cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of surface sites for hydrogen chemisorption over Mo(100) single crystal surfaces by using LEED, TDS and HREELS

Abstract New vibrational data was used in conjunction with LEED and TDS results to propose a structural model for H2 chemisorption on clean and sulfided Mo(100) surfaces. Above half saturation H atoms adsorb on bridge sites on the unreconstructed surface, but a lower coverages reconstruction takes place and new bond sites are created.
Synthesis and Reactivity of NiII(Phpy)2 (Phpy = 2-Phenylpyridine)†

This article describes the synthesis and reactivity of NiII(Phpy)2 (Phpy = 2-phenylpyridine) with a variety of oxidants, including O2, Br2, PhICl2, N-fluoropyridinium salts, CuII salts, and N-halosuccinimides. High-oxidation-state Ni intermediates were not detected in any of these transformations. In all cases, the major organic product resulted from oxidatively induced C−C bond formation to generate the Phpy−Phpy dimer. Traces (2−16%) of organic products resulting from C−O, C−Br, C−Cl, and C−N bond-forming reductive elimination were also observed.
OSHA's Permissible Exposure Limits: Regulatory Compliance Versus Health Risk

Workplace exposures to airborne chemicals are regulated in the U.S. by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) via the promulgation of permissible exposure limits (PELs). These limits, usually defined as eight-hour time-weighted average values, are enforced as concentrations never to be exceeded. In the case of chronic or delayed toxicants, the PEL is determined from epidemiological evidence and/or quantitative risk assessments based on long-term mean exposures or, equivalently, cumulative lifetime exposures. A statistical model was used to investigate the relation between the compliance strategy, the PEL as a limit never to be exceeded, and the health risk as measured by the probability that an individual's long-term mean exposure concentration is above the PEL. The model incorporates within-worker and between-worker variability in exposure, and assumes the relevant distributions to be log-normal. When data are inadequate to estimate the parameters of the full model, as it is in compliance inspections, it is argued that the probability of a random measurement being above the PEL must be regarded as a lower bound on the probability that a randomly selected worker's long-term mean exposure concentration will exceed the PEL. It is concluded that OSHA's compliance strategy is a reasonable, as well as a practical, means of limiting health risk for chronic or delayed toxicants.
An olfactory sensory map in the fly brain

We have isolated the "complete" repertoire of genes encoding the odorant receptors in Drosophila and employ these genes to provide a molecular description of the organization of the peripheral olfactory system. The repertoire of Drosophila odorant receptors is encoded by 57 genes. Individual sensory neurons are likely to express only a single receptor gene. Neurons expressing a given gene project axons to one or two spatially invariant glomeruli in the antennal lobe. The insect brain therefore retains a two-dimensional map of receptor activation such that the quality of an odor may be encoded by different spatial patterns of activity in the antennal lobe.
Recent developments and results of new ultraviolet reflective mirror coatings

Astronomical observations in the Lyman–ultraviolet (91 – 122 nm) are limited in part by the performance of reflective coatings. Currently, the best reflective mirror options for the UV wavelength range of 90 -122 nm are LiF+Al (R ~ 60% from 102 – 200 nm) and SiC (R ~ 30 % from 90 – 200 nm). Higher reflectivity coatings in the 90 – 122 nm range will improve sensitivity and allow for more complex instrumentation. We are working to develop, laboratory test and eventually space test new reflective UV coatings (R > 70% from 90 – 115 nm) that also preserve high-reflectivity performance (R > 80% from 115 – 800 nm) throughout the longer-wavelength vacuum ultraviolet and visible spectral bands. We present a progress report on our work with new protective thin film deposition techniques of metal fluorides (MgF2 and AlF3) on high intrinsic broadband reflective metal (aluminum) surfaces. We present first test results from both traditional and atomic layer deposition processes. In this paper, we discuss the current status of the deposition process, coating substrates, reflectivity measurements for optical through far-ultraviolet wavelengths as well as environmental storage sensitivities.
How Data Got its Base: Information Storage Software in the 1950s and 1960s

Generalized report generation and file maintenance programs were widely used in the 1950s, standardized by the Share user group with 9PAC and Surge. By the 1960s the first recognizable DBMS systems, such IMS and IDS, had evolved to address the challenges of disk drives and MIS projects. Finally, in the late 1960s Codasyl's Data Base Task Group formulated the DBMS concept itself.
Measurement of $^{17}$F+p reactions with ANASEN

