cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing collaborative knowledge construction: multiple methods for integrated understanding

Documenting collaborative knowledge construction is critical for research in computer-supported collaborative learning. Because this is a multifaceted phenomenon, mixed methods are necessary to construct a good understanding of collaborative interactions, otherwise there is a risk of being overly reductionistic. In this paper I use quantitative methods of verbal data analysis, qualitative analysis, and techniques of data representation to characterize two successful knowledge building interactions from a sociocultural perspective. In the first study, a computer simulation helped mediate the interaction and in the second, a student-constructed representation was an important mediator. A fine-grained turn-by-turn analysis of the group discussions was supplemented with qualitative analysis of larger units of dialogue. In addition, chronological representations of discourse features and tool-related activity were used in study 2 to gain an integrated understanding of how a student-generated representation mediated collaborative knowledge construction. It is only by mixing methods that collaborative knowledge construction can be well characterized.
Stranger situations: Examining a self-regulatory model of socially awkward encounters.

A self-regulatory systems model of socially awkward situations was assessed through a mixed-methods analysis of an ecologically valid simulation. Specific hypotheses were that introducing social no...
Paneth cell ablation in the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae induces necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)-like injury in the small intestine of immature mice

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. During NEC pathogenesis, bacteria are able to penetrate innate immune defenses and invade the intestinal epithelial layer, causing subsequent inflammation and tissue necrosis. Normally, Paneth cells appear in the intestinal crypts during the first trimester of human pregnancy. Paneth cells constitute a major component of the innate immune system by producing multiple antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory mediators. To better understand the possible role of Paneth cell disruption in NEC, we quantified the number of Paneth cells present in infants with NEC and found that they were significantly decreased compared with age-matched controls. We were able to model this loss in the intestine of postnatal day (P)14-P16 (immature) mice by treating them with the zinc chelator dithizone. Intestines from dithizone-treated animals retained approximately half the number of Paneth cells compared with controls. Furthermore, by combining dithizone treatment with exposure to Klebsiella pneumoniae, we were able to induce intestinal injury and inflammatory induction that resembles human NEC. Additionally, this novel Paneth cell ablation model produces NEC-like pathology that is consistent with other currently used animal models, but this technique is simpler to use, can be used in older animals that have been dam fed, and represents a novel line of investigation to study NEC pathogenesis and treatment.
High-resolution OCT Balloon Catheter for Systematic Imaging of the Esophagus

An OCT balloon imaging catheter was developed using small compound rod lenses to achieve superb lateral resolution at a large working distance. The balloon catheter enables systematic assessment of human esophagus for Barrett's screening.
Mercury speciation and safety evaluation of cinnabar-containing traditional medicines: a mini-review

The use of cinnabar, which is mainly composed of mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), in traditional Chinese medicines and Indian Ayurvedic medicines has two thousand years of history. However, because of the excessively high mercury content in cinnabar-containing traditional medicines, they are forbidden in the US and European markets. Commenting on a study in which chronic nephrotoxicity of cinnabar has been studied and compared with that of a common mercurial, this mini-review covers an introductory toxicological chemistry of cinnabar in the human body. It confirms that the speciation of mercury in cinnabar in the human body should be taken into consideration in the “toxicity” evaluation of cinnabar-containing traditional medicines. Further, in light of modern science, it categorically analyzes the uses of cinnabar in traditional medicines, in order to address if the level of its therapeutic effectiveness is desirable enough to have cinnabar-containing traditional medicines undergo “safety” evaluation as today's...
On-line reliability estimation of individual components, using degradation signals

This paper provides a unique approach that allows 'determination of a component's reliability as it degrades with time' by monitoring its degradation measures. The concepts have been implemented using: finite-duration impulse response multi-layer perceptron neural networks for modeling degradation measures, and self-organizing maps for modeling degradation variation. The specific application considered is in-process monitoring of the condition of the drill-bit in a drilling process, using the torque and thrust signals. An approach to compute prediction limits for any feedforward neural network, critical for on-line performance reliability monitoring of systems using neural networks, is introduced by combining the network with a self-organizing map. Experimental results show that neural networks are effective in: modeling the degradation characteristics of the monitored drill-bits, and predicting conditional and unconditional performance reliabilities as they degrade with time or usage. In contrast to traditional approaches, this approach to on-line performance reliability monitoring opens new avenues for better understanding and monitoring systems that exhibit failures through degradation. Essentially, implementation of this 'performance reliability monitoring' reduces overall operations costs by facilitating optimal component-replacement and maintenance strategies.
Environmental correlates of herpetofaunal diversity in Costa Rica.

