cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cost of Knowing: An Economic Evaluation of Context Acquisition in DSA Systems

Much of the research in Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) has focused on the details of the enabling technologies. While this has been quite useful in establishing the technical feasibility of DSA systems, it has missed an important aspect of the overall DSA problem space: in order for operators, regulators and users to be interested in deploying DSA based networks, the expected costs should be in proportion to what the users are realistically willing to pay for services. Consequently, it is important to conduct cost estimates for different DSA approaches in parallel with the technical research. In this paper, we will explore how the cost experienced by primary and secondary users can influence their incentives for participation in DSA. To do this, we compare the costs and cost structures of four context awareness approaches from each of them. The costs we will consider are incremental capital costs over a basic software radio using four different context acquisition approaches (sensing, databases, sensor networks, and cooperative sharing). Since DSA is still a relatively new research field, there is a lot of uncertainty associated with incremental cost analyses. As a result, the cost analysis is parameterized to allow for explicit reasoning about the bounds of cost components.
Abstract P084: Neighborhood Characteristics and Changes in Systolic Blood Pressure Over Time: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Introduction: Research on the association between neighborhood environments and systolic blood pressure (SBP) is limited, predominantly cross-sectional, and has produced mixed results. Investigating specific aspects of neighborhood environments in relation to changes in SBP may help to identify the most important interventions for reducing the population burden of hypertension. Hypothesis: Better neighborhood food, physical activity, and social environments will be associated with lower baseline levels of SBP and smaller increases in SBP over time. Methods: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis recruited participants from six sites in the U.S., aged 45-84 (mean 59) and free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline. Those with non-missing data for key variables were included (N=5,997); the analytic sample was 52.5% female, 39.1% White, 27.3% Hispanic, 11.9% Black, and 21.7% Chinese, with median follow-up time of 9.2 years (IQR 4.5) and SBP measured at three or more exams for 91.3% of participants. SBP in subjects taking anti-hypertensive medication were replaced with multiply imputed estimates of unmedicated SBP, imputed at each exam. Summary measures of neighborhood food and physical activity environments incorporated survey-based scales (healthy food availability and walking environment) and GIS-based measures (density of favorable food stores and recreational resources). The summary measure of the social environment combined survey-based measures of social cohesion and safety. Neighborhoods were defined by a one-mile buffer around each participant’s home address. Linear mixed models were used to model associations of time-varying cumulative average neighborhood environmental summary measures with SBP over time, adjusting for individual-level covariates (demographics, individual- and neighborhood-level SES); models with and without adjustment for baseline SBP were used to evaluate associations of neighborhood environments with SBP trajectories. Results: In models mutually adjusted for all three neighborhood domains and covariates, living in a better physical activity environment was associated with lower SBP at baseline (-1.34 mmHg [95% CI: -2.24, -0.45] per standard deviation higher cumulative average physical activity summary score), while living in a better social environment was associated with higher SBP at baseline (1.00 mmHg [0.39, 1.63] per standard deviation higher); food environment scores were not associated with baseline SBP. After adjustment for baseline SBP, there was no association between any neighborhood environments and trajectories of SBP. Conclusions: Better food and physical activity environments were associated with lower baseline SBP, while better social environments were associated with higher baseline SBP. Neighborhood environments appear to have minimal direct effect on SBP trajectories.
Geometric Aspects of Visual Object Recognition

Systems (artificial or natural) for visual object recognition are faced with three fundamental problems: the correspondence problem, the problem of representing 3D shape, and the problem of defining a robust similarity measure between images and views of objects. In this thesis, I address each of these problems: (1) I present a recognition algorithm (RAST) that works efficiently even when no correspondence or grouping information is given; that is, it works in the presence of large amounts of clutter and with very primitive features. (2) I discuss representations of 3D objects as collections of 2D views for the purposes of visual object recognition. Such representations greatly simplify the problems of model acquisition and representing complex shapes. I present theoretical and empirical evidence that this "view-based approximation" is an efficient, robust, and reliable approach to 3D visual object recognition. (3) I present Bayesian and MDL approaches to the similarity problem that may help us build more robust recognition systems. These results form the basis for a simple, efficient, and robust approach to the geometric aspects of 3D object recognition from 2D image. The results presented in this thesis also strongly suggest that future research directed towards building reliable recognition systems for real world environments must focus on the non-geometric aspects of visual object recognition, such as statistics and scene interpretation. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Charting the evolution of satellite programs in developing countries – The Space Technology Ladder

