cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Titration of Dyes for their Bacteriostatic Action

A study was made of the extrinsic bacteriostatic value of different lots of two brands of several tri-phenyl methane dyes. Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach and Bacterium communior Holland were chosen as the test organisms. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Recent lots of the two brands of each dye possess practically the same bacteriostatic value; (2) the ethyl group in brilliant green appears to be responsible for the marked inhibition of the colon organism by this dye; (3) the bacteriostatic action of a dye is influenced by the H-ion concentration and constituents of the medium and by the amount of the inoculum; (4) the therapeutic value of a dye cannot be judged by tests in vitro.
Multilateration Error Ellipsoids

Formulas are derived for the lengths and direction cosines of the semiaxes of error ellipsoids in three-dimensional multilateration, in terms of the rms errors and direction cosines of the distance measurements, for the case in which random measurement errors are normally distributed and systematic errors are negligible. Two-dimensional error ellipses also are discussed.
Elevated IgA concentration in milk produced by mothers delivered of preterm infants

Concentrations of immunoglobulins G, M, and A were measured by double-antibody radioimmunoassay in morning milk samples collected during the first month postpartum from 35 mothers delivered of preterm infants and 14 mothers delivered of term infants. Mean concentrations of IgG (1.8 to 2.8 mg/gm protein) and IgM (2.8 to 11.7 mg/gm protein) were similar in milk from both groups of mothers. In contrast, IgA was present in significantly higher concentrations throughout the first month postpartum in milk from mothers delivered of preterm infants than in milk from those giving birth at term ( P P P
Anticholinergicity and cognitive processing in chronic schizophrenia

Patients with chronic schizophrenia suffer from alterations in cholinergic functioning due to several factors, including the disease diathesis and pharmacologic treatments. Acetylcholine-cognition relationships are well explored in normals but are unclear in schizophrenia. Prior work indicated serum anticholinergicity does not cause global cognitive impairment in this group (Tracy et al., 1998a), raising the possibility that anticholinergicity normalizes an abnormal hyperactive cholinergic state. Serum anticholinergic levels were determined in 38 chronic schizophrenia patients using an established radioreceptor assay method. Six cognitive functions associated with cholinergic tone in normals were tested. The potential role of autonomic arousal and cigarette smoking were also assessed as both have been linked to cholinergic functioning. Regression analyses showed measures of inhibitory executive control and effortful memory accounted for a greater proportion of the variance in the anticholinergicity measure compared to the other variables. The data demonstrate a relationship between high anticholinergicity and worse performance on two types of attention-resource demanding cognitive processes and do not support the notion that reduced cholinergic tone normalizes a hyperactive cortical acetylcholine substrate. Relevant neuroanatomic structures and implications for models of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are discussed.
A micromethod for the purification of lysyl oxidase.

Abstract A simple, efficient, and rapid procedure for the purification of lysyl oxidase is described. This method utilizes an affinity scheme involving powdered elastin-hydroxyethylmethacrylate hydrogels and high-performance liquid chromatography and permits the study of enzyme from sources which contain limited amounts of enzyme, such as aortic smooth muscle cells in culture.
Preganglionic neurons in the sacral spinal cord of the rat: an HRP study

Abstract The pelvic nerve in the rat was exposed to HRP in order to localize the cells of origin of preganglionic fibers coursing in this nerve. Labeled cells were located in spinal segments L6-S1, primarily in the lateral intermediate gray. Occassionally, an HRP-filled cell was observed in the ventral horn in association with somatic motoneurons.
Structured Emergency Medicine Board Review and Resident In‐service Examination Scores

Objective: To determine whether the institution of a structured board review program is associated with improved in-service examination scores by residents at an emergency medicine (EM) residency program. Methods: A retrospective, historical control analysis of the association of a board review program and in-service examination scores at one EM residency program was performed. A structured board review consisting of monthly reading assignments in “classic” EM textbooks followed by a graded multiple-choice written examination was instituted in 1987. Percentile scores on the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) in-service examination before (1985 — 1986) and after (1987–1994) initiation of the board review process were compared by resident level (EM-1, 2, or 3). Results: The EM-1 mean percentile score before board review was 50.7 and rose to 68.9 after the institution of the board review program (p = 0.039). Mean EM-2 scores (66.8 vs 65.4) and EM-3 scores (74.4 vs 67.4) decreased slightly; these decreases were not statistically significant. Due to the large increase in EM-1 scores, the mean scores for the total program increased slightly (63.4 vs 67.4; p = NS). Conclusion: In this study, EM-1 in-service scores improved in association with the institution of a structured board review program. This formalized didactic program may increase the knowledge base and test performance of EM-1 residents. A favorable effect on EM-2 and EM-3 resident scores was not seen.
Privacy versus reward: Do loyalty programs increase consumers' willingness to share personal information with third-party advertisers and data brokers?

