cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Look at the 5α‐Reductase Inhibitor Finasteride

Finasteride is the first 5α-reductase inhibitor that received clinical approval for the treatment of human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenetic alopecia (male pattern hair loss). These clinical applications are based on the ability of finasteride to inhibit the Type II isoform of the 5α-reductase enzyme, which is the predominant form in human prostate and hair follicles, and the concomitant reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In addition to catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the reduction of testosterone, both isoforms of the 5α-reductase enzyme are responsible for the reduction of progesterone and deoxycorticosterone to dihydroprogesterone (DHP) and dihydrodeoxycorticosterone (DHDOC), respectively. Recent preclinical data indicate that the subsequent 3α-reduction of DHT, DHP and DHDOC produces steroid metabolites with rapid non-genomic effects on brain function and behavior, primarily via an enhancement of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory neurotransmission. Consistent with their ability to enhance the action of GABA at GABAA receptors, these steroid derivatives (termed neuroactive steroids) possess anticonvulsant, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in addition to altering aspects of sexual- and alcohol-related behaviors. Thus, finasteride, which inhibits both isoforms of 5α-reductase in rodents, has been used as a tool to manipulate neuroactive steroid levels and determine the impact on behavior. Results of some preclinical studies and clinical observations with finasteride are described in this review article. The data suggest that endogenous neuroactive steroid levels may be inversely related to symptoms of premenstrual and postpartum dysphoric disorder, catamenial epilepsy, depression, and alcohol withdrawal.
High Frequency Acoustical Propagation and Scattering in Coastal Waters

Abstract : To learn about the physical processes controlling the propagation of high frequency acoustical signals; in particular to understand the relationship between the presences of bubble distributions, surface gravity waves and turbulence on sound propagation. A second long-term goal is to model these processes to improve our understanding and to enhance the predictive capabilities
Defending mechanisms for protecting power systems against intelligent attacks

The power system forms the backbone of a modern society, and its security is of paramount importance to nation's economy. However, the power system is vulnerable to intelligent attacks by attackers who have enough knowledge of how the power system is operated, monitored and controlled. This paper proposes a game theoretic approach to explore and evaluate strategies for the defender to protect the power systems against such intelligent attacks. First, a risk assessment is presented to quantify the physical impacts inflicted by attacks. Based upon the results of the risk assessment, this paper represents the interactions between the attacker and the defender by extending the current zero-sum game model to more generalized game models for diverse assumptions concerning the attacker's motivation. The attacker and defender's equilibrium strategies are attained by solving these game models. In addition, a numerical illustration is demonstrated to warrant the theoretical outcomes.
Variational Problems which are Quadratic in the Surface Curvatures

We study variational problems for surfaces in Euclidean space for functionals involving curvatures. Particularly, we study both the classical Willmore surfaces and their anisotropic analogue.
The Building Block for the Semantic Web: RDF

This chapter is probably the most important chapter in this whole book: it covers the Resource Description Framework (RDF) in detail; RDF is the building block for the Semantic Web. A solid understanding of RDF provides the key to the whole technical world that defines the foundation of the Semantic Web: once you have gained the understanding of RDF, all the rest of the technical components will become much easier to comprehend, and in fact, much more intuitive as well.
Collapsing light really shines

Nonlinear effects can lead to "self-focusing" collapse when the power in a laser beam exceeds a critical power. This process imposes an upper limit on the power that can be transmitted through a medium. For ultrashort laser pulses, the collapse dynamics is highly complex and under certain conditions can prove useful, as [Gaeta][1] explains in his Perspective. The resulting dynamical behavior can lead to the emission of a broad spectrum of radiation and to the spatial confinement of the laser beam for distances far beyond those allowed by linear diffraction. A collaboration of research scientists has developed the Teramobile (see also the review by [ Kasparian et al .][2]), which exploits these effects for the remote sensing of chemical species and aerosols in the lower atmosphere. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/301/5629/54 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/301/5629/61
Special functions and reversible three-term recurrence formula (R3TRF)

In the previous series "Special functions and three term recurrence formula (3TRF)", I generalize the three term recurrence relation in the linear differential equation for the infinite series and polynomial which makes B_n term terminated including all higher terms of A_n's. In this series I will show how to obtain the formula for the polynomial which makes A_n term terminated including all higher terms of B_n's and infinite series of its power series expansion. In the future series I will show you for the polynomial which makes A_n and B_n terms terminated at same time; the power series, integral formalism and generating function such as Heun, Mathieu, Lame and GCH equations will be constructed analytically. In chapter 1, I will generalize the three term recurrence relation in linear differential equation in a backward for the infinite series and polynomial which makes A_n term terminated including all higher terms of B_n's. In chapters 2-9, I will apply reversible three term recurrence formula to (1) the power series expansion in closed forms, (2) its integral representation and (3) generating functions of Heun, Confluent Heun, GCH, Lame and Mathieu equations that consist of three term recursion relation for the infinite series and polynomial which makes A_n term terminated.
The RFC Clamp Loader: Structure and Function

