cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Strip Model to Crack Tip Resistance and Crack Closure Phenomena

This paper systematically investigates plasticity effects in fatigue crack propagation in structural materials. These effects lead to the crack closure phenomena and the crack tip resistance to propagation due to residualcompressive stresses. A simple application of the strip-model, elastic-plastic analysis leads to the exact distribution of the residual stresses at the crack tip. The compressive stresses are explicitly demonstrated and computed with their significance discussed. Experimental techniques based on ultrasonic surface waves are used to directly measure the effects of the residual stresses. Structural materials of aluminum, steel, and titanium are used for these studies. The experimental data clearly reveal the extents of crack closure and crack tip resistance to applied loadings. It is found that the amount of crack closure increases with the actual crack length before gross scale plastic flow occurs. From this investigation, it is particularly significant that the concepts of crack closures and crack tip resistive forces to propagation are not only demonstrated by direct experimental means, but also their extents can be quantitatively measured. Such measurements will facilitate modifications in analytic models for predicting crack growth rates.
Differences in Decomposition of Carbonate and Silicate Minerals as Influenced by Humic Acid

Abstract Biochemical decomposition of primary minerals was investigated by shaking calcite, hornblende and microcline with fulvic (FA) or humic acid (HA) at pH 7.0 and 2.5 for 0 to 885 hrs. Silicon, Al, Fe, K and Ca released were determined in the extracts by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Changes in mineral structure were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, petrographic and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the dissolution of Si and Al from the silicate minerals yielded a parabolic curve. The dissolution of Ca and Fe from hornblende, and K from microcline was also curvilinear in regression. X-ray diffraction peaks of the minerals were decreased considerably in intensities as a result of attack by HA. Petrographic and scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of a diffusion layer on the surfaces of microcline and hornblende after treatments with HA. This layer acted as a barrier, slowing down further dissolution of the minerals with time. In contrast, dissolution analysis of calcite indicated that the release of Ca by FA and HA with time was linear in regression. The release of this element was enhanced considerably at pH 2.5. X-ray diffraction peaks were decreased in intensities as a result of treatments of the mineral with HA. However, no indications were obtained by petrographic and scanning electron microscopy for formation of diffusion layers on the surface of the calcite crystals. On the contrary, these analyses showed the disintegration of calcite into small particles after attack by HA.
Educational Equality and International Students

Educational Equality and International Students, recently published by Tannock (2018), explores and highlights how to conceptualize and promote principles of educational equality for both international and domestic students in the United Kingdom. Tannock’s book includes empirical research consisting of 60 interviews with higher education staff and students, as well as the use of higher education institutional documents and secondary statistics collected from universities and national higher education organizations around the UK. Tannock addresses the contradictions between the missions of higher education institutions (universalistic principles of human rights in equal education) and their practices regarding international students as “cash cows” that keep the university afloat (p. 110).
Cultural humility as a form of social justice: Promising practices for global school psychology training:

In an increasingly diverse global context in which school psychologists strive to ensure appropriate educational services for all, addressing social injustice is critical. Cultural humility can ser...
The multifunctional protein PACS-1 is required for HDAC2- and HDAC3-dependent chromatin maturation and genomic stability

Phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein-1 (PACS-1) is a multifunctional membrane traffic regulator that plays important roles in organ homeostasis and disease. In this study, we elucidate a novel nuclear function for PACS-1 in maintaining chromosomal integrity. PACS-1 progressively accumulates in the nucleus during cell cycle progression, where it interacts with class I histone deacetylases 2 and 3 (HDAC2 and HDAC3) to regulate chromatin dynamics by maintaining the acetylation status of histones. PACS-1 knockdown results in the proteasome-mediated degradation of HDAC2 and HDAC3, compromised chromatin maturation, as indicated by elevated levels of histones H3K9 and H4K16 acetylation, and, consequently, increased replication stress-induced DNA damage and genomic instability.
Creating a Charrette Process to Ignite the Conversation on Equity and Inclusion

The gaps in graduation and retention rates between ethnic and gender groups continue to be a foremost area of focus at Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC), The City University of New York...
Preoperative Opioid Prescription Patients Do Not Suffer Distinct Outcomes After Bariatric Surgery: a Matched Analysis of Outcomes.