Reactions involving radioactive nuclei play an important role in stellar explosions, but those reactions involving short-lived nuclei have only limited experimental information available due to currently limited beam intensities. Several facilities are aiming to provide greater access to these unstable isotopes at higher beam intensities, but more efficient and selective techniques and devices are needed to properly study these important reactions. The Array for Nuclear Astrophysics Studies with Exotic Nuclei (ANASEN), a charged particle detector designed by Louisiana State University (LSU) and Florida State University (FSU), was created for this purpose. ANASEN is used to study the reactions important in the αp- and rp- processes with proton-rich exotic nuclei, providing essentially complete solid angle coverage through an array of 40 silicon-strip detectors backed with CsI scintillators, covering an area of roughly 1300 cm2. ANASEN also includes an active gas target/detector in a position-sensitive annular gas proportional counter, which allows direct measurement of (α,p) reactions in inverse kinematics. The first in-beam measurements with a partial implementation of ANASEN were performed at the RESOLUT radioactive beam facility of FSU during the summer of 2011. They included stable beam experiments and measurements of the 17F(p,p)17F and 17F(p,α)14O reactions which are important to understanding the structure of 18Ne and the 14O(α,p)17F reaction rate. The performance of ANASEN and initial results from the 17F studies will be presented.
The Effect of varying ratios of docosahexaenoic Acid and arachidonic acid in the prevention and reversal of biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency in a murine model

Objective Essential fatty acids (EFA) are necessary for growth, development, and biological function, and must be acquired through the diet. While linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) have been considered the true EFAs, we previously demonstrated that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) taken together as the sole source of dietary fatty acids can prevent biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). This study evaluates the effect of varying dietary ratios of DHA:AA in the prevention and reversal of biochemical EFAD in a murine model.
Chromatin and epigenetic regulation of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene

Telomerase expression and telomere maintenance are critical for long-term cell proliferation and survival, and they play important roles in development, aging, and cancer. Cumulating evidence has indicated that regulation of the rate-limiting subunit of human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT) is a complex process in normal cells and many cancer cells. In addition to a number of transcriptional activators and repressors, the chromatin environment and epigenetic status of the endogenous hTERT locus are also pivotal for its regulation in normal human somatic cells and in tumorigenesis.
Orientational relationships for optically non-symmetric solar collectors

Abstract More details of collector orientations and incidence angle modifiers are required to specify the instantaneous optical efficiencies of optically non-symmetric solar collectors, such as those using nonimaging concentrators, than to specify the efficiencies of symmetric collectors such as flat plates. In this paper, expressions are presented for the projected incidence angles necessary for evaluating the instantaneous optical efficiencies of non-symmetric collectors. These projected angles are also used when a nearly biaxial incidence angle modifier is approximated by the product of two single-axis incidence angle modifiers. In addition, relationships for incidence angles onto an absorber tube are developed. These differ from the angle onto a cover glazing, and they effect the absorptance of the tube's coating and the transmittance of a cover tube as used in tubular evacuated collectors.
Comparison of chloroform-induced toxicity in the kidneys, liver, and nasal passages of male Osborne-Mendel and F-344 rats

Chloroform given by gavage in corn oil at 180 mg/kg per day induced kidney tumors in male Osborne-Mendel rats. Chloroform-induced cytotoxicity and regenerative cell proliferation have been observed in the kidneys of male F-344 rats. In order to compare the acute sensitivity of male Osborne-Mendel with F-344 rats, animals from both strains were administered a single gavage dose of 0, 10, 34, 90, 180, or 477 mg/kg chloroform and necropsied 48 h later. Known target tissues were examined for histological changes. Regenerative cell proliferation was assessed as a labeling index (LI, percent of cells in S-phase) as determined by nuclear incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. The epithelial cells of the proximal tubules of the kidney cortex were the primary target cells for cytotoxicity and regenerative cell proliferation. A dose-dependent increase in the LI was present in the kidney of Osborne-Mendel rats given doses of 10 mg/kg chloroform and above and in F-344 rats given 90 mg/kg and above. The maximal increase in the LI was 4.5- or 3.7-fold over control in Osborne-Mendel or F-344 given 477 mg/kg, respectively. The only increase in the hepatocyte LI was in the F-344 rats given 477 mg/kg. Edema and periosteal hypercellularity were observed in the nasal passages of both strains at doses of 90 mg/kg and above. These data indicate that Osborne-Mendel and F-344 rats are about equally susceptible to chloroform-induced nephrotoxicity. These results provide a basis for linking the extensive data base on mechanisms of action of chloroform toxicity in F-344 rats to the Osborne-Mendel rat and support the hypothesis that events secondary to chloroform-induced cytolethality and regenerative cell proliferation played a role in the induction of renal tumors in the Osborne-Mendel rat.
Research and commentary: Change in exercise tolerance, activity and sleep patterns, and quality of life in patients with cancer participating in a structured exercise program.