The eukaryotic RFC clamp loader couples the energy of ATP hydrolysis to open and close the circular PCNA sliding clamp onto primed sites for use by DNA polymerases and repair factors. Structural studies reveal clamp loaders to be heteropentamers. Each subunit contains a region of homology to AAA+ proteins that defines two domains. The AAA+ domains form a right-handed spiral upon binding ATP. This spiral arrangement generates a DNA binding site within the center of RFC. DNA enters the central chamber through a gap between the AAA+ domains of two subunits. Specificity for a primed template junction is achieved by a third domain that blocks DNA, forcing it to bend sharply. Thus only DNA with a flexible joint can bind the central chamber. DNA entry also requires a slot in the PCNA clamp, which is opened upon binding the AAA+ domains of the clamp loader. ATP hydrolysis enables clamp closing and ejection of RFC, completing the clamp loading reaction.
Sorivudine and 5-fluorouracil; a clinically significant drug-drug interaction due to inhibition of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase

Sorivudine (1-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-[2-bromovinyl] uracil; BV-araU; SQ32,756) is an antimetabolite which is a synthetic analogue of thymidine. This drug has demonstrated antiviral activity against varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex type 1 virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Clinical studies in Japan and subsequently worldwide showed this drug to be a potent agent for treating varicella zoster infections. Although in general well tolerated, a fatal drug interaction with fluoropyrimidine drugs was subsequently observed. While three deaths resulting from this interaction were recognized to have occurred during the initial clinical evaluation in Japan, the full impact of the interaction was not recognized in Japan until post-marketing when an additional 23 cases of severe toxicity were reported including 16 patients who subsequently died from fluoro-pyrimidine toxicity. Worldwide recognition of this potentially fatal drug-drug interaction led to subsequent disapproval in the US and elsewhere. The interaction has been shown to be due to suppression of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) catabolism, resulting in higher levels of 5-FU than would normally be observed. The mechanism of this interaction is mediated through inhibition of the 5-FU rate-limiting catabolizing enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) by the BV-araU metabolite BVU. This drug-drug interaction of sorivudine and 5-FU further emphasizes the critical importance of DPD on the clinical pharmacology of 5-FU.
Physiological traits for crop yield improvement in low N and P environments

Nitrogen and phosphorus are recognized as essential elements in crop production, but the full extent of the requirement for these elements in the physiological processes leading to crop growth seems not to be always fully appreciated. Virtually all the biochemical compounds in plants that support development and growth contain N and/or P. Deficiencies in either element lead to a lost ability for plant growth such that there is a quantitative relationship between crop yield and accumulation by plants of each of these elements. Few options appear to exist to greatly diminish the requirement for either element in crop growth and the formation of seed yield. Consequently, crop yields cannot be increased without increased acquisition of N and P by plants. If the soil environment does not offer these elements, then crop yield will necessarily be restricted. While little opportunity exists to increase N recovery under low nutrient environments, several options can be investigated for increasing P accumulation by the crop. Ultimately, however, the rigid limitation on yields of inadequate N means that without external supplies of N for the cropping system, biological fixation of N must be enhanced to increase N input. In particular, it appears that considerable research needs to be focused on whole-plant processes in legumes that lead to enhanced symbiotic N fixation. A critical aspect of increased legume production will be improved management of P to allow legumes to achieve high N fixation rates and yields.
A General Synthesis of 4‐Isoxazolecarboxylic Esters: Ethyl 3‐Ethyl‐5‐Methyl‐4‐Isoxazolecarboxylate

A general synthesis of 4-isoxazolecarboxylic esters: ethyl 3-ethyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylate intermediate: ethyl β-pyrrolidinocrotonate product: ethyl 3-ethyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylate Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; condensation, miscellaneous; cyclization, cycloaddition; elimination, miscellaneous; esterification, of substituted monobasic acids
Rotordynamics Research: Current Interests and Future Directions

The level of understanding of machinery dynamics is higher today than was ever thought possible 35 years ago. In fact, a major source of excitation was overlooked and thought to be coming from aerodynamic excitation forces in centrifugal compressors. The evaluation of instability mechanisms has advanced to the point that standard procedures are currently being proposed for all petrochemical rotating machinery. While this all sounds so fine, a closer look reveals that much more work is necessary to fully understand the machinery being built today and the advanced technology machinery that will be needed in future years. Most major universities are not interested in machinery dynamics research due to the low level of funding that the machinery OEMs and users have come to expect for such research programs. If this trend continues, it will eventually be left to industry to self-teach and advance the knowledge required to produce the necessary rotating machinery. This paper will address the most interesting results from the author’s current research efforts in two different areas. First, a key area of research for the past 25 years has been the proper prediction of labyrinth seal excitation in centrifugal compressors. Second, for the past 15 years, the fluid film bearing thermally induced synchronous instability has been the most interesting and widespread source of a new excitation mechanism for modern machinery. A summary of results and future requirements for each of these areas will be discussed in the conclusions and recommendations.
Analyzing Resilience Properties of Different Topologies of Collective Adaptive Systems

