cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Spatial Modeling of a Vibratory Micro-Pin Feeder Using Rigid-Body Dynamics

The use of micro-scale metallic pins in small engineering devices poses numerous problems due to their physical size and the dominant forces which act on micro-scale objects. Assembly and handling of devices with micro-scale parts is problematic because the components are below the threshold of practical, unaided human manipulation and most robotic manipulation. Previous experimental work has shown that applying forced vibrations to unsorted batches of micro-scale objects can order and singulate the objects or produce assemblies of several parts. Planar rigid-body dynamic simulations, which have been previously developed, lack the accuracy necessary for a-priori prediction of the performance of these processes. This paper presents a spatial simulation, based on an impulse-momentum rigid-body model, which more accurately predicts the behavior of micro-pins in a vibratory feeder bowl. The validity of the spatial simulation is verified by improved agreement with previously obtained experimental data.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Risk for Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Adults after Atrial Switch Repairs for d-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries

Although sleep-disordered breathing has been extensively studied in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction, little is known of its prevalence in adults with congenital heart disease. Patients with d-looped transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) who have undergone atrial switch procedures often develop progressive heart failure. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of patients at risk for sleep-disordered breathing in adults with d-TGA and atrial switch procedures compared with a control population. Thirty-two patients with d-TGA (66 % males, median age 31) were compared with 32 healthy controls. Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were documented. The snoring, tiredness during daytime, observed apnea, and high blood pressure (STOP) questionnaire was used to identify subjects at risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). There was no difference in baseline demographics between subjects and controls. For the STOP questionnaire, 14 subjects with d-TGA had scores predictive of OSA compared with three in the control group (44 vs. 9 %, p = 0.0038). There was no difference in functional status between d-TGA patients with or without OSA. There is a greater prevalence of risk for sleep disordered breathing in adults with d-TGA compared with controls. Further prospective investigation with sleep studies will be valuable to confirm these findings.
An acute model for spontaneous, sustained atrial fibrillation arising from the pulmonary vein-atrial junction

High frequency stimulation of autonomic ganglia (AG) on the atrium near the pulmonary veins (PV) can convert delivered atrial extrastimuli into paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). In order to induce spontaneous sustained AF we injected parasympathomimetics (PSPMs) into the AG located at the PVs. Methods: In 12 Na-pentobarbital anesthetized dogs, a right thoracotomy was performed and an electrode catheter was apposed to the right superior (RS) PV. After a pericardiotomy, a 26-gauge needle with a polyethylene tube attached was inserted into the fat pad (FP) containing AG on the atrium adjacent to the RSPV. The cannula was held in place by tissue glue. ECG leads, right atrial and His bundle electrograms (EGs) and blood pressure were continuously monitored. The 12 dogs were divided into 2 groups. In each group we measured average cycle lengths (CL) and durations of induced AF in the baseline state due to rapid atrial pacing. Acetylcholine (Ach, 1-100mM, Group I) or carbachol (CARB, 1-10mM, Group II) was injected (0.5cc) into the FP at the base of the RSPV. The former is hydrolyzed cholinesterases, whereas the latter is not. Results: Table 1 details the significant increase in the duration of the spontaneous (4) and induced (8) AF after the PSPM were injected into the FP. Furthermore, CARB injection significantly increased both the shortest EG CL at the PV-A junctions and duration of AF compared to control, p 0.05. In 3 cases of CARB injection, AF was sustained for more that 1 hour. CONCLUSIONS: Injection of Ach and CARB into the FP/AG at the base of the RSPV results in a spontaneous or induced sustained AF showing marked shortening of the refractory period of the PV or atrial electrograms adjacent to the injected FP. EGs with the shortest CL were found at the PV-atrial junctions suggesting that local AG hyperactivity can incite focal “drivers” for the induction of AF.
Evaluation of the Fermi equation as a model of dose-response curves

When plotted in linear coordinates, the dose-response curves of microorganisms exposed to a lethal agent, such as radiation or a toxic substance, often have a characteristic sigmoid shape. Irrespective of whether they are very narrow or broad they can be described by the Fermi function, which is a mirror image of the logistic function, i.e. S(X)=1/{1+ exp [(X−X c)/a]} where S(X) is the fraction of the surviving organisms, X the dose of the lethal agent, X c a characteristic dose marking the inflection point of S(X), which corresponds to 50% mortality, and a a measure of the steepness of the survival curve around X c. It is demonstrated that, if the susceptibilities of the individual organisms, expressed in terms of a characteristic lethal dose, have a symmetric unimodal distribution, the dose-response curve of the population has a Fermian sigmoid shape. It is also shown that the mode and variance of the distribution can be estimated from the shape parameters of the Fermian survival curve, X c and a.
Nonlinear Optical Theory in Solids

