cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"The Largest Gathering of the Global Indian Family": Neoliberalism, Nationalism, and Diaspora at Pravasi Bharatiya Divas

Mani and Varadarajan examine the first annual Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (“Day of Indians Abroad”), a conference organized by India’s government that in 2003 attracted more than 2,000 persons of Indian origin from around the world, including the descendants of indentured laborers in the Caribbean as well as Silicon Valley professionals. Culminating a decade of neoliberal economic reforms initiated by the Indian government, this and other Pravasi Bharatiya Divas conferences inaugurated a new cultural, historical, and political relationship between the Indian state and its diasporas. Working from disciplinary standpoints in political science and cultural studies, the authors explore the intersection of ideologies of nationalism, neoliberalism, and diaspora in modern India. They first discuss the ways in which diverse histories and experiences of immigration were consolidated into a singular category of “diaspora,” provoking ambivalence and resistance from some delegates. Second, they situate the conference within a longer of history of interactions between the colonial and postcolonial Indian state and overseas Indian populations, arguing that Pravasi Bharatiya Divas marked a radical departure from previous government policies toward non-resident Indian (NRI) and person of Indian origin (PIO) population, by rhetorically evoking an unbroken link between “Mother India” and her “children abroad.” As such, it marked a serious attempt by the Indian state to redefine its position on the world stage. Third, the authors examine the ways in which the new “global” India produced onstage at Pravasi Bharatiya Divas was prefigured through the institutionalization of neoliberal economic policies from 1991 onward. They conclude by arguing that celebrations like Pravasi Bharatiya Divas enable us to understand how postcolonial states actively constitute diasporas as national subjects. By redefining the domain of the “national,” Pravasi Bharatiya Divas reasserts the relevance of the state in the contemporary era of globalization.
Identification of candidate markers associated with agronomic traits in rice using discriminant analysis

Plant genetic mapping strategies routinely utilize marker genotype frequencies obtained from progeny of controlled crosses to declare presence of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on previously constructed linkage maps. We have evaluated the potential of discriminant analysis (DA), a multivariate statistical procedure, to detect candidate markers associated with agronomic traits among inbred lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.). A total of 218 lines originating from the US and Asia were planted in field plots near Alvin, Texas, in 1996 and 1997. Agronomic data were collected for 12 economically important traits, and DNA profiles of each inbred line were produced using 60 SSR and 114 RFLP markers. Model-based methods revealed population structure among the lines. Marker alleles associated with all traits were identified by DA at high levels of correct percent classification within subpopulations and across all lines. Associated marker alleles pointed to the same and different regions on the rice genetic map when compared to previous QTL mapping experiments. Results from this study suggest that candidate markers associated with agronomic traits can be readily detected among inbred lines of rice using DA combined with other methods described in this report.
The effects of electrical inactivity and denervation on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors in developing rat muscle

Abstract Explants of thoracic body wall from rat embryos, including intercostal muscles, ribs, and the adjacent segments of spinal cord, were maintained in organ culture. Nerve-muscle differentiation proceeded in culture with a pattern and time course similar to that of the same synapses developing in utero. To understand further the factors that regulate acetylcholine sensitivity in developing rat myotubes, we studied the effects of electrical inactivity and denervation on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors. When muscle and spinal cord were explanted at 15 days of gestation, prior to the appearance of junctional receptor clusters, intact nerve terminals were required to initiate receptor aggregation at the site of nerve-muscle junction. Electrical activity was not necessary for induction of these primary junctional clusters. Inactivity resulted, however, in the appearance of secondary multiple receptor clusters at random sites along the fibers. In the presence of tetrodotoxin, the electrically inactive nerve terminals sprouted; this was accompanied by the enlargement of the junctional receptor clusters, at the end plate, but there was no correlation between nerve sprouting and the location of extrajunctional receptor aggregates. Later in development, at a time when the junctional receptors are metabolically more stable, terminal sprouting failed to induce the increase in size of junctional receptor aggregates.
Contact and friction of single crystal nickel nanoparticles using molecular dynamics

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the embedded atom method potentials were performed to describe the interparticle behavior of two single crystal spherical nickel nanoparticles during compaction based on the particle size and contact angle. We analyzed the evolution of the contact surfaces during the MD simulations and investigated the frictional effects at the contact surfaces. Using macroscale contact laws and the Amontons–Coulomb friction law, we compared the MD contact results to previous studies and showed length scale dependence in friction.
Branched poly(arylene ether ketone)s with tailored thermal properties: Effects of AB/AB2 ratio, core (B3) percentage, and reaction temperature

