cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calmodulin-induced structural changes in endothelial nitric oxide synthase

We have derived structures of intact calmodulin (CaM)-free and CaM-bound endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by reconstruction from cryo-electron micrographs. The CaM-free reconstruction is well fitted by the oxygenase domain dimer, but the reductase domains are not visible, suggesting they are mobile and thus delocalized. Additional protein is visible in the CaM-bound reconstruction, concentrated in volumes near two basic patches on each oxygenase domain. One of these corresponds with a presumptive docking site for the reductase domain FMN-binding module. The other is proposed to correspond with a docking site for CaM. A model is suggested in which CaM binding and docking position the reductase domains near the oxygenase domains and promote docking of the FMN-binding modules required for electron transfer.
Is chemotherapy effective in reducing the local failure rate in patients with operable breast cancer

To evaluate the role of chemotherapy in local control of primary breast cancer, the incidence of local failure was evaluated in 768 patients treated with surgery and adjuvant, combination chemotherapy that contained fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) at our institute between 1974 and 1982. Of these patients, 429 received postoperative irradiation (XRT) before adjuvant therapy. A group of 178 historical control patients had mastectomies and received irradiation after surgery without chemotherapy. The rates of locoregional recurrence alone in the three groups were as follows: FAC, 12%; FAC plus XRT, 5%; and XRT, 10%. The difference in recurrence rates between the FAC group and the FAC plus XRT subgroup was significant (P less than 0.01). Local failure rates were evaluated by stage and nodal status; patients with Stage III disease and those with four or more disease-positive nodes had a higher incidence of local failure than did patients with Stage II disease or those who had one to three positive nodes. Systemic chemotherapy and local therapies resulted in 50% local control at the time of locoregional recurrence in patients treated with FAC, whereas local control was achieved in 18% of patients with local recurrence in the XRT subgroups. Overall life-time local control of disease was similar whether irradiation was administered initially (in the period after operation) or at the time of local recurrence. Irradiation after mastectomy remains an integral part of a combined modality approach in selected groups of patients.
The Effects of Partial Reinforcement on Extinction Employing Augmented Knowledge of Results as Reward

Summary The usual finding of greater resistance to extinction (Rn) following partial reinforcement (PR) as compared to continuous reinforcement (CR) has not been well documented with the use of human S s in instrumental conditioning. One hundred twenty male and female college students practiced discrete trials on the pursuit rotor. Resistance was measured by the number of trial S was willing to continue under instructions that S would terminate the experiment. Those S s receiving knowledge of results during 25%, 50%, or 75% of the first 24 trials showed greater Rn (p < .01) than Ss receiving knowledge of results on all 24 trials.
Faulting at Mormon Point, Death Valley, California: A low-angle normal fault cut by high-angle faults

New geophysical and fault kinematic studies indicate that late Cenozoic basin development in the Mormon Point area of Death Valley, California, was accommodated by fault rotations. Three of six fault segments recognized at Mormon Point are now inactive and have been rotated to low dips during extension. The remaining three segments are now active and moderately to steeply dipping. From the geophysical data, one active segment appears to offset the low-angle faults in the subsurface of Death Valley.
Self-reported health status among treated methamphetamine users.

Very little research has examined how drug abuse is related to general health status over the long term among both young and middle-aged adults. In this article, we investigate how self-reported health status is related to prolonged methamphetamine (MA) use in a diverse sample of MA users from ages 18 to 52 who have been treated for drug abuse in Los Angeles County. Using retrospective data, we investigate how prolonged MA use within younger and older age groups is related to two self-reported measures of current health status: the presence of a health condition that began after starting illegal drug use, and overall health. We control for the effects of drug use history, social and demographic factors, and other early experiences (e.g., early sexual abuse) that might be obstacles to achieving good health later in life. We find that having a current health condition is predicted by greater age and by more prolonged MA use, especially among younger people. Early sexual abuse predicts both measures of poor ...
Cosmology and the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)

COBE, planned for launch aboard a Delta rocket, is NASA's first space mission specifically designed to study the diffuse IR and microwave background radiation. COBE has three instruments for performing precision measurements of the spectrum and angular distribution of the 3 K cosmic background radiation and for making an all-sky survey of the diffuse IR emission at wavelengths of 1-300 microns. COBE will carry differential microwave radiameters to search for anisotropies to a sensitivity per 7-deg pixel of 0.15 mK at frequencies of 53 and 90 GHz and of 0.3 mK at 32 GHz.
The Effects of Controls on Fatigue Loads in Two-Bladed Teetered Rotor Wind Turbines

