cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Classroom Quality: Teacher Influences and Experimental Impacts of the 4Rs Program.

This study capitalizes on recent advances in the reliable and valid measurement of classroom-level social processes known to influence children's social-emotional and academic development and addresses a number of limitations in our current understanding of teacher- and intervention-related impacts on elementary school classroom processes. A cluster randomized controlled trial design was employed to (a) examine whether teacher social-emotional functioning forecasts differences in the quality of 3rd-grade classrooms, (b) test the experimental impact of a school-based social-emotional learning and literacy intervention on the quality of classroom processes controlling for teacher social-emotional functioning, and (c) examine whether intervention impacts on classroom quality are moderated by these teacher-related factors. Results indicated (a) positive effects of teachers' perceived emotional ability on classroom quality; (b) positive effects of the 4Rs Program on overall classroom quality, net of teacher social-emotional functioning indicators; and (c) intervention effects that are robust to differences in these teacher factors. These findings support and extend recent research examining intervention-induced changes in classroom-level social processes fundamental to positive youth development.
A project-based approach to entrepreneurial leadership education

This paper discusses the evolution of the Entrepreneurial Leadership course (ENGR 310), which is one of the four core courses at The Pennsylvania State University (Penn State). The current teaching practices in the course, based on project-based learning practices, have been developed based on a comprehensive review of similar courses and entrepreneurship education literature. This paper discusses the new course curriculum, and relevant innovative changes. The results of a comprehensive assessment conducted to measure student satisfaction and perceptions of the course are included along with a summary of the experience gained while teaching the improved version of the course. In addition to the assessment results, two other results attest to the success of the course: (1) All teams completing the build and sell project made profits. In fact, one team made about $700 in profit, a great accomplishment considering the time they were allotted to work on the project. (2) Most students taking the class, who were not graduating, decided to enroll in the Entrepreneurship Minor. This paper aims to share implementation of these changes as an avenue for entrepreneurship educators to learn from others’ experiences, and to contribute to the entrepreneurship education literature.
Facial Composite Production by Eyewitnesses

The creation of facial images by eyewitnesses using composite-production systems can be important for the investigation of crimes when the identity of the perpetrator is at issue. Despite technological advances, research indicates that composite-production systems produce poor likenesses of intended faces, even familiar faces. Furthermore, producing a composite appears to harm later recognition performance. Although morphing composites from multiple witnesses helps, likeness is still limited. The problem might stem from a mismatch between how faces are represented in memory (holistically) and how composite systems attempt to retrieve the memories (at the feature level). New methods of face recall involving judgments of whole faces hold greater promise.
Intransitivities in multidimensional spatial voting: period three implies chaos

It is well known that multidimensional spatial voting can involve intransitivity and cycles, resulting in outcomes anywhere in the policy space. These results are typically referred to as the “chaos theorems”. In this paper, I show that the connection between non-equilibrium spatial voting and “chaos” is not merely semantic, but is theoretic. Using symbolic dynamics, I show that if a three-cycle intransitivity among social choices exists, then cycles of all lengths greater than three are possible. This result is then used to establish the three conditions of sensitive dependence on initial conditions, topological transitivity, and dense periodic points, demonstrating the formal connection between multidimensional spatial voting and chaotic nonlinear dynamics.
The metabolism of N-nitrosomethylaniline

The distribution in the body, rate of disappearance from organs, tissues, and blood, and excretion in the urine of N-nitrosomethylaniline (NMA, N-nitrosophenylmethylamine) was investigated after various single doses given IP to rats. The compound was distributed fairly evenly throughout the body with no preferential concentration in the esophagus, its target organ for carcinogenicity. The high lipid solubility of NMA did not lead to any increased accumulation in adipose tissue. According to its rate of disappearance from circulating blood and tissues of rats, and from the whole bodies of mice after injection, NMA appeared to be rapidly metabolized. Methylaniline (MA), the parent amine, was found in the urine after administration of NMA but the amounts present were small relative to the dose of NMA. Administered MA was mainly excreted unchanged in the urine, suggesting that denitrosation of NMA could only be a minor metabolic pathway. No volatile nitrosamines were found in the urine or blood of rats given NMA, indicating that little, if any, transnitrosation could have occurred to yield these compounds.
MicroRNA expression and function in cancer

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs of 19-24 nucleotides in length that downregulate gene expression during various crucial cell processes such as apoptosis, differentiation and development. Recent work supports a role for miRNAs in the initiation and progression of human malignancies. Large high-throughput studies in patients revealed that miRNA profiling have the potential to classify tumors with high accuracy and predict outcome. Functional studies, some of which involve animal models, indicate that miRNAs act as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Here, we summarize miRNA-profiling studies in human malignancies and examine the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of cancer. We also discuss the implications of these findings for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Silolene-Bridged zirconocenium polymerization catalysts

