cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A projection method for constructing a mass conservative velocity field

Abstract In the numerical modeling of fluid flow and transport problems, the velocity field frequently needs to be projected from one finite dimensional space into another. In certain applications, especially those involving modeling of multi-species transport, the new projected velocity field should be accurate as well as locally mass conservative. In this paper, a velocity projection method has been developed that is both accurate and mass conservative element-by-element on the projected grid. The velocity correction is expressed as gradient of a scalar pressure field, and the resultant Poisson equation is solved using a mixed/hybrid finite element method and lowest-order Raviart-Thomas spaces. The conservative projection method is applied to the system of shallow water equations and a theoretical error estimate is derived.
Response of Neurones in the Motor Cortex during Performance of a Simple Repetitive Arm Movement

ANALYSIS of the firing pattern of single cells in the brains of unanaesthetized animals promises to be a useful approach towards understanding brain mechanisms involved in the control of movement. Evarts1, studying reaction time in monkeys, observed that the firing rate of some pyramidal-tract neurones changes before the electromyographic potential associated with the behavioural response. Evarts's study provided valuable data on the response latency of pyramidal tract cell discharge before a conditioned arm movement. The reaction time task with non-human subjects has the disadvantage that protracted training is necessary to establish fast and stable responses2, and relatively few behavioural responses are available each day for analysis in relation to unit activity.
Molecular Analysis of Mammalian Timeless

Abstract We cloned the mouse cDNA of a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila timeless ( tim ) gene and designated it mTim . The mTim protein shows five homologous regions with Drosophila TIM. mTim is weakly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) but exhibits robust expression in the hypophyseal pars tuberalis (PT). mTim RNA levels do not oscillate in the SCN nor are they acutely altered by light exposure during subjective night. mTim RNA is expressed at low levels in several peripheral tissues, including eyes, and is heavily expressed in spleen and testis. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed an array of interactions between the various mPER proteins but no mPER–mTIM interactions. The data suggest that PER–PER interactions have replaced the function of PER–TIM dimers in the molecular workings of the mammalian circadian clock.
Projecting Chances: A Humean Vindication and Justification of the Principal Principle*

Faced with the paradox of undermining futures, Humeans have resigned themselves to accounts of chance that severely conflict with our intuitions. However, such resignation is premature: The problem is Humean Supervenience (HS), not Humeanism. This paper develops a projectivist Humeanism on which chance claims are understood as normative, rather than fact stating. Rationality constraints on the cotenability of norms and factual claims ground a factual‐normative worlds semantics that, in addition to solving the Frege‐Geach problem, delivers the intuitive set of possibilia for each chance law. Hence, the account does not entail HS, and the paradox does not arise. A confirmation theory is developed, and the Principal Principle is justified.
Definitions of the Family as an Impetus for Legal Change in Custody Decision Making: Suggestions from an Empirical Case Study

Legal scholars and social scientists are increasingly calling on legislators, lawyers, and judges to recognize and embrace expanding definitions of the family. Implicit in such calls is the expectation that legal recognition of expanding definitions of the family will protect children's attachment relationships with adults, irrespective of their biological ties to those adults. Through a detailed, historical examination of custody decisions in disputes between biological and nonbiological parents in the state of Iowa, this research suggests that judicial recognition of more expansive definitions may not result in decisions that protect children's attachment relationships. This is true because the legal impact of family definitions appears to be contingent upon cultural and political factors that may undermine the expected effects of changing definitions. This research also suggests that judicial recognition of children's rights may be the most apt way to promote legal changes that will protect children's attachment relationships.
NAD+-induced inhibition of phosphate transport in canine renal brush-border membranes. Mediation through a process other than or in addition to NAD+ hydrolysis.

Abstract We previously demonstrated inhibition of Na+-dependent 32Pi transport in canine renal brush-border membranes in association with NAD+-induced ADP ribosylation of membrane protein(s) and postulated that NAD+ inhibits Pi transport across the brush-border membrane via ADP ribosylation. Recently it was shown that incubation of rat brush-border membrane with NAD+ resulted in release of Pi which was prevented by EDTA. It was proposed that NAD+-mediated inhibition of 32Pi transport might occur through this mechanism. To determine whether NAD+ inhibited 32Pi transport by a mechanism other than or in addition to release of Pi, we compared Na+-dependent 32Pi counterflow in brush-border membrane equilibrated with Pi or with Pi generated from NAD+. Release of Pi from NAD+ incubated with brush-border membrane was confirmed. The increased uptake of 32Pi which was demonstrated in brush-border membrane equilibrated with Pi was not measured when intravesicular Pi was generated from a concentration of NAD+ which effected ADP-ribosylation of brush border membranes (100 μM NAD+). In contrast, increased uptake of 32Pi was demonstrated when intravesicular Pi was generated from 1 μM NAD+ which did not effect ADP ribosylation. Mg2+-dependent ADP ribosylation of brush-border membrane incubated with NAD+ was demonstrated which persisted during the time interval of 32Pi uptake measurements. Our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that NAD+-induced ADP ribosylation of brush-border membrane protein(s) results in inhibition of Pi transport across the membrane in vivo. EDTA may act to prevent this inhibition in brush-border membrane by chelation of Mg2+ and decreased ADP ribosylation.
An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter

Irregular satellites have eccentric orbits that can be highly inclined or even retrograde relative to the equatorial planes of their planets. These objects cannot have formed by circumplanetary accretion, unlike the regular satellites that follow uninclined, nearly circular and prograde orbits1. Rather, they are probably products of early capture from heliocentric orbits2,3,4,5. Although the capture mechanism remains uncertain, the study of irregular satellites provides a window on processes operating in the young Solar System. Families of irregular satellites recently have been discovered around Saturn (thirteen members, refs 6, 7), Uranus (six, ref. 8) and Neptune (three, ref. 9). Because Jupiter is closer than the other giant planets, searches for smaller and fainter irregular satellites can be made. Here we report the discovery of 23 new irregular satellites of Jupiter, so increasing the total known population to 32. There are five distinct satellite groups, each dominated by one relatively large body. The groups were most probably produced by collisional shattering of precursor objects after capture by Jupiter.
Modified spotlight mode for a MMW synthetic aperture radar

A modified spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mode is introduced which may reduce the signal processing load often required to correct for range- walk and range-ambiguity effects that can be present with the use of the conventional spotlight SAR mode. An illustrative millimeter wave (MMW) SAR example is given.
Role for ceramide in cell cycle arrest

The dependence of some cell types on serum factors for growth may represent a powerful, but poorly studied, model for antimitogenic pathways. In this study, we examine ceramide as a candidate intracellular mediator of serum factor dependence. In Molt-4 leukemia cells, serum withdrawal caused a significant arrest in cell cycle progression (80% of cells in G0/G1), accompanied by a modest apoptotic cell death (12%). Serum deprivation of these cells resulted in significant sphingomyelin hydrolysis (72%; corresponding to hydrolysis of 47 pmol/nmol phosphate), which was accompanied by a profound and progressive elevation (up to 10-15-fold) in endogenous levels of ceramide. Withdrawal of serum caused the activation of a distinct, particulate, and magnesium-dependent sphingomyelinase. The addition of exogenous C6-ceramide induced a dramatic arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle comparable to the effects observed with serum withdrawal, albeit occurring much sooner. Unlike serum withdrawal, however, the addition of C6-ceramide resulted in more pronounced apoptosis. Because of the previously noted ability of exogenously added phorbol esters to inhibit ceramide-mediated apoptosis, we investigated the hypothesis that endogenous activation of the diacylglycerol/protein kinase C pathway may modulate the response to serum withdrawal. Indeed, serum withdrawal resulted in 3-4-fold elevation in endogenous diacylglycerol levels. The addition of exogenous diacylglycerols resulted in selective attenuation of ceramide's effects on apoptosis but not on cell cycle arrest. Thus, the combination of ceramide and diacylglycerol recapitulated the complex effects of serum withdrawal on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These studies identify a novel role for ceramide in cell cycle regulation, and they may provide the first evidence for an intracellular signal transduction pathway in mammalian cells mediating cell cycle arrest. These studies also underscore the importance of lipid second messengers and the significance of the interplay between glycerolipid-derived and sphingolipid-derived lipid mediators.
Excited state dynamics and spectroscopy of the 1A″ state of NSF vapor — comparisons with SO2

Abstract The fluorescence emission spectrum and analysis of NSF vapor is presented. Single vibronic level excitation near the S 1 origin gives rise to a 10 μs radiative decay. The fluorescence lifetime for excitation of levels with ≳ 4500 cm −1 excess vibrational energy becomes controlled by a unimolecular radiationless process which is likely photodissociation; the dependence of this radiationless rate on energy and vibrational mode is investigated. The perturbations resulting from coupling of zero-order S 1 states with other vibronic levels which control the excited state dynamics of SO 2 are apparently not operative for NSF. Attempts are made to rationalize the grossly different dynamic behavior of the S 1 levels of these two otherwise very similar systems.
Strategic design of reverse production systems

Increasing world population and standards of living are leading to increased resource use and disposal. To sustain ourselves at these levels of material comfort will require that our utilization of resources becomes radically more efficient. One strategy for achieving greater material efficiency is the recycling of products back into useful raw materials. Efficient recycling requires attention to the strategic design of reverse production systems. In this paper, we present the concepts and issues surrounding reverse production system design and an initial formulation to address some of the questions around its implementation. The formulation is as a mixed integer linear program and we utilize a robust optimization framework. This framework poses the objective as the minimization of the maximum deviation of the performance of the network from the optimal performance under a number of different scenarios. We illustrate the framework with the example of carpet recycling, which is currently being undertaken on a national scale in the US. The case study shows that the flexibility of the process technology to recycle as large a fraction of the collected materials as possible is a strong driver for overall economic effectiveness of the reverse production systems.
FIVER: A finite volume method based on exact two-phase Riemann problems and sparse grids for multi-material flows with large density jumps

