cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The economics of benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms in the united states

Throughout the past several decades, interest in health care economics has increased as health care spending has soared—currently in excess of 1.5 trillion dollars and comprising approximately 16% of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its associated clinical manifestation of lower urinary tract symptoms is one of the most common medical conditions of aging men. BPH has been, and continues to be, a major factor in health care expenditures in the United States, costing up to 4 billion dollars each year. During the past 15 years, considerable changes in the patterns of care for BPH patients have evolved, resulting in similarly profound economic alterations. In this article, we examine contemporary trends in practice patterns for BPH and their associated impact on the cost of care for this condition.
The stability of the printed frequencies of occurrence of 420 English conceptual nouns

The report presents evidence that a lognormal distribution provides a satisfactory model for the relative frequencies of occurrence of 420 conceptual nouns. The nouns had been randomly selected from the Thorndike-Lorge (T-L) source and had been used as the words in a familiarity scale. The model also provides a satisfactory description of the words from the scale which were common to the T-L count and the later Kucera-Francis (K-F) count and of scaled words in the T-L count which were missing from the K-F count. For common words, there has been a very small shift toward lower frequencies of occurrence in the time between the counts. The shift originated in frequency changes in words from the middle and upper frequency categories of the familiarity scale. The report suggests that differences in types of words are responsible for differences in distributions obtained by Carroll for all words in the K-F count and the distributions presented here. It is suggested, further, that the familiarity scale continues to be useful.
Artificial gastric distention and neonatal feeding and hunger reflexes.

This paper reports on an experiment, using a gastric balloon, to determine whether the hunger and feeding reflexes would be affected by artificial distention of the gastric walls in newborn infants. The hunger reflex was terminated when the gastric walls were distended by increased air volume in the gastric balloon, and the feeding reflex was initiated by this. Removing the air from the gastric balloon led to cessation of the feeding reflex and the induction of the hunger reflex. The experiment confirms that the human newborn's feeding and hunger reflexes are present from birth and mirror its state of satiation or hunger, respectively.
A consistency condition for wind field reconstruction in a limited area and a harmonic-cosine series expansion

Abstract This paper examines further the problem of deducing the wind field from vorticity and divergence over a limited area with prescribed winds at the boundary. An earlier work showed that the wind field in a limited area can be partitioned into internal divergent, internal rotational, and harmonic wind components. Because the harmonic wind is both nondivergent and irrotational, it is demonstrated in this paper that the two harmonic wind components at the boundary must satisfy a consistency condition. Based on this properly, a direct method is developed to solve two Laplace equations with the prescribed two harmonic wind components at the boundary. If the prescribed harmonic wind components at the boundary satisfy the consistency condition, the solution of the two Laplace equations must be nondivergent and irrotational. The direct method is shown to be highly accurate and efficient. If the prescribed wind at the boundary does not satisfy the consistency condition, this implies a mismatch between the i...
Interleukin-1β Production in Periradicular Lesions in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Model Compared with a Noninfected Host

This study elucidates the role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in developing periradicular lesions in immunocompetent and immunocompromised (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome) hosts. Eight cats were immunosuppressed with steroids before infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Eight uninoculated cats served as controls. Periradicular lesions were induced around the canine teeth. At 1 and 4 wk periradicular exudate was sampled via the root canals. IL-1β levels were measured with ELISA. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Statistically significant differences existed in cytokine levels between the FIV and non-FIV groups (p
Application of vacuum process evaluation to the study of outgassing

Abstract A systematic quantitative method of analyzing vacuum processes is presented. This method is especially suited to determining the outgassing occuring within a vacuum system as a continous function of time and analyzing the resulting data to obtain information as to the source and nature of the outgassing. The technique and its application in determining the optimum combination of such parameters as temperature, time, materials, restrictions and pumps on such processes as hermetic volume exhaust and cellulose dehydration are described. Vacuum process evaluation techniques are used to study such phenomena as the outgassing characteristics of insulating materials and vacuum gauges, the flow of gases through orifices and short tubes, and the gettering action of materials. The method has been programmed for digital computer solution and is a rapid and inexpensive way to analyze some vacuum engineering problems.
Teachers' Views of the Treatability of Children's School Adjustment Problems':

One-hundred thirty-four primary grade teachers rated each of nine hypothetical referrals, depicting three predominant types of school adjustment problems (acting-out, shy-anxious, learning), on four dimensions: (a) appropriateness of referring the child to the school's mental health services, (b) ease or difficulty for a mental health person to work with such a child, (c) how much a mental health person would enjoy working with the child, and (d) a treatment-prognosis estimate. Shy-anxious children generally received the most positive ratings.Teacher judgments were compared to prior, similar judgments made by mental health personnel. The latter gave significantly higher appropriateness ratings, indicated that the children would be significantly less difficult and more enjoyable to work with, and judged prognosis to be more favorable. An important deviation from this pattern of findings is considered.
How do eating disorders and alcohol use disorder influence each other

