cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transonic Experimental Observations of Abrupt Wing Stall on an F/A-l8E Model

A transonic wind tunnel test of an 8% F/A-18E model was conducted in the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 16 ft Transonic Tunnel (16-ft TT) to investigate on-surface flow physics during stall. The technical approach employed focused on correlating static (or time-averaged) and unsteady wind-tunnel test data to the unsteady wing-stall events using force, moment, pressure, and pressure-sensitive-paint measurements. This paper focuses on data obtained on the pre-production configuration of the F/A-18E aircraft at Mach number of 0.90. The flow unsteadiness occurring on the wing as the wing went through the stall process was captured using the time history of balance and pressure measurements and by calculating the root mean square (RMS) for a number of instrument signals. The second step was to gather global perspectives on the pressures influencing the wing stall process. The abrupt wing stall experienced by the 8% F/A-18E Model was observed to be an unsteady event triggered by the rapid advancement of separation, which had migrated forward from the trailing edge, to the leading-edge flap hingeline over a very small increment in angle of attack. The angle of attack at which this stall occurred varied, from run to run, over an 1 degree increment. The abrupt wing stall was observed, using pressure-sensitive-paint, to occur simultaneously on both wing panels or asymmetrically. The pressure-sensitive paint data and wing-root bending moment data were essential in providing insight to the flow structures occurring over the wing and the possible asymmetry of those flow structures. A repeatability analysis conducted on eight runs of static data provided a quick and inexpensive examination of the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of abrupt wing stall. The results of the repeatability analysis agreed extremely well with data obtained using unsteady measurement techniques. This approach could be used to identify test conditions for more complex unsteady data measurements using special instrumentation.
Gravity from self-interaction redux

I correct some recent misunderstandings about, and amplify some details of, an old explicit non-geometrical derivation of GR.
Measuring the external benefits of homeownership

Abstract The subsidization of homeownership is justified on efficiency grounds only to the extent that it provides benefits to people other than the homeowner. We use the clustered neighborhoods subsample in the American Housing Survey to measure that benefit in the form of higher housing prices in neighborhoods with higher ownership rates (and lower vacancies). We attempt to account for unobservable neighborhood and house attributes that may be correlated with occupancy and ownership through instrumental variables, switching regressions and panel methods. Estimates indicate that a housing transition from renting to owning creates approximately $1300 in measured benefits.
Line Formation in Winds with Enhanced Equatorial Mass-Loss Rates and Its Application to the Wolf-Rayet Star HD 50896

Ultraviolet spectra from the “Copernicus” satellite of the Wolf-Rayet star HD 50896 (Johnson, 1978; Cassinelli and Rumpl, 1982) show several P-Cygni profiles whose emission component has a larger equivalent width than the absorption component (see Figure 1). For lines with saturated absorption components, such as the N V (λλ1239–1243) line, the excess emission is due to thermal emission from the wind. However, for unsaturated lines which are due to scattering, such as the P V (λλ1118–1128) and 0 VI (λλ1032–1038) lines, the excess emission suggests that the scattering is not spherically symmetric.
Imaging Protein Protein Interactions inside Living Cells via Interaction-Dependent Fluorophore Ligation

We report a new method, Interaction-Dependent PRobe Incorporation Mediated by Enzymes, or ID-PRIME, for imaging protein-protein interactions (PPIs) inside living cells. ID-PRIME utilizes a mutant of Escherichia coli lipoic acid ligase, LplA(W37V), which can catalyze the covalent ligation of a coumarin fluorophore onto a peptide recognition sequence called LAP1. The affinity between the ligase and LAP1 is tuned such that, when each is fused to a protein partner of interest, LplA(W37V) labels LAP1 with coumarin only when the protein partners to which they are fused bring them together. Coumarin labeling in the absence of such interaction is low or undetectable. Characterization of ID-PRIME in living mammalian cells shows that multiple protein-protein interactions can be imaged (FRB-FKBP, Fos-Jun, and neuroligin-PSD-95), with as little as 10 min of coumarin treatment. The signal intensity and detection sensitivity are similar to those of the widely used fluorescent protein complementation technique (BiFC) for PPI detection, without the disadvantage of irreversible complex trapping. ID-PRIME provides a powerful and complementary approach to existing methods for visualization of PPIs in living cells with spatial and temporal resolution.
Analytic one-loop amplitudes for a Higgs boson plus four partons

We compute the one-loop QCD amplitudes for the processes H{anti q}q{anti Q}Q and H{anti q}qgg, the latter restricted to the case of opposite-helicity gluons. Analytic expressions are presented for the color- and helicity-decomposed amplitudes. The coupling of the Higgs boson to gluons is treated by an effective interaction in the limit of large top quark mass. The Higgs field is split into a complex field {phi} and its complex conjugate {phi}{sup {dagger}}. The split is useful because amplitudes involving {phi} have different analytic structure from those involving {phi}{sup {dagger}}. We compute the cut-containing pieces of the amplitudes using generalized unitarity. The remaining rational parts are obtained by on-shell recursion. Our results for H{anti q}q{anti Q}Q agree with previous semi-numerical computations. We also show how to convert existing semi-numerical results for the production of a scalar Higgs boson into analogous results for a pseudoscalar Higgs boson.
A process for identifying social and environmental issues: a case of the US forest products manufacturing industry

