cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Participatory Design for Research on Technologically-Mediated Youth Sexuality: Ethical and Privacy Implications

We plan to engage with adolescents as participatory designers of a digital game to help them make more informed decisions around technologically-mediated sexuality, involving youth directly in the design process at every step. This project raises questions about how, as researchers and designers, we can help youth make, hopefully, more informed decisions regarding their privacy. Involving youth in the project allows us to answer: What do youth desire to keep private and what do they want to have be public and open? From whom do youth desire privacy? Our participatory design method helps ensure that ethical concerns around collecting and analyzing user data, balancing privacy and disclosure, and trade-offs between privacy and beneficial outcomes are calibrated to the specific needs of our user population.
Faith, Mary, Culture

L'A. s'interesse a la foi et a la hierarchie des verites en relation avec la theologie mariale. Il analyse ensuite quelles sont les expressions culturelles convenables pour l'inculturation de la theologie mariale. Certains theologiens catholiques ont demande a Rome d'annuler les anathemes qui concernent les affirmations dogmatiques au sujet de l'Immaculee Conception et de l'Assomption. Ce travail oecumenique qui implique une hermeneutique culturelle est une espece d'inculturation, mais aussi un risque
Culture and maintenance of urine derived, 3-dimensional canine transitional cell carcinoma organoids

ABSTRACT Bladder cancer is the ninth most common malignancy in the world. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also referred to as urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common form of bladder cancer, occurring in 90% of cases. In this study, we explore urine-derived, 3-dimensional, canine TCC organoids as a possible model to study bladder TCC ex vivo. After establishing the cell lines, we subjected the 3D cells to RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) and cell viability assays. Overall, 3D cell culture from urine samples of TCC diagnosed canines expressed RNA biomarkers in a similar manner to parent tumors via RNA-ISH and showed more sensitivity to cisplatin treatment when compared to 2D human TCC cells. With further experimentation, canine TCC organoids could become an ideal model to study TCC ex vivo.
Rapid framework development and analysis using technology

A major client for the Department of Systems Engineering, US Military Academy asked us to conduct a detailed analysis of the weapon systems program on which they were working for potential vulnerabilities. The turnaround time on this study was very short so we decided to conduct a workshop. A workshop posed significant challenges with the short timeline and the diverse group of attendees. This paper discusses how the structure of the workshop and the technology we used helped us overcome the challenges and develop a great product for our client.
Differences in Values Implicit in Teaching and Coaching Behaviors

Abstract The investigation described values and norms implicit in secondary school physical education classes and athletic team practices and tested hypotheses concerning differences between male and female physical educators and between teachers and coaches. The 1976 revision of the Implicit Values Instrument for Physical Education which was used to collect data for the study consisted of three subsections: observation of teacher verbal behavior, observation of class organization, and a questionnaire concerning procedural regulations. The data collected were scored on seven value dimensions: autonomy, competitive achievement, instructional achievement, orderliness, privacy, specificity, and universalism. The sample in this study consisted of ten men and ten women physical education teachers and ten men and ten women coaches from ten public secondary schools in the Houston metropolitan area. A two-way analysis of variance was employed to examine value differences due to sex or situation (teaching or coach...
The influence of divalent cations and chelators on aflatoxin B1 degradation by Flavobacterium aurantiacum.

The influence of divalent cations (Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ) and chelators (EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline) on aflatoxin B 1 (AFB1) degradation by Flavobacterium aurantiacum was determined in an effort to elucidate the possible manner by which this organism degrades AFBI. AFB1 (10 μg/ml) was added to 72-h cultures of F. aurantiacum that had been washed and resuspended in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine AFB1 concentration in these cultures. Incubating cells with 0.1, 1, and 10 mM Ca 2+ for 48 h significantly increased AFB 1 degradation by 11.8, 13.5, and 14.0%, respectively, compared with F. aurantiacum cells alone. Likewise, incubation with 0.1, 1, and 10 mM Mg 2+ for 48 h significantly increased AFBI degradation by 13.8, 13.3, and 13.1%, respectively. Incubating the bacterium with either divalent cation for 16 and 24 h did not significantly affect AFB1 degradation (P ≤ 0.05). Addition of 0.1, 1, and 10 mM EDTA and 0.1 and 1 mM 1,10-phenanthroline resulted in significant increases in AFBI degradation after 24 h. Significantly less AFBI degradation was observed using 10 mM 1,10-phenanthroline after 24-h incubation. These results suggest the involvement of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ cations in AFBI degradation by F. aurantiacum.
An Approximate Solution to Hypersonic Blunt-B ody Problem

