cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of aluminum and pH on the early life stages of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui)

Abstract The sensitivity of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui to acidified conditions was examined by exposing recently-hatched fish to pH levels ranging from 5.1 to 7.5 and aluminum concentrations ranging from 32 to 1000 μg l −1 . The range of pH and aluminum concentrations included those found in the northern part of the species' range. Acute bioassays (96 h) conducted at a pH of 5.1 and aluminum concentrations ⩾ 180 μg l −1 resulted in total mortality. The LC 50 calculated for this species was 130 μg l −1 . At pH values of 6.1 and 7.5, mortality was low (⩽ 20%) regardless of aluminum concentrations. A 30-day chronic toxicity test was conducted at three pH levels (low 5.1, intermediate 5.5–5.7 and high 7.3), each with two aluminum concentrations (approx. 0 and 200 μg l −1 ). Survival was significantly lower in the test at pH 5.1 with aluminum, and at pH 5.7 with aluminum treatments than in the other treatments. Fish in the pH 5.1 without aluminum treatment had intermediate survival, while fish exposed to pH 5.7 without aluminum, pH 7.3 without aluminum and pH 7.3 with aluminum had high, and similar, survival. Sublethal effects on fish exposed to low pH and aluminum included deformities, reduced activity and abnormal swimming behavior. We conclude that the sensitivity of smallmouth bass to low pH and aluminum concentrations corroborates field investigations linking acidification and aluminum mobilization with depletion of smallmouth bass populations.
LIPID RELEASE AND TRANSPORT IN INSECTS.

Abstract 1. 1. When isolated fat body of the silkmoth. cockroach or grasshopper was incubated with [carboxy-14C]palmitate, the 14C-labeled fatty acid was rapidly incorporated into the neutral lipids of the fat body. When this “prelabeled fat body” was reincubated with insect hemolymph, a rapid release of 14C-labeled diglyceride took place from the fat body into the hemolymph, whereas no significant release of triglyceride occurred. 2. 2. This diglyceride release was specific for insect hemolymph. No significant release of diglyceride occurred into a solution of bovine serum albumin, egg albumin or rat plasma. In contrast, free fatty acid was released not only into the insect hemolymph but also into synthetic media. 3. 3. Diglyceride release was markedly inhibited by cyanide, 2,4-dinitrophenol azide, whereas the release of free fatty acid was accelerated by these chemicals. 4. 4. The greatest rate of release of diglyceride was observed from adult silkmoth fat body, and the lowest from diapausing pupal fat body. 5. 5. Electrophoretic analysis of the hemolymph showed that the diglyceride released into the hemolymph was complexed to one of the hemolymph proteins. This diglyceride-protein complex seems to be the most likely form by which long-chain fatty acids are transported in the insects studied.
Functional fibrous polypropylene solid support and its application in solid phase peptide synthesis and cell specific binding

Abstract Surfaces of polypropylene (PP) fabrics were modified through thermal initiated radical graft polymerization with acrylic acid and poly (ethylene glycol) di-acrylate (PEG-DIA). Various polymerization conditions were studied to determine the optimal parameters leading to the best surface functionality. Carboxylic acid groups on the functionalized PP support were further derivatized for solid phase peptide synthesis. Peptide ligands LHPQF and sppLDI were successfully synthesized through simple coupling reactions utilizing Fmoc chemistry. Specific binding of Streptavidin–Alkaline phosphatase conjugate and Jurkat (T lymphoblastic) cell were successfully achieved on the novel functional PP substrates. The good geometrical flexibility, mechanical stability, chemical reactivity and biocompatibility of this novel planar support make it very promising substrate for various biotechnological applications.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry for in-line monitoring of silicon nitrides☆

Abstract Spectroscopic ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy are all invaluable routine characterization techniques to determine the thickness of silicon nitrides during manufacturing of compound semiconductor devices. We describe in detail the accuracy and convenience of each technique. In addition to thickness, nitride composition is another process parameter that needs to be controlled in manufacturing. Therefore, we also discuss using UV Raman spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry to measure composition. Finally, we discuss the correlation between electrical parameters (capacitance and breakdown voltage) and the stoichiometry of the silicon nitride used as a dielectric in a metal-insulator-metal capacitor.
LXV. Structure and Phase Transitions of Ferroelectric Sodium Cadmium Niobates

ABSTRACT A study of the electrical properties and structure of ceramic specimens has shown that sodium-cadmium niobates form single phase solid solutions of the perovskite type. The cadmium niobate enters into solid solution as CdNb2O6 rather than in the more familiar form of Cd2Nb2O7; pairs of Bodium atoms in the NaNbO3 lattice are replaced by one cadmium atom and one vacancy up to the composition with Na: Cd vacancy in the ratio 6:1:1. Beyond this limit a second phase, either Cd2Nb2O7 or CdNb2O6 is always present. In the solid solution region a new tetragonal phase is introduced below the Curie temperature and ferroelectric properties are observed in this phase and in the orthorhombio phase whioh is displaced to lower temperatures. Superlattice effects indicate that throughout the solid solution range the structure cell is multiple compared with the simple perovskite cell. The ferroelectric properties ore associated with a doubled unit cell, whereas antiferroelectric sodium niobate has a quadrupled cell...
An inverse kinematic analysis procedure for flexible open-loop mechanisms

