cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Indol-3yl Acetic Acid on the Citrate-Condensing Reaction by Preparations of Root and Shoot Tissue

Preparations of citrate condensing enzyme (citrate oxaloacetate-lyase (CoA acetylating) E. C. 4. 1. 3. 7) from root and shoot tissue of 52-day-old bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L., var. Burpee's Stringless Greenpod) had different activities, expressed as reaction rate per unit of fresh tissue. Activity per mg protein was increased when protein concentrations of the preparations were reduced by dilution. Addition of indol-3yl acetic acid (IAA) enhanced activity of both root and shoot preparations. The effect was optimal at a concentration of 1-25 X i o 4 M and the enzyme was inhibited at 1-25 X io~3 M. Enhancement was greater in root than in shoot preparations and in mixtures of equal amounts of each preparation activity was intermediate between those of the separate enzymes in absence of IAA but in its presence approached that of the shoot preparation. Apparent citrate synthesis in vivo was increased in shoots by application of IAA but there was no such effect in roots.
The effect of energy measurements on improving the range and bearing estimation in a hybrid energy and TDOA localization system

This paper investigates the use of energy measurements to improve the localization accuracy in terms of range and bearing in a TDOA based system. We first extend the hybrid energy and TDOA localization algorithm in Cartesian coordinate that is proposed in (Ho and Sun, 2008) to obtain the range and bearing estimates of an emitting source. The accuracy of the range and bearing estimates is then examined with respect to the noise level in the energy measurements relative to that in TDOAs. For comparison purpose, the CRLB for the range and bearing estimates is also derived. We find that energy measurements improve more the accuracy in range than in bearing. Regarding the bearing estimation, the energy measurements provide more improvement for a near-field source than for a far-field source.
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Epitaxial Structures

The technique is described for use of x-ray double crystal diffractometry for analysis of epitaxial structures. This method has been shown to be very useful for characterizing a wide variety of configurations, ranging from single epitaxial layers to damaged superlattices. It yields depth profiles of structure factors and strains relative to the substrate, which can be directly related to layer thicknesses and compositions. Information about dislocations and random atomic displacements is also present. The key to this technique is computer fitting of the x-ray data with a model for the diffraction process, utilizing trial profiles for the strain and structure factors of the epitaxial layers. In the work to be presented a kinematic model for the diffraction is used. The technique is demonstrated with analyses of an AlxGa(1−x)As single layer on GaAs, an AlSb/GaSb superlattice on GaSb, epitaxial CoSi2 on Si, and ion-implanted and annealed AlxGa(1−x)As superlattices on GaAs.
A Novel Retaining Ring in Advanced Polishing Head Design for Significantly Improved CMP Performance

This paper reports a technological advancement in developing and implementing a novel retaining ring of advanced edge performance (AEPTM ring) for an advanced polishing head design. The AEP ring has been successfully used for significantly improved CMP performance in different CMP applications: oxide (PMD and ILD), shallow trench isolation (STI), polysilicon, metal (W and Cu), silicon-on-insulator (SOI), and silicon CMP. Robust processes have been developed using AEP ring along with many hardware upgrades for each application with extended runs to meet requirements of advanced IC device fabrication.
Adaptive power control for underwater acoustic communications

Experimental measurements of shallow water acoustic channels show that the received signal power varies over time as the channel experiences fading. This fact motivates the use of adaptive power (or rate) control as a way to improve the system performance or save the transmit power. In a system with adaptive power control, the transmitter adjusts its power so that the received power remains at a pre-specified level whenever possible, or it shuts down when the channel conditions deteriorate beyond some point. Adaptive power control relies on feedback by which the receiver informs the transmitter of the present channel state. The transmitter can then predict the next state and adjust its power accordingly. This procedure will be effective if the channel variations are slow enough for the feedback mechanism to be implemented. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of adaptive power control for underwater acoustic (UWA) communications using data recorded during the Surface Processes Acoustic Communications Experiment (SPACE) which was conducted off the coast of New England in a shallow water channel over a range of 1 km. The slow variations of the locally-averaged received power are shown to exhibit properties of a log-normally distributed autoregressive (AR) process with a coherence time on the order of several seconds. Adaptive prediction of the gain is applied to experimental data, demonstrating the feasibility of power control and indicating that substantial savings in average power are available over extended periods of time (about 9 dB over several hours). These values are also confirmed by a theoretical analysis.
Leading change at NASA: The case of Dan Goldin

