cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Starch synthesis in maize

As a result of the advance of research technology, the understanding of starch biosynthesis in endosperm has greatly increased in the last decade, but the knowledge is still incomplete. Advances and areas of uncertainty are discussed on the maize mutants associated with the synthesis of starch in endosperms that have been useful in elucidating the process. Overall, the emphasis will be on mutant genes that promise additional insights for the role of mutants known to affect starch synthesis and for those mutations in genes encoding enzymes that have important roles in the process. The goal is specifically a complete understanding of starch synthesis in maize. This understanding will also facilitate the design of transgenic plants that might produce unique starches and an increase in production with promise as raw materials for human need.
FACEBOOK, THE SPICE OF LIFE?

Facebook is both a social and commercial entity. The large revenues generated by Facebook’s context-based advertising system ($600 million in 2009), attest to the fact that people go to Facebook not just to socialize but also to learn about new products and services. When Facebook friends discuss commercial products, Facebook is providing the social platform for a commercial context. Since Facebook has features that expose people to new products, forms of entertainment, and social settings, it provides users with a great deal of variety of experience. The findings of this study show that feelings of satiation in one’s life motivate people to seek out variety on Facebook. Facebook’s ability to mediate this variety-seeking behavior is used to explain the dual nature of Facebook usage as both a commercial and social platform.
HIGH SPEED GENETIC TESTING TECHNOLOGY AND THE COMPUTERIZATION OF THE MEDICAL RECORD

The Human Genome Project—a three billion dollar, fifteen year effort to map and sequence the human genome1—was begun in 1990 and is presently estimated to be ahead of schedule. The base-pair by base-pair sequencing of the entire three billion bases of the human genome is within reach within the next five years. The phenomenal success of the project in meeting and surpassing its goals is largely due to advances in sequencing technologies and informatics. Indeed, the standard genomic sequencing technologies are largely automated and computer assisted (Gibbs, 1995). In addition, the analysis of raw genetic sequence, and its integration with maps of the various chromosomes is largely a project in informatics, the results of which are freely available over the World Wide Web. The purposes of this massive, industrial strength science project, are manifold. Besides providing the building blocks for answering questions about the ontogeny of the human organism, how the human species has diverged both from its evolutionary precursors as well as how individual races and ethnic groups have diverged genetically2, the Human Genome Project promises to revolutionize the practice of medicine and is already revolutionizing the strategies of biomedical research (Watson, 1992).3 It is this latter promise that is probably the most compelling reason that the United States Congress was willing to invest $200 million a year in this project.
Will the New Frederick Douglass Please Stand Up

This paper argues that the first-person narratives of human trafficking that have been published since 1991 should be considered as the reemergence of the slave narrative. The paper outlines the contours of the slave narrative’s revival, suggesting that the genre found fertile ground in the 1990s and 2000s through a confluence of diverse cultural forces – reinvigorated abolitionist advocacy, heightened public fluency in the discourses of slavery and rights, an expanded media terrain that encourages first-person testimony, and post-9/11 cultural anxieties. This environment promoted the development of survivor testimony that would act as “flesh and blood” examples of the largely hidden and illegible human rights violation of modern slavery. I argue that slave narrators face a crisis of legibility resulting from public skepticism regarding modern slavery, but that what emerges from the public requirements for evidence is a generic tendency against the voyeuristic demands for the bodily detail and toward narrative strategies of displacement that direct attention toward external authorities and experiences. The paper argues that the narrative conventions of the new slave narrative suggest revisions to our notion of the sentimental educations promoted by Rorty, Nussbaum, and others.
Can You Judge a Man by His Friends? - Enhancing Spammer Detection on the Twitter Microblogging Platform Using Friends and Followers

As online social networks acquire a larger user base, they also become more interesting targets for spammers. Spam can take very different forms on social web sites and can not always be detected by analyzing textual content. However, the platform’s social nature also offers new ways of approaching the spam problem. In this work we analyze a user’s friends and followers to gain information on him. Next, we evaluate them using different metrics to determine the amount of trust his peers give him. We use the Twitter microblogging platform for this case study.
Route Choice Models

