cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Party Is Over Here: Structure and Content in the 2010 Election

In this work, we study the use of Twitter by House, Senate and gubernatorial candidates during the midterm (2010) elections in the U.S. Our data includes almost 700 candidates and over 690k documents that they produced and cited in the 3.5 years leading to the elections. We utilize graph and text mining techniques to analyze differences between Democrats, Republicans and Tea Party candidates, and suggest a novel use of language modeling for estimating content cohesiveness. Our findings show significant differences in the usage patterns of social media, and suggest conservative candidates used this medium more effectively, conveying a coherent message and maintaining a dense graph of connections. Despite the lack of party leadership, we find Tea Party members display both structural and language-based cohesiveness. Finally, we investigate the relation between network structure, content and election results by creating a proof-of-concept model that predicts candidate victory with an accuracy of 88.0%.
Low dose cytosine arabinoside in myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukemia: a review

We analyzed clinical trials of low dose cytosine arabinoside (LDARA-C) in 324 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and 129 patients with myelodysplasia (MDS). Complete and partial remission rates were 31% and 18%, respectively, in patients with AML, and 24% and 27% in patients with MDS. Toxicity was primarily hematologic. Although in vitro data suggested that LDARA-C acts as a differentiating agent, clinical data generally indicate a cytotoxic mechanism. Given the lack of effective therapeutic options in MDS and high risk AML (patients greater than 65 years old, secondary AML), these data are encouraging. LDARA-C warrants further study, comparing continuous infusion with intermittent subcutaneous administration and comparing LDARA-C to conventional dose therapy.
Hemodynamics and early performance of the St. Jude Medical Regent aortic valve prosthesis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY The St. Jude Medical (SJM) Regent heart valve is a new bileaflet prosthetic valve modified from the currently marketed SJM mechanical valve, with a modified external profile that results in a larger geometric orifice area without changing the existing design of the pivot mechanism or blood contact surface areas. The aim of the present study was to report the early hemodynamic and clinical results of an on-going multicenter trial investigating the clinical performance of the Regent mechanical aortic valve prosthesis. METHODS The early results from 204 patients at 11 centers in North America and Europe who underwent implantation of a Regent mechanical aortic valve prosthesis are described. Clinical status was prospectively recorded, and echocardiography with Doppler performed at hospital discharge, and at two and six months and one year postoperatively. RESULTS Follow up to date is 109.3 patient-years (average follow up 0.5+/-0.4 years per patient; range: 0 to 1.7 years). NYHA class improved for the group, and there were low rates of clinical adverse effects. Echocardiographic mean pressure gradient at six months was 13.8+/-10.3, 7.4+/-4.1, 5.4+/-3.2, 5.2+/-2.8, 3.4+/-2.3 and 3.6 mmHg, respectively, for 19, 21, 23, 25, 27 and 29 mm valves; effective orifice area was 1.5+/-0.6, 2.0+/-0.7, 2.4+/-1.0, 2.5+/-0.7, 3.6+/-1.4 and 4.8 cm2, respectively. There was a statistically significant decrease in left ventricular mass index between early postoperative (169.1+/-57.7 g/m2) and six months follow up (137.2+/-42.7 g/m2, delta = -30.1+/-42.5 g/m2, p <0.0001). CONCLUSION The SJM Regent aortic valve has excellent associated hemodynamics with rapid and significant left ventricular mass regression. In all cases of adverse events, rates fell within Objective Performance Criteria guidelines. Long-term clinical assessment is on-going.
The Workforce in the Year 2000: Technology Focuses on the Older Worker

The United States and Common Market countries face similar technical, economic and demographic issues in the next century. Industrial trends indicate that these economies in the future will be principally service-oriented, driven by information technology and staffed by an older workforce. Planners in industry and government in the United States are studying these trends and developing strategies for strong economic growth in this changing business climate.
CENP-T bears the load in mitosis.

During mitosis, the kinetochore connects chromosomes to spindle microtubules and enables chromosome segregation. A genetic study in vertebrate cells demonstrates phosphorylation-regulated plasticity of kinetochore assembly and highlights the role of the centromere protein T in load-bearing kinetochore–microtubule attachment.
Particle-in-cell simulations of Hall thruster acceleration and near plume regions

