cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing long tail item recommendations using tripartite graphs and Markov process

Given that the Internet and sophisticated transportation networks have made an increasingly huge number of products and services available to the public, consumers are unable to identify, much less evaluate the usefulness of, such goods accessible to them. Modern recommendation systems filter out products of lesser utility to the customer, showcasing those items of higher preference to the user. While current state-of-the-art recommendation systems perform fairly well, they generally do better at recommending the popular subset of all products available rather than matching consumers with the vast amount of niche products in what has been termed the "Long Tail". In their seminal work, "Challenging the Long Tail Recommendation", Yin et al. make an eloquent argument that the long tail is where organizations can create the most value for their consumers. They also argue that existing recommender systems operate fundamentally different for long tail products than for mainstream goods. While matrix factorization, nearest-neighbors, and clustering work well for the "head" market, the long tail is better represented by a graph, specifically a bipartite graph that connects a set of users to a set of goods. In this paper, we discuss the algorithms presented by Yin et al., as well as a set of similar algorithms proposed by Shang et al., which traverse the bipartite graphs through a random walker in order to identify similar users and products. We build on elements from each work, as well as elements from a Markov process, to facilitate the random walker's traversal of tripartitle graphs into the long tail regions. This method specifically constructs paths into regions of the long tail that are favorable to users.
Neurologic Complications of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias

Plasma cell dyscrasias are commonly associated with peripheral nervous system involvement and rarely affect the central nervous system. They are often associated with significant morbidity affecting patient’s function and quality of life. In this chapter, we discuss different plasma cell dyscrasias including monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, primary amyloidosis, multiple myeloma and POEMS syndrome as well as their neurologic complications. We will emphasize the different neuropathy phenotypes associated with each hematologic disorder and discuss the various treatment options.
Ultrafast Silicon Photonics with Visible to Mid-Infrared Pumping of Silicon Nanocrystals

Dynamic optical control of infrared (IR) transparency and refractive index is achieved using boron-doped silicon nanocrystals excited with mid-IR optical pulses. Unlike previous silicon-based optical switches, large changes in transmittance are achieved without a fabricated structure by exploiting strong light coupling of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) produced from free holes of p-type silicon nanocrystals. The choice of optical excitation wavelength allows selectivity between hole heating and carrier generation through intraband or interband photoexcitation, respectively. Mid-IR optical pumping heats the free holes of p-Si nanocrystals to effective temperatures greater than 3500 K. Increases of the hole effective mass at high effective hole temperatures lead to a sub-picosecond change of the dielectric function resulting in a redshift of the LSPR, modulating mid-IR transmission by as much as 27% and increasing the index of refraction by more than 0.1 in the mid-IR. Low hole heat capacity...
GPS Patents and Their Effects on Our Future and Rights

The interest in GPS technology has led to the filing of many GPS patents. Although not all the filed patents result in the production of final products, there has been a rise in the question of GPS Technology and its ethical values in relation to privacy, rights, and government surveillance. Aside from covering the above issue, this paper will also discuss the branching of from GPS technology, development, and ethical implications to GIS mapping and RFID tagging in modern society. The main dilemma addressed will focus on the legality of taking people's locations in patented applications, devices, and programs, and using them for various needs, whether the user is aware or unaware of this. Will this be considered an infringement on personal rights and liberties, specifically pertaining to the Fourth Amendment?
Inverting the mass hierarchy of jet quenching effects with prompt b-jet substructure

Abstract The mass of heavy quarks, such as charm and bottom, plays an important role in the formation of parton showers. This effect is apparently not well understood when parton showers evolve in a strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma. We propose a new experimental measurement in relativistic heavy ion collisions, based on a two-prong subjet structure inside a reconstructed heavy flavor jet, which can place stringent constraints on the mass dependence of in-medium splitting functions. We identify the region of jet transverse momenta where parton mass effects are leading and predict a unique reversal of the mass hierarchy of jet quenching effects in heavy ion relative to proton collisions. Namely, the momentum sharing distribution of prompt b-tagged jets is more strongly modified in comparison to the one for light jets. Our work is useful in guiding experimental efforts at the Large Hadron Collider and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider in the near future.
Abstract 17989: Association of Serial Changes of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function with Cardiovascular and Non-cardiovascular Mortality Over Time