Purpose/objectives To investigate the feasibility of an exercise program patterned after a phase II cardiac rehabilitation program to improve selected physiologic and psychological parameters of health in patients with cancer. Design Prospective, repeated measures study. Setting Two major military medical centers in the southwestern United States. Sample 62 patients diagnosed with cancer within the previous two years. Ages ranged from 24-83 (meanX = 59). Half of the participants were male and half were female. Minorities made up 29% of the sample. Participants had a wide range of cancer diagnoses and all stages of cancer. Fifteen subjects were undergoing treatment when they enrolled in the study. More than half of the subjects exercised prior to their cancer diagnoses, but fewer than half were able to resume an exercise routine following their cancer diagnoses. Methods Subjects met two days each week for 12 weeks for exercise and education. Main research variables Exercise tolerance as measured with a graded exercise test, activity and sleep patterns as measured with a wrist actigraph, and quality of life (QOL) as measured with the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System-Short Form. Findings Significant improvements were observed over time in exercise tolerance, selected activity and sleep patterns, and QOL among the 46 (74%) subjects who completed the program. Conclusions Patients with various types and stages of cancer can safely exercise using a cardiac rehabilitation model and can realize significant improvements in exercise tolerance, selected activity and sleep patterns, and QOL. Implications for nursing Most people are aware that regular exercise is part of a healthy lifestyle. After cancer diagnosis and treatment, patients experience uncertainty regarding how to resume exercise or how to begin an exercise program as part of their rehabilitation. Participation in a structured exercise program can provide patients with a safe environment within which to exercise at an intensity appropriate to their individual needs.
Mechanisms of acquired resistance to acute heat shock in cultured mammalian cells.

A clonal strain of mammalian cells with increased resistance to acute heat shock at 46° was compared with the heat-sensitive parental line from which it was derived for possible differences that might account for this acquired resistance. Studies on synchronized populations of the two cell strains did not reveal any differential heat sensitivities in the various parts of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2) within either the sensitive or resistant populations. During thermal stress both cell types exhibited marked inhibition of ability to incorporate isotopically labeled precursors into macromolecular RNA, DNA, and protein. However, significant differences were observed between the sensitive and resistant cells in the amount of leakage of materials from the two cell types during heat stress and in their relative rates of recovery after stress. Sensitive cells pre-labeled with 3H-uridine released considerably more acid-soluble (cold, 5% TCA) label-containing materials during heat stress than did pre-labeled resistant cells. This differential release of uridine-containing materials was not paralleled by a generalized differential leakiness to other compounds. In addition, the resistant cells were found to regain the capacity to synthesize vital macromolecules sooner, and at initially faster rates, than the sensitive cells after stress. These results suggest that permeability changes causing decreased leakage of uridine-containing materials during heat stress combined with accelerated rates of recovery of synthesis of essential macromolecules after stress may be important cellular mechanisms in resistance to heat shock.
Multiple Targets Detection and Acceleration Estimation for Intelligent Transport System

For intelligence transportation system,it is necessary to resolve the problems of multiple targets detection and vehicle longitudinal control with high level response capability. False targets can appearance because of mistaking the combination of these beat frequencies of Frequency Modulate continuous wave radar. A novel waveform named double-slope symmetrical saw-tooth wave is proposed and its corresponding algorithm is also introduced to resolve the problem of multiple targets detection for automotive anti-collision radar. About vehicle longitudinal control, the purpose of this paper is to propose new approach to estimating relative acceleration information for vehicle longitudinal control without inter-vehicle communication. Computer simulation results and theoretical analysis proved that the proposed methods are effective and practical for multiple targets detection and acceleration estimation in intelligence transportation system.
Smart Ionic Polymer Conductor Composite Materials as Multifunctional Distributed Nanosensors, Nanoactuators and Artificial Muscles

Basic recent results, properties and characteristics of ionic polymer conductor composites (IPCC) and ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) as biomimetic distributed nanosensors, nanoactuators, nanotransducers and artificial muscles are briefly discussed in this paper. In particular the paper first starts with some fundamental considerations on biomimetic distributed nanosensing and nanoactuation and then expands its coverage to some recent advances in manufacturing techniques, force optimization, 3-D fabrication of IPMC’s, recent modeling and simulations, sensing and transduction and product development. The paper also covers some recent industrial and medical applications including a multi-fingered grippers (macro, micro, nano), biomimetic robotic fish and caudal fin actuators, diaphragm micropump, multi-string musical instruments, linear actuators made with IPMC’s, IPMC-based data glove and attire, IPMC-based heart compression/assist devices and systems, wing flapping flying system made with IPMC’s and a host of others.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
PRECISION ION MILLING OF FIELD-ION SPECIMENS

The advantages and disadvantages of a precision ion milling system for the fabrication of field-ion specimens have been examined. This technique may be used on a wide variety of materials. As precise control over the ion beam position is possible, the specimen shape can be sculpted to a desired end form. Repeated ion milling and TEM examination is simplified since the same specimen holder is used for both processes. This technique is ideal for positioning a feature of interest at the specimen apex.
renal tumors and tumor-like lesions in pediatric patients.

