cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
102. Suicidal Risk Behavior in Emerging Adult ED Patients Screened for Substance Use

Purpose:Athletic participationmay protect against substance use in high school students; however, the data is conflicting at the collegiate level. We examined the associations between athletic participation and substanceuse inuniversity students, and the substance use patterns in team-based and individualbased competitive sports. Methods:US university students (18-26 years; 661males, 973 emales) were recruited through a social networking website o complete an online questionnaire on athletics and health. ompetitive athletes (CA) participated in a competitive sport ithin the past year; recreational athletes (RA) exercised inependently and not as part of a team; sedentary students (SS) id neither. CAs were further divided into team-based and ndividual-based sports. Prevalence of alcohol use, binge rinking, cigarette smoking, other tobacco use, marijuana use, nd other drug use were compared between groups using 2 analyses. Results: There were 969 CA (429 males, 540 females; 402 team-based, 565 individual-based), 502 RA (157 males, 344 females), and 166 SS (75 males, 89 females). Alcohol was the dominant substance used, with CA and RA drinking and binge drinking more than SS (alcohol: 86.8% vs. 88.9% vs. 76.3%, p 001; binge drinking: 55.5% vs. 54.9% vs. 39.1%, p .001), with the greatest binge drinking among female RA (53.6%) andmale CA (63.0%). There were no differences in cigarette use. Overall, other tobacco use was greatest in CA and least in RA (7.0% vs. 3.3% vs. 6.4%, p .05)with higher use inmales (14.4% vs. 10.1% vs. 13.0%) than females (1.1% vs. 0.3% vs. 1.2%). Marijuana consumption was least in CA with an increased trend in RA (24.5% vs. 30.4% vs. 25.6%, p .06) with significance found in females (22.3% vs. 30.1% vs. 23.3%, p .05) but not in males. Therewere no differences in other drug use. Overall substance usewas greater in team-based than individual-based athletes, with significant differences in binge drinking (64.3% vs. 43.5%, p .001), cigarette smoking (21.6% vs. 12.5%, p .001), other tobacco use (9.6% vs. 3.3%, p .001), andmarijuana use (30.6% s. 16.1%, p .001), but not in alcohol use or other drug use. Conclusions: Physical activity participation in these university students did not protect against substance use. Collegiate substance use and awareness programs should consider focusing on athletic participants and should consider gender differences as well. Sources of Support: None.
Cytokinins: Synthesis and biological activity of zeatin esters and related compounds

Abstract The esters of the highly active cytokinin zeatin [6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl- trans -2-butenylamino) purine] with formic, propionic, and indole-3-acetic acids and of its 2-chloro-substituted derivative [2-chloro-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl- trans -2-butenylamino)purine] with acetic and propionic acids have been synthesized, and their growth-promoting activities in the tobacco bioassay have been determined and compared with those of four known, related compounds: zeatin, 6-(4-acetoxy-3-methyl- trans -2-butenylamino)purine, methyl 2-methyl-4-(purin-6-ylamino)- trans -crotonate, and 2-chlorozeatin. The five new esters were fully as active as any cytokinins we have tested in the tobacco bioaassy. The three zeatin esters were consistently, although only slightly, more active than zeatin, and each of the 2-chlorozeatin esters showed activity about twice that of zeatin on a molar basis.
Handedness Distributions in Nine Professional Groups

The relationships between profession and handedness were studied in approximately equal numbers of accountants, architects, dentists, lawyers, librarians, mathematicians, orthodontists, orthopedic surgeons, and psychiatrists (ns = 133+36; N = 1196). Handedness was estimated using laterality scores derived from the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and self-reported global handedness preference scores. Architects and lawyers had the most lefthanded average laterality scores. Orthopedic surgeons, mathematicians, and librarians had the most righthanded average laterality scores. Psychiatrists and lawyers had the most ambilateral laterality scores, mathematicians and librarians the least. These findings are discussed in relation to theories of handedness and cerebral localization of visuospatial and language function.
Food Intake Measurement: University Dining Halls As An Extension Of The Laboratory

Measurement of dietary intake is complicated by various factors which make accuracy measurement difficult when the usual dietary intake is maintained. A method used recently by the authors to measure food intakes of subjects in a university residence hall dining room is described. The time costs of this method are shown to be similar to those of metabolic laboratory studies. The advantages of using the dining hall method are reduced financial costs and minimal disrup tion of subject's food habits. The need for an accurate but valid measure of food intake as a dependent variable in an experimental situation was met by the dining hall method.
Presynaptic active zones at neuromuscular junctions of larval frogs

Freeze-fracturing presynaptic membranes at tadpole neuromuscular junctions display small clusters of large P-face particles, including short double linear arrays. Short pairs of double particle rows are randomly oriented at some junctions. At others, presynaptic membranes are crossed at regular intervals by long pairs of double rows indistinguishable from those characterizing the active zones of adult amphibian neuromuscular junctions. Formation of double particles rows, pairing of the double rows, and transverse alignments of the pairs are shown to be independent processes.
Fatigue crack propagation for defects near a free surface

