cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utility of platelet adp receptor antagonism in the emergency department: a review.

Emergency physicians are often the first clinicians to evaluate patients with acute atherothrombotic events. Platelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonists, by specifically and irreversibly blocking ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation, may reduce the injury associated with this process and can prevent recurrent ischemic events. Their role in the prevention of recurrent vascular events has been well documented. Recently, the CURE Trial showed that the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel improved outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Familiarity with ADP receptor antagonists and knowledge about their appropriate use is important to the emergency physician in the management of ACS and potentially in that of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), ischemic strokes, and acute peripheral arterial obstruction. This review addresses the pathophysiology of atherothrombosis and evaluates the potential use of ADP receptor antagonists in the Emergency Department setting.
Building off-the-shelf tissue-engineered composites

Rapid advances in technology have created the realistic possibility of personalized medicine. In 2000, Time magazine listed tissue engineering as one of the ‘hottest 10 career choices’. However, in the past decade, only a handful of tissue-engineered products were translated to the clinical market and none were financially viable. The reality of complex business planning and the high-investment, high-technology environment was not apparent, and the promise of tissue engineering was overstated. In the meantime, biologists were steadily applying three-dimensional benchtop tissue-culture systems for cellular research, but the systems were gelatinous and thus limited in their ability to facilitate the development of complex tissues. Now, the bioengineering literature has seen an emergence of literature describing biofabrication of tissues and organs. However, if one looks closely, again, the viable products appear distant. ‘Rapid’ prototyping to reproduce the intricate patterns of whole organs using large volumes of cellular components faces daunting challenges. Homogenous forms are being labelled ‘tissues’, but, in fact, do not represent the heterogeneous structure of the native biological system. In 2003, we disclosed the concept of combining rapid prototyping techniques with tissue engineering technologies to facilitate precision development of heterogeneous complex tissue-test systems, i.e. systems to be used for drug discovery and the study of cellular behaviour, biomedical devices and progression of disease. The focus of this paper is on the challenges we have faced since that time, moving this concept towards reality, using the case of breast tissue as an example.
Borrowing Personal Memories

Summary The present investigation documents memory borrowing in college-age students, defined as the telling of others' autobiographical stories as if they are one's own. In both pilot and online surveys, most undergraduates admit to borrowing personal stories from others or using details from others' experiences to embellish their own retellings. These behaviors appear primarily motivated by a desire to permanently incorporate others' experiences into one's own autobiographical record (appropriation), but other reasons include to temporarily create a more coherent or engaging conversational exchange (social connection), simplify conveying somebody else's interesting experience (convenience), or make oneself look good (status enhancement). A substantial percentage of respondents expressed uncertainty as to whether an autobiographical experience actually belonged to them or to someone else, and most respondents have confronted somebody over ownership of a particular story. Documenting memory borrowing is important as the behavior has potential consequences for the creation of false memories. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Univariate and multivariate Pareto models

The Pareto distribution has long been recognized as a suitable model for many non-negative socio-economic variables. Univariate and multivariate variations abound. Some unification is possible by representing the Pareto variables in terms of independent gamma distributed components. Further unification is sometimes possible since some of the frequently used multivariate Pareto models share the same copula. In some cases, inference strategies can be developed to take advantage of the stochastic representations in terms of gamma components.
Prefrontal cortex damage abolishes brand-cued changes in cola preference

Human decision-making is remarkably susceptible to commercial advertising, yet the neurobiological basis of this phenomenon remains largely unexplored. With a series of Coke and Pepsi taste tests we show that patients with damage specifically involving ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC), an area important for emotion, did not demonstrate the normal preference bias when exposed to brand information. Both comparison groups (neurologically normal adults and lesion patients with intact VMPC) preferred Pepsi in a blind taste test, but in subsequent taste tests that featured brand information (‘semi-blind’ taste tests), both comparison groups’ preferences were skewed toward Coke, illustrating the so-called ‘Pepsi paradox’. Like comparison groups, the VMPC patients preferred Pepsi in the blind taste test, but unlike comparison groups, the VMPC patients maintained their Pepsi preference in the semi-blind test. The result that VMPC damage abolishes the ‘Pepsi paradox’ suggests that the VMPC is an important part of the neural substrate for translating commercial images into brand preferences.
Blind adaptive MIMO decision feedback equalization using Givens rotations

An adaptive method is proposed for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) decision feedback equalization (DFE) in the absence of channel knowledge at the receiver and without requiring a training sequence. The zero-forcing (ZF) DFE is shown to consist of an orthogonal matrix (feedforward section) and an upper triangular matrix (feedback section). The feedforward matrix is expressed as the multiplication of Givens rotations terms, where each term is characterized by a rotation angle. An adaptive algorithm is presented for the blind determination of the unknown angles and of the elements of the feedback matrix. The adaptation criteria are decorrelation conditions. Simulation results are included demonstrating the performance of the method.
Chains of Rings with Local Formal Fibers

