cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interleukin‐4 receptor alpha overexpression in human bladder cancer correlates with the pathological grade and stage of the disease

Previously, we have demonstrated that interleukin-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) is overexpressed on a variety of human cancers and can serve as target for IL-4 immunotoxin comprised of IL-4 and a mutated Pseudomonas exotoxin. However, its expression and association with grade and clinical stage of bladder cancer has not been studied. IL-4Rα expression was examined in human bladder cancer cell lines, mouse xenografts, and biopsy specimens at mRNA and protein levels by real-time RT-PCR and IHC/ISH techniques. We also examined the effect of IL-4 on proliferation and invasion of bladder carcinoma cell lines. For tissue microarray (TMA) results, we analyzed the precision data using exact binomial proportion with exact two-sided P-values. We used Cochran–Armitage Statistics with exact two-sided P-values to examine the trend analysis of IL-4Rα over grade or stage of the bladder cancer specimens. The influence of age and gender covariates was also analyzed using multiple logistic regression models. IL-4Rα is overexpressed in five bladder cancer cell lines, while normal bladder and human umbilical vein cell lines (HUVEC) expressed at low levels. Two other chains of IL-4 receptor complex, IL-2RγC and IL-13Rα1, were absent or weakly expressed. IL-4 modestly inhibited the cell proliferation, but enhanced cell invasion of bladder cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Bladder cancer xenografts in immunodeficient mice also maintained IL-4Rα overexpression in vivo. Analysis of tumor biopsy specimens in TMAs revealed significantly higher IL-4Rα immunostaining (≥2+) in Grade 2 (85%) and Grade 3 (97%) compared to Grade 1 tumors (0%) (P ≤ 0.0001). Similarly, 9% stage I tumors were positive for IL-4Rα (≥2+) compared to 84% stage II (P ≤ 0.0001) and 100% stages III–IV tumors (P ≤ 0.0001). IL-13Rα1 was also expressed in tumor tissues but at low levels and it did not show any correlation with the grade and stage of disease. However, the IL-2RγC was not expressed. Ten normal bladder specimens demonstrated ≤1+ staining for IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1 and no staining for IL-2RγC. These results demonstrate that IL-4Rα is overexpressed in human bladder cancer, which correlates with advanced grade and stage of the disease. Thus, IL-4Rα may be a bladder tumor-associated protein and a prognostic biomarker.
Masculinized female hamsters do not require steroid treatment when adult for activation of the male copulatory response pattern.

Abstract (1) Female hamsters which received 500 μg testosterone propionate (TP) at 12 or 24 hr after birth displayed the male orienting response and copulatory pattern towards a lure female with frequencies and durations of response similar to those found in the normal male. (2) Injection of 250 μg estradiol benzoate (EB) at 12 or 24 hr after birth also resulted in the treated females displaying the male level of response towards a lure female for all elements of behavior measured except intromission. (3) Injection of either TP or EB at 48, 72, 96 or 120 hr after birth was less effective than 12 or 24 hr treatment for induction of the male orienting and copulatory pattern in the treated female. (4) Male hamsters given similar EB or TP treatment between 12 and 120 hr after birth showed no change in orienting or copulatory behavior towards a lure female. (5) All behavioral measures were made while the treated females were intact and not receiving any exogenous hormone treatment. This indicates that expression of the male orienting response and copulatory pattern by the female hamster as a result of neonatal steroid treatment (organizational event) is not dependent upon a series of hormone injections (activational event) in the adult animal.
Subband spectrum of a parabolic quantum well in a perpendicular magnetic field.

We have calculated self-consistent electron wave functions and eigenenergies in a wide parabolic quantum well subject to a perpendicular magnetic field. The spectra from these calculations naturally divide into three regions of magnetic-field strength. These regions are distinguished by different relative magnitudes of subband spacings and \ensuremath{\Elzxh}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}}$. In each region, the eigenenergies and Fermi energy exhibit distinctive behavior as a function of field. We find that in low and intermediate fields, the usual Landau-level fan diagram with rigid eigenenergies is incorrect. We conclude that the system adopts a different physical evolution in each region of the magnetic field. This is reflected in the evolution of the shape of the electron-gas slab and the self-consistent potential in each region.
Shippable And Indefinitely Storable Lipid Bilayer Precursor

Although artificially reconstituted lipid bilayers have been used for over four decades for basic scientific research, to host engineered pore proteins for sensing applications, and to measure drug/ion channel interactions, their wider application is limited by a number of factors including fragility, short lifetime, and manual formation at the time and place of use. We have recently developed a new approach in which the self-assembly of lipid bilayers formed using the Mueller-Rudin method (Mueller et al. Nature 194, 979 (1962)) can be reversibly halted through freezing. (Jeon et al. Lab Chip 8, 1742 (2008)) When frozen before bilayer self-assembly is complete, the bilayer precursor is sufficiently robust to withstand shipping and indefinite storage. After thawing, the process of self-assembly resumes and results in a lipid bilayer membrane indistinguishable from one formed conventionally. In this way, we eliminate the need for the bilayer solution to be prepared at the time and place of use by a skilled operator. Instead, the bilayer precursor may simply be thawed prior to use. We will present our work with this platform and discuss our efforts to create membrane arrays with this technology and their application to high throughput screening of ion channels.
Abstract B49: Integrin alpha2beta1 (α2β1) promotes prostate cancer skeletal metastasis

