cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Double-Leakage Tip Clearance Flow on the Performance of a Compressor Stage With a Large Rotor Tip Gap

Effects of a large rotor tip gap on the performance of a one and half stage axial compressor are investigated in detail with a numerical simulation based on LES and available PIV data. The current paper studies the main flow physics, including why and how the loss generation is increased with the large rotor tip gap. The present study reveals that when the tip gap becomes large, tip clearance fluid goes over the tip clearance core vortex and enters into the next blade's tip gap, which is called double-leakage tip clearance flow. As the tip clearance flow enters into the adjacent blade's tip gap, a vortex rope with a lower pressure core is generated. This vortex rope breaks up the tip clearance core vortex of the adjacent blade, resulting in a large additional mixing. This double-leakage tip clearance flow occurs at all operating conditions, from design flow to near stall condition, with the large tip gap for the current compressor stage. The double-leakage tip clearance flow, its interaction with the tip clearance core vortex of the adjacent blade, and the resulting large mixing loss are the main flow mechanism of the large rotor tip gap in the compressor. When the tip clearance is smaller, flow near the end wall follows more closely with the main passage flow and this double-leakage tip clearance flow does not happen near the design flow condition for the current compressor stage. When the compressor with a large tip gap operates at near stall operation, a strong vortex rope is generated near the leading edge due to the double-leakage flow. Part of this vortex separates from the path of the tip clearance core vortex and travels from the suction side of the blade toward the pressure side of the blade. This vortex is generated periodically at near stall operation with a large tip gap. As the vortex travels from the suction side to the pressure side of the blade, a large fluctuation of local pressure forces blade vibration. Nonsynchronous blade vibration occurs due to this vortex as the frequency of this vortex generation is not the same as the rotor. The present investigation confirms that this vortex is a part of separated tip clearance vortex, which is caused by the double-leakage tip clearance flow.
Clinical Nurse Participation at Family Conferences in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Background Clinical nurses attend family conferences in the intensive care unit, but their role during these meetings is not yet fully understood. Objectives To assess perceived and observed contributions of the clinical nurse during family conferences. Methods Prospective cross-sectional survey and review of 40 audio-recorded family conferences conducted in the 44-bed pediatric intensive care unit of an urban pediatric hospital. Results Survey responses from 47 nurses were examined. Most nurses thought it important to attend family conferences, but identified workload as a barrier to attendance. They perceived their roles as gaining firsthand knowledge of the discussion and providing a unique perspective regarding patient care, emotional support, and advocacy. Audio recordings revealed that bedside nurses attended 20 (50%) of 40 family conferences and spoke in 5 (25%) of the 20. Nurses verbally contributed 4.6% to the overall speech at the family conference, mostly providing information on patient care. Conclusions The clinical nurse is often absent or silent during family conferences in the intensive care unit, despite the important roles they want to play in these settings. Strategies to improve both the physical and verbal participation of clinical nurses during the family conference are suggested, especially in the context of previous research demonstrating the need for more attention in family conferences to social-emotional support and patient advocacy.
A Novel Approach to Active Recruiting of Women For STEM Faculty Positions

 The Kansas State University (K-State) College of Engineering has created a program as part of the K-State ADVANCE Institutional Transformation Project to more effectively recruit talented faculty members. Recruiting to Expand Applicant Pools (REAP) is an initiative that provides competitive awards for search committees and departments to develop novel, proactive recruiting strategies that focus on gender and other diversity issues. Departments might request funding to send the department head or faculty members on recruiting trips to institutions that produce significant numbers of women Ph.D.s in their disciplines or to professional meetings at which there are significant numbers of women engineers in attendance. The K-State Department of Chemical Engineering made use of funds provided by a REAP award to carry out an aggressive faculty recruiting campaign in the 20042005 academic year. The outcome of the search process was a much larger applicant pool than for previous searches, and the pool included a number of highly qualified women. Two of these women applicants were hired into tenure-track positions. Similarly, the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department also received funding in 2004-2005 to engage in proactive recruiting for tenure-track positions. The outcome of this search was that positions were offered to two women applicants, with one accepting. This paper will share insights and lessons learned from the efforts to implement these innovative recruiting strategies. Introduction Kansas State University (K-State) is in the third year of a five-year NSF ADVANCE Institutional Transformation award. One of the ADVANCE initiatives sponsored by the College of Engineering is Recruiting to Expand Applicant Pools (REAP). The goal of this program is to increase the number of women on the faculty in the college. When the K-State ADVANCE program began in Fall 2003, there were only nine women in tenure-line positions and two in non-tenureline positions in the college, which was 8.4% and 9.4%, respectively, of the number of tenureline and total faculty in the college. The most recent available national data show that women constituted 8.4% of engineering faculties in 2001 (Women in Engineering Programs & Advocates Network [WEPAN], 2006). This figure includes instructors and other non-tenure line positions. Of the nine women faculty members in tenure-line engineering positions at K-State in 2003, five were at the associate professor rank (14.3% of all at this rank in engineering at KState), and four were assistant professors (16.7% of all at this rank in engineering at K-State). There were no female full professors, department heads or collegelevel administrators. The first regularly appointed woman department head in the College of Engineering was named in 2004. The corresponding national numbers show that in 2001, 2.8% of full professors, 9.4 % of associate professors and 14.9% of assistant professors in engineering were women (WEPAN, 2006).
Microsecond photocapacitance transients observed using a charged microcantilever as a gated mechanical integrator

