cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CD38: An Ecto-Enzyme at the Crossroads of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

No one would dispute that intracellular enzymes such as kinases and phosphatases play critical roles in regulating the development, activation, differentiation, and survival of lymphocytes1. However, it is less well appreciated that cells of the immune system also express many membrane-associated ecto-enzymes that have the potential to regulate immune cell function. Ecto-enzymes have their active sites located on the outside of the cell and therefore must utilize substrates that are found in the extracellular milieu. Some of these enzymes, such as CD26, act as peptidases, while others, including CD73, CD38, CD39, ART2, and PC-1, utilize nucleotides as substrates. Although it was proposed that these nucleotide-utilizing enzymes might be involved in salvaging purines2 or in generating products such as ATP, ADP, and adenosine that function as signaling molecules for purinergic receptors3, until recently very little was known about the functional roles these enzymes might play during immune responses. However, in the last 10 years it has become clear that many of these enzymes play very important roles in regulating the survival, activation, and effector function of leukocytes4. Our laboratory has spent the last several years assessing the role of one of these ectoenzymes, CD38, in immune responses. In this article, we will review our recent work, focusing on the role that CD38 plays in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses.
End-of-life care in the Western world: where are we now and how did we get here?

Objectives Recent movements in end-of-life care emphasise community care for the dying; however, integrating community with medical care continues to be a work in progress. Historically tracing brain hemispheric dominance, Ian McGilchrist believes we are overemphasising functionality, domination and categorisation to the detriment of symbolism, empathy and connectedness with others. The aim of this historical review is to bring McGilchrist’s sociobiological narrative into dialogue with the history and most recent trends in end-of-life care. Method This review used widely referenced historical accounts of end-of-life care, recent literature reviews on relevant topics and current trends in end-of-life care. Results While contemporary end-of-life care emphasises community care for the dying, implementation of these new approaches must be considered in its historical context. McGilchrist’s arguments call for a critical consideration of what seems a rather simple change in end-of-life care. Conclusion We must question whether it is possible to hand death responsibilities back to the community when medical services have largely assumed this responsibility in countries supporting individualism, secularism and materialism.
Into the Storm: Ecological and Sociological Impediments to Black Males’ Persistence in Engineering Graduate Programs:

While much is known about how Black students negotiate and navigate undergraduate studies, there is a dearth of research on what happens when these students enter graduate school. This article presents the results of a study of 21 Black male graduate students in engineering from one highly ranked research-intensive institution. This article provides evidence of structurally racialized policies within the engineering college (e.g., admissions) and racialized and gendered interactions with peers and advisors that threaten Black males’ persistence in engineering. We argue for taking an anti-deficit approach to understanding Black males’ persistence in engineering. We conclude with implications for policy, practice, and research that could further improve the scholarship and experiences of Black males in engineering graduate programs.
Effects of a parent-implemented Developmental Reciprocity Treatment Program for children with autism spectrum disorder:

Developmental approaches to autism treatment aim to establish strong interpersonal relationships through joint play. These approaches have emerging empirical support; however, there is a need for f...
Efficiency Is Everything: Promoting Efficient Practice by Harnessing Derived Stimulus Relations

A pivotal skill of practice involves engineering emergent learning. Toward this end, graduate training in applied behavior analysis must emphasize concepts of and research on stimulus relations in order for practitioners to develop these skills.
A 28-GHz quasi-optical electron cyclotron maser with an axial output coupling mirror

A quasi-optical electron cyclotron maser operating at 28 GHz is studied for applications in heating fusion plasmas. Large spherical mirrors with a small axial aperture and coupling mirror form the open resonator. In the experiment, both the large mirror and coupling mirror are adjusted to select a preferential mode of operation. This is found to improve the efficiency of interaction. Maximum efficiency was observed with a 2.5-A, 60-kV electron beam, with efficiency declining at higher currents. Water calorimetry was used to measure an efficiency of 10%. A photon-drag detector indicated higher peak power levels than those measured with calorimetry. The high-efficiency mode was due to the overlap of two cavity eigenmodes TEM{sub n00} and TEM{sub (n-1)10} (cylindrical notation) and to beam trapping effects that caused a better match between the beam footprint and the electric field profile than in other configurations tested. 30 refs., 11 figs.
Multiscale Adaptive Gabor Expansion (MAGE): Improved Detection of Transient Oscillatory Burst Amplitude and Phase

