cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Interactions between Erythroid Kruppel-like Factor (EKLF/KLF1) and Protein Phosphatase PPM1B/PP2Cβ

Erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF; KLF1) is an erythroid-specific transcription factor required for the transcription of genes that regulate erythropoiesis. In this paper, we describe the identification of a novel EKLF interactor, Ppm1b, a serine-threonine protein phosphatase that has been implicated in the attenuation of NFκB signaling and the regulation of Cdk9 phosphorylation status. We show that Ppm1b interacts with EKLF via its PEST1 sequence. However, its genetic regulatory role is complex. Using a promoter-reporter assay in an erythroid cell line, we show that Ppm1b superactivates EKLF at the β-globin and BKLF promoters, dependent on intact Ppm1b phosphatase activity. Conversely, depletion of Ppm1b in CD34+ cells leads to a higher level of endogenous β-globin gene activation after differentiation. We also observe that Ppm1b likely has an indirect role in regulating EKLF turnover via its zinc finger domain. Together, these studies show that Ppm1b plays a multilayered role in regulating the availability and optimal activity of the EKLF protein in erythroid cells.
Territorial defense in the bannertail kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis): footdrumming and visual threats

Footdrumming and visual displays associated with territorial defense in the bannertail kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) were studied in the field in Arizona. We predicted that foot-drumming functioned like bird song in territorial advertisement. Rats were tested in their territories for their responses to the presentation of four different stimuli: a playback of airborne footdrumming patterns (audio); a stuffed and mounted kangaroo rat in an aggressive posture (visual); a combination of both (audio-visual); and a playback of cricket stridulation as a control. Kangaroo rats investigated all experimental stimuli equally by becoming alert, approaching, and retreating (Fig. 2). Rats, therefore, seemed to assess the amount of threat and footdrummed at higher rates and sooner in response to the more threatening visual stumulus of a stuffed rat than to the apparently less threatening ones of a airborne footdrumming playback or cricket stridulation (Fig. 1). We conclude that rats footdrum at long ranges to repel a potential intruder and also at close ranges when territories are threatened by a persistent intruder. Chase and attack, as in territorial birds, are the final lines of defense.
Blooms Bite the Hand That Feeds Them

In recent decades, nutrient over-enrichment (eutrophication) and climate-change effects have led to a rise in toxin-producing cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) in freshwater systems worldwide ( 1 ). Microcystin, the most ubiquitous cyanotoxin, is a serious drinking water threat due to its potent liver toxicity and carcinogenic potential ( 2 ). The distribution of microcystin synthetase ( mcy ) genes across many genera suggests that production of this metabolite was a widely shared trait early in cyanobacterial evolution ( 3 ). However, not all cyanobacterial strains have retained this pathway. There is growing evidence that oxidative stressors in high-irradiance surface waters, where blooms accumulate, select for toxigenic strains over their nontoxic counterparts.
O sagrado e o profano no tribunal do júri brasileiro

This article was specially made for a discipline called Special Topics: Sociological Studies of Religion, studied for a Master´s degree in Sociology at Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa em Ciencias Sociais (NPPCS). The aim of the article is to discuss the institutional position of the jury as a locus in which, besides its secular appearance, we find, in the context of an indispensable ritual to affirm the link between society and justice; the dialectics between the sacred and the profane. In doing this, we are not only showing how the trial by jury is organized and executed from the point of view of the sociological theory of religion, but also revealing what makes of this sociopolitical institution one of the few examples of institutional stability in Brazilian history.
Speaking for the Dead: Forensic Pathologists and Criminal Justice in the United States

This essay explores the efforts of forensic pathologists in the United States to establish the intellectual and social territory of their specialty, both inside and outside of medicine, and to cont...
The penguin and the leviathan: towards cooperative human systems design

A decade ago, Wikipedia burst into a world not ready to comprehend it. Thousands of people cooperating effectively, without price signals to offer 'incentives' or managerial hierarchy to direct efforts, was an impossibility. And yet, it moves. And as it moved it combined with a deep shift across many disciplines, from biology and neuroscience to organizational sociology, experimental economics, and social psychology to paint a very different view of who we are as human beings. Slowly pushing back against decades of ever-refined analyses based on self-interested rationality, we begin to see that we are diverse beings; that a majority of us responds cooperatively to cooperative settings--we tend to treat well those who have treated us well, rather than take advantage of them; we tend to do what we think is right and fair, when it is clear in the setting what that is; we experience empathy, and it makes us more generous and trustworthy; we experience solidarity with others, and that makes us contributed more willingly to the group's goals. Moreover, explicit payments, the touchstone of mechanism design under universal self-interested rationality, turns out to have a much more complex relationship with motivation than simple addition. All this work in basic behavioral sciences combines with observations from organizational sociology, political science, and management studies combines with social software to provide an increasingly better articulated basis on which to develop a field of cooperative human systems design.
Need satisfaction in terminal care settings.

