cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low grade papillary adenocarcinoma of minor salivary gland origin : Diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology

OBJECTIVE: To describe the diagnostic cytologic features of low grade papillary adenocarcinomas of minor salivary gland origin (LPA) along with its pertinent differential diagnostic entities. STUDY DESIGN: The study was based on a histologically confirmed case of LPA that recurred after multiple excisions. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) was performed during the most recent recurrence. RESULTS: Low-power examination showed geographic sheets and papillary groups of epithelial cells. Individual cells were medium sized, with scant cytoplasm, finely clumped chromatin and occasional prominent nucleoli. Pleomorphism was conspicuously absent. Differential diagnosis included cellular mixed tumor, basal cell adenoma, basal cell adenocarcinoma, low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma and metastatic papillary carcinoma. CONCLUSION: LPA can be accurately diagnosed by FNA biopsy. However, the cytopathologist must entertain and exclude various differential diagnostic entities.
Extrema of mass, stationarity, and staticity, and solutions to the Einstein-Yang-Mills equations.

A simple formula is derived for the variation of mass and other asymptotic conserved quantities in Einstein-Yang-Mills theory. For asymptotically flat initial data with a single asymptotic region and no interior boundary, it follows directly from our mass-variation formula that initial data for stationary solutions are extrema of mass at fixed electric charge. When generalized to include an interior boundary, this formula provides a simple derivation of a generalized form of the first law of black-hole mechanics. We also argue, but do not rigorously prove, that in the case of a single asymptotic region with no interior boundary stationarity is necessary for an extremum of mass at fixed charge; when an interior boundary is present, we argue that a necessary condition for an extremum of mass at fixed angular momentum, electric charge, and boundary area is that the solution be a stationary black hole, with the boundary serving as the bifurcation surface of the horizon. Then, by a completely different argument, we prove that if a foliation by maximal slices (i.e., slices with a vanishing trace of extrinsic curvature) exists, a necessary condition for an extremum of mass when no interior boundary is present is that the solution be static. A generalization of the argument to the case in which an interior boundary is present proves that a necessary condition for a solution of the Einstein-Yang-Mills equation to be an extremum of mass at fixed area of the boundary surface is that the solution be static.This enables us to prove (modulo the existence of a maximal slice) that if the stationary Killing field of a stationary black hole with bifurcate Killing horizon is normal to the horizon, and if the electrostatic potential asymptotically vanishes at infinity, then the black hole must be static. (This closes a significant gap in the black-hole uniqueness theorems.) Finally, by generalizing the type of argument used to predict the ``sphaleron'' solution of Yang-Mills-Higgs theory, we argue that the initial-data space for Einstein-Yang-Mills theory with a single asymptotic region should contain a countable infinity of saddle points of mass. Similarly in the case of an interior boundary, there should exist a countable infinity of saddle points of mass at fixed boundary area. We propose that this accounts for the existence and properties of the Bartnik-McKinnon and colored black-hole solutions. Similar arguments in the black-hole case indicate the presence of a countable infinity of extrema of mass at fixed area, electric charge, and angular momentum, thus suggesting the existence of colored generalizations of the charged Kerr solutions. A number of other conjectures concerning stationary solutions of the Einstein-Yang-Mills equations and related systems are formulated. Among these is the prediction of the existence of a countable infinity of new static solutions of the Yang-Mills-Higgs equations related to the sphaleron.
Rotational spectra and conformational structures of 1-phenyl-2-propanol, methamphetamine, and 1-phenyl-2-propanone.

Microwave spectra have been recorded for 1-phenyl-2-propanol, methamphetamine, and 1-phenyl-2-propanone from 11 to 24 GHz using a Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. Only one spectrum from a ...
Discriminating Lamprey Species Using Multilocus Microsatellite Genotypes

Abstract Efforts to manage the invasive sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus in the Great Lakes have greatly reduced the species' abundance and distribution. The methods employed have also affected the abundance and distribution of species that are native to the Great Lakes basin, including the American brook lamprey Lampetra appendix (also known as Lethenteron appendix), the northern brook lamprey Ichthyomyzon fossor, and the silver lamprey I. unicuspis. Discrimination among the four species based on the phenotypic characteristics of larvae is difficult, making accurate assessments of their abundance, recruitment, and distribution within streams problematic. Given growing interest in the conservation of native species and the effects of sea lamprey controls, an alternative method of identification is warranted. Owing to species-specific fixed differences in alleles, microsatellite loci were extremely useful in discriminating lamprey species. Samples of each species were analyzed with respect to seven microsate...
Bailey's politics