Abstract The fatigue crack growth associated with an internal flaw as it approaches a free surface was studied. Previous researchers recommended when the plastic zone at the crack tip nearest the free surface reaches one-tenth of the ligament size which exists between the free surface and the crack tip that the flaw be treated as an edge crack. The results of this study show that the assumption of an edge crack can prove to be exceptionally conservative when employed for design purposes. Underestimates of fatigue life of as much as 1000% were observed. Improved methods for predicting the fatigue growth of near surface defects are offered in the paper.
Alterations in behavior and opioid gene expression induced by the novel tropane analog WF-31

The effects of the acute administration of the serotonin-selective tropane analog, [2beta-propanoyl-3beta-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane, WF-31, on spontaneous locomotor activity were measured and compared to those of the highly selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine and cocaine, a non-selective re-uptake inhibitor of dopamine and serotonin. WF-31 (1, 10 and 30 mg/kg)-elicited increases in locomotor behaviors when compared to vehicle-treated rats. This increased activity was blocked by pre-treatment with the dopaminergic antagonist, flupenthixol, suggesting that these effects may be mediated by dopaminergic mechanisms. Cocaine, but not fluoxetine, also elicited increases in behaviors. In addition, the effects of these three compounds on opioid peptide gene expression were also assessed using in situ hybridization histochemistry in the same animals. The acute administration of both WF-31 and cocaine increased the expression of preprodynorphin mRNA in the dorsal striatum whereas fluoxetine had no effect. Expression of striatal preproenkephalin mRNA was augmented by all three compounds. Within the nucleus accumbens, PPD mRNA levels were affected only by treatment with WF-31, an effect that was blocked by pre-treatment with flupenthixol. In contrast, the acute administration of both WF-31 and fluoxetine, but not cocaine, increased the expression of preproenkephalin mRNA. These increases, however, were not reversed by pre-treatment with flupenthixol. Despite its profile in vitro as a relatively selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, some of the in vivo actions of WF-31 appear to be mediated by dopaminergic mechanisms. These data further suggest that the mechanisms underlying expression of the opioid peptides in the nucleus accumbens may vary from those in the dorsal striatum.
Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme XVI. A novel synthetic approach to an antigenic reactive site by direct linkage of the relevant conformationally adjacent residues constituting the site

Abstract Previous studies from this laboratory on the immunochemistry of specific chemical derivatives of native lysozyme and of the two disulfide peptide 62–68 (Cys 64–Cys 80) 74–97 (Cys 76–Cys 94) (i.e.(SS)2-peptide), have established an antigenic reactive site to comprise the spatially contiguous surface residues: Trp 62, Lys 97, Lys 96, Asn 93, Thr 89 and Asp 87. In the present work, the identity of the site was verified by an entirely different and novel approach. The aforementioned amino acids were linked directly into a single linear peptide with an intervening spacer where appropriate and substituting phenylalanine for tryptophan (i.e. Phe-Gly-Lys-Lys-Asn-Thr-Asp). This peptide (which does not exist in native lysozyme but simulates a surface region of the protein) possessed a remarkable inhibitory activity towards the reaction of lysozyme with its antisera. The immunochemical reactivity of the peptide was equal to the maximum expected reactivity of the site (i.e. a third of the total antigenic reactivity of lysozyme). These findings define quite conclusively and accurately the reactive site which is clearly composed of spatially adjacent residues that are distant in sequence reacting as if in direct linear linkage. The unequivocal establishment of this concept indicates that antigenic sites need not always be composed of residues in direct peptide linkage in the sequence. The nature of the site may depend on the protein. This unorthodox attack at the problem provides a novel and powerful approach for final delineation of the antigenic reactive sites (and perhaps other types of but we subsequently have not found it to exist in myoglobin [27], at least in early course antisera. Studies are now being carried out to determine if the present site has a “direction”. Also, the remaining two antigenic sites of lysozyme are being synthesized in a similar fashion. These results will be reported elsewhere in detail.
Molecular symmetry in ab initio calculations

Abstract A scheme is presented for the construction of the Fock matrix in LCAO-SCF calculations and for the transformation of basis integrals to LCAO-MO integrals that can utilize several symmetry unique lists of integrals corresponding to different symmetry groups. The algorithm is fully compatible with vector processing machines and is especially suited for parallel processing machines.
Fiber type and fiber size changes in selected thigh muscles six months after low thoracic spinal cord transection in adult cats: exercise effects.