The results of 1-D azimuthal, and 2-D z-θ, particle-in-cell simulations of Hall thruster acceleration and near plume regions are reported. The 1-D simulations show that fast moving electron waves drive coherent, large amplitude, ion acoustic waves. The ion waves become azimuthally coherent too quickly for ion sound to be the cause; the coherence comes from early electron waves. 2-D simulations with only fast moving, main beam, ions result in ion acoustic wave amplitudes much lower than those in the 1-D calculations. The addition of a small amount of ionization in the domain, at a rate consistent with Hall thruster parameters, causes the potential profile to divide into two distinct regions. In the upstream portion of the domain, the potential profile is very steep; in the downstream portion, the potential profile is almost flat. Electron transport in the two regions is discussed.The results of 1-D azimuthal, and 2-D z-θ, particle-in-cell simulations of Hall thruster acceleration and near plume regions are reported. The 1-D simulations show that fast moving electron waves drive coherent, large amplitude, ion acoustic waves. The ion waves become azimuthally coherent too quickly for ion sound to be the cause; the coherence comes from early electron waves. 2-D simulations with only fast moving, main beam, ions result in ion acoustic wave amplitudes much lower than those in the 1-D calculations. The addition of a small amount of ionization in the domain, at a rate consistent with Hall thruster parameters, causes the potential profile to divide into two distinct regions. In the upstream portion of the domain, the potential profile is very steep; in the downstream portion, the potential profile is almost flat. Electron transport in the two regions is discussed.
Does increasing time to surgery affect survival in stage I renal cell carcinoma? Analysis of the national cancer database.

635Background: Optimal timing for surgical treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains undefined. We sought to determine the survival impact of time to definitive surgical treatment f...
Total and regional body fat status among children and young people with cerebral palsy: A scoping review.

The purpose of our scoping review was to determine if children and young people with cerebral palsy (CP) have elevated total or regional body fat compared to children and young people without CP. Databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase Ovid, CINHAL and Scopus) were systematically searched from 1 January 1993 to 7 December 2018 in order to identify articles that compared weight status, total body fat or regional body fat (eg, abdominal) between children and young people (0-21 years) with and without CP. Extracted data included country, subject characteristics, group sample sizes and matching strategies, methods/measures for weight status/fat depot, fat depot(s) assessed and key findings. Twenty-two studies were included. Of these, 19 studies examined total body fat; the most common method was use of anthropometrics and the more common measures were body mass index and skin-fold thickness. Twelve studies examined at least one regional fat depot; the most common method was use of anthropometrics and the most common measure was skin-fold thickness. Findings were inconsistent across studies. Further, among 10 studies that examined total and regional body fat depots, 8 found differences across fat depots within the same children and young people (eg, no difference in total body fat but higher abdominal fat). This review provides a summary of inconsistent findings from published studies on body fat comparisons between children and young people with vs without CP, highlights limitations for evaluating body fat for children with CP and discusses future research directions.
Flow, Creativity, and Suicide Risk in College Art Majors

This study examined the presence of suicide risk in college student art majors (n = 144) to determine if flow consciousness fostered hope, purpose in life, or resilience, when engaged in through cr...
Creation and reference characterization of Edo period Japanese woodblock printing ink colorant samples using multimodal imaging and reflectance spectroscopy

The Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division holds a large collection of Edo period (1615–1868) nishiki-e, Japanese multicolored woodblock prints. The sensitivities of some of the traditional colorants to environmental and conservation treatment factors results in numerous preservation concerns. Characterization of colorants in these prints can help guide preservation policies, however, identification of colorants can be difficult and re-creation methodologies for reference samples have been elusive. This paper details reproducible colorant preparation methods and characterizes these samples using accessible non-invasive techniques, multimodal imaging and reflectance spectroscopy. A majority of the colorants can be identified using the two techniques as complementary methods.
Temporal and stoichiometric patterns of algal stimulation of litter‐associated heterotrophic microbial activity

Periphyton communities associated with submerged plant detritus contain interacting autotrophic and heterotrophic microbes, and are sites of extracellular enzymatic activity. The strength and nature of these interactions might be expected to change over time as microbial communities develop on plant litter. Microbial interactions and enzymatic activity can be altered by nutrient availability, suggesting that litter stoichiometry could also affect these phenomena. We grew wetland plants under ambient and nutrient‐enriched conditions to generate plant litter of differing nutrient content. In two experiments, we investigated: (1) the influence of algal photosynthesis on fungal and bacterial production and the activities of four extracellular enzymes throughout a 54‐day period of microbial colonisation and growth; and (2) the influence of litter stoichiometry on these relationships. Ambient and nutrient‐enriched standing‐dead plant litter was collected and then submerged in wetland pools to allow for natural microbial colonisation and growth. Litter samples were periodically retrieved and transported to the laboratory for experiments manipulating photosynthesis using the photosystem II inhibitor DCMU (which effectively prevents algal photosynthetic activity). Algal (¹⁴C‐bicarbonate), bacterial (³H‐leucine), and fungal (¹⁴C‐acetate) production, and β‐glucosidase, β‐xylosidase, leucine aminopeptidase, and phosphatase activities (MUF‐ or AMC‐labelled fluorogenic substrates) were measured under conditions of active and inhibited algal photosynthesis. Photosynthesis stimulated overall fungal and bacterial production in both experiments, although the strength of stimulation varied amongst sampling dates. Phosphatase activity was stimulated by photosynthesis during the first, but not the second, experiment. No other enzymatic responses to short‐term photosynthesis manipulations were observed. Microbial communities on high‐nutrient litter occasionally showed increased extracellular enzyme activity, fungal growth rates, and bacterial production compared to communities on non‐enriched litter, but algal and fungal production were not affected. Litter stoichiometry had no effects on fungal, bacterial, or enzymatic responses to photosynthesis, but the mean enzyme vector analysis angle (a measure of P‐ versus N‐acquiring enzyme activity) was positively correlated to litter N:P, suggesting that elevated litter N:P led to an increase in the relative activity of P‐acquiring enzymes. These results supported the hypothesis that algal photosynthesis strongly influences heterotrophic microbial activity on macrophyte leaf litter, especially that of fungi, throughout microbial community development. However, the strength of this photosynthetic stimulation does not generally depend on small differences in litter nutrient content. Stimulation of microbial heterotrophs by algal photosynthesis could drive diurnal shifts in periphyton community and aquatic ecosystem function, as well as linking green (photoautotroph‐based) and brown (detrital‐based) food webs.
“Live Sun Smart!” Testing the effectiveness of a sun safety program for middle schoolers

