cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization-Based Admission Control for Scalable Real-Time Communication

We propose a utilization-based schedulability and admission control mechanism for distributed systems with workload aggregation to achieve scalability. We use the differentiated services (cdiffserv) architecture to describe and illustrate our approach. Scalability of admission control is achieved by determining off-line safe levels of server utilization. Scalability during the connection lifetimes is provided by the aggregation mechanisms (for example, class-based scheduling) provided by the cdiffserv architecture. Our evaluations show that our system’s admission probabilities are very close to those of significantly more expensive approaches, which do not allow for workload aggregation. At the same time, admission control overhead during flow establishment is very low.
A highly manufacturable 110 nm EDRAM process with Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ stack MIM capacitor for cost effective high density, high speed, low voltage ASIC memory applications

A highly manufacturable 110 nm Embedded DRAM technology with stack Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ MIM capacitor has been demonstrated successfully for the first time. High-density DRAM core with 0.1 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ cell size and high performance logic circuits have been realized at the same time by separation of the gate pattern at memory cell and peripheral logic region. Low temperature BDL process, highly reliable Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ MIM capacitors have been developed to control process temperature. DRAM cell performance has been improved by introducing tungsten wordline, CoSi/sub 2/ plug and tungsten bitline. 7 levels Cu and CVD-OSG low-k material have been implemented to satisfy the requirement of high performance logic circuits design.
UNIALGAL CULTURES OF CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (L.) KÜTZ.(1) (2) : I. RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE.

Unialgal cultures of Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. grew with increasing vigor at temperatures between 15 and 30 C. Vegetative cells were killed upon freezing or when exposed to temperatures above 30 C. No growth occurred at 5 C and only slight growth was observed at 10 C. Effects of near lethal temperature on C. glomerata were dependent upon the duration of exposure in addition to the actual temperature attained. The response of this alga to various temperatures under culture conditions is in accord with tolerance limits established for naturally occurring populations. It seems probable that the annual periodicity of C. glomerata is regulated in large measure by seasonal variations in water temperature, greatest abundance coinciding with water temperatures between 15 and 30 C.
Effect of endotoxin on tumor resistance in mice.

As reported earlier, an intraperitoneal injection of 1 μg of endotoxin (ET) from Serratia marcescens rendered mice resistant against the nonspecific mouse ascites tumor TA3-Ha upon challenge 24 h after pretreatment with ET. Further studies were aimed at the elaboration of conditions which achieved maximal resistance. It appears that (i) a 10-μg dose of ET was approximately the optimal dose for protection; (ii) pretreatment with ET 3 to 0 days prior to tumor challenge gave best protection; and (iii) the intravenous injection of ET showed a lower protection against the tumor than intraperitoneal application. Studies on the mechanism of ET protection indicate that (i) ET does not have a direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells; (ii) normal spleen cells exposed to ET in vitro can adoptively transfer protection against tumor; and (iii) spleen cells activated in vivo by intravenous injection of ET can adoptively transfer protection. The possible involvement of mononuclear cells is discussed.
Continúa teniendo validez el concepto de frontera para estudiar la historia de los Llanos en el siglo XXI

This essay seeks to answer the question: Is the concept of the frontier still viable in examining the history of the Llanos in the twenty first century?, by reviewing first, the evolution of frontier historiography in the United States; second, its influence in Latin America; third, frontier approaches to the history of the Colombian Llanos, and finally, by proposing an addition to frontier analysis—the study of Orinoquia as a distinctive place or region within the Colombian nation.
The comparative importance of DE3, SE2, and SPW4 on the generation of wavenumber‐4 longitude structures in the low‐latitude ionosphere during September equinox

[1] Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the generation of the wave-4 longitude variation in the low-latitude ionosphere due to the diurnal eastward propagating nonmigrating tide with zonal wavenumber 3 (DE3), semidiurnal eastward propagating nonmigrating tide with zonal wavenumber 2 (SE2), and stationary planetary wave 4 (SPW4). From a fixed local time perspective, the DE3, SE2, and SPW4 all appear as wave-4 structures in longitude, and thus each of these waves must be considered as a potential source of the wave-4 variation in the ionosphere. Both theDE3 and SPW4 are found to produce significant wave-4 variations in the equatorial verticalE × Bdrift velocity, and in the ionospheric peak density (NmF2) at 15°N magnetic latitude. The daytime wave-4 variation in NmF2 is driven by the combination of verticalE × Bdrift variability and in-situ effects due largely to meridional neutral winds. The simulation results indicate that theSE2 is not a contributor to the wave-4 longitude variation. Our results further demonstrate that the actual wave-4 longitude variation is due to a combination of theDE3 and SPW4. We therefore conclude that, in addition to the DE3, the SPW4 also needs to be considered as an important driver of the wave-4 longitude variation in the low-latitude ionosphere. We additionally present evidence for the generation of theSPW4 due to the nonlinear interaction between the migrating diurnal tide and the DE3, and demonstrate the impact of DE3 variability on the amplitude of the SPW4.
Validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum for posttraumatic stress disorder (PSQI-A) in U.S. male military veterans.