Modern software systems are often compositions of entities that increasingly use self-adaptive capabilities to improve their behavior to achieve systemic quality goals. Self adaptive managers for each component system attempt to provide locally optimal results, but if they cooperated and potentially coordinated their efforts it might be possible to obtain more globally optimal results. The emergent properties that result from such composition and cooperation of self-adaptive systems are not well understood, difficult to reason about, and present a key challenge in the evolution of modern software systems. For example, the effects of coordination patterns and protocols on emergent properties, such as the resiliency of the collectives, need to be understood when designing these systems. In this paper we propose that probabilistic model checking of stochastic multiplayer games (SMG) provides a promising approach to analyze, understand, and reason about emergent properties in collectives of adaptive systems (CAS). Probabilistic Model Checking of SMGs is a technique particularly suited to analyzing emergent properties in CAS since SMG models capture: (i) the uncertainty and variability intrinsic to a CAS and its execution environment in the form of probabilistic and nondeterministic choices, and (ii) the competitive/cooperative aspects of the interplay among the constituent systems of the CAS. Analysis of SMGs allows us to reason about things like the worst case scenarios, which constitutes a new contribution to understanding emergent properties in CAS. We investigate the use of SMGs to show how they can be useful in analyzing the impact of communication topology for collections of fully cooperative systems defending against an external attack.
Tricyclic anticonvulsants: mechanisms of action.

Two aspects of neuronal function are particularly relevant to the known actions of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs): voltage-dependent ionic membrane conductances (especially sodium, potassium, and calcium); and synaptic actions of neurotransmitters, particularly c-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and acetylcholine. Inhibitory actions in the central nervous system (CNS) are mediated principally by GABA. Other neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, also have inhibitory properties [1]. GABA receptors, which have been cloned, are composed of a GABAA receptor, a barbiturate receptor, and a benzodiazepine receptor, which all surround the chloride channel [2]. Neurons that secrete the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate are ubiquitous throughout the CNS. Cholinergic neurons extend from the septum and basal forebrain to the cortex, including the hippocampus. Recent evidence suggests a role for acetylcholine in epileptogenesis; e.g., excised temporal lobectomy tissues show increased concentrations of acetylcholinesterase compared with what is expected [1].
Magnesium concentration effects on cruciform extrusion in supercoiled DNA examined by atomic force microscopy

Cruciform structures can form in DNA sequences with inverted repeats or palindromic symmetry under unwinding torsional stress. DNA repeats are widespread in the genomes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and their extrusion into cruciform structures may be involved in various genetic processes, including transcription and replication. Intracellular Mg 2þ may change the free energy of supercoiling to provide the driving force for cruciform extrusion. We have used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to image the effects of magnesium concentrations on cruciform extrusions in supercoiled DNA. Mg 2þ concentration dependent cruciform extrusions were observed in the supercoiled topoisomer of the pPR-PARP plasmid ðhs i¼� 0:065Þ. These data show an application of AFM imaging to demonstrate that the presence of Mg 2þ results in increased extrusions and promotes compact
Description and Application of an Acoustic Pulse Detector to Nylon 6 and Polypropylene Single Fiber Fracture

We have developed a microcomputer-based instrument for detecting and analyzing the acoustic frequency pulse generated upon fracture of single filaments. The current generation of instruments can determine the pulse height and width; work is underway on the next generation of equipment, which will allow further analysis of the acoustic signal and testing of a bundle of fibers. The nylon 6 (PA6) and polypropylene (PP) fibers, produced in-house with selected draw ratios and denier, are broken using stan dard tensile testing techniques; hence, the filament tensile properties of the specimens are easily compared with the characteristics of the associated acoustic pulse. The general shape of the acoustic pulse energy data distribution is skewed, such as that of a Poisson distribution; hence, we have calculated the median of the data for use in our analyses. Increasing the test gauge length increases the width of the acoustic pulse. We have found that fiber linear density has no significant direct effect on the ...
A fluorescence characterization of the p-difluorobenzene-argon van der Waals complex. Energy levels, geometries and dissociation energies

