cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Theorie der Differentialgleichungen

In diesem Kapitel betrachten wir die Differentialgleichung $$ \dot{x} = f(t,x) $$ (1) , in der \( x = \left( {_{\begin{subarray}{l} \vdots \\ {x_{n}}(t) \end{subarray} }^{{{x_{1}}(t)}}} \right) \) ist und \( f(t,x) = \left( \begin{gathered} {f_{1}}(t,{x_{1}},...,{x_{n}}) \hfill \\ \vdots \hfill \\ {f_{n}}(t,{x_{1}},...,{x_{n}}) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right) \) eine nichtlineare Funktion von x1, ..., xn bezeichnet. Unglucklicherweise sind keine Losungsmethoden fur Gleichung (1) bekannt. Dies ist naturlich sehr bedauerlich, jedoch ist es in den meisten Anwendungen nicht notwendig, die Losungen von (1) explizit zu finden. Seien beispielsweise x1(t) und x2(t) die Populationen zweier Spezies zur Zeit t, die gegeneinander um die in ihrem Mikrokosmos nur in begrenztem Umfang zur Verfugung stehende Nahrung und Lebensraum kampfen. Werden dann die Wachstumsraten von x1 (t) und x2(t) durch die Differentialgleichung (1) beschrieben, so sind wir in diesem Fall weniger an den Werten von x1(t) und x2(t) zu jedem Zeitpunkt t, als vielmehr an den qualitativen Eigenschaften von x1 (t) und x2(t) interessiert. Insbesondere wollen wir folgende Fragen beantworten: 1. Gibt es Werte ζ1 und ζ2, fur welche die beiden Spezies in einem Gleichgewichtszustand koexistieren, oder anders ausgedruckt, gibt es Zahlen ζ1, ζ2, so das x1(t) = ζ1, x2(t) = ζ2 eine Losung von (1) darstellt? Solche Werte ζ1, ζ2 werden, falls vorhanden, Gleichgewichtspunkte von (1) genannt.
Different concepts of next generation IACT arrays

Having matured over a few decades, the IACT technique is now ready to widen its energy domain as well as to increase sensitivity in its core region (0.1-50 TeV) by as much as one order of magnitude as compared to existing facilities. This will allow to use astronomy to search for dark matter, probe intergalactic space and quantum gravity as well as to make efficient observations of extended sources. The design of a new-generation IACT array is moti- vated by the key science questions to be addressed and con- strained by the cost of the experiment. A number of perfor- mance characteristics impact the scientific capabilities, not just point-source sensitivity, but also field-of-view, angular resolution, energy threshold and others, and the optimization of the parameters at fixed cost defines the approach to simu- lation studies. In this paper, I will highlight IACT array design studies carried through to optimize the array configuration, optical and mechanical designs as well as possible designs for tele- scope cameras. systems and OB associations, as well as to study extragalac- tic objects like AGNs and starburst galaxies. The number of detected VHE -ray sources now numbers 100, with the source count roughly doubling in a time scales of '3 years (Colin and LeBohec, 2009). Most importantly, many of these 100 sources have been studied in great detail with detailed imaging-spectrometry information or with light curves and energy spectra on minute time scales. The sensitivity of current experiments like VERITAS, H.E.S.S. and MAGIC is 1% of the flux of the Crab Neb- ula, angular resolution for single -rays of 5 0 above 1 TeV,
Psychiatric considerations of cerebral vascular disease.

Abstract 1. 1. Psychiatric factors in the precipitation of cerebral vascular diseases are reviewed. A physiologic basis for the effect of emotional stress on cerebral circulation does exist. However, beyond the clinical observation of the temporal association between such stress and the onset of acute cerebral vascular disease in individual cases, no other type of acceptable evidence is available at the present time. 2. 2. Psychiatric consequences of cerebral vascular diseases are described. Theoretical considerations are discussed; clinical problems associated with disturbances of intellectual functions, depression, anxiety, denial of illness and personality changes are presented. 3. 3. Management of these clinical problems is suggested. These include milieu therapy as well as the traditional modes of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.
Mature, growing ganglion cells acquire new synapses in the retina of the goldfish.

The goldfish retina grows throughout the animal's life, primarily by a balloon-like expansion. With this expansion, dendritic arbors of ganglion cells show scaled growth; arbors increase in size from small to large with no change in their architecture (Hitchcock & Easter, 1986; Bloomfield & Hitchcock, 1991). The study reported here showed that ganglion cell arbors acquire new synapses with this growth. Arbors from a single type of ganglion cell in retinas of small, young and large, old fish were intracellularly filled with horseradish peroxidase, examined electron microscopically, and the synapses contacting them counted and compared (small arbors vs. large arbors). The small and large arbors had similar numbers and orders of dendritic branches (i.e. similar architectures), but the large arbors were significantly larger than the small ones. The increase in arbor size was correlated with a 2.7x and 1.9x increase in the number of ribbon and conventional synaptic contacts, respectively. The addition of new synapses is proposed as a mechanism by which the signaling properties of the enlarging ganglion cells can remain constant.
Differential fertility by religious group in rural Sierra Leone.