Background: While the presence & severity of changes in diastolic function over time are related to heart failure, little is known about age-dependent longitudinal changes & their relationship to mortality. We assessed the hypothesis that serial changes in diastolic function correlate with mortality. Methods: Analysis was based on a prospective community-based cohort of participants enrolled in the Olmsted County Heart Function Study. Randomly selected participants ≥45 yrs (n = 2042) underwent clinical evaluation, medical record abstraction, & comprehensive Doppler echocardiography (1997-2000). After 4 years, participants were invited to return (2001-2004) with n = 1402 of 1960 surviving, 72%) returning. All cause & disease specific mortality was assessed over a further 8±2 yrs. LV diastolic function was graded as normal, mild, moderate/severe by validated Doppler techniques. Results: During the 4±0.3 years between exams, the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction increased from 23.8% (95% CI 21.2%-26.4%) to 39.2% (95% CI, 36.3%-42.2%; P Conclusion: Abnormalities on serial assessment by Doppler echocardiography of diastolic function are associated with mortality. While diastolic dysfunction is related to non-CV death, this association appears to be a reflection of age & comorbidities rather than a direct association. However diastolic dysfunction is associated with CV mortality independent of age and comorbidities.
Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Screening with Urine-Based Tumor Markers

Urothelial bladder cancer is the fourth most prevalent cancer in males and the ninth most prevalent cancer in females (NCI Cancer Screen 2007). An estimated 67,160 new cases of bladder cancer and 13,750 deaths from bladder cancer are expected in 2007 in the United States (Jemal et al. 2007). In addition, bladder cancer is considered the most costly ­cancer from diagnosis to death (Botteman et al. 2003). In the United States, bladder ­cancer is predominately transitional cell carcinoma subtype and it affects a defined population with established risk factors: age, tobacco, and chemical exposures.
The impact of electronic access to government information: what users and documents specialists think

Abstract This article discusses the results of a survey designed to assess the current state of electronic access to government information from both the specialist and the user viewpoint. The first survey, designed to determine the government documents staffs' level of commitment to and opinions of electronic access to government information, was distributed in electronic format to subscribers of GOVDOC-L, a listserv for specialists dealing with government documents. The second survey, designed to provide insight into the user's point of view, was conducted at the University of Illinois Documents Library. This article synthesizes earlier studies and articles on the topic to show that while the consensus is that electronic access represents a positive, beneficial move toward providing access to government information to a wider audience, there is also an acknowledgment that there are many inherent problems that have not been addressed adequately.
THE RESPONSE OF METHANE FERMENTATION TO CYANIDE AND CHLOROFORM

The anaerobic digestion process has excellent potential for the treatment of warm industrial wastewaters. However this process is generally considered to be especially sensitive to many toxicants which occur occasionally or chronically in industrial wastewaters. Cyanide and chloroform were selected as sample toxicants which show inhibition of methane production at concentrations less than 1 mg/1. This study was directed toward an evaluation of the inhibition pattern of these two toxicants. The effect of toxicant concentration on methane production recovery pattern was determined. Suspended growth systems were used to study toxicity acclimation characteristics and recovery patterns. These systems demonstrated that the methanogens can acclimate and recover from cyanide and chloroform concentrations which were heretofore considered lethal. Prolonged periods of no methane production were not indicative of ultimate process failure. Anaerobic filters metabolizing acetate were fed gradually increasing concentrations of cyanide and chloroform to establish the maximum concentration which could be tolerated without inhibiting methane production. With acclimation, the anaerobic filters could tolerate 20 to 40 mg/1 of cyanide and chloroform without inhibition of methane production. One day slug doses of 750 mg/1 cyanide and 200 mg/1 of chloroform were administered to acclimated anaerobic filters of one day hydraulic detention time. Severe inhibition of methane production would result the following day, but complete recovery of methane production would be observed four days later. In summary, even though cyanide and chloroform show extreme toxicity to unacclimated methanogens, with proper attention paid to solids retention time and acclimation rate, the toxicity tolerance could be increased 50 fold.
Mobility Management with Integrated Coverage and Connectivity

Mobility management is a major challenge in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), due in part to the dynamically changing network topologies. For mobile wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that are deployed for surveillance applications, it is important to use a mobility management scheme that can empower nodes to make better decisions regarding their positions such that strategic tasks such as target tracking can benefit from node movement. In this chapter, we describe a purposeful and distributed mobility management scheme for mobile sensor networks. The proposed scheme considers node movement decisions as part of a distributed optimization problem, which integrates mobility-enhanced improvement in the quality of target tracking data with the associated negative consequences of increased energy consumption due to locomotion, potential loss of network connectivity, and loss of sensing coverage.
Twofer anti-vascular therapy targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate for breast cancer.

Twofer is an American expression to achieve two objectives with one action, such as to kill two birds with one stone. It is said to originate from the shortening of “two for the price of one”. This is what we discovered when the sphingosine- 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling pathway is targeted in breast cancer (1); inhibition of S1P production results in suppression of both arms of the angiogenic process, generation of blood vessels that supply blood to tumors, and lymphatic vessels that drain interstitial fluid from them.
Influence of sex and age on duration and frequency of sleep apnea events.

