cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the standard and accuracy of chest x-ray reporting by medical physicians in an acute medical take

Introduction: The reporting of CXRs for medical patients admitted to hospital vary across Europe. Comparison between physicians and radiology reporting has suggested radiologists provide improved quality (1) and accuracy (2) of reporting. In our trust the radiologist report on all the admission CXRs but this may not be available at the time of physician review. Aim: To assess if disagreement in reporting between general physicians and a radiologist would have an impact on the medical management of a patient. Method: We retrospectively compared the reporting of 50 CXRs by the medical physician with that of a radiologist. Results: The overall concordance of reporting was 78%. There were 21/50 normal CXRs of which the physician correctly reported 20/21 (95%) as normal. The remaining were either acutely abnormal (14/50, 28%) or had chronic abnormal changes (15/50, 30%). Only 6/14 (43%) acutely abnormal CXRs were reported correctly and 11/15 (73%) reported on chronic changes by the physician. Conclusion: Correctly identifying an acute diagnosis was less than 50%, particularly differentiating between pneumonia and heart failure, yet many trusts require the physician to report on CXRs. Undergraduate and post-graduate training in internal medicine does not formally train or examine in radiology and given these findings more training and service development needs addressing for patient safety. References: 1. Weiner SN. Radiology by nonradiologists: is report documentation adequate?Am J Manag Care. 2005 Dec; 11(12) 2. Zohair Al Aseri. Accuracy of chest radiograph interpretation by emergency physicians. Emergency Radiology, 2009; 16(2).
Ocular microdialysis: a continuous sampling technique to study pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the eye

The unique anatomy and physiology of the eye present many challenges to the successful development and delivery of ophthalmic drugs. Any therapeutic strategy developed to control the progression of anterior and posterior segment diseases requires continuous monitoring of effective drug concentrations in the relevant ocular tissues and fluids. Ocular microdialysis has gained popularity in recent years due to its ability to continuously monitor drug concentrations and substantially reduce the number of animals needed. The intrusive nature of ocular microdialysis experimentation has restricted these studies to animal models. This review article intends to highlight various aspects of ocular microdialysis and its relevance in examining the disposition of drugs in the anterior and posterior segments.
Does contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion increase the risk of carotid endarterectomy

Abstract The results of every carotid endarterectomy performed contralateral to an internal carotid artery occlusion ( n = 36) (group I) were compared with those performed contralateral to a patent internal carotid artery ( n = 169) (group II) over the last 10 years. The patients in each group were evenly matched with respect to male gender (66% vs 69%); mean age (66.7 vs 65.9 years); and incidence of hypertension (55.6% vs 53.2%), diabetes (16.7% vs 20.1%), and hyperlipidemia (8.3% vs 11.8%). Patients in group I had a higher incidence of previous myocardial infarction (25% vs 11.8%, p p
Digit pipelined discrete wavelet transform

The paper describes a digit pipelined architecture for the 1D discrete wavelet transform, assuming a digit-serial model of computation. The use of simple operations and data movement makes it suitable for VLSI implementation and it can be easily mapped onto fine-grain custom VLSI and FPGA-based architectures. It achieves a factor of two speedup over a previous implementation of the same algorithm by virtue of digit pipelining made possible by the use of signed-digit arithmetic. In addition, the system can be clocked faster since it uses only nearest neighbor connections on a mesh, thus avoiding the signal propagation delays associated with long routing paths. An N-point DWT takes O(Nk) time and requires O(LJk) area, where L is the filter size, J is the number of octaves and k is the precision. >
Generation of xuv supercontinuum and single attosecond pulses by half-cycle polarization gating

Ultrafast duplicity dependent pulses were created by polarization shaping of few-cycle pulses with birefringence optics. When the pulses were used for high harmonic generation, a supercontinuum spectrum extending 25-45 nm was produced in the plateau and cutoff region that corresponds to single attosecond pulses
Rehabilitation Therapy In Skilled Nursing Facilities: Effects Of Medicare’s New Prospective Payment System

In 1998 the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) began phasing in a new prospective payment system (PPS) for Medicare payments to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). I examine the effects of the new PPS on the level of rehabilitation therapy provided in SNFs. The percentage of residents of freestanding SNFs receiving extremely high levels of rehabilitation therapy dropped significantly, and the percentage receiving moderate levels increased. Freestanding SNFs, particularly for-profits, dramatically altered the services they provided in response to new financial incentives. This responsiveness underscores the importance of efforts now under way to refine the SNF PPS.
An alternative hypothesis to invasional meltdown in the Laurentian Great Lakes region: General facilitation by Dreissena

Invasional meltdown, where established non-indigenous species facilitate the establishment and spread of newly arriving non-indigenous species, may contribute to the increasing rate of biological invasions. The Laurentian Great Lakes have been used as an example of invasional meltdown, but our results suggest that this may not be the case. We propose that the increased numbers of facilitative interactions are not due to an invasion meltdown, but rather a strongly interacting species, such as Dreissena, promoