cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development of point-of-use water filters as sampling devices in bioforensics: extent of microbial sorption and elution.

The foundational idea for this project is that household faucet-mounted water filters may be used as bioforensic sampling devices to detect the extent of a potential bioagent release in domestic water supplies. An optimized eluent solution was determined experimentally by quantifying recoveries of microorganisms from point-of-use (POU) drinking water filters. The optimized extraction protocol was then used in mock bioagent release experiments to determine the feasibility of POU filters as bioforensic sampling devices. Bacillus atrophaeus spores, Escherichia coli and PP7 virus were exposed to filters and the number of attached organisms was determined by enumerating the unattached organisms on selective agar media. Subsequently, the filters were eluted and the percent of extracted organisms was determined based on the number of attached organisms. Two popular brands of carbon block filters retained 92%–99% of representative virus, spore and vegetative bacteria. In back-flush elutions of single filters, the most efficient eluent was identified as a combination of 1% peptone and 1% Tween-80, and extraction recovered 25.4% (±17.5%) of attached E. coli, 20.4% (±3.6%) of B. atrophaeus spores, and 9.4% (±5.2%) of PP7 virions (± standard deviations). In bioagent release studies in which filters were challenged with 100 agents mL−1, greater than 99% of the spores were retained by the filters, and the percent of attached spores that were recovered ranged from 10.4% at day 0 to 4.3% five days after the release event (averaged from five separate experiments). In contrast, E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium and PP7 virus were rapidly inactivated in the chlorinated tap water, indicating their improbable survival in chlorinated water supplies. It is therefore concluded that household water filters can be used as microbial sampling devices for bioforensic applications in the event of a bioagent release in domestic drinking water supplies.
Community dialog technology

For the past three years, the M.I.T. Community Dialog Project has facilitated approximately 200 group meetings, settings ranging from high schools and universities to political and industrial organizations, from senior citizens groups and rotary clubs to state and national assemblies of government officials, scientists and businessmen. Using electronic voting technology and specially designed meeting procedures, every participant is enabled to make an anonymous coded response to questions posed by the moderator or another participant, and to observe instantaneously a tally of how many people voted in what category. The purpose is to get a rapid appraisal of where there is consensus and where there is controversy, to allow participants to reveal their ignorance, to deal with controversial questions without intimidation, and generally to make the discussion more responsive to real interests and needs of the group. In special cases, quantitative procedures are used to rate alternatives against criteria and find group utilities, but mostly these procedures are regarded as an augmentation of normal free discussion and idea formulation, not a means for commitment to final decision. The paper evaluates the usefulness of these techniques as a function of the type of topic and questions used, the personality and experience of participants, the style of the moderator, and other factors. It poses fundamental questions regarding the democratic process especially in view of rapidly increasing capabilities for large scale community communication, such as are provided by two-way cable TV.
Relationship between Speed and Accuracy in an over-Arm Throw:

Principles of force and variability of force suggest that generating maximal forces will result in greater spatial accuracy. 18 right-handed males performed an over-arm throwing task at 50, 75, and...
The occitan fabliaux and the linguistic distribution of genres

Only two texts can really qualify as Occitan fabliaux, namely Raimon Vidal de Besalu's Castia Gilos and the Novas del Papagai of Arnaut de Carcasses. Although we can never know about the historical accidents that may have prevented texts from coming down to us, the relative proportions of extant epics, romances, and fabliaux in Occitan may not give an entirely misleading impression of their popularity. In this paper, I attempt to account firstly for the paucity of fabliaux in Old Occitan and secondly for their unusual features when compared with those in Old French. I further consider whether we can even regard the Castia Gilos and the Novas del Papagai as Occitan fabliaux. The question itself may be gallocentric and posed by scholars approaching Occitan from the north. These two texts designate themselves as novas, but the term seems to have too wide an application to be of much use. If not exactly fabliaux, then they at least fill a similar slot in the Occitan Gattungssystem to that occupied by the fabliaux in Old French. They are humorous, didactic, and largely meaningless (except for the basic joke) outside of their own linguistic and cultural intertext.
Demineralization of Porous Solids

When a porous ionic solid is placed in acid, the acid will dissolve surface material. When this dissolved material and the acid diffuse into the solid9s pores, they can precipitate more solid. If the acid is buffered, the diffusing species can bring about precipitation in some regions and dissolution in others. When the porous solid contains several chemical species, the diffusion can precipitate one species and dissolve another. The results have implications for the demineralization of teeth.
Theoretical comparison of mid-wavelength infrared and long-wavelength infrared lasers

The ideal performance of bulk, quantum–well and superlattice interband and inter–subband active regions for III–V laser diodes emitting from 3–11 μm was compared. For traditional (non–cascade) devices the comparison was based on the maximum net gain per unit volumetric current. Based on this figure of merit, optimal thicknesses for such active regions were evaluated assuming a separate confinement region design. The ideal performance of cascaded and non–cascaded intersubband and interband laser active regions were directly compared by considering the net material gain per unit volumetric power dissipation density in the active region.
Lupin alkaloids from teratogenic and nonteratogenic lupins. II. Identification of the major alkaloids by tandem gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in plants producing crooked calf disease.