While over 200 million opioid prescriptions are written annually for chronic pain in the USA, little has been written on the impact of opioids on bariatric surgery, specifically on the effects of prescription opioid use on weight loss post laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). We completed a matched-cohort, retrospective review in 1176 consecutive patients undergoing primary bariatric surgery at a single institution. Patients were grouped into chronic prescription opioid users (POU), defined as ongoing opioid use for > 3 months at the time of surgery, and opioid-naive controls (CON), defined as no opioid use prior to surgery. About 130 POU and 130 CON patients were then matched according to preoperative comorbid conditions and demographics. Percent total weight loss was similar at 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years in POU and CON—9.6 ± 5.8 vs 8.9 ± 4.5 (p = 0.057), 18.4 ± 7.2 vs 18.5 ± 7.2% (p = 0.901), 28.0 ± 9.4 vs 27.9 ± 12.9% (p = 0.894), 30.3 ± 13.0 vs 32.8 ± 9.0% (p = 0.387), and 31.4 ± 12.7 vs 36.9 ± 21.3% (p = 0.369), respectively. The 30-day readmission, reoperation, venothrombotic event rate, bleeding rate, and infection rate were similar in POU compared to CON patients. Complications and weight loss outcomes are similar for prescription opioid users compared to opioid-naive controls following bariatric surgery. Chronic prescription opioid use is not a contraindication to bariatric surgery.
Parameterization, geometric modeling, and isogeometric analysis of tricuspid valves

Abstract Approximately 1.6 million patients in the United States are affected by tricuspid valve regurgitation , which occurs when the tricuspid valve does not close properly to prevent backward blood flow into the right atrium. Despite its critical role in proper cardiac function, the tricuspid valve has received limited research attention compared to the mitral and aortic valves on the left side of the heart. As a result, proper valvular function and the pathologies that may cause dysfunction remain poorly understood. To promote further investigations of the biomechanical behavior and response of the tricuspid valve, this work establishes a parameter-based approach that provides a template for tricuspid valve modeling and simulation . The proposed tricuspid valve parameterization presents a comprehensive description of the leaflets and the complex chordae tendineae for capturing the typical three-leaflet structural deformation observed from medical data. This simulation framework develops a practical procedure for modeling tricuspid valves and offers a robust, flexible approach to analyze the performance and effectiveness of various valve configurations using isogeometric analysis. The proposed methods also establish a baseline to examine the tricuspid valve’s structural deformation, perform future investigations of native valve configurations under healthy and disease conditions, and optimize prosthetic valve designs.
The Changing Legal Climate for Multinational Investments in Developing Countries

The current importance of the multinational corporation's role in global commerce is well-established. A recent study by the Organization of American States (OAS) has projected that by the end of the 1980's, seventyfive percent of the world's business will be conducted by as few as 300 multinationals, based predominately in the United States.1 The emergence of these corporate mammoths, whose planning and operations are conducted on a global scale, is having an increasing effect on the international business structure, changing the traditional patterns of global commerce.
Information Sharing in Supply Chains

This article reviews supply chain literature on information sharing. We first provide an overview of different types of information existing in a supply chain. Then we survey literature, both analytical and empirical, on each. Finally, we conclude with some thoughts on future research. Keywords: information sharing; supply chain coordination; value of information; modeling; empirical research
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Stress

The health and well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people, including their stress experiences, is a growing field of study. This entry defines LGBT identities and summarizes the forms of stress that LGBT people are likely to experience in their lives. Evidence shows that LGBT individuals experience a wide variety of stressors, as well as stressors that are distinct to sexual and gender minority members. These stressors perpetuate LGBT mental and physical health disparities, such as suicidal behaviors, substance abuse, and depression. Limitations of the current research include a lack of inclusion of bisexuals and transgender individuals, as well as a reliance on large metropolitan areas for sample selection. Keywords: gay and lesbian studies; gender; sexuality; stress
The evolving role of adjuvant radiotherapy for elderly women with early-stage breast cancer

BACKGROUND Elderly patients with early-stage breast cancer (ESBC) derive a local control benefit from radiotherapy (RT) after lumpectomy, without any apparent effect on overall survival. Therefore, the use of RT is controversial. In the current study, the authors characterized updated trends in RT for elderly patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive ESBC. METHODS Patients aged ≥70 years with ER-positive ESBC measuring ≤2 cm after lumpectomy with negative resection margins and known RT details were identified in the National Cancer Data Base. Patients were classified by year of diagnosis and segregated into 3 groups relative to the initial publication and updated presentation of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 9343 trial. RT use overall, prescription of hypofractionated RT, and use of boost RT were compared between groups using logistic regression analysis, and the influence of clinicopathologic covariates was determined with multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 122,796 elderly patients with ER-positive ESBC who were diagnosed between 1998 and 2011 were identified. Overall, 84,649 patients (68.9%) received adjuvant RT, with a decline observed between successive cohorts (71.3% in the pre-initial publication cohort, 69.5% in the pre-update cohort, and 64.7% in the post-update cohort; P <.001). Hypofractionated RT use increased among treated patients over time (P<.001). Boost RT was used in 67.5% of patients, with a decline noted between the pre-update and post-update cohorts (68.7% vs 57.7%; P<.001). Overall RT use as well as use of boost RT were found to be lower among older patients and those with lower-grade or smaller tumors (P<.001), whereas hypofractionated RT was used more commonly in these groups (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS RT use appears to have declined in elderly patients with ER-positive ESBC, a finding that is reflective of evidence-based practice integrating mature trial data. Further research is needed to develop tools to aid in the decision-making process regarding the delivery or avoidance of RT in this setting. Cancer 2015;121:2331–2340. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Course 1 - Experimenting with Theory