Abstract A series of poly(ether ketone) copolymers were prepared by nucleophilic aromatic polymerization reactions of the AB monomer 4-fluoro-4′-hydroxybenzophenone, 1 , and the AB 2 monomer bis(4-fluorophenyl)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine oxide, 2 , in the presence of 3 or 5 mol% of a highly reactive core molecule, tris(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)phosphine oxide (B 3 ), 4 . All of the copolymers prepared in the presence of a core molecule were sufficiently soluble in N -methylpyrrolidinone, NMP, to allow the determination of their molecular weights and polydispersity indices, PDIs. Number-average molecular weights, M n s, of 3200–6800 Da were determined and the PDI values ranged from 1.41 to 4.07. The M n was controlled by the mol% of 4 present in the reaction mixture with higher molar percentages leading to lower M n values. Lower reaction temperatures and lower ratios of AB/AB 2 monomers afforded copolymers with lower PDI values. As expected, the crystallinity of the samples decreased with an increasing AB 2 content or an increase in PDI. The copolymers also exhibited excellent thermo-oxidative stability with a number of samples suffering 5% weight losses at temperatures, in air, well in excess of 450 °C.
The Case Record Rating Scale: a method for rating symptom and social function data from case records.

Abstract Case records provide a vast resource of information for clinical research, yet their value has been limited by several methodological problems. One of these has been the absence of standardized approaches for making diagnoses and other clinical judgements from case record data. This report describes the Case Record Rating Scale, an instrument designed to provide a standardized method for abstracting case record information. The reliability of the scale is demonstrated, and the advantages and problems encountered using case record data for research are described.
Responses of Elbow Extensors to Landing Forces During Jump Downs in Cats

Forces and displacements at the elbow joint have been related to EMG responses of flexor and extensor muscles during landing from jump downs at heights of 1.2 m to 0.6 m in five cats. Prelanding EMG activity consisted of two prelanding extensor bursts. Onset of both bursts was constant across all jump heights with reference to landing and not to take-off, occurring on average 73 ± 12 ms and 17 ± 8 ms prior to ground contact for the lateral triceps. Post-landing EMG activity was less than prelanding activity and was often packaged in three bursts, occurring on average at 18 ± 6, 34 ± 8 and 50 ± 9 ms after touchdown. Other measurements from extensor EMG including burst duration and integrated activity pre- and post-landing were also invariant. Across jump heights, maximum flexion angular velocity and elbow displacement were reached on average 28 ± 5 and 85 ± 7 ms postlanding, respectively. Although vertical (y) and horizontal (x) ground reaction forces increased with jump height, torque values at the elbow joint were not significantly different and were small in magnitude. At landing an animal typically experienced a 20 ms flexor torque (0.3 Nm/kg b.wt.) followed by an extensor torque (0.4 Nm/kg b.wt.) that continued for the major portion of elbow flexion.
Alternative Control: What’s WASp Doing in the Nucleus?

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked recessive immunodeficiency disorder of childhood that is caused by mutations in the WAS gene. WAS encodes WASp, a protein that is known to function in the cytoplasm of hematopoietic cells and is required for the induced differentiation of CD4+ T helper type 1 (TH1) lymphocytes. Now, a paper in Science Translational Medicine describes another mechanism for impaired immunity in WAS by showing that WASp localizes in the nucleus and regulates histone modifications and chromatin structure, thereby modulating expression of the TH1 master gene TBX21 (TBET).
Double No‐Hit: Johnny Vander Meer's Historic Night under the Lights. By James W. Johnson. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2012. Pp. xi, 196. $15.95.)

There are few areas of modern American historical research more deceptively difficult than baseball. On the surface it appears laughably easy—no sport and few other cultural events have been covere...
Evaluating a sham-controlled sensory-testing protocol for nonverbal adults with neurodevelopmental disorders: self-injury and gender effects.

Abstract Ambiguous or blunted responses to sensory and painful stimuli among individuals with severe intellectual disabilities and comorbid communicative impairments put them at risk for having their experience of pain discounted and their expression of pain misinterpreted. Valid measurement procedures of behavioral expression are critical for this vulnerable group of individuals. We investigated a sham-controlled sensory-testing protocol as an approach to guard against observer bias during nonverbal behavioral recording for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Participants were 44 (52% male) adults (mean age=46, sd=10) with moderate (14%) and severe to profound (86%) intellectual impairment. The facial behavior of the participants before, during, and after 5 sensory-stimulation modalities (pin prick, light touch, deep pressure, cool, warm) was coded by 3 raters using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). For each participant, the 5 active sensory trials were randomized with sham trials during which no stimulation was applied. Observers were blinded to active vs sham stimulation status. FACS scores increased significantly during active sensory trials ( P P P Perspective This article presents a novel application of a modified approach to quantitative sensory testing for nonverbal adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. This approach could be important in helping determine sensory issues related to tactile and nociceptive processes among a highly vulnerable group of individuals.
Quantitative analysis of sugars by densitometric inspection of thin-layer chromatograms: analysis of method

Abstract This paper describes a method for quantifying thin-layer chromatograms, presents data supporting the importance of running separate standards for each sample replicate, discusses possible variation due to spotting errors, and supplies statistical data of comparisons to other studies.
W. H. Hutt's the economics of the colour bar

[The] purpose [of The Economics of the Colour Bar] is not to provide an up-to-date account of the racial situation in South Africa. It simply uses the experience of that country in an attempt to expose the ultimate origins of colour injustices generally. Similar origins can, I suggest, be discerned for all colour, racial, caste, class or similar injustices wherever they may exist1 .
An analysis of citations in introductory criminology textbooks: A research note

Abstract Introductory textbooks have an important role in familiarizing people with the subject matter, scope, accumulated knowledge, and general problems of a professional discipline. Therefore, they perform a socializing function for a substantive area of study. A study was conducted to find out which social scientists are most cited in 20 recently published criminology textbooks. The study resulted in a list of 19 names of influential criminologists and some additional findings concerning the “criminological enterprise.”
Assessment of out-of-state truck activity in California

Abstract The continued growth of interstate freight trucking brings with it the potential for inaccuracies in official government statistics on trucks’ road use and pollutant emission contributions. State government agency emission estimates for states within the US commonly rely on in-state truck and fuel use records. Consequently, these records can incompletely reflect overall truck activity and emissions by neglecting the trucks that are registered and/or are fueled out of state. An in-person interview survey of 433 heavy-duty truck drivers was conducted at select points of entry into California to better understand the contribution of out-of-state trucks, their fuel use, and their emissions in California. The results indicate that non-California-registered trucks and non-California-diesel fuel make up approximately 30% of Class 8 heavy-duty truck mileage on California roads. Non-California-registered-truck mileage is disproportionately concentrated in four California air basins that have significant air quality issues.
Short-range correlations, effective charge and parity violation in the 482 keV transition in tantalum

Abstract A detailed investigation of the effect of the short-range correlations produced by the Reid soft-core potential on the one-vector-meson exchange contribution to the circular polarization of radiation emitted in the 482 keV transition in 181 Ta shows that the contribution is reduced by a factor of 2.5. Analysis reveals that the incorporation of effective charge in shellmodel calculations results in unrealistically low estimates of the circular polarization.
Acetylcholine Relaxation of Renal Artery and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity of Renal Cortex Increase with Fetal and Postnatal Age

Acetylcholine Relaxation of Renal Artery and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity of Renal Cortex Increase with Fetal and Postnatal Age
Diganglioside GD2 and Antigen 8H9: Potential Targets for Antibody-Based Immunotherapy against Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor and Rhabdomyosarcoma

Diganglioside G D2 and Antigen 8H9: Potential Targets for Antibody-Based Immunotherapy against Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor and Rhabdomyosarcoma
Effects of nigrostriatal dopamine denervation on ionotropic glutamate receptors in rat caudate-putamen

Changes in ionotropic glutamate NMDA, AMPA and KA receptor binding in rat caudate-putamen were examined by quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography 5 weeks after lesioning nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. In this animal model of Parkinson's disease, density of binding in caudate-putamen increased at KA, but not NMDA or AMPA receptors. The findings indicate that nigrostriatal dopamine denervation can selectively enhance KA receptor levels in rat basal ganglia, suggest that KA receptors contribute to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, and may suggest innovative treatments.
Role of matrix metalloproteinases in abdominal aortic aneurysms

Considerable progress has been made toward characterizing the enzymes and proteolytic events that occur in established human abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Through studies involving a number of different laboratories and various experimental approaches, enzymes of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family have consistently emerged as important molecular participants in aneurysm disease. The finding that elastolytic MMPs, particularly MMP-9 and MMP-2, are expressed and produced in increased amounts in human aneurysm tissue, has led to the possibility that these enzymes might serve as rational targets for pharmacotherapy in this disease. Recent studies using MMP-inhibiting tetracycline derivatives in the elastase-induced rodent model of AAA indicate that metalloproteinase suppression is a feasible and successful approach in the experimental setting. The definitive proof-of-principle for the therapeutic efficacy of anti-MMP or other anti-proteinase strategies to limit the growth of small AAA, however, will remain unknown until specifically tested in clinical trials.
Evaluation of cleaning methods for multilayer diffraction gratings

Multilayer dielectric (MLD) diffraction gratings are an essential component for the OMEGA EP short-pulse, highenergy laser system. The MLD gratings must have both high-optical-diffraction efficiency and high laser-damage threshold to be suitable for use within the OMEGA EP Laser System. Considerable effort has been directed toward optimizing the process parameters required to fabricate gratings that can withstand the 2.6-kJ output energy delivered by each beam. In this paper, we discuss a number of conventional semiconductor chemical cleaning processes that have been investigated for grating cleaning, and present evidence of their effectiveness in the critical cleaning of MLD gratings fabricated at LLE. Diffraction efficiency and damage-threshold data were correlated with both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time-of-flight secondary ion-mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to determine the best combination of cleaning process and chemistry. We found that using these cleaning processes we were able to exceed both the LLE diffraction efficiency (specification >97%) and laser-damage specifications (specification >2.7 J/cm2).
Pushing the band gap envelope: mid-infrared emitting colloidal PbSe quantum dots.

Efficient mid-infrared sources are of considerable general interest for gas analysis, remote sensing, and atmospheric monitoring, but existing technologies are limited. Here, we report the synthesis of the first colloidal QDs having photoluminescence (PL) in the mid-infrared. We show particle-size-tunable mid-infrared emission for large (10−17 nm), but quantum-confined, colloidal PbSe QDs, with efficient, narrow-bandwidth PL at energies as low as 0.30 eV (4.1 μm). Applying two new synthetic routes, we have achieved fine control of QD size and size distribution, allowing us to provide the first systematic correlation of QD size with PL energy for PbSe QDs emitting at wavelengths longer than 2 μm, results which are compared with a literature model. For the entire spectral range reported, we provide measured quantum yields in emission, showing a marked decrease with increasing QD size, for which we include a possible explanation. Finally, we present very promising preliminary results for overcoating PbSe wit...
Safety of esophageal EMR in elderly patients

Background EMR is commonly used to remove suspicious esophageal lesions among patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). BE primarily affects older patients. Yet, the safety profile of EMR in elderly patients has not been well-described. Objective We aimed to study the safety profile of EMR in elderly patients compared with younger patients. Design Retrospective, observational, descriptive study that used a prospective database. Setting Tertiary-care referral center. Patients A total of 136 patients who underwent esophageal EMR for BE. Interventions EMR with/without ablative therapy. Main Outcome Measurements The rate of adverse events, including bleeding, stricture formation, and perforation between elderly (aged ≥75 years) and younger (aged Results We identified 136 patients who underwent esophageal EMR who were followed-up in our clinic. Of those, 40% (n = 55) were aged ≥75 years (elderly group) and 60% (n = 81) were aged P = .75). Limitations Single-center experience. Conclusion Rates of adverse events from EMR appear to be similar in elderly patients compared with younger patients. Overall, esophageal EMR seems to offer an acceptable safety profile in elderly patients.
Hypothermia in mice: D2 dopamine receptor mediation and absence of spare receptors

The nonselective dopamine (DA) receptor agonists R(−)apomorphine (APO) and R(−)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) elicited dose- and time-dependent hypothermia in mice with ED50 values of 300 and 18 μg/kg, respectively. The selective D2 agonist quinpirole (LY 171555) also elicited dose-dependent hypothermia, whereas the selective D1 agonist SKF 38393 had no effect. The selective D1 and D2 antagonists SCH 23390 (1 mg/kg) and sulpride (200 mg/kg), respectively, did not significantly alter body temperature. The hypothermic effect of a maximal dose of NPA (0.2 mg/kg) was not blocked by SCH 23390 (1 mg/kg) but was significantly attenuated (p<0.001) by pretreatment with sulpride (200 mg/kg). Pretreatment with sulpiride (200 mg/kg) produced a parallel, 40-fold shift to the right of the dose-response curve for NPA. Partial, irreversible DA receptor inactivation by N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) (2 mg/kg) reduced the maximal hypothermic effect of NPA (to 49% of control) without altering its ED50. Analysis of the data indicated a linear relationship between DA receptor occupancy and hypothermic response. The results demonstrate that DA agonist-induced hypothermia in mice is mediated by D2 receptors and that there is no receptor reserve for this response.
BEYOND KRAS: Other Markers and Potential Treatment Strategies for KRAS Mutant and Wild-type Patients

Despite the advances and new drug discoveries, the best drug in metastatic colorectal cancer (mcrc) is 5-fluorouracil. This drug is the backbone of FOLFOX and FOLFIRI which are the standard first line cytotoxic regimens in the metastatic setting. The efficacies of these two regimens are equivalent, and the selection of one over the other is largely based on the side effect profile. Bevacizumab is commonly added to each of these regimes in the first line setting. When a patient develops progression of disease on FOLFOX, then treatment with either single agent irinotecan, or FOLFIRI is a typical approach. If FOLFIRI-BEV is used in first line, the FOLFOX is typically given in second line. All patients with metastatic colorectal cancer have their tumor tested for the KRAS mutation in exon 2. If the tumor is KRAS wild-type then either cetuximab or panitumumab, with or without continued irinotecan, may be used. In patients whose tumors are symptomatic, and so requiring a rapid response, cetuximab or panitumumab may be incorporated into second line therapy instead of third line. There are no data supporting the use of cetuximab after progression on panitumumab or vice versa and use of one of these agents after failure on the other is not appropriate. Upon progression on the standard chemotherapies outlined above appropriate patients may be offered participation in a clinical trial. For patients whose tumors are KRAS mutant a clinical trial should be considered upon progression on oxaliplatin and irinotecan-based regimens. New agents and combinations of targeted therapies described below offer promising therapies for patients with both KRAS wild type and mutant tumors. As our molecular knowledge of mcrc advances future therapies will likely tailor an individualized approach based on tumor specific molecular markers.
Reconciling bioethics with health care strategies born of behavioral economics and psychology.

