cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking Time Seriously: Progressivism, the Business–Social Science Nexus, and the Paradox of American Administrative Reform

In his classic book, Reflections on Public Administration, John Gaus (1947) wrote about the factors that he saw interacting to either increase or reduce growth in government in the United States. “I put before you,” he wrote, “a list of the factors which I have found useful as explaining the ebb and flow of the functions of government.” His “ecology of government” included changes in “people, place, physical technology, social technology, wishes and ideas, catastrophe, and personality.” He continued, “Such [are] the ‘raw material of politics’ and hence of administration [and] are in themselves the raw material of a science of administration” (9).
Control and Improvennent of Inspection Process In the Electronic Manufacture

ln modern electronic industry, there are many inspection process to guarantee the product quality. With the yield increasing and the quality continual improvement requirement, the inspection process become more and more important. The paper talks about how to train the inspector, how to monitor the inspector's performance, and how to analysis the monitoring data and take actions to improve the inspection process capability.
Preliminary report on the Long Beach earthquake

Summary The “Long Beach Earthquake” occurred on March 10, 1933, at 5:54:08 p.m., P.S.T., very nearly. Its origin was very near to 33° 34′.5 north latitude, 117° 59′ west longitude, at a depth of about ten kilometers (6 miles). Previous shocks, emanating from sources not far distant, were not definitely recognizable as “fore-shocks” in advance, notwithstanding discovery in recent years of small changes in level in the neighboring region. Many aftershocks followed. The sources of some were very near the chief epicenter; others originated at some distance. The distribution, and its significance, must await thorough study. Hard shaking probably continued for ten to fifteen seconds. The duration of perceptible vibration varied from place to place, and with local conditions. Doubtfully, on account of ground conditions, “apparent” intensity of grade IX, 1931 scale, may have been developed in a few small places. Grade VIII was manifested in numerous places, and is the characteristic maximum intensity of this shock. Serious damage to bad construction resulted in many places inside an area of about 1,200 square kilometers (say 450 square miles), with the greatest concentration in and near Compton, and in and near Long Beach. No fault displacement was found at the surface anywhere. To a small extent minor disturbances to ground water, secondary cracks in the ground, and similar minor geological effects were observed in the meizoseismal area. As usual miscellaneous effects—sounds, movement of liquids, visible surface waves (?), luminous phenomena (?), etc.—were reported from the area of vigorous shaking. All the evidence indicates a fairly strong, moderately large shock in the local earthquake class, manifesting about the same intensity over an area of about the same size as the shock in Santa Barbara in 1925. The disastrous consequences of the shock were due chiefly to poor construction on bad natural ground in a rather densely populated district.
Scalable 2D K-SVD parallel algorithm for dictionary learning on GPUs

In recent years, the K-SVD algorithm for dictionary learning has been widely used in the field of image processing. The learning algorithm constructs a dictionary consisting of groups of signal atoms derived from a set of images. The sparse linear combination of the signal atoms are used to construct the best possible match based upon the original images. The myriad applications of K-SVD algorithm include reconstruction, compression, denoising, sparse coding, super resolution, and feature extraction. The K-SVD algorithm is a serial machine learning algorithm whereby each of the signal atoms are trained in succession. All of the signal atoms are updated once within any given iteration. Given that the algorithmic complexity for one iteration is O(n4), the training phase of the K-SVD algorithm is time-intensive. In order to increase the speed the K-SVD algorithm and reduce the run-time execution of each iteration, the following paper proposes a parallel version of the K-SVD algorithm and verifies its validity. We design and optimize the parallel algorithm on an Nvidia Titan X GPU by employing three strategies, specifically batches, early stop, and streaming. Experimental results indicate that the parallel algorithm produces a pronounced speedup of 80x when compared to multi-thread MATLAB implementation of the K-SVD algorithm running on a quad-core CPU.
Phytohormones associated with bacterial etiolation disease in creeping bentgrass

Abstract Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Aaa) is a pathogen that can cause bacterial etiolation of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). In vitro and in vivo studies of this pathosystem for phytohormone analysis were performed. Aaa and a non-pathogenic, negative control Pseudomonas aureofaciens (Pa) were cultured at room temperature (20–22 °C) for 14 days. For in vivo studies, Aaa infected and uninfected creeping bentgrass ‘Tyee’ and ‘Penn-A4’ were grown in hydroponics under optimal 23/20 °C day/night temperatures and heat stress 35/30 °C conditions in growth chambers. Bacterial culture or plant samples were taken for analysis of phytohormones: gibberellic acid isoforms (GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA20), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and abscisic acid (ABA). GA1, GA3, GA4 and IAA were detected in some Aaa cultures but not in Pa. ‘Penn-A4’ was more Aaa sensitive under high temperature than ‘Tyee’. ‘Tyee’ infected with Aaa at high temperatures showed higher JA content in all plant tissues, higher SA in stolons and roots, and less GA3 and GA20 in leaf and stolon tissues than ‘Penn-A4’ in the same conditions. Differential GA isoform accumulation produced by Aaa could contribute to disease severity and JA and SA accumulation may contribute to disease tolerance.
Historical archaeology in Yucatan: A preliminary framework

There is a growing interest in the historical archaeology of Latin America, a discipline which until recently has received little attention. Given the enormous quantities of source materials and physical remains, as well as the diverse historic and cultural backgrounds of different geographical areas, it is necessary to prepare regional syntheses which will provide a framework for future research. Such a framework is presented for the peninsula of Yucatan, in Mexico. Included are a delineation of the major chronological periods, a classification of archaeological site types and a synthesis of source materials.
Modes of transmission for West Nile virus.