Abstract This paper analyzes the historical paths of eight countries – from Africa, Asia and Latin America – as they have pursued technological capability in the area of space technology. The analysis is unfolded in three stages. The first stage introduces a framework called the Space Technology Ladder. This Ladder framework posits a path through four major technology categories, as follows: 1) establishing a national space agency; 2) owning and operating a satellite in low Earth orbit; 3) owning and operating a satellite in geostationary orbit; and 4) launching satellites. The second stage of the analysis uses data to create a graphical timeline, by mapping the historical achievements of the eight countries onto the Ladder framework. The results provide information about the similarities and differences in the technology strategies of the various countries. The third stage is a discussion of the strategic decisions faced by the countries under study. Exploring their diverse strategies is an initial step toward developing prescriptive theory to inform developing country space programs.
Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping: Clinical Implications and Methods

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically infects at least 1% of the world's population and is a leading cause of end-stage liver disease. HCV displays a remarkable degree of genomic diversity, with the six major genotypes and numerous subtypes differing in geographic distribution. The ability of this virus to cause persistent infections is a direct result of its genomic plasticity and the evolution of quasispecies within an infected individual. HCV genotype has emerged as an important factor both in predicting a sustained response to, and in determining the duration of, antiviral therapy. Although a variety of methods have been used for genotyping HCV, nucleotide sequencing of a phylogenetically informative region remains the gold standard.
The public dissemination of medical research: problems and solutions.

Editor's Note: This original article is highlighted at the beginning of Volume 2 in an effort to challenge those in health, medicine and communication fields to question assumptions and offer empirical, ethical and reasoned arguments for heuristic, ontologic, and epistomologic value. This article was successful in initial peer review with three editorial board members in agreement. The editor welcomes responses in written format to appear in future issues. Please submit responses by mail to Journal of Health Communication, 100 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02116, USA, or E-mail: JHC@ Emerson.edu.
Controls of rightward transcription in coliphage λ

Abstract Hybridization between [ 3 H]RNA, produced after thermal induction of λ lysogens, and the r strands of λ and the appropriate λ−φ80 hybrid phage DNA's was employed to study the rightward transcription of the well-defined λ regions designated A-J-b2, x-P-Q , and Q-S-R , including segments A-J plus half of the b2 region, the region from x to the left boundary of Q , and genes Q to R , respectively. Control of the x-P-Q region, which is transcribed early after induction and remains low, is independent of the late controlsof the Q-S-R and A-J-b2 regions, the transcription of which positively depends on the Q product and λ DNA replication. Mutation in the p L promoter ( sex − ) reduces the total leftward transcription by more than tenfold, and indirectly reduces the rightward transcription, as in the λ N − mutants. Mutation in the p R promoter ( x 13 ) abolishes the rightward transcription and indirectly results in uncontrolled leftward transcription. Mutation zd results in a strong reduction of the rightward transcription in all three regions, whereas the Q − mutation abolishes the late augmentation of transcription only in the Q-S-R and A-J-b2 regions.
Application of mass spectrometer-inverse gas chromatography to study polymer–solvent diffusivity and solubility

The application of a mass spectrometer detector in capillary column inverse gas chromatography is shown to be a valuable tool in the measurement of diffusion and solubility in polymer-solvent systems. The component specific detector provides excellent results for binary polymer-solvent systems, but it is particularly valuable because it can be readily applied to multicomponent systems. Results for a number of infinitely dilute solvents in poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) are reported over a range of temperature from 60 to 150 degrees C. Results are also reported for finite concentrations of toluene and methanol in PVAc from 60 to 110 degrees C. Finally, the technique was applied to study the effect of finite concentrations of toluene on the diffusion coefficients of THF and cyclohexane in PVAc. The experimental data compare well with literature values for both infinite and finite concentrations, indicating that the experimental protocol described in this work is sound.
The Primary Objects of Perception

Mind is currently published by Oxford University Press. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://uk.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://uk.jstor.org/joumals/oup.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. http://uk.j stor.org/ Mon Aug 9 16:41:37 2004
Temperature effect on non-stationary compressive loading response of polymethacrylimide solid foam

Abstract This paper presents the results of experimental investigation and modeling the polymethacrylimide (PMI) solid foam response on slightly non-stationary compressive loads at different loading speed and temperature. The PMI represents a typical material used as a core component of composite sandwich structures. For all conditions, the strain–stress curves exhibit three definite regions, such as linearly elastic, plateau, and densification as it is known from the literature. However, it is shown in the present study that even minor fluctuations of the loading speed may lead to significant qualitative effects within the plateau segment. In particular, spike-wise load drops occur in a regular way during the loading phase when the specimen temperature is below −20 °C. Acoustic emission tests lead to the conclusion that the load drops are associated with generation of brittle fractures in the clusters of broken foam cells. Also, cyclic loading tests were conducted to evaluate the energy loss in cells permanent deformation during the loading cycle. The amount of energy dissipated for each cycle is reduced at higher temperatures. Finally, based on the experimental results, a phenomenological model of the foam load–displacement response at different loading speeds and temperatures is presented in the form of a single analytical expression.
Droplet Size Distribution within Oil-in-Water Emulsions Prepared from Solid State Dispersions

