the bacteria within the canal.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Lucha Villa's erotization of the estilo bravío and the canción ranchera

This work strives to document the evolution of the estilo bravio by examining the work of Lucha villa, La Embajadora de la la Cancion Bravia (the Ambassador of the Cancion Bravia). Villa's trademark style, limpio sexy (clean sexy) expanded the genre of the cancion ranchera as a site for the creation and re-creation of Mexican feminist praxis. Furthermore, the markers of her trademark limpio sexy estilo bravio to interpret the cancion ranchera created a feminist tradition out of misogynistic lyrics.
Near-field optical imaging using metal tips illuminated by higher-order Hermite–Gaussian beams

Abstract We propose a new scheme for high-resolution near-field optical imaging. The method relies on the highly enhanced fields at sharp metal tips under laser illumination. These fields are laterally confined to the tip size and can be used to locally excite the sample surface. Illumination along the tip axis with a higher-order beam mode (Hermite–Gaussian (1,0) mode) and detection of nonlinear responses (two-photon fluorescence, generation of second/third harmonics) ensure sufficient background discrimination. We outline the theory of laser beams beyond the paraxial approximation and investigate the electromagnetic fields for the proposed scheme.
QUANTUM HALL EFFECT IN AlAs 2D ELECTRON SYSTEMS

We report on Fabrication of two-dimensional electrons in AlAs quantum wells with mobilities up to 31 m2/Vs. Magnetoresistance measurements reveal fractional quantum Hall states at high-order filling factors, and up to ν = 11/3. Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations of high-density samples suggest that electrons occupy two X-point valleys. We also study properties of hysteretic resistance spikes occurring at transitions between quantum Hall ferromagnets in AlAs quantum wells, and show that the spike hysteresis depends sensitively on the number of occupied energy levels involved in the transition.
Application of the density matrix multipole expansion to stark quantum beats from beam-foil-excited hydrogen atoms

The density matrix multipolar-expansion theory, as applied to radiation from polarized atoms, is outlined. A calculation is performed for Stark quantum beats from beam-foil-excited hydrogen atoms, and comparison is good with experimental results.
The influence of processing parameters on the properties of melt‐spun polypropylene hollow fibers

Isotactic polypropylene hollow fibers were produced by melt spinning. Spinning speeds up to 1880 m/min were used, and sample hollowness (percentage void in cross section) ranged from 0 to 69%. The fiber samples were characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis, birefringence, tensile testing, and differential scanning calorimetry. The hollow fibers were found to have higher crystallinity, orientation, and strength than the analogous solid fibers. In general, the polymer orientation in a hollow fiber was larger than the orientation in a solid fiber, even when the spinning speed for the latter was much larger. For a fixed outer diameter, increasing the hollowness improved fiber properties. However, as hollowness was further increased, fiber properties declined slightly. At a given percentage hollowness, increased spinning speed increased modulus and tenacity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1759–1772, 2002
The effect of histamine on microvascular permeability in the muscularis externa of rat small intestine.

Abstract Using in vivo microscopy and a fluorescent tracer, the effect of histamine on microvascular permeability was determined in the muscularis externa of the small intestine of anesthetized rats. The small intestine was exteriorized and epilluminated using a microscope equipped with a vertical illuminator and appropriate filters. Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated to serum albumin was injected intraarterially. Studies were monitored and videotaped using a closed-circuit television system. Topical application of histamine resulted in focal leak of the conjugate from microvessels in the muscularis externa. The extent of leakage was quantitated by determining the area of leaks through use of a grid over the face of the videomonitor. Dose response studies were performed with histamine alone and plus H 1 -and H 2 -receptor antagonists, and with H 1 and H 2 agonists. The findings demonstrated that histamine increased microvascular permeability to macromolecules in rat small intestine muscle in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was mediated by H 1 histamine receptors.
Progress in the technology of soybeans

