cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Four Factors that will shape the Future of Work

The future of work is shaped by technological progress, globalisation and glocalisation, and societal and institutional change. As a result of recent developments, a diverse world of work with significant differences in working conditions by industry and occupation will develop, with a focus on creative, interactive and more complex activities with essential skills. At the same time, demands on companies with regard to innovation and flexibility are growing. To understand the future of work, we believe it is essential to explore four major factors that will impact on the future of work: 1) Technological progress, IT platforms, the sharing and knowledge economy; 2) Demographic, social and environmental changes; 3) Globalisation and glocalisation; and 4) Labour flexibility. Our aim is to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of the future of work by examining these four key factors that influence today’s labour market, because this market is agile, since people can work anywhere at any time. In summary, seeing automation as synonymous with job losses is not correct. We contend that it is a mistake to believe that globalisation and technological advances lead to a reduction in the demand for human employees. However, it is possible that the opposing viewpoints of those who agree and those who disagree with this opinion are causing a polarisation of the workforce. Changes in our society, such as the constantly evolving demography, as well as environmental issues and ICT, have an influence on the way we work, and when, how and where we work.
The urban commons: a keyword essay

This essay considers the urban commons as a keyword for urban geography, examining the changing meanings and usages of the term over time. We situate the increase in the term’s circulation – and it...
Evaluation of Microstructural Characteristics in Alumina Produced by Selective Laser Stereolithography and Detonation Gun Spraying

The important microstructural characteristics of Al2O3 produced via detonation gun spraying (DGS) deposition and laser stereolithography (3D printing) were investigated in this study. Microstructural observation indicated that microstructure of 3D-printed samples mostly consisted of alumina and voids, while coating samples contained extra features such as splat boundaries, pores, and cracks. The DGS deposited alumina was characterized by higher density with 3.0 ± 0.6% porosity compared to the additive manufacturing processed samples with 8.1 ± 0.8% porosity. Existence of some residual carbon was detected in 3D-printed alumina sample via energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The feedstock powder used for both processes was pure α-Al2O3. While the x-ray diffraction results showed no phase change in 3D-printed samples, DGS deposited alumina coating contained a mixture of α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 phases. The phase distribution discovered by x-ray diffraction was confirmed by diffraction patterns obtained from transmission electron microscopy.
Effects of antioxidants and antifreeze proteins on cryopreservation of blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) spermatogonia

Abstract Long-term storage of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) represents the next step for advancing aquaculture research by providing valuable genetic resources for genetic enhancement programs and xenogenesis technologies. Hybrid catfish, the cross between channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus ♀ and blue catfish, I. furcatus ♂, are in high demand by the US aquaculture industry, but production can be limited by the availability of blue catfish gametes. Therefore, xenogeneic stem cell transplantation is a powerful method for generating blue catfish gametes within faster growing and maturing channel catfish hosts. These technologies could be facilitated by having cryopreserved SSCs from testicular tissue on-hand in gene banks. Cryopreservation protocols for blue catfish testicular tissues and for other fish species are still being optimized, and currently, data is lacking on the effects antioxidants and antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have on cellular post-thaw viability of SSCs. The objective of this study was to analyze the individual and combined effects of antioxidants (catalase, hypotaurine, and ascorbic acid) and AFPs (I and III) on post-thaw type A spermatogonia cell production and viability from testicular tissue. In this study, there were no improvements with individual antioxidant or AFP treatments. However, when the antioxidants hypotaurine and catalase were tested in combination with different AFPs, three treatments had higher type A spermatogonia cell production than the control, including hypotaurine 7 mM + AFPI 1 μg/mL, hypotaurine 3.5 mM + AFPI 0.1 μg/mL, and hypotaurine 7 mM + AFPIII 0.1 μg/mL. These treatments along with hypotaurine 7 mM + AFPI 0.1 μg/mL and catalase 100 IU + AFPI 0.1 μg/mL had higher viability than the control. From these results, we recommend adding these antioxidant-AFP combinations to future cryopreservation protocols. Overall, this is the first study showing that combining specific antioxidants and AFPs can improve spermatogonia cryopreservation for a fish species.
Preventing eating disorders in young women: An RCT and mixed-methods evaluation of the peer-delivered Body Project.