A new silolene-bridged compound, racemic (1,4-butanediyl) silylene-bis (1-η5-in-denyl) dichlorozirconium (1) was synthesized by reacting ZrCl4 with C4H8Si (IndLi)2 in THF. 1 was reacted with trialkylaluminum and then with triphenylcarbenium tetrakis (penta-fluorophenyl) borate (2) to produce in situ the zirconocenium ion (1+). This “constraint geometry” catalyst is exceedingly stereoselective for propylene polymerization at low temperature (Tp = −55°C), producing refluxing n-heptane insoluble isotactic poly(propylene) (i-PP) with a yield of 99.4%, Tm = 164.3°C, δHf = 20.22 cal/g and Mw = 350 000. It has catalytic activities of 107−108 g PP/(mol Zr · [C3H6] · h) in propylene polymerization at the Tp ranging from −55°C to 70°C, and 108 polymer/(mol Zr · [monomer] · h) in ethylene polymerization. The stereospecificity of 1+ decreases gradually as Tp approaches 20°C. At higher temperatures the catalytic species rapidly loses stereochemical control. Under all experimental conditions 1+ is more stereospecific than the analogous cation derived from rac-dimethylsilylenebis (1-η5-indenyl)dichlorozirconium (4). The variations of polymerization activities in ethylene and in propylene for Tp from −55°C to +70°C indicates a Michaelis Mention kinetics. The zirconocenium-propylene π-complex has a larger insertion rate constant but lower thermal stability than the corresponding ethylene π-complex. This catalyst copolymerizes ethylene and propylene with reactivity ratios of comparable magnitude rE ˜ 4rp. Furthermore, rE.rp ˜ 0.5 indicating random copolymer formation. Both 1 and 4 activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) exhibit much slower polymerization rates, and, under certain conditions, a lower stereo-selectivity than the corresponding 1+ or 4+ system. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Raman versus CARS microscopy : when one is better than the other

Since the first introduction of Raman microscope in 1973, optical and laser technology has made a tremendous step forward. However, despite of the obvious advantages of being a very informative and nondestructive method of studying biological samples, spontaneous Raman scattering suffers from a series of limitations such as a fluorescent background and a low signal level. Nonlinear Raman spectroscopy and, in particular, spectroscopy of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) can resolve most of the problems associated with conventional Raman spectroscopy. In this report, the most critical issues of the CARS microspectroscopy setup design are reviewed and several exciting potential applications of the broadband CARS microspectroscopy, where the CARS microscopy has an advantage with respect to Raman microscopy, are outlined.
Developmental expression and spatial distribution of dopa decarboxylase in Drosophila

Regulation of the dopa decarboxylase gene of Drosophila has been studied at the genetic and molecular levels. Here we report a direct assay for the tissue and temporal regulation of Ddc. A dopa decarboxylase (DDC) peptide was obtained by bacterial expression of a portion of the DDC gene in a pUC plasmid. Antisera raised against this biologically purified DDC peptide react specifically with Drosophila DDC in histological preparations and protein blots. The levels of DDC cross-reacting material closely parallel the levels of enzyme activity observed during development, indicating that DDC is degraded during periods of declining activity. We find that DDC is expressed in only two tissues, namely, the epidermis and the nervous system of the larva and adult. Epidermal DDC was found within the epidermal cells and was not detected in the overlying cuticle. DDC-containing neurons were observed in the central as well as in the visceral nervous system. Paired and unpaired midline neurons in the ventral ganglia are arranged in a segmental pattern. A subset of the DDC-positive neurons appears to correlate with the serotonin-positive neurons suggesting that the others are producing only dopamine. We find that the DDC activity associated with the proventriculus and ovary is due to the presence of DDC in the stomatogastric and caudal system neurons specifically associated with those structures.
Time-dependent mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The time-dependent appearance of prototrophic recombinants between heterologously located artificial repeats has been studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. While initial prototrophic colony numbers from independent cultures were highly variable, additional recombinants were found to arise daily at roughly constant rates irrespective of culture. These late-appearing recombinants could be accounted for neither by detectable growth on the selective media nor by delayed appearance of recombinants present at the time of selective plating. Significantly, at no time did the distributions of recombinants fully match those expected according to the Luria-Delbruck model and, in fact, after the first day, the distributions much more closely approximated a Poisson distribution. Prototrophic recombinants accumulated not only on the relevant selective medium, but also on media unrelated to the acquired prototrophy.
Serial bit-stream analysis using quantum-dot cellular automata

