cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circulating Tumor Cells Predict Occult Metastatic Disease and Prognosis in Pancreatic Cancer.

Occult metastatic tumors, below imaging thresholds, are a limitation of staging systems that rely on cross-sectional imaging alone and are a cause of the routine understaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). We investigated circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a preoperative predictor of occult metastatic disease and as a prognostic biomarker for PDAC patients. A total of 126 patients (100 with cancer, 26 with benign disease) were enrolled in our study and CTCs were identified and enumerated from 4 mL of venous blood using the microfluidic NanoVelcro assay. CTC enumeration was correlated with clinicopathologic variables and outcomes following both surgical and systemic therapies. CTCs were identified in 78% of PDAC patients and CTC counts correlated with increasing stage (ρ = 0.42, p < 0.001). Of the 53 patients taken for potentially curative surgery, 13 (24.5%) had occult metastatic disease intraoperatively. Patients with occult disease had significantly more CTCs than patients with local disease only (median 7 vs. 1 CTC, p < 0.0001). At a cut-off of three or more CTCs/4 mL, CTCs correctly identified patients with occult metastatic disease preoperatively (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76–0.98, p < 0.0001). CTCs were a univariate predictor of recurrence-free survival following surgery [hazard ratio (HR) 2.36, 95% CI 1.17–4.78, p = 0.017], as well as an independent predictor of overall survival on multivariate analysis (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.01–1.88, p = 0.040). CTCs show promise as a prognostic biomarker for PDAC patients at all stages of disease being treated both medically and surgically. Furthermore, CTCs demonstrate potential as a preoperative biomarker for identifying patients at high risk of occult metastatic disease.
Visualization of acute edema in the left atrial myocardium after radiofrequency ablation: Application of a novel high-resolution 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging sequence

Background Ablation-induced left atrial (LA) edema may result in procedural failure due to reversible pulmonary vein isolation. Conventional T2-weighted magnetic resonance edema imaging is limited by low spatial resolution. Objective The purpose of this pilot study was to optimize and validate a 3-dimensional (3D) sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolution (SPACE) sequence for quantification of T2 signal in the LA, and to apply it in recently ablated patients, comparing myocardial edema on T2-SPACE to tissue damage on late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging. Methods Phantom studies were performed to identify 3D-SPACE parameters for optimal contrast between normal and edematous myocardium. Fourteen AF patients were imaged with both 3D-SPACE and dark-blood turbo-spin echo (DB-TSE) to compare image quality and signal intensity between the 2 techniques. Eight patients underwent pre- and postablation 3D-SPACE and 3D-LGE imaging. Ablation points were co-registered with corresponding myocardial sectors, and ablation-induced changes in T2 and LGE signal intensities were measured. Results Signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio were higher on SPACE vs DB-TSE (65.5 ± 33.9 vs 35.7 ± 17.9; P = .01; and 59.4 ± 33.0 vs 32.9 ± 17.7; P = .04, respectively). T2-signal correlated well on 3D-SPACE and DB-TSE, such that each unit increase in TSE intensity correlated with a 0.69-unit increase in SPACE intensity (95% confidence interval 0.56–0.82; P Conclusion T2-SPACE can be used to map the extent of acute postablation edema in the thin LA myocardium, with improved resolution and lower artifact compared to traditional DB-TSE.
Context-Assisted 3D (C3D) Object Detection from RGB-D Images

Abstract We study the problem of 3D object detection from RGB-D images so as to achieve localization (i.e., producing a bounding box around the object) and classification (i.e., determining the object category) simultaneously. Its challenges arise from high intra-class variability, illumination change, background clutter and occlusion. To solve this problem, we propose a novel solution that integrates the 2D information (RGB images), the 3D information (RGB-D images) and the object/scene context information together, and call it the Context-Assisted 3D (C3D) method. In the proposed C3D method, we first use a convolutional neural network (CNN) to jointly detect a 3D object in a scene and its scene category. Then, we improve the detection result furthermore with a Conditional Random Field (CRF) model that incorporates the object potential, the scene potential, the scene/object context, the object/object context, and the room geometry. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate that the proposed C3D method achieves the state-of-the-art performance for 3D object detection against the SUN RGB-D benchmark dataset.
Financial crisis spillover from Wall Street to Main Street: further evidence

We examine the impact of significant news events during the 2007–2008 financial crisis on the abnormal stock returns for portfolios of financial and real sector firms. We estimate financial crisis event announcement abnormal returns in the context of an asset-pricing model similar to Fama and French (J Financ Econ 33:3–56, 1993) and Carhart (J Finance 52:57–82, 1997). Our results document significant negative abnormal returns for the portfolio of non-financial firms in response to both crisis and intervention news, quantifying the significant spillover of financial market news to real sector stock returns. In contrast, while small financial firms also exhibit negative abnormal returns, larger financial institutions do not. In fact, some larger financial institutions, such as depository institutions, yield positive abnormal returns in response to some financial crisis and intervention event announcements. The results provide further evidence of the incorporation of financial sector news events into non-financial asset prices during financial crises and new evidence on the short-term impact of crisis and policy intervention news on both financial and real sector firms.
Diabetes in Women

