cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
McCulloch and The Fourteenth Amendment

The issue of the nature and scope of Congress' enforcement power under section five of the Fourteenth Amendment has been a source of ongoing debate and discussion since the adoption of that amendment. This dispute has only intensified since the Supreme Court's 1997 decision in City of Boerne v. Flores, which limited congressional power to remedial, rather than substantive, measures through a "congruence" and "proportionality" test. City of Boerne has been the target of extensive attack from the date of its decision. Chief Justice John Marshall's classic 1819 opinion in McCulloch v. Maryland has been one of the main clubs used by critics to beat up on the Court here. Although McCulloch was a Commerce Clause case decided a half century before the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, its relevance to City of Boerne is manifest. Both the framers of the amendment and its early judicial interpreters hearkened back to Marshall's "necessary and proper" analysis of Congress' power to enforce its enumerated powers. My paper develops two ironies in the McCulloch-based critique of City of Boerne. The first and larger irony derives from the fact that these critics misunderstand McCulloch. Despite the appearance given by the progress of the controversy to date, the Court's opinion in City of Boerne is, in fact, consistent with Marshall's McCulloch doctrine of Congress' enforcement (he would say "incidental") powers. Marshall's doctrine, which derives from Alexander Hamilton's arguments in "The Federalist Papers" and "Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bill for Establishing a National Bank" and which is also repeated in Joseph Story's "Commentaries on the Constitution," places a means/ends limitation on the exercise of Congressional enforcement power, not the looser rational basis non-limit proffered by City of Boerne critics. The means/ends or "necessary and proper" doctrine of congressional enforcement/incidental power finds support not merely in history and precedent, but also in the text of the Constitution (especially the "Necessary and Proper Clause") and the structure of the government it puts in place (a federal system, no longer a confederation, and not a unified national system like England or France). The second and double irony is that the very doctrine put in Marshall's mouth by contemporary doubters of City of Boerne is precisely that with which he was accused in the 1819 attack on McCulloch by the "Richmond Junto" and which he refuted in his pseudonymous defense as a "Friend of the Union."
Essential Tremor: What We Can Learn from Current Pharmacotherapy

Background: The pathophysiology of essential tremor, especially at the cellular level, is poorly understood. Although no drug has been specifically designed to treat essential tremor, several medications improve tremor, and others worsen it. Studying the mechanism of actions of these medications can help our understanding of tremor pathophysiology and contribute to future rational drug design. Methods: We reviewed literature, concentrating on mechanisms of action, of various medications that mitigate tremor. Results: Many medications have multiple mechanisms of actions, making simple correlations difficult. Medications that increase the duration of opening of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptors are most consistently associated with tremor improvement. Interestingly, drugs that increase GABA availability have not been associated with improved tremor. Other mechanisms possibly associated with tremor improvement include antagonism of alpha-2 delta subunits associated with calcium channels, inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, and inhibition of the synaptic vesicle protein 2A. Drugs that block voltage-gaited sodium channels do not affect tremor. The ideal beta-adrenergic blocker requires B2 affinity (non-cardiac selective), has no sympathomimetic properties, does not require membrane stabilization properties, and may benefit from good central nervous system penetration. Discussion: To date, serendipitous observations have provided most of our understanding of tremor cellular physiology. Based on similarities to currently effective drugs or rational approximations and inferences, several currently available agents should be considered for tremor trials.
Cooperative Formation Flying with Hierarchical Control

*† In this paper, use of hierarchical control concepts is investigated for cooperative formation flying of aircrafts. T he airplanes are modeled as point mass and represented by double integrators. For demonstration of the concepts, a task of forming a square from arbitrary initial conditions is presented to four airplanes. The final position that each airplane has to reach is unknown to them. The goal for the team is abstracted in the top layer. The system is modeled as a hierarchical system in which the global information comes from the top level. Following this global information, each airplane positions itself from at le ast one other airplane such that a square is formed. Numerical results from this simulation show the effectiveness of the hierarchical concept . I. Introduction ormation Control has been a major area for control applications. Formation of robots has been con sidered in [Fax and Murray, 2002 ] where complex graph theory has been used to explain the information flow between the airplanes. It has been shown that by information flow the robots arrive at a consensus with respect to the formation center and thus prev ent the circuitous trajectories. Thus, when the robots have some knowledge about the global goal, they take smooth trajectories to reach the final destination. In this paper, a case where four airplanes are required to form a square is treated with a hiera rchical control framework [Dasgupta, Balakrishnan and Acar, 2002 ]. None of the airplanes in the formation is aware that a square is being formed. The upper level supplies the global goal required for the formation to form the square. The global goal is in terms of the separation distance between the two adjacent airplanes. The upper level dictates how the separation distance should change such that a square is formed. The airplanes at the lower level then cooperatively adjust their trajectories such that th ey track the global goal propagated from the top and form the square.
Temporary Foreign Workers in the U.S.: Myths, Facts and Policies

