cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated test trajectory for hybrid systems

This paper contains the first steps toward the development of an automated test-input generation algorithm-inspired by test input generators for software systems-for human-in-the-loop embedded systems such as automotive and avionic system as well as an increasing number of smaller consumer devices. The idea is to create an algorithm whose inputs are: a model of the control system being tested, along with initial conditions; and the specification which it is being tested against. The output of the algorithm is a set of open loop test input functions which represent a minimal set of test scenarios required to determine with within some confidence interval if the system meets the specification. The primary motivation behind developing such a method is to avoid the time, expense and inconclusiveness of trial an error testing by using automated rigorous tools to guide the design process. The notion of a test generator and test adequacy criteria, defined for software testing, are formalized for control systems in terms of the maximum principle. A numerical optimal control based technique is presented.
Postscript: Comparative Reseach and the 'New World Order'

I SHOULD STATE at the outset that I am not a specialist on either Canada or Australia and most of what little I know about their respective labour histories I learned from reading this volume. I do have an interest in historical comparisons, however, and like the contributors to this volume I have engaged in comparison of the labour histories of former European colonies which share a common cultural and institutional legacy inherited from a single imperial power. My work has focused on Spanish America and has included comparative study of the labour movement of the one country in that region, Argentina, whose history has occasionally been the subject of formal comparisons with Canada and Australia. In this short postscript I first try to describe in very broad outline what I, as a non-specialist, take away from the reading of this detailed comparison of Australian and Canadian labour history. I then comment briefly on what my own experience with Latin American material might contribute to thinking about the Australian and Canadian comparison presented here. I end with a short statement that re-emphasizes the virtues of comparative research, especially among historians, and stresses the timeliness and utility of the comparative method adopted by the team of researchers who brought this study to completion. The aim of this postscript, in short, is to present one view of the accomplishments of the volume and to suggest some of the many ways this comparative project in particular, and comparative labour history more generally, might proceed in the future.
Immunosignatures can predict vaccine efficacy

The development of new vaccines would be greatly facilitated by having effective methods to predict vaccine performance. Such methods could also be helpful in monitoring individual vaccine responses to existing vaccines. We have developed “immunosignaturing” as a simple, comprehensive, chip-based method to display the antibody diversity in an individual on peptide arrays. Here we examined whether this technology could be used to develop correlates for predicting vaccine effectiveness. By using a mouse influenza infection, we show that the immunosignaturing of a natural infection can be used to discriminate a protective from nonprotective vaccine. Further, we demonstrate that an immunosignature can determine which mice receiving the same vaccine will survive. Finally, we show that the peptides comprising the correlate signatures of protection can be used to identify possible epitopes in the influenza virus proteome that are correlates of protection.
Homologous regulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene is partially mediated by protein kinase C activation of an activator protein-1 element.

Homologous regulation of GnRH receptor (GnRHR) gene expression is an established mechanism for controlling the sensitivity of gonadotropes to GnRH. We have found that expression of the GnRHR gene in the gonadotrope-derived alpha T3-1 cell line is mediated by a tripartite enhancer that includes a consensus activator protein-1 (AP-1) element, a binding site for SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1), and an element we have termed GRAS (GnRHR-activating sequence). Further, in transgenic mice, approximately 1900 b.p. of the murine GnRHR gene promoter are sufficient for tissue-specific expression and GnRH responsiveness. The present studies were designed to further delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying GnRH regulation of GnRHR gene expression. Vectors containing 600 bp of the murine GnRHR gene promoter linked to luciferase (LUC) were transiently transfected into alpha T3-1 cells and exposed to treatments for 4 or 6 h. A GnRH-induced, dose-dependent increase in LUC expression of the -600 promoter was observed with maximal induction of LUC noted at 100 nM GnRH. We next tested the ability of GnRH to stimulate expression of vectors containing mutations in each of the components of the tripartite enhancer. GnRH responsiveness was lost in vectors containing mutations in AP-1. Gel mobility shift data revealed binding of fos/jun family members to the AP-1 element of the murine GnRHR promoter. Treatment with GnRH or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) (100 nM), but not forskolin (10 microM), increased LUC expression, which was blocked by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, GF109203X (100 nM), and PKC down-regulation (10 nM PMA for 20 h). In addition, a specific MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor, PD98059 (60 microM), reduced the GnRH and PMA responses whereas the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel agonist, +/- BayK 8644 (5 microM), and antagonist, nimodipine (250 nM), had no effect on GnRH responsiveness. Furthermore, treatment of alpha T3-1 cells with 100 nM GnRH stimulated phosphorylation of both p42 and p44 forms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which was completely blocked with 60 microM PD98059. We suggest that GnRH regulation of the GnRHR gene is partially mediated by an ERK-dependent activation of a canonical AP-1 site located in the proximal promoter of the GnRHR gene.
Awide range timing circuit with two independent controls

The timer described in this note is an example of how a small increase in engineering complexity can lead to a marked increase in user convenience and overall system accuracy.
A direct approximation method for parameter estimation in partial differential equations

Abstract We investigate a general method for estimating numerical values for the parameters which occur in certain partial differential equations. The method uses direct approximations of the solution and selects parameters to match the differential equation. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the technique and compare it with initial-boundary value methods.
Penicillin-induced epileptogenic foci. I. Time course and the anticonvulsant effects of diphenylhydantoin and diazepam.