Abstract Fluorescence excitation spectra of p-difluorobenzene (pDFB) seeded in a supersonic argon expansion have been used to identifyS1-S0 abso pumping the 0° level of each complex and the van der Waals stretching fundamental in pDFB-Ar are presented. Assignments of the spectra and of other dispersed fluorescence spectra not presented establish values of seven ring fundamentals in both the S1 and S0 states of pDFB-Ar: ν3, ν5, ν6, ν8, ν27, ν29, and ν30. Within a 3 cm−1 uncertainty, in th from the free pDFB value. Only one, the out-of-plane ring distortion ν8, is perturbed more than 2 cm−1 in the S1 state. Vibrational observations in pDFB-Ar2 involve ν″3, ν″5, ν″6, and ν″8 in the S0 state and ν′5 and ν′6 in ωeχe= 1.5 cm−1 is seen in fluorescence progressions members of σ in the S0 state. The observed pDFB-Ar rotational band cont are consistent with Ar centered on the ring at a distance 3.5±0.5 A in the S0 state and with a contraction of 0.1±0.04 A in the S1 state. The pDFB-Ar dissociation energy D′0 is estimated from spectroscopic information to be 190 cm−1≲ D′0 $ 242 cm−1 wi D′0−D″0 = 30cm−1
An analytical one-dimensional model for lightly doped drain (LDD) MOSFET devices

An analytic one-dimensional model for lightly doped drain (LDD) MOSFET devices is presented. This model decomposes the LDD device into an intrinsic MOSFET in series with n-source and drain diffusion. A conventional charge control model with a pseudo two-dimensional approach was used to calculate the current flow in the intrinsic MOSFET. The voltage drops in the n-source and drain, including both IR drops and voltage drop across the depletion region of the drain were calculated analytically. By reconstructing all the voltage drops across contact, source/drain, and channel regions, the calculated drain currents as a function of terminal voltages agree well with experimental data. Device optimization is also presented by using this analytical model for "full" LDD and As-P double diffused LDD structures.
Effect of mupirocin on the growth and lifespan of human fibroblasts

Abstract We have examined the effect of the antibiotic mupirocin on the growth and proliferative lifespan of human fibroblasts. Human embryonic lung fibroblasts were grown in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium, containing 10% fetal bovine serum and various concentrations of mupirocin ranging from 0.5–756 μg/ml. There is little difference in the rate of exponential growth and the final saturation density reached between control cultures and those grown in 0.5 μg, 72 μg, or 76 μg/ml mupirocin. Growth was retarded or inhibited in cultures containing 650–750 μg/ml mupirocin. The proliferative lifespan of adult skin fibroblasts was examined in cultures serially subcultivated in medium containing either 7 μg/ml or 100 μg/ml mupirocin. Cultures incubated in these concentrations of mupirocin were capable of reaching their full proliferative potential. This study shows that the growth and proliferative lifespan of human fibroblasts is unaltered in the presence of at least 100 μg/ml mupirocin although growth of human fibroblasts is inhibited by 700 μg/ml mupirocin. These observations suggest that long-term use of low but bactericidal concentrations of mupirocin will not impair growth of fibroblasts in healing wounds.
A Theoretical Study of Substituted Dioxiranes: Difluorodioxirane, Fluorofluoroxydioxirane, (Fluoroimino)dioxirane, and Hydrazodioxirane

Equilibrium geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies of three substituted dioxiranes, CO2FOF, CO2NF, and CO2(NH)2, which have not been previously investigated, are reported. Results are based on second-order Moller−Plesset (MP2) and quadratic configuration interaction through single and double excitation (QCISD) calculations using 6-31G(d) and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. Molecular geometric characteristics, vibrational frequencies, dipole moments, as well as local atomic charges, are compared with those of known dioxiranes (CO2H2, CO2F2, CO2N2, CO4). It is found that bond lengths and angles of the dioxirane ring are sensitive to the electropositivity of the central carbon. Hydrazodioxirane, CO2(NH)2, is found to be a high-energy density molecule; whereas fluorofluoroxydioxirane (CO2FOF) may be of further interest as a powerful oxidizer. Equilibrium geometries and vibrational frequencies of the previously uncharacterized energetically low-lying 13B1 and 13B2 triplet states of CO2F2 and the ground state ...
Regulation of products from biotechnology.

Applications a l'environnement comparees aux utilisations en laboratoire. Evolution et selection de nouveaux organismes. Modifications dues aux manipulations et naturelles nuisibles. Estimation des risques
Hypersonic attenuation in calcium tungstate

Abstract The attenuation of 1 GHz phonons in CaWO 4 has been measured, and is found to be in agreement with the theory of phonon-phonon interactions in dielectrics.
DIFFERENTIAL SCATTERING OF HELIUM IONS ON TARGETS OF He, Ne, AND Ar AT ENERGIES FROM 120 TO 830 keV.

