cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A59: Racial comparisons of the gut microbiota of generally healthy black and white women for insights into colorectal cancer disparities

Racial health disparities persist among black and white women for colorectal cancer (CRC). Since the gut microbiota has been linked to CRC, understanding racial differences in the gut microbiota may yield new insight into unexplained disparities in CRC incidence. Generally healthy non-Hispanic black or white females who were at least 19 years old provided survey data, anthropometrics, and stool samples. Fecal DNA was collected and isolated from a wipe. PCR was used to amplify the V4 region of the 16SrRNA gene and 250 bases were sequenced using the MiSeq platform. Microbiome data were analyzed using the QIIME package. OTU data were log transformed and normalized. Linear models in R Package “limma” were used to test statistical significance differences. Fecal samples were analyzed for 80 females (47 black, 33 white). Mean age and BMI were 39.9 years and 30.1 kg/m 2 , respectively. Blacks had a higher average BMI than whites (33.3 vs. 27.5 kg/m 2 ; p Faecalibacterium (p=0.03) and Bacteroides (p=0.04). The association between race and Bacteroides (logFC=1.72; 0=0.02) persisted in fully adjusted models. Black race was associated with a higher abundance of Bacteroides , which has been linked to CRC. Other racial differences in the gut microbiota were also observed. Efforts to cultivate an “ideal” gut microbiota may help reduce CRC risk and health disparities. Citation Format: Tiffany L. Carson, Fuchenchu Wang, Xiangqin Cui, Bradford E. Jackson, Liam Van Der Pol, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Casey Morrow, Monica Baskin. Racial comparisons of the gut microbiota of generally healthy black and white women for insights into colorectal cancer disparities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr A59.
JSF and Australia

Australia and the United States have had a close military relationship dating back to World War II. Canberra has participated in many US military operations in ensuing decades and has been a major partner in the JSF program. This chapter describes Australian involvement in this program, political debate and controversy it has engendered, the extent of Australian industrial participation, and the surrounding strategic environment influencing Australia’s decision to purchase and deploy the JSF.
The role of social interactions in motor performance: Feasibility study toward enhanced motivation in telerehabilitation

Background: Robot-mediated telerehabilitation has the potential to provide patient-tailored cost-effective rehabilitation. However, compliance with therapy can be a problem that undermines the prospective advantages of telerehabilitation technologies. Lack of motivation has been identified as a major factor that hampers compliance. Exploring various motivational interventions, the integration of citizen science activities in robotics-based rehabilitation has been shown to increase patients’ motivation to engage in otherwise tedious exercises by tapping into a vast array of intrinsic motivational drivers. Patient engagement can be further enhanced by the incorporation of social interactions. Objective: Herein, we explored the possibility of bolstering engagement in physical therapy by leveraging cooperation among users in an environmental citizen science project. Specifically, we studied how the integration of cooperation into citizen science influences user engagement, enjoyment, and motor performance. Furthermore, we investigated how the degree of interdependence among users, such that is imposed through independent or joint termination (JT), affects participation in citizen science-based telerehabilitation. Methods: We developed a Web-based citizen science platform in which users work in pairs to classify images collected by an aquatic robot in a polluted water canal. The classification was carried out by labeling objects that appear in the images and trashing irrelevant labels. The system was interfaced by a haptic device for fine motor rehabilitation. We recruited 120 healthy volunteers to operate the platform. Of these volunteers, 98 were cooperating in pairs, with 1 user tagging images and the other trashing labels. The other 22 volunteers performed both tasks alone. To vary the degree of interdependence within cooperation, we implemented independent and JTs. Results: We found that users’ engagement and motor performance are modulated by their assigned task and the degree of interdependence. Motor performance increased when users were subjected to independent termination (P=.02), yet enjoyment decreased when users were subjected to JT (P=.005). A significant interaction between the type of termination and the task was found to influence productivity (P<.001) as well as mean speed, peak speed, and path length of the controller (P=.01, P=.006, and P<.001, respectively). Conclusions: Depending on the type of termination, cooperation was not always positively associated with engagement, enjoyment, and motor performance. Therefore, enhancing user engagement, satisfaction, and motor performance through cooperative citizen science tasks relies on both the degree of interdependence among users and the perceived nature of the task. Cooperative citizen science may enhance motivation in robotics-based telerehabilitation, if designed attentively.
Every TAVR deserves a cardiac implantable electronic device specialist

TAVR patients given pacemakers operating in mandatory DDD mode had more ventricular pacing, heart failure hospitalization, and mortality compared with AAI-DDD or VVI modes. AV conduction disturbances are often transient after TAVR. Minimizing ventricular pacing where possible avoids the risk of pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy. Pacemaker specialists should be consulted for any TAVR patient with mild rhythm abnormalities given the high incidence of AV block.
Development of a data management system to support continuous quality improvement in IPE

