cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of malaria epidemic situation and control in Hubei Province from 1974 to 2015

OBJECTIVE To analyze the malaria control measures and epidemic trend in Hubei Province from 1974 to 2015, so as to provide the evidence for malaria elimination path analysis. METHODS The malaria control data in Hubei Province from 1974 to 2015 were collected and analyzed retrospectively by descriptive epidemiological methods. RESULTS The epidemic process of malaria in Hubei Province was divided into four stages. From 1974 to 1979, it was high prevalence state of malaria, and the average annual incidence was 174.47/10 000. From 1980 to 1999, the main control strategies were to control the infection source and mosquitoes, and the average annual incidence was 17.30/10 000, significantly downward. From 2000 to 2009, through the surveillance of infection sources and controlling malaria outbreaks and strengthening the floating population management, the average annual incidence was 0.42/10 000. After 2010, followed by the elimination phase of malaria, the incidence continued to decline. In 2013, there was no local infection for the first time. The difference of average annual incidence among above-mentioned stages was statistically significant (χ2 = 1 254.36, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The malaria epidemic process in Hubei Provincial experienced the high epidemic stage, sharply drop stage, low incidence phase and the elimination phase. However, the natural factors affecting malaria still exist. Therefore, strengthening the control of imported malaria and surveillance should be the main task in the process of eliminating malaria in the future.
Timing to surgery of Chiari malformation type 1 affects complication types: An analysis of 13,812 patients.

Background: Chiari malformations (CM) are congenital defects due to hypoplasia of the posterior fossa with cerebellar herniation into the foramen magnum and upper spinal canal. Despite the vast research done on this neurological and structural syndrome, clinical features and management options have not yet conclusively evolved. Quantification of proper treatment planning, can lead to potential perioperative benefits based on diagnoses and days to procedure. This study aims to identify if early operation produces better perioperative outcomes or if there are benefits to delaying CM surgery. Aims and Objective: Assess outcomes for Chiari type I. Methods: The KID database was queried for diagnoses of Chiari Malformation from 2003-2012 by icd9 codes (348.4, 741.0, 742.0, 742.2). Included patients: had complete time to procedure (TTP) data. Patients were stratified into 7 groups by TTP: Same-day as admission (SD), 1-day delay (1D), 2-day delay (2D), 3-day delay (3D), 4-7 days delay (4-7D), 8-14 days delay (8-14D), >14 days delay (>14D). Differences in pre-operative demographics (age/BMI) and perioperative complication rates between patient cohorts were assessed using Pearson's chi-squared tests and T-tests. Surgical details, perioperative complications, length of stay (LOS), total charges, and discharge disposition was compared. Binary logistic regressions determined independent predictors of varying complications (reference: same-day). Results: 13,812 Chiari type I patients were isolated from KID (10.12 ± 6.3, 49.2F%, .063 ± 1.3CCI). CM-1 pts were older (10.12 yrs vs 3.62 yrs) and had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Score (0.62 vs 0.53; all P
Location Data as Contractual Counter-Performance: A Consumer Perspective on Recent EU Legislation

This chapter analyses recent developments in the area of digital consumer law in the EU while focusing on the ‘data as counter-performance’ quandary and its application to location data. The immense technological and economic significance of location data in smart urban spaces renders them a relevant subject for inquiry in the context of ongoing legal efforts to protect consumers who grant permission to use their location data in exchange for digital goods and services.
High Sensitivity Protein Gel Electrophoresis Label Compatible with Mass-Spectrometry

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is a widely utilized technique for macromolecule and protein analysis. While multiple methods exist to visualize the separated protein bands on gels, one of most popular methods of staining the proteins is with Coomassie dye. A more recent approach is to use Bio-Rad stain-free technology for visualizing protein bands with UV light and achieve similar or greater sensitivity than that of Coomassie dye. Here, we developed a method to further amplify the sensitivity of stain-free gels using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) staining. We compared our novel method using foetal bovine serum samples with Coomassie dye, standard stain-free gels, and silver staining. Our results show that while silver staining remains a gold-standard method in terms of sensitivity; CFSE staining of samples prior to use with stain-free gels results in a 10-100-fold increase in sensitivity over Coomassie staining and the standard stain-free method. Our method offers a sensitivity similar to that of silver staining which is compatible with downstream mass spectrometry, and therefore more advantageous for further retrieval and analysis of macromolecules in bands.
Is the Indian Labor Market Biased Against Women? Yes!