Abstract The effects of low thoracic spinal cord transection on muscle weights, fiber type compositions and, fiber cross-sectional areas of selected hind limb muscles were studied. Adult cats were spinalized at T12 and maintained for approximately 6 months. Some spinalized cats were exercised on a treadmill 30 min/day, 5 days/week to determine the role of weight support in maintaining the muscle properties. Spinalization resulted in a significant decrease in the weights of most extensors, whereas the flexors or those that act as both flexors and extensors were maintained near control values. All muscles showed a significant increase in the percentage of fast-twitch fibers and decrease in slow oxidative fibers following spinalization. In addition, the predominant fast fiber type in each muscle tended to have the largest decrease in cross-sectional area in the spinalized cats. The atrophic and fiber type adaptations were less pronounced in the exercised cats. In contrast, the relative cross-sectional area of high oxidative fibers generally was similar among the three groups. These results demonstrated that the muscles below the level of the lesion became more “fast-like” histochemically following spinal cord transection, whereas the oxidative properties were relatively unaffected. Further, daily exercise involving weight support appeared to be an important deterrent to these atrophic responses, particularly in the muscles that normally have a postural function (i.e., the slow extensors).
Personalized Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease: From Genome to Bedside

Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the developed world despite advances in cardiac care over the last few decades. Although most of these advances in cardiovascular medicine have been made through trials of therapies on a population scale, the success of such therapies in a patient often is dependent on particular aspects of each individual. In this review, we present the evidence for the impact that the use of personalized medicine and genetics can have in the cardiac care of a patient, first through risk stratification based on inherent genetic risk inferred from the results of genome-wide association studies, to the use of pharmacogenomics to guide clinical management. Finally, we discuss the coming flood of human genome sequencing and the potential impact it will have on the care of patients from the standpoint of cardiovascular disease.
Pulse-oximetry screening to detect critical congenital heart disease in the neonatal intensive care unit.

The current pulse-oximetry screening (POS) protocol for detection of critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs) is recommended only for newborns in well-infant and intermediate care nurseries, and there is no evidence-based protocol for infants discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The objectives of this study were to examine the efficacy of the current screening protocol in a NICU setting and to determine the impact of a unit protocol on the use of POS. Charts of 250 infants previous (group 1) and 250 infants after (group 2) the protocol implementation were reviewed. The results of screening test and preductal and postductal SpO 2 were recorded for screened infants. A predischarge SpO 2 value was recorded if screening was not performed. No infant in group 1 had POS. All eligible infants in group 2 received screening and passed. Preductal and postductal oxygen saturations in preterm infants at discharge were similar to saturations in late preterm and term infants. These results show that oxygen saturations at discharge in late preterm and term infants requiring admission to the NICU are similar to infants with no morbidities and that the current POS protocol can be safely used for these infants at discharge from the NICU. This study also confirms that preductal and postductal oxygen saturations at discharge in preterm infants are not different from those in late preterm and term infants. A unit protocol is likely to be more effective than relying on individual providers to ensure that all infants undergo POS for detection of CCHD.
Tissue plasminogen activator-associated lingual artery hemorrhage

Reported is the case of a patient with vertebrobasilar artery ischemia who received tissue plasminogen activator with resulting hemorrhage into the tongue and nearly exsanguinating hemorrhage from a branch of the lingual artery. Suggestions for immediate management of the hemorrhage as well as prevention are presented. As the use of thrombolytic agents increases and the list of their indications expands, unusual life-threatening hemorrhagic problems other than gastrointestinal or intracranial bleeding will be seen, and management decisions may be life saving.
A porous 3D cell culture micro device for cell migration study

Cell migration under chemoattractant is an important biological step in cancer metastasis that causes the spread of malignant tumor cells. Porous polymeric materials are widely used to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment for applications such as three dimensional (3D) cell culturing and tissue engineering. In this paper we report a novel 3D cell culture device based on porous polymeric material to study cancer migration. We fabricated a porous channel on a polymeric chip using a selective ultrasonic foaming method. We demonstrate that a chemical concentration gradient could be established through the porous channel due to the slow diffusion process. We show that significant cell migration could be observed through the porous channel within 1–2 weeks of cell culturing when metastatic M4A4-GFP breast cancer cells were induced by 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS).We also developed a mathematical model to evaluate the diffusivity and concentration gradient through the fabricated porous structure.
Epidemiology of anorexia nervosa in Monroe County, New York: 1960-1976

The Monroe County Psychiatric Case Register and hospital records were used to investigate the incidence of anorexia nervosa in Monroe County, New York, during the periods 1960-1969 and 1979-1976 to determine whether the number of newly diagnosed cases has increased over time. The results support the general clinical impression of a recent increase in the incidence of anorexia nervosa. This pattern of overall change was accounted for by the sharp increase in the number of females with the disorder, particularly those aged 15-24. The data also suggest that the disorder occurs more often in the higher socioeconomic levels.
Reduced blood pressure and increased sensitivity of the vasculature to parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in transgenic mice overexpressing the PTH/PTHrP receptor in vascular smooth muscle

PTH-related protein (PTHrP) is produced in vascular smooth muscle, where it is postulated to exert vasorelaxant properties by activation of the PTH/PTHrP type 1 receptor. As a model for studying the actions of locally produced PTHrP in vascular smooth muscle in vivo, we developed transgenic mice that overexpress the PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTHrP-R) in smooth muscle. Oocyte injection with a SMP8-PTHrP-R fusion construct yielded six founder mice. F1 offspring were viable and demonstrated selective overexpression of the SMP8-PTHP-R messenger RNA in smooth muscle-rich tissues. Baseline blood pressure measured in conscious mice by tail sphygmomanometry was significantly lower in the receptor-overexpressing mice than that in controls (117 ± 4 vs. 133 ± 3 mm Hg; P < 0.05). In anesthetized animals, iv infusion of PTHrP-(1–34)NH2 caused a significantly greater reduction in blood pressure and total peripheral resistance in transgenic mice than in control animals. Vascular contractility was studied in paired, isometrica...
Maternal Phenylketonuria: A New Cause for Concern