Objective Although eating disorders and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are known to co-occur, the influence of one on the other has not been studied. Method In a prospective study, women diagnosed with either anorexia nervosa (AN; n = 136) or bulimia nervosa (BN; n = 110) were interviewed and assessed for Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) AUD every 6–12 months over 8.6 years. Results Over one fourth of the sample (n = 66 [27%]) reported a lifetime history of AUD. Ten percent of the study subjects (n = 24) developed AUD over the course of the study. AUD did not influence recovery from either eating disorder. Poor psychosocial functioning and history of substance use predicted prospective onset of an episode of AUD for both diagnostic groups. Unique predictors for AUD for women with AN were depression, overconcern with body image, and vomiting. Recovery from AUD was predicted by group therapy and hospitalization (women with AN) and individual therapy and exercise (women with BN). Conclusion The influence of eating disorders on AUD appears to be greater than the reverse. A substantial number of patients who initially present with an eating disorder develop alcohol problems over the course of time, suggesting that the risk is an ongoing one that should be monitored by clinicians. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quality of life and recurrence concern in survivors of head and neck cancer.

Objectives/Hypothesis: A cohort of 3-year survivors of head and neck cancer was evaluated for persistent quality of life (QOL) concerns and long-term treatment effects. Study Design: Mailed questionnaire. Methods: The questionnaire with the University of Washington Quality of Life (UWQOL) scale, the Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer (PSS-HN), the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) scale, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Head and Neck (FACT-HN) scale and locally prepared questions was sent to 111 3-year disease-free survivors. Analysis was performed to statistically evaluate the effect of stage, site, treatment type, surgery, and cancer concern on QOL. Current smoking information was gathered. Results: Seventy-two survivors completed the questionnaire. Advanced stage was correlated with lower QOL scores in the domains of disfigurement, chewing ability, speech, and eating in public. QOL scores did not vary by initial tumor site. Patients treated with irradiation alone had statistically better QOL scores than those treated with combined surgery/radiation therapy in the pain, disfigurement, chewing, and speech domains. Laryngectomy and composite resection survivors reported lower QOL scores than patients treated with irradiation alone. A low level of cancer concern persisted in about half of the long-term survivors. Cancer concern was associated with continued pain, disfigurement, and limitations on eating in public. Three-quarters of the tobacco users had quit by the time of the questionnaire. Nevertheless, the patients were not thoroughly convinced that tobacco had caused their cancer. Conclusions: Long-term survivors of head and neck cancer experience QOL effects well after completion of treatment. Effects are most pronounced in survivors who required combined surgery/radiation therapy. Continuing low levels of cancer concern persist in about half of the survivors. Many cancer survivors successfully quit smoking.
THE INFLUENCE OF EXAMINER RACE ON FIRST-GRADE AND KINDERGARTEN SUBJECTS' PEABODY PICTURE VOCABULARY TEST SCORES1

This investigation examined the effect of the race of both the subjects (Ss) and examiners (Es) on the 5's performance on an individually administered vocabulary test. The tests administered by two white and two Negro Es to 88 and 113 white and Negro first-grade and kindergarten Ss, respectively, in an integrated urban school found a small but statistically significant interaction of E's race and S's race on test performance for the first-grade but not for the kindergarten. These findings are limited to young children who were in an urban school setting for at least five months and who were given an encoding type task by an adult whom they had usually seen at least once a day in their school environment.
IL-7 Knocks the Socs Off Chronic Viral Infection

Chronic viral infections represent a major burden to human health, and modulation of the immune system is emerging as a novel approach to fighting such infections. Pellegrini et al. (2011) demonstrate that treatment with the cytokine IL-7 may reinvigorate the immune response to persistent infection by targeting immunosuppressive Socs3 proteins.
Event-frequency judgments as a function of the linguistic frequency and single or paired presentation of target words: I. Task with unique multiple traces

Words that are high or low in linguistic frequency were presented singly or in mixed pairs to two small groups of college-student volunteers. Event frequency was manipulated within list: 0,1, 2, 3, and 4 occurrences of words, single or paired. The subjects’ task was to compose a brief sentence for each slide, including the word(s) shown; different sentences were requested for repeated words. An unexpected event-frequency test was then given. The main results were that reliably more subjects judged event frequency correctly for words low in linguistic frequency when those words were singly presented, confirming Rao’s conclusion (1983); the same words were given numerically higher event-frequency judgments when paired. Implications of the results are discussed, particularly with respect to the earlier demonstrations of superior recall of words low in linguistic frequency compared with recall of words high in linguistic frequency when the two types were presented alternately.
Update on EPA’s ToxCast Program: Providing High Throughput Decision Support Tools for Chemical Risk Management

