cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
StructHDP: automatic inference of number of clusters and population structure from admixed genotype data.

Motivation: Clustering of genotype data is an important way of understanding similarities and differences between populations. A summary of populations through clustering allows us to make inferences about the evolutionary history of the populations. Many methods have been proposed to perform clustering on multilocus genotype data. However, most of these methods do not directly address the question of how many clusters the data should be divided into and leave that choice to the user. Methods: We present StructHDP, which is a method for automatically inferring the number of clusters from genotype data in the presence of admixture. Our method is an extension of two existing methods, Structure and Structurama. Using a Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP), we model the presence of admixture of an unknown number of ancestral populations in a given sample of genotype data. We use a Gibbs sampler to perform inference on the resulting model and infer the ancestry proportions and the number of clusters that best explain the data. Results: To demonstrate our method, we simulated data from an island model using the neutral coalescent. Comparing the results of StructHDP with Structurama shows the utility of combining HDPs with the Structure model. We used StructHDP to analyze a dataset of 155 Taita thrush, Turdus helleri, which has been previously analyzed using Structure and Structurama. StructHDP correctly picks the optimal number of populations to cluster the data. The clustering based on the inferred ancestry proportions also agrees with that inferred using Structure for the optimal number of populations. We also analyzed data from 1048 individuals from the Human Genome Diversity project from 53 world populations. We found that the clusters obtained correspond with major geographical divisions of the world, which is in agreement with previous analyses of the dataset. Availability: StructHDP is written in C++. The code will be available for download at http://www.sailing.cs.cmu.edu/structhdp. Contact: ude.umc.sc@hsayus; ude.umc.sc@gnixpe
Young Students At Risk for Antisocial Behavior: The Utility of Academic and Social Skills Interventions

The effectiveness of academic and social skills interventions were compared using first-grade students identified by their classroom teachers as at risk for behavior problems. The aim of this study was to determine whether an academic or a social skills intervention would be more effective in increasing academic performance and social competence and in decreasing problem behavior. Academic, social, and behavioral outcome measures were examined using a mixed model design. None of the interaction terms was significant for any four dependent variables assessed. Findings pertaining to maintenance of effects indicated that, although improvements were not statistically significant, the improvements that did take place were maintained.Treatment acceptability ratings completed by student participants from each of the three intervention groups were favorable. Similarly, the majority of the teachers rated the interventions as highly acceptable. Logistical constraints of this study are examined, and direction for fu...
The Photographic Process

According to the French historian Potonniee,(1) photography is essentially a French discovery. Clearly many of the early developments took place in France, including the work of Joseph Nicephore Niepce as early as 1816 and of Louis J. M. Daguerre in 1839. On the other hand, Stenger(2) points out that it was a German, Johann Schulze, who was the first (1727) to produce temporary photographic images by wrapping a black paper stencil around a bottle containing silver nitrate. Although the darkening of silver salts was known long before, Schulze appears to be the first to credit the effects to light. Later, in 1777, the Swedish chemist Carl Scheele investigated the darkening of silver chloride at various wavelengths and showed that the compound decomposed with the loss of chlorine.
Effect of grain boundary character on segregation-induced structural transitions

Segregation-induced structural transitions in metallic grain boundaries are studied with hybrid atomistic Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics simulations using Cu-Zr as a model system, with a specific emphasis on understanding the effect of grain boundary character. With increasing global composition, the six grain boundary types chosen for this paper first form ordered complexions, with the local segregation pattern depending on the grain boundary core structure, then transform into disordered complexions when the grain boundary composition reaches a critical value that is temperature dependent. The tendency for this transition to a disordered interfacial structure consistently depends on the relative solute excess, instead of the grain boundary energy or misorientation angle. Grain boundaries with high relative solute excess go through gradual disordering transitions, whereas those with low relative solute excess remain ordered until high global Zr concentrations but then abruptly transform into thick disordered films. The results presented here provide a clear picture of the effect of interface character on both dopant segregation patterns and disordered intergranular film formation, showing that all grain boundaries are not equal when discussing complexion transitions.
Dental care of the pediatric cancer patient.

