cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of heat flux by different scales of advection in an urban environment

Sensible heat flux data obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Regional Air Pollution Study in St. Louis, Missouri are presented and discussed. Large spatial variations exist in heat flux on both a land-use scale and the urban scale. Arguments based upon empirical data and sampling theory show that estimates of heat flux representative of an upwind fetch l x require a minimum observation height proportional to z 3/4. The influence of advection on the magnitude of the heat flux is also explored for both the urban and sub-urban or land-use scales. The data clearly indicate that advection can strongly modulate and even dominate the vertical heat flux above surfaces in areas which maintain large horizontal temperature gradients. The advection contribution is positive for cold air advection and negative for warm air advection, and may result from either the urban heat island or land-use mesoscale features. The depth of advective influence is directly proportional to the horizontal scale of the phenomenon and inversely proportional to horizontal temperature gradient.
Hybrid mobile backbone network routing with flow control and distance awareness (MBNR-FC/DA)

The mobile backbone network (MBN) architecture has been introduced to synthesize robust, scalable and efficient mobile ad hoc wireless networks that support multimedia flows. Backbone capable nodes are dynamically elected to construct a mobile backbone (Bnet). In this article, we present a hybrid routing mechanism for such networks, identified as MBN routing with flow control and distance awareness (MBNR-FC/DA) scheme. Flows that travel a distance longer than a threshold level are routed across the Bnet. This induces a significant reduction in the route discovery control overhead, yielding a highly scalable operation. In turn, a limited span global route discovery process is invoked for routing shorter distance flows. Discovered global routes use effectively the capacity of non-backbone wireless links. Such an operation serves to upgrade the network's throughput capacity level when the backbone network does not provide global topological covering. The hybrid routing protocol introduced and studied in this paper, also employs combined nodal congestion control and flow admission control schemes to guide admitted flows across areas that are less congested, and to avoid overloading the network. We present a centralized procedure as well as a distributed adaptive scheme for the calculation of the distance threshold level under varying traffic loading and backbone coverage conditions. We show our schemes to make efficient use of network-wide capacity resources by dynamically selecting proper distance threshold levels, yielding outstanding delay-throughput performance.
VCARS – veterinary computerized anesthetic record system

VCARS, the Veterinary Computerized Anesthetic Record System, has been developed to capture pre-, peri- and post-anesthetic data using Tablet PCs, 802.11b wireless networks, and a web-based database. Patient demographics, anticipated procedures and anesthetist, service information and hematologic and chemistry values are imported from the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital patient information system. Using a wireless Tablet PC, pre-anesthetic examination findings are recorded and an anesthetic plan including anesthetic drugs and anesthetic and monitoring equipment is developed. During induction and maintenance of anesthesia, physiologic variables, drug, fluid, anesthetic gas and oxygen administration, laboratory values, patient location, and important events can be charted with the simplicity of a paper anesthetic record. This information can be manipulated for display in a variety of ways depending on the specific needs of the case. Tools for calculating optimal fluid rates and drug dosages are incorporated into the design. The anesthetic records from multiple cases can be viewed simultaneously using a centrally-located monitor. Detailed audit trails ensure data integrity. A high-end search engine will allow rapid and complete retrieval of patient and anesthetic information. Macromedia flash is used to allow temporary disconnection from the wireless network without losing the ability to view, add, or edit data. The initial stages of software development are nearing completion, a wireless network is in place and hardware is being purchased. A pilot study will be conducted using manual entry of physiologic data prior to integration of automatically captured patient physiological variables. It is anticipated that this system will drastically improve the accuracy of data collection and retrieval and will provide important information about anesthetic management allowing improvement in overall patient care.
SPEAC: special purpose electronic area correlator

In the high data rate systems (> MHz) associated with signal processing, a standard stored program computer is not fast enough. At the present time, parallel (1, 2) and pipeline (3) architectures are being used to solve these computational problems.This paper describes a preprocessor which is optimized to perform sum-of-product operations with a "pipeline ripple through" architecture. A breadboard built to perform the "absolute difference" and "product" correlation functions using this architecture is described.
Origins of the corporate liberal state

Martin J. Sklar's The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, a revisionist account of the early antitrust laws in particular and the political economy of the Progressive Era in general, offers a wealth of detailed research and a particularly valuable reinterpretation of the jurisprudence of antitrust law during the period 1890–1911. A neo‐Marxist framework of analysis, however, detracts from the work and causes Sklar to misread the valuable evidence he has compiled. By misinterpreting standard economic models of market structure, he incorrectly concludes that the large corporations could “regulate” the market if the government did not do so. By viewing the political economy as a comprehensively and tightly integrated structure of technologies, property rights, political powers, ideology, and social classes, he fails to give due weight to the diversity of influential interests contending within the political economy, especially within the “capitalist class,” and shaping its historical transformation.
THE FORMATION OF CHINESE MARITIME NETWORKS TO SOUTHERN ASIA, 1200-1450