A robust finite volume method for the solution of high-speed compressible flows in multi-material domains involving arbitrary equations of state and large density jumps is presented. The global domain of interest can include a moving or deformable subdomain that furthermore may undergo topological changes due to, for example, crack propagation. The key components of the proposed method include: (a) the definition of a discrete surrogate material interface, (b) the computation of a reliable approximation of the fluid state vector on each side of a discrete material interface via the construction and solution of a local, exact, two-phase Riemann problem, (c) the algebraic solution of this auxiliary problem when the equation of state allows it, and (d) the solution of this two-phase Riemann problem using sparse grid tabulations otherwise. The proposed computational method is illustrated with the three-dimensional simulation of the dynamics of an underwater explosion bubble.
An enthalpy-based cubic equation of state mixing rule for cross-prediction of excess thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbon and halogenated refrigerant mixtures

Abstract Mixing rules based on excess enthalpy of a binary fluid mixture were derived for Soave's equation. Specifically, the mixture SRK equation was cast in a form with complete separation of equation of state constants from thermodynamic variables P, V, and T yielding an equation of state with two volume parameters and one energy-volume parameter. An expression for the binary excess enthalpy was obtained, and the infinite-pressure limit was determined to provide a composition and temperature explicit expression for the SRK parameter aM; a conventional linear mixing rule was used for bM. This set of mixing rules was used with published excess enthalpy data to predict VLE for eleven binary systems comprised of simple aliphatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. A systematic analysis of the results by type of system shows the new mixing rule to be marginally superior to the original Soave polynomial mixing rules with k12 = 0 or to an athermal form of the new mixing rule for aM (HE = 0) for simple hydrocarbon systems. However, a marked improvement was observed for nonideal mixtures containing halogenated compounds for which conventional mixing rules with k12 = 0 for the liquid phase generally fail. Moreover, when only a few excess enthalpy data for the single liquid phase (or supercritical fluid region) which could be fit to a simple polynomial expansion were available, excellent predictions were usually observed. Finally, the new mixing rules produce an approximately quadratic composition dependence of the vapor mixture second virial coefficient at low pressure as is required by statistical mechanics.
Reliabilism and deflationism

In this article I examine several issues concerning reliabilism and deflationism. I critique Alvin Goldman's account of the key differences between correspondence and deflationary theories and his claim that reliabilism can be combined only with those truth theories that maintain a commitment to truthmakers. I then consider how reliability could be analysed from a deflationary perspective and show that deflationism is compatible with reliabilism. I close with a discussion of whether a deflationary theory of knowledge is possible.
Mitigation of tensile failure in released nanoporous metal microstructures via thermal treatment

The authors have developed a method to fabricate released microstructures of nanoporous Au (np-Au) by dealloying a Au–Ag alloy film patterned over a sacrificial Al layer. Doubly clamped bridges fail during dealloying owing to large tensile stresses induced during the dealloying process. Thermal treatments of released microstructures prior to dealloying generate sufficient compressive stress to induce plastic buckling. This buckling compensates the tensile stresses generated during the dealloying process, thus mitigating fracture of the np-Au.
Computers in mental health care delivery: A review of the evolution toward interventionally relevant on-line processing

The history of the application of computer technology to mental health care delivery is reviewed. Three separate trends are identified which suggest movement from batch processing administrative systems toward the development of interventionally relevant clinical systems based upon on-line computer technology. Suggestions for future research are made.
Plaque-forming cells in autoimmune thyroid disease.

Abstract Peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with autoimmune thyroiditis were evaluated using antigen-specific (human thyroglobulin (hTg)) and nonspecific (protein A) reverse hemolytic plaque-forming cell assays. Polyclonal stimulation (using pokeweed mitogen) of protein A-PFC was similar in patients and normal control subjects but hTg-PFC were only detected in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. hTg itself was a nonspecific mitogen as judged by increases in protein A-PFC in both groups and similarly induced hTg-PFC in patients with autoimune thyroiditis. Both protein A-PFC and hTg-PFC were also induced in patients by coincubation with irradiated peripheral mononuclear cells but there was significantly less enhancement of the specific compared to the nonspecific plaque-forming cells. These data provided additional evidence to support the concept of a specific B-cell defect in autoimmune thyroid disease.
The preparation and properties of dicarbonyl-h5-cyclopentadienyliron h2-vinyl ether and h2-ketene acetal complexes ☆

