cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equivalent Viscous Damping for Yielding Structures

The paper treats the application of the concept of equivalent viscous damping to the steady-state response of simple yielding structures subjected to sinusoidal excitation. Using the elasto-plastic oscillator as an example, it is shown that results differing by several hundred per cent can be obtained, depending on the way that the resonant frequency shift characteristic of yielding response is modeled. It is concluded that the results of simple amplitude matching produce the most useful equivalent damping for most purposes, and it is shown that this approach is meaningful also for earthquake response. When applied to the elasto-plastic oscillator, this technique gives a maximum value of 15.9% equivalent damping for steady-state response to sinusoidal excitation.
Evolution: Skull secrets of an ancient ape.

Fossil evidence is scarce for early stages of evolution in the ape family tree at the time before apes and the ancestors of humans diverged. A 13-million-year-old skull now offers insights into ape development at that time. See Article The Earth in the Miocene epoch (23–5.3 million years ago) was a planet of the apes, with more than 40 species in at least 30 genera. Very few, however, are known from complete cranial evidence. Only a handful of species are known from any part of the skull beyond the face and palate, limiting the information about the state of the skull in the immediate relatives of hominins and modern apes. The dearth is particularly acute in Africa, where no cranial remains are known from between 14 and 10 million years ago. Isaiah Nengo and colleagues describe the skull of an infant ape recovered from Kenya. The 13-million-year-old specimen is assigned to a new species in the genus Nyanzapithecus. The evidence shows that, although the creature shares some similarities with gibbons, these resemblances are very likely convergent and the new species is a close relative of the common ancestor of extant apes.
Orthogonal Expression of an Artificial Metalloenzyme for Abiotic Catalysis

A cytochrome P450 was engineered to selectively incorporate Ir(Me)-deuteroporphyrin IX (Ir(Me)-DPIX), in lieu of heme, in bacterial cells. Cofactor selectivity was altered by introducing mutations within the heme-binding pocket to discriminate the deuteroporphyrin macrocycle, in combination with mutations to the P450 axial cysteine to accommodate a pendant methyl group on the Ir(Me) center. This artificial metalloenzyme was investigated for activity in non-native metallocarbenoid-mediated olefin cyclopropanation reactions and showed enhanced activity for aliphatic and electron-deficient olefins when compared to the native heme enzyme. This work provides a general strategy to augment the chemical functionality of heme enzymes in cells with application towards abiotic catalysis.
Mechanochemical Reactions of Metal-Organic Frameworks

Abstract Metal-organic framework solids (MOFs) are synthetic porous materials that have drawn intense efforts in their synthesis and many of their chemical properties, most notably their use for the sorption of gases and vapors. The mechanical properties and mechanochemistry of MOFs, which we review in this chapter, have been only partially explored. MOFs can undergo both reversible, elastic deformations, and irreversible plastic deformations, some of which have associated mechanochemical reactions. During elastic deformation, MOFs undergo reversible structural or phase transitions. Plastic deformation of MOFs, on the other hand, can cause significant, permanent modification of the crystal structure, change in pore dimensions and configuration, and alteration of chemical bonding, all of which in turn affect their gas adsorption behavior. The large energies required to induce bond rearrangement during plastic deformation suggests an interesting potential of MOFs for shock wave mitigation applications.
Rapid and simple purification of elastin-like polypeptides directly from whole cells and cell lysates by organic solvent extraction

Elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) are a well-known class of proteins that are being increasingly utilized in a variety of biomedical applications, due to their beneficial physicochemical properties. A unifying feature of ELP is their demonstration of a sequence tunable inverse transition temperature (Tt) that enables purification using a simple, straightforward process called inverse transition cycling (ITC). Despite the utility of ITC, the process is inherently limited to ELP with an experimentally accessible Tt. Since the underlying basis for the ELP Tt is related to its high overall hydrophobicity, we anticipated that ELP would be excellent candidates for purification by organic extraction. We report the first method for rapidly purifying ELP directly from whole E. coli cells or clarified lysates using pure organic solvents and solvent mixtures, followed by aqueous back extraction. Our results show that small ELP and a large ELP-fusion protein can be isolated in high yield from whole cells or cell lysates with greater than 95% purity in less than 30 min and with very low levels of LPS and DNA contamination.
The Role of Parathyroid Hormone in Fracture Healing

During normal physiologic states, low serum calcium levels signal PTH to participate as an essential component in increasing bone resorption. Yet, when administered as a once-daily subcutaneous injection, PTH participates as an anabolic agent that stimulates both bone formation and bone remodeling. Success in treatment of osteoporosis with PTH has piloted studies into looking for expanding applications of this bone-augmenting mediator. In pre-clinical models, consistent results have reported enhanced fracture healing with administration of PTH. This anabolic effect of PTH has been proposed to take place through signaling in the Indian Hedgehog and canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathways. In clinical models, limited studies have suggested that the addition of PTH may be beneficial in accelerating and augmenting bone repair. With this in mind, PTH may serve the purpose of enhancing fracture healing, but further evidence from well-designed clinical studies will need to confirm the claim.
Clinician vs. Machine: Estimating Vocalizations Rates in Young Children With Developmental Disorders.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of an automated language analysis system, the Language Environment Analysis (LENA), compared with a human transcriber to determi...
Educating with comics