The start of newborn screening for phenylketonuria (PKU) during the early 1970s has given rise to an increasing number of women who have been identified and successfully treated for the disease in childhood and are now preparing to have children of their own. Early detection and initiation of nutritional therapy before conception is key to a successful pregnancy outcome. Nurses who understand the pathophysiology, dietary limitations, and management of PKU in pregnancy can provide the care necessary for optimal maternal and neonatal health.
Specific selection criteria and testing protocol optimize reservoir drill-in fluid design

Proper test and evaluation methodology for reservoir drill-in fluids is an important step in the construction design of a producing wellbore. Drill-in fluids are specifically designed to meet drilling and completion objectives, simplify reservoir cleanup and maximize production rates in open hole completions. New protocols developed by drilling fluid and completion laboratories have proven to be effective tools for evaluating fluid designs that optimize production. Drill-in fluid selection begins with an initial screening process taking into account qualifying issues such as environmental acceptability, reservoir temperature, physical limitations, and chemical compatibility between the fluid and the reservoir. The final fluid formulation should minimize formation damage, fluid leak-off rates, breakout pressures, and wellbore cleanup of drill-in and completion operations, thus maximizing the productivity of the well. Formation damage risks can be minimized if laboratory testing procedures parallel specific reservoir conditions. Case studies confirm that a methodology based on laboratory data that incorporates drilling fluid, completion, and workover operation protocols is effective in lowering completion costs and increasing production.
Release of liposomal markers by Cerebratulus toxin A-III.

Abstract Marker release from liposomes induced by the cytolytic protein Cerebratulus lacteus toxin A-III was studied. No phospholipid specificity was apparent, but the sensitivity of liposomes to A-III varied with the membrane fluidity. With dioleylphosphatidylcholine liposomes, complete release occurred at 10–20 μg toxin per ml, depending on marker size. Kinetic experiments showed that release was rapid and exhibited no lag phase. The diameter of the A-III produced membrane lesion must exceed 90 A, as tetrameric Concanavalin A is quantitatively released from A-III treated liposomes.
The effect of sublethal dosages of five pesticides and a polychlorinated biphenyl on the avoidance response of coturnix quail chicks

Abstract Coturnix quail ( Coturnix coturnix ) chicks were given sublethal amounts of chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDE, Ceresan M, or Aroclor 1254 (a polychlorinated biphenyl) in their feed, beginning at seven days of age, and their avoidance response to a moving silhouette was measured daily for fourteen days. The birds were on dosage for eight days, and on untreated feed for six days immediately thereafter. Group avoidance response was significantly suppressed (P from 0·01 to ) by chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, Ceresan M, and Aroclor 1254 . No effect of DDE on the birds' behaviour could be detected. The behaviour of the endrin-treated birds returned to normal after two days on untreated feed. The data indicated partial recovery for birds treated with dieldrin and chlordane, but none for those Ceresan M, or Aroclor 1254 . The percentage of controls responding to the silhouette dropped from an average of 84 for the first four days to 70 on the sixth day; then it increased until the end of the test when it was almost 80 . This apparently aberrant behaviour of healthy birds is tentatively attributed to a daily decrease in the discrepancy between the moving silhouette and the birds' schema for the silhouette, followed by maturation of the central nervous system, beginning at about the fourteenth day of age. We believe this maturation effected revival of interest and hence a heightened reaction to the stimulus.
Ab initio SCF energy calculations of the rotational orientation of each of the exocyclic groups of 6-O-methyl-β-d-tagatofuranose

Abstract Presented herein are potential-energy functions for the two side chains of a methyl ether of d -lyxo-2-hexulose, namely, 6-O-methyl-β- d -tagatofuranose, a model for β- d -tagatofuranose 6-phosphate. The methyl ether was chosen because, sterically, it is a good model of the phosphate, and yet it does not introduce the overwhelming complexity of phosphorus d orbitals into the calculations. The original minimum-energy structure for this molecule was obtained by using an empirical program, developed by Warshel, Lifson, and Karplus, which determined that the 4T3( d ) conformation is a minimum-energy structure; this was verified by our ab initio calculations. However, substantial differences were found in the minimum potential-energy structures of the two exocyclic groups. The equilibrium rotational orientation of each of these groups was then calculated. The results indicated that rotamers of angles 195° (for C-2) and 65° (for C-5) are very minor components. The calculations indicated that the molecule should mainly exist in two equal proportions as the two rotamers, one having angles of 295° (for C-2) and 290° (for C-5) and the other, angles of 75° (for C-2) and 290° (for C-5). All ab initio calculations were performed by using modified versions of the Gaussian-70 and Gaussian-76 programs at the STO-3G level.
Use of exfoliated graphite filler to enhance polymer physical properties