The infinite series in Eqs. (4) and (7) converges rapidly, and only a few terms will suffice to give a satisfactory accuracy. Eliminating V0 from Eqs. (4) by the substitution of (7) and discarding the terms having negligible contribution will yield a set of simplified simultaneous equations which can be solved either graphically or by iteration procedures. The solution can be made much easier by finding the approximate value of 0i in advance from the following singleterm condition:
Two related families of retrotransposons from Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Abstract Two related families of transposons were isolated from schizosaccharomyces pombe, an organism which has been the object of extensive genetic studies which had previously produced no evidence for the existence of such elements. These two classes of repeated DNAs, dubbed Tf1 (transposon of fission yeast 1) and Tf2 have many properties of retrotransposons. Tf1 and Tf2 both possess long terminal repeats and predicted protein sequences that resemble the protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase domains of retroviruses. The chromosomal locations and total numbers of Tf1 and Tf2 differ greatly in various isolates of S. pombe. The Tf elements are expressed in the form of 4.5-kb mRNAs. The complete sequence of Tf1 was determined and suggests that a novel mechanism for regulating its gene expression may be used.
The evolution and history of telepsychiatry and its impact on psychiatric care: Current implications for psychiatrists and psychiatric organizations

We have reached a critical convergence in psychiatry between the changing systems of health care structure and funding, our evolution into a technology-based society, and growth in the science and delivery of psychiatric treatments. Fostered by this convergence is the maturation over the past two decades of telepsychiatry, in the form of live interactive video conferencing, as a critical tool to improve access, increase quality and reduce costs of psychiatric treatment. This article reviews the history and evolution of telepsychiatry including implications for the field in order to provide individual psychiatrists and psychiatric organizations guidance on how to formulate current and strategic directions. This article begins with a broad overview of the history of medicine providing contextualization of the development of the field of telepsychiatry. It concludes with projected trends and recommendations.
Expression of CD31/PECAM-1 (Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 1) by Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasms

Importance Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare malignant neoplasm with cutaneous manifestations and a rapidly progressive clinical course. The diagnosis relies on characteristic clinicopathologic and immunopathologic features. However, the overlap of immunophenotypic features with other cancers, as well as newly discovered interpersonal and intrapersonal phenotypic variations, renders the identification of BPDCN challenging. A greater understanding of the proteins expressed by BPDCN might facilitate its recognition and provide insights into its clinical behavior. Observations In 7 of 9 patients at 4 tertiary care institutions, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated strong CD31/PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1) expression by neoplastic cells. Combined with similar findings observed in 1 former patient, 8 of 10 cases of BPDCN were CD31/PECAM-1 positive. Conclusions and Relevance Expression of CD31/PECAM-1 by BPDCN adds new information about the antigenic profile of this unusual neoplasm. CD31/PECAM-1 influences multiple cell functions including adhesion, apoptosis, coagulation, host response, and protein synthesis that might affect clinical features of BPDCN such as hemorrhage, aggressive tumor growth, and resistance to therapy. Therefore, the potential role of this molecule in the tumor formation and progression of BPDCN warrants additional exploration.
Factors associated with survival in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation--a single-center experience.

Abstract Aim We aimed to examine outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy in the pediatric population and identify pre-ECMO and on-ECMO characteristics that are associated with survival. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the ECMO records at our institution between 1999 and 2008 and selected pediatric patients who were cannulated for respiratory failure or hemodynamic instability resistant to conventional interventions. We recorded details of pre-ECMO clinical characteristics, including blood gas variables and mechanical ventilatory support, and details of ECMO therapy including survival off ECMO and to hospital discharge. Predictors of survival were analyzed using logistic regression modeling and a prediction algorithm was developed. Results Of the 445 ECMO runs, data from 58 consecutive patients were analyzed: 57% were successfully decannulated, and 48% survived to discharge from the hospital. The cohort included 32 (55%) female patients, 22 postoperative patients (38%), and 15 (26%) with an immunosuppressive condition, with a median age of 5 years and weight 19.5 kg, The mean duration of pre-ECMO respiratory support was 3 days, in the form of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (n = 28, 48%) and conventional mechanical ventilation (n = 13, 22%). The median duration (interquartile range) of ECMO support was 142 hours (60, 321) or 5.9 days. Pre-ECMO pH above 7.2 ( P P = .021) were associated with the highest survival rates. Pre-ECMO Paco 2 and duration of mechanical ventilation were not associated with survival. Conclusions Based on our results, ECMO therapy should be considered early in children with oxygenation index greater than 35 with worsening metabolic status. The restriction of ECMO based on ventilator days alone needs to be revisited in this era of lung protective ventilation.
Cooperative and competitive effects of substituents at C1 and C4 on the barriers to ring inversion of 5,5-difluorobicyclo[2.1.0]pentanes.

