cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Utilizing Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Techniques

The major clinical applications of single photon computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) include detection of CAD among patients presenting with symptoms such as chest pain or dyspnea, assessing prognosis in patients with suspected or known CAD, identifying which CAD patients may benefit most from coronary revascularization rather than medical therapy and determining extent of myocardial viability in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Patients with normal SPECT MPI studies have an excellent prognosis with 10 % annual cardiac death or MI rate. Gated SPECT imaging permits the assessment of regional wall motion and measurement of the LV ejection fraction, which adds further prognostic information to the perfusion findings. Stress-only SPECT imaging in low risk patients eliminates the need for rest imaging when the stress scans are normal. This reduces radiation exposure to the patient as well as reduces cost. Vasodilator SPECT imaging is currently most frequently performed in patients unable to exercise adequately using regadenoson, a specific adenosine A2a receptor agonist. SPECT MPI can be combined with CT coronary angiography (CTA) for hybrid multimodality imaging of anatomy and physiology. CTA is most often performed when the SPECT images are non-diagnostic or equivocal. Conversely, if the CTA is done first, SPECT imaging may be useful as the second test in the instance of finding intermediate coronary stenosis (50–70 % narrowing) on CTA. Resting SPECT imaging with either thallium-201 or one of the Tc-99m-labeled perfusion agents (sestambi or tetrofosmin) can be used to determine the extent of viability in dysfunction myocardial segments. The greater the extent of viability in dyssynergic segments, the greater the chance of improved regional and global function after revascularization. Finally, new solid state gamma cameras employing cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) crystals with new software algorithms have emerged in recent years. This new technology permits more rapid acquisition of SPECT images at a lower radiation dose to the patient.
Reduction of experimental canine myocardial infarct size with prostaglandin E1: inhibition of neutrophil migration and activation.

The ability of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) to reduce myocardial infarct size in an anesthetized open-chest canine model of regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion was investigated. Administration of PGE1 (100 ng/kg/min into the left atrium) to dogs beginning 10 min after left circumflex coronary artery (LCCA) occlusion and continuing up to 2 hr of reperfusion resulted in a 43% reduction in infarct size expressed as a percentage of the area at risk: control infarct, 44.3 +/- 3.2%, n = 15; PGE1, 27.3 +/- 3.2%, n = 19, P less than .0005. Regional myocardial blood flow (measured with tracer-labeled microspheres in six dogs from each group) was similar between treatment groups at base line, 5 min after LCCA occlusion, 80 min after LCCA occlusion and 1 hr after LCCA reperfusion. In another group of anesthetized dogs, PGE1 was tested for its ability to decrease neutrophil migration into skin lesions. PGE1 at the same concentration that reduced infarct size, decreased the number of neutrophils (assessed by myeloperoxidase activity) that accumulated in skin lesions after intradermal injection of C5a by 63%. In addition, PGE1 inhibited the production of superoxide anion in vitro by zymosan-stimulated canine neutrophils in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, PGE1 reduces myocardial infarct size and inhibits neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that the reduction in infarct size by PGE1 may be due to multiple mechanisms including: 1) inhibition of neutrophil migration and activation at the site of tissue injury or 2) reduction in blood pressure which reduces myocardial oxygen demand.
Private and Shared Idiotypic Determinants of the Human T Cell Antigen Receptor

T lymphocytes play a crucial role in initiating most immune responses. Not only are T cells, especially antigen-specific helper T cells, necessary to induce functional effector T cell subpopulations but also to initiate development of the B cell response. The complete understanding of this co-ordinated T-B response requires knowledge of both the mechanism of T cell activation and the method by which T cells transmit signals to B cells. Once activated, T lymphocytes appear to function by secreting various soluble factors. These factors have been reported to influence B cell proliferation, differentiation, and immunoglobulin isotype selection (1–3). The nature of the initial events in triggering T lymphocytes to progress from a resting to activated state is poorly understood. Understanding the requirements to initiate this specific T cell activation, however, is crucial to understanding the integration of these two major functional arms of the immune system. The recent definition of the T cell antigen receptor using both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and cDNA probes has permitted a new, more precise method for investigating both the cellular events and molecular structures involved in this initial stage of T-B interaction.
Nutritional status of Negro preschool children in Mississippi. Evaluation of HOP index.