V. REMOVAL OF OIL FROM THE SOYBEAN A. Preparation of flakes . . . . B. Solvents . . . . . . C. Extraction equipment and processing . D. Filtration-extraction . . . . E. Pm-pressing of soybeans . . . VI. REMOVAL OF SOLVENT FROM FLAKES A. Desolventizer-toaster . . . . B. Flash desolventizing . . . . c. co&it of proce88ing soybeans . . . VII. EDIBLE SOYBEAN OIL . . . . A. Refining . . . . . . B. Bleaching . . . . . . C. Cavitation in the processing of soybean oil D. Hydrogenation of soybean oil . . . E. Flavour reversion of soybean oil . . VIII. OTHER SOYBEAN PRODUCTS . . A. Phosphatides . . . * . . . B. Polyamide resins . . . . . C. Epoxy soybean oil . . . . . D. Fatty alcohols . . . . . 63 Ei3 57 68 69 60 61 63 63 64 65 65 66 67 68 68 71 71 73 74 79 79 80 82 83
Clinical and Echocardiographic Presentation of Rejection Episodes Following Heart Transplantation

Purpose We sought to determine the clinical and echocardiographic features of heart rejection in a large consecutive series of heart transplant recipients. Methods and Materials Using the Adult Clinical and Pathology database at Stanford University Medical Center (SUMC), we retrospectively reviewed all heart rejection episodes from January 1999 to December 2010. A rejection episode was defined as an episode requiring an increase in immunosuppression. Characteristics of rejection episodes included presenting symptoms, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), histological type, arrhythmia, and need for inotropic support. We defined hemodynamic compromise episode (HDC) as a relative decrease in the LVEF by ≥ 25 %. We used Cox regression analysis to compare the actuarial survival of patients according to their rejection profiles. Results Total of 301 heart transplant recipients were followed during the study period. We excluded 38 patients with early deaths (13%). During the study period, 286 rejection episodes occurred, consisting of 165 episodes (58%) of cellular rejection (CR) and 120 episodes (42%) of non-cellular rejection NCR. Thirty-eight percent of NCR episodes had positive immunostaining for antibody mediated rejection. The majority of rejections episodes were symptomatic (64%) and 49% occurred during the first post-transplant year. One third of the episodes had HDC with majority (70%) requiring inotropic support. Supraventricular tachycardia occurred in 20 episodes (7%), acute kidney injury on admission in 32 episodes (11%), and in hospital cardiac arrest in 17 episodes (6%). There was a significant difference of 5 year survival between non-rejectors (95%), rejectors without HDC (84%) and patients with HDC (60%), p Conclusions Following heart transplant, any rejection in general and rejection with HDC in particular are associated with significantly reduced 5 year survival. The majority of rejection episodes are either symptomatic or present with a decrease in ejection fraction.
In vitro assessment of degradation and mineralisation of V2O5 substituted borate bioactive glass scaffolds

AbstractBioactive glasses are promising scaffold materials for bone regeneration because of their unique ability to convert to hydroxyapatite (HA) in vivo, and their ability to bond with bone and s...
Criminal homicide and the elderly offender: A theoretical and empirical analysis

This paper theoretically develops and empirically tests factors that significantly affect criminal homicide arrest rate patterns in the United States for elderly criminals of the ages 65 years and older, from 1964 to 1985. The analysis reveais that changes in commonly selected economic, demographic, law enforcement, and punishment variables are significantly correlated with elderly criminal homicide arrest rates in a manner consistent with implications from general theoretical models of criminal behavior and with frameworks specifically dealing with criminal homicide.
Structure and digestibility of crystalline short-chain amylose from debranched waxy wheat, waxy maize, and waxy potato starches

Abstract The structure and digestibility of crystalline short-chain amylose (CSCA) from debranched waxy wheat, waxy maize, and waxy potato starches were investigated and compared. The starches (5%, w/w) were cooked in acetate buffer (pH 4.0) and debranched by isoamylase at 50 °C. After 24 h, the mixture was cooled and held at 25 °C for another 24 h. Debranched waxy potato starch had a longer average chain length than debranched waxy wheat and waxy maize starches, resulting in a higher yield of crystallized product. All CSCA products displayed a B-type X-ray diffraction pattern, indicating that low solids concentration (5%) favored the formation of B-type crystals. CSCA from debranched waxy potato starch had a higher peak melting temperature (116.2 °C) and higher resistant starch content (77.8%) than that from debranched waxy wheat and waxy maize starches, suggesting that waxy potato starch is a preferred starting material to prepare products with high resistant starch content by debranching and crystallization.
Aggression decreases as play emerges in infant spotted hyaenas: preparation for joining the clan