The current epidemic of obesity and the increase in type II diabetes have had a profound effect on health care in women in the United States. Alarmingly, there has been a 70% increase in type II diabetes among women between the age groups of 30 and 39 from 1990 to 1998. It is estimated that nearly 2 million reproductive age women in the United States have type II diabetes with about 30% of these cases as yet undiagnosed (1).
Towards a demographic risk profile for sedentary behaviours in middle-aged British adults: a cross-sectional population study.

Objectives In response to a call from the American Heart Association to more clearly identify the demographic factors associated with sedentary behaviours, this study aimed to identify the hierarchy of demographic characteristics associated with the sedentary behaviours of television viewing, recreational computer use and driving. Design Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data collected as part of the UK Biobank. The UK Biobank is a population cohort recruited from 22 centres across the UK. Participants aged between 37 and 73 years were recruited between 2006 and 2010. Methods Decision tree models were generated for the sedentary behaviour outcomes of hours/day spent television viewing, recreational computer use and all driving; a sum of time spent in these sedentary behaviours (‘overall’) was computed. Age, sex, race, college attendance, employment, shift-work, urban versus rural residence as well as physical activity were considered as predictors. Results The analytic sample comprised 415 666 adults who were mostly female (54.2%), white (95.2%), non-college attendee (64.5%), employed (61.7%), lived in an urban centre (85.5%), with a mean age of 56.6 (SD=8.1) years. Television viewing was most common sedentary behaviour (2.7 hour/day vs 1.1 for recreational computer use and 1.0 for all driving). Males (tier 1), who did not attend college (tier 2) were the highest risk group for overall sedentary time. Adults with no college attendance (tier 1) and were retired (tier 2) were the most high-risk demographic group for television viewing. College attendees (tier 1) were highest risk for recreational computer use. Adults who were employed (tier 1), male (tier 2) and did not attend college (tier 3) were most at risk for driving Conclusions Daily time spent in different sedentary behaviours varies by sex, employment status and college attendance status. The development of targeted interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour in different demographic subgroups is needed.
Mechanical testing of scapular neck fracture fixation using a synthetic bone model.

Abstract Background Trauma can fracture the scapular neck. Typically, a single plate along the lateral scapula border affixes the glenoid fragment to the scapula. This method is limited by difficulty in screw placement, frequent excessive soft tissue dissection, and risk for neurovascular injury. Substituting 2 smaller plates bridging the scapular neck mitigates these limitations, but no comparative mechanical data between techniques exists. Therefore, we compared the mechanical properties of two constructs securing a simulated scapular neck fracture. Methods Twenty synthetic human scapulae underwent a templated scapular neck fracture. Repairs were performed with a single plate on the lateral scapular border (Column method), or two small plates parallel to the lateral border (Neck method). Measures of displacement, force, and stiffness were quantified during cyclic testing (20–150 N, 1 Hz, 1000 cycles) and loading to failure. Statistical comparisons were made with t-tests (p ≤ 0.050). Findings The column constructs had higher displacements than neck constructs after 1000 cycles, but differences were small (mean) 0.18 (SD 0.01) vs. 0.15 (0.02) mm (p ≤ 0.004). Cyclic stiffness was 655 (43) and 790 (88) N/mm for the column and neck constructs, respectively (p ≤ 0.003). Both techniques performed comparably in failure loading: at 1 mm of gap reduction the compressive loads were 426 (61) N and 428 (48) N and stiffness was 354 (129) and 334 (80) N/mm for the column and neck constructs, respectively. Interpretation Given the surgical advantages, the neck fixation may be more suitable without biomechanical compromise compared to traditional lateral column fixation.
THE CLEANING OF GLASS PIPING IN DAIRY PLANTS

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative efficiency of various chemical compounds used to clean permanently installed glass milk lines. Nine different commercial alkaline cleaners an...
Shadoji: View Body Shapes from a Different Angle

Body shape anxiety is one of the common problems distressing people around the world. While people are constantly suffering from body shape anxiety, they do not realize that beauty standard is not an absolute truth and that it is changing and depends on time and space. To help people free from the constraint imposed by social beauty standards and connect those who have concerns over their body shape, we devised a technological solution named "Shadoji", which can bring people a new perspective on their body shapes, give them a chance to create their unique body shape emoji, and to explore diverse body shapes from users around the world.
Producing Oleaginous Microorganisms Using Wastewater: Methods and Guidelines for Lab- and Industrial-Scale Production