Sleep disturbances are core symptoms of posttraumatic-stress disorder (PTSD), yet they bear less stigma than other PTSD symptoms. Given the growing number of returning military veterans, brief, valid assessments that identify PTSD in a minimally stigmatizing way may be highly useful in both research and clinical practice. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum for PTSD (PSQI-A) was examined for the ability to identify cases of PTSD among male military veterans. Male military veterans (N = 119) completed the PSQI-A, as well as measures of sleep quality, combat exposure, posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety. Veterans with PTSD had higher PSQI-A identified disruptive nocturnal behaviors than veterans without PTSD. The PSQI-A had good internal consistency and had convergent validity with sleep quality, combat exposure, PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety. A cutoff score ≥ 4 provided an area-under-the-curve = .81, with 71% sensitivity, 82% specificity, and 60% positive and 83% negative predictive value for a clinical diagnosis of PTSD; correct classification was 74%. The PSQI-A is a valid measure to possibly detect PTSD among male military veterans without directly probing trauma reactions. Assessment of disruptive nocturnal behaviors may provide a cost-effective, non-stigmatizing approach to PTSD screening among male military veterans.
Rapid clearance of epigenetic protein reporters from wound edge cells in Drosophila larvae does not depend on the JNK or PDGFR/VEGFR signaling pathways

The drastic cellular changes required for epidermal cells to dedifferentiate and become motile during wound closure are accompanied by changes in gene transcription, suggesting corresponding alterations in chromatin. However, the epigenetic changes that underlie wound-induced transcriptional programs remain poorly understood partly because a comprehensive study of epigenetic factor expression during wound healing has not been practical. To determine which chromatin modifying factors might contribute to wound healing, we screened publicly available fluorescently-tagged reporter lines in Drosophila for altered expression at the wound periphery during healing. Thirteen reporters tagging seven different proteins showed strongly diminished expression at the wound edge. Three downregulated proteins, Osa, Kismet, and Spt6, are generally associated with active chromatin, while four others, Sin3A, Sap130, Mi-2, and Mip120, are associated with repressed chromatin. In all cases reporter down regulation was independent of the Jun N-terminal Kinase and Pvr pathways, suggesting that novel signals control reporter clearance. Taken together, our results suggest that clearance of chromatin modifying factors may enable wound edge cells to rapidly and comprehensively change their transcriptional state following tissue damage.
Parallelizing a discrete event simulation application using the Habanero-Java multicore library

Discrete event simulation (DES) has been widely adopted for simulating communication systems such as computer networks. As the network size and complexity of communication patterns increases, the complexity of simulation tools and the execution time of DES also increases. Parallelizing DES programs using multiple processing units reduces the overall execution time; however, unlike regular programs, data dependencies in DES are usually determined at run-time, which makes exploiting potential parallelism in the program very challenging. In this paper, we build a parallel version of a DES program written in Java using the Habanero-Java library (HJlib), which is a lightweight and programmer-friendly parallel Java 8 library. While the DES problem benefits greatly from HJlib's support for lightweight tasks and efficient parallelism based on work stealing, it also pushed the boundaries of the standard primitives available in HJlib. In particular, our study motivated the addition of fine-grained locking to the Habanero execution model, in a manner that still preserves Habanero's deadlock freedom guarantees. This extension in turn led to additional optimizations of the DES implementation relative to the original Galois implementation. Our initial results are encouraging, and point to further opportunities for exploiting parallelism in challenging applications like DES on manycore hardware platforms in the future, especially as the system being simulated increases in size and complexity.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC INVERSIONS OF THE ALUMINUM ORTHOPHOSPHATE POLYMORPHS AND THEIR RELATION TO THOSE OF SILICA

The temperature-stability relationships of the AlPO, polyrnorphs have been studied by X ray, thermal analysis, and thermal expansion. The system parallels that of silica very closely. Following is a diagrammatic representation of the findings for AlPO4: Conversions from one form to another are shown to be much more rapid than for corresponding silica cases. Furthermore, the temperatures, with the exception of the berlinite inversion. are all lower than for corresponding silica temperatures.
The dynamics of the expanding vapor bubble in a boiling liquid

The theory of a constant pressure vapor bubble growing in a liquid with both superheat and sub-cooling is presented. In the case where the initial temperature profile is purely radial, bubble radius-time curves and temperature profile near the bubble are calculated. For the case of the hemispherical bubble growing on a plane heater surface with initially plane parallel temperature distribution, it is shown that the problem may be reduced to that of radial temperature profile if the inverse thickness of the superheated layer measured along the radius vector is averaged over the surface of the bubble. It is further shown that in the latter case vaporization is always present at the foot of the bubble, but condensation may occur near the top where the bubble penetrates furthest into the subcooled liquid. La theorie expliquant la croissance d'une bulle de vapeur a pression constante dans un liquide en l'absence d'equilibre de temperature est presentee. Des courbes du diametre de la bulle en fonction du temps de croissance ainsi que les isothermes dans la region adjacente a la bulle sont calculees pour le cas d'une distribution de temperature initiale purement radiale. Dans le cas d'une bulle hemispherique se formant sur une surface chauffante plane, il est demontre que le probleme peut se reduire au cas precedent a condition de considerer que l'epaisseur de la couche surchauffee a la surface de la bulle est uniforme. Il est de plus demontre qu'il se produit toujours une vaporisation a la base d'une bulle hemispherique, mais qu'elle peut s'accompagner d'une condensation vers son sommet.
Sexual behavior in older monkeys,Macaca radiata

