cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Making Investment Choices as Simple as Possible, but Not Simpler”: Author Response

This material comments on “Making Investment Choices as Simple as Possible, but Not Simpler”.
Geospatial exposure to point-of-sale tobacco: real-time craving and smoking-cessation outcomes.

Results: The final data set spanned a total of 12,871 days of EMA and geospatial tracking. Lapsing was significantly more likely on days with any POST contact (OR¼1.19, 95% CI¼1.18, 1.20), and increasingly likely as the number of daily POST contacts increased (OR¼1.07, 95% CI¼1.06, 1.08). Overall, daily POST exposure was significantly associated with lapsing when craving was low (OR¼1.22, 95% CI¼1.20, 1.23); high levels of craving were more directly associated with lapse outcomes. Conclusions: These data shed light on the way mobility patterns drive a dynamic interaction between individuals and the POST environment, demonstrating that quantification of individuals’ exposure to POST marketing can be used to identify previously unrecognized patterns of association among individual mobility, the built environment, and behavioral outcomes. (Am J Prev Med 2013;45(4):379–385) & 2013 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Building a sustainable academic-community partnership: focus on fall prevention.

Objective: To create an interprofessional/interdisciplinary education (IPE), pilot course that provided a representative group of students the opportunity to develop a 6 week fall reduction program for a group of elder volunteers who were independently living in the community. The authors describe the processes that occurred for the course and student-led program to be developed. Results: This pilot course provided opportunities for interprofessional student learning, faculty practice and development, and a program to improve the health of the participants. Sustaining interprofessional collaboration is challenging, primarily due to scheduling difficulties and faculty workloads. Conclusions: More time needs to be devoted to developing the team skills of students, as well as building their knowledge of the contributions each discipline can make to a holistic view of elders. The next phase of this project needs to include pre and post measurement of students' readiness for IPE and elders to more adequately assess the components and effects of the course and program for fall prevention. Language: en
The transcriptional regulator TamR from Streptomyces coelicolor controls a key step in central metabolism during oxidative stress

Multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) family transcriptional regulators usually regulate gene activity by responding to specific ligands. Here we show that TamR (trans-aconitate methyltransferase regulator), a MarR homologue from Streptomyces coelicolor, functions in oxidative stress responses to regulate a key step in central metabolism. The gene encoding TamR is oriented divergently from the tam gene, which encodes trans-aconitate methyltransferase. Trans-aconitate methyltransferase methylates trans-aconitate, which is formed when cis-aconitate is released during aconitase-mediated isomerization of citrate to isocitrate; trans-aconitate, but not its methyl ester, is a potent inhibitor of aconitase. We show that TamR binds with high affinity to the intergenic region between the tamR and tam genes. Notably, trans-aconitate attenuates DNA-binding by TamR, as do citrate, cis-aconitate and isocitrate, which are the substrate, intermediate and product of aconitase respectively. In vivo, hydrogen peroxide and citrate induce significant upregulation of the tam (SCO3132), tamR (SCO3133) and aconitase (SCO5999) genes. Since oxidative stress leads to disassembly of the [4Fe-4S] cluster that is essential for aconitase activity, resulting in accumulation of citrate and release of cis-aconitate and its subsequent conversion to trans-aconitate, we propose that TamR mediates a novel regulatory function in which the inhibitory effects of trans-aconitate and accumulated citrate are alleviated.
Disentangling Science & Ideology

May’s editorial, titled “The Intrusion of Fundamentalist Religion into Biology Education,” touched on many important issues for biology educators that deserve more attention. In many ways I agree with the conclusion that “we all must be on guard for the erosion of science and intrusion of religion into education,” although this blanket statement requires more clarification. Censorship and manipulation of facts to fit religious dogma definitely erode science and education, but the discussion of ideological viewpoints (political, social, religious, economic, etc.) is a vital component of a well-rounded education that fosters critical thinking. It is also important to note that the inappropriate intrusion of ideological dogma is not limited to fundamentalist religious beliefs. For example, many prominent atheists are as guilty as religious fundamentalists in pushing their ideologies into science and education. Ideology and science are inappropriately intertwined in the United States mainly, I would argue, because most citizens lack a basic understanding of the nature of science (i.e., …
DIFFERING VIRULENCE OF H1N1 AND H3N2 INFLUENZA STRAINS

Sequential influenza A/Texas/77 (H3N2) and A/USSR/77 (H1N1) epidemics occurred during the winter of 1977-1978 in two populations under viral surveillance for influenza. In college students who reported to the Vanderbilt student health service, roughly equivalent amounts of typical influenzal disease were documented by virus isolation and total health service visits with both strains. However, considering that the college population was fully susceptible to the first introduction of H1N1 virus in 20 years and partially immune to H3N2 viruses through repeated exposure, A/USSR appeared to be a relatively less pathogenic strain. Stronger proof of this was seen in a closely monitored group of 200 largely seronegative infants and young children less than 4 years of age enrolled in an experimental vaccine clinic. In this young population, A/USSR caused no recognizable illness and A/Texas caused typical febrile respiratory disease. Thus, two influenza strains circulating in close temporal association differed in virulence when observed in carefully monitored susceptible populations.
Anti-inflammatory Activity of IVIG Mediated Through the Inhibitory Fc Receptor

The molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory property of intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) was investigated in a murine model of immune thrombocytopenia. Administration of clinically protective doses of intact antibody or monomeric Fc fragments to wild-type or Fcgamma receptor-humanized mice prevented platelet consumption triggered by a pathogenic autoantibody. The inhibitory Fc receptor, FcgammaRIIB, was required for protection, because disruption either by genetic deletion or with a blocking monoclonal antibody reversed the therapeutic effect of IVIG. Protection was associated with the ability of IVIG administration to induce surface expression of FcgammaRIIB on splenic macrophages. Modulation of inhibitory signaling is thus a potent therapeutic strategy for attenuating autoantibody-triggered inflammatory diseases.
Distributed and parallel algorithms for weighted vertex cover and other covering problems

The paper presents distributed and parallel δ-approximation algorithms for covering problems, where δ is the maximum number of variables on which any constraint depends (for example, δ = 2 for VERTEX COVER).Specific results include the following.≺ For WEIGHTED VERTEX COVER, the first distributed 2-approximation algorithm taking O(log n) rounds and the first parallel 2-approximation algorithm in RNC. The algorithms generalize to covering mixed integer linear programs (CMIP) with two variables per constraint (δ = 2).≺ For any covering problem with monotone constraints and submodular cost, a distributed δ-approximation algorithm taking O(log2 |C|) rounds, where |C| is the number of constraints. (Special cases include CMIP, facility location, and probabilistic (two-stage) variants of these problems.)
5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced Cl− transport is mediated by 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors in the rat distal colon

Abstract In the rat distal colon, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced Cl − secretion is seen as a rise in short circuit current ( I sc ). We investigated the 5-HT receptor mediating 5-HT-induced Cl − secretion in the rat distal colon. Rat distal colon was prepared either by stripping away the muscularis propria with the neural ganglia, or by leaving it intact. The tissue was mounted in Ussing chambers and short circuited. 5-HT receptor agonist-induced changes (Δ) in I sc were recorded in the presence and absence of 5-HT receptor antagonists. In stripped preparations, the rank order of potency of agonists was: 5-HT > 5-methoxytryptamine > α-methyl-5-HT ⪢ 2-methyl-5-HT. 5-HT and 5-methoxytryptamine-induced changes in I sc were antagonized by ≥ 0.3 μM tropisetron with pA 2 values 6.5 and 6.4, respectively. The 5-HT 4 antagonist, SC 53606, antagonized the 5-HT-induced response with a pA 2 of 7.2. 5-HT 1-like (methysergide), 5-HT 1P ( N -acetyl-5-hydroxytryptophyl 5-hydroxytryptophan amide (5-HTP-DP)), 5-HT 2A (ketanserin) and 5-HT 3 (ondansetron) receptor antagonists had no significant effect on the 5-HT response in stripped tissue. 3 μM forskolin, or 10 μM 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX), decreased the EC 50 and increased the maximum 5-HT response. The 2-methyl-5-HT and 5-HT-induced ΔI sc in the unstripped colon preparation were antagonized by the 5-HT 3 antagonist, ondansetron (0.3 nM), and 2-methyl-5-HT activity was abolished by pretreatment with tetrodotoxin. In conclusion, 5-HT-induced ΔI sc is neurally mediated via a 5-HT 3 receptor, and non-neurally mediated via a 5-HT 4 receptor in the rat distal colon.
Stereochemical dependence of the rate of cyanohydrin reversion

Abstract The rates of reversion to ketones for three diastereomeric cyanohydrins have been measured in 95 % ethanol. Two diastereomers in which the cyanohydrin nitrile is in an axial position react at comparable rates; the third cyanohydrin, in which the nitrile is equatorial, reacts more than fifty times more slowly.
Promiscuity and the Primate Immune System

The behavioral and ecological factors involved in immune system evolution remain poorly explored. We present a phylogenetic analysis of white blood cell counts in primates to test three hypotheses related to disease risk: increases in risk are expected with group size or population density, exposure to soil-borne pathogens, and mating promiscuity. White blood cell counts were significantly greater in species where females have more mating partners, indicating that the risk of sexually transmitted disease is likely to be a major factor leading to systematic differences in the primate immune system.
Oceanographic and climatologic controls on the compositions and fluxes of biogenic materials in the water column and sediments of the Cariaco Basin over the Late Holocene

