cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electroweak supersymmetry with an approximate U(1) Peccei-Quinn symmetry

A predictive framework for supersymmetry at the TeV scale is presented, which incorporates the Ciafaloni-Pomarol mechanism for the dynamical determination of the $\ensuremath{\mu}$ parameter. The $\ensuremath{\mu}$ parameter of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) is replaced by $\ensuremath{\lambda}S$, where $S$ is a singlet field, leading to a Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry. The axion becomes a heavy pseudoscalar, $G$, by adding a mass, ${m}_{G}$, by hand. The explicit breaking of PQ symmetry is assumed to be sufficiently weak at the TeV scale that the only observable consequence is the mass ${m}_{G}$. Three models for the explicit PQ breaking are given; but the utility of this framework is that the predictions for all physics at the electroweak scale are independent of the particular model for PQ breaking. This framework leads to a theory similar to the MSSM, except that $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is predicted by the Ciafaloni-Pomarol relation, and there are light, weakly-coupled states that lie dominantly in the superfield $S$. The production and cascade decay of superpartners at colliders occurs as in the MSSM, except that there is one extra stage of the cascade chain, with the next-to-LSP decaying to its superpartner and $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{s}$, dramatically altering the collider signatures for supersymmetry. The framework is compatible with terrestrial experiments and astrophysical observations for a wide range of ${m}_{G}$ and $⟨s⟩$. If $G$ is as light as possible, $300\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}l{m}_{G}l3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$, it can have interesting effects on the radiation energy density during the cosmological eras of nucleosynthesis and acoustic oscillations, leading to predictions for ${N}_{\ensuremath{\nu}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{N}}$ and ${N}_{\ensuremath{\nu}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{B}}$ different from 3.
Urbanism, Neighborhood Context, and Social Networks

Theories of urbanism suggest that the urban context erodes individuals' strong social ties with friends and family. Recent research has narrowed focus to the neighborhood context, emphasizing how localized structural disadvantage affects community-level cohesion and social capital. In this paper, we argue that neighborhood context also shapes social ties with friends and family- particularly for community-dwelling seniors. We hypothesize that neighborhood disadvantage, residential instability, and disorder restrict residents' abilities to cultivate close relationships with neighbors and non-neighbor friends and family. Using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), we find that older adults who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods have smaller social networks. Neighborhood disadvantage is also associated with less close network ties and less frequent interaction - but only among men. Furthermore, residents of disordered neighborhoods have smaller networks and weaker ties. We urge scholars to pay greater attention to how neighborhood context contributes to disparities in network-based access to resources.
Measurements and Calculations of Spectral Radiation Intensities for Turbulent Non-Premixed and Partially Premixed Flames

Spectral radiation intensities leaving diametric and chord-like paths for six non-sooting flames were measured using an infrared array spectrometer. The spectral radiation intensities were also computed using the mean property approach and a time and space series simulation approach. Turbulence/radiation interactions (TRI) in these flames were investigated by comparing the two sets of computations to the experimental data. The effects of TRI are significant for regions away from the flame axis. The new data and findings are of value in the evaluation of radiation models, which are increasingly used in turbulent combustion calculations.
Magnetoelectric coupling, efficiency, and voltage gain effect in piezoelectric-piezomagnetic laminate composites

The magnetoelectric (ME) effect of piezoelectric-magnetostrictive laminate composites, which is a product tensor, has been studied. Based on piezoelectric and piezomagnetic constituent equations, the longitudinal-mode vibration and equivalent circuits have been derived. The effective magnetoelectric coupling coefficient, voltage-gain, and output efficiency have been determined. Our results show: (i) that there is an extreme high voltage gain effect of >260 under resonance drive: the induced ME voltage is much higher than the input voltage to the coils for magnetic excitation; (ii) that there is an optimum ratio of the piezoelectric to piezomagnetic layer thicknesses, which results in maximum effective magnetoelectric coupling; and (iii) that the maximum output efficiency of magnetoelectric laminate at resonance drive is ∼98%, if eddy currents are neglected. This high ME voltage gain effect offers potential for power transformer applications.
The optimal use of non-renewable resources: The theory of extraction

Abstract The traditional theory of exhaustion is revised to allow for long run capital mobility. This model is extended to include the impact of cumulative environmental damages on the optimal path of resource use. Models and optimal markets are then analyzed for cases where minerals are available over a continuum of quality and where recycling ameliorates inevitable exhaustion of non-renewable resources. Finally, the impact of technological change on long run trends in mineral prices is examined.
Influence of Carotid Baroreceptors and Vasoactive Drugs on Systemic Vascular Volume and Venous Distensibility

