cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Winnicott, Kohut, and the Developmental Context of Well-Being

In this article, qualitative, case-based research findings from the works of D. W. Winnicott and Heinz Kohut, regarding the interpersonal world of the child, are used to show how quantitative data from positive psychology on well-being can be seen as emerging within a highly social developmental context. It was shown that observations concerning the optimal social context for healthy child development embedded within the works of both Winnicott and Kohut can be mutually employed in the service of a productive dialogue with the tradition of quantitative research on well-being within positive psychology. On a more general level, the analysis provides evidence in support of Friedman's (2008) and Mruk's (2008) calls for an enhanced dialogue between humanistic, qualitatively inclined psychologists and positive, quantitatively inclined psychologists.
A host MicroRNA brokers truce with HSV-1.

Establishing lifelong infection and periodically shedding infectious progeny is a successful strategy employed by several persistent pathogens. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Pan et al. (2014) demonstrate that a cell-type-specific host microRNA can restrict gene expression and pathogenicity of herpes simplex virus 1, thereby promoting long-term infection.
Evidence for a Shock in Interstellar Plasma: Voyager 1

Voyager 1 (V1) observed electron plasma oscillations preceding a jump by a factor of 1.4 in the magnetic field intensity B near the end of 2012. The frequency of the electron plasma oscillations gives an electron density ne = 0.05 cm–3, which implies that V1 was immersed in plasma from the interstellar medium. The last day on which plasma oscillations were observed is day 332, 2012, and the jump in the B was centered on day 335, 2012 after a data gap in the wave data. The close association between the electron plasma oscillations and the jump in B suggests a causal connection, such as that frequently observed between electron plasma oscillations and interplanetary shocks at 1 AU. Based on the observed parameters and the smooth profile of B(t), the jump in B appears to be associated with a weak, subcritical, laminar, low beta, quasi-perpendicular, resistive, collisionless shock. However, the width of the jump is of the order of 104 times that expected for such a stationary shock at 1 AU. The large width of the jump in B might be the result of differences between the structure of shocks in the interstellar medium and the plasma near 1 AU. Alternatively, the subcritical resistive shock might have decayed during a few days after producing the plasma waves, leaving a broad profile in B(t) without significantly changing ambient parameters. Another possibility is that the jump in B is a pressure wave.
Alterations in Gene Array Patterns in Dendritic Cells from Aged Humans

Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen-presenting cells that play a key role in initiating and regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs are critical mediators of tolerance and immunity. The functional properties of DCs decline with age. The purpose of this study was to define the age-associated molecular changes in DCs by gene array analysis using Affymatrix GeneChips. The expression levels of a total of 260 genes (1.8%) were significantly different (144 down-regulated and 116 upregulated) in monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) from aged compared to young human donors. Of the 260 differentially expressed genes, 24% were down-regulated by more than 3-fold, suggesting that a large reduction in expression occurred for a notable number of genes in the aged. Our results suggest that the genes involved in immune response to pathogens, cell migration and T cell priming display significant age-related changes. Furthermore, downregulated genes involved in cell cycle arrest and DNA replication may play a critical role in aging-associated genetic instability. These changes in gene expression provide molecular based evidence for age-associated functional abnormalities in human DCs that may be responsible for the defects in adaptive immunity observed in the elderly.
Measuring utility of human-computer interaction

Human Computation, along with much of the Internet, only works when humans find tasks fun, enjoyable, or valuable enough to outweigh the time and effort they require to complete. The more value, or utility, that a task and interface provides, the more "work" humans will do. However, we do not yet know how to objectively measure the fun, enjoyment, or value of a user interface applied to a particular task. This demonstration presents the utiliscope, a system that empirically measures the utility of a user interface for a task by putting multiple versions of a user interface together with a task on Mechanical Turk and measuring the amount of money required to convince humans to use them.
The risk of contralateral lymphatic metastases for cancers of the larynx and pharynx.

Abstract Purpose: This study was undertaken to determine the risk of cervical metastases to the contralateral side in patients treated for carcinoma of the larynx and pharynx. Patlents and Method: Retrospective evaluation of 846 patients treated between 1962 and 1981 with carcinoma of the supraglottis, transglottis, and pyriform sinus were reviewed. Lesions were classified as either transglottic with fixed vocal cord (TG-F), transglottic with mobile vocal cords (TG-M), central supraglottic (SG-C), marginal supraglottic (SG-M), glossoepiglottic cancers of the suprahyoid epiglottic, vallecula, and tongue base (SG-GE), and cancers of the pyriform sinus (PS). Results: Contralateral lymph node metastases were identified at presentation or later developed in SG-GE 26%, SG-M 14%, PS 13%, SG-C 7%, TG 4%. Contralateral metastases were significantly higher in patients with ipsilateral metastasis. The risk of contralateral metastasis was unrelated to the primary tumor size. Conclusions: All but 79 patients received variable doses of irradiation to the contralateral neck. Therefore, the risk of metastatic disease is probably higher than reported. Parotid-sparing radiation technique is suggested for centrally located cancers of the supraglottis and transglottis when ipsilateral nodes are not involved because the risk of contralateral neck involvement is sufficiently low that opposite neck irradiation may be safely avoided.
Physical Exercise Prevents Stress-Induced Activation of Granule Neurons and Enhances Local Inhibitory Mechanisms in the Dentate Gyrus