Abstract Emulsions (o/w) were prepared from solid state emulsions and the effects of time and composition on the droplet size and distribution were investigated. Results indicate that the interand intrabatch variability, based on the average particle size, is very small. The droplet distribution was found to initially be trimodal but proceeded to become unimodal after approximately 6 h. In addition to the size distribution becoming unimodal, the average droplet diameter decreased from 10 to 1.5 μm. The final droplet size appeared to be very stable as judged by equivalent droplet distributions observed post freeze/thaw and autoclaving treatments. The rate of the self-emulsifying process was found to be dependent on the relative ratio of matrix material to the oil phase. This investigation highlights our findings that oil-in-water emulsions can be prepared from solid state emulsions without the use of emulsifying agents.
Removal of Anionic Contaminants using Surfactant-Modified Palygorskite and Sepiolite

In this study, the feasibility of using surfactant-modified palygorskite (PFl-1) and sepiolite (SepSp-1) for removal of anionic contaminants from water was evaluated from batch experiments. The results showed that both minerals had strong affinity for hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA), a cationic surfactant used for surface modification. The HDTMA sorption capacities were 520 and 260 mmol/kg for PFl-1 and SepSp-1, respectively. Accompanying HDTMA sorption, the sorption of counterion bromide reached 380, and 210 mmol/kg, for PFl-1 and SepSp-1, respectively, indicating that the sorbed surfactant molecules form admicelles on the minerals’ surfaces. After modification by HDTMA to sorption maxima, these clays showed strong affinity for anionic contaminants such as chromate and nitrate. The chromate sorption capacities were 42 and 34 mmol/kg for HDTMA-modified PFl-1 and SepSp-1, respectively. Desorption of counterion bromide due to sorption of chromate followed a straight-line relationship, suggesting that the sorption of chromate on surfactant-modified palygorskite and sepiolite was also due to anion exchange as with other surfactant-modified clay minerals and zeolites.
Evaluation of In-Use Emissions from Refuse Trucks

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the in-use emissions from heavy-duty diesel refuse trucks during their different modes of operation. The paper presents a collection of field emissions data from a sample of three side-loader refuse trucks in El Paso, Texas. The gaseous (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and total hydrocarbons) and particulate matter emissions rates were measured by means of two portable emissions measurement systems. The collected emissions data were divided into four distinct operation modes: city driving, highway driving, trash collection, and landfill activities. Emissions data were analyzed and operational and emissions characteristics of each mode were investigated. The trash collection and highway driving were found to produce the highest amount of pollutants for a side-loader refuse truck. It was also observed that while most of the highway driving occurred outside the boundary of the residential areas, almost all the trash collection activities occurred in residential areas. An in-depth analysis on trash collection mode was performed to investigate further the emissions characteristics of trash collection modes. The results of these studies will be used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using landfill gas generated at landfills as a liquid natural gas fuel source for refuse trucks.
Physiological responses of college students to a pet.

The effect of a pet on cardiovascular responses of college students was examined under three test conditions (i.e., reading aloud, reading quietly, and interacting with an unknown dog). A repeated-measures analysis with three covariates was used to examine the effect of the treatment on each of six dependent variables (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and State and Trait Anxiety). Reading aloud differed from baseline measures under all treatment conditions (p less than .001) Reading quietly and interacting with a pet were slightly below baseline for all dependent variables with a slightly greater effect by reading quietly than interacting with a pet. Examination of interactions between variables revealed no significant differences. Effects on State anxiety level mirrored cardiovascular responses (p less than .001). Trait anxiety levels remained relatively constant throughout the treatments. Results indicated that interacting with a pet does affect physiological and psychological responses by lowering response levels. A parallel effect was also demonstrated by reading quietly. Given the effect of pet interaction upon selected indicators of health in well college students, these data suggest the relevance of examining this treatment with an "at-risk" group.
Hexose Transporter Expression and Function in Mouse Small Intestine: Role of Diurnal Rhythm

Background Expression and function of hexose transporters vary diurnally in rat small intestine; however, this subject remains unexplored in mice.
Starting out right: Negotiation lessons for domestic and cross-cultural business alliances*