We use a simple rule giving the expectation value of a quantum operator for any perturbation order to calculate the general second-order conductivity tensor of a solid. The expression for the conductivity tensor amounts to a regrouping of terms in the conventional expressions and takes a considerably simplified form. The formula is applied to second harmonic generation in a free-electron gas and reduces to the classical equation given by Kronig and Boukema in the optical region. The second harmonic radiation generated in metals is shown to possess two resonances occuring at the plasma oscillation frequency for $p$ polarization and at half the plasma frequency for $p$ and $s$ polarization. The amplitude of the resonance is related to the imaginary part of the dielectric constant at the plasma frequency, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p})$. Only metals with ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p})\ensuremath{\ll}1$ (i.e., alkali metals, Ag and Al) will show resonant effects.
Hardware considerations for functional magnetic resonance imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques based on changes in blood oxygenation or regional cerebral blood flow or volume have had great impact in mapping the regions of the brain that are activated by specific stimuli. The basic strategy of fMRI paradigms is to acquire data during two different brains states: one state usually comprises a resting condition, while in the other state the subject is performing a specific sensory or cognitive task. The signal difference between the activated and resting signals is on the order of only a few percent, and therefore the reliability and reproducibility with which it can be detected limit both the temporal and spatial resolution of fMRI experiments. The era of fMRI has significantly contributed to advancing the state of the art of MRI scanners. Every hardware component in modern MRI scanners, from the magnet itself to the gradient, shim, and RF coils to peripheral stimulus delivery equipment, has been (re)designed to perform to the limit of currently available technology and to improve the quality of MRI data, particularly fMRI data. The current state of the art of MRI scanners is described in light ot their use in fMRI experiments.
The seasonal cycle of the global zonally averaged energy balance

The annual and seasonal cycle of the global zonally averaged storage and transport of moist static energy (MSE), the surface eddy flux of MSE, and the radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and surface are investigated in this paper. We use the GFDL (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory) zonal mean data to compute the storage rate, divergence, and poleward flux of MSE. Surface eddy fluxes are determined based on an empirical formula developed from available climatological data. Radiative fluxes at the TOA and surface are computed from a radiation model. A number of significant features are illustrated by the present analysis in regard to the global annual and seasonal energy balance of the earth-atmosphere system. The storage/release rate of MSE is greater in spring and autumn than in summer and winter. The rate of poleward transport of MSE has a maximum at ~40°N and ~35°S with a value of ~3 × 1015 W. In terms of the radiation budget, the persistent ITCZ minimum and subtropical maxima of the IR flux distribution are reproduced well in the radiation parameterization program. The incoming solar flux maximum shifts from ~20°N in spring to ~40°N in summer due to the poleward increase in the fraction of daytime. Finally, an examination of the global surface energy balance reveals that the surface net fluxes derived from parameterizations for eddy and radiative fluxes agree well with values derived from observations. This agreement appears to imply that on the global mean, the physical parameterizations used in the present study are reliable in modeling the seasonal surface flux components.
EVOLUTION, HUMAN VALUES AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE: A PROCESS PERSPECTIVE

. This essay sketches an interpretation of human experience utilizing the perspective of’ process philosophy. Beauty is a key notion, and emergent evolution is a central theme. The following topics are addressed: the emergence of modern evolutionary thinking and alternative responses to it; the nature of human nature in a process perspective; the place of humans in nature; the immanence of laws; emergent evolution on this planet; some implications of the hierarchy of nature for the interpretation of human life, human morality, and human values; and human religious experience.
MODELING OF SELECTIVE EXTRACTION OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE FROM A COMPLEX LECITHIN MIXTURE USING SUPERCRITICAL CO2/ETHANOL

Phospholipids are not soluble in pure carbon dioxide used in supercritical flucid extraction due to their nonpolar nature. However, addition of ethanol as an entrainer makes it possible to selectively extract phoshatidylcholine (PC) from a phospholipid mixture. Phosphatidylcholine has a potential value in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, two different models to predict the extraction behavior of phospholipids (a multicomponent system) with an entrained supercritical fluid (carbon dioxide/ethanol) were evaluated. The models developed for selective extraction of PC from a complex lecithin mixture were a mixed-flow model with an overall mass transfer coefficient as well as a shrinking-core model. Both models gave similar results in predicting the experimental data due to two main reasons: (1) shrinking-core model was developed with the perfect mixing assumption of the fluid phase, and (2) extraction of phospholipids from the lecithin mixture with SC-CO2/ethanol was a slow process.
LTLMoP: Experimenting with language, Temporal Logic and robot control

The Linear Temporal Logic MissiOn Planning (LTLMoP) toolkit is a software package designed to assist in the rapid development, implementation, and testing of high-level robot controllers. In this toolkit, structured English and Linear Temporal Logic are used to write high-level reactive task specifications, which are then automatically transformed into correct robot controllers that can be used to drive either a simulated or a real robot. LTLMoP's modular design makes it ideal for research in areas such as controller synthesis, semantic parsing, motion planning, and human-robot interaction.
An Eye Movement Analysis Algorithm for a Multielement Target Tracking Task: Maximum Transition-Based Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering

An algorithm was developed to characterize, compare, and analyze eye movement sequences that occur during visual tracking of multiple moving targets. When individuals perform a task requiring interrogating multiple moving targets, complex and long eye movement sequences occur, making sequence comparisons difficult in whole and in part. The developed algorithm characterizes a sequence by hierarchically clustering the targets that an individual interrogated through an unordered transition matrix created from the frequencies of eye fixation transitions among the targets. Then, the resulting sets of clustered targets, which we define as multilevel visual groupings (VGs), can be compared with analyze performance. The algorithm was applied to an aircraft conflict detection task. Eye movement data were collected from 25 expert air traffic controllers and 40 novices. The task was to detect air traffic conflicts for easy, moderate, and hard difficulty scenarios on simulated radar display. Experts’ and novices’ multilevel (level one composed of pairs, and level two composed of three or four targets) VGs were aggregated and visualized. Chi-square tests confirmed that there were significant differences for easy (level one: $p , level two: $p = 0.004$ ), moderate (level two: $p = 0.047$ ), and hard (level two: $p ) difficulty scenarios. The algorithm supported identifying different eye movement characteristics between experts and novices. Scans of the experts had multilevel VGs around the conflict pairs, whereas those of the novices included different aircraft. The results show promise for using the compact representation of eye movements for performance analysis.
The challenge of predicting groundwater quality impacts in a CO2 leakage scenario: Results from field, laboratory, and modeling studies at a natural analog site in New Mexico, USA

Abstract A vital aspect to public and regulatory acceptance of carbon sequestration is assurance that groundwater resources will be protected. Theoretical and laboratory studies can, to some extent, be used to predict the consequences of leakage. However, direct observations of CO 2 flowing through shallow drinking water aquifers are invaluable for informing credible risk assessments. To this end, we have sampled shallow wells in a natural analog site in New Mexico, USA, where CO 2 from natural sources is upwelling from depth. We collected major ion, trace element, and isotopic ( 3 H, 18 O, and Sr) data and, coupled with laboratory experiments and reactive transport modeling, have concluded that the major control on groundwater quality at this site is not chemical reaction of CO 2 with the aquifer but intrusion of saline waters upwelling with the CO 2 . Using reactive transport modeling based on field data, we show the difference in reactivity of the CO 2 and CO 2 /saline water source terms, particularly with respect to carbonate mineralogy. Sr isotopes were used to investigate whether aquifer waters were affected by carbonate mineral reaction with CO 2 or by saline water intrusion. Preliminary data suggest that Sr isotopes can successfully be used to discriminate between the two types of source terms at Chimayo; this technique shows promise for monitoring CCS sites. In developing predictive capabilities for future sites, it is critical to identify the solid phases and specific reactions controlling dissolved trace metal concentrations in both the presence and absence of CO 2 . We have conducted laboratory experiments to identify these phases and have found that some elements (e.g., U, Ca) are largely controlled by ion exchange and/or carbonate minerals. In the experiments, the concentration of some metals increases after exposure to CO 2 (although concentrations remain below the U.S. EPA primary drinking water standards); we are currently extending these experiments to determine if the reactions causing the increase are reversible and, if so, on what time scales. Metal scavenging by secondary mineral precipitation, as observed at other natural analog sites, may be important at certain temporal scales. We are using the information gained from this field and laboratory study to develop predictive models for application to risk assessment at future CCS sites. The models will be particularly useful in identifying the temporal and spatial scales of water quality changes and in developing possible mitigation strategies in the case of leaks at engineered CCS sites.
Experiment Design for Complex VTOL Aircraft with Distributed Propulsion and Tilt Wing

Selected experimental results from a wind tunnel study of a subscale VTOL concept with distributed propulsion and tilt lifting surfaces are presented. The vehicle complexity and automated test facility were ideal for use with a randomized designed experiment. Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methods were invoked to produce run efficient, statistically rigorous regression models with minimized prediction error. Static tests were conducted at the NASA Langley 12-Foot Low-Speed Tunnel to model all six aerodynamic coefficients over a large flight envelope. This work supports investigations at NASA Langley in developing advanced configurations, simulations, and advanced control systems.
Reducing Anthropogenic Atmospheric Carbon Loading

Higher energy use is closely linked to economic growth and social wealth. This "Viewpoint" puts forth the argument that it is not energy use as such that causes carbon-loading of the atmosphere. Higher energy use is not the problem, but rather one of the solutions to reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Energy trends are examined and evidence is provided showing that the costs of producing energy from high-carbon fuels are rising while those of producing energy from low-carbon fuels are declining. The greatest challenge of increasing energy use is the protection of the integrity of the biosphere while improving quality of life. Both are possible with higher energy use.
Magneto-optical response of CdSe nanostructures