This chapter describes a specific case in which theory is extremely instructive and essential in illuminating a fundamental biological problem. The advent of gene microarray technology in the post-genomic era has sensitized many biologists to the need for new quantitative methods of all kinds as part of the analysis of complex biological systems in general, and neuroscience in specific. Thus, both the need for formal models to capture the dynamics of networks of molecules and neurons and the need for sophisticated statistical measures to extract meaning from multi-dimensional data sets have made experimental biologists more interested than ever before in the tools that can be provided by theory of all kinds. Neuroscience is today ideally poised to profit optimally from the influx of talented theorists. Today more than ever it is clear that theory is necessary to catalyze paradigm shifts in the way people pose problems about the nervous system. These paradigm shifts will occur when smart experimentalists and smart theorists find common language and common ground to reveal how the glorious richness and detailed idiosyncrasies of neurobiological systems contribute to their ability to be at the same time plastic and stable. It is not yet obvious how networks can learn and develop without losing their ability to function as they are changed.
The relationship between working conditions and musculoskeletal/ergonomic disorders in a manufacturing facility

This research investigates the relationship between working conditions and musculoskeletal disorders in an assembly facility. I believe that the physical and psychosocial aspects of work have a significant influence on the individual worker's health and well-being. The work organization at which I evaluated the employee's health and well-being was at a large manufacturing assembly facility. This research is based upon the Balance Theory Model of Smith & Carayon-Sainfort [5, 6].The overall aim of this research is to improve the long term health and well being of worker's in a manufacturing assembly facility. The overall purpose of this research is to try to identify the stressful working condition and attempt to control it. By trying to control the various musculoskeletal disorders in the work environment, you should also attempt to reduce or eliminate the level of stress, and to try to reduce or eliminate the level of strain.
Energy and the Global Economy

This article describes the contribution economists can make in uncovering energy choices capable of reducing carbon emissions on a global scale. All production and consumption activities involve the use of energy, and economists possess theoretical and analytic frameworks relating production and consumption in individual economies with international trade among them. Current challenges include deepening collaboration with physical scientists and engineers by according primacy to the formulation of scenarios and to the representation of physical stocks and flows of resources as factor inputs. Energy scenarios are discussed in terms of technological options, distinguishing those options that are already known but not yet widely applied from ones that still require research breakthroughs. Scenarios about household lifestyles and consumption in the areas of diet, housing and mobility are also discussed, distinguishing those that could already be initiated by households from those that would require changes in the built environment. Models and databases of the global economy have existed since the 1970s, and one was first used to analyze energy scenarios in the early 1990s based on the recommendations of the Brundtland Report of 1987. Relevant areas of progress since that time are described both in modeling the global economy and in compiling a global economic and environmental database. The paper concludes with a few examples of recent applications of a particular global economic model to analyzing energy scenarios to demonstrate both the progress that has been made and the nature of some of the challenges still to be faced.
Bibliography of Crystal Structures of Carbohydrates, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides 1974

Publisher Summary This chapter provides projection diagrams to illustrate the conformation of the organic molecule or ion. These diagrams are produced, by means of computer graphics, directly from the unit-cell dimensions and the atomic co-ordinates of the molecules in the crystal structures. For the carbohydrates, carbon and hydrogen atoms are shown as small, solid circles and other atoms by the appropriate symbol. The CRYSNET software is used to rotate the molecular diagrams so as to correspond as closely as possible to the conventional, conformational diagrams used in the carbohydrate literature. For the nucleosides and nucleotides, the ORTEP programs are used, with the following atom designations: carbon, open circle; hydrogen, small open circle; oxygen, solid circle; nitrogen, hatched circle; sulfur, dotted circle; and halogen, cross-hatched circle.
Benefits in Energy Budget

Nanomaterials in the 1–100 nm size range have extraordinary potential for applications within a wide variety of existing and emerging technologies. Such applications depend primarily on the existence of quantum confinement effects, which allow the optical and electronic properties of a material to be tuned with size, on the unusually high chemical reactivity of nanomaterials, and on their high ratio of surface area to volume. Among the applications of nanomaterials are the development of sustainable energy sources and their potential impact on the global energy budget. Applications of nanomaterials in the field of energy are discussed, including fuel cell catalyst supports, where carbon nanotubes show tremendous promise; hydrogen storage, where carbon nanotubes and other nanomaterials may be useful; photovoltaic solar cells, where quantum confinement can be employed to tune the absorption wavelength of nanomaterials and nanostructured titania solar cells have been demonstrated with high efficiency; and lithium ion battery anodes, where several nanomaterials, including metal and Si nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, have been demonstrated to have extraordinarily high Li storage capacity. Keywords: sustainable energy; photovoltaic solar energy; fuel cell energy; hydrogen storage; nanotechnology; carbon nanotubes
Isotopic Apportioning of Hydrogen/Deuterium on the Surface of an Activated Iron Carbide Catalyst

Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis continues to receive widespread attention. Even after 90 years of investigation, the mechanistic route has yet to be fully defined. FT, as a polymerization process, uses CO and H2 as the reactants to produce a broad spectrum of hydrocarbons. Since the conception of the FT synthesis, several different isotopic routes have been employed for mechanistic studies. Various isotopes, such as 13C, 14C, 18O, and 2H, have been utilized through different types of experiments to shed light on the active site(s), the rate-limiting step, and the catalytic pathways. Direct evidence in the FT mechanism has been uncovered by utilizing experiments such as H2/D2 switching trials, as these experiments attempt to shed light on the rate-limiting step of CO hydrogenation. However, before hydrogen participates in the mechanism of CO hydrogenation, it may first dissociatively adsorb on the catalyst surface. The aim of this work is to ascertain to what extent H and D partition on the surface. This is accomplished by passing an equimolar H/D gas mixture over the activated FT catalyst, followed by a TPD method to determine if the active carbide surface displays a partitioning preference toward one of the isotopes. If a preference is observed, then the interpretation of kinetic isotopic effect (KIE) data ascertained in the CO hydrogenation switching experiments could potentially be affected. However, only a very slight isotopic preference toward deuterium was observed, and it is deemed not significant enough to affect an interpretation of the KIE based on H/D switching.
Physical-chemical properties of C-phycocyanin isolated from an acido-thermophilic eukaryote, Cyanidium caldarium

C-Phycocyanin from an acido-thermophilic eukaryotic alga, Cyanidium caldarium, was characterized with respect to subunit structure, absorption spectrum and fluorescence properties and was found to be similar to C-phycocyanins from mesophilic sources. The pH-dependence of fluorescence polarization and the changes in sedimentation velocity as a function of pH, concentration and temperature indicate the presence of extremely large amounts of unusually stable 19S aggregates. It was not possible to disaggregate this phycocyanin completely to monomer under normal conditions. The amino acid composition is similar to that of phycocyanins from other thermophilic and halophilic sources. The isoelectric point of this C-phycocyanin was 5.11, an unusually high value. The properties of this C-phycocyanin suggest an increase in protein stability as its mode of adaptation to the environmental stress of high temperature.
Recombination, reassortment, and many-to-one genotypes in natural arenavirus infections

Mutation, recombination, and reassortment generate virus particles with variable genotypes, some of which may be better adapted to infect a new host, resist drug treatment, or escape immune pressure. The arenaviruses are a family of viruses that package a large (L) and small (S) genome segment. Arenaviruses infect mammals and snakes and are associated with fatal disease in both groups of animals. Although recombination and reassortment are well documented in some virus families, neither process has been observed in natural arenavirus infections. In this study, we documented a surprising degree of genetic diversity in arenavirus-infected snakes. Instead of one or two viral species or quasispecies, individual animals harbored complex populations of viral genotypes composed of up to 5 S and 11 L genotypes, which replicated as stable ensembles in culture. S and L segment genotype accumulation was not balanced and a particular S segment genotype dominated, both in individual animals and at a population level. Numerous instances of recombination and reassortment were detected. Some recombinant segments had unusual organizations with 2 intergenic regions. This genetic fluidity is closer to that observed in influenza viruses than to the relatively placid genetics of mammalian arenavirus. However, the observed imbalance between the S and L segments and the intrahost accumulation and persistence of multiple genotypes is previously undocumented. Overall, this provides an opportunity to study basic mechanisms of viral adaptation and stretches the idea of what it means to be infected by “a virus”.
HIGH-ENERGY BEHAVIOR NEAR THRESHOLD: POTENTIAL SCATTERING.