Abstract Epileptogenic foci were induced in acute cat preparations following the intracortical injection of various doses of sodium penicillin G. The onset and time course of the EEG afterdischarges resulting from the injection were not significantly changed when the amount of penicillin was varied from 15,000 to 60,000 units. The time course of the electrical afterdischarges reflected an increase in frequency and duration for up to 2.5 hr after induction of the focus, but then progressively decreased with time. These findings were utilized in the design of experiments to evaluate various doses of diphenylhydantoin (7.5, 15.0, 30.0 mg kg ) and diazepam (0.5 and 1.0 mg kg ) as anticonvulsants in this animal model of epilepsy. These compounds exerted anticonvulsant effects which were dose related and of short duration, generally less than 1 hr. The results suggest that the evaluation of new drugs for their potential anticonvulsant effects must include careful attention to details of the time course of abnormal activity and to the timing of drug administration when using this animal model of epilepsy.
Lithium carbonate and granulocyte production: dose optimization.

To determine the optimal dose of lithium for inducing granulocytosis, the authors administered lithium carbonate to normal volunteers at five dose levels. The authors performed assessments of circulating and marginated blood pools of granulocytes and of marrow reserve granulocytes to confirm that the early granulocytosis following lithium administration is due to increased granulocyte production rather than redistribution. At 300 mg/day and 600 mg/day, lithium had no significant effect on granulocyte production. Doses of 900, 1200, and 1500 mg/day, corresponding to lithium levels of 0.55 to 1.50 mEq/liter, were associated with increased granulocyte production. Within this therapeutic range, no correlation between lithium level and granulocyte production was demonstrated. This study suggests that any lithium dose which achieves a lithium level of greater than 0.55 mEq/liter, i.e., doses greater than or equal to 900 mg/day, is adequate to induce granulocytosis. While lithium did not increase platelet production, doses of 900 mg/day to 1500 mg/day were associated with decreased bleeding times.
In situ characterization of micron-scale particles by nuclear microscopy

Abstract Nuclear microscopy is well suited for analyzing large particle populations as well as individual particles of interest in various types of collection samples. Unlike some commonly used in situ techniques, nuclear microscopy can quantitatively characterize particles embedded within the sample or particles that are too small to be reliably removed from their collection media. Additional advantages include its capability for the detection of minor and trace elements, its capability to simultaneously analyze multiple elements with little or no prior sample preparation, and its potential for automated analyses. Preliminary data are presented of particle size and composition measurements conducted on air filters. The potential of applying nuclear microscopy to the cataloging of micron-scale cometary remnants captured in low density aerogel collectors is also explored. Because of its importance to a variety of collection programs, an innovative high-throughput ion beam imaging and analysis system is being jointly developed by Sandia and Lawrence Livermore national laboratories for rapid quantitative particle characterization.
Polypeptides of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. I. Synthesis and processing of the gag-gene products

Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), the prototype D-type retrovirus, differs from the mammalian C-type retroviruses by preassembling core structures in the cytoplasm of infected cells during morphogenesis. Studies that define the protein composition of M-PMV virions and identify two gag-related polyprotein precursors in M-PMV infected cells are reported. The polyprotein precursor to the internal structural (gag) proteins of M-PMV was identified by immunoprecipitation from lysates of pulse-labeled, virus-infected cells with an antiserum to the major structural protein, p27. Tryptic peptide-mapping experiments have shown that this precursor (Pr78) is cleaved to yield five virion structural polypeptides--p27, pp16, p14, p12, and p10. The pp16 polypeptide represents an additional gag-gene encoded polypeptide, not described previously; it is a phosphoprotein and present in virions in a number of forms. A second gag-related polyprotein precursor, P95, is also present in infected cells although in smaller amounts. This nonglycosylated polypeptide contains all of the leucine-containing tryptic peptides of Pr78 plus three others. Studies of the rate of synthesis and half-life of this protein argue against it being the major gag-gene precursor polypeptide. The possibility that it represents a precursor to the viral protease is discussed.
Molecular targets for altering radiosensitivity : Lessons from Ras as a pre-clinical and clinical model