To identify the reasons for the very low barrier that has been measured for ring inversion of 1,4,5,5-tetrafluorobicyclo[2.1.0]pentane (ΔG⧧ = 6.8 ± 0.2 kcal/mol), CASSCF and CASPT2 calculations have been performed on ring inversion in this and other bicyclo[2.1.0]pentanes. The results of the calculations show that a cooperative interaction between the geminal fluorines at C2 and the fluorines at C1 and C3 in the singlet cyclopentane-1,3-diyl transition structure (TS) contributes 3.7 kcal/mol to lowering the barrier to ring inversion in the tetrafluoro compound. In contrast, a competitive substituent effect in the TS for ring inversion of 1,4-dicyano-5,5-difluorobicyclo[2.1.0]pentane is predicted to raise the barrier height by 6.1 kcal/mol. The origin of these cooperative and competitive substituent effects is discussed.
The structure of psi DNA.

Abstract In concentrated solutions of neutral or anionic polymers (and an adequate cation concentration), DNA condenses into a compact state, which is of interest for its possible relevance to chromosome structure and the packing of DNA in viruses. The X-ray scattering of DNA condensed in this way has been examined with respect to the secondary structure of the helix and the tertiary structure of the compact state. Measurements have also been made with dense aqueous gels of DNA in the absence of poly(ethylene oxide) at ordinary salt concentrations and in 6·0 M-LiCl. All preparations exhibit a well-defined interhelical spacing, implying substantial parallelism, but no lattice spacings higher than first order are observed. Comparison with calculated scattering curves for disoriented helical segments indicates that a structure very close to the B fiber structure prevails in all preparations. No significant contribution from the A or C fiber structures can be detected in either the condensed preparations or the LiCl solutions. Thus there is no basis for attributing the origin of the strongly anomalous circular dichroism spectra to a secondary structure significantly different from that in dilute solution. The decrease in interhelix spacing with increasing polymer concentration is in reasonable accord with expectation on the basis of excluded volume interactions. There is improved short-range order in the polymer-induced compact state as compared with the simple solution having the same interhelix spacing. The results are in reasonably good agreement with expectation for a folded chain structure of the compact state, similar to the usual mode of crystallization of simple linear polymers. There is no evidence for supercoiling.
Routing in self-organizing nano-scale irregular networks

The integration of novel nanotechnologies onto silicon platforms is likely to increase fabrication defects compared with traditional CMOS technologies. Furthermore, the number of nodes connected with these networks makes acquiring a global defect map impractical. As a result, on-chip networks will provide defect tolerance by self-organizing into irregular topologies. In this scenario, simple static routing algorithms based on regular physical topologies, such as meshes, will be inadequate. Additionally, previous routing approaches for irregular networks assume abundant resources and do not apply to this domain of resource-constrained self-organizing nano-scale networks. Consequently, routing algorithms that work in irregular networks with limited resources are needed.In this article, we explore routing for self-organizing nano-scale irregular networks in the context of a Self-Organizing SIMD Architecture (SOSA). Our approach trades configuration time and a small amount of storage for reduced communication latency. We augment an Euler path-based routing technique for trees to generate static shortest paths between certain pairs of nodes while remaining deadlock free. Simulations of several applications executing on SOSA show our proposed routing algorithm can reduce execution time by 8% to 30%.
Using web-based discussion as a teaching strategy: bioethics as an exemplar.

Using web-based discussion as a teaching strategy: bioethics as an exemplar Nurses are required to be competent in the area of bioethics based on several accreditation standards. Bioethics courses are one strategy to develop such a competency. Bioethics education itself has various goals including the need to engage in discussion and the ability to debate diverse issues. Providing an educational experience that meets both disciplinary and topic needs can be challenging. On-line conferencing through WebBoard 3·0, a web-based discussion software program, within a graduate level bioethics course successfully contributed to meeting these needs. A technical description of the WebBoard is provided in the following discussion along with a description of the integration of this device into a bioethics course. The WebBoard conferencing allowed all students to enter the class discussion and especially facilitated discussion for reticent speakers and distance learners. Evaluations of the bioethics course from both the faculty and students’ perspectives were generally positive. Most students found the technique easy to use and liked the asynchronous format that allowed them to read and contribute at any hour of the day or night. Despite the labour intensive nature of this experience, the strategy ensured participation by every student, a major goal of the project. Developing an interdisciplinary situation would increase the value of such an experience.
Electrochemistry of Free Chlorine and Monochloramine and its Relevance to the Presence of Pb in Drinking Water

The commonly used disinfectants in drinking water are free chlorine (in the form of HOCl/OCl-) and monochloramine (NH2Cl). While free chlorine reacts with natural organic matter in water to produce chlorinated hydrocarbon byproducts, there is also concern that NH2Cl may react with Pbto produce soluble Pb(II) products--leading to elevated Pb levels in drinking water. In this study, electrochemical methods are used to compare the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reduction of these two disinfectants. The standard reduction potential for NH2Cl/Cl- was estimated to be +1.45 V in acidic media and +0.74 V in alkaline media versus NHE using thermodynamic cycles. The kinetics of electroreduction of the two disinfectants was studied using an Au rotating disk electrode. The exchange current densities estimated from Koutecky-Levich plots were 8.2 x 10(-5) and 4.1 x 10(-5) A/cm2, and by low overpotential experiments were 7.5 +/- 0.3 x 10(-5) and 3.7 +/- 0.4 x 10(-5) A/cm2 for free chlorine and NH2Cl, respectively. The rate constantforthe electrochemical reduction of free chlorine at equilibrium is approximately twice as large as that for the reduction of NH2Cl. Equilibrium potential measurements show that free chlorine will oxidize Pb to PbO2 above pH 1.7, whereas NH2Cl will oxidize Pb to PbO2 only above about pH 9.5, if the total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is 18 ppm. Hence, NH2Cl is not capable of producing a passivating PbO2 layer on Pb, and could lead to elevated levels of dissolved Pb in drinking water.
Reconfigurable five-layer three-dimensional integrated memory-on-logic synthetic aperture radar processor