D onne ' s observation, "No man is an island • . " is more true today than ever before. There are no islands where people remain un touched by the actions of others. Daily we witness leaders of nations form political alliances to respond to such matters as pollution, destruction of endangered animals, world hunger, and relationships threatened by differences of phi losophy, ethnicity, or religion. There is no room for isolationism in a world where even the air we breathe is affected by the choices of people thousands of miles away. Just as nations are linked by issues of peace and well-being, so too are their businesses linked by issues of economy. Drobnick (1991) identified six world e c o n o m y trends that gathered strength in the late 1980s and are shaping the economic environment of the 1990s: 1. the evolution of American-Soviet relations from conflict to cooperat ion; 2. the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe; 3. the reversal of America's "locomotive" role in the world economy; 4. the ascendancy of Japan as the world 's banker; 5. the economic integration of Europe; and 6. the economic integration of North America. These changes require that organizations consider partners outside their own geographical boundaries. Going it alone is difficult at best. It means that business must have the ability to do all things well. As Kenichi Ohmae (1990) argues, "With enough time, money, and luck you can expand brands and build up distribution yoursell" you can do everything yourself. But all three are in short supply." The answer to this problem is in tercompany alliances. In many cases these alliances are crosscultural and do not resemble the hostile takeovers of the 1980s. Many firms have learned the hard way that hostile acquisition of companies often reduces them to the bare bones when Whether or not you're "going global," good negotiating skills are the first essential step toward the successful management of intercompany alliances.
The construction of B (1) l in terms of vertex operators and a Lie‐admissible not associative algebra

The affine nontwisted Kac–Moody algebra B(1)l is constructed in terms of an underlying not associative algebra obtained by tensoring an associative algebra of vertex operators with a given Lie‐admissible algebra. The former has its origin in bosonic string theory and the latter is found to be essentially an algebra of contractions used in canonical field theory.
Engineering furfural tolerance in Escherichia coli improves the fermentation of lignocellulosic sugars into renewable chemicals

Pretreatments such as dilute acid at elevated temperature are effective for the hydrolysis of pentose polymers in hemicellulose and also increase the access of enzymes to cellulose fibers. However, the fermentation of resulting syrups is hindered by minor reaction products such as furfural from pentose dehydration. To mitigate this problem, four genetic traits have been identified that increase furfural tolerance in ethanol-producing Escherichia coli LY180 (strain W derivative): increased expression of fucO, ucpA, or pntAB and deletion of yqhD. Plasmids and integrated strains were used to characterize epistatic interactions among traits and to identify the most effective combinations. Furfural resistance traits were subsequently integrated into the chromosome of LY180 to construct strain XW129 (LY180 ΔyqhD ackA::PyadC′fucO-ucpA) for ethanol. This same combination of traits was also constructed in succinate biocatalysts (Escherichia coli strain C derivatives) and found to increase furfural tolerance. Strains engineered for resistance to furfural were also more resistant to the mixture of inhibitors in hemicellulose hydrolysates, confirming the importance of furfural as an inhibitory component. With resistant biocatalysts, product yields (ethanol and succinate) from hemicellulose syrups were equal to control fermentations in laboratory media without inhibitors. The combination of genetic traits identified for the production of ethanol (strain W derivative) and succinate (strain C derivative) may prove useful for other renewable chemicals from lignocellulosic sugars.
Quenching of singlet molecular oxygen (1ΔgO2) in silica gel-solvent heterogeneous system II. A direct time-resolved study

Abstract Direct time-resolved studies of singlet molecular oxygen ( 1 Δ g O 2 ) phosphorescence ( 3 Σ g − O 2 , ν=0← 1 Δ g O 2 1270 nm) in heterogeneous silica gel-solvent systems are presented. The experimental results show that the singlet molecular oxygen ( 1 Δ g O 2 ) lifetime inside the pores of silica gel is significantly less than that in a neat solvent layer. This shortening of the singlet oxygen lifetime is mainly because of quenching by hydrogen-bonded adsorbed water and silanol groups on the silica gel surface. Studies on the sensitizer, 2-acetonaphthone, which is H-bonded on SiO 2 surfaces, show a shorter 1 Δ g O 2 lifetime in silica of smaller pore size. This indicates a higher rebound frequency of 1 Δ g O 2 between SiO 2 surfaces in the smaller pore size material. This effect enhances quenching of 1 Δ g O 2 by the surface hydroxy groups. The lifetime of 1 Δ g O 2 in benzene-SiO 2 produced by adsorbed 2-acetonaphthone is shorter when pyrene is used as the 1 Δ g O 2 sensitizer. Co-adsorbed DABCO (1,4 diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane) quenches singlet molecular oxygen ( 1 Δ g O 2 ) produced by the above sensitizers, but the kinetics are not of the Stern-Volmer type. The data again suggest that at least two adsorption sites exist for diamine-DABCO adsorption on porous silica gel surfaces. At low DABCO loadings, both nitrogen lone pairs of the diamine are bound to the silica gel surface (‘double’ adsorption), and this leads to a low efficiency for quenching of singlet molecular oxygen ( a Δ g O 2 ). Further loading of DABCO, saturates the ‘double’ adsorption sites, giving rise to adsorption at sites where only one nitrogen is attached to the silica gel surface. Increased 1 Δ g O 2 quenching is observed under this latter condition. DABCO quenching of 1 Δ g O 2 in bulk benzene is very efficient with a quenching rate ( k q ) of (2.93±0.13)x10 8 M −1 s −1 .
Japanese national technology policy: the case of electronic imaging and high definition television

