cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on Resistance of Strawberries to Mites. 2. Preference and Nonpreference Responses of Tetranychus urticae and T. turkestani to Water-Soluble Extracts of Foliage12

Water-soluble extracts from strawberry foliage attracted or repelled the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the strawberry spider mite, T. turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski. Preference or nonpreference reactions from “standardized” female mites were assayed in a choice tube. Gustatory response and feeding behavior of T. urticae were studied using 32P-labeled extracts in various concentrations, presented to the mites within a para film sachet supported by a short open-end tube; this species fed readily in such a system. Higher percentages of females were attracted to extracts of ‘Citation,’ the total intake was higher, and the rate of ingestion was more rapid in this clone, which is relatively attractive to mites and susceptible to mite injury.
O-027 Pathological Analysis Of Extracted Clots In Embolectomy Patients With Acute Ischaemic Stroke

Background An increasing number of acute ischaemic stroke patients are being treated with embolectomy devices. A pathological analysis of these extracted “clots” may be important in understanding device behaviour and procedure success. Methodology Extracted clots from AIS patients undergoing endovascular procedures were prospectively analysed. The pathological assessment included an analysis of the fibrin content and the RBC and WBC ratios. A higher fibrin content indicating a relatively organised thrombus and a higher RBC content suggesting more acute thrombus. A correlative imaging analysis was performed by measurement of the hounsefield units (HU) of the clot on the pre-intervention NCCT as well as the HU of an uninvolved vessel in the contralateral hemisphere. The demographic data and co-morbidities were recorded for each extracted thrombus. Results A total of 16 clots were analysed. The clot location, the fibrin, RBC and WBC content as well as the HU for the clot and the normal blood vessel are listed in table 1. The mean HU for the clots was 56 ± 9.7 while the HU over the normal blood vessel was 33 ± 8. A higher HU had was associated with a lower fibrin content, higher RBC content and lower WBC content. There was no significant association with age or any of the co-morbidities. However there was a trend for higher fibrin content (older clot) and lower RBC% in patients with diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. A multi-layered clot indicated a more organised and hence older thrombus, this was also seen in a higher percentage of diabetic patients, however this was not significant. Patients with atrial fibrillation had lower mean HU corresponding to a higher fibrin content (older clot). Conclusions A preliminary analysis of prospectively collected embolectomy specimens indicated a variation in the content of fibrin and RBC composition. The sample size was not large enough to determine statistical associations however there were trends indicating older clots in patients with diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and atrial fibrillation. These preliminary trends may be significant in a larger sample and we continue to collect this data. Disclosures B. Cline: None. J. Vos: None. J. Carpenter: None. A. Rai: 2; C; Stryker Neurovascular, Codman Neurovascular.
Abstract 5287: RNA binding protein RBM3 promotes metastasis through induction of hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis

Introduction: Tumor metastasis, rather than primary tumors is the main cause of cancer-related deaths. A critical aspect of tumor metastasis, driven by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) is the development of new vessels through hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. RNA binding protein RBM3 is a novel protooncogene that transforms normal cells when overexpressed. Here, we report that RBM3 mediates both hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Results: Immunohistochemistry analysis of a human tissue microarray demonstrated increased RBM3 expression in tumors when compared to normal tissue, with even higher levels in metastatic tissues. Furthermore, RBM3-transformed NIH3T3 cells were injected into flanks of athymic nude mice metastasized to the liver and lungs. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the primary NIH3T3-RBM3 xenograft demonstrated increased number of microvessels that were lined by either CD31 or LYVE1 positive cells suggesting the increase in hem- and lymphangiogenesis. To demonstrate that RBM3 induces hemangiogenesis, tube formation assay using human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells was performed. RBM3 overexpression increased, while RBM3 knockdown inhibited tube formation. Furthermore, NIH3T3-RBM3 cells significantly induced de novo capillary formation in the Chorio-Allantoic Membrane assay. Similarly, RBM3 overexpression enhanced, while knockdown suppressed tube formation by human lymphatic endothelial (HLEC) cells suggesting that it also affects lymphangiogenesis. To confirm the RBM3 role in hem- and lymphangiogenesis, HCT116 conditioned media was used in the tube formation assays. Tube formation by both HUVEC and HLEC cells was significantly increased in media from HCT116-RBM3 overexpressing cells. Moreover, both HUVEC and HLEC cells showed significant migration through collagen in transwell invasion assay. We further determined that this was due to the increased expression of VEGF A, VEGF C and VEGF D because siRNA mediated suppression of either one of these factors significantly reduced RBM3-mediated enhanced HLEC tube formation and migration through collagen. We next determined the mechanism of RBM3 mediated upregulation of the three VEGFs. HCT116 cells overexpressing RBM3 showed increased steady state levels of VEGF A, C and D mRNAs when compared to control. In addition, actinomycin D-stability assays demonstrated that there was increased stability of the three VEGF mRNAs in HCT116-RBM3 cells when compared to HCT116 control cells. Conclusion: Taken together these data suggests that RBM3 is a key regulator of hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, thereby inducing a highly metastatic phenotype through upregulation of VEGF A, C and D at the posttranscriptional levels of mRNA stability and translation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5287. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5287
Detection of disinfectant-resistant gene of qacEΔ1 in bacteria of indoor air of some military medical institutions