Abstract The early social development of spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta , is marked by a dramatic transition at 2–3 weeks of age, when infants are taken from the isolation of their natal den, where they are intensely aggressive, to the communal den, where they meet most clan members for the first time. This study examined behaviour patterns in eight sets of captive twins during the first month of life to document the changes that prepare young hyaenas for social integration at the communal den. Bite shakes, the most extreme aggressive behaviour, declined markedly within the first week of life, but other forms of aggression remained constant. During week 1, low-intensity prosocial behaviour occurred primarily between mother and cub. By week 2, higher-intensity social play emerged, occurring mainly between siblings. In weeks 3 and 4, cub interactive play was most frequent, lasted longer and was more vigorous. Locomotor and object play did not emerge until weeks 3 and 4, respectively. Dominance relations between siblings were operationally defined by submissive withdrawals. Accordingly, aggression was unidirectional, with dominants initiating most interactions. By contrast, play was reciprocal and equally initiated by dominant and subordinate cubs. Maternal interruption of cub behaviour mainly occurred during extreme aggressive interactions, but rarely during vigorous play. Results showed that prosocial behaviour emerged in captive hyaena cubs following a decline in severe aggression and before the time wild cubs are taken from the natal to the communal den. It is suggested that play may modulate aggression, following the establishment of a dominance relationship, and may serve an immediate prosocial function to prepare aggressive infant hyaenas for integration into the clan.
Enhancement of reactive oxygen-dependent mitochondrial membrane lipid peroxidation by the anticancer drug adriamycin

Abstract Mitochondrial degeneration is a consistently prominent morphological alteration associated with adriamycin toxicity which may be the consequence of adriamycin-enhanced peroxidative damage to unsaturated mitochondrial membrane lipids. Using isolated rat liver mitochondria as an in vitro model system to study the effects of the anticancer drug adriamycin on lipid peroxidation, we found that NADH-dependent mitochondrial peroxidation—measured by the 2-thiobarbituric acid method— was stimulated by adriamycin as much as 4-fold. Marker enzyme analysis indicated that the mitochondria were substantially free of contaminating microsomes (
Current guidelines for endoscopy in patients receiving antithrombotic medication

Abstract Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants make up the larger group of antithrombotic medications, which have seen increasing use worldwide as populations in developed countries age, and ischemic heart disease prevalence rises. Antithrombotic medications reduce the risk of thromboembolic events in susceptible individuals, but increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Cessation of antithrombotic drugs prior to endoscopic therapy has been proposed, aimed at reducing the risk of immediate and early bleeding. However, interruption of antithrombotic therapy is associated with cardiovascular risk. The peri-endoscopic management of patients at high thromboembolic risk therefore requires knowledge of both the bleeding risk associated with endoscopic procedures, and the potential risks of stopping antithrombotic therapy. Three major endoscopy organizations (British Society of Gastroenterology, American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy & European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy) have published guidelines aimed at providing a rational strategy for the endoscopist in managing the individual patient on antithrombotic medication. This article compares and contrasts the approach of each guideline, in an attempt at consensus. The British Society of Gastroenterology and American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines address the use of both antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants during the peri-endoscopic period, while the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline is focused solely on antiplatelet medication. The guidelines were formulated with reference mainly to observational studies and expert opinion, and therefore have a limited basis in evidence. A rational strategy is proposed for common scenarios encountered in gastrointestinal endoscopy, based on the published guidelines. Despite the existence of these guidelines, they serve at best as a framework for individualized management tailored to the patient’s particular clinical scenario.
Thermal changes in palmar skin resistance patterns.

