cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Impact of COVID-19-Related Social Distancing on Mood and Psychiatric Indicators in Sexual and Gender Minority (SGM) and Non-SGM Individuals

Empirical evidence demonstrates mental health disparities between sexual and gender minority individuals (SGM) compared with cisgender heterosexual individuals. SGM individuals report elevated rates of emotional distress, symptoms related to mood and anxiety disorders, self-harm, and suicidal ideation and behavior. Social support is inversely related to psychiatric symptoms, regardless of SGM status. The COVID-19 pandemic-with its associated limited social interactions-represents an unprecedented period of acute distress with potential reductions in accessibility of social support, which might be of particular concern for SGM individuals' mental well-being. In the present study, we explored the extent to which potential changes in mental health outcomes (depressive symptoms, worry, perceived stress, positive and negative affect) throughout the duration of the pandemic were related to differences in perceptions of social support and engagement in virtual social activity, as a function of SGM status. Utilizing a large sample of US adults (N = 1,014; 18% reported SGM status), we assessed psychiatric symptoms, perceptions of social isolation, and amount of time spent socializing virtually at 3 time windows during the pandemic (between March 21 and May 21). Although SGM individuals reported greater levels of depression compared with non-SGM individuals at all 3 time points, there was no interaction between time and SGM status. Across all participants, mental health outcomes improved across time. Perceived social isolation was associated with poorer mental health outcomes. Further, time spent engaging in virtual socialization was associated with reduced depression, but only for those in self-reported quarantine. We discuss these results in terms of the nature of our sample and its impact on the generalizability of these findings to other SGM samples as well as directions for future research aimed at understanding potential health disparities in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Deadly Misunderstandings About Police Use of Deadly Force

This short article, written for law enforcement and criminal justice professionals in Texas, summarizes and addresses some of the most common ways in which the laws of justification in Texas are misunderstood and misapplied. The focus is on the use of deadly force by law enforcement officers and the specific provisions contained within the Texas Penal Code regulating the use of the highest level of force by police and others.
Mucoadhesion and Mechanical Assessment of Oral Films

Aligned with efforts to overcome shortcomings of conventional oral dosage forms, mucoadhesive oral thin films have been the focus of drug development. Transmucosal drug delivery through oral cavity is a popular alternative to deliver many drugs due to several advantages over conventional oral delivery including greater bioavailability due to bypassing the first-pass effect and avoiding enzymatic or acid-related degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, faster onset of action, and better patient compliance particularly in geriatric and pediatric patients. Furthermore, among solid transmucosal delivery platforms, buccal and sublingual strips or patches are more attractive due to their flexibility, ease of administration, high patient compliance, and fast dissolution. They are also more stable compared to oral gels making them a desirable candidate to deliver many small and large molecules locally or systemically. Mucoadhesion and mechanical properties of oral films are crucial in their performance, and therefore ways to measure these properties are also similarly important. Since they are relatively new to the pharmaceutical market, there are currently no FDA-recommended or USP standard methods available to characterize such dosage forms. This review intends to cover and discuss various methods cited in the literature to measure and evaluate mucoadhesive and mechanical properties of oral films.
Use of the consumption discount rate for public policy over the distant future

Abstract The choice of discount rate has a significant impact on net benefit estimates when costs today have benefits over long time horizons. Standard U.S. government practice for cost–benefit analysis is to bound such analysis using two alternative rates. These rates are meant to represent the rate of return paid by capital investment and the rate received by consumers. Previous work has shown this approach legitimately bounds the analysis—but only when future benefits accrue directly to consumers either in a two-period model or as a perpetuity. We generalize to consider arbitrary patterns of future benefits, accruing either directly to consumers or indirectly through future investment. We derive an expression for the appropriate discount rate and show that it converges to the consumption rate for benefits increasingly far into the future. More generally, the bounding rates depend on the temporal pattern of the undiscounted dollars. As an application, we estimate the appropriate discount rate for climate change damages from carbon dioxide, finding it lies in a narrow range ( ±0.5 percent) around the consumer rate of interest.
Laboratory Evaluation of Electrically Conductive Asphalt Mixtures for Snow and Ice Removal Applications

The study evaluates the electrical conductivity and mechanical performance of graphite modified asphalt mixtures. The effects of air voids, carbon fiber, and binder performance grade (PG) on the el...
Voices of the Trauma Bay

Essay Contest II: How can diversity, equity, and inclusion be improved in acute care surgery/the AAST? I looked around the room in disbelief: “There are only three of us?” I ran the numbers in my head. Yes, only three Hispanic residents in the largest surgery program in the United States and one which actively pursues diversity. I thought of the times I interviewed around the country; there were very few of us. I wondered, why aren’t we here to serve each other? I found it both surprising and disappointing given that such a vast percentage of our patients are Hispanic, many of them with very limited medical literacy, and often times no knowledge of the English language. I thought about my encounters with them—the surprise followed by a smile, then the sigh of relief—that is the intangible, invaluable connection created when I walk into the room speaking Spanish to my patients. It is the understanding that their voices will be heard. Cultural, language, and access barriers are part of a tremendous public health problem that widens health disparities among minorities. Even in trauma care, differential outcomes have been identified despite universal access to emergent care protected by the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA). The American Health Association Annual Survey has shown …
Does it pay to Play by the Rules? Respect for Rule of law, Control of Corruption, and National Success at the Summer Olympics