1. Kendra Williams, MS student 1. Medical and Research Technology Department University of Maryland, Baltimore MD The Winter 2003 Clinical Laboratory Science published article on West Nile Virus (WNV): An Emerging Virus in North America , was very informative, organized, and well written. Although the article clearly documents that the transmission of WNV to human occurs most commonly through the bite of an infected mosquito, I would like to comment that there have been a few reported cases whereby other modes of transmission have occurred. There have been reports of WNV transmission to other patients due to blood product transfusions such as red blood cell, plasma, and platelet transfusion. This poses some complications due to the fact that the majority of individuals infected with WNV will show no symptoms.1 It has been estimated that only about 1% of those infected with the virus will develop a severe form of the disease such as West Nile (WN) meningitis, WN encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis.2 Thus it was recommended that all potential blood donors should be screen for the virus.1 WNV meningoencephalitis was also diagnosed in a woman after receiving post-partum blood transfusion from a donor infected with WNV. Breast milk sample taken from her also showed WNV specific IgG and IgM antibodies. The newborn that was reported to have little outdoor exposure was also positive for WNV specific IgM antibodies. Additionally, a previously pregnant woman was admitted to the hospital with symptoms common to WNV meningoencephalitis. Serum and cerebral spinal fluid samples taken from her showed evidence of WNV specific IgM antibodies. The infant who was later delivered also showed…
The Rare Earth Metals and Their Compounds: Thermal Analysis of Rare Earth Nitrate Mixtures

A method of analysis is proposed which utilizes the characteristic melting points of the hydrated salts and the liquidus curves of the binary salt mixtures for the estimation of the composition of rare earth mixtures. Several binary salt systems were investigated, employing very pure simple and double rare earth nitrates to provide basic information concerning the possibilities of the method.
Alcohol, marijuana, and opioid use disorders: 5-Year patterns and characteristics of emergency department encounters

ABSTRACTBackground: Changes in substance use patterns stemming from opioid misuse, ongoing drinking problems, and marijuana legalization may result in new populations of patients with substance use disorders (SUDs) using emergency department (ED) resources. This study examined ED admission trends in a large sample of patients with alcohol, marijuana, and opioid use disorders in an integrated health system. Methods: In a retrospective design, electronic health record (EHR) data identified patients with ≥1 of 3 common SUDs in 2010 (n = 17,574; alcohol, marijuana, or opioid use disorder) and patients without SUD (n = 17,574). Logistic regressions determined odds of ED use between patients with SUD versus controls (2010–2014); mixed-effect models examined 5-year differences in utilization; moderator models identified subsamples for which patients with SUD may have a greater impact on ED resources. Results: Odds of ED use were higher at each time point (2010–2014) for patients with alcohol (odds ratio [OR] ran...
Energy stress-induced lncRNA FILNC1 represses c-Myc-mediated energy metabolism and inhibits renal tumor development

The roles of long non-coding RNAs in cancer metabolism remain largely unexplored. Here we identify FILNC1 (FoxO-induced long non-coding RNA 1) as an energy stress-induced long non-coding RNA by FoxO transcription factors. FILNC1 deficiency in renal cancer cells alleviates energy stress-induced apoptosis and markedly promotes renal tumor development. We show that FILNC1 deficiency leads to enhanced glucose uptake and lactate production through upregulation of c-Myc. Upon energy stress, FILNC1 interacts with AUF1, a c-Myc mRNA-binding protein, and sequesters AUF1 from binding c-Myc mRNA, leading to downregulation of c-Myc protein. FILNC1 is specifically expressed in kidney, and is downregulated in renal cell carcinoma; also, its low expression correlates with poor clinical outcomes in renal cell carcinoma. Together, our study not only identifies FILNC1 as a negative regulator of renal cancer with potential clinical value, but also reveals a regulatory mechanism by long non-coding RNAs to control energy metabolism and tumor development. FoxO are commonly down-regulated transcription factors and tumor suppressors in renal cell cancer (RCC). Here, the authors show that upon energy stress FoxOs induce the expression of the long non-coding RNA FILNC1, which inhibits survival of RCC by downregulating c-Myc and c-Myc-dependent metabolic rewiring.
Opportunities for and Barriers to Using Smartphones for Health Education Among Families at an Urban Primary Care Clinic.

