cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching millennials with augmented reality: cases from the U.S. education system

Este artigo descreve a concepcao, desenvolvimento e implementacao de duas experiencias de ensino distintas utilizando a realidade aumentada movel (RA) para ensinar topicos abstratos a estudantes de graduacao de arquitetura e construcao em duas universidades americanas. O trabalho apresentado e motivado pelo fato de que a nova geracao de alunos (geracao milenio) tem uma habilidade natural de usar tecnologia e informacao digital e mostra uma grande afinidade para a integracao de novas ferramentas e dispositivos moveis em suas atividades diarias. Em contraste, muitos metodos de entrega instrucionais existentes ainda sao centrados no professor e baseados em palestras e memorizacao para passar conhecimento e informacao para os alunos. O primeiro projeto descrito neste artigo e um livro magico com RA, sobre a construcao, sobrepondo conteudos multimidia, como imagens, videos, modelos 3D e outros visuais sobre as figuras impressas e diagramas do livro texto tradicional de uma disciplina. O segundo projeto neste artigo, descreve o desenvolvimento de um aplicativo de imersao com RA chamado Skope, que e projetado para melhorar a experiencia de visita a campo dos alunos. Esta aplicacao, sobrepoe o modelo BIM de um edificio existente na visualizacao do edificio do mundo real, permitindo que os alunos interajam com diferentes parâmetros do modelo tais como, como orientacao, entorno, direcao de ventos predominantes, processos de construcao, sistemas estruturais, detalhes de conexao, e sistemas de aquecimento, resfriamento e ventilacao. Em geral, a avaliacao das metricas de desempenho dos alunos e das opinioes coletadas em cada projeto indica que o uso da tecnologia de RA na sala de aula tem um bom potencial para melhorar a aprendizagem e engajamento dos alunos no assunto e ajuda-los a relacionar melhor topicos abstratos com problemas do mundo real.
Investigating the velocity envelope of laser-driven micro-flyers for hypervelocity impact experiments

Abstract Protection materials are continuously facing higher velocity threats; characterizing their response to these threats is necessary to improve performance. We have previously examined failure of boron carbide and magnesium systems at strain rates of up to 10 5 per second [12,13]. To study dynamic deformation at higher strain rates closer to the hypervelocity regime, we use micro-flyers to impact target materials. Over the last two decades, pulsed lasers have proven to be effective drivers for micro-flyers when achieving hypervelocity impacts. However, control of the experiment requires good characterization of the flyer behavior [11] and velocities. Here, we explore the velocity regime for a tabletop laser-driven flyer system as a function of laser pulse conditioning (fluence, pulse duration, etc.),and launch package materials. We modify an established model to inform the selection of launch package substrates and configuration in a lens-coupled micro-flyer apparatus. We use Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) to obtain velocity histories of the flyers [10]. Comparisons between flyer data from our launcher system and the model predictions uncover the important parameters controlling launcher performance.
A two-month follow-up evaluation testing interventions to limit the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria among Maasai of northern Tanzania

In sub-Saharan Africa, efforts to control antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are aggravated by unregulated drug sales and use, and high connectivity between human, livestock, and wildlife populations. Our previous research indicates that Maasai agropastoralists—who have high exposure to livestock and livestock products and self-administer veterinary antibiotics—harbor antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli). Here, we report the results of a public health intervention project among Maasai aimed at reducing selection and transmission of E. coli bacteria. Research was conducted in two Maasai communities in Northern Tanzania. Participants were provided with health knowledge and technological innovations to facilitate: 1) the prudent use of veterinary antibiotics (tape measures and dosage charts to calculate livestock weight for more accurate dosage), and, 2) the pasteurization of milk (thermometers), the latter of which was motivated by findings of high levels of resistant E. coli in Maasai milk. To determine knowledge retention and intervention adoption, we conducted a two-month follow-up evaluation in the largest of the two communities. Retention of antimicrobial knowledge was positively associated with retention of bacterial knowledge and, among men, retention of bacterial knowledge was associated with greater wealth. Bacterial and AMR knowledge were not, however, associated with self-reported use of the innovations. Among women, self-reported use of the thermometers was associated with having more children and greater retention of knowledge about the health benefits of the innovations. Whereas 70% of women used their innovations correctly, men performed only 18% of the weight-estimation steps correctly. Men’s correct use was associated with schooling, such that high illiteracy rates remain an important obstacle to the dissemination and diffusion of weight-estimation materials. Our results indicate that dietary preferences for unboiled milk, concerns over child health, and a desire to improve the health of livestock are important cultural values that need to be incorporated in future AMR-prevention interventions that target Maasai populations. More generally, these findings inform future community-health interventions to limit AMR.
Taking Priming to Task

