cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time and punishment: Blame and concession in political standoffs☆

Abstract Political negotiation frequently looks like two sides staring each other down, waiting for the other to blink. In these showdowns, neither side wishes to concede, claiming that doing so would incur the wrath of voters. Whether this consideration of potential punishment influences behavior during stalemates is not well understood, and little theory or evidence exists to explain how voters allocate blame for different outcomes. We conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate two interrelated questions: how does anticipation of blame drive behavior, and how do observers with a stake in the outcome allocate blame? In our experiment, we adopt a dynamic war of attrition to model a negotiating situation in which concession time is the key choice variable, and our design compares versions of the game with and without an observer (whose payoffs depend on the outcome and who can punish the players). We find that the presence of the observer shortens the duration of standoffs and leads to outcomes that favor the observer. We also find that observers tend to punish the winning player and that the level of punishment depends on the alignment between the observer and players. The experimental data are qualitatively consistent with instrumental punishment, but the magnitude tends to be less than optimal, possibly reflecting subjects’ behavioral or emotional responses.
Teaching advanced science concepts through Freshman Research Immersion

We have developed a new introductory physics/chemistry programme that teaches advanced science topics and practical laboratory skills to freshmen undergraduate students through the use of student-led, bona fide research activities. While many recent attempts to improve college-level physics education have focused on integrating interactive demonstrations and activities into traditional passive lectures, we have taken the idea of active-learning several steps further. Working in conjunction with several research faculty at Binghamton University, we have created a programme that puts undergraduate students on an accelerated path towards working in real research laboratories performing publishable research. Herein, we describe in detail the programme goals, structure, and educational content, and report on our promising initial student outcomes.
Assessing Model Characterization of Single Source Secondary Pollutant Impacts Using 2013 SENEX Field Study Measurements.

Aircraft measurements made downwind from specific coal fired power plants during the 2013 Southeast Nexus field campaign provide a unique opportunity to evaluate single source photochemical model predictions of both O3 and secondary PM2.5 species. The model did well at predicting downwind plume placement. The model shows similar patterns of an increasing fraction of PM2.5 sulfate ion to the sum of SO2 and PM2.5 sulfate ion by distance from the source compared with ambient based estimates. The model was less consistent in capturing downwind ambient based trends in conversion of NOX to NOY from these sources. Source sensitivity approaches capture near-source O3 titration by fresh NO emissions, in particular subgrid plume treatment. However, capturing this near-source chemical feature did not translate into better downwind peak estimates of single source O3 impacts. The model estimated O3 production from these sources but often was lower than ambient based source production. The downwind transect ambient mea...
Theodore Roethke’s “The Exorcism”: Manic-Depressive Illness and Poems of Dissociation

In 1966 Karl Malkoff noted that Theodore Roethke’s “The Exorcism” was one of his finest poems of the 1954–58 period of his career, yet critics had neglected it (145). Malkoff’s observation still is...
Invisible radiation reveals who we are as people: environmental complexity, gendered risk, and biopolitics after the Fukushima nuclear disaster

The March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, and the subsequent tsunami and release of nuclear contamination from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, is clearly one of the largest disasters of the past century and it has devastated large portions of eastern Japan. In this paper we explore the coping mechanisms of people navigating these landscapes of contamination, as well as examine state policies developed to deal with the disaster. We argue that there has been a significant discrepancy between state policies and the needs of people directly affected by the catastrophe. To more fully examine why this discrepancy exists – and how it is produced – we investigate the complex geographies of contamination and risk near the damaged Fukushima power plant through the conceptual lens of ‘wet ontologies’ coupled with an analysis of state strategies for the governance of the affected populations. In our research we found that Foucauldian theorizations on biopower, neoliberalism and environmental governance can help ex...
Greenhouse gas emissions from heavy-duty natural gas, hybrid, and conventional diesel on-road trucks during freight transport

Abstract Heavy-duty on-road vehicles account for 70% of all freight transport and 20% of transportation-sector greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States. This study measured three prevalent GHG emissions – carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) – from seven heavy-duty vehicles, fueled by diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG), and compliant to the MY 2007 or 2010 U.S. EPA emission standards, while operated over six routes used for freight movement in California. Total combined (tractor, trailer, and payload) weights were 68,000 ± 1000 lbs. for the seven vehicles. Using the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) radiative forcing values for a 100-year time horizon, N 2 O emissions accounted for 2.6–8.3% of total tailpipe CO 2 equivalent emissions (CO 2 -eq) for diesel vehicles equipped with Diesel Oxidation Catalyst, Diesel Particulate Filter, and Selective Catalytic Reduction system (DOC + DPF + SCR), and CH 4 emissions accounted for 1.4–5.9% of CO 2 -eq emissions from the CNG-powered vehicle with a three-way catalyst (TWC). N 2 O emissions from diesel vehicles equipped with SCR (0.17–0.30 g/mi) were an order of magnitude higher than diesel vehicles without SCR (0.013–0.023 g/mi) during highway operation. For the vehicles selected in this test program, we measured 11–22% lower CO 2 -eq emissions from a hybrid compared to conventional diesel vehicles during transport over lower-speed routes of the freight transport system, but 20–27% higher CO 2 -eq emissions during higher-speed routes. Similarly, a CNG vehicle emitted up to 15% lower CO 2 -eq compared to conventional diesel vehicles over more neutral-grade highway routes, but emitted up to 12% greater CO 2 -eq emissions over routes with higher engine loads.
A Day in the Life of a Federal Analyst and a Federal Contractor