The period between the thirteenth and mid-fifteenth centuries marked a distinct and impor tant phase in the history of India-China relations. This new phase was triggered by the for mation of Chinese maritime networks to southern Asia. While the Song period witnessed the formation of private trade and shipping networks, the aggressive foreign policy of the Yuan court led to the establishment of a government maritime network. The maritime networking to southern Asia culminated in the increased numbers of Ming emissaries, including the fleets of the admiral Zheng He, who visited Indian ports in the fifteenth century and intervened in the diplomatic affairs of several strategic Indian commercial zones. La p?riode qui s'?tend du treizi?me jusqu'au milieu du quinzi?me si?cles pr?sente une phase distincte et importante des relations indo-chinoises. Cette nouvelle phase r?sulta de la cr?ation des r?seaux maritimes chinois vers l'Asie du Sud. La p?riode Song est marqu?e par la for mation d'un commerce privatis? et des r?seaux maritimes; or, l'agressive politique ext?rieure de la dynastie Yuan eut comme cons?quence la cr?ation d'un r?seau maritime officiel. Les voies maritimes qui s'ouvraient vers le sud d'Asie ont fait augmenter le nombre d'?missaires, dont la flotte de Zheng He; celui-ci visita les c?tes indiennes au XVe si?cle et intervint dans les affaires diplomatiques de plusieurs strat?giques zones commerciales des Indes.
An automated competency-based student performance assessment program for advanced pharmacy practice experiential programs.

Objectives. To describe the development and preliminary outcomes of the System of Universal Clinical Competency Evaluation in the Sunshine State (SUCCESS) for preceptors to assess students' clinical performance in advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). Design. An Internet-based APPE assessment tool was developed by faculty members from colleges of pharmacy in Florida and implemented. Assessment. Numeric scores and grades derived from the SUCCESS algorithm were similar to preceptors' comparison grades. The average SUCCESS GPA was slightly higher compared to preceptors' scores (0.02 grade points). Conclusions. The SUCCESS program met its goals, including establishing a common set of forms, standardized assessment criteria, an objective document that is accessible on the Internet, and standardized grading, and reducing pressure on preceptors from students concerning their grades.
Chip scale package issues

Abstract Availability of board solder joint reliability information is critical to the wider implementation of chip scale packages (CSPs). The JPL-led CSP consortia of enterprises representing government agencies and private companies have joined together to pool in-kind resources for developing the quality and reliability of CSPs for variety of projects. In the process of building the consortia test vehicles, many challenges were identified regarding various aspects of technology implementation. This paper will present our experience in the areas of technology implementation challenges, including design and building both standard and microvia boards, and assembly of two types of CSP test vehicles.
Three Teacher Educators' Perspectives about the Shifting Responsibilities of Infusing Technology into the Curriculum.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify ways in which teacher educators shift responsibilities to infuse technology into their methodology courses and student teaching assignments, and to see if there are changes in students' skills as a result of new requirements. Three education faculty and 39 students participated. The following data sources were used: faculty's reflection journals; observations of student presentations in real classrooms and in college classrooms; students' reflection journals; students' evaluation of the technology requirements; and students' lesson plans. Pre- and post-study technological surveys showed significant differences in two areas. Four general categories of shifting responsibilities emerged from the study: (1) a shift in our role as instructor; (2) a shift in the way we plan for instruction and supervision; (3) a shift in our actual instruction and supervision; and (4) a shift in the way we monitor students' progress with technology infusion.
Elastic fiber pattern in scleroderma/morphea.

Background: Scleroderma/morphea is characterized by expansion of the dermis with thickened collagen bundles and loss of CD34+ dermal dendrocytes. Variable elastic fiber changes have been described, but to our knowledge, no systematic study of the elastic fiber pattern correlated with CD34 expression has been reported. Methods: To better define the typical elastic fiber morphology, we examined seven cases of normal skin and 28 cases of scleroderma/morphea ranging from inflammatory to sclerosing stages. All but four biopsies were submitted with a clinical impression of either scleroderma or morphea. CD34 immunohistochemistry was performed on 26 biopsies with available tissue. Results: Elastic van Gieson stain showed preservation of elastic fibers in all cases. In addition, straightening with parallel orientation and compression between thickened collagen bundles was frequently present and was graded as limited in 46% and diffuse in 54% of cases. The extent of elastic fiber alteration correlated with the degree of sclerosis. A variable loss of CD34+ dermal dendritic cells was seen in all cases. Conclusion: This study confirms the preservation and frequent presence of parallel, straightened and compressed elastic fibers in scleroderma/morphea and suggests that the elastic fiber pattern, in addition to CD34 immunohistochemistry, may serve as a useful diagnostic adjunct.
tert-Butyl 2-benzoyl-2-methyl­propanoate