A lest, or index, of nutritional status which is simple and not time-consuming is needed for nutritional status and dietary surveys. The hydroxyproline index has been suggested for this purpose. These authors evaluated it in relation to a number of biochemical, as well as dietary, criteria and report their findings.
The Architecture of David Lynch

For the better part of 50 years, David Lynch has been exploring the permeability of the varied levels of human existence and the (often) uncanny nature of human creativity through painting, film, t...
Republican Government in the United States of America

The Fourth Section of the Fourth Article of the Constitution of the United States of America pledges that the national government will “guarantee to every state in this Union a Republican Form of Government”. By “republic”, eighteenth-century English-speaking writers meant to signify (as Thomas Paine most famously explained it), whatever government best serves “the purport, matter, or object for which government ought to be instituted, and on which it is to be employed”, which is to say, the “res-publica, the public affairs, or the public good; or, literally translated, the public thing”. From this it follows that whatever government “does not act on the principle of a republic, or, in other words, that does not make the res-publica its whole and sole object, is not a good government”, and “[rjepublican government is no other than government established and conducted for the interest of the public, as well individually as collectively”.1
Flow of Water around Bends in Pipes

In condensed form, this paper presents the more outstanding results of series of experiments on the flow of water around bends of various shapes and various degrees of curvature in 6-in. pipes. Onl...
Design and validation of a cost-effective physical endoscopic simulator for fundamentals of endoscopic surgery training

The American Board of Surgery will require graduating surgical residents to achieve proficiency in endoscopy. Surgical simulation can help residents to prepare for this proficiency test, accelerate skill acquisition, shorten the learning, and improve patient safety. Currently, endoscopic simulators are extremely cost-prohibitive. We therefore designed an inexpensive physical endoscopic simulator to (1) facilitate Fundamentals of Endoscopic Surgery skills training and (2) teach basic colonoscopy skills, for <$200.00. We constructed the Rutgers Open Source Colonoscopy Simulator (ROSCO) from easily acquired commercial materials. For construct validation, we compared novices to experts in a two-arm non-randomized study. Each participant performed the five tasks and a full cecal intubation on the simulator. Face and content validity surveys were taken by the experts, after the construct validity study to determine the simulator’s ability to achieve the intended task with “realism.” Data were collected on (1) cost and construction, (2) time to completion of individual tasks, (3) percentage of task completion, and (4) survey statistics. Our simulator requires no advanced expertise, costs $62.77 US, and weighs 8.5 pounds. The ROSCO simulator was clearly able to distinguish expert from novice. Expert task times for completing all five tasks, performing the loop reduction, and reaching the splenic and hepatic flexures on the simulator were significantly better than novice times (p < 0.05). All participants were able to complete all five tasks on the simulator 100 % of the time. Three out of five experts “Agreed” or “Strongly Agreed” with five out of the six statements regarding the simulator’s teaching ability. Four out of five experts rated each of the five specific aspects of the simulator as “Realistic” or “Very Realistic.” We have designed a low-cost colonoscopy simulator with easily available materials and which requires very little advanced construction expertise and have demonstrated construct, face, and content validity. We believe this will have broad impact for endoscopic simulation, surgical education, and health education cost.
Uncertainty in VS30‐Based Site Response

Abstract Methods that account for site response range in complexity from simple linear categorical adjustment factors to sophisticated nonlinear constitutive models. Seismic‐hazard analysis usually relies on ground‐motion prediction equations (GMPEs); within this framework site response is modeled statistically with simplified site parameters that include the time‐averaged shear‐wave velocity to 30 m ( V S 30 ) and basin depth parameters. Because V S 30 is not known in most locations, it must be interpolated or inferred through secondary information such as geology or topography. In this article, we analyze a subset of stations for which V S 30 has been measured to address effects of V S 30 proxies on the uncertainty in the ground motions as modeled by GMPEs. The stations we analyze also include multiple recordings, which allow us to compute the repeatable site effects (or empirical amplification factors [EAFs]) from the ground motions. Although all methods exhibit similar bias, the proxy methods only reduce the ground‐motion standard deviations at long periods when compared to GMPEs without a site term, whereas measured V S 30 values reduce the standard deviations at all periods. The standard deviation of the ground motions are much lower when the EAFs are used, indicating that future refinements of the site term in GMPEs have the potential to substantially reduce the overall uncertainty in the prediction of ground motions by GMPEs.
Pre-ovulatory and post-ovulatory overripeness.

Experimental work using animal models suggests that alterations of the oocyte during either a delay of ovulation or a delay of fertilization could account for a major % of human birth defects. The mechanism by which detrimental changes in the oocyte occur during these delays is not known. Hormonal modifications just prior to ovulation could initiate biochemical processes in the oocyte which proceed to an abnormal sequence of events when ovulation or fertilization does not take place at the optimum time. Alternately the oocyte may be programmed earlier in its growth phase and undergo degenerative changes if ovulation or fertilization does not occur at the programmed times. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in both preovulatory and postovulatory overripeness of the oocyte could ultimately lead to a reduction in the incidence of human developmental anomalies. (authors)
Waitlist Hospital Admissions Predict Resource Utilization and Survival After Renal Transplantation

