cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Cell Viability and Specific Alcohol Productivity

A model has been proposed to correlate two viability tests and specific alcohol productivity of a yeast culture. Two viable populations with different activity are assumed to coexist. The difference between two populations is the ability to reproduce. Satisfactory agreement between the model and the experimental data has been observed.
Phenomenology of heavy vectorlike leptons

We study the impact that a heavy generation of vectorlike leptons can have on the value of the electric dipole moment of the electron, and the rates for the flavor violating processes μ→eγ and μ→3e. The smallness of the charged lepton masses suggests that at least some of the Yukawa coupling constants of the vectorlike leptons to the ordinary leptons or amongst themselves are small, but even with such small couplings experiments trying to detect these quantities are sensitive to extra generation lepton masses up to about 100 TeV.
A comment on psychotherapy integration in the treatment of children

Interest in psychotherapy integration, which has developed into an ongoing movement in the past decade or two, now appears to be capturing the interest among therapists and researchers in the clinical child area. The articles in this section deal specifically with the integration of basic research on language and cognition into the clinical arena, and the complementary use of concepts and interventions from different schools of thought. In commenting on these contributions, I have underscored the importance of using a broader historical and conceptual perspective, so that we can advance, rather than rediscover, what we already know.
The relative importance of selfishness and social capital motives

Abstract This study measures the relative importance of selfishness and social capital motives using resource allocation data collected in hypothetical surveys and non-hypothetical experiments. Social capital motives allow an agent's well-being to be influenced by his sympathetic relationships with others. The assumption that selfishness can explain nearly all resource allocations is rejected.
Importance of timing, spore concentrations, and levels of spore carrier in applications of Nosema locustae (Microsporida: Nosematidae) for control of grasshoppers

Abstract In a study of microbial control of grasshoppers, Nosema locustae was applied to 10-acre plots in 2 replications of 24 treatment combinations in which the factors were (1) times of applications: 4 applications spaced over 22 days; (2) concentrations of spores: 1, 30, and 900 spores/in 2 ; and (3) levels of the spore carrier: 1 and 4 lb wheat bran/acre. The concentrations of spores had the most effect in reducing the densities of grasshoppers and the incidence of infection among the survivors at the last sampling (coincided with the initiation of oviposition), the average reduction in density attributed to application of 1 spore/in 2 was 21%, that attributed to 30 spores/in 2 was 46%, and that attributed to 900 spores/in 2 was 73%. The first and second applications caused the greatest reductions in density; the second, third, and fourth applications produced the highest incidence of infections. Also, a higher incidence of infection was observed among grasshoppers from plots treated with 30 spores/in 2 on 1 lb bran/acre than from plots treated with 30 spores/in 2 on 4 lb of bran/acre. Therefore, a ratio of about 0.63–0.94 billion spores/lb bran applied at a rate of 1–1.5 lb/acre (= 100–150 spores/in 2 ) at the time when the principal early summer species are third-instar nymphs would have resulted in overall reductions in density of 50–60%, with 35–50% of the survivors sufficiently infected so that fecundity would probably be affected. The reductions and incidence of infections would be higher in species that readily accept and use wheat bran, among which are some of the more economically important species of grasshoppers.
Scaling of spanwise length scales in a turbulent boundary layer

The results from an experimental investigation at IIT were combined with Spalart's (1988) Direct Numerical Simulation data base to investigate the scaling of the spanwise length scales of the dominant structures in the near-wall region of a turbulent boundary layer. To achieve this goal, the scaling of the spanwise correlation coefficient between the wall-shear stress and the streamwise velocity, at various heights in the boundary layer, was studied over the Reynolds number range, 670 to 5961. In addition, the scaling of the conditional velocity field associated with high and low wall-shear stress events was examined. The results indicate that the spanwise correlation coefficient scales with inner variables for 'small' spanwise offsets.
Identification of an adsorption complex between an alkane and zeolite active sites.

Direct observation of the Bronsted acid site signal in an active zeolite catalyst following adsorption of stoichiometric quantities of isobutane reveals the presence of a specific adsorption comple...
The Cytokine Profile of Resting and Activated NK Cells

Abstract The evidence accumulated in the past few years has indicated that natural killer (NK) cells, originally identified on the basis of their ability to mediate spontaneous cytotoxicity, play a primary role in regulating immune responses and homeostasis via release of cytokines. Polyclonal populations of NK cells can be induced to produce an overlapping set of soluble factors. Some of these, represented primarily by IFN-γ, TNF-α, and several growth factors for hematopoietic cells, have been clearly identified; others may represent novel cytokines. Production of specific cytokine subsets by distinct NK-cell subpopulations has not been documented, and the same cytokines are produced, in response to distinct stimuli, by both resting and activated NK cells, with the differences being for the most part quantitative, rather than qualitative. No cytokines capable of regulating NK-cell proliferation in an autocrine fashion have been described, and, with the exception of IL-5, cytokine production is not correlated with the proliferative capability of the cells. In this review, the stimuli leading to cytokine production are discussed in light of the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which distinct ligands (target cells, ligands for specific receptors, antibodies to triggering molecules, cytokines) regulate expression of cytokine-encoding genes and variably modulate each others’ effects. The biological consequences of the production of specific cytokines are related to their effects on the NK cells themselves and on other hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell types. These are discussed, in an attempt to provide a picture that helps in understanding how NK cells may participate in regulating inflammatory and immune responses independently, at least in part, of their cytotoxic functions.
Parathyroid hormone is not required for normal milk composition or secretion or lactation-associated Bone loss in normocalcemic Rats

