cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperative interaction of Etv2 and Gata2 regulates the development of endothelial and hematopoietic lineages

Regulatory mechanisms that govern lineage specification of the mesodermal progenitors to become endothelial and hematopoietic cells remain an area of intense interest. Both Ets and Gata factors have been shown to have important roles in the transcriptional regulation in endothelial and hematopoietic cells. We previously reported Etv2 as an essential regulator of vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis. In the present study, we demonstrate that Gata2 is co-expressed and interacts with Etv2 in the endothelial and hematopoietic cells in the early stages of embryogenesis. Our studies reveal that Etv2 interacts with Gata2 in vitro and in vivo. The protein-protein interaction between Etv2 and Gata2 is mediated by the Ets and Gata domains. Using the embryoid body differentiation system, we demonstrate that co-expression of Gata2 augments the activity of Etv2 in promoting endothelial and hematopoietic lineage differentiation. We also identify Spi1 as a common downstream target gene of Etv2 and Gata2. We provide evidence that Etv2 and Gata2 bind to the Spi1 promoter in vitro and in vivo. In summary, we propose that Gata2 functions as a cofactor of Etv2 in the transcriptional regulation of mesodermal progenitors during embryogenesis.
The yeast ribosomal protein S7 and its genes.

The yeast ribosomal protein gene RPL32 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is of particular interest for two reasons: 1) it is adjacent to another ribosomal protein gene, RP29, whose divergent transcription may be driven from the same control sequences, and 2) it appears that the splicing of its transcript is regulated by the product of the gene, ribosomal protein in L32. RPL32 has been analyzed in detail. It is essential for cell growth. Its sequence predicts L32 to be a protein of 105 amino acids, somewhat basic near the NH2 terminus, rather acidic near the COOH terminus, and homologous to ribosomal protein L30 of mammals. The reading frame has been confirmed by partial NH2-terminal analysis of L32. The nucleotide sequence also predicts an intron of 230 nucleotides, which begins with the unusual sequence GTCAGT and ends 40 nucleotides downstream of the consensus sequence TAC-TAAC. The intron has been confirmed by determination of the sequence of a cDNA clone. Transcription initiates 58 nucleotides upstream of the AUG initiation codon, and the polyadenylation site occurs 100 nucleotides downstream of the termination codon. Regulation of the transcription of ribosomal protein genes has been linked to two related consensus sequences. Analysis of the intergenic region between RP29 and RPL32 reveals three copies of these sequences. A deletion removing all three sequences reduces synthesis of a L32-LacZ fusion protein by more than 90%. Some residual activity, however, remains.
Development and Preliminary Testing of a Rehabilitation Game to Improve Listening in Background Noise

A trivia game was developed to improve listening in background noise in a variety of impaired populations. Preliminary data were collected in 10 healthy asymptomatic volunteers (n = 7 treatment and n = 3 control) using Quick Speech in Noise Test (QSIN) (Etymotic Research, Elk Grove Village, IL) to assess each participant’s ability to process speech with varying levels of background noise. Playing trivia game led to improved listening in noise in the treatment group, when compared to the controls. Additional data were collected from one patient with aphasia as a result of left hemisphere stroke. This participant’s performance improved in QSIN and these improvements were retained after six months.© 2013 ASME
A new method for compensating contactor servomechanisms

WHEN a servomechanism contains an on-off relay or contactor as a controlling device, it is called a contactor servomechanism. Among the great advantages of this type of servomechanism are its simplicity and low cost.1 One of the great disadvantages, however, is that it falls in the category of nonlinear systems. Unfortunately, the state of the art at present is such that these systems do not lend themselves to analysis as readily as do conventional linear ones. Fig. 1 shows a diagram of a typical contactor servomechanism. Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of this same system.
METHOD FOR MICRORNA ISOLATION FROM CLINICAL SERUM SAMPLES

MicroRNAs are a group of intracellular noncoding RNA molecules that have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. Because of their high stability in blood, microRNAs released into circulation could be potentially utilized as noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis. Current microRNA isolation protocols are specifically designed for solid tissues and are impractical for biomarker development utilizing small-volume serum samples on a large scale. Thus, a protocol for microRNA isolation from serum is needed to accommodate these conditions in biomarker development. To establish such a protocol, we developed a simplified approach to normalize sample input by using single synthetic spike-in microRNA. We evaluated three commonly used commercial microRNA isolation kits for the best performance by comparing RNA quality and yield. The manufacturer's protocol was further modified to improve the microRNA yield from 200μl of human serum. MicroRNAs isolated from a large set of clinical serum samples were tested on the miRCURY LNA real-time PCR panel and confirmed to be suitable for high-throughput microRNA profiling. In conclusion, we have established a proven method for microRNA isolation from clinical serum samples suitable for microRNA biomarker development.
CD1d-independent regulation of NKT cell migration and cytokine production upon Listeria monocytogenes infection.