Renal enlargement presenting as an abdominal mass(es) is attended by a lengthly differential diagnosis of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions with a range in serious connotations and consequences. Simple compensatory hypertrophy and unilateral multicystic dysplasia are relatively innocuous and easily recognized with appropriate imaging studies; they are also related in the sense that the normal contralateral kidney hypertrophies in the absence of a non-functioning dysplastic kidney. Bilateral nephromegaly in a neonate is generally a sign of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease or multicystic dysplasia secondary to distal obstructive uropathy. Primary neoplasms of kidney in the pediatric population in the past were traditionally classified as Wilms' tumors, but that erroneous practice has been eliminated with the recognition of several distinctive neoplasms in addition to classic Wilms' tumor. Separating a typical Wilms' tumor from mesoblastic nephroma, clear cell sarcoma of the kidney and the malignant rhabdoid tumor, for treatment and prognostic purposes, has become the accepted norm in the past 12–13 years. Another important advance at the cellular level is the recognition of a deletion in the short arm of chromosome 11 in the cultured cells of Wilms' tumor and in the germ cell line in certain clinical settings of Wilms' tumors. A dramatic expansion in the understanding and management of childhood renal neoplasms has occurred through the multimodality approach of laboratory investigation and applied clinical research.
Foliar nitrogen characteristics of four tree species planted in New York City forest restoration sites

Urban forests provide important environmental benefits, leading many municipal governments to initiate citywide tree plantings. However, nutrient cycling in urban ecosystems is difficult to predict, and nitrogen (N) use in urban trees may be quite different from use in rural forests. To gain insight into these biogeochemical and physiological processes, we compared foliar N characteristics of several common northeastern deciduous tree species across four newly planted New York City afforestation sites as well as at the Black Rock Forest (BRF), a rural oak-dominated forest in the Hudson Highlands, New York. Foliage sampled at BRF was consistently depleted in 15N compared to urban foliage, and Amelanchier canadensis, Nyssa sylvatica, Prunus serotina, and Quercus rubra showed significant variation in foliar nitrogen isotope signatures (δ15N) among the four urban sites. A. canadensis and P. serotina showed significantly greater ability to assimilate nitrate at BRF compared to urban sites, as measured through nitrate reductase activity (NRA). There were no significant differences in NRA among tree species growing at the four urban sites. Only P. serotina and N. sylvatica showed significant variation in foliar N concentrations (%N) both among urban sites and compared to BRF. The isotopic and %N data suggest greater N availability but less available nitrate at the newly planted urban sites compared to BRF, possibly due to different anthropogenic inputs or higher rates of nitrification and nitrate leaching at the recently planted urban sites compared to likely lower rates of N cycling in the intact rural forest. In addition, the tree species varied in their response to N availability at the urban sites, with potential implications for growth and survival. Understanding N cycling in urban systems and the associated physiological changes in vegetation is critical to a comprehensive evaluation of urban forest restoration, and may have implications for carbon sequestration and water quality issues associated with nitrate export, two important areas of management concern.
A neutron sensor based on single crystal CVD diamond

Abstract We report the first neutron data for a single crystal Chemical Vapor Deposition diamond sensor. Results are presented for 2.5, 14.1, and 14.9 MeV incident neutrons. We show that the energy resolution for 14.1 MeV neutrons is at least 2.9% (as limited by the energy spread of the incident neutrons), and perhaps as good as 0.4% (as extrapolated from high resolution α-particle data). This result could be relevant to fusion neutron spectroscopy at machines like the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. We also show that our sensor has a high neutron linear attenuation coefficient, due to the high atomic density of diamond, and this could lead to applications in fission neutron detection.
Representations of Material Culture and Gender in Award-Winning Children's Books: A 20-Year Follow-Up.

This study tested the hypothesis that children's books accurately reflect the gender-based division of labor in the culture and historical period in which they were published. A content analysis was performed on illustrations in books that won the Caldecott Medal or Honor between 1990 and 2009. The final sample included 490 illustrations in 68 of the 85 books. Character gender and type of material cultural artifact used (household, production) were coded. Larger proportions of female characters in the books used household artifacts, whereas larger proportions of male characters used production artifacts outside the home. The authors discuss the relationship of these representations to the real world of gender, tools, and work, as well as implications for the socialization of children.
Possible site of action of batrachotoxin.

THE steroidal alkaloid batrachotoxin (BTX) causes a selective increase in sodium permeability and a subsequent depolarization of electrically excitable membranes1–4. The effect of BTX on electrogenic membranes, in which the inward current of the action potential is carried by sodium ions, is selectively blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX). The site and mode of action whereby BTX increases membrane permeability to sodium ions have not been established but investigations of BTX action on the giant axon of the lobster (Homarus americanus) have suggested that the poison interacts with membrane protein (Sasa and Albuquerque, unpublished work).
Valvar aortic stenosis

