cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ФОРМАЛИЗОВАННЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ДЛЯ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ РЕЧЕВОГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ

The quantitative parameters characterizing direct and indirect connections of words in the composition of the associative field “polite” are studied on the basis of the “Project of a multilingual associative thesaurus of politeness”. The aim of the study is to substantiate the potential of using formalized parameters when analyzing the stimulus-response ratio as a speech action. To achieve this goal, a free associative experiment, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization were used. The functions of the index of direct and inverse associative strength, the number of mediations, the index of the associative power of mediation, the number of intersecting associates and the associative power of overlap are considered. The index of direct associative strength is used to calculate the probability of activation of a combination of stimulus — response , and the index of inverse associative strength reveals the degree of operationality of the corresponding combinations of response — stimulus . Analysis of the mediation parameter makes it possible to determine the number of potential signs, on the basis of which predication from stimulus to reaction is carried out. The index of the associative power of mediation characterizes the operationality of the ratio of stimulus - reaction , etc. The effectiveness of the use of formalized quantitative parameters in the modeling of speech action is proved.
Prediction of tensile failure of stochastic tow-based discontinuous composites via mesoscale finite element analysis

Abstract Stochastic tow-based discontinuous composite (STBDC) laminates are made from compression-molded tows of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). STBDCs are a material system that can be manufactured in complex three-dimensional geometries which provides an alternative to metallic components for primary and secondary structures. The effective elastic properties of STBDCs are often approximated as quasi-isotropic; however, this approximation does not adequately represent the material properties. A random sequential addition representative volume element (RVE) generation algorithm has been developed that considers the mesostructural morphology of STBDCs using a non-conforming voxel-based mesh framework. Using the framework, a full factorial design of experiments is performed on unnotched tension coupons. Simulations are performed using the Abaqus/Explicit solver. Results are compared to reported values found in the available literature, demonstrating good correlation compared effective stiffnesses and unnotched tensile failure strengths.
Relationship between a bull's parental genetic merit difference and subsequent progeny trait variability in Angus, Gelbvieh, and Limousin cattle.

ABSTRACT: Data from the American Angus Associ-ation, American Gelbvieh Association, and the NorthAmericanLimousinFoundationwereanalyzedtodeter-mine whether parental genetic differences are associ-ated with Mendelian sampling of their bull progeny orwith Mendelian sampling variances and weight vari-ances of their bull progeny’s offspring. Parental differ-encesweremeasuredasthe differencebetweenthepar-ents’ EPD for birth weight (DIF BW ), weaning weightdirect (DIF WW ), and yearling weight (DIF YW ). A bull’sdata were used if both parents had calculated EPD andthe bull had at least 25 progeny with records for thespeciﬁc trait. Traits calculated for each bull were hisMendelian sampling (MS Bull ), progeny Mendelian sam-Key Words: Beef Cattle, Correlation, Progeny Testing 2000 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. J. Anim. Sci. 2000. 78:2540–2546 Introduction Producers can successfully use EPD for genetic im-provement (Arnold et al., 1990). However, they are con-cerned that using EPD for corrective matings (i.e., mat-ing unlike to unlike) will result in increased phenotypicvariation in the progeny of subsequent bulls.Another concern for cattle producers is change inEPD. As more data are collected on progeny of individ-ual animals, individual EPD have the potential tochange. Reported accuracy values give an indication ofthe magnitude of possible change (Van Vleck, 1988);EPD with low accuracy have the potential for greaterchange. Producers of purebred cattle are concernedwith bulls for which dramatic changes in EPD occur asmore data are collected. For example, if a bull thoughtto be a calving ease bull, based on initial birth weightEPD, actually has the genetic potential for heavy birth
Evaluation of back pain caused by epidural neoplasm.

Back pain is a common symptom in the cancer population. For some patients, the complaint reflects a process independent of the underlying disease, such as myofascial pain, discogenic disease, or osteoporosis. Many patients, however, experience pain as the first indication of a spinal neoplasm, and this possibility increases the diagnostic challenge. This article discusses the presentation, evaluation, and treatment of spinal epidural neoplasm in patients with cancer.Symptomatic epidural neoplasm occurs in approximately 5 to 10% of patients with metastatic cancer.1-4 Without effective treatment, the tumor enlarges within the closed intraspinal space and ultimately damages the spinal cord or nerve roots, either through direct compression or interruption of local blood supply. The consequences-weakness, sensory loss, and sphincteric dysfunction-often have a devastating impact on the patient's ability to cope with the physical, psychosocial, and financial burdens of the disease and its treatment.The prognosis for continued ambulation following presentation of epidural disease (ED) is influenced by numerous factors, among which are the radiosensitivity of the neoplasm, location of the lesion, extent of myelographic block, and tempo of neurological dysfunction.5-15 From the clinical perspective, the most salient factor is the degree of neurological impairment at the onset of treatment:3,5,10,14-18 Ambulation following treatment is retained by approximately 75% of patients who are ambulatory at the time therapy is given; 30 to 50% regain the ability to walk if treatment is given when the patient is severely paretic but not plegic, and only 10% of patients who begin treatment while paraplegic subsequently walk.These data suggest that prevention of neurological compromise is possible if ED can be identified and treated early, before ambulation is lost. Early treatment, in turn, can only be accomplished if clinicians are able to recognize the population at risk through knowledge of those clinical indicators-symptoms or signs-that suggest the existence of ED before it declares itself through progressive paraparesis.Back pain is the most important of these clinical indicators, since pain is the first symptom in up to 95% of cancer patients who develop ED (Table 1) and often precedes the development of neurological deficits by many weeks or months.1,5,13,19,20 The discovery and treatment of ED when back pain is the only symptom would yield great improvements in the overall prognosis of this population. This observation has been the impetus for the development of algorithms that guide the evaluation of cancer patients with back pain,13,14,21,22 as described below.
Statistical properties of probabilistic context-free grammars