Quasi-adiabatically switched quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) devices present the opportunity to extend our efforts from the implementation of combinational logic devices to more useful sequential logic devices. One very important application of sequential logic is in the recognition of patterns in serial bit streams. This is important, for example, in Internet applications, where particular bit patterns are designated as "sentinel" characters that indicate a particular action should be taken. The foundation of a serial bit-stream analyzer is a shift register, which can be implemented very easily using quasi-adiabatically switched QCA devices. In addition to the shift register, the device will require a multiple-bit comparator, which has not yet been demonstrated in a QCA architecture. We will present a multiple-bit serial stream analyzer that combines the functions of the shift register and the comparator. This device will be analyzed first using behavioral and structural models developed specifically for this project, then its correct quasi-adiabatic behavior will be demonstrated using well established quantum mechanical models. We will show that the proposed device can be used to detect any arbitrary bit pattern appearing in a serial stream of data applied to its serial input. The bit pattern to be detected can be changed using device inputs, and a successful match will be indicated by asserting an output.
Endoscopic and surgical management of serrated colonic polyps

BACKGROUND: Serrated polyps are an inhomogeneous group of lesions that harbour precursors of colorectal cancer. Current research has been directed at further defining the histopathological characteristics of these lesions, but definitive treatment recommendations are unclear. The aim was to review the current literature regarding classification, molecular genetics and natural history of these lesions in order to propose a treatment algorithm for surgeons to consider. METHODS: The PubMed database was searched using the following search terms: serrated polyp, serrated adenoma, hyperplastic polyp, hyperplastic polyposis, adenoma, endoscopy, surgery, guidelines. Papers published between 1980 and 2010 were selected. RESULTS: Sixty papers met the selection criteria. Most authors agree that recommendations regarding endoscopic or surgical management should be based on the polyp's neoplastic potential. Polyps greater than 5 mm should be biopsied to determine their histology so that intervention can be directed accurately. Narrow-band imaging or chromoendoscopy may facilitate the detection and assessment of extent of lesions. Complete endoscopic removal of sessile serrated adenomas in the left or right colon is recommended. Follow-up colonoscopy is recommended in 2-6 months if endoscopic removal is incomplete. If the lesion cannot be entirely removed endoscopically, segmental colectomy is strongly recommended owing to the malignant potential of these polyps. Left-sided lesions are more likely to be pedunculated, making them more amenable to successful endoscopic removal. CONCLUSION: Even though the neoplastic potential of certain subtypes of serrated polyp is heavily supported, further studies are needed to make definitive endoscopic and surgical recommendations.
The effects of training parents in general child management skills on a behavioral weight loss program for children

Overweight children, 8 to 12 years old, and their parents, were assigned to one of two treatment condictions or a waiting-list control. Families assigne to the Weight Reduction Only (WRO) condition received a multicomponent behavioral weight reduction program. Participants in the Parent Training (PT) condition received the same treatment preceded by a short course for the parents in general child management skills and emphasis on these skills during treatment. Children and parents in both conditions lost weight during the 8-week intensive portion of treatment, whereas control families gained weight. In addition, parental reports of improvements in children's eating habits occurred for treatment but not control children. Parents in the PT but not the WRO condition exhibited an increase in knowledge of child management skills. At 1-year follow-up, maintenance of improved weight status was superior for children in the PT condition and there was some indication of a relationship between child management knowledge and maintenance. A positive correlation was also obtained between changes in child and parent weight status during the follow-up period.
SPECIAL-EDUCATION DELIVERY MODELS IN A GENERAL-EDUCATION TEACHINGPROGRAM: A COMMUNITY COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY INITIATIVE

ABSTRACT This article describes the process of integrating special-education content into 2 delivery models used in 2 different general-education teacher-preparation programs for elementary-education majors at the University of Wyoming and Casper (Community) College. One program was the traditional 4- year undergraduate elementary-teacher preparation program; the other was a creative and resourceful way of offering the same program at one of the state's community colleges. The models were based on theoretical and practical applications of current teaching practices. These included the integration of special-education students into the general-education classroom. Students' reactions to what they were learning and implications for practice are included.
Membrane fusion mediated by herpesvirus glycoproteins: the paradigm of varicella-zoster virus.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is well known for its propensity to cause polykaryons (syncytia) in the vesicles within infected skin. Similarly in cultured cells, VZV induces extensive syncytial formation by virus-mediated cell-to-cell fusion. Statistical analyses of fusion parameters demonstrated three-way interactive effects among all three tested variables (incubation temperature, cell type and virus strain). For example, fusion was greatly enhanced at 33 degrees C vs 37 degrees C; also fusion was pronounced in epidermal cells but negligible in fibroblast cells. As with all herpesviruses, VZV gH was a major fusogen. VZV cell fusion was inhibited by antibody to gH, but surprisingly was enhanced by antibody to gE. Other evidence implicating a role for VZV gE in the fusion process was provided by two mutant viruses, in which gE cell surface expression was enhanced. Under transfection conditions, VZV fusion formation occurred after expression of the gH/gL complex; in contrast, pseudorabies virus requires expression of gH, gL and gB, while the herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 require the quartet of gH, gL, gB and gD. VZV has no gD gene and no apparent gD functional homologue. On the other hand, VZV gE exerts a greater effect than HSV gE on membrane fusion. Taken together, the data in this review suggest that VZV has evolved viral glycoprotein machinery more geared toward cell-to-cell fusion (fusion-from-within) than toward virus-to-cell fusion (entry/fusion-from-without), as a means for syncytium formation within the human epidermis.
Single-Gene Detection and Karyotyping Using Small-Target Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization on Maize Somatic Chromosomes