Men who die of prostate cancer (PCa) do so because of systemic metastases, the most frequent of which are within the skeleton. Recent data suggest that the colonization of the skeleton is mediated in part by collagen type I, the most abundant protein within the bone. We have shown that enhanced collagen I binding through increased expression of integrin α2β1 stimulated in vitro invasion and promoted the growth of PCa cells within the bone. Accordingly, we tested whether α2β1 integrin is both a mediator and a predictive marker of skeletal metastasis. To directly test whether α2β1 integrin expression mediates PCa cell metastasis, α2 integrin was over-expressed in low-tumorigenic LNCaP PCa cells or selectively knocked-down in highly metastatic LNCaPcol PCa cells. The over-expression of full-length cDNA to α2 integrin stimulated whereas shRNA-mediated knock-down of α2 integrin abolished the ability of transduced cells to bind to or migrate towards collagen I. Correspondingly, α2 integrin knock-down reduced both the tumor volume of intra-osseous lesions and the formation of experimental metastases in the liver and skeleton compared to control-transduced cells demonstrating that α2β1 promotes the establishment of distant metastases. To investigate the clinical significance of α2β1 expression in PCa, α2β1 protein was measured in prostatic tissues and in soft tissue and bone metastases. The data demonstrate that α2β1 protein was elevated in PCa skeletal metastases compared to either PCa primary lesions or soft tissue metastases suggesting that α2β1 mediates the selective metastasis of PCa cells to the bone. Taken together, these data support that α2β1 integrin promotes the systemic metastasis of PCa cells and provide evidence that α2β1 integrin activity may promote skeletal metastasis in PCa patients. These studies provide a strong rationale for the development of α2β1 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of PCa skeletal metastases and thus have the potential to reduce both the incidence and mortality associated with metastatic PCa. Citation Format: Joseph L. Sottnik, Stephanie Daignault-Newton, Xiaotun Zhang, Morrissey Colm, Maha H. Hussain, Evan T. Keller, Christopher L. Hall. Integrin alpha2beta1 (α2β1) promotes prostate cancer skeletal metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B49.
Lunatic Fringe, Manic Fringe, and Radical Fringe Recognize Similar Specificity Determinants in O-Fucosylated Epidermal Growth Factor-like Repeats

Notch signaling is a component of a wide variety of developmental processes in many organisms. Notch activity can be modulated by O-fucosylation (mediated by protein O-fucosyltransferase-1) and Fringe, a β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that modifies O-fucose in the context of epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats. Fringe was initially described in Drosophila, and three mammalian homologues have been identified, Manic fringe, Lunatic fringe, and Radical fringe. Here for the first time we have demonstrated that, similar to Manic and Lunatic, Radical fringe is also a fucose-specific β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. The fact that three Fringe homologues exist in mammals raises the question of whether and how these enzymes differ. Although Notch contains numerous EGF repeats that are predicted to be modified by O-fucose, previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that not all O-fucosylated EGF repeats of Notch are further modified by Fringe, suggesting that the Fringe enzymes can differentiate between them. In this work, we have sought to identify specificity determinants for the recognition of an individual O-fucosylated EGF repeat by the Fringe enzymes. We have also sought to determine differences in the biochemical behavior of the Fringes with regard to their in vitro enzymatic activities. Using both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we have found two amino acids that appear to be important for the recognition of an O-fucosylated EGF repeat by all three mammalian Fringes. These amino acids provide an initial step toward defining sequences that will allow us to predict which O-fucosylated EGF repeats are modified by the Fringes.
Modified slide tracheoplasty for congenital tracheal stenosis

Slide tracheoplasty has become a standard procedure to treat long-segment congenital tracheal stenosis because it is a reasonable and simple technique. Slide tracheoplasty does not affect the carina during long-segment congenital tracheal stenosis management, and thus lesions of the carina, such as stenosis and tracheobronchomalacia can become important causes of extubation failure after surgery. In this manusript, we describe the effectiveness of our modified slide tracheoplasty, which includes reconstruction of the carina. We have performed this technique on three patients, all of whom were extubated without developing any respiratory symptoms.
A mixed finite element formulation for Maxwell's equations in the time domain

Abstract A Galerkin finite element solution technique for the Maxwell's equations is discussed. This new formulation can be viewed as a generalization of certain staggered-grid finite difference schemes to arbitrary meshes. It is shown that this technique is simple to implement and is more accurate as well as more cost effective than the standard equal-order finite element approach. Numerical are presented to evaluate the performance of this new element relative to the standard element.
Budget share transitions in the Netherlands, 1952–1977