Application of an issues management approach to corporate social responsibility consists of identifying, evaluating and responding to those issues that an industry must address in order to be socially responsible. This research focussed on identifying social and environmental issues relevant to the US forest products manufacturing industry. Towards this end, 14 interviews were conducted with key-informants drawn from non-government organizations, government and political offices, forest products associations, a multilateral organization and an extension expert. A rich set of issues was generated covering social and environmental issues. However, such a set may contain issues that are far too radical and may be challenging for companies to pursue. Accordingly, in order to develop a doable, socially credible and concise set of issues, a Delphi technique was employed consisting of forest products management and marketing academicians from various US universities. A two-round Delphi resulted in identification of six social and six environmental issues that the US forest products manufacturing industry must address in order to be socially responsible. This proposed two-stage process may have special relevance for companies that are entering into new markets overseas. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photochemical Protein Scissors: Role of Aromatic Residues on the Binding Affinity and Photocleavage Efficiency of Pyrenyl Peptides

Abstract Photocleavage of proteins by a series of organic probe molecules is examined as a function of probe structure. For example, pyrenyl peptides Py-Gly-X (X=Trp, Tyr, Phe, and His, and Py=4(1-pyrenyl)butyroyl)) are prepared, and their protein binding/photocleavage properties have been examined. The binding constants with bovine serum albumin (BSA) are in the range of 107 to 105 and binding of the probes to the proteins is evident in absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism experiments. While the fluorescence of Py-Gly-Tyr increases upon binding to BSA, quenching is observed with Py-Gly-Trp or Py-Gly-His. While hyperchromism is observed with Py-Gly-Trp/BSA, hypochromism is the norm for all the other probes with this protein. Binding of all the probes to BSA or lysozyme resulted in major changes in the circular dichroism spectra of the probes. Photoexcitation of the probe/protein complexes, in the presence of an electron acceptor, resulted in protein photocleavage. The phenylalanine and histidine analogs resulted in photocleavage of both BSA and lysozyme while the tyrosine and tryptophan analogs did not yield any fragmentation with either of the two proteins. The photocleavage sites are similar to those reported for Py-Phe. Flash photolysis studies of the probe/protein mixtures indicate that the initially produced pyrene cation radical is strongly quenched by the tyrosine and tryptophan residues and resulted in the corresponding amino acid radicals. Strong modulation of the photoreactivities of the probes by specific residues of the probe provide insight in learning how the photocleavage efficiencies of the probes can be improved in future studies.
Optimal Design of a Passive Vibration Absorber for a Truss Beam

The selection of the design parameters of passive vibration absorbers attached to a long cantilevered beam is studied. This study was motivated by the need for conducting p arametric analysis of dynamics and control for spaceshuttle-attached l ong beams. An optimization scheme using a quadratic cost f unction is introduced yiedding the optimal sizing of the tip vibration absorber. Analytical s olutions for an optimal absorber are presented for the case of one beam vibrational mode coupled with the absorber dynamics, and results are extended to cover the m ultiple mode case. An algorithm is developed to make an initial estimate of optimal tuning parameters which m inimize the quadratic error cost function. Examples are given to illustrate the design concept.
Very long solar periods and the radiocarbon record

It is pointed out that radiocarbon is produced in the earth's atmosphere by the nuclear reaction N-14(n,p)C-14. The photosynthesis by trees of carbon in the form of CO2 provides an estimate of the C-14/C-12 ratio and, therefore, the atmospheric inventory of C-14 at the time of take-up. The existence of periodicities in the radiocarbon record has been considered by Suess (1965, 1971, 1980). The present investigation is concerned with these periodicities. Periodicities in the radiocarbon record are related to variability in the modulation of the galactic component of the incoming cosmic ray flux, mediated by the oceanic and atmospheric reservoirs. The long periods observed are an indicator of corresponding changes in the hydromagnetic output of the sun, which might be caused by changes in the intensity of the magnetic field escaping from the solar atmosphere.
Finite-time amplitudes in Matrix theory

Abstract We evaluate one-loop finite-time amplitudes for graviton scattering in Matrix theory and compare to the corresponding amplitudes in supergravity. We find agreement for arbitrary time intervals at leading order in distance, providing a functional agreement between supergravity and Matrix theory. At subleading order, we find corrections to the effective potential found from previous phase shift calculations in Matrix theory.
Exchange reactions of organotin and organosilicon compounds with vinylic fluorine

Abstract Compounds carrying reactive fluorine atoms, such as methylphosphonic difluoride and perfluoroisobutene, undergo facile exchange with organosilanes and stannanes. Reactions with protic nucleophiles also yield similar products. To account for the products formed and observed reactivity differences, appropriate mechanisms are proposed. The reactions described herein have considerable synthetic utility.
First Chandra observations of galaxies

