cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Comparison of Performance Parameters and Impact of Telepathology and Operator Experience on Endobronchial and Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration.

Objectives Endobronchial ultrasound- and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-/EUS-FNA) are minimally invasive techniques of diagnosing and staging malignancies. The procedures are difficult to master, requiring specific feedback for optimizing yield. Methods Over 2 years, EBUS-/EUS-FNA cases were gathered using the institutional pathology database. Patient and specimen characteristics were collected from the pathology database and electronic medical record. Results In 2 years, 789 unique FNA specimens were collected (356 EBUS and 433 EUS specimens). The cohort and each subgroup had excellent performance, which was enhanced by telepathology. The discrepancy rate was satisfactorily low. Hematolymphoid neoplasms are overrepresented in discrepant EBUS cases. The malignancy rates of cytology diagnostic categories were comparable to the literature. Conclusions Using diagnostic yield and concordance results allow for comprehensive evaluation of the entire process of EBUS-/EUS-FNAs. This study's findings can influence patient management, training methods, and interpretation of results, while also acting as a model for others to investigate their own sources of inadequacy, discrepancy, and training gaps.
Nitrogen Dynamics: Quantifying and Differentiating Fluxes in a Riparian Wetland Soil

Excess nitrogen (N) originating from stormwater runoff in urban areas comes from diffuse sources and is difficult to manage and remediate. One site affected by nonpoint source pollution is Lake Kei...
The Impact of Medical Comorbidities on Patient Satisfaction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Background Patient satisfaction has a significant bearing on medical therapy compliance and patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to (1) describe patient satisfaction, as characterized by the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire-18 (PSQ-18), in the care of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and (2) analyze the impact of comorbidities on satisfaction using the functional comorbidity index (FCI). Methods Patient demographics, disease severity measures, and PSQ-18 scores for patients with CRS presenting to a tertiary rhinology clinic between November 2019 and April 2020 were collected and analyzed. FCI was calculated retrospectively using the electronic medical record; individual comorbidities were tabulated. Spearman's correlations followed by multivariate regression was used to assess the relationship between medical comorbidities and PSQ-18. Results Sixty-nine patients met criteria for analysis. There were no significant differences in age, gender, and Sinonasal Outcomes Test-22 scores between CRS patients with (CRSwNP) and without (CRSsNP) nasal polyps. There was no significant difference in the mean FCI for patients with CRSwNP versus CRSsNP (5.1 and 4.3, respectively) (P = .843). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the mean sum PSQ-18 score (78/100 in both) between these cohorts (P = .148). The mean sum PSQ-18 score was not significantly associated with anxiety (P = .728), depression (P = .624), or FCI (P = .282), but was significantly associated with hearing impairment (P Conclusion Patient satisfaction in the care of CRS is generally high with a diagnosis of comorbid hearing impairment demonstrating a negative association with satisfaction in this cohort.
Isometric versus isotonic contractions: Sex differences in the fatigability and recovery of isometric strength and high-velocity contractile parameters

The purpose of this study was to investigate potential sex differences in the fatigue- and recovery-induced responses of isometric strength and power, as well as select dynamic contractile parameters after isometric and isotonic plantar flexor (PF) contractions. Healthy males (n = 12; age = 21.8 ± 2.2 years) and females (n = 14; age = 21.4 ± 2.5 years) performed a 2-min maximal voluntary isometric contraction and 120 concentric isotonic (30% peak isometric torque) contractions of the PFs on separate visits. Isometric strength, isotonic power, as well as torque- and velocity-related parameters were recorded before, immediately after, and throughout 10 min of recovery. Rate of EMG rise (RER) for the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and soleus was also obtained. All measures responded similarly between sexes after both fatiguing modalities (p > 0.05), except RER of the MG which, in males demonstrated both, a greater decrease during isotonic contractions (p = 0.038, η p 2 = 0.174) and more rapid recovery after isometric exercise (p = 0.043, η p 2 = 0.166). Although not significant, a nearly large effect size was demonstrated for the fatigue-induced decrease in isometric strength (p = 0.061; d = 0.77) due to relative decreases tending to be greater in males (-29% vs. -17%). Regardless of fatiguing modality, sex differences were minimal for fatigue and recovery-related responses in muscle function for the PFs, although the difference for RER may indicate a unique origin of fatigue. Further support for the disassociation between the response in isometric strength and power after fatiguing exercise was also demonstrated.
Megaphoning effects of skepticism, cynicism, and situational motivation on an environmental CSR activity

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how individuals’ skepticism and cynicism about an environmental corporate social responsibility (CSR) activity influence their positive and negative communication behaviors toward a corporation (megaphoning effects). The findings demonstrated the important mediating role of situational motivation in problem solving on a given environmental issue between skepticism/cynicism and megaphoning effects. Using a nationwide survey of 504 participants living in the United States, this study found that skepticism and cynicism increased the negative megaphoning effect and decreased positive megaphoning behaviors. Furthermore, skepticism/cynicism and megaphoning behaviors were partially mediated by situational motivation in problem solving. In particular, skeptics who were motivated to solve an environmental issue were less likely to take and forward negative information about a corporation in an environmental CSR activity. This study provides new theoretical and practical insights into CSR strategies that address skepticism and cynicism in publics and their resulting communicative behaviors.
Unser innerer Sinn