We present alternative discrete choice models of route choice behavior in road networks. A route choice model has two components: 1. The generation of a choice set of alternative routes; and 2. The choice of route among the alternatives in the choice set. The route choice models used in traffic equilibrium tend to be very simple with implicit generation of very large path choice sets. The advent of Intelligent Transportation Systems has renewed the interest in modeling the effects of traffic information systems on route choice behavior. Developments in discrete choice methods have also led to the more sophisticated route choice models. We present results of a small sample route choice survey of MIT employees showing that only a small percentage of drivers select the minimum travel time, minimum distance or minimum generalized cost paths as calculated from the model of the road network. These results demonstrate that the usual deterministic route choice model can be rejected. We then focus on the formulation of probabilistic route choice models. We consider the problem of overlapping paths and the modified Logit solutions that have been developed: C-Logit and Path-Size Logit. We also consider applications to route choice of more general discrete choice models including Cross-Nested Logit, Probit and, ultimately, the Logit Kernel model, which is a flexible hybrid of Logit and Probit. The properties of the different models are examined using simple network examples. Finally, we present estimation results for the different choice models. The results show that the Logit Kernel model with a Path-Size term gives the best fit. The application of Probit and Logit Kernel models requires simulation. Among the closed-form models, the Cross-Nested Logit with a Path-Size term provides a slightly better fit then the Path-Size Logit. The Path-Size formulation appears to have significant explanatory power of the way travelers perceive the alternative paths in a road network.
The Black-White Gap in Non-Cognitive Skills among Elementary School Children

Using two nationally representative datasets, we find large differences between black and white children in teacher-reported measures of non-cognitive skills. We show that these differences likely understate true black-white skill gaps because of systematic variation across schools in what teacher reports measure. We pursue several approaches to addressing these reference biases, and in nearly all cases, the estimated gaps grow to roughly the same magnitude as analogous gaps in achievement test scores. Our results suggest that non-cognitive skills may play substantial roles in producing black-white disparities in adult outcomes, including earnings, educational attainment, and criminal conviction rates.
Visualization of the Malleability of the Rubber Core of Rubber Particles from Parthenium argentatum Gray and Other Rubber-Producing Species Under Extremely Cold Temperatures

Rubber particles from Parthenium argentatum Gray (guayule) were frozen in liquid nitrogen (−196°C), fractured, and visualized using cryo-scanning electron microscopy. We observed that the rubber polymer core of the rubber particles was still malleable at this extremely cold temperature, and the core stretched substantially during separation of the fracture planes. This malleability was observed in situ in tissue sections, as well as in purified rubber particles, and was found to be independent of purification procedure, guayule line, tissue age, or season. The malleability or stretching phenomenon suggests that P. argentatum rubber has some unique properties because rubber particles from Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg. and Ficus elastica Roxb. were brittle at this temperature, fractured cleanly, or showed only tiny threads of material pulling out of the core.
Supporting Student Conceptual Model Development of Complex Earth Systems Through the Use of Multiple Representations and Inquiry

Students organize scientific knowledge and reason about issues in the Earth sciences by manipulating internally-constructed mental models and socially-constructed, expressed, conceptual models. The...
Structural Properties and Cellular Expression of AfrLEA6, a Group 6 Late Embryogenesis Abundant Protein from Embryos of Artemia franciscana

Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) commonly found in anhydrobiotic organisms and are frequently correlated with desiccation tolerance. Herein we report new findings on AfrLEA6, a novel group 6 LEA protein from embryos of Artemia franciscana. Assessment of secondary structure in aqueous and dried states with circular dichroism (CD) reveals 89% random coil in the aqueous state, thus supporting classification of AfrLEA6 as an IDP. Removal of water from the protein by drying or exposure to trifluoroethanol (a chemical de-solvating agent) promotes a large gain in secondary structure of AfrLEA6, predominated by α-helix and exhibiting minimal β-sheet structure. We evaluated the impact of physiological concentrations (up to 400 mM) of the disaccharide trehalose on the folding of LEA proteins in solution. CD spectra for AfrLEA2, AfrLEA3m, and AfrLEA6 are unaffected by this organic solute noted for its ability to drive protein folding. AfrLEA6 exhibits its highest concentration in vivo during embryonic diapause, drops acutely at diapause termination, and then declines during development to undetectable values at the larval stage. Maximum cellular titer of AfrLEA6 was 10-fold lower than for AfrLEA2 or AfrLEA3, both group 3 LEA proteins. Acute termination of diapause with H2O2 (a far more effective terminator than desiccation in this Great Salt Lake, UT, population) fostered a rapid 38% decrease in AfrLEA6 content of embryos. While the ultimate mechanism of diapause termination is unknown, disruption of key macromolecules could initiate physiological signaling events necessary for resumption of development and metabolism.
The E\"{o}tv\"{o}s Paradox: The Enduring Significance of E\"{o}tv\"{o}s' Most Famous Paper

Following the death of Baron Lorand von Eotvos in 1919, his collaborators Desiderius Pekar and Eugen Fekete co-authored a paper in 1922 containing the results of a series of earlier experiments testing the identity of inertial and gravitational mass, the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP). Although the so-called "EPF" paper made no claim for any WEP violations, a subsequent 1986 reanalysis of the EPF paper revealed a pattern in their data suggesting the presence of a new ("fifth") force in nature. Although the EPF data, and the 1986 reanalysis of these data, present fairly compelling evidence for such a fifth force, many contemporary experiments have failed to detect its presence. Here we summarize the key elements of this "Eotvos paradox," and suggest some possible paths to a resolution. Along the way we also discuss the close relationship between Eotvos and Einstein, and consider how their respective contributions may have been influenced by the other's.
Implementation of dynamic coupling in hybrid Molecular Dynamics–Lattice Boltzmann approach: Modeling aggregation of amphiphiles

