cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Conformational Study of Yeast Phenylalanine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid

Abstract Yeast phenylalanine tRNA (tRNAphe) exhibits a 4½-fold enhancement of fluorescence in response to the addition of Mg2+. Concurrently, over the same concentration range (0 to 0.4 mm) of Mg2+, the circular dichroism peak at 263 nm displays a 20% increase in ellipticity and a blue shift of 2 nm. The existence of the negative circular dichroism band at 295 nm appears to be cation-dependent. This conformational change is accompanied by a 5.4% hypochromicity and is readily observable by gel filtration. NaCl inhibits competitively the enhancement of fluorescence by Mg2+. High concentrations (2.0 m) of NaCl alone are only 47% as effective as Mg2+ in producing an increase in fluorescence. A series of organic diamines exhibits a diminishing ability to enhance the fluorescence of tRNAphe as the number of carbon atoms between the two amine groups increases. Spermine and spermidine are more effective than any of the diamines examined, but spermidine, which is the most active oligoamine tested, is only 41% as effective as Mg2+. Gel filtration results indicate that the level of fluorescence enhancement obtainable with various divalent cations corresponds qualitatively to the relative extent of folding of tRNAphe inducible by these cations. Heat denaturation of tRNAphe in the presence of Mg2+ revealed a preferential melting of the fluorescence enhancement at lower temperatures as compared with the hyperchromicity of the sample. The conformational change of tRNAphe induced by Mg2+ is interpreted to represent the formation of tertiary structure. Where comparisons are possible, yeast tRNAphe bears a close similarity to bovine liver tRNAphe in its fluorescence/conformational properties.
Numerical Simulations of Multiphoton Processes in Many Electron Atoms

The effects of high intensity, short pulsed lasers on many electron atoms are actively being studied in a number of laboratories. Measurements of ion yields and electron energy and angular distributions as functions of wavelength, intensity and pulse length have provided detailed information about the process of multiphoton ionization. The pulse lengths and intensities currently used are in the regime where standard perturbative methods are invalid. However, direct solution of the time dependent Schrodinger equation for single electron atoms has been shown to be possible.1 In this way, arbitrary pulse shapes can be treated exactly as long as the intensity is high enough that ionization occurs rapidly so that long integration times are not required. In this regime, the highly non-linear process encountered can be accurately described. Extensions of these method are now under development, with applications to the simplest multi-electron atom, helium, having been accomplished.2 In this report, we will present some details of two numerical methods which we have been pursuing for treating the multi-electron case. Both involve a numerical representation of the time dependent Hartree Fock electronic orbitals and a direct time integration of the coupled equations.
Interest, Principal, and Conceptual Severance

When considering applications of the Takings Clause to appropriations of interest and principal, courts rely on the quaintly expressed 18th century rule that "interest shall follow the principal, as the shadow the body." Since that time, an elaborate body of regulatory takings law has evolved. As part of this evolution, courts delved into questions of temporary takings of property, occurring both as a result of outright physical occupation and through regulatory limitations. This Note argues that courts should reject the old "interest follows principal" rule and adopt the modern temporary takings rules. In particular, this Note explores the results of such a change in three cases involving prisoners alleging an unconstitutional taking when their interest was deposited in accounts with the Departments of Corrections while incarcerated. Adopting a temporary takings analysis would not only bring consistency between the analyses of takings of money and takings of land, but also offer a more consistent outcome within this group of prisoner interest cases.
Quantification of losses in thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cells

Quantification of solar cell losses can identify promising pathways for further cell improvements. This paper expands earlier work and applies it specifically to CdS/CdTe cells. For the analysis we have defined four cells: The Target cell is one that should be possible with current industrial processes. The Production cell is typical of today's production. The Record cell has the highest efficiency (16.5%) reported to date. The Ideal cell has the highest theoretical performance for CdTe. The systematic technique of separating losses, referred to as third level metrics, breaks current, voltage, and fill-factor losses down into their individual loss mechanisms. The losses are expressed both as the deficiency in the specific parameter and as the impact on cell efficiency. The latter allows clear identification of the most significant losses.
Interprocedural Array Data Flow Analysis for Cache Coherence

The presence of procedures and procedure calls introduces side effects, which complicate the analysis of stale reference detection in compiler-directed cache coherence schemes [4, 3, 10]. Previous compiler algorithms use the invalidation of an entire cache at procedure boundary [5, 8] or inlining [8] to avoid reference marking interprocedurally. However, frequent cache invalidations will result in poor performance since locality can not be exploited across the procedure boundary. Also, the inlining is often prohibitive due to both its code expansion and increase in its compilation time and memory requirements. In this paper, we introduce an improved intraprocedural and interprocedural algorithms for detecting references to stale data. The intraprocedural algorithm can mark potential stale references without relying on any cache invalidation or inlining at procedure boundaries, thus avoiding unnecessary cache misses for subroutine local data. The interprocedural algorithm performs bottom-up and top-down analysis on the procedure call graph to further exploit locality across procedure boundaries.
Characterization of a new CCK antagonist, L364,718: in vitro and in vivo studies

