cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Neem Leaf Volatiles on Submerged Cultures of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus parasiticus.

Microbe-free compressed air was passed continuously for a 3-day test period through an enclosed system containing fresh neem leaves; the resultant emitted volatiles were passed over the surface of submerged liquid cultures of a wild-type aflatoxigenic isolate of Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin determinations for the fungal culture that received neem-derived volatiles, after a 3-day incubation period, resulted in a 90% overall reduction in aflatoxin production and a 51% reduction in fungal biomass when compared with cultures that did not receive neem volatiles. In a separate experiment but in a similarly enclosed system, volatiles from fresh neem leaves were collected on a small Tenax column and were thermally desorbed and cryogenically focused on a capillary gas chromatography column. The neem volatiles were subsequently separated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty-eight compounds were identified by comparison of retention times and mass spectra with either authentic compounds or spectra from a computer-assisted library database of mass spectra. It was found that 10% of the total headspace volatiles were composed of C3 to C9 alkenals, which are toxic to aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp., which could explain the bioactivity that resulted in reduced biomass in the neem-treated cultures.
Research and Application of Data Security for Mobile Devices

Mobile devices have been increasingly become important tools for the information system application in agriculture, but the safe problem that follow also results in risks of economy lose. Considering above problems and combining the application of an agriculture chain logistics management system, a series of jobs have been done. This paper presents a data security solution which encrypts the configuration files to protect sensitive information and uses SSL protocol to protect the network transmission security. At present, this solution has been modular integrated with the agriculture chain logistics management system. This paper also provides reference for data security problems of other mobile devices.
Quantitative Proteomics (ICAT

An essential aspect of proteomic analysis is the identification and quantification of each protein present in two or more complex mixtures. The use of isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT™) reagents and mass spectrometry forms part of quantitative proteomic analysis technology. Keywords: quantitative proteomics; mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography; two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Factors Affecting the Ability to Detect Spreadsheet Errors

The extensive computational and formatting capabilities of today's spreadsheets enable users to create sophisticated analytical models with professionally formatted outputs. But good-looking reports can mask a host of input errors, formula mistakes, and computational problems. This article examines the subject of spreadsheet error detection in detail and describes an experiment designed to identify those factors influencing the error-detection capabilities of a sample of spreadsheet users.
Radiation-induced attenuation of high-OH optical fibers after hydrogen treatment in the presence of ionizing radiation

High purity, high-OH, optical fibers were irradiated in a hydrogen atmosphere to explore hydrogen binding into defects created by the ionizing radiation. Significant improvements in subsequent measurements of radiation-induced attenuation were observed. >
On the design of a real-time digital median filter

Abstract This paper details the design of a high performance monolithic digital median filter in CMOS technology. The circuit selects the median value from a window of three or five data points. This implementation accepts 16-bit data which may be in either unsigned magnitude or two's complement representation. Parallelism helps deliver a new median every clock cycle at high frequencies.
An Approach to the Comparative Study of Social Integration1

T HERE is much literature in social anthropology which describes the nature of various forms of social organization or integration seen to exist in particular societies throughout the world. There is likewise a good deal of descriptive literature on the characteristics of unstructured and disorganized social behavior. But the emphasis in either case tends to be on one of these two types of social relations-integrated and organized or disintegrated and disorganized-whichever sort, apparently, is most striking in the social life of the people concerned. When we ask how integration and organization come about-what accounts for the presence or the lack of them-the answer requires some sort of systematic comparison of integration and is opposite, both within and concomitantly between societies. At present we lack examples of such comparisons, nor do we have techniques for making valid comparisons with any degree of sensitivity. The present paper proposes an operational definition of social integration and a technique for making comparative assessments of integration between various universes of social behavior and between segments of a given universe of social behavior. The definition and technique have been explored in a recent study of three rural Canadian maritime communities. On this basis it is considered a step in the direction of fulfilling the need for successful comparative research on social integration. In speaking of social integration, we are concerned with the interdependence of behaviors and the functional interdependence of persons in a social system, such that individual needs are supplied through participation in the group and the group is maintained through such collective support of each of its elements. In much of the literature, social disintegration, disorganization, disruption, and anomie have been considered apart; but these concepts are not distinct from the idea of integration, inasmuch as they implicitly refer to a relative absence of the latter. As Leighton has pointed out (1959:312), integration and disintegration represent a continuum with respect to the same phenomenon rather than a pair of unrelated states of affairs. I have given detailed consideration elsewhere to the problem of defining empirically and comparatively the relative degree of social integration or disintegration (Stone 1963). Social integration I take as a property of the behavior of a population of persons in their interactions with one another; it is something which characterizes the behavior of a specific population of individuals vis d vis one another to a greater or lesser extent. Further, this property is assumed to be the one being governed by integrative rules, as embodied by social roles in the strict Lintonian sense (Linton 1936: 114). The rules amount to sets
Cardiovascular Manifestations of Cocaine Abuse : A Case of Recurrent Dilated Cardiomyopathy