In this study, the authors present a floating-point synthetic aperture radar processor that achieves a power efficiency of 18.0 mW/GFlop in simulation through the use of three-dimensional (3D) integration and reconfiguration of the data path. The reconfiguration reduces the number of arithmetic units required in every processing element (PE) from 24 down to 10. The processor uses a 3D integrated memory that reduces the memory power consumption by 70% when compared to a 2D memory. The system processes a SAR image using a two-tier 3D integrated PE, which when compared to an equivalent 2D PE decreases the power consumed in the interconnect of each PE by 15.5% and the footprint by 49.2%, and allows the PE to operate 7.1% faster in simulation. Additionally, by using 3D integration in the memory one can reduce the power consumption of the memory by 70%. Furthermore, the authors show how the 3D aspects of the processor can be realised by using 2D tools, when used in conjunction with the proposed through-silicon via assignment algorithm.
Uniform bounds for cardinal Hermite spline operators with double knots

Abstract A method is given for computing the uniform norm of the cardinal Hermite spline operator. This is the operator that takes two bounded biinfinite sequences of numbers into the unique bounded spline of degree 2k − 1(k ⩾ 2) with knots of multiplicity two at the integers and that interpolates the two given sequences for both functional and first derivative values at the integers. The computational schema relies on knowledge of the Bernoulli splines, while the theoretical aspects make use of some properties of zeros of periodic splines.
The Use of Nonneuronal Cells for Gene Delivery

The implantation of genetically engineered nonneuronal cells can provide an effective method for achieving localized delivery of discrete molecules to the CNS or for providing substrates for regrowth of neural structures. Most primary nonneuronal cells have the advantage of being easily obtainable from the prospective host for ex vivo retrovirus-mediated genetic manipulation (most will be mitotic in culture) and reimplantation as an autologous graft (circumventing the problem of immune rejection). As primary cells, they are unlikely to be tumorigenic. The most vexing problem for such systems remains the apparent loss of transgene expression from viral promoters after prolonged periods of engraftment. Much effort is currently being directed at optimizing sustained transgene expression by varying the promoters, by varying the cell types to be engineered, or by regulating expression by enhancing promoter function or substrate availability. While nonneuronal cells are excellent vehicles for achieving passive delivery of substances to the CNS, they lack the ability to incorporate into the host cytoarchitecture in a functional manner (e.g., make synaptic contacts). For this reason, not only may certain essential circuits not be re-formed, but the regulated release of certain substances through feedback loops may be missing. While apparently unimportant for some substances (e.g., ACh), for others (e.g., NGF), their unregulated, inappropriate, excessive, or ectopic release may actually be inimical to the host. Furthermore, the loss of foreign gene expression (the bane of gene therapy) may leave engineered nonneural cells incapacitated, whereas donor tissue originating from brain may intrinsically produce various CNS factors allowing correction to proceed despite inactivation of the introduced gene. In fact, CNS-derived tissue may provide as-yet-unrecognized endogenous neuralspecific substances which are equally as beneficial to the host as the gene in question. Thus, future developments in gene delivery to the brain for some conditions may emphasize using neurons or neural progenitors for ex vivo genetic manipulation (Fisher, 1997) and refining techniques for the direct injection of therapeutic genes into neurons in vivo (see Snyder and Fisher, 1996). For a wide variety of conditions, however, using nonneuronal cellular vehicles or even nonbiologic synthetic vehicles may be efficient, effective, and safe strategies for the passive delivery of therapeutic molecules to discrete regions of the CNS. In fact, this approach may come closer than any other to immediate human applications.
Defects in carbohydrate metabolism in oral contraceptive users without apparent metabolic risk factors.