In this study we examined a novel, orally effective, nonpeptidal cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonist, 3S(-)-N-(2,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-yl) -1H-indole-2-carboxamide (L364,718) on CCK-induced amylase release. We used isolated rat pancreatic acini and incubated them with CCK-8 with or without various CCK receptor antagonists. L364,718 (3-100 nM), proglumide (1-10 mM), and the proglumide derivative CR1409 (1-30 microM) each caused a progressive rightward shift in the CCK-8 dose-response curve without a change in maximal amylase secretion. Plotting the data according to the method of Schild indicated competitive inhibition. The Kis for L364,718, CR1409, and proglumide were 0.25 nM, 0.15 microM, and 0.5 mM, respectively. Thus L364,718 was 600-fold more potent than CR1409 and 2,000,000-fold more potent than proglumide in inhibiting CCK-8-induced amylase release. Inhibition of 125I-Bolton-Hunter-CCK-8 binding to acini by these receptor antagonists had a similar rank potency. L364,718 was tested against other pancreatic exocrine secretagogues and was effective against agonists that only act through the CCK receptor. In rats, diversion of pancreatic juice from the duodenum stimulated pancreatic amylase output and elevated plasma CCK levels. The stimulated amylase secretion was blocked by intravenous administration of L364,718. Furthermore, extracted plasma CCK from rats with diversion of pancreatic juice from the duodenum stimulated amylase release from pancreatic acini, and this stimulation was blocked by addition of L364,718.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Brainstem mechanisms underlying control of large amplitude saccades

The primary aims of this study were to examine the dynamics of large amplitude saccades and to present a more accurate oculomotor model of the underlying brainstem mechanisms responsible for generating these movements. We examined large amplitude gaze movements under 2 conditions: 1) pure centrifugal from primary position up to the limits of the oculomotor range (50/spl deg/); and 2) combined centripetal & centrifugal movements across the midline. Initial eye position in the orbit markedly influences the neuronal activity in the pons required to generate both types of movements. Using a new analytical method for quantifying the differences in the accelerating and decelerating aspects of the saccades we demonstrate that the deceleration phase of eye increases dramatically with saccade amplitude, far exceeding the duration of the acceleration period. In addition, the deceleration phase differed amongst subjects and between centrifugal and combined movements. A new model of oculomotor control is proposed to account for these findings.
The viability and effect of flow upon function of the ex vivo perfused pig liver.

Abstract If ex vivo pig liver perfusion is to successfully support the patient with reversible hepatic failure, the perfused organ must remain viable and must function well. As indicators of viability, tissue ATP concentration and in vitro oxygen consumption of pig liver biopsy slices were measured at various stages of the procedure. Although these values began to decline even before the hepatectomy was completed, the biopsy values of livers perfused for 4 hours were close to those biopsy values taken during laparotomy. This indicates that perfusion not only maintained viability but may have reversed the metabolic damage suffered during hepatectomy and the connection of the liver to the perfusion system. Function, assessed by the initial disappearance constant of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and by the whole organ oxygen utilization, increased with blood flows up to 1.0 ml. per gram per minute but did not increase further with higher flows. Measurements of hepatic resistance and studies of the intrahepatic distribution of carbon particles introduced into the perfusate were consistent with the concept that progressively more sinusoids were perfused with higher flows up to 1 ml. per gram per minute, at which point all sinusoids were perfused. The findings confirm the viability of the perfused organ and indicate that, during clinical perfusion, flows of 1 ml. per gram per minute are desirable. Higher flows yield little additional increases in function.
Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Utilizing Mini-Stem Humeral Components: Technique and Short-Term Results:

Throughout the field of orthopedic surgery, there has been a trend toward using smaller incisions and implants that preserve as much normal anatomy as possible. The use of bone sparing technology, such as partial and full surface replacements of the humeral head, while attractive in younger patients, does not allow the best exposure for proper glenoid replacement. Additionally, there are other situations when the use of surface replacements is contraindicated. There are also patients with an existing total elbow replacement or a humeral malunion or deformity in which a traditional long-stem component would not fit. For these reasons, a mini-stem humeral component for total shoulder arthroplasty was developed. In this study, we hypothesized that total shoulder replacement using the mini-stem humeral component could provide low complication rates and good to excellent results, as measured by postoperative Constant–Murley and UCLA shoulder scores at minimum 2 years postoperatively. This was a retrospective review of the first 49 mini-stem shoulder replacements (47 patients) for primary osteoarthritis. There were 26 male and 23 female patients. UCLA Shoulder Score and Constant Murley Scores were obtained on all patients at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively (average 29 months; range 24–43 months). Radiographs were interpreted by a musculoskeletal radiologist. Intraoperative blood loss was documented as was postoperative pain using a visual analog pain scale. Patients experienced over 90% good to excellent results at minimum 2 year follow up. ROM improved significantly in all parameters. Postoperative UCLA scores at final follow up averaged 27.5 while Constant–Murley scores averaged 91. Small lucent lines (<1 mm) were noted in 11 patients. Five of 49 stems were placed in varus but the postoperative result was not affected in any of these patients. One patient suffered an acute subscapularis rupture that required repair. This is the first report to document the efficacy of mini-stemmed humeral components used during total shoulder arthroplasty. Our study group showed good to excellent results as well as improvement in range of motion at minimum 2-year follow-up. The results presented in this study are comparable to previous outcomes achieved with conventional length humeral components, and suggest that mini-stem humeral components are an effective option for total shoulder arthroplasty.
Addition of Valproic Acid to CHO Cell Fed-Batch Cultures Improves Monoclonal Antibody Titers