Abstract. The current research examined potential moderators of gender and racial stereotype priming in sequential priming paradigms. Results from five experiments suggest that stereotype priming effects are more consistent in tasks that elicit both semantic priming and response competition (i.e., response priming paradigms) rather than tasks that evoke semantic priming alone (i.e., semantic priming paradigms). Recommendations for future stereotype priming research and the implication of these results for the proper interpretation of stereotype priming effects are discussed.
How Clinical Instructor Behavior Affects Student Clinical Engagement from a Motivational Perspective

Given the close interpersonal nature of the student-clinical instructor (CI) relationship and the unpredictable and often stressful clinical environment in which they interact with one another, it is extremely important that CIs understand how their behavior directly affects their students' motivation to engage in educationally important clinical activities. This article presents a review of the motivation literature grounded in self-determination theory with the goal of providing the reader insight into how CI psychologic need-supporting/thwarting behaviors affect student-CI engagement. Specific need-supporting and need-thwarting behaviors are identified and discussed in terms of how they impact students' needs for autonomy, competency, and relatedness. Recent research has revealed a strong connection between overall CI need-supporting/thwarting behavior and student clinical engagement. The author hopes to bring further awareness of the powerful psychologic impact CIs have on their students and to draw attention to the need for routine in-service programs specifically designed to teach CIs how to effectively use psychologic need-supporting behaviors and avoid psychologic need-thwarting behaviors when working with their students.
Unipolar voltage mapping criteria for right ventricular septum: Influence of the aortic root.

INTRODUCTION Unipolar voltage mapping through its wider "field of view" can identify substrate deeper to the endocardium on the right ventricular (RV) free wall and left ventricle. The reference value(s) for normal endocardial (ENDO) unipolar voltage (UNI) for the septal aspect of the right ventricle (RV) and the effect of the aortic root that is directly opposed to the posterior septal plane of the RV outflow tract (RVOT) have not been established. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed detailed (185 ± 70, range 127-342 points) RV ENDO UNI maps in 9 patients without structural heart disease; 6 had magnetic resonance (MR) imaging; 5 were males; the mean age was 49 ± 11 years. For MR analysis, the location of the aortic root was defined and its effect on unipolar voltage determined. The UNI voltage on posterior RVOT was lower (mean 6.56 ± 2.33 mV, 95% CI 6.08-7.05), compared to the rest of the septal aspect of RV (mean 8.33 ± 2.34 mV, P < 0.001, 95% CI 7.84-8.84). MR analysis confirmed that the lowest voltage region was opposite to MR-defined aortic root. Using a cutoff for UNI abnormality of 6.0 mV for the posterior aspect of the RVOT opposite to the aortic root and 7.5 mV for the rest of the septal aspect of the RV, there was no confluent area of unipolar abnormality in any patient. CONCLUSION We defined normal ENDO UNI cutoffs as 7.5 mV for the septal aspect of the RV with adjustment to 6.0 mV over the posterior RVOT opposite to the aortic root.
Structural brain changes versus self-report: machine-learning classification of chronic fatigue syndrome patients

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disorder associated with fatigue, pain, and structural/functional abnormalities seen during magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI). Therefore, we evaluated the performance of structural MRI (sMRI) abnormalities in the classification of CFS patients versus healthy controls and compared it to machine learning (ML) classification based upon self-report (SR). Participants included 18 CFS patients and 15 healthy controls (HC). All subjects underwent T1-weighted sMRI and provided visual analogue-scale ratings of fatigue, pain intensity, anxiety, depression, anger, and sleep quality. sMRI data were segmented using FreeSurfer and 61 regions based on functional and structural abnormalities previously reported in patients with CFS. Classification was performed in RapidMiner using a linear support vector machine and bootstrap optimism correction. We compared ML classifiers based on (1) 61 a priori sMRI regional estimates and (2) SR ratings. The sMRI model achieved 79.58% classification accuracy. The SR (accuracy = 95.95%) outperformed both sMRI models. Estimates from multiple brain areas related to cognition, emotion, and memory contributed strongly to group classification. This is the first ML-based group classification of CFS. Our findings suggest that sMRI abnormalities are useful for discriminating CFS patients from HC, but SR ratings remain most effective in classification tasks.
Modeling and reasoning about DOM events

Web applications are fundamentally reactive. Code in a web page runs in reaction to events, which are triggered either by external stimuli or by other events. The DOM, which specifies these behaviors, is therefore central to the behavior of web applications. We define the first formal model of event behavior in the DOM, with high fidelity to the DOM specification. Our model is concise and executable, and can therefore be used for testing and verification. We have applied it in several settings: to establish some intended meta-properties of the DOM, as an oracle for testing the behavior of browsers (where it found real errors), to demonstrate unwanted interactions between extensions and validate corrections to them, and to examine the impact of a web sandbox. The model composes easily with models of other web components, as a step toward full formal modeling of the web.
Sustainable Airport Pavements