Abstract Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique T-cell population that is positively selected by CD1d-expressing cells. In this study, we examined the kinetics of conventional CD4 + TCRβ + and CD4 − TCRβ + cells along with various NKT cell populations from WT and CD1d KO mice after oral Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection at different time points in tissue compartments. We found that CD4 + TCRβ + cells expressing NK1.1 + (NKT) were constitutively expressed in the lung of both strains of mice, but disappeared after infection. In contrast, CD4 − TCRβ + NK1.1 + cells migrated to the spleen. Here, we demonstrated that endogenous IL-12 was predominantly expressed in the spleen of CD1d KO mice 2 days after infection, whereas IL-4 was predominantly expressed in the liver of WT mice. Higher levels of IFN-γ were expressed in MLN of CD1d KO but not in WT mice on day 5. Thus, tissue-specific ligands orchestrate the localization and activation of NKT cells to control immune response to Listeria , which may explain the difference in disease susceptibility.
Renal uptake of circulating angiotensin II in Val5-angiotensin II infused rats is mediated by AT1 receptor

Previous studies have demonstrated that augmentation of intrarenal angiotensin II (ANG II) levels during ANG II induced hypertension involves both endogenous formation and accumulation of circulating ANG II. The present work extends these findings and determines whether accumulation of infused ANG II in the kidney requires AT1 receptor activation by using Val5-ANG II as the infused peptide. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were uninephrectomized and divided into three groups: control (n = 6), Val5-ANG II (exogenous form) infused (n = 8), and Val5-ANG II infused rats treated with losartan (n = 8). Val5-ANG II, which has the same biological and immunoreactive properties as endogenous ANG II, was infused at 40 ng/min via an osmotic minipump implanted subcutaneously. By day 12, systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased significantly in Val5-ANG II infused rats (197 +/- 7 mm Hg). As previously shown, the development of hypertension in ANG II infused rats was prevented by losartan treatment. Blood and kidney samples were harvested, subjected to HPLC to separate Val5-ANG II (exogenous) from Ile5-ANG II (endogenous) and the fractions were measured by radioimmunoassay. In the Val5-ANG II infused rats treated with losartan, total plasma ANG II levels were elevated to a greater extent than in rats not treated with losartan (289 +/- 20 v 119 +/- 14 fmol/mL). However, losartan markedly decreased by 88% the enhancement of intrarenal Val5-ANG II content that occurred in the rats infused with Val5-ANG II alone. These results demonstrate that AT1 receptor blockade markedly reduces the intrarenal uptake of circulating ANG II that occurs in ANG II induced hypertension.
Oral inoculation of mice with low doses of microencapsulated, noninfectious rotavirus induces virus-specific antibodies in gut-associated lymphoid tissue

The capacity of an aqueous-based system of microencapsulation to enhance virus-specific humoral immune responses was evaluated in mice orally inoculated with noninfectious rotavirus (simian rotavirus strain RRV). Mice were orally inoculated with 1.75 or 0.35 microgram of inactivated RRV (iRRV) or microencapsulated iRRV. Sera, intestinal contents, and organ cultures of gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) were tested for the presence of rotavirus-specific antibodies. Virus-specific IgA was produced by small intestine lamina propria lymphocytes in animals inoculated with 1.75 or 0.35 microgram of microencapsulated virus, but not in mice inoculated with unencapsulated virus. Virus-specific IgA in sera and intestinal contents were not predictive of intestinal organ culture responses. Microencapsulation may be an efficient way of inducing virus-specific immune responses in GALT after oral inoculation with small quantities of viral antigen. In addition, delayed release of virus from microcapsules may obviate the need for booster immunizations.
Abstract A43: Therapeutic efficacy of antitumor monoclonal antibodies combined with chemotherapy depends on innate immunity and NK1.1- innate lymphoid cells.

Combination regimens incorporating chemotherapy and anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies are in wide clinical use but mechanisms of action are unknown. A better mechanistic understanding would enhance clinical protocols. We treated established melanomas with cyclophosphamide (CY) in combination with an antibody targeting tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), a melanoma differentiation antigen. Therapeutic activity is immune mediated as Fc gamma receptors are required for efficacy. Immune responses can be innate or adaptive and, using Rag 1-/- mice deficient in B and T lymphocytes, we find that the innate immune system is sufficient for tumor clearance. Classic effector cells of the innate immune system include lymphocytes, of which the largest population is NK1.1+ natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages. NK cells, surprisingly, are not critical as depletion of NK1.1+ cells did not significantly impair anti-tumor effect. In contrast, elimination of non-classical NK1.1- innate lymphocytes, through deletion of the Interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor common gamma chain required for their development, or depletion via antibody targeting pan lymphocyte marker Thy1.2 in Rag 1-/- mice, impairs efficacy of combination therapy. Non-classical NK1.1-Thy1.2+ innate lymphocytes have been implicated in leukocyte infiltration into tissues. We find that depletion of Thy1.2+ cells diminishes entry of Thy 1.2- leukocytes into melanomas treated with chemotherapy and alters the phenotype of infiltrating myeloid cells. Thus, our data highlights a novel role for non-classical innate lymphocytes in the treatment of solid malignancies with monoclonal antibody and chemotherapy. Citation Format: Marina Moskalenko, Michael Pan, Daigo Hashimoto, Arthur Mortha, Sebastian G. Bernardo, Marylene Leboeuf, Alan Houghton, Jedd Wolchok, Steven Burakoff, Miriam Merad, Yvonne M. Saenger. Therapeutic efficacy of antitumor monoclonal antibodies combined with chemotherapy depends on innate immunity and NK1.1- innate lymphoid cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A43.
The Mundane Economics of the Austrian School