Utilizing the set of World Governance Indicators published by the World Bank, this paper finds that scoring highly in an indicator measuring respect for rule of law and control of corruption is ass...
IT0: Discrete Math and Programming Logic Topics as a Hybrid Alternative to CS0

This paper describes the development of a hybrid introductory course for students in their first or second year of an information systems technologies degree program at a large Midwestern university. The course combines topics from discrete mathematics and programming logic and design, a unique twist on most introductory courses. The objective of the new course is to better prepare students for more advanced computing courses. Two primary drivers motivated development of the new course: 1) faculty evidence of deficient foundation skills in advanced level courses, and 2) consideration of program accreditation criteria.
Impairment of intestinal deconjugation of dietary folate. A possible explanation of megaloblastic anaemia associated with phenytoin therapy.

Abstract Oral administration of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, ' Dilantin ', ' Epanutin ') impaired intestinal absorption of conjugated folate in some healthy volunteers but did not significantly affect the absorption of free folate. Phenytoin inhibited the in-vitro deconjugation of polyglutamic folate by homogenates of human intestinal mucosa. These observations suggest that the mechanism for the folate deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia which may accompany chronic anticonvulsant therapy may be inhibition of an enzyme or enzymes responsible for the intestinal deconjugation of folate sources in the diet.
Integrated genomics of thyroid cancer

Objective Advances in DNA sequencing technology have permitted comprehensive genomic characterization of the most common types of cancer, including those of the thyroid gland. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (a joint NCI and NHGRI effort) has performed the first of several attempts to define the genomic landscape of thyroid cancer by identifying the somatic genetic changes of a large cohort of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods The TCGA Research Network performed an integrated genomic analysis of nearly 500 PTCs, the most common type, using next generation DNA sequencing and other pan-genomic methods, together with detailed clinical and pathologic data. Results Despite significant pre-existing knowledge about the genetics of PTC, the TCGA project illuminated many novel aspects of the genetics of PTC. Novel driving alterations, both novel single nucleotide variants and gene fusions, were identified. Driving events were nearly mutually exclusive. Tumors were divided into BRAF-V600E-like and RAS-like groups based on their gene expression profiles and were shown to have distinct differentiation and signaling properties. Several differentially expressed miRs were identified and hypothesized to play a prognostic role in PTC. Discussion The overarching conclusion of this study is PTC is much more genetically diverse than previously recognized, with BRAF-driven tumors being genetically diverse and also fundamentally different from RAS-driven tumors.
Coronary Artery Tortuosity in Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Angiographic Characteristics and Clinical Implications

Background—Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an increasingly recognized nonatherosclerotic cause of acute coronary syndrome. The angiographic characteristics of SCAD are largely undetermined. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of coronary tortuosity in SCAD and whether it may be implicated in the disease. Methods and Results—Patients with confirmed SCAD (n=246; 45.3±8.9 years; 96% women) and 313 control patients without SCAD or coronary artery disease who underwent coronary angiography were included in this case–control study. Angiograms were reviewed for coronary tortuosity and assigned a tortuosity score. Tortuosity was common in patients presenting with their first SCAD event (78% versus 17% in controls; P<0.0001; tortuosity score, 4.41±1.73 versus 2.33±1.49 in controls; P<0.0001) despite a low prevalence of hypertension (34%). Recurrent SCAD (n=40) occurred within segments of tortuosity in 80% of cases. Severe tortuosity (≥2 consecutive curvatures ≥180°) was associat...
Antifungal Dosing in Obesity: A Review of the Literature

Obesity is becoming a global pandemic that is projected to increase significantly over the next few decades. Unfortunately, studies of drug dosing and pharmacokinetics have largely excluded obese patients. Currently, literature inadequately characterizes drug disposition in these patients. Only a limited selection of literature addresses antibacterial dosing in obesity, and virtually none characterizes antifungal dosing in obesity. This review discusses the changes in pharmacokinetics that occur in obesity and the available in vitro and in vivo data describing the disposition of antifungal agents in obese animals and patients.
Embryo and yolk compositional relationships in broiler hatching eggs during incubation