Abstract This paper presents the development of a point-oriented kinematic analysis procedure for open-loop mechanisms that includes provision for elastic links. The analysis method is based upon specifying the three-dimensional reference locations of control points that lie at specified locations on the mechanism. An iterative method based upon 4 × 4 transformation matrix techniques is utilized to solve for the values of the joint variables that define the configuration of the mechanism as well as their velocities and accelerations. This is first done with the assumption that the mechanism links are rigid in order to determine the nominal mechanism state for load calculation purposes. Quasi-static loading conditions are assumed in order to calculate the deformed shapes of the links which are then used to reiterate on the position analysis. The method incorporates least-squares to allow the solution when the control point data is underspecified, overspecified or inconsistently specified. Examples are provided in which the analysis procedure incorporating elastic links is applied to the solution of two planar manipulator positioning problems.
Detection of Toxic Compounds by Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

Sensitive detection of gaseous toxic compounds of environmental concern by cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is demonstrated. In particular, CRDS is applied to the detection of nitrogen dioxide and four chlorinated aromatic volatile organic compounds. Detection limits in this feasibility study are in the parts-per-million range, but experimental improvements will enhance the sensitivity to the parts-per-billion range or better. For chlorinated aromatics, the sensitivity is found to be independent of the degree/site of chlorination. In this respect, it is superior to other laser-based methods such as laser-induced fluorescence and resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization that are quite strongly influenced by excited-state nonradiative decay induced by the presence of chlorine substituent(s). In addition, since CRDS is self-calibrating, fairly simple to implement and perfectly general, it promises to be a universal environmental toxic gas detector.
A motor oil soil for detergency testing

Bright Stock/Pale Oil (BS/PO) soil represents a typical motor oil soil, but it is more constant in composition than clean or dirty commercial motor oil. It does not require the addition of any dye, as is the case with mineral oil or cooking oil, and when applied to cloth, it produces very uniform soilings. The statistical reproducibility of detergency tests run with BS/PO is better than mineral oil and about as good as sebum.
Lunar-based enterprise infrastructure—hidden keys for long-term business success

Abstract Discussions on the creation of lunar bases or Moon-based industrial operations tend to focus on large issues i.e. transportation, cost, and/or sustainability. But assume that the fledging lunar enterprise is successful and engenders other Moon-based operations that also grow in terms of size and scope. Could success become more problematic than failure if some often minimized, yet essential, requirements for long-term human occupation of the Moon were ignored? This paper looks at lunar operations in terms of what will be required for long-term success as participants come to view themselves as terrestrial expatriates rather than engaged in short-term duty assignments.
Finding Balance: Individuals, Agency, and Dual Belonging in the United States National Guard

Militaries exhibit characteristics of total and "greedy" institutions. However, in the United States National Guard where negotiation of dual belonging in civilian and military worlds is necessary, institutional control of the individual is limited. National Guard service highlights the need to view individuals as agents who possess the ability to monitor and enact their own goals and to understand the immense variation found among individuals within powerful institutions. Negotiating belonging in civilian and military institutions illuminates questions of individual agency, as agency is simultaneously enabled and restricted in different ways. Drawing from qualitative research conducted with 48 National Guard soldiers from 2008-2009, I focus on three areas of the Guard experience particularly relevant to these issues: (1) reasons for choosing Guard participation, (2) work/life balance, and (3) deployment. Based on this analysis, I illuminate how individuals engage in a shifting of the levels at which they...
An Internet-Based Examination of Sexual Behaviors and Marital Adjustment among Self-Identified Gay and Bisexual Heterosexually Married Male Users of Online Chat Rooms

The Internet has drastically changed the ways individuals interact and connect sexually. While there has been significant research on online sexual activities among persons from various populations, little investigation has been done into the behaviors and marital adjustment of self-identified gay and bisexual heterosexually married men. In this article, the results of 342 self-identified gay and bisexual heterosexually married men who use Internet-based chat rooms are presented. The types of online sexual behaviors and face-to-face sexual behaviors are discussed, the relationship between marital adjustment and sexual orientation is investigated, and predictors of marital adjustment are provided.
Accumulative Prognostic Index for Patients with Barbiturate, Glutethimide and Meprobamate Intoxication

