cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Diacylglycerol Accumulation in Fatty Liver Disease Cause Hepatic Insulin Resistance

Numerous studies conducted on obese humans and various rodent models of obesity have identified a correlation between hepatic lipid content and the development of insulin resistance in liver and other tissues. Despite a large body of the literature on this topic, the cause and effect relationship between hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance remains controversial. If, as many believe, lipid aggregation in liver drives insulin resistance and other metabolic abnormalities, there are significant unanswered questions as to which lipid mediators are causative in this cascade. Several published papers have now correlated levels of diacylglycerol (DAG), the penultimate intermediate in triglyceride synthesis, with development of insulin resistance and have postulated that this occurs via activation of protein kinase C signaling. Although many studies have confirmed this relationship, many others have reported a disconnect between DAG content and insulin resistance. It has been postulated that differences in methods for DAG measurement, DAG compartmentalization within the cell, or fatty acid composition of the DAG may explain these discrepancies. The purpose of this review is to compare and contrast some of the relevant findings in this area and to discuss a number of unanswered questions regarding the relationship between DAG and insulin resistance.
Zircaloy-4 oxidation in steam under transient oxidizing conditions

Oxidation of Zircaloy-4 in unlimited steam has been studied under conditions simulating a loss of coolant accident (LOCA) using a specimen heating system ("Gleeble"). Simple linear ramp transients have been analyzed as well as a few postulated LOCA transients for currently operating light water nuclear power plants. Comparison is made between computer code prediction using isothermal oxidation kinetics and experimental observation with regard to the extent of oxidation. Simulation of Zircaloy oxidation assuming a stepwise isothermal model using isothermal kinetics developed by the authors is compared to experimental measurements of the extent of oxidation. This computer code, designated TRANS 1, accounts for prior oxidation present and results in agreement with experimental measurements of oxide and oxygen stabilized α-thicknesses for high heating and slow cooling rate transient profiles. However, as heating rate decreases and cooling rate increases, this model becomes increasingly conservative. Modeling, using either a series-expansion or a slope-based isothermal kinetics model, results in essentially the same prediction as TRAMS 1. A one-dimensional finite-difference moving-boundary diffusion model has been developed and found to predict accurately isothermal oxidation behavior of Zircaloy-4 in steam. This model also can be used to predict transient behavior. In addition to predicting oxide and stabilized a thicknesses, this code is capable of predicting oxygen concentration gradients in all phases present, total oxygen as the summation of oxygen present in each phase, and formation of oxygen stabilized α-incursions in the d-phase if accurate diffusion coefficients and appropriate phase equilibrium information are known.
Relative brookite and anatase content in sol-gel-synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

Sol−gel synthesis of titania typically produces a mixture of brookite and anatase. Rietveld refinements were used to systematically track the brookite content and particle size as functions of synthetic variables. Results demonstrate that brookite content and anatase particle size decrease with decreasing Ti/H2O ratios. In syntheses at pH 3, the addition of HCl resulted in increased amorphous content compared to samples synthesized using HNO3. Similar amorphous contents were observed for particles prepared at pH 6−9. Hydrothermal aging for 4 h at 200 °C of sol−gel products containing substantial amorphous titania resulted in higher brookite content than did hydrothermal aging of sol−gel products containing little to no amorphous titania. Finally, dialysis prior to hydrothermal aging appeared to inhibit phase transformation from brookite to anatase in aged materials. Results presented demonstrate that considerable control over the relative anatase and brookite contents can be achieved through control of sy...
Left atrial abnormality by electrocardiogram predicts left ventricular hypertrophy by echocardiography in the presence of right bundle-branch block.

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) on the electrocardiogram (ECG) may be masked in the presence of complete right bundle-branch block (RBBB). Left bundle-branch block on the ECG is associated with LVH at autopsy in 93% of hearts studied. However, RBBB does not predict LVH and the usual ECG criteria applied for LVH may not be reliable in the presence of RBBB. Hypothesis: The study was undertaken to evaluate left atrial (LA) abnormality as a criterion for the diagnosis of LVH in the presence of RBBB. Methods: Left atrial abnormality in the ECG was assessed by two independent observers as a criterion of LVH in the presence of RBBB in 100 patients, and data were compared with those of 50 patients without LA abnormality. Results: Left ventricular hypertrophy was confirmed by echocardiographic determination of left ventricular (LV) mass in both groups. Observers reliably differentiated between hy-pertrophied and normal-sized LV in the presence of RBBB by using LA abnormality as an ECG criterion when correlated with LV mass determined by echocardiography. Observer 1 correctly detected LVH in 88% and Observer 2 in 82% of patients. False positive diagnosis was made in 12 and 18% of patients by Observers 1 and 2, respectively. Observers' performance of recognition of LA abnormality in the present study was 94%. Results showed sensitivity of 76 and 70% and specificity of 84 and 92% for Observers 1 and 2, respectively. Left ventricular mass increased significantly and was diagnostic of LVH in 92% of patients with LA abnormality. Left ventricular mass was high in 84% of patients when corrected by body surface area. LVH in the presence of RBBB by the ECG was found in only seven patients (5%) when six commonly used conventional criteria of diagnosis of LVH by ECG were employed. Regression analysis found LA abnormality to be a strong independent predictor of increased LV mass. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age, body mass index, body surface area, and frontal axis are also significant predictors of LV mass. Conclusion: The results obtained by the correlation of LA abnormality by ECG and LVH by echocardiography conclude that LA abnormality by ECG was significantly diagnostic of LV hypertrophy in the presence of RBBB.
Bonding and Adhesion at the SiC/Fe Interface†