OBJECTIVES Young women are at increased risk for eating disorders during adolescence (age range = 16-19), and there is the need for effective, sustainable prevention programs delivered during this critical window of development. The Body Project is a dissonance-based program that reduces key risk factors for disordered eating. Few studies have evaluated the program or the participant experience when peer-delivered at the high school level. The objective of this study was to evaluate using mixed-methods the Body Project program when peer-delivered among high school women. METHOD Three studies were conducted among young women in high school in the United States: (a) an open trial evaluation of a peer-delivered Body Project program (n = 112), (b) a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the Body Project with assessment-only control (n = 74), and (c) a qualitative investigation of participants' experiences (n = 131). RESULTS Open trial participants reported significant reductions in eating disorder risk factors and improvements in mood and self-attitude constructs over the intervention period (ds = .32-.77, ps < .01). Intervention effects for Body Project participants in the RCT compared with control were significant for body dissatisfaction, thin ideal internalization, dietary restraint, self-compassion, body surveillance, and loneliness (ds = .55-1.38, ps < .02). Thematic analyses of qualitative data highlight considerations for program delivery and engagement, including insights about why women join the program and perspectives on peer leaders. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the effectiveness of the peer-delivered Body Project with high school-aged women and highlight key recommendations for increasing engagement and strengthening prevention programs among young women. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Sampling plan designs for gluten estimation in oat flour by discrete and composite sampling

Abstract Heterogeneous gluten distribution in certain food commodities, such as oat flour, warrants a sound sampling plan to reduce measurement variability and the risk associated with lot misclassification. Ten lots of oat flour, 45 kg each, with varying gluten content were produced in a pilot-scale hammer mill to evaluate various sampling plans for gluten in oat flour. Thirty-two samples from each lot were collected during milling to study the effect of discrete (individual samples taken from the lot) and composite (samples taken from a bulk sample prepared by compositing several individual samples) sampling methods. A 5 g test sample was manually taken from each of the 32 samples, extracted with a cocktail extraction buffer, and gluten content was estimated using ELISA by analyzing duplicate aliquots of the extract. The total variance (Vt) from gluten measurements was partitioned into variance between samples (Vs) and aliquots analyzed (Va). Regression analysis revealed a linear relationship between the log of all three variances and the log of gluten concentration, which can be explained by the power equation for discrete and composite sampling methods. The Vt and Vs for discrete sampling tended to be higher than those for composite sampling at a given gluten concentration. A log-normal distribution was found suitable to characterize the distribution of measured gluten in oat flour samples from a test procedure. Operating characteristic (OC) curves plotted to evaluate various sampling plans for gluten in oat flour showed reduced risk of misclassification for composite sampling, as compared to the discrete sampling method for a given sampling plan. Examples are shown for the change in OC curves depending on the sampling method, sample size, number of samples analyzed, and accept/reject limit.
Approach to the Hospitalized Patient With Thrombocytopenia

During the 2020 JADPRO Live Virtual conference, Laura J. Zitella, MS, RN, ACNP-BC, AOCN®, educated the audience on the most important causes of thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients and diagnostic approaches to employ.
Fasting hypoglycaemia secondary to carnitine deficiency: a late consequence of gastric bypass.

Twelve years following gastric bypass surgery, a cachectic 69-year-old woman presented with both fasting and postprandial hypoglycaemia. Postprandial symptoms were relieved by dietary modification and acarbose, as is common in such cases. During a supervised fast, symptomatic hypoglycaemia occurred. Concurrent laboratory testing showed suppression of plasma insulin, c-peptide, proinsulin and insulin-like growth factor II. However, beta-hydroxybutyrate was also low, surprising given insulin deficiency. Elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations suggested that lipolysis was not impaired, making cachexia/malnutrition a less likely cause of hypoglycaemia. The apparent diagnosis was failure to counter-regulate—subsequent plasma carnitine measurements showed carnitine deficiency which presumably prevented FFA transport across mitochondrial membranes for ketogenesis. Repletion with high-dose oral carnitine supplements effected resolution of fasting hypoglycaemia.
Exercise-Induced Desaturations and Functional Limitation in Post-COVID-19 Lung Disease: Cause or Correlate?

Throughout the current pandemic, much has been written on the relationship between hypoxemia and the presence of respiratory symptoms in acute COVID-19 lung disease. Now that we are faced with a large population of patients suffering from the sequelae of acute COVID-19 infection whom we hope to
microRNA represses macromolecule

In this issue of Blood, Xiang et al identify a novel mechanism, involving activation of the polyol pathway and repression of microRNA-24 (miR-24), through which hyperglycemia augments von Willebrand factor (VWF) expression and secretion.
Effects of aggregate morphology and size on laser-induced incandescence and scattering from black carbon (mature soot)

Abstract We have used a Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) to measure time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (LII) and laser scatter from combustion-generated mature soot with a fractal dimension of 1.88 extracted from a burner. We have also made measurements on restructured mature-soot particles with a fractal dimension of 2.3–2.4. We reproduced the LII and laser-scatter temporal profiles with an energy- and mass-balance model, which accounted for heating of particles passed through a CW-laser beam over laser–particle interaction times of ~10 μs. The results demonstrate a strong influence of aggregate size and morphology on LII and scattering signals. Conductive cooling competes with absorptive heating on these time scales; the effects are reduced with increasing aggregate size and fractal dimension. These effects can lead to a significant delay in the onset of the LII signal and may explain an apparent low bias in the SP2 measurements for small particle sizes, particularly for fresh, mature soot. The results also reveal significant perturbations to the measured scattering signal from LII interference and suggest rapid expansion of the aggregates during sublimation.
Rethinking Human Rights: A Review Essay on Religion, Relativism, and Other Matters