Being a woman in a patriarchic society has labor market cost due to institutional discrimination. It does not only imply in terms of the sex earnings ratio but has a significant impact on the long-term economic development. Using the 2011–12 National Sample Survey (NSS) data, this study analyzes gender inequality in earnings across different socioreligious groups in India. We appoint two different techniques of earnings gap decomposition: a parametric, and a matching-based non-parametric decomposition. Both methods confirm an active role of gender discrimination in the Indian labor market. Specifically, the non-parametric technique suggests that most of the earning gaps are due to gender discrimination. The parametric method additionally suggests that gender discrimination in socially vulnerable castes (e.g., tribes and scheduled castes) are far less than that in other socioreligious groups. The matching-based decomposition allows us to conclude that men workers, irrespective of castes, have some advantageous labor market characteristics through the historical practice of patriarchal favoritism. Findings of this study call for the promotion of gender empowerment through government policies on equity and justice.
Preoperative Evaluation and Risk Assessment for the Cardiac Surgery Patient

Preoperative anesthetic evaluation and risk stratification of adult patients presenting for cardiac surgery remains a vital component of perioperative care. The primary goal of preoperative evaluation and preparation for cardiac surgical procedures is to weigh and maximally reduce the patient’s risk for morbidity and mortality of the planned surgery and care in the postoperative period.
GaN based High Frequency Power Electronic Interfaces: Challenges, Opportunities, and Research Roadmap

Many industrial applications demand high-efficiency and high-power density power electronic interfaces (PEI), resulting in adoption of emerging wide band gap (WBG) and ultra-wide band gap (UWBG) semiconductor devices i.e. Silicon Carbide (SiC), Gallium Nitride (GaN), Diamond, Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3), and Aluminum Gallium Nitride (AlGaN). As GaN devices continue to mature, there exist a need to collect the state-of-the-art technologies on the properties of these devices and their ability to change the landscape of PEI for achieving MHz switching frequency. This paper presents a review of existing modeling, switching techniques, and active gate drive circuits for GaN devices towards miniaturization of PEI. These topics are chosen as the traditional techniques are no longer meeting the demand for designing GaN-based high frequency PEI, specifically the issues involving gate drive optimal design and minimizing the electromagnetic interface (EMI) encounters and remedies. Existing techniques in literature are reviewed and categorized to explain the current state of GaN-based high frequency PEI. Through an in-depth presentation of the research in this field, a clear connection between the current research and future trends is created. This is culminated in the creation of a future research roadmap presenting the opportunities of GaN-based PEI, the challenges to be overcome in research, and the expected outcome of fully mature GaN. An experimental test of a candidate GaN-based half-bridge is presented that is demonstrating some of the highlighted existing challenges towards achieving high frequency PEI.
Using Medicare data for short-run projections of the elderly population.

The author develops a method that uses Medicare data for projecting the size of the elderly population in the United States. The approach is suggested as an alternative to widely used cohort component techniques. "Projections for several base periods and projection horizons are made for all states and for counties in Florida and are compared with actual Medicare enrollment. On the basis of these comparisons it appears that Medicare data and simple projection techniques can produce very useful short-run projections of the elderly population for states and local areas." (EXCERPT)
Adolescent‐onset of cocaine use is associated with heightened stress‐induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking

Adolescent rats take cocaine more readily than adults, are more sensitive to lower doses of the drug, and work harder for it. It remains unknown if adolescent-onset of cocaine use has long-term consequences on adult relapse liability. Therefore, we tested if self-administering cocaine during adolescence impacts subsequent stress-induced reinstatement to cocaine seeking and taking, after a prolonged drug-free period. Adolescent (~P42) or adult (P88) rats self-administered cocaine (0.6 or 1.2 mg/kg/infusion) for 7 or 10 days. Then, they underwent a prolonged drug-free period (21–40 days), after which they were tested for reinstatement of cocaine-seeking (i.e. responding in the absence of cocaine) induced by the stress hormone corticosterone, the pharmacological stressor yohimbine, or electric footshock. Studies employed either single extinction session (within-session extinction/reinstatement) or repeated extinction prior to reinstatement (between-session extinction/reinstatement). Finally, in a separate set of experiments, rats underwent a prolonged drug-free period (~40 days) and were then allowed to self-administer cocaine again, using progressive-ratio procedures that appraise the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine. Rats with adolescent-onset of cocaine use showed greater stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking than rats with adult-onset of cocaine use. This was observed across conditions, providing external validity to these results. Groups did not differ on drug taking in progressive-ratio tests. Our studies indicate that experiencing cocaine during adolescence renders subjects particularly responsive to the subsequent effects of stress on drug seeking. This heightened propensity for reinstatement puts adolescent-onset drug users at heightened risk for relapse.
Performance of a buried microphone to detect voice and footsteps

Majority of the unattended ground sensors (UGS) use both acoustic and seismic sensors to detect various targets, namely, people, vehicles, etc. The UGS once deployed should for several months before changing the batteries. This implies use of fewer sensors may result in longer UGS life. Towards this goal, we are exploring the possibility of buried microphone to perform the task of both seismic and microphone functions. In this paper, we analyze the performance of a buried microphone to detect voice and footsteps.
Dependence, Kent–O'Quigley Measure

A dependence measure attributable to Kent and O'Quigley and some of its properties are discussed. Keywords: multiple correlation coefficient; multiple partial correlation coefficient; measure of dependence
Uncertainty quantification tools for multiphase gas-solid flow simulations using MFIX