Physical exercise is known to reduce anxiety. The ventral hippocampus has been linked to anxiety regulation but the effects of running on this subregion of the hippocampus have been incompletely explored. Here, we investigated the effects of cold water stress on the hippocampus of sedentary and runner mice and found that while stress increases expression of the protein products of the immediate early genes c-fos and arc in new and mature granule neurons in sedentary mice, it has no such effect in runners. We further showed that running enhances local inhibitory mechanisms in the hippocampus, including increases in stress-induced activation of hippocampal interneurons, expression of vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT), and extracellular GABA release during cold water swim stress. Finally, blocking GABAA receptors in the ventral hippocampus, but not the dorsal hippocampus, with the antagonist bicuculline, reverses the anxiolytic effect of running. Together, these results suggest that running improves anxiety regulation by engaging local inhibitory mechanisms in the ventral hippocampus.
Asymptotic freedom in the infinite-momentum frame

We study the renormalization of $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ Yang-Mills theory through one loop in the null-plane gauge. We choose as a measure of the effective coupling the off-shell four-gluon correlation function with all legs having zero transverse momentum. We find that, in addition to self-energy and vertex corrections, two-gluon exchange contributes to coupling-constant renormalization in an essential way. In this gauge, asymptotic freedom is due to a residual attraction between two gluons in the ultraviolet domain.
Nanometer-Scale Striped Surface Terminations on Fractured SrTiO3 Surfaces

Using cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy on in situ fractured SrTiO{sub 3}, one of the most commonly used substrates for the growth of complex oxide thin films and superlattices, atomically smooth terraces have been observed on (001) surfaces. Furthermore, it was discovered that fracturing this material at room temperature results in the formation of stripe patterned domains having characteristic widths ({approx}10 to {approx}20 nm) of alternating surface terminations that extend over a long range. Spatial characterization utilizing spectroscopy techniques revealed a strong contrast in the electronic structure of the two domains. Combining these results with topographic data, we are able to assign both TiO{sub 2} and SrO terminations to their respective domains. The results of this experiment reveal that fracturing this material leads to reproducibly flat surfaces that can be characterized at the atomic-scale and suggest that this technique can be utilized for the study of technologically relevant complex oxide interfaces.
Specific heat and phase diagrams of H2 adsorbed on D2- or HD-plated graphite.

Heat-capacity measurements are used to investigate the phase diagram of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ adsorbed on exfoliated graphite (gr) plated with approximately one monolayer of either ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ or HD, in the range $3.7lTl13$ K. The added ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ dosages are all within the equivalent of one monolayer coverage on the bare graphite. For the system ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$/${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$/gr a narrow transition at 5.74\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 K seems to indicate triple line melting. This transition shows a very small shift to lower temperatures with increasing coverage. For each coverage within the triple line densities, this transition is followed, at higher temperatures, by another transition culminating at a critical point at 9.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.30 K. The melting line of a ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ compressible solid is traced at coverages above the end of the triple line. For the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$/HD/gr system though, the apparent triple line melting temperature occurs at a higher temperature than for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$/${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$/gr and decreases from 6.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 K at low densities, to a somewhat constant 6.25 K near monolayer completion. The critical point of the higher temperature phase is at 10.17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 K. We present a simple model of interlayer isotopic mixing used to explore the origin of the triple line tilting in both systems.
Ferromagnetic chromites, KxZnyCrOz, from electrodeposition

Abstract The formation of nonstoichiometric ferromagnetic solids, K x Zn y CrO z , from the electrochemicial reduction of K 2 CrO 4 in molten ZnCl 2 KCl is described. These electrode deposits are ferromagnetic at room temperature and are characterized by means of Faraday magnetic susceptibility measurements, ESR spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, chemical composition and the coulometrically established equivalents of current per mole of chromium. The Curie temperatures of these solids vary inversely with current density so that magnetic materials of continuously varying ferromagnetism can be prepared with great convenience by this method. A hole-particle model is proposed which accounts for the data.
Object recognition with the hybrid evolutionary algorithm and response analysis in security applications