Developmental relationships between yolk, embryo body, and embryo liver compositions during incubation were determined in two trials. In Trial 1, embryo body moisture, fat, and CP contents and embryo liver moisture and fat contents were determined. In Trial 2, relative yolk weights, moisture, fat, and fatty acid contents, relative wet and dry embryo weights and moisture contents, and relative wet and dry liver weights and moisture contents were determined. In Trial 1, embryo moisture decreased sigmoidally between Days 6 and 21, whereas embryo fat increased between Days 12 and 21 of incubation; embryo CP displayed sequential fluctuations throughout incubation. However, an overall significant decrease in embryo CP occurred between Days 6 and 21. Liver fat content increased between Days 12 and 21, whereas liver moisture decreased through Day 18, with a subsequent increase by Day 21. In Trial 2, relative yolk weight and moisture content decreased, whereas percentage yolk lipid content increased between Days 6 and 15. Relative wet and dry embryo weights changed in a similar manner, with rapid increases between Days 12 and 18 of incubation. Embryo moisture and CP were negatively correlated to embryo fat content. Furthermore, relative embryo and liver DM were related to yolk palmitic acid concentration, whereas yolk oleic acid was correlated only with liver DM. In conclusion, embryos and their livers displayed differential accumulations of moisture and DM during incubation, and these differences exhibited distinctive associations with various yolk fatty acids.
Bacterial Contamination and Submarine Groundwater Discharge—A Possible Link

Environmental Context.Pathogenic bacteria and viruses are sometimes detected in coastal waters, high levels of which correlate with occurrence of acute gastrointestinal illness in recreational beach users. The source of the bacterial and viral contamination to the beach is not always easy to decipher, and therefore efforts to prevent these occurrences are limited by lack of full understanding of their cause. Abstract.Beach water contamination by pathogenic agents is monitored by Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB) levels. A source of these agents may be submarine groundwater discharge. At Huntington Beach, California high FIB levels in the surf zone are shown to be associated with high 224Ra and 223Ra activities, indicators of groundwater discharge.
SUN Database: Exploring a Large Collection of Scene Categories

Progress in scene understanding requires reasoning about the rich and diverse visual environments that make up our daily experience. To this end, we propose the Scene Understanding database, a nearly exhaustive collection of scenes categorized at the same level of specificity as human discourse. The database contains 908 distinct scene categories and 131,072 images. Given this data with both scene and object labels available, we perform in-depth analysis of co-occurrence statistics and the contextual relationship. To better understand this large scale taxonomy of scene categories, we perform two human experiments: we quantify human scene recognition accuracy, and we measure how typical each image is of its assigned scene category. Next, we perform computational experiments: scene recognition with global image features, indoor versus outdoor classification, and "scene detection," in which we relax the assumption that one image depicts only one scene category. Finally, we relate human experiments to machine performance and explore the relationship between human and machine recognition errors and the relationship between image "typicality" and machine recognition accuracy.
Iglo calculations of the antisymmetric components of nuclear magnetic shielding tensors

Abstract Calculations of the antisymmetric components of 13 C shielding tensors have been performed in several compounds using the IGLO (individual gauge for localized orbitals) method. The results indicate chemical situations in which the detection of the antisymmetric components should be easier than in the cases analyzed by Iwai and Saika.
Sampling measures for Bergman spaces on the unit disk

We provide a characterization of the sampling measures for the Bergman spaces. These are the positive measures \(\mu\) on the unit disk \({\Bbb D}\) for which there exists a constant \(C > 0\) such that
Toward Safe Hospital Discharge: A Transitions in Care Curriculum for Medical Students

BACKGROUND Medical errors often occur when patients move between care settings. Physicians generally receive little formal education on improving patient care transitions.
WHAT FAMILY THERAPISTS MIGHT LEARN FROM CHILD PSYCHIATRY

Recent articles in child psychiatry in America are reviewed, with emphasis on those studies ofinterest to family therapists. Major areas covered include: normal development, deviant development, and the impact of trauma. Differences from the “family therapy” literature include: multi-causal explanations, respect for scientific studies, reviews of progress in knowledge, and a deep-rooted ethical commitment to the welfare of children.
Decreased macrophage‐mediated cytotoxicity in mammary‐tumor‐bearing mice is related to alteration of nitric‐oxide production and/or release

Peritoneal-exudate macrophages (PEM) from mammary-tumor-bearing mice have impaired cytotoxic activity against syngeneic and allogeneic tumor targets. The ability of PEM from normal and tumor-bearing mice to bind tumor targets was found to be similar in the presence or the absence of surrogate receptors, which enhanced the binding but not the killing of tumor targets by PEM from tumor-bearing mice, suggesting that other mechanisms are involved in their impaired cytolytic activity. Soluble and membrane-bound TNF-alpha, as well as H2O2, were found in higher amounts in PEM from tumor bearers upon stimulation with LPS, as compared with PEM from normal mice. However, tumor-bearers' macrophages displayed decreased capacity to produce and/or release nitric oxide, which could be reversed by the addition of increasing levels of IFN-gamma. These results indicate that the lack of macrophage cytotoxicity in mammary-tumor-bearing mice is related to impaired production and/or release of NO by these effector cells, possibly aggravated by the insufficient IFN-gamma production previously reported in these animals. Moreover, mammary-tumor progression results in dis-regulation of synthesis of macrophage-mediators, with over-production of molecules to which mammary-tumor cells are insensitive and deficient production of NO, the crucial molecule to which these cells appear to be highly sensitive.
The interaction of 4-alkyl derivatives of 2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo [2,2,2] octanes with cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase, and with cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate binding proteins.