In reviewing five edited collections and one monograph from the 1990s, the article summarizes the present status of the “human rights revolution” that was signaled by the adoption in 1948 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It goes on to elaborate and evaluate some of the attempts contained in these books to deal with theoretical and practical controversies surrounding the subject of human rights, particularly the discussion of what to make of “cultural relativism” as far as human rights are concerned. Finally, the article summarizes some recent thinking and research on a neglected area, namely compliance with human rights standards protecting “freedom of religion or belief.”
MS based scanning methodologies applied to Conus venom

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses scanning methodologies using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to partially purified venom from Conus striatus and Conus ermineus , describes specific derivatizations to deduce composition and sequence information, and together with an intact mass these measurements are used to determine whether an ionized species observed in the MALDI mass spectrum corresponds with the intact protonated molecule of a previously characterized conotoxin. While, significantly less material is required for MALDI than for either, UV detection, chemical sequencing, or amino acid analysis; the nature of the information derived from MALDI spectra is also different. This is due to the fact that (i) the mass accuracy of MALDI-TOF measurements is generally lower than that of liquid secondary ionization (LSI) with a magnetic sector mass spectrometer, and (ii) enzymatic sequencing is affected by the varying rates of cleavages at different amino acid residues and the reduced activity of most enzymes toward particular residues. The chapter suggests that this approach to obtaining sequence information on novel peptides is attractive because of the low amount of material required.
Chapter 2 Non-covalent forces of importance in biochemistry

Publisher Summary The nature of non-covalent forces makes them important in biological function because they are specific without conferring as much rigidity as covalent forces. Covalent forces are those quantum mechanical forces, which determine the nature of electron pair chemical bonding. Non-covalent forces, on the other hand, do not involve electron pairing effects. These non-covalent forces play an essential role in determining the shape of all molecules and the macromolecules, which are important in biology, are no exception. The base stacking and hydrogen bonding in the DNA double helix, the hydrogen bonding in the peptide α helix, and the U shape of prostaglandin molecules are examples where non-covalent forces determine shape. The specificity in intermolecular association between proteins and nucleic acids and between enzymes and their inhibitor is also a result of the nature of these non-covalent forces. The most important attractive non-covalent forces for biological association in aqueous solution are electrostatic, dispersion, and hydrophobic. Electrostatic interactions are more important in providing specificity than in contributing to the overall thermodynamic driving force for association. It is likely that dispersion is important and hydrophobic terms essential in most protein–ligand interactions.
Isolation and Characterization of the Etheostoma tallapoosae (Teleostei: Percidae) CENP-A Gene

Both centromeric alpha-satellite sequences as well as centromeric protein A (CENP-A) are highly variable in eukaryotes. CENP-A, a histone H3 variant, is thought to act as the epigenetic “mark” for assembly of centromeric proteins. While most of the histone fold domain (HFD) of the CENP-A is fairly well conserved, a portion of this HFD as well as the N-terminal tail show adaptive variation in both plants and animals. Such variation may establish reproductive barriers that may lead to speciation. The family Percidae contains over 200 species most of which are within the subfamily Etheostomatinae. This subfamily represents a species rich radiation of freshwater fishes in North America and these species exhibit both allopatric and sympatric distributions. In order to study the evolution of CENP-A in percid fish species, we have isolated and characterized the CENP-A gene from Etheostoma tallapoosae by PCR based gene walking. As a result of this study we have demonstrated that the Tallapoosa darter CENP-A gene HFD sequences can be isolated from genomic DNA by nested PCR in a manner that does not lead to the amplification of the highly sequence related histone H3 gene. We also demonstrated that PCR based walking can be subsequently used to isolate the rest of the CENP-A gene and adjacent gene sequences. These adjacent gene sequences provide us with a primer binding sites for PCR isolation of the CENP-A gene from other percid species of fishes. An initial comparison of three percid species shows that the N-terminal tail of the percid CENP-A gene shows adaptive evolution.
Molybdenum carbonyl complexes of di- and triphosphines: Hydrophosphination reactions of (HCCCH2PPh2) Mo(CO)5

Abstract The base catalyzed hydrophosphination reactions of (HC CCH2PPh2)Mo(CO)5 with Ph2PH and (Ph2PH)Mo(CO)5 give several different products as a function of reaction conditions. These products were characterized by elemental analyses, physical properties, 1H, 13C1H, and 31P1H NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and in most cases by X-ray crystallography.
Progressive amyotrophy as a late complication of myelopathy.