Changes in systemic vascular volume, in venous return, and in the distensibility of the venous system were studied in an experimental canine preparation. The use of an extracorporeal circulation permitted complete exclusion of the heart and lungs and allowed continuous measurement of alterations of intravascular blood volume and of venous return to the oxygenator. Brief occlusion of the venous outflow line permitted the inscription of venous pressure-volume curves. Hypotension in the isolated carotid sinuses, the administration of catecholamines or of acetylcholine resulted in venoconstriction, evidenced by a decrease in vascular volume, an increase in venous return, and flattening of the venous occlusiou curves. Conversely, carotid sinus hypertension or the administration of trimethaphan produced venodilatation, a decline in venous return, and an increase in vascular volume. The significance of these observations in the regulation of cardiac output is discussed.
Fluorescence quenching studies of the structures of calf gamma-II, III, and IV crystallins

The structures of the calf lens crystallin fractions γ-II, γ-III, and γ-IV have been investigated using the fluorescence quenching method. The three crystallin fractions showed very large differences in the quenching rates of their fluorescent tryptophan residues, for quenching by acrylamide or iodide in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer solutions. The experimentally measured quenching rate constants were kq (II) =3.2 × 108, kq(IIII) = 9.9 × 10, and kq (IV) = 1.8 × 109 M−1 sec−1. Smaller rate constants were obtained for iodide quenching of the three crystallins, but the values were in approximately the same ratios as the ones found for acrylamide quenching. The conclusion is that the tryptophan residues in γ-II crystallin are 6–10 times less easily quenched than those of γ-IV crystallin and 3–6 times less easily quenched than those of γ-III. These conclusions are in accord with those reached by Mandal et. al. based on fluorescence and CD data, who found the following order of Trp hydrophobicities: γ-IIY> γ-III > γ-...
Immunological Characterization of the VSV Nucleocapsid (N) Protein Expressed by Recombinant Baculovirus in Spodoptera exigua Larva: Use in Differential Diagnosis between Vaccinated and Infected Animals

Abstract Vesicular stomatitis is a viral disease of cattle, pigs, and horses. The disease is characterized by vesicular lesions on the epithelium of the mouth, feet, and teats. The pathological lesions are virtually indistinguishable from that of foot-and-mouth disease. We have developed a recombinant baculovirus that expresses the nucleocapsid (N) protein of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV NI ) in insect cells (Sf9) and larvae ( Spodoptera exigua ). The gene was expressed under control of the polyhedrin promoter as a fusion or nonfusion protein. The recombinant N protein expressed in insect cells could not be distinguished from N protein produced in VSV NI -infected CHO cells by immunological and biochemical analyses. The level of expression of N as a percentage of the total protein in Sf9 cells was 41% for the fusion and 60% for the nonfusion protein. Higher level (68%) of expression of the nonfusion N protein was obtained in larvae. Recombinant N protein was used in an ELISA to distinguish animals vaccinated with a recombinant VSV glycoprotein from those exposed to the whole virus by infection or classical vaccine. Lysate of a single infected larva (0.2-0.3 g) was adequate for coating ELISA plates to perform 10,000 serum assays in duplicate.
The photoproduction of H2 and NH+4 fixed from N2 by a derepressed mutant of Rhodospirillum rubrum

Abstract A mutant of Rhodospirillum rubrum has been isolated, after mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, which is characterized by its inability to grow in the light on malate-minimal media with exogenous ammonia or alanine, poor growth on glutamine and vigorous growth on glutamate. This mutant produces low levels of a key NH+4 assimilation enzyme, glutamate synthase (NADPH-dependent). It also exhibits significant derepression of nitrogenase biosynthesis in the presence of ammonia or alanine, being 15% derepressed for the former and about 70% derepressed for the latter. Some of this mutant's fixed N2 is excreted into the medium as NH+4 (1 μmol NH+4 per mg cell protein in 50 h). Nitrogenase-mediated H2 production by this strain is considerable (42 μmol H2 per mg cell protein in 50 h), approximately twice that of the wild type assayed under similar conditions. These results demonstrate that genetic alteration of the photosynthetic N2-fixer's NH+4 assimilation system disrupts the tight coupling of N2 fixation and NH+4 assimilation normally observed in these organisms, enabling photochemical conversion steps to be utilized for the photoproduction of NH+4 and H2.
Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-encoding cDNA from Plasmodium falciparum

The enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) of Plasmodium falciparum plays a key role in the salvage of preformed purine nucleotides from parasite-infected erythrocytes. Since P. falciparum cannot synthesize purines de novo, development of inhibitors specific for the parasite HGPRT should be an effective method of chemotherapy. To provide sufficient amounts of HGPRT for biochemical and crystallographic analysis, we have isolated the P. falciparum HPRT cDNA sequence and expressed it in an Escherichia coli strain deficient for both de novo purine synthesis and guanine utilization (strain GP120). GP120 cells containing the P. falciparum HPRT plasmid vector (pRD500), when grown in the presence of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) which induces the tac promoter of the expression vector, produce a novel protein of 26 kDa, which is in agreement with the predicted Mr deduced from the HPRT cDNA open reading frame. In addition, we have demonstrated significant HGPRT activity in cell-free extracts of GP120[pRD500] cultures grown in minimal medium containing xanthine, as the sole source of purines, and IPTG.
Linking oncogenic pathways with therapeutic opportunities