In contrast to the usual description of a uniformly low basal skin resistance at the human palmar surface as compared with other parts of the body (Richter, Woodruff, & Eaton, 1943; Wilcott, 1963), the present studies reveal skin resistance patterns (SRPs) with different resistance values at different subregions of palm and forearm. The shape of these patterns is related to the season in which the experiment was performed. Three basic SRPs are described, for winter, summer, and prolonged summer heat spell, respectively: (a) an alternating pattern, (h) an oblique pattern, (c) a so-called summer reversal pattern. The distinguishing factor for this categorization is the reciprocal electrodermal behavior of the mid-palm and arm regions. The resistance of the palm is relatively low in the winter, intermediate in the early summer, and high in a summer heat spell, while the resistance of the arm is high in winter and summer and low in the heat spell. Experimental heating and cooling leads to independent variation of the skin resistance values at different subregions and differs as a function of the basic seasonal SRP. A follow-up study shows that children have a less differentiated pattern, which, at all seasons tested, is similar to the oblique summer pattern of adults. The studies are considered exploratory.
Volume-controlled lung lavage in a woman with cystic fibrosis.

A 22-year-old woman with cystic fibrosis was treated by volume-controlled lavage of each of her lungs on two occasions. Following the first lavages, the patient's vital capacity increased by 1.03 liters and her 1-sec forced expiratory volume increased by 0.70 liters/second. Similar improvements, although less pronounced, were noted after both lungs had been lavaged a second time. It is concluded that volume-controlled lung lavage can be of benefit as an adjunct in the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis.
Measuring diffusion coefficients by hygroelasticity

A new method for obtaining diffusion coefficients of polymers and composites by measuring relative length changes is proposed. The method is based on interrelating diffusivity and hygroelasticity, and it is applicable to materials whose dynamic and equilibrium stage coefficients of hygroelasticity are equal.
Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating: Tested and ready for action

Neogene Earth surface events are often extremely difficult to date by conventional means because most geochronological techniques lack the required sensitivity for this time period or present other problems. Yet, quantitative modeling of neotectonic and global change processes requires reliable temporal control to establish rates and recurrence frequencies.
COLONIC NEURONAL DYSPLASIA

. A child with colonic neuronal dysplasia is reported in whom the whole length of the colon was involved. Multiple colonoscopic mucosal biopsies with acetylcholines-terase staining provided a useful means of assessing the extent of the lesion. Colectomy has, so far, been resisted in view of the relatively mild symptoms in a child who is otherwise thriving. The neonatal necrotising enterocolitis in this case is probably related pathogenetically to that sometimes seen in Hirschsprung's disease. Greater awareness of this condition and the more frequent use of acetylcholinesterase staining of rectal biopsy tissue will probably uncover more cases.
Edge melting of the Ge(111) surface studied by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is used to study the disordering of the Ge(111)c(2×8) surface, at temperatures in the range 150–350°C. The disorder occurs by the diffusion of surface adatoms in the 〈01 1 〉 directions. Disordered regions form at domain boundaries of the c(2×8) structure, and grow in size continuously with temperature until the entire surface becomes disordered at about 300°C. This order-disorder transition is identified as an example of premelting in two dimensions, i.e. edge melting. Thus, the phase transition would be first-order for an infinite size c(2×8) domain, but is actually continuous due to the occurrence of premelting at the domain boundaries.
Serial propagation of types 1, 2, 3 and 4 dengue virus in HeLa cells with concomitant cytopathic effect.

ATTEMPTS to obtain cellular destruction with dengue in stable human cell lines have thus far been unsuccessful. Banta1 was unable to produce a specific cytopathic effect with type 1 dengue virus in HeLa cells. Beasley et al.2 demonstrated replication of type 2 dengue virus on primary infection of KB cells, but concomitant cell damage was not observed.
Inhibiting effect of desensitization on release of histamine from guinea pig lung by specific antigen.