Combined with a system for identifying each of the chromosomes in a genome, visualizing the location of individual genetic loci by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) would aid in assembling physical and genetic maps. Previously, large genomic clones have been successfully used as FISH probes onto somatic chromosomes but this approach is complicated in species with abundant repetitive elements. In this study, repeat-free portions of sequences that were anchored to particular chromosomes including genes, gene clusters, large cDNAs, and portions of BACs obtained from public databases were used to label the corresponding physical location using FISH. A collection of probes that includes at least one marker on each chromosome in the maize complement was assembled, allowing a small-target karyotyping system to be developed. This set provides the foundation onto which additional loci could be added to strengthen further the ability to perform chromosomal identification in maize and its relatives. The probes were demonstrated to produce signals in several wild relatives of maize, including Zea luxurians, Z. diploperennis, and Tripsacum dactyloides.
Gibberellins Stimulate Lateral Branch Development in Young Sweet Cherry Trees in the Orchard

Previous studies showed that successful stimulation of lateral branch development from 1-year-old wood in young sweet cherry trees without reliance on pruning could be accomplished if suitable cytokinin- or cytokinin/gibberellic acid-containing products were applied to assure penetration into active tissues. The goal of the trials reported here was to determine the potential for stimulating lateral branching by applying gibberellic acid alone under similar conditions. Three commercially available products containing gibberellic acid were evaluated. Treatments included the isomers GA3, GA4, and GA4 combined with GA7. All gibberellic acid isomer/formulations were similar in their ability to stimulate branching from lateral buds on 1-year-old wood. In one trial, GA4+7 alone was nearly as effective as the cytokinin 6-benzyladenine. Combining the surfactant Pentra-bark with gibberellic acid resulted in successful branch induction without the need to apply gibberellic acid to scoring or nicking cuts in the bark.
When parents do not want their daughters on birth control pills: tips for navigating a difficult clinical situation.

“The Pill” just celebrated its 50 th birthday. When looking back at this monumental discovery, how many clinicians have wished its creators had named it something other than “the birth control pill”? Imagine if it had been called “the menstrual cycle regulation pill, ”“ the menstrual cramp avoidance pill,” or “the anti-acne pill.” If the name had been separated from its contraceptive effects, our job of helping adolescents with menstrual maladies would be much easier. We could tell patients and their parents that this medication will safely cure dysmenorrhea, improve acne, and regulate cycles, and incidentally, prevent ovulation. Menstrual problems, including dysmenorrhea and
SMARTer Discontinuation Trial Designs for Developing an Adaptive Treatment Strategy

Abstract Objective: Developing evidenced-based practices for the management of childhood psychiatric disorders requires research studies that address how to treat children during both the acute phase of the disorder and beyond. Given the selection of a medication for acute treatment, discontinuation trials are used to evaluate the effects of treatment duration (e.g., time on medication) and/or maintenance strategies following successful acute-phase treatment. Recently, sequential multiple assignment randomized trials (SMART) have been proposed for use in informing sequences of critical clinical decisions such as those mentioned. The objective of this article is to illustrate how a SMART study is related to the standard discontinuation trial design, while addressing additional clinically important questions with similar trial resources. Method: The recently completed Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS), a randomized trial that examined the relative efficacy of three acute-phase treatments for ...
A Historical View of Women in Music Education Careers.

Women music educators in the USA have been active in public and private schools, churches, and community organizations. In the nineteenth century, Julia E. Crane founded the Crane Institute of Music, the first institution to train music supervisors; and women developed kindergarten programs throughout the US. In the "private sphere," women taught in home studios and Sunday schools, and published children's songs and hymns. In 1907, the Music Supervisors National Conference (which became the Music Educators National Conference) was founded under the leadership of Frances E. Clark, although only thirteen women have been president of MENC between 1907 and 2010. In the twentieth century, women have edited music textbook series and served on editorial boards of music education journals. This survey of nationally prominent music educators shows the importance of quality education, guiding personal philosophies, positive supportive mentors, and leadership opportunities within the profession for developing successful lifetime careers.
Magnetic moments and bonding in Co-Nb-B alloys