Abstract Valvar aortic stenosis is a progressive lesion that constitutes 2% of congenital heart disease in neonates and 11 % in young adults. Fusion of the commissures results in a stenotic valve, which is usually tricuspid or bicuspid but rarely unicuspid or quadricuspid. The valve leaflets may be thick and, on rare occasions, the annulus is small. The pressure gradient is proportional to the flow squared. To estimate valvar stenosis, one must calculate the valve area. Left ventricular hypertension stimulates cellular hyperplasia and causes a shift in myosin isozyme and left ventricular hypertrophy. This results in a significant increase in left ventricular contractility; therefore, most children have a normal exercise tolerance. The myocardial oxygen supply/demand (diastolic pressure time index × 02 content/tension time index) ratio is an index of myocardial oxygenation. This ratio decreases significantly in patients with severe aortic stenosis and causes subendocardial ischemia. The neonate with severe valvar aortic stenosis is quite ill and shows signs of hypoperfusion and severe respiratory distress. The heart sounds are muffled and the systolic murmurs may be short or absent. In older infants and children, long and highpitched systolic murmurs in the aortic valve region suggest severe valvar aortic stenosis. Chest pain, fainting, and unexpected sudden death occurs in patients with severe valvar aortic stenosis (valve area 2 /m 2 ). Echo Doppler studies are diagnostic procedures that eliminated the need for diagnostic cardiac catheterization except in infants with multiple lesions. In most children, cardiac catheterization is only performed when a balloon aortic valvuloplasty is indicated. Indications for cardiac catheterization include a Doppler gradient >60 mm Hg, fainting, arrhythmias, exertional angina, and electrocardiographic changes suggestive of subendocardial ischemia. Congestive heart failure is seen in neonates, and treatment with digitalis and diuretics is indicated. Surgery or balloon aortic valvuloplasty are indicated for severe stenosis or moderate stenosis with symptoms of chest pain, arrhythmias, or electrocardiographic findings of subendocardial ischemia. Neonates with left ventricular end-diastolic volume 2 or left ventricular cross-sectional area 2 are at high risk and do poorly. Patients with small aortic valve anuli require surgical anuloplasty. Those with very thick dysplastic valves or moderate to severe aortic valve regurgitation require valve replacement. All other patients are good candidates for balloon aortic valvuloplasty. The degree of mortality, morbidity, patient discomfort, financial cost, relief of stenosis, and induction of aortic valve regurgitation seen with balloon aortic valvuloplasty compare favorably with surgical valvotomy.
Characterisation and modelling of vapour-conditioned asphalt binders using nanoindentation

Nanoindentation tests were conducted on unconditioned and vapour-conditioned asphalt binder samples to determine damage processes by characterising contact creep data and using viscoelastic mechanical models. For vapour-conditioned asphalt binders, a thin film of asphalt binder was prepared on a glass slide and subjected to relative humidity (RH) of 25%, 49% and 71% inside enclosed desiccators using three aqueous solutions: potassium acetate, potassium carbonate and sodium chloride, respectively. Based on the nanoindentation contact creep test data, it was observed that vapour-conditioned asphalt binders showed larger indentation viscous depth than the unconditioned binders. Indentation test data were modelled using viscoelastic mechanical models such as Burgers and Maxwell models. The models showed that elasticity increased and viscosity decreased in the vapour-conditioned asphalt binders. In 71% RH-conditioned binders, elastic components of Burgers model, E1 and E2 increased about 10% and 15%, respectiv...
Applications of the stochastic Ising model to the Gibbs states

The stochastic Ising model is used as a tool to prove theorems concerning analyticity of the correlation functions and strong cluster properties of the Gibbs states.
Effects of Sequence Length and Composition on Antimicrobial Peptide Action

Antimicrobial peptides are short, cationic, amphiphilic naturally occurring sequences that have selective antimicrobial properties. The proposed mechanism of action for these peptides is through interaction with and disruption of the bacterial membrane. We have investigated the length and amino acid composition dependence of the antimicrobial peptides ponericin L1 and C18G on antimicrobial activity and membrane binding ability. Truncation of the peptide sequence at different points through synthesis allowed for investigation of length, overall hydrophobicity, and net charge on function. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to determine the binding affinity and structure of the peptide in the presence of lipid vesicles. All of the L1 derived peptides exhibited the ability to form alpha helices and bind to the lipid membranes to different degrees. The data suggests that the modified peptide (L1A) and the truncated peptides (L1A-13T, L1A-16T, and L1A-21T) work by forming an alpha helix to permeabilize the bacterial membrane and cause bacteriolysis. Alternatively, the C18G derived truncates exhibited a length threshold in their ability to bind membranes with high affinity and form helical structures. Ongoing experiments are probing membrane topography.
Clinical and histological observations in fatal non-tropical sprue

Abstract A case of severe malabsorption syndrome in a fifty-one year old man is described. Conventional therapy including a gluten-free diet was unsuccessful. Administration of corticosteroids failed to produce the sustained improvement which has often been observed in such patients. Operative biopsy of the jejunum showed mucosal thinning with fusion and thickening of the villi as well as crowding together of the epithelial cells lining the crypts. Infiltration with chronic inflammatory cells was noted in the lamina propria and submucosa and there was also a considerable degree of fibrosis. Fourteen months later at postmortem examination, following prolonged treatment with cortisone and prednisone, there had been little alteration in the pathological process and possibly some progression.
Cylindrical PET detector design

A cylindrically shaped high-resolution PET (positron-emission-tomography) detector that uses cross-plane coincidence events is being developed. A 2-D analog coded position-sensitive detector is used. It consists of a hexagonal array of photomultiplier tubes and a rectangular array of crystals, eight elements per tube. The optics has been designed to maximize the light collection and to provide uniform spatial resolution. The detector will be 60 cm in diameter by 11.5 cm wide, the crystals are 3 mm*5.7 mm*30 mm. The design, associated electronics, and results of measurements on a sector of the detector are presented. >
Reading Preferences of Fourth Grade Children Related to Sex and Reading Ability.