Abstract Three sets of exfoliated graphite filled polymers, having three different particle sizes, were prepared with load levels from 0.1–20% by weight. After sieving, the particles were reduced to nanometer size through exfoliation, shear mixing, and ultrasonication, which further breaks and delaminates them. The electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of the nanoparticle filled polymers were measured. In addition, light, scanning electron, and atomic force microscope characterization were performed. The exfoliated graphite filled polymer material could be tailored to be high modulus and vary from insulating to highly conducting. Compared with the pure polymer, the polymers filled with 20% wt. exfoliated graphite has seen an significant reduction in electrical resistivity from 1.58 to 0.5 Ω cm. The thermal conductivity for the polymers containing 20% wt exfoliated graphite has also been drastically improved, increasing from 0.2 to 5 W/m K. The flexural modulus achieved a maximum increase of 3.8 GPa which is a 60% above the value for the pure polymer (2.4 GPa).
Influence of CYP2C8*2 on the Pharmacokinetics of Pioglitazone in Healthy African-American Volunteers

Study Objectives To determine the influence of the Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8*2 polymorphism on pioglitazone pharmacokinetics in healthy African-American volunteers. Design Prospective, open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Setting University of Colorado Hospital Clinical and Translational Research Center. Participants Healthy African-American volunteers between 21 and 60 years of age were enrolled in the study based on CYP2C8 genotype: CYP2C8*1/*1 (9 participants), CYP2C8*1/*2 (7 participants), and CYP2C8*2/*2 (1 participant). Intervention Participants received a single 15-mg dose of pioglitazone in the fasted state, followed by a 48-hour pharmacokinetic study. Measurements and Main Results Plasma concentrations of pioglitazone and its M-III (keto) and M-IV (hydroxy) metabolites were compared between participants with the CYP2C8*1/*1 genotype and CYP2C8*2 carriers. Pioglitazone area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC)0-∞ and half-life (t1/2) did not differ significantly between CYP2C8*1/*1 and CYP2C8*2 carriers (AUC0-∞ 7331 ± 2846 vs 10431 ± 5090 ng*h/ml, p=0.15, t1/2 7.4 ± 2.7 vs 10.5 ± 4.0 h, p=0.07). M-III and M-IV AUC0-48 also did not differ significantly between genotype groups. However, the M-III:pioglitazone AUC0-48 ratio was significantly lower in CYP2C8*2 carriers than CYP2C8*1 homozygotes (0.70 ± 0.15 vs 1.2 ± 0.37, p=0.006). Similarly, CYP2C8*2 carriers had a significantly lower M-III:M-IV AUC0-48 ratio than participants with the CYP2C8*1/*1 genotype (0.82 ± 0.26 vs 1.22 ± 0.26, p=0.006). Conclusion These data suggest that CYP2C8*2 influences pioglitazone pharmacokinetics in vivo, particularly the AUC0-48 ratio of M-III:parent drug, and the AUC0-48 ratio of M-III:M-IV. Larger studies are needed to further investigate the impact of CYP2C8*2 on the pharmacokinetics of CYP2C8 substrates in individuals of African descent.
IRAS Serendipitous Survey Observations of Pluto and Charon.

On Aug. 16, 1983, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite made two separate pointed observations of Pluto and its moon Charon. Because of the small angular displacement of the system between the times of measurement, the Pluto-Charon system was identified as a source in the Serendipitous Survey (SSC 14029+0518). Detections were made at 60 and 100 micrometers with color-corrected flux densities of 581 + or - 58 and 721 + or - 123 millijanskys, respectively. Pluto is best described as having a dark equatorial band, and brighter polar caps of methane ice extending to + or - 45 deg latitude, at most. An upper limit of approximately 9 meter-amagats is placed on the column abundance of a methane atmosphere on Pluto, which is comparable to recent upper limits based on independent ground-based spectroscopy.
Dihydrotestosterone activates CREB signaling in cultured hippocampal neurons.

Abstract Although androgens induce numerous actions in brain, relatively little is known about which cell signaling pathways androgens activate in neurons. Recent work in our laboratory showed that the androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) activate androgen receptor (AR)-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling. Since the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) is a downstream effector of MAPK/ERK and androgens activate CREB in non-neuronal cells, we investigated whether androgens activate CREB signaling in neurons. First, we observed that DHT rapidly activates CREB in cultured hippocampal neurons, as evidenced by CREB phosphorylation. Further, we observed that DHT-induced CREB phosphorylation is AR-dependent, as it occurs in PC12 cells stably transfected with AR but in neither wild-type nor empty vector-transfected cells. Next, we sought to identify the signal transduction pathways upstream of CREB phosphorylation using pharmacological inhibitors. DHT-induced CREB phosphorylation in neurons was found to be dependent upon protein kinase C (PKC) signaling but independent of MAPK/ERK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase A, and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV. These results demonstrate that DHT induces PKC-dependent CREB signaling, which may contribute to androgen-mediated neural functions.
B16 melanoma in hairless mice: A model for thermographic research