Ceramics such as SiC have the potential to act as protective coatings, primarily due to their high melting points and wear resistance. We use periodic density functional theory (DFT) within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to calculate the adhesion strength between SiC and Fe, for Si- and C-terminations of SiC(100) and two surfaces of Fe: (100) and (110). We predict a maximum ideal work of adhesion of 6.51 J/m2 at the SiC(100)/Fe(110) interface for C−Fe interfacial bonding, which is stronger than the traditional chrome coating’s adherence to Fe. We characterize the interfacial bonding via local densities of states and electron density difference analysis and find strong covalent bonding and some evidence of metallic bonding between Si (C) and Fe. Our results suggest that SiC might prove useful as a thin adhesion layer in a multilayer protective coating for steel.
The spectrum of Susac’s syndrome

We report a series of four patients with Susac’s syndrome, which is characterized by the triad of visual loss due to branch retinal artery occlusions, sensorineural hearing loss due to cochlear involvement, and encephalopathy due to cerebral microangiopathy. However, as we describe in this series, the clinical triad may not be apparent for years, resulting in delays in diagnosis. We also report the variable cerebrospinal fluid and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings, and treatment using a combination of steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, followed by mycophenolate mofetil.
Schwarzenberg versus Nicholas I, Round One: The Negotiation of the Habsburg-Romanov Alliance against Hungary in 1849 1

“Our intervention in Hungary will prove to be an event which, at the present moment, will overshadow all other problems in Europe,” Russia's Chancellor Karl Robert Nesselrode noted in May, 1849, 2 while the last major drama sparked by the upheavals of 1848 was being staged in Hungary's towns, undulating plains, and cholera-ridden valleys. Europe's liberals were captivated and Europe's conservatives aghast as Magyar irregulars, in mid-April, 1849, hurled the Habsburg imperial soldiery backwards from their positions encircling Buda and Pest in central Hungary to within forty miles east of Vienna. Would an independent, national Hungarian republic arise in the central Danubian basin? Would nearly six hundred years of Habsburg hegemony along the Danube be rent asunder? Such questions were decided by the clash of arms amid the alternating heat and thunderstorms of the Hungarian summer of 1849.
Dislocation cells, redundant dislocations and the leds hypothesis

Abstract The mesh-length/LEDS theory is expanded to include the role of “non-redundant” dislocations while previously only “glide dislocations” and “filler dislocations” were considered. It is argued that the non-redundant dislocations, which are due to incidental stress gradients, provide the “incidental” (ordinary) cell walls which control the flow stress. By contrast, the boundaries delineating cell blocks, which previously but probably somewhat misleadingly have been named “geometrically necessary” (cell block) boundaries, are composed of mutually trapped glide dislocations plus filler dislocations, and may contribute to workhardening. These conclusions are substantiated by the fact that the theoretically derived rotation angles associated with ordinary cell walls are in surprisingly good accord with all so far available measurements, including dependence on stress/strain and, as far as can as yet be judged, on deformation temperature.
Mechanoregulation of valvular interstitial cell phenotype in the third dimension.

Abstract A quantitative understanding of the complex interactions between cells, soluble factors, and the biological and mechanical properties of biomaterials is required to guide cell remodeling toward regeneration of healthy tissue rather than fibrocontractive tissue. In the present study, we characterized the combined effects of boundary stiffness and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on cell-generated forces and collagen accumulation. We first generated a quantitative map of cell-generated tension in response to these factors by culturing valvular interstitial cells (VICs) within micro-scale fibrin gels between compliant posts (0.15–1.05 nN/nm) in chemically-defined media with TGF-β1 (0–5 ng/mL). The VICs generated 100–3000 nN/cell after one week of culture, and multiple regression modeling demonstrated, for the first time, quantitative interaction (synergy) between these factors in a three-dimensional culture system. We then isolated passive and active components of tension within the micro-tissues and found that cells cultured with high levels of stiffness and TGF-β1 expressed myofibroblast markers and generated substantial residual tension in the matrix yet, surprisingly, were not able to generate additional tension in response to membrane depolarization signifying a state of continual maximal contraction. In contrast, negligible residual tension was stored in the low stiffness and TGF-β1 groups indicating a lower potential for shrinkage upon release. We then studied if ECM could be generated under the low tension environment and found that TGF-β1, but not EGF, increased de novo collagen accumulation in both low and high tension environments roughly equally. Combined, these findings suggest that isometric cell force, passive retraction, and collagen production can be tuned by independently altering boundary stiffness and TGF-β1 concentration. The ability to stimulate matrix production without inducing high active tension will aid in the development of robust tissue engineered heart valves and other connective tissue replacements where minimizing tissue shrinkage upon implantation is critical.
Overview of IP Error Compensation Techniques for EUVL