How light is converted to electricity in blends of organic donor and acceptor molecules is an unsettled question, partly because the spatial heterogeneity present in these blends makes them challenging to characterize. Although scanned-probe measurements have provided crucially important microscopic insights into charge generation and transport in these blends, achieving the subnanosecond time resolution needed to directly observe the fate of photogenerated charges has proven difficult. We use a charged microcantilever as a gated mechanical integrator to record photocapacitance indirectly by measuring the accumulated change in cantilever phase as a function of the time delay between precisely synchronized voltage and light pulses. In contrast with previous time-resolved scanned-probe photocapacitance measurements, the time resolution of this method is set by the rise and fall time of the voltage and light pulses and not by the inverse detection bandwidth. We demonstrate in an organic donor-acceptor blend the ability of this indirect, “phase-kick” technique to record multiexponential photocapacitance transients on time scales ranging from 40 μs to 10 ms. The technique’s ability to measure subcycle, nanosecond charge dynamics is demonstrated by measuring the tens of nanosecond sample electrical charging time.
Complex liver cysts in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.

Abstract Purpose To determine prevalence of complex liver cysts in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). Methods Abdominal MRI in 186 ADPKD subjects were evaluated by two independent observers to determine prevalence of complex liver cysts. Results 23 (12%) of subjects, had at least 1 complex cyst. Only 8 (4%) were reported to have a complex cyst prospectively, representing an under-reporting rate of 65%. Median total cyst volume was 66-times greater for subjects with complex cysts compared to subjects without (p Conclusion Complex hepatic cysts were observed in 12% of ADPKD cases, occurring more frequently in livers with extensive cystic involvement.
Phase Equilibria, Solubility, and Precipitation in Porous Media

In this chapter, the inorganic and organic precipitation/dissolution phenomena, solid/liquid and solid/gas equilibria and solubility equations, crystallization kinetics, and their effect on the size of the suspended particles and porosity variation are discussed and formulated.
Plasticity in Nonprimary Somatosensory Cortex of Adult Monkeys

It has long been recognized that cortical maps, the topographically organized central representations of various sets of peripheral sensory receptors, can undergo extensive reorganization following central or peripheral injuries in neonatal or infant mammals (e.g., Sherman and Spear 1982; Kaas et al. 1983). Only during the past decade, however, has it become evident that cortical maps of adult mammals are likewise capable of a remarkable degree of reorganization following peripheral nerve injury (e.g., Kaas et al. 1983; Van der Loos and Welker 1985; Wall et al. 1985). These latter studies have demonstrated conclusively that nerve ligations, nerve crushes, and digit amputations result in the topographic reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex even in adult primates (e.g., Paul et al. 1972; Merzenich et al. 1983 a, b, 1984; Wall et al. 1983).
Investigating cochlear instabilities using structured stochastic uncertainty

Possible sources of instabilities in the cochlea are investigated by letting the cochlear active gain be a stochastic process which enters the dynamics multiplicatively. The theory of structured stochastic uncertainty in dynamical systems is employed by reformulating a generalized class of biomechanical models of the cochlea as an LTI system in feedback with a diagonal stochastic gain. A simulation-free, Mean Square Stability (MSS) analysis is then carried out to predict possible unstable basilar membrane vibration modes. These modes suggest a mechanism explaining the frequencies of linearized instabilities that give rise to limit cycles due to a spatially varying inhomogeneity and temporal perturbations along the cochlear partition. In fact, we show that the range of unstable frequencies is controlled by the shape of the nominal cochlear active gain. This analysis suggests an explanation of vibrations in the ear that occur in the absence of any stimulus such as Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions (SOAEs) and tinnitus.
Oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (oSLO) allows simultaneous retinal fluorescence tomography with optical coherence tomography

We have developed a novel volumetric retinal fluorescence imaging method termed oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (oSLO). By using a method of oblique illumination and angled detection, oSLO achieved simultaneous fluorescent tomography with optical coherence tomography.
Christiaan Barnard—The Great Communicator?

