cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disseminated Malignancy Misdiagnosed as Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Report of 10 Patients and a Systematic Review of Published Cases

Background. Patients with disseminated malignancy who present with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia may be misdiagnosed as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), resulting in inappropriate plasma exchange treatment, a procedure with major risk, and delay of appropriate chemotherapy. Purpose. To assess clinical features that may distinguish occult disseminated malignancy from TTP. Patients and methods. We report the 17-year experience of The Oklahoma TTP-Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS) Registry (1989–2005) and a systematic review of previously published case reports. Results. Ten of 351 patients in the Oklahoma Registry who were initially diagnosed with TTP and treated with plasma exchange were subsequently discovered to have disseminated malignancy. Only one patient had a history of cancer. In these 10 patients, neurologic abnormalities, hematocrit, platelet count, and serum creatinine were not different from the 133 concurrent patients with idiopathic TTP. Patients with disseminated malignancy had a longer duration of symptoms, more frequent presence of respiratory symptoms, higher lactate dehydrogenase levels, and more often failed to respond to plasma exchange treatment. Diagnosis of malignancy was made by bone marrow biopsy in six patients but not until autopsy in two patients. A systematic literature review identified 19 additional pa
Evaluating Roughness Models of Radar Backscatter

A unique set of data collected for a soil moisture experiment has been used to evaluate three radar backscatter roughness models. The data were collected by the NASA Space Shuttle flight 41G (SIR-B) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in an intensively farmed area near Fresno, California. The SIR-B data swath included a large number of bare dry fields with a large variety of surface roughnesses. The small perturbation model gave the best results, particularly when fields with a definite periodic row structure were omitted. The standard deviation of surface heights appears to be a good measure of relative roughness conditions, but the correlation length did not appear to be a good descriptor of the surface nor did it seem to be related in any way to the measured backscatter.
Automation of nested matrix and derivative operations

In 1983 an algorithm feed was introduced for the systematic exact evaluation of higher-order partial derivatives of functions of many variables. In 1986 the feed library was extended to permit the automatic differentiation of functions expressed in terms of the derivatives of other functions. Building on this work, the present paper further extends the feed library to permit the automatic differentiation of expressions involving nested matrix and derivative operations. The need to differentiate such expressions arose naturally in the course of designing sequential filters for a class of nonlinear tracking problems.
Is the Growth of Regionalism as Significant as the Headlines Suggest? Lessons from Agricultural Trade

The proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has motivated a significant number of ex post econometric studies investigating their agricultural trade impacts. The general conclusion is that RTAs increase members’ trade by as much as 150%, on average. In this article, we demonstrate that previous empirical work likely misrepresents the impact of RTAs because of considerable heterogeneity in the depth of economic integration pursued by these agreements. Contrary to previous studies, the results reveal that RTAs are not universally trade creating, and some agreements appear to provide very little benefit. “Deep integration agreements,” on the other hand, are largely responsible for the impressive agricultural trade flow increases reported in the literature. Testing the hierarchy of RTAs largely confirms the theory: the benefits of regionalism are an increasing function of the depth of economic integration.
Dirac's theorem for random graphs

A classical theorem of Dirac from 1952 asserts that every graph on n vertices with minimum degree at least \documentclass{article} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \begin{align*}\left\lceil n/2 \right\rceil\end{align*} \end{document} **image** is Hamiltonian. In this paper we extend this result to random graphs. Motivated by the study of resilience of random graph properties we prove that if p ≫ log n/n, then a.a.s. every subgraph of G(n,p) with minimum degree at least (1/2 + o (1))np is Hamiltonian. Our result improves on previously known bounds, and answers an open problem of Sudakov and Vu. Both, the range of edge probability p and the value of the constant 1/2 are asymptotically best possible. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2012 (Supported by NSF CAREER grant, NSF grant DMS-1101185 and USA-Israel BSF grant.)
Stackelberg vs. Nash in security games: an extended investigation of interchangeability, equivalence, and uniqueness

There has been significant recent interest in game-theoretic approaches to security, with much of the recent research focused on utilizing the leader-follower Stackelberg game model. Among the major applications are the ARMOR program deployed at LAX Airport and the IRIS program in use by the US Federal Air Marshals (FAMS). The foundational assumption for using Stackelberg games is that security forces (leaders), acting first, commit to a randomized strategy; while their adversaries (followers) choose their best response after surveillance of this randomized strategy. Yet, in many situations, a leader may face uncertainty about the follower's surveillance capability. Previous work fails to address how a leader should compute her strategy given such uncertainty. We provide five contributions in the context of a general class of security games. First, we show that the Nash equilibria in security games are interchangeable, thus alleviating the equilibrium selection problem. Second, under a natural restriction on security games, any Stackelberg strategy is also a Nash equilibrium strategy; and furthermore, the solution is unique in a class of security games of which ARMOR is a key exemplar. Third, when faced with a follower that can attack multiple targets, many of these properties no longer hold. Fourth, we show experimentally that in most (but not all) games where the restriction does not hold, the Stackelberg strategy is still a Nash equilibrium strategy, but this is no longer true when the attacker can attack multiple targets. Finally, as a possible direction for future research, we propose an extensive-form game model that makes the defender's uncertainty about the attacker's ability to observe explicit.
Base station networking in personal communications