OBJECTIVE To study the positive rate of disinfectant-resistant gene of qacEΔ1 in bactria of indoor air of military medical institutions in east part of Northwest China so as to provide basis for the disinfection of air of military medical institutions and preuention of nosocorni as infections.METHODS Gene of qacEΔ1 in the bacteria isolated from the indoor air was detected by PCR.RESULTS Gene of qacEΔ1 was found in 23 strains of bacteria among 98 strains of bacteria,the total positive rate was 23.5%.The positive rates of gene of qacEΔ1 in Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,S.epidermidis were respectively 36.7%,36.4%,27.8%,20.0%,and 10.0%;and the gene of qacEΔ1 was not found in Candida albicans,Bacillus cereus,black variant spores of Bacillus subtilis,and Haemophilus influenzae.CONCLUSION Though the positive rate of gene of qacEΔ1 in bacteria of indoor air in military medical institutions in east part of Northwest China is not high,yet we should focus on the alternate use of disintectant.
What's in a @name? How Name Value Biases Judgment of Microblog Authors.

Bias can be defined as selective favoritism exhibited by human beings when posed with a task of decision making across multiple options. Online communities present plenty of decision making opportunities to their users. Users exhibit biases in their attachments, voting and ratings and other tasks of decision making. We study bias amongst microblog users due to the value of an author's name. We describe the relationship between name value bias and number of followers, and cluster authors and readers based on patterns of bias they receive and exhibit, respectively. For authors we show that content from known names (e.g., @CNN) is rated artificially high, while content from unknown names is rated artificially low. For readers, our results indicate that there are two types: slightly biased, heavily biased. A subsequent analysis of Twitter author names revealed attributes of names that underlie this bias, including effects for gender, type of name (individual versus organization), and degree of topical relevance. We discuss how our work can be instructive to content distributors and search engines in leveraging and presenting microblog content.
Competition between Coiled-Coil Structures and the Impact on Myosin-10 Bundle Selection

Coiled-coil fusions are a useful approach to enforce dimerization in protein engineering. However, the final structures of coiled-coil fusion proteins have received relatively little attention. Here, we determine the structural outcome of adjacent parallel and antiparallel coiled coils. The targets are coiled coils that stabilize myosin-10 in single-molecule biophysical studies. We reveal the solution structure of a short, antiparallel, myosin-10 coiled-coil fused to the parallel GCN4-p1 coiled coil. Surprisingly, this structure is a continuous, antiparallel coiled coil where GCN4-p1 pairs with myosin-10 rather than itself. We also show that longer myosin-10 segments in these parallel/antiparallel fusions are dynamic and do not fold cooperatively. Our data resolve conflicting results on myosin-10 selection of actin filament bundles, demonstrating the importance of understanding coiled-coil orientation and stability.
"For They Knew Not What It Was": Rethinking the Tacit Narrative History of Religion and Health Research.

Over the past couple of decades, research on religion and health has grown into a thriving field. Misperceptions about the history and scope of this field, however, continue to exist, especially among new investigators and commentators on this research. Contrary to the tacit narrative, published research and writing date to the nineteenth century, programmatic research to the 1950s, and NIH funding to 1990; elite medical journals have embraced this topic for over 100 years; study populations are religiously and sociodemographically diverse; and published findings are mostly positive, consistent with psychosocial theories of health and confirmed by comprehensive reviews and expert panels.
Orbital Schwannoma: Radiographic and Histopathologic Correlation in 15 Cases.