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the fatigue loads in a down wind, yaw-controlled, fixed pitch, two-bladed teetered-rotor wind turbine using proportional-integral, full-state optimal, and fuzzy logic controllers. Time-domain simulation data is generated using the EASY5x/WT software developed at the University of Texas at El Paso. The simulation data reveal that the choice of controller type, or the controller dynamics, can play a very important role in the fatigue life of a wind turbine and should be considered early in the design process of the wind turbine. In summary, the fuzzy logic controller is the most robust controller under a wide regime of wind conditions. It provides the best overall performance in terms of power regulation capability and minimum fatigue loads. The optimal controller with a full-state Kalman filter observer provides a satisfactory performance in terms of power regulation capability and loads when the operating condition is close to the design point at which the controller was optimized. It fails to regulate the power output when the actual operating point deviated too far, about 30 percent in the computer simulations, from the designed operating point. The PI controller provided satisfactory performance in power regulation. However, it produced the worstmore » fatigue loads to the wind turbine among the three controllers.« less
Development and Validation of Panels to Measure Slamming Forces

Ocean conditions have changed over the years, with severe and extreme wave generation occurring more frequently, resulting is larger loads and motions for offshore fixed and floating structures to contend with. It is not known exactly why ocean conditions are growing more severe, but we know that any structure being considered for offshore operations has to be designed to handle larger loads then in the past. Wave slamming, either directly or through run up is an area of growing concern with the offshore industry. During these slamming events the local forces can exceed the strength of the structural plating or the internal frames resulting in structural damage. It is often difficult to predict where these slamming events will occur, therefore large areas are required to be instrumented in order to capture these slamming events during model experimentation. Commercial pressure transducers are typically 5 mm in diameter, which corresponds to full-scale areas of approximately 0.05 m2 or less depended on the scale factor. Thus to cover a large area effectively, a large number of transducers are required. Alternatively a smaller number of larger devices such as force panels with areas of 8 m2 can be used. This area corresponds to the typical area that internal framing would experience slamming loading.This paper describes the design and development iterations of Oceanic’s model-scale force panels and their applications on modeled offshore structures such as FPSO’s, FLNG’s, and GBS’s. A major advancement in construction of these force panels has been achieved through the use of in-house 3D printing technology to produce complex components.The paper also presents results from controlled slamming experiments to validate the force panels with respect to piezoelectric pressure sensors and a theoretical slamming model based upon potential flow. Finally, the paper describes the transition from above water installation of the panels to submersion installation and the implementation of the inverse Duhamel analysis to remove the interference due to submerged panel dynamics from the measured response.© 2014 ASME
El Kiosko Budweiser: The Making of a “National” Television Show in Puerto Rico

Originally devised as a marketing tool for Budweiser beer in Puerto Rico, El Kiosko Budweiser is currently one of the most popular local television shows. An analysis of the production and reception of this show provides the basis for a discussion of its continued popularity and an evaluation of the processes by which mass media products become vehicles for the assertion and definition of contemporary identities. In this article I also question the nature of “national” television in the current transnational context through a discussion of the distinct role played by locally produced commercial programming in the promotion of local artists and shows, and in the imagining of Puerto Rico as a distinct national community. [Puerto Rico, popular culture, national identity, commercial television, advertising]
Toward a Formal Theory of Social Processes

A research program informed by Simmers geometric and Mead's processual frame of thought has isolated (1) the six elements of sociation that are established each time people produce a cooperative act, (2) the additional elements created when people construct episodes of interpersonal accounting and interpersonal negotiating, (3) some of the elements created when people put in place tyrannic, solidary, authority, and representative relationships, and (4) a few of the elements established when people become organizationally situated.
Anisotropic horizontal viscosity for ocean models

Abstract A consistent mathematical formulation of a horizontally anisotropic friction operator is developed for use as a subgrid-scale turbulence parameterization in ocean general circulation models. It is derived as the divergence of a deviatoric stress tensor that represents the traceless part of the Reynolds stress tensor. The stress tensor is assumed to depend linearly on the velocity gradients, has the property that no stresses are generated by uniform rotation, and the viscous coefficients can be chosen to ensure the friction terms are purely dissipative of kinetic energy. The anisotropy is determined by an arbitrary field of horizontal unit vectors n that specify a preferred direction at each point in space which breaks the transverse isotropy. This direction may be aligned with east–west (e.g., to describe anisotropy associated with the beta effect), with gradients of topography, with the mean flow, or with any other preferred direction which is expected to break the horizontal isotropy of turbulent momentum dissipation. The general anisotropic formulation involves four viscous coefficients, compared to only two in the isotropic case. A reduced two-coefficient anisotropic form is derived by neglecting terms in the energy dissipation rate proportional to the horizontal velocity divergence, which in geophysical flows is small compared to typical horizontal velocity gradients. This form involves different viscosities in the directions parallel and perpendicular to n . Experimental measurements of Reynolds stresses in self-preserving shear flows are shown to exhibit this type of anisotropy when n is aligned with the mean flow. The two-coefficient form is evaluated in numerical simulations in a periodic zonal channel. A functional discretization of the operator which ensures positive-definite dissipation of kinetic energy is also presented in an appendix.
Message from the Vice President for Conferences IEEE Education Society

