cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Vector Set for GAL4-Dependent Transactivation Assay in Plants

To study transcriptional regulators, an in vivo functional assay is indispensable. Here we report a new convenient vector set for a transactivation assay in plants. The system consists of a luciferase reporter controlled by a synthetic promoter with GAL4-binding sites and an effector to express any fusion protein with the GAL4 DNA binding domain. Co-transfection of the two plasmids causes transactivation of the reporter by the expressed GAL4-effector fusion if the effector exhibits transcriptional activation activity. A multicloning site was introduced into the effector vector which should facilitate the construction of GAL4-effector fusions. In tobacco transient assay by microprojectile bombardment, a 27-fold transactivation for the GAL4-B17 fusion as an effector was demonstrated with this system.
Optimum measurements for estimation

This correspondence considers the class of estimation applications in which a choice of measurement devices is possible. A cost is associated with each measurement device. An optimization procedure is presented which minimizes the measurement cost while maximizing estimation accuracy.
Overview of the summit meeting evaluating research in African-American women

There is a disparity in the breast cancer survival rate among African-American women compared with the rate among white women. The summit meeting addressed the breast cancer crisis among African-American women by bringing together scientists, breast cancer advocates, and policy makers. The goal of the meeting was to develop a research agenda. For breast cancer research to advance, priority areas must be identified. The current article suggests questions and issues which are addressed in this cancer monograph. Cancer 2003;97(1 Suppl):207–10. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11028
HGSYSTEM: a review, critique, and comparison with other models

Abstract HGSYSTEM is a package of computer models for modeling release and atmospheric dispersion of hazardous substances, which has capabilities that may not be found together elsewhere (e.g., hydrogen fluoride/air/water thermodynamics, aerosol release, release and dispersion of mixtures, multi-component evaporation, downward vertical jets, plume lift-off, deposition, and street-canyon). There are, however, some shortcomings in its spill models and in the transition from a spill to a dispersion model. The model's strong and weak points and limited comparisons with ALOHA and DEGADIS are discussed herein.
Magnetothermal oscillations in pressure- annealed pyrolytic graphite.

Abstract Magnetothermal oscillations have been observed in pressure-annealed pyrolytic graphite. The period of the oscillations was measured as a function of angle between magnetic field H and the c axis of the crystal. The sample had a resistance ratio of 1/2 from room temperature to 4.2°K. Data were obtained for the majority hole carriers into th extreme quantum limit.
Should infertility patients be screened for celiac disease

Celiac disease occurs in roughly 1% of all humans. It is an autoimmune condition initially caused by hypersensitivity and hyperimmunity to a class of proteins, called gliadins, which are found in the outer husk of common grains such as wheat, barley, rye, and oats.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Gravity Wave Interactions

This paper is concerned with various aspects of the resonant interactions among waves. An experiment was suggested by Longuet-Higgins (1962) to detect this type of interaction among surface waves. This was subsequently performed by Longuet-Higgins & Smith (1966) and by McGoldrick, Phillips, Huang & Hodgson (1966). The results of the two sets of experiments are compared. Together they demonstrate very clearly the principal characteristics of the interaction; the maximum response at resonance and the linear growth with interaction distance, the decrease in band width with interaction distance and the shift of the resonance point that results from the amplitude dispersion. It is shown further that the instability of the Stokes wave, discovered and analysed by Benjamin & Feir, can be described in terms of these interactions and that it is not restricted to purely two dimensional motion. A Stokes wave is unstable to a disturbance containing a pair of wavenumbers defined by any point in the zone just inside the figure-of-eight loop shown in figure 12. Another example of resonant wave interactions is provided by short, internal gravity waves in a stratified fluid with constant Brunt-Vaisala frequency. The interactions among Fourier modes are considered, and it is shown that there arise both free and forced modes. In the latter, the dispersion relation for internal waves is not satisfied; there is no particular relation between wavenumber and frequency. The amplitudes of these are small compared with those of the internal wave modes provided the harmonic mean of the vorticity in the two interacting waves is small compared with the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. The motion then consists of interacting internal gravity waves, whose interaction sets are closed. On the other hand, if the forced components are comparable in magnitude with the wave modes, these interact strongly and indiscriminately; a ‘cascade’, characteristic of turbulence, develops.
Initial oral manifestations of leukemia.

Oral changes frequently are manifestations of leukemia. The dentist should examine his patients carefully for such changes and should carefully evaluate their histories.
A project for operating systems simulation

The purpose of this paper is to describe a project in a course on Operating Systems. The project is designed to reinforce the concepts of memory management, process management and processor management that are discussed in most Operating Systems texts. Each student is to design and write a program that will simulate these major components of an operating system. This project is presented to the student in 3 phases and is written in Pascal although it can be adapted to other languages. The first phase requires the design of memory management routines for an operating system which schedules jobs through the use of a combined round robin/FIFO philosophy. The major concerns are the allocation and deallocation of memory pages as programs are submitted to the system and are removed from the system as they finish. The second phase takes into account various scheduling techniques, I/O requests, and swapping. Having already worked out the bugs in the memory management routines, the student now must be concerned with the management of the jobs that pass through the system. The third and last phase is the implementation of job synchronization. Several events are described, any of which may be the object of a WAIT or SIGNAL directive issued by an executing program. The project must synchronize jobs that issue a WAIT and SIGNAL directive on the same event.The project is part of a 3 credit course in Operating Systems taught to Juniors and Seniors. Successful completion of the project includes not only the correct implementation of a well documented and logically designed operating system, but also a comparative study, within each phase, of the efficiency and effectiveness of the operating system as a variety of parameters, which describe the environment, are changed. Observations are submitted in a report that is required with each phase.
Crystal growth, structure, and stoichiometry of the superconducting pyrochlore Cd2Re2O7.

We report single-crystal growth of the superconducting pyrochlore Cd2Re2O7 using a vapor transport technique. Several parameters of the growth conditions, including hot-zone temperature and starting stoichiometry, were varied in order to control the formation of ReO2 inclusions, as confirmed by the electron microscopy, resistivity, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The Rietveld refinement of x-ray (neutron) powder diffraction was found to be consistent with a cubic structure Fd3m with lattice constant a = 10.2250 (10.2358) A and reduced coordinate of O1 = 0.3184 (0.3177) at 293 K (250 K). We also studied the oxygen stoichiometry by means of redox reactions, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), and x-ray/neutron diffractions. Particularly, the neutron powder diffraction on the 114Cd-enriched specimens yielded an oxygen deficiency δ = 0.14 ± 0.03 solely at the O2 site, which was consistent with the EMPA results. The EMPA indicated that the oxygen deficiency is homogeneous in the bulk and in a range of 0.01 ± 0.18–0.23 ± 0.19.
Optical characterization of beef muscle

An objective and reliable method for meat quality measurement will benefit both consumers and meat industry. Among various techniques, optical methods have the advantage of being fast, flexible, inexpensive and nondestructive, which are important characteristics for online quality control. Although there have been great progress in this area, many results are inconsistent and controversial because of the lack of fundamental understanding of in light-meat interactions. Optical measurements on meat tissues are affected by both meat scattering and absorption properties. In the project, a method based on diffuse approximation solution of light transport in tissue was used to derive meat scattering and absorption coefficients. Differentiating muscle scattering properties from absorption properties are important for muscle characterization because they represent distinctly different aspects of muscle physical and chemical components. Our preliminary results showed that scattering coefficients can detect variations in beef steak tenderness. This new technique is promising to be used as an indicator for beef tenderness. However, a more extensive study with larger sample population will be necessary to fully test the capability of using optical scattering for beef tenderness characterization.
Integrated approach to evaluating the toxicity of novel cysteine-capped silver nanoparticles to Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Because of microbial resistance to conventional antibiotics, there is increasing interest in silver, including silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag), in antimicrobial applications. However, questions remain regarding the relative roles of nano-Ag particles, versus Ag+ ions released from nano-Ag dissolution, in imparting bacterial toxicity. Here, we developed a novel nano-Ag that, based on its cysteine cap, was expected to dissolve slowly and thus potentially allow for differentiating nanoparticle, versus ionic, effects of Ag. The nano-Ag was systematically tested for its differential toxicity to Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, particle dissolution, cellular electron transfer activity, and cell membrane damage and potential were evaluated. In minimal growth medium, E. coli and P. aeruginosa growth were slowed at 100 mg L−1 (0.93 mM) and 5 mg L−1 (0.046 mM), respectively; P. aeruginosa was completely inhibited at and above 10 mg L−1 (0.093 mM). For both strains, toxicity was associated with ROS and cell membrane damage. Based on comparisons to AgNO3 exposures, toxicity from nano-Ag was due to Ag+ ions and not intact nano-Ag, even though nanoparticle dissolution was less than 2% in minimal growth medium. Because of their stability and slow Ag+ ion release, the cysteine-capped nano-Ag particles here are useful to antimicrobial applications. Additionally, our systematic approach to evaluating toxicity, membrane damage, and ROS generation can be applied with other nanomaterials and bacteria.
Carrier Density and Effective Mass Calculations for Carbon Nanotubes

The electronic structure of carbon nanotubes has been examined and recalculated using previous theoretical and experimental results. The effective mass and intrinsic carrier concentration have been calculated for different carbon nanotubes. These results show how different diameters and wrapping angles of carbon nanotubes can change their electronic properties. Since the intrinsic carrier concentration of a carbon nanotube can be adjusted, it allows die designer to use the same material (carbon nanotube) for a wide range of applications only by varying the chiral vector (n,m). The calculations performed in this work set an upper limit for a wide range of applications, including carbon nanotube interconnects and carbon nanotube field effect transistors.
Changes in ovule protein profiles associated with somatic embryogenesis in Cercis canadensis (redbud).