Although the rate for childhood cancer has remained relatively stable for the past 2 decades, there have been drastic declines in mortality due to early diagnosis and improvements in therapy. Now over 75% of children diagnosed with cancer survive more than 5 years. The pediatric dental professional plays an important role in the prevention, stabilization, and treatment of oral and dental problems that can compromise the child’s health and quality of life before, during, and after the cancer treatment. This manuscript discusses recommendations for the dental care of the pediatric oncology patient. (Pediatr Dent. 2004;26:53-57)
A reeb graph approach to tractography

We propose an efficient algorithm for discovering the high-level topological structure of a collection of 3-dimensional trajectories. Our algorithm computes a sparse graph representing the latent "bundling" and "unbundling" structure of the trajectory data. Our motivation stems from the emerging area of brain tractography, which aims to construct the connectome of human brain white matter fibers. These fibers can be inferred noninvasively using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diffusion scans of the brain interior and modeled abstractly as a set of time-independent geometric trajectories in a three-dimensional brain space. Real neuronal fiber pathways exhibit complex but natural bundling structures, which elude existing MRI reconstruction techniques, but are easily captured by our algorithm. We validate our algorithms both theoretically (uniqueness of the graph representation and provably efficient algorithms) and empirically (using both synthetic and real scanned brain data sets).
New Agents in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Multiple new agents are currently being developed in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Most of these agents are now being investigated in patients who have developed resistance to imatinib. Their mechanisms of action are diverse and many may be synergistic with imatinib. These agents will be used soon in different combinations, most likely including imatinib, with the hope of obtaining a complete blockade of the intracellular pathways that are triggered by Bcr-Abl. If this is successful, complete eradication of disease may become a reality for the majority of patients with CML.
Seismic Tunnel Detection at Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve

Summary We present the results of a seismic survey conducted within the Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve, located near Antioch California. We determined the location of two near-surface tunnels at this site using multiple surface wave-based tunnel detection methods: backscattering, 1D attenuation, and 2D attenuation tomography. These are advantageous over proposed void-detection methods, such as gravity, electrical resistivity, or body-wave diffraction because they produce large geophysical anomalies, are easy to interpret, and require minimal processing. Our results suggest that, when these used in conjunction, these methods are capable of detecting a tunnel buried within one wavelength of the surface.
N5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine cobalamin methyltransferase activity in chronic erythremic myelosis (Di Guglielmo syndrome).

SummaryActivity of N5-methyltetrahy-drofolate-homocysteine cobalamin methyl-transferase was determined in sonicates of bone marrow obtained from five patients with chronic erythremic myelosis (Di-Guglielmo syndrome), three patients with severe untreated pernicious anemia, and eight normal persons. In four of the five patients with chronic erythremic myelosis, enzymatic activity was higher than in normals, and addition of methylcobalamin did not affect enzymatic activity, suggesting that the enzyme exists as the holomethyltransfer-ase. Increasing essential substrates such as S-adenosylmethionine, homocysteine, and methyltetrahydrofolate to fourfold the level used in the standard assay did not affect enzymatic activity significantly. Increased activity of this enzyme in chronic erythremic myelosis may relate to the high proliferative capacity reflected by increased cell turnover and intramedullary cell death.
Evaluations of Engineering Uncertainty Repository

In the ideal world, everything can be modeled and manufactured precisely. Unfortunately, in the real world, it is impossible to make artifacts with exact dimensions and exact material properties. Current engineering education focuses on teaching engineering science with precise analytical relationships among input and output variables and various properties of materials. Variations of product performances due to manufacturing variations and unpredictable use environments, however, have not been sufficiently incorporated into engineering education. An Engineering Uncertainty Repository is currently being developed with an intention to enhance students’ uncertainty literacy and to assist instructors to incorporate uncertainty into their engineering courses. This paper presents (1) the ongoing development of the Engineering Uncertainty Repository, which includes a dedicated website and teaching materials, and (2) a plan to evaluate the effectiveness of the Engineering Uncertainty Repository.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
High-Risk Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement With Evolut-R CoreValve to Simultaneously Treat Severe Calcific Aortic Stenosis and a Large Aortic Root Pseudoaneurysm.

We present a case of an 81-year-old male patient with recurrent episodes of congestive heart failure. He has a medical history significant for end stage renal disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and severe aortic stenosis (peak/mean gradients 64/30 mm Hg, aortic valve area 0.6 cm2) with a recent
Integrated Solid State blue laser with Electro-Optic Scanner on LiTaO 3 Single Crystals

In this paper, we report the first succesful integration of a solid state blue laser and an electro-optic scanner on the same LiTaO3 wafer. Figure 1 shows the schematic of the integrated device. The first half (7.8 mm in length) of the device is a quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation device. It consists of a periodic domain inverted grating (Λ= 3.5 µm), phase-matching at λ= 2.Λ.[ne2ω- neω]= 829.7 nm, where ne is the extraordinary refractive index. An infrared beam (polarization along c axis) is focussed at the center of the SHG grating in the bulk of the crystal, with a microscope objective of~0.01 N. A.
Money and Banks in the American Political System: The Process Approaches Collapse

