cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmic ray induced soft error rate in VLSI circuits

The Monte Carlo methods originally developed for obtaining α-particle-induced soft error rates (SER's) have been extended to calculate soft errors caused by cosmic rays. Specifically, the effects of the sea level cosmic ray spectrum is calculated for a representative VLSI DRAM. The results show that the effects of sea level cosmic rays are minor when compared to the soft error rate caused by even moderate amounts of local radioactive contamination. At the same time, the precise cosmic soft error rate given here sets a limit on the possible reduction of the overall soft error rates by all hardware solution, including material purification.
Technological Mediation of Document Review The Use of Textual Replay in Two Organizations

This article reports findings from a study of writers and reviewers in two complex organizations. The author analyzes the differences between the content, conduct, and resolution of document reviews mediated by hard-copy text and those mediated by textual replay (a series of screen-captured images of the writer’s on-screen writing activity) plus hard-copytext. The results show that reviews mediated by textual replay directed greater attention to issues concerning writing and revision processes. The reviewers offered more tentative revision suggestions and more often enlisted the writers’ participation in articulating, proposing, and implementing the revisions. The article concludes by considering ways that textual replay could be further designed to support the range of joint activities that document review comprises.
The Surprising Origins of a World War II-Era Mural That Was Nearly Lost.

Jack McMillen studied at the Minneapolis School of Art in the early 1930s and went on to work in the New Deal’s Federal Art Project as part of the Works Progress Administration. 1 One of McMillen’s murals still hangs on the wall of the U.S. Post Office in College Park, Georgia. Another McMillen mural is in storage at the Smithsonian. When the country entered World War II, McMillen was drafted at the age of 32 into the U.S. Army. Before he even finished boot camp he was put him in charge of a traveling art show being used to promote the sale of War Bonds (Fig. 1). McMillen traveled the country by train, setting up shop in major cities and small towns from the east to west coasts. In early 1944, immediately after basic training, McMillen quickly fell ill. He started to mysteriously lose weight, and after undergoing extensive tests at Walter Reed General Hospital, doctors determined he had a tumor obstructing his esophagus. The Army surgeons responsible for his care admitted they had never performed the kind of surgery needed to ensure his recovery, but the mass was successfully removed, and turned out to be benign. McMillen, like countless other soldiers of the day, recuperated at the Forest Glen Annex, a former girls’ school purchased by the Army for treating convalescing patients during World War II. It was here that Private McMillen painted the mural which now hangs prominently on display at the National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM). The semi-abstractionist painting features convalescing soldiers engaged in a wide range of activities on the Forest Glen campus, identifiable by its eclectic architecture. According to his son, Jack McMillen simply titled the original mural “Noon” (Fig. 2). In 1994, 50 years after McMillen finished the mural, NMHM learned that the painting had been bolted to a wall in a deteriorating building on the Forest Glen campus, with a leak in the ceiling. Despite extensive water damage, the generous support of the U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General and the Borden Center for Excellence helped make its full restoration possible. Following the museum’s move to Forest Glen in 2011, the 7.1 ft × 10.6 ft mural earned a prominent spot in the National Museum of Health and Medicine, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 2500 Linden Lane, Silver Spring, MD 20910. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00395 FIGURE 1. McMillen cherished this signed photograph he received from the movie actress Linda Darnell when she attended the U.S. Army’s traveling art show in Los Angeles in 1943. (Photo courtesy of Dr. Brian A. McMillen.)
Silicon in Soils and Plants

The crust of the earth is largely composed of silicon that is found primarily as silicate minerals, secondary alumino silicates and various forms of silicon dioxide. However, the abundance of silicon in soils is not an indication that sufficient supplies of soluble silicon are available for plant uptake. In this chapter, the outcomes of many years of research conducted on silicon are consolidated to understand the state of knowledge for silicon fertilization guidelines in crop production. Monosilicic acid (H4SiO4) is the form of silicon used by plants, which is found both in liquid and adsorbed phases of silicon in soils. The concentration of the H4SiO4 in the soil solution is influenced by the soil pH and the amounts of clay, minerals, organic matter and Fe/Al oxides/hydroxides, which are collectively related to the geologic age of the soil. Fertilization can rapidly increase the concentration of H4SiO4 in the soil solution; therefore, fertilization has become a common practice in areas with intensive cropping systems, particularly for those soils that are inherently low in soluble silicon. The establishment of procedures to estimate the plant-available silicon and the critical soil silicon levels and the method (5-day Na2CO3-NH4NO3 extraction) to analyze the soluble silicon fraction in solid fertilizers were among the advances in research on silicon in agriculture in recent years. These measurements were the key components required for the development and implementation of effective silicon fertilizer management in crop production. However, many aspects of the role of silicon in soil science remain understudied, and these aspects should be the focus of future research.
4-Amino Salicylic Acid in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: Preliminary Report of a Randomized) Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial of Oral 4-ASA