We performed oral glucose tolerance tests and frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance tests in a cross-sectional sample of women taking monophasic norgestrel containing oral contraceptives (OC). The goal of the study was to quantify the individual factors that determine glucose tolerance to assess responsibility for the reduced glucose tolerance associated with the use of OCs. Subjects were selected using stringent criteria to exclude confounding effects of ethnicity, adiposity, or conditions that may predispose subjects to metabolic disorders. Users of the low dose OC (Lo/Ovral and Nordette) and high dose OC (Ovral) were compared to controls, who were required to never have used OCs or to have discontinued OC use for at least 24 months. Oral glucose tolerance tests results confirmed the development of impaired glucose tolerance in both pill groups. Frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance test data were analyzed using the minimal model method to estimate parameters of insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiv...
Instructions, intentions and expectations

Abstract Based on an ongoing attempt to integrate Natural Language instructions with human figure animation, we demonstrate that agents' understanding and use of instructions can complement what they can derive from the environment in which they act. We focus on two attitudes that contribute to agents' behavior—their intentions and their expectations—and shown how Natural Language instructions contribute to such attitudes in ways that complement the environment. We also show that instructions can require more than one context of interpretation and thus that agents' understanding of instructions can evolve as their activity progresses. A significant consequence is that Natural Language understanding in the context of behavior cannot simply be treated as “front end” processing, but rather must be integrated more deeply into the processes that guide an agent's behavior and respond to its perceptions.
Social Networks of Elders Without Children

Abstract Currently, one-fifth of Americans over age 65 have no children. Demographic predictions estimate that almost one-third of the baby-boom generation, when they reach age 65, will have no children. Given the extensive supportive roles played by adult children, this increase in adults without children has implications for social policy and social work practice. Social integration patterns are examined among four groups: no children (N = 237), no proximal children (N = 436), one proximal child (N = 701), and two or more proximal children (N = 531). Findings show elders without children are older, female, black, unmarried, living alone with lower incomes and more physical health problems than their counterparts. Differences between groups were found in family, confidant and mutual support dimensions of social networks.
Ceraski's New Variable Star

UNLESS the principal fact mentioned below has already come to your notice, you may like to bring it before the astronomical public in the columns of NATURE.
Methylmalonate Excretion in Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Urinary methylmalonate excretion is increased in rats with an insufficiency of vitamin B(12). Excretion of methylmalonate is not affected by folic acid, vitamin E, or selenium, but is markedly decreased by small amounts of vitamin B(12) added to the diet.
Turbulent flow over three-dimensional dunes: 1. Free surface and flow response

[1] A series of detailed measurements were made of unidirectional turbulent open-channel flow over fixed, artificial, sinuous-crested three-dimensional (3-D) dune shapes. The response of the mean free surface was two-dimensional (2-D). Mean streamwise velocities were largest over the node of the sinuous dune crest line rather than over the maxima or minima of the crest line. Friction coefficients of the 3-D dunes were 50% higher on average in comparison to those of their 2-D counterparts when subjected to flows of similar depths and discharges. Despite the larger friction of the 3-D dunes, the turbulence generated by them was much weaker than that generated by their 2-D counterparts. The spatial structure of turbulence caused by the sinuous crest line of the 3-D dunes was correlated with the presence of secondary currents. These secondary current cells directed flow upward in the regions where the streamwise velocities were low and downward in the regions where streamwise velocities were high, suggesting that they could be responsible for a significant amount of momentum flux not being carried by the low turbulent stresses over the 3-D dunes.
Bifunctional polymer brushes for low-bias enrichment of mono- and multi-phosphorylated peptides prior to mass spectrometry analysis

Polymer brushes orthogonally derivatized with oxotitanium and nitrilotriacetate-Fe(III) groups enrich both mono- and multi-phosphorylated peptides for mass spectrometry analysis.
Tritrophic effects of plant growth regulators in an aphid-parasitoid system

Abstract Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have the potential to negatively affect the outcome of biological control via plant architectural changes and plant chemical changes. Despite studies demonstrating the negative effects of PGRs on herbivore survival and development, to date, no studies have investigated the tritrophic effects of PGRs on parasitoid life history traits. In this study we investigated the effect of four commonly used PGRs on Myzus persicae abundance and suppression, and Aphidius colemani fitness in a greenhouse experiment. None of the PGRs reduced aphid abundance alone or affected aphid suppression by A. colemani . However, paclobutrazol reduced the number of mummies that developed on plants. PGRs had a range of negative effects on parasitoid fitness. No adult parasitoids eclosed from mummies on ancymidol treated plants. Paclobutrazol reduced parasitoid size, and paclobutrazol and uniconazole reduced female:total ratio. This study shows that PGRs can negatively affect parasitoid fitness, and reduce parasitism, suggesting the potential for negative long-term effects on the efficacy of biological control.
Coevolution in a large search space using resource-limited nash memory

Cycling has been an obstacle to coevolution of machine-learning agents. Monotonic algorithms seek continual improvement with respect to a solution concept; seeking an agent or set of agents that approaches the true solution without cycling. Algorithms that guarantee monotonicity generally require unlimited storage. One such algorithm is the Nash Memory, which uses the Nash Equilibrium as the solution concept. The requirement for unbounded storage is an obstacle to the use of this algorithm in large applications. This paper demonstrates the performance of the Nash Memory algorithm with fixed storage in coevolving a population of moderately large agents (with knowledge represented as n-tuple networks) learning a function with a large state space (an evaluation function for the game of Othello). The success of the algorithm results from the diversity of the agents produced, and the corresponding need for improved global performance in order for agents to survive and reproduce. The algorithm can be expected to converge to a region of highest performance within the capability of the search operators.
Magnetic and structural studies of rare earth--iron--manganese Laves phase ternaries. II