Mobile technology is omnipresent in society. Though studies suggest increased rates of smartphone accessibility, current access and barriers to smartphone usage at urban primary care clinics remains unclear. A self-administered survey was distributed to families presenting to an urban, underserved pediatric primary care clinic in spring 2017. Survey questions related to smartphone ownership and barriers to usage. A total of 273 parents completed the survey. Ninety-five percent of participants owned a smartphone. Fifty-eight percent of participants identified no barriers to smartphone usage. Among those who identified one or more barriers (n = 108), difficulties were primarily related to Wi-Fi access (46%), available phone memory (45%), existing phone data (28%), and discomfort with technology (11%). The majority of parents (59%) were interested in using a smartphone to learn about their child’s health. In conclusion, there is opportunity to transform health education utilizing mobile devices, though dispa...
Influence of remote pain on movement control and muscle endurance during repetitive movements

During fatiguing tasks, people adapt their movement strategies to offset effects of muscle fatigue. Painful stimuli may compete for cognitive resources during this process, impairing fatigue adaptation. This study determined how pain affected movement control and muscle endurance during a repetitive task and how pain catastrophizing moderated these effects. Twenty-two healthy young adults performed timed reaching movements until voluntary exhaustion on two separate days. On 1 day, subjects simultaneously experienced ischemic pain in the contralateral arm. Subjective pain, and effort were recorded at regular intervals. Timing errors, distance and speed were calculated for each movement. Detrended fluctuation analysis was used to quantify temporal persistence in each time series. Subjects made shorter, slower movements during the last compared to the first minute of fatigue on both days (p < 0.001). Deviations in movement speed were corrected faster in the no pain condition compared to the pain condition (p = 0.042), but only early during the condition. Time to fatigue was influenced by pain and the order of testing. Subjects performed the task longer on the second day whether the condition was pain or no pain. This effect was larger when the pain condition was first (3.4 compared to 1.1 min. increase). Subjects with high and low pain catastrophizing responded similarly to the painful stimuli. The results suggest that pain causes people to adopt more conservative movement strategies which can affect the fatigue rate, but these effects depend on familiarity with the painful stimulus and the fatiguing task.
Sport, Twitter Hashtags, and the Public Sphere: A Qualitative Test of the Phenomenon Through a Curt Schilling Case Study

Popular social media platforms have faced recent criticism because of the tendency for users to exhibit strongly negative behaviors, threatening the open, prodemocratic discourse that proponents believe was made possible when social media sites first gained widespread adoption a decade ago. A conceptual model suggests that the microblogging site Twitter, and especially sport-themed debate through hashtags, can still realize these ideals. Analyzing a dataset of tweets about the firing of former Major League Baseball pitcher Curt Schilling by ESPN on April 20, 2016, as well as a qualitative questionnaire given to the users of the hashtag, this study attempted to ascertain how closely the discourse comes to realizing the ideal of the Habermasian public sphere. The findings demonstrate that although users draw value from participation in the discussion, they are less inclined to desire interaction with other hashtag users, particularly those who disagree with them. This suggests that Twitter hashtags provide ...
Explosion Welding: A Review

A general review of explosion welding with particular emphasis on metallurgical effects is presented. Explosion welding is basically a solid-phase welding process, in which explosives are used to accelerate the parts to be joined into a high velocity oblique collisions, is fundamental to the welding process. The jetting action coupled with the collapsing flyer plate produce a unique weld interface, with very interesting metallurgical properties. The relationship of the welding parameters to the metallurgical properties is discussed.
The Comparative Neurotoxicity of Formamidine Pesticides

The formamidine pesticides continue to interest investigators because of their novel chemistry, pharmacology, and spectrum of activity. They have been used commercially to control certain Lepidoptera and Hemiptera species and acarines including mites and ticks. Formamidines are ineffective against many other arthropods including harmless or beneficial non-target species. The representative of the formamidines receiving the most attention is chlordimeform (N’ -(4-chloro-0-tolyl)-N, N-dimethylformamidine). Three reviews on the chemistry and biological actions of chlordimeform (CDM, Fig. 1) and related compounds have appeared (Hollingworth, 1976; Matsumura and Beeman, 1976; Beeman and Matsumura, 1978) revealing a broad range of biological effects for this group. This report will attempt to relate some of these pharmacological actions to toxicity of formamidines in vertebrates and invertebrates.
The Autonomy-Interdependence Paradox: Achieving temporal flexibility in professional services

Research on professionals’ temporal flexibility, or the ability of individuals to adjust their work schedules to accommodate their needs and interests, has emphasized the benefits of organizational...
Fail Early and Often to Succeed: The Case for Rapid Prototyping in Libraries