Comics have been part of classrooms for at least a century. This chapter surveys efforts—some systematic, others more idiosyncratic—to infuse comics into teaching and learning. It emphasizes cartooning in all of its forms, unlike McCloud's Understanding Comics, which excludes single-panel editorial and gag cartoons from comics' sphere. The chapter focuses on efforts to integrate comics in primary and secondary-level teaching and learning in the United States during roughly the first half of the 20th century. Rather than focus exclusively on schools, the chapter includes libraries, museums, and similar sites of informal learning for young people. It provides the examples of educating with comics to indicate that using comics in classrooms is not a recent development, as the comics medium has long been part of work in schools. Comics could become one of the most effective non-school educational agencies. Classroom innovators with comics would benefit from well-placed champions for the medium.
Isolated Tissue Models

This chapter covers large isolated cardiac tissue models and a partial listing of commonly used isolated cardiac tissue preparations. Perfusion and superperfusion techniques for delivering necessary nutrients to isolated tissue are described in detail, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, various experimental implementations are discussed including isolated trabeculae and papillary muscle preparations, isolated ventricular preparations, isolated atrioventricular node preparations, and isolated atrial preparations.
Mixing Processes in the Flocculation of Microcrystalline Cellulose Sols with Cationic Polymers

In order to meet the many diverse end uses of paper, a large variety of chemicals is added to pulp fibers. As most of these chemicals are added at the wet end of a paper machine, relatively small amounts are mixed into large volumes of dilute fiber suspensions. The extent of mixing achieved can, therefore, be critical to the performance of the additive.
Molecular mechanisms of TRAF6 regulation and intranuclear localization (P1305)

Tumor-necrosis factor receptor associated factors (TRAFs) are widely regarded as cytoplasmic adaptor proteins, that are important for the assembly of signaling complexes necessary for cell-receptor mediated immunological response. Among the TRAFs, TRAF6 is uniquely able to couple TLR/IL-1 and TNFR activation of NF-κB. Insomuch, the regulation of TRAF6 is critical for normal cellular physiology and responses to activation events. Accumulated evidence suggests that TRAF6 is regulated by both 1) interactions with other molecules as well as 2) an intramolecular interaction with itself. We have previously reported autoinhibition by the intramolecular interaction of TRAF6’s N-terminal Ring-zinc (RZ) and C-terminal MATH domains in trans. We now provide evidence that IRAK1, which contains a TRAF-Interaction Motif (TIM), can counteract TRAF6 autoinhibition. Further, we newly identify that the transcription factor Sox4 interacts with TRAF6 and that overexpression of either Sox4 or Syntenin, a dual PDZ domain containing protein, alters TRAF6 activation of NF-κB and translocates the normally cytoplasmic TRAF6 into the nucleus. While many studies have focused on cytoplasmic TRAF6 and its activation, there are few reports on the inhibition of TRAF6 and none have provided a mechanism by which it enters the nucleus.
Ubiquitous Metainformation and the WYWWYWI Principle

Computer systems should provide what you want, when you want it (the WYWWYWI principle, pronounced "why why why"), but they frequently do not. Our research encourages a new philosophy of design based on the WYWWYWI principle, and the tools for authors to provide this easily. Comprehensive metainformation embodies the WYWWYWI principle. Metainformation includes the structural relationships, content-based relationships, user-declared link-based relationships, and metadata around an element of interest. Combined, the metainformation goes a long way towards establishing the full semantics for (the meaning of and context around) a system's elements. We take a three-pronged approach to providing metainformation on a grand scale. First, we provide a systematic methodology for systems analysts to determine the relationships around elements of interest in their information domains - relationship analysis. Relationship analysis will result in a comprehensive set of a domain's structural relationships. Second, we provide a Metainformation Engine, which automatically generates sets of structural and content-based relationships around elements of interest as links, as well as metadata within static and virtual documents. Third, we provide an infrastructure for widespread link-based services within both static and virtual documents. This approach provides the inspiration as well as a sound foundation for a ubiquitous embracing of the WYWWYWI principle in the everyday systems people use, both on the Web and beyond.
Classification Issues in Subtype Research: An Application of Some Methods and Concepts

The search for subtypes of learning disabled children is of recent origin. Most of this research has been confined to the past decade as investigators have begun to recognize that traditional concepts of learning disabilities have been flawed by their presumption that these children constitute a homogeneous diagnostic class. Such thinking, which ignored the heterogeneity of children subsumed under these rather broad diagnostic labels, fostered rather simplistic explanatory models concerning causes, course and adaptation. In the past decade, efforts have converged, using clinical and statistical approaches, to search for homogeneous subtypes of learning disabled children. A critical review of this literature is presented in recent reports by Satz & Morris (1981).
Chylomicronemia syndrome. Interaction of genetic and acquired hypertriglyceridemia