Since Denis Gabor9s pioneering paper on the discrete Gabor Expansion (Gabor, 1946), time-frequency signal analysis has proven to be an important tool for many fields. In neurophysiology, time-frequency analysis has often been used to characterize and describe transient bursts in local field potential data. However, these transient bursts have a wide range of variable durations, suggesting that a time-frequency-scale dictionary composed of elementary signal 9atoms9 may prove useful to more accurately match recorded bursts. While overcomplete multiscale dictionaries are useful, generating a sparse code over such dictionaries is a difficult computational problem. Existing adaptive algorithms for discovering a sparse description are slow and computationally intensive. Here we describe the Multiscale Adaptive Gabor Expansion (MAGE), which uses an implicit dictionary of parametric time-frequency-scale Gabor atoms to perform fast parameter reassignment to accelerate discovery of a sparse decomposition. Using analytic expressions together with numerical computation, MAGE is a greedy pursuit algorithm similar to Matching Pursuit, restricted to a dictionary of multiscale Gaussian-envelope Gabor atoms. MAGE parameter reassignment is robust in the presence of moderate noise. By expressing a unknown signal as a weighted sum of Gabor atoms, MAGE permits a more accurate estimate of the amplitude and phase of transient bursts than existing methods.
A potential progenitor for the Type Ic supernova 2017ein

We report the first detection of a credible progenitor system for a Type Ic supernova (SN Ic), SN 2017ein. We present spectra and photometry of the SN, finding it to be similar to carbon-rich, low-luminosity SNe Ic. Using a post-explosion Keck adaptive optics image, we precisely determine the position of SN 2017ein in pre-explosion \hst\ images, finding a single source coincident with the SN position. This source is marginally extended, and is consistent with being a stellar cluster. However, under the assumption that the emission of this source is dominated by a single point source, we perform point-spread function photometry, and correcting for line-of-sight reddening, we find it to have $M_{\rm F555W} = -7.5\pm0.2$ mag and $m_{\rm F555W}-m_{\rm F814W}$=$-0.67\pm0.14$ mag. This source is bluer than the main sequence and brighter than almost all Wolf-Rayet stars, however it is similar to some WC+O- and B-star binary systems. Under the assumption that the source is dominated by a single star, we find that it had an initial mass of $55\substack{+20-15} M_{\odot}$. We also examined binary star models to look for systems that match the overall photometry of the pre-explosion source and found that the best-fitting model is a $80$+$48 M_{\odot}$ close binary system in which the $80 M_{\odot}$ star is stripped and explodes as a lower mass star. Late-time photometry after the SN has faded will be necessary to cleanly separate the progenitor star emission from the additional coincident emission.
e-Seminar lecture recording and distribution system

e-Seminar is an IBM-Research internal prototype platform to allow all IBM-Research employees access to videos and slides of talks, seminars, presentations and other events at any IBM- Research campus worldwide. The platform facilitates an increased use of digital video by lowering the cost and complexity thresholds for the use of video in live and in on demand applications. The e-Seminar system therefore increases the leverage of intellectual property, and helps to improve the communication between the laboratories of the IBM-Research Division. All of the above is reached through use of a distributed Video-on-Demand system on all sites of the IBM- Research Division. It is a highly integrative project, assembling tools, techniques and insights from a broad variety of knowledge fields including but not limited to networking, video recording/encoding, data streaming, video analysis, HCI, MM authoring, data visualizing and distributed systems management. The e-Seminar system is designed to serve as a base platform to perform research on the broad range of all these areas. Currently ongoing research in the project explores how such a system can be built and operated with the least amount of people involved while at the same time reducing the breadth and depth of skills necessary. Additional research is done in the area of real time analysis and indexing of the given material in ways that are relevant to the teaching purpose of the system. Also new ways of video network caching are explored.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Epilepsy and Sleep-Related Breathing Disturbances

Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurologic disorde in the United States, affecting over 2.2 million people. Epilepsy is associated with a number of medical and psychiatric comorbidities, higher health-care use and cost, and substantial economic burden. OSA is twofold more common in adults with epilepsy than in age-matched control subjects, and the incidence increases with age. Self-reported daytime sleepiness is not helpful in predicting OSA, possibly related to the ceiling effect of general sleepiness among people with epilepsy from diverse causes. Mostly small retrospective series found a significant reduction in seizures in people with epilepsy and OSA adherent with positive airway pressure therapy compared with untreated individuals. This finding illustrates the potential beneficial effects of sleep therapies on epilepsy. Central apnea, oxygen desaturations, and hypercapnia can occur during the ictal and immediate postictal period, especially with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Central apneas have been produced by electrical stimulation of mesial temporal structures. These respiratory disturbances suggest activation of the central autonomic network and may contribute to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), the leading cause of epilepsy-related death in people with drug-resistant epilepsy. SUDEP typically occurs during sleep, and patients are more often found in a prone position and have a history of nocturnal seizures. Whether OSA contributes to SUDEP is unknown. Vagus nerve stimulation is a form of neuromodulation for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. When the device activates during sleep it causes reduction in airflow and respiratory effort, airflow obstruction, and oxygen desaturations, sometimes producing a clinical sleep apnea syndrome. The goal of this review is to discuss firmly established and recently recognized clinical, neurobiologic, electrophysiologic, and polysomnographic relationships between sleep-disordered breathing and epilepsy.
Novel Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Glaucoma

