cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The New American Cultural Sociology

Notes on contributors Preface The new American cultural sociology: an introduction Philip Smith Part I. Culture as Text and Code: Introduction 1. Textuality and the postmodern turn in sociological theory Richard Harvey Brown 2. The computer as sacred and profane Jeffrey C. Alexander 3. AIDS and the discursive construction of homosexuality Steven Seidman 4. Fundamentalism and liberalism in public religious discourse Robert Wuthnow 5. Analytic and concrete forms of the autonomy of culture Anne Kane Part II. The Production and Reception of Culture: Introduction: 6. The reception of Derrida's work in France and America Michele Lamont 7. Censorship, audiences and the Victorian nude Nicola Beisel 8. The devil, social change and Jacobean theatre Wendy Griswold 9. Victorian women writers and the prestige of the novel Gaye Tuchman and Nina Fortin 10. The ambiguous and contested meanings of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Robin Wagner-Pacifici and Barry Schwartz Part III. Culture in Action: Introduction: 11. Culture and social action Ann Swidler 12. Culture, structure, agency and transformation William H. Sewell Jr 13. Discourse, nuclear power and collective action William A. Gamson 14. Moral boundaries, leisure activities and justifying fun Gary Alan Fine 15. Honour and conflict management in corporate life Calvin Morrill 16. The role of cultural capital in school success Paul DiMaggio Index.
Fossil ice in Hawaii

PERENNIAL ice was found late in 1969 near the summit of Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano rising 4,200 m above the sea on the island of Hawaii, 19° 49′ N and 155° 28′ W. A part of the ice-lava mixture lies close to the rocky surfaces near the bases of the south walls of the Goodrich Cone and Summit Cone craters (Fig. 1). Seismic refraction measurements have indicated a minimum horizontal extent of ice of hundreds of metres, and a thickness of many decametres. This ice may be the remains of known Pleistocene glaciation1. It is thought to survive near the surface in present climatic conditions because radiation effects make certain areas of the craters colder.
Processes affecting the composition and structure of silicate grains in cometary nuclei

Characteristics which might be observed in silicate grains from a cometary nucleus are examined on the basis of theoretical studies of the life cycle of refractory grains and laboratory experiments using simple analogs to the complex natural system. The life-cycle of a typical silicate grain is reviewed from condensation in a circumstellar outflow to incorporation into a cometary parent body. The possibility for grain metamorphism in the cometary environment is discussed and results are presented from experiments on the properties of interstellar grains. Also, consideration is given to the information about presolar refractory grains that might be gained from studying samples returned from a cometary nucleus.
Role of potassium ion channels in detrusor smooth muscle function and dysfunction

Detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) defects are responsible for some forms of bladder dysfunction, such as overactive bladder secondary to detrusor overactivity. In this Review, the author examines the role of K+ channels in normal and dysfunctional DSM, the methods used to study their activity, and how these channels might be targeted therapeutically with the use of gene therapy approaches and specific inhibitors or activators.
A prospective pharmacologic evaluation of age-related toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer.

Despite increasing evidence of benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, older women with breast cancer are commonly given less aggressive treatment than younger patients. Conflicting prior data regarding age-related toxicity prompted this prospective study. Forty-four women (aged 35-79 years) with early-stage breast cancer were treated with four cycles of adjuvant therapy with doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 i.v. and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 i.v. every 21 days. They were monitored for myelosuppression, cardiotoxicity, and decrease in quality of life. Pharmacokinetics were analyzed using cycle 1 plasma samples. Bone marrow granulocyte and macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) were assayed in vitro for dose response to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and doxorubicin before cycle 1. There was moderate evidence of age-related decrease in nadir absolute neutrophil count (ANC) when age was viewed as a continuous variable. On average there was a 10/microliter drop in cycle 1 nadir ANC for every year increase in age (p = 0.02). However, when age was viewed as a categorical variable (age or = 65 years), a similar proportion of women in each group reached an ANC 0.12). Pharmacokinetic analyses did not demonstrate age-related differences in the clearance of either doxorubicin or cyclophosphamide (p > 0.8). Pharmacodynamic analysis of individual patient bone marrow progenitor cell sensitivity did not reveal any correlation with age (p > 0.48). In women undergoing adjuvant therapy for breast cancer, no clinically significant age-related trends in toxicity were observed. These data suggest that older age alone should not exclude patients from receiving adjuvant therapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide.
Involvement of organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis and preoptic area in interleukin 1 beta-induced ACTH release

