cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facilitation and interference with a separable redundant dimension in stimulus comparison.

A comparison experiment was carried out with four letter stimuli such that some of the letter pairs provided hard and others easy discrimination when the pairs were different. A control condition confirmed the differences in difficulty with black letters. Two other conditions used two letters in each of two colors. When letter discrimination was hard, this redundant dimension produced facilitation of reaction time when the colors differed and were thus compatible with the “different” response required by the letters, and interference when the colors were the same, thus being incompatible with the “different” response. With easy letter pairs, only interference was found with incompatible color. Two additional experiments using classification procedures found color to have very little effect. Previous experiments had also shown different results concerning the separability or integrality of stimulus dimensions with the classification and comparison procedures. The interpretation for the difference suggested here is that response compatibility is an inherent aspect of the comparison procedure, since any dimension can have levels that are the same or different. The compatibility relation is available for only a few dimensional pairs with the classification procedure. When compatibility exists with either procedure, both interference and facilitation can occur, depending on whether the response interactions are compatible or incompatible.
Paying for privilege: the political economy of Bank of England charters, 1694–1844

Abstract The Bank of England was established by Parliament in 1694 as an explicitly temporary institution, which could be dissolved upon one year’s notice after the 11-year life guaranteed by its initial charter had passed. Renewed nine times between 1694 and 1844, we argue that the element of renegotiation inherent in the Bank’s existence reflected uncertainty, by both Parliament and the Bank, and we test this hypothesis by analyzing the timing of the renewals of the Bank’s charter. We find renegotiation of the charter was initiated by Parliament when the Crown’s budgetary circumstances, shaped by unforeseen military expenditures, required additional funds and when the monopoly value of the Bank’s charter rose.
The Molecular Basis for Membrane – Cytoskeleton Association in Human Erythrocytes

Spectrin, the major cytoskeletal protein in erythrocytes, is localized on the inner membrane surface in association with membrane-spanning glycoproteins and with intramembrane particles. The presence of a specific, high-affinity protein binding site for spectrin on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane has been established by measurement of reassociation of spectrin with spectrin-depleted inside-out vesicles. A 72,000 Mr proteolytic fragment of this attachment protein has been purified, which bound to spectrin in solution and competed for reassociation of spectrin with vesicles. A 215,000 Mr polypeptide has been identified as the precursor of the spectrin-binding fragment. The membrane attachment protein for spectrin was named ankyrin, and has been purified and characterized. Ankyrin has been demonstrated to be tightly associated in detergent extracts of vesicles with band 3, a major membrane-spanning polypeptide, and to bind directly to a proteolytic fragment derived from the cytoplasmic domain of band 3. Ankyrin is thus an example of a protein that directly links a cytoplasmic structural protein to an integral membrane protein. The organization of the erythrocyte membrane has implications for more complex cell types since immunoreactive forms of ankyrin distinct from myosin or filamin have been detected by radioimmunoassay in a variety of cells and tissues. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of cultured cells reveals immunoreactive forms of ankyrin in a cytoplasmic meshwork and in a punctate distribution over nuclei. The staining changes dramatically during mitosis, with concentration of stain at the spindle poles in metaphase and intense staining of the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.
Cdk9 phosphorylates p53 on serine 392 independently of CKII

The tumor suppressor p53 is an important cellular protein, which controls cell cycle progression. Phosphorylation is one of the mechanisms by which p53 is regulated. Here we report the interaction of p53 with another key regulator, cdk9, which together with cyclin T1 forms the positive transcription elongation complex, p-TEFb. This complex cooperates with the HIV-1 Tat protein to cause the phosphorylation of the carboxyl terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II and this facilitates the elongation of HIV-1 transcription. We demonstrate that cdk9 phosphorylates p53 on serine 392 through their direct physical interaction. Results from protein-protein interaction assays revealed that cdk9 interacts with the C-terminal domain (aa 361-393) of p53, while p53 interacts with the N-terminal domain of cdk9. Transfection and protein binding assays (EMSA and ChIP) demonstrated the ability of p53 to bind and activate the cdk9 promoter. Interestingly, cdk9 phosphorylates serine 392 of p53, which could be also phosphorylated by casein kinase II. Kinase assays demonstrated that cdk9 phosphorylates p53 independently of CKII. These studies demonstrate the existence of a feedback-loop between p53 and cdk9, pinpointing a novel mechanism by which p53 regulates the basal transcriptional machinery.
Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after prior open retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and chemotherapy.