To determine if parathyroid hormone (PTH) is essential for lactation in rats, the parathyroid glands were removed surgically during the first week of lactation and the rats were given a diet containing a high calciumphosphorus ratio to maintain a normal serum calcium concentration. Lactating rats were placed on diet containing 1.2% calcium (Ca) and 0.8, 0.6, or 0.4% phosphorus (P) on day 2 postpartum (PP) and were parathyroidectomized (PTX) at 4–6 days PP. At 10 days PP serum Ca was 10.5 ± 0.2 mg/dl (mean ± SEM) for PTX rats and 10.4 ± 0.3 mg/dl in sham-operated lactating rats when the diet contained 0.6% P. When the diet P was 0.8%, the litters gained little or no weight and serum Ca fell to 6.9 ± 0.6 mg/dl by day 10 PP in PTX rats compared with 10.2 ± 0.2 mg/dl in sham rats. PTX rats fed the diet containing 1.2% Ca and 0.6% P maintained a normal serum Ca level until at least day 18 PP, but their serum P levels fell gradually from approximately 5 mg/dl at 10 days to 3 mg/dl at 18 days PP. In spite of this hypophosphatemia, the litters of PTX and sham rats had gained the same amount of weight by age 16 days, indicating equal milk production in the two groups. Milk Ca, P, and total solids were not significantly different between PTX and sham rats on day 11 PP. With the 1.2% Ca and 0.4% P diet, the femurs lost approximately 20% of dry bone mass in both PTX and sham rats (p < 0.01) between 5 days PP, when PTX was carried out, and 20 days PP. We conclude that the absence of the parathyroid glands does not affect milk production, milk mineral composition, or the lactation-associated bone loss when normal serum Ca levels are maintained by diet. We suggest that PTH is not essential for lactation beyond its normal function of maintaining the serum Ca concentration
Risk prediction of 30-day readmission after infrainguinal bypass for critical limb ischemia.

Objective Hospital readmission after lower extremity bypass is a large cost burden and has become a focal point for policy change directed at disease-specific bundling strategies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate rates and predictors of 30-day readmission from a large, multicenter trial data set. Methods We analyzed the PRoject of Ex-Vivo vein graft ENgineering via Transfection III (PREVENT III) data set of 1404 critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients undergoing lower extremity vein graft bypass at 83 North American centers. The primary end point was readmission ≤30 days of discharge. Secondary end points included graft patency and limb salvage evaluated in the context of readmission. The data set was split into a two-thirds derivation set and a one-third validation set for the purposes of creating a risk prediction model. A whole number integer risk score was assigned to independent predictors of readmission. Summary risk scores were collapsed into categories and defined as low (0-1 points), medium (2-5 points), and high (>5 points). Results We analyzed 1356 vein graft bypass patients, of which 23 (1.7%) died in-hospital and were excluded from the readmission analyses. In the derivation data set of 866 patients, 211 (24.4%) were readmitted ≤30 days of discharge. The most common reasons for readmission were wound infection in index leg (39.8%), an additional procedure in the index leg (20.8%), and nonvascular reasons (19%). By multivariable analysis, factors associated with 30-day hospital readmission (odds ratio [95% confidence limits]) included female gender (1.5 [1.0, 2.1]), current smoking (1.6 [1.1, 2.4]), in-hospital loss of graft patency (1.8 [1.0, 3.2]), dialysis (2.0 [1.2, 3.2]), and tissue loss (1.7 [1.1, 2.5]). In the derivation set, rates of readmission correlated to risk category. The 30-day readmission rates were 15.6% for low-risk patients (0-1 points), 24.1% for moderate-risk (2-5 points) patients, and 38.0% for high-risk (>5 points) patients. Similarly, in the validation set, the rates were 16.5%, 25.4%, and 38.1% for low-, medium-, and high-risk groups, respectively. Thirty-day readmission was not associated with loss of long-term graft patency but was associated with long-term limb loss (hazard ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-3.1; P = .0002). Conclusions Readmission after lower extremity bypass for CLI is common (24%). Certain characteristics, such as female gender, current smoking, dialysis-dependence, tissue loss, and in-hospital graft-related events, are associated with increased risk. Readmission is associated with long-term limb loss. These data provide benchmark values for this complex patient population and may prove useful when hospital readmission is used as a quality metric for hospital performance.
Computation of Fluid-Structure Interaction in a Static Mixer Using MpCCi

