cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CORRELATION OF SPECIATION WITH LYTIC RESPONSES OF THE ACHROMOBACTER

Surdy, Theodore E. (Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.) and S. E. Hartsell. Correlation of speciation with lytic responses of the Achromobacter. J. Bacteriol. 85:1011–1016. 1963.—Lysozymic lysis of six species of Achromobacter was investigated. Three of the six species were lysed with 33, 50, or 100 μg/ml of lysozyme; if higher concentrations of lysozyme were used, precipitation of cells occurred. “Insensitive” cells could be sensitized by the addition of potassium hydroxide, n-butanol, steapsin, or urea, as demonstrated by the subsequent addition of lysozyme. Not all species were sensitive to these agents in the same degree; hence, a spectrum was obtained after the use of the pretreating agents and lysozyme. Optimal clearing of suspensions was observed when cells were suspended in pH 6.6 physiological saline or 0.15 m phosphate buffer and incubated at 45 C. Heat treatment (75 C for 10 min) or freezing (−32 C) and thawing (room temp, 25 C) for one cycle did not increase the sensitivity of the cells to lysozyme. Injury to the cells was evident by the increased amount of lysis noted after pretreatment with potassium hydroxide. When cells were frozen and thawed for three cycles, four of the six species were sensitive to the action of lysozyme. Isolated cell walls elicited a similar lytic pattern to that of whole cells. Individuality of the lytic response of the species (from most sensitive to least sensitive—A. aquamarinus, A. butyri, A. viscosus, A. parvulus, A. guttatus, A. hartlebii) produced a separation scheme. Exhaustive tests proved it to be stable and reliable for these species. The organisms were identified, with the use of the separation scheme, by a person initially unfamiliar with the scheme or the culture.
Real-time imaging of transcriptional activation in live cells reveals rapid up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene CDKN1A in replicative cellular senescence

Cellular replicative senescence is a permanent growth arrest state that can be triggered by telomere shortening. The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21(CIP1/WAF1) (p21), encoded by the CDKN1A gene, is a critical cell cycle regulator whose expression increases as cells approach senescence. Although the pathways responsible for its up-regulation are not well understood, compelling evidence indicates that the upstream triggering event is telomere dysfunction. Studies of replicative senescence have been complicated by the asynchrony of its onset, which is caused by the continuous and stochastic variability in individual cell lifespans. In fact, the actual entry into senescence has never been observed in a single unperturbed cell. We report here a new in vitro human model system that allows entry into senescence to be monitored in real-time in individual viable cells. We used homologous recombination to generate non-immortalized fibroblast cells with the enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (EYFP) gene knocked into one CDKN1A gene copy, allowing promoter activity to be visualized as fluorescence intensity. Gamma irradiation, DNA-damaging drugs, expression of p14(ARF) or oncogenic Ras, and replicative exhaustion all resulted in elevated EYFP expression, demonstrating its proper control by physiological signalling circuits. Analysis by time-lapse microscopy of cultures approaching replicative senescence revealed that p21 levels rise abruptly in individual aging cells and remain elevated for extended periods of time.
Using Multiple Levels of Experience To Promote Autonomy in Adventure Education Students.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss how adventure education instructors in higher education may use different levels of experience in their teaching to promote student autonomy. The E model identifies four levels of experience and explains why it is important for instructors to provide students with higher-level experiences that will help promote student autonomy. The model is theoretically rooted in the fields of adventure education, experiential education and social psychology. Using these bodies of knowledge combined with practical application, the authors recommend ways of applying their model to all teaching situations.
Characterizing the escape response of juvenile summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus to diel-cycling hypoxia

Swimming speed, angular correlation and expected displacement were measured in juvenile summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus acclimated to either oxygen saturation (c. 7.8 mg O(2) l(-1); saturation-acclimated fish) or diel-cycling hypoxia (cycling between 11.0 and 2.0 mg O(2) l(-1)) for 10 days and subsequently exposed to more severe diel-cycling hypoxia (cycling between 7.0 and 0.4 mg O(2) l(-1)). Saturation-acclimated P. dentatus exhibited an active response to declining dissolved oxygen (DO) by increasing swimming speed, angular correlation and expected displacement to peak levels at 1.4 mg O(2) l(-1) that were 3.5, 5.5 and 4.2 fold, respectively, greater than those at DO saturation. Diel-cycling hypoxia-acclimated P. dentatus also exhibited an active response to declining DO, although it was relatively less pronounced. Diel-cycling hypoxia-acclimated P. dentatus swimming speed, however, still doubled as DO decreased from 7.0 to 2.8 mg O(2) l(-1). Diel-cycling hypoxia-acclimated P. dentatus did not recover as well from low DO exposure as did saturation-acclimated fish. This was reflected in their relatively more random swimming (low angular correlation between successive moves) and poor maintenance of rank order between individuals during the recovery phase. Even saturation-acclimated P. dentatus did not resume swimming at speeds observed at saturation until DO was 4.2 mg O(2) l(-1). Paralichthys dentatus were very sensitive to decreasing DO, even at DO levels that were not lethal or growth limiting. This sensitivity and their poor recovery may preclude juvenile P. dentatus from using highly productive nursery habitats affected by diel-cycling hypoxia.
Self-dual cones in euclidean spaces