Budget share transitions and their components are displayed for 10 broad consumer goods. The decrease in the budget share of food is dramatic, the increase in the share of medical care is quite substantial.
Amlexanox Reversibly Inhibits Cell Migration and Proliferation and Induces the Src-dependent Disassembly of Actin Stress Fibers in Vitro *

Amlexanox binds S100A13 and inhibits the release of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1). Because members of the S100 gene family are known to be involved with the function of the cytoskeleton, we examined the ability of amlexanox to modify the cytoskeleton and report that amlexanox induces a dramatic reduction in the presence of actin stress fibers and the appearance of a random, non-oriented distribution of focal adhesion sites. Correspondingly, amlexanox induces the complete and reversible non-apoptotic inhibition of cell migration and proliferation, and although amlexanox does not induce either the down-regulation of F-actin levels or the depolymerization of actin filaments, it does induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin, a Src substrate known to regulate actin bundling. In addition, a dominant negative form of Src is able to partially rescue cells from the effect of amlexanox on both the actin cytoskeleton and cell migration. In contrast, the inhibition of cell proliferation by amlexanox correlates with the inhibition of cyclin D1 expression without interference of the receptor tyrosine kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Last, the ability of amlexanox to inhibit FGF1 release is reversible and correlates with the restoration of the actin cytoskeleton, suggesting a role for the actin cytoskeleton in the FGF1 release pathway.
GLOBAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR A MICROPOLAR STOKES FLOW PROBLEM

Micropolar field theories provide a systematic approach to modeling traditional materials like elastic bodies or viscous fluids that have microstructure. The downside to accounting for the behavior on the smaller scale is the introduction of many new parameters into the field equations. The difficulty of handling these new parameters can be mitigated by performing a sensitivity analysis to determine which parameters have the greatest impact on the solutions to the field equations. The sensitivity of an incompressible micropolar Stokes fluid to variations in the viscosity coefficients and boundary value of the microinertia is examined. This particular choice of field equations is motivated by an application of micropolar field theories to the deformation of the continental lithosphere, but the same approach can be used for other micropolar equations modeling solids or other types of fluids.
Crystalline cytochrome P-450cam.

Abstract Cytochrome P-450 cam , purified to homogeneity from D-(+)-camphor grown Pseudomonas putida strain PpG786, has been obtained in crystalline form. This enzyme is homogeneous to sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge, S w,20 = 3.63, contains one mole of ferriprotoporphyrin IX per mole protein (M.W. 46,000) has a 392 280 ratio of 1.47 and a specific activity of 26 in the complete methylene hydroxylase assay.
The basis for K-Ras4B binding specificity to protein farnesyltransferase revealed by 2 A resolution ternary complex structures.

Abstract Background: The protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes addition of the hydrophobic farnesyl isoprenoid to a cysteine residue fourth from the C terminus of several protein acceptors that are essential for cellular signal transduction such as Ras and Rho. This addition is necessary for the biological function of the modified proteins. The majority of Ras-related human cancers are associated with oncogenic variants of K-RasB, which is the highest affinity natural substrate of FTase. Inhibition of FTase causes regression of Ras-mediated tumors in animal models. Results: We present four ternary complexes of rat FTase co-crystallized with farnesyl diphosphate analogs and K-Ras4B peptide substrates. The Ca 1 a 2 X portion of the peptide substrate binds in an extended conformation in the hydrophobic cavity of FTase and coordinates the active site zinc ion. These complexes offer the first view of the polybasic region of the K-Ras4B peptide substrate, which confers the major enhancement of affinity of this substrate. The polybasic region forms a type I β turn and binds along the rim of the hydrophobic cavity. Removal of the catalytically essential zinc ion results in a dramatically different peptide conformation in which the Ca 1 a 2 X motif adopts a β turn. A manganese ion binds to the diphosphate mimic of the farnesyl diphosphate analog. Conclusions: These ternary complexes provide new insight into the molecular basis of peptide substrate specificity, and further define the roles of zinc and magnesium in the prenyltransferase reaction. Zinc is essential for productive Ca 1 a 2 X peptide binding, suggesting that the β-turn conformation identified in previous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies reflects a state in which the cysteine is not coordinated to the zinc ion. The structural information presented here should facilitate structure-based design and optimization of inhibitors of Ca 1 a 2 X protein prenyltransferases.
Central venous access resulting in selective failure of ICD defibrillation capacity.