The major alkaloids of lupin plants producing crooked calf disease were identified by tandem gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and infrared analysis. The gas chromatography peak invariably present in teratogenic plants proved to be anagyrine. A minor but irregular contaminant of the peak was α-isolupanine. Other alkaloids present but apparently not associated with crooked calf disease were lupanine and two others that were probably epimethoxylupanine and 5,6-dehydrolupanine.
The Effect of Collaborative Stimulation on Design Novelty

Many times when working together, designers feel they are inspired by each other. This effect can be explained by collaborative stimulation, occurring when the design entities or questions stimulate generative cognitive processes. To this point, four types of collaborative stimulation have been identified: prompting, seeding, clarifying and correcting, through observations in collaborative design settings by retrospective protocol analysis. Consistent relationships between collaborative stimulation and the cognitive processes they stimulate have also been identified. However, impact of collaborative stimulation on the “quality” of design entities, or the ideas produced, remains unknown. This paper identifies the novelty of design entities in the collaborative setting, and compares those which resulted directly from collaborative stimulation to those which were created by individuals working alone. It was found the collaborative stimulation types of seeding and correcting resulted in the greatest increases in novelty of design entities. This finding indicates that these types of collaborative stimulation tend to stimulate novelty. Interventions are suggested to encourage seeding and correcting in the design process.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Distribution and possible metabolic role of class III alcohol dehydrogenase in the human brain.

Abstract In human brain, the sole alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) present in significant quantity has been shown to be Class III (χ) ADH and this ADH is ineffective in generating potentially toxic and reactive acetaldehyde from ethanol at concentrations attainable in living brain tissue. We have extended this finding to show that Class I ADH potentially present is undetectable even when concentrated several hundred-fold. Purified Class III ADH from human brain is identical in its pattern of tryptic peptides and in other properties to Class III ADH from human liver. Immunohistochemical staining and western immunoblots using polyclonal antibodies reveal that Class III ADH is widely distributed in brain and most concentrated in the subependymal layer and perivascular areas. Class III ADH closely resembles ω-hydroxyfatty acid dehydrogenase and a possible role for the brain enzyme is in the oxidization of long chain fatty alcohols and ω-hydroxyfatty acids.
Catecholamine-Derived Tetrahydroisoquinolines: O-Methylation Patterns and Regional Brain Distribution Following Intraventricular Administration in Rats

: The metabolism of 6,7-dihydroxy (catecholic) -1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoIines (TIQs) is of interest because the heterocyclic substances may form in mammals normally or during certain diseases via condensations of catecholamines (CAs) with aldehydes or α-keto acids. With a specific capillary gas chromatography procedure and confirmatory liquid chromatographic assays, we have determined the structural isomers and relative amounts of mono-O-methylated (phenolic) TIQ metabolites in several rat brain regions 40 min following the acute intracerebroventricular injection of four structurally related catecholic TIQs. In sharp contrast with the established selective m-O-methylation of dopamine (DA) by catechol-O-methyltransferase in brain, the two simple TIQs derived from DA produced predominantly or even exclusively the metabolic isomer arising from methylation of the original p-hydroxyl group (7-O-methylation). In three catecholaminergic brain regions examined, the 7-O-methyl isomer was the only detectable phenolic metabolite of (±) salsolinol-1-carboxylic acid (a condensation product of DA and pyruvic acid) and, as first noted by Bail et al. (1980), constituted 95% of the two possible isomeric mono-O-methyl metabolites of (±) salsolinol (TIQ derivative of DA and acetaldehyde). Though less, the 7-O-methyl isomers still were a significant proportion (40–55%) of the two mono-O-methylated metabolites of (±) 4-hydroxy-desmethylsalsolinol (a TIQ derived from norepinephrine and formaldehyde), or of the DOPA/acetaldehyde-derived TIQ, (cis) salsolinol-3-carboxylic acid. In the time frame of the study, all four administered TIQs showed higher levels in hypothalamus than in striatum or hippocampus, with the two carboxylated alkaloids displaying the greatest differences. However, for a given TIQ, the proportion present as mono-O-methyl metabolite(s) and the O-methyl isomer distribution did not differ across the three brain regions, indicating that O-methylation involved a single homogenous enzyme that was not saturated in vivo at the concentrations attained by the heterocyclic catechols. The most notable findings, that of exclusive methylation on the original p-hydroxyl group of a physiologically relevant CA derivative, and an O-methylation pattern that appeared dependent on the substituents on the heterocyclic ring, are explained on the basis of an important hydrophobic binding site in catechol-O-methyltransferase in vivo.
Secondary Breakup of Electrically Charged Newtonian Drops