Viele sagen, dass die menschliche Seele im Reifegrad nicht Schritt halt mit den technologischen Entwicklungen unserer Zeit, weil die Menschen sich nicht einpassen. Wenn Mozart komponierte, so achtete er darauf, dass die Stucke im Prinzip spielbar waren. Er hatte sie auch beliebig schon erfinden konnen, ohne dass jemand sie auffuhren konnte. Die Arbeit in einer Wissensgesellschaft ist so schwierig, dass es an Experten uberall mangelt. Warum machen wir es nicht wie Mozart und komponieren die Arbeit passend zum Menschen? Namlich sinnvoll? So dass Arbeit Freude macht?
Risk Groups for Cardiovascular Disease in a Multiethnic Group of Midlife Women

Poster Presentation Objective To identify the clusters of midlife women by cardiovascular symptoms to identify high‐risk groups and to examine racial/ethnic differences in cardiovascular symptoms in each cluster. Design A secondary analysis of the data from two national Internet survey studies. Setting Internet communities/groups for midlife women and Internet communities/groups for ethnic minorities including African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. Sample The data from multiethnic groups of 1,054 midlife women in the two national Internet survey studies. Methods Only the data from the questions on background characteristics, perceived health, menopausal status, and the Cardiovascular Symptom Index for Midlife Women were used for this secondary analysis. The data were analyzed using factor analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and multinomial logistic analysis. Results Forty‐five percent of the participants were categorized into Cluster 1 (high vasomotor symptoms and low cardiorespiratory symptoms); more than 38% were categorized into Cluster 2 (low vasomotor symptoms, high cardiorespiratory symptoms, and high discomfort/pain), and more than16% were categorized into Cluster 3 (high discomfort/pain and high indigestion symptoms). Those who were not African American, had insufficient family income, had a diagnosed disease, and had no access to health care were at risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Cluster 1 represented another unique risk group within midlife women because high vasomotor symptoms could be associated with high CVD risks. There were significant differences in age, family income, ethnicity, self‐reported health, and menopausal status among the clusters ( p p Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice Although the risk groups need to be confirmed with further studies, the findings specifically indicate certain characteristics of midlife women that need to be considered and targeted in future preventive and/or treatment interventions for CVDs. Thus, health care providers need to consider these characteristics of midlife women in their future preventive and/or treatment interventions.
Distribution and Dynamics of Gas Hydrates in the Marine Environment

Gas hydrate is an ice-like substance that forms at low temperature and high pressure when adequate amounts of water and low molecular weight gases are present. In nature, gas hydrates containing primarily methane are widespread in the shallow sediments on continental margins. Under certain geologic conditions, enough methane hydrate may be present for these deposits to represent a fossil fuel resource for the future. Concentrated deposits of gas hydrate near the seafloor form the substratum for unique assemblages of microbes similar to those found at hydrothermal vent sites. Destabilization of gas hydrate in marine sediment may occur as a result of artificial structures, resulting in catastrophic structural collapse. Because methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, sudden destabilization of gas hydrate on a large scale can have an impact on global climate. Indeed, past episodes of climate change linked to gas hydrate destabilization have been documented in the geologic record. Keywords: gas hydrate; marine sediments; global climate change; seafloor stability; continental margins; seismic imaging; ocean drilling program; cold seeps; methane venting
Endotracheal intubation in horses – are complications truly rare?

Summary Endotracheal intubation is an essential component of general anaesthesia in horses to facilitate delivery of inhalation anaesthetic agent and oxygen, artificial ventilation, and prevent pulmonary aspiration of blood or gastric reflux. Experimental studies have identified a high incidence of tracheal mucosal injury after intubation resulting from direct trauma or local ischaemia from the pressure of the inflated cuff. Recommendations to minimise injury include gentle intubation, disconnection from the anaesthesia machine when moving the horse, and monitoring the endotracheal tube cuff pressure. New studies are needed to evaluate trachea and cuff pressure interactions under current practice conditions, including specialised ventilation modalities such as positive end-expiratory pressure and continuous airway pressure.
Civil Commitment Based on Predicted Deterioration

In The Matter of the Mental Health of A.S.B. , 180 P.3d 625 (Mont. 2008), the Supreme Court of Montana declined to address whether it is unconstitutional to base civil commitment on a prediction that a mental disorder, if untreated, will deteriorate to the point where a person poses a danger to self
Substance use and weight loss tactics among middle school youth