Improving the productivity of a biopharmaceutical Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fed-batch cell culture can enable cost savings and more efficient manufacturing capacity utilization. One method for increasing CHO cell productivity is the addition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors to the cell culture process. In this study, we examined the effect of valproic acid (VPA, 2-propylpentanoic acid), a branched-chain carboxylic acid HDAC inhibitor, on the productivity of three of our CHO cell lines that stably express monoclonal antibodies. Fed-batch shake flask VPA titrations on the three different CHO cell lines yielded cell line-specific results. Cell line A responded highly positively, cell line B responded mildly positively, and cell line C did not respond. We then performed factorial experiments to identify the optimal VPA concentration and day of addition for cell line A. After identifying the optimal conditions for cell line A, we performed verification experiments in fed-batch bioreactors for cell lines A and B. These experiments confirmed that a high dose of VPA late in the culture can increase harvest titer >20 % without greatly changing antibody aggregation, charge heterogeneity, and N-linked glycosylation profiles. Our results suggest that VPA is an attractive and viable small molecule enhancer of protein production for biopharmaceutical CHO cell culture processes.
Reliability of common knee injection sites with low-volume injections.

This study's purpose was to evaluate the reliability of knee injection sites with low-volume (2-3cc) injection typical of viscosupplementation. This was a prospective study of 131 knees randomly assigned to 3 injection groups before to knee arthroscopy: SM-superomedial, superolateral, and lateral joint line (LJL). Needles were inserted to the hub, and aspiration was attempted before injection with 3 cc diluted methylene blue (MB). Injections then were graded at the time of arthroscopy as good, fair, or poor, depending on the intra-articular staining of MB. We conclude that a lateral joint line injection site may not be reliable for routine injections of low volumes into knees, because it results in good intra- articular delivery less than half of the time, with a high incidence of soft-tissue infiltration.
The Role of Dynamic Models in Cartesian Force Control of Manipulators

Dynamic models are as important in Cartesian force control as they are in position control. A variety of Cartesian force control schemes are examined, comprising some that do incorporate a dynamic model into the control loop (resolved acceleration force control, operational space method, and impedance control) and some that do not (hybrid control and stiffness control). Stability analyses and experimental imple mentations are presented that demonstrate not only that using a dynamic model leads to more accurate control, but also that not using a model can in certain cases make force control unstable. Experiments on the MIT Serial Link Direct Drive Arm show that resolved acceleration force control is stable and accurate in producing force steps and sinusoidal force responses and in complying to sinusoidal position dis turbances.
Designing equitable antiretroviral allocation strategies in resource-constrained countries.

Background Recently, a global commitment has been made to expand access to antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the developing world. However, in many resource-constrained countries the number of individuals infected with HIV in need of treatment will far exceed the supply of ARVs, and only a limited number of health-care facilities (HCFs) will be available for ARV distribution. Deciding how to allocate the limited supply of ARVs among HCFs will be extremely difficult. Resource allocation decisions can be made on the basis of many epidemiological, ethical, or preferential treatment priority criteria.
Animal models of nonthyroidal disease