Materials collected by sediment traps over a 3-y period and sedimentary horizons from a gravity core covering the last 6000 y were used to investigate the effects of climate-related processes such as wind-driven upwelling and regional rainfall on the production, export and burial of particulate organic matter in the Cariaco Basin. A variety of chemical analyses, including organic carbon and nitrogen, biogenic opal, calcite, lithogenic contents, stable carbon isotopic ratios of organic matter and the yields of CuO reaction products derived from distinct biochemicals such as amino acids, fatty acids and lignins, were carried out for this purpose. Principal component analyses were used to investigate the trends in this multivariate data set. These analyses reveal marked temporal differences in the composition of the materials sinking through the water column, which were related to distinct oceanographic and climatic forcings. For example, autochthonous fluxes, characterized by elevated contents of organic carbon and opal as well as high yields of amino acid and fatty acid reaction products, displayed peaks during periods of intense wind-driven upwelling. In contrast, allochthonous materials, characterized by elevated lithogenic contents and elevated yields of lignin-derived products, were more important during periods of high rainfall, low wind and enhanced stratification. In addition to the strong seasonal contrasts, there was significant temporal variability at both shorter (monthly) and longer (inter-annual) time scales. Hence, other factors, such as zooplankton grazing and El Nino effects on local climatology, may also be important. Examination of the gravity core record yielded several significant trends. For example, there was a marked increase in sediment accumulation rates from 5000 to ca. 700 y before present with concomitant increases in the concentrations of organic carbon, opal and most biomarkers. These results suggest that the Cariaco Basin experienced a marked increase in primary productivity and particle flux to the underlying sediments since the Holocene Thermal Maximum. Also within the sedimentary record, we observed distinct variations in the relative contributions of autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter. The frequency of these variations is roughly 1500 y and appears to match ice-rafted debris records from the North Atlantic. Such coincidence indicates cold periods within the Holocene, which are related to minima in insolation, may have led to the southern migration of the inter-tropical convergence zone and the enhancement of wind-driven upwelling, primary productivity and autochthonous organic matter flux to the seabed in the Cariaco Basin. Alternatively, during warm periods, the opposite climatic conditions would have increased both the thermal stratification of the water column and average rainfall in the Cariaco Basin, leading to elevated inputs of allochthonous materials.
American Administrative Law in 1931

An analysis of administrative law cases which federal and state courts decided during 1931 reveals some exceptionally interesting problems and tendencies. These will be considered under the following main headings: (1) the separation of powers and administrative action, (2) principles regulating administrative determinations, (3) conclusiveness and appeal, (4) the law of officers, (5) the liability of officers, (6) community liability, and (7) the remedies against abuse of power.
Landau-Ginzburg Model of Interphase Boundaries in CsCl-Type Ferroelastics due to M-5 Mode Instability : LaAg1-xInx

We have constructed a Landau-Ginzburg model of ferroelastic domain walls in the tetragonal phase of CsCl-type intermetallic compounds. This improper ferroelastic phase transition is driven by the condensation of a degenerate zone-edge phonon mode of M 5 - symmetry and can be described by a six-component order parameter. Analytic and numerical kink-type soliton solutions for the order parameter profile and the strain distribution are obtained for three different interphase boundaries : a twin boundary and two antiphase boundaries. The stability, merging and splitting of various domain types are also studied. Specifically, a symmetry-allowed product phase of [4/mmm (D 4h 17 ) symmetry has been experimentally observed in pseudobinary rare earth alloys of composition RAg 1-x ln x (R=La, Ce, Pr) and in related systems (YCu, LaCd).
Synthesis and storage of a neurohormone in insect brains in vitro

Abstract The build-up of neurosecretory material in the median neurosecretory cells and fibre tracts of cultured cockroach brains was demonstrated by staining and bioassay. Examination of the cultured brains by electron microscopy showed active production of neurosecretory granules after 3 days in vitro. The close correlation of the results obtained by these different methods of assay leaves little doubt that a neurohormone is being synthesized and stored.
Lipid-Induced β-Amyloid Peptide Assemblage Fragmentation

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and is widely believed to be due to the accumulation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) and their interaction with the cell membrane. Aβs are hydrophobic peptides derived from the amyloid precursor proteins by proteolytic cleavage. After cleavage, these peptides are involved in a self-assembly-triggered conformational change. They are transformed into structures that bind to the cell membrane, causing cellular degeneration. However, it is not clear how these peptide assemblages disrupt the structural and functional integrity of the membrane. Membrane fluidity is one of the important parameters involved in pathophysiology of disease-affected cells. Probing the Aβ aggregate-lipid interactions will help us understand these processes with structural detail. Here we show that a fluid lipid monolayer develop immobile domains upon interaction with Aβ aggregates. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy data indicate that peptide fibrils are fragmented into smaller nano-assemblages when interacting with the membrane lipids. Our findings could initiate reappraisal of the interactions between lipid assemblages and Aβ aggregates involved in Alzheimer's disease.
Yield of laboratory tests for case-finding in the ambulatory general medical examination