This study investigates differential fertility among Muslims Catholics and Protestants in rural Sierra Leone where Islam in associated with traditional people and Christianity with the more modern sector of the rural population. Because of the differential child survival rates among the religious groups it is necessary to use 2 measures of fertility: number of children ever born to currently married women aged 15-49 and number of living children. The mean number of live births is highest for the Protestants and lowest for the Muslims in the oldest age group (38-49). However for the youngest (15-27) and intermediate (28-37) age groups Catholic women have the largest mean number of live births. A similar pattern is observed for the mean number of living children. In the oldest age group the Protestants have the largest mean of surviving children followed by the Catholics and the Muslims. However in the youngest and intermediate age groups Catholic women show the largest mean number of surviving children. Contrary to the often cited high levelof Muslim fertility the present data suggest that the fertility performance of Muslim women is in general below that of the Catholics and Protestants. Parity data by age group and religion shows that in the oldest age group almost 14% of the Muslim women have never had a live birth as compared to 9% for Catholics and 7% for Protestants. This suggests that sterility may be higher among Muslim women than among Christian women. Multiple regression analyses indicate that regardless of religious affiliation the higher a womens level of education the higher her fertility tends to be. The analyses additionally show that religion by itself does not have a significant influence on reproductive behavior for this population. However the joint effect of religion and wifes education has a significant influence on the number of children ever born but not on the number of living children. Furthermore among women with no education religious differences in fertility are small; among women with primary or higher education differences are substantial.
Intercarrier Compensation and Consumer Welfare

Intercarrier compensation imposes large costs on consumers by increasing the prices of long-distance and wireless service and discouraging consumers from using them. Because of these hidden subsidies, local phone rates are below cost for residential subscribers in all but the most dense urban locations. The hidden subsidies do little to promote universal telephone service, because subsidies for local telephone service have little effect on subscriptions. Replacing these hidden subsidies with payments from the Federal Universal Service Fund would not reduce the consumer costs, unless the FCC changes the universal service funding mechanism. Replacing hidden subsidies with increased federal subscriber line charges would make consumers better off by eliminating a usage-based "tax" on long-distance and wireless services.
Accommodation and Resistance to Modernity: A Comparison of Two Contemporary Orthodox Jewish Groups

This article presents a case study of how two particular religious groups -'a modem Orthodox and a Lubavitch Chassidic Jewish community - construct their religious worlds in a modem society. A detailed analysis of the religious teachings that each "traditional" religious group presents to newcomers reveals their distinct solutions to the tensions between modernity and tradition. The analysis highlights their responses to several features of modernity that have been emphasized by secularization theorists as particularly problematic for religion: cultural pluralism and individualism, rationalization, and the changing of women's roles. The modem Orthodox group's teachings reflect their accommodation to contemporary conceptions of pluralism, rationalism, and feminism. The Lubavitch teachings, in contrast, demonstrate the community's attempt to resist the dominant secular culture and to offer a separate religious alternative. The analysis shows that there are at least two distinct strategies for creating "traditional" religious communities in the modern context. The question of the nature of religion in modern society has been a concern of sociologists since the beginnings of the discipline. Early sociologists had predicted that the forces of modernization - the rationalization of the economy, the state, and the development of science; the breakdown of community; individualism; pluralism and the changing of women's roles - would result in the secularization of society: the
Non Gaussian Autoregressive and Moving Average Schemes

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates Non-Gaussian autoregressive and moving average schemes through mathematical derivations.
Effect of forward and backward coarticulation on the identification of speech sounds.

The perceptual effects of forward and backward coarticulation across syllable boundaries were investigated by having 37 female listeners identify: (1) Nasal consonants /m, n, η/ in initial syllables of utterances from which the second syllables were deleted for half of the presentations in noise and (2) Vowels /i, u/ in the deleted syllables when only the initial syllables were presented in quiet. For the deleted condition, post-nasal sounds were erased from the original utterances made up of the initial syllables /t m/, /t n/, /t n/ and second syllables made up only of the vowel /i/ or /u/, or with the intervening consonants /t/ or /st/. Findings included: (1) As the number of consonants separating the nasal consonant and the final vowel increased, there was a significant trend towards fewer correct consonant identifications in the undeleted condition and more correct identifications in the deleted vowel condition, (2) /m/ was identified significantly more often before /u/ than before /i/ while /n/ was i...
Biosystematic Study in Tortricidae (Lepidoptera), with a Note on Evolutionary Rates of Allozymes