Abstract Self-dual convex cones arise, for example, in the study of copositive matrices and copositive quadratic forms. We begin by giving necessary and sufficient conditions for a cone to be the orthogonal transform of the positive orthant. Next we give a technique for constructing self-dual cones in E n which produces for all n ≥3 many self-dual cones and even polyhedral self-dual cones which are not similar to the nonnegative orthant. We examine the structure of self-dual cones in E n which contain an n - 1 dimensional self-dual cone. Finally we show that if K is a cone which is contained in its dual, then there is a self-dual cone containing K .
Multiple imputation methods for recurrent event data with missing event category

Frequently in clinical and epidemiologic studies, the event of interest is recurrent (i.e., can occur more than once per subject). When the events are not of the same type, an analysis which accounts for the fact that events fall into different categories will often be more informative. Often, however, although event times may always be known, information through which events are categorized may potentially be missing. Complete-case methods (whose application may require, for example, that events be censored when their category cannot be determined) are valid only when event categories are missing completely at random. This assumption is rather restrictive. The authors propose two multiple imputation methods for analyzing multiple-category recurrent event data under the proportional means/rates model. The use of a proper or improper imputation technique distinguishes the two approaches. Both methods lead to consistent estimation of regression parameters even when the missingness of event categories depends on covariates. The authors derive the asymptotic properties of the estimators and examine their behaviour in finite samples through simulation. They illustrate their approach using data from an international study on dialysis.
Neuromuscular blocking agents: New insights and old controversies

T HE LAST ISSUE of Seminars in Anesthes ia totally devoted to muscle relaxants (vol 14, no 1) appeared in March of 1995. It may be argued that the 7 years that have passed since that publication have been relatively uneventful ones for clinicians with a special interest in neuromuscular blocking drugs. Cisatracurium (released in 1995) was a welcome addition to our armamentarium but not a radical advance from drugs already available. Rapacuronium, the only other blocker introduced since 1995, was withdrawn from the market in March 2001. Nevertheless, the last 7 years have seen several changes in our thinking about the clinical administration of neuromuscular blocking drugs. In the paragraphs that follow, I will focus on new information, continuing controversies, and changing standards of care that have emerged as we enter a new millennium.
Sales Force Job Attitudes, Design, and Behavior

Questionnaires were completed by 605 salesmen of two national pharmaceutical firms. The results of a factor analysis indicated that higher order need satisfaction, job involvement, and intrinsic motivation attitudes are distinct attitudes salesmen have toward their jobs. These three job attitudes were found to be related to job design factors and to job behavior. Implications are that management can design their salesmen's jobs so as to positively influence their sales force attitudes and morale in order to improve job performance and decrease costs associated with job turnover.
Carbonic anhydrase distribution in rabbit lens.

The distribution of carbonic anhydrase activity in the mature rabbit lens was determined. The activities in nucleus, cortex, epithelium with anterior capsule, anterior capsule, and posterior capsule were, respectively, 2484 (±256), 1571 (±87), 545 (±93), 159 (±39) and 65 (±49) moles CO2/kg wet tissue wt per hr at 0°C. It was concluded, on the basis of the available evidence, that carbonic anhydrase cannot play a primary role in the cation transport system of the lens.
Comparison of Safety of Sotalol Versus Amiodarone in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Artery Disease

Sotalol is a commonly prescribed antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) used for maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Although randomized studies have found that sotalol can significantly delay time to AF recurrence, its association with mortality is less clear, particularly among those with coronary artery disease. We examined outcomes of 2,838 patients with coronary artery disease and AF. Using Cox proportional hazards modeling, landmark analysis, and time-dependent covariates for drug therapy, we compared cumulative survival among patients treated with sotalol (n = 226), amiodarone (n = 856), or no AAD (n = 1,756). Median follow-up was 4.2 years (interquartile range [IQR] 2.0–7.4). The median age was 68 years (IQR 60–75). Compared with those treated with amiodarone or no AAD, patients treated with sotalol were less likely to be black (6% vs 13% vs 13%) and have a previous myocardial infarction (35% vs 51% vs 48%) or a left ventricular ejection fraction
Development of a Speech Analysis Protocol for Accident Investigation