Unlike the response to a downturn in the business cycle that unfolds over months or years, the government's response to a financial crisis must be immediate to prevent a collapse of the entire system. No doubt, many people are hurt in an economic downturn. However, should a catastrophic failure in the banking system occur, individuals would lose access to their savings and retirement accounts, businesses would not be able to make payments or be paid by their customers, and the government would not be able to conduct its affairs. The aftereffects of policies implemented in a crisis are also more profound than those taken during the ordinary course of the business cycle. A crisis changes the margins around the legitimate use of government action. As a result, the government's response leads to the creation of new institutions, new powers for existing agencies, and new precedents for the future. Hence, this chapter considers the crisis of 2008 to situate it within patterns of conduct of American government in response to crises since the end of the Civil War. Although economic assessments have demonstrated that the excessive accumulation of debt is a common theme in the buildup to a range of financial crises, a particular institutional arrangement and political culture allow them to occur in the United States. Therefore, rather than providing the type of exhaustive review of the financial crisis of 2008 and government bailouts that are available from other excellent sources, we will explore the politics of the financial system by placing the events against the backdrop of the congressional calendar and bureaucratic politics more broadly. This chapter divides the events and the government's response to them into their immediate and medium-term phases. Each resulted in the passage of a major piece of legislation: one that forced a degree of democratic accountability on the government for the rescue, and another that altered the governing authority among agencies of the federal government and created a new one.
A Community Capitals Approach To Assessing Immigrant Access To Community Resources Within A Meatpacking Community

This research uses a community capitals framework to explore immigrant access to community resources and the influence this access has on community solidarity. The community capitals framework allowed the researcher to target common community resources within Marshalltown, Iowa, a meatpacking community that has experienced a high influx of Latino immigrants. Successful integration of new immigrants is predicated on the availability of tools such as bilingual interpreters, bilingual outreach materials, and flexible identification systems. As institutional practices influence Latino access to public institutions, providing such tools becomes a key strategy for local governments on how to better serve their community by planning better service delivery adapted to its growing diversity.
Ribosomal RNA Expression In CD34+ Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Inversely Correlates with Ribosomal DNA Methylation In Myelodysplastic Syndromes.

Abstract Abstract 1682 Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders of hematopoietic stem cells characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and, in the high risk setting, by progression to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The DNA hypomethylating agents, 5-azacytidine (5AC) and 5-aza-2'-deoxyazacytidine (DAC), are effective treatments for patients with MDS, increasing time to progression to AML and improving overall response rates and survival. Genome-wide DNA hypermethylation in MDS has been documented. However, promoter methylation signatures in MDS samples have not correlated with the clinical response to epigenetic drug therapies. Recently, attention has been drawn to the potential etiologic role of reduced expression of specific ribosomal proteins in del (5q) MDS, as well as in other bone marrow failure states. We therefore asked whether CD34+ cells from the bone marrow of MDS patients had reduced expression of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and whether this correlates with hypermethylation of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Using quantitative SYBR-Green RT-PCR, we found that rRNA expression was significantly reduced in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells from 15/29 MDS patients as compared to normal controls (p value Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Cytosolic DNA promotes signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation by TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to restrain STAT3 activity

Cytosolic DNA can elicit beneficial as well as undesirable immune responses. For example, viral or microbial DNA triggers cell-intrinsic immune responses to defend against infections, whereas aberrant cytosolic accumulation of self-DNA results in pathological conditions, such as autoimmunity. Given the importance of these DNA-provoked responses, a better understanding of their molecular mechanisms is needed. Cytosolic DNA engages stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to activate TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which subsequently phosphorylates the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to promote interferon expression. Recent studies have reported that additional transcription factors, including nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), are also activated by cytosolic DNA, suggesting that cytosolic DNA-induced gene expression is orchestrated by multiple factors. Here we show that cytosolic DNA activates STAT3, another member of the STAT family, via an autocrine mechanism involving interferon β (IFNβ) and IL-6. Additionally, we observed a novel cytosolic DNA-induced phosphorylation at serine 754 in the transactivation domain of STAT3. Upon cytosolic DNA stimulation, Ser754 is directly phosphorylated by TBK1 in a STING-dependent manner. Moreover, Ser754 phosphorylation inhibits cytosolic DNA-induced STAT3 transcriptional activity and selectively reduces STAT3 target genes that are up-regulated in response to cytosolic DNA. Taken together, our results suggest that cytosolic DNA-induced STAT3 activation via IFNβ and IL-6 is restrained by Ser754 phosphorylation of STAT3. Our findings reveal a new signaling axis downstream of the cytosolic DNA pathway and suggest potential interactions between innate immune responses and STAT3-driven oncogenic pathways.
Collective emission of matter-wave jets from driven Bose–Einstein condensates