This report presents preliminary observational data on the sociosexual behavior of two newly formed groups of older (11.5 to 18.5 years of age, mean age of 15.3 years) bonnet monkeys observed over a period of 18 weeks. Qualitatively, their sexual behavior was similar to that of the younger mature bonnets. The males and females engaged in species-typical proceptive and receptive behavior patterns. The mean duration of copulations was somewhat shorter than that reported for younger mature bonnets. Decreased sexual function was recorded in males that were chronically ill. One male that copulated infrequently died of renal failure in the sixth week of study. Another male that was never observed copulating suffered from fatal diabetes mellitus. One male died apparently during coitus; autopsy findings were compatible with sudden cardiac death. The findings indicate that sexual dysfunction in aged primates can be a sign of serious illness. Sexual and agonistic behaviors for males correlated significantly, a finding reported in studies of rhesus macaques, which are typically a more aggressive macaque subspecies. Low sexual behavior during the first six-week period in Group A was correlated with a high amount of grooming. Possibly, increased grooming by females serves as a reactive behavior under conditions which do not allow sexual outlet.
Chemical transfer of learned behavior.

The controversial ‘memory transfer’ experiments developed during the last few years into a new bioassay approach for the study of the chemical correlates of learning and the molecular coding of neural information. As with all biological assays, the reliability of the method is limited because of the multiplicity of the factors determining success or failure. The experience accumulated in the last five years in many laboratories explains most of the past failures and suggests conditions for the best assay designs. With the help of this method, we were able to identify a pentadecapeptide, called scotophobin, formed in rat brain during acquisition of dark avoidance. It is hoped that a sufficient number of these coded molecules will be identified in the near future to give us a broader base for studying the molecular mechanism of neural information processing.
An inquiry approach to interdisciplinary seventh grade science

The author develops a rationale for teaching „structure and process” to early adolescents. Will it junction generally? Action research may provide the answer.
The effect of molybdenum on the microstructure and creep behavior of Ti–24Al–17Nb–xMo alloys and Ti–24Al–17Nb–xMo SiC-fiber composites

The effect of molybdenum (Mo) on the microstructure and creep behavior of nominally Ti–24Al–17Nb (at.%) alloys and their continuously reinforced SiC-fiber composites (fiber volume fraction = 0.35) was investigated. Constant-load, tensile-creep experiments were performed in the stress range of 10–275 MPa at 650 °C in air. A Ti–24Al–17Nb–2.3Mo (at.%) alloy exhibited significantly greater creep resistance than a Ti–24Al–17Nb–0.66Mo (at.%) alloy, and correspondingly a 90°-oriented Ultra SCS-6/Ti–24Al–17Nb–2.3Mo metal matrix composite (MMC) exhibited significantly greater creep resistance than an Ultra SCS-6/Ti–24Al–17Nb–0.66Mo MMC. Thus, the addition of 2.3 at.% Mo significantly improved the creep resistance of both the alloy and the MMC. An Ultra SCS-6 Ti–25Al–17Nb–1.1Mo (at.%) MMC exhibited creep resistance similar to that of the Ultra SCS-6/Ti–25Al–17Nb–2.3Mo (at.%). Using a modified Crossman model, the MMC secondary creep rates were predicted from the monolithic matrix alloys’ secondary creep rates. For identical creep temperatures and applied stresses, the 90°-oriented MMCs exhibited greater creep rates than their monolithic matrix alloy counterparts. This was explained to be a result of the low interfacial bond strength between the matrix and the fiber, measured using a cruciform test methodology, and was in agreement with the modified Crossman model. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated that debonding occurred within the carbon layers of the fiber-matrix interface.
Computer simulation of direct scattered fields in fully inhomogeneous media with irregular bathymetry