According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, meeting the overlay requirements for the sub- 32-nm regime is a difficult challenge for all future lithography technologies. For extreme ultraviolet lithography, the nonflatness of both the mask and chuck contribute to overlay error by way of mask image placement (IP) errors. Consequently it has been proposed to compensate for these IP errors induced during mask fabrication and chucking, by employing correction schemes during the e-beam writing process. This study presents an overview of various IP error compensation techniques currently being considered by the semiconductor industry. Both finite element (FE) and analytical models have been studied and compared to identify the sources of IP errors and the corresponding effects on IP accuracy. Typical examples were used to determine the effects of thin-film deposition and etching, reticle nonflatness, and the chucking process itself. The neutral surface of the mask substrate was tracked via FE modeling and was subsequently used with analytical methods to estimate inplane distortions. The shortcomings and advantages of implementing these techniques as an e-beam correction strategy are also presented.
Enabling user cooperation through embedded coding and awareness of source content dynamics

A challenge when enabling cooperation for conversational multimedia is how to obtain enough resources from the network. One approach is to use the source dynamics and allocate freed up resources from sources in low activity levels. This introduces a tradeoff between cooperation effectiveness and the networks ability to admit more users. This paper presents a scheme that incorporates the use of embedded source codecs, allowing for a tradeoff between source compression and cooperation effectiveness, without affecting the ability to admit more users. This increases the number of users that can be admitted to the network for a target received quality. A scheme is presented to decide when to trade off compression ratio for cooperation.
An analytic solution to the time-dependent first-daughter fission-product plateout problem for multiregion isothermal slug flow

The time-dependent, axisymmetric, isothermal slug flow convective-diffusion equation with radioactive decay is solved analytically to predict the behavior of a first-daughter fission-product undergoing gaseous transport through multiple materials in a cylindrical pipe. The integration coefficients are determined using the Davidon variable metric minimization method. The behavior of fission-product material deposited on the conduit wall is described by a standard mass-transfer model. The time-dependent plateout rate behavior, determined previously for parent fission-product deposition, is again evident for daughter product plateout. Dominance of the daughter plateout by parent deposition characteristics is apparent. The determination of the daughter wall mass-transfer and diffusion coefficients using a least-squares analysis of measured data depends upon a reasonably low ratio of parent/daughter half-lives. This is illustrated with 137Cs137Ba(=2 × 105) and 140Ba140La(= 7.6), where for 137Cs137Ba the solution sensitivity to the 137Ba deposition parameters is small and for 140Ba140La a reasonable solution is readily obtained.
Television Detection of the Crab Nebula Pulsar

Crab Nebula pulsar detection by TV camera with image intensifier at focus of astronomical telescope, detailing instrumentation and observations
Automatic defect classification for integrated circuits

Abstract Automatic inspection has become an essential part of manufacturing technology for integrated circuitchips. While initial detection of defects is the most critical function of inspection, automatic classification ofdetected defects is becoming increasingly desirable. Currently, defects detected automatically are reviewedmanually and classified by operators. This process is often more time consuming than the initial inspection,and usually only a sample of the detected defects is reviewed and classified. By automating the process,one could improve the accuracy of defect statistics since operator subjectivity would be eliminated andsignificantly more defects could be included in the sample. Defect classification, however, is much moredifficult than defect detection. To date only a few efforts have been reported in the literature, and as yetno commercial ("off the shelf") automatic defect classification (ADC) system is available.Semiconductor manufacturing is an application area that is becoming increasingly important and in-volves many complex processing steps. Controlling these processes is a critical problem, and has a signif-icant impact on the yield of the manufacturing line. The key to better process control is reliable processmeasurement. The classification of defects provides valuable process diagnosis information. The hope
Effect of N1-alkylnicotinamide chlorides on glutamate oxidation in rat liver mitochondria☆

Abstract Eleven N 1 -alkylnicotinamide chlorides, varying in the size of the alkyl substituent from the N 1 -methyl to the N 1 -dodecyl derivative, were studied as possible inhibitors of the oxidation of various substrates in rat liver mitochondria. The longer chain derivatives (C 8 to C 12 , inclusive) inhibited glutamate oxidation in mitochondria under conditions where the oxidation of several other mitochondrial substrates was unaffected. A chain length effect was demonstrated in the inhibition observed with the longer chain N 1 -alkylnicotinamide chlorides, indicating the importance of nonpolar interactions in the functioning of these compounds. Glutamic dehydrogenase isolated from rat liver mitochondria was likewise inhibited by N 1 -alkylnicotinamide chlorides, and the properties of this inhibition were very similar to those observed in the inhibition of mitochondrial glutamate oxidation. The effect of increasing NAD + concentration on the inhibition by N 1 -alkylnicotinamide chlorides was also studied with the isolated enzyme.
Sensing estrogen's many pathways.