Base stations in personal communications serve as the interface between portable terminals and their central offices. For many reasons, such as cost-effectiveness, higher reliability, simpler handover, and simple clock distribution, it is desirable to use a network instead of point-to-point links to connect base stations to their central offices. The author considers a base station network that has a regular rectangular mesh topology and an access protocol that is based on the slotted ring. The mesh topology provides clock distribution which can synchronize the timing for time-division multiple access (TDMA) or frequency-division multiaccess (FDMA) radio access when the network is physically regular. The slotted-ring protocol provides simple medium access, simple interface with TDMA or FDMA radio channels and simpler handover processing. The author also discusses how base station networks in different central office zones can be interconnected to form a metropolitan area network for both voice and data traffic. >
Role of Contact Lens Wear, Bacterial Flora, and Mannose–Induced Pathogenic Protease in the Pathogenesis of Amoebic Keratitis

The ocular surface is continuously exposed to potential pathogens, including free-living amoebae. Acanthamoeba species are among the most ubiquitous amoebae, yet Acanthamoeba keratitis is remarkably rare. The pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba keratitis is a complex, sequential process. Here we show that Acanthamoeba keratitis is profoundly affected by mannosylated proteins on the ocular surface, which stimulate the amoebae to elaborate a 133-kDa pathogenic protease. The mannose-induced protease (MIP133) mediates apoptosis of the corneal epithelium, facilitates corneal invasion, and degrades the corneal stroma. We show that contact lens wear upregulates mannosylated proteins on the corneal epithelium, stimulates MIP133 secretion, and exacerbates corneal disease. Corynebacterium xerosis, a constituent of the ocular flora, contains large amounts of mannose and is associated with Acanthamoeba keratitis. The present results show that amoebae exposed to C. xerosis produce increased amounts of MIP133 and more severe corneal disease. Oral immunization with MIP133 mitigates Acanthamoeba keratitis and demonstrates the feasibility of antidisease vaccines for pathogens that resist immune elimination.
Recurrent motions within plane Couette turbulence

The phenomenon of bursting, in which streaks in turbulent boundary layers oscillate and then eject low-speed fluid away from the wall, has been studied experimentally, theoretically and computationally for more than 50 years because of its importance to the three-dimensional structure of turbulent boundary layers. Five new three-dimensional solutions of turbulent plane Couette flow are produced, one of which is periodic while the other four are relative periodic. Each of these five solutions demonstrates the breakup and re-formation of near-wall coherent structures. Four of our solutions are periodic, but with drifts in the streamwise direction. More surprisingly, two of our solutions are periodic, but with drifts in the spanwise direction, a possibility that does not seem to have been considered in the literature. It is argued that a considerable part of the streakiness observed experimentally in the near-wall region could be due to spanwise drifts that accompany the breakup and re-formation of coherent structures. A new periodic solution of plane Couette flow is also computed that could be related to transition to turbulence. The violent nature of the bursting phenomenon implies the need for good resolution in the computation of periodic and relative periodic solutions within turbulent shear flows. This computationally demanding requirement is addressed with a new algorithm for computing relative periodic solutions one of whose features is a combination of two well-known ideas – namely the Newton–Krylov iteration and the locally constrained optimal hook step. Each of the six solutions is accompanied by an error estimate. Dynamical principles are discussed that suggest that the bursting phenomenon, and more generally fluid turbulence, can be understood in terms of periodic and relative periodic solutions of the Navier–Stokes equation.
Spanning Properties of Theta-Theta Graphs

We study the spanning properties of Theta-Theta graphs. Similar in spirit with the Yao-Yao graphs, Theta-Theta graphs partition the space around each vertex into a set of \(k\) cones, for some fixed integer \(k > 1\), and select at most one edge per cone. The difference is in the way edges are selected. Yao-Yao graphs select an edge of minimum length, whereas Theta-Theta graphs select an edge of minimum orthogonal projection onto the cone bisector. It has been established that the Yao-Yao graphs with parameter \(k = 6k'\) have spanning ratio \(11.67\), for \(k' \ge 6\). In this paper we establish a first spanning ratio of \(7.82\) for Theta-Theta graphs, for the same values of \(k\). We also extend the class of Theta-Theta spanners with parameter \(6k'\), and establish a spanning ratio of \(16.76\) for \(k' \ge 5\). We surmise that these stronger results are mainly due to a tighter analysis in this paper, rather than Theta-Theta being superior to Yao-Yao as a spanner. We also show that the spanning ratio of Theta-Theta graphs decreases to \(4.64\) as \(k'\) increases to \(8\). These are the first results on the spanning properties of Theta-Theta graphs.
Convex polytopes from nested posets

