cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telomere‐Specialized Retroelements in Drosophila: Adaptive Symbionts of the Genome, Neutral, or in Conflict?

Linear chromosomes shorten in every round of replication. In Drosophila, telomere-specialized long interspersed retrotransposable elements (LINEs) belonging to the jockey clade offset this shortening by forming head-to-tail arrays at Drosophila telomere ends. As such, these telomeric LINEs have been considered adaptive symbionts of the genome, protecting it from premature decay, particularly as Drosophila lacks a conventional telomerase holoenzyme. However, as reviewed here, recent work reveals a high degree of variation and turnover in the telomere-specialized LINE lineages across Drosophila. There appears to be no absolute requirement for LINE activity to maintain telomeres in flies, hence the suggestion that the telomere-specialized LINEs may instead be neutral or in conflict with the host, rather than adaptive.
OmpMemOpt: Optimized Memory Movement for Heterogeneous Computing

The fast development of acceleration architectures and applications has made heterogeneous computing the norm for high-performance computing. The cost of high volume data movement to the accelerators is an important bottleneck both in terms of application performance and developer productivity. Memory management is still a manual task performed tediously by expert programmers. In this paper, we develop a compiler analysis to automate memory management for heterogeneous computing. We propose an optimization framework that casts the problem of detection and removal of redundant data movements into a partial redundancy elimination (PRE) problem and applies the lazy code motion technique to optimize these data movements. We chose OpenMP as the underlying parallel programming model and implemented our optimization framework in the LLVM toolchain. We evaluated it with ten benchmarks and obtained a geometric speedup of 2.3\(\times \), and reduced on average 50% of the total bytes transferred between the host and GPU.
Macrophages Expressing GALC Improve Peripheral Krabbe Disease by a Mechanism Independent of Cross-Correction

Many therapies for lysosomal storage disorders relies on cross-correction of lysosomal enzymes. In globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), mutations in GALC cause psychosine accumulation, inducing demyelination, a neuroinflammatory “globoid” reaction and neurodegeneration. The efficiency of GALC cross-correction in vivo , the role of the GALC substrate galactosylceramide, and the origin of psychosine are poorly understood. Using a novel GLD model, we show that cross-correction does not occur efficiently in vivo , and that GALC-deficient Schwann cells autonomously produce psychosine. Furthermore, macrophages require GALC to degrade myelin, and GALC-deficient macrophages are transformed into globoid cells by exposure to galactosylceramide and consequently produce a more severe GLD phenotype. Finally, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients reduces globoid cells in nerves, suggesting that the phagocytic response of healthy macrophages, rather than cross-correction, contributes to the therapeutic effect. Thus, GLD may be caused by at least two mechanisms: psychosine-induced demyelination and secondary neuroinflammation from galactosylceramide storage in macrophages.
Rare disease patient matchmaking: development and outcomes of an internet case-finding strategy in the Undiagnosed Diseases Network

Although clinician, researcher, and patient resources for matchmaking exist, finding similar patients remains an obstacle for rare disease diagnosis. The goals of this study were to develop and test the effectiveness of an Internet case-finding strategy and identify factors associated with increased matching within a rare disease population. Public web pages were created for consented participants. Matches made, time to each inquiry and match, and outcomes were recorded and analyzed using descriptive statistics. A Poisson regression model was run to identify characteristics associated with matches. 385 participants were referred to the project and 158 had pages posted. 579 inquiries were received; 89.0% were from the general public and 24.7% resulted in a match. 81.6% of pages received at least one inquiry and 15.0% had at least one patient match. Primary symptom category of neurology, diagnosis, gene page, and photo were associated with increased matches (p ≤ 0.05). This Internet case-finding strategy was of interest to patients, families, and clinicians, and similar patients were identified using this approach. Extending matchmaking efforts to the general public resulted in matches and suggests including this population in matchmaking activities can improve identification of similar patients.
Comment on the paper “Physical characterization of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal and Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal” by Alexander Edgar, Justine Yang, Manuel Chavez, Michelle Yang & Dali Yang

Errors are noted in the construction of the binary phase diagram in the paper “Physical characterization of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal and Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal” by Alexander Edgar, Just...
Diffusion-Weighted and Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Applications in Skeletal Muscles

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been applied until fairly recently to the study of the brain microarchitecture. Muscle diffusion tensor imaging is still in its infancy but opens a whole new area of research in mapping microstructural organization. Diffusion arises from random motions from thermal energy; these random motions are referred to as "Brownian motion." MRI is the only modality that allows the noninvasive determination of diffusion (which is on the order of microns) and provides an excellent probe into tissue microarchitecture. Diffusion in biological tissue can be both hindered and have a preferential direction. In the latter case, diffusion is said to be anisotropic. In this chapter, we start with a brief discussion of the technical details of diffusion tensor image acquisition and the post-processing methods. The challenges of this complex modality can be appreciated from these technical details. Diffusion is measured at the macroscopic level but reflects micro-level structural organization. Diffusion models enable one to link the microarchitecture to the observed diffusion tensor; a brief discussion of the diffusion models is presented here. The potential to infer physiological status at a microscopic level from macroscopic measurements offers exciting possibilities for understanding muscle physiology and changes with disease. In order to apply this technique to detecting changes with normal progression or disease, it is important to establish normative values as well as the reproducibility of the technique. The summary of normal ranges and reproducibility of the diffusion indices is presented and confirms that the technique can monitor changes of the order of ~8 %. Several studies using DTI in disease condition are also presented to provide the range of application of diffusion tensor imaging. In addition to scalar indices of diffusion, DTI also enables muscle fiber tracking. Fiber tracking is the most challenging aspect of DTI and results from several groups are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of this method in extracting fiber architectural parameters in a way that was not possible till now.
Rapid recovery of Escherichia coli from estuarine water.