Multiple mutations and alterations in the cancer genome lead to the deregulation of various cell-signalling pathways that control cell function. Can molecular-profiling studies be used to fully understand this complexity and provide an opportunity to link pathway deregulation with potential therapeutic strategies? The accumulation of multiple mutations and alterations in the cancer genome underlies the complexity of cancer phenotypes. A consequence of these alterations is the deregulation of various cell-signalling pathways that control cell function. Molecular-profiling studies, particularly DNA microarray analyses, have the potential to describe this complexity. These studies also provide an opportunity to link pathway deregulation with potential therapeutic strategies. This approach, when coupled with other methods for identifying pathway activation, provides an opportunity to both match individual patients with the most appropriate therapeutic strategy and identify potential options for combination therapy.
Weak States and Global Threats: Fact or Fiction?

Little evidence underpins existing sweeping assertions about the connection between weak or failing states and transnational threats such as terrorism, proliferation, or disease, even though policy is being implemented accordingly. What characteristics of state weakness are really associated with which dangers?
Long-term durability of PSA failure-free survival after radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the durability of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression-free survival beyond 5 years in patients biochemically free of relapse 5 years after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Methods and Materials: This study identified 328 men treated with EBRT to the prostate who were biochemically (American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology definition) disease free 5 years after treatment. The median follow-up was 7.4 years. The patients were divided into four groups according to their PSA values 5 years after treatment: PSA ≤0.5, 0.5 to ≤1.0, 1.0 to ≤2.0, and 2.0–4.0 ng/mL. PSA progression-free rates were calculated in each subgroup at 10 years after treatment. Yearly hazard rates of biochemical progression were also calculated for the 5–10 years after treatment. Results: The PSA progression-free survival rate was 87%, 79%, and 67%, respectively, 8, 10, and 13 years after treatment in patients biochemically free of disease 5 years after treatment. The progression-free rates at 10 years after treatment according to the PSA level at 5 years was 92% for PSA ≤0.5 ng/mL; 71% for PSA 0.5 to ≤1.0 ng/mL; 78% for PSA 1.0 to ≤2.0 ng/mL; and 56% for PSA 2.0 to ≤4.0. The lower the PSA level at 5 years, the more durable the probability of maintained biochemical disease-free survival ( p Conclusion: When PSA levels remain low (
Study of the Potential for Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons within Smear Zone Soils

A bench-scale study was completed to assess the potential for the bioremediation of smear zone soils at a leaking underground storage tank site in Fort Drum, N.Y. The study demonstrated that the vertical distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) within the smear zone corresponded to differences in microbial biomass and activity. The soil core featured the lowest TPH and highest biomass levels at the top of the smear zone, and the highest TPH and median biomass levels at the bottom of the smear zone. Phospholipid fatty acid biomarkers indicate that gram-positive bacteria and fungi were associated with the in situ TPH biodegradation. The microcosm study shows that microbial respiration at the top of the smear zone was much stronger than that at the bottom of the smear zone. At the top of the smear zone, microbial mineralization was faster under the saturated condition, whereas at the bottom of the smear zone, microbial mineralization was faster under the unsaturated condition. The column study shows that the biodegradation rates of bioventing and biosparging for the specific site did not differ substantially.
Application Of The General Unwanted Energy Rejection Analysis Program (GUERAP) In Evaluating On-Station Optical Performance

A brief descriptive review of the General Unwanted Energy Rejection Analysis Program (GUERAP) is given. Two generic optical sensors are discussed, showing the use of the GUERAP as an analysis program for predicting stray light levels, as well as an aid to the design of baffles for the suppression of stray light. The predictions of the program are shown to agree with measured values of the point source rejection ratio.
Domestic violence case processing: a matter of local legal culture

As one enters a courthouse, its culture is communicated to its listening visitors. The manner in which the security guards speak; the length of time victims are kept waiting; the amount of bail a defendant is assessed; communicate messages to those who are paying attention. Domestic violence cases have long suffered from lenient treatment and dismissals in our criminal courts. This paper examines a unique explanation for this problem: the court’s local legal culture. The elements of two courts’ local legal culture that most profoundly impacted their processing of domestic violence cases are examined. Over a six month period, 23 in depth interviews were conducted with court workgroup members in two courts, one with a specialized domestic violence session and one without. Court room observations were used to supplement these interviews. The results were insightful and telling about how a court’s culture can, at times, be more influential on case processing than the law itself.
A Differential Approach for Configuration Fault Localization in Cloud Environments