Sustainability is increasingly becoming a priority issue, as well as the foundation for future prosperity, in the global aviation community. Pavement structures are an airport’s greatest asset and greatest liability, and along with their associated management systems, involve an intensive, expensive enterprise and consume massive amounts of nonrenewable resources at every airport. Pavement sustainability includes assessing various pavement strategies on the basis of eco-nomic, environmental, operational and societal impact throughout the pavement’s life cycle. Getting the most benefit for the least cost is a key attribute of pavement sustainability. This chapter presents an overview of the practices that are funda-mental to sustainable airside pavements, as well as some of the life cycle consid-erations. It includes pavement topics such as pavement condition, treatment types, traffic and climate, as well as life cycle cost, life cycle emissions and energy use and pavement management.
Phase II study of low-dose cyclophosphamide and ipilimumab in metastatic melanoma.

e20025 Background: Ipilimumab (Ipi) has improved clinical outcomes in metastatic melanoma (MM). Previous data suggested that low doses of cyclophosphamide (ldCTX) may have immunomodulatory effects ...
Techniques of Intraosseous Access

Intraosseous (IO) infusion is based on the principle that medullary veins of long bones remain patent during shock and hypovolemia. IO infusion sites include the humerus, proximal tibia, distal femur, and manubrium.
Iatrogenic Radial Artery Injuries: Variable Injury Patterns, Treatment Times, and Outcomes:

Background: The radial artery is commonly accessed for arterial blood sampling, invasive blood pressure monitoring, and vascular access for cardiac catheterization. Iatrogenic radial artery injury ...
Smoking is associated with an improved short-term outcome in patients with rib fractures

Smokers with cardiovascular disease have been reported to have decreased mortality compared to non-smokers. Rib fractures are associated with significant underlying injuries such as lung contusions, lacerations, and/or pneumothoraces. We hypothesized that blunt trauma patients with rib fractures who are smokers have decreased ventilator days and risk of in-hospital mortality compared to non-smokers. The Trauma Quality Improvement Program (2010–2016) was queried for patients presenting with a blunt rib fracture. Patients that died within 24 h of admission were excluded. A multivariable logistic regression model was performed. From 282,986 patients with rib fractures, 57,619 (20.4%) were smokers. Compared to non-smokers with rib fractures, smokers had a higher median injury severity score (17 vs. 16, p < 0.001). Smokers had a higher rate of pneumonia (7.5% vs. 6.6%, p < 0.001), however, less ventilator days (5 vs. 6, p = 0.04), and lower in-hospital mortality rate (2.3% vs. 4.6%, p < 0.001), compared to non-smokers. After controlling for covariates, smokers with rib fractures were associated with a decreased risk for in-hospital mortality compared to non-smokers with rib fractures (OR 0.64, 0.56–0.73, p < 0.001). Despite having more severe injuries and increased rates of pneumonia, smokers with rib fractures were associated with nearly a 40% decreased risk of in-hospital mortality and one less ventilator day compared to non-smokers. The long-term detrimental effects of smoking have been widely established. However, the biologic and pathophysiologic adaptations that smokers have may confer a survival benefit when recovering in the hospital from chest wall trauma. This study was limited by the database missing the number of pack-years smoked. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm this association and elucidate the physiologic mechanisms that may explain these findings.
Explaining insurgency progression in Iraq, 2003–2011

ABSTRACTMany have attempted to answer the questions of “what went wrong in Iraq” arguing that insurgency developed because there was a lack of security. However, on the ground observations and empi...
Late Adiposity Rebound and the Probability of Developing and Reversing Childhood Obesity

Objective To evaluate the associations between late adiposity rebound (at or after 7.0 years of age) and the probability of developing and reversing obesity during elementary school years. Study design Using nationally representative cohorts from Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 and 2010-2011, weighted extended Cox hazard models were used to assess the probability of developing and reversing obesity (cut-offs for extended models were 6 and 12 months after kindergarten entry, respectively). Measurements used in the study were collected 6 times between kindergarten and fifth grade (Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999) and 8 times between kindergarten through fourth grade (Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies, Kindergarten Class of 2010-2011). Results Among children with obesity at kindergarten entry, within 6 months, the risk of developing obesity was 73% and 76% lower for boys with late adiposity rebound than their classmates without late adiposity rebound (hazard ratio 0.27 and 0.24). Six months after entering kindergarten, similar association was observed for both boys and girls. Among children without obesity at kindergarten entry, within 12 months, the probability of reversing obesity was 52% and 54% higher for boys with late adiposity rebound than their peers without late adiposity rebound (hazard ratio 1.52 and 1.54). Twelve months after entering kindergarten, the probability of reversing obesity among both sexes with late adiposity rebound was 6-8 times that among children without late adiposity rebound. Conclusions Late adiposity rebound was significantly associated with a decreased risk of developing obesity and an increased probability of reversing obesity among kindergarteners.
Malignancy in dermatomyositis: A retrospective study of 201 patients seen at the University of Pennsylvania.