Christiaan (Chris) Barnard ( Figure 1 ) is remembered because he performed the world's first human heart transplant on December 3, 1967, the 50th anniversary of which we celebrate this year. However, he had other talents that are not generally appreciated. These included public speaking and writing for the layperson.
A deep-learning approach for high-speed Fourier ptychographic microscopy

We demonstrate a new convolutional neural network architecture to perform Fourier ptychographic Microscopy (FPM) reconstruction, which achieves high-resolution phase recovery with considerably less data than standard FPM.
Use of a Novel Monoclonal Antibody in Diagnosis of Barrett's Esophagus

A novel monoclonal antibody (MAbDAS-1), that specifically reacts with colonic but not small intestinal epithelium, recognizes specialized columnar epithelium (SCE) in the esophagus. The frequency of its reactivity in biopsy specimens of patients with endoscopically suspected Barrett's Esophagus (BE) is examined. Fifty-two biopsy specimens of the distal esophagus from 38 patients were tested by immunoperoxidase method using MAbDAS-1. Fifty-four samples of cardia-type mucosa biopsied from the stomach were used as controls. Results were compared with histology and Alcian blue/high iron diamine (AB/HID). Of the 52 specimens, 29 had glandular epithelium and the rest had only squamous epithelium. Ten were diagnosed to have SCE by histology. All 10 samples reacted with MAbDAS-1 and with Alcian blue. Of the remaining 19 specimens, five also reacted with MAbDAS-1. None of the squamous epithelium and cardia specimens reacted with MAbDAS-1. MAbDAS-1 may detect intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus of colonic phenotype in the absence of histological evidence of SCE.
Initiation and Modulation of Signal Output from the T cell Antigen Receptor

T lymphocytes recognize, and are triggered by, antigenic determinants displayed by accessory cells in association with major histocompatibility complex molecules. The T cell receptor for antigen is a multimeric structure consisting of a polymorphic, antigen-binding heterodimer (Ti) noncovalently associated with a series of at least 5 invariant polypeptides termed CD3 (Samelson et al., 1985; Baniyash et al., 1988). The highly polymorphic nature of the ligand binding site expressed by clonally distributed Ti heterodimers ensures the clonal nature of the T cell activation response to specific antigens. Under appropriate conditions, certain soluble stimuli (phytohemagglutinin [PHA], anti-Ti-CD3 antibodies) can mimic the physiologic ligand and activate T cells. Thus, the Ti-CD3 receptor functions both as a variable recognition element for antigens and as a ligand-activated signal transducer that couples the antigenic stimulus to the T cell activation response. Characteristic activation responses triggered in resting T cells include cell cycle entry, T-cell growth factor receptor expression, and the release of lymphokines, including interleukin 2 (IL2). The subsequent binding of IL2 and other lymphokines to receptors expressed by activated T cells provides the requisite stimuli for cellcycle progression, proliferation, and differentiation.
Adults with Communication Disabilities Experience Poorer Health and Healthcare Outcomes Compared to Persons Without Communication Disabilities.

Persons with speech, language, and/or voice disabilities (collectively referred to as communication disabilities (CD)) represent 10% of the US population, yet their healthcare outcomes have not been described. Generally, research shows that persons with disabilities have poorer health and healthcare outcomes than their non-disabled peers. To examine the health and healthcare outcomes of persons with CD compared to persons without CD. Retrospective cohort study of the 2012 National Health Interview Survey, which contained the first supplemental questions on CD. We compared proportional differences in outcomes; logistic and ordered logistic regression assessed the outcome measures across CD categories, controlling for demographics, non-communication disabilities, and chronic conditions. Findings are weighted to permit national inferences. Adults (≥ 18 years old) were divided into 4 mutually exclusive groups: people with voice disabilities only; speech/language disabilities only; speech/language and voice disabilities; and people without CD. Chronic health conditions; self-rated health; access to care; unmet needs for care; healthcare utilization. Adults with CD more frequently had ≥ 1 chronic condition (voice 67.9%, speech/language 68.6%, speech/language and voice 79.9%, no CD 50.1%, p < 0.001) and reported fair/poor health (voice 19.5%, speech/language 32.5%, speech/language and voice 48.3%, no CD 11.2%, p < 0.001) compared to those without CD. Adults with CD more frequently utilized healthcare compared to those without CD. However, persons with CD endorsed greater difficulties accessing care than those without CD, including identifying a usual source of care, trouble finding a physician, and delaying or foregoing care (e.g., delayed due to availability of care: voice 26.1%, speech/language 37.2%, speech/language and voice 30.8% no CD 16.1%, p < 0.001). Persons with CD are medically complex and experience greater challenges accessing healthcare than persons without CD. Healthcare providers need support and tools to provide equitable care that addresses the medical needs of persons with CD.
GIGANTEA promotes sorghum flowering by stimulating floral activator gene expression