The medical complications of cocaine abuse are being encountered by clinicians with increasing frequency. The cardiovascular manifestations of cocaine abuse include chest pain, myocardial ischemia and infarction, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, infective endocarditis, and aortic dissection. The pathogenesis of these cardiovascular complications has not been fully elucidated but may be related to a combination of the sympathomimetic and membrane anaesthetic effects of cocaine. We present these concepts in a case discussion format.
Currency substitution and monetary autonomy: the foreign demand for US demand deposits

Abstract This paper presents new evidence of currency substitution using the two-step estimator of cointegrated systems developed by Engle and Granger (1987). We estimate and find cointegration among variables suggested by the money-services model of currency substitution. Following Engle et al . (1989), we estimate an error correction model for each of five countries, allowing isolation of long-term from short-term influences on the foreign demand for US demand deposits. Our results suggest that currency substitution is a potentially significant phenomenon influencing long-term monetary policy independence.
Fibromyalgia pain: do we know the source?

Purpose of reviewFibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a chronic pain condition of unknown origin. Multiple abnormalities have been described, including peripheral tissue and central nervous system changes. The relation of these mechanisms, however, is likely bidirectional. FMS pain clearly depends on peri
Data graphs and addressing schemes (Extended Abstract)

A data graph is obtained from a data structure by masking out the specific data items at the nodes of the structure and concentrating only on the linkages in the structure. Structural uniformities in data graphs can often be exploited to facilitate and systematize the accessing of nodes in the graph and the implementation of the graph in a computer. This paper presents a model for data graphs which can be used to study such uniformities. The main results reported characterize, in terms of structural uniformities, those classes of data graphs which can be implemented by “relative addressing” and by “relocatable relative addressing”.
The flowfield structure of the 3-D shock wave - Boundary layer interaction generated by a 20 deg sharp fin at Mach 3

The three-dimensional oblique shock wave-turbulent boundary layer interaction generated by a sharp fin attached to a flat plate is investigated experimentally and theoretically for Mach 3 and Reynolds number 9 x 10 to the 5th using two different models. Both models employ the three-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations in mass-averaged variables; one model utilizes the algebraic turbulent eddy viscosity model of Baldwin and Lomax (1978), while the other model employs the two-equation turbulence model of Jones and Launder (1972) coupled with the wall function model of Viegas and Rubesin (1985). The computed surface pressure, surface streamlines, pitot pressure, and yaw angle profiles are found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The three-dimensional velocity fields computed by both models are in close agreement, although the eddy viscosity profiles differ significantly within the three-dimensional interaction. This result indicates that the overall structure of this three-dimensional sharp fin interaction is insensitive to the turbulence model.
Directed Evolution of Substrate-Optimized GroEL/S Chaperonins

GroEL/S chaperonin ring complexes fold many unrelated proteins. To understand the basis and extent of the chaperonin substrate spectrum, we used rounds of selection and DNA shuffling to obtain GroEL/S variants that dramatically enhanced folding of a single substrate-green fluorescent protein (GFP). Changes in the substrate-optimized chaperonins increase the polarity of the folding cavity and alter the ATPase cycle. These findings reveal a surprising plasticity of GroEL/S, which can be exploited to aid folding of recombinant proteins. Our studies also reveal a conflict between specialization and generalization of chaperonins as increased GFP folding comes at the expense of the ability of GroEL/S to fold its natural substrates. This conflict and the nature of the ring structure may help explain the evolution of cellular chaperone systems.
Life goal appraisal and marijuana use among college students

The current study was designed to examine the motivational context of marijuana use among college students using idiographic and nomothetic goal assessment approaches. One hundred and ninety-eight introductory psychology students completed a questionnaire that included measures of life goals and marijuana use behavior. Forty-three percent of students surveyed reported the use of marijuana in the past 90 days. Students rated a set of five personally salient, self-generated and five normative life goals on a series of dimensions using the personal projects methodology (Little, 1983). Goal meaning and goal efficacy ratings for each type of assessment were studied in relation to the likelihood of marijuana use and the frequency of use among current users. Logistic regression analyses showed that levels of meaning for self-generated life goals and normative academic life goals were independent predictors of whether students used marijuana in the past 90 days. Students who reported high levels of meaning were less likely to have used marijuana in the past 90 days. For students who used marijuana, higher meaning ratings related to involvement in groups/organizations and fitness were correlated with decreased frequency of use. Moreover, ratings of efficacy related to self-generated goals were associated with less frequent use among smokers. These results suggest that meaning related to life goal pursuit may be associated with students' decisions to use marijuana. Potential implications for interventions are discussed.
Evaluating the impacts of aviation on climate change