Abstract Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testicular cancer is a challenging surgical procedure. Several factors can increase the difficulty, including prior chemotherapy or open surgery. We present a case of a laparoscopic “redo” postchemotherapy nodal dissection to treat a residual retroperitoneal mass in a patient with non-seminomatous germ cell tumor. This approach allowed rapid recovery, and at 2.5 years after surgery no evidence of tumor recurrence was seen.
Thermospheric winds and exospheric temperatures from incoherent scatter radar measurements in four seasons

The time-dependent equations of neutral air motion are solved subject to three constraints: two of them are the usual upper and lower boundary conditions and the third is the value of the wind-induced ion drift at any given height. Using incoherent radar data, this procedure leads to a fast, direct numerical integration of the two coupled differential equations describing the horizontal wind components and yields time dependent wind profiles and meridional exospheric neutral temperature gradients. The diurnal behavior of the neutral wind system and of the exospheric temperature is presented for two solstice and two equinox days. The data used were obtained by the St. Santin and the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radars. The derived geographic distributions of the exospheric temperatures are compared with those predicted by the OGO-6 empirical thermospheric model.
Convergence of Communication and Processing in Next-Generation Networks

We argue that applications can benefit from the offloading of processing tasks into the data path of next-generation networks, where custom packet processing functions can be implemented. We present the concept of application-layer services and how they can be integrated into our existing network service architecture for easy use and control. Using a web server application as an example, we discuss how an application can be partitioning between end-system and offloading tasks. Our prototype implementation based on an Intel IXP2855 network processor demonstrates that web page access times can be improved by using our application-layer services.
Case report 651

A thrombosed, leaking aneurysm of the popliteal artery, mimicking a soft tissue sarcoma both clinically and by MRI examination, is described. It may be difficult to separate a leaking, thrombosed aneurysm from an inflammatory response secondary to a sarcoma with intralesional hemorrhage. An aneurysm should, however, be considered in the differential diagnosis if the mass is present in a well-recognized location for aneurysm and is associated with vascular engulfment and signs of subacute or chronic hemorrhage.
Time-Frequency Transform Techniques for Seabed and Buried Target Classification

An approach for processing sonar signals with the ultimate goal of ocean bottom sediment classification and underwater buried target classification is presented in this paper. Work reported for sediment classification is based on sonar data collected by one of the AN/AQS-20’s sonars. Synthetic data, simulating data acquired by parametric sonar, is employed for target classification. The technique is based on the Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT), which is better suited for sonar applications because FrFT uses linear chirps as basis functions. In the first stage of the algorithm, FrFT requires finding the optimum order of the transform that can be estimated based on the properties of the transmitted signal. Then, the magnitude of the Fractional Fourier transform for optimal order applied to the backscattered signal is computed in order to approximate the magnitude of the bottom impulse response. Joint time-frequency representations of the signal offer the possibility to determine the timefrequency configuration of the signal as its characteristic features for classification purposes. The classification is based on singular value decomposition of the time-frequency distributions applied to the impulse response. A set of the largest singular values provides the discriminant features in a reduced dimensional space. Various discriminant functions are employed and the performance of the classifiers is evaluated. Of particular interest for underwater under-sediment classification applications are long targets such as cables of various diameters, which need to be identified as different from other strong reflectors or point targets. Synthetic test data are used to exemplify and evaluate the proposed technique for target classification. The synthetic data simulates the impulse response of cylindrical targets buried in the seafloor sediments. Results are presented that illustrate the processing procedure. An important characteristic of this method is that good classification accuracy of an unknown target is achieved having only the response of a known target in the free field. The algorithm shows an accurate way to classify buried objects under various scenarios, with high probability of correct classification.
Rational Choice and Moral Theory

Contemporary discussions of the positive relation between rational choice and moral theory are a special case of a much older tradition that seeks to show that mutual agreement upon certain moral rules works to the mutual advantage, or in the interests, of those who so agree. I make a few remarks about the history of discussions of the connection between morality and self-interest, after which I argue that the modern theory of rational choice can be naturally understood as a continuation of this older tradition. I then go on to argue for a controversial three-fold thesis: (1) that grounding a theory of morality in terms of rational self-interest is the only epistemologically respectable way to proceed with the justification of moral principles; (2) that despite this, most of the contemporary explorations of rational choice foundations for moral principles do not work—that the models of rational choice to which they appeal yield less than the substantial results that they are intended to yield; but (3) that if one rethinks just what it means to be rational, one can find in fact a promising way to connect the two—specifically through the development of a theory of genuinely cooperative activity.
Sedimentology: floods of record.