Background There is an increased incidence of malignancy in patients with dermatomyositis. It is unknown if the risk differs between the subtypes of dermatomyositis. Objective To (1) compare the prevalence of malignancy-associated dermatomyositis between patients with classic and clinically amyopathic disease and (2) determine factors associated with an increased risk of malignancy-associated disease. Methods Retrospective cohort study of 201 patients with adult-onset dermatomyositis prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal dermatomyositis database between July 2008 and April 2018 at an outpatient dermatology urban tertiary referral center. The main outcome measure was a diagnosis of malignancy, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer. Results There were 201 patients with adult-onset dermatomyositis: 142 (71%) classic and 59 (29%) clinically amyopathic. Within 2 years of diagnosis, the prevalences of malignancy-associated classic and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis were 9.9% and 1.7%, respectively. In this time period, patients who were older at dermatomyositis diagnosis (P = .01) and had the classic subtype (P = .04) were significantly more likely to have an underlying malignancy on multivariable regression analysis. Limitations This was a retrospective study of prospectively collected data at a single tertiary referral center. Conclusion Older age and classic dermatomyositis are independent risk factors for malignancy-associated dermatomyositis within 2 years of disease onset.
A Self-Consistent Model for the Broadband Spectrum of Sagittarius A Eastat the Galactic Center

Sgr A East is a very prominent elongated shell structure surrounding (although off-centered from) the Galactic nucleus. Its energetics (~4×1052 ergs), based on the power required to carve out the radio synchrotronremnant within the surrounding dense molecular cloud, appear to be extreme compared to the total energy (~1051 ergs) released in a typical supernova (SN) explosion. Yet it shares several characteristics in common with SN remnants (SNRs), the most significant of which is the ~0.1-10 GeV γ-ray spectrum measured by EGRET, if we associate the Galactic center source 2EG J1746-2852 with this nonthermal shell. We here show that the highest energy component in Sgr A East's spectrum, like that of SNRs, can be fitted with the γ-rays produced in π0 decays. Further, we demonstrate in a self-consistent manner that the leptons released in the associated π± decays produce an e± distribution that can mimic a power law with index ~3, like that inferred from the VLA data for this source. These relativistic electrons and positrons also radiate by bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering with the intense IR and UV fields from the nucleus. We show that the overall emissivity calculated in this way may account for Sgr A East's broadband spectrum ranging from GHz frequencies all the way to TeV energies, where Whipple has thus far set an upper limit to the flux corresponding to a 2.5 σ signal above the noise.
Is Timing to Surgery an Independent Risk Factor for Complications Following Operative Treatment of Periprosthetic Lower Extremity Fractures

Objective To identify whether timing to surgery was related to major 30-day morbidity and mortality rates in periprosthetic hip and knee fractures [OTA/AO 3 (IV.3, V.3), OTA/AO 4 (V4)]. Design Retrospective database review. Setting Hospitals participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Patients Patients in the NSQIP database with periprosthetic hip or knee fractures between 2007 and 2015. Intervention Surgical management of periprosthetic hip and knee fractures including revision or open reduction internal fixation. Main outcome measurements Major 30-day morbidity and mortality after operative treatment of periprosthetic hip or knee fractures. Results A total of 1265 patients, mean age 72, including 883 periprosthetic hip and 382 periprosthetic fractures about the knee were reviewed. Delay in surgery greater than 72 hours is a risk factor for increased 30-day morbidity in periprosthetic hip and knee fractures [relative risk = 2.90 (95% confidence interval: 1.74-4.71); P-value ≤ 0.001] and risk factor for increased 30-day mortality [relative risk = 8.98 (95% confidence interval: 2.14-37.74); P-value = 0.003]. Conclusions Using NSQIP database to analyze periprosthetic hip and knee fractures, delay to surgery is an independent risk factor for increased 30-day major morbidity and mortality when controlling for patient functional status and comorbidities. Although patient optimization and surgical planning are paramount, minimizing extended delays to surgery is a potentially modifiable risk factor in the geriatric periprosthetic lower extremity fracture patient. Level of evidence Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Alphataxin, an Orally Available Small Molecule, Decreases LDL Levels in Mice as a Surrogate for the LDL-Lowering Activity of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin in Humans.