The majority of treatments for conditions identified by case-finding laboratory tests resulted from the lipid profile. The therapeutic yield of the chemistry panel was low, and the therapeutic yield of the complete blood count, thyroid tests, and urinalysis were all less than 1%. The low therapeutic yield of many routine laboratory tests ordered for case-finding should be provided to patients, physicians, and managed care organizations to set priorities for case-finding and screening.
Effect of 60Co γ-radiation on the properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate)

The effects of 60 Co γ-radiation on the properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), including the chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties, were investigated. Molecular weight of the irradiated PHBV as measured using a Ubbelohde-type capillary viscometer decreased significantly. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra show that chain scission was the predominant reaction in the PHBV irradiated with 10 and 25 MRad doses. The G(S) value for the chain scission was 0.9, and the number of bond cleavages per molecule was 0.22 MRad -1 . Thermal and tensile properties of control and irradiated PHBV were examined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and an Instron tensile testing machine, respectively. Results indicate that 60 Co y-radiation significantly affected the thermal and tensile properties of PHBV. The melting temperatures of the irradiated PHBV decreased. Tensile strength and fracture strain of the irradiated PHBV decreased dramatically, indicating increased brittleness. The fracture surfaces studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed some voids and a brittle fracture surface.
Construction of multi-region-multi-reference atlases for neonatal brain MRI segmentation

Abstract Neonatal brain MRI segmentation is a challenging problem due to its poor image quality. Atlas-based segmentation approaches have been widely used for guiding brain tissue segmentation. Existing brain atlases are usually constructed by equally averaging pre-segmented images in a population. However, such approaches diminish local inter-subject structural variability and thus lead to lower segmentation guidance capability. To deal with this problem, we propose a multi-region-multi-reference framework for atlas-based neonatal brain segmentation. For each region of a brain parcellation, a population of spatially normalized pre-segmented images is clustered into a number of sub-populations. Each sub-population of a region represents an independent distribution from which a regional probability atlas can be generated. A selection of these regional atlases, across different sub-regions, will in the end be adaptively combined to form an overall atlas specific to the query image. Given a query image, the determination of the appropriate set of regional atlases is achieved by comparing the query image regionally with the reference, or exemplar, of each sub-population. Upon obtaining an overall atlas, an atlas-based joint registration–segmentation strategy is employed to segment the query image. Since the proposed method generates an atlas which is significant more similar to the query image than the traditional average-shape atlas, better tissue segmentation results can be expected. This is validated by applying the proposed method on a large set of neonatal brain images available in our institute. Experimental results on a randomly selected set of 10 neonatal brain images indicate that the proposed method achieves higher tissue overlap rates and lower standard deviations (SDs) in comparison with manual segmentations, i.e., 0.86 (SD 0.02) for GM, 0.83 (SD 0.03) for WM, and 0.80 (SD 0.05) for CSF. The proposed method also outperforms two other average-shape atlas-based segmentation methods.
Terminal redundancy of "high frequency of recombination" markers of Bacillus subtilis phage SPO1.

Abstract Mutations in 2 of the 36 cistrons known for Bacillus subtilis phage SPOT were unmappable because they showed high frequencies of recombination with each other and with mutations in all other cistrons (Okubo, S., Yanagida, T., Fujta, D. J., and Ohlsson-Wilhelm, B. M., 1972, Biken J. 15 , 81–97). These cistrons (35 and 36) are among the last to be replicated and their replication is specifically inhibited by mutants affected in SPOT cistron 32 (Glassberg, J., Franck, M., and Stewart, C. R., 1977a, J. Virol. 21 , 147–152). We propose that these observations can be explained by the location of these two cistrons within a region of terminal redundancy, and we present the following data in support of this proposal: (1) Mixed infection between sus 35 + and sus 35 − phage yields bursts which include a high proportion of heterozygotes. (2) The sus 35 genetic marker is located on two different restriction fragments. (3) By restriction nuclease mapping, one copy of this marker has been located to the right of the rightmost markers on the known genetic map. (4) Two of the fragments produced by Eco RI ∗ digestion of mature DNA are not found in digests of intracellular DNA, and no new fragment is found, suggesting that these fragments are part of a region of terminal redundancy used for the formation of concatemers. One of these fragments carries the sus 35 marker.
Insight into the role of the oxidized graphite precursor on the properties of copper-based MOF/graphite oxide composites

Abstract Graphites of different origin were oxidized using Brodie method and then used as composite components with copper-based metal–organic frameworks, MOF. The degree of oxidation, crystallite size and chemistry of oxygen-containing groups on the surface of graphite oxides were investigated. The parent materials, MOF and graphite oxides, and the composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, adsorption of nitrogen, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermal analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that not only epoxy groups but also carboxylic groups at the edges of graphene layers, when present in a predominant quantity, are engaged in the formation of metal–organic framework units. The contribution of the latter mechanism of the composite formation results in a more pronounced synergistic effect, demonstrated in the formation of new pores, and the distorted MOF units at the edges of the graphene layers. When carboxylic groups are absent or present in a small quantity, epoxy, phenol and carbonyl groups are the main reactive sites for the composite formation. The disruption of the MOF crystallites, governed by the geometry and chemistry of graphite oxides, also leads to the formation of copper salts at the edges of the graphene crystals. The morphology of the composite materials and their apparent chemistry depends on the chemistry of graphite oxide, its crystallite size and its amount in the composite.
Increased intrasubject variability in response time in unaffected preschoolers at familial risk for bipolar disorder

Increased intrasubject variability in response time (ISVRT) is evident in healthy preschoolers at familial risk for bipolar disorder, suggesting it may be an endophenotype.
CT fluoroscopy-assisted cervical transforaminal steroid injection: tips, traps, and use of contrast material.

OBJECTIVE. CT fluoroscopy–assisted cervical transforaminal steroid injection is an effective therapeutic option for cervical radiculopathy, yet it is approached with trepidation by some interventionalists. CT fluoroscopy is superior to conventional fluoroscopy for delineating complex anatomic relations in the neck but must be combined with careful technique to avoid rare but serious complications. We describe the anatomy of the neural foramen, our technique of CT fluoroscopy–assisted cervical transforaminal steroid injection, and the CT appearance of appropriate and inappropriate needle positions.CONCLUSION. Understanding anatomy will help to avoid complications and optimize the therapeutic potential of cervical transforaminal steroid injection. Use of contrast material for CT fluoroscopic guidance facilitates appropriate needle positioning and reduces the risk of complications.
SCANNED PROBE MICROSCOPY AT MILLIKELVIN TEMPERATURES

Abstract Scanned probe microscopy, based on such local interactions as electron tunneling, inter-atomic forces, and near-field optics, offers uniquely powerful tools for the investigation of physical systems on the nanometer scale. Although the first scanning probe microscope was built nearly two decades ago, adaptation of these techniques for use at millikelvin temperatures has occurred only recently. We present a general review of low-temperature scanned probe microscopy with an emphasis on instruments reported to operate below 1 K. Particular design issues are addressed in the context of the Dartmouth millikelvin force microscope, which can locate and image nanometer scale electronic devices at millikelvin temperatures.
Fun in the College Classroom: Examining Its Nature and Relationship with Student Engagement

Despite the popular belief that fun has a positive impact in learning contexts, empirical research on fun in the classroom has been limited. To extend research in this area, the goal of this study was to develop and validate a new scale to assess fun in the classroom and examine its relationship with student engagement. The multi-stage scale development effort resulted in a two-dimensional measure, including fun activities and fun delivery. Fun activities reflect a variety of hands-on exercises and ways to promote social involvement among students. Fun delivery is more instructor-focused, including the use of humor, creative examples, and storytelling. Interestingly, fun delivery, but not fun activities, was positively related to student engagement. These findings suggest that not all fun is equal and highlight the need for additional research to validate the impact of fun on meaningful student outcomes.
They’re Here, Now How Do You Keep Them?: Lessons Learned with First Year College Students

This is a case study of a class of first year traditional college-age students enrolled in a class that assessed measures to orient new students and enlist them in becoming committed to completing their degrees. The motivation of the university that designed the course was two-fold: to help students develop good time management and study skills; and to nurture student loyalty to retain them through graduation at this university. The study followed a small class of 18-20 year old first year students through their first semester at a mid-sized western public university. The results of the study indicated that while many factors affect studentsâ€™ attitudes and retention throughout their college years, simple measures of enlistment and peer-mentoring fared best to positively influence student attitudes and responses in the college-orientation class; and, peer involvement offered the most promise of future brand commitment to student retention at the university.
Fracture of single crystal MgAl2O4

The fracture of single crystal, stoichiometric MgAl2O4 spinel, was investigated for the (1 0 0), (1 1 0), and (1 1 1) from room temperature to 1500° C. Two regions of fracture behaviour were observed; a low temperature elastic region where K lc decreased with increasing temperature, and an elevated temperature region where K lc increased rapidly with increasing temperature. The elastic region is explained primarily by the decrease of elastic modulus with increasing temperature, whereas the rapid increase of K lc at elevated temperature is attributed to plastic flow in the vicinity of the crack tip
Flosequinan, a vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action