In this article, we review new and emerging drug delivery methods used in the treatment of glaucoma. Several methods for sustained delivery of glaucoma medications have shown promise recently. Drug-eluting punctal plugs, contact lenses, and fornix-based silicone rings as well as subconjunctival and intracameral injections or implants are either in development or clinical trials. Thus far, those studied have demonstrated significant intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering ability with favorable safety profiles. However, long-term clinical safety data and comparative trials with existing therapies have been limited. Patient adherence with medication regimens remains a major obstacle in preventing glaucoma progression. Emerging patient-independent platforms that can deliver IOP lowering therapeutics hold promise for enhancement of adherence to treatments while remaining safe and effective. Each of these systems has their own unique advantages and disadvantages. It is still unclear where each of these products will fit into individual patient and practitioner treatment algorithms.
The Effects of Volitional Preemptive Abdominal Contraction on Postural Control Responses in Healthy Subjects

Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of volitional preemptive abdominal contraction by using an abdominal bracing maneuver (ABM) on postural control responses. Design A within-subjects, repeated-measure, experimental design. Setting Laboratory. Participants Sixty-five healthy subjects between 18 and 50 years of age. Methods Subjects performed ABM alternating with No-ABM during 2 rounds of 2 Neurocom computed dynamic posturography tests: the Motor Control Test (MCT) and conditions 1 (eyes open), 2 (eyes closed), and 5 (eyes closed, sway-referenced support) of the Sensory Organization Test (SOT). Main Outcome Measurements (1) MCT Response Latency (milliseconds) and Response Scaling (magnitude of active postural correction) and (2) SOT Equilibrium Scores and 2-Dimensional Sway (°/second), and SOT Movement Strategy, which measure postural sway and movement strategies (ankle versus hip strategy), respectively. Results The use of ABM (versus No-ABM) produced: (1) a small but statistically significant decrease in SOT Equilibrium Score for condition 2 (−1.0%; P = .004); (2) an increase in SOT 2- Dimensional Sway (°/second) during conditions 1 (16.9%; P = .0001) and 2 (15.0%; P = .0001); (3) a small decrease in SOT Movement Strategy scores during condition 1 (−0.5%; P = .001) and condition 2 (−1.0%; P = .017); and (4) a reduction of MCT Response Latency by 3 milliseconds (−2.1%; P = .005) and reduction of Response Scaling by 0.33°/second (−9.2%; P = .001). Conclusion Individuals can incorporate the ABM without substantively altering postural control. Although selected SOT and MCT scores exhibited small decreases in postural response integrity, those outcomes did not reflect functionally meaningful changes. These findings can enhance clinicians' confidence in prescribing the ABM as a means to protectively stabilize the spine and potentially prevent injury in healthy subjects without concern for reducing postural control, especially during more complex postural perturbations that introduce sensory conflict.
Efficient and Robust Physical Layer Key Generation

Physical layer key generation is a promising privacy protection technique suitable for devices with limited computational ability. In this work, we design a key generation algorithm based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms and implement the algorithm on a testbed. By exploiting the holistic channel state information (CSI), we improve the key generation rate (KGR) significantly. The performance of the algorithm and the secrecy of generated keys are evaluated by experimentation. Then, we design a cross-layer encryption protocol based on our key generation algorithm and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). We provide a mathematical framework to show that the secrecy of the encryption is enhanced compared to traditional encryption schemes with one pre-shared key (e.g., WPA2-PSK), even when some generated keys are leaked to the eavesdropper. The results lead to practical and robust applications of physical layer key generation.
Application of powdered steel slag for more sustainable removal of metals from impaired waters

Abstract Using abundant and cheap steel slag for metals removal from water represents an opportunity to recover waste material from one industry as a resource for another. In this study, powdered steel slag which contains lime (CaO) leftover from the steelmaking process, was evaluated and benchmarked against the relatively expensive and energy-intensive chemical sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for the removal of cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) from two different mine drainage waters. Unlike isotherm and kinetic studies that represent most previous work, this study evaluated metals removal under realistic simulated water treatment conditions (doses, mixing, contact times, etc.), bringing the material one-step closer to actual full-scale implementation. In the neutral pH water with lower metals concentrations, approximately four times more steel slag (400 mg/L) compared to NaOH (100 mg/L) was required to achieve >70% metals removal. In the acidic pH water with higher metals concentrations, steel slag was insufficient to raise the pH at reasonable doses (
Integrative analysis of multi-omics data for discovering low-frequency variants associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