Let (T, M) be a complete local domain containing the integers. Let p 1 ⊆ p 2 ⊆ ··· ⊆ p n be a chain of nonmaximal prime ideals of T such that T p n is a regular local ring. We construct a chain of excellent local domains A n ⊆ A n−1 ⊆ ··· ⊆ A 1 such that for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n, the completion of A i is T, the generic formal fiber of A i is local with maximal ideal p i , and if I is a nonzero ideal of A i then A i /I is complete. We then show that if Q is a nonmaximal prime ideal of T and 1 ≤ h = ht T Q, then there is a chain of excellent local domains B 0 ⊆ B 1 ⊆ ··· ⊆ B h ⊆ T such that for every i = 0, 1, 2,…, h we have ht(Q ∩ B i ) = i, the completion of B i is isomorphic to T[[X 1, X 2,…, X i ]] where the X j 's are indeterminants, and the formal fiber of Q ∩ B i is local.
Clinical importance of increased sensitivity of BacT/Alert FAN aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles.

Two recent multicenter blood culture studies found that BacT/Alert FAN (FAN) bottles (Organon Teknika, Durham, N.C.) had increased yields in detecting bacteremia and fungemia compared with standard BacT/Alert (STD) bottles. Because the clinical importance of this increase in microbial recovery is unknown, we performed a retrospective analysis to determine the frequency with which FAN bottles were the sole means of detecting an episode of bacteremia. There were 1,047 positive blood cultures in which both study bottles were adequately filled and the organism isolated was judged to be the cause of sepsis: 240 (23%) were positive only in FAN bottles and 73 (7%) were positive only in STD bottles. Of a total of 664 episodes of bacteremia, 126 (19%) were identified only by FAN bottles and 43 (7%) were identified only by STD bottles (P < 0.0001). Episodes detected only by FAN bottles more often were recurrent events (23 of 126, or 18%) than episodes detected only by STD bottles (2 of 43, or 5%) (P < 0.05) and more commonly occurred in patients receiving theoretically effective antibiotic therapy (33 of 126 [26%] versus 4 of 43 [9%]) (P < 0.05). The medical records for patients with 127 of these episodes (92 FAN bottles only; 35 STD bottles only) were available for review. More than half of both FAN bottle-only (60 of 92, or 65%) and STD bottle-only (20 of 35, or 57%) episodes were judged to be clinically important. We conclude that FAN bottles improve the detection of bacteremia and that the majority of the additional episodes detected are clinically important. The benefits of the greater yield in specific patient populations must be balanced against the higher costs of FAN bottles.
Trace cache: a low latency approach to high bandwidth instruction fetching

As the issue width of superscalar processors is increased, instruction fetch bandwidth requirements will also increase. It will become necessary to fetch multiple basic blocks per cycle. Conventional instruction caches hinder this effort because long instruction sequences are not always in contiguous cache locations. We propose supplementing the conventional instruction cache with a trace cache. This structure caches traces of the dynamic instruction stream, so instructions that are otherwise noncontiguous appear contiguous. For the Instruction Benchmark Suite (IBS) and SPEC92 integer benchmarks, a 4 kilobyte trace cache improves performance on average by 28% over conventional sequential fetching. Further, it is shown that the trace cache's efficient, low latency approach enables it to outperform more complex mechanisms that work solely out of the instruction cache.
Discrimination of Real and Virtual High-Definition Textured Surfaces

Research on haptic texture perception requires the availability of textured surfaces with high precision and fine resolution. Given the exquisite sensitivity of the human fingers to minute differences in surface details, the textured surfaces need to be precisely defined to a micron level. Real and virtual high-definition textured surfaces were used in the present study of amplitude discrimination of sinusoidal gratings. Similar thresholds were obtained despite the difference in contact modes (fingertip on real textures and a point on virtual textures). The results support the use of high position-resolution force-feedback devices in studying texture perception, especially in situations where the fabrication of real textures is either beyond the resolution of the fabrication process or simply too expensive and time-consuming.
Supply-Side Effects of Disinflation Programs

This paper focuses on the short- and long-run supply-side effects of disinflation programs in a two-sector economy. Fixing the exchange rate reduces the wedge between the return on foreign assets and that on domestic capital, leading to an increase in the latter. After an initial real exchange rate appreciation and increase in the production of nontradables--resulting from a consumption boom--the new capital is gradually installed in the tradable sector. During this transitional period, further real appreciation takes place--as the expansion of the tradable sector pulls labor away from the nontradable sector--together with investment-driven deficits in the current account. We conclude that when appreciation and deficits are due to supply-side rigidities, rather than to credibility and/or price stickiness, no further policies (e.g., capital controls, incomes policies) are advisable.
Creative Aspirations or Pipe Dreams? Toward Understanding Creative Mortification in Children and Adolescents