The study was designed to investigate children's reading preferences in relation to their sex and reading ability. The method of pair comparisons was employed to construct a 45-item questionnaire covering ten categories of books. It was administered to ninety-nine fourth graders. Subjects were further divided into three subgroups in terms of their reading ability: high (HR), average (AR), and low (LR). Results showed that: (1) test-retest re liabilities for the ten categories with 1-month interval were relatively high, especially for the HR and AR groups; (2) boys preferred to read in the areas of biography, science, social studies, and sports, while girls significantly more preferred adventure, fantasy, humor, and poetry; (3) there were no differences in reading preferences among the groups; (4) the percentage of profile stability correlations which reached significance was highest for the HR group and lowest for the LR group. SINCE THE beginning of the century, over 300 studies on children's reading interests or pref erences have been completed (3). The growing interest in this area indicates that the important role reading interests play in the teaching of read ing has been gradually recognized. It is contended that the challenge "to get the right book to the right person at the right time" can be met only if educators know children's reading interests or preferences.
Regulation of the catalytic activity of preexisting tyrosinase in black and Caucasian human melanocyte cell cultures

The activity of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme for melanin synthesis, is higher in Black skin melanocytes than in melanocytes derived from Caucasian skin. This variation in enzyme activity is not due to differences in tyrosinase abundance or tyrosinase gene activity, but, rather, is due to differences in the catalytic activity of preexisting tyrosinase. In melanocytes, tyrosinase is localized to the membrane of melanosomes and in Caucasian melanocytes the melanosome-bound enzyme is largely inactive. Conversely, in melanosomes of Black melanocytes, tyrosinase has high catalytic activity. Treatment of Caucasian melanocytes with the lysosomotropic compound ammonium chloride or with the ionophores nigericin and monensin results in a rapid and pronounced increase in tyrosinase activity. This increase occurs without any change in tyrosinase abundance, indicating that these compounds are increasing the catalytic activity of preexisting enzyme. Inhibition of the vacuolar proton pump V-ATPase by treatment of Caucasian melanocytes with bafilomycin also increases tyrosinase activity. In contrast to the 10-fold increase in tyrosinase observed in Caucasian melanocytes, neither ammonium chloride, monensin, nigericin, nor bafilomycin is able to increase the already high level of tyrosinase activity present in melanosomes of melanocytes derived from Black skin. Finally, staining of Caucasian melanocytes with the fluorescent weak base acridine orange shows that melanosomes of Caucasian, but not Black, melanocytes are acidic organelles. These data support a model for racial pigmentation that is based on differences in melanosome pH in Black and Caucasian skin types. The models suggests that melanosomes of Caucasian melanocytes are acidic, while those of Black individuals are more neutral. Since tyrosinase is inactive in an acid environment, the enzyme is largely inactive in Caucasian melanosomes but fully active in Black melanosomes.
DataScope: viewing database contents in Google Maps' way

People have been relying on Google Maps, MapQuest, or other similar services to find desired locations on maps, browse surrounding businesses, get driving directions, etc.. Navigation by clicking and dragging the mouse to browse maps at multiple levels of resolution is one of the most attractive features in Web-based map exploration. Most database systems, though with some graphical user interfaces, are still lack of data-content browsing-based interfaces. Motivated by Google Maps, we develop DataScope, a Web-based data content visualization system, for people to view the desired data easily, interactively, and at multi-resolution.
Effect of multivitamin and vitamin A supplements on weight gain during pregnancy among HIV-1-infected women

The pattern of weight gain during pregnancy among HIV-infected women is largely unknown. Multivitamin supplementation was shown to be effective in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes among HIV-positive women. These protective effects could be mediated in part by an improvement in the pattern of gestational weight gain. We examined the effects of multivitamin and vitamin A supplements on weight gain during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy among HIV-infected women. We enrolled 1075 pregnant HIV-1-positive women from Dar es Salaam Tanzania in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Using a 2-by-2 factorial design we assigned each woman to 1 of 4 regimens: multivitamins (thiamine riboflavin niacin folic acid and vitamins B-6 B-12 C and E) vitamin A multivitamins including vitamin A or placebo. The women took these oral supplements daily and were weighed monthly until the end of pregnancy. The mean rate of weight gain was 306 g/wk during the second trimester and 247 g/wk during the third trimester. During the third trimester average weight gain was significantly greater (by 304 g; 95% CI: 17 590; P = 0.04) and the risk of low rate of weight gain (= 100 g/wk) was significantly lower (relative risk: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.58 0.93) in women who received multivitamins than in women who did not. Multivitamins including vitamin A were protective against low weight gain during the second trimester compared with multivitamins alone. Multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy improves the pattern of weight gain among HIV-infected women. (authors)
Passive, Nonlinear, Mechanical Structures for Seismic Attenuation