Abstract Guinea pigs passively sensitized by intrathoracic injection of rabbit antiserum were subsequently desensitized by parenteral introduction of sublethal doses of antigen, and the amount of histamine released from the perfused, chopped lungs by specific antigen 18 or 24 hours later was compared with that liberated in parallel tests from lungs of animals not desensitized. The average amount of histamine released from the lungs of 20 desensitized guinea pigs originally sensitized with 50 or 100 μg antibody nitrogen was approximately 13 per cent of that liberated from the lungs of 20 similarly sensitized controls (0.019 μg per 100 mg. lung tissue as opposed to 0.147 μg). Twelve desensitized animals among 24 guinea pigs originally sensitized with 150 to 400 μg antibody nitrogen released on the average 0.039 μg per 100 mg. lung tissue as opposed to 0.280 μg for the 12 controls, or about 14 per cent of the mean for the sensitized lungs. Relatively large amounts of antigen were required for maximum histamine release in this group. The total histamine content of the guinea pig lungs was not reduced by desensitization; on the contrary, both the sensitized and desensitized lungs contained nearly twice the average amount present in normal guinea pig lungs. Measurements of the probable reduction in available specific antibody in the desensitized lungs was not feasible without special techniques. It is thought that the classical specific desensitizing procedures employed may have caused a change in the sensitized lung tissue which subsequently suppressed normal activity of the histamine-releasing enzyme system. The findings gain interest from the fact that a similar reduction in histamine release from leukocytes of allergic human patients is known to follow successful hyposensitization.
Construction and characterization of mismatch-containing circular DNA molecules competent for assessment of nick-directed human mismatch repair in vitro

The ability of cell-free extracts to correct DNA mismatches has been demonstrated in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Such an assay requires a template containing both a mismatch and a strand discrimination signal, and the multi-step construction process can be technically difficult. We have developed a three-step procedure for preparing DNA heteroduplexes containing a site-specific nick. The mismatch composition, sequence context, distance to the strand signal, and the means for assessing repair in each strand are adjustable features built into a synthetic oligonucleotide. Controlled ligation events involving three of the four DNA strands incorporate the oligonucleotide into a circular template and generate the repair-directing nick. Mismatch correction in either strand of a prototype G·T mismatch was achieved by placing a nick 10–40 bp away from the targeted base. This proximity of nick and mismatch represents a setting where repair has not been well characterized, but the presence of a nick was shown to be essential, as was the MSH2/MSH6 heterodimer, although low levels of repair occurred in extract defective in each protein. All repair events were inhibited by a peptide that interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and inhibits both mismatch repair and long-patch replication.
Radial diffusion between coaxial cylinders and surface deactivation of O2(b1Eg

The rates for deactivation of singlet oxygen, O 2 (b 1 (Sigma) g + ), upon collision with pyrex, Teflon, aluminum, copper, and nickel surfaces have been determined in a steady-state flow tube reactor. Numerical and approximate analytic solutions of the radial diffusion equation with coaxial cylindrical boundary conditions are presented to obtain wall deactivation probabilities from observed first order decay rates. The probability for deactivation at nickel surfaces is large, (gamma) equals 0.026. However, it is unlikely that surface deactivation of O 2 (b 1 (Sigma) g + ) in Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Lasers has any significant effect on laser performance.
The Day Wall Street exploded: a story of America in its first age of terror

Beverly Gage, New York, Oxford University Press, 2009, [x] +400 pp., $27.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-19-514824-4 When a cart full of dynamite exploded near the corner of Wall and Broad Streets in Manhat...
Patterns of care for locally advanced vulvar cancer

Objective Patients with locally advanced vulvar carcinoma can be treated with primary surgery or neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Neoadjuvant treatment appears to be associated with decreased morbidity and acceptable long-term outcomes. We examined the patterns of care for women with locally advanced vulvar cancer. Study Design Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to examine women with stage III-IVA vulvar cancer treated from 1988 to 2008. Primary therapy was classified as surgery or radiation. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to examine the use of primary radiotherapy. Results We identified a total of 2292 women including 1757 who underwent primary surgery (76.7%) and 535 treated with primary radiation (23.3%). The use of primary radiation increased with time from 18.0% in 1988 to 30.1% in 2008. In a multivariable model, older women (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–1.72), black women (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.14–2.23), and patients with stage IVA tumors (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.78–2.81) were more likely to receive primary radiation. Among women treated with primary radiotherapy, only 17.8% ultimately underwent surgical resection. Conclusion The use of primary radiation for locally advanced vulvar cancer is limited but has increased over time. Multiple patient and tumor factors influence use. The majority of patients with stage III-IVA vulvar cancer treated with primary radiation therapy did not undergo surgical resection.
Possible explanation for the curvature in the upper critical field for ceramic superconductors