The C4 grass Sorghum bicolor is an important grain and subsistence crop, animal forage, and cellulosic biofuel feedstock that is tolerant of abiotic stresses and marginal soils. Sorghum is short-day flowering, an obstacle for adaptation as a grain crop but a benefit as a biofuel feedstock. To identify genes underlying sorghum photoperiodic flowering behavior this study characterized the Sbgi-ems1 nonsense mutation in the sorghum GIGANTEA ( SbGI ) gene from a sequenced M4 EMS-mutagenized BTx623 population. Sbgi-ems1 plants had reduced stature and leaf blades exhibiting increased lateral growth combined with reduced proximal-distal growth. Mutant plants flowered later than normal siblings under long-day conditions provided by greenhouse or field. Delayed flowering in Sbgi-ems1 plants accompanied by an increase in internode number, indicating an extended vegetative growth phase prior to flowering. Sbgi-ems1 plants had reduced expression of floral activator genes SbCO and SbEhd1 and downstream FT-like florigen genes SbFT , SbCN8 , and SbCN12 . Therefore, SbGI accelerates flowering by promotion of SbCO and SbEhd1 expression. Circadian clock-associated genes SbTOC1 and SbLHY had disrupted expression in Sbgi-ems1 plants. This work demonstrates SbGI is a key upstream activator in the regulatory networks dictating sorghum flowering time and growth, as well as gene expression regulation within the circadian clock.
Is More Necessarily Better? School Security and Perceptions of Safety among Students and Parents in the United States

The use of security measures within schools has increased dramatically over the past few decades. These proliferations are often touted by teachers, school administrators, politicians, and the public as necessary for improving student safety. Though research in this area is growing, we know little about how increased use of school security measures relates to both student and parental perceptions of school safety. Using data from wave one of the 2002 Educational Longitudinal Study, the current study investigates the relationship between the use of security measures in schools and student and parent assessments of safety. Findings from multi-level models indicate that school security measures are, generally, related to decreased perceptions of safety by both parents and students. Implications of these findings are addressed.
Does lack of thoracic trauma attenuate the severity of pulmonary failure? An 8-year analysis of critically injured patients

Patients with thoracic trauma are presumed to be at higher risk for pulmonary dysfunction, but adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may develop in any patient, regardless of associated chest injury. This study evaluated the impact of thoracic trauma and pulmonary failure on outcomes in trauma patients admitted to the intensive-care unit (ICU). All trauma patients admitted to the ICU over an 8-year period were identified. Patients that died within 48 h of arrival were excluded. Patients were stratified by baseline characteristics, injury severity, development of ARDS, and infectious complications. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine variables significantly associated with the development of ARDS. 10,362 patients were identified. After exclusions, 4898 (50%) patients had chest injury and 4975 (50%) did not. 200 (2%) patients developed ARDS (3.6% of patients with chest injury and 0.5% of patients without chest injury). Patients with ARDS were more likely to have chest injury than those without ARDS (87% vs 49%, p < 0.001). However, of the patients without chest injury, the development of ARDS still led to a significant increase in mortality compared to those patients without ARDS (58% vs 5%, p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression found ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) to be the only independent predictor for the development of ARDS in ICU patients without chest injury. ARDS development was more common in patients with thoracic trauma. Nevertheless, the development of ARDS in patients without chest injury was associated with a tenfold higher risk of death. The presence of VAP was found to be the only potentially preventable and treatable risk factor for the development of ARDS in ICU patients without chest injury.
An adaptive ensemble Kalman filter for assimilation of multi-sensor, multi-modal water temperature observations into hydrodynamic model of shallow rivers

Abstract There is lack of knowledge in assimilation of multi-sensor, multi-modal water temperature observations into hydrodynamic models of shallow rivers, specifically, (a) how does accuracy of shallow river model improve after assimilation of in-situ and remotely sensed temperature observations, and (b) how can data from disparate sensors and sources be assimilated into the prediction model without significant increase in computational burden. Multi-sensor, multi-modal observations used in this study are obtained from in-situ monitoring devices in the river with limited spatial coverage but dense temporal resolution, and from Landsat-7 satellite that has better spatial coverage but limited temporal coverage. Use of remotely-sensed observations from satellites poses the challenge that the physical region represented by satellite data does not directly correspond with the physical domain of the river simulated in hydrodynamic models. Satellites detects the skin water temperature, whereas numerical models estimate the bulk temperature in the surface layer that may be multiple meters in thickness. Furthermore, for rivers narrower than the resolution of satellite data, the temperature of each cell represents the weighted average temperature of land and water. These factors introduce biases into the updated numerical model, thereby impeding appropriate management of temperature, water quality, and aquatic ecology. We implemented an efficient ensemble Kalman filter method using Latin-hypercube sampling to assimilate multi-sensor water temperature observations into the hydrodynamic model of the Lower Klamath River located in northern California. Assimilation of remote sensing data from Landsat-7 improved the model prediction for the entire river. The average spatial error was reduced from 2.59 °C to 0.66 °C (i.e., 75% improvement). In-situ data assimilation reduced the error at the observation location, however, error in the water temperature predicted by the updated model reverted in less than two days to the same level as that of an un-updated model. On the other hand, it is not computationally efficient to assimilate all of the available data into the model as they become available. In order to overcome these challenges, in-situ data were adaptively assimilated into the model whenever the error exceeded a maximum allowable error. Adaptive assimilation of in-situ data for the Lower Klamath river application occurred one to three times per day, and reduced the average daily error up to 58% compared to assimilation of in-situ data only once each day.
APOL1 Kidney Risk Variants Induce Cell Death via Mitochondrial Translocation and Opening of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore.