Objective:To determine whether fitness for transplant can be determined by candidates’ hospitalizations although waitlisted.Background:Renal transplantation must increasingly serve a population of multiply comorbid patients in an environment defined by organ scarcity and premiums on value-based care
Short-term Operating Reserve Assessment for Grid-connected Photovoltaic System

Like wind power generation,the randomness and intermittency of solar photovoltaic(PV) power generation increases the complexity and uncertainty of the system operating reserve assessment.The main factors causing the randomness of the solar irradiance are taken into consideration to establish the energy conversion model of solar PV.Simulations are conducted based on this model,and instantaneous transition probability of power output from PV in typical season and period of time is investigated.Finally,operating reserve of a reliability test system integrated with solar PV is evaluated through the extended PJM method.The assessment results show the capacity contribution of grid-connected solar PV in different seasons and time intervals in a regular way.
Advances in research of DNA vaccine

As a novel vaccine set up in early 1990s,DNA vaccine has been developed rapidly in recent years and played an important role in the prevention and treatment of viral diseases and tumor. Compared with the traditional vaccines,it had some advantages,such as good immune effect,low production cost,and convenient usage for the clinical application,but it could also be found safety concerns. To provide the references for DNA vaccine researchers,the development,mechanism,and advantage are reviewed in this paper,and my personal viewpoint about its safety is presented as well.
Is sphincterotomy the best management of the spinal cord injured bladder

AbstractTransurethral incision of the external urinary sphincter with condom catheter drainage has long been used in the management of the male quadriplegic or high thoracic level paraplegic with neurogenic bladder. The decrease in outlet resistance is believed to lower the high intravesical pressures associated with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and obviate the need for an indwelling catheter, with its associated infectious complications. We reviewed 16 consecutive cases of sphincterotomy performed at our institution during the last 8 years to determine the long-term success rate and outcome of this mode of bladder management.Of the patients 13 are cervical level quadriplegics and 3 are thoracic level paraplegics who were unable to perform self-catheterization. Preoperative urodynamics most commonly demonstrated detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia, moderate to severe hyperreflexia and decreased compliance. Followup ranged from 3 months to 8 years (median 39 months). Only 8 of 16 patients still manag...
Case 81: A Tragic Case

Today you find yourself in the labor delivery suite (LD). A previously fit and healthy 19-year-old female (74 kg, gravida 1, para 0) is admitted to the LD. She is 34 weeks pregnant and is complaining of an increasingly severe headache and left-sided facial weakness. At 28 weeks, she had been admitted to the emergency room (ER) after a witnessed grand mal epileptic convulsion. Investigations showed an extensive right frontoparietal lesion. The diagnosis is suggestive of a glioma. It was decided that she should be started on Phenytoin and be allowed to continue her pregnancy.
24 Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: Is it Necessary to Establish a Diagnosis Before Instituting Treatment of Hypertension?

24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been available for many years as a research tool, and is gradually finding its way into clinical practice, despite a general lack of reimbursement in the U.S. Although clinic readings remain the mainstay of blood pressure measurement, they may misrepresent the true blood pressure in a substantial number of patients. Reasons for this include poor measurement technique, the small number of readings that can be taken, and the white coat effect. Both home monitoring and ABPM can overcome these limitations: the former is superior for assessing changes of blood pressure over time, and the latter for assessing the true blood pressure. The major clinical indications for ABPM include newly diagnosed hypertensives in whom there is no target organ damage, patients with suspected white coat hypertension, and some patients with resistant hypertension. Home monitoring may be used as an initial screening test in these patients. (c)1999 by Le Jacq Communications, Inc.
Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation

Drawing on the descriptive representation literature, we argue that religious identity is a social identity similar to gender or race, which leads a person to feel represented by someone who shares their religious identity. We argue that religious identity motivates approbation for public officials that is distinct from partisanship. We find that constituents who share the religious identity of their congressional representatives are significantly more likely to approve of their representative's performance in office. In addition, those who share a religious identity with President Obama are more trusting of him; particularly among those for whom religion is important. Finally, we find that shared religious identity moderates the relationship between partisanship and trust in the President. All else equal, Republicans who share a religious identity with President Obama are 500% more likely to trust him than a Republican who does not.
Results from Screening Polyurethane Foam Based Consumer Products for Flame Retardant Chemicals: Assessing Impacts on the Change in the Furniture Flammability Standards