The field of toxicology is on the cusp of a major transformation in how the safety and hazard of chemicals are evaluated for potential effects on human health and the environment. Brought on by the recognition of the limitations of the current paradigm in terms of cost, time, and throughput, combined with the ever increasing power of modern biological tools to probe mechanisms of chemical–biological interactions at finer and finer resolutions, 21st century toxicology is rapidly taking shape. A key element of the new approach is a focus on the molecular and cellular pathways that are the targets of chemical interactions. By understanding toxicity in this manner, we begin to learn how chemicals cause toxicity, as opposed to merely what diseases or health effects they might cause. This deeper understanding leads to increasing confidence in identifying which populations might be at risk, significant susceptibility factors, and key influences on the shape of the dose–response curve. The U. S. Environmental Pro...
Further evidence on the robustness of the Tobit estimator to heteroskedasticity

Abstract When the error terms in a Tobit model are heteroskedastic, the MLE which assumes homoskedasticity is inconsistent. For the special case of a constant-term-only model, we investigate the size of the inconsistency. The inconsistency is greater the greater the heteroskedasticity and the greater the degree of censoring (i.e., the greater the number of limit observations). However, the inconsistency is much smaller than in the corresponding truncated-normal model considered by Hurd.
Implantation of a single-piece, hydrophilic, acrylic, minus-power foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens in a rabbit model: clinicopathologic study of posterior capsule opacification.

Abstract Purpose To compare the extent of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after implantation of a standard-power biconvex Centerflex® intraocular lens (IOL) and a newly introduced biconcave high-minus-power Centerflex design in rabbit eyes. Setting The Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, and the David J. Apple, MD, Laboratories for Ophthalmic Devices Research, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Methods Twelve rabbits had phacoemulsification and implantation of 2 foldable single-piece hydrophilic acrylic Centerflex posterior chamber IOLs. The right eyes received a standard-power (+21.00 diopters [D]) biconvex-optic lens and the left eyes, a minus-power (–7.00 D) biconcave-optic IOL. Formation of PCO was evaluated 3 weeks after surgery using the Miyake-Apple posterior photography technique. Histological sections from each globe were prepared to analyze capsular bag status and assess postsurgical intracapsular lens epithelial cell (LEC) proliferation, especially ingrowth of LECs across the visual axis. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analysis of variance for nonparametric measurements and the Mann-Whitney rank sum test. Results There was no significant difference in Soemmering's ring formation between the 2 IOL models. The biconcave minus-power IOL showed significantly lower central and peripheral PCO scores than the biconvex standard-power lens (P Conclusions This study confirms the efficacy of a truncated IOL optic in helping reduce the incidence of PCO. Both IOL designs have optic geometries that create clear-cut barrier effects. However, the biconcave minus-power IOL, which has a thicker, square, truncated optic edge with a ridge that encircles the periphery of the optic for 360 degrees, appears to have an enhanced barrier effect, especially at the optic–haptic junction. This further minimizes the ingrowth of migrating LECs toward the visual axis.
Profile parallelism in repeated measures designs

Three statistics are developed to test tor treatment by time interaction after a certain point in repeated measures designs under several covariance matrix configurations, viz., unstructured, spherically symmetric and autoregressive. An example is fully developed.
Effects of various chemical compounds on spontaneous and hydrogen peroxide-induced reversion in strain TA104 of Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract In experiments designed to determine which active oxygen species contribute to hydrogen peroxide (HP)-induced reversion in strain TA104 of Salmonella typhimurium , 1,10-phenanthroline (an iron chelator, which prevents the formation of hydroxyl radicals from HP and DNA-bound iron by the Fenton reaction), sodium azide (a singlet oxygen scavenger), and potassium iodide (an hydroxyl radical scavenger) inhibited HP-induced reversion. These results indicate that hydroxyl radicals generated from HP by the Fenton reaction, and perhaps singlet oxygen, contribute to HP-induced reversion in TA104. However, reduced glutathione (reduces Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ and/or HP to water), diethyldithiocarbamic acid (an inhibitor of superoxide dismutase), diethyl maleate (a glutathione scavenger), and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (an inhibitor of catalase) did not inhibit HP-induced reversion in TA104. Thus, superoxide radical anions and HP itself do not appear to be the cause of HP-induced reversion in this strain. In experiments on the effect of 5 common dietary compounds (β-carotene, retinoic acid, and vitamins A, C and E), chlorophyllin (CHL), and ergothioneine, the frequency of revertants in TA104 increased above the spontaneous frequency in the presence of β-carotene or vitamin C (about 2-fold) or vitamin A (about 3-fold). The 5 dietary antimutagens and CHL did not inhibit HP-induced reversion in TA104. However, l -ergothioneine inhibited HP-induced reversion in this strain. Therefore, it is likely that l -ergothioneine is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals or an inhibitor of their formation, and perhaps of singlet oxygen, at the concentrations tested in TA104.
High gain InP/InGaAs phototransistor/LED optical amplifier

