cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
β-catenin promotes colitis and colon cancer through imprinting of pro-inflammatory properties in T-cells. (LYM3P.727)

The density and type of lymphocytes infiltrating colon tumors are predictive of the clinical outcome of colon cancer. High densities of TH17 cells and inflammation predict poor outcome, while infiltration by T regulatory cells (Tregs) that naturally suppress inflammation is associated with longer patient survival. However, the role of Tregs in cancer remains controversial. We previously reported that Tregs in colon cancer patients can become pro-inflammatory and tumor promoting. These properties were directly linked with their expression of RORγt, the signature transcription factor of TH17 cells. Here, we report that Wnt/β-catenin signaling in T-cells promotes expression of RORγt. Expression of β-catenin was elevated in T-cells, including Tregs, of patients with colon cancer. Genetically engineered activation of β-catenin in mouse T-cells resulted in enhanced chromatin accessibility in the proximity of Tcf-1 binding sites genome-wide, induced expression of TH17 signature genes including RORγt, and promoted TH17-mediated inflammation. Strikingly, the mice had inflammation of small-intestine and colon and developed lesions indistinguishable from colitis-induced cancer. Activation of β-catenin only in Tregs was sufficient to produce inflammation and initiate cancer. Based on these findings we conclude that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in effector T-cells and/or Tregs is causatively linked with the imprinting of pro-inflammatory properties and promotion of colon cancer.
Mordanting plant tissues.

Selected current ideas on the mordanting of plant tissues are presented in the hope that they will be of practical assistance, especially to the beginner. The nature of the mordanting process and the results which may be expected following mordanting are briefly described. Specific technics are presented for the mordanting of natural dyes, synthetic dyes generally, the basic synthetic dyes and the acid synthetic dyes.
Perspectives on Cardiovascular Fitness and SCI

The purpose of these papers is to review and discuss the fundamental concepts and problems underlying cardiovascular fitness and spinal cord injury. Particular attention is paid to several modes of exercise available to individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI)--voluntary arm-crank and wheelchair ergometry, electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometry, and combined voluntary arm-cranking and electrical stimulation leg (hybrid) exercise. The effects of level of injury, active muscle mass, and sympathetic dysfunction upon acute central hemodynamic adjustments during exercise testing and chronic training adaptations are discussed for both quadriplegics and paraplegics. Several topics for future research are suggested.
Alignment Aware Linked Data Compression

The success of linked data has resulted in a large amount of data being generated in a standard RDF format. Various techniques have been explored to generate a compressed version of RDF datasets for archival and transmission purpose. However, these compression techniques are designed to compress a given dataset without using any external knowledge, either through a compact representation or removal of semantic redundancies present in the dataset. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to compress RDF datasets by exploiting alignments present across various datasets at both instance and schema level. Our system generates lossy compression based on the confidence value of relation between the terms. We also present a comprehensive evaluation of the approach by using reference alignment from OAEI.
Illuminating Cell Adhesion: Modern Microscopy Approaches to Study Integrin-Based Focal Adhesions

Integrin-based focal adhesions are plasma membrane-associated macromolecular structures that link the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton and play important roles in a variety of cellular processes. Focal adhesions dynamically change shape, size, and biochemical composition, all of which are carefully regulated by the cell to perform its function normally. Additionally, focal adhesions are also the primary conduits for relaying physical information between the cell and its environment. It is all these properties that make focal adhesions a unique research problem at the interface of biology and technology and have driven the development and application of many techniques to study them. In this article, we review how light and force microscopy-based approaches have expanded our understanding of integrin-based focal adhesions. We highlight specific questions about focal adhesions that each technique addresses, and the novel insight gained from studies using these approaches to understand how these complex adhesion organelles of more than 500 proteins are built and regulated, and the integration of the cell with its environment in mediating physiological functions.
Screening for infectious diseases in pregnant, foreign-born women from multiple global areas.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare infectious diseases commonly screened for during pregnancy among pregnant immigrant women from multiple global regions. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all women born outside the United States who delivered at Vanderbilt University Medical Center during 2003―2006. These women were identified through the birth certificate applications for their children. The primary outcomes were prevalence of positive tests for tuberculosis, HIV, hepatitis B, gonorrhea and Chlamydia, rubella immunity and syphilis. RESULTS: During the years 2003-2006, 1,767 immigrant women gave birth at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The women were from Africa (17%), Asia (25%), Europe (11%), Latin America (26%), Middle East (18%), North America (2%) and Oceana (1%). There were no statistically significant differences in prevalence among immigrant groups for positive purified protein derivatives (PPDs), rubella titers, rapid plasma reagin (syphilis) and gonorrhea. Significantly more women from Asia and Africa had positive hepatitis B surface antigen. Asian women were less likely than other immigrant groups to be positive for HIV. Significant differences were also noted among groups for Chlamydia. Screening rates differed by immigrant groups and were related to mode of testing. CONCLUSION: Our data reinforce the importance of screening for diseases for which vaccinations are available, especially for hepatitis B and rubella. The data also show the importance of following up positive PPDs, particularly among pregnant immigrant women. Screening differences among groups may exist, and further research is needed to examine causal factors.
Regulation of metabolism in Penicillium charlesii by organic acids: role of L-tartaric acid.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some experiments to determine the role of organic acids in fungal metabolism and how the uptake and metabolism of L-tartrate are regulated. L-tartrate, and possibly organic acids in general, appears to regulate the activity of several lytic enzymes secreted by the Penicillium by maintaining the pH of the medium in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 that results in degradation of the lytic enzymes and the concomitant accumulation in the nutrient medium of phosphoglycopeptides. The experiments suggest that the ratio of [NAD]/([NADH] + [NAD]) regulates, at least in part, the rate at which L-tartrate is metabolized in Penicillium charlesii . As glucose nears depletion from the medium, the ratio of [NAD]/([NADH] + [NAD]) approaches 1.0 and L-tartrate is metabolized to glycerate and CO 2 more rapidly. The data from the experiments provide additional evidence suggesting that organic acids secreted by fungi, or provided as nutrients, serve to maintain an appropriate environment for the fungus until it becomes depleted of simple carbohydrates.
Using Specific Blockers to Identify TTX-S NaV Channels Subtypes in Rat Muscle Afferent Neurons