The application of principles of behavioral economics and psychology toward understanding and shaping choices and decisions in health care presents an important, and often overlooked, aspect of bio...
Feature geometry and dependency: A review

A fundamental problem in phonological theory is the fact that processes often operate on consistent subsets of the distinctive features within a segment, like the features that characterize place of articulation. Recent research has responded to this problem by proposing a hierarchical organization of the features into functionally related classes, grouped under nodes of a tree structure. This ‘geometry’ resembles earlier theories that accomplish the same thing with multivalued features. This article reviews and expands the evidence for feature geometry. Within the segment, it is argued, the major dichotomy is between a Laryngeal node and a Place node. The manners of articulation – sonority, consonantality, nasality, and continuance – inhere in the segment itself rather than any of its subsidiary parts. Within the Place node, the division is into major articulators, each with its own subordinate features. Evidence is drawn from processes of assimilation and debuccalization and from the assimilatory and dissimilatory effects of the Obligatory Contour Principle.
Gender differences in a longitudinal study of age-associated hearing loss

Current studies are inconclusive regarding specific patterns of gender differences in age‐associated hearing loss. This paper presents results from the largest and longest longitudinal study reported to date of changes in pure‐tone hearing thresholds in men and women screened for otological disorders and noise‐induced hearing loss. Since 1965, the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging has collected hearing thresholds from 500 to 8000 Hz using a pulsed‐tone tracking procedure. Mixed‐effects regression models were used to estimate longitudinal patterns of change in hearing thresholds in 681 men and 416 women with no evidence of otological disease, unilateral hearing loss, or noise‐induced hearing loss. The results show (1) hearing sensitivity declines more than twice as fast in men as in women at most ages and frequencies, (2) longitudinal declines in hearing sensitivity are detectable at all frequencies among men by age 30, but the age of onset of decline is later in women at most frequencies and varies by frequency in women, (3) women have more sensitive hearing than men at frequencies above 1000 Hz but men have more sensitive hearing than women at lower frequencies, (4) learning effects bias cross‐sectional and short‐term longitudinal studies, and (5) hearing levels and longitudinal patterns of change are highly variable, even in this highly selected group. These longitudinal findings document gender differences in hearing levels and show that age‐associated hearing loss occurs even in a group with relatively low‐noise occupations and with no evidence of noise‐induced hearing loss.
Experiential Wisdom and Optimal Experience: Interviews with Three Distinguished Lifelong Learners

The present article suggests that lifelong learning is enhanced by the capacity to make experiential course corrections that lead back to states of interest and flow experience. The notion of experiential wisdom is introduced to describe such a capacity for navigation. A person with experiential wisdom recognizes that optimal experiences are more likely to occur when an affectively charged intuitive mode works in synchrony with a deliberative rational mode and is better able to cultivate situations where the interrelation of these two modes is optimized. The first part of the article provides a framework for understanding experiential wisdom and the regulation of optimal experience. The second part illustrates the practice of experiential wisdom by drawing on interviews with three distinguished lifelong learners—poet Mark Strand, social scientist Donald Campbell, and medical researcher Jonas Salk.
Time constants of superparamagnetic particles

Abstract Time constants of uniaxial single-domain particles have previously been calculated from a convergent series for small energy barriers and from a single-term asymptotic expression for very large. The present paper develops a more complete asymptotic expansion for large values and a numerical-quadrature method for the intermediate range.
Cryogenic, low-noise, balanced amplifiers for the 300–1200 MHz band using heterostructure field-effect transistors

Abstract A brief history of the Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistor (HFET) is presented. Several interesting physical properties of the HFET are discussed and its inherently low-noise microwave characteristics are explained. The designs of the five new NRAO HFET balanced amplifiers, covering the 300–1200 MHz band, are described and the measured noise performance presented. These amplifiers have noise temperatures ranging from 1.5–4 K with 17–28 dB of gain. The input match is better than −15 dB over the specified amplifier bandwidth. The differences in noise performance of single-ended amplifiers with circulators and balanced amplifiers are discussed in the context of experiments involving a high-Q resonant cavity critically coupled to the amplifier.
Monodisperse sulfur sols from the air oxidation of hydrogen sulfide solutions