1. The mechanism of action of flosequinan was investigated in ferret aortic smooth muscle by the simultaneous measurement of aequorin luminescence and isometric force. 2. The control calcium-force curve was obtained by plotting the calibrated aequorin luminescence against the force from potassium-depolarized muscles. Flosequinan relaxed potassium-depolarized muscles by causing parallel changes in [Ca2+]i and force with no shift in the control [Ca2+]i-force relationship. 3. The [Ca2+]i-force relationship in the presence of a maximally effective concentration of phenylephrine was significantly shifted to the left of that for the control, potassium-depolarized muscle. Flosequinan relaxed the phenylephrine-contracted muscle by causing a large decrease in force with only a minimal decrease in [Ca2+]i, resulting in an apparent rightward shift of the [Ca2+]i-force relationship, toward the control curve. 4. In comparison, sodium nitroprusside caused relaxation of either the potassium- or phenylephrine-induced contraction solely by a decrease in [Ca2+]i with no shift in either calcium-force relationship. 5. Milrinone caused no significant rightward shift of the calcium-force relationship during phenylephrine- or potassium-induced contractions, but when milrinone was added in the absence of vasoconstrictors, relaxation was obtained with no significant decrease in [Ca2+]i. 6. Flosequinan appears to differ in mechanism of action from both nitroprusside and milrinone. It relaxes depolarization-mediated contractions solely by decreasing [Ca2+]i but also appears to be capable of reversing the apparent calcium sensitizing action of phenylephrine.
The fallacy of using NII in analyzing aircraft operations

Three measures of noise annoyance (Noise Impact Index, Level-Weighted Population, and Annoyed Population Number) are compared, regarding their utility in assessing noise reduction schemes for aircraft operations. While NII is intended to measure the average annoyance per person in a community, it is found that the method of averaging can lead to erroneous conclusions, particularly if the population does not have uniform spatial distribution. Level-Weighted Population and Annoyed Population Number are shown to be better indicators of noise annoyance when rating different strategies for noise reduction in a given community.
The development of explicit and implicit forms of memory in learning disabled children

Abstract Cognitive theorists have recently described two forms of memory. One is termed “explicit” memory and requires the conscious reinstatement of episodic memories, while the other form of memory is referred to as “implicit” (e.g., Graf & Schacter, 1985 ). The present study tested the hypothesis that tasks requiring the use of explicit forms of memory are sensitive developmental and individual differences, whereas tasks requiring implicit memory are not. Learning disabled children enrolled in the third and sixth grades were compared with third and sixth grade nondisabled children on a series of picture memory tasks. The original hypothesis was confirmed, with significant effects of grade and subject group being observed with explicit memory tasks (naming speed, free recall, and cued recall), but no differences on a fragment completion task.
Chromospheric Evaporation in a Remote Solar Flare-like Transient Observed at High Time Resolution with SOHO's CDS and RHESSI

We present EUV light curves and Doppler velocity measurements for a small, remote flarelike transient observed at high time resolution (9.8 s) with SOHO's CDS during a GOES M1.6 solar flare. The EUV observations include a brief precursor and an impulsive peak followed by a more gradual rise and decline of emission. Hard X-ray light curves obtained with RHESSI reveal a small burst just before the EUV impulsive rise, and another burst at the time of the more gradual EUV peak. RHESSI images show no emission at the location of the EUV transient due to limitations in dynamic range. During the impulsive phase we measure simultaneous, cospatial downward velocities ~30 km s-1 in the chromospheric line of He I at 584.3 A and the transition region line of O V at 629.7 A, and upward velocities ~20 km s-1 in the coronal line of Si XII at 520.7 A. Fe XIX emission at 592.2 A emerged during the impulsive phase and revealed upward velocities approaching 150 km s-1. These observations demonstrate that flarelike explosive chromospheric evaporation occurred at a location remote from the primary region of particle acceleration, apparently driven by electron beams from the primary acceleration region.
Inhibition of lens protein-, endotoxin- and interleukin-1-induced ocular inflammation with osthole and some other non-steroidal anti-Inflammatory agents

Anti-inflammatory actions of osthole and some other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIA) were studied along with prednisolone on ocular inflammations induced by lens protein in rabbits and those induced by endotoxin or interleukin-1 (IL-1) in rats. It was found that ocular inflammation induced by lens protein at the anterior segment of the eyes can be inhibited by all agents tested, including osthole, mefenamic acid, indomethacin and norhydroguaiaretic acid. However, the posterior uveitis induced by endotoxin was inhibited only by osthole, mefenamic acid and prednisolone. IL-1-induced posterior uveitis was inhibited only by osthole and prednisolone. It is concluded that osthole is a unique agent for ocular inflammations, particularly for those which are difficult to treat, such as posterior uveitis.
The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism – By Richard Wolin

This author's excellent study provides the reader with an informed survey of some of the more important intellectual trends of the twentieth century, employing the writings of a selection of Europe...
Community medicine in Cuba.

The 25 years of revolution in Cuba have brought about great changes in the health care system. The health status of the population has been transformed from that of a developing country to one approximating the developed countries. The delivery of primary care at the community level has evolved over the past 15 years as a result of critical evaluations of the new implementations. The community polyclinic has been the basis for all health planning since 1975. This model has the health of the community as its main concern and the mechanism for involving the community in health care decisions has been established. The history of the community polyclinic and the evolution of the guidelines by which it functions are reviewed. In practice, many problems persist and the strategy for resolution of current conflicts will provide for interesting developments in the near future.
The use of Goal Attainment Scaling to evaluate a ward treatment program for disturbed children.

