cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Analysis of the Effect on Survival of Time from Diagnosis to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy to Cystectomy for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Purpose: We determine the impact of the timing of radical cystectomy from the diagnosis of muscle invasive bladder cancer on survival in patients also treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by cystectomy between 1996 and 2014 at a single institution. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate the effect of treatment time intervals on overall survival. Three treatment intervals were analyzed for survival impact, from diagnosis of muscle invasive bladder cancer to initiation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, from initiation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to cystectomy and from diagnosis to cystectomy. Other pretreatment and posttreatment clinicopathological parameters were also analyzed.Results: Median time from the diagnosis of muscle invasive bladder cancer to radical cystectomy was 28 weeks. Cystectomy performed less th...
Why A Feminist Law Journal? Moving the Margins

During the symposium on the stated topic, the author argues that to ask "why a feminist law journal?" is to ask "Why is feminism important? Why is feminism relevant to today's world? Why does anyone still consider it important to focus closely on the status of women and on gender issues?" A feminist law journal can serve a vital role by providing the venue for this research and discourse. This naturally includes publication space for articles on and by women of color, but it also includes constructing a feminist law journal as a space to address questions of disparate treatment and the impact such treatment has on feminist discourse and feminist strategies.
Mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance. IX. Effect of exchange transfusion.

SummaryHealthy New Zealand rabbits were injected iv with an LD80 dose of E. coli endotoxin. Twenty minutes later, after removal of over 50 % of the endotoxin by the RES, exchange transfusion was performed, accomplishing a rapid and sustained reduction in the level of endotoxemia simulating that seen in animals rendered highly tolerant by seven prior sublethal injections of toxin. Despite such reduction in endotoxemia, 96-hr mortality was only slightly, and not significantly, reduced compared to sham exchanged controls (70 vs 83 % respectively). Additional control studies indicated that exchange transfusion per se did not enhance endotoxin mortality. The findings directly support the concept that endotoxin tolerance is based primarily upon enhanced RES resistance to endotoxin toxicity rather than upon enhanced RES clearance of circulating endotoxin.
Osmotic and glutamate receptor regulation of c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase in neuroendocrine cells

Expression of a c-Jun NH 2 -terminal protein kinase (JNK), also known as stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) in rodents, has been implicated in the ability of cells to respond to a variety of stressors. In nonmammalian cells, JNK participates in the regulation of cell volume in response to hyperosmotic stress. To explore the possibility that JNK may participate in the transduction of osmotic information in mammals, we evaluated the expression of JNK immunoreactivity in neuroendocrine cells of the supraoptic nucleus. Low basal expression of JNK-2 (SAPK-α) and JNK-3 (SAPK-β) was seen in vivo and in vitro. During water deprivation, JNK-2 increased in the supraoptic nucleus but not in the cortex. Osmotic or glutamate receptor stimulation in vitro also resulted in an increase in JNK-2 that was tetrodotoxin (TTX) insensitive and paralleled by increased nuclear phospho-c-Jun immunoreactivity. A TTX-sensitive increase in JNK-3 was seen in smaller neurons. Thus different JNK pathways may mediate individual cellular responses to osmotic stress, with JNK-2 linked to osmotic and glutamate receptor stimulation in magnocellular neuroendocrine cells.
Survey Yields Seven New Texas County Records and Documents Further Spread of Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren1

In cooperation with the Texas Department of Agriculture, red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, were surveyed in the summers of 2013–2015. New records for red imported fire ants were for Hardeman, Jim Hogg, Knox, Menard, Sterling, Stonewall, and Sutton counties. The formicid bycatch collected during this survey yielded 67 species from 22 genera in 6 subfamilies. Four new state species records were Brachymyrmex patagonicus Mayr, Pheidole bureni Wilson, Pheidole pelor Wilson, and Solenopsis carolinensis Forel according to the most recent treatment of Texas myrmecofauna.
Electrode charge injection: Lessons from electrochemistry

Localized electronic charges in disordered solids can be described in terms of ions. The transfer of charge to and from electrodes corresponds then, to the oxidation/ reduction of molecular species. The study of these charge injecting redox processes forms a fundamental and growing segment of electrochemical research. The theoretical bases for these studies are deceptively concise and are briefly reviewed. The experimental predictions resulting from these foundations focus on the current-voltage relationships and on the frequency/time dependence of the interfacial impedance. The bulk of the substantiating evidence comes from the redox of active species in solution. New theoretical and experimental results relating to active species which are rigidly anchored to the electrode are presented. These results are compared to unpublished data on the electrode/organic photoconductor interface.
Immunohistochemical Expression of CD10, BCL6, and MUM1 in Primary Nodal Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: MUM1 Expression Alone (but Not Germinal Center B-Cell Immunophenotype) Is an Independent Prognostic Factor.