OBJECTIVES: Differences between men and women potentially provide insight into the regulation sleep apnea events. This study, therefore, examined how apnea frequency and duration varied according to age, sex, and sleep stage in a clinical population. DESIGN: N A SETTING: N A PATIENTS: Patients were 215 women and 215 men referred to a sleep disorders center with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and matched for BMI. Apnea events were compared across three age groups (18-39, 40-59, and 60-88 years) in stage 2 and in REM sleep. INTERVENTIONS: N A RESULTS: In stage 2 sleep, young and middle aged women were similar averaging 15 and 13 apnea events per hour respectively. Men had significantly more events averaging 27 and 30 events per hour for the corresponding age groups. The apnea frequency doubled from middle age to older women, and the sex difference narrowed between the older males and females to a non significant difference (26 events per hour for women versus 34 events per hour for men). Apnea duration was significantly longer in men than in women. Stage 2 apnea duration increased significantly with age for men (20.1, 21.5, 23.8 s) and women (16.7, 18.3, 20.6 s) across the three age groups. This also occurred in REM sleep in for men (22.8, 26.5, 29.8 s) and women (19.3, 22.4, 26.6 s). CONCLUSIONS: Duration did not demonstrate the marked "menopausal effect" that there was for apnea frequency. Female gender and younger age conferred benefit primarily by preventing airway collapse (reduced apnea frequency) with less of an effect on apnea duration, i.e., the ability to end the apnea. Compared to stage 2 sleep, REM sleep reduced the differences between men and women in apnea frequency. One explanation may be that differences in muscle tone of the upper airway account for the sex differences in apnea frequency.
The Impact of Work on Adolescent Development

The number of adolescents spending significant amounts of nonschool hours in the workplace is increasing. In the past, policymakers and educators argued that part-time employment facilitated transi...
Gifts and Acquisitions in Volume 21:2

Mentions a gift of seventeenth century medical-mystical-astronlogical works; a Symington Collection Supplement,"centering around Sir Edmund Gosse, including some twenty letters and manuscripts in his hand, and perhaps twice as many letters received by him; the papers of Washington A.Roebling; a group of "Certificates of Abandonment for Negro Children Born of Slave Parents," 1805-1807; letters of Woodrow Wilson, etc.
Home Environment, Living Alone, and Trajectories of Cognitive Function Among Older Adults With Functional Limitations:

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Person-Environment Fit on trajectories of cognitive function. Data came from the Health Retirement Study (1998-2010), focusing on those aged 65 and ab...
Harps under Heavy Fog Conditions: Superior to Meshes but Prone to Tangling

In arid yet foggy regions, fog harvesting is emerging as a promising approach to combat water scarcity. The mesh netting used by current fog harvesters suffers from inefficient drainage, which seve...
Inquiry-Driven Bioinformatics Laboratory Research Module: Metagenomic Study of Student Oral Microbes.

American Society for Microbiology Curriculum Guidelines highlight the importance of enabling students to think critically and learn by doing research. Moreover, information in biology, especially genetics and biotechnology, increases too rapidly for instructors to teach everything. To increase students' interest and comprehension of important core genetic concepts and to encourage students to practice scientific investigation, we designed a research module for upper-level biology/genetics students to examine oral bacteria. Students extracted their own oral microbial DNA and amplified and analyzed with general genus- and species-specific 16S rRNA PCR primers. The microbial DNA samples were also amplified with conserved bacteria 16S rRNA primers and the amplicons TOPO cloned (topoisomerase-based cloning) and Sanger sequenced. Lastly, the metagenomic microbial DNA samples were also sequenced by Illumina next-generation sequencing and analyzed with bioinformatics tools. We have implemented the module in three iterations of an undergraduate class at a small, liberal arts college. The project culminates in a poster presentation that the students on average performed in a high B range. Pre- and postsurvey analysis of student learning gains revealed significant student learning (P < 0.05 one-tailed, paired Wilcoxon signed ranked test, n = 23). Next, we surveyed student perceptions of the activity by a self-assessment. Significantly more than the medians, the students enjoyed the inquiry-driven module and considered it more effective in teaching about PCR and other molecular genetics concepts than the traditional prescribed laboratory exercises. We conclude that this microbe laboratory module induces research interest and is useful in teaching important genetics concepts.
Development and diversification of bipolar interneurons in the mammalian retina

Abstract The bipolar interneurons of the mammalian retina have evolved as a diverse set of cells with distinct subtype characteristics, which reflect specialized contributions to visual circuitry. Fifteen subtypes of bipolar interneurons have been identified in the mouse retina, each with characteristic gene expression, morphology, and light responses. This review provides an overview of the developmental events that underlie the generation of the diverse bipolar cell class, summarizing the current knowledge of genetic programs that establish and maintain bipolar subtype fates, as well as the events that shape the final distribution of bipolar subtypes. With much left to be discovered, bipolar interneurons present an ideal model system for studying the interplay between cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms that influence neuronal subtype development within the central nervous system.
Simulated annealing and codebook design