Ras activation has been correlated with malignant and metastatic cancer phenotypes and poor prognosis for cancer patients. In the preclinical setting, Ras activation by mutation or EGFR amplification results in increased clonogenic cell survival and decreased tumor growth delay following irradiation. Activation of the Ras pathway has also been associated with increased risk of local failure and decreased overall survival in patients receiving radiotherapy. Prenyltransferase inhibitors target the post-translational processing of Ras and have been shown to increase the radiosensitivity of human cancer cell lines. In the clinical setting, these inhibitors have been used with concurrent radiotherapy in a small number of phase I clinical trials with acceptable toxicity. Therefore, inhibiting Ras activation represents a promising molecular approach for radiosensitization in cancer therapy.
Printing Unrealistic Expectations: A Closer Look at Newspaper Representations of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing

Background: Informed consent is one of the major ethical issues raised in conversations about prenatal genetic testing, and understanding of the risks and benefits is a key component of informed consent. Because newspapers help translate complex scientific developments into understandable, practical insights, they can influence understanding of prenatal genetic testing outside of the clinical encounter. We assess the extent to which newspaper articles address concerns about accurately portraying cell-free fetal DNA testing and discuss how they create what we consider to be unrealistic expectations about this methodology. Methods: LexisNexis Academic was searched for United States-based newspapers to identify articles including discussion about cell-free fetal DNA testing for Down syndrome. This broad search yielded 447 articles. Two independent coders reviewed these articles for adherence to a specific set of inclusion criteria, and discrepancies were reconciled through consensus. Articles meeting the inc...
Experiments with a Large Heterogeneous Mobile Robot Team: Exploration, Mapping, Deployment and Detection

We describe the design and experimental validation of a large heterogeneous mobile robot team built for the DARPA Software for Distributed Robotics (SDR) program. The core challenge for the SDR program was to develop a multi-robot system capable of carrying out a specific mission: to deploy a large number of robots into an unexplored building, map the building interior, detect and track intruders, and transmit all of the above information to a remote operator. To satisfy these requirements, we developed a heterogeneous robot team consisting of approximately 80 robots. We sketch the key technical elements of this team, focusing on the novel aspects, and present selected results from supervised experiments conducted in a 600 m 2 indoor environment.
A Survey of Data Recording Procedures at New York City Emergency Departments.

The New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) routinely collects daily emergency department (ED) data from 49 of NYC‚A∞√o¬™s 52 EDs. Very little information regarding ED-specific coding practices, procedures or health information systems was available to the DOHMH. With the goal of gaining more inforamtion about ED-specific coding practices, members of the DOHMH interviewed ED personnel at all 49 EDs. The information from these surveys is to be used to improve the DOHMH‚A∞√o¬™s ability to categorize ED visits into syndrome groupings.
Self-assembly patterning for sub-15nm half-pitch: a transition from lab to fab

Directed self-assembly is an emerging technology that to-date has been primarily driven by research efforts in university and corporate laboratory environments. Through these environments, we have seen many promising demonstrations of forming self-assembled structures with small half pitch (<15 nm), registration control, and various device-oriented shapes. Now, the attention turns to integrating these capabilities into a 300mm pilot fab, which can study directed selfassembly in the context of a semiconductor fabrication environment and equipment set. The primary aim of this study is to create a 300mm baseline process of record using a 12nm half-pitch PS-b-PMMA lamellae block copolymer in order to establish an initial measurement of the defect density due to inherent polymer phase separation defects such as dislocations and disclinations.
Secondary production of introduced Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, in a central Arizona canal

Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, is often a serious pest where introduced and established outside its native range. This includes many canals of the southwestern U.S.A. Because of its potential role in organic matter processing, nutrient dynamics, and sedimentation, the clam is an important component of the benthic community and of the aquatic ecosystems which it inhabits. To better understand the ecology of Corbicula in canals, secondary production and life history of an introduced population of clams in a small, earthen canal in the Phoenix metropolitan area, central Arizona, were studied over a 12-month period in 1981–1982. Clams had a monthly mean density of 2 255 m−2, single annual spawning, 2 year life span, and overlapping cohorts. Annual secondary production (size-frequency method) was 25.62 g DM m−2 and cohort production (composite Allen curve) was 29.32 g DM m−2, with turnover ratios of 2.70 and 5.81, respectively. These are among the highest known single-species estimates for molluscs, and illustrate the importance of clams in these unique southwestern aquatic systems.
Metallurgical Failure Modes of Wire Bonds