Abstract To assess and update prognosis in a group of critically ill patients, repetitive measurements of physiologic status were made in 52 patients who were comatose and in shock after attempting suicide by ingesting large doses of barbiturate, glutethimide or meprobamate. Only three variables were needed to provide the prognostic information contained in all 25 variables measured. A momentary prognostic index, which estimates the patient's probability of survival on the basis of a single set of measurements, and an accumulative prognostic index, which takes into account previous sets of measurements, were derived. The accumulative prognostic index may provide a more realistic assessment of prognosis, for it de-emphasizes transient fluctuations in the patient's condition and emphasizes directional changes as a function of time. Formulas were derived that permit calculation of this index by the clinician with the use of a desk-top calculator.
A simple solution to the problem of the cylindrical antenna

It is recognized that the variational solution of the cylindrical antenna does not minimize |Z_{in}-Z_{0}| , as implied by Storer; but yields a minimax of the impedance function. Furthermore, the variational solution may be interpreted as simply placing two currents in parallel upon the antenna, following which, the solution for the magnitudes of the currents and for the driving point impedance may be found by elementary circuit analysis. Consequently, a first-order solution by the generalized circuit is found by postulating a linearly-attenuated traveling wave to be superimposed upon the sinusoidal standing wave. The results show excellent correlation with other theoretical and measured results for both the driving point impedance and the current distribution along the antenna.
The relation between essentialist beliefs and evolutionary reasoning.

Historians of science have pointed to essentialist beliefs about species as major impediments to the discovery of natural selection. The present study investigated whether such beliefs are impediments to learning this concept as well. Participants (43 children aged 4–9 and 34 adults) were asked to judge the variability of various behavioral and anatomical properties across different members of the same species. Adults who accepted within-species variation—both actual and potential—were significantly more likely to demonstrate a selection-based understanding of evolution than adults who denied withinspecies variation. The latter demonstrated an alternative, incorrect understanding of evolution and produced response patterns that were both quantitatively and qualitatively similar to those produced by preschool-aged children. Overall, it is argued that psychological essentialism, although a useful bias for drawing species-wide inductions, leads individuals to devalue within-species variation and, consequently, to fail to understand natural selection.
Prevention of Cephalosporin Nephrotoxicity by Other Cephalosporins and by Penicillins Without Significant Inhibition of Renal Cortical Uptake

Prevention of cephalosporin nephrotoxicity in animal models by probenecid or p-aminohippurate requires treatment regimens that produce sustained inhibition of cortical accumulation of the toxic antibiotic. In contrast, cephaloridine nephrotoxicity in the rabbit can be prevented by a limited single dose of cephalothin. In the present report further studies were done in which it was demonstrated that cephaloridine nephrotoxicity can be prevented by doses of other cephalosporins or penicillins that produce little or no reduction of the cortical concentrations of the toxic cephalosporin. More limited studies revealed similar protection by benzylpenicillin against cephaloglycin, also without reduction of cortical concentration. Finally, similar limited-dose administration of penicillin eliminated the additive toxicity of cefazolin and neomycin. This selective protection against the toxic cephalosporins by the less toxic or nontoxic cephalosporins and by the penicillins, without inhibition of overall cortical accumulation of the toxic antibiotic, may provide a subcellular probe for the study of the molecular basis of cephalosporin nephrotoxicity. The nephrotoxicity of cephalosporin antibiotics is closely related to their transport into proximal tubular cells by the organic anion secretory carrier
Everyday Programming: Challenges and Opportunities for Informal Web Development

Semistructured interviews were conducted with twelve end users who develop and maintain Web content for diverse organizations. We discussed their general background and Web projects, with an emphasis on tool usage and problem-solving strategies. Our qualitative analysis of the interview results offers a socio-technical view of everyday programming, with an emphasis on the complex interactions between end-users' personal history, organizational context, and tool use
Complete visualizations of concurrent programs and their executions

The theory and methods for a completely visual formalism for programs and their executions are presented. The appearance, and not the construction, completely describes programs, data, and states of execution. Programs, their model of execution, and their execution traces are visualized in the same pictorial terms. A list of advantages of this visual formalism is given. A case study using the Janus language is presented. >
Fast-flow underfill encapsulant: flow rate and coefficient of thermal expansion

In the flip-chip on board assembly method, an underfill encapsulant material is applied in the gap between the integrated circuit (IC) chip and substrate to distribute the shear stresses at the solder interconnects. These shear stresses are imposed on the solder interconnects due to a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the IC chip and substrate. Different technologies such as fast-flow, no-flow, and reworkable underfills are currently being studied for flip-chip underfill encapsulant materials. This paper looks at the underfill encapsulant used in the fast-flow method of underfilling the IC chip/substrate gap. The effect of filler loading, particle size, and particle size distribution on the flow rate and CTE of the fast-flow underfill material are discussed in this work. The material used for the experiments is an epoxy resin with added silica filler to decrease the CTE. This study focuses on what effect different filler characteristics have on the underfill encapsulant. Also, an underfill encapsulant that can compete with one of industry's faster fast-flow underfills was developed as a result of this work.
Hypersecretion of submandibular saliva in male mice: Trophic response in small intestine