Motivated by the graph associahedron K G , a polytope whose face poset is based on connected subgraphs of G , we consider the notion of associativity and tubes on posets. This leads to a new family of simple convex polytopes obtained by iterated truncations. These generalize graph associahedra and nestohedra, even encompassing notions of nestings on CW-complexes. However, these poset associahedra fall in a different category altogether than generalized permutohedra.
Reconfigurable flight control via multiple model adaptive control methods

An aircraft flight control system with reconfigurable capabilities is considered. A multiple model adaptive controller (MMAC) is shown to provide effective reconfigurability when subjected to single and double failures of sensors and/or actuators. A command generator tracker/proportional-plus-integral/Kalman filter (CGT/PI/KF) form of controller was chosen for each of the elemental controllers within the MMAC algorithm and each was designed via LQG synthesis to provide desirable vehicle behavior for a particular failure status of sensors and actuators. The MMAC performance is enhanced by an alternate computation of the MMAC hypothesis probabilities, use of maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) versus Bayesian form of the MAC (or a modified combination of both), and reduction of identification ambiguities through scalar residual monitoring for the case of sensor failures. >
Robust use of supplementary conditions for moment method solution near internal resonances

A robust and efficient general method is presented for stabilizing moment method calculations using supplemental information. This method is then applied to the problem of exterior calculations using the electric field integral equation and the magnetic field integral equation for closed conducting bodies at frequencies near those of interior resonances. A large number of well-known techniques provide supplemental information. Thus, this paper shows how the information in each of these may be used more efficiently in the sense of a smaller operation count. The mathematical method used here is the modified truncated singular value decomposition, which is both numerically stable and describes whether the supplemental conditions used are sufficient to allow an accurate solution of the integral equation. The surface currents associated with the (nearly) resonant interior mode(s) are explicitly computed by this method. >
No Transition Disk? Infrared Excess, PAH, H2, and X-rays from the Weak-Lined T Tauri Star DoAr 21

As part of a program to understand disk dispersal and the interplay between circumstellar disks and X-ray emission, we present new high-resolution mid-infrared (IR) imaging, high-resolution optical spectroscopy, and Chandra grating X-ray spectroscopy of the weak-lined T Tauri star DoAr 21. DoAr 21 (age <106 yr and mass ~2.2 M ☉ based on evolutionary tracks) is a strong X-ray emitter, with conflicting evidence in the literature about its disk properties. It shows weak but broad Hα emission (reported here for the first time since the 1950s); polarimetric variability; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and H2 emission; and a strong, spatially resolved 24 μm excess in archival Spitzer photometry. Gemini sub-arcsecond-resolution 9-18 μm images show that there is little or no excess mid-IR emission within 100 AU of the star; the excess emission is extended over several arcseconds and is quite asymmetric. The extended emission is bright in the ultraviolet (UV)-excited λ = 11.3 μm PAH emission feature. A new high-resolution X-ray grating spectrum from Chandra shows that the stellar X-ray emission is very hard and dominated by continuum emission; it is well fit by a multi-temperature thermal model, typical of hard coronal sources, and shows no evidence of unusually high densities. A flare during the X-ray observation shows a temperature approaching 108 K. We argue that the far-UV emission from the transition region is sufficient to excite the observed extended PAH and continuum emission, and that the H2 emission may be similarly extended and excited. While this extended emission may be a disk in the final stages of clearing, it also could be more akin to a small-scale photodissociation region than a protoplanetary disk, highlighting both the very young ages (<106 yr) at which some stars are found without disks and the extreme radiation environment around even late-type pre-main-sequence stars.
Mechanical Testing of Freestanding Nano-Films Using a Novel Finite Diameter Tip MEMS-Based Testing Machine

We present a new experimental method for measuring the mechanical properties of nanoscale-thick materials using the free-standing membrane test. Freestanding circular membranes are centrally deflected using a spherical indenter attached to a microfabricated fixed-fixed beam device. Experiments of this type allow us to extract mechanical properties of the thin films without the complicating effects of the substrate, enabling accurate study of length scale effects. These experiments differ from previous work by testing freestanding films and by including the finite contact size of the indenter tip.
Plasma immersion ion implantation for semiconductor processing