Abstract 4-Alkyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo [2,2,2] octanes are weak competitive inhibitors of the high- K m form of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (PDE) and non-competitive inhibitors of the low- K m form enzyme. The possibility that inhibition of the low- K m form enzyme by the bicyclic organo-phosphates may contribute to their toxic action is discussed. The compounds do not affect the binding of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) with specific binding proteins, and are unlikely to have any effect on cyclic AMP receptors.
Groups, responsibility, and risk taking in business organizations

Discussions of risk taking in the modern business organization frequently focus upon the behavior of individual moral agents. Here I attempt to identify some of the complexities of risk taking when it is a group phenomenon and to do so in such a way as to shed some light upon the ethics of group risk taking in business organizations.
Quantitative determination of growth hormone by immunoblotting

Blotting techniques have been extensively used, not only analytically for protein identification, but also preparatively to isolate and purify specific proteins from a large variety of cellular extracts and biological fluids. The process involves the separation of proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transfer of proteins to nitrocellulose membranes, and immunostaining to identify proteins which often are at very low concentrations. Because of the quantitative interactions of the proteins with specific antibodies, we have coupled the immunoblot procedure with photographic and densitometric methods for the quantitative determination of bovine growth hormone (bGH). In this way, the method is suitable for bGH detection and quantitation for a small number of samples by use of a single Western blot analysis. The sensitivity of this method permits determinations of bGH to 0.5 ng. The method uses a comparative procedure in which purified bovine growth hormone is used as a standard.
Adalimumab induced pulmonary sarcoid reaction

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. There is evidence that Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) antagonists are useful in the treatment of advanced or refractory disease. However, sarcoidosis-like reaction has been reported with TNF-α blockade in other inflammatory conditions. Here we report a case of sarcoid-like reaction in a patient with psoriatic arthritis shortly after initiation of adalimumab therapy. Stopping adalimumab and systemic anti-inflammatory therapy with corticosteroids resulted in resolution of pulmonary symptoms and chest radiographic findings. Though TNF-α plays a critical role in pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, the development of sarcoid reaction with TNF-α blockade is paradoxical and the mechanism of this response remains unknown. TNF-α induced sarcoid-reaction could involve multiple organs. Its development with one agent does not preclude therapy with other TNF-α blockers.
Heat Treatment of Centrifugally Cast High-Vanadium Alloy Steel for High-Pressure Grinding Roller

The roller is one of the main parts of a high-pressure grinding roller, which is a type of highly efficient ore crushing equipment. Its working life is strongly affected by the materials used. In this paper, a new kind of roller material, the high-vanadium alloy steel (HVAS), was investigated. The results showed that the as-cast microstructures of the HVAS roller contained martensite, residual austenite, and alloy carbides. The HVAS sample quenched at 1,080 °C had a high hardness, and it had much higher compressive strength and abrasive wear resistance after tempering at 560 °C for 30 min. The mechanical properties of the HVAS are more sufficient than the existing roller materials, which are feasible for larger machine design.
A Co-Fe alloy as alternative anode for solid oxide fuel cell

Abstract A new type of Ni-free anode material based on Co 0.5 Fe 0.5 + SDC (Sm 0.2 Ce 0.8 O 1.9 ) was identified and evaluated using the La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ga 0.83 Mg 0.17 O 3 (LSGM) electrolyte-supported cells. The maximum power densities with humidified hydrogen at 800 °C using Au mesh and Pt mesh as anode current collector were 1.07 and 1.20 W cm −2 , respectively, which were comparable to that of the cell with the Ni + SDC anode. The cell with the new anode exhibited reasonable performance stability at 800 °C in hydrogen fuel; furthermore, no noticeable change in cell performance with the Co 0.5 Fe 0.5 alloy anode was observed upon ordering reaction in the alloy to form the ordered α′ phase at 650 °C.
Application of the rosenblueth hypothesis to assess cycle length effects on the refractoriness of the atrioventricular node

In adults, the effective refractory period of the atrioventricular (AV) node is lengthened, whereas that of the atrium, His-Purkinje system or ventricular myocardium is shortened with a shorter atrial pacing cycle length. However, in children, the effective refractory period of the AV node at shorter cycle lengths is also shortened. Based on Rosenblueth's 1-step delay hypothesis, an index of refractoriness within the AV node is defined as the longest coupling interval at the level of step delay within the AV node of an impulse that cannot be conducted to the His bundle. The slopes relating cycle length and refractoriness of the AV node are determined by both the conventional and revised methods in 9 pediatric patients with heart disease. The slope is positive for all patients using the revised method. The difference in values between the 2 methods in older children is striking because the slope is converted from a negative to a positive value. It is concluded that the AV node has the same positive slope relating cycle length and refractoriness as other cardiac tissues.
Allelopathic aquatic plants for aquatic weed management