This paper describes an initial attempt to develop a protocol for speech analysis techniques that might lead to a better understanding of the cognitive and emotional states that underlie the behavior of people involved in accidents. A tape recording of radio transmissions made by a pilot during both routine and emergency flight conditions was analyzed. Five primary speech measures were made for each statement: mean fundamental frequency (f0), range of fundamental frequencies (Δf0), duration, mean amplitude and syllable count. Speaking rate (syllables per second) and two other derived measures were computed later. During routine flight, the pilot's f0 averaged 123.9 Hz, but this increased to an average of 200.1 Hz during emergency conditions. Range of f0 also increased significantly, while syllable count decreased. These changes may provide a profile of a response to extreme stress that may be useful for gaining insight into situations in which such stress is not otherwise apparent.
Heat transfer between an isolated bubble and the dense phase in a fluidized bed

Heat transfer between the bubble and dense phases of a bubbling fluidized bed plays a very important role in the system performance, especially for applications involving solids drying and gas-phase combustion. However, very few experimental data are available on this subject in the literature. An experimental and modelling investigation on the heat transfer behaviour of isolated bubbles injected into an incipiently fluidized bed is reported in this paper. A new single-thermocouple technique was developed to measure the heat transfer coefficient. The effects of bed particle type and size, and bubble size on the heat transfer coefficient were examined. The heat transfer coefficient was found to exhibit a maximum as the bubble size increased in the bubble size range investigated. The bed particle size had a comparatively small effect on the heat transfer coefficient. A simple mathematical model was developed which provides good agreement with experimental data. Le transfert de chaleur entre les phases bulleuse et dense d'un lit fluidise bouillonnant joue un rǒle tres important dans la performance du systeme, en particulier pour les applications faisant intervenir le sechage des solides et la combustion en phase gazeuse. Cependant, la literature scientifique propose tres peu de donnees experimentales sur ce sujet. Une recherche experimentale et une modelisation sur le comportement en termes de transfert de chaleur de bulles isolees injectees dans un lit fluidise naissant sont decrites dans cet article. Une nouvelle technique a thermocouple unique a ete mise au point afin de mesurerle coefficient de transfert de chaleur. Les effets du type et de la taille des particules de lit, ainsi que de la taille des bulles sur le coefficient de transfert de chaleur ont ete examines. On a trouve que le coefficient de transfert de chaleur montrait un maximum lorsque la taille des bulles augmente dans la gamme de tailles des bulles etudiee. La taille des particules de lit ont un effet relativement faible sur le coefficient de transfert de chaleur. Un modele mathematique simple a ete concu, lequel donne un bon accord avec les donnees experimentales.
PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNE FEVER

When rabbits sensitized to human serum albumin (HSA) are challenged intravenously with specific antigen, fever develops and two transferable pyrogens can be demonstrated in the circulation. The first appears prior to the development of fever and has properties consistent with soluble antigen-antibody complexes. These have been shown to be pyrogenic when prepared in vitro and to produce a state of febrile tolerance when repeatedly administered. The second pyrogen, demonstrable during fever in donor rabbits, appears to be similar to endogenous pyrogen described in other experimental fevers. It is postulated that the formation of antigen-antibody complexes constitutes an important initial phase of the febrile reaction in this type of immune fever.
Predictors of Thrombosis in Hepatic Vasculature during Microwave Tumor Ablation of an In Vivo Porcine Model

Abstract Purpose To evaluate and model the risk of in vivo thrombosis in each hepatic vessel type during hepatic microwave ablation as a function of vessel diameter, velocity, and vessel-antenna spacing. Materials and Methods A single microwave ablation antenna was inserted into a single porcine lobe (n = 15 total) adjacent to a hepatic artery, hepatic vein, or portal vein branch. Conventional ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound were used to measure the vessel diameter, blood flow velocity, and vessel-antenna spacing. A microwave ablation zone was created at 100 W for 5 minutes. Thrombus formation was evaluated on ultrasound performed immediately after the procedure. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the predictive value of vessel diameter, blood flow velocity, and vessel-antenna spacing on vascular thrombosis. Results Thrombosis was identified in 53% of portal veins, 13% of hepatic veins, and 0% of hepatic arteries. The average peak blood flow rate of the hepatic artery was significantly greater than the average peak blood flow rate of the hepatic vein and portal vein. Peak blood flow velocity Conclusions Hepatic arteries do not appear to be at risk for thrombosis during microwave ablation procedures. Portal vein thrombosis was more common than hepatic vein thrombosis during microwave ablation treatments but was not as predictable based on vessel diameter, flow velocity, or vessel-antenna spacing alone.
Differences in esterase frequencies in five strains of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say)

Abstract Bair R. D. and Etges F. J. 1973. Differences in esterase frequencies in five strains of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say). International Journal for Parasitology , 3: 43–46. Vertical polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis of extracts from hepatopancreas tissue of individual snails of five laboratory strains of Biomphalaria glabrata has shown considerable variation in the frequency of occurrence of ten esterases. Differences in esterase frequencies seemed correlated with strain differences in certain morphological, physiological, and biochemical aspects of the snail strains; however, no causal relationships are apparent in these systems.
Integrating Professional Skills in Wildlife Student Education

