cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Curves with prescribed period and index over local fields

Abstract The index of a curve is the smallest positive degree of divisors which are rational over a fixed base field. The period is the smallest positive degree of divisor classes rational over the base field. Lichtenbaum proved certain divisibility conditions relating the period, index, and genus of a curve over a local field. We prove that his conditions are sharp by finding a curve of every admissible period, index, and genus. Our proof constructs degree two covers of elliptic curves with split multiplicative reduction.
Limits to local adaptation: some impacts of temperature on Nucella emarginata differ among populations, while others do not

Predicting future impacts of temperature change require consideration of multiple impacts of temperature on organisms from different populations. We explored the impacts of temperature on feeding, growth, and mortality of emarginated dogwhelks, Nucella emarginata, from three populations (34.459, −120.473; 34.435, −119.930; 34.355, −119.441) that are separated by a total distance of <100 km. Collections and experiments took place September–December 2012. Populations differed both in the number of mussels consumed at 16 and 20 °C and in the difference in feeding at these temperatures. Despite differences in feeding, increases in whelk mortality with temperature did not differ among populations, and in the 16 °C treatment changes in whelk mass did not differ among populations. These results indicate population-specific responses may differ even among geographically close populations. However, some traits may be more adaptable than others and impacts of a given change may be limited by various constraints (e.g., changes in feeding may accompany changes in metabolic needs). Improving our predictions of climate change impacts will require considering these issues, which may be especially important for marine communities where species differ widely in developmental mode, population connectivity, and other traits which may affect responses to changing temperatures.
Use of OSWALD for analyzing longitudinal data with informative dropout

OSWALD (Object-oriented Software for the Analysis of Longitudinal Data) is flexible and powerful software written for S-PLUS for the analysis of longitudinal data with dropout for which there is little other software available in the public domain. The implementation of OSWALD is described through analysis of a psychiatric clinical trial that compares antidepressant effects in an elderly depressed sample and a simulation study. In the simulation study, three different dropout mechanisms: completely random dropout (CRD), random dropout (RD) and informative dropout (ID), are considered and the results from using OSWALD are compared across mechanisms. The parameter estimates for ID-simulated data show less bias with OSWALD under the ID missing data assumption than under the CRD or RD assumptions. Under an ID mechanism, OSWALD does not provide standard error estimates. We supplement OSWALD with a bootstrap procedure to derive the standard errors. This report illustrates the usage of OSWALD for analyzing longitudinal data with dropouts and how to draw appropriate conclusions based on the analytic results under different assumptions regarding the dropout mechanism.
Therapeutic effects of oral nutritional supplementation during hemodialysis

Therapeutic effects of oral nutritional supplementation during hemodialysis. Background Protein-calorie malnutrition is common in chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients and correlates with morbidity and mortality in these patients. There are limited trials evaluating the efficacy of oral nutritional supplementation in malnourished CHD patients. Methods Eighty-five CHD patients with evidence of malnutrition were included in this prospective study. Patients were followed for a 3-month baseline period during which they received conventional nutrition counseling. This was followed by an intervention period, during which an oral nutritional supplement specifically formulated for CHD patients was given over a period of 6 months. An important element of this study was that the nutritional supplement was provided during dialysis to ensure compliance. Serial measurements of nutritional parameters including concentrations of serum albumin, prealbumin, transferrin as well as body mass index (BMI) and subjective global assessment (SGA) were obtained during the 9-month period. Results The nutritional parameters did not change during the 3-month baseline period. Following administration of oral supplementation during hemodialysis, there were significant increases in concentrations of serum albumin (from 3.33 ± 0.32 g/dL at baseline, to 3.65 ± 0.26 g/dL at month 6, P P = 0.002). Mean SGA score increased 14% by the end of the study ( P = 0.023). Although BMI and estimated dry weight increased also, these changes were not statistically significant. Serum transferrin did not change during the study period. Conclusion Oral nutritional supplementation given during hemodialysis improves nutritional markers in malnourished CHD patients.
Implicit third derivative Runge-Kutta-Nyström method with trigonometric coefficients

The paper presents a trigonometrically-fitted implicit third derivative Runge-Kutta-Nystom method (TTRKNM) whose coefficients depend on the frequency and stepsize for periodic initial value problems. The TTRKNM is a pair of methods which is obtained from its continuous version and applied to produce simultaneous approximations to the solution and its first derivative at each point in the interval of interest. A discussion of the stability property of the method is given. Numerical experiments are performed to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method.
Siderophore utilization and iron uptake by Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

The growth of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in iron-deficient medium did not result in the production of detectable levels of siderophores of either the catechol or hydroxamate type. Iron-limited cultures of R. sphaeroides were not able to remove iron from ferric transferrin unless supplemented with 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. R. sphaeroides was shown to take up 59Fe+3 when it was supplied as ferric chloride, ferric citrate, or ferric parabactin, but not when supplied as ferric rhodotorulate or ferric Desferal. When iron was supplied as ferric citrate, citrate was not taken up by the cells. The growth rate of R. sphaeroides under iron-limiting conditions was decreased by the addition of either Desferal or rhodotorulic acid, while the addition of citrate or parabactin did not affect growth.
Cell-free activation of a DNA-binding protein by epidermal growth factor

GROWTH factors such as platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor (EGF) bind to and activate cell-surface receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activities1. Receptor activation elicits multiple physiological changes in target cells, including alterations in gene expression2–4. Receptor tyrosine kinase signalling involves recruitment of proteins into a signalling complex through interactions between receptor autophosphorylation sites and the src-homology region-2 (SH2) domains on these signalling proteins5–9. Diverse signals can subsequently be generated, depending on the specific receptor and cell type2,10. How such signals are transmitted to the nucleus is poorly understood, but because the transcriptional activation of many genes by growth factors occurs in the absence of new protein synthesis4, one or more signals emanating from growth factor receptors must directly affect transcription factors. We report here the activation by EGF of a DNA-binding protein in a cell-free system where activation of DNA binding requires ligand, receptor, ATP and phosphotyrosine–SH2 interactions.
Jet stream velocity errors in general circulation models

The longitude and time dependence of excessive wind speed errors above subtropical jets in current GCM forecasts is studied for 14 five-day winter forecasts using the NASA Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres fourth-order GCM. Several distinct phenomena, which may be divided into four categories, are found to contribute to the excess winds. These categories are: (1) error growth above the jet near the Himalayas; (2) error growth above the jet initiated elsewhere followed by advection; (3) tropical moisture bursts appearing in equatorial regions and migrating northeastward to merge with and distort the jet; and (4) undulatory growth of waves in the meridional component of the jet stream velocity. The results of additional sensitivity studies of the Himalayan region error are also reported.
The abrogation of subjectivity in the psychiatric courtroom: Toward a psychoanalytic semiotic analysis

We examined, on a cursory and suggestive level, the role of desire in the psychiatric courtroom. Employing selected conceptualizations from Lacan's semiosis, we demonstrated how this desire is essentially quashed and silenced by the clinicolegal community. Put another way, given the opinion inBoggs, we see how the essential being and way of knowing for diverse mentally ill citizens, are repressed by the psycholegal establishment. Indeed, followingBoggs, the only knowledge claims embraced by the court were those articulations uttered by experts, and others similarly situated, who spoke the jargon of psychiatric justice. Not only does this decision making deny and invalidate the disparate voices of psychiatric consumers, it limits prospects for developing new and alternative sign meanings in law that more fully represent the experiences of the differently abled and other disenfranchised groups. Thus, regrettably,Boggs symbolizes not only the loss of agency for disordered subjects in the clinicolegal system but, more generally, the law's failure to promote emancipatory justice.
O vi Emission from Superbubbles in the Large Magellanic Cloud

Observations of interstellar regions in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) obtained serendipitously by the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) have revealed O vi λ1032 emission from several superbubbles and from one region not associated with any nebula. In every case, the O vi emission is centered at or around the LMC velocity of +275 km s–1. The O vi surface brightnesses (8900-21,800 LU [line unit; 1 photon s–1 cm –2 sr–1]) toward superbubbles are significantly higher than the value (6400 LU) in the one LMC diffuse-gas spectrum, and also higher than in spectra of the diffuse hot gas emission in our Galaxy (Dixon et al.). The superbubble O vi brightnesses are lower than those of supernova remnants, but their values are consistent with the emission arising in supernova-driven shocks. However, other emission mechanisms, such as conductive interfaces and turbulent mixing layers, are not excluded by our data.
Bayesian adaptive estimation of the contrast sensitivity function: The quick CSF method

The contrast sensitivity function (CSF) predicts functional vision better than acuity, but long testing times prevent its psychophysical assessment in clinical and practical applications. This study presents the quick CSF (qCSF) method, a Bayesian adaptive procedure that applies a strategy developed to estimate multiple parameters of the psychometric function (A. B. Cobo-Lewis, 1996; L. L. Kontsevich & C. W. Tyler, 1999). Before each trial, a one-step-ahead search finds the grating stimulus (defined by frequency and contrast) that maximizes the expected information gain (J. V. Kujala & T. J. Lukka, 2006; L. A. Lesmes et al., 2006), about four CSF parameters. By directly estimating CSF parameters, data collected at one spatial frequency improves sensitivity estimates across all frequencies. A psychophysical study validated that CSFs obtained with 100 qCSF trials ( approximately 10 min) exhibited good precision across spatial frequencies (SD < 2-3 dB) and excellent agreement with CSFs obtained independently (mean RMSE = 0.86 dB). To estimate the broad sensitivity metric provided by the area under the log CSF (AULCSF), only 25 trials were needed to achieve a coefficient of variation of 15-20%. The current study demonstrates the method's value for basic and clinical investigations. Further studies, applying the qCSF to measure wider ranges of normal and abnormal vision, will determine how its efficiency translates to clinical assessment.
X-ray scattering study of the temperature dependence of the structure of the high Tc superconductor La1.8Sr0.2CuO4

Abstract We present data from powder scans of the High Tc (≈40 K) superconductor La1.8Sr0.2CuO4 as a function of temperature from room temperature to 10 K. We observe a K2NiF4-type structure, with no evidence for a structural phase transition or anomalous changes in the lattice constants. For T ≳ 190 K we find αa  (1/a)da/dT and αc  (1/c)dc/dT to be 1.4 ± 0.5 × 10−5K−1 and 1.7 ± 0.5 × 10−5K−1, respectively.
Attention to Attention

Organizational theory and research has increased attention to the determinants and consequences of attention in organizations. Attention is not, however, a unitary concept but is used differently in various metatheories: the behavioral theory of the firm, managerial cognition, issue selling, attention-based view, and ecology. At the level of the brain, neuroscientists have identified three varieties of attention: selective attention, executive attention, and vigilance. Attention is shaped by both top-down (i.e., schema-driven) and bottom-up (i.e., stimulus-driven) processes. Inspired by neuroscience research, I classify and compare three varieties of attention studied in organization science: attentional perspective (top-down), attentional engagement (combining top-down and bottom-up executive attention and vigilance), and attentional selection (the outcome of attentional processes). Based on research findings, I develop five propositions on how the varieties of attention in organization provide a theoretical alternative to theories of structural determinism or strategic choice, with a particular focus on the role of attention in explaining organizational adaptation and change.
The (100) silicon—silicon dioxide interface. I. Theoretical energy structure

The (100) Si---Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ interface is characterized here in a systematic manner. A semiempirical tight-binding method is used to calculate the energy band structure and layer of density of states for (a) the free Si(100) surface, (b) the 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 reconstructed surface, (c) the chemisorbed surface (both atomic and molecular), and (d) the interface between a thin oxide and Si. New states, typical of Si---O bonds, are identified. For the interface and for chemisorption, the Si---O bond lengths and the Si---O---Si bond angles are varied and the calculations repeated. The results show little variation in the density of states, which indicates that the variations in the results arising from differences in the actual bond lengths and bond angles are negligible.
Seed reserves and seed germination for two seagrasses, Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme, from the western Atlantic

Seeds of Halodule and Syringodium from diverse sites in the western Atlantic showed low rates of germination over extended periods of time. Seeds of Halodule are suited to long-term dormancy, possibly extending over many years, while those of Syringodium are oriented toward short-term dormancy. For Halodule, dormancy involves both seed coats and embryos, but for Syringodium, it probably involves only seed coats. Germination for both seagrasseoccurs in a wide range of salinities: 5–50‰ for Halodule; 20–50‰ for Syringodium. One-seeded fruits of Halodule are produced at rhizome level and remain buried in the sediment until disturbed and constitute a seed reserve estimated at a maximum of ca. 3000 m−2 in both Texas in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Syringodium fruits (one-seeded) are produced on inflorescences elevated above the sediment at a maximum rate of ca. 10 000 m−2, but few reserves in the sediment were recorded. The dormancy of seagrass seeds permits germination over extended periods of time and allows survival in disturbed sites as well as colonization of new habitats.
Sin, sickness, crime: Queer desire and the American state

Analysts of American life have long argued that local social life is central to normative participation in the affairs of the nation. Three of these areas of social life— religious association, fam...
Two Very Accurate and Efficient Methods for Computing Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions in Porous Convection Problems

We develop the compound matrix method and the Chebyshev tau method to be applicable to linear and nonlinear stability problems for convection in porous media, in a natural way. It is shown how to obtain highly accurate answers to problems which may be stiff, and spurious eigenvalues are avoided. A detailed analysis is provided for a porous convection problem of much current interest, namely convection with a horizontally varying temperature gradient.
Improving the computer science in bioinformatics through open source pedagogy

Bioinformatics relies more than ever on information technologies. This pressures scientists to keep up with software development best practices. However, traditional computer science curricula do not necessarily expose students to collaborative and long-lived software development. Using open source principles, practices, and tools forms an effective pedagogy for software development best practices. This paper reports on a bioinformatics teaching framework implemented through courses introducing computer science students to the field. The courses led to an initial product release consisting of software and an Escherichia coli K12 GenMAPP Gene Database, within a total "incubation time" of six months. (1)
Model dependency and estimation reliability in measurement of cerebral oxygen utilization rate with oxygen-15 and dynamic positron emission tomography.

Summary: The use of oxygen-15 and dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) for the measurement of CMRO was investigated in terms of the achievable accuracy of CMRO and its sensitivity to model configuration assumed in the estimation. Three models of different descriptions for the vascular radioactivity in tissue were examined by computer simulation. By simulating the tracer kinetics with one model and curve fitting them with another, it was found that the CMRO measurement was very sensitive to the model configuration used and it needed kinetic data of low noise level to determine the correct model to use. The approach of sensitivity functions and covariance matrices was used to examine the estimation reliability and error propagation of the model parameters. It was found that for all three model configurations examined the reliability of the CMRO estimate was dependent on the blood flow and oxygen extraction fraction in tissue ~2% in tissues of high blood flow and normal extraction and 10% in tissues of low blood flow and low extraction fraction, in a study of 1 x 106 counts/ brain slice in 3 min). The estimation reliability is drastically decreased if the total data collection time is reduced to 1 min but is not critically sensitive to the scan sampling interval used. Estimating blood flow or vascular volume simultaneously with CMRO will reduce the reliability of the CMRO estimate by ~50%. Propagation of parameter error from blood flow or vascular volume to CMRO is dependent on the model configuration as well as the scanning schedule and estimation procedure used. Results from the study provide useful information for improving the study procedure of CMRO measurements. The present study also illustrates a general representation of PET measurements and an approach that can be applied to other tracer techniques in PET for selecting appropriate model configurations and for designing proper experimental procedures.
Data protection models for service provisioning in the cloud

Cloud computing enables highly scalable services to be easily consumed over the Internet on an as-needed basis. While cloud computing is expanding rapidly and used by many individuals and organizations internationally, data protection issues in the cloud have not been carefully addressed at current stage. In the cloud, users' data is usually processed remotely in unknown machines that users do not own or operate. Hence, users' fear of confidential data (particularly financial and health data) leakage and loss of privacy in the cloud becomes a significant barrier to the wide adoption of cloud services. To allay users' concerns of their data privacy, in this paper, we propose a novel data protection framework which addresses challenges during the life cycle of a cloud service. The framework consists of three key components: policy ranking, policy integration and policy enforcement. For each component, we present various models and analyze their properties. Our goal is to provide a new vision toward addressing the issues of the data protection in the cloud rather than detailed techniques of each component. To this extent, the paper includes a discussion of a set of general guidelines for evaluating systems designed based on such a framework.
Temporal and spatial patterns of spawning site use by two cavity-spawning darters in a Wisconsin stream

There was partial spatial and complete temporal overlap of spawning by Etheostoma flabellare and E. nigrum in Marsh Creek, Wisconsin. E. flabellare tended to spawn at shallower depths than E. nigrum. Both species spawned over a greater range of depths in an area with few spawning sites (cavities under rocks or logs) than in an area where spawning sites were abundant. In the laboratory E. flabellare were able to prevent E. nigrum from occupying cavities they would have otherwise occupied. E. nigrum appear to be competitively inferior to E. flabellare in terms of spawning-site acquisition and retention, but possess several attributes that may allow them to persist in the presence of the latter.
Casting Votes: The National Campaign Context and State Turnout, 1920-2008

This study examines voter turnout in the American states in U.S. presidential and House elections from 1920 through 2008. A model predicts turnout as the sum of the national campaign context, state autonomy, and electoral continuity. The national campaign context encompasses conditions that prompt turnout to shift similarly across states. State autonomy involves state-specific factors that prompt turnout to vary across states. Electoral continuity involves people voting in successive elections, regardless of other influences. Testing the model finds that national campaign context effects have increased, but they vary by year, election type, and region and have been mixed since the 1970s.
Metabolic mapping of the brain's response to visual stimulation: studies in humans

These studies demonstrated increasing glucose metabolic rates in the human primary (PVC) and associative (AVC) visual cortex as the complexity of visual scenes increased. The metabolic response of the AVC increased more rapidly with scene complexity than that of the PVC, indicating the greater involvement of the higher order AVC for complex visual interpretations. Increases in local metabolic activity by as much as a factor of 2 above that of control subjects with eyes closed indicate the wide range and metabolic reserve of the visual cortex.
Prenatal alcohol exposure, birthweight, and measures of child size from birth to age 14 years.

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on offspring's weight, height, and head circumference from birth through 14 years of age. METHODS. This longitudinal prospective study examined a cohort of approximately 500 offspring (oversampled for heavier drinkers and stratified for smoking from a population of 1529 women in prenatal care at the 5th gestational month) at birth; 8 and 18 months; and 4, 7, and 14 years of age. Covariates were examined by means of multiple regression. Birth size measures were also examined as predictors of 7-year neurodevelopmental outcomes. RESULTS. Effects of alcohol were observed on weight, length, and head circumference at birth; these effects were not altered by adjustment for covariates including smoking. However, the birthweight effect is clearly transient: although alcohol effects remained observable at 8 months, they were not measurable thereafter through age 14 years. CONCLUSIONS. In this population-based sample, neither...
The “cis effect” in β-substituted vinyl ethers and halides

Abstract NMR data for the dimethoxyethylenes, the dipropenyl ethers and a number of related compounds indicate that as the differential 13 C shielding increases for the cis relative to the trans isomer, the cis stability also increases. The “ cis effect” is explained by the existence of permanent dipoles in these molecules, with the closer proximity of the dipoles in the cis isomer resulting in increased electron density in the heavy atom skeleton, and, therefore, in increased thermodynamic stability.
On vegetarianism, morality, and science: A counter reply

I recently took issue with Kathryn George's contention that vegetarianism cannot be a moral obligation for most human beings, even assuming that Tom Regan's stringent thesis about the equal inherent value of humans and many sentient nonhumans is correct. I argued that both Regan and George are incorrect in claiming that his view would permit moral agents to kill and eat innocent, non-threatening rights holders. An “unequal rights view”, by contrast, would permit such actions if a moral agent's health or life is at stake. I then argued that current nutritional research does not support Professor George's claim that some wealthy adult males (and many fewer wealthy women) are the only persons whose health does not require the consumption of nonhuman animals and their products. In her 1992 response to my critique, George did not address my moral argumentation. She concentrated her entire paper on a wholesale rejection of my discussion of nutrition. Although she now takes a somewhat more moderate position on who can safely contemplate strict vegetarianism, she still believes that most people are not in a position to follow such a diet. In my counter-reply, I argue that her rejection is based upon numerous distortions, omissions, and false charges of fallacy. She even devotes a substantial section of her paper to criticizing me for saying the opposite of what I actually wrote. As I did in my earlier paper, I cite current research, including George's own preferred source on the topic of vegetarianism, to support my view. I conclude that Professor George has still not shown that for most human beings it is dangerous to follow a diet that omits nonhuman animals and their products. Moral agents who take the rights of humansand nonhumans seriously will find vegetarianism well worth considering.
Mining technology assists oil recovery from Wyoming field

An unusual oil recovery project in Wyoming combines aspects of mining and petroleum engineering technologies to increase production from the North Tisdale field. The project basically consists of a horizontal tunnel, or adit in mining technology, conventionally mined into a hillside. The adit provides access to the oil sand from which an array of horizontal drainholes were drilled to various lengths. At the present time it is the only project known to exist in the U.S. that produces oil with this method.
U.S. Policies for School Health Education Opportunities for Advocacy at the Local, State, and National Levels

Children in K–12 settings comprise roughly one fifth of the population of the United States and are a cohort that has long drawn the interest of health educators. Early education and prevention eff...
Short-scan fan beam algorithm for noncircular detector orbits

The purpose of this paper is to present a fan beam short scan reconstruction technique for non- circular detector orbits. It applies a smoothing window to the projection data, and then a modified filtered backprojection method is performed. This technique is exact and the smoothing window is orbit independent; yet it requires more data than current circular-orbit short scan algorithms.
Cancer Patients and the Provision of Informational Social Support

Research into the impact of social support on health-care patients has focused on the benefits of receiving social support. Although recipients benefit from social support, there are also potential benefits to the providers of social support that have gone relatively unexplored. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between the reception and provision of informational social support by cancer patients. Based on the work of Gouldner (1960), this investigation attempts to examine the role reciprocity plays within the social support process. The norm of reciprocity is conceptualized as a generalized moral belief rather than as a simple pattern of exchange between caregivers and care receivers. Use of reciprocity as a generalized moral belief instead of a pattern of behavioral exchange between providers and recipients of social support allows a more thorough integration theoretically and more methodical examination of the role the relationship between providers and recipients plays...
Universal access and local internet markets in the US

Concern over the potential need to redefine universal service to account for Internet-related services motivates this study of the geographic spread of commercial Internet service providers (ISPs), the leading suppliers of Internet access in the US. The paper characterizes the location of 40,000 access points, local phone numbers offered by commercial ISPs, in the Fall of 1997. Markets differ widely in their structure, from competitive to unserved. Over 92% of the US population has easy access to a competitive commercial Internet access market, while approximately 4.5% of the US population has costly access.
Conserved Asp-137 Imparts Flexibility to Tropomyosin and Affects Function

Abstract Tropomyosin (Tm) is an α-helical coiled-coil that controls muscle contraction by sterically regulating the myosin-actin interaction. Tm moves between three states on F-actin as either a uniform or a non-uniform semi-flexible rod. Tm is stabilized by hydrophobic residues in the “a” and “d” positions of the heptad repeat. The highly conserved Asp-137 is unusual in that it introduces a negative charge on each chain in a position typically occupied by hydrophobic residues. The occurrence of two charged residues in the hydrophobic region is expected to destabilize the region and impart flexibility. To determine whether this region is unstable, we have substituted hydrophobic Leu for Asp-137 and studied changes in Tm susceptibility to limited proteolysis by trypsin and changes in regulation. We found that native and Tm controls that contain Asp-137 were readily cleaved at Arg-133 with t½ of 5 min. In contrast, the Leu-137 mutant was not cleaved under the same conditions. Actin stabilized Tm, causing a 10-fold reduction in the rate of cleavage at Arg-133. The actin-myosin subfragment S1 ATPase activity was greater for the Leu mutant compared with controls in the absence of troponin and in the presence of troponin and Ca2+. We conclude that the highly conserved Asp-137 destabilizes the middle of Tm, resulting in a more flexible region that is important for the cooperative activation of the thin filament by myosin. We thus have shown a link between the dynamic properties of Tm and its function.
AC surface photovoltage of indium phosphide nanowire networks

Surface photovoltage is used to study the dynamics of photogenerated carriers which are transported through a highly interconnected three-dimensional network of indium phosphide nanowires. Through the nanowire network charge transport is possible over distances far in excess of the nanowire lengths. Surface photovoltage was measured within a region 10.5–14.5 mm from the focus of the illumination, which was chopped at a range of frequencies from 15 Hz to 30 kHz. Carrier dynamics were modeled by approximating the nanowire network as a thin film, then fitted to experiment suggesting diffusion of electrons and holes at approximately 75% of the bulk value in InP but with significantly reduced built-in fields, presumably due to screening by nanowire surfaces.
Physiological consequences of multiple target regulation by the small RNA SgrS in Escherichia coli

Cells use complex mechanisms to regulate glucose transport and metabolism to achieve optimal energy and biomass production while avoiding accumulation of toxic metabolites. Glucose transport and glycolytic metabolism carry the risk of the buildup of phosphosugars, which can inhibit growth at high concentrations. Many enteric bacteria cope with phosphosugar accumulation and associated stress (i.e., sugar-phosphate stress) by producing a small RNA (sRNA) regulator, SgrS, which decreases phosphosugar accumulation in part by repressing translation of sugar transporter mRNAs (ptsG and manXYZ) and enhancing translation of a sugar phosphatase mRNA (yigL). Despite a molecular understanding of individual target regulation by SgrS, previously little was known about how coordinated regulation of these multiple targets contributes to the rescue of cell growth during sugar-phosphate stress. This study examines how SgrS regulation of different targets impacts growth under different nutritional conditions when sugar-phosphate stress is induced. The severity of stress-associated growth inhibition depended on nutrient availability. Stress in nutrient-rich media necessitated SgrS regulation of only sugar transporter mRNAs (ptsG or manXYZ). However, repression of transporter mRNAs was insufficient for growth rescue during stress in nutrient-poor media; here SgrS regulation of the phosphatase (yigL) and as-yet-undefined targets also contributed to growth rescue. The results of this study imply that regulation of only a subset of an sRNA's targets may be important in a given environment. Further, the results suggest that SgrS and perhaps other sRNAs are flexible regulators that modulate expression of multigene regulons to allow cells to adapt to an array of stress conditions.
Perfused Phantom Models of Microwave Irradiated Tissue

The theoretical basis, practical design considerations, and prototype testing of a perfused model suitable for simulation studies of microwave heated tissue are presented. A parallel tube heat exchanger configuration is used to simulate the internal convection effects of blood flow. The global thermal response of the phantom, on a scale of several tube spacings, is shown theoretically to be nearly identical to that predicted by Pennes' bioheat equation, which is known to give a reasonable representation of tissue under many conditions. A parametric study is provided for the relationships between the tube size, spacing and material properties and the simulated perfusion rate. A prototype with a physiologically reasonable perfusion rate was tested using a typical hyperthermia applicator. The measured thermal response of the phantom compares favorably with the numerical solution of the bioheat equation under the same irradiation conditions. This similarity sheds light on the unexpected success of the bioheat equation for modeling the thermal response of real tissue.
Shade and Temporal Distribution of Pod Production and Pod Set in Soybean

The temporal distribution of pod production and pod survival play an important role in determining pod and seed number in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill). We investigated the effect of changing photosynthesis at growth stage R1 (beginning flowering) on these temporal distributions in two greenhouse experiments. Plants ('Elgin 87') were exposed to two levels of shade (60 and 90%) from growth stage Rl to maturity. Other plants were removed from 90% shade or placed under 90% shade midway through flowering (transfer treatments). Temporal distributions of pod production and pod survival were determined by marking all unmarked pods ≥ 10 mm long on plants every three days with different colored paint. The color of paint on the mature pods identified when they started development. Continuous shade reduced mature pods by 27 (60% shade) and 82% (90% shade), but it shortened the pod-production period in only one of four comparisons. Pod production responded quickly to transfer treatments, and the mature pod load was always greater (nearly three fold) than the continuous 90% shade treatment and less (average of 53%) than the control. The mature pod load failed to recover from early shade because the increase in radiation did not lengthen the pod-production period and not enough pods were produced. Pod production was often more important than pod abortion in determining mature pod number. Adding the temporal distribution of pod production and survival to models predicting pod and seed number will improve their accuracy.
Self-healing of erosion damage in a polymer coating

Abstract Self-healing performance of a coating subjected to erosion damage is evaluated in this paper. Two self-healing coating systems, an elastomeric material with a two-part poly(dimethyl siloxane) healing chemistry and an epoxy coating with a one-part isocyanate-based healing chemistry. Coatings were microcapsule-based self-healing materials. Both systems were evaluated in a custom-designed particle erosion system. Results from the mass loss testing indicates that the elastomeric system did not successfully self-heal because of a combination of high viscosity and slow reaction kinetics. The isocyanate-based system did successfully self-heal when compared to a non-healing control. Mass loss was reduced by almost 300% for this material when compared to a microcapsule-filled non-healing coating.
Genetic transformation of Clostridium botulinum hall a by electroporation

A method was developed for the introduction of plasmids into Clostridium botulinum by electroporation. A 4.4 kb plasmid vector, pGK12, which contains genes for resistance to erythromycin (Emr) and chloramphenicol (Cmr) was electroporated into C. botulinum type A (Hall A). The highest transformation efficiency was obtained using midlog phase cells, 10% PEG 8000 as the electroporation solution, and 2.5 kV field strength. The transformation efficiency was highest (∼103 transformants/μg of DNA) when 1 μg of plasmid DNA and 4 × 108 CFU/ml of recipient cells were used. Plasmid DNA recovered from the transformants was indistinguishable from that introduced on the basis of restriction enzyme digestion and agarose gel electrophoresis.
Androgenetic alopecia and hair growth promotion state of the art: Present and future

Abstract Our current knowledge of androgenetic alopecia and hair follicle metabolism and control has evolved from four phases of scientific evolution. In the first phase, which I have called the era of science, investigators made strides in understanding androgen metabolism in general and clarified the role of androgens in androgenetic alopecia in particular. This phase was followed by what I have labeled the era of antiandrogens when they were sought as the ideal and only treatment for androgenetic alopecia. Though valid, this approach has proved to be limited. The third phase of scientific progress, the era of biologic response modifiers, evolved when investigators discovered a group of unrelated drugs that promoted hair growth. These drugs have a variety of physiologic effects and may act synergistically to stimulate hair follicle growth. Finally, we are on the threshold of the fourth phase, the era of predictability, in which research efforts will focus on finding the active hair growth-promoting sites on these drug molecules, and on clarifying how these drugs, such as minoxidil, stimulate hair growth on physiologic, pharmacologic, biochemical, and molecular levels.
Clinical Outcomes Associated with very Late Relapses in Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma

While the majority of patients achieve complete remission (CR) following treatment for diffuse intermediate-grade and immunoblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, many will eventually relapse. It is known that late-relapsing patients have a better prognosis than those who relapse earlier; however, the optimal choice of therapy and clinical outcomes in this former group remain uncertain. We report here our experience with patients who develop a very late relapse of their disease, defined as occurring in the fifth year or later from the time of original diagnosis following a period of continuous CR. The overall poor prognosis in this group of patients justifies the use of more aggressive treatment approaches in the future, such as high dose therapy with stem cell support, rather than conventional salvage chemotherapy regimens.
Preferred paths or random VGPs during reversals? Can time-averaging explain both?

Abstract Paleomagnetic studies of the behavior of the geomagnetic field during reversals of have produced many conflicting results. At the present time there is considerable evidence from reversal records in sedimentary rocks that the dipole field reduces in intensity, and then the dipole axis follows a preferred path from one hemisphere to the other. In contrast, transitional field data from volcanic rocks shows no such dipole motion. To test whether this discrepancy could be due the fact that sedimentary rocks record a field averaged over very much longer times than volcanic rocks, we modeled reversals in a simulated geomagnetic field based on the behavior of the present field. The reversals were obtained by allowing a reduced intensity dipole to rotate smoothly from one polarity to the other. This simulated field was then sampled at points in time to represent a volcanic record and then with various time averages to represent the sedimentary record. The results of this study show that it is possible to produce the observed differences in the paleomagnetic records, but requires time-averaging of the order of 1000 years for the sedimentary record.
Total body water data for white adults 18 to 64 years of age: the Fels Longitudinal Study.

Total body water data for white adults 18 to 64 years of age: The Fels Longitudinal Study. Background Total body water (TBW) volume is reported to decrease with age, but much of the published data are 20 to almost 50 years old and are cross-sectional. Proper interpretation of clinical levels of TBW and trends with age necessitates the availability of current longitudinal data from healthy individuals. Methods Mixed longitudinal data for TBW of 274 white men and 292 white women (18 to 64 years of age) in the Fels Longitudinal Study were collected on a regular schedule over a recent eight-year period. The concentration of deuterium was measured by deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Body composition estimates were made with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and random effect models were used to determine the patterns of change over time with and without covariates. Results The mean TBW data for the Fels men are either similar to or approximately 2 to as much as 6 liters greater than that reported by most other investigators 20 to 50 years ago. For Fels women, the mean TBW ranges from approximately 2 to as much as 5 liters less than that reported previously. These comparisons with much earlier studies reflect cohort effects and the secular changes in overall body size that have occurred during the past 60 to 70 years. These findings are reinforced by the fact that some early data sets included individuals born almost 140 years ago. After adjusting for the covariate effects of total body fat (TBF) and fat-free mass (FFM) with age, there were no significant age or age-squared effects on TBW in the men. In the women, after adjusting for the covariate associations of TBF and FFM with age, there was a small, but significant, negative linear association of TBW with age. In the men and women, the mean ratio of TBW to weight declined with age as a function of an increase in body fatness and more so for the men than the women. Conclusion The findings from these mixed longitudinal data indicate that TBW volume, on average, maintains a reasonable degree of stability in men and women through a large portion of adulthood. These TBW data are recommended as current reference data for healthy adults.
Relation of Phonetic Contrasts to Greenberg and Jenkins' S Scale.

Summary.-Smith and Koutstaal (1969) obtained reports of the English words closest to Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1 CCVCs. The phonetic contrasts of the reported English words and the CCVCs were scaled on a phonetic contrast scale, PCS. The PCS values correlated .86 with the S values of the CCVCs and .88 with mean language distance judgments reported by Greenberg and Jenkins ( 1964). The hypothesis remains tenable that phonetic contrasts are another correlate of Greenberg and Jenkins' S scale. Greenberg and Jenkins (1964) created a logic for a language substitution, S, scale for phonemes in the order of CCVC. Low values on the 16-point scale signify CCVCs close to English. Increasing values signify CCVCs that are increasingly more distant from English. They selected 24 CCVCs with S values ranging from 1 to 16 and had Ss rate them for their distance from English. They found a nearly linear relationship between the S values and the distance judgments and concluded that language distance is a psychological correlate of the S scale. Smith and Koutstaal (1969) instri~cted their Ss to report the English word that they believed to be closest in sound to each of the CCVCs in Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1. At the low end of the S scale, Ss agreed (with few exceptions) regarding the word closest to each of the CCVCs. At the high end of . the S scale, little agreemeAt was obtained regarding words closest to a CCVC. In their test, the number of different words per CCVC (including the response of "no word") correlated .72 with the S values of the CCVCs. Greenberg and Jenkins ( 1964) presented their CCVCs auditorially for judgment as did Smith and Koutstaal (1969). In so doing, a phonetic component of articulatory difficulty was involved in the judgments of language distance as well as in the judgments of the words in English that sounded most like the CCVCs. Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1 contains several homophones at the lower end of the S scale, i.e., /spd/. At the other end of the scale, the sequences of phonemes do not comply with the phonological rules of English, i.e., /mbol/. English words reported by Smith and Koutstaal's Ss (1969) to be closesc to the CCVCs at the low end of the S scale involved relatively few phonetic contrasts. At the high end of the S scale, the words reported as closest involved many phonetic contrasts with the auditory stimuli. A linguist devised a phonetic contrast scale, PCS, for assigning PCS values to the words that were reported as closest to the CCVCs of Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1. Should phonetic contrasts be an additional correlate of the S scale they should correlate significantly with Greenberg and Jenkins' ( 1964) S values for List 1 as well as with their language estimates of the CCVCs.