The Austrian School of economics—the causal-realist, marginalist, subjectivist tradition established by Carl Menger in 1871—has experienced a remarkable renaissance over the last five decades. It is not always clear, however, exactly what distinguishes the Austrian School from other traditions, schools of thought, approaches, or movements within economics and its sister disciplines. This paper argues that Austrian economics, while part of a broader tradition emphasizing the coordination of the market order, is nonetheless a distinct kind of economic analysis, and that its essence is not subjectivism, the market process, or spontaneous order, but what I call “mundane economics”—price theory, capital theory, monetary theory, business-cycle theory, and the theory of interventionism. Call this the “hard core” of Austrian economics. I argue that this hard core is (1) distinct, and not merely a verbal rendition of mid-twentieth-century neoclassical economics; (2) the unique foundation for applied Austrian analysis (political economy, social theory, business administration, and the like); and (3) a living, evolving body of knowledge, rooted in classic contributions of the past but not bound by them. Most Austrian economists from Menger to Rothbard devoted their energies to developing and communicating the principles of mundane economics, not because they failed to grasp the importance of time, uncertainty, knowledge, expectations, institutions, and market processes, but because they regarded these issues as subordinate to the main task of economic science, namely the construction of a more satisfactory theory of value, production, exchange, price, money, capital, and intervention.
Visual obstacle avoidance by echolocating bats.

Abstract Evidence is presented that two species of echolocating bats, Carollia perspicillata and Phyllostomus hastatus, while in flight in subdued daylight can visually detect and avoid 30-cm wide strips of white cloth suspended across their flight space. Bats deafened with earplugs avoided the cloth strips significantly better than did individuals that were both deafened and blindfolded. Blindfolding alone did not impair the bat's ability to negotiate these obstacles. Control experiments indicate that loss of vision—rather than any possible secondary effects of the various treatments—was responsible for the differences in behaviour and obstacle avoidance scores between deaf and deaf-blind bats. Deafened bats showed striking differences from non-deafened individuals in the pattern and amplitude of their orientation cries emitted as they approached the strips of cloth. Whereas normal or blind bats increased their pulse repetition rate when approaching the barrier, deaf or deaf-blind individuals maintained high repetition rates and pulse intensities which did not change as the barrier was approached, indicating that it was not detected. Certain limitations of echolocation and its possible supplementation by vision are discussed. It is suggested that vision may provide a passive surveillance system for resting bats and thus reduce the energy expenditure associated with sound production and the scanning of the environment for echoes. The range limitations of acoustic orientation may make visual detection of familiar landmarks especially useful to these frugivorous bats when finding their way to and from feeding sites.
Inhibition of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by metabolites of 3-mercaptopropanoic acid.

Abstract 3-Mercaptopropanoyl-CoA and S-acetyl-3-mercaptopropanoyl-CoA, physiological metabolites of the known convulsant 3-mercaptopropanoic acid, were found to be inhibitors of purified pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from porcine and bovine heart. Under optimal conditions, 50% inhibition was obtained at 12.6 μM 3-mercaptopropanoyl-CoA or 5 μM S-acetyl-3-mercaptopropanoyl-CoA. The inhibition caused by S-acetyl-3-mercaptopropanoyl-CoA was irreversible. Maximal inhibition of the complex was observed when it was preincubated with the inhibitor under conditions which promote reduction of the endogenous lipoate.
Spells : in search of a cause

Objective To determine the cause of spells, present clinical features, and discuss diagnostic approaches. Design Relevant medical literature is reviewed, and three illustrative cases are presented. Results Spells are a sudden onset of a symptom or symptoms that are stereotypic, self-limited, and recurrent. A spell involves both subjective perceptions and objective findings. In the assessment of patients who have spells, use of a systematic approach is important in determining the cause. The causes of spells include endocrine, cardiovascular, psychologic, pharmacologic, neurologic, and other miscellaneous disorders. A comprehensive history, physical examination, and basic laboratory studies are important in the initial assessment. Specialized testing is usually needed and directed by clinical suspicion based on the spell "phenotype" (for example, a pheochromocytoma, carcinoid syndrome, or mast cell disease) and the type of facial flush or pallor. Conclusion In the assessment of the patient who has spells, the clinician should cast a wide but defensible diagnostic net. Initial studies should be directed by the clues obtained from the history and physical examination.
Adjuvant radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base: Improved local-regional disease control compared with surgery alone

