cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase-slip centers and nonequilibrium processes in superconducting tin microbridges

We show experimentally that steps in theI–V curves of long, superconducting microbridges nearTc are due to spatially localized voltage units (interpreted as quantum phase-slip centers) which appear at local critical currents determined primarily by variations ofTc along the bridge. We also observe the ac Josephson effect associated with such centers. At low voltages each center carries a time-averaged supercurrent of ∼1/2 Ic and exhibits a temperature-independent differential resistance due to normal current flow governed by the quasiparticle diffusion length. Our phenomenological model of this behavior includes a simplfied description of both the superfluid dynamics and the spatial healing of the resulting disequilibrium between superconducting pairs and quasiparticles. Our data indicate that the relaxation time associated with the nonequilibrium is typical of inelastic scattering times for electrons near the Fermi surface of normal tin.
Dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus: A nucleus of GABAergic projection neurons

Immunocytochemical staining of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus with a well characterized antiserum to glutamate decarboxylase reveals that all, or nearly all, cells in this nucleus show immunoreactivity without the use of agents to block axonal transport. Most somata and dendrites are also contacted by immunoreactive axonal endings. It has previously been established that this nucleus is richly innervated by ascending lemniscal fibers and contains different types of neurons that project to the inferior colliculus. One may conclude that this precollicular nucleus is a major GABAergic feedforward inhibitory center in the acoustic pathway.
Nuclear physics at SLAC

Abstract A short overview of past, present, and possible future nuclear physics experiments at SLAC is presented.
Between thought and object in engineering design

Abstract If one accepts that engineering design is the business of a collective or team and that different participants, with different competencies, responsibilities and interest ‘see’ the object of design differently, then the question arises: how do they harmonize their claims and proposals throughout the course of design? For that matter, how does any one participant, working alone, exercising his or her expertise, transform ideas of function into plans which ultimately fix the form and structure of the product? We explore the possibility of extending the scope of language to include artifacts of process – sketches, bits and pieces of hardware – to see how they might serve to bridge thought and object.
Tap Water Irrigation and Additives to Optimize Success With the Malone Antegrade Continence Enema: The Indiana University Algorithm

Purpose: We report the long-term effectiveness of standard tap water for Malone antegrade continence enema irrigation as well as our algorithm for managing refractory constipation/fecal incontinence in a large single institution experience.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 256 Malone antegrade continence enema procedures performed for chronic constipation and/or incontinence due to neuropathic bowel. Continence, type of fluid used to irrigate the colon, volume of flushes and the need for additives were recorded and a database was created. All patients were initially treated with tap water irrigation. Those in whom tap water irrigation failed underwent complete bowel cleanout with enemas and GoLYTELY® via the Malone antegrade continence enema, followed by a gradual increase in irrigation volume. If this was unsuccessful, additives of mineral oil, MiraLAX® or glycerin were added to the irrigant daily.Results: A total of 236 patients with at least 6 months of followup were incl...
Evaluation of equations to predict dry matter intake of dairy heifers.

Abstract Daily pen dry matter intakes (DMI, n=9,275) were collected over a 28-mo period at the University of Wisconsin's Integrated Dairy Research Facility. Heifers were housed in pens containing 8 Holstein or Holstein×Jersey crossbred heifers/pen. Heifer diets were formulated to energy and protein requirement twice monthly, with feed intake, dietary nutrient density, and ambient temperature recorded daily. Heifers were weighed at 60-d intervals, and mean pen body weights (BW) were estimated for each day between the weigh dates using the interval average daily gain as a regression coefficient. Prediction of heifer DMI was evaluated using the equations of NRC (2001), Quigley et al. (1986), or alternative random effects mixed models or nonlinear exponential models. The effects of breed, BW, temperature and neutral detergent fiber deviation (NDFdv) were considered as independent variables. Holstein and crossbred heifer DMI was predicted with reasonable precision [standard error (SE) 500kg, respectively. Improved heifer DMI prediction equations were achieved with exponential models. For Holsteins (SE = 0.71 kg/d), the prediction equation was: DMI (kg/d) = 15.79×[1 – e (−0.00210×BW) ]−0.0820×NDFdv, where NDFdv=(dietary neutral detergent fiber as a % of dry matter) – {22.07 + [0.08714×BW] – [0.00007383×(BW) 2 ]}. For crossbred heifers (SE = 0.60 kg/d), the prediction equation was: DMI (kg/d) = 13.48×[1 – e (−0.00271×BW) ]-0.0824×NDFdv where NDFdv=(dietary neutral detergent fiber as a % of dry matter) – {23.11 + [0.07968×BW] - [0.00006252×(BW) 2 ]}. Alternative exponential DMI model equations when dietary neutral detergent fiber is unknown were also developed. The Holstein DMI equation (SE = 0.73 kg/d) was: DMI (kg/d) = 15.36×[1 - e (−0.00220×BW) ], and the crossbred DMI equation (SE = 0.81 kg/d) was: DMI (kg/d) = 12.91×[1 – e (−0.00295×BW) ].
Statin therapy and levels of hemostatic factors in a healthy population: The Multi-Ethnic study of atherosclerosis