Introduction: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL) is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous lymphoma. Gene expression profiling studies using cDNA microarray have led to the development of a new paradigm for the subclassification of DLBL into germinal center B-cell (GCB) and activated B-cell types with a favorable and an unfavorable prognosis, respectively. The expression pattern of CD10, BCL6 and MUM1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been proposed as a surrogate to distinguish GCB from non-GCB types. This immunohistochemical model must be validated in other data sets. Methods: We identified 57 cases of primary nodal DLBL for which the initial diagnostic biopsy, International Prognostic Index (IPI), and clinical follow-up were available. These patients (pts) received CHOP (n=51) or CHOP-like (n=6) chemotherapy, rituximab (n=12), radiation therapy (n=20), and high dose therapy with stem cell transplantation (SCT)(n=6) as planned primary therapy with curative intent. A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed and cases were assessed for expression of CD10, BCL6, and MUM1. GCB and non-GCB immunophenotypes (IP) were defined as previously described (Hans et al. Blood 2004, 103:272–85). Clinical endpoints were disease progression and death. Analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards testing. Results: The pts consisted of 32 men and 25 women with median age of 60 (range 29–82) years. 26 pts progressed and 25 pts died. Median follow-up of surviving pts was 69.9 (range 8.3–148.1) months. 64%, 82%, and 58% of cases expressed CD10, BCL6, and MUM 1, respectively, and 69% had a GCB IP using the Hans criteria. Univariate analysis showed that high IPI and MUM1 expression predicted a higher risk of progression (P Conclusions: We were unable to confirm the significance of GCB vs non-GCB types using CD10, BCL6, and MUM1 immuhistochemical expression patterns as independent predictors of either progression or death in this cohort of nodal DLBL. However, MUM1 expression (in addition to high IPI) was an independent predictor of a higher risk of both disease progression and death. BCL6 was an independent predictor of a lower risk of disease progression. BCL6 and MUM1 assessment using IHC in nodal DLBL provides useful prognostic information and simplifies pathological risk stratification of nodal DLBL from 3 to 2 markers. These data require confirmation in a larger, independent cohort of nodal DLBL pts treated with a rituximab-containing chemotherapy regimen.
Nonconvex sparse poisson intensity reconstruction for time-dependent bioluminescence tomography

This paper concerns time-dependent bioluminescence imaging under low-photon conditions. In this problem, one seeks to reconstruct sources of light contained within a tissue sample from noisy boundary measurements of scattered light. The main challenge in this problem lies in processing signals that are constrained by partial differential equations. In this paper, we propose a novel two-stage method to recover time-dependent bioluminescent sources from boundary measurements corrupted by Poisson noise. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Contribution of acidic components to the total acid number (TAN) of bio-oil

Abstract Bio-oil or pyrolysis oil — a product of thermochemical decomposition of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions — holds great potential to be a substitute for nonrenewable fossil fuels. However, its high acidity, which is primarily due to the degradation of hemicelluloses, limits its applications. For the evaluation of bio-oil production and treatment, it is essential to accurately measure the acidity of bio-oil. The total acid number (TAN), which is defined as the amount of potassium hydroxide needed to titrate one gram of a sample and has been established as an ASTM method to measure the acidity of petroleum products, has been employed to investigate the acidity of bio-oil. The TAN values of different concentrations of bio-oil components such as standard solutions of acetic acid, propionic acid, vanillic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, hydroxymethylfurfural, and phenol were analyzed according to the ASTM D664 standard method. This method showed the same linear relationship between the TAN values and the molar concentrations of acetic, propionic, and hydroxybenzoic acids. A different linear relationship was found for vanillic acid, due to the presence of multiple functional groups that can contribute to the TAN value. The influence of the titration solvent on the TAN values has been determined by comparing the TAN values and titration curves obtained from the standard method with results from the TAN analysis in aqueous environment and with equilibrium modeling results. Aqueous bio-oil samples with a known amount of acetic acid added were also analyzed. The additional acetic acid in bio-oil samples caused a proportional increase in the TAN values. The results of this research indicate that the TAN value of a sample with acids acting as monoprotic acids in the titration solvent can be converted to the molar concentration of total acids. For a sample containing acids that act as diprotic and polyprotic acids, however, its TAN value cannot be simply converted to the molar concentration of total acids because these acids have a stronger contribution to the TAN values than the contribution of monoprotic acids.
T Cell-Mediated Immunity towards Yellow Fever Virus and Useful Animal Models

The 17D line of yellow fever virus vaccines is among the most effective vaccines ever created. The humoral and cellular immunity elicited by 17D has been well characterized in humans. Neutralizing antibodies have long been known to provide protection against challenge with a wild-type virus. However, a well characterized T cell immune response that is robust, long-lived and polyfunctional is also elicited by 17D. It remains unclear whether this arm of immunity is protective following challenge with a wild-type virus. Here we introduce the 17D line of yellow fever virus vaccines, describe the current state of knowledge regarding the immunity directed towards the vaccines in humans and conclude with a discussion of animal models that are useful for evaluating T cell-mediated immune protection to yellow fever virus.
For Better or for Worse: An Overview of the Same-Sex Marriage Debate