Static mixers are used for the mixing of fluids with different properties like viscosity, density, temperature, etc. The Sulzer SMB mixer is designed for a high pressure drop which is e.g. the case in polymer melt blending. The deformation of the mixer caused by the fluid flow is investigated by the coupling of commercial CFD and FEA codes through a communications library called MpCCI. This loose coupling approach gives the opportunity for calculating the deformation of very complex structures which can be used for an optimization process during the phase of development of new mixers. This paper shows the use of the coupling of the two commercial codes STAR-CD and PERMAS by MpCCI for the investigation of the deformations of a mixer. It demonstrates that the use of coupling allows a more realistic calculation of stresses inside the structure.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A comparison of the coupled fresh water-salt water flow and the Ghyben-Herzberg sharp interface approaches to modeling of transient behavior in coastal aquifer systems

Abstract A quasi-three dimensional finite difference model which simulates coupled, fresh water and salt water flow, separated by a sharp interface, is used to investigate the effects of storage characteristics, transmissivity, boundary conditions and anisotropy on the transient responses of such flow systems. The magnitude and duration of the departure of aquifer response from the behavior predicted using the Ghyben-Herzberg, one-fluid approach is a function of the ease with which flow can be induced in the salt water region. In many common hydrogeologic settings short-term fresh water head responses, and transitional responses between short-term and long-term, can only be realistically reproduced by including the effects of salt water flow on the dynamics of coastal flow systems. The coupled fresh water-salt water flow modeling approach is able to reproduce the observed annual fresh water head response of the Waialae aquifer of southeastern Oahu, Hawaii.
Light emission in Ge quantum wells

We present the Ge/SiGe quantum well structure as a strong candidate for CMOS compatible light source. Photoluminescence and electroluminescence show enhanced optical properties over bulk Ge. Further optical enhancement is observed in disk resonators.
The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy relative to medications.

A recent survey by Consumer Reports (1994) found that people who received psychotherapy were generally pleased with their experience and that their satisfaction was unrelated to the type of treatment or the addition of medications. M.E.P. Seligman (1995) argued that these findings demonstrate the value of psychotherapy and suggested that such survey methodologies may be superior to randomized clinical trials in this regard because they study what occurs in actual clinical practice. Although such approaches provide important information, they are no substitute for controlled clinical trials when it comes to drawing causal inferences. However, the study does highlight the importance of defining outcome in the broadest possible fashion and of addressing the external validity of the findings obtained. Attention to such considerations has implications for the relative value of drugs and psychotherapy.
Compositional topography of melon lipids in the Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus: Implications for echo-location

Major variations in lipid composition exist within the fatty melon tissue of the Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus. Topographical lipid analyses indicate a central “inner melon” core surrounded by distinctive “outer melon”, “under melon”, and blubber tissues. Acoustical considerations suggest that this melon-lipid topography may aid in collimation of the ultrasonic pulses used by the dolphin for echolocation.
High‐precision Hy–CI variational calculations for the ground state of neutral helium and helium‐like ions

Hylleraas-configuration interaction (Hy-CI) method variational calculations with up to 4648 expansion terms are reported for the ground 1 S state of neutral helium. Convergence arguments are presented to obtain estimates for the exact nonrelativistic energy of this state. The nonrelativistic energy is calculated to be -2.9037 2437 7034 1195 9829 99 a.u. Comparisons with other calculations and an energy extrapolation give an estimated nonrelativistic energy of -2.9037 2437 7034 1195 9830(2) a.u., which agrees well with the best previous variational energy, -2.9037 2437 7034 1195 9829 55 a.u., of Korobov (Phys Rev A 2000, 61, 64503), obtained using the universal (exponential) variational expansion method with complex exponents (Frolov, A. M.; Smith, V. H. Jr. J Phys B Atom Mol Opt Phys 1995, 28, L449). In addition to He, results are also included for the ground IS states of H - , Li + , Be + + , and B + 3 .
HIGH RESOLUTION SOLUTIONS FOR THE SUPERSONIC FORMATION OF SHOCKS IN TRANSONIC FLOW

We present numerical solutions of two problems for the unsteady transonic small disturbance equations whose solutions contain shocks. The first problem is a two-dimensional Riemann problem with initial data corresponding to a slightly supersonic flow hitting the corner of an expanding duct at t = 0. The second problem is a boundary value problem that describes steady transonic flow over an airfoil. In both cases, the solutions contain regions of supersonic and subsonic flow, and an expansion wave interacts with a sonic line to produce a shock. We use high resolution methods, together with local grid refinement, to investigate the nature of the solution in the neighborhood of the point where the shock forms. We find that the shock originates in the supersonic region as originally proposed by Guderley, and very close to, but not at, the sonic line.
STUDIES ON HYPOALBUMINEMIA PRODUCED BY PROTEIN-DEFICIENT DIETS : III. THE CORRECTION OF HYPOALBUMINEMIA IN DOGS BY MEANS OF LARGE PLASMA TRANSFUSIONS.

1. It proved possible to correct dietary hypoalbuminemia in dogs by large plasma transfusions (about 50 cc. per kilo per day). After 1 week of injections the increase of plasma protein exceeded the normal level although but 10 to 13 per cent of the injected protein remained in the blood. There was an associated increase in plasma volume and a marked diuresis. During the following 2 weeks the plasma volume and protein returned to their previous low levels. 2. The nitrogen introduced was retained and produced no change in urinary excretion during the week of plasma injections, but in the following 2 weeks there was an increased nitrogen output. The inference would seem to be that the large amounts of plasma injected in these experiments were not permanently utilized by the body as nitrogenous nourishment but after some delay were largely excreted in the urine.
Identifying Breastfeeding-Sensitive Conditions by Expert Consensus

Background:Infant feeding-related health outcomes need to be consistently defined prior to inclusion in health services research.Objective:To categorize conditions common in infants under 12 months old by their association with breastfeeding for use as outcome measures in a randomized, controlled trial of breastfeeding promotion.Methods:A modified Delphi consensus method synthesized opinions of 13 physician experts on breastfeeding’s association with ICD-9 infant diagnosis codes derived from literature review and medical center experience. A pilot round and 2 subsequent Delphi rounds were used. For the first round, consensus was achieved when more than 80% of experts agreed on a classification for a particular condition, with a predetermined level of certainty based on a 7-point Likert scale. For the second round, consensus was achieved when a majority of experts agreed on the classification from Round 1.Results:An initial 68 diagnosis codes were identified for evaluation by the expert panel. After a pilo...
Association of bipolar and substance use disorders in parents of adolescents with bipolar disorder

Background We have previously shown that juvenile bipolar disorder (BPD) is a risk for substance use disorders (SUD). Here we examine the expression of both disorders in families of youth with BPD to evaluate the familial risk mechanism. Methods We studied 108 adolescent BPD probands with 187 parents (34 with SUD and 58 parents) and 96 control probands with 177 parents with structured interviews. We compared the prevalence of BPD and SUD with Cox proportional hazards models with time to onset of BPD or SUD as the dependent variable and proband diagnosis (Control, BPD, or BPD+SUD) as the independent variable. Results The parents of the proband youth with BPD (without SUD) and BPD+SUD were more likely to develop BPD than the parents of control subjects [omnibus test χ 2 = 10.18, p = .006]; we found no differences between the two bipolar groups. Parents of proband youth with BPD and with BPD+SUD were more likely than relatives of control subjects to develop SUD [omnibus test χ 2 = 14.69, p 2 = 8.39, p = .004], although the frequency of BPD was low in this group of parents. Conclusions Bipolar disorder and SUD are prevalent in the first-degree relatives of adolescents with BPD. Adults with BPD were more likely to manifest SUD with preliminary evidence of BPD and SUD cosegregation.
Le trasformazioni razionali di una successione

Vengono studiate, in forma generale, le trasformazioni di una successione {S n } che siano esprimibili mediante una funzione razionale dei terminiS n . Si determinano le caratteristiche della nuova successione ottenuta e, in particolare, si trovano le condizioni perche la nuova successione abbia lo stesso limite della {S n } ed nna maggiore rapidita di convergenza.
Current-Voltage Characteristics and Charge-Carrier Traps in N-Type 4H-SiC Schottky Structures

Because of their high switching speeds and low power losses, metal-SiC Schottky-barrier diodes (SBD) are important to high performance, high temperature, and high frequency applications in power electronics. The use of 4H-SiC in SBDs is particularly advantageous because it has higher electron mobility than other SiC polytypes. In this work we examine current-capacitance-voltage-temperature properties of Ti on 4H-SiC SBDs and develop fitting algorithms to extract diode parameters based on inhomogeneous barrier height analysis approaches. Also the quality of 4H-SiC is evaluated in terms of electrically active defects: this part of the work utilizes Fourier-transform deep level transient spectroscopy (FT-DLTS) to probe carrier traps. FT-DLTS reveals the presence of an electron trap located in energy at ~ 0.6 eV below the conduction band edge. This electron trap possesses a large capture cross section for electrons of the order of 10-12 cm2 which suggests that the electron capture is Coulombic and the associated charge transition in the defect is between positive and neutral states
Tests of direct and indirect CPT violation at a B factory

Abstract The issue of testing CPT invariance at a B factory is considered. We present asymmetries that permit a clean extraction of quantities parametrizing direct and indirect CPT violation, using information from ϒ(4S) decay via coherent B d B d pairs into various final states. Estimates are given of the bounds on CPT violation that could be obtained in present and planned machines.
Kant’s picture of monads in the Physical Monadology

Abstract Many discussions of Kant’s picture of monads in his early Physical Monadology highlight the similarities between the view in it and Roger Joseph Boscovich’s view. Though I find this comparison interesting, I argue in this paper that Kant shows significant strands of having a fundamentally non-Boscovichian view in this work. Moreover, I trace the various strands that, I believe, pushed Kant to think about things in a non-Boscovichian way.
Spectral Analysis and Characterization of a Membrane-Based Artificial Hair Cell Sensor