We present theoretical calculations of the Land\'e $g$ factors of semiconductor nanostructures using a time-dependent empirical tight-binding method that allows a nonperturbative treatment of both the spin-orbit interaction and an external magnetic field. The electromagnetic field is incorporated into the tight-binding Hamiltonian in a gauge-invariant form. Eigenenergies and eigenfunctions of the band edge states are calculated as a function of the external magnetic field, and the $g$ factors are then extracted from the field-induced energy splitting of the eigenstates. The size and aspect ratio dependence of both electron and hole $g$ factors are investigated for CdSe nanostructures. We find that the electron $g$ factors for single nanocrystals are weakly dependent on nanocrystal size and are strongly anisotropic, where the extent of anisotropy depends on the aspect ratio of the nanocrystal. The hole $g$ factors are also anisotropic and are found to show more complex, oscillatory behavior as a function of size, due to a size-dependent mixing between the heavy hole-light hole components of the valence band edge states. The calculated electron $g$ factor values are seen to be in good quantitative agreement with experimental measurements, suggesting that the multiple $g$ factor values extracted from time resolved Faraday rotation experiments may be due to distinguishable components of the electron $g$ factor tensor. Extension to the calculation of exciton $g$ factors appears feasible with this approach.
The Impact of Childcare Responsibility and Self-Efficacy on the Psychological Health of Professional Working Mothers:

This study examined how childcare responsibility and self-efficacy to manage multiple role demands related to the psychological well-being and distress of 42 full-time professional women one month after they returned to their jobs after the birth of their first child. The results showed that greater childcare responsibility is associated with lower well-being and greater psychological distress. As predicted, perceived self-efficacy to cope with demands of occupational and familial roles appeared to mediate this relationship. A woman's belief in her capability to enlist the help of her spouse for childcare was the most consistent predictor of both well-being and distress.
Existing models fail to predict sepsis in an obstetric population with intrauterine infection

Objective Multiple scoring systems exist to identify inpatients who are at risk for clinical deterioration. None of these systems have been evaluated in an obstetric population. We examined the Systemic Inflammatory Response syndrome (SIRS) and Modified Early Warning score (MEWS) criteria in pregnant women with chorioamnionitis. Study Design This was an 18-month retrospective analysis of patients with chorioamnionitis. SIRS and MEWS scores were calculated; clinical outcomes were ascertained, and test characteristics were calculated for the primary outcome of sepsis, intensive care unit transfer, or death. Results Nine hundred thirteen women with chorioamnionitis were identified. Five women experienced sepsis; there was 1 death. Five hundred seventy-five of the 913 women (63%) met SIRS criteria (95% confidence interval, 59.8–66.2%; positive predictive value, 0.9%). Ninety-two of the 913 women (10.3%) had a MEWS score of ≥5 (95% confidence interval, 8.3–12.2%; positive predictive value, 0.05%). Conclusion SIRS and MEWS criteria do not identify accurately patients who are at risk for intensive care unit transfer, sepsis, or death among pregnant women with intrauterine infection and should not be used in an obstetric setting.
Equine peptidases: Correspondence with human peptidases and polymorphism for erythrocyte peptidase a

Equine erythrocyte peptidases were compared to the six human erythrocyte peptidases, A, B, C, D, E, and F, regarding substrate specificity, relative activity, and electrophoretic mobility. Five equine erythrocyte peptidases appeared homologous to human peptidases A, B, D, E, and F. In contrast to human, equine peptidase C was absent in red cells, although it was weakly active in white cells. On the other hand, an equine peptidase, probably homologous to human peptidase S, was weakly active in red cells as well as present in white cells. Polymorphism for equine erythrocyte peptidase A is reported.
Induction of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity in cultured human epithelial cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD): Evidence for TCDD receptor

Summary The responsiveness of 5 human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)1 lines derived from tumors of the epidermis and tongue to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was assessed by measuring the induction of the cytochrome P1-450-mediated monooxygenase activity, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD). In 4 of the SCC lines the EC502 for this response was approximately 10-9M, whereas in one line the EC50 was 10-10M. In each of the less sensitive lines a concentration of 10-10M TCDD elicited less than 5% of the maximal enzyme activity. Specific binding of radiolabeled TCDD was detected in the cytosol fraction from all the SCC lines. The relative amount of receptor measured in each line correlated with maximally-induced ECOD activity. The data indicate that human cell lines derived from a target tissue for TCDD toxicity contain the TCDD receptor and show differential sensitivity to TCDD analogous to the murine strain differences in sensitivity regulated by the Ah locus.
Quality versus quantity: optimizing evaluation of ectomycorrhizae for plants under stress