Abstract This research reports that U.S. online shoppers significantly identify third-party advertisers and data brokers as separate agents and display different attitudes toward sharing their PI in the context of online retailing. Applying Westins' Privacy Segmentation Index, the results showed that enrollment in multiple loyalty programs significantly predicts Privacy Pragmatic shoppers' willingness to share personal information, while consumer commitment significantly increases both the Privacy Unconcerned and Pragmatist groups' willingness to share. Conversely, this is not the case for Privacy Fundamentalists. Age and gender also played important roles in predicting consumers’ willingness to share their PI with advertisers and data brokers.
Isopiestic studies of aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures IX. {(1 − y)NaCl + yLiCl}

Abstract Isopiestic molalities for the mixed electrolyte solutions {(1 − y)NaCl + yLiCl}(aq) have been measured over the temperature range 383.19 to 523.17 K. NaCl(aq) was used as the isopiestic standard for the calculation of osmotic coefficients. The ion-interaction model for mixedelectrolyte solutions was fitted to the experimental results with acceptable standard deviations. One mixing parameter (in addition to the pure-electrolyte parameters) was adequate to give a satisfactory description of the solutions. The importance of the mixing parameter increased with temperature, contributing as much as 20 per cent to the activity coefficient at 523 K. Excess thermodynamic functions were either independent of temperature or had a simple dependence on temperature.
Alleviation by leucovorin of the dose-limiting toxicity of edatrexate: potential for improved therapeutic efficacy.

Edatrexate (10-ethyl-10-deaza-aminopterin; CGP 30 694) is a methotrexate (MTX) analogue that shows promise against non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other tumors. Since edatrexate's mechanism of action is the same as the saf MTX, we used leucovorin in an attempt to alleviate its dose-limiting toxicity, stomatitis. In four patients with NSCLC who had experienced significant stomatitis after treatment with edatrexate, cyclophosphamide, and cisplatin, we observed a remarkable reduction in stomatitis following the administration of lowdose leucovorin. On the basis of the results obtained in these individuals, we treated 15 additional patients with these iree-drug regimen plus leucovorin rescue. These subjects could tolerate the treatment with lesser degrees of stomatitis and received higher edatrexate doses in subsequent courses as compared with the patients who previously received this regimen without leucovorin rescue. This approach is expected to improve the therapeutic indices of edatrexate and edatrexate-containing chemotherapy regimens by modifying the dose-limiting toxicity of this antineoplastic agent.
A Case of Cerebellopontine Angle Meningioma Presenting With Neck and Upper Extremity Pain

Abstract Objective The purpose of this case report is to describe and discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of a patient with a cerebellopontine angle meningioma. Clinical Features A 29-year-old man presented to a chiropractor with diffuse musculoskeletal pain in the neck and right upper extremity. The findings of the clinical examination included a unilateral lower cranial nerve motor deficit. Intervention and Outcome Magnetic resonance imaging studies of the neck and brain revealed a posterior fossa tumor, which was eventually diagnosed as a benign meningioma. Partial surgical removal of the tumor mass was followed by radiation therapy. Postoperative morbidity was fairly low. Lower cranial nerve function normalized after surgery. Conclusion Patients with brain lesions may present to chiropractic practices with predominantly musculoskeletal symptoms. Chiropractors can aid in the multidisciplinary and integrated management of such conditions through careful interviewing and appropriate neurological examination.
Attenuation of Oscillations in Galerkin Systems Using Center-Manifold Techniques*

In this paper, nonlinear control systems whose dynamics are quadratic with respect to state and bilinear with respect to state and input, and which exhibit an oscillation caused by a stable limit cycle for zero input are studied. Galerkin systems which arise from reducedorder modeling of certain infinite-dimensional dynamical systems of interest in flow control belong to this category. For these models, it is customary to analyze the effect of linear control on the amplitude of the limit cycle using standard arguments involving Poincare ‘normal forms and center manifold theory. It is found that the oscillation amplitude depends both on terms linear in the control and nonlinear terms that depend on the center manifold. To exploit these latter, in this paper a nonlinear control law is proposed that aims at reducing the oscillation by shaping the center manifold. An oscillation preserving condition was defined and enforced on the system to ensure that the results are physically meaningful and practically implementable. The analysis of the closed loop system is simplified using a time varying periodic change of coordinates, time scaling, and averaging. Using center manifold theory, conditions governing the number and stability type of the limit cycles, and analytical expressions for the oscillation amplitude are derived. The results are verified using a finite-dimensional cavity flow model as a case study.
Identities among Euclidean Sonar and Radon transforms

We establish new relations which connect Euclidean Sonar transforms (integrals taken over spheres with centers in a hyperplane) with classical Radon transforms. The relations, stated as operator identities, allow us to reduce the inversion of Sonar transforms to classical Radon inversion.
Prerenal Failure: A Deleterious Shift from Renal Compensation to Decompensation

TRADITIONALLY, the term "prerenal failure" was used to describe a clinical situation in which the structurally intact kidney fails as a result of an impairment in glomerular perfusion. The decrease...
Classical conditioning of front paw and hind paw footshock induced analgesia (FSIA): naloxone reversibility and descending pathways.