Gravitational wave detectors aim to detect strain perturbations of space-time on the order of 10^-21-10^-22 at frequencies between 1 Hz and a few kHz. This space-time strain, integrated over kilometer scale interferometers, will induce movements of suspended mirrors on the order of 10^-18-10^-19 m. Seismic motion in this frequency band varies between 10^-6 m and 10^-12 m. Required seismic attenuation factors, as large as 10^-12, by far exceed the performance of motion sensors, and are only obtained by means of a chain of passive attenuators. High quality springs in configurations Yielding nonlinear response are used to generate attenuation at low frequency. Similarly, nonlinear mechanisms are used in the horizontal direction, A description of I some of these systems and some of the technical challenges that they involve is presented.
Fish Influences on Amphibian Presence and Abundance in Prairie and Parkland Landscapes of Minnesota, USA

Abstract Many amphibian populations are declining, and increased understanding of the drivers of amphibian presence and abundance will help in their conservation. In 2005 and 2006 we estimated relative abundance of larvae of two common amphibian taxa, Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) and ranid tadpoles (Northern Leopard Frog Lithobates pipiens and Wood Frog Lithobates sylvaticus), in 75 shallow lakes in prairie and parkland areas in Minnesota. We used a two-step procedure in which we first modeled presence-absence with data from all lakes and then modeled abundance only in lakes where the amphibian taxa were present. For the two amphibian taxa, a generalized linear mixed effects model was used to examine the effects of dynamic factors like fish abundance and static (timeframe of study) variables like fish community type, depth, and adjacent land cover. Fish variables had the greatest influence but differed for the presence and abundance models. Salamander and tadpole presence was inversely correlate...
Is simultaneous bilateral mastoidectomy ever advisable

Introduction:We report our experience with bilateral, simultaneous tympanomastoidectomies and the results of an opinion survey of otologists.Methods:A chart review of 116 tympanomastoidectomies revealed 12 patients who underwent bilateral, simultaneous tympanomastoidectomies. An opinion survey generated 121 responses.Results:Of the 12 patients, none suffered any outcome which would have been avoided by staging the procedures. Twenty-three of 24 operated ears had the same or better hearing post-operatively. Of the survey respondents, 74 felt that performing bilateral, simultaneous tympanomastoidectomies was unsafe, largely because of the risk of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.Discussion:Although bilateral, simultaneous tympanomastoidectomies carry double the risk of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, compared with the unilateral procedure, the risk of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss is only 0.006–0.2 per cent, as derived mathematically from historical data. Respondents to the survey were mostly opposed to bilateral, simultaneous tympanomastoidectomies, but even those opposed gave indications for simultaneous procedures. This finding probably reflects an ambivalence about the theoretical risks of the operation versus the potential patient benefits. A decision tree for proceeding to the second case is presented.
Microarray Analysis of Diurnal and Circadian-Regulated Genes in Arabidopsis

Plants respond to day/night cycling in a number of physiological ways. At the mRNA level, the expression of some genes changes during the 24-hr period. To identify novel genes regulated in this way, we used microarrays containing 11,521 Arabidopsis expressed sequence tags, representing an estimated 7800 unique genes, to determine gene expression levels at 6-hr intervals throughout the day. Eleven percent of the genes, encompassing genes expressed at both high and low levels, showed a diurnal expression pattern. Approximately 2% cycled with a circadian rhythm. By clustering microarray data from 47 additional nonrelated experiments, we identified groups of genes regulated only by the circadian clock. These groups contained the already characterized clock-associated genes LHY, CCA1, and GI, suggesting that other key circadian clock genes might be found within these clusters.
The Carboxyl-Terminal Region of IκB Kinase γ (IKKγ) Is Required for Full IKK Activation

IκB kinase γ (IKKγ) (also known as NEMO, Fip-3, and IKKAP-1) is the essential regulatory component of the IKK complex; it is required for NF-κB activation by various stimuli, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), phorbol esters, lipopolysaccharides, and double-stranded RNA. IKKγ is encoded by an X-linked gene, deficiencies in which may result in two human genetic disorders, incontinentia pigmenti (IP) and hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with severe immunodeficiency. Subsequent to the linkage of IKKγ deficiency to IP, we biochemically characterized the effects of a mutation occurring in an IP-affected family on IKK activity and NF-κB signaling. This particular mutation results in premature termination, such that the variant IKKγ protein lacks its putative C-terminal Zn finger and, due to decreased mRNA stability, is underexpressed. Correspondingly, IKK and NF-κB activation by TNF-α and, to a lesser extent, IL-1 are reduced. Mutagenesis of the C-terminal region of IKKγ was performed in an attempt to define the role of the putative Zn finger and other potential functional motifs in this region. The mutants were expressed in IKKγ-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) at levels comparable to those of endogenous IKKγ in wild-type MEFs and were able to associate with IKKα and IKKβ. Substitution of two leucines within a C-terminal leucine zipper motif markedly reduced IKK activation by TNF-α and IL-1. Another point mutation resulting in a cysteine-to-serine substitution within the putative Zn finger motif affected IKK activation by TNF-α but not by IL-1. These results may explain why cells that express these or similar mutant alleles are sensitive to TNF-α-induced apoptosis despite being able to activate NF-κB in response to other stimuli.
Drosophila Eph receptor guides specific axon branches of mushroom body neurons