Analytical and experimental results for a single-stack optical amplifier to be used in optoelectronic integrated circuits are presented. The device consists of a heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) integrated with a double-heterojunction light-emitting diode (LED) and has been named the light-amplifying optical switch (LAOS). Both components of the LAOS were fabricated separately out of InGaAs/InP grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy and found to function as expected. The HPT had a high current gain, and the LED had an emission spectrum centered around 1.7 mu m. The first complete LAOS device has been fabricated and tested. The basic design methodology, device operation, and device characteristics are presented. >
Monolithic Diode‐laser Arrays

Over the last two decades, the search for a compact, high-power semiconductor source has produced many designs and concepts for monolithic diode-laser arrays and optical amplifiers. However, only a few design approaches have emerged with the potential for producing high-power, high-brightness monolithic sources. Although semiconductor-diode lasers are the most compact, highest gain and most efficient laser sources, challenges remain in developing structures that will produce high-quality, diffraction-limited output beams. This book presents and analyzes the results of work performed over the last twenty years in the development of high-brightness diode-laser arrays.
Biosynthesis of hyoscyamine and scopolamine in Datura stramonium

Abstract Datura stramonium L. plants were allowed to metabolize certain C 14 -labeled compounds for 10 days following which hyoscyamine and scopolamine were isolated and purified. Of the compounds employed, phenylalanine-3-C 14 , phenylacetic acid-1-C 14 , and sodium acetate-2-C 14 were the most efficient precursors, followed by sodium propionate-2-C 14 , sodium formate-C 14 , and serine-3-C 14 in that order; zinc lactate-2-C 14 proved to be a comparatively inefficient precursor. The distribution of C 14 within the alkaloids was entirely in their tropic acid moiety when phenylalanine and phenylacetic acid were used as precursors, and almost entirely in their tropine or scopine portions when acetate, propionate, formate, and serine were employed. The samples of tropic acid obtained, following administration of phenylalanine and phenylacetic acid, were degraded and the location of the C 14 determined.
A novel face specific Mannich closure providing access to the saframycin-ecteinascidin series of piperazine based alkaloids

The Mannich-like closure of 10→6 directly provides the backbone stereochemistry required for the titled alkaloids, in contrast to the stereochemical outcome in a related earlier case (3→4).
Prediction of the initiation of slugs with linear stability theory

Abstract This paper explores the application of linear stability theory to explain the onset of slugging. It is shown that the inviscid Kelvin-Helmholtz theory correctly predicts stability of a stratified flow only for very large liquid viscosities. In general, however, inviscid theory is in error because it ignores the destabilizing effect of liquid inertia. Good agreement is noted between the linear stability analysis and observations of the initiation of slugs in 2.54- and 9.53-cm horizontal pipes at superficial gas velocities less than 3.3 m/s.
Global Climate Project shows early promise

The implementation of a global climate project and its early results are being hailed as exciting leaps forward in climate research that have enormous potential for improving predictions of interannual variations, as well as improving the understanding and modeling, and possibly developing predictive capabilities, of decadal and longer variability and climate change. Known as the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) project of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP),its most recent achievements have included observations, predictions, and documentation of the evolution of the 1997–1998 El Nino and that event's progression into the 1998 La Nina. In place to accomplish this was CLIVAR's full tropical Pacific observing system and new coupled atmosphere-upper ocean models. Even more exciting was that prediction models were able to capture aspects of the differences in teleconnection patterns between this El Nino and previous events, pointing to the importance of sea surface temperature patterns globally Exciting new possibilities also have emerged through profiling floats deployed at various depths that come to the surface every week or two to give ocean soundings of temperature and salinity, while their displacements provide estimates of ocean currents at depth.
Postbuckling of laminated composites with delaminations

Postbuckling analysis of laminated composites with delaminations is presented. A finite element method based on a layerwise laminated composite plate theory is developed to formulate and solve the problem. Geometric nonlinearity in the sense of von Karman and imperfections in the form of initial global deflection and initial delamination openings are included. A simple contact algorithm which precludes the physically inadmissible overlapping between delaminated surfaces is proposed and incorporated into the analysis. Numerical results are obtained for through-the-width delaminations addressing the effects of the magnitude and direction of initial imperfections, laminate stacking sequence, and the contact condition between the delaminated surfaces on the postbuckling response. The proposed approach is shown to be efficient and powerful for solving the class of problems mentioned.
Some Algorithms for the Computation of Independent Cluster Solutions

The Harris and Kaiser algorithm for computing independent cluster solutions is discussed and an alternative algorithm is presented. Both algorithms are presented within the context of a general algebraic framework for ideal orthogonal and oblique independent cluster solutions. Finally an example is presented whereby the alternative algorithm defines a better approximation to an ideal independent cluster solution than does Harris and Kaiser's algorithm.
Analysis framework for cooperating mobile cable robots