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between radiographic and histopathologic features of orbital schwannoma. Methods Retrospective review of 15 patients with orbital schwannoma managed at an ocular oncology service. Results The mean patient age at the time of presentation was 42 years old (median 40, range 15-64 years). The orbital schwannoma was found incidentally (n = 2) or with symptoms of proptosis (n = 2), blurred vision (n = 3), pain (n = 3), eyelid swelling (n = 2), diplopia (n = 2), or headache (n = 1). The mean duration of symptoms was 15 months (median, 9; range 1-60 months). The tumor occupied the superior (n = 11) or inferior (n = 4) orbit. Antero-posterior tumor location involved the anterior (n = 2), middle (n = 3), posterior (n = 4), or entire (n = 6) orbit. MRI was performed in 12 patients (80%) and CT was the only form of imaging in 3 patients (20%). The T1-weighted MRI (n = 11) showed the mass as isointense (n = 10) or hyperintense (n = 1) to the extraocular muscles). On T2-weighted MRI (n = 10), the mass demonstrated hyperintensity (n = 9) or hypointensity (n = 1). Histopathologic assessment demonstrated Antoni A (n = 12) and Antoni B (n = 12) patterns. Antoni A pattern correlated with hyperintensity on T1-weighted MRI and hypointensity on T2-weighted MRI. Antoni B pattern correlated with hypointensity on T1-weighted MRI and hyperintensity on T2-weighted MRI. As Antoni B approached >50% of the solid mass (n = 8), both T1- and T2-weighted MRI images were more likely to be heterogeneous (n = 7, 88% and n = 6, 75%, respectively). Conclusion Orbital schwannomas are nearly always benign, well-encapsulated slowly progressive tumors. Due to the biphasic distribution of Antoni A and Antoni B pattern, the appearance on MRI has a variable degree of heterogeneity. Antoni A pattern correlated with hyperintensity and Antoni B pattern correlated with hypointensity on T1-weighted MRI.
Irregular Narrow Complex Tachycardia in a 29-Year-Old Woman.

A 29-year-old woman without known medical illness was evaluated for incessant palpitations. She presented to an emergency department multiple times, where various diagnoses were made, including junctional tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation. Therapy with propafenone, metoprolol, and rivaroxaban was initiated, but her symptoms continued. Echocardiography did not show evidence of structural heart disease. The patient was then referred to our hospital for further treatment and potential ablation for atrial fibrillation. At her clinic visit, a 12- ECG revealed an irregular narrow complex tachycardia with group beating pattern (Figure 1). Figure 1. Twelve-lead electrocardiography shows narrow complex tachycardia with group beating pattern. What is the rhythm shown in Figure 1? Please turn the page to read the diagnosis. P waves arising from the sinus node are seen at a rate of 66 beats per minute. Each P wave is followed by 2 QRS complexes until the tachycardia terminates, followed by reinitiation of tachycardia with the same pattern. The double ventricular response to a single atrial activation, called 1 to 2 atrioventricular conduction …
Steady-state shock-driven reactions in mixtures of nano-sized aluminum and dilute hydrogen peroxide

ABSTRACTMixtures of nanoaluminum (nAl) and dilute hydrogen peroxide (HP) were studied to determine their potential to detonate when subjected to explosive shock. Results of explosively driven rate stick experiments revealed steady shock propagation for stoichiometric mixtures of nAl and 10 wt% HP. The critical diameter of this composition is estimated to be between 27.7 and 34.5 mm. Detonation velocities between 3.034 and 3.187 mm/μs were obtained, varying with charge diameter and density. This represents the first measured shock-driven, self-sustained reaction in nAl and dilute HP mixtures.
New Methods in Marine Geology and Geophysics That Have Application to the Study of Greenland-Scotland Ridge

It has been difficult to apply the usual methods of deep sea geophysical and geological exploration to the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Single channel seismic reflection profiling has shown that sediments are either absent or present only in small pockets on the crest of the Iceland-Faeroe Ridge although thicker sediments are present on the flanks. Basalt, which constitutes basement on the ridge, has been mostly impenetrable to single channel reflection profiling and even to conventional multi-channel seismic profiling. The presence of basalt at shallow depths gives rise to high amplitude magnetic anomalies of very short wavelength, anomalies of the kind associated with sea floor spreading are present. Because of shallow water depth and consequent large temporal temperature disturbances, it has been difficult to measure the flow of heat out of the sea bottom on this feature. The Greenland-Scotland Ridge may be particularly suited to the application of electromagnetic methods, but apparently no such experiments have been carried out in this area up to the present time except on Iceland. Fairly detailed gravity surveys exist over the Greenland-Scotland Ridge and have been usefully interpreted in some areas. However, in other areas the absence of complementary information about deep structures makes the unambiguous interpretation of gravity measurements difficult.
EPITHELIAL CELLS | Type I Cells

Alveolar epithelial type I (AT1) cells are large, amorphous cells with elongated thin cytoplasmic processes that cover the majority of the gas exchange surface of the lung. AT1 cells are believed to be derived from AT2 cells during development and following injury. Recent studies demonstrating differentiation of AT1 cells from bone marrow-derived stem cells suggest other paradigms. Until recently, the only known function of AT1 cells was a presumptive passive role in gas exchange. Improvements in methods for isolation of AT1 cells and recent identification of genes and proteins in AT1 cells suggest additional functions in alveolar homeostasis for this previously elusive cell type, including water flux, active ion transport, cytoprotection, procoagulant and proinflammatory properties, development, remodeling, and cell proliferation. AT1 cells have extremely high water permeability due to the presence of the water channel aquaporin-5. Identification of Na channel and Na pump subunits, and amiloride-sensitive Na uptake and oubain-inhibitable Rb+ uptake, confirm a role in active Na transport. AT1 cells are highly susceptible to injury, and release of AT1 cell proteins into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum may serve as an index of injury. The contributions of AT1 cell injury and repair mechanisms to pathogenesis of lung diseases are being investigated.
Change-in-ratio methods for estimating population size