Abstract Research comparing hospice and conventional programs of care for the terminally ill has identified few measurable differences in the care provided to patients and their families. Nonetheless, hospice recipients frequently express a higher level of satisfaction with their program of care. This study compared the ability of hospice and conventional care settings to meet the basic emotional needs of families during a member's dying and death from cancer. In addition, the relationship of basic needs satisfaction, perceptions about the nurse, and overall satisfaction with the program of care were explored. One hundred bereaved familial care givers completed a mail questionnaire concerning their perceptions of care at the site of a family member's death. The sites were (1) the home, with care provided by a Medicare certified, community-based hospice program; (2) a hospital affiliated with a Medicare certified, community-based hospice program; (3) a hospital with its own hospice program; and (4) a conventional (non-hospice) hospital. Analyses of quantitative data supported two hypotheses about significant differences between hospice and conventional care. The conventional care group demonstrated the lowest levels of basic needs satisfaction, satisfaction with the psycho-social support of the nurse, and overall program satisfaction. As predicted, overall satisfaction with care was consistent across hospice groups. However, home hospice care provided the highest quality of basic needs satisfaction and the highest level of satisfaction with the nurse. Significant Pearson correlations supported the hypothesis that overall satisfaction is negatively related to unmet basic needs (r = -0.69) and positively related to the psycho-social support received from nurses (r = 0.73). The results of this study emphasize the importance of the nurse in the familial care giver's feelings of satisfaction with a program of care. In addition, the results indicate that families experiencing a grief reaction are most likely to have basic needs met at home or when inpatient care is within a hospice rather than a conventional hospital.
Optimal temperature for the measurement of transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension in the neonate

cemic for the first 72 hours. In hypocalcemic IDM, serum PTH concentrations did not rise in response to the low serum calcium concentration. In normocalcemic IDM, in association with a small fall in the iCa concentrations after birth, serum PTH concentrations rose significantly, a finding similar to that reported for term well infants? In this study, even though hypocalcemic IDM were less mature, the sluggish response of serum PTH appeared to be inappropriately low for gestational age, as assessed by covariance analysis. Thus, maternal diabetes may be an independent factor related to suppressed neonatal parathyroid function in addition to the possible effects of prematurity. The lack of increase of serum PTH concentrations in hypocalcemic IDM theoretically may be due to increased catabolism of circulating PTH by the kidney, liver, or bone. No data are available at present regarding catabolism of PTH in the neonatal period. Alternatively, parathyroid function may be suppressed by high intrauterine calcium concentrations in utero. Although serum ionized Ca concentrations in the umbilical vein were high, and appeared higher in hypocalcemic infants when compared with those in normocalcemic infants, there actually was no significant difference between the groups; further study will be needed to test this possibility. Serum Mg concentrations were lower in hypocalcemic [DM compared with those in normocalcemic IDM, at 48 and 72 hours of age. In a previous study we demonstrated that maternal diabetes was associated with a significant incidence of hypomagnesemia in the infants and that neonatal hypomagnesemia was correlated with the severity of maternal diabetes and with maternal hypomagnesemia. 7 Since diabetes mellitus is associated With significant magnesium loss in the urine, and magnesium depletion, s it is possible that diabetes during pregnancy is indeed associated with magnesium deficiency. Magnesium deficiency is a well-known cause of decreased parathyroid hormone secretion? Thus we speculate that hypocalcemia in IDM is related to decreased parathyroid function, possibly related to maternal and fetal magnesium deficiency.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the texture and microstructure of chicken breast meat

Abstract This study investigated the textural and microstructural properties of chicken breast meat exposed to gamma irradiation ( 60 Cobalt) and stored at 4 °C. Textural properties of the irradiated ( n =27) and unirradiated chicken breasts (control) were determined by measuring shear force and cooking loss at day 0 and at 2-day intervals for a 14-day refrigerated storage period. In addition, microstructural changes of the irradiated and unirradiated chicken breasts were compared. Irradiated chicken breasts had more cooking loss and higher ( P P
Eye-Movements Correlated with Innervation of the Orbicularis Oculi: II

Resume On a etudie chez six sujets au moyen de la technique cinematographique les mouvements de l'oeil humain coincidents avec le clignotement reflexe et les clins d'oeil volontaires. On a obtenu de l'evidence statistiquement signifiante d'un deplacement moyen de la pupille dirige en haut, au moment du mouvement de la paupiere, de l'ordre de 1,5%. Il s'est montre de moins certaines indications d'un petit deplacement vers la tempe. Il parait que les deux resultats ne s'accordent pas avec les donnees anterieures qui indiquent qu'un beaucoup plus grand roulement en haut en combinaison avec un petit mouvement vers la narine est correle avec des mouvements libres de la paupiere.
Phosphorylation of 2-5A core 5′-diphosphate to 2–5 a in mouse L cell extracts