We prove a number of useful results about probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) and their Gibbs representations. We present a method, called the relative weighted frequency method, to assign production probabilities that impose proper PCFG distributions on finite parses. We demonstrate that these distributions have finite entropies. In addition, under the distributions, sizes of parses have finite moment of any order. We show that Gibbs distributions on CFG parses, which generalize PCFG distributions and are more powerful, become PCFG distributions if their features only include frequencies of production rules in parses. Under these circumstances, we prove the equivalence of the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation procedures for these two types of probability distributions on parses. We introduce the renormalization of improper PCFGs to proper ones. We also study PCFGs from the perspective of stochastic branching processes. We prove that with their production probabilities assigned by the relative weighted frequency method, PCFGs are subcritical, i.e., their branching rates are less than one. We also show that by renormalization, connected supercritical PCFGs become subcritical ones. Finally, some minor issues, including identifiability and approximation of production probabilities of PCFGs, are discussed.
Twilight Of The Perfect Model Model

Evaluation du modele du modele parfait utilise dans le domaine des sciences naturelles et de la connaissance humaine. A travers l'exemple de la photographie, l'A. critique l'ideal d'une reproduction parfaite de la nature au profit du projet d'unification des phenomenes reels du monde.
Internet-based instruction in college teaching

iv CHAPTER L GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. ASSESSMENT OF THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT 3 EXPERIENCED WHILE TAKING AN INTERNET-BASED COLLEGE SCIENCE COURSE CHAPTERS. THE IMPACT OF INTERNET-BASED SCIENCE 49 INSTRUCTION ON COLLEGE STUDENTS' STUDY HABITS AND ACHIEVEMENTS CHAPTER 4. THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE INSTRUCTOR IN 78 INTERNET-BASED TEACHING CHAPTER 5. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE DISSERTATION 99 RESEARCH
Chapter 1 Charles Ernest Overton's Concept of a Cell Membrane

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Charles Ernest Overton's concept of a cell membrane. Overton presented his views on the osmotic properties of cells and established several milestones in the field: (1) A “lipid-impregnated boundary layer” is a determinant of the osmotic properties of living cells. Both diffusion- and metabolism-linked active processes function in solute exchange between cells and their immediate environment. (2) The lipids of the cell (membrane) are involved in the phenomenon of narcosis. (3) An exchange of sodium and potassium across the membranes of muscle and nerve cells is responsible for their excitability. The chapter describes the experimental basis for these crucial elements of a concept of the structure and function of a cell membrane. The chapter outlines the background on Overton's establishing of his scientific status primarily by his papers on the osmotic properties of cells. The chapter mentions the phenomenon of plasmolysis—that is, a retraction of the protoplasm from the cellulose wall of plant cells exposed to impermeable external solutes. Overton's systematic exploration of the relationship between the chemical constitution of solutes, mainly organic, and their plasmolytic effects, with reference to the properties of the putative osmotic barrier, was presented in a series of three papers read to the Zurich Naturalist Society.
Grandstanding, Certification and the Underpricing of Venture Backed Ipos

We examine the role of venture capital backing in the underpricing of IPOs. Controlling for endogeneity in the receipt of venture funding, we find that venture capital backed IPOs experience larger first-day returns than comparable non-venture backed IPOs. Between 1980 and 2000, the average return difference ranges from 6.20 to 9.51 percent. This return difference is particularly pronounced in the "bubble" period of 1999-2000. As a potential explanation for these results, we explore a variant of the grandstanding hypothesis, in which the publicity associated with high first-day returns brings future commitments of capital to venture capitalists. Capital flow regressions show that commitments of capital are positively related to first-day returns.
Controlled Trials Comparing Reteplase with Alteplase and Streptokinase in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Although the ability of a thrombolytic agent to lyse a clot has been recognized for over 50 years, it was not until recently that this form of therapy was used to treat acute myocardial infarction. The need for rapid diagnosis and timely treatment to provide optimum outcomes and prognosis is now well established. Numerous clinical trials continue to examine alternative therapeutic regimens as well as the efficacy and safety of new agents to improve short- and long-term outcomes further. Reteplase is a new recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator with potential advantages over currently available agents.
DESIGN AND REFORM OF INSTITUTIONS IN LDCS AND TRANSITION ECONOMIES1 Institutions: Top Down or Bottom Up?