A two point boundary value method is developed for precisely computing eigenrays and travel times between specified points in a 3-D inhomogeneous transmission channel which has irregular bottom and surface bathymetry and inclusions. The method has application to replica signal computation for use in beamformers operating in complex ocean environments.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Infants Possess a System of Numerical Knowledge

which the manipulation of teacher expectations was quite plausible be cause teachers had known pupils only for 2 weeks or less, 9 studies show positive effects (i.e., 90%, compared with Snow's 56%). Simi larly, Snow reports the median effect size (cf) for all 18 studies as .035, or .025 omitting the Pygmalion study. For the 10 studies of the more plau sibly manipulated expectancies, the median effect size was .195, or .18 omitting the Pygmalion study. In an updated analysis of 19 studies of teacher expectancy effects,5 Rau denbush estimates that the expected effect size (d) for studies having no prior teacher-pupil contact is .43, a substantial effect 3 to 6 times larger than the effects of aspirin described in my article6 on which Snow is commenting. Snow refers to the original Pyg malion study7 as "discredited." But that should no longer be the issue. Even if Lenore Jacobson and I had never conducted our experiment, there are now too many new studies for even committed criticisms of dis liked results to make the basic con clusion go away: Teachers' expecta tions can affect pupils' intellectual functioning. Science is the loser when new data have no effect on prior belief.
A MicroRNA Imparts Robustness against Environmental Fluctuation during Development

The microRNA miR-7 is perfectly conserved from annelids to humans, and yet some of the genes that it regulates in Drosophila are not regulated in mammals. We have explored the role of lineage restricted targets, using Drosophila, in order to better understand the evolutionary significance of microRNA-target relationships. From studies of two well characterized developmental regulatory networks, we find that miR-7 functions in several interlocking feedback and feedforward loops, and propose that its role in these networks is to buffer them against perturbation. To directly demonstrate this function for miR-7, we subjected the networks to temperature fluctuation and found that miR-7 is essential for the maintenance of regulatory stability under conditions of environmental flux. We suggest that some conserved microRNAs like miR-7 may enter into novel genetic relationships to buffer developmental programs against variation and impart robustness to diverse regulatory networks.
Mechano-chemical signaling maintains the rapid movement of Dictyostelium cells.

Abstract The survival of Dictyostelium cells depends on their ability to efficiently chemotax, either towards food or to form multicellular aggregates. Although the involvement of Ca2+ signaling during chemotaxis is well known, it is not clear how this regulates cell movement. Previously, fish epithelial keratocytes have been shown to display transient increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) that are mediated by stretch-activated calcium channels (SACs), which play a role in retraction of the cell body [J. Lee, A. Ishihara, G. Oxford, B. Johnson, and K. Jacobson, Regulation of cell movement is mediated by stretch-activated calcium channels. Nature, 1999. 400(6742): p. 382–6.]. To investigate the involvement of SACs in Dictyostelium movement we performed high resolution calcium imaging in wild-type (NC4A2) Dictyostelium cells to detect changes in [Ca2+]i. We observed small, brief, Ca2+ transients in randomly moving wild-type cells that were dependent on both intracellular and extracellular sources of calcium. Treatment of cells with the SAC blocker gadolinium (Gd3+) inhibited transients and decreased cell speed, consistent with the involvement of SACs in regulating Dictyostelium motility. Additional support for SAC activity was given by the increase in frequency of Ca2+ transients when Dictyostelium cells were moving on a more adhesive substratum or when they were mechanically stretched. We conclude that mechano-chemical signaling via SACs plays a major role in maintaining the rapid movement of Dictyostelium cells.
Laparoscopic-assisted ablation of hepatic tumors: a review

Thermal ablation of hepatic tumors has been an evolving field over the last two decades. It is used in the treatment of both primary and metastatic neoplasms, and with evolutions in the technology, there has been an increasing interest in treating lesions where hepatic resection is not an option. Laparoscopic or minimally invasive surgical procedures have also advanced during this same time period, and the interface of these tools has been associated with the genesis of a new approach for treating hepatic lesions which are located in difficult to reach locations or found immediately adjacent to other intra-abdominal organs. This review summarizes the published literature focusing on the treatment of primary and metastatic neoplasms located in the liver, including a review of outcomes.
Heme oxygenase isoform-specific expression and distribution in the rat kidney

Heme oxygenase isoform-specific expression and distribution in the rat kidney. Background The heme oxygenase (HO) genes, HO-1 and HO-2 , are the limiting steps in heme degradation and in the regulation of renal heme-dependent enzymes. Previously we reported that selective overexpression of renal HO-1 resulted in a decrease of microsomal heme and the cytochrome P450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolite, 20 HETE, a vasoconstrictor. The present study was undertaken to explore the relative expression and contribution of each of the HO isoforms to HO activity in the rat kidney. Methods and Results Renal HO activity increased above control levels after an injection of the inducers of HO activity, heme or SnCl 2 . Stannous Mesoporphyrin (SnMP), a nonselective inhibitor of HO, when used alone or in combination with heme or SnCl 2 , decreased HO activity. Heme alone and combined with SnCl 2 decreased the levels of heme content by 13 and 35%, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that both SnCl 2 and heme readily induced HO-1 protein, whereas HO-2 was constitutively expressed. Immunohistochemistry showed the distribution of the HO-1 isoform primarily in proximal convoluted tubules. Western blot analysis exhibited relatively higher levels of HO-1 in isolated proximal tubules and relatively higher HO-2 levels in the thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle and preglomerular arterioles. In vivo administration of HO-1 and HO-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides further confirmed that HO-2, but not HO-1, contributed to the basal HO activity; however, following induction of HO with heme, antisense to HO-1, but not to HO-2, inhibited the induced levels of HO activity. Conclusion These results suggest that HO-2 is constitutively expressed in the rat kidney mainly within tubular and arteriolar structures, and its activity may modulate physiological function under basal conditions. On the other hand, the basal levels of expression of HO-1 in the rat kidney are relatively low, and its contribution to HO activity and the regulation of hemoproteins such as cytochrome P450 become apparent only under pathophysiological conditions causing HO induction.
Life History of Hickory Shad in the St. Johns River, Florida