Background Genetic Variants in Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) are associated with large increases in CKD rates among African Americans. Experiments in cell and mouse models suggest that these risk-related polymorphisms are toxic gain-of-function variants that cause kidney dysfunction, following a recessive mode of inheritance. Recent data in trypanosomes and in human cells indicate that such variants may cause toxicity through their effects on mitochondria. Methods To examine the molecular mechanisms underlying APOL1 risk variant-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, we generated tetracycline-inducible HEK293 T-REx cells stably expressing the APOL1 nonrisk G0 variant or APOL1 risk variants. Using these cells, we mapped the molecular pathway from mitochondrial import of APOL1 protein to APOL1-induced cell death with small interfering RNA knockdowns, pharmacologic inhibitors, blue native PAGE, mass spectrometry, and assessment of mitochondrial permeability transition pore function. Results We found that the APOL1 G0 and risk variant proteins shared the same import pathway into the mitochondrial matrix. Once inside, G0 remained monomeric, whereas risk variant proteins were prone to forming higher-order oligomers. Both nonrisk G0 and risk variant proteins bound components of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, but only risk variant proteins activated pore opening. Blocking mitochondrial import of APOL1 risk variants largely eliminated oligomer formation and also rescued toxicity. Conclusions Our study illuminates important differences in the molecular behavior of APOL1 nonrisk and risk variants, and our observations suggest a mechanism that may explain the very different functional effects of these variants, despite the lack of consistently observed differences in trafficking patterns, intracellular localization, or binding partners. Variant-dependent differences in oligomerization pattern may underlie APOL1's recessive, gain-of-function biology.
Subsurface damage measurement of single crystal germanium and borosilicate glass BK-7

We present a new experimental method for measuring subsurface damage (SSD) on ground surfaces of single crystal germanium and borosilicate glass BK-7 based on the morphology and mechanical properties dependence on depth into the material. The material selection allows us to compare crystalline and non-crystalline materials. We use spots of different penetration depths on ground surfaces by Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) spots to remove part or all of the damaged layer, and then evaluate the surface roughness, fracture toughness and material removal rate (MRR) of MRF at the deepest point penetration of MRF fluid into the spot. The dependence of these results on penetration depth into the material reveals the subsurface damage of the surfaces. It is shown that the subsurface damage depths revealed by each property (surface roughness, MRR, fracture toughness) match each other.
Identification and Management of Clustered Pellitory (Parietaria praetermissa) in Citrus Groves

In Florida, clustered pellitory is becoming a troublesome weed for citrus, especially from the winter through early summer. Inadequate management of this weed can result in its heavy infestation in tree rows and can interrupt the spray pattern of low-volume drip irrigation systems. This new 3-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department will assist Florida citrus growers with proper identification of clustered pellitory and with adoption of adequate and timely strategies to manage this weed in their groves. Written by Ramdas Kanissery, Biwek Gairhe, Brent Sellers, and Steve Futch. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1341
Measurement Theory and Applications for the Social Sciences

Measurement theory and application is becoming increasingly normative across the social sciences. Bandalos (2018) reflects this growth and provides both the new and experienced methodologist with a...
The Periodic to Chaotic Water Wheel