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been widely studied and used in the scientific community and in the industry. Various models were proposed to solve problems in different areas. However, all models deviate from reality. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) process evaluates the overall uncertainties associated with the prediction of quantities of interest. In particular it studies the propagation of input uncertainties to the outputs of the models so that confidence intervals can be provided for the simulation results. In the present work, a non-intrusive quadrature-based uncertainty quantification (QBUQ) approach is proposed. The probability distribution function (PDF) of the system response can be then reconstructed using extended quadrature method of moments (EQMOM) and extended conditional quadrature method of moments (ECQMOM). The method is first illustrated considering two examples: a developing flow in a channel with uncertain viscosity, and an oblique shock problem with uncertain upstream Mach number. The error in the prediction of the moment response is studied as a function of the number of samples, and the accuracy of the moments required to reconstruct the PDF of the system response is discussed. The approach proposed in this work is then demonstrated by considering a bubbling fluidized bed as example application. The mean particle size is assumed to be the uncertain input parameter. The system is simulated with a standard two-fluid model with kinetic theory closures for the particulate phase implemented into MFIX. The effect of uncertainty on the disperse-phase volume fraction, on the phase velocities and on the pressure drop inside the fluidized bed are examined, and the reconstructed PDFs are provided for the three quantities studied. Then the approach is applied to a bubbling fluidized bed with two uncertain parameters. Contour plots of the mean and standard deviation of solid volume fraction, solid phase velocities and gas pressure are provided. The PDFs of the response are reconstructed using EQMOM with appropriate kernel density functions. The simulation results are compared to experimental data provided by the 2013 NETL small-scale
Solvent-resistant structures of base-free lithium and potassium allyl complexes, M[(SiMe3) n C3H5-n ] (M = Li, n = 3; M = K, n = 2)

The structures of unsolvated {Li[1,1′,3-(SiMe3)3C3H2]}2 ([LiA″]2) and {K[1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]}∞ ([KA′]∞) are reported. The base-free complex LiA″ is a dinuclear species in the solid state in which the two Li atoms are bridged by the allyls in a μ2-η1, η2 fashion. The Li[sbnd]C σ-bonded distance is 2.232(7) A; the Li[sbnd]C η2-interaction occurs at distances of 2.230(7) A and 2.241(6) A. Density functional theory calculations on [Li(C3H5)]2 and {Li[1,1′,3-(SiH3)3C3H2]}2 indicate that inclusion of the silyl groups is critical to reproducing the distortions observed in [LiA″]. The structure of the solvated Li(C3H5)(thf)2 complex is calculated to be stable as a dimer, consistent with previous measurements on allyllithium in THF solution. Like related DME and THF solvates, [KA′]∞ is a coordination polymer with potassium ions linked by bridging π-allyl ligands; in [KA′]∞ the polymer takes the form of helical chains with a broad range of K[sbnd]C distances (2.87–3.15 A).
Teratogenicity in swine of the tobacco alkaloid anabasine isolated from Nicotiana glauca

Nicotiana glauca, wild tree tobacco, induces arthrogrypotic congenital defects in piglets similar to those induced by Nicotiana tabacum, common tobacco. The present work was conducted to isolate the principal alkaloid of N. glauca, anabasine, in large quantity and good purity and to test the teratogenicity of the compound in pigs. The isolated compound was established to be anabasine and to be of suitable purity by chemical characterization. It proved to be teratogenic. Typical arthrogrypotic defects were induced in 21 of 26 offspring (three of three litters) when dams ingested 2.6 mg of the compound per kg body weight twice daily during the 43rd-53rd days of gestation. Of three dams dosed with 1.66 g/kg/day of the dried plant material during the 43rd-53rd days, one delivered deformed offspring representing one-third of all offspring in that group. These arthrogrypotic defects induced by anabasine were indistinguishable clinically from defects induced by either N. glauca or N. tabacum. In addition, anabasine at a dose of 2.6 mg/kg twice daily or N. glauca plant material at 1.66 gm/kg daily induced cleft palate in over three-fourths of offspring (100% of litters) when dams ingested either during the 30th-37th days of gestation or during longer periods that included those days.
Effects of amino acid starvation on constitutive tryptophan messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis.

Abstract In both R − trp stringent ( rel + ) and R − trp relaxed ( rel − ) strains of Escherichia coli , starvation for arginine, leucine, histidine or isoleucine resulted in a marked decrease in the level of tryptophan messenger RNA as assayed by competitive hybridization experiments with DNA from a non-defective tryptophan transducing phage ( φ80pt190 ). Using the level of tryptophan messenger RNA in a wild-type genetically repressed strain as a measure, this was found to be reduced from roughly ten times the repressed level to 1.5 times this level in the case of starvation for arginine, leucine or isoleucine and three times this amount in the case of histidine starvation. Tryptophan messenger RNA synthesis, as reflected in the rate of labeling by [ 3 H]uridine, is also greatly decreased by amino acid starvation in both strains. The results show that tryptophan messenger RNA is subject to a type of amino acid control distinct from the rel + ( RC str ) system described by Stent & Brenner (1961).
Culture and Microsociology: The Anthill and the Veldt