Abstract Amphiphile-based aggregates are extensively used in numerous applications for encapsulation, storage, transport and delivery of toxic, active molecules due to the structural properties of the aggregates. The properties of the aggregates in turn are dictated by the molecular architecture of the amphiphiles. A complete understanding of the multiscale architecture–structure–function relationship for amphiphile-based aggregates requires the simultaneous resolution of the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules along with an understanding of the role of various long range physical interactions including hydrodynamics. A multiscale computational approach such as the hybrid Molecular Dynamics–Lattice Boltzmann technique is able to fulfill most of those requirements. However, existing implementations only account for static coupling between the Molecular Dynamics technique and the Lattice Boltzmann method, and hence are unable to resolve the changes in the solvent-amphiphile interface during processes such as self-assembly and interfacial adsorption. In this study, a new implementation incorporating a dynamic coupling scheme between the Molecular Dynamics technique and the Lattice Boltzmann method is introduced so as to resolve dynamical changes in interfaces. The application of the new implementation to the self-assembly of phospholipids yields results which are in good agreement with computation, experiments and theory. In particular, we found the scaling exponent α of the cluster number (N(t) = C t α ) to be ∼ 1. Program summary Program Title: fix_lb_fluid_dynamic_coupling.cpp, fix_lb_fluid_dynamic_coupling.h Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/wr4mgv35j5.1 Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License 3 Programming language: C++ Journal Reference of previous version: Mackay, F. E., Ollila, S. T., & Denniston, C. (2013). Hydrodynamic forces implemented into LAMMPS through a lattice-Boltzmann fluid. Computer Physics Communications, 184(8), 2021-2031. Does the new version supersede the previous version? No. Reasons for new version: Enable dynamic coupling between Molecular Dynamics and Lattice Boltzmann. Summary of revisions: Determination of whether the number of neighbors for each Molecular Dynamics bead is above a predetermined threshold set by the user. If the number of neighbors is above the threshold, the Molecular Dynamics bead is decoupled from the Lattice Boltzmann grid. Nature of problem: Determination of the criteria and method for decoupling Molecular Dynamics beads from the Lattice Boltzmann grid. Solution method: The number of neighbors for each Molecular Dynamics bead which lie within the interaction potential cutoff distance is determined. If the number of neighbors is above a critical threshold, the reference Molecular Dynamics bead is decoupled from the Lattice Boltzmann grid.
Chapter 6 – Image Artifacts

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on several major artifacts that are caused by factors predominantly associated with the imaged object: magnetic field nonuniformity, fat/water chemical shift, flow, and motion. Magnetic resonance (MR) images degrade frequently by different artifacts that occur for a variety of reasons. The quality of MR images is often low because of the artifacts caused by heterogeneity of the main field, eddy currents, nonlinearity of imaging gradients, and other scanner-related problems. The frequency of occurrence and severity of these artifacts in MR images have been reduced significantly due to technical improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hardware. During MR imaging the magnetic field in the object can be nonuniform for various reasons including nonuniformity of the external magnetic field, presence of metal implants and spatial variations in magnetic susceptibility of the object. Magnetic field nonuniformity causes two major types of artifacts in MR images: geometric distortion and signal loss due to intravoxel dephasing. A chemical shift between fat and water causes two different types of artifacts: misregistration of fat or water in MR images; and visible reduction in image intensity as a result of destructive interference between the fat and water signals. Motion-related changes in the specimen during different phase-encoding cycles create a potential source of artifacts in MR images. Motion-induced artifacts, such as blurring and image ghosts represent a major problem in diagnostic MRI because they impede visualization of small structures in images. Several techniques used to reduce motion artifacts in MRI are also discussed in the chapter.
Constructing a U.S.-China Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific and Beyond

The Washington-Beijing rivalry of the early twentieth century was neither pre-ordained nor an aberration. It was constructed as domestic constituencies in each country were socialized toward confro...
PAC Bounds for Imitation and Model-based Batch Learning of Contextual Markov Decision Processes

We consider the problem of batch multi-task reinforcement learning with observed context descriptors, motivated by its application to personalized medical treatment. In particular, we study two general classes of learning algorithms: direct policy learning (DPL), an imitation-learning based approach which learns from expert trajectories, and model-based learning. First, we derive sample complexity bounds for DPL, and then show that model-based learning from expert actions can, even with a finite model class, be impossible. After relaxing the conditions under which the model-based approach is expected to learn by allowing for greater coverage of state-action space, we provide sample complexity bounds for model-based learning with finite model classes, showing that there exist model classes with sample complexity exponential in their statistical complexity. We then derive a sample complexity upper bound for model-based learning based on a measure of concentration of the data distribution. Our results give formal justification for imitation learning over model-based learning in this setting.
Understanding the cost savings of video visits in outpatient surgical clinics

Background Expansion of telehealth is a high-priority strategic initiative for many health systems. Surgical clinics' implementation of video visits has been identified as a way to improve patient and provider experience. However, whether using video visits can reduce the cost of an outpatient visit is unknown. Methods Prospective case study using time-driven activity-based costing at two outpatient surgical clinics at an academic institution. We conducted stakeholder interviews and in-person observations to map outpatient clinic flow and measure resource utilization of four key steps: check-in, vitals collection and rooming, clinician encounter, and check-out. Finally, we calculated the resource cost for each step using representative salary information to calculate total visit cost. Results Video visits did not systematically reduce the amount of time clinicians spent with patients. Mean [standard deviation (SD)] visit costs were as follows: traditional clinic visits, $26.84 ($10.13); physician-led video visits, $27.26 ($9.69); and physician assistant-led video visits, $9.86 ($2.76). There was no significant difference in the total cost associated with physician-led traditional clinic visits and video visits (P=0.89). However, physician assistant-led video visits were significantly lower cost than physician-led video visits (P<0.001). Conclusions Using physician-led video visits does not reduce the cost of outpatient surgical visits when compared to traditional clinic visits. However, the use of less expensive clinician resources for video visits (e.g., physician-assistants) may yield cost savings for clinics.
The Nineteenth Chapter

Now followeth in course the convenient praise of thanksgiving unto God for righteously condemning the blasphemous church of antichrist and for graciously avenging the innocent blood of his true servants. Here are two manner of peoples to be considered, of whom the one is sorrowful, the other rejoiceth, and all about one matter. The fall of this malignant church is to the one sort a discomfort, to the other an heavenly comfort. The kings, the merchants, and the ship-governors of the earth most dolorously lamenteth the destruction of their mad vanities. The unregarded or forsaken number of those simple souls that faithfully believed in Christ are highly glad of it for his glory’s sake. About this one decay cryeth the one sort ‘Woe, woe, woe!’, the other sort singing joyfully in their hearts unto God so oft-times ‘Hallelujah!’ So much differeth the one from the other, the children of darkness from the children of light, they that seek their own glory from them that seek the glory of God. Not unlike is John unto Haggai, Zechariah, and other holy prophets which both showed afore of the people’s return from the miserable captivity of the Babylonians, and also the re-edifying again of their new Jerusalem—for here hath he first showed the destruction and fall of the damnable whore, the spiritual Babylon, which many years hath greviously vexed the people of God, and now in this chapter their peaceable time in the Lord. Now are the precious vessels of God like to be restored into the temple, the great Belshazzar of Rome once overthrown. Now shall the sweet peace grow, the plenteous quiet increase, the pastures of the Lord wax fat, and the mighty verity of his word flow like a sweet-running flood.
Goal attainment scaling-community-based: A method to incorporate personalized outcomes into intervention research with youth and adults on the autism spectrum.

Given the wide heterogeneity in the autism population, one challenge for intervention studies is to identify outcome measures that have similar meaning across individuals. This is particularly pron...
Molecular simulation of natural gas transport and storage in shale rocks with heterogeneous nano-pore structures

Abstract Although natural gas is widely produced from shale, the mechanisms of natural gas transport in shale matrices remain poorly understood due to the complex chemical compounds of the matrices and the nanoscale pore size distribution. Using molecular simulations, we investigate natural gas transport and storage in nano-pore networks. Carbon-based 3-D pore networks are generated from 2-D scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of a shale rock using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation method. We employ a grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation to calculate adsorption isotherms of natural gas in carbon-based 3-D pore networks, which can be fit by a Langmuir isotherm model. To investigate gas transport in the same structures, we insert an external driving force into non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations and find that Knudsen diffusion is the dominant transport mechanism in the pore networks. Although porosity and pore connectivity affect the natural gas diffusion in the pore networks, we typically observe a linear relationship between average molar flow rate through a cross-sectional area and the external driving force.
Carbohydrates in cell surfaces.