This device was developed as a teaching tool to introduce the concepts of chaos to biology and physiology students. Our purpose was to make a simple mechanical teaching device to generate data in the lecture hall, classroom and laboratory settings in order to demonstrate the characteristics of random, chaotic and periodic behavior. We knew of the “dripping water faucet” developed by Shaw (1984) and we have used it as a model system for transmitter release (Kriebel, et al, 1990). Moon (1992) has developed vibrating devices that project a laser beam onto a wall which dramatically show transitions from periodic to chaotic motions and he describes other chaotic teaching devices appropriate for advanced students. Lorenz (1993) discusses a water wheel which he had proposed earlier which resembles a Ferris Wheel with leaky buckets filled from an overhead stream of water which changes its dynamics as a function of flow rate and generates continuous data. We modified this concept to make a wheel which produces sets of discrete data as sequences of stop angles. One wheel of our device is used as a power wheel and a paddle wheel is used to dissipate energy such that the turning motion is controlled by the single parameter of water depth on the paddle wheel. We developed this water wheel so that students would develop an understanding of chaos theory for an appreciation of a nonlinear dynamic relevant to biological and physiological systems. Even though Sir D’Arcy Thompson wrote On Growth and Form over 80 years ago showing that form and structure of organisms resulted from dynamical processes governed by simple rules, there has been little infusion of nonlinear dynamics or chaos theory into the general biological curricula. As a result there are no introductory texts or experimental devices available for our students. Nevertheless, the importance of nonlinear dynamics to biology was reintroduced by May (1976) who used the logistic equation to explain population dynamics. Chaos theory has also been applied to describe heart beat dynamics (Glass and Mackey, 1988) and brain function (Mpitsos, et al, 1988; Freeman, 1991). Concepts such as “sensitivity to initial conditions” and transitions from periodic to aperiodic motions are not taught, but are essential in understanding the complexities and dynamical interactions found in biological and physiological systems.
High-Level Power Estimation and Optimization

The methods of Chapter 7 are limited by the predefined logical structure of the circuit. Techniques at a higher abstraction levels, namely behavioral and register-transfer levels, yield a potentially larger optimization impact since these constraints do not yet exist. Further, logic level descriptions are too detailed to allow optimization methods to be applied to large designs.
Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram Based Discrete Transportation Network Design

The presence of demand uncertainty brings challenges to network design problems (NDP), because fluctuations in origin-destination (OD) demand have a prominent effect on the corresponding total travel time, which is usually adopted as an index to evaluate the network design problem. Fortunately, the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) has been proved to be a property of the road network itself, independent of the origin-destination demand. Such characteristics of an MFD provide a new theoretical basis to assess the traffic network performance and further appraise the quality of network design strategies. Focusing on improving network capacity under the NDP framework, this paper formulates a bi-level programming model, where at the lower level, flows are assigned to the newly extended network subject to user equilibrium theory, and the upper level determines which links should be added to achieve the maximum network capacity. To solve the proposed model, we design an algorithm framework, where traffic flow distribution of each building strategy is calculated under the dynamic user equilibrium (DUE), and updated through the VISSIM-COM-Python interaction. Then, the output data are obtained to shape MFDs, and k-means clustering algorithm is employed to quantify the MFD-based network capacity. Finally, the methodology is implemented in a test network, and the results show the benefits of using the MFD-based method to solve the network design problem under stochastic OD demands. Specifically, the capacity paradox is also presented in the test results.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health Indicators in a Young Adult, College Student Sample: Differences by Gender

The original Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study demonstrated strong, graded relationships between child maltreatment and household dysfunction and adult health status. The present study re-examined these relationships in a sample of young adult, college students to better characterize the developmental timing of health problems related to ACE exposure and differences by biological sex. A cross-sectional general health questionnaire that included items on ACE was administered to young adults (ages 18–29) at universities in California (n = 3880), Minnesota (n = 7708), and Texas (n = 451) between 2017 and 2018. Seven ACE were assessed: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence between parents; or living with household members who were substance misusers, mentally ill, or ever imprisoned. Binary health indicators were regressed on number of ACE as 0 (referent), 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more using logistic regression controlling for age, biological sex, race/ethnicity, and site. Approximately 51.7% of the sample reported at least one ACE with a significantly higher rate among Texas participants (p < 0.001). We observed graded relationships between levels of ACE exposure and physical, mental, and behavioral health indicators including cigarette use, e-cigarette use, drinking and driving, obesity, lifetime depression, suicide ideation and attempt, non-suicidal self-injury, and lack of restful sleep. ACE-exposed females reported worse mental health status than ACE-exposed males while males reported more substance use than females. Most outcomes did not vary significantly by sex. The strong, graded relationships observed between ACE exposure and health status among young adults reinforce the need for trauma-informed intervention programs on college campuses.
Primary gastrojejunostomy tube placement using laparoscopy with endoscopic assistance: A novel technique