Discouraging lessons are also being drawn from misperceptions of the "guest-workers" in Western Europe, and biases against H-l and H-2 workers, "exchange visitors", and other kinds of temporary employment of aliens. Indeed, some commentators are denouncing TFWs as "second class persons", "union busters", and a "new underclass".1 On the other hand, some recent offical reports make light of the social effects of all immigration including TFWs.2
Wettability of Electrochemically Nano-textured Metallic Glasses

Different surface patterns with nanometer length-scales were obtained by electrochemical processing of metallic glasses. The wetting behaviour of these surface patterns was studied using sessile drop technique with distilled water droplet. It is demonstrated that the hydrophilic-hydrophobic nature of the metallic glass surface can be controlled through nano topography. The contact angle was found to increase from 70° for the flat metallic glass surface to 112° for the nano-dendritic structure. Atomic force microscopy was utilized to explain the difference in contact angle in term of the surface roughness for different nano-textures.
Bell's Theorem and Psychic Phenomena

L'A. expose les resultats surprenants auxquels il est parvenu en ce qui concerne la communication entre des particules elementaires, dans le cadre du theoreme de Bell et du paradoxe E-P-R de la mecanique quantique. L'A. montre que le comportement des particules est regi par des voies de communications qui peuvent etre definies, au mieux, comme psychiques
From WHO's 115th caution to Peking Union College Hospital patient safety practice

The content of WHO the 115th caution was introduced. Combined with Peking Union College Hospital patient safety practice, patient safety in patient view was analyzed. PSO attended to find patient safety management system’s hidden dangerous and problems, presented suggestions to prevent similar medical fault and build a safety medical system.
Modeling and Assessment of Buoyancy-Driven Stratified Airflow in High-Space Industrial Hall

In industrial environment,heat sources often are contaminant sources and health threatening contaminants are mainly passive,so a detailed understanding of airflow mode can assist in work environment hygiene measurement and prevention.This paper presented a numerical investigation of stratified airflow scenario in a high-space industrial hall with validated commercial code and experimentally acquired boundary conditions.Based upon an actually undergoing engineering project,this study investigated the performance of the buoyancy-driven displacement ventilation in a large welding hall with big components manufactured.The results have demonstrated that stratified airflow sustained by thermal buoyancy provides zoning effect in terms of clean and polluted regions except minor stagnant eddy areas.The competition between negative buoyant jets from displacement radial diffusers and positive buoyant plume from bulk object constitutes the complex transport characteristics under and above stratification interface.Entrainment,downdraft and turbulent eddy motion complicate the upper mixing zone,but the exhaust outlet plays a less important role in the whole field flow.And the corresponding suggestions concerning computational stability and convergence,further improvements in modelling and measurements were given.
Radical prostatectomy for carcinoma in men more than 69 years old.

AbstractBetween 1974 and 1986, 193 men with prostatic cancer were treated with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy. Of the 193 patients 65 were 70 years or older (5 were 78 years old). Of the 32 men in this series who underwent a potency-sparing modification of the radical prostatectomy 7 were 70 years or older, the oldest being 77 years. A comparison of the morbidity and mortality of the 65 men in the older group with the 128 men in the group less than 70 years old revealed no significant difference. Long-term followup data demonstrated 57 men in the older age group to be well with no evidence of disease, with 10 in that group well with no evidence of disease greater than 5 years after the radical prostatectomy. We recommend radical prostatectomy for patients with clinically localized prostatic carcinoma whose general health suggests a 10-year or greater probable life expectancy, aside from tumor
The Economy as an Open System: An Institutionalist Framework for Economic Development

The main purpose of this chapter is to set the stage for the rest of this volume by describing the economic system in a way consistent with original institutionalist principles, principles that prescribe an open system view of economies. The chapter emphasizes the ways in which technology, nature, and culture transact with the economic process. From this view the terms sustainability and development take on broader meanings. Strict sustainability requires adherence not only to environmental criteria but also to technological and social criteria. Development implies that the socioeconomic system changes in the direction of improved adherence to social criteria broadly defined.
A sonar contact integrated manoeuvre evaluation and recommendation system

The sonar contact integrated manoeuvre evaluation and recommendation system is designed by formulating the locally optimal (best), next manoeuvre to provide situation assessment, tactical reasoning, and data visualisation tools. SCIMERS is designed to perform five fundamental functions: 1) gather information from a variety of sources and assemble them in a working database; 2) resolve and fuse uncertain, incomplete and conflicting contact information for geosit compilation; 3) reason using contact and environmental information to perform situation assessment and WHAT-IF testing; 4) generate manoeuvre recommendations that satisfies goals ranked by the user; and 5) concisely display recommendations and all necessary, supporting information. SCIMERS has been developed as an at-sea decision aid, hence all functions must be performed in near real-time. This paper provides a technical overview of the SCIMERS concept of operations as well as description of the functional modules.
Detection of Inulin, a Prebiotic Polysaccharide, in Maple Syrup