Objective Diet pills (DP) and vomiting or laxative (VL) use as weight loss tactics are associated with substance use in older adolescent populations. This study examined the association of weight loss tactics and substance use among middle school students. Methods A Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to 6,957 middle school students in eastern North Carolina. Multiple logistic regression examined substance use as predictors of DP and VL use. Results DP and VL use was reported by 6.0% and 7.1% of students, respectively, with each reported more frequently by females and White students. Regression analysis demonstrated alcohol, cigarette, or marijuana use as predictors for individual race/gender groups whereas steroid use was a predictor for all race/gender groups. We found a clustering effect of alcohol and cigarette use with both DP and VL use. Discussion Substance use is associated with weight loss tactics as early as middle school. More research in the areas of clustering of behaviors and age at onset is needed. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 55–63, 2003.
The effects of message repetitions on immediate and delayed attitude change

In a 2 by 2 by 2 design, Ss received a persuasive message from either a high or low credibility source, heard the message either one or five times, and were tested as to immediate attitude and delayed attitude (4 weeks). Results indicate that message repetition facilitates the persistence of attitude change, particularly for that elicited by the high credibility source. An unexpected finding was higher message recall in the high than in the low credibility source treatment.
Numerical investigation of an evaporating meniscus in a channel

Abstract A detailed numerical model is developed that describes heat and mass transfer from a meniscus to open air. The model accounts for the effects of evaporation at the interface, vapor transport through air, thermocapillary convection, and natural convection in air. Evaporation at the interface is modeled using kinetic theory, while vapor transport in air is computed by solving the complete species transport equation. Since the vapor pressure at the liquid–gas interface depends on both evaporation and the vapor transport in air, the equations are solved in an iterative manner. Evaporation is strongest at the triple line due to the highest local vapor diffusion gradient in this region. This differential evaporation, coupled with the low thermal resistance near the triple line, results in a temperature gradient along the interface that creates thermocapillary convection. The numerical results obtained show satisfactory agreement with experimental data for the evaporation rate and the temperature profile. Additionally, results from a simplified model neglecting thermocapillary convection are compared with the full solution, thus delineating the importance of thermocapillary convection-induced mixing in the energy transfer process. The present generalized model may easily be extended to other geometries and hence may be used in the design of two-phase cooling devices.
A National Survey of Veterans Affairs Rheumatologists for Relevance of Quality of Care Indicators for Gout Management

Objective To determine the relevance of current gout quality indicators (QIs). Methods Members of the Veterans Affairs (VA) Rheumatology Consortium were invited to participate in an online survey and provide opinions (rank 0–10) regarding existing gout QIs. Opinions sought on each QI were 1) relevance to US veterans, 2) likelihood to improve gout care, and 3) ease of electronic capture. Participants were also asked to rank their top 3 gout QIs. Results Participating VA rheumatologists were mainly men, with a mean age of 51.3 years, and experienced in the management of gout. All 10 gout QIs were considered relevant, with a score of 8.2 or higher. The initiation of urate-lowering therapy, monitoring of urate levels after initiation of urate-lowering therapy, and treatment of acute gout with antiinflammatory agents scored the highest with regard to likelihood of improving gout care, with the first 2 QIs also thought to be the most relevant. Adjustment of initial allopurinol dosing in patients with renal impairment and in those receiving concurrent azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine were perceived as the QIs most amenable to electronic capture. The top-ranked QIs were initiation of urate-lowering therapy with frequent gout attacks, serum urate monitoring after initiation of urate-lowering therapy, and adjustment of initial allopurinol dose to renal function. Conclusion In a national survey of VA rheumatologists, most gout QIs were thought to be highly relevant. QIs related to initiation of urate-lowering therapy, serum urate monitoring, and initial dosing of allopurinol were ranked the most important for veterans with gout.
The cost-effectiveness of lamivudine compared with interferon-α for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B

The cost-effectiveness of lamivudine compared with interferon-α for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B
Historical aspects of cardiopulmonary by pass: From antiquity to acceptance

Abstract Cardiopulmonary bypass has evolved from an extremely risky procedure into a safe systematic process, and is practiced daily in thousands of centers throughout the world. Numerous individuals, from diverse specialities, have contributed to the knowledge of the processes of extracorporeal flow. The developmental sequence of advances in cardiopulmonary bypass has been divided into three nonexclusive periods based on the major changes observed during the time: (1) a conceptual and developmental period, consisting of events that occurred before 1950; (2) an applied technological period 1950 to 1970; and (3) a refinement period 1970 to present. Within each time frame, the major findings regarding biological and technical challenges, extracorporeal device development, and applied clinical practice will be explored. Technological advances in cardiopulmonary bypass have permitted surgeons to treat patients with both congenital and acquired heart disease, and anesthesiologists to identify appropriate mixtures of treatment regimens, whereby the risks associated with managing this challenging patient population could be minimized.
Urinary Incontinence and Overactive Bladder in Patients With Heart Failure