The application of simulated annealing to the design of a codebook for a vector quantizer (VQ) that is used to code images are studied. The traditional method for VQ codebook design is to use the generalized Lloyd algorithm (GLA), an iterative optimization procedure where an initial codebook is continually refined so that each iteration reduces the distortion involved in coding a given training set. However, this algorithm easily gets trapped in local minima of the distortion, resulting in a suboptimal codebook. Simulated annealing is a procedure that uses randomness in a search algorithm and tends to skirt relatively poor local minima in favor of better ones. The mean-squared-error (MSE) is used as the distortion measure during the design, and coded images are evaluated both subjectively and in terms of the peak-signal-to-noise ratio. >
A Review of “Unnatural Rebellion: Loyalists in New York City during the Revolution”

During the American Revolution, nobody sustained greater losses than the colonists who stayed loyal to the British government. Composing approximately twenty percent of the adult white male populat...
Poetry therapy : interface of the arts and psychology

Introduction * The Place of Poetry Therapy in Psychology: Historical and Theoretical Foundations * Poetry Therapy Practice Model and Individual Treatment * Poetry Therapy and Family Psychology * Group Therapy: Advancing Process and Outcome through Poetic Methods * Poetry Therapy and Children * Poetry Therapy and Adolescent Suicide * Poetry Therapy and Battered Women * Poetry Therapy and the Elderly * Advancing Research Base for Poetry Therapy: An Agenda for the Millennium * Toward a Field of Poetry Therapy * References (over 350 listed including Internet sites) * Appendices (including practice guidelines, evaluative procedures, training exercise, and selected poems).
Proton Polarizability Contribution: Muonic Hydrogen Lamb Shift and Elastic Scattering

The uncertainty in the contribution to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen, ΔEsubt arising from proton polarizability effects in the two-photon exchange diagram at large virtual photon momenta is shown large enough to account for the proton radius puzzle. This is because ΔEsubt is determined by an integrand that falls very slowly with very large virtual photon momenta. We evaluate the necessary integral using a set of chosen form factors and also a dimensional regularization procedure which makes explicit the need for a low energy constant. The consequences of our two-photon exchange interaction for low-energy elastic lepton–proton scattering are evaluated and could be observable in a planned low energy lepton–proton scattering experiment planned to run at PSI.
The International Campaign Against Anarchist Terrorism, 1880–1930s

This essay presents a short overview of the “classic” era of anarchist terrorism between 1880 and World War I, while concentrating on an analysis of the little-known efforts by diplomats, politicians, and the police to control and repress anarchist terrorism. These efforts included the Rome Anti-Anarchist Conference of 1898 and the St. Petersburg Protocol of 1904. Before World War I, a combination of economic, social, and political factors, combined with a systematic government effort to redefine and downplay the nature and importance of anarchist terrorism provides the best explanation for why this form of violence declined in certain countries but not in others. Careful police intelligence work and international police cooperation, together with a more rigorously professional system of protection for monarchs and heads of state, could aid in reducing the problem of anarchist terrorism, but heavy-handed repression only worsened it. The essay concludes with a sketch of anarchist terrorism after 1914 and a...
Lithium: effects of short-term and chronic treatments in rats on the activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in the central versus peripheral nervous system.

Abstract The therapeutic usefulness of lithium in mania is now well-established. However, the precise neurochemical mechanisms by which lithium brings about its effects remain poorly understood. This report describes the effects of lithium on the central and peripheral levels of activity of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the biosynthetic pathway to the formation of norepinephrine (NE) from dopamine. Since the neurotransmitter NE has been implicated in the mediation of lithium's action, what effects lithium may have on the activity of DBH was deemed worth investigating. Lithium chloride was administered intraperitoneally in rats on a short-term and chronic basis and the effects on DBH activities in the hypothalamus and serum were evaluated. A significant reduction in DBH activity occurred in the hypothalamus after short-term lithium butthere was no change following chronic treatment. In contrast, serum DBH activity remained unchanged after both acute and chronic lithium injection. Since increased noradrenergic activity in the brain has been implicated in the etiology of mania, the lithium-induced decrease in hypothalamic DBH is suggestive of a neurochemical mechanism by which lithium may act in psychotic patients.
Crystallographically limited submicrometer gratings in (100) and (211) silicon.