Behind the Japanese success story in the development of electronic imaging and high definition television (HDTV) is a long term national technology development policy. The objective of this paper is to review the Japanese national technology policy on electronic imaging and HDTV, and to summarize the objectives of the key research and development projects between Nippon Hoso Kyokai and the Japanese industry. Some of the features of this policy are summarized here.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Aid Dependence and The Structure Of Corruption: The Case of Post‐Korean War South Korea

From 1953 to 1961, the South Korean economy grew slowly; the average per capita GNP growth was a mere percent, amounting to less than $100 in 1961. Few people, therefore, look for the sources of later dynamism in this period. As Kyung Cho Chung (1956:225) wrote in the mid‐1950s: “[South Korea] faces grave economic difficulties. The limitations imposed by the Japanese have been succeeded by the division of the country, the general destruction incurred by the Korean War, and the attendant dislocation of the population, which has further disorganized the economy” (see also McCune 1956:191–192). T.R. Fehrenbach (1963:37), in his widely read book on the Korean War, prognosticated: “By themselves, the two halves [of Korea] might possibly build a viable economy by the year 2000, certainly not sooner.”
Primary Effects of Different Mutagens and the Disturbances Induced in the Meiosis of X1 and X2 of Vicia Faba

The mutagenic effects of X-rays ethylene imine (EI) and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) have been studied on the small seeded cultivated Swedish variety of Vicia faba.The primary effects of the muta...
The paraventricular nucleus is uniquely responsive to the feeding stimulatory effects of steroid hormones

The paraventricular nucleus is uniquely responsive to the feeding stimulatory effects of steroid hormones (Tempel, D.L., Kim, T. and Leibowitz, S.F. Brain Research 00: 000-000). This study tested the effects of hypothalamic as well as extrahypothalamic implants of the adrenal steroids, corticosterone (CORT) and aldosterone (ALDO), on food intake and macronutrient selection in sham-operated and adrenalectomized (ADX) rats 1 h after administration. Consistent with a previous experiment, implants of CORT and ALDO in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were effective in stimulating food intake. These tests, conducted at the onset of the active feeding cycle, showed PVN implants of CORT to potentiate specifically carbohydrate intake in ADX rats, while having no effect in sham rats. This was in contrast to PVN ALDO which predominantly stimulated fat intake in sham as well as ADX rats. Neither CORT nor ALDO had any effect on food intake after implantation into other hypothalamic or extrahypothalamic sites tested. These unresponsive hypothalamic sites were the dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei, perifornical lateral hypothalamus, and arcuate nucleus. Extrahypothalamic sites including the dorsal CA1 region of the hippocampus, the central nucleus of the amygdala and the lateral septum were also unresponsive to steroid implants. These results identify the PVN, and the steroid receptors located within it, as having a specific function in mediating the action of CORT and ALDO on carbohydrate and fat intake, respectively.
From Bernoulli scaling to turbulent diffusion

The scaling found in Bernoulli's St. Petersburg Paradox was perhaps not properly understood until Levy's theory of probability limit distributions with infinite integer moments was developed. We use a generalization of these ideas involving a non-local stochastic equation with a coupled space-time memory to formulate a picture of turbulent diffusion.
The dependence of bacterial sulfate reduction on sulfate concentration in marine sediments