Abstract Metallation of >-haloacetals wth sodium dicarbonyl- h 5 -cyclopentadienyl- ferrate (Fp - ) provides a convenient point of departure for the synthesis of alhyde -iron complexes (FpCHRCHO) and of h 2 -vinyl alcohol and vinyl ether cations [Fp(CH 2 =CHOR)] + . These latter complexes are shown to be best described as distorted dihapto cation. Treatment of FpCOCH 2 OMe with strong acid leads to the ketene hemiacetal cation [Fp(CH 2 =C(OH)OMe)] + rather than to the expected ketene complex. This substance, as well as the acetal cation [Fp(CH 2 =C(OMe)OEt)] + prepared by alkylation of FpCH 2 COOMe, may possess the structure of an h 1 -metal complex incorporating a carboxonium ion. A correlation is shown to exist between the chemical shift of cyclopentadienyl protons and the average infrared carbonyl stretching frequency in a variety of Fp(olefin) + FpR complexes.
The Qingbang and Collaboration Under the Japanese, 1939-1945

The depiction of Chinese secret societies as heroic defenders of the motherland against all outsiders is thrown into question by the conduct of certain such groups under the Japanese occupation. This note describes some materials relevant to this question, which I discovered while doing research on another topic in the municipal archives of Wuhan, Hubei Province. These materials provide valuable clues on the role of the Qingbang (or "Green Gang") during the war years.
State-dependent opioid control of pain

Agonists for the μ-opioid receptor are powerful analgesics and are highly addictive; however, the contribution of the δ- and κ-opioid and opioid receptor-like receptors to motivational states is less clear. Agonists at each receptor modulate neurons in a circuit that selectively controls nociceptive transmission. This circuit can operate in both pain-inhibiting and pain-facilitating states, and the action of opioids contributes to and is determined by the state of the circuit. There is growing evidence that the state of the circuit is determined by aversive and appetitive motivational states, and that this contributes to adaptive behavioural choice.
Antigen localization in immunoperoxidase-stained plastic-embedded soft tissues.

Immunoperoxidase stains were performed on normal and neoplastic tissue from prostate, colon, thyroid, lung, nerve, uterus, and placenta embedded in both plastic (glycolmethacrylate [GMA]) and paraffin. Positive results in plastic section were obtained for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), keratin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), thyroglobulin, S-100, prostate-specific antigen, human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), and β-HCG. More delicate staining with more precise localization of antigens is noted. Superior (paraformaldehyde) fixation and cold processing followed by GMA polymerization (4°C) allow for optimum antigen survival. After fixation, tissue processing involves a series of 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer rinses with sucrose and ammonium chloride in a conventional dip-and-dunk processor placed in 4°C cold room. Acetone dehydrations are used before GMA infiltration, cold polymerization, and sectioning. Before immunoperoxidase staining, the plastic section is digested in .25% bovine trypsin for ten minutes. The immunoperoxidase methods described can be useful when small biopsies are routinely embedded in plastic to obtain improved histologic (hematoxylin-eosin) sections. There may also be research applications in quantifying antigen expression in benign, dysplastic, and neoplastic tissues by examining the stains under high power.
Mass transport in solids: Problems and prospects for 2004

I shall limit my remarks to “cold” systems; that is, to temperatures low enough that the materials under consideration are rigid and elastic. With this limitation, the subject matter falls under one or the other of two rubrics: molecular transport and ionic transport.
Chromatin Dynamics: At the Source of RNA Production

Through its local heterogeneities and transient structural changes resulting from chemical modifications and physical constraints imposed by numerous actors in vivo, chromatin dynamics influences (and is influenced by) DNA transcription, both at the initiation and elongation stages.While transcription events often correlate with large chromatin movements, RNA polymerase access to its target sequence implies some nucleosome dynamics (potentially mediated by chromatin remodeling factors) and its subsequent tracking along the DNA template imposes some drastic topological and structural changes that propagate in the transcribed chromatin domain. Experiments and models aimed at deciphering the key features of chromatin dynamics and topology upon transcription will be presented.In a second part of the talk, we will shift from eukaryotes to prokaryotes and show some recent data on ncRNA self-assembly, which role (and potential occurrence in eukaryotes) will be questioned.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Attribution of Causality and the Overjustification Effect

Using false physiological feedback to influence attribu tions of intrinsic or extrinsic motivation, it was found that the overjustification effect is mediated by one's self-perceived motiva tion. Contingent reward significantly decreased intrinsic interest, which was defined as the number of trials on the target activity during a free choice period. This overjustification effect was significantly decreased when individuals were given an intrinsic interpretation of their behavior, while individuals given an extrin sic interpretation for their behavior showed a non-significant augmentation of the overjustification effect.
In California, 5 decades of decreasing emissions