Many single environmental conditions or stresses have been evaluated with respect to formation and survival of ectomycorrhizae (EM). Current interests in atmospheric change include plant responses to pollutants such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, and acidic deposition in the presence of additional stress such as water deficit or plant disease. Stresses that result in formation of fewer EM or death of fine roots are evaluated routinely by quantifying EM, and results are often correlated with parameters that describe host physiology and growth. However, effects of stresses may be subtle, or identification of early plant responses may be desired. In such cases, quantification of EM may not reveal changes in EM formation by individual species of fungi if roots are colonized by other species with no net change in total numbers. Differences among frequencies of morphotypes suggest changes in species diversity of EM-forming fungi. Although the relative benefits of individual species to the host are largely unknown, information provided by qualitative assessment of EM may offer insight to define plant responses to stress and suggest additional research related to benefits of individual EM-forming fungi.
Risk Behaviors and Psychosocial Stressors in the New York City House Ball Community: A Comparison of Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex with Men

The New York City House Ball community consists of social networks of racial/ethnic minority gay, lesbian or bisexual men and women, and transgender persons. HIV seroprevalence and interview data were obtained from a sample of community members to identify statistical differences in HIV prevalence, risk behavior, and psychosocial stressors between men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women. Of 301 MSM and 60 transgender women, 20% were HIV-infected and 73% were unaware of their infection, but rates did not differ by gender. Risk behavior and stressors were common in both groups, but transgender women were more likely to report exchange sex, stigmatization, and stressful life events. High rates of risk behavior and HIV in this special community warrant relevant HIV testing and prevention services. Transgender women in the community may be at even greater risk for HIV infection due to behaviors compounded by substantial psychosocial stressors.
Multiple-criteria calibration of a distributed watershed model using spatial regularization and response signatures

Summary This paper explores the use of a semi-automated multiple-criteria calibration approach for estimating the parameters of the spatially distributed HL-DHM model to the Blue River basin, Oklahoma. The study was performed in the context of Phase 2 of the DMIP project organized by the Hydrology Lab of the NWS. To deal with the problem of ill conditioning, we employ a regularization approach that constrains the search space using information contained in a priori estimates of the spatially distributed parameter fields developed from soils and other geo-spatial datasets. Unlike the commonly used spatial-multiplier method, our more general approach allows the parameters to depart non-uniformly (to some degree) from the a priori spatial pattern. The approach reduces the number of unknowns to be estimated using historical input–output data from 860 to 35. Two commonly used summary statistics of the model residuals, MSE and MSEL, are used to optimize fitting of the model to both the peaks and the recession periods of the time series data. A signature measure approach is used to select parameter sets that are close to Pareto-optimal in terms of MSE and MSEL, but which provide more consistent representation of the hydrologic behavior of the watershed as summarized by measures derived from the flow duration curve. While the results support the methods used in this analysis and show considerable improvement over the a priori parameter estimates, we find that the basin has some peculiar behaviors (including time non-stationarity) that the HL-DHM model as implemented is not set up to reproduce.
Preparing teachers to put drama in the classroom

(1985). Preparing teachers to put drama in the classroom. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 24, Educating Through Drama, pp. 205-210.
Ontogeny of the capacity for homeoviscous adaptation in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)

Most fish species tolerate a narrower range of temperatures during their early life history. To ascertain whether this might be related to development of the capacity to regulate membrane fluidity (homeoviscous adaptation), we examined the fatty acid composition of tissue phospholipids from developing white sturgeon eggs, embryos, and prefeeding larvae incubated at temperatures both within the range of natural spawning temperatures (14°), and above (20°) and below (8°). Mortality was highest at low temperature, with the greatest losses prior to neurulation. High temperature also resulted in increased mortality relative to 14°, with peak mortality between neurulation and hatch. At a constant temperature of 14°, significant changes in the fatty acid composition of tissue phospholipids were observed during development, but the patterns of change were altered by development at low and high temperature. Contrary to homeoviscous theory, embryos incubated at low temperature exhibited a decline in the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (U/S ratio). In contrast, posthatch larvae exposed to low and high temperature exhibited, respectively, higher and lower U/S ratios than larvae maintained at 14°, implying that the capacity for homeoviscous adaptation is acquired at the time of hatch. Although the lack of a homeoviscous response by embryos may account for low survival at temperature extremes, the specific influences of the observed changes in phospholipid fatty acid composition on the biophysical properties of cell membranes remain to be determined. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Is deuteron a six-quark system?