Abstract Opiate and non-opiate footshock induced analgesia (FSIA) has recently been observed to be differentially elicited dependent upon the body region shocked; front paw and hind paw shock produce opiate and non-opiate analgesia, respectively. Previous studies have shown that footshock can also produce classically conditioned analgesia; that is, when shock is delivered to an animal, environmental cues become associated with the noxious stimulus such that these cues become capable, in and of themselves, of producing potent analgesia. The present series of experiments examined analgesia classically conditioned to either front paw or hind paw shock. The non-electrified shock grid served as the conditioned stimulus (CS), 90-s footshock as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and tail-flick inhibition as the unconditioned response (UCR). Following CS-UCS pairings, exposure to the non-electrified grid reliably produced prolonged analgesia. This classically conditioned analgesia appears to involve endogenous opioids, regardless of the body region shocked during conditioning trials, since the analgesia is attenuated by systemic naloxone and shows cross-tolerance to morphine. A spinal opioid site is involved since 1 μg of naloxone delivered directly to the lumbosacral cord antagonizes the analgesia. Like front paw (opiate) FSIA, CCA can be prevented but cannot be reversed by naloxone; naloxone can antagonize classically conditioned analgesia only if it is delivered prior to exposure to the conditioned stimulus. Lastly, a similarity was recognized between classically conditioned analgesia and the analgesias induced by morphine, brain stimulation, front paw shock and hind paw shock in that all are mediated via descending pathways within the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord.
Mutagenic activity of diesel emission particulate extracts and isolation of the mutagenic fractions

Abstract Mutagenic activity in diesel emission particulate extracts was detected by the Salmonella typhimurium /microsome assay. Direct-acting mutagens as well as promutagens requiring metabolic activation were detected. The extracts were fractionated into acidic, basic, and neutral fractions, and the neutral fraction was chromatographed into seven subfractions. Differences in the mutagenic potency of these fractions and subfractions were determined by the Salmonella assay. Fractions containing as yet unidentified compounds, but not polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, were found to make a major contribution to mutagenic activity of the extracts.
Sensationalizing OMA'S Milstein Hall at Cornell University

ABSTRACTMilstein Hall is a new building designed by Rem Koolhaas on the Cornell University campus. The intensely ocularcentric way in which the building has been mediated, in contrast with the haptic way in which the building has been used by skateboarders among others, raises a series of fascinating questions for the sensory studies scholar.
Labor PAC contributions and labor legislation: A simultaneous logit approach

Labor PACs are used to explore the potential congressional influence of campaign contributions from special interest groups. PACs of organized labor are particularly useful for two reasons. First, a set of labor issues are defined each year by the AFL-CIO and so ad-hoc decisions about pertinent legislation are not made by the researcher. Secondly, there are measurable traits of representatives and constitutents that may lead to a predisposition of labor support. By combining these two attributes, a model is developed to investigate the question of congressional influence.
A forgetting model for paired-associate learning

Abstract This paper presents a Markov model for paired-associate learning which is based on conclusion drawn from experimental studies of short-term memory. Learning of paired-associates is considered as a decrease in the probability of forgetting an association between trials. The ability of the model to account for experimental results is demonstrated by considering data from two experiments involving paired-associate lists. Observed values of the mean learning curve and response probabilities conditional on the outcome of the preceding trial are compared with the values predicted by the forgetting model and the one-element model. Comparison of parameter values for several experimental situations provides interpretations for the forgetting model's parameters. Finally, the model is applied to an experiment using an RRTTTT design to demonstrate its potential generality.
Autosomal dominant familial frontonasal dermoid cysts: a mother and her identical twin daughters

A dermoid cyst is an ectodermal cyst that contains an epithelial lining as well as adnexal structures, and may occur in numerous areas of the body. The nasal dermoid accounts for 1% of all dermoid cysts and 3-12% of head and neck dermoid cysts. While there have been familial cases reported, a genetic inheritance for nasal dermoids has not been suggested. We present the first reported case of a mother and her identical twin daughters who were all found to have evidence of frontonasal dermoid cysts. Our case and a review of literature seem to implicate an autosomal dominant inheritance in certain instances of nasal dermoids.
CONTRAST‐ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF THE AUDITORY TUBE IN MESATICEPHALIC DOGS