4-Aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA), a drug which has been used to treat millions of persons with tuberculosis has been demonstrated to be highly effective and safe in the treatment of left sided ulcerative colitis when administered as a retention enema. A three month placebo controlled double blind trial utililizing 4-ASA (4 g/day), enterically coated with Eudragit S & L which dissolves at pH 6.8 (Reed & Carnrick Pharmaceuticals) is in progress. Of the first 32 patients studied, 7 of 15 receiving active drug were judged to have improved whereas only 1 of 17 receiving placebo improved (p <. 05). Patients allergic or intolerant to sulfasalazine with extensive disease were more likely to respond to 4-ASA. Although a few patients who had active disease despite taking full doses of sulfasalazine responded when 4-ASA was added to their treatment regime, most did not. Oral 4-ASA is effective in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and is particularly helpful in patients with severe extensive colitis who are allergic or intolerant to sulfasalazine.
Emotional development: The development of joy: a prototype for the study of emotion

Certain smiles are not triggered by social events, are not conditionable, and are related to REM states of drowsiness. Other smiles are clearly responses to caretakers, appear to be anticipatory reactions, and appear at times of high alertness. The latter smiles are inferred to be emotional, the former are not. Plutchik (1983) The developmental course of pleasure and joy is revealed by decades of solid research on infant smiling, which focused on its occurrence, its progressive changes in form, and its evolving meaning. Perhaps more than is the case for any other problem area, research focused on the nature and significance of infant smiling and laughter has revealed fundamental developmental processes. These processes are central to understanding normative affective development, individual emotional life, and the ties between the two. One cannot, for example, understand that at the core of smiling is arousal regulation and miss the importance of this process for studying individual differences. There are no doubt several reasons for the important contribution made by research on smiling. First, much of the research carried out in the 1960s and 1970s was faithfully descriptive, a necessary cornerstone for any body of meaningful developmental research. Second, studies were addressed to ages across the span of infancy, often employing a longitudinal format.
Phonemic Similarity Metrics to Compare Pronunciation Methods

As grapheme-to-phoneme methods proliferate, their careful evaluation becomes increasingly important. This paper explores a variety of metrics to compare the automatic pronunciation methods of three freely-available grapheme-to-phoneme packages on a large dictionary. Two metrics, presented here for the first time, rely upon a novel weighted phonemic substitution matrix constructed from substitution frequencies in a collection of trusted alternate pronunciations. These new metrics are sensitive to the degree of mutability among phonemes. An alignment tool uses this matrix to compare phoneme substitutions between pairs of pronunciations. Index Terms: grapheme-to-phoneme, edit distance, substitution matrix, phonetic distance measures
New Money Weighted Return on Illiquid Investments: A Simple Formula Replacing IRR

The popularity of the IRR has persisted notwithstanding certain widely recognized deficiencies. Recent studies suggest that the IRR is fundamentally flawed and we also show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, it is not a money weighted return. Based on the notion of aggregate income divided by aggregate capital, we present a new measure of money weighted returns that has a closed-form formula, and always has a unique and economically significant solution. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, the measure is the first cash-flow-based return measure that accounts for the structure of cash flows.
On the large-scale horizontal exchange coefficients

Values of the horizontal eddy exchange coefficient for large-sacle air motions have been computed for January, April, July, and October as a function of pressure, using an equation given by Panchev.
Contrasat – A Contrarian SAT Solver

The SAT solver Contrasat is a small variation of the well-established Minisat solver. It was entered in the Minisat hack track of the 2011 SAT competition, and was judged to be first place in one category. This paper describes the code change and its motivation. The characterization as “contrarian” is explained. Experimental results are summarized.
Is War Ever Justified

I have now presented the philosophy of co-existence as an alternative to just war theory, and I have also applied the philosophy of co-existence to some recent ethical challenges to the morality of war. In concluding this book, I will try again to explain where the new ethics of war that I have laid out stands in comparison with pacifism and just war theory. For I recognize that there are pacifists who see my arguments in this book as support for their view that war is never justified. And there are just war theorists who will see me as justifying war, but with more restrictive conditions. In responding to such interpretations, I will also be able to show the reader how the philosophy of co-existence combines the good points of both pacifism and just war theory, while avoiding their problems.
The AIIB versus the World Bank and the ADB

Wan compares the AIIB with the World Bank and the ADB, particularly at the moment of creation. The World Bank was truly a novel international financial institution but fully consistent with the American systems and legal practices. Japan successfully built the ADB, which was a hybrid of the World Bank and the Japanese institutions. Yet it failed in its attempt to create a Japan-led Asian Monetary Fund in 1997. The material and ideational resources China is using to construct the bank are not drastically different from those employed by the Americans and Japanese. The AIIB is nested to the World Bank and the ADB, thus firmly situated within the existing international financial order. But China is now further away from the US-led international structure.
Facilitating Visualization Capacity Building