Summary form only given, as follows. The plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) technique shows great promise for large-area and high dose-rate processing of electronic materials. The PIII technique is also compatible with the current trend of using cluster tools in semiconductor processing. Because of the immersion nature of the process, the implantation time to achieve the same dose will be independent of the implantation area and this is a big advantage over the raster method used in conventional beamline ion implanters. This paper will review the current understanding of PIII plasma dynamics and reactor designs. Examples such as plasma doping for ultra-shallow junctions and high aspect ratio Si trenches, selective plating of metals, damage induced impurities gettering, subsurface material synthesis of silicon-on-insulator, and microcavity engineering will be used to illustrate the unique applications of PIII for electronic materials modification. We will also discuss the processing requirements and limitations of PIII: concomitant implantation and sputtering, oxide charging, and substrate heating.
Improvement of the orthogonal code convolution capabilities using FPGA implementation

When data is stored, compressed, or communicated through a media such as cable or air, sources of noise and other parameters such as EMI, crosstalk, and distance can considerably affect the reliability of these data. Error detection and correction techniques are therefore required. Orthogonal Code is one of the codes that can detect errors and correct corrupted data. An n-bit orthogonal code has n/2 is and n/2 0s. In a previous work these properties have been exploited to detect and correct errors. In this paper we present a new methodology to enhance error detection capabilities of the orthogonal code. The technique was implemented experimentally using field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). The results show that the proposed technique improves the detection capabilities of the orthogonal code by approximately 50%, resulting in 99.9% error detection, and corrects as predicted up to (n/4-1) bits of error in the received impaired code with bandwidth efficiency.
Semantics for the Semantic Web: The Implicit, the Formal and the Powerful

Enabling applications that exploit heterogeneous data in the Semantic Web will require us to harness a broad variety of semantics. Considering the role of semantics in a number of research areas in computer science, we organize semantics in three forms â€” implicit, formal, and powerful â€” and explore their roles in enabling some of the key capabilities related to the Semantic Web. The central message of this article is that building the Semantic Web purely on description logics will artificially limit its potential, and that we will need to both exploit well-known techniques that support implicit semantics, and develop more powerful semantic techniques.
Robust stability for time-delay systems: the edge theorem and graphical tests

The robust stability problem is discussed for a class of uncertain delay systems where the characteristic equations involve a polytope P of quasi-polynomials (i.e. polynomials in one complex variable and exponential powers of the variable). Given a set D in the complex plane, the goal is to find a constructive technique to verify whether all roots of every quasi-polynomial in P belong to D (that is, to verify the D-stability of P). First it is demonstrated by counterexample that Kharitonov's theorem does not hold for general delay systems. Next it is shown that under a mild assumption on the set D a polytope of quasi-polynomials is D-stable if and only if the edges of the polytope are D-stable. This extends the edge theorem for the D-stability of a polytope of polynomials. The third result gives a constructive graphical test for checking the D-stability of a polytope of quasi-polynomials which is especially simple when the set D is the open left-half plane. An application is given to demonstrate the power of the results. >
Measuring noise in inventory models

This paper has two purposes. One is to assess different models of inventory behavior in terms of their ability to approximate the realized data. We do this initially for the pure production smoothing model and then for a sequence of generalizations. Our analysis both performs specification tests as well as measures the deviations of the data from each null model through use of a noise ratio statistic. A second purpose is to explore whether observed cost shocks, in particular raw materials prices, help explain inventory movements. We find that the production smoothing model of inventories, augmented by buffer stock motives, stockout avoidance motives, and observed cost shocks, well approximates monthly data.
Recent developments in antipoverty policies in the United States

James Ziliak surveys recent developments in antipoverty policies in the United States and evaluates their effectiveness. He begins with an overview of major programs and substantial growth in the social safety net and how they affect poverty and its correlates. Raising the question of what accounts for this spending boom in the social safety net, the author finds that the answer varies widely across programs. Typically it can be accounted for by changing demographics, business cycles, policy implementation and, in some cases, policy reform. Participation in the food-stamps program, for example, moves counter-cyclically with the business cycle, and thus the increased expenditure since 1999 resulted in part from the weak economy. The Earned Income Tax Credit is a refundable tax credit available to low-income families and individuals, but only those in the labor market. As a consequence of the changing labor force composition and policy, expenditures on this tax credit make it the largest cash assistance program to low-income working persons. By contrast, increased spending on disability insurance took place not through policy reform but as a result of changes in the implementation of program rules, combined with an increase in the proportion of the population applying for benefits.
Application of microwave energy to organic synthesis : improved technology

Abstract The application of microwave energy to the sulfonation of naphthalene and anthraquinone, to the amination of p -chloronitrobenzene, and to the hydrosilylation of 2- and 4- vinylpyridine has been studied. Though faster (5 – 360-fold) reactions were observed problems were encountered with the available microwave technology. These were overcome by using a microwave oven equipped with stirring facility and both temperature and pressure control.
Deterministic control for a new class of uncertain dynamical systems