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely used in treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Statins have pleiotropic effects beyond cholesterol synthesis inhibition, which might contribute favorably to clinical outcomes. Most favorable effects of statins are secondary to suppressed synthesis of nonsterol isoprenoids from the mevalonate pathway which decrease isoprenylation of signaling proteins. Regarding hemostatic function, statins appear to reduce tissue factor, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) [1–3]. Undas reported that statins enhanced fibrin clot lysis via increased clot permeability, which may contribute to clinical benefits of statins [4]. Other favorable effects include decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase, decreased production of inflammatory cytokines, and anti-platelet effects [5]. Studies to date regarding hemostatic function have numerous limitations, including small sample size, inclusion of selected populations and sometimes lack of a control group. Statins reduce the rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in healthy people. The JUPITER trial (Justification of the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin) demonstrated a 43% reduction in occurrence of symptomatic VTE with rosuvastatin, 20 mg daily, compared to placebo [6]. Several, but not all observational studies support these findings and one study showed a dose response relationship [7–10]. A retrospective cohort of 1795 inpatients reported a dose response, with high dose statin use carrying a lower risk of VTE than standard doses (respective hazard ratios HRs 0.25 and 0.38 compared with no statin use) [11]. Atherosclerosis is associated with increased risk of VTE in some studies [12–17] and statins are anti-atherosclerotic. In a prospective study of changes in carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and circulating markers of inflammation, thrombosis, and endothelial activation in coronary patients treated with 20 mg of daily atorvastatin, CIMT regression with atorvastatin correlated with a significant decrease in fibrinogen, interleukin-8, matrix metallopeptidase 9, soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1, E-selectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF) [18]. It is plausible that reduced VTE rates with statins could relate to reduction in atherosclerosis leading to a less procoagulant profile. Whether this may be causal is unknown. Here we studied the association of statin use with biomarkers of vascular risk in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort in order to generate hypotheses of why statins reduce VTE rates. MESA provided a unique opportunity to conduct a cross sectional study on associations of statin use with hemostatic biomarkers in a large population-based study of healthy individuals, including 1,001 statin users and 5,786 nonusers, and allowed for control for many important confounders.
Optimal allocation of energy to growth and reproduction.

The optimal allocation of energy to growth and reproduction is considered for three different cases, i.e., a single reproduction (semelparity), reproduction through repeated discrete clutches, and continuous reproduction. The problem reduces to optimizing age and size at maturity. The best strategy is to continue growth until the change of production rate with respect to increasing body size, multiplied by life expectancy for those attaining adulthood and reproducing successfully, is greater than one. The time at which semelparous species reproduce may also be optimized; for the other modes of reproduction only physiological factors or seasonality can limit the maximum age. A brief growing season or high mortality rate are factors leading to early maturity and small adult body size.
StandardSU(5) supergravity grand unification model and predictions

A review is given of the StandardSU(5) supergravity model. This model has passed an important check regarding unification of the electro-weak and the strong couplings using high precision LEP data. It is shown that for a significant domain of the parameter space the model also satisfies constraints on the SUSY spectrum from CDF and LEP, as well as proton stability and cosmological relic density constraints.
Low-temperature spin-relaxation time in normal liquid 3He☆

Abstract We calculate the low-temperature ( T ⪡ T F ) spin-relaxation time T 1 in normal liquid 3 He, expressed in terms of the perturbations of the scattering amplitudes due to nuclear dipole-dipole interactions. These perturbations are obtained using the induced interaction model, yielding good agreement with experiment, as well as with previous calculations.
Effect of antipsychotic drugs on the firing of dorsal raphe cells. II. Reversal by picrotoxin.

Abstract As reported in the preceding study, the ability of certain antipsychotic and adrenolytic agents to inhibit the spontaneous firing of serotonergic 5HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus appeared to be related to adrenergic blocking efficacy. However, the interaction between adrenergic and serotonergic systems was apparently indirect. In this phase of the study we investigated the hypothesis that another transmitter system could mediate this interaction. We examined the effects of two inhibitory amino acid transmitters (GABA and glycine) for possible effects on dorsal raphe cell firing using single cell recording and microiontophoretic techniques. In addition, the ability of the GABA antagonist, picrotoxin and the glycine antagonist, strychnine to reverse the effects of the antipsychotic and α-blocking drugs on dorsal raphe firing was tested. Both GABA and glycine were found to inhibit raphe cell firing selectively, allowing for a possible neurotransmitter function for these amino acids within the dorsal raphe nucleus. However, picrotoxin but not strychnine was found to reverse the effects of the antipsychotic and α-blocking drugs on raphe firing. Based on these results, we propose that the adrenergic input may influence 5HT neurons indirectly via a GABAergic interneuron or interposed GABA neuron.
Second-Generation Comparative Research on Genocide

Comparative research on the determinants of genocide has surged in recent years, as reflected in the six books under review. The new research makes genocide studies more systematic and theoretical; integrates the topic into mainstream social science disciplines; points to three emerging explanatory paradigms; and yields some surprising cumulative findings. However, the works also reveal significant conceptual, empirical, and methodological problems that limit the comparative enterprise and the search for a general theory. The article argues for an alternative, disaggregated approach that situates genocide within a spectrum of organized violence against civilians and links genocide studies to studies of violence in war.
Cation-induced increases in the rate of P700 recovery in photosystem I particles.