Cultivation of oleaginous microorganisms on wastewater provides alternative biofuel options while also acting as a remediation technique for alternative wastewater treatment. This chapter describes guidelines and methods for the production of oleaginous microorganisms-with a focus on microalgae-using wastewater as a growth medium while considering a variety of general challenges for both lab- and industrial-scale production. Cultivation techniques described here range in scale from microplates with 10-mL working volumes, up to multigallon, industrial-scale microorganism cultivation, with a focus on microalgae. This chapter includes guidelines for the preparation of wastewater and selection of oleaginous microorganisms combined with methods for the production of oleaginous microorganisms cultivated using wastewater.
Epidemiology of Kidney Stones in the United States

The pathophysiology of nephrolithiasis has been elucidated over time through the epidemiologic study of this complex disease process. The prevalence of kidney stones has increased throughout the late twentieth and into the twenty-first century, potentially attributable to a variety of factors including environmental changes, alterations in dietary intake, and the increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its associated comorbidities. With the increased recognition and burden of stone disease, the costs to our healthcare system have also risen. In-depth analyses of large observational cohorts have been instrumental in our current understanding of how demographics, dietary intake, genetic and environmental factors, and chronic medical conditions all influence the risk of nephrolithiasis occurrence and recurrence.
Studying Animal-Assisted Intervention Through Citizen Science

Human–animal interaction (HAI) is an interface between two complex organisms; variables specific to the human (e.g., biology, learning history, personality), the animal (e.g., species, breed, biology, learning history, personality), and the situation (e.g., setting, length of interaction, treatment goals) impact how the human and animal interact and potential outcomes of the interaction. In addition to laboratory experiments testing basic phenomena, large-scale data collection is needed to parse out information on each variable as it relates to animal-assisted intervention (AAI). The citizen-science approach, which involves the public participating in the scientific process, could be useful in such an endeavor. Beyond individual studies addressing one variable at a time, the citizen-science approach could be used to grow large databases of many variables relevant to AAI. This chapter provides an example of the citizen-science approach applied to AAI. The study demonstrates the potential to gather data from a pool of nonscientists, capitalizing on the growing number of people and pets providing animal-assisted services.
When the CAR Targets Scar

The CART before the Heart Chimeric antigen receptor T cells, engineered to recognize fibroblast-activated protein, reduce fibrosis and partially restore function in a mouse model of heart failure.
Wax deposition mechanisms: Is the current description sufficient?

Abstract Wax deposition in subsea pipelines is one of the most challenging flow assurance issues during offshore oil and gas production, and applying appropriate and effective treatments depends on a thorough understanding of the physics of the wax deposition process. In most previous work, it is generally assumed that the oil temperature must be higher than the coolant temperature for wax deposition to occur. In this work, we present systematic experimental evidence that questions this prevailing understanding. An in-house pilot-scale flow loop was utilized to examine the deposition behavior of a waxy condensate with the bulk temperatures equal or lower than the coolant temperatures, under which conditions wax deposition is not supposed to occur. Surprisingly, considerable wax was deposited under all conditions examined. The deposit mass strongly depends on the operating conditions, with a higher deposition rate at lower coolant temperatures and lower flow rates. The deposits appear to be soft gels located primarily at the bottom of the pipe, with a carbon number distribution and wax content similar to those of the original oil. These observations, for the first time, provide consistent experimental evidence to demonstrate that molecular diffusion alone is not sufficient to describe wax deposition. We propose to consider the non-Newtonian features of waxy crude oils when describing wax deposition using molecular diffusion.
How student evaluations of teaching affect course enrollment

This article examines the relationship between student course evaluations and course selection by quantifying how changes in undergraduate course ratings correlate with changes in enrollments at a ...
On Princes and Carpenters Boxing in Homer

This article examines the role of sport as mediator between social class and personal merit through the figure of Epeios in Homer’s Iliad. Dated around 800 BCE, the poem provides us with the first ...
Implementation of Risk-reducing Strategies for Breast Cancer is Long Overdue

Despite strong evidence that it is efficacious, chemoprevention has been underused in eligible women. Reasons offered not to adopt and initiate strategies to reduce the risk of breast cancer include the fear of adverse effects, medication costs, lack of reasonably accurate and feasible methods for assessing an individual's personal risk, and lack of established risk thresholds that maximize benefit and minimize harms. The article by Macdonald and colleagues remind us that the problem of lack of uptake of risk-reducing medications for breast cancer remains a worldwide clinical challenge despite endorsements from national and international organizations that recommend the use of risk-reducing medications for breast cancer with level I evidence. Several strategies are suggested to improve uptake and utilization of safe and effective chemoprevention medications with high therapeutic indices.See related article by Macdonald et al., p. 131.
Visual statistical learning is modulated by arbitrary and natural categories.