Abstract The need to document associated learning and program outcomes measuring the impact of interprofessional education is critical to identify and document best practices in the field. The Indiana University Interprofessional Practice and Education Center worked to develop a multi-purpose data management system designed to coordinate logistics of interprofessional learning activities, collect data metrics, administration of standard assessments, and continuous quality improvement. The purpose of this article was to explore the process of developing a data management system designed to coordinate the logistics of the TEACH curriculum, program evaluation, data-driven curriculum review, and competency-based assessment of 1400 learners. We found that the success of the data management system is relationship driven. Building the data management system required a diverse interprofessional team to address current and future needs including planning for the unexpected. Moving forward, the Center is working to develop systematic processes to only support the evolving nature of TEACH and IPE.
Training Emergency Physicians in Ultrasound-guided Fascia Iliaca Compartment Blocks: Lessons in Change Management.

Study objectives Older adults who sustain hip fractures are susceptible to high rates of morbidity and mortality. The systemic administration of opioids is associated with side effects disproportionately affecting the elderly. The ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block procedure (FICB) is associated with a reduced patient need for oral and parenteral opioids and with improved functional outcomes. We designed a multi-disciplinary quality improvement initiative to train emergency physicians (EPs) to perform the ultrasound-guided FICB procedure for geriatric hip fracture patients. We examined the lessons derived from the EPs' resistance to implementing a practice-changing behavior. Methods This study was a prospective observational cohort study. We included all emergency department (ED) patients > 65 years with X-ray confirmation of isolated hip fractures. We also enrolled the treating EPs. Patients were enrolled from March 2016 to January 2017 in an urban, academic ED with 100,000 annual visits. The ED ultrasound faculty trained ED faculty and residents in the FICB procedure. Seventeen of 50 attending EPs completed the training: classroom lecture and online narrated video instruction. The hands-on sessions consisted of three stations: scan a human model volunteer to review the sonoanatomy, practice the needle technique using a Blue PhantomTM Regional Anesthesia Ultrasound Training Block Model (Simulaids, Inc., NY, US), and practice the needle technique using a static simulator. We created a multi-disciplinary geriatric hip fracture order set for the electronic medical record. The attending EPs, caring for eligible patients, were asked to complete a Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) survey, and we analyzed the data using descriptive statistics. Results We enrolled 77 geriatric hip fracture patients. Two of the 77 patients received FICB. Thirty-two EPs participated as providers for these patients while 97% of these providers completed the post-intervention survey. Providers used the geriatric hip fracture order set in 10 of 77 encounters. Most EPs did not perform the block because they were not trained or did not feel comfortable performing it. Conclusion Despite the efficacy supported by the literature and training sessions offered, the EPs in this study did not adopt the FICB procedure. Future efforts could include developing a FICB on-call team, increasing the proportion of trained EPs through initial supervised hands-on practice, and partnering financial or education incentives with getting trained.
Upper Extremity Axon Counts and Clinical Implications for Motor Nerve Transfer.

BACKGROUND Nerve transfers are planned based on the following parameters: location, number of branches, and axon count matching of the donor and recipient nerves. The authors have previously defined the former two in upper limb muscles. In the literature, axon counts are obtained from various sources, using different methods of histomorphometry. This study describes the axon counts of the same primary motor nerve branches from the authors' previous study using a uniform method of manual histomorphometry and completes the authors' blueprint of upper limb neuromuscular anatomy for reconstructive surgery. METHODS The distal ends of the primary nerve branches of 23 upper limb muscles were harvested from 10 fresh frozen cadaveric upper limbs. Manual quantitative histomorphometry was performed by two independent investigators, and the average was reported. RESULTS The primary nerve branches of the arm muscles had higher average axon counts (range, 882 to 1835) compared with those of the forearm muscles (range, 267 to 883). In the forearm, wrist flexor (range, 659 to 746) and extensor (range, 543 to 745) nerve branches had axons counts that were similar to those of potential donors (e.g., supinator, n = 602; pronator teres, n = 625; flexor digitorum superficialis, n = 883; and flexor digitorum profundus, n = 832). CONCLUSIONS Apart from describing the axon counts of the upper limb, the authors have found that the forearm axon counts are very comparable. This insight, when combined with information on the location and number of primary nerve branches, will empower surgeons to tailor bespoke nerve transfers for every clinical situation.
Special considerations in mapping and ablation of focal ventricular arrhythmias originating from the left ventricular outflow tract in patients with a transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVRs) have been increasingly performed in high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis. Focal ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) can occur after a TAVR, and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) should be considered as a treatment option when those VAs are drug-refractory. There are specific challenges in the RFCA of LVOT VAs after a TAVR because the tubular structure of the TAVR device sits in the LVOT. However, if the anatomical background of the TAVR and LVOT VAs are well understood and the anatomical relationship between the TAVR device and LVOT is sufficiently evaluated, RFCA of LVOT VAs in patients with a TAVR should be safe and highly successful.
Decomposition of 2-Soliton Solutions for the Good Boussinesq Equations

We consider decompositions of two-soliton solutions for the good Boussinesq equation obtained by the Hirota method and the Wronskian technique. The explicit forms of the components are used to stud...
Strategies to Improve Adherence to Anti-Hypertensive Medications: a Narrative Review.