Stratagems and Spoils: A Social Anthropology of Politics by F. G. Bailey. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1970. Pp. xiv + 240; £2.85 cloth and £1.50 paper. Gifts and Poison: The Politics of Reputation edited by F. G. Bailey. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1971. Pp. 318; £3.50 cloth and £2.00 paper. Debate and Compromise: The Politics of Innovation edited by F. G. Bailey. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1973. Pp. 343; £5.00.
Plant genetic identity of foundation tree species and their hybrids affects a litter-dwelling generalist predator

The effects of plant genetics on predators, especially those not living on the plant itself, are rarely studied and poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of plant hybridization and genotype on litter-dwelling spiders. Using an 18-year-old cottonwood common garden, we recorded agelenid sheet-web density associated with the litter layers of replicated genotypes of three tree cross types: Populus fremontii, Populus angustifolia, and their F1 hybrids. We surveyed 118 trees for agelenid litter webs at two distances from the trees (0–100 and 100–200 cm from trunk) and measured litter depth as a potential mechanism of web density patterns. Five major results emerged: web density within a 1-m radius of P. angustifolia was approximately three times higher than within a 1-m radius of P. fremontii, with F1 hybrids having intermediate densities; web density responded to P. angustifolia and F1 hybrid genotypes as indicated by a significant genotype × distance interaction, with some genotypes exhibiting a strong decline in web density with distance, while others did not; P. angustifolia litter layers were deeper than those of P. fremontii at both distance classes, and litter depth among P. angustifolia genotypes differed up to 300 %; cross type and genotype influenced web density via their effects on litter depth, and these effects were influenced by distance; web density was more sensitive to the effects of tree cross type than genotype. By influencing generalist predators, plant hybridization and genotype may indirectly impact trophic interactions such as intraguild predation, possibly affecting trophic cascades and ecosystem processes.
Training of African Managers — Some Lessons from Evaluation

A large amount of resources are spent each year on management training for Sub‐Saharan Africa. For example, in fiscal years 1984 and 1985, the World Bank alone committed an average of US$25 million per year for management training. The overall figure, combining all countries and donors, would be much higher. Worldwide, the Bank committed US$240 million for all types of training in 1985. These funds are used for fellowships, hardware, local training, study tours and expatriate experts. Training in the developing world is big business and the effectiveness of that training in improving organisational performance is important. The efficiency and effectiveness of management training is important for reasons beyond simple return on these large investments.
Population, distribution, and behaviour of giraffe in the Arusha National Park, Tanzania

Summary In a year's study of the giraffe population of the Arusha National Park we identified 462 individuals. The cumulative first sightings of individuals were fitted to a logistic model that gave an estimated total population of 471. Immatures accounted for only 24% of the population. Twenty-two calves were born during the period of study. The giraffe of the Park are divided into ‘North’ (more precisely northeastern) and ‘South’ (southeastern) subpopulations, and although there is no barrier between them, only 3% of the population (all bulls) were ever seen in both the northern and southern parts of the Park. The northern region is further divided into four areas, each with its own assemblage of individuals, which were seldom seen elsewhere. Bulls and male juveniles were seen less often relative to their numbers than were cows and female juveniles. This indicates that they spend a greater proportion of the time in the forest than do the females. A partial list of plants eaten by giraffe in the Park is ...
A Lindenmayer system-based approach for the design of nutrient delivery networks in tissue constructs

Large thick tissue constructs have reported limited success primarily due to the inability of cells to survive deep within the scaffold. Without access to adequate nutrients, cells placed deep within the tissue construct will die out, leading to non-uniform tissue regeneration. Currently, there is a necessity to design nutrient conduit networks within the tissue construct to enable cells to survive in the matrix. However, the design of complex networks within a tissue construct is challenging. In this paper, we present the Lindenmayer system, an elegant fractal-based language algorithm framework, to generate conduit networks in two- and three-dimensional architecture with several degrees of complexity. The conduit network maintains a parent–child relationship between each branch of the network. Several L-system parameters have been studied—branching angle, branch length, ratio of parent to child branch diameter, etc—to simulate several architectures under a given L-system notation. We have also presented a layered manufacturing-based UV-photopolymerization process using the Texas Instruments DLP™ system to fabricate the branched structures. This preliminary work showcases the applicability of L-system-based construct designs to drive scaffold fabrication systems.
Performance effects of multi-sensory displays in virtual teleoperation environments