A large research program in economics has established a persuasive link between institu tions and economic development. But what does this imply for development policymaking? Can a political leader or aid agency seeking to pro mote development readily change institutions? This article starts off wildly general, and then moves to specifics.
GAMPMS: Genetic algorithm managed peptide mutant screening

The prominence of endogenous peptide ligands targeted to receptors makes peptides with the desired binding activity good molecular scaffolds for drug development. Minor modifications to a peptide's primary sequence can significantly alter its binding properties with a receptor, and screening collections of peptide mutants is a useful technique for probing the receptor-ligand binding domain. Unfortunately, the combinatorial growth of such collections can limit the number of mutations which can be explored using structure-based molecular docking techniques. Genetic algorithm managed peptide mutant screening (GAMPMS) uses a genetic algorithm to conduct a heuristic search of the peptide's mutation space for peptides with optimal binding activity, significantly reducing the computational requirements of the virtual screening. The GAMPMS procedure was implemented and used to explore the binding domain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α3β2-isoform with a library of 64,000 α-conotoxin (α-CTx) MII peptide mutants. To assess GAMPMS's performance, it was compared with a virtual screening procedure that used AutoDock to predict the binding affinity of each of the α-CTx MII peptide mutants with the α3β2-nAChR. The GAMPMS implementation performed AutoDock simulations for as few as 1140 of the 64,000 α-CTx MII peptide mutants and could consistently identify a set of 10 peptides with an aggregated binding energy that was at least 98% of the aggregated binding energy of the 10 top peptides from the exhaustive AutoDock screening.
An integrated model of fertility: a multivariate analysis of fertility differentials in Colombia.

Survey data collected from 1476 women living in 4 Colombian cities was used to test an integrated path model of fertility. The dependent variable was current fertility status defined by whether or not the respondent experienced fertility during the year prior to interview. Predetermined variables were 1) age; 2) legal or consensual marriage; and 3) educational level. Informational variables specified whether or not the respondent discussed family size with her spouse whether the respondent had a negative or positive attitude toward contraception how many contraceptive methods were known to the respondent. Intermediate variables specified whether the respondent experienced the loss of a child and whether the respondent ever used contraceptives. The sequential impact of the predetermined informational and intermediate variables on the dependent variable was assessed for 0 parity parity of 1-3 and parity of 4 or more. Major findings were 1) the independent variables had a varied impact on the dependent variable at eachparity level; 2) at 0 parity legally married women were more likely to have experienced pregnancy during the last year than women in consensual unions but at higher parity levels legally married women were less likely to have experienced pregnancy during the past year than consensually married women; 3) at parity 0 and parity 1-3 spouse discussion of family size was positively related to pregnancy during the previous year but at parity 4 or more spouse discussion of family size was negatively related to pregnancy during the previous year; 4) a positive attitude toward conception was negatively related to pregnancy during the previous year at 0 parity; and 5) previous child mortality was positively related to pregnancy during the previous year. The findings supported the contention that not only the predetermined variables but the informational and intermediate variable were also important determinants of fertility.
HAIG ‘S ABORTIVE AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT ON BELGIUM, 1917

(1992). Haig ‘s Abortive Amphibious Assault On Belgium, 1917. The Historian: Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 669-682.
Indicated preterm birth: a possible contribution to group B streptococcal sepsis prophylaxis protocol failures. A case report.

BACKGROUND: Despite the acceptance of protocols for the prevention of group B streptococcal (GBS) sepsis for the newborn, protocol violations, with subsequent failure to initiate intrapartum antibiotic therapy, occur at many institutions. The causes for GBS prophylaxis protocol violations are not well understood. CASES: We report two cases of indicated preterm birth in which appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis for GBS sepsis was not initiated. CONCLUSION: In the setting of indicated preterm birth, GBS prophylaxis may be overlooked. We suspect that the attention given to the medical or fetal complications of indicated preterm birth may contribute to the omission of GBS sepsis prophylaxis in these situations.
Observability of minimal, distal systems†

In a recent series of papers, Drager and Martin have shown global observability for a variety of particular classes of systems (including both discrete and continuous time systems). The underlying philosophy behind their methods is apparently that if a flow is ergodic and the system observation has a sufficiently special value, the system is completely observable. In this paper we prove observability for observed systems whose underlying flow is minimal and distal. While our results hold also in discrete time, we illustrate this result for invariant ergodic systems on nilmanifolds, i.e. those invariant flows with an infinitesimal generator that is ‘irrational modulo the commutator’. One well-known example of such a flow is the irrational flow on a torus studied by Drager and Martin.
Cassia cinnamon for the attenuation of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance resulting from sleep loss.