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are emitted by vehicles and are a leading source of air pollution, have been on the decline in Los Angeles, Calif., one of the densest and most poorly ventilated cities in the United States, a new study finds. Comparing detailed measurements from two aircraft campaigns in the Los Angeles basin in 2002 and 2010, Warneke et al. found that the VOC concentrations in the region's atmosphere declined significantly during those 8 years. Using data from literature statistics and a monitoring network, the authors further show that in the Los Angeles basin, concentrations of VOCs and carbon monoxide (CO) have declined by 2 orders of magnitude compared to the 1960s—a reduction of 7.5% every year since the 1960s in spite of the fact that the sale of fuels has increased threefold during the same interval of time.
Pressure broadening of phosphine by hydrogen and helium

The line widths, pressure-induced shifts, and center frequency of the J = 1-0, K = 0 phosphine transition at 266.9 GHz have been determined. The widths and shifts are reported for collisions with phosphine, H2, and He.
Multiple Activation Mechanisms of p38α Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

The p38alpha MAPK participates in a variety of biological processes. Activation of p38alpha is mediated by phosphorylation on specific regulatory tyrosine and threonine sites, and the three dual kinases, MAPK kinase 3 (MKK3), MKK4, and MKK6, are known to be the upstream activators of p38alpha. In addition to activation by upstream kinases, p38alpha can autoactivate when interacting with transforming growth factor-beta-activated protein kinase 1-binding protein 1 (TAB1). Here we used MKK3 and MKK6 double knock-out (MKK3/6 DKO) and MKK4/7 DKO mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells to examine activation mechanisms of p38alpha. We confirmed that the MKK3/6 pathway is a primary mechanism for p38alpha phosphorylation in MEF cells, and we also showed the presence of other p38alpha activation pathways. We show that TAB1-mediated p38alpha phosphorylation in MEF cells did not need MKK3/4/6, and it accounted for a small portion of the total p38alpha phosphorylation that was induced by hyperosmolarity and anisomycin. We observed that a portion of peroxynitrite-induced phospho-p38alpha is associated with an approximately 85-kDa disulfide complex in wild-type MEF cells. Peroxynitrite-induced phosphorylation of p38alpha in the approximately 85-kDa complex is independent from MKK3/6 because only phospho-p38alpha not associated with the disulfide complex was diminished in MKK3/6 DKO cells. In addition, our data suggest interference among different pathways because TAB1 had an inhibitory effect on p38alpha phosphorylation in the peroxynitrite-induced approximately 85-kDa complex. Mutagenesis analysis of the cysteines in p38alpha revealed that no disulfide bond forms between p38alpha and other proteins in the approximately 85-kDa complex, suggesting it is a p38alpha binding partner(s) that forms disulfide bonds, which enable it to bind to p38alpha. Therefore, multiple mechanisms of p38alpha activation exist that can influence each other, be simultaneously activated by a given stimulus, and/or be selectively used by different stimuli in a cell type-specific manner.
Molecular dynamics with stochastic boundary conditions

Abstract We present and illustrate a simple approach for carrying out molecular dynamics simulations subject to stochastic boundary conditions. Methods of this type are expected to be useful in the study of chemical reactions and other localized processes in dense media.
Propafenone Therapy in Patients with Serious Ventricular Arrhythmia ‐ Noninvasive Evaluation of Efficacy

Propafenone is a newv IC antiarrhythmic agent that is effective for suppression of spontaneously occurring ventricular arrhythmia as evauated with monitoring and exercise testing. The incidence of nonserious, but disturbing side effects is low and the drug infrequently is discontinued because of adverse reactions. Serious side effects are primarily cardiac and include arrhythmia aggravation, CHF exacerbation, and conduction abnormalities. These complications occur primarily in those with severe underlying heart disease in whom this drug, like other antiarrhythmic agents, must be used cautiously. If the drug is effective and well tolerated, arrhythmia recurrence can be prevented.
Lymphocyte autofluorescence: A screening procedure for neurodegenerative diseases

Abstract We examined the buffy coats from 12 consecutive patients with neurodegenerative diseases to determine the value of autofluorescence study by fluorescence microscopy in parallel with electron microscopy, as a rapid and inexpensive screening procedure for lymphocyte inclusions characteristic of neuronal ceroidlipofuscinoses. Four patients (3 with neuronal ceroidlipofuscinoses and 1 with Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome) had discrete, yellow-orange, 1–2 μm autofluorescent granules in the cytoplasm of some lymphocytes. These granules corresponded to characteristic inclusions of neuronal ceroidlipofuscinoses demonstrated by electron microscopy. Five patients (4 undiagnosed or nonspecific disease, and 1 with Leber congenital amaurosis) had hazy green cytoplasmic autofluorescence which correlated with parallel tubular arrays in lymphocytes. The 3 patients with no autofluorescence had no ultrastructural lymphocytic inclusions. We conclude that buffy coat autofluorescence is a rapid and inexpensive method of identifying specimens that require electron microscopic confirmation, and the absence of autofluorescence of lymphocytes in a buffy coat specimen eliminates the necessity for electron microscopic examination. However, characteristic ultrastructural inclusions associated with neurodegenerative diseases may occur in other tissues, such as skin and conjunctiva.
Henry Tudor's treasure*