Abstract A delayed syndrome of progressive weakness has been described in survivors of paralytic poliomyelitis — “Post-Polio Muscular Atrophy (PPMA)”. One proposed etiology is a drop-out of motor neurons due to increased metabolic demands of an enlarged motor unit territory. We report a patient with slowly progressive lower extremity weakness 20 years after recovery from an episode of myelopathy involving the lower lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord. Delayed progressive amyotrophy may complicate any significant injury to anterior horn cells.
The Texas‐Mexico Maquila Industry: Expectations for the future

This research surveys the opinions of maquiladora managers along the Texas-Mexico border after the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The anticipated growth in operations, relating to the use of Mexican labor under the provisions of the NAFTA are concerns for the maquiladora managers. The outcome of this study is compared to the results of a similar survey conducted in 1991. According to the 1991 survey by DeVito and Wambsganss (1994), managers seem to integrate NAFTA into their future plans. In Brannon and James (1994), Mexican sourcing, interior attractiveness, and the potential effects of deregulation are major considerations. The present study is a quantitative measure of the concerns expressed by the authors. The evidence presented here indicates the level of anticipated sustainable development. This study provides an ex-post NAFTA analysis and contributes to the literature in two ways. The study first indicates the managers of the staging plants along the Texas-Mexico border are less attracted than expected by Mexico's interior locations. Second, the managers do not expect to substantially increase their sales in Mexico in the next seven years despite the new opportunities offered by the NAFTA in this field.
In situ x-ray reflectivity studies on the formation of substrate-supported phospholipid bilayers and monolayers.

We conducted time-dependent, in situ x-ray reflectivity measurements on the formation of substrate-supported lipid monolayers and bilayers at solid-liquid interfaces, buried under an aqueous buffer with various concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40, and $50\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{g}/\text{ml}$) of lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). The DOPC bilayer is formed on the hydrophilic surface of a bare Si substrate, while the DOPC monolayer is formed on a hydrophobic octadecylthricholorsilane (OTS) monolayer-coated Si substrate. The evolution of the reflectivity curves from the lipid bilayers is well described by lateral growth of bilayer islands, consistent with the rupture and fusion model for the adsorption of lipid vesicles to solid-liquid interfaces. By contrast, the formation of the lipid monolayer on OTS-coated Si occurs through a relatively fast coverage of the entire interfacial area, followed by an increase in the monolayer thickness. For both monolayers and bilayers, the rate of lipid layer growth increases with increasing lipid concentration in the buffer solution.
MRI signal void due to in-plane motion is all-or-none

The process of MRI signal attenuation due to in-plane intravoxel velocity inhomogeneity is described. Given rigid rotation or linear shear, velocity phase-sensitivity will induce a phase distribution that varies linearly with position, which is exactly equivalent to the effect of a spatial phase encoding gradient pulse. It follows that the effect of such motion on the raw MRI signal is to displace it a fixed distance in kappa-space. Attenuation becomes marked when the center of the spin-echo reaches an edge of kappa-space, which happens when intravoxel phase shifts reach pi radian/voxel. Because spin echoes are typically peaked sharply at center, this attenuation usually is abrupt. Analytic and numerical simulations of linear and nonlinear velocity fields confirm abrupt MRI attenuation where phase dispersion exceeds pi radian/voxel. Examples of this phenomenon include the abrupt loss of blood signal adjacent the vessel wall in laminar flow, abrupt loss of subendocardial signal in early diastole, and sudden disappearance due to rotation of a kidney during a measurement of diffusion.
Residual Paralysis: Does it Influence Outcome After Ambulatory Surgery?

Neuromuscular blocking agents are used to facilitate tracheal intubation in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. The use of high-dose neuromuscular blocking agents to achieve muscle paralysis throughout the case carries an increased risk of residual post-operative neuromuscular blockade, which is associated with increased respiratory morbidity. Visually monitoring the train-of-four (TOF) fade is not sensitive enough to detect a TOF fade between 0.4 and 0.9. A ratio <0.9 indicates inadequate recovery. Quantitative neuromuscular transmission monitoring (e.g., acceleromyography) should be used to exclude residual neuromuscular blockade at the end of the case. Residual neuromuscular blockade needs to be reversed with neostigmine, but it’s use must be guided by TOF monitoring results since deep block cannot be reversed, and neostigmine administration after complete recovery of the TOF-ratio can induce muscle weakness. The development and use of new selectively binding reversal agents (sugammadex and calabadion) warrants reevaluation of this area of clinical practice.
Significance of Fas and retinoblastoma protein expression during the progression of Barrett's metaplasia to adenocarcinoma.