Visual statistical learning (VSL) describes the unintentional extraction of statistical regularities from visual environments across time or space, and is typically studied using novel stimuli (e.g., symbols unfamiliar to participants) and using familiarization procedures that are passive or require only basic vigilance. The natural visual world, however, is rich with a variety of complex visual stimuli, and we experience that world in the presence of goal-driven behavior including overt learning of other kinds. To examine how VSL responds to such contexts, we exposed subjects to statistical contingencies as they learned arbitrary categorical mappings of unfamiliar stimuli (fractals, Experiment 1) or familiar stimuli with preexisting categorical boundaries (faces and scenes, Experiment 2). In a familiarization stage, subjects learned by trial and error the arbitrary mappings between stimuli and one of two responses. Unbeknownst to participants, items were paired such that they always appeared together in the stream. Pairs were equally likely to be of the same or different category. In a pair recognition stage to assess VSL, subjects chose between a target pair and a foil pair. In both experiments, subjects’ VSL was shaped by arbitrary categories: same-category pairs were learned better than different-category pairs. Natural categories (Experiment 2) also played a role, with subjects learning same-natural-category pairs at higher rates than different-category pairs, an effect that did not interact with arbitrary mappings. We conclude that learning goals of the observer and preexisting knowledge about the structure of the world play powerful roles in the incidental learning of novel statistical information.
Time trends in hospitalizations with anxiolytic, sedative, or hypnotic drug use disorder: a 17-year U.S. national study.

Background Limited epidemiological national data are available for anxiolytic, sedative, or hypnotic drug (ASH) use disorder hospitalizations. Objective To examine the time-trends in and outcomes of ASH use disorder hospitalizations. Methods Rates of ASH use disorder hospitalizations and associated healthcare utilization and mortality were examined using the U.S. National Inpatient Sample data (NIS) from 1998 to 2014. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression assessed the association of demographic, medical comorbidity (using validated composite score of 17 conditions, the Deyo-Charlson index), and hospital characteristics with healthcare utilization (total hospital charges, length of hospital stay [LOS], and discharge to a non-home setting) and inpatient mortality for hospitalizations with ASH use disorder. Results There were an estimated 1,171,673 weighted ASH use disorder hospitalizations. The ASH use disorder hospitalization rates increased 3.12-fold from 96 to 299 per 100,000 NIS hospitalizations from 1998-2000 to 2013-2014. In the same period, associated non-home discharge rate increased 3.33-fold from 12.9 to 43 and in-hospital mortality rate increased 3.17-fold from 0.46 to 1.46 per 100,000 (all p values ≤ .002). In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, older age, black race/ethnicity, Deyo-Charlson index score of 2 or higher, non-private insurance payer, higher income, hospital region, urban setting hospital and a larger hospital bed size, were significantly associated with higher healthcare utilization outcomes and/or mortality. Female sex was associated with higher healthcare utilization outcomes, but lower in-hospital mortality. Conclusions This study confirmed the rising ASH use disorder hospitalization burden in the United States. An increasing inpatient mortality and non-home discharge rate for hospitalizations with ASH use disorder are concerning. The identification of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with outcomes should allow prognostication and designing of interventions to improve outcomes.
Subsurface Lithoautorophy Revealed Through Unique Biomarker Distributions and Compound-Specific Carbon Isotopes

Summary The shallow subsurface spans the transition between the deep subsurface and surface biospheres. Microbial communities in the subsurface are known to subsist on organic carbon transported from the surface and/or carbon fixed in situ via chemolithoautotrophy. However, the relative balance between these two sources is unknown. Cave environments fortunately present opportunities to directly interrogate shallow subsurface microbial ecology. Here, we explore the lipid biomarkers and carbon sources used by microbes in the lava caves of Lava Beds National Monument, CA, USA. To accomplish this, we extracted intact polar lipid (IPL)-derived fatty acids from cave biofilms, speleothems, and surface soils. We observe 127 discrete compounds in total, including 36 branched isomers. Whereas soils are dominated by straight-chain fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids, bacterial branched and trans-unsaturated fatty acids are particularly abundant in cave biofilms. Compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis (CSIA) revealed very negative δ13C values in such biofilm fatty acids (down to −47.8‰ vs. VPDB). By comparing these values to the isotopic compositions of dissolved organic (−29.8 +/− 2.0‰) and inorganic carbon (−6.0 +/− 1.9‰) in water entering the caves as drips, we infer that biofilm microbes source a significant portion of their biomass from in situ fixation of previously-respired carbon.
Caregiver-provider communication about pain in persons with dementia.