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the secondary breakup morphology of electrically charged drops. Movies of drop breakup in a high speed air stream were recorded for drops charged between 0 and 60% of the Rayleigh charge limit. The conventional Weber number was found to be insufficient to classify the breakup morphology of charged drops. Rather an electrostatic Weber number was defined to account for the presence of the electrostatic surface stress. When the electrostatic Weber number was used in place of the classical Weber number, the observed breakup morphology was found to be similar to that proposed by previous researchers for uncharged drops. It is therefore concluded that secondary breakup of electrically charged drops can be characterized using the wealth of available literature on uncharged Newtonian drops, provided the electrostatic Weber number is used, and that the charge relaxation time is much smaller than the breakup time.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Java tutor: bootstrapping with python to learn Java

A common pattern among undergraduate computer science curriculums is to teach an introductory subject in Python followed by a more advanced software engineering subject in Java. We are building an online tool that will help students who already know Python learn the syntax and semantics of Java. Our system will differ from existing online tutors and tools for learning Java in two main aspects. First, our tutor will focus on the transition from Python to Java. Using this basis will allow us to gloss over basic concepts of programming which students are already familiar with and focus on the specifics of Java. Second, our tutor will crowdsource writing test cases for problems to the learners themselves. This will give students practice writing tests, and will also reduce the burden on instructors, who would otherwise need to implement test suites for every problem in the tutor.
Physician And Non-physician Inter- And Intra-observer Reliability Of A Field-based Drop Vertical Jump Screening Test For ACL Injury Risk

Objectives:There is an epidemic of ACL injuries in pediatric and adolescent athletes. Poor neuromuscular control is an easily modifiable risk factor for ACL injury, and can be screened for by obser...
Learning style, learning patterns, and learning performance in a WebCT-based MIS course

Web-based learning has been suggested to be the future of all types of distance learning. This study was undertaken to identify the impact of student learning styles, learning patterns, and other selected factors on their learning performance in a Web Course Tools (WebCT) MIS graduate course. Six specific research questions were developed and 76 graduate students participated in this study. It found that none of the factors, except ethnic groups, showed any significant impact on students' learning performance. The results suggest that, at the graduate level, students are able to learn equally well in WebCT online courses despite their different learning styles, WebCT learning patterns, and background in terms of gender, age, job status, year of admission, previous Web-based learning experiences, and MIS preparation.
Defense Against Primary User Emulation Attacks in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Advanced Encryption Standard

This paper considers primary user emulation attacks in cognitive radio networks operating in the white spaces of the digital TV (DTV) band. We propose a reliable AES-assisted DTV scheme, in which an AES-encrypted reference signal is generated at the TV transmitter and used as the sync bits of the DTV data frames. By allowing a shared secret between the transmitter and the receiver, the reference signal can be regenerated at the receiver and used to achieve accurate identification of the authorized primary users. In addition, when combined with the analysis on the autocorrelation of the received signal, the presence of the malicious user can be detected accurately whether or not the primary user is present. We analyze the effectiveness of the proposed approach through both theoretical analysis and simulation examples. It is shown that with the AES-assisted DTV scheme, the primary user, as well as malicious user, can be detected with high accuracy under primary user emulation attacks. It should be emphasized that the proposed scheme requires no changes in hardware or system structure except for a plug-in AES chip. Potentially, it can be applied directly to today's DTV system under primary user emulation attacks for more efficient spectrum sharing.
Above-threshold ionization

Abstract Above-Threshold Ionization (ATI) is the name given to the absorption by an atomic electron of more photons than are required for ionization. ATI was discovered in 1979 and is now expected to be a universal phenomenon observable in all atomic species. The effect occurs readily in light pulses short enough to eliminate the influence of collisions, at intensities above 1 TW/cm 2 .
Diffusely Infiltrative Low-Grade Gliomas in Adults

Diffusely infiltrating low-grade gliomas (LGGs) include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and mixed oligoastrocytomas (WHO grade 2). Due to the routine use of magnetic resonance imaging, there is an increasing need to formulate treatment guidelines for patients with LGGs. However, there is little consensus about the optimal treatment strategy for diffusely infiltrative LGGs, and the clinical management of LGGs is one of the most controversial areas in neurooncology. Although the standard of care has not been established, several randomized trials are beginning to provide some answers. Furthermore, laboratory correlative studies are defining subsets of LGG that may identify patients with better prognoses and increased chance of responding to therapy. This article reviews the most recent data regarding the treatment of LGG, emphasizing evidenced based approaches from current clinical trials.
Investigating correlations between urban air pollution patterns and ABL characteristics produced by a SODAR-RASS profilometer