The submandibular salivary gland of the male mouse and its secretions contain growth-promoting factors that accelerate cell proliferation in vitro and also have effects on the gastrointestinal tract in vivo. We therefore stimulated salivary secretion with isoproterenol for studies of the effects of submandibular saliva on intestinal cell proliferation; only submandibular glands respond to isoproterenol by releasing epidermal growth factors and other growth factors into the saliva. Submandibular sialadenectomized and sham sialadenectomized male mice on pair-feeding schedules were given isoproterenol intraperitoneally for 1 wk. A 44% increase in ribonucleic acid and a 13% increase in deoxyribonucleic acid were observed in the jejunum of animals with intact submandibular glands (p less than 0.001). In the ileum, there was a 26% increase in ribonucleic acid, a 47% increase in deoxyribonucleic acid, and a 28% increase in deoxyribonucleic acid specific activity (p less than 0.001). Morphometric measurements showed a 28% increase in villous height (p less than 0.001). No differences were found in colonic mucosa. Submandibular saliva increases the nucleic-acid content of mucosal cells and the villous height in the small intestine of male mice, presumably in part because of the growth factors it contains; a systemic metabolic change could also be present.
Cambrian Stratigraphic Nomenclature and Ground‐Water Prospecting Failures on the Hualapai Plateau, Arizona

The best potential aquifers underlying the 600 mi 2 Hualapai Plateau of northwestern Arizona are (1) the Cambrian Rampart Cave Member of the Muav Limestone and (2) interbedded Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks that locally fill old canyons on the plateau. These target aquifers have been identified on the basis of spring locations on the flanks of the plateau, primarily along the walls of the Grand Canyon to the north and east. Total ground-water discharge from springs along the plateau is approximately 4 ft3/sec. To date the largest production from a test well on the plateau is 120 gal/min from Tertiary rocks. The Cambrian rocks have frustrated development in part because of small permeabilities, small recharge (0.1 in/yr minimum), and the fact that the rocks are well drained. The complex stratigraphic nomenclature used to describe the Cambrian rocks in the region has inadvertently contributed to prospecting failures. The Cambrian section is characterized by thick interbedded limestones and shales, with the basal limestone being the principal target aquifer. These relationships have not been adequately conveyed to managers and drillers, with the result that critical test holes have been terminated in shales that overlie the target aquifer. Dry holes have been the result.
Sex-Specific Early Growth Hormone Response Genes in Rat Liver

Pituitary GH-secretory profiles are sex dependent and regulate the sexually dimorphic expression of a large number of genes in the liver. The slow response of many sex-specific liver genes to changes in plasma GH status suggests that GH acts in the liver via both direct and indirect mechanisms organized in a hierarchical regulatory network. Presently, genome-wide liver transcription profiling was conducted to elucidate the global impact of pituitary hormone ablation on the sex specificity of rat liver gene expression and to identify sex-specific genes that respond rapidly to GH as candidates for direct targets of GH action. Hypophysectomy abolished the sex specificity of approximately 90% of 1032 sex-dependent genes, consistent with the dominant role of pituitary GH in regulating liver sexual dimorphism. Two major classes of sex-specific genes were identified: genes that were down-regulated after hypophysectomy and may be subject to positive GH regulation (461 class I genes), and genes that were up-regulated after hypophysectomy and may be subject to negative GH regulation (224 class II genes). Fifty class I sex-specific genes were induced, and 38 class II sex-specific genes were suppressed within 90 min of a physiological GH pulse, suggesting they are primary GH response genes. A further 71 sex-specific genes responded after a second GH treatment and may correspond to secondary response genes. Twenty four DNA-binding proteins were identified as early GH response genes, of which 15 were induced and nine were suppressed by GH. Five of these 24 genes displayed sex-specific expression, consistent with a hierarchical transcriptional network controlling sex-specific liver gene expression. Class II male-specific genes, such as Cyp2a2 and Cyp2c13, were down-regulated within 30 min of GH pulse treatment, as determined by heterogeneous nuclear RNA analysis, suggesting that transcription of these genes is restricted to the GH-free interpulse period in adult male rat liver. We conclude that GH acts via both positive and negative regulatory mechanisms to establish and maintain the sex specificity of liver gene expression.
Responsiveness of T Cells to Interleukin‐7 Is Associated with Higher CD4+ T Cell Counts in HIV‐1–Positive Individuals with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy–Induced Viral Load Suppression