The somatic embryogenic potential of Cercis canadensis (redbud) ovules was compared to changes in ovule protein profiles over time. Ovules collected 82–159 dpa were cultured on a modified SH medium and evaluated after six weeks for the development of somatic embryos. Proteins were extracted from additional ovules and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Ovules produced somatic embryos from 96–139 dpa and the maximum embryogenic response occurred at 107 dpa. Changes in the staining intensity of six protein bands were associated with changes in embryogenic potential. The intensity 32 and 36 kDa proteins decreased when ovules became competent to produce somatic embryos. The four remaining bands (18, 19, 56, and 94 kDA) increased in intensity from the middle to the end of the sampling period and these changes were associated with the loss of the somatic embryogenic potential.
On the distinct meanings of smiles and frowns

Abstract This study examines the information encoded by the eyebrow frown and the smile. In a conceptual replication of Smith (1989), subjects imagined themselves in pleasant and unpleasant scenarios while muscle activities in the eyebrow and cheek regions were monitored electromyographically. Brow region activity was related to evaluations of motivational incongruence and perceived goal-obstacles, and, after taking these relationships into account, was uncorrelated with subjective pleasantness. In contrast, cheek activity was associated with subjective pleasantness and, after taking this relationship into account, nothing else. These results contribute to the literature indicating that individual components of facial expressions directly encode information about emotional state and clarify the nature of the information encoded by two of these components.
Melting of Colloidal Crystals

Inelastic light scattering is used to study the dynamics of an ordered suspension of macromolecules. (auth)
Probing the Complex and Variable X-Ray Absorption of Markarian 6 with XMM-Newton

We report on an X-ray observation of the Seyfert 1.5 galaxy Mrk 6 obtained with the EPIC instruments on board XMM-Newton. Archival BeppoSAX Phoswich Detection System data from 18–120 keV were also used to constrain the underlying hard power-law continuum. The results from our spectral analyses generally favor a double partial-covering model, although other spectral models, such as absorption by a mixture of partially ionized and neutral gas, cannot be firmly ruled out. Our best-fitting model consists of a power law with a photon index of Γ = 1.81 and partial covering with large column densities up to NH ~ 1023 cm-2. We also detect a narrow emission line consistent with Fe Kα fluorescence at 6.45 keV with an equivalent width of 93 eV. Joint analyses of XMM-Newton, ASCA, and BeppoSAX data further provide evidence for both spectral variability (a factor of ~2 change in absorbing column) and absorption-corrected flux variations (by ~60%) during the ~4 yr period probed by the observations.
Synchrotrons versus globars, point-detectors versus focal plane arrays: Selecting the best source and detector for specific infrared microspectroscopy and imaging applications

Abstract Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) and imaging (FTIRI) have become valuable techniques for examining the chemical composition of materials on a microscopic scale. Most IR microscopes are equipped with conventional thermal (globar) IR sources and single-element (point) detectors. Recently, the spatial resolution of IR microspectroscopy has been dramatically improved by using synchrotron light as the IR source. Also, the data collection rates of the technique have radically increased through the implementation of one- and two-dimensional focal plane array detectors. The choice of IR source and detector is important, and depends on the particular application. In this work, we show the differences between conventional globar IR sources and synchrotron light, and between a single-point-detector and focal plane array (FPA). These comparisons provide guidance for the preferable IR source and detector based on the type of application.
Invasive bacterial infections in children born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1

To determine the rates and characteristics of invasive bacterial infections in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), we conducted a prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study of infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers between Dec. 1, 1985, and Sept. 30, 1989. Of 104 subjects whose HIV-1 infection status could be definitively determined, 21 were infected with HIV-1 and 83 were not. In all, 11 (48%) of 23 invasive infections occurred among 10 HIV-1-infected patients and 12 (52%) of 23 occurred among 11 uninfected subjects. Infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=8), all of which were community acquired, accounted for the greatest proportion (35%) of the organisms isolated from either the blood or the cerebrospinal fluid. Five episodes of pneumococcal bacteremia occurred in the HIV-infected patients; all resolved promptly after treatment was begun, and no serious focal infections developed. Of 13 instances of bacteremia with an organism other than S. pneumoniae , seven were nosocomial. The rate of community-acquired invasive bacterial infections among the HIV-infected children was nearly three times higher than the rate in the non-HIV-infected children (overall, 1.02 infections per 100 person-months vs 0.37 infection per 100 person-months; rate ratio, 2.8; p =0.05). Most of the increased risk occurred in children >1 year of age. In contrast, the difference in the rates of infection between those patients in the two groups who were less than 12 months of age was not significant (1.3 infections per 100 person-months vs 0.81 infection per 100 person-months; rate ratio, 1.6; p =0.47). We conclude that the rate of invasive bacterial infection is higher in HIV-infected children than in their peers, especially after 1 year of age.
Towards New Green High Energy Materials. Computational Chemistry on Nitro-Substituted Urea