The efficiencies of two 24-hr elevated-temperature tests to recover Escherichia coli from estaurine water were compared simultaneously with the 72-hr standard methods procedure of the American Public Health Association (APHA). From 1,710 tubes, E. coli was recovered 222 times in lauryl tryptose medium incubated at 44 ± 0.2 C for 24 hr, 261 times in an experimental medium incubated at 44.5 ± 0.2 C for 24 hr, and 257 times by the 72-hr APHA method. The number of false positives enumerated was similar in all three tests. The data indicated that E. coli in raw seawater could be determined in 24 hr without a significant loss of accuracy.
Unusual characteristics of the dose-dependent uptake of propylthiouracil by thyroid gland in vivo. Effects of thyrotropin, iodide or phenobarbital pretreatment.

Abstract Dose dependency of propylthiouracil (PTU) uptake by the thyroid gland was investigated in intact, adult male rats after a single intraperitoneal dose of PTU. PTU pharmacokinetics in rat serum, liver and lung were independent of the size of this single dose of PTU. However, in the thyroid gland, PTU concentrations corrected for dose were disproportionately high at low doses. At low PTU doses, a transport mechanism contributes substantially to thyroidal PTU uptake, but at high PTU doses this transport system becomes saturated. Thus, at serum PTU concentrations of 5 μg/ml or above, thyroid to serum (T/S) PTU ratios are independent of PTU dose and serum concentration. Alteration in the functional status of the thyroid changed the relationship between serum and thyroidal PTU concentrations. Thyroxine administration prior to an intraperitoneal PTU dose of 5 mg/kg reduced ratios of T/S PTU concentrations. However, thyrotropic hormone (TSH) preadministration had little effect on early thyroidal PTU concentration, but appeared to exert an effect at later times. Chronic administration of either potassium iodide or phenobarbital prior to PTU increased T/S PTU ratios, again suggesting an effect of TSH on PTU metabolism in the thyroid.
The quality of healing: Articular cartilage

Articular cartilage lacks an intrinsic capacity for self-repair, and once damaged, it never heals. This creates an opportunity for surgical intervention, whether to stimulate a healing response that results in the formation of a lower-quality fibrocartilaginous scar or formal cartilage repair in the form of cartilage transplants. This article will review the nature of cartilage injury and discuss indications and techniques for repair.
Does pay affect productivity or react to it?: Examination of U.S. manufacturing

Abstract There may be a bi-directional relationship between wages and labor productivity. According to conventional theory, employers reward improvements in productivity by raising pay. It also has been argued that wage increases can provide an incentive to improve productivity. This study applies a technique by Geweke to identify the feedback between pay and productivity in U.S. manufacturing. For the 1949–1998 period, measures of directional feedback indicate that both “pay as reward” and “pay as incentive” behaviors have occurred, but the results vary across manufacturing subsectors.
Nonbolometric laser-induced voltage signals in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ thin films at room temperature

We report on detailed studies of laser-induced voltage signals observed in unbiased YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} thin films at room temperature. The induced signals are measured as a function of incident energy, bias current, light polarization, and wavelength. The observed signals are remarkable because of their magnitude, up to 2 V across 4 {Omega} at 30 mJ/cm{sup 2}, and because they represent potentials which are forbidden by the known crystal symmetry of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} if two obvious explanations, pyroelectricity and off-diagonal thermoelectricity, are considered. The signal proves to be independent of the polarization of light as well as its wavelength for {lambda}=1064, 532, and 355 nm. Our measurements provide strong evidence that the observed signals do not have a bolometric origin. The signal amplitude is proportional to the magnitude of the incident energy and not to its energy density. The time constant of the bolometric response, determined by applying a bias current, is different from that of the transient. The dependence of the time constant, {tau}{sub {ital s}}, of the transient on the film thickness is not unique. For films with thicknesses below 4000 A, {tau}{sub {ital s}} agrees with simulated thermal diffusion times. Thicker films appear tomore » show time constants independent of thickness, in contrast with predictions for thermal diffusion. Although the reflectivity is a symmetric function of the angle of incidence about the normal, the voltage signals are not.« less
Applications of CI microbalances