Aviation is an integral part of the global economic and transportation systems. In fact, aviation expansion outpaces the economic growth. Projections indicate that over the next 2 decades, the demand for aviation could grow to about 3 times its present level. This projected growth will likely result in higher aviation emissions and associated impacts on the environment and on human health and welfare, depending upon a variety of factors (such as the size and mix of the operational fleet necessary to meet the stated demand, as well as mitigation steps that could include new technological advances, more efficient operational procedures, market-based options, or regulatory intervention). Nonetheless, it is critical to balance the economic benefits of air travel with environmental concerns associated with this projected aviation growth.
Invited Review: Use of Indirect Calorimetry in Clinical Nutrition

The tremendous variability in resting energy expenditure makes efforts to predict caloric requirements difficult. Indirect calorimetry has provided a valuable tool in assessing energy expenditure, evaluating the way in which the body uses nutrient fuel, and designing nutritional regimens that best fit the clinical condition of the patient. The many indirect calorimetric instruments available vary in their application to clinical nutrition. The best metabolic studies are achieved by controlling the testing environment, accounting for the many clinical factors that may affect measurements, and eliminating potential sources for error. Although indirect calorimetry would seem to reduce the likelihood of complications from overfeeding, its greatest effect may be in cost savings by avoiding unnecessary nutritional support and in providing a means for clinical research.
Non-Newtonian Lubrication With the Convected Maxwell Model

In certain applications where the lubricant is subjected to rapidly changing conditions along its flowing path (such as an elastohydrodynamic contact), the time dependent nature of the lubricant may be significant. One of the simplest types of models to account for such fluid time dependence is the Maxwell model. The time derivative used in such a model must be written with respect to coordinates which translate and rotate with the fluid, or coordinates which deform with the fluid. Unfortunately, such derivatives greatly complicate problems and are rarely used, due to nonlinear coupling of stresses. An admissible formulation of the Maxwell viscoelastic fluid model using the convected derivative has been applied to lubrication flow. Using a regular perturbation in the Deborah number, with the conventional lubrication solution as the leading term, a solution can be obtained. Viscoelasticity may raise or lower pressure depending on combinations of surface slope and curvature.
A robust design to reduce variability in glass container inspection

This article presents research efforts made to assist a Fortune 500 glassmaker in reducing the variability of its automated visual inspection systems in assessing product quality. Through interviewing line workers, engineers and managers, and direct observations of the inspection process possible causes leading to large variability observed in the inspection process were identified. Responding to these findings, solutions related to equipment setup, job changes, and operational procedures were suggested in order to minimize the inspection process variations as well as to improve the replicability of the inspection stations. Additionally, a unique statistical experiment was conducted to analyze how three factors (namely, operator, defect size, and threshold value used) would affect the mean of the defective ratio. A robust design aiming at controlling these variations was then given to optimize the system's performance.
On a problem by Ahlswede regarding the capacity region of certain multiway channels

A new Fano-type estimate is proved for multiway channels. It yields upper bounds on the numbers of codewords and the products of these numbers in a code for a channel with s senders and r receivers in the case all senders send messages simultaneously to all receivers. The result is based on a new approach, which makes an approximation argument previously used by Ahlswede (1971b) and Ulrey (1974) unnecessary. It also leads to better Fano-estimates than the ones obtained by these authors. Our approach is canonical for weak converses of coding theorems for multiway channels and applies also in other communication situations.
Adherence to criteria for transvaginal ultrasound imaging and measurement of cervical length.