Abstract Epidemiological investigations reveal a concomitant increase in sleep loss and metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, over the past several decades. An increasing body of scientific evidence indicates that acute sleep loss induces insulin resistance and glucose intolerance profiles similar to those of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Experimentally, cassia cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) supplementation facilitates glucose disposal in healthy humans, which may be achieved by enhancing (1) insulin sensitivity via increased phosphorylation of signaling proteins and (2) insulin-sensitive glucose transporter 4-mediated glucose uptake into muscle cells. Because peripheral insulin resistance is primarily a consequence of reduced muscle insulin sensitivity, C. cassia and C. cassia extracts may attenuate insulin resistance and glucose intolerance observed following sleep loss.
The oxidative damage theory of aging

Abstract The oxidative stress theory of aging postulates that age-associated reductions in physiologic functions are caused by a slow steady accumulation of oxidative damage to macromolecules, which increases with age and which is associated with life expectancy of organisms. A corollary is that the rate of aging should be retarded by attenuation of oxidative damage. A large body of evidence has accumulated in support of this hypothesis. Increases in oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids have all been found with normal aging. Genetic manipulation of oxidative damage can increase life expectancy in animals. Overexpression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase or manganese superoxide dismutase appears to extend life span. Overexpression of methionine sulfoxide reductase in Drosophila resulted in a 70% increase in survival, and a 50% reduction in methionine sulfoxide reductase in mice resulted in a 30% reduction in life span. Caloric restriction, which extends life span, also reduces oxidative stress. Manipulation of gene expression in Drosophila with phenylbutyrate significantly increases lifespan, and is associated with a 50-fold increase in expression of manganese superoxide dismutase. We recently further examined the mitochondrial DNA theory of aging, which proposes that mitochondrial DNA accumulates mutations with age and that these contribute to the physiological decline in aging. Using a PCR-cloning-sequencing strategy, we found a significant increase in aggregate burden of mitochondrial DNA point mutations in brain in elderly subjects compared to younger subjects. The average aggregate mutational burden in elderly subjects was 2×10 −4 mutations per base. The bulk of these mutations were individually rare point mutations, and 60% changed an amino acid. Cytochrome oxidase activity correlated negatively with increased mutational burden. These findings bolster the possibility that oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA may play a significant role in normal aging.
Participatory sensing: repurposing a scientific tool for STEM education

Sustainability in (Inter)Action provides a forum for innovative thought, design, and research in the area of interaction design and environmental sustainability. The column explores how HCI can contribute to the complex and interdisciplinary efforts to address sustainability challenges. Elaine M. Huang, Editor
The Gemin6-Gemin7 heterodimer from the survival of motor neurons complex has an Sm protein-like structure.

Summary The survival of motor neurons (SMN) protein, product of the disease gene of the common neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy, is part of the large multiprotein "SMN complex." The SMN complex functions as an assembly machine for small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)—the major components of the spliceosome. Here, we report the crystal structure of two components of the human SMN complex, Gemin6 and Gemin7. Although Gemin6 and Gemin7 have no significant sequence similarity with Sm proteins, both adopt canonical Sm folds. Moreover, Gemin6 and Gemin7 exist as a heterodimer, and interact with each other via an interface similar to that which mediates interactions among the Sm proteins. Together with binding experiments that show that the Gemin6/Gemin7 complex binds to Sm proteins, these findings provide a framework for considering how the SMN complex, with Gemin6 and Gemin7 as tools, might organize Sm proteins for formation of Sm rings on snRNA targets.
The association of HLA class II with pars planitis.

Abstract PURPOSE: To investigate the association of HLA class II alleles with pars planitis. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from 28 patients with pars planitis seen in the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and the Barnes Retina Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. RESULTS: HLA-DR15, one of the allelic subtypes of HLA-DR2, was present in 18 (64.3%) of 28 patients vs. 10 (20%) of 50 controls (OR = 7.20, CI = 2.28–23.20, P = .0001). HLA-DR51 (HLA-DRB 5) was present in 16 (57.1%) of 28 patients vs. 6 (12%) of 50 controls (OR = 9.78, CI = 2.79–36.42, P = .0001). HLA-DR17 was present in eight (28.6%) of 28 patients vs. one (2%) of 50 controls (OR = 19.60, CI = 2.29–886.7, P = .0001). CONCLUSION: Pars planitis is associated with an increased frequency of the HLA-DR2 suballele, -DR15, HLA-DR51, and HLA-DR17. These results suggest an immunogenic predisposition exists to pars planitis.
On Cephalaspis and Pteraspis