This chapter presents what I take to be some of the most important ethical arguments against and in favor of same-sex marriage. This overview of the main arguments will provide the context for the treatment of Kant that follows, insofar as I will be able to trace certain recurring themes in these arguments, themes to which Kant’s ethics will have to speak if his practical philosophy can serve as a resource for those engaged in the same-sex marriage debate.
Identification of a novel spinal nociceptive-motor gate control for Aδ pain stimuli in rats

Physiological responses to nociceptive stimuli are initiated within tens of milliseconds, but the corresponding sub-second behavioral responses have not been adequately explored in awake, unrestrained animals. A detailed understanding of these responses is crucial for progress in pain neurobiology. Here, high-speed videography during nociceptive Aδ fiber stimulation demonstrated engagement of a multi-segmental motor program coincident with, or even preceding, withdrawal of the stimulated paw. The motor program included early head orientation and adjustments of the torso and un-stimulated paws. Moreover, we observed a remarkably potent gating mechanism when the animal was standing on its hindlimbs and which was partially dependent on the endogenous opioid system. These data reveal a profound, immediate and precise integration of nociceptive inputs with ongoing motor activities leading to the initiation of complex, yet behaviorally appropriate, response patterns and the mobilization of a new type of analgesic mechanism within this early temporal nociceptive window.
Zr-doped ceria additives for enhanced PEM fuel cell durability and radical scavenger stability

Doped ceria compounds demonstrate excellent radical scavenging abilities and are promising additives to improve the chemical durability of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. In this work, Ce0.85Zr0.15O2 (CZO) nanoparticles were incorporated into the cathode catalyst layers (CLs) of PEM fuel cells (based on Nafion XL membranes containing 6.0 μg cm−2 ion-exchanged Ce) at loadings of 10 and 55 μg cm−2. When compared to a CZO-free baseline, CZO-containing membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) demonstrated extended lifetimes during PEM chemical stability accelerated stress tests (ASTs), exhibiting reduced electrochemical gas crossover, open circuit voltage decay, and fluoride emission rates. The MEA with high CZO loading (55 μg cm−2) demonstrated performance losses, which are attributed to Ce poisoning of the PEM and CL ionomer regions, which is supported by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. In the MEA with the low CZO loading (10 μg cm−2), both the beginning of life (BOL) performance and the performance after 500 hours of ASTs were nearly identical to the BOL performance of the CZO-free baseline MEA. XRF analysis of the MEA with low CZO loading reveals that the BOL PEM Ce concentrations are preserved after 1408 hours of ASTs and that Ce contents in the cathode CL are not significant enough to reduce performance. Therefore, employing a highly effective radical scavenger such as CZO, at a loading of 10 μg cm−2 in the cathode CL, dramatically mitigates degradation effects, which improves MEA chemical durability and minimizes performance losses.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Subsheath Reconstruction Techniques.

Purpose Several surgical stabilization techniques have been described to address pathological subluxation of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon, with no comparative data available. This study compares ECU stability after subsheath reconstruction, with and without ulnar groove deepening, to stability with an intact subsheath in a cadaveric model. Methods Position of the ECU tendon relative to the ulnar groove was measured in 5 human cadaveric specimens with the subsheath intact, sectioned, and after 3 reconstruction scenarios: reconstructed, reconstructed with ulnar groove deepened, and ulnar groove deepened with subsheath sectioned. Position of the tendon relative to the radial side of the ulnar groove was recorded with digital calipers in 9 combinations of wrist/forearm positions (wrist flexion, extension, and neutral; forearm pronation, supination, and neutral). Dislocation events, defined as the tendon being completely ulnar to the groove, were recorded. Results Extensor carpi ulnaris tendon displacement was not significantly different between intact subsheath, subsheath reconstruction, and reconstruction with groove deepening (1.5 mm vs 0.5 mm vs –0.3). Extensor carpi ulnaris tendon displacement after groove deepening with the subsheath sectioned was not significantly different from displacement with a fully sectioned subsheath. Sectioning of the subsheath induced dislocation events of the ECU tendon in multiple positions. Subsheath reconstruction with and without groove deepening allowed no dislocation events. Conclusions In this cadaveric model, groove deepening did not improve stability of the ECU tendon compared with the reconstructed subsheath, and reconstruction alone was equally effective at eliminating dislocation events. Clinical relevance Stabilization techniques that focus on restoration of the important ulnar attachment of the ECU subsheath are favored over routine deepening of the ulnar groove in attempts to stabilize the ECU tendon.
Basic and Translational Research on Sand Fly Saliva: Pharmacology, Biomarkers, and Vaccines