Background: Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a premalignant lesion characterized by replacement of normal squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium. This lesion can progress to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Recently, the Fas receptor and retinoblastoma (Rb) protein have been described as important mediators of apoptosis and tumor suppression, respectively. This study was undertaken to examine their expression during the progression of metaplasia to adenocarcinoma in BE. Methods: In a review of 56 adenocarcinomas arising in BE, the specimen blocks were examined using the immunohistochemical avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique. For each specimen, areas of normal epithelium were compared with areas of metaplasia, dysplasia, or carcinoma (when present). Monoclonal mouse anti-human antibodies were used to identify Rb protein (Rb-Ab5, 1/50 dilution; Oncogene Science) and the 40–50-kDa cell membrane Fas protein (APO-1/Fas, 1/5 dilution; DAKO Corp.). Results: Loss of Rb staining was observed as the metaplasia progressed to dysplasia and carcinoma, indicating accumulation of unstainable aberrant protein. Conversely, Fas protein staining was undetectable or weak in normal or metaplastic epithelium, increasing in the areas of high-grade dysplasia and carcinoma. These differences were statistically significant (P < .001). Conclusions: The accumulation of abnormal Rb protein during the progression of Barrett’s metaplasia to carcinoma leads to unsuppressed tumor growth. Fas overexpression may represent a cellular attempt to balance the uncontrolled tumor proliferation by promoting apoptosis.
Competitive equilibria in electricity markets with nonlinearities

This paper is concerned with the existence of competitive equilibria in electricity markets with nonconvex network constraints and nonlinear cost/utility functions. It is assumed that each self-interested market participant shares limited information with the Independent Service Operator (ISO). A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained to guarantee the existence of a competitive equilibrium in the context of economic dispatch. It is shown that a competitive equilibrium may exist, even when the duality gap is nonzero for the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. However, the Lagrange multipliers for the power balance equations in the OPF problem are indeed a correct set of market-clearing prices in presence of no duality gap, which is the case for IEEE systems with 14, 30, 57, 118 and 300 buses. In the case of zero duality gap for the OPF problem, a dynamic pricing scheme is proposed to enable the ISO to find the correct locational marginal prices in polynomial time. Finally, under the assumption that there are a sufficient number of phase shifters in the power system, it is proved that a competitive equilibrium always exists if the Lagrange multipliers associated with the power balance equations are all positive.
New Devices and Techniques for Handling Adverse Events: Claw, Suture, or Cover?

Increasingly invasive therapeutic endoscopic procedures and laparoscopic surgeries have resulted in endoscopists being challenged more frequently with perforations, fistulas, and anastomotic leakages, for which nonsurgical closure is desired. Devices and techniques are available and in development for endoscopic closure of gastrointestinal wall defects. Currently available devices with excellent clinical success rates include the over-the-scope clip and an endoscopic suturing system. Another device, the cardiac septal defect occluder, has been adapted for use in the gastrointestinal tract. Extensive endoscopic knowledge, a highly trained endoscopy team, and the availability of devices and equipment are required to manage complications endoscopically.
Adoption, Usage and Efficiency: Benchmarking Healthcare IT in Private Practices

In the past few decades various industries have adopted new information systems and supply chain management techniques. Unfortunately, although many industries saw significant gains, the health care industry-both large hospitals and small private practices-are slow to consider new technologies. According to the Health Care Information Technology Model HCIT and the Supply Chain Operations Reference SCOR Model, a necessary aspect in planning and applying new IT and supply chain techniques is the ability to compare and benchmark the organization. Whereas some research is available for hospitals Malin, 2006, little work has been done for private medical practices. In this paper, the authors benchmark IT practices in terms of staffing efficiency and importance of usage to compare medical practices in the United States and Taiwan. The authors develop a set of efficiency measures for private medical practices that they correlate with types of IT usage, barriers to IT usage and extent of IT usage.
Tuberculosis mortality associated with AIDS and drug or alcohol abuse: analysis of multiple cause-of-death data

The resurgence in tuberculosis morbidity in the mid-1980s has increased interest in tuberculosis mortality. We examined mortality in the United States, from tuberculosis in 1990, using multiple cause-of-death data to describe the impact of AIDS and substance abuse, defined as drug or alcohol abuse, on mortality from tuberculosis. Tuberculosis mortality by age showed a bimodal pattern, with a peak between ages 25 and 55; by race/ethnicity, black and Hispanic males had the highest mortality rates, and black females had rates close to those of Hispanic males. Although in each of the race/ethnicity categories the removal of deaths with AIDS resulted in mortality curves closer to those of 1980, the bimodal pattern remained for black and Hispanic deaths. When we examined deaths with tuberculosis and substance abuse, we found that substance abuse without AIDS may account for additional deaths contributing to the bimodal pattern seen.
Associational resistance for mule’s ears with sagebrush neighbors