Abstract Several new CoNbB amorphous and microcrystalline alloys have been melt quenched and their magnetic moments measured. Comparison is made with cobalt moment suppression in CoB, CoNb, CoV and other CoNbB alloys. Two issues are addressed: 1) the different rates at which Nb and V (same number of valence electrons) suppress the cobalt moment and 2) the combined effect of boron and niobium together in suppressing the cobalt moment. It is suggested that the characteristic moment variations can be accounted for by d-d hybridization in the first case and by p-d and d-d hybridization in the second case.
Socialization influences on preparation for later life

States that although the concept of “stress” has received increased attention in the behavioral and social sciences throughout the past five decades, it has been virtually ignored by consumer researchers. Presents conceptual and theoretical underpinnings of stress research, which suggest that many changes in individuals’ consumption behaviors are efforts to cope with stressful life circumstances. A study was conducted to test specific hypotheses about the effects of stress on consumption‐coping strategies of older adults. Results suggest that when older consumers experience stressful life circumstances, they may initiate, intensify, or change consumption activities to handle stress. Specific coping strategies were found to differ by gender. Implications for future consumer research are discussed.
Addition of difluorocarbene to poly(1-methyl-1-phenyl-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene). Thermal stability and characterization of microstructures by 1H, 13C, 19F and 29Si n.m.r. spectroscopy

Abstract Excess difluorocarbene, generated by the sodium iodide catalysed decomposition of (trifluoromethyl)phenyl-mercury, adds in a stereospecific cis manner to the carbon-carbon double bonds of poly(1-methyl-1-phenyl-1-sila- cis -pent-3-ene) (I) to yield poly(3,4-difluoromethylene-1-methyl-1-phenyl-1-sila- cis -pent-3-ene) (F 2 C-I). Similarly, a series of random copolymers has been prepared in which only some of the carbon-carbon double bonds of I have reacted with difluorocarbene. The microstructures of these difluorocyclopropanated polymers have been determined by 1 H, 13 C, 19 F and 29 Si n.m.r. spectroscopy. The glass transition temperatures of these copolymers are found to depend on the extent of difluorocyclopropanation. The thermal stability of F 2 C-I has been determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal stability of I, F 2 C-I, poly(3,4-dichloromethylene-1-methyl-1-phenyl-1-sila- cis -pent-3-ene) (Cl 2 C-I) and (1-methyl-3,4-methylene-1-phenyl-1-sila- cis -pent-3-ene) (H 2 C-I) are compared.
ARTD1 (PARP1) activation and NAD+ in DNA repair and cell death

Abstract Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD + , is a small metabolite coenzyme that is essential for the progress of crucial cellular pathways including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and mitochondrial respiration. These processes consume and produce both oxidative and reduced forms of NAD (NAD + and NADH). NAD + is also important for ADP(ribosyl)ation reactions mediated by the ADP-ribosyltransferase enzymes (ARTDs) or deacetylation reactions catalyzed by the sirtuins (SIRTs) which use NAD + as a substrate. In this review, we highlight the significance of NAD + catabolism in DNA repair and cell death through its utilization by ARTDs and SIRTs. We summarize the current findings on the involvement of ARTD1 activity in DNA repair and most specifically its involvement in the trigger of cell death mediated by ARTD1 activation and energy depletion. By sharing the same substrate, the activities of ARTDs and SIRTs are tightly linked, are dependent on each other and are thereby involved in the same cellular processes that play an important role in cancer biology, inflammatory diseases and ischaemia/reperfusion.
The fractional solubility of aluminium from mineral aerosols collected in Hawaii and implications for atmospheric deposition of biogeochemically important trace elements

Abstract The partial solubility of mineral aerosols collected on the windward side of Oahu, Hawaii, was determined by suspending aerosol laden filters in samples of filtered surface seawater and determining the amount of dissolved Al released over a period of four days. The results showed that 80% of the dissolvable Al was released rapidly, within the first 24 h, and that a further 20% was released slowly over the next three days. The mass-based fractional solubility varied from 0.087–14.3% with a mean value of 4.6%. The total dissolvable Al (1st plus 2nd mode) was well correlated with the total charge of nitrate and non seasalt sulphate (nss) ( R 2 = 0.78, R 2 = 0.84) on replicate filters. These results imply that the abundance of atmospheric acids (derived from nitrate and sulphur species) in the atmosphere appears to be one of the major factors controlling the fractional solubility of atmospheric dust in this region. In addition, the results indicate that as this field of study develops there is an urgent need to develop a consensus on the matrix used for defining the solubility of dusts and the development of protocols that eliminate artefacts associated with the determining solubilities that will permit comparison of data between different research groups working in different regions.
The Efficacy of Personal Construct Therapy as a Function of the Type and Severity of the Presenting Problem