What experiences influence the development of creativity in children and adolescents? One experience is the mortification of creative aspirations. Creative mortification (CM) refers to the loss of one's willingness to pursue a particular creative aspiration following a negative performance outcome. The purpose of this article is to introduce an empirically testable model of CM. Specifically, the model highlights how CM can result from interpreting a negative performance outcome through the lens of internal attributions, fixed ability beliefs, and the experience of shame. The model further posits that young people's level of aspirational commitment, the feedback they receive, and their sociocultural context can moderate their interpretations and experiences of negative performance outcomes and CM.
Web 2.0: a complex balancing act

Web 2.0 -- A Complex Balancing Act The First Global Study on Web 2.0 Usage, Risks and Best Practices Lorraine Kisselburgh, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Eugene Spafford & Preeti Rao Abstract Defined broadly as consumer social media applications such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, and specialized Enterprise 2.0 solutions, Web 2.0 has become a term surrounded by many debates. In the first global study on Web 2.0 usage, risks, and practices, we surveyed more than 1,000 organizational decision-makers in 17 countries and interviewed experts to develop an in-depth study of emerging policies and practices in how organizations balance the risks and benefits of using Web 2.0 technologies. Our findings show high Web 2.0 adoption: 75% of organizations use Web 2.0 for a variety of business functions, with the main driver being new revenue potential. Yet organizational decision makers continue to debate employee use of Web 2.0-- either in the office or on the road. Security is the leading concern, and one of the main threats is employee use of social media: 33% restrict employee use, 25% monitor use, and 13% block all social media access. Social network sites are regarded as the main security threat, and are blocked by nearly half of the organizations surveyed. Organizations today employ a variety of measures to ensure safe use of Web 2.0: 66% have social media policies, and 71% use technology to enforce those policies. However, 33% of organizations have no social media policy, and 50% lack a policy for mobile Web 2.0. To address these challenges, many organizations have increased security protection since introducing Web 2.0 applications through increased firewall protection (79%), web filtering (58%), and web gateway protection (53%). This study recommends a multi-layer security approach customized for Web 2.0 specific challenges to mitigate adoption risks. Successful organizational use of Web 2.0 is a complex balancing act. It requires analyzing challenges and opportunities while mitigating risks, and combining policy, employee training and technology solutions to ensure security.
Synthesis of oligomers of β-l-arabinofuranosides of (4R)-4-hydroxy-l-proline relevant to the mugwort pollen allergen, Art v 1.

An efficient, convergent solution phase synthesis of monomer, dimer, trimer and tetramer of the β-l-arabinofuranosylated hydroxyproline (β-l-Araf-Hyp) glycocluster is described. This motif constitutes the carbohydrate-specific epitope of Art v 1, the major allergen of mugwort pollen. While a single monomeric unit was proposed at the outset, poor yields for the seemingly trivial steps of end-capping to replace protecting groups with N-terminal acetamides and C-terminal methyl amides led to the introduction of N-terminal, central and C-terminal β-l-Araf-Hyp building blocks. Dimer 2 was obtained in 60% yield by coupling of two monomers, followed by hydrogenolysis of benzyl ether protecting groups. Trimer 3 was obtained in 35% yield via a [2 + 1] coupling and tetramer 4 in 15% yield via a [2 + 2] fragment condensation. Circular dichroism spectra show that monomer 1 displays no organized structure, whereas compounds 2–4 show a strong negative band at 200 nm and a weak positive band at ∼220 mn, as is characteri...
Effect of administration of desiccated thyroid during pregnancy in the albino rat.

Summary and conclusionsThree groups of mature female rats of approximately the same age and weight and from the same colony were placed on the same amount of a standard diet. One group served as thyroid-fed (100 mg. desiccated thyroid), non-pregnant controls; the second group served as non-thyroid fed, pregnant controls; the third group, for about 16 days prior to parturition, received 100 mg. desiccated thyroid daily. The first group lost 24 gm. (av.) of weight in 12 days and the O2 consumption markedly increased; the second group gained 61 gm. of weight during the entire period of pregnancy and the O2 consumption did not change appreciably; the third group gained 47 gm. during the comparable period of 12 days used in the first group, and the O2 consumption was increased, but not to the extent as in the first group. Thus, according to the criteria of body weight and O2 consumption pregnant rats are more tolerant to desiccated thyroid than non-pregnant rats. The mechanism of the increased tolerance remain...
African-American Middle School Girls: Influences on Attitudes toward Computer Science

The number of women in computing is significantly lower than the number of men in the discipline, with African-American women making up an even smaller segment of this population. Related literature accredits this phenomenon to multiple sources, including background, stereotypes, discrimination, a lack of self-confidence, and a lack of self-efficacy. However, a majority of the literature fails to represent African-American females in research studies. The purpose of this study is to understand the factors that influence the attitudes of African-American middle school girls toward computer science. The results reveal that the African-American middle school girls in the sample generally have negative attitudes toward computer science. However, after participating in a computer science intervention, perceptions become more positive due to four factors: engaging in the intervention, the intervention content domain, the facilitation of performance accomplishments, and participant characteristics.
Research on complex electromagnetic environment simulation model based on SNR space