Rats bearing transplantable Walker 256 carcinoma provide an opportunity to assess thyroid function and activity during an interval of time when the tumor has not affected growth rate. Rats with tumor have decreased serum T4 and T3 concentration and decreased serum FT4 and FT3 as well. These changes are due to a decrease in binding of iodothyronines by the serum binding proteins, an increase in the fractional rate of T4 metabolism and a decrease in thyroidal secretion. The decrease in activity of the thyroid gland appears to be due to reduced sensitivity of the thyroid to circulating TSH. Despite decreased serum FT4 and FT3 concentrations, serum TSH remains normal, not increased as would be anticipated in a hypothyroidal animal. Nevertheless, a further experimental decrease in serum T4 and/ or T3 from the already reduced serum iodothyronine levels of the tumor bearing rat results in a normal increment in serum TSH. Thus, TSH secretion appears to be regulated normally despite decreased concentrations of pituitary nuclear T3. This finding suggests that tumor bearing rats have greater than normal sensitivity to T3 in their regulation of TSH secretion. Rats with Walker 256 carcinoma have decreased concentrations of hepatic nuclear T3 receptors and a decrease in T3 specifically bound to the receptors. The fractional occupancy of hepatic nuclear receptors appears relatively normal. The dose-response of alpha-GPD in relation to fractional nuclear T3 receptor occupancy appears shifted up and to the left in tumor bearing rats, whereas the curve for ME is shifted down to the right. The appearance rates of these enzymes are described by similar functions. These findings suggest that postreceptor factors in tumor bearing rats may result in augmentation of some and depression of other biologic responses to thyroid hormones. If the results of these studies are extended to sick patients, they may provide a possible mechanism whereby patients maintain the euthyroid clinical state despite a decrease in serum T3. Thus, postreceptor factors may enhance those thyroidal responses which characterize the euthyroid clinical state. Moreover, attenuation of other thyroidal responses related to conservation of protein may provide a distinct adaptive advantage to the patient with nonthyroidal illness with or without decreased food consumption.
DNA polymerases on the move.

Recent crystal structures of DNA polymerases provide new insights into conformational dynamics and DNA minor groove interactions that are critical for efficient and accurate DNA synthesis.
Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy Study of Visible and Near-Infrared Spectral Variations of Chicken Meats in Cold Storage

This paper reports the generalized two-dimensional (2D) visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) correlation spectroscopy study of chicken meats in cold storage. The 2D visible correlation analysis revealed that, besides the previously reported three absorption bands around 445, 485, and 560 nm ascribed to DeoxyMb, MetMb, and OxyMb, there is an additional band around 635 nm that could be assigned to SulfMb, a product from the reaction of myoglobin with H2S generated by bacteria. Unlike the spectral intensity reduction of the 440 and 560 nm bands, the intensities of the 490 and 635 nm bands increase with storage time. The asynchronous 2D visible correlation spectra indicated that OxyMb and MetMb produce SulfMb first; then complicated reactions such as the oxygenation and oxidization of DeoxyMb and the oxidization of OxyMb follow as storage is prolonged. In addition, several close and separated bands appearing around the 440, 490, and 560 coordinates could be a result of the changes in the molecular environment of the heme pigment portion. Hence, the decreasing intensity and the splitting of the 440 and 560 nm bands are responsible for the discoloration of meats. The 2D correlation spectra in the NIR region showed that the O-H/N-H bands change their spectral intensity before the C-H groups during the storage, suggesting a coordination process for hydrophilic O-H and N-H groups. It revealed two main possibilities: (1) water species interact with other meat components, and (2) the meat proteins undergo proteolysis and denaturation processes, which is associated with the development of tenderization during storage (aging). In addition, the asynchronous spectra correlating the spectral bands in both the visible and NIR regions suggested that the discoloration occurs earlier than other developments, such as tenderization process.
The extraordinary extragalactic supernova remnant in NGC 4449.II:X-ray and optical investigations

Einstein Observatory X-ray observations indicate that the SNR in NGC 4449 is the most luminous X-ray, as well as optical and radio, SNR known. New optical spectroscopy, together with the X-ray data, suggest this exceptional luminosity to be due to chemically enriched material at unusually high densities. A model is proposed in which this SNR resulted from the explosion of a massive star in a medium of nearly 25/cu cm density about 100 years ago. The chemistry in question further suggests that the SNR in NGC 4449 resulted from the explosion of a star whose mass was greater than 25 solar masses.
An abstract interpretation scheme for identifying inherent parallelism in logic programs

We describe a new scheme for the abstract interpretation of logic programs. The scheme was developed to identify and integrate different forms of inherent parallelism in logic programs at compile time. The scheme has four components: generalization, abstract unification, summarization and concretization, algorithms for which are discussed. The abstract domain for interpretation consists of type expressions which are used as program modes. The generated mode information has been applied to identify different classes of procedures exhibiting different forms of inherent parallelism. The mode information has also been applied for detection of guards and producer-consumer relationship. The advantages and limitations of our resulting scheme are discussed.
Using context to improve protein domain identification

Background Identifying domains in protein sequences is an important step in protein structural and functional annotation. Existing domain recognition methods typically evaluate each domain prediction independently of the rest. However, the majority of proteins are multidomain, and pairwise domain co-occurrences are highly specific and non-transitive.
An Invisible Threat: Mutation-Mediated Resistance to Triazole Drugs in Aspergillus

Aspergillosis has emerged as an important contributor to infection-related morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations. This comes at a time when we are also seeing an increase in the vulnerable populations themselves. At the same time, some parts of the world are reporting an increased incidence of aspergillosis refractory to triazole therapy. Resistance to triazole drugs may have major implications for aspergillosis management since our antifungal armamentarium is limited. This review gives an overview of populations at risk of developing aspergillosis and highlights resistance mechanisms that may contribute to morbidity and mortality in these vulnerable populations.
Shared subtypes: subtyping recursive parametrized algebraic data types