Abstract Structures, magnetic properties, and Mossbauer spectra of the systems Er(Fe1−xMnx)2 and Ho(Fe1−xMnx)2 are presented. The alloys are C15 structure for x in the range 0 to 0.6 and C14 for higher values of x. Incorporation of Mn in the lattice decreases the Curie temperature (Tc), presumably due to antiferromagnetic Fe-Mn interactions. For x > 0.2 the Mossbauer spectra at 300°K is a doublet since Tc
The need to emphasize construction contract studies

Abstract It is essential that due consideration is given to the subject of contract formulation and administration in the construction industry. The importance of including the study of contracts in formal training programmes is stressed.
Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Liver Transplant Recipients with Hepatitis C

Purpose Hepatitis C (HCV) is the most common liver disease in patients transplanted with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the West. We examined predictors of HCC recurrence in liver transplant recipients with HCV.
Multi-Criteria School Busing Models

This paper presents multi-criteria school busing models. More specifically, it reports on the application of goal programming to the school busing problem in order to achieve multiple, conflicting objectives. The models attempt to derive optimal solutions in order to reflect such goals as providing educational opportunity to children, striving for a racial balance, balancing overcrowding among schools, permitting the community school concept, and minimizing total transportation costs. The study offers practical applications of the approach to the complex social issue of busing.
Listen to your dorsal mesentery: Asymmetric gut rotation is driven by the dorsal mesentery and Pitx2

The generation of organ asymmetries is a fundamental aspect of embryonic development. Most organs develop with a characteristic left-right (L-R) asymmetry that is critical to normal function and to coordinated organ development. The small intestine is a simple, tubular structure that undergoes a highly conserved, counter-clockwise rotation that is initiated by expression of the early L-R symmetry-breaking transcription factor Pitx2. Gross expression reveals surprising symmetry from the dorsal perspective of a chicken embryo (whole-mount in situ). Yet closer examination of areas where symmetry will be first broken shows the bias. For example, Pitx2 is expressed on the left side of the dorsal mesentery (background, color-inverted image of an in situ hybridization; white indicates more intense expression) and is necessary and sufficient to produce the leftward tilt. Although Pitx2 is a master regulator of L-R organ development, there are currently no targets of Pitx2 known that are relevant to asymmetric morphogenesis.
Environmental quality indices predicted by evolutionary theory

The use of evolutionary theory to understand and predict environmental quality indices has been described. Three specific examples concerning the environmental health implications of black skin, heat stress adaptation, and G-6-PD deficiency have been discussed in which evolutionary theory provides the conceptual framework for novel insights and reasonable predictions of environment, pollutant and human interactions. The use of the evolutionary paradigm in the development of environmental quality indices offers a clear alternative to trial and error research efforts.
Out of mind, but not out of sight: intentional control of visual memory.

Does visual information enjoy automatic, obligatory entry into memory, or, after such information has been seen, can it still be actively excluded? To characterize the process by which visual information could be excluded from memory, we used Sternberg’s (1966, 1975) recognition paradigm, measuring visual episodic memory for compound grating stimuli. Because recognition declines as additional study items enter memory, episodic recognition performance provides a sensitive index of memory’s contents. Three experiments showed that an item occupying a fixed serial position in a series of study items could be intentionally excluded from memory. In addition, exclusion does not depend on lowlevel information, such as the stimulus’s spatial location, orientation, or spatial frequency, and does not depend on the precise timing of irrelevant information, which suggests that the exclusion process is triggered by some event during a trial. The results, interpreted within the framework of a summed similarity model for visual recognition, suggest that exclusion operates after considerable visual processing of the to-be-excluded item.
Riluzole suppresses post-sigh, but not spontaneous apnoeas during sleep in rats

We conducted this experiment to determine the role of glutamate in the mechanism of sleep apnoeas by administering riluzole, a glutamate release inhibitor, to freely moving rats in which sleep-related apnoeas are physiological phenomena. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with electrodes for electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) recording to monitor sleep and were placed inside a single-chamber plethysmograph to monitor respiration. Sleep and respiration were recorded for 6 h following intraperitoneal administration of 0.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg kg(-1) riluzole. Riluzole dose-dependently suppressed post-sigh apnoeas during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep but had no effect on sleep-related spontaneous apnoeas. The drug (5.0 and 10.0 mg kg(-1)) also dose-dependently reduced wakefulness and increased sleep. It appears that glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, plays a role in the genesis of the post-sigh apnoeas during REM sleep.
Self-Assembly of Stereoisomers of p-tert-Butyl Thiacalix[4]arenes Tetrasubstituted at the Lower Rim by a Tertiary Amide Group with Cations of p- and d-Elements in the Organic Phase