Chylomicrons accumulating in plasma obtained after an overnight fast are always abnormal and can be detected in association with triglyceride levels above 1000 mg per dl. The chylomicronemia syndrome is associated with marked hypertriglyceridemia (plasma triglyceride level above 2000 mg per dl), abdominal pain or pancreatitis, eruptive xanthomata, lipemia retinalis, dyspnea, mental aberrations, and other minor findings. The marked hypertriglyceridemia is usually due to the interaction of a common familial form of hypertriglyceridemia and a common acquired form of hypertriglyceridemia secondary to another disease, drug, or alcohol. Rarely, genetic abnormalities in lipoprotein lipase are the cause of the marked hypertriglyceridemia. Therapy that successfully lowers plasma triglyceride levels is associated with clearing of the symptoms and signs of the chylomicronemia syndrome and prevention of its recurrence.
Interminority Friendships and Intergroup Attitudes Across Middle School: Quantity and Stability of Black-Latino Ties.

Cross-ethnic friendships are associated with better intergroup attitudes, especially among youth from societally dominant groups. In spite of the increasing diversity of the United States school-age population, it is not clear whether friendships between ethnic minority youth (“interminority” friendships) similarly predict intergroup attitudes. Moreover, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that can help account for such friendship effects. To address these gaps, the current study examines the number and the stability (a potential mechanism) of unique cross-ethnic friendships as predictors of intergroup attitudes in a sample of 2580 Black and Latino youth (52% female, 73% Latino) attending 26 ethnically diverse California public middle schools. Youth nominated their close friends across the three years of middle school. Multilevel analyses revealed that the presence of at least one stable Black-Latino friendship positively predicted attitudes, over and above the number of such friendships. These findings indicate that lasting friendships between youth of different ethnic backgrounds may be particularly potent in shaping adolescents’ attitudes, as opposed to several, transient relationships. Implications for facilitating stable friendships between youth of different racial/ethnic backgrounds are discussed, including suggestions for future research on interminority friendships.
Guided Imagery for Total Knee Replacement: Responses to an Audiobook Placebo Treatment.

The use of a placebo is the gold standard for establishing the efficacy of new treatments in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Placebo treatments are inert; this allows specific effects of the e...
Spirituality as a Science of the Heart

The presentation examined the role of Thomas Merton, Henri Nouwen and Donald Nicholl as pilgrims of wisdom and peace, their ministry of prayer grounded in contemplation, their commitment as peacemakers, their role as spiritual diarists of compelling relevance, their deep and perduring ecumenical, indeed interfaith, appeal well into our own century and their personal integrity or holiness of life. All three were Roman CatholicsThomas Merton was a Trappist monk, Henri Nouwen a priest of the Archdiocese of Utrecht, and Donald Nicholl, a married layman and father and professor of History and Religious Studiesbut their breadth of vision, their deep understanding of faith as the science of the heart, and their inexhaustible openness to the world all combined to make them genuinely extra-territorial spiritual figures.
Triple ionic-electronic conducting oxides for next-generation electrochemical devices.

Triple ionic–electronic conductors (TIECs) are materials that can simultaneously transport electronic species alongside two ionic species. The recent emergence of TIECs provides intriguing opportunities to maximize performance in a variety of electrochemical devices, including fuel cells, membrane reactors and electrolysis cells. However, the potential application of these nascent materials is limited by lack of fundamental knowledge of their transport properties and electrocatalytic activity. The goal of this Review is to summarize and analyse the current understanding of TIEC transport and electrochemistry in single-phase materials, including defect formation and conduction mechanisms. We particularly focus on the discovery criteria (for example, crystal structure and ion electronegativity), design principles (for example, cation and anion substitution chemistry) and operating conditions (for example, atmosphere) of materials that enable deliberate tuning of the conductivity of each charge carrier. Lastly, we identify important areas for further advances, including higher chemical stability, lower operating temperatures and discovery of n-type TIEC materials. Triple ionic–electronic conductors can be used in electrochemical devices, including fuel cells, membrane reactors and electrolysis cells. Current understanding in single-phase conductors including defect formation and conduction mechanisms are now discussed.
Comparison of uterine artery embolization and myomectomy: A long-term analysis of 863 patients