We study the problem of stabilization of nonlinear multivariable uncertain systems. We show that for a nonlinear plant with nonlinear input, a class of stabilizing continuous-type controllers can he constructed.
Synthesis of novel bicyclic nitrogen heterocycles by the intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrones with allenes and alkynes

Abstract A study of the intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition reactions of a series of allenyl and alkynyl nitrones has been carried out. Phenylhydroxylamine readily reacts with o -(1,2-propadienyloxy)benzaldehyde to give a dioxaazabicyclo[3.2.1]octene. The intramolecular 3+2-cycloaddition of 2-(1,2-propynyloxy)benzaldehyde and N-methylhydroxylamine was also studied. In this case, the major cycloadduct formed was identified as 4-methyl-2,5- endo -oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro[1,4]benzoxazepin. The formation of this novel rearranged product involves an initial dipolar cycloaddition across the acetylenic π-bond to give the expected 4-isoxazoline as a transient intermediate. The next step proceeds by homolysis of the O-N linkage and this is followed by ring closure to produce an aziridine which undergoes further C-C bond cleavage. The resulting azomethine ylide is converted to the final rearranged product by means of an ortho -quinone methide intermediate. Phenylsulfonyl activated allenes were also found to react with alkylhydroxylamines to give nitrones which undergo cycloaddition with the neighboring π-bond to afford the resulting bicyclic nitrogen heterocycles.
Expectant Fathers, Abortion, and Embryos

One thread of abortion criticism, arguing that gender equality requires that men be allowed to terminate legal parental status and obligations, has reinforced the stereotype of men as uninterested in fatherhood. As courts facing disputes over stored pre-embryos weigh the equities of allowing implantation of the pre-embryos, this same gender stereotype has been increasingly incorporated into a legal balancing test, leading to troubling implications for ART and family law.
Star-forming Knots in the UV-bright Interacting Galaxies NGC 3395 and NGC 3396

We have obtained ultraviolet and visible wavelength images for the central regions of the interacting galaxies NGC 3395 and NGC 3396, using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. The images show many isolated sources of ultraviolet emission produced by young star-forming regions (knots). The FWHM of most of the knots in both galaxies is ≤20 pc. Far-UV flux distributions for the complete sample of knots can be fitted with a power law with exponent α = -1.20 ± 0.35 for NGC 3395 and a power law with exponent α = -0.69 ± 0.21 for NGC 3396. Comparison with models from Leitherer et al. indicates that the ages of most of the knots are ≤80 Myr. Reddening of the knots ranges from E(B-V) = 0.0 to E(B-V) = 0.3 mag, indicating variable amounts of dust in these regions. Almost all the knots have masses less than 106 M⊙. Many of the knots are probably bound and at least six knots are good proto–globular cluster candidates. There are no significant differences in the fluxes, sizes, and ages of the knots in the two galaxies. The average mass of the knots in NGC 3395 is an order of magnitude less than the average mass of the knots in NGC 3396. There is no obvious correlation between the age of a knot and its position the galaxy.
Don't suppress the wiggles—They're telling you something!

The subject of oscillatory solutions (wiggles), which sometimes result when the conventional Galerkin finite element method is employed to approximate the solution of certain partial differential equations, is addressed. It is argued that there is an important message behind these wiggles and that the appropriate response to it usually involves a combination of: re-examination of the imposed boundary conditions, judicious mesh refinement (via isoparametric elements) in critical areas, and sometimes even admitting that the problem, as posed, is just too difficult to solve adequately on an “affordable” mesh. It is further argued that it is usually an inappropriate response to develop methods which a priori suppress these wiggles and thereby make claims that these unconventional FEM techniques are actually improvements and can be used to solve difficult problems on coarse meshes.
Growth and Decay in Life-Like Cellular Automata

Since the study of life began, many have asked: is it unique in the universe, or are there other interesting forms of life elsewhere? Before we can answer that question, we should ask others: What makes life special? If we happen across another system with life-like behavior, how would we be able to recognize it? We are speaking, of course, of the mathematical systems of cellular automata, of the fascinating patterns that have been discovered and engineered in Conway’s Game of Life, and of the possible existence of other cellular automaton rules with equally complex behavior to that of Life.
When is it good to believe bad things

Positive and negative misbeliefs both may have evolved to serve important adaptive functions. Here, we focus on the role of negative misbeliefs in promoting adaptive outcomes within the contexts of romantic relationships and intergroup interactions. Believing bad things can paradoxically encourage romantic fidelity, personal safety, competitive success, and group solidarity, among other positive outcomes.
Oxidation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds using (camphorylsulfonyl)oxaziridines