SODAR-RASS systems are progressively used for a large number of applications especially in air pollution meteorology. Both quantitative and qualitative information on the atmospheric structure parameters can be obtained with reasonable accuracy. Among others, the mixing height of the atmosphere, the wind and temperature field and the stability class can be determined. This paper studies correlations between certain profilometer-produced estimates of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) characteristics and urban air pollution patterns incorporating collected environmental data in Athens, Greece. The recorded air pollution episodes, considering both primary emitted and photochemically produced pollutants, were analyzed along side the ABL characteristics determined by a SODAR-RASS profilometer operating close to the center of the city. First results indicated that sufficiently good correlation exists between relevant profilometer ABL estimates, (e.g. Zi) and the patterns of air pollution encountered over the city.
Influence of white matter anisotropy on EEG source localization: An experimental study

The goal of this study was to experimentally investigate the influence of the white matter (WM) anisotropy on the EEG source localization. We acquired both visual evoked potential (VEP) and functional MRI (fMRI) data from three human subjects presented with identical visual stimuli. A finite element method (FEM) head model with or without incorporating the WM anisotropy was built to solve the EEG forward problems, and single-dipole source localization was subsequently performed based on the N75 VEP component. The localized dipole positions were quantitatively compared with the locations of the fMRI activations within the primary visual cortex (V1). The results show that the distance between the localized N75 dipole position and the fMRI V1 activation center was slightly smaller when using an anisotropic model than when using an isotropic model. This experimental study suggests that compared to the conventional isotropic model, the anisotropic models incorporating realistic WM anisotropic conductivity distributions do not significantly improve the accuracy of the EEG dipole localization within V1.
Silver, [tris[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐pyrazolato‐κN1]hydroborato(1‐)‐κN2, κN2′, κN2″]−

171203-65-9 InChI = 1S/C15H4BF18N6.C4H8O.Ag/c17-10(18,19)4-1-7(13(26,27)28)38(35-4)16(39-8(14(29,30)31)2-5(36-39)11(20,21)22)40-9(15(32,33)34)3-6(37-40)12(23,24)25;1-2-4-5-3-1;/h1-3,16H;1-4H2;/q-1;;+1 InChIKey = DFBBMSYDTKNDQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N THF complex 171900-57-5 C19H12AgBF18N6O (MW 800.99) InChI = 1S/C15H4BF18N6.C4H8O.Ag/c17-10(18,19)4-1-7(13(26,27)28)38(35-4)16(39-8(14(29,30)31)2-5(36-39)11(20,21)22)40-9(15(32,33)34)3-6(37-40)12(23,24)25;1-2-4-5-3-1;/h1-3,16H;1-4H2;/q-1;;+1 InChIKey = DFBBMSYDTKNDQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Physical Data: for [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF): mp dec. >60 °C, 1H NMR (C6D6, TMS) δ 1.40 (m, 4 H, THF), 3.56 (m, 4 H, THF), 6.26 (s, 3 H, Pz); 19F NMR (C6D6, ext. ref. CFCl3) δ −58.9, −60.1. Solubility: [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF) is soluble in common organic solvents such as THF, Et2O, toluene, benzene, hexanes, CH2Cl2, CHCl3. Form Supplied in: [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag can be conveniently obtained as its THF adduct [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF), which is a white crystalline solid. Preparative Method: [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF) was prepared by a metathesis reaction between [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Na(THF) and AgOTf. [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Na(H2O) can also be used instead of the THF adduct [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Na(THF) in the above reaction. Purification: [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF) can be purified by recrystallization at −15 °C from hexane containing a few drops of THF. Handling: [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF) could be handled in air for short periods without any significant decomposition. However, prolonged storage at room temperature under visible light leads to slow discoloration and/or decomposition. Therefore, [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF) is best stored under nitrogen, protected from light, in a low temperature freezer. This silver adduct is also soluble in chlorinated solvents but, due to slow decomposition over a period of several hours, those solvents should be avoided as a medium for storage.
AN INVERSE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD WITH AN APPLICATION TO EXTRUSION WITH SOLIDIFICATION

SUMMARY The flow and solidification of planar jets are analysed by means of an efficient inverse isotherm finite element method. The method is based on a tessellation that is constructed by isotherms as characteristic co-ordinate lines transverse to the flow direction. Thus opposite sides of finite elements lie on isotherms. The method allows the simultaneous determination of the location of the isotherms with the primary unknowns, namely, the velocity, the pressure, the temperature and the location of the free surface. Thus the determination of the location of the solidification front (which is known to pose significant computational difficulties) is automatic. This facilitates the control of the location of the solidification front by controlling macroscopic variables such as the flow rate, the cooling rate and the capillary design. The location of the solidification may then be suitably chosen to influence the frozen-in orientation and structure in extrusion of highperformance materials such as composites and polymers, in continuous casting of metals and in growth of crystals.
Invited Commentary: A Fine Balance—Weighing Risk Factors Against Risk