Flame retardant (FR) chemicals have often been added to polyurethane foam to meet required state and federal flammability standards. However, some FRs (e.g., PBDEs and TDCIPP) are associated with health hazards and are now restricted from use in some regions. In addition, California’s residential furniture flammability standard (TB-117) has undergone significant amendments over the past few years, and TDCIPP has been added to California’s Proposition 65 list. These events have likely led to shifts in the types of FRs used, and the products to which they are applied. To provide more information on the use of FRs in products containing polyurethane foam (PUF), we established a screening service for the general public. Participants residing in the US were allowed to submit up to 5 samples from their household for analysis, free of charge, and supplied information on the product category, labeling, and year and state of purchase. Between February 2014 and June 2016, we received 1141 PUF samples for analysis f...
An asynchronous multi-view learning approach for activity recognition using wearables

In this paper, we introduce an Asynchronous Multiview Learning (AML) approach to allow accurate transfer of activity classification models across asynchronous sensor views. Our study is motivated by the highly dynamic nature of health monitoring using wearable sensors. Such dynamics include changes in sensing platform (e.g., sensor upgrade) and platform settings (e.g., sampling frequency, on-body sensor location), which result in failure of the machine learning algorithms if they remain untrained in the new setting. Our approach allows machine learning algorithms to automatically reconfigure without any need for labeled training data in the new setting. Our evaluation using real data collected with wearable motion sensors demonstrates that the average classification accuracy using our automatically labeled training data is 85.2%. This accuracy is only 3.4% to 4.5% less than the experimental upper bound, where ground truth labeled training data are used to develop a new activity recognition classifier.
Whose chosenness counts? The always-already racialized discourse of trans – response to Rogers Brubaker

ABSTRACTThe Jenner/Dolezal moment, while it appears to provide a neat comparative experiment in gender and racial classifications, is itself the artefact of an invisible, already racialized gender system. If we take this question at the heart of Rogers Brubaker’s provocative new book on its own terms, we find, like Brubaker, that very different rules, and indeed, different institutional architectures, govern the two categorical systems. Closer inspection reveals the ways claims to gender legitimacy are always strained through the mesh of racial legitimacy. What is more, the social forces at work in trans “recognition” politics may underwrite some of the most pernicious forms of racialized violence in the contemporary United States.
Selection of Normative Group Affects Rates of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease

Objective The objective of this study was to examine the impact of different methods of standardizing cognitive data in the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative. Methods Cognitive data from 423 participants with Parkinson's disease were included (age = 61.7 [9.7], education = 15.6 [3.0]). Internal norms were calculated using the group mean and standard deviation of the healthy control group. Published norms were compared to the overall group mean of and to age-stratified norms from healthy controls for each neuropsychological test over 4 visits. Rates of mild cognitive impairment were calculated using established criteria. Results The use of internal norms resulted in lower standardized scores than published norms on all tests with the exception of memory and processing speed (P ≤ .001). Individuals were 1.5 to 2.1 times more likely to be diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment using internal norms than published norms. Conclusions Standardization approaches with cognitive data are not interchangeable. Selection of a normative comparison group impacts research and clinical interpretations of cognitive data. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
An EPSS for Instructional Design: NCR’s Quality Information Products Process

In response to the need to enhance the development of information products at NCR, a new development methodology called QIPP (Quality Information Products Process) was developed for use by information product developers, including both technical writers and instructional designers. QIPP, a systems approach that combines instructional systems design with technical documentation development, can be used to develop any type of information product ranging from printed or online technical manuals to interactive multimedia training CD-ROMs and web-sites. To support the integration of QIPP throughout NCR, a QIPP EPSS was developed by a collaboration of NCR personnel, external contractors, and university consultants. Evaluation results indicated that the EPSS did support the adoption and implementation of QIPP, especially at those sites where locally produced resources were incorporated into the EPSS.
Arithmetic Congruence Monoids: A Survey

We consider multiplicative monoids of the positive integers defined by a single congruence. If a and b are positive integers such that a ≤ b and \(a^{2} \equiv a\mod b\), then such a monoid (known as an arithmetic congruence monoid or an ACM) can be described as \(M_{a,b} = (a + b\mathbb{N}_{0}) \cup \{ 1\}\). In lectures on elementary number theory, Hilbert demonstrated to students the utility of the proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic for \(\mathbb{Z}\) by considering the arithmetic congruence monoid with a = 1 and b = 4. In M 1, 4, the element 441 has a nonunique factorization into irreducible elements as 9 ⋅ 49 = 212. ACMs have appeared frequently in the mathematical literature over the last decade. While their structures can be understood merely with rational number theory, their multiplicative behavior can become quite complex. We show that all ACMs fall into one of three mutually exclusive classes: regular (relating to a = 1), local (relating to \(\gcd (a,b) = p^{k}\) for some rational prime p), and global (\(\gcd (a,b)\) is not a power of a prime). In each case, we examine the behavior of various invariants widely studied in the theory of nonunique factorizations. Our principal tool will be the construction of transfer homomorphisms from the M a, b to monoids with simpler multiplicative structure.
Erythrocyte Enzyme Disorders in Children