MOTIVATION The abundance of omics data has facilitated integrative analyses of single and multiple molecular layers with genome-wide association studies focusing on common variants. Built on its successes, we propose a general analysis framework to leverage multi-omics data with sequencing data to improve the statistical power of discovering new associations and understanding of the disease susceptibility due to low-frequency variants. The proposed test features its robustness to model misspecification, high power across a wide range of scenarios and the potential of offering insights into the underlying genetic architecture and disease mechanisms. RESULTS Using the Framingham Heart Study data, we show that low-frequency variants are predictive of DNA methylation, even after conditioning on the nearby common variants. In addition, DNA methylation and gene expression provide complementary information to functional genomics. In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children with a sample size of 1497, one gene CLPTM1 is identified to be associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by the proposed powerful adaptive gene-based test integrating information from gene expression, methylation and enhancer-promoter interactions. It is further replicated in the TwinsUK study with 1706 samples. The signal is driven by both low-frequency and common variants. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Models are available at https://github.com/ytzhong/DNAm. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Dependence of Aggregation in the Determination of Optimal Sensor Configurations for Source Localization

The focus of this article is to study methods for information-based planning of sensor configurations for use in source localization. Given a bounded region of interest, for each individual (plausible) source location, we define a performance measure as a scalar function (determinant) of the Fisher information matrix, which depends on the sensor-source geometry. This has been shown to be a useful measure of the localization performance of a given configuration of sensors. To establish a scalar numerical objective for optimizing the sensor configuration (for deployment of sensors), these measures must be aggregated over all the possible source locations. In this article, we study a variety of potential aggregation approaches through the generalized mean family of functions, which subsumes all common means, such as geometric, arithmetic, and harmonic means. We construct several examples, and show for bearings-only sensor schemes that there is a strong relationship between the choice of aggregation function and the structure of the optimal configurations, even with the assumption of a range-independent covariance structure. However, for two other sensor schemes for source localization, range-only and time difference of arrival, there is little or no effect on the optimal configuration as the aggregation is varied, when the covariance is range independent.
Undergraduate nursing students’ perceptions on nursing education during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic: A national sample

Abstract Background In 2020, nursing educational programs were abruptly interrupted and largely moved online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Purpose To explore nursing students’ perspectives about the effects of the pandemic on their education and intention to join the nursing workforce. Methods Undergraduate nursing students from 5 universities across 5 United States regions were invited to participate in an online survey to elicit both quantitative and qualitative data. Findings The final sample included quantitative data on 772 students and qualitative data on 540 students. Largely (65.1%), students reported that the pandemic strengthened their desire to become a nurse; only 11% had considered withdrawing from school. Qualitatively, students described the effect of the pandemic on their psychosocial wellbeing, adjustment to online learning, and challenges to clinical experiences. Conclusion Findings highlighted the need to develop emergency education preparedness plans that address student wellbeing and novel collaborative partnerships between schools and clinical partners.
FedHybrid: A Hybrid Primal-Dual Algorithm Framework for Federated Optimization

We consider a multi-agent consensus optimization problem over a server-client (federated) network, where all clients are connected to a central server. Current distributed algorithms fail to capture the heterogeneity in clients' local computation capacities. Motivated by the generalized Method of Multipliers in centralized optimization, we derive an approximate Newton-type primal-dual method with a practical distributed implementation by utilizing the server-client topology. Then we propose a new primal-dual algorithm framework FedHybrid that allows different clients to perform various types of updates. Specifically, each client can choose to perform either gradient-type or Newton-type updates. We propose a novel analysis framework for primal-dual methods and obtain a linear convergence rate of FedHybrid for strongly convex functions and a sublinear convergence rate for general convex functions, regardless of clients' choices of gradient-type or Newton-type updates. Numerical studies are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of our method in practice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first hybrid algorithmic framework allowing heterogeneous local updates for distributed consensus optimization with a provable convergence and rate guarantee.
Multiarmed Bandit Designs for Phase I Dose-Finding Clinical Trials With Multiple Toxicity Types

The goal of a phase I dose-finding trial is to determine the dose level of a new drug with acceptable toxicity. The optimal dose level is determined by sequentially allocating patients to increasin...
The Dollar and Digital Currencies

This chapter examines the challenges for the dollar as a global reserve currency arising from the advent of digital currencies. Even though digital currencies are a relatively recent phenomenon, the chapter highlights the enormous potential they hold for improving cross-border payments. Stablecoins such as Libra (now Diem) and a few central bank digital currencies are likely to be in circulation by next year and will challenge the dollar in different ways. Global stablecoins could easily reach national and international scale if backed by a large Fintech firm. The chapter also discusses the prospects for a composite of central bank digital currencies (in the form of a “Synthetic Hegemonic Currency”) to replace the dollar as the main global reserve currency.
Initiating Dionysus: Ritual and Theatre in Aristophanes' Frogs