Publisher Summary The carbohydrate components of cell surfaces occur in structures that are free to react with agents in the external environment of the cell, as in the antigenic reactions in which they are involved. Carbohydrates are well suited for formation of stereospecific structures. They are relatively rigid molecules in which there are many groups for hydrogen bonding and for lipophilic interaction. The shape of the molecule and the position of the reactive groups can be markedly different depending on the sugars involved, the hydroxyl position to which the nonreducing sugar is linked, and the α or β configuration of the glycosidic linkage. Glucose is rarely in the outer tier of sugars in glycoproteins or glycolipids. This is consonant with the recognition site hypothesis, because free glucose in the body fluids could otherwise inhibit recognition of specific binding or receptor sites. Sialoglycoproteins are generally poor antigens, and antibodies against glycoproteins are rarely directed toward the sialic acids, even though they are terminal sugars in glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of high-palladium dental alloys. Part I: behavior at open-circuit potential.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to study the in vitro corrosion of three representative high-palladium alloys and a gold–palladium alloy for comparison. The corrosion resistances (measured as the charge transfer resistance R CT from an equivalent circuit) of the high-palladium alloys and the gold–palladium alloy were comparable in simulated body fluid and oral environments, and under simulated dental plaque. The great similarity in corrosion behavior for the three high-palladium alloys is largely attributed to their substantial palladium content and passivity in the laboratory test media, and possibly to their similar structure at the submicron level. Differences in composition and microstructure at the micron level and greater, including the effects of heat treatment simulating the firing cycles for dental porcelain, do not have noteworthy effects on the in vitro corrosion of the three high-palladium alloys. Good accuracy and convenience of extracting corrosion characteristics from equivalent circuit modeling, along with the capability of providing intrinsic information about the corrosion mechanism, enable EIS to be an excellent alternative method to conventional potentiodynamic polarization for evaluating the corrosion behavior of noble dental alloys.
Achievement and Avoidance Games for Graphs

Consider the following games played on the complete graph Kp by two players called Alpha and Beta. First, Alpha colors one of the edges of Kp green, then Beta colors a different edge red, and so forth. A graph F with no isolated points is given. The first player who can complete the formation of F in his color is the winner. The minimum p for which Alpha can win regardless of the moves made by Beta is the achievement number of F. In the corresponding misere game, the player who first forms F in his color is the loser and the minimum p for which Beta can force Alpha to lose is the avoidance number of F. Several variations on these games are proposed, and partial results presented.
Transport of organic cations by a renal epithelial cell line (OK).

The goal of this study was to determine the mechanisms involved in the transport of the organic cation, tetraethylammonium (TEA), across the apical membrane of OK cells. [14C]TEA accumulated in OK cell monolayers reaching equilibrium in 2 h. The uptake of [14C]TEA at equilibrium was dependent upon temperature and was inhibited by sodium azide and by various organic cations, including N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), mepiperphenidol, and cimetidine but not by the organic anion, p-aminohippuric acid. The initial uptake of [14C]TEA was characterized by a saturable process. The mean +/- S.D. Km was 27.8 +/- 2.6 microM and the Vmax was 414 +/- 26.5 pmol/mg protein/min. Both an accelerated efflux and influx of [14C]TEA in the presence of a trans-gradient of unlabeled TEA and NMN was observed, whereas a deaccelerated influx and efflux was observed in the presence of a trans-gradient of mepiperphenidol. The mechanism of interaction between NMN and TEA was examined. NMN significantly increased the apparent Km (mean +/- S.D.) of TEA to 82.8 +/- 16.4 microM (p less than 0.001), whereas the Vmax (mean +/- S.D.) was only slightly affected (478 +/- 72 pmol/mg protein/min) suggesting a competitive inhibition. The stimulatory effect of trans-gradients of NMN on TEA transport was due to an increase in the Vmax of TEA suggesting that NMN trans-stimulates TEA transport by increasing the turnover rate of the exchanger. In the presence of an inwardly directed proton gradient, the efflux at 30 s of [14C]TEA from the OK cell monolayers was significantly accelerated (p less than 0.05). Studies with the pH-sensitive fluorescent probe, 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein, suggested that TEA could drive the countertransport of protons. In apical membrane vesicles prepared from OK cells, the uptake of [3H]NMN exhibited an apparent "overshoot phenomenon" in the presence of an initial outwardly directed proton gradient. Protons competitively inhibited TEA uptake suggesting that the proton/organic cation and the organic cation/organic cation self exchange mechanism are the same mechanism. This is the first report describing both TEA self-exchange and proton/TEA exchange in the apical membrane of a continuous cell line. OK cells are an excellent model for the study of organic cation transport across the apical membrane.
Judicial Review of Congress Before the Civil War

There is a standard story about the exercise of the power of judicial review by the U.S. Supreme Court before the Civil War. In this story, judicial review of Congress was exceptional and idiosyncratic, with Marbury and Dred Scott and little else. The standard story is wrong. This paper shows that the U.S. Supreme Court was more active in exercising the power to interpret the Constitution and limit the legislative authority of Congress than is conventionally recognized. In doing so, Court made itself available as a forum for resolving constitutional disputes and enforcing constitutional limits in low salience cases in the course of ordinary litigation, establishing judicial review of Congress as a regular if politically minor feature of the constitutional system. Uncovering this history not only corrects the historical records, but it contributes to our understanding of the politics of judicial review and the ways in which the Court often acts in partnership with political leaders.
A pilot study to investigate the effect of plate size on meal energy intake in normal weight and overweight/obese women.