Erythrocyte metabolic abnormalities should be considered as a possible cause of hemolysis when there is no evidence of an immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, no consumptive red blood cell disorder, no morophologic or laboratory data to suggest a problem of the red cell membrane, and no evidence of a quantitative or qualitative defect in hemoglobin synthesis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is clearly the most common enzyme deficiency causing clinical problems.
Integrating Coastal Models and Observations for Studies of Ocean Dynamics, Observing Systems and Forecasting

In coastal oceanography, simulation models are used to a variety of ends. Idealized studies may address particular dynamical processes or features of coastline and bathymetry; reproducing the circulation in a geographical region can compliment studies of ecosystems and geomorphology; and models may be employed to simulate observing systems and to forecast oceanic conditions for practical operational needs. Frequently, the interplay between multiple forcing mechanisms, geographic detail, stratification, and nonlinear dynamics, is significant, and this demands that ocean models for coastal applications are capable of representing a comprehensive suite of dynamical processes. Drawing on a series of recent model-based studies of the inner to mid-shelf region of the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) we illustrate, by example, these methodologies and the breadth of dynamical processes that influence coastal ocean circulation. We demonstrate that the recent introduction of variational methods into coastal ocean simulation is a development that greatly enhances our ability to integrate models with data from the evolving coastal ocean observatories for the purposes of improved ocean prediction, adaptive sampling and observing system design.
Translation Ability: A Natural Bilingual and Metalinguistic Skill

Abstract The study of translation ability provides an avenue to understanding the cognitive-linguistic experience that is particular to bilingual children. Translation is a bilingual skill; it has also been called a metalinguistic skill par excellance . There has been little research on translation ability in bilingual children, despite calls for such research based on anecdotal and indirect evidence. This chapter reports the findings from a series of studies that have shown that grade school students are competent translators who are not easily misled by deliberate translation pitfalls, and who show no evidence of linguistic confusion when translating.
On the statistical convergence of bias in mode-based Kalman filter for switched systems

Many physical and engineered systems (e.g., smart grid, autonomous vehicles, and robotic systems) that are observed and controlled over a communication/cyber infrastructure can be efficiently modeled as stochastic hybrid systems (SHS). This paper quantifies the bias of a mode-based Kalman filter commonly used for state estimation in SHS. The main approach involves modeling the bias dynamics as a transformed switched system and the transitions across modes are abstracted via arbitrary switching signals. This general model effectively captures a wide range of SHS systems where the modes may follow deterministic, Markovian, or guard condition based transitions. By leveraging techniques developed to analyze the stability of switched systems, we derive conditions for statistical convergence of the bias in a mode-based Kalman filter in the presence of mode mismatch errors. Developed upon the foundations of Lyapunov theory, we demonstrate a linear matrix inequality condition that guarantees asymptotic stability of the corresponding autonomous switched system irrespective of the choice of mode mismatch probability. Furthermore, we obtain the range of mode mismatch probabilities that assures bounded input bounded output stability of the bias dynamics for both stable and unstable SHS. Using numerical simulations of a smart grid with network topology errors, we verify and validate the theoretical results and demonstrate the potency of using the analysis in critical infrastructures.
Pathology perspective on endoscopic full thickness resection

Abstract Recent advances in minimally invasive endoscopic approaches have introduced new resection techniques including the Endoscopic Full Thickness Resection (EFTR) for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. EFTR offers minimally invasive surgery for mucosal or subepithelial lesions that cannot be resected with standard Endoscopic Mucosal Resection or Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection techniques, due to anatomical location or presence of fibrosis (nonlifting epithelial lesions) allowing a safe and effective method to resect the entire gastrointestinal (GI) wall. EFTR is particularly useful for resecting small (
Reverse TDD-Based Massive MIMO Systems With Underlay Spectrum Sharing

Multi-cell multi-user underlay spectrum-sharing massive multiple-input multiple-output systems operating with reverse time division duplexing (R-TDD) are investigated. By primarily aiming at fully mitigating intra-cell pilot contamination and coherent interference, in the proposed R-TDD scheme, the primary/secondary systems are allowed to operate only in the opposite transmission directions. In order to establish fundamental performance limits, the secondary transmit power constraints and achievable rates are derived in the presence of training-based channel estimation. Thereby, the joint detrimental effects of spatial correlation, beamforming uncertainty, and inter-/intra-cell coherence interference due to pilot contamination are quantified and compared against the conventional TDD (C-TDD) counterpart. A max–min optimal power control policy is designed, and thereby, the common achievable rates and power control coefficients are derived. It is shown that by invoking R-TDD, the secondary power constraints and sum rates can be made to become asymptotically independent of primary interference threshold. Thus, the secondary system can be operated with its maximum average transmit power, independent of the primary system without hindering its asymptotically achievable rates by the virtue of the inherent intra-cell coherent interference mitigation benefit of the R-TDD. By exploiting the pilot decontamination feature of R-TDD, the achievable rates of primary/secondary systems can be significantly boosted, compared to the underlay spectrum sharing with C-TDD.
Goals drive responses to perceived discrimination