Muscle pain is transmitted by group III and IV afferents, but our knowledge of the NaV channel types that generate the action potentials in these neurons is incomplete. Our previous investigations have demonstrated the dominance of tetradotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) NaV1.8 channels in muscle afferent somata, but the TTX-sensitive (TTX-S) channel types have not yet been investigated. Using immunohistochemistry, we have recently demonstrated expression of TTX-S NaV1.6 and NaV1.7 channels in the somata and axons of group IV neurons, but the contribution of these channels to NaV current is unknown. We have tested three NaV1.7 channel-selective blockers on group IV neurons (diameter < 33 µm) to determine the contribution of NaV1.7 current. The blockers were ProToxin-II (100 nM; IC50 = 0.3 nM), Ssm6a (100 nM; IC50 = 25 nM) and ICA-121431 (ICA, 1 µM, IC50 = 19 nM). To our surprise, ProTx-II and Ssm6a failed to block NaV current in group IV neurons. The average affect on the TTX-S current was −1.2 ± 5.0% for ProTx-II and +17.2 ± 38% for Ssm6a (both NS). For ICA, we found a 60 ± 23% block of the TTX-S current (p < 0.05). Based on the published IC50s we expected all three blockers to produce similar effects, and do not yet understand reason for the absence of block by ProTx-II and Ssm6a. It is interesting that human and rat NaV channels can respond differently to blockers. For human channels, ICA potently blocks hNaV1.3, but not hNaV1.7, whereas the block is opposite for rat channels, rNaV1.3 is insensitive and hNaV1.7 is potently blocked (McCormack et al. (2013) PNAS 110: E2724). Based on the ICA result, we tentatively conclude that ∼60% of the TTX-S current in group IV neurons is generated by NaV1.7 channels.
Some Simple Analytics of Vertically Linked Markets

A firm may have an incentive to encourage competition and/or efficiency in an “aftermarket” that is vertically linked to a “foremarket” in which it participates. I describe a strong form of this potential incentive, and then explore how it is weakened in plausible circumstances. Some applications to net neutrality are described.
Urban Sprawl: A Growing Concern for Agriculture

Cities have become impossible to describe. Their centers are not as central as they used to be, their edges ambiguous, they have no beginnings and apparently no end. Neither words, numbers, nor pictures can adequately comprehend their complex forms and social structures (Ingersoll, 1992).
Abstract 099: EGF Receptor Inhibitor Erlotinib Prevented Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm But Not Hypertension Induced By Angiotensin II Plus Beta-aminopropionitrile