This report presents, results of a feasibility study of use of allelopathic aquatic plants for aquatic weed management. In order to establish a list of potential allelopathic plants, we selected 16 aquatic plants native to the southeastern United States and subjected them to two bioassays — one involving lettuce seedlings and one involving the aquatic plantLemna minor as the target species. The lettuce seedling bioassay was selected because it is a widely used, experimentally simple assay to determine allelopathic activity. However, it uses lettuce, a terrestrial plant, as the target species, and thus may be less appropriate for use with aquatic plants. TheL. minor assay involves an aquatic plant as the target species and so is more appropriate for our goals, but it is experimentally much more complex and time-consuming. The plants selected for study wereBrasenia schreberi, Cabomba caroliniana, Ceratophyllum demersum, Eleocharis acicuiaris, Eleocharis obf usa, Hydrilla verticillata, Juncus repens, Limnobium spongia, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Myriophyllum spicatum, Najas guadalupensis, Nymphaea odorata, Nymphoides cordata, Potamogeton foliosus, Sparganium americanum, and Val/isneria americana.Nymphaea odorata (leaves and petioles) inhibited 78 % of lettuce seedling radicle growth and 98 % ofL. minor frond production. Brasenia schreberi inhibited 82 % of lettuce seedling radicle growth and 68 % of L. minor frond production. These results suggest thatN. odorata andB. schreberi are both highly inhibitory and are therefore candidates for use in aquatic weed management. Results also suggest that the simple lettuce seedling assay is a reasonable first “easy” one to use in an attempt to determine allelopathic potential of aquatic plants.
A Synoptic Climatology of the Bimodal Precipitation Distribution in the Upper Midwest

Abstract This paper presents an investigation of the synoptic climatology of the precipitation regime in the Upper Midwest. The annual march of precipitation is characterized by a bimodal distribution, with maxima occurring during the months of June and September. Midsummers are noticeably drier. Using daily precipitation and twice-daily 700 mb height data for the period 1950–1979, composite difference maps of the 700 mb height field corresponding to wet and dry Junes, Augusts and Septembers were constructed to identify the nature of the difference in midtropospheric circulation associated with the midsummer minima and the September maxima. Correlation of monthly total precipitation with monthly precipitation event frequency was undertaken to determine whether precipitation during the summer months is the result of a small number of high-intensity storms or in fact due to the frequency of less intense rain events. The influence of North Atlantic tropical cyclones on the late summer precipitation was inves...
A Mayer-Vietoris sequence in non-linear K-theory

1.1. The purpose of this discussion is to provide another link in the K-theory introduced in [8] and subsequently developed in [9], [6] and [51. Given a commutative ring R, this theory is a study of the K-groups KA,(R) arising from the category 9(R) of invertible’ R-algebras, i.e. R-algebras A for which there exists an R-algebra B such that A ORB is isomorphic to some polynomial algebra R[X,, . . . , X,,]. Here (Theorem 9.16) we will show the existence, under certain hypotheses, of the “Mayer-Vietoris sequence”; that is, given a pullback diagram
Anatomical Study of the Cavernous Sinus Emphasizing Operative Approaches and Related Vascular and Neural Reconstruction

The efficacy of three operative approaches to the cavernous sinus (CS) and the possibilities of vascular and cranial nerve reconstruction in and around the CS were studied in 50 cadaver specimens (25 heads). The lateral operative approach was through the lateral wall, between Cranial Nerves V1 and IV, or between Cranial Nerves V1 and V2. The superior approach was through the superior wall of the CS after removing the anterior clinoid process and unroofing the optic canal. The inferior approach followed the petrous internal carotid artery (ICA) into the CS after an extradural subtemporal exposure or after a combined subtemporal and infratemporal fossa exposure. The different exposures of the spaces of the CS and of the intracavernous structures provided by the superior and the lateral approaches were complementary. The exposure provided by the inferior approach was minimal; however, the junction of the petrous and cavernous ICA was best exposed by this route. The combined subtemporal and infratemporal fossa approach exposed the petrous ICA (for proximal control or for reconstruction) with the greatest ease and with the least temporal lobe retraction. The combination of the superior and lateral approaches and the complete mobilization of the intracavernous ICA facilitated its repair after experimental lacerations. Lacerations of either the inferior and the inferomedial aspects of any portion of the cavernous ICA or of the anterior surface of the posterior vertical segment of the artery were the most difficult to repair. End-to-end anastomosis was more difficult with the posterior third of the artery than with the anterior two-thirds. A vein graft with an average length of 3.5 cm could be sutured from the petrous to the supraclinoid ICA to bypass the cavernous ICA, with an average occlusion time of 45 minutes. End-to-end technique was judged better for the proximal anastomosis, but end (graft)-to-side anastomosis was easier to perform at the distal end because of the location of the ophthalmic artery. Resuture of Cranial Nerves III and VI could not be performed in fresh cadavers if the gap exceeded 0.3 cm. In 3 specimens, the exposure of Cranial Nerve VI in the posterior fossa through the petrous apex and in the orbital apex was followed by graft placement (bypassing the CS). The complex anatomy of the cranial nerves at the apex of the CS was also defined in 10 specimens. Surgeons who perform operations in and around the CS for neoplastic and vascular lesions will find these studies useful.
PPBS AND TEACHERS: RESPONSES TO AN EDUCATIONAL INNOVATION