BackgroundPain in older persons with dementia is both under-detected and under-managed. Family caregivers can play an important role in addressing these deficiencies by communicating their care rec...
The Free Fibula Osseous/Osseocutaneous Flap

The free fibula flap is a workhorse flap for osseous free tissue transfer in extremity reconstruction. It is also the flap of choice for mandibular defects, but this is beyond the scope of this book. The fibula has several advantages that makes it an ideal choice when long bone defects reconstruction via osteogenesis is required: It is a long bone that can provide up to 25–30 cm of length when harvested; it is mainly comprised of cortical bone, making it ideal for rigid fixation; it is a straight bone that is triangular in cross section, providing adequate support after reconstruction; it can be shaped to fit the defect via multiple osteotomies without compromising its blood supply due to its segmental vascularization; once the anatomy is understood, the dissection is relatively fast and easy to perform; there is minimal donor site morbidity and finally the vascular pedicle is long and the diameter of the peroneal artery and veins are large making the anastomosis less challenging. An in-depth understanding of the anatomy of the lower leg, including the contents of all four compartments is of paramount importance to perform a safe dissection. The proximal and distal ends of the fibula need to be left in situ, to avoid destabilization of the leg. This is especially important in children, where destabilization can lead to a valgus deformity of the ankle. During dissection, care needs to be taken to identify the common peroneal nerve as it courses around the neck of the fibula. Inadvertent injury can result in loss of function of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (foot drop) and loss of sensation along the course of the superficial peroneal nerve. The flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle is the most vulnerable muscle during dissection, and loss of its function may result from the harvest. Additionally, fibrosis of the tendon can lead to permanent flexion deformity of the great toe.The free fibula flap can be harvested as an osseous or osseoseptocutaneous flap with a skin paddle in the lateral aspect of the flap based off septocutaneous peroneal perforators. While sacrifice of the peroneal vessels usually does not result in distal foot ischemia, a preoperative angiogram may be of value in patients with significant peripheral arterial disease.
The Case of Digital Transformation in Grocery Business: A Conceptual Model of Digital Grocery Ecosystem

Companies are increasingly looking for ways to understand and innovate their business models by leveraging digital transformation. Evolving consumer attitudes and behaviors, technological advances, new competitive pressures, and laser thin margins—accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic—are driving digital transformation in the grocery business. We introduce a conceptual model of digital grocery ecosystem to advance our understanding of digital transformation of the grocery business. We analyze digital transformation initiatives of the top five grocery companies in the United States using inductive research and content analysis. We find that brick and mortar, e-commerce companies, as well as new start-ups, are making major investments in all aspects of the digital grocery ecosystem—the online shopping experience for the digital consumer, digital store operations, pickup and delivery mechanisms, and advanced analytical and digital marketing capabilities. Retailers are also connecting their investments to enhanced customer loyalty, revenue, and ultimately profit.
Properties of electrophoretically deposited single wall carbon nanotube films

Abstract This paper describes techniques for rapidly producing a carbon nanotube thin film by electrophoretic deposition at room temperature and determines the film mass density and electrical/mechanical properties of such films. The mechanism of electrophoretic deposition of thin layers is explained with experimental data. Also, film thickness is measured as a function of time, electrical field and suspension concentration. We use Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy to determine the film mass density. Films created in this manner have a resistivity of 2.14 × 10 − 3 Ω·cm, a mass density that varies with thickness from 0.12 to 0.54 g/cm 3 , and a Young's modulus between 4.72 and 5.67 GPa. The latter was found to be independent of thickness from 77 to 134 nm. We also report on fabricating free-standing films by removing the metal seed layer under the CNT film, and selectively etching a sacrificial layer. This method could be extended to flexible photovoltaic devices or high frequency RF MEMS devices.
From Babylon to Christianity: William Foxwell Albright on Myth, Folklore, and Christian Origins

The American Orientalist William F. Albright (1891–1971) is remembered as a leading voice of twentieth-century “biblical archaeology,” a field that aimed to demonstrate empirically the Hebrew Bible's substantial historicity. Less well known is Albright's research on Christian backgrounds, which by contrast reflected modernist theology's scepticism about the gospel narratives' literal truth. Drawing ideas from the “Pan-Babylonian” school of biblical criticism, Albright invoked the influence of ancient Near Eastern myth and folklore on the Christ story, this being the culminating theme of his magnum opus From the Stone Age to Christianity (1940). Originally Albright believed that this mythological interpretation would reestablish Christianity's intellectual credibility in the twentieth century and thus help revive New Testament theology. Yet in the latter part of his career he omitted the mythological thesis from his writings, apparently having concluded that it was harmful to orthodox Christian faith.
Can Partisan News Be Valuable for Discussion? An Analysis of the Effects of Internal Balance on Online Discussion Intention