Abstract This chapter is based on the following notion: what is not measured appropriately, cannot be improved. The workday of a federal analyst is captured in this chapter, but most importantly, its relation to the very different workday of a federal contractor. The contractor and the analyst have different goals, different ambitions, and different expected outcomes. Based on extensive analysis of raw data from the government itself, this chapter provides a study of the main winners and losers of the game of government consulting and contracting. Software systems development at the government is faced with many challenges, most of which are internal and not due to external factors or lack of technologies. This chapter drops some light on federal agencies that spend large amounts of money on software systems development, and especially ones that do not lead to the most promising outcomes. In addition, this chapter raises a set of red flags regarding data science problems that need to be addressed at the government, ones that could be potentially resolved if the vision and guidelines of this book are followed. The problems are concerned with existing federal systems, overspending on software and data systems that do not reflect the current state of the art, and legacy software that is not useful to federal analysts nor the American public. New technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence and Data Science could be implemented to minimize such waste, and maximize benefits.
Life Stress Buffer: The Salubrious Role of African-Centered Spirituality

Contemporary life is challenging enough for most of us with interminable to-do lists, multitasking, long work days and commutes, and struggles to meet simple goals like assembling the family for a traditional dinner around the kitchen table. But for a large proportion of the African American population, the simple stress of living is often magnified. Additional factors of entrenched poverty, chronic disease, juvenile crime and societal prejudice raise questions of how people cope under such circumstances. Many African Americans find that the negative consequences of blatant prejudice ultimately manifest in issues of mental and physical well-being (Carter 1994; Landrine and Klonoff 1996). People cope with life stress and transitions in the lifespan in myriad ways, but for many people identified with African American culture, a primary resource is an African-centered spiritual base.
Maximal Extension of an Impossibility Theorem Concerning Quantum Measurement

The theorem in question shows the impossibility of a certain proposed way of resolving the so-called measurement problem, or observation problem, of quantum mechanics.
Abstract 2583: Successful Use Of Immune Monitoring (Cylex) In Heart Trasnplantation For Rejection And Infection Risk

Background: An unmet need in heart transplantation (HTx) has been the lack of a reliable immune monitoring test to indicate recipient immunoresponsiveness (IR). Trough immunosuppression blood levels do not reflect a recipient’s IR state. Recently, immune monitoring with Cylex (measure of ATP levels from activated lymphocytes) has been reported to predict risk of rejection or infection in kidney transplant patients. We now review our experience with immune monitoring and clinical course after HTx. Methods: Between 2005 and 2007, 41 HTx patients had 82 immune monitoring assays obtained from 12 to 3034 days after HTx. ATP activity was graded as low IR ( 525 ng/ml). Immune monitoring scores were correlated to infection and rejection episodes. All patients were treated with triple drug immunosuppression (tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and corticosteroids). Results: For infectious episodes (n=34), immune monitoring scores 225, p 225, p = 0.101. The average immune monitoring score during rejection compared to those scores without rejection was 454 vs. 318, p = 0.041. There were 34 infections (1 parasitic, 8 viral, 13 bacterial, and 12 fungal infections). Conclusion: Immune monitoring with Cylex for HTx patients appears to reflect the degree of recipient IR state and risk for rejection and infection.
Architecting the Enterprise

In this chapter we explore the application of MBSAP to the organizational level of an enterprise or system-of-systems (SoS), the highest level of the structural hierarchy. Enterprise architecture raises a number of new challenges because the individual systems that make up the enterprise are often developed, managed, and operated independently, making it difficult to harmonize their interactions. A fully satisfactory System-of-Systems Engineering (SoSE) methodology does not yet exist, but a number of useful approaches are available that can be incorporated into MBSAP. We first discuss general considerations of enterprise architectures and then focus on the technical challenges, which we approach by considering the enterprise as a system-of-systems (SOS), including a brief look at adaptive and emergent behavior, which can be especially significant in an enterprise context. With this background established, we introduce the extension of MBSAP for enterprise architecture and further develop this in an SoSE methodology. The remainder of the chapter addresses specific aspects of SoSE, including interoperability among systems within an SoS, modeling and simulation at the enterprise level, enterprise networking, and dynamic enterprises. Chapter Objective: the reader will be able to apply MBSAP, with appropriate extensions, to deal with the challenges of an SoS and create effective enterprise architectures that are open, robust, and evolvable.
Physical-layer adaptive resource allocation in software-defined data center networks