Background Skin cancer is a well-recognized public health issue, and primary prevention is the most effective strategy for reducing skin cancer risk. The current recommendations are that behavioral counseling for sun safety measures is most beneficial and effective for children and adolescents and that targeting this population at primary and middle schools is the ideal intervention strategy to increase sun-protective behaviors and reduce UV exposure, sunburn incidence, and formation of new moles. Numerous studies on the effectiveness of school-based sun safety interventions among elementary and middle school students have shown an increase in sun safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors following the intervention. Objective To conduct a pilot feasibility study of "Live Sun Smart!," (LSS) a school-based, multicomponent, interactive sun safety presentation, at changing sun safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among middle school students. Methods A non-randomized, single-group pretest-posttest interventional pilot study of the LSS program among children enrolled in grade 6. Results After exposure to LSS, participants were more likely to give correct answers to knowledge-based sun safety questions and to report negative attitudes toward tanning. Minimal and not significant changes were found in self-reported sun safety behaviors, though students did report an intention to change behaviors following the intervention. Participants were satisfied with the program and believed it increased their sun safety knowledge. Conclusion Live Sun Smart! appears to be an effective school-based, multicomponent sun safety program for improving sun safety knowledge and attitudes toward tanning among middle school students in this initial test of it. The strengths and weaknesses of this pilot study have implications for future research.
The Role of Robotics in Bariatric Surgery

This article will review the current evidence supporting the use of robotic platforms in bariatric surgery and discuss the technical aspects of robotic platforms in the current bariatric procedures performed. The use of robotic platforms for minimally invasive bariatric surgery continues to increase. This can be attributed to the perceived advantages of robotic platforms including three-dimensional high-definition visualization, tremor filtration, direct camera control by the primary surgeon, multi-quadrant access, and wristed instruments which make complex and redo surgery potentially easier to perform. Robotic systems may also provide ergonomic advantages in patients with obesity who have significant abdominal wall mass. Despite a longer operative time, the preponderance of the data suggest robotic surgery is a safe and effective methodology to perform bariatric procedures. The greatest potential for clinical benefit appears to be in revisional bariatric surgery and in patients with higher body mass index. There may also be advantages in the learning curve of these complex procedures. Robotic platform improvement, training, and cost-effective usage may overcome the higher initial costs.
2019 Veterans Studies Bibliography

The bibliography compiles works published in veterans studies during the 2019 calendar year.
Vocational Social Skills Training for Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Pilot Study

Social deficits often impede the ability of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) to obtain and maintain employment (Barnard et al., Barnard et al., Inclusion and autism: Is it working? 1000 examples of inclusion in education and adult life from the National Autistic Society’s members, National Autistic Society, 2000; Elksnin & Elksnin, Elksnin and Elksnin, Exceptionality 9:91–105, 2001). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a social skills intervention including behavioral skills training, video modeling, and self-monitoring on the acquisition of discrete vocational social skills in young adults with IDD. Participants included high school students in special education that were part of a work internship program. A multiple baseline design across skills with concurrent replication across participants was used to evaluate the effects of the packaged intervention on target skill accuracy. Results indicate that the packaged intervention was effective in promoting social skill acquisition for all participants. Further, high levels of skill acquisition were observed during the maintenance phase.
Resilient ZnO nanowires in an irradiation environment: An in situ study

Abstract ZnO nanowires (NWs) have been extensively studied for various device applications. Although these nanowires are often suspected to be impractical and highly unstable under hostile radiation environments, to date little is known on their radiation tolerance. Here, we show outstanding resilience of ZnO NWs by using in situ Kr ion irradiation at room temperature inside a transmission electron microscope. Our studies show that ZnO nanowires with certain diameters become nearly immune to radiation damage due to the existence of dislocation loop denuded zones. A remarkable size effect also holds: the smaller the nanowire diameter, the lower the defect density. Rate theory modeling suggests that the size effect arises from fast interstitial migration and a limit in size to which interstitial loops can grow. In situ studies also revealed a surprising phenomenon: the pristine prismatic loops can prevail over the strongest known defect sinks, free surfaces, to trap radiation-induced defect clusters. This study comprises the first critical step toward in-depth understanding of radiation response of functional oxide nanowires for electronic device applications in extreme environments.
Key information systems issues for the 1980's