Background Despite suppression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) load by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), recovery of CD4+ T cell counts can be impaired. We investigated whether this impairment may be associated with hyporesponsiveness of T cells to γ-chain (γc) cytokines known to influence T cell homeostasis.
Chorionic bump in pregnant patients and associated live birth rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives A chorionic bump on first-trimester sonography has been considered a risk factor for nonviability in pregnant patients with this rare finding, although the strength of this association has recently been questioned. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the association between a chorionic bump and nonviability. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed. We included all studies except case reports. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Results After screening 5 studies, 2 studies with a total of 67 patients met inclusion criteria. These were combined with a study (n = 52) from our institution. Overall, the live birth rate was 62% (74 of 119). Fifty-one chorionic bump pregnancies were otherwise normal (ie, pregnancies in which a gestational sac, a yolk sac, and an embryo with a heartbeat was seen at some point), and in this subset, the live birth rate was 83% (42 of 51). There was no significant relationship found between vaginal bleeding and live birth (P = .857); there was no significant difference in bump volume between live birth and no live birth (P = .198); and for the subset analysis of pooled odds ratios for the relationship between live birth and history of infertility, there was no significant relationship found (P = .186). Conclusions A chorionic bump remains a risk factor for nonviability in pregnancy; however, if the pregnancy is otherwise normal, then most result in live birth.
Comparison of the effects of a convulsant barbiturate on the release of endogenous and radiolabeled amino acids from slices of mouse hippocampus.

: The convulsant barbiturate 5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethyl barbituric acid (CHEB) stimulates the spontaneous release of endogenous and radiolabeled acetylcholine (ACh) from mouse hippocampal slices in vitro. In order to determine if the ability of CHEB to release ACh was unique to this neurotransmitter, we have studied the action of this drug in vitro on the release of both radiolabeled and endogenous putative neurotransmitter and non-transmitter amino acids in the hippocampus. Although CHEB stimulated the spontaneous release of both [3H] γ-n-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and endogenous GABA, CHEB had different effects on the spontaneous release of radiolabeled and endogenous l-glutamate and l-aspartate: l-[3H]glutamate release was inhibited by CHEB, but endogenous l-glutamate release was unaffected by the drug; l-[3H]aspartate release was not affected by CHEB, but endogenous l-aspartate release was stimulated. The spontaneous release of the amino acids l-alanine and glycine (not thought to be neurotransmitters in the hippocampus) was not affected by CHEB. The results of this study indicate that CHEB does not always stimulate the release of all putative neurotransmitters. The ability of this drug to release ACh, GABA, and l-aspartate may be the result of some specific interaction of CHEB with nerves using these neurotransmitters in the hippocampus. In addition, the results suggest some problems that may be encountered when radiolabeled substances are used to study neurotransmitter release.
Non-linear identification on the digital magnetic recording channel

The authors describe a method for identifying the digital magnetic recording channel in which data dependent nonlinear effects are present. The method can be extended to any discrete-input, discrete-time channel with finite memory. The channel is considered as a finite state machine or lookup table, in which the number of states is related to the memory length of the channel. The model parameters are derived by using linear least-squares estimation or by adaptation of the model to minimize mean-squared error. A simple linear transformation is used to convert the finite state machine outputs to the coefficients of a Volterra series model. The results of the channel identification process are shown. >
Review of the genus Sinoe (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with descriptions of two new species

Species of the North American genus Sinoe Chambers, 1873, are reviewed. A neotype for Anacampsis robiniella Fitch,1859, the type species of Sinoe, is designated, and the species is redescribed. A lectotype for S. fuscopalidella Chambers,1873 and a neotype for Gelechia robiniaefoliella Chambers, 1880, both junior synonyms of S. robiniella, are also desig-nated. Two new species, Sinoe chambersi sp. nov. and S. kwakae sp. nov. are described. Adults and male and female gen-italia are illustrated for the three recognized species. Keys to the species are given based on external characters and the genitalia of both sexes.
The role of foot surgery in progressive neuromuscular disorders in children.

Fifteen children with either Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or Friedreich's ataxia were evaluated in a long-term follow-up after having undergone surgery to correct their foot deformities. Soft-tissue procedures and bone procedures by themselves, excluding triple arthrodesis, did not stand the test of time. The one indication for their use was as a part of a staged plan of treatment. Of the twelve patients with satisfactory results, eleven ultimately had a triple arthrodesis at skeletal maturity. The operative results are discussed in relation to the heredofamilial modes of transmission and the variable progression of the two diseases.
A Diagnostic of Emerging Openness Equipment

Terms such as open source and various modifications including open content and more generally openness have been mobilized with increasing frequency in recent years to describe many different collaborative and not-for-profit projects, products, services, and business models. Typically associated with the computer and internet industry, openness has in recent years assumed something of the status of a nascent movement. Whatever this movement is, whatever qualities it embodies and possibilities it enables, it is still in the process of its emergence. This presents particular difficulties for understanding openness insofar as emergent practices are by definition not yet stabilized. This paper is an attempt to discern the nascent forms of stability already extant in the emerging world of openness. We begin with a brief history culminating in the near future. We then summarize the limited conclusions of an initial inquiry into these emerging openness practices which we have conducted in the context of an orientation for inquiry recently put forward by Paul Rabinow and Gaymon Bennett. The bulk of the paper is devoted to elaborating openness equipment in terms of the analytic and synthetic categories made available by Rabinow and Bennett's Diagnostic of Equipmental Platforms. On the basis of this inquiry we return in the final section to reflection on the Diagnostic itself in an attempt to critically delineate its positive and negative usages for our inquiry.
A study of the rise of T ANU and the demise of British rule in Kigoma region, Western Tanzania