Purpose: We explored the nature of the relationship between heart failure and urinary symptoms, specifically urinary incontinence and overactive bladder.Materials and Methods: An 81-item written survey about urinary incontinence, urgency, frequency, nocturia and other symptoms was administered to hospitalized and clinic patients with heart failure. A medical records review was also conducted to determine types of medications, body mass index and documentation of the New York Heart Association Classification of heart failure.Results: Of 408 respondents 296 (average age 62.2 years) had information about heart failure stage and urinary symptoms. Of these respondents 45% and 57% reported urinary incontinence and overactive bladder, respectively. Adjusted odds ratio for having overactive bladder over no symptoms for respondents with New York Heart Association Class III or Class IV heart failure was 2.9 (95% CI 1.344–6.250) and for higher fatigue-depression composite was 2.155 (95% CI 1.206–3.860). Adjusted odd...
Particle identification utilizing an on-line computer☆

Abstract An on-line computer program is desribed which accepts pulses from a ΔE - E solid-state detector pair to provide particle-identification. Applications and comparisons with other systems are discussed.
A diurnal rhythm of pituitary prolactin activity with diurnal effects of mammalian and teleostean prolactin on total body lipid deposition and liver lipid metabolism in teleost fishes

Previous investigations have shown that mammalian prolactin has a pronounced effect on lipid deposition in teleost fishes (e.g. Meier et al., 1971; de Vlaming & Sage, 1972). Prolactin can be either lipogenic or lipolytic depending on when during the day it is injected. Studies were initiated to determine whether the diurnal effects of prolactin on lipid metabolism in Fundulus similis vary with season or photoperiod acclimation. Data presented here indicate that the diurnal rhythm of response to prolactin persists in the pre-spawning and post-spawning seasons if F. similis is maintained on a long photoperiod. When animals are acclimated to a short photoperiod, treatment with mammalian prolactin either early or late in the photoperiod causes lipid depletion. Homogenates of the portion of the pituitary containing only prolactin cells cause lipid depletion in F. similis when injected early during a long photoperiod, but stimulate lipogenesis if injected late in the photoperiod; these results imply that fish prolactin may be involved in lipid metabolism. Furthermore, prolactin activity in the pituitary of F. similis varies diurnally. In vitro studies of lipid metabolism in Notemigonous crysoleucas and Ictalurus natalis suggest that the liver may be one of the target organs for prolactin.
Photonics-enabled Ka-band subscale radar ranging feasibility demonstration

Concept feasibility of a photonics-enabled Ka-band subscale “radar” is demonstrated for ranging. Experimental results using a corner cube reflector and stretch processing are presented, with a 28-GHz carrier modulated by 40-ns, 4-GHz chirp pulses.
Density and its fluctuation in stratified flow of a dense gas-solid suspension

The inherent unsteady motion of a dense gas-solid suspension calls for the quantification of its flow regimes in terms of statistical correlations. A preliminary study dealing with the fluctuation in the density of the particulate phase in wavy stratified motion has been made using measurements based on attenuation of a laser beam.
An Efficient Split-Plot Approach for Modeling Nonlinear Aerodynamic Effects

This article presents a case in which a micro air vehicle (MAV) was tested in the presence of randomization restrictions with expected second-order effects utilizing an efficient design of experiments (DOE) split-plot approach.
Acetylcholine Releases Prostaglandins from Brain Slices Incubated In Vitro

A variety of neurotransmitters elicit a phosphoinositide response in the CNS; however, their effects on prostaglandin (PG) formation in the brain are not well characterized. In the present study, we investigated the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on the synthesis of PGs E and F in slices from various regions of guinea pig brain incubated in glucose-fortified Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate saline. Slices were prewashed in the presence of 1% albumin to reduce basal PG levels followed by incubation for 30 min at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of ACh. Under these conditions, 5 mM ACh significantly increased the efflux of PGE and PGF from brain regions enriched in muscarinic cholinergic receptors, i.e., cerebral cortex, temporal cortex, corpus striatum, and hippocampus. Depolarization by 45 mM KCl also significantly enhanced PG synthesis, and the relative magnitude of the effect was similar to that of ACh. The stimulation of PG synthesis by ACh was inhibited by 20 microM atropine, whereas the K+-induced stimulation was not. The effects of potassium and ACh were additive at maximally effective ACh concentrations, an observation that suggests that ACh and K+ increase PG efflux through independent mechanisms. Norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, three other neurotransmitters that evoke a phosphoinositide response in the brain, were ineffective in stimulating PG release from brain cortex slices.
Characterization of glucocorticoid receptor translocation, cytoplasmic IκB, nuclear NFκB, and activation of NFκB in T lymphocytes exposed to stress-inducible concentrations of corticosterone in vivo

Abstract The present study was conducted to determine if selected events in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling that have been identified using mostly in vitro approaches with synthetic glucocorticoids also occur in mature T cells exposed to relevant levels of corticosterone in vivo. In contrast to effects reported in vitro, corticosterone did not cause significant translocation of GR to the nucleus in splenic T cells, though it did increase the amount of nuclear GR in these cells capable of binding to a glucocorticoid response element. At most time points and dosages, corticosterone caused little or no change in cytoplasmic IκB or nuclear NFκB levels. Activation of T cells by anti-CD3 increased the amount of NFκB in the nucleus and decreased the amount of IκB in the cytoplasm. Corticosterone did not significantly inhibit the decrease in cytoplasmic IκB, but it did slightly diminish the increase in nuclear NFκB. The same dosages of corticosterone substantially suppressed anti-CD3-induced cytokine gene expression, indicating that a meaningful amount of glucocorticoid-mediated signaling (of some type) occurred in this experimental system. Thus, GR translocation per se seems not to be critical for GR-mediated signaling in vivo. Other considerations, such as the make-up of GR-containing complexes in the nucleus or unexpected sensitivity to small changes in total nuclear GR, may be important. Additionally, upregulation of IκB and consequent inhibition of NFκB activation are not prominent in vivo, in contrast to results obtained in vitro or with a synthetic glucocorticoid.
Chronic exercise and the pro-inflammatory response to endotoxin in the serum and heart.