By the analysis of complex electromagnetic environment, the three key technologies, classification of electromagnetic sources, electromagnetic wave visibility and spatial distribution of electromagnetic radiation are studied.A SNR space is defined.The complexity metrics algorithm and standard is established.On the basis, a complex electromagnetic environment simulation model is modeled.In the model, the radiation distribution of the sources is computed and the complexity of electromagnetic environment is provided.The model-based training system is used to support decision-making training in the complex electromagnetic environment.
Leukemia and lymphoma in childhood

The leukemias and lymphomas together account for over 40% of the malignant disorders in childhood. Radiologists who deal with these patients must understand some aspects of the biology, natural history, and clinical manifestations of the disease in order to provide useful imaging consultative services. This article summarizes these issues briefly, gives an overview of the common imaging appearances, and recommends imaging studies to be utilized in the initial staging evaluation of newly presenting patients.
Empirical Determination of Optimal Parameters for Sodium Double-Edge Magneto-Optic Filters

A method is proposed for determining the optimal temperature and magnetic field strength used to condition a sodium vapor cell for use in a sodium Double-Edge Magneto-Optic Filter (Na-DEMOF). The desirable characteristics of these filters are first defined and then analyzed over a range of temperatures and magnetic field strengths, using an IDL Faraday filter simulation adapted for the Na-DEMOF. This simulation is then compared to real behavior of a Na-DEMOF constructed for use with the Chu Research Group’s STAR Na Doppler resonance-fluorescence lidar for lower atmospheric observations.
Cloning and functional identification of farnesyl diphosphate synthase from Pinus massoniana Lamb

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is a key isoprenyl diphosphate synthase (IDS), which provides synthetic precursors to the terpenoid metabolic pathway. We isolated and characterized a Pinus massoniana FPPS (PmFPPS) gene which encodes a putative farnesyl diphosphate synthase from P. massoniana Lamb. In silico domain analysis revealed that PmFPPS contained all five conserved IDS domains and was homologous to FPPSs from other plant species. An in vitro enzymatic activity assay resulted in an optimum pH, temperature, and Mg2+ concentration of 7.0–7.5, 25 °C, and 1.2 mM, respectively. To identify the function of PmFPPS in vivo, sense and antisense expression vectors were constructed and transformed into tobacco using a constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus-35S promoter. The overexpression of PmFPPS in transgenic plants had higher squalene contents than the control, and the downregulated transgenic plants had lower squalene contents than the control. These results indicate that PmFPPS performs a regulatory role in triterpene biosynthesis.
SU-F-E-09: Respiratory Signal Prediction Based On Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network Using Adjustable Training Samples

Purpose: Dynamic tracking of moving organs, such as lung and liver tumors, under radiation therapy requires prediction of organ motions prior to delivery. The shift of moving organ may change a lot due to huge transform of respiration at different periods. This study aims to reduce the influence of that changes using adjustable training signals and multi-layer perceptron neural network (ASMLP). Methods: Respiratory signals obtained using a Real-time Position Management(RPM) device were used for this study. The ASMLP uses two multi-layer perceptron neural networks(MLPs) to infer respiration position alternately and the training sample will be updated with time. Firstly, a Savitzky-Golay finite impulse response smoothing filter was established to smooth the respiratory signal. Secondly, two same MLPs were developed to estimate respiratory position from its previous positions separately. Weights and thresholds were updated to minimize network errors according to Leverberg-Marquart optimization algorithm through backward propagation method. Finally, MLP 1 was used to predict 120∼150s respiration position using 0∼120s training signals. At the same time, MLP 2 was trained using 30∼150s training signals. Then MLP is used to predict 150∼180s training signals according to 30∼150s training signals. The respiration position is predicted as this way until it was finished. Results: In this experiment, the two methods were used to predict 2.5 minute respiratory signals. For predicting 1s ahead of response time, correlation coefficient was improved from 0.8250(MLP method) to 0.8856(ASMLP method). Besides, a 30% improvement of mean absolute error between MLP(0.1798 on average) and ASMLP(0.1267 on average) was achieved. For predicting 2s ahead of response time, correlation coefficient was improved from 0.61415 to 0.7098.Mean absolute error of MLP method(0.3111 on average) was reduced by 35% using ASMLP method(0.2020 on average). Conclusion: The preliminary results demonstrate that the ASMLP respiratory prediction method is more accurate than MLP method and can improve the respiration forecast accuracy.
A Change of Heart: the New Era of Heart Failure Management