Fracture is a leading cause of disability in the aging population. Because the cost of fracture in terms of medical expenditures and quality of life lost can be substantial, it is essential to identify a complete profile of fracture risk for the development of timely interventions. Risk factors for fracture have most often been identified clinically. Thus, the contribution by Wagner et al. in this issue of the Journal is particularly important, since it demonstrates a robust association between balance impairment and fracture in a population-based setting. It is unclear, however, whether isolating balance as a risk factor can tell us enough about the clustering of risk factors for fracture that accompanies frailty. Indeed, this problem of risk clustering is one that epidemiologists often encounter as we try to locate the mediating processes between exposures and outcomes that lead downstream through complex interacting causal pathways. In this commentary, the author discusses the importance, particularly when studying frailty and fracture, of quantifying risk clustering rather than continuing to rely on solitary risk factors. Moreover, the author suggests the use of Bayesian networks in the expansion of our tool kit in this field of research.
Effects of attachment of bacteria to chemostat walls in a microbial predator-prey relationship.

Mixed cultures of the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis and the bacterium Escherichia coli were propagated in chemostats fed with glucose and minimal mineral salts medium. The interior surfaces of some chemostats were treated with a silicone compound but those of other chemostats were not. Data obtained showed that bacteria but not protozoans were attached strongly to the walls of the chemostats, that silicone treatment reduced the density of the attached bacteria by two orders of magnitude or more, and that the presence of the attached bacteria had significant effects on the dynamics of the microbial predator–prey system. Attempts were made to simulate the data by various mathematical models. It was found that a model based on combination of the Topiwala–Hamer model for wall attachment and a multiple saturation model for growth of the protozoans on the bacteria gave a reasonable fit of all the data.
Differential β3 Integrin Expression Regulates the Response of Human Lung and Cardiac Fibroblasts to Extracellular Matrix and Its Components.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from whole organ decellularization has been successfully used in a variety of tissue engineering applications. ECM contains a complex mixture of functional and structural molecules that are ideally suited for the tissue from which the ECM is harvested. However, decellularization disrupts the structural properties and protein composition of the ECM, which may impact function when cells such as the fibroblast are reintroduced during recellularization. We hypothesized that the ECM structure and composition, fibroblast source, and integrin expression would influence the fibroblast phenotype. Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) and normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs) were cultured on intact cardiac ECM, collagen gels, and coatings composed of cardiac ECM, lung ECM, and individual ECM components (collagen and fibronectin [FN]) for 48 h. COL1A expression of HCFs and NHLFs cultured on ECM and FN coatings decreased to <50% of that of untreated cells; COL1A expression for HCFs cult...
Reliability of computerized surface electromyography for determining the onset of muscle activity.

The reliability of a computerized analysis system (CAS) for determining muscle burst onset was compared with the subjective assessments of three trained examiners. A sample of 154 randomly selected, full-wave rectified and filtered electromyographic recordings was evaluated using a test-retest paradigm. Percentages of agreement, Pearson product-moment correlations, analyses of variance (ANOVAs), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to measure the reliability. The between-rater agreement, which included the computerized EMG assessments, was only 23%. Within-rater agreement and Pearson correlation coefficients were perfect for CAS. The trained examiners' within-rater assessments averaged only 51% agreement, but test-retest correlations were high ( r = .78 - r = .82). All ICCs were statistically significant, ranged from .46 to .60, and tended to be higher when the CAS onset determinations were deleted from the analysis. The ANOVAs revealed that trained examiners were more consistent among each other than when their assessments were compared with CAS assessments of EMG recordings. This finding, however, may be facility-specific in that any generalization to other examiners was limited. In contrast to trained examiners, the CAS was free of variations in judgment, ensured perfect reproducibility of trial assessments, and was highly useful for analyzing multichannel EMG recordings. Although the CAS ensures perfect reliability, validity determinations require visual inspection of trial data.
Reply by Authors to D. E. Jensen

T authors of this paper conclude 1) that nonequilibrium chemical effects play a key role in determining radio blackout during descent of the Viking Lander into the Martian atmosphere, and 2) that for a boundary layer contaminated with ablation material containing sodium, a calculation allowing for effects of nonequilibrium chemistry results in electron densities two orders of magnitude lower than are calculated if local equilibrium is assumed. While the first conclusion is reasonable, the second is open to doubt because it is not based upon the best available data for the forward and backward rate coefficients kf and kb of the important reaction Na + M^ Na +e~~ + M. The authors state that they found no literature values for /c/ and kb: both experimental 2 ~ 9 and theoretical ° ~ data, however, are available. For the 3000-8000 K temperature range of interest, these data may be represented, within a factor of 5, by kf = 8 x 10 T~ 2 exp (62400/T) ml mole' sec" and /cb = 5.4x!0 T~ ml mole~ sec', with no significant dependence on the nature of M. These values are some four orders of magnitude higher than those used by Evans, Schexnayder, and Grose, fe/ = 2.5xl0 T°-exp(-59670/T) ml mole' sec" and /cb = 6x!0 T~ ml mole" sec". Although some uncertainties in kf (stemming from lack of knowledge of the rates of population of excited electronic states of Na under nonequilibrium conditions'') remain, it seems likely that use of the best available values for these rate coefficients in calculations otherwise identical to those carried out by Evans, Schexnayder, and Grose would result in significantly higher electron densities and earlier predicted onset of blackout.
Classification of left-right patterning defects in zebrafish, mice, and humans.