Change-in-ratio (CIR) methods can provide an effective, low cost approach for estimating the size of wildlife populations. They rely on being able to observe changes in proportions of population subclasses that result from the removal of a known number of individuals from the population. These methods were first introduced in the 1940’s to estimate the size of populations with 2 subclasses under the assumption of equal subclass encounter probabilities. Over the next 40 years, closed population CIR models were developed to consider additional subclasses and use additional sampling periods. Models with assumptions about how encounter probabilities vary over time, rather than between subclasses, also received some attention. Recently, all of these CIR models have been shown to be special cases of a more general model. Under the general model, information from additional samples can be used to test assumptions about the encounter probabilities and to provide estimates of subclass sizes under relaxations of these assumptions. These developments have greatly extended the applicability of the methods. CIR methods are attractive because they do not require the marking of individuals, and subclass proportions often can be estimated with relatively simple sampling procedures. However, CIR methods require a carefully monitored removal of individuals from the population, and the estimates will be of poor quality unless the removals induce substantial changes in subclass proportions. In this paper, we review the state of the art for closed population estimation with CIR methods. Our emphasis is on the assumptions of CIR methods and on identifying situations where these methods are likely to be effective. We also identify some important areas for future CIR research.
Pion Single Charge Exchange

The relation of the (π±,π0) charge exchange reaction to the (p,n) reaction is discussed. The operating principles and performance of the LAMPF π0 spectrometer are given. First results for the (π+,π0) reaction on 7Li, 90Zr, and 208Pb are presented. The measured A-dependence of the o0 (π+,π0) cross sections at Tπ = 100 MeV from A=1 to A=208 are compared with the semi-classical diffraction model of Johnson.
Inventing an Analog Past and a Digital Future in Computing

The chapter discusses why the venerable words analog and digital were appropriated by inventors of the numerical computer for different types of computers in the United States in the 1940s, what alternatives were proposed, how they became paired keywords, why closure occurred so quickly in the United States (by 1950), and the different ways in which digital and analog engineering cultures interpreted the terms in the 1950s and 1960s, and speculates why the concerns raised at the 1950 Macy conference on cybernetics, and also by a couple of other computer engineers, that the terms were vague and that analog was not the logical opposite of digital were ignored. I comment on the relatively weak progress narrative of analog vs. digital computers in science journalism to the early 1970s, even though scientists and engineers had appropriated the terms to distinguish between an analog past (Vannevar Bush’s differential analyzer) and a digital future (the ENIAC).
Peak Exercise Parameters

Peak VO2 is one of the most important and widely used cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) indices of cardiovascular health. For most normal individuals, and especially for those with cardiovascular disease, peak VO2 is limited by the amount of O2 that the cardiopulmonary system can deliver to the exercising muscles. This in turn is limited by the circulatory system’s ability to increase cardiac output during exercise. Hence, peak VO2 is an excellent indicator of the capabilities of a patient’s cardiovascular system. Other peak exercise parameters also provide important clinical and physiological information.
Learning to Ask for Conversational Machine Learning

Natural language has recently been explored as a new medium of supervision for training machine learning models. Here, we explore learning classification tasks using language in a conversational setting – where the automated learner does not simply receive language input from a teacher, but can proactively engage the teacher by asking questions. We present a reinforcement learning framework, where the learner’s actions correspond to question types and the reward for asking a question is based on how the teacher’s response changes performance of the resulting machine learning model on the learning task. In this framework, learning good question-asking strategies corresponds to asking sequences of questions that maximize the cumulative (discounted) reward, and hence quickly lead to effective classifiers. Empirical analysis across three domains shows that learned question-asking strategies expedite classifier training by asking appropriate questions at different points in the learning process. The approach allows learning classifiers from a blend of strategies, including learning from observations, explanations and clarifications.
Biliary System: Normal Anatomy

The normal anatomy of the biliary system when imaged on ultrasound, CT, and MRI is discussed in this chapter. Basic characteristics of the biliary system regarding size, orientation, physical anatomic situation, and spatial relationship of structures are introduced.
Outcomes of acute exploratory pediatric lithium ingestions

Objectives: To date, very little literature describes the outcomes of acute unintentional ingestions of lithium in young children. This study aimed to describe the clinical effects and outcomes rep...
Quakers and Business Ethics