Disentangling local and historical factors that determine species diversity patterns at multiple spatial scales is fundamental to elucidating processes that govern ecological communities. Here we investigated how environmental correlates may influence diversity at local and regional scales. Primarily utilizing published species lists, amphibian and reptile alpha and beta diversity were assessed at 17 well-surveyed sites distributed among ecoregions throughout Costa Rica. The degree to which regional species diversity patterns were related to environmental variables and geographic distance was determined using Canonical Correspondence Analysis and Mantel tests. Amphibian alpha diversity was highest in lowland Pacific sites (mean = 43.3 species) and lowest at the high elevation site (9 species). Reptile alpha diversity values were high for both lowland Atlantic (mean = 69.5 species) and lowland Pacific (mean = 67 species) sites and lowest for the high elevation site (8 species). We found high species turnover between local sites and ecoregions, demonstrating the importance of beta diversity in the determination of regional diversity. For both amphibians and reptiles, beta diversity was highest between the high-elevation site and all others, and lowest among lowland sites within the same ecoregion. The effect of geographic distance on beta diversity was minor. Ecologically significant climatic variables related to rain, temperature, sunshine and insolation were found to be important determinants of local and regional diversity for both amphibians and reptiles in Costa Rica.
A Broadcasting Method considering Battery Lifetime and Distance between Nodes in MANET

This paper proposes a broadcasting method considering the residual battery lifetime of each node and distance between relay nodes in MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks). In the method, broadcasting packets are sent with high reachability, low network load and low broadcasting latency to a whole network. So far, many broadcasting methods have been proposed. But, since most methods do not take into consideration the residual battery lifetime of each node, there is a possibility that reachability decreases with time lapse. As a method which considers the residual battery lifetime of each node, FBC (Fair Battery Consumption) has been proposed. However, there is a possibility that the number of dead nodes rapidly increases because the difference between the residual battery lifetimes of each node decreases with time lapse. By simulation, the proposed method is compared with existing methods and the effectiveness of the proposed method was confirmed.
Identification of patients with low bone massby single photon absorptiometry and single-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Single-photon absorptiometry measurements at the radius and calcaneus have been shown in a number of prospective studies to predict the risk of all fractures as well as measurements at the spine or hip. Single-energy X-ray absorptiometry should do as well or better. These methods should be useful in selecting patients for therapy to treat or prevent osteoporosis
SpaceNet: Modeling and Simulating Space Logistics

This paper summarizes the current state of the art in interplanetary supply chain modeling and discusses SpaceNet as one particular method and tool to address space logistics modeling and simulation challenges. Fundamental upgrades to the interplanetary supply chain framework such as process groups, nested elements, and cargo sharing, enabled SpaceNet to model an integrated set of missions as a campaign. The capabilities and uses of SpaceNet are demonstrated by a step-by-step modeling and simulation of a lunar campaign.
Effects of L-norepinephrine on cardiac metabolism of dogs in hemorrhagic shock.

Summary and conclusionsThe myocardial metabolism of 18 intact dogs was studied during an initial control period and after production of hemorrhagic shock. Some of the dogs were subsequently treated with l-norepinephrine and some with blood. An abnormal myocardial metabolic pattern was demonstrated during shock which was relieved by blood infusion but not by l-norepinephrine. It is suggested that the reason that l-norepinephrine treatment does not increase survival rate of dogs in shock is because it does not correct the basic metabolic abnormality and at the same time imposes a heavier burden of work on the heart.
Conflict defined by approach/active avoidance procedures

Conflict produced by the simultaneous arousal of approach and active avoidance tendencies was investigated. The results of two replications indicated that subjects moved progressively closer to the ambivalent goal area as a function of the number of conflict trials administered. These results, when compared with those of previous studies where conflict was produced by passive avoidance training, led to the recognition of two different types of approach-avoidance conflict and to a re-examination of two theories used to account for conflict behavior.
Gender Stereotyping and Under-representation of Female Characters in 200 Popular Children’s Picture Books: A Twenty-first Century Update

Gender stereotyping and under-representation of girls and women have been documented in children’s picture books in the past, in the hope that improvements would follow. Most researchers have analyzed award-winning books. We explored sexism in top selling books from 2001 and a 7-year sample of Caldecott award-winning books, for a total of 200 books. There were nearly twice as many male as female title and main characters. Male characters appeared 53% more times in illustrations. Female main characters nurtured more than male main characters did, and they were seen in more indoor than outdoor scenes. Occupations were gender stereotyped, and more women than men appeared to have no paid occupation. Few differences were found between Caldecott award books and other books. A comparison of our book sample to 1980s and 1990s books did not reveal reduced sexism. The persistence of sexism in picture books and implications for children and parents are discussed.
Application of digital bathymetry data in an analysis of flushing times of two large estuaries