Abstract Background Gastrojejunostomy (GJ) tubes are commonly used to provide postpyloric enteral nutrition in pediatric patients who cannot tolerate gastric feeds. Most techniques depend on a preexisting gastrostomy tube (GT) site to convert to a gastrojejunostomy. Several minimally invasive techniques have been described; however, their risk profile varies widely. Description of the operative technique We present a technique for primary laparoscopic GJ tube placement that minimizes the risk of hollow viscus injury and the use of fluoroscopy through endoscopic assistance. Results Eleven GJ tubes were placed using this technique in patients ranging from 5 months to 17 years of age and weighing 6.3 to 46.0 kg. Endoscopy through the gastrostomy site allowed direct visualization of wire and tube placement. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications within 30 days of operation. Use of fluoroscopy was limited with minimal total radiation exposure. Conclusion The described technique of laparoscopic primary gastrojejunostomy tube placement with endoscopic assistance was associated with a low complication rate and minimal use of fluoroscopy. Level of evidence IV
Automation of Process Planning for Rough Boring of Turned Components With Arbitrary Internal Geometry From a Semi-Finished Stock

This paper describes a novel method for automated process planning for rough boring of turned components with arbitrary internal geometry from a semi-finished stock. Earlier work has been reported on process planning for boring of components with monotonic internal geometry made from bar stock. This paper addresses the more general problem of process planning of parts with non-monotonic internal feature list from arbitrary given initial geometry, i.e., from a casting or from a semi-finished stock. With the algorithms developed, we are able to achieve full automation of all aspects of the process plan, including operations sequencing, parameter selection, NC code generation, etc. Thus, it becomes possible to go from design to NC code in a fully automated fashion. In the present work we focus on a tightly defined part family, which results in very simple but robust automation algorithms. This is in contrast to much of the reported work on automated process planning, which generally targets broad part families, leading to complex algorithms that fall short of complete design-to-NC automation.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Uncovering interpretable potential confounders in electronic medical records

Abstract In medicine, randomized clinical trials (RCT) are the gold standard for informing treatment decisions. Observational comparative effectiveness research (CER) is often plagued by selection bias, and expert-selected covariates may not be sufficient to adjust for confounding. We explore how the unstructured clinical text in electronic medical records (EMR) can be used to reduce selection bias and improve medical practice. We develop a method based on natural language processing to uncover interpretable potential confounders from the clinical text. We validate our method by comparing the hazard ratio (HR) from survival analysis with and without the confounders against the results from established RCTs. We apply our method to four study cohorts built from localized prostate and lung cancer datasets from the Stanford Cancer Institute Research Database and show that our method adjusts the HR estimate towards the RCT results. We further confirm that the uncovered terms can be interpreted by an oncologist as potential confounders. This research helps enable more credible causal inference using data from EMRs, offers a transparent way to improve the design of observational CER, and could inform high-stake medical decisions. Our method can also be applied to studies within and beyond medicine to extract important information from observational data to support decisions.
Intimate Partner Violence in the United States

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious concern in the United States. In the 1970s, the battered women’s movement began, which sought to change aspects of the US culture that contributed to violence against women. Although this movement did help many victims of IPV, it was not until 1994 that the Violence Against Women Act was passed. Despite progress related to helping victims of IPV, there is still considerable work to be done in the United States to prevent and intervene in cases of IPV. As of December 2020, the Violence Against Women Act has expired and has not been reauthorized. Additional attention to batterer intervention strategies (including funding for research on effectiveness), reducing barriers for victims to receive formal services and resources, ensuring that abusers do not have access to guns, and the development of culturally specific interventions designed to help diverse populations in the United States are needed.
Fabrication of Stabilized Gold Nanoparticle Oligomers for Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopies

Various time-resolved spectroscopies that take advantage of surface-enhancement have been developed. Only the most robust substrates can withstand the high-intensity laser pulses used by time-resol...
Studies of the Electrical Activity of the Developing Human Brain

Publisher Summary This chapter is limited to a report on the observations that have been made in the course of a longitudinal study of the development of brain electrical activity from birth in human subjects. The study was begun in 1955. Its original objectives were to provide descriptive data on normal and abnormal developmental changes in EEG patterns from birth through the early years of life, and to determine if the EEG might prove useful in prognosticating congenital developmental abnormalities, which often become manifest only some weeks or months after birth. Most recording is by the bipolar technique. Over 3/4 of the subjects were stimulated on one or more occasions with single and repetitive flashes of light from a stroboscope. Auditory stimuli, consisting of handclaps early in the study and electronically generated clicks, later were also administered to a number of subjects. Although the overall study is not yet complete, the data available are so extensive that a condensed summary is all that is possible in this chapter. This is attempted in three sections here: (1) the development of EEG patterns from 24 weeks of age after conception through the end of the first year from term, (2) cerebral responses to stimulation, and (3) findings in subjects displaying developmental abnormalities.
On-demand in situ generation of oxygen in a nanofluidic embedded planar microband electrochemical reactor