Abstract Hemostasis represents a critical barrier for blood-feeding arthropods to get a successful blood meal. Sand fly salivary molecules counteract the efficiency and redundancy of the hemostatic system by blocking key steps such as platelet aggregation, blood coagulation, and vasoconstriction. Furthermore, these salivary proteins have antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and activities that help the Leishmania parasite to become established in the host. Importantly, immunity to sand fly salivary proteins was shown to protect against Leishmania infection, suggesting that these proteins are a novel source for a vaccine against leishmaniasis. Because some sand fly salivary proteins induce antibodies in humans or animals reservoirs, sand fly salivary proteins are considered as potential markers of vector exposure. This chapter provides an account of the biological and immunological activities of sand fly salivary proteins and the current approaches developed for their study, and we will explore the translational prospects of these potent salivary proteins.
In locus analysis of patterning evolution of the BMP type II receptor Wishful thinking.

ABSTRACT Proper tissue patterning is an essential step during organ formation. During this process, genes are expressed in distinct patterns, defining boundaries for future functional domains. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway sets the anterior domain during eggshell patterning. Previously, the Drosophila melanogaster homolog of BMPR2, Wishful thinking (WIT), was shown to be required for BMP signaling and patterning during eggshell formation. Expressed in a conserved anterior pattern, the width of wit patterning in the follicular epithelium is evolutionarily divergent between Drosophila species. We used genome editing to demonstrate how the gene pattern divergence is controlled in cis within the wit locus of D. virilis. Furthermore, unlike direct targets of BMP signaling, we demonstrate how one transcription factor binding site shapes the pattern of WIT in D. melanogaster by negative regulation. However, changes in this site are not sufficient to explain the evolution of wit patterning, suggesting that a positive regulatory element that controls pattern divergence remains to be discovered.
NOvA Data Acquisition System

Abstract The NOνA (NuMI Off-Axis νe Appearance) experiment is a long-baseline neutrino experiment using the NuMI main injector neutrino beam at Fermilab and is designed to search for νμ (oνμ) to νe (oνe) oscillations. The experiment will consist of two detectors; both positioned 14 mrad off the beam axis: a 220 ton Near Detector to be located in an underground cavern at Fermilab and a 14 kton Far Detector to be located in Ash River, MN, 810 km from the beam source. In addition, a prototype Near Detector is currently in operation in a surface building at Fermilab. The detectors have similar design, and consist of planes of PVC extrusion cells containing liquid scintillator and wavelength shifting ﬁbers. The ﬁber ends are readout by Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs). The primary task for the Data Acquisition (DAQ) system is to concentrate the data from the large number of APD channels (360000 channels at the Far Detector, 16000 channels at the Near Detector), buffer this data long enough to apply an online trigger, and record the selected data. The concentration of data is accomplished through the use of a custom hardware component Data Concentrator Module (DCM). The intermediate buffering of the data is accomplished through a computing buffer farm, in which each node runs software to apply an online trigger to a time slice of data received from the DCMs. Data correlated with the beam spill time as well as random data samples for calibration purposes and events with interesting topology may be selected by the online trigger. In addition to those components involved in managing the data ﬂow, the DAQ system consists of components for control, conﬁguration, monitoring and timing. The design of the DAQ system, with emphasis on the DAQ software, will be discussed as will experience with its deployment on the prototype Near Detector.
Mineralocorticoids and Cardiovascular Disease in Females with Insulin Resistance and Obesity

In the present review, we will discuss the evidence and the mechanisms underlying the complex interplay between obesity, mineralocorticoid receptor activation, and cardiovascular dysfunction with special emphasis on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in obese and insulin-resistant females. Since the initial isolation of aldosterone in 1953 and the cloning of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) decades later, our understanding has expanded tremendously regarding their involvement in the pathogenesis of CVD. Recent results from both pre-clinical and clinical studies support a close correlation between increase adiposity and enhanced aldosterone production (MR activation). Importantly, insulin resistance and obese females are more prone to the deleterious cardiovascular effects of MR activation, and enhanced MR activation in females has emerged as an important causative event in the genesis of a more severe CVD in diabetic women. Different clinical trials have been completed examining the effect of MR blockade in subjects with CVD. Despite its important beneficial mortality impact, side effects are frequent and a newer MR antagonist, finerenone, with less risk of hyperkalemia is currently being tested in large clinical trials.
I Can Do This – Collaboration on a Global Nursing Assignment to Increase the Self-Efficacy of Pre-nursing Students for Research Skills

This study asked whether pre-nursing students who took Nursing 102 (the Introduction to Professional Nursing class), which included information literacy instruction by a health sciences librarian a...
A hybrid planning strategy for stereotactic body radiation therapy of early stage non-small-cell lung cancer.