The title compound, C15H20O3, is bent with a dihedral angle of 67.28 (9)° between the mean planes of the phenyl ring and a group encompassing the ester functionality (O=C—O—C). In the crystal, mol­ecules related by inversion symmetry are connected by weak C—H⋯O inter­actions into infinite chains. On one side of the mol­ecule there are two adjacent inter­actions between neighbouring mol­ecules involving the H atoms of methyl groups from the dimethyl groups and the O atoms of the ketone; on the other side, there are also two inter­actions to another adjacent mol­ecule involving the H atoms on the phenyl rings and the carbonyl O atoms of the ester functionality.
Delayed Ultrastructural Lung Maturation in the Fetal and Newborn Hypothyroid (Hyt/Hyt) Mouse

Thyroid hormones influence fetal and neonatal lung growth and maturation. However, the effect of naturally occurring, genetically determined hypo- or hyperthyroidism on fetal or neonatal lung maturation has not been examined. In the hyt/hyt mouse, primary hypothyroidism, which is characterized by a high serum TSH concentration, is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. It occurs due to a mutational defect in the beta-subunit of the TSH receptor. We studied the lung ultrastructure of the fetal [18-d-gestation (term = approximately 19.5 d)] and neonatal (< 1-d-old) hyt/hyt mouse. In addition, disaturated phosphatidylcholine and total phospholipid contents of newborn hyt/hyt mouse lungs were determined. Male and female hyt/hyt mice with a high serum TSH concentration were made euthyroid by adding 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine to drinking water and then mated. Balb-c mice served as euthyroid controls. Fetal and neonatal hyt/hyt mice had a higher serum TSH concentration than the Balb-c controls. Fetal hyt/hyt mouse lungs showed a large amount of intracellular glycogen and fewer lamellar bodies in epithelial type II cells compared with Balb-c fetal mouse lungs. The neonatal hyt/hyt mouse also showed signs of lung immaturity such as persistent epithelial cell glycogen, few lamellar bodies, reduced disaturated phosphatidylcholine content, and absent tubular myelin. We conclude that fetal and neonatal lung maturation is delayed in the hyt/hyt mouse with primary hypothyroidism.
Heuristic structures of Dispositio in oral and written rhetorical composition: An addendum to Ochs’ analysis of the Verrine Orations

Building on Ochs’ analysis of “rhetorical detailing” in Cicero's Verrine orations, this essay reveals that the disposition of arguments in the In Verrem shifted markedly from compositions which were structured for oral argument to those which were intended for public reading.
AN INNOVATIVE METHOD FOR NEONATAL AUTOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION

During the first month of life, the majority of very low birthweight infants require multiple transfusions, thereby repeatedly exposing them to the risks ot the administration of homologous blood. Autologous transfusions minimize the risks of transfusion related infections and alloimmunization. We have developed a novel system for the “closed” aseptic collection and storage of autologous placental blood in sterile bags containing the anticoagulant, citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine. Results: Of 29 collections from placentas of vaginal and C-section deliveries, the average volume of blood collected was 76 cc (range 55-110 cc) over 1.5 min (range 1-2 in min. Adequate anticoagulation was achieved in all samples as defined by an APTT >90 sec. Over a four week storage period at 4°C, there was no significant intrasample decline in hemoglobin concentration (0.4±0.4 g/dl; mean change ± sd), red blood cell ATP content (0.1±0.6 μm/g), change in PSD (0.1 mmHg±0.1), increase in hemolysis 0.1±0.1%), or change in red cell morphology (3 ± 1% echinocytes). Surface cultures were positive in 2 of 29 swabs prior to preparation of the cord. All placental surface cultures taken after cord preparation as well as anaerobic and aerobic blood cultures remained negative over the four week storage interval. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility of collecting and storing placental autologous blood tor transfusions in neonates.
The possible role of granulocyte elastase in renal damage from acute pyelonephritis

During acute inflammatory processes, extracellular release of granulocyte elastase can contribute to subsequent tissue damage. To test our hypothesis that extracellular elastase release during acute pyelonephritis may contribute to subsequent renal parenchymal damage, we compared the intracellular and extracellular activities of the lysozyme elastase of human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) when incubated in vitro with bacterial strains causing renal infection that led to either renal damage or no damage. Urine bacterial cultures were obtained from patients with acute pyelonephritis (flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, fever >38°C, bacteriuria, pyuria, and leukocytosis). Renal damage was demonstrated by cortical scarring on followup intravenous pyelography and/or diminished function on131iodine hippuran renal scan. Mean extracellular elastase activity (μunits/PMN) was 0.15 for unstimulated PMN, 0.07 for PMN stimulated by bacteria not associated with renal damage, and 1.20 for the PMN stimulated by strains associated with renal damage. Mean intracellular elastase activity (μunits/PMN) was 3.73 for unstimulated PMN, 3.48 for PMN stimulated by bacteria not associated with renal damage, and 3.31 for the PMN stimulated by strains associated with renal damage. Extracellular granulocyte elastase activity was thus significantly higher (P=0.0001) in PMN stimulated by bacterial strains associated with renal damage. Extracellular release of elastase may contribute to the pathogenesis of renal damage in pyelonephritis.
Strongly temperature dependent sliding friction for a superconducting interface