Abstract When added to extracts of mouse L cells containing ATP and an energy regenerating system, the 5′-diphosphate of 2-5A core, pp5′A2′p5′A2′p5′A, as well as a bromoadenylate analog, pp5′(br8A)2′p5′(br8A)2′p5′(br8A), can be phosphorylated to the corresponding 5′-triphosphate, ppp5′A2′p5′A2′p5′A and ppp5′(br8A)2′p5′(br8A)2′p5′(br8A), respectively. The extent of this conversion was about 0.5% when the concentration of 5′-diphosphate was about 10 −4 M . Thus, although previous studies have shwon that the 5′diphosphate, pp5′A2′p5′A2′p5′A, can activate the 2-5A-dependent endonuclease, this may be related to a phosphorylation reaction in the crude cell extracts employed in these studies and may not represent a true ability of such a 5′-diphosphate to activate directly the endonuclease.
MARK-ELM

Apply Multiple Kernel Boosting and Multiclass KELM to Network Intrusion Detection.Tested approach on several machine learning datasets and the KDD Cup 99 dataset.Utilized Fractional Polynomial Kernels for the Network ID problem for the first time.Requires no feature selection, minimal pre-processing and works on imbalanced data.Achieves superior detection rates and lower false alarm rates than other approaches. Detection of cyber-based attacks on computer networks continues to be a relevant and challenging area of research. Daily reports of incidents appear in public media including major ex-filtrations of data for the purposes of stealing identities, credit card numbers, and intellectual property as well as to take control of network resources. Methods used by attackers constantly change in order to defeat techniques employed by information technology (IT) teams intended to discover or block intrusions. "Zero Day" attacks whose "signatures" are not yet in IT databases are continually being uncovered. Machine learning approaches have been widely used to increase the effectiveness of intrusion detection platforms. While some machine learning techniques are effective at detecting certain types of attacks, there are no known methods that can be applied universally and achieve consistent results for multiple attack types. The focus of our research is the development of a framework that combines the outputs of multiple learners in order to improve the efficacy of network intrusion on data that contains instances of multiple classes of attacks. We have chosen the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) as the core learning algorithm due to recent research that suggests that ELMs are straightforward to implement, computationally efficient and have excellent learning performance characteristics on par with the Support Vector Machine (SVM), one of the most widely used and best performing machine learning platforms (Liu, Gao, & Li, 2012). We introduce the novel Multiple Adaptive Reduced Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (MARK-ELM) which combines Multiple Kernel Boosting (Xia & Hoi, 2013) with the Multiple Classification Reduced Kernel ELM (Deng, Zheng, & Zhang, 2013). We tested this approach on several machine learning datasets as well as the KDD Cup 99 (Hettich & Bay, 1999) intrusion detection dataset. Our results indicate that MARK-ELM works well for the majority of University of California, Irvine (UCI) Machine Learning Repository small datasets and is scalable for larger datasets. For UCI datasets we achieved performance similar to the MKBoost Support Vector Machine (SVM) approach. In our experiments we demonstrate that MARK-ELM achieves superior detection rates and much lower false alarm rates than other approaches on intrusion detection data.
PANCREATIC ISLET ALPHA AND BETA CELL RESPONSES TO ORAL AND IV ALANINE IN APPROPRIATE FOR GESTATIONAL AGE (AGA) AND SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE (SGA) INFANTS

The decline in blood glucose (G) level during the immediate neonatal period has been attributed partly to sluggish glucagon (GN) release and relative deficiency in gluconeogenesis. This hypothesis was tested by measuring plasma G, GN, and insulin (I) response to oral feeding of 0.5 gm/kg of L-alanine in 40 AGA term, 10 AGA preterm and 16 SGA infants, age 1-4 days. Universally noted was an increase in G levels when baseline G levels were 60 mgjC. This was not related to gestational age, postnatal age, AGA or SGA. AGA term infants had a significant increase in I (6.4 ± 0.7 to 10.9 ± 1.7 μU/ml, M ± SEM, p < .05), at 1 hr. and GN at 1/2, 1, and 4 hrs. (300%, 228%, and 28% above baseline respectively, p <.05). Similar G changes were noted in 6 AGA preterm and 13 SGA infants receiving IV alanine 1 mM/kg. In six 1-day old infants, blood G was increased to 117 ± 35 mg% by steady state G infusion. At this G level, oral alanine did not elicit a rise in G, GN, or I. These data indicate that alanine can evoke a rise in G in preterm, term, AGA or SGA infants when the baseline blood G is <60 mg%; this is probably due to GN stimulating glycogenolysls and/or gluconeogenesis.
Selenium in Kesterson Reservoir Ephemeral Pools Formed by Groundwater Rise: II. Laboratory Experiments