Medication adherence is critical for effective management of hypertension, yet half of patients with hypertension are non-adherent to medications. In this review, we describe and critically evaluate medication adherence interventions published in the past 3 years for patients with hypertension. We identified 1593 articles and 163 underwent full review, of which 42 studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were classified into eight categories: simplification of medication regimen (e.g., fixed dose combination pills); electronic Health (eHealth) tools (e.g., text messaging reminders); behavioral counseling (e.g., motivational interviewing); healthcare system changes (e.g., patient-centered medical home); patient education; multicomponent chronic disease management program; home blood pressure monitoring; and financial incentives. Studies utilizing strategies to simplify medication regimens, eHealth tools, patient education, and behavioral counseling were most likely to report positive findings. Interventions targeting patient behavior were more likely to be associated with improvements in medication adherence compared to those targeting providers or the healthcare system. eHealth tools show promise for augmenting behavioral interventions. A major limitation of included trials was short study duration and use of self-report measures of medication adherence. Future research should explore how complex interventions that utilize a combination of evidence-based strategies and target multiple adherence behaviors (e.g., both day-to-day medication taking and long-term persistence) may be efficacious in improving medication adherence.
Transferring Handmaids: Iconography, Adaptation, and Intermediality

This chapter examines the intermedial transfer of Handmaid iconography across platforms and contexts, and the mechanisms that facilitate such movement. The author begins with a consideration of the intermedial network established within Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale to show that, even prior to adaptation, the Handmaid is understood as a product of intermedial transfer. The author then surveys the movement of Handmaid iconography in a variety of print- and motion-based media, such as book cover design, illustration, graphic novel, ballet, film, and television, and also in more generalized spheres. The image of the Handmaid transfers through processes of adaptation that interpret visual markers in distinct modalities, each of which emphasizes particular traits or characteristics over others. The emphasis or disclosure that characterizes each iteration is accompanied by concealment; that is, as an adaptation foregrounds one particular modality, it simultaneously represses another. This tension between disclosing and concealing operates thematically and in terms of its foregrounded media.
Controversy and Progress in Alzheimer’s Disease — FDA Approval of Aducanumab

Controversy and Progress in Alzheimer’s Disease The FDA’s accelerated approval of aducanumab represents a landmark moment, though the drug’s road to the clinic has been rocky and contentious. The h...
Salt sensitivity of volume and blood pressure in a mouse with globally reduced ENaC γ-subunit expression.

A mouse with globally suppressed expression of the epithelial Na+ channel γ-subunit showed enhanced sensitivity to dietary salt, including a transient increase in total body fluid, reduced blood pr...
Marriage, Tort, and Private Ordering: Rhetoric and Reality in LGBT Rights

This article takes a critical, historical view of the LGBT rights movement in three related areas: marriage equality; injury to same-sex relationships in tort law; and the creation and enforcement of private contractual agreements between same-sex partners. The period surveyed covers the early 1970's through late 2008.Through examination of case law, legislation and legislative history, and the increasing visibility of the LGBT community during the period in question, Marriage, Tort and Private Ordering: Rhetoric and Reality in LGBT Rights argues that, during the 1970's, the socially enforced invisibility of gay lives and relationships translated into an inability to regard "gay marriage" as anything but an oxymoron. Moreover, inasmuch as marriage was also seen as required for relationship validity, tort claims also met with failure when the intimate lives of gay and lesbian couples came into view. Over time, though, both visibility and the vocabulary needed to describe it have moved same-sex couples ever closer to formal, legal equality. Private arrangements by same-sex couples, by contrast, have long enjoyed greater recognition, in part because courts were been able to focus on economic understandings and the law of contract.
A chymotrypsin-catalyzed modification of rabbit muscle aldolase.

Abstract In the presence of a diphosphate substrate or substrate analogue, rabbit muscle aldolase undergoes a limited proteolysis by chymotrypsin. The sole products are an enzyme with modified catalytic properties and two hexapeptides removed from the COOH terminus of the α and β subunits, respectively. The enzyme product has catalytic properties similar to those of aldolase modified by carboxypeptidase A in that it retains full activity with fructose 1-phosphate as substrate but has lost 95% of the original activity with fructose 1,6-diphosphate as substrate. The hexapeptides have the structures Ile-Ser-Asn-His-Ala-Tyr (α subunit) and Ile-Ser-Asp-His-Ala-Tyr (β subunit) and are produced in approximately equal amounts from aldolase preparations obtained from adult animals.
Coronary bypass surgery for unstable angina pectoris: Clinical follow-up and results of postoperative treadmill electrocardiograms