Abstract Hickory shad Alosa mediocris spawn in rivers from Maryland to Florida, but little research has been published regarding their life history. We collected hickory shad in the St. Johns River, Florida, during five consecutive spawning years from 2000 to 2005. Hickory shad migrated upstream by December and remained in the river and its tributaries until March. Females were larger than males and accounted for 17.7% of the adults collected. All but one female examined were mature and contained yolked oocytes. No females had hydrated oocytes, but four had fresh postovulatory follicles (POFs < 24 h old), indicating a batch spawning pattern. Females with fresh POFs were collected from Shad Alley and the Wekiva and Econlockhatchee rivers, but otherwise the spawning grounds could not be delineated. Fish constituted over 97% of the diet by weight and were found in 11.5% of the stomachs examined. Scale and otolith ages produced the same age range, from 1 to 7 years. A test of symmetry did not detect systemati...
Rearing behavior of rats after amygdaloid, hippocampal, olfactory bulb, cortical, or striatal lesions

Anterodorsal caudate nucleus lesions in rats produced decreased rearing behavior that did not seem secondary to altered activity or emotionality. Amygdaloid, dorsal hippocampal, anterior cortical, or olfactory bulb lesions did not detectably alter rearing behavior. Further investigations of caudate and septal afferent and efferent connections, especially hypothalamic and mesencephalic, are suggested.
Active-site topology of bovine cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc) and evidence for interaction of tyrosine 94 with the side chain of cholesterol.

Combining site-directed mutagenesis with analysis of the active-site topology of bovine cholesterol sidechain cleavage cytochrome P450scc (P450scc), we have investigated the roles of tyrosine residues 93 and 94 on substrate binding. Four single mutants (Y93A, Y93S, Y94A, and Y94S) and one double mutant (Y93S/Y94S) were examined. The largest increase in Ks was observed for binding of cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol to the Y94S mutant (∼5.5-fold), with a smaller increase (<2.5-fold) for binding of 22-hydroxycholesterol. Mutation of Y94 thus appears to influence the interaction with cholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, and possibly 22-hydroxycholesterol. Y93 is not involved in binding of 22- and 25-hydroxycholesterol but may interact with cholesterol. The active-site topologies of P450scc and its mutants were probed by reaction with three arylhydrazines. The N-arylprotoporphyrin IX regioisomer patterns obtained with phenyl- and 2-naphthylhydrazine indicate that the active site is primarily open above pyrrole ring A and suggest that a region some distance above pyrrole ring D is also open. The single mutations Y93S, Y93A, Y94A, and Y94S do not detectably alter the regioisomer patterns obtained with the phenyl- and 2-naphthyl probes, but a small, reproducible change is observed with the 2-naphthyl probe for the Y93S/Y94S double mutant. The conformational alteration implied by this change could not be detected by titration with 22- and 25-hydroxycholesterol but is detectable by titration with cholesterol. The results indicate that cholesterol binds over pyrrole ring D of the heme in bovine P450scc, strongly suggest that Y94 interacts with the side chain of cholesterol, and provide evidence that the side chains of 22- and 25-hydroxycholesterol bind to a different region of the active site than the side chain of cholesterol.
Travelling wave solutions of a contaminant transport model with nonlinear sorption

We study a contaminant transport model with a cubic sorption isotherm. It is shown that aqueous concentration profiles can be obtained exactly in the form of homoclinic and heteroclinic waves. We describe the method of obtaining such exact solutions and present the solutions along with the corresponding phase plane portraits. This paper generalizes our earlier work [1].
Rapid photometric determination of free and esterified 3α-hydroxy fecal bile acids

A rapid, precise, and accurate photometric method for determining free and esterified fecal 3 alpha-hydroxy bile acids is described. Feces are homogenized and (a) extracted with boiling absolute ethanol, or (b) lyophilized and extracted with chloroform:methanol 2:1 (v/v). Hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed crude extracts are prepared and aliquots treated with a reagent containing nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD) and diaphorase. The reagent first oxidizes bile acid 3 alpha-hydroxyls to 3-oxo groups and 3 beta-hydrogen is transferred to beta-NAD yielding beta-NADH. beta-NADH in turn reduces NBT (yellow) to its diformazan (blue). Absorbance is measured at 540 nm and is proportional to the 3 alpha-hydroxy bile acid titer of fecal extract aliquots. Fecal pigments present in crude extracts do not interfere with the assay since they absorb minimally at 540 nm.
Environment and agonistic behavior in male Telomian dogs