Visualization plays an important role in discovery and insight. As a tool, visualization is often times utilized as a light in a sea of data providing insight to large, complex datasets. The scientific community and society at large are the beneficiaries of the utility visualization brings. As more and more data is created and consumed persons with knowledge of the visualization process, applications, methods and techniques will continue to be in demand in all fields with data visualization needs. The purposes of this panel are: (1) to discuss the need for facilitating visualization capacity building: incorporating visualization early and often into computing and other educational programs to equip students with transferrable skillsets that are in demand in the global workforce and (2) to facilitate a discussion on what knowledge base is needed to build and strengthen visualization capacity of users in visualization application domains.
A new global theology? Intercultural theology and the challenge of public discourse in a global church:

This article examines the potential of intercultural theology as a mode of public theologizing particularly suited for a global Christian church of extraordinary diversity today. Given the salience...
Brief Report: Does Gender Matter in Intervention for ASD? Examining the Impact of the PEERS® Social Skills Intervention on Social Behavior Among Females with ASD.

A paucity of research has been conducted to examine the effect of social skills intervention on females with ASD. Females with ASD may have more difficulty developing meaningful friendships than males, as the social climate can be more complex (Archer, Coyne, Personality and Social Psychology Review 9(3):212–230, 2005). This study examined whether treatment response among females differed from males. One hundred and seventy-seven adolescents and young adults with ASD (N = 177) participated in this study. When analyzed by group, no significant differences by gender emerged: PEERS® knowledge (TASSK/TYASSK, p = .494), direct interactions (QSQ, p = .762), or social responsiveness (SRS, p = .689; SSIS-RS, p = .482). Thus, females and males with ASD respond similarly to the PEERS® intervention.
Security Challenges in an Increasingly Tangled Web

Over the past 20 years, websites have grown increasingly complex and interconnected. In 2016, only a negligible number of sites are dependency free, and over 90% of sites rely on external content. In this paper, we investigate the current state of web dependencies and explore two security challenges associated with the increasing reliance on external services: (1) the expanded attack surface associated with serving unknown, implicitly trusted third-party content, and (2) how the increased set of external dependencies impacts HTTPS adoption. We hope that by shedding light on these issues, we can encourage developers to consider the security risks associated with serving third-party content and prompt service providers to more widely deploy HTTPS.
Effects of supplemental food on the behavior, aggression, and paternity status of male Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea)

Breeding is an energetically costly activity for birds. If energy-limited, birds may alter their time budgets, reducing time spent in some activities and spending more time in others. To date, no experimental study has investigated the possible effect of food availability on male mate guarding behavior. Additionally, previous results from food supplementation studies are mixed. My objectives were to determine how food supplementation might influence the breeding behavior of male Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea). I predicted that, compared to non-supplemented males, food-supplemented males would: 1) spend less time foraging, 2) spend more time singing, 3) spend more time mate guarding, 4) respond more aggressively to a simulated intruder (i.e. playback of conspecific songs in their territories), and 5) have fewer EPY in their nests. Behavioral observations were conducted at the Miller-Welch/Central Kentucky Wildlife Management Area from 8 May – 15 August 2009. Territories of male buntings (N = 30) in my study area were randomly selected for either food supplementation (n = 8) or controls (n = 22). During time budget observations (20 min/day/focal male), all behaviors were noted. To quantify male aggression, playback experiments were conducted on a subset of six food-supplemented males and six non-food-supplemented males, when numerous aggressive-like behaviors were noted. To determine paternity, blood samples were collected from adults and nestlings at 19 nests. DNA was extracted, amplified, and hand-scored on polyacrylamide gels. Males with feeders in their territories spent significantly less time foraging and significantly more time chipping than males without feeders in their territories. Time spent singing and mate guarding was not statistically different between treatment and control males. Differences in aggressive behaviors and the proportion of EPY approached significance with those males with feeders in their territories exhibiting more aggressive-like behaviors and having more EPY in their nests. Of 16 broods, 12 (75%) had at least one EPY and, in those broods, 24 of 43 nestlings (56%) were EPY. My results suggest that when provided with supplemental food, males can spend less time foraging, and in turn, will have more time and energy to devote to other activities. The presence of supplemental food however, has appeared to increase the rates of intruding, neighboring males. When neighboring conspecifics are drawn to territories with supplemental food, more EPC opportunities exist for females on supplemented territories, therefore leading to a greater proportion of EPY for those females and suggesting that female buntings are not using food as an indicator of habitat or male quality. Mate guarding did not act to fully protect paternity and regardless of time spent mate guarding, females, whether mated to food-supplemented males or not, were not guarded for the majority of the time, thereby permitting ample opportunities to seek EPCs themselves. In addition, female buntings do not risk the loss of male…
Spinal cord stimulation reduces ventricular arrhythmias during acute ischemia by attenuation of regional myocardial excitability