Abstract Daniel Goldin set the record for longevity as administrator of NASA, serving from 1992 to 2001. Active and controversial, he was unusually visible as a self-proclaimed ‘agent of change’. Coping with a turbulent political environment, Goldin directed NASA from the end of the Cold War to the early 21st century. He effected change in the multitude of programs under his aegis, especially the Space Station and robotic Mars program. He was hailed at one point as a miracle worker and poster boy of government reinvention for his ‘faster, better, cheaper’ strategy of ‘doing more with less’. But Goldin left the agency under fire for cost overruns and reforms that reached too far. Using a policy innovation process approach, this paper traces Goldin's eventful years at NASA, his policy ends and administrative and technological means. It analyzes the record of success and failure of one of the most, influential administrators in NASA history. That record provides useful lessons for how an administrator gains, uses, and loses power in the US space policy system.
Bioinspired Sinusoidal Finger Joint Synergies for a Dexterous Robotic Hand to Screw and Unscrew Objects With Different Diameters

This paper addresses the complex task of unscrewing and screwing objects with a dexterous anthropomorphic robotic hand in two cases: with the first finger and thumb and also with the little finger and thumb. To develop an anthropomorphic solution, human finger synergies from nine test subjects were recorded while unscrewing and screwing a threaded cap. Human results showed that the periodic motions exhibited by the finger joints shared a common frequency for each subject, but differed in amplitude and phase. From the gathered data, a set of sinusoidal trajectories were developed to approximate this motion for application to a robotic hand. Because the joint trajectories exhibited the same frequency, a family of sinusoids that share a common time vector can be used in the path planning of the robotic hand to unscrew and screw objects. Additionally, the human unscrewing data are highly similar to the mirror image of the screwing data. This chiastic trait enables screwing to be performed by decreasing the time vector; increasing the time vector produces unscrewing. These factors significantly reduce the computational cost and complexity of the task. Cartesian and joint space error analyses show that the developed sinusoidal trajectories closely mimic the motion profiles seen in the human experiments. Furthermore, this bioinspired sinusoidal solution is extended to objects with wide variations in diameters by relating joint angle offsets of the robotic hand to object diameter size through the forward kinematics equations. The sinusoidal trajectories are all implemented within a PID sliding mode controller for a dexterous artificial hand to ensure overall system stability. Using the bioinspired sinusoidal joint angle trajectories, the robotic hand successfully unscrewed and screwed four different objects in all trials conducted with each object diameter size.
Key Factors Influencing Rates of Heterotrophic Sulfate Reduction in Active Seafloor Hydrothermal Massive Sulfide Deposits

Hydrothermal vents are thermally and geochemically dynamic habitats, and the organisms therein are subject to steep gradients in temperature and chemistry. To date, the influence of these environmental dynamics on microbial sulfate reduction has not been well constrained. Here, via multivariate experiments, we evaluate the effects of key environmental variables (temperature, pH, H2S, SO42-, DOC) on sulfate reduction rates and metabolic energy yields in material recovered from a hydrothermal flange from the Grotto edifice in the Main Endeavor Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Sulfate reduction was measured in batch reactions across a range of physico-chemical conditions. Temperature and pH were the strongest stimuli, and maximum sulfate reduction rates were observed at 50 °C and pH 6, suggesting that the in situ community of sulfate-reducing organisms in Grotto flanges may be most active in a slightly acidic and moderate thermal/chemical regime. At pH 4, sulfate reduction rates increased with sulfide concentrations most likely due to the mitigation of metal toxicity. While substrate concentrations also influenced sulfate reduction rates, energy-rich conditions muted the effect of metabolic energetics on sulfate reduction rates. We posit that variability in sulfate reduction rates reflect the response of the active microbial consortia to environmental constraints on in situ microbial physiology, toxicity, and the type and extent of energy limitation. These experiments help to constrain models of the spatial contribution of heterotrophic sulfate reduction within the complex gradients inherent to seafloor hydrothermal deposits.
The in vivo response of naive CD4+ T cells.

It is customary for the president of the American Association of Immunologists to publish a paper in the Journal of Immunology related to one’s Presidential Address at the annual meeting. One purpose of an article like this may be to give readers a sense of the scientific career path taken by an
Prediction of the Geometry of the Kerf Created in the Course of Abrasive Waterjet Machining of Ductile Materials

In this paper we investigated the correlation between operational parameters of abrasive waterjet machining and the kerf geometry. A series of factorial experiments involving cutting and grooving of steel aluminum and titanium samples were carried out. The results of experiments were used to construct appropriate regression equations. The linearity of the effects of principal process parameters on the kerf dimensions was demonstrated and a practical technique for prediction of the depth of cut was suggested.
Perception and Repellency of Moving Air by American and Smokybrown Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)

Repellency of moving ambient air to American, Periplaneta americana (L.), and smokybrown, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville), cockroaches was evaluated with modified Ebeling choice boxes by using air velocities of 0-4.75 m/s. All measured stages (adult female and male, and medium and large nymphs) of both species were significantly repelled by air velocities greater than or equal to 4.0 m/s. Percentage of repellency increased exponentially with air velocity for American, but increased linearly for smokybrown cockroaches. Male American cockroaches detect moving air with mechanoreceptors located on their antennae and cerci. Differences in response to air velocity may help explain the absence of smokybrown cockroaches from sewerage systems. Moving air maybe useful as a noninsecticidal tactic in an integrated pest management system for American and smokybrown cockroach control.
CSF Biomarkers in Spinocerebellar Ataxias (P05.018)