Scattering is used to probe matter and its interactions in all areas of physics. In ultracold atomic gases, control over pairwise interactions enables us to investigate scattering in quantum many-body systems. Previous experiments on colliding Bose-Einstein condensates have revealed matter-wave interference, haloes of scattered atoms, four-wave mixing and correlations between counter-propagating pairs. However, a regime with strong stimulation of spontaneous collisions analogous to superradiance has proved elusive. In this regime, the collisions rapidly produce highly correlated states with macroscopic population. Here we find that runaway stimulated collisions in Bose-Einstein condensates with periodically modulated interaction strength cause the collective emission of matter-wave jets that resemble fireworks. Jets appear only above a threshold modulation amplitude and their correlations are invariant even when the number of ejected atoms grows exponentially. Hence, we show that the structures and atom occupancies of the jets stem from the quantum fluctuations of the condensate. Our findings demonstrate the conditions required for runaway stimulated collisions and reveal the quantum nature of matter-wave emission.
Evidence of Public Health Nursing Effectiveness: A Realist Review

Objectives The purpose of this realist review was to examine PHN interventions and their outcomes during the period preceding the Affordable Care Act (1990–2010), to determine what types of interventions demonstrated effectiveness, and whether these were related to target population or setting. Design and Sample The review focused on PHN interventions with data support documented over 20 years. A search of the published literature using CINHAL, PubMed, and ancestry methods resulted in 64 articles meeting the search criteria. The researchers reviewed each article for the relevant variables; achieved consensus for each variable; and summarized results using descriptive statistics. Results Documented PHN interventions targeted vulnerable populations. Interventions included health education, behavior change, and screening. There was evidence of effectiveness of PHN interventions in a number of studies; however, the study limitations and variety of intervention types make overall conclusions about PHN effectiveness challenging. Conclusions Despite the long history of PHN working in communities to promote and maintain the health of vulnerable populations, practice outcomes have not been well documented. Further work is needed to: strengthen the methods for documenting effectiveness of PHN practice; focus on promising PHN interventions via multisite studies; and translate evidence-based PHN interventions to practice settings.
Uncertainty Principle for Arbitrary Operators

The uncertainty principle was first given by Heisenberg and justified in a heuristic manner. The formulation in terms of standard deviations was derived by Weyl for the X,D case and by Robertson for the case of two arbitrary operators. The uncertainty principle involves the relationship of the standard deviation of two operators when calculated with the same state function. Since we are calculating the standard deviations with the same state function it is not surprising that there should be a relationship between the two standard deviations. But what is surprising is the form that the relationship takes and the fact that the commutator of the two operators appears in a fundamental way.
The Effects of Written Feedback On ESL Writers’ Ability To Edit Word Choice Errors

This study examines whether indirect written corrective feedback (CF) can enable 45 ESL writers with intermediate language proficiency to self-edit word choice errors classified as conceptual. Using a pre- and immediate post-test design, the study compares the effects of indirect CF under two conditions: errors are marked and coded without (1) and with metalinguistic explanation and (2) with two types of metalinguistic explanation: traditional and cognitive. Accuracy of word choice is measured in a new piece of writing. The results indicate that (1) CF with metalinguistic explanation is more useful than that without explanation (the control group) and (2) cognitive explanation (the cognitive group) appears to be significantly more effective than one drawn on the traditional account of language (the traditional group). The findings suggest that, when the CF attends to word choice errors as conceptual by addressing the mismatch between L2 forms and their conceptual content structured through cognitive frames and conceptual metaphors, ESL student writers are likely to make correct assumptions about syntagmatic connections of L2 words and correct more erroneous words in their L2 writing than when they are exposed to the feedback that approaches word choice errors as simply lexical and focuses on form-form mismatches.
Qué entendemos por desarrollo

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 48, 1995: 1013-1026
Wave Energy Converter Array Optimization: A Genetic Algorithm Approach and Minimum Separation Distance Study

Abstract With the need to integrate renewable energy sources into the current energy portfolio and the proximity of power consumers to ocean coastlines, it is important to evaluate marine energy systems, specifically wave energy converters (WECs), as potential solutions for meeting electricity needs. The ability to model these systems computationally is vital to their eventual deployment. The power development, economics, grid integration requirements, operations and maintenance requirements, and ecological impacts must be understood before these devices are physically installed. However, the research area of WEC array optimization is young, and the few available results of previously implemented optimization methods are preliminary. The purpose of this work is to introduce a new WEC array optimization framework to explore systems-level concerns, specifically WEC layout and device spacing. A genetic algorithm approach that utilizes an analytical hydrodynamic model and includes an array cost model is presented, and the resulting optimal layouts for a preliminary test case are discussed. This initial work is integral in providing an understanding of device layout and spacing and is a foundational starting point for subsequent and more advanced WEC array optimization research.
HIV Infection, Neurological Complications of