Objective Adherence to published criteria for transvaginal imaging and measurement of cervical length is uncertain. We sought to assess adherence by evaluating images submitted to certify research sonographers for participation in a clinical trial. Study Design We reviewed qualifying test results of sonographers seeking certification to image and measure cervical length in a clinical trial. Participating sonographers were required to access training materials and submit 15 images, 3 each from 5 pregnant women not enrolled in the trial. One of 2 sonologists reviewed all qualifying images. We recorded the proportion of images that did not meet standard criteria (excess compression, landmarks not seen, improper image size, or full maternal bladder) and the proportion in which the cervical length was measured incorrectly. Failure for a given patient was defined as >1 unacceptable image, or >2 acceptable images with incorrect caliper placement or erroneous choice of the "shortest best" cervical length. Certification required satisfactory images and cervical length measurement from ≥4 patients. Results A total of 327 sonographers submitted 4905 images. A total of 271 sonographers (83%) were certified on the first, 41 (13%) on the second, and 2 (0.6%) on the third submission. Thirteen never achieved certification. Of 314 who passed, 196 submitted 15 acceptable images that were appropriately measured for all 5 women. There were 1277 deficient images: 493 were acceptable but incorrectly measured images from sonographers who passed certification because mismeasurement occurred no more than twice. Of 784 deficient images submitted by sonographers who failed the certification, 471 were rejected because of improper measurement (caliper placement and/or failure to identify the shortest best image), and 313 because of failure to obtain a satisfactory image (excessive compression, required landmarks not visible, incorrect image size, brief examination, and/or full maternal bladder). Conclusion Although 83% of sonographers were certified on their first submission, >1 in 4 ultrasound images submitted did not meet published quality criteria. Increased attention to standardized education and credentials is warranted for persons who perform ultrasound examinations of the cervix in pregnancy.
Detecting significant changes in protein abundance

We review and demonstrate how an empirical Bayes method, shrinking a protein's sample variance towards a pooled estimate, leads to far more powerful and stable inference to detect significant changes in protein abundance compared to ordinary t-tests. Using examples from isobaric mass labeled proteomic experiments we show how to analyze data from multiple experiments simultaneously, and discuss the effects of missing data on the inference. We also present easy to use open source software for normalization of mass spectrometry data and inference based on moderated test statistics.
Cadaveric and engineering analysis of the septal L-strut.

Objectives: To identify patterns of failure of the L-strut, to identify elements of the nasal framework that support the L-strut, and to investigate the effect of altering L-strut design on its stability. Study Design: Laboratory study with human cadaveric heads and computational modeling. Methods: Directional forces were applied to cadaveric L-struts and patterns of failure with incremental force were noted. Computational modeling using the finite element method (FEM) was employed to determine quantitatively the effect of various modifications on the stability of the L-strut. Results: The L-strut was found to respond to frontal force initially by buckling. This buckling was reversible until the force exceeded a certain threshold when the L-strut broke at the bony-cartilaginous junction. The threshold force varied depending on the length of the overlap with the bony vault. Intact mucoperichondrium provided significant stability. Modeling with FEM showed that the preservation of a triangular piece of cartilage at the dorsal anchor of a narrowed L-strut can offset some of the loss in mechanical stability. Conclusions: Intrinsic elasticity of the septal cartilage, the mucoperichondrial flap, and overlap with the bony vault all contribute to the stability of the L-strut, which is enhanced by preserving a small segment of cartilage at the bony-cartilaginous junction of the dorsal L-strut.
Characterizing and supporting cross-device search tasks

Web searchers frequently transition from desktop computers and laptops to mobile devices, and vice versa. Little is known about the nature of cross-device search tasks, yet they represent an important opportunity for search engines to help their users, especially those on the target (post-switch) device. For example, the search engine could save the current session and re-instate it post switch, or it could capitalize on down-time between devices to proactively re-trieve content on behalf of the searcher. In this paper, we present a log-based study to define and characterize cross-device search be-havior and predict the resumption of cross-device tasks. Using data from a large commercial search engine, we show that there are dis-cernible and noteworthy patterns of search behavior associated with device transitions. We also develop learned models for predicting task resumption on the target device using behavioral, topical, geo-spatial, and temporal features. Our findings show that our models can attain strong prediction accuracy and have direct implications for the development of tools to help people search more effectively in a multi-device world.
Calculation of the Ionization Potentials of the DNA Bases in Aqueous Medium

Projected MP2/6-31++G(d,p) ionization potential calculations have recently been performed on the DNA bases in the gas phase and in aqueous solution (J. Phys. Chem. A, 2004, 6373). The goal of the present work is to explore methods to perform these same calculations with density functional theory. New results for the vertical ionization potentials for the DNA bases at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level are close to the PMP2 results and also close to the experimental results. Vertical ionization potentials for the DNA bases in aqueous medium at the PCM/B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level are thymine 5.41, (5.36), cytosine 5.32, (5.24), adenine 5.05, (5.08), and guanine 4.71, (4.77) eV. The numbers in parentheses are the previous PCM/PMP2 results. Again, the DFT results are comparable to the PMP2 results. Results are also presented for the vertical ionization potential of 5-MeC in the gas phase and also in aqueous solution. This results in a cytosine base that has an IP more like a purine and may therefore have to be conside...
The response of contact dermatitis sites in atopic individuals to subsequent stimulation with specific wheal-inducing atopens