Cable robots form a class of parallel architecture robots with significant benefits including simplicity of construction, large workspace, significant payload capacity and end effector stiffness. While conventional cable robots have fixed bases, we seek to explore inclusion of mobility into the bases (in the form of gantries, and/or vehicle bases) which can significantly further enhance the capabilities of cable robots. However, this also introduces redundancy and complexity into the system which needs to be carefully analyzed and resolved. To this end, we propose a generalized modeling framework for systematic design and analysis of cooperative mobile cable robots, building upon knowledge base of multi-fingered grasping, and illustrate it with a case study of four cooperating gantry mounted cable robots transporting a planar payload.
The Transmission of Norms Regarding Group Decision Rules

Robert Jacobs and Donald Campbell's generational paradigm was used to examine the effects of group decision rule and performance feedback on the extent to which use of the decision rule was maintained as groups underwent turnover in membership. Confederates initially established a norm regarding rule use: Half the groups began with a majority rule and half with a seniority-based dictatorial rule. Groups made decisions about hiring (fictitious) job applicants. Half the groups in each decision rule condition received feedback that their decisions were correct and half that their decisions were incorrect. Groups that began with majority rule continued to use the rule. Groups that began with seniority rule always changed the rule and always changed it to majority rule. Performance feedback had no effect on maintenance of the decision rule, although it influenced group members' perceptions of the decision process and feelings toward the senior member under seniority rule.
An Economic Implication of Right-to-Work Laws

At the present time, there exist statutes in 20 states providing that employees are not to be required to join a labor union as a condition of receiving or retaining employment, as permitted by Sec. 14(b) of the National Labor Relations Act. Various effects of these "rightto-work laws'L have been considered at length in the scholarly literature and in textbooks as well. Even so, investigation has largely overlooked one important potential impact of the open shop: its effect upon commodity prices. It can be reasonably argued that union strength in a given area is largely dependent upon (a) the existence in the area of rightto-work statutes and (b) the extent of unionization in the area. Presumably, right-to-work legislation implies diminished union strength, ceteris paribus, and conversely, the absence of right-to-work legislation implies greater union strength, ceteris paribus. In turn, greater union strength would logically imply higher labor costs and hence higher output prices. Thus, it is hypothesized that, other things held the same, the existence of right-to-work statutes in an area implies a lower overall commodity price structure in the area. To test this hypothesis, the following regression was estimated by ordinary least squares for i980: Pj = + 20994.66 2089.34 LA Wj + 1.05913Denj (-2.59) (+2.98)
Determination of Precipitable Water from Solar Transmission

Abstract A method of determining precipitable water to within 10% from solar radiometer data has been developed. The method uses a modified Langley technique to obtain the water vapor optical depth, and a model developed at the University of Arizona is used to convert this to a precipitable water amount. The method is applied to two-and three-channel radiometric data and is compared to results obtained from empirical methods and to radiosonde data.
The Pinhole/Occulter Facility

The outer solar atmosphere exhibits a great variety of dynamic and energetic plasma phenomena, from the catastrophic energy release of solar flares to the steady acceleration of the solar wind. The Pinhole/Occulter Facility contains the instruments necessary for broadband X-ray imaging, combined with simultaneous ultraviolet and white light spectroscopy and imaging.
Understanding the Cultural Context

for comment that is neither grammatical nor lexical, but cultural. Examples: formulae of politeness, the use of titles and personal pronouns in direct address, the use of the telephone, ways of beginning and ending letters, respect for authority, the expression of emotions, attitude toward the clergy, signs of mourning and the like. Of course any or all of these techniques can be used satisfactorily in schools and colleges here at home. But all can be used far more
Riddelliine N-oxide is a phytochemical and mammalian metabolite with genotoxic activity that is comparable to the parent pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelliine

Abstract Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxide derivatives are naturally-formed genotoxic phytochemicals that are widely distributed throughout the world. Although, the quantities of PAs and PA N-oxides in plants are nearly equal, the biological and genotoxic activities of PA N-oxides have not been studied extensively. PA N-oxides are major metabolites of PAs and are generally regarded as detoxification products. However, in this study, we report that rat liver microsomes converted riddelliine N-oxide to the genotoxic 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP) metabolite. Metabolism of riddelliine N-oxide by rat liver microsomes under hypoxic conditions (argon) generated predominantly the parent PA, riddelliine. The reduction of riddelliine N-oxide to riddelliine was diminished, when the metabolism of riddelliine N-oxide with rat liver microsomes was conducted aerobically. Rat liver microsomal incubations of riddelliine N-oxide in the presence of calf thymus DNA produced a set of DHP-derived DNA adducts as detected and quantified by 32 P -postlabeling/HPLC. The same DHP-derived DNA adducts were also found in liver DNA of F344 rats fed riddelliine N-oxide or riddelliine. When rats received doses of 1.0 mg/kg riddelliine N-oxide for three consecutive days, the level of DNA adducts was 39.9±0.6 adducts/107 nucleotides, which was 2.6-fold less than that measured in rats treated with riddelliine at the same dose. We have previously shown that these DHP-derived DNA adducts are produced by chronic feeding of riddelliine and that the adduct levels correlated with liver tumor formation. Results presented in this paper indicate that riddelliine N-oxide, through its conversion to riddelliine, is also a potential genotoxic hepatocarcinogen.
ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF TiO AND VO.