A newtype declaration in Haskell introduces a new type renaming an existing type. The two types are viewed by the programmer as semantically different, but share the same runtime representation. When operations on the two semantic views coincide, the run-time cost of conversion between the two types is reduced to zero (in both directions) because of this common representation.We describe a new language feature called Shared Subtypes (SSubtypes), which generalizes these properties of the newtype declaration. SSubtypes allow programmers to specify subtype rules between types and sharing rules between data constructors. A value of a type T, where T is a subtype of U, can always be cast, at no cost, to value of type U. This free up-casting allows library functions that consume the supertype to be applied without cost to subtypes. Yet any semantic interpretations desired by the programmer can be enforced by the compiler. SSubtype declarations work particularly well with GADTs. GADTs use differing type indexes to make explicit semantic differences, by using a different index for each way of viewing the data. Shared subtypes allow GADTs to share the same runtime representation as a reference type, of which the GADT is a refinement.
Theoretical investigation of the spatial progression of temporal statistical moments in linear chromatography

Migration and dispersion in chromatography are modeled by analogy to an effective eddy diffusion process. On the basis of this model, the spatial rates of temporal statistical moment change are derived for general chromatography in linear media. In most practical cases, these equations can be simplified so that temporal statistical moments can be calculated by solving a system of ordinary differential equations that depend only on the local HETP, solute velocity, and initial values of the temporal statistical moments. The calculations of temporal centroid, temporal variance, temporal skew, and temporal excess are demonstrated for the case of linear solvent strength gradients. It is shown for the case of temporally invariant separation environments, such as isocratic liquid chromatographic systems and isothermal gas chromatographic systems, that temporal variance contributions are spatially additive and that the temporal third normalized central moment is unaffected by spatial variations in the medium. A refined explanation is given for how peak symmetry is improved in gradient forms of chromatography.
Insulin-induced Gene Protein (INSIG)-dependent Sterol Regulation of Hmg2 Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation (ERAD) in Yeast

Insulin-induced gene proteins (INSIGs) function in control of cellular cholesterol. Mammalian INSIGs exert control by directly interacting with proteins containing sterol-sensing domains (SSDs) when sterol levels are elevated. Mammalian 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase (HMGR) undergoes sterol-dependent, endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) that is mediated by INSIG interaction with the HMGR SSD. The yeast HMGR isozyme Hmg2 also undergoes feedback-regulated ERAD in response to the early pathway-derived isoprene gernanylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). Hmg2 has an SSD, and its degradation is controlled by the INSIG homologue Nsg1. However, yeast Nsg1 promotes Hmg2 stabilization by inhibiting GGPP-stimulated ERAD. We have proposed that the seemingly disparate INSIG functions can be unified by viewing INSIGs as sterol-dependent chaperones of SSD clients. Accordingly, we tested the role of sterols in the Nsg1 regulation of Hmg2. We found that both Nsg1-mediated stabilization of Hmg2 and the Nsg1-Hmg2 interaction required the early sterol lanosterol. Lowering lanosterol in the cell allowed GGPP-stimulated Hmg2 ERAD. Thus, Hmg2-regulated degradation is controlled by a two-signal logic; GGPP promotes degradation, and lanosterol inhibits degradation. These data reveal that the sterol dependence of INSIG-client interaction has been preserved for over 1 billion years. We propose that the INSIGs are a class of sterol-dependent chaperones that bind to SSD clients, thus harnessing ER quality control in the homeostasis of sterols.
Stone Tool Assemblage Richness during the Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic in France

Regression-based analysis of 164 French Mousterian, Chatelperronian and Aurignacian stone tool assemblages reveals that most of the perceived difference in typological richness between the Mousterian and Aurignacian is associated with differences in assemblage size. Within the framework of the classification systems involved, this discovery diminishes the importance of stone tool kit richness as a character that distinguishes between the Mousterian and Aurignacian. It also heightens the importance of explaining why assemblage sizes differ between these two industries. Even given that distinct classification systems are used to analyse Chatelperronian and Mousterian lithic assemblages, the Chatelperronian shows distinct similarities in richness to the Mousterian of Acheulian Tradition, the Mousterian facies that has often been argued to be its most likely immediate ancestor.
Contrast enhanced MRA with CAPR (Cartesian Acquisition with Projection like Reconstruction) technique - review of initial clinical experience