Electronic microbalances, manufactured by CI Electronics Ltd., are used by numerous researchers to study processes and phenomena which can be followed by changes in the sample masses. Less sensitive electronic millibalances are incorporated into integrated systems for the quality control of small and valuable items such as pharmaceutical products and diamonds. A further application of microbalances is the automatic water sorption analysis of samples by the gravimetric method with the CISorp. This integrated system records kinetic and isotherm data of the changes in the relative humidity, sample masses, and temperature and allows the study of physical and chemical properties of sample surfaces.
Multiple-counterexample guided iterative abstraction refinement: an industrial evaluation

In this paper, we describe a completely automated framework for iterative abstraction refinement that is fully integrated into a formal-verification environment. This environment consists of three basic software tools: Forecast, a BDD-based model checker, Thunder, a SAT-based bounded model checker, and MCE, a technology for multiple-counterexample analysis. In our framework, the initial abstraction is chosen relative to the property under verification. The abstraction is model checked by Forecast; in case of failure, a counter example is returned. Our framework includes an abstract counterexample analyzer module that applies techniques for bounded model checking to check whether the abstract counter example holds in the concrete model. If it does, it is extended to a concrete counter example. This important capability is provided as a separate tool that also addresses one of the major problems of verification by manual abstraction. If the counter example is spurious, we use a novel refinement heuristic based on MCE to guide the refinement. After the part of the abstract model to be refined is chosen, our refinement algorithm computes a new abstraction that includes as much logic as possible without adding too many new variables, therefore striking a balance between refining the abstraction and keeping its size manageable. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework on challenging Intel designs that were not amenable to BDD-based model-checking approaches.
Intelligent Tutoring for Ill-Defined Domains in Military Simulation-Based Training

This paper describes the role of simulation-based training in the military. Interviews and observations of military instructors in the damage control and shiphandling domains provide examples of how the instructors extend the student;s training beyond the well-defined simulated world with qualitative reasoning about context, hypothetical variants, and critical factors of the scenario. An intelligent tutoring system for a simulator can have a well-defined core area of domain knowledge, but to replicate more of the human instruction typically given in simulation-based training, the ITS should include a capability to deal with the ill-defined periphery of domain knowledge. Natural language interaction, including asking students open-ended questions about their performance, can help support tutoring of the ill-defined material.
An almost-bijective proof of an asymptotic property of partitions

Let &#120031;n be the set of all distinct ordered pairs (λ,λi), where λ is a partition of n and λi is a part size of λ. The primary result of this note is a combinatorial proof that the probability that, for a pair (λ,λi) chosen uniformly at random from &#120031; n, the multiplicity of λi in λ is 1 tends to 1/2 as n ➝ ∞. This is inspired by work of Corteel, Pittel, Savage, and Wilf (Random Structures and Algorithms 14 (1999), 185197). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007 Part of this work was carried out when the author was at the University of Pennsylvania. Partially supported by NSF grant DMS 0239996.
Revenue insurance purchase decisions of farmers

The objective of this study is to evaluate farm, household, and financial characteristics of cash grain farmers’ decisions of whether to purchase revenue insurance. Using farm-level data these characteristics were identified by estimating a logit model of revenue insurance purchase decisions by farm operators. Results indicate that farm operators with the ability to self-insure through accumulation of sufficient wealth reserves measured in terms of the ratio of debts-to-assets, operators with off-farm income, and participation in production and marketing contracts, are more likely to pursue these strategies as a substitute for federal revenue insurance programmes. Further, study finds that older and wealthy cash grain farmers are less likely to buy revenue insurance.
Association of Activated Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase with p120cbl in Antigen Receptor-ligated B Cells

A 120-kDa protein that is tyrosine-phosphorylated upon antigen receptor ligation in B lymphocytes has been identified as the product of the c-cbl protooncogene. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Cbl depends on the efficient association of membrane immunoglobulin heavy chains with the Ig alpha/beta heterodimer but is unimpaired in splenic B cells from the Xid mouse. Cross-linking of membrane IgM and membrane IgG, but not of CD40, leads to the tyrosine phosphorylation of Cbl. In receptor-ligated B lymphocytes, p120cbl associates with an 85-kDa protein that has been identified as the 85-kDa subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
Patterns of Pregnancy-Related Hypertension in Black and White Women

Objective. To determine whether the higher rate of preeclampsia previously reported in Black women is attributable to a higher rate of chronic hypertension in that group. Methods. Rates and severity of pregnancy-related hypertensive disease in Black and White women with and without chronic hypertension were reviewed from the medical records of our institution. Results. Of 1,355 records reviewed, evidence of hypertensive disease was noted in 101 singleton pregnancies. Hypertension during pregnancy occurred in 7.4% of Black and 7.4% of White women. Among women with hypertension in pregnancy but no chronic hypertension, Blacks were more likely to be diagnosed with preeclampsia (78 vs. 53%, p = 0.04) and more likely to have had systolic blood pressures >160 mmHg (43 vs. 17%, p = 0.01). However, the rates of severe preeclampsia were similar in Black and White women since Whites were more likely to be diagnosed with severe preeclampsia in the absence of very high systolic blood pressures. Black multiparous pati...
Situational influences on the choice criteria for hotels by leisure travelers.