This review provides in-depth insight into the recently published literature surrounding two new heart failure therapies, sacubitril/valsartan and ivabradine. Significant literature has emerged in the last few years supporting the use of both sacubitril/valsartan and ivabradine in patients with chronic heart failure. Both agents were recently approved and included in the 2016 American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and Heart Failure Society of America (ACC/AHA/HFSA) Focused Update on New Pharmacological Therapy for Heart Failure. Sacubitril/valsartan was found to significantly reduce cardiovascular and all-cause mortality with an acceptable safety profile in those with reduced ejection fraction. Ongoing trials are evaluating sacubitril/valsartan’s role in the management of patients with preserved ejection fraction, but phase II trials have provided promising results. Ivabradine was found to have a potential role in patients with heart rates ≥70 bpm, despite receiving maximized beta blocker therapy. This recent literature provides support for a shift towards a new era in the management of the heart failure patient.
Lockable Obfuscation

In this paper we introduce the notion of lockable obfuscation. In a lockable obfuscation scheme there exists an obfuscation algorithm Obf that takes as input a security parameter, a program P, a message msg and lock value lck and outputs an obfuscated program oP. One can evaluate the obfuscated program oP on any input x where the output of evaluation is the message msg if P(x) = lck and otherwise receives a rejecting symbol.We proceed to provide a construction of lockable obfuscation and prove it secure under the Learning with Errors (LWE) assumption. Notably, our proof only requires LWE with polynomial hardness and does not require complexity leveraging.We follow this by describing multiple applications of lockable obfuscation. First, we show how to transform any attribute-based encryption (ABE) scheme into one in which the attributes used to encrypt the message are hidden from any user that is not authorized to decrypt the message. (Such a system is also know as predicate encryption with one-sided security.) The only previous construction due to Gorbunov, Vaikuntanathan and Wee is based off of a specific ABE scheme of Boneh. By enabling the transformation of any ABE scheme we can inherent different forms and features of the underlying scheme such as: multi-authority, adaptive security from polynomial hardness, regular language policies, etc.We also show applications of lockable obfuscation to separation and uninstantiability results. We first show how to create new separation results in circular encryption that were previously based on indistinguishability obfuscation. This results in new separation results from learning with error including a public key bit encryption scheme that it IND-CPA secure and not circular secure. The tool of lockable obfuscation allows these constructions to be almost immediately realized by translation from previous indistinguishability obfuscation based constructions.In a similar vein we provide random oracle uninstantiability results of the Fujisaki-Okamoto transformation (and related transformations) from the lockable obfuscation combined with fully homomorphic encryption. Again, we take advantage that previous work used indistinguishability obfuscation that obfuscated programs in a form that could easily be translated to lockable obfuscation.
High throughput multiple device diagnosis system

Volume Diagnosis is a proven methodology to significantly improve the yield enhancement rates. One of the key factors of success to this methodology is being able to perform diagnosis on hundreds to thousands of failing dies using a limited amount of computational resource in a tractable time. This paper presents a new Multiple Device Diagnosis (MDD) system to significantly improve the throughput of volume diagnosis by performing logic diagnosis on a group of failing devices. Experiments conducted on large industrial designs with randomly selected groups of failing devices demonstrated up to 12X increase in speed-up with the proposed system.
The promise of remote sensing in the atmospheric sciences

The applications and advances in remote sensing technology for weather prediction, mesoscale meteorology, severe storms, and climate studies are discussed. Doppler radar permits tracking of the three-dimensional field of motion within storms, thereby increasing the accuracy of convective storm modeling. Single Doppler units are also employed for detecting mesoscale storm vortices and tornado vortex signatures with lead times of 30 min. Clear air radar in pulsed and high resolution FM-CW forms reveals boundary layer convection, Kelvin-Helmoltz waves, shear layer turbulence, and wave motions. Lidar is successfully employed for stratospheric aerosol measurements, while Doppler lidar provides data on winds from the ground and can be based in space. Sodar is useful for determining the structure of the PBL. Details and techniques of satellite-based remote sensing are presented, and results from the GWE and FGGE experiments are discussed.
Digital Forensic Analysis of Instant Messaging Applications on Android Smartphones

In this paper, we discuss the digital forensic procedure and techniques for analyzing the local artifacts from four popular Instant Messaging applications in Android. As part of our findings, the user chat messages details and contacts were investigated for each application. By using two smartphones with different brands and the latest Android operating systems as experimental objects, we conducted digital investigations in a forensically sound manner. We summarize our findings regarding the different Instant Messaging chat modes and the corresponding encryption status of artifacts for each of the four applications. Our findings can be helpful to many mobile forensic investigations. Additionally, these findings may present values to Android system developers, Android mobile app developers, mobile security researchers as well as mobile users.
Mistake-Proofing and Measurement Control Charts

Shigeo Shingo criticizes statistical process control (SPC) and recommends using mistake-proofing (poka-yoke) devices instead for controlling processes. In this article, the authors demonstrate that Shingo's process control techniques - self-checks and s..
Are there Valid Surrogate Endpoints for Mortality that can be Used to Evaluate the Effects of Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy

A beneficial effect or an adverse effect of drug therapy on death is difficult to assess in patients with cardiovascular diseases because the death rate is moderate (<10% per year) in most patient groups that are the target of treatment assessment. Since the death rate is modest, studies must be large, long-lasting, and expensive if they are to establish either benefit or harm of a drug in terms of mortality. The realization that the answer to questions about a drug’s effect on mortality will be slow in coming and expensive to get naturally raises the issue of surrogate endpoints that may provide reasonable predictions of mortality effects at less effort and cost than full-scale controlled, randomized clinical trials with mortality as an end point. This discussion will focus on the question: what surrogate endpoints are valid and sufficient to establish benefit of an antiarrhythmic drug on mortality.
Gravity measurements at sea, 1948 And 1949

The long-range program of gravity measurements at sea has been continued on board United States Navy submarines. Improvements in the Vening Meinesz apparatus have included improved pendulum lifts, self-aligning gimbal bearings, electric motor drive of photographic paper, and 100 eclipse markings per second on the pendulum records. During 1948 and 1949, gravity observations were made as follows: 180 on U.S.S. Argonaut in the Bahama Island area, 118 on U.S.S. Medregal along the east coast of the United States between Key West and Cape Hatter, 260 on U.S.S. Capitaine on a route from San Diego, California, to Brisbane, Australia, to Japan, to Hawaii, 103 on U.S.S. Bergall between Hawaii, Australia, and Guam, 72 on U.S S. Chopper along the west coast of Mexico, and 142 on U.S.S. Baya along the west coast of Canada, south coast of Alaska, across the Aleutian Islands chain, and in the Bering and Chukchee Seas.
Deep-Convolution-Based LSTM Network for Remaining Useful Life Prediction

Accurate prediction of remaining useful life (RUL) has been a critical and challenging problem in the field of prognostics and health management (PHM), which aims to make decisions on which component needs to be replaced when. In this article, a novel deep neural network named convolution-based long short-term memory (CLSTM) network is proposed to predict the RUL of rotating machineries mining the in situ vibration data. Different from previous research that simply connects a convolutional neural network (CNN) to a long short-term memory (LSTM) network serially, the proposed network conducts convolutional operation on both the input-to-state and state-to-state transitions of the LSTM, which contains both time–frequency and temporal information of signals, not only preserving the advantages of LSTM, but also incorporating time–frequency features. The convolutional structure in the LSTM has the ability to capture long-term dependencies and extract features from the time–frequency domain at the same time. By stacking the multiple CLSTM layer-by-layer and forming an encoding-forecasting architecture, the deep learning model is established for RUL prediction in this article. Run-to-failure tests on bearings are conducted, and vibration responses are collected. Using the proposed algorithm, RUL is predicted, and as a comparison, the performance from other methods, including deep CNNs and deep LSTM, is evaluated using the same dataset. The comparative study indicates that the proposed CLSTM network outperforms the current deep learning algorithms in URL prediction and system prognosis with respect to better accuracy and computation efficiency.
Biomedical Article Authorship: A Proposal to Enhance the Meaningful Assignment of Authorship

The authorship of articles in biomedical journals has proliferated despite efforts of publishers and editors to require justification of authorship. A proposal is made, herein, to resolve that matter by applying the "one paper: one citation" concept, so as to adhere to the thermodynamic principle of conservation of mass. This proposal provides (i) a means to allow authors to agree on their relative contribution, (ii) an incentive to assign only significant contributors to authorship, and (iii) the appropriate fractional contribution of each author when there are multiple authors. As a result, the sum of citations for any one paper shall be one paper. I believe this proposal the only method suggested, thus far, to make authorship of a biomedical paper authentic.
Heart Snapshot: a broadly validated smartphone measure of VO2max for collection of real world data

Expanding access to precision medicine will increasingly require that patient biometrics can be measured in remote care settings. VO2max, the maximum volume of oxygen usable during intense exercise, is one of the most predictive biometric risk factors for cardiovascular disease, frailty, and overall mortality. However, VO2max measurements are rarely performed in clinical care or large-scale epidemiologic studies due to the high cost, participant burden, and need for specialized laboratory equipment and staff. To overcome these barriers, we developed two smartphone sensor-based protocols for estimating VO2max: a generalization of a 12-minute run test (12-MRT) and a submaximal 3-minute step test (3-MST). In laboratory settings, Lins concordance for these two tests relative to gold standard VO2max testing was pc=0.66 for 12-MRT and pc=0.61 for 3-MST. Relative to silver standards (Cooper/Tecumseh protocols), concordance was pc=0.96 and pc=0.94, respectively. However, in remote settings, 12-MRT was significantly less concordant with gold standard (pc=0.25) compared to 3-MST (pc=0.61), though both had high test-retest reliability (ICC=0.88 and 0.86, respectively). These results demonstrate the importance of real-world evidence for validation of digital health measurements. In order to validate 3-MST in a broadly representative population in accordance with the All of Us Research Program for which this measurement was developed, the camera-based heart rate measurement was investigated for potential bias. No systematic measurement error was observed that corresponded to skin pigmentation level, operating system, or cost of the phone used. The smartphone-based 3-MST protocol, here termed Heart Snapshot, maintained fidelity across demographic variation in age and sex, across diverse skin pigmentation, and between iOS and Android implementations of various smartphone models. The source code for these smartphone measurements, along with the data used to validate them,6 are openly available to the research community.
CD59-deficient bone marrow erythroid cells from rats treated with procarbazine and propyl-nitrosourea have mutations in the Pig-a gene