Scott ( 1 ) suggested that physical environment may influence agonistic behavior through the physiological effects it has upon animals. Thus environments which produce responses similar to anger should have the highest levels of aggression. This preliminary study examined several environmental conditions and their effects on agonistic behavior in a group of male dogs. One group of four male Telomian dogs, 7 mo. old, served as subjects. They were housed in a 3.0x 3.5-m room with a temperamre of 21" C and light provided by an overhead lamp and window. Each dog was paired with every other dog (six pairings) under each condition. Each pair was placed in an experimenral room ~ n d a bone was thrown in as a stimulus to encourage fighting. Data recorded for 5 min. included vocalizations (growls, barks), attacks (threats, bites), and retreats. The environmental conditions included: (1) "Controlu-the room was identical ( in space, temperature, and Iighdng) to the home pen; ( 2 ) "Cold temperaturew-the temperature was lowered to 10" C; ( 3 ) "Bright light"-floodlights were placed in the corners of the room; ( 4 ) "Dim light"-the overhead light was turned off and the window was covered; and ( 5 ) "Small spacew-the area space was reduced to 3.0 X 1.8 m. Attadcs, vocalizations, and retreats were summed for each condition, since the proportions remained relatively stable. The mean total frequencies (and SDs) of a11 agonistic behaviors observed under each condition for each pair were: "Control"--69 (14.6), "Cold temperatureM--68 (16.4), "Bright lightv'-50 (20.1 ) , "Dim light"-91 ( 15.0), and "Small space"-73 ( 10.3). A Friedman analysis of variance was significant ( X . 2 = 10.5, df = 4, p < .05), indicating that environment affected agonistic behavior. Inspection of the data showed that light was the only variable which greatly differed from the control condition; dim light increased agonistic behavior 3 2 % , while bright light decreased it 28%. In testing lowered temperature, bright or dim light, and crowded space, l igit was the only variable which dearly affected agonisric behavior in these dogs. In the home pen with all dogs present there was little fighting even with a bone. Possibly the conditions perceived by the dogs to be most different (the bright and dim light) disrupted the namral dominance. Temperature and size might not have been extreme enough to affect agonistic interactions. Such results suggc:t that environmental conditions (such as light) must be carefully investigated to dc-term~ne precisely how they influence agonistic behavior.
Topic Exploration with the HTRC Data Capsule for Non-Consumptive Research

In this half-day tutorial, we will show 1) how the HathiTrust Research Center (HTRC) Data Capsule can be used for non-consumptive research over collection of texts and 2) how integrated tools for LDA topic modeling and visualization can be used to drive formulation of new research questions. Participants will be given an account in the HTRC Data Capsule and taught how to use the workset manager to create a corpus, and then use the VM's secure mode to download texts and analyze their contents.
Detection of a rabbit uteroglobin-like protein in human neonatal tracheobronchial washings.

Uteroglobin is a steroid hormone dependent, low molecular weight, secretory protein with many immunomodulatory properties. Immunomodulation by this protein may, at least in part, be related to its inhibitory effects on phospholipase A2 activity. Although uteroglobin is conclusively found in the rabbit, its presence in the human is controversial. Here, we present biochemical and immunological evidence for the detection of a uteroglobin-like protein in the wet epithelial living of the respiratory tract of human neonates. Because inhibition of phospholipase A2 may modulate tissue eicosanoid levels and since many eicosanoids (i.e. prostaglandins and leukotrienes etc.) are well known regulators of smooth muscle contractility, cellular migration and inflammatory processes, the discovery of this protein in the human respiratory tract may have important physiological implications.
Payment card fraud: Challenges and solutions

Payment card fraud is causing billions of dollars in losses for the card payment industry. Besides direct losses, the brand name can be affected by loss of consumer confidence due to the fraud. As a result of these growing losses, financial institutions and card issuers are continually seeking new techniques and innovation in payment card fraud detection and prevention. This paper provides an overview of payment card fraud and begins with payment card statistics and the definition of payment card fraud. It also describes various methods used by identity thieves to obtain personal and financial information for the purpose of payment card fraud. In addition, relationship between payment card fraud detection and terrorism funding is provided. Finally, some solutions for detecting payment card fraud are also given.
Proving the Shalls: Requirements, Proofs, and Model-Based Development

Informal requirements stated in a natural language often suffer from ambiguity, inconsistency, and incompleteness. For these reasons, the trend over the last decade has been towards the development of alternate approaches for specifying requirements such as use cases and requirement modeling languages. However, the growing popularity of model-based development and the increasing power of formal verification tools make yet another approach possible. In this approach, informal shall statements are captured as a first step in requirements elicitation. Next, an executable model of the system is constructed that is believed to implement these requirements. Simulation of this model is used to obtain early validation of the requirements with the customer and among the developers. The informal shall statements are then rewritten as formal properties over the model and shown to hold on the model. When possible, this is done through mathematical proof using model-checking or theorem proving. When formal proof is not possible, testing of the properties against the model is used. Finally, source code is automatically generated from the model. For safety or security systems, test cases are also automatically generated from the model and used to check that the object-code executing on the target platform correctly implements the model.
Applications of genomic medicine in endocrinology and post-genomic endocrine research.