Myocardial ischemia creates autonomic nervous system imbalance and can trigger cardiac arrhythmias. We hypothesized that neuromodulation by spinal cord stimulation (SCS) will attenuate local cardiac sympathoexcitation from ischemia-induced increases in afferent signaling, reduce ventricular arrhythmias, and improve myocardial function during acute ischemia. Yorkshire pigs (n = 20) were randomized to SCS (50 Hz at 200-μs duration, current 90% motor threshold) or sham operation (sham) for 30 min before ischemia. A four-pole SCS lead was placed percutaneously in the epidural space (T1-T4), and a 56-electrode mesh was placed over the heart for high-resolution electrophysiological recordings, including activation recovery intervals (ARIs), activation time, repolarization time, and dispersion of repolarization. Electrophysiological and hemodynamic measures were recorded at baseline, after SCS/sham, during acute ischemia (300-s coronary artery ligation), and throughout reperfusion. SCS 1) reduced sympathoexcitation-induced ARI and repolarization time shortening in the ischemic myocardium; 2) attenuated increases in the dispersion of repolarization; 3) reduced ventricular tachyarrythmias [nonsustained ventricular tachycardias: 24 events (3 sham animals) vs. 1 event (1 SCS animal), P < 0.001]; and 4) improved myocardial function (dP/dt from baseline to ischemia: 1,814 ± 213 to 1,596 ± 282 mmHg/s in sham vs. 1,422 ± 299 to 1,380 ± 299 mmHg/s in SCS, P < 0.01). There was no change in ventricular electrophysiology during baseline conditions without myocardial stress or in the nonischemic myocardium. In conclusion, in a porcine model of acute ventricular ischemia, SCS reduced regional myocardial sympathoexcitation, decreased ventricular arrhythmias, and improved myocardial function. SCS decreased sympathetic nerve activation locally in the ischemic myocardium with no effect observed in the normal myocardium, thus providing mechanistic insights into the antiarrhythmic and myocardial protective effects of SCS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In a porcine model of ventricular ischemia, spinal cord stimulation decreased sympathetic nerve activation regionally in ischemic myocardium with no effect on normal myocardium, demonstrating that the antiarrhythmic effects of spinal cord stimulation are likely due to attenuation of local sympathoexcitation in the ischemic myocardium and not changes in global myocardial electrophysiology.
Hydrocarbon-Soluble Piperazine-Containing Dilithium Anionic Initiator for High Cis-1,4 Isoprene Polymerization

The synthesis of 1,4-bis[4-(1-phenylethenyl)benzyl] piperazine and subsequent reaction with sec-butyllithium enables a novel piperazine-containing difunctional organolithium initiator for the living anionic polymerization of isoprene. Piperazine provides a polar unit within the difunctional initiator, promoting ion dissociation and miscibility with hydrocarbon solvents, and enabling the formation of well-defined polyisoprene homopolymers with predictable molecular weights and controlled microstructure. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy monitors the dilithium initiator formation and the anionic polymerization of isoprene, revealing kinetic insight into this synthetic method. Furthermore, sequential monomer addition with styrene affords poly(styrene-block-isoprene-block-styrene) triblock copolymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. This novel initiator facilitates the synthesis of thermoplastic elastomers with desired cis-1,4 microstructure in polydienes.
Hot load temperature correction for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TMI)

The TRMM Microwave Imager has provided a nearly two-decade satellite remote sensing data set for studying climate change, and the legacy data processing is in progress and will be released in late 2017. During this reprocessing, it was discovered that the hot-load suffers an occasional transient solar intrusion, which resulted in a small systematic brightness temperature error. This paper describes an approach to remove this error.
A Framework for Understanding the Intra-Islamist Conflict Between the AK Party and the Gülen Movement

ABSTRACTThis article examines the circumstances shaping the evolution of the Gulen movement. Once considered a relatively liberal and pluralistic Islamic movement based in Turkey, the movement later succumbed to authoritarianism and illiberalism following its political alliance with the AK Party and their subsequent falling out. The paper opens with a brief overview of the historical context of the relationship between state and society in the Ottoman Empire and then examines the politicization of Islam as a movement of resistance against the modernizing reforms of the Kemalist state. The complex interplay of these factors culminated in the construction of a secular communalism in Turkey. The remainder of the paper focuses on the triangulated relationship among state, society, and religion, targeting the alliance and political struggles between the AK Party and the Gulen movement. The paper concludes that once legal and political checks and balances are removed, Islamic movements bend towards authoritaria...
Neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy: Further phenotypic characterization of a rare PNPLA2 variant.