Both contemporary and modern commentators have speculated on Henry VII's wealth, the latter reducing his alleged fortune to modesty or insolvency. Such a discrepancy could bear on the financial and political ramifications of his son's monarchy beginning in 1509. This article looks at one source of income cultivated by Henry and his councillors – payments and forfeitures on obligations and recognizances – with attention to the chancery calendars of close rolls. Although no definitive conclusion regarding amounts collected can be ascertained, it becomes clear that such bonds could have provided the prodigious sums of money Henry VIII used to mount his first war against France, the source of which remains unknown. This article also illustrates the break from the Yorkists for enrolling debts and the intensification of Henry VII's bond policy during his reign.
Creating an Accreditable Software Engineering Bachelor's Program

Since 1936, the accreditation of undergraduate engineering programs has been a cornerstone of modern engineering practice. Accreditation validates that an engineering program serves its constituents and the public well. In an emerging discipline such as software engineering, accreditation standards also serve as a target - a source of requirements for validating an SE program's design. Accreditation standards also help ensure that a program's graduates will meet or exceed national and international standards expected of the Bachelor of Science graduate. A small university's BSSE program grew out of several requirements sources and accreditation expectations. The planners developed effective design processes and a model curriculum
Effects of Long-Term Service on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Alloy 800H

Three sections of piping removed from a styrene furnace were metallugically examined. The piping was fabricated from alloy 800H and was service-exposed at temperatures in the range of 621 to 774°C (1150 to 1425°F) for times in the range of 73,500 to 90,000 hours. These samples were investigated by metallurgical studies and mechanical testing to determine the effect of the prolonged high-temperature service on the integrity of the components. A few specimens from the samples were re-annealed to determine if the properties could be restored to their original values. A few more specimens were re-annealed and aged for 1000 hours to determine if significant changes would occur during short-time exposure to high temperature. With one exception, the service-exposed samples exhibited microstructures and properties that were comparable to mill annealed and short-time exposed material. Modest increases in strength and reduction in ductility accompanied the exposure. The exception was material exposed to the highest temperature for the longest time. Here, a significant decrease in the ultimate strength and ductility was observed in a test at 704°C (1300°F).Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Shape transition in growth of strained islands: Spontaneous formation of quantum wires.

Strained epitaxial layers tend initially to grow as dislocation-free islands. Here we show that such islands, as they increase in size, may undergo a shape transition. Below a critical size, islands have a compact, symmetric shape. But at larger sizes, they adopt a long thin shape, which allows better elastic relaxation of the island's stress. We have observed such elongated islands, with aspect ratios greater than 50:1, in low energy electron microscopy studies of growth of Ag on Si (001). These islands represent a novel approach to the fabrication of «quantum wires»
A class of cyber-physical switching attacks for power system disruption

In this paper, we present the development of a new class of intelligent cyber-physical attacks termed coordinated switching attacks whereby opponents aim to destabilize the power grid through controlled switching. Such switching is facilitated by cyber attack and corruption of communication channels and control signals of the associated switch(es). The attack employs a variable structure systems theory model of a smart grid. The sliding mode theory is employed to leverage emergent system properties to identify state-dependent switching sequences to disrupt power flow. Our results demonstrate the potential for coordinated switch attacks to enable large-scale power system disturbances.
A novel XPC pathogenic variant detected in archival material from a patient diagnosed with Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A case report and review of the genetic variants reported in XPC

The disease Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) is genetically heterogeneous and defined by pathogenic variants (formerly termed mutations) in any of eight different genes. Pathogenic variants in the XPC gene are the most commonly observed in US patients. Moreover, pathogenic variants in just four of the genes, XPA, XPC, XPD/ERCC2 and XPV/POLH account for 91% of all XP cases worldwide. In the current study, we describe the clinical, histopathologic, molecular genetic, and pathophysiological features of a 19-year-old female patient clinically diagnosed with XP as an infant. Analysis of archival material reveals a novel variation of a 13 base pair deletion in XPC exon 14 and a previously reported A>C missense pathogenic variant in the proximal splice site for XPC exon 6. Both variations induce frameshifts most likely leading to a truncated XPC protein product. Quantitative RT-PCR also revealed reduced mRNA levels in the archived specimen. Analysis of the XPA, XPD/ERCC2 and XPV/POLH genes in the current specimen failed to reveal pathologic variants. All previously reported pathogenic variants, polymorphisms and known amino acid changes for the XPC gene are compiled and described in the current nomenclature. Given the relative ease of screening for genetic variation and the potential role for such variation in human disease, a proposal for screening appropriate archival materials for alterations in the four most prevalent XP genes is presented.
Motives for Using Facebook, Patterns of Facebook Activities, and Late Adolescents' Social Adjustment to College