The recognition of an object in a scene is a common and important task of electronic imaging arising in many defense and security applications. When the image of the sought object is significantly distorted, and the image of the scene is cluttered, noisy, and contains many objects, the commonly used methods based on correlation and comparison of the feature vectors of the images can show poor performance. The approach utilizing the particular model of the hybrid evolutionary algorithm based on image response analysis is proposed to solve the object recognition problem formulated as the global optimization problem. The computational experiments with two-dimensional grayscale images show that the proposed approach can solve complex object recognition problems. It is able to discriminate between objects having a high degree of similarity, and to detect the sought object in the large cluttered and multi-object scene.
Feeding Value of Fermented Waste Milk with or Without Sodium Bicarbonate for Dairy Calves

Effects of feeding waste milk from antibiotic-treated cows on growth, feed efficiency, and incidence of scours of dairy calves were studied. Twenty-four newborn Holstein heifer calves were assigned at random to one of the following treatments: 1) fresh normal milk, 2) fresh waste milk, 3) fermented waste milk, or 4) fermented waste milk plus sodium bicarbonate. Means for fat, crude protein, and total solids in normal milk (3.25, 3.05, and 11.84%) were lower than the same components for fresh waste milk (3.82, 3.42, and 12.59%) and fermented waste milk (4.02, 3.42, and 12.74%). Mean pH's for normal milk, fresh waste milk, and fermented waste milk were 6.6, 6.6, and 5.1. Calves were fed colostrum the first 3 days of life, and their respective treatment milk at 10% of body weight for 42 days. Dry calf feed was offered ad libitum beginning on day 4, and water was available at all times. Mean weight gains (kg) and ratios of average dry feed to gain (kg/kg) for the 42-day treatments were: 1) 19.2, .6; 2) 17.6, .6; 3) 19.6, .7; and 4) 20.1, .6. Incidence of scours was measured as number of days that scours were present per calf during the 42 days. Mean scour days for each group were: 1) 2.0, 2) 1.8, 3) 3.0, and 4) 4.8. There were no detrimental effects on calves fed fresh or fermented milk from cows treated with antibiotics. Addition of sodium bicarbonate did not affect acceptance of fermented milk by calves.
Considerations for Finding the Optimal Design Parameters for a Novel Pole Climbing Robot

HyDRAS (Hyper-redundant Discrete Robotic Articulated Serpentine) is a novel serpentine robot comprising a serial chain of actuated universal joints for climbing structures such as poles or scaffoldings. To do so, it wraps its body around the structure in a helical shape, and rotates its body along its own central body axis to roll up the structure. This paper presents a method and considerations for selecting the optimal design parameters for the development of HyDRAS. The geometry equations derived in this paper will allow for a parametric approach that will aid in the selection of the appropriate design parameters such as module length, module diameter, helical pitch, and allowable range of motion for the given task of climbing pole like structures. Several examples are used to illustrate the method. The results obtained will be used in the analysis of the mechanical advantage of the mechanism and future research on the motion planning of HyDRAS.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Geodetic observations during the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska

Abstract In March 2009 Redoubt Volcano, about 160 km to the SW of Anchorage, Alaska, began its most recent explosive eruption. Deformation induced by this event was recorded by a GPS campaign network consisting of 14 benchmarks, which had been established in 1991 after the previous eruption. The network was partially reoccupied in 2001 and 2008 and no volcanic deformation was detected during that period. In response to precursory unrest starting in January 2009, the Alaska Volcano Observatory temporarily deployed continuously recording GPS instruments at four of the campaign benchmarks only days before the onset of explosive activity in March 2009. The only GPS instrument recording continuously during the months prior to the eruption was the Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) station AC17, about 28 km northeast of the volcano's summit. Data from this station reveals subtle motion radially outward from the volcano beginning as early as May 2008, which reversed with the onset of explosive activity. Using simple analytical models we link the precursory activity to a point source intrusion of 0.0194 0.03400.0092 km3 in volume at 13.50 17.3310.17 km below sea level (bsl, superscripts and subscripts refer to upper and lower ends of confidence intervals at the 95% level). During the explosive phase about 0.05 > 0.10.028 km3 of magma was evacuated from a prolate spheroid with its centroid at 9.17 15.176.92 km bsl, a semimajor axis of 4.50 > 10.001.25 km length and a semi-minor axis of 0.475 > 4.00.3 km. The effusive activity is inferred to come from the same source, decreasing in volume by 0.0167 0.02280.0106 km3. Including observations from seismology and petrology, we hypothesize a mid-crustal two reservoir system with material sourced from > 20 km flowing in at about 13.5 km depth and reheating residual material in the proposed spheroid. The mixture migrated to shallower depth (2–4.5 km bsl) and reheated material there. As this residual magma erupted, it was replaced by the material from the spheroidal reservoir at 7–11.5 km depth, which renders the shallow source undetectable for geodetic instruments. In addition to long term displacements we investigate sub-daily kinematic positioning solutions and find that large, short-term positioning offsets correlate with large explosive events. Spikes in phase residuals plotted along the sky tracks of individual satellites can be related to individual plumes given favorable satellite–station-geometry, which may be of use in volcano monitoring.
Performance evaluation based on cluster validity indices in medical imaging