Intravenous administration of recombinant human interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta, 1 micrograms/100 g body wt) resulted in a marked elevation of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, with peak levels at 10 min, in conscious unrestrained rats. One week after the placement of a lesion by radiofrequency or microinjection of kainic acid in the organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis (OVLT) but not in subfornical organ, ACTH response to intravenous IL-1 beta was enhanced, whereas both radiofrequency-induced lesion and kainic acid in the preoptic area (POA) suppressed the response. Indomethacin or a prostaglandin E (PGE) antagonist microinjected into the OVLT or POA suppressed or abolished the response. On the other hand, PGE, but not PGD2, microinjected into the POA increased plasma ACTH levels. These results suggest an important role for the OVLT, which lacks blood-brain barrier, as a possible site of entry of blood-borne IL-1 beta into the brain and for the POA, which may contain the neurons required for the response. Involvement of PGE in the OVLT and POA in the ACTH response to intravenous IL-1 beta is also suggested.
PldB, a putative phospholipase D homologue in Dictyostelium discoideum mediates quorum sensing during development.

Quorum sensing, also known as cell-density sensing in the unicellular eukaryote Dictyostelium discoideum, is required for efficient entry into the differentiation and development segment of its life cycle. Quorum sensing is accomplished by simultaneously secreting and sensing the glycoprotein Conditioned Medium Factor, or CMF. When the density of starving cells is high, CMF levels are high, which leads to aggregation followed by development. Here, we describe the role of pldB, a gene coding for a putative phospholipase D (PLD) homologue, in quorum sensing. We find that in submerged culture, adding butanol, an inhibitor of PLD-catalyzed phosphatidic acid production, allows cells to bypass the requirement for CMF mediated quorum sensing and aggregate at low cell density. Deletion of pldB mimics the presence of butanol, allowing cells to aggregate at low cell density. pldB− cells also initiate and finish aggregation rapidly. Analysis of early developmental gene expression in pldB− cells reveals that the cyclic AMP receptor cAR1 is expressed at higher levels earlier than in wild-type cells, which could explain the rapid aggregation phenotype. As would be predicted, cells overexpressing pldB are unable to aggregate even at high cell density. Adding CMF to these pldB− overexpressing cells does not rescue aggregation. Both of these phenotypes are cell autonomous, as mixing a small number of pldB− cells with wild-type cells does not cause the wild-type cells to behave like pldB− cells.
Watch and Wait?--Elevated Pretreatment CEA Is Associated with Decreased Pathological Complete Response in Rectal Cancer.

Between 10 and 30 % of rectal cancer patients experience pathological complete response after neoadjuvant treatment. However, physiological factors predicting which patients will experience tumor response are largely unknown. Previous single-institution studies have suggested an association between elevated pretreatment carcinoembryonic antigen and decreased pathological complete response. Clinical stage II–III rectal cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgical resection were selected from the 2006–2011 National Cancer Data Base. Multivariable analysis was used to examine the association between elevated pretreatment carcinoembryonic antigen and pathological complete response, pathological tumor regression, tumor downstaging, and overall survival. Of the 18,113 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, 47 % had elevated pretreatment carcinoembryonic antigen and 13 % experienced pathological compete response. Elevated pretreatment carcinoembryonic antigen was independently associated with decreased pathological complete response (OR = 0.65, 95 % CI = 0.52–0.77, p < 0.001), pathological tumor regression (OR = 0.74, 95 % CI = 0.67–0.70, p < 0.001), tumor downstaging (OR = 0.77, 95 % CI = 0.63–0.92, p < 0.001), and overall survival (HR = 1.45, 95 % CI = 1.34–1.58, p < 0.001). Rectal cancer patients with elevated pretreatment carcinoembryonic antigen are less likely to experience pathological complete response, pathological tumor regression, and tumor downstaging after neoadjuvant treatment and experience decreased survival. These patients may not be suitable candidates for an observational “watch-and-wait” strategy. Future prospective studies should investigate the relationships between CEA levels, neoadjuvant treatment response, recurrence, and survival.
System design considerations for the use of turbo codes in aeronautical satellite communications

Turbo codes have performance that approaches the Shannon limit. The key to this near-optimum performance lies in the iterated decoding of the received data stream. Turbo codes are a superset of block and convolutional codes familiar to most digital communications engineers. Despite their obvious advantages, however, turbo codes do have some limitations that make them more or less suited to specific applications. This paper examines the utility of turbo codes for aeronautical satellite communications. A brief introduction to turbo code principles is followed by a high level examination of turbo code and presentation of simple examples of turbo code applications to aeronautical communications.
Lensing Measurements of the Mass Distribution in SDSS Voids