Systematic relationships were examined at subfamily, tribal, generic, and species levels in tortricid moths by allozyme analysis. Principle coordinate ordination, UPGMA phenograms, and Wagner trees were compared with each other and with morphologically determined relationships. These three methods resulted in very similar patterns of relatedness. Subfamily separation was perfectly congruent with morphology. In one subfamily, agreement continued to the subtribal level, but in the other, some members of different tribes were mixed. Intratribal comparisons did not place all congeners together. However, allozyme relationships of species within the genus Cydia were in agreement with classical taxonomic assignments. Lack of agreement at the generic level is attributed to convergence of quickly evolving alleles and lack of divergence of slowly evolving ones.
Can we hear morphological complexity before words are complex

Previous research has shown that listeners can tell the difference between phonemically identical onsets of monomorphemic words (e.g., cap and captain) using acoustic cues (Davis, Marslen-Wilson, & Gaskell, 2002). This study investigates whether this finding extends to multimorphemic words, asking whether listeners can use phonetic information to distinguish unsuffixed from suffixed words before they differ phonemically (e.g., clue vs. clueless). We report 4 experiments investigating this issue using forced-choice identification and mouse-tracking tasks. We find that listeners are in fact able to distinguish mono- and multimorphemic words using only subphonemic information. Our experiments reveal that duration information alone is sufficient to make this discrimination and that listeners make use of an abstract rule that relates duration to morphological structure. The implications of these results for theories of morphological processing are discussed.
The Applicability of a Human Immunohistochemical Panel to Mouse Models of Hepatocellular Neoplasia

Various immunohistochemical panels are used as aids to distinguish between primary hepatocellular malignancies and metastatic tumors and between benign lesions and carcinomas. We compared the immunohistochemical spectrum of hepatocellular lesions in mice with that of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Specifically, we compared the staining parameters of 128 murine foci of cellular alteration (FCA) and tumors (adenoma and HCC) from archival tissue blocks of 3 transgenic mouse models (LFABP-cyclin D1, Alb1-TGFβ1, and LFABP-cyclin D1 × Alb1-TGFβ1) with those of archival human HCC (n = 5). Antibodies were chosen according to their published performance and characterization in human hepatocellular tumor diagnosis and included: arginase 1 (Arg1), β-catenin, glutamine synthetase (GS), glypican 3, hepatocyte paraffin 1 (HepPar1), and cytokeratin 19 (CK19). GS was the single best immunostain for identifying hepatocellular tumors in mice, with 100% positive staining. Data showed a trend toward loss of normal function (staining) with Arg1, with a higher percentage of positive staining in FCA than in adenomas and HCC. All FCA lacked murine β-catenin nuclear translocation, which was present in 2 of the 7 adenomas and 22 of the 96 HCC tested. HepPar1 staining was lower than anticipated, except in trabecular HCC (16 of 22 samples were positive). Glyp3 stained very lightly, and only scattered CK19-positive cells were noted (4 of 44 cases of mouse trabecular HCC). Thus, GS appears to be the most useful marker for identifying neoplasia in the transgenic mouse models we tested and should be included in immunohistochemistry assessing hepatocellular neoplasia development.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF Al-Sc ALLOYS

Based on Miedemma's model for calculating the formation heat of binary system, the activity of Sc inA1-Sc alloys and some of thermodynamic functions(H, GE, SE) of the alloy at 1733 K were calculated byusing basic properties of the elements (electronegativity , eledronic density nws, mol volume ). The results in-dicated that the Sc conrmhation showed a negative deviation from Rault's Law, mixed enthalpy, excess freeenergy and excess entropy were all negative in the whole range of concention, the minimum value of mixedenthalpy was - 16.5 kJ. mol-1, minimum excess free energy was - 14.0 kJ. mol-1, the absolute value of excess entropy approached zero. A1 and Sc solve each other in the whole range of concentration.
A giant renal artery aneurysm diagnosed post partum.

Abstract We report a case of a 5.8 cm. right renal artery aneurysm diagnosed intact 8 weeks post partum. Rupture of a renal arterial aneurysm during pregnancy is a rare but well described catastrophic event. There are no previous reports of an intact renal artery aneurysm diagnosed either ante partum or post partum. To our knowledge, this also represents the largest reported renal artery aneurysm. The aneurysm was repaired successfully with kidney salvage and closure of the fistulous connection to the renal vein.
Variation in Hospital Adoption Rates of Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Lobectomy for Lung Cancer and the Effect on Outcomes