As part of a series of studies on new potential green high energy materials, we have calculated the structures and properties of a series of nitro-substituted urea molecules. Our results indicate that nitrated urea molecules have specific enthalpies of decomposition commensurate with current high energy materials. At the same time, they are all low in carbon, suggesting an application as a "green" high energy material.
Space shuttle views changing carbon monoxide in lower atmosphere

During April and October 1994, the Space Shuttle Endeavor flew missions expressly to study Earth's surface and atmosphere. Among the instruments aboard the shuttle was the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) Experiment, which measured carbon monoxide in the middle troposphere. While the spacecraft was in orbit, the flight crews photographed the planet with a variety of cameras and films. Concurrent aircraft and ground-based measurements of CO were made at a number of locations between northern Alaska and the edge of the Antarctic continent. The combination of the middle tropospheric CO from MAPS and measurements made from the ground and from aircraft provide a unique picture of carbon monoxide in the lower atmosphere. Never before has such extensive knowledge of the CO distribution been obtained.
Current Controversies in Pregnancy Epilepsy: A Unique Challenge to Nursing

Approximately 11,550 women with epilepsy give birth annually, yet maternity nurses receive little information on how to care for these patients. Children of epileptic mothers are born with an increased incidence of birth defects, and have a higher perinatal mortality rate. Complications such as bleeding during pregnancy, and interventions such as cesarean births and labor inductions are more common among epileptic women, and seizures tend to increase during pregnancy in more than one-third of epileptic women. Informed nursing care is essential to ensure the best possible outcome of these pregnancies.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 150

Abstract Nuclear Data Sheets for A=150 (last compiled in 1964) have been prepared using all pertinent experimental information from more than 300 papers (received prior to March 1975). Some information is now available for 11 elements, from Ce through Er. This mass chain is of particular interest since it lies in a region of transition from spherical to deformed nuclei; sufficient Jπ-information is available for Sm to enable a meaningful comparison of its low-lying bands of levels with those of nearby nuclei. Less extensive level schemes now exist for Gd (about 40 levels, 7 firm Jπ-assignments) and Nd (10 levels, 3 firm Jπ-assignments). The 4 states postulated on the basis of γ-cascades in each of Ce and Dy require verification. In the odd-mass A=150 nuclei (Pr, Pm, Eu, Tb, Ho) only one excited state has been identified (in Tb) apart from isomeric states. Isomers exist for Eu, Tb and possibly Ho, but the excitation energy is unknown in each case so it is not clear which long-lived state is the ground state, although most authors assume low-spin Eu and Tb to represent the ground state. Spin measurements for Pr, Pm, Tb and Ho ground states and Eu and Tb isomeric states are needed since shell-model systematics do not give reliable predictions in this mass region and (β+ + e)-decay does not generate definite assignments. T½ ≈ 34 y is now adopted for high-spin Eu, and the possible existence of a third long-lived state of Eu (to explain earlier data giving T½ ≈ 6 y for the former state) is presently under investigation by J. Mihelich. The adopted value of Q+ for 3-h Tb (based on experimental Eβ) disagrees with the value in the current mass table, presumably because the latter assumes that 3-h Tb (J=2?) a-decay populates the 4− ground state of 146Eu. Despite the volume of Sm(n,γ) data available, the majority of transitions remain unplaced, and a number of unresolved doublets presumably persist. [Extensive, Ge(Li) detector coincidence data would probably resolve many existing ambiguities.] Separate experiments yield inconsistent intensities for a number of weak ce-lines. Because of space limitations, theoretical conversion coefficients used to deduce multipolarities for Sm and Gd transitions are not shown but are available from the authors upon request. Note that 3-h Tb, 34-y Eu, and 40-s Ho decay schemes and much of the Nd level scheme are based on presently unpublished data. The following is a partial list of papers pertaining to A=150 nuclei, but containing no new experimental data for those nuclei: Ce: 71Ge15, 72Wi15, 73Fl02; Dy: 60To05, 64Ma17; Eu: 60To05; Gd: 60To05, 72Hs07; Nd: 65So04, 70Se18, 70Va22, 72Ab18, 72Br61, 72Ru08, 73Ab06, 73Gu09, 73Le19, 73Me05, 73Me08, 73Pr14, 73Pr19, 73To15, 74Ca05, 74En08; Pm: 60To05; Sm: 65Le23, 68Lu12, 69Ca02, 70Be72, 70Ra28, 70Ru05, 70Sc35, 70Se18, 70So02, 71Be95, 71Dz04, 71Ku32, 71Ta27, 72BaC7, 72BeA2, 72Ko58, 72Ma17, 72Wi15, 73Bu30, 73Gu09, 73Pe15, 73Pr14, 73Sa14, 73Si25, 74Ca05, 74Ja13, 74Kr16, 74Ku14, 74Le26; Tb: 60To05, 72Ar36.
Metal-Metal Bonding in Reduced Scandium Halides. Synthesis and Characterization of Heptascandium Decachloride (Sc7Cl10). A Novel Metal-Chain Structure