The genus Cephalaspis (Agassiz) was originally established to include four species of Devonian fishes,— C. Lyellii, C. rostratus, C. Lloydii , and C. Lewisii ; but the differences between the first and the last of these species were so great, that the founder of the genus himself suggested the probability of their future separation. The two groups of species are said by Prof. Agassiz to be contrasted not only by their forms, but also by their minute structure. In regard to form, the cephalic disc of Cephalaspis Lyellii is stated to possess an almost semicircular anterior outline, while its posterolateral angles are greatly prolonged backwards. The middle part of the occipital region. Prof. Agassiz adds, is cut off almost square (coupee presque carrement). As regards this last point, however, my own observations are at variance with his description. Several specimens in the museum of this Society show that the middle of the occipital margin is not truncated, but is greatly produced backwards, the margins of the produced portion being concave. The same peculiarity is clearly distinguishable in the specimen of C. Lyellii now in the British Museum, and figured by M. Agassiz, pl. 1. a. 2 : indeed the artist has faithfully depicted the real contour of the occipital margin in the figure cited. The well-known occipital spine is supported by this produced portion of the disk. The discoid bodies, corresponding to all appearance with the cephalic disc of C. Lyellii , upon which alone the species C. Lewisii being oval in contour and
Why we read literary criticism

Human beings have not only the ability to think about what others are thinking (a ‘theory of mind’, ToM) but the inclination to do so. Lisa Zunshine, a professor of English Literature at the University of Kentucky, makes much of this inclination. Our ToM, she proposes, is ‘Why we read fiction’.
Family life education for young adolescents: a quasi-experiment

The impact of a family life education program for inner-city, minority elementary-school students was investigated. Two randomly assigned groups of seventh and eighth graders (balanced for gender) completed a self-administered survey, both before and after program implementation. In comparison to the control group, program participants displayed (a) improved knowledge about contraception, reproductive physiology, and adolescent pregnancy outcomes; (b) increased awareness of the existence of specific birth control methods; (c) among seventh graders, more conservative attitudes toward circumstances under which sexual intercourse was viewed as personally acceptable, and among eighth graders, a shift toward more liberal attitudes; and (d) a greater tendency to acknowledge mutual responsibility for contraception. The impact of this intervention and school-based sex education programs in general is discussed within the broader context of the young adolescent's social environment.
Fundamental absorption edge in laser window CdTe

Fundamental absorption edge and the ir absorption at 10.6-μm wavelengths have been studied in CdTe laser window samples of varying optical quality. The results show that the edge spectroscopy can be used as a sensitive diagnostic technique for evaluating the over-all optical quality of the material.
MediaMatrix: An Authoring System for Adaptive Hypermedia Teaching-Learning Resource Libraries.

A NEW adaptive computerized instruction authoring system, calledMediaMatrix, requires that content developers adhere to a wide variety of learning principles as they aspire to accomplish outcome learning goals which include not only the acquisition of specific content, but also the development of general comprehension and problem solving skills. This authoring system was designed for development of final products which include those referred to as Hypermedia Teaching-Learning Resource Libraries. These libraries are conceived as being not only a replacement for such traditional teaching resources as transparencies, notes, videos, laboratory exercises, and tests; they also are envisioned as replacing such student resources as the traditional textbook, study guides, and human tutors. By incorporating several artificial intelligence engines and knowledge generation systems,MediaMatrix enables developers to build adaptive programmed instruction and adaptive testing systems with comparative ease. This authoring environment allows developers to focus simultaneously on the systematic improvement of comprehension and problem solving skills while also providing for adaptive content presentations that change delivery rates to accommodate varying rates of learning. As students learn new material, the system not only learns what they know, but also the rate at which they are learning it. It then adapts instructional content delivery and testing to best meet the need of learners.
Device performance characterization and junction mechanisms in CdTe/CdS solar cells

Abstract The performance of CdTe/CdS solar cells has been successfully characterized in terms of a device model based on Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) recombination theory. The model has been applied to a large number of devices from our laboratory in the 10–15% efficiency range and is able to provide key insights into the diode properties of our devices and the fundamental mechanisms that determine performance. Methods for the reliable measurement of key device parameters are presented, and the results are verified by simulating the characterization data in a self-consistent manner. Crossover between the dark and light J – V curves has been identified as a front contact phenomenon arising from the presence of CdS. Junction mechanisms and an observed relationship between reverse saturation current and diode quality factor are discussed. Our techniques indicate that all values of diode quality factor are between 1 and 2 which is consistent with SRH recombination theory and explainable in terms of the location and lifetimes of the recombination centers. It is found that devices with large diode factors are dominated by midgap states. Reduction of midgap states results in a reduction of the diode factor and improved performance.
The temperature dependence of the reactions of HO2 with NO and NO2