In the mid 1980is, two advances revolutionized Medicine in a way that is comparable only to some of the most important events in the approximately 3,000 years of its history. The first was the introduction of the concept of ipositional cloningi, i.e. the idea that one can identify genes for human disease though knowing nothing or very little about their function. The second was the discovery of the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which made DNA easier to work with for all biomedical researchers and clinicians. Fresh in the history of Endocrinology were the great discoveries of neuroendocrinology, and even more contemporary and potent, the influence of the then emerging field of molecular endocrinology. Cancer medicine and traditional human genetics were the fields that benefited most from the first applications of the new genomic concepts and technologies. Almost two decades later, and after the first successful applications of positional cloning in Endocrine Genetics with the identification of RET, menin, PTEN and PRKAR1A in the various forms of multiple endocrine tumor syndromes, and a number of other genes in developmental diseases affecting the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal and gonadal glands, endocrinology has made a comeback to the forefront of igenomicallyi- influenced as well as post-genomic Medicine. This report, using the example of endocrine tumor genetics, presents the process and some of the accomplishments of positional cloning and discusses the influence of endocrinology on contemporary translational research. The author suggests that some of the most traditional endocrine concepts, established in the previous two centuries, could help us understand the complex pathways recently unraveled in cancer genetics and, consequently, other fields. It is suggested that iEndocrinei genes that control cellular signaling act as iconductorsi since they regulate differentiation, growth and proliferation. Their complex function and resultant itranscriptomesi are now being investigated by post-genomic Medicine. In cancer research, endocrine genes defy classic definitions of tumor suppressors and oncogenes and regulate gatekeepers, caretakers, and landscapers. In the post-genomic, translational Medicine, Endocrinology once again could help us to understand cellular regulation and pathophysiology and to design new treatments.
The long-term effect of methotrexate therapy on the liver in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. To determine if the long-term use of methotrexate (MTX) in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is associated with the development of significant liver fibrosis, and to describe the presence of risk factors for liver fibrosis in patients with JRA. Methods. Needle biopsies of the liver were performed on a cross-section cohort of 14 patients with JRA who had received a total cumulative dose of MTX that was either >3,000 mg or >4,000 mg/1.73 m2 of body surface area. Biopsy samples were independently graded according to the Roenigk Classification Scale by 2 pathologists. The presence of risk factors for MTX hepatotoxicity, especially biochemical abnormalities reflective of liver injury and alcohol consumption, were assessed. Results. Thirteen biopsy samples (93%) were classified as grade I, and 1 (7%) as grade II; none demonstrated significant fibrosis. However, histologic abnormalities were found in 13 biopsy samples (93%). Only 2 patients (14%) consumed more than 1 alcoholic drink per month. Thirteen patients (93%) had biochemical abnormalities while being treated with MTX, but only 5 patients (36%) had at least 1 determination in which the aspartate or alanine aminotransferase elevation was >3 times the upper limit of normal. Conclusion. Long-term use of MTX for JRA does not appear to be associated with the development of significant liver fibrosis. Although nearly all patients had minor histologic changes, no significant clinical consequences were apparent. A prospective study of a larger population will more accurately define the incidence of MTX-related liver fibrosis and appropriate monitoring guidelines in JRA.
Co-reference and reasoning.

Co-reference occurs when two or more noun phrases refer to the same individual, as in the following inferential problem: Mark is kneeling by the fire or he is looking at the TV but not both. / Mark is kneeling by the fire. / Is he looking at the TV? In three experiments, we compared co-referential reasoning problems with problems referring to different individuals. Experiment 1 showed that co-reference improves accuracy. In Experiment 2, we replicated that finding and showed that co-reference speeds up both reading and inference. Experiment 3 showed that the effects of co-reference are greatest when the premises and the conclusion share co-referents. These effects led the participants to make illusory inferences—that is, to draw systematically invalid conclusions. The results are discussed in terms of the mental model theory of reasoning.
The influence of reactant structure and solvent on galactoside syntheses from galactosyl sulfonates