Computed tomography after contrast medium injection was performed in three mesaticephalic canine cadavers to image the auditory tube. Cadavers were positioned in lateral recumbency for imaging. A myringotomy incision was made in the left tympanic membrane of each dog, and contrast medium was infused into the ear canal and middle ear through a balloon-tip catheter. With this method, contrast medium filled the left bulla and auditory tube in all three cadavers. Computed tomography following contrast medium injection was effective for evaluation of the canine auditory tube. Future studies are required to determine the usefulness, as well as the safety, of this procedure in the evaluation of the auditory tube in other breeds of dogs as well as dogs with otitis media.
Denoising using higher-order statistics

We used a higher-order correlation-based method for signal denoising. In our approach, we determined which wavelet coefficients contained mostly noise, or signal, based on higher-order statistics. Because the higher that second-order moments of the Gaussian probability function are zero, the third-order correlation coefficient will not have a statistical contribution from Gaussian noise. We obtained results for both 1-D signals and images. In all cases, our approach showed improved results when compared to a more popular denoising method.
Serotonin content of platelet enriched plasma in Parkinson patients prior and during treatment with l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)☆

Abstract The serotonin content of platelet enriched plasma from Parkinson patients not treated with l -DOPA was 0.502 μg ± .11 10 9 platelets and did not significantly differ from non-Parkinson controls. l -DOPA in initial and long term therapy did not alter the platelet serotonin content. Therefore the in vivo uptake and storage of serotonin in platelets appear normal in Parkinson's disease.
The effect of component partitioning on potassium picrate transport across multicomponent supported liquid membranes

Abstract Supported liquid membrane experiments were performed with systematically varied liquid membrane compositions including dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 ether as the carrier and various ratios of methylene chloride and a 35 carbon aliphatic oil. The partitioning of the crown ether species toward the membrane phase increased markedly with methylene chloride addition to the aliphatic oil. p]The unanticipated unsteady state transport of potassium picrate across the liquidfilled microporous membranes resulted from evaporation of methylene chloride from the aqueous reservoirs and subsequent depletion from the membrane phase. The depletion of methylene chloride from the liquid membrane caused progressively reduced partitioning of the carrier and carrier complexes to the membrane relative to the contiguous aqueous phases. The reduction in carrier concentration in the membrane phase resulted in progressively decreased concentration gradients of the carrier complex. The rate of potassium picrate transport decreased during the course of the experiments even though the upstream potassium concentration was insignificantly decreased and the downstream concentration of potassium picrate remained small compared with the upstream concentration. p]These experimental results focus attention upon the important practical problem of non-infinite partitioning of carrier and key solvent components between the membrane phase and the contiguous aqueous phases. Subtle changes in the carrier distribution coefficient markedly compromise process efficacy since the volume ratio of the aqueous and membrane phases is enormous.
Second-trimester vaginal bleeding: Correlation of ultrasonographic findings with perinatal outcome

Objective: Our purpose was to determine the relationship between ultrasonographic findings and perinatal outcome in patients with second-trimester vaginal bleeding. Study Design: A retrospective case-control study was performed. One hundred sixty-seven patients with ultrasonographic examinations performed for bleeding between 13 and 26 weeks' gestation were identified through a comprehensive ultrasonography database. The main ultrasonographic findings of interest were the presence of an intrauterine clot, membrane separation, and placenta previa. A control group of 167 patients was obtained by selecting the next consecutive patient from the comprehensive perinatal database. Perinatal outcome measures for both groups were recorded. Results: Multiparity was more common in patients with bleeding than in controls (69% vs 58%, p =0.036), as was history of two or more previous preterm deliveries (6% vs none, p =0.005). Second-trimester vaginal bleeding was associated with increased risk of preterm delivery (relative risk 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 2.8), fetal death (relative risk 6.3, 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 2.1), and perinatal death (relative risk 5.4, 95% confidence interval 2.1 to 13.7). The perinatal mortality rate was 162:1000 in these patients versus 30:1000 in controls. To assess the impact of ultrasonographic abnormalities, the study group was divided into two groups. Among the patients with second-trimester vaginal bleeding those with abnormal ultrasonographic findings had an increased risk of preterm delivery (relative risk 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 2.8), fetal death (relative risk 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 6.3), perinatal death (relative risk 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 5.3), and neonatal intensive care unit admissions (relative risk 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 6.1). The perinatal mortality rate was 258:1000 for patients with abnormal ultrasonographic examinations. Conclusion: Second-trimester vaginal bleeding is more common in multiparous women and in women with a history of a previous preterm delivery. Perinatal morbidity and mortality is increased in patients with bleeding during the second trimester. The risk is compounded when abnormalities are detected by ultrasonography.
The utility business model and the future of computing services

The utility business model is shaped by a number of characteristics that are typical in public services: users consider the service a necessity, high reliability of service is critical, the ability to fully utilize capacity is limited, and services are scalable and benefit from economies of scale. This paper examines the utility business model and its future role in the provision of computing services.
A stable free-surface boundary condition for two-dimensional elastic finite-difference wave simulation

Two of the persistent problems in finite-difference solutions of the elastic wave equation are the limited stability range of the free-surface boundary condition and the boundary condition's treatment of lateral variations in velocity and density. The centered-difference approximation presented by Alterman and Karal (1968), for example, remains stable only for β/α greater than 0.30, where β and α are the shear (S) and compressional (P) wave velocities. The one-sided approximation (Alterman and Rotenberg, 1969) and composed approximation (Ilan et al., 1975) have similar restrictions. The revised composed approximation of Ilan and Loewenthal (1976) overcomes this restriction, but cannot handle laterally varying media properly.
Dual-Career Expatriates: Expectations, Adjustment and Satisfaction With International Relocation

Dual-career expatriate couples present a challenging set of problems for international human resource managers. The results of a survey of husbands and wives in expatriate dual-career couples are analyzed relative to: 1) differences between the expatriates and their trailing spouses; 2) differences between male- and female-led dual-career couples; 3) differences between dual-career couples' opinions prior to expatriation and upon repatriation. The results of the study indicate dual-career couples have relatively consistent concerns and expectations prior to expatriation and upon repatriation to their home country. The significant differences observed were between male-led dual-career couples prior to expatriation when compared to male-led dual-career couples upon repatriation. In addition, the dual-career expatriate respondents did not feel the MNC that transferred them overseas provided adequate training or social support during the international assignment.
Sequestering carbon in soils of agro-ecosystems

Abstract Soils of the world’s agroecosystems (croplands, grazing lands, rangelands) are depleted of their soil organic carbon (SOC) pool by 25–75% depending on climate, soil type, and historic management. The magnitude of loss may be 10 to 50 tons C/ha. Soils with severe depletion of their SOC pool have low agronomic yield and low use efficiency of added input. Conversion to a restorative land use and adoption of recommended management practices, can enhance the SOC pool, improve soil quality, increase agronomic productivity, advance global food security, enhance soil resilience to adapt to extreme climatic events, and mitigate climate change by off-setting fossil fuel emissions. The technical potential of carbon (C) sequestration in soils of the agroecosystems is 1.2–3.1 billion tons C/yr. Improvement in soil quality, by increase in the SOC pool of 1 ton C/ha/yr in the root zone, can increase annual food production in developing countries by 24–32 million tons of food grains and 6–10 million tons of roots and tubers. The strategy is to create positive soil C and nutrient budgets through adoption of no-till farming with mulch, use of cover crops, integrated nutrient management including biofertilizers, water conservation, and harvesting, and improving soil structure and tilth.
Stable Networks and Product Graphs

A network is a collection of gates, each with many inputs and many outputs, where links join individual outputs to individual inputs of gates; the unlinked inputs and outputs of gates are viewed as inputs and outputs of the network. A stable configuration assigns values to inputs, outputs, and links in a network, so as to ensure that the gate equations are satisfied. The problem of finding stable configurations in a network is computationally hard, even when all values are boolean and all input values are specified in advance; in general, the difficulty of a stability problem seems to depend on the kinds of mappings associated with the gates present in the network. The study can be restricted to gates that satisfy a nonexpansiveness condition requiring small perturbations at the inputs of a gate to have only a small effect at the outputs of the gate. The stability question on the class of networks satisfying this local nonexpansiveness condition contains stable matching as a main example, and defines the boundary between tractable and intractable versions of network stability. The structural and algorithmic study of stability in nonexpansive networks is based on a representation of the possible assignments of boolean values for a network as vertices in a boolean cube under the associated Hamming metric. This global view takes advantage of the median properties of the cube, and extends to metric networks, where individual values are now chosen from finite metric spaces and combined by means of an additive product operation. The relationship between products of metric spaces and products of graphs establishes then a connection between isometric representations in graphs and nonexpansiveness in metric networks.
Recent Trends in Undergraduate Economics Degrees

Trends are provided in economics majors as reflected in undergraduate degrees awarded. A recent decline in these trends is demonstrated.
The Social Construction of Expertise

In The Social Construction of Reality, Berger and Luckmann discuss experts. They contrast the stabilizing monopoly traditionally enjoyed by “universal experts” with the destabilizing competition of a modern pluralistic society. “When a particular definition of reality comes to be attached to a concrete power interest, it may be called an ideology.” The current institutions of forensic science illustrate the claim that monopoly in expertise is associated with political power. Applying the analysis of universal experts in The Social Construction of Reality to forensic science provides useful insights into forensic science as a social phenomenon.
Ventilatory effects of naloxone and morphine in the developing opossum