The effect of dissolved sulfate concentration on the rate of bacterial sulfate reduction in marine sediment from Long Island Sound was examined using a radio-sulfur technique. The experimental results show that the rate is independent of the dissolved sulfate concentration until low levels are reached (<3 mM), and that, when interpreted using a Monod-type rate law, a saturation constant, Ks, of 1.62 ± 0.16 M results. This weak dependence implies that the dissolved sulfate exerts only a limited influence on the rate of sulfate reduction in marine sediments. Given such a weak dependence, dissolved sulfate profiles in marine sediments must resemble profiles generated by models with sulfate independent kinetics. Initially, this would suggest that currently used sulfate-independent diagenetic models are appropriate in modelling sulfate profiles. However, comparison of these models with those containing weak sulfate-dependent kinetic terms shows that there exists considerable disagreement between these models when the parameter grouping (Dsk)12/w is larger than ~0.2 and smaller than ~3.0. (Here Ds is the SO;4 diffusion coefficient, k the organic matter decay constant and w the sediment burial velocity.) When the currently used models are corrected by employing physically meaningful boundary conditions, this divergence disappears. The modelling results, therefore, confirm the conclusion that any sulfate dependence inherent to the reduction kinetics does not appreciably affect sulfate pore water profiles, and that previous diagenetic studies using strong sulfate dependent models are erroneous.
Genomic organization and embryonic expression of the mouse fibroblast growth factor 9 gene.

Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), originally cloned as glial-activating factor from human glioma cells, is expressed in adult rat brain and kidney. Here we report the chromosomal localization, genomic organization, and embryonic expression pattern of the mouse Fgf9 gene. Fgf9 maps to chromosome 14 near the Ctla6 locus. The gene spans more than 34 kb and contains three exons and two introns. Translation initiation occurs in exon 1, and translation termination occurs in exon 3. Fgf9 RNA was detected during mouse embryogenesis in several tissues in which Fgf gene expression has not been previously described, including intermediate mesoderm of late-stage gastrulation, ventricular myocardium, lung pleura, skeletal myoblasts in the early limb bud, spinal cord motor neurons, olfactory bulb, and gut lumenal epithelium. Fgf9 is coexpressed with other Fgf genes in some skeletal myoblasts, in limb apical ectoderm, in craniofacial ectoderm, and in the retina, inner ear, and tooth bud. Dev Dyn 1999;216:72-88.
Primary Sternal Osteomyelitis Presenting as a Pleural-based Mass

Osteomyelitis in uncommon locations can present unusual diagnostic difficulties. A patient with primary sternal osteomyelitis who presented with pain over the right supraclavicular area and a radiologic picture of a pleural-based right upper lung mass is discussed. A triple-phase bone scan was consistent with the diagnosis, and a needle aspiration of the mass revealed a staphylococcal abscess. Percutaneous drainage of the contiguous abscess and a prolonged course of antibiotic therapy cured the infection. (Chest 1993; 103:1912-13)
Tectonic interpretation of the Trans-Mexicano Volcanic Belt

Abstract Although some workers interpret subduction along the Middle America Trench to be directly associated with volcanism in the Trans-Mexico Volcanic Belt, geographic distribution of intermediate-depth earthquakes, analysis of Sn propagation, and a limited number of focal-mechanism solutions suggest that the belt is largely independent of subduction. These data, in conjunction with the position of the volcanic belt with respect to known plate boundaries in the region, suggest that the belt represents the incompletely developed northern boundary of a developing micro-plate. It is a zone of transtension that probably results from slightly different rates of absolute plate velocities in the region.
Goodness-of-Fit Testing for the Logistic Regression Model when the Estimated Probabilities are Small

The distribution of the Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square type goodness-of-fit tests (Cg, Ȟg) for the logistic regression model are examined via simulations designed to examine their behavior when most of the estimated probabilities are small or are expected to fall in a few deciles. The results of the simulations show statistic Cg should be used when the two outcome groups (y = 0, 1) are not well separated, Δ≤2, where Δ2 is the Mahalanobis distance. Statistic Ȟg should be used when Δ ≥ 8. Either statistic may be used when 2 ≦ Δ ≦ 8. All tests should be used with caution when the proportion in the sample with y = 1 is less than 0.1.
Vascular smooth muscle cell glycocalyx influences shear stress-mediated contractile response.

This study addressed the influence of the rate of shear stress application on aortic smooth muscle cell (SMC) contraction and the role of specific glycosaminoglycans in this mechanotransduction. Ra...
Intramolecular electron transfer