The abundant blood protein α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1PI, Αlpha-1, α1-antitrypsin, SerpinA1) is known to bind to the active site of granule-associated human leukocyte elastase (HLE-G). Less well known is that binding of α1PI to cell surface HLE (HLE-CS) induces lymphocyte locomotion mediated by members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family (LDL-RFMs) thereby facilitating low density lipoprotein (LDL) clearance. LDL and α1PI were previously shown to be in negative feedback regulation during transport and clearance of lipoproteins. Further examination herein of the influence of α1PI in lipoprotein regulation using data from a small randomized, double-blind clinical trial shows that treatment of HIV-1-infected individuals with α1PI plasma products lowered apolipoprotein and lipoprotein levels including LDL. Although promising, plasma-purified α1PI is limited in quantity and not a feasible treatment for the vast number of people who need treatment for lowering LDL levels. We sought to develop orally available small molecules to act as surrogates for α1PI. Small molecule β-lactams are highly characterized for their binding to the active site of HLE-G including crystallographic studies at 1.84 A. Using high throughput screening (HLE-G inhibition, HLE-CS-induced cellular locomotion), we show here that a panel of β-lactams, including the LDL-lowering drug ezetimibe, have the capacity to act as surrogates for α1PI by binding to HLE-G and HLE-CS. Because β-lactams are antibiotics that also have the capacity to promote evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria, we modified the β-lactam Alphataxin to prevent antibiotic activity. We demonstrate using the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model that Alphataxin, a penam, is as effective in lowering LDL levels as FDA-approved ezetimibe, a monobactam. Non-antibiotic β-lactams provide a promising new therapeutic class of small molecules for lowering LDL levels.
Effect of Diet and Dietary Components on the Composition of the Gut Microbiota.

Diet and dietary components have profound effects on the composition of the gut microbiota and are among the most important contributors to the alteration in bacterial flora. This review examines the effects the “Western”, “plant-based”, “high-fat”, “medical ketogenic”, and “Mediterranean” diets have on the composition of the gut microbiota in both mice and human subjects. We show that specific dietary components that are commonly found in the “plant-based” and “Mediterranean” diet play a role in shifting the microbial composition. This review further evaluates the bacterial metabolites that are associated with diet, and their role in systemic inflammation and metabolic endotoxemia. Furthermore, the associations between diet/dietary components and altering bacterial composition, may lead to potential therapeutic targets for type II diabetes, obesity, and inflammatory diseases.
Retelling American history: Black women’s resistance and fight for freedom, justice, equality, and cultural identity in the United States

A Black Women’s History of the United States, written by Daina Ramey Berry and Kali Nicole Gross, conveys Black women’s countless testimonials within the United States dating back to pre-slavery. A...
Constructing rationalized exchange: risk, honor, and identity in contemporary financial markets

Interrogations of modernity have long been focused on understanding firms, markets, and rationalization. These objects of study are taking on a renewed prominence in our contemporary "neoliberal" era when markets are touted as solutions to all sorts of distribution problems while political and cultural norms and values are represented as particularistic and inefficient. It is fortunate these developments have been matched by an outpouring of research by economic sociologists and anthropologists that goes well beyond the conventional concern of the former with capitalist firms and institutional arrangements and the concern of the latter with the cultural dimensions of economic exchange in premodern societies. Recently, attention has been paid to economics as a "cyborg science," the symbolic nature of pricing, and the sociability of economic exchange.1 Pursuing another path, a number of studies of changes and transformations in the "spirit" of capitalism in our neoliberal, postmodern, and globalized era have been expanding our understanding of the various links between culture and the economy.2 Despite the healthy state of economic sociology and anthropology, they remain at a noticeable disadvantage to economics, not because these disciplines have nothing new to say, but because, as Neil Fligstein points out, they have been unable to provide a model of action in markets that does more than modify or supplement economic theories. Whether or not this is still true, the challenge has motivated new research and theorizing on the subject of markets and their architecture
Downhome Gospel: African American Spiritual Activism in Wiregrass Country

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Jerrilyn McGregory Year: 2010 Pages: 214 Publisher: University Press of Mississippi ISBN: 978-1-60473-782-0 (hard cover).
Localized variation in the ocean's transmission properties: Its drastic effect on a sonar display

A ship-positioning sonar system repeatedly experienced severe problems while operating in rough seas. The visual display for this system is a CRT screen with a bright spot that represents the position of an undersea beacon relative to a fixed point on the ship in the X-Y plane parallel to the sea surface. In operation, the bright spot is manipulated to the center of the screen by moving the ship in a compensating direction, the object being to keep the vessel stationary directly over the beacon. Difficulties in performance arose when the seas became very rough. The bright spot jumped erratically and sometimes took excursions off the screen entirely. This left the operator very uncertain of the ship's position and caused a general loss of confidence in the system. At first the problem was thought to be a malfunction of the hardware that manifested itself when the ship pitched and rolled severely. However, a careful analysis of test data showed that the problem originated in the transmission medium itself. Because of the rough seas, aerated patches of water were introduced into the signal path between the beacon and the receiving hydrophones beneath the hull. The presence of this aerated water reduced the phase velocity and increased the attenuation of the beacon signal, accounting for the erratic behavior on the sonar display.
Summarizing Textual Information about Locations In a Geo-Spatial Information Display System