What can be the effect of the simultaneous increase in online news seeking and exposure and the tendency for online news to be partisan? This study examines the effects of online partisan news on intention to engage in two online discussion dimensions: withdrawal and civil discussion. The novel notion of internal balance is advanced to determine the degree of balance or lack thereof (partisanship) within news stories. The effects are tested in two traditionally different media systems, the United States and Spain, using a controlled experiment. Results demonstrate that partisan news leads to less withdrawal and more civil discussion intention compared to balanced news. Moreover, results are consistent in both countries, thereby suggesting a democratic value for partisan news.
"She Was Skipper of the Shore-Crew:" Notes on the History of the Sexual Division of Labour in Newfoundland

OUR CURRENT INADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE of the generation and maintenance of the sexual division of labour has generally limited the discussion either to broad generalizations or to extrapolation based on highly specific examples, What we do know suggests that there is a tension between the remarkable consistency of the general lines of the sexual division of labour and the degree of variation that prevents the establishment of "universal" rules. Within the broad patriarchal relations of dominance and subordination, there is an almost infinite variation in both gender relations and the sexual division of labour. Nor is the pattern fixed in any single society. Sexual divisions are constructed, negotiated, and endlessly challenged. Recent work by anthropologists and sociologists has focused on ways in which patriarchal relations operate through the institutions of marriage and the family and in relation to capitalist productive relations. Historians have contributed a growing body of detailed studies which show subordination mediated through family patterns, economic and technological organization, religious and political ideology, and many other factors/
Freeze-fracture analysis of phloem structure in plant tissue cultures: III. P-protein, sieve area pores, and wounding

Phloem sieve elements in small nodules of callus tissue have open sieve pores and scattered P-protein when the tissue is fixed intact. Intentionally slicing the nodules prior to fixation results in the formation of wound responses, including an alteration in P-protein distribution and the formation of plugged sieve pores. Freeze-fracture replicas show well-preserved P-protein as randomly oriented filaments in intact sieve elements. Wounded sieve elements, however, demonstrate dense bundles of oriented P-protein filaments in freeze-fracture replicas. Open pores with few P-protein filaments are seen in replicas of undamaged sieve elements. These callus nodules can be used as a model system to investigate phloem structure, function, and wounding.
Extensive clonal spread and extreme longevity in saw palmetto, a foundation clonal plant

The lack of effective tools has hampered out ability to assess the size, growth and ages of clonal plants. With Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) as a model, we introduce a novel analytical framework that integrates DNA fingerprinting and mathematical modelling to simulate growth and estimate ages of clonal plants. We also demonstrate the application of such life-history information of clonal plants to provide insight into management plans. Serenoa is an ecologically important foundation species in many Southeastern United States ecosystems; yet, many land managers consider Serenoa a troublesome invasive plant. Accordingly, management plans have been developed to reduce or eliminate Serenoa with little understanding of its life history. Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms, we genotyped 263 Serenoa and 134 Sabal etonia (a sympatric non-clonal palmetto) samples collected from a 20 · 20 m study plot in Florida scrub. Sabal samples were used to assign small field-unidentifiable palmettos to Serenoa or Sabal and also as a negative control for clone detection. We then mathematically modelled clonal networks to estimate genet ages. Our results suggest that Serenoa predominantly propagate via vegetative sprouts and 10 000-year-old genets may be common, while showing no evidence of clone formation by Sabal. The results of this and our previous studies suggest that: (i) Serenoa has been part of scrub associations for thousands of years, (ii) Serenoa invasion are unlikely and (ii) once Serenoa is eliminated from local communities, its restoration will be difficult. Reevaluation of the current management tools and plans is an urgent task.
What Makes Co-Teaching Work? Identifying The Essential Elements

This paper will share the process used in the development of the What Makes Co-teaching Work instrument used to support the successful implementation of a co-teaching model of student teaching.
Income-based health premium centrepiece of Kirby report.

There weren't any cadavers, let alone a dissecting room, when the first students arrived at the Peninsula Medical School in Plymouth and Exeter, UK, this fall. The brand-new school had become the first in the UK to teach anatomy without using cadavers. School spokesperson Dr. John McLachlan, who
A boundary notation for visual mathematics

Instead of traditional mathematical notation, one can describe formal mathematical systems in a visual form. While the traditional notation uses a linear sequence of symbols, visual mathematics uses a boundary notation, which is comprised of objects and boundaries to enclose objects. Boundary notation is abstract, decoupling the underlying mathematics of a system from its visual representation. Once a system is defined in boundary notation, visual designs can be explored that optimize specific features. The authors demonstrate this approach with propositional logic and elementary algebra. Visual mathematics provides a robust foundation for visual languages, much as linear mathematics provides a foundation for programming languages. >
Modeling process and product quality during maintenance

