cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using whole-genome sequences of the LG/J and SM/J inbred mouse strains to prioritize quantitative trait genes and nucleotides

The laboratory mouse is the most commonly used model for studying variation in complex traits relevant to human disease. Here we present the whole-genome sequences of two inbred strains, LG/J and SM/J, which are frequently used to study variation in complex traits as diverse as aging, bone-growth, adiposity, maternal behavior, and methamphetamine sensitivity. We identified small nucleotide variants (SNVs) and structural variants (SVs) in the LG/J and SM/J strains relative to the reference genome and discovered novel variants in these two strains by comparing their sequences to other mouse genomes. We find that 39% of the LG/J and SM/J genomes are identical-by-descent (IBD). We characterized amino-acid changing mutations using three algorithms: LRT, PolyPhen-2 and SIFT. We also identified polymorphisms between LG/J and SM/J that fall in regulatory regions and highly informative transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). We intersected these functional predictions with quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapped in advanced intercrosses of these two strains. We find that QTL are both over-represented in non-IBD regions and highly enriched for variants predicted to have a functional impact. Variants in QTL associated with metabolic (231 QTL identified in an F16 generation) and developmental (41 QTL identified in an F34 generation) traits were interrogated and we highlight candidate quantitative trait genes (QTG) and nucleotides (QTN) in a QTL on chr13 associated with variation in basal glucose levels and in a QTL on chr6 associated with variation in tibia length. We show how integrating genomic sequence with QTL reduces the QTL search space and helps researchers prioritize candidate genes and nucleotides for experimental follow-up. Additionally, given the LG/J and SM/J phylogenetic context among inbred strains, these data contribute important information to the genomic landscape of the laboratory mouse.
Parallel sorting of large arrays on the MasPar MP-1

The problem of sorting a collection of values on a mesh-connected, distributed-memory, SIMD (single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream) computer using variants of Batcher's bitonic sort algorithm is considered for the case in which the number of values exceeds the number of processors in the machine. In this setting the number of comparisons can be reduced asymptotically if the processors have addressing autonomy (locally indirect addressing), and communication costs can be reduced by judicious domain decomposition. The implementation of several related adaptations of bitonic sort on a MasPar MP-1 is reported. Performance is analyzed in relation to the virtualization ratio VPR. It is concluded that the most reasonable large-array sort for this machine will combine hypercube virtualization with the processor axes transposed dynamically within an xnet embedding. >
Design and implementation of tool wear monitoring with radial basis function neural networks

In this paper, a unified method for constructing dynamic models for tool wear from prior experiments is proposed. The model approximates flank and crater wear propagation and their effects on cutting force using radial basis function neural networks. Instead of assuming a structure for the wear model and identifying its parameters, only an approximate model is obtained in terms of radial basis functions. The appearance of parameters in a linear fashion motivates a recursive least squares training algorithm. This results in a model which is available as a monitoring tool for online application. Using the identified model, a state estimator is designed based on the upper bound covariance matrix. This filter includes the errors in modeling the wear process, and hence reduces filter divergence. Simulations using the neural network for different cutting conditions show good results. Finally, experimental implementation of the wear monitoring system reveals a reasonable ability of the proposed monitoring scheme to track flank wear.
Chronic Protein Deficiency Differentially Affects the Kinetics of Plasma Proteins in Young Pigs

The use of plasma protein concentrations to assess protein-nutritional status has been questioned because concentrations and kinetics are affected by factors other than protein intake. To determine the effect of protein deficiency on plasma protein concentration and synthesis, two groups of four piglets consumed diets containing either 20 or 3% protein. After 8 wk, 2 H 3 -leucine was infused intravenously to measure the fractional and absolute synthesis rates (FSR and ASR) of albumin, transferrin, retinol binding protein (RBP), transthyretin (TTR), a new peptide called TTR2, the high density apolipoprotein (HDL-apoA-1), fibrinogen, and haptoglobin. Compared with controls, protein-deficient pigs had significantly lower (P < 0.05) plasma albumin, RBP and TTR2 concentrations, significantly slower (P < 0.05) FSR of fibrinogen, HDL-apoA-1, transferrin, and TTR2, significantly lower (P < 0.05) ASR of albumin, fibrinogen, transferrin, and TTR2, and a significantly higher (P < 0.05) ASR of TTR. Fibrinogen and transferrin concentrations did not differ between groups, but transthyretin concentration was higher in protein-deficient pigs. These results suggest that protein-nutritional status cannot be predicted from the concentrations of all plasma proteins, that chronic protein deficiency affects the rate of synthesis of only some plasma proteins, and that the kinetic response of plasma proteins to protein restriction cannot be predicted from measurements of plasma concentrations.
Highly Robust Estimation of Dispersion Matrices