A longstanding question in the field of nanotribology (wearless friction between well characterized surfaces) is whether frictional dissipation is dominated by the creation of phonons or the creation electronic excitations. To study this question, an experiment using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was performed in which a monolayer film of nitrogen was deposited on flat lead substrate microbalance electrodes [1] . When the temperature of the lead was lowered below the superconducting transition temperature Tc, a rapid (nearly discontinuous) drop was observed in the monolayer friction. The friction was deduced from the damping of the quartz microbalance oscillator. The drop in friction was interpreted as a reduction in the substrate electronic heating. The electronic contribution to sliding friction experienced by a non-metallic film sliding on a metallic surface, is usually attributed to the creation of excitations of the
Inhibitory processes in the flash evoked potential of the monkey.

Abstract Flash visual evoked potentials (VEP) and concurrent multiple unit activity (MUA) were recorded from closely spaced intracortical sites in unanesthetized monkeys before and after intracortical injection of the GABAa antagonist bicuculline. Laminar VEP profiles were subjected to current source density (CSD) analysis to localize the transmembrane current flows contributing to the generation of the field potentials. Before bicuculline, the first large VEP component, N40, was generated principally within the parvocellular thalamorecipient sublamina 4Cb. After bicuculline injection, the current sinks associated with N40 spread throughout lamina 4, consistent with a release of intracortical inhibition mediated by GABA. A subsequent component, P65, believed to represent recurrent inhibitory activity within 4Cb, was greatly diminished in size after bicuculline injection. The laminar pattern of current sources and sinks coincident with this component was more complicated after bicuculline, reflecting the summation of current flows associated with disinhibited lamina 4 activity. Bicuculline also altered the responses of neuronal elements in laminae 3 and 5, evidenced by large increases in MUA in these laminae that began approximately 50 msec after stimulation. Finally, bicuculline diminished the degree of intracortical ocular dominance, implicating GABAergic mechanisms in the maintenance and refinement of ocular input segregation within cortical columns.
An expert modeling support system for modeling an object system to specify its information requirements

Abstract This paper presents an anlyst support system that partially automates the process of determining information requirements. The focus of this paper is upon the problems associated in developing a clear and consistent understanding of the object system by the analysis team, where the object system is essentially the larger system that an information system serves. It describes the design of a computer aided tool which is based upon an extension of SADT and it incorporates the use of problem domain knowledge-base and decision concepts of Simon. The emphasis is on the rationale for the structure and components of this tool and how it may be used for modeling the object system and performing both component and precedence analysis. The problem of generating information system requirements is reduced to traversing the conceptual model.
Neuropsychological Assessment Across the Life Span: Neuropsychology. G. Goldstein, P.D. Nussbaum, and S.R. Beers (Eds.). 1998. New York: Plenum Press. 497 pp., $115.00.

This volume is part of the series Human Brain Function: Assessment and Rehabilitation and aims to present information regarding how brain function is assessed with neuropsychological instruments. In general, this text is designed to cover assessment from the perspective of both behavioral neurologists and neuropsychologists. The book is divided into three sections: “Developmental Considerations,” “Clinical Considerations,” and “Specialized Assessment.”
Immune responses of inbred guinea pigs against random terpolymers containing L glutamic acid and L alanine.

SummaryThe immune responses of the inbred guinea pig strains 2 and 13 have been determined against random terpolymers of L glutamic acid and L alanine and a third amino acid. Strain 2 guinea pigs responded against GAT10, GAT10(LLD), GAT10(NO2)15, GAT4, and GAL10. However, strain 13 guinea pigs responded only against GAT10. The explanation offered is that strain 2 guinea pigs, which have the Ir-GA gene, recognize the polymers via random GA determinants present in sufficient concentration in all of the above polymers. However, strain 13 guinea pigs recognize the GAT10 via the Ir-GT gene, and reduction in the concentration of tyrosyl residues below 10 mole % by various procedures alters the concentration of available random GT determinants necessary for interaction with the gene product of the Ir-GT gene.
Depth sensitivity of binocular cortical neurons of behaving monkeys.

Activity of neurons in foveal striate and prestriate cortex of trained rhesus monkeys was recorded with metal microelectrodes. While animals fixated a small spot at a given fixation distance (38 or 57 cm), bright or dark bars moving across a frontoparallel plane were presented at different depths in a range of$\pm $ 10 cm about the fixation distance. Almost all cells showed binocular interaction. Neurons with balanced ocularity (approximately equal monocular responses) usually facilitated each other and were tuned to depth around the plane of fixation, often with inhibitory flanks nearer and further. Neurons with unbalanced ocularity either inhibited each other or had asymmetric depth sensitivity profiles, i.e. activation by stimuli in front and suppression by stimuli behind the fixation plane (near cells) or vice versa (far cells). Thus, striate and prestriate cortex of the monkey contains four subsets of binocular cells which may contribute to depth perception.
Distribution of mineralization in time and space in Chihuahua, Mexico