Knowledge of the most important issues in the information systems field would help focus research and educational efforts. A Delphi study, using leading information systems (IS) professionals, was used to identify and rank ten key IS management issues for the 1980's. Measures were also taken to the amount of agreement achieved on these issues and rankings. The number one issue identified was improved IS planning, followed by facilitation and management of end user computing. This article describes the research approach involved and discusses the results.
Capillary Bias Fields and Interface Branching

Microgravity melting experiments yielded critical data that reveal the presence of capillary-mediated interface fields, which are net zero energy fields that do not alter overall volumetric rates of melting, but change local interface speeds and, consequently, cause particle shape changes. These ‘bias fields’, derived recently from energy conservation principles, are the summed vector divergences of tangential interface energy fluxes. Bias fields provide intrinsic, autonomous, interfacial sources/sinks of energy and affect crystal growth. Bias fields are 4th-order interfacial phenomena, globally net zero in energy rate, and have remained difficult to detect, in a sense, hidden in plain sight. They are mathematical homologues to surface-diffusion species currents, as employed by Mullins to describe the kinetics of thermal grooving. As will be shown in this paper, interface bias fields depend on two fundamental anisotropics: 1) anisotropy of interface energy density, and 2) anisotropy of the interface shape. As a fundamental thermodynamic feature of an evolving crystal-melt interface, bias fields provide the deterministic cause for complex pattern formation and branching during microstructure evolution in crystal growth and solidification.
Holocaust Deniers Can't Be Ignored: History: As Victims and Witnesses of World War II Die Off, Revisionist Views of the Nazi Horrors Could Gain Broader Acceptance

On trial in an English courtroom, where British historian David Irving has sued American professor Deborah Lipstadt for defamation, is not only the scholars' reputations but history itself. Irving claims that he was libeled by Lipstadt's 1993 book, "Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory," in which she called him "one of the most dangerous of the `revisionists'" because, "familiar with historical evidence, he bends it until it conforms with his ideological leanings and political agenda." But under British law, the burden of proof in defamation is squarely on the defendant, thus making it necessary for Lipstadt and her English publisher to demonstrate that Irving deliberately lied. As bizarre as it may seem, they must prove that the Holocaust actually happened.
Plus Ça Change

This study sought to capture the challenges facing working women in the wake of the late-2000s recession; we also studied whether and how these challenges varied by race and leadership status. Drawing on qualitative data from 4,388 women employed in 2010 across Michigan (one of the most economically depressed states), we inductively analyzed accounts of the “biggest challenge facing working women.” We found that at a time when the workforce was reeling from major economic change, women's occupational difficulties remained largely unchanged. Their top five employment concerns mirrored decades past: work-life imbalance, pay inequity, gender discrimination, childcare, and the glass ceiling. Emphases varied somewhat by race and leadership, but overall, women's chief concerns cut across these boundaries. We provide an abundance of quotes to bring life to these perspectives, letting the voices of working women be heard. Our findings suggest that the global economic crisis failed to outstrip challenges that working women have confronted for years. We conclude with a call for broad change to better support women (and men) in the workforce—during and after the Great Recession.
Influence of Acid Secretory State on the Gastric Mucosal Tolerance to Back Diffusion of H

Abstract The effect of back diffusion of H + on the potential difference (PD), eledrical resistance (R), and short circuit current (Isc) of spontaneously secreting and burimamide-inhibited amphibian gastric mucosae were studied in vitro. When back diffusion of H + was induced by the passage of an electrical current of 510 μa per cm 2 from the secretory (S) side of p H 2.25 to the nutrient side (N) for 30 min, the spontaneously secreting mucosae showed small decreases in PD (23.6 → 16.2 mv) and Isc (80 → 61 μa per cm 2 ) but no significant change in R. In the burimamide inhibited mucosae there were marked and significantly greater decreases of PD (26.8 → 3.4 mv), R (473 → 170 ohms cm 2 ) and Isc (50 → 13 μa per cm 2 ). When back diffusion of H + was induced by establishing a concentration gradient of H + from S → N or by exposing the secretory surface to sodium taurocholate with secretory p H 2.25, the burimamide-inhibited tissue demonstrated significantly greater depression of the electrical parameters than the secreting mucosae. Intracellular p H, measured by the 5,5-dimethoxyazolidine-2,4-dione method, was significantly higher in the histaminestimulated tissues (7.28) than in the metiamide-inhibited tissues (7.11). These studies strongly suggest that the secretory status of the mucosa and hence its acid-base status are important determinants in the tolerance of the tissue to exogenous back diffusion of H + . The measure of absolute loss of H + from the mucosal solution alone may not be an adequate assessment of the gastric mucosal barrier.
A Kernel Framework for Protein Residue Annotation