Abstract People with stigmatized identities are often targets of discrimination and must make daily decisions about how to respond to perpetrators. In this chapter, we present a model that explains how goals shape responses to perceived discrimination and impact immediate outcomes for the target. Targets of discrimination must weigh the often competing goals of being liked versus respected when deciding how they will respond to a perpetrator. We link liking and respect goals to common responses that we call ignoring (e.g., avoiding the topic or perpetrator, repairing the relationship) and challenging (e.g., confronting, reporting the perpetrator). Ignoring the behavior often has the immediate outcome of protecting the target’s sense of acceptance by the perpetrator but perpetuates bias. In comparison, challenging the perpetrator threatens one’s sense of acceptance but may satisfy the need for respect, bolster mental and physical health, and potentially reduce the perpetrator’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior. In this chapter, we introduce a theoretical model to explain how the goal that takes priority in the moment, directs the target’s response, and shapes immediate outcomes with regards to acceptance, mental and physical health, and perpetrator attitude and behavior change.
Satter Eating Competence Inventory Subscale Restructure After Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Abstract Objective To examine the structural validity of the empirically and theoretically derived Satter Eating Competence Inventory (ecSI 2.0). Methods Confirmatory factor analyses with 3 databases and a merger with 3 additional data sets (n = 2,010) from demographically heterogeneous samples. Results Findings supported retaining all 16 items and migration of the item I trust myself to eat enough for me from the Internal Regulation to Eating Attitudes subscales, providing 4 distinct but correlated subscales and an adequately fitting model, χ2(98) = 1,364.27, P Conclusion and Implications Psychometric integrity of the 16-item ecSI 2.0 was affirmed. Continued examination is recommended with cultural and linguistically diverse samples and network analyses to identify dynamic interactions among items.
Women's Representation Among Lead Investigators of Clinical Trials in Oncology.

This database study assesses the number of female lead investigators of randomized clinical trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov.
Application of the Weibull Methodology to a Shallow-Flaw Cruciform Bend Specimen Tested Under Biaxial Loading Conditions

This paper describes the application of the Weibull methodology to the analysis of a shallow-flaw cruciform bend specimen tested under biaxial loading conditions. The cruciform bend fracture mechanics specimen was developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to introduce a far-field, out-of-plane biaxial bending stress component in the test section that approximates the nonlinear stresses resulting from pressurized-thermal-shock or pressure-temperature loading of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel (RPV). Tests with the cruciform specimen demonstrated that biaxial loading can have a pronounced effect on shallow-flaw fracture toughness in the lower transition temperature region for an RPV material. High-constraint deep-flaw compact tension C(T) and low-constraint shallow-flaw cruciform fracture toughness data were used to assess the ability of the Weibull methodology to predict the observed effects of biaxial loading on shallow-flaw fracture toughness. A new hydrostatic stress criterion along with five equivalent-stress criteria from the literature were selected to serve as candidate kernels in the integral formulation of the Weibull stress. Among these candidates, the hydrostatic stress criterion, derived from the first invariant of the Cauchy stress tensor, was determined to have the required sensitivity to multiaxial-loading states. In addition, a new calibration technique developed by researchers at the University of Illinois for determining the necessary Weibull parameters is applied to the C(T) and cruciform data. A three-parameter Weibull model based on the hydrostatic stress criterion is shown to predict the experimentally observed biaxial effect on cleavage fracture toughness by providing a scaling mechanism between uniaxial and biaxial loading states. In summary, the conclusions that can be drawn from this study are as follows: (1) With respect to its effect on fracture toughness, the biaxial effect is a constraint effect. (2) A Weibull statistical fracture model has been successfully calibrated with uniaxial toughness data obtained from a conventional high-constraint C(T) specimen and a uniaxially loaded shallow-flaw cruciform that is effectively equivalent to a conventional shallow-flaw SE(B) specimen. (3) The calibrated fracture model was able to successfully predict the intermediate constraint-loss effects associated with two levels of biaxial loading. (4) These preliminary results at a single test temperature offer encouragement that complex multiaxial loading effects on transition region fracture toughness can be predicted with statistical fracture models developed using data obtained from conventional specimens. (5) Future work is required to investigate these effects at other temperatures within the transition region.
A Scalable Circularly-Polarized 256-Element Ka-Band Phased-Array SATCOM Transmitter with ±60° Beam Scanning and 34.5 dBW EIRP