Estrogen receptor (ER) is an important drug target, but it has multiple signaling pathways that are difficult to dissect. A new study reports the development of a multicolor bioluminescent probe that can measure a compound’s ability to modulate ER-mediated transcription and to promote an interaction between ER and Src, a key protein in a number of different cell signaling cascades. The discovery provides a new tool for quickly obtaining a more complete picture of the potential effects of a compound on estrogen signaling and could lead to more selective ER modulators with fewer side effects.
Determination of the thermodynamic phases of 4 He adsorbed on H 2 plated graphite

Thermodynamic measurements have been used to investigate the surface phases of monolayer4He adsorbed on graphite plated with 1.45, 2.15, and 3.15 layers of H2. In each case the4He preferentially adsorbed on the lower completed layer. In this paper we report the measurements of4He on the 1.45 layer H2 graphite plating. For this plating the4He goes into a condensed phase below 0.87 K. The high temperature-low density film entropy has been calculated.
Synchronization and communication using chaotic frequency modulation

In this paper we propose a chaotic frequency modulation (CFM) technique for spread spectrum communications. Existence and stability of the synchronous mode is demonstrated analytically and numerically. Unlike synchronization of two conventional chaotic oscillators via an FM channel, the proposed method provides selectivity with respect to interference within the frequency range of chaotic frequency oscillations. This method provides a viable alternative to a recently proposed ‘interpolated’ frequency hopping for spread-spectrum communication systems. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of mosaic genes to trypanosome survival

Abstract African trypanosomes possess several elegant ways to evade the immune defenses o f mammalian hosts. They have an extensive repertoire o f genes for a variant surface antigen and recent data show that this finite repertoire can be further amplified by mosaic gene formation and point mutation, producing an almost limitless capacity to vary. The significance of these mechanisms of antigenic diversity to trypanosome biology and the parasite—host relationship in general are discussed here by Anthony Borbet and Sondra Kamper.
EFFECT OF NURSERY ILLUMINATION ON THE INCIDENCE OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY |[lpar]|ROP|[rpar]|

The preterm infant is subjected to prolonged exposure to ambient nursery illumination at levels that have been found to produce retinal damage in animals. The effect of light exposure in the nursery on the incidence of ROP was investigated in two level III nurseries. One hundred eighty-three infants with birthweights ≤ 2000g. and GA ≤ 34 weeks were admitted to the study. (Infants >1500g had to have received O2). One group of infants from each hospital was protected from the ambient lighting by the addition of a neutral density filter to the incubator. The Control infants were from the regular nursery environments. The infants were routinely examined by ophthalmologists for ROP at discharge or shortly thereafter. The results indicate less incidence of ROP in the Protected Group, particularly for those with BW ≤ 1000g, the infants most susceptible to ROP (X2=19.79, p<.001). The trend is similar within each hospital. These findings are further substantiated by an epidemiological study of infants in the Protected Group who had been in the same nursery. Fourteen ROP infants were matched for BW with 10 Non-ROP infants. The chance of being in a bed next to the window, and therefore "sun-exposed", is 25%. These ROP infants were more likely to have been "sun exposed" than the Non-ROP infants (79% vs. 10% respectively, p<.01). These associations between light level and incidence of ROP suggest that the ambient illumination in the hospital nursery may be one factor contributing to ROP. This study has important implications for the early care of infants at risk.
Computational Studies of Structures and Dynamics of 1,3-Dimethylimidazolim Salt Liquids and their Interfaces Using Polarizable Potential Models†

The structures, thermodynamics, and dynamical properties of bulk and air/liquid interfaces of three ionic liquids, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium [dmim]+ with Cl−, Br−, and I− were studied using molecular dynamics techniques and polarizable potential models. In bulk melts, the radial distribution functions reveal a significant long-range structural correlation in these ionic liquids. The single-ion dynamics are studied via mean-square-displacements, velocity and orientational correlation functions. We observe that anion size plays an important role in the dynamics of ionic liquids, with larger anions inducing faster cation and anion motion. The computed density profiles of the ionic liquid/vapor interface exhibit oscillatory behavior, indicative of surface layering at the interface. The computed surface tensions indicate small differences between these ionic liquids and decrease with the increasing anion size. The magnitudes of the computed potential drops of these ionic liquids are found to be small and negativ...
The role of school performance in narrowing gender gaps in the formation of STEM aspirations: a cross-national study