Maple syrup is a widely consumed plant-derived natural sweetener produced by concentrating xylem sap collected from certain maple (Acer) species. During thermal evaporation of water, natural phytochemical components are concentrated in maple syrup. The polymeric components from maple syrup were isolated by ethanol precipitation, dialysis, and anion exchange chromatography and structurally characterized by glycosyl composition analysis, glycosyl linkage analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Among the maple syrup polysaccharides, one neutral polysaccharide was characterized as inulin with a broad molecular weight distribution, representing the first isolation of this prebiotic carbohydrate from a xylem sap. In addition, two acidic polysaccharides with structural similarity were identified as arabinogalactans derived from rhamnogalacturonan type I pectic polysaccharides.
Chapter 35 – Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Its Effects on Men’s Sexual and Reproductive Health

Abstract Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex somatic, cognitive, and behavioral condition that occurs following traumatic events. Patients with PTSD often exhibit intrusive thoughts, nightmares, flashbacks of past traumatic events, hypervigilance, avoidance of reminders of trauma, and sleep disturbance, all of which can lead to significant occupational and interpersonal dysfunction. The constellation of symptoms associated with PTSD has been well documented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; however, the effects of PTSD on sexual function have not been well characterized. PTSD can have detrimental effects on intimacy and sexual health that range from decreased sexual desire and impotence to impaired fertility. Therefore, it is critical that physicians appropriately screen patients with PTSD for sexual dysfunction, as well as consider factors such as substance abuse, iatrogenic medication side effects, and avoidance of intimacy and sex due to undertreated psychiatric illness, which can complicate management of these patients. This chapter describes the biology and pathophysiology of PTSD in relation to men’s sexual and reproductive health, with a focus on guiding physicians in the proper management of such difficult patients.
Reported Adverse Events with Painkillers: Data Mining of the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System

One-third of adults in the USA experience chronic pain and use a variety of painkillers, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and opioids. However, some serious adverse events (AEs), such as cardiovascular incidents, overdose, and death, have been found to be related to painkillers. We used 2015 and 2016 AE reports from the US FDA’s Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) to conduct exploratory analysis on the demographics of those who reported painkiller-related AEs, examine the AEs most commonly associated with different types of painkillers, and identify potential safety signals. Summary descriptive statistics and proportional reporting ratios (PRRs) were performed. Out of over 2 million reports submitted to FAERS in 2015 and 2016, a total of 64,354 AE reports were associated with painkillers. Reports of opioid-associated AEs were more likely to be from males or younger patients (mean age 47.6 years). The highest numbers of AEs were reported for NSAID and opioid use, and the most commonly found AEs were related to drug ineffectiveness, administration issues, abuse, and overdose. Death was reported in 20.0% of the reports, and serious adverse reactions, including death, were reported in 67.0%; both adverse outcomes were highest among patients using opioids or combinations of painkillers and were associated with PRRs of 2.12 and 1.87, respectively. This study examined the AEs most commonly associated with varying classes of painkillers by mining the FAERS database. Our results and methods are relevant for future secondary analyses of big data and for understanding adverse outcomes related to painkillers.
Anatomy of the Helicotrema and Cochlear Apex

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani are connected at the cochlear apex via an opening known as the helicotrema. The apical portion of the cochlea has a complex and variable three-dimensional anatomy. Structural variations in the helicotrema area may contribute to functional differences in low-frequency hearing sensitivity among individuals.
Urinary Plasmin(ogen) as a Prognostic Factor for Hypertension.

Introduction Plasmin and its precursor, plasminogen, are detectable in urine from patients with glomerular disease. Urinary plasmin(ogen) levels correlate with blood pressure (BP) and may contribute to renal Na+ retention by activating the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). In a longitudinal nested-cohort study, we asked whether urinary plasmin(ogen) levels predict subsequent increase in BP, incident hypertension, or mortality in subjects with type I diabetes, who often develop proteinuria. Methods The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study followed up type I diabetic subjects for 25 years. Urine specimens from 70 subjects with a spectrum of baseline urinary albumin levels were examined. Outcomes included increased BP after 2 years (≥1 SD over baseline systolic or diastolic BP, examined via logistic regression), 25-year incident hypertension (≥140/90 mm Hg or initiating BP-lowering medications), and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality, examined using Cox regression. Results Subjects experiencing a 2-year increase in BP had higher baseline urinary plasmin(ogen)/creatinine levels (uPl/Cr) than other subjects (P = 0.04); the difference in baseline urinary albumin/creatinine levels (uAlb/Cr) was similar (P = 0.07). Baseline uPl/Cr was associated with increased 25-year hypertension incidence (hazard ratio = 2.05, P = 0.001), all-cause mortality (HR = 2.05, P = 0.01) and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 3.30, P = 0.005), although not independent of uAlb/Cr. Conclusion This is the first long-term prospective study addressing clinical outcomes associated with increased urinary plasmin(ogen). Findings are consistent with a role for plasmin(ogen) in promoting increased BP, but also demonstrate the difficulty in distinguishing effects due to plasmin(ogen) from those of albuminuria.
THE OXIDATION OF BUTYRIC ACID BY STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS

Many cultures of the Streptococcus mitis group have been reported to oxidize butyric acid with the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in both growing cultures and resting cell suspensions (Niven, Evans, and White, 1945). An investigation of this reaction was undertaken in this laboratory with the ultimate aim of obtaining information concerning the mechanism of the oxidation. The mechanism of butyric acid oxidation by enzymatic preparations of Clostridium kluyveri has been extensively investigated (Stadtman and Barker, 1949; Kennedy and Barker, 1951a). However, since these workers were studying the oxidation with preparations from an obligate anaerobic organism having a rather unusual energy metabolism, it seemed of interest to pursue similar studies with an organism having more orthodox metabolic patterns. This report will be confined to an account of the isolation of a strain of S. mitis that oxidizes butyric acid, and to some of the characteristics of the butyrate-oxidizing system in resting suspensions of this organism.
Pediatric spinal cord injury: a review by organ system

In this article, an overview is provided of pediatric spinal cord injury, organized by effects of this injury on various organ systems. Specific management differences between children and adults with spinal cord injury are highlighted. A detailed management approach is offered for particularly complex topics, such as spasticity and upper extremity reconstruction.
Chemosensory stimuli for the walking legs of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii.

Studies of chemoreception in crustaceans have shown that flesh-eating species can detect amino acids, nucleotides and derivatives, and amines, while most herbivorous and omnivorous species are additionally sensitive to carbohydrates. We used extracellular recording techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of a range of nitrogen-containing compounds (mostly amino acids), bile acids, and carbohydrates in stimulating chemoreceptor cells present in the second and third pereopods of the omnivorous crayfish Procambarus clarkii. When applied at a final concentration of ∼100 μM, effective stimuli were trehalose, leucine, cellobiose, glycine, sucrose, maltose, and ammonium (from most to least effective). The other 17 compounds tested, many chosen because they are potent stimuli for other crustaceans, were ineffective stimuli for P. clarkii. Concentration–response functions were determined for three single cells that were sensitive to ammonium, for five multiunit fibers sensitive to glycine, and for six multiunit fibers sensitive to leucine. Thresholds ranged from 10 nM to 10 μM, functions were generally linear when plotted against the log of the stimulus concentration, and there was little evidence of saturation. While P. clarkii is sensitive to only seven of 24 compounds tested, the compounds that proved stimulatory should serve as cues for location and identification of food items preferred by this omnivorous crustacean.
Introduction: The Phenomenological Tradition and Moral Philosophy

Ethics as a philosophical discipline is back in vogue in the English-speaking world. Ever since the publication of John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice 1 moral philosophy has undergone a remarkable resurgence. One need only to review job advertisements over the last several years to note how great is the percentage of available positions in philosophy devoted to ethics. Courses in ethics and a concentration on “values” have been revived as centerpieces of liberal education. This development was spurred not only by Rawls and his successors, but by our need to respond to the various ethical issues posed by the technological explosion of the last century. Indeed, we have seen the rise of whole new fields of “applied ethics,” such as bioethics and environmental ethics. Against the background of this revival, one of the central aims of this handbook is to show the great fertility of the phenomenological tradition for the study of ethics by collecting a set of papers on the contributions to ethical thought by major phenomenological thinkers. Most of the chapters in the book, therefore, sketch the thought of the major ethical thinkers in previous generations of the phenomenological tradition and direct the reader toward the most relevant primary and secondary materials. Other chapters sketch more recent developments in various parts of the world, and three chapters explore the relations between phenomenology and the dominant normative approaches in contemporary moral philosophy.
Two-and-one-half dimensional models of radio jets

A numerical model is used to follow the two-dimensional shell of a three-dimensional radio jet. This model, in the spirit of previous work of Wiita and Siah, invokes a new computer code to allow internal pressure of the jet fluid to be taken as a tensor, allowing for bulk motion of the internal relativistic gas and azimuthal symmetry is no longer assumed. Three-dimensional effects of two kinds have been modeled: bending in a “wind” resulting from motion of the host galaxy through an intergalactic medium; and stability of the beam cross-sectional shape.
What Clinical Features Lead to the Diagnosis of Acute Mesenteric Ischemia