To determine whether endogenous opiates might tonically suppress ventilation in the immature mammal, young opossums between the 15th and 50th day of development were challenged with the opiate antagonist, naloxone, while ventilation was assessed using pressure plethysmorgraphy. The youngest animals (to about 25 days of age) typically showed an increase in breathing, but this was accompanied by somatic motor activity (assessed using electromyography) resembling behavioral arousal. In older animals a behavioral response was not always obtained; but in the absence of a behavioral effect, stimulation of breathing was not typically observed. When animals were tested with the opiate agonist morphine, respiratory depression was observed. Again, the most potent effects were obtained in the youngest animals. These data suggest that activation of opiate receptors can result in depression of breathing in young opossums; however, the stimulation of breathing by an opiate antagonist is best interpreted in terms of effects on wakefulness, rather than removal of tonic inhibition from respiratory neurons.
Why Precipitation Is Mostly Concentrated over Islands in the Maritime Continent

Abstract High-resolution observations and regional climate model simulations reveal that precipitation over the Maritime Continent is mostly concentrated over islands. Analysis of the diurnal cycles of precipitation and winds indicates that this is predominantly caused by sea-breeze convergence over islands, reinforced by mountain–valley winds and further amplified by the cumulus merger processes. Comparison of a regional climate model control simulation to a flat-island run and an all-ocean run demonstrates that the underrepresentation of islands and terrain in the Maritime Continent weakens the atmospheric disturbance associated with the diurnal cycle, and hence underestimates precipitation. The implication of these regional modeling results is that systematic errors in coarse-resolution global circulation models probably result from insufficient representation of land–sea breezes associated with the complex topography in the Maritime Continent. It is found that precipitation in the Maritime Continent, ...
Ring-Opening Reactions of N-Methyl Cyclic Ketene-N,O-acetals with Carboxylic Acids, Nitrophenol, and Arylthiols

Ring-opening reactions of N-methyl cyclic ketene-N,O-acetals with carboxylic acids, 4-nitrophenol, and arylthiols afforded amidoesters, amidoaryl ether, and amidothioethers, respectively, in good yields via an acid-catalyzed SN2 mechanism.
Information passing in online recommendation

In this paper, we analyze a recommendation network with over 4,000 users and half a million books. There are two types of edges in this network, "read" relations between users and books, and following relations between users. We first investigate in general, if one's followees' recommendations have impacts on one's decision. We then analyze the correlation between one's influence and her centrality in the network. Finally, we study how effective a recommendation is as one sends or receives more and more recommendations. Results show that although in general, one's followee do have an impact over her decision, such influence is not correlated with the followee's centrality. As one receives more and more recommendations for a product, it is more likely that she will accept it. However, there is a saturate point over which more recommendations will have no further impact. As one sends out more and more recommendations, the probabilities that these recommendations get accepted become larger and larger.
Estimating the Parameters of a Multivariate Exponential Distribution

Abstract Parameter estimation for a (k + 1)-parameter version of the k-dimensional multivariate exponential distribution (MVE) of Marshall and Olkin is investigated. Although not absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure, a density with respect to a dominating measure is specified, enabling derivation of a likelihood function and likelihood equations. In general, the likelihood equations, not solvable explicitly, have a unique root which is the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). A simple estimator (INT) is derived as the first iterate in solving the likelihood equations iteratively. The resulting sequence of estimators converges to the MLE for sufficiently large samples. These results can be extended to the more general (2 k − 1)-parameter MVE.
Large-Scale Evaluations of Curricular Effectiveness: The Case of Elementary Mathematics in Indiana

We use data from one of the few states where information on curriculum adoptions is available—Indiana—to empirically evaluate differences in performance across three elementary-mathematics curricula. The three curricula that we evaluate were popular nationally during the time of our study, and two of the three remain popular today. We find large differences in effectiveness between the curricula, most notably between the two that held the largest market shares in Indiana. Both are best characterized as traditional in pedagogy. We also show that the publisher of the least-effective curriculum did not lose market share in Indiana in the following adoption cycle; one explanation is that educational decision makers lack information about differences in curricular effectiveness.
What Influences Consumer Choice of Fresh Produce Purchase Location

There is evidence that consumers are increasingly purchasing food directly from local producers, but little is understood about which market-specific, intrinsic, extrinsic, and demographic attributes influence the probability of preferring to purchase fresh produce through direct-market channels. A multinomial logit model is used to analyze a national dataset of fresh produce consumers with a focus on exploring differences among those that prefer to purchase direct always, occasionally (seasonally and as a secondary source), and never. Results suggest that to increase patronage and loyalty of current customers, producers may emphasize the availability of fresh, superior, vitamin-rich, and locally-grown produce at market locations through booth displays,adsinmagazines, radiospots,and electronic newsletters.To attract new customers who do not currently admit a preference for purchasing direct, producers may find greater success by locating in convenient-to-reach venues, showcasing a variety of colorful offerings, and working to enhance the overall aesthetic appeal of market locations.
Transitions to the ground state in synchrotron radiation