Abstract Chandra's unique combination of sub-arcsecond angular resolution and spectral resolution is very well suited to the study of complex X-ray emitting systems, such as galaxies. In this talk, I give an overview of very early results on galaxies, including examples of normal spirals, actively star-forming and interacting galaxies, and E and S0 galaxies. In all cases, we can easily discriminate between the emission from a population of individual X-rays sources, hot ISM components, and nuclear sources, when present. Highlights of these early results include the detection or very stringent limits on the X-ray emission of the very massive nuclear black holes present in bulges and early-type galaxies; the detection of super-luminous (super-Eddington) sources in actively star-forming galaxies, whose counterpart may be intermediate mass black holes (10–100s M⊙); the detection of the debated population of XRBs in E and SO galaxies; and the detection of a whole range of features in the hot ISM of both late and early-type galaxies.
Physical processes in acoustic wave heating of the thermosphere

[1] Upward propagating acoustic waves heat the atmosphere at essentially all heights due to effects of viscous dissipation, sensible heat flux divergence, and Eulerian drift work. Acoustic wave-induced pressure gradient work provides a cooling effect at all heights, but this is overwhelmed by the heating processes. Eulerian drift work and wave-induced pressure gradient work dominate the energy balance, but they nearly cancel at most altitudes, leaving their difference, together with viscous dissipation and sensible heat flux divergence to heat the atmosphere. Acoustic waves are very different from gravity waves which cool the upper atmosphere through the effect of sensible heat flux divergence. Acoustic wave dissipation could be an important source of upper atmospheric heating.
Burnside obstructions to the Montesinos–Nakanishi 3–move conjecture

Yasutaka Nakanishi asked in 1981 whether a 3–move is an unknotting operation. In Kirby’s problem list, this question is called The Montesinos–Nakanishi 3– move conjecture. We define the nth Burnside group of a link and use the 3rd Burnside group to answer Nakanishi’s question; ie, we show that some links cannot be reduced to trivial links by 3–moves.
Schwinger mechanism for gluon-pair production in the presence of arbitrary time-dependent chromo-electric field

We study the Schwinger mechanism for gluon-pair production in the presence of an arbitrary time-dependent chromo-electric background field E a (t) with arbitrary color index a=1,2,…,8 in SU(3) by directly evaluating the path integral. We obtain an exact expression for the probability of non-perturbative gluon-pair production per unit time per unit volume and per unit transverse momentum, $\frac{\mathrm{d}W}{\mathrm{d}^{4}x\,\mathrm{d}^{2}p_{\mathrm{T}}}$ , from arbitrary E a (t). We show that the tadpole (or single-gluon) effective action does not contribute to the non-perturbative gluon-pair production rate, $\frac{\mathrm{d}W}{\mathrm{d}^{4}x\,\mathrm{d}^{2}p_{\mathrm{T}}}$ . We find that the exact result for non-perturbative gluon-pair production is independent of all the time derivatives $\frac{\mathrm {d}^{n}E^{a}(t)}{\mathrm{d}t^{n}}$ , where n=1,2,…,∞, and that it has the same functional dependence on the two Casimir invariants, [E a (t)E a (t)] and [d abc E a (t)E b (t)E c (t)]2, as the constant chromo-electric field E a result with the replacement: E a →E a (t). This result relies crucially on the validity of the shift conjecture, which has not yet been established. This result may be relevant to the study of the production of a non-perturbative quark–gluon plasma at RHIC and LHC.
Optical Channel Waveguide Arrays Coupled To Integrated Charge-Coupled Devices And Their Applications

Device configurations of optical channel waveguide arrays coupled to integrated charge-coupled devices (CCDs) will be presented. Optical and electrical performance of these devices will be discussed. A channel waveguide array formed in a fan-out pattern is then introduced as a means of enhancing optical waveguide focal plane resolution in integrated optical devices utilizing optical waveguide lenses. High spatial resolution can thus be obtained without making detector spacings too small, thus avoiding detector problems with regard to fabrication, cross talk, linearity and charge transfer efficiency. To fabricate the fan-out channel waveguide array, a new differential heating and photo-resist lift-off process is discussed which allows high resolution patterns to be reproducibly formed in polyurethane. Propagation of light from a HeNe laser in these fan-out channel waveguide arrays has been demonstrated with only a small amount of scattering. Low scattering is consistent with the smooth channel waveguide surfaces apparent in scanning electron microscope pictures presented. Applications of optical channel waveguide arrays coupled to integrated CCDs to fiber multiplexing and transversal filtering will also be discussed.
Synthesis of High‐Tc Dual‐Phase Ag–YBa2Cu3O7–x Superconductor Composite Powders by Sol–Gel Process

Fine, homogeneous, dual-phase Ag–YBa2Cu3O7–x composite powders were prepared by a simple colloidal sol–gel coprecipitation technique that was previously used for synthesis of single-phase YBa2Cu3O7–x. Samples containing up to 60 wt% silver were synthesized. Silver neither reacted with nor degraded the YBa2Cu3O7–x. The presence of silver was found to aid the oxygenation of the precursor during calcination to form orthorhombic YBa2Cu3O7–x. Measurements made by ac magnetic susceptibility showed no significant degradation in transition temperature for samples containing up to 40 wt% silver.
Charge Injection and Transport in a Lossy Capacitor Stressed by a Marx Generator