Abstract In acidic aqueous hydrogen sulfide solutions, sulfur particles of very narrow size distribution were produced by air oxidation after an initial induction period. The formation of sulfur was most rapid around pH 6 and very slow below pH 3. The induction period was decreased by increase in hydrogen sulfide concentration and in partial pressure of oxygen. In the presence of traces of metal ions, the induction period decreased in the order Zn2+ > Ni2+ > Cu2+ > Co2+ > Fe2+. The reaction was catalyzed and the induction period was decreased by Al3+ and Fe(CN)64t- ions. Addition of KCl, K2SO4, or MgCl2 did not affect the reaction. In all cases, the growth of the sulfur particles was diffusion controlled, and higher-order Tyndall spectra (HOTS) were observed. Particle size was determined by dissymmetry and the HOTS method, using a new set of calculated curves.
Lead poisoning: Roentgenograms of the chestas an aid in diagnosis

Summary 1. Two fatal cases of lead poisoning in children are presented in which more careful analysis of the roentgenograms of the chest might have resulted in an earlier diagnosis. 2. A review of ten additional casesof lead poisoning has also revealed dense zones at the anterior ends of the ribs on roentgenograms of the chest. 3. These observations emphasize theimportance of careful scrutiny of the anterior ends of ribs on all roentgenograms of the chests of infants and children.
Treatment of calcinosis universalis with low-dose warfarin

Patients with calcinosis universalis secondary to dermatomyositis or systemic sclerosis have increased levels of the calcium-binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. The enzyme that effects gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid is warfarin-sensitive. Four patients with calcinosis universalis were treated with 1 mg per day of warfarin for 18 months in a non-blind initial study. Two patients had both decreased gamma-carboxyglutamic acid urinary concentration and decreased extra-skeletal uptake on technetium 99m-diphosphonate whole-body nuclear scanning. In a subsequent double-blind placebo study, two thirds of the patients receiving 1 mg per day of warfarin had decreases in extra-skeletal nuclear tracer uptake after 18 months, compared with none of the four patients receiving placebo. No patient had a change in clinical assessment, bleeding complication, or baseline normal prothrombin time. This low-dose warfarin regimen appears to have no demonstrable adverse effects, and these results suggest a beneficial effect on the progression of calcinosis in these rheumatic diseases.
How Teachers Avoid Burnout.

(1981). How Teachers Avoid Burnout. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 52, No. 9, pp. 41-43.
Enhancing energy and glucose metabolism by disrupting triglyceride synthesis: Lessons from mice lacking DGAT1

Although the ability to make triglycerides is essential for normal physiology, excess accumulation of triglycerides results in obesity and is associated with insulin resistance. Inhibition of triglyceride synthesis, therefore, may represent a feasible strategy for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is one of two DGAT enzymes that catalyze the final reaction in the known pathways of mammalian triglyceride synthesis. Mice lacking DGAT1 have increased energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity and are protected against diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. These metabolic effects of DGAT1 deficiency result in part from the altered secretion of adipocyte-derived factors. Studies of DGAT1-deficient mice have helped to provide insights into the mechanisms by which cellular lipid metabolism modulates systemic carbohydrate and insulin metabolism, and a better understanding of how DGAT1 deficiency enhances energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity may identify additional targets or strategies for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Mixograph Responses of Gluten and Gluten‐Fortified Flour for Gluten Produced by Cold‐Ethanol or Water Displacement of Starch from Wheat Flour

ABSTRACT The total protein of gluten obtained by the cold-ethanol displacement of starch from developed wheat flour dough matches that made by water displacement, but functional properties revealed by mixing are altered. This report characterizes mixing properties in a 10-g mixograph for cold-ethanol-processed wheat gluten concentrates (CE-gluten) and those for the water-process concentrates (W-gluten). Gluten concentrates were produced at a laboratory scale using batter-like technology: development with water as a batter, dispersion with the displacement fluid, and screening. The displacing fluid was water for W-gluten and cold ethanol (≥70% vol, -12°C) for CE-gluten. Both gluten types were freeze-dried at -10°C and then milled. Mixograms were obtained for 1) straight gluten concentrates hydrated to absorptions of 123–234%, or 2) gluten blended with a low protein (9.2% protein) soft wheat flour to obtain up to 16.2% total protein. The mixograms for gluten or gluten-fortified flour were qualitatively and ...
Topoisomerase II inhibitors

Abstract This article reviews the mechanism of action, toxicity, pharmacology and clinical use of antineoplastic agents that inhibit the enzyme, topoisomerase II. Information presented in the medical and scientific literature in the past 3 years is especially highlighted.
Slow Axonal Transport of Neurofilament Protein in Cultured Neurons

We have investigated the axonal transport of neurofilament protein in cultured neurons by constricting single axons with fine glass fibers. We observed a rapid accumulation of anterogradely and retrogradely transported membranous organelles on both sides of the constrictions and a more gradual accumulation of neurofilament protein proximal to the constrictions. Neurofilament protein accumulation was dependent on the presence of metabolic substrates and was blocked by iodoacetate, which is an inhibitor of glycolysis. These data indicate that neurofilament protein moves anterogradely in these axons by a mechanism that is directly or indirectly dependent on nucleoside triphosphates. The average transport rate was estimated to be at least 130 μm/h (3.1 mm/d), and ∼90% of the accumulated neurofilament protein remained in the axon after detergent extraction, suggesting that it was present in a polymerized form. Electron microscopy demonstrated that there were an abnormally large number of neurofilament polymers proximal to the constrictions. These data suggest that the neurofilament proteins were transported either as assembled polymers or in a nonpolymeric form that assembled locally at the site of accumulation. This study represents the first demonstration of the axonal transport of neurofilament protein in cultured neurons.
Symmetry breaking at magnetic surfaces and interfaces