Configuration fault localization is the process of identifying fault in the configuration of component(s) that is the source of failure given a set of observed failure conditions. Configuration faults are harder to detect than on/off failures as it involves analysis of the parameters that constitute the configuration. While distributed systems become more complex and interconnected, the requirements on configuration fault localization have changed. In this paper we present a new, simple but effective approach to configuration fault localization, which utilizes the difference in configuration parameters of components that share a resource. We establish a Reference Configuration State (RCS) by determining a set of non-faulty probing components for each faulty component with respect to shared resources. Performing difference in configuration of reference state with that of the faulty components localizes faulty configuration parameter. Experiments through simulations demonstrate that our approach is effective in identifying configuration faults with reduced time and increased accuracy. Our algorithm gracefully handles the complexity of the problem as the system size grows.
Participation of membrane-associated proteins in the formation of the cross-linked envelope of the keratinocyte

Cultured keratinocytes, like those in natural squamous epithelia, form submembranous protein envelopes cross-linked by cellular transglutaminase. During the cross-linking, the cytosolic protein involucrin becomes incorporated into the envelope and can no longer be extracted by detergents. We show here that when transglutaminase is activated in cultured keratinocytes, at least six other proteins also become nonextractable. In contrast to involucrin, these proteins are associated with membranes. Two of the proteins (210 and 195 kd) are differentiated products specific to the keratinocyte; like involucrin, they are absent from small keratinocytes and fibroblasts, but appear in larger keratinocytes during the course of their terminal differentiation. The other proteins that become nonextractable cannot be destined exclusively for envelope formation since they are also present in fibroblasts. Transglutaminase is used by the mature (large) keratinocyte to make a detergent-resistant envelope from what appears to be a mixture of differentiation-specific and nonspecific proteins, both membrane-bound and cytosolic.
Repeatability of Objective Measurements on the Rear Legs of Dairy Cows

The objective of this paper was to estimate the repeatability of objective measurements on the rear legs of dairy cows to see whether higher repeatability estimates could be obtained compared to the corresponding subjective linear score. Between September and November 1998, seven measurements of distance among dewclaw, hip, hock, pinbone, and thurl were taken on 73 cows from the University of Illinois dairy farm. Measurements were combined to define triangles and therefore angles reflecting rear leg structure. Three novice evaluators participated in the experiment, and, on a given day, two sets of measurements were taken by two evaluators. Cows were measured twice at a 1- to 4-wk interval. Size, evaluator, and order of measurement were included in the model as fixed effects. Cow, interactions of cow x evaluator and cow x order of measurement were random effects included in the model. The model explained over 80% of the variation for each variable. Repeatability estimates of the length measurements ranged from 0.61 to 0.89. Repeatability estimates of angles were much lower ranging from 0.00 to 0.24. The variation in natural standing position of the cow hampered the accuracy of the objective measurements. Low estimates of repeatability for angles describing rear leg suggested that objective measurements by novice evaluators were not sufficiently reliable to potentially replace the subjective linear score for rear leg curvature determined by experts. Usefulness of further investigation to find objective measurements that would give a better description of rear legs conformation compared to the corresponding current type trait was questionable.
A Homotopy Based Algorithm for Mixed Complementarity Problems

This paper develops an algorithm for solving mixed complementarity problems that is based upon probability-one homotopy methods. After the complementarity problem is reformulated as a system of nonsmooth equations, a homotopy method is used to solve a sequence of smooth approximations to this system of equations. The global convergence properties of this approach are qualitatively different from those of other recent methods, which rely upon decrease of a merit function. This enables the algorithm to reliably solve certain classes of problems that prove troublesome for other methods. To improve efficiency, the homotopy algorithm is embedded in a generalized Newton method.
Role of calcium in luteinizing hormone-induced progesterone and cyclic AMP production in granulosa cells of the hen (Gallus domesticus).

Abstract The effects of calcium on steroidogenesis and cyclic AMP production in chicken granulosa cells were examined. For the expression of full steroidogenic effects by LH, forskolin, and 8-bromo cyclic AMP the presence of calcium in the incubation medium was essential, the optimal concentration being 1 m M . Moreover, calcium antagonists (verpamil, TMB-8) significantly suppressed steroidogenesis in response to all three agonists. The metabolism of 25-hydroxycholesterol and the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone, however, were not affected by the lack of calcium or by coincubation with calcium antagonists. LH-stimulated cyclic AMP production was also suppressed in calcium-deficient medium and in the presence of the putative calcium channel blocker, verapamil. However, TMB-8 did not affect LH-induced cyclic AMP production. Moreover, neither forskolin- nor IBMX-induced cyclic AMP accumulation was significantly affected by lack of calcium or verapamil. These results are interpreted to indicate that the continuous presence of extracellular calcium is essential for hormonal regulation of steroidogenesis and is important for events both proximal and distal to cyclic AMP generation up to pregnenolone synthesis.
Optimal Parameters for the Measurement of the Half-Width of a Gaussian Peak