The historical and clinical features of acute mesenteric ischemia, though subtle, are best classified by pathophysiologic cause. There are four types: arterial embolism, arterial thrombosis, non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia, and mesenteric venous thrombosis. Arterial embolism is classically characterized by acute onset of severe abdominal pain and results from emboli to the mesenteric arteries, most often of cardiac origin, in regions without collateral supply by the splanchnic vasculature. Arterial thrombosis occurs in patients with pre-existing atherosclerotic disease; these patients often have a long history of intermittent abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhea. Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia is seen in critically ill patients that are exposed to prolonged vasoconstriction, making diagnosis even more challenging. Mesenteric venous thrombosis most often occurs in patients with a predisposition to developing blood clots; these patients tend to be younger with little past medical history and complain of vague abdominal pain, anorexia, and diarrhea. Regardless of etiology, diagnosing acute mesenteric ischemia is challenging, but a careful history can provide clues.
Characteristics & Outcomes of Second Time Lung Re-Transplant Patients: Retrospective Cohort Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing Database

Purpose Lung re-transplantation (re-LTx) has increased in the last decade coinciding with implementation of the lung allocation score (LAS) and better survival outcomes in first time re-LTx patients. LAS adoption in 2005 likely led to a new patient population undergoing second re-LTx (three donor lungs in a lifetime). We performed the first study of second time re-LTx patients to characterize this unique population, describe factors influencing survival and compare outcomes with first time re-LTx. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing database (1985-2018) was queried for second time re-LTx patients and control matched 1:3 with first time re-LTx patients by age, transplant year and diagnosis at first LTx. Descriptive analysis, Cox proportional hazards regression modeling and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed, with death as the primary endpoint. Results Our cohort had 25 second time re-LTx patients with 15 male (60%) averaging 34.91±15.91 yrs. Cohort primarily consisted of CF (40%), Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (20%) and COPD (8%). Significantly reduced survival was found between second time re-LTx and controls (47% vs 67.4% at 1 year; 60% vs 42% at 2 years; 8.5% vs 34.1% at 5 years, p=0.015). Univariate Cox proportional hazard modeling indicated successive bilateral LTx (HR=0.362, p=0.057) improves survival while female donors decreased survival (HR=4.701, p=0.004). No difference was observed from bilateral LTx in the multivariate model (p=0.232), but female donor hazard remained significantly higher (HR=3.615, p=0.025). Female donors showed worse survival (median=4.9 months) compared to the male donors (median= 29.13 months) in second time re-LTx. Leading causes of death in the cohort were infection-related (28%), respiratory failure (12%) and graft failure-related (12%). Matched controls showed graft failure and infection related causes equally (16.5%). Conclusion Second time re-LTx patients show worse survival than matched first time re-LTx patients when age, LTx year and diagnosis). Second time re-LTx patients have grown rapidly since 2007, 80% of whom emerged in the last 11 years. Decreased survival in second time re-LTx and from female donors warrants further study on donor and recipient selection in second time re-LTx patients.
Adeno-associated viruses

Publisher Summary The adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are defective parvoviruses that require coinfection with an adenovirus for a productive infection. In many ways AAV is a unique virus because of its special properties of dependence on adenovirus for replication and the fact that both plus and minus strands are encapsidated. It is a parvovirus but differs from the autonomous parvoviruses in its defectiveness, the encapsidation of both DNA strands, and the existence of an inverted terminal nucleotide sequence repetition in its genome. The ability of AAV to inhibit adenovirus DNA replication may indicate a common feature in an early step of DNA replication in spite of the apparent overall differences in the mechanism of initiation. The ability of various adenovirus variants to help AAV DNA replication may be used to screen for new genes involved in adenovirus DNA replication. AAV may inhibit SV40 DNA replication but is not helped by SV40 coinfection at the level of DNA. AAV inhibition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus oncogenicity is another interesting phenomenon. There are no data concerning the level at which the interference takes place. The only suggestive data in this regard come from the observation that AAV does not have an effect on adenovirus oncogenicity in newborn Syrian hamsters. AAV can establish a latent infection in the normal host in the absence of concomitant adenovirus infection.
The Role of Housing in Community Health Promotion Among the Aged: A Case Study in New Orleans