Various metallurgical failure modes of gold and aluminum wire bonds are described. Examples are taken from both low and high power devices. Whenever possible, known methods of avoiding these failure modes are given. Wire bond failure modes can be divided into two categories. The first is comprised of those failure modes that are caused by poorly controlled or poorly designed manufacturing processes that result in lower product yield or higher per unit bonding cost, as well as those processes that predispose the device to early field failure. The second category is comprised of the failure modes of adequately made bonds that are caused to fail by environmental stresses during the operating life of the device. The most frequent causes of failures are discussed in detail. These include non-optimized bonding schedules, cracks in the heels of ultrasonic bonds, intermetallic formation, poor metallization, and inadequate glassivation removal. Assuming that the package is hermetic, or for plastic devices that humidity and other corrosion producers are not present, then the primary wire bond failure modes in the second category result from environmental temperature exposure and the number of power or thermal cycles experienced by the device during operation. Both of these can induce intermetallic formation. The latter can cause metallurgical flexure-fatigue at the bond heel or in the wire.
A unified approach to building hybrid recommender systems

Content-based recommendation systems can provide recommendations for "cold-start" items for which little or no training data is available, but typically have lower accuracy than collaborative filtering systems. Conversely, collaborative filtering techniques often provide accurate recommendations, but fail on cold start items. Hybrid schemes attempt to combine these different kinds of information to yield better recommendations across the board.We describe unified Boltzmann machines, which are probabilistic models that combine collaborative and content information in a coherent manner. They encode collaborative and content information as features, and then learn weights that reflect how well each feature predicts user actions. In doing so, information of different types is automatically weighted, without the need for careful engineering of features or for post-hoc hybridization of distinct recommender systems.We present empirical results in the movie and shopping domains showing that unified Boltzmann machines can be used to combine content and collaborative information to yield results that are competitive with collaborative techniques in recommending items that have been seen before, and also effective at recommending cold-start items.
Maspin increases extracellular plasminogen activator activity associated with corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts

Abstract Maspin, an inhibitor of cell migration and a stimulator of adhesion of cells to the ECM, is synthesized and released by corneal keratocytes into the extracellular matrix. When the cornea is wounded, the quiescent stromal keratocytes underlying the wound undergo apoptosis and cells adjacent to this apoptotic area convert to fibroblasts or myofibroblasts. This study explores the effect of extracellular maspin on the plasminogen–plasminogen activator system of corneal stromal cells following wounding. Treatment of corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts with r-maspin increased extracellular but not cell-associated tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPA) or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Despite the extracellular increase in PAI-1, the net effect of maspin treatment was an increase in plasminogen activation. At physiological levels, maspin did not alter uPA or tPA mRNA levels, in these cells. The increase in pro and active uPA was due to decreased clearance in the presence of maspin for myofibroblasts but not for fibroblasts. The clearance of pro and active tPA was normal in fibroblasts indicating different mechanisms for the increase of these homologous enzymes in the two cell types. Increased generation of plasmin by maspin treated corneal stromal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts led to conversion of plasminogen to active plasmin degradation products and angiostatin-like molecules. This study suggests that extracellular maspin increased pro and active uPA and tPA released by corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts on the short time scale of 1–4 h, but by 24 h there was no increase over the levels produced without maspin. This augmentation of plasminogen activator activity increases plasmin activation and angiostatin generation. It further indicates that the effect of maspin on uPA and tPA levels is cell type dependent.
Spectroscopic signatures of nitrogen-substituted zeolites.

Nanoporous acid catalysts such as zeolites form the backbone of catalytic technologies for refining petroleum. With the promise of a biomass economy, new catalyst systems will have to be discovered, making shape-selective base catalysts especially important because of the high oxygen content in biomass-derived feedstocks. Strongly basic zeolites are attractive candidates, but such materials are notoriously difficult to make due to the strong inherent acidity of aluminosilicates. Several research groups have endeavored to produce strongly basic zeolites by treating zeolites with amines, but to date there is no compelling evidence that nitrogen is incorporated into zeolite frameworks. In this communication, we detail synthesis, NMR spectroscopy, and quantum mechanical calculations showing that nitrogen adds onto both surface and interior sites while preserving the framework structure of zeolites. This finding is crucial for the rational design of new biomass-refinement catalysts, allowing 50 years of zeolit...
Collapse of Apo- and Magnetoferritins at the Air-Water Interface

Abstract Synthesis of nanometer-size magnetic particles within the confined environment of apoferritin might have several uses in biomedical applications and in magnetic information storage devices. Successful use of these protein-encapsulated mineral particles in industrial and biomedical applications depends on the structural stability of these particles at various interfaces. We studied adsorption of apoferritin and magnetoferritin at the air-water interface. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of the protein films at the air-water interface indicate that the spherical protein shell of both apoferritin and magnetoferritin collapses into a two-dimensional disk shape at the interface. In the collapsed state, the magnetite core is released from the protein shell. The results suggest that the oligomeric state of magnetoferritin is not stable at hydrophobic surfaces.
Forage Mineral Concentrations and Mineral Status of Beef Cattle Grazing Cool Season Pastures in Northwestern Florida, Emphasizing Magnesium