Research on two Bolivian rivers provides explanations of how and when they flood. It also gives pointers for interpreting Earth's history as recorded by the sediments left behind by flood waters.
Semantic Satiation Effect in Young and Older Adults

Auditory and auditory+visual massed repetition served to examine semantic satiation in young and older adults and to understand the possible sources of this phenomenon. In Exp. 1, participants either heard or heard and saw prime words (ROYALTY) repeated 2, 15, or 30 times and made relatedness judgments on targets that were either semantically related (queen) or unrelated (box) to the repeated word. To distinguish satiation from general boredom, semantic satiation was operationally defined as a repetition-induced change in the difference between related and unrelated pairs (relatedness effect). Auditory massed repetition, either alone or in conjunction with prolonged visual exposure, produced semantic satiation effects in both young and older adults. In Exp. 2, participants heard the prime words of the earlier experiment, each repeated 30 times and reported perceptual changes (verbal transformations) during the repetition treatment. In this experiment, older adults were less susceptible to this type of habituation. The discussion focuses on the mechanisms that may be responsible for producing semantic satiation effects in young and older adults with different forms of massed repetition.
Epidermal surface receptors which link pharmacological mediators to the adenylate cyclase system

SUMMARY The major purpose of our studies has been to investigate various stimulators of the epidermal adenylate cyclase system. We have recognized the occurrence of four distinct adenylate cyclase systems which respond respectively to catecholamine, histamine, prostaglandin and adenosine. The exposure of floating skin slices in vitro to a stimulator causes a rapid intracellular accumulation of cyclic AMP, which is always transient. Further addition of the same stimulator will not stimulate the same receptor system against the state of ‘refractoriness’. The addition of any of the other stimulators can increase the cyclic AMP level. Furthermore, the fact that each stimulator can yield an ‘additive’ stimulatory effect leads to the conclusion that the epidermis has four distinctly specific and independent adenylate cyclase systems. Our recent investigations have been directed to the analyses of subunits of these skin surface receptor-adenylate cyclase systems. We used two experimental systems, i.e. one being a ‘leaky’ cell system in which its subunits such as receptor, GTP-regulatory protein and the catalytic unit (adenylate cyclase) are still linked togetlier, and the other being independent preparations of the receptor and catalytic units (with GTP-regulatory protein). These systems allowed us to probe the cell membrane from the inside as well as from the outside. Some of our preliminary kinetic data are herein introduced.
Thyroid hormone state and the incorporation of (14C) leucine by brain microsomes in developing rats

Cell-free incorporation of (14C) leucine into protein was 38% greater for cerebral cortical microsomes from 22-day old neonatally thyroidectomized rats compared to littermate controls. In contrast, incorporation by liver microsomes of hypothyroid rats was 33% lower compared to controls, confirming their deficient hormonal state. Incubation of cerebral microsomes from either hypothyroid or euthyroid rats with both homologous and heterologous pH 5 enzyme fractions clearly implicated the pH 5 fraction as the source of the apparent increase in protein synthetic capacity in the hypothyroid brain. Daily administration of L-thyroxine (20 microgram/100 g body wt) to hypothyroid animals between 22 and 25 days of age produced an additional increase in (14C) leucine incorporation into protein by cerebral microsomes, whereas the cell-free protein synthesis rate of euthyroid rats was unaffected by similar hormonal treatment. Liver preparations from both hypothyroid and euthyroid rats exhibited the expected increase in cell-free protein synthesis following thyroxine administration. The results support the hypothesis that the young hypothyroid brain exhibits delayed maturation and that thyroid hormones play a regulatory role in cerebral protein synthesis during a defined developmental period.
Diffraction-limited K-band imaging at the Multiple Mirror Telescope with adaptive optics

Low spatial frequencies of atmospheric turbulence are specially troublesome to astronomers because the phase distortions they cause have large amplitude. We have begun experiments at the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) to remove these errors with tip, tilt, and piston control of pieces of the wave front defined by the telescope's six 1.8 m primary mirrors. We show long exposure images taken at the telescope with resolution as high as 0.08 arcsec under piston control, and 0.26 arcsec under tilt control, using an adaptive instrument designed to restore diffraction-limited imaging in the near infrared. We also present preliminary results from analysis of images of the pre-main sequence star T Tauri taken with tilt control of the six beams only, at three infrared wavelengths. The resolution is between 0.35 and 0.4 arcsec, higher than has previously been achieved with direct imaging. The faint red companion to T Tau is clearly revealed, and is seen to be undergoing an energetic outburst.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dynamin Forms Polymeric Complexes in the Presence of Lipid Vesicles CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICALLY CROSS-LINKED DYNAMIN MOLECULES