We measure weak lensing mass profiles of voids from a volume-limited sample of SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs). We find voids using an algorithm designed to maximize the lensing signal by dividing the survey volume into 2D slices, and then finding holes in this 2D distribution of LRGs. We perform a stacked shear measurement on about 20,000 voids with radii between 15-55 Mpc/h and redshifts between 0.16-0.37. We measure the characteristic radial shear signal of voids with a signal-to-noise of 7. The mass profile corresponds to a fractional underdensity of about -0.4 inside the void radius and a slow approach to the mean density indicating a partially compensated void structure. We compare our measured shape and amplitude with the predictions of Krause et al 2013. Voids in the galaxy distribution have been extensively modeled using simulations and measured in the SDSS. We discuss how the addition of void mass profiles can enable studies of galaxy formation and cosmology.
Causes of Civil War in Asia and Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Comparison*

Objectives. This article explores the extent to which economic development, ethnic and religious fractionalization, domestic governance, and international trade openness affect civil war in postcolonial Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1950 through 1992. Methods. We estimate a set of multivariate logit models with the generalized estimating equation (GEE) method for time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) data. Results. Both in Asia and in SSA, civil war is less likely with increased economic development and trade openness, while mixed autocratic-democratic regimes raise the likelihood that states will experience civil war. Although neither ethnic nor religious fractionalization has any statistically significant effect on civil war in SSA, civil war in Asia is more likely with greater ethnic fractionalization. Conclusions. Despite cross-regional variation in causes of civil war, economic development and trade openness seem to play a consistent role in reducing civil war. One of the major issues on the recent global agenda of foreign policy
Using data to promote healthy behavior in children

Childhood offers a number of opportunities for parents to shape the health related attitudes and behaviors of their children. The proposed research described in this paper aims to better understand the ways in which a child's personal health data can be leveraged to educate and provide a transition to healthy adult behaviors. The target population for this project is children with Type 1 Diabetes and their parents but many of the design issues may be relevant to the management of other chronic diseases as well as general health in childhood.
Armed Robots and Military Virtue

This article examines how the accelerated development of semi-autonomous or autonomous armed robots may challenge traditional conceptions of military virtue. While early reflections on the ethical implications of military robotics have focused primarily on utilitarian or deontological/rule-based considerations rather than questions of virtue or character, a comprehensive inquiry into the ethical impact of armed military robots must not ignore the role of military virtue in restraining and legitimizing armed conflict. Armed military robots problematize this role in three ways: first, by potentially leveling the distinction between mere military action and virtuous military service; second, by possibly diminishing the scope of the military profession and its cultivation of military virtue; and third, by undercutting the expectation of virtuous motivation in warfare that gives rules of engagement at least some restraining force and helps to distinguish the practice of war from mercenary or criminal violence. I suggest that by initiating or accelerating such shifts in the meaning and practical scope of military virtue, the widespread deployment of armed military robots may have ethically deleterious effects on human soldiers and civilians independently of whether optimistic utilitarian predictions of reduced casualties and collateral damage are realized.
Shaping Attention Span: An Operant Conditioning Procedure to Improve Neurocognition and Functioning in Schizophrenia

The high prevalence of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia, and their association with poorer outcomes, has created interest in treatments that can improve neurocognitive functioning in this illness. While a variety of rehabilitation interventions have been developed, many are not appropriate for the most severely ill patients, whose attention spans are so short that they cannot attend to the material being presented. For this population, the only neurocognitive rehabilitation methods with demonstrated effectiveness are those that involve the operant conditioning technique known as shaping. In this article, we review the rationale for the use of shaping-based methods as neurocognitive retraining techniques for treatment-refractory schizophrenia patients, review published reports using this intervention, and offer suggestions for the future development of this method from both clinical and research perspectives.
Scheduling for small delay in multi-rate multi-channel wireless networks

This paper considers the problem of designing scheduling algorithms for multi-channel (e.g., OFDM-based) wireless downlink systems. We show that the Server-Side Greedy (SSG) rule introduced in earlier papers for ON-OFF channels performs well even for more general channel models. The key contribution in this paper is the development of new mathematical techniques for analyzing Markov chains that arise when studying general channel models. These techniques include a way of calculating the distribution of the maximum of a multi-dimensional Markov chain (note that the maximum does not have the Markov property on its own), and also a Markov chain stochastic dominance result using coupling arguments.
Medication adherence: pharmacist perspective.

Abstract Objective To provide pharmacists with a current, comprehensive review of medication adherence challenges and solutions. Data sources A computerized search of the PubMed and Medline databases (through July 2008) identified English language review articles on medication adherence using the MeSH terms patient compliance or adherence and medication , drug regimen , or treatment . Study selection By the authors. Data extraction The results were filtered to include those published in pharmacy journals, and 117 publications were selected based on the content of their abstracts. The final version of this review article used 55 of the 117 publications. An additional 15 publications that provided examples of specific adherence issues were included. A vignette from the authors' experience was used as a case study. Data synthesis This article introduces the challenge of patient medication adherence, discusses the various methods by which to monitor medication adherence, describes various treatment- and condition-related barriers to adherence, and discusses the effectiveness of numerous adherence intervention strategies. Conclusion Nonadherence to a medication regimen may have multiple underlying causes, some of which may be easier to address than others. Open discussion between the pharmacist and patient regarding barriers to adequate medication adherence, followed by a multifaceted, personalized intervention to address these barriers, plays a key role in encouraging patients to adhere to the recommendations of the health care team.
A direct solution for fuel-optimal reactive collision avoidance of collaborating spacecraft