Abstract 1.1. When an area of skin in an atopic individual is stimulated by contact with a specific excitant and becomes the site of a contact dermatitis, its response to specific wheal-inducing atopens becomes altered. 2.2. When the dermatitis reaction has completely subsided, an intracutaneous test at this site with a specific wheal-inducing atopen, such as pollen or animal dander, tends to induce a wheal formation which is larger than that obtained at a normal site on the same subject. 3.3. The more intense the original dermatitis reaction is, the more pronounced is the tendency to increased wheal formation upon subsequent specific excitation. 4.4. Erythema formation on restimulated sites tends to be less intense than on normal sites.
Ventral Posterior Complex of the Thalamus

This report contains a gene expression summary of the ventral posterior complex of the thalamus (VP), derived from the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) in-situ hybridization (ISH) mouse data set. The structure’s location and morphological characteristics in the mouse brain are described using the Nissl data found in the Allen Reference Atlas. Using an established algorithm, the expression values of the VP were compared to the values of the macro/parent-structure, in this case the thalamus, for the purpose of extracting regionally specific gene expression data. The highest ranking ratios were then manually curated and verified. The 50 Select Genes were compiled for expression characterization. The experimental data for each gene may be accessed via the links provided; complementary sagittal data may also be accessed using the ABA. Correlation between gene expression in the VP and the rest of the brain, across all genes in the coronal dataset (~4300 genes), were derived computationally and are presented below. A gene ontology table (derived from DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 2007) is also included, highlighting possible functions of these 50 Select Genes.
Sandbagging in Competition: Responding to the Pressure of Being the Favorite

Previous research suggests that high sandbaggers are more likely to sandbag when performance pressure is high. The current research proposed that (a) being favored in competition increases performance pressure and (b) high sandbaggers will be more likely to sandbag when favored in competition. Experiment 1 demonstrated that favored competitors are perceived as being under more pressure and that high sandbaggers believe that this pressure is related to choking. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that when favored in competition, high sandbaggers are more likely to sandbag. Results suggest that being favored in competition leads to additional performance pressure and that high sandbaggers respond to this pressure by sandbagging. Data also further demonstrate the distinction between sandbagging and self-handicapping.
Feedback shift register sequences versus uniformly distributed random sequences for correlation chromatography

Two alternative input sequences are commonly employed in correlation chromatography (CC). They are sequences derived according to the algorithm of the feedback shift register (i.e., pseudo random binary sequences (PRBS)) and sequences derived by using the uniform random binary sequences (URBS). These two sequences are compared. By applying the "cleaning" data processing technique to the correlograms that result from these sequences, we show that when the PRBS is used the S/N of the correlogram is much higher than the one resulting from using URBS.
eScience inspired CS education

Rapid advances in computing technology has fundamentally changed the way scientists conduct research. Meanwhile, real-world computational challenges have become one of the major driving forces of computer science innovation. This interdisciplinary paradigm in research is making a significant impact to CS education and curriculum development. Microsoft Research has been deeply involved in computational science research (eScience) and education by collaborating with academia in over 50 disciplines. I will talk about how we are making an effort to facilitate pedagogy research to infuse computational thinking into science education, share with you what we have learned and achieved from our academic partners in CS and natural sciences, and discuss how we can work together to create a generation of interdisciplinary computational thinker.
Identification of Degradation Products of the Avicide 3-Chloro-p-toluidine Hydrochloride in Louisiana Rice Fields

An investigation of the migration of 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (CPTH) on treated rice baits to soils in Louisiana rice fields was completed. The persistence of free CPTH in these soils was evaluated with field and laboratory experiments. These soils were also screened for the presence of CPTH degradation products. Soils treated with CPTH-fortified rice bait and aqueous solutions of CPTH were exposed under actual field conditions for a 13-day period. Control soil samples were also treated with CPTH and incubated under simulated field conditions in an environmental chamber. Soil samples were then screened for CPTH residues and degradation products by HPLC. Possible degradation products were identified with the assistance of LC/MS and GC/MS. The concentration of 2% CPTH on treated rice baits placed in Louisiana rice fields decreased by approximately 55% over 3 days. Several CPTH degradation products were detected in rice field soils, treated with an aqueous solution of CPTH, at concentrations too lo...
On the question of a subdural space.