Abstract Purpose: To examine the effects of moderate intensity chronic exercise on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) responses to endotoxin in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Rats were divided into two groups, exercise ( n = 17) and sedentary ( n = 24). Exercise (Ex) rats completed 12 weeks of motorized treadmill running 3 days/week for 15–25 min at 22–25 m/min, while sedentary (Sed) rats remained in their cages. Twenty-four hrs after the last exercise session, animals were subdivided into three groups. One subgroup served as baseline controls. These rats received an injection of saline (s) and were killed immediately (Sed-s and Ex-s), while the other groups received an injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS animals were killed 2 h (Sed-L2 and Ex-L2) or 4 h after the LPS injection (Sed-L4 and Ex-L4). Results: Serum TNFα was elevated 2 h after LPS injection in both Sed and Ex groups, but was significantly higher in the chronic exercise group (Ex-L2 versus. Sed-L2). Similarly, serum β glucuronidase activity, an indicator of tissue damage, was elevated 2 and 4 h after LPS injection, and was significantly higher in the exercise groups. Post-treatment left ventricular TNFα and iNOS activity, as well as stable nitric oxide derivatives in the serum (NO x ), were significantly higher in LPS-injected groups compared to saline groups, but no difference in LPS effect was observed between sedentary and exercise groups. Conclusions: Moderate intensity chronic exercise stress caused an exaggerated serum TNFα response to endotoxin and an elevation in a serum marker of LPS-induced tissue damage.
Structural analysis of cortical porosity applied to HR-pQCT data.

Purpose: The investigation of cortical porosity is an important aspect of understanding biological, pathoetiological, and biomechanical processes occurring within the skeleton. With the emergence of HR-pQCT as a noninvasive tool suitable for clinical use, cortical porosity at appendicular sites can be directly visualizedin vivo. The aim of this study was to introduce a novel topological analysis of the cortical pore network for HR-pQCT data and determine the influence of resolution on measures of cortical pore network microstructure and topology. Methods: Cadaveric radii were scanned using HR-pQCT at two different voxel sizes (41 and 82μm) and also using μ CT at a voxel size of 18 μm. HR-pQCT and μ CT image sets were spatially coregistered. Segmentation and quantification of cortical porosity (Ct.Po) and mean pore diameter (Ct.Po.Dm) were achieved using an established extended cortical analysis technique. Topological classification of individual pores was performed using topology-preserving skeletonization and multicolor dilation algorithms. Based on the pore skeleton topological classification, the following parameters were quantified: total number of planar surface-skeleton canals (N.Slabs), tubular curve-skeleton canals (N.Tubes), and junction elements (N.Junctions), mean slab volume (Slab.Vol), mean tube volume (Tube.Vol), mean slab orientation (Slab.θ), mean tube orientation (Tube.θ), N.Slabs/N.Tubes, and integral (total) slab volume/integral tube volume (iSlab.Vol/iTube.Vol). An in vivo reproducibility study was also conducted to assess short-term precision of the topology parameters. Precision error was characterized using root mean square coefficient of variation (RMSCV%). Results: Correlations toμ CT values for Ct.Po were significant for both the 41 and 82 μm HR-pQCT data (41: r2 = 0.82, p < 0.001, 82: r2 = 0.75, p < 0.001). For Ct.Po.Dm, only the 41 μm data were significantly predictive of μ CT values (r2 = 0.72, p < 0.01) Data at both HR-pQCT voxel sizes were strongly predictive of the μ CT values for N.Slabs (41: r2 = 0.93, p < 0.001; 82: r2 = 0.84, p < 0.001), N.Tubes (41: r2 = 0.94, p < 0.001; 82: r2 = 0.84, p < 0.001), and N.Junctions (41: r2 = 0.93, p < 0.001; 82: r2 = 0.78, p < 0.001), though proportional bias was evident in these correlations. Weak correlations were seen for iSlab.Vol/iTube.Vol at both voxel sizes (41: r2 = 0.52, p < 0.01; 82: r2 = 0.39, p < 0.05). Slab.Vol was significantly correlated to μ CT data at 41 μm (r2 = 0.60, p < 0.01) but not at 82 μm, while Tube.Vol was significantly correlated at both voxel sizes (41: r2 = 0.79, p < 0.001; 82: r2 = 0.68, p < 0.01). In vivo precision error for these parameters ranged from 2.31 to 9.68 RMSCV%. Conclusions: Strong correlations betweenμCT- and HR-pQCT-derived measurements were found, particularly in HR-pQCT images obtained at 41 μm. These data are in agreement with our previous study investigating the effect of voxel size on standard HR-pQCT metrics of trabecular and cortical microstructure, and extend our previous findings to include topological descriptors of the cortical pore network.
Effects of μ and δ opioid agonists and antagonists on affective vocal and reflexive pain responses during social stress in rats