We develop a reactive collision avoidance (RCA) algorithm for multiple spacecraft collaborating in deep space. The RCA algorithm calculates a fuel-optimal trajectory for a host spacecraft to avoid multiple colliding spacecraft subject to acceleration limits. Additionally, collisions with other spacecraft are not induced. A direct optimization method is used to obtain an algorithm implementable in real-time. The RCA algorithm focuses on planar spacecraft formations such as the Terrestrial Planet Finder Interferometer (TPF-I) and Stellar Imager. The algorithm is compared to a numerical nonlinear programming approach and applied to five-spacecraft TPF-I and nine-spacecraft Stellar Imager-based scenarios.
Midterm results for gastric banding as salvage procedure for patients with weight loss failure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Background Studies reporting revisionary options for weight loss failure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) have been underpowered and lacking long-term data. We have previously shown that short-term (12 mo) and midterm (24 mo) weight loss is achievable with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) for failed RYGB. The present study represents the largest published series with longest postoperative follow-up of patients receiving salvage LAGB after RYGB failure. Objective To investigate long-term results of salvage gastric banding. Setting University Hospital, New York, United States. Methods Data were prospectively collected with retrospective review. Baseline characteristics were evaluated and weights at multiple time intervals (before RYGB, before LAGB, each year of follow-up). Additional data included approach (open or laparoscopic), operative time, hospital length of stay, and postoperative complications. Results A total of 168 patients underwent statistical analysis with 86 patients meeting inclusion for RYGB failure. The mean body mass index before RYGB was 48.9 kg/m2. Before LAGB, patients had an average body mass index of 43.7 kg/m2, with 10.4% total weight loss and 21.4% excess weight loss after RYGB. At 5-year follow-up, patients (n = 20) had a mean body mass index of 33.6 kg/m2 with 22.5% total weight loss and 65.9% excess weight loss. The long-term reoperation rate for complications related to LAGB was 24%, and 8% of patients ultimately had their gastric bands removed. Conclusion The results of our study have shown that LAGB had good long-term data as a revisionary procedure for weight loss failure after RYGB.
The addition of internists to a breast health program.

: With the increases in complexity of care for breast health concerns, there is a growing need for efficient and effective clinical evaluation, especially for vulnerable populations at risk for poor outcomes. The Breast Health Center at Boston Medical Center is a multidisciplinary program, with internists providing care alongside breast surgeons, radiologists, and patient navigators. Using a triage system previously shown to have high provider and patient satisfaction, and the ability to provide timely care, patients are assigned to either a breast surgeon or internist. From 2007 to 2009, internists cared for 2,408 women, representing half of all referrals. Women served were diverse in terms of race (33% black, 30% Hispanic, 5% Asian), language (34% require language interpreter), and insurance status (51% had no insurance or public insurance). Most presented with an abnormal screen (breast examination 54% or imaging 4%) while the remainder were seen for symptoms such as pain (26%), non-bloody nipple discharge (4%), or risk assessment (7%). A majority of final diagnoses were made through clinical evaluation alone (n = 1,760, 73%), without the need for additional diagnostic imaging or tissue sampling; 9% (n = 214) received a benign diagnosis with the aid of breast imaging; 19% (n = 463) required tissue sampling. Only 4% went on to see a breast surgeon. Internists diagnosed 15 incident cancers with a median time to diagnosis of 19 days. Patient and provider satisfaction was high. These data suggest that a group of appropriately trained internists can provide quality breast care to a vulnerable population in a multidisciplinary setting. Replication of this model requires the availability of more clinical training programs for non-surgical providers.
Phase transformations in nanograin materials under high pressure and plastic shear: nanoscale mechanisms