VARMA, N., et al.: Central Venous Access Resulting in Selective Failure of ICD Defibrillation Capacity. In a patient with a defibrillator system incorporating a lead with integrated bipolar sensing, physical contact between a guidewire (inserted for venous access) and the right ventricular defibrillation coil created sensing artefacts that triggered an inappropriate discharge. The presence of the guidewire in the heart during the discharge resulted in an electrical short with irreversible damage to the generator and rendered it incapable of delivering further high voltage therapy.
Thermomechanical design of the grazing incidence metal mirror of the Prometheus-L IFE reactor

Abstract In laser IFE reactors the reflectivity and absorptivity of the grazing incidence metal mirror (GIMM) depend on the neutron dose received by the mirror surface. In addition to this effect, surface deformation caused by neutron-irradiation-induced swelling and due to thermal load changes the focusing quality of the mirror. In the present work, we present the database for material selection of the final GIMM of the Prometheus-L IFE reactor. A unique design for the GIMM, which accounts for mirror surface deformation by thermal and swelling effects is then presented.
Sex Differences in Assertive Behavior: A Research Extension

This study was an extension of earlier empirical research measuring sex differences in assertive behavior. The Rathus Assertiveness Schedule was used for measuring assertiveness and discriminant an...
Fracture permeability created by perturbed stress fields around active faults in a fractured basement reservoir

Several researchers have suggested that perturbed stress fields associated with active faults significantly affect flow properties in the subsurface. To examine this insight quantitatively, we combine an elastic dislocation model of active faults and a stress-compliant function for fracture apertures to evaluate flow properties in a fractured basement reservoir in the Yufutsu field, Japan. The most productive well in the reservoir shows about 90 of rotation of the axes of horizontal stresses along the well trajectory, whereas the directions of horizontal stresses at nonproductive wells are commonly oriented consistently with those of the regional stresses. Additionally, results of step-rate hydraulic injection tests at the nonproductive well indicate that fracture apertures fluctuate significantly in response to the magnitude of stresses normal to the fracture surfaces. These observations support the important effect of perturbed stress fields on flow properties. The observed stress orientation profiles are correlated to those from a geomechanical model. Nonproductive wells were drilled in the area where the regional stress state prevails, and the most productive well penetrates the area near the tips of active faults, where the stress concentration leads to enhancements in fracture permeability by opening or shearing. The modeled perturbed stress fields combined with a stress-compliant function for opening of fracture apertures can explain the observed difference of well performances to the first order. The model demonstrates that areas near the tips of active faults have high potentials for hydrocarbon production in fractured basement reservoirs.
The Cause for Heart Disease and Strokes

There has been no solution to heart disease to date. I obtained discarded veins from bypass (CABG) surgeries and subjected them to phospholipid analysis. We also obtained arterial cells from human umbilical cords and cultured them with a decreasing concentration of either cholesterol or oxidized cholesterol. Patients undergoing CABG surgery and aging swine had significantly higher levels of sphingomyelin in their arterial cells than arterial cells from human umbilical cords. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and oxysterols further contribute to atherosclerosis by increasing the synthesis of thromboxane in platelets, a clotting factor. When we incubated arterial cells with cholesterol that had not been oxidized, even at twelve times the concentration of the oxidized cholesterols we used, there was no effect on sphingomyelin content, this shows that cholesterol itself is not the reason for heart disease, and has to be oxidized in order to cause harm. My study indicated that atherosclerosis is due to a diet that contains a high level of oxysterols. Normal levels of oxysterols in the plasma will not increase sphingomyelin levels. Removing oxidized fat from the diet should be considered as a therapeutic measure for atherosclerosis. Ancel Keys, who some consider the father of the cholesterol-heart disease hypothesis said in 1997: "There's no connection whatsoever between the cholesterol in food and cholesterol in the blood."
The importance of phase in the radical-initiated oxidation of model organic aerosols: reactions of solid and liquid brassidic acid particles

Using a flow tube reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer, the Cl-initiated oxidation of solid and supercooled liquid brassidic acid (BA, trans-13-docosenoic acid) particles was investigated at 293 K. For the first time radical-initiated oxidation reactions of liquid and solid organic particles of identical chemical composition were performed making it possible to probe the effect of phase. Despite the fact that solubility and/or diffusion in the solid particles is expected to be reduced dramatically, it was observed that the BA in those particles still reacted at 70% of the rate in liquid droplets. The lack of significant slowing upon solidification suggests that the surface is continuously renewed, perhaps by evaporation of volatile products or mixing of underlying solid BA at a surface melt layer. The initial oxidation products were found to be the keto-acid and the alcohol-acid for both solid and liquid, and they account for as much as two thirds of the reacted BA. The distribution of other products, however, was found to be quite different in the two phases. For equivalent Cl concentrations and reaction times more multiply-oxidized species as well as low-molecular-weight species were created from the oxidation of solid particles. Furthermore, the mean mobility diameter of both liquid and solid particles, as determined from a scanning mobility particle sizer, decreased after reaction with larger decreases for the solid particles. These observations are consistent with a loss of mass through evaporation of small, volatile oxidation products. The findings from this study suggest that slower diffusion of the oxidation products in solid particles confines them to the surface where they continue to react with Cl radicals producing more-highly-functionalized products which may decompose more readily. Thus, the solid particles react nearly as efficiently as the liquid ones, but the manner in which they “age” chemically is substantially different. These experiments with this model system indicate that particle phase could be important in determining how organic aerosols evolve chemically through radical-initiated oxidation in the atmosphere, and future work will try to assess how general the effect of phase is.
Building and Using a Fault-Tolerant MPI Implementation