It is my pleasure to welcome you to Bali and the IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering. Engineering and computer science are two of the most important fields in any modern society because engineered products and smart systems advance the quality of life and the welfare of people. Thus, educating the next generation of leaders in these fields is always a priority for any country. The IEEE Education Society is a world leader in promoting high quality teaching and assessment. It provides a portfolio of products to help teachers learn about the latest classroom techniques, educational technology, and learning research. This conference is an important part of the portfolio and is held each year in Asia and Oceania. The conference provides a forum for you to network with other teachers, government officials, and industrial partners to talk about the challenges of educating engineers and computer scientists in the highly interconnected global economy of the 21st century. If you are interested in hosting IEEE TALE in your country then please contact me so we can start a conversation about how your IEEE section or university might partner with us.
What constitutes an adequate smear in fine-needle aspiration cytology of the breast?

BACKGROUND The false-negative diagnosis is a major clinical concern and a significant cause of litigation in fine-needle aspiration cytology of breast lesions. A significant number of false-negative diagnoses may be due to inadequate sampling of these lesions. Little information is available in the literature about what constitutes an adequate specimen, and the few publications that address this issue propose criteria based on anecdotal information. Recommendations vary widely and may or may not take clinical findings into account. METHODS The authors studied a subgroup of 183 cases with known outcome, drawn from a series of 1779 cases, to determine the minimum number of cell clusters necessary to ensure that adequate cellular material was present for accurate diagnosis. The series included 21 cases cytologically diagnosed as false-negative, 75 cases that had been correctly identified as benign, 47 cases cytologically designated as atypical, and 40 cases that on initial review had been correctly identified as malignant. In semiblind fashion, the smears from each case were assigned to low, medium, and high cellularity categories. Low cellularity was defined as 10 or fewer cell clusters, moderate cellularity was defined as 11-30 clusters, and high cellularity was defined as more than 30 clusters. A cell cluster was defined as five or more cells. Within the low cellularity group, exact numbers of cell clusters and the presence of individual cells were recorded. The presence of bipolar cells was used as an adjunct criterion for specimen adequacy, and the bipolar cells in each of 10 × 200 fields were counted. Cellularity was then correlated with diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS Using a cutpoint of a cumulative score of 6 or more cell clusters or the prominence of bipolar cells (≥10 in each of 10 medium-power, ×200 fields) for assessment of specimen adequacy, a false-negative rate of 1.5%, associated with an unsatisfactory rate of 20.2%, was obtained. CONCLUSIONS Based on the data gathered in this study, the authors believe that the sampling false-negative and unsatisfactory rates can be minimized by selecting a cutpoint for satisfactory smears at a level of 6 or more cell clusters (cumulative total) or the presence ≥ 10 intact bipolar cells per 10 medium-power fields (×200). Use of these criteria will decrease the false-negative rate of sampling in epithelial lesions of the breast. A false-negative rate of approximately 1.5% was obtained in association with an unsatisfactory rate of 20.2%. Using a cutpoint of 1 or more cell clusters, a false-negative rate of 2.1%, associated with an unsatisfactory rate of 13.7%, was obtained. [See editorials on pages 1-2, 3-5, this issue.] Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1997; 81:16-21. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Are corporate governance and bank monitoring substitutes: Evidence from the perceived value of bank loans

Abstract We extend the literature regarding the importance of corporate governance and bank monitoring by examining the association between loan announcement wealth effects and the corporate governance characteristics of the borrowers. Using a sample of over 800 commercial loan announcements over a period of more than 20 years we find that loan announcements are more likely to have positive wealth effects for firms with weak internal corporate governance. However, we also find that this relation between perceived bank monitoring and board independence and incentive-based pay exists only for firms with weak external governance, specifically the market for corporate control.
The effect of shape and location on temporal masking of spatial vibrotactile patterns

Target patterns presented to uncued locations on a single fingerpad were followed by either same-shape (SS) maskers or different-shape (DS) maskers presented to either the same location (SLoc) or a different location (DLoc). DS maskers interfered with identification more when they were at SLoc than when they were at Dloc, but the reverse was true for SS maskers; they interfered more at DLoc than at SLoc. When targets were presented to cued locations, performance in the absence of maskers improved, but the pattern of interference from maskers resembled that for uncued presentation. The proportion of masker responses on incorrect trials revealed that both temporal masking and response competition may be involved in the effects of location on pattern identification.
Child Informed Mediation Study (CIMS): Incorporating the children's perspective into divorce mediation in an American pilot study *