The present experiments evaluated the influence of intraventricular mu and delta opioid receptors on affective vocal and reflexive responses to aversive stimuli in socially inexperienced, as well as defensive and submissive responses in defeated, adult male Long-Evans rats. Defeat stress consisted of: (1) an aggressive confrontation in which the experimental intruder rat exhibited escape, defensive and submissive behaviors [i.e., upright, supine postures and ultrasonic vocalizations (USV)], and subsequently, (2) protection from the resident stimulus rat with a wire mesh screen for 10-20 min. Defeat stress was immediately followed by an experimental session with tactile startle (20 psi). The mu opioid receptor agonists morphine (0.1-0.6 microg i.c.v.) and [D-Ala2-N-Me-Phe4-Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO; 0.01-0.3 microg i.c.v.), and the delta opioid receptor agonist [D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin (DPDPE; 10-100 microg i.c.v.) dose-dependently decreased startle-induced USV and increased tail-flick latencies in socially inexperienced and defeated rats. Of greater interest, morphine, DAMGO and DPDPE increased the occurrence of the submissive crouch posture, and defeated rats were more sensitive than socially inexperienced rats to the startle-induced USV-suppressive and antinociceptive effects of morphine and DPDPE. The antinociceptive effects of DAMGO were likewise obtained at lower doses in defeated rats. Finally, the USV-suppressive effects of morphine and DAMGO were reversed with the mu receptor antagonist naltrexone (0.1 mg/kg i.p.), but the USV-suppressive effects produced by DPDPE were not reversed with the delta receptor antagonist naltrindole (1 mg/kg i.p.). These results confirm mu, but not delta opioid receptor activation as significant in affective vocal, passive-submissive behavior, as well as reflexive antinociception. Furthermore, similar to previous studies with restraint and electric shock stress, the facilitation of mu opioid effects on vocal responses and antinociception is consistent with the proposal that defeat stress activated endogenous opioid mechanisms.
EVOLUTION OF ABDOMINAL PIGMENTATION DIFFERENCES ACROSS SPECIES IN THE DROSOPHILA DUNNI SUBGROUP

The Drosophila dunni subgroup displays a nearly perfect latitudinal cline in abdominal pigmentation that likely resulted from selective forces acting in the habitat of each species during speciation. Here we characterize the nature of this clinal variation by developing a quantitative measure to assess variation in abdominal pigmentation within and between the D. dunni subgroup species. Using discriminant analysis, we confirm the existence of a cline and find that our quantitative measure of pigmentation distinguishes each of the species with singular efficacy. We then combine our quantitative phenotypic analysis of pigmentation with the phylogeny of the D. dunni subgroup species and map the species relationships into the three-dimensional morphological space defined by our pigmentation measures. In this manner, we can visualize how the species have traversed the morphological pigmentation space during the course of speciation. Our analysis reveals that natural selection has caused overall intensity of pigmentation among the northernmost species of the cline to converge. Along with this convergence in phenotype has been a relaxation in expression of sexual dimorphism in these species, indicating a possible shift in the relative intensity of natural and sexual selection. Our analysis indicates an accelerated rate of change in pigmentation for the darkest species in addition to this species evolving a novel abdominal pigmentation trait.
Death caused by perioperative fasting and sedation in a child with unrecognized very long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency

An adopted 3(1/2)-year-old girl with no prior medical problems died after a routine dental procedure. More than 2 years later, acylcarnitine analysis of dried blood found on her bedding revealed she had very long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency. Perioperative oral fasting, without intravenous administration of glucose, may be detrimental to children with certain metabolic and endocrine disorders. Newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry will detect disorders of fatty acid oxidation such as VLCAD and allow early and preventive treatment.
Lysine Requirement of Broilers as Influenced by Environmental Temperatures

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of 15.6 and 29.4°C. environmental temperatures on 2- to 4-week broiler lysine requirements. Weights for 4-week-old cockerels were maximum when either 1.10% dietary lysine in the 15.6°C. environment or 1.00% dietary lysine in the 29.4° C. environment were fed. Feed was used more efficiently by 4-week old cockerels fed either 1.10% dietary lysine in the 15.6°C. environment or 0.95% dietary lysine in the 29.4° C. environment. Plasma free lysine concentrations from 4-week-old cockerels increased as dietary lysine increased. Total plasma free amino acid concentrations from chicks grown in a 15.6°C. environment were approximately 25% greater than from chicks grown at 29.4° C. Total plasma free amino acids for 4-week-old cockerels peaked when 1.05% dietary lysine in the cool environment and 0.95% dietary lysine in the warm environment were fed.
A comparative analysis of three of ERDA's major R & D programs