The authors argue that sociologists must use the investigation of interpersonal situations as a strategy through which “culture” can be understood in practice. Culture includes a broad range of social processes, institutions, and value systems. In contrast to perspectives that treat groups and individuals as units to be shaped by powerful cultural forces, the authors contend that culture is established, manipulated, and promoted by individuals and groups. Microsituations serve as arenas of action in their own right, locations where culture is both produced and experienced. Drawing examples from five areas of microsociology—groups, cognition, identity/ self, performance, and emotion—the authors demonstrate how a distinctively microsociological perspective allows sociologists to examine how culture, across its various conceptions, has an effect on actors and, in turn, is affected by actors. By exposing the workings of culture in situ, microsociology forces us to theorize the connections between meaning, beh...
Characterization of Quantitative Trait Loci for the Age of First Foraging in Honey Bee Workers

Identifying the basis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) remains challenging for the study of complex traits, such as behavior. The honey bee is a good model combining interesting social behavior with a high recombination rate that facilitates this identification. Several studies have focused on the pollen hoarding syndrome, identifying multiple QTL as the genetic basis of its behavioral components. One component, the age of first foraging, is central for colony organization and four QTL were previously described without identification of their genomic location. Enabled by the honey bee genome project, this study provides data from multiple experiments to scrutinize these QTL, including individual and pooled SNP mapping, sequencing of AFLP markers, and microsatellite genotyping. The combined evidence confirms and localizes two of the previous QTL on chromosome four and five, dismisses the other two, and suggests one novel genomic region on chromosome eleven to influence the age of first foraging. Among the positional candidates the Ank2, PKC, Erk7, and amontillado genes stand out due to corroborating functional evidence. This study thus demonstrates the power of combined, genome-based approaches to enable targeted studies of a manageable set of candidate genes for natural behavioral variation in the important, complex social trait “age of first foraging”.
Tobacco-use interventions delivered by oral health professionals may increase tobacco cessation rates.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Improving the effectiveness of tobacco use cessation (TUC). Needleman IG, Binnie VI, Ainamo A, Carr AB, Fundak A, Koerber A, et al. Int Dent J 2010;60(1):50-9. Erratum in: Int Dent J 2010 Jun;60(3):140. Reviewer Scott L. Tomar, DMD, MPH, DrPH Purpose/Question What is the effectiveness of interventions delivered by dental professionals or in a dental practice setting in increasing quit rates by tobacco users Source of Funding Dental products industry, nongovernmental organizations Type of Study/Design Systematic review with meta-analysis of data Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
Conduction in nongray radiating gases

of solids, Proceedings 3rd U.S. National Congress of Applied Mechanics, p. 1. Am. Sot. Mech. Engrs, New York (1958). 5. M. A. BIOT, New methods in heat flow analysis with application to flight structures, J. Aeronaut. Sci. U, 857 (1957). 6. V. I. PAGUROVA, Tables of the Exponential Integral, translated by D. L. FRY. PergamonPress, Oxford (1961). 7. M. Ann~~owrTz and I. STEGUN, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, AMS. 55. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. (1965). 8. P. D. RICHARDSON and W. W. SMITH, Use of a transcendental approximation in transient conduction analysis, NASA Report CR-955 (1967). 9. H. S. C-LAW and J. C. JABGER, Conduction of Heat in Sofia& 2nd edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1959). 10. D. MEKSYN, New Methods in Lmninar Boundary Layer Theory, Chapter 16. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1961). 11. H. L. EVANS, Mass transfer through laminar boundary layers-7. Further similar solutions to the b-equation for the case B = 0, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 5, 35 (1962).
Gauging state-level and user group views of oyster reef restoration activities in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Successful oyster reef restoration, like many conservation challenges, requires not only biological understanding of the resource, but also stakeholder cooperation and political support. To measure perceptions of oyster reef restoration activities and priorities for future restoration along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast, a survey of 1500 individuals representing 4 user groups (oyster harvesters, shrimpers, environmental organization members, professionals), across 5 states (Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida) was conducted in 2011. All respondents highly supported reef restoration efforts, but there was a dichotomy in preferred restoration goals with commercial fishermen more likely to support oyster reef restoration for stock enhancement, while professionals and environmental organization members were more likely to support oyster reef restoration to enhance ecosystem services. All user groups identified enforcement, funding, and appropriate site selection as basic requirements for successful reef restoration. For management of restored oyster reefs, oyster harvesters and shrimpers were less likely to support options that restricted the use of reefs, including gear restrictions and permanent closures, but did support rotating annual reef closures, while other stakeholders were willing to consider all options, including annual reef closures and sanctuary reefs. Overall, there were clear differences in management and communication preferences across user groups, but few differences across states. Understanding these key differences in stakeholder support for, and willingness to accept specific management actions is critical in moving management and restoration forward while minimizing conflict.
Inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in isolated mitochondria by phenylalanine and tryptophan