In this paper we discuss the design and use of a fault-tolerant MPI (FT-MPI) that handles process failures in a way beyond that of the original MPI static process model. FTMPI allows the semantics and associated modes of failures to be explicitly controlled by an application via a modified functionality within the standard MPI 1.2 API. Given is an overview of the FT-MPI semantics, architecture design, example usage and sample applications. A short discussion is given on the consequences of designing a fault-tolerant MPI both in terms of how such an implementation handles failures at multiple levels internally as well as how existing applications can use new features while still remaining within the MPI standard.
Context and Environment in Taphonomic Analysis: Examples from Alaska's Porcupine River Caves

Field investigations of caves along Alaska's Porcupine River document three major mechanisms which modify bone in patterns similar to alterations produced by man: (1) carnivore fracture; (2) rodent gnawing; and (3) rock fall and rubble scarring. A late Wisconsin faunal assemblage composed of Equus sp., Rangifer tarandus, Ovis dalli, Bison sp., proboscidean, numerous small mammal species, birds, and fish is well documented. This faunal assemblage suggests a mosaic environment of grassland-tundra-forest in the immediate vicinity of these caves and implies that the late Wisconsin environment in north-central Alaska may have been characterized by a number of microenvironments and colder, dryer, steppe conditions. Taphonomic data which have historically been interpreted to support human occupation of eastern Beringia during the Pleistocene are critically examined and the context of these discoveries (not the specimens themselves) provides the test essential to document the antiquity of man in North America prior to 12,000 yr ago.
KidCam: Toward an Effective Technology for the Capture of Children's Moments of Interest

Mobile applications of automated capture present many interesting design challenges, balancing the desire for rich media against ease of use and availability. In particular, capturing rich media of young children has many potential benefits, but remains a difficult challenge due to the many unique constraints of recording children. Motivated by the aim of supporting a parent's need to record the life events of a young child, we have designed KidCam, a prototype rich media capture device. This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of KidCam and its goal of addressing some of the challenges of recording young children. Results from a three-month study with four families show that KidCam addresses some of the challenges of recording rich media of children, but there are still remaining hurdles. We discuss these remaining challenges, potential ideas for how they could be addressed, and emergent uses for KidCam beyond the initial domain for the creation of family memories.
Experimental radiation carcinogenesis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basic principles of experimental radiation carcinogenesis, which can lead to a better predictability of radiation effects in man. Theory on the mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis involves the interaction of energy at the intracellular level. These mechanisms can be divided into two basic groups—initiating and promoting. Initiating mechanisms concern immediate events occurring during the interaction of radiation with cellular macromolecules. The principal initiating mechanisms are release or activation of oncogenic virus and induction of somatic mutations. The principal promoting mechanisms are increase in cell replication and decrease in immune competence, both of which can operate concurrently but independently. Radiation carcinogenesis has also been explained on the basis of radiation damage to nucleic acids and its effect on information contained in the genetic material of the cell. Numerous chemical carcinogens cause a reduction in DNA synthesis and cell division, followed by recovery characterized by increased cell division. The mean duration of DNA synthesis remains normal, but the number of cells in synthesis increases.
Robust control of nonlinear systems using pattern recognition

Pattern-recognition based methodology implemented in the architecture of artificial neural networks can be used to model knowledge-intensive feedback control systems. The procedure for development and practical design of a neural-net based control system is described and demonstrated by the example of a nonlinear hydraulic system. The neural-net control system has been trained to provide stabilizing controls and to detect and identify malfunctioning sensors. The results of computer simulations and experiments are presented to illustrate the proposed approach. They show that the neural-net control system is capable of maintaining any desired level of liquid in a tank, for tanks of various shapes; of stabilizing the system in the presence of large disturbances; of detecting and identifying defective level sensors; and of estimating parameters in nonlinear processes. >
Empowered Women, Failed Patriarchs: Neoliberalism and Global Gender Anxieties