In this paper we study the promotion phenomenon in potential scattering. In Sec. 3 we give the general formulas for the scattering amplitude at threshold, and show that the asymptotic form of the scattering amplitude as the momentum transfer squared approaches infinity is determined not only by the right-hand-plane Regge poles [$\ensuremath{\alpha}(0)g\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}$], but also by the left-hand-plane zeros of $Y(\ensuremath{\lambda})$. In Sec. 3 we study the leading Regge pole $\ensuremath{\alpha}({{k}_{t}}^{2})$ over the whole region $\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}l{{k}_{t}}^{2}l0$ for a weak and attractive Yukawa potential, and find that it is indeed promoted from -1 to -\textonehalf{} within a small neighborhood of the threshold. We also obtain the leading zero of $Y(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ if the potential is repulsive. Together with the results in Sec. 2, we have, therefore, the explicit asymptotic form of the scattering amplitude. In Sec. 4 we study a general $n\mathrm{th}$ Born term and find that its leading term is promoted from ${s}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{n\ensuremath{-}1}$ to ${s}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}{(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{n\ensuremath{-}2}$ at threshold. Summing over these leading terms, we obtain results in complete agreement with those in Secs. 2 and 3, both for attractive and for repulsive potentials, off or at threshold.
A Framework to Develop Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Structural Integrity Assessment of Multipurpose Canisters for Extended Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel

A multipurpose canister (MPC) made of austenitic stainless steel is loaded with used nuclear fuel assemblies and is part of the transfer cask system to move the fuel from the spent fuel pool to prepare for storage, and is part of the storage cask system for on-site dry storage. This weld-sealed canister is also expected to be part of the transportation package following storage. The canister may be subject to service-induced degradation especially if exposed to aggressive environments during possible very long-term storage period if the permanent repository is yet to be identified and readied. Stress corrosion cracking may be initiated on the canister surface in the welds or in the heat affected zone because the construction of MPC does not require heat treatment for stress relief. An acceptance criteria methodology is being developed for flaw disposition should the crack-like defects be detected by periodic Inservice Inspection. The external loading cases include thermal accident scenarios and cask drop conditions with the contribution from the welding residual stresses. The determination of acceptable flaw size is based on the procedure to evaluate flaw stability provided by American Petroleum Institute (API) 579 Fitness-for-Service (Second Edition). The material mechanical and fracture properties for base and weld metals and the stress analysis results are obtained from the open literature such as NUREG-1864. Subcritical crack growth from stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and its impact on inspection intervals and acceptance criteria, is not addressed.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Energy expenditure in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Prior studies suggest that patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for malignancy have nutritional needs that are greater than their estimated needs. To determine whether energy estimation equations accurately predict energy expenditure of pediatric patients undergoing HSCT, we prospectively compared the estimated energy expenditure (EEE) and measured energy expenditure (MEE) of 40 patients at four time-points. We also investigated whether energy requirements changed during the transplant period. MEE was determined by indirect calorimetry. Data from 34 patients (autologous HSCT = 10, allogeneic HSCT = 24) were sufficient for analysis. The World Health Organization equation adequately approximated MEE only on day 14 after HSCT. At all other time-points, measured energy expenditure was significantly less than estimated energy expenditure obtained by using the WHO equation (applicable to all patients), the Seashore equation (for patients <15 years of age; n = 19), or the Harris-Benedict equation (for patients ⩾15 years of age; n = 15). The median measured energy expenditure varied significantly over the study period and was greatest on day 14 after HSCT. Until accurate equations have been identified for estimating these patients’ needs, the use of indirect calorimetry may be medically warranted.
The past record and future prospects for the use of exotic potato germplasm

Potatoes had probably been introduced into North America from Europe by the end of the 17th Century. Several significant introductions since then have added to the initial germplasm. The Chilean clone “Rough Purple Chili”, introduced by Chauncey Goodrich in 1851, is in the pedigrees of almost all modern varieties. The initiation of plant exploration and establishment of germplasm centers in the 1920’s greatly expanded the germplasm base. Utilization ofS. demissum for blight resistance led to the development of many new varieties in the 1940’s. The German variety “Jubel” was widely used in breeding for scab resistance and “Villaroela” from Chile, for virus resistance. “Katahdin”, with several European introductions as well as the South American varieties “Daber” and “Rough Purple Chili”, in its pedigree, was widely used as a parent from the 1930’s to the 1960’s. More recently, the convenience of obtaining germplasm from the IR-1 project, and the genetic, cytogenetic, and adaptation studies based on this germplasm, have fostered a new wave of the use of exotic material. This research, coupled with extensive screening for valuable traits, makes the use of exotic germplasm more feasible and more productive.
Vesicle zonation and vertical structure of basalt flows

Abstract Observation and measurement of vertical sections of thin ( Numerical simulations, performed for this study, suggest that these characteristic patterns of vesicle zonation are the result of the growth and rise of gas bubbles in cooling lavas rather than the result of dynamic conditions such as flow movement or convection. As a bubble grows, it begins to ascend, and continues to ascend until it is overtaken by solidification progressing inward from either the upper or lower cooling surfaces of the flow. Bubbles that start out high in the flow will ascend ahead of the lower solidification front and cease rising only after encountering the downward-advancing upper solidification front, and bubbles near the base of a flow will be entrapped by the upward-advancing lower solidification front. Bubbles that start and rise just above the lower solidification front form the lower part of the upper vesicular zone. Such bubbles will also have longer times in which to grow than bubbles that are either higher or lower and are therefore among the largest in the flow. A zone free of vesicles will remain between the last bubbles to ascend to the upper solidification front and the last bubbles to be overtaken by the lower solidification front.
Metabolic control of the epigenome in systemic Lupus erythematosus