Background: Smaller plates are often recommended as a strategy for controlling energy intake; however, the effect of plate size on meal energy intake in normal weight compared to overweight or obese individuals is not known. The present study aimed to investigate this further. Methods: Ten normal weight [mean (SD) body mass index, 21.7 (2.0) kg m−2] and 10 overweight or obese [31.7 (3.6) kg m−2] women attended a metabolic laboratory on two separate days for lunch. In this cross-over study, subjects were randomly assigned to eat lunch using either a small (21.6 cm) or a large (27.4 cm) plate. Each subject self-served spaghetti mixed with tomato sauce from an individual serving bowl onto the assigned plate, and ate until satisfied. The meal was consumed alone at a private table. During the second study day, each subject underwent the same procedure but used the alternate size plate. The amount eaten and energy consumed were calculated and a mixed effects analysis of variance model was used to compare energy intakes. Results: Energy intakes using the small and large plate were 1356 (515) and 1365 (393) kJ, respectively, in normal weight subjects and 1314 (632) and 1226 (431) kJ, respectively, in overweight/obese subjects. Neither plate size, nor plate size by weight status significantly affected meal energy intake. There was no plate size by weight status effect on ratings of palatability, hunger, satiety, fullness or prospective consumption. Conclusions: Plate size did not affect energy intake from a single meal in either the normal weight or overweight/obese subjects.
A software design method for real-time systems

DARTS—a design method for real-time systems—leads to a highly structured modular system with well-defined interfaces and reduced coupling between tasks.
Mortality from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in England-Wales and the U.S. from 1950 to 1983.

As the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease remains unknown, studies of its time trends may provide clues to understanding the underlying mechanisms. This study examines mortality from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in England and Wales and the U.S. during the period 1950 to 1983. Mortality from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis changed in both countries similarly. The death rates from Crohn's disease increased until 1970 to 1974 and decreased thereafter. The death rates from ulcerative colitis decreased throughout the observation period. Similar time trends occurred in men and women, and in the U.S. in whites and nonwhites. In the U.S., the death rates from both diseases were twofold higher in whites than nonwhites. The temporal changes suggest that mortality from inflammatory bowel disease is affected by exogenous factors and that these factors are different for Crohn's disease than for ulcerative colitis. These factors seem to have changed similarly in England and in the U.S.
Contraceptive use among adolescent mothers at 6 months postpartum

Objective To assess patterns and predictors of reliable and unreliable contraceptive use among adolescent mothers in the first 6 months following delivery. Methods We surveyed 462 women, 18 years of age or younger, at delivery and again at 6 months postpartum. Contraceptive behaviors were evaluated among the 359 adolescents who stated they were sexually active and not trying to conceive. Results Method discontinuation and switching were common during the 6-month interval. Only 100 of 189 adolescents (53%) initially prescribed oral contraceptives were still using this method 6 months after delivery; ten of these 100 stated that they had missed at least three pills in the last cycle. Twelve (10%) of the 115 adolescents who initiated depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate failed to obtain a second injection within 4 months of the initial injection or use an alternative method. In contrast, nine of the ten women who received levonorgestrel implants were still using this method 6 months after delivery. Overall, 76% of the sample reported using reliable contraception at last intercourse. Multivariate analyses identified seven factors as predictive of reliable contraceptive use: school enrollment, not having failed a grade in school, adequate support, belief that pregnancy is likely without birth control, attendance at postpartum visit, prior abortion, and the adolescent's desire to wait at least 2 years before having another child. Conclusion Interventions designed to reduce rapid repeat pregnancy during the adolescent years should address emotional, financial, and educational, as well as contraceptive, needs.
Direct phase measurement interferometer working at 3.8 Mum.