Exploratory data-driven methods such as unsupervised clustering are considered to be hypothesis-generating procedures, and are complementary to the hypothesis-led statistical inferential methods in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The major problem with clustering of real bioimaging data is that of deciding how many clusters are present. This motivates the application of cluster validity techniques in order to quantitatively evaluate the results of the clustering algorithm. In this paper, we apply three different cluster validity techniques, namely, Kim's index, Calinski Harabasz index, and the intraclass index to the evaluation of the clustering results of fMRI data. The benefits and major limitations of these cluster validity techniques are discussed based on the achieved results of several datasets.
Black-White Differences in Health and Mortality: A Review And Conceptual Model

An important segment of social science research focuses on differences in health and mortality between the African American and non-Hispanic white populations in the United States. This article begins by documenting some of the current health and mortality differences. I then review and critique the three major theoretical approaches that are most often used to explain such differences: racial genetic, cultural/behavioral, and socioeconomic. Finally, I present an alternative conceptual framework for the study of black-white differences in health and mortality. This reorientation of the importance of race for health and mortality moves beyond narrow genetic, cultural/behavioral, or socioeconomic representations to include, most importantly, multiple forms of racism as crucial sociological determinants of health and mortality differentials. Key sets of intervening, or proximate, variables are also identified to specify the process by which the health and mortality differentials are created. While no single future study may encompass all of the factors highlighted in the proposed framework, data collection and research efforts in this area can be guided by a model that organizes into a relatively parsimonious framework the seemingly endless number of factors involved in the creation of such differences.
APW dispersion relation for plasmon in metals

Abstract Following Ichikawa's technique we derived a dispersion relation for plasmons in metals using APW (Augmented Plane Wave) wave functions. The formula contained herein may be used to acquire information concerning the filling of the energy bands and so data needed in explaining electrical and magnetic properties of metals.
Effects of AMPA/kainate glutamate receptor antagonists on cocaine-induced convulsions and lethality in mice.

Abstract Prior studies demonstrate that NMDA receptor antagonists attenuate cocaine-induced convulsions and lethality. Since glutamate is the primary neurotransmitter for NMDA receptors, pharmacological interventions to lower glutamatergic activity through non-NMDA ionotropic receptor-mediated mechanisms were evaluated for their ability to prevent the convulsive and lethal effects of cocaine. Pre-treatment of male, Swiss Webster mice with the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonists 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-benzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX; 10–80 mg/kg, i.p.) or 1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine hydrochloride (GYKI 52466; 10–20 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to significantly attenuate cocaine-induced convulsions or lethality. Although ineffective when administered alone, NBQX enhanced the protective effects of 5-nitro-6,7-dichloro-1,4-dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione (ACEA-1021), an NMDA/glycine site antagonist, when administered in combination. The mixed NMDA/non-NMDA receptor competitive antagonist 5-chloro-7-trifluoromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (ACEA-1011) also protected against the convulsive effects of cocaine. The data suggest that AMPA/kainate receptors indirectly influence the pathophysiological changes that occur after a cocaine overdose through modulation of NMDA receptors.
Distribution of Glyco-κ-Casein in Bovine Casein Micelles: A Study Using Soluble and Immobilized Proteases

Abstract Bovine casein micelles isolated from raw uncooled skim milk by ultracentrifugation at 50,000×g for 60min were treated with chymosin and pepsin in both soluble and immobilized forms. The release of nonprotein nitrogen and sialic acid soluble in 2% and 12% trichloroacetic acid was studied. Soluble chymosin released a maximum amount of 7.56mg nonprotein nitrogen per gram casein soluble in 2% trichloroacetic acid and 4.67mg nonprotein nitrogen per gram casein soluble in 12% trichloroacetic acid. The corresponding figures for immobilized chymosin were 6.46 and 4.20. Pepsin generally released higher quantities of nonprotein nitrogen from the micelle. Both glyco-κ-casein and carbohydrate-poor κ-casein exist on the micelle surface with at least 90% of the micelle's glyco-κ-casein being on its surface. Sialic acid analysis of trichloroacetic acid filtrates corroborated the nonprotein nitrogen data.
Fed-Batch Reactor Temperature Control Using Lag Compensation and Gain Scheduling

This paper studies the control of a fed-batch reactor in which the optimum operation is to maximize the feed flow rate, as limited by jacket heat transfer. The volume in the reactor increases with time, as does the heat-transfer area. Therefore, the feed rate also increases with time, which acts as a load disturbance to the reactor temperature controller. A conventional proportional−integral (PI) controller exhibits an offset from the desired setpoint (“droop”) because of the constantly changing load. A lag-compensated PI controller is shown to provide effective temperature control. In addition, because the process gain between the temperature and feed flow rate decreases during the batch as a result of the increase in volume, increasing the controller gain directly with volume (gain scheduling) improves the performance. Significant decreases in batch times are achieved, resulting in higher productivity. In addition, when there are competing undesirable reactions, higher yields are achieved because the re...
Forced Fabrication Versus Interviewer Suggestions: Differences in False Memory Depend on How Memory is Assessed