Little is understood concerning the mechanism of tumor-induced thermographic abnormalities observed in man. An ideal animal model is lacking. In an effort to create such a model we have worked with hairless mice, subcutaneously inoculated with B16 melanoma cells. This report documents the progress of that work and the subsequent development of a totally satisfactory system for the study of such tumors in a hairless animal.
Prostaglandin modulation of phorbol ester skin tumor promotion

TPA promotion of skin tumors in mice can be modified by application of various prostaglandins or their precursors. The effects depend on the particular prostaglandin used: PGF/sub 2..cap alpha../ enhances promotion, whereas PGE/sub 1/ consistently inhibits promotion. Time of application of the prostaglandin with respect to TPA determines whether PGE/sub 2/ enhances or inhibits. Dose-dependent inhibition was observed for arachidonic acid. The prostaglandins alone were unable to elicit tumors in initiated mice.
Prospective Payment and Hospital Psychiatry

Our study, conducted on a geropsychiatric hospital unit, showed that the average length of hospital stay decreased after the introduction of DRGs, while the number of patients discharged to more restrictive facilities showed a marginal in crease. Whether these phenomena are causally related to the introduction of DRGs cannot be inferred. A descriptive, exploratory study can only show associative relationships between variables. Additional longer term observations, multicenter studies, and studies under experimental conditions (random assignment to control groups) are needed to help shed light on the impact of prospective payment on psychiatric hospital care. Too much discussion of DRGs and psychiatry has been based on intuitive speculation. Reliable data are required to enrich the discussion, focus on problematic areas, and stimulate constructive suggestions for improvement.
Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln

INTRODUCTION I VIRTUE AND PASSION IN THE AMERICAN ENLIGHTENMENT 1. Benjamin Franklin, Jonathan Edwards, and the Problem of Human Nature 2. The American Founders and the Scottish Enlightenment 3. The Political Psychology of The Federalist II CONSTRUCTING CHARACTER IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA 4. The Emerging Ideal of Self-Improvement 5. Self-Made Men: Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass 6. Shaping the Selves of Others III THE CULTIVATION OF THE SELF AMONG THE NEW ENGLAND ROMANTICS 7. The Platonic Quest in New England 8. Margaret Fuller's Heroic Ideal of Womanhood 9. The Constructed Self Against the State CONCLUSION NOTES
In vivo structural activity and optimization studies of folate-tubulysin conjugates.

Herein we report on the potencies of 4 related folate-conjugated tubulysins constructed with either tubulysin B hydrazide (EC0305), tubulysin A hydrazide (EC0510), the N,O-acetal derivative of natural tubulysins (EC0317) or a tubulysin B ester (EC0302). Our results confirmed that EC0305 is the most favorable conjugate of the group due to its potent antitumor activity [100% cures at 1 μmol/kg, three times a week (TIW) for 2 weeks] and its favorably low toxicity profile. In contrast, the natural tubulysin B drug proved to be inactive against a human nasopharyngeal tumor model when administered at doses near to or greater than the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). When tested against more chemoresistant folate receptor expressing M109 and 4T1-cl2 tumors, EC0305 displayed superior antitumor activity over a previously disclosed folate conjugate of desacetylvinblastine monohydrazide (EC145). These studies demonstrate that EC0305 has significant antiproliferative activity against FR expressing tumors, including thos...
Inflation Testing as a Means of Measuring Failure Strength of Aortic Tissue

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs) are localized enlargements of the aorta. If untreated, AAAs will grow irreversibly until rupture occurs. Ruptured AAAs are usually fatal and are a leading cause of death in the United States, killing 15,000 per year (National Center for Health Statistics, 2001). Surgery to repair AAAs also carries mortality risks, so surgeons desire a reliable tool to evaluate the risk of rupture versus the risk of surgery.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Nanoscale avalanche photodiodes for highly sensitive and spatially resolved photon detection

Integrating nanophotonics with electronics could enhance and/or enable opportunities in areas ranging from communications and computing to novel diagnostics1,2. Light sources and detectors are important elements for integration1, and key progress has been made using semiconducting nanowires3,4,5 and carbon nanotubes to yield electrically driven sources6,7,8,9,10,11,12 and photoconductor detectors13,14,15,16,17. Detection with photoconductors has relatively poor sensitivity at the nanometre scale, and thus large amplification is required to detect low light levels and ultimately single photons with reasonable response time. Here, we report avalanche multiplication of the photocurrent in nanoscale p–n diodes consisting of crossed silicon–cadmium sulphide nanowires. Electrical transport and optical measurements demonstrate that the nanowire avalanche photodiodes (nanoAPDs) have ultrahigh sensitivity with detection limits of less than 100 photons, and subwavelength spatial resolution of at least 250 nm. Crossed nanowire arrays also show that nanoAPDs are reproducible and can be addressed independently without cross-talk. NanoAPDs and arrays could open new opportunities for ultradense integrated systems, sensing and imaging applications.
Analysis of flow pattern in vas spirale.