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study is to present the results of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy after primary surgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base and to compare these results to those obtained with surgery alone. Methods: Between 1974 and 1993, continuous-course postoperative radiotherapy was delivered to 24 patients (Adjuvant Radiotherapy Group). Results were compared to those from a group of 55 patients treated with surgery alone (Surgery Group). Results: Characteristics of the two groups were similar, except that a larger proportion of patients in the Adjuvant Radiotherapy Group had higher pathologic TNM stages. Ipsilateral neck control (87% vs. 68%, p = 0.04), contralateral neck control (100% vs. 76%, p = 0.002), relapse-free survival (64% vs. 46%, p = 0.04), and control above the clavicles (80% vs. 48%, p = 0.007) were significantly higher in the Adjuvant Radiotherapy Group compared to those in the Surgery Group (5-year figures shown). Conclusion: The use of adjuvant radiotherapy after surgical resection of tongue base squamous cell carcinoma significantly decreased the rate of local-regional recurrence and improved relapse-free survival compared with surgery alone but did not alter cause-specific or overall survival.
Non-selective decrease of collagen synthesis by cultured fetal lung fibroblasts after non-lethal doses of ethanol

Abstract Addition of ethanol to cultured fetal lung fibroblasts resulted in decreases of both collagen and noncollagen protein syntheses. The inhibitory effect of ethanol on protein synthesis was dependent on the concentration of ethanol and the number of treatments with ethanol. Significant inhibition of collagen and noncollagen protein synthesis was observed 3 hr after a single treatment in 0.25% (v/v) ethanol. The maximum inhibitory effect of ethanol on protein synthesis was observed at 6 hr after drug addition. Inhibition of protein synthesis was observed when either proline or glycine was used as the precursor amino acid. An inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase did not block the ethanol-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis. Ethanol, added to cell cultures throughout the log phase, inhibited cell growth during the late log and stationary phases. Ethanol inhibition of collagen and noncollagen protein synthesis was reversed when the cell cultures were washed and suspended in fresh media for 24 hr. These inhibitory effects of ethanol on macromolecular syntheses were not engendered by killing of cells. The viability of the cells, as indicated by trypan blue exclusion, was not affected significantly at the concentrations of ethanol used. The inhibitory effect of ethanol on protein synthesis also did not originate from drug-mediated inhibition of precursor amino acid uptake. Polysomes isolated from ethanol-treated fibroblasts incorporated proline into protein at a rate which was reduced commensurate with cellular protein synthesis. The resultant inhibition by ethanol of protein synthesis was not attributable to a direct effect of drug on polysomes. Treatment of fetal lung fibroblasts with ethanol also caused a marked inhibition of radioactive thymidine and uridine incorporation, indicating a reduction of both total cellular DNA and RNA synthesis. Accordingly, the decrease of protein synthesis resulted from inhibition of RNA synthesis. Furthermore, messenger RNA synthesis may have decreased since polysomes isolated from ethanol-treated fibroblasts synthesized less protein in the wheat germ cell-free system. Unlike other biochemical variables that were inhibited by ethanol treatment, the level of prolyl hydroxylase activity was elevated significantly. The elevated level of prolyl hydroxylase activity, however, was related neither to the rate of collagen polypeptide synthesis nor to the degree of proline hydroxylation of cellular collagen. The data suggest that the growth-retarding effects of nonlethal doses of ethanol on fetal development may result from inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in fetal fibroblasts.
A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: II. Materials, dimensional accuracy, and surface roughness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically review the literature related to dimensional accuracy and surface roughness for fused deposition modeling and similar extrusion-based additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping processes. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic review of the literature was carried out by focusing on the relationship between process and product design parameters and the dimensional and surface properties of finished parts. Methods for evaluating these performance parameters are also reviewed. Findings – Fused deposition modeling® and related processes are the most widely used polymer rapid prototyping processes. For many applications, resolution, dimensional accuracy and surface roughness are among the most important properties in final parts. The influence of feedstock properties and system design on dimensional accuracy and resolution is reviewed. Thermal warping and shrinkage are often major sources of dimensional error in finished parts. This phenomenon is explor...
Changes in fetal organ weights during gestation after selection for ovulation rate and uterine capacity in swine