This study uses cross-national evidence to estimate the effect of school peer performance on the size of the gender gap in the formation of STEM career aspirations. We argue that STEM aspirations are influenced not only by gender stereotyping in the national culture but also by the performance of peers in the local school environment. Our analyses are based on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). They investigate whether 15-year-old students from 55 different countries expect to have STEM jobs at the age of 30. We find considerable gender differences in the plans to pursue careers in STEM occupations in all countries. Using PISA test scores in math and science aggregated at the school level as a measure of school performance, we find that stronger performance environments have a negative impact on student career aspirations in STEM. Although girls are less likely than boys to aspire to STEM occupations, even when they have comparable abilities, boys respond more than girls to competitive school performance environments. As a consequence, the aspirations gender gap narrows for high-performing students in stronger performance environments. We show that those effects are larger in countries that do not sort students into different educational tracks.
Charge distributions of nuclei of the 1p shell

Abstract New data have been obtained at energies of 160 to 420 Mev for the scattering of electrons by Be 9 , B 10 , B 11 , N 14 , and O 16 . A detailed analysis of these elastic scattering data and of other available data for p-shell nuclei is carried through, using various methods and a wide variety of assumed functional forms of the nuclear charge distribution. It is possible to fix rather accurately the spherically symmetric part of the charge distributions of Li 6 , C 12 , N 14 , and O 16 , and with less accuracy, those of Be 9 and B 11 . Central densities are uncertain in all cases. Quadrupole scattering appears to be important in N 14 , in B 11 , and possibly in Be 9 , and a crude estimate of the quadrupole moment of N 14 is inferred from the data. The quadrupole scattering depends sensitively on the source of the quadrupole moment, as well as on its value. Regularities within the p -shell are discussed, and connection made with the properties of heavier nuclei. Be 9 and all heavier nuclei have a common value of peak particle density corresponding to a mean particle spacing of (1.13 ± 0.01) × 10 −13 cm. Only Li 6 fails to reach this density of saturated nuclear matter.
Wheels around the world: windows live mobile interface design

We present a unique interface design for mobile devices that addresses major user pain points with deep menu systems and page scrolling. Using a series of 1-5 wheels of content, arranged in a combination-lock style on a single mobile screen, this design enables a user to consume a multitude of personalized internet and web content without ever scrolling up/down or selecting from a menu. Additionally, the wheels are easily mapped to a personalized PC experience such as those from My MSN, live.com, and myYahoo!, enabling users to access their PC content from anywhere. Results from iterative testing across US, Japan, and China show the model to be an effective and desirable mode of consuming personal and internet content on the mobile device, despite very different navigation paradigms and cultural expectations in each of the countries.
F-actin, a model polymer for semiflexible chains in dilute, semidilute, and liquid crystalline solutions

Single actin filaments were analyzed in solutions ranging from dilute (0.2 microgram/ml), where filaments interact only with solvent, to concentrations (4.0 mg/ml) at which F-actin forms a nematic phase. A persistence length of approximately 1.8 microns and an average length of approximately 22 microns (Kaufmann et al., 1992) identify actin as a model for studying the dynamics of semiflexible polymers. In dilute solutions the filaments exhibit thermal bending undulations in addition to diffusive motion. At higher semidilute concentrations (1.4 mg/ml) three-dimensional reconstructions of confocal images of fluorescently labeled filaments in a matrix of unlabeled F-actin reveal steric interactions between filaments, which account for the viscoelastic behavior of these solutions. The restricted undulations of these labeled chains reveal the virtual tube formed around a filament by the surrounding actin. The average tube diameter scales with monomer concentration c as varies; is directly proportional to c-(0.5 +/- 0.15). The diffusion of filaments in semidilute solutions (c = (0.1–2.0) mg/ml) is dominated by diffusion along the filament contour (reptation), and constraint release by remodeling of the surrounding filaments is rare. The self-diffusion coefficient D parallel along the tube decreases linearly with the chain length for semidilute solutions. For concentrations > 2.5 mg/ml a transition occurs from an isotropic entangled phase to a coexistence between isotropic and nematic domains. Analysis of the molecular motions of filaments suggests that the filaments in the aligned domains are in thermal equilibrium and that the diffusion coefficient parallel to the director D parallel is nearly independent of filament length. We also report the novel direct observation of u-shaped defects, called hairpins, in the nematic domains.
Reflective Strategies in the Neonatal Clinical Area

By nature and history, the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) is technology focused and crisis driven. Working there demands technical competence as well as the emotional aptitude to ensure that infants are cared for in an environment that values their basic humanness. Reflective strategies augment professional caregivers' perception of the emotional experience of working with others. Reflection is an essential skill that enhances the nursing profession. Reflection is a process of creating meaning from interpreting experiences through purposeful thought that guides decision making for taking the next step of action. In an effort to make a major change in our NICU, we incorporated reflective process to prepare us for implementing change. We used reflective practices to enhance the implementation efforts of individualized developmentally supportive care.
Hydration and dehydration of crystalline and amorphous forms of raffinose.