Over the last decade several prediction methods have been developed for determining structural and functional properties of individual protein residues using sequence and sequence-derived information. Most of these methods are based on support vector machines as they provide accurate and generalizable prediction models. We developed a general purpose protein residue annotation toolkit (Pro SAT ) to allow biologists to formulate residue-wise prediction problems. Pro SAT formulates annotation problem as a classification or regression problem using support vector machines. For every residue Pro SAT captures local information (any sequence-derived information) around the reside to create fixed length feature vectors. Pro SAT implements accurate and fast kernel functions, and also introduces a flexible window-based encoding scheme that allows better capture of signals for certain prediction problems. In this work we evaluate the performance of Pro SAT on the disorder prediction and contact order estimation problems, studying the effect of the different kernels introduced here. Pro SAT shows better or at least comparable performance to state-of-the-art prediction systems. In particular Pro SAT has proven to be the best performing transmembrane-helix predictor on an independent blind benchmark. Availability: http://bio.dtc.umn.edu/prosat
More SensitiveFlamelessAtomicAbsorptionAnalysisof Vanadiumin Tissueand Serum

Vol. 28 p 79: See response in Letter of Cornelisand Versieck, p 1709. p 91: In the note added in proof, "131" should read "1.31." p 241: In Table 1, "6.5" should read "65"; in the footnote to Table 2, "0.05" should read "0.5" and the next to last paragraph should read: "Finally, in a few instances we have compared the glucose values obtained by using a drop of sample according to the instructions, versus dipping the strips into the sample, and found some variance between the values obtained by the two methods." p 344: Under "staining reagent," the correct concentration of orthophosphoric acid is 160 g/L (not 80 g/L). It is prepared by diluting 95 mL of the concentrated acid (850 g/kg, relative density 1.69 g/mL) to 1 L with distilled water. p 418: ref. 94 , cited in the first full paragraph, should read "84." p 419: The volume number of ref. 1 should be 50, not 19. p 502: Corrections to two equations: the term (S2y - S2x) should read (S2y - S2x)2 and in the third equation in the second column delete the repetition of the term "(wx4)," which should only appear once. p 531: In last full paragraph in column one, the word "propionate" in the next to last line should instead read "dimethyl sulfoxide." p 614: References 21 and 22 are missing 21: Gerhardt, W., Ljungdahl, L., Borjesson, J., et al., Creatine kinase B-subunit activity in human serum. I. Development of an iminunoinhibition method for routine determination of S-creatine kinase B-subunit activity. Clin. Chim. Acta 78 , 29-41 (1977). 22: Neumeier, D., Prellwitz, W., Wurzburg, U., et al., Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity: Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction. Clin. Chim. Acta 73 , 445-451 (1976). p 727: With regard to this Letter, the authors later pointed out that although the first sentence states that glycosylated hemoglobins have a higher isoelectric point, glycosylation actually decreases the isoelectric point. Later (p 728) they speculated that the fast hemoglobin variant might be HbN-Baltimore (α2β295Lys→Glu), but two reference laboratories identified it as the slightly slower HbJ-Baltimore (α2β216Gly→Asp). p 735: In the middle column, the third full paragraph, "Department of Internal Medicine" should read "Department of Laboratory Medicine." p 736: In column one, under Awards , the citation should have stated "in recognition of his contribution in the, field of clinical chemistry." p 1199: Table 1 folate concentrations should be "mg/L," not rg/L.
Vehicle Ad Hoc Network (VANET): Safety Benefits and Security Challenges

The promise of safe driving, intelligent traffic system, early warning signals for motorists that could minimize road mishaps, increase road conditions advisement, and provision of better in-transit communication, inter-vehicle communication, and road-vehicle communication are some of the hallmark of vehicle ad hoc network (VANET). Conversely, the network’s challenges lie on its capacity for information system confidentiality (the prevention of unauthorized disclosure), integrity (the prevention of the unauthorized modification), availability (the prevention of unauthorized suppression of data or resources), stable communication in the presence of highly mobile nodes, and privacy concerns. This paper explored the network’s characteristics, architecture, application, communication patterns, security concerns, as well as identification of current development direction of the technology.
316 CAPTOPRIL IN THE TREATMENT OF UNCONTROLLABLE HIGH-RENIN HYPERTENSION IN CHILDREN