The structure of the meninges, with particular attention to the architecture of the inner portions of the dura mater and the arachnoid mater, has been reviewed in reference to the probable existence of a "subdural" space. The dura is composed of fibroblasts and large amounts of extracellular collagen. The innermost part of the dura is formed by the dural border cell layer. This layer is characterized by flattened cells with sinuous processes, extracellular spaces containing an amorphous material, and the presence of junctions between its cells. The dural border cell layer is continuous with the inner (meningeal) portions of the dura and may be attached to the underlying arachnoid by an occasional cell junction. The arachnoid consists of an outer part, the arachnoid barrier cell layer, and an inner portion, the arachnoid trabeculae which bridge the subarachnoid space. Arachnoid barrier cells are electron-lucent, closely apposed to each other, and joined by many cell junctions; in this layer there is little extracellular space and essentially no intercellular material. Arachnoid trabecular cells cross the subarachnoid space in a random manner, have extracellular collagen associated with their flattened processes, and form structures of variable shapes and sizes. There is no evidence of an intervening space between the arachnoid barrier cell layer and the dural border cell layer that would correlate with what has been called the subdural space. When a tissue space is created in this general area of the meninges it is the result of tissue damage and represents, in most instances, a cleaving open of the dural border cell layer. In this situation, extracellular spaces in the dural border cell layer are enlarged, cell junctions are separated, and it is probable that cell membranes are damaged. A survey of reports describing the morphology of the inner and outer capsule of so-called subdural hematomas in humans reveals that dural border cells are found in both parts of the capsule. Also, experimental infusion of blood into this portion of the meninges in animals frequently dissects open the dural border cell layer. These data support the view that what has been called a subdural hematoma is most frequently a lesion found within the layer formed by dural border cells. It is suggested that the so-called subdural space is not a "potential" space since the creation of a cleft in this area of the meninges is the result of tissue damage. In this respect it shares no similarities with legitimate potential spaces (i.e., serous cavities) found at other locations in the body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Children with generalized anxiety disorder do not have peer problems, just fewer friends.

A common assumption is that all youth with anxiety disorders (AD) experience impaired peer relationships relative to healthy control children. Social impairments have been identified among youth with certain AD (e.g., social anxiety disorder; SAD), but less is known about the peer relationships of children with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We therefore compared the interpersonal functioning of youth with GAD, SAD, and controls (6–13 years). Despite having relatively fewer friends overall, children with GAD did not differ from controls in terms of the likelihood of having a best friend, participation in groups/clubs, and parent ratings of social competence. In comparison, youth with SAD were less socially competent, had fewer friends and difficulty making new friends compared to controls. Findings suggest that peer difficulties are not a universal feature of all childhood AD and highlight a need to better understand the social experiences and functioning of children with GAD.
Alteration from T- to B-cell tropism reduces thymic atrophy and cytocidal effects in thymocytes but not neurovirulence induced by ts1, a mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus TB.

Abstract The ts1 mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus TB causes degenerative neurologic and immunologic disease in mice, characterized by development of spongiform encephalomyelopathy resulting in hindlimb paralysis, marked thymic atrophy associated with immunodeficiency, and generalized body wasting. To investigate the pathogenesis of the thymic atrophy caused by ts1, we constructed a chimeric virus, ts1-Cas(NS), in which a major portion of the U3 region of the long terminal repeat of ts1, a T-lymphotropic and neurovirulent murine leukemia virus, was replaced by the corresponding U3 region of Cas-Br-E, a B-lymphotropic and neurovirulent murine leukemia virus. In FVB/N mice, ts1-Cas(NS) induced paralytic and wasting disease with incidence, severity, and latency similar to that induced by ts1, but it failed to cause thymic atrophy as severe as that observed in ts1-infected mice. Furthermore, thymocytes cultured from ts1-Cas(NS)-infected mice died at a much slower rate than those of ts1-infected mice. The U3 substitution in ts1-Cas(NS) specifically diminished the ability of the virus to replicate in the thymus, whereas viral replication in the spinal cord was not significantly affected; thus, neurovirulence was not changed. The correlation of reduced thymic atrophy with decreased thymic viral titers and the decreased ability of ts1-Cas(NS) to cause thymocyte death in mice suggest strongly that the marked thymic atrophy in ts1-infected mice is not an indirect effect occurring secondary to neurodegenerative and wasting disease but is a direct cytopathic effect of high-level viral replication in the thymus.
Submillimeter Constraints on Dust Near Lindroos' POST T Tauri Stars

Young stars from the dynamical sample identified by Lindroos (A&A, 156,223 (1986)) have been observed at 800 micrometers wavelength using the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on Mauna Kea. The new data are used to constrain the mass of circumstellar dust around these stars. The Lindroos sample is dominated by low-mass stars of age (3-150) x 10(exp 6) yr, intermediate in age between the T Tauri and main-sequence stars. When combined with previous measurements, the present observations are compatible with the depletion of circumstellar dust on a time scale tau approximately 10(exp 7.0) yr. If this dust is present in circumstellar disks, then tau represents the lifetime of these disks.
Design and Development of ArF Photoresist for XTC Lithography Process