A 68‐day study was conducted in North Florida to evaluate forage and beef cattle serum, liver, and urine mineral concentrations, emphasizing magnesium (Mg). Forty‐two Angus, Brangus, and Romosinuano cows in early lactation were divided into two groups and placed on ryegrass or oat pasture. Samples were collected every 2 weeks except for liver biopsies, which were collected only on day 68. Mineral concentrations were determined for forage, plasma, urine, and liver samples. All forage mineral concentrations except Mg, calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) were greater than critical levels for a beef cow in lactation. Forage Mg and Cu were severely deficient in both oats and ryegrass. All blood plasma mineral levels were greater than critical levels, but plasma Mg was borderline to slightly deficient. There should be special attention given to Mg supplementation because forages are deficient and contain excess potassium (K).
Easily constructed mini-sextant demonstrates optical principles

An easily constructed optical instrument for measuring the angle between the Sun and the horizon is described. The miniature sextant relies on multiple reflections to produce multiple images of the sun at fixed angles away from the true Sun.
System Integration Issues for a Direct Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell (DNBFC)

A fuel cell for air independent mobile applications using Direct Sodium Borohydride/Hydrogen Peroxide fuels in a low temperature PEM configuration is under development [1, 2]. As part of the development of this unique all liquid fuel cell, we have been studying methods for system integration, including methods for water management, stacking issues involving fluid conductivity control, and the design of a composite catalysis-diffusion layers. [3, 4] The goal is to find optimal conditions (minimum activation, ohmic and transport losses plus maximum run time per fuel loading) in this unique all liquid fuel cell. In contrast to conventional H2 /O2 cells, the high electron and ion conductivity of the aqueous solution based fuels introduces special design considerations. For example, in stack design, the path length of flow channels connecting cells must be lengthened to increase the electric resistance which would otherwise introduce serious electrical shorting. With the catalyst coated throughout the diffusion layer, increasing ion conductivity from reaction sites to the PEM region also becomes a key design consideration, involving the porosity and entanglement of catalyst materials. Water management in this type of cell involves unique issues beyond humidification of the PEM which is automatically wetted by the liquid fuels. Here the issue is recirculation of product water from the cathode side back to the borohydride side to prevent reaction product NaBO2 from exceeding its solubility limit. These system integration issues are studied by a coordinated experimental approach which will be described in the presentation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Quantum theory of cross-phase modulation

Abstract The quantum noise characteristics imposed on an initially coherent signal light beam in propagation along an optical fibre in the company of a pump beam are obtained. The Kerr nonlinearity of the fibre affects the signal beam by its own self-phase modulation (SPM) and by cross-phase modulation (XPM) from the pump beam. It is found that XPM tends to destroy the well-known squeezing of the signal beam produced by SPM alone. The effects of both SPM and XPM are interpreted geometrically for short propagation distances. More generally, the quantum noise is evaluated analytically and numerically for arbitrary propagation distances with signal and pump beams in the forms of square pulses. The contrasting limits of zero group velocity dispersion and complete pulse walkthrough are treated separately.
The evolving molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 envelope subtypes in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand: implications for HIV vaccine trials.

The objective of this study was to genetically characterize HIV-1 strains in injecting drug users (IDU) in Bangkok Thailand in 1994 and compare these with strains found earlier in Thai IDU; such information is essential for HIV-1 vaccine development and evaluation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 84 IDU attending 14 drug treatment clinics in Bangkok in 1994. DNA was amplified using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure and sequenced directly (without cloning) from the PCR products. The V3 and flanking regions (345 nucleotides) of the env gene were analyzed using a neighbor-joining tree. Only 1 (1%) strain was a typical subtype B virus 69 (82%) were genetically distinct subtype B viruses (Thai B) and 14 (17%) were subtype E strains (Thai A). Persons with recently acquired infection were more likely to have subtype E viruses (p < 0.001) than those in our 1991 survey who were more likely to have subtype B viruses. Pairwise intra-subtype differences within subtypes E and B were 5.3 and 4.3% respectively compared with 3.4 and 3.5% among strains collected in 1991 in Thailand. The genetic diversity within subtypes B and E in Thailand and the proportion of new infections due to subtype E viruses among Bangkok IDU are increasing significantly. These data highlight the importance of monitoring the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in populations being considered for HIV-1 vaccine trials. (authors)
Bound-Electron-Lattice Coupling and Vibronic Spectra