The trisaccharide raffinose was prepared in its crystal pentahydrate, anhydrous methanolate, and amorphous forms and evaluated with regard to dehydration and hydration properties at various temperatures and relative humidities. The pentahydrate, when stored at relative humidities (RHs) of 10%, showed no loss of water after 3 months of storage at 30 degrees C. When stored below 10% RH, only one water molecule could be removed over a period of 3 months, whereas within 24 h at 30 degrees C in a vacuum oven, two water molecules were removed with no change in crystal structure. Increasing the temperature to 60 degrees C progressively removed the remaining three molecules, causing the crystal, however, to collapse into an amorphous form identical to one prepared by lyophilization. Rehydration at 30 degrees C, which was sufficient to reduce the glass transition temperature to < 30 degrees C, rapidly restored the pentahydrate crystal structure. Rehydration of the methanolate also restored the pentahydrate structure. The significant amount of water accommodated by raffinose in both the crystalline and amorphous forms would appear to make it a potentially useful water scavenger in certain types of dosage forms.
Creating a Smoke-Free Hospital: Attitudes and Smoking Behaviors of Nurses and Physicians

Abstract Purpose. To assess smoking prevalence and attitudes of physicians and nurses before a smoking ban. The relationship between pre-ban attitudes and post-ban smoking behavior was also studied. Design. This is a prospective descriptive study of a cohort of nurses and physicians who were surveyed six months before and six months after a ban on smoking was implemented. Setting. A large, 1,000-bed teaching hospital in the Northeast of the United States. Subjects. All full-time members of the medical (n=l,496) and nursing staff (n=l,500) were surveyed. The overall response rate for the cohort was 41 % for physicians and 39% for nurses. Measures. Surveys included standardized questions on current smoking behavior, and sociodemographic variables. Attitudes toward quitting and the smoking policy and attitudes about implementation and enforcement of the smoking ban were included. Results. Both physicians and nurses were supportive of a smoke-free policy, but the two groups differed significantly on attitudes...
Acid phosphatase localization in normal and dystrophic retinal pigment epithelium.

In this study acid phosphatase (ACPase) was localized in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of normal and Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats pink-eyed and pigmented with inherited retinal dystrophy to determine differences in staining during the post-engulfment stages of phagocytosis using two substrates, Na-β-glycerophosphate and cytidine-5′-monophosphate. Staining was similar using either substrate and in the normal RPE the Golgi system, lysosomes and phagosomes were ACPase-positive. In the dystrophic RPE, which has a diminished capacity to phagocytose photoreceptor rod outer segments, ACPase staining was localized on melanosomes in the pigmented dystrophic and on the apical microvillous membranes in the pink-eyed dystrophic, but was not localized on phagosomes in either the pink-eyed or pigmented dystrophic RPE. Since only a few phagosomes were seen at any given time in dystrophic RPE in vivo, a tissue expiant system was used to examine the number of latex beads phagocytosed by normal and RCS RPE, as well as the number of phagosomes containing both beads and ACPase activity in the normal and mutant RPE. Our findings indicate that in the dystrophic, fewer phagosomes are ACPase-positive than in the normal, and that some enzyme may be inappropriately shunted to either the apical microvilli or to melanosomes instead of to phagolysosomes.
Documenting and Monitoring Scholarly Communication at a Small Liberal Arts College: A Case Study from Northeast Ohio

In recognition of the greater need for institutional data collection and monitoring of scholarly communication on campus, the Hiram College Library began hosting a Web page, Scholars@Hiram (http://library.hiram.edu/index.php/publications/scholars-hiram), to provide a public window into the scholarly activities of the campus. Begun in 2010, the library systematically began collecting bibliographic information on scholarly activities with the intention of simultaneously improving the quality control of monitoring mechanisms and making information publicly available to the campus, potential students, trustees, and accrediting agencies. Results have been positive, problems identified, and feedback from campus members provides the basis for future improvements.
Local-density description of antiferromagnetic Cr

Self-consistent local-spin-density-approximation (LSDA) --based calculations of magnetic and structural properties of bcc Cr are reported. Relatively poor agreement with experimental data is obtained. Either the calculated structural properties are significantly different from experiment or the magnetic moments are incorrect. Calculations using the von Barth--Hedin and Vosko exchange-correlation potentials yield magnetic moments in reasonable agreement with experiment but with poor structural properties. On the other hand, calculations performed using an X\ensuremath{\alpha} potential yield better agreement with experimental structural data but with very poor magnetic moments. It is concluded that the LSDA provides an inadequate description of Cr.
Calculation of centrifugal distortion constants for diatomic molecules from RKR potentials

Abstract Expressions are developed for computing the centrifugal distortion constants Dv, Hv, and Lv directly from the Rydberg-Klein-Rees rotationless potential of a diatomic molecule. These expressions involve summations over integrals of the wavefunctions of all neighboring vibrational levels. Application is made to the X1Σ+ state of CO and the X 3 Σ g − state of O2. In these applications, we have neglected the contributions of the continuum wavefunctions. For higher vibrational levels, particularly those near the dissociation limit, this approximation would be expected to fail. For the lowest vibrational levels of an electronic state, this method gives the same results for Dv, Hv, and Lv as the Dunham relations. However, for intermediate vibrational levels the present method is an improvement since expressions for only a few coefficients of the Dunham expansion are available. The use of Dv and Hv values calculated from Rydberg-Klein-Rees potentials in an iterative improvement of the reduction of spectroscopic data is described.
Abnormalities of protooncogenes in non‐small cell lung cancer. Correlations with tumor type and clinical characteristics