Abstract The first 81 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery at Stanford University Hospital for unstable angina pectoris have been followed up for an average of 18 months. The over-all surgical mortality was 8.6 per cent (seven patients). There have been no operative deaths in the last 32 patients, which may be due to over 75 per cent of these patients being stabilized on intensive medical therapy from 24 to 72 hours before study or surgery. There was a 16 per cent (13 patients) perioperative and 15 per cent (12 patients) late incidence of myocardial infarction. Of 74 patients who survived the initial operation 2 died 2 and 3 months postoperatively. Good or complete relief from pain was obtained in 94 per cent (70 patients) of the survivors. Of 57 longterm survivors tested, 49 per cent (28 patients) had a definite ischemic response to treadmill exercise testing. This may reflect the severe nature of the occlusive coronary disease or mechanisms other than increased coronary flow being responsible for the relief of pain. Although coronary bypass surgery appears to be effective in relieving the pain of patients with unstable angina pectoris, the 18 month average follow-up indicates that the incidence of myocardial infarction in surgically treated patients is comparable to that in medically treated patients.
The Anticipation of Death by Violence

: College students (n = 172) completed Cattell's personality factor questionnaire, Rotter's locus of control scale, Speilberger's trait anxiety measure, and Sabatini and Kastenbaum's self-completed death certificate. Comparison of profiles for subjects anticipating sudden violent death (SVD, n = 59) with those anticipating natural death (ND, n = 113) disclosed that the SVD group was characteristically more anxious and socially isolated. A sex-by-type of death interaction occurred for locus of control, with SVD females being the most external, suggesting that this group was more likely to “give up” in response to stress. The data support Shneidman's concept of subintentioned death in disclosing that several personality factors may be associated with violent death.
Recognizing and treating upper extremity lymphedema in postmastectomy/lumpectomy patients: a guide for primary care providers.

Purpose: To provide an overview of the lymphatics, physiology of lymphedema (LE), incidence, risks, and costs as well as a guide for the primary care provider on how to recognize the symptoms of LE, a review of current published treatment recommendations, and advice about making a referral to appropriate LE specialists. Data sources: Selected studies on diagnosing and treating LE in breast cancer patients following mastectomy/lumpectomy and evidence-based treatment guidelines. Conclusions: LE is the most common complication related to breast cancer treatment with an occurrence estimated between 10% and 60% depending on the parameters used for measurement. Most commonly, LE occurs within the first 3 years after breast cancer treatment, but the remaining cases happen beyond this period of time and can occur after many years. This means that significant numbers of patients with LE can present to primary care clinicians. Implications for practice: A patient who is treated for breast cancer will be followed for a time by the oncology team, but eventually, that patient will be discharged from the oncology practice and will be seen in primary care. Risk factors for developing LE include treatment-related (number of nodes removed and radiation to axilla), disease-related (stage and location of tumor), and patient-related (younger age, obesity, and comorbid conditions) factors. A systematic evaluation of any patient presenting with LE will assure accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment.
Arterial Signal Timing and Coordination: Sensitivity Analyses, Partition Techniques, and Performance Comparisons

This article addresses three important issues regarding arterial signal coordination and traffic progression. The authors first present a sensitivity analysis for determining the optimal network cycle length under various combined options chosen among increment in cycle length, whether and how to allow uncoordinated, and ways to conduct offset optimization. They then compare the effectiveness of three different network partition techniques which can be potentially incorporated into software packages. They also evaluated Synchro and PASSER V using CORSIM and SimTraffic. The article includes a case study using a real world arterial in the city of Tyler, Texas. The numerical results of the study indicate that using the Quick Offset Optimization command during the process of optimizing cycle length may not be sufficient enough to find the best signal timing plans and this is particularly true if intersections are allowed to be uncoordinated to a certain extent (ranging from Rarely, to Sometimes, to Often). The authors also found that the three different partition techniques (i.e., Coupling Index, Strength of Attraction, and Coordinatability Factor) differ only slightly and can produce the same solutions in all scenarios. Comprehensive numerical results regarding the comparison of SYNCHRO and PASSER V using CORSIM and SimTraffic are also given and presented in detail. The authors conclude that, while similar results were found in the software packages, the SYNCHRO timing plan appears to perform slightly better, at least for the given case study.
High-Performance Solid-State and Fiber Lasers Controlled by Volume Bragg Gratings

Abstract : The paper is a survey of properties and applications of optical elements which are volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) recorded in photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass. These elements are narrow band filters that operate in spectral, angular and temporal domains. They provide spectral narrowing, stabilization and tuning of laser radiation; narrowing of divergence and beam steering; stretching, compression and temporal shaping of laser pulses, integration of different laser components in the same material and fabrication of monolithic solid state; and passive and active coherent combining along with high density spectral combining of fiber lasers.
Energy Efficient Hierarchical Based Routing Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network