The ''deutron-like'' six quark spherical bag is discussed and compared with the real deutron. Mixtures of di-baryon components with hidden color are exhibited. A tunneling transition of deutron into the six quark bag with probability about 7 x 10/sup -2/ is argued.
Free-surface flow interactions with deformable structures using an SPH–FEM model

Abstract A two-dimensional SPH–FEM model is proposed to investigate its application in the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problem. The fluid model is based on the theory of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and the structural dynamics employ a large-deformation Finite Element Method (FEM). This paper describes the basics of both SPH and FEM models and presents the development of a loosely coupled SPH–FEM model. Validation results of two benchmark FSI problems are illustrated. The first test case is flow in a sloshing tank interacting with an elastic body ( Souto-Iglesias et al., 2008 ) and the second one is dam-break flow through an elastic gate ( Antoci et al., 2007 ). The results obtained with the SPH–FEM model show good agreement with published experimental results and suggest that the SPH–FEM model is a viable and effective numerical tool for FSI problems.
A case–control study of ultraviolet radiation exposure, vitamin D, and lymphoma risk in adults

Recent research suggests that ultraviolet radiation exposure (UVRE), our major source of vitamin D, is associated with reduced lymphoma risk. Animal and human studies support an association between vitamin D (vitD) insufficiency and increased risk of some malignancies. We conducted a clinic-based case–control study (140 lymphoma cases, 139 controls; 2002–2005, Rochester, NY) to evaluate UVRE and vitD insufficiency in relation to lymphoma risk. Subjects completed a survey and provided a blood sample. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate lymphoma risk in relation to past (5–10 years prior) UVRE and current vitD insufficiency (determined by serum 25(OH)D). Possible differences in effect by lymphoma subtype were explored, but statistical power was limited. We confirmed the previously reported decrease in lymphoma risk with past UVRE, specifically sunbathing (>once/week versus never); adjusted odds ratio (ORadj), = 0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10–0.79. Current vitD insufficiency was not associated with lymphoma risk (ORadj = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.47–1.72). However, current sunbathing frequency was correlated with measured serum 25(OH)D values. Therefore, while our data do not support an association with current vitD status, development of accurate methods for past vitD assessment to further investigate its role in the association between past UVRE and lymphoma risk is warranted.
Measurements of di-jets in p+p and Au+Au in the STAR experiment

Abstract Jets are produced from hard scatterings in the early stages of heavy-ion collisions. It is expected that these high-pT partons travel through the hot and dense medium before fragmenting. Therefore they are expected to suffer energy loss in the QGP via gluon radiation or elastic collisions along their path. Measurements from full jet reconstruction help in the understanding of energy loss and its effect on the jet structure and energy profile. A data-driven characterization of the background in Au+Au is needed in order to compare the results to p+p. The large coverage of the STAR detector along with an online trigger also allows for reconstructing di-jets. Suitable selection of trigger jets allows for studying a subset of jets on the recoil side which are biased towards higher energy loss because of a larger, on average, in-medium path length traversed. Trigger jets are also used to study jet-hadron correlations as an independent measurement to assess the effect of energy loss on the recoil side. We present measurements of di-jets and jet-hadron correlations in the presence of reconstructed di-jets in Au+Au and p+p at 200 GeV in the STAR experiment.
HOW BRAINS HANDLE HYPOXIA: The Brain Without Oxygen: Causes of Failure-Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms for Survival

P. L. Lutz, G. E. Nilsson and H. M. Prentice Kluwer Academic Publishers (2003) pp. 260. ISBN 1-4020-1165-2 € 125.00/$138.00/£86.00 (hbk) ![Figure][1] The search for the understanding and treatment of hypoxic or ischemic brain injuries is a formidable
Subfacies Controls of Coal Bed Discontinuities, Southern Wasatch Plateau, Utah: ABSTRACT

The lower Blackhawk Formation and the Star Point Sandstone of the southern Wasatch Plateau are the lower deltaic and nearshore facies, respectively, of an Upper Cretaceous regressive deltaic sequence. Economic coal beds are associated with peat-forming environments in both the lower delta plain and the accretionary ridge-distributary mouth bar subfacies of the delta. Discontinuities (rolls, splits, and pinch-outs) within the coal beds of the accretionary ridge subfacies are controlled primarily by: (1) proximity of the peat marsh to the high-energy shoreline environment, (2) relative compaction ratios of channel sands and finer detritus over which the peat marsh developed, and (3) topographic expression of the paleodrainage network incised within the top of the underlying Star Point sediments. Discontinuities (rolls, splits, pinch-outs, and washouts) within the coal beds of the lower delta plain subfacies are controlled primarily by: (1) proximity of the peat swamp to laterally contemporaneous distributary channels, (2) relative compaction ratios of underlying sands and finer detritus, and (3) erosion of the heat beds by basal scouring of overridi g distributary channels. Detailed outcrop measurements and drill hole data are used to develop accurate, site-specific, paleoenvironmental models to define the areas of potential coal-bed discontinuities and to aid in local exploration and mine planning. End_of_Article - Last_Page 600------------
Elemental analysis of soil extracts and plant tissue ash by plasma emission spectroscopy

Abstract A method for the analysis of soil extracts and plant tissue ash solutions is described using a direct reading plasma emission spectrometer. The instrument is programed for 16 elements and is capable of determining the elemental content in prepared solutions at a very rapid rate and at sensitivity levels equal to or better than that obtained using the atomic absorption technique.
A hydrodynamic model of mass transfer in a stirred vessel extractor