Abstract Recent articles have called for enhanced quantitative proficiency in wildlife students, arguing that such training will increase scientific rigor and produce wildlife researchers and managers who are better able to remedy current problems and to address future challenges in wildlife management. The idea that better, or more rigorous, science is the panacea for controversial natural resource problems is a cavalier and common presumption in many applied professions and one to which wildlife science and management is not immune. However, science and management are distinct processes and although scientific rigor is important, dialogue between the 2 processes is more critical for successful interaction. Integrated training that exposes students to nontraditional coursework and develops essential professional skills, such as planning, consensus-building, and communication, can help produce graduates to bridge the science–management gap and promote the conservation of natural resources. Changes in the ...
Minimum uplift assignment of transmission charges to beneficiaries

In coming years, electric transmission networks will likely be expanded at an unprecedented rate to accommodate growth in renewables and to replace aging infrastructure. Plans have already been developed to build significant transmission in Texas. However, these plans were developed without formal network optimization approaches, and the intention is to socialize the cost of transmission expansion. In addition to the need to adopt formal optimization methods, there is a pressing need to better relate benefits of transmission to charging of beneficiaries. In this work, we use the dual of the integer optimization problem of expanding transmission in order to set prices that “cover” as much of the total expansion cost as possible with linear prices. The remaining cost, due to the duality gap, could be socialized. This approach would explicitly price a much larger fraction of the total costs than current approaches, which generally default to socialization, improving the incentives for use of transmission. Basic theory and small examples will be developed.
A method of analysis of events involving multiple meson production

A method is proposed for evaluating the primary energy in events which lead to multiple meson production. It is shown that, in principle, K-mesons could be distinguished from π-mesons if sufficient statistics were available. Several published events have been analyzed by this method and the results are compared with several theories.
Differential Cytosolic Delivery and Presentation of Antigen by Listeriolysin O-Liposomes to Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

Delivery of antigenic protein to the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DCs), is required for an efficient CD8 T-cell-mediated immune response...
Shuttle upper stage for Galileo

NASA has awarded four letter contracts totaling $7,483,000 for design of a modified Centaur launch vehicle and related components for use as an upper stage with the space shuttle. The modified Centaur will be an adaptation of the vehicle that has flown as an upper stage for both the Atlas and Titan boosters over the past 15 years. All of the contracts are in support of the Galileo mission to Jupiter scheduled for launch in 1985 and the International Solar Polar Mission in 1986.
Space science decadal surveys available

The final, edited texts of two recent advisory committee reports are now available on request from the U.S. National Research Council's Space Studies Board. The reports, New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy, the report of the Solar System Exploration Survey (Michael J.S. Belton, Belton Space Exploration Initiatives, chair) and The Sun to the Earth—and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics, the report of the Solar and Space Physics Survey (Louis J. Lanzerotti, Lucent Technologies, chair) are available in a variety of media as follows: New Frontiers in the Solar System: Currently available as a book, a CD-ROM, or online at http://books.nap.edu/html/newfrontiers/03090 84954.pdf. Advanced orders are being taken for copies of New Frontiers in Solar System Exploration, a 32-page, full-color booklet describing for a popular audience the principal mission recommendations of the Solar System Exploration Survey.
Exploring new physics with CP asymmetries in B0 decays

Abstract CP asymmetries in B0 decays into CP eigenstates are shown to be very useful in probing effects of new physics. Although there are many possible sources for inconsistencies with the Standard Model predictions, we find that various relations among the asymmetries test different aspects of new physics. We suggest a new way to test the assumption that the direct decays are dominated by a single combination of mixing parameters. We argue that new physics in K − K mixing is unlikely to affect the results. New physics in the mixing of B d − B d and B s − B s can be probed separately and independently of the unitarity of the CKM matrix.
Levels of Processing and the Retention of Word Meanings

The effect of three encoding techniques, rote, semantic, and self-reference, on short-term and long-term retention levels of the meanings of unfamiliar vocabulary words was examined. 72 college students participated in the experiment, with 24 students in each encoding group Ail participants viewed 20 target words and their definitions for 30 sec. Rote subjects were instructed to write just the word and its definition, semantic subjects were told to use the word in a sentence, and self-reference subjects wrote how the word might or might not describe themselves. After a 5-min. distractor task, subjects were tested on the recall of the definitions of those words. A retest was administered after 1 wk. As hypothesized, self-reference processing produced significantly higher retention than semantic processing, and semantic processing produced higher retention than rote processing. Encoding by self-reference was the most successful strategy for processing the meanings of unfamiliar nouns and adjectives.
Observations of the Kaiser Effect under multiaxial stress states: Implications for its use in determining in situ stress