Mixtures of N2O, H2, O2 and trace amounts of NO and NO2 were photolyzed at 213.9 nm at 245-328 K and about 1 atm total pressure (mostly H2). HO2 radicals are produced from the photolysis, and their reactions are reported.
Adaptive control of simple nonlinear systems using multiple models

Large errors in parametric estimates lead to unacceptably large transients in linear adaptive control, and particularly in nonlinear adaptive control using a single identification model. We demonstrate that a multiple model, switching and tuning methodology substantially improves the transient performance for a class of nonlinear systems, and copes with rapid changes in the plant parameters. The proof of stability of the resulting nonlinear adaptive control system is presented.
The synthesis and chemistry of 3-pheynl-2-propynylmultiamines

Abstract The reaction of phenylacetylene with HC(NMe 2 ) 3 and C(NMe 2 ) 4 yielded PhCCH(NMe 2 ) 2 and PhCCC(NMe 2 ) 3 , respectively. The reactions of the latter two compounds with acetic acid and methanol are discussed.
Unnatural amino acid packing mutants of Escherichia coli thioredoxin produced by combined mutagenesis/chemical modification techniques.

We have produced several mutants of Escherichia coli thioredoxin (Trx) using a combined mutagenesis/chemical modification technique. The protein C32S, C35S, L78C Trx was produced using standard mutagenesis procedures. After unfolding the protein with guanidine hydrochloride (GdmCl), the normally buried cysteine residue was modified with a series of straight chain aliphatic thiosulfonates, which produced cysteine disulfides to methane, ethane, 1-n-propane, 1-n-butane, and 1-n-pentane thiols. These mutants all show native-like CD spectra and the ability to activate T7 gene 5 protein DNA polymerase activity. In addition, all mutants show normal unfolding transitions in GdmCl solutions. However, the midpoint of the transition, [GdmCl]1/2, and the free energy of unfolding at zero denaturant concentration, δG, give inverse orders of stability. This effect is due to changes in m, the dependence of δGunfolding0 on the GdmCl concentration. The method described here may be used to produce unnatural amino acids in the hydrophobic cores of proteins.
Glycopeptide Antitumor Antibiotic Zorbamycin from Streptomyces flavoviridis ATCC 21892: Strain Improvement and Structure Elucidation⊥

Zorbamycin (1, ZBM) is a glycopeptide antitumor antibiotic first reported in 1971. The partial structures of 1 were speculated on the basis of its acid hydrolysis products, but the structure of the intact molecule has never been established. The low titer of 1 from the wild-type strain, combined with its acid-instability, has so far hampered its isolation. By random mutagenesis of Streptomyces flavoviridis ATCC21892, a wild-type producer of 1, with UV irradiation, two high-producing strains of 1, S. flavoviridis SB9000 and SB9001, were isolated. Under the optimized fermentation conditions, these two strains produced about 10 mg/L of 1, which was about 10-fold higher than the wild-type ATCC21892 strain, as estimated by HPLC analysis. Finally, 1 was isolated as both a 1-Cu complex and Cu-free molecule, and the intact structure of 1 was established on the basis of a combination of mass spectrometry and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses.
The Agulhas Current During the Late Pleistocene: Analysis of Modern Faunal Analogs

Analysis of micropaleontologic evidence in a deep-sea core in the south-west Indian Ocean indicates that the Agulhas Current was not a dominant feature of this region during glacial intervals. Interpretation of the fossil record, based on the analysis of modern faunal analogs, indicates that during glacial intervals the Agulhas Current was not the strong, year-round current that it is today. Evidence shows that during summer months a weak tropical current was present. During winter months the current was replaced by cool, high-salinity waters. This interpretation suggests that seasonal changes in circulation may have been more pronounced in the southwest Indian Ocean during glacial intervals than today.
Variational Principle for Scattering with Tensor Forces

A reformulation of the variational principle in differential form for the phase shift ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{l}$ of a central-force scattering problem is presented. This is considered to be the most simple that can be formed in terms of the inside-wave function representing the difference between the wave function and an appropriately chosen asymptotic form. It is then generalized by means of matrix notation so as to provide corresponding variational principles for the three parameters that arise in scattering with tensor forces, the two phase shifts ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ and the mixture parameter $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. These all develop from the differential formulation of Schr\"odinger's equation and do not depend on the integral equation formulation as does the one originally presented by Schwinger for the phases ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$, and the extension of it by Blatt and Biedenharn to the parameter $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$.
Decomposition of formaldehyde on CuNi(110) single-crystal surfaces

Abstract The decomposition of formaldehyde on a clean (110)-oriented Cu Ni single crystal was studied by flash desorption spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. The copper/nickel alloy surfaces were varied in composition from 100% Ni to 35% Ni. At 190 °K formaldehyde appeared to adsorb dissociatively to form H(a) and CO(a). The desorption of CO was first order while the desorption of H2 obeyed complex kinetics. The H2 and CO production from H2CO decreased with increasing surface copper content. This effect was due to the requirement of a cluster of two nickel atoms on the surface to decompose the formaldehyde molecule. The possible stabilization of an H-CO surface intermediate on the Cu-rich surfaces is discussed.
Shape modeling and matching in identifying protein structure from low-resolution images