In situ generation of reagents and their subsequent use downstream presents new opportunities to amplify the utility of nanofluidic devices by exploiting the confined geometry to address mass transport limitations on reaction kinetics and efficiency. Oxygen, an inherently valuable reactant, can be produced from electrolysis of water, a process that can be conveniently integrated within a nanofluidic system. Here, we construct and characterize a nanofluidic device consisting of a planar microband electrode embedded within a nanochannel for in situ electrochemical generation and optical monitoring of O2. Fluorescein, a dye with a pH-sensitive emission intensity, was used to monitor the spatiotemporal characteristics of the oxidation of H2O, using the co-produced H+. Application of anodic potentials at the nanochannel-embedded electrode results in a decrease in fluorescence intensity, which reflects the decreasing solution pH. A combination of fluorescence intensity and chronoamperometric response was used to quantitatively determine proton generation, and the H+/O2 stoichiometry was then used to determine the concentration of the O2 in the channel. Comparison of the experimental results to finite element simulations validates the use of fluorescein emission intensity to spectroscopically determine the local oxygen concentration in the nanochannel. By varying the applied potential, spatially averaged O2 concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 0.41 mM were generated. The results demonstrate a convenient route to in situ modulation of the dissolved O2 level in a nanofluidic device and the use of an optical probe to monitor its spatial and temporal distribution under flow conditions.
Informed Consent Process, Forms, and Assent

Informed consent is a foundational principle for the ethical conduct of research with human subjects. It is essential for researchers to understand the purposes of the doctrine to enhance their ability to obtain both ethically and legally valid informed consent. Keywords: informed consent; process; subjects; assent
Dependence of betaine stimulation of vitamin b(12) overproduction on protein synthesis.

The betaine-stimulated differential synthesis of vitamin B(12), i.e., the increase in B(12) per increase in dry cell weight, by Pseudomonas denitrificans was inhibited by rifampin and chloramphenicol but not by benzylpenicillin and carbenicillin at concentrations of antibiotic that inhibit growth. The level of the first enzyme of corrin (and porphyrin) biosynthesis, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, was decreased to a much greater degree by rifampin and chloramphenicol than by the penicillins. These data support the concept that betaine stimulation of B(12) synthesis is a result of its stimulation of synthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, a labile and presumably rate-limiting enzyme of corrin formation requiring continuous induction. In further support of this hypothesis, it was found that chloramphenicol immediately interfered with both vitamin B(12) and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase formation, no matter when it was added to the system.
Observations of Paternal Response to Sudden Unanticipated Infant Death

Should we begin to challenge the stereotyped role of the father who loses a child? Mothers have traditionally been the primary caregivers for most infants, and research on the early development of involvement and investment has focused on the mother infant interaction. Professional support provided to families experiencing the loss of an infant to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has concentrated on understanding the effects of the disruption of bonding and its consequences on the mother’s sense of self. However, fathers also form significant relationships with their infants. Studies of father–neonate relationships are beginning to emerge.1–6 The sudden infant death syndrome brings a drastic and abrupt end to that relationship. Manifestations of grief are seemingly influenced by the traditional expectations of masculine behavior. In Western societies we are only just beginning to observe the emotional importance of father–infant tenderness and loyalty. The behavior of the father in response to the loss of his child is the subject of this report.
On the electron-electron interaction as the source of the metallic resistivity in TTF-TCNQ

The source of the metallic resistivity in TTF-TCNQ and related compounds has been a subject of much interest and dispute. Many candidates have been suggested but few have been considered extensively. In this contribution we will consider in detail the possibility that the electron-electron interaction is responsible for the resistivity in these compounds.
Deletion of the RluD pseudouridine synthase promotes SsrA peptide tagging of ribosomal protein S7

RluD catalyses formation of three pseudouridine residues within helix 69 of the 50S ribosome subunit. Helix 69 makes important contacts with the decoding centre on the 30S subunit and deletion of rluD was recently shown to interfere with translation termination in Escherichia coli. Here, we show that deletion of rluD increases tmRNA activity on ribosomes undergoing release factor 2 (RF2)-mediated termination at UGA stop codons. Strikingly, tmRNA-mediated SsrA peptide tagging of two proteins, ribosomal protein S7 and LacI, was dramatically increased in ΔrluD cells. S7 tagging was due to a unique C-terminal peptide extension found in E. coli K-12 strains. Introduction of the rpsG gene (encoding S7) from an E. coli B strain abrogated S7 tagging in the ΔrluD background, and partially complemented the mutant's slow-growth phenotype. Additionally, exchange of the K-12 prfB gene (encoding RF2) with the B strain allele greatly reduced tagging in ΔrluD cells. In contrast to E. coli K-12 cells, deletion of rluD in an E. coli B strain resulted in no growth phenotype. These findings indicate that the originally observed rluD phenotypes result from synthetic interactions with rpsG and prfB alleles found within E. coli K-12 strains.