The objectives of this study were: (1) define the best method of using digital bathymetric data to compute estuarine flushing time using the fraction of freshwater method and (2) use this method to compare flushing times of two neighboring estuaries of different trophic state. We examined the sensitivity of the fraction of freshwater method to various methods of calculating estuarine volume using digital bathymetric data. Raster and vector bathymetry data are available from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and can be used to calculate estuarine volume using a geographic information system (GIS). The vector data was of higher spatial resolution than the raster data (NGDC Coastal Relief Model) and produced a higher estuarine volume, but did not produce significantly different flushing times than the raster data. Water column salinity data can be used to quantify segmented vertical freshwater volumes for integration along the estuary, thereby providing a two-dimensional freshwater distribution profile of the estuary. The vertical representation of water column salinity did not produce flushing times significantly different from a vertically averaged salinity method. Processing and analysis of the Coastal Relief Model raster data is faster and less complex than processing the vector data available from the NGDC. We conclude that the Coastal Relief Model raster data is the preferred bathymetric data source, and that representation of vertical salinity distribution is unnecessary for the analysis of estuaries with morphology similar to the Cape Fear River's. After using the Cape Fear River estuary as a test site for the above comparisons, we applied the preferred method to the New River estuary. In addition to having a direct connection with the ocean, the Cape Fear River has much higher freshwater inflow than the New River, and therefore has a much faster mean flushing time. The Cape Fear River estuary flushing time ranged from 1 to 22 days, while the New River estuary ranged from 8 to 187 days. Similar seasonal patterns were observed in both estuaries: short flushing times occurred during the high-flow winter months and long flushing times occurred during the low-flow summer months.
45 seconds: memoirs of an ER physician. When the deadly EF-5 tornado struck Joplin, May 22, 2011.

This article was published in Missouri Medicine with permission by the author, who retains ownership and copyright. No reproduction/reprint allowed without his express written consent. Contact Kevin Kikta, DO, at ten.tsacmoc@atkiknivek.
A Brief Reflection on Conversations about Security

A few years ago, I agreed to write an entry for the International Studies Association (ISA) Compendium entitled “Alliances and Arms: The Quest for Security” (Denemark 2010). The submission was requested by the Scientific Study of International Processes (SSIP) Section editors, Paul Diehl and Jim Morrow. My colleague Cliff Morgan and I were tasked with reviewing the literature on alliances and arms, with a focus on the contributions of SSIP style work. When the volume containing our contribution arrived in the mail sometime later, I discovered that the very next entry alphabetically in the compendium was entitled “Alliances and War,” and was written by Patricia Weitsman, commissioned by the International Security Studies Section (ISSS). Until the volume came out, Cliff and I were unaware that Patty was working on a similar entry, and I expect she was not aware of our contribution either. After reading the two entries, I was struck by the separation of communities concerned with similar problems. Weitsman’s compendium entry cites 156 studies. Leeds and Morgan’s cites ninety-six studies. The two share twenty-nine citations in common—19 percent of the Weitsman citations and 30 percent of the Leeds and Morgan citations. The topics of the two essays are not identical, and we were specifically told to focus on literature related to the traditions of our sections, which surely helps explain some of the differences. Still, it seems that the two essays attempt to answer similar questions relying on different bodies of work. But do they reach the same conclusions? The answer is yes and no. In explaining alliance formation, both essays begin from the same starting point—balance of power theories. The first major difference between the two essays is that Weitsman concludes that “balancing is a central role that alliances …
Confirmation Bias in Scientific Reasoning: The Roles of Gender, Perceived Competence and Actual Competence

It has been previously shown that there is a relationship between level of metacognitive ability and estimation of ability for largely verbally-based tasks; those with lessened facility for the task tend to overestimate their aptitude relative to their peers (Kruger & Dunning, 1999). This study examines this effect for a task of mechanical ability, where subjects (n = 69) were given an abbreviated Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test (BMCT) to establish a level of competency. Participants were then asked to estimate a grade for their performance, as well as the relationship between their hypothetical grade, and the grades of others. Participants then explained the solution to one of the problems, and their explanations were coded for degree of bias towards confirmation versus disconfirmation. Females on the high and low ends of skill were more likely to use a confirmatory approach when there was a discrepancy between Perceived Relative Competence, and Actual Competence.
THE PHENOTYPIC AND FITNESS EFFECTS OF COLICIN RESISTANCE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI K-12.

Previous studies indicate that most natural isolates of Escherichia coli are resistant to most or all colicins (antibiotics produced by E. coli) when assessed in the laboratory. Additionally, resistance to different colicin types appears to arise in a nonindependent manner. One possible mechanism to explain this nonindependence is pleiotropy: Multiple resistances are selected after exposure to a single colicin. This study, which was designed to address the role of pleiotropy in the generation of colicin resistance, revealed that 96% of colicin resistant mutants were resistant to two or more colicins. Mutational class was important because putative translocation mutants (Tol pathway mutants) resisted fewer colicins than putative receptor mutants. To determine whether colicin resistance is costly, the effects of colicin resistance mutations on maximal growth rate in a rich medium were also examined. Relative to the sensitive ancestor, translocation mutations lowered maximal growth rates by 17%, whereas putative receptor mutations did not significantly lower growth rates. Thus, when nutrients are abundant, the most advantageous forms of colicin resistance may not impose a cost. The ecological consequences of pleiotropic colicin resistance could involve population cycling between colicin sensitivity and resistance. Additionally, if the cost of resistance depends on the environment, ecological diversification could result.
277 PRETERM INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTED INFANTS AND PROTEIN (NITROGEN) METABOLISM