Children experiencing parental separation may benefit from forms of mediation that systematically help parents consider the needs and best interests of their children. Child Focused (CF) and Child Inclusive (CI) mediation approaches were designed to meet this need and thus may offer effective means to improve the impact of mediation on families. An initial study in Australia provided evidence of the positive effects of CF and CI and favored CI over CF (McIntosh et al., 2008). We designed the Child Informed Mediation Study (CIMS) to further test CF and CI mediation. The CIMS is being conducted in a different location (the United States), uses random assignment of cases to type of mediation, and compares both CF and CI to divorce mediation as usual (MAU). For methodological and practical reasons, CIMS differs from the McIntosh et al. study in other ways (e.g., using student mediators and child consultants; including a child consultant and mediator in both CF and CI). A pilot CIMS study is currently underway. No data are yet available, but we present some initial impressions regarding how the study is proceeding, problems encountered, and lessons learned.
Articulatory characteristics of Hungarian ‘transparent’ vowels

Using a combination of magnetometry and ultrasound, we examined the articulatory characteristics of the so-called ‘transparent’ vowels [iː], [i], and [eː] in Hungarian vowel harmony. Phonologically, transparent vowels are front, but they can be followed by either front or back suffixes. However, a finer look reveals an underlying phonetic coherence in two respects. First, transparent vowels in back harmony contexts show a less advanced (more retracted) tongue body posture than phonemically identical vowels in front harmony contexts: e.g. [i] in buli-val is less advanced than [i] in bili-vel. Second, transparent vowels in monosyllabic stems selecting back suffixes are also less advanced than phonemically identical vowels in stems selecting front suffixes: e.g. [iː] in ir, taking back suffixes, compared to [iː] of hir, taking front suffixes, is less advanced when these stems are produced in bare form (no suffixes). We thus argue that the phonetic degree of tongue body horizontal position correlates with the phonological alternation in suffixes. A hypothesis that emerges from this work is that a plausible phonetic basis for transparency can be found in quantal characteristics of the relation between articulation and acoustics of transparent vowels. More broadly, the proposal is that the phonology of transparent vowels is better understood when their phonological patterning is studied together with their articulatory and acoustic characteristics.
Multivariate Relational Visualization of Complex Clinical Datasets in a Critical Care Setting: A Data Visualization Interactive Prototype

One mission of medical informatics is to provide physicians, nurses, and other health care providers with the technology and tools for interpreting large and diverse data sets, so that appropriate critical care decisions can be facilitated. Ideally, medical data visualization provides the means to transform data into information and contextual knowledge suitable for interpretation and decision-making by Van Bemmel and Musen (1997) and Coiera (1997). The authors propose a model through which data is organized into multivariate multidimensional critical care patient data visualizations (CPDV). It does this as the primary means to represent and manage complex context-based patient data at various user-defined temporal resolutions. Furthermore, user-defined spatial organization of multiple (clinically related) datasets allows rapid visualization of significant trends that are related to several co-variables. Currently, anticipated findings from usability testing support the notion that the proposed model will facilitate medical decision making in a critical care environment
Therapeutic sleep deprivation for depression in children.

Abstract Therapeutic sleep deprivation can result in an immediate and dramatic improvement in some patients with major depressive episodes. This procedure has not been reported for the treatment of childhood depression. The application of therapeutic sleep deprivation is described for a 12‐year‐old prepubertal boy in whom conventional antidepressant therapy was complicated by problematic side effects.
Adrenal, Thyroid, and Rectal Temperature Responses of Pinealectomized Cockerels to Different Ambient Temperatures

Pinealectomized (PX), sham-operated (PN), and control (C) cockerels were randomly assigned to three ambient temperatures (7, 23, or 37 C) at eight weeks of age. Rectal temperature (Tr) and blood were taken from birds either at mid-photophase or mid-scotophase (12L:12D) on five different days of the exposure period (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 days). After 16 days of exposure to different ambient temperatures (Ta), birds were killed and their adrenal and thyroid glands removed. Serum T3 and T4 were measured by RIA in sera taken from PX and PN birds during both phases at each Ta. Pinealectomy depressed (P less than .05) somatic growth at each time measured independent of T3. A consistently lower Tr in PX birds held at 37 C produced an interaction (P less than .01) between pinealectomy and Ta. Across Ta, relative adrenal weights of PX cockerels (13.8 mg/100 g body weight were greater (P less than .05) than the PN and C average (12.7 mg/100 g body weight). There was an interaction (P less than .05) between pinealectomy and ambient temperature on thyroid weight; PX cockerels had smaller thyroids at 23 C and larger thyroids at 37 C than comparable controls. The PX cockerels had an average T3 concentration of 370.6 ng/100 ml compared to 350.5 ng/100 ml for PN birds. The hot environment (37 C) markedly depressed (P less than .01) serum T3 concentrations independent of surgical treatment. In PX cockerels, decreased body weights, lower Tr, and general adrenal enlargement indicate that the avian pineal gland is involved in endocrine function and maintenance of body temperature as well as normal somatic growth.
Microstructure of compositionally modulated InAlAs