A theoretical solution is given for the electric field and charge density of a capacitor with a charge injecting electrode being charged by a Marx capacitor bank.
Catalytic and Regioselective Ring Expansion of Arylcyclobutanones with Trimethylsilyldiazomethane. Ligand-Dependent Entry to β-Ketosilane or Enolsilane Adducts

Divergent reactivity is uncovered in the homologation of arylcyclobutanones with trimethylsilyldiazomethane. With Sc(OTf)3 as catalyst, enolsilanes are obtained with a high preference for methylene migration. By contrast, Sc(hfac)3 gives β-ketosilanes with both regio- and diastereocontrol. Each adduct affords the cyclopentanone upon hydrolysis.
The impact of state tax subsidies for private long-term care insurance on coverage and Medicaid expenditures

Abstract In spite of the large expected costs of needing long-term care, only 10–12% of the elderly population has private insurance coverage. Medicaid, which provides means-tested public assistance and pays for almost half of long-term care costs, spends more than $100 billion annually on long-term care. In this paper, I exploit variation in the adoption and generosity of state tax subsidies for private long-term care insurance to determine whether tax subsidies increase private coverage and reduce Medicaid's costs for long-term care. The results indicate that the average tax subsidy raises coverage rates by 2.7 percentage points, or 28%. However, the response is concentrated among high income and asset-rich individuals, populations with low probabilities of relying on Medicaid. Simulations suggest each dollar of state tax expenditure produces approximately $0.84 in Medicaid savings, over half of which funnels to the federal government.
Autofocus and feature extraction in curvilinear SAR via a relaxation-based algorithm

This paper presents a relaxation-based autofocus (AUTORELAX) algorithm that can be used to compensate for the aperture errors in curvilinear synthetic aperture radar (CLSAR) and to extract three-dimensional target features. The data model for the autofocus problem in CLSAR is presented. Experimental and simulation results show that AUTORELAX can be used to significantly improve the estimation accuracy of the target parameters.
Observability for initial value problems with sparse initial data

Abstract In this work we introduce the concept of s-sparse observability for large systems of ordinary differential equations. Let x ˙ = f ( t , x ) be such a system. At time T > 0 , suppose we make a set of observations b = A x ( T ) of the solution of the system with initial data x ( 0 ) = x 0 , where A is a matrix satisfying the restricted isometry property. The aim of this paper is to give answers to the following questions: Given the observations b, is x 0 uniquely determined knowing that x 0 is sufficiently sparse? Is there any way to reconstruct such a sparse initial data x 0 ?
A Comparison of Conjoint Analysis Response Formats: Comment

In a recent article, Boyle et al. investigated the convergent validity of three conjoint analysis response formats. The use of conjoint analysis to estimate Hicksian surplus measures for non-market goods has increased in popularity in recent years primarily due to its flexibility in estimating the value of numerous attributes and its consistency with random utility theory (e.g., Adamowicz et al.). Other non-market contingent valuation (CV) methods require cumbersome repeated questions to achieve the same level of complexity as conjoint analysis, at least with regard to multiattribute valuation. While we applaud Boyle et al.'s investigation into the validity and consistency of conjoint response formats, they modeled consumer response to the "choose-one" conjoint question in an unorthodox manner, which potentially led to inaccurate estimates, on which several of their conclusions are based.
The Bekenstein formula and string theory (N-brane theory)

A review of recent progress in string theory concerning the Bekenstein formula for black hole entropy is given. Topics discussed include p-branes, D-branes and supersymmetry; the correspondence principle; the D- and M-brane approach to black hole entropy; the D-brane analogue of Hawking radiation and information loss; D-branes as probes of black holes and the matrix theory approach to charged and neutral black holes. Some introductory material is included, as are some very brief remarks on the AdS/CFT correspondence.
SPECTROSCOPIC CONFIRMATION OF A z = 2.79 MULTIPLY IMAGED LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXY BEHIND THE BULLET CLUSTER

We report spectroscopic confirmation and high-resolution infrared imaging of a z = 2.79 triply imaged galaxy behind the Bullet Cluster. This source, a Spitzer-selected luminous infrared galaxy, is confirmed via polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) features using the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) and resolved with Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 imaging. In this galaxy, which with a stellar mass M{sub *} {approx} 4 x 10{sup 9} M{sub sun} is one of the two least massive ones studied with IRS at z>2, we also detect H{sub 2} S(4) and H{sub 2} S(5) pure rotational lines (at 3.1{sigma} and 2.1{sigma})-the first detection of these molecular hydrogen lines in a high-redshift galaxy. From the molecular hydrogen lines we infer an excitation temperature T = 377{sup +68}{sub -84} K. The detection of these lines indicates that the warm molecular gas mass is 6{sup +36}{sub -4}% of the stellar mass and implies the likely existence of a substantial reservoir of cold molecular gas in the galaxy. Future spectral observations at longer wavelengths with facilities such as the Herschel Space Observatory, the Large Millimeter Telescope, and the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment thus hold the promise of precisely determining the total molecular gas mass. Given the redshift,more » and using refined astrometric positions from the high-resolution imaging, we also update the magnification estimate and derived fundamental physical properties of this system. The previously published values for L{sub IR}, star formation rate, and dust temperature are confirmed modulo the revised magnification; however, we find that PAH emission is roughly a factor of 5 stronger than would be predicted by the relations between L{sub IR} and L{sub PAH} reported for SMGs and starbursts in Pope et al.« less
Imprint of accretion disk-induced migration on gravitational waves from extreme mass ratio inspirals