Many examples of associational resistance have been reported, in which a plant’s neighbors reduce the rate of damage by herbivores that it experiences. Despite 30 years of interest and hundreds of examples of associational resistance, we still know very little about how plants avoid their herbivores. This lack of mechanistic understanding prevents us from predicting when or where associational resistance will be important or might affect species’ distributions. I demonstrate here that the plant neighborhoods that surrounded focal mule’s ears (Wyethia mollis) individuals affected the damage they received. In particular, distance between a focal mule’s ears individual and its nearest sagebrush neighbor (Artemisia tridentata) was a good predictor of how much leaf area the mule’s ears would lose to herbivores over 2 years. Mule’s ears close to sagebrush suffered less loss than those with more distant nearest sagebrush neighbors. Mule’s ears with near sagebrush neighbors suffered half the leaf loss as mule’s ears with sagebrush experimentally removed. This associational resistance was probably not caused by sagebrush attracting or increasing populations of predators of generalist herbivores. Sagebrush is known to emit chemicals that are feeding deterrents to generalist grasshoppers and these deterrents were probably involved here. Volatile chemicals emitted by damaged sagebrush have been found to induce resistance in neighboring plants of several species. However, I found no evidence for such eavesdropping here as mule’s ears gained associational resistance from sagebrush neighbors whether or not those sagebrush neighbors had been experimentally damaged. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for associational resistance is critical to predicting where and when it will be important.
Information on the location of carbon-carbon double bonds in C6−C23 linear alkenes from carbon addition reactions in a quadrupole ion trap equipped with a pulsed sample-inlet system

Ion-molecule reactions of a number of alkene molecular ions with different neutral alkenes were studied in a quadrupole ion trap equipped with a pulsed sample-inlet system. The molecules studied include several isomeric unbranched hexenes, heptenes, octenes, and nonenes, as well as representative alkenes with ten, twelve, fourteen, and twenty-three carbon atoms. Transfer of structurally characteristic number of methylene units between the ionic and neutral reactants dominates the product distributions for all the alkenes studied, with the exception of 1-alkenes. Isomeric alkenes can be readily distinguished on the basis of their products from reactions with neutral alkenes. It is suggested that distonic intermediates are generated in these reactions, and that they fragment by alkene elimination after 1,2- and 1,5-hydride shifts. The ability to vary the reaction time, pressure of the neutral reagents, and the type of ions and neutral molecules present in the reaction chamber during each stage of the experiment sequence makes it possible to maximize the amount of structural information obtained for alkenes in these experiments. Use of CS 2 +• to generate the alkene molecular ion by charge exchange yields the same information without the need to carry out a mass-selection step for the ionized alkene.
Molecular Mechanisms of Intrinsic Skin Aging and Retinoid-Induced Repair and Reversal

Past studies have shown that topical treatment of suntxposed skin with all-trans retinoic acid improves the clinical and histologic appearance of the skin. This is mociated with a reduction in matrix metalloproteinase elaboration and with expression of a newly synthesized collagenous matrix. Whether retinoid therapy might have a similar impact on the appearance of intrinsically aged skin is not known. This study, using human skin in organ culture and epidermal keratinocytes and fibroblasts in monolayer culture, show that retinoic acid stimulates growth of both keratinocytes and fibroblasts and stimu-lates extracellular matrix production by the fibroblasts. Adult skin from sun-exposed and sun-protected sites responds equally well to retinoic acid, whereas neonatal skin is much less responsive under the same conditions. The implications of this are (i) that retinoids may be able to repair intrinsically aged skin as well as photoaged skin, and (ii) that retinoids modulate human skin cell function in a manner that is age-related, and not simply a response to photodamage. Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 3:57-60, 1998
The generation of gravitational waves. IV - Bremsstrahlung

Previously derived waveforms for gravitational bremsstrahlung are discussed along with their spectra and their limiting structure at high and low relative velocities. Waveforms and spectra are presented for a low-velocity bremsstrahlung encounter, and waveforms are given for encounters of arbitrary relative velocity. Limiting forms for the gravitational-wave amplitudes in the 'forward', 'intermediate', and 'backward' regions are derived in the high-velocity limit. The energy spectra seen by observers in the three regions are computed for arbitrary and high velocities. Simpler methods for analyzing special cases of the bremsstrahlung problem are examined, and the results of those methods are compared with the present results. Those methods include the quadrupole-moment and post-Newtonian formalisms, linear perturbations of the Schwarzschild metric, the method of colliding plane waves, the method of virtual quanta, and the zero-frequency limit. Classical gravitational bremsstrahlung is then compared with classical electromagnetic bremsstrahlung.
Algorithm visualization on the World Wide Web—the difference Java makes!