The radial extent of the coupling between the bound electronic states of a defect ion in a crystal and the vibrations of the lattice ions is investigated. An electrostatic-coupling model is used to evaluate the electronlattice interaction. It is found that those electronic transitions which involve a change in configuration are coupled primarily to the vibrations of ions in the immediate vicinity of the defect. Consequently, if there exist local or pseudolocalized vibrations, the resultant vibronic spectra are dominated by transitions to vibrational modes which have high local amplitude. In contrast, it is found that in general, electronic transitions within a configuration are coupled to nonlocalized vibrations as well as to the localized vibrations. In the special case of the transition $^{5}D_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{7}F_{0}$ of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$, the coupling is primarily to nonlocalized vibrations, so that the vibrations resemble those of ions of the undisturbed lattice. The observed vibronic structure accompanying this transition of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$ in the alkali halides is presented. A comparison is made for ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$: KBr between the singularities in the phonon density of states as observed in the vibronic structure, and those predicted from the published dispersion curves of KBr obtained from neutron-scattering data. The agreement is found to be very good. The vibronic structure accompanying the same transition of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$ in the alkaline-earth halides is also discussed.
Manufacturing Job Loss and Early Warning Indicators

This article examines some of the growing body of literature on plant closings in order to develop early warning indicators of possible shutdowns. A variety of types of studies are reviewed including those that try to explain manufacturing job loss in general, those that explain specific firm relocations and shutdowns, studies of trends in particular industries, and industrial policy literature. From these sources, both the causes of shutdowns and indicators associated with specific causes are enumerated. The results of this analysis are tested against some case studies of shutdowns in the city of Chicago. An important outcome of the article is the identification of sixteen management practices that are easily visible to workers inside a plant and that can be considered early warning indicators.
Novel PET Radiotracers for Potential Use in Management of Lymphoma

This article discusses possible roles for emerging novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers for diagnosis and follow-up of lymphomas. Novel imaging probes are being developed to fulfill the need of a more specific radiopharmaceutical to target subcomponents of tumor microenvironment to individualize management approaches. Noninvasive molecular imaging probes are being developed to revolutionize characterization of tumor biology and response to therapy in more specific ways for the host, tumor microenvironment, and therapeutic regimens. The new clinical PET probes seem promising in fostering clinical gains that would lead to better survival outcomes, although further studies are warranted to prove a role in the management of lymphomas.
"By Faith Alone": a Technical Term in Gregory of Nyssa

L'article est consacre a la conception de la foi et a son role dans l'union de l'âme a Dieu chez Gregoire de Nysse, dans trois de ses oeuvres: In inscriptiones Psalmorum, Contra Eunomium et le Commentarius in Canticum canticorum.
Genetic Approaches to Reveal the Connectivity of Adult-Born Neurons

Much has been learned about the environmental and molecular factors that influence the division, migration, and programmed cell death of adult-born neurons in the mammalian brain. However, detailed knowledge of the mechanisms that govern the formation and maintenance of functional circuit connectivity via adult neurogenesis remains elusive. Recent advances in genetic technologies now afford the ability to precisely target discrete brain tissues, neuronal subtypes, and even single neurons for vital reporter expression and controlled activity manipulations. Here, I review current viral tracing methods, heterologous receptor expression systems, and optogenetic technologies that hold promise towards elucidating the wiring diagrams and circuit properties of adult-born neurons.
A Study of Milk Coagulation by Monilia Species

One of us, Stovall, in previous reports' on the classification and biochemical characteristics of Monilia has described the coagulation of calciumlactate-milk as a distinguishing biological quality of certain species of the genus. These studies revealed the importance of adding calcium lactate or some acid, hydrochloric, to the sterilized milk. The calcium lactate not only made up the calcium deficiency caused by sterilization, but also lowered the
Short-term zinc deficiency and hemostasis in the rat.

SummaryImmature male rats fed a soybean protein-based diet containing less than 1 ppm of zinc, showed a 50% reduction of plasma zinc within 2 days and an increased saline bleeding time within 4 days. Administration of a single dose (10 μg/kg body wt.) of zinc intragastrically restored bleeding time to normal within 4 hr and this was associated with increased plasma zinc concentration. A larger dose (100 μg/kg) also restored the bleeding time of deficient rats to normal, but increased the bleeding time of controls fed adequate zinc. This pharmacological effect in controls was largely dissipated after 8 hr but the repleted animals maintained the normal bleeding time during this period. Thus, consumption of a low-zinc diet rapidly induces a bleeding tendency which is closely related to plasma zinc concentration. It is postulated that extracellular zinc plays a significant role in hemostasis.
Flexuous rods in phloem cells of lime plants infected with Citrus tristeza virus.