Background There is increasing evidence that intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) fetuses alter in utero nutrient metabolism in order to survive their environment, and this fetal adaptation is associated with long term health disorders. It has been speculated that “overfeeding” a metabolism designed for a decreased nutrient intake may contribute to these health problems. Study The goal of this study was to determine if preterm infants with definitive IUGR (BWT≤3%, progressive growth failure in utero, and abnormal Doppler umbilical blood flows) demonstrate abnormal postnatal nitrogen metabolism in the immediate postnatal period when compared to appropriately grown (AGA) infants of comparable gestational age. All infants received exclusive parenteral nutrition. IUGR infants were pair matched with AGA controls for the following parameters by order of importance to the study outcome: protein intake, gestational age, hours of age at study, energy intake. The primary outcome variable was protein balance as determined by the nitrogen balance method. Results Data from 15 IUGR/AGA pairs are shown in the table below. Analysis is by paired t-test, though mean ± SEM data is presented; p≤0.05 considered significant. Conclusion Although this study was not able to detect differences in estimated protein accretion rates in IUGR vs AGA preterm neonates, we speculate these differences may exist, and that future studies using different experimental strategies (e.g. using increased amino acid intakes, studying infants for a longer duration, using more sensitive protein metabolism methodology) may be able to define these differences.
Black mothers' ethnotheories of moral development: A client-centered approach

Child development research has engaged the concept of parental ethnotheories as a theoretical framework for understanding and analyzing how culture shapes child development. It assumes that a child's environment is organized in part by a cultural system that forms a three component developmental niche including (1) the physical and social settings, (2) the customs and practices of child rearing, and (3) the psychology of caregivers. Despite its use in child development research, the ethnotheory framework has been less prevalent in social work research. This paper presents a study whose findings describe parental ethnotheories related to Black mothers' beliefs about the moral development of their daughters. This research is relevant to increasing concerns regarding the development of conduct problems amongst Black girls. Rather than viewing Black mothers as a deficit, knowledge of a child's developmental niche enables social work practitioners and scholars to engage an emic understanding of Black parenting...
Isolation of an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cytotoxicity liberated from chemotaxin-stimulated equine white blood cell populations.

Objectives of this investigation were to extract and isolate protein fractions inhibitory to the cytotoxic properties of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In this context, mixed populations of WBC were harvested from equine blood and were stimulated with a combination of a synthetic chemotactic peptide and a calcium ionophore. Several methods were subsequently applied for the initial preparation of cell-free crude protein extracts, including fractional precipitation with gradient concentrations of ammonium sulfate and preparative-scale isoelectric focusing. In addition, protein fractions were harvested from extracts of concentrated equine urine. Protein extracts of urinary origin were further separated by gel-filtration column chromatography. Identification of protein fractions possessing properties inhibitory to the cytotoxic characteristics of TNF-alpha was facilitated by a tissue culture-based technique for the biological assay of TNF-alpha-mediated cytotoxicity. Purified protein extracts possessed a marked ability to inhibit or neutralize the cytotoxic properties of TNF-alpha, on the basis of survival of murine fibrosarcoma cell populations, compared with appropriate negative and positive reference controls. Relative purity of inhibitors and estimation of approximate molecular weight were established by conventional reducing and nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Equine inhibitory protein fractions from mixed WBC populations, purified in the manner described, had molecular weights of 70,000 to 80,000 and 28,000. An analogous protein fraction of 28 kDa also was isolated from equine concentrated urine. Estimated isoelectric point of TNF-alpha inhibitor protein fractions was between pH of 5.5 and 6.1. These physical characteristics of equine TNF-alpha inhibitor protein fractions were similar to those described for a membrane-associated TNF-alpha receptor protein shed from chemotaxin- and calcium-ionophor-stimulated human WBC populations.
Energy-Oriented Organelles and Activities: I Cell Respiration

In eukaryotic cells two specialized organelles are involved in energy transfer, the chloroplast, which actively stores solar energy in the form of carbohydrates or lipids, and the mitochondrion, which provides a site for many respiratory processes that make the energy thus stored available to the cell. These processes share many common chemical components, so it is advantageous to discuss their ingredients without regard to function. Then after those have received attention, the respiratory processes become the center of focus. Next the energy-related organelles are reviewed in the following two chapters, the mitochondrion first, followed by the chloroplast and photosynthesis.
Contingency detection in a complex world A developmental model and implications for atypical development