This study compared consumers' hotel choice criteria in three distinct situations: (1) a traveler making a routine hotel choice, (2) a dissatisfied customer selecting a new hotel, and (3) a consumer in an unfamiliar environment with no experience with the local hotel offerings. Survey responses from 181 leisure travelers were used to determine the most important factors in each situation. Comparisons using paired 1-tests indicated significant differences between the choice criteria used in the three situations. The results suggest that market segmentation by situational factors may be beneficial to marketers in the hotel industry.
Joint Selection of On/Off Relay Mode and Adaptive Modulation Mode for Green Cooperative Multicast Networks

Increasing concerns about climate change are gen- erating significant interest among researchers in reducing the energy consumption of existing communication infrastructure. However, previous research into the efficiency of cooperative communication networks only considers throughput or energy consumption separately. In response, this paper explores the trade-off between these two important factors and proposes maximizing energy efficiency, defined as the ratio of throughput over energy consumption. Because recent research demonstrates that machine operations require more energy, we propose opti- mally switching off unnecessary relays, while efficiently exploiting adaptive modulation (AM) to ensure that all multicast users can be served simultaneously under a required bit error rate. However, finding the optimal on/off relay mode and AM mode is challenging due to numerous possibilities required to be carefully considered and examined. To address this issue, we design an energy efficiency-aware search algorithm (EESA) to find the optimal solution. Our simulation results demonstrate that EESA is able to effectively improve the energy efficiency in cooperative multicast networks.
Free vibration of elastically coupled dual-span curved beams

The free vibration response of dual-span extensional and inextensional circular curved beams constrained by an intermediate elastic support is studied. The elastic constraint consists of a transverse and rotational spring, as well as a tangential spring, which couples the extensional motion of one span with the other. Wave propagation techniques are used to formulate the eigenvalue problem, which result in exact eigensolutions. The effects of the support type and stiffness on the transverse and tangential modes are examined. In addition, the influence of the curvature on the free response of the extensional curved beam is also addressed. For certain support conditions, the extensional and inextensional curved beams have similar behavior. In general, however, the behavior of the system is shown to depend strongly on the type of support, the modeling of the beam as extensional or inextensional, and whether the natural frequencies are above or below the cut-off frequency.
Depomedroxyprogesterone Acetate for Hot Flashes

Abstract To evaluate the efficacy of a long-acting preparation of medroxyprogesterone acetate for hot flash management, 3 men receiving androgen ablation therapy for prostate cancer and 15 women with a history of breast cancer were treated as part of clinical practice with three biweekly intramuscular injections of 500 mg depomedroxyprogesterone. A review of hot flash diaries and patient charts were completed to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of these injections for managing hot flashes. Treatment was associated with an approximate 90% decrease in hot flashes (95% CI 82–97%). Daily hot flash frequency decreased from a mean of 10.9 on the first day of treatment (95% CI 8.0–13.8 hot flashes per day) to a mean of 1.1 hot flashes 6 weeks later (95% CI 0.5–1.8 hot flashes) and to a mean of 0.7 hot flashes 12 weeks following therapy initiation (95% CI 0.1–1.2). Improvement in the hot flashes remained for months after discontinuing the injections in many patients. Reported side effects were minimal. This experience suggests that treatment with depomedroxyprogesterone may be an effective and well-tolerated option for the treatment of hot flashes.
Experimental Congenital Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia Prevention of Adrenal Hyperplasia and Clitoral Hypertrophy by Corticosterone. ()

SummaryCorticosterone prevents the production of adrenal cortical hyperplasia and clitoral hypertrophy in rat gonadal female fetuses by a selective inhibitor of 3β-hy-droxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-enzyme), but does not affect the production of hy-pospadias in gonadal male fetuses. These findings suggest that clitoral hypertrophy results in female fetuses with deficient activity of the 3β-enzyme from excess an-drogenic steroidal precursors of adrenal origin produced in response to the block in adrenal corticoid biosynthesis; while hypospadias in male fetuses with deficient activity of the 3β-enzyme results from testicular secretion of androgenic steroidal products insufficient for normal penile differentiation.
Beta1‐adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and hypertension

Purpose We sought to elucidate the association between β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR) gene polymorphisms and hypertension (HTN). Methods We obtained BP and genetic samples from hypertensive (HT, defined as treated, or untreated with DBP>90 mmHg) Caucasians (C) and African Americans (AA) with a family history of HTN (defined as first degree relative diagnosed before age 65) and normotensive (NT) C and AA with no family history of HTN. β1AR codon 49 (Ser/Gly) and 389 (Arg/Gly) genotypes were determined by PCR and Pyrosequencing with haplotypes assigned. Allele, haplotype and diplotype frequencies were compared between NT and HT. BP was compared among NT subjects by genotype, haplotype and diplotype. Results A total of 462 patients were enrolled. Genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Allele, haplotype, and diplotype frequencies were similar between HT and NT (see Table 1Table 2), with separate analysis by race. We found no significant association between BP and haplotype, diplotype, or genotype in any of the NT groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that β1AR genotype and haplotype are not associated with HTN or BP among NT. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P61–P61; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.232 Table 1. Allele NT-C HT-C NT-AA HT-AA * p<0.01 vs NT-AA, ** p<0.001 vs HT-AA, † p=0.098 vs HT-AA. Gly49 0.11 0.09† 0.19 0.18 Gly389 0.25* 0.23** 0.42 0.49 Table 2. Haplotype NT-C HT-C NT-AA HT-AA Ser49/Arg389 0.64 0.67 0.39 0.34 Ser49/Gly389 0.25 0.24 0.42 0.48 Gly49/Arg389 0.11 0.09 0.19 0.18
Pattern Recognition with Adaptable Large Memory Phase-only Encoded Filters