This paper presents a scalable 256-element Ka-band switchable dual-polarizrd phased-array SATCOM transmitter (TX). The phased-array can generate linear, rotated linear, clockwise and counter-clockwise polarization which can be selected by setting the phased shifters in the beamformer chips. The low-cost design uses FR-4 based printed circuit board (PCB), surface mount technology (SMT) and silicon beamformer chips. The phased-array can scan to ± 60° in the elevation plane with a 3-dB beamwidth of 7° and 34.5 dBW EIRP at broadside. It has a measured 3-dB instantaneous axial-ratio bandwidth of 2 GHz and is scalable without grating lobes to allow economical construction of larger phased-arrays. The compact size of (14 x 11.5 cm) makes it suitable for a low-cost Ka-band SATCOM terminal.
An ethnographic justification for establishment of a contextual engineering discipline

The purpose of this paper is to provide an ethnographic analysis of the infrastructure intervention process in rural, non-industrialized countries, providing justification for a new approach to technical design. The new approach, Contextual Engineering, merges engineering with sociology to identify place-based conditions that may influence adoption of technological interventions.,A survey of international engineering practitioners, combined with the author's personal journals from 18 international project experiences are qualitatively analyzed using nVivo software to develop a stronger understanding of what motivates stakeholders to undertake humanitarian engineering work, how they incorporate place-based conditions and how their decision-making affects intervention outcomes.,Critical findings include the need for practitioner self-reflection to recognize motivations and beliefs; recognition that industrialized-world technology may not function effectively if it doesn’t acknowledge the client’s societal standards; identification of local context to determine practices, knowledge and beliefs that reside uniquely within the client community; resistance to application of practitioner standards that may not correspond with client conditions, understandings and needs; analysis of power dynamics within the client community, between client and neighboring communities, and among project stakeholders; and incorporation of innovative self-sufficiency in technical infrastructure design.,This paper follows upon previous published research by the author regarding the origin and application of her new approach to rural international infrastructure design, Contextual Engineering, and uses ethnographic qualitative analysis to identify key conditions that justify the Contextual Engineering discipline to more effectively serve rural clients from alternately developed societies.
Investigation of Epigenetic Mechanism in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients Investigation of Epigenetic Mechanism in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients

3030 Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate altered regional histone deacetylase (HDAC) expression (density and distribution) in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls, using [11C]Martinostat as a PET radiotracer. We aim to measure HDAC density and distribution in the brain of AUD patients. We will test the hypothesis that HDAC enzyme expression is altered in AUD brains. We will take advantage of a combined PET/MRI system to collect simultaneous PET and structural MRI to obtain high-resolution spatial maps. This will address fundamental questions about chromatin modifying enzymes in vivo in a way that has not been possible until now. HDACs are a family of epigenetic enzymes that regulate gene expression in the human brain by chemically modifying chromatin, a fundamental network of proteins and DNA in chromosomal structure. HDACs drive chromatin changes in response to life experience and the environment. Research from diverse disciplines supports the hypothesis that HDAC dysfunction can lead or contribute to brain disease, including AUD. HDAC expression in the brain has been evaluated by groups investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, major depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and AUD. Despite the preclinical evidence of HDAC and epigenetic dysregulation in AUD, limited investigation of the underlying processes and mechanisms relevant to AUD presents a significant knowledge gap between mechanisms measurable in animal models and human subjects. Prior to recent developments from our laboratory, the density and distribution of HDAC in the brain could not be quantified without sampling tissue. To overcome this limitation, we developed the first radiotracer, [11C]Martinostat, for non-invasive HDAC imaging via PET (Figure 1), which was recently approved by the FDA for first-in-human studies (IND # 123154). Our laboratory has now successfully imaged rodents, non-human primates, a growing cohort of healthy adults (18-65 years old) (Figure 2) and AUD patients (Figure 3) using [11C]Martinostat. Particularly, our PET HDAC imaging in AUD patients is the first time ever to visualize epigenetic expression in the brain of any SUD patient population. These early imaging data represent a major step forward in understanding epigenetic mechanisms in vivo and are already providing insights into regional HDAC expression.
Biochemical characterization of the S135L allele of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase associated with galactosaemia