The cubic compounds $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ and $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ have a broad homogeneity range with $x$ varying from about 0.75 to 1.30 and a total vacancy content varying between 11 and 20%. Golden $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ is a typical metal with a temperature- and composition-independent resistivity of about 3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ \ensuremath{\Omega} cm, a Seebeck coefficient varying from +1 to -10 \ensuremath{\mu}V/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, a susceptibility of less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ emu/mole and a superconducting transition temperature between 0.4 and 1.0 K for all compositions. $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ behaves in a qualitatively similar manner for $xl1.0$. However, it exhibits semiconductor behavior for $xg1.0$, where its resistivity is highly temperature and composition dependent with an activation energy ($150lTl300$ K) rising to about 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ eV for $x=1.3$. The Seebeck coefficient curve of $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ is sigmoid, with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ increasing from -12 to + 22 \ensuremath{\mu}V/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C as $x$ increases from 0.8 to 1.3. The magnetic susceptibility can be described by using a temperature-independent susceptibility and a Curie-Weiss term. $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ is not a superconductor above 0.3 K for any composition. The total number of vacancies in these compounds can be reduced as much as 22% by annealing at 1300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C at pressures of about 60 kbar. This decrease in vacancy concentration is accompanied by a decrease in resistivity and Seebeck coefficient. The superconducting transition temperature of $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ is increased to as high as 1.0 K. Although $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ samples as normally prepared by arc melting are cubic with random vacancies at low temperatures, related ordered structures can be produced by annealing certain compositions at atmospheric pressure. Annealing samples with $x=1.0$ below the transition temperature of 900\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C produces an ordered monoclinic structure whose properties are discussed.
The construction of Mendel's laws

While “Mendel's Laws” are generally taught as natural facts, they are actually pedagogical constructions, which originated in a series of lectures at Princeton in 1916. What accounts for their popularity?
Comparison of autocorrelation and cross-correlation methods for signal-selective TDOA estimation

Two algorithms for signal-selective time-difference-of-arrival estimation are compared in terms of their implementation and their mean-squared errors (MSEs). A tradeoff between ease of implementation and MSE performance is shown to exist. It is shown that MSE is independent of the distance between sensors for both algorithms. >
The Impact of an Older Adult's Death on the Family.

The death of an older adult member in a family can have a significant impact on family functioning, and clinicians often find themselves in unfamiliar territory when treating bereaved family members. Psychologists' conception of the grief process has changed a great deal over recent years in combination with a new emphasis on the context in which an individual's grief is taking place. This article focuses on the impact of an older adult family member's death on members of the surviving family, particularly the impact of a parent's death on surviving adult children. The impact of a grandparent's death on surviving children and on the family as a whole is also considered. Implications for treatment are provided based on a review of the theoretical and empirical literatures pertaining to this topic.
The politics and consequences of protectionism: A case study in the North American lumber market

Abstract In this paper we estimate the welfare impacts of recent U.S. trade restrictions on Canadian lumber. After building a model that incorporates the regional character of the North American lumber market, we simulate both a tariff collected by the U.S. government and the present policy of letting the Canadian government collect the tariff revenues in the form of an export tax. We find that under either policy, the losses incurred by Canadian producers can be substantial. Under the present policy, however, total Canadian welfare will go up, and total U.S. welfare will go down.
INTELLIGIBILITY MEASURES OF DYSARTHRIC SPEECH.

Ten dysarthric and 10 matched normal speakers recorded three word lists (50 CNC’s, 60 Clusters, and 50 Spondees). Intelligibility scores were obtained for lists, order of presentation, list by orde...
Line of sight of an aberrated optical system