Objectives: The objective of this study is to compare the rates of secondary intervention following uterine artery embolization (UAE) versus myomectomy for the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids. Material and Methods: This is a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Eight hundred and sixty-three patients are included in this analysis, 451 patients who underwent UAE and 412 patients who underwent myomectomy between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2012. The UAE group was significantly older than the myomectomy group with a median age of 46 versus 38 (P < 0.0001). Patient data were collected from electronic medical records between the time of their initial procedure and December 31, 2017. The primary endpoint was secondary intervention rate. Secondary endpoints included time to secondary intervention, post-procedural complications, differences in mean hemoglobin levels following the procedures, symptomatic improvement, and subsequent pregnancy outcomes. All statistical analyses were two sided and performed using SAS EG 7.13 (Cary, NC). Results: The median follow-up for the UAE and myomectomy groups was 7 and 7.3 years, respectively. Overall, the rates of secondary intervention were not statistically significant between the UAE and myomectomy groups, 8.9% and 11.2%, respectively (P = 0.26). However, stratified analysis in women aged 30–39 years old demonstrated an increased rate of secondary intervention in the UAE arm with a hazards ratio of 3.76 (P = 0.0099). In patients ≥40 years old, there was no significant difference in secondary intervention rate. Both groups demonstrated a significant increase in mean hemoglobin at 1 year following initial procedure with a mean difference (SD) of 1.8 (2.1) in the UAE group and 1.8 (2.5) in the myomectomy group (P < 0.0001 for both groups). The myomectomy group had a higher rate of post-procedural blood transfusion than the UAE group, 2.9% versus 0.9%, respectively (P = 0.028). Both groups had comparable rates of post-procedural pelvic infection and rehospitalization. Patients with pre-procedural menorrhagia who received UAE reported a higher rate of symptomatic improvement when compared to the myomectomy group, 75.4% versus 49.5% (P < 0.0001). Both groups reported similar rates of improvement in bulk symptoms, 46.1% and 43.2%, respectively (P = 1.0). Conclusion: Overall, UAE and myomectomy have comparable rates of secondary intervention during a median 7-year follow-up period. However, in women between 30 and 39 years of age, UAE resulted in higher rates of secondary intervention. UAE may be more effective in controlling patients’ menorrhagia and has lower rates of post-procedural blood transfusions.
Age and Gender Differences in Trends and Impact of Depression on Quality of Life in the United States, 2008 to 2016.

Abstract Background We aimed to examine age and gender differences in the relationship between depression and quality of life among United States adults. Methods Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data for 2008 to 2016 on 227,663 adults were analyzed. The dependent variable, quality of life, included physical component summary scores and mental component summary scores from the Short Form Health Survey. The key independent variable, depression, was measured using the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire. General linear regression models examined the relationship between quality of life and depression. Models were adjusted for individual and environmental characteristics, symptom status, functional and biological status, and health perceptions and were stratified by gender and age. Results In adjusted models, mental component summary scores were significantly lower among those with depression compared with those without depression (β = –0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38 to –1.16) and lower among women compared with men (β = –0.10; 95% CI, 0.10 to –1.31). Models stratified by gender and age found women with depression ages 40 to 64 (β = –0.07; 95% CI, 0.07 to –0.20) and 65 or older (β = –0.08; 95% CI, 0.08 to –0.24) had significantly lower physical component summary scores compared with those without depression. Among men with depression, those ages 18 to 39 (β = –0.03; 95% CI, 0.03 to –0.10) and 40 to 64 (β = –0.09, 95% CI, 0.08 to –0.26) had lower physical component summary scores compared with those without depression. Women and men of all ages with depression had significantly lower mental component summary scores compared with those without depression. Conclusions Public health interventions and clinical approaches to address depression in women and men should target functional status in men and perceptions of health in women.
Decision Tree Analysis for Law Practice

Decision trees can help lawyers better counsel clients and predict outcomes. They can serve as a bridge from indecipherable data to a better informed and counseled client. Marjorie Corman Aaron’s new book, Risk and Rigor: A Lawyer’s Guide to Decision Trees for Assessing Cases and Advising Clients, has the potential to help bring about more widespread and effective use of decision tree analysis in lawyering. Risk and Rigor makes a comprehensive contribution to decision tree analysis learning. This review proceeds in four parts. Part I provides an overview of how decision tree analysis can serve the lawyer, on one hand, and law school teachers and their students, on the other. Part II examines the nuts-and-bolts parts of the book where the author teaches the willing reader how decision trees work and how to build them. Part III engages with the author’s assessment of the risks and limitations of decision tree analysis. Part IV queries whether decision trees may pose a barrier to some. Risk and Rigor had me wondering if decision tree analysis is equally accessible and welcomed by all, or if there might be some barriers to using decision trees with clients and law students. Risk and Rigor leaves relatively unexplored whether or not educational, gender, racial, and other biases may compromise the effectiveness of the use of decision tree analysis as a means of cultivating better client communication and counseling. Ultimately, Risk and Rigor makes a persuasive case for the use of decision tree analysis. A practical, user-friendly addition to dispute resolution literature on decision analysis, Risk and Rigor challenges the reader to consider not just the benefits but also the limitations of decision trees.
Reliability of the BodyGuard2 (FirstBeat) in the Detection of Heart Rate Variability