1. At 2 mg/ml phenylalanine (tryptophan) inhibited rat liver mitochondrial synthesis of DNA 28% (0%), RNA 13% (0%), glycoprotein 19% (22%) and protein 65% (50%). 2. At 2 mg/ml phenylalanine (tryptophan) inhibited rat cerebral cortex mitochondrial protein synthesis 81% (53%) but had no inhibitory effect on RNA, DNA, or glycoprotein synthesis. 3. Inhibition of the mitochondrial protein synthesis by 2 mg/ml phenylalanine or tryptophan was rapid, more effective with the L-isomers, and reversible. 4. The inhibition of protein synthesis by L-phenylalanine and L-tryptophan in the mitochondria was not related to the radioactive pool of amino acid ([3H]leucine). 5. Charging of tRNA by [3H]leucine in both the rat liver and cerebral cortex mitochondria was greatly decreased in the presence of 2 mg/ml of phenylalanine or tryptophan.
Delayed Afterdepolarization Inhibitor: A Potential Pharmacologic Intervention to Improve Defibrillation Efficacy

DAD Inhibitor Improves Defibrillation. Introduction: Electrical and optical mapping studies of defibrillation have demonstrated that following shocks of strength near the defibrillation threshold (DFT), the first several postshock cycles always arise focally. No immediate postshock reentry was observed. Delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) have been suggested as a possible cause of this rapid repetitive postshock activity. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that DFT is decreased by application of a DAD inhibitor. Methods and Results: Six pigs (30–35 kg) were studied. First, control DFT was determined using a three-reversal up/down protocol. Each shock (RV-SVC, biphasic, 6/4 msec) was delivered after 10 seconds of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Then, flunarizine (a DAD inhibitor) was injected intravenously (2 mg/kg bolus and 4 mg/kg/hour maintenance) and the DFT was again determined. A third DFT was determined 50 minutes after drug infusion was terminated to allow the drug to wash out. DFT after flunarizine application(520 ± 90 V, 14 ± 3 J)was significantly lower than control DFT(663 ± 133 V, 23 ± 4 J). After the drug washed out, DFT(653 ± 107 V, 22 ± 4 J)returned to the control DFT value(P = 0.6). Flunarizine reduced the DFT ∼22% by leading-edge voltage and ∼40% by energy. Conclusion: Flunarizine, a DAD inhibitor, significantly improved defibrillation efficacy. This finding suggests that DADs could be the source of the rapid repetitive focal activation cycles arising after failed near-DFT shocks before degeneration back into VF. Future studies are needed to investigate the cause of the earliest postshock activation and to determine if the DADs are responsible.
Socially Interactive Technology and Contemporary Dating: A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Deviant Behaviors Among Young Adults in the Modern, Evolving Technological World

This cross-cultural research study explores socially interactive technology (SIT) and contemporary dating among young adults in Poland as well as in the United States. Specifically, the study inves...
The fibrous proteins in various types of ichthyosis.

The stratum corneum of individuals with ichthyosis vulgaris, sex-linked ichthyosis, lamellar ichthyosis, and epidermolytic hyperkeratosis has been studied. An α x-ray diffraction pattern has been observed in all specimens and the solubility of the a fibrous proteins appears to be the same as in normal stratum corneum. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide electrophoresis of the fibrous proteins showed variable patterns within the different types of ichthyosis, while amino acid analyses of the proteins were quite similar to those from normal stratum corneum. These data suggest that the fibrous proteins in the ichthyosis are not abnormal, but further studies on the individual pulypeptide chains are necessary to rule out more subtle differences.
Liver resection using total vascular exclusion

Abstract Background: Total vascular exclusion (TVE) is a technique of liver resection that includes controlling both the suprahepatic and infrahepatic vena cava in addition to portal inflow at the time of parenchymal transection. We report a series of 61 liver resections in 60 patients using this technique. Methods: A retrospective review of 61 procedures in 60 patients using TVE between 1990 and 1997 was carried out. No patient had cirrhosis. Parameters analyzed included age, gender, diagnosis, procedure, operative time, clamp time, intraoperative transfusion requirements, postoperative laboratory studies, length of stay (intensive care unit, ward), mortality, and morbidity. Results: TVE was sustained hemodynamically in all patients. The mean age of the 34 men and 27 women was 56 years (± 15 years); 21% were older than 70 years. Eleven percent of the patients had benign lesions; 70% of the malignant tumors were metastatic. Seventy-five percent of the procedures were major or extended lobectomies. The mean operative and clamp times were 330 ± 83 and 39 ± 13.2 minutes, respectively; 68% had clamp times of
Serum hormone concentrations relative to carcass composition of a random allotment of commercial-fed beef cattle

Cattle (n = 995 steers and 757 heifers) were randomly selected from a commercial abattoir (Emporia, KS) to determine the relationships between USDA quality and yield grade characteristics and serum concentrations of leptin, IGF-I, and GH. Animals were randomly selected postexsanguination on the slaughter line on 4 occasions (March, May, August, and January). Blood was collected at exsanguination and transported to the University of Missouri for analysis. Sex and hide color were recorded. Carcass data included HCW, 12th-rib fat thickness, KPH, LM area, and marbling score, which were collected from each carcass approximately 24 h postmortem. Average serum leptin concentrations were greater (P = 0.008) for heifers (11.9 ng/mL) than steers (10.9 ng/mL). Heifers had lighter carcasses (331.9 vs. 352.2 kg, P 12.9 ng/mL) carcasses. There was no difference (P = 0.31) observed in leptin concentrations between the upper 2/3 choice and prime carcasses (12.9 and 14.2 ng/mL, respectively). Relationships within endocrine profiles and between endocrine concentrations and carcass quality characteristics may prove to be a useful tool for the prediction of beef carcass composition.
A Quality Assurance Method that Utilizes 3D Dosimetry and Facilitates Clinical Interpretation

Purpose To demonstrate a new three-dimensional (3D) quality assurance (QA) method that provides comprehensive dosimetry verification and facilitates evaluation of the clinical significance of QA data acquired in a phantom. Also to apply the method to investigate the dosimetric efficacy of base-of-skull (BOS) intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment. Methods and Materials Two types of IMRT QA verification plans were created for 6 patients who received BOS IMRT. The first plan enabled conventional 2D planar IMRT QA using the Varian portal dosimetry system. The second plan enabled 3D verification using an anthropomorphic head phantom. In the latter, the 3D dose distribution was measured using the DLOS/Presage dosimetry system (DLOS = Duke Large-field-of-view Optical-CT System, Presage Heuris Pharma, Skillman, NJ), which yielded isotropic 2-mm data throughout the treated volume. In a novel step, measured 3D dose distributions were transformed back to the patient’s CT to enable calculation of dose–volume histograms (DVH) and dose overlays. Measured and planned patient DVHs were compared to investigate clinical significance. Results Close agreement between measured and calculated dose distributions was observed for all 6 cases. For gamma criteria of 3%, 2 mm, the mean passing rate for portal dosimetry was 96.8% (range, 92.0%–98.9%), compared to 94.9% (range, 90.1%–98.9%) for 3D. There was no clear correlation between 2D and 3D passing rates. Planned and measured dose distributions were evaluated on the patient’s anatomy, using DVH and dose overlays. Minor deviations were detected, and the clinical significance of these are presented and discussed. Conclusions Two advantages accrue to the methods presented here. First, treatment accuracy is evaluated throughout the whole treated volume, yielding comprehensive verification. Second, the clinical significance of any deviations can be assessed through the generation of DVH curves and dose overlays on the patient’s anatomy. The latter step represents an important development that advances the clinical relevance of complex treatment QA.
Purification of Histone Demethylases from HeLa Cells

Posttranslational histone modifications play an important role in regulating chromatin dynamics and function. One of the modifications, methylation, occurs on both lysine and arginine residues and participates in diverse range of biological processes including heterochromatin formation, X-chromosome inactivation, and transcriptional regulation. While acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitylation are dynamically regulated by enzymes that catalyze the addition and removal of a particular modification, enzymes that are capable of removing methyl groups were not known until recently. Thus far, two families of histone demethylases with distinct cofactor requirements and reaction mechanisms have been identified. One is the FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)-dependent amine oxidase family LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase), the other is the Fe(II) and α-KG (α-ketoglutarate)-dependent dioxygenase family JHDM (JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase). Identification and characterization of these histone demethylases is an important step towards understanding both the function and regulation of histone methylation. Here, we describe assays currently used for measuring histone demethylase activity and chromatography strategies used in purifying histone demethylases from HeLa cells.
Real-time shell space rendering of volumetric geometry

This work introduces a new technique for real-time rendering of arbitrary volumetric geometry into a polygonal mesh's shell space. The shell space is a layer of variable thickness on top or below the polygonal mesh. The technique computes view ray shell geometry intersections in a pixel shader. In addition to arbitrary volumetric shell geometry, represented as volume textures, it can handle also the less general case of height-field shell geometry. To minimize the number of ray tracing steps, a 3D distance map is used for skipping empty space in the shell volume. The shell volume is defined by a pre-computed tetrahedra mesh. The tetrahedra subdivide prisms extruded from the polygonal base mesh. A vertex shader computes tetrahedron face plane distances for generating the per-pixel tetrahedron thickness using non-linear interpolation. The technique includes local lighting and overcomes shortcomings of previous shell space rendering approaches such as high storage requirements and involved per-vertex computations [Wang et al. 2004] or low shell geometry depth complexity and mapping distortions [Policarpo and Oliveira 2006]. Additionally, rendering artifacts for shallow view angles common to many related techniques are reduced. Furthermore, methods for generating a geometry volume texture and the corresponding distance map from a polygonal mesh are presented.
Analysis of sweeping heat loads on divertor plate materials

The heat flux on the divertor plate of a fusion reactor is probably one of the most limiting constraints on its lifetime. The current heat flux profile on the outer divertor plate of a device like ITER is highly peaked with narrow profile. The peak heat flux can be as high as 30--40 MW/m{sup 2} with full width at half maximum (FWHM) is in the order of a few centimeters. Sweeping the separatrix along the divertor plate is one of the options proposed to reduce the thermomechanical effects of this highly peaked narrow profile distribution. The effectiveness of the sweeping process is investigated parametrically for various design values. The optimum sweeping parameters of a particular heat load will depend on the design of the divertor plate as well as on the profile of such a heat load. In general, moving a highly peaked heat load results in substantial reduction of the thermomechanical effects on the divertor plate. 3 refs., 8 figs.
Benzo[a]pyrene, Phenols and other Products from Pyrolysis of the Cigarette Additive, (d,l)-Menthol