Focus-latitude enhancement exposure (FLEX) is an approach to enhance the effective depth of focus (DOF) in optical projection printing. However, throughput is reduced with multiple exposures. Besides, the contrast of aerial images and exposure latitude (EL) are decreased by FLEX. X-tilted correction (XTC) provides a solution to improve throughput and preserve the imaging performance of FLEX. In this paper, lithographic performance of XTC exposure was studied using polymers with different loading of photo acid generators (PAG) and quenchers. Experiment results showed that polymer with middle active energy of acid-label group performed better. MEF and DOF of XTC were not sensitive to PAG loading but the diffusion length and acidity of PAG impacted MEF and DOF. Furthermore, some quenchers were added to the photoresist to control the acid diffusion rate for XTC. We can conclude that polymer in combination with proper PAG loading and quencher must be specially designed for XTC lithography process.
Are transformational leaders fair? A multi-level study of transformational leadership, justice perceptions, and organizational citizenship behaviors.

Abstract This study examined the psychological processes that might underlie the relationship between transformational leadership (i.e., individualized consideration and charisma) and individual- and group-level multifocal organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). In doing so, we focused on the potential mediating role of individual- and group-level justice perceptions of a follower(s) in transformational leadership processes. Specifically, we hypothesized that at the individual level, a leader's individualized consideration relates to leader-directed OCBs through interpersonal justice, whereas at the group level, a leader's charisma relates to group-directed OCBs through procedural justice climate. The individual- and group-level models as well as the various alternative models were tested using a sample of 159 employees (including 40 supervisors and their immediate subordinates) embedded in 40 groups from 25 branches of a large, multinational bank in Korea. The results supported our hypothesized relationships, suggesting that individual- and group-level justice perceptions play important roles in the linkage between transformational leadership behaviors and OCBs at both the individual and the group levels.
The phonetic transcription proficiency test: Description and preliminary evaluation

Alternate forms of the Phonetic Transcription Proficiency Test (PTPT) were constructed by tape recording samples of speech. Each set of materials was transcribed by phonetically trained and experienced listeners to derive a corresponding scoring key. The forms were alike in their representative sampling of General American phonemes but differed in specific materials and talkers. The early administration of three forms to 84 subjects revealed similar distributions of scores, suggesting test form equivalence. To evaluate this possibility, two other forms were constructed and administered systematically to an additional 165 subjects. The results demonstrated statistical equivalence of the two forms. In addition, the test forms revealed statistically significant improvement in transcription during training.
Social Organization and Knowledge

This paper explores the relationship between different types of social organization, on the one hand, and different modes of knowing and types of knowledge, on the other. Some characteristic distinctions are suggested and supported with evidence, both from diverse areas of theory, and from the study of two contrasting Melanesian cultures: that of the Lavongai of New Hanover and the Tikana of New Ireland.
A study of technology-transfer mechanisms for federally funded R&D

The purpose of this study is to understand the relative effectiveness of various technology-transfer mechanisms used in transferring federally funded research and development projects. An analysis is carried out for 116 technology-transfer case studies based on survey data compiled through the US Department of Energy program offices. The results show that offering financial incentives and creating supportive advisory groups are highly successful ways to transfer technology.
NMR study of effects of moisture and composition in Na β″-alumina

Abstract 23 Na T 1 measurements were performed over the temperature region 200–800K on a single crystal sample of Mg ++ -stabilized Na β″-alumina and on a polycrystalline sample of Li + -stabilized Na β″-alumina having slightly different Na concentration. These samples give the same activation energy (0.37 eV) below 500K but different activation energies above, which may be related to a high-temperature breakdown of superlattice ordering. 23 Na lineshape studies of particles with 10μ and 200μ grain diameter exposed to moisture indicate rapid water motion along grain boundaries as well as slower penetration of the conduction planes. Drying experiments with methanol indicate the presence of a high concentration of water a short distance below the surface.
Influence of fatigue and load carriage on mechanical loading during walking.

ABSTRACTLoad carriage and muscular fatigue are two major stressors experienced by military recruits during basic training. The purpose of this study was to assess the influences of load carriage and muscular fatigue on ground reaction forces and ground reaction loading rates during walking. Eighteen healthy males performed the following tasks in order: unloaded and unfatigued walking, loaded and unfatigued walking, fatiguing exercise, loaded and fatigued walking, and unloaded and fatigued walking. The fatiguing exercise consisted of a series of metered step-ups and heel raises with a 16-kg rucksack. Loaded walking tasks were performed with a 32-kg rucksack. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variances were used to determine the effects of fatigue and load carriage on ground reaction forces and loading rates. Muscular fatigue has a significant influence on peak vertical ground reaction force and loading rate (p < 0.01). Load carriage has a significant influence on peak ground reaction forces and loading...
Congenital heart disease and extracardiac anomalies: Associations and indications for fetal echocardiography