Abstract Divalent cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions increase the rate of the dark recovery of P700 + in the P700-chlorophyll a protein of Shiozawa et al. ( J. A. Shiozawa, R. S. Alberte, and J. P. Thornber, 1974 , Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 165 , 388–397). Half-maximal increases were observed at 1.5 m m concentrations of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ions. This correlates very well with the concentrations required to cause conformational changes in the P700-chlorophyll a protein. Na + and K + ions were also effective but 16–22 m m concentrations were required for half-maximal effects. Addition of Triton X-100 at concentrations greater than 0.02% also increased the rate of the dark recovery of P700 + . The increases in the rate of P700 recovery are caused by a structural change involving the disaggregation of the protein. Mg 2+ ions increase the rate of recovery of P700 + when both negatively (ascorbate and dichlorophenol indophenol) and positively (tetramethyl phenylenediamine) charged electron donors are used. This rules out the possibility that cations simply change the net charge on the protein to increase the binding of negatively charged electron donors. Moreover, it appears that Mg 2+ ions affect the electron transport step rather than the binding of the donors to the complex. In addition, Mg 2+ ions affect only the linear electron transport process from donor to O 2 , not the recombination of P700 + with the primary electron acceptor.
Comparison of irrigation solutions and devices in a contaminated musculoskeletal wound survival model.

Background: There is much to learn about the effectiveness of different methods currently used for the irrigation of open wounds. The purpose of this study was to compare various approaches in a survival animal model. Methods: We used an established goat model involving the creation of a reproducible complex musculoskeletal wound followed by inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (lux) bacteria. This genetically altered luminescent bacterium provides the ability for quantitative analysis with a photon-counting camera system. For Study 1, wound irrigation was performed six hours after the injury and inoculation; the goats were assigned to four treatment groups: normal saline solution, bacitracin solution, castile soap, and benzalkonium chloride. All wounds received sharp debridement and irrigation with use of a pulsatile lavage device (19 psi). Images and photon counts were obtained prior to irrigation, after irrigation, and forty-eight hours after injury and inoculation. For Study 2, we used the same animal model and compared bulb syringe and pulsatile lavage irrigation with saline solution. Results: In Study 1, the irrigation treatment lowered the bacterial counts in all treatment groups. The greatest reduction was seen with castile soap, which lowered the photon count to 13% of the pretreatment level. This was followed by benzalkonium chloride, bacitracin, and saline solution at 18%, 22%, and 29%, respectively. At forty-eight hours, imaging showed a rebound in bacterial counts in every group. The highest rebound was measured in the castile soap group, which rebounded to 120% of the pretreatment level. The benzalkonium chloride group experienced a rebound to 94% of the pretreatment level. These were followed by bacitracin solution (89%) and normal saline solution (68%). In Study 2, both treatment methods were effective in removing 75% of the bacteria initially. At forty-eight hours, the bacterial levels in the pulsed lavage group rebounded to 94% of the original levels (compared with 48% in the bulb syringe group). The difference in the mean photon count ratios at forty-eight hours was significant (p = 0.048). Conclusions: Approaches used to remove bacteria from wounds, such as irrigants other than saline solution or high-pressure devices, may not have the best clinical outcome. Clinical Relevance: These data suggest that use of a low-pressure device and saline solution to irrigate wounds is the best choice.
Import now! An analysis of market-share voluntary import expansions (VIEs)

Abstract Proponents claim that voluntary import expansions (VIEs) increase foreign access to a domestic market while increasing competition and reducing prices. Using a Bertrand model, I show that a VIE produces exactly the opposite results. A VIE that increases the market share of imports above the prevailing level results in higher prices in the domestic market. This result holds even when the domestic market is assumed to be protected by a tariff-type barrier prior to the imposition of a VIE. A VIE and an equivalent import subsidy are shown to have opposite effects on prices.
Resident Interest Academies: Academic and Leadership Skills Development

The development of an academic focus and portfolio during residency is important for academic employment after training. Typical residency curricula do not include explicit instruction in domains such as administration, leadership, teaching, and process improvement. We designed and incorporated a parallel curriculum for residents to receive such education and training.
Carboxy-terminal sequence conservation among variant-specific surface proteins of Giardia lamblia.