Impairment of the human enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) results in the potentially lethal disorder galactosaemia. The S135L mutation, which accounts for almost 50% of the GALT alleles in galactosaemia patients of African-American descent, has been associated with activities ranging from null to wild-type by different investigators examining cell lysates representing different tissues or model systems. Because of the crude nature of the lysates examined, however, and the absence of quantitative measures concerning GALT abundance in most of those lysates, the available data do not distinguish between differences in GALT enzyme expression/abundance, specific activity, or kinetic constants in these different tissues or systems. In an effort to overcome this uncertainty and investigate the biochemical impact of the S135L substitution on human GALT function under defined conditions, we have overexpressed both wildtype and S135L-mutant GALT sequences in a null-background yeast expression system, and purified both proteins to near homogeneity. Abundance of the wild-type and mutant proteins in crude yeast lysates differed by ~2-fold. Kinetic studies of the purified proteins, however, demonstrated that although Km values differed by <2-fold, specific activities differed by 10-fold. Temperature-activity profiles revealed no significant differences, and coprecipitation studies demonstrated that S135L-hGALT subunits remained competent to self-associate in vivo. We conclude that the S135L substitution causes either steric or electrochemical changes sufficiently close to the active site in human GALT to result in partial impairment of the transferase reaction.
Improving stability of the metal-free primary energetic cyanuric triazide (CTA) through cocrystallization

Cyanuric triazide (CTA) and benzotrifuroxan (BTF) form a metal-free primary energetic cocrystal with suppressed volatility and improved thermal properties relative to CTA. Though electrostatic potential maps of the most stable conformations do not predict favorable interactions, a higher energy conformer has appropriate electrostatics and is selected by BTF in the cocrystal.
Multiple Good Valuation

Assume for the moment that you are the supervisor of the Roosevelt National Forest (it’s located near our town of Fort Collins, Colorado). You have been asked by the Chief of the Forest Service how you would spend a specified increase in your budget. You could spend the increase on such projects as improved campgrounds, better roads for reaching the backcountry, reduction in forest fuels to lower the risk of wildfire, and watershed management to lower erosion and thereby improve fish habitat. You know your chances of getting an increase depend on how well you support your proposal. You can design options that use up the budget increase, but you don’t have good information about the benefits of, or even the public preferences for, the options. You know what the vocal interest groups want, but you would like your proposal to have some quantitative justification that reflects the values of the wider citizenry who care about the National Forest. You examined the economic analyses that had been done about forest resources in the area and found no studies for most of the major resources you manage. You don’t have time for separate valuation studies of each of the options. However, you could commission a single study directly comparing the values people place on the options-a multiple good valuation study. Furthermore, because the options cost the same amount, a preference ordering of the options is all you need to choose the best one. That option might then become the focus of an economic valuation study, which would allow a benefit-cost comparison.1
COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: An emotional health perspective of Indians on Twitter.

Background:Novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) has spread in the world since its first human infection in December 2019. India has also witnessed a rising number of infections since March 2020. The Indi...
Teaching International Students: Improving Learning for All

The fourteen contributors to this edited volume put forth a powerful concept. They argue that the struggles faced by international students in the classroom can be a barometer for the rest of our students, or, as the title of the first chapter puts it, “canaries in the coal mine.” Being attuned to the needs and difficulties of international students can often be an early alert system for the rest of the class.
Tristetraprolin prevents gastric metaplasia in mice by suppressing pathogenic inflammation

Aberrant immune activation is associated with numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and contributes to cancer development and progression. Within the stomach, inflammation drives a well-established sequence from gastritis to metaplasia, eventually resulting in adenocarcinoma. Unfortunately, the processes that regulate gastric inflammation and prevent carcinogenesis remain unknown. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an RNA-binding protein that promotes the turnover of numerous pro-inflammatory and oncogenic mRNAs. Here, we utilized a TTP-overexpressing model, the TTP{Delta}ARE mouse, to examine whether TTP can protect the stomach from adrenalectomy (ADX)-induced gastric inflammation and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). We found that TTP{Delta}ARE mice were completely protected from ADX-induced gastric inflammation and SPEM. RNA sequencing revealed that TTP overexpression suppressed the expression of genes associated with the innate immune response. Finally, we show that protection from gastric inflammation was only partially due to suppression of Tnf, a well-known TTP target. Our results demonstrate that TTP exerts broad anti-inflammatory effects in the stomach and suggest that therapies that increase TTP expression may be effective treatments of pro-neoplastic gastric inflammation.
Understanding prosocial development in the context of systemic inequalities in the US and worldwide

Abstract Across psychology, there is increasing recognition that the experiences of children from minoritized racial and ethnic groups are underrepresented. Research on prosocial behavior exemplifies this systemic bias. This paper suggests that measures of prosocial behavior should be revised to be more culturally equitable, in order to reflect the experiences of youth across diverse communities. First, the authors briefly review literature on prosocial development in high-income countries. The authors advocate for revising measures to capture greater variability in the experiences of children from marginalized groups, and interpreting research findings in the context of systemic inequalities. Next, the authors review research on prosocial behavior in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which is limited but growing, and discuss next steps for future research on prosocial behavior in LMICs. The goal is to provide a specific research agenda to advance the understanding of prosocial development across contexts and communities worldwide.