With the deep physical-layer programmability enabled by software-defined networking (SDN), it is now feasible to realize optical data center transceivers that adapt their transmission parameters in response to timevarying traffic demand and signal quality conditions. In this paper, we develop a cross-layer performance tuning framework for wavelength-tunable data center transceivers, combining scalable and secure modulation order and code rate adaptation. We develop new physical-layer control modules and combine SDN control with distributed preamble encoding in order to achieve both rate adaptation and node synchronization in a wavelength-routing data center testbed. Our experimental and theoretical studies based on pulse amplitude modulation and low-density parity-check coding point to the significance of joint modulation order and code-rate adaptation in data centers. We report real-time resource adaptation with switching speeds on the order of hundreds of milliseconds.
Hospital Observation Upon Reversal (HOUR) With Naloxone: A Prospective Clinical Prediction Rule Validation Study.

OBJECTIVE St. Paul's Early Discharge Rule was derived to determine which patients could be safely discharged from the emergency department after a 1-hour observation period following naloxone administration for opiate overdose. The rule suggested that patients could be safely discharged if they could mobilize as usual and had a normal oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, temperature, heart rate, and Glasgow Coma Scale score. Validation of the St. Paul's Early Discharge Rule is necessary to ensure that these criteria are appropriate to apply to patients presenting after an unintentional presumed opioid overdose in the context of emerging synthetic opioids and expanded naloxone access. METHODS In this prospective, observational validation study, emergency medicine providers assessed patients 1 hour after administration of prehospital naloxone. Unlike in the derivation study the threshold for normal oxygen saturation was set at 95% and patients were not immediately discharged after a normal 1-hour evaluation. Patients were judged to have a normal 1-hour evaluation if all six criteria of the rule were met. Patients were judged to have an adverse event (AE) if they had one or more of the preestablished AEs. RESULTS A total of 538 patients received at least one administration of prehospital naloxone, were transported to the study hospital, and had a 1-hour evaluation performed by a provider. AEs occurred in 82 (15.4%) patients. The rule exhibited a sensitivity of 84.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 76.2%-92.1%), a specificity of 62.1% (95% CI = 57.6%-66.5%), and a negative predictive value of 95.6% (95% CI = 93.3%-97.9%). Only one patient with a normal 1-hour evaluation subsequently received additional naloxone following a presumed heroin overdose. CONCLUSION This rule may be used to risk stratify patients for early discharge following naloxone administration for suspected opioid overdose.
Evaluation of Missing Data Imputation Methods for an Enhanced Distributed PV Generation Prediction

To effectively predict generation of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems, three parameters are critical: irradiance, ambient temperature, and module temperature. However, their completeness cannot be guaranteed because of issues in data acquisition. Many methods in literature address missingness, but their applicability varies with missingness mechanism. Exploration of methods to impute missing data in PV systems is lacking. This paper conducts statistical analyses to understand missingness mechanism in data of a real grid-tied 1.4MW PV system at Miami, and compares the imputation performance of different methods: random imputation, multiple imputation using expectation-maximization, kNN, and random forests, using error metrics and size effect measures. Imputed values are used in a multilayer perceptron to predict and compare PV generation with observed values. Results show that values imputed using kNN and random forests have the least differences in proportions and help utilities make more accurate prediction of generation for distribution planning.
Shifting Attitudes Toward the Verisimilitude of Narrative in Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Literature

This chapter reviews the notion of “truth” in the context of narratives in modernism, postmodernism and contemporary literature, building to an argument that contemporary writers have reconceived truth in a non-literal way. Works by Virginia Woolf, Jean-Paul Sartre, Vladimir Nabokov, Thomas Pynchon, Sheila Heti and Laurent Binet, among others, are discussed in depth.
Atmospheric Deposition of Coal‐Related Pollutants in the Pacific Northwest of the United States from 1950 to 2016

Coal-related elements are toxic and persistent pollutants that have spread globally since the industrial revolution, mainly from point-source emissions. A sediment core was collected from Deep Lake in northeastern Washington State (USA) by the Washington State Department of Ecology, with the aim of assessing recent changes in atmospheric deposition in the US Pacific Northwest. The core was divided into depth intervals and dated by lead-210. A sample from each cross section was digested and analyzed for toxic metals and metalloids using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Data show recent increases in the concentrations of arsenic, barium, selenium, and mercury. Comparison with 1993 US Geological Survey ice core data from the Upper Fremont Glacier in Wyoming (USA), Asian coal consumption data, and weather patterns suggests that pollutant inputs to Deep Lake sediments are the result of coal-burning activities in the Asia-Pacific region. Most notably, mercury deposition in Deep Lake has increased from approximately 20 ppb in 1996 to 9470 ppb in 2014 (an ~400-fold increase), and since 1993 when the ice core was analyzed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:335-342. © 2019 SETAC.
The Rapid Intensification and Eyewall Replacement Cycles of Hurricane Irma (2017)