Examples are presented of how symmetry breaking enters into consideration of the physical properties of magnetic surfaces and ultrathin films. The role of magnetic anisotropy is discussed with a view to understanding: (i) the existence of two-dimensional magnetic long-ranged order at finite temperature; (ii) magnetization scaling behavior at the Curie transition; (iii) the two-dimensional spin reorientation transition; and (iv) step-induced magnetic behavior. Experimental examples cited include ultrathin magnetic Fe and Co overlayer and wedge structures grown onto single crystal substrates that are either flat or curved to produce vicinal surfaces with a continuous gradient in the step density. Also included is an example of an atomically flat manganite intergrowth that appears as a stacking fault in a bulk single crystal of a naturally layered structure.
Use of endoluminal aortic stent-grafts for the repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms

Abdominal aortic aneurysms affect approximately 1.5% of the United States population. Randomized trials recommend repair when the maximal aneurysm diameter is 5.5 cm or greater. Since the first report of this technique in 1991, endovascular repair has become the preferred method for elective therapy of AAA disease. This has been a direct result of reported decreased hospital length of stay, reduced patient recovery time and improved survival. The application of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) requires a thorough understanding of aneurysm anatomy, which is critical for appropriate patient selection. In particular the surgeon must be familiar with device-related criteria for proximal fixation and distal fixation as well as access vessels size, tortuosity, and calcification which can often be the limiting factor in the application of EVAR. Although the reported results of EVAR indicate significant advantages when compared with conventional open repair, it is critical to have an understanding of the particular complications associated with EVAR. The development of endoleaks, reports of stent migration and stent fracture as well as the development of limb stenosis and/or occlusion have been reported in up to 20% of patients treated with EVAR and thus necessitate appropriate long-term surveillance protocols.
Modulation of leucocyte adhesion molecules, a T‐cell chemotaxin (IL‐8) and a regulatory cytokine (TNF‐α) in allergic contact dermatitis (rhus dermatitis)

To understand the molecular events which are important in leucocyte trafficking in cutaneous inflammation, poison ivy/oak extract was applied topically to the skin, and the simultaneous assessment of a variety of clinical and immunopathological parameters performed. The clinical response of subjects was divided into three main groups: I, 2-24h after application, before the onset of erythema; II, 48 h-1 week after application during maximal clinical changes; III, 2-3 weeks after application when the inflammation had subsided. Six different biopsies per subject were evaluated over the study period and the density of dermal cellular infiltrate, and the distribution of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, (ICAM-1), endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1, (ELAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, (VCAM-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), determined. Eight hours after exposure, before lymphocytes and monocytes had entered the dermal interstitium or epidermis, the keratinocytes expressed TNF-alpha and ICAM-1, whilst the endothelial cells expressed ELAM-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Group II biopsies revealed increasing keratinocyte expression of TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 with the appearance of IL-8, which correlated with the onset of epidermal T-cell trafficking. The endothelium was strongly positive for ELAM-1 and VCAM-1, but there was no influx of neutrophils. Group III biopsies showed a decrease in the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and ELAM-1 by both keratinocytes and endothelium with a reduction in epidermal/dermal inflammation, although the endothelial cell staining of VCAM-1 and ELAM-1 did not completely disappear. These results suggest that on exposure to poison ivy/oak, keratinocytes rapidly produce TNF-alpha which leads to an early autoinduction of ICAM-1, and later IL-8. There is also a paracrinemediated induction and augmentation of underlying endothelial cell ELAM-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1.
Characterization of a novel peripheral nervous system myelin protein (PMP-22/SR13)

We have recently described a novel cDNA, SR13 (Welcher, A. A., U. Suter, M. De Leon, G. J. Snipes, and E. M. Shooter. 1991. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:7195-7199), that is repressed after sciatic nerve crush injury and shows homology to both the growth arrest-specific mRNA, gas3 (Manfioletti, G., M. E. Ruaro, G. Del Sal, L. Philipson, and C. Schneider, 1990. Mol. Cell Biol. 10:2924-2930), and to the myelin protein, PASII (Kitamura, K., M. Suzuki, and K. Uyemura. 1976. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 455:806-816). In this report, we show that the 22-kD SR13 protein is expressed in the compact portion of essentially all myelinated fibers in the peripheral nervous system. Although SR13 mRNA was found in the central nervous system, no corresponding SR13 protein could be detected by either immunoblot analysis or by immunohistochemistry. Northern and immunoblot analysis of SR13 mRNA and protein expression during development of the peripheral nervous system reveal a pattern similar to other myelin proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrate by in situ mRNA hybridization on tissue sections and on individual nerve fibers that SR13 mRNA is produced predominantly by Schwann cells. We conclude that the SR13 protein is apparently exclusively expressed in the peripheral nervous system where it is a major component of myelin. Thus, we propose the name Peripheral Myelin Protein-22 (PMP-22) for the proteins and cDNA previously designated PASII, SR13, and gas3.
The Information Content of the SG&A Ratio