Objective: To identify potential biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 1, SCA2, SCA6, and multiple system atrophy of the cerebellar type (MSA-C). Background Levels of proteins such as α-synuclein, tau, and DJ-1 have shown promise as potential type-specific and stage-specific bioimarkers of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson9s, Alzheimer9s, multiple sclerosis, and ALS. DJ-1 has recently been shown to be involved in oxidative stress and to be elevated in the early stages of Parkinson9s. α-synuclein is thought to be involved in vesicle trafficking and is decreased in the CSF of Parkinson9s patients. Tau is a general marker of neuroaxonal damage elevated in Alzheimer9s, ALS, and multiple sclerosis. Limited to no biomarker data has been previously published in regards to ataxia disorders. Design/Methods: The CSF samples were obtained for this study from 26 patients: 5 diagnosed with SCA1, 6 with SCA2, 5 with SCA6, 5 with MSA-C, and 5 controls with no neurological pathology. CSF was analyzed using commercial enzyme-linked immunoabsorption assays (ELISAs) to determine protein concentrations of α-synuclein, tau, and DJ-1. Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test with appropriate post-hoc Bonferroni corrections. Results: DJ-1 levels were unchanged in all the disease states. Levels of α-synuclein were elevated only in SCA-2 patients (p=0.004) at 0.6965 ng/mL vs. 0.4312 ng/mL in controls. Tau protein was elevated in both MSA-C (p=0.004) and SCA2 (p=0.002) patients at 76.117 pg/mL and 106.634 pg/mL respectively as compared to 44.154 pg/mL in the controls. Conclusions: Elevated levels of both tau and α-synuclein in SCA2 and none of the other SCAs examined indicate a possible differentiation between diseases that present in a clinically similar manner. Additionally, as very little is known about MSA-C, elevated levels of tau could provide insight into pathogenesis. Supported by: National Ataxia Foundation, JayD Schlueter Fund. Disclosure: Dr. Brouillette has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gomez has nothing to disclose.
RNA Secondary Structures: Combinatorial Models and Folding Algorithms

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a long macromolecule built from nucleotides strung together along a sugar-phosphate backbone. Unlike its double-stranded cousin deoxyribonucleic acid, which twists into a double-helix structure, RNA folds and bonds to itself. Because the three-dimensional structure into which RNA folds determines its cellular function, scientists are very interested in understanding how it folds. The challenge is to predict an RNA’s three-dimensional structure given only its raw primary sequence. We begin this chapter by interpreting this problem in a combinatorial framework, using partial matchings and noncrossing arc diagrams called secondary structures. Next, we take an in-depth tour of two very different approaches to the secondary structure prediction problem. The first method attempts to minimize the free energy using a recursive technique called dynamic programming. The second method arises from the field of computational linguistics—RNA secondary structures are generated using a stochastic context-free grammar. Finally, the chapter concludes with a brief overview of how to extend the RNA combinatorial framework to more complicated structures called pseudoknots.
Perceptions of women of color who claim compound discrimination: Interpersonal judgments and perceived credibility

People of color who attribute rejection to racism and women who attribute rejection to sexism are perceived as troublemakers. Women of color may encounter racism and sexism simultaneously; however,...
The Fed Has Got It Wrong

One of the important themes for the world economy discussed at the 2008 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, revolved around the fact that central banks have lost control of the economy by allowing commercial banks, investment banks and other financial institutions to do as they please. This attitude, which has been wrongly called neo-liberalism, has considerably diminished the central banks’ clout and therefore their effectiveness as: Guardians of economic stability, Promoters of orderly economic growth through regulation of money supply, and Safeguards of value both of the money and of other assets.1
Coase’s View of Economics

Ronald Coase was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics in 1991. This award attests to the fact that his work has been widely read, widely cited, and has had enormous influence within the field of economics. Yet, in 1988, Coase writes that ‘My point of view has not in general commanded assent, nor has my argument, for the most part, been understood’ (Coase, 1988e, p. 1). The reason for this, he asserts, is that ‘most economists have a different way of looking at economic problems and do not share my conception of the nature of our subject’ (Coase, 1988e, p.1). This raises two important questions: what is Coase’s view of the nature of economics as commonly practised and what is Coase’s view of how we should do economics?
The Tail That Wags the Dog: The Impact of Distribution on the Development and Direction of the American Comic Book Industry