Notions of “empowered women,” promoted by NGOs, economists, and feminists beginning in the 1970s, do not necessitate a countervailing notion of “failed patriarchs.” However, our review of the feminist literatures on globalization, development, and migration in the United States, the former Soviet Union, and South Asia suggests that discourses of empowered women and failed patriarchs are fused in the specter of the “reverse gender order.” A presumption of this new order is that global capitalism has liberated women to such an extent that they have surpassed men who are now the truly “disadvantaged.” Drawing on these literatures as evidence, we argue that the large-scale incorporation of poor and working-class women into global capitalism relies upon an ideology of the family that keeps women's labor “cheap” and draws support from the feminist idea that work is empowering for women. Diverse nationalisms uphold the ideology of the family as central to capitalist expansion, providing culturally resonant justifications for women's unpaid reproductive work, while men are breadwinners. Thus, poor and working-class men experience a painful dissonance between breadwinning expectations and economic opportunities. We show that these tensions between ideologies and material conditions make women's responsibility for reproductive work a structural feature of neoliberalism.
The Relationship between Aging, Performance, and the Neural Correlates of Successful Memory Encoding

The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated whether age-related differences in the neural correlates of successful memory encoding are modulated by memory performance. Young (mean age 22 years; N = 16) and older (mean age 69 years; N = 32) subjects were scanned while making animacy decisions on visually presented words. Memory for the words was later assessed in a recognition test, allowing fMRI activity elicited by study words to be contrasted according to subsequent memory performance. Young and older adults exhibited equivalent subsequent memory effects (enhanced activity for later remembered items) in an extensive network that included left inferior prefrontal cortex and anterior hippocampus. In posterior cingulate cortex, reversed subsequent memory effects (greater activity for later forgotten items) were of greater magnitude in young subjects. A voxel-of-interest analysis conducted on left and right prefrontal subsequent memory effects revealed that the effects were distributed more bilaterally in older than in young subjects, replicating previous findings. This age-related difference was confined to older subjects with relatively poor recognition performance, who were also the only group to demonstrate statistically significant right prefrontal subsequent memory effects. The findings suggest that relative preservation of memory performance with increasing age does not depend upon right prefrontal “over-recruitment.”
Excess Depreciation and the Maximum Tax

The advantages of using an accelerated form of depreciation are significantly reduced for investors with substantial wage incomes. Excess depreciation is treated as a tax preference item under current tax rules which has the effect of imposing significant tax penalties on the high wage income individual who invests in rental property and who qualifies for the maximum tax on personal service income. Under certain circumstances accelerated depreciation methods may be inferior to the straight-line method. The explanation for this phenomenon lies in the interaction between tax preference income and the maximum tax.
O job can you return my mojo: improving human engagement and enjoyment in routine activities

Unlike machines, we humans are prone to boredom when we perform routine activities for long periods of time. Workers' mental engagement in boring tasks diminishes, which eventually, compromises their performance. The result is a double-whammy because the workers do not get job satisfaction and their employers do not receive optimal return on investment. This paper proposes a novel way for improving workers' mental engagement and hence, enjoyment, in routine activities. Specifically, we propose to blend in routine tasks mild mental/physical challenges. To test our hypothesis, we chose to experiment on a monitoring task typical of security guard operations. We combined this routine task with an iPhone-based game to make it more enjoyable. The results from 10 participants show that their mental engagement and enjoyment were significantly higher during the combined task.
From Community Building to Governing Strangers: Reconceptualizing Institutional Relationships among Governments, Community Organizations, and Individuals

Community building, with its emphasis on developing capacities of organizations in low-income communities, is sparking wide interest among public administration practitioners and scholars. However,...
Heat Removal in Silicon-on-Insulator Integrated Circuits With Graphene Lateral Heat Spreaders

Graphene was recently proposed as a material for heat removal owing to its extremely high thermal conductivity. We simulated heat propagation in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) circuits with and without graphene lateral heat spreaders. Numerical solutions of the heat-propagation equations were obtained using the finite-element method. The analysis was focused on the prototype SOI circuits with the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. It was found that the incorporation of graphene or few-layer graphene (FLG) layers with proper heat sinks can substantially lower the temperature of the localized hot spots. The maximum temperature in the transistor channels was studied as function of graphene's thermal conductivity and the thickness of FLG. The developed model and obtained results are important for the design of graphene heat spreaders and interconnects.
Never take candy from a stranger: the role of the bacterial glycome in host–pathogen interactions

With the comprehensive study and complete sequencing of the Haemophilus influenzae genome in 1995 came the term 'genomics' and the beginning of the 'omics' era. Since this time, several analogous fields, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, have emerged. While growth and advancement in these fields have increased understanding of microbial virulence, the study of bacterial glycomes is still in its infancy and little is known concerning their role in host-pathogen interactions. Bacterial glycomics is challenging owing to the diversity of glyco-conjugate molecules, vast array of unusual sugars and limited number of analytical approaches available. However, recent advances in glycomics technologies offer the potential for exploration and characterization of both the structures and functions of components of bacterial glycomes in a systematic manner. Such characterization is a prerequisite for discerning the role of bacterial glycans in the interaction between host defences and bacterial virulence factors.
Arthritis appraisal and ways of coping. Scale development

An instrument was developeted to measure appraisal and coping in older people with osteoarthritis (OA). Based on the Lazarus-Folkman model of stress and coping, our Arhtritis Appraisal and Ways of coping scale assessed the primary appraisal (perception of harm/loss) and coping thoughts and actions of OAs in response to specific incidents of pain. Factor analysis of the scores of 151 persons with osteoarthritis produced five coping subscales: dependency, adapting, distancing, anger-withdrawal, and expanding thoughts and actions. In a sample of 95 OAs, primary appraisal and coping were found to relate significantly to each other, to self-efficacy, and to health status (pain, depression, and activity level). Use of this instrument to understand better the change processes in sucessful patient education program is discussed.
Psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in a heterogeneous sample of substance users.