Physiographically, Chihuahua includes Sierra Madre Occidental (western) and Mesa Central (eastern) provinces. Stratigraphically, coal occurs in Triassic-Jurassic strata and upper Cretaceous rocks, porphyry Cu-Mo deposits in stocks, fissure-vein Ag-Au lodes in andesite-rhyolite sequences and in Cretaceous sediments, Mn fissure-vein deposits in rhyolitic extrusives, U in fissures and contacts in rhyolites, gypsum in Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous strata, manto Pb-Zn-Ag and stratiform Cu-Ba deposits separately in Lower Cretaceous strata, magmatic segregation and contact Fe deposits in trachyte and rhyolite and adjacent intrusives respectively, and fluorite as mantos and veins in Cretaceous sediments. Assemblages occur in zones that strike NW paralleling other mineral belts in adjacent northwestern Mexico. Temporal, spatial and genetic relationships link magmatic-hydrothermal origin deposits to magmatic suites that vary from calc-alkaline (west) to alkaline (east). Favorable localizing structures include doming by batholiths, normal faulting and contact metamorphism in the Sierra Madre Occidental Orogen and by folding, thrusting and stock emplacement in the eastern Chihuahua Tectonic Belt, all during Laramide time. Mineralization persisted through the Oligocene interval, although post-mineral volcanism continued until Late Cenozoic time. Contemporaneous events in the eastern Pacific basin suggest that tectonism, magmatism and metallogenesis are consistant with a convergent plate model along a continental margin.
Synthetic Escherichia coli consortia engineered for syntrophy demonstrate enhanced biomass productivity

Synthetic Escherichia coli consortia engineered for syntrophy demonstrated enhanced biomass productivity relative to monocultures. Binary consortia were designed to mimic a ubiquitous, naturally occurring ecological template of primary productivity supported by secondary consumption. The synthetic consortia replicated this evolution-proven strategy by combining a glucose positive E. coli strain, which served as the system's primary producer, with a glucose negative E. coli strain which consumed metabolic byproducts from the primary producer. The engineered consortia utilized strategic division of labor to simultaneously optimize multiple tasks enhancing overall culture performance. Consortial interactions resulted in the emergent property of enhanced system biomass productivity which was demonstrated with three distinct culturing systems: batch, chemostat and biofilm growth. Glucose-based biomass productivity increased by ∼15, 20 and 50% compared to appropriate monoculture controls for these three culturing systems, respectively. Interestingly, the consortial interactions also produced biofilms with predictable, self-assembling, laminated microstructures. This study establishes a metabolic engineering paradigm which can be easily adapted to existing E. coli based bioprocesses to improve productivity based on a robust ecological theme.
The Utility of Transthoracic Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis in Children 90

Infective endocarditis (IE) is frequently suspected but infrequently diagnosed disease in children. Clinicians often order echcardiograms to rule out IE. In the era of cost containment, clinically efficient strategies must be developed. We hypothesized that transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is only useful in children in whom there is a high clinical suspicion of IE based on history, physical examination and persistently positive blood cultures. The objective of this study is to determine the role of TTE as a screening test for suspected IE in children. Echocardiographic reports and medical records were reviewed for 166 consecutive patients who underwent TTE to rule out IE from 1/93 to 7/96. Fever was the main indication for TTE (114 patients, 69%). Fifty seven (34%) patients had congenital heart disease and 89 (54%) patients had indwelling venous catheters. Twenty six (16%) were diagnosed and treated as IE. TTE was positive for vegetation in 12 patients (46% of IE patients and 7% of the total). The other 14 patients were diagnosed on a clinical basis as well as having persistently positive blood cultures. Using logistic regression and classification trees, we determined which variables were predictive of IE. Fever, leukocytosis, splenomegaly, hematuria, heart failure, murmurs, immune compromised status, or elevated acute phase reactants were not predictive of the outcome. Malaise defined as fatigue and the general feeling of illness, was the most predictive variable of IE (sensitivity 77% and specificity 95%). The presence of indwelling catheters without malaise was indicative of no IE in 77/77 patients. The presence of a second positive blood culture or malaise increased the sensitivity for IE to 100% with only 50(instead of 166) patients requiring TTE under these criteria. TTE has poor sensitivity as a screening test for IE. Multiple positive blood cultures in a setting of clinical illness adequately defines the need for TTE.
The experimental evaluation of die compaction lubricants using deterministic chaos theory

Abstract The use of lubricants in die compaction is becoming an increasingly important issue in the P/M industry, both from an economic and environmental perspective. Until this time, the evaluation of lubricants has been limited to apparent density, tap density, and various elementary flow tests. This paper examines the application of deterministic chaos theory and fractal geometry to characterize the effects of lubricants on powder flowability. The lubricants that were investigated included zinc stearate, polyvinyl fluoride, Teflon™ (polytetrafluoroethylene—PTFE), and Acrawax C (ethylene bis-stearamide), ad-mixed with irregular iron powders. This paper evaluates the applicability of this new technique for characterizing powder flowability. In addition to distinguishing between the efficacy of various lubricants, data are presented on the statistical reproducibility, the effect of testing history on subsequent measurements, and the effect of machine operating parameters on the data. Parameters that can be used to describe the flow data produced by this new technique will be discussed.
A Model for Investigating Right Ventricular Performance in the Neonatal Heart. • 115