This book offers a challenging multi-disciplinary interpretation of Aristophanes' Frogs. Drawing on a wide range of literary and anthropological approaches, it deploys an impressive series of religious and cultural considerations which have never previously been used to illuminate this text. Rather than seeking to recover the 'authorial' meaning of the Frogs, Dr Lada-Richards attempts to reconstruct the wider spectrum of potential meanings that various segments of the play could have had in their own socio-cultural milieu. The key question the book explores is how membership in Greek fifth-century society would have shaped understanding of the play, with particular emphasis on the persona of Dionysus who, as Dr Lada-Richards argues, should not be viewed merely as a stock comic character but as inseparable from the complex, paradoxical figure of his mythical and ritual counterpart. Combining sophistication and complexity with clarity and elegance of style, the book is addresses to the scholar as well as the student of Greek drama and culture, and its insights should appeal to anybody interested in the manifold ways theatre (of any period and culture) remoulds the ritual sequences of the social frame to which it belongs.
Father, Don’t You See That I Am Dreaming?: The Female Gothic and the Creative Process

In the course of reading and teaching literature for many years, I have been impressed with the ways that literary works attempt to disguise the fact that they are often coded personal sagas, angst-filled daydreams committed to paper and shared with the reading public. Obviously, literary works are also ideological statements, historical documents, and aesthetic productions, but they still remain in essence the work of individual human beings, all of whom have a personal history, a childhood, parents, and loved ones who have supported or betrayed them, or, most likely, some combination of the two. And yet critics are hesitant to discuss, let alone analyze, the personal content in literary works, while authors are often all too quick to conceal, obfuscate, and deny any autobiographical materials in their works. Some artists have, however, over the years spoken sensitively about these matters, and I cite a very few here to frame this chapter. The first is Richard Wright, the African American novelist, who, in an unpublished essay entitled “On Literature,” observed: “All writing is a secret form of autobiography” (6). The second example is an observation by the early twentieth-century artist Georges Braque, who noted: “Art is a wound turned to light” (3). And the third statement is from D. H. Lawrence, who noted that “one sheds one’s sicknesses in books—repeats and presents again one’s emotions, to be master of them” (90). Mastering trauma through artistic production, transforming the wounds of life by converting them into recognizable phantasies—these gestures would appear to form the core of writing as well as reading visual and verbal creativity.
Novel Splicing of the Human MHC-Encoded Peptide Transporter Confers Unique Properties

Presentation of intracellularly derived antigenic peptides to T cells requires their assembly together with MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Such peptides are delivered to the ER by an MHC-encoded transporter composed of TAP1 and TAP2 protein delivery. Here, the first alternative splicing of Tap2 is described. The human splice variant, termed Tap2iso , lacks exon 11 and original 3′ untranslated region and contains a newly identified exon 12 and 3′ untranslated region. The full-length Tap2iso cDNA (2496 bp) predicts a protein of 653 amino acids. Tap2iso mRNA was normally coexpressed with Tap2 mRNA in all human lymphocyte cell lines examined. Function of TAP2iso was evaluated at multilevel in TAP1/2iso and TAP1/2 cotransfected T2 cells, a mutant cell line deplete of endogenous Tap gene products. The TAP1-TAP2iso transporter facilitated the maturation of MHC class I molecules in the ER and restored surface expression of class I. Importantly, TAP1-TAP2iso transporters expressed in T2 cells exhibited distinct and opposing influences on peptide selectivities, at times exceeding 30-fold differences in competition experiments and attributable to diversity in the 3′-COOH tail. The common coexpression of an alternative splice product of the Tap2 gene may contribute to broaden immune diversity, a mechanism previously described to occur predominantly at the level of the TCR and MHC class I gene products.
Asymmetrical regulation: Principles for emerging competition in local service markets

Abstract Asymmetrical regulation in the long-distance market forced AT&T to adopt a strategy of ‘optimal mediocrity’ with correspondingly high social cost — both measurable and unmeasurable. This experience suggests that the evolution of competition in local service markets be based on the principle that welfare-enhancing competition requires a fair and symmetric regulatory process. Anything else should be considered suspect.
Evaluating the Usefulness in Neuro-Ophthalmology of Visual Field Examinations Peripheral to 30 Degrees

The value of the information obtained from Goldmann manual kinetic perimetry beyond 30° was examined. Of 229 randomly selected patients in a University eye clinic who had visual fields performed for reasons other than glaucoma or ocular hypertension, only three patients had abnormalities confined to the peripheral visual field (PVF) of one or both eyes. In none of these three patients was the PVF necessary to detect disease (Graves’ disease, two cases; retinoschisis, one case). The PVF was useful in determining the localization of the disorder and/or the therapeutic management in 14 patients of whom four had retinitis pigmentosa, and five had other retinal disorders where the PVF showed the extent of the retinal damage. For ergo-ophthalmologic purposes the PVF was useful in 45 patients; most frequently because the extent of abnormality provided a basis for warning the patient. In some cases the PVF was considered to be useful for economic disability determination or to exclude significant PVF defects in a patient with only one visually useful eye. In 77 patients the PVF of each eye was abnormal, but not of ergo-ophthalmologic significance.
Regulatory Bargaining and Public Law