The reaction of scandium metal with scandium trihalide in a sealed tantalum container under a temperature gradient 880 to 900/sup 0/C results in transport of monocrystals of heptascandium decachloride (ScCl/sub 1/./sub 43/) to the hot zone. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m with a = 18.620 (7) A, b = 3.5366 (7) A, c = 12.250 (5) A, ..beta.. equals 91.98 (4)/sup 0/, and Z = 2. Full-matrix least-squares refinement of all atoms with anisotropic thermal parameters gave final residuals R = 0.059 and R/sub w/ = 0.072 for 705 independent reflections with 2 theta less than or equal to 50/sup 0/ and I greater than 3 sigma (I). The unique feature of the structure is the presence of infinite chains composed of two parallel chains of scandium octahedra which share a common edge. Chlorine atoms cap all outward facing metal triangles and also bridge (a) to and (b) between isolated Sc(III) metal ions, giving the connectivity description (ScCl/sub /sup 4///sub 2//sup b/Cl/sub /sup 2///sub 3///sup a/)/sub infinity/(Sc/sub 6/Cl/sub 6/Cl/sub /sup 4///sub 3///sup a/)/sub infinity/ where the fractional atoms Cl/sup a/ and Cl/sup b/ provide the bridging functions. The structure is thus intermediate between the single chainsmore » of octahedra found in GdCl/sub 1/./sub 5/ and the infinite two-dimensional sheets of edge-shared octahedra in ScCl. Magnetic susceptibility measurements between 79 and 297/sup 0/K (Faraday method) indicate a Curie--Weiss behavior above approximately 120/sup 0/K (..mu.. = 1.04 ..mu../sub B/, THETA = -498/sup 0/K) with evidence of magnetic ordering at T less than 79/sup 0/K. This and a sharp EPR signal at room temperature (g = 1.97) are interpreted in terms of localized, weakly interacting (at 297/sup 0/K) d/sup 1/ configurations for two (of six) particular scandium atoms in the chain. The occurrence of strongly bonded and well-separated metal chains and the physical properties resulting therefrom suggest the phase can be described as a crystalline analogue of a metal fiber composite.« less
A transcendent code of ethics for marketing professionals

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a single code of ethics that could be used regardless of the venue or specialty of the marketing professional. The paper first provides a literature review of research in the areas of ethics pertaining to marketing professionals. Then a review of a wide variety of codes of business ethics, marketing ethics, model codes, and professional ethics produces the idea that, while there are some differences in how the codal principles are presented, there are sufficient similarities in the codes' principles of professional conduct to merit the consideration of a single code of marketing ethics – one that can be used regardless of the venue or specialty of the marketing professional.Design/methodology/approach – The paper introduces a broad literature review followed by the development of a transcendent code of ethics for all marketers.Findings – Using the above as well as: historically and more broadly known theories of ethics, and currently‐used codes of professi...
How Far Does Stereotype Threat Reach? The Potential Detriment of Face Validity in Cognitive Ability Testing

A common belief is that improvements in a test's face validity have a positive impact on the performance and perceptions of test takers. However, the stereotype threat literature suggests adding job relevant context to tests could negatively impact the performance of women if that context is traditionally male stereotyped. To test this prediction, 345 participants (n = 236 female) completed either a face valid or generic version of a mathematical and mechanical ability test under conditions of explicit or no explicit stereotype threat. Contrary to stereotype threat theory predictions, face validity had either beneficial or nonsignificant effects on test performance and test perceptions and did not affect the psychometric properties of either test. Implications and recommendations for future research regarding the study of face validity and stereotype threat are discussed.
Variability and sources of surface ozone at rural sites in Nevada, USA: Results from two years of the Nevada Rural Ozone Initiative

Abstract Ozone (O 3 ) has been measured at Great Basin National Park (GBNP) since September 1993. GBNP is located in a remote, rural area of eastern Nevada. Data indicate that GBNP will not comply with a more stringent National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for O 3 , which is based upon the 3-year average of the annual 4th highest Maximum Daily 8-h Average (MDA8) concentration. Trend analyses for GBNP data collected from 1993 to 2013 indicate that MDA8 O 3 increased significantly for November to February, and May. The greatest increase was for May at 0.38, 0.35, and 0.46 ppb yr − 1 for the 95th, 50th, and 5th percentiles of MDA8 O 3 values, respectively. With the exception of GBNP, continuous O 3 monitoring in Nevada has been limited to the greater metropolitan areas. Due to the limited spatial detail of O 3 measurements in rural Nevada, a network of rural monitoring sites was established beginning in July 2011. For a period ranging from July 2011 to June 2013, maximum MDA8 O 3 at 6 sites occurred in the spring and summer, and ranged from 68 to 80 ppb. Our analyses indicate that GBNP, in particular, is ideally positioned to intercept air containing elevated O 3 derived from regional and global sources. For the 2 year period considered here, MDA8 O 3 at GBNP was an average of 3.1 to 12.6 ppb higher than at other rural Nevada sites. Measured MDA8 O 3 at GBNP exceeded the current regulatory threshold of 75 ppb on 7 occasions. Analyses of synoptic conditions, model tracers, and air mass back-trajectories on these days indicate that stratospheric intrusions, interstate pollution transport, wildfires, and Asian pollution contributed to elevated O 3 observed at GBNP. We suggest that regional and global sources of ozone may pose challenges to achieving a more stringent O 3 NAAQS in rural Nevada.
27—ELECTROSTATIC CHARGING ON FABRICS AT VARIOUS HUMIDITIES