The authors have observed spontaneous, lateral composition modulation in tensile InAlAs alloy films grown as short-period superlattices on InP (001). They have analyzed these films using transmission electron microscopy, x-ray reciprocal space mapping, and polarized photoluminescence spectroscopy. They find the growth front is nonplanar, exhibiting {approximately} 2 nm deep cusps aligned with the In-rich regions of the compositionally modulated films. In addition to the measured 15 nm wavelength modulation in the [110] direction, a modulation of 30 nm wavelength is seen in the orthogonal [1{bar 1}0] direction. The photoluminescence from the modulated layer is strongly polarized and red shifted by 0.22 eV.
An Inbred Epilepsy-Prone Substrain of BALB/c Mice Shows Absence of the Corpus Callosum, an Abnormal Projection to the Basal Forebrain, and Bilateral Projections to the Thalamus

BALB/c mice lack a corpus callosum in about 11% of the population. Two inbred substrains of BALB/c mice, epilepsy-prone (EP) and epilepsy-resistant (ER), have been examined to determine whether these substrains differ in regard to corpus callosum morphology. Further, this study addressed the issue of whether misrouted cortical axons form an aberrant pathway instead of the corpus callosum. Initial studies that examined fresh brain tissue of adult animals revealed normal corpora callosa in all ER mice but deficient or absent corpora callosa in all EP mice. Subsequently, Dil crystals were placed in the motor cortices of aldehyde-fixed brains of 2-week-old animals to investigate cortical projections in both inbred substrains of mice. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that all of the ER animals had normal corpora callosa, whereas all EP animals exhibited either reduced corpora callosa (partially callosal) or an absence (acallosal) of this structure. Both acallosal and partially callosal EP mice displayed an extensive, aberrant projection to the basal forebrain as well as bilateral projections to midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. The fibers projecting to the basal forebrain arose from the cortex, coursed toward the midline before turning ventrally along the midline, and appeared to terminate in the medial septal nucleus and the nucleus of the diagonal band. ER animals lacked this aberrant cortical projection to the basal forebrain. Electron microscopic results obtained from EP mice indicated that labeled axons in this aberrant pathway formed axosomatic, axodendritic, and axospinous synapses with the neurons in the medial septal/diagonal band complex. The function of the aberrant projection to the basal forebrain remains unknown but it may provide an abnormal excitatory input to a region that provides cholinergic and GABAergic input to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The additional projections to midline and contralateral intralaminar thalamic nuclei in EP mice may function to intensify the synchronization of bilateral discharges.
The Restenosis “Antitheory”

Within the field of interventional cardiology, the foremost challenge is to find an effective treatment to prevent restenosis. In the United States, more than 400,000 patients underwent a percutaneous coronary intervention procedure in 1992; more than a third of these patients will have recur­ rence of luminal narrowing. Since the first angioplasty was performed by Griintzig and colleagues, 1 15 years have elapsed with no proven therapy for restenosis. The experimental work by Schwartz and associates, re­ viewed in the current issue of the Mayo Clinic Proceedings (pages 54 to 62), is both provocative and illuminating. From the extensive background experience at the Mayo Clinic with the porcine carotid deep arterial injury model,' these investigators have developed and characterized a unique and important large-animal model. The arterial injury involves the insertion of an oversized stent or overinflation of a bal­ loon in a porcine coronary artery. The resultant exuberant proliferative neointima closely approximates the histo­ pathologic appearance of the human restenotic lesion-more so than the well-established arterial injury models in small animals (rat carotid and rabbit iliac arteries).' A major finding in this model is that the platelet-fibrin thrombus seems to function as a "bioabsorbable matrix" or colony for the migration and proliferation of cells. This observation and the theory that mural thrombus is the pro­ tagonist in the restenotic process are not generally accepted. Although several investigators have acknowledged that mu­ ral thrombus has a role in this process," the accepted mecha­ nism as the key trigger for the restenotic lesion involves participation of the intra-arterial wall; the precise role of thrombus has not been determined. After the injury is in­ duced, the cellular release of growth factors and cytokines stimulates a phenotypic change in the medial smooth muscle cell. According to this classic paradigm, from their resting "contractile" state these cells migrate, proliferate, and syn­ thesize connective tissue matrix to form a neointimallesion. This accepted or classic theory of restenosis-" can be consid­ ered a wave front of cellular activity from "outside in" rather than the source from "inside (intraluminally) out," as de­ picted in Figure 1. What data suggest that this inside-out theory or "anti­ theory" is plausible? Clearly, thrombus is formed after every
The quasistatic extension of a shear crack in a viscoelastic medium