Multi-sensory displays provide information to users through multiple senses, not only through visuals. They can be designed for the purpose of creating a more-natural interface for users or reducing the cognitive load of a visual-only display. However, because multi-sensory displays are often application-specific, the general advantages of multi-sensory displays over visual-only displays are not yet well understood. Moreover, the optimal amount of information that can be perceived through multi-sensory displays without making them more cognitively demanding than a visual-only displays is also not yet clear. Last, the effects of using redundant feedback across senses on multi-sensory displays have not been fully explored. To shed some light on these issues, this study evaluates the effects of increasing the amount of multi-sensory feedback on an interface, specifically in a virtual teleoperation context. While objective data showed that increasing the number of senses in the interface from two to three led to an improvement in performance, subjective feedback indicated that multi-sensory interfaces with redundant feedback may impose an extra cognitive burden on users.
Perceptions of Prognosis, Treatment, and Treatment Impact on Prognosis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Study objectives We designed and performed a survey to assess the roles and knowledge level of physicians, by specialty, in the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The primary objective was to evaluate the potential variability of physician perceptions of prognosis, recommended treatments, and the impact of treatment on prognosis for each stage of NSCLC. Design A random national sample of physicians from one of five specialties (primary care, pulmonary medicine, medical oncology, radiation oncology, or thoracic surgery) were invited to complete a 15-min questionnaire. Five case scenarios were presented, each representing a different stage of NSCLC. Participants were asked to state the expected prognosis, recommended treatment, and expected impact of the recommended treatment on prognosis for each scenario. Measurements and results Of the 442 physicians contacted, 350 completed the survey (86% response rate). In general, physicians agreed that the primary treatment of patients with stage I disease should be surgery. For all other stages of disease, however, there was a wide range of opinion regarding the treatment of choice and expected impact of treatment on prognosis. In particular, a significant proportion of physicians recommended only supportive care for patients with stage IV disease, despite demonstrated benefits of chemotherapy. Conclusions Physicians from differing specialties have varied opinions on the management of NSCLC, particularly stages II to IV. Education regarding state-of-the-art therapy should be directed not only at traditional audiences (ic, medical oncologists) but also the major physician specialties involved in the care of NSCLC patients. Wider implementation of treatment advances in late-stage disease could significantly increase the numbers of patients living for a longer time.
Auxin Input Pathway Disruptions Are Mitigated by Changes in Auxin Biosynthetic Gene Expression in Arabidopsis

Auxin is a phytohormone involved in cell elongation and division. Levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the primary auxin, are tightly regulated through biosynthesis, degradation, sequestration, and transport. IAA is sequestered in reversible processes by adding amino acids, polyol or simple alcohols, or sugars, forming IAA conjugates, or through a two-carbon elongation forming indole-3-butyric acid. These sequestered forms of IAA alter hormone activity. To gain a better understanding of how auxin homeostasis is maintained, we have generated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants that combine disruptions in the pathways, converting IAA conjugates and indole-3-butyric acid to free IAA. These mutants show phenotypes indicative of low auxin levels, including delayed germination, abnormal vein patterning, and decreased apical dominance. Root phenotypes include changes in root length, root branching, and root hair growth. IAA levels are reduced in the cotyledon tissue but not meristems or hypocotyls. In the combination mutants, auxin biosynthetic gene expression is increased, particularly in the YUCCA/Tryptophan Aminotransferase of Arabidopsis1 pathway, providing a feedback mechanism that allows the plant to compensate for changes in IAA input pathways and maintain cellular homeostasis.
Natural hazards and disasters in Latin America

Natural hazards and disasters occur widely throughout the world. Disasters can be costly both in terms of human lives and property and ecosystem disruption. Higher death tolls in developing nations may be the result of poverty, rapid population growth, urbanization, and inadequate communication facilities. The purpose of this study is to show patterns of major catastrophic events in Latin America so that their impacts can be evaluated and compared. Latin America was selected because of the variety of recent events commanding wide attention: earthquakes in Mexico, volcanic eruptions in Colombia, hurricanes and floods in Haiti, and drought and mudflows in Brazil. Spatial and temporal aspects of natural disasters are presented in nine tables and 21 maps. The tables give selected disaster data by country for volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and atmospheric disturbances from the 16th century to 1989. Most data is derived from disasters occurring during the 20th century and include number of events, people killed, people affected, and U.S.$ damage. Maps show environmental settings for disasters and allow detailed comparison among countries. Floods account for the greatest number of major events in the most countries, earthquakes cause the most deaths and damage, while droughts affect the most people. Peru surpasses all others in susceptibility to major disasters. Assessment of vulnerability to hazards, improved economic opportunities, and an increased social and political concern for poor people should help reduce future losses from natural disasters in Latin America.
Symmetric alternative to asymmetric rifting models