The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic has imposed a great burden of disease and death on the human population. The disease is due to a retrovirus that has multifaceted, although chronic, effects which affect not only the immune system most obviously but also the nervous system. The damage to the nervous system may be due to the effects of the virus itself, opportunistic infections (OIs), and medication neurotoxicity. The effects of the virus itself do not involve direct damage to the neurons or other neural elements, but rather cause a chronic and self-sustained inflammatory milieux in the brain. This is mediated by chronically activated macrophages and microglia, which secrete inflammatory cytokines and activating factors. Medications are available to suppress the virus, and have been spectacularly successful in preventing OIs and much of the encephalopathy, but do not completely prevent it.
Resection and Debridement of Chest-Wall Tumors and General Aspects of Reconstruction

The main criterion for adequate local control of a chest-wall malignancy remains wide excision. With the available techniques of skeletal and soft-tissue reconstruction, even large lesions can be resected with safe margins. The primary purpose is to achieve a curative resection, although a significant number of symptomatic patients can benefit from palliative resection provided by such procedures. A key element in the success in treating chest-wall tumors is a multidisciplinary approach by all participating physicians, namely the thoracic surgeon, the plastic and reconstructive surgeon, the radiotherapist, and the medical oncologist.
Invariance of Water Permeance through Size-Differentiated Graphene Oxide Laminates

Laminates made of graphene oxide nanosheets have been shown to exhibit high water permeance and salt rejection and, therefore, have generated immense interest from the scientific community due to t...
Molecular Networks and Complex Diseases

Many human diseases are based on a set of complex interactions among multiple genetic and environmental factors. Recent developments in biotechnology have enabled interrogation of the cell at various levels leading to many types of “omic” data that provide valuable information on these factors and their interactions. These data include (1) genomic data, which reveals possible genetic factors involved in disease, (2) transcriptomic data, which reveals changes in regulation of gene expression, and (3) proteomic data, which reveals irregularities in the amount of functional proteins in affected tissues. While these data are very useful in understanding differences between disease phenotypes, they provide information at the level of a single molecular type. To integrate these disparate data types, molecular network analysis is invaluable in uncovering the relations between disparate molecular targets and understanding disease development and progression at the systems level. This chapter provides an overview of current findings on the systems biology of human diseases in the context of molecular networks and outlines current computational approaches in network biology of human diseases.
Effect of four acid soils on root growth of white clover seedlings using a soil-on-agar procedure

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is widely distributed in the Appalachian region, except on highly acid soils. We used a procedure where a thin layer of soil is placed on top of solidified water agar to characterize effects of acid soil on seedling root growth. Our objectives were to evaluate the soil-on-agar technique by using four soils (non-limed and limed) with diverse chemical characteristics and to relate root emergence to the chemical properties of the soils. We used three white clover cultivars, ‘Grasslands Huia’, ‘Grasslands Tahora’ and ‘Sacramento’. Daily counts of root emergence from soil into agar were made for 12 d. Liming hastened white clover root emergence in three of the four soils. Days to 40% emergence were closely related (P < 0.01) to soil pH\(_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} \) and to species of soil solution Al that are associated with Al toxicity in dicotyledonous plants. The r2 values for the regression of days to 40% root emergence on \({\text{pH}}_{{\text{(H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O)}}} ,{\text{ Al}}^{{\text{3 + }}} ,{\text{ Al(OH)}}^{{\text{2 + }}} {\text{ and (Al}}^{{\text{3 + }}} {\text{ + Al(OH)}}^{{\text{2 + }}} {\text{ + Al(OH)}}_{\text{2}}^{\text{ + }} {\text{)}}\) were 0.95, 0.96, 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. Apparently, the primary factor responsible for delayed root emergence in the soil-on-agar procedure was Al toxicity. Because of the close relationship between root emergence and activity of toxic species of soil solution Al, we propose that the soil-on-agar technique should be useful for characterizing the response of many small-seeded species to Al.
Markov random field image motion estimation using mean field theory

Publisher Summary The estimation of a dense displacement field from image sequences is an ill-posed problem because the data supply may have insufficient information; constraints are needed to obtain a unique solution in such cases. In the problems expressed by Markov random fields, the solution lies in computing the configuration of variables which maximizes the probability distribution. The classical algorithm for this kind of problems is the simulated annealing, a stochastic procedure which converges statistically to the optimal solution, but presents a great computational complexity. To overcome this problem other techniques have been developed. One of these is the iterative conditional mode and the other is mean field approximation. The main advantages of Markov random field modeling of the displacement field are its capacity to regularize the motion vector field, smoothing it while preserving motion discontinuities, and its power to easily integrate information derived from gradient based and feature based motion constraints, obtained by the introduction of other fields in the model.
A distributed service registry for resource sharing among ad-hoc dynamic coalitions