The ability of p-tert-butyl thiacalix[4]arenes tetrasubstituted at the lower rim by morpholide and pyrrolidide groups in cone, partial cone, and 1,3-alternate conformations to recognize cations of p- (Al3+, Pb2+) and d- (Fe3+, Co3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+) elements has been studied by the picrate extraction method, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The hydrodynamic diameters of supramolecular associates, polydispersity index of host−guest systems, and molecular weight of nanoscale aggregates consisting of p-tert-butyl thiacalix[4]arenes and metal nitrates have been determined by the correlation spectroscopy method. It was shown that the investigated macrocycles are effective extractants for metal cations. All the investigated thiacalix[4]arenes are able to form dimers of about 1 nm with metal cations and nanoscale particles of 238 and 212 nm with Ni2+ and Pb2+ cations, respectively.
Schistosoma mansoni: the dicer gene and its expression.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene silencing mechanism that plays an important role in regulating gene expression in many eukaryotes and has become a valuable molecular tool for analyzing gene function. Multi-domain nucleases called Dicer proteins play pivotal roles in RNAi. In this paper, we characterize the structure and expression of the Dicer gene from the platyhelminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. The gene (SmDicer) is over 54 kb long and comprises 30 exons that potentially encode a 2641 amino acid protein. This is the largest Dicer protein yet described. SmDicer contains all domains that are characteristic of metazoan dicers including an amino terminal helicase domain, DUF283, a PAZ domain, two RNAse III domains and an RNA binding domain. An examination of the available S. mansoni genome sequence suggests that the Dicer gene described here is the only Dicer gene in the parasite genome. SmDicer is expressed throughout schistosome development suggesting that RNAi technologies might be employed in deciphering gene function in all life stages of this parasite.
Visual acuity improvement following fading and feedback training--III. Effects on acuity for stimuli in the natural environment.

Abstract The effectiveness of Fading and Feedback training for improving visual performance of myopic volunteers was evaluated using a randomized control design. Forty-eight myopic volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: Fading and Feedback Training, Fading and Feedback Training plus Incentives, No Training, or No Training plus Incentives. Subjects were pre- and post-tested on three measures of visual function: Performance—subjects played a video “pong” game for a brief period of time; Facial Expression Identification—subjects were asked to identify four different facial expressions; and Visual Search—subjects were asked to locate four household items placed on tables in a room. Subjects in the training condition significantly improved in their ability to recognize facial expressions and identify household objects. This occurred with or without incentives for training subjects. However, for both the facial expression and visual search tasks, incentives alone resulted in improved visual acuity in the absence of training. These data are discussed in terms of generalizability of Fading and Feedback training to stimuli in the natural environment.
SELECTIVE RENAL ARTERIOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF RENAL HYPERTENSION.

Renal arteriography following percutaneous femoral arterial catheterization (Seldinger technic) was performed in 100 selected hypertensive patients. Eighty-four per cent of the renal arteries encountered were individually catheterized. This procedure permitted a more detailed study of arterial branches than previously possible with aortic injection of contrast material. No serious complications occurred. Fifty-two patients were found to have disease of renal arteries or their branches. Eleven or 21 per cent of these patients, had lesions of main arterial trunks. Thirty (58 per cent) had disease of primary branches either alone or in combination with main renal arterial lesions. Aneurysms of primary arterial branches were found in five patients, and avascular segments of renal parenchyma in four. The frequency of primary branch arterial disease was greater in this group of patients than in others previously reported. This difference may be due to improved visualization of the renal arterial system obtained...
THE SYSTEM LISTENS BUT DOES NOT HEAR

Throughout the land there has been a growing dissatisfaction with the programs and treatment carried on within institutions, especially those dealing with juveniles. This article attempts to pinpoint some of the reasons why institutions are unable to meet the challenge of delinquency in our society. On the one hand, impediments are inherent to the institutional system; on the other, due to outside forces and factors. they are beyond the control of the institution. Patchwork attempts to shore up a sagging, outmoded system are futile. The facets that perpetuate the present system are identified. and some of the decisions required to build a new system of child care are noted.
A biological-based model that links genomic instability, bystander effects, and adaptive response