INTRODUCTION Baumgarten et al. 2010 ; hereafter BBH examine the impact of change in the ratio of selling, eneral, and administrative expenses to sales hereafter, SG&A ratio on future profitability. BBH onclude that an intentional increase in the SG&A ratio leads to increased future operating earnngs for the SG&A-efficient firms. Further, they argue that the impact of an intentional increase in he SG&A ratio on future operating earnings is higher for the SG&A-efficient firms, with a lot of cope for improvement in operational cost efficiency. My discussion proceeds along the following lines. First, I discuss their key result that suggests hat future operating profits are improved as a result of increasing current selling, general, and dministrative expenses hereafter, SG&A costs for SG&A-cost-efficient firms. Next, I examine he authors’ claim that future operating profits are improved mainly through a reduction in the uture cost of goods sold. Third, I examine the authors’ assertion that they find evidence that those rms with declining sales, only if they had managed SG&A costs efficiently in the past, will see igher improvements in operating profitability in the future. Finally, I conclude my discussion ith closing remarks.
Topographical localization of iron in brains of the aged fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius) and gray lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)

Iron deposits in the human brain are characteristic of normal aging but have also been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Among nonhuman primates, strepsirhines are of particular interest because hemosiderosis has been consistently observed in captive aged animals. In particular, the cheirogaleids, because of their small size, rapid maturity, fecundity, and relatively short life expectancy, are a useful model system for the study of normal and pathological cerebral aging. This study was therefore undertaken to explore iron localization in the brain of aged cheirogaleids (mouse and dwarf lemurs) with histochemistry and magnetic resonance microscopy. Results obtained with both techniques were comparable. There was no difference between old animals in the two species. The young animals (3 years old) showed no iron deposits. In the old animals (8–15 years old), iron pigments were mainly localized in the globus pallidus, the substantia nigra, the neocortical and cerebellar white matter, and anterior forebrain structures, including the nucleus basalis of Meynert. This distribution agrees with previous findings in monkeys and humans. In addition, we observed iron in the thalamus of these aged nonhuman primates. Microscopic NMR images clearly reveal many features seen with the histochemical procedure, and magnetic resonance microscopy is a powerful method for visualizing age-related changes in brain iron.
The Politics of the Rule of Law

International Justice in Rwanda and the Balkans: Virtual Trials and the Struggle for State Cooperation. By Victor A. Peskin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 272 pp., $85.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-87230-0). Civil War and the Rule of Law: Security, Development, Human Rights. Edited by Agnes Hurwitz, Reyko Huang. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2008. 351 pp., $24.50 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-1-58826-507-4). Plunder: When the Rule of Law Is Illegal. By Ugo Mattei, Laura Nader. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. 283 pp., $29.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-7894-5). Since the early 1990s, interest in the role of law as a systemic instrument of social and political regulation and change—in short, the institution of the “rule of law”—has surged among academics and policy makers, so much so that Thomas Carothers could remark in 1998 that “one cannot get through a foreign policy debate these days without someone proposing the rule of law as a solution to the world's troubles” (Carothers 1998: 95). The rule of law has a long pedigree as a normative concept in Western political and legal thought, with its roots going back all the way to Plato and Aristotle (Tamanaha 2004). Globalization and the proliferation of international governance institutions have recently broadened its field of application beyond the state to international contexts. Like many other widely used socio-legal concepts, the rule of law belongs to “the category of open-ended concepts which are subject to permanent debate and have to be constantly redefined to meet the needs of an ever-changing political and legal environment” (Grote 1999: 271), and it has remained an “exceedingly elusive notion” (Tamanaha 2004: 3; see also Stephenson n.d.). In addition, empirical blind spots continue to exist with respect to the effectiveness of the various instruments employed by rule of law programs (Carothers 2003, 2006). The three books reviewed here seek to illuminate this conceptual and empirical darkness and approach the rule of law from three different perspectives: international criminal justice, postconflict peacebuilding, and an ideological critique of neoliberalism. Because their orientation provides for little overlap, I will discuss them separately. Viktor Peskin's book, International Justice in Rwanda and the Balkans, is a welcome addition to the literature on the effectiveness of international tribunals. Based on many years of field research, Peskin's study investigates the record of cooperation between the two Security …