A direct phase measurement interferometer designed and constructed to operate at a 3.8-μm wavelength is described. The interferometer uses a deuterium fluoride laser as the light source, zinc selenide transmitting optics, and a 32- × 64-element PtSi infrared CCD detector array with digital processing electronics and a graphics display on a desktop microcomputer. The instrument, which is useful for measuring a figure error caused by thickness variations in dielectric coatings applied to infrared optics, gives a wave front measurement repeatability of <λ/50 rms.
Optimal renewable energy farm and energy storage sizing method for future hybrid power system

This paper proposes a novel optimization method for sizing a renewable energy farm consisting of batteries and ultra-capacitors in a hybrid power system. The combination of ultra-capacitors with batteries is an emerging practice in advanced power electronic systems and a superior configuration scheme is crucial to deploy them effectively with the high penetration of renewable energy sources and critical loads in future power systems. The proposed sizing method fully utilizes the energy generated from the renewable energy farm and limits power fluctuation within the utility grid, improving grid stability and reducing construction and maintenance costs. This two-step optimization process appropriately sizes the renewable energy farm and the energy storage system by using a genetic algorithm (GA). Regional historical data of the solar irradiance, wind speed, and local load profile of Key West, Florida is used to establish the first cost function for optimizing the combination of PV and wind power based on the entire year's daily energy difference between the renewable energy farm and twenty percent of the local load. With the optimized renewable energy farm size, a second cost function is designed to get the optimal combination of battery and ultra-capacitor sizes to smooth the impact caused by the renewable energy farm. A case study of a hybrid power system located in Key West, Florida is presented to verify the advantages of the proposed optimal sizing method.
Neutron Total Cross Sections on Nuclei from 30 to 270 GeV/ c

We present results of measurements of the total cross section for neutrons on a variety of nuclei in the momentum range 30 to 270 GeV/c. The measurements were made with the standard transmission technique and have a typical accuracy \ensuremath{\sim}1%. The cross sections are compared with theoretical predictions. It is found that a correction for inelastic screening in the nucleus is required. The cross sections are found to vary as ${A}^{0.77}$ over the entire energy range.
Eukaryotic replication origins as promoters of bidirectional DNA synthesis

Abstract Recent work in yeast shows that eukaryotic origins of DNA replication are multipartite regulatory elements resembling promoters of transcription. As for the regulation of transcription, accessory transcription factors appear to function in concert with basic origin recognition factors to regulate of DNA replication at specific subsets of origins. The participation of transcription factors in the regulation of DNA replication may facilitate temporal control of transcription and replication during the cell cycle, as well as providing a mechanism for integrating origin selection with the cellular transcriptional program.
CHANGES IN INDIAN INDUSTRIAL LOCATION1

THE purpose of this paper is to analyze the pattern of industrial expansion in the major Indian manufacturing regions and to describe changes in the locational pattern of six principal industries during the last decade. For instance, between 1950 and 1960 what manufacturing regions of India experienced growth? Did all industrial regions expand at the same rate, or did some lag behind? In those regions where growth occurred, did all types of industry expand at a comparable rate or did some outstrip others? An attempt will be made to answer these questions by means of maps and tables based on published official employment data2 and materials collected during field study in India. The study involves a comparison, on a district basis, of the number of persons employed in manufacturing in 1950 with the persons employed in 1960. The year 1950 preceded the launching of India's first Five Year Plan of economic development, and 1960 is the latest year for which industrial em-
The relation between gastroesophageal reflux disease and esophageal and head and neck cancers: a critical appraisal of epidemiologic literature

The prevalence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased substantially in the United States. Studies demonstrate that certain preexisting conditions place persons at an increased risk for developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and of the head and neck. Such conditions include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett's esophagus (BE). The degree to which these conditions increase the risk is variable. This article critically evaluates data on the relationships between GERD and esophageal adenocarcinoma, between BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma, and between GERD and cancers of the head and neck.
Synthesis of [18F]3-[1-(3-fluoropropyl)-(S)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethoxy]pyridine ([18F]NicFP): a potential α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor radioligand for PET

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are widely distributed throughout the human brain and are believed to play a role in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. In order to identify an effective PET radioligand for in vivo assessment of the α4β2 subtype of nicotinic receptor, we synthesized [18F]3-[1-(3-fluoropropyl)-(S)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethoxy]pyridine (NicFP). The in vitro KD of NicFP was determined to be 1.1 nM, and the log P value obtained by HPLC analysis of the unlabelled standard was found to be 2.2. The radiosynthesis of [18F]NicFP was carried out by a nucleophilic substitution reaction of anhydrous [18F]fluoride and the corresponding mesylate precursor. After purification by HPLC, the radiochemical yield was determined to be 11.3±2.1% and the specific activity was 0.47±0.18 Ci/μmol (EOS, n = 3). The time of synthesis and purification was 99±2 min. The final product was prepared as a sterile saline solution suitable for in vivo use. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-pressure liquid chromatography of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of cigarette smoke condensate