Microcirculation to the organ of Corti resembles that in terminal capillaries of other parts of the body, but in this case, because of the limited number of vessels, cessation of flow becomes important to the function of the organ of Corti. Motion picture analysis at rapid-framing rates reveals the flow pattern and its relation to the structures of the basilar membrane and tunnel of Corti. These are to be presented with an interpretation of the significance of this capillary circulation.
Modulation of eukaryotic cell apoptosis by members of the bacterial order Actinomycetales

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is normally responsible for the orderly elimination of aged or damaged cells, and is a necessary part of the homeostasis and development of multicellular organisms. Some pathogenic bacteria can disrupt this process by triggering excess apoptosis or by preventing it when appropriate. Either event can lead to disease. There has been extensive research into the modulation of host cell death by microorganisms, and several reviews have been published on the phenomenon. Rather than covering the entire field, this review focuses on the dysregulation of host cell apoptosis by members of the order Actinomycetales, containing the genera Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus, and Nocardia.
The Role of Prostaglandins in Masculine Differentiation: Modulation of Prostaglandin Levels in the Differentiating Genital Tract of the Fetal Mouse*

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the stimulation of arachidonic acid prostaglandins (PG) mediates the masculinizing effects of testosterone in the fetal mouse. We examined a number of situations in which masculine organization was either induced or inhibited by external agents and determined whether PG levels in the fetal genital tracts were altered in a manner coincident with those situations. We show here that both PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha levels in the male fetal genital tracts increased with the advancement of masculine differentiation. PG levels in males (1.2 +/- 0.3 pg PGE2 and 0.1 +/- 0.03 pg 6-keto-PGF1 alpha on day 14 of gestation) increased to 2.1 +/- 0.3 pg PGE2 and 1.2 +/- 0.3 PG 6-keto-PGF1 alpha on day 18 of gestation. The PG levels in the male genital tract were significantly higher than the PG levels in the female genital tract throughout the period of sexual differentiation. Before this period, however, such as on day 14 of gestation (when male and female fetuses have identical genital tracts) we found no difference in their PG levels. Moreover, administration of testosterone (40 mg/kg) during the critical period of masculine differentiation (days 13-17 of gestation) significantly increased PG levels (approximately 2-fold) of female fetuses. Furthermore, we found that cyproterone acetate (20 mg/kg), an inhibitor of masculine differentiation, on days 13-17 of gestation deceased PG levels in male fetuses. In addition, administration of PG synthesis inhibitors, namely indomethacin (1 mg/kg) and aspirin (100 mg/kg), inhibited both resting and androgen-inducible PG levels in male and female fetuses. Considering these results together, it may be concluded that PGs have a critical role in the masculinizing action of fetal testosterone.
Quantifying Physical Activity via Pedometry in Elementary Physical Education

ABSTRACTSCRUGGS, P. W., S. K. BEVERIDGE, P. A. EISENMAN, D. L. WATSON, B. B. SHULTZ, and L. B. RANSDELL. Quantifying Physical Activity via Pedometry in Elementary Physical Education. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 1065–1071, 2003.PurposeThe objective of this study was to determine a pe
HYDRAZINOPROPIONIC ACID: A NEW INHIBITOR OF AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE AND GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASEI

This paper deals with the synthesis of 3-pyrazolidone and the biochemical action of hydrazinopropionic acid. The latter compound is formed upon alkaline hydrolysis of 3-pyrazolidone. Hydrazinopropionic acid was found in vitro to be a very potent inhibitor of bacterial aminobutyrate transaminase as well as of aminobutyrate transaminase and glutamate decarboxylase from mouse brain. This inhibition was shown to occur despite the presence of high concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate in the incubation media. Injections of 20 mg hydrazinopropionic acid/kg into mice resulted in complete inhibition of aminobutyrate transaminase in brain and approximately 20 per cent inactivation of glutamate decarboxylase. This inhibition could not be prevented or antagonized by administration of pyridoxine to the animals. Addition of pyridoxal phosphate to homogenates of brain from animals treated with hydrazinopropionic acid also failed to reactivate the enzymes. The tentative conclusion reached from these results is that hydrazinopropionic acid has inhibitory action because of its close similarity to GABA with respect to molecular size, structural configuration and molecular charge distribution. This can be demonstrated by comparing a Dreiding model of hydrazinopropionic acid with that representing GABA.
From Immersed Boundary Method to Immersed Continuum Methods

The objective of this paper is to present an overview of the newly proposed immersed continuum method in conjunction with the traditional treatment of fluidstructure interaction problems, the immersed boundary method, the extended immersed boundary method, the immersed finite element method, and the fictitious domain method. In particular, the key aspects of the immersed continuum method in comparison with the immersed boundary method are discussed. The immersed continuum method retains the same strategies employed in the extended immersed boundary method and the immersed finite element method, namely, the independent solid mesh moves on top of a fixed or prescribed background fluid mesh, and employs fully implicit time integration with a matrix-free combination of NewtonRaphson and GMRES iterative solution procedures. Therefore, the immersed continuum method is capable of handling compressible fluid interacting with compressible solid. Several numerical examples are also presented to demonstrate that the proposed immersed continuum method is a good candidate for multi-scale and multi-physics modeling platform.
A cost-based analysis of scale economies in the French auto industry