The formation of seleniferous ephemeral pools that result from sballow water table rise through seleniferous soils was studied in laboratory columns of soils from Kesterson Reservoir, Merced County, California. Variables included in the column experiments included the depth interval of the soils, the rate of shallow water table rise and temperature. The columns were packed with either surface (0-0.15 m) soils (with and without the original salt crust), or subsurface soils (0.15-0.30 m) sampled from the southwest corner of Pond 1, Kesterson Reservoir.
The clinical importance of all members of the Bacteroides fragilis group

Synthese d'arguments montrant que toutes les especes du groupe Bacteroides fragilis sont importantes en clinique. La virulence potentielle et la mortalite associee est soulignee
Five-photon non-resonant photoionisation of atomic sodium-the angular distribution of photoelectrons

The authors report a measurement of the photoelectron angular distribution in non-resonant multiphoton ionisation of atomic sodium. Linearly polarised Nd:YAG laser radiation was used to ionise ground (32S12/) state sodium atoms in a non-resonant five-photon process. The angular distribution observed contains significant contributions of trigonometric functions of the type cos(2mx) up to m=5. The absolute ionisation cross section is compared with previous measurements.
Robotically generated force fields for stroke patient pelvic obliquity gait rehabilitation

The Robotic Gait Rehabilitation (RGR) Trainer, was designed and built to target secondary gait deviations in patients post - stroke. Using an impedance control strategy and a linear electromagnetic actuator, the device applies a force field to control pelvic obliquity through an orthopedic brace while the patient ambulates on treadmill. Healthy human subject testing confirmed efficacy of the method to impart significant gait restoration forces as a response to abnormal pelvic obliquity (hip hiking). This novel approach to application of force fields using endpoint impedance controlled linear actuators takes into account soft tissue compliance.
Effect of variation in heart size on quantitative thallium SPECT.

Quantitative single-photon emission tomographic (SPECT) thallium 201 (201Tl) cardiac studies are frequently used to improve test accuracy. One common technique uses polar mapping of relative tracer distribution to compare patient data to emplates from "normal" patient data. Commercial software does not correct for cardiac size variations. This study's purpose was to determine the effect of uncorrected variations in heart size on the variance of the normal population, which is the basis of template significance levels. Twenty-one male volunteers with low probability (< 5%) for coronary disease underwent SPECT-Tl stress test. Data analysis with and without size correction was performed. Data were corrected for size by use of a three-dimensional compression/expansion algorithm. Quantitative data were generated by radial search to maximum activity in short-axis reconstructions. The mean activity and its variance was calculated from 288 points encompassing the myocardium. Mean and variance differences were ana...
Women in the business-to-business salesforce: Some differences in performance factors

Abstract A sample of National Association of Purchasing Management buyers reported their perceptions of salespeople who called upon them on overall sales performance, buyer trust of the salesperson, similarity to the buyer, product expertise, adaptive selling ability, and sales presentation ability. Males were evaluated more highly on two performance dimensions and one specific sales behavior but not on overall performance, and were paid more. There is some evidence that buyers use a different evaluation criterion for men and women. The results were consistent across both male and female buyers.
Construction of fastest curvature-constrained paths in direction-dependent media

This paper presents an algorithm that constructs a fastest curvature-constrained path in a direction-dependent environment for given initial and target locations and heading angles. The problem studied here is a generalization of the classical Dubins car problem, where the vehicle speed and minimum turning radius are assumed to be constant. This assumption is relaxed and the settings where the two parameters are arbitrary functions of the agent’s heading angle are considered, such as a maneuvering sailboat for example. This paper is concerned with the extension and implementation of the authors’ earlier results that establish the fastest path between two positions in the plane for a Dubins-like vehicle in a (possibly) anisotropic medium to be of the form CSCSC (or any subset of this word) where C denotes a sharpest turn and S denotes a straight line segment. While the authors’ preceding work has derived the structure of a fastest path, the actual implementation of the results presents a significant challe...
Matrix metal loproteinases-2 and -9, and tissue inhibitor of metal loproteinases-1 of the sheep placenta during the last third of gestation

Uteroplacental and fetoplacental blood flows increase dramatically during the last third of gestation. Therefore, angiogenesis and tissue remodelling may regulate placental growth. On days 110, 120, 130, and 142 (term = 145 ± 3; n = 5 ewes/day) of gestation, sheep placentae were separated into maternal (caruncular and intercaruncular) and fetal (cotyledonary and intercotyledonary) components; tissues were minced and cultured (24 h) and media were analysed for gelatinase activity and for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) protein. Both the 72-kDa (matrix metalloproteinase-2; MMP-2) and 95-kDa (matrix metalloproteinase-9; MMP-9) gelatinases were detected by zymography. There was more (P<0.001) MMP-2 activity in the caruncle versus intercaruncle and intercotyledon, and all had greater MMP-2 activity (P<0.001) than the cotyledon. There was less (P<0.04) MMP-9 in the intercotyledon than in the other components. By Western analysis, there was more (P<0.004) TIMP-1 (30 kDa) in the caruncle-conditioned media compared to the other tissues, which did not differ from each other (P≥0.38). The immunohistochemical staining for MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 determined that staining was associated with the epithelial cells of the intercotyledon, the uterine glands, cells of the fetomaternal interface of the placentome (trophoblast and binucleate cells), and the endothelial cells of microvessels. Therefore, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 are present in the last third of gestation, suggesting that there is an ongoing tight regulation of tissue remodelling and growth throughout this critical time of pregnancy.
MOLECULAR FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE

Molecular luminescence spectroscopy can be used for fundamental studies of molecular excited states as well as for selective and sensitive analysis of luminescent samples. Luminescence processes su...
A Study of Oceanic Fronts

Oceanic fronts and frontal layers are defined. Temperature data obtained at two fronts in the equatorial Pacific are presented and a particular circulation, considered basic to the existence of a front, is proposed. Vertically isothermal warm water overlies the stable frontal layer. This suggests that vertical mixing in the isothermal water maintains the frontal layer in the same way that wind-induced vertical mixing maintains sharp thermoclines. The data suggest that the depth of vertical mixing is different in the warm and cool water masses adjacent to one of the fronts. It is suggested that the change in vertical mixing regimes contributes to the horizontal gradients of properties across this front. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1956.tb01198.x
Addressing national and regional health needs: A framework for health planning

Completion of the first decade since the Alma-Ata Declaration of ‘health for all’ (1978) has led to numerous appraisals, in international forums, of progress achieved by the current primary health care strategy. Although this strategy appears to have contributed to improvements in selected health outcomes, changing circumstances in many developing countries may now require a more flexible and country-specific approach to health care programming. This article argues for the development of a pragmatic framework: to articulate problems which should be addressed in the development of national health programs; and, to organize concepts and methodologies to address these problems. Such a framework should enable an assessment of currently implicit value judgments, and enable strategies to be considered that assess several input and output variables simultaneously. Moreover, this framework would, we believe, further the goal of improved health delivery at a national level, and serve as a guide for further methodologic and conceptual development.
The relationship of scattered subharmonic, 3.3-MHz fundamental and second harmonic signals to damage of monolayer cells by ultrasonically activated Albunex.

Cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells attached to thin Mylar sheets were exposed to 3.3-MHz ultrasound in the presence of Albunex® ultrasound contrast agent. The ultrasound beam was directed upward at the exposure chamber with the monolayer on the inside of the upper acoustic window. Cell membrane damage was detected by the firefly enzyme assay for released ATP and the subharmonic, fundamental, and second harmonic scattered signals were recorded. ATP release increased monotonically with increasing pressure amplitude above apparent thresholds of 0.28 MPa for 1-s continuous and 0.56 MPa for 100-s pulsed (10-μs pulses, 1-ms PRP) exposures with 5% Albunex®. The subharmonic signal and, to a lesser extent, the second harmonic signal both increased with the cell membrane damage, which suggests that these signals have predictive value for bioeffects. If the monolayer was positioned on the front window of the exposure chamber, cell membrane damage was greatly reduced, which confirms the protective influence of this...
Ophthalmic genetics/inherited eye disease.

Purpose of review Genetic diseases of the eye and involving the eye continue as a leading cause of blindness in children and adults. Recent findings Most genetic ocular disorders are not yet treatable and/or are without curative therapies because of our limited understanding of pathogenesis, and the need for well-designed and fully implemented animal model or human clinical trial testing of therapeutic methods. Summary Herein are current reviews of a variety of ophthalmologic genetic disorders such as anophthalmia, aniridia, albinism, anterior segment dysgenesis, Marfan syndrome, ectopia lentis, neurofibromatosis, retinal hemangioblastomas, and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.
Machiavelli contra governmentality

Although Machiavelli would appear to be only a minor figure in Foucault's genealogy of modernity, this article examines his 1977–1978 lectures at the College de France and argues that the author of The Prince plays a pivotal role in the development of ‘governmental reason’ and its critique. These lectures indicate how The Prince serves as the negative touchstone for the emergence of an extensive and evolving discourse on government, confirming that Machiavelli was more than a passing interest for Foucault. I consider two ‘Anti-Machiavellian’ episodes in Foucault's genealogy as especially significant: the sixteenth-century discourses of the state and the eighteenth-century discourses of political economy. These moments are significant both in showing how the idea of government hinges on a repudiation of the political lessons of The Prince and in establishing the link between governmentality and another term so important for Foucault's thinking in this period – biopower. Finally, I show how the art of critique – or, what Foucault describes as ‘the art of not being governed quite so much’ – finds a timely resource in the (still live) figure of Machiavelli.
Formation of Au-Si Metastable Phases by Ion Mixing