A fully hydrogel-supported, artificial hair cell (AHC) sensor based on bilayer membrane mechanotransduction is designed with sensitivity and versatility in mind. Thanks to fabrication improvements from previous generations, the sensor demonstrates peak current outputs in the nanoamp range and can clearly measure inputs as high as 2k Hz. Characterization of the AHC response to base excitation and air pulses show that membrane current oscillates with the first three bending modes of the hair. Output magnitudes reflect of vibrations near the base of the hair. A 2 DOF Rayleigh-Ritz approximation of the system dynamics yields estimates of 19 N/m and 0.0011 Nm/rad for the equivalent linear and torsional stiffness of the hair’s hydrogel base, although double modes suggest non-symmetry in the gel’s linear stiffness. The sensor output scales linearly with applied voltage (1.79 pA/V), avoiding a higher-order dependence on electrowetting effects. The free vibration amplitude of the sensor also increases in a linear fashion with applied airflow pressure (18.4 pA/psi). Based on these sensitivity characteristics, an array sensing strategy for these sensors is proposed.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
International bond market linkages: a structural VAR analysis

This paper examines linkages between government bond markets of five industrialized countries (US, Japan, Germany, UK and Canada) during the period of January 1986 to December 2000. Recursive cointegration analysis clearly shows that no long-run relationship exists among the five major bond markets during the sample period. The contemporaneous causal pattern of the strong correlations between bond market innovations is uncovered, building on the recent advance in vector autoregression analysis. The identification of such a contemporaneous causal pattern further improves the investigation of the dynamic linkage pattern, which is based on data-determined forecast error variance decomposition. A number of new empirical regularities on international bond market linkages have been documented.
Academic achievement problems as a function of specific cognitive deficits in idiopathic hypopituitary dwarfs

Intelligence testing (Wechsler Scales) and academic achievement testing (Wide Range Achievement & Peabody Individualized Achievement) were completed on 33 school-aged hypopituitary dwarfs with isolated growth hormone deficiency and 11 with multiple deficiencies.* Significant Verbal-Performance discrepancies (> 15 points) characterized the cognitive test pattern for 45% of the isolated group compared to an expected frequency of < 15% in the normal population. Academic achievement was below grade level in 80% of the boys with V-P discrepancies compared to minor achievement problems in girls. Patients with multiple hormone deficiencies had significantly lower IQ's (Mean Full Scale = 79) than the isolated group (Mean Full Scale = 99). Academic achievement in the multiple group was commensurate with lower intelligence. These data suggest that (1) a difference in overall intellectual functioning may exist between children with isolated growth deficiency and children with multiple pituitary deficiencies and (2) poor academic achievement may be a function of specific cognitive deficits rather than secondary to low self-esteem and reduced parental expectations as suggested by previous investigations. * 6 additional children with multiple deficiencies are being tested.
An enriched reaction center preparation from green photosynthetic bacteria

Abstract Bacteriochlorophyll a reaction-center complex I from Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum 6230 (Tassajara) was incubated in 2 M guanidine · HCl and then chromatographed on cross-linked dextran or agarose gel. Two principal components were separated: a larger component with photochemical activity (bacteriochlorophyll a reaction-center complex II) and a smaller component without activity (bacteriochlorophyll a protein). Complex II contains carotenoid, bacteriochlorophyll a , reaction center(s), and cytochromes b and c , but lacks the well characterized bacteriochlorophyll a protein contained in Complex I. Complex II carries out a light-induced reduction of cytochrome b along with an oxidation of cytochrome c .
Rats learn to freeze to 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations through autoconditioning.

Rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) at ∼22kHz and ∼50kHz, respectively, during negative and positive affective states. Among rats raised in a naturalistic social context, 22-kHz USVs serve as "alarm cries" that can elicit freezing behavior. By contrast, several studies show that naive laboratory rats do not freeze in response to alarm cries. An obvious and consistent interpretation of these facts is that USV-elicited freezing depends on a type of social learning that ordinarily does not occur in the laboratory. However, the present study explored an alternative and explicitly non-social learning mechanism. Animals in the experimental group received multiple footshocks that elicited 22-kHz USVs. Animals in the control group were exposed to the same chamber but did not receive footshocks and, therefore, did not vocalize. When subsequently tested in a novel context, experimental animals froze in response to a novel 22-kHz USV but were unresponsive to a novel 50-kHz USV. Vocalizing during the aversive experience was predictive of subsequent freezing to the 22-kHz USV. As expected from previous studies, control animals failed to freeze to either USV. We propose that the experimental animals learned to associate their own 22-kHz USVs with an internal fear state and selectively generalized this "autoconditioning" to a novel 22-kHz USV. This non-social form of learning seems sufficiently rapid, reliable, and stimulus-specific to be ethologically adaptive.
Phosphate fertilizers influence leaching of lead and arsenic in a soil contaminated with lead arsenate