Abstract The benefits attributable to alternative energy R & D programs should be evaluated in terms of how well the technologies contribute as integral elements of the total United States energy system (rather than as isolated entities, as has typically been done in the past). Thus, the present model simulates the dynamics of the evolution of the total energy system by requiring both existing and new technologies to compete for introduction (i.e. commercialization) on a cost-competitive basis that considers the time phasing of 1. (1) retirement of energy conversion facilities, 2. (2) growth in end-use demands, and 3. (3) escalation of the costs of extracting depleting domestic energy resources. This approach contrasts with a static model used by the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), wherein assumptions must be made for each future year of interest for 1. (1) maximum capacity constraints for alternative types of conversion facilities and 2. (2) the cost of energy resources. The present model is used to compare the relative consequences and merits of the technology products from the following three of ERDA's major energy R & D programs: 1. (1) the liquid-metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR), 2. (2) synthetic fuels derived from coal and oil shale, and 3. (3) improved efficiencies for end-use devices (e.g. space heaters). It is found that the development of synthetic fuels derived from coal and oil shale is the only alternative (of the three considered) that provides energy independence for the United States in the next fifty years. However, the possible collapse of the world oil cartel is shown to pose a major retardant to synfuels commercialization by the private sector until at least the end of the century. The substantial environmental impact from synfuels commercialization could be reduced significantly with the accelerated introduction of end-use utilizing devices with improved efficiencies. This latter program could result in a significant reduction in the costs of operating the United States energy ststem over the 60-yr period considered by the model. The discounted present value of this “cost reduction” (i.e. the “economic benefit”) would be two orders of magnitude greater than the R & D investment, at least one order of magnitude greater than the expected economic benefits from synfuels commercialization and two orders of magnitude greater than the economic benefits from the commercialization of the LMFBR. However, the lack of performance and cost studies of improved efficiency in end-use suggests increased funding for these technologies rather than reduced funding for the breeder.
Reception History and the Trauma of Real History: Decoding the Pantomime in Haydn's 'Farewell' Symphony

Haydn’s incorporation of a pantomime into the finale of the “Farewell” Symphony constitutes as radical a violation of generic expectations as Beethoven’s introduction of a chorus in the Ninth Symphony, yet until now no one has analyzed this pantomime or decoded its meanings. The reception history of this piece suggests a paradoxical mixture of heightened historical recollection with a sort of willed amnesia.
Is This How We (All) Do It?: Butler Lies and Ambiguity Through a Broader Lens

The ubiquity of mobile devices has resulted in more opportunities to interact with more people than ever before. Given a finite capacity for interaction with others, people commonly manage their availability by limiting others' access to them. Prior work has demonstrated the importance of doing so in a relationally sensitive way and identified the butler lie, in which deception is used to manage availability, as a common linguistic strategy. Two key limitations of existing exploratory work, however, are limited samples of primarily students and a focus on media properties in understanding ambiguity that enables butler lies to be plausible. This paper aims to address these issues via a broad field study of deception and butler lies using a novel message-sampling method employed via a custom mobile app. Results show clear evidence of butler lies occurring in a broader population, with some gender differences; and urge adoption of a multi-level framework for understanding ambiguity that also includes private information and infrastructure-level attributes of interaction media.
Engineered gene circuits

A central focus of postgenomic research will be to understand how cellular phenomena arise from the connectivity of genes and proteins. This connectivity generates molecular network diagrams that resemble complex electrical circuits, and a systematic understanding will require the development of a mathematical framework for describing the circuitry. From an engineering perspective, the natural path towards such a framework is the construction and analysis of the underlying submodules that constitute the network. Recent experimental advances in both sequencing and genetic engineering have made this approach feasible through the design and implementation of synthetic gene networks amenable to mathematical modelling and quantitative analysis. These developments have signalled the emergence of a gene circuit discipline, which provides a framework for predicting and evaluating the dynamics of cellular processes. Synthetic gene networks will also lead to new logical forms of cellular control, which could have important applications in functional genomics, nanotechnology, and gene and cell therapy.
Generalization of the Trotter-Lie formula

Our generalization of the Trotter-Lie formula is based upon the following principle: starting with a "general mean" of semigroups, the corresponding formula must converge to the semigroup generated by an extension of the arithmetic mean of the generators. Accordingly, the usual product formula is associated with a "geometric mean". We establish "average formulae" for nonlinear semigroups generated by the subdifferentials of convex functionals. We then explore in detail the case of self-adjoint semigroups. A great advantage of these average formulae is that they naturally hold for an arbitrary number of operators whereas the traditional product formulae do not usually hold for more than two operators. This fact is important for numerical and theoretical applications. For instance, it enables us to handle with ease the Schrodinger operator withmagnetic vector potential and with arbitrarily singular scalar potential.
Statistical analysis of catalogs of extragalactic objects. II - The Abell catalog of rich clusters