Amorphous and three metastable crystalline phases have been formed in the Au-Si system by 300 keV Xe ion mixing using multilayered samples with average compositions of Au 2 Si 8 , AuSi, and Au 7 Si 3 . Generally speaking, during the different stages of irradiation at liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT) or room temperature (R.T.), metastable crystalline phases are formed initially, and eventually an amorphous structure is obtained. Thermal decomposition of amorphous alloys yield different metastable crystalline phases. Some of the metastable crystalline phases can be formed directly from multilayered samples by steady-state thermal annealing. The formation mechanisms of metastable phases are discussed in terms of the processes involved in ion mixing and thermal annealing.
The short-term and long-term soft-tissue profile changes accompanying mandibular advancement surgery

To provide an improved data base for predicting the soft-tissue changes that accompany mandibular advancement surgery, short- and long-term serial cephalograms from the records of eighteen patients were analyzed. Hard- and soft-tissue landmarks were located on serial tracings and later were reduced to rectangular X-Y coordinates for computer-generated measurement data and statistical analyses. The interpretation of mean value, ratio, and regression equation data showed that the lower lip, inferior labial sulcus, and chin tissues moved forward and downward. The mandibular short-term (mean = 3.7 months postsurgery) horizontal change means were greater than the long-term (mean = 18 months postsurgery) horizontal change means. The posteriorly directed long-term means may result from functional adaptations that follow the short-term surgery-related spatial changes. These data also show the need for long-term prediction data to supplement the short-term data base.
Early inflammatory mediator gene expression in two models of traumatic brain injury: ex vivo cortical slice in mice and in vivo cortical impact in piglets

The immunological response during the first 24 hours after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be a critical therapeutic interval for limiting the secondary neuronal damage that is influenced by enhanced inflammatory mediator expression. To gain further insight of the early injury response, we examined the expression of several inflammatory genes by real-time qPCR as a function of time or distance from injury in two distinct mammalian models: an ex vivo mouse cortical slice injury system and an in vivo piglet model of brain injury. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine ligands 2 (CCL2), 3 (CCL3), 4 (CCL4), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) mRNAs increased within 5 h after injury in mouse cortical slices. Chemokine and PTGS2 mRNAs remained elevated in slices at 24 h, whereas IL-1β and TNF-α expressions decreased from earlier peak levels. At 24 h after cortical injury in 1-month-old piglets, the expression of CCL2 mRNA was significantly increased in the lesion core and in the penumbra region. The expression of PTGS2, IL-1β, and TNF-α was variable among the piglets. These in vitro and large animal models of cortical injury expand our understanding of the early timing and spread of the immunological response and can serve as preclinical systems to facilitate the discovery of therapeutic agents for TBI aimed at regulating inflammatory mediator expression.
Physiological and fermentation properties of Bacillus coagulans and a mutant lacking fermentative lactate dehydrogenase activity

Bacillus coagulans, a sporogenic lactic acid bacterium, grows optimally at 50–55°C and produces lactic acid as the primary fermentation product from both hexoses and pentoses. The amount of fungal cellulases required for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) at 55°C was previously reported to be three to four times lower than for SSF at the optimum growth temperature for Saccharomyces cerevisiae of 35°C. An ethanologenic B. coagulans is expected to lower the cellulase loading and production cost of cellulosic ethanol due to SSF at 55°C. As a first step towards developing B. coagulans as an ethanologenic microbial biocatalyst, activity of the primary fermentation enzyme L-lactate dehydrogenase was removed by mutation (strain Suy27). Strain Suy27 produced ethanol as the main fermentation product from glucose during growth at pH 7.0 (0.33 g ethanol per g glucose fermented). Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) acting in series contributed to about 55% of the ethanol produced by this mutant while pyruvate formate lyase and ADH were responsible for the remainder. Due to the absence of PDH activity in B. coagulans during fermentative growth at pH 5.0, the l-ldh mutant failed to grow anaerobically at pH 5.0. Strain Suy27-13, a derivative of the l-ldh mutant strain Suy27, that produced PDH activity during anaerobic growth at pH 5.0 grew at this pH and also produced ethanol as the fermentation product (0.39 g per g glucose). These results show that construction of an ethanologenic B. coagulans requires optimal expression of PDH activity in addition to the removal of the LDH activity to support growth and ethanol production.
Differential roles of human Dicer-binding proteins TRBP and PACT in small RNA processing

During RNA interference and related gene regulatory pathways, the endonuclease Dicer cleaves precursor RNA molecules to produce microRNAs (miRNAs) and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Human cells encode a single Dicer enzyme that can associate with two different double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding proteins, protein activator of PKR (PACT) and trans-activation response RNA-binding protein (TRBP). However, the functional redundancy or differentiation of PACT and TRBP in miRNA and siRNA biogenesis is not well understood. Using a reconstituted system, we show here that PACT and TRBP have distinct effects on Dicer-mediated dsRNA processing. In particular, we found that PACT in complex with Dicer inhibits the processing of pre-siRNA substrates when compared with Dicer and a Dicer-TRBP complex. In addition, PACT and TRBP show non-redundant effects on the production of different-sized miRNAs (isomiRs), which in turn alter target-binding specificities. Experiments using chimeric versions of PACT and TRBP suggest that the two N-terminal RNA-binding domains of each protein confer the observed differences in dsRNA substrate recognition and processing behavior of Dicer-dsRNA-binding protein complexes. These results support the conclusion that in humans, Dicer-associated dsRNA-binding proteins are important regulatory factors that contribute both substrate and cleavage specificity during miRNA and siRNA production.
Poster: An approach to development of adaptive 3D user interfaces