ABSTRACTBackground: The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a widely used measure of affect. A comprehensive psychometric evaluation among substance users, however, has not been published. Objective: To examine the psychometric properties of the PANAS in a sample of outpatient treatment substance users. Methods: We used pooled data from four randomized clinical trials (N = 416; 34% female, 48% African American). Results: A confirmatory factor analysis indicated adequate support for a two-factor correlated model comprised of Positive Affect and Negative Affect with correlated item errors (Comparative Fit Index = 0.93, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.07, χ2 = 478.93, df = 156). Cronbach’s α indicated excellent internal consistency for both factors (0.90 and 0.91, respectively). The PANAS factors had good convergence and discriminability (Composite Reliability > 0.7; Maximum Shared Variance < Average Variance Extracted). A comparison from baseline to Week 1 indicated acceptable test-...
Photodynamic inactivation of the vacuolating virus, SV40.

SummaryThe vacuolating virus, SV40, is inactivated by visible light in the presence of toluidine blue (6 μg/ml) at quantum densities which have previously been shown to have almost no effect upon infectivity of poliovirus. The possible application of this process as a means of differential inactivation of SV40 in suspensions of live poliovirus was demonstrated by continuous-flow experiments.
Calcium Oxalate Crystals and Basidiocarp Dehiscence in Geastrum Saccatum(Gasteromycetes)

Basidiocarps of Geastrum saccatum have calcium oxalate crystals associated with the peridium. In mature, opened basidiocarps eroded crystals occur on the outer surface of the endoperidium. Examination of undehisced basidiocarps reveals that bipyramidal calcium oxalate crystals arise from, and remain associated with, the hyphae that form the endoperidial layer. The development of calcium oxalate crystals in the endoperidial layer prior to basidiocarp dehiscence suggests that the formation of these crystals may be related to the process of exo- and endoperidial separation during basidiocarp maturation.
Mapping carrier diffusion in single silicon core-shell nanowires with ultrafast optical microscopy.

Recent success in the fabrication of axial and radial core–shell heterostructures, composed of one or more layers with different properties, on semiconductor nanowires (NWs) has enabled greater control of NW-based device operation for various applications.(1-3) However, further progress toward significant performance enhancements in a given application is hindered by the limited knowledge of carrier dynamics in these structures. In particular, the strong influence of interfaces between different layers in NWs on transport makes it especially important to understand carrier dynamics in these quasi-one-dimensional systems. Here, we use ultrafast optical microscopy(4) to directly examine carrier relaxation and diffusion in single silicon core-only and Si/SiO2 core–shell NWs with high temporal and spatial resolution in a noncontact manner. This enables us to reveal strong coherent phonon oscillations and experimentally map electron and hole diffusion currents in individual semiconductor NWs for the first time.
Evolution of aging precipitations of Mg-4Zn-2Al-0.5Ca alloy

Evolution of precipitated phases in the process of ageing treatment of Mg-4Zn-2Al-0.5Ca alloy was investigated by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results indicate that precipitation hardening curves of the alloy show a typical characteristic of aging at different temperatures.The alloy reaches peak hardness,containing disc shaped and block shaped precipitates and a large number of metastable transition phase after ageing at 160 ℃ for 108 h.With prolonging of aging time,elongated precipitates are formed,but a lot of fine and dispersively distributed precipitate particles are still observed in the matrix.The microstructure of the alloy is honeycombed with long strip-shaped precipitates about 3-4 nm in width and disc precipitates about 5-7 nm in diameter after ageing at 120 ℃ for 230 h.These precipitates significantly increase the hardness of the alloy.
Economics of Brokerage: An Overview

The purpose of this paper is to provide an economic analysis of the brokerage institution and an overview of the literature on this issue. In addition to the brokerage issues that have already been...
Synthesis of an esterase-sensitive cyclic prodrug of a model hexapeptide having enhanced membrane permeability and enzymatic stability using a 3-(2'-hydroxy-4',6'-dimethylphenyl)-3,3-dimethyl propionic Acid promoiety.