In this paper, we describe a novel, shape-modeling approach to recovering 3D protein structures from volumetric images. The input to our method is a sequence of α-helices that make up a protein, and a low-resolution volumetric image of the protein where possible locations of α-helices have been detected. Our task is to identify the correspondence between the two sets of helices, which will shed light on how the protein folds in space. The central theme of our approach is to cast the correspondence problem as that of shape matching between the 3D volume and the 1D sequence. We model both the shapes as attributed relational graphs, and formulate a constrained inexact graph matching problem. To compute the matching, we developed an optimal algorithm based on the A*-search with several choices of heuristic functions. As demonstrated in a suite of real protein data, the shape-modeling approach is capable of correctly identifying helix correspondences in noise-abundant volumes with minimal or no user intervention.
The linear dependence of polar cap index on its controlling factors in solar wind and magnetotail

[1] The solar wind is coupled to the magnetosphere-ionosphere system through various interactions, e.g., magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause, and viscous interactions at the low latitude boundary layer. The polar cap, a region of open magnetic flux connecting the magnetic field of the Earth to that of the solar wind, is an ideal region in which to investigate how solar wind drives the magnetosphere-ionosphere dynamo. For such studies, the polar cap (PC) index provides a useful characterization of the state of the polar ionosphere. A previous study by Gao et al. (2012a) found that polar cap dynamics, characterized by the PC index, responds to both solar wind driving quantified by the electric field (EK-R) proposed by Kivelson and Ridley (2008) which is a representative of the electric field imposed on the ionosphere by magnetopause reconnection that takes cross polar cap potential saturation into account, and the energy release in the magnetotail, described by a modified AL index (ALU). In that study, the dependence of the PC index on EK-R and ALU was investigated assuming a linear relationship. In this study, we test the assumption that the relationship is linear by performing a similar analysis applying a more general, nonlinear model to the events of the Gao et al. (2012a) study. A nonlinear relationship can be established by use of a statistical approach referred to as the additive model. We find that the more flexible additive model outperforms the linear model. However, the improvement is small. Provided that EK-R is used to characterize the solar wind input, results obtained from the additive model are very similar to those from the linear model. This result indicates that the linear relation between the PC index and EK-R, ALU obtained by Gao et al. (2012a) represents the data within fluctuations.
Miconazole Therapy for Keratomycosis

I treated seven patients with keratomycosis (four with Candida infections and three with Aspergillus infections) with topical and subconjunctival miconazole. Progressive corneal ulceration stopped in each case, and clinical evidence of corneal infection disappeared. Posttreatment visual acuities were at least as good as (and usually better than) pretreatment visual acuities. Superficial punctate keratitis was associated with prolonged (one to two weeks) hourly instillation of miconazole, but there was no evidence of serious ocular toxicity.
Recent results from the SAMPLE experiment

The SAMPLE experiment at MIT-Bates provides measurements of parity-violating electron scattering at backward angles and low momentum transfer. These measurements yield unique information on the contribution of strange quarks to the magnetic moment of the proton and also electroweak corrections such as the anapole moment. Recent results, some possible interpretations, and outstanding issues for the future are discussed.
Computational thinking in the era of big data biology

It is fall again, and another class of students has arrived in the Watson School of Biological Sciences at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL). Building on the lab's 100-year history as a leading center for research and education, the Watson School was established in 1998 as a graduate program in biology with a focus on molecular, cellular and structural biology, and neuroscience, cancer, plant biology and genetics. All students in the program complete the same courses, centered around these research topics, with an emphasis on the principles of scientific reasoning and logic, as well as the importance of ethics and effective communication. Three years ago the curriculum was expanded to include a new course on quantitative biology (QB) and I, along with my co-instructor Mickey Atwal and other members of the QB program, have been teaching it ever since.
Nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity.

Effects of chemical agents on viruses are discussed with regard to inhibition of virus adsorption, inhibition of virus penetration and uncoating, and inhibition of an intracellular event. The following nucleosides are discussed with regard to desirable features, toxicity, solubility, and mutagenic and carcinogenic properties: 5-iodo-2'-deoxycytidine, 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-ethyl-2'deoxyuridine, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, g-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide, 6-azauridine, and 5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine. (HLW)
The gating of the sheep skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-release channel is regulated by luminal Ca2+