This demo describes the summarization of textual material about locations in the context of a geo-spatial information display system. When the amount of associated textual data is large, it is organized and summarized before display. A hierarchical summarization framework, conditioned on the small space available for display, has been fully implemented. Snapshots of the system, with narrative descriptions, demonstrate our results.
Multiphase Dynamics and Pollutant Formation

This chapter discusses the controlling phenomena associated with the combustion of liquid and solid fuels for aerospace applications. The key physical processes and governing factors are reviewed within the context of the fluid mechanical devices and systems that are generally utilized in aerospace power and propulsion systems. A general discussion of the role of fuels in terms of pollutant formation as well as combustion system operability is provided. Finally, some comments are made to summarize the material discussed. Keywords: atomizer; atomization; fuel; evaporation; combustion; pollutants
Biochemical genetics of alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica)

In calculations of molecular properties matrix elements of solid spherical harmonics are often needed. For the molecular three-center one-electron integral over two Slater-type orbitals of different atoms and a regular solid spherical harmonic, which is defined with respect to a third center, a completely analytical solution is given that contains only finite sums. Due to the strict observation of the concept of separate computation of the charge density distribution, and since elliptic coordinates are used, expressions can be utilized which occur in calculations of diatomic molecules. This is advantageous for practical applications.
Neuropeptide‐Fmrfamide‐Like immunoreactivity in drosophila: Development and distribution

Neuropeptide-FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was characterized in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. In the adult central nervous system, a stereotypic pattern of immunoreactive cell bodies and immunoreactive nerve processes and varicosities was observed, indicating a neurochemical role for FMRFamide-like substance(s) in Drosophila. Localization of immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of early larval stage revealed that the majority of the prominent FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons were already differentiated. The FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons remain immunoreactive throughout postembryonic stage and persist in the adult central nervous system. In the larva, in addition to the central nervous system, FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was localized in the fibers innervating the ring gland, in the ganglion innervating the gut and in the gastric caeca.
Multivariate rank tests for the two-sample location problem

A multivariate affinc-invariant family of rank tests is proposed for the two sample location problem. The class of statistics introduced is built upon Randles' multivariate one-sample sign statistic based on interdirections and the multivariate one-sample signed-rank statistic of Peters and Randles. Asymptotic relative efficiencies are obtained which indicate that selected members of the class perform very well for a broad class of distributions. Further comparisons are made among several statistics using Monte Carlo results.
Comparative property values in the USA and Ukraine

Reviews the history of privatization of residential real estate and the development of an embryonic real estate marketing system in Kiev, Ukraine. These changes since the fall of communism partially explain reported differences and similarities in rents and values in Kiev when compared with Philadelphia in the USA. In general, residential values are very high in central Kiev, an area influenced by substantial inflows of Western governmental and business demand. On the other hand, prices and rents per square foot are very low by Philadelphian standards in all other areas of Kiev. An inefficient marketing system may explain the much larger variations that seem to exist in all ratios studied in Kiev compared with Philadelphia.
The At-risk Adolescent Marijuana Nonuser: Expanding the Standard Distinction

This research expands the user/nonuser dichotomy commonly used in research on marijuana. By conceptualizing nonusers as homogeneous, vital nuances in susceptibility to risk and protective factors may be overlooked. Research operations tested the predictive validity of a brief measure that divided nonusers into resolute and vulnerable subcategories; determined whether variables that distinguished nonusers and users were more informative when a tripartite classification was used; and with an eye on future prevention, examined variables on which resolute nonusers were similar to vulnerable nonusers or users, and on which they differed from both. A nationally representative sample of respondents (N = 2,111; ages 12–16 years) from the National Survey of Parents and Youth was used in this secondary analysis. Panel data gathered yearly over four rounds included information on intentions and use of marijuana and other illicit substances, along with social, demographic, intrapersonal, and parental variables. The three groups differed significantly on associates’ marijuana use, participants’ approval of others’ use, and cigarette and alcohol use. Resolute nonusers differed from vulnerable nonusers and users alike on religiosity, delinquency (self and friends’), refusal strength, sensation seeking, parental monitoring and warmth, and adult supervision. Results support the utility of distinguishing vulnerable from resolute nonusers, counsel against considering nonusers as a homogeneous group, and provide insight into variables that might prove useful in future prevention efforts.
Common Myths and Evidence in the Management of Distal Radius Fractures