The scattering of ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ projectiles by impact on the noble gases He, Ne, and Ar was investigated in the energy range 120-830 keV under single-collision conditions. Specifically, the experiment measured, as a function of angle in the range 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} -8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the total differential scattering cross section as well as the differential cross sections for scattering without change of charge, for scattering with charge transfer, and for scattering with electron stripping. The total differential scattering cross section was found to be in agreement with a theoretical differential scattering cross section calculated classically using a screened Coulomb potential. Thus, the scattering of the particles in these close encounters is determined primarily by the mutual nuclear repulsion and may be adequately described by classical mechanics. The fraction of particles in a particular charge state was independent of the scattering angle, a result consistent with theory and with previous experiments at slightly lower energies. For the resonant case ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ + He, it was found that the fraction of scattered particles which had picked up an electron during the collision could be prediced by a semiempirical equation. Good agreement was also found when comparing relative charge-state populations with the predictions of a statistical theory.
Surgery of the biliary tract in infants and children

Abstract 1. 1. All infants and children with jaundice or having a history of repeated jaundice should be carefully investigated under the joint supervision of the pediatrician and surgeon. 2. 2. Surgical exploration is indicated when jaundice is present and persists. The reported good results from surgery in this condition warrant more serious consideration than they apparently have received in the past. 3. 3. In older children with persistent jaundice due to biliary tract disease, cholecystostomy and possible drainage of the common duct should be considered. 4. 4. Cases of jaundice of extrahepatic origin after clinical and laboratory investigation, fall in a group which should be considered as requiring surgical intervention.
Superdiffusion in two-dimensional Yukawa liquids.

Superdiffusion of two-dimensional (2D) liquids was studied using an equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. At intermediate temperatures, the mean-squared displacement, probability distribution function (PDF), and velocity autocorrelation function (VACF) all indicate superdiffusion; the VACF has a long-time tail; and the PDF indicates no L\'evy flights. These effects are predicted to occur in 2D dusty plasmas and other 2D liquids that can be modeled with a long-range repulsive potential.
Agent Smith: Towards an evolutionary rule-based agent for interactive dynamic games

The goal of this project is to develop an agent to play the first-person shooter game Unreal Tournament 2004 [1], a fast-paced and dynamic environment that demands that the agent must be capable of making decisions quickly. An additional goal of this project is to explore evolutionary computation as a means for learning the rule sets used to control the game-playing agent. The agent's behavior is controlled by a rule-based system, which looks at multiple high-level conditions, such as whether the agent is weak, and determines a single high-level action, such as to head for the nearest known healing source. Using an evolutionary computation approach, in which the behavior is evolved over a number of generations, the agent learns increasingly better strategies for its environment. Through the work in this project, we are exploring several research questions, including the development of successful vocabulary of high-level conditions and actions for the rule set, the challenges of using the evolutionary process to hone a rule set, and the effects of using some expert knowledge in combination with the evolutionary process.
Determinants of nitric oxide in exhaled gas in the isolated rabbit lung

Nitric oxide concentrations in the exhaled gas (NOe) increases during various inflammatory conditions in humans and animals. Little is known about the sources and factors that influence NOe. NOe at end expiration was measured by chemiluminescence in an isolated, blood-perfused rabbit lung. The average end-expiratory concentration over 10 breaths was used. The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), flow rate, pH, hypoxia, venous pressure, and flow pulsatility on NOe were determined. At constant blood flow, increasing PEEP from 1 to 5 cm H2O elicited a reproducible increase in NOe from 49 +/- 7 to 53 +/- 8 parts per billion (ppb) (p < 0.05). When blood pH was increased from 7.40 to 7.74 by breathing low CO2 gas, NOe rose from 45 +/- 7 to 55 +/- 7 ppb (p < 0.001). Hypoxia caused a dose-dependent decrease in NOe from 37 +/- 3 during baseline to 23 +/- 2 during ventilation with 0% O2 (p < 0.01). Venous pressure elevation from 0 to 5 and 10 mm Hg decreased NOe from 32 +/- 5, to 26 +/- 5 and 24 +/- 5...
Influence of Certain Additives on the Photostabilizing Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide for Sodium Nitroprusside Solutions

The influence of certain pharmaceutical adjuvants on the photostabilizing effect of dimethyl sulfoxide for a buffered solution of sodium nitroprusside was investigated. Dimethyl sulfoxide in a conc...
The Problem of Politics in Feminist Literary Criticism: Contending Voices in Two Contemporary Novels

Abstract As Judith Fetterley asserts, “Literature is political” (xi). Today it seems apparent to many critics that a body of words is not isolated but relates to the larger culture. However, politics in fiction is not easily characterized. Even if an author's political stance seems well defined, I argue that how a writer makes meaning renders difficult any deep understanding of a text's political content. Politics exists thematically in a text, but it also is deeply embedded in language. The claim that literature is political seems to indicate that what we read makes a difference in our lives, even though attempts to promote a literary canon of culturally relevant works have been problematic.
Comparative performance of forward/backward and symmetric linear predictions