Captopril(C), an orally active inhibitor of angiotensin I converting enzyme, might be effective in the management of high-renin HTN. However, almost nothing is known about the effects of C in children. We have used C in 5 children (1.8 to 14.8 yrs) with uncontrollable high-renin HTN (PRA=21±6.3 ng/ml/hr, mean ± SEM). All patients (PT) had HTN secondary to severe parencymal or arterial renal disease. Vasodilator drugs were stopped in all 5 PT before starting C. C was started at 0.3 mg/kg/dose every 8-12 hours, and the final dosages ranged from 0.8 to 5.3 mg/kg/day. The 5 children have been on C from 4 to 15 months (mean=9 months). The blood pressure (BP;mmHg) response to C is shown in the following table. After starting C, other antihypertensive drugs were completely stopped in 1 PT and decreased in 3 PT. The only adverse reactions attributed to C were nausea and vomiting. It is concluded that C is effective for long-term control of BP in children with high-renin HTN uncontrolled by currently available drugs. Thus far, there have been a minimum of adverse reactions to C, and dosages of other antihypertensive drugs can often be decreased after control of HTN by C.
Anatomical Landmark Asymmetry Assessment in the Lumbar Spine and Pelvis: A Review of Reliability

The purpose of this article is to review current research investigating the reliability of bony anatomical landmark positional asymmetry assessment in the lumbar spine and pelvis, to determine the agreement on findings between authors, and to explore future directions in the area to address the significant issues. The databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, MANTIS, Academic Search Complete, and Web of Knowledge were searched. A total of 23 articles were identified and reviewed, 10 of which met the inclusion criteria. For these 10 articles, the average interexaminer reliability for bony anatomical landmark positional asymmetry assessment was slightly above chance for all landmarks except medial malleolus, which had fair reliability. Interexaminer reliability on average was less than intraexaminer reliability (anterior superior iliac spine, k = 0.128/0.414; posterior superior iliac spine, k = 0.092/0.371). All interexaminer reliability averages were below values of clinical significance. From the current literature review, bony anatomical landmark positional asymmetry assessment in the lumbar spine and pelvis has not been demonstrated to be a reliable assessment method. However, there are unexplored factors that, after standardization, may improve reliability and further the understanding of musculoskeletal palpatory examination.
A DOG TEST FOR MEASURING THE IMMUNIZING POTENCY OF ANTIRABIES VACCINES.

1. A quantitative practical mouse test is described for measuring the immunizing potency of antirabies vaccines. 2. Virulent virus, injected intraperitoneally as a vaccine, immunized mice within 10 days and for a period of at least 9 months. Demonstrable neutralizing antibodies accompanied this immunity. Virus given subcutaneously failed to immunize as effectively. The margin between immunizing and infecting dose of vaccine was small. 3. Commercial vaccines containing virulent virus prepared for the treatment of man gave results similar to those obtained with laboratory virus. 4. Commercial vaccines inactivated with phenol and prepared for the treatment of man in general failed to immunize mice. None contained virulent virus. The phenolized preparation from one commercial firm, however, as also the chloroformized preparation from another, immunized mice consistently when given intraperitoneally in quantities approximating 5 times that advocated per gm. of body weight in man. 5. Commercial canine vaccines inactivated with phenol proved non-virulent and failed to immunize mice. 6. Commercial canine vaccines inactivated with chloroform (Kelser) proved non-virulent but capable of immunizing mice provided a single intraperitoneal injection of 2 to 5 times that prescribed for dogs per gm. of body weight was given. 7. Chloroformized vaccines proved irritative to the peritoneum of mice.
Database management and design

The use of a central repository for data and a database management system that enables programs to share data more efficiently and ensures the consistency of the data across the system is discussed. Relational databases, which represent both entities and relationships using tables, are described. It is shown that by proper design of the relational tables, the redundancy and wasted space of many ad hoc databases can be eliminated. Data are retrieved from a relational database through the use of a procedural query language. The leading query language for relational databases, the Structured Query Language (SQL), is examined. >
Antianginal Efficacy of Oral Therapy with Isosorbide Dinitrate Capsules: Prolonged Benefit Shown by Exercise Testing in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease

Although sustained-release nitrates have been introduced in capsule form in an attempt to achieve prolonged therapeutic action, no objective data are available regarding the efficacy of such preparations in patients with angina pectoris. Therefore, we performed a double-blind investigation to study the effects of therapy with capsules of isosorbide dinitrate upon the exercise tolerance at two and six hours after administration in 28 patients with ischemic heart disease. Maximal graded multistage treadmill exercise was performed before and at two or six hours following the last dose of isosorbide dinitrate administered orally as 40-mg capsules every eight hours for one month. Isosorbide dinitrate administered in this fashion resulted in a significant reduction in anginal episodes, as compared with placebo. As compared to control, ten patients who underwent exercise testing two hours after therapy with isosorbide dinitrate manifested significantly increased duration of exercise (311 to 386 seconds) and maximal oxygen consumption (21.5 to 24.4 ml/kg/min) (both P
Raman Spectroscopy Of Transient Intermediates In Protein-Ligand Binding