This paper contains data demonstrating our recent experiences with measuring quality of evolving systems. Both process and product quality measures are discussed. This is an area in which more effective collaboration between practitioners and researchers would be of great value. We note that access to industrial software by researchers is often blocked by proprietary restrictions. When such restrictions can be eased, publication of analysis results is often hampered by the industrial owners and developers of the software. I believe that practice can be significantly aided by the data and results of broadly based research studies. Thus, closer collaboration in this area will benefit both communities.
Evaluation of Poly(Styrene‐4‐Sulfonate) as a Preventive Agent for Conception and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

A commercial preparation of a sodium polystyrene sulfonate (designated as N-PSS; its molecular weight is 500000 daltons) was tested as an inhibitor of sperm function and as a preventive agent for conception and the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. The polymer is an irreversible inhibitor of hyaluronidase and acrosin; its IC50 values are 5.7 microg/mL and 0.5 microg/mL, for hyaluronidase and acrosin, respectively. N-PSS is also a stimulus of human sperm acrosomal loss. It produces maximal acrosomal loss at 2.5 microg/mL. Contraception in rabbits is nearly complete when rabbit spermatozoa are pretreated with 0.5 mg/mL of N-PSS before artificial insemination; however, N-PSS does not immobilize spermatozoa at concentrations as high as 50 mg/mL. N-PSS has broad spectrum antiviral and antibacterial activities. Infection by human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus are inhibited by N-PSS; 3-log reductions are produced by 7 microg/mL and 3 microg/mL, respectively. N-PSS is active against Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. At 1 mg/mL, N-PSS inhibits chlamydial infectivity by more than 90%. N-PSS produces a 3-log reduction in gonococcal growth at 15 microg/mL. In contrast, N-PSS (5 mg/mL) does not affect the growth of Lactobacillus (normal component of the vaginal flora). N-PSS can be classified as a noncytotoxic contraceptive antimicrobial agent. These properties justify bringing a polystyrene sulfonate into clinical trials for its evaluation as a preventive agent for conception and several sexually transmitted diseases.
Novel Pulsatile Diagonal Pump for Pediatric Extracorporeal Life Support System

A novel pulsatile rotary flow pump has been used in clinical extracorporeal life support (ECLS) in Europe.The objective of this study is to evaluate the Medos Deltastream DP3 diagonal pump (Medos Medizintechnik AG, Stolberg, Germany) in a simulated pediatric ECLS system. The ECLS circuit consisted of a Medos Hilite 800LT hollow fiber membrane oxygenator (Medos Mediz- intechnik AG), a Medos Deltastream DP3 diagonal pump, a 10Fr Terumo TenderFlow Pediatric Arterial Cannula (Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and an arterial/ venous tubing. All trials were conducted at flow rates ranging from 200-800 mL/min (in 200 mL/min increments) under a blood temperature of 35°C using human blood (hematocrit 40%). The postcannula pressure was main- tained 60 mm Hg by a Hoffman clamp. Real-time pressure and flow data were recorded using a Labview-based acqui- sition system (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA). The results showed that the Medos Deltastream DP3 can generate effective pulsatile flow without backflow, provide higher flow rates and pressures than nonpulsatile flow, and then create surplus hemodynamic energy and more total hemodynamic energy than nonpulsatile flow. Pulsatility increased with increased speed differential values and flow rates, while the oxygenator pressure drop increased at an acceptable level. The Medos Deltastream DP3 diagonal pump can provide adequate quality of pulsatility without backflow, and generate more hemodynamic energy under pulsatile mode in a simulated pediatric ECLS sys- tem. Key Words: Pulsatile flow—Novel diagonal pump —Medos DP3—Cardiopulmonary bypass—Extracor- poreal life support—Pediatric.
A New Industry Model: Implications For Research Priorities And Structures

Dramatic changes in research structures and policies are occurring, but there is disagreement about long-range implications. Some researchers feel that the current urmoil is the result of illconceived, precipitous reactions by top management while others argue that research entities have not done enough to document their contributions and justify their existence. A better explanation is that the fundamental economic structure of the domestic industry is changing from revenue-driven to marginal-return, and many of the observed changes are a predictable result. Understanding the new economic model allows us to predict how the industry will operate in the 90s. This, in turn, can provide insight into both the role and the structure of research in the 90s. Research programs will prosper in such an environment if they demonstrate fiscal accountability and product responsiveness. Research priorities increasingly will focus on using people more efficiently and helping people become more productive. Research activities will be subject to cost-benefit analyses, and the emphasis will be on both reducing cost (through economies of scale and joint ventures) and increasing return (through careful choice of projects and people). Other sources of funding (particularly government) will become more important. Universities may provide an important vehicle for improving efficiency through joint sponsorship, but they will have to learn to be held accountable for producing results and meeting schedules and budgets. The arms-length relationships of the past must be replaced by a true partnership between academe, industry and government.
Parts Of The Whole: The Virtue of Books