We study the effects of a thin gaseous accretion disk on the inspiral of a stellar-mass black hole into a supermassive black hole. We construct a phenomenological angular momentum transport equation that reproduces known disk effects. Disk torques modify the gravitational wave phase evolution to detectable levels with LISA for reasonable disk parameters. The Fourier transform of disk-modified waveforms acquires a correction with a different frequency trend than post-Newtonian vacuum terms. Such inspirals could be used to detect accretion disks with LISA and to probe their physical parameters.
Longest alternating subsequences of permutations

The length is(w) of the longest increasing subsequence of a permutation w in the symmetric group Sn has been the object of much investigation. We develop comparable results for the length as(w) of the longest alternating subsequence of w, where a sequence a, b, c, d, . . . is alternating if a > b d < · · · . For instance, the expected value (mean) of as(w) for w ∈ Sn is exactly (4n + 1)/6 if n ≥ 2.
Candidate sites for future hot-dry-rock development in the United States

Generalized geologic and other data are tabulated for 24 potential hot dry rock (HDR) sites in the contiguous United States. The data show that HDR resources occur in many geologic and tectonic settings. Potential reservoir rocks at each prospect are described and each system is cateogrized accoridng to inferred heat sources. The Fenton Hill area in New Mexico is discussed in detail because this region may be considered ideal for HDR development. Three other prospectively valuable localities are described: The Geysers-Clear lake region in California, the Roosevelt Hot Springs area in Utah, and the White Mountains region in New Hampshire. These areas are singled out to illustrate the roles of significantly different geology and geophysics, reservoir rocks, and reservoir heat contents in possible HDR developments.
Regiospecific Decarboxylative Allylation of Nitriles

Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative α-allylation of nitriles readily occurs with use of Pd2(dba)3 and rac-BINAP. This catalyst mixture also allows the highly regiospecific α-allylation of nitriles in the presence of much more acidic α-protons. Thus, the reported method provides access to compounds that are not readily available via base-mediated allylation chemistries. Lastly, mechanistic investigations indicate that there is a competition between C- and N-allylation of an intermediate nitrile-stabilized anion and that N-allylation is followed by a rapid [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
Stereocontrolled synthesis of β-2′-deoxypyrimidine nucleosides via intramolecular glycosylations

Abstract A pyrimidine moiety was tethered at the 3′-β-position of D-threo-furanosides. By carefully controlling the reaction conditions, pyrimidine bases can be delivered to the anomeric center to give of β-pyrimidine nucleosides in good yield and with complete stereocontrol.
Giant Molecular Clouds in M64

We investigate the properties of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in the molecule-rich galaxy M64 (NGC 4826). In M64, the mean surface density of molecular gas is 2N(H2) ~ 1022 cm-2 over a 2 kpc region, equal to the surface densities of individual GMCs in the Milky Way. We observed the J = 1 ? 0 transitions of CO, 13CO, and HCN. The line ratio WCO/W13CO for 200 pc < Rgal < 800 pc is comparable to that found in the Milky Way and increases significantly outside this region, in part because of a large contribution to the CO emission from diffuse gas, which composes 25% of the molecular mass in the galaxy. We developed a modified CLUMPFIND algorithm to decompose the 13CO emission into 25 resolved clouds. The clouds have a luminosity-line width relationship L ?V2.2?0.4, substantially different from the Milky Way trend, L ?V5. Similarly, the clouds have a line width-size relationship of ?V R, compared to ?V R in the Milky Way. Estimates of the kinetic and binding energies of the clouds suggest that the clouds are self-gravitating and significantly overpressured with respect to the remainder of the ISM in M64. The 13CO-to-H2 conversion factor is comparable to what is seen in the Galaxy. The M64 clouds have a mean surface density at least 2.5 times larger than observed in Local Group GMCs, and the surface density is not independent of mass as it is in the Local Group: ?H2 M0.7?0.2. The clouds are correlated with the recombination emission from the galaxy, implying that they are star forming; the rate is comparable to that in other galaxies despite the increased densities of the clouds. The gas-to-dust ratio is similar to the Galactic value, but the low extinction in the visual band requires that the molecular gas be clumpy on small scales. We note that the internal pressures of clouds in several galaxies scale with the external pressure exerted on the clouds by the ambient ISM: Pint P. We attribute the differences between M64 molecular clouds and those in the Local Group to the high ambient pressures and large molecular gas content found in M64.
An evaluation of field projects of steam with additives