There are two main challenges in the discovery of new high pressure phases (HPPs) and transforming this discovery into technologies: finding conditions to synthesize new HPPs and finding ways to reduce the phase transformation (PT) pressure to an economically reasonable level. Based on the results of pressure–shear experiments in the rotational diamond anvil cell (RDAC), superposition of plastic shear on high pressure is a promising way to resolve these problems. However, physical mechanisms behind these phenomena are not yet understood. Here, we elucidate generic mechanisms of coupled nucleation and evolution of dislocation and HPP structures in the nanograin material under pressure and shear utilizing the developed advanced phase field approach (PFA). Dislocations are generated at the grain boundaries and are densely piled up near them, creating a strong concentrator of the stress tensor. Averaged shear stress is essentially larger in the nanograin material due to grain boundary strengthening. This leads to the increase in the local thermodynamic driving force for PT, which allows one to significantly reduce the applied pressure. For all cases, the applied pressure is 3–20 times lower than the PT pressure and 2–12.5 times smaller than the phase equilibrium pressure. Interaction between nuclei leads sometimes to their coalescence and growth of the HPP away from stress concentrators. Plasticity plays a dual role: in addition to creating stress concentrators, it may relax stresses at other concentrators, thus competing with PT. Some ways to optimize the loading parameters have been found that lead to methods for controlling PT. Since such a local stress tensor with high shear stress component cannot be created without plastic deformations, this may lead to new transformation paths and phases, which are hidden during pressure induced PTs.
Molecular and Clinical Characteristics of Hospital and Community Onset Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Associated with Bloodstream Infections

ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections (BSI) are classified epidemiologically as health care-associated hospital onset (HAHO)-, health care-associated community onset (HACO)-, or community-associated (CA)-MRSA. Clinical and molecular differences between HAHO- and HACO-MRSA BSI are not well known. Thus, we evaluated clinical and molecular characteristics of MRSA BSI to determine if distinct features are associated with HAHO- or HACO-MRSA strains. Molecular genotyping and medical record reviews were conducted on 282 MRSA BSI isolates from January 2007 to December 2009. MRSA classifications were 38% HAHO-, 54% HACO-, and 8% CA-MRSA. Comparing patients with HAHO-MRSA to those with HACO-MRSA, HAHO-MRSA patients had significantly higher rates of malignancy, surgery, recent invasive devices, and mortality and longer hospital stays. Patients with HACO-MRSA were more likely to have a history of renal failure, hemodialysis, residence in a long-term-care facility, long-term invasive devices, and higher rate of MRSA relapse. Distinct MRSA molecular strain differences also were seen between HAHO-MRSA (60% staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type II [SCC mec II], 30% SCC mec III, and 9% SCC mec IV) and HACO-MRSA (47% SCC mec II, 35% SCC mec III, and 16% SCC mec IV) ( P
Hypothesis-Driven Laboratories: An Innovative Way to Foster Learning in Physiology Laboratory Courses.

there are four distinct styles of laboratory education, as outlined in Domin's A Review of Laboratory Instruction Styles ([4][1]), which are specifically as follows: expository, inquiry, discovery, and problem based. Each of these styles has their own collection of pros and cons, but all try to
Modification of the Technique of Radical Intrapericardial Pneumonectomy

Since radical intrapericardial pneumonectomy was introduced by Allison in 1945, complications of several serious types have been reported secondary to this technique. The authors have seen fatal cardiac herniation, as well as severe paradoxical respiration after sacrifice of the phrenic nerve. Simple technical steps can eliminate these dangers, and after introduction of the required changes we have not seen the former complications. The authors' techniques are described and a small series of animal experiments supporting their use is presented.
Estimation of interval vision disability scales from Item responses on visual function questionnaires

Over the past two decades, more than a dozen visual function questionnaires have been offered as instruments to measure the impact of visual impairment on a person’s ability to perform common daily activities.
Determination of deuterium exchange rates between maternal circulation and amniotic fluid.

Summary and Conclusions1. Regarding the pregnant organism as a multi-compartment system the exchange rate of the water in amniotic fluid with the water of the maternal and fetal systems, was determined. By the application of trans-abdominal catheters, placed into the amniotic sac of pregnant women at term, amniotic fluid could be withdrawn at desired intervals without disturbing the continuity of the system. The mechanism of tracer (deuterium) exchange was demonstrated to be that demanded by theory, and the application of well known theoretic equations to the data so obtained permitted the calculation of absolute exchange rates. 2. In 2 experiments where the isotopic tracer was first placed in one compartment (mother) and then in the other (amniotic fluid) the exchange rates in both directions were found to be about 600 cc per hour. The observations of Flexner and his associates on the exchange rate of the water of the amniotic fluid are thus confirmed in principle.
Scandals and Ethics Reform in the U.S. House of Representatives

This article uses new data to assess the impact of the Office of Congressional Ethics, established in 2009, to investigate ethical misconduct by members of the U.S. House of Representatives. A comparison of the 6 years immediately before reform (2003–2008) and the 6 years immediately after reform (2009–2014) reveals that the number of scandals actually increased by 60% after reform. Although the number of members investigated for malfeasance increased by 220%, the number of members sanctioned remained constant. However well-intentioned the reforms, they failed to stem the tide of scandal because they did not modify members’ incentives. Ironically, the reforms may have contributed to public dissatisfaction with Congress by publicizing investigations of members of Congress.
Interpreting meta-analysis of continuous outcomes with pre and postvalues