Electrostatic-charge generation was measured on four different fabrics at relative humidities ranging from 0 to 65%. The sorption isotherms were also determined. For all fabrics, a maximum in the charge-generation curves was found to occur at a relative humidity corresponding to W m (the moisture content when a monomolecular layer of water is completed on the surface). These results are explained with reference to the sorption isotherms.
Trastuzumab/docetaxel-induced nail dystrophy.

Combination of trastuzumab, an antibody directed against the Her-2/neu receptor, with chemotherapy is increasingly used for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, and currently is being explored in the adjuvant setting. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman with metastatic breast cancer, who developed nail dystrophic changes comprising Beau's lines, subungual hyperkeratosis, dyschromia and onycholysis early in the treatment with trastuzumab/ docetaxel. Nail alterations advanced with the continuation of therapy. This combination of nail changes, and its progressive course, are extremely rarely encountered with the use of taxanes alone. The cellular mechanisms of action of trastuzumab and docetaxel are discussed in regards to their potential synergy, which may explain the particularities and severity of nail alterations in this patient.
Reversing fortunes or content change? Gender gaps in math-related skill throughout childhood ☆

Abstract Many scholars and policy makers of education have focused significant attention on male advantages in math skills during adolescence, but have often overlooked female advantages in math skills that emerge before school begins. As a way to explain this conflicting pattern, some scholars cite exposure to schooling as a reason why girls experience what some have termed girls’ “reversal of fortunes.” By using first-of-its-kind data I examine math-related skills with proscriptive data from early to late childhood using two nationally-representative data sets. Moving beyond standardized assessments of math skills, this study reconciles these two competing trends using subset measures. Far from a reversal of fortunes, girls excel in math skills that are less complex (i.e. counting, shape recognition) across childhood. Girls’ disadvantages in math emerge with content change—as item complexity increases over time (i.e. multiplication, division, and fractions). In contrast to standardized assessments of cognitive skills, gender gaps in item complexity may be more revealing for understanding the origins and development of gender stratification.
Use of Vicryl mesh in the reconstruction of the pelvic floor following exenteration

Thirteen patients underwent reconstruction of the pelvic floor following pelvic exenteration using polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) mesh with omentum. One patient developed a conduit leak in the early postoperative period and one patient developed an enterocutaneous fistula at the time of recurrence. There were no other gastrointestinal or urinary tract complications. Six patients developed significant postoperative pelvic infections, four of which manifest as abscesses below the mesh. Vicryl mesh with omentum appears to be a reasonable method for reconstruction of the pelvic floor following exenteration. The postoperative infectious morbidity in this series is concerning, however.
The causes of government expenditure growth: A survey of the U.S. evidence

Abstract The growth of government budgets can be broken down into a-institutional and institutional components. The former component — the familiar substitution, income, and population/public goods-tax sharing effects — is estimated to contribute about two-fifths of the growth of U.S. government spending. The latter component — rent-seeking political redistributions, bureaucracy and perceptual/informational impedimentia — is important, too, but an exact imputation cannot be asserted given the state of the art in empirical public choice theory. The cross-effects on spending of the growth of regulation and tax preferences or tax expenditures, though interesting, is not pursued.
Autosomal dominant dementia with widespread neurofibrillary tangles

Several familial dementing conditions with atypical features have been characterized, but only rarely is the neuropathology dominated solely by neurofibrillary lesions. We present a Midwestern American pedigree spanning four generations in which 15 individuals were affected by early-onset dementia with long disease duration, with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, and with tau-rich neurofibrillary pathology found in the brain post mortem. The average age at presentation was 55 years with gradual onset and progression of memory loss and personality change. After 30 years' disease duration, the proband's neuropathologic examination demonstrated abundant intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) involving the hippocampus, pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, pons, and medulla. Only sparse neocortical tangles were present and amyloid plaques were absent. The tangles were recognized by antibodies specific for phosphorylation-independent (Tau-2, T46, 133, and Alz-50) and phosphorylation-dependent epitopes (AT8, T3P, PHF-1, 12E8, AT6, AT18, AT30) in tau proteins. Electron microscopy of NFTs in the dentate gyrus and midbrain demonstrated paired helical filaments. Although the clinical phenotype resembles Alzheimer's disease, and the neuropathologic phenotype resembles progressive supranuclear palsy, an alternative consideration is that this familial disorder may be a new or distinct disease entity.
A quantitative review of the relationship between anger and aggressive driving