The present article proposes a new developmental model of how young infants adapt and respond to complex contingencies in their environment, and how this influences development. The model proposes that typically developing infants adjust to an increasingly complex environment in ways that make it easier for them to allocate limited attentional resources and increase opportunities for positive learning experiences. Increased positive experiences with contingency lead to improvements in contingency detection, social behavior, and, ultimately, the development of social and communicative competency. Research relevant to the proposed model will be reviewed and analyzed. In addition, implications for atypical development in the case of autism spectrum disorder will be examined. Specifically, it is predicted that difficulty detecting and responding to increasingly complex contingencies in the environment would lead to particular deficits in interacting with the social world due to the inherent relative complexit...
Coordinated Energy Management in Resilient Microgrids for Wireless Communication Networks

This paper proposes a novel approach to power wireless communication network base stations (BSs) in order to achieve higher resilience. In the proposed dc microgrid, resilience is improved with the coordinated operation of renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, and BS traffic using an integrated controller that adjusts BS traffic and distributes stored energy among cell sites based on weather forecast and other operational conditions. The essential role played by power electronics active power distribution nodes in this resilient microgrid is also explained. Resilience improvements are evaluated quantitatively with metrics analogous to that of availability, which considers energy storage levels, power generation, and load. The analysis shows that the proposed system allows reducing service restoration times by a factor of 3 or improve resilience by double-digit percentage points, while the battery life is extended by about 10%. Additionally, battery bank size needs and PV array footprints can be reduced without compromising resilience. The proposed microgrid is implemented for wireless communication networks because both energy and communications are identified in the U.S. Presidential Policy Directive 21 as the two infrastructures that are especially critical for community resilience. Nevertheless, this same technology can also be used in other applications, such as residential neighborhoods or industrial campuses.
Barriers to sperm banking in testicular cancer survivors.

e17574 Background: Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in 15-35 year old men. It is also highly curable with over 95% five-year survival rates. However, forty percent of patients receiv...
Clinical use of ceftriaxone: a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic perspective on the impact of minimum inhibitory concentration and serum protein binding.

Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin that is used for a variety of infections such as meningitis, gonorrhoea and community-acquired pneumonia. The most important aspects of its pharmacokinetics include a long half-life, excellent tissue penetration and saturable (dose-dependent) serum protein binding of the drug. A pharmacodynamic analysis [total area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)] was performed in several populations (healthy volunteers, children, the elderly, and patients with renal and hepatic impairment) against various bacterial species (Streptococcus pneumoniae, the Enterobacteriacieae, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). AUC/MIC [area under the inhibitory time curve (AUIC)] was chosen as the pharmacodynamic parameter for this analysis since ceftriaxone is a time-dependent killer and high peak concentrations are not needed. In addition, there is a significant correlation between AUIC, time when concentration exceeds the MIC (t > MIC) and time to eradication. Total and free AUICs (assuming a free fraction = 10%) were calculated since it is highly protein bound. It was postulated that a free AUIC of at least 125 would be required to achieve efficacy. From our analysis of these various populations, we were able to conclude that the free AUIC values support the use of Ig daily in infections where MIC values are below 2 mg/L. In addition, consistent with its reported good activity against CSF organisms with MICs or =2.0 mg/L, we also recommend the target free AUIC values of at least 125 for patients with severe infections such as meningitis. Patients with mild infections may recover with values below 125 but they may remain at risk of the development of resistant organisms. Furthermore, it is essential to further validate these findings in patients who have received treatment, calculate AUICs and correlate these parameters with both clinical and microbiological outcomes.
Friend to Friend: A Randomized Trial for Urban African American Relationally Aggressive Girls.

Objective To determine the effectiveness of the Friend to Friend (F2F) aggression intervention through a clinical trial with urban African American girls. Method A randomized parallel-group study design was conducted comparing the effectiveness of F2F to an attention control condition (called Homework Study Skills and Organization, HSO) among relationally aggressive girls from six urban low-income elementary schools. Analyses of covariance were utilized for comparing post-test measurement between the two conditions while adjusting for pre-test measurement. For those outcomes with significant intervention effects between the two conditions at post-test, we examined whether the effects were maintained from post-test to follow-up among girls in the F2F group. Results Results suggest that aggressive girls in F2F decreased their levels of relational aggression and increased their knowledge of social problem solving skills as compared to similar girls randomized to HSO, both of which were maintained at the one-year follow up. Conclusion Programs developed through extensive partnership-based approaches, such as the F2F Program, may have promise for addressing the needs of urban high-risk girls in an acceptable and culturally-sensitive manner.
Shock compression spectroscopy with high time and space resolution

