cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman microspectroscopy of PuO 2 particulate aggregates

Abstract Raman microspectroscopy is a useful technique with the capability to infer local physical properties of materials such as crystalline order. Crystalline order and morphology of plutonium dioxide (PuO2) grains and aggregates are known to be sensitive to the initial production conditions and represent the baseline for understanding subsequent signatures. PuO2 samples were synthesized and then characterized by scanning electron microscopy prior to Raman analysis. A total of nine laser excitation wavelengths (785, 633, 561, 514, 488, 457, 405, 325 and 244 nm) were evaluated to maximize signal and minimize fluorescence, with 514 nm selected for most subsequent work. The effect of laser-induced heating and annealing on the Raman spectra were investigated with a 514 nm laser beam. The ratio of the Stokes and anti-Stokes band intensities was used to estimate the temperature during the laser-induced heating process. The band position and the band full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) were used to track the degree of sample annealing at an estimated temperature. The Raman spectra showed that laser-induced annealing resulted in significant enhancement of the intensity for most spectral bands. Similarly, the FWHM of most bands decreased with increasing annealing temperature. The largest Raman shift of the T2g band for an annealed sample was measured at 480 cm−1. A new, sharp band at 1047 cm−1 emerged during the material annealing process and the intensity grew proportional to the intensity of the T2g band. Crystal Field Theory computational analysis suggests the 1047 cm−1 band is the long sought Γ1 → Γ4 electronic transition proposed by several researchers. The data acquired in this work helps to explain the variability in band position and FWHM reported in the literature, including the assignment of new weak bands associated with Raman resonance and Raman electronic transitions.
THE UNDERLYING CULPRIT OF CARDIOEMBOLIC STROKES: NONINFECTIOUS THROMBOTIC ENDOCARDITIS MASQUERADING AS PAPILLARY FIBROELASTOMA

Endocardial masses have various overlapping features on echo, making precise diagnosis challenging based off imaging. A 56-year-old female with recurrent embolic CVA x5 presented for elective TEE to evaluate her interatrial septum for intracardiac shunting. TEE in 2009 and TTE during her last CVA
Cryo-EM Structure of HER2-trastuzumab-pertuzumab complex

Trastuzumab and pertuzumab are monoclonal antibodies that bind to distinct subdomains of the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Adding these monoclonal antibodies to the treatment regimen of HER2-positive breast cancer has changed the paradigm for treatment in that form of cancer. Synergistic activity has been observed with the combination of these two antibodies leading to hypotheses regarding the mechanism(s) and to the development of bispecific antibodies to maximize the clinical effect further. Although the individual crystal structures of HER2-trastuzumab and HER2-pertuzumab revealed the distinct binding sites and provided the structural basis for their anti-tumor activities, detailed structural information on the HER2-trastuzumab-pertuzumab complex has been elusive. Here we present the cryo-EM structure of HER2-trastuzumab-pertuzumab at 4.36 A resolution. Comparison with the binary complexes reveals no cooperative interaction between trastuzumab and pertuzumab, and provides key insights into the design of novel, high-avidity bispecific molecules with potentially greater clinical efficacy.
Probability-driven and stimulus-driven orienting of attention to time and sensory modality

The timing and the sensory modality of behaviorally relevant events often vary predictably, so that it is beneficial to adapt the sensory system to their statistical regularities. Indeed, statistical information about target timing and/or sensory modality modulates behavioral responses-called expectation effects. Responses are also facilitated by short-term repetitions of target timing and/or sensory modality-called priming effects. We examined how the expectation and priming effects on target timing (short vs. long cue-to-target interval) and target modality (auditory vs. visual) interacted. Temporal expectation was manipulated across blocks, while modality expectation was manipulated across participants. Responses were faster when targets were presented at the expected timing and/or in the expected modality in an additive manner, suggesting that temporal and modality expectation operate relatively independently. Similarly, responses were faster when the timing and/or modality of targets was repeated across trials in an additive manner, suggesting that temporal and modality priming operate relatively independently. Importantly, the interactions between expectation and priming were domain specific. In the temporal domain, temporal-expectation effects were observed only when temporal-priming effects were absent. In the modality domain, modality-priming effects predominated for auditory targets whereas modality-expectation effects predominated for visual targets. Thus, the interactions between probability-driven expectation and stimulus-driven priming processes appear to be controlled separately for the mechanisms that direct attention to specific temporal intervals and for the mechanisms that direct attention to specific sensory modalities. These results may suggest that the sensory system concurrently optimizes attentional priorities within temporal and sensory-modality domains.
Constructing Simple Sentences: Effects of a Writing Fluency Intervention for Middle School Students With Disabilities:

Simple sentence construction is a foundational writing skill that forms the building blocks of advanced writing. Many middle school students with disabilities struggle to consistently construct sim...
Tailoring thermal properties of multi-component rare earth monosilicates

Abstract This work explores the possibility of tailoring the thermal conductivity and thermal expansion of rare earth monosilicates through the introduction of multiple rare earth cations in solid solution. Six rare earth monosilicates are studied: Sc2SiO5, Y2SiO5, Nd2SiO5, Dy2SiO5, Er2SiO5, and Yb2SiO5. Four equimolar binary cation mixtures and a five-cation equimolar mixture were characterized. Thermal expansion was measured up to 1200 °C with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and bulk thermal conductivity was measured by Hot Disk technique. The linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of mixed-cation systems followed a rule of mixtures, with average linear CTEs between 6 - 9 × 10−6 /°C. Scandium monosilicate showed a lower linear CTE value as well as a notably lower degree of CTE anisotropy than other rare earth monosilicates. Thermal conductivity was found to decrease below rule of mixtures values through increasing heterogeneity in rare earth cation mass and ionic radii, as expected for the thermal conductivity of solid-solutions. The five-cation equimolar RE2SiO5 (RE=Sc, Y, Dy, Er, and Yb) shows a thermal conductivity of 1.06 W/mK at room temperature, demonstrating that multi-component rare earth silicates are strong candidates for novel dual-purpose thermal and environmental barrier coatings.
US Parties Abroad: Partisan Mobilising in a Federal Context

In the early 2000s, some observers predicted that the US parties’ overseas association would play an increasing role in US politics (Dark 2003). Changes since then, including the growth of the expatriate population, would seem to make such developments more likely. Yet many features of the US political system mitigate against party efforts to mobilise expatriate supporters, including single-member district elections and candidate-centred contests (Van Haute and Kernalegenn, 2020). What, then, has been the 21st century trajectory of US party abroad activity? This article investigates this question, comparing the recent evolution Democrat and Republican party abroad efforts. It shows that the parties have taken different paths, with the Democrats’ organisation focussing more on electoral mobilisation, while the Republicans’ organisation has focussed more on issue advocacy and non-electoral representation. These different operational modes reflect the opportunities for, and constraints on, mobilising US expatriates for partisan purposes.
Deceptive Unity and Productive Disunity: Kant’s Account of Situated Moral Selves

Central claims in Kant’s critical philosophy include the unity of consciousness as a necessary condition of the possibility of experience, the centrality of autonomy as a characterization of our practical reason and the idea of moral requirements as requirements of reason, which are clear to ordinary humans. This suggests a picture of ordered, unified, autonomous rational agents aware of what morality requires and transparent to themselves. And because the account is a priori, it suggests that a Kantian account of human moral agency is unsituated and ahistorical—a liberal transcendent transparent subject. On the other hand, Kant believes that actual humans in the actual human condition are corrupt, opaque to themselves and systematically self-deceived about the requirements of morality and about their own lives and motivations. Allais suggests that these parts of Kant’s position are not in tension with each other but rather complementary parts of his complete picture: far from having an unsituated account of agency, Kant’s picture of the way our agency is systematically and structurally flawed follows from putting together our actual circumstances (situatedness) with his abstract and a priori account of the nature of practical reason.
Microbial metabolic noise

From the time a cell was first placed under the microscope, it became apparent that identifying two clonal cells that "look" identical is extremely challenging. Since then, cell-to-cell differences in shape, size, and protein content have been carefully examined, informing us of the ultimate limits that hinder two cells from occupying an identical phenotypic state. Here, we present recent experimental and computational evidence that similar limits emerge also in cellular metabolism. These limits pertain to stochastic metabolic dynamics and, thus, cell-to-cell metabolic variability, including the resulting adapting benefits. We review these phenomena with a focus on microbial metabolism and conclude with a brief outlook on the potential relationship between metabolic noise and adaptive evolution. This article is categorized under: Metabolic Diseases > Computational Models Metabolic Diseases > Biomedical Engineering.
IvoriWatch: Exploring Transparent Integrity Verification of Remote User Input Leveraging Wearables

Several sensitive operations, such as financial transactions, email construction, configurations of safety-critical devices (e.g., medical devices or smart home systems), are often performed via web interfaces from a host machine, usually a desktop or laptop PC. It is typically easy to secure the communication link between the local host machine and the remote server, for example, via a standard cryptographic protocol (e.g., TLS). However, if the host machine itself is compromised with a trojan or malware, the malicious adversary can manipulate the user-provided input (e.g., money transfer information, email content and configuration data) that can lead to severe consequences, including financial loss, damage of reputation, security breach, and even put human lives in danger. In this paper, we introduce the notion of integrity verification for the user-provided input leveraging a wrist-worn wearable device (e.g., a watch or a bracelet). Specifically, we propose IvoriWatch1, a transparent and secure integrity verification mechanism, that inspects the user-provided input from a compromised host machine to a remote server for its integrity before acting upon the input. IvoriWatch requires the user to wear a wrist-wearable (either on one hand or both hands for better security). It verifies the validity of the payload/input received at the remote server by comparing it (i.e., the corresponding sequence of keyboard regions – left or right) with the predicted ones based on the wrist motions captured by the wrist-wearable. Only when the user input sufficiently correlates with the wrist motion data, the input is considered legitimate. We build a prototype implementation of IvoriWatch on an Android smartwatch as the wrist-wearable and a desktop PC terminal as a host machine, and evaluate it under benign and adversarial settings. Our results suggest that IvoriWatch can correctly detect the legitimacy of the input in the benign setting, and the manipulated as well as unintended input from a malicious program in the adversarial settings with minimal errors. Although IvoriWatch uses wrist movements for integrity verification, it is not a biometric scheme.
Profit Estimation Error in the Newsvendor Model Under a Parametric Demand Distribution

We consider the newsvendor model in which uncertain demand is assumed to follow a probabilistic distribution with known functional form but unknown parameters. These parameters are estimated, unbia...
Mechanisms of response and resistance to CAR T cell therapies.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is successful for some B cell malignancies but remains limited for a wider range of patients and cancers. Recent advances have shown that patients with more naive and early memory-like T cells have better response rates due to increased expansion and persistence of the CAR T cells. The costimulatory domain used in the CAR is also important for their persistence and anti-tumor activity. Modifying these domains can improve CAR T cell efficacy. Tumors escape CAR T cell targeting through loss of the target antigen or other genetic characteristics and suppressive microenvironments. Using combinations treatments or further genetically modifying CAR T cells to overcome these limitations is the focus of current research.
Small Punch Testing to Estimate the Tensile and Fracture Properties of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V

Small punch (SP) testing is a methodology that uses tiny disks (generally 8 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm thick) to estimate mechanical properties of metallic materials, such as tensile properties, fracture toughness, and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Empirical correlations are typically used to infer conventional mechanical properties from characteristic forces and displacements obtained from the test record. The majority of the available literature relates to SP testing of steels, while relatively little is available for other metallic materials. At NIST in Boulder, Colorado, we conducted SP tests on additively manufactured (AM) Ti-6Al-4V with different processing parameters and heat treatment conditions. Force/punch displacement curves appeared different than those typically reported for conventionally manufactured steels, and correlations with tensile and fracture parameters were generally weaker than those published for steel samples. It appears that the application of the SP technique (characterized by a biaxial loading mode) to materials with high anisotropy such as AM materials may be somewhat problematic and therefore of limited applicability.
Lottie Dottie Chicken Goes International: How the Brazilian Creative Industry Expands Internationally via Licensing

Firms from the Brazilian creative industry have exhibited remarkable success in marketing their offerings to international audiences. Initially catering to domestic market opportunities, they spread their animation characters abroad. What accounts for their international expansion ambitions? What is unique to their internationalization strategies? Based on empirical data, we review their success stories, revealing lessons learned and key success factors in their expansion. The paper provides a unique contribution for firms in the entertainment and media industry from any country to find their golden egg.
HPV-related head and neck cancers: Pathology and biology

Discovering the key role HPV plays in head and neck carcinogenesis has revolutionized our approach to cancers such as oropharyngeal carcinomas. As the role of HPV expands beyond the oropharynx, there is a pursued need to understand the oncogenic mechanisms of HPV-driven tumorigenesis and their implications. Optimizing HPV detection methods all while acknowledging their limitations will ensure our ability to diagnose HPV-driven neoplasia wherever clinically relevant.
588 A diagnosis of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour following laparoscopic myomectomy with morcellation: a case report and review of the literature

Introduction/Background* Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours (IMT) are rare spindle cell neoplasms of indeterminate malignant potential, commonly found in the lungs, but also originating from various organs ranging from head and neck, gastrointestinal to the genitourinary system. IMTs of the female gynaecological tract are rare and may mimic benign leiomyoma in both clinical presentation and appearance on imaging. We describe a case of uterine IMT, diagnosed after a laparoscopic myomectomy with in-bag morcellation. Methodology Result(s)* A 37-year-old woman was on follow-up for uterine mass on pelvic ultrasound, slowly enlarging to 3.3cm, presumed to be a fibroid. Although she did not have significant pressure symptoms or menorrhagia, she requested for removal and underwent laparoscopic myomectomy with morcellation-in-bag. Intra-operatively, a 6cm mass was seen on the uterine posterior wall, macroscopically and morphologically consistent with that of benign leiomyoma. However, immunohistochemistry and molecular sequencing were positive for ALK-1 hence a diagnosis of IMT was made. Diffuse staining for desmin, H-caldesmon and ER was also noted. Following a multi-disciplinary tumour board, consensus was for a CT scan of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis(which showed no extra-uterine spread) and for regular surveillance scans. A review of the literature shows no universal consensus as to optimal treatment of uterine IMT. Majority of cases have been treated with surgical excision – open, laparoscopic or hysteroscopic. While most cases have a benign course with no recurrence/relapse, local recurrences are a known complication. Given controversies in recent years over power morcellation potentially leading to dissemination of undiagnosed uterine leiomyosarcomas, morcellation-in-bag has become standard practice for all laparoscopic myomectomies or hysterectomies requiring morcellation. There is little data regarding outcomes of other types of uterine tumours, or IMT specifically, with regards to outcomes following morcellation. The only two documented cases in the literature specifically involving morcellation resulted in local recurrences requiring further treatment. Conclusion* We present a case of uterine IMT diagnosed following laparoscopic myomectomy and in-bag morcellation. While the patient has no sign of extrauterine spread at present, further follow-up will be required to monitor for any progression or recurrence. Outcomes following morcellation or specific other treatment options will need to be further studied.
The two-sector model in terms of its dual: A geometric exposition

Abstract The standard properties of the two-sector model are analyzed in a simple diagram representing the duals of the production finctions for the economy's two outputs. The diagram is especially useful for illustrating propositions that deal primarily with prices: the factor price equalization theorem, the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, and the effects of factor market distortions. Shadow prices of factors in distorted economies are easily determined using the diagram. These shadow prices are useful in measuring the total loss created by a set of distortions and in explaining anomalies associated with ‘highly distorted’ economies in which one factor has a negative shadow price.
Effective mentoring of undergraduates in an immunology research laboratory (EDU1P.252)

Rapid turnover, limited time availability, steep learning curve for bench skills, need for close supervision are challenges in the effective engagement of undergraduate students in active research laboratories. We have met this challenge in our immunology research group with early recruitment of first and second year students, year-round research activity and weekly lab meetings, scaffolded transition to independent bench work, peer-to-peer mentoring, an integrated majors’ research methods course, and a “5th year internship” for a selected student to work full-time for a year after graduation. Early recruitment allows motivated students to spend up to 3-4 years in the lab. Year-round journal clubs and lab meetings support a culture of productivity and accountability. Students collaborate, as appropriate, in the entire arc of research from generating preliminary data for grants to submitting manuscripts. In the past 7 years, 30% of 40 students trained have earned co-authorship on five peer-reviewed, published manuscripts to date. A critical outcome of this approach is an authentic ownership of research problems and motivation to contribute to the broader scientific community that is rare among undergraduates. This experience prepares them to pursue their own research careers after college. Of my 26 research students who have graduated, ten (38%) are currently enrolled in PhD programs in the biomedical sciences and 12 (46%) have worked in biomedical research.
Primary afferent depolarization in the in vitro frog olfactory bulb

1. Experiments on the frog olfactory bulb have been performed in vitro in order to determine whether primary afferent transmission is modified by presynaptic inhibition. 2. Stimulation of the olfactory nerve resulted in a prolonged depolarization of the olfactory nerve as recorded across a sucrose gap. Unstimulated olfactory nerve fibres adjacent to the stimulated fibres were also depolarized. 3. An excitability increase of the olfactory nerve terminals was found that lasted the entire duration of the olfactory nerve depolarization, indicating that the terminals themselves were depolarized. Both the olfactory nerve depolarization and the excitability increase were blocked by cobalt and manganese ions. 4. Low concentrations of glutamate were found to produce a substantial depolarization of the olfactory nerve. Although gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also elicited a depolarization of the olfactory nerve, picrotoxin, a GABA antagonist, did not reduce the stimulus-evoked olfactory nerve depolarization. 5. Recording with potassium-sensitive electrodes in the olfactory nerve terminal region demonstrated an increase in extracellular potassium with the same rise time and duration as the olfactory nerve depolarization. Cobalt and manganese blocked the potassium increase and the olfactory nerve depolarization without affecting the presynaptic action potential. 6. The focally recorded extracellular current resulting from orthodromic synaptic excitation of the secondary olfactory relay neurones was blocked at short intervals by paired stimulation and decreased for the duration of the olfactory nerve depolarization. This suggests a decreased release of transmitter from the olfactory nerve terminals. 7. The possible role of potassium and/or a neurotransmitter in generating the olfactory nerve depolarization and inhibition is discussed.
Competition between four-wave mixing and incoherent nonlinear optical processes

When a strong near-resonant laser beam propagates through an atomic vapor, it can simultaneously induce several different nonlinear optical processes. In certain restricted conditions, these processes evolve independently of one another, but in general these processes compete. We have observed competition1 between four-wave mixing2 (FWM) and amplified spontaneous emission3 (ASE) and have presented an explanation for this phenomenon based on the solution of the coupled-amplitude equations of nonlinear optics. We extend our previous work by presenting a more detailed theoretical explanation of this effect and evidence that competition of this sort occurs quite generally in nonlinear optical systems.
Response Consistency and the MMPI-2: Development of a Simplified Screening Scale.

Random and inconsistent MMPI-2 profiles may be misconstrued as reflecting severe psychological impairment or feigning. To address this important issue, MMPI-2 protocols from 196 clinical outpatients were compared to 196 randomly generated protocols in a three-stage scale development procedure designed to detect inconsistent responding. A 16-item screening scale was derived on 200 protocols and cross-validated in two stages on the remaining protocols (102 and 90 protocols, respectively) with an overall accuracy of 94.4%. Performance of the new scale is discussed in relation to that of the traditional MMPI-2 measures of response consistency, particularly the VRIN and F. The new scale appears most useful as a screening measure given the ease of scoring; it reduces the need to score VRIN to a small fraction of cases. The relation between the new scale and F is strong in one of the current samples and awaits further comparisons to determine its relative effectiveness.
Protein nutritional status and function are associated with type 2 diabetes in Hispanic elders

Background Hispanic elders have a high prevalence of diabetes and poor glycemic control, leading to inadequate nutritional status, muscle wasting, and impaired function. Objective We examined the association of type 2 diabetes with nutritional status measured by serum albumin concentrations and midupper arm muscle area (MAM) and with function measured by difficulty with at least one activity of daily living. Design : Health history and disability were assessed by self report in 556 Hispanics with a mean (+/- SD) age of 69 +/- 7 y and 158 non-Hispanic whites (NHW; aged 71 +/- 7 y) from the Massachusetts Hispanic Elders Survey. Energy intake (in MJ/d) and protein intake (in g/d) were estimated with use of a food-frequency questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) and C-reactive protein concentrations (in mg/L) were also measured. Multiple logistic regression models by ethnic group were used. Results There were no significant differences between Hispanics and NHWs in the proportion of those with low albumin concentrations or low MAM. Hispanic diabetic women had the lowest proportion of low MAM. The risk of low serum albumin concentration was twice as high in Hispanics taking insulin as in their NHW counterparts. Among Hispanics, low albumin concentration and low BMI were associated with low MAM; female sex, low albumin concentration, high BMI, and insulin use were significantly associated with risk of functional impairment. Conclusion Type 2 diabetes is associated with poor nutritional status, muscle loss, and functional impairment among Hispanic elders.
Further investigations on a poly(vinyl alcohol)- polyelectrolyte chemically selective optical film.

The ionomer poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride) has been blended with cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) to form optically clear composites that can be covalently linked as thin films to oxide surfaces. Films are characterized using spectroscopic ellipsometry with refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) data presented for wavelengths 300 to 1100 nm. A refractive index of 1.54 and average thickness of 709 nm are typical of an air dry film prepared by spin-coating. Dynamic in situ ellipsometry results for films exposed to 0.1 M KNO3 and 1.0 mM Fe(CN)6–3 are presented. Upon initial exposure to 0.1 M KNO3, an air dry film expands by about 160% and stabilizes in size and refractive index at about 18 hours. Ion exchange of film cationic groups with ferricyanide is marked by slight film contraction, presumably due to electrostatic cross-linking by the multivalent anion. These films are useful in the spectroelectrochemical sensor with our newly developed fluorescence detection mode, as demonstrated by results of the reversible incorporation of the fluorescent anion fluorescein.
Anti-inflammatory drug delivery from hyaluronic acid hydrogels

Two different types of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels were synthesized by crosslinking HA with divinyl sulfone (DVS) and poly(ethylene glycol)-divinyl sulfone (VS-PEG-VS). Vitamin E succinate (VES), an anti-inflammatory drug, and bovine serum albumin (BSA), a model of anti-inflammatory protein drugs, were loaded into the gels and their release kinetics were measured in vitro. VES and BSA released with a burst from both HA hydrogels during the first few hours, and release continued gradually for several days. The rate of release from HA-VS-PEG-VS-HA hydrogels was faster than that from HA-DVS-HA hydrogels, presumably due to the lower crosslink density in the former. The anti-inflammatory action of released VES was tested by incubating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) on HA hydrogels with and without VES in the gel. The number of cells adhering on HA hydrogels was very low compared to that on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), which might be one of the important advantages of using HA hydrogels for implant coatings or tissue engineering applications. ELISA test results showed that the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentration was very low in the supernatant of the wells containing the HA hydrogel with VES in contact with the activated macrophages compared to that without VES. This is probably the effect of the released VES reducing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha. HA hydrogels containing anti-inflammatory drugs may have potential for use in tissue engineering and also as biocompatible coatings of implants.
The stimulation of filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge by high oxygen concentrations

A laboratory study was conducted to compare the response of an activated sludge culture proliferating in an environment where the DO concentration was maintained between 8-9 mg l−1 to that of a culture in an environment where the DO concentration was 2 mg l−1 when both systems were subjected to identical loading fluctuations. It was observed that in the high DO system, filamentous microorganisms became the predominate form when the suspended solids concentration dropped below a value near 4000 mg l−1. However, no filamentous growth appeared in the alternate system until the suspended solids level dropped below 500 mg l−1. A model is developed which proposes to explain this observation.
Financial Stability and Monetary Policy: Need for International Surveillance

In this article, we propose a new monetary framework that defines a broader set of assets, De Facto Money (DFM), as the benchmark for improving financial stability. DFM is defined as traditional monetary aggregates plus other liquid assets such as stocks and bonds. Empirical evidence for the USA, other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, and a few emerging countries lends strong support for the connection between exceptionally fast growth of DFM and subsequent financial instability. We recommend several potential policy instruments to implement the new monetary framework. Due to cross-country spillovers from national financial crises, we suggest that international surveillance will be necessary to monitor DFM and thus the underlying conditions for financial stability in major countries. We argue that the International Monetary Fund is the ideal institution to carry out this task in terms of its reputation and expertise. Oxford University Press 2010, all rights reserved, Oxford University Press.
The rise and fall of German hard coal subsidies

Abstract Beginning with the coal crisis of 1958, the survival of the German hard coal mining sector has been heavily dependent on subsidies for several decades. These subsidies are a complex system of almost 60 different measures often with conflicting objectives. Annual financial support for this subsidy system grew from €0.6 billion in 1958 to €7.5 billion in 1989 with the majority of the funding financed outside the public budget by a special fund based on the “coal penny” (Kohlepfennig). In 1995, the abolishment of the “coal penny”, in connection with budget constraints, led to a significant subsidy decrease to €3.5 billion. A recent agreement between the Federal government and the mining state of North-Rhine Westphalia in 2003, however, seems to have fixed German hard coal subsidies at the €2 billion level for the time after 2012.
PAF Is in the Cabal of MLL1-Interacting Proteins that Promote Leukemia

MLL1 fusions are among the most potent oncogenic drivers of leukemia development. In recent articles published in Molecular Cell and in Cancer Cell, researchers find that MLL1 fusions are reliant on a physical interaction with the PAF transcription elongation complex for their recruitment to chromatin and, consequently, leukemic transformation.
One class at a time: a case study of phonological learning

This article describes S, a phonologically-disordered preschooler who demonstrated an unusual learning style during ten months of treatment. She had an apparent preference for learning one new phonological pattern at a time, progressing to near mastery on a given pattern before beginning development of a new one. This 'one pattern at a time' approach affected both treated and untreated patterns. The role of treatment in triggering S's phonological growth is discussed, and hypotheses are offered as to the possible factors contributing to S's learning style and developmental sequence.
Coloring the environment: Hue, arousal, and boredom

One hundred and forty undergraduate subjects, sitting in carrels having side panels painted either light blue, blue, pink, red, orange, white, brown, green, yellow, or gray were exposed to procedures designed to induce boredom. Subjects listened to a tape that repeated one of two words every 2 sec for 10 min. The results showed that self-reported arousal and evaluations of the environment were higher in the yellow condition than in the other color conditions. Response to boredom-induction procedures did not vary with color or saturation.
Developmental parallels in understanding minds and bodies

A recent article by Onishi and Baillargeon presents evidence that 15-month-old infants attribute false beliefs (FBs) to other people. If correct, it lends dramatic new support to the idea that mental state concepts (‘theory of mind') emerge from a specialized neurocognitive mechanism that matures during the second year of life. But it also raises new puzzles concerning the FB task – puzzles that have intriguing parallels in results from infants' reasoning about solid bodies.
Adaptive control of force in end milling operations— an evaluation of available algorithms

Abstract Automatic adjustment of feed rate in end milling operations to maintain a desired force level improves overall productivity in manufacturing operations where machining time constitutes a significant fraction of part production time. Controllers with fixed gains function satisfactorily if variations in the machining process geometry are small. In the presence of large variations, the performance of fixed-gain controllers degrades, and adaptive controllers perform better. Since adaptive control systems are in general nonlinear and time-varying, they are not very amenable to comprehensive investigation of their performance. Instead, simulation and experiments are used to evaluate the characteristics of proposed adaptive control schemes for the operating conditions of interest. The current work presents a comparison of a fixed-gain controller and three available adaptive control schemes for force control in end milling. A validated model of the end milling process is used to evaluate the controllers through simulation. Control schemes are evaluated for change in the axial depth of cut for slot cuts, change in the radial depth of cut, and entry into the side of a workpiece by a rapidly moving cutter. We present the results of the simulation study and indicate significant differences in the performance of the investigated controllers.
After feminist analyses of Bosnian violence

As events in Bosnia unfolded, American feminists found themselves wondering about the relevance of their theories of rape beyond North Atlantic shores. Their analyses provide excellent ways of thinking about gender and rape in war, yet they're limited by an impoverished concept of ethnicity. To think comparatively about rape in war, we must understand gender's relationship to ethnicity in more complicated ways. Bosnia provides the place to see this most clearly.
EcoLaser: an adaptive laser control for energy-efficient on-chip photonic interconnects

The high-speed and low-cost modulation of light make photonic interconnects an attractive solution for the communication de-mands of manycore processors. However, the high optical loss of many nanophotonic components results in high laser power consumption, most of which is wasted during periods of system inactivity. We propose EcoLaser, an adaptive laser control mechanism that saves between 24-77% of the laser power by turning off the laser when not needed. These power savings allow the cores to exploit a higher power budget and achieve speedups of 1.1-2x.
Highly spin-polarized chromium dioxide thin films prepared by chemical vapor deposition from chromyl chloride

Highly spin-polarized chromium dioxide (CrO2) thin films were deposited on (100) TiO2 substrates by chemical vapor deposition using chromyl chloride as a precursor. The spin polarization, as measured by the point contact Andreev reflection technique, was 81±3%. X-ray diffraction θ/2θ scans indicated the films grew completely (100) oriented, in registry with the (100) oriented TiO2 substrate. X-ray diffraction φ scans on the CrO2 (110) reflection indicated the expected twofold symmetry, with no evidence of misaligned material. The resistivity at room temperature was 240 μΩ cm and decreased to 10 μΩ cm at 5 K, consistent with metallic behavior. The films were ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of 395 K and a coercivity of ∼100 Oe at 298 K. The use of chromyl chloride as a precursor resulted in efficient and controlled CrO2 film growth.
Comparative ESR Studies on the Reducibility and Adsorbate Interactions of Paramagnetic Ni(I) in Synthetic Ferrierite and Mordenite

The formation of monovalent nickel in NiNaK-ferrierite and its interaction with several adsorbates are compared to those of Ni(I) species in NiNaK-mordenite using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The ESR results show higher reducibility of Ni(II) in ferrierite upon thermal and hydrogen reduction. This is due to a lesser negative charge of the ferrierite framework. Dehydration at 573 K as well as hydrogen reduction at 573 K produces one Ni(I) species in both NiNaK-ferrierite and NiNaK-mordenite. However, Ni(I) species in these two materials show noticeable differences in the way they interact with several adsorbates. This suggests that the Ni(I) ions in these two materials are in different sites. The lesser accessibility of Ni(I) in ferrierite to larger adsorbate molecules leads to the assignment that Ni(I) is in a small ferrierite cage. The contrasting greater accessibility of Ni(I) in mordenite to adsorbates suggests a Ni(I) site in the large 12-ring channel in mordenite. The reduction of Ni(I...
Power density spectra of frog skin potential, current and admittance functions during patch clamp.

Clamp current fluctuations in frog skin of areas down to 0.07 cm2 are dominated by low frequency components (<100 Hz). Patch clamp of 0.001 cm2 under high density fluorosilicone oil exhibits components up to 5000 Hz, often including a peak in the current power density spectrum. The admittance spectrum also exhibits a peak at the same frequency. In some skins no peak was observed, but the break in the curve was too sharp to be Lorentzian. In all instances the final limiting slope approached 1/f2. The resonance peak was observed in either Cl− or SO4= Ringer's but disappeared when Na+ was replaced with K+. Resonance frequency varied from 100 to 700 Hz.
Validity of Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Youngsters with Autism Spectrum Disorders

There is mounting evidence that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides an appropriate conceptualization for psychiatric disorders in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The current study examined symptoms of disruptive behavior, anxiety, and mood disorders and how IQ and language skills impacted their manifestation in a sample of 61 children with ASD and significant emotional/behavioral problems. Subsyndromal presentation and the role of behavior equivalents were also explored. Analyses indicated that children with IQ < 70 had fewer reported symptoms than those with IQ ≥ 70. Symptoms endorsement also varied based on language levels. Individuals with IQ < 70 were more likely to be subsyndromal for Generalized Anxiety Disorder and nonverbal individuals were more likely to be subsyndromal for Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Only one of the seven behavior equivalents was associated with internalized disorders. Special considerations may be necessary when applying some DSM criteria to assess comorbid disorders in individuals with ASDs.
Enacting third-party certification: A case study of science and politics in organic shrimp certification

As third-party certification has become a prominent governance mechanism, conflicting understandings of it have emerged. Proponents advance third-party certification as a technical and objective governance mechanism, while critics argue that politics and relations of power characterize it. We reject this dichotomization both in terms of how TPC is understood, as well as understandings of science and politics. Drawing on science and technology studies, we argue that third-party certification is simultaneously science-based and political, and that both science and politics entail social and technical practices. Using a case study of an organic shrimp project in Indonesia, we examine the development and enforcement of standards. Three important findings emerge from our analysis. First, the development and enforcement of standards in a third-party certified project is partially dependent on the extent to which the interests and realities of all stakeholders are successfully translated and enrolled. Second, differences between actors in a third-party certified project are not just epistemological, but also ontological. Thus, overcoming differences in TPC entails reconciling not only interests and knowledge, but also material realities. Third, TPC is performative in that if the standards are to be adhered to, enrollment and translation have to be continuous practices. In concluding, we argue that a science and technology analysis points to the need not only to democratize TPC, but also diversify the epistemological basis of standards, and that efforts to ensure compliance need to go beyond audits.
C-Reactive protein-determined injury severity: length of stay predictor in surgical infants.

Abstract Background/Purpose Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels reflect the severity of the metabolic response to injury in critically ill children. During this period, caloric overfeeding can increase complications and delay recovery. The authors hypothesized that by avoiding excessive caloric delivery, the effect of injury severity would be the major factor determining clinical outcome. Methods Twenty-eight surgical infants who had indirect calorimetry measurements while in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between August 2000 and January 2002 were studied. Serum CRP concentrations, mean energy expenditure (MEE), respiratory quotient (RQ), length of hospital stay (LOS), and caloric intake (I) at the time of indirect calorimetry were recorded. Data were analyzed using the Pearson product-moment correlation. Results Peak serum CRP was significantly correlated to LOS in all patients (r = 0.79, P P = .05). When I-MEE exceeded 5 kcal/kg/d (n = 19), the positive correlation of serum CRP with RQ was diminished (r = 0.23, P = .33). Conclusions CRP-measured injury severity is a major determinant of clinical outcome in surgical infants. In addition, overfeeding causes additional RQ elevation.
POSTURE AND APPARENT PLASMA VOLUME IN LATE PREGNANCY

Summary Two consecutive measurements were made of the T-1824 space (apparent plasma volume) in each of 37 women in late pregnancy, one after lying supine for an hour and the other after lying on one side for an hour. Most of the patients were alternated with regard to the initial position. The supine position had three effects. (1) It usually decreased the apparent plasma volume. (2) Mixing of the dye often was not complete within the first ten minutes. (3) After the women turned on to their sides the optical densities of their sera usually increased, sometimes markedly. When the women lay on their sides their apparent plasma volumes usually were greater than while they lay supine and mixing of the dye was complete within ten minutes. The first two effects of the supine position vitiate estimates of the plasma volume during late pregnancy if they are made while the patient is lying on her back and they may explain, in part, the alleged decrease in plasma volume during the last weeks of gestation.
Expedient Synthesis of N-Methyl Tubulysin Analogues with High Cytotoxicity

An optimized and highly efficient synthesis of potent, bioactive N-methyl tubulysin analogues 2 and 4 has been achieved with > 40% overall yields. This synthesis represents a significant improvement over previously reported syntheses of these and related tubulysin analogues. The stereoselective synthesis of the unnatural amino acid tubuvaline is accomplished using tert-butanesulfinamide chemistry. N-Alkylation to form N-methyl tubuvaline is performed without protection of the tubuvaline alcohol by implementing a unique N-methylation strategy via formation and reduction of a 1,3-tetrahydrooxazine heterocycle. Acylation of the hindered N-methyl tubuvaline amine utilizes a novel sequence of O-acylation followed by an O- to N-acyl transfer to form the hindered amide bond between N-methyl tubuvaline and isoleucine. This high-yielding synthesis should enable the production of large quantities of material for biological studies.
Crossover phenomena in the multifractal behavior of invariant circles

Abstract The singularity spectrum f(α) and the generalized dimension Dq of the critical invariant circle in an area-preserving twist map with a variable degree of inflection z is studied. The scaling behavior is found to depend on z, and there is a crossover from the simple fixed point to the standard fixed point when z varies from 2 to 3. Thus z plays a role quite similar to that of dimensionality in phase transition, with z = 2 and 3 corresponding to the lower and upper critical dimensions respectively.
On turbulent mixing in stably stratified wall-bounded flows

In this paper, we provide an analysis of turbulent mixing in stably stratified wall-bounded flows to highlight a number of important issues such as prediction of the turbulent viscosity, the turbulent diffusivity, and the irreversible flux Richardson number. By invoking the equilibrium assumption between the production rate of the turbulent kinetic energy (P), the dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy (ϵ), and the turbulent potential energy dissipation rate (ϵPE) as P ≈ ϵ + ϵPE and also assuming equilibrium between the buoyancy flux (B) and ϵPE as −B ≈ ϵPE, we first propose that the irreversible flux Richardson number (Rf∗=ϵPE/(ϵ+ϵPE)) can be approximated with the flux Richardson number (Rf = − B/P), especially for low gradient Richardson numbers. Second, we propose that the turbulent viscosity νt≈(1−Rf∗)−1ϵ/S2, where S is the mean shear rate. We then extend our analysis to propose appropriate velocity and length scales. Tests using the direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of turbulent channe...