Background This study examined the variation in the adoption of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for lobectomy across United States hospitals from a population-based national database. Methods We used the National Cancer Data Base to identify patients undergoing lobectomy between 2010 and 2012 and used hierarchical regression to estimate case-mix–adjusted VATS lobectomy rates using patient and tumor characteristics. We stratified hospitals into quintiles by adjusted VATS lobectomy rates. To account for lack of equipment to perform minimally invasive thoracoscopic operations, we also obtained data on VATS wedge resections. Results Of 55,972 cancer lobectomies performed at 905 hospitals, 17,072 (30.5%) were VATS. Crude hospital VATS use varied widely (mean was 25.5% of all lobectomies per hospital; interquartile range, 4.4% to 42.3%). Variation persisted after case-mix adjustment. For example, VATS rates at the highest and lowest quintiles were 76% vs 0.6%, respectively. Differences in patient and tumor characteristics across quintiles were negligible, and there was no indication that those hospitals lacked VATS equipment. The risk-adjusted same-hospital readmission (6.7% vs 7%; p > 0.2), 30-day mortality (1.5% vs 1.5%; p > 0.2), and 90-day mortality (2.9% vs 2.7%; p = 0.038) rates were similar between the highest and lowest quintiles. Length of stay was shorter at hospitals in the highest VATS quintile (6.6 vs 7.4 days; p Conclusions Adoption of VATS lobectomy varies widely across United States hospitals. This variation cannot be explained by patient or tumor characteristics or by a shortage of VATS equipment. Efforts to reduce this variation will require the dissemination and implementation of novel training techniques and learning opportunities for surgeons.
Stochastic processes during transients in nuclear reactors

Abstract Steady state noise techniques are widely known and applied to the monitoring of neutron reacting system. This paper deals with the stochastic analysis of neutron chain systems (nuclear reactors or fissile system) which are changing in time from subcritical states reaching other subcritical, critical or hypercritical states due to an external parametric excitation. Two cases are analyzed: 1) without reactivity feedback, that is from a subcritical state to one with almost zero power, and 2) a supercritical excursion with thermalhydraulic feedback. Our goal is to check in case 1 if the usual noise techniques can be used to monitoring the reactivity changes and in case 2 how to calculate the variance of the power and energy released.
An ongoing satellite-ring cycle of Mars and the origins of Phobos and Deimos

The Martian moons Phobos and Deimos may have accreted from a ring of impact debris, but explaining their origin from a single giant impact has proven difficult. One clue may lie in the orbit of Phobos that is slowly decaying as the satellite undergoes tidal interactions with Mars. In about 70 million years, Phobos is predicted to reach the location of tidal breakup and break apart to form a new ring around the planet. Here we use numerical simulations to suggest that the resulting ring will viscously spread to eventually deposit about 80% of debris onto Mars; the remaining 20% of debris will accrete into a new generation of satellites. Furthermore, we propose that this process has occurred repeatedly throughout Martian history. In our simulations, beginning with a large satellite formed after a giant impact with early Mars, we find that between three and seven ring–satellite cycles over the past 4.3 billion years can explain Phobos and Deimos as they are observed today. Such a scenario implies the deposition of significant ring material onto Mars during each cycle. We hypothesize that some anomalous sedimentary deposits observed on Mars may be linked to these periodic episodes of ring deposition. The moon Phobos is spiralling inwards towards its disintegration to eventually form a ring around Mars from which new moons may form. Simulations suggest that this is just the latest of multiple ring–moon cycles over the history of Mars.
Noise Analysis of Phase-Demodulating Receivers Employing Super-Regenerative Amplification

Growing interest in ultralow-power radio frequency receivers has reinvigorated research in super-regenerative amplifier (SRA) architectures, in part due to their ability to achieve enormous gain at very low power. Conventionally, SRAs have been paired with envelop detectors that demodulate amplitude-modulated signals (e.g., ON–OFF keying); mathematical models have been developed to predict the performance of such systems. Since modern communication applications require more spectrally efficiency modulation schemes, this paper develops a mathematical model that predicts the stochastic behavior of SRAs when used in phase-demodulating receivers. This stochastic model is then used to predict the sensitivity of a phase-demodulating receiver employing a Colpitts-based SRA. Results from the developed model are validated with measurements of a discrete prototype, illustrating that SRAs can be used with $I/Q$ mixing to demodulate quadrature phase-shift keying signals with −88-dBm sensitivity when the SRA consumes 1.2 mA at 1.5 V at 45 MHz.
Women and Leadership

Despite decades of progress relative to men in work and schooling, women remain severely under-represented among top corporate and political leaders. This chapter discusses the current status and recent progress of women in leadership positions, with a focus on the realm of corporate leadership. The effects of different public policy interventions aimed at increasing female representation are assessed, with particular attention paid to gender quotas for corporate boards and to the question of spillover benefits from female leaders to other women. The effects of gender quotas in politics are also discussed and compared with those of gender board quotas.
Long-term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors Is Associated With Increased Microbial Product Translocation, Innate Immune Activation, and Reduced Immunologic Recovery in Patients With Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection

Background Translocation of microbial products from the damaged gut causes increased immune activation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) predispose to bacterial overgrowth in the gut. We hypothesized that long-term use of PPIs is associated with greater microbial translocation and immune activation in HIV. Methods HIV-infected persons on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), including those receiving long-term PPIs (PPI+ group) or not (PPI- group), were enrolled. We determined CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ (activated) T-cell frequency, and plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS binding protein (LBP), soluble CD14 (sCD14), and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP). Results We recruited 77 HIV-infected participants (37 PPI+ and 40 PPI-) and 20 HIV-uninfected volunteers. PPI+ subjects were older and more likely to have hypertension and receive statins than PPI-. Nadir and enrollment CD4 counts, activated T-cells, and time on ART were similar in both groups. PPI+ group had higher sCD14 (2.15 vs. 1.50 mcg/mL, P < .01), and LBP (21.78 vs. 18.28 mcg/mL, P = .02) but lower I-FABP levels (608.5 vs. 2281.7 pg/mL, P = .05) than PPI-. In multivariate analysis, sCD14 levels remained associated with PPIs. In the year prior to enrollment, PPI+ group lost more CD4 cells than PPI- (-18 vs. 54 cells/mm3, P = .03). HIV-infected subjects had higher immune activation and microbial translocation biomarkers than uninfected volunteers. Conclusion In HIV, long-term use of PPIs was associated with increased microbial translocation, innate immune activation, and reduced immune reconstitution. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical implications of our findings. In the meantime, cautious use of PPIs is advised.
Virginás, Andrea, ed. 2016. Cultural Studies Approaches in the Study of Eastern European Cinema: Spaces, Bodies, Memories. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 291 pp. Illus.

Virginas, Andrea, ed. 2016. Cultural Studies Approaches in the Study of Eastern European Cinema: Spaces, Bodies, Memories. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 291 pp. Illus.
Construction of cDNA libraries for highly efficient DNA sequencing from the 3' end of expressed genes.

The majority of expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences available today have been derived from the 5′ ends of cDNA clones. Obtaining high-quality DNA sequences from the 3′ ends of oligo(dT)-primed c...
Management of Bleeding Colitis and Colonic Diverticular Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease, infectious, or ischemic colitis can all present with lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Overall, colitis contributes to approximately 20% of all causes of lower GI bleed [1]. Bleeding from colitis is usually intermittent, self-limiting, and commonly associated with other symptoms such as diarrhea, fevers, abdominal pain
Independence of Phosphate Homeostasis From Parathyroid Function in the Phosphate-Depleted Rat

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) performs many functions important to the optimum maintenance of phosphate homeostasis. One of these is to maintain the plasma inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration at a relatively constant level in order to avoid episodic fluctuations in plasma Pi which could accompany variations in the dietary phosphorus intake. PTH can prevent hyperphosphatemia by eliciting a Phosphaturic response, secondary to its inhibition of the renal tubular reabsorption of Pi.
Auditory and visual retention in relation to arousal

Arousal during learning is known to be related to subsequent trend in retention. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the relation is the same for auditory and visual learning. Arousal during learning was measured by GSR recorded while high school students viewed an instructional film scheduled by the teacher as an integral part of the course. Retention trend was measured by 15 film-related (7 auditory, 8 visual) items administered immediately after the film and one week later. Intraindividual analysis indicated that the significant relations between arousal and retention trend were almost identical for auditory and visual information. Implications for the design of instructional films were discussed. An interpretation of the result from a similar study was offered.
THE METABOLISM OF THE METHYLATED PURINES: I. THE ENZYMATIC DETERMINATION OF URINARY URIC ACID

Myers and coworkers (1) have suggested that caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine may be oxidized in the 8 posit,ion by the animal body to give rise to methylated uric acids. Certain of these methylated derivatives react, as does uric acid with phosphotungstic acid, in an alkaline medium to form blue-colored reduction products. Since some of the methyluric acids are precipitated along iyith uric acid by both a.mmoniaca,l silver and acid silver lactate, the presence of such methylated derivatives in urine would give rise to high values for uric acid by both the direct and silver precipitation procedures. Consequently it is impossible by these methods of analysis to decide whether the increased rcduct,ion of the phosphotungstic acid reagent by a urine collected after the ingestion of caffeine or theophylline is due to extra, uric acid formed by the demethylation and oxidation of these compounds or to the presence of methyluric acids. The present paper describes a,n enzymatic procedure which will distinguish between uric acid and its methylated derivatives. The proposed method is similar in principle to that of Blauch and Koch (2) and of Bulger and Johns (3) for blood uric acid in that the enzyme uricase is used for the destruction of uric acid. Keilin and Hartree (4) have reported that uricase is a highly specific enzyme and does not oxidize any of the mono-, di-, or trimethyluric acids. A suitable aliquot of the urine is allowed to react with arsenophosphotungstic acid in an alkaline medium. The blue color which is obtained is measured in the Evelyn photoelectric calorimeter and is referred to as the total color, since the reduction is due in part to the presence of compounds other than uric acid. A second aliquot of urine is buffered at the optimum pH for uricase activity and incubated with the enzyme for 2 hours at the optimum temperature. All of the uric acid is destroyed, but the non-uric acid reducing substances including the methyluric acids are not oxidized by the uricase. The solution is then treated with sodium tungstate and
Transaction processing in real-time database systems