Procarbazine (PCZ) and N-propyl-N-nitrosourea (PNU) are rodent mutagens and carcinogens. Both induce GPI-anchored marker-deficient mutant-phenotype red blood cells (RBCs) in the flow cytometry-based rat RBC Pig-a assay. In the present study, we traced the origin of the RBC mutant phenotype by analyzing Pig-a mutations in the precursors of RBCs, bone marrow erythroid cells (BMEs). Rats were exposed to a total of 450 mg/kg PCZ hydrochloride or 300 mg/kg PNU, and bone marrow was collected 2, 7, and 10 weeks later. Using a flow cell sorter, we isolated CD59-deficient mutant-phenotype BMEs from PCZ- and PNU-treated rats and examined their endogenous X-linked Pig-a gene by next generation sequencing. Pig-a mutations consistent with the properties of PCZ and PNU were found in sorted mutant-phenotype BMEs. PCZ induced mainly A > T transversions with the mutated A on the nontranscribed strand of the Pig-a gene, while PNU induced mainly T > A transversions with the mutated T on the nontranscribed strand. The treatment-induced mutations were distributed across the protein coding sequence of the Pig-a gene. The causal relationship between BMEs and RBCs and the agent-specific mutational spectra in CD59-deicient BMEs indicate that the rat RBC Pig-a assay, scoring CD59-deficient mutant-phenotype RBCs in peripheral blood, detects Pig-a gene mutation.
Race, Ethnicity, Family Socioeconomic Status, and Children's Hippocampus Volume.

Introduction: The hippocampus has a significant role in memory, learning, and cognition. Although hippocampal size is highly susceptible to family socioeconomic status (SES) and associated stress, very little is known on racial and ethnic group differences in the effects of SES indicators on hippocampus volume among American children. Purpose: This study explored the multiplicative effects of race, ethnicity, and family SES on hippocampus volume among American children. Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD), we analyzed the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of 9390 9-10 years old children. The main outcome was hippocampus volume. The predictor was parental education. Subjective family SES was the independent variable. Age, sex, and marital status were the covariates. Racial and ethnic group membership were the moderators. To analyze the data, we used regression models. Results: High subjective family SES was associated with larger hippocampus volume. This effect was significantly larger for Whites than Black families. Conclusions: The effect of subjective family SES on children’s hippocampus volume is weaker in Black than White families.
Sirolimus Treatment in Sturge-Weber Syndrome

Abstract Background Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare neurovascular disorder associated with capillary malformation, seizures, cognitive impairments, and stroke-like episodes (SLEs), arising from a somatic activating mutation in GNAQ. Studies suggest this mutation may cause hyperactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Sirolimus is an mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor studied in other vascular anomalies and a potentially promising therapy in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Methods Ten patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome brain involvement and cognitive impairments were enrolled. Oral sirolimus was taken for six months (maximum dose: 2 mg/day, target trough level: 4-6 ng/mL). Neuropsychological testing, electroencephalography, and port-wine score were performed at baseline and after six months on sirolimus. Neuroquality of life, adverse events, and Sturge-Weber Syndrome Neurological Score (neuroscore) were recorded at each visit. Results Sirolimus was generally well tolerated; one subject withdrew early. Adverse events considered related to sirolimus were mostly (15/16) grade 1. A significant increase in processing speed was seen in the overall group (P = 0.031); five of nine patients with available data demonstrated statistically rare improvement in processing speed. Improvements were seen in the neuroquality of life subscales measuring anger (P = 0.011), cognitive function (P = 0.015), and depression (P = 0.046). Three subjects experiencing SLEs before and during the study reported shortened recovery times while on sirolimus. Conclusions Sirolimus was well tolerated in individuals with Sturge-Weber syndrome and may be beneficial for cognitive impairments, especially in patients with impaired processing speed or a history of SLE. A future, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sirolimus in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome is needed to further understand these potentially beneficial effects.
Effects of Hardness on the Sensitivity and Load Capacity of 3D Printed Sensors