Currently dynamic conformal arcs (DCA) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) are two popular planning techniques to treat lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) patients. Of the two, DCA has advantages in terms of multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) motion, positioning error, and delivery efficiency. However, VMAT is often the choice when critical organ sparing becomes important. We developed a hybrid strategy to incorporate DCA component into VMAT planning, results were compared with DCA and VMAT plans. Four planning techniques were retrospectively simulated for 10 lung SBRT patients: DCA, Hybrid‐DCA (2/3 of the doses from DCA beams), Hybrid‐VMAT (2/3 of the doses from VMAT beams) and VMAT. Plan complexity was accessed by modulation complexity score (MCS). Conformity index (CI) for the planning target volume (PTV), V 20 and V 5 for the lung, V 30 for the chestwall, and maximum dose to all other critical organs were calculated. Plans were compared with regard to these metrics and measured agreement between the planned and delivered doses. DCA technique did not result in acceptable plan quality due to target location for five patients. Hybrid‐DCA produced one unacceptable plan, and Hybrid‐VMAT and VMAT produced no unacceptable plans. The CI improved with increasing VMAT usage, as did the dose sparing to critical structures. Compared to the VMAT technique, a total MU reduction of 14%, 25% and 37% were found for Hybrid‐VMAT, Hybrid‐DCA and DCA techniques for 54 Gy patient group, and 9%, 23% and 34% for 50 Gy patient group, suggesting improvement in delivery efficiency with increasing DCA usage. No significant variations of plan complexity were observed between Hybrid‐DCA and Hybrid‐VMAT (P = 0.46 from Mann–Whitney U‐test), but significant differences were found among DCA, Hybrid and VMAT (P < 0.05). Better agreements between the planned and delivered doses were found with more DCA contributions. By adding DCA components to VMAT planning, hybrid technique offers comparable dosimetry to full VMAT, while increasing delivery efficiency and minimizing MLC complexity.
Cost-Plus Patent Damages

This Article assesses recent proposals to use risk-adjusted costs of producing an invention as a basis for either setting patent damages or valuing patents taken by eminent domain. In theory, cost-plus damages can address one of the central challenges of patent law: ensuring that a patentee does not obtain excessive rents for an invention. But cost-plus damages have three principal problems. First, risk may be difficult to estimate, and estimates may be infected by hindsight. Second, if the permitted rate of return is too low, there may be insufficient incentives to invent. Indeed, even a rate of return that seems generous for existing companies may discourage entry into the industry. Third, inventors may spend much more on invention, anticipating that these greater expenses will not only increase the chance of success, but also increase the amount that they can charge. This Article assesses recent literature proposing cost-plus patent damages, and it offers a simulation model to assess the magnitude of these problems. It concludes that while these problems are serious, social welfare still might be increased by considering cost­plus damages as a factor in the patent damages calculus.
Children and Families: A New Framework for Preparedness and Response to Danger, Terrorism, and Trauma.

A growing body of literature has documented that major natural and technological disasters result in significant acute and long-term psychological distress for children and adolescents. Findings regarding children's psychological morbidity after disasters indicate that school-age children are at risk for more severe and prolonged posttraumatic reactions. C. Salter reported on an incident in which several young children in Brazil ingested discarded radioactive medical materials. Mothers of children under eighteen were also found to be at long-term risk for a range of psychological disorders. In unprecedented fashion, weapons of mass destruction place significant numbers of children at enormous risk for psychosocial morbidity for an extended period. Worries about children will likely be experienced by families, first responders, and health care providers. Large-scale death and injury of children would portend serious psychological trauma for the nation. Large numbers of children and families with perceived risk will seek medical treatment, potentially overwhelming the health and mental health care systems.
Scalable Bayesian inference of dendritic voltage via spatiotemporal recurrent state space models

Recent advances in optical voltage sensors have brought us closer to a critical goal in cellular neuroscience: imaging the full spatiotemporal voltage on a dendritic tree. However, current sensors and imaging approaches still face significant limitations in SNR and sampling frequency; therefore statistical denoising and interpolation methods remain critical for understanding single-trial spatiotemporal dendritic voltage dynamics. Previous denoising approaches were either based on an inadequate linear voltage model or scaled poorly to large trees. Here we introduce a scalable fully Bayesian approach. We develop a generative nonlinear model that requires few parameters per compartment of the cell but is nonetheless flexible enough to sample realistic spatiotemporal data. The model captures different dynamics in each compartment and leverages biophysical knowledge to constrain intra- and inter-compartmental dynamics. We obtain a full posterior distribution over spatiotemporal voltage via an augmented Gibbs sampling algorithm. The nonlinear smoother model outperforms previously developed linear methods, and scales to much larger systems than previous methods based on sequential Monte Carlo approaches.
Electron–phonon coupling and electron mobility in degenerately doped oxides from first-principles