The line of sight of an aberrated optical system is defined in terms of the centroid of its point-spread function (PSF). It is also expressed in terms of its optical transfer function as well as its pupil function. Whereas the PSF’s obtained according to wave-diffraction optics and ray geometrical optics are quite different from each other, they have the same centroid. Although different amplitude distributions across an aberration-free pupil give the same centroid location, in the case of an aberrated pupil not only the phase but also the amplitude distribution affects the centroid location. If the amplitude across a pupil is uniform, then the centroid may be obtained from the aberration only along the perimeter of the pupil, without regard for the aberration across its interior irrespective of its shape. Next, an optical system with aberrated but uniformly illuminated annular pupil is considered. The aberration function is expanded in terms of Zernike annular polynomials. It is shown that only those aberrations that vary with angle as cos θ or sin θ contribute to the line of sight. A simple expression is obtained for the line of sight in terms of the Zernike aberration coefficients. Similar results are obtained for annular pupils with radially symmetric illumination. Finally, as numerical examples, some specific results are discussed for annular pupils aberrated by classical primary and secondary coma. As an example of a radially symmetric illumination, we obtain numerical results for Gaussian illumination of aberrated annular pupils. It is emphasized that the centroid and the peak of the PSF’s aberrated by coma are not coincident. Moreover, as the amount of the aberration increases, the separation of the centroid and peak locations also increases.
Cardiac transplant rejection is associated with a decrease in the high-frequency components of the high-resolution, signal-averaged electrocardiogram.

To evaluate the utility of signal-averaged electrocardiograms (SA-ECGs) in assessing cardiac transplant rejection, SA-ECGs and endomyocardial biopsy specimens in 20 transplant recipients were prospectively obtained. Total root mean square amplitude of the QRS (RMSt) from 70 to 250 Hz was decreased in the 12 SA-ECGs accompanying rejection compared with the 65 SA-ECGs without rejection (26.0 ± 13.2 mcV vs 37.7 ± 13.6 mcV, p < 0.01), and the RMSt, terminal 40 msec root mean square voltage (RMS40), and the filtered QRS duration (QRSd) were all decreased for SA-ECGs with rejection compared with those without rejection when evaluated from 125 to 250 Hz (12.3 ± 7.0 mcV vs 17.5 ± 6.3 mcV, 10.4 ± 5.1 mcV vs 14.9 ± 7.4 mcV, and 78.8 ± 6.0 msec vs 85.1 ± 9.5 msec, respectively, p < 0.05) for all comparisons). These results demonstrate a relative loss of high-frequency SA-ECG components in patients undergoing cardiac transplant rejection and suggest that the SA-ECG may be useful in the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac transplant rejection.
Electrophilic chelating agents for irreversible binding of metal chelates to engineered antibodies.

Abstract Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies are widely used in the detection and treatment of cancer. However, several problems still prevent full clinical exploitation of these reagents. Low tumor/background ratios in radioimmunoscintigraphy and high background radioactivity in therapy are the foremost among these. The strategy of pretargeting which separates the tumor-targeting step from radiolocalization step may overcome these limitations. One pretargeting approach, based on the streptavidin–biotin system, has been demonstrated to successfully treat cancer in preclinical models (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97 (2000) 1802). In this report we describe the synthesis of several electrophilic chelates, designed for use in vivo. In this new pretargeting approach, we have used protein engineering to prepare an antibody that can bind selectively and irreversibly to certain of these metal chelates. This improves upon approaches based on the immunogenic protein streptavidin and the endogenous ligand biotin.
Endotoxin induces an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response in peritoneal macrophages of children compared to adults

Abstract Background: Children have a lower incidence of post-injury multiple organ failure (MOF) compared to adults with equivalent injury severity. MOF appears to be the end result of systemic hyper-inflammation and has been correlated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production in adults. However, this correlation has not been examined in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine response of pediatric vs. adult peritoneal macrophages (PM). We hypothesized that pediatric PM’s would have an attenuated pro-inflammatory response compared to adults. Methods: Human PM’s were collected during elective laparoscopic procedures and stimulated with LPS (10ng/mL). Pediatric cohort (0–16 years): n = 6 (mean 4.5 years), adult cohort (>18 years): n = 7 (mean 43 years). IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 production were determined by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, P Results: LPS-induced a 27-fold increase in IL-1 production in pediatric vs. adult PM’s (378 ± 184 vs. 14 ± 7 pg/mL, P 0.05). Conclusions: LPS-induced macrophage production of both IL-1 and IL-8 were increased in children. There was no difference in LPS-induced IL-6 production. These data indicate that the age-related production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in resident macrophages is different in children compared to adults. Interestingly, pediatric macrophages had an augmented pro-inflammatory septic response compared to adults. Therefore, systemic hyper-inflammation may not be a proximate cause of MOF in children.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from ribbed mussel gill tissue: Reactivity with metal ions, kinetics, and action of 3‐mercaptopicolinic acid