Abstract Neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy is a rare disorder of lipid metabolism caused by variants in the Patatin-Like Phospholipase Domain Containing 2 (PNPLA2) gene. Diagnosis is often delayed due to variable presentations, which is of concern due to increased risk of cardiomyopathy. Better phenotype–genotype characterization is necessary to improve speed and accuracy of diagnosis. Here, we describe a 32-year-old woman of Hmong descent with progressive muscle pain and weakness who had a muscle biopsy with characteristic features of a lipid storage myopathy. Genetic testing revealed a homozygous splice site variant in PNPLA2, c.757 + 1G > T. This case, in combination with the one previously reported case of this PNPLA2 variant, also in a family of Hmong descent, suggests this particular variant may be unique to the Hmong population, a Southeast Asian minority group living in the United States, who immigrated to the United States as refugees after the Vietnam War.
Administration of a Nucleoside Analog Promotes Cancer Cell Death in a Telomerase-Dependent Manner.

Summary Telomerase, the end-replication enzyme, is reactivated in malignant cancers to drive cellular immortality. While this distinction makes telomerase an attractive target for anti-cancer therapies, most approaches for inhibiting its activity have been clinically ineffective. As opposed to inhibiting telomerase, we use its activity to selectively promote cytotoxicity in cancer cells. We show that several nucleotide analogs, including 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (5-FdU) triphosphate, are effectively incorporated by telomerase into a telomere DNA product. Administration of 5-FdU results in an increased number of telomere-induced foci, impedes binding of telomere proteins, activates the ATR-related DNA-damage response, and promotes cell death in a telomerase-dependent manner. Collectively, our data indicate that telomerase activity can be exploited as a putative anti-cancer strategy.
Liquid Disorder Effects on the Solid He II Kapitza Resistance

At temperatures T below the λ-point T < T λ , several Kapitza resistance results R K ∝ T −3 indicate phonon transmission difficulties and provide some support for acoustic mismatch models (proposed in the past and reviewed in Ref. 1) and for more recent modifications2–4 of the early models. Some measurements, however, show departures from the T −3 law, particularly at increased heat fluxes q. The departures appear to be consistent with some aspects of early thermohydrodynamic theories of the solid-He II Kapitza resistance5,6; however, the He II contributions appear to be very small and outside of the error limits of early data. More recent experiments indicate that the liquid He II temperature difference ΔT may cause noticeable departures from phonon transmission laws at large heat fluxes. Then the liquid contribution to the entire Kapitza temperature “drop” may reach several percent. Therefore we have conducted experiments at heat fluxes of the order of magnitude 0.5–5 W cm−2 with the purpose of resolving further details of the liquid He II thermohydrodynamic aspects of the solid-He II Kapitza resistance.
Breastfeeding and Transmission of HIV-1: Epidemiology and Global Magnitude

Over the past two decades, major strides have been made in HIV-1 research and prevention. Among these advances, some of the most remarkable and sustained achievements have been in reducing the risk of transmission of HIV-1 from mothers to their infants. In resource-rich settings such as the USA and Europe, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 has successfully been reduced to less than 1–2% [1] with the goal of virtual elimination of new cases. This success in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV-1 has been achieved by widespread implementation of effective PMTCT antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens, and obstetrical interventions as well as avoidance of breastfeeding through the use of infant formula.
What's behind being behind? Using integrated administrative data to enhance our understanding of how publicly monitored early risk experiences uniquely affect children's growth in reading achievement

Abstract This study uses an established integrated data system (IDS) in a large city to enhance our understanding of unique associations between publicly monitored early risk experiences and reading proficiency gaps during early grades. This IDS was used to determine if a set of evidence-based, early risk factors, not found in educational records, relate adversely to reading achievement from first to third grade. Results showed that these risks were uniquely associated with significant reading achievement gaps in first grade, controlling for other risks and demographic factors associated with reading gaps. Further, these gaps persisted across second and third grades. Findings highlight the potential of using an established IDS to identify relevant variables found outside educational records to provide local, actionable intelligence to address reading gaps and create cross-sector collaborations.
The Panic of 1819 and the Second Bank of the United States