Summary. We consider the quasistatic extension of an anti-plane shear crack with a zone of slip-weakening. The crack is imbedded in a medium that has a standard linear viscoelastic rheology; the Kelvin and Maxwell solids are limiting cases. In general, three different crack histories can be identified for a crack of a given initial length: if the stress drop is smaller than some lower critical value, the crack does not extend. For stress drops larger than some upper critical value, the crack extends at velocities close to the S-wave velocity; we call this an infinite rupture velocity and the crack appears to grow instantaneously. For a stress drop in the interval between these two bounds, the crack extends quasistatically with finite velocities. For the case of the standard linear viscoelastic body in the quasistatic regime, the crack increases to a finite length and the rupture velocity becomes infinite after a finite time interval; after a finite time interval, both the crack length and the rupture velocity tend to infinity for a Kelvin body; no matter how small the stress drop is, a crack in a Maxwell solid will eventually extend to a critical length, at which point rupture occurs instantaneously. The breakout time, which is the time required for a growing crack to accelerate to infinite rates of extension, decreases monotonically with increasing stress drop.
Yield enhancement through defect reduction for post wet silicon nitride etch applications

Silicon etching in hot phosphoric acid is not new to the semiconductor manufacturing field. It has been used for decades to remove silicon nitride after LOCOS processes while preserving the integrity of the previously grown oxide. The etch has a high selectivity resulting in a good fit for this purpose. This paper will present an innovative cleaning technique for post hot phosphoric acid nitride strip applications that provide yield improvement through particle and defect reduction. The application developed at Fairchild Semiconductor, uses ammonium hydroxide, ozone, and water introduced in controlled amounts to promote the dissolution and removal of organic silicon nitride etch residues. This removal prevents downstream defect formation, improving product yields and long-term device reliability.
Effect of acute heat stress on amino acid digestibility in laying hens

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of acute heat stress exposure on amino acid digestibility in laying hens. A total of 30 commercial laying hens were singly housed in an environmentally controlled facility, fed a standard laying ration, and exposed to a constant thermoneutral temperature (21 C) for 12 d. The hens were then randomly fed one of three diets (10 hens per diet) and exposed to three consecutive temperature periods (8 d each), which consisted of: 1) a constant 21 C temperature, 2) a cycling temperature of 35 C for 12 h and 29 C for 12 h, and 3) a constant 21 C temperature. The three isonitrogenous (18% CP) diets fed were: 1) a corn-soybean meal diet, 2) a corn-soybean meal diet containing 15% meat and bone meal, and 3) a corn-soybean meal diet containing 5% alfalfa meal and 20% wheat bran. Excreta were collected from all hens during the last 4 d of each temperature period and apparent amino acid digestibility was determined. There was a significant diet effect (P < 0.05) on amino acid digestibility. Digestibility of amino acids in Diet 2 (corn-soybean meal/meat and bone meal) was higher (P < 0.05) than in the other two diets. In addition, digestibility of amino acids in Diet 3 (corn-soybean meal/alfalfa meal/wheat bran) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in Diets 1 or 2. Heat stress generally had no significant effect on amino acid digestibility except for His and Lys digestibility. Histidine digestibility was higher during the heat stress period than during the initial and recovery thermoneutral periods, whereas Lys digestibility was higher during the heat stress period than during the initial thermoneutral period. These results indicated that acute heat stress (8 d) had no adverse effects on dietary amino acid digestibility in laying hens.
INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

Despite significant advancements in renal transplantation, infectious disease complications remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the transplant recipient. The prevention and treatment of these infections remain a major challenge.
Pleasure: A Computer Program for Simple/Multiple Constrained/Unconstrained Folding of Programmable Logic Arrays

Programmable Logic Arrays are important building blocks of VLSI circuits and systems. We address the problem of optimizing the silicon area and the performances of large logic arrays. In particular we describe a general method for compacting a logic array defined as multiple row and column folding and we address the problem of interconnecting a PLA to the outside circuitry. We define a constrained optimization problem to achieve minimal silicon area occupation with constrained positions of electrical inputs and outputs. We present a new computer program, PLEASURE, which implements several algorithms for multiple and/or constrained PLA folding.
Robust controller design of four wheel steering systems using /spl mu/ synthesis techniques