Enhancement of the renin angiotensin II (AngII) system has been implicated in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, detailed molecular mechanism(s) by which AngII promotes AAA remain uncertain. We have demonstrated the critical role of a metalloprotease, ADAM17, in AngII-induced EGF receptor (EGFR) transactivation and subsequent hypertrophy in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). In caveolin 1-/- mice, AAA formation induced by AngII plus beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), a lysyl oxidase inhibitor, was attenuated. The attenuation of AAA formation was associated with suppression of ADAM17 induction and EGFR activation. Others have reported that systemic ADAM17 silencing attenuated CaCl2-induced AAA formation in mice. We hypothesized that pharmacological inhibition of EGFR may prevent AAA but not hypertension in mice co-infused with Ang II and BAPN via suppression of ER/oxidative stress. To test this hypothesis, 8 week old mice were co-treated with AngII 1000 ng/kg/min (4 weeks) and BAPN 150 mg/kg/day (2weeks) with or without erlotinib (8 mg/kg/day), and AAA formation was evaluated by echo (internal diameter) and measurement (external diameter) of the aortae. In mice with the co-infusion, 64.3% (9/14) were dead due to aortic rupture/dissection. All surviving mice with co-infusion had AAA with max external/internal diameter (mm) of 2.12±0.31/2.06±0.47 vs 1.01±0.22/1.06±0.02 with saline infusion (p
Gaussian Mixture Approximation of Angles-Only Initial Orbit Determination Likelihood Function

A method is developed to approximate the angles-only orbit determination likelihood function using a Gaussian mixture to incorporate information about an admissible region. The resulting probabilit...
Abstract 1326: A pooled genome-wide association study of pancreatic cancer susceptibility loci in American Jews

Jews are estimated to be at increased risk of pancreatic cancer compared to non-Jews. The higher risk of pancreatic cancer in Jews can be partially explained by the increased frequency of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish population; however, the remaining 40-70% excess risk of pancreatic cancer in Jews is not explained by other established non-genetic and genetic risk factors. The genetic origins of modern Ashkenazi Jews can be traced back to a founder population bottleneck between the 11th and 15th centuries follow by a rapid endogamous population expansion, making the Ashkenazi Jewish population a genetic isolate ideal for exploring genetic contributions to pancreatic cancer. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a case-control sample of American Jews, largely Ashkenazi, including 406 pancreatic cancer patients and 2,332 controls, identified in the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP) Pancreatic Cancer Cohort and Case-Control Consortium I/II (PanScan I/II), Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4), and Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) data sets. We then examined those single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with P Citation Format: Samantha A. Streicher, Alison P. Klein, Sara H. Olson, Robert C. Kurtz, Andrew T. DeWan, Hongyu Zhao, Harvey A. Risch. A pooled genome-wide association study of pancreatic cancer susceptibility loci in American Jews [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1326. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1326
Manganese Stimulates Putrescine Accumulation and Influences Associated Polyamine, Methionine and Neurotransmitter Metabolism in Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient. However, a longitudinal study showed that exposure to Mn containing welding fumes under federal safety limits may cause a dose-dependent progression of Parkinsonism. Excess Mn causes neurotoxicity, however the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Disrupted polyamine metabolism with increased putrescine levels was observed in suicidal cohorts and also occurs in multiple neurologic disorders, but no information is available on the possible effects of Mn on polyamine metabolism. To test the hypothesis that increased Mn causes increased putrescine and altered polyamine metabolism, human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with MnCl2 (0,1,5,10,50,100μM for 5 hr; n=9/condition). Results showed that cellular Mn measured was representative of normal to pathological range (6 to 49 ng/mg protein) in the human brain. Putrescine and other untargeted metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-ultra high-resolution mass spectrometry followed by metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) of putrescine. Results showed that cellular Mn caused a dose dependent increase in putrescine content (3.2 nmol/mg protein to 4.5 nmol/mg protein; p
Kinetics of Quality Changes of Shrimp ( Litopenaeus setiferus ) During Pasteurization

Effect of cooking between 1 and 80 min at 60 to 100 °C on several quality attributes of whole peeled shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) (80–90 counts/kg) was studied using an isothermal heating method. Cook loss, area shrinkage, and hardness of shrimp increased with increasing heating time and temperature, following a fractional first-order kinetic model with activation energies (E a ) of 71.0, 53.3, and 29.9 kJ/mol, respectively. Cook loss, area shrinkage, and hardness were positively correlated. The toughness of shrimp muscle increased in the initial period of heating, then decreased in the later period during the treatments. The overall color change (ΔE) increased with increasing treatment time and temperature, and followed a zero kinetic model with an E a of 37.2 kJ/mol. The kinetic parameters obtained from this study can be applied toward understanding and predicting shrimp-quality changes during pasteurization treatments, and further provides insight into the pasteurization conditions required to achieve safe and high-quality shrimp products and potentially other crustacean shellfish and seafood products.
Hydrodynamic simulations of the inner accretion flow of Sagittarius A* fuelled by stellar winds