In 1822, the directors of the Second Bank of the United States contemplated the election of a new president of the bank. The policies of the new president would either continue those of the retiring incumbent, which had contracted the nation's money supply, restoring the bank's stability after a panic but also stoking outrage across the United States, or deviate from them to support national economic development by providing more credit and a sound paper currency usable throughout the country. The case frames the contest for control of the Second Bank that would ultimately determine the bank's role in the American economy. The case presents opportunities for financial analysis of the health and performance of the Second Bank, for assessment of the governance and management of the bank, and for consideration of the timing of a change in strategy regarding the bank. Excerpt UVA-F-1815 Rev. May 26, 2020 The Panic of 1819 and the Second Bank of the United States In the summer of 1822, the board of directors of the Second Bank of the United States began to contemplate the election of a new president of the bank. The retiring incumbent, Langdon Cheves, had served as president since 1819 and favored policies of austerity oriented toward stabilizing the bank after an episode of fraud and mismanagement. Cheves's policies contracted the nation's money supply, which stoked outrage across the United States and prompted personal vilification of Cheves. Although these policies restored the bank to a sound footing, contemporaries believed that they worsened the economic depression that followed the Panic of 1819. Cheves favored the appointment of William Meredith as his successor he believed that Meredith would continue the policies that had brought the bank to the threshold of recovery. Roswell Colt, a dissident investor who was personally acquainted with President James Monroe and Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford, instead nominated Nicholas Biddle. Biddle had served as a member of the bank's board of directors from 1819 to 1821 and had supported Cheves's election as president in 1819. However, in 1821, he broke with Cheves over the bank's strategy. Biddle asserted that the policy of austerity had gone too far and that the Second Bank should support national economic development by providing more credit and a sound paper currency usable throughout the country. (See Exhibit 1 for brief profiles.) The bank's board consisted of 25 directors, many of whom were loyal to Cheves but sensitive to the popular outrage generated by the bank's policies. Meredith and Biddle represented stark strategic alternatives. Which candidate should the board select? . . .
In the Weeds: Critical Literacy Conversations with Allan Luke.

In this essay, I discuss Allan Luke’s influence on my own critical digital literacy research, beginning with the influence of his monograph “The Social Construction of Literacy in the Primary Schoo...
Introduction to Behavioral Physics: Activity

The history of science is largely coextensive with the history of measurement. Theory existed from the time humans first began to reason, but knowledge accumulated very slowly. The supremacy of theory often led to static dogma. Subordinating theory to experience was the critical epistemological development giving rise to science and the resulting explosive increase in new knowledge. Experience is gained through the senses; we learn by observing, listening, touching, tasting, and smelling. Instruments often quantify experience into standard units of measure. Instruments can extend the senses into new domains. The telescope allows us to see farther than possible with the naked eye. The microscope allows us to visit the world of the exceedingly small. High speed cameras and lasers allow us to slow down time so that we can study sequences of events that appear instantaneous to the unaided eye and ear. Time lapse photography allows us to better appreciate dynamic changes that take place very slowly. X-ray, computed axial tomography (CAT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans allow us to visualize the insides of live beings without surgery. Chemical analysis of blood and other specimens has greatly advanced our understanding of disease to the modern point where disease is thought of in terms of laboratory measurements and the results of physical examination. Examples could be continued at greater length but by now the point should be crystal clear; our present scientific understanding of many phenomena is critically dependent upon instrumented measurements. Consider what the state of contemporary science education would look like if all knowledge based upon instruments were stricken from existing textbooks.
Calorimetric Evaluation of the Operational Thermal Stability of Ribonuclease A in Hydrated Deep Eutectic Solvents

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and particularly their mixtures with water, have been postulated as progressive, sustainable biocatalytic media. Currently, however, knowledge of biomolecular stability within DES media, such as protein folding reversibility, remains quite limited. In this Letter, we present the findings of a study of bovine ribonuclease A (RNase A) unfolding/refolding within aqueous media containing 5–35 wt % of illustrative DESs comprising 1:2 molar ratios of choline chloride plus urea (so-called reline), ethylene glycol (ethaline), or glycerol (glyceline). Using differential scanning calorimetry, iterative thermal cycling of RNase A in the presence of reline is shown to result in rapid and complete loss in folding reversibility, tentatively linked to ammonia evolution, whereas the addition of glyceline actually improves the RNase A thermodynamic stability beyond the native, purely aqueous milieu.
Three-dimensional study of rolling contact fatigue using crystal plasticity and cohesive zone method

Abstract A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model that includes the microstructure of grains and grain boundaries is developed for studying the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage caused by a rolling steel wheel on a steel railway. The 3D model uses a crystal plasticity-based micromechanical framework for simulation of stress-strain behavior inside the grains, and cohesive elements with traction-separation law for modeling the intergranular fatigue damages. A combination of moving normal Hertzian load and tangential loads are employed to mimic the rolling contact conditions. The effect of various parameters such as friction coefficient, traction, partial slip contact and wheel load on RCF is studied. The results reveal that RCF cracks initiate slightly below the surface for large wheel loads and low tractions. The cracks migrate toward the surface as the wheel-rail traction increases. For high tractions, the cracks initiate at the rolling surface. Under partial slip contact condition, there is a large change in rail life for small normalized tractions. With a slight increase in the latter, the rail life significantly decreases. For moderate to large tractions, rail life remains relatively unchanged or slightly increases. The results of the study appear to agree with anecdotal observations by the U.S. railroads from revenue service operation.
Mechanical Properties of White Etching Areas in Carburized Bearing Steel Using Spherical Nanoindentation