In this paper, we propose a new componentwise estimator of a dispersion matrix, based on a highly robust estimator of scale. The key idea is the elimination of a location estimator in the dispersion estimation procedure. The robustness properties are studied by means of the influence function and the breakdown point. Further characteristics such as asymptotic variance and efficiency are also analyzed. It is shown in the componentwise approach, for multivariate Gaussian distributions, that covariance matrix estimation is more difficult than correlation matrix estimation. The reason is that the asymptotic variance of the covariance estimator increases with increasing dependence, whereas it decreases with increasing dependence for correlation estimators. We also prove that the asymptotic variance of dispersion estimators for multivariate Gaussian distributions is proportional to the asymptotic variance of the underlying scale estimator. The proportionality value depends only on the underlying dependence. Therefore, the highly robust dispersion estimator is among the best robust choice at the present time in the componentwise approach, because it is location-free and combines small variability and robustness properties such as high breakdown point and bounded influence function. A simulation study is carried out in order to assess the behavior of the new estimator. First, a comparison with another robust componentwise estimator based on the median absolute deviation scale estimator is performed. The highly robust properties of the new estimator are confirmed. A second comparison with global estimators such as the method of moment estimator, the minimum volume ellipsoid, and the minimum covariance determinant estimator is also performed, with two types of outliers. In this case, the highly robust dispersion matrix estimator turns out to be an interesting compromise between the high efficiency of the method of moment estimator in noncontaminated situations and the highly robust properties of the minimum volume ellipsoid and minimum covariance determinant estimators in contaminated situations.
The art and science of diabetes education: a culture out of balance

In the past 20 years, behavioral science has helped create a growing body of theoretically derived, evidenced-based approaches to diabetes patient education. Health care professionals in all disciplines are being required to demonstrate that their practice is evidence based. For diabetes educators, behavioral science is the source of much of that evidence. However, effective diabetes education involves a combination of art and science. Establishing a therapeutic alliance with patients is an art. Diabetes educators must have the interpersonal skills, values, and personal traits needed to cultivate relationships with patients that are characterized by trust, respect, and acceptance. They must feel and be able to express compassion, empathy, and warmth. However, if someone outside the field were reviewing diabetes education evaluation research, they would probably conclude that diabetes educators are interchangeable cogs in a wheel. The positive impact of the therapeutic alliance is well documented in the counseling, psychotherapy, education, and nursing literature. However, evidence to support the important role of the diabetes educator's values, interpersonal skills, and ability to establish a therapeutic alliance with patients is absent from that literature. Valid and reliable measures used to document the impact of interpersonal skills counselors and teachers could be used in diabetes education with little or no adaptation. The evidence and tools exist; we now need to determine if the will exists.
IS GENDER DYSPHORIA DYSPHORIC? ELEVATED DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN GENDER DYSPHORIC AND NONDYSPHORIC HOMOSEXUAL AND BISEXUAL MEN IN AN HIV SAMPLE

Few if any studies before the AIDS epidemic suggested that male homosexuals may on average have higher levels of depression than male heterosexuals. However, several samples of homosexual and bisexual men in HIV studies suggest that depression and anxiety are high in these populations, and that this psychiatric morbidity began before the AIDS epidemic. We tested the hypothesis that high childhood gender nonconformity (CGN) is associated with depression and anxiety, and so might account for differences in these variables among samples of homosexuals. A total of 254 homosexual or bisexual male subjects were assessed for depression, anxiety, and associated symptoms using various self-report and interview measures, as well as for CGN (using the Freund Feminine Gender Identity scale, FGI). For comparison purposes only, we also evaluated the subjects for the DSM-III diagnosis of Ego-Dystonic Homosexuality. Highly gender nonconforming men (high FGI scores) were more likely to have current symptoms of anxiety and depression by self-report, and to have had a lifetime history of depression by clinical interview. This association was more often due to FGI items dealing with childhood than adulthood. When the FGI was broken into subscales by a prior factor analysis, stepwise regression suggested that the subscale measuring core gender identity nonconformity (so-called "gender dysphoria") was more reliably associated with depression and anxiety than were the factors measuring nonconformity in the areas of masculine and feminine gender roles, or genitoerotic (sexual) roles. This subscale was also the only FGI measure correlating with Ego-Dystonic Homosexuality. AIDS (CDC stage and HIV serostatus) and age did not account for these findings. We conclude that the often-reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and associated symptoms among homosexual and bisexual men in AIDS studies are more common in the subgroup of such men who are gender dysphoric. Theoretical and clinical implications of these data are discussed.
Effects of drugs of abuse and scopolamine on memory in rats: delayed spatial alternation and matching to position