We present Athena++ grid-based, hydrodynamic simulations of accretion onto Sagittarius A* via the stellar winds of the $\sim 30$ Wolf-Rayet stars within the central parsec of the galactic center. These simulations span $\sim$ 4 orders of magnitude in radius, reaching all the way down to 300 gravitational radii of the black hole, $\sim 32$ times further in than in previous work. We reproduce reasonably well the diffuse thermal X-ray emission observed by Chandra in the central parsec. The resulting accretion flow at small radii is a superposition of two components: 1) a moderately unbound, sub-Keplerian, thick, pressure-supported disc that is at most (but not all) times aligned with the clockwise stellar disc, and 2) a bound, low-angular momentum inflow that proceeds primarily along the southern pole of the disc. We interpret this structure as a natural consequence of a few of the innermost stellar winds dominating accretion, which produces a flow with a broad distribution of angular momentum. Including the star S2 in the simulation has a negligible effect on the flow structure. Extrapolating our results from simulations with different inner radii, we find an accretion rate of $\sim$ a few $\times 10^{-8} M_\odot$/yr at the horizon scale, consistent with constraints based on modeling the observed emission of Sgr A*. The flow structure found here can be used as more realistic initial conditions for horizon scale simulations of Sgr A*.
What's visible is my race, what's invisible is my contribution: Understanding the effects of race and color-blind racial attitudes on the perceived impact of microaggressions toward Asians in the workplace

Abstract The study examined perceptions of racial workplace microaggressions against Asians. Microaggressions signal that the target's racial group is highly visible to the perpetrator. In this study, we examined the perceived negative effects associated with this type of heightened racial visibility, and whether these effects are equally discernable to all based on one's race and color-blindness. Asian and White participants were given a series of vignettes depicting different types of microaggressions, consisting of both blatant (microassault) and subtle forms (microinsult and microinvalidation). In addition, we examined a new form of subtle microaggression (overvalidation) that occurs when the perpetrator treats Asians in a seemingly positive way based on stereotypes about Asians (e.g. assigning predominantly quantitative tasks to Asians because they are perceived to be good at math). Results revealed that compared to Whites, Asians saw a smaller difference in negative effects between the blatant microassault and subtle overvalidation and microinsult conditions. Additionally, participants lower on color-blindness perceived a smaller difference in negative effects on the target between the microassault and all forms of subtle microaggressions. Finally, we found that color-blindness played a stronger role among Whites than Asians such that compared to Whites higher on color-blindness, Whites lower on color-blindness perceived a smaller difference in negative effects on the target between the microassault and subtle microaggressions. No such difference existed among Asians. Implications for raising awareness of the negative effects of subtle microaggressions that render Asians (in)visible in the workplace are discussed.
Improvement of SDD-Maia Detector for X-ray Fluorescence Detection

A new SDD-Maia detector is being currently developed, consisting of an array of 384 silicon drift detectors (SDDs), each having a surface area of 1 mm2. The shape of each individual pixel is square in order to coincide with the footprint of the diode-based Maia detector. Each SDD pixel is made of a few concentric “rings” that supply a voltage gradient to form the drift field within the silicon. The detector has a double metal scheme that supplies biases to the single SDD rings. All 384 anodes of SDDs are connected to individual electronic channels. This effort was motivated by the need of improving the energy resolution and the throughput of existing diode-based Maia detectors.
Annals Graphic Medicine - Dr. Mom: Doing It All

“Dr. Mom” explores the challenges and ups and downs of juggling life as a hospitalist and mother. The feature appears monthly in Annals Graphic Medicine at Annals.org.
FDA Approval Summary: Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Microsatellite Instability-High Solid Tumors

The FDA approved pembrolizumab on May 23, 2017, for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with unresectable or metastatic, microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) solid tumors that have progressed following prior treatment and who have no satisfactory alternative treatment options and for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic MSI-H or dMMR colorectal cancer that has progressed following treatment with a fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan. The FDA granted the approval based on an understanding of the biology of MSI-H/dMMR across different tumors along with the clinically important effects on overall response rate (ORR) observed in patients who were enrolled in 1 of 5 single-arm clinical trials. The ORR was 39.6% among 149 patients with 15 different tumor types (95% confidence interval, 31.7–47.9), with a 7% complete response rate. The duration of response ranged from 1.6+ months to 22.7+ months, with 78% of responses lasting ≥6 months. Overall, the adverse event profile of pembrolizumab was similar to the adverse event profile observed across prior trials that supported the approval of pembrolizumab in other indications. This approval of pembrolizumab is the first time that the FDA has approved a cancer treatment for an indication based on a common biomarker rather than the primary site of origin.
A review of interventions proposed to abate impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs

Abstract Coral reefs experiencing ocean acidification (OA) are likely to recover much more slowly from damage caused by acute events such as mass bleaching because OA slows coral reef growth and reproduction. To maintain reefs in a net growth or net-neutral condition, curbing the impact of OA is therefore necessary. A variety of mitigation and adaptation strategies have been proposed to abate OA impacts on reefs. However, detailed guidance for managers on the types, effectiveness, or costs of different local interventions to address OA is scarce. To advance the discussion about available interventions, this review explores and compares mitigation and adaptation techniques that have been proposed to abate OA impacts on coral reefs. We focus primarily on four categories of interventions intended to address different ecosystem service changes: phytoremediation, chemical remediation, reef restoration, and assisted evolution. We briefly touch on traditional restoration methods like marine protected areas (MPAs) and reducing secondary sources of stress. Of the techniques reviewed, most are costly and do not scale at the same pace as global reef loss. Nor do they address the root cause of OA, global carbon emissions. That said, intervention should not be an all or nothing approach; some techniques may be worth implementing at smaller scales in a coordinated way. Working to save pieces of ecosystems and buying time may help ensure that there is more to rebuild from in the future. Despite the seemingly high price tag of many of these techniques, given the potential value of regained ecosystem services, net gains may exceed implementation costs. It is certain, however, from the limited reach of coral reef interventions, that they must be undertaken as part of a suite of global-scale interventions including atmospheric CO2 reduction to preserve coral reef ecosystem function and benefits to humanity.
Modeling Vehicle-Pedestrian Encountering Risks in the Natural Driving Environment Using Machine Learning Algorithms

For modern automated driving systems, interaction with pedestrians in the mixed traffic conditions is one of the most challenging problems. Potential conflict cases have been widely used to study vehicle-pedestrian encountering scenarios in natural road environment. However, these relatively dangerous cases between human drivers and pedestrians are not necessarily the dangerous cases for automated driving systems, especially when trained artificial intelligence systems can predict the potential risks and prepare in advance. In this study, we investigate the performance of machine learning algorithms in detecting potential conflicts between vehicle and pedestrians, as well as prioritizing passing sequences during the conflicts. A total of five commonly-used machine learning algorithms are tested. The results show that Deep Neural Network can predict the potential risk and passing priority very accurately (93% and 96% respectively) solely based on descriptive scenario variables. A set of wrongly classified cases (False Negative) are also collected for further study which represent unpredictable risks for automated driving systems.
Self-management skills and behaviors, self-efficacy, and quality of life in people with epilepsy from underserved populations.

Abstract Purpose People with epilepsy (PWE) from underserved populations face significant barriers to epilepsy management and therefore may lack knowledge about epilepsy and self-management (SM) of epilepsy. This paper evaluates SM practices, self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, quality of life, and personal impact of epilepsy in PWE from underserved populations as compared with all PWE. Methods Recruitment for the Managing Epilepsy Well (MEW) Network PAUSE to Learn Your Epilepsy study occurred from October 2015 to March 2019. Participants were assessed at baseline; after SM education intervention; and 6-, 9-, and 15-month postbaseline assessment. Baseline data from 112 PWE were analyzed for this report. Results Study population was diverse: 63% were women, 47.3% were non-Hispanic black, 24.1% were Hispanic, and 57.4% had public healthcare coverage. Participants on average had epilepsy for 14 years, and 49.1% reported at least one seizure within the past month, but only 27% reported having used a seizure diary or calendar for seizure tracking. Self-management practices & behaviors were significantly lower among PWE from underserved populations than all PWE, though self-efficacy among PWE from underserved populations was significantly higher. Conclusion This study identifies the unique epilepsy SM needs of PWE from underserved populations. We discuss the need for a personalized approach for developing SM skills and behaviors among these PWE.
Love In A Cold Climate: Cold War, Music, and the Limits of Authenticity

It’s tempting to think that the genesis for the bleak Polish film Cold War came when director Pawel Pawlikowski picked up a copy of Theodor Adorno’s The Culture Industry , read Chapter 1, “On The Fetish Character of Music and the Regression of Listening,” struck his forehead with his fist
Mean lifetime of the first excited state of Na23

Abstract The mean lifetime of the first excited state of Na23 has been measured by nuclear resonant scattering. Ne23 produced by the Ne22(d, p) reaction served as the source of exciting radiation. Assuming the spin of this state to be 5 2 , the mean life obtained is (1.3±0.3) × 10−12 sec.
"I Try to Keep That Sugar Down." Experiences of Homebound Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Barriers to Self-Management.

Objectives: To study the experiences and challenges of type 2 diabetes (T2D) self-management among homebound older adults who regularly receive home-delivered meals and services.Methods: Participan...
Whose everyday climate cultures? Environmental subjectivities and invisibility in climate change discourse