Abstract The problem of estimating the half-width of a Gaussian peak arises in several areas of chromatographic analysis as well as in nuclear magnetic resonance. In this paper we contrast two techniques for reducing digital data to obtain the half-width. The first is numerical integration and the second is that of curve fitting. In the numerical integration technique we find the optimal truncation parameter such that the bias and variance balance one another, while for curve fitting one needs to specify how many data points to be included in the curve fit. Our investigation shows that the two methods give about the same precision but we nevertheless recommend the curve fitting approach because it is less sensitive to the parameters used in reducing the data.
Diffusion of camphorquinone in uniaxially drawn polycarbonate films

Employing the laser-induced holographic grating relaxation technique, we have measured tracer diffusion coefficients of a phtochromous dye, camphorquinone, in uniaxially drawn polycarbonate films as a function of stretch ratio. Anisotropy in the tracer diffusion coefficient has been observed with D∥ greater than D⟂ by at least a factor of 4 for the film stretched to the stretch ratio δ = 2.3. The diffusion coefficient along the direction of stretch D∥ increases significantly with increasing δ, whereas D⟂ decreases slightly with increasing δ. The stretch ratio dependence of D∥ and D⟂ is interpreted according to a modified free volume theory. The strain rate and stretch temperature dependence of the anisotropic tracer diffusion coefficient has also been investigated. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A case of racism and reconciliation.

One of my first patients as a medical intern was an avowed racist. His body failing, he turned to our hospital for help only to find me, a black man, as one of the doctors entrusted to extend his l...
ON THE NON-ORTHOGONAL BASIS SET CALCULATIONS OF THE BRIDGE-MEDIATED ELECTRONIC MATRIX ELEMENTS

Abstract A simple derivation of the tunneling superexchange matrix element for long-distance electron transfer reactions is presented. Non-orthogonality (overlaps) of the donor and acceptor orbitals and the bridging orbitals are explicitly taken into account.
Transforming activity of deoxyribonucleic acid labelled with 5-bromouracil.

Ephrati-Elizur and Zamenhof1 demonstrated that deoxyribonucleic acid from Bacillus subtilis grown in 5-bromouracil-supplemented media contained this analogue and retained its transforming activity. It thus became important to determine the specific transforming activity for purified fractions of each of the three molecular variants of deoxyribonucleic acid which can be extracted from organisms treated with 5-bromouracil : (1) unlabelled deoxyribonucleic acid molecules, and those in. which 5-bromouracil has been substituted for thymine in (2) one strand (‘unifilar’ labelling) or in (3) both strands (‘bifilar’ labelling) of the double helix. Two strains of Bacillus subtilis, wild type2 and uracil-requiring strain 265 (kindly supplied by Dr. R. Guthrie), served as the donors of deoxyribonucleic acid. These were first grown with aeration at 37° C. for 4 hr. in nutrient broth supplemented with thymidine (10 µgm. per ml.), and afterwards incubated for 2–3 generations in minimal broth2 containing 2–5 µgm. 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (serving as the thymidylic acid synthetase inhibitor3), 25 µgm. uridine (to suppress the conversion of 5-fLuorodeoxyuridine to 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorouridine) and 50–250 µgm. 5-bromodeoxyuridine per ml. Under these conditions, similar to those first employed for Escherichia coli by Lorkiewicz and Szybalski4, the molar ratio of 5-bromouracil to 5-bromouracil + thymine (5-bromouracil substitution) in non-fractionated deoxyribonucleic acid varied from 35 to 61 per cent as assessed by Chromatographic determination5.
Rearing history affects demography of greenbugs (Homoptera: Aphididae) on corn and grain sorghum.

Biotype E greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), were reared on corn, Zea mays L., to assess their ability to develop, reproduce, and survive on this host. Four corn germ plasm accessions (Antigua, OH-45, AP-670, and 2570) were studied along with a susceptible grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, (NC + 630x) and a resistant sorghum (PI 264453) as controls. Corn-reared and sorghum-reared greenbugs were tested to evaluate the effect of host history on performance. Daily mortality and fecundity schedules were measured and net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of population increase, finite rate of increase, and population doubling time were calculated. Plant entry had a significant effect on development time for the first two instars but not the second two, which may be because of physiological adaptation to the novel hosts. All life-history measures except generation time indicated greater potential for greenbug population growth on sorghum than on corn. However, greenbugs still had sufficiently high population growth on corn to indicate that corn was a good host. Better performance on both sorghums and Antigua corn compared with the other corn entries suggested the possible involvement of the MBOA–DIMBOA complex in resistance to greenbugs. Longevity was greater and population doubling time was shorter for corn-reared than for sorghum-reared greenbugs. Host history also interacted with plant entry such that corn-reared greenbugs were more fecund on corn than sorghum-reared ones, whereas the opposite was true on sorghum. Assessment of these data indicates that greenbugs have a potential to adapt to corn as a true host and develop a biotype injurious to corn.
METHOD FOR MEASURING UPPER‐LEVEL WINDS AT SEA FROM SMALL SHIPS1

A simple, economical, and adequately reliable method for measuring upper-level winds from small ships in the open ocean is described. It can be effectively used for measurements up to an altitude of about 2,400–3,700 m or to the limit of a lower cloud ceiling.
Report of two preventive medicine job market surveys