Background Contrast enhanced MRA is a well validated and widely used technique for noninvasive vascular imaging. Significant advances in coil development, parallel imaging, and view-sharing techniques can enable imaging with very high spatial and/or temporal resolution which can be tailored to very specific or problematic clinical situations. Cartesian acquisition with projection like reconstruction (CAPR) is a specific technique developed by our MR Research laboratory which supports very high acceleration factors and has been adopted into clinical practice for a number of clinical scenarios. We will present a brief introduction to the technique and an illustrative review of our early clinical experience using CAPR for clinical imaging. Methods CAPR apportions the Cartesian phase-encoded kY -kZ plane into a low-spatial-frequency center region and a high-spatial-frequency outer annulus. The annulus is further divided into sets of projection-like vanes. The corners of the kY -kZ plane are not sampled and are zero-filled, and data for the unsampled gaps between vanes are estimated by 2D homodyne processing. An individual image update consists of elliptical-centric sampling of the center region and one annular vane set, with view sharing applied from previous samples of the other vane sets. This vane pattern gives a visual appearance similar to projection reconstruction. Alternate vanes are sampled or not sampled, allowing for 2D homodyne detection to be performed across the kY-kZ plane. Because homodyne detection is performed in this plane, full echoes are sampled along the readout (kX) direction. Results We have used this technique in both single station and multi-station implementations, the latter using a novel technique of “fluoro-tracking” enabled by real-time reconstruction of image data to allow interactive decision making by the technologist to track the passage of a contrast bolus through multiple stations. We will present a number of cases illustrating the use, including imaging of arteriovenous malformations, imaging peripheral vascular runoff to facilitate bypass graft planning the setting of failed prior CTA, and imaging of the small vessels of the hands and feet. Conclusions
Perinatal management of newborns with haemophilia.

The dawn of potentially curative strategies for haemophilia, advances in gene diagnosis and the availability of safer clotting factor concentrates for treatment and prophylaxis make it imperative that newborns with haemophilia be appropriately diagnosed and managed. They can then avoid the crippling consequences of haemophilia and avail themselves of a better quality of life. Additionally, once a diagnosis has been made, the infant’s parents should be provided with information concerning haemophilia, what to look for, when to seek medical advice and how to care for the child. Haemophilia A and B are X-linked bleeding disorders and can present with haemorrhage in the neonatal period. The genes for factor (F) VIII and F IX are located at the tip of the long arm of chromosome X. Haemophilia occurs in 1:5000 male births, affects all racial groups and is worldwide in distribution. Approximately 80‐85% of cases are haemophilia A (F VIII deficiency) and 15‐20% are haemophilia B (F IX deficiency). Based on plasma levels of F VIII or IX coagulant (F VIII:C or F IX:C), which usually correlate with disease severity, haemophilia is classified as mild (. 5% to , 40%), moderate (1‐5%) or severe (, 1%). Roughly twothirds of newly diagnosed infants have a family history of haemophilia, whereas one-third have no family history of haemophilia and are referred to as sporadic cases. Haemophilia in these infants is usually as a result of a mutation that arose in the infant’s mother or in one of the maternal grandparents. The most common genetic alteration is an inversion mutation (commonly referred to as the ‘flip tip’ mutation). This accounts for 45% of cases of severe haemophilia A, and 90% of the mothers of such patients are carriers (Antonarakis et al, 1995).
Spectral Algorithm for Pseudospectral Methods in Optimal Control

Recent convergence results with pseudospectral methods are exploited to design a robust, multigrid, spectral algorithm for computing optimal controls. The design of the algorithm is based on using the pseudospectral differentiation matrix to locate switches, kinks, corners, and other discontinuities that are typical when solving practical optimal control problems. The concept of pseudospectral knots and Gaussian quadrature rules are used to generate a natural spectral mesh that is dense near the points of interest. Several stopping criteria are developed based on new error-estimation formulas and Jackson's theorem. The sequence is terminated when all of the convergence criteria are satisfied. Numerical examples demonstrate the key concepts proposed in the design of the spectral algorithm. Although a vast number of theoretical and algorithmic issues still remain open, this paper advances pseudospectral methods along several new directions and outlines the current theoretical pitfalls in computation and control.
POSTMODERN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: A SHEEP IN WOLF'S CLOTHING?

In public administration, as in many disciplines, “modernism” and the influence of the Enlightenment has been deplored. This criticism comes somewhat late to public administration, though is forcefully used to chastise modern governmental administration for its failure to take on innovations yielding more just and responsive behavior on the part of administrators and their institutions. Particularly, modernism's infatuation with individualism and scientific progress has left a landscape littered with institutionalized racism, misogyny, injustice, and an incredible resistance to change. In recent years, many public administration scholars have turned to postmodernism as a means to undercut the hegemony of the modernist position in the administrative world. While we admire the goals of these authors we must deplore the way in which they have gone about their work. Insufficient appreciation for the origins of postmodernist epistemology has led many of these authors to become just as deplorably modernist as their predecessors. This mistake is to reinvent modernism in a new form, not to use postmodernism as a liberating, transformative device, as they claim to do.
Evidence of immunological reactions to autochthonous cancer in man