Distal radius fractures (DRFs) are the most common fracture treated by physicians, but questions remain regarding optimal management. Fracture patterns, biomechanics, and treatment strategies have been debated for more than 200 years, and research shows many controversies regarding long-held beliefs. Although these common myths have been propagated and considered fact, they are not based on the best-available evidence. This article illustrates some of the major controversies regarding the management of DRFs. To provide optimal care in a world of evidence-based medicine, clinicians must shift their thinking and accept that some of the indoctrinated ideas may represent a flawed heuristic approach.
Azirinyl and diazirinyl (chloride) ion pairs as intermediates

Abstract Both ab initio calculations and experimental observations support the intermediacy of diazirinyl or azirinyl cation-chloride anion pairs in transformations (1), (2), and (4).
The Impact of Organizational Context and Organization-Based Self-Esteem on Willingness to Mentor

This study reveals influences from individual and organizational contextual factors on an employee’s willingness to be a mentor to others. Organization-based self-esteem, an important individual co...
The Role Of The User In The Map Communication Process: Eye Noise And Map Design

This paper discusses first the eye noise effect of line contrast in map design, and then the effect of line contrast on the direct picture of terrain surface as produced by shaded relief. Map reading is described in its two major steps: the enrichment of the brain image from scanning the map sheet, and the construction of map reading patterns. An experimental topographic map with accompanying psychophysical scales to study eye noise effect is proposed. Le present memoire traite d'abord de l'effet d'attraction visuelle des contrastes lineaires des cartes geographiques, puis de l'effet de ce contraste sur l'image directe de la surface du terrain produite par le relief ombre. L'auteur decrit les deux etapes principales de la lecture d'une carte: enrichissement de l'image produite dans le cerveau par la lecture de la carte et developpement du systeme de lecture. Il propose une carte experimentale accompagnee d'un bareme psychophysique qui permettrait d'etudier l'effet d'attraction visuelle.
Impacts of Aerosol Aging on Laser Desorption/Ionization in Single-Particle Mass Spectrometers

Single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) has been widely used for characterizing the chemical mixing state of ambient aerosol particles. However, processes occurring during particle ablation and ionization can influence the mass spectra produced by these instruments. These effects remain poorly characterized for complex atmospheric particles. During the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside (SOAR), a thermodenuder was used to evaporate the more volatile aerosol species in sequential temperature steps up to 230°C; the residual aerosol particles were sampled by an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and a single-particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS). Removal of the secondary species (e.g., ammonium nitrate/sulfate) through heating permitted assessment of the change in ionization patterns as the composition changed for a given particle type. It was observed that a coating of secondary species can reduce the ionization efficiency by changing the degree of laser absorption or particle ab...
Three-dimensional confocal fluorescence microscopic visualization of the living human skin

Three-dimensional confocal visualization of living human skin is a new development in the noninvasive imaging of normal and pathological tissue. I have investigated the autofluorescence of in vivo human skin with a laser scanning confocal microscope. An argon ion laser (488 nm) was used for excitation of the natural fluorescence of skin and a 515 nm cut off filter was used to separate the fluorescence from the excitation light. I found that normal skin has a very high autofluorescence. The laser scanning confocal microscope was used to obtain a stack of serial sections through the skin. A stack of optical sections through the hair follicle was reconstructed as well as the three-dimensional reconstruction of the pores of sweat glands. The ability to obtain two and three-dimensional visualizations of in vivo human skin may provide a new tool for noninvasive diagnostics in dermatology.
An outcome study of breast reconstruction: presurgical identification of risk factors for complications.

Background: Breast reconstruction following mastectomy has been shown to have a salutary effect on the overall psychological well-being of women being treated for breast cancer. Unfortunately, however, not every patient is an ideal candidate for reconstruction. Complications stemming from reconstructive surgery can cause significant morbidity, the most important of which may be the delay of subsequent adjuvant antineoplastic therapies, and therefore may not be in the best interests of the patient. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on a consecutive series of 123 breast reconstructions in 98 patients, performed by one of two plastic surgeons, in a university setting over a 5-year period, for all surgical outcomes. Specifically, wound-healing complications, infections, and reoperations leading to the potential delay of subsequent chemotherapy or radiotherapy were recorded, and possible risk factors leading to these were sought. Results: Three presurgical risk factors were found to have a statistically significant influence on the development of complications following breast reconstruction. These were: (1) increasing obesity, defined by the body mass index, (2) an active or recent (<5 year) history of cigarette smoking, and (3) a history of previous radiation exposure. Odds ratios were used to describe the magnitude of the effect of each factor for the development of complications. An ordinal regression analysis was used to create a nomogram based on this information that can be used to calculate any individual patient’s presurgical risk for developing major complications following breast reconstruction, based on the presence of these factors. Conclusions: It is possible, based on the presence of specific presurgical risk factors, to predict the probability of developing major complications following breast reconstruction. This information can be useful to the referring physician and plastic surgeon alike in determining which patients are the best candidates for breast reconstruction and which type of reconstruction would be best suited for each individual patient.
Preparation for Employment in Children and Adolescents with Spinal Cord Injuries