We hypothesized that the ability of the fetus to alter nutrient shunting and organ growth might be associated with uterine capacity. White crossbred gilts from a randomly selected control line, a line selected for ovulation rate, and a line selected for uterine capacity (UC) were unilaterally hysterectomized-ovariectomized at 160 d of age, mated at estrus, and slaughtered at 45, 65, 85, and 105 d of gestation (9 to 18 gilts for each line x day combination). Analysis of the data revealed that heart weights and fetal weights were decreased in the ovulation rate line. No significant differences were obtained in fetal, placental, or fetal organ weights between the control and UC lines. Allometric growth of organs was assessed by examination of the slopes of the relationships between fetal weights and fetal organ weights after natural log transformation. Only the relative growth of the liver differed between selection lines and was greater (P = 0.01) in the UC compared with the control line during early pregnancy (d 45 and 65). Allometric growth of the fetal brain, liver, and heart differed with day of gestation. A brain-sparing effect was greater (P < 0.01) on d 85 and 105 compared with d 45 and 65. By contrast, a heart-sparing effect was present during early gestation and disappeared in later gestation. Fetal liver weights were hypersensitive to differences in fetal weights on d 45, possibly associated with placental effects on fetal liver weight. Fetal spleen weights were proportional to fetal weights throughout gestation. These results indicate that selection for ovulation rate decreased total fetal and fetal heart weights, and that selection for UC altered the relationship between total fetal and fetal liver weights during early gestation. Results further indicate significant changes in allometric growth of organs during gestation.
Effects of Macromolecular Crowding on Nuclear Size

Abstract The concentration of macromolecules inside cells is high, and the resultant crowding of cytoplasm can be expected to affect many interactions involving macromolecular assemblies. Here, we have examined the effect of solute size and concentration on nuclear volume in saponin-permeabilized macrophages. Nuclei swelled in the presence of small solutes and shrank reversibly in the presence of larger permeant solutes. Remarkably, the smallest, solutes capable of shrinking the nucleus were not excluded by the pores in the nuclear envelope. Indeed, nuclei shrank in the presence of such solutes even after the nuclear envelope had been sheared mechanically or permeabilized with detergent. Nuclei extracted with 1% Triton X-100 shrank in the presence of very high concentrations of small solute molecules (30% w/v) as well as in lower concentrations of larger solutes. Consistent with a macromolecular crowding effect, changes in nuclear volume were dependent on solute size and not simply dependent on the colligative properties of solutes or the exclusion of solutes by the nuclear envelope. Solute size-dependent changes in nuclear volume were independent of the chemical nature of the solutes and of the activity of the ions in the buffer. Together, these observations indicate that high concentrations of macromolecules such as those found inside cells can influence the size of the nucleus by directly affecting nuclear structure.
Pharmacists and Career Commitment, Career Withdrawal Intention, and Career Change

The career commitment, career withdrawal intention, and career changes of a nationwide, random sample of pharmacists were investigated through the use of an eight-page mail questionnaire. Pharmacists obtained a lower mean career commitment scale score and a lower mean career withdrawal intention scale score than comparison professionals. Career commitment was strongly correlated with career withdrawal intention (r = .67). Those individuals not in pharmacy-related work were found in both health- and business- related fields. They left pharmacy for a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic reasons. Future research should be directed toward a greater understanding of the dynamics of a professional career and the factors within and outside the profession that influence career-related issues.
The influence of cold acclimation on the behavior of the plasma membrane following osmotic contraction of isolated protoplasts

Osmotic contraction of protoplasts isolated from cold acclimated leaves ofSecale cereale L. cv. Puma results in the formation of exocytotic extrusions of the plasma membrane. Numerous knobs or polyps were observed on the surface of the protoplasts with scanning electron microscopy. In thin sections, the extrusions were bounded by the plasma membrane with a densely osmiophilic interior. Cross-fracturing of the extrusions revealed aparticulate bodies within, a further indication that the interior of the extrusions was predominantly lipid material. Freeze-fracture of the plasma membrane suggests a possible source of this lipid material. Following osmotic contraction, the particle density on the plasma membrane protoplasmic face (PFp) increased, being reflected in both a substantial increase in paracrystalline arrays and an increase in the particle density in non-crystalline regions. This increase in particle density indicates that lipid material is preferentially lost from the plasma membrane during contraction. The density on the exoplasmic face (EFp) did not change. Together, these findings suggest that during hypertonic contraction of acclimated protoplasts, lipid material is preferentially subducted from the plasma membrane and sequestered into lipid bodies (the osmiophilic regions). The formation of lipid bodies and extrusions was readily reversible. Following osmotic expansion of acclimated protoplasts, the extrusions were retracted back into the plane of the plasma membrane.
Chronic disease and health behaviours linked to experiences of non-consensual sex among women and men