Public climate conversations are inattentive to how differences in social location and culture shape people’s knowledge of and responses to climate change. Instead, emphases on climate apathy and climate skepticism overrepresent privileged sensibilities, marginalizing those who fall outside of what Black feminist theorist Audre Lorde calls “the mythical norm” (1987). In so doing, predominant approaches obscure forms of climate engagement that do not resemble researcher identified pro-environmental behaviors. In order to illustrate relationships between social location, culture, and response to climate change, we apply the notion of environmental subjectivities in a secondary analysis of climate engagement in two communities, one of which resembles and one of which lies outside the “mythical” norm. Both members of the Karuk Tribe and urban homesteaders frame climate change as symptoms of unsustainable political-economic structures. Yet differences in the structural location of each community result in divergent understandings of and practices in relation to the changing climate. These divergent community understandings and practices cannot be explained by individual preferences or cultural differences alone. Instead, the concept of environmental subjectivities (1) calls attention to the situated knowledges of climate change that emerge in relation to differences of indigeneity, race, and class, (2) relates community environmental practices to interlocking power structures, and (3) illustrates how elite narratives obscure the role of the colonial, settler, capitalist state in the generation of climate emissions.
Are J-splints Safe and Effective as Definitive Treatment for Pediatric Femur Fractures?

Purpose The current treatment for the majority of femur fractures in patients five years of age and younger is application of a hip spica cast. The J-splint has been shown to be a temporizing treatment that emergency department providers can apply until the child undergoes the hip spica cast placement. The purpose of this study was to determine if J-splints can be utilized as definitive treatment for pediatric femur fractures. Methods A retrospective review …
The Late Soviet and Post-Soviet Ephemera Collection at Harvard Library

The Russian Ephemera Collection (late 1980s–1990s) at Harvard Library is a monumental primary source collection for the study of the late Soviet and post-Soviet era. It was acquired in the 1990s al...
Functional Anatomy of the Hamstrings and Quadriceps

The hamstring and quadriceps muscle complexes are commonly injured in athletes of all skill levels. Arriving at the correct diagnosis and rendering the appropriate treatment are predicated upon fundamental knowledge of the gross and functional anatomy of the hamstring and quadriceps complexes. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the anatomy of the anterior and posterior thigh musculature. The structure, function, and biomechanics of the three muscles of the hamstring and four muscles of the quadriceps will be discussed in detail. In addition to reviewing the normal anatomy, the most common pathologic conditions will be introduced so that the pathophysiology and treatment of these injuries can be discussed in greater detail in later chapters.
Inhibition of Injured Escherichia coli by Several Selective Agents

A population of Escherichia coli ML30 cells was exposed to a quaternary ammonium compound, and injury to the cells was measured by a comparison of counts on Trypticase Soy Agar and Violet Red Bile Agar. Substantial injury could not be detected with a minimal medium. The ingredients of Violet Red Bile Agar were tested against damaged cells. The bile salts mixture alone in the medium prevented as many injured cells from growing as did any combination of the selective agents and inhibited as many injured bacteria as were inhibited by Violet Red Bile Agar itself. These dyes and salts were similarly assayed in minimal agar, and comparable results were obtained. Individual bile salts and other potential selective agents were added to the minimal medium, and the media were tested for inhibition of injured E. coli. Sodium deoxycholate was the bile salt most inhibitory to damaged E. coli cells.
The Peopling of the Americas as Revealed by Molecular Genetic Studies

Molecular genetic studies of Siberian and Native American populations indicate that ancestral Native Americans originated in south-central Siberia and entered the New World between 20 000 and 15 000 years before present (ybp), after thousands of years of isolation in Beringia. These early immigrants probably followed a coastal route into the New World, where they expanded into all continental regions. A second expansion, possibly coming from the same area of Siberia, may have entered the Americas, and genetically influenced North American populations. Beringian populations moved into northern North America after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and gave rise to Aleuts, Eskimos and Na-Dene Indians. Keywords: mtDNA; Y-chromosome; Asia; Siberia; migrations
Finite-precision source resolvability

The paper studies the minimum randomness necessary for finite precision simulation of a random source. In random process simulation, the objective of the simulator is to approximate a set of desired statistics. To this end, the simulator has access to a source of pure random bits-a random number generator-and the approximation is achieved by properly mapping the output of the random number generator to the alphabet of the approximated process. An important question that arises is what is the number of pure random bits per source output that the most efficient simulation scheme needs in order to produce every sample path of the approximating process. The answer to this question depends on the statistics of the approximated source and on the sense of approximation. If the objective was to produce-with the aid of only pure random bits-exactly the same statistics (distributions) as that of the desired process, then one could only simulate finite alphabet random processes whose statistics admit finite binary representations. For example, an exact simulation of a binary process with irrational probabilities is not feasible, since the number of fair bits per source output required for accurate simulation is infinite. >
Modern and future nuclear fuel cycles and the relationship with nuclear waste management