Epigenetic mechanisms are proposed to underlie aberrant gene expression in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that results in dysregulation of the immune system and loss of tolerance. Modifications of DNA and histones require substrates derived from diet and intermediary metabolism. DNA and histone methyltransferases depend on S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. SAM is generated from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and methionine by methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), a redox-sensitive enzyme in the SAM cycle. The availability of B vitamins and methionine regulate SAM generation. The DNA of SLE patients is hypomethylated, indicating dysfunction in the SAM cycle and methyltransferase activity. Acetyl-CoA, which is necessary for histone acetylation, is generated from citrate produced in mitochondria. Mitochondria are also responsible for de novo synthesis of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) for histone demethylation. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the dominant source of ATP. The depletion of ATP in lupus T cells may affect MAT activity as well as adenosine monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK), which phosphorylates histones and inhibits mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). In turn, mTOR can modify epigenetic pathways including methylation, demethylation, and histone phosphorylation and mediates enhanced T-cell activation in SLE. Beyond their role in metabolism, mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), which activate mTOR and regulate the activity of histone and DNA modifying enzymes. In this review we will focus on the sources of metabolites required for epigenetic regulation and how the flux of the underlying metabolic pathways affects gene expression.
A splice-site mutation affecting the paired box of PAX3 in a three generation family with Waardenburg syndrome type I (WS1).

Abstract Waardenburg syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, pigmentary disturbances and other developmental defects, is the most frequent form of congenital deafness in humans. Mutations in the PAX3 gene, a transcription factor expressed during embryonic development, is associated with WS types I and III. Here we report the identification of a novel acceptor splice site mutation (86-2 A→G) in the paired domain of the human PAX3 gene causing WS type I in a three generation family.
Translating Knowledge of Social-Emotional Learning and Evidence-Based Practice Into Responsive School Innovations

As the number of children engaging in problem behaviors grows, teachers increasingly report feeling unprepared to effectively meet students' mental health needs. Social-emotional learning (SEL) should be a prominent goal of school programs because social competence prevents school failure. This commentary reviews the challenges associated with implementing and researching school-based SEL programs, examines the current state of the evidence-based literature on SEL, and comments on the companion articles that appear in this Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation special topic section.
MONITORING TAU PATHOLOGY AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN VIVO BY TWO-PHOTON IMAGING

Background: A special attention has been given to the possible neuroprotective effects of lithium chloride (LiCl), because of his regulatory effects on pro and antiapoptotic proteins. Low LiCl concentration has a significant positive effect in synaptic plasticity and reduces tau phosphorylation in neuronal cell culture studies for distinctmechanisms.Methods: Primary cultures of cortical and hippocampal neurons were treated after 4 days in culture (DIC), and were incubated (37 C, 5% CO 2) with different concentrations of lithium chloride until to 10 days in culture. Working concentrations of lithium were 0.02mM, 0.2mM and 2mM. The effects of lithiumon PKA, AKt and Tau protein was determined by Western-blot. Results: The AKT showed an increase dose response in hippocampal neurons and showed no difference in cortical neurons. The protein PKA increased dose response both in cortical and hippocampal neurons . The tau protein accompanies an increase in hippocampal neurons and showed no difference in cortical neurons.Conclusions:Chronic treatment with subtherapeutics and therapeutics doses of LiCl increased protein tau, suggesting that tau incresead occurred by PKA in hippocampal neurons.
Measurement of Botulinum Toxin Activity: Evaluation of the Lethality Assay

The use of the mouse lethality assay for the estimation of the biologic activity of botulinum toxin was evaluated. The relationship between the number of animals, number of doses, and duration of the assay used to estimate the LD50 and the precision of the assay was investigated. The results of these studies demonstrated that the LD50 for botulinum toxin can be estimated with a high degree of precision (+/- 5%). The precision of the assay is not increased by using more than a 5-dose 50-animal assay or extending the duration of the assay beyond 72 hr. Estimates of the LD50 obtained at 48 hr were only slightly less precise but underestimated the LD50 by 15%. Analysis of the commercially available preparations of botulinum toxin with the mouse LD50 assay revealed significant discrepancies between the units of toxin in these preparations. In addition, a 2.67-fold difference in the relative potency of the two preparations of botulinum A toxin was observed using a regional chemodenervation assay that measures paralysis. The mouse LD50 assay could not detect this large difference in the potency of the two approved clinical preparations of botulinum toxin. The results of these studies demonstrate that although the mouse LD50 assay can be used to estimate the number of units of botulinum toxin with a high degree of precision this assay alone is not an adequate method for assessing the preclinical biological potency of botulinum toxin.
Classical Cryptography in Multimode Fibers Using Optical Reciprocity

We demonstrate a method for secure optical communication in multimode fibers with classical light. Using strong mode mixing in the fiber, and optical reciprocity, a common random key is distributed between two remote parties.
Brainstem norepinephrine neurons mediate ethanol-evoked pressor response but not baroreflex dysfunction.