Experimental tests of the Kaiser effect, the stress-history dependence of acoustic emission production, show that interactions between principal stresses cannot be ignored as is commonly done when trying to use the Kaiser effect to determine in situ stress. Experimental results obtained under multiaxial stress states are explained in terms of a qualitative model. The results show that the commonly-used technique of loading uniaxially along various directions to determine stress history must be reevaluated as it cannot be justified in terms of the laboratory experiments. One possible resolution of the conflict between laboratory and field results is that the Kaiser effect phenomenon observed in cores retrieved from the earth is not the same phenomenon as is observed in rock loaded under laboratory conditions.
Rib fractures under anterior–posterior dynamic loads: Experimental and finite-element study

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether using a finite-element (FE) mesh composed entirely of hexahedral elements to model cortical and trabecular bone (all-hex model) would provide more accurate simulations than those with variable thickness shell elements for cortical bone and hexahedral elements for trabecular bone (hex-shell model) in the modeling human ribs. First, quasi-static non-injurious and dynamic injurious experiments were performed using the second, fourth, and tenth human thoracic ribs to record the structural behavior and fracture tolerance of individual ribs under anterior-posterior bending loads. Then, all-hex and hex-shell FE models for the three ribs were developed using an octree-based and multi-block hex meshing approach, respectively. Material properties of cortical bone were optimized using dynamic experimental data and the hex-shell model of the fourth rib and trabecular bone properties were taken from the literature. Overall, the reaction force-displacement relationship predicted by both all-hex and hex-shell models with nodes in the offset middle-cortical surfaces compared well with those measured experimentally for all the three ribs. With the exception of fracture locations, the predictions from all-hex and offset hex-shell models of the second and fourth ribs agreed better with experimental data than those from the tenth rib models in terms of reaction force at fracture (difference <15.4%), ultimate failure displacement and time (difference <7.3%), and cortical bone strains. The hex-shell models with shell nodes in outer cortical surfaces increased static reaction forces up to 16.6%, compared to offset hex-shell models. These results indicated that both all-hex and hex-shell modeling strategies were applicable for simulating rib responses and bone fractures for the loading conditions considered, but coarse hex-shell models with constant or variable shell thickness were more computationally efficient and therefore preferred.
Amphipathic cyclooctapeptides: interactions with detergent micelles and metal ions

Abstract In order to study the secondary structural preferences of amphipathic cyclopeptides in detergent assemblies and their interactions with metal ions, two basic amphiphatic cyclooctapeptides, c[(Lys- d -Lys) 2 -Xaa- d -Leu-Leu- d -Leu], where Xaa is Leu ( P1 ) or Trp ( P2 ), were studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. In water, P1 exhibited an unordered secondary structure whereas P2 adopted a partial β-sheet structure. Temperature effect on the CD of these cyclopeptides showed small changes over the temperature range from 278 to 353 K. P1 showed low and non-specific binding affinity for metal ions (Ca 2+ , Zn 2+ , Na + , or Li + ) in water whereas P2 did not exhibit any significant interaction with these ions. However, in the zwitterionic micellar detergent dodecylphosphocholine (DPC), P2 adopted a β-sheet structure, which exhibited a greater propensity for metal ion interactions (K 1 ∼10 3 M −1 and K 2 ∼10 2 M −1 ). Variable temperature CD studies on the peptide–metal ion complexes showed that these interactions are thermally reversible. Our results indicate that amphipathic cyclooctapeptides can co-assemble with micellar DPC and are capable of interacting with metal ions. This study will improve our ability to design a better metal ion sensing cyclopeptide in co-micellar assembles.
An Elegy for Theory

OCTOBER 122, Fall 2007, pp. 91–109. © 2007 October Magazine, Ltd. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, the institutionalization of cinema studies in universities in North America and Europe became identified with a certain idea of theory. This was less a “theory” in the abstract or natural scientific sense than an interdisciplinary commitment to concepts and methods derived from literary semiology, Lacanian psychoanalysis, and Althusserian Marxism, echoed in the broader influence of structuralism and post-structuralism on the humanities. However, the evolution of cinema studies since the early 1980s has been marked both by a decentering of film with respect to media and visual studies and by a retreat from theory. No doubt this retreat had a number of salutary effects: a reinvigoration of historical research, more sociologically rigorous reconceptualizations of spectatorship and the film audience, and the placement of film in the broader context of visual culture and electronic media. But not all of these innovations were equally welcome. In 1996, the Post-Theory debate was launched by
Noise and Operational Characteristics of Magnetometers Made from Superconducting-Normal-Superconducting Josephson Junctions