Three linear prediction schemes are studied based on different combinations of the forward and backward estimates. One of the schemes is shown to be a two-sided prediction method with symmetric weights, which has been widely used in the detection of wideband data embedded in narrowband interference and noise. To make performance comparison possible, the variances of data estimation errors are analysed. According to the analytical results, the symmetric estimation outperforms the forward/backward estimation when the number of prediction weights is small.
The Misremembrance of Wines Past: Verbal and Perceptual Expertise Differentially Mediate Verbal Overshadowing of Taste Memory

When participants generate a detailed, memory-based description of complex nonverbal stimuli (e.g., faces) their recognition performance can be worse than nondescribing controls. This effect, termedverbal overshadowing,has been hypothesized to occur in situations in which domain-specific perceptual expertise exceeds verbal expertise. The present study explored this hypothesis by examining the impact of verbalization on the wine recognition of individuals of three categories of wine tasting expertise: Non-wine drinkers, untrained wine drinkers, and trained wine experts. Participants tasted a red wine, engaged in either verbalization or an unrelated verbal activity, and then attempted to identify the target wine from among three foils. As predicted, only the untrained wine drinkers showed impaired wine recognition following verbalization. The results are explained in terms of the differential development of perceptual and verbal skills in the course of becoming an expert.
Improving test compression with scan feedforward techniques

Scan feedforward techniques are proposed for improving test compression for both sequential linear decompressors based on solving linear equations and for broadcast scan based decompressors in which the decompressor constraints are included in the automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) backtrace. The conventional approach is to first pre-load a sequential linear decompressor with free variables from the tester for some number of clock cycles before beginning to shift the scan chain. A scan feedforward scheme is proposed here which can shorten or eliminate the need for pre-loading the decompressor. More importantly, even if the pre-load phase is not changed, the proposed scheme significantly expands the free-variable dependence of each scan cell, which increases the probability of encoding a test cube. This permits more faults to be targeted by each test cube generated during ATPG (i.e., improved dynamic compaction) thereby leading to fewer test cubes for the same fault coverage. For broadcast scan based schemes, a methodology is presented for using both feedforward and feedback in the scan chains to increase encoding flexibility. The proposed scheme is effective even when narrow TAMs (even 1-bit TAMs) are feeding the decompressor. There is no need to pre-load pipeline flip-flops as is conventionally required in existing solutions thereby reducing test time and improving compression. Experimental results are presented demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.
Some Investigations of Moderators for Slow Positron Beams

Measurements were made on a low-energy positron beam apparatus in an attempt to increase the efficiency of the slow positron yield from radioisotopes. A study was made to sweep thermalized positrons to the surface of a silicon wafer with an applied electric field at 298 and 140 K. Temperature studies were also made on more conventional Pt and Pt+MgO powder moderators and the results are discussed. The role of the MgO powder has been clarified, though fundamental questions remain. The positron apparatus beam and relevant information regarding sources, temperature and magnetic fields are discussed in sufficient detail so that such a slow positron beam utilizing a “conventional” slow positron moderator could be easily duplicated for use in solid state studies.
The structure and assembly mechanism of a novel three-stranded tubulin filament that centers phage DNA.

Tubulins are a universally conserved protein superfamily that carry out diverse biological roles by assembling filaments with very different architectures. The underlying basis of this structural diversity is poorly understood. Here, we determine a 7.1 A cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the bacteriophage-encoded PhuZ filament and provide molecular-level insight into its cooperative assembly mechanism. The PhuZ family of tubulins is required to actively center the phage within infected host cells, facilitating efficient phage replication. Our reconstruction and derived model reveal the first example of a three-stranded tubulin filament. We show that the elongated C-terminal tail simultaneously stabilizes both longitudinal and lateral interactions, which in turn define filament architecture. Identified interaction surfaces are conserved within the PhuZ family, and their mutagenesis compromises polymerization in vitro and in vivo. Combining kinetic modeling of PhuZ filament assembly and structural data, we suggest a common filament structure and assembly mechanism for the PhuZ family of tubulins.
Growth Factors Regulate Immunoreactive Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Production by Cultured Porcine Granulosa Cells*

The effects of various growth factors on the production of immunoreactive insulin-like growth factor I (ilGFI ) in short term (3-day) cultures of porcine granulosa cells was investigated. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was shown to be a potent dose-dependent stimulator of iIGF-I production, achieving a 3.6-fold stimulation at a dose of 10 ng/ml. Transforming growth factor-α (10 ng EGF equivalents/ml) was also stimulatory. Platelet-derived growth factor (10 ng/ml) had no effect of its own, but enhanced EGF-stimulated iIGF-I production. The acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (100 ng/ml) had no effect alone or in combination with EGF. Transforming growth factor-β (10 ng/ml) had no effect of its own, but inhibited EGFstimulated iIGF-I production. The interactive effects of EGF and FSH (200 ng/ml) on iIGF-I production were investigated in short term and longer term (7-day) cultures. In short term cultures under conditions optimized for EGF-dependent iIGF-I production, FSH had no effect of its own and in...
Contrasting identity-by-descent estimators, association studies, and linkage analyses using the Framingham Heart Study data