Background: Ethanol elicits strain-dependent blood pressure and baroreflex sensitivity responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats; the mechanisms underlying these divergent effects are not clear. The authors tested the hypothesis that differential neuronal actions of ethanol may account for these strain-dependent responses. To this end, the authors investigated the direct effects of ethanol on norepinephrine (NE)–containing neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which modulate sympathetic neuronal activity, and on c-Jun–expressing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), whose activity is inversely correlated with baroreflex sensitivity. Methods: In a newly developed model system in conscious, freely moving rats, the effect of intra-RVLM or intra-NTS ethanol was investigated on neuronal NE at the microinjection site (in vivo electrochemistry), blood pressure, heart rate, spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, and c-Jun expression in the NTS. Results: Ethanol (1, 5, or 10 μg) microinjection into the RVLM elicited dose-dependent increases in RVLM NE and blood pressure in SHRs but not in WKY rats. Ethanol had no effect on the activity of the NE-containing neurons in the NTS of either strain. However, baroreflex dysfunction elicited by intra-NTS ethanol in conscious WKY rats was associated with enhanced expression of c-Jun in the NTS. Conclusions: (1) Ethanol activation of the NE-containing neurons in the RVLM of SHRs contributes to the centrally mediated pressor response, (2) the NE-containing neurons in the NTS are not involved in ethanol-induced baroreflex dysfunction, and (3) direct activation of the c-Jun–containing neurons in the NTS is implicated in baroreflex dysfunction elicited by ethanol in normotensive rats.
Soluble MUC1 secreted by human epithelial cancer cells mediates immune suppression by blocking T-cell activation.

Solid tumors may secrete factors that mediate immune suppression in patients. We investigated the effect of supernatants from 25 human tumor cell lines on T-lymphocytes from healthy donors. A profound inhibition of proliferation, cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity was seen when T-cells were cultured in concentrated tumor supernatants from 6 cell lines fractionated into high (>100 kDa) m.w. molecules. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects were reversed when the tumor supernatant was removed. Cell cycle studies of inhibited T-cells showed most of them were growth arrested in the G(0)/G(1) phase similar to naive T-cells. In addition, these T-cells did not express IL2-receptors and expression of CD54 (ICAM-1) and CD58 (LFA-3) resembled that of resting T-cells. Protein gel electrophoresis of the tumor supernatants and western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of soluble MUC1 in the inhibitory tumor supernatants but not in control supernatant. Most importantly, depletion of soluble MUC1 by immunoprecipitation from the tumor supernatants neutralized the inhibitory effects on T-lymphocytes. Therefore, our results show that MUC1 shed by cultured epithelial tumor cells mediates inhibition of T-cell proliferation and function by inducing cell growth arrest.
In-bed sulphur capture during pressurized fluidized-bed hydroretorting of Eastern oil shales

Abstract The Institute of Gas Technology is developing a pressurized fluidized-bed hydroretorting (PFH) process for the production of oil from Eastern oil shales. The sulphur present in the Eastern oil shales is converted to H 2 S during hydroretorting. A solid sorbent (limestone or siderite) may be added to the PFH reactor with the oil shale to achieve in-bed desulphurization. The effects of operating conditions on the effectiveness of in-bed sulphur capture with limestone and siderite have been investigated. Reactivities of a limestone and a siderite toward H 2 S were determined in experiments conducted in an ambient pressure thermogravimetric analyser. These tests were conducted in the temperature range of 480–565 °C using solid sorbents with an average particle diameter of 0.018 cm (−60 + 100 mesh). The results of thermogravimetric analysis tests indicate that both limestone and siderite should be capable of capturing a significant fraction of H 2 S produced in the PFH reactor. Batch PFH tests have been conducted to determine the extent of H 2 S removal with in-bed sorbents. The results of these tests confirm that a significant fraction of H 2 S produced in the PFH reactor can be removed with in-bed sorbents.
Review of Multielement Atomic Spectroscopic Methods