Drugs of abuse produce amnestic effects in humans and laboratory animals in a variety of tasks. Generally, only a few compounds have been examined in any particular procedure. It was the goal of the present studies to examine drugs of abuse of different pharmacological classes in rats responding under two behavioral schedules historically employed as experimental models of memory: spatial alternation and matching to position. One group of rats responded under a single-response spatial-alternation baseline with a 10-s delay and another group responded under a matching-to-position baseline with delay values of 3, 10 and 30 s. Performance under the spatial-alternation baseline was characterized by low variability and >90% accuracy. Under the matching-to-position baseline, saline control percent accuracy was >95% at 3 s, >85% at 10 s and >70% at 30 s. Under spatial alternation cocaine, d-amphetamine, pentobarbital, diazepam, phencyclidine, scopolamine and methscopolamine produced significant (P<0.05) effects on accuracy, whereas only cocaine, d-amphetamine, pentobarbital and phencyclidine disrupted accuracy under the matching-to-position baseline. These results suggest that spatial alternation may be a more sensitive baseline for determining drug effects on working memory in the rat.
Giant dipole resonance in excited 120Sn and 208Pb nuclei populated by inelastic alpha scattering

Abstract The evolution of the giant dipole resonance (GDR) in hot 120 Sn and 208 Pb nuclei was studied by measuring high energy γ-rays from the decay of the resonance. The excited nuclei were populated by inelastic scattering of α-particles at 40 and 50 MeV/nucleon. The resonance width was observed to increase systematically with excitation energy in both systems. Inelastic scattering populates low angular momentum states in the target. The observed width increase is thus attributed to fluctuations in the nuclear shape induced by temperature.
Smooth Muscle Function in Short- and Long-term Stored Cryopreserved Veins

There is considerable interest in banking of allograft veins for vascular recon struction procedures in patients for whom there are no suitable autologous or prosthetic vessels available. A major obstacle to vein banking has been posed by the lack of long-term storage studies and by a prior report indicating that veins deteriorated rapidly during liquid nitrogen storage. This study was, there fore, initiated to determine the effects of long-term liquid nitrogen storage on tissue viability. Viability was assessed by measurement of smooth muscle func tion in fresh, short-term (one to twenty-eight days), and long-term (> two years) cryopreserved canine saphenous veins. There were no significant differences in the median effective doses of norepinephrine, serotonin, and KCL for genera tion of isometric force by vein rings from short- and long-term stored groups. Similarly, the maximum forces generated by long-term-stored cryopreserved veins in response to each reagent were the same as in short-term-stored vei...
Uniform damping control of spacecraft

This paper introduces the uniform damping control of flexible spacecraft. The dynamic characteristics of spacecraft are reviewed and a criterion for dynamic performance is described by a uniform damping control ap- proach which exhibits three distinctly attractive features. It is shown that 1) the associated uniform damping control law is independent of the spacecraft stiffness, 2) the associated control forces are proportional to the spacecraft mass density, and 3) the uniform damping control law is decentralized. The uniform damping control solution is shown to represent a first-order approximation to a special globally optimal control problem. Also, the implementation of uniform damping control is considered using discrete (in space) actuation and sensing type devices. Robustness in the presence of errors due to implementing the control using discrete components is characterized. VER one hundred and fifty years ago, investigations into the behavior of beams and membrances in bending vibra- tion, rods and shafts in torsional vibration, and bars in longitudinal vibration were conducted. Over the past one hun- dred years, considerable effort has been directed toward extending these classical results to structures of arbitrary shape and under the combined effects of bending, torsion, and longi- tudinal vibration. The extension of these classical works to the so-called field problems together with the development of numerical methods of solution for field problems has brought about the modern field of structural dynamics. More recently, with assistance from classical variational methods and modern linear system concepts, the dual theories of linear optimal con- trol and estimation were formulated along with modern control methods and strategies. Based on these developments, the con- trol of flexible spacecraft has been set on a firm mathematical foundation. To bridge the gap between engineering design and the mathematical foundations upon which the control of space- craft rests, a variety of concepts have been introduced. The representation of the motion of a spacecraft (or any structure) as a series of natural motions together with the representation of the forces acting on a spacecraft as a series of natural forces led to the first methods of modal control.1>2 The phenomena of control spillover and observation spillover were introduced3'4 and the method of independent modal-space control (IMSC)5'7 was presented together with the new concept of simultaneous internal and external decoupling. A number of examinations of the robustness of modal control methods were then conducted,8"11 and, to improve implementation capabilities, decentralized controls were characterized.12'13
Nucleotide excision repair from site-specifically platinum-modified nucleosomes.