Numerous genes and developmental processes have been implicated in the establishment of the vertebrate left–right axis. Although the mechanisms that initiate left–right patterning may be distinct in different classes of vertebrates, it is clear that the asymmetric gene expression patterns of nodal, lefty, and pitx2 in the left lateral plate mesoderm are conserved and that left–right development of the brain, heart, and gut is tightly linked to the development of the embryonic midline. This review categorizes left–right patterning defects based on asymmetric gene expression patterns, midline phenotypes, and situs phenotypes. In so doing, we hope to provide a framework to assess the genetic bases of laterality defects in humans and other vertebrates. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Patient-specific learning in real time for adaptive monitoring in critical care

Intensive care monitoring systems are typically developed from population data, but do not take into account the variability among individual patients' characteristics. This study develops patient-specific alarm algorithms in real time. Classification tree and neural network learning were carried out in batch mode on individual patients' vital sign numerics in successive intervals of incremental duration to generate binary classifiers of patient state and thus to determine when to issue an alarm. Results suggest that the performance of these classifiers follows the course of a learning curve. After 8h of patient-specific training during each of 10 monitoring sessions, our neural networks reached average sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of 0.96, 0.99, 0.79, and 0.99, respectively. The classification trees achieved 0.84, 0.98, 0.72, and 0.98, respectively. Thus, patient-specific modeling in real time is not only feasible but also effective in generating alerts at the bedside.
Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State During World War II

1. A divided arsenal: the problem and its setting 2. The executive and political imperatives: presidential campaigns and race management policies on the eve of war 3. The Executive and National Security Imperatives: unrest and early struggles over racial manpower policies 4. The racial politics of industrial employment: Central State Authority and the adjustment of factory work 5. The racial politics of army service: Central State Authority and the control of black soldier resistance 6. June 9, 1943: 'Negro soldier trouble' at Camp Stewart, Georgia 7. The racial politics of urban and rural unrest: monitoring agriculture and surveilling cities 8. 'America again at the crossroads': war, the state and social conflict.
An algorithm for synthesis of a class of multivariable positive real functions

Given is a simple theorem, that can be routinely applied to synthesize any member of a class of multivariable positive real functions, after realizing several single variable minimum positive real functions. A nontrivial example is used to illustrate the algorithm.
Labial palatalization in Nguni and Sotho languages: internal and external evidence

The process of labial palatalization in Nguni and Sotho languages is considered, with a view to establishing the non-phonological status of this process within the modern languages. A variety of evidence types is considered, both internal and external, including the non-application of palatalization in loanwords, non-transfer in second language learning, unconditioned use in specialized language, and limits in experimental conditions. The non-phonological course of processual breakdown in the speech of Zulu- and Sotho-speaking aphasics is considered in detail.
Capsaicin attenuates hindbrain neuron responses to circulating cholecystokinin

Capsaicin is a neurotoxin that destroys small sensory neurons with unmyelinated axons, including a subpopulation of vagal sensory neurons. Capsaicin treatment attenuates suppression of food intake induced by systemic administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) but not by gastric distension. However, both gastric distension and intravascular CCK alter the discharge of dorsal hindbrain neurons by a vagal mechanism. Therefore, it is plausible that some hindbrain neurons receive convergent input from capsaicin-sensitive vagal neurons that are responsive to CCK and also from capsaicin-insensitive neurons that are responsive to gastric distension. To investigate this possibility we made extracellular recordings from gastric distension-responsive hindbrain neurons during intra-arterial cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) administration in anesthetized intact and capsaicin-pretreated rats. We found that capsaicin-pretreated rats exhibit attenuated neuronal discharge responses to CCK-8 but not to gastric distension. These results are consistent with the existence of convergent CCK-sensitive and gastric distension-sensitive afferent inputs to hindbrain neurons and suggest that various gastrointestinal sensory modalities may be communicated to the brain by populations of neurons that can be distinguished by their sensitivity to neurotoxins.
Through-Thickness Neutron Fluence and Embrittlement Gradients in Reactor Pressure Vessels

Decreases in neutron fluence and the related alteration in transition temperature increase (ΔTT) across the 2.4-in. thickness of the A350-LF3 steel of the PM-2A reactor vessel wall and to a depth o...
Philosophical Issues in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Research