We explored the utility of population- and pedigree-based analyses using the Framingham Heart Study genome-wide 50 k single-nucleotide polymorphism marker data provided for Genetic Analysis Workshop 16. Our aims were: 1) to compare identity-by-descent sharing estimates from variable amounts of data; 2) to apply each of these estimates to a case-control association study designed to control for relatedness among samples; and 3) to contrast these results to those obtained using model-based and model-free linkage analysis methods.
Evaluation and Mechanism of Action of Two Hypotensive Substituted Diamines

Two substituted diamines, N,N' -bis ( α -2-pyridylethyl)-1,2-propanediamine difumarate (EX 4962) and N , N '-bis( α -2-pyridylethyl)-2,3-butanediamine difumarate (EX 10,074), produced marked hypotensive effects of long duration when administered intravenously in anesthetized rats and dogs. They abolished the pressor response to bilateral carotid occlusion, slightly reduced the pressor response to injected catecholamines, and abolished the pressor response to amphetamine sulfate. Both of the compounds decreased the response of the cat nictitating membrane to both pre. and postganglionic stimulation and to injected epinephrine and increased blood flow in the perfused denervated hindlimb of the dog following intra-arterial administration. These results suggested that the compounds possessed some adrenergic blocking properties and that their hypotensive activity possibly was due to the blockade of the activity of endogenously released catecholamines on α-adrenergic receptors.
Isolation of a human stromal cell strain secreting hemopoietic growth factors

A diploid fibroblastoid cell strain, termed “ST-1,” has been established from a long-term liquid culture of human fetal liver cells. ST-1 cells are nonphagocytic, nonspecific esterase negative and do not possess factor VIII-related antigen but stain with antibodies specific for fibronectin and type I collagen. The ST-1 cells produce nondialyzable hemopoietic growth factors capable of stimulating the development of erythroid bursts, mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies, pure granulocyte colonies, and pure macrophage colonies. These factors are active on both human fetal liver and human adult bone marrow progenitors. When liquid cultures of human fetal liver hemopoietic progenitors are established with a preformed monolayer of ST-1 cells, the yields of nonadherent cells, erythroid progenitors, and myeloid progenitors are greatly increased. These studies demonstrate that the fibroblastoid ST-1 cells support hemopoiesis in vitro and may be a critical element in the stromal microenvironment in vivo.
Latent Transforming Growth Factor β-binding Proteins and Fibulins Compete for Fibrillin-1 and Exhibit Exquisite Specificities in Binding Sites

Latent transforming growth factor (TGF) β-binding proteins (LTBPs) interact with fibrillin-1. This interaction is important for proper sequestration and extracellular control of TGFβ. Surface plasmon resonance interaction studies show that residues within the first hybrid domain (Hyb1) of fibrillin-1 contribute to interactions with LTBP-1 and LTBP-4. Modulation of binding affinities by fibrillin-1 polypeptides in which residues in the third epidermal growth factor-like domain (EGF3) are mutated demonstrates that the binding sites for LTBP-1 and LTBP-4 are different and suggests that EGF3 may also contribute residues to the binding site for LTBP-4. In addition, fibulin-2, fibulin-4, and fibulin-5 bind to residues contained within EGF3/Hyb1, but mutated polypeptides again indicate differences in their binding sites in fibrillin-1. Results demonstrate that these protein-protein interactions exhibit “exquisite specificities,” a phrase commonly used to describe monoclonal antibody interactions. Despite these differences, interactions between LTBP-1 and fibrillin-1 compete for interactions between fibrillin-1 and these fibulins. All of these proteins have been immunolocalized to microfibrils. However, in fibrillin-1 (Fbn1) null fibroblast cultures, LTBP-1 and LTBP-4 are not incorporated into microfibrils. In contrast, in fibulin-2 (Fbln2) null or fibulin-4 (Fbln4) null cultures, fibrillin-1, LTBP-1, and LTBP-4 are incorporated into microfibrils. These data show for the first time that fibrillin-1, but not fibulin-2 or fibulin-4, is required for appropriate matrix assembly of LTBPs. These studies also suggest that the fibulins may affect matrix sequestration of LTBPs, because in vitro interactions between these proteins are competitive.
Nucleon and nuclear anapole moments.

The leading T-conserving P-nonconserving (PNC) electromagnetic coupling to the nucleon or nucleus is known as the anapole moment. We evaluate the pion-cloud contribution to the nucleon anapole moment, and the enhancements in nuclei associated with meson-exchange currents and with the mixing of the nuclear ground state with opposite-parity excited states. We find that the anapole moment becomes the dominant PNC spin-dependent coupling in heavy nuclei.
Effects of competitor and natural organic matter characteristics on the equilibrium sorption of 1,2-dichlorobenzene in soil and shale.