Summary: Many studies show that witnesses can develop false memories for suggested misinformation provided by an interviewer. The forced fabrication effect extends this finding by demonstrating that witnesses can also develop false memories for events they were forced to fabricate themselves. In two experiments we compared the incidence of false memory following forced fabrication and interviewer provided suggestion under various conditions (pre-test warning/no warning; one-week/twoweek delay) and type of test (source recognition vs. narrative recall). Whereas interviewer suggestions resulted in more false memories than forced fabrications on source recognition tests when participants overtly resisted fabricating and were warned at test, tests of narrative recall showed the opposite pattern even with pre-test warnings: Fabrications generated following overt resistance led to more false recall than interviewer provided suggestions. This dissociation between suggestive interview type and test type indicates that predictions about the deleterious consequences of interviews are dependent on the way memory is assessed. Copyright # 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Career commitment and expected utility of present job as predictors of turnover intentions and turnover behavior

Abstract This study investigated two hypotheses relevant to the employee withdrawal process as it relates to career commitment and expected utility of present job for attaining valued career outcomes. Data pertaining to career commitment, expected utility of present job, turnover intentions, and actual turnover of 244 nursing professionals were examined. Expected utility of present job for attaining valued career outcomes was found to interact with career commitment in predicting intent to leave. The relation between expected utility of present job and turnover intent was negative for subjects with high career commitment, but positive for subjects with low career commitment. Further, it was found that (i) while career commitment interacted with expected utility of present job to predict turnover intentions and (ii) while turnover intentions had a direct effect on turnover, (iii) neither career factor was related directly to turnover when holding turnover intentions constant, thus intimating that the individual career factors affect turnover through turnover intentions. Both the theoretical and the practical implications of these results for understanding the psychology of the withdrawal process are discussed.
Complementary trace-element fractionation in volcanic and plutonic rocks: imperfect examples from ocean-floor basalts and gabbros

A simple trace-element model that is generalized from one devised by Albarede (1976) can be used to treat plutonic rocks as mixtures of cumulate phases and trapped liquid. The model is based on the Rayleigh fractionation law, mass balance, and modal data and, with certain assumptions, can give estimates of the mass fraction of the liquid component (Xl) in a cumulate rock and of some of the characteristics of that liquid, including trace-element concentrations and the mass fraction of the original liquid (F) that remained in the magma chamber when some of it was trapped. Application of the model to Cr and Zr data for ten dredged gabbros from the Oceanographer Fracture Zone (OFZ) in the North Atlantic yields results in the range Xl=0.014–0.17 and F=0.04–0.22. A more complex model extends the equations developed by Greenland (1970) and combines them with constraints from 1-atm experiments on ocean-floor basalts to effectively map phase-saturation boundaries onto trace-element variation diagrams. On a Zr-Sr plot, the model is capable of mimicking mixing chords and differences in liquid lines of descent (or parental compositions) inferred from major-element chemistry for several OFZ basalts. Qualitatively, the associated gabbros can also be rationalized as cumulate/melt mixtures on this diagram, although the allowable range of liquid compositions is large. In addition, there is some suggestion that the Zr-Sr liquid line of descent fitted to the OFZ basalts may have more general relevance to other ocean-floor rocks (e.g., Galapagos and FAMOUS glasses).
SIMULATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF CAR DRIVEABILITY PHENOMENA

SUMMARY The purpose of this paper 1s to describe the development and application of a computer model for the prediction of a vehicle drive-ability phenomenon known as “shuffle”. Shuffle is the abnormal vibration of the vehicle due to quick throttle actuation. The computer model has been validated by comparing predicted and measured longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle and proved to be capable to predict the shuffle phenomenon to a sufficient degree of accuracy. Some analyses of the influence of different driving conditions (e.g. engine speed, selected gear) and vehicle design parameters (e.g. longitudinal suspension stiffness) have been conducted. These analyses indicated correct trends and, therefore, the model is now used to support the development of optimum driveability behaviour of passenger vehicles.
Electron-beam-induced reactions at transition-metal oxide surfaces

Abstract Electron irradiation of maximally-valent transition-metal oxides within the transmission electron microscope leads to a variety of surface reactions which depend primarily upon the energy and local current density of the incident electron beam. When the oxides Nb 2 O 5 , V 2 O 5 , TiO 2 and WO 3 are irradiated at current densities of 5–50 A cm −2 then formation of the respective metallic monoxide is observed. The surface profile imaging technique reveals that the surface monoxide invariably has a well-defined epitaxial relationship with the original oxide. When a small focused probe of extreme current density (⋍10 3 -10 4 A cm −2 ) is used, reduction beyond the monoxide phase for WO 3 , V 2 O 5 and TiO 2 is observed. Extensive pitting, amorphization and some evidence for the based metal is also found. Measurements have also been performed under uhv conditions and show that sputtering from the exit surface is an important damage mechanism.
Social Density of Gambling and Its Association with Gambling Problems: An Initial Investigation