Small groups of tightly connected co-religionists have sometimes succeeded in business. The Quakers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a good example. Initially persecuted by English authorities, the Quakers faced reduced opportunities. They turned to business instead of precluded careers in government or the law. Quaker businesspeople nurtured a network of co-religionists in England and Colonial America and practiced high standards of ethical behavior. By using peer pressure, Quakers created an enduring legacy of probity, honesty, and, in many cases, compassion.
Real World Food Justice and the Enigma of the Scholar-Activist Label: A Reflection on Research Values

Engaging Kate Derickson and Paul Routledge’s set of papers on scholar-activism, this paper reflects on what sorts of research values inspire and accompany scholar-activist research. We draw on multiple examples from research in Colombia and the United States, each of which speaks to the theme of food justice, broadly conceived. We pay attention to research “wants and needs,” finding that specific outcomes (such as usable or compelling data) are only part of a wider array of desires and obligations that make scholar-activist partnerships valuable. Our examples demonstrate four distinct research values— supportive networks, active science, productive discomfort, and affective moments, —that form a vision of scholar-activism that blurs the boundaries between research, political realities, and everyday lives, and seeks to confront real world challenges. The emphasis on active science is as intentional as it is surprising; scholar-activism has been pigeonholed by mainstream academia as a kind of research that doesn’t square well with scientific outcomes. Meanwhile, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity are being espoused as essential to solving contemporary problems. Thus, we emphasize that the knowledge, skills and values gained through broad engagement between scholar-activists and others in and out of academia can make scientific inquiry more socially relevant.
Mentoring relationships among athletes, coaches, and athletic administrators: A literature review

The purpose of this comprehensive review of literature was to synthesize research findings regarding structures and outcomes of mentoring relationships among athletes, coaches, and athletic adminis...
Cocaine reward and memory after chemogenetic inhibition of distinct serotonin neuron subtypes in mice

We probed serotonin neurons, those denoted by their developmental gene expression as r2Hoxa2-Pet1 (experiment 1) and Drd1a-Pet1 (experiment 2), for differential modulation of cocaine reward and memory as revealed by the expression and development of conditioned place preference (CPP) in transgenic mice. To query roles in CPP, we inhibited neurons cell autonomously in vivo by activating the transgenically expressed, synthetic DREADD receptor hM4Di (Di) with the exogenous ligand clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). To examine CPP expression, mice were conditioned using behaviorally active doses of cocaine (10.0 or 17.8 mg/kg) vs. saline followed by CPP assessment, first without neuron inhibition (post-conditioning session 1), and then with CNO-mediated neuron inhibition (post-conditioning session 2), followed by 4 more post-conditioning sessions. To examine CPP development, we administered CNO during conditioning sessions and then assayed CPP across 6 post-conditioning sessions. In r2Hoxa2-Pet1-Di mice, post-conditioning CNO administration did not impact cocaine CPP expression, but after CNO administration during conditioning, cocaine CPP (17.8 mg/kg) persisted across post-conditioning sessions compared with that in controls, suggesting a deficit in extinguishing cocaine memory. Drd1a-Pet1-Di mice, prior to CNO-Di-triggered neuronal inhibition, unexpectedly expressed heightened cocaine CPP (10.0 and 17.8 mg/kg) compared with controls, and this basal phenotype was transiently blocked by acute post-conditioning CNO administration and persistently blocked by repeated CNO administration during conditioning. Cocaine reward and memory likely map to distinct serotonergic Pet1 neuron subtypes. r2Hoxa2-Pet1 neurons normally may limit the durability of cocaine memory, without impacting initial cocaine reward magnitude. Drd1a-Pet1 neurons normally may help to promote cocaine reward.
Disciplinary containment: whiteness and the academic scarcity narrative

Amid rising controversy around the alleged distinctions between merit and excellence lies a familiar refrain, scarcity. The narrative of academic scarcity, proclaiming the insufficient numbers of s...
Nitrogen fertilizer programs following rice exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat

Off-target paraquat movement to rice has become a major problem in recent years for rice producers in the midsouthern United States. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is applied to rice in greater quantity and frequency than all other nutrients to optimize rice yield. Two separate field studies were conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Stoneville, MS, to assess whether starter N fertilizer can aid rice recovery from exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat and to evaluate rice response to different N fertilizer management strategies following exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat. In both studies, paraquat treatments consisted of paraquat at 0 and 84 g ai ha–¹ applied to rice in the two- to three-leaf (EPOST) growth stage. In the starter fertilizer study, N fertilizer at 24 kg ha–¹ as ammonium sulfate (AMS) was applied to rice at spiking- to one-leaf (VEPOST), two- to three-leaf (EPOST), or three- to four-leaf (MPOST) growth stages before and after paraquat treatment. In the N fertilizer timing study, N fertilizer at 168 kg N ha–1 was applied in a single four-leaf to one-tiller (LPOST) application or two-, three-, and two four-way split applications. Despite starter N fertilizer applications, paraquat injured rice ≥41%, reduced height 57%, reduced dry weight prior to flooding 77%, delayed maturity 10 d, reduced dry weight at maturity 33%, and reduced rough rice yield 35% in the starter fertilizer study. Similarly, in the N fertilizer timing study, paraquat injured rice ≥45%, reduced height 14%, delayed maturity 10 d, reduced dry weight at maturity 44%, and reduced rough rice yield 50% for all N fertilizer management strategies. Both studies indicate that severe complications in growth and development can occur from rice exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat. In both studies, manipulation of N fertilizer management did not facilitate rice recovery from early-season exposure to paraquat. Nomenclature: Paraquat; rice, Oryza sativa L
Return to sports bridge program improves outcomes, decreases ipsilateral knee re-injury and contralateral knee injury rates post-ACL reconstruction.