Abstract Antigenic variation in the parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia was studied by characterizing the expression and genomic organization of a variant-specific surface protein (VSP) gene. Transcripts from this gene, vsp1267, were abundant in the cloned variant WB/1267, but undetectable in the parental clone from which WB/1267 was derived or in variant progeny of WB/1267. Two identical copies of vsp1267 exist in the WB/1267 genome, separated by 3 kb and arranged as convergent transcription units. Primer extension sequencing and S1 nuclease protection analysis suggested that the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of VSP1267 mRNA consists of a single nucleotide (nt). Primer extension sequencing mapped the site of VSP1267 transcript polyadenlyation 25 nt beyond the termination codon. vsp1267 contained no introns and predicted a cysteine-rich polypeptide with features common to other VSPs. Comparison of vsp1267 with another VSP gene sequence revealed striking conservation, both at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, at the 3′ ends of the genes. An oligonucleotide derived from this region detected size-variant VSP transcripts in 4 of 5 G. lamblia clones analyzed, suggesting the general utility of this probe in studying VSP genes and their expression.
Supporting Student Teachers in an Urban, Multicultural Setting

There is nothing unusual or startling about Grand Rapids Central High School, an urban school like hundreds of others across the country. But like most preservice teachers, the students in our teacher education program at Grand Valley State University have had very little experi ence in urban schools, and many find the prospect of student teaching at Central frightening indeed.
Synthesis, characterization, biodegradation, and drug delivery application of biodegradable lactic/glycolic acid oligomers: Part II. Biodegradation and drug delivery application.

Previously synthesized lactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) oligomers with different compositions (i.e. different ratio of lactic to glycolic acid in the oligomers) were further studied regarding their biodegradation and drug delivery application. The PLGA oligomers have fast biodegradation characteristics. They degrade to water soluble substances, i.e. lactic and glycolic acids, at a rate of 31.43-40.68 mg day-1 in a medium of constant pH and 28.04-37.87 mg day-1 in a medium of non-constant pH. The biodegradation rate is affected by the composition of the PLGA oligomers and the pH of the incubating medium. The higher the content of glycolic acid moiety in the oligomer, the faster the biodegradation rate. The lower the pH of the incubating medium, the slower the biodegradation of PLGA oligomers. A sustained-release drug delivery system based on the PLGA oligomers was fabricated as injectable microgranules by thermal blending of the PLGA oligomers and drug. Aspirin was used as a model drug. The oligomeric microgranules have advantages of easy fabrication, high drug loading efficiency, easy administration, and fast biodegradation. This thermal blending preparation method has a high loading efficiency of more than 90%. The PLGA oligomeric microgranules can release drug from 9 to 13 days depending on the oligomer composition. Both drug release rate and release duration are influenced by composition of the oligomers. The PLGA oligomeric matrix has the capability of protecting aspirin from hydrolysis. The lactic/glycolic acid oligomeric microgranules have potential use for sustained-release drug delivery.
The Flâneur, the Tourist, the Global Flâneur, and Magazine Reading as Flânerie

The flâneur and the tourist were both characterized foremost by movement and curiosity. A range of meanings and resonances were associated with both figures, underlining the tensions between the ideas of the insider and the outsider, the Parisian and the foreigner, travel within Paris and without, mechanical versus purposeful seeing, and compulsive versus meaningful mobility. While the sense of vision was emphasized, literary representations often evoked the idea that vacuous and passive seeing, stimulated by trivial goings-on and merchandise, lets the flâneur neglect the other senses, whereas an inner preparation and discernment lead to a more balanced way of flânerie. The projection of flânerie onto world travel paralleled the mode of reading illustrated magazines, which elicited imaginary flânerie. The re-reading of Baudelaire’s ‘Le Peintre de la vie moderne’ in this light provides some new insights regarding the concept of the artist as the ‘man of the world’.
Optimal step size control for acoustic echo cancellation

Depth and speed of convergence are important metrics for the performance of acoustic echo cancellers (AECs). The LMS (Least Mean Square) or NLMS (normalized LMS) algorithms constitute the core of many AEC implementations. This paper presents an optimal step size control strategy for the NLMS algorithm when the input signal is white. This strategy gives the deepest convergence in the shortest amount of time. The optimum step size turns out to be the solution of a Riccati equation. Simulation results are presented to confirm the analysis. Practical considerations for colored signals and time varying echo impulse responses are also discussed.
The oxidation of Zn(0001): The first stage

The oxidation of the basal plane of zinc has been observed to have several distinct stages in a study using Auger electron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction. For oxygen pressures between 10−8 and 10−6 Torr and substrate temperatures between liquid N2 temperature and 425°K, the first stage of the oxide growth is described by a substrate temperature independent, linear rate law: dxdt = k0P, where x is the film thickness, P is the oxygen pressure and k0 is a constant with a magnitude of about 10−3 cm/Torr·sec. The first stage of growth stops after an exposure of about 8×10−5 Torr·sec after an oxide film several monolayers thick has formed. For T 300°K, the oxide film is an epitaxial single crystal with lattice constant parallel to the Zn substrate and equal to that of bulk zinc oxide. For T 250°K, no long range order was observed. Mechanisms which are consistent with the observed growth kinetics are discussed.
The DNA content of isolated sea urchin egg nuclei.