We describe the first numerical simulation of continental rifting that reproduces the three major structures observed at magma-poor margins such as the Galicia Margin west of the Iberian Peninsula or the Apulia Margin in the Alps: (1) Distal continental margins consist of fault-bounded blocks separated by oceanward-dipping normal faults. (2) At the tip of the continent, lower crust is scarcely preserved or absent, and upper crust directly overlies exhumed mantle. (3) The base of the rotated crustal blocks is a prominent seismic reflector and represents a high strain zone with a top-to-the-ocean sense of shear. In our model, these structures do not reflect asymmetric rift geometry at a lithospheric scale. Instead, they derive from upper-crustal collapse over a mid-crustal shear zone into the rift center and are present on both sides of the rift axis. The model has a horizontal weak zone in the middle crust on top of strong lower crust and a localized vertical zone of thermal weakness in the rift center. We hypothesize that the development of a thermal perturbation and associated strain localization in the deeper lithosphere may cause the transition from widely distributed faulting and crustal thinning to constricted faulting directed toward a well-defined rift center.
An Improved Two-Layer Method for Nondestructively Characterizing Magnetic Sheet Materials Using a Single Rectangular Waveguide Probe

Abstract An improved single waveguide probe technique is presented to nondestructively determine the permittivity and permeability of sheet materials. The impetus for the technique is to address the unreliable results yielded by the existing single-probe two-layer method while preserving its physical ease of measurement. Included in this article is the theoretical development of the method and its experimental validation. The theoretical development uses Love's equivalence theorem to derive a magnetic field integral equation that is subsequently solved for the theoretical reflection coefficient using the method of moments. Experimental permittivity and permeability results for two magnetic shielding materials are presented and compared to results obtained using established techniques to validate the proposed method. Profile plots of the electric and magnetic fields in the material under test region of the measurement geometry are provided and analyzed to yield further physical insight.
Review of short wavelength laser research

A review of the status of research towards achieving lasing action in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray spectral regions is presented. An analysis of the general problems likely to be encountered is accompanied by numerical results for those approaches currently considered promising. Progress on each approach is detailed and various possible methods of verifying the presence of gain with their relative merits are discussed. Research areas requiring Application of short-wavelength lasers also are given.
Digital topological method for computing genus and the Betti numbers

Abstract This paper concerns with computation of topological invariants such as genus and the Betti numbers. We design a linear time algorithm that determines such invariants for digital spaces in 3D. These computations could have applications in medical imaging as they can be used to identify patterns in 3D image. Our method is based on cubical images with direct adjacency, also called ( 6 , 26 ) -connectivity images in discrete geometry. There are only six types of local surface points in such a digital surface. Two mathematical ingredients are used. First, we use the Gauss–Bonnett Theorem in differential geometry to determine the genus of 2-dimensional digital surfaces. This is done by counting the contribution for each of the six types of local surface points. The new formula derived in this paper that calculates genus is g = 1 + ( | M 5 | + 2 ⋅ | M 6 | − | M 3 | ) / 8 where M i indicates the set of surface-points each of which has i adjacent points on the surface. Second, we apply the Alexander duality to express the homology groups of a 3D manifold in the usual 3D space in terms of the homology groups of its boundary surface. While our result is stated for digital spaces, the same idea can be applied to simplicial complexes in 3D or more general cell complexes.
Derailing the locomotive: transcription termination.

Transcription can be divided into three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the binding of RNA polymerase (RNAP)2 to a gene’s promoter and the beginning of RNA synthesis. Elongation involves lengthening the nascent transcript by the addition of nucleotides to the 3 -end of the RNA located in the active site of RNAP. The last stage of transcription, termination, involves stopping RNA synthesis, release of the transcript, and dissociation of the RNAP from the DNA template.
Localization of GABA and glycine in goldfish retina by electron microscopic postembedding immunocytochemistry: improved visualization of synaptic structures with LR White resin

A post-embedding, electron microscopic immunocytochemistry technique, modified from existing protocols, was used to examine the labelling patterns of GABA immunoreactivity and glycine immunoreactivity in goldfish retina. Retinae were fixed in mixed aldehyde solution, dehydrated in ethanol, stained en bloc with uranyl acetate and phosphotungstic acid and embedded in LR White resin. Substances were localized in thin sections by floating grids first on a drop of primary antiserum and then on a colloidal gold-IgG conjugate. Finally, grids were exposed to osmium vapour. The localization of GABA immunoreactivity matched that of [3H]-GABA uptake or glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity as described previously. In the outer retina, GABA immunoreactivity was found in the cell bodies and axon terminals of H1 horizontal cells and their dendrites opposite cone photoreceptor terminals. Selected amacrine cell bodies were labelled, as were many processes, both synaptic and non-synaptic, throughout the inner plexiform layer, including most amacrine cell processes contacting the synaptic terminals of type Mb bipolar cells. Numerous amacrine cells, their processes in the inner and outer plexiform layers, and photoreceptor terminals contained glycine immunoreactivity in a distribution similar to that shown by [3H]-glycine uptake. Despite the absence of osmium in the primary or secondary fixative, our protocol results in excellent visibility of synaptic structures and detectability of the colloidal gold immunolabel. Also, it does not cause extraction of the HRP/DAB reaction product and is therefore suitable for double-label analysis of neurons labelled with horseradish peroxidase.
Interspike Interval Analysis of Retinal Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields

The interspike interval (ISI) preceding a retinal spike has a strong influence on whether retinal spikes will drive postsynaptic responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). This ISI-based filtering of retinal spikes could, in principle, be used as a mechanism for processing visual information en route from retina to cortex; however, this form of processing has not been previously explored. Using a white noise stimulus and reverse correlation analysis, we compared the receptive fields associated with retinal spikes over a range of ISIs (0–120 ms). Results showed that, although the location and sign of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields are invariant to ISI, the size and amplitude of receptive fields vary with ISI. These results support the notion that ISI-based filtering of retinal spikes can serve as a mechanism for shaping receptive fields.
The tight binding nature of the repressor-operon interaction

The hypothesis that the binding of the repressor to the operator gene has high affinity leads to a simple interpretation of a variety of observations in the literature. It accounts for the kinetics of enzyme synthesis in mutants where the synthesis of repressor is temperature sensitive and for the dependence of enzyme induction on inducer concentration. For the lactose operon the data fit best with 1·5 to 2·0 repressors per operon in a normal cell in a form capable of binding to the operon. There are at most a few repressor molecules, in addition, which are incapable of binding to the operator because they are bound to molecules of derepressors and/or to specific internal inducers. The calculated dissociation constant of the repressors with operators is 10−12M or smaller. To account for the relative homogeneity of the response of cells in the population, we have presumed there are four operon per cell about to divide, and at cell division those repressors not bound at that instant to operators are assumed to be distributed at random. It was suggested that the rate of regulator RNA synthesis might be much slower than that of other types of RNA to explain the restriction of the number of repressors per cell. This permits an understanding of how functional repressor can apparently be formed during an inhibition of protein synthesis, and yet from genetic experiments and from the very existence of temperature mutants must contain protein. As a third point, it is suggested that the gene product of the regular genes may remain bound to its polypeptide product through special tRNA and is, therefore, a tripartite nucleoprotein. This would permit an explanation of how repressors could on one hand bind so tightly and specifically, both to the inducer and to the operon, and yet be properly assembled when there are only a few copies within the cell.
Evaluation and Comparison of Alternative Compliant Overrunning Clutch Designs.

Compliance criteria are used to evaluate the general class of over-running clutches to determine which type is best suited to benefit from compliance. The criteria used in the evaluation include the presence and angle of rotation of revolute joints, the possibility for part count reduction, the presence of springs, possible reduction in weight, and the method of clutch engagement. Sprag, spring, roller or ball, and ratchet and pawl clutch types were evaluated, and the ratchet and pawl type of over-running clutch was demonstrated to be the most promising. Within this type of over-running clutch, different designs incorporating bending, tension, and compression loading of the pawls were explored to determine the best method for loading the pawls. The clutches were compared using the maximum output torque. It was determined that the clutch incorporating rigid pawls loaded in compression produced the largest output torque. The maximum output torque for this clutch was measured at 65.6 N-m.
Myrtle McGraw's Unrecognized Conceptual Contribution to Developmental Psychology

Abstract In the late nineteenth century and through much of the twentieth century, the notion of the early developmental autonomy of motor behavior pervaded behavioral embryology and the developmental psychology of infant behavior. In the midst of this predeterministic climate of opinion concerning motor development, Myrtle McGraw briefly and tentatively broached the probabilistic epigenetic notion of a bidirectional or reciprocal relationship between structural maturation and function, whereby structural maturation of the nervous system is influenced by functional activity as well as the other way around. Myrtle McGraw thus anticipated our current understanding of the role of experience in the cortical and motor maturation of infants in the first year of postnatal life. It is all the more remarkable that she made this contribution when the theoretical climate of opinion was epitomized by predeterministic epigenetic thinking. In the same vein, McGraw's second unrecognized contribution is her clear formulation of a suitably flexible critical period concept in 1935, one that is consonant with our current understanding.
The role of the object concept in visual tracking: Child-like errors in adults☆

Abstract The ability of adults to accurately track a moving target was examined in two experiments, in order to compare their performance with that of very young infants, as reported by T. G. R. Bower (Scientific American, 1971 , 225, 30–47). In Experiment 1, adults' eye movements were recorded while they tracked a target which moved cyclically across a cathode ray tube. On one cycle, the target unexpectedly stopped, in full view, part of the way across the screen. The subjects' eyes continued to move along the expected path of movement of the target after the target had stopped. Such “overshoot” errors were similar to those reported by Bower (loc. cit.) for young infants, and were found over the target velocity range of 11 to 32°/sec. Experiment 2 demonstrated that adults have difficulty when tracking a target which unexpectedly moved off in a new direction. The results were interpreted in terms of the role of expectations in visual tracking, and it was argued, contrary to T. G. R. Bower (Development in infancy, San Francisco: Freeman, 1974) , that the same factors are involved in the behavior of very young infants and adults.
Visualizing Cold-Flow Fluidized Beds With X-Rays