Goal Attainment Scaling was used with beha. iorally disturbed inpatient children. Staff generally underpredicted success of outcome, but were overly optimistic with four types of presenting problems and three types of goal areas. The evluation procedure made important contributions to the processes of diagnosis and treatment planning.
Effects of attitude and experience on the selection of frequency adverbs

The present study investigated variability in word meaning as a function of attitude and experience. An inverse relationship was predicted between favorableness toward and extent of participation in an activity and the quantitative adverb selected to describe its median frequency of occurrence. Those Ss who dislike an activity assign a higher frequency adverb to its rate of occurrence than do those who like the activity. Similarly, those who participate infrequently in an activity assign a higher frequency adverb to its rate of occurrence than do those who participate more frequently. It is suggested that the ratings reflect the actual differences in frequency of participation among Ss.
Urolithiasis: Terms and Concepts

Urolithiasis is a general term that encompasses formulation of urinary tract stones as a sequela of one or more underlying abnormalities. A variety of terms have been used to describe the characteristics of uroliths based on mineral composition, location, and/or shape. Knowledge of the origins and meanings of these terms will facilitate understanding of the cause, detection, treatment, and prevention of uroliths.
Recent advances in animal models of chronic antidepressant effects: The novelty-induced hypophagia test

Animal models exhibiting sensitivity to chronic, but not acute, antidepressant treatment are greatly needed for studying the neural mechanisms of the antidepressant response. Although several models of acute antidepressant effects provide excellent tools for antidepressant discovery, they do not permit investigation into their therapeutic effects, which require several weeks of treatment to emerge. The inhibition of feeding produced by novelty, termed 'hyponeophagia', provides an anxiety-related measure that is sensitive to the effects of chronic, but not acute or subchronic, antidepressant treatment. This review evaluates the value of hyponeophagia-based tests as tools for investigating the neurobiology of the therapeutic response to antidepressant treatment. Criteria for the development and validation of animal models used to study neurobiological mechanisms of the antidepressant response are presented. Methodological considerations affecting the reliability, specificity, and ease of use of hyponeophagia-based models are also discussed. Lastly, we present a newly revised hyponeophagia paradigm, called the novelty-induced hypophagia (NIH) test, which attempts to maximize the predictive validity and practicality of the test. The NIH paradigm provides a promising new model for investigations into the neurobiology underlying the antidepressant response.
The Geometric Correction of LANDSAT-Type Imagery Using Perturbation Techniques

A method for geometric correction data calculation is based on decomposition of image distortions into nominal distortions and perturbations, caused by deviations from the nominal spacecraft motion and sensor pointing. The maximal errors of the method are of the order of 5 m, and the average errors are less than 0.6 m (?).
Evidence for a Second CO Oxidation Mechanism on Rh/Ceria

The reaction properties of ceria-supported Rh for CO oxidation were investigated using model catalysts prepared by vapor deposition of Rh onto flat, low-surface-area ceria. Steady-state reaction rates were measured on this catalyst at 573 K for O2, pressures between 0.1 and 8 Torr and for CO pressures between 0.1 and 600 Torr, and the rates were compared to those measured on Rh/α-Al2O3(0001). The rates for Rh/ceria and Rh/α-Al2O3(000l) are essentially identical over most of the pressure range studied, with the reaction order for CO being inverse first-order under reducing conditions. However, for higher CO pressures, the reaction becomes zeroth-order in CO on Rh/ceria. It is suggested that this is due to a second reaction mechanism involving oxygen migration from ceria to the Rh, which had previously been observed in temperature-programmed desorption measurements on the same model catalysts (Zafiris, G. S., and Gorte, R. J., J. Catal.139, 561 (1993)).
Effect of repeated administration of PGF2α in the early post partum period on the prevalence of clinical endometritis and probability of pregnancy at first insemination in lactating dairy cows

Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of repeated administration of PGF2alpha in the immediate post partum period on the prevalence of clinical endometritis at 22 and 58 days post partum, and the probability of pregnancy at first insemination, in post partum dairy cows. In Experiment 1, 228 cows on day 7 post partum were used. Cows in Group 1 (n = 114) were treated twice with PGF2alpha (25 mg, im) 8 h apart on days 7 and 14 post partum, and only once on days 22 and 35 post partum. Cows in Group 2 (n = 114) served as untreated controls. Vaginoscopy and transrectal palpation of the genital tract were done on days 22 and 58 post partum. Cows in both groups were inseminated at estrus after a voluntary waiting period of 100 days. Pregnancy was determined by transrectal palpation between 45 and 50 days after insemination. Repeated administration of PGF2alpha in the immediate post partum period did not reduce the prevalence of clinical endometritis on days 22 or 58 post partum (65 versus 62% on day 22 and 28.3 versus 35.2% on day 58 in Groups 1 and 2, respectively). There was no significant difference in the probability of pregnancy at first insemination between cows in both groups. In Experiment 2, 418 cows on day 7 post partum were used. Cows in Group 1 (n = 209) were treated twice with PGF2alpha (25 mg, im) 8h apart on days 7 and 14 post partum, and only once on days 22 and 35 post partum. Cows in Group 2 (n = 209) served as untreated controls. Cows in both groups were subjected to the Presynch and Ovsynch protocols on days 49 and 75 post partum, respectively. Pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasonography between days 29 and 32 after timed insemination. There was no significant difference in the probability of pregnancy at first insemination between cows in both groups. In conclusion, repeated administration of PGF2alpha to cows in this herd had no effect on the prevalence of clinical endometritis at 22 and 58 days post partum, and that there was no effect on the probability of pregnancy after insemination at estrus among cows with a voluntary waiting period of > 100 days, or at timed AI at 85 days in milk when Presynch was employed.
Comparison of the availability of various iron fortificants in bread and milk using an in vitro digestion/caco-2 cell culture method