One recent success of additive manufacturing (AM; also known as 3D printing) technologies is a 3D printed pressure-sensitive sensor (i.e. tactile sensor) with a greater degree of design complexity and multi-material components. Although 3D printed pressure sensors have been realized, there still exists a topic of extensive ongoing research. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hardness of the 3D printed sensors on characteristics such as the sensitivity and load capacity of the sensors. The ultimate goal of this work is to provide guidelines for selecting hardness for 3D printed sensors used in different sensor applications (i.e., soft and highly sensitive humanoid hands vs. less soft and less sensitive industrial robotic hands). A multi-material direct-print photopolymerization (DPP) process was used to produce an entire sensor that consists of insulating layers, electrode layers, and a pressure-sensitive layer. Soft and rigid photopolymers were blended to achieve six different hardness levels such as Shore A of 50, 60, 70, 85, 95 and 98. A carbon nanotube/polymer composite was used to create the electrodes, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate as an ionic liquid was used with a photopolymer for the pressure-sensitive layer. Sensors of different hardness were tested by applying varying loads using a force gauge, and sensor signals were collected. Soft sensors with Shore A hardness of 50, 60 and 70 showed reliable outputs, where the softer sensor provided better sensitivity and smaller errors but lower load capacity. Sensors with Shore A of 85, 95 and 98 did not show reliable outputs, where the harder insulating layer did not allow the force gauge to press into the sensor, instead causing the gauge to slip over the surface. These findings could be useful for designing customized sensors for applications with different load conditions.
Effects of dezocine on PAED scale and Ramsay sedation scores in patients undergoing NUSS procedure.

Objective To investigate the effects of dezocine on pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) and Ramsay sedation scores in patients undergoing Nuss procedures (minimally invasive surgery for repairing pectus excavatum). Methods Altogether, 100 patients with pectus excavatum who underwent Nuss procedures in our hospital were selected and randomly divided into group A (n=50) and group B (n=50). General anesthesia was carried out for each patient, with an anaesthetic of sufentanil for group A, and dezocine plus sufentanil for group B. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Ramsay sedation score were recorded at extubation (T0), 10 min after extubation (T1), 20 min after extubation (T2), 30 min after extubation (T3) and 60 min after extubation (T4) for assessment of pain intensity and sedative effect; PAED scale score was applied to observe the emergence delirium at awakening, 15 min after awakening and 30 min after awakening. Quality of recovery-15 (QoR-15) scale score was used to evaluate the quality of early rehabilitation 1 d after operation and 2 d after operation. The occurrence of adverse reactions was recorded. Results The VAS scores at T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 in group B were lower than those in group A, and there was statistical significance between group A and group B (P 0.05). Ramsay sedation scores were increased at T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 in group B in comparison to that in group A (all P 0.05). Compared with group A, PAED scores in group B were downregulated at each time point after wakening up (all P 0.05). Conclusion Sufentanil combined with dezocine is efficacious in general analgesia and sedation, which can reduce emergence agitation, improves the quality of rehabilitation and is relatively safe for patients undergoing minimally invasive repairing of pectus excavatum.
Maximum Temporal Baseline for InSAR Time Series

InSAR time series analysis is a technique for observing changes in range or phase of a radar resolution element from a sequence of radar acquisitions. General methods of retrieving temporal signals, such as small baseline subset analysis (SBAS) [1], allow for redundant measurement in order to reduce statistical variations from system noises. Recent work using significant redundancy shows that spatial and temporal aliasing leads to additional errors in measurement [2]. Here we show that it is necessary to optimally balance the amount of redundancy with he amount of aliasing to obtain the highest quality estimates of deformation, and further that a spatially variable level of averaging interferograms is needed for many analyses. Development of a practical algorithm remains before we are operationally able to fully exploit the capabilities of an InSAR system.
Spatial optical solitons

The possibility of self-trapping of optical beams due to an intensity-dependent refractive index was recognized in the early days of nonlinear optics. However, it was soon realized that in a three-dimensional medium, in which light diffracts in two transverse dimensions, self-trapping is not stable and leads to catastrophic collapse and filamentation. Stable self-trapping was then found to be feasible in two-dimensional media, in which the optical beam diffracts only in one transverse direction. Subsequently, the connection between self-trapping and soliton theory, and a complete analogy between spatial and temporal solitons were established. Whereas the formation of temporal solitons requires a balance between dispersion and nonlinear phase modulation, spatial solitons owe their existence to the balancing of diffraction with wavefront curvature induced by the nonlinear refractive index profile of the propagation medium. To observe a spatial soliton one must limit diffraction to one transverse direction, which can be achieved in a planar optical waveguide. The first experiments of this type were conducted using a multimode liquid waveguide (CS 2 confined between a pair of glass slides). Formation of spatial optical solitons in single-mode planar glass waveguides was reported shortly afterwards. Kerr nonlinearity The simplest nonlinearity capable of producing self-trapping (leading to soliton formation in a planar waveguide) is a Kerr nonlinearity, obtained when the refractive index of the medium has an intensity-dependent term of the formwhere I = | E | 2 is the electric field intensity of the optical beam.