This column argues that the majority of commercial textbooks do not serve students well. Strategies for change include clearly distinguishing the textbook requirements of different priority subjects and assembling writers who can address, in addition to content development, the cognitive level of the children as well as writing in an age-appropriate way. A discussion of the forces that produce current texts leads to the recommendation that textbooks be a focus of research and improvement rather than the byproduct of an individual’s lecture notes.
Light Reflections II

At the last (1988) Cadarache meeting Jacques asked me to summarize the conference. Since we were all tired towards the end, he wanted me to do it with a light touch. I went overboard; it wasn’t really a summary but a collection of anecdotes and flippant remarks. Jacques subsequently asked me to write it up, which I did, and it was included in the Proceedings under the title “Light Reflections”. To my great surprise I received more favorable comments on that article than I did on any of the papers that I have published over the past 40 years. You can imagine the mixed feelings this elicited; did I perhaps pick the wrong profession? A few months ago Jacques asked me to give a “Light Reflections II” at this Cadarache meeting. I wrote him that I took a dim view of it, but would be willing to reconsider during the meeting. As the week of the meeting wore on and the number of lectures that were difficult to follow increased, I was leaning more and more towards giving one lecture that everybody could understand without too much effort. So yesterday I decided to give Light Reflections II and here I am.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics theory of econometric source discovery for large data analysis

Almost all consumer and firm transactions are achieved using computers and as a result gives rise to increasingly large amounts of data available for analysts. The gold standard in Economic data manipulation techniques matured during a period of limited data access, and the new Large Data Analysis (LDA) paradigm we all face may quickly obfuscate most tools used by Economists. When coupled with an increased availability of numerous unstructured, multi-modal data sets, the impending 'data tsunami' could have serious detrimental effects for Economic forecasting, analysis, and research in general. Given this reality we propose a decision-aid framework for Augmented-LDA (A-LDA) – a synergistic approach to LDA which combines traditional supervised, rule-based Machine Learning (ML) strategies to iteratively uncover hidden sources in large data, the artificial neural network (ANN) Unsupervised Learning (USL) at the minimum Helmholtz free energy for isothermal dynamic equilibrium strategies, and the Economic intuitions required to handle problems encountered when interpreting large amounts of Financial or Economic data. To make the ANN USL framework applicable to economics we define the temperature, entropy, and energy concepts in Economics from non-equilibrium molecular thermodynamics of Boltzmann viewpoint, as well as defining an information geometry, on which the ANN can operate using USL to reduce information saturation. An exemplar of such a system representation is given for firm industry equilibrium. We demonstrate the traditional ML methodology in the economics context and leverage firm financial data to explore a frontier concept known as behavioral heterogeneity. Behavioral heterogeneity on the firm level can be imagined as a firm's interactions with different types of Economic entities over time. These interactions could impose varying degrees of institutional constraints on a firm's business behavior. We specifically look at behavioral heterogeneity for firms that are operating with the label of ‘Going-Concern’ and firms labeled according to institutional influence they may be experiencing, such as constraints on firm hiring/spending while in a Bankruptcy or a Merger procedure. Uncovering invariant features, or behavioral data metrics from observable firm data in an economy can greatly benefit the FED, World Bank, etc. We find that the ML/LDA communities can benefit from Economic intuitions just as much as Economists can benefit from generic data exploration tools. The future of successful Economic data understanding, modeling, simulation, and visualization can be amplified by new A-LDA models and approaches for new and analogous models of Economic system dynamics. The potential benefits of improved economic data analysis and real time decision aid tools are numerous for researchers, analysts, and federal agencies who all deal with increasingly large amounts of complex data to support their decision making.
Removal of optic disc stalks during diabetic vitrectomy.

Background The morphologic features and clinical consequences of removing residual optic disc stalks during vitrectomy for complications of diabetic retinopathy have not been described. Methods Twenty-four residual optic disc stalks that were surgically removed from eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and dense nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage and/ortraction retinal detachment were studied histologically using conventional hematoxylin and eosin staining as well as a modified Glees staining technique. Results Histologic examination demonstrated that 79% of the specimens consisted of vascularized glial tissue with an infiltrate of mononuclear cells and 21% consisted of glial membranes devoid of vasculature. Axons were identified in 33% of all tissues studied. Intraoperative hemorrhage occurred in three eyes with strongly adherent optic disc stalks and was controlled with transient elevation of the intraocular pressure. The presence of axons in the removed optic disc stalks was not correlated with a decreased final postoperative visual acuity (median time to follow-up 21 months). Conclusions Residual optic disc stalks removed during vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy frequently contained axons. The presence of axons does not portend an unfavorable postoperative visual outcome.