Recent developments in growing highly n-doped wide bandgap oxides such as β-gallium oxide (β − Ga2O3) and more recently zinc gallate (ZnGa2O4) have opened avenues toward important applications, such as transparent electrodes and ohmic contacts. Magnetoconductivity measurements provide a unique method to assess the contribution of phonons to mobility over a wide range of temperatures. For β − Ga2O3 and ZnGa2O4, initial attempts to interpret the measured magnetoconductivity raised fundamental questions about the interplay between the large number of phonon modes in these lattices, electron–phonon scattering, and lattice disorder. Here, we use density functional theory modeling of electron–phonon scattering to help rationalize magnetoconductivity measurements for a wide range of electron concentrations n and temperatures in β − Ga2O3 and ZnGa2O4. The results provide a first-principles understanding of dominant low-field mobility features suggested by phenomenological models used traditionally for semiconductors with high lattice symmetry.
Probability Theory: Formal

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 18, pp. 12099–12104, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
New Possibilities for Culturally Responsive Experiential Education in Teacher Education

Background: Understanding how students conceptualize culturally responsive service learning (CRSL) before and after an experiential education (EE) program has the potential to inform the instructio...
Treatment Effect Estimation Under Additive Hazards Models With High-Dimensional Confounding

Estimating treatment effects for survival outcomes in the high-dimensional setting is critical for many biomedical applications and any application with censored observations. This article establis...
Assignment of the High Power Optically Pumped CW Laser Lines of CH 3 OH

Methyl alcohol (CH 3 OH) and its deuterated varieties account for a total of 174 wavelengths or about 25% of all of the optically pumped FIR laser lines.[1] In addition, the highest CW power, so far, of over 50 mW has been obtained from the 118.8 μm line of CH 3 OH. Until now however, none of the transitions have been assigned except for a tentative identification by Chang[2] of the 570.57 μm line as a J' = 11 → 10 transition pumped via an R (10) absorption line. Accurate frequency measurements have recently been performed for a number of the stronger CW laser lines[3] Combining this data with the high dispersion spectra of the CO stretch bands of normal and deuterated methanol,[4] we have been able to assign most of the high power CW laser lines of CH 3 OH.
"I shy away from them because they are very identifiable": A qualitative study exploring user and non-user's perceptions of wearable activity trackers.

Objective Wearable activity trackers hold potential as a research tool to increase physical activity. However, long-term wearable adherence is low among users, which may be due to the limited understanding of the factors related to use and relation to health behavior theory. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore the perceptions of wearables among active adult users and non-users. Findings will inform potential barriers and facilitators for the adherence and adoption of wearables through the application of the Self-Determination Theory. Methods Six focus groups were conducted and equally stratified to wearable users (n = 10) and non-users (n = 10). Data were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using an iterative approach creating first-level codes. This was followed by developing second-level codes that allowed for generating themes. Results For users, the wearables' feedback provided them with validation, a sense of achievement, and other-determined motivation. Users appreciated the functionality of wearables, particularly with simpler and newer models. They also reported improvements in health behaviors. While both users and non-users had a general positive feeling towards wearables, they held similar concerns about cost, guilt, dependency, and accuracy. Non-users were unique in their concerns for materialism and functionality (i.e. ease of use and charge) associated with wearables. They also seemed to be more intrinsically motivated to be physically active by relying less on external sources of motivation as potentially provided by wearables. Conclusions Findings show that while both adult users and non-users held positive perceptions of wearables and concerns for feelings of guilt and dependency, widespread adoption and adherence may be prevented by differences in motivation for physical activity and concerns for cost, materialism, and functionality.
Government set-asides, minority business development, and public contracting: introduction

Race-conscious affirmative action programs have been a part of American life for nearly three decades. Race-conscious set-asides are the latest government programs implemented to alleviate the adverse economic impact of racial discrimination and to foster minority business development. Minority business enterprises (MBEs) have been the specific targets of federal, state, and local government enacted set-aside programs with the principal purpose of overcoming the continuing effects of earlier discrimination. Government set-aside programs may be classified as “hard ball” affirmative action programs because they “provide absolute references to members of designated minority groups.(1)
Meaning-Making Through Multiplicity

It is quite true what philosophy says; that life must be understood backwards. But then one forgets the other principle: that it must be lived forwards. (Soren Kierkegaard, 1996, p. 161)Kierkegaard...
Studies of the structures formed by the alternated electrodeposition of atomic layers of Cd and Te on the low-index planes of Au: I. LEED and Auger studies