Isolated heart preparations have frequently been used to investigate left ventricular mechanics. However, few studies have examined the right ventricle(RV), and none using an isovolumic preparation. As a model for assessing the neonatal RV, isolated, atrially-paced (150 bpm), piglet hearts (<3 days of age, N=5) underwent retrograde aortic perfusion (60mm Hg) using an oxygenated(95%O2-5%CO2), nonrecirculating, Krebbs-Henseleit solution (37°C) containing 2% BSA, glucose (5.5mM) and insulin (100μU/ml). RV isovolumic pressure was monitored with a fluid-filled balloon catheter, placed retrogradely through the pulmonic valve. A cannula was positioned in the right atrium to siphon off the coronary venous return. Thus, the fluid-filled balloon provided the only preload for the RV. The left atrium was ligated to prevent shunting across the foramen ovale. The RV balloon was incrementally loaded and peak systolic pressure (PSP), end-diastolic pressure (EDP), contractility (+dP/dtmax.), and the rate (-dP/dtmax.) and extent (time constant, Tau) of relaxation were determined. Mean results are shown below.Figure
Determination of Octanol-Water Equivalent Partition Coefficients of Indolizine and Substituted 2-Phenylindolizines by Reversed-Phase High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography and Fragmentation Values

Octanol-water partition values were calculated using fragmentation values and measured rapidly by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on bonded octadecylsilane supports. Log P for indolizine, π, and fragment (f) values for the indolizinyl substituents were determined using both methods. Good agreement was obtained for all three values.
Wavelet transform analysis of acoustic emission in monitoring friction stir welding of 6061 aluminum

In this paper, acoustic emission (AE) signals are detected and preliminarily analyzed in order to investigate the possibility of applying the AE technique for the in-process monitoring of an entire friction-stir-welding (FSW) process. Experimental tests are carried out using a high-speed rotating tool traversing on two, butted 6061 aluminum alloy plates with three equally spaced gaps made of two notches aligned along the butting joint of the parts. The wavelet transform (WT) is used to decompose the AE signal into various discrete series of sequences over different frequency bands. There are significant sudden changes in the band energy at the moment when the probe penetrates into and pulls out of the weld joint, as well as when the shoulder makes contact with or detaches from the plates. The band energy variation during the traversing of the tool over the defected region reflects the existence, location, and size of the weld defects. A three-dimensional representation of band energy vs time and scale gives valuable information on the potential weld defects during friction stir welding. Coupled with a contour mapping, the representation can be effectively utilized for monitoring the transient welding state and quickly identifying gap defects.
The APX4 locus regulates seed vigor and seedling growth in Arabidopsis thaliana

The amino acid sequence of APX4 is similar to other ascorbate peroxidases (APXs), a group of proteins that protect plants from oxidative damage by transferring electrons from ascorbate to detoxify peroxides. In this study, we characterized two apx4 mutant alleles. Translational fusions with GFP indicated APX4 localizes to chloroplasts. Both apx4 mutant alleles formed chlorotic cotyledons with significantly reduced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and lutein. Given the homology of APX to ROS-scavenging proteins, this result is consistent with APX4 protecting seedling photosystems from oxidation. The growth of apx4 seedlings was stunted early in seedling development. In addition, APX4 altered seed quality by affecting seed coat formation. While apx4 seed development appeared normal, the seed coat was darker and more permeable than the wild type. In addition, accelerated aging tests showed that apx4 seeds were more sensitive to environmental stress than the wild-type seeds. If APX4 affects seed pigment biosynthesis or reduction, the seed coat color and permeability phenotypes are explained. apx4 mutants had cotyledon chlorosis, increased H₂O₂ accumulation, and reduced soluble APX activity in seedlings. These results indicate that APX4 is involved in the ROS-scavenging process in chloroplasts.
New 9 $\,\times\,$ 9 and 10 $\,\times\,$ 10 BGO Block Detector for Human PET Using PMT Quadrant Sharing Design