Abstract Nuclei were isolated in mass from the eggs of the sea urchin. The DNA content of these nuclei was determined by the diphenylamine reaction and by microbiological assay. Both methods of analysis give a DNA content essentially equal to that found in sea urchin sperm. The nuclei of nucleated white halves were also strongly stained by the Feulgen method when staining was preceded by treatment with hypertonic solutions. It is concluded that the egg nucleus contains the haploid amount of DNA.
Noble Gases in the Bells (C2) and Sharps (H3) Chondrites

The Bells and Sharps chondrites are of uncertain classification in virtue of their mineralogical and chemical peculiarities, prompting the present elemental and isotopic measurements of the noble gases in them, together with such quantities derivable from them as cosmogenic exposure and gas retention ages, as well as primordial gas contents. The radiogenic and, above all, the cosmogenic gases link Bells to the C2 group, while Sharps is found to lie in the second largest peak of the H-chondrite distribution.
Motion-based carriage simulation of extra-vehicular activity (EVA) rescue

A research program was outlined for a series of Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) rescue studies. The general purpose is to get a better appreciation of the characteristics describing an EVA rescue scenario. Several studies have been completed in the Virtual Interactive Environment Workstation (VIEW) at NASA Ames Research Center. Similar studies are planned for a variety of simulators both to get more reliable results for the EVA rescue problem and to baseline the simulators against one another. Work is planned for a motion-based carriage to expand the validity of the previously obtained results.
DiagSplit: parallel, crack-free, adaptive tessellation for micropolygon rendering

We present DiagSplit, a parallel algorithm for adaptively tessellating displaced parametric surfaces into high-quality, crack-free micropolygon meshes. DiagSplit modifies the split-dice tessellation algorithm to allow splits along non-isoparametric directions in the surface's parametric domain, and uses a dicing scheme that supports unique tessellation factors for each subpatch edge. Edge tessellation factors are computed using only information local to subpatch edges. These modifications allow all subpatches generated by DiagSplit to be processed independently without introducing T-junctions or mesh cracks and without incurring the tessellation overhead of binary dicing. We demonstrate that DiagSplit produces output that is better (in terms of image quality and number of micropolygons produced) than existing parallel tessellation schemes, and as good as highly adaptive split-dice implementations that are less amenable to parallelization.
Miracles in architectural settings: Christ Church, Canterbury and St Clement's, Sandwich in the Old English Vision of Leofric

The ‘Old English Vision of Leofric, Earl of Mercia’ was first printed in a philological journal in 1908. It contains extremely interesting information about the arrangement and furnishings of two major Anglo-Saxon churches, Christ Church, Canterbury, and St Clement's Church, Sandwich. The Visio Leofrici is the only testimony, written or (apparently) archaeological, to the existence of St Clement's before the Conquest; it confirms and deepens aspects of our exclusively documentary knowledge of the Anglo-Saxon cathedral at Canterbury, which was destroyed by fire in 1067. Thus, it is particularly unfortunate that the Vision of Leofric, which has had but slight attention from students of language, literature or religious visions, has attracted even less notice from archaeologists, art historians and students of medieval liturgy.
Optogenetic control of astrocytes: Is it possible to treat astrocyte-related epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects around 1% of the population worldwide. The two main therapies, pharmacology and the electrical stimulation, both have some shortcomings. For instance, pharmacological therapy is frequently accompanied by side effects, and current anticonvulsive drugs fail to be effective to around a third of patients. These patients could suffer astrocyte-related epilepsy, as increasing evidence indicates that dysfunctions of astrocytes can result in epilepsy. However, epilepsy drugs that affect astrocytes are not available currently. Although electrical stimulation has benefited many patients, the electrode stimulates unselective neurons or circuits. All these need to develop new strategies for improving the life of the patients. As channelrhodopsins (ChRs) were discovered, a novel method referred to as "optogenetics" was developed. It has advantages over electrical stimulation of being less-invasiveness and allowing spatiotemporally stimulation. Recently, a number of experiments have explored the treatments for epilepsy with optogenetic control of neurons. Here, we discuss the possibility that an optogenetic approach could be used to control the release of gliotransmitters and improve astrocyte function such as glutamate and K(+) uptake, and thereby offer a potential strategy to investigate and treat astrocyte-related epilepsy.
Food, water and saccharin solution intake in rats with posterior striatal lesions

Abstract Albino rats either received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the posterior striatum or were subjected to a control operation. Striatal damage was not found to influence food intake, water intake, the differential consumption of a saccharin solution and water, or body weight, the data being expressed in relation to preoperative body weight. An interpretation of the results is presented, and their bearing on some previously reported findings is noted.
Alternative bone expansion technique for implant placement in atrophic edentulous maxilla and mandible.