Previous studies have confirmed that Facebook, the leading social networking site among young people, facilitates social connections among college students, but the specific activities and motives that foster social adjustment remain unclear. This study examined associations between patterns of Facebook activity, motives for using Facebook, and late adolescents' social adjustment to the college environment. Anonymous self-report survey data from 193 mostly European American students (M age = 20.32; 54 % female) attending a major Midwestern university indicated that motives and activity patterns were associated directly with social adjustment, but the association between one activity, status updating, and social adjustment also was moderated by the motive of relationship maintenance. Findings provide a more comprehensive portrait of how Facebook use may foster or inhibit social adjustment in college.
Wnt/β-catenin signaling and body plan formation in mouse embryos

Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays fundamental roles in body patterning in many invertebrate and vertebrate species, by acting as a key regulator of germ layer and body axis specification. This article focuses on the roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mouse early embryos, which exhibit a unique mode of development compared to non-mammalian vertebrates. Current experimental evidence suggests that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is not essential for patterning embryos before implantation. However, Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates critical developmental events after implantation, namely the patterning of visceral endoderm, the induction of primitive streak, and the formation of anterior neural ectoderm. While Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates the body axis formation in both mouse and frog, the mode of its action is significantly diverged between these two vertebrate species.
Variations in relevance judgments and the evaluation of retrieval performance

Abstract The relevance judgments used to evaluate the performance of information retrieval systems are known to vary among judges and to vary under certain conditions extraneous to the relevance relationship between queries and documents. The study reported here investigated the degree to which variations in relevance judgments affect the evaluation of retrieval performance. Four sets of relevance judgments were used to test the retrieval effectiveness of six document representations. In no case was there a noticeable or material difference in retrieval performance due to variations in relevance judgment. Additionally, for each set of relevance judgments, the relative performance of the six different document representations was the same. Reasons why variations in relevance judgments may not affect recall and precision results were examined in further detail.
Angle-resolved photoelectron measurements on the 2p orbitals of Si in SiF4 and Si(CH3)4 in the gas phase

Abstract Angle-resolved photoelectron measurements have been carried out on the 2p orbital of Si in the gas-phase molecules SiF 4 and Si(CH 3 ) 4 as a function of energy from 3 to 45 eV above the ionization threshold. From these data the angular distribution parameter, β, has been obtained. Below a photoelectron energy of 15 eV the angular distribution parameter for these two molecules differ by as much as 0.4 units. The differences in the behavior of β near threshold for the two molecules is attributed to the different molecular environment of the silicon atom. To test this idea, calculations have been made on β for neutral and charged atomic silicon.
Leading Prognostic Indicators for Health Management of Electronics Under Thermo-Mechanical Stresses

Methodologies for prognostication and health monitoring can significantly impact electronic reliability for applications in which even minimal risk of failure may be unbearable. Presently, health monitoring approaches such as the built-in self-test (BIST) are based on reactive failure diagnostics and unable to determine residual-life or estimate residual-reliability [Allen 2003, Drees 2004, Gao 2002, Rosenthal 1990]. Prognostics health-monitoring (PHM) approach presented in this paper is different from state-of-art diagnostics and resides in the pre-failure-space of the electronic-system, in which no macro-indicators such as cracks or delamination exist. Applications for the presented PHM framework include, consumer applications such as automotive safety systems including front and rear impact protection system, chassis-control systems, x-by-wire systems; and defense applications such as avionics systems, naval electronic warfare systems. The presented PHM methodologies enable the estimation of prior damage in deployed electronics by interrogation of the system state. The presented methodologies will trigger repair or replacement, significantly prior to failure. The approach involves the use of condition monitoring devices which can be interrogated for damage proxies at finite time-intervals. The system’s residual life is computed based on residual-life computation algorithms. Previously, Lall, et. al. [2004, 2005, 2006] have developed several leading indicators of failure. In this paper a mathematical approach has been presented to calculate the prior damage in electronics subjected to cyclic and isothermal thermo-mechanical loads. Electronic components operating in a harsh environment may be subjected to both temperature variations in addition to thermal aging during use-life. Data has been collected for leading indicators of failure for 95.5Sn4Ag0.5Cu first-level interconnects under both single and sequential application of cyclic and isothermal thermo-mechanical loads. Methodology for the determination of prior damage history has been presented using non-linear least-squares method based interrogation techniques. The methodology presented used the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. Test vehicle includes various area-array packaging architectures soldered on Immersion Ag finish, subjected to thermal cycling in the range of −40°C to 125°C and isothermal aging at 125°C.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Experimental and numerical investigations of a High-resolution 3D microwave imaging system for breast cancer detection

In this paper, we have developed a prototype 3D microwave imaging system for breast cancer diagnosis and screening. This presentation will give an overview of the hardware development, forward electromagnetic wave propagation models, nonlinear inverse scattering algorithms for this 3D microwave imaging system. This high sensitivity enables the 3D system to collect accurate scattering data from small phantom tumors.
Photonic crystal waveguides with acute bending angles