Dynamin is a GTP-binding protein that is involved in the release of coated endocytic vesicles from the plasma membrane. We have been characterizing the enzymatic properties of purified rat brain dynamin to better understand how GTP binding and hydrolysis relate to its proposed function. Previously, we have demonstrated that activation of dynamin GTPase results from positive cooperative associations between dynamin molecules as they are bound to a polymeric surface. Our present report has extended these studies and has examined the structural features of dynamin self-association. After treatment with the zero-length protein cross-linking reagent, 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide, dynamin in solution was found cross-linked into dimers. This homodimer likely reflects the native soluble state of the molecule. After binding to brain vesicles, dynamin was cross-linked into higher order oligomers of greater than 800 kDa. Dynamin, copurified on brain membranous organelles, also formed multimeric complexes when cross-linked suggesting dynamin exists in polymeric form in vivo. No cross-linked species other than homo-oligomers were observed, providing no evidence for close interactions between dynamin and membrane proteins. From experiments examining the effects of GTP, GDP, guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate, and 5′-guanylyl-β,γ-imidodiphosphate on cross-linking, we have determined that both dynamin membrane binding and self-association occur independently from the nucleotide-bound state of the enzyme. An 80-kDa dynamin fragment that is lacking its carboxyl-terminal domain is not cross-linked into higher order oligomers, suggesting that this domain is required for binding of dynamin to membranes and the subsequent enhancement of oligomerization. However, the dynamin fragment was found to form dimers indicating that this domain is not required for dynamin dimerization. Cross-linked dynamin was able to cooperatively bind microtubules, but did not exhibit GTPase activation. We propose that intramolecular cross-links in the dynamin monomer impart structural constraints that prevent the enhancement of GTP hydrolysis. We describe a model of the dynamin activation process to be considered in further investigations of the role for dynamin in endocytic vesicle formation.
Previous sphincter repair does not affect the outcome of repeat repair.

PURPOSE: As many as 60 percent of patients present with recurrent symptoms of fecal incontinence after anterior overlapping anal sphincter repair. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of repeat overlapping anal sphincter repair. METHODS: All female patients with obstetric sphincter damage who underwent anterior overlapping sphincter repair between November 1988 and June 2000 were reviewed. All patients were preoperatively assessed by anorectal manometry, electromyography, and pudendal nerve terminal motor latency; manometry was repeated during follow-up. Preoperative endoanal ultrasonography was available only after 1990. Clinical outcome was assessed according to the Cleveland Clinic Florida Incontinence Score. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-one patients were available for analysis, 115 without previous surgery and 36 after at least one previous sphincter repair. The median follow-up was 13 (range, 1–64) months and 20 (range, 2–96) months, respectively. The median incontinence score improved from 18 to 5 (P < 0.0001) in patients without previous repair and from 17.5 to 7 (P < 0.0001) in patients after previous repair. In the former group, the outcome was good in 67 (58 percent) patients, adequate in 19 (16.5 percent), and poor in 29 (25.5 percent). In the group with previous sphincter repair, the outcome was good in 18 patients (50 percent), adequate in 4 (11 percent), and poor in 14 (39 percent; P = 0.2646). The mean resting pressure increased from 20 (range, 3–43) mmHg to 24 (range, 10–44) mmHg and from 27 (range, 4–56) mmHg to 32 (range, 16–45) mmHg, respectively. The mean squeeze pressure increased from 60 (range, 23–63) mmHg to 67 (range, 33–114) mmHg and from 54 (range, 25–90) mmHg to 70 (range, 34–95) mmHg, respectively. CONCLUSION: Previous sphincter repair does not affect clinical outcome. Repeat anterior overlapping sphincter repair yields a significant improvement in the continence score and should be considered as the treatment of choice in patients with fecal incontinence who have had previous sphincter repair and residual anterior sphincter damage.
Decreased expression of natriuretic peptide a receptors and decreased cGMP production in the choroid plexus of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor (ANP) subtypes and their signal transduction response were characterized in choroid plexus of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats. We found two ANP receptor subtypes, guanylate cyclase coupled and uncoupled, in both rat strains. Binding of ANP was lower in SHR choroid plexus when compared to WKY. The lower ANP binding in SHR was the result of a decrease of binding to the guanylate cyclasecoupled receptor subtype A, a decrease that correlated well with the decreased ANP-induced cGMP formation in SHR. Forskolin stimulated cGMP production to the same extent in both strains. In WKY rats, ANP increased basal and forskolin-stimulated cAMP production; conversely, in SHR, ANP did not affect the basal level of cAMP and inhibited the forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. These results demonstrate differences in ANP receptor subtype expression, and ANP signal transduction in choroid plexus of hypertensive and normotensive rats, which is of possible significance to the central mechanisms of blood pressure control.
The Transmission Line as a Simple Example for Introducing Integral Equations to Undergraduates

Integral equations are becoming a common means for describing problems in electromagnetics, and so it is important to expose students to methods for their solution. Typically this is done using examples in antennas, scattering, or electrostatics. Unfortunately, many difficult issues arise in the formulation and solution of the associated equations. It is instead proposed to use examples from transmission lines, a topic with which undergraduate students are both familiar and comfortable. In this paper, the formulations of integral equations for both uniform and nonuniform lines are undertaken, simple moment-method solutions are implemented, and the accuracies of the solutions are explored.
BENEFIT COVERAGE AND EMPLOYEE COST: CRITICAL FACTORS IN EXPLAINING COMPENSATION SATISFACTION