A comparison of multielement atomic spectroscopic methods is given. The atomic spectroscopic methods, including atomic absorption flame and nonflame spectrometry, atomic fluorescence flame and nonflame spectrometry, and atomic emission spectrometry (including sources consisting of flames, inductively coupled plasmas, and microwave plasmas) are reviewed and compared especially with respect to their inherent advantages and disadvantages for multielement analysis. The types of optical detection systems, including temporal devices, spatial devices, and multiplex devices whether the spectral information is collected sequentially, simultaneously in parallel mode, or simultaneously in multiplexed mode are also compared with respect to their advantages and limitations for measuring atomic spectra and for multielement analysis. In this review, a comparison of atomic spectroscopic methods and optical detection devices is given. The comparison is given with respect to signal-to-noise ratio, experimental limits of detection, and other practical analytical figures of merit. It is hoped that this review will aid the analyst in selecting a multielement atomic method for trace analysis and especially make the analyst aware of the unavoidable tradeoffs in such a selection.
The Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Current Thoughts and Protocols

The postoperative course of surgical patients can have a tremendous impact on the surgical outcome and on patient satisfaction. One of the most significant issues is postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) which, despite being a common side effect of general anesthesia, has received little attention in the plastic surgery literature. The incidence and potential consequences of PONV are frequently underestimated and consequently the need for prophylaxis is often overlooked. There are significant consequences to this seemingly minor morbidity that extend beyond patient discomfort and dissatisfaction. In addition to being considered a significant undesirable outcome by patients, severe cases of PONV may result in postoperative complications and unplanned hospital admissions. In this article we overview the mechanism, pathophysiology, and risk factors for PONV and provide a comprehensive algorithmic approach to its management. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Anti-tumor immune responses of the tumor-bearing host : the case for antibody-mediated immunologic enhancement

Abstract Analyses of host immune responses taking place during the growth from small inocula either as ascites or as solid subcutaneous tumors of a number of carcinogen-induced, immunogenic, murine tumors have shown that host immune responses are fully compatible with progressive tumor growth in their syngeneic hosts. Both B cell (antibody) and T cell ("killer cell") responses were detected in situ , and progressive tumor growth continued in concert with these responses. Tumor cells, after 2 weeks of growth in vivo , became resistant to the induced killer cells. The modulating agent appears to be anti-tumor antibody. The kinetics of the appearance of the antibody response and its specificity suggested that the responsible epitopes are uniquely expressed on tumor cells (oncotopes). Anti-oncotope antibody was found bound to these resistant tumor cells, yet the cells were fully capable of growing progressively, despite the presence of killer cells in their midst. These observations are compatible with data first reported 35 years ago suggesting that anti-tumor antibody promoted or enhanced tumor growth. Immunized mice have T-cytotoxic cells (CTL, MHCrestricted) in their spleens and lymph nodes, whereas the killer cells found in the ascites of tumor bearers were MHCunrestricted. In vivo grown tumor cells were completely resistant to spleen CTL of immune mice. The implications of these observations are of consequence not only in the design of effective immunotherapeutic protocols to eliminate cancer but also for a better understanding of self-tolerance, autoimmunity, and the genetics of the cancer formation. A unifying hypothesis is presented which explains how antibody-mediated immunologic enhancement is operative both in permitting progressive tumor growth and in allograft retention.
Definition of Chern-Simons Terms in Thermal QED3 Revisited

We present two compact derivations of the correct definition of the Chern-Simons term in the topologically non trivial context of thermal QED3. One is based on a transgression descent from a D= 4 background connection, the other on embedding the abelian model in SU(2). The results agree with earlier cohomology conclusions and can be also used to justify a recent simple heuristic approach. The correction to the naive Chern-Simons term, and its behavior under large gauge transformations are displayed.
Particle temperature measurement in a gas—solid fluidized bed

Abstract In this work, particle temperature was measured in a gas—solid fluidized bed. We used a pyrometer consisting of a 6 in sapphire rod, 1 8 in in diameter, and two 2000 Ω thermistors. The sapphire rod transmits radiation from the heated particles and a thermistor is used to detect this radiation. The second thermistor measures the temperature of the enclosure. The pyrometer was calibrated using a packed bed heated to different temperatures. Experiments were carried out in a fluidized bed under heating, cooling and steady state conditions to illustrate the use of this pyrometer. We observed that the temperature of the particles in a fluidized bed is substantially different from the temperature of the bed as measured by an immersed thermometer.
Incorporating Spirituality into Health Sciences Education.

Researchers are beginning to collect empiric data about coping mechanisms of health science students. Yet, there is an important aspect of coping with stress that is only partially addressed in health sciences curricula: students’ spiritual well-being. In this essay, we describe a course in spirituality and health care that we offered to fourth-year medical students, as well as a small empirical study we conducted to assess students’ spiritual needs and practices. We then offer reflections on the broad applicability of this work to students in the health sciences more generally, including suggestions for curriculum interventions that may ensure students’ success.