The competitive sorption behaviors of 1,2-DCB in binary solute systems in four natural sorbents having natural organic matter (NOM) matrixes of different physicochemical characters were investigated in batch reactors. Specifically, the study focused on investigating how the extent of 1,2-DCB competitive sorption depends on (i) the rigidity of NOM matrixes as assessed by the efficiency of chemical oxidation and (ii) the closeness of competitor structure to that of the primary solute. The chemical oxidation and elemental composition results suggest that the shale NOM is the most reduced and condensed, the peat was the most oxidized and amorphous, and two surface soils had intermediate NOM structures. Four chlorinated benzenes and phenanthrene were used as competing solutes. All five chemicals exhibited competition against 1,2-DCB in all sorbents, including the peat, but the extent of competition varied significantly. Little difference in the extent of competition with 1,2-DCB was observed for the various ch...
Bingham Oceanographic Foundation

During 1933, the main activity in the field of physical oceanography has been centered around a hydrographic and chemical survey of the Caribbean Sea. This was a joint undertaking with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and has been continued with a two months cruise during the winter of 1934. In cooperation with the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 164 surface temperature- and salinity-stations were also made in Delaware Bay and along the southern coast of New Jersey.
Strategy and Sample Selection: A Strategic Selection Estimator

The development and proliferation of strategic estimators has narrowed the gap between theoretical models and empirical testing. But despite recent contributions that extend the basic strategic estimator, researchers have continued to neglect a classic social science phenomenon: selection. Compared to nonstrategic estimators, strategic models are even more prone to selection effects. First, external shocks or omitted variables can lead to correlated errors. Second, because the systematic parts of actors' utilities usually overlap on certain key variables, the two sets of explanatory variables are correlated. As a result, both the systematic and the stochastic components can be correlated. However, given that the estimates for the first mover are computed based on the potentially biased predicted probabilities of the second actor, we also generate biased estimates for the first actor. In applied work, researchers neglect the potential shortcomings due to selection bias. This article presents an alternative strategic estimator that takes selection into account and allows scholars to obtain consistent, unbiased, and efficient estimates in the presence of both selection and strategic action. I present a Monte Carlo analysis as well as a real-world application to illustrate the superior performance of this estimator relative to the standard practice.
A tabular method of obtaining tetrachoricr with median-cut variables

A method is presented that enables the immediate determination of tetrachoricr from a table if the proportion in the plus-plus cell for median-cut variables is known.
Planning the acquisition of intellectual and property rights in the United States

Discusses foreign investment in the USA, which often carries the prerequisite of acquisition of intellectual property rights. Talks about some of the issues that can arise when acquiring intellectual property rights and outlines some planning procedures which helps to protect the buyer from, for example, third party claims to the rights. Starts with patents and offers advice on checking ownership, acquiring all existing and pending patents, carrying out independent title searches in the US Patent and Trademark Office, as well as on‐line, checking to see if any legal action has been taken on patent infringement, acquiring assignments and licenses, reviewing employment agreements, checking for infringement of third party rights, and checking who has responsibility for recordation of the assignment. Moves on to trademarks – their ownership and registration, assignments and licenses, proper use, infringement and validity of the mark, recordation and cost of assignment. Deals next with copyrights and their ownership, licenses, proper use, validity and enforcement. Finishes with trade secrets and their ownership and maintenance of secrecy. Concludes that diligent investigation is the only way to safeguard that what you expect to get will be what you actually receive.
Subthalamic nucleus cell firing in the 6-OHDA-treated rat: basal activity and response to haloperidol

Single unit recordings from neurons of the subthalamic nucleus were made in control and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate. Subthalamic nucleus cells in this preparation exhibited a wide range of firing rates and three different firing patterns. These patterns were defined as 'burst', 'normal', and 'mixed' based on comparisons of their interspike interval histograms. Four to 6 weeks after 6-OHDA treatment there was no change in the basal firing rates of subthalamic nucleus cells, but there was a significant shift in firing pattern, with a smaller proportion of cells exhibiting the 'normal' firing pattern. The response of subthalamic nucleus neurons to acute administration of haloperidol was also altered in 6-OHDA-treated rats tested 4-6 weeks post-lesion, with a significantly greater proportion of cells responding to doses of haloperidol as low as 0.2 mg/kg (i.v.) with increases in firing rate of 20% or more. These results suggest that the subthalamic nucleus is probably not involved in the increases in basal levels of dopamine cell activity observed previously in the 6-OHDA-treated rat, but may play a role in the acute induction of depolarization block of dopamine cell firing in response to haloperidol administration in this model.