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the relationship between anger and aggressive driving. It was hypothesized that: 1) there is a significant positive relationship between anger and aggressive driving; 2) this relationship systematically differs based on whether anger is trait-based, state/mood-based, or situation-specific; 3) this relationship also varies depending on the mode of measurement; and 4) the relationship between specific anger type and aggressive driving is heterogeneous. The three types of anger are described within the context of state-trait theory and a quantitative analysis was conducted using meta-analytic techniques. Results indicate that anger is generally associated with aggressive driving; however, subtypes of anger do not differentially predict negative driving outcomes. Findings are discussed from theoretical and psychometric perspectives.
Circumvention of the Mycobactin Requirement of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Morrison, Norman E. (Johns Hopkins University-Leonard Wood Memorial Leprosy Research Laboratory, Baltimore, Md.). Circumvention of the mycobactin requirement of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 89:762–767. 1965.—The mycobactin growth requirement of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was circumvented on glucose-containing synthetic medium with an initial pH of 5.5. Mycobactin was required during the first transfer on the synthetic medium. Subsequent transfers have grown in the absence of mycobactin. The growth of mycobactin-“independent” strains of M. paratuberculosis on the synthetic medium was found to be stimulated by low concentrations of mycobactin. The circumvention of the mycobactin requirement appears to depend upon the properties of the medium and not upon having created conditions which promote endogenous mycobactin synthesis. Investigation of the glucose-containing synthetic medium showed that: (i) growth stimulatory compounds were formed during autoclaving, and (ii) compared with neutrality a pH of 5.5 gave markedly increased pellicle yields. It was suggested that the growth-stimulatory compounds formed during autoclaving may in part be responsible for the circumvention of the mycobactin requirement.
Reducing Fatigue in Wind-Excited Support Structures of Traffic Signals with Innovative Vibration Absorber

Support structures of traffic signals are flexible, lightly damped structures that are highly susceptible to wind-induced vibration. The sustained large-amplitude deflections caused by these dynamic vibrations can result in fatigue cracking and failure. The proposed innovative vibration absorber reduces fatigue in support structures of traffic signals with the use of the mass of the signal head as a damped-vibration absorber. This novel concept, referred to as a signal head vibration absorber (SHVA), provides energy absorption in the form of increased damping to the lightly damped signal support structure. A prototype smart vibration absorber, envisioned as an inexpensive retrofit to signal support structures that were experiencing excessive wind-induced vibration, was tested in a full-scale laboratory experiment at the University of Connecticut. The SHVA was experimentally shown to have increased the damping in the signal support structure from 0.2% of the critical damping ratio to 10.1%. For steady state vibration, this difference is equivalent to a 98.3% reduction in the response and virtually eliminates any deflections. A single SHVA can be applied to a wide range of signal support structures while still achieving reasonable performance. The SHVA can change the way vibration in traffic signal support structures is mitigated.
Informed trade and idiosyncratic return variation

This paper explores the role of private information on idiosyncratic return variation. We suggest that there is a significant positive relationship between informed trade and firm-specific return variation. Using the probability of information-based trading (PIN) as a measure of informed trade, we find that the PIN is positively related to idiosyncratic return variation in both the level and the first-difference. The results imply that firm-specific return variation is induced by informed trade through information flow on price formation. Especially, we find a strong interaction effect between informed trade and trading volume. The impact of informed trade on firm-specific return variation is more profound for stocks with a high trading volume than for stocks with a low trading volume. The result suggests that trading activity plays an important role in the information revelation. The results of various robustness checks confirm that informed trade is an important determinant of idiosyncratic return variation.
Archiving from Below: The Case of the Mobilised Hawkers in Calcutta

In the last two decades or more, critical scholarship in the human sciences has been commenting on different aspects of the 'archive'. While much has been said on the archive of the state, especially in the historiography of colonial South Asia, very little is known about the archival functions of political parties, movements, grassroots community organisations, and trade unions that are involved in the governance of populations in the post-colonial state. The paper argues that archival claims lie at the heart of negotiations between the state and population groups. It looks at the archival function of the Hawker Sangram Committee (HSC) in Calcutta to substantiate the point. Following Operation Sunshine (1996), a move by the state to forcibly evict hawkers from some selected pavements of Calcutta, in order to reclaim such 'public' spaces, a mode of collective resistance developed under the banner of the HSC. The HSC has subsequently come to occupy a central position in the governance of the realm of pavement-hawking through the creation and maintenance of an archival database that articulates the entrepreneurial capacity of the 'poor hawker' and his ability to deliver goods and services at low-cost. The significance of the HSC's archive is that, it enables the organisation to form a moral and rational critique of the exclusionary discourses on the hawker, mostly propagated by a powerful combination of a few citizens' associations, the judiciary and the press. The paper also documents how the successful mobilisation of a population group like the hawkers is marked by the virtual destruction of a pre-existing archive on the other group of 'encroachers' of the pavement space, the pavement dwellers.
Perceived Control and Emotional Status in Abusive College Student Relationships An Exploration of Gender Differences