Abstract Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of West Indian lime ( Citrus aurantifolia ) leaves infected with citrus tristeza virus revealed large numbers of flexuous rods in one or a few phloem cells of each fibrovascular bundle examined. The rods appeared to be identical with those that were detected by the leaf dip technique and in partially purified preparations from infected lime leaves. They were not found in parenchymatous cells of infected leaves nor in the phloem of healthy leaves. Crystalline inclusions consisting of elements apparently in a hexagonal packing were found in both healthy and infected lime leaves.
Amplification of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade: Implications for Pharmacologic Intervention

The signal transduction pathway that results in prostaglandin production is thought to occur in a stepwise manner that involves agonist-stimulated action of a phospholipase that releases the second messenger arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGH synthase) then converts arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin precursors. Further delineation of this cascade has recently occured with the identification of two distinct prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases, PGH synthase-1 and PGH synthase-2. There is evidence that PGH synthase-1 may have broad cellular expression and may be constitutively expressed in most cells. In contrast, PGH synthase-2 expression may be more limited and has been shown to be stimulated by a variety of cytokines and growth factors. Dexamethasone inhibits the expression of an early response gene, TIS10, which is homologous to PGH synthase-2. The exact mechanism of PGH synthase-2 gene regulation in mesangial cells is unknown; however, it may be a potential site for pharmacologic intervention. Regulation of PGH synthase-2 could in turn modulate prostaglandin production and temper the production of extracellular matrix and thus scar formation that occurs in a wide variety of inflammatory renal diseases.
Associations between cytokine gene expression and pathology in Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle

An impediment to the development of efficacious vaccines for bovine tuberculosis has been the failure to demonstrate strong associations between immune function and protective immunity. Cytokine gene expression in response to Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection was evaluated to identify correlates of immunity. Ten Holstein calves were infected with M. bovis by intratonsillar inoculation. Five uninfected animals served as controls. At 15, 30, 60 and 85 days post-infection (dpi) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and stimulated with either purified protein derivative of M. bovis (PPD), a recombinant fusion protein comprised of 6 kDa early secretory antigenic target and 10 kDa culture filtrate antigen (rESAT6:CFP10), or PBS. After a 16 h incubation period, total leukocyte RNA was isolated and gene expression evaluated using reverse transcriptase real-time PCR. In addition, gene expression adjacent to gross lesion in the retropharyngeal lymph node (LN) was analyzed. Pathology was evaluated at necropsy. Expression of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, iNOS and IL-4 by PBMC increased in response to infection, whereas, IL-10 expression decreased. Differences in gene expression between PBMC from infected and uninfected animals was greatest at 30 dpi. Infected animals were divided into two groups based on pathology. Animals in the low pathology group had lesions primarily in LN of the head; whereas, animals in the high pathology group also had lesions in the lungs and lung associated LN. Gene expression in PBMC and LN was compared between animals in the high and low pathology groups. Cells from animals in the high pathology group expressed more IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, iNOS and IL-4 than did animals in the low pathology group at early time points. IL-10 gene expression decreased with time in PBMC from animals in the high pathology group. At 85 dpi, animals in the high pathology group expressed twofold less IL-10 mRNA than did animals in the low pathology group and the uninfected controls. IFN-gamma and iNOS gene expression were significantly greater in tissues from infected animals compared to tissues from uninfected animals. The pathological outcome of M. bovis infection of cattle may be established early after infection since expression of both the TH1 and TH2 cytokines were differentially expressed by animals in the high and low pathology groups at early time points. In addition, more robust immunological responses were associated with increased pathology. These results suggest that early immune responses play a critical role in establishing the pathological outcome.
Perceptions of Affirmative Action Based on Socioeconomic Status: A Comparison with Traditional Affirmative Action

Past research has examined reactions to traditional, gender- and ethnicity-based affirmative action programs. However, research has not examined reactions to affirmative action based on socioeconomic status (SES), even though such programs are promoted by the U.S. government (e.g., Work Opportunity Tax Credit) and thus act as a de facto supplement to traditional affirmative action. Based in theories of self-interest, Study 1 compared reactions of men and women to a traditional affirmative action program and a hypothetical, SES-based affirmative action program in terms of general perceptions of such programs and organizational attractiveness. While women had more positive reactions to traditional affirmative action, men had more positive reactions to SES-based affirmative action. Study 2 took a different approach, examining the reactions of potential job applicants to four hypothetical job ads which included different types of diversity statements. We found that job ads that mentioned any type of specific diversity statement - either based on race and gender or based on SES - were perceived as less fair than job ads that did not include specific diversity statements. Results of the studies are discussed in terms of self-interest theories of affirmative action and considerations of SES-based programs as a supplement to traditional affirmative action.
A Fluorescent Dye Method for Demonstrating Leakage around Dental Restorations