Nucleotide excision repair is a major cellular defense mechanism against the toxic effects of the anticancer drug cisplatin and other platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, mononucleosomes were prepared containing either a site-specific cis-diammineplatinum(II)−DNA intrastrand d(GpG) or a d(GpTpG) cross-link. The ability of the histone core to modulate the excision of these defined platinum adducts was investigated as a model for exploring the cellular response to platinum−DNA adducts in chromatin. Comparison of the extent of repair by mammalian cell extracts of free and nucleosomal DNA containing the same platinum−DNA adduct reveals that the nucleosome significantly inhibits nucleotide excision repair. With the GTG-Pt DNA substrate, the nucleosome inhibits excision to about 10% of the level observed with free DNA, whereas with the less efficient GG-Pt DNA substrate the nucleosome inhibited excision to about 30% of the level observed with free DNA. The effects of post-translational modific...
Use of dynamically coated capillaries for the determination of heroin, basic impurities and adulterants with capillary electrophoresis.

Rapid, precise, accurate, and reproducible methodology using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with dynamically coated capillaries for the analysis of heroin and its basic impurities and adulterants is presented. Highly selective determination of the above solutes is obtained by analyzing the same sample preparation by two CE methods. For the determination of heroin, its basic impurities and basic adulterants, dynamic coating of the capillary surface is accomplished using a commercially available reagent kit with an added cyclodextrin ((CD) polycation coating followed by polyanion coating with dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin or hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin). The addition of a cyclodextrin to the run buffer significantly improves the separation of these solutes. Neutral, acidic, and weakly basic adulterants which migrate near or after t0 do not interfere with the more mobile basic solutes. The determination of neutral, acidic, and weakly basic adulterants in heroin is accomplished using a modification of the above commercially available reagent kit. After first coating with a polycation, a negative coating is obtained using a surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with dynamically coated capillaries gives an excellent separation of the neutral, acidic, and weakly basic solutes, with considerably shorter run times compared to conventional MEKC. In addition for this system, most basic solutes in heroin have longer migration times than the uncharged and acidic compounds.
The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database facilitates identification and understanding of chemical-gene-disease associations: arsenic as a case study.

Background The etiology of many chronic diseases involves interactions between environmental factors and genes that modulate physiological processes. Understanding interactions between environmental chemicals and genes/proteins may provide insights into the mechanisms of chemical actions, disease susceptibility, toxicity, and therapeutic drug interactions. The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD; http://ctd.mdibl.org) provides these insights by curating and integrating data describing relationships between chemicals, genes/proteins, and human diseases. To illustrate the scope and application of CTD, we present an analysis of curated data for the chemical arsenic. Arsenic represents a major global environmental health threat and is associated with many diseases. The mechanisms by which arsenic modulates these diseases are not well understood.
Homeless Management Information System Customization Intervention

Homeless management information systems (HMISs) are being implemented nationwide in response to a Congressional mandate to understand the phenomenon of homelessness. Though federal dollars have been provided to implement these systems and though HMISs have been developed by private vendors to meet this mandate, most shelters are not utilizing these systems fully. A case study was undertaken to understand why that was happening in one shelter. Using a cybernetic system analysis revealed the information flows in the agency, thereby allowing me to customize the HMIS, making it more likely to be used for daily shelter operations.
Ocular and systemic manifestations of connective tissue disease: Part II, the seronegative spondyloarthropathies and vasculitides

Abstract The connective tissue diseases are musculoskeletal disorders which have multisystemic involvement, frequently have associated ocular manifestations, and although the specific etiologies are unknown, they all demonstrate abnormalities of the immune system. In the second of this two part series, the systemic and ocular findings of a number of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies and vasculitides will be discussed. These include ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, and giant cell arteritis.
THE DIFFUSION OF GOLD, NICKEL, AND COBALT IN ALPHA IRON: A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FERROMAGNETISM UPON DIFFUSION

Abstract The self-diffusion coefficients for Au, Co, and Ni in α-Fe have been determined between approximately 700 and 900°C. The “magnetic effect” is demonstrated by each of the three diffusing elements. The diffusion coefficients in the paramagnetic temperature region are given by the following equations: DAu = 31 exp [−62.4 × 103/RT], DNi = 9.9 exp [−61.9 × 103/RT], DCo = 118 exp [−68.3 × 10−3/RT]. The values of the activation energy for Ni and Co are substantially different from those previously reported by other investigators.
Wound healing and regenerative response of fragments of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc cultured in vitro