Our objectives were to develop two 9times9 and 10times10 array high resolution position sensitive block detectors using low cost photomultiplier-quadrant-sharing (PQS) technology. These two blocks can decode 4.3 mm or 3.9 mm BGO crystals with 39 mm size regular round PMT. By using ESR film as reflector between crystals, we achieved 96% packing fractions for these two blocks. Compared with conventional block design using 19 mm or 26 mm PMT, Phi39 mm size PMT can reduce the number of PMT in a camera by 55%-75%. Use of BGO crystal can reduce crystal cost by more than 70% compared to LSO or GSO crystals that are used in some of the newest PET cameras. The BGO crystal sizes-4.3 mm or 3.9 mm-in these two PQS blocks were similar to or smaller than BGO, LSO, or GSO crystals (4-6.3 mm) in commercial human PET cameras. The spatial resolution of the PQS blocks was expected to be similar or better. List mode data of these two blocks were acquired with Na- 22 source. Crystal-decoding map of blocks and individual crystal spectra were derived. All 9times9 and 10times10 crystals were clearly decoded on the block decoding map. These two PQS detectors decoded 81 or 100 BGO crystals per PMT. The average peak to valley ratio of decoding map was 3.4 and 1.8 respectively. The light collection efficiency for all crystals in the blocks were 71%-100% and 66%-100% respectively. The average energy resolutions of all crystals were 16.8% and 17.2% respectively. Our data suggest that even at lower cost the new PQS PET camera may outperform recent conventional PET cameras.
A Normative Appraisal of Social Scientific Knowledge Regarding Judicial Independence

Social Science research refutes much of the conventional wisdom regarding judicial independence. Evidence abounds that American judges possess only a modest amount of independence and that their independence is politically-conditioned and used for ideological purposes rather than rights protection. I argue here that we must embrace these social scientific facts normatively and that, contrary to the traditional view, doing so poses no great difficulty. In fact, the political uses of and political conditions attending judicial independence are normatively desirable. They promote political accountability, contribute to stable and more pluralistic democratic governance, and fit perfectly in the system of mutual institutional interdependencies that the Framers wisely created.
Invariant natural killer T cells from children with versus without food allergy exhibit differential responsiveness to milk-derived sphingomyelin

Background A key immunologic feature of food allergy (FA) is the presence of a T h 2-type cytokine bias. Ligation of the invariant natural killer T cell (iNKT) T-cell receptor (TCR) by sphingolipids presented via the CD1d molecule leads to copious secretion of T h 2-type cytokines. Major food allergens (eg, milk, egg) are the richest dietary source of sphingolipids (food-derived sphingolipids [food-SLs]). Nonetheless, the role of iNKTs in FA is unknown. Objective To investigate the role of iNKTs in FA and to assess whether food-SL–CD1d complexes can engage the iNKT-TCR and induce iNKT functions. Methods PBMCs from 15 children with cow's milk allergy (MA), 12 children tolerant to cow's milk but with allergy to egg, and 13 healthy controls were incubated with α-galactosylceramide (αGal), cow's milk–sphingomyelin, or hen's egg–ceramide. iNKTs were quantified, and their cytokine production and proliferation were assessed. Human CD1d tetramers loaded with milk-sphingomyelin or egg-ceramide were used to determine food-SL binding to the iNKT-TCR. Results Milk-sphingomyelin, but not egg-ceramide, can engage the iNKT-TCR and induce iNKT proliferation and T h 2-type cytokine secretion. Children with FA, especially those with MA, had significantly fewer peripheral blood iNKTs and their iNKTs exhibited a greater T h 2 response to αGal and milk-sphingomyelin than iNKTs of healthy controls. Conclusion iNKTs from children with FA, especially those with MA, are reduced in number and exhibit a T h 2 bias in response to αGal and milk-sphingomyelin. These data suggest a potential role for iNKTs in FA.
A Note on Estimating Nested Constant Elasticity of Substitution Preferences for Outdoor Recreation

A generalized version of a well-known statistical result is used to suggest an alternative strategy for estimating nested constant elasticity of substitution preferences for recreation demand. Parameter and welfare estimates from nested constant elasticity of substitution count data demand system models are presented and compared to estimates from the multinomial approaches developed previously. A significant advantage of the count data estimation strategy over the multinomial-based approaches is that the analyst avoids the difficulties associated with choice occasion specification and interpretation. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Advanced heat map and clustering analysis using heatmap3.

Heat maps and clustering are used frequently in expression analysis studies for data visualization and quality control. Simple clustering and heat maps can be produced from the “heatmap” function in R. However, the “heatmap” function lacks certain functionalities and customizability, preventing it from generating advanced heat maps and dendrograms. To tackle the limitations of the “heatmap” function, we have developed an R package “heatmap3” which significantly improves the original “heatmap” function by adding several more powerful and convenient features. The “heatmap3” package allows users to produce highly customizable state of the art heat maps and dendrograms. The “heatmap3” package is developed based on the “heatmap” function in R, and it is completely compatible with it. The new features of “heatmap3” include highly customizable legends and side annotation, a wider range of color selections, new labeling features which allow users to define multiple layers of phenotype variables, and automatically conducted association tests based on the phenotypes provided. Additional features such as different agglomeration methods for estimating distance between two samples are also added for clustering.
Coupled Spiral Interferometer Gyroscope

This paper reports a study of the sensitivity to an absolute rotation of an optical gyroscope in which the sensing element is a coupled spiral interferometer (CSPIN), which is a spiral waveguide with coupling between adjacent arms. The two physical sensing mechanisms that contribute to this sensitivity are discussed. Numerical simulations show that after optimization, a CSPIN gyroscope has the same maximum possible sensitivity as an optimized resonant waveguide optical gyroscope with the same radius and loss coefficient. This maximum sensitivity is independent of the number of arms, and it decreases as the reciprocal of the waveguide loss coefficient.
The DOL Wants Ethically and Competently ERISA IRA Rollovers Then Let ONLY Professional Financial Planners Do It