There are few areas of scientific inquiry that have been as fraught with controversy as human pluripotent stem cell research. This research has implicated issues in metaphysics, ethics, and political philosophy. The issues include, among others, the question of when a human life begins, the moral status of the human embryo, whether there is a moral distinction between creating embryos for research and creating them for reproductive ends, the ethics of creating human/non-human chimeras, and the challenge of constructing public policy in a pluralistic society in which there are opposing views about the ethics of the research. It is important that stem cell biology education extend beyond an inquiry into the biological properties of stem cells and further address the philosophical questions that bear on the pursuit of research in the field. This chapter provides an overview of these issues.
Here/in this issue and there/abstract thinking: wielding weapons: the intersection between firearms and child psychiatry

First-time parents are often acutely aware of, and overwhelmingly enchanted by, the dizzyingly rapid development their children experience in a relatively short period. Each milestone achieved represents a marvel of human development. The dynamic nature of development throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence also is one of the most rewarding aspects of working in child psychiatry, where interventions ideally have a disproportionate impact on long-term outcomes. However, it often presents a significant challenge, given the complexities of assessing and contextualizing psychopathology relative to normative behavior during these stages... Headlines in 2015 were rife with news of mass shootings from Charleston, South Carolina to San Bernardino, California. As in the past, these tragedies are often followed by heated debate about the state of gun control in the United States. Together with upcoming presidential elections, the issue of firearms has increasingly been at the forefront of national consciousness. Regulation of guns is a complex issue with vocal advocates on both sides; however, even within this highly politicized landscape, child psychiatrists play a critical role in spotlighting the clinical aspects of firearm violence and their impact on youth... Language: en
Protein Metabolism in Germfree Rats Fed Chemically Defined, Water-Soluble Diet and Semisynthetic Diet

The importance of germfree animals and chemically defined, water-soluble diets developed at Lobund Laboratory in nutritional and immunological studies was discussed in detail by Pleasants (1). Nutritional adequacy of this diet has been demonstrated by the fact that it supported reproduction of germfree mice into fifth generation and the growth of germfree rats from birth through maturity (2). Although these results indicate that the diet is at least qualitatively adequate for germfree rats and mice, it is of considerable importance to determine if the animal is physiologically “normal” in a chemical environment so limited and so defined. So, as a further test of nutritional adequacy and physiological normality, germfree and conventional rats fed this diet were compared to similar rats fed a semisynthetic diet based on casein-starch using morphology, serum amino nitrogen, pancreatic enzyme levels, liver protein, nitrogen balance and protein efficiency ratio (PER) as criteria. In addition, these studies would indicate to what extent the intestinal microflora could influence the protein metabolism of the host.
Kidney Cancer: Current and Novel Treatment Options

Antiangiogenic therapies remain the standard of care in the front-line setting for renal cell carcinoma, although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) blockade is not sufficient, and many patients do not respond to such treatment. With a host of approved agents, questions arise as to how best to use them in both initial and secondary treatments. Optimal sequences are currently being tested in various clinical trials. Because approximately 20% of patients exhibiting primary resistance to these anti-VEGF therapies, new therapies are needed. Novel therapies such as MET and AXL inhibitors as well as checkpoint antibodies hold promise for the future.
Virtualizing the Edge of the Cloud: the New Frontier

Over the last two decades, virtualization technologies have turned datacenter infrastructure into multitenant, dynami- cally provisionable, elastic resource, and formed the basis for the wide adoption of cloud computing. Many of todays cloud applications, however, are based on continuous inter- actions with end users and their devices, and the trend is only expected to intensify with the expansion of the Internet of Things. The consequent bandwidth and latency require- ments of these emerging workloads push the cloud bound- ary outside of traditional datacenters, giving rise to an edge tier in the end-device-to-cloud-backend infrastructure. Com- putational resources embedded in anything from standalone microservers to WiFi routers and small cell access points, and their open APIs, present opportunities for deploying ap- plication logic and state closer to where it is being used, addressing both latency and backhaul bandwidth problems. This talk will look at the role that existing virtualization tech- nologies can play in providing in this edge tier the required flexibility, dynamic provisioning and isolation, and will out- line open problems that require development of new solu- tions. We will also discuss the opportunities to leverage these technologies to further deal with the diversity in the end-user device and IoT space.
Sequence Analysis of Styrenic Copolymers by Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Styrene and smaller molar amounts of either m-dimethylsilylstyrene (m-DMSS) or p-dimethylsilylstyrene (p-DMSS) were copolymerized under living anionic polymerization conditions, and the compositions, architectures, and sequences of the resulting copolymers were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS2). MS analysis revealed that linear copolymer chains containing phenyl–Si(CH3)2H pendants were the major product for both DMSS comonomers. In addition, two-armed architectures with phenyl–Si(CH3)2–benzyl branches were detected as minor products. The comonomer sequence in the linear chains was established by MS2 experiments on lithiated oligomers, based on the DMSS content of fragments generated by backbone C–C bond scissions and with the help of reference MS2 spectra obtained from a polystyrene homopolymer and polystyrene end-capped with a p-DMSS block. The MS2 data provided conclusive evidence that copolymer...
Agreement between two diagnostic tests when accounting for test–retest variation: application to FFR versus iFR