There has been an increasing interest in using cardiac indicators of self-regulation in developmental science. Many researchers are interested in unobtrusive mobile devises that are able to collect reliable cardiac data outside of the laboratory setting. Although numerous new ambulatory devices have become available over the last decade, testing these devices on children in comparison to industry gold-standard devices is rarely conducted. The current study evaluated the reliability of one of these ambulatory systems, the BodyGuard2 (FirstBeat), relative to gold-standard laboratory electrocardiogram (Biopac MP150), during active and resting conditions in 4- to 6-year-old children. The BodyGuard2 performed and produced highly similar indices of heart rate variability across resting and active conditions.
Anxiolytic effects of administration of a commercially available prebiotic blend of galacto-oligosaccharides and beta glucans in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Prebiotics are nondigestible food agents that stimulate the growth of bacteria in the gut, whereas probiotics are live microorganisms that replace or restore beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract. Both agents have been shown to have beneficial qualities within the microbiota-gut-brain axis, but the behavioural effects of prebiotics have been less studied than probiotics. Whereas several studies have shown that prebiotics reduce inflammation and modulate anxiety in animals that are injected with lipopolysacccharides or chronically stressed animals, respectively, it is not yet known how they affect a healthy organism. Here, we tested the behavioural effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and beta glucan as a commercially available prebiotic blend in healthy, naive Sprague-Dawley rats. We used the open field test and elevated plus maze to assess anxiety-like behaviour in controls and in rats that ingested the prebiotic blend in their drinking water. We also used the Morris Water Maze to assess spatial memory performance in controls and prebiotic treated rats. Rats treated with prebiotics spent more time in the intermediate zone of the open field test and in the open arms of the elevated plus maze, and exhibited a shorter latency to enter each of these zones. No significant differences between groups were found in the Morris Water Maze. Our results suggest that whereas prebiotics significantly reduced anxiety-like behaviours, it had no effect on spatial memory performance. Altogether, our data indicate that commercially available prebiotic beta glucan blends have anxiolytic effects in healthy rats.
A time-dependent mean field framework beyond the typical mean field approach

The Boltzmann equation is the traditional framework in which one extends the time-dependent mean field classical description of a many-body system to include the effect of particle-particle collisions in an approximate manner. A semiclassical extension of this approach to quantum many-body systems was suggested by Uehling and Uhlenbeck in 1933 for both Fermi and Bose statistics, and many further generalization of this approach are known as the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) equations. Here I suggest a pure quantum version of the BUU type of equations, which is mathematically equivalent to a generalized Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory extended to superfluid systems.
Characterization of stiffness of micro-particle trapped in dielectrophoretic-microfluidic device

Isolation of bioparticles in a controlled manner is an integral step in a wide range of biomedical applications. Electro-kinetics based particle separation techniques such as dielectrophoresis offers a viable method for label free, contactless isolation and separation of micro- and nano-sized particles from fluid. We present a dielectrophoretic-microfluidic device to trap micro- and nano-sized particles based on their physical and dielectric properties using negativedielectrophoretic force. The trapping device consists of circular shape traps on a chromium electrode. The developed microfluidic trapping device has been validated with numerical simulation and trapping micro- and nano-sized spherical polystyrene particles.
Frontiers: The Impact of Ad-Blockers on Online Consumer Behavior

This paper investigates the impact of ad-blockers on online search and purchasing behaviors by empirically analyzing a consumer-level panel data set.
Observations on Membranes of Mycoplasma laidlawii Strain B

The cytoplasmic membrane of Mycoplasma laidlawii strain B is solubilized by anionic and nonionic detergents, succinylation, phospholipase A, alkaline phosphatase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Cationic detergents are without effect, as are chelating agents, even in the presence of high concentrations of monovalent cation. The detergent-solubilized membrane exhibits one peak in the analytical ultracentrifuge, but the sedimentation coefficient is dependent upon concentration of detergent. Simple dialysis does not remove all of the sodium dodecylsulfate except from lipid-depleted membrane particles. Membranes bind sodium dodecylsulfate but acetone powders of membranes do not. Sulfated alcohols with chain lengths of C(14) and C(16) are more tightly bound than dodecylsulfate. A constant amount of di- and trivalent cation is bound by the membrane upon aggregation. Only a portion of this cation is removable with chelating agents. No chelating agent is bound by these aggregates. A portion of the lipid-depleted membrane particles is solubilized by negatively charged lipids and detergents, giving rise to aggregates in the presence of divalent cation. Fractionations of detergent-solubilized membranes by preparative gel electrophoresis and ammonium sulfate were inconclusive. Density gradient centrifugation of succinylated membranes yielded at least five fractions which exhibited homogeneity by ultracentrifugation. Analytical gel electrophoresis of these fractions demonstrated heterogeneity. The composition of these five fractions suggested separation of protein from lipid.
Dietary supplementation of sulforaphane improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in middle-aged obese mice (809.4)