Meta-analysis of continuous outcomes that were measured preinterventions and postinterventions are challenging. The pooled estimate, which represents a difference between two changes, can be difficult to clinically interpret and apply to patient care. We present a clinical scenario and a guide for evidence-based medicine learners to facilitate interpretation and application of such estimates.
Blurry-Eyed with Rapid Heart Beats

This case discusses the indirect interaction between hydrochlorothiazide and digoxin in the etiology of digoxin toxicity.
Antibiotics That Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Antibiotics that inhibit synthesis of nucleic acids including DNA and RNA are presented. Background biochemistry information on structure of DNA, replication, and transcription is provided. Antibiotics discussed include DNA intercalators, topoisomerase inhibitors such as nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones, nitroheterocycles such as nitroimidazoles and nitrofurans, and RNA synthesis inhibitors such as actinomycin D and rifamycins are also included. Mechanisms of action of these drugs and resistance development against them are discussed.
FBGA 55nm SOC PLL failure analysis through OBIRCH

Ongoing miniaturization in process node technology used in fabricating integrated circuits (ICs) has enhanced chip performance but at the same time this has induced subtle defects. As a result, Failure Analysis (FA) has become increasingly important for root cause analysis to enable wafer fab process improvement and enable design fix. This paper presents a novel FA approach on real case Phase Locked Loop (PLL) functional failure induced in Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Machine Model (MM) zap by incorporating Optical Beam Induced Resistance Change (OBIRCH), extensive layout study, Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (CAFM), and Passive Voltage Contrast (PVC) for defect localization.
Role of Pretreatment Option for the Membrane Based Water Purification System

A serious problem regarding membrane technologies that undermines their economics is the deterioration of permeate-flux with operation time. This flux depression may be attributed to a number of factors such as membrane fouling, concentration polarization, changes in membrane properties, and changes in the properties of the feed solution. Changes in membrane properties are due to mechanical compaction or creep (caused by application of high pressures), or to chemical deterioration. The term membrane fouling refers to pore plugging and external pore blocking resulting from deposition of submicrone-sized suspended particles and colloids on the membrane surface, precipitation of relatively smaller solute species within the membrane pores and on the surface, or both. Such fouling often leads to an irreversible flux decline during various stages of the filtration, depending on the fluid and membrane characteristics. On the other hand, the concentration polarization refers to the formation of a gel layer on the membrane surface. This gel layer is formed by the deposition of larger organic molecules such as those of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM), resulting in a localized increase in organics concentration at the membrane surface.
Knowledge-Based Information Retrieval for Group Decision Support Systems

Most Group Decision Support Systems do not include automated or even rudimentary information retrieval capabilities to aid users in making better decisions. Participants must often rely on the meeting facilitator for their information requirements, but it is difficult for the facilitator to comprehend the complex information requirements of the group members. A prototype knowledge-based information retrieval agent which supports a Group Decision Support System has been developed at the University of Mississippi. This prototype allows group members to query an on-line knowledge base of facts using normal English syntax, obviating the need for group members to know the location of relevant information or how to retrieve it. A case study of student groups using this information retrieval agent demonstrates the feasibility of the technique for the support of Group Decision Support Systems.
Influence of truck-mounted radar speed signs in controlling vehicle speed for mobile maintenance operations: Oregon case study

Radar speed signs (RSSs) are a measure for reducing traffic flow speeds through work zones. The influence of truck-mounted RSSs on vehicle speed was evaluated for mobile maintenance operations in two multilane maintenance work zones in Oregon. In each case study, two periods of testing were conducted: one with the RSS display turned on (treatment) and one without the RSS display turned on (control), and vehicle speeds were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize collected data, and a two-sample t-test was applied to each case study to compare the speed difference between control and treatment cases. The findings indicate that vehicle speeds are typically lower and that there is less variation in speeds between adjacent vehicles with the RSS turned on. RSSs are thus promising devices for controlling vehicle speed and making work zones safer for motorists and workers.
Research Relating to Management of Antisocial Behavior in Mentally Retarded Persons

Antisocial behaviors take place in a primarily social context and are usually aversive to others. These heterogeneous behavior problems probably represent some of the most important impediments to deinstitutionalization and adaptation to community living for retarded persons. Surprisingly little is actually known about their prevalence and natural history. Both physiological and environmental theories have been advanced to account for antisocial behavior, but the interaction of medically oriented approaches with behavioral management approaches has not yet been studied adequately. Analysis of antecedent events like crowding, social grouping, scheduling, and availability of materials and staff is beginning to occur and may be expected to contribute to formulation of a set of principles for design of therapeutic environments. Punishment procedures, timeout, response cost, and overcorrection have been shown to be effective in suppressing antisocial behaviors, but analysis of side effects and their effects on collateral behaviors are scarce. Building repertoires of prosocial alternative behaviors and social skill training may be fruitful areas for future applied research.
Operative Vaginal Delivery

Operative vaginal delivery includes the use of the vacuum extractor or forceps. Vacuum deliveries have an increased fetal risk for cephalohematoma, subgaleal, and retinal hemorrhages, while forceps have an increased fetal risk for scalp and facial injuries. The two methods should not be used sequentially on the same patient as this creates unacceptable risk [1].
Multimodality Intracoronary Imaging With Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Intravascular Ultrasound in Asymptomatic Individuals With High Calcium Scores.