We demonstrate the fabrication of submicrometer gratings in (100) and (211) Si with periodicities that are appropriate for normal-incidence coupling into Ge–Si waveguides. Gratings of periodicities in the 0.25–0.75μm range were fabricated by a standard holographic lithography technique. Crystallographically preferential wet etching that effectively terminates at the {111} family of planes facilitates the fabrication of symmetric gratings in (100) Si and of blazed gratings in (211) Si. The gratings used in this study are appropriate for the fabrication of integrated first-and second-order, normal-incidence grating couplers at a 1.30-μm wavelength. The blazed gratings show a preferential coupling of more than 80% of the total diffraction into the (+1) diffraction order at normal incidence. The maximum first-order diffraction efficiency obtained with these gratings was approximately 28% in (100) Si and 23% in (211) Si.
Use of Solid and Cancellous Autologous Bone Graft for Fractures and Nonunions

Bone is the second most commonly implanted material in the human body, after blood transfusion, with an estimated 600,000 grafts performed annually. Although the market for bone graft substitutes is more than $1 billion, that of bone graft itself is still more than half that amount. Reports of autologous bone grafting date back to the ancient Egyptians, yet the modern scientific study of grafting began in the early 19th century. Since then, the indications, methodology, and science of bone grafts in nonunion and bone loss have been established and refined, and new methods of harvesting and treatment are being developed and implemented. This article describes the use of solid and cancellous bone graft in the treatment of acute bone loss and nonunion.
Prospects for Measuring Neutrino–Nucleus Coherent Scattering with a Stopped-Pion Neutrino Source

Abstract This poster describes prospects for measurement of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering using various potentially available stopped-pion neutrino sources, noting the possibility of detection in dark matter detectors at DUSEL in conjunction with the proposed DAEδALUS neutrino source.
A Chimeric Protein Containing the N Terminus of the Adeno-Associated Virus Rep Protein Recognizes Its Target Site in an In Vivo Assay

The Rep78 and Rep68 proteins of adeno-associated virus (AAV) type 2 are involved in DNA replication, regulation of gene expression, and targeting site-specific integration. They bind to a specific Rep recognition sequence (RRS) found in both the viral inverted terminal repeats and the AAVS1 integration locus on human chromosome 19. Previous in vitro studies implied that an N-terminal segment of Rep is involved in DNA recognition, while additional domains might stabilize binding and mediate multimerization. In order to define the minimal requirements for Rep to recognize its target site in the human genome, we developed one-hybrid assays in which DNA-protein interactions are detected in vivo. Chimeric proteins consisting of the N terminus of Rep fused to different oligomerization motifs and a transcriptional activation domain were analyzed for oligomerization, DNA binding, and activation of reporter gene expression. Expression of reporter genes was driven from RRS motifs cloned upstream of minimal promoters and examined in mammalian cells from transfected plasmids and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from a reporter cassette integrated into the yeast genome. Our results show for the first time that chimeric proteins containing the amino-terminal 244 residues of Rep are able to target the RRS in vitro and in vivo when incorporated into artificial multimers. These studies suggest that chimeric proteins may be used to harness the unique targeting feature of AAV for gene therapy applications.
Nasopalatine Duct Cyst

A case of a nasoplatine duct cyst in a 41-year-old male is reviewed. The typical radiologic and histologic findings are presented.
Crystal structures of complexes of a peptidic inhibitor with wild-type and two mutant HIV-1 proteases.

Crystal structures of the protease of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and two mutant proteases, V82D and V82N, have been determined. In all three cases the enzyme forms a complex with the peptidic inhibitor U-89360E. All structures have been determined to 2.3 A resolution and have satisfactory agreement factors: 0.173 for wild type, 0.175 for V82D, and 0.182 for V82N. Comparison of the three crystal structures provides explanations which are consistent with the known kinetic properties of these mutant enzymes with the U-89360E inhibitor [Lin, Y., Lin, X., Hong, L., Foundling, S., Heinrikson, R. L., Thaisrivongs, S., Leelamanit, W., Raterman, D., Shah, M., Dunn, B.M., & Tang, J. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 1143-1152]. Unfavorable van der Waals interactions between the inhibitor and the mutated side chains at position 82 are consistent with diminished affinity for the inhibitor by the mutant enzymes. If a mutation is potentially resistant to an inhibitor, the mutant enzyme should not only have an increased Ki for the inhibitor but should also preserve considerable catalytic capability. The V82D mutant possesses these qualities. In the V82D crystal structure, a water molecule, which connects the protease flap to the inhibitor, is missing or of low occupancy. Absence of this bridge may be important in determining catalytic capability. Moreover, mutation at position 82 induces change in two polypeptide backbone regions, 35-41 and 67-68, which may be related to protease flap mobility.
Coups de bélier dans les tuyauteries d'eau alimentaire des générateurs de vapeur des centrales à eau pressurisée