Abstract The oxidation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with (camphorylsulfonyl)oxaziridines 2 was studied in both cyclic and acyclic systems. Two reaction pathways were identified: enolate α-hydroxylation and a novel Baeyer-Villiger type oxidation. The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation product was observed only for the ketones and arises via rearrangement of an alkoxy epoxide. Synthetically useful ee's (82–95%) were observed only for enolates of β-ketoesters where the keto group is part of a 6-membered ring.
Direct measurement of slip velocities using three-dimensional total internal reflection velocimetry

The existence and magnitude of slip velocities between deionized water and a smooth glass surface is studied experimentally. Sub-micron fluorescent particles are suspended in water and imaged using total internal reflection velocimetry (TIRV). For water flowing over a hydrophilic surface, the measurements are in agreement with previous experiments and indicate that slip, if present, is minimal at low shear rates, but increases slightly as the shear rate increases. Surface hydrophobicity is observed to induce a small slip velocity, with the slip length reaching a maximum of 96 nm at a shear rate of 1800 $\,{\rm s}^{-1}$ . Issues associated with the experimental technique and the interpretation of results are also discussed.
Chord Diagrams and Coxeter Links

The paper presents a construction of fibered links $(K, \Sigma)$ out of chord diagrams $\sL$ . Let $\Gamma$ be the incidence graph of $\sL$ . Under certain conditions on $\sL$ the symmetrized Seifert matrix of $(K, \Sigma)$ equals the bilinear form of the simply-laced Coxeter system $(W, S)$ associated to $\Gamma$ ; and the monodromy of $(K, \Sigma)$ equals minus the Coxeter element of $(W, S)$ . Lehmer's problem is solved for the monodromy of these Coxeter links.
The Isomorphism Conjecture Holds and One-Way Functions Exist Relative to an Oracle

In this paper we demonstrate an oracle relative to which there are one-way functions but every paddable 1-li-degree collapses to an isomorphism type, thus yielding a relativized failure of the Joseph?Young Conjecture JY85. We then use this result to construct an oracle relative to which the Isomorphism Conjecture is true but one-way functions exist, which answers an open question of Fenner, Fortnow, and Kurtz FFK96. Thus, there are now relativizations realizing every one of the four possible states of affairs between the Isomorphism Conjecture and the existence of one-way functions.
Propagation of spatial correlation vortices

The propagating four-dimensional mutual coherence function of a partially coherent Gaussian beam containing an arbitrarily positioned optical vortex is analytically determined. The dark intensity core becomes diffuse under low coherence and the vortex is only detectable by examining the cross-correlation function. This function contains a vortex dipole or a ring dislocation depending on the vortex position in the beam. The position of these robust propagating correlation phase singularities is described.
THE GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT INDEX: A US PERSPECTIVE

This paper looks at the performance of the United States (US) on the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI), capturing the contextual features of entrepreneurship. The US ranks third on the GEDI. It performs well on the aspirations sub-index but lags on the attitudes and activity sub-indices. Its performance is strong in areas of startu skills, competition, and new technology but weak in cultural support, tech sector, and high-growth business. Performance is stronger on institutional variables than on individual variables. Apparent weakness in the tech sector, lack of cultural support for entrepreneurship and lack of high-growth business can be due to the changing political environment and international volatility, 1990s tech sector bubble burst, the recent recession, and the improving performance of other counties.
Magnetic fields in molecular clouds

This review examines observations of magnetic fields in molecular clouds and what those observations tell us about the theory of molecular cloud evolution and star formation. First, the review briefly summarizes classes of theoretical models of molecular clouds and specific predictions of the models that can be tested by observation. Then, the review describes the techniques for observing and mapping magnetic fields in molecular clouds, followed by discussion of important examples of observational studies using each technique. A synthesis of results from all observational techniques summarizes the current state, which is that though magnetic fields generally dominate turbulence, there is no definitive evidence for magnetic fields dominating gravity in molecular clouds or for ambipolar-diffusion-driven star formation. Finally, the review discusses prospects for advances in our observational capabilities with telescopes and instruments now beginning operation or under construction.
Emerging differences in state grain trading: Australia and Canada

The Australian Wheat Board (AWB) and Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) have attracted attention recently because they are two of the largest state trading enterprises (STEs) engaged in agricultural trade. They have traditionally been viewed as nearly sister agencies. Among major STEs in the world market, these two agencies historically had similar characteristics including: price pooling, cost pooling, export sales monopolies, monopoly powers within domestic markets, grain quality control, and government underwriting of initial producer prices and export credit. However, during the past 6 years, similarities between the AWB and CWB have begun to diverge and the importance of their differences is becoming increasingly apparent. This paper identifies major emerging differences between the AWB and CWB and explores potential explanations (hypotheses) for these dissimilarities. A major point is that reforms in institutional design and legislative changes have given rise to emerging differences in key aspects of the marketing systems and performance.
Proposal of a Spin Torque Majority Gate Logic