Abstract Introduction: The American Association of Public Health Physicians (AAPHP) conducted two surveys to explore the value of general preventive medicine/public health (GPM) training and board certification to physicians seeking GPM jobs. Methods: The first survey reviewed advertisements in recent issues of four medical journals. The second surveyed physician registrants at the Prevention 99 meeting. Results: The first survey screened about 18,500 job advertisements. Of these, 1427 (7.7%) met the study’s GPM screening criteria. Only 145 (10.6%) preferred an MPH, management, or related degree. Forty-one (2.9%) preferred a doctorate (MD/DO/PhD) and an MPH, management, or related degree. Only one (0.07%) required or preferred GPM board certification. Results were consistent across market sectors (federal, state/local, academic, health care delivery) and across job roles (management, direct service, research, technical). The second survey gathered credential, job search, and employment data from 140 physician registrants at Prevention 99 (annual joint meeting of the American College of Preventive Medicine and the Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine in March 1999). Seventy-eight (55.7%) reported that GPM training was of major importance in securing their current employment. Only 18.5% of physicians holding GPM jobs secured their current employment by responding to an advertisement. Conclusion: GPM board certification is of little or no value when competing for the vast majority of GPM-related jobs. Recommendation: The AAPHP recommends prompt coordinated action by national organizations representing GPM physicians to increase the number of job offerings preferring or requiring physicians with GPM board certification. A six-point action plan is proposed.
Attachment and social preferences in cooperatively‐reared cotton‐top tamarins

In many primate species a close attachment between mother and infant provides a secure base for the infant when the infant is frightened or under stress. In cooperatively breeding primates infant carrying is divided among several individuals in the group, with the mother often doing little more than nursing. In these species it is not clear which individual would best serve as a secure base for the infant. We studied eight infant cotton-top tamarins from birth through 20 weeks of age, noting who carried the infant during the first 100 days, who transferred food with the infants, and, as infants became independent, with whom they associated during social play and affiliative behavior. From week 9 to week 20, when infants were independent of carriers most of the time, we presented families with six trials (once every 2 weeks) with a threatening stimulus (a human dressed in a lab coat and wearing an animal mask). Infants played primarily with their twin or youngest sibling and had affiliative interactions with many family members. However, in fearful situations, infants ran to those who had carried them and transferred food with them the most–their father or oldest brother (never to the mother). Although adults increased rates of mobbing calls in response to the threat, infants significantly reduced their vocalization rate. For these cooperatively breeding monkeys, the attachment object for infants is the family member that invested the most effort in carrying the infant and transferring food with the infant. These results parallel and extend results from bi-parental infant care species in which the father serves as the primary attachment figure.
Effects of high sugar diets on renal fluid, electrolyte and mineral handling in rats: relationship to blood pressure.

We examined whether sugar-induced systolic blood pressure (SBP) elevations in rats may develop, in part, through a mechanism common to salt-induced hypertension, i.e., renal retention of water and salt.Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) ate four diets: two high (> 50% of calories) and two low (< 12% of calories) in sugar (sucrose). SBP, various urinary parameters, and the renal angiotensin and prostaglandin systems were assessed.SHR consuming diets high in sugar showed significantly decreased urinary volume and excretion of electrolytes, which coincided with increasing SBP. When low sugar diets replaced high sugar diets, SBP and urinary parameters rapidly returned to baseline. SHR received captopril while consuming high sugar diets, and both SBP and urinary parameters assumed baseline values, comparable to ones seen in SHR consuming low sugar diets. A direct angiotensin II receptor antagonist (DuPont 753) did not influence SBP. However, we found decreased PGE2 excretion in SHR consuming excess sugar.Sa...
Cyclic AMP alteration of chloride transport into the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system

Abstract The permeation of 36 Cl from blood into choroid plexus (CP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was studied in adult rats intraventricularly injected with either dibutyryl (db)-cAMP, theophylline with db-cAMP, or forskolin. All 3 treatments significantly enhanced the 15-min distribution ( V d ) of 36 Cl into CSF, by an average of 17–33%. In contrast, ouabain and acetazolamide (inhibitors of CSF production) reduced 36 Cl uptake into CSF by 34% and 13%, respectively. A correlative analysis of the various treatments revealed that the volume of distribution of 36 Cl in CSF varied inversely with that in the choroid plexus. This inverse relationship suggests drug effects on Cl movement across the apical (CSF-facing) membrane of CP.
Spectroscopic studies of hydrogen bonding: Hexafluoroisopropanol☆