Abstract This clinical review is an evaluation of the effectiveness of the split ridge bone augmentation technique performed in the atrophic maxilla and mandible with buccolingual bony defects. The osseointegration success of implant placement in the area of split ridge bone augmentation is assessed and compared to implant success rates indicated in the literature. This evaluation includes 15 patients who were treated with alveolar split ridge bone augmentation at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine. During initial consultation, all patients were diagnosed with a buccolingual bone dimension of 3–5 mm on the edentulous alveolar crest. This bony buccolingual dimension was inadequate for placement of implants of desirable width and correct angulation as dictated by the prosthetic requirements. Crestal split augmentation technique involved a surgical osteotomy that was followed by alveolar crest split and augmentation after buccolingual bony plate expansion, prior to implantation. Implants were placed ...
NSAID inhibition of GI cancer growth: clinical implications and molecular mechanisms of action

Epidemiological studies suggest that aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the incidence of and mortality from colorectal, gastric, and esophageal cancers. The precise mechanisms by which NSAIDs exert their chemopreventive effects are not fully explained, but likely involve inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase, the enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Two isoforms of this enzyme, cyclo-oxygenase 1 (COX-1) and COX-2, have been identified. COX-2 is absent in normal mucosa but is overexpressed in colonic, gastric, and esophageal cancers, as well as their precursor lesions. The inhibition of COX-2 through either pharmacological agents or gene deletion results in suppression of colonic polyp formation. NSAIDs reduce colonic, gastric, and esophageal cancer cell growth, in part, by inducing apoptosis. However, the antineoplastic effects of NSAIDs may be partly independent of their ability to inhibit COX-2. The mechanisms involved in the antineoplastic actions of NSAIDs include inhibition of angiogenesis (essential for delivery of oxygen and nutrients to a growing tumor), induction of apoptosis (which is usually reduced in cancer cells) by stimulation of proapoptotic genes, and direct inhibition of cancer cell growth by blocking signal transduction pathways responsible for cell proliferation.
Wigner expansion for the thermodynamics of spin systems

Abstract The analog of Wigner's h - expansion of the partition function is derived for quantum spin systems. The method of calculation entails a systematic application of coherent spin states and Schwinger-Dyson equations. Explicit expressions are given for the first nontrivial quantum corrections to thermodynamic potentials and correlation functions as suitable averages in the underlying classical statistical mechanics. We are able to analytically evaluate those averages for the Heisenberg chain by standard transfer-matrix techniques. While an analytical calculation for lattices in more than one dimension is not feasible, the derived expressions are sufficiently simple so that an assessment of the relative significance of quantum corrections, especially in the critical region, should prove possible.
Sociolinguistic Individuality in a Remnant Dialect Community

This article argues that the recognition of individual variation is helpful for understanding sociolinguistic variables. While past researchers have argued that variables are comprehensible only if each individual in a social group uses variables at the same frequency as all other individuals, the author shows that this conception of the variable ignores crucial information in the social study of language: that social groups are composed of people with widely different interests and ideas of “self.” Data from the speech of fourteen young, African American residents of a rural community on the North Carolina coast are presented. The author demonstrates that there is considerable evidence for the existence of individual variation in speech, given that this variation is constrained by the linguistic structure used by the surrounding speech community. The sociolinguistic variable is thus a set of possibilities in speech rather than a statistical whole that reflects exactly its parts.
The Dispenser Cathode. A New Type of Thermionic Cathode for Gaseous Discharge Tubes

Modern oxide-coated cathodes have the characteristic that the initial high electron emission decreases gradually with time of operation. This characteristic is avoided by using initially-uncoated cathode members to which a coating material is dispensed at uniform rate from a "dispenser" located within the common heat-shield. Such cathodes, after initial aging, show an electron emission equal to the initial emission of oxide-coated cathodes, which does not decrease with time. In the cathodes which have been tested, the dispenser was a closely woven "stocking" of fine molybdenum wires, filled with granules of fused BaO---${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ eutectic. It was maintained at 1150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C by current through it, and served as a radiation heater for the cathode. The electron-emitting members were clean molybdenum. These cathodes show undiminished electron emission at the end of three years life test with no indication of exhaustion.
Culture of Vibrio cholerae in presence of shrimp and crab chitin