THIS communication surveys the chief products from the thermal degradation of (d,l)-menthol and discusses some qualitative and quantitative differences in product composition at two selected temperatures. The thermal decomposition of menthol—a naturally occurring alcohol—is of special significance because of its extensive use as a commercial additive, particularly in tobacco products.
Co-ruminating increases stress hormone levels in women

Same-sex friendships are an important source of social support and typically contribute to positive adjustment. However, there can be adjustment trade-offs if the friends co-ruminate (i.e., talk excessively about problems) in that co-rumination is related to having close friendships but also to increased internalizing symptoms. The current study utilized an experimental manipulation that elicited co-rumination in young women and thus mirrored an everyday response to stress. Observed co-rumination was associated with a significant increase in the stress hormone, cortisol (after controlling for self-reported co-rumination and for cortisol levels assessed before the discussion of problems). These findings suggest that co-rumination can amplify, rather than mitigate, the hormonal stress response to personal life stressors.
The structure and composition of vicinal CdTe(100) surfaces

Abstract Reconstructions of clean CdTe(100) surfaces and CdTe(100) surfaces misoriented toward the (110) plane by 2°, 4° and 6°, were investigated by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The c(2 × 2) reconstruction was observed on all CdTe(100) surfaces investigated after Ar + sputtering and annealing at 700 K. LEED from the misoriented surfaces exhibited diffraction patterns with split spots, which indicated that those surfaces have stable stepped surface structures. Steps with edges toward the (110) plane have a height of two interplanar distances (one-half the lattice spacing) of the (100) plane. AES results showed that all the misoriented CdTe(100) surfaces are Cd-stabilized. A surface structure model for the stepped surfaces of misoriented CdTe(100) is proposed.
An evaluation of proposals for metropolitan sharing of commercial and industrial property tax base

Abstract This paper examines proposals to withdraw taxing authority over commercial and industrial property from municipalities and confer it on a metropolitan government to be taxed at a uniform rate. A theory which suggests that local tax payments by firms represent compensation for their external effects is used to show that such proposals could reduce the efficiency of land use in the metropolitan area. Empirical work indicates that the proposals would not necessarily be progressive, and in any case they are inferior in this respect to metropolitan taxation of all property.
Water flow and the vertical distribution of meiofauna: A flume experiment

Laboratory experiments were conducted in a recirculating saltwater flume to determine if flow influences the vertical distribution of meiofauna within fine cohesive sediments. Replicate flume boxcores collected from a nonvegetated mudflat were exposed to either a no flow or a flow experimental treatment. After 3 h in the flume, the boxcores were sampled by taking smaller sediment cores and sectioning these cores vertically in 2-mm intervals. There was no statistical difference in the number of copepods (adults, copepodites, and nauplii) in the top 2mm of sediment in flow vs. no flow treatments. The number of nematodes and foraminiferans within the top 2 mm of sediment was significantly lower in the flow treatments than in the no flow treatments. Downward migrations may decrease the susceptibility of these fauna to passive erosion by tidal currents.
Dimerization of the Transmembrane Domain of Integrin αIIb Subunit in Cell Membranes

Homo- and hetero-oligomeric interactions between the transmembrane (TM) helices of integrin alpha and beta subunits may play an important role in integrin activation and clustering. As a first step to understanding these interactions, we used the TOXCAT assay to measure oligomerization of the wild-type alpha(IIb) TM helix and single-site TM domain mutants. TOXCAT measures the oligomerization of a chimeric protein containing a TM helix in the Escherichia coli inner membrane via the transcriptional activation of the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. We found the amount of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase induced by the wild-type alpha(IIb) TM helix was approximately half that induced by the strongly dimerizing TM helix of glycophorin A, confirming that the alpha(IIb) TM domain oligomerizes in biological membranes. Mutating each of the alpha(IIb) TM domain residues to either Ala, Leu, Ile, or Val revealed that a GXXXG motif mediates oligomerization. Further, we found that the residue preceding each glycine contributed to the oligomerization interface, as did the residue at position i + 4 after the second Gly of GXXXG. Thus, the sequence XXVGXXGGXXXLXX is critical for oligomerization of alpha(IIb) TM helix. These data were used to generate an atomic model of the alpha(IIb) homodimer, revealing a family of structures with right-handed crossing angles of 40 degrees to 60 degrees, consistent with a 4.0-residue periodicity, and with an interface rotated by 50 degrees relative to glycophorin A. Thus, although the alpha(IIb) TM helix makes use of the GXXXG framework, neighboring residues have evolved to engineer its dimerization interface, enabling it to subserve specific and specialized functions.
An astrogeodetic geoid of Japan