The conserved Eph receptors and their Ephrin ligands regulate a number of developmental processes, including axon guidance. In contrast to the large vertebrate Eph/Ephrin family, Drosophila has a single Eph receptor and a single Ephrin ligand, both of which are expressed within the developing nervous system. Here, we show that Eph and Ephrin can act as a functional receptor-ligand pair in vivo. Surprisingly, and in contrast to previous results using RNA-interference techniques, embryos completely lacking Eph function show no obvious axon guidance defects. However, Eph/Ephrin signaling is required for proper development of the mushroom body. In wild type, mushroom body neurons bifurcate and extend distinct branches to different target areas. In Eph mutants, these neurons bifurcate normally, but in many cases the dorsal branch fails to project to its appropriate target area. Thus, Eph/Ephrin signaling acts to guide a subset of mushroom body branches to their correct synaptic targets.
Numerical Simulation of Continuous and Pulsed Film Cooling on a Turbine-Blade Leading-Edge Model, including Surface Conductance

This study is a three-dimensional numerical investigation of the effectiveness of film cooling for a turbine blade leading-edge model with both a single and a three-hole cooling configuration. The model consists of a half cylinder with a flat after-body, and has the same dimensions as those in the experimental investigation of Ou and Rivir (2006). The single coolant hole is situated approximately at the span wise center of the cylindrical segment, and makes an angle of 21.5 degrees to the leading edge and 20 degrees to the span wise direction. For the three-hole configuration, the center hole is positioned the same as the single hole in the single-hole configuration, with the adjacent holes located at a span wise distance of 37.4 mm on either side of the center hole. Multi-block grids were generated using GridGen, and the flows were simulated using the flow solver Fluent. Simulations were carried out for blowing ratios, M, ranging from 0.75 to 2.0. Turbulence was represented using the k-ω shear-stress transport (SST) model. Results are obtained for two types of wall-boundary conditions: an adiabatic wall, and a conductive wall. The adiabatic-wall results overpredicted the film-cooling effectiveness in the far downstream region for low blowing ratios. Also, in the vicinity of the cooling hole, an increase in blowing ratio resulted in higher film cooling effectiveness than observed in the experiments. The conductive-wall results show a much closer agreement with experimental data for film effectiveness as compared to the adiabatic-wall predictions. Finally, a novel concept of pulsing the coolant flow was implemented so as to achieve film-cooling effectiveness equivalent to that with constant cooling, but with reduced overall coolant air, thereby enhancing turbine efficiency. Pulsed cooling with pulsing frequency PF = 5 and 10Hz, and duty cycle DC = 50%, shows the greatest cooling effects. The three-hole cooling results indicate that the 49mm span wise distance used for computing the span wise-averaged values for film-cooling effectiveness accounts for all of the film-coolant spreading provided by the single hole. span wiseThe most significant new finding in this work is that the inclusion of wall conductance is critical for reproducing the experimental data.
Clinical Implications of Family‐Centered Care in Stroke Rehabilitation

Purpose Most stroke survivors will be cared for at home by family caregivers with limited training. Families actively involved in rehabilitation feel more prepared for the new responsibilities of caring for the stroke survivor. The focus of this article is to highlight the relevant concepts of a family-centered model of care and provide general guidance on how integrating a family-centered mindset may be clinically applicable. Design Concept Analysis. Methods Synthesis of literature on family-centered care and its application in for rehabilitation nurses. Findings Family-centered care is a model of collaborative healthcare that encourages collaboration and partnership among patients, families, and providers with respect to the planning, delivery, and evaluation of health care. Care provided within such a model can expand providers' knowledge of the impact of illness and any issues that may affect eventual transition back home. Conclusion Rehabilitation nurses should view stroke patients and family caregivers as a unit. Using family-centered strategies can help nurses provide appropriate, individualized care during rehabilitation.
Effect of Dose-rate (γ-radiation) on the Mitotically-active and Differentiating Germ Cell of the Prenatal Male Rat

SummaryRat foetuses, aged 15, 17, or 19 days of gestation were subjected to 95 rads of 60Co γ-radiation administered at rates of 0·95, 9·5 or 45 rads/min and examined 6, 28, and 49 days after birth. Dose-rate effects were assayed at day 6 by enumerating germ cells in 150 cross sections of seminiferous tubules and measuring testicular weights. At days 28 and 49, dose-rate effects were determined by means of testicular weights and counts of fertile and sterile tubular cross-sections.Germ-cell survival was inversely related to age at irradiation. Dose-rate effects were pronounced (P < 0·05) in testes iradiated at day 15 (germ cells mitotically active), equivocal at day 17 (germ cells mitotically active and differentiating), and absent at day 19 (germ cells differentiating only). Both testicular weights and tubular counts measured at day 28 were apparently directly related to the germ-cell counts.The mitotically-active gonocyte was comparatively refractory to the necrotizing effects of ionizing radiation, and...