This work describes an approach to 3D user interface design based on Ontology and Colored Petri Net (CPN) model derived from the application requirements. The ontology describes all information on generating both the static and dynamic part of the virtual world. The subjective factors such as privileges, platforms, predefined preferences are defined in the world ontology. The dynamic behavior defined in world ontology is formally modeled in CPN. The CPN based user interface design provides a sound foundation for the analysis of user interface characteristics. The identification of the static and dynamic part of the virtual world, together with the CPN model, help to derive various interfaces by applying different role-based controllabilities, user preferences and device capabilities. A case study illustrates the proposed approach and shows how different user interface designs are generated.
A transform domain approach to enhancement of evoked potential EEG signals

In this paper, a transform domain approach is employed for enhancement of a periodic signal in broadband noise. In particular, results are presented in application of evoked potential EEG signals for tracking certain harmonics of interest. The proposed structure provides superior performance compared to the conventionally used full-band algorithm known as the Fourier linear combiner (FLC).
Materials and processes for microstructure fabrication

The fabrication of structures considerably smaller than the devices and circuits that are mass-produced for use in computers and other electronic equipment is the subject of this paper. Devices of <1 µm (microstructures) and <100 nm (nanostructures) minimum dimensions were made possible in a practical sense only after the introduction of electron beams and the associated processes, as lithographic tools in the early 1960s. This paper presents a historical perspective of this very important chapter in lithographic technology, primarily from the point of view of materials and processes, since electron-beam systems are covered in other papers in this issue. In addition, the important criteria that have to be considered in the fabrication of small structures, with respect to the interaction of the writing beam with the resist material and the substrate, and the subsequent pattern-transferring processes, are discussed.
Observations of Cold, High Density Plasma in the Private Flux Region of the Alcator C-Mod Divertor

Abstract Significant plasma density has been observed in the private flux zone of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. The behavior of the Dγ emission profiles is consistent with the source of the plasma being due to an E → × B → drift generated by a poloidal temperature gradient. The plasma flux due to this drift is derived and evaluated. A plasma flux into the private flux zone is inferred by measurements of volumetric recombination using a tangentially viewing CCD camera and several spectroscopic views observing the high n-lines of the D0 Balmer series. For the case of an attached divertor the inferred plasma flux to the PFZ has a linear scaling with respect to plasma pressure, as is expected from the temperature-gradient-induced, E → × B → drift.
SOME EFFECTS OF THERMAL SHOCK IN CAUSING CRAZING OF GLAZED CERAMIC WARE1

The characteristics of glazes are too frequently regarded as the only important factor governing the resistance of glazed ware to thermal shock crazing. In this investigation it was found that thermal shock crazing was caused, in some cases, by craze-like cracks which developed in the bodies. The importance of selecting suitable bodies, as a means of controlling crazing, became evident at once when it was found that bodies with a high resistance to thermal shock were not so liable to craze when glazed and subjected to sudden temperature changes as those with a low resistance to thermal shock. In general, glazed ware on which the glazes are under fairly high compression are more resistant to thermal shock crazing than those on which the glaze is under either low compression or tension. Glazed ware which is susceptible to thermal shock crazing may be resistant to moisture crazing and vice versa.
Security-oriented program transformations

Security experts generally believe that, "security cannot be added on, it must be designed from the beginning" [1]. This is because the typical way of improving system security by patches is ad hoc and has not produced good results. My work shows that retrofitting security does not need to be a massive reengineering effort, nor does it need to be ad hoc. Security solutions can be added through systematic, general purpose security-oriented program transformations. I have been maintaining a catalog of security-oriented program transformations; so far the catalog contains forty two transformations. These transformations improve the traditional approaches of security engineering and keep software secure in the face of new security threats.
P.A. Thomas and J. Packham: Ecology of woodlands and forests: Description, dynamics, and diversity [book review]

Thomas and Packham’s Ecology of Woodlands and Forests is a welcome addition to the current selection of general forest ecology texts. This wide-ranging book provides an account of forest structure worldwide, surveys the evolution of forest communities, discusses important ecological relationships among forest organisms, and describes a range of positive and negative human impacts on forests. The authors accomplish this daunting task by providing examples throughout the narrative of variations in life-history strategies and ecosystem properties, and compare these features across ecosystems and throughout geologic time. This approach serves the book well, particularly in its aim to be an introductory text.
Embodiment and the philosophy of mind