This chapter explores the production of culture as represented by comics work. It explicitly recognizes the diverse inputs of the larger network which ultimately delivers comics work (i.e. graphic narratives in a variety of formats) into the hands of readers, the ultimate consumers of the work. This network of individuals and organizations fulfills a number of vital tasks that directly influence the finished work and its viability in the marketplace. Some of the contributions of that network are traditionally overlooked and are not fully recognized by consumers, or, indeed, even by scholars of comics work. One of these necessary but routinely disregarded roles is that of distribution. The role of distribution is often ignored or minimized because it is not customarily viewed as a creative activity, especially in the context of an industry which views itself as “artistic” or “creative.” Distribution is considered to be a mundane activity, and its profound impact on the success (or failure) of comics work is therefore easy to overlook. Comic book historians can better understand and interpret the full richness of the American comic book industry and its history by explicitly incorporating a more thorough investigation of distribution into their analyses. To explicitly make the role of distribution in the production of comic books as culture more visible, this chapter applies the notion of constraints on the production of culture developed by Richard A. Peterson (e.g. 1982, 1985) to an analysis of a number of pivotal events in the comic book industry. This analysis is augmented by also integrating concepts from strategic management, especially those of Michael Porter (1979, 1980).
An Evil Copy: How the Loader Betrays You.

Dynamic loading is a core feature used on current systems to (i) enable modularity and reuse, (ii) reduce memory footprint by sharing code pages of libraries and executables among processes, and (iii) simplify update procedures by eliminating the need to recompile executables when a library is updated. The Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) is a generic specification that describes how executable programs are stitched together from object files produced from source code to libraries and executables. Programming languages allow fine-grained control over variables, including access and memory protections, so programmers may write defense mechanisms assuming that the permissions specified at the source and/or compiler level will hold at runtime. Unfortunately, information about memory protection is lost during compilation. We identify one case that has significant security implications: when instantiating a process, constant external variables that are referenced in executables are forcefully relocated to a writable memory segment without warning. The loader trades security for compatibility due to the lack of memory protection information on the relocated external variables. We call this new attack vector CoReV for Copy Relocation Violation. An adversary may use a memory corruption vulnerability to modify such “read-only” constant variables like vtables, function pointers, format strings, and file names to bypass defenses (like FORTIFY_SOURCE or CFI) and to escalate privileges. We have studied all Ubuntu 16.04 LTS packages and found that out of 54,045 packages, 4,570 packages have unexpected copy relocations that change read-only permissions to read-write, presenting new avenues for attack. The attack surface is broad with 29,817 libraries exporting relocatable read-only variables. The set of 6,399 programs with actual copy relocation violations includes ftp servers, apt-get, and gettext. We discuss the cause, effects, and a set of possible mitigation strategies for the CoReV attack vector.
EBV-associated hepatic smooth muscle tumor of uncertain biologic behavior after heart transplantation in a pediatric patient: case report

Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumor (EBV-SMT) is a rare neoplasm recognized in immunocompromised patients. There are less than 30 cases of EBV-SMT reported in pediatric population following solid organ transplantation. Herein, we report a case of an 8-year-old female who was incidentally noted to have multiple lesions in the liver 8 years after heart transplantation. The tumor was composed of a cellular proliferation of spindle-shaped cells with low mitotic activity. The diagnosis of EBV-SMT was confirmed by in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) transcripts. Multiple additional lesions were detected by whole body positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scan 4 months after the initial finding of the hepatic lesions. Immunosuppression was switched to a mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor. We conclude that EBV-SMT should be included in the differential diagnoses in post-transplantation patients and further investigations should be performed to evaluate additional lesions.
Marijuana and College Students: A Critical Review of the Literature

ABSTRACTBackground: Marijuana represents the most widely used illicit drug on college campuses. Repeated use can impair students’ academic, emotional, and physical success and can lead to chronic diseases. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate existing literature on the associated effects of marijuana use on U.S. college students’ academic success, including conduct/legal issues, negative outcomes, normative perceptions, and physical/mental health. Method: A critical review was conducted in January 2015 using the PubMed, Academic Search Complete, Electronic Journal Center, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases. Studies were included if they focused on epidemiological outcomes of marijuana use on U.S. undergraduate college students aged 17–24. Results: Overall, studies lacked scientific rigor. In several studies, researchers relied on convenience samples, used small sample sizes, did not report response rates, or did not report the psychometrics of the instrument. The majority of the studies ...
Isolation of Ragweed Pollen Allergens

The most common seasonal hayfever on the American continent is caused by the pollens of ragweed (Ambrosia elatior and Ambrosia trifida). Several extraction procedures are described in the literature, most of them yielding crude but potent allergenic preparations. King and associates used a combination of various isolation methods, including several column Chromatographic steps, and isolated two active allergens from ragweed pollens: Antigens K and E (1962, 1964, 1967). The method given here is a simplified version of their procedure and the crude product obtained here can be used for further purification.
Can Social Integration and Social Support Help to Explain Racial Disparities in Health Care Utilization among Men with Diabetes