Abstract A total of 89 aged residents living independently in single and double occupancy housing in an historic, traditionally planned neighborhood in New Orleans were surveyed with respect to their engagement in the outdoor realm in their immediate neighborhood. An index was developed, comprised of variables spanning the scale of the private dwelling to neighborhood scale. Certain dwelling attributes, health status factors, lifestyle factors, and neighborhood factors were found to be associated with a disinclination to walk outdoors in the community. Among the findings, improperly designed porches and insufficient semi-private exterior space adjacent to the dwelling function as strong deterrents to health-promoting walking activity outdoors, closely followed by fear associated with being victimized by crime in one's immediate neighborhood. Such conditions were found to pose a barrier to full engagement with the community in what on the surface would otherwise appear to be an imminently pedestrian-scaled...
State-level marijuana policies and marijuana use and marijuana use disorder among a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States, 2015-2017: Sexual identity and gender matter

Abstract Background Research demonstrates an association between state-level medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and increased marijuana use (MU) and MU disorder (MUD) among adults, but has yet to explore this association among lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) individuals, including gender differences. Methods We pooled the 2015–2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data for adults (n = 126,463) and used gender-stratified adjusted multivariable logistic regression to model the odds of past-year MU, past-year medical MU, daily/near-daily MU, and MUD; we also tested the interaction between MML state residence and sexual identity. Results Bisexual women had higher past-year MU (40% versus 10.3%; aOR = 2.9[2.4–3.4]), daily/near-daily MU (9.8% versus 1.5%; aOR = 4.6[3.3–6.2]), and medical MU ((5.5% versus 1.2%) aOR = 5.5[3.8–8.1]) than heterosexual women. Gay/lesbian women also had higher past-year MU (26.1% versus 10.3%; aOR = 2.8[2.2–3.7]), daily/near-daily MU (5.6% versus 1.5%; aOR = 2.9[1.8–4.6]), and medical MU (4.7% versus 1.2%; aOR = 3.0(1.4–6.6]) than heterosexual women. Bisexual women in MML states had higher past-year MU ((44.4% vs. 34.1%); aOR = 1.8[1.5–2.1]) and medical use (7.1% vs. 3.3% (aOR = 2.5[1.5–3.9]) than bisexual women in non-MML states. The odds of any past-year medical MU for bisexual versus heterosexual women was different in MML versus non-MML states (Exponentiated β = 0.53, p = 0.01). Gay men in MML states had higher past year MU (31.2% versus 25.7%; aOR = 1.6[1.1–2.5] and medical MU (6.4% vs 1.7%; aOR = 5.0[4.2–6.1]) than gay men in non-MML states. Conclusions Results suggest that MMLs may differentially impact MU for sexual minority individuals—particularly bisexual women. Findings demonstrate the need for states enacting MMLs to consider potential differential impacts on LGB populations.
Removing the Blinders: Increasing Students’ Awareness of Self-Perception Biases and Real-World Ethical Challenges Through an Educational Intervention

Business ethics educators strive to produce graduates who not only grasp the principles of ethical decision-making, but who can apply that business ethics education when faced with real-world challenges. However, this has proven especially difficult, as good intentions do not always translate into ethical awareness and action. Complementing a behavioral ethics approach with insights from social psychology, we developed an interventional class module with both online and in-class elements aimed at increasing students’ awareness of their own susceptibility to unconscious biases and, consequently, unethical behaviors. We deployed this intervention within a problem-based learning course (137 undergraduate students), in which students completed real-world projects for actual business clients. Our results suggest that although students appeared universally aware of the importance of ethical issues in business and generally espoused intentions to act ethically, those who received the intervention were significantly more likely to recognize their own susceptibility to perpetuating unethical business behavior and to identify ethical issues specific to their real-world projects. These results have important implications for behavioral ethics pedagogy and provide a de-biasing interventional approach for bridging classroom knowledge with real-world skills.
Results for Student Misconceptions, Errors, and Misunderstandings in Physics and Mathematics

Diagnostic item-level student performance data from twenty years of TIMSS and TIMSS Advanced assessments can be used to explore students’ level of understanding of gravity and linear equations across grades four, eight, and the final year of secondary school (TIMSS Advanced students). Sets of assessment items at each grade level illustrate the nature and extent of student misconceptions, errors, and misunderstandings across grade levels in five countries (Italy, Norway, the Russian Federation, Slovenia, and the United States). The results include assessment of how students in each country performed on the set of items measuring understanding of the physics and mathematics concepts explored in this study (gravity and linear equations); common types of student misconceptions, errors, and misconceptions across grade levels in each country; patterns in misconceptions, errors, and misunderstandings across countries; and gender differences in the frequency of misconceptions, errors, and misunderstandings in each country. The frequency of specific types of student misconceptions, errors, and misunderstandings at each grade level varied across the five countries. Gender differences were found at all three grade levels, but were more extensive for physics than mathematics. Trend items administered in multiple assessment years indicated that the frequency of certain student misconceptions, errors, and misunderstandings decreased over time, while the frequency of others increased.
THE DIBORANE GAS INJECTION AND EXHAUST SYSTEM FOR THE TOKAMAK FUSION TEST REACTOR