The Department of Labor (DOL) has issued guidance, warning advisers still serving a retirement plan in a fiduciary capacity that soliciting IRA rollovers or cross-selling additional products to plan participants is prohibited. But plan participants are not a monolithic group. Their financial literacy as to retirement savings and general financial management concepts ranges from the illiterate to the sophisticated. (Discussed later in this article.) The poor decision-making as to retirement planning at a national level is at least partially a product of Department of Labor administrative policy. While providing educational investment materials to workers as to their 401(k)s is laudable in the abstract, it takes a somewhat pernicious form when these generalist materials are deemed sufficient in and of themselves to create investment retirement portfolios and strategies. The Department of Labor is, or should be, fully aware that the average American worker does not have the requisite investment acumen to year-in and year-out steer their 401(k) retirement strategies safely into retirement. Too much is at stake to sugarcoat this. This DOL behavior is negligent at best, and patently unethical otherwise.
Bayesian Modeling of Multivariate Spatial Binary Data with applications to Dental Caries

Dental research gives rise to data with potentially complex correlation structure. Assessments of dental caries yield a binary outcome indicating the presence or absence of caries experience for each surface of each tooth in a subject's mouth. In addition to this nesting, caries outcome exhibit spatial structure among neighboring teeth. We develop a Bayesian multivariate model for spatial binary data using random effects autologistic regression that controls for the correlation within tooth surfaces and spatial correlation among neighboring teeth. Using a sample from a clinical study conducted at the Medical University of South Carolina, we compare this autologistic model with covariates to alternative models to demonstrate the improvement in predictions and also to assess the effects of covariates on caries experience.
Targeting hedgehog signaling in myelofibrosis and other hematologic malignancies

Treatment of myelofibrosis (MF), a BCR-ABL–negative myeloproliferative neoplasm, is challenging. The only current potentially curative option, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, is recommended for few patients. The remaining patients are treated with palliative therapies to manage MF-related anemia and splenomegaly. Identification of a mutation in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene (JAK2 V617F) in more than half of all patients with MF has prompted the discovery and clinical development of inhibitors that target JAK2. Although treatment with JAK2 inhibitors has been shown to improve symptom response and quality of life in patients with MF, these drugs do not alter the underlying disease; therefore, novel therapies are needed. The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been shown to play a role in normal hematopoiesis and in the tumorigenesis of hematologic malignancies. Moreover, inhibitors of the Hh pathway have been shown to inhibit growth and self-renewal capacity in preclinical models of MF. In a mouse model of MF, combined inhibition of the Hh and JAK pathways reduced JAK2 mutant allele burden, reduced bone marrow fibrosis, and reduced white blood cell and platelet counts. Preliminary clinical data also suggest that inhibition of the Hh pathway, alone or in combination with JAK2 inhibition, may enable disease modification in patients with MF. Future studies, including one combining the Hh pathway inhibitor sonidegib and the JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib, are underway in patients with MF and will inform whether this combination approach can lead to true disease modification.
A V(D)J recombinase-inducible B-cell line: role of transcriptional enhancer elements in directing V(D)J recombination.

Abstract Rapid analysis of mechanisms that regulate V(D)J recombination has been hampered by the lack of appropriate cell systems that reproduce aspects of normal prelymphocyte physiology in which the recombinase is activated, accessible antigen receptor loci are rearranged, and rearrangement status is fixed by termination of recombinase expression. To generate such a system, we introduced heat shock-inducible V(D)J recombination-activating genes (RAG) 1 and 2 into a recombinationally inert B-cell line. Heat shock treatment of these cells rapidly induced high levels of RAG transcripts and RAG proteins that were accompanied by a parallel induction of V(D)J recombinase activity, strongly suggesting that RAG proteins have a primary role in V(D)J recombination. Within hours after induction, these cells began to rearrange chromosomally integrated V(D)J recombination substrates but only if the substrates contained an active transcriptional enhancer; substrates lacking an enhancer were not efficiently rearranged. Activities necessary to target integrated substrates for rearrangement were provided by two separate lymphoid-specific transcriptional enhancers, as well as an active nonlymphoid enhancer, unequivocally demonstrating that such elements enhance both transcription and V(D)J recombinational accessibility.
PS3-53: A Multi-Site Comparison of Laparoscopic Gastric Band vs. Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Bariatric Surgical Procedures

Background/Aims The two most common bariatric surgical procedures are laparoscopic gastric band (LAGB) and laparoscopic gastric bypass (RYGB). Single site comparisons suggest that RYGB may result in greater weight loss at the expense of more short-term complications, whereas LAGB may be associated with less weight loss and more long-term complications. It is unclear whether these results extend to other populations.