Obesity and diabetes are growing health problems world-wide. In this study, we tested whether sulforaphane, a compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, has anti-diabetic action using animal mod...
Organoboranes : XV. A simple convenient procedure for the preparation of alkyldichloroboranes via hydroboration-redistribution

Abstract Trialkylboranes derived from terminal, cyclic and bicyclic olefins via hydroboration with 5 mole percent excess borane undergo ready redistribution with boron trichloride at 110° to give the corresponding alkyldichloroboranes, providing a convenient synthesis of such derivatives. On the other hand, trialkylboranes derived from internal olefins, such as 3-hexene, undergo this reaction more sluggishly and produce products in which the boron atom has migrated in part from its original position.
Photosynthetic Thermotolerance is Quantitatively and Positively Correlated with Production of Specific Heat-shock Proteins Among Nine Genotypes of Lycopersicon (Tomato)

We recently showed that the chloroplast small heat-shock protein (herein referred to as chlp Hsp24) protects photosystem 2 (PS2) during heat stress, and phenotypic variation in production of chlp Hsp24 is positively related to PS2 thermotolerance. However, the importance of chlp Hsp24 or other Hsps to other aspects of photosynthesis and overall photosynthetic thermotolerance is unknown. To begin investigating this and the importance of genetic variation in Hsp production to photosynthetic thermotolerance, the production of several prominent Hsps and photosynthetic thermotolerance were quantified in nine genotypes of Lycopersicon, and then the relationships between thermotolerance of net photosynthetic rate (P N) and production of each Hsp were examined. The nine genotypes exhibited wide variation in P N thermotolerance and production of each of the Hsps examined (chlp Hsp70, Hsp60, and Hsp24, and cytosol Hsp70). No statistically significant relationship was observed between production of chlp Hsp70 and P N thermotolerance, and only a weak positive relationship between cytosolic Hsp70 and P N was detected. However, significant positive relationships were observed between production of chlp Hsp24 and Hsp60 and P N thermotolerance. Hence natural variation in production of chlp Hsp24 and Hsp60 is important in determining variation in photosynthetic thermotolerance. This is perhaps the first evidence that chlp Hsp60 is involved in photosynthetic thermotolerance, and these in vivo results are consistent with previous in vitro results showing that chlp Hsp24 protects PS2 during heat stress.
On the optimality of Colour-and-Forward relaying for a class of zero-error primitive relay channels

Recently a new “Colour-and-Forward” relaying strategy was proposed for the zero-error primitive relay channel, a relay channel in which the relay to destination link is out of band and of fixed, error-free capacity. This “Colour-and-Forward” scheme forwards the colour (from a minimum colouring) of the node corresponding to its received signal. This colouring is of a carefully designed graph based on the joint distribution of the relay and destination outputs given the transmit signal. This scheme was used to provide a non-trivial upper bound on the minimum required conference link capacity to allow the overall network to achieve the single-input multi-output (SIMO) upper bound. In this paper, we strengthen the result and show that this upper bound is tight if one wants to achieve the SIMO bound in the overall network for any fixed number of channel uses.
Design of a radiation-hardened, low-noise, high-speed charge pre-amplifier for the Superconducting Super Collider

A charge preamplifier which has been developed for the warm-liquid calorimeter experiments in the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) is presented. The amplifier has been designed for implementation in a Harris dielectrically isolated, radiation-hardened, very-high-frequency BiFET IC technology. SPICE simulations after 3 Mrd of gamma ray and 3*10/sup 14//cm/sup 2/ of neutron exposure show that the amplifier has high gain (0.5 V/1 pC), high speed (10-ns rise time), low noise ( approximately 378 electrons RMS), and low power consumption ( >
The Radio-to-Submillimeter Spectral Index as a Redshift Indicator

We present models of the 1.4 to 350 GHz spectral index α for starburst galaxies as a function of redshift. The models include a semianalytic formulation, based on the well-quantified radio-to-far-infrared correlation for low-redshift star-forming galaxies, and an empirical formulation, based on the observed spectrum of the starburst galaxies M82 and Arp 220. We compare the models to the observed values of α for starburst galaxies at low and high redshift. We find reasonable agreement between the models and the observations and, in particular, that an observed spectral index of α≥+0.5 indicates that the target source is likely to be at high redshift, z≥1. The evolution of α with redshift is mainly due to the very steep rise in the Rayleigh-Jeans portion of the thermal dust spectrum shifting into the 350 GHz band with increasing redshift. We also discuss situations in which this relationship could be violated. We then apply our models to examine the putative identifications of submillimeter sources in the Hubble Deep Field and conclude that the submillimeter sources reported by Hughes et al. are likely to be at high redshifts, z≥1.5.
Design for Manufacturability in Additive Manufacturing Using a Graph Based Approach

Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes are used to fabricate complex parts using a layer by layer approach. This enables designers to be more creative with their designs and build parts which may be difficult to manufacture using conventional processes. However, as AM is in its infancy, relevant literature with respect to design guidelines for AM is not readily available. This research proposes a novel approach to implement design guidelines in AM using a systematic graph based approach. These design rules will assist designers to come up with efficient part designs that can be manufactured with minimum part errors. The design rules are formulated by studying the relationship between input part geometry and AM process parameters. A feature graph based design analysis method is proposed along with a Producibility Index (PI) which is used to compare the designs. Modifications in part design based on these rules and their comparison is presented in the form of three case studies.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Physical Activity: The Epidemic of Obesity and Overweight Among Youth: Trends, Consequences, and Interventions

Childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity are an epidemic problem in the United States. Studies show that approximately one third of youth are overweight or obese, representing a tripling since the 1960s and 1970s. The average male and female adult in the United States has gained 25 lbs and 24 lbs, respectively, since 1962. The body mass index of the average adult has increased from 25 to 28. Among youth, the average body mass index has increased from 21.3 to 24.1 since 1963. This increase in bodyweight among adults and youth is partially due to the decreased levels of physical activity. The economic and health consequences of this epidemic are enormous. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a disease that was rare among youth 20 to 30 years ago, now represents as many as 45% of all cases of diabetes among youth. Cardiovascular risk factors are worsened in overweight and obese youth, and early evidence of atherosclerosis manifested by endothelial dysfunction and increased coronary artery calcium is present in a...
Inhibition of the angiotensin I converting enzyme of the lung by a peptide fragment of bradykinin.

Nachweis, dass Arg-Pro-Pro, das N-terminale Tripeptid von Bradykinin, fur die Hemmung der Konversion von Angiotensin I zu Angiotensin II in der Lunge verantwortlich ist.
On nematic liquid crystals with variable degree of orientation

Energy minimizing static configurations of nematic liquid crystals with variable degree of orientation can be described by a map which minimizes certain degenerate variational integrals. This mathematical model was recently posed by J. L. Erickson. In this paper, we shall prove the existence, local uniqueness, and global regularity of minimizers. We shall also estimate the size of possible defects.
Light induced electron spin resonance in polyaniline

Abstract Light induced electron spin resonance (LESR) is reported for members of the polyaniline family of polymers. The LESR is composed of a single line at g≈2 whose width and intensity are dependent on the time of exposure and temperature. The LESR line intensity shows a very long growth and decay time that can be fit to a Kohlrausch stretched exponential type law with coefficients that follow a Vogal-Fulcher law. There is a direct dependence of the linewidth of the photo-induced spins on the concentration of induced spins suggesting a strong interaction between induced defects and leading to the postulation of a phase segregation of defect.
A quantitative assay for measuring the induction of mutations in human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes.

We optimized conditions for propagating freshly-isolated human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes and cells that had been stored in liquid nitrogen on Day 5 post-isolation, exposing them to mutagens in exponential growth, and measuring the cytotoxicity of the agent from the loss of colony-forming ability, and its mutagenicity from the increase in frequency of 6-thioguanine-resistant cells. Supernatant containing T-cell growth factor, from 60Co-irradiated peripheral mononuclear cells cultured in the presence of 60Co-irradiated B-lymphoblastoid human cells as allogeneic stimulators, supplied at a concentration of 10% along with 10% serum and 10(5) allogeneic stimulator cells/ml, supported exponential growth (population doubling times of 22 h) for extended periods (greater than 30 d). It gave cloning efficiencies of greater than or equal to 40%. T-lymphocytes stored in liquid nitrogen and returned to culture shortly before mutagen exposure exhibited the same sensitivity as freshly-isolated T-cells to killing by the agents tested, i.e., UV radiation, ethyl-nitrosourea, and (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,19 alpha,epoxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene. We showed that if mutagenized populations frozen during the expression period were thawed and assayed, they exhibited the same cloning efficiencies and frequencies of 6-thioguanine-resistant cells as did the corresponding populations that had been assayed directly without freezing. Use of these procedures should facilitate investigation of the frequency and kinds of mutations induced in the HPRT gene of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro.
Applying matrix rotation to the three-dimensional low-frequency multilevel fast multipole algorithm

The matrix rotation technique is applied to the three-dimensional (3-D) multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) at very low frequencies (LF) to save the storage without increasing the order of the floating-point operations. Some symmetrical properties of the translation matrices along the z-direction for the 3-D LF–MLFMA and the static MLFMA are also derived to further reduce the memory requirements. Numerical results shown that the order of errors introduced by the matrix rotation is much smaller than the order of errors from the plain LF–MLFMA or plain static MLFMA. The implementation of the matrix rotation technique does not change the precision order of the LF–MLFMA and the static MLFMA for fixed truncation of multipole expansions. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 26: 105–110, 2000.
Macroglobulin antibody response to Ascaris suum infection. A comparison of precipitating antibody in rats and mice.