A recent quantitative review of the personal construct therapy (PCT) outcome literature revealed reliable but somewhat modest effects for this type of therapy. Examination of moderator variables has shown that the efficacy of PCT might vary as a function of other factors, such as whether or not the treatment was tested with a clinical population. In the present study, these findings were expanded on by exploring the relation between the type and severity of presenting problems and treatment outcome as reported in the controlled PCT outcome literature. Overall, results revealed that the efficacy of PCT did not differ substantially across different types of problems, but effect sizes tended to be significantly smaller when more severe problems were being treated.
Subtracting insult from injury: addressing cultural expectations in the disclosure of medical error

This article proposes that knowledge of cultural expectations concerning ethical responses to unintentional harm can help students and physicians better to understand patients' distress when physicians fail to disclose, apologize for, and make amends for harmful medical errors. While not universal, the Judeo-Christian traditions of confession, repentance, and forgiveness inform the cultural expectations of many individuals within secular western societies. Physicians' professional obligations concerning truth telling reflect these expectations and are inclusive of the disclosure of medical error, while physicians may express a need for self-forgiveness after making errors and should be aware that patients may also rely upon forgiveness as a means of dealing with harm. The article recommends that learning how to disclose errors, apologize to injured patients, ensure that these patients' needs are met, and confront the emotional dimensions of one's own mistakes should be part of medical education and reinforced by the conduct of senior physicians.
Species Specificity in Pollen-Pistil Interactions

For pollination to succeed, pollen must carry sperm through a variety of different floral tissues to access the ovules within the pistil. The pistil provides everything the pollen requires for success in this endeavor including distinct guidance cues and essential nutrients that allow the pollen tube to traverse enormous distances along a complex path to the unfertilized ovule. Although the pistil is a great facilitator of pollen function, it can also be viewed as an elaborate barrier that shields ovules from access from inappropriate pollen, such as pollen from other species. Each discrete step taken by pollen tubes en route to the ovules is a potential barrier point to ovule access and waste by inappropriate mates. In this review, we survey the current molecular understanding of how pollination proceeds, and ask to what extent is each step important for mate discrimination. As this field progresses, this synthesis of functional biology and evolutionary studies will provide insight into the molecular basis of the species barriers that maintain the enormous diversity seen in flowering plants.
Outreach Engagement Efforts: Are They Worth the Effort?

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an outreach strategy designed to engage substance-abusing individuals who did not keep their initial treatment appointment. After missing their first scheduled appointment, telephone contact was attempted for 267 consecutive prospective patients as part of an attempt to engage them in treatment. Results indicated that this telephone contact was useful at prompting these individuals to both reschedule and arrive for intake. Our concern that persons who failed to keep initial appointments might be less motivated for treatment was not supported, as results indicated that treatment retention for these subjects was similar to that of a sample of individuals who arrived for intake as scheduled. These results support the value of outreach efforts as a means of engaging substance-abusing individuals who otherwise might not have experienced treatment.
Modest Copper Supplementation Blocks Molybdenosis in Cattle

It is widely accepted that ratios of dietary copper (Cu) to molybdenum (Mo) lower than 10:1 may produce molybdenosis in cattle, especially if sulfur concentrations are more than 3,000 ppm. Some authorities suggest that dietary Mo concentrations greater than 10 ppm are hazardous to cattle regardless of Cu concentration, but anecdotal reports suggest that this may not be the case. The original purpose of the experiment described in this report was to investigate whether supranutritional supplemental Cu could protect cattle against relatively high dietary Mo. Pregnant cows were grazed on 1 of 3 pastures: 1 with only background Mo, 1 with an average of 13 ppm Mo, and 1 that averaged 230 ppm Mo. Half the cows on the Mo pastures were supplemented with 17 ppm dietary Cu, the other half with the dietary supplement plus Cu boluses. Molybdenum effects were anticipated in the groups supplemented with 17 ppm Cu; however, despite increased tissue concentrations of Mo, only the 230 ppm Mo/17 ppm Cu group exhibited any effects. Moderate Cu supplementation permitted cows to graze a site heavily contaminated with Mo with no adverse effects on general health or reproduction.
Application heartbeats for software performance and health

Adaptive, or self-aware, computing has been proposed to help application programmers confront the growing complexity of multicore software development. However, existing approaches to adaptive systems are largely ad hoc and often do not manage to incorporate the true performance goals of the applications they are designed to support. This paper presents an enabling technology for adaptive computing systems: Application Heartbeats. The Application Heartbeats framework provides a simple, standard programming interface that applications can use to indicate their performance and system software (and hardware) can use to query an application's performance. The PARSEC benchmark suite is instrumented with Application Heartbeats to show the broad applicability of the interface and an external resource scheduler demonstrates the use of the interface by assigning cores to an application to maintain a designated performance goal.
REAL-TIME EVALUATION OF CONTROL ALLOCATION WITH RATE LIMITING