Scheduling transactions in a real-time database requires an integrated approach in which the schedule does not only guarantee execution before the deadline, but also maintains data consistency. The problem has been studied under a common framework which considers both concurrency control issues and the real-time constraints in centralized and distributed transaction processing. A real-time transaction processing model has been defined for a centralized system. The proposed protocols use a unified approach to maximize concurrency while meeting real-time constraints at the same time. In order to test the behavior of the model and the proposed protocols, a real-time transaction processing testbed has been developed using discrete event simulation techniques. The results indicate that different protocols work better under different load scenarios and that the overall performance can be significantly enhanced by modifying the underlying system configuration. Among other system and transaction parameters, the effect of data partitioning, buffer management, preemption, disk contention, locking mode and multiprocessing has been studied. For the distributed environment, new concepts of real-time nested transactions and priority propagation have been proposed. Real-time nested transactions incorporate the deadline requirements in the hierarchical structure of nested transactions. Priority propagation addresses the issues related to transaction aborts in real-time nested transaction processing. The notion of priority ceiling has been used to avoid the priority inversion problem. The proposed protocols exhibit freedom from deadlock and have tightly bounded waiting period. Both of these properties make them very suitable for distributed real-time transaction processing environment.
Peekaboo as an Instructional Model: Discourse Development at Home and at School

I have spent piy professional life going back and forth between the language worlds of the child at home and the child at school. For several years, I participated actively in research on early language acquisition. Recently, my work has returned to elementary school classrooms, where I started out. Questions about language in education were on my mind when I went back to graduate school at Harvard in 1961, and my primary professional commitment is to understand the complexities of how language is used, and could be used, in schools. This paper is an exploration of relationships between the two research enterprises that are focused separately on the language of home and of school, to see if a comparison between them yields new insights about either one.
Outcomes of Shoulder Arthroplasty Performed for Postinfectious Arthritis

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional outcomes, infection rate, and complications associated with shoulder arthroplasty for sequelae of prior septic arthritis. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of 17 patients who underwent shoulder arthroplasty for sequelae of septic arthritis. Patients were analyzed for patient-reported outcomes, complications, and reoperations. Results The 17 patients in this cohort were an average age of 65.4 ± 12.2 years old, were 58.8% male, and had an average body mass index of 27.9 ± 4.1 kg/m2. These patients underwent 14 reverse shoulder arthroplasties (RSAs; 11 after antibiotic spacer placement), one anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty after antibiotic spacer placement, and two hemiarthroplasties (both after antibiotic spacer placement). Two patients underwent reoperation (dislocated RSAs). There were four complications (23.5%): two RSA dislocations, one acromial stress fracture, and one atraumatic rotator cuff tear after hemiarthroplasty. There were no cases of postoperative wound complications or infection. At an average of 4.1 ± 1.8 years of follow-up for all 17 of 17 cases, the average visual analogue scale pain score was 4.6 ± 2.3, average Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation Score was 59.3 ± 23.7, average American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score was 57.6 ± 15.5, and average Simple Shoulder Test was 6.9 ± 2.6 based on "yes" responses. Conclusions Shoulder arthroplasty after septic arthritis had inconsistent functional outcomes and high complication rates but no reinfection.
Effect of Physical Activity on Frailty

Studies suggest that exercise-based interventions may improve physical functioning and prevent disability among frail older adults. This secondary analysis of a large multicenter randomized control...
Academic Capitalism and the Faculty Salary Gap.

In the academic capitalist knowledge regime, institutions compete for prestige and funding. Reward structures emphasize science and engineering (S&E) fields for their potential to generate money and status. Masculine norms and male majority in S&E fields may create conditions for gender differences in faculty compensation. We explored the relationship between institutional S&E emphasis and the faculty salary gap at 130 public research universities. Findings suggest that the salary gap for full professors varies over time - decreasing at institutions with the greatest S&E emphasis and increasing at institutions with lower levels of S&E emphasis. Context matters when exploring gender differences in institutional rewards.
Conformational Flexibility of Ubiquitin-Modified and SUMO-Modified PCNA Shown by Full-Ensemble Hybrid Methods

Ubiquitin-modified proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-modified PCNA regulate DNA damage tolerance pathways. X-ray crystal structures of these proteins suggested that they do not have much conformational flexibility because the modifiers have preferred binding sites on the surface of PCNA. By contrast, small-angle X-ray scattering analyses of these proteins suggested that they have different degrees of conformational flexibility, with SUMO-modified PCNA being more flexible. These conclusions were based on minimal-ensemble hybrid approaches, which produce unrealistic models by representing flexible proteins with only a few static structures. To overcome the limitations of minimal-ensemble hybrid approaches and to determine the degree of conformational flexibility of ubiquitin-modified PCNA and SUMO-modified PCNA, we utilized a novel full-ensemble hybrid approach. We carried out molecular simulations and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses of both proteins and obtained outstanding agreement between the full ensembles generated by the simulations and the experimental data. We found that both proteins have a high degree of conformational flexibility. The modifiers occupy many positions around the back and side of the PCNA ring. Moreover, we found no preferred ubiquitin-binding or SUMO-binding sites on PCNA. This conformational flexibility likely facilitates the recognition of downstream effector proteins and the formation of PCNA tool belts.
Calibration of AC Shunts at Frequencies Up to 10 kHz Using Digital Sampling