(1979). Water-hammer in the feed-water pipes for PWR steam generators. La Houille Blanche: Vol. 1979, No. 2-3, pp. 135-141.
Telecommunications Infrastructure Development: Challenges of Mobile Wireless Diffusion

The communications industry is experiencing a rapid growth in introduction and diffusion of new services and applications, particularly in the areas of wireless and broad band. This rapid growth is driven by the evolution of communications technologies and regulatory policies. The new services are also displacing some of the demands for traditional wireline services such as voice communications. To meet these increasing and shifting demands, communications service providers need to effectively forecast such demands for short term and long run in order to plan and deploy sufficient infrastructure and operations capabilities. Demand for wireless services are growing much faster than anything we have experienced in the past. In some countries, such as Sweden and Italy, cell phone density has already exceeded 100%. The key questions for infrastructure planners are: 1) what is the expected saturation level for wireless cell phones? How fast are we getting there? How much does it vary from country to country and why? 2) How to forecast short term demands and substitution rates for various services in a selected region.
Development of repetitive corrugation and straightening

In this paper, we present recent developments in repetitive corrugation and straightening (RCS), a new severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique. Two refinements of the original RCS method are presented and results are shown for commercial purity copper that illustrate the associated improvements in the effectiveness of nanostructuring. Second-generation tooling was implemented using a bench scale rolling mill for continuous processing of sheet and bar. We have found that this design does not produce enough plastic strain per RCS cycle for effective grain refinement prior to the formation and growth of fatigue cracks. Third-generation tooling was designed to process sheet and increase the amount of shear deformation per iteration. The third-generation tooling design introduced significant shear strain and was found to be effective in grain refinement.
Amitriptyline sensitization of a serotonin-mediated behavior depends on the passage of time and not repeated treatment

Daily treatment for 10 days with either amitriptyline or the tricyclic muscle relaxant, cyclobenzaprine, increased the incidence of head-twitch behavior in response to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) when this was examined two days later. Only one day of amitriptyline treatment followed by an 11-day hiatus before administration of 5-HTP also sensitized the head-twitch response whereas similar amitriptyline treatment followed by 5-HTP one hour later failed to do so. These data provide the first evidence for time-dependent sensitization of brain serotonin systems.
Variability in the language input to children enhances learning in a treatment context.

Purpose Artificial language learning studies have demonstrated that learners exposed to many different nonword combinations representing a grammatical form demonstrate rapid learning of that form w...
An examination of strategic goals and management practices of Russian enterprises

Abstract Since glasnost and perestroika, the Russian industrial complex has looked to the west for both financial and managerial guidance. The free market context has apparently suggested to Russian managers that contemporary management practices be considered for competitive success. This study examines how well a sample of Russian managers has perceived the need for such practices and how well they perceive these practices to be related to their competitiveness.
Mechanical properties of parts manufactured from prestaged thermosetting towpreg

A prestaging process consisting of passing thermoset towpreg through a tunnel oven and roller apparatus was developed to address the difficulties inherent in making thick-walled thermosetting composite parts: aging, moisture uptake, and low resin viscosity during lay-up; and residual stresses, warpage, thermal degradation, and excessive void nucleation during the final cure. Unidirectional laminates were fabricated from prestaged and as-received AS4/3501-6 towpregs to understand the relationship between the parts' mechanical properties and the amount of prestaging (degree of cure) of the towpregs. In this manner, the feasibility of manufacturing with prestaged thermosetting towpreg was confirmed. Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation showed that the parts manufactured from prestaged towpreg were uniform and relatively low in voids as compared to parts manufactured with as-received towpreg. This was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy. Using three-point bending tests, a drop in mechanical properties was found in parts manufactured from towpreg prestaged beyond 19% degree of cure. However, the parts were well consolidated and had predictable mechanical properties up to approximately 40% degree of cure. The equivalent limits on degree of cure from a companion processing study are between 15% and 22%.
Understanding the pathophysiology of apical ballooning syndrome: a step closer

Although it has been almost 20 years since the first case of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was described in Japan, its pathophysiology remains an enigma. While several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology, the exact mechanism of the syndrome is unknown. This editorial reviews the literature published on various theories on the pathophysiology of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
Enhancing Approaches to Therapeutic Hypothermia in Patients with Sudden Circulatory Arrest

Cardiac arrest is common and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in prevention and resuscitation, most patients remain unconscious and survival remains poor. Therapeutic hypothermia (32–34 °C) has emerged as a potent neuroprotective modality following resuscitation. In early clinical trials, application of therapeutic hypothermia improved survival in patients with ventricular fibrillation (VF), which led to the recommended use of therapeutic hypothermia for patients resuscitated from VF. However, two recent clinical trials have challenged some assumptions. First, the use of paramedic-initiated rapid infusion of cold crystalloids as a mean to achieve faster cooling rates after resuscitation in patients with and without VF arrest did not improve survival. Second, once patients were admitted to the hospital, targeting their temperature to 33 versus 36 °C for 36 h (in addition to active hyperthermia prevention) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest did not to change clinical outcomes, suggesting that 36 °C may represent the target temperature instead of temperatures of less than 34 °C.
Self-evaluation Methods for School Psychologists:

Self-evaluation is critical to the successful functioning of all school psychologists. This article discusses the rationale for self-evaluation, the evaluation process, types of data that may be collected, and the methods that can be employed to gather the data. Use of tabulation, time analyses, case-studies, interviews, observations, tests, expert opinions, rating scales, and questionnaire methods are briefly described, and a critical analysis of each method is provided. Although practitioners are cautioned about methodology, they are strongly encouraged to become involved in self-evaluation activities in order to assure that they are providing needed services, quality services and effective services.
Multigroup caseology in 1D via the Fourier transform

An alternative view of the Fourier transform inversion provides a new solution to the age-old problem of multigroup neutral particle transport equation in one-dimensional plane geometry. Through analytical continuation, the inversion contour shifts from the real line to accommodate pole contributions as discrete matrix eigenfunctions with continuum contributions appear from the branch cut. We recast the solution in terms of continuum singular matrix eigenfunctions to derive a singular eigenfunction expansion. Closure is an immediate consequence of the Fourier transform inversion. Finally, based on knowledge of the matrix weight factors and closure, we construct a singular eigenfunction expansion, incorporating orthogonality. The significance of this work is that a concise and consistent multigroup eigenfunction expansion emerges for anisotropic scattering that is as easily applied as in the one-group case.
Falls, Osteoporosis, and Hip Fractures

Osteoporosis and falls are distinct conditions that share the potential clinical endpoint of fracture. This article explores the associations between osteoporosis and falls by examining the epidemiology, risk factors, risk prevention, and treatments. It outlines the evidence on falls prevention, osteoporosis diagnosis, and fracture risk assessment. It includes several studies that challenge the common view on the use of fall prevention tools, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry testing, and postfracture bisphosphonate treatment. By understanding the evidence, it becomes clearer how to target populations at risk, interpret screening methods, and promote disease prevention and treatment.
High Resolution Electron Microscopy of the Helicobacter Pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System Pili Produced in Varying Conditions of Iron Availability

Helicobacter pylori is a helical-shaped, gram negative bacterium that colonizes the human gastric niche of half of the human population1,2. H. pylori is the primary cause of gastric cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide3. One virulence factor that has been associated with increased risk of gastric disease is the Cag-pathogenicity island, a 40-kb region within the chromosome of H. pylori that encodes a type IV secretion system and the cognate effector molecule, CagA4,5. The Cag-T4SS is responsible for translocating CagA and peptidoglycan into host epithelial cells5,6. The activity of the Cag-T4SS results in numerous changes in host cell biology including upregulation of cytokine expression, activation of proinflammatory pathways, cytoskeletal remodeling, and induction of oncogenic cell-signaling networks5-8. The Cag-T4SS is a macromolecular machine comprised of sub-assembly components spanning the inner and outer membrane and extending outward from the cell into the extracellular space. The extracellular portion of the Cag-T4SS is referred to as the “pilus”5. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the Cag-T4SS pili are formed at the host-pathogen interface9,10. However, the environmental features that regulate the biogenesis of this important organelle remain largely obscure. Recently, we reported that conditions of low iron availability increased the Cag-T4SS activity and pilus biogenesis. Here we present an optimized protocol to grow H. pylori in varying conditions of iron availability prior to co-culture with human gastric epithelial cells. Further, we present the comprehensive protocol for visualization of the hyper-piliated phenotype exhibited in iron restricted conditions by high resolution scanning electron microscopy analyses.
The Goddard Space Flight Center Solid State Spectrometer for the HEAO-B Mission

A non-dispersive, cryogenically-cooled X-ray detector system, to be flown as one of the focal-plane experiments on the High Energy Astrophysical Observatory-B, is described. The instrument is designed to measure the X-ray flux in the 500 eV to 5000 eV range with an energy resolution of 150 eV (pulser) and a temporal resolution approaching 2 ?sec.
Mutual Savings Bank Depositors in New York

Contrary to their traditional image as institutions operated exclusively for “frugal workers,” mutual savings banks in New York were also a haven for the savings of many middle and upper class persons, whose accounts comprised a substantial proportion of the banks' funds. Thus these intermediaries presumably improved the efficiency of the savings and investment process, allowing middle class people to allocate their resources between fixed and liquid assets better than would otherwise have been possible.
New aspects in the oxidative stabilization of PAN-based carbon fibers: II