This research examined the joint effects of benefit coverage and the costs borne by employees on multiple dimensions of compensation satisfaction. Information regarding pay and benefit practices was collected by interviewing personnel specialists and reviewing policy and procedure documents in eight organizations. At a later time, satisfaction data were collected from employees via mail surveys. The results indicated that satisfaction with benefits increased with improved coverage and decreased with higher employee costs. Employees were particularly sensitive to variation in the cost of health insurance. Also, for respondents possessing accurate information about actual coverage levels, the relationship between coverage and satisfaction was more pronounced. For the organizations studied here, salaries and benefits were being administered using compensatory allocation rules. Salary levels were negatively correlated with the levels of benefit coverage, and the various components of the compensation systems covaried in complex ways. The methodological implications associated with this research are emphasized and suggest that the interpretability of much of the past research devoted to employee benefits has been compromised.
2′‐Fluoro RNA Shows Increased Watson–Crick H‐Bonding Strength and Stacking Relative to RNA: Evidence from NMR and Thermodynamic Data

Oligonucleotides containing 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-ribonucleotides (2'-F RNA) have found numerous beneficial applications in ribozyme,[1] antisense,[2,3] siRNA,[4,5] miRNA,[6] and aptamer[7] based nucleic acid therapeutics. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotides bearing 2'-F ribonucleotides were recently found to exhibit favorable properties for modulating splicing relative to other 2'-modifications.[8] At the ribose 2'-position fluorine preorganizes the sugar for a C3'-endo conformation that matches the preferred structure of RNA duplexes. We found that siRNAs extensively modified with 2'-F modified pyrimidines showed increased nuclease stability, reduced immune stimulation and in some cases exhibited favorable activity in vitro and in vivo relative to unmodified control RNA.[5] The stabilizing effect of 2'-F modification as measured by thermal melting of RNA duplexes amounts to ca. 1.8°C per nucleotide.
Acute confusional state caused by Hashimoto's encephalopathy in a patient with hypothyroidism: a case report.

Introduction: Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy is an unusual condition associated with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. This immune-mediated, steroid-dependent entity was first described thirty years ago. In this case report, we discuss the importance of considering this diagnosis in the evaluation of confusion. Case presentation: The patient is a 55-year-old African-American woman residing in United States, who was admitted to the hospital with a four-day history of mental status changes. Her past medical history was significant for type II Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, and Hypothyroidism. There was no reported seizure activity. The patient’s vital signs were stable on admission. On examination, the patient was awake, alert, oriented to place and time. Her neurological examination revealed agraphia and dyslexia. Her speech showed lack of fluency and hesitation. Her complete blood count and electrolytes were within normal limits. The patient’s brain CT scan did not reveal any significant findings. Her Magnetic Resonance Imaging only revealed mild chronic microangiopathy, which caused by “small vessel disease.” Her Electroencephalogram did not reveal any finding consistent with seizure activity. Cerebral spinal fluid analysis was likewise did not reveal a cause for this patient’s acute onset of confusion. In contrast to the above negative finding, this patient’s Thyroid stimulating hormone was discovered to be 15 UIU/ml. She was subsequently given 1000 mg of intravenous Methylprednisolone daily for 3 days. This three-day course of high-dose, intravenous steroids resulted complete resolution of the patient’s symptoms. She was then discharged on an eleven-day course of oral prednisone 60 mg. Conclusion: Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an acute confusional state since it is responsive to steroid therapy and represents a readily reversible cause acute mental status changes. Clues to this diagnosis include elevated antithyroid antibodies, abnormal Thyroid stimulating hormone values, and exclusion of other causes of acute mental status changes.
SELECTION ACCURACY WITH PEN SELECTION SLOTS

This paper describes three selection accuracy experiments with the selection slot, a new menu selection device for pen-based computer systems. A selection slot is a slot into which a user places the tip of a pen or stylus for the purpose of selecting an item from a list of items. The results of the first experiment, using a prototype slot for notebook name selection with 3 mm per notebook name, indicated 100% selection accuracy. In a second experiment, the results indicated that with as little as 1.1 mm per notebook name, users could select notebook names with 100% accuracy. A third experiment evaluated page selection accuracy for 55- and 99-page slots using a 73 mm slot (0.74 mm per page for 99 pages). Participants in the 55-page condition used a single-page advance control to reach target pages greater than 55. Considering all targets, participants were slightly but consistently less accurate with the 99-page slots, but their within-slot selection accuracies were equal. All participants preferred the 99-page slot due to the inconvenience of acquiring pages greater than 55 with the single-page advance control.
Glucose 6-Phosphate Release of Wild-type and Mutant Human Brain Hexokinases from Mitochondria *