A spin-based logic device is proposed. It is comprised of a common free ferromagnetic layer and four discrete ferromagnetic nanopillars, each containing an independent fixed layer. It has the functionality of a majority gate and is switched via motion of domain walls by spin transfer torque. Validity of its logic operation and a quantitative performance prediction are demonstrated by micromagnetic simulation. It is entirely compatible with complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology.
Self tuning blind identification and equalization of IIR channels

This paper considers self-tuning blind identification and equalization of fractionally spaced IIR channels. One recursive estimator is used to generate parameter estimates of the numerators of IIR systems, while the other estimates denominator of IIR channel. Equalizer parameters are calculated by solving Bezout type equation. It is shown that the numerator parameter estimates converge toward a scalar multiple of the true coefficients, while the second algorithm provides consistent denominator estimates. It is proved that the equalizer output converges to a scalar version of the actual symbol sequence.
Addressing atoms in optical lattices with Bessel beams

A method of synthesizing localized optical fields with zeros on a periodic lattice is analyzed. The applicability to addressing atoms trapped in optical lattices with low cross talk is discussed.
Mid-infrared emission from dust around quiescent low-mass X-ray binaries

We report the discovery of excess 4.5 and 8 μm emission from three quiescent black hole low-mass X-ray binaries, A0620−00, GS 2023+338, and XTE J1118+480, and the lack of similar excess emission from Cen X-4. The mid-infrared emission from GS 2023+338 probably originates in the accretion disk. However, the excess emission from A0620−00 and XTE J1118+480 is brighter and peaks at longer wavelengths, and thus most likely originates from circumbinary dust that is heated by the light of the secondary star. For these two sources, we find that the inner edges of the dust distributions lie near 1.7 times the binary separations, which are the minimum radii at which circumbinary disks would be stable against tidal disruption. The excesses are weak at 24 μm, which implies that the dust does not extend beyond about 3 times the binary separations. The total masses of circumbinary material are between 10^22 and 10^24 g. The material could be the remains of fallback disks produced in supernovae, or material from the companions injected into circumbinary orbits during mass transfer.
Throughflow Method for Turbomachines Applicable for All Flow Regimes

A new axisymmetric throughflow method for analyzing and designing turbomachines is proposed. This method utilizes body-force terms to represent blade forces and viscous losses. The resulting equations of motion, which include these bod-force terms, are cast in terms of conservative variables and are solved using a finite-volume time-stepping scheme. In the inverse mode, the swril schedule in the bladed regions (i.e., the radius times the tangential velocity rV O ) is the primary specified flow quantity, and the corresponding blade shape is sought after. In the analysis mode, the blade geometry is specified and the flow solution is computed. The advantages of this throughflow method compared to the current family of streamline curvature and matrix methods are that the same code can be used for subsonic/transonic/supersonic throughflow velocities, and the proposed method has a shock capturing capability. This method is demonstrated for designing a supersonic throughflow fan stage and a transonic throughflow turbine stage.
Immobilization of heterobimetallic multifunctional asymmetric catalyst

Immobilization of an asymmetric AlLibis(binaphthoxide) catalyst (ALB) is described. The immobilized ALBs (poly-ALBs) are readily prepared from polymeric BINOL derivatives and LiAlH4. The combined use of 9 mol % of BuLi with ca. 10 mol % (as a monomeric catalyst) of 6,6‘-aryl-tethered poly-ALB gave the Michael adducts with up to 93% ee. After completion of the reaction, the insoluble catalyst was recovered in air and is reusable.
Measures of underlying inflation in the euro area: assessment and role for informing monetary policy

The paper evaluates the 24-month-ahead inflation forecasting performance of various indicators of underlying inflation and structural models. Measures derived using the generalized dynamic factor model (GDFM) overperform other measures over the monetary policy horizon and are leading indicators of headline inflation. Trimmed means, although weaker than GDFM indicators, have good forecasting performance, while indicators by permanent exclusion underperform but provide useful information about short-term dynamics. The forecasting performance of theoretically-founded models that relate monetary aggregates, the output gap, and inflation improves with the time horizon but generally falls short of that of the GDFM. A composite measure of underlying inflation, derived by averaging the statistical indicators and the model-based estimates, improves forecast accuracy by eliminating bias and offers valuable insight about the distribution of risks.
An integrative review of sensory marketing: Engaging the senses to affect perception, judgment and behavior

Abstract I define “sensory marketing” as “ marketing that engages the consumers' senses and affects their perception, judgment and behavior. ” From a managerial perspective, sensory marketing can be used to create subconscious triggers that characterize consumer perceptions of abstract notions of the product (e.g., its sophistication or quality). Given the gamut of explicit marketing appeals made to consumers every day, subconscious triggers which appeal to the basic senses may be a more efficient way to engage consumers. Also, these sensory triggers may result in consumers' self-generation of (desirable) brand attributes, rather than those verbally provided by the advertiser. The understanding of these sensory triggers implies an understanding of sensation and perception as it applies to consumer behavior—this is the research perspective of sensory marketing. This review article presents an overview of research on sensory perception. The review also points out areas where little research has been done, so that each additional paper has a greater chance of making a bigger difference and sparking further research. It is quite apparent from the review that there still remains tremendous need for research within the domain of sensory marketing—research that can be very impactful.
Gradient-Based Adaptive Stochastic Search for Non-Differentiable Optimization