Abstract The shifts of the OH stretching frequency and OH proton shielding constant of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol upon hydrogen bond formation are reported. Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur donors of various types were used as Lewis electron pair donors. A correlation between the frequency and shielding constant changes is found and compared with those for phenol and 2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol. The use of this data to index the acidities of these alcohols and the magnitides of the acid-base interactions is discussed. The influence of the substituent on the nature of chemical shift, frequency correlations is examined. The nonzero intercepts of the chemical shift, frequency shift correlations are discussed in terms of the generalized Lippincott-Schroeder one dimensional model for hydrogen bonded adducts, from which the importance of donor to hydrogen charge transfer is inferred. The data also appear to require a correction of about 0.5 ppm to the proton chemical shift when the donor atom is sulfur. The diethylsulfide, hexafluoro-2-propanol OH frequency shift appears to be anomolously low by about 75 cm−1 and results in a spectroscopic reversal of base strength.
Surface-Enhanced Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) have revolutionized the Raman spectroscopy field. SERS provides spectroscopicdetectionofsinglemolecules,andFSRSenablestheacquisitionofRamanspectraon the ultrafast time scale of molecular motion. Here, we present the first successful combination of these two techniques, demonstrating surface-enhanced femtosecond stimulated Raman spectros- copy(SE-FSRS)usinggoldnanoantennaswithembeddedreportermolecules.Usingapicosecond Raman and femtosecond probe pulse, the time- and ensemble-averaged enhancement factor is estimated to be in the range of 10 4 10 6 . We report the line shapes, power dependence, and magnitude of the SE-FSRS signal and discuss contributions to sample degradation on the minute time scale. With these first successful proof-of-principle experiments, time-resolved SE-FSRS techniques can now be rationally attempted with the goals of investigating the dynamics of plasmonic materials as well as examining the contributions of environmental heterogeneities by probing more homogeneous molecular subsets. SECTION: Nanoparticles and Nanostructures
Dual-Color Fluorescent Labeling of G Protein-Coupled Receptors

Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) has become a powerful tool for biophysical and biological research. Currently, progress is limited by the absence of general methods to incorporate two different fluorophores at specific sites in proteins. Thus it would be of great value to develop a labeling scheme that enables two different fluorophores to be conjugated to one receptor (protein) in a well-defined manner. To prepare the dual-color labeled receptor two requirements need to be satisfied: 1) the generation of two different reactive handles at specific positions in the receptor and 2) the appropriate bioorthogonal labeling chemistries to distinguish between them. Here we show that the combination of cysteine/maleimide reaction and azido/alkyne cycloaddition (‘click’ chemistry) meets these conditions. Maleimide chemistry specifically targets at the thiol group of cysteine, which can be easily generated or removed by mutagenesis. In contrast, the click chemistry requires the azido or alkynyl functionality, which are not naturally present in proteins. We utilized the amber codon suppression technique to incorporate unnatural amino acids carrying these reactive groups. The first fluorophore is then attached using a maleimide handle and the second by a click reaction. In a series of proof-of-concept experiments utilizing the wellcharacterized visual photoreceptor rhodopsin, we have successfully demonstrated site-specific double labeling of a GPCR. Moreover, we have optimized the maleimide labeling protocol for rhodopsin and are conducting a comparative study on the copper-catalyzed click chemistry and copper-free click chemistry. We will discuss the results in terms of background level, material cost, and labeling stoichiometry. We envision a series of interesting applications for the dual-color labeled receptors, e.g., to probe the conformational change involved in GPCR activation. We propose to generalize this approach to other proteins, thereby permiting study of GPCR signalosome.
E.V. Ananiev’s contribution to studies of the centromere and construction of an artificial plant chromosome

The plant centromere has been described to consist of blocks of repetitive DNA sequences, and self-assembly of an artificial plant chromosome has been achieved using individual cloned elements. E.V. Ananiev’s contribution to these studies is described.
JID VisualDx Quiz: February 2013.

1 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2013), Volume 133 © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology QUESTIONS 1. What is your diagnosis? a. Chemotherapy-induced hair loss b. Hypervitaminosis A c. Alopecia areata d. Pseudopelade of Brocq e. Hyperthyroidism JID VisualDx Quiz: February 2013 Martha Viera1 and Robert S. Kirsner1 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2013) 133, e1; doi:10.1038/jid.2013.121
Response of southern Appalachian table mountain pine (Pinus pungens) and pitch pine (P. rigida) stands to prescribed burning.