Abstract Objectives Few studies have examined the association between non-consensual sex and health indicators for both women and men. The current study examined this relationship as part of a large public health survey that collected information on a range of health behaviours and health risks. Methods The Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an annual random-digit-dialled telephone survey providing surveillance of health behaviours and health risks among US adults. In 2005, an optional module on sexual violence was available for use at the discretion of each US state/territory. Over 115,000 respondents in 25 states/territories were administered the sexual violence module within the BRFSS. Logistic regression analyses were conducted from January to December 2008. Results Among both women and men, previous non-consensual sex was associated with health conditions such as high cholesterol, stroke and heart disease, and risk behaviours such as human immunodeficiency virus risk factors, smoking and excessive drinking. Sexually victimized women were more likely to report having had a heart attack or heart disease than non-victims. Conclusions The experience of non-consensual sex is associated with a number of chronic disease outcomes and risk factors. The development and implementation of effective sexual violence prevention strategies may reduce the risk of chronic conditions among persons who have experienced sexual victimisation.
Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity, postulation numbers, and reduction numbers

Abstract Suppose G is a standard graded ring over an infinite field. We obtain a sharp lower bound for the regularity of G in terms of the postulation number, the depth, and the dimension of G. We present a class of examples in dimension 1 where the postulation number is 0 and the regularity of G can take on any value between 1 and the embedding codimension of G. Suppose G = gr m ( R ) is the associated graded ring of a Cohen–Macaulay local ring ( R , m ) . We compute the regularity, the reduction number and the postulation number of G and consider the relationship among these invariants. In the case where dim G − grade G + ⩽ 1 , a precise description is known as to how these integers are related. We consider the case where dim G − grade G + ⩾ 2 , and prove that if dim G − grade G + = 2 , then reg G = max { p ( G ) + dim G − 1 , r ( m ) } , where p ( G ) is the postulation number of G and r ( m ) is the reduction number of m.
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine Design Changes for Use With Low Btu Coal Gas

An MS5000 gas turbine is now being redesigned for integrated operation on low Btu Lurgi coal gas in the Powerton Gasification Combined Cycle Test Facility. Air is extracted from the machine to provide process air for the gasifiers, and a heat recovery steam generator provides steam for the gas plant. This paper describes the design modifications to the gas turbine and its control system to accommodate such operation. Since the facility will demonstrate operation in a variety of control modes using gas produced from a wide range of domestic coals, the gas turbine control system emphasizes flexibility and incorporates several functions unique to low Btu gas applications. Major modifications to the fuel and combustion systems are also required. Test results on the resulting new combustor design are reported in a companion paper (1).Copyright © 1979 by ASME
Cultural influences on the development of conceptual differentiation in person description

Cultural influences on the development of person/situation and self/other differentiation are examined in a cross-cultural developmental study of person description. Comparison is undertaken of modes of describing peers known well and peers not known well by middle-class Hindu and American children at ages 8, 11 and 15 years and by middle-class Hindu and American adults. Results indicate that at older ages Americans make significantly greater reference to general psychological dispositions and employ significantly more impersonal attributions than do Hindus. It is also observed that significant developmental increases in use of general psychological dispositions and impersonal attributions occur among Americans and not among Hindus. Evidence is presented to suggest that these cross-cultural developmental differences reflect individuals' acquisition of contrasting cultural meaning systems rather than differences in individuals' cognitive capacities, socio-economic status or exposure to the persons being described. The results are interpreted as implying that developmental changes occurring in conceptual differentiation may be dependent on cultural transmission and non-progressive in nature.
Cross-layer wireless resource allocation

A fundamental problem in networking is the allocation of limited resources among the users of the network. In a traditional layered network architecture, the resource to be allocated at the medium access control (MAC) and network layers utilizes communication links, viewed as "bit pipes" that deliver data at a fixed rate with occasional random errors. Though this separation has many advantages, there is a growing awareness that this simple bit-pipe view is inadequate, particularly in the context of modern wireless data networks. In this article, several basic cross-layer resource allocation problems for wireless fading channels are considered. The article focuses on the characterization of fundamental performance limits while taking into account both network layer QoS and physical layer performance.
Robustness with observers

This paper describes an adjustment procedure for observer-based linear control systems which asymptotically achieves the same loop transfer functions (and hence the same relative stability, robustness, and disturbance rejection properties) as full-state feedback control implementations.
The Association's Membership: Growth and Distribution

This note presents some statistical evidence on the growth and geographic distribution of membership in the Economic History Association. The interpretation suggests that, despite a reasonable growth of membership on a national basis, particular areas of the country are under-represented in the Association, relative to the probable extent of their interest in economic history. An attempt is made to identify the areas of under-representation and thereby to provide some guidance for missionary work.
The “I” of the Camera: Tale of Winter : Philosophical Thought in the Films of Eric Rohmer