The use of additives to improve both steamdrive and cyclic steam injection in field projects has been tested under a variety of conditions. This technique attempts to reduce gravity override and channeling of the steam by foam generation. Another mechanism appears to be detergent cleaning near wellbores by surface-active agents. When successful, this technology seems to be economic even at a low oil price. The results, however, have ranged from excellent to negative. In this paper, the authors attempt toe valuate the field projects published to date. The results of this study show that the use of additives with steam can provide significant benefits over the use of steam alone. Indeed, addition of surfactant to the steam has proved to be both technically and economically successful when the proper products and procedures were used. Caustics have given mixed results but seem to have been effective in at least one cyclic-steam project.
A surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic study of the passive films formed in borate buffer on iron, nickel, chromium and stainless steel

Abstract Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to investigate the passive films formed on iron, nickel, chromium and 308 stainless steel in borate buffer solution (pH = 8.4) at low potentials in the passive region. The decay of these passive films, as the potential was scanned in the cathodic direction, was observed via SERS. The passive film on iron at −100 mV(SCE) consisted of an amorphous Fe(OH) 2 -like species and amorphous Fe 3 O 4 or γ-Fe 2 O 3 , which have similar Raman spectra. The passive film on nickel at −100 mV consisted primarily of amorphous β-Ni(OH) 2 and some NiO. The passive film on chromium at −100 mV in borate buffer consisted of Cr(OH) 3 and another substance that may be similar to Cr(OH) 2 . The passive film on 308 stainless steel consisted of amorphous Fe(OH) 2 and Fe 3 O 4 or γ-Fe 2 O 3 , Ni(OH) 2 , NiO, Cr(OH) 3 and the Cr(OH) 2 -like species. For all metals, as the electrode was cathodically polarized the various constituents of the passive film were concurrently reduced, a result that is inconsistent with passive films composed of discrete layers. In all SERS experiments carbon, a ubiquitous surface contaminant, was detected. The identity of the carbonaceous species changed with potential from predominantly amorphous graphite and CO 2 at high potentials to saturated hydrocarbons at low potentials.
Efficiency of converting nutrient dry matter to milk in Holstein herds.

Production of milk from feed dry matter intakes (DMI), called dairy or feed efficiency, is not commonly measured in dairy herds as is feed conversion to weight gain in swine, beef, and poultry; however, it has relevance to conversion of purchased input to salable product and proportion of dietary nutrients excreted. The purpose of this study was to identify some readily measured factors that affect dairy efficiency. Data were collected from 13 dairy herds visited 34 times over a 14-mo period. Variables measured included cool or warm season (high ambient temperature 21 degrees C, respectively), days in milk, DMI, milk yield, milk fat percent, herd size, dietary concentrations (DM basis) and kilograms of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and forage. Season, days in milk, CP % and forage % of diet DM, and kilograms of dietary CP affected dairy efficiency. When evaluated using a model containing the significant variables, dairy efficiency was lower in the warm season (1.31) than in the cool season (1.40). In terms of simple correlations, dairy efficiency was negatively correlated with days in milk (r = -0.529), DMI (r = -0.316), forage % (r = -0.430), NDF % (r = -0.308), and kilograms of forage (r = -0.516), NDF (r = -0.434), and ADF (r = -0.313), in the diet, respectively. Dairy efficiency was positively correlated with milk yield (r = 0.707). The same relative patterns of significance and correlation were noted for dairy efficiency calculated with 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield. Diets fed by the herds fell within such a small range of variation (mean +/- standard deviation) for CP % (16.3 +/- 0.696), NDF % (33.2 +/- 2.68), and forage % (46.9 +/- 5.56) that these would not be expected to be useful to evaluate the effect of excessive underfeeding or overfeeding of these dietary components. The negative relationships of dairy efficiency with increasing dietary fiber and forage may reflect the effect of decreased diet digestibility. The results of this study suggest that managing herd breeding programs to reduce average days in milk and providing a cooler environment for the cows may help to maximize dairy efficiency. The mechanisms for the effects of the dietary variables on dairy efficiency need to be understood and evaluated over a broader range of diets and conditions before more firm conclusions regarding their impact can be drawn.
MHD flow in rectangular ducts with inclined non-uniform transverse magnetic field

Abstract This paper examines the three-dimensional liquid metal MHD flow in rectangular ducts with thin conducting walls and with an inclined non-uniform transverse magnetic field. The Hartmann number and interaction parameter are assumed to be large and the magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small. Under these assumptions, viscous and inertial effects are confined to thin boundary layers adjacent to the walls. Outside these layers, the governing equations are significantly simplified. For validation of the numerical solutions, exact analytical solutions are derived for the case of a rectangular duct of equal wall thickness and with a uniform magnetic field. Comparisons of the exact analytical and numerical solutions give excellent agreement. Variation of the fully developed flow pressure gradient with the wall conductance ratio, aspect ratio, and magnetic angle is discussed. Numerical solutions are presented for flow in the varying field region where the flow is perturbed due to three-dimensional effects. The three-dimensional pressure drop, i.e. in excess of the locally fully developed pressure, is presented and its implication to a fusion blanket is discussed. The velocity distributions are also presented.
Beyond Health Care Accountability: The Gift of Medicine