In this paper, we propose a stochastic search algorithm for solving general optimization problems with little structure. The algorithm iteratively finds high quality solutions by randomly sampling candidate solutions from a parameterized distribution model over the solution space. The basic idea is to convert the original (possibly non-differentiable) problem into a differentiable optimization problem on the parameter space of the parameterized sampling distribution, and then use a direct gradient search method to find improved sampling distributions. Thus, the algorithm combines the robustness feature of stochastic search from considering a population of candidate solutions with the relative fast convergence speed of classical gradient methods by exploiting local differentiable structures. We analyze the convergence and converge rate properties of the proposed algorithm, and carry out numerical study to illustrate its performance.
Optimum multiflow biorthogonal DMT with unequal subchannel assignment

We consider the design of biorthogonal, as opposed to orthonormal, discrete multitone (DMT) systems supporting multiple services in a single antennae setting. The services may have differing quality of service (QoS) requirements, quantified by bit rate and symbol error rate specifications. Different users on the system can be potentially assigned different number of subchannels. Our goal is to minimize the transmitted power given the QoS specifications for the different users, subject to the knowledge of the channel and colored interference at the receiver input of the DMT system. We find an optimum bit loading scheme that distributes the bit rate transmitted across the various subchannels, where the precise subchannels are assigned to each user, and an optimum transceiver. Key conclusions are i) relaxing the orthonormality constraint yields no performance improvement; ii) the optimum transceiver is unaffected by changing service characteristics, and depends only on the channel and interference conditions; iii) the QoS requirements, the number of users, and the number of subchannels assigned to the different users only affect bitloading and subchannel assignment.
Beyond plain vanilla: Modeling joint product assortment and pricing decisions

This paper investigates empirically the product assortment strategies of oligopolistic firms. We develop a framework that integrates product choice and price competition in a differentiated product market. The present model significantly improves upon the reduced-form profit functions typically used in the entry and location choice literature, because the variable profits that enter the product-choice decision are derived from a structural model of demand and price competition. Given the heterogeneity in consumers’ product valuations and responses to price changes, this is a critical element in the analysis of product assortment decisions. Relative to the literature on structural demand models, our results show that incorporating endogenous product choice is essential for policy simulations and may entail very different conclusions from settings where product assortment choices are held fixed.
Stereoselective piperidine synthesis through oxidative carbon–hydrogen bond functionalizations of enamides

N-Vinyl amides, carbamates, and sulfonamides that contain pendent π-nucleophiles react with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) to form piperidine structures with good to excellent levels of efficiency and stereocontrol. Reactions proceed nearly instantaneously at room temperature. Transition state models show the preferred configuration around the intermediate acyliminium ion and the orientation of the nucleophile.
Technology Flows Matrix Estimation Revisited

This paper revisits the methodological problems of estimating matrices showing how technological advances--measured by industry research and development outlays--flow from industries of origin to using industries. An early effort relied upon the analysis of 15 112 US patents. Several alternative methods are explored to address methodological questions concerning the choice of carrier matrices, the handling of diagonal elements, and the treatment of capital goods flows. Technology flow matrices estimated using diverse combinations of assumptions are tested for goodness-of-fit relative to the original patent-based matrix and for their ability to "predict' productivity growth in Solowian regression equations. Although some anomalies emerge, the best results are obtained using combined first-order transactions and capital flows matrices with diagonal elements adjusted to reflect the ratio of internal process to all R&D spending. However, flow data compiled using the Leontief inverse matrix add explanatory pow...
Measuring Empathetic Care: Development and Validation of a Self-Report Scale

Purpose:This study describes the development of a self-report survey measure of empathetic care. Empathetic care is defined as caregiving that supports clients’ socioemotional capabilities and addresses their emotional needs. It is distinct from instrumental care, which involves assisting with physical needs such as activities of daily living.Design and Method:Based on a literature review, structured interviews, and focus groups, we identify three dimensions of empathetic care: extra-role behavior, emotional support, and relational richness. We then developed a large pool of items that could tap into these dimensions and administered versions of the survey to nearly 300 health care paraprofessionals.Results:After performing exploratory factor analyses on a larger survey of 138 paraprofessionals, a 10-item, three-factor measure, the Empathetic Care Scale (ECS), was developed that predicts decisions on consequential allocation scenarios. A second sample of 125 paraprofessionals provided data for a confirmat...