The role of social factors in pathological gambling has received relatively little systematic research. The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between a target individual’s gambling behavior and the gambling behavior among that individual’s parents, siblings and five closest friends. The specific aims were, first, to apply a novel brief assessment to study the social density of factors relating to pathological gambling; second, to replicate previously observed findings involving the social aggregation of alcohol and tobacco use; and third, to examine social density findings among the three domains. Participants were 128 frequent gamblers from the Athens, Georgia area, 79.7 % male with a mean age of 34.2 (SD = 11.7). Participants were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview for Gambling Severity for gambling severity, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test for alcohol abuse, the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence for tobacco use, and the novel Brief Social Density of Gambling, Alcohol, and Tobacco Assessment. Significant relationships were observed between participants’ and friends’ activity within all domains: gambling (ps = .001), alcohol use (p < .001) and tobacco use (p < .001). Relationships with friends’ activity across domains were less strong. Distinct patterns of associations with parents and siblings were not observed. Thus, social aggregation was observed across the three domains of potentially addictive behaviors, generally with specificity within domains and with friends, not biological relatives. Methodological considerations and potential applications of these findings are discussed.
A History of Mechanization in the Cotton South: The Institutional Hypothesis

The Cotton South has always lagged behind the rest of American agriculture in the use and development of large-scale machinery. This paper formalizes an idea often found in the historical literature in loosely specified form which argues that the institutional structure of the southern plantation economy caused this technological inertia. In particular, the Institutional Hypothesis argues that the annual labor contracts used to secure plantation labor discouraged partial mechanization and inventive activity by redirecting the impact of higher labor costs away from the development and adoption of labor saving machinery and toward the adoption of small unmechanizable tenancies. This hypothesis is modeled, and supporting evidence is presented. Its larger implications are also discussed.
Defining the optimal pharmacotherapy of non-ST-segment elevation (NSTE) acute coronary syndromes (ACS): a rapidly moving target

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) represent a spectrum of disease, including unstable angina, non ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction. In patients with cardiovascular disease, ACS represents the most common diagnosis for hospital admission, accounting for nearly 1.5 million hospital admissions in 1999. Similarly, although improvements in medical therapy have resulted in a dramatic decline in mortality from acute myocardial infarction (MI) over the last four decades, MI remains the most common cause of in-hospital death in industrialized nations. The approach to managing patients with acute coronary syndromes has evolved dramatically over the past decade and, in many respects, represents a rapidly moving target in light of recent advances in pharmacotherapy and catheter-based revascularization. A number of recently-published studies, including the TACTICS Trial, the ADMIRAL Trial, and the TARGET Trial, provide novel information about the relative merits of pharmacologic therapy and invasive intervention, A common theme from these studies is that there is a growing consensus among cardiologists that combination therapy with these two modalities may actually provide the best clinical outcomes in ACS patients.
A Subset of Proteins Found in Culture Supernatants of Candida albicans Includes the Abundant, Immunodominant, Glycolytic Enzyme Enolase

Immunoblot analysis showed that enolase is one of a subset of proteins found in cell supernatants of Candida albicans. Enzyme assays on whole cell extracts indicated that enolase is an abundant protein, comprising 0.7% and 2.0% of the total protein from yeast and hyphal forms of C. albicans, respectively. Comparison of enolase enzyme activities in whole cell extracts and cell culture supernatants showed the enzyme to be located primarily within cells. Extracellular glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was absent or lower than that of enolase, despite equivalent intracellular levels. The results suggest that enolase, released from fungi in the absence of host factors, may contribute to enolase found circulating in the blood of patients with hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. In addition, the release from cells of highly immunogenic fungal proteins, such as enolase, may be important in defining the selective stimulation of host antifungal responses during infection.
Unidirectional infiltration and solidification/remelting of Al-Cu alloy

Unidirectional, adiabatic infiltration, and solidification/remelting of Al-4.5 wt% Cu alloy in a porous preform is modeled numerically. The model formulation is derived from the fundamental conservation laws. The moving infiltration and remelting fronts are dealt with by the Landau transformation. The transformed governing equations are solved numerically. The solute, temperature, and solid volume fraction profiles are presented for representative parameters. The numerical predictions agree well with previously reported experimental measurements and with the analytical similarity solution. It is observed that the unidirectional infiltration and heat transfer do display the similarity behavior, and the macrosegregation in the casting is strongly dependent on the initial preform temperature, the superheat of inlet metal-matrix, and the applied pressure.
Entrepreneurial Learning and Deepak Chopra's Seven Spiritual Laws of Success