We have fabricated numerous magnetometers using our high temperature superconducting (HTS) Josephson junctions. These Josephson junctions are fabricated in a superconducting-normal-superconducting ramp edge configuration1 with silver doped YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) for the superconducting electrodes and PrBa2Cu3O7, (PBCO) for the normal layer. Small inductance quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) made from this junction technology have a transfer function exceeding 150 microvolts per flux quanta and a flux noise of 5×10-6flux quanta per root hertz. In addition, we have established that these junctions have identical electrical characteristics after either a year of storage or repeated thermal cycling. We have also examined the trade-off of 1/f noise versus thermal noise that is obtained as we vary the critical current of the devices. p ]The SQUID magnetometers were made using galvanically coupled input coils. These devices exhibit excellent operational characteristics in the geomagnetic field. They functioned in an unshielded environment for more than 24 hours and operated in a moving dewar (without any feedback fields to compensate the changing applied field) - both without flux trapping. Noise characteristics under these conditions are presented.
HANDX: a model-based system for automatic segmentation of bones from digital hand radiographs

The authors detail the design and implementation of HANDX, a model-based computer vision system used in the domain of medical image processing. Given a digitized hand radiograph, HANDX segments out specific bones and measures particular parameters of the bones, without requiring specific characterization of noise variations in background contrast and anatomical differences which arise from patient variation. Observer variability is reduced by the system, and the resulting measurement may be useful for detecting short-term skeletal growth abnormalities in children and may additional clinical applications. The overall system is modularized into three stages: preprocessing, segmentation, and measurement. In the preprocessing state model-based histogram modification is used to normalize the radiograph. The histogram model is based on the physics of the imaging process. The segmentation stage finds and outlines specific bones using domain-dependent and domain-independent knowledge of hand anatomy and physiology and image edges. The measurement stage obtains clinically useful quantitative parameters from the segmented image. >
Corannulene: A Preference for exo-Metal Binding. X-ray Structural Characterization of [Ru2(O2CCF3)2(CO)4·(η2-C20H10)2]

X-ray crystallographic characterization of the title complex, having only one ruthenium(I) center bound to each bowl, shows exo η2-rim coordination of C20H10.
Evaluation of NDE Round-Robin Exercises Using the NRC Steam Generator Mockup at Argonne National Laboratory

This paper discusses round-robin exercises using the NRC steam generator (SG) mock-up at Argonne National Laboratory to assess inspection reliability. The purpose of the round robins was to assess the current reliability of SG tubing inservice inspection, determine the probability of detection (POD) as function of flaw size or severity, and assess the capability for sizing of flaws. For the round robin and subsequent evaluation completed in 2001, eleven teams participated. Bobbin and rotating coil mock-up data collected by qualified industry personnel were evaluated. The mock-up contains hundreds of cracks and simulations of artifacts such as corrosion deposits and tube support plates that make detection and characterization of cracks more difficult in operating steam generators than in most laboratory situations. An expert Task Group from industry, Argonne National Laboratory, and the NRC have reviewed the signals from the laboratory-grown cracks used in the mock-up to ensure that they provide reasonable simulations of those obtained in the field. The mock-up contains 400 tube openings. Each tube contains nine 22.2-mm (7/8-in.) diameter, 30.5-cm (1-ft) long, Alloy 600 test sections. The flaws are located in the tube sheet near the roll transition zone (RTZ), in the tube support plate (TSP), and in the freespan. The flaws are primarily intergranular stress corrosion cracks (axial and circumferential, ID and OD) though intergranular attack (IGA) wear and fatigue cracks are also present, as well as cracks in dents. In addition to the simulated tube sheet and TSP the mock-up has simulated sludge and magnetite deposits. A multiparameter eddy current algorithm, validated for mock-up flaws, provided a detailed isometric plot for every flaw and was used to establish the reference state of defects in the mock-up. The detection results for the 11 teams were used to develop POD curves as a function of maximum depth, voltage and the parameter mp , for the various types of flaws. The POD curves were represented as linear logistic curves, and the curve parameters were determined by the method of Maximum Likelihood. The effect of both statistical uncertainties inherent in sampling from distributions and the uncertainties due to errors in the estimates of maximum depth and mp was investigated. The 95% one-sided confidence limits (OSL), which include errors in maximum depth estimates, are presented along with the POD curves. For the second round robin a reconfigured mock-up is being used to evaluate the effectiveness of eddy current array probes. The primary emphasis is on the X-Probe. Progress with the X-Probe round robin is discussed in this paper.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Programmed Necrosis: A Prominent Mechanism of Cell Death following Neonatal Brain Injury.