Glass beads or sand particles are typically used as bed materials in fluidized beds due to their high sphericity, uniform properties, and resistance to breaking. X-ray imaging can be used to visualize these complex flows. Glass attenuates X-rays much more than the surrounding air and, consequently, the images may be nearly saturated in order to resolve the internal flow of a large diameter bed. This paper focuses on the use of alternative bed materials to increase X-ray penetration and resolution to enhance flow visualization in a 9.5 cm diameter fluidized bed. Melamine plastic, ground walnut shell, and ground corncob particles are qualitatively compared to glass beads using X-ray computer tomography (CT) imaging and X-ray radiography. The various beds are compared at three different flow rates and the ratio of superficial gas velocity to minimum fluidization velocity is constant for each bed material. X-ray CT imaging is used to provide a qualitative view of the local time-averaged solids concentration, and clearly shows differences in fluidization between the materials. Channeling is shown in melamine, walnut shells and corncob at low flow rates, however, the beds fluidize more uniformly as gas flow rate increases. In all cases, glass beads fluidize most uniformly and flow rate does not significantly affect fluidization uniformity. Radiographic movies confirm that visualizing internal flow structures of the glass bed is much more difficult than for other materials.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Personality Pathways to Unsafe Sex: Personality, Condom Use, and HIV Risk Behaviors

Few studies have considered the importance of enduring personality characteristics in influencing health and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. The current study examined relations between a comprehensive measure of personality, the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, and condom use and other HIV risk behaviors. The study sample consisted of 201 disadvantaged, primarily African American participants of an HIV risk reduction program in the Arkansas delta region. The sample was stratified into three risk groups. The low-risk group (n = 43) had 0% engaging in various risky sexual and substance use practices. Between 3% and 52% of the high-risk group (n = 62) engaged in these practices (e.g., shared needles, sex with partner who shoots drugs, received anal sex). The medium-risk group (n = 96) was intermediate. Results indicated that high Neuroticism, low Conscientiousness, and low Agreeableness are associated with HIV risk behaviors. Thus, high-risk behavior is associated with emotional distress, poor self-control, and hostile and antagonistic attitudes and behaviors. The high-risk group differed from the medium- and low-risk groups on the Neuroticism facet of Impulsiveness, indicating an inability to resist cravings and urges. The high-risk group also scored lower in Competence (i.e., feelings of self-efficacy), Self-Discipline (i.e., motivation to carry tasks through to completion), and Achievement Striving (i.e., aspiration levels). The current study, by identifying several personality traits that contribute to sexual risk behavior, raises important public health implications. Successful intervention in these AIDS-related behaviors may require interventions tailored to these basic tendencies. Such an approach may be a crucial element in attempts to lower HIV risk behavior.
Predictors of Fluoroscopy Time and Procedural Failure During Biventricular Device Implantation

Biventricular device implantation with the insertion of a transvenous left ventricular (LV) lead can be challenging. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of procedural difficulty measured by fluoroscopy time and predictors of LV lead implantation failure. A single-center, retrospective study of 272 consecutive patients who underwent biventricular device implantation from 2004 to 2011 was conducted. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess predictors of fluoroscopy time and logistic regression to identify predictors of LV lead implant failure. The median fluoroscopy time was 36.1 minutes (interquartile range 24.2 to 51.6). After multivariate adjustment, independent predictors of longer fluoroscopy time included a right-sided approach (21.8 minutes longer, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.8 to 36.9, p = 0.005), previous congenital heart disease surgery (64.6 minutes longer, 95% CI 30.2 to 99.0, p <0.001), and previous failed attempt (30.3 minutes longer, 95% CI 6.0 to 54.5, p = 0.015). Predictors of shorter fluoroscopy time included an LV lead upgrade (7.5 minutes shorter, 95% CI 0.6 to 14.4, p = 0.033), electrophysiology fellow experience (5.4 minutes shorter/year, 95% CI 0.1 to 10.7, p = 0.047), and attending physician experience (1.4 minutes shorter/year, 95% CI 0.01 to 2.9, p = 0.049). Failed implantation occurred in 8% of patients (22 of 272); inability to cannulate the coronary sinus and absent or atretic coronary sinus veins were the most common reasons (8 of 22 failed implants each). A previous failed attempt was the only significant predictor of LV lead implantation failure (odds ratio 33.5, 95% CI 3.2 to 352.6, p = 0.003). In conclusion, 6 patient and operator characteristics predicted LV lead implantation difficulty measured by fluoroscopy time. LV lead implantation failed in 8% of cases, predicted only by a previous failed attempt.
A note on solving general equilibrium problems with variational inequality techniques