1. The scope of regulatory bargaining Part I. Extending Incomplete Bargains from the Economics of the Firm to Public Governance: 2. Regulatory bargains and the stability of natural monopoly regulation 3. The incompleteness of regulatory law: moving beyond the 'small world' of natural monopoly regulation 4. Refin(anc)ing service obligations for a competitive environment Part II. Incomplete Regulatory Bargains, Institutions, and the Role of Judicial Review in Deregulated Industries: 5. Deregulatory takings, incomplete regulatory bargains, and judicial review 6. Incomplete regulatory tariffs and the role of courts 7. Bargaining for state-assisted monopoly 8. Overcoming bargaining failures in a federalist system 9. Incomplete regulatory bargaining and the lessons for judicial review.
Using space to describe space: Perspective inspeech, sign, and gesture

Describing the location of a landmark in a scene typically requires taking a perspective. Descriptions of scenes with several landmarks use either a route perspective, where the viewpoint is within the scene or a survey perspective, where the viewpoint is outside, or a mixture of both. Parallel to this, American Sign Language (ASL) uses two spatial formats, viewer space, in which the described space is conceived of as in front of the speaker, or diagrammatic space, in which the described space is conceived of as from outside, usually above. In the present study, speakers of English or ASL described one of two memorized maps. ASL signers were more likely to adopt a survey perspective than English speakers, indicating that language modality can influence perspective choice. In ASL, descriptions from a survey perspective used diagrammatic space, whereas descriptions from a route perspective used viewer space. In English, iconic gestures accompanying route descriptions used the full 3-D space, similar to viewer space, while gestures accompanying survey descriptions used a 2-D horizontal or vertical plane similar to diagrammatic space. Thus, the two modes of experiencing environments, from within and from without, are expressed naturally in speech, sign, and gesture.
Competition and Careers in Biosciences

There is a disconnect between the scientific promise of bioscience research and the career prospects facing young bioscientists. Bioscientists work longer hours for less pay, spend many years as lowly paid postdocs, and have greater career uncertainty than most highly educated professionals. We apply the economists' tournament job market model to explain career patterns in bioscience research, which is structured so that the chance of winning a prize--an independent academic position, tenure, scientific renown--motivates researchers. We argue that market forces will not improve career prospects for young bioscientists and suggest policy interventions to make careers more economically rewarding and productive.
REARRANGEMENT OF THE GENETIC MAP OF CHROMOSOME VII OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

The genetic map of the right arm of chromosome VII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae includes markers on a distal segment for which meiotic linkage to the centromere-proximal marker cly8 has not previously been demonstrated. According to the currently accepted map, SUF4 is the most distal marker on the right arm. We have shown by tetrad analysis that SUF4 is linked to cly8 and ade6. The genetic distance between SUF4 and cly8 is 29 cM. These data indicate that the genetic map of the right arm of chromosome VII should be revised by inverting the orientation of the distal segment so that SUF4 is located near cly8, and SUC1 and MAL1 are the most distal markers. With this revision, all of the polymeric fermentation markers that have been mapped are located at the ends of chromosomes.
Analysis of Effects of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity on Traffic Crash Frequency on Highways in North Carolina

Pavement markings provide useful visual and navigational guidance information to motorists. Current warrants for the application of pavement markings in the United States are based on traffic volume, traveled way width, and number of travel lanes. To be effective, pavement markings must be visible to drivers, particularly at night. The purpose of this paper is to perform an exploratory analysis to determine if a relationship between pavement marking retroreflectivity and crash frequency exists. First, models of pavement marking retroreflectivity degradation were developed from selected highways in North Carolina using artificial neural networks. Monthly estimates of pavement marking retroreflectivity levels were then appended to roadway inventory and crash frequency data. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the monthly target crash frequency. The results indicate that the regression parameter estimates for yellow and white edgeline pavement markings were negative, but neither was statistically significant for the two-lane highway nighttime target crash frequency model. For multilane highways, all of the pavement marking retroreflectivity parameter estimates were statistically significant. The white pavement marking retroreflectivity parameter estimates were negative, as expected. The yellow pavement marking retroreflectivity parameter estimate was positive.
Spaghetti code, soupy logic, and the expression of genes