In a dynamic coalition environment, it is essential to allow automatic sharing of resources among coalition members. The challenge is to facilitate such sharing while adhering to the security policies of each coalition. To accomplish this, a dynamic coalition-based access control (DCBAC) has been proposed earlier, where security policies enforced by each coalition member are published in a centralized coalition service registry (CSR). In this paper, we propose a distributed coalition service registry (DCSR) system. In the DCSR system, several service registry agents cooperate to provide controlled access to resources. Distribution of the registries results in improved availability, higher concurrency, better response times to user queries, and enhanced flexibility. We employ secure group multicasting to communicate among the DCSR agents. The paper outlines the DCSR system, the supported functionalities and its underlying infrastructure.
Deep Residual Network for Steganalysis of Digital Images

Steganography detectors built as deep convolutional neural networks have firmly established themselves as superior to the previous detection paradigm – classifiers based on rich media models. Existing network architectures, however, still contain elements designed by hand, such as fixed or constrained convolutional kernels, heuristic initialization of kernels, the thresholded linear unit that mimics truncation in rich models, quantization of feature maps, and awareness of JPEG phase. In this work, we describe a deep residual architecture designed to minimize the use of heuristics and externally enforced elements that is universal in the sense that it provides state-of-the-art detection accuracy for both spatial-domain and JPEG steganography. The key part of the proposed architecture is a significantly expanded front part of the detector that “computes noise residuals” in which pooling has been disabled to prevent suppression of the stego signal. Extensive experiments show the superior performance of this network with a significant improvement, especially in the JPEG domain. Further performance boost is observed by supplying the selection channel as a second channel.
Finance and Economic Development in the Very Long Run: A Review Essay

I review William N. Goetzmann's Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible. This magnificent book offers insightful coverage of more than 5,000 years of human history under the theme of "how finance made civilization possible." I reinterpret its main hypotheses in the context of recent economic research on finance and development, and also compare them with other economic historians' views. I suggest that further examinations of the historical facts in the book could guide us in rethinking financial regulation.
Multi-wavelength photoacoustic microscopy for detection of retinal vein occlusion during laser photocoagulation in rabbits

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) can be an effective imaging modality to visualize retinal vein occlusion during laserinduced photocoagulation on major retinal veins. Developments in the vessels could be observed before and after laser irradiation due to the change of the optical absorption spectrum of the target vessels. However, the suitable wavelength to achieve high contrast PAM images of occluded vessels is unclear. This study evaluates the effect of wavelength on PAM imaging to evaluate the photocoagulation lesions on the rabbit to optimize the wavelength for imaging. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) was created using a 532 nm millisecond pulse duration green light with concurrent intravenous administration of Rose Bengal (5 mg/kg) in New Zealand rabbits. Imaging was acquired by the PAM system at various wavelengths ranging from 520 nm to 590 nm. In addition, the thermal lesion was also confirmed using optical coherence tomography (OCT). A group of 20 retinal veins was irradiated for 0.5 s at a laser fluence of 850 W/cm2 (power = 150 mW, beam diameter = 75 μm). Twenty shots of the laser were applied to each major vein. PAM results showed that the thermal lesion was obviously visualized and exhibited lower contrast in comparison with untreated vessels posttreatment. Photoacoustic spectroscopy exhibited that the highest PA contrast of vessels treated with Rose Bengal laserinduced RVO occurred at a wavelength of 563, 570, and 578 nm, which was higher than the PA amplitude at lower and longer wavelengths respectively. The use of multi-wavelength PAM can provide a better method for visualization and evaluation of retinal vein occlusions.
How Much Cache is Enough? A Cache Behavior Analysis for Machine Learning GPU Architectures

Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) are highly parallel, power hungry devices with large numbers of transistors devoted to the cache hierarchy. Machine learning is a target application field of these devices, which take advantage of their high levels of parallelism to hide long latency memory access dependencies. Even though parallelism is the main source of performance in these devices, a large number of transistors is still devoted to the cache memory hierarchy. Upon detailed analysis, we measure the real impact of the cache hierarchy on the overall performance. Targeting Machine Learning applications, we observed that most of the successful cache accesses happen in a very reduced number of blocks.With this in mind, we propose a different cache configuration for the GPU, resulting in 25% of the leakage power consumption and 10% of the dynamic energy per access of the original cache configuration, with minimal impact on the overall performance.
Construcción de Sistema Hidropónico Flotante