Using algorithm visualization, we can depict the execution of an algorithm as a sequence of graphical snapshots, the viewing of which is controlled by the user. Such visualizations can be a tremendous help to students, but their use is limited by the constraints of platform dependency. This constraint can now be overcome by making algorithm visualizations conveniently accessible on the World Wide Web. This paper provides an overview of progress that has been made in delivering interactive visualizations in platform-independent fashion on the Web. In particular the role played by Java in implementing one such system is explored in depth.
The relationship of anticoagulation level and complications after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Abstract The degree of anticoagulation and its effect on the frequency of abrupt coronary artery closure, coronary ischemia, bleeding complications requiring transfusion, and death were examined in 336 patients after elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). All patients received a bolus of 10,000 U of heparin at the beginning of the procedure followed by a continuous infusion of 2000 U/hr. At the conclusion of the procedure the infusion was reduced to 1000 U/hr and continued for 18 to 24 hours at which time the heparin infusion was suspended to allow removal of arterial and venous access sheaths. Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) was examined while patients continued to receive the heparin infusion. There was a variable degree of PTT prolongation in response to a standard dose of heparin with a range of 34 seconds to ">150 seconds." Patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of heparin-induced PTT prolongation: group A included 271 patients with PTT ≥3 times the control value, and group B comprised 65 patients with PTT p p p p p = NS) or mortality (0.4% vs 3%, p = NS) between the two groups. Of the 11 ischemic complications in group A, six occurred after suspension of the heparin infusion and therefore at a time of diminished anticoagulation. All ischemic complications observed in group B occurred during continuous infusion of heparin. Thus heparin therapy for 18 to 24 hours with resultant PTT ≥3 times the control value is effective in preventing ischemic complications after elective PTCA without an increase in bleeding complications. It may be necessary to monitor the anticoagulation level after elective PTCA to avoid the risk of inadequate anticoagulation.
Aspartate 112 is the selectivity filter of the human voltage-gated proton channel

Voltage-gated proton channels are considered completely selective for protons — no evidence exists for the permeation of ions other than H+. A study of the underlying mechanism of the high selectivity of the human voltage-gated proton channel reveals an Asp112 residue as the selectivity filter. When this residue was changed to a neutral amino acid, the mutant channel lost proton selectivity and either became anion-selective or did not conduct any ions. The ion selectivity of pumps and channels is central to their ability to perform a multitude of functions. Here we investigate the mechanism of the extraordinary selectivity of the human voltage-gated proton channel1, HV1 (also known as HVCN1). This selectivity is essential to its ability to regulate reactive oxygen species production by leukocytes2,3,4, histamine secretion by basophils5, sperm capacitation6, and airway pH7. The most selective ion channel known, HV1 shows no detectable permeability to other ions1. Opposing classes of selectivity mechanisms postulate that (1) a titratable amino acid residue in the permeation pathway imparts proton selectivity1,8,9,10,11, or (2) water molecules ‘frozen’ in a narrow pore conduct protons while excluding other ions12. Here we identify aspartate 112 as a crucial component of the selectivity filter of HV1. When a neutral amino acid replaced Asp 112, the mutant channel lost proton specificity and became anion-selective or did not conduct. Only the glutamate mutant remained proton-specific. Mutation of the nearby Asp 185 did not impair proton selectivity, indicating that Asp 112 has a unique role. Although histidine shuttles protons in other proteins, when histidine or lysine replaced Asp 112, the mutant channel was still anion-permeable. Evidently, the proton specificity of HV1 requires an acidic group at the selectivity filter.
Cell Proliferation Detected with Flow Cytometric Cell Cycle Analysis and Immunohistochemical Detection of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) from Somatic Tissues of Eastern Oysters, Crassostrea virginica ∗

Two novel biomarker of response assays were developed and compared for use with bivalves. Bivalve mollusks are often used as bioindicators to monitor contaminant body burdens and are employed globally in pollution monitoring and as sentinels of environmental quality. The prevalence of proliferating cells in tissues of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, (n = 10) was investigated by using immunohistochemical staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and by flow cytometric analysis of DNA in cell cycle phases. The PCNA protein is highly conserved and central to DNA synthesis in dividing cells. This protein was detected by using a commercial antibody in the histological staining of gills, mantle, digestive gland, stomach, and labial palps. Cells obtained from these same organs and from the hearts of the oysters were used for flow cytometry (FCM). The proportions of nuclei in the S plus G2/M and G2/M fractions were compared with percentages of PCNA-positive cells scored through microscopy. ...
THE EMPATHIC EMOTIONS AND SELF‐LOVE IN BISHOP JOSEPH BUTLER AND THE NEUROSCIENCES

In Joseph Butler, we have an account of human beings as moral beings that is, as this essay demonstrates, being supported by the recently emerging findings of the neurosciences. This applies particularly to Butler's portrayal of our empathic emotions. Butler discovered their moral significance for motivating and guiding moral decisions and actions before the neurosciences did. Butler has, in essence, added a sixth sense to our five senses: this is the moral sense by means of which we perceive what we ought or ought not do. The moral sense yields relatively reliable moral perceptions when we love our neighbors as ourselves, and when our love for ourselves is genuine. Accurate moral perceptions will be thwarted by self-deceit—that is, by a self-partiality devoid of neighbor love, a condition that thwarts genuine self-love. This essay explores the parallels between Butler's understanding of self-deceit and Robert J. Lifton's understanding of “doubling.”
Mapping the Ryanodine Receptors Pore Region Using the Substituted Cysteine Accessibility Method

Skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction require the activation of the type 1 and type 2 ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel (RyR1 and RyR2) respectively. RyRs are comprised of four identical subunits, each of ∼ 565 kDa forming a single pore.We are using the Substituted Cysteine Accessibility Method (SCAM) to identify the residues that line the pore region of the channel, to size the channel pore and to determine differences in the structure of the pore in different functional states. To map pore-lining cysteines in both RyR1 and RyR2 channels, we plan to use methyl thiosulfonate (MTS) compounds of different diameters and charges to probe accessible amino acid side chain in the pore of RyR channels after cysteine-substitution mutagenesis.Earlier work (K. E. Quinn, B. E. Ehrlich, 1997. J Gen Physiol 109, 255) showed that cysteines in the predicted membrane-domain of RyR are accessible to methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium (MTSEA) when the channel is open. It was inferred that the cysteines were exposed in the conduction pathway.We have applied 5 mM MTSEA to wild-type RyR channels in planar lipid bilayers membrane and find that it decreases the current amplitude, the open probability and the mean-open time. Also, the RyR activator calcium increases the susceptibility of RyR to MTSEA. In order to identify the cysteines responsible for the MTSEA modification effects, single point mutations of cysteines (C4876A and C4882A) located in the predicted pore-forming region of RyR1 are being generated.
On the validity of the Pristane Formation Index

Abstract The underlying assumption of the Pristane Formation Index (PFI)—that the sum of pristane and pristene is independent of formation temperature at constant precursor conversion—is found to be true for pyrolysis of several petroleum source rocks over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. It is also shown that it is possible to derive Arrhenius rate parameters involving activation energy distributions that are consistent with both geological and laboratory reactions.
Quantum stress tensor in Schwarzschild space-time

The vacuum expectation value of the stress-energy tensor for the Hartle-Hawking state in Schwarzschild space-time has been calculated for the conformal scalar field. $〈{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}〉$ separates naturally into the sum of two terms. The first coincides with an approximate expression suggested by Page. The second term is a "remainder" that may be evaluated numerically. The total expression is in good qualitative agreement with Page's approximation. These results are at variance with earlier results by Fawcett whose error is explained.
Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) optics module breadboard alignment methods and results

The Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) optics module will be assembled at ambient temperature but will operate at liquid helium temperature. The challenging task of ensuring that is possible to maintain alignment through cryogenic cooling and cryogenic vibration has been demonstrated in a DIRBE optics module breadboard program. This paper discusses the configuration of the DIRBE optics module breadboard, ambient temperature optical alignment methods used to assemble the breadboard, and cryogenic testing of the breadboard. The alignment of the optical assembly at ambient temperature, at 77 K, and after a 77 K vibration was within specification.
Some general characteristics of enzyme foam fractionation.

Abstract Variations of foam purification conditions for urease and catalase, separately, were studied. It was demonstrated that impure urease and catalase mixtures could be separated considerably from one another, and each could be separated from most other contaminating protein. The effect of several variables on the foaming method of separating enzymes from protein was investigated, and some general rules were presented for the fractionation.
Localization and characterization of the ribosomal RNA cistrons in Sciara coprophila

Abstract By molecular hybridization it was determined that the cistrons coding for ribosomal RNA in the fungus gnat, Sciara coprophila , are present in multiple copies located for the most part at the proximal heterochromatin of the X chromosome. The X′ chromosome which contains the mutation Wavy and a paracentric inversion, is deficient in ribosomal RNA cistrons. The Sciarid polytene nucleus often contains small refractile bodies known as “micronucleoli” which are associated with the chromosomes. These micronucleoli probably represent parts of a highly ramified nucleolus formed at the base of the X chromosome. The micronucleoli do not seem to have their origin in the heterochromatic bands of the chromosomes to which they are adjacent. Whether or not the micronucleoli represent amplification of the ribosomal RNA cistrons is discussed. The DNA puffs found in the Sciara salivary gland chromosomes do not contain detectable quantities of ribosomal RNA cistrons when examined by cytological hybridization.
Shortwave clear-sky diffuse irradiance in the 300- to 1100-nm range: comparison of models with UV-VIS-NIR and broadband radiometer measurements at the Southern Great Plains ARM site in September/October 2001

Broadband shortwave diffuse horizontal irradiance models overestimate measurements by between 7 and 14% using the most reliable input data for the models and the best available broadband measurements of diffuse irradiance. This paper uses spectral irradiance measurements and models as opposed to broadband measurements and models to investigate the contributions to this difference from various regions of the spectrum. The data are from the first Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) diffuse irradiance intensive observation period (IOP) held in September and October of 2001 at the Oklahoma ARM site near Ponca City. Visible and ultraviolet (UV) rotating shadowband spectroradiometers (RSS) acquired data during the IOP. Diffuse measurements with conventional broadband diffuse pyranometers and direct irradiance measurements using an absolute cavity radiometer are also available for analysis. Integrated spectral measurements are consistent with broadband measurements and, therefore, confirm the earlier results that models over predict diffuse. The wavelength dependent differences in models and measurements are illustrated and discussed.