The human genome could be characterized as 3 billion bases of the most convoluted spaghetti code in existence. While for the most part the genome is not something we engineers would want to emulate in our own products, there are some lessons to be learned from it. More importantly understanding the genome in all it's warts, convolutions, and spots of brilliance will lead to medical advances as fundamental as the understanding of infectious disease. Of peculiar interest to many of us who straddle the disciplines of software and biology is the study of gene expression. How does a cell decide which of its 25,000 genes to use at any given time? There are multiple regulatory networks which decide the usage patterns of a gene. The most fundamental of these networks - the interaction between transcription factor proteins and the DNA that they bind to - resembles in many ways a neural network implemented in soup. Studying and characterizing this soupy logic is by no means easy, but progress is being made on many fronts. Comparative genomics helps separate functional DNA from the relics of intracellular parasites and evolutionary dead ends that make up more than 90% of the human genome. Advances in mRNA sequencing have made it easier to locate the true transcription start site, which is a hot spot of regulatory activity. DNA microarrays allow us to measure in parallel the expression patterns of entire genomes. ChlP/Chip techniques can physically map the binding sites of transcription factors genome-wide. Developing software to evaluate, integrate, store, and display this data is a complex, but most worthwhile challenge. This talk will review some of the software developed both at UCSC and elsewhere to address this challenge.
Thelma and Louise: A story not to be believed

At its center, the fictive would of Thelma and Louise engages political issues concerning women's stories—as told by and about women—and why they are not to be believed. The film was released in 1991, a year of headlines devoted to women and sexual harassment (Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas) and date or acquaintance rape (the trials of William Kennedy Smith and the St. John's students). Like public response to these cases, critics and viewers of Thelma and Louise were polarized dramatically on two bases: gender and credibility. The film converged in the public mind and the popular press with a controversy about women and violence. The argument of this essay is that there are very good reasons, in terms of both narrative morphology and what feminist theorist Sharon Marcus defines as the “grammar of social scripts,”; for the disbelief often expressed by audiences for the film's handling of gender and genre. With parody and burlesque, the film flouts both cinematic conventions for the western and social norm...
The structural basis for the specificity of pyridinylimidazole inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase

Abstract Background: The p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase regulates signal transduction in response to environmental stress. Pyridinylimidazole compounds are specific inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase that block the production of the cytokines interleukin-1 β and tumor necrosis factor α, and they are effective in animal models of arthritis, bone resorption and endotoxin shock. These compounds have been useful probes for studying the physiological functions of the p38-mediated MAP kinase pathway. Results: We report the crystal structure of a novel pyridinylimidazole compound complexed with p38 MAP kinase, and we demonstrate that this compound binds to the same site on the kinase as does ATP. Mutagenesis showed that a single residue difference between p38 MAP kinase and other MAP kinases is sufficient to confer selectivity among pyridinylimidazole compounds. Conclusions: Our results reveal how pyridinylimidazole compounds are potent and selective inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase but not other MAP kinases. It should now be possible to design other specific inhibitors of activated p38 MAP kinase using the structure of the nonphosphorylated enzyme.
Near-Surface Temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the Stability of Polar Ice Deposits☆

Abstract In order to assess the thermal stability of polar ice deposits, we present model calculated temperatures of flat surfaces and surfaces within bowl-shaped and flat-floored polar impact craters on Mercury and the Moon. Our model includes appropriate insolation cycles, realistic crater shapes, multiple scattering of sunlight and infrared radiation, and depth- and temperature-dependent regolith thermophysical properties. Unshaded water ice deposits on the surface of either body are rapidly lost to thermal sublimation. A subsurface water ice deposit is stable within 2° latitude of the Moon's poles. Meter-thick water ice deposits require billions of years to sublime if located in the permanently shaded portions of flat-floored craters within 10° latitude of the poles of Mercury and 13° latitude of the poles of the Moon. Results for craters associated with radar features on Mercury are consistent with the presence of stable water ice deposits if a thin regolith layer thermally insulates deposits at lower latitudes and within smaller craters. A regolith cover would also reduce losses from diffusion, ion sputtering, impact vaporization, and H Lyα and is implied independently by the radar observations. Permanently shaded areas near the Moon's poles are generally colder than those near Mercury's poles, but the Moon's obliquity history, its orbit through Earth's magnetospheric tail, and its radar-opaque regolith may limit the volume and radar detectability of ice deposits there.
Using the ICF-CY to organise characteristics of children's functioning.