There is probably no period of greater historical importance to 20th Century Africa than that of the struggle for Independence. At the centre of both that struggle and its consolidation is the political party. Several studies have been made of the development of the Tanganyika African National Union which focus on its activities at the national level. But a full understanding of this crucial period awaits further investigations which focus on its activities at the local level. The purpose of this paper is to descriptionbe some of the major themes concerning the origin, growth, and success of T ANU in Kigoma Region during the struggle for Independence. Data relevant to these themes will be compared with data presented in studies from other parts of Tanzania. Since nothing has been written on the evolution of TANU in Kigoma Region, this paper is intended to be merely an initial exploration.
Virtual realities: The use of violent video games in U.S. military recruitment and treatment of mental disability caused by war

This article critically analyzes the U.S. military's contradictory use of violent video gaming technologies for recruiting young gamers to the military, training soldiers for combat, and clinically treating soldiers for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by military service. Using a Disability Studies lens, I discuss the commercial video game Full Spectrum Leader/Warrior, the U.S. Army's free video game America's Army , and the virtual reality exposure therapy application Virtual Iraq . I also discuss missions and omissions from the literature on these gaming technologies, which bolsters the underlying ableism of military culture that inhibits soldiers from recovering from PTSD.
300 °C Processing of Si Using Remote Plasma Techniques for in Situ Cleaning, Epitaxy, and Oxide/Nitride/Oxide Depositions

Low temperature Si processing techniques have been developed using remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor techniques. The 300 °C in situ processes include indirectly excited hydrogen treatments for obtaining reconstructed Si(100) surfaces, Si/Si(l00) homoepitaxy, and deposition of poly-Si/oxide/nitride/oxide/Si(100) structures with no capacitance-voltage hysteresis and low interface state density (4×1010cm−2eV−1). While all these processes have been accomplished with the same tool, the success of the in situ hydrogen treatment and the homoepitaxy are sensitive to the past history of the reactor. In particular, they are sensitive to by-products formed during the oxide deposition process. To eliminate these by-products, plasma conditioning of the chamber walls prior to introduction of the silicon wafer from the load lock has been necessary to obtain reproducible results.
Challenges and Opportunities in Drug Delivery for Wound Healing

Significance: Chronic wounds remain a significant public health problem. Alterations in normal physiological processes caused by aging or diabetes lead to impaired tissue repair and the development of chronic and nonhealing wounds. Understanding the unique features of the wound environment will be required to develop new therapeutics that impact these disabling conditions. New drug-delivery systems (DDSs) may enhance current and future therapies for this challenging clinical problem. Recent Advances: Historically, physical barriers and biological degradation limited the efficacy of DDSs in wound healing. In aiming at improving and optimizing drug delivery, recent data suggest that combinations of delivery mechanisms, such as hydrogels, small molecules, RNA interference (RNAi), as well as growth factor and stem cell-based therapies (biologics), could offer exciting new opportunities for improving tissue repair. Critical Issues: The lack of effective therapeutic approaches to combat the significant disability associated with chronic wounds has become an area of increasing clinical concern. However, the unique challenges of the wound environment have limited the development of effective therapeutic options for clinical use. Future Directions: New platforms presented in this review may provide clinicians and scientists with an improved understanding of the alternatives for drug delivery in wound care, which may facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches for patients.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Central Nervous System Infectious Diseases in Hospitalized Children in Capital Institute of Pediatrics from 1997 to 2006

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of central nervous system(CNS)infectious diseases in children hospitalized in capital institute of pediatrics.Methods All the 972 patients hospitalized in capital institute of pediatrics with the clinical diagnosis of CNS infectious diseases were analyzed from Jan.1997 to Dec.2006 retrospectively.The etiological detection of serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)samples in acute stage collected from those patients included smear,cultivation and rapid etiological diagnosis of bacterium and fungus;determination of viral antibody,mycoplasma pneumonia antibody and tuberculous antibody.Results 1.A total of 972 patients were treated for CNS infectious diseases,accounting for 1.76% of inpatients of Internal Medicine at the same time.2.The main sources of CNS infectious diseases :747 cases of viral encephalitis,177 purulent meningitis,21 mycoplasmal encephalitis and 12 tuberculous meningitis.3.The ratio of male and female was 1.72:1.0 and the mean onset age was(4.75±4.03)years.4.Special infectious agents in serum and/or CSF samples were positive in 283(29.12%)cases.The total bacterial positive cases were 48/177 cases(27.12%).Streptococcus pneumonia(4.52%)was the most,followed by Escherichia coli(3.39%),Neisseria meningitides(3.39%)and Haemophilus influenzae B(Hib,3.39%).Viral antibodies were positive in 210/747 cases(28.11%).The major agents were herpes virus(HV)[128/747 cases(17.14%)]and enterovirus(EV)[91/747 cases(12.18%)].Conclusions CNS infectious diseases were important ones hospitalized in internal medicine of capital institute of pediatrics.Virus and bacterium were the main causes of CNS infectious diseases.Streptococcus pneumonia,Escherichia coli,Neisseria meningitides and Hib were the main agents of purulent meningitis.HV and EV were the main sources of viral encephalitis.
A scatter search algorithm for solving the max-bisection problem