Southern Appalachian table mountain pine (Pinus pungens) and pitch pine (P. rigida) forests require disturbance for regeneration. Lightning-ignited fires and cultural burning practices provided the disturbance that prehistorically and historically maintained these forests. Burning essentially ceased on public lands in the early twentieth century when fire suppression became the primary fire management initiative of federal land managers. The last five to six decades of forest succession in the absence of fire have allowed chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), and red maple (Acer rubrum) to dominate both midstory and understory strata and to become poised to invade table mountain pine and pitch pine canopies. This study examined first-year responses of three 60-80-year-old southern Appalachian table mountain pine and pitch pine stands to prescribed fire. Prior to burning, mean canopy (woody stems >2.5 cm DBH), understory (all shrubs and saplings <2.5 cm DBH), and ground layer (all vascular species <I m in height) species richness values ranged 6-8 species/ 0.02 ha, 2-3 species/0.01 ha, and 1-3 species/m 2 , respectively. Mean pre-burn basal area ranged from 23 to 32 m 2 /ha for the three stands. Canopy and understory densities averaged 1500-1900 and 70-120 stems/ha, respectively. Mean pre-burn ground layer cover ranged from 28 to 77% per metre square. There were no pine seedlings present in the pre-burn ground layer. On all sites, burning top-killed some overstory and midstory fire-intolerant species such as sassafras (Sassafras albidum), red maple, and white pine (Pinus strobus). Numerous sprouts of these species appeared in the post-burn understory and ground layers. Canopy species richness was significantly lower (45%) whereas understory and ground layer species richness were significantly higher (two times pre-burn values) following most burns. All three burns significantly reduced canopy basal area (20-30%), canopy density (50-70%), and ground layer cover (40-70%) but increased understory density (two times pre-burn values). Table mountain pine (8000 seedlings/ha) and pitch pine regeneration (15 000 seedlings/ha) was observed following two of these burns but the seedlings were not likely to survive due to shading and competition from overstory, midstory, and understory strata. Future burns to restore similar stands must open the forest canopy, reduce accumulated litter and duff layers, and expose regenerative basal buds of hardwoods to lethal temperatures in order to lessen post-burn sprouting. Prescribed burns that do not accomplish these goals may further encourage succession towards hardwood-dominated stands as sprouts of understory hardwoods grow into midstory and overstory strata.
Satellite image analysis using neural networks

The tremendous backlog of unanalyzed satellite data necessitates the development of improved methods for data cataloging and analysis. Ford Aerospace has developed an image analysis system, SIANN (Satellite Image Analysis using Neural Networks) that integrates the technologies necessary to satisfy NASA's science data analysis requirements for the next generation of satellites. SIANN will enable scientists to train a neural network to recognize image data containing scenes of interest and then rapidly search data archives for all such images. The approach combines conventional image processing technology with recent advances in neural networks to provide improved classification capabilities. SIANN allows users to proceed through a four step process of image classification: filtering and enhancement, creation of neural network training data via application of feature extraction algorithms, configuring and training a neural network model, and classification of images by application of the trained neural network. A prototype experimentation testbed was completed and applied to climatological data.
Objectives to direct the training of emergency medicine residents on off-service rotations: Toxicology

Toxicology is an integral component in the training of the emergency physician. This is the 27th article in a continuing series of goals and objectives. The article provides basic guidelines for the organization of the toxicology elective with specific goals and objectives and a list of the contents of the toxicology briefcase. This information should aid in providing a comprehensive experience in toxicology for emergency medicine residents.
Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood presenting with shock and metabolic acidosis

Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood is usually a benign, self-limiting underproduction of red blood cells that often goes undetected clinically. The patient presented here, however, required crystalloid boluses and red blood cell transfusion for treatment of shock and metabolic acidosis in the emergency department. The emergency physician must be alert to the patient presenting with severe anemia and procure extra pretransfusion blood samples for anemia studies when transfusion appears imminent. The need for red blood cell transfusion in such a patient must be expeditiously recognized and, when the need exists, transfusions should be started as quickly as possible.
StimulusCache: Boosting performance of chip multiprocessors with excess cache

Technology advances continuously shrink on-chip devices. Consequently, the number of cores in a single chip multiprocessor (CMP) is expected to grow in coming years. Unfortunately, with smaller device size and greater integration, chip yield degrades significantly. Guaranteeing that all chip components function correctly leads to an unrealistically low yield. Chip vendors have adopted a design strategy to market partially functioning processor chips to combat this problem. The two major components in a multicore chip are compute cores and on-chip memory such as L2 cache. From the viewpoint of the chip yield, the compute cores have a much lower yield than the on-chip memory due to their logic complexity and well-established memory yield enhancing techniques. Therefore, future CMPs are expected to have more available on-chip memories than working cores. This paper introduces a novel on-chip memory utilization scheme called StimulusCache, which decouples the L2 caches of faulty compute cores and employs them to assist applications on other working cores. Our extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates that StimulusCache significantly improves the performance of both single-threaded and multithreaded workloads.
Automated mechanism generation. Part 1: mechanism development and rate constant estimation for VOC chemistry in the atmosphere

A framework for automated mechanism generation for modeling atmospheric chemistry at the mechanistic level was developed. In part 1, categorization of reactions into reaction families and determination of rate coefficients using a hierarchical approach that uses experimental data and kinetic correlations are described. The main focus was to develop kinetic correlations for estimating rate coefficients that are not available experimentally, and the main correlation used was the Evans–Polanyi relationship that relates the activation energy to the heat of reaction. A hierarchical scheme for calculating heats of reaction and other thermodynamic properties was developed. The rate constants calculated using the proposed correlations are in most cases within an order of magnitude of available experimental values, and 82% are within a factor of five.