Femtosecond laser‐driven shock compression experiments are described using nonlinear coherent vibrational sum‐frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) probing of molecular materials. SFG selectively monitors molecular groups at surfaces and interfaces, providing a high degree of spatial resolution. In initial experiments a self‐assembled monolayer of long‐chain alkane molecules is studied, where SFG sees only the methyl (−CH3) head groups. The plane of methyl groups is just 1.5A thick. Shock‐induced bending of the chain and shock‐induced rotations around carbon‐carbon bonds are observed. Possible future directions are discussed.
Evaluation of Selected Herbicides on Field-Grown Woody Ornamentals

Abstract Six herbicides and selected combinations were evaluated on four field-grown woody landscape crops: live oak, ‘Mary Nell’ holly, ‘Chesapeake’ viburnum, and ‘Acoma’ crapemyrtle. All herbicide treatments provided excellent control of goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.). Treatments with Predict (norflurazon) provided adequate sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) control. Only Goal (oxyfluorfen)-containing treatments controlled cutleaf eveningprimrose (Oenothera laciniata Hill). Predict and Predict treatment-combinations bleached older foliage of crapemyrtle and viburnum when applied in the first year after planting; however, growth was not affected. Holly was not injured by any herbicide treatments. Pendulum (pendamethalin) and Surflan (oryzalin) had similar weed control activity and plant growth with no plant injury
علم اللغة العربية النشأت والملامح والمناهج والصلة بالعلوم الأخرى

Studi tentang karakteristik masyarakat, lingkungan sosial dan budaya dan kondisi lingkungan, yang berdiam dan hidup di mana siswa menyadari bahasa modern. Hal ini karena dalam beberapa kasus, hal ini mempengaruhi mereka dalam studi bahasa modern. Ini dapat membantu bahasa kontak dalam negeri seperti dalam akuisisi bahasa asing di kalangan siswa. Sebagai contoh, jika siswa sedang mempelajari bahasa Arab dan Alangelzah, itu akan mendapatkan lebih dari Alangelzah bahasa Arab karena Alangelzah adalah bahasa komunikasi di sana. Guru juga memperhitungkan perbedaan dan perbedaan dan persamaan antara budaya Arab dan bahasa berpendidikan modern. Dengan mempertimbangkan urutan kemampuan bahasa dalam penyusunan linguistik. Bagi para guru dengan pengetahuan bahasa Inggris Nstha Mlamha kurikulum yang berkaitan dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan lainnya. Tertarik dalam mengatur bahasa ilmu pengetahuan dan empat; fitur Alibdabh pelajaran serius linguistik penelitian linguistik, linguistik dan ilmu-ilmu lainnya, pendekatan modern untuk studi bahasa. Ilmu ini harus dikaitkan dengan kebutuhan peserta didik ilmu pengetahuan modern dan tingkat ide-ide mereka dan tujuan mereka dan bahasa usia untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan dalam bahasa. Sebagai contoh, jika guru mengajarkan bahasa untuk memahami Islam dari Quran dan Hadis. دراسة خصائص المجتمع والبيئات الاجتماعية والثقافية والظروف البيئية الذي يسكن ويعيش فيه الطلاب علم اللغة الحديث. هذا لأن في بعض من الأحيان، هذه الأشياء تؤثر عليهم في الدراسة علم اللغة الحديث. وقد تساعد اللغة الاتصال في بلاد ما في اكتساب اللغة أجنبية لدى الطلاب. فمثلا، إذا كان الطالب يدرس اللغة العربية واللغة الإنجلزية، فهو سيكتسب اللغة الإنجلزية أكثر من العربية لأن الإنجلزية هي اللغة التواصل هناك. وعلى المعلم أيضا أن يراعي الاختلاف والفرق والتشابه بين الثقافة اللغة العربية المتعلمة واللغة الحديث. مراعاة ترتيب المهارات اللغوية في مرحلة الإعداد اللغوي. فعلى المعلمين اللغة بعلم اللغة نشتها ملامها مناهجها والصلة بالعلوم الإخرى. أن يهتموا بترتيب العلم اللغوية وهي الأربعة؛ البدابة الجادة للدرس اللغوى، ملامح البحث اللغوي، علم اللغة والعلوم الأخرى, المناهج الحديثة لدراسة اللغة. وهذه العلوم لا بد أن يرتبط بحاجات المتعلمين علم اللغة الحديث ومستويات أفكارهم وأهدافهم وأعمارهم ليحقق الأهداف في التعليم اللغة. فمثلا، إذا كان المعلم يدرس اللغة لفهم الإسلام من القرآن والحديث النبوي.
Risk factors for achilles tendon rupture: A matched case control study

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether body mass index (BMI), activity level, and other risk factors predispose patients to Achilles tendon ruptures. Materials and methods A retrospective review of 279 subjects was performed (93 with Achilles tendon rupture, matched 1:2 with 186 age/sex matched controls with ankle sprains). Demographic variables and risk factors for rupture were tabulated and compared. Results The rupture group mean BMI was 27.77 (95% CI, 26.94–28.49), and the control group mean BMI was 26.66 (95% CI, 26.06–27.27). These populations were found to be statistically equivalent (p = 0.047 and p Conclusion There was no clinically significant difference found in BMI between patients with ruptures and controls. Furthermore, it was found that patients who sustained ruptures were also more likely to be active at baseline than their ankle sprain counterparts.
Discourse and Development: Notes from the Field