A diborane gas handling system has been constructed for the purposes of boronizing TFTR. Numerous safety features have been incorporated to mitigate the toxic and inflammable nature of diborane, including many features adopted from the semiconductor industry. The carborane films deposited in TFTR have significantly improved the operational performance of the machine.
Chemiresistive sensor arrays for detection of air pollutants based on carbon nanotubes functionalized with porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives

Abstract Air pollution is a serious environmental and health issue that necessitates accurate and timely air-quality monitoring to provide timely health warnings to affected demographics and as a regulatory tool for reduction of emission. Thus, a high-density sensor array was developed for detection and quantification of NO2, SO2, and O3—three contributing air pollutants used for monitoring Air Quality Index (AQI). The gas sensor array operates on the principle of chemiresistive gas sensing with light-tunable selectivity and sensitivity which was achieved by combining the chemical selectivity and photoactive property of macrocyclic compounds with the chemical and electrical sensitivity of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). More specifically, sensing materials comprising hybrid nanostructures of SWNTs functionalized with either a metallophthalocyanine (MPc) derivative or a metalloporphyrin (MPor) derivative were formulated into printable inks. Each sensor in the array was fabricated by ink-jet printing of sensing materials onto interdigitated platinum electrodes. The sensor array demonstrated tunable sensitivity (in the range of sub-ppm to tens of ppm) to NO2, SO2, and O3 under different combinations of illumination conditions and specific sensing materials.
Pain in low-income older women with disabilities: a qualitative descriptive study.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify how low-income older women with disabilities perceive pain, pain management, and communication with healthcare providers. We interviewed 26 low...
Anal Disease in the Neutropenic Patient

The prevalence of anal disease in oncology patients is reportedly 2–32%, with mortality rates ranging from 11–57% secondary to complications from perianal sepsis. Neutropenic patients lack the appropriate immune response necessary to overcome anorectal infections, making these infections significant and potentially lethal. Treatment of anorectal disease in the neutropenic patient population is challenging. The optimal management has historically been debated. Recently, operative intervention has become discouraged for this patient population as a result of the improved outcomes with supportive care. However, for certain patients within this population an operation may be appropriate and lifesaving.
Improving Breastfeeding in Rural Tanzania Using Eight-Step Policy Analysis Methodology.

Appropriate breastfeeding has the potential to have the broadest impact on childhood survival in children under 5 years compared with all other preventive interventions. The World Health Organizati...
Narrowing the Research to Practice Gap: A Primer to Self-Regulated Learning Application in School Psychology

Self-regulated learning (SRL) entails a series of processes, such as goal-setting, planning, using strategies, observing, and reflecting, as well as motivational beliefs. SRL is a prominent academic enabler for the diverse students that school psychologists serve including students in general education, special education, and gifted programming. Although important, research indicates that SRL practices are not regularly and systematically embedded within the practices of school psychologists. This manuscript describes how SRL can be fused to the current roles fulfilled by school psychologists including assessment, intervention, and consultation. To support these goals, we provide a definition of SRL, identify overlaps and contrasts among related constructs, and unpack the research-to-practice gap within SRL. We then turn to identifying feasible and targeted recommendations to translate SRL supportive practices to school psychologist roles. We identify how multiple types of SRL assessments can be integrated into school psychologists’ roles in assessment, how data captured from these assessments could inform intervention, and how school psychologists could consult with teachers to enhance SRL supportive practices in classroom settings. The manuscript concludes with a discussion of SRL training within graduate education, conferences, and professional workshops.
Opposing functions of the Hda1 complex and histone H2B mono-ubiquitylation in regulating cryptic transcription initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ABSTRACT Maintenance of chromatin structure under the disruptive force of transcription requires cooperation among numerous chromatin regulatory factors. Histone post-translational modifications can regulate nucleosome stability and influence the disassembly and reassembly of nucleosomes during transcription elongation. The Paf1 transcription elongation complex, Paf1C, is required for several transcription-coupled histone modifications, including the mono-ubiquitylation of H2B. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, amino acid substitutions in the Rtf1 subunit of Paf1C greatly diminish H2B ubiquitylation and cause transcription to initiate at a cryptic promoter within a coding gene, an indicator of chromatin disruption. In a genetic screen to identify factors that functionally interact with Paf1C, we identified a mutation in HDA3, a gene encoding a subunit of the Hda1C histone deacetylase, as a suppressor of an rtf1 mutation. Absence of Hda1C also suppresses the cryptic initiation phenotype of other mutants defective in H2B ubiquitylation. The genetic interactions between Hda1C and the H2B ubiquitylation pathway appear specific: loss of Hda1C does not suppress the cryptic initiation phenotypes of other chromatin mutants and absence of other histone deacetylases does not suppress the absence of H2B ubiquitylation. Providing further support for an appropriate balance of histone acetylation in regulating cryptic initiation, we find that deletion of the Sas3 histone acetyltransferase elevates cryptic initiation in rtf1 mutants. Our data suggest a coordination between two epigenetic modifiers, the H2B ubiquitylation pathway and Hda1C, in regulating chromatin structure during transcription elongation and reveal an unexpected role for a histone deacetylase in supporting chromatin accessibility.
The Use of Visceral Proteins as Nutrition Markers: An ASPEN Position Paper