Background— This study sought to determine the frequency of large lipid-rich plaques (LRP) in the coronary arteries of individuals with high coronary artery calcium scores (CACS) and to determine whether the CACS correlates with coronary lipid burden. Methods and Results— Combined near-infrared spectroscopy and intravascular ultrasound was performed in 57 vessels in 20 asymptomatic individuals (90% on statins) with no prior history of coronary artery disease who had a screening CACS ≥300 Agatston units. Among 268 10-mm coronary segments, near-infrared spectroscopy images were analyzed for LRP, defined as a bright yellow block on the near-infrared spectroscopy block chemogram. Lipid burden was assessed as the lipid core burden index (LCBI), and large LRP were defined as a maximum LCBI in 4 mm ≥400. Vessel plaque volume was measured by quantitative intravascular ultrasound. Vessel-level CACS significantly correlated with plaque volume by intravascular ultrasound ( r =0.69; P r =0.24; P =0.07). Despite a high CACS, no LRP was detected in 8 (40.0%) subjects. Large LRP having a maximum LCBI in 4 mm ≥400 were infrequent, found in only 5 (25.0%) of 20 subjects and in only 5 (1.9%) of 268 10-mm coronary segments analyzed. Conclusions— Among individuals with a CACS ≥300 Agatston units mostly on statins, CACS correlated with total plaque volume but not LCBI. This observation may have implications on coronary risk among individuals with a high CACS considering that it is coronary LRP, rather than calcification, that underlies the majority of acute coronary events.
Analysis of Event Histories

Event histories are generated by so-called failure-time processes and take the following form. The dependent variable—for example, some social state—is discrete or continuous. Over time it evolves as follows. For finite periods of time (from one calendar date to another) it stays constant at a given value. At a later date, which is a random variable, the dependent variable jumps to a new value. The process evolves in this manner from the calendar date, when one change occurs, to a later date, when another change occurs. Between the dates of the changes, the dependent variable stays constant.
Art Education for Women in England from 1890–1910 as Reflected in the Victorian Periodical Press and Current Feminist Histories of Art Education

In this paper, education for women art students in England from 1890 to 1910, as reflected in the Victorian periodical press, is discussed in relation to the manner in which women art students were viewed, the type of art education they received, and their abilities to participate in a variety of art activities that could lead to success. Some current feminist histories of art education for women are compared and contrasted with findings in this research to determine if they reflect the social and economic environment presented in the Victorian periodical press. An example is given of how social and economic attitudes about women's art education at the turn of the century might inform a similar contemporary concern.
Pregnancy Chic: A co-creative approach for maternity fashion

Maternity clothing trends have mirrored fast fashion where clothing is generally worn for a short time and discarded after pregnancy. In the past two decades there has been emerging exposure of pregnancy in the media transforming maternity fashion from concealing the baby bump to displaying it as a fashion accessory (Fox, Heffernan & Nicolson, 2009). As more women currently work longer into their pregnancies (Gao & Livingston, 2015), there is a need for maternity apparel that is comfortable, stylish and suitable for a variety of occasions. The purpose of this study is to explore design opportunities suitable for the maternity market through applications of a co-creative design process. This study helps to fill a gap in the maternity market by using a design process that includes a large qualitative survey from reflections of recent mothers, market analysis of existing options and a collective Facebook group for feedback of design ideas.
Inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma: A single-institution experience.

e23556Background: Vascular leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are rare tumors that often arise from the inferior vena cava (IVC). Despite several surgical case series in the literature, there remains little dat...
Simulation modeling of the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage breast cancer.

526Background: The recent Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (TAILORx) was practice changing. However, several important questions remain unanswered about therapy for women with e...
UV Resonance Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool to Probe Membrane Protein Structure and Dynamics.

Ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy is a vibrational technique that reveals structures and dynamics of biological macromolecules without the use of extrinsic labels. By tuning the Raman excitation wavelength to the deep UV region (e.g., 228 nm), Raman signal from tryptophan and tyrosine residues are selectively enhanced, allowing for the study of these functionally relevant amino acids in lipid and aqueous environments. In this chapter, we present methods on the UVRR data acquisition and analysis of the tryptophan vibrational modes of a model β-barrel membrane protein, OmpA, in folded and unfolded conformations.
Imaging and Management of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease with rising incidence and high mortality despite advances in imaging and therapeutic options. Surgical resection is currently the only curative treatment, with expanding roles for adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Accurate detection, staging, and post-treatment monitoring of pancreatic cancer are critical to improving survival and imaging plays a central role in the multidisciplinary approach to this disease. This article will provide a broad overview of the imaging and management of pancreatic cancer with a focus on diagnosis and staging, operative and nonoperative treatments, and post-therapeutic appearances after surgery and chemoradiation therapy.
SnapMove: Movement Projection Mapping in Virtual Reality

We present SnapMove a technique to reproject reaching movements inside Virtual Reality. SnapMove can be used to reduce the need of large, fatiguing or difficult motions. We designed multiple reprojection techniques, linear or planar, uni-manual, bi-manual or head snap, that can be used for reaching, throwing and virtual tool manipulation. In a user study (n=21) we explore if the self-avatar follower effect can be modulated depending on the cost of the motion introduced by remapping. SnapMove was successful in re-projecting user’s hand position from e.g. a lower area, to a higher avatar-hand position–a mapping which can be ideal for limiting fatigue. It was also successful in preserving avatar embodiment and gradually bring users to perform movements with higher cost energies, which have most interest for rehabilitation scenarios. We implemented applications for menu interaction, climbing, rowing, and throwing darts. Overall, SnapMove can make interactions in virtual environments easier. We discuss the potential impact of SnapMove for application in gaming, accessibility and therapy.
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia in Immunocompetent Patients Revisited with Literature Review.

Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related lesion seen in severely immunocompromised patients especially, those with concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It has been rarely reported in immunocompetent patients. OHL most often presents on the lateral border of the tongue as an asymptomatic, white, and corrugated plaque that does not rub off. With Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, the University of Florida Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology Biopsy Service archives spanning 1994–2020 were queried. All cases of OHL affecting immunocompetent patients were identified. Data related to age, gender, clinical presentation, results of Epstein-Barr virus in situ hybridization (EBER-ISH), and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)-fungus stains were recorded. Medical history and histology of all cases were reviewed for confirmation of diagnosis. A total of 11 cases were identified, the majority of which were males (63.6%) with a mean age of 62 years. All patients were Caucasian. Lesions entirely were located on the lateral borders of the tongue. OHL should not be considered pathognomonic for HIV infection and should be included in the differential diagnoses of keratotic lesions affecting the lateral border of tongue even in immunocompetent elderly patients. The etiology of OHL in this group of patients is not clearly understood.
Tragedy and Postcolonial Literature

This book examines tragedy and tragic philosophy from the Greeks through Shakespeare to the present day. It explores key themes in the links between suffering and ethics through postcolonial literature. Ato Quayson reconceives how we think of World literature under the singular and fertile rubric of tragedy. He draws from many key works – Oedipus Rex, Philoctetes, Medea, Hamlet, Macbeth, and King Lear – to establish the main contours of tragedy. Quayson uses Shakespeare's Othello, Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Tayeb Salih, Arundhati Roy, Toni Morrison, Samuel Beckett and J.M. Coetzee to qualify and expand the purview and terms by which Western tragedy has long been understood. Drawing on key texts such as The Poetics and The Nicomachean Ethics, and augmenting them with Frantz Fanon and the Akan concept of musuo (taboo), Quayson formulates a supple, insightful new theory of ethical choice and the impediments against it. This is a major book from a leading critic in literary studies.
Concept, implementations and applications of Fourier ptychography

The competition between resolution and the imaging field of view is a long-standing problem in traditional imaging systems — they can produce either an image of a small area with fine details or an image of a large area with coarse details. Fourier ptychography (FP) is an approach for tackling this intrinsic trade-off in imaging systems. It takes the challenge of high-throughput and high-resolution imaging from the domain of improving the physical limitations of optics to the domain of computation. It also enables post-measurement computational correction of optical aberrations. We present the basic concept of FP, compare it to related imaging modalities and then discuss experimental implementations, such as aperture-scanning FP, macroscopic camera-scanning FP, reflection mode, single-shot set-up, X-ray FP, speckle-scanning scheme and deep-learning-related implementations. Various applications of FP are discussed, including quantitative phase imaging in 2D and 3D, digital pathology, high-throughput cytometry, aberration metrology, long-range imaging and coherent X-ray nanoscopy. A collection of datasets and reconstruction codes is provided for readers interested in implementing FP themselves. Fourier ptychography is an imaging approach that addresses the intrinsic trade-off between resolution and field of view in optical systems and provides computational correction of optical aberrations. This Technical Review surveys its implementations and applications.