AbstractThe initiation of a rapid intensification (RI) event for a tropical cyclone (TC) at major hurricane intensity is a rare event in the North Atlantic basin. This study examined the environmen...
A Transdimensional Poisson Model for Vehicular Networks

Poisson line processes (PLPs) describe a street system as a random collection of lines. Poisson point processes (PPPs) model vehicle locations on each line or street as random points. The characterization of vehicular networks as their combination, i.e., the PLP-PPP model, is relevant and widely used in the literature. However, the analytical expression for even a simple performance metric such as the probability of successful message reception in the PLP-PPP is quite complex and provides little insights into the network behavior. Here, we propose a transdimensional Poisson model-superposition of the 1D and 2D PPPs- as an alternative. It considers the vehicles on the same line as the receiving vehicle as a 1D PPP and the vehicles on the other streets as random points on the 2D plane neglecting their street geometry. We show that the success probability in the proposed transdimensional model is tractable and provides a tight approximation to that of the PLP- PPP. Also, it is asymptotically exact on both the upper and lower tails of the success probability.
IMPORTANCE OF SLEEP IN GERIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH: SLEEP RESEARCH IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, COGNITIVE DISORDERS, AND AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

Abstract Sleep disturbances are central to many psychiatric disorders and have clear implications for cognition, brain health and aging; though the neurobiological mechanisms connecting sleep and psychopathology are not well understood. Older adults have different sleep architecture as well as increased incidence of insomnia and other sleep disorders, compared to younger adults. Sleep is an important and potentially modifiable risk factor for psychosis, depression, cognitive health, and other important health-related outcomes. Ellen Lee, M.D. will review the literature on sleep abnormalities in older patients with schizophrenia and present data on the links between sleep disturbances, inflammatory biomarkers and other clinical outcomes in adults aged 41-70 years with schizophrenia. Marie Anne Gebara, M.D. will present new data on the relationships between sleep disturbances, fall risk, and depression in older adults. Ruth O'Hara, Ph.D. will present on Slow Wave Sleep and its relationship to affect and cognition. Dilip Jeste, MD, will moderate and lead a discussion of sleep research in the aging population.
Reliable Power Grid Network Design Framework Considering EM Immortalities for Multi-Segment Wires

This paper presents a new power grid network design and optimization technique that considers the new EM immortality constraint due to EM void saturation volume for multi-segment interconnects. Void may grow to its saturation volume without changing the wire resistance significantly. However, this phenomenon was ignored in existing EM-aware optimization methods. By considering this new effect, we can remove more conservativeness in the EM-aware on-chip power grid design. Along with recently proposed nucleation phase immortality constraint for multi-segment wires, we show that both EM immortality constraints can be naturally integrated into the existing programming based power grid optimization framework. To further mitigate the overly conservative problem of existing immortality-constrained optimization methods, we further explore two strategies: first we size up failed wires to meet one of the immorality conditions subject to design rules; second, we consider the EM-induced aging effects on power supply networks for a target lifetime, which allows some short-lifetime wires to fail and optimizes the rest of the wires. Numerical results on a number of IBM-format power grid networks demonstrate that the new method can reduce more power grid area compared to the existing EM-immortality constrained optimizations. Furthermore, the new method can optimize power grids with nucleated wires, which would not be possible with the existing methods.
GLUT-1: An Effective Target To Deliver Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Across the Blood Brain Barrier

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, inflicts enormous suffering to patients and their family members. It is the third deadliest disease, affecting 46.8 million people worldwide. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the development, maintenance, and plasticity of the central nervous system. This crucial protein is significantly reduced in AD patients leading to reduced plasticity and neuronal death. In this study, we demonstrate the targeted delivery of the BDNF gene to the brain using liposome nanoparticles. These liposomes were surface modified with glucose transporter-1 targeting ligand (mannose) and cell penetrating peptides (penetratin or rabies virus glycoprotein) to promote selective and enhanced delivery to the brain. Surface modified liposomes showed significantly higher transfection of BDNF in primary astrocytes and neurons, compared to unmodified (plain) liposomes. BDNF transfection via dual modified liposomes resulted in an increase in presynaptic marker synaptophysin protein in primary neuronal cells, which is usually found to be reduced in AD patients. Liposomes surface modified with mannose and cell penetrating peptides demonstrated ∼50% higher transport across the in vitro blood brain barrier (BBB) model and showed significantly higher transfection efficiency in primary neuronal cells compared to plain liposomes. These results were correlated with significantly higher transport of surface modified liposomes (∼7% of injected dose/gram of tissue) and BDNF transfection (∼1.7 times higher than baseline level) across BBB following single intravenous administration in C57BL/6 mice without any signs of inflammation or toxicity. Overall, this study suggests a safe and targeted strategy to increase BDNF protein in the brain, which has the potential to reverse AD pathophysiology.
Real-time data from mobile platforms to evaluate sustainable transportation infrastructure