At Penn State University Libraries, we are endeavoring to support a library and user community in a state of flux by moving from a culture of rigidity to one of flexibility. Changes to Penn State University Libraries’ organizational structures and strategic priorities have been swift and ongoing. In some contexts, we are using rapid prototyping practices to respond with agility to these changes, as well as to the changing needs of our faculty, staff, student, and community users. This article describes the general rapid prototyping approach, showcases the concept in use by a library’s teaching and learning department, and uses a case study to illustrate how these practices can be applied to a specific learning object. We also suggest applications in other, more systemic, areas of organizational work. Key takeaways include encouraging a culture of experimentation, being open to failure, and keeping lines of communication open to strengthen collaboration.
Employee Referral Dynamics in Social Hiring: Evidence from LinkedIn

Social hiring describes a job hiring process wherein employers and job seekers rely on social network sites to engage and inform each other. According to LinkedIn, its network comprises over 700 million professionals, and many recruiters utilize LinkedIn to identify qualified job candidates. Despite the growth of social hiring, we do not clearly understand referral dynamics in social hiring. This study empirically investigates how employees make referrals based on their LinkedIn networks. In particular, given that a common tactic of job seekers is to network with those in similar industries and functions, we aim to offer insight into how job similarity between an employee and a job seeker affects an employee’s referral decision. While employees in similar fields are valuable information sources to job seekers, it is unclear whether they are a promising source of referrals. Because qualified job candidates in similar fields may become future competitors, employees may decline to refer qualified job candidates to protect their workplace status. Our findings show that the likelihood of referral decreases as job similarity between an employee and a job candidate increases. We further find that the adverse effect of job similarity on referrals weakens as the hierarchical difference between an employee and a candidate increases. This result supports the proposed competition mechanism because the adverse job similarity effect diminishes as an employee is less likely to compete directly with a job candidate. Although one might expect that gender homophily dilutes this competitive force, we found no evidence that it does.
Axitinib-Loaded Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Formulation Development and In Vitro Characterization

Abstract Despite all the research aiming to treat ocular diseases, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains one of the serious diseases worldwide, which needs to be treated. Neovascularizatio...
Environmentally Benign and Scalable Preparation ofDiethyl Furoxan-3,4-dicarboxylate Using Silver Carbonate as a NitrileOxide Generator

Diethyl furoxan-3,4-dicarboxylate (1) is a starting material for many heterocyclic compounds containing furoxan and furazan rings. In general, furoxan 1 was prepared via a dimerization of correspon...
User-Centered Design of a Mobile Java Practice App: A Comparison of Question Formats

Learning computer science presents many challenges to students, and providing resources for meaningful practice is recognized as a way to support rigorous learning and diverse student participation. At the same time, mobile phones are increasingly ubiquitous, creating an underutilized opportunity for practice outside of traditional methods. This experience report presents a user-centered approach to designing a practice app for introductory Java. We investigated user preferences through a series of small studies, first conducting think-aloud sessions and focus groups, and finally conducting a usability study comparing two prototype versions. The initial studies suggested how to leverage the affordances of small screens, ruling out free-response practice problems in favor of either fill-in-the-blank (FB) or multiple-choice (MC) questions. The comparison study revealed statistically significant differences in students' survey responses: (1) usability scores were significantly higher for the MC version than the FB version; (2) students reported significantly greater satisfaction and desire to learn for the MC version; and (3) students reported enjoying and being more comfortable with the MC version compared to the FB version. We contextualize this observation within related research on question formats. Takeaways from this experience report can provide guidance on designing mobile applications that give students opportunities for meaningful practice.
Integrating N signals and root growth: the role of nitrate transceptor NRT1.1 in auxin-mediated lateral root development

This article comments on: Maghiaoui A, Bouguyon E, Cuesta C, Perrine-Walker F, Alcon C, Krouk G, Benkova E, Nacry P, Gojon A and Bach L. 2020. The Arabidopsis NRT1.1 transceptor coordinately controls auxin biosynthesis and transport to regulate root branching in response to nitrate. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 4480–4494 .
Confronting Covid-19 with agroecology

The critical need to transform our food and farming systems, the multiple reasons why this is so difficult to do, and how we can actually bring about needed changes are repeatedly being pointed out...
The Impact of a Multiple Conviction Record on Hiring Outcomes

The objective of the current study was to examine the impact of a multiple conviction criminal record with varying crime types on hiring outcomes. An experimental correspondence audit was used to a...
Credibility in educational development: trustworthiness, expertise, and identification

For educational developers (also called academic or faculty developers) to facilitate change toward effective teaching and learning practices at any level, they must build trust and communicate cre...
Upregulation of the Cdc42 GTPase limits replicative lifespan in budding yeast