In this paper, a linearized four wheel steering (4WS) system model is deduced and then modified into a form which is appropriate for applying Matlab /spl mu/ Toolbox to design robust controller. Several important topics are discussed in detail, such as: 1) how to make system set-up match Matlab /spl mu/ Toolbox requirement, 2) how to select weights based on plant's uncertainty, 3) how to solve controller discretization problem, and 4) how to adjust the system so that the conditions necessary for using a state-space formula to solve H/sub /spl infin// optimal (suboptimal) problem and performing the Matlab /spl mu/ Toolbox D-K iteration procedure are satisfied. Finally simulation results of robust controller and a PID controller are compared.
Ethics and Operational Realities in the War on Terror

By examining the effects of a seemingly trivial choice, the selection of different apprehension forms, this short essay illustrates how the operational realities of soldiers engaged in counterinsurgency operations are shaped, and the ethical dimensions that go along with such choices. It urges that these operational realities be taken into account during the ongoing abstract debates about process.
Characterization of the Non-Uniqueness of Used Nuclear Fuel Burnup Signatures through a Mesh-Adaptive Direct Search

Abstract The use of passive gamma and neutron signatures from fission indicators is a common means of estimating used fuel burnup, enrichment, and cooling time. However, while characteristic fission product signatures such as 134Cs, 137Cs, 154Eu, and others are generally reliable estimators for used fuel burnup within the context where the assembly initial enrichment and the discharge time are known, in the absence of initial enrichment and/or cooling time information (such as when applying NDA measurements in a safeguards/verification context), these fission product indicators no longer yield a unique solution for assembly enrichment, burnup, and cooling time after discharge. Through the use of a new Mesh-Adaptive Direct Search (MADS) algorithm, it is possible to directly probe the shape of this “degeneracy space” characteristic of individual nuclides (and combinations thereof), both as a function of constrained parameters (such as the assembly irradiation history) and unconstrained parameters (e.g., the cooling time before measurement and the measurement precision for particular indicator nuclides). In doing so, this affords the identification of potential means of narrowing the uncertainty space of potential assembly enrichment, burnup, and cooling time combinations, thereby bounding estimates of assembly plutonium content. In particular, combinations of gamma-emitting nuclides with distinct half-lives (e.g., 134Cs with 137Cs and 154Eu) in conjunction with gross neutron counting (via 244Cm) are able to reasonably constrain the degeneracy space of possible solutions to a space small enough to perform useful discrimination and verification of fuel assemblies based on their irradiation history.
Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia

Recent progress for understanding the pathophysiology of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) particularly owes itself to the discovery of narcolepsy genes (i.e., hypocretin receptor and peptide genes) in animals in 1999 and the subsequent discovery in 2000, of hypocretin ligand deficiency (i.e., loss of hypocretin neurons in the brain) in idiopathic cases of human narcolepsy-cataplexy. The hypocretin deficiency can be clinically detected by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1 measures; low CSF hypocretin-1 levels are seen in over 90 % of narcolepsy-cataplexy patients (Type 1 narcolepsy by ICSD-3). Type 1 narcolepsy is tightly associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1*0602, suggesting an involvement of immune-mediated mechanisms in the loss of hypocretin neurons. Anatomical and functional studies demonstrate that the hypocretin systems integrate and coordinate the multiple wake-promoting systems, such as monoamine and acetylcholine systems to keep subjects alert and prevent abnormal REM sleep manifestations. Hypocerin deficiency is not observed in Type 2 narcolepsy and idiopathic hyperemia and pathophysiological mechanisms in these diseases are largely unknown. This review focuses on pathophysiological mechanisms and nosological aspects of Type 1 narcolepsy, Type 2 narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia.
LXXXIV. Contributions to electricity and magnetism. No. III. On electro-dynamic induction

(1840). LXXXIV. Contributions to electricity and magnetism. No. III. On electro-dynamic induction. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 16, Supplement, pp. 551-562.
Use of the polymerase chain reaction technique to determine c-myc expression in follicular center cell lymphoma

We determined, in a semiquantitative fashion, the level of expression of c-myc in 18 follicular center cell lymphomas and five non-neoplastic lymph nodes using reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR). With this method, RNA is extracted from lymph node specimens and
Integrable model with parafermion zero energy modes.

Parafermion zero energy modes are a vital element of fault-tolerant topological quantum computation. Although it is believed that such modes form on the border between topological and normal phases, this has been demonstrated only for ${Z}_{2}$ (Majorana) and ${Z}_{3}$ parafermions. I consider an integrable model of one-dimensional fermions where such a demonstration is possible for ${Z}_{N}$ parafermions with any $N$. The procedure is easily generalizable for more complicated symmetry groups.
Two new species of Russula (stirps Atropurpurea) associated with Alnus crispa in Alaska.