Twenty-seven primary non-small cell (NSC) lung cancers were analyzed for alterations of protooncogenes by DNA hybridization techniques. Abnormalities were found in 56% of tumors including ten of 16 adenocarcinomas, three of nine squamous cell cancers and two of two larger cell cancers. Five protooncogenes were found to be commonly altered in tumors at frequencies between 12% and 60%. These were c-myc, c-myb, c-ras-Ha, c-erbB-1 and c-erb-B-2. Alterations in c-erbB-1 and c-erbB-2 correlated with histologic type of tumor and were more common in advanced cancers. Allelic deletions of c-ras-Ha or c-myb were frequently observed in primary tumors which recurred or progressed after surgery (five of six). Analysis of protooncogenes may provide insights into the pathogenesis of lung cancer and may aid in predicting clinical behavior.
Intra-Aneurysmal Hemodynamics--Jet Action

Jet action from experimental "berry" aneurysms was evaluated as part of a long-range study of stress-strain-time relations of aneurysmal rupture. It was apparent that free jet action was a potent stress agent upon matter in its path. Calculated velocities of free jets ranged up to 477 cm. per sec. Supplementary observations were made upon jets from glass-model aneurysms, including the jet effects upon gelatin blocks cast about the models. Coefficients of velocity were determined for the various jets studied and the results were correlated with theoretic hydraulics.
Online steepest descent yields weights with nonnormal limiting distribution

We study the asymptotic properties of the sequence of iterates of weight-vector estimates obtained by training a feedforward neural network with a basic gradient-descent method using a fixed learning rate and no batch-processing. Earlier results based on stochastic approximation techniques (Kuan and Hornik 1991; Finnoff 1993; Bucklew et al. 1993) have established the existence of a gaussian limiting distribution for the weights, but they apply only in the limiting case of a zero learning rate. We here prove, from an exact analysis of the one-dimensional case and constant learning rate, weak convergence to a distribution that is not gaussian in general. We also run simulations to compare and contrast the results of our analysis with those of stochastic approximation.
Giant LO-TO splittings in perovskite ferroelectrics

We perform a first-principles investigation of the role of Coulomb interactions in eight AB${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ cubic perovskite compounds. The predicted spontaneous polarization and the LO and TO phonon frequencies are found to be in good agreement with experiment. Anomalously large dynamical effective charges give rise to very strong mixing of the mode eigenvectors on going from the TO to the LO case, resulting in a ``giant LO-TO splitting'' in the sense that the soft TO mode is most closely related to the hardest LO modes. The results help explain the extreme sensitivity of these compounds to electrostatic boundary conditions.
Lectures on quantum mechanics

In his book “Lectures onQuantumMechanics”, StevenWeinberg presents thematerial he has covered in a one-year course on quantum mechanics. In his preface, he states that each section of his book roughly corresponds to a seventy-five-minute lecture, indicating that the book is a near representation of the course as he has given it. After having reviewed this book, I am certain that the students had a very good course. The first two chapters begin with a review of the history of the experimental and theoretical problems with classical physics, the subsequent introduction of the uncertainty principle, the Schrodinger equation, the probabilistic interpretation of the wave function, the solution of the Schrodinger equation for the Coulomb potential with a discussion of the energy levels and wave functions for the hydrogen atom. In Chapter 3, Weinberg formulates the general principles of quantum mechanics, associatingobservable physical quantitieswithHermitianoperatorswhose eigenvalues and eigenvectors determine the expectation values of the corresponding observables. Symmetries are associated with unitary operators transforming states, and the effect of an infinitesimal symmetry transformation on any observable is determined by the commutator of the symmetry generator with the operator associated with the observable, a fact made use of extensively throughout these lectures. Weinberg is sufficiently uneasy about the use of a quantum mechanical state vector solely as an algorithm for calculating probabilities that he devotes the longest section in the book to a discussion of various attempts to “derive” the Born rule within the framework of quantum mechanics, concluding that “today there is no interpretation of quantum mechanics that does not have serious flaws.” In Chapter 4, Weinberg presents a lucid and thorough treatment of space-time symmetries and internal symmetries, both continuous and discrete, and of symmetry
Radiation grafting to poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres

Abstract Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) monofilaments were grafted with styrene in methylene chloride solution using both the mutual and preirradiation methods. Good yields were obtained, the grafted fibres were dissolved and the graft copolymer and both homopolymers separated by various techniques. The graft copolymers were hydrolysed with potassium hydroxide in benzyl alcohol to destroy the PET backbone. The molecular weights were determined by osmometry. The G values of grafted side chains were 0.57 and 0.10 per 100 eV for the mutual and preirradiation methods, respectively. The corresponding fractions of PET grafted were 0.24 and 0.11. Less than 4% homopolymer was produced by either method. The yields contrast with radical yields measured by e.s.r. of only 0.025. It is suggested that the high grafting yields are due to the methylene chloride facilitating the accessibility of the monomer to the active sites created by the radiation rather than by the increased yields of radicals by chain transfer. Chlorine, for example, did not lead to increased yields even in the presence of methylene chloride. Presumably, in the mutual grafting system, radicals are available for grafting, which are too labile to be detected by e.s.r. In the case of the preirradiation method, the yields are also higher than the radical yields. This may be due to a regenerative chain transfer mechanism.
Optical design of a structured light phase shift system using no moving parts

3D structured light systems based upon phase shifting analysis are well described in the literature. One of the challenges to obtaining high quality data is the noise often associated with the mechanism to shift the projected pattern accurately. The common methods of realizing a phase shift is to either mechanically move a grating pattern that is then projected to the part, or to move the pattern electronically in a programmable projector such as an LCD, LCOS or other projector. These projectors, often made for office use, are limited by the pixel resolution and the stability of the projectors. Mechanical shifts can be very precise, but require time and the maintenance of a mechanical movement. Other systems using projected interference patterns that use piezo shifters are faster and more reliable, but then can suffer from coherent speckle noise. This paper will discuss a unique optical design using a lens made telecentric in image space and an electro-optical image shifting approach that provides very fast image shifts in a very repeatable and controlled manner.
Acetic Acid Sclerotherapy in the Treatment of Head and Neck Lymphangiomas

Conclusion: Acetic acid is a less caustic substance which can be used for sclerotherapy. This treatment has not been previously reported in the head and neck literature. Ohta et al. recently described OK-432 as a sclerosant used in the head and neck, and fever was the most common complication.2 Although they reported no serious complications, OK-432 is a derivative of Group A Streptococcus pyogenes and thus has potential complications such as post–rheumatic fever sequelae and glomerulonephritis. Although no cases of pulmonary fibrosis have been reported with the use of bleomycin as a sclerosant (possibly due to lower systemic levels than during chemotherapeutic use), this remains a concern because of its cytotoxicity.3 Of the 12 lymphangiomas treated with acetic acid sclerotherapy by Won et al.,1 5 were located in the neck. Total resolution of the lymphangioma was achieved in eight patients (66.7%) and good resolution (>50% reduction) in three (25.0%). Potential complications of acetic acid sclerotherapy include include pneumonitis adjacent to the lymphangioma, pain, and tingling sensations.1 As described by Won et al., 2004,1 a 6 French pigtail catheter was placed into the lesion and cystic fluid removed. A 50% iodinated contrast solution was injected into the cavity to ensure there was no leakage into the surrounding tissues. This was removed and sclerosant was injected into the cavity of the lesion. The sclerosant mixture consisted of a concentration of 40 to 50% acetic acid, with equal volumes of normal saline and 1% lidocaine. The patient remained supine for 10 to 15 minutes and was rotated 90 degrees for the same time period. This was repeated twice. The mixture was then aspirated and irrigations with normal saline solution were performed.
Some personality correlates of obese persons.

16 obese patients in a volunteer program of weight reduction were given the Adjective Check List (ACL) and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) prior to beginning weight reduction. The p...
Fan-Out Wafer-Level Packaging with highly flexible design capabilities

We have developed a new Fan-Out Wafer-Level Packaging (FO-WLP) technology with flexible design capabilities for multilayer fan-out redistribution layers (RDLs) connected to the fine-pitch I/O pads of chips. The prototype of a 2.0 mm × 2.0 mm FO-WLP with 25-pin land grid array (LGA) including a 1.6 mm × 1.6 mm microcontroller chip was fabricated and evaluated. Board-level reliability was also confirmed using 5.0 mm × 5.0 mm FO-WLP. This technology is suited for applications in extremely small microcomputer chip/system packaging for ubiquitous computing.
Facebook sharing: A sociolinguistic analysis of computer-mediated storytelling

Abstract This paper examines the sharing of an unfolding life event (the remodeling of a new house) on Facebook through small story posts. The fact that someone might also choose to simultaneously share the same life event on a blog (as the poster in this paper does) suggests there is a discursive goal that the blog accomplishes that Facebook cannot; on an event-specific blog, unlike on Facebook, the posts are arranged both chronologically and consecutively, within the frame of the overall event. For this reason, the blog is able to tell a narrative, while Facebook can only suggest one. At the same time, Facebook has its own interactive successes over a blog: it is ideal for audience collection, particularly for linking a narrative with people familiar with the protagonist. This particular type of audience is then able to help create the tellability of the narrative (it is of interest because it is a life event being experienced by someone they care about) and assist in shaping the small stories and connecting them discursively with the larger narrative that exists partially on the blog, and partially yet to be experienced.