The indentation stress–strain curves of nanocrystalline white etching areas (WEAs) in fatigue-damaged bearing steels were measured through the Pathak–Kalidindi spherical indentation protocols. Although the hardness of WEAs has been reported as greater than the matrix, the indentation yield strength is 36 ± 6 pct smaller and the Young’s modulus is 34 ± 11 pct smaller than the matrix. Using a Voigt–Reuss–Hill approximation, the measured reduction in Young’s modulus is consistent with the effective modulus of nanocrystalline grains within the WEAs.
A time-varying Bayesian joint hierarchical copula model for analysing recurrent events and a terminal event: an application to the Cardiovascular Health Study

Recurrent events could be stopped by a terminal event, which commonly occurs in biomedical and clinical studies. Taking the Cardiovascular Health Study as a motivating example, patients can experience recurrent events of myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke during follow‐up, which, however, can be truncated by death. Since death could be a devastating complication of MI or stroke recurrences, ignoring dependent censoring when analysing recurrent events may lead to invalid inference. The joint shared frailty model is widely used but with several limitations: two event processes are conditionally independent given the subject level frailty, which could be violated because the dependence may rely on unknown covariates varying across recurrences; the correlation between recurrent events and death is constant over time because of the same frailty within subject, but MI or stroke recurrences could have a time‐varying influence on death due to higher risk of another event of MI or stroke after the first. We propose a time‐varying joint hierarchical copula model under the Bayesian framework to accommodate correlation between recurrent events and dependence between two event processes which may change over time. The performance of our method is extensively evaluated by simulation studies, and lastly by the Cardiovascular Health Study for illustration.
Quantifying the health impacts of eliminating air pollution emissions in the City of Boston

Cities around the world are taking action to limit greenhouse gas emissions through ambitious climate targets and climate action plans. These strategies are likely to simultaneously improve local air quality, leading to public health and monetary co-benefits. We quantify and monetarily value the health impacts of eliminating emissions from the City of Boston, and in doing so, highlight the importance of considering health impacts alongside environmental impacts of local climate action. We simulated at a 4km resolution how the elimination of anthropogenic emissions from the City of Boston would impact air quality within a 120km by 120km study domain. We then estimated how this change in air quality would impact a number of annual health outcomes, as well as the associated monetary savings. We found that eliminating anthropogenic emissions from Boston would result in a decline in PM2.5 concentration across the entire study region ranging from 8.5 ug/m3 in Boston to less than 1 ug/m3 elsewhere in the domain. In addition, we estimate that summer ozone would increase for the Greater Boston Area and areas west, and decrease elsewhere. The monetary impact of the change in air quality on health is estimated to be a $2.4 billion per year savings across the full domain and $1.7 billion within Suffolk County only, about 1.4% of the gross domestic product of the county. These monetary impacts are driven primarily by reduced incidence of mortality. We estimate that 288 deaths would be avoided per year across the study domain, about six deaths avoided, annually, per 100,000 people. Within Suffolk County, we estimate that 47 deaths would be avoided per 100,000 people, around 16% of all-cause premature mortality. We also found a net decrease in cardiovascular and respiratory illness. Across the study domain, these health benefits would be disproportionately conferred upon people of color.
Past and Present Behçet's Disease Animal Models.

Behcet's disease (BD) is presumably an autoinflammatory disease of unknown etiology for which several animal models have been described over the years. Agents and methods used for the development of these models have ranged from the use of transgenic mice, exploring a possible genetic component, to the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) pathogen, examining a pathogenic component. Other models have also been used to investigate a possible autoimmune component. Each model possesses its own unique set of benefits and shortcomings, with no one model fully being able to recapitulate the disease phenotype. Here we review proposed models and provide commentary on their effectiveness and usefulness in studying the disease.
CubifAE-3D: Monocular Camera Space Cubification for Auto-Encoder based 3D Object Detection