Objective: Discovering the mechanisms through which racial and ethnic background influence health is critical to better understanding racial disparities in health among men with a diabetes diagnosis. The present study examines whether social support and social integration mediate or buffer the relationship between race and health care utilization among U.S. men. Method: This study used a sub-sample from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey that included Latino, African American, non- Latino White men living with self-reported diabetes (n = 7,148). Results: Findings revealed that African American men with high levels of social integration were less likely to forego care (OR = 0.234, [CI = 0.053,1.045]). Also, African American men who did not attend church had higher odds of foregoing care (OR = 0.222, [CI = 0.110,0.448]). Conclusions: The effect of social networks operate differently for African American men with diabetes compared to non-Latino white men. Identifying racial differences in the influence of social networks on health will assist in developing interventions that may help to decrease gender and race gaps in health for men with diabetes.
Publisher Correction: Antiviral CD8 T cells induce Zika-virus-associated paralysis in mice

In the version of this Letter originally published, technical problems led to errors in Figs. 3e and 4f. In Fig. 3e, the bottom right graph had an incorrect title of ‘CD8+ T cells’; it should have instead been ‘CD4+ T cells’. In Fig. 4f, the bottom panels had an incorrect title of ‘CD8 competent Ifnar–/–7 d.p.i. cerebral cortex’; it should have instead been ‘CD8 depleted Ifnar–/– 7 d.p.i. cerebral cortex’. These errors have now been corrected in all versions of the Letter.
Intraoperative blood pressure levels in young and anaesthetised children: are we getting any closer to the truth?

Purpose of reviewBlood pressure is a basic feature of monitoring during anaesthesia. However, it is very unclear what blood pressures are normal during anaesthesia in children. Furthermore, the clinical consequences of low blood pressure are also uncertain. Similarly, it is unclear when to initiate
EL PENSAMIENTO COMO RIESGO

Making philosophy as if we were playing a game is not the same as saying that the game of philosophy consists in knowing and respecting the rules and developing skills in order to make a better performance. The crossing between philosophy and infancy is limited to this idea. We aim at examining several types of games and showing that philosophical reflection is enriched when the ludic path to follow is defined by its indeterminacy and risk.
Severity of pain is associated with insufficient energy coverage in hospitalised patients: A cross-sectional study.

Summary Background & aims The severity of pain is routinely assessed in hospitalised patients but the impact of pain and pain control on energy coverage has been poorly studied. This One-day cross-sectional observational study assessed the association between severity of pain and coverage of energy needs in hospitalised patients. Methods Foods provided and consumed were assessed on one day by dedicated dieticians for unselected hospitalised patients receiving three meals per day. Severity of pain was evaluated by a visual analogue scale at the mealtimes, averaged over the study day, and categorized as no pain, slight, moderate or severe pain. The coverage of energy needs was expressed in percentage of predicted needs. Results Among the 755 included patients, 63% reported having pain. Severe pain was associated with a lower energy coverage than no pain (p = 0.001) or slight pain (p = 0.001). Insufficient energy coverage, defined as ≤70% of predicted needs, occurred in 13% of the patients. In univariate logistic regressions, predictors of insufficient energy coverage were severe pain as compared to no pain (OR 2.38; 95% CI 1.21, 4.64) and treatment with opioid drugs as compared to no pain killer (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.07, 2.79). When including sex, age, body mass index, treatment with analgesics and severity of pain in a multivariate logistic regression, severe pain more than doubled the risk of insufficient energy coverage (OR 2.32; CI 1.15, 4.66). Conclusions Patients experiencing severe pain have a high risk of insufficient energy coverage. Optimal pain control is probably critical to prevent underfeeding in the hospital. Trial registration Identifier no NCT02463565 on www.ClinicalTrials.gov .
Weep for the One Who Descends? African Democracies, Politics of Stomach Infrastructure, and Homology of Corruption

This article discusses contemporary African democratic practices vis-a-vis politics of stomach infrastructure that debilitates sustainable infrastructural development in the region. In this article...
Teaching NeuroImages: Optic nerve sheath meningioma presenting as gaze-evoked amaurosis.

A 47-year-old woman reported a slowly progressive 15-month history of intermittent visual loss on rightward gaze as well as diminished visual acuity of her right eye. Examination revealed right ocular red desaturation, afferent pupillary defect, impaired visual acuity, and optic disc swelling (figure, A). Head imaging revealed an optic nerve sheath meningioma (figure, B and C). A brain MRI performed 4 months prior to the current evaluation displayed a similar pattern of optic nerve enhancement. Gaze-evoked amaurosis is transient monocular visual loss on eccentric gaze. It is suggestive of intraconal pathology and is putatively caused by position-dependent occlusion of the retinal or optic nerve circulation.1 The most common causes of gaze-evoked amaurosis are optic nerve sheath meningioma and cavernous hemangioma.1 Treatment options for optic nerve sheath meningioma include observation, radiotherapy, radiosurgery, and resection.2
The Penguin's Genome, or Coase and Open Source Biotechnology