Teacher attitudes towards the implementation of SPECS, a planning‐programming‐budgeting system designed for schools, were measured for a three‐year period in River Park School District. Researchers hypothesized that many teachers would resist SPECS since the paperwork required might detract from instructional time and detailed specification of their activities might threaten professional autonomy. Indeed, by the time data were analyzed, many dissatisfied teachers were actively organizing to suspend the use of SPECS. Results showed that supporters of SPECS among the teaching staff were few in number when compared to its critics, but that fully half the teachers surveyed were indifferent to the program. Over the three‐year period attitudes became slightly more negative towards SPECS. The most striking finding was the strong negative feeling in the high school and the strong positive feeling in the junior high. Differences in administrative effort and commitment and the development of structural effects within each school seem to explain part of this difference.
The isolation and characterisation of hyaluronic acid in egg shell

Analysis showed that the organic part of the chicken's egg shell consisted of a series of proteins and polysaccharides, probably present as glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans. A purified preparation of a glycosaminoglycan (minimum mol. wt. 25 000), homogeneous by sedimentation velocity analysis and sedimentation to equilibrium in a density gradient, contained equimolar amounts of N-acetylglucosamine (36.3% s/w) and glucuronic acid 35.6% w/w). Digestion with testicular and streptomyces hyaluronidases and identification of the degradation products showed the glycosaminoglycan to be hyaluronidases and identification of the degradation products showed the glycosaminoglycan to be hyaluronic acid.
Intraaxonal transport of Herpes simplex virus in the rat central nervous system.

Abstract Light and electron microscopic obervation 3–4 days after microinjection of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) into the left neostriatum of rat demonstrated the following results. (1) Virus labeled nerve cells were found in the ipsilateral substantia nigra; a large number of infected neurons were in the zona compacta and some were in the zona reticulata. No virus infection was evident in the contralateral side. (2) Virus labeled neurons were found in the cortex. a greater number ipsilaterally than contralaterally, and in dorsal raphenuclei. Cortical microinjection of HSV led to infection of some cortical cells but no neostriatal cells. We conclude, therefore, that spread of the virus to the cortex, the substantia nigra and the dorsal raphefollowing neostriatal injection was by retrograde axonal transport. (3) The left neostriatum, where HSV was injected, showed a surprisingly small number of virus infected neurons. The infected neurons were mostly the large neurons; the majority of medium sized neurons were well preserved. There was massive degeneration of nerve terminals throughout the neuropil. Most of these degenerating nerve terminals are considered to be afferent fibers.
The Raman Spectra of Pb TiO3 and Solid Solutions of NaTaO3 - KTaO3 and KTaO3 - KNbO3

The Raman spectra of PbTiO3 and the mixed crystal systems (Nax: K1-x) TaO3 and K(Tay:Nb1-y)O3 have been studied within the temperature range 10 – 900°K for X = 0, 0.12, 0.40 and 0.85 and for Y = 0, 0.25, 0.65, 0.89, and 1.0.
Quantitation of ciprofloxacin in body fluids by high-pressure liquid chromatography

We describe a reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of a new quinoline carboxylic acid antimicrobial agent, ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867). This assay utilizes the intrinsic fluorescence of ciprofloxacin for primary detection but employs UV absorption as a secondary detection system. Mobile phases contained methanol and phosphate buffer and used a common C18 mu Bondapak column. A single precipitation step of a 50-microliter specimen was the only sample preparation necessary. The assay is linear from 2,000 to 10 ng/ml and sensitive to 5 ng/ml. The mean recovery of ciprofloxacin from serum was 105.7%. The coefficient of variation was less than or equal to 3.1% for same-day precision and less than or equal to 6.3% for assay-to-assay precision. Because the assay requires only small specimen volumes and minimal sample preparation and because of its defined characteristics, this assay would be ideal for clinical trials and pharmacokinetics studies of ciprofloxacin.
Discovery of the bot fly collection of Bracy Clark, with designation of lectotypes in Cuterebra

SYNOPSIS The story of the discovery and evaluation of an old bot fly collection as the long lost Bracy Clark collection is recounted. Clark's publications and the specimens are collated in detail. The bot material is listed, and lectotypes are designated for four species of North American Cuterebra.
Predictive Control using an Observer for Load Estimation

The load responses of predictive control systems can be significantly improved by the addition of an observer for load estimation. The observer design is based on the inverse of a simplified process model. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed design method results in predictive controllers with load estimation which are superior to both existing predictive controllers and conventional PID control1ers.
Structure of bovine P2 basic protein: sequence of a carboxyterminal segment that is a neuritogen in rabbits.