Abstract In the culture of Vibrio cholerae in saline water containing purified chitin prepared from fresh shrimp and crab shells, it was determined that the solubility of chitin in salin water is influenced more by the salinity than by the pH, with the optimum being pH 8·0 and salinity 15 o/oo. The stimulation of growth by freshly extracted chitins and commercially available preparations was similar. All chitin preparations stimulated growth somewhat less than did alkaline peptone broth (a commonly used culture medium). All chitin sources also stimulated the production of cholera toxin by toxigenic strains to about the same extent as did alkaline peptone broth. The strains were found to be very low toxin producers in filtered bay water alone, thus indicating the need for some nutrient source for this activity.
Halogen-bond driven co-crystallization of potential anti-cancer compounds: a structural study

The halogen-bonding ability of a series of bis-pyridine based pharmaceutically active ingredients is explored and the structural behaviour of co-crystals thereof is compared with that of their hydrogen-bonded analogues. All co-crystals are analysed using IR spectroscopy and thirteen new crystal structures comprising iodoperfluoroalkanes and bis-pyridineacetamides are presented. Binding preferences, structural patterns and correlations between molecular and crystal structures are discussed in the context of both hydrogen- and halogen bonds.
A differential geometric approach to representing the human actions

This paper presents a novel representation for human actions which encodes the variations in the shape and motion of the performing actor. When an actor performs an action, at each time instant, the outer object boundary is projected to the image plane as a 2D contour. A sequence of such contours forms a 3D volume in the spatiotemporal space. The differential geometric analysis of the volume surface results in a set of action descriptors. These descriptors constitute the action sketch which is used to represent the human actions. The action sketch captures the changes in the shape and motion of the performing actor in an unified manner. Since the action sketch is obtained from the extrema of the differential geometric surface features, it is robust to viewpoint changes. We demonstrate the versatility of the action sketch in the context of action recognition, which is formulated as a view geometric similarity problem.
On the secrecy rate region for the interference channel

This paper studies interference channels with security constraints. The existence of an external eavesdropper in a two-user interference channel is assumed, where the network users would like to secure their messages from the external eavesdropper. The cooperative binning and channel prefixing scheme is proposed for this system model which allows users to cooperatively add randomness to the channel in order to degrade the observations of the external eavesdropper. This scheme allows users to add randomness to the channel in two ways: 1) Users cooperate in their design of the binning codebooks, and 2) Users cooperatively exploit the channel prefixing technique. As an example, the channel prefixing technique is exploited in the Gaussian case to transmit a superposition signal consisting of binning codewords and independently generated noise samples. Gains obtained form the cooperative binning and channel prefixing scheme compared to the single user scenario reveals the positive effect of interference in increasing the network security. Remarkably, interference can be exploited to cooperatively add randomness into the network in order to enhance the security.
In vitro specificities of Arabidopsis co-activator histone acetyltransferases: implications for histone hyperacetylation in gene activation

In genetic hybrids displaying nucleolar dominance, acetylation of lysines 5, 8, 12 and 16 of histone H4 (H4K5, H4K8, H4K12, H4K16) and acetylation of histone H3 on lysines 9 and 14 (H3K9, H3K14) occurs at the promoters of active ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, whereas silenced rRNA genes are deacetylated. Likewise, histone hyperacetylation correlates with the active state of transgenes and of endogenous plant genes involved in physiological processes, including cold tolerance, light-responsiveness and flowering. To investigate histone hyperacetylation dynamics we used sodium butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor known to switch silent rRNA genes on, in order to enrich the pool of acetylated histones. Mass spectrometric analyses revealed unique mono- (K16Ac), di- (K12Ac, K16Ac), tri- (K8Ac, K12Ac, K16Ac), and tetra-acetylated (K5Ac, K8Ac, K12Ac, K16Ac) histone H4 isoforms, suggesting that H4 hyperacetylation occurs in a processive fashion, beginning with lysine 16 and ending with lysine 5. Using a combination of molecular and mass spectrometric assays we then determined the specificities of seven of the nine functional co-activator type histone acetyltransferases (HATs) in Arabidopsis thaliana: specifically HATs of the CBP (HAC1, HAC5, HAC12), GNAT (HAG1, HAG2), and MYST families (HAM1, HAM2). Specific HATs acetylate histone H4K5 (HAM1, HAM2), H4K12 (HAG2), and H3K14 (HAG1), suggesting that acetylation of these lysines may have special regulatory significance. Other acetylation events, including histone H3K9 acetylation, are likely to result from the activities of the broad-specificity HAC1, HAC5, and HAC12 histone acetyltransferases.
Lesbian co‐parenting: On being/being with the invisible (m)other

Abstract This paper examines the experience of lesbian mothering and co‐mothering. Using the conceptions of Luce Irigaray, the implications of lesbians bearing and raising children within a patriarchal society are examined, as are the contributions of traditional psychoanalytic theory to the oppression of lesbians and mothers. Additionally, the social and linguistic invisibility of both the passionate and maternal relationships of lesbian co‐mothers is noted. The importance of acknowledging women's unique intrapsychic and relational patterns is underscored as being central to understanding the distinctive challenges lesbians face as they raise children.
Evaluation of different reaction strategies for the improvement of cetane number in diesel fuels