ABSTRACT: The availabilities and dialyzabilities of various iron fortificants in bread and milk were compared using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. In white bread, availability and dialyzability of electrolytic iron were lower than that of ferrous fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO4. NaFe(III)EDTA was also lower in availability than ferrous fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO4 but had the highest dialyzability. In 2% fat milk, NaFe(III)EDTA was again the highest in dialyzability but was similar in availability to ferrous fumarate, encapsulated ferrous fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO4. The results suggest that iron from NaFe(III)EDTA and electrolytic iron does not completely exchange with intrinsic iron in foods.
Isoporphyrin formation upon electrochemical oxidation of zinc tetrakis(4-sulfonato-phenyl)porphine in aqueous solution

Abstract Zinc tetrakis(4-sulfonato-phenyl)porphine, (ZnTSPP) in pH 4 aqueous buffer is converted cleanly to an isoporphyrin upon electrooxidation at potentials corresponding to mono- and dication formation (+0.55 and +0.80 V vs. SCE). This is demonstrated by optical thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry, which shows a characteristic absorption band at 778 nm for the oxidation product; the spectrum is the same as that reported previously for the isoporphyrin of zinc tetraphenylporphine formed in methanol. It is suggested that the ZnTPP isoporphyrin is formed by attack of H 2 O on a meso carbon atom of the dication, which is available via disproportionation of the monocation. Electroreduction at 0.0 V returns the isoporphyrin to ZnTSPP. This process is seen in isoporphyrin cyclic voltammograms as a well-formed but irreversible cathodic wave at −0.2 V at a glassy carbon electrode, or a drawn-out wave at 0.0 V at a gold electrode. The isoporphyrin is remarkably stable at pH 4.0; three cycles of isoporphyrin formation and ZnTSPP regeneration were carried out with less than 5% loss in the original absorbance. When electrooxidation is carried out at pH 7.0, however, a different species, with an absorption peak at 513 nm is formed initially; this peak then decays, leaving a featureless absorption spectrum. ZnTSPP cannot be regenerated by electroreduction of this solution. Evidently the pH elevation induces further oxidation reactions, leading to rapid degradation of the porphyrin rings.
Fiber optics structural mechanics and nanotechnology-based new generation of fiber coatings

This paper consists of two parts - review and extension. The review part deals with typical fiber optics structures (bare, single- and dual-coated fibers; fibers experiencing low temperature micro-bending; fibers soldered into ferrules or adhesively bonded into capillaries; role of the non-linear stress-strain relationship, etc.) subjected to thermally induced and/or mechanical loading in bending, tension, compression, or to various combinations of such loadings. The emphasis is on the state-of-the-art in the area of optical fiber coatings and the functional (optical), mechanical and environmental problems that occur in polymer-coated or metallized fibers. The solutions to the examined problems are obtained using analytical methods (predictive models) of structural mechanics. The review is based primarily on the author's research conducted at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, during his eighteen years tenure with this company. The extension part addresses a new generation of optical fiber coatings and deals with the application of a newly developed (by the ERS/Siloptix Co.) nano-particle material (NPM) that is used as an attractive substitute for the existing optical fiber coatings. This NPM-based coating has all the merits of polymer and metal coatings, but is free of their shortcomings. The developed material is an unconventional inhomogeneous "smart" composite material, which is equivalent to a homogeneous material with the following major properties: low Young's modulus, immunity to corrosion, good-to-excellent adhesion to adjacent material(s), non-volatile, stable properties at temperature extremes (from -220°C to +350°C), very long (practically infinite) lifetime, "active" hydrophobicity - the material provides a moisture barrier (to both water and water vapor), and, if necessary, can even "wick" moisture away from the contact surface; ability for "self-healing" and "healing": the NPM is able to restore its own dimensions, when damaged, and is able to fill existing or developed defects (cracks and other "imperfections") in contacted surfaces; very low (near unity) effective refractive index (if needed). NPM can be designed, depending on the application, to enhance those properties most important. NPM properties have been confirmed through testing. The tests have demonstrated the outstanding mechanical reliability, extraordinary environmental durability and, in particular applications, improved optical performance of the light guide.