Despite the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia, neonatal hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injury remains a common cause of developmental disability. Development of rational adjuvant therapies to hypothermia requires understanding of the pathways of cell death and survival modulated by HI. The conceptualization of the apoptosis-necrosis “continuum” in neonatal brain injury predicts mechanistic interactions between cell death and hydrid forms of cell death such as programmed or regulated necrosis. Many of the components of the signaling pathway regulating programmed necrosis have been studied previously in models of neonatal HI. In some of these investigations, they participate as part of the apoptotic pathways demonstrating clear overlap of programmed death pathways. Receptor interacting protein (RIP)-1 is at the crossroads between types of cellular death and survival and RIP-1 kinase activity triggers formation of the necrosome (in complex with RIP-3) leading to programmed necrosis. Neuroprotection afforded by the blockade of RIP-1 kinase following neonatal HI suggests a role for programmed necrosis in the HI injury to the developing brain. Here, we briefly review the state of the knowledge about the mechanisms behind programmed necrosis in neonatal brain injury recognizing that a significant proportion of these data derive from experiments in cultured cell and some from in vivo adult animal models. There are still more questions than answers, yet the fascinating new perspectives provided by the understanding of programmed necrosis in the developing brain may lay the foundation for new therapies for neonatal HI.
Destabilization of the m = 1 diocotron mode in non-neutral plasmas

The theory for a Penning-Malmberg trap predicts $m\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$ diocotron stability. However, experiments with hollow profiles show robust exponential growth. We propose a new mechanism of destabilization of this mode, involving parallel compression due to end curvature. The results are in good agreement with the experiments. The resulting modified drift-Poisson equations are analogous to the geophysical shallow water equations, and conservation of line integrated density corresponds to that of potential vorticity. This analogy predicts Rossby waves in non-neutral plasmas and an $m\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$ instability in fluids.
Three-dimensional MEMS with functionalized carbon nanotubes

Microfabrication techniques such as bulk micromachining and surface micromachining currently employed to conceive MEMS are largely derived from the standard IC and microelectronics technology. Even though many MEMS devices with integrated electronics have been achieved by using the traditional micromachining techniques, some limitations have nevertheless to be underlined: 1) these techniques are very expensive and need specific installations as well as a clean room environment, 2) the materials that can be used up to now are restricted to silicon and metals, 3) the manufacture of 3D parts having curved surfaces or an important number of layers is not possible. Moreover, for some biological applications, the materials used for sensors must be compatible with human body and the actuators need to have high strain and displacement which the current silicon based MEMS do not provide.
Risk Assessment in the Regulatory Process for Wetlands

This paper presents an ecosystem-based approach to risk assessment in freshwater wetlands. The key concept in this approach is that the primary biotic and abiotic components that determine the structural and functional characteristics of wetlands are inseparable. Each component should be identified and its contribution to ecosystem functions or human values determined when deciding whether a stressor poses an unreasonable risk to the sustainability of a particular wetland. Understanding the major external and internal factors that regulate the operational conditions of wetlands is critical to risk characterization. Determining the linkages between these factors, and how they influence the way stressors affect wetlands, is the basis for an ecosystem approach. Adequate consideration of wetland ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, and soils can greatly reduce the level of uncertainty associated with risk assessment and lead to more effective risk management. In order to formulate effective solutions, wetland problems must be considered at watershed, landscape, and ecosystem scales.
CDX2 has tumorigenic potential in the human colon cancer cell lines LOVO and SW48

CDX2 is a Drosophila caudal-related homeobox transcription factor that is important for the establishment and maintenance of intestinal epithelial cells. CDX2 is a marker of colon cancer, with strong staining in up to 90% of colonic adenocarcinomas. CDX2 heterozygous-null mice develop colonic neoplasms, which have suggested that CDX2 is a tumor suppressor. However, CDX2 has not been reported to affect xenograft growth. Furthermore, CDX2 is rarely mutated in colon cancer, which has led to suggestions that it may play only a minor role as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer. To understand the functional contributions of CDX2 to colon cancer, we disrupted CDX2 in LOVO and SW48 human colon cancer cell lines by targeted homologous recombination. Consistent with the literature, disruption of CDX2 enhanced anchorage-dependent cell proliferation. However, homozygous loss of CDX2 led to significant inhibition of anchorage-independent growth in LOVO cells, and cell lethality in SW48 cells. Further analyses revealed that disruption of CDX2 led to anchorage-independent G1 to S growth arrest and anoikis. In vivo xenograft studies confirmed that disruption of CDX2 inhibited LOVO tumor growth. These data demonstrate that CDX2 mediates anchorage-independent growth and survival. Thus, CDX2 has tumorigenic potential in the human colon cancer cell lines LOVO and SW48.
Drivers' risk assessments and their impact on seat belt use

Abstract In this study, the repertory grid technique is used as the main research instrument for eliciting drivers' knowledge to explore the factors that have impact on seat belt use. Principal components analysis identified five factors underlying drivers' risk assessments: severity, predictability / foreseebility, fault, frequency / unsafe behavior, and hit / air bag impact. Our results also show that the perceived risk and perceived importance of seat belt use are influenced by situational factors the direction of collision, the location of collision, and the existence of an air bag system. The implication of this study is that belt use campaigns might be more successful if they focused on modifying perceived risk.
Transgenerational Variation in Metabolism and Life-History Traits Induced by Maternal Hypoxia in Daphnia magna*