Adult employment is an important goal for children and adolescents with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Adults with pediatric-onset SCI have much lower levels of employment than their peers. Adolescents with SCI often have little experience with chores or part-time work and they transition to adulthood less prepared for employment than their peers. Patients with SCI and their parents need to know, from the time of injury, that adult employment should be an expectation and that it is important for independence and life satisfaction. Children growing up with SCI need to keep pace with peers by doing activities that develop work skills.
Distributed information behavior: A study of dynamic practice in a safety critical environment

The purpose of this study was to develop concepts from information science to understand information behavior between multiple actors in high reliability operations. Based on previous research and framework development in human information behavior, the Distributed Information Behavior System was designed to assess the social practice of information identification, gathering, and use. In this study, flight crews were used as the test bed. The goal of this research was to assess if different information behaviors are practiced by accident-involved crews and crews not involved in an accident. The results indicate that differences indeed exist in the way crews identify, gather, and use information based on their performance level. This study discerns that high performing crews practice substantially different information behaviors than low performing and accident-involved crews. This work serves as a way to understand the social practice of information structuring within high reliability operations. Subsequently, this may aid researchers to identify the role sequencing plays in critical information negotiation. This work also serves as a tool to inform training and is applicable to other domains where work is supported through distributed collective practice. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flexible endoscopic Zenker’s diverticulotomy: approach that involves thinking outside the box (with videos)

Flexible endoscopic treatment for Zenker’s diverticulum (ZD) focuses on releasing the cricopharyngeal spasm by performing diverticulotomy on the septum. Current flexible endoscopic devices and techniques in ZD treatment require advanced endoscopic expertise and skills. Dedicated devices for directed and expedited septal dissection are lacking. This study aimed to develop and test prototypes for flexible endoscopic diverticulotomy. An in vivo flexible endoscopic diverticulotomy was performed in a nonsurvival swine model (n = 6; 110-lb animals). Two iterations of the diverticulotomy device were used to perform the diverticulotomy: a diverticulum cap with a swinging needleknife and a diverticulotome or septotome. The diverticulotome consisted of a diverticulum cap and a built-in cutting wire. The study evaluated the feasibility and efficiency of septal dissection with these devices. Efficient (<1–2 min) midline septal dissection was achieved using both devices without failure or immediate bleeding. A diverticulum cap with a swinging needleknife provides targeted and more precise septal dissection than a diverticulotome. The diverticulotome requires higher power settings due to the wider contact area between the septal tissues and the cutting wire. Flexible endoscopic diverticulotomy is feasible and efficient using the aforementioned diverticulotomy devices. The techniques in diverticulotomy using these devices are similar to those in biliary sphincterotomy using a sphincterotome, endoscopic needleknife, or both.
Generalized confidence intervals for proportions of total variance in mixed linear models

Abstract Exact confidence intervals for a proportion of total variance, based on pivotal quantities, only exist for mixed linear models having two variance components. Generalized confidence intervals (GCIs) introduced by Weerahandi [1993. Generalized confidence intervals (Corr: 94V89 p726). J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 88, 899–905] are based on generalized pivotal quantities (GPQs) and can be constructed for a much wider range of models. In this paper, the author investigates the coverage probabilities, as well as the utility of GCIs, for a proportion of total variance in mixed linear models having more than two variance components. Particular attention is given to the formation of GPQs and GCIs in mixed linear models having three variance components in situations where the data exhibit complete balance, partial balance, and partial imbalance. The GCI procedure is quite general and provides a useful method to construct confidence intervals in a variety of applications.
Patterns of sexual and asexual reproduction in the brittle star Ophiactis savignyi in the Florida Keys

Many plant and animal species reproduce both sexually and asexually. These 2 reproductive modes are both likely to be costly and, in many species, they occur at different times of the year. Here, I present information on the sexual and asexual reproductive biology of the brittle star Ophiactis savignyi (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) in the Florida Keys, USA. Small brittle stars (less than 3 mm) are almost always non-mature, and non-mature individuals are more likely to have recently undergone clonal division than mature brittle stars. Males appear to have a lower size threshold for sexual maturity than do females, but the sexes do not differ in the recency of clonal division. The greatest proportion of mature brittle stars was observed in the late summer through fall in all 3 years of the study. The incidence of asexual reproduction increases in the late fall through late winter. It therefore appears that brittle stars are more likely to split after the sexual reproductive season. The onset of cloning as the sexual reproductive season ends may result from differences in the time of year in which each mode confers the greatest fitness benefit or may arise from energetic trade-offs between the 2 modes of reproduction.