The effects of changes in luminal [Ca2+] have been investigated in sheep skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-release channels after activation of the channels by different ligands from the cytosolic side of the channel. Native heavy SR membrane vesicles were incorporated into planar phospholipid bilayers under voltage-clamp conditions. Experiments were carried out in symmetrical 250 mm Cs+. Lifetime analysis indicates that channels activated solely by cytosolic Ca2+ exhibit at least two open and five closed states. The open events are very brief and are close to the minimum resolvable duration. When channels are activated solely by cytosolic Ca2+, luminal Ca2+ does not appear to exert any regulatory effect. The P0 and duration of the open and closed lifetimes are unchanged. However, if channels are activated by ATP alone or by ATP plus cytosolic Ca2+, increases in luminal [Ca2+] produce marked increases in P0 and in the duration of the open lifetimes. Our results demonstrate that maximum activation of the skeletal SR Ca2+-release channel by ATP cannot be obtained in the absence of millimolar luminal [Ca2+].
Oral contraceptive use, the menstrual cycle, and the need for sleep

A group of 49 university students, including 9 contraceptive pill users and 40 nonusers, kept daily sleep logs and menstrual calendars for at least two complete menstrual cycles. On the basis of these data, the menstrual cycle of each woman was divided into four phases, and a mean sleep duration was computed for each phase. A significant Group by Phase interaction was computed. This interaction resulted from the fact that the peak need for sleep occurred at different menstrual cycle phases for the contraceptive users and nonusers and that the users showed a significantly greater need for sleep during three of the four menstrual cycle phases.
Information ties and innovation management: A qualitative assessment of information processing and the strength of weak ties

Abstract In a qualitative study of eight space research innovation projects, we find support for using Granovetter's (1973, 1982) conceptualization of the strength of weak ties to assess the information-processing capacities of networks of relationships. We find that with increasing uncertainty networks are more likely to be weak tie networks. However, the most uncertain and equivocal projects tend to have small networks of relationships due to the lack of cohesiveness of the research domain.
Effects of gas conditions, time of medium change, and ratio of medium to embryo on in vitro development of horse oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two different gas conditions (5% CO 2 in air or 5% CO 2 , 5% O 2 , 90% N 2 , mixed gas), time of medium change (Day 3 or 4) and ratio of medium to embryo (2, 5 or 10 μl per presumptive zygote) on the development of horse oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection and cultured in G1.2/2.2 medium. Oocytes from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries were matured in vitro for 24 h and fertilized by injection of frozen–thawed sperm using micromanipulation with a Piezo drill. Presumptive zygotes were randomly assigned to 5% CO 2 in air or mixed gas and fixed after 96 h of culture. Cleavage rates between two gas conditions were similar (67 and 63%), but the mean nucleus number of embryos in the mixed gas treatment was significantly ( P 2 in air (15.2 versus 7.0, respectively). Further experiments were done with mixed gas incubation. Development of embryos was compared after change from G1.2 to G2.2 medium at Day 3 or 4. There was no significant difference in cleavage rate (56 and 65%, respectively) or development to the blastocyst stage after 7 days of culture (5% and 46%, respectively) between embryos changed on different days. To evaluate the effect of the ratio of medium to embryo, zygotes were cultured at a ratio of 2, 5 or 10 μl medium per zygote. There were no significant differences among ratio treatments in rates of cleavage or development to blastocyst.
Interoception: The Inside Story—A Model for Psychosomatic Processes

OBJECTIVE: To comprehend psychosomatic processes, it will be necessary to understand the brain's influences on bodily functions and also the body's afferent sensory input to the central nervous system, including the effects of this input on behavior and cognitive functions, especially emotion. The objective of this Presidential Address is to review what is known circa the year 2000 of the processes and mechanisms of visceral sensory psychobiology, often called interoception. METHODS: Over 1000 publications that have appeared since the 19th century were reviewed to prepare this review, including a group that are specifically cited here. RESULTS: Factors and data were reviewed that were identified as germane to understanding interoception. These included definitional issues, historical roots, the neural basis, studies and results in the cardiovascular-respiratory and alimentary-gastrointestinal systems, studies of emotion, and studies in people with mental disorders. Drug and hormone effects, pain, proprioception, and phantom limb or organ factors, and the role of awareness were briefly described. Methodological issues, methods of study including functional imaging, and possible future directions for study were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the physical basis of psychosomatic processes, including the so-called mind-body problem, will require a detailed understanding the psychobiology of interoception.
Racial disparities in awareness of the human papillomavirus.

Abstract Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States yet is one of the least recognized among the general public. HPV awareness may be relatively low among minority women. Because HPV awareness is associated with uptake of the HPV vaccine, it is critical to assess HPV awareness in the population and identify any racial/ethnic gaps. Methods: This study used nationally representative data collected by the National Survey of Family Growth between July 2007 and December 2008. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the independent effect of race/ethnicity on HPV awareness while controlling for sociodemographic and clinical confounders in a sample of 4088 women. Stratified multivariable analysis was also conducted to assess the relationship between race/ethnicity and HPV awareness among women in different age groups. Results: After adjusting for confounders, Hispanic and black women overall were significantly less likely ...