Abstract The flow patterns generated by the rotation of stirrer bars in the two immiscible liquids in a stirred vessel extractor have been approximated by a simplified model. Each phase was divided into two regions: the core region, which is the cylindrical volume swept out by the stirrer bars, and the outer annular region, which comprises the remainder of the phase. The flow in the core region has been assumed to be equivalent to that generated by an infinite body of fluid in solid body rotation over a surface rotating at a slower rate. The axial velocity in the outer annulus is then obtained by a simple material balance. Knowledge of the velocity profile in this latter region permitted a direct solution of the diffusion equation, which in turn resulted in a purely theoretical mass-transfer correlation for this extraction device. Comparison of the experimental data and the theoretical predictions showed the latter to be approximately 35–50 per cent too low; this agreement was considered sufficiently close to warrant tentative acceptance of the flow model upon which the theoretical predictions were based. Two important conclusions which follow from the model are: (1) a turbulent transport mechanism need not be postulated for extraction in a stirred vessel of the type considered here, since a purely laminar flow model comes quite close to reproducing the observed extraction rates; and (2) rippling of the interface does not result in pronounced increases in the mass-transfer coefficient, since the flow model was based upon a planar interface, and the experimental data represent various degrees of interfacial rippling.
Rotation effects in the global/local analysis of cantilever beam contact problems

A modification of a previously developed method for solving the static contact problem of a rigid, cylindrical punch indenting an isotropic cantilever beam is presented. The boundary conditions at the contact site are modified by including beam upper-surface rotation effects. Local contact stress distributions, as well as global beam displacements, are computed for various ratios of contact width to beam thickness and for various positions of the indenter. The results are compared to those of a previous study in which the rotation effects were not considered, to Hertz theory of contact stress, and to beam theory solutions. It is noted that the rotation effects became prominent as the contact width approached the thickness of the beam.
Spectroscopic properties and potential energy curves of 28 electronic states of NbH

Abstract State-averaged complete active space MCSCF (CASSCF) followed by second-order configuration interaction (SOCI) calculations are carried out on 28 low-lying electronic states of NbH. The ground state of NbH is found to be of 5 Δ symmetry ( R e = 1.787 A , ω e = 1750 cm −1 , μ e = 2.20 D, D e = 2.67 eV) with a very low-lying excited state of 5 Π symmetry ( T e = 720 cm −1 ). There are 14 low-lying bound states below 10 000 cm −1 . Many dipole-allowed transitions are predicted for NbH which are yet to be observed. An intense 5 Δ(II) ↔ 5 Δ transition is predicted in the 21 000 ± 2000 cm −1 region. Mulliken population analyses reveal that the low-lying electronic states of NbH are very ionic (Nb + H − ).
Hydrogen sulfide increases nitric oxide production from endothelial cells by an akt-dependent mechanism.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) are both gasotransmitters that can elicit synergistic vasodilatory responses in the in the cardiovascular system, but the mechanisms behind this synergy are unclear. In the current study we investigated the molecular mechanisms through which H2S regulates endothelial NO production. Initial studies were performed to establish the temporal and dose-dependent effects of H2S on NO generation using EPR spin trapping techniques. H2S stimulated a two-fold increase in NO production from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which was maximal 30 min after exposure to 25-150 µM H2S. Following 30 min H2S exposure, eNOS phosphorylation at Ser 1177 was significantly increased compared to control, consistent with eNOS activation. Pharmacological inhibition of Akt, the kinase responsible for Ser 1177 phosphorylation, attenuated the stimulatory effect of H2S on NO production. Taken together, these data demonstrate that H2S up-regulates NO production from eNOS through an Akt-dependent mechanism. These results implicate H2S in the regulation of NO in endothelial cells, and suggest that deficiencies in H2S signaling can directly impact processes regulated by NO.
Dentigerous cysts of the jaw

Abstract 1. 1. An attempt was made to study all case histories of dentigerous cysts collected in the literature since 1900, and those found in the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and the Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, in a ten-year period. Two hundred seventeen cases were collected. Of these, 183 were found in the literature and thirty-four were from the University of Minnesota. Dentigerous cysts are uncommon. They constituted only 0.09 per cent of all oral pathologic specimens. They are less common than either adamantinomas or dental root cysts. 2. 2. There is no sex difference. The males were affected in 52.9 per cent of the cases. In the material studied it was found that the mandible and the maxilla were equally involved. This lesion is most common during the second decade; 31.4 per cent of the cases were found in this age group. The youngest case was found in a 22-month-old infant, the oldest in a 75-year-old male. There was no relation between sex and age. 3. 3. There is a tooth predilection. In the maxilla 66 per cent of the cysts were found in the interior region (cuspid to cuspid). The cuspid was found to be the tooth most frequently involved. In the mandible, the molar region was affected more frequently than any other area. The third molar was found to be the most common tooth involved. 4. 4. Multiple dentigerous cysts do occur. There were eighteen cases found in the material studied. There are cases in the literature which lead us to believe that there is a possibility of a familial tendency in this growth ( Worth, 1937 , and Ivy, 1939 ). 5. 5. The exciting cause leading to the development of the lesion is not known. The most likely explanation is the breaking down and autolysis of a few cells of enamel organ probably due to pressure and movement during growth.
Iliac vein compression in an asymptomatic patient population