Serum albumin and prealbumin, well-known visceral proteins, have traditionally been considered useful biochemical laboratory values in a nutrition assessment. However, recent literature disputes this contention. The aim of this document is to clarify that these proteins characterize inflammation rather than describe nutrition status or protein-energy malnutrition. Both critical illness and chronic illness are characterized by inflammation and, as such, hepatic reprioritization of protein synthesis occurs, resulting in lower serum concentrations of albumin and prealbumin. In addition, the redistribution of serum proteins occurs because of an increase in capillary permeability. There is an association between inflammation and malnutrition, however, not between malnutrition and visceral-protein levels. These proteins correlate well with patients' risk for adverse outcomes rather than with protein-energy malnutrition. Therefore, serum albumin and prealbumin should not serve as proxy measures of total body protein or total muscle mass and should not be used as nutrition markers. This paper has been approved by the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Board of Directors.
Planning and Design of a Low-Weir Section Jetty

A berm and dune project for shore and hurricane protection was recently completed at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina. A navigation project provides for a 14-ft-deep navigation channel through Ma...
Lung function outcome in children of premature birth

: Since the 1960s there has been a continual improvement in the survival of premature infants of birthweight less than 1500 g. This has resulted in an increase in the prevalence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), or its milder form, chronic lung disease (CLD) of prematurity. In children with BPD, the initial air trapping improves in the first 3–4 years of life, but small airway obstruction is often slow to improve, suggesting dysanaptic lung growth. Despite this, the majority of older children and adolescents with BPD/CLD do not have significant respiratory symptoms. Children born prematurely with or without hyaline membrane disease may also have a reduction in expiratory flows during childhood, albeit less severe. The clinical significance of this in the longer term is unclear. Although significant associations between decrements in expiratory flows, neonatal oxygen therapy and assisted ventilation have been demonstrated. Airway function has also been reported to be largely unrelated with perinatal events but strongly associated with birthweight. The latter suggests that intra-uterine factors such as under-nutrition may be more important than hitherto recognized. Because of a lack of longitudinal studies, it is unclear how lung function will track during adolescence and adult life. Bronchial hyper-responsiveness is significantly increased in children with BPD and to a lesser extent in those born prematurely with or without hyaline membrane disease. It is unclear whether this is due to a genetic predisposition, neonatal lung injury or anatomically smaller airways. Given the morbidity and fiscal cost of a premature birth, effective strategies to reduce the premature birth rate are needed.
Pairwise Interactions between Neuronal α7Acetylcholine Receptors and α-Conotoxin PnIB

Abstract This work uses α-conotoxin PnIB to probe the agonist binding site of neuronal α7 acetylcholine receptors. We mutated the 13 non-cysteine residues in CTx PnIB, expressed α7/5-hydroxytryptamine-3 homomeric receptors in 293 HEK cells, and measured binding of each mutant toxin to the expressed receptors by competition against the initial rate of125I-α-bungarotoxin binding. The results reveal that residues Ser-4, Leu-5, Pro-6, Pro-7, Ala-9, and Leu-10 endow CTx PnIB with affinity for α7/5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptors; side chains of these residues cluster in a localized region within the three-dimensional structure of CTx PnIB. We next mutated key residues in the seven loops of α7 that converge at subunit interfaces to form the agonist binding site. The results reveal predominant contributions by residues Trp-149 and Tyr-93 in α7 and smaller contributions by Ser-34, Arg-186, Tyr-188, and Tyr-195. To identify pairwise interactions that stabilize the receptor-conotoxin complex, we measured binding of receptor and toxin mutations and analyzed the results by double mutant cycles. The results reveal a single dominant interaction between Leu-10 of CTx PnIB and Trp-149 of α7 that anchors the toxin to the binding site. We also find weaker interactions between Pro-6 of CTx PnIB and Trp-149 and between both Pro-6 and Pro-7 and Tyr-93 of α7. The overall results demonstrate that a localized hydrophobic region in CTx PnIB interacts with conserved aromatic residues on one of the two faces of the α7 binding site.