Los aztecas maravillaron a los conquistadores espanoles con sus huertos flotantes, y hoy, 500 anos despues, usted puede impresionar a sus amigos y vecinos con el suyo. This 4-page fact sheet was written by J. Bosques, M. Sweat, R. Tyson, and R. Hochmuth, and published by the UF Department of Horticultural Sciences, January 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1210
Research on Security Detection and Response Technology of Edge IOT Agent Based on Behavior Analysis

Based on the design concept of service app, users can flexibly configure app according to business requirements to realize function customization. In order to realize the function customization, we should build the IOT management platform to manage and maintain the border green IOT agent. This paper discusses the interaction protocol between the IOT management platform and the edge green IOT agent, and verifies the function of the edge green IOT agent.
An Analysis of Twitter Responses to the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence

Previous research has shown that online social networks can provide valuable insights regarding collective human responses to extreme natural events, such as earthquakes. Most previous studies focused on one large earthquake, while the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes involved two significant earthquakes occurring within a short period of time (a M6.4 foreshock on July 4 and a M7.1 mainshock on July 5 in southern California). These earthquakes were the first time in more than a decade that the southern California region, with an estimated population of 15 million, felt light to moderate shaking over an extended period of time. This valuable opportunity allows us to study how people respond dynamically to such sequences of extreme events. We collected 510,579 tweets about the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes to answer the following research questions: (1) Which Twitter accounts were the major players? Did they behave differently and get different responses? (2) How did the publics' response change during these sequential earthquakes? and (3) Which earthquake-related rumors were disseminated on Twitter during the earthquake sequence, by whom, and at what time?
Social dilemmas and Internet congestion

Because the Internet is a public good and its numerous users are not charged in proportion to their use, it appears rational for individuals to consume bandwidth greedily while thinking that their actions have little effect on the overall performance of the Internet. Because every individual can reason this way, the whole Internet9s performance can degrade considerably, which makes everyone worse off. An analysis of the congestions created by such dilemmas predicts that they are intermittent in nature with definite statistical properties leading to short-lived spikes in congestion. Internet latencies were measured over a wide range of conditions and locations and were found to confirm these predictions, thus providing a possible microscopic mechanism for the observed intermittent congestions of the Internet.
Online predictive connected and automated eco-driving on signalized arterials considering traffic control devices and road geometry constraints under uncertain traffic conditions

Abstract For energy-efficient Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV) Eco-driving control on signalized arterials under uncertain traffic conditions, this paper explicitly considers traffic control devices (e.g., road markings, traffic signs, and traffic signals) and road geometry (e.g., road shapes, road boundaries, and road grades) constraints in a data-driven optimization-based Model Predictive Control (MPC) modeling framework. This modeling framework uses real-time vehicle driving and traffic signal data via Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications. In the MPC-based control model, this paper mathematically formulates location-based traffic control devices and road geometry constraints using the geographic information from High-Definition (HD) maps. The location-based traffic control devices and road geometry constraints have the potential to improve the safety, energy, efficiency, driving comfort, and robustness of connected and automated driving on real roads by considering interrupted flow facility locations and road geometry in the formulation. We predict a set of uncertain driving states for the preceding vehicles through an online learning-based driving dynamics prediction model. We then solve a constrained finite-horizon optimal control problem with the predicted driving states to obtain a set of Eco-driving references for the controlled vehicle. To obtain the optimal acceleration or deceleration commands for the controlled vehicle with the set of Eco-driving references, we formulate a Distributionally Robust Stochastic Optimization (DRSO) model (i.e., a special case of data-driven optimization models under moment bounds) with Distributionally Robust Chance Constraints (DRCC) with location-based traffic control devices and road geometry constraints. We design experiments to demonstrate the proposed model under different traffic conditions using real-world connected vehicle trajectory data and Signal Phasing and Timing (SPaT) data on a coordinated arterial with six actuated intersections on Fuller Road in Ann Arbor, Michigan from the Safety Pilot Model Deployment (SPMD) project.
The Influence of Using a Neomycin and Chlorobutanol Compound in Dry Cow Treatment on the Control of Mastitis

Dry treatment of about one-half of a 60-cow herd with a neomycin and chlorobutanol compound over a three-year period reduced the number of positive California Mastitis Test (CMT) scores. This effect was greatest during the first ten days after calving. Streptococcal infections were reduced but not staphylococcal infections. Dry treatment with the antibiotic compound reduced the risk that a cow would be culled because of mastitis.
Steps per Day and All-Cause Mortality in Middle-aged Adults in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.