Two techniques are described for obtaining the Raman spectra of transient intermediates formed upon the binding of ligands to proteins. In the first of these the far ultraviolet line at 239 nm is used to take the spectrum of a flowing mixture of protein and ligand. In the second technique, the Raman spectra are taken from the interior of an enzyme crystal as substrate diffuses in from the mother liquor and is converted to the product through a series of chemical intermediates. Methods for interpreting the data are discussed.
Testing for Conceptual Understanding in General Chemistry1

Conceptual understanding involves being able to represent and translate chemical problems using three forms of representation—macroscopic, particulate, and symbolic. In addition to research on chemical problem solving, a great deal of work on student misconceptions involving chemical phenomena has been conducted. Both the representational formats, and the work on student misconceptions, served as framework for a team of chemical educators to develop a general chemistry standardized exam focused on conceptual understanding that is now available from the ACS Examinations Institute. Several of the item formats differ fromt he conventional single answer multiple choice question currently used on such tests. This article will report the background of the test, the structure of the test, and on-going work of the group.
Formulation of phosphorescence mechanisms in inorganic solids based on a new model of defect conglomeration

The phosphorescence mechanisms of various phosphors were explored by taking into consideration the presence of interactions between dopant cations and vacancies as well as the effect of co-dopant cations on these interactions. Our study indicates that the distribution of dopant and co-dopant cations around vacancies is not random, and luminescent properties are strongly influenced by this nonrandom distribution. To a first approximation, the ionization potentials of dopants, co-dopants, and host cations can be used to rationalize their tendencies for this nonrandom distribution. On the basis of our analysis, we explained the properties of known phosphorescent materials, examined several factors important for designing new improved phosphors, and discussed how point defects might affect phosphorescence as well as fluorescence.
Robust Polyaromatic Octasilsesquioxanes from Polybromophenylsilsesquioxanes, BrxOPS, via Suzuki Coupling

Polybromophenylsilsesquioxane (BrxOPS), where x = 5.3 (p:m = 65:25), because of its octahedral structure and nanometer size, represents a potentially very useful nanoconstruction site. We report here that Br5.3OPS reacts readily with borates of phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, 9,9-dimethylfluorene, and thiophene using standard Suzuki conditions to produce the corresponding polyaromatic and heteroaromatics with complete substitution of all bromines. The resulting materials, because of the 3-D octahedral structure, are completely soluble in a variety of common organic solvents. They are also stable to temperatures exceeding 400 °C in air, making them quite robust and easily processable. UV−vis spectra of these materials are red-shifted 20−30 nm from the simple organics, suggesting some conjugation with the silica cage core. Photoluminescence measurements show standard aromatic π−π* behavior with typical quantum efficiencies except for the 9,9-dimethylfluorene compound, which has an unexpectedly high quantum effi...
In the Wake of In the Wake of Columbus: Why the Polemic Over Columbus' First Landfall is of Interest to Africanist Historians

It must be premised that the journal contains statements that appear to be absolutely irreconcilable with the present topography of the Bahamas. Despite its disappointingly meager immediate results, its role as catalyst for the great age of worldwide culture contact inevitably resulted in a lively interest in every detail of Columbus' first voyage to the New World. Continuing unabated for nearly five centuries, the interest has assumed many forms, ranging from the putative effects of contact on the Amerindians to the identity of Columbus' first landfall--just where did the Old World first view the New World? Though it might seem to be both straightforward and of minor interest, the latter issue has in fact aroused great controversy for more than two centuries and remains far from settled today, as it appears that the most recent bid for consensus has been rudely shattered in its turn. The controversy arises not at all from the fact that there exist several and contradictory independent testimonies bearing on the issue. Quite the contrary, as there is only a single surviving source, the so-called Diario de a bordo , which purports to be, at least in part, a record of Columbus' voyage on a day-by-day basis. The history of this text as we have it is complicated and this goes some way towards explaining why so many issues based on it remain moot. The only known extant copy was discovered as recently as 1790 and is in the handwriting of Bartolome de las Casas, the noted missionary and historian of the early Indies, who was also a friend of several members of Columbus' family.
TEMPERATURE RESPONSE OF SILICON MEMS CANTILEVERS DURING AND AFTER Nd:YAG LASER IRRADIATION

This article reports a two-dimensional, finite-difference heat transfer model for calculating the transient temperature distribution in a polycrystalline silicon cantilever during and after irradiation by a Nd:YAG laser. Results include the peak surface temperature after irradiation and the uniform temperature increase in the microcantilever following subsequent heat conduction through the thickness. The calculations reveal that the time scale after which the temperature is uniform through the thickness is on the order of hundreds of nanoseconds and that the microcantilever cools in the order of tens of milliseconds. The effects of energy transfer to the environment by convection and radiation on the cooling time are also investigated. The accuracy of the model predictions are shown through high-speed temperature measurements using a novel MEMS temperature sensor.
Are there ‘basic’ tastes?