Major limitations to the successful application of optical pattern recognition systems have usually been the memory requirements necessary for realistic tasks and the implementation of such optical memory techniques. Here, we have con-sidered the possibility of generating the NXN array of filters by using real-time computer generated holography where the Fourier transforms of the NXN reference image are produced in the computer. The NXN array of Fourier transform holograms are converted to phase-only encoded filters by utilizing the phase function of the Fourier transform elements of the array. The phase-only encoded NXN array is written onto a spatial light modulator for pattern recognition applications. Thus, a phase-only encoded correlator with high storage capacity is produced. An importamt feature of the proposed technique is the ability to update or change each element of the NXN filter array in real-time independent of the other members of the filter set. This feature does not exist in the previous large memory correlation techniques since the filters were stored on film and to change a member of the array required a new synthesis of the entire array. We shall study the performance of the proposed binary capacity correlator by determining the peak to sidelobe ratio and the bandwidth of the resulting correlation signals. The effects of phase-encoding and the finite space-bandwidth pro-duct of each element of the array will be studied. The effects of overlapping terms at the filter plane contributing to cross talk will also be investigated. Both binary phase-only encoding and continuous phase-only encoding are investigated and the results are compared to the multiplexed classical matched filters.
Economics as an explanation system: Comments on neoclassical, social and other economic theories

(1996). Economics as an explanation system: Comments on neoclassical, social and other economic theories. Forum for Social Economics: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 41-46.
Relationship between 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-induced cytoskeletal perturbations and cellular glutathione.

Exposure of 3T3 cells to micromolar doses of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, a substrate for glutathione-S-transferase, resulted in a rapid depletion of total cellular glutathione accompanied by disassembly of microtubules as visualized by fluorescence microscopy. However, prolonged incubation resulted in cellular recovery from 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene insult as evidenced by a steady rise in total cellular glutathione accompanied by microtubule reassembly to their normal organization 5 hours after treatment. To evaluate the role of total cellular glutathione in modulating the 1chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-induced cytoskeletal perturbation, we used 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and/or buthiomine sulfoximine, an effective irreversible inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, to manipulate cellular glutathione levels. Incubation of 3T3 cells with 2.5 μM 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and 250 μM buthiomine sulfoximine for 5 hours resulted in a complete depletion of total cellular glutathione accompanied by essentially complete loss of microtubules and marked alterations in the density and distribution pattern of microfilaments. Buthionine sulfoximine enhanced markedly the extent and duration of cellular glutathione depletion and the severity of microtubule disruption of 3T3 cells over the level achieved by 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene treatment alone. Furthermore, buthiomine sulfoximine also prevented the restoration of cellular glutathione content and microtubule reassembly that normally were evident 5 hours after 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene treatment. Exposure of 3T3 cells to 50 μM 2-cyclohexene-l-one, which depletes free glutathione by conjugation, resulted in a com
Sequence determination of the mumps virus HN gene

Abstract The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN) of mumps virus was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography and fragmented by the combined action of CNBr and trypsin. The resulting peptides were separated by HPLC and sequenced by automated Edman degradation. Using this HN-specific amino acid sequence data, a degenerated oligo-nucleotide was produced and subsequently used to screen a mumps virus cDNA library to isolate HN-specific clones. The complete nucleotide sequence of the HN gene was determined. The monocistronic HN mRNA is approximately 1900 nucleotides long and encodes a single open reading frame of 582 amino acids. The HN protein has a unique hydrophobic stretch of 19 amino acids at its N-terminus that apparently anchors the protein in the viral envelope. A comparison of the mumps virus HN protein sequence with the sequences of the other known paramyxovirus HNs indicates that mumps virus is most closely related to SV-5, followed in decreasing order by NDV, parainfluenza virus 3, and Sendai virus.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Value of exfoliative cytology in diagnosis

Cytologic examination is of potential value to the practicing ophthalmologist in confirming the clinical impression of cancer of the eye. Scrapings of conjunctival lesions can be prepared in the office, stained with Giemsa stain and rapidly examined. Carcinoma in situ and squamous cell carcinoma of the bulbar conjunctiva were presented as illustrations of the usefulness of exfoliative cytology in clinical ophthalmology.
An enzyme-immunoassay (ELISA) for the Sex Steroid-Binding Protein (SBP) of human serum☆