ABSTRACTIn medicine, there are often two diagnostic tests that serve the same purpose. Typically, one of the tests will have a lower diagnostic performance but be less invasive, easier to perform, or cheaper. Clinicians must assess the agreement between the tests while accounting for test–retest variation in both techniques. In this paper, we investigate a specific example from interventional cardiology, studying the agreement between the fractional flow reserve and the instantaneous wave-free ratio. We analyze potential definitions of the agreement (accuracy) between the two tests and compare five families of statistical estimators. We contrast their statistical behavior both theoretically and using numerical simulations. Surprisingly for clinicians, seemingly natural and equivalent definitions of the concept of agreement can lead to discordant and even nonsensical estimates.
The effect of a student summer assistantship program in family medicine on specialty selection.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Stimulating medical students' interest in family practice is a goal of family medicine education. Summer assistantship programs have been instituted to help address this issue. METHODS This study evaluated the results of residency program selection for participants in a family medicine summer assistantship program during a five-year period. Students who applied for the assistantship but were not accepted were used as a comparison group to measure student interest in family medicine. Additional comparisons were made with students who neither applied to nor participated in the program. All students were followed until residency program selection had occurred, after which each participant in the assistantship program completed a questionnaire regarding the effect of the assistantship on residency selection. RESULTS The difference in rate of family practice residency selection between the participants (n = 31) and those who applied but were not accepted (n = 57) was not significant (X2 = .3, df = 1, P = NS). However, the difference in family practice residency selection between the participants and those not applying (n = 403) was significant (X2 = 6.46, df = 1, P < .05). Participants selecting a family practice residency program were more likely to feel that the summer assistantship experience was their basis for selecting their residencies (mean 7.6 versus 4.7, P < .05 for t test). CONCLUSION The difference in the rate of entry into family practice residency programs between the assistantship participants and those who applied but were not accepted was not significant.
Methods for Investigating Social Exclusion

It can be daunting to choose which paradigm to use to investigate a new research question. This chapter is designed to help researchers select paradigms they can use to investigate questions about social exclusion and to further explain the methods social exclusion researchers used to produce their findings. To achieve these goals, I categorize social exclusion research into three categories based on the methods used to deliver the social exclusion manipulations: interacting with computer avatars, interacting with other individuals, and written manipulations. Manipulations based on interacting with computer avatars involve computer controlled agents delivering the manipulation, such as not including participants in a ball-toss game (i.e., Cyberball), word association game (i.e., Atimia), or during a video conversation (i.e., O-cam). Computer agents may not “like” a participant’s profile (i.e., ostracism online) or may not share all available information (i.e., “being out of the loop”). Manipulations involving interacting with others include being rejected during get-acquainted interactions, getting left out of chat room and text message conversations, or being rejected by a partner following exchanging information via videotapes. Written manipulations include reliving or pre-living social exclusion experiences or getting feedback, based on a survey, that you will live a life alone. For each of these specific categories, I discuss the specific paradigms researchers used, provide some examples of how the paradigms work, and discuss the general benefits and drawbacks of each paradigm. To help guide you through the decision on which social exclusion paradigms might work best, I include a decision making tree.
Inducing and Quantifying Clostridium difficile Spore Formation

The Gram-positive nosocomial pathogen Clostridium difficile induces sporulation during growth in the gastrointestinal tract. Sporulation is necessary for this obligate anaerobe to form metabolically dormant spores that can resist antibiotic treatment, survive exit from the mammalian host, and transmit C. difficile infections. In this chapter, we describe a method for inducing C. difficile sporulation in vitro. This method can be used to study sporulation and maximize spore purification yields for a number of C. difficile strain backgrounds. We also describe procedures for visualizing spore formation using phase-contrast microscopy and for quantifying the efficiency of sporulation using heat resistance as a measure of functional spore formation.
Correlation between the variation in the initial current at stress and the variation in the failure time during TDDB testing of BEOL structures

A novel approach for estimating variation in the TDDB failure time is reported. The results for structures with Dual Damascene copper-based metallization and a low-k dielectric material demonstrate that variation in the initial current at stress reasonably predicts variation in the TDDB failure time. Moreover, the method does not cause failure in the structures and is more efficient compared to other methods since only a current measurement is required. The approach represents an ideal way to monitor the expected TDDB lifetime behavior during manufacturing of an established process.