Fragments of imaginal discs of the fruitfly Drosophila undergo growth and pattern regulation when cultured in vivo in adult female hosts for several days prior to metamorphosis in host larvae. Pattern regulation results in either regeneration of excised pattern elements or duplication of elements whose fate map positions lay within the fragment. Initial wound healing along the cut edge of a fragment is thought to be a crucial first step in the process of pattern regulation. We have examined the capacity for wound healing and pattern regulation of fragments (distal halves) of the wing disc cultured in vitro, using the culture system recently reported to support extensive growth and transdetermination of slightly wounded whole imaginal discs in vitro. Our results suggest that disc fragments and whole discs apparently respond differently in the culture system. With disc fragments, wound healing did not occur in vitro. When fragments were first cultured overnight in adult female hosts to allow initial wound healing prior to explantation in vitro, then some volume increase and regeneration of excised portions occurred during 2–3 weeks of culture in vitro. The extent of apparent growth was much less than that reported for whole discs, and the frequency of regeneration in vitro (19%), while highly significant relative to controls not cultured in vitro (0%), was much less than that observed for fragments cultured in vivo (84%). Furthermore the extent of regeneration which occurred in vitro was considerably smaller than that which occurs during regeneration in vivo.
An exploration of differences in auditors' and users' perceptions of key terms used to define auditors' responsibilities

Audit policy has used numerous terms to define auditors' responsibilities over the past several decades. This study explores the structural relationship among key terms used to define auditors' responsibilities including 'misstatement' and embedded terms such as error, irregularity and fraud. Several empirical modelling techniques are used to investigate auditors' and investors' perceptions of the intended meanings of these terms and to measure consensus among such perceptions. Several important differences are detected among auditors as well as between auditors and investors. We conclude that care should be taken by auditing standard setters in issuing standards and preparing guidance to support standards related to the intended meaning and usage of the term misstatement, and its embedded component terms.
A limit theorem on the core

Abstract The classical theorem of Debreu and Scarf (1963) on the relation of the core of an economy to its competitive equilibrium does not depend on an assumption that the preferences of consumers are convex, much less that they are strictly convex.
An assay for simultaneous multiple determinations of peptide binding to MHC class II molecules

Binding of positively charged radiolabeled synthetic peptides to human major histocompatibility complex class II DR molecules, purified by affinity chromatography from lymphoblastoid B cell lines of different haplotypes, is rapidly, quantitatively, and specifically assayed by selective adsorption of the complexes between peptide and DR molecules onto DEAE-cellulose paper disks. This assay can be used as a revealing system of the ability of unlabeled test peptides to competitively inhibit the binding between the radiolabeled peptide and the DR molecules, thus measuring the binding of the competitor peptides, irrespective of their charge properties, to different DR molecules.
The masking-level difference and overall masker level: Restating the internal noise hypothesis

Recent investigations of the masking‐level difference (MLD) have often involved measurement of the MLD as a function of masker level. The results show, as had earlier work, that the size of the MLD decreases as the masker level decreases. These studies have usually not considered an earlier explanation of the dependency of the MLD on masker level, that is, that additive internal noise, which is partially interaurally uncorrelated, leads to decorrelated maskers at low levels of the external masking noise. Because maskers that are decorrelated yield small MLDs, the MLD is likewise small at low masker levels. This review article shows that this explanation provides a good fit to data obtained over the past four decades. It also shows that the MLD depends less on masker level with insert phones than with supraaural phones as would be predicted by the additive internal noise explanation and the observation of lower internal noise with the use of insert phones. It is concluded that the internal noise explanation should be considered when the MLD is measured as a function of masker level.
Estrogens, Episodic Memory, and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Critical Update

Estrogen-containing hormone therapy initiated during late postmenopause does not improve episodic memory (an important early symptom of Alzheimer's disease), and it increases dementia risk. Cognitive consequences of exogenous estrogen exposures during midlife are less certain. Observational evidence implies that use of hormone therapy at a younger age close to the time of menopause may reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease later in life. However, there are concerns that observational findings may be systematically biased. Partial insight on this critical issue may be gleaned from results of ongoing clinical trials involving midlife postmenopausal women (Early versus Late Intervention Trial with Estrogen; Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study). The effects of exogenous midlife estrogen exposures and Alzheimer risk can also be approached through better animal models, through carefully designed cohort studies, and through use of surrogate outcomes in randomized controlled trials in midlife women. Selective estrogen receptor modulators have the potential to affect cognitive outcomes and also merit additional study.
Determinants of abnormal left ventricular filling in early hypertension.

Abstract Thirty-seven untreated subjects with borderline or mild hypertension were studied to establish the prevalence and clinical characteristics associated with abnormal left ventricular filling in this disorder. Subjects were referred to this study because of casual office blood pressure measurements of ≥140/90 mm Hg; all were Left ventricular mass was determined echocardiographically, and Doppler echocardiography was used to assess left ventricular filling. No subject had increased left ventricular mass, but 8 (22%) of the 37 had abnormal left ventricular filling. All eight subjects with abnormal left ventricular filling had an ambulatory systolic blood pressure >130 mm Hg and a supine systolic blood pressure >122 mm Hg. Abnormal filling was not related to left ventricular mass or heart rate. In multivariate analysis, the degree of abnormal filling could best be predicted from a combination of age and supine systolic blood pressure (r = 0.69; p This study suggests that in untreated early essential hypertension, abnormal left ventricular filling is present in >20% of subjects, precedes detectable left ventricular hypertrophy and is related to age and prevailing level of blood pressure.
Communications on the theory of diffusion and reaction—VIII Variational bounds on the effectiveness factor