The authors assessed perceived control, dysphoria, hopelessness, self-esteem, and optimism in 280 college students involved in abusive and nonabusive relationships. Women reported higher levels of dysphoria and lower levels of self-esteem and optimism than men. Women in abusive relationships reported more psychological symptoms than men in abusive relationships. After controlling for gender differences in emotional status, participants in abusive relationships showed more psychological symptoms than those in nonabusive relationships. Women showed lower perceived control of relationship conflicts than men. Men experiencing high levels of abuse reported higher perceived control of relationship conflict than females experiencing low levels of abuse. Perceived control was affected more by gender than emotional status, abuse level, and gender-affected emotional status. The authors discuss the results in terms of their implications for future investigations of emotional reactions to abuse.
Dynamic Reconfiguration of 3D Photonic Networks-on-Chip for Maximizing Performance and Improving Fault Tolerance

As power dissipation in future Networks-on-Chips (NoCs) is projected to be a major bottleneck, researchers are actively engaged in developing alternate power-efficient technology solutions. Photonic interconnects is a disruptive technology solution that is capable of delivering the communication bandwidth at low power dissipation when the number of cores is scaled to large numbers. Similarly, 3D stacking is another interconnect technology solution that can lead to low energy/bit for communication. In this paper, we propose to combine photonic interconnects with 3D stacking to develop a scalable, reconfigurable, power-efficient and high-performance interconnect for future many-core systems, called R-3PO (Reconfigurable 3DPhotonic Networks-on-Chip). We propose to develop a multi-layer photonic interconnect that can dynamically reconfigure without system intervention and allocate channel bandwidth from less utilized links to more utilized communication links. In addition to improving performance, reconfiguration can re-allocate bandwidth around faulty channels, thereby increasing the resiliency of the architecture and gracefully degrading performance. For 64-core reconfigured network, our simulation results indicate that the performance can be further improved by 10%-25% for Splash-2, PARSEC and SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks, where as simulation results for 256-core chip indicate a performance improvement of more than 25% while saving 6%-36% energy when compared to state-of-the-art on-chip electrical and optical networks.
Notes Toward Ethnographies of Conflict and Violence

This article examines the characteristics of recent ethnographies of “conflict zones,” especially those that seek to bring an experience-near depiction of violence to the reader. These works are contrasted to older ethnographic treatments of violence. A number of critiques of these works are considered, and the article concludes with a discussion of the several roles (methodological, conceptual, and moral) that the human rights movement has played in helping to formulate the agenda for the new ethnographies of violence and conflict.
Analysis and optimization of distributed linear coding of Gaussian sources

Recent work has shown that compressed sensing can be successfully applied in distributed scenarios. In this framework, we study the exploitation of the correlation statistics in the encoding and recovery processes for independently transmitted Gaussian correlated sources, obtaining the optimal projection matrices in the MMSE sense. Encoding is performed separately for each source using either random or the aforementioned optimized projections. The effect of correlation and noise on the achievable rates obtained through MMSE estimation is studied analytically. Simulation results show a perfect match with the MMSE analysis.
Psychiatry and Physical Assessment

Psychiatrists seldom include systematic physical assessment in their clinical practice. Patterson (1978), in a survey of psychiatrists trained at a California university center, reported that in office settings 85% seldom or never performed a physical examination as part of their initial evaluation. Of the minority who did, younger psychiatrists were much more highly represented than their older colleagues. McIntyre and Romano (1977) reported similar results in a survey of psychiatrists in Rochester, New York. They found that only 13% of full- and part-time faculty do an initial physical examination upon their inpatients and only 8% upon their outpatients.
Synctium: a Near-Threshold Stream Processor for Energy-Constrained Parallel Applications

While Moore's law scaling continues to double transistor density every technology generation, supply voltage reduction has essentially stopped, increasing both power density and total energy consumed in conventional microprocessors. Therefore, future processors will require an architecture that can: a) take advantage of the massive amount of transistors that will be available; and b) operate these transistors in the near-threshold supply domain, thereby achieving near optimal energy/computation by balancing the leakage and dynamic energy consumption. Unfortunately, this optimality is typically achieved while running at very low frequencies (i.e. 0:1 - 10 MHz) and with only one computation executing per cycle, such that performance is limited. Further, near-threshold designs suffer from severe process variability that can introduce extremely large delay variations. In this paper, we propose a near energy-optimal, stream processor family that relies on massively parallel, near-threshold VLSI circuits and interconnect, incorporating cooperative circuit/architecture techniques to tolerate the expected large delay variations. Initial estimations from circuit simulations show that it is possible to achieve greater than 1 Giga-Operations per second (1GOP/s) with less than 1 mW total power consumption, enabling a new class of energy-constrained, high-throughput computing applications.