This chapter develops the view that workplace learning and, more generally, development can be conceived of as comprising two different processes: acquisition and coordination. Although many studies of learning and development focus on the problem of acquisition, we develop the view that coordination is the more central problem. Knowledge systems can be acquired, but, if they are not coordinated with existing knowledge systems, there is little development — only an accretion of more knowledge. Little is known about the conditions under which such coordination can be optimized.
Complications of Orthognathic Surgery

Orthognathic surgery is a complex operation requiring a sophisticated understanding of facial anatomy as well as an advanced knowledge of the interplay between the associated soft and hard tissues. A thorough analysis of the patient’s preoperative form and function along with the mastery of different techniques involved could circumvent many potential complications. Additionally, a thorough and detailed discussion of these complications with the patients and their families could prevent future disappointments or unreasonable expectations. This chapter will review surgical complications involving maxillary and mandibular osteotomies and will discuss different ways to recognize and correct them.
Design and implementation of a low-cost, portable OCT system

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a widely used biomedical imaging tool, primarily in ophthalmology to diagnose and stage retinal diseases. In order to increase access for a wider range of applications and in low resource settings, we developed a portable, low-cost OCT system that has comparable imaging performance to commercially available systems. Here, we present the system design and characterization and compare the system performance to other commercially available OCT systems. In addition, future cost reductions and potential additional applications of the low-cost OCT system are discussed.
Modern Optical Methods for Determining the Shock Hugoniot of Transparent Solids

Shock waves are sharp discontinuities in pressure, density, and internal energy in any continuous material. They can result from a localized rapid release of energy, as in an explosion, or from high-velocity impacts. Knowledge of material shock behavior is critical for the design of systems which may be subjected to explosive or projectile loading, e.g., infantry helmets, ship hulls, building facades, etc. This behavior is defined by the Rankine-Hugoniot equations, which represent conservation of mass, momentum, and energy across a shock wave. These equations define a locus of possible pressure-density-energy states that a material may attain across a shock wave.
Changes in the CSF during pneumoencephalography.

The changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during lumbar air encephalography were studied in 165 patients. Significant changes occurred only in the cell count and protein concentration. A predominantly lymphocytic pleocytosis of greater than 2 cells per cu mm appeared in 60% of cases, the cellular reaction being proportional to the time between initial and final CSF samples, and greater when the initial CSF white cell count exceeded 5 cells/mm3 and/or in disorders associated with an intracranial inflammatory reaction. A relatively constant decrease in the total CSF protein content of approximately 20% of the initial value was noted, and was felt to be due primarily to partial dilution of the lumbar CSF by ventricular and cisternal fluid.—In view of the wide individual variations in the changes in protein content, particularly in the borderline abnormal range, it is recommended that only the initial CSF specimen be used for biochemical and cellular analysis, to avoid diagnostic confusion.
Identification and Characterization of a New Protein from Streptococcus pyogenes Having Homology with Fibronectin and Fibrinogen Binding Proteins

Group A Streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) is the etiologic agent for different suppurative infections (i.e. pharyngitis, impetego and necrotizing fasciitis) as well as systemic diseases (scarlet fever and toxic shock-like syndrome), some of which may lead to serious sequelae, such as rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. The ability to bind fibronectin has proven to be one of the mechanisms Streptococcus pyogenes use for attachment to the host cells (5,8,10). Since this glycoprotein is present in body fluids, extracellular matrices and on the surface of mammalian cells, the identification and characterization of new fibronectin-binding proteins may have pathogenic significance. In an attempt to identify new surface proteins on these bacteria, a strategy was designed to identify proteins with a cell-wall-spanning region typical for streptococcal surface proteins. In the present study we identified a new streptococcal protein which shares significant sequence homology with fibronectin and fibrinogen binding proteins previously described in S. dysgalactiae and S. aureus respectively (6,7).
A Switchable Parallel Elastic Actuator and its Application to Leg Design for Running Robots

Motivated by the role of compliant elements in animal motion, springs are introduced in the driving train of legged robots to improve their locomotion performance. This paper presents the working principle, hardware realization, and experimental evaluation of a switchable parallel elastic actuator design actuating the monopedal switchable parallel elastic actuator robot (SPEAR). In the proposed design, a mechanical switch engages the parallel spring only during the stance phase, when it is needed to support body weight and promote energy recovery. During flight, the spring is disengaged to allow for unobstructed joint movement. Furthermore, the proposed design enables online leg stiffness adjustments simply by changing the landing configuration of the knee joint. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the design in improving energy efficiency without compromising mobility. SPEAR can run with an electrical cost of transport of 0.86 at ${\text{0.5 }}{\text{m/s}}$ , as well as reach a toe clearance of more than ${\text{45}\%}$ of its leg length. The overall design is compact and reliable, and can be easily scaled for legged robots with different sizes.
Identification of quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to tan spot in a biparental population derived from two Nebraska hard red winter wheat cultivars

Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr), is a destructive foliar disease in all types of cultivated wheat worldwide. Genetics of tan spot resistance in wheat is complex, involving insensitivity to fungal-produced necrotrophic effectors (NEs), major resistance genes, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring race-nonspecific and race-specific resistance. The Nebraska hard red winter wheat (HRWW) cultivar ‘Wesley’ is insensitive to Ptr ToxA and highly resistant to multiple Ptr races, but the genetics of resistance in this cultivar is unknown. In this study, we used a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between Wesley and another Nebraska cultivar ‘Harry’ (Ptr ToxA sensitive and highly susceptible) to identify QTL associated with reaction to tan spot caused by multiple races/isolates. Sensitivity to Ptr ToxA conferred by the Tsn1 gene was mapped to chromosome 5B as expected. The Tsn1 locus was a major susceptibility QTL for the race 1 and race 2 isolates, but not for the race 2 isolate with the ToxA gene deleted. A second major susceptibility QTL was identified for all the Ptr ToxC-producing isolates and located to the distal end of the chromosome 1A, which likely corresponds to the Tsc1 locus. Three additional QTL with minor effects were identified on chromosomes 7A, 7B, and 7D. This work indicates that both Ptr ToxA-Tsn1 and Ptr ToxC-Tsc1 interactions are important for tan spot development in winter wheat, and Wesley is highly resistant largely due to the absence of the two tan spot sensitivity genes.
A Low-Power Wireless Multichannel Gas Sensing System Based on a Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer (CMUT) Array

Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), challenged by their diversity and similarity, is gaining much attention due to concerns about adverse health effects they cause, along with intensifying development efforts in wireless sensor nodes. Precise identification of volatiles may be subject to the sensitivity and selectivity of a sensor itself and the proximity of the sensor to the source, necessitating power-efficient and portable/wearable sensing systems. The metal-oxide sensors, commonly employed for detection of VOCs, are not power efficient, due to the required heating element, and lack the selectivity, thus reporting only the total VOC level. In this paper, we present a complete low-power wireless gas-sensing system based a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer array, which is known to have several advantages such as high mass sensitivity, easy implementation of a multielement structure, and high selectivity upon polymer coating. We took a holistic approach to designing the sensing elements and the custom integrated circuit (IC) as well as to operating the system, resulting in a small self-contained sensor node (38-mm detect-weight diameter and 16-mm detect-weight height). The chemical-sensing capability of the system has been validated with ethanol, achieving 120-ppb limit-of-detection while the sensor array, including the IC and the power management unit, consuming 80- $\mu \text{W}$ average power with power cycling by actively taking measurements for 3 s detect-weight per minute. The presented system will eventually provide a ubiquitous tool to identify VOCs with the help of multivariate data analysis.
Association of Ebola Virus Infection With Hearing Loss in Regions Where Ebola Virus Infection Is Endemic: A Systematic Review.

Importance Many survivors of Ebola virus infection describe new-onset hearing loss after infection. The prevalence, severity, and pathophysiologic features of hearing loss in this population have not been well characterized. Objective To perform a systematic review of the current literature to characterize hearing loss in survivors of Ebola virus infection. Evidence Review This study adhered to the relevant sections of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. Searches through PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar were performed to include publications written in English from January 1, 1965, to October 1, 2018. Relevant vocabulary terms and key terms related to Ebola and hearing loss were used. Two investigators independently screened the eligible studies, extracted data, and assessed quality and risk of bias. Findings Of 127 publications reviewed, 15 met the criteria for inclusion; 3 were retrospective case-control studies (level of evidence, 3), and 12 were cross-sectional studies or case reports (level of evidence, 4). Studies included 1775 survivors of Ebola virus infection (993 female [55.9%]) and 363 uninfected controls (186 female [51.2%]) from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The duration of follow-up ranged from 0 to 29 months (median, 5 months). Hearing loss was reported in 147 survivors of Ebola virus infection (8.3%). Among studies that compared survivors with controls, the reported odds ratios for hearing loss in survivors was 7.50 (95% CI, 3.91-14.39; range, 1.4-12.1). Including all studies, the odds ratio of hearing loss in survivors vs controls in countries where Ebola virus infection is endemic was 1.84 (95% CI, 1.10-3.08). Conclusions and Relevance Survivors of Ebola virus infection had higher rates of hearing loss than uninfected controls in regions where the infection is endemic. Further research with consistent objective methods and pure-tone audiometry may be needed to better characterize the hearing loss, understand its pathophysiologic features, and develop treatments.