Abstract It is shown how upper and lower bounds to the effectiveness factor may be obtained by variational methods. The formulae are developed to be capable of handling mass transfer resistance at the surface of the catalyst particle, a diffusion coefficient which depends upon position in the particle, and a non-linear but monotonic increasing reaction rate function. Such bounds are developed for two catalysts: those in which the reaction occurs at every point, and those in which the reaction occurs on discrete active surfaces distributed throughout an inert particles. It is shown how these bounds may be used to analyze experimental data taken for a first order reaction.
Protect your facility and staff with effective discipline and termination.

Minimize the effects of disciplinary action and termination with well-designed policies and procedures.
The American counterrevolution : a retreat from liberty, 1783-1800

Americans, thrilled with newly won independence in 1783, set out to create a new form of government, one in which equality for all would be the underpinning of society. Yet by 1800, voting rights remained accessible only to a landed aristocracy; slavery was codified in the Constitution; and women were no freer than they had been prior to the Revolution. The American Counterrevolution is an expansive study of this difficult period that traces our shift from the ideals of liberty to the politics of order. A refutation of virtually the entire historiography surrounding the outcomes of the Revolution, this epic narrative will change how we view American democracy.
Experimental size ratio and compositional effects on the packing and hot isostatic pressing of spherical powders

Abstract An experimental method was devised to increase the “packing density” of random spherical powder packings by agitation with an applied compressive force. Maximum random packing densities of both monosize and bimodal-size powder packings of various size ratios and volume fractions are compated to the as-received gas-atmoized SS316L powder. Since the presence of a compressive load will tend to restrict the opening of interparticle passages through the powder pack, uniform mixing of the powders beforehand is important for achieving optimum packing. At the same time, however, macroscopic size segregation of mixer-mill-premixed powder packins was found not to be significant using this technique. Densities of optimized bimodal-size powder packings far exceed those of non-optimized packings and the as-received (continuously distributed) powder. This enhancement is also retained during subsequent hot isostatic pressing.
Experimental studies on two mutant genes, r and x, in the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum)

Abstract Mutant genes r and x, discovered in two unrelated axolotl stocks, are simple recessives determining autonomous cell lethal traits. These traits become recognizable by their characteristic gill and limb patterns which appear in each at about the same period of development. The life spans of the two mutants are approximately the same. Larvae homozygous for both mutants are easily recognized by their smaller size, reduced gill development, and unusually small eyes. None of the three mutant phenotypes (r/r, x/x, rr/xx) is benefited by parabiosis with a normal larva. Transplants of the forelimb area from all three usually were soon invaded by tissues of host origin, resulting in limbs ranging from those almost normal to those reduced to functionless stumps. Those from r/r donors produced the highest percentage of useful limbs. Transplants of the gill-forming area produced gills of the mutant type which, in all cases, regressed. Distention and rupture of gill vessels led to death of some animals. In others the gills became reduced to mere stubs or even disappeared. The failure of replacement of pharyngeal structures of mutant graft origin resulted in the death of all grafted animals from vascular accidents or by prevention of normal feeding or respiration.
FLAVONE ACETIC ACID STIMULATES NITRIC OXIDE AND PEROXYNITRITE PRODUCTION IN SUBCUTANEOUS MOUSE TUMORS

Flavone acetic acid (FAA) has powerful anti-tumor activity against many types of solid murine tumors, but its biochemical mechanism of action is not understood. The present study examined the role of tumor vasculature and nitric oxide in mediating the anti-tumor effects of FAA. Athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous RJ2-14 tumors were treated with a single dose of FAA, 200 mg/kg i.p., and euthanized at various times. Apoptosis within tumors was apparent during the first six hours of FAA treatment. We found that Type III, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was significantly increased in tumors, but not in other tissues, as early as two hours after FAA dosing. FAA also stimulated the formation of the toxic peroxynitrite radical in tumors within two hours of treatment as assessed by immunostaining for nitrotyrosine. Staining was observed in dilated tumor vessels and surrounding tumor cells and correlated with the presence of apoptosis. Tumor endothelium may therefore be a critical target for FAA activity via stimulation of the nitric oxide pathway.
Pleural effusion in the mechanically ventilated patient.

Purpose of reviewPleural effusions (PLEF) occur frequently in mechanically ventilated patients (MVP). There have been improvements in bedside diagnosis, quantification, and drainage techniques. Nevertheless, information on the impact of PLEF on heart-lung performance and pathophysiologic considerati
The effect of unilateral adrenalectomy on adrenal venous 17-hydroxycorticosteroid output in the dog.