Open source offers an interesting alternative to government control or private bargaining over rights to a commons. Open source production, however, will not occur on any significant scale absent certain conditions. Certain types of software have been developed effectively through open source methods because the projects were divisible and granular and the roots of the necessary social structure existed in early "hacker" communities and copyright license models were adaptable to support open source norms. Biotechnology, however, is different. The information commons rhetoric often applied to open source software and the Internet fails to withstand scrutiny when applied to biologically based technologies. "Information" can no longer be defined as an independent entity that can be possessed equally by infinite users. Instead, "information" is context-dependent. This is particularly true of biologically-encoded information, which affects direct change in an organism. Under a context-dependent definition, there are economic, social, and biological aspects of rivalry connected to an information resource. A truly open information commons therefore is an unobtainable myth. Because information is in some sense rivalrous, there must be some method of allocation. Collective management by way of open source development is appealing, but biotechnology lacks the sort of community that would make it feasible. In particular, the classical and neo-classical story of science as a homogenous, cooperative enterprise that is being corrupted by private property rights does not correspond to reality. Science, and in particular biotechnology, was and will be rife with competition and gamesmanship. Given these circumstances, a Coasian approach suggests that private property rights should lead to bargaining that will, over time, efficiently allocate the information resources. Many of the transaction costs that have been identified as barriers to such bargaining should not pose insurmountable problems, particularly as players repeatedly interact over the same or similar resources. The most difficult aspect of transaction costs is that of the search costs entailed in defining and clearing multiple rights held by diverse parties under differing intellectual property regimes. If search costs are a primary barrier to bargaining, the primary aim of biotechnology innovation policy should be to reduce those costs. One way this could be accomplished is to establish a national technology database containing information about proprietary claims, license terms, and license prices. Although this solution would not be perfect, it represents a means of reducing barriers to biotechnology innovation consistent with existing norms.
Positive and Negative Regulation of the Suppressor-Mutator Element

The Suppressor-mutator (Spm) element is one of the most extensively studied maize transposable elements. It is the fully functional member of a transposable element family containing many functionally altered and mutant members. McClintock’s genetic studies on the Spm family defined the functional interrelationships both among elements of the family and between the elements and genes with Spm insertion mutations (12–27). Rhoades and Dempsey (35) independently identified mutations caused by the same element family; these were subsequently studied by Peterson (30–34), who named the element Enhancer (En).
Noninvasive Body Rejuvenation

Noninvasive body rejuvenation is a nascent area of aesthetic medicine. Dominant past invasive procedures include liposuction, body lifts, and tummy tucks. The success of tissue tightening on the face in the past 5 years has led practitioners and researchers to explore this new frontier of body shaping. The main focus of body shaping is fat, whereas the focus of facial contouring is dermal. Thus, body shaping presents unique technical challenges that have not been encountered before. In addition, cellulite is a different pathophysiologic entity (Fig. 23.1) than either laxity or excess fat and cannot be addressed in the same fashion.
Quenching of H2 Vibrations in Ultracold 3He and 4He Collisions

We present results of quantum mechanical scattering calculations including full rovibrational coupling on the relaxation of vibrationally excited H{sub 2} molecules in collision with ultracold {sup 3}He and {sup 4}He atoms. The exothermic vibrational deactivation cross sections exhibit minima at translational temperatures near 10 K and show an inverse velocity dependence in accordance with Wigner{close_quote}s threshold law in the limit of zero kinetic energy. The corresponding rate coefficients exhibit minima before attaining constant values below 10{sup {minus}3} K. The rate coefficients increase by 3 orders of magnitude when the initial vibrational level of the molecule is raised from v=1 to v=10 . The results suggest that quasibound resonance states of {sup 3}HeH{sub 2} and {sup 4}HeH{sub 2} exist, associated with each excited vibrational state of H{sub 2} , and that both the triatomic species {sup 3}HeH{sub 2} and {sup 4}HeH{sub 2} have one bound vibrational state. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Inelastic vibrational dynamics of CS in collision with H2 using a full-dimensional potential energy surface

We report a six-dimensional (6D) potential energy surface (PES) for the CS-H2 system computed using high-level electronic structure theory and fitted using a hybrid invariant polynomial method. Full-dimensional quantum close-coupling scattering calculations have been carried out using this potential for rotational and, for the first time, vibrational quenching transitions of CS induced by H2. State-to-state cross sections and rate coefficients for rotational transitions in CS from rotational levels j1 = 0-5 in the ground vibrational state are compared with previous theoretical results obtained using a rigid-rotor approximation. For vibrational quenching, state-to-state and total cross sections and rate coefficients were calculated for the vibrational transitions in CS(v1 = 1,j1) + H2(v2 = 0,j2) → CS(v1' = 0,j1') + H2(v2' = 0,j2') collisions, for j1 = 0-5. Cross sections for collision energies in the range 1 to 3000 cm-1 and rate coefficients in the temperature range of 5 to 600 K are obtained for both para-H2 (j2 = 0) and ortho-H2 (j2 = 1) collision partners. Application of the computed results in astrophysics is also discussed.
Membrane-free electrochemical deoxygenation of aqueous solutions using symmetric activated carbon electrodes in flow-through cells