Discussions of nuclear fuel cycles and nuclear waste typically focus on very long-term radiological hazards and on concerns over proliferation of nuclear weapons. While there are technical solutions to address the radiological hazards for any of the various feasible fuel cycles, there are substantial practical differences that may influence both the cost and political acceptability of waste disposal options. Only full recycle reduces the actual long-term hazard in a major way. Efficient use of the energy content of uranium will eventually require some form of recycle of used nuclear fuel, but with known recoverable uranium resources, this is not an urgent concern. Proliferation concerns differ among the various fuel cycles and each presents its own challenges, but ultimately, the differences in proliferation risks are more political than technical. At this point, the actual cost of any of the options for closing the fuel cycle is not adequately known to provide guidance. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:323–329. doi: 10.1002/wene.99 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
A universal front-end stage for electrophysiological mappings

This paper describes a front-end stage that has been implemented and embedded into instruments dedicated to a wide variety of electrophysiological mapping applications. Emphasis during the design phase has been put towards flexibility, simplicity, and performance in various environments.
Teaching as constructive-developmental leadership: Insights from Mary Follett

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to derive practical recommendations from Follett's conceptualization of the student-teacher relations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a narrative historical interpretation of Follett's speech, which was originally given at the Boston University in the late Fall of 1928, but for the first time published in 1970. Findings – Follett's conceptualization of the teacher-student relation resonated well with the contemporary conceptualization of constructive-developmental theory of leadership. Research limitations/implications – The findings of this study should be interpreted with recognition that the single case study has inherent limitations in terms of generalization. Originality/value – This paper offers unique practical recommendations for instructional methods of experiential learning based on reflection, problem solving and critical thinking, which are based on the authors' analysis of Follett's works and constructive-developmental scholarship.
Structure and properties of silk hydrogels.

Control of silk fibroin concentration in aqueous solutions via osmotic stress was studied to assess relationships to gel formation and structural, morphological, and functional (mechanical) changes associated with this process. Environmental factors potentially important in the in vivo processing of aqueous silk fibroin were also studied to determine their contributions to this process. Gelation of silk fibroin aqueous solutions was affected by temperature, Ca2+, pH, and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Gelation time decreased with increase in protein concentration, decrease in pH, increase in temperature, addition of Ca2+, and addition of PEO. No change of gelation time was observed with the addition of K+. Upon gelation, a random coil structure of the silk fibroin was transformed into a β-sheet structure. Hydrogels with fibroin concentrations >4 wt % exhibited network and spongelike structures on the basis of scanning electron microscopy. Pore sizes of the freeze-dried hydrogels were smaller as the silk fibr...
Multiobjective Departure Runway Scheduling Using Dynamic Programming

At busy airports, air traffic controllers seek to find schedules for aircraft at the runway that aim to minimize delays of the aircraft while maximizing runway throughput. In reality, finding optimal schedules by a human controller is hard to accomplish since the number of feasible schedules available for the scheduling problem is quite large. In this paper, we pose this problem as a multiobjective optimization problem, with respect to total aircraft delay and runway throughput. Using principles of multiobjective dynamic programming, we develop an algorithm to find a set of Pareto-optimal solutions that completely specify the nondominated frontier. In addition to finding these solutions, this paper provides a proof of the algorithm's correctness and gives an analysis of its performance against a baseline algorithm using the operational data for a model of the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.
Autohesion and Cohesion of Uncrosslinked Elastomers

Abstract Over the past several years the author and collaborators have studied the autohesion (tack) and cohesion (green strength) of uncrosslinked elastomers. It is the purpose of this short review to present some highlights of this research. This is not meant to be a brief review of the entire literature on the subject.
On the theory of stripping reactions

Abstract The validity of the concept of a localization elementary stripping event, as a source of waves to be superposed with appropriate phases, is investigated in simple models. The basic model is the one-dimensional deuteron encountering a simple potential step. The behaviour of its two-dimensional wave equation at appropriate boudaries and limits is discussed both without the use of perturbation theory and with a perturbation theory different from a Born approximation. This one-dimensional model is extended to the case of two or three dimensions with a potential step over an infinite face or a finite aperture. It is shown how the joining of the waves at the interface preserves the transverse momentum in such a way that the direction of emission of the proton is determined by the combined effects of the proton scattering and the internal deutron momentum as compatible with the final behaviour of the neutron. This treatment suggests that in actual nuclei the potential jump at the nuclear surface is more important as a valid source of stripping than is the constant real potential (or, in the reverse pick-up process, the bound-particle distribution) which fills the nuclear volume and provides a volume source of stripping in the Born approximation. The practical importance of the distinction is reduced in the distorted-wave Born approximation by the fact that absorption suppresses contribution from the deep interior. The deuteron absorption, predominantly near the front face, should also be treated as a source of stripping. The stripping mechanism is illustrated most simply in the Born approximation in terms of a rectangular nuclear model.
Dynamical mean-field theory of electron-phonon interactions in correlated systems: Application to isotope effects on electronic properties