Abstract We present here a low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) study of the surface chemistry resulting from electrodeposition of two monolayers of CdTe on the low-index planes of Au by electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy (ECALE). ECALE is the electrochemical analog of atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). In the present study, well-ordered monolayers of CdTe were formed by the alternated electrodeposition of atomic layers of Cd and Te, at underpotential, on all three Au planes. Deposition of the first monolayer of CdTe was performed by depositing Te either oxidatively at underpotential or reductively at underpotential, followed by reductive Cd underpotential deposition (UPD). The structures formed were the same in both cases: Au(100)( 2 × 2 ) R45°-CdTe , Au(110)(2 × 3)-CdTe, and Au (111)( 7 × 7 ) R19.1°-CdTe . Varying the initial coverage of Te did not change the resulting CdTe structure, although the higher coverages of Te showed sharper LEED patterns and no emersed oxygen. Deposition of Cd as the first atomic layer followed by oxidative Te UPD resulted in the same structures as those found when Te was used for the first atomic layer. Optimal CdTe monolayers were formed on surfaces where the first atomic layer deposited was homogeneously distributed and of the correct coverage. The correct initial coverage is determined by the coverage needed to complete the subsequently formed CdTe monolayer. On Au(100), an initial coverage of 0.5 appears to be optimal in order to form the Au(100)( 2 × 2 ) R45°-CdTe . Deposition of a second CdTe monolayer onto the first resulted in structures similar to the first monolayer, but with increased diffuse intensity in the resulting LEED patterns under the conditions used.
Renal Receptors for Calcitonin BINDING AND DEGRADATION OF HORMONE

Abstract Salmon calcitonin (synthetic) was iodinated with the chloramine-T method and purified by gel filtration. The product was virtually free of uniodinated molecules as determined by enzymatic digestion and amino acid analysis. Greater than 80% of the incorporated iodine was in the form of monoiodotyrosine. The iodinated hormone bound specifically to renal and skeletal receptors and was indistinguishable from the uniodinated species by bioassays based on either the renal or skeletal action of calcitonin. The degradation of salmon 125I-calcitonin by renal plasma membranes was inhibited by agents that did not block the high affinity binding to receptors. Hormone bound to receptors remained biologically intact; after elution from receptors the hormone bound specifically to fresh membranes. High affinity, low capacity sites similar to those identified in renal plasma membranes were also found in membranes prepared from skeletal tissue; the apparent affinity constants were in the range of 1011 m-1 for each tissue. High affinity receptors for calcitonin were found in renal membrane preparations containing brush borders as well as preparations, presumably antiluminal in origin, that did not contain brush borders.
Effects of Alcohol Fuels on Engine Wear

Abstract : Research into the effects of alcohol on engine lubrication and wear has investigated four alcohol-containing fuels; pure methanol, pure ethanol, methanol in unleaded gasoline, and ethanol, in unleaded gasoline. This research work has indicated that during low-temperature engine operations such as winter commuter service and warmup, use of pure methanol may result in increased engine wear. This increased wear appears to be primarily a low-temperature problem. With the engine warmed to normal operating temperatures, this increased wear has not been observed. To this point, the research with ethanol-containing fuels has not detected any wear increases. This may be due to the short duration engine tests being conducted, but nevertheless indicates that increased wear should be of less concern with this fuel. Wear mechanism studies have indicated that corrosive attack within the piston ring and cylinder area by alcohol combustion byproducts is partially responsible for the increased wear. Investigation of alcohol and lubricant compatibility and physical removal of the lubricant films by liquid alcohol have provided additional insights into these wear phenomena. (Author)
A biopsychosocial model of social anxiety and substance use

Emerging prospective work suggests that individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) may be at particular risk for developing substance use disorders (SUD). Yet, little is known about why this may be so. Most research has utilized existing theories of substance use (e.g. tension reduction-based theories) to understand SAD-SUD relations. However, these theories do not address why individuals with social anxiety, in particular, experience such high rates of substance-related problems. A possible explanation may lie in the nature of social anxiety itself, which is characterized not only by chronically elevated negative affective states, but by low positive affect, fear of scrutiny, and social avoidance. These aspects of social anxiety may work in concert to place these especially vulnerable individuals at risk for SUD. The current paper presents a biopsychosocial model of SAD-SUD comorbidity that focuses on several specific facets of social anxiety that may be especially related to SUD risk. The utility of this model is evaluated via a review of the literature on the relations between SAD and substance-related behaviors.
Heterosynaptic Modulation of Synaptic Efficacy

Heterosynaptic modulation of synaptic efficacy occurs when the activity of a modulatory neuron induces a change in synaptic efficacy between another neuron and its target cell. Keywords: neurons; protein kinases; ion channels; synaptic plasticity
A Case of Multiple Myeloma with Metachronous Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treated Successfully with Bortezomib, Dexamethasone, and Dasatinib

The coexistence of multiple myeloma and chronic myeloid leukemia in a single patient is a very rare event that has been reported very infrequently in the literature. We report a case of a patient who developed chronic myeloid leukemia four years after his diagnosis with multiple myeloma. Historically, no link between the two malignancies has been identified. This synchronous existence complicates the treatment plan for these patients, and there is a lack of evidence on the best therapeutic approach. Our patient was successfully treated with a combination of bortezomib, dexamethasone, and dasatinib, which he tolerated well for eleven months until he eventually succumbed to cardiac complications and pulmonary hypertension leading to his death.
Monte Carlo study of electron correlation functions for small molecules