Three kinds of astrogeodetic geoid maps for Japan are presented: one referred to the global (18, 18) geoid of the 1973 Smithsonian Standard Earth (3) (SE 3), one referred to the ellipsoid of the SE 3 system, and one referred to the reference ellipsoid of the Tokyo datum. Interpolations of the deflection of the vertical are carried out by a least squares estimation method. The geoid height differences obtained are compared with solutions of satellite-derived station positions.
Heat Capacity and Superfluid Density of Thin 4 He Films on Porous Gold and on H 2

We report simultaneous measurement of the superfluid density and heat capacity of thin ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films on porous gold and on gold preplated with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. The superfluid density shows a crossover from 2D-like to 3D critical behavior for temperatures close to ${T}_{c}$, the transition temperature. On both substrates we observe an unexpected heat capacity signature associated with the superfluid layer well below ${T}_{c}$.
A Simple Method for Measuring Deep Convection

Abstract The glass-pipe technology used for RAFOS floats is applied to the monitoring of convection in deep mixed layers. The velocity of a vertical current is estimated from the relationship between the drag force exerted on a float by the vertical current and the buoyancy force induced by the float's resultant displacement from hydrostatic equilibrium. Tests conducted in the winters of 1990 and 1991 in the 18°C waters of the northwestern Sargasso Sea reveal definite convective events. Vertical velocities of both upwelling and downwelling plumes are estimated to approach maxima nearing 0.05 m s−1, with durations of up to 2 h. One float that crossed the Gulf Stream and entered the Newfoundland Basin showed evidence of very active vertical currents in the near-surface waters with maximum velocities greater than 0.09 m s−1.
Invasive hyphal growth in Wangiella dermatitidis is induced by stab inoculation and shows dependence upon melanin biosynthesis.

Abstract Stab inoculation of agar medium with yeasts of the human pathogen Wangiella dermatitidis resulted in induction of invasive hyphae. Mechanical penetration of agar was indicated by the observation that an increase in medium gel strength slowed the rate of substrate invasion. A melanized wild-type strain (8656) exhibited much faster invasive growth through 2–8% agar than three melanin-deficient mutants. Inhibition of melanin synthesis in strain 8656 using tricyclazole resulted in a decrease in its rate of invasive growth, while scytalone restored melanin synthesis in the albino mel3 strain and boosted its rate of invasive growth. Earlier research established that cellular melanization is also associated with invasive hyphal growth in the mouse brain, and infections with strain 8656 are invariably lethal. Together, these in vitro and in vivo data indicate that biomechanical characteristics of fungi may be important determinants of virulence and disease progression in human and animal mycoses.
Defining the architecture of the red blood cell membrane: newer biophysical approaches.

For many years the red cell membrane has served as an extraordinarily valuable model for membrane structure and function. During the past 2 decades, the biochemical concept of the membrane skeleton was established, and, with the help of electron microscopy, a partial depiction of this structure evolved. Newer biophysical approaches designed to measure distances between various components of membrane skeleton as well as distances between the membrane skeleton and the overlying bilayer should now help to define this structure more realistically. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, single photon radioluminescence, and total internal reflectance are three biophysical techniques that will enable us to measure such distances over a substantial range, which extends from a few Angstroms to ∼2 μm. The ability to make such measurements in intact cells and in fully hydrated, undenatured membrane preparations should add a new dimension to our understanding of the structure of the red cell membrane. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Motivation and compensation in academic radiology

As radiologists are increasingly faced with the challenges of rising demand for imaging services and staff shortages, the implementation of incentive plans in radiology is gaining importance. A key factor to be considered while developing an incentive plan is the strategic goal of the department. In academic radiology, management should decide whether it will reward research and teaching productivity in addition to clinical productivity. Various models have been suggested for incentive plans based on (1) clinical productivity, (2) multifactor productivity, (3) individual productivity, (4) section productivity, and (5) chair’s discretion. Although fiscal rewards are most common, managers should consider other incentives, such as research time, resources for research, vacation time, and recognition awards, because academic radiologists may be motivated by factors other than financial gains.
Carbogen breathing significantly enhances the penetration of red light in murine tumours in vivo

We report results of experiments that evaluated the influence of oxygenation on the penetration of red light in tissue, with particular emphasis on 630 and 650 nm laser wavelengths commonly used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of solid tumours. Direct measurements in tissue-simulating phantoms comprised of intact human erythrocytes suspended in a scattering emulsion demonstrated significant enhancements in fluence rate at depths of 0.5-2 cm from the irradiated surface when the cells were fully oxygenated versus fully deoxygenated. The 630 and 650 nm fluence rates at depth in the homogeneous phantoms continued to increase when examined over a continuous range of oxygen partial pressures from 0 to 160 Torr. When considered as a function of haemoglobin oxygen saturation, the largest increases in fluence rate were observed as the saturation increased beyond 70%. Dramatic increases in optical fluence rate were measured at the base of 1-cm-thick subcutaneous EMT6 mammary carcinomas in vivo when the tumour-bearing mouse was subjected to carbogen through a nose cone. These results indicate that improved tumour oxygenation is important in PDT not only for the maintenance of the oxygen-dependent photochemistry but, through the effects reported here, may also enable more efficient treatment of thicker lesions.