In his long career as a filmmaker, Eric Rohmer has made over thirty films that consistently evidence an interest in philosophy, as exemplified by his 1991 masterpiece Tale of Winter . My modest goal in this essay is to collect a few thoughts about Tale of Winter , all of them exploratory, that relate directly or indirectly to the topic “Philosophical Thought in the Films of Eric Rohmer.” There was a time when I confessed my taste for Rohmer films only with embarrassment. This was not only because so many of my friends found them boring. (Dwight McDonald once said that viewing a film by Antonioni was like watching paint dry. Some would say this of a Rohmer film, too.) There was also a sense that Rohmer films were ideologically suspect. Rohmer's characters talk a lot, and much of what they say irritated people, or, at least, my friends. Even critics who have cared enough to write about Rohmer's films have found themselves adopting a patronizing tone. And yet it now seems to me a fair wager that history will judge Rohmer, along with Jean-Luc Godard, to be the greatest of the “New Wave” directors. Before he began making films, Rohmer, a founding editor of Cahiers du cinema , was a formidable film critic and theorist, very close in his views to those of Andre Bazin. Rohmer's writings, like Bazin's, continually return to the fact or intuition that film's basis in photography makes it a medium in which reality plays a special role.
Scanning Probe Microscope Study of Mixed Chain-Length Phase-Segregated Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayers

Using a scanning probe microscope, the influence of adhesion on measured film height of mixed-chain-length fatty acid Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers was investigated. A 1:1 mixture of CH3[CH2s]22COOH and CH3[CH2]14COOH, was deposited in which the long chain-length acid, C24, was segregated from the short chain-length acid, C16. Two experiments were performed, contact scanning and force curve mapping. From both experiments, the film height difference measured between the C16 and C24 regions was larger than expected. Adhesion of the tip was 20% larger over the C16 acid regions. Using a compressional modulus derived from film pressure vs. area isotherms of the pure components, the adhesion difference and apparent filmheight difference over the two regions can be understood.
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (SAO OMPS) formaldehyde retrieval

Abstract. This paper presents our new formaldehyde (H2CO) retrievals, obtained from spectra recorded by the nadir instrument of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) flown on board NASA's Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SUOMI-NPP) satellite. Our algorithm is similar to the one currently in place for the production of NASA's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) operational H2CO product. We are now able to produce a set of long-term data from two different instruments that share a similar concept and a similar retrieval approach. The ongoing overlap period between OMI and OMPS offers a perfect opportunity to study the consistency between both data sets. The different spatial and spectral resolution of the instruments is a source of discrepancy in the retrievals despite the similarity of the physic assumptions of the algorithm. We have concluded that the reduced spectral resolution of OMPS in comparison with OMI is not a significant obstacle in obtaining good-quality retrievals. Indeed, the improved signal-to-noise ratio of OMPS with respect to OMI helps to reduce the noise of the retrievals performed using OMPS spectra. However, the size of OMPS spatial pixels imposes a limitation in the capability to distinguish particular features of H2CO that are discernible with OMI. With root mean square (RMS) residuals ∼ 5 × 10−4 for individual pixels we estimate the detection limit to be about 7.5 × 1015 molecules cm−2. Total vertical column density (VCD) errors for individual pixels range between 40 % for pixels with high concentrations to 100 % or more for pixels with concentrations at or below the detection limit. We compare different OMI products (SAO OMI v3.0.2 and BIRA OMI v14) with our OMPS product using 1 year of data, between September 2012 and September 2013. The seasonality of the retrieved slant columns is captured similarly by all products but there are discrepancies in the values of the VCDs. The mean biases among the two OMI products and our OMPS product are 23 % between OMI SAO and OMPS SAO and 28 % between OMI BIRA and OMPS SAO for eight selected regions.
Coordination Complexes of p-Hydroxybenzoate on Fe Oxides

Adsorption ofp-hydroxybenzoate anion on synthetic Fe oxides, hydroxides, and oxyhydroxides (hereafter referred to as oxides) was measured at pH 5.5, and the organic-oxide interaction was charac- terized using diffuse-reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Surface complexes with ferrihydrite, hematite, goethite, and noncrystalline Fe oxide were investigated. Infrared (IR) spectra of the oxides after separation from p-hydroxybenzoate solutions showed the organic to be coordinated by an inner-sphere mechanism to the oxide surface through the carboxylate group. Bidentate binding of the carboxylate was identified to be the dominant type of complexation on the oxides. Although the IR study suggested that goethite formed the strongest surface iron-carboxylate bond, the total amount of organic adsorbed was the least on this oxide. This result suggested that bond energy was less important than adsorption site density in determining the amount of organic anion adsorption. Increasing ionic strength had little effect on adsorption by the noncrystalline Fe oxide, but dramatically decreased ad- sorption on hematite and goethite. This difference might have been due to anion competition for binding sites. At pH 5.5, the amount of organic adsorbed per unit weight of oxides (in 0.05 M NaC104) followed the order: ferrihydrite > noncrystalline Fe oxide > hematite >> goethite. Adsorption per unit of surface area however, followed the order: ferrihydrite > hematite > noncrystalline Fe oxide >> goethite. The hematite adsorption reaction appeared to be driven by entropy, inasmuch as the reaction was endothermic. The difference among the oxides in surface reactivity toward p-hydroxybenzoate hypothesized to have been caused by differences in both quantity and structural arrangement of reactive sites on the oxide surface.
Against Metaphorical Meaning