This note compares two algorithms for solving general equilibrium models: Newton's method for the nonlinear complementarity formulation of this problem, and the recently proposed accelerated linear Jacobi method for the problem's variational inequality formation. After summarizing the problem formulations, a series of numerical results are presented which show that the easily implemented linear Jacobi method can often solve problems for which Newton's method fails.
Genetic algorithms for optimization of piezoelectric actuator locations

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Photoionization of atoms encapsulated in endohedral ions A @ C 60 ± z

Results of a theoretical study of photoionization cross sections and photoelectron angular asymmetry parameters of atoms confined by positively ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{+z}$ or negatively ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}^{\ensuremath{-}z}$ charged fullerene shells are presented. For negatively charged ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, entirely new confinement resonances, termed Coulomb confinement resonances, that dominate the spectra of the encapsulated atoms are predicted. In addition, the effect of a negative ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ shell is to move some of the oscillator strength of the encapsulated atom from the discrete excitation region into the continuum. For positively charged ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, the situation is much different; no Coulomb confinement resonances occur in the photoionization spectrum of the encapsulated atom, and charging the shell positively does nothing to the photoionization cross section (as a function of photon energy) except to increase the threshold energy. The findings result from model Hartree-Fock calculations of $1s$ photoionization of Ne confined by neutral, negative, and positive ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$.
The O.S.S. in Italy, 1942-1945: A Personal Memoir

Preface Prelude On to Washington In the Beginning ... Proposed: A Government in Exile The Cauldron On the Way ... All Aboard for Sicily The Palermo Station The Creation of a Hydra The End of "Bathtub" Implementing the Hydra Complex The Establishment of the Brindisi Base Friendly Inter-Allied Competition August Reorganization A Winter of Great Discontent The Rome Station Backstairs Diplomacy Reap the Whirlwind The Arrival of Spring Retrospective Bibligraphical Sketches of the Leaders of the Italian Resistance Bibliography Index
Human catechol O-methyltransferase genetic variation: gene resequencing and functional characterization of variant allozymes

Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) plays an important role in the metabolism of catecholamines, catecholestrogens and catechol drugs. A common COMT G472A genetic polymorphism (Val108/158Met) that was identified previously is associated with decreased levels of enzyme activity and has been implicated as a possible risk factor for neuropsychiatric disease. We set out to 'resequence' the human COMT gene using DNA samples from 60 African-American and 60 Caucasian-American subjects. A total of 23 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including a novel nonsynonymous cSNP present only in DNA from African-American subjects, and one insertion/deletion were observed. The wild type (WT) and two variant allozymes, Thr52 and Met108, were transiently expressed in COS-1 and HEK293 cells. There was no significant change in level of COMT activity for the Thr52 variant allozyme, but there was a 40% decrease in the level of activity in cells transfected with the Met108 construct. Apparent K(m) values of the WT and variant allozymes for the two reaction cosubstrates differed slightly, but significantly, for 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid but not for S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The Met108 allozyme displayed a 70-90% decrease in immunoreactive protein when compared with WT, but there was no significant change in the level of immunoreactive protein for Thr52. A significant decrease in the level of immunoreactive protein was also observed in hepatic biopsy samples from patients homozygous for the allele encoding Met108. These observations represent steps toward an understanding of molecular genetic mechanisms responsible for variation in COMT level and/or properties, variation that may contribute to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disease.
Why Reading? Because it's there

Abstract Three papers (V. A. Mann, Reading skill and language skill. Developmental Review, 1984, 4, 1–15 ; G. Wolford & C. A. Fowler, Differential use of partial information by good and poor readers. Developmental Review, 1984, 4, 16–35 ; F. J. Morrison, Reading disability: A problem in rule learning and word decoding. Developmental Review, 1984, 4, 36–47) are critiqued from the standpoint of their adequacy in advancing our understanding of a problem as complex as reading disability. Experimenters should be explicit about their guiding theoretical assumptions, and should think through the relations, if any, between their laboratory tasks and the actual processes of reading. The reading protocol of a dyslexic child is provided, and is interpreted within the frameworks of the Mann, Wolford and Fowler, and Morrison viewpoints.
The analytical biochemistry of chromium.