Many researches in wireless sensor network aims to minimize energy consumption, as energy is the primary life factor of a node. In this paper, hierarchical protocol, i.e. clustering concept is used to minimize energy consumption. The proposed protocol is a mobile data collector based architecture which is an improvement of LEACH-C (Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy-centralized) protocol. In this variable round time method is used instead of constant round time method, which provides multi-hop communication between node and base station. Mobile data collector architecture typically can be used for large geographical regions. The proposed protocol is simulated by using NS2 simulator. This shows the improvement of energy utilization and throughput compared with existing protocols like LEACH-C and LEACH-M. Keywords: Wireless sensor network, Cluster, Cluster Head and LEACH, Routing etc…
Impaired Renal Acidification in Infants with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

ABSTRACT: Urinary acidification was studied in six unrelated infants with fetal alcohol syndrome and eight healthy age-matched infants. Creatinine clearance, fractional sodium excretion, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone were normal in all patients but fractional potassium excretion was lower in the patients than in the controls (p = 0.0001). After ammonium chloride loading, minimum urine pH was significantly higher in FAS patients than in control subjects (5.5 ± 0.1 and 4.7 ± 0.1, respectively, p = 0.00005). Net acid excretion was also lower in the patients (24.5 ±1.7 Eq/min) than in the controls (27.8 ± 2.1 Eq/min, p = 0.008). Following sodium bicarbonate loading, fractional bicarbonate excretion was significantly higher (p = 0.00005) and fractional potassium excretion significantly lower (p = 0.002) in the patients than in the controls with comparable blood pH and bicarbonate levels. Treatment with chlorothiazide lowered plasma potassium and raised plasma bicarbonate to normal levels (p = 0.05). Concomitantly, fractional sodium excretion, fractional potassium excretion, and urinary net acid excretion increased significantly (p = 0.01). We conclude that patients with fetal alcohol syndrome have a defect in distal acidification and potassium excretion which cannot be attributed to abnormal aldosterone secretion.
A DC-43GHz-Bandwidth 30dB-Gain Amplifier

A broadband limiting amplifier is designed, manufactured, and measured using 1 ?m InP SHBT technology with fT/fmax= 160GHz/160GHz. The lumped-element differential amplifier achieves a DC-43GHz bandwidth with a 30dB differential gain, which gives the highest gain-bandwidth product (1.36 THz) reported so far in any technology. In addition to S-parameter measurements, a 47Gb/s operational speed in time domain is obtained with small time jitter added. The differential output amplitude is 1V with 8/8ps rise/fall times. The die size is only 0.7mm2. Total power dissipation is 0.5W with a ?4V power supply.
A challenge to managers: five ways to improve employee morale

Discusses employee development opportunities as a method of improving employee morale and motivation on the job. The five operational ways to improve employee morale are: social gatherings, which include such activities as picnics, philanthropic work, and parties; employee recognition, which includes awards, promotions and thank‐yous; continuing education, which includes workshops and conferences; employee meetings, which include complaint sessions, brainstorming, and discussion forums; and empowerment, which includes involving employees through responsibility.
Understanding Green Occupations from a Task‐Based Approach

Green occupations are identified using the diversity, use, and relevance of green tasks in the United States. Results find 176, of nearly 1,000, occupations use at least one green task, but only 70 intensively use green tasks. Green-intensive jobs are quality jobs that are full-time, pay above average wages, and have health insurance. The employment outlook for all green jobs is positive, but new job growth lags behind other sectors. Green jobs are accessible to disadvantaged workers with limited education and experience, but most are not well paid. The majority of green jobs are male dominated, yet are racially and ethnically diverse. Implications for green jobs policies are discussed.
Counterregulatory hormonal responses to hypoglycemia during pregnancy.

Objective To evaluate the counterregulatory responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in healthy women and in women with insulin-dependent diabetes during pregnancy and in the nonpregnant state. Methods Hypoglycemia was induced using the hypoglycemic clamp technique in 17 women with insulin-dependent diabetes and in ten healthy controls, both in the nonpregnant state (study 1), at 24–28 weeks' gestation (study 2), and at 32–34 weeks' gestation (study 3). Plasma glucose concentrations were decreased to 60 mg/dL and maintained at this level for 1 hour. Blood samples were drawn every 15 minutes to measure epinephrine, glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol concentrations. Statistical analyses compared counterregulatory responses between women with and without diabetes, and between the pregnant and nonpregnant state. Results Women with diabetes had significantly diminished peak epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia compared with controls (mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM]): 52 ± 11 versus 191 ± 42 pg/mL in study 1, 30 ± 9 versus 102 ± 47 pg/mL in study 2, and 38 ± 10 versus 148 ±38 pg/mL in study 3 ( P Conclusion Counterregulatory epinephrine and growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia are diminished in women with insulin-dependent diabetes during pregnancy. This may be due, in part, to an independent effect of pregnancy, contributing to the increased incidence of hypoglycemia in these patients during pregnancy.
Characterization of a mouse interferon gene locus I. Isolation of a cluster of four α-interferon genes