One of the major obstacles to the development of biologically active peptides as clinically useful therapeutic agents has been their low permeation through biological barriers (e.g., intestinal mucosa, blood-brain barrier) and their metabolic lability (1,2). Overcoming these problems is a very contemporary issue for the development of peptide pharmaceuticals. In the preceding chapter, we have indicated that masking the C- and N-terminal polar functional groups of a peptide through cyclization with an acyloxyalkoxy linker can greatly enhance the membrane permeation and metabolic stability of the linear peptide (3). In this chapter, we wish to report a method for the preparation of esterase-sensitive cyclic prodrugs of peptides by taking advantage of a unique "trimethyl lock"-facilitated lactonization system (Fig. 1). Substituted phenol propionic acid derivatives such as 2, upon unmasking of the hydroxyl group, undergo a facile spontaneous intramolecular cyclization to release the moieties attached to the carboxyl functional group (Fig. 1) (4-6). The facile cyclization reaction is the result of the "trimethyl lock", which was shown earlier to increase the rate of the cyclization reaction in the order of 10(5-7) (4-7). The result of such facilitation is that compound 2 has a half-life of only approximately 100 s at room temperature in aqueous solution (8,9). Such systems have been used to develop prodrugs of amines and alcohols (8-10) and redox-sensitive protecting groups of amines (11). Fig. 1. The design of an esterase sensitive prodrug system for the cyclic deriva-tization of peptides.
Acute aortic syndrome: A systems approach to a time-critical disease.

Acute aortic syndrome represents a group of potentially lethal aortic diseases, including classic acute aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, and penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer. Among these conditions, type A aortic dissection is the most common acute presentation. Only surgical interventions are recommended in guidelines as lifesaving procedures for type A dissection. Despite new diagnostic imaging methods, advanced surgical strategy, and improved postoperative management in the over 250-year history of aortic dissection, in-hospital mortality and morbidity rates still remain high. Recently, several new system-based approaches, such as implementation of multidisciplinary experienced high-volume centers and establishment of regional systematic management flow have been reported to improve the outcome. Here, we will describe the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment as well as the new systematic approach to treat acute aortic syndrome.
Progress toward Lignin Valorization via Selective Catalytic Technologies and the Tailoring of Biosynthetic Pathways

Biomass has received significant attention in the 21st century regarding its ability to become an alternative source of carbon for the production of strategic chemicals and fuels. Although multiple approaches for the selective valorization of biorefinery carbohydrates are known, processes of similar selectivity for the valorization of lignin are scarce, which can be attributed to its heterogeneity arising from its biosynthesis, as well as methods used for its isolation within the biorefinery. This perspective highlights advances within the last six years toward lignin valorization in the areas of thermochemical transformations, oxidations, reductions, and the tailoring of the lignin biosynthetic pathway in an effort to produce high-value chemicals and fuels. Should these current hurdles be addressed, significant progress can be made toward the realization of biomass replacing petroleum in meeting the world’s energy and chemical needs.
The many faces of pancreatic serous cystadenoma: Radiologic and pathologic correlation☆

Pancreatic serous cystadenoma can be categorized into microcystic, honeycomb, oligocystic, and solid patterns based on imaging appearance. The presence of typical computed tomography (CT) features helps to differentiate serous cystadenomas from other cystic and solid pancreatic masses. Cases with atypical features present a diagnostic challenge as they can mimic malignant neoplasms. This article reviews pathophysiology, prevalence, CT features, mimickers and recommendations for management of pancreatic serous cystadenoma.
Conformity, arousal, and the effect of arbitrary information:

Four studies were conducted to better understand the relationship between arousal, conformity, and the influence of arbitrary and genuine social information. Experiment 1 found that conforming to a...
Understanding aqueous foam with novel CO2-soluble surfactants for controlling CO2 vertical sweep in sandstone reservoirs

The ability of a novel nonionic CO2-soluble surfactant to propagate foam in porous media was compared with that of a conventional anionic surfactant (aqueous soluble only) through core floods with Berea sandstone cores. Both simultaneous and alternating injections have been tested. The novel foam outperforms the conventional one with respect to faster foam propagation and higher desaturation rate. Furthermore, the novel injection strategy, CO2 continuous injection with dissolved CO2-soluble surfactant, has been tested in the laboratory. Strong foam presented without delay. It is the first time the measured surfactant properties have been used to model foam transport on a field scale to extend our findings with the presence of gravity segregation. Different injection strategies have been tested under both constant rate and pressure constraints. It was showed that novel foam outperforms the conventional one in every scenario with much higher sweep efficiency and injectivity as well as more even pressure redistribution. Also, for this novel foam, it is not necessary that constant pressure injection is better, which has been concluded in previous literature for conventional foam. Furthermore, the novel injection strategy, CO2 continuous injection with dissolved CO2-soluble surfactant, gave the best performance, which could lower the injection and water treatment cost.
Ignition, lift-off, and soot formation studies in n-dodecane split injection spray-flames:

A close-coupled double injection strategy with two 0.5-ms injections separated by a 0.5-ms dwell is implemented. Studies are performed in a constant volume pre-burn type combustion vessel over two ...