One molecule of glucose 6-phosphate inhibits brain hexokinase (HKI) with high affinity by binding to either one of two sites located in distinct halves of the enzyme. In addition to potent inhibition, glucose 6-phosphate releases HKI from the outer leaflet of mitochondria; however, the site of glucose 6-phosphate association responsible for the release of HKI is unclear. The incorporation of a C-terminal polyhistidine tag on HKI facilitates the rapid purification of recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli. The tagged construct has N-formyl methionine as its first residue and has mitochondrial association properties comparable with native brain hexokinases. Release of wild-type and mutant hexokinases from mitochondria by glucose 6-phosphate follow equilibrium models, which explain the release phenomenon as the repartitioning of ligand-bound HKI between solution and the membrane. Mutations that block the binding of glucose 6-phosphate to the C-terminal half of HKI have little or no effect on the glucose 6-phosphate release. In contrast, mutations that block glucose 6-phosphate binding to the N-terminal half require ∼7-fold higher concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate for the release of HKI. Results here implicate a primary role for the glucose 6-phosphate binding site at the N-terminal half of HKI in the release mechanism.
A Taxonomy of Academic Quality Indicators for U.S.-Based 4-Year Undergraduate Hospitality Management Programs

The purpose of the study was to classify quality indicators into unique construct groups. Seventy-two quality indicators were investigated as predictors of undergraduate hospitality management prog...
Microanalysis of Copper-Tin Phases in Dental Amalgam

An etch resistance phase was found in dental silver amalgam when the amalgam was examined metallographically. This phase was common to the silver alloy ingot as well as to its prepared amalgam. Qualitative electron microprobe technics were used to identify this phase. Quantitative electron microprobe analysis defined it as the η' phase of the copper-tin system or the intermetallic compound Cu6Sn 5.
RNA polymerase III interferes with Ty3 integration

Ty3, a gypsylike retrotransposon of budding yeast, integrates at the transcription initiation site of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III (pol III). It was previously shown that integration in vitro requires intact promoter elements and the pol III transcription factors TFIIIB and TFIIIC. In order to test the effect of pol III on integration, increasing amounts of a pol III-containing fraction were added to Ty3 in vitro integration reactions. The pol III-containing fraction was inhibitory to integration. These results are consistent with a model where the Ty3 integration complex and pol III recognize similar features of the stable transcription complex and compete with each other for access to the transcription initiation site.
Ghrelin stimulation of growth hormone release and appetite is mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor

Abstract Synthetic agonists of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) rejuvenate the pulsatile pattern of GH-release in the elderly, and increase lean but not fat mass in obese subjects. Screening of tissue extracts in a cell line engineered to overexpress the GHSR led to the identification of a natural agonist called ghrelin. Paradoxically, this hormone was linked to obesity. However, it had not been directly shown that the GHSR is a physiologically relevant ghrelin receptor. Furthermore, ghrelin's structure is significantly different from the synthetic agonist (MK-0677) used to expression-clone the GHSR. To address whether the GHSR mediates ghrelin's stimulatory effects on GH release and appetite, we generated Ghsr-null mice. In contrast to wild-type mice, acute treatment of Ghsr-null mice with ghrelin stimulated neither GH release nor food intake, showing that the GHSR is a biologically relevant ghrelin receptor. Nevertheless, Ghsr-null mice are not dwarfs; their appetite and body composition are comparable to that of wild-type littermates. Furthermore, in contrast to suggestions that ghrelin regulates leptin and insulin secretion, fasting-induced changes in serum levels of leptin and insulin are identical in wild-type and null mice. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and body weights of mature Ghsr-null mice are modestly reduced compared to wild-type littermates, which is consistent with ghrelin's property as an amplifier of GH pulsatility and its speculated role in establishing an insulin-like growth factor 1 set-point for maintaining anabolic metabolism. Our results suggest that chronic treatment with ghrelin antagonists will have little effect on growth or appetite.
A frequency and duration approach for generation reliability evaluation using the method of stages

A frequency and duration approach for generation reliability evaluation using the method of stages is presented. Two separate expressions are provided, one for the loss of load expectation (LOLE) and the other for the loss of load frequency (LOLF). Explicit relationships for determining the parameters of these expressions from the generation system data are derived. Several studies to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach are also reported. >
Powered Lower Limb Orthoses for Gait Rehabilitation

Bodyweight supported treadmill training has become a prominent gait rehabilitation method in leading rehabilitation centers. This type of locomotor training has many functional benefits but the labor costs are considerable. To reduce therapist effort, several groups have developed large robotic devices for assisting treadmill stepping. A complementary approach that has not been adequately explored is to use powered lower limb orthoses for locomotor training. Recent advances in robotic technology have made lightweight powered orthoses feasible and practical. An advantage to using powered orthoses as rehabilitation aids is they allow practice starting, turning, stopping, and avoiding obstacles during overground walking.
Information mediation in cyberspace: scalable methods for declarative information networks