ABSTRACT Cell polarity underlies various cellular processes, including cell proliferation and asymmetric cell division. Cdc42, a conserved Rho GTPase, plays a central role in polarity establishment in yeast and animals. While cell polarity is critical for the asymmetric division of budding yeast, whether Cdc42 impacts lifespan is not clear. Here, we show by live-cell imaging that the active Cdc42 level is sporadically elevated in wild-type cells during repeated cell divisions but rarely in the long-lived bud8 deletion mutant. Remarkably, mild overexpression of Cdc42 causes premature aging with frequent symmetric cell divisions despite no harmful effects on young cells. Furthermore, deletion of BUD8 rescues the short lifespan of an rga1 mutant, which lacks a Cdc42 GTPase activating protein, and Bud8 competes with Rga1 for localization to cytokinesis remnants. Collectively, our findings suggest that upregulation of Cdc42 is a proximal cause of cell death in old yeast cells and that Bud8 counteracts Rga1 in modulating the Cdc42 activity to limit replicative lifespan.
Therapeutic Targeting of Transcription Factors to Control the Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19

Treatment of the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) has become an important part of rescuing hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Here, we systematically explored the transcriptional regulators of inflammatory cytokines involved in the COVID-19 CRS to identify candidate transcription factors (TFs) for therapeutic targeting using approved drugs. We integrated a resource of TF-cytokine gene interactions with single-cell RNA-seq expression data from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of COVID-19 patients. We found 581 significantly correlated interactions, between 95 TFs and 16 cytokines upregulated in the COVID-19 patients, that may contribute to pathogenesis of the disease. Among these, we identified 19 TFs that are targets of FDA approved drugs. We investigated the potential therapeutic effect of 10 drugs and 25 drugs combinations on inflammatory cytokine production, which revealed two drugs that inhibited cytokine production and numerous combinations that show synergistic efficacy in downregulating cytokine production. Further studies of these candidate repurposable drugs could lead to a therapeutic regimen to treat the CRS in COVID-19 patients.
Droughts, Floods, and Wildfires: Paleo Perspectives on Disaster Law in the Anthropocene

Humanity’s impact on the earth has become so pronounced that momentum is building toward adopting a new term for the modern geological age — the “Anthropocene.” The term signifies that human activity has reached a scale that it is now a planetary force capable of shaping ecosystems and natural processes. And yet, anthropocentric natural resources management and environmental lawmaking in the United States reveals a lack of control in managing natural systems and fostering resilience to extreme events. These systems do not easily conform to the whims of reactionary environmental policies. Droughts, floods, and wildfires, in particular, are often conceptualized as unforeseeable disasters when in fact their occurrence is a typical feature of the American landscape. The manner in which environmental laws have evolved to respond to these natural systems reveals a strong belief that nature can be adapted to modern human activities, instead of adapting human activities to nature. Legal frameworks are consequently reactive in disposition when control proves impossible, relying on subsidized insurance programs and disaster relief funds that do little to build resilience. This article examines contemporary legal doctrines and policies governing management of droughts, floods, and wildfires from a paleoenvironmental and paleoanthropological perspective. Hundreds of thousands of years of hunter-gatherer resilience strategies provide a conceptual model through which modern approaches and reforms can be assessed. The resilience model suggests that drought, flood, and wildfire laws can more adequately enhance societal resilience by prioritizing mobility, diversification, and awareness of changes in the surrounding environment.
Organic syntheses by means of noble metal compounds : XLI. Reaction of isocyanide with π-allylpalladium chloride☆

Abstract The treatment of cyclohexyl isocyanide with π-allylpalladium chloride in benzene at room temperature gave di-μ-chloro-bis[1-(cyclohexylimino)-3-butenyl]-bis(cyclohexylisocyanide)dipalladium by the insertion reaction. The progress of the insertion reaction was followed by NMR spectroscopy. The ethanolysis of the complex gave ethyl N-cyclohexyl-3-butenimidate.
Purification and properties of anthranilate synthase from Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract The enzyme anthranilate synthase catalyzes the formation of anthranilic acid from chorismate and glutamine or chorismate and NH3 in the biosynthesis of tryptophan in bacteria and in yeast. A purification procedure involving the solubilization of this enzyme and several additional steps led to a preparation that is homogeneous as judged by gel filtrations, sedimentation pattern, and gel electrophoresis. The final yield was at least 25%. Several properties of the purified enzyme were studied. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 137,000. The stoichiometry of the reaction with glutamine or ammonia as amino donor was determined. The pH optimum for glutamine was found to be 7.5 and for NH3 8.7. The Michaelis constant for chorismate is 3.3 x 10-6 m at pH 7.5, and the Michaelis constants for glutamine and NH3 are 5 and 8.5 x 10-4 m, respectively, at their individual pH optima. NH3 rather than NH4+ seems to be the active aminating species. A series of inhibitors was found which affected the activity of the enzyme either with glutamine or with ammonia or with both. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the structure of the enzyme. Inhibition by the end product, tryptophan, was competitive with chorismate, and the kinetic behavior of the inhibition was allosteric in nature. No cooperative effects could be demonstrated with chorismate as substrate in the absence of the feedback inhibitor. The inhibition with tryptophan was complete.
The Illusion of Efficiency in Workers' Compensation 'Reform' (Part One of Two Part Pdf File)