Abstract Precipitating antibody was detected by micro-Ouchterlony slides in the sera of mice and rats infected with one per os dose of embryonated Ascaris suum eggs. Characterization of the antibody by gel filtration through Sephadex G-200, sensitivity to 2-mercaptoethanol, ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient, and immunoelectrophoresis revealed that the principal precipitating antibody in mice was a macroglobulin and in rats was a 7S globulin. The antigen(s) used to detect the precipitating antibodies was an extract of lyophilized adult ascaris. The extract had a high carbohydrate to protein ratio and the antigen activity was heat stable. Activity was not destroyed by pronase, lysozyme, mild acid, or alkaline hydrolysis, but periodic acid oxidation decreased activity. The antigenic activity was not separated by 5% trichloroacetic acid precipitation. The precipitating antibody in the mouse induced by A. suum infection cross reacted with extracts of several other helminth species. This precipitin could not be related to the human isohemagglutinins or heterophil antibody by the tests employed.
Characterizing communication patterns of NAS-MPI benchmark programs

Scientific computing algorithms on parallel computing environments are popularly used to simulate scientific and engineering phenomena rather than physical experimentations. The performance of these applications on parallel computing environments depends on the communication delay between processors. To reduce the delay, communication patterns have been studied by many research scientists. The communication characteristics enables us to better understand the performance behaviors of scientific applications and allows us to predict the performance of large scale applications using a model of smaller version application programs. In this paper, we analyzed the communication behavior using NAS-MPI benchmark programs which have been used to represent scientific and engineering workloads. The experimental results show that the communication patterns such as communication timing, sizes of messages and destinations could be used to predict the performance.
Human ALX receptor regulates neutrophil recruitment in transgenic mice: roles in inflammation and host defense

Signaling pathways instrumental in the temporal and spatial progression of acute inflammation toward resolution are of wide interest. Here a transgenic mouse with myeloid-selective expression of human lipoxin A4 receptor (hALX) was prepared and used to evaluate in vivo the effect of hALX expression. hALX-transfected HEK293 cells transmitted LXA4 signals that inhibit TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB activation. Transgenic FvB mice were generated by DNA injections of a 3.8 kb transgene consisting of the full-length hALX cDNA driven by a fragment of the hCD11b promoter. When topically challenged via dermal ear skin, hALX transgenic mice gave attenuated neutrophil infiltration (approximately 80% reduction) in response to leukotriene B4 (LTB4) plus prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as well as approximately 50% reduction in PMN infiltrates (P 50% reduction in PMN infiltrates to suboptimal doses (10 ng/mouse) of the ligand lipoxin A4 stable analog compared with <10% reduction of PMN in nontransgenic littermates. Soluble mediators generated within the local inflammatory milieu of hALX mice showed diminished ability to activate the proinflammatory transcription factor NFkappaB. Analyses of the lipid-derived mediators from exudates using LC-MS tandem mass spectroscopy indicated an altered profile in hALX transgenic mice that included lower levels of LTB4 and increased amounts of lipoxin A4 compared with nontransgenic littermates. Together these results demonstrate a gain-of-function with hALX transgenic mouse and indicate that ALX is a key receptor and sensor in formation of acute exudates and their resolution.
ERCP with cholangiopancreatoscopy may be associated with higher rates of complications than ERCP alone: a single-center experience

Background Comparative data regarding complications associated with ERCP alone or when performed with cholangiopancreatoscopy (CP) are lacking. Objective To determine whether ERCP complications are more frequent when concomitant CP is performed. Design A retrospective query of a prospectively maintained database of ERCP, CP, and complications. Main Outcome Measurements Consensus criteria complications and additional adverse events (AEs), including unplanned medical evaluation, cardiopulmonary/sedation events, and others. Setting Academic, tertiary referral center. Results A total of 4214 ERCPs were performed (337 sphincter of Oddi manometry cases excluded) during the study period, of which 3475 ERCPs and 402 ERCPs with CP were analyzed. There were 28 of 402 AEs (7.0%) in the ERCP with CP group and 101 of 3475 (2.9%) in the ERCP-only group (odds ratio [OR], 2.50; 95% CI, 1.56-3.89). Subgroup analysis revealed a significantly higher rate of cholangitis in the CP group versus ERCP group (1.0% vs 0.2%; OR, 4.98; 95% CI, 1.06-19.67) and similar rates of pancreatitis (2.2% vs 1.3%; OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 0.74-3.65) and perforation (1.0% vs 0.3%; OR, 3.16; 95% CI, 0.73-10.75). Limitations Retrospective review of a complications database that relies on physician self-reporting. Conclusions AEs from CP may be more than double those of ERCP alone (when sphincter of Oddi manometry cases are excluded). CP appears to be associated with a significantly higher rate of cholangitis, possibly because of intermittent intraductal irrigation required during the procedure.