Abstract Oxidative stabilization studies on PAN-based copolymer fibers indicate the presence of at least two distinct reactions occurring at temperatures below 380 °C. Techniques such as thermal stress, percentage shrinkage, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering have been used to elucidate the mechanisms involved. Reactions initiate in the amorphous part of the copolymer at temperatures below 200 °C and contribute to the major portion of the macroscopic shrinkage. This corresponds to the first “amorphous” peak observed in DSC. Crystalline morphology is largely maintained during this stage, although considerable randomization of crystal lamellae take place. Reactions propagate to crystalline components at higher temperatures and proceed to completion at ~380 °C, giving rise to the second “crystalline” DSC peak. Additionally, a broad shoulder on the second peak is observed. Although its origin is not clear, it is speculated that it corresponds to certain intermolecular cross-linking reactions. The importance of using copolymer PAN as a carbon fiber precursor is outlined. Additionally, new models for morphological development during stabilization are proposed. Macroscopic shrinkage along the fiber axis is seen to be primarily an entropy-driven process, with “chemical” effects serving to only modify the entropie response. Intramolecular cyclization reactions serve as the basis for initial stabilization, with intermolecular cross-linking occurring in the presence of oxygen above ~300 °C for oxidatively stabilized fibers.
Might the Self be a Substance after all

Substance theories of the Self have enjoyed little attention or support since the seventeenth century. Locke and Hume established the empiricistic standards for understanding the concept and Kant, ...
Does the second-generation intercalary humeral spacer improve on the first?

Since publication of the results of a first-generation intercalary humeral spacer, a newer design has been available that addressed the weaknesses of the first. This study evaluated the hypothesis that the second-generation lap joint junction intercalary humeral spacer reduced complications compared with the original male-female taper design. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 32 consecutive patients who had undergone placement of an intercalary humeral spacer. Twenty-one with the male-female taper (minimum followup 0 months, mean 19.2 months) were compared with 11 with the lap joint configuration (minimum followup 0 months, mean 20.3 months). Demographic, tumor, treatment, and radiographic variables were similar between groups. We observed a lower complication rate in the lap joint group (three of 11 versus 11 of 21). The most common complications in the male-female group, neuropraxia, periprosthetic fracture, and disengagement, were not seen in the lap joint group. Aseptic loosening was more frequent in the lap joint group. There were no differences in blood loss, operative time, or Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores between groups. We noted improvement in Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores from preoperatively to postoperatively in both groups. Use of these implants should be reserved for patients with limited life expectancy.
Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? The Case of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

This paper examines how CSR-related intangible assets, symbolic and substantive actions interact in affecting firm performance. We build upon and advance neo-institutional theory, developing hypoth...
High-resolution insets in projector-based stereoscopic displays: principles and techniques

We propose a dual-resolution foveated stereoscopic display built from commodity projectors and computers. The technique is aimed at improving the visibility of fine details of 3D models in computer-generated imagery: it projects a high-resolution stereoscopic inset (or fovea, by analogy with biological vision) that is registered in image space with the overall stereoscopic display. A specific issue that must be addressed is the perceptual conflict between the apparent depth of the natural boundary of the projected inset (visible due to changes in color, brightness, and resolution) and that of the underlying scene being displayed. We solve this problem by assigning points to be displayed in either the low resolution display or the inset in a perceptually consistent manner. The computations are performed as a post-processing, are independent of the complexity of the model, and are guaranteed to yield a correct stereoscopic view. The system can accommodate approximately aligned projectors, through image warping applied as part of the rendering pipeline. The method for boundary adjustment is discussed along with implementation details and applications of the technique for the visualization of highly detailed 3-D models of environments and sites.
Details of the I band struture as revealed by the localization of ferritin

Introduction of ferritin inside muscle fibres deprived of the sarcolemma puts in evidence the presence of two lines, here called N lines, which cross the I band. In correspondence of the N(1) line, which is nearer to the Z line, the thin filaments are disposed in a square pattern. In correspondence of the N(2) line the thin filaments are irregularly disposed and glycogen granules occupy the spaces between them. Small projections of the thin filaments, which occur at the distance of approximately 400 A along the filaments are interpreted as due to the presence of tropomyosin.
Anterior thoracic corpectomy without sternotomy: a strategy for malignant disease of the upper thoracic spine.

Background With increasing frequency, spine surgeons are being asked to provide decompression and stabilization in patients with spinal metastases. While no region of the spine is easily treated, the upper thoracic spine is perhaps the least accessible. Traditional approaches to this region involve either thoracotomy or at least limited sternotomy. The authors present an approach to anterior pathology of the upper thoracic spine that obviates the need for sternotomy.
In-justices of the peace

In Nashville justices of fhe peace have been paying two-thirds of their three-dollar fees to deputy sheriffs and constables as a commission for bringing arrested person before them.