From the late 1980s through the 1990s, most states enacted major revisions to their workers' compensation systems. These law changes aim to restrict benefits for injured workers in response to perceptions that rising workers' compensation insurance costs had reached crisis levels by the late 1980s. This article analyzes the main features of these benefit reforms, and shows how these reforms reveal the problems of the predominant economic efficiency rationales underlying recent retrenchment of social welfare programs in general. Using workers' compensation as an example, I argue that a premise central to much of contemporary law and policy - the distinction between economic efficiency and redistributive goals - is illusory. Although efficiency principles commonly have been used to explain recent benefit limitations as neutral economic measures aimed at maximizing overall resources, these principles inevitably incorporate value judgments about the proper distribution of resources. Rhetoric about restoring an "efficient" balance between workers and employers masks a redistribution of resources away from workers and toward employers and insurers. I show how concepts central to economic analysis of law, such as externalities, moral hazard, and transaction costs, disguise political power as economic fact. I challenge the conventional wisdom that high workers' compensation costs are a problem of increased medical uncertainty resulting from expanded compensation of "subjective" injuries and illnesses, such as repetitive motion injuries or mental stress claims. By restricting access to benefits for these "subjective" injuries, recent reforms claim to reduce fraud, friction, and claims "external" to work. I argue instead that restrictions on such injuries will redistribute, not reduce, opportunities for fraud, friction, and externalization. I show how the costly uncertainty which plagues workers' compensation is not a problem of particular injuries or illnesses, but of the inherent subjectivity of the underlying ideal of the workers' compensation "bargain" between workers and employers which frames the debate. The predominant focus on restoring this supposedly efficient "bargain" obscures the value conflicts about the distribution of work accident costs which should be at the center of discussions of workers' compensation reform.
IL-7Rα and multiple sclerosis risk

The discovery of genetic risk factors for multiple sclerosis has proven difficult. IL-7Rα, encoded by IL7R, is a pleiomorphic cytokine receptor now implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis in independently replicated genetic association studies.
Design and implementation of a 525 mm/sup 2/ CMOS digital micromirror device (DMD) display chip

This paper describes a new type of 1280/spl times/1024 Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) with 50 MHz serial I/O ports. The DMD uses a unique shadow memory and pixel multiplexing scheme to realize a high-definition television (HDTV) single-chip integrated circuit display device. The project developed defect-tolerant techniques based on memory cell duplication with address decoding to improve the fabrication yield of large-chip-size devices. This DMD chip is fabricated using 0.8 /spl mu/m single polysilicon and six-level metal CMOS process technology. A unique and optimized pixel with a pixel pitch of 17 /spl mu/m is obtained as a result of the 25/spl times/21 mm/sup 2/ compact chip design.
Studies of Catalysis by β-Glucuronidase THE EFFECT OF STRUCTURE ON THE RATE OF HYDROLYSIS OF SUBSTITUTED PHENYL-β-d-GLUCOPYRANOSIDURONIC ACIDS

Abstract The relative rates of hydrolysis of monosubstituted phenyl-β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acids (phenyl-β-glucuronides) catalyzed by β-glucuronidase correlate with Hammett values, yielding a biphasic curve with the curve being concave up and with the change-over occurring at the unsubstituted compound. A similar type of plot has not previously been obtained with other enzymes. The relative rates of hydrolysis of p-methoxyphenyl, p-chlorophenyl, and p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acids, and of the most commonly used substrate, phenolphthalein-β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid, were compared in D2O and H2O, and it was observed that the pH optimum in D2O shifted towards higher values, with the rate of hydrolysis in D2O decreasing by a factor of 1.7 to 2.0 as compared to that in H2O. These results suggest the involvement of a rate-determining proton transfer in the catalytic steps of the enzymatic reaction. A possible explanation for the change in slope in the Hammett plot is that there is a shift in the relative electronic importance of the general acid-nucleophile portions of the push-pull mechanism.
A Libertarian Theory of Blackmail

This article will attempt to analyze the law prohibiting blackmail from a libertarian perspective. Libertarianism is a political philosophy; as such, it is a theory of the just use of violence. From this viewpoint, the just use of violence is essentially defensive: one may employ force only to repel an invasion; only to protect one’s person or property from external threat, and for no other reason.
Fast inner-outer factorization

We derive fast algorithm for computing inner-outer factorization of an epic H/sub /spl infin// transfer function G. The algorithm requires computation of the Schur form of an N/spl times/N matrix where N is the McMillan degree of G. The only assumption we make on G is surjectivity of its value at infinity-the function G may have zeros on the imaginary axis. >
Electrical properties of temperate forest trees: a review and quantitative comparison with vines

Trees form the terrestrial interface with the atmosphere in forested regions. The electrical properties of trees may influence their response to atmospheric conditions and potentially lethal phenom...
A new era in computation