By displacing gasoline and diesel fuels, electric cars and fleets reduce emissions from the transportation sector, thus offering important public health benefits. However, public confidence in the reliability of charging infrastructure remains a fundamental barrier to adoption. Using large-scale social data and machine-learning based on 12,720 electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, we provide national evidence on how well the existing charging infrastructure is serving the needs of the rapidly expanding population of EV drivers in 651 core-based statistical areas in the United States. We deploy supervised machine-learning algorithms to automatically classify unstructured text reviews generated by EV users. Extracting behavioural insights at a population scale has been challenging given that streaming data can be costly to hand classify. Using computational approaches, we reduce processing times for research evaluation from weeks of human processing to just minutes of computation. Contrary to theoretical predictions, we find that stations at private charging locations do not outperform public charging locations provided by the government. Overall, nearly half of drivers who use mobility applications have faced negative experiences at EV charging stations in the early growth years of public charging infrastructure, a problem that needs to be fixed as the market for electrified and sustainable transportation expands. A reliable charging infrastructure is critical to wider adoption of electric cars. With large-scale social data and machine intelligence, this study shows the importance of the quality, not just the quantity, of charging stations to consumers, suggesting policy design should include consumer data.
How Interactive Data Visualization and Users' BMI (Body Mass Index) Influence Obesity Prevention Intentions: The Mediating Effect of Cognitive Absorption.

The current study examines how interactive data visualization can augment the persuasive potential of health information. In an experiment using an obesity-awareness website (N = 248), we manipulat...
Muscle Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reverse Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mouse Myotubes

Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) hold great potential as a regenerative therapeutic but have met numerous challenges in treating systemic muscle diseases. Muscle stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MuSC-EVs) may overcome these limitations. We assessed the number and size distribution of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by MuSCs ex vivo, determined the extent to which MuSC-EVs deliver molecular cargo to myotubes in vitro, and quantified MuSC-EV-mediated restoration of mitochondrial function following oxidative injury. MuSCs released an abundance of EVs in culture. MuSC-EVs delivered protein cargo into myotubes within 2 h of incubation. Fluorescent labeling of intracellular mitochondria showed co-localization of delivered protein and mitochondria. Oxidatively injured myotubes demonstrated a significant decline in maximal oxygen consumption rate and spare respiratory capacity relative to untreated myotubes. Remarkably, subsequent treatment with MuSC-EVs significantly improved maximal oxygen consumption rate and spare respiratory capacity relative to the myotubes that were damaged but received no subsequent treatment. Surprisingly, MuSC-EVs did not affect mitochondrial function in undamaged myotubes, suggesting the cargo delivered is able to repair but does not expand the existing mitochondrial network. These data demonstrate that MuSC-EVs rapidly deliver proteins into myotubes, a portion of which co-localizes with mitochondria, and reverses mitochondria dysfunction in oxidatively-damaged myotubes.
Quantitative morphological characterization of carbide inclusions in uranium metal

Abstract Uranium carbides (UCs) are prevalent inclusions in U metal that form during melting operations because of interactions with crucible walls and the casting chamber atmosphere. Although UCs have been studied extensively since the beginning of U metal foundry operations, there are still unknowns regarding the effects of thermomechanical processing on their sizes and morphology. Here, we present the results of a series of controlled cooling experiments with molten uranium to elucidate the effect of cooling rate on inclusion morphology in α-U. Samples were melted using a vacuum induction melter and manually cooled at rates of 2.5, 1.7, 1.1, 0.8, and 0.3 (± 1%) K/s from ∼1600 K to
Inter- and Transdisciplinarity

In this chapter, I refer to the existing concepts of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity to discuss some main principles for the design of sustainability research. However, I will provide a specific interpretation and definition of the concepts of inter- and transdisciplinarity, which currently have a rather broad and sometimes vague meaning, to make them fruitful for the design of the new type of sustainability research. I argue for a type of interdisciplinary sustainability research, which integrates different academic disciplines and ethics, and discuss some methodological challenges of this integration. Further, for the purpose of designing a new type of sustainability research, I suggest to extend and redefine the concept of transdisciplinarity. As a characteristic of sustainability research, I define transdisciplinarity as a reorientation of the meta-structure science with regard to the context of all three sustainability relations. This is a broader understanding of transdisciplinarity, which means not just a new social contract (Lubchenco 1998) for science to reorient on society, but rather a new sustainability contract for science to reorient towards the three sustainability relations— i.e. towards society, future generations, and nature.
The pharmacology of basal forebrain involvement in cognition.