The results of a power-spectrum analysis are presented for the distribution of clusters in the Abell catalog. Clear and direct evidence is found for superclusters with small angular scale, in agreement with the recent study of Bogart and Wagoner (1973). It is also found that the degree and angular scale of the apparent superclustering varies with distance in the manner expected if the clustering is intrinsic to the spatial distribution rather than a consequence of patchy local obscuration.
Towers in [ω]ω and ωω

Abstract In this paper we consider allowable combinations of towers of various lengths in [ω]ω and ωω, and the relationships between these towers and the cardinals p,h,b, and d describing degrees of closure of [ω]ω. We study the sets A={ K : there is a K - tower in [ω] ω } and B={ K : there is a K - tower in ω ω} . It is shown in 1 3 that either B ⊆ A or else there is a scale in ωω. Other results are constructions of various models in which certain specified combinations of the sets A and B and the closure cardinals p,h,b, and d are seen to be consistent.
Extensive and divergent circadian gene expression in liver and heart

Many mammalian peripheral tissues have circadian clocks1,2,3,4; endogenous oscillators that generate transcriptional rhythms thought to be important for the daily timing of physiological processes5,6. The extent of circadian gene regulation in peripheral tissues is unclear, and to what degree circadian regulation in different tissues involves common or specialized pathways is unknown. Here we report a comparative analysis of circadian gene expression in vivo in mouse liver and heart using oligonucleotide arrays representing 12,488 genes. We find that peripheral circadian gene regulation is extensive (≥8–10% of the genes expressed in each tissue), that the distributions of circadian phases in the two tissues are markedly different, and that very few genes show circadian regulation in both tissues. This specificity of circadian regulation cannot be accounted for by tissue-specific gene expression. Despite this divergence, the clock-regulated genes in liver and heart participate in overlapping, extremely diverse processes. A core set of 37 genes with similar circadian regulation in both tissues includes candidates for new clock genes and output genes, and it contains genes responsive to circulating factors with circadian or diurnal rhythms.
Humanism in Wittenberg: Frederick the Wise, Konrad Celtis, and Albrecht Dürer's 1508 Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand Christians

Albrecht Durer's 1508 Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand Christians (Fig. 1) is unique among the works the Nuremberg master produced for Elector Frederick III the Wise of Saxony (1463–1525) in that it a...
A unification of Halstead's Software Science counting rules for programs and English text, and a claim space approach to extensions

In his Elements of Software Science, Maurice Halstead proposed that software quality measurements could be based on static lexemic analysis of the vocabularies of operators and operands, and the number of occurrences of each class, in computer programs. He also proposed that quality issues in Natural Language text could be addressed from similar perspectives, although his rules for programs and for English seem to conflict.This paper suggests that Halstead's seemingly disparate rules for classifying the tokens of programs and the tokens of English can be generally reconciled, although Halstead himself does not claim such a union. The thesis of Part One is a unification of his two procedures, based on a linguistic partitioning between “open” and “closed” classes. This unification may provide new inputs to some open issues concerning coding, and suggest, on the basis of a conceptual rationale, an explanation as to why programs which are by Halstead's definition “impure” might indeed be confusing to the human reader.Part Two of this paper, by exploring the nodes in a textual “Claim Space,” briefly considers other groupings of the classes taken as primitive by Halstead, in ways which bring to light alternate and supplementary sets of candidate coding rules productive for study of textual quality.
Brain-enriched hyaluronan binding (BEHAB)/brevican cleavage in a glioma cell line is mediated by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family member.

Abstract Brain-enriched hyaluronan binding (BEHAB)/brevican is a brain-specific extracellular matrix protein containing a cleavage site between Glu395-Ser396, which bears remarkable homology to the “aggrecanase” site in the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan. Expression of BEHAB/brevican is dramatically increased in human gliomas, notoriously invasive tumors. Recently, we showed that the rat 9L gliosarcoma cell line, which does not express BEHAB/brevican and forms non-invasive tumors when grown as intracranial grafts, can form invasive tumors when transfected with a 5′ cDNA fragment of BEHAB/brevican, but not when transfected with the full-length cDNA. In marked contrast, the highly invasive CNS-1 glioma cell line expresses and cleaves BEHAB/brevican protein when grown as an intracranial graft. These results suggest that both synthesis and cleavage of BEHAB/brevican protein may play a role in the invasiveness of gliomas. We report here, using an antibody developed to the neoepitope created by BEHAB/brevican cleavage at the Glu395-Ser396 site, that the CNS-1 cells are able to cleave the protein in vitro. We characterized the CNS-1-derived cleavage activity by assaying its ability to cleave BEHAB/brevican proteoglycan, and determined that the enzyme is a constitutively expressed, secreted activity. Using a variety of protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and specific antibodies, we determined that this activity is likely to be a member of the ADAMTS family of metalloproteinases, specifically ADAMTS4. These results suggest a novel function for ADAMTS family members in BEHAB/brevican cleavage and glioma and indicate that inhibition of ADAMTS in glioma may provide a novel therapeutic strategy.