An end-to-end discussion, from logical architecture to implementation, of issues and design decisions in declarative information networks is presented. A declarative information network is defined to be a dynamic and decentralized structure where value-added services are declared and applied as mediators in a scalable and controlled manner. A primary result is the need to adopt dynamically linked ontologies as the semantic basis for knowledge sharing in scalable networks. It is shown that data mining techniques provide a promising basis upon which to explore and develop this result. Our prototype system, entitled Mystique, is described in terms of KQML, distributed object management, and distributed agent execution. An example shows how we map our architecture into the World Wide Web (WWW) and transform the appearance of the WWW into an intelligently integrated and multi-subject distributed information network.
Crew Protection, Contingency EVA and the Crew Exploration Vehicle

ABSTRACT The proposed NASA Crew Exploration Vehicle CEV) has been labeled “not as a( repetition of Apollo, but instead what Apollo should have been.” While this designation is certainly ripe for debate, there is no debating that the space suit community has, up to this point, had limited or no input into the on-going design of the CEV. However, it is important that the community take the opportunity to influence the configuration of the proposed CEV so as to optimize its orbital and planetary/lunar EVA capability, flexibility and safety. This “window of opportunity” will not remain open for long, as the CEV’s configuration is rapidly congealing. This paper covers: 1. Brief space suit configurations, employment and history. 2. Brief descriptions and comparisons of IVA, EVA and IEVA space suits. 3. How history can be a guide to optimize EVA for the Crew Exploration Vehicle. INTRODUCTION An oft used axiom is “those who ignore history are fated to repeat its mistakes.” Unfortunately that old hackneyed aphorism holds as true today as ever. Perhaps with the benefit of alittle hindsight, however, we can avoid a few of its pitfalls. As the space suit community begins its cycle of concept, design and development of a space suit for NASA’s proposed CEV (Crew Exploration Vehicle), we need to carefully, and without bias, consider what worked well and what didn’t work so well, in the past. The proposed CEV, being conceived roughly along the lines of the 1960’s Apollo spacecraft (though larger), looks to still have a verycramped internal cabin, certainly in comparison to the present Space Shuttle Transportation System. This internal crew volume and stowage restriction will have a profound influence on the design drivers affecting any IVA/EVA systems employed. Still, it seems self-evident that some type of personal crew protect will be required on the CEV for launch, reentry and in cases of cabin atmosphere contamination. Moreover, some type of intravehicular space suit may have to be employed that has a contingency extravehicularfunction. The configuration of space suit that is to be used as crew protection for the CEV, if any, has yet to be determined. Will the CEV use a purely IVA suit with only IVA design requirements? Or will it use an IVA suit only during launch, reentry, etc. and employ a separate EVA suit for activities outside the space vehicle? Or will the CEV use a suit system, as was utilized during Apollo, that performed both functions (IEVA)? If this system (IVA/EVA/IEVA) is to be a purely, dedicated IVA suit, or a separate, dedicated EVA suit system, or a combination of the two, then we must determine this criteria very early in the program. We must also quantify and express this criteria while keeping in
Bounds on the number of hidden neurons in multilayer perceptrons

Fundamental issues concerning the capability of multilayer perceptrons with one hidden layer are investigated. The studies are focused on realizations of functions which map from a finite subset of E/sup n/ into E/sup d/. Real-valued and binary-valued functions are considered. In particular, a least upper bound is derived for the number of hidden neurons needed to realize an arbitrary function which maps from a finite subset of E/sup n/ into E/sup d/. A nontrivial lower bound is also obtained for realizations of injective functions. This result can be applied in studies of pattern recognition and database retrieval. An upper bound is given for realizing binary-valued functions that are related to pattern-classification problems. >
Seismic observations of transient subglacial water-flow beneath MacAyeal Ice Stream, West Antarctica.

[1] New seismic observations of harmonic tremors beneath MacAyeal Ice Stream, West Antarctica are reported. Each of the two tremor events that we recorded during a six week period had sustained arrival of 3 Hz energy for approximately 10 minutes. During that time the source location migrated a few kilometers. The harmonic nature of the tremors is interpreted as the result of resonance in subglacial water-filled cracks and conduits. The duration, monochromatic nature, and movement of the tremor indicate that the source mechanism is likely flow in the subglacial water system resulting from the discharge from a small subglacial lake. Our results suggest that the subglacial water system produces repeated, small outburst floods, with possible implications for ice-stream dynamics.
Myocellular and interstitial edema and circulating volume expansion as a cause of morbidity and mortality in heart failure.