Magnocellular basal nucleus (MBN) neurons, a majority of which are cholinergic, directly influence cortical neurophysiology. These neurons appear to be part of a diffuse cortically projecting system that includes brain stem monoaminergic neurons as well as the MBN column. The entire system appears to modify cortical excitability in relation to an animal’s behavioral state (see Saper, 1987). By regulating activity within the entire cortical mantle, this system can influence a broad range of cognitive phenomena (sensory processing, attention, motivation, memory). The restrictive terminal distribution of individual MBN neurons (Bigl et al., 1982: Price and Stern, 1983; Nyakas et al., 1987) however, as compared to monoaminergic projections, may allow for a more discrete modulation of cortical activity.
Teaching Plate Tectonics and Marine Geophysics to Introductory Students with a Microcomputer

The Marine Geophysics Trainer program allows students to manipulate and visualize bathymetric, gravity-anomaly, and magnetic-anomaly grids. Labs using data sets cover key plate-tectonic features and key topics like the appearance of the sea floor at regional scales, the age-depth relationship for ocean crust, the pattern of marine magnetic anomalies, and the patterns of gravity anomalies and the geoid. This interactive lab for an introductory oceanography or geology class serves four functions: it teaches or reinforces key concepts from lecture; it shows some of the variability in nature; it encourages students to practice critical thinking/problem solving; and it reinforces computer skills. Advanced options of the program would be suitable for other courses.
An Island of Technicality in a Sea of Discretion

Abstract Although the existing analytical framework has performed admirably in the past, the changing industry structure requires improvements, including the use of modeling techniques of the sort successfully used in the nuclear power industry.
The Purification of Bovine Thyroid Plasma Membranes and the Properties of Membrane-bound Adenyl Cyclase

Abstract Bovine thyroid membranes have been purified about 100-fold on the basis of thyrotropin- or F--stimulated adenyl cyclase activity. These activities copurified with Na+-K+-requiring adenosine triphosphatase, K+-stimulated p-nitrophenyl phosphatase, and 5'-nucleotidase. The adenyl cyclase of these preparations is stimulated over a wide range of bovine thyrotropin concentrations, by human chorionic thyrotropin, and sometimes by prostaglandin E1, but not by long acting thyroid stimulator. The adenyl cyclase is stable in the frozen state but loses thyrotropin and F- responsiveness rapidly at 43°. Maximal activity is obtained with a Mg++:ATP ratio of 2 and when the ATP concentration exceeds 2 mm. The thyrotropin response is enhanced by K+ ion whereas the F- response is not affected. Li+ ion inhibits strongly, especially when the Mg++ concentration is limiting. Na+ is weakly inhibitory. Both F-- and thyrotropin-stimulated cyclase activity are strongly inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, p-chlormercuribenzoate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, filipin, sodium tetraphenylboron, valinomycin, and monensin A. Another class of agents, which includes the phenothiazines, thymol, cobramine B, and gramicidin S, inhibits thyrotropin stimulation of the enzyme but enhances the F- response. It is concluded that the thyrotropin "receptor" and the adenyl cyclase (F- activation) are distinct entities, and it is suggested that prostaglandin E1 uses a different receptor than thyrotropin.
Children exposed to domestic violence and child abuse: terminology and taxonomy

Three definitional issues regarding children exposed to domestic violence are examined. First, the multiple ways in which a child can be exposed to violence is discussed. A taxonomy of 10 types of exposure is proposed. Nine key characteristics of domestic violence, as they relate to children and children's exposure, are then outlined. The third issue addressed concerns why children who are exposed to domestic violence can be considered victims of child maltreatment. These children, by nature of their experience in the home, are psychologically maltreated and are also at high risk for physical abuse and some risk for sexual abuse. Empirical questions concerning these definitions and taxonomies and their interrelations are discussed.
Undressing Difference: The Hijab in the West

On March 15, 2006, French President Jacques Chirac signed into law an amendment to his country's education statute, banning the wearing of conspicuous signs of religious affiliation in public schools. Prohibited items included a large cross, a veil, or skullcap. The ban was expressly introduced by lawmakers as an application of the principle of government neutrality, du principe de laicite. Opponents of the law viewed it primarily as an intolerant assault against the hijab, a head and neck wrap worn by many Muslim women around the world. In Politics of the Veil, Professor Joan Wallach Scott offers an illuminating account of the significance of the hijab in France. Scott's lucid, compact examination of the hijab complements previous feminist scholarship on veiling with a close look at its role in a particular time and place - contemporary France - where it has been the subject matter of a unique political discourse. How different is America's political discourse surrounding religious symbols in the schools as compared to the French? I offer a U.S. constitutional perspective on the rights of religious minorities and women in the public schools, and suggest that a ban on the hijab must be considered unconstitutional. A proposal for a national rule against the hijab in public schools or universities would fall flat in the United States. When compared to U.S. approaches to the hijab, the French experience examined by Joan Wallach Scott underscores an important point: there is more than one way to be a modern, multicultural western liberal democracy with a Muslim population, and some ways are better than others.
Lack of Virus-Specific Bacterial Adherence to Bovine Embryonic Lung Cells Infected with Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3