Cognitive science is in some sense the science of the mind. But an increasingly influential theme, in recent years, has been the role of the physical body, and of the local environment, in promoting adaptive success. No right-minded cognitive scientist, to be sure, ever claimed that body and world were completely irrelevant to the understanding of mind. But there was, nonetheless, an unmistakeable tendency to marginalize such factors: to dwell on inner complexity whilst simplifying or ignoring the complex inner-outer interplays that characterize the bulk of basic biological problem-solving. This tendency was expressed in, for example, the development of planning algorithms that treated real-world action as merely a way of implementing solutions arrived at by pure cognition (more recent work, by contrast, allows such actions to play important computational and problem-solving roles). It also surfaced in David Marr's depiction of the task of vision as the construction of a detailed threedimensional image of the visual scene. For possession of such a rich inner model effectively allows the system to ‘throw away’ the world and to focus subsequent computational activity on the inner model alone.
Rape, Possession and the Law in Thomas Middleton's 'Women Beware Women' and 'The Changeling'

Patriarchal constructsordain male dominance over female lifestyle and livelihood, additionallydetermining feminine value: more specifically what should happen with, and to, awoman's body. Outlined within Renaissanceproductions such as Thomas Middleton’s WomenBeware Women and The Changeling, possessiveinequality lies behind each woman taken by her rapist. Early laws such as the 1275 Statute of Westminster liken rape to theft and help fashionthe practice to be resultant of female Edenic flaw. Thus, both culture and law reveal the trivializationof rape through the necessity of possession. Rape and other sexual inequities become justifiable as a requisite rightof the man, and part of the natural order to satisfy the woman. Throughout culture and law, rape and chastity expectations demonstratethe need for men to “purify” male dominated societies of women that "drivemen" to sexual compulsion. Women arerepresentative of societal atrocities--manifestations of patriarchal fearspertaining to the loss of power. Purgingsociety of supposed forces proves a valuable service to patriarchal order, as aloss of these controls over the woman could prove disastrous. Thus, in order for the familial and societalpatriarchy to maintain stability, it is the right of the man to exercise his jurisdiction. Because women are possessions, theirviolation directly relates back to their possessors; therefore, the woman’snatural propensity to be ravished, elicits a man’s cultural predisposition topossess. Ultimately, these texts expose possession as the factor used to justify man’s desire to rape, and denote the woman’s fault in her own rape. The act of rape is a political means of advancement in a culture filled with women in need of being ruled. Thus, patriarchal construct requires rule over sexuality, which must be regulated to protect women, the men that possess them, and the patriarchal society as a whole.
Christian Bioethics in a Western Europe after Christendom

Europe has taken on a new, post-Christian, if not a somewhat anti-Christian character. The tension between Western Europe's ever more secular present and its substantial Christian past lies at the heart of Western Europe's current struggle to articulate a coherent cultural and moral identity. The result is that Western European mainline churches are themselves in the midst of an identity crisis, thus compounding Western Europe's identity crisis. Christian bioethics in Europe exists against the backdrop of these profound cultural cross currents that define the European condition, engender conflicts regarding the meaning of being Western European and being Christian, and bring the public significance and role of Western European bioethics, especially Western European Christian bioethics, into question. The dominant culture of the public forum is post-Christian and post-traditional, although traditional Christianity still asserts its voice. Denis Muller in his paper has clarified the choice between a traditional-fundamentalist Christian Bioethics and a revisionist, progressive Christian Bioethics.
Type I PDZ ligands are sufficient to promote rapid recycling of G Protein-coupled receptors independent of binding to N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor.

Molecular sorting of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) between divergent recycling and lysosomal pathways determines the functional consequences of agonist-induced endocytosis. The carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) mediates both PDZ binding to Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor/ezrin/radixin/moesin-binding phosphoprotein of 50 kDa (NHERF/EBP50) family proteins and non-PDZ binding to the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF). We have investigated whether PDZ interaction(s) are actually sufficient to promote rapid recycling of endocytosed receptors and, if so, whether PDZ-mediated sorting is restricted to the β2AR tail or to sequences that bind NHERF/EBP50. The trafficking effects of short (10 residue) sequences differing in PDZ and NSF binding properties were examined using chimeric mutant receptors. The recycling activity of the β2AR-derived tail sequence was not blocked by a point mutation that selectively disrupts binding to NSF, and naturally occurring PDZ ligand sequences were identified that do not bind detectably to NSF yet function as strong recycling signals. The carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the β1-adrenergic receptor, which does not bind either to NSF or NHERF/EBP50 and interacts selectively with a distinct group of PDZ proteins, promoted rapid recycling of chimeric mutant receptors with efficiency similarly high as that of the β2AR tail. These results indicate that PDZ domain-mediated protein interactions are sufficient to promote rapid recycling of GPCRs, independent of binding to NSF. They also suggest that PDZ-directed recycling is a rather general mechanism of GPCR regulation, which is not restricted to a single GPCR, and may involve additional PDZ domain-containing protein(s) besides NHERF/EBP50.