We use a recently developed formalism (combining an adiabatic expansion and dynamical mean-field theory) to obtain expressions for isotope effects on electronic properties in correlated systems. As an example we calculate the isotope effect on electron effective mass for the Holstein model as a function of electron-phonon interaction strength and doping. Our systematic expansion generates diagrams which turn out to give the dominant contributions. The isotope effect is small unless the system is near a lattice instability. We compare this to experiment.
Cognitive Social Maturity, Life Change Events, and Health Risk Behaviors among Adolescents: Development of a Structural Equation Model

Purpose: To examine the roles of cognitive social maturity and life change events in a structural equation model (SEM) to explain adolescents' use of marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol. Methods: Data were derived from 1322 9th and 10th graders in a HIV prevention study. Students completed a survey of their cognitive social maturity, recent life events and substance use habits. A model from a study on the metabolic control of adolescents with diabetes was modified to apply to health risk behaviors. Results: A SEM was tested and fit the data well. Lower cognitive social maturity and greater life change events significantly predicted health risk behaviors. Life events partially mediated the relationship between cognitive social maturity and health risk behaviors. Conclusions: Adolescents' social thought processes are related to their recent life events, which in turn are related to their substance use behaviors. Suggestions are made for interventions to improve adolescents' cognitive social maturity.
Density Functional Analysis of Anharmonic Contributions to Adenine Matrix Isolation Spectra

This paper reports the analysis of adenine spectra using both harmonic and anharmonic approximations to the vibrational frequencies reported in matrix isolation studies. The harmonic approximation procedure consists of the application of a scaled ab initio calculated harmonic force field to predict the frequencies, and infrared intensities, of adenine. Theoretical calculations were made using Hartree−Fock density functional theory (DFT) B3-LYP/6-31G* and GGA/DNP computational methods. The equilibrium calculated force constants were scaled according to the method of Pulay (Pulay, P.; Fogarasi, G.; Pang, F.; Boggs, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 2550−2560) and compared with the experimentally determined frequencies, and intensities, to assess the accuracy and fit of the theoretical calculation. Good agreement is found except for the in-plane X−H bending or stretching and the out-of-plane X−H bending or wagging modes (X = C and N) which exhibit cubic and quartic anharmonicity, respectively. The NH2 pucke...
Eigenvalues of Self-Similar Solutions of the Dafermos Regularization of a System of Conservation Laws via Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory

The Dafermos regularization of a system of n conservation laws in one space dimension admits smooth self-similar solutions of the form u=u(X/T). In particular, there are such solutions near a Riemann solution consisting of n possibly large Lax shocks. In Lin and Schecter (2004, SIAM. J. Math. Anal. 35, 884–921), eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the linearized Dafermos operator at such a solution were studied using asymptotic expansions. Here we show that the asymptotic expansions correspond to true eigenvalue–eigenfunction pairs. The proofs use geometric singular perturbation theory, in particular an extension of the Exchange Lemma.
Finding your place in the information age library

As more users access college and university library resources remotely and the promise of managed on‐site collections growth finally appears achievable librarians have developed a renewed awareness of the role of their libraries as important campus meeting centers, and realize the need and opportunity to make them better places for all their constituents. This article supports this premise that a library needs to be a memorable place, highlights the distinction between the changing functional requirements that are addressed with space programming and the enduring social and emotional needs of a community that are realized through the design of place. It offers examples of design ideas and recommendations for methods that architects and librarians can use to communicate these abstract and subjective concepts so that the planning team can more effectively visualize and help create their future library.
Suppression of phospholipid biosynthesis by cerulenin in the condensed Single-Protein-Production (cSPP) system

Using the single-protein-production (SPP) system, a protein of interest can be exclusively produced in high yield from its ACA-less gene in Escherichia coli expressing MazF, an ACA-specific mRNA interferase. It is thus feasible to study a membrane protein by solid-state NMR (SSNMR) directly in natural membrane fractions. In developing isotope-enrichment methods, we observed that 13C was also incorporated into phospholipids, generating spurious signals in SSNMR spectra. Notable, with the SPP system a protein can be produced in total absence of cell growth caused by antibiotics. Here, we demonstrate that cerulenin, an inhibitor of phospholipid biosynthesis, can suppress isotope incorporation in the lipids without affecting membrane protein yield in the SPP system. SSNMR analysis of ATP synthase subunit c, an E. coli inner membrane protein, produced by the SPP method using cerulenin revealed that 13C resonance signals from phospholipid were markedly reduced, while signals for the isotope-enriched protein were clearly present.
Wisdom as Expert Knowledge System: A Critical Review of a Contemporary Operationalization of an Ancient Concept

Paul B. Baltes and his colleagues, who are among the most prominent contemporary wisdom researchers, define wisdom as ‘expert knowledge in the domain fundamental pragmatics of life.’ By contrast, this