What is massively parallel computing and why is it important?, W. Daniel Hillis complex adaptive systems, John H. Holland perspectives on parallel computing, Yuefan Deng et al parallel billiards and monster systems, Brosl Hasslacher first we reshape our computers, then our computers reshape us - the broader intellectual impact of parallelism in conscious experience, Robert Sokolowski of time, intelligence and institutions, Felix E. Browder parallel computing and education, Geoffrey C. Fox the age of computing - a personal memoir, N. Metropolis what should the public know about mathematics?, Philip J. Davis America's economic-technological agenda for the 1990s, Jacob T. Schwartz.
DO TRADE DEFICITS MATTER

Some things matter whether or not they exist. The Loch Ness monster is one. National trade deficits are another. Trade deficits obviously matter to many people, because (whatever they are) they seem to have significant consequences. They cause problems or create undesirable constraints or compel government policy changes.
Formation of methionine from alpha-amino-n-butyric acid and 5'-methylthioadenosine in the rat

Adult rats may utilize two metabolites of methionine for the biosynthesis of this essential amino acid. In separate experiments methionine, labeled with 14C or with 35S was observed in plasma and urine following the administration of [2-14C]-alpha-amino-n-butyric acid or [35S]-5'-methylthioadenosine by stomach tube. Although alpha-amino-n-butyric acid (ABA) or homoserine, alone or with dietary sodium sulfate, choline, and/or S-methylcysteine, was not utilized for growth, weight loss in weanling rats was decreased by dietary cysteine when fed as an additive to a basal methionine-free, cysteine-free, labile methyl-free, sulfur-free diet. Following the addition of 10 mg ABA and 28 mg 5'-methylthioadenosine/day to the basal diet, growth response was equivalent to that occurring in rats receiving 27 mg of methionine/day with the basal diet. The implications of these findings for adaptation to protein restriction and a discussion of equilibrium and steady state conditions related to the increase in methionine content in the blood are presented.
Liver gene expression associated with diet and lesion development in atherosclerosis-prone mice: induction of components of alternative complement pathway.

Diet-induced changes in serum lipoproteins are a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of mortality in Westernized countries. Atherosclerosis is now appreciate...
Amplitude based sensor tasking for multi-target search and track

A search and track problem where multiple sensors with a variety of modalities are being used to track an unknown number of targets is considered here. The primary comparison is between a traditional range and bearing measurement model and one that additionally considers amplitude of return using a radar cross section (RCS) target model. Using the UK-PHD filter to handle the nonlinear measurement models, it is shown that using an RCS target model results in more accurate state estimates and a reduced number of track dwells, thus devoting more time to searching for targets. Additionally, the use of an RCS model also results in improved clutter rejection further increasing the observed differences in track accuracy and refresh rate.
The impact of late preterm birth on executive function at preschool age.

OBJECTIVE Very preterm birth (< 32 weeks' gestation) affects cognitive development. The impact of late preterm birth (34 to 36 weeks' gestation) on cognition, specifically executive function, is not fully characterized. The aim of this study was to assess whether late preterm children demonstrate impaired executive function compared with full-term children (38 to 42 weeks' gestation). STUDY DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study of 4-year-old children. Preterm (n = 39) and full-term children (n = 44) completed a battery of executive function tasks and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4. Parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool version. RESULTS Preterm children performed worse on the verbal inhibitory control (p = 0.02) and short-term verbal memory (p = 0.01) tasks. Gestational age predicted performance on the verbal inhibitory control (p = 0.02) and short-term verbal memory (p = 0.04) tasks. There was no group difference in nonverbal inhibitory control (p = 0.45) or spatial memory (p = 0.60). Parents of preterm and full-term children rated their children's behavior similarly (p = 0.79). CONCLUSION Late preterm children demonstrated compromised verbal inhibitory control and short-term verbal memory compared with full-term peers. Late preterm children may not be spared from altered brain development. Further research is indicated to determine whether to screen late preterm children for executive function deficits.
Observation and relaxation of the two-photon-excited trilevel echo in sodium vapor

A photon echo from the allowed 3D–3P transition in Na vapor is spontaneously emitted after a single-pulse one-photon excitation of the 3P state is followed by a single-pulse two-photon excitation of the 3D state. The collisional relaxation cross section of the excited 3D–3P superposition state of Na in Ar is measured.
Technetium-99M Pertechnetate Disappearance Studies in Normal and Psoriatic Skin

A method has been presented which has proved reliable and reproducible (in two groups of 6 subjects) in monitoring cutaneous vascular function or tracer diffusion from an injection site. The method is based on intradermal injection of Technetium- 99m pertechnetate and recording disappearance of the isotope continuously with a standard renogram recording system. Standardized computer routines evaluate each record, summarizing the information by determining a half-time for the subject and site. The standard deviation of experimental error in our method is approximately one minute. Within that limit we find that right and left half-times at symmetric uninvolved locations are indistinguishable. Further, the average disappearance hall-time from lesions in a group of psoriatics will be less, by about 3.5 minutes, than the average disappearance half-time from uninvolved symmetric sites in the same patients. We believe that the data presented on normal and pathological disappearance rates contribute to understanding skin pathology. We also believe that our method will provide an objective basis for evaluation and comparison of drug effects in groups of patients. The method itself is suitable for application in further study of this subject.
Human social response toward humanoid robot's head and facial features