Purpose. Researchers in early childhood conducting secondary data analysis face a number of challenges shared by other early childhood professionals, including needs for efficient, descriptive language to convey characteristics of individuals' functioning to varied audiences. These professionals may benefit from a systematic approach for organising and sharing data which can describe children as functioning wholes with skills across many domains. This study explored the ability of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY) to address these needs by considering its utility to adequately organise and describe constructs of child functioning in an existing data set.Methods. Variables from a large data set were mapped to chapters of the ICF-CY Activities/Participation component. Factor analysis with a split-half approach was utilised to explore the relative structural integrity of chapter structure as a mechanism for generating a profile of construct...
Neonatal Outcomes in Severely Acidemic Infants: A Review of 12,800 Deliveries. 1063

Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe neonatal outcomes in infants with severe fetal acidosis at birth.
Transection of the innominate artery for tracheomalacia caused by persistent opisthotonus.

Patients with cerebral palsy often develop opisthotonus. The trachea may be pinched between the innominate artery and the cervical spine. This compartmentalized thoracic inlet results in severe tracheomalacia. We successfully released tracheal compression by transection of the innominate artery. In case 1, a 4-year-old girl with cerebral palsy and opisthotonus was admitted due to respiratory distress. Bronchoscopy revealed severe tracheomalacia 2 cm above the carina. An endotracheal stent was placed through a tracheostomy. Two months later, she developed tracheal bleeding and bronchoscopy demonstrated a trachea-innominate artery fistula. Magnetic resonance brain angiography showed the presence of Willis’ circle, and transection of the innominate artery was justified. This was done through a low cervical skin incision. In case 2, a 6-year-old boy with cerebral palsy and opisthotonus had long-standing respiratory distress. Ventilatory support did not resolve the symptoms. The innominate artery was transected in the same fashion as in the first case. Case 1 has been free from respiratory distress for 4 months and case 2 for 3 years. Our experience suggests that the combination of tracheomalacia, opisthotonus causes severe respiratory distress. Transection of the innominate artery is a useful therapeutic strategy to release airway obstruction in this condition.
Quantitative aspects of formation of the hybrid tetramer [α2βAβS] in mixtures of hemoglobins A and S

Abstract An apparent dimer-tetramer association constant was measured by equilibrium ultracentrifugation, in the liganded state, for the hybrid tetramer α2βAβS which is present in mixtures of hemoglobin A and hemoglobin S. Estimates were also made, by anaerobic ion-exchange chromatography, of the ratio of the apparent association constant of the deoxy hybrid to the geometric mean of the association constants of the parent molecules. In both the liganded and unliganded states, the association constant of the hybrid was found to be roughly equal to twice the geometric mean of the association constants of the parent molecules. These results are extended to estimate the fraction of AS hybrid likely to be present in erythrocytes of A-S heterozygotes, and are shown to be consistent with a simple interpretation of measurements [ R. M. Bookchin and R. L. Nagel (1971) J. Mol. Biol.60, 263–270 ] of minimum gelling concentration of mixtures of hemoglobin A and hemoglobin S.
Practitioner and Site Characteristics That Relate to Fidelity of Implementation: The Early Risers Prevention Program in a Going-to-Scale Intervention Trial

Despite the increased availability of evidence-based prevention programs targeting serious mental health problems, an ongoing challenge within the field of prevention science is transporting prevention programs into real-world settings where their health impact can be fully realized. As part of a going-to-scale study, we examined how context, namely the characteristics of the practitioners and organizations, promotes or impedes fidelity of implementation of prevention efforts. Practitioners delivered Early Risers, an intensive, multicomponent, indicated prevention program across 27 geographically dispersed elementary schools and recorded 3 indexes of fidelity—exposure, adherence, and quality of implementation. As predicted, practitioner characteristics, including personality traits (low neuroticism, high extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness), beliefs (pre-implementation beliefs about program success), and use of flexible coping strategies (reappraisal coping) were related to various fidelity indexes. Contrary to predictions, teachers’ negative perceptions of the organizational structure were positively related to fidelity. Follow-up regression analyses suggested that practitioner characteristics differentially predict fidelity for child and family programming.
Inspiring equal contribution and opportunity in a 3d multi-user virtual environment: Bringing together men gamers and women non-gamers in Second Life ®</sup?

A 3D multi-user virtual environment holds promise to support and enhance student online learning communities due to its ability to promote global synchronous interaction and collaboration, rich multisensory experience and expression, and elaborate design capabilities. Second Life^(R), a multi-user virtual environment intended for adult users 18 and older, is the most cited in educational literature, so it is important to explore how college-aged students are using it to form online learning communities. Previous research suggests that there is unbalanced participation between traditional college-aged men and women with regards to 3D multi-user video games, which closely resemble Second Life^(R). In this research study, we investigated in what manner women and men college students projected their virtual identities and engaged in interaction in Second Life^(R), and how this influenced their learning of course content. Analysis of multiple data sources revealed that conceptions of identity, beliefs of the nature of the virtual world, and technical skill were primary factors which affected group cohesion and learning within the community. Results from this study can provide insight into the class activities that can support all learners in accessing and contributing to the multi-user virtual environment learning community.