Abstract A BALB/c mouse genomic library was screened with a murine interferon alpha 2 (MuIFN-alpha 2) cDNA coding region fragment. Eight clones were isolated which contain different mouse chromosomal segments related to the MuIFN-alpha 2 probe and a 28 kilobase (kb) region of mouse genomic DNA containing four different MuIFN-alpha genes (alpha 1, alpha 4, alpha 5 and alpha 6) was identified and characterized; an intergenic 1000 nucleotide long conserved sequence was found to be associated with three of these four alpha genes, indicating that this alpha-IFN gene cluster evolved through tandem duplications. Sequence analysis revealed the absence of a polyadenylation site in the 3' untranslated region of MuIFN-alpha 1, and showed that one of the genes (alpha 4) contains an internal deletion of 5 amino acids in the coding region.
Binding and activation of small molecules by a quintuply bonded chromium dimer.

The quintuply bonded [HLiPrCr]2 reacts with various small molecules, revealing a pattern of two kinds of transformations. Unsaturated molecules that are neither polar nor oxidizing form binuclear [2+n] cycloaddition products retaining Cr–Cr quadruple bonds. In contrast, polar or oxidizing molecules effect the complete cleavage of the Cr–Cr bond.
On an Actual Apparatus for Conceptual Change.

The project of “conceptual change” has assumed a central place in science education, as both a research program and professional maxim. Conceptual change flags the transformation of students' naive conceptualizations of science into the scientific understandings of their curriculum. This article organizes a reading of the literature that brings into view a collection of design specifications for a conceptual change apparatus. Moving from the conceptual to the practical, it then pursues an analysis of one such apparatus, in the particulars of a science education demonstration program produced by the Harvard–Smithsonian Private Universe Project. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed84:228–264; 2000.
G1 and S Phase Gene Expression Cannnot Be Analyzed in Mammalian Cells Synchronized by Inhibition

Sequence analyses of mRNA from cells arrested with either a G1 phase DNA content or an S phase DNA content were interpreted as indicating that these two cell populations differentially expressed pa...
An identification algorithm for linear stochastic systems with time delays

Linear discrete stochastic control systems containing unknown multiple time delays, plant parameters and noise variances are considered. An algorithm is established which uses the maximum-likelihood technique to identify the unknown parameters. An estimated likelihood function is evaluated based on the previous parameter estimates, which in turn generates a new descent direction vector to update the unknown parameters. The delays and plant parameters are identified in their respective parameter spaces. An example of a second-order stochastic system has been implemented by digital simulation to demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm.
The Effect of Perceived Consequence on Automation Reliance in a Human-Automation Collaborative System

As automated systems are entering new environments, some of which involve high-risk decision making, it is critical that we understand in what situations people will or will not rely on the recommendations of automated decision aids. It is theorized that in deciding whether to trust automation people consider perceived consequence, weighing the cost associated with inappropriate action or inaction and the psychological cost associated with verifying the aid. This study will address the effect that perceived consequence has on attitudes and behavior toward decision aids by exposing participants to different levels of consequence, manipulated by the cost associated with making a mistake and the cost needed to verify the aid. It is expected that as the cost of making a mistake increases and the cost of verifying the automation decreases, trust and reliance in a decision aid will decrease.
A proposed interprofessional oath

Identifying and capitalizing on shared professional values, health-care professionals have the potential to promote collaboration and facilitate enhanced patient outcomes. This paper describes a qu...
Latch-Up Elimination in Bulk CMOS LSI Circuits

Inherent in the structure of bulk CMOS integrated circuits are four-layer parasitic paths that can become activated into a low impedance, high-current state, i.e., latch-up. Activation can be accomplished by photocurrents generated by ionizing radiation or by terminal over-voltage spikes. As loss of functionality or device destruction can result, latch-up is undesirable. This paper describes a method of latchup prevention by the use of n on n+ starting material. A graphical analysis is presented that aids in the understanding of the latch-up mechanism and provides insight into the elimination of that state. Experimental data in support of the model is presented.
Perception of breast cancer risk among women in breast center and primary care settings: correlation with age and family history of breast cancer.

Background. A great deal of information about breast cancer risk is available to the public. The accuracy of impressions formed from this information is unknown. Methods. A total of 750 women attending a breast center and 112 women attending a primary care office completed written surveys of their perceptions of average population risk, personal lifetime risk, and personal 10-year risk of getting breast cancer. Data sufficient to apply the Gail model were obtained, and a calculated estimate of risk was generated. Ratios of perceived to calculated risk were correlated with the respondent's age, family history of breast cancer, and location in a breast center or primary care office. Results. Women in both practice settings overestimated population risk by more than twofold. Eighty percent overestimated personal lifetime risk by more than 50% and 35% by more than fivefold. Only 7% significantly underestimated risk. Ten-year risk estimates were even more inaccurate, with 69% overestimating risk by more than fivefold, 46% by more than 10-fold, and 17% by more than 20-fold. Results from a primary care population were nearly identical. Women at the extremes of age were most inaccurate in estimating risk. It was surprising that family history had little impact on perception of personal risk. Conclusions. Women in both breast center and primary care settings have a falsely high perception of both short-term and long-term breast cancer risk. Health care providers should recognize these misconceptions and be aware that many women may benefit from risk counseling.
Surfactant Adsorption on a Clay Mineral: Application of Radiation Scattering