Abstract Although it is widely accepted that there are only four tastes (or five, including umami), this idea lacks logical rigor, empirical confirmation and functional utility in either theoretical or applied domains. Possible definitions of ‘basic tastes’ and alternatives to the ‘four basic tastes’ hypothesis are considered. Research limitations that arise as a result of the acceptance of the four basic tastes hypothesis are discussed, and an example of how this hypothesis can distort data is given.
A note on causality in the bulk and stability on the boundary

By carefully analyzing the radial part of the wave-equation for a scalar field in AdSd+1, we show that for a particular range of boundary conditions on the scalar field, the radial spectrum contains a bound state. Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, we interpret this peculiar phenomenon as being dual to an unstable double trace deformation of the boundary conformal field theory. We thus show how the bulk theory holographically detects whether a boundary perturbation is stable.
“Acceptable risk”: The case of nuclear power

The key policy question in managing hazardous technologies is often some variant of: “How safe is safe enough?” A typical response of regulatory agencies has been to lay down minimum requirements for how hazardous facilities should be built and operated, without specifying the level of safety that it is hoping to achieve. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, charged with regulating safety in nuclear power plants, has recently tackled the safety question directly, by adopting “safety goals” that facilities must meet. The NRC's approach proves to be sophisticated in some respects, incomplete in others. More generally, it points up the inherent difficulties that exist with the concept of “acceptable risk” and with any attempt to build policy instruments around it. Lessons from the NRC case apply to other hazardous technologies, as well as to public policies unrelated to safety.
How Korean EFL learners understand sarcasm in L2 English

Abstract This study examines how Korean adult learners of English interpret sarcasm in spoken English. Participants were asked to identify instances of sarcasm in video clips taken from the U.S. TV sitcom Friends , and then to assess the possible speaker intent and communicative goals associated with these sarcastic utterances. Finally, during individual interviews, participants reported what cues they attended to while processing sarcasm. Analysis revealed that learners drew upon certain features of L1 schema during the L2 comprehension process. Results also suggest pedagogical ideas for teaching the concept and interpretation of English sarcasm to L2 learners.
β-Adrenergic responsiveness in a human submandibular tumor cells line (A253)

Salivary epithelial functions are regulated by the autonomic nervous system. In this regard, we have been studying the morphology and neuroreceptor composition of A253, an immortal cell line isolated from a human submandibular carcinoma (Giard et al., JNCI, 51:1417–1421, 1973). Phase contrast and electron microscopic observation indicate that A253 cells are of epithelial origin. Physiologically, A253 cells posses β-adrenergic, but not α-adrenergic or muscarinic-cholinergic receptors. The β-adrenergic receptors (BARs) are composed primarily of a single class of high affinity, β2-subtype receptors as judged by [3H]dihydroalprenolol antagonist binding studies. The BARs are functional inasmuch as isoproterenol stimulation increases both intracellular cAMP content and [3H]mannose incorporation into endogeneous glycoproteins. Differences in ultrastructure and neuroreceptor composition between A253 and other immortal salivary tumor cell lines are discussed.
Measuring Physical Activity in Asthma Patients: Two-Minute Walk Test, Repeated Chair Rise Test, and Self-Reported Energy Expenditure

Although prudent exercise is recommended for most patients with well-controlled asthma, many patients avoid exercise and physical activity because they are concerned about triggering asthma. In a sample of 258 asthma patients (mean age 42 years, 75% women), the objectives of this study were to assess the two-minute walk test and the repeated chair rise test and to compare results to self-reported physical activity recorded with the Paffenbarger Physical Activity and Exercise Index (PAEI). Patients walked a mean of 510 feet, required a mean of 14 seconds for the chair rise test, and reported a mean of 1,810 kilocalories per week from activities, mostly walking. In multivariable analysis, male sex, younger age, more education, lower body mass index, and better short-term asthma control, but not long-term asthma severity, were associated with better performance-based test results and more self-reported physical activity. Better short-term control also was associated with less breathing and leg exertion during both tests. Correlations between the PAEI and performance-based tests were approximately 0.38. Performance-based and self-reported measures provide information about various aspects of exercise capacity and can be used during routine clinical practice to assess physical activity in asthma patients.
Weighted entropy for segmentation evaluation

Abstract In many image, video and computer vision systems the image segmentation is an essential part. Significant research has been done in image segmentation and a number of quantitative evaluation methods have already been proposed in the literature. However, often the segmentation evaluation is subjective that means it has been done visually or qualitatively. A segmentation evaluation method based on entropy is proposed in this work which is objective and simple to implement. A weighted self and mutual entropy are proposed to measure the dissimilarity of the pixels among the segmented regions and the similarity within a region. This evaluation technique gives a score that can be used to compare different segmentation algorithms for the same image, or to compare the segmentation results of a given algorithm with different images, or to find the best suited values of the parameters of a segmentation algorithm for a given image. The simulation results show that the proposed method can identify over-segmentation, under-segmentation, and the good segmentation.