In most of the oxidation-reduction reactions involving net electron transfer which have been studied, the experimental results yield only second order rates, and thus reflect the barrier to bringing reactants together as well as that for the electron transfer act itself. Recent advances in synthetic procedures make it possible to measure as an intramolecular or first order process, net electron transfer in complexes containing Co(III) and Ru(II) as oxidizing and reducing agents respectively for a wide variety of bridging groups. Systems in which the bridging groups mediate in electron transfer, as well as others, in which the bridging groups serve only to define the separation of the oxidizing agent and reducing centres become accessible to study. In a somewhat related class of reactions, a particular ligand in an oxidizing complex is converted by external means to a reducing agent, and the rate of reduction of the oxidizing metal ion by the damaged ligand is measured, as a first order process. Closely related in principle to the work referred to are studies on mixed valence complexes such as Figure options Download full-size image Download as PowerPoint slide where electron transfer between a ruthenium (II) and a ruthenium (III) end can be considered. But the two classes differ dramatically because in the latter system there is no chemistry associated with electron transfer, in the sense that no bonds are broken or formed on electron transfer. The mixed valence complexes in fact require different experimental approaches for their study and feature elements of interest different from those exhibited by the Co(III)-Ru(II) class. The principles underlying the behaviour of the class of molecules will be outlined, and the results obtained in the study of their properties are described.
Prolonged survival after invasive aspergillosis: A single-institution review of 11 cases

Purpose To perform a retrospective review of the authors' experience with invasive aspergillosis (IA) in a pediatric population treated with conventional chemotherapy. Case series of IA in the pediatric oncology population are limited but generally report poor overall survival. Methods Medical records were reviewed of all patients receiving conventional chemotherapy for malignant disease who developed IA at Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, between January 1, 1995, and January 1, 2002. Results During the study period there were 11 cases of IA in pediatric cancer patients treated with conventional chemotherapy. All patients had pulmonary IA; two also had evidence of disseminated disease. All patients underwent diagnostic tissue biopsy. Sixty-four percent required further surgery to excise bulky disease. Medical therapy varied with disease presentation and the overall clinical picture, although prolonged treatment with amphotericin B and itraconazole was the mainstay of therapy. Resolution of clinical disease was seen in 91% of patients. Seventy-three percent received further chemotherapy. The 3-year estimated survival was 82%, with a median follow-up of 32.5 months. Conclusions Early diagnosis and aggressive intervention improve long-term survival from IA in immunocompromised pediatric oncology patients. Aggressive surgical resection, prolonged medical therapy after gross resolution of disease, and chemoprophylaxis during subsequent chemotherapy decrease the likelihood of recurrent IA despite subsequent cytotoxic therapy. The ability to proceed with intensive chemotherapy despite a history of IA may improve long-term survival.
Alliance formation for DDoS defense

Currently, there is no effective defense against large-scale distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. While numerous DDoS defense systems exist that offer excellent protection from specific attack types and scenarios, they can frequently be defeated by an attacker aware of their weaknesses. A necessary requirement for successful DDoS defense is wide deployment, but none of these systems can guarantee wide deployment simply because deployment depends more on market and social aspects than on the technical performance of the system.To successfully handle the DDoS threat we must abandon the current paradigm---the design of defense systems that operate in isolation---and shift toward a new paradigm, a distributed framework of heterogeneous systems that cooperate to achieve an effective defense. Heterogeneity is dictated by two major factors. First, the necessary requirements for a successful defense are detection, response and traffic differentiation. These requirements must be met at disjoint points in the Internet and require a disjoint set of functionalities from the defense systems. Second, heterogeneity is dictated by the current state of the DDoS defense field in which numerous systems exist that can offer similar performance and compete for market share. In this paper we show how the paradigm shift can be accomplished quickly and painlessly through the design of DefCOM, a distributed framework that enables the exchange of information and services between existing defense nodes.
Developing Raman spectroscopy for in-situ determinations

Raman spectroscopy produces highly characteristic responses from all molecular species. It uses ultraviolet, visible or near-infrared radiation and thus is well suited for use with relatively inexpensive low-loss fiber optics. Because it is a scattering measurement it is readily applied to samples in a variety of forms, including aqueous solutions, solids and slurries, and to samples in hostile environments. This report will discuss how concerns relating to sensitivity and reproducibility have been addressed by selection of appropriate instrumentation and data treatment strategies. Recent results with a fiber optic based system for a variety of samples with significant implications for in situ monitoring applications will be described. Problems relating to representative sampling of nonuniform materials have also been addressed, and results obtained with a novel Hadamard transform approach to obtain energy throughput and spatial averaging advantage will be described.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Function-Oriented Synthesis of a Didesmethyl Triazacryptand Analogue for Fluorescent Potassium Ion Sensing.