Importance Steps per day is a meaningful metric for physical activity promotion in clinical and population settings. To guide promotion strategies of step goals, it is important to understand the association of steps with clinical end points, including mortality. Objective To estimate the association of steps per day with premature (age 41-65 years) all-cause mortality among Black and White men and women. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study was part of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Participants were aged 38 to 50 years and wore an accelerometer from 2005 to 2006. Participants were followed for a mean (SD) of 10.8 (0.9) years. Data were analyzed in 2020 and 2021. Exposure Daily steps volume, classified as low ( Main Outcomes and Measures All-cause mortality. Results A total of 2110 participants from the CARDIA study were included, with a mean (SD) age of 45.2 (3.6) years, 1205 (57.1%) women, 888 (42.1%) Black participants, and a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 9146 (7307-11 162) steps/d. During 22 845 person years of follow-up, 72 participants (3.4%) died. Using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, compared with participants in the low step group, there was significantly lower risk of mortality in the moderate (hazard ratio [HR], 0.28 [95% CI, 0.15-0.54]; risk difference [RD], 53 [95% CI, 27-78] events per 1000 people) and high (HR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.25-0.81]; RD, 41 [95% CI, 15-68] events per 1000 people) step groups. Compared with the low step group, moderate/high step rate was associated with reduced risk of mortality in Black participants (HR, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.14-0.63]) and in White participants (HR, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.17-0.81]). Similarly, compared with the low step group, moderate/high step rate was associated with reduce risk of mortality in women (HR, 0.28 [95% CI, 0.12-0.63]) and men (HR, 0.42 [95% CI, 0.20-0.88]). There was no significant association between peak 30-minute intensity (lowest vs highest tertile: HR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.54-1.77]) or time at 100 steps/min or more (lowest vs highest tertile: HR, 1.38 [95% CI, 0.73-2.61]) with risk of mortality. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that among Black and White men and women in middle adulthood, participants who took approximately 7000 steps/d or more experienced lower mortality rates compared with participants taking fewer than 7000 steps/d. There was no association of step intensity with mortality.
The commercial seed trade: an early disperser of weeds in the United States

Seeds, bulbs, and cuttings of exotic plant species, including plants cultivated exclusively as ornamentals, were being advertised for sale in printed circulars in the United States by 1800. By the end of the 19th century seed trade catalogs were prolific and often listed dozens of exotic species that were already naturalized in the U.S. or new introductions from foreign suppliers. Among the species routinely offered for sale were many now considered noxious (e.g.,Berberis vulgaris, Eichhornia crassipes, Isatis tinctoria) or at least undesirable (e.g.,Cannabis sativa, Eleusine indica, Lysimachia nummularia). This commerce was not only responsible for the introduction and spread of some species earlier than previously recognized (e.g.,Bryonia alba, Schinus terebinthifolius) but also caused the deliberate distribution of other species assumed to have been spread by accident alone (e.g.,Aegilops cylindrica, Bromus briziformis, Bromus mollis). Seedsmen’s introduction of substantial genetic variation through repeated introductions, inadvertent directional selection for local races in their gardens, their widespread use of seeds (compared to cuttings or non-fertile plant material), and the sowing of seeds at high density under cultivation all enhanced the opportunity for eventual naturalizations. The largely unrecognized proliferation of this industry in the 19th century and the ready access that consumers had to these species via mail order contributed to the rapid and extensive dissemination of at least 139 alien species throughout the United States.
2 Toward an economic theory of dysfunctional identity

We advance a novel choice-theoretic model of identity based on the notions of categories and narratives. Identity is conceived as a matter of "reflexive perception" - how people understand themselves. Choosing an identity is equivalent to making a generalization about one's past that highlights the most salient aspects of experience. When many individuals make a common choice in this regard, they embrace a collective identity which is dysfunctional if it is Pareto dominated by an alternative self-classificatory schema. Using a simple multi-stage risk sharing game, we explore conditions under which dysfunctional collective identities might be expected to emerge.
Non‐Expected Utility Theories

In this article nonexpected utility theories are reviewed, which focuses on four controversial axioms underlying Savage's subjective expected utility theory. For each axiom, we present practical concerns raised by each axiom along with Savage's defense of that axiom. We then discuss efforts to address these problems that are consistent with Savage's axioms (which we refer to as paradigm preserving) as well as efforts to address these problems that relax or violate Savage's axioms (which we refer to as paradigm shifting.) We conclude that this tension between paradigm-preserving versus paradigm-shifting approaches to address problems in Savage's formulation has been invaluable. Keywords: paradigm-preserving; paradigm-shifting; Savage's Sure-Thing Principle; common-consequence effect; Hamiltonian mechanics