Real-time evaluation of a particular rate-based control allocation scheme which accounts for control effector position and rate constraints is performed. This type of control allocation takes as input the moment demands of the control law and is capable of finding admissible control solutions which produce the desired control-generated moment vector so long as the aircraft has enough control authority to do so. This is in general not true of other control allocation methods. Confirmation of the performance of control allocation with rate limiting, previously tested in batch, is sought for an aircraft with a multiply redundant control suite. Examples of maneuvers which produce significant rate demands are simulated. In particular, the ramifications of the observed phenomena previously referred to as control wind-up are considered. As the frame-wise control allocation algorithms evolve the system, the control effectors sometimes tend to migrate towards the effector position limits, a condition that would seem to be intuitively undesirable. It is determined that this phenomenon, called null-space saturation (NSS), does not significantly affect the maneuvering performance of the aircraft. Allocation algorithms which make use of previously examined remedies for null-space-saturated control positions (called restoring methods) are compared with non-restoring algorithms in a real-time simulation to confirm the innocuous nature of NSS. Preliminary timing statistics are presented which address the computational intensiveness of the algorithms.
The ecology and evolution of constructed ecosystems as green infrastructure

Green infrastructure consists of ecosystems that provide valuable services to urban areas. Constructed ecosystems, including green roofs, bioretention systems, constructed wetlands and bioreactors are artificial, custom-built components of green infrastructure that are becoming more common in cities. Small size, strong spatial boundaries, ecological novelty and the role of human design characterize all constructed ecosystems, influencing their functions and interactions with other urban ecosystems. Here I outline the relevance of ecology and evolution in understanding the functioning of constructed ecosystems. In turn, a research focus on the distinctive aspects of constructed ecosystems can contribute to fundamental science.
Effect of physiologic shear stresses and calcium on agonist-induced platelet aggregation, secretion, and thromboxane A2 formation

Abstract Introduction Platelets in vivo react under low-shear venous-flow as well as high-shear arterial-flow conditions. Because most studies were carried out at low shear stresses, platelet granule secretion at high shear has not been examined thoroughly. We investigated the secretion of all three types of platelet granules and thromboxane A 2 formation at high shear after stimulation with ADP or thrombin. Materials and methods Washed human platelets were reacted rapidly ( 2 ). For comparison, we employed a low-shear stirring system (1–5 dyn/cm 2 ). Serotonin release and membrane exposure of P-selectin (alpha), CD63 (dense), and CD107a (lysosomes) were used to assess granule secretion. Aggregation was evaluated by resistive-particle counting of the remaining platelet singlets. Results and conclusions ADP and thrombin induced similar strong levels of aggregation (∼70%) at high shear by 5 s. Thrombin also caused release of about 40% of all alpha and dense granules within 5 s. However, by 5 s at high shear, ADP failed to induce significant granule secretion or thromboxane A 2 formation ( p >0.05). By 10 min at low shear, ADP caused secretion and thromboxane A 2 formation only at non-physiological, micromolar extracellular Ca 2+ concentrations. These results emphasize the ability of thrombin to initiate multiple aspects of platelet function within seconds, while ADP was only able to induce rapid aggregation.
Power counting and β function in NRQCD

A computation of the NRQCD β function both in the Lorentz gauge family and in the Coulomb gauge to one loop order endorses a velocity power counting scheme for dimensionally regularised NRQCD. In addition to the ultrasoft scale represented by bremsstrahlung gluons and the potential scale with Coulomb gluons and on-shell quarks, a soft regime is identified in which energies and momenta are of order Mv , gluons are on shell and the quark propagator becomes static. The instantaneous gluon propagator has a non-zero vacuum polarisation only because of contributions from this regime, irrespective of the gauge chosen. Rules are derived which allow one to read up from a given graph whether it is zero because of the homogeneity of dimensional regularisation. They also apply to threshold expansion and are used to prove that ultrasoft quarks with energy and momentum of order Mv2 decouple from the theory.
Base composition and column chromatography studies of ribonucleic acid differentially extracted from pea roots with sodium lauryl sulfate or p-amino salicylate☆

Abstract Three-day-old pea roots, aseptically grown, were incubated for 2 hr in 32P phosphate and extracted by the phenol method in the absence of sodium lauryl sulfate or p-amino salicylate. One or the other of these compounds was then added and the residue was re-extracted. RNA obtained by the re-extraction with either compound was of higher specific activity and contained a higher mole percent AMP than the RNA from the first extraction. A small part of the AMP-rich RNA eluted with DNA during chromatography on methylated albumin kieselguhr columns, but most of it adhered to the columns. Presence of unlabelled carrier nucleic acids had no measurable effect on the elution pattern.
Oxidation Behavior and Flexural Strength of Aluminum Nitride Exposed to Air at Elevated Temperatures