Abstract The glycosidation of some 2-O-allyl- and 2-O-benzyl- D -galactopyranosyl sulfonates was studied as a function of alcohol, solvent, leaving group at C-1, and substituent groups at C-3, -4, and -6. In the 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl series, no combinations of these parameters lead to high α-stereoselectivity, and high β-stereoselectivity was observed only in methanolyses with the trifluoromethanesulfonate leaving-group. With 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-di-O-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)- D -galactopyranosyl p-toluene-sulfonate, high α-specificity (>90%) was achieved on methanolysis and, with the corresponding trifluoromethanesulfonate, high β-stereoselectivity. Results with 2-O-allyl- and 2-O-benzyl-3,4-di-O-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)-6-O-acetyl- D -galactopyranosyl sulfonates were comparable to each other. In general methane- and p-toluene-sulfonates in solvents of the ether type gave high α-stereoselectivity (>90%) with a number of alcohols of widely different structures, including saccharides. Thus, appropriately substituted D -galactopyranosyl sulfonates, reacting overnight with an equivalent amount of alcohol, formed α-glycosides in high yield and steric purity, as has previously been observed with related glucose derivatives. The nature of the substituents at C-3, C-4, and C-6 has a profound influence on the steric course of the glycosidation reaction.
Laser-driven implosion of thermonuclear fuel to 20 to 40 g cm –3

Inertial fusion requires the compression of fusion fuel to densities approaching 1,000 times the density of liquid DT. Compression of DT to densities in the range of 100 to 200 times its liquid density has been achieved using cryogenically cooled solid-fuel-layer DT-filled capsules irradiated directly with high-intensity symmetric short-wavelength laser radiation.
Laminar Subsonic, Supersonic, and Transonic Boundary-Layer Flow past a Flat Plate

A boundary-layer formulation is developed for the low-Mach-number limit. Self-similar low-Mach-number Falkner‐Skan solutions are found for flow past a wedge. From computation of both this low-Mach-number-limit solution and the full compressible boundary-layer equations, it is shown that laminar transonic boundary-layer flow past a constant temperature flat plate may be accurately calculated using the simpler low-Mach-number-limit solution.
New upper bounds for the integrity of cubic graphs

Integrity, a measure of network to reliability, is defined as where G is a graph with vertex set V, and m(G − S) denotes the order of the largest component of G − S. Let V = n. It is known that (n/3) + O(√n) is a general upper bound for the integrity of any cubic graph. In this article, several theorems are shown that improve this general upper bound. For some families of cubic graphs, an upper bound for the integrity of (n/4) + O(√n) can be established using these theorems.
Effect of copper on the curing and structure of a DICY-containing epoxy composite system†

The curing and structure of an epoxy system containing dicyandiamide (DICY) as hardener were studied as a function of temperature and the presence or absence of copper with the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in photoacoustic mode (FTIR-PAS). Spectroscopic analysis of specimens taken from the DSC helped to clarify the reaction mechanism in terms of the different schemes that have been proposed. The initial stages, corresponding to the first peak in the DSC exotherm, involve the usual epoxide-amine reactions closely followed by a reaction between DICY nitrile groups and hydroxyl groups to form structures containing iminoether and urea groups. These reactions are slightly retarded in the presence of copper. At higher temperatures, corresponding to the second peak in the exotherm, these structures are transformed into others believed to contain urethane ester groups. This reaction, which may be considered to constitute a form of degradation, is significantly accelerated in the presence of copper. The effect is particularly large around 180°C, a temperature commonly used to cure such systems, so the results have important practical implications, for example, in the lamination of circuit boards. © 2000 Government of Canada. Exclusive worldwide publication rights in the article have been transferred to John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 1458–1473, 2000
Cost and availability tradeoffs in replicated data concurrency control

Techniques for optimizing a static voting type algorithm are presented. Our basic optimization models are based on minimizing communications cost subject to given reliability constraints. Two models are presented; in the first model the reliability constraint is failure tolerance, while in the second it is availability. Other simpler models that are special cases of these two basic models and rise from making simplifying assumptions such as equal vote values or constant inter-site communications costs are also discussed. We describe a semi-exhaustive algorithm and efficient heuristics for solving each model. The algorithms utilize a novel signature based method for identifying equivalent vote combinations, and an efficient procedure for computing availability. Computational results for the various algorithms are also given. Finally, the optimized static algorithm was compared against the available copies method, a dynamic algorithm, to understand the relative performance of the two types of algorithms. We found that if realistic reconfiguration times are assumed, then no one type of algorithm is uniformly better. The factors that influence relative performance have been identified. 16 refs., 2 figs., 10 tabs.
New mechanism for nonlocality from string theory: UV-IR quantum entanglement and its imprints on the CMB

Puff field theories (PFT) arise as the decoupling limits of D3 branes in a Melvin universe and exhibit spatially nonlocal dynamics. Unlike other realizations of nonlocality in string theory, PFTs have full $SO(3)$ rotational symmetry. In this work, we analyze the strongly coupled regime of a PFT through gravitational holography. We find a novel mechanism at the heart of the phenomenon of nonlocality: a quantum entanglement of UV and IR dynamics. In the holographic bulk, this translates to an apparent horizon splitting the space into two regions---with the UV completion of the PFT sitting at the horizon. We unravel this intricate UV-IR setting and devise a prescription for computing correlators that extends the original dictionary of holographic renormalization group. We then implement a cosmological scenario where PFT correlators set the initial conditions for primordial fluctuations. We compute the associated power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background and find that the scenario allows for a distinct stringy signature.