Triazacryptand (TAC)-based fluorescent K + sensors have broad biomedical utility, yet their advancement has been hindered because of their challenging synthesis. Herein, an efficient synthesis is reported that delivers a didesmethyl triazacryptand (ddTAC) K + sensor in twofold fewer steps and ninefold higher overall yield than the original TAC synthesis. Our synthesis utilizes a C-O dianionic oxidative macrocyclization and reports new examples of aminoarylations and a microwave route to xanthythilium chromophores. The K + sensitivity and selectivity of the ddTAC-based sensor are comparable to the TAC-based sensor.
Interactions between Inner Membrane Proteins in Donor and Recipient Cells Limit Conjugal DNA Transfer

Conjugation enables horizontal transmission of DNA among bacteria, thereby facilitating the rapid spread of genes such as those conferring resistance to antibiotics. Cell-cell contact is required for conjugative DNA transfer but does not ensure its success. The presence of certain plasmids in potential recipient cells inhibits redundant transfer of these plasmids from competent donors despite contact between donor and recipient cells. Here, we used two closely related integrating conjugative elements (ICEs), SXT and R391, to identify genes that inhibit redundant conjugative transfer. Cells containing SXT exclude transfer of a second copy of SXT but not R391 and vice versa. The specific exclusion of SXT and R391 is dependent upon variants of TraG and Eex, ICE-encoded inner membrane proteins in donor and recipient cells, respectively. We identified short sequences within each variant that determine the exquisite specificity of self-recognition; these data suggest that direct interactions between TraG and Eex mediate exclusion.
Effects of palladium coating on field-emission properties of carbon nanofibers in a hydrogen plasma

Abstract Results from electron field-emission studies using arrays of patterned carbon nanofiber bundles are reported. We find that the desired field-emission characteristics were not compromised when a protective coating consisting of a layer of palladium of 5 and 30 nm thickness was applied. Following exposure to a hydrogen plasma for several hours we find that the coatings impede plasma damage significantly, whereas the field-emission properties of uncoated nanofibers degraded much more rapidly. The results demonstrate that carbon nanofibers with protective conformal metal coatings can be integrated into harsh plasma environments enabling a range of applications such as field-ionization ion sources and advanced (micro)-plasma discharges.
Antidepressants for functional gastrointestinal syndromes

Antidepressant agents have been suggested as treatments for functional gastrointestinal syndromes since the early 1960s (1). Their efficacy has been demonstrated through anecdotal reports and a small number of controlled studies, but the best candidates for treatment remain unknown. This paper describes the rationale for trying antidepressants for the functional disorders, the outcome of reported studies in several of the syndromes, and a discussion of potential modes of action in these illnesses. A final section summarizes a personal experience using these agents in clinical practice.
8-Hydroxyadenine as the intermediate in the oxidation of adenine to 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine by xanthine oxidase.

Abstract In the oxidation of adenine to 2,8-dihydroxyadenine by xanthine oxidase, 8-hydroxyadenine has been shown to be the major intermediate.
Representation of reversible current for arbitrary electrode geometries and arbitrary potential modulation

Abstract For simple electron transfer O+ n e − ⇄ R with equal diffusion coefficients ( D o = D R ), it is shown that reversible current can be expressed in terms of diffusion-limited current for arbitrary cell/electrode geometries and arbitrary time-dependent potentials. This result provides a better understanding of a formula due to Aoki and co-workers and suggests new experimental approaches which simplify interpretation of data obtained at microelectrodes.
Renal oncocytoma: further observations and literature review.

Although controversy exists among pathologists regarding the existence of a benign renal adenoma of proximal tubular origin (oncocytoma), certain “typical” angiographic features have been proported to characterize such renal masses. These include “spoke-wheel” vasculature, homogeneous blush, orderly vascular pattern, and absence of vascular puddling or venous shunting. These features may characterize oncocytomas but may also be shared by an occasional renal cell carcinoma. Nonetheless, their demonstration should alert radiologists and surgeons to the possibility that a given renal mass may be a benign oncocytoma. Such a presumptive diagnosis may have significant surgical implications.
Effects of Pulsed Magnetic Stimulation on GFAP Levels in Cultured Astrocytes

The present study evaluates the physiological effects of magnetic stimulation on astrocyte cultures. Cell cultures were exposed to pulsed magnetic stimulation (10 Hz, 10 sec) at the following levels: 0.10 tesla (T; Group A); 0.21 T (Group B); 0.42 T (Group C); and 0.63 T (Group D). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels from immunoblots, total protein concentrations, and cellular morphology were analyzed at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 13, and 20 days poststimulation. Significantly higher GFAP levels were observed in Group D at day 3 (P = 0.0114). The change was transient as the GFAP levels quickly returned to control levels by day 5. No other significant changes in GFAP levels were observed. In comparison to control protein levels at day 0, concentrations from Groups B, C, and D were significantly lower (P < 0.006), whereas at day 3, Groups C and D were significantly higher (P < 0.02). Differences in astrocyte morphology due to magnetic stimulation were not observed. This study demonstrated that high intensity magnetic stimulation for only 10 sec induced a transient biological response.