The essentiality and carcinogenicity of chromium depend on its chemical form. Oxidation state and solubility are particularly important in determining the biological effects of chromium compounds. ...
Experimental adiaspiromycosis in rabbits: Host response to Chrysosporium parvum and C. parvum var. Crescens antigens

Rabbits experimentally infected with or artificially sensitized against Chrysosporium parvum or C. parvum var. crescens were studied for their immune responses to various mycelial antigens derived from protoplasms and cell walls of the fungi. Cell wall antigens elicited Arthus-type reactions 6 h following intradermal injection, and delayed reactions which peaked at 48 h. Whole cell protoplasm elicited similar Arthus-type reactions and delayed reactions which peaked at 24 h. A partially purified polysaccharide from cell protoplasm elicited the Arthus-type skin response only, and a partially purified protoplasmic protein elicited only 24-h delayed responses. Infected rabbits injected with protoplasms obtained from other commonly encountered pathogenic fungi elicited only transitory erythemas at the injection sites. Both infected and artificially sensitized animals exhibited high titres of precipitating and agglutinating antibodies 28 days post sensitization. Agar gel immunodiffusion studies illustrated both...
Effect of Epinephrine Delivered Endotracheally in a Surfactant Based Aerosol via Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Compared to Instillation in Normal and Shock Rabbit Models • 373

We compared hemodynamic effects of two methods of administering epinephrine endotracheally in two different preparations: 1.) A 100μg/kg solution was instilled directly into the endotracheal tube; and 2.) 75μg/spray, 1 spray/kg in a surfactant-based aerosol preparation. New Zealand White rabbits(n=18) weighing 2.41 +/- 0.27 kg were anesthetized with Ketamine (55mg/kg), Xylazine (5mg/kg) and Acepromazine (0.01 mg/kg), IM, tracheostomized, and internal carotids cannulated. Blood pressure and heart rate were continuously monitored. Normal model: both epinephrine preparations were given endotracheally without any other medications either by direct instillation(n=5) with a lcc saline flush, or by aerosol (n=5). Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were recorded pre-treatment, with treatment, then 30 sec., 1,5,10 and 20 min. thereafter.Shock model: rabbits were paralyzed with Vecuronium (0.1mg/kg) and observed until systolic blood pressure decreased to 40-45 mmHg. They were then ambu-bagged for 30 sec. and epinephrine given by direct instillation (n=4) or by aerosol (n=4). Hemodynamic parameters were recorded as above. Analysis of variance was performed on the data. Normal model: there was no significant difference between the two groups in any parameter at any time. There were significant changes over time within each groups. Shock model: there was no significant difference between the two groups except in pulse pressure at 10 minutes after treatment. (However, in both models there was a slight, but insignificant, drop in blood pressure at 30 seconds using the instilled preparation. This may be explained by a vagal response induced by the saline flush.)
Temporal differences in trait self-ascription: When the self is seen as an other.

Seven studies exploring people's tendency to make observer-like attributions about their past and future selves are presented. Studies 1 and 2 showed temporal differences in trait assessments that paralleled the classic actor-observer difference. Study 3 provided evidence against a motivational account of these differences. Studies 4-7 explored underlying mechanisms involving differences in the focus of attention of the sort linked to the classic actor-observer difference. In Study 4, people perceived past and future selves from a more observer-like perspective than present selves. In Studies 5 and 6, manipulating attention to internal states (vs. observable behavior) of past and future selves led people to ascribe fewer traits to those selves. Study 7 showed an inverse relationship for past and present selves between observer-like visual focus and salience of internal information.
Polymerization of 2-chloropentaborane using aluminum chloride

2-Chloropentaborane polymerized when it was heated in the presence of catalytic amounts of aluminum chloride. The polymer contained large amounts of chlorine and the volatile condensation product was primarily hydrogen.
Politics and Practical Wisdom: Rethinking Aristotle’s Account of Phronesis

This paper examines the nature of Aristotelian phronesis, how it is attained, and who is able to attain it inside the polis. I argue that, for Aristotle, attaining phronesis does not require an individual to perfect his practical wisdom to the point where he never makes a mistake, but rather it is attained by certain individuals who are unable to make a mistake of this kind due to their education, habituation, and position in society.
Impact parameter dependence of Ag K-vacancy production by 60 MeV I ions

The probability of forming Ag K vacancies in 60 MeV I collisions with centre-of-mass scattering angles theta cm between 20 and 144 degrees was measured. The probability varies approximately as sin2 theta cm, as predicted for 2p sigma -2p pi rotational coupling but the magnitude of the probability is much higher than expected.
Identification and estimation of dynamic errors-in-variables models

Abstract We consider here the factor analysis approach to the analysis of linear dynamic errors-in-variables models. Identification of the most general models and the question of nonuniqueness are discussed. We show how these models are generalizations of the Total Least Squares model and how the Grassmann manifold provides a natural setting for their analysis. Under certain assumptions we analyze the problem of maximum likelihood estimation and indicate how this involves maximization of a functional on a Grassmann manifold.