Abstract An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the Sex Steroid-Binding Protein of human serum (hSBP) has been developed using purified monospecific hSBP antibodies labelled with alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme assay is as sensitive as the radioimmunoassay and at least ten times more sensitive than the radioligand assay and the “rocket” immunoelectrophoresis assay. The standard criteria of precision and reproducibility are satisfied. The assay employs stable reagents, inexpensive equipment, and is applicable to routine determinations of serum hSBP in the clinical and research laboratory.
A STUDY ON SURVIVAL OF Staphylococcus aureus IN DARK AND MILK CHOCOLATE

Dark and milk chocolate bars were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus to establish an initial population of approximately 102, 104 and 106 cells per gram. Samples were stored at room temperature and examined for the survival of staphylococci at 2-day intervals for the first 6 days and every 8 days thereafter. When samples were inoculated with 102 cells per gram, absence of staphylococci was observed after 2-days in dark and 14 days of storage in milk chocolate. Bars with 104 cells per gram were free of cells after 38 days in dark and 86 days of storage in milk chocolate. Dark chocolate bars with 106 cells per gram, were staphylococci free after 86 days of storage; whereas the milk chocolate bars with same level of inoculation were shown to be staphylococci free after 110 days of storage
Hypertonicity-induced p38MAPK activation elicits recovery of corneal epithelial cell volume and layer integrity.

In hypertonicity-stressed (i.e., 600 mOsm) SV40-immortalized rabbit and human corneal epithelial cell layers (RCEC and HCEC, respectively), we characterized the relationship between time-dependent changes in translayer resistance, relative cell volume and modulation of MAPK superfamily activities. Sulforhodamine B permeability initially increased by 1.4- and 2-fold in RCEC and HCEC, respectively. Subsequently, recovery to its isotonic level only occurred in RCEC. Light scattering revealed that in RCEC 1) regulatory volume increase (RVI) extent was 20% greater; 2) RVI half-time was 2.5-fold shorter. However, inhibition of Na-K-2Cl cotransporter and Na/K-ATPase activity suppressed the RVI response more in HCEC. MAPK activity changes were as follows: 1) p38 was wave-like and faster as well as larger in RCEC than in HCEC (90- and 18-fold, respectively); 2) increases in SAPK/JNK activity were negligible in comparison to those of p38; 3) Erk1/2 activity declined to 30-40% of their basal values. SB203580, a specific p38 inhibitor, dose dependently suppressed the RVI responses in both cell lines. However, neither U0126, which inhibits MEK, the kinase upstream of Erk, nor SP600125, inhibitor of SAPK/JNK, had any effect on this response. Taken together, sufficient activation of the p38 limb of the MAPK superfamily during a hypertonic challenge is essential for maintaining epithelial cell volume and translayer resistance. On the other hand, Erk1/2 activity restoration seems to be dependent on cell volume recovery.
Particle number for a metal with magnetic impurities

Abstract We have shown that the change in the particle number for a metal with impurities described by the ordinary potential and exchange (s-d) scattering is the same as that for a metal with impurities described by the ordinary potential scattering with the phase shift modified by the strength of the exchange (s-d) interaction.
Implementing new RAM initiatives in Army Test And Evaluation

This paper describes the processes for implementing new Department of the Army (DA) reliability policy directives [1] issued by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology, or ASA(ALT). It highlights key points of the implementation guide [2] prepared by the U.S. Army Evaluation Center (AEC) and the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC). The implementation plan herein utilizes GEIA-STD-0009 [3] for developing contract language promoting reliability best practices. The Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity's (AMSAA's) new Reliability Program Scorecard [4] is used for performing early-on engineering evaluations of contractor reliability engineering activities. Note that both of these tools are outcomes of the Department of Defense (DoD) Reliability Improvement Working Group (RIWG) [5]. The implementation plan also addresses the Defense Science Board (DSB) recommendation [6] and the new DoD acquisition regulations [7] to establish Reliability Growth (RG) programs for developmental systems. Growth programs and associated planning curves are constructed via AMSAA's Planning Model based on Projection Methodology, hereafter referred to as PM2 [8, 9]. Finally, AMSAA's COnsumption, HOlding, Repair and Transportation (COHORT) cost model [10, 11] is utilized to identify life cycle cost impacts for systems that breach their established reliability thresholds.
Learning science in a first grade science activity: A Vygotskian perspective

The objectives of this article are to: (a) synthesize the key aspects of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning; and (b) interpret classroom vignettes and child interviews from a first-grade science activity in light of Vygotsky's theory. The key aspects of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory explored in terms of the teaching–learning process are: the social interactional nature of learning; the role of psychological and technical tools, the role of social interactions in mediating children's thought; and the interplay between everyday and scientific concepts. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed83:621–638, 1999.
The Selling of the Constitutional Convention: A History of News Coverage

Chapter 1 Preface Chapter 2 Short Titles and Symbols Chapter 3 Introduction Chapter 4 "We Are No Longer United States": Looking to the Convention Chapter 5 "The Collective Wisdom of the Continent": The Convention Opens Chapter 6 "We Expect Something Great": Projecting the Image of Unity Chapter 7 "Prepared To Receive With Respect": Selling the Unknown Chapter 8 "An Opposition Will Shew Itself": Anticipating the Constitution Chapter 9 Conclusion Chapter 10 Appendix 1: Short Title List for Newspapers and Magazines, 1787 Chapter 11 Appendix 2: Note on Methodology Chapter 12 Index
Effects of mitomycin C and porfiromycin on exponentially growing and plateau phase cultures.