This paper will deal with the high-energy tip of the synchrotron spectrum. Specifically, we consider exact relativistic wave functions of an electron in a transverse magnetic field as the basis for the calculation of the transition rate to the ground state.
Oral branched-chain amino acid supplements that reduce brain serotonin during exercise in rats also lower brain catecholamines

Exercise raises brain serotonin release and is postulated to cause fatigue in athletes; ingestion of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), by competitively inhibiting tryptophan transport into brain, lowers brain tryptophan uptake and serotonin synthesis and release in rats, and reputedly in humans prevents exercise-induced increases in serotonin and fatigue. This latter effect in humans is disputed. But BCAA also competitively inhibit tyrosine uptake into brain, and thus catecholamine synthesis and release. Since increasing brain catecholamines enhances physical performance, BCAA ingestion could lower catecholamines, reduce performance and thus negate any serotonin-linked benefit. We therefore examined in rats whether BCAA would reduce both brain tryptophan and tyrosine concentrations and serotonin and catecholamine synthesis. Sedentary and exercising rats received BCAA or vehicle orally; tryptophan and tyrosine concentrations and serotonin and catecholamine synthesis rates were measured 1 h later in brain. BCAA reduced brain tryptophan and tyrosine concentrations, and serotonin and catecholamine synthesis. These reductions in tyrosine concentrations and catecholamine synthesis, but not tryptophan or serotonin synthesis, could be prevented by co-administering tyrosine with BCAA. Complete essential amino acid mixtures, used to maintain or build muscle mass, were also studied, and produced different effects on brain tryptophan and tyrosine concentrations and serotonin and catecholamine synthesis. Since pharmacologically increasing brain catecholamine function improves physical performance, the finding that BCAA reduce catecholamine synthesis may explain why this treatment does not enhance physical performance in humans, despite reducing serotonin synthesis. If so, adding tyrosine to BCAA supplements might allow a positive action on performance to emerge.
Press Releases by Academic Medical Centers: Not So Academic?

Press releases might be a source of exaggerated descriptions of scientific findings in the popular media. Among 200 press releases from 20 U.S. medical centers, 23% of the 95 releases on human rese...
SEX DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO SIMULATED EMPLOYEE DISCIPLINE CASES

Personnel managers examined vignettes in which an employee had made a serious judgmental error. The employee was seen in a traditional male position (construction supervisor, production manager), or in a relatively more female-identified position (public relations officer, executive secretary), and was identified as male or female. Individuals employed in male-identified positions were viewed as more competent than those in traditional female positions. Overall, evaluations were correlated with recommended personnel actions. Punishing personnel action was least likely to be recommended, however, for males employed in traditional male positions. The results are interpreted as consistent with role theory and with certain attributional concepts. Implications are discussed for career strategy and for personnel policy.
Aging and IQ effects on associative recognition and priming in item recognition

Two ways to examine memory for associative relationships between pairs of words were tested: an explicit method, associative recognition, and an implicit method, priming in item recognition. In an experiment with both kinds of tests, participants were asked to learn pairs of words. For the explicit test, participants were asked to decide whether two words of a test pair had been studied in the same or different pairs. For the implicit test, participants were asked to decide whether single words had or had not been among the studied pairs. Some test words were immediately preceded in the test list by the other word of the same pair and some by a word from a different pair. Diffusion model (Ratcliff, 1978; Ratcliff & McKoon, 2008) analyses were carried out for both tasks for college-age participants, 60–74 year olds, and 75–90 year olds, and for higher- and lower-IQ participants, in order to compare the two measures of associative strength. Results showed parallel behavior of drift rates for associative recognition and priming across ages and across IQ, indicating that they are based, at least to some degree, on the same information in memory.
New Restricted Isometry results for noisy low-rank recovery

The problem of recovering a low-rank matrix consistent with noisy linear measurements is a fundamental problem with applications in machine learning, statistics, and control. Reweighted trace minimization, which extends and improves upon the popular nuclear norm heuristic, has been used as an iterative heuristic for this problem. In this paper, we present theoretical guarantees for the reweighted trace heuristic. We quantify its improvement over nuclear norm minimization by proving tighter bounds on the recovery error for low-rank matrices with noisy measurements. Our analysis is based on the Restricted Isometry Property (RIP) and extends some recent results from Compressed Sensing. As a second contribution, we improve the existing RIP recovery results for the nuclear norm heuristic, and show that recovery happens under a weaker assumption on the RIP constants.
Frequency, distribution and clonality of chromosome damage in human lymphocytes by multi-color FISH