Resume Le probleme des reactions immunologiques contre le cancer humain autochtone a ete etudie en utilisant les techniques d'autogreffe et d'homogreffe, des techniques serologiques ainsi que des tests cutanes. Les resultats sont presentes en cinq sections. 1. 1. L'autogreffe de suspensions graduees de cellules cancereuses produit des nodules au lieu d'inoculation de doses massives de cellules. La proportion de nodules en croissance manifeste a ete de 100 pour cent avec 108 cellules, de 73 pour cent avec 107, 46 pour cent avec 106 et 19 pour cent avec 105 cellules. On n'a jamais remarque de croissance avec 104 ou moins de cellules. Il semble donc qu'il existe une resistance vis-a-vis de l'implantation de cancer autochtone. 2. 2. Les etudes serologiques utilisant la technique de Boyden n'ont pas demontre d'autoanticorps contre le tissu tumoral propre du malade. Elles n'ont pas mis en evidence non plus d'iso-anticorps, vis-a-vis de lignees cellulaires cultivees in vitro. Les serums des malades cancereux et des patients avec maladies chroniques non neoplasiques ont montre, plus frequement que les serums temoins normaux, l'absorption de globuline serique sur des cellules cultivees in vitro. Ceci a ete determine par une technique de deficit d'antiglobuline. Cependant, on n'a pas pu demontrer que cela correspondait a une reaction antigene-anticorps. Apres administration des extraits irradies de cellules leucemiques autologues a des malades leucemiques en remission hematologique, les 6 malades traites developpaient des reactions cutanees positives, a la suite d'injection intradermique de l'extrait. 3. 3. Les malades cancereux avaient souvent des reactions immunologiques deficientes de type cellulaire. Cela a ete demontre par un developpement deficient de l'hypersensibilite de type retarde, apres l'application a la peau de dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) et par des delais prolonges de rejet des homogreffes de cellules cancereuses cultivees in vitro. 4. 4. Une comparaison des homogreffes et des autogreffes, chez le meme malade cancereux, a montre que l'autogreffe reussissait avec un plus petit nombre de cellules chez les malades avec mecanismes immunologiques deficients. 5. 5. L'adjonction de leucocvtes autologues aux suspensions de cellules cancereuses reduisait la prise de l'autogreffe chez 21 malades, sur un ensemble de 42. Ces resultats traduisent la nature complexe des phenomenes etudies. Ils sont cependant en accord avec l'hypothese de l'existence de mecanismes de defense chez l'hote contre le cancer autochtone. Ces defenses peuvent agir sur des antigenes specifiques propres aux tumeurs malignes, par l'intermediaire de reactions immunologiques de type cellulaire.
Melatonin effect on rat body weight regulation in response to high-fat diet at middle age.

We previously demonstrated that daily melatonin administration to middle-aged rats to restore youthful plasma melatonin levels also decreased body weight, visceral fat, plasma leptin, and plasma insulin to more youthful levels, without detectable changes in consumption of chow diet. We now evaluate: (a) whether melatonin alters consumption of a more precisely quantifiable liquid diet similar in high-fat content to the typical American diet; (b) differences between melatonin-induced endocrine responses in the fasted vs fed state; and (c) time course of these responses. Ten-month-old male Sprague- Dawley rats received liquid diet containing either 0.2 µg/mL melatonin (MELATONIN) or vehicle (CONTROL) (n=14/treatment); the diet was available throughout each night, but was removed for the final 10 h of each daytime. MELATONIN rats gained 4% body weight during the first 2 wk and then stabilized, whereas CONTROL rats continued to gain for an additional week, achieving 8% gain (p<0.05 vs MELATONIN). During the first 3 wk, afternoon tail-blood leptin, but not insulin, levels decreased in melatonin-treated rats (p<0.05 vs CONTROL). After 8 wk, half of the rats were killed at the midpoint of the dark period (NIGHT; fed) and half at the end of the light period (DAYTIME; fasted). NIGHT but not DAYTIME plasma leptin levels were decreased in MELATONIN rats, whereas DAYTIME but not NIGHT plasma insulin levels were decreased (p<0.05 vs CONTROL). Melatonin treatment did not alter cumulative food consumption. Thus, melatonin decreased weight gain in response to high-fat diet, decreased plasma leptin levels within 3 wk—before decreasing plasma insulin—and exerted these metabolic effects independent of total food consumption.
Behavioral responses of white-tailed deer subjected to lethal management

Currently, the most effective and cost-efficient mechanism for controlling overabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) is lethal removal, most commonly controlled hun...
Active site inhibitors protect protein kinase C from dephosphorylation and stabilize its mature form