This research examines the concept of entrepreneurial learning and relates it to Deepak Chopra's seven spiritual laws of success. The article first examines generic processes in motivating entrepreneurs to engage in self-directed learning projects on behalf of their businesses. Then it examines three modes of learning as they apply to practising entrepreneurs. Triple-loop learning is proposed as the deepest level of entrepreneurial learning. Triple-loop learners are considered the most likely entrepreneurs to practise the seven spiritual laws of success. Finally, each of the seven laws is related back to the motives that inspire entrepreneurs to learn.
2D Monte Carlo versus 2D Fuzzy Monte Carlo health risk assessment

Risk estimates can be calculated using crisp estimates of the exposure variables (i.e., contaminant concentration, contact rate, exposure frequency and duration, body weight, and averaging time). However, aggregate and cumulative exposure studies require a better understanding of exposure variables and uncertainty and variability associated with them. Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) studies use probability distributions for one or more variables of the risk equation in order to quantitatively characterize variability and uncertainty. Two-dimensional Monte Carlo Analysis (2D MCA) is one of the advanced modeling approaches that may be used to conduct PRA studies. In this analysis the variables of the risk equation along with the parameters of these variables (for example mean and standard deviation for a normal distribution) are described in terms of probability density functions (PDFs). A variable described in this way is called a “second order random variable.” Significant data or considerable insight to uncertainty associated with these variables is necessary to develop the appropriate PDFs for these random parameters. Typically, available data and accuracy and reliability of such data are not sufficient for conducting a reliable 2D MCA. Thus, other theories and computational methods that propagate uncertainty and variability in exposure and health risk assessment are needed. One such theory is possibility analysis based on fuzzy set theory, which allows the utilization of incomplete information (incomplete information includes vague and imprecise information that is not sufficient to generate probability distributions for the parameters of the random variables of the risk equation) together with expert judgment. In this paper, as an alternative to 2D MCA, we are proposing a 2D Fuzzy Monte Carlo Analysis (2D FMCA) to overcome this difficulty. In this approach, instead of describing the parameters of PDFs used in defining the variables of the risk equation as random variables, we describe them as fuzzy numbers. This approach introduces new concepts and risk characterization methods. In this paper we provide a comparison of these two approaches relative to their computational requirements, data requirements and availability. For a hypothetical case, we also provide a comperative interpretation of the results generated.
Endoluminal high-dose-rate brachytherapy for early stage and recurrent esophageal cancer in medically inoperable patients

Abstract Purpose The management of superficial primary and recurrent esophageal cancer (EC) in medically inoperable patients is complex. Endoluminal high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy has shown mixed results in terms of toxicity and local control. In this study, we examined the outcomes and toxicities in a set of patients with superficial primary and recurrent EC treated with a consistent HDR technique. Methods and Materials Between 8/2008 and 7/2011, 14 patients were treated with HDR intraluminal brachytherapy, 10 (71.4%) with recurrent disease, and 4 (28.6%) with previously unirradiated lesions. Patients received three weekly fractions to a median dose of 12 Gy (range, 10–15 Gy); dose was prescribed to 7-mm median depth with mucosal dose limited to 8–10 Gy using a 12–14-mm applicator. Results Median followup was 15.4 months. Overall freedom from failure (OFFF) and overall survival (OS) at 18 months were 30.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.2, 56.4) and 72.7% (95% CI: 45.3, 100), respectively. For patients with recurrent disease, OFFF and OS at 18 months were 11.1% (95% CI: 0, 32.1) and 55.6% (95% CI: 15.4, 95.8), respectively. For patients with previously unirradiated disease, OFFF and OS at 18 months were 75.0% (95% CI: 31.6, 100) and 100.0%, respectively. Eight (57.1%) patients had Grade 1 acute adverse effects; 6 (42.9%) patients had chronic Grade 1 adverse effects; 1 (7.1%) patient developed Grade 2 stricture. Grade 3 tracheoesophageal fistula occurred in 1 (7.1%) patient. One patient died before completion of treatment of unrelated causes. Conclusions HDR endoluminal brachytherapy is a well-tolerated treatment for superficial primary and recurrent EC in medically inoperable patients.
A second-order-accurate symmetric discretization of the Poisson equation on irregular domains

In this paper, we consider the variable coefficient Poisson equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions on an irregular domain and show that one can obtain second-order accuracy with a rather simple discretization. Moreover, since our discretization matrix is symmetric, it can be inverted rather quickly as opposed to the more complicated nonsymmetric discretization matrices found in other second-order-accurate discretizations of this problem. Multidimensional computational results are presented to demonstrate the second-order accuracy of this numerical method. In addition, we use our approach to formulate a second-order-accurate symmetric implicit time discretization of the heat equation on irregular domains. Then we briefly consider Stefan problems.
The neuroscience of a person network.