E. Haavi Morreim’s book, Holding Health Care Accountable, insightfully describes several features of the current crisis in malpractice in relation to the health care marketplace. In this essay, I delineate the key and eminently practical guide for reform that she lays out. I argue that her insights bring us to more fundamental aspects than immanent medical economy and accountability – aspects that are ignored at present. I describe the features of immanent economy and how they tend to cover over epistemological and existential finitude in medicine, show how economy can in fact create new medical knowledge, and show that necessary error is a real feature of day-to-day medical practice. The current system, even with Morreim’s reforms, remains at the level of immanent economy, but with modifications may point to the features of medicine that transcend medical knowledge and economy. The gifts of medicine cannot be reduced to the immanent medical economy, and any attempt to do so results in crisis. A health ca...
Knot Universes in Bianchi Type I Cosmology

We investigate the trefoil and figure eight knot universes from Bianchi type I cosmology. In particular, we construct several concrete models describing the knot universes related to the cyclic universe and examine those cosmological features and properties in detail. Finally some examples of unknotted closed curves solutions (spiky and Mobius strip universes) are presented.
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Survey of Magellanic Cloud Supernova Remnants

We report the progress to date from an ongoing unbiased ultraviolet survey of supernova remnants in the Magellanic Clouds using the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite. Earlier work with FUSE and other instruments has indicated that optical and/or X-ray characteristics of supernova remnants are not always good predictors of their brightness in the ultraviolet. This survey is obtaining spectra of a random large sample of Magellanic Cloud supernova remnants with a broad range of radio, optical, and X-ray properties. We proposed 39 objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud and 11 objects from the Small Magellanic Cloud, with a standard request of 10 ks per object using the FUSE 30'' square aperture. To date, 39 objects have been observed in the survey (38 in the LMC and 1 in the SMC) and 15 have been detected, a detection rate of nearly 40%. Our survey has nearly tripled the number of UV-detected SNRs in the Magellanic Clouds (from 8 to 22). Because of the diffuse source sensitivity of FUSE, upper limits on nondetected objects are quite sensitive in many cases, dependent on night observing fraction and whether stellar light contamination plays a role for a given object. Estimated total luminosities in O VI, based simply on scaling the flux at the observed positions to an entire object, span a broad range from considerably brighter to many times fainter than the inferred soft X-ray luminosities, indicating that O VI can be an important and largely unrecognized coolant in certain objects. We compare the optical and X-ray properties of the detected and nondetected objects but do not find a simple indicator for ultraviolet detectability. Nondetections may be due to clumpiness of the emission, high foreground extinction, slow shocks whose emission gets attenuated by the Magellanic interstellar medium, or a combination of these effects. The characteristics of individual detected supernova remnants are summarized in an Appendix.
THE CORRELATION FUNCTION OF OPTICALLY SELECTED GALAXY CLUSTERS IN THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY

We measure the two-point spatial correlation function for clusters selected from the photometric MaxBCG galaxy cluster catalog for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We evaluate the correlation function for several cluster samples using different cuts in cluster richness. Fitting the results to power laws, ?cc(r) = (r/R 0)??, the estimated correlation length R 0 as a function of richness is broadly consistent with previous cluster observations and with expectations from N-body simulations. We study how the linear bias parameter scales with richness and compare our results to theoretical predictions. Since these measurements extend to very large scales, we also compare them to models that include the baryon acoustic oscillation feature and that account for the smoothing effects induced by errors in the cluster photometric redshift estimates. For the largest cluster sample, corresponding to a richness threshold of N 200 ? 10, we find only weak evidence, of about 1.4?-1.7? significance, for the baryonic acoustic oscillation signature in the cluster correlation function.
Do Female Mutual Fund Managers Manage Differently

We examine the performance and investment behavior of female fixed-income mutual fund managers compared with male fixed-income mutual fund managers. We find that male- and female-managed funds do not differ significantly in terms of performance, risk, and other fund characteristics. Our results suggest that differences in investment behavior often attributed to gender may be related to investment knowledge and wealth constraints. Despite the similarities between male and female managers, we find evidence that gender influences the decision making of mutual fund investors. We find that the net asset flows into funds managed by females are lower than for males, especially for the manager's initial year managing the fund.
Deformations of associative algebras with inner products

We develop the deformation theory of $A_\infty$ algebras together with $\infty$-inner products and identify a differential graded Lie algebra that controls the theory. This generalizes the deformation theories of associative algebras, $A_\infty$ algebras, associative algebras with inner products, and $A_\infty$ algebras with inner products.
Community assembly in a model ecosystem