. Laboratory studies and clinical trials are exploring the use of hypoxia-directed cytotoxic agents as adjuncts to radiotherapy. Because hypoxia and the microenviron-mental inadequacies associated with hypoxia in solid tumours inhibit cell proliferation, an essential requirement for the successful use of hypoxia-directed drugs in cancer therapy is that these drugs be toxic to quiescent tumour cells, as well as tumour cells progressing rapidly through the cell cycle. The experiments reported here compared the cytotoxicities of mitomycin C and porfiromycin to exponentially growing and plateau phase cultures of EMT6 mouse mammary tumour cells. The proliferative status of the cultures did not influence the cytotoxicity of mitomycin C under either aerobic or hypoxic conditions, or the cytotoxicity of porfiromycin in air. Exponentially growing cultures were slightly more sensitive than plateau phase cultures to porfiromycin in hypoxia, but the difference between the sensitivities of proliferating and quiescent cells was much smaller than the difference between aerobic and hypoxic cells. No evidence for repair of potentially lethal damage was found after treatment with porfiromycin in air or in hypoxia; this is in agreement with previous findings for mitomycin C. Mitomycin C and porfiromycin therefore exhibit the toxicity to quiescent cells needed for effective use as hypoxia-directed drugs for the treatment of solid tumours.
Collective Self-Esteem and Coping Strategies among Vietnamese American Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the collective self-esteem and coping strategies of Vietnamese American adolescents. Respondents were identified and recruited through the Union of Vietnamese Student Association of a large metropolitan city in California. A self-administered questionnaire, with parental consent, was given to 42 females and 36 males who attended a public high school. A significant positive correlation was found between collective self-esteem and instrumental support, and significant negative correlations were found between collective self-esteem and emotional support, disengagement, and venting. Implications for social work practice and policy were addressed.
Sex Difference in Lipid Content of Adrenal Glands in Mice

SummaryThe zona fasciculata and to some extent the zona glomerulosa of the adrenals of female STR/N mouse stained more intensely and uniformly for lipid with oil red O than those of the males. The female adrenal was considerably larger than that of the male although body weights of the male were larger than the female. The absolute amounts of total lipid, cholesterol and phospholipid in the adrenals in female mice were higher than in males. Eosinophil count of female mice was lower, but not significantly so, than male counts.
Generalization of EDF and LLF: Identifying All Optimal Online Algorithms for Minimizing Maximum Lateness

It is well known that the Earliest-Deadline-First (EDF) and the Least-Laxity-First (LLF) algorithms are optimal algorithms for the problem of preemptively scheduling jobs that arrive over time on a single machine to minimize the maximum lateness (1|rj,pmtn|Lmax ). It was not previously known what other online algorithms are optimal for this problem. As this problem is fundamental in machine scheduling, it deserves a thorough investigation. In this paper, the concept of compound laxity is introduced, and a complete characterization of all optimal online algorithms for this problem is derived.
Imagining Public Debate

Debating Human Genetics: Contemporary Issues in Public Policy and Ethics, by Alexandra Plows, London: Routledge, 2011, 238 pp., $51.95/£26.99 (paper). STS practitioners are living and working in an...
Chemical and biological characterization of oxo-eicosatetraenoic acids

Abstract Eicosatetraenoates (ETEs) with 5-oxo residues are known to induce neutrophil (PMN) Ca2+ transients and chemotaxis. We find that 5-oxoETE, 5-oxo-8-trans-ETE, 5-oxo-15-hydroxy-ETE, 5-hydroxy-15-oxoETE, 5,15-dioxoETE, and 5,15-dihydroxy-ETE have respective relative potencies of 10, 5, 3, 1, 0.2, 0.1, and 0.02 in: a) causing PMN to mobilize Ca2+, aggregate, and release small amounts of granula enzymes and b) promoting large degranulation and oxidative burst responses in PMN co-challenged with platelet-activating factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, or ATP. Contrastingly, 12(R)-hydroxy-ETE, 12(S)-hydroxy-ETE, and 12-oxoETE induced PMN Ca2+ transients and aggregation [respective potencies (5-Hydroxy-ETE = 1) of 0.1, 0.01, and 0.003] but did not effect degranulation, and 15-hydroxy-ETE, 15-oxoETE, and 15-oxo-11-trans-ETE were inactive in all assays. Finally, 5-oxo/hydroxy-ETEs desensitized PMN to themseves but not to 12-oxo/hydroxy-ETEs or leukotriene (LT)B4; 12-oxo/hydroxy-ETEs and LTB4 desensitized PMN to themselves and each other but not to 5-oxo/hydroxy-ETEs; 15-oxo/hydroxy-ETEs did not desensitize PMN; and a LTB4 receptor antagonist blocked responses to LTB4 and 12-oxo/hydroxy-ETEs but not to 5-oxo/hydroxy-ETEs. Thus, 5-oxo/hydroxy-ETEs act by a common, LTB4 receptor-independent mechanism that recognizes 5- but not 12- or 15-oxo/hydroxy-ETEs and prefers oxo over hydroxy residues at C5 whereas 12-oxo/hydroxy-ETEs act via a LTB4 receptor mechanism that recognizes 12- but not 5- or 15-oxo/hydroxy-ETEs and prefers hydroxy over oxo residues at C12.
Bleeding complications after transcutaneous kidney biopsy in patients with systemic amyloidosis: single-center experience in 101 patients.