This study explores how people's social response toward a humanoid robot can change when we vary the number of the active degrees of freedom in the robot's head and face area. We investigate this problem by conducting two wizard-of-oz user studies that situate an elder person in a self-disclosure dialogue with a remotely operated robot. In our first study, we investigated the effect of expressive head gestures with a four-degree-of-freedom neck. In the second study we focused on the face where we investigated the effect of expressive eyebrow movement versus active gaze and eyelid movement. In the first study, we found that participants are willing to disclose more to the robot when the robot moved its neck in an expressive manner. In the second study, our data suggests a trend where gaze and expressive eyelid movement results in more disclosure over eyebrow movement
Auditory Flutter-Driving of Visual Flicker

Changes in the physical flutter rate of a clicking sound induce simultaneous changes in the apparent flicker rate of a flashing light. For example, for one observer a flicker with a frequency of 10 cycles per second was driven downward to as low as 7 cycles per second and upward to as high as 22 cycles per second by changing the rate of initially synchronous auditory clicks. The reverse does not occur-changes in the flicker rate do not induce changes in apparent flutter rates.
HydroCom - A high quality solution for three diver communications

In today's diving operations, it is imperative to have good, reliable communications between the divers and the surface tenders. HydroCom provides this reliability in a small, high quality system. HydroCom allows round-robin (full duplex) communications among three divers and a surface tender, without the need for a press-to-talk function. With the addition of a helium speech unscrambler (HSU) printed circuit board, HydroCom provides quality communications in a helium environment. HydroCom was designed to be a highly versatile system. It can operate on 115 Vac or 230 Vac, 12 volt dc, or an internal, rechargeable battery. The system is easy to operate and can be run by a single tender. Its small size allows it to be easily transported in its own ruggedized container. The HydroCom is splashproof allowing it to be operated in a small or open vessel. Diver safety was the prime design criterion for HydroCom. A GFI and isolation transformer are used to keep high voltage away from the divers. Input and output audio transformers isolate the divers' cables from power equipment. HydroCom reduces dive time and improves diver efficiency by providing high quality communications. This improved performance benefits the operator by reducing expenses while improving safety for the divers.
RESPONSE OF MARINE SYNECHOCOCCUS (CYANOPHYCEAE) CULTURES TO IRON NUTRITION1

Three clones of marine Synechococcus (WH6501, WH7803, and WH8018) were grown through at least three transfers, at 6-day intervals, in synthetic medium with total iron concentrations from 10−9 to 10−6 M. After 6 days of exponential growth, these cultures were harvested, and the cell density and protein and pigment concentrations were measured. Aliquots of the culture were assayed for their carbon fixation rates at two light intensities. Cell density and protein concentration increased by up to 7.8 times over a range of iron from the lowest (10−9 M) to the highest concentrations (10−6 M). The concentration of chlorophyll-a and phycobiliproteins showed a wider range of response, increasing by up to 48 times. The carbon fixation rate (per mL of culture) also increased approximately 40 times over the total range of iron concentration. The ranges of these biochemical and physiological responses were much lower than the range of total available iron, which was 1000-fold, and the range of total cellular iron, which was estimated to be about 160-fold. This “less-than-linear” relationship indicates that the cells are adapting to make more efficient use of iron under limiting conditions. Our results demonstrate characteristics of iron-limited Synechococcus that may be important in understanding the relationships between primary productivity and iron availability in the oceans.
Sex differences in the effects of high-fat feeding on behavior and carcass composition ☆

Abstract Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (40% by weight) for 11 weeks beginning at 70–80 days of age. At the end of the 11th week, high-fat fed rats of both sexes were significantly heavier than chow-fed controls. All rats were then food deprived and were trained to bar-press in an operant chamber for Noyes pellets. Testing on fixed ratio (FR) schedules started when their body weights reached 85% of pre-deprivation levels and they pressed bar steadily. At the end of operant testing, all rats were refed their previous diet until body weights returned to pre-deprivation levels. The animals were then sacrificed. Fat pads from retroperitoneal, inguinal and gonadal regions were dissected out and cellularity determined. Carcass composition was analyzed by chemical methods. On the operant apparatus, the high-fat fed female rats (F-HF) behaved more like VMH lesioned obese rats, i.e. decreased bar pressing responses when compared with controls. No difference in operant responding was found between males fed high-fat diet and chow. Fat cell number and size were increased in retroperitoneal and inguinal fat pad for rats fed high-fat diet. In gonadal pads, only cell size was increased. Females on the high-fat diet had higher percentages of body fat than males on the high-fat diet. The behavioral difference in F-HF rats could be attributed to their higher adiposity. The results support previously reported findings on the behavior and adipose tissue cellularity of dietary obese rats.