Basidiomata of two species of Russula were observed frequently during the summer and fall of 1987 in two study plots in a homogeneous Alnus crispa stand near Fairbanks, Alaska. Russula subarctica a...
The Politicization of Morality

In 1948, Georgi Tenno, like many others who had served in the army of the Soviet Union during the Second World War, was suddenly demobilized, soon after arrested, and finally sentenced to twenty-five years in punitive labour camps.1 In the Soviet Union it was a time of numerous arrests for such crimes against the State as ‘anti-Soviet propaganda’ and ‘the attempt to create an anti-Soviet organization’. But Tenno, unwilling to accept the fate handed him by the authorities, immediately set himself to planning an escape. In 1952, after several unsuccessful attempts, he finally broke out of his prison. With one other man he travelled toward freedom for twenty nights, hiding out during the day. Then, having met up with a workman and his wife on a boat on the Irtysh River, Tenno could not bring himself to steal from them, much less to kill them. With his captors close on his trail, and fearing that this man and his wife would betray him, Tenno was quite sure that robbery and homicide were the way to freedom; and with the rejection of both his downfall began. (‘We had lost something: our confidence? our tenacity? our ability to think straight?’)2 He and his companion were soon tracked down, once more arrested, and sentenced to another twenty-five years in the camps.
Biological Classification: A Philosophical Introduction

Modern biological classification is based on the system developed by Linnaeus, and interpreted by Darwin as representing the tree of life. But despite its widespread acceptance, the evolutionary interpretation has some problems and limitations. This comprehensive book provides a single resource for understanding all the main philosophical issues and controversies about biological classification. It surveys the history of biological classification from Aristotle to contemporary phylogenetics and shows how modern biological classification has developed and changed over time. Readers will also be able to see how biological classification is in part a consequence of human psychology, language development and culture. The book will be valuable for student readers and others interested in a range of topics in philosophy and biology.
Comparing DIF methods for data with dual dependency

The current study compared four differential item functioning (DIF) methods to examine their performances in terms of accounting for dual dependency (i.e., person and item clustering effects) simultaneously by a simulation study, which is not sufficiently studied under the current DIF literature. The four methods compared are logistic regression accounting neither person nor item clustering effect, hierarchical logistic regression accounting for person clustering effect, the testlet model accounting for the item clustering effect, and the multilevel testlet model accounting for both person and item clustering effects. The secondary goal of the current study was to evaluate the trade-off between simple models and complex models for the accuracy of DIF detection. An empirical example analyzing the 2011 TIMSS Mathematics data was also included to demonstrate the differential performances of the four DIF methods. A number of DIF analyses have been done on the TIMSS data, and rarely had these analyses accounted for the dual dependence of the data. Results indicated the complex models did not outperform simple models under certain conditions, especially when DIF parameters were considered in addition to significance tests. Results of the current study could provide supporting evidence for applied researchers in selecting the appropriate DIF methods under various conditions.
Community Building in a Distance Delivered MPA Program at the University of Alaska Southeast

This paper presents a brief case study of the distance delivered Master of Public Administration program at the University of Alaska Southeast in Juneau, Alaska. The US Department of Education notes that from 1995 to 1998 distance education programs in the US have increased by 72% (complete study available at http://nces.ed.gov/). Many would say one of the greatest challenges to higher education in today's world is the challenge of distance education, particularly distance education mediated by technology. For years, Universities have undertaken distance education through correspondence courses. Despite the existence of such distance education courses, the fact that they were few in number, that they normally involved only preparatory or elective courses, that they rarely involved whole programs, and that they were normally administered by Departments of Continuing Education made them somehow less controversial.
Green Fluorescent Protein-Focused Bioinformatics Laboratory Experiment Suitable for Undergraduates in Biochemistry Courses

An introductory bioinformatics laboratory experiment focused on protein analysis has been developed that is suitable for undergraduate students in introductory biochemistry courses. The laboratory experiment is designed to be potentially used as a “stand-alone” activity in which students are introduced to basic bioinformatics tools and applications after they have covered fundamental aspects concerning the structure and function of proteins within a class. This laboratory experiment explores three different protein bioinformatics tasks using freeware programs available on the National Center for Biotechnology Information Web site. Students first determine the identity of a protein, and its close homologues, to which they have been given an amino acid sequence using the BLASTP search tool. They then perform a multiple alignment of this protein with a given selection of proteins using the COBALT program and analyze and interpret the alignment results to predict the most promising sites for mutagenesis. Last...