We propose and study photonic crystal waveguides with bending angles smaller than 90°. The waveguide is formed by coupled defect cavities. To achieve a reflectionless transmission through an acute angle, we surround the defects in the bends with distorted cells having a prescribed symmetry. Detailed analysis and numerical simulation confirm that the transmission through the acute bend can be increased by two orders of magnitude to 100%.
Like-charge attractions in metastable colloidal crystallites

Sub-micrometre charged latex spheres can be suspended in water to form regular arrays known as colloidal crystals. In contrast to most conventional solids, colloidal crystals can be forced into metastable superheated states. The structure and dynamics of these metastable crystals show evidence for strong, long-range attractions between the similarly charged spheres. Such attractive interactions are inconsistent with the accepted theory of colloidal interactions, and might influence the properties of many natural and industrial suspensions.
Coexisting endogenous and exogenous lipoid pneumonia and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a patient with neurodevelopmental disease.

We report a unique case of coexistingexogenous lipoid pneumonia, endogenous lipoid pneumonia (EU), and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in a 5-year-old patient with severe neurodevelop mental disease. The patient presented with gastroesophageal reflux and presumed chronic lung disease resulting from recurrent aspiration pneumonias and succumbed to respiratory failure. The autopsy showed lipid-laden macrophages and periodic acid-SchiJf9ositive granular matm'al i n alveolar spaces and multilamellated structures within both alveolar macrophages and extracellular debris.These findings were similar to those in previous reports of coexisting E I P and PAP in the setting of gastroesophageal refux [I]. However, the present case diJfered by the presence of scattered large osmiophilic extracellular lipid vacuob. Besides strengthening the association between EIP and PAP and their relationship to gastroesophageal refux, this case suggests that t h q may arise together with exogenous lipoid pneumonia, through rela...
Increased Hemodynamic Response in the Hippocampus, Thalamus and Prefrontal Cortex During Abnormal Sensory Gating in Schizophrenia

Abstract Objective Deficits in sensory gating are a common feature of schizophrenia. Failure of inhibitory gating mechanisms, shown by poor suppression of evoked responses to repeated auditory stimuli, has been previously studied using EEG methods. These methods yield information about the temporal characteristics of sensory gating deficits, but do not identify brain regions involved in the process. Hence, the neuroanatomical substrates of poor sensory gating in schizophrenia remain largely unknown. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the functional neuroanatomy of sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia. Methods Twelve patients with schizophrenia and 12 healthy comparison subjects were scanned at 3 Tesla while performing a sensory gating task developed for fMRI. P50 EEG evoked potential recordings from a paired-stimulus conditioning-test paradigm were obtained from the same subjects. Results Compared to healthy comparison subjects, patients with schizophrenia exhibited greater activation in the hippocampus, thalamus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the fMRI sensory gating task. No group difference was observed in the superior temporal gyrus. Schizophrenia subjects also showed decreased P50 suppression as measured with EEG. Hemodynamic response in the fMRI measure was positively correlated with test/conditioning ratios from the EEG sensory gating measure. Conclusions Poor sensory gating in schizophrenia is associated with dysfunction of an apparent network of brain regions, including the hippocampus, thalamus and DLPFC. Greater activation of these regions is consistent with evidence for diminished inhibitory function in schizophrenia.
A comparison of finite-difference and finite-element methods for calculating free edge stresses in composites

It is pointed out that edge delamination is a serious failure mechanism for laminated composite materials. Various numerical methods have been utilized in attempts to calculate the interlaminar stress components which precede delamination in a laminate. There are, however, discrepancies regarding the results provided by different methods, taking into account a finite-difference procedure, a perturbation procedure, and finite element approaches. The present investigation has the objective to assess the capacity of a finite difference method to predict the character and magnitude of the interlaminar stress distributions near an interface corner. A second purpose of the investigation is to determine if predictions by finite element method in-plane, interlaminar stress components near an interface corner represent actual laminate behavior.
Malignant lymphoma of the rectum

Malignant lymphoma involving the rectum is rare. Of 61 patients with malignant lymphoma involving the rectum seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1950 and 1977, 49 had extensive lymphoma with secondary involvement of the rectum, and 12 had lymphoma confined to the rectum. Patients with widespread lymphoma were treated with radiation, chemotherapy, or both. Of the 12 patients with lymphoma confined to the rectum, five had surgical excision and seven were treated nonoperatively; the overall five-year survival was 20 percent. Patients with widespread lymphoma had a five-year survival of 15 percent. Patients with lymphoma confined to the rectum had a five-year survival of 50 percent, and patients who had surgical excision did better than those treated nonoperatively.
Crack propagation and initiation in low cycle strain controlled fatigue.

Crack growth and crack initiation in cylindrical specimens subject to low cycle strain controlled tension-compression induced fatigue, noting measurement techniques