This paper describes a calibration system for AC shunts using digital sampling. It provides both ratio errors and phase displacements of a shunt under test with respect to a reference shunt. In its basic configuration, the calibration system operates at currents of up to 10 A and frequencies of up to 10kHz. The expanded uncertainties $(k=2)$ of the described calibration system are estimated to be better than $30\ \mu\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{A}$ for magnitude and 30 μrad for phase at 10 kHz, and lower than these at lower frequencies.
HIV gp120 upregulates tonic inhibition through α5-containing GABAARs.

Abstract HIV-Associated Neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects nearly half of infected patients. The HIV envelope protein gp120 is shed by infected cells and is a potent neurotoxin in vitro that reproduces many aspects of HAND when expressed in vivo. Here, we show that HIV gp120 increases the amplitude of a tonic current mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptors (GABAARs). Treating rat hippocampal cultures with 600 pM gp120IIIB for 4 h increased a tonic bicuculline-sensitive current, which remained elevated for 24 h. The increased current resulted from upregulation of extrasynaptic α5-containing GABAARs, as indicated by inhibition with the selective inverse agonist basmisanil. Treatment with gp120 increased α5-GABAAR immunoreactivity on the cell surface without new protein synthesis. The increase in tonic inhibition was prevented by a C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) antagonist or elimination of microglia from the culture. Treatment with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) increased the tonic current and an IL-1 receptor antagonist blocked the gp120-evoked response. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) prevented the gp120-evoked increase in tonic current and direct activation of a mutant form of p38 MAPK expressed in neurons increased the current. Collectively, these data show that gp120 activates CXCR4 to stimulate microglia to release IL-1β. Subsequent stimulation of IL-1 receptors activates p38 MAPK in neurons leading to the upregulation of α5-containing GABAARs. Increased tonic inhibition impairs neuroplasticity and inhibition of α5-containing GABAARs improves cognitive function in disease models. Thus, gp120-induced upregulation of α5-containing GABAARs presents a novel therapeutic target for HAND.
C-H/π and C-H-O Interactions in Concert: A Study of the Anisole-Methane Complex using Resonant Ionization and Velocity Mapped Ion Imaging.

Noncovalent forces such as hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, π–π stacking, and C–H/π and C–H/O interactions hold the key to such chemical processes as protein folding, molecular self-assembly, and...
Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Factors Associated with Diet Quality Among Native American Adults: Baseline Data from the OPREVENT2 Study (P04-007-19)

Objectives To identify sociodemographic and psychosocial factors associated with diet quality among Native American adults.
First Order Theories with Equality

We define a first order theory T to be a set of closed formulas of HPC= and the vocabulary of T is the set of logical symbols and individual variables of HPC= plus those predicate, function and individual constants that appear in T. A model of T is a HPC= model M restricted to the vocabulary of T and such that all formulas of T are true in M.
Perceptions of a Video Game to Promote Handwashing Habits in Foodservice

Abstract This study assessed hospitality students’ perceptions of a video game to determine likelihood of acceptance as one of three components of a habit-focused intervention to promote handwashing practices. The game was designed to be played while simultaneously washing hands and involved pressing a foot pedal that caused a character to jump over pipes to progress through a level. Students were shown a video of the game components and how to play it then given a survey based on a variant of the Technology Acceptance Model. Based on a 7-point Likert scale from “1 = Strongly disagree” to “7 = Strongly agree”, mean values for preference, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, and perceived usefulness were, respectively, 4.73 ± 1.55, 5.26 ± 1.31, 4.98 ± 1.33, and 4.64 ±1.56. Students ( n = 100) expressed a slightly positive response towards video game use as evident by the survey results; one third of respondents had an average preference of “Agree” or higher for using the video game in foodservice. This study suggests the video game in its current state may have limited effectiveness in promoting handwashing practices. Future work should involve improving the game mechanics or implementing alternative reward mechanisms for promoting handwashing habits in foodservice.
A Theoretical Framework for Robustness of (Deep) Classifiers against Adversarial Samples