Abstract Background Total body sodium and volume overload are the hallmarks of the congested state in the heart failure patient and result in a variety of deleterious pathophysiologic outcomes including ventricular chamber dilation, passive congestion of both encapsulated and nonencapsulated vital organs and myocardial edema and ischemia. Methods and Results We propose that congestion is itself a disease state irrespective of the underlying cardiac or renal dysfunction and that sodium and volume overload are directly related to poor clinical outcomes in such patients. In this model, the target of decongestion therapy should be normalization of total body sodium and volume in an expeditious manner and with a durable result. Conclusions Additionally, novel tools to continuously measure the effectiveness and adequacy of decongestion therapy in all compartments are required if improved clinical outcomes are to be attained.
Redox subpopulations and the risk of cancer progression: a new method for characterizing redox heterogeneity

It has been shown that a malignant tumor is akin to a complex organ comprising of various cell populations including tumor cells that are genetically, metabolically and functionally different. Our redox imaging data have demonstrated intra-tumor redox heterogeneity in all mouse xenografts derived from human melanomas, breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Based on the signals of NADH and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp, including flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) and their ratio, i.e., the redox ratio, which is an indicator of mitochondrial metabolic status, we have discovered several distinct redox subpopulations in xenografts of breast tumors potentially recapitulating functional/metabolic heterogeneity within the tumor. Furthermore, xenografts of breast tumors with higher metastatic potential tend to have a redox subpopulation whose redox ratio is significantly different from that of tumors with lower metastatic potential and usually have a bi-modal distribution of the redox ratio. The redox subpopulations from human breast cancer samples can also be very complex with multiple subpopulations as determined by fitting the redox ratio histograms with multi- Gaussian functions. In this report, we present a new method for identifying the redox subpopulations within individual breast tumor xenografts and human breast tissues, which may be used to differentiate between breast cancer and normal tissue and among breast cancer with different risks of progression.
The Role of Cyclopentadienium Ions in Methanol-to-Hydrocarbons Chemistry

The “hydrocarbon pool” mechanism for the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons on H-form zeolites was first introduced more than two decades ago, but the details continue to be a topic of debate. In this contribution, the hydrocarbon pool on zeolites H-ZSM-5 and H-beta was investigated by applying in situ ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. The intensity of absorption bands that grew during an induction period were compared with formation rates of gas-phase products. Spectra of both catalysts revealed the presence of alkylbenzenium and alkyl-substituted cyclopentadienium ions; on H-beta, larger polycyclic aromatic compounds were also formed. An absorption band at 295 nm of species on H-ZSM-5, assigned to an alkyl-substituted cyclopentadienium ion with four or five alkyl groups, paralleled the increase in ethene formation rates during an induction period, thus implicating the participation of such cations in the rate-limiting step. The alkylbenzenium ions on H-ZSM-5 were characterized by an average...
Patterns of occurrence of Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 1983-1985

Occurrence and distribution of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (F.) throughout the central United States are described for 1983-1985. Data were obtained from about 100 cooperators using standard traps and pheromone lures. H. zea generally occurred earlier, in greater numbers, and over a greater area than H. virescens . The dates of first catch at individual locations varied considerably among years, but overall trends as shown by regressions of date of first catch on latitude agreed quite closely with the seasonal progressions of H. zea of first catch in blacklight traps reported in 1965. The data base will be available for planning wide-area Heliothis management strategies and for development and validation of other models to predict occurrence and movement of these species.
Fungal infections in intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients who undergo intestinal and multivisceral transplantation are at increased risk for infectious complications. Fungal infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients. The current review highlights key diagnostic and management issues in this population. RECENT FINDINGS Invasive infections caused by Candida spp. remain the most common invasive fungal infections in intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients. Aspergillus is an emerging pathogen but data are limited to case reports or case series. Other fungi including the mucorales, Cryptococcus and endemic mycoses are emerging pathogens but data regarding incidence and timing of disease in intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients are lacking. SUMMARY Invasive candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in patients with intestinal and multivisceral transplants. Experience for diagnosis and management comes from case series and single centers. Diagnosis and management of infections caused by other pathogens such as Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Mucor, and endemic mycoses is usually extrapolated from other solid organ transplant recipients.
BECOMING A VENTURE CAPITALIST

Publisher Summary Deepa Pakianathan, Ph.D.; Partner, Delphi Bioventures finished her Ph.D. in immunology in 1993. She met Carol Nacy at an immunoparasitology conference. Carol introduced her to scientists at Genentech Inc., Immunex Inc., and Genetics Institute, Inc., and helped her decide and accept a career in venture capital. Deepa's post-doc at Genentech taught her a lot about drug discovery and drug development. Interestingly enough, there was a fair amount of interest from the investment banks in hiring a person with a Ph.D. as a research analyst; therefore she became a senior research analyst at a boutique investment bank, Genesis Merchant Group. A part of her job was trying to get biotech initial public offering (IPO) business. She concludes that she has found her dream job that helps, though in a very small way, to build a piece of the biotech sector. She remarks that biotech companies typically stay private for 4 to 7 years before they go public in an IPO; this is when venture investors can begin to sell their stock.