A study is made of electron-electron correlation functions for use in trial wave functions for small molecules. New forms are proposed that have only a few variational parameters, and these parameters have physical meanings that are easily discerned. Total energies for H2, LiH and Li2 computed using these correlation functions are presented, and comparison is made with previous forms, including the Jastrow-Pade form often used in Monte Carlo studies. We further treat the possibility that correlation depends not only on the separation of a pair of electrons but also on the location of the electron pair relative to the nuclei — indicative of a density-dependent or many body correlation effect. Our results indicate that such a many-body correlation effect is weakly present.
Observation of Polar Mesospheric Clouds by Geostationary Satellite Sensors

Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) form at very high altitude (around 80 km) over high latitudes in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Because of their altitude, seasonality, and tenuous nature, PMCs are not well understood. This letter presents a method for detecting PMCs using geostationary satellite images of the Earth's limb. The method is tested against data from the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere mission that was specifically designed for PMC detection. It is found that the new method is successful in detecting seasonal trends in PMC formation and, due to the larger data set of geostationary images, may allow examination of the temporal properties of PMCs in greater detail than possible by satellites in polar orbit.
Comparing Pre- and Post-operative Fontan Hemodynamic Simulations: Implications for the Reliability of Surgical Planning

Virtual modeling of cardiothoracic surgery is a new paradigm that allows for systematic exploration of various operative strategies and uses engineering principles to predict the optimal patient-specific plan. This study investigates the predictive accuracy of such methods for the surgical palliation of single ventricle heart defects. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based surgical planning was used to model the Fontan procedure for four patients prior to surgery. The objective for each was to identify the operative strategy that best distributed hepatic blood flow to the pulmonary arteries. Post-operative magnetic resonance data were acquired to compare (via CFD) the post-operative hemodynamics with predictions. Despite variations in physiologic boundary conditions (e.g., cardiac output, venous flows) and the exact geometry of the surgical baffle, sufficient agreement was observed with respect to hepatic flow distribution (90% confidence interval—14 ± 4.3% difference). There was also good agreement of flow-normalized energetic efficiency predictions (19 ± 4.8% error). The hemodynamic outcomes of prospective patient-specific surgical planning of the Fontan procedure are described for the first time with good quantitative comparisons between preoperatively predicted and postoperative simulations. These results demonstrate that surgical planning can be a useful tool for single ventricle cardiothoracic surgery with the ability to deliver significant clinical impact.
Transient Fluid Flow Phenomena during Continuous Casting : Part I-Cast Start

This work presents a three-dimensional numerical simulation of transient fluid flow phenomena during continuous casting of steel. In the Part I, the process of cast start was investigated. Cast start involved the filling process and the caster start process. In the filling process, molten steel was continuously filled into the mold cavity with surrounding mold walls and a dummy bar head at the bottom. To simulate the interface between the molten steel and the air, an algorithm of volume of fluid has been employed. In the cast start process, the dummy bar was gradually dragged out with a low casting speed. The movement of dummy bar was represented using dynamic mesh, and the moving speed of the boundary was controlled by a subroutine. The shape of the air/steel surface was tracked over the time, and the speed variation at a series of points close to the surface was monitored to reflect the fluctuation at top surface during cast start.
Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Lung in Childhood

• Primary leiomyosarcomas of the lung and trachea are rare tumors. Only five cases have been reported in children (two of a lung, one of a mainstem bronchus, one of the carina, and one of the trachea). We report a new case in a 14-month-old boy and review the previous cases. (Am J Dis Child130:1132-1133, 1976)
Molecular Machines and Targeted Molecular Dynamics: DNA in Motion

In this issue of Structure , Golosov et al. present molecular dynamics simulations that illuminate the process of DNA translocation by an A-family DNA polymerase. Several distinct phases are identified that have not been visualized through crystallographic studies.
Growth hormone improves immune function and survival in burned mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1

Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is often used clinically for the treatment of burned patients to promote wound healing and to improve protein metabolism. Recently, the immunomodulatory activity of GH has been described, but it remains unclear whether immune abnormalities associated with burn are improved by rhGH administration. To determine the immunoregulatory activities of rhGH in thermal injury, the survival of burned mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), along with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by splenic mononuclear cells (SMNCs), and generation of cytostatic macrophages in burned mice were examined after exogenous administration of rhGH. Data showed that the mortality after HSV-1 infection was improved in burned mice treated with a 4-mg/kg dose of rhGH every other day for five doses. Also, the decreased IFN-gamma response of SMNCs from burned mice improved with rhGH therapy. Further, cytostatic macrophages were generated in burned mice treated with rhGH, whereas these macrophages were not demonstrated in burned mice treated with saline. These results indicate that rhGH can improve immune function in burned mice, specifically improving survival in HSV-1 infection, boltering IFN-gamma production by SMNCs, and increasing production of cytostatic macrophages.