: The sequence of the carboxyterminal 18 amino acids released by cyanogen bromide digestion of the bovine P2 protein was determined. It has several interesting structural and immunological properties. It contains the only two half-cystines in the molecule that have the capacity to form an intrachain disulfide bond. Using the rabbit as a test animal, this carboxyterminal peptide was capable of producing experimental allergic neuritis. The sequence of this peptide is Val-Val-Glu-Cys-Lys-Met-Lys-Asp-Val-Val-Cys-Thr-Arg-Ile-Tyr-Glu-Lys-Val.
VM-26 with prednisone and vincristine for treatment of refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia

Fifty-six children with refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were assessed for remission-induction responses to VM-26 (250 mg/m2 per week) in combination with prednisone (40 mg/m2 per day) and vincristine (1.5 mg/m2 per week). Each child had been treated intensively with steroids, vincristine, daunorubicin and L-asparaginase. In fact, all patients had failed to respond to previous reinduction therapy with prednisone-vincristine or had relapsed while receiving vincristine. Our intent in this study was to test whether or not addition of VM-26 to prednisone-vincristine would overcome clinical resistance to these established agents. Complete remissions were induced in 17 patients (0.30) over 4 to 6 weeks. Five of these children, all clinically unresponsive to prednisone-vincristine alone, had complete remissions that lasted longer than 1 year; two remain in remission for 2 1/2 years and both are now off therapy. Myelosuppression, the most serious treatment complication, was documented in 20 of 26 evaluable patients. The median time to recovery of normal marrow function was 15 days. These results demonstrate further the potential of VM-26 in combined-drug treatment of refractory ALL. Whether the effectiveness of this combination represents potentiation of prednisone and vincristine activity by VM-26 or some other, as yet unidentified interaction, remains to be determined.
Chromatographic analysis of fungicides.

Abstract The separation and analysis of a wide range of fungicides by gas, liquid, column, paper, and thin-layer chromatography have been reviewed, Major attention has been give to methods of the identification and quantitation of individual and multiresidues of fungicides in environment and agricultural samples.
Radical and anionic response of N-(Bromomethanesulfonyl)-substituted alpha,alpha'-bridged piperidine substrates

The N-(bromomethanesulfonyl) azabicyclic ketones 2a−c and their exo-methylene analogues 1a−c were prepared. Our examination of the radical-induced behavior of the latter triad provided experimental evidence for the propensity of the b and c systems to engage in 7-endo cyclization. For 1a, only reductive debromination was observed. In no instance was ring closure by the 6-exo radical mode seen. As concerns ketones 2a−c, all three showed a remarkable facility for engaging in intramolecular SN2 displacement in the presence of KHMDS. Yields at the mid-80% level were realized irrespective of the value of n. Molecular mechanics calculations of the Monte Carlo type were performed on several conformational isomers and product classes in an effort to provide support for the explanatory conclusions offered as rationale for the collective experimental observations.
Geosmin and Musty-Muddy Flavors in Pond-Raised Channel Catfish

Abstract Monthly sensory (taste) analyses of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus from 11 commercial culture ponds in Alabama during April-October 1983 showed that earthy-musty flavor was the major off-flavor during the summer growing season. Geosmin (1,10-trans-dimethyl-trans-(9)-decalol) was found by gas chromatography in detectable amounts, 3.7 to over 200 μg/kg of fish flesh, in 80% of fish having earthy-musty or detritus (pond mud) flavor. Geosmin was not found in fish without these flavors. The geosmin analysis procedure used in this study recovered 68 to 85% of geosmin added to fish flesh, at concentrations ranging from 8 to 32 μg/kg, with relatively high consistency (SD = 2.5–3.3). Reproducibility in analysis of fish with naturally occurring geosmin (6–15 μg/kg fish) was also favorable (coefficients of variation, 100˙SD/mean, 6.9–16.8%). The compound 2-methylisoborneol, found in muddy-flavored rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, could not be confirmed as an off-flavor compound in channel catfish. The us...
Polyamine-Mediated Resistance of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli to Nitrosative Stress

During the course of a urinary tract infection, substantial levels of nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen intermediates are generated. We have found that many uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli display far greater resistance to nitrosative stress than the K-12 reference strain MG1655. By selecting and screening for uropathogenic E. coli transposon mutants that are unable to grow in the presence of acidified nitrite, the cadC gene product was identified as a key facilitator of nitrosative stress resistance. Mutation of cadC, or its transcriptional targets cadA and cadB, results in loss of significant production of the polyamine cadaverine and increased sensitivity to acidified nitrite. Exogenous addition of cadaverine or other polyamines rescues growth of cad mutants under nitrosative stress. In wild-type cells, the concentration of cadaverine produced per cell is substantially increased by exposure to acidified nitrite. The mechanism behind polyamine-mediated rescue from nitrosative stress is unclear, but it is not attributable solely to chemical quenching of reactive nitrogen species or reduction in mutation frequency.
Three-dimensional random-field Ising magnet: Interfaces, scaling, and the nature of states