Infection of bovine embryonic lung cells with bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 did not induce in vitro, virus-specific, hemadsorption-related adherence of Corynebacterium pyogenes, Haemophilus somnus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Pasteurella haemolytica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Brucella sp., or Salmonella typhimurium.
EFFICIENT ESTIMATION FOR PERIODIC AUTOREGRESSIVE COEFFICIENTS VIA RESIDUALS

A two-step estimation method is proposed for periodic autoregressive parameters via residuals when the observations contain trend and periodic autoregressive time series. The oracle efficiency of the proposed Yule–Walker-type estimator is established. The performance is illustrated by simulation studies and real data analysis.
How Many People Does the U.S. Imprison for Drug Use, and Who are They?

Data from the Survey of Inmates in Federal and State Correctional Facilities, 1997 are used to estimate the number of drug-law violators in U.S. prisons solely because of their drug use and not because of involvement in drug distribution or other offenses. The estimates (5,380 to 41,047) are much lower than would be implied by naively assuming that conviction for drug possession implies no involvement in drug distribution. Implied imprisonment risk per year of use is also low, perhaps an hour per year of use for marijuana, in part because expected time served is half that for those clearly involved in drug distribution.
Limitations of built-in current sensors (BICS) for I/sub DDQ/ testing

Quiescent current (I/sub DDQ/) drawn by a static CMOS device is extremely small and is of the order of nanoamperes. Under many faults, (I/sub DDQ/) can increase by several orders of magnitude. Either an external or an on-chip current sensor can be used to detect enhanced static current drawn by a static CMOS device. An on-chip sensor, termed a BICS (Built-In Current Sensor) can be significantly faster. Implementation of BICS has received a lot of interest in the recent years. Some limitations posed by BICS on I/sub DDQ/ measurement caused due to increase in I/sub DDQ/ settling time as well as propagation delay is considered. Results indicate that careful attention needs to be given to circuit partitioning for implementing BICS. Some of the considerations that need to be taken into account while designing new BICS are presented. >
A Myc-associated Zinc Finger Protein-related Factor Binding Site Is Required for the Deregulation of c-mycExpression by the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Enhancers in Burkitt's Lymphoma

The deregulation of expression of the c-myc gene in Burkitt's lymphoma results from the translocation that links one c-myc allele to one of the immunoglobulin genes. This physical linkage promotes interactions between c-myc and immunoglobulin gene regulatory elements that affect c-myc transcription initiation and elongation. We have located a region in the c-myc promoter that is required for the complete activation by the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer. This regulatory element contains a core sequence, GGGAGG, similar to the GA box recognized by the transcription factor Myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ). UV cross-link analysis indicated that the mass of this protein did not correspond to that of MAZ, suggesting that a protein related to but distinct from MAZ bound to this site. Mutation of this regulatory element resulted in a loss of promoter activity induced by the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer. This site was also required for the c-mycpromoter shift from P2 to P1. In vivo footprinting revealed that this site was occupied on the translocated c-mycallele but not on the untranslocated allele. Taken together, these findings suggest that this regulatory element is required for the full activation of c-myc promoter activity by the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer.
Dynamic structures of aqueous oxalate and the effects of counterions seen by 2D IR

Two dimensional vibrational echo spectra of oxalate in the carboxylate asymmetric stretch region in D2O show two transitions having anomalously slow spectral diffusion and a third transition having relaxation properties typical of the free carboxylate ion. Quantitative analysis of the frequency shifts of the carboxylate asymmetric stretch modes caused by a singly charged cation in the oxalate hydration shell supports that ion pairs can be responsible for these new transitions. Experimental evidence and DFT calculations are consistent with oxalate forming a mixture of “side-on” and “end on” contact ion pairs wherein the carboxylate groups are protected from mobile heavy water molecules.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of HCFC-123 in the Atmosphere: Assessing Its Potential Environmental Impacts and Rationale for Continued Use

HCFC-123 (C2HCl2F3) is used in large refrigeration systems and as a fire suppression agent blend. Like other hydrochlorofluorocarbons, production and consumption of HCFC-123 is limited under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The purpose of this study is to update the understanding of the current and projected impacts of HCFC-123 on stratospheric ozone and on climate and to discuss the potential environmental effects from continued use of this chemical for specific applications. For the first time, the Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of a HCFC is determined using a three-dimensional model (MOZART-3) of atmospheric physics and chemistry. All previous studies have relied on results from two-dimensional models. The derived HCFC-123 ODP of 0.0098 is smaller than previous values. Analysis of the projected uses and emissions of HCFC-123, assuming reasonable levels of projected growth and use in centrifugal chiller and fire suppressant applications, suggests an extremely small impact on the environment due to its short atmospheric lifetime, low ODP, low Global Warming Potential (GWP), and the small production and emission of its limited applications. The current contribution of HCFC-123 to stratospheric reactive chlorine is too small to be measurable.
Tissue tumor necrosis factor mRNA expression following cecal ligation and puncture or intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin.