Aqueous mixtures of the synthetic clay mineral Laponite and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in dilute suspension have been investigated by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The SANS intensity pattern from the suspension of the pure clay is consistent with that from disks or platelets with diameters of about 30 nm. After addition of CTAB to the clay suspensions, CTAB adsorbs on the face of the clay platelets by cationic exchange and the resulting complex contains excess CTAB in an amount corresponding to about four multiples of the clay's cation exchange capacity (CEC). Contrast matching by isotopic substitution in the solvent indicates that the CTAB/clay complex retains a disk morphology, even if the CTAB in the aqueous medium is in considerable excess. Analyses of the DLS data are interpreted to indicate two possible stable clay platelet configurations in the suspensionsfree clay platelets or clay platelets with CTAB adsorbed in an amount above the CEC and pr...
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty after previous coronary artery bypass surgery.

Abstract To improve symptomatic status and avoid repeat coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), 115 lesions were approached for transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 94 patients (82 men, 12 women) with angina pectoris and prior CABG at a mean of 60 months (range 4 to 192) after CABG. Fifteen patients were in Canadian Cardiovascular Society functional class I, 32 were in class II, 31 were in class III, and 16 were in class IV. Patients were 37 to 76 years old (mean 57). PTCA was successful (at least a 40% reduction in stenosis diameter and improvement in symptomatic status) in 83 patients (88%) and 103 (90%) lesions. Mean stenosis was reduced from 80 ± 14% to 20 ± 16% (mean ± standard deviation) and mean pressure gradient from 41 ± 7 mm Hg to 14 ± 6 mm Hg. Seven patients had lesions that could not be crossed for technical reasons and these patients underwent non-emergency CABG. Four patients required emergency CABG after PTCA; 1 patients subsequently died and 2 survived acute myocardial infarction. One patient had a femoral artery laceration, which required surgical repair. At a mean follow-up of 8 ± 4 months, 63 patients (76%) with initially successful results were free of angina or in improved condition. Of the remaining 20 patients, 18 consented to repeat coronary angiography. Four patients did not have restenosis. Of the 14 patients with documented restenosis, 5 underwent successful repeat PTCA, 5 had repeat CABG, and 4 were treated medically. Thus, when coronary anatomy is suitable, PTCA is an effective alternative to reoperation in symptomatic patients with prior CABG.
PDMS-Glass Interface Adhesion Energy Determined Via Comprehensive Solutions for Thin Film Bulge/Blister Tests

This paper provides comprehensive relationships for pressure, deflection, energy release rate, and phase angle for bulge testing, which are valid for all combinations of the testing length-scales (film thickness, debond size, and bulge height) and materials. These solutions can be used to design experiments that vary relative contributions of opening and sliding displacements at the crack tip by modulating the film thickness, debond size, and bulge volume. Their closed-form nature greatly facilitates property extraction via regression, e.g., modulus from experimental pressure/deflection data or interface toughness from debond size/injected volume data. This is illustrated using experiments to quantify the interfacial adhesion energy between an initially dry polydimethylsiloxane-glass interface via bulge testing under controlled volume injection. The results indicate that the mode-mixity has no effect on the energy required for debonding, which suggests that wetting of the crack faces behind the debonding front eliminates friction. DOI: 10.1115/1.4000428
Scale of fermion mass generation

Unitarity of longitudinal weak vector boson scattering implies an upper bound on the scale of electroweak symmetry breaking, ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{EWSB}}\ensuremath{\equiv}\sqrt{8\ensuremath{\pi}}v\ensuremath{\approx}1\mathrm{TeV}.$ Appelquist and Chanowitz [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2405 (1987)] have derived an analogous upper bound on the scale of fermion mass generation, proportional to ${v}^{2}{/m}_{f},$ by considering the scattering of same-helicity fermions into pairs of longitudinal weak vector bosons in a theory without a standard Higgs boson. We show that there is no upper bound, beyond that on the scale of electroweak symmetry breaking, in such a theory. This result is obtained by considering the same process, but with a large number of longitudinal weak vector bosons in the final state. We further argue that there is no scale of (Dirac) fermion mass generation in the standard model. In contrast, there is an upper bound on the scale of Majorana-neutrino mass generation, given by ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{Maj}}\ensuremath{\equiv}4\ensuremath{\pi}{v}^{2}{/m}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}.$ In general, the upper bound on the scale of fermion mass generation depends on the dimensionality of the interaction responsible for generating the fermion mass. We explore the scale of fermion mass generation in a variety of excursions from the standard model: models with fermions in nonstandard representations, a theory with higher-dimension interactions, a two-Higgs-doublet model, and models without a Higgs boson.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Hepatocellular and Adenocarcinoma in the Liver: MOC31 Compares Favorably with Other Putative Markers

Distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from metastatic adenocarcinoma (MA) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC) can, at times, be difficult and sometimes requires immunohistochemical analysis. Recently, MOC31, an antibody directed against a cell surface glycoprotein, has been shown to be useful in separating HCC from both MA and CC; however, no study has compared MOC31 and other frequently used immunostains. We compare MOC31 with other commonly used immunostains for HCC, MA, and CC. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 57 previously characterized hepatic neoplasms (13 HCC, 14 CC, 3 combined HCC-CC, and 27 MA) were immunostained with antibodies directed against MOC31, cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK20, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen, Ber-EP4, and Factor XIII-A. Two pathologists reviewed slides, and positivity was defined as more than 1% of cells staining with the appropriate pattern. Positive MOC31 immunostaining was seen in 0 of 13 HCC, 13 of 14 CC, 3 of 3 HCC-CC, and 27 of 27 MA; the staining was strong and diffuse. CK20 reactivity was observed in 0 of 13 HCC, 2 of 14 CC, 0 of 3 HCC-CC, and 12 of 27 MA; CK7 immunostained 4 of 13 HCC, 13 of 14 CC, 3 of 3 HCC-CC, and 15 of 27 MA; AFP was detected in 4 of 13 HCC and 2 of 3 HCC-CC, whereas all CC and MA were negative; polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen showed immunoreactivity in 12 of 13 HCC and 3 of 3 HCC-CC in a canalicular pattern, whereas diffuse positivity was identified in 13 of 14 CC and 26 of 27 MA; Ber-EP4 immunostained 1 of 13 HCC, 14 of 14 CC, 2 of 3 HCC-CC, and 26 of 27 MA; and Factor XIII-A was negative in all HCC, CC, and MA. MOC31 expression distinguished HCC from adenocarcinoma in 56 of 57 cases. AFP was specific for HCC but was not sensitive. CK7 and CK20 have limited utility in distinguishing HCC from CC or MA, and Factor XIII-A is not useful. Ber-EP4 staining was similar to MOC31, but one HCC did stain with Ber-EP4. Polyclonal CEA yields similar numerical results as MOC31, but the focal nature of the staining and occasional difficulty in evaluating the pattern can make interpretation problematic. We conclude that MOC31 should be a component of the immunohistochemical panel to distinguish HCC from CC and MA.
“Because I Love You …” The Tactical Use of Attributional Expressions in Conversation

While attributional processes are traditionally regarded as intrapersonal phenomena, attributional statements are a common feature of interpersonal communication. This study sought to explore the nature of attributions that are used tactically in conversation. Among other tasks, participants were asked to describe conversations in which causal statements had been posited for some “ulterior” purpose—perhaps to evoke an emotion, obtain a behavior, or receive some sort of compliment. Results revealed that the most commonly cited tactical attributions included excuses, justifications, and affiliation moves. Nontactical attributions, in contrast, rarely included affiliation moves. Attributions that were used tactically also tended to focus more frequently on positive events, behaviors, or qualities and tended to emphasize interpersonal, stable sources more often than nontactical attributions. The most frequently perceived goal for tactical attributions was to obtain an object or behavior. Implications for an extension of the literature on accounts are discussed.
Some Oil Soluble Dyes Which Stain Suberized Deposits In Orange Vesicles

Of 16 commercial oil-soluble dyes, not previously in common use among botanists, eight (including oil blue NA, already known as a stain for rubber) have proved better than Sudan m and Sudan IV in staining suberized deposits in orange vesicles.
Transporting powders and lump materials with transfer hoppers

The use of the system for transporting powders and lump materials with transferrable hoppers in the manufacture of refractories substantially simplifies the transportation scheme, reduces dust emission in the department, and provides more flexibility in the technical process. The department can be built in the form of a single-story building from precast standardized constructions by industrial building methods.
Allelic imbalance sequencing reveals that single-nucleotide polymorphisms frequently alter microRNA-directed repression

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in microRNA target sites can disrupt the effects of the microRNA. Kim and Bartel use sequencing to investigate this phenomenon on a large scale and find that such polymorphisms generate gene-regulatory diversity in mice.
Interfirm Knowledge Exchanges and the Knowledge Creation Capability of Clusters

I build on the literature that views clusters as venues of enhanced knowledge creation and introduce the concept of a cluster's knowledge creation capability. I then develop a model that outlines the antecedents of this concept. The model concentrates on factors that create opportunities for, enable, and increase the effectiveness of interfirm knowledge exchanges among cluster firms. These three sets of factors point to three types of knowledge creation failures within clusters.