The nature of the zero-temperature ordering transition in the three-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising magnet is studied numerically, aided by scaling analyses. Various numerical calculations are used to consistently infer the location of the transition to a high precision. A variety of boundary conditions are imposed on large samples to study the order of the transition and the number of states in the large volume limit. In the ferromagnetic phase, where the domain walls have fractal dimension ${d}_{s}=2,$ the scaling of the roughness of the domain walls, $w\ensuremath{\sim}{L}^{\ensuremath{\zeta}},$ is consistent with the theoretical prediction $\ensuremath{\zeta}=2/3.$ As the randomness is increased through the transition, the probability distribution of the interfacial tension of domain walls scales in a manner that is clearly consistent with a single second-order transition. At the critical point, the fractal dimensions of domain walls and the fractal dimension of the outer surface of spin clusters are investigated: there are at least two distinct physically important fractal dimensions that describe domain walls. These dimensions are argued to be related by scaling to combinations of the energy scaling exponent $\ensuremath{\theta},$ which determines the violation of hyperscaling, the correlation length exponent $\ensuremath{\nu},$ and the magnetization exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}.$ The value $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.017\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ computed from finite-size scaling of the magnetization is very nearly zero: this estimate is supported by the study of the spin cluster size distribution at criticality. The variation of configurations in the interior of a sample with boundary conditions is consistent with the hypothesis that there is a single transition separating the disordered phase with one ground state from the ordered phase with two ground states. The array of results, including values for several exponents, are shown to be consistent with a scaling picture and a geometric description of the influence of boundary conditions on the spins. The details of the algorithm used and its implementation are also described.
Reevaluation of Outpatients With Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteremia

To the Editor. The findings of Drs Bachur and Harper1 in their report, “Reevaluation of Outpatients With Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteremia,” should cause them to rethink their emergency department's policy of using the complete blood count (CBC) to screen febrile children for occult bacteremia (OB). Their protocol targets children 3 to 36 months old with a temperature ≥39°C and no identifiable source for the fever to have a blood culture, CBC, and urine culture when appropriate. They recommend that those children with a white blood cell count (WBC) >15 000/μL be given a single dose of ceftriaxone (although in their study it appears that approximately 50% of these patients received an oral antibiotic instead and a number were given no antibiotic at all—nearly half of the 73 patients in the “no antibiotic” group with a median WBC of 14.6). The use of 15 000 as a cutoff for obtaining blood cultures was recommended by experts for practical reasons, “… because WBC counts …
Bromine functionalized molecular adlayers on hydrogen passivated silicon surfaces

Abstract Well controlled and characterized organic functionalization is a necessary precondition for the fabrication of many silicon-based molecular electronic and sensing devices. Of particular interest are organic modifications that incorporate bromine since heavy atoms can be directly interrogated by X-ray radiation and organohalides provide synthetic handles through which more chemically elaborate structures may be covalently bound to silicon. This paper specifically considers the functionalization of hydrogen passivated silicon surfaces with 4-bromostyrene. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the reaction of 4-bromostyrene with monohydride Si(1 0 0) and Si(1 1 1) surfaces such that the bromine moiety is preserved on top of the organic adlayer. In addition, ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy reveals that the 4-bromostyrene molecules assemble into one-dimensional nanostructures on the Si(1 0 0)-2 × 1:H surface. Overall, these experimental results demonstrate that styrene derivatives serve as effective organic molecules for the chemical functionalization of hydrogen passivated silicon surfaces.
Phosphorus metabolism in active and inactive nerves.

SummaryNo difference was found by means of P32 in the phosphorus metabolism of stimulated and unstimulated nerves.
Targeted cytotoxic analog of luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone AN-207 inhibits growth of OV-1063 human epithelial ovarian cancers in nude mice

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the cytotoxic analog of luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone AN-207 on the growth of the OV-1063 human epithelial ovarian cancers, which express luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone receptor. AN-207 consists of doxorubicin derivative 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201) linked with the carrier [ D -lysine 6 ]luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone. Study Design: Female nude mice bearing xenografts of OV-1063 ovarian cancers were treated with analog AN-207, cytotoxic radical AN-201, or agonist [ D -lysine 6 ]luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone. The levels and expression of messenger ribonucleic acid of receptors for luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone and epidermal growth factor were evaluated. Results: The growth of OV-1063 tumor was significantly inhibited by 3 to 5 nmol AN- 207 but not by [ D -lysine 6 ]luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone. Cytotoxic radical AN-201 was toxic at these doses. After treatment with AN-207 receptors for luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone were not detectable, epidermal growth factor receptor levels declined, and expressions of their respective messenger ribonucleic acids were decreased. Conclusions: Targeted cytotoxic luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone analog AN-207 is less toxic than equimolar doses of its radical 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin and effectively inhibits ovarian tumor growth. Targeted chemotherapy may improve management of ovarian cancer. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1095-103.)