Whole chromosome painting was used to determine whether the use of different sets of paints would influence results obtained from the analysis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes from 27 healthy unexposed subjects. Painting was also used to determine if aberration frequencies are proportional to the size of selected chromosomes in human lymphocytes irradiated in vitro. The in vitro results showed that the frequencies of radiation-induced stable aberrations (i.e. translocations and insertions) in chromosomes 3, 5 and 6 painted in unique colors are proportional to chromosome size. Aberration frequencies in the normal subjects were measured using two different sets of paints, one set for chromosomes 3, 5 and 6 where each chromosome was labeled in a unique color and one set where chromosomes 1, 2 and 4 were painted in a single color. The frequency of aberrations among chromosomes 1-6 in the population as a whole was also found to be proportional to chromosome size. However, some individual subjects had a distribution of damage that was not proportional to chromosome size due to the presence of clones of abnormal cells. Aberration frequencies measured in chromosomes 3, 5 and 6 as a set were highly correlated with those observed in chromosomes 1, 2 and 4 as a set, after adjusting for the different amounts of the genome that were painted. We also determined whether differences exist in the aberration frequencies measured by two scoring systems: the classical method, where reciprocal exchanges are scored as single events, and PAINT, where each break junction is scored as a single event. The two scoring systems gave highly correlated results for translocations and differed by a constant value (PAINT x 0.58 = classical method). Approximately 27% of translocations were observed to be non-reciprocal due to a failure to detect exchanges involving small amounts of material or to a non-reciprocal exchange mechanism. Our results support the hypothesis that cytogenetic evaluations for biodosimetry can be performed with any one or more of the chromosomes studied here and indicate that the aberration frequency measurements are independent of the scoring system selected for the evaluation. We also present a simple statistical method for identifying subjects that may possess clonal aberrations.
The magnet effect of price limits: evidence from high-frequency data on Taiwan Stock Exchange

Abstract Many financial markets impose limits on the amount asset prices can change within a trading day to prevent the market from overreacting and, hence, to dampen volatility. Using intraday data from Taiwan Stock Exchange (TSE), we document a statistically and economically significant tendency for stock prices to accelerate toward the upper bound and weak evidence of acceleration toward the lower bound as the price approaches the bounds. Previous research has referred to this phenomenon as the magnet effect of daily price limits, but to the best of our knowledge, the results presented here are the first empirical verification of such an effect. The magnet effect continues to hold even after controlling for possible momentum effects. The economic significance is established by simulated trading strategies. In addition, the effect is further confirmed by data from different sample period.
Measures as Lagrange multipliers in multistage stochastic programming

Abstract A duality theory is developed for multistage convex stochastic programming problems whose decision (or recourse) functions can be approximated by continuous functions satisfying the same constraints. Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality are obtained in terms of the existence of multipliers in the class of regular Borel measures on the underlying probability space, these being decomposable, of course, into absolutely continuous and singular components with respect to the given probability measure. This provides an alternative to the approach where the multipliers are elements of the dual of L ∞ with an analogous decomposition. However, besides the existence of strictly feasible solutions, special regularity conditions are required, such as the “laminarity” of the probability measure, a property introduced in an earlier paper. These are crucial in ensuring that the minimum in the optimization problem can indeed be approached by continuous functions.
Induction of gastroduodenal prolapse by antral heterotopic pancreas.

Ectopic pancreas is the most common congenital anomaly in the gastric antrum. In some patients, there is a distinct tendency for this lesion to produce intermittent crampy abdominal pain byprovoking gastroduodenal prolapse. This condition should be considered after a more distal prolapse from intussusception is excluded. An upper gastrointestinal series performed during an episode of symptoms may be diagnostic of this entity.
“Uris & Kluris” a Patient and Parent Information

Abstract Purpose To give patients and their parents a simple tool to understand the anatomy and function of the urinary tract and to be used by the urotherapist as a complement in the education of the patient. Material and Methods The material consists of a kit with a book, voiding cart and a CD. In the book a common patient case is told as a fairy tale. The book is used to repeat the education given by the urotherapist at the first visit. The voding chart indicates when it is time to go to the toilet. The patient marks toilet visits and urinary leakage. The CD is used at the uroterapeutic unit to repeat anatomy and function, when and how often it is adequate to void. Either the patient or the urotherapist is acting as a speaker and tell the story. Results The tool is used on a regular basis since two years at the uroterapeutic unit. About 200 new patients per year are visiting the unit. Our experience is that both patients and parents like the book and ofter refer to “Uris & Kluris” in the daily training to achieve good toilet habits. It has helped them to understand a very complicated process. Conclusions “Uris & Kluris” is a simple and amusing tool, describing a difficult topic to all ages making it easier for the urotherapist in the treatment of patients with different voiding problems.