Use of high rates of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) or monocalcium phosphate (MCP) fertilizers has the potential to alter Pb and As mobility in soils contaminated with lead arsenate pesticide residues. A laboratory column experiment was conducted to determine the effects of P amendment source (MAP, MCP), P rate (0, 0.31, 0.62 g column−1), and amount of leaching (1, 2 pore volume displacements, PVD) on Pb, As, P, pH, and salinity distribution within and leaching from a Burch loam soil containing 1800 mg Pb kg−1 and 400 mg As kg−1 Addition of either MAP or MCP significantly increased the amount of As leached from the soil. The P amendments reduced the amount of Pb in the first PVD but enhanced Pb in the second PVD so that the cumulative amount of Pb leached was independent of treatment. Phosphorus source, P rate, and quantity of leaching water influenced the total amount of leachate As, and soil and leachate P, pH, and salinity. Use of phosphate fertilizers on lead arsenate-contaminated soils may temporarily enhance potential for As phytoavailability or As contamination of groundwater.
Cognitive mechanisms mediating the impact of implicit theories of leader behavior on leader behavior ratings

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that implicit theories of leader behavior can significantly influence raters' responses on leader behavior rating questionnaires. The purpose of the present study was to explore the cognitive mechanisms mediating this influence. Subjects watched a videotape of a problem-solving group and later rated the group leader's behavior. They were told either before or after seeing the tape that this group had either succeeded or failed at the task it was performing. The performance manipulation had a significant impact on the leader behavior ratings. The timing of that manipulation, however, did not. These results are interpreted as evidence that implicit theories of leader behavior may have their impact on conventional leader behavior ratings primarily through mechanisms operating at the time the raters fill out the leader behavior questionnaire. The implications of these results for developing strategies to overcome the confounding influence of implicit theories on leader behavior ratings are discussed.
Comparison of three monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassays for detection of herpes simplex virus in clinical specimens

Three commercial monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassays (Herpchek, IDEIA HSV and SureCell HSV) for detection of herpes simplex virus antigen were compared with isolation of virus in cell cultures. A total of 51 culture positive and 49 culture negative consecutively collected specimens that had been stored at -70°C for a period of up to ten months were used in the study. Herpchek, IDEIA HSV and Sure-Cell HSV assays gave a sensitivity of 88.2 %, 82.4 % and 47.1 % respectively, and a specificity of 95.9 %, 93.9 % and 83.7 % respectively compared to cell culture. A blocking antibody test showed that two culture negative specimens contained herpes simplex virus-specific antigens. If these two specimens were considered to be true positive, Herpchek, IDEIA HSV and SureCell HSV assays had a sensitivity of 88.7 %, 83.0 % and 47.2 %, and a specificity of 100 %, 97.9 % and 85.1 % respectively. The positive predictive value (using the resolved sample results) for Herpchek, IDEIA HSV and SureCell HSV was 100 %, 97.8 % and 78.1 % respectively, and the negative predictive value 88.7 %, 83.6 % and 58.8 % respectively. These results demonstrated that Herpchek and IDEIA HSV are sensitive and highly specific assays. Results could be obtained in less than five hours after receipt of specimens. SureCell HSV gave results in 15 minutes, but both the sensitivity and specificity were too low for this test to be considered as a substitute for culture.
The activation of FeTi for hydrogen storage: A different view

Annealing of FeTi in vacuum or hydrogen at low p(O/sub 2/) levels results in catalytically active, bare FeTiO/sub x/ surfaces via dissolution of the original oxide skin in the matrix. Additional catalytic activity is provided by islands of n-TiO/sub 2/ (rutile) which are in epitaxial contact with the FeTi matrix. Simultaneously, clusters of Fe/sub 2/Ti are formed via the reaction 2FeTi+O/sub 2//yields/Fe/sub 2/Ti+TiO/sub 2/. New catalytic FeTi surface area is repeatedly created by cracking during the desorption cycles. 26 refs.
Platelet mapping assay interference due to platelet activation in heparinized samples.

Objectives Thromboelastography Platelet Mapping (TEGPM) is an assay designed to detect platelet inhibition due to aspirin or clopidogrel-like drugs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential causes of error in the design or operation of the assay. Methods We evaluated percent inhibition of platelets due to aspirin or clopidogrel using TEGPM, which measures clot viscoelastic maximum amplitude (MA) after activation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or arachidonic acid (AA) and subtraction of MA due to fibrin (MAFibrin). Results MAFibrin measured in heparinized blood showed an unstable increasing pattern in 28% of samples (16 of 58). The platelet aggregation inhibitor eptifibatide corrected increasing MAFibrin in 14 of 16 cases, while the thrombin inhibitor argatroban corrected increasing MAFibrin in six of 16 cases, suggesting that unanticipated platelet activation/ aggregation was a more important cause of unstable rising MAFibrin than uninhibited thrombin. The unstable increased MAFibrin falsely increased percent ADP inhibition on average from 19% to 38% and percent AA inhibition from 29% to 58%. Heparinized samples showed platelet clumping and had procoagulant platelet microvesicle levels double those in citrate anticoagulant. Conclusions Unanticipated platelet activation/aggregation occurring in the heparinized TEGPM samples lead to erroneous percent inhibition results.
Use of body mass index to monitor treatment of obese adolescents