IT HAS been assumed that the hypertrophied adrenal cortex is capable of a greater steroid output than the normal, but direct proof of this assumption has been lacking. Recently, Hechter, Macchi, Korman, Frank and Frank (1) reported extremely wide variations in 17-hydroxycorticosteroid output from the adrenals of a series of acutely stressed dogs without apparent correlation to the size of the glands. In view of this variation, it seemed of interest to determine whether or not the hypertrophy of the remaining adrenal cortex induced by unilateral adrenalectomy was associated with a higher output of cortical hormones than that seen in the normal animal under identical conditions of surgical stress.
A model for dark current and multiplication in HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes

In this paper we report the calculated results of the dark current and multiplication factor in MBE grown HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes with separate absorption and multiplication (SAM-APD). The device architecture used for this analysis comprises the following layers: p+ contact, p junction, n− multiplication, n charge sheet, n− absorber, and n+ contact. Various leakage current mechanisms are considered and the generation-recombination term is found to be the dominant one for this device structure. However, experimental reverse bias I-V characteristics reported earlier by T. de Lyon et al. shows a large deviation from ideality, which can not be explained in terms of bulk leakage current mechanism. To explain the large difference between experimental and theoretical data we consider that the dominant generation-recombination current is multiplied through impact ionization process. To validate this assumption, multiplication is calculated as a function of reverse bias. Electric field profile is obtained and the multiplication is computed using the ionization coefficients and avalanche gain equations. Breakdown voltage is found to be 85 V for room temperature operation in agreement with available data in the literature. The theoretical I-V curves considering multiplication are compared with the experimental ones and a close agreement is found which validate this model.
Improvements in Mucopolysaccharidosis I Mice After Adult Retroviral Vector–mediated Gene Therapy with Immunomodulation

Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) is caused by deficient alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) activity and results in the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans and multisystemic disease. Gene therapy could program cells to secrete mannose 6-phosphate-modified IDUA, and enzyme in blood could be taken up by other cells. Neonatal retroviral vector (RV)-mediated gene therapy has been shown to reduce the manifestations of murine MPS I; however, intravenous injection of RV into adults was ineffective owing to a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against transduced cells. In this study, prolonged inhibition of CD28 signaling with CTLA4-Ig, or transient administration of CTLA4-Ig with an anti-CD40 ligand antibody or with an anti-CD4 antibody, resulted in stable expression in most mice that received RV as adults. Mice with stable expression had 81 +/- 41U/ml IDUA activity in serum. This resulted in reductions in bone disease, improvements in hearing and vision, and reductions in biochemical and pathological evidence of lysosomal storage in most organs. Improvements in brain were likely due to diffusion of enzyme from blood. However, aortic disease was refractory to treatment. This demonstrates that most manifestations of MPS I can be prevented using adult gene therapy if an immune response is blocked.
Dermal penetration and potential for placental transfer of the insect repellent, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide

N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (m-Det) is a widely used insect repellent readily available in various formulations. Radiolabeled (14C) m-Det was evaluated for rate and extent of skin penetration in three animal species. Absorption was quantitated in excreta for 7 days following a single dermal application and deposition monitored in tissues at necropsy. The potential for transplacental transfer and bioaccumulation of absorbed m-Det by the fetus was also assessed following repeated applications to pregnant rabbits. Significant dermal absorption of the repellent was noted in all species, primarily in the first few hours, and was essentially complete after 3 days. No bioaccumulation of the labeled moiety was noted in tissues at 7 days. Pregnant rabbits receiving repeated dermal applications throughout gestation showed no evidence of bioaccumulation of the chemical in maternal tissue or individual fetuses. It is suggested that m-Det should not present a dermatoxic hazard to man and that topical absorption should be ...
Minor petuniasterones from Petunia hybrida

Abstract Seven new steroids have been isolated from leaves and stems of Petunia hybrida . They are 30-hydroxy petuniasterone A (C-30 epimeric mixture), 1α-acetoxy-1,2-dihydropetuniasterone A (designated petuniasterone E), (22 R ,24 S )-7α,24-dihydroxy-22,25-oxidoergosta-1,4-dien-3-one (petuniasterone F), C-24 epimers of (22 R )-7α,22,24,25-tetrahydroxyergosta-1,4-dien-3-one (petuniasterones G 1 and G 2 and C-24 epimers of (22 R )-1-α-acetoxy-7α,22,24,25-tetrahydroxyergost-4-en-3-one (petuniasterones H 1 and H 2 ). The compounds which have 1-α-acetoxy groups may easily be converted into the corresponding A-ring dienes by mild base. The orthoesters and other side-chain variants may be formed from the 24,25-epoxy compounds which co-occur in the plant.
Designing computer software for information systems in psychiatry