Abstract This paper links genomic instability, bystander effects, and adaptive response in mammalian cell communities via a novel biological-based, dose–response model called NEOTRANS 3 . The model is an extension of the NEOTRANS 2 model that addressed stochastic effects (genomic instability, mutations, and neoplastic transformation) associated with brief exposure to low radiation doses. With both models, ionizing radiation produces DNA damage in cells that can be associated with varying degrees of genomic instability. Cells with persistent problematic instability (PPI) are mutants that arise via misrepair of DNA damage. Progeny of PPI cells also have PPI and can undergo spontaneous neoplastic transformation. Unlike NEOTRANS 2 , with NEOTRANS 3 newly induced mutant PPI cells and their neoplastically transformed progeny can be suppressed via our previously introduced protective apoptosis-mediated (PAM) process, which can be activated by low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. However, with NEOTRANS 3 (which like NEOTRANS 2 involves cross-talk between nongenomically compromised [e.g., nontransformed, nonmutants] and genomically compromised [e.g., mutants, transformants, etc.] cells), it is assumed that PAM is only activated over a relatively narrow, dose-rate-dependent interval ( D PAM , D off ); where D PAM is a small stochastic activation threshold, and D off is the stochastic dose above which PAM does not occur. PAM cooperates with activated normal DNA repair and with activated normal apoptosis in guarding against genomic instability. Normal repair involves both error-free repair and misrepair components. Normal apoptosis and the error-free component of normal repair protect mammals by preventing the occurrence of mutant cells. PAM selectively removes mutant cells arising via the misrepair component of normal repair, selectively removes existing neoplastically transformed cells, and probably selectively removes other genomically compromised cells when it is activated. PAM likely involves multiple pathways to apoptosis, with the selected pathway depending on the type of cell to be removed, its cellular environment, and on the nature of the genomic damage.
Students' Fear after Columbine: Findings from a Randomized Experiment

On April 20, 1999, the most deadly act of school violence in the United States occurred at Columbine High School. Public perceptions and media accounts suggested that fear of victimization at school greatly increased after Columbine. The actual response is unknown. The 1999 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey provides a unique opportunity to study Columbine's effect on students' fear. Experimental conditions were approximated by the NCVS sampling design that randomly allocated the 12- to 18-year-old student-respondents to pre- and post-April 20 groups. Contrary to expectations, students were only slightly more fearful after Columbine. An initial explanation for this finding is explored. As little is known about fear following highly publicized incidents of extreme violence such as Columbine and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, this research provides an essential foundation for further study and theoretical development in this largely-ignored area of fear.
XPROBE: An Experimental System for Programming Robots by Example

XPROBE extends the teaching-by-showing method of robot programming to the teaching of sensor strategies. The XPROBE system has a dialogue with the user, during which the user is directed to guide the robot through an example of the desired task. XPROBE then automatically writes an AML program that includes sensory decision making as a generalization of the taught example.
Human cytomegalovirus polypeptides stimulate neutralizing antibody in vivo

At least three human cytomegalovirus polypeptides are targets for virus neutralizing antibody; a single protein of 86,000 molecular weight (p86) and two coimmunoprecipitating proteins of 130,000 and 55,000 molecular weight (p130/55). These polypeptides have been isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography and tested for immunogenicity in guinea pigs. Neutralizing antibody was detected after immunization with both p86 and p130/55. Hyperimmune sera to p130/55, but not p86, were dependent upon guinea pig complement for virus neutralization.
Phonon‐Assisted Electroabsorption by Contact Excitons

The imaginary part of the dielectric constant for an indirect-gap semiconductor in a uniform electric field is calculated in closed form using a one-dimensional electron-hole contact interaction model. Results are compared with previous calculations for direct transitions. Typical spectra are illustrated for direct and indirect transitions at various field strengths. Es wurde fur einen indirekten Halbleiter in einem homogenen elektrischen Feld unter Verwendung des Modells einer eindimensionalen Elektron-Loch-Kontaktwechselwirkung der Imaginarteil der Dielektrizitatskonstante berechnet. Die Ergebnisse werden mit fruheren Rechnungen fur direkte ubergange verglichen. Typische Spektren fur direkte und indirekte ubergange bei unterschiedlichen Feldstarken werden erlautert.
Comparative biology and the importance of cladistic classification: a case study from the sensory biology of squamate reptiles

Abstract Evolutionary taxonomy has all but succumbed to cladistic methodology, but it continues to exert considerable influence in the realm of higher classification. Some systematists accept cladistic methods in phylogeny inference, but allow paraphyly in formal classifications. Most important, however, many traditional classifications based on paraphyletic groups (e.g. 'Reptilia') remain in force, deeply entrenched in the literature. Cladists have argued that such paraphyletic classifications can mislead comparative biologists into false evolutionary generalizations, but this assertion has rarely, if ever, been supported by example. This paper provides a case study, illustrating in detail the influence of a traditional paraphyletic classification of squamate reptiles on the historical development of ideas regarding the evolution of sensory modes (chemoreception vs. vision) in the group. The paraphyletic classification is shown to have led to false generalizations and incorrect conclusions stemming directly from the fact that the classification did not reflect accurately the phylogeny of Squamata, particularly the cladistic relationships of Gekkota. This study provides direct evidence that evolutionary generalization must be rooted in the branching pattern of phylogeny and not the potentially arbitrary categorical ranks of traditional taxonomies. It further supports recent calls for a truly phylogenetic taxonomy that has as its philosophical core the concept of descent.