Abstract Objective May-Thurner syndrome is a well-recognized anatomic variant that is associated with the development of symptomatic acute venous thrombosis of the left iliac vein. However, the natural frequency of compression of the left iliac vein and its clinical significance in asymptomatic disease has not been established. Therefore the purpose of this descriptive anatomic study was to determine the incidence of left common iliac vein compression in an asymptomatic population. Methods A retrospective analysis of medical records and helical abdominal computed tomography scans was conducted in 50 consecutive patients evaluated in the emergency department because of abdominal pain. Medical records were reviewed for symptoms and risk factors for deep venous thrombosis, and data were collected and reported according to the Joint Society Reporting Standards for acute lower extremity venous thrombosis. All computed tomography was performed with intravenous contrast medium, and 2-mm to 5-mm axial images were obtained. The minor diameter of the common iliac arteries and veins was measured. The technique of transverse image measurement was validated with multiplanar reconstructions and orthogonal diameter measurements in a subset of subjects. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student t test or Spearman rank correlation. Results Mean age of subjects without symptoms was 40 years (range, 19-85 years), and 60% (n = 30) were female patients. The mean acute lower extremity venous thrombosis risk factor score was 1.16 ± 0.23 (range, 0-6; maximum possible score, 28). It was surprising that 24% (n = 12) of patients had greater than 50% compression and 66% (n = 33) had greater than 25% compression. Mean compression of the left common iliac vein was 35.5% (range, −5.6%-74.8%). The structure most often compressing the left common iliac vein against the vertebral body was the right common iliac artery (84%). There was no strong correlation between patient age or common iliac artery size and compression of the left common iliac vein. However, women had greater mean compression of the left common iliac vein (women, 41.2% ± 3.1%; men, 27.0% ± 3.0%; P = .003). Conclusion Hemodynamically significant left common iliac vein compression is a frequent anatomic variant in asymptomatic individuals. Therefore compression of the left iliac vein may represent a normal anatomic pattern that has thus far been thought of as a pathologic condition.
Psychotropic drug use among college students: patterns of use, misuse, and medical monitoring.

Abstract Objective: To assess whether college students who use psychotropic drugs are (1) aware of potential side effects, (2) appropriately monitored by prescribing physicians, and (3) taking medications as prescribed. Participants: Fifty-five college students, currently taking psychotropic medications, were recruited between Summer 2008 and Fall 2009. Methods: Participants were given interviews assessing (1) interactions with prescribing physicians, (2) patterns of psychotropic drug use, and (3) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) substance use disorders. Results: Twenty-five percent of participants did not remember being assessed for suicidal ideation. A large number of participants took their medications in different quantities or frequencies than prescribed and 35% of participants met DSM criteria for substance dependence. Conclusions: Many students are misusing psychotropic medications and this misuse is not being communicated with prescribing physicians.
A magnetic amplifier for synchros

THIS SYNCHRO magnetic amplifier was developed at the Naval Research Laboratory∗ as a demonstration of a system utilizing magnetic amplifiers of a type developed at the Laboratory. In this particular application the amplifiers perform the function of error sensing by delivering output power proportional to the difference between the stator terminal voltages of generator and motors. This is in one respect similar to operating a number of synchro motors from one large synchro generator; however, in other respects this similarity ends.
Effect of Dexamethasone on Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Content and Phosphodiesterase Activities in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes*

After incubation with 0.5 mm isobutylmethylxanthine, 1 μm dexamethasone, and 1 μm insulin for 72 h, 3T3-L1 cells acquire the phenotypic characteristics of mature adipocytes, including a hormone-sensitive particulate cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. In addition, adipocytes contain soluble cAMP and calmodulin-sensitive and -insensitive cGMP phosphodiesterase activities. After exposure of the differentiated cells to 1 μm epinephrine, cAMP content increased, reaching a maximum in 2–4 min, and then declined to the control level by 20 min. After incubation of adipocytes with 10 nm dexamethasone for 72 h, the initial increment in cAMP produced by epinephrine was not altered, but the decline in cellular cAMP to basal levels was delayed. Treatment with 10 nm dexamethasone prevented hormonal activation of particulate cAMP phosphodiesterase activity without altering basal activity (11). Soluble cAMP and calmodulin-sensitive and -insensitive cGMP phosphodiesterase activities were also reduced by exposure to 10 nm dex...