Abstract A software system designed for use in a psychiatric hospital produces reports in ordinary English (among other potential uses). The ability to program in task-specific languages (which, being subsets of English, are self-documenting), extreme flexibility, and ease of change are characteristics of the system that minimize the obstacles to communication between clinicians, administrators, programmer supervisors, programmers, etc. A table-driven compiler that parses these languages and generates object code, and an interpreter that interprets this code provide these characteristics. Included are figures showing one of the self-documenting programs, the meta-language description of the program's source language, and a report generated by the program. A discussion of some of the technical aspects of the compiler is included in an appendix.
Application of Automatic Gain Control Devices to Broadcast Audio Control

Present day broadcast program practices have brought about more complex operational requirements with the result that less effort can be devoted by the operator to maintaining a desirable constant audio level.
Parasites and T helper cell development: some insights.

Abstract Five years after the initial observations implicating the T helper (Th)-cell dichotomy (Th1Th2) as the point in the immunoregulation of murine infection with Leishmania major , investigation has shifted to the factors that govern the differentiation of a specific immune response from its pre-immune of undifferentiated state. In this article, Steven Reiner focuses on the most recent advances concerning the lineage commitment of mature Th-cell populations, showing how new techniques [such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and transgenic mice] have allowed for a more-careful dissection of the early evolution of an immune response.
Interaction of amylopectin with monoglycerides in model systems

The ability of glyceryl monomyristate (GMM), glyceryl monopalmitate (GMP) and glyceryl monostearate (GMS) to form insoluble complexes with amylopectin was studied in model systems. Amylopectin complexed to the greatest extent with GMP, followed by GMM and GMS, respectively. The degree of complex formation was statistically different (p<0.01) among monoglycerides. Iodimetric titrations of the complexes showed that the presence of GMP and GMM in the model systems significantly (p<0.01) decreased the iodine affinity of the amylopectin when compared with the control. The presence of GMS in the model systems decreased the iodine affinity of the amylopectin slightly but not with statistical significance. The decrease in iodine affinity caused by the three monoglycerides was statistically different (p<0.01) among treatments. There was a negative linear relationship between the yield of complex and the amount of monoglyceride (MG) and the iodine affinity of the complexes. No conclusion about the nature of the interaction between amylopectin and the MG could be made by doing infrared and NMR analyses of the model systems.
Hyper-dry conditions provide new insights into the cause of extreme floods after wildfire

Abstract A catastrophic wildfire in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains near Boulder, Colorado provided a unique opportunity to investigate soil conditions immediately after a wildfire and before alteration by rainfall. Measurements of near-surface ( ~ 3 × 105 cm) existed and provided an in-situ retention curve for these conditions. These conditions exacerbate the effects of water repellency (natural and fire-induced) and limit the effectiveness of capillarity and gravity driven infiltration into fire-affected soils. The important consequence is that given hyper-dry conditions, the critical rewetting process before the first rain is restricted to the diffusion–adsorption of water-vapor. This process typically has a time scale of days to weeks (especially when the hydrologic effects of the ash layer are included) that is longer than the typical time scale (minutes to hours) of some rainstorms, such that under hyper-dry conditions essentially no rain infiltrates. The existence of hyper-dry conditions provides insight into why, frequently during the first rain storm after a wildfire, nearly all rainfall becomes runoff causing extreme floods and debris flows.
Comparisons of target output monitoring and source input monitoring

Five experiments were conducted to compare source memory to target memory. For the current purposes, source memory was defined as information that was learned from two sources (i.e. information input) whereas target memory was defined as information that was delivered to two sources (i.e. information output). The paradigm that we developed involved receiving concrete objects from two people in the source-monitoring conditions or giving away these same objects to two people in the target-monitoring conditions. This procedure allowed a direct comparison of source monitoring to target monitoring holding all other experimental variables constant. Target-monitoring performance exceeded source monitoring except when the decision component of target monitoring was eliminated and incorporated into source monitoring. Commonalities and differences between source and target monitoring are discussed as are the real-world implications of target memory for social behavior and facilitating communication. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who Rides Airport Railways? The Case of London City Airport

A new methodology is proposed for postproject analysis of airport railways for guidance in planning airport ground access. The concept is to determine the type of rail passenger (air passenger or employee, business or leisure, and resident or nonresident) by comparison of hourly rail ridership, air passenger volumes, air traffic movements, and geographic location of trip ends. A test is proposed for each possible ridership group to determine who is using the railway. A case study of London City Airport is used to illustrate the value of the method with Oyster smartcard ridership data from Transport for London. Findings confirm that the impressive 51% Docklands Light Railway mode share for air passengers from small sample surveys is realistic: the railway connection is predominantly used by air passengers and not employees. The airport characteristics—predominantly business travelers, relatively central location, and local employees—simplify the analysis. Geographical information system analysis revealed o...