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (E.C. 4.1.32) from ribbed mussel gill cytosol exists as a monomer with Mr 70,000. Low levels of Mn2+ or Zn2+ were required for activity when assayed at high physiological Mg2+ levels. Mg2+ alone would not activate the enzyme. Optimal activity was observed at pH 6.6. The apparent Kms for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and NaHCO3 were 396 μM and 13 mM, respectively, when assayed at pH 6.8 in the presence of 1 mM Mn2+, 1 mM Mg2+, and 1.5 mM IDP. GDP (Kmapp 24 μM) and IDP (Kmapp 46 μM) were both reactive; other nucleoside diphosphates were not. Under standard assay conditions at pH 6.8, the reaction was freely reversible with the rate of PEP carboxylation two to three times the rate of OAA decarboxylation. When assayed in the PEP synthesizing direction at pH 6.8 with 2 mM Mn2+ and Mg2+, the apparent Kms for GTP and OAA were 55 μM and 24 μM, respectively. Chloride ion was inhibitory (I50 120 mM); 3-mercaptopicolinic acid (MPA) and 3-aminopicolinic acid (APA) were competitive inhibitors with respect to PEP and noncompetitive with respect to IDP. MPA was a more effective inhibitor (Kiapp 8–34 μM) than APA (Kiapp 250–500 μM). Aminooxyacetate and N-butylmalonate (BMA) were not inhibitory and hydroxymalonate was slightly inhibitory (Kiapp 15 mM). ATP showed mixed competitive inhibition with respect to PEP (Kiapp 0.54 mM); inhibition by ATP was not reversed by L-alanine. Experiments employing BMA and MPA with gill tissue pieces subjected to hyperosmotic stress indicated that the PEPCK reaction in gill tissue was not significantly involved in the regulation of carbon flow for the synthesis of L-alanine as an intracellular osmotic buffer.
Electrochemical investigation of N-methyl-4-(5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl)pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate: A laser dye with product deposition

Abstract The electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical behavior of N -methyl-4-(5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl)pyridinium p -toluenesulfonate was studied to provide an evaluation of the electrochromic properties of this laser dye. Preliminary cyclic voltammetric experiments provided evidence for the deposition onto the electrode of the product of the electrochemical reduction process. Double potential-step chronocoulometry and spectroelectrochemistry at an optically transparent thin-layer gold-minigrid electrode were used to elucidate the reaction mechanism further. Equations were derived to interpret the spectropotentiostatic Nernst plots which exhibit discontinuities as a result of product precipitation onto the electrode. By fitting the experimental data to these expressions, it was possible to calculate the formal potential (−1.017 V vs. SCE) and number of electrons (1.1) for the redox process plus the solubility of the product (0.27 mmol/L). When this solubility value was used in equations derived for the chronocoulometry model for this system, a value of 5 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s was obtained for the diffusion coefficient of the reduced species. From the forward chronocoulometric step, the diffusion coefficient for the oxidized form, the laser dye cation, was calculated to be 6.8 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s. For redox systems in which there is product deposition, the mathematical treatment described permits the calculation of various thermodynamic and transport properties based on spectropotentiostatic and chronocoulometric data.
Intermolecular interactions in collagen self-assembly as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

When a solution of collagen molecules, at neutral pH and moderate ionic strength, is warmed from 4 degrees to 30 degrees C, a spontaneous self-assembly process takes place in which native-type collagen fibers are produced. Events occurring during thermally induced fibrillogenesis process can be monitored, in aqueous media and in real time, by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. Tentative assignments of observed spectral bands are given.
Pyrithione: Plasma metabolite in man

2-Methylsulfonylpyridine (2-MSP) has been identified as the terminal plasma pyrithione metabolite in rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys (W. B. Gibson, A. R. Jeffcoat, P. D. Rodriguez, T. S. Turan, P. F. Hughes, and M. E. Twine, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 62, 237-250 (1982); C. Mitoma, T. Steeger, J. Rogers, D. Thomas, and J. H. Wedig, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 3, 256-263 (1983]. This metabolite was detected in the systemic circulation of humans involved in the chemical manufacturing process. This confirms that the terminal pyrithione metabolite in plasma is identical among rat, rabbit, dog, monkey, and man.
Thinking like a trader selectively reduces individuals' loss aversion

Research on emotion regulation has focused upon observers' ability to regulate their emotional reaction to stimuli such as affective pictures, but many other aspects of our affective experience are also potentially amenable to intentional cognitive regulation. In the domain of decision-making, recent work has demonstrated a role for emotions in choice, although such work has generally remained agnostic about the specific role of emotion. Combining psychologically-derived cognitive strategies, physiological measurements of arousal, and an economic model of behavior, this study examined changes in choices (specifically, loss aversion) and physiological correlates of behavior as the result of an intentional cognitive regulation strategy. Participants were on average more aroused per dollar to losses relative to gains, as measured with skin conductance response, and the difference in arousal to losses versus gains correlated with behavioral loss aversion across subjects. These results suggest a specific role for arousal responses in loss aversion. Most importantly, the intentional cognitive regulation strategy, which emphasized “perspective-taking,” uniquely reduced both behavioral loss aversion and arousal to losses relative to gains, largely by influencing arousal to losses. Our results confirm previous research demonstrating loss aversion while providing new evidence characterizing individual differences and arousal correlates and illustrating the effectiveness of intentional regulation strategies in reducing loss aversion both behaviorally and physiologically.