Abstract An electrochemical cell using symmetric carbon cloth electrodes and flow-through geometry that removes more than 97% of incoming aqueous dissolved oxygen (DO) is presented. The electro-deoxygenation (EDO) cell achieves O2 removal by leveraging the high overpotential of oxygen evolution on activated carbon and its propensity to oxidize under anodic polarization in aqueous solution: oxygen is reduced at the cathode while water is oxidized and incorporated into surface oxide functional groups at the anode, effectively sequestering dissolved oxygen. Polarized electrodes promote the two-step reduction of DO resulting in some residual hydrogen peroxide in the effluent, which may be beneficial for certain applications. A subsequent cell is modified with Ni cathodes downstream to reduce all H2O2 to water for particularly sensitive applications; in this cell >99% of incoming DO could be removed to lower than 10 ppb. EDO cells, which currently employ sacrificial anodes, can deaerate 30 L g−1anode of water at an energy consumption of 1 kWh per 10,000 L; carbon anode replacement can recharge the cell. The technique is versatile, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly, deoxygenating solutions from dilute to seawater concentrations at flow rates beyond 50 ml min−1 (O2 flux = 10−4 mol s−1 m−2), more than 50x faster DO removal than similar technologies.
Reasons for death in patients successfully resuscitated from out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest.

Abstract Introduction There is no standard for categorizing reasons for death in those who achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest but die before hospital discharge. Categorization is important for comparing outcomes across studies, assessing benefits of interventions, and developing quality-improvement initiatives. We developed and tested a method for categorizing reasons for death after cardiac arrest in both in-hospital (IHCA) and out-of-hospital (OHCA) arrests. Methods Single-center, retrospective, cohort study of patients with ROSC after IHCA or OHCA between 2008 and 2017 who died before hospital discharge. Traumatic arrests and patients with “do-not-resuscitate” orders prior to their arrest were excluded. Two investigators assigned each patient to one of five predefined reasons for death. Interrater reliability was assessed using Fleiss’ kappa. For final categorization, discrepancies were resolved by a third investigator. Results There were 182 IHCA and 226 OHCA included. There was substantial agreement between raters (kappa of 0.62 and 0.61 for IHCA and OHCA, respectively). Reasons for death for IHCA and OHCA were: neurological withdrawal of care (27% vs 73%), comorbid withdrawal of care (36% vs 4%), refractory hemodynamic shock (25% vs 17%), respiratory failure (1% vs 3%), and sudden cardiac death (11% vs 4%). The differences in reasons for death among the two groups were significant (p-value Conclusions Categorizing reasons for death after cardiac arrest with ROSC is feasible using our proposed categories, with substantial inter-rater agreement. Neurologic withdrawal of care is much less common in IHCA than OHCA, which may have implications for further research.
Cervical Esophageal Cancers: Challenges and Opportunities.

Cervical esophageal cancers (CECs) are a rare subset of esophageal cancers that are distinct in their management and outcomes. This review explores current data on the optimal management of this disease. While outcomes for CEC have been suboptimal, several strategies have been proven beneficial in recent years. These include selective surgical resection or salvage surgery, chemoradiation (CRT) vs. radiation (RT) alone, dose escalation, IMRT, and induction chemotherapy. The optimal management of CEC to achieve the best oncological outcomes and minimize morbidity appears to be definitive chemoradiation with surgery reserved for selective salvage. While the benefit of dose escalated vs. standard dosing for radiation is unclear, most appear to use doses in excess of 50.4 Gy, even in the United States. IMRT might provide a benefit independent of allowing for dose escalation. Induction chemotherapy might allow for “chemoselection”, but the benefit is unclear.
Tapered Polymer Whiskers to Enable Three-Dimensional Tactile Feature Extraction.

Many mammals use their vibrissae (whiskers) to tactually explore their surrounding environment. Vibrissae are thin tapered structures that transmit mechanical signals to a wealth of mechanical rece...
COVID-19 and Gender Disparities in Pediatric Cardiologists with Dependent Care Responsibilities.