To present the results of a return to sports bridge program designed to reduce knee injuries following ACL reconstruction and physical therapy. One hundred and fifty (male = 83, female = 67) patients participated in a whole body neuromuscular control, progressive resistance strength and agility training program. Post-program testing included functional movement form, dynamic knee stability, lower extremity power, agility, and sports skill assessments. Participants completed the Knee Outcome Survey–Sports Activity Scale (KOS-SAS) before and after program initiation. Pre-participation scores were re-estimated following program completion. Global rating KOS-SAS score at program entry was 75 ± 13. Post-program global rating and calculated KOS-SAS were 91.0 ± 9.8 and 90.9 ± 9.7, respectively (p < 0.0001). Pre-participation KOS-SAS score re-estimates at program completion were 54.5 ± 23.3 and 57.3 ± 18.5, respectively. The approximately 20% lower pre-program KOS-SAS score re-estimates (p < 0.0001) observed at program completion suggests that subjects had inaccurately high sports readiness perceptions at program entry. Perceived overall sports activity knee function ratings improved from 2.9 ± 0.6 (abnormal) at program entry to 1.3 ± 0.5 (normal) at completion (p < 0.0001). Most subjects returned back to sports at or above their pre-injury performance skill/performance level (84%, 126/150). By 6.8 ± 3.2 years (range = 2–13 years) post-surgery, ten subjects had sustained an ipsilateral knee re-injury or contralateral knee injury (6.7%). The 2.7% non-contact contralateral and 1.3% non-contact ipsilateral knee injury rates observed were significantly lower than those cited in previous reports. Supplementing primary ACL reconstruction and standard physical therapy with a return to sports bridge program prior to release to unrestricted sports performance was effective at improving patient outcomes and decreasing ipsilateral knee re-injury and contralateral knee injury rates. II.
Histological Assessment of Wallerian Degeneration of the Rat Tibial Nerve Following Crush and Transection Injuries.

Background Wallerian degeneration (WD) following peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is an area of growing focus for pharmacological developments. Clinically, WD presents challenges in achieving full functional recovery following PNI, as prolonged denervation of distal tissues for an extended period of time can irreversibly destabilize sensory and motor targets with secondary tissue atrophy. Our objective is to improve upon histological assessments of WD. Methods Conventional methods utilize a qualitative system simply describing the presence or absence of WD in nerve fibers. We propose a three-category assessment that allows more quantification: A fibers appear normal, B fibers have moderate WD (altered axoplasm), and C fibers have extensive WD (myelin figures). Analysis was by light microscopy (LM) on semithin sections stained with toluidine blue in three rat tibial nerve lesion models (crush, partial transection, and complete transection) at 5 days postop and 5 mm distal to the injury site. The LM criteria were verified at the ultrastructural level. This early outcome measure was compared with the loss of extensor postural thrust and the absence of muscle atrophy. Results The results showed good to excellent internal consistency among counters, demonstrating a significant difference between the crush and transection lesion models. A significant decrease in fiber density in the injured nerves due to inflammation/edema was observed. The growth cones of regenerating axons were evident in the crush lesion group. Conclusion The ABC method of histological assessment is a consistent and reliable method that will be useful to quantify the effects of different interventions on the WD process.
Components of Evidence-Based Interventions for Bullying and Peer Victimization

Peer victimization, or the experience of being the recipient of aggressive behavior intended to oppress, humiliate, or dominate others, is a concern due to the negative outcomes that often result for those involved. These interactions involve not only the victim and the aggressor, but also bystanders who witness these acts. The chapter authors briefly overview existing school-wide interventions followed by a review of targeted interventions for aggressors. Finally, they examine the limited research on targeted interventions for peer-victimized youth. The majority of intervention work has focused on universal, school-based programs, which have demonstrated modest success. The literature provides some support for the use of school-wide universal interventions. However, there are many factors that influence the utility of these programs. The authors call for research to understand the most effective components and moderators of intervention success. Targeted interventions for aggressive behavior, including cognitive behavioral approaches and parent management training, are effective in reducing peer aggression. The effects of such programs specifically on bullying behavior, however, still warrants further evaluation. Research on effective targeted interventions for peer-victimized youth remains limited and warrants further research. Cognitive behavioral approaches appear to be promising, but larger scale randomized controlled trials that follow youth over time are needed.
Phosphorescence emission from poly(di-n-hexylsilane) in a glass: Temperature dependence and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra

The low-temperature steady-state phosphorescence spectrum of poly(di-n-hexylsilane) (PDHS) in a 3-methylpentane (3MP) glass at 1.5 K has been measured. The temperature dependence of the phosphorescence decay was determined and zero-field optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) experiments were performed. Evidence of at least two distinct emitting species was found. A narrow phosphorescence spectrum with no distinct vibronic structure was observed for PDHS and interpreted as indicating a delocalized triplet state. The ODMR spectrum is dependent on the detection wavelength, indicating that the triplet splittings are sensitive to the conformation and local environment of the polysilane chains. The phosphorescence disappears completely above 30 K. This is attributed to the presence of a dissociative triplet state.
Parental favoritism in a wild bird population

In most taxa with altricial young, offspring solicit food from their parents using a combination of visual and acoustic stimuli, but exactly what these young are communicating, and how selection shapes parental responses, remains unresolved. Theory posits that parents’ interpretation and response to begging should vary with the likelihood of a return on their investment. We tested this in a wild population of prothonotary warblers (Protonotaria citrea), predicting that parents bias food non-randomly toward certain individuals within their broods depending on both the size and number of offspring. We observed parent–offspring interactions and detected strong dependence between brood size and nestling size in shaping parental responses to begging. Larger siblings were less likely to solicit food during feeding events than their smaller siblings, but they received a disproportionate share from parents in nests containing fewer-than-average young, whereas the smaller-than-average nestlings were disproportionately fed in broods containing a greater-than-average number of young. These findings suggest that parents respond to begging signals according to multiple social cues, favoring the stronger siblings with greater survival prospects when few copies of their genes are present, but overtly favoring runts to ensure whole-brood survival when capable of fledging more young. Future experimental studies may shed light on the contributions of parental decision-making and memory, how young nestlings learn in parent–offspring communication systems, and the adaptive significance of these behaviors.
Investigating controls of shell growth features in a foundation bivalve species: seasonal trends and decadal changes in the California mussel

Abstract. Marine bivalve mollusc shells can offer valuable insights into past oceanographic variability and seasonality. Given its ecological and archaeological significance, Mytilus californianus (California mussel) presents the opportunity to examine seasonal and decadal changes recorded in its shell over centuries to millennia. While dark–light growth bands in M. californianus shells could be advantageous for reconstructing past environments, uncertainties remain regarding shell structure, environmental controls of dark–light band formation, and the amount of time represented by a dark–light pair. By analyzing a suite of M. californianus shells collected in 2002, 2003, 2019, and 2020 from Bodega Bay, California, we describe the mineralogical composition, establish relationships among growth band pattern, micro-environment, and collection season, and compare shell structure and growth band expression between the archival (2002–2003) and modern (2019–2020) shells. We identified three mineralogical layers in M. californianus: an outer prismatic calcite layer, a middle aragonite layer, and a secondary inner prismatic calcite layer, which makes M. californianus the only Mytilus species to precipitate a secondary calcite layer. Within the inner calcite layer, light bands are strongly correlated with winter collection months and could be used to reconstruct periods with moderate, stable temperatures and minimal upwelling. Additionally, modern shells have significantly thinner inner calcite layers and more poorly expressed growth bands than the archival shells, although we also show that growth band contrast is strongly influenced by micro–environment. Mytilus californianus from northern California is calcifying differently, and apparently more slowly, than it was 20 years ago.
Human-Factor Risk Mitigation in Outdoor Climbing Areas: Survey of Existing Policies in Regulated Climbing Areas.

Introduction Popular climbing areas in the United States are frequently on public lands under administrative purview of land management entities. During climbing, climbers may be subject to injury. This study aimed to describe existing climbing risk mitigation tactics used to protect climbers by oversight agencies responsible for these public climbing areas and to identify strategies perceived by the oversight agency to be successful. Methods We identified publicly managed US bouldering, sport, or traditional climbing areas through a state-by-state search of Mountain Project. We assessed climbing-related visitation, injury, rescue, and risk mitigation strategies using a 10-item survey targeting land-use managers, rangers, outdoor recreation planners, and park managers. Quantitative analysis included univariate and multivariate analysis. Qualitative analyses of survey responses with thematic grouping of mitigation interventions were performed. Results One hundred fifty-seven publicly managed US climbing areas were contacted, and 76 (48%) provided data. Thirty-six (47%) of those that provided data stated that programs are in place to reduce climbing-related injury. There were no associations between demographic variables and the presence of risk mitigation strategies. Four themes of climbing risk mitigation strategies emerged: coordination with climbing coalitions (25% of respondents), permitting (22% of respondents), publication of accident reports (22% of respondents), and preventative search and rescue (17% of respondents). Conclusions Nearly half of survey respondents reported having climbing risk mitigation programs. There is opportunity to assess the efficacy of risk mitigation strategies through intra-area and inter-area assessments. A centralized climbing injury database may prove useful for assessing the efficacy of and need for risk mitigation techniques.
Using Cobots, Virtual Worlds, and Edge Intelligence to Support On-line Learning