Background Bleeding is one of the most common complications after kidney biopsy. Amyloidosis is thought to be 1 of the risk factors, but this has not been confirmed in a large study. We performed this study to assess the risk of bleeding after kidney biopsy in patients with amyloidosis. Study Design Retrospective study. Settings & Participants 101 patients with and 188 patients without amyloidosis undergoing outpatient percutaneous kidney biopsy at a major medical center in the absence of abnormal partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time international normalized ratio, or platelet count and/or uncontrolled hypertension. Predictor Clinical diagnosis of amyloidosis. Outcomes & Measurements Post–kidney biopsy bleeding confirmed by means of imaging. Bleeding was defined as major if it required blood transfusion, hospital admission, or other invasive procedures and minor if none of these interventions were needed. Results Post–kidney biopsy bleeding was observed in 9.9% of patients with amyloidosis and 10.6% of controls ( P = 0.8). Bleeding was major in 4% of patients with amyloidosis and 2.1% of controls ( P = 0.4). Three patients from each group required blood transfusions and selective renal angiography. All except 1 patient from the control group underwent embolization. Limitations Retrospective data analysis and overall low event rate did not allow for independent risk-factor analysis. Conclusions The present study suggests that in the absence of a hematostatic disorder and/or uncontrolled hypertension, bleeding risk during kidney biopsy is not increased in patients with systemic amyloidosis. Kidney biopsy can be performed safely using the same screening criteria as for patients without amyloidosis.
The elevated temperature compression creep behavior of a calcium-aluminosilicate (anorthite) glass ceramic

An experimental investigation of compression creep in a calcium-aluminosilicate glass ceramic revealed that the deformation can be expressed as [epsilon][alpha][sigma][sup 1]exp([minus]650 kJ mol[sup [minus]1]/RT), where [epsilon] is the steady state strain rate, [sigma] is the imposed stress, R is the gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. The high activation energy, a stress exponent of unity and microstructural observations indicate that creep deformation is enhanced by the presence of a liquid phase. The occurrence of significant cavitation at low strains suggests that the material is not likely to exhibit superplastic-like large elongations when tested in tension, although it exhibits Newtonian-viscous behavior.
Synthesis of aryl-heteroaryl ureas (AHUs) based on 4-aminoquinoline and their evaluation against the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R)

The insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) involved in all stages of the development and propagation of breast and other cancers. The inhibition of IGF-1R by small molecules remains a promising strategy to treat cancer. Herein, we explore SAR around previously characterized lead compound (1), which is an aryl-heteroaryl urea (AHU) consisting of 4-aminoquinaldine and a substituted aromatic ring system. A library of novel AHU compounds was prepared based on derivatives of the 4-aminoquinoline heterocycle (including various 2-substituted derivatives, and naphthyridines). The compounds were screened for in vitro inhibitory activity against IGF-1R, and several compounds with improved activity (3-5 microM) were identified. Furthermore, a computational docking study was performed, which identifies a fairly consistent lowest energy mode of binding for the more-active set of inhibitors in this series, while the less-active inhibitors do not adopt a consistent mode of binding.
Master-equation approach to the study of electronic transport in small semiconductor devices

Previously [J. Appl. Phys. 83, 270 (1998)] the Pauli master equation has been argued to constitute an equation suitable for the simulation of steady-state electron transport in semiconductor devices of length L smaller than the dephasing length ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ in the contacts. Here, the master equation is derived emphasizing the role played by the dissipative interactions of the Van Hove-type, by the Markov approximation, and by the Van Hove limit in establishing irreversibility. An extension of the method to realistic band structures is also presented. Finally, the approach is applied to simulate electron transport in a simple one-dimensional Si $\mathrm{nin}$ diode at 77 K.
W.E.B. Du Bois and the Encyclopedia Africana, 1909-63

In 1901, W.E.B. Du Bois, the African American intellectual and activist, conceived the idea of an encyclopedia Africana. He envisioned a scientific and comprehensive work on Africa and peoples of African descent that would refute the Enlightenment notion of blacks as devoid of civilization and the hallmarks of humanity. Du Bois stood in a tradition of earlier black works seeking to vindicate the race, but World War I and his move from academia to the NAACP postponed his efforts. In 1931, however, Du Bois participated in an encyclopedia project initiated by the Phelps-Stokes Fund. His writing during this period reveals his thinking about the nature and form a pan-African encyclopedia would take. Beset by rivalries and, primarily, lack of support from the established philanthropies, the project died. In 1960, shortly before his death, Du Bois was invited to Ghana to launch an encyclopedia. If any of these attempts had succeeded, the evolution of African and African American studies in the academy would have...