The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affects females in the home and workplace. This study aimed to acquire information regarding the gender-specific effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on aspects of professional and personal lives of a subset of pediatric cardiologists. We sent an online multiple-choice survey to a listserv of Pediatric Cardiologists. Data collected included demographics, dependent care details, work hours, leave from work, salary cut, childcare hours before and after the COVID-19 peak lockdown/stay at home mandate and partner involvement. Two hundred forty-two pediatric cardiologists with dependent care responsibilities responded (response rate of 20.2%). A significantly higher proportion of females reported a salary cut (29.1% of females vs 17.6% of males, p = 0.04) and scaled back or discontinued work (14% vs 5.3%; p = 0.03). Prior to the COVID-19 lockdown phase, females provided more hours of dependent care. Females also reported a significantly greater increase in childcare hours overall per week (45 hours post/30 hours pre vs 30 hours post/20 hours pre for men; p
Bats and the Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Resource Spatio-temporal Predictability (STP)

In 1974, I presented a paper at the North American Society for Bat Research (NASBR) describing the preliminary results of an experiment aimed at testing whether fruit-eating phyllostomid bats were actively searching for fruit while commuting from their day roosts and moving between feeding areas. My hypothesis was that their fruit searching behavior depended on the spatio-temporal predictability (STP) of their fruit resources. Since then, the concept of STP has played an important role in my studies of the ecology and evolution of plant-visiting birds and mammals. Here, I briefly review these studies and conclude that resource STP has indeed been a major factor in the evolution of these animals. Major differences between Neotropical and Paleotropical plant-visiting mammals and birds in species diversity, body sizes, dietary specialization, and seasonal mobility appear to reflect historical differences in the STP of their food resources with STP apparently being higher in the neotropics than in the paleotropics. Reasons for this need further investigation but likely involve significantly different geological and climatic histories.
Change Is Hard: Individual Differences in Children’s Lexical Processing and Executive Functions after a Shift in Dimensions

Language comprehension involves cognitive abilities that are specific to language as well as cognitive abilities that are more general and involved in a wide range of behaviors. One set of domain-g...
Climate-Contingent Finance

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a global collective action problem. Climate adaptation (reducing vulnerability to future climate change) is more of a local planning and financing problem, with fewer generalizable solutions. Although adaptation could yield significant benefits under future climate scenarios and cities will be spending trillions on infrastructure, the uncertainty of those scenarios decreases the feasibility of proactively adapting, especially where local political consensus is required (which is the case for most infrastructure). However, projects could be underwritten by benefits paid for in climate scenarios they’re designed to address because other entities would like to hedge the financial risk of those scenarios and support climate resilience. For instance, infrastructure projects can be built to defend against extreme climate change through upfront spending. In doing so, infrastructure owners would be implicitly buying out-of-the-money options on more extreme change. These expenditures generate more climate resilience benefit under more extreme climate. Because the return on investment of many adaptation actions is a function of the level of climate change, it's optimal for the adapting entity to finance adaptation with repayment also a function of the climate. It's also optimal for entities with financial downside under a more extreme climate to serve as an investing counter-party because they can obtain higher than market rates of return when they need it most. In this way, communities, cities and states proactively adapting could reduce the risk they over-prepare and their investors could reduce the risk they under-prepare. This is superior to typical insurance because by investing in climate-contingent financial mechanisms investors are not merely financially hedging but also outright helping prevent physical damage, and therefore creating value. Instead of buying insurance, they’re paying for defense. Both sides of the positive-sum financial relationship — physical and financial hedgers — can be made better off. This coordinates capital through time according to parties’ risk reduction capabilities and financial profiles, while also providing a diversifying investment return to investors. Currently, governments, asset managers, companies, and farmers reduce uncertainty in important components of the economy (e.g., commodities prices, credit risks, and interest rates) through trillions of dollars of derivatives investments and insurance contracts – we propose to provide a similar type of capability in the climate context. Municipalities raise trillions of dollars of debt for infrastructure – we propose to provide that type of investment flow for financing climate-aware real asset projects. In this paper, we describe the need for climate-contingent finance and investigate the specifics of how climate-contingent financial instruments would work through simulation experiments and optimization analyses. Finally, we outline a policy proposal to catalyze investment.
Physical activity changes during behavioral weight loss treatment by Latinx patients with obesity with and without binge eating disorder

OBJECTIVE This secondary analysis examined physical activity (PA) changes and their prognostic significance among Latinx patients with obesity, with and without binge eating disorder (BED), who participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial testing the addition of orlistat to behavioral weight-loss (BWL) treatment in a "real-world" clinical setting. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial at a community mental health center serving economically disadvantaged Spanish-speaking-only Latinx patients, 79 patients with obesity (40 with BED and 39 without BED) received BWL treatment and were randomized to orlistat or placebo. PA, weight, depression, and binge eating were assessed at baseline, posttreatment (end of treatment [4 months]), and the 6-month follow-up (10 months after baseline). RESULTS PA was low at baseline (9.3% categorized as "active"), increased during treatment (32.9% categorized as "active" at posttreatment), and declined from posttreatment to the 6-month follow-up (28.2% classified as "active"). At baseline, PA was lower among patients with BED than those without BED. Changes in PA during and after treatment did not differ by BED status or medication condition. PA change was associated with reduced depression but not weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Latinx patients with obesity receiving BWL treatment achieved significant, albeit modest, increases in PA. Although PA changes were not associated with weight loss, they were associated with reduced depression. Identifying methods to increase PA further is necessary.