The max- bisection problem is one of NP- hard problems in graph theory,This paper presents a heuristic method based on the scatter search methodology for solving the max- bisection problem. This scatter search algorithm uses Kernighan- Lin algorithm as a local search procedure,and constructs reference sets by the solution quality and the distance between solutions,and generates a new feasible solution from two feasible solutions. A lot of benchmark instances from the literature are used to test the proposed algorithm,the experimental results and the comparison with existed algorithm show that the proposed algorithm is efficient.
Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis Caused by Shewanella algae

Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis is an orthopedic emergency most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci and occasionally, when associated with water exposure, Mycobacterium marinum. Shewanella algae, a gram-negative bacillus found in warm saltwater environments, has infrequently been reported to cause serious soft tissue infections and necrosis. In this case, S. algae caused complicated flexor tenosynovitis requiring open surgical irrigation and debridement. Flexor tenosynovitis caused by S. algae rapidly presented with all 4 Kanavel cardinal signs as well as subcutaneous purulence, ischemia, and necrosis, thus meeting the requirements for Pang et al group III classification of worst prognosis. Because of its rarity and virulence, S. algae should always be considered in cases of flexor tenosynovitis associated with traumatic water exposure to treat and minimize morbidity appropriately.
Multi-Ethnic Attitudes Toward Physician-Assisted Death in California and Hawaii

Abstract Background: As aid-in-dying laws are gaining more public acceptance and support, it is important to understand diverse perceptions toward physician-assisted death (PAD). We compare attitudes of residents from California and Hawaii to identify variables that may predict attitudes toward PAD. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey of 1095 participants (a 75.8% survey completion rate) from California and 819 from Hawaii (a 78.4% survey completion rate). Data were collected between July through October 2015. Results: Majority of study participants in California (72.5%) and Hawaii (76.5%) were supportive of PAD. Only 36.8% of participants in Hawaii and 34.8% of participants in California reported completing advance directives. To better understand which subgroups were most in favor of PAD, data were analyzed using both recursive partitioning and stepwise logistic regression. Older participants were more supportive of PAD in both states. Also, all ethnic groups were equally supportive of PAD. Complet...
Optimized Power Delivery for 3D IC Technology Using Grind Side Redistribution Layers

This paper addresses the issue of delivering power to high performance 3D stacks such as a processor on cache stack. Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) with their associated keep out zones (KOZ) occupy only a small fraction of the die (
Geriatric Trauma and Emergency General Surgery

Trauma and general surgery in the elderly has evolved from simple reports of postoperative complications to the impact of comorbidities on postoperative outcomes and recently to the novel concepts of frailty as a part of geriatric syndromes. Elderly patients differ significantly from their younger counterparts as they have a greater number of preexisting comorbidities, a greater risk of complications, and an increased rate of mortality. Even within elderly patients there are differences which are not due to age alone. These findings suggest that elderly patients are in need for a specific approach and management guidelines. Thus, surgeons have to first better identify and then adapt specific treatment strategies in order to decrease potential adverse effect and improve the care that they provide for their older patients.
Online supervised hashing

Fast nearest neighbor search is becoming more and more crucial given the advent of large-scale data in many computer vision applications. Hashing approaches provide both fast search mechanisms and compact index structures to address this critical need. In image retrieval problems where labeled training data is available, supervised hashing methods prevail over unsupervised methods. Most state-of-the-art supervised hashing approaches employ batch-learners. Unfortunately, batch-learning strategies may be inefficient when confronted with large datasets. Moreover, with batch-learners, it is unclear how to adapt the hash functions as the dataset continues to grow and new variations appear over time. To handle these issues, we propose OSH: an Online Supervised Hashing technique that is based on Error Correcting Output Codes. We consider a stochastic setting where the data arrives sequentially and our method learns and adapts its hashing functions in a discriminative manner. Our method makes no assumption about the number of possible class labels, and accommodates new classes as they are presented in the incoming data stream. In experiments with three image retrieval benchmarks, our method yields state-of-the-art retrieval performance as measured in Mean Average Precision, while also being orders-of-magnitude faster than competing batch methods for supervised hashing. Also, our method significantly outperforms recently introduced online hashing solutions.
Do Ovarian Cancer Patients with a Family History of Cancer (Suspected BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation) Suffer Greater Chemotherapy Toxicity