Purpose: Absolute weight loss may not always be the best measure of adherence and response to therapy in obese adolescents if weight gain owing to linear growth is not considered. We wished to compare short-term absolute weight and height changes with changes in body mass index (BMI) in a group of severely obese adolescents to determine the most meaningful measure of treatment response. Methods: We analyzed weight, height, and BMI in 27 adolescents, 10–18 years of age, referred for management of severe obesity. Subjects attended clinic on at least three occasions within a 6–24-month period. Detailed profiles of usual daily food intakes, physical activities, and family and environmental structure/activities were obtained, and specific goals to achieve weight control were negotiated with adolescents and their families at each visit. Weight, height, and BMI at the initial visit and at the most recent visit were compared. Results: While 48% of our population actually lost weight, 78% either had no change or a decrease in BMI during the observation period. Differences between initial and most recent heights and BMIs were statistically significant, but weight changes were not significant. Conclusions: In addition to weight, BMI should be routinely used and reported when monitoring the response to specific interventions in growing adolescents. Evaluation of weight alone may underestimate the adolescent's adherence to treatment goals.
Over-water atmospheric correction for Landsat's new OLI sensor

The Operational Land Imager (OLI) is a new sensor being developed by the joint USGS-NASA Landsat Data Continuity Mission that exhibits an exciting potential to be used for monitoring Case 2 waters. With upgrades such as a Coastal Aerosol band, 12 bit quantization, and improved signal-to-noise, preliminary studies indicate that OLI should be radiometrically superior to its predecessors. Considering that OLI will have the traditional 30m resolution of other Landsat instruments, and that its data is free to the community, this sensor should be an invaluable tool for long-term monitoring of water quality in Case 2 waters, especially in the nearshore environment. Through the use of simulated data, previous research indicates that OLI can retrieve the levels of three main water quality indicators (chlorophyll, suspended materials, and colored-dissolved organic matter (CDOM)) to within 7% of their expected range when atmospheric effects are ignored. Since the atmosphere typically represents a major source of error when quantifying water constituents from space, significant efforts have been made to develop techniques that will accurately remove atmospheric effects from OLI data. As OLI is an instrument designed for land-based studies, it will not be equipped with the appropriate bands required by traditional water-based atmospheric correction algorithms. This work presents a new atmospheric correction technique that was developed specifically for the OLI instrument. Preliminary results indicate that when atmospheric effects are included, OLI can retrieve the levels of the three water parameters to within 15% of their expected range, which is within the desired error range for this type of research.
Molecular-Scale Reagent Transport-Induced Modification of Low Weber Number Droplet Impact Dynamics

Effect of surfactant molecular mass transport on the normal impact and spreading of a droplet of its aqueous solution on dry horizontal substrates is investigated for a range of Weber numbers (We = 20 – 100). The impact dynamics, spreading and recoil behavior are captured using a high-speed digital video camera at 4000 frames per second. Digital image-processing software was used to determine the drop spread and height of the liquid film on the surface from each frame. Experiments were performed with water and with two different aqueous solutions of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS), one at its half critical micelle concentration (CMC) and another at twice CMC, on a hydrophilic surface (glass) and a hydrophobic surface (Teflon). It is seen that surfactant concentration, its dynamic surface tension behavior, and surface wettability govern the transient impact-spreading-recoil phenomena. A droplet of SDS solution exhibits higher maximum spread and weaker surface oscillations compared to a pure water drop colliding with the same velocity. On a hydrophobic (Teflon) surface, the drop rebound is inhibited by the presence of the surfactant. These effects are more pronounced at surfactant concentration of twice CMC compared to that at half CMC.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Cartilage injuries: A review of 31,516 knee arthroscopies

Although articular cartilage injuries of the knee are common, injured cartilage has a limited ability to heal. Recent data suggest that articular cartilage grafting may provide treatment for these injuries. To define the patient population that might benefit from cartilage grafting, 31,516 knee arthroscopies were reviewed. Between June 1991 and October 1995, 53,569 hyaline cartilage lesions were documented in 19,827 patients. The majority were articular cartilage lesions; grade III lesions of the patella were the most common. Grade IV lesions were predominantly located on the medial femoral condyle. Patients under 40 years of age with grade IV lesions accounted for 5% of all arthroscopies; 74% of these patients had a single chondral lesion (4% of the arthroscopies). No associated ligamentous or meniscal pathology was found in 36.6% of these patients.
Robotic Patellofemoral Replacement

Patellofemoral arthritis is a relatively rare and challenging disease. Patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA) can be an effective treatment; however, its use remains somewhat controversial due to its high failure rates and variable results. There have been numerous studies published in the literature regarding first- and second-generation implant designs. The evolution of implant design, surgical technique, and patient selection has resulted in better midterm outcomes using second-generation designs. For the younger, more active population, PFA provides an alternative to total knee arthroplasty that allows patients to increase their activity level and decrease pain. PFA is a promising alternative to total knee arthroplasty for isolated patellofemoral arthritis. Although first-generation implants were associated with high failure rates at midterm follow-up, second-generation implants have yielded more positive and promising midterm results. Surgical indications and patient selection are crucial to minimize poor results. In addition, new technologies such as computer navigation and robotics have shown favorable good short-term results. Robotic-assisted second-generation designs are promising approaches to improve implant positioning and good midterm follow-up.
Sea surface temperature signals from satellites—An update