Abstract We investigate the behaviour of the upper critical field assuming the presence of two condensates with two different critical temperatures. Using a generalized Ginzburg-Landau free energy for the order parameter we show that there is an upward curvature in the upper critical field, which comes from the cross-coupling of the gradients of the order parameter. In addition we demonstrate that spatially homogeneous terms, which arise for systems that have less than cubic symmetry, do not change the picture. The behaviour found is in qualitative agreement with the experimental results for the various types of ceramic superconductors.
Connecting Print and Electronic Titles: An Integrated Approach at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Libraries make heavy investments in electronic resources, with many of these resources reflecting title changes, bundled subsets, or content changes of formerly print material. These changes can distance the electronic format from its print origins, creating discovery and access issues. A task force was formed to explore the enhancement of catalog records to increase the connections between print and electronic titles, thus improving patron discovery and access to electronic resources. The investigation considered the relationships between parent and dependent titles, title changes, and publication subsets. The resulting recommendations included interdepartmental cooperation, record-display best practices, and methods for tracking catalog-record enhancements.
Fine structure of the asymmetric stretching vibration of dispersed oxygen in monoisotopic germanium.

Dispersed oxygen in Ge leads to the formation of ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}$O ``quasimolecules'' whose asymmetric stretching mode (${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$), exhibits a remarkable, temperature-dependent fine structure when examined under the ultrahigh resolution of a Fourier-transform spectrometer. The large number of sharp lines observed arises from the coupling of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$ with the low-energy symmetric bending ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ mode; the thermal population of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ levels, together with the shifts associated with the isotopes of Ge in their natural abundances, underlie its fine structure and temperature dependence. By incorporating oxygen in monoisotopic $^{70}\mathrm{Ge}$, $^{73}\mathrm{Ge}$, $^{74}\mathrm{Ge}$, or $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$, the excitation spectrum of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$+${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$ coupling is selectively simplified. From the temperature dependence of the intensities of the lines in the fine structure, the energies of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ levels are deduced. The $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ counterpart of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$+${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$ coupling excitation has been observed and a consistent interpretation of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ levels as well as the shifts of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$+${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$ coupling excitations associated with any isotopic combination of oxygen and Ge is obtained by using an interaction mass m'=23.1 amu and a Ge-O-Ge bond angle 2\ensuremath{\alpha}=111\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
Ureteral trauma: patterns and mechanisms of injury of an uncommon condition.

Abstract Background Traumatic ureteral injuries are uncommon, thus large series are lacking. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank (2002–2006). Results Of the 22,706 genitourinary injuries, 582 ureteral injury patients were identified (38.5% blunt, 61.5% penetrating). Patients were 84% male, 38% white, and 37% black (mean age, 31 y). Blunt trauma patients had a median Injury Severity Score of 21.5 versus 16.0 for penetrating injury ( P P = .166). Penetrating trauma patients had a higher incidence of bowel injuries (small bowel, 46%; large bowel, 44%) and vascular injuries (38%), whereas blunt trauma patients had a higher incidence of bony pelvic injuries (20%) ( P Conclusions Ureteral injuries are uncommon, seen in approximately 3 per 10,000 trauma admissions, and occur more in penetrating than in blunt trauma. The most common associated injury for blunt ureteral trauma is pelvic bone fracture, whereas penetrating ureteral trauma patients have more hollow viscus and vascular injuries.
Relations Between Emotional and Social Functioning in Children with Anxiety Disorders

The current study investigated concurrent relations between emotional and social functioning in youth with anxiety disorders using a multi-reporter (i.e., children, parents, teachers) assessment strategy. Ninety youth (M age = 8.98 years, SD = 1.68) with a primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and/or separation anxiety disorder, and a parent participated. Regression analyses indicated that positive affect and emotion regulation coping were related to adaptive measures of social functioning, whereas positive affect, negative affect, reluctance to share emotional experiences with peers, and lability/negativity were related to maladaptive measures of social functioning in the expected directions. For youth high in lability/negativity and low in emotion regulation coping, the relationship between diagnostic severity and social problems was exacerbated. This research contributes to our understanding of the interplay of social and emotional variables and suggests that efforts to facilitate child emotional functioning may improve social functioning for anxious youth, or vice versa.