In their article, Farah and Heberlein (2007) argue that evidence from neuroscience may help us understand why a specific and non-arbitrary definition of personhood is so difficult. They suggest tha...
Measurement of the enthalpy and specific heat of a Be2C-graphite-UC2 reactor fuel material to 1980 K

The enthalpy and specific heat of a Be2C-Graphite-UC2 composite nuclear fuel material have been measured over the temperature range 298–1980 K using both differential scanning calorimetry and liquid argon vaporization calorimetry. The fuel material measured was developed at Sandia National Laboratories for use in pulsed test reactors. The material is a hot-pressed composite consisting of 40 vol% Be2C, 49.5 vol% graphite, 3.5 vol% UC2, and 7.0 vol% void. The specific heat was measured with the differential scanning calorimeter over the temperature range 298–950 K, while the enthalpy was measured over the range 1185–1980 K with the liquid argon vaporization calorimeter. The normal spectral emittance at a wavelength of 6.5×10−5 cm was also measured over the experimental temperature range. The combined experimental enthalpy data were fit using a spline routine and differentiated to give the specific heat. Comparison of the measured specific heat of the composite to the specific heat calculated by summing the contributions of the individual components indicates that the specific heat of the Be2C component differs significantly from literature values and is approximately 0.56 cal · g−1 · K−1 (2.3×103J · kg−1 · K−1) for temperatures above 1000 K.
Stented versus nonstented transverse colon conduits: a comparative report.

Abstract Postoperative urinary tract complications were evaluated in 75 women who underwent urinary diversion with formation of a transverse colon conduit after radiation for gynecologic cancer. Urinary stents were placed at the ureterocolonic junction in 37 women, while no stents were used in 38 women. Leaks or fistulae developed in 18% of the nonstented group but in only 3% of the stented group ( P P P
Taming Poseidon’s Beast of Uncertainty: The Auspicious Debut of Marine Engineer Aleksej Nikolaevich Krylov (1863–1945)

AbstractThis paper reviews the career of the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Russian engineer Aleksej Nikolaevich Krylov (1863–1945). He made prodigious contributions to the fields of marine engineering, naval architecture, strength of materials, physics, analogue computers, ballistics, applied mathematics, astronomy, and engineering education. Surprisingly unknown in the West today, Krylov had achieved international fame in 1899 when he became the first foreigner to receive a gold medal from the Royal Institution of Naval Architects in London. After the years of upheaval following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent civil war, Krylov was instrumental in re-establishing scientific contacts with the West and defining Soviet technological policy. Later in life, his erudition extended into the history of science and technology. This paper focuses on his first ground-breaking work: the development of methods to correct compass deviation and the corresponding design of his new dromos...
Isotopic variations of dissolved copper and zinc in stream waters affected by historical mining

Abstract Zinc and Cu play important roles in the biogeochemistry of natural systems, and it is likely that these interactions result in mass-dependent fractionations of their stable isotopes. In this study, we examine the relative abundances of dissolved Zn and Cu isotopes in a variety of stream waters draining six historical mining districts located in the United States and Europe. Our goals were to (1) determine whether streams from different geologic settings have unique or similar Zn and Cu isotopic signatures and (2) to determine whether Zn and Cu isotopic signatures change in response to changes in dissolved metal concentrations over well-defined diel (24-h) cycles. Average δ66Zn and δ65Cu values for streams varied from +0.02‰ to +0.46‰ and −0.7‰ to +1.4‰, respectively, demonstrating that Zn and Cu isotopes are heterogeneous among the measured streams. Zinc or Cu isotopic changes were not detected within the resolution of our measurements over diel cycles for most streams. However, diel changes in Zn isotopes were recorded in one stream where the fluctuations of dissolved Zn were the largest. We calculate an apparent separation factor of ∼0.3‰ (66/64Zn) between the dissolved and solid Zn reservoirs in this stream with the solid taking up the lighter Zn isotope. The preference of the lighter isotope in the solid reservoir may reflect metabolic uptake of Zn by microorganisms. Additional field investigations must evaluate the contributions of soils, rocks, minerals, and anthropogenic components to Cu and Zn isotopic fluxes in natural waters. Moreover, rigorous experimental work is necessary to quantify fractionation factors for the biogeochemical reactions that are likely to impact Cu and Zn isotopes in hydrologic systems. This initial investigation of Cu and Zn isotopes in stream waters suggests that these isotopes may be powerful tools for probing biogeochemical processes in surface waters on a variety of temporal and spatial scales.
Cost minimizing inter-sensing duration in Cognitive Radio Networks

A novel channel detection timing scheme for periodic sensing is proposed to minimize the sensing cost of the secondary users while protecting the transmission of the primary users. The framework consists of a Cognitive Radio Network where secondary users operate in a periodic fashion while the primary users operate in continuous-time. The scheme has been presented for both non-erroneous and erroneous channel sensing conditions. Numerical results show the effectiveness of our scheme for erroneous sensing conditions when compared to non-erroneous sensing conditions.