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA UN METHODO A COLORANTES FLUORESCENTE PRO LE DEMONSTRATION DE ESCAPPAMENTO CIRCUM RESTAURATIONES DENTAL.—Le colorantes fluorescente rhodamina B, fluoresceina, e demethylchlortetracyclina esseva usate pro demonstrar microescappamento circum restaurationes dental in dentes bovin. Esseva usate un nove technica de sectionage e breve periodos de immersion, e le colorantes-con un exception-demonstrava satisfactorimente microescappamento sub lumine ultraviolette. Le colorantes non demonstrava microescappamento de restaurationes con eugenol a oxydo de zinc in consequentia del extinction del fluorescentia. Le margines del plumbage a amalgama de 24 horas, applicate sin revestimento del cavitate, monstrava marcate escappamento. Vernissage del cavitate reduceva le escappamento marginal marcatemente. Omne le restaurationes a guttapercha monstrava grossier escappamento.
Synthesis of cobalt oxide aerogels and nanocomposite systems containing single‐walled carbon nanotubes

Summary: The synthesis and characterization of porous nanostructured cobalt oxide (Co3O4) aerogels using epoxide addition method is described. Cobalt-containing monoliths were obtained by sol–gel processing of an alcoholic cobalt chloride solution with propylene oxide as the gelation agent. The alcogels were dried by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction to obtain the highly porous amorphous cobalt (II) aerogels. To enhance and control the structural properties of the aerogels, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were incorporated into the cobalt (II) aerogel network to form a homogenous composite material. The resulting materials were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. The detailed microstructure of aerogel networks was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, which showed significant structural changes induced by the incorporation of SWCNT to the cobalt aerogel. Annealing of the aerogel materials at 6001C yields a highly crystalline well-faceted Co3O4 network SCANNING 31: 132–138, 2009. r 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Use of Nuclear Radiation in Combustion Research

The interaction of nuclear radiation with fuel-oxidant systems may cause increased rates of chemical reaction. Based on simple models for the interactions and the con­ trolling rate processes, it is shown that change in over-all reaction rate should be dependent upon the energy and activity of the radiation source. Only beta and alpha emitters are considered since, for gas phase reactions or for reactors of relatively small size, they are the more efficient sources. The problems involved in the use of radioactive materials in combustion research are discussed and, in particular, criteria for compatible design are established. The possible application of this technique to improve the performance of combustion devices is discussed in the light of the difficulties and results of experimental work in this field.
Cottonseed Oil Spray for Broiler Houses: Effects on Dust Control, Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Spread and Broiler Performances

Abstract DUSTY atmospheres sometimes become more of a problem as broiler houses become more enclosed, and temperature, relative humidity and ventilation are controlled. Grub et al. (1965) reported that dust produced in poultry houses originated from feathers and skin debris, feed and litter, and that dust production from broilers is affected by age, temperature, type and condition of litter, activity of the chicks and moisture in the air and litter. Roller (1961) reported on use of different filter materials as well as the litter itself to filter the dust from the air in the poultry house. Griffin (1959) encountered problems with air conditioning equipment caused by dust in the poultry house air. Littman (1965) stated that air cleaning equipment is commercially available to remove most of the dust from poultry house air, but initial and operating costs are high and equipment space requirements are great. Problems with poultry house dust related…
Densities of transducing lambda bacteriophages.

Phages of a lysate of an induced culture of bacteria lysogenic for λ when centrifuged in a CsCl density gradient form a narrow band having a maximum at a definite density. The rare galactose-transducing phages contained in such a lysate are shown here to form a much wider band (especially towards the lower densities) having no definite maximum. Each transducing phage selected at a given density, when allowed to multiply, is shown to form a density band as narrow as that of λ but with a maximum at the selected density. The transducing phages are also shown to bo defective. It is concluded that these transducing phages have acquired their density and their defect when they were first produced and not during their subsequent transformation into prophages.
Late onset primary systemic carnitine deficiency exacerbated by carnitine-free parenteral nutrition

We describe a 21-year-old male with previously normal plasma total and free carnitine levels who developed a deficiency manifest by decreased plasma and muscle total and free carnitine, decreased urine carnitine, severe hepatic steatosis, mediastinal lipomatosis, progressively impaired triglyceride clearance, myopathy and intermittent hypoglycemia. This case demonstrates that systemic carnitine deficiency may occur in some patients receiving long term carnitine-free TPN. Carnitine may be an essential element of the diet in this patient population.