Fetal echocardiography is a well-established technique for the prenatal identification of congenital heart disease. One of the indications for its use is the presence of extracardiac anomalies, as such coexistent defects may have important implications for obstetric and neonatal management. We have reviewed the obstetric and pediatric literature to examine reported associations. If a fetus is suspected to have hydrocephalus, microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, Meckel-Gruber syndrome, esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, or renal dysplasia, cardiac evaluation should be pursued. Furthermore, echocardiography may be of help in differential diagnosis of some anomalies (for instance, skeletal dysplasias). Maternal diabetes and phenylketonuria, as well as exposure to phenytoin, trimethadione, or isotretinoin, may result in multiple systemic defects, including congenital heart disease.
Comparison of Two Measures of Metacontrast

The temporal course of reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness under conditions of metacontrast was studied with two different suprathreshold brightness-matching procedures. (1) Test-stimulus luminance was varied to make apparent brightness of the test stimulus equal to the brightness of a constant-luminance reference stimulus. (2) Reference-stimulus luminance was varied to match the apparent brightness of a test stimulus maintained at constant luminance. Functions obtained from two observers when the test-stimulus luminance was varied were typical metacontrast functions with maximum reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness when the test stimulus preceded the background by 50 ms, and the shape of the functions was highly similar to functions obtained previously with a disk–ring stimulus configuration. Functions obtained by varying reference-stimulus luminance were highly variable both between observers and within observers. The difficulties encountered with this second method probably resulted from glare from high-luminance test and surround fields.
Atypical presentations among Medicare beneficiaries with unstable angina pectoris

Chest pain is a hallmark symptom in patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP). However, little is known regarding the prevalence of an atypical presentation among these patients and its relation to subsequent care. We examined the medical records of 4,167 randomly sampled Medicare patients hospitalized with unstable angina at 22 Alabama hospitals between 1993 and 1999. We defined typical presentation as (1) chest pain located substernally in the left or right chest, or (2) chest pain characterized as squeezing, tightness, aching, crushing, arm discomfort, dullness, fullness, heaviness, pressure, or pain aggravated by exercise or relieved with rest or nitroglycerin. Atypical presentation was defined as confirmed UAP without typical presentation. Among patients with confirmed UAP, 51.7% had atypical presentations. The most frequent symptoms associated with atypical presentation were dyspnea (69.4%), nausea (37.7%), diaphoresis (25.2%), syncope (10.6%), or pain in the arms (11.5%), epigastrium (8.1%), shoulder (7.4%), or neck (5.9%). Independent predictors of atypical presentation for patients with UAP were older age (odds ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.17/decade), history of dementia (odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.10 to 2.03), and absence of prior myocardial infarction, hypercholesterolemia, or family history of heart disease. Patients with atypical presentation received aspirin, heparin, and beta-blocker therapy less aggressively, but there was no difference in mortality. Thus, over half of Medicare patients with confirmed UAP had "atypical" presentations. National educational initiatives may need to redefine the classic presentation of UAP to include atypical presentations to ensure appropriate quality of care.
The functional properties of extrusion-cooked waxy-maize starch

Abstract Extrusion processing was used to produced a range of partly depolymerized amylopectins. The extent of depolymerization was characterized by size-exclusion chromatography and viscometry. The products formed thermoreversible gels on cooling concentrated solutions (15-50%; w/w) to 1°C. The rate of gelation was monitored by measuring the increase in gel stiffness with time, which, in the range tested (103 Pa
Sensor Fault Accommodation Strategies in Multi-rate Sampled-Data Control of Particulate Processes

Abstract This paper focuses on the problem of handling sensor faults in controlled particulate processes with multi-rate sampled-data measurements. The problem is addressed on the basis of an approximate finite-dimensional system that captures the dominant dynamics of the infinite-dimensional particulate process system. An observer-based output feedback controller with an inter-sample model predictor is initially designed. The inter-sample model predictor provides the observer with estimates of the unavailable outputs, and its predictions are corrected each time that a measurement becomes available. Owing to the different sampling rates of the measurement sensors, the model update is performed using different outputs, or combinations of outputs, at each update time. The combined discrete-continuous closed-loop system is analyzed, and an explicit characterization of the feasible combinations of output sampling rates, model uncertainty, as well as controller and observer design parameters is obtained. This characterization is used as the basis for the development of both passive and active fault-tolerant control strategies that preserve closed-loop stability in the presence of sensor faults. The results are illustrated using a simulated model of a non-isothermal continuous crystallizer.