Adversarial samples are maliciously created inputs that lead a learning-based classifier to produce incorrect output labels. An adversarial sample is often generated by adding adversarial perturbation (AP) to a normal test sample. Recent studies that tried to analyze classifiers under such AP are mostly empirical and provide little understanding of why. To fill this gap, we propose a theoretical framework for analyzing learning-based classifiers, especially deep neural networks (DNN) in the face of such AP. By using concepts from topology, this framework brings forth the key reasons why an adversarial can fool a classifier ($f_1$) and suggests a new focus on its oracle ($f_2$, like human annotators of that specific task). By investigating the topology relationship between two (pseudo)metric spaces corresponding to predictor $f_1$ and oracle $f_2$, we develop several ideal conditions that can determine if $f_1$ is always robust (strong-robust) against adversarial samples according to its $f_2$. The theoretical framework leads to a set of novel and complementary insights that have not been uncovered by the literature. Surprisingly our theorems find that just one extra irrelevant feature can make a classifier not strong-robust, and the right feature representation learning is the key to getting a classifier that is both accurate and strong robust. Empirically we find that "Siamese architecture" can be used to help DNN models get close to the desired topological relationship for strong-robustness, which in turn effectively improves its performance against AP.
Being at genetic risk: Toward a rhetoric of care: by Kelly Pender, University Park, PA, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2018, 184 pp. $69.95 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-271-08210-3.

In 2008, Kelly Pender tested negative for a BRCA mutation. For many women, a negative test result breathes a sigh of relief; it ignites a spark of hope that the risk of developing breast or ovarian...
Customized Forms of Kurdishness in Turkey: State Rhetoric, Locality, and Language Use: By Şengül Ceren. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2018. Pp. 123. £54.95. ISBN Hardback: 978-1-498573566

The “Kurdish issue” in Turkey, as it is often dubbed by scholars and commentators, dates back to the early years of the Turkish Republic. By now there is a rich literature on it and it still contin...
The impact of employee relations on the reputation of the board of directors and CEO

Abstract This study examines the impact of employee relations issues on the reputation of the board of directors and the executive officer (CEO). We utilize a unique, hand-collected dataset of employee disputes, including lawsuits, complaints, health and safety inspections, and wage-hour-benefit violations. We show that, when firms engage in employee mistreatment, both directors and CEOs are punished by deterioration in their reputation, as proxied by a reduced number of outside seats. In addition, we document that case characteristics, such as settlement fees, attorney fees, case duration, and case outcome, can play an important role in the CEO’s diminished reputation and losing extra board seats. Overall, our results provide evidence supporting an association between employee workplace treatment and the individual reputations of directors and CEOs.
Text recycling in STEM: A text-analytic study of recently published research articles.

Text recycling, sometimes called “self-plagiarism,” is the reuse of material from one’s own existing documents in a newly created work. Over the past decade, text recycling has become an increasing...
The Running Fence Corporation, LLC and Sociality

This chapter explores the sociality of Christo and Jeanne-Claude’s Running Fence: A Project for California, 1972–1976, through an examination of the Running Fence Corporation, LLC. Rather than focus on the land art installation, this case study emphasizes socially engaged dynamics integral to realizing Running Fence. After an analysis of the Running Fence Corporation, this chapter turns to a series of oral histories. In so doing, the artists’ project shifts from monumental-scale art and anthropocentric study to the local community and stressing the importance of everyday, ordinary, and commonplace lived environments. This is significant because socially engaged methodologies and social art practice expand the scope and depth of postwar visual studies as well as point to a richer, fuller art history more inclusive of sex and gender.
Lung injury in axolotl salamanders induces an organ-wide proliferation response.

Background Ambystoma mexicanum, the axolotl salamander, is a classic model organism used to study vertebrate regeneration. It is assumed that axolotls regenerate most tissues, but the exploration of lung regeneration has not been performed until now. Results Unlike the blastema-based response used during appendage regeneration, lung amputation led to organ-wide proliferation. Pneumocytes and mesenchymal cells responded to injury by increased proliferation throughout the injured lung, which led to a recovery in lung mass and morphology by 56 days post-amputation. Receptors associated with the Neuregulin signaling pathway were upregulated at one and 3 weeks post lung amputation. We show expression of the ligand, neuregulin, in the I/X cranial nerve that innervates the lung and cells within the lung. Supplemental administration of Neuregulin peptide induced widespread proliferation in the lung similar to an injury response, suggesting that neuregulin signaling may play a significant role during lung regeneration. Conclusion Our study characterizes axolotl lung regeneration. We show that the lung responds to injury by an organ-wide proliferative response of multiple cell types, including pneumocytes, to recover lung mass.
Superconductor-to-metal transition in overdoped cuprates

We present a theoretical framework for understanding the behavior of the normal and superconducting states of overdoped cuprate high temperature superconductors in the vicinity of the doping-tuned quantum superconductor-to-metal transition. The key ingredients on which we focus are d-wave pairing, a flat antinodal dispersion, and disorder. Even for homogeneous disorder, these lead to effectively granular superconducting correlations and a superconducting transition temperature determined in large part by the superfluid stiffness rather than the pairing scale.
Novel Small Molecule Growth Inhibitors of Xanthomonas spp. Causing Bacterial Spot of Tomato.

Bacterial spot (BS) of tomato, caused by Xanthomonas gardneri, X. perforans, X. vesicatoria, and X. euvesicatoria, is difficult to control because of the high prevalence of copper- and streptomycin...