We introduce a method for 3D object detection using a single monocular image. Starting from a synthetic dataset, we pre-train an RGB-to-Depth Auto-Encoder (AE). The embedding learnt from this AE is then used to train a 3D Object Detector (3DOD) CNN which is used to regress the parameters of 3D object poses after the encoder from the AE generates a latent embedding from the RGB image. We show that we can pre-train the AE using paired RGB and depth images from simulation data once and subsequently only train the 3DOD network using real data, comprising of RGB images and 3D object pose labels (without the requirement of dense depth). Our 3DOD network utilizes a particular `cubification' of 3D space around the camera, where each cuboid is tasked with predicting N object poses, along with their class and confidence values. The AE pre-training and this method of dividing the 3D space around the camera into cuboids give our method its name - CubifAE-3D. We demonstrate results for monocular 3D object detection in the Autonomous Vehicle (AV) use-case with the Virtual KITTI 2 and the KITTI datasets.
What is the Value of Analyst Research

We estimate the value of equity analyst research motivated by regulatory changes such as MIFID II, which unbundles equity research and trading functions. We find that changes in target prices (CTPs) of equity analysts even as early as 120 days before a rating change can accurately predict actual credit rating changes of all rating agencies in the United States and Europe, even during a financial crisis. The accuracy of CTPs as a predictor of credit rating actions is as high as 78% even after controlling for actual stock price changes in predicting these rating actions, and this finding is robust to outlook and watch-list effects. For our sample of firms that had a credit event, we estimate the value of analyst research on average to be about 15.5 billion $ for a downgrade and about 5.2 billion $ for an upgrade. Unconditionally, we estimate the value of analyst research to be about 1.8 billion $ when the CTP predicts a future decline in stock prices and about 1.1 billion $ when the CTP predicts a future increase in stock prices. We conclude that the economic value of analyst research is indeed sizable, contrary to the conclusions of most of the extant literature.
Antigen-Presenting Cells in the Airways: Moderating Asymptomatic Bacterial Carriage

Bacterial respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major global health burden, and the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in mounting an immune response to contain and clear invading pathogens is well-described. However, most encounters between a host and a bacterial pathogen do not result in symptomatic infection, but in asymptomatic carriage instead. The fact that a pathogen will cause infection in one individual, but not in another does not appear to be directly related to bacterial density, but rather depend on qualitative differences in the host response. Understanding the interactions between respiratory pathogens and airway APCs that result in asymptomatic carriage, will provide better insight into the factors that can skew this interaction towards infection. This review will discuss the currently available knowledge on airway APCs in the context of asymptomatic bacterial carriage along the entire respiratory tract. Furthermore, in order to interpret past and futures studies into this topic, we propose a standardized nomenclature of the different stages of carriage and infection, based on the pathogen’s position with regard to the epithelium and the amount of inflammation present.
Role of Toxicology in Suicide Evaluation

It is a well-known and often stated fact that the typical suicide case is a white male, married, and between the ages of 45 and 60 years. Any forensic toxicologist who has taken the trouble to inquire as to the age, sex, and race of the suicide cases on which he is conducting toxicological tests, would probably have the impression that a typical suicide would fall into a category other than that stated above. In Virginia, certainly, it has been our experience that most suicides by ingestion of a toxic substance were committed by females, rather than males, marital status being uncertain, but the age probably lower than that for the general suicide population. Not until 1972 when the publication of the Vital Statistics of the United States for 1968 [1] became available, was it possible to look critically at the nature of the suicide population, particularly those due to ingestion of solid and liquid substances. For the first time in that year, a breakdown by age and sex was made, which enabled correlations to be made with suicides in general, suicides by ingestion of solid and liquid substances, suicides by ingestion of drugs, or suicides by exposure to carbon monoxide.
The polytope of tree-structured binary constraint satisfaction problems

We correct a result that we recently published in this conference series on the polytope of Binary Constraint Problems (BCPs). We had claimed that the so-called "support formulation" would characterize the convex hull of all feasible solutions to tree-structured BCPs. We show that this claim is not accurate by providing a small counter example. We then show that the respective polytope defines a facet of the stable-set polytope of a perfect graph which allows us to perform LP inference in polynomial time.
International Peacekeeping and Micro-Foundations for Positive Peace: Lab-in-the Field Evidence from Kosovo

\We consider the impact of international peacekeeping forces on micro-foundations for positive peace after violence. Our approach uses novel experimental methods to illustrate how third-party monitoring and enforcement mechanisms could enhance intergroup trust and deter the rise of would-be spoilers. Our experiment shows that while third-party intervention can have short-term positive effects on trust, spoiler activity increases once monitoring and enforcement mechanisms are removed, undermining most gains. At the same time, we also find that interventions with clear enforcement mechanisms perform better to enhance trust and deter spoiler behavior than monitoring alone. We then consider whether our experimental results have real-world extensions to different peacekeeping intervention strategies for building positive peace after violence. By exploiting heterogeneity in NATO peacekeeping strategies in different regions of post-war Kosovo, our experimental inferences about monitoring and enforcement appear robust to ecological conditions in the field.