The commonplace view about metaphorical interpretation is that it can be characterized in traditional semantic and pragmatic terms, thereby assimilating metaphor to other familiar uses of language. We will reject this view, and propose in its place the view that, though metaphors can issue in distinctive cognitive and discourse effects, they do so without issuing in metaphorical meaning and truth, and so, without metaphorical communication. Our inspiration derives from Donald Davidson’s critical arguments against metaphorical meaning and Richard Rorty’s exploration of the diverse uses of language. But unlike these authors we ground our discussion squarely in distinctions about causal mechanisms in cooperative activity developed by H.P. Grice and others.
Enhanced Expression of Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes in Virus-Specific Memory CD8+ T Cells

Unlike naive CD8+ T cells, antigen-experienced memory CD8+ T cells persist over time due to their unique ability to homeostatically proliferate. It was hypothesized that memory cells might differentially regulate the expression of genes that control the cell cycle to facilitate homeostatic proliferation. To test this, the expression levels of 96 different cell cycle regulatory genes were compared between transgenic naive and memory CD8+ T cells that specifically recognize the GP33-41 epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). It was discovered that relative to naive cells, memory cells overexpress several important genes that control the transition between G(1) and S phase. Some of these genes include those encoding cyclins D3, D2, B1, C, and H, cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk's) 4 and 6, the cdk inhibitors p16, p15, and p18, and other genes involved in protein degradation and DNA replication. Importantly, these differences were observed both in total populations of LCMV-specific naive and memory CD8+ cells and in LCMV-specific CD8+ T-cell populations that were in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle only. In addition, the expression differences between naive and memory cells were exaggerated following antigenic stimulation. The fact that memory cells are precharged with several of the major factors that are necessary for the G(1)- to-S-phase transition suggests they may require a lower threshold of stimulation to enter the cell cycle.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as salvage in pediatric surgical emergencies

Abstract Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become an established therapy for acute neonatal and pediatric respiratory failure. On an institutional level, once an ECMO program is well established, ECMO can be viewed as a logical extension of critical care for multisystem organ failure. The question left unanswered is "Should anyone die without being offered ECMO?" The authors reviewed a 10-year clinical experience with ECMO and its application as salvage therapy in pediatric surgical emergencies. Eight patients with life-threatening multisystem organ failure, from diverse causes, were treated; the survival rate was 50%. All survivors were neurologically intact at the time of discharge. The success of ECMO, coupled with improvements in technique, apparatus, and expertise, has allowed application of ECMO as an invasive extension of intensive care to diverse patient groups. These results have encouraged the authors to expand their indications and to push the "envelope" in offering ECMO to critically ill infants and children with life-threatening organ failure.
The East Greenland Spill Jet

High-resolution hydrographic and velocity measurements across the East Greenland shelf break south of Denmark Strait have revealed an intense, narrow current banked against the upper continental slope. This is believed to be the result of dense water cascading over the shelf edge and entraining ambient water. The current has been named the East Greenland Spill Jet. It resides beneath the East Greenland/Irminger Current and transports roughly 2 Sverdrups of water equatorward. Strong vertical mixing occurs during the spilling, although the entrainment farther downstream is minimal. A vorticity analysis reveals that the increase in cyclonic relative vorticity within the jet is partly balanced by tilting vorticity, resulting in a sharp front in potential vorticity reminiscent of the Gulf Stream. The other components of the Irminger Sea boundary current system are described, including a presentation of absolute transports.
Inhibition of cathepsin activity in a cell-based assay by a light-activated ruthenium compound

Light-activated inhibition of cathepsin activity was demonstrated in a cell-based assay. Inhibitors of cathepsin K, Cbz-LeuNHCH2CN (2) and Cbz-Leu-Ser(OBn)-CN (3), were caged within the complexes cis-[Ru(bpy)2(2)2]Cl2 (4) and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(3)2](BF4)2 (5) (bpy = 2,2’-bipyridine) as 1:1 mixtures of D and L stereoisomers. Complexes 4 and 5 were characterized by 1 H NMR, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopies and electrospray mass spectrometry. Photochemical experiments confirm that 4 releases two molecules of 2 upon exposure to visible light for 15 min, whereas release of 3 by 5 requires longer irradiation times. IC50 determinations against purified cathepsin K under light and dark conditions with 4 and 5 confirm that inhibition is enhanced from 35- to 88-fold, respectively, upon irradiation with visible light. No apparent toxicity was observed for 4 in the absence or presence of irradiation in bone marrow macrophage (BMM) or PC3 cells, as determined by MTT assays, at concentrations up to 10 mm. Compound 5 is well tolerated at lower concentrations (< 1 mm), but does show growth-inhibitory effects at higher concentrations. Confocal microscopy experiments show that 4 decreases intracellular cathepsin activity in osteoclasts with light activation. These results support the further development of caged nitrile-based inhibitors as chemical tools for investigating spatial aspects of proteolysis within living systems.