Abstract This paper examines cost relationships in the French automobile industry using a translog cost function with domestic capital and labor and domestic and foreign intermediate goods inputs. The findings suggest scale economies at lower output levels, but diseconomies at mean and maximum output levels. Cross price elasticity estimates implied all input pairs except capital and foreign parts and labor and domestic parts are substitutes. Except for foreign components, direct price elasticity estimates were inelastic. Thus, further integration of Europe and reduction of foreign input prices may substantially increase their quantity demanded and decrease the demand for domestic labor and parts.
Alternative Splicing in Plant Immunity

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs widely in plants and can provide the main source of transcriptome and proteome diversity in an organism. AS functions in a range of physiological processes, including plant disease resistance, but its biological roles and functional mechanisms remain poorly understood. Many plant disease resistance (R) genes undergo AS, and several R genes require alternatively spliced transcripts to produce R proteins that can specifically recognize pathogen invasion. In the finely-tuned process of R protein activation, the truncated isoforms generated by AS may participate in plant disease resistance either by suppressing the negative regulation of initiation of immunity, or by directly engaging in effector-triggered signaling. Although emerging research has shown the functional significance of AS in plant biotic stress responses, many aspects of this topic remain to be understood. Several interesting issues surrounding the AS of R genes, especially regarding its functional roles and regulation, will require innovative techniques and additional research to unravel.
A double-serpentine diffusion path for a ternary diffusion couple

Abstract A double-serpentine diffusion path that crosses the straight line joining the terminal alloy compositions twice on a ternary isotherm is reported for a diffusion couple assembled with two β (B2) Fe–Ni–Al alloys and annealed at 1000°C for 2 days. The couple developed a Ni concentration profile that exhibited two regions of mass loss separated by a region of mass gain on one side of the Matano plane. With an additional couple whose path intersected the double serpentine path, ternary interdiffusion coefficients were determined at the composition of intersection. Also, average values of the ternary interdiffusion coefficients, D ij Fe ( i, j= Al , Ni ), were determined over selected composition ranges of the couple and employed to model the concentration profiles. The cross D NiAl Fe coefficient was negative and comparable in magnitude to the main D NiNi Fe coefficient. The double-serpentine diffusion path was characterized by large diffusional interactions among the components and appreciable variations in the interdiffusion coefficients over different compositional ranges.
Antishock trouser inflation and pulmonary vital capacity

Two models of antishock trousers were studied for the effect of their inflation on the pulmonary function of 20 healthy men. Vital capacity was measured for each model at pressures at 0, 30, 60, and 100 mm Hg. The antishock suit with the abdominal compartment extending over the entire abdomen decreased the vital capacity 13.8% with inflation to a pressure of 100 mm Hg. The antishock suit with a smaller abdominal compartment, considered the standard model, decreased vital capacity only 5% at the same pressure.
Credit securitization decisions

To balance capital requirements and manage credit risk, lenders slice and dice mortgages for securitization versus holding unsecured loans for investment in their portfolios. This article estimates factors that explain credit securitization decisions with Government Sponsor Enterprises (GSEs).
The Concept of Value

Need of enlarged concepts, 663. — The "ratio" argument non-essential, 664. — The word "rate" might avoid unnecessary verbal implications, 668. — Relation and quality two phases of one fact, 672.
Statistical timing analysis of nonzero clock skew circuits

Statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) methods, which model process variations statistically as probability distribution functions (PDFs) rather than deterministically, have emerged to more accurately portray integrated circuit performance. This analysis has been thoroughly performed on traditional zero clock skew circuits where the synchronizing clock signal is assumed to arrive in phase with respect to each register. However, designers will often schedule the clock skew to different registers in order to decrease the minimum clock period of the entire circuit. Clock skew scheduling (CSS) imparts very different timing constraints that are based, in part, on the topology of the circuit. In this paper, SSTA is applied to nonzero clock skew circuits in order to determine the accuracy improvement relative to their zero skew counterparts, and also to assess how the results of skew scheduling might be impacted with more accurate statistical modeling. For 99.7% timing yield (3sigma variation), SST is observed to improve the accuracy of measurement, thereby increasing the average clock period improvement to 38.25% as compared to zero clock skew circuits.
Helios: a hybrid electrical/optical switch architecture for modular data centers

The basic building block of ever larger data centers has shifted from a rack to a modular container with hundreds or even thousands of servers. Delivering scalable bandwidth among such containers is a challenge. A number of recent efforts promise full bisection bandwidth between all servers, though with significant cost, complexity, and power consumption. We present Helios, a hybrid electrical/optical switch architecture that can deliver significant reductions in the number of switching elements, cabling, cost, and power consumption relative to recently proposed data center network architectures. We explore architectural trade offs and challenges associated with realizing these benefits through the evaluation of a fully functional Helios prototype.