Polar satellite-derived observations of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have been used routinely since 1982 to provide a complete monitoring of our planet, covering all comers of the oceans (unless covered by clouds) twice each day. In 1992, an initial glimpse was published (Strong, 1992) of some tendencies that had been observed during the 1980s. Now that seven additional years of NOAA satellite SST data have become available, the earlier time-series (Strong, 1992) has been up-dated, hi this analysis of the global nighttime SSTs, care was taken to avoid the anomalous conditions found during the 1982–83 El Chichon aerosols, 1991–92 Mt. Pinatubo aerosols, and the strong El Nino of 1997-98. Evidence of warming is found to be present throughout much of the Tropics and in the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere. Estimates from the Southern Hemisphere, while strongly indicative of compensatory cooling in the region, are found to be not as reliable.
Effects of Various Growth Regulators on Datura meteloides

Datura meteloides D.C. was treated during a 4-week period with Amo-1618, CCC, AMAB, Phosphon, B995, and CO-11. Growth was not significantly affected by the treatments. The concentration of alkaloids was increased 26 per cent in the roots of the Amo-1618 group and 17 per cent in the roots of the Phosphon group. The total alkaloid content was increased 25 per cent in the leaf-tops of the CO-11 group, 32 per cent in the roots of the Amo-1618 group, and 19 per cent in the roots of the B995 group. Increases of about 18 per cent in chlorophyll concentration were found in the Phosphon, B995, and CO-11 groups. The results of a selective solvent extraction of the leaf-tops are reported.
‘MERELY MECHANICAL’: ON THE ORIGINS OF PHOTOGRAPHIC COPYRIGHT IN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN

The invention of the medium of photography and its commercialization as a cheap multiple during the 1850s and 1860s led to challenges to extant copyright laws in France and Great Britain. This paper traces the ways that debates over photographic copyright confronted current understandings of originality and mechanization and repeated arguments that had already been raised by laws governing prints and casts. The British Fine Arts Copyright Act of 1862, which extended statutory protection to all photographs, is contrasted with French cases, which struggled to accommodate photographs within the fine arts as defined by the copyright law of 1793.
Behavioral clusters in dynamic graphs

Discover interesting patterns on longitudinal studies of vertex behavior over time.Apply machine learning to parallel graph analysis in a modular fashion.Finding behavior clusters of vertices in a dynamic graph.Apply NMF to group vertices that rise and fall in influence together. This paper contributes a method for combining sparse parallel graph algorithms with dense parallel linear algebra algorithms in order to understand dynamic graphs including the temporal behavior of vertices. Our method is the first to cluster vertices in a dynamic graph based on arbitrary temporal behaviors. In order to successfully implement this method, we develop a feature based pipeline for dynamic graphs and apply Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) to these features. We demonstrate these steps with a sample of the Twitter mentions graph as well as a CAIDA network traffic graph. We contribute and analyze a parallel NMF algorithm presenting both theoretical and empirical studies of performance. This work can be leveraged by graph/network analysts to understand the temporal behavior cluster structure and segmentation structure of dynamic graphs.
Enslaved women and the law: Paradoxes of subordination in the post-Revolutionary Carolinas

Focusing on court cases in North and South Carolina, 1787–1840, this article argues that enslaved women occupied acknowledged spaces within southern law and even shaped its application and content. The analysis examines enslaved women's legal standing within the context of state-building following the American Revolution. Although historians of U.S. slavery usually look to statutes and appellate decisions, this body of law – and its impersonal, abstract categories—did not yet comprise a definitive body of state law. Rather, the legal order was localized, with lower courts exercising considerable authority over law. At the local level, the legal process was highly personalized, inseparable from social relations in local communities. Those dynamics, particularly the patriarchal relations that tied slaves to whites, allowed enslaved women influence and presence in law. Yet legal recognition resulted from their gendered subordination within a particular kind of patriarchal order, which also denied enslaved wo...
Modification of the skin allograft response across the H-2 locus by pre-treatment with transplantation antigens.

WE have investigated whether or not pre-treatment with a sub-cellular fraction containing transplantation antigens can increase survival of skin allografts across the H-2 histocompatibility locus in inbred adult mice. Graft survival was assessed by histological scoring at a standard time interval, rather than by relying on cross evaluation of graft rejection. Congenic resistant strains of mice were used so as to minimize non-H-2 antigenic disparity between donor and recipient. C57BL10/SnJ mice (H-2b) were used as donors of antigen and skin, and B10D2/SnJ mice (H-2d) as recipients. All mice were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, and were males between 10 and 30 weeks of age.
Academic libraries and the six percent solution: A twenty-year financial overview

Abstract ACRL standards maintain that the library's appropriation shall be six percent of the total institutional budget. This article, presenting data on a year-by-year basis from 1971 to 1990, reveals that on a nationwide basis, this six percent figure has never come close to being realized. In fact, the percent of appropriation has declined throughout this 20-year period. The author examines related data and suggests reasons for and solutions to this predicament.