In this project the use of Virtual World technology and Artificial Intelligence to produce a shared social landscape for the society of learners. The idea is to create a Virtual World in which learners can participate and interact. One that is parallel to the learning environment or classroom. This can be viewed as an online multi-user environment such as “Second-Life” where on-line learners can interact and construct their own spaces. Their ability to work in that space is governed by input from their robot mentor. Skills in the Virtual World are provided as a result of a student’s behavior in the learning environment. The Virtual World can persist after the learning session is concluded so it provided an incentive for learners to do well in the learning session so that they can acquire points that translate into skills in the corresponding Virtual World. That Virtual World can be shared by several learning sessions or classes to provide a more comprehensive learning environment.
V.B.1. The History of Vitrectomy Instrumentation: A Personal Account of a Transoceanic Australian-USA Collaboration

The following presents a personal account of one man’s journey through a once-in-a-lifetime experience that changed the world. Recounting the extraordinary events that led to the development of vitrectomy would not have been possible without the assistance of my long-time friend and indispensable colleague Dr. Helmut Buettner. In his endearing self-effacing manner, Helmut graciously insisted on not sharing authorship of this chapter, feeling that it was my story. I therefore dedicate this introduction to thanking him—for everything. Of course, words alone cannot express the gratitude and devotion I feel for the leadership of my mentors and friends, the Chief, EWD Norton and Robert Machemer, whose adventure this was as well (Fig. V.B.1-1).
Statistical linkage across high dimensional observational domains

Many experimental sciences collect different kinds of high-dimensional data on the same experimental units. When comparing relationships among homogeneous regions in one high dimensional domain with regions in another high dimensional domain, the number of possible comparisons may be extremely large and their set complexity unknown. We outline procedures for identifying possible relationships among regions in two different high-dimensional domains. If the data are dense enough, then statistical measures of association can be estimated. These procedures can identify and measure the probability of inter-domain associations of mixed complexity.
VECTOR MOMENT PROBLEMS FOR RAPIDLY DECREASING SMOOTH FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

The existence of rapidly decreasing smooth solutions of moment problems for functions of several variables with values in a Frechet space is obtained. It is shown that the corresponding results for functions with values in a general topological vector space do not hold.
Keratinocyte Growth Factor Stimulates Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 3α and Keratinocyte‐derived Chemokine Secretion by Mouse Uterine Epithelial Cells

Citation Haddad SN, Wira CR. Keratinocyte growth factor stimulates macrophage inflammatory protein 3α and keratinocyte-derived chemokine secretion by mouse uterine epithelial cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64: 197–211 Problem Communication between uterine epithelial cells and the underlying stromal fibroblasts is critical for proper endometrial function. Stromal fibroblast-derived growth factors have been shown to regulate epithelial immune functions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) regulates uterine epithelial cell chemokine and antimicrobial secretion. Method of study Uterine epithelial cells were isolated from Balb/c mice and cultured in either 96-well plates or transwell inserts. Epithelial cells were treated with KGF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Macrophage inflammatory protein 3α (MIP3α) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) levels were measured by ELISA. Results Keratinocyte growth factor stimulated the secretion of MIP3α and KC. The effects on MIP3α by KGF were specific because EGF and HGF had no effect. In contrast, KGF, EGF, and HGF had similar effects on KC. Furthermore, KGF administered to the apical side of epithelial cells had no effect on MIP3α or KC secretion, indicating that the KGF receptor is located on the basolateral surface of uterine epithelial cells. Conclusion We demonstrate that KGF plays a role in uterine epithelial cell secretion of MIP3α and KC, key immune mediators involved in the protection of mucosal surfaces in the female reproductive tract.
Why Was Internet IPO Underpricing So Severe

We examine several explanations drawn from prior academic research and current popular press anecdotes for the unprecedented level of underpricing in Internet IPOs. Our sample consists of 342 Internet firms that went public between 1988 and 1999 and a matched sample of 249 non-Internet IPOs. The desire to make a seasoned equity offer (SEO), the presence of high quality underwriters, and greater media exposure pre-IPO are uniquely associated with Internet IPO underpricing. Post-offer return performance is worse for hot Internet IPOs that receive more media attention before the IPO date. Matched IPOs backed by high quality underwriters perform relatively well in the post-offer period although there is no association between underwriter quality and the long-run performance of Internet IPOs.