Abstract Cetane number improvement of diesel fuels is a difficult task that refiners will face in the near future. Aromatics saturation by deep hydrogenation is a necessary, but perhaps not sufficient step in the diesel treatment. Some researchers have proposed selective ring opening (SRO) as an additional step in the upgrading. In this work, we explore some possible reaction pathways of compounds typically found in diesel after different levels of hydrogenation, i.e. decalin (decahydronaphthalene), perhydrophenanthrene, tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene), as well as 1-ring and 2-ring aromatic phenanthrenes. We have estimated the cetane number (CN) of each individual compound involved in the reaction pathways, using an artificial neural network program that was trained with pure compound cetane numbers from a database. The results demonstrate the great challenge that reaching high CN represents. In the conversion of decalin, acidic catalysts alone are not able to yield products with CN significantly higher than the decalin feed. Similarly, no significant gain in CN can be expected with hydrogenolysis metal catalysts operating via the dicarbene mechanism. Only in the case of selective metal-catalyzed hydrogenolysis, with preferential cleavage at substituted C–C bonds, the predicted products have CN substantially higher than the decalin feed. As expected, branching has a strongly negative effect on the CN and it should be minimized. Both, metal-catalyzed di-carbenium C–C cleavage and acid-catalyzed ring contraction/ring opening combination leave branching groups in the product. Similarly, the acid-catalyzed ring opening of perhydrophenanthrene does not result in a significantly higher CN than the initial feed. The possibility of minimizing hydrogen consumption in the CN improvement process by an initial partial hydrogenation followed by ring opening was tested by using phenanthrene and tetralin as probe molecules. In the first reaction strategy, partially hydrogenated phenanthrenes (1-ring and 2-ring aromatics) were followed by ring opening of one of the saturated rings. Although this option would lead to lower overall hydrogen consumption, it results in products of much lower CNs than the ones obtained by full hydrogenation of phenanthrene. Similar results are obtained for tetralin. From this analysis, it is clear that upgrading CN of diesel requires extensive hydrogen consumption. For further upgrading, highly selective hydrogenolysis catalysts are needed in order to minimize branching and therefore obtain high CN products.
The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research

The 4(th) edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues published in 2008 builds upon the success of the 2001 3(rd) edition; new entities are defined, and solutions for problematic categories are sought. Recent studies have drawn attention to the biological overlap between classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Similarly, there is a greater appreciation of the borderlands between Burkitt lymphoma and DLBCL. Strategies for the management of these borderline lesions are proposed. Additionally, age-specific and site-specific factors play an important role in the definition of several new entities, which also have biological underpinnings. Among the peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL), more precise definitions were introduced for several entities, including anaplastic large cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, and subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma. Several new variants of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are proposed. Finally, the subclassification and categorization of the most common lymphoma subtypes, follicular lymphoma (FL) and DLBCL, were altered to enhance diagnostic accuracy and aid in clinical management. The 2008 WHO classification also draws attention to early events in lymphomagenesis. These lesions help delineate the earliest steps in neoplastic transformation and generally mandate a conservative therapeutic approach. The 2001 classification was rapidly adopted for clinical trials and successfully served as a common language for scientists comparing genetic and functional data. The modifications made in the 2008 classification are the result of this successful partnership among pathologists, clinicians, and biologists, but are only a stepping stone to the future.
The Relationship of the Husband's Emotional Involvement to Participation in Research on Marital Relationships:

Recent studies have established an empirical relationship between the husband's level of emotional involvement and various indices of intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning within the family context. Despite the risks attendant to families of emotionally withdrawn husbands, these husbands may be less likely to participate in research. The present study explored this hypothesis. A three-step recruitment procedure based on random sampling techniques, which focused on first securing the interest of wives, was used to recruit couples for a multimethod study on marriage. If a husband did not join his wife in the study, the wife was asked to complete a set of questionnaires. The same set of questionnaires was completed by wives whose husbands agreed to participate with them. In comparison to participant husbands, nonparticipant husbands were rated by their wives as being less emotionally involved in their marriages (as measured by the husband's expressiveness/responsiveness). This effect did not generalize...
An Integrated Study of a Mississippian Tripolitic Chert Reservoir - Osage County, Oklahoma, USA

Summary With the advent of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing in the Midcontinent, U.S.A., fields once thought to be exhausted are now experiencing renewed exploitation. However, traditional Midcontinent seismic analysis techniques no longer provide satisfactory reservoir characterization, and new seismic analysis methods are needed to properly characterize these radically innovative play concepts. Seismic attributes such as impedance inversion are sensitive to lithology while coherence and curvature are sensitive to lateral changes in waveform and structure. Our objective is to map tripolitic high porosity chert sweet spots within a highly fractured Mississippian lime reservoir, located in Osage County, Oklahoma, which also contains tight nonporous chert using impedance inversion correlated with surface seismic attributes and well log information in the survey.