The oxidation behavior of a sintered aluminum nitride containing 3 wt% Y2O3 as a sintering aid was investigated. Samples were exposed to air at elevated temperatures for times up to 100 h. The weights of the samples were continuously monitored during exposure at various temperatures and humidity levels. The effects of oxidation on room-temperature flexural strength were also determined, and correlated to the observed weight changes of the samples. At temperatures 1200°C, linear weight gains were observed. However, at temperatures above 1200°C, the weight gains became parabolic with respect to exposure time. The oxidation rates were significantly increased by water vapor in the air. The oxidation products were found by X-ray analysis to be a mixture of Al2O3 and 5A12O3·3Y2O3. The oxide layer formed on the surface was severely cracked because of the thermal expansion mismatch between the oxide layer and the substrate. The cracks initiated in the oxide layer and propagated into the substrate, resulting in severe reduction in the room-temperature flexural strength of the material. When exposed to ambient air for more than 50 h at temperatures greater than 1100°C, the strengths of the samples decreased to less than half that of the as-received material.
Energy inputs and carbon dioxide emissions from turf maintenance equipment on a golf course in California

The potential negative effects of human activities on global climate have generated significant interests in recent years. Reducing or offsetting carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions has been central to such discussion among and between state and federal regulatory agencies. Although emissions data from industrial, transportation and agronomic systems have been studied extensively, little data exists for managed ecosystems such as residential and municipal landscapes or sports turf facilities. Even though these intensively managed landscapes are a significant component of modern agriculture in the United States, very little CO 2 emission studies have been conducted on these systems. The objective of this study was to quantify energy inputs and the carbon emissions of a standard size 18-hole golf course in California's Central Valley, one of the most productive agricultural regions of the world. Carbon dioxide emissions from annual maintenance and carbon sequestered by soils and vegetation of such intensively managed ecosystems were also examined. These analyses included energy inputs required for equipment manufacturing and subsequent annual fuel consumption from the use of equipment during daily operations. Our estimates indicated that the total energy requirement for this golf course was 1149 GJ year -1 or 13.1 GJ ha -1 year -1 . The carbon emissions calculated utilizing these energy input estimates indicated that this site also sequesters more CO 2 than it generates during routine turfgrass maintenance operations.
Expected Usability Magnitude Estimation

Usability measures typically focus on actual user experiences while largely ignoring the impact of user expectations. User expectations provide insight into overall usability, user satisfaction, and priority of usability problems. Beyond test results, communicating user expectations can offset the negative connotation many development teams have of usability by showing examples where expectations are exceeded. This paper describes the expected Usability Magnitude Estimation (UME) method to assess user expectations in usability tests. The method is more valid, robust, and theoretically based than existing methods. It allows measurement of expectations that is easy to administer, simple to analyze, and provides actual and expected usability ratings along the same ratio scale of usability. Expectation data is used to classify tasks into empirically derived design strategy groupings based on refined theory. Overall, the method positively contributes to usability results and development team relationships.
Impact of physician-assisted triage on timing of antibiotic delivery in patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

BACKGROUND Time to antibiotic delivery in patients with diagnosis of pneumonia is a publicly reported quality measure. OBJECTIVE We aim to describe the impact of emergency department (ED) physician-assisted triage (PAT) on The Joint Commission (TJC) and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) pneumonia core quality measures of timing to antibiotic delivery. METHODS Retrospective case series studies of patients admitted to the hospital through the ED with diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia were identified over a period of 48 months. Patients were included in the study if they met TJC/CMS PN-5 (antibiotic timing) criteria. We compared antibiotic delivery timing before and after implementation of PAT in moderate-acuity patients using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. A linear regression analysis was done to account for age, sex, ED volume, and acuity level. RESULTS A total of 659 patients were identified: 497 patients and 162 patients enrolled pre- and post-implementation of a PAT, respectively. The median antibiotic delivery times for moderate-acuity patients during open hours of operation of PAT were 180min (pre) and 195min (post), p=0.027; this was unchanged when ED volume, age, sex, and acuity level were accounted for. A total of 43 patients (9%) and 13 patients (8%) failed to receive antibiotics within 6h of ED presentation before and after implementation of PAT, respectively. CONCLUSION In this study, implementation of PAT did not result in overall decrease in antibiotic delivery time in patients admitted to the hospital with CAP. We postulate several explanations for this delay in antibiotic delivery time.
Levels of Knowledge and Risk Perceptions About HIV/AIDS Among Female Inmates in New York State: Can Prison-Based HIV Programs set the Stage for Behavior Change?

This study investigates levels of knowledge of HIV/AIDS, self-reported precarious behaviors leading to an increased risk for HIV infection, and perceptions of future behavior modification among adult female inmates in the AIDS Counseling and Education (ACE) Program at Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, the only maximum security prison for women in New York State. The analyses show a statistically significant increase in knowledge following the workshops. Comparisons made between groups determined which participants benefited the most from ACE's program. Methodology, study limitations, implications for program change, future research, and the difficulties of conducting research in a correctional facility are discussed.