AbstractHypoxic stress can alter conspecific phenotype and additionally alter phenotypes of the filial generation, for example, via maternal or epigenetic processes. Lasting effects can also be seen across development and generations even after stressors have been removed. This study utilized the model of rapidly developing, parthenogenetic Daphnia to examine the intraspecific variability of response of exposure of a parental generation to hypoxia (4 kPa) within a single clone line across development, across broods, and across generations. Body mass across development and reproductive output were monitored in the parental generation and the first three broods of the first filial generation (which were not directly exposed to hypoxia). O2 consumption across a wide Po2 range (normoxia to anoxia) was assessed to determine whether exposure of the parental generation to hypoxia conferred hypoxia tolerance on the offspring and whether this transgenerational, epigenetic phenomenon varied intraspecifically. Diffe...
Middle Turbinate Resection

A MEDLINE literature search was performed for the years 1980 to 1996 using the following search strategy: sinus or sinuses AND endoscopic or endoscopy AND turbinate or turbinates. This search yielded 55 references, from which appropriate articles were chosen. The citations from each chosen article were also examined for appropriate references. Since the American Journal of Rhinology was not listed by MEDLINE at the time of the search, the index issues for each volume of the journal were reviewed manually for pertinent articles. The issues surrounding the efficacyofpartialresectionoftheMThave generatedsignificantdiscussioninthe literature. However, with the exception of the work of Wigand in Germany, most of the references prior to 1989 are concerned with partial MT resection foreither“middle turbinate headache”ornasalobstruction,andnot asatechnicalissueinFESS.Since1989, several articles have dealt specifically with the issues of both FESS and partialMTresection,andeithermaxillary antrostomypatency, synechia formation,orotherpertinentoutcomes.Ten pertinentreferenceswereidentifiedand form the basis of this report. PRO
Strengthening Certification Guidelines.

Abstract The teacher certification process is complex, confusing, and important. After explaining the fundamentals of certification, this article suggests pragmatic strategies geographers can use to influence state certification procedures and requirements. The most effective way to change certification guidelines in order to require more geography for preservice teachers may be to change the problems certification guidelines are intended to solve. However, it is important to remember that more geography and better education are not synonymous phrases.
Particle confinement in realistic 3D rotamak equilibria

The rotating magnetic field bω of a rotamak tilts the effective flux surface seen by electrons (but not ions). Electrons are imperfectly confined to these tilted flux surfaces, but are energetically confined in a 3D potential well bounded by an untilted flux surface. When ebω/meνei≊r0/δskin the tilt is minimized and the well depth corresponds to MHD pressure balance.
OFDM Transmission scheme for asynchronous two-way multi-relay cooperative networks with analog network coding

For two-way relaying assisted by analog network coding, most investigation so far is based on perfect synchronization assumption. In contrast, in this paper we consider the more practical asynchronism assumption, and develop a new OFDM transmission scheme that is robust to the lack of synchronization in both timing and carrier frequency. In our scheme, the relays' signals are constructed by fusing several OFDM symbols received from the source nodes transmissions. The source node receivers can successfully demodulate the received OFDM signals after mitigating effectively multiple carrier frequency offsets and multiple timing phase offsets. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate its superior performance. This scheme has the same bandwidth efficiency as the conventional OFDM transmission, and can achieve the same relaying gain as the existing multiple relay transmissions. By relieving the stringent synchronization requirement, this scheme leads to simplified relay design, which makes it more practical to exploit multiple relays in two-way relaying networks.
Depth Profiling in Organic Thin Films with Optical Guided Waves

Many of the devices and schemes of importance in molecular electronics rely intimately on the precise manipulation of molecular entities with control of positioning and orientation on size scales ranging from molecular dimensions to many thousands of molecular diameters. Unfortunately the correct positioning of these assemblies must often be inferred from the macroscopic behavior of the device. It would be most beneficial if there were some way to obtain chemical structural information in situ. What we would like is a tool to tell us not only about the structure and orientations of individual layers of molecules, but also how these layers are related one to the other. Ideally the experiment would give us molecular information, it would be capable of both depth and lateral resolution, and it would be capable of being applied in situ. One such approach, developed in our laboratory makes use of the sample of interest as the active layer in an asymmetric slab dielectric optical waveguide [1].
Characterization of heat-stable enterotoxin from a hypertoxigenic Escherichia coli strain that is pathogenic for cattle.

Abstract An enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain isolated from a calf with clinical scours was found to produce over 17- to 60-fold more heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) than four laboratory-adapted bovine ETEC strains. The purified STa of this strain was identical to those produced by other ETEC strains. A severe form of scours was induced in 5- to 15-day-old colostrum-fed calves and in 1- to 2-week-old piglets by oral administration of the purified STa. This study demonstrates that STa is a mediator of diarrhea in newborn calves and piglets and that under identical growth conditions diverse strains of bovine ETEC may produce variable amounts of homologous STa's.