Abstract Environmental and biotic factors regulate species abundance and the composition of ecological communities. However, it is difficult to demonstrate principles of community assembly in nature due to observational limitations and historical effects. Numerical simulation can be used to evaluate whether hypothesized mechanisms produce a pattern seen in natural communities. Most models of many-species communities assume similar behavior by all individuals in a population. Here we describe an agent-based model of many-species communities in which interactions among individual agents are subjected to Darwinian selection (Holland's Echo model). To evaluate the response of the model to evolutionary mechanisms, we present a simple version of the model, and describe an experiment which evaluated community assembly patterns with and without selection for genome-mediated interactions, at various levels of invasion. Increased invasion rates decreased population size, but increased species richness and evenness. Interactions acted upon by natural selection resulted in greater population sizes and lower species richness and evenness than random interactions. Genotype abundances deviated from the expectation of equal abundances, and were affected by both the invasion rate and nature of inter-agent interactions. Species abundance patterns indicate that communities formed by random and selective interactions follow different assembly rules, and communities formed under high invasion rates showed no coherent community-level pattern of genotype abundances. Thus, both invasion rate and type of interspecific interaction regulate the assembly of species into communities.
Coming and Going: On the State Monopolization of the Legitimate “Means of Movement”

Following the imagery of “expropriation” used by Marx to describe the process of capitalist development and by Weber to characterize states'monopolization of the legitimate use of violence, I argue...
Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation

This paper gives a brief history of the scientific considerations leading to the development of laser isotope separation (LIS) processes. The close relationship of LIS to the broader field of laser-induced chemical processes is evaluated in terms of physical criteria to achieve an efficient production process. Atomic-vapor LIS processes under development at Livermore are reviewed.
ON CONTACT SURGERY

In this note we show that +1-contact surgery on distinct Legendrian knots frequently produces contactomorphic manifolds. We also give examples where this happens for -1-contact surgery. As an amusing corollary we find overtwisted contact structures that contain a large number of distinct Legendrian knots with the same classical invariants and tight complements.
Spanning and independence properties of frame partitions

We answer a number of open problems in frame theory concerning the decomposition of frames into linearly independent and/or spanning sets. We prove that in finite dimensional Hilbert spaces, Parseval frames with norms bounded away from 1 can be decomposed into a number of sets whose complements are spanning, where the number of these sets only depends on the norm bound. We also prove, assuming the Kadison-Singer conjecture is true, that this holds for infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Further, we prove a stronger result for Parseval frames whose norms are uniformly small, which shows that in addition to the spanning property, the sets can be chosen to be independent, and the complement of each set to contain a number of disjoint, spanning sets.
Competition in Consumer Shopping Experience

This paper analyzes the competitive role of retail shopping experience in markets with consumer search costs. We examine how a retailer's advantage in providing consumer shopping experience affects its equilibrium pricing and price advertising strategies. We find that if the consumer valuation of a shopping experience is sufficiently low, its effect on retailer strategy is similar to that of quality, and the retailer with the advantage in shopping experience then deploys higher levels of price advertising. On the other hand, when the shopping experience is valuable enough for consumers, it acts akin to price advertising in that it makes it optimal for the retailer with the advantage in shopping experience to eschew price advertising. The optimal competitive investments in consumer shopping experience can be higher than that of a monopoly. The profit impact of shopping experience for a retailer depends on the level of shopping experience: for low levels, the profit impact depends on the difference in the levels between the retailers, but for high enough levels, it depends only on whether the retailer's shopping experience level is higher than that of its competitor. In this case, even small differences in shopping experience levels can result in large differences in equilibrium profits.
Comment: The Place of Death in the Quality of Life.

Donald Rubin’s lucid discussion of censoring by death comments on several issues: he warns against mistakes, describes obstacles to inference that might be surmounted within a given investigation, and discusses barriers to inference that direct attention to new data from outside the current investigation. Censoring by death creates outcomes that are defined only contingently, such as quality of life defined only for survivors. If the contingency is an outcome of treatment—if survival could be affected by the treatment—then, as Rubin demonstrates, it is a serious analytical mistake to act as if the contingency were a covariate, a variable unaffected by treatment, when studying the effect of the treatment on the contingently defined outcome. This is one instance of a family of interlinked errors in which an analysis uses an outcome of treatment as if it were a covariate measured before treatment. Other instances in this same family are adjusting for an outcome as if it were a covariate (Rosenbaum, 1984), or attempting to define an interaction effect between a treatment and an outcome of treatment (Rosenbaum, 2004). One of the several advantages of defining outcomes of treatment as comparisons of potential responses under alternative treatments (Neyman, 1923; Rubin, 1974) is that it becomes difficult to make these mistakes: outcomes exist in several versions depending upon the treatment, whereas covariates exist in a single version. Figure 1 depicts the mistake Rubin warns against. It is a simulated randomized experiment, with N = 650 subjects, of whom n = 325 were randomized to treatment where 16 died, and m= 325 were randomized to control, where 111 died, and Figure 1 depicts quality of life scores for survivors. Beginning with the structure as Rubin develops it, I will propose a somewhat different analysis. In Section 2 notation describes a completely randomized experiment of the type depicted