Abstract Reverse-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) on Permaphase ODS and ETH was applied to the fractions of cigarette smoke condensate containing polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). A PAH-enriched fraction was first separated by gel filtration, and selected fractions were subjected to h.p.l.c. Although standard PAH could be easily separated on Permaphase ODS, results with smoke condensate were unsatisfactory. Better results were obtained with Permaphase ETH, which gave sufficient resolution for identification. PAH identification was aided by means of a stop-flow technique and measurement of the u.v. spectra of eluting peaks. Benzo(a)pyrene in the smoke condensate could be determined. However, for resolution of the PAH in smoke condensates, the total overall performance of h.p.l.c. was judged inferior to that of gas chromatography.
Do People Make Environments or Do Environments Make People

: This article discusses the influence of people's genetic make-up on their mental states of happiness and depression. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, great fortune does not guarantee happiness; neither does great misfortune assure depression. Emotional states are surprisingly immune to “objective” social circumstances. A biological basis for this relative immunity is that people possess biological set points for these emotional states, rendering the effects of most life events transitory. Genotypes also have indirect effects. People react differently to psychological stressors depending on their genotypes. A susceptible person may succumb to depression, whereas a resilient person may remain unaffected. People also expose themselves to different social environments. Exposure to controllable life events is partly a result of genetic predispositions. Consilience requires that this biological individuality be considered in any understanding of human behavior, including the pursuit of happiness.
InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMTs with high breakdown voltages using double-recess gate process

The DC and RF performance of InAlAs/InGaAs/InP HEMTs fabricated using a double-recess gate process are reported. A gate-drain breakdown voltage as high as 16 V was observed. The HEMTs also exhibited a high sourcedrain breakdown voltage near pinchoff of 16 V and a low RF output conductance of 6mS/mm. For a 1.4 μm gate length, an intrinsic transconductance of 560 mS/mm and fr and fmax values of 16 and 40 GHz, respectively, were achieved.
On the mechanisms and mechanics of fracture toughness of a V–4Cr–4Ti alloy

Abstract Effects of irradiation and crossrolling on fracture toughness–temperature curves of the program heat of the V–4Cr–4Ti were evaluated. The alloy undergoes normal stress controlled cleavage fracture at low temperatures and ductile tearing fracture at higher temperature. It appears that crossrolling lowers the cleavage transition temperature. A critical stress–critical-stressed area cleavage criterion is used to model toughness–temperature curves in the cleavage transition, including the effect of specimen size. Irradiation induced increases in the transition temperature are accurately predicted by an equivalent yield stress model. Ductile tearing toughness is also degraded by irradiation, correlating with reduced uniform strains measured in tensile tests. Large cleavage transition temperature shifts and ductile toughness decreases may limit the application of V–4Cr–4Ti alloys for service in low-to-intermediate temperature irradiation environments.
Multicultural Long-Term Care Nurses' Perceptions of Factors Influencing Patient Dignity at the End of Life

The goal of this mixed-methods study was to characterize the perceptions of multicultural long-term care nurses about patient dignity at the end-of-life (EOL). The study was conducted in a large, urban, long-term care (LTC) facility. Participants were 45 long-term care nurses and 26 terminally ill nursing home residents. Nurses completed an open-ended interview about their perceptions of the concept of dying with dignity, and the data were analyzed using grounded theory methods. Main themes identified as promoting resident dignity at the EOL included treating them with respect, helping them prepare for the EOL, promoting shared decision-making, and providing high-quality care. The nurses' cultural and religious backgrounds influenced their perceptions of what constitutes dignity-conserving care. Foreign-born nurses stressed the need for EOL rituals, but this was strikingly absent in the statements of U.S.-born nurses. Foreign-born Catholic nurses stated that the dying experience should not be altered using analgesics to relieve suffering or by attempts to hasten death by forgoing curative therapy or by other means. Nurses and terminally ill individuals completed the Dignity Card-sort Tool (DCT). A comparison of the DCT responses of the LTC nurses cohort with those of the terminally ill participants revealed that the nurses felt patient dignity was eroded when patient wishes were not followed and when they were treated without respect. In contrast, dying LTC residents felt that poor medical care and loss of ability to choose care options were the most important factors leading to erosion of dignity.
Resource and power costs in dynamic spectrum allocation

We consider a network setting, where a single service provider (SP) provides wireless data services to a group of users in the downlink. The transmission model is similar to OFDMA and thus the SP allocates spectrum to the users. The SP transmits at specific power spectral density. A user applications are characterized by its received rate which is a function of the allocated spectrum, its link gain to the SP and the transmit power spectral density. The SP obtains the net spectrum requested by all the users from a central clearinghouse. The SP charges the users a two part tariff consisting of a fixed subscription fee and variable usage cost and pays the clearinghouse a spectrum cost. The SP also incurs a cost proportional to the power it transmits to all the users. We model this allocation scheme and characterize the trade-off between transmit power spectral density and net spectrum purchased by the SP as a function of the spectrum and power costs for different classes of concave user utilities.