Conformational changes acutely control protein kinase C (PKC). We have previously shown that the autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate must be removed from the active site in order for 1) PKC to be phosphorylated by its upstream kinase phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK-1), 2) the mature enzyme to bind and phosphorylate substrates, and 3) the mature enzyme to be dephosphorylated by phosphatases. Here we show an additional level of conformational control; binding of active site inhibitors locks PKC in a conformation in which the priming phosphorylation sites are resistant to dephosphorylation. Using homogeneously pure PKC, we show that the active site inhibitor Go 6983 prevents the dephosphorylation by pure protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) or the hydrophobic motif phosphatase, pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP). Consistent with results using pure proteins, treatment of cells with the competitive inhibitors Go 6983 or bisindolylmaleimide I, but not the uncompetitive inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide IV, prevents the dephosphorylation and down-regulation of PKC induced by phorbol esters. Pulse-chase analyses reveal that active site inhibitors do not affect the net rate of priming phosphorylations of PKC; rather, they inhibit the dephosphorylation triggered by phorbol esters. These data provide a molecular explanation for the recent studies showing that active site inhibitors stabilize the phosphorylation state of protein kinases B/Akt and C.
A Proposed Lexicon for Class Definition in a Product Lifecycle Model

Commonly used terms such as form, function, and behavior often take on varying definitions in the literature related to product design and development. This is especially true as the point of reference moves through various stages of development from conceptual design, through product disposal. This can become problematic from the standpoint of interpretation and implementation when an information model is being created that is intended to be useful to a product throughout its entire lifecycle. A product changes throughout its useful life, so a lifecycle model of a product must also be dynamic and able to grow and age with it. If this is to be the case, descriptive terms and definitions should be specific and retain their definition throughout the life of the model. In this paper, we attempt to select a set of terminology that can be uniquely descriptive of the classes needed to define a product lifecycle model. Terms such as form, function, affordance and behavior are defined within a hierarchy of a product’s lifecycle development. Terminology as presented in this context becomes less ambiguous. An example of a home-shop built pendulum clock serves to illustrate the utility of this new design lexicon. The terminology outlined here may not be optimal and significant additions and alterations may be justifiably suggested; but it is hoped that this paper will begin a dialogue eventually resulting in the elimination of much ambiguity in product modeling terminology.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Why Substitution Enhances the Reactivity of LiFePO4

The impact of substitution at the Fe site in LiFePO4 on reaction pathway, kinetics, and crystallographic changes upon electrochemical delithiation has been determined. Substitution was found by X-ray diffraction to reduce the lattice mismatch between the Li-rich and the Li-poor phases of the substituted samples as compared to the unsubstituted one. Substitution was also found, by monitoring the 200 reflection peaks of both the triphylite and heterosite phases, to increase the composition width of the single phase formed on lithium removal, Li1 – xFePO4. A single phase was observed as high as x = 0.15 in Li1 – xFe0.85V0.1PO4, whereas LiFePO4 at the same state of charge and of similar particle size show the existence of two phases. In addition, the temperature at which a single phase is observed for the composition range 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is decreased from slightly above 300 °C to ca. 200 °C. This increased single-phase-like behavior explains the enhanced kinetics of substituted LiFePO4 and is consistent with a pse...
The optimality of non-additive approaches for portfolio selection

The selection of assets in which to invest money is of critical importance in the finance industry, and is rendered very treacherous because of the inherent market fluctuations, and the connections with the Economy, and major world events. Because of the high dimensionality of the problem of selecting an optimal portfolio (in the financial sense of, a portfolio outperforming other portfolios), and the large amount of data available, intelligent systems (e.g. artificial intelligence techniques, machine learning approaches) are a natural approach to tackle this problem, from a computational standpoint. Numerous techniques have been developed to combine the values of return, risk, and other characteristics of an asset. However, the majority of techniques that have been used to construct a portfolio, tend to ignore dependencies among the characteristics of an asset. Moreover, most of the techniques assume that all available data are precise, which is not the case since, for instance, the expected return of an asset is a prediction of future behavior. To address these drawbacks, it was proposed in Magoc, Modave, Ceberio, and Kreinovich (2009) to use non-additive (or fuzzy) methods. Fuzzy methods outperformed other techniques, at least in the case of the Shanghai market, where full disclosure of information is assumed. In this paper, we give an intuition why fuzzy approach performs very well in this particular finance problem.
Concentration Fluctuations in CTAB/NaSal Solutions

This report details a dynamic light scattering investigation of CTAB/NaSal solution concentration fluctuations over a wide range of CTAB concentration and NaSal:CTAB mole ratio. Two distinct relaxation times are observed for CTAB concentrations greater than or equal to 0.02 M. The hydrodynamic correlation length, ξH, associated with the fast relaxation mode is observed to depend on both the CTAB concentration and NaSal:CTAB mole ratio. In particular, the CTAB concentration scaling of ξH is shown to vary in a nonmonotonic manner with the NaSal:CTAB mole ratio. The scaling exponent is found to range from −0.25 to −0.67, where its minimum value is found for NaSal:CTAB mole ratios near 1.5−2.0. The amplitude of the slow relaxation mode is strongly correlated with the hydrodynamic correlation length for NaSal:CTAB mole ratios less than or equal to 2 thereby suggesting polymer/polyelectrolyte solution behavior at these conditions. The overall picture that emerges is that of a system where the competition among ...