ABSTRACTObjective: Few studies have examined toxicity from potentially curative chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients at risk for breast cancer susceptibility (BRCA) mutation. Methods/Results: Ninety-four of the 482 patients appeared at risk for a mutation based on family history and 23 had a confirmed mutation. Hospitalization or emergency department visits were not increased based on family history with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 0.88 (0.52, 1.45) (p =.62) and 0.90 (0.49, 1.58) (p =.71), respectively; similar findings were observed with confirmed mutations. Trends favored improved survival. Conclusions: Concern for a BRCA mutation should not preclude full dose chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients treated with curative intent.
Antimicrobial Stewardship Guidelines: Syndrome-Specific Strategies

Syndrome-specific interventions refer to systematic actions that are designed and implemented to improve treatment of specific infectious disease diagnoses such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection. The rationale behind implementation of syndrome-specific interventions is that antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) can apply their limited resources to focus on conditions where antimicrobial misuse is common, and utilize their expertise to develop interventions which can be operationalized by prescribers and other healthcare personnel, thus expanding ASP impact. Design and implementation of syndrome-specific interventions can be framed within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) core elements for ASPs: leadership commitment, accountability, drug expertise, action, tracking, reporting, and education. Common intervention delivery mechanisms include electronic health record-based (EHR) decision support (e.g., syndrome-specific decision point algorithms and order sets), protocols that direct non-ASP personnel to screen and intervene to improve antibiotic use in uncomplicated conditions (e.g., pneumonia duration of therapy), and provider behavior-directed interventions such as antimicrobial “time-out” and individualized “audit and feedback.” Key considerations for implementation and sustainability include the following: aligning interventions with administrative priorities, designing the intervention to fit into existing workflow processes, utilizing local data to justify need and to evaluate intervention success, and periodic reassessment of the intervention to ensure fidelity, efficacy, and relevance. Examples of successful syndrome-specific interventions are reported; however, further evidence is needed, particularly regarding sustainability and scalability.
Taxonomic revision of Plyomydas Wilcox & Papavero, 1971 with the description of two new species and its transfer to Mydinae (Insecta: Diptera: Mydidae)

Abstract The monotypic Neotropical Mydidae genus Plyomydas Wilcox & Papavero, 1971, to date confined to coastal Peru, is reviewed. Two new species, Plyomydas adelphe sp. nov. and Plyomydas phalaros sp. nov., are described from mid-elevational western Argentina, which extends the distribution of the genus considerably. Distribution, occurrence in biodiversity hotspots sensu Conservation International, and seasonal incidence are discussed. Descriptions/re-descriptions, photographs, illustrations, and identification keys are provided and made openly accessible in data depositories to support future studies of the included taxa. Plyomydas is transferred from the Leptomydinae to the Mydinae: Messiasiini based on the absence of acanthophorite spines on abdominal tergite 10 in females and the presence of vein M3 + M4 terminating in the costal vein C. Leptomydinae is therefore restricted to the Northern Hemisphere with the exception of Hessemydas Kondratieff, Carr & Irwin, 2005 known from Madagascar. Messiasia notospila (Wiedemann, 1828) is compared to Plyomydas species.
Imaging of Asthma in Children

■ Airway inflammation is universal to all asthmatics and the degree of the inflammation corresponds to the severity of disease. Bronchoconstriction plays a limited role in the etiology of asthma (moderate evidence).
Behavior of immunologically castrated barrows in comparison to gilts, physically castrated barrows, and intact male pigs.

The behavior of immunologically castrated barrows (IC; with Improvest; Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) was compared with that of intact males (IM), physically castrated barrows (PC), and gilts (G). The study used 160 commercial crossbred pigs in a randomized complete block design (blocking factor was start date of study) and was performed over an 8-wk period from 16 wk of age (67.2 ± 2.50 kg BW) to a final BW of 126.5 ± 6.05 kg. The first Improvest dose was given to IC at the start of the study (d 0), and the second dose was given 28 d later. Pigs were housed in single-gender groups of 4 and had ad libitum access to feed and water. General, aggressive, and sexual behaviors were observed over a 12-h period from 0600 to 1800 h by the same trained investigators on d -1 (d prior to first dose), 13, 27 (day prior to second dose), 34, 41, and 55 of study (end of test). General behaviors (number of pigs lying, sitting, standing, at feeder, and at drinker) were recorded every 10 min in all pens (10 pens/gender), and aggressive (bites, head butts, and fights) and sexual (mounts) behaviors were recorded continuously over the 12-h period on a subsample of 4 pens/gender. There was no difference ( > 0.05) between the genders for lying, sitting, or drinker-related behavior. For the 4-wk period prior to second dose, a greater percentage of PC and G were at the feeder ( 0.05) for IC, PC, and G and was greater ( 0.05; 3.3, 33.3, 0.25, and 0.25 total mounts/pen, respectively; SEM = 1.15) the second dose. These results suggest that prior to the second Improvest dose, the behavior of IC was similar to that of IM and transitioned to become more similar to the behavior of PC after the second dose.