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been implicated as a key mediator of the septic response. Although very high serum levels of TNF are detected in animal models of endotoxemia or gram-negative bacteremia, human patients with sepsis rarely have greatly elevated TNF serum levels. It has therefore been postulated that TNF may act in a paracrine fashion to cause local injury. In order to examine the role of locally produced TNF in sepsis, we compared serum TNF levels and TNF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in various tissues following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or intraperitoneal injection of a sublethal dose of endotoxin. TNF mRNA expression was determined by the reverse transcription differential polymerase chain reaction using β-actin as an internal standard. Serum levels of TNF were threefold higher after endotoxin administration compared to CLP. TNF mRNA in peritoneal macrophages rose fourfold after both endotoxin injection and CLP, with rapid return to normal in endotoxin-treated animals. There was a significant increase in TNF mRNA in the liver and lung, but not the spleen, during the first 24 hr after CLP. An increase in TNF mRNA was seen in all three tissues after injection of endotoxin. These results support the concept of locally produced TNF as a contributing factor in tissue damage and multiple organ failure during sepsis.
Carcinoid and pancreatic endocrine tumors: recent advances in molecular pathogenesis, localization, and treatment.

Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids and pancreatic endocrine tumors, which share a number of common features in their pathology, ability to cause clinical symptoms due to ectopic hormone and bioamine release, localization methods, and treatment. Although generally slow growing, a proportion dem
"Men of Colour": Race, Riots, and Black Firefighters' Struggle for Equality from the AFA to the Valiants

The achievements accomplished by the civil rights movement are well documented. Less familiar to historians, however, is the protracted struggle for racial equality black firefighters experienced in urban America and especially in Philadelphia. In 1818, when several citizens tried to organize their own African Fire Association or to integrate an all-white fire department, their efforts were met with fierce white resistance. In 1886 Philadelphia did hire its first black firefighter, but it was not until 1974, when Club Valiants, an organization for Philadelphia's black firefighters, sued the city in federal court for more proportional representation that black firefighters gained access to what historically had been a white-dominated organization. This essay examines the social dynamics of race relations within the firefighting community in a historical context
Trout hepatocyte culture: isolation and primary culture.

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) hepatocytes were isolated using a two-step perfusion through the portal vein. A typical perfusion yielded 2.92×106 liver cells with a mean viability of 96.3%. Hepatocytes comprised 93.4% of the total cell isolate. Survival of hepatocytes in suspension culture was dependent on fetal bovine serum concentration and temperature of incubation. Serum concentrations of 5, 10, and 20% produced the highest survival during primary culture. Hepatocyte survival was in inverse proportion to the incubation temperature. Trout hepatocyte DNA synthesis and mitosis decreased during the culture period. Cytochromep450 activity decreased rapidly during the first 2 d of culture and then remained low but measurable during the remaining 8 d of culture. Culture temperature also influenced thep450 activity with lower temperatures producing greater activity. Morphologic changes occurred in the cells during culture. Isolated hepatocytes self-aggregated, forming strands and clumps that increased in size with time in culture. Junctional complexes between cells were evident within the aggregates. Nuclear atypia, increases in size and number of autophagic vacuoles, and the appearance of bundles of intermediate filaments also were observed with increased time in culture.
Intramolecular crosslinking of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase☆

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (rat kidney) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein (subunit molecular weights 52,000 and 25,000). In addition to its single-chain biosynthetic precursor (Mr 78,000), glycosylated high molecular weight forms (Mr 85,000-95,000) have been reported in various rat tissues as well as during in vitro translation of its mRNA. Studies reported here suggest that these might be attributed to the anomalous behavior of intramolecularly crosslinked species. Thus, chemical crosslinking of the purified enzyme (as well as enzyme on the renal brush border membranes) by bifunctional reagents such as dimethyl suberimidate and by an active site-directed reagent, diazotized p-amino-hippurate, produces stable heterodimers which exhibit molecular weights identical to that of the native enzyme when subjected to gel filtration. However, when subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the crosslinked species exhibit apparent Mr values of 85,000 to 110,000, depending upon the crosslinking agent used. Protein glycosylation alone does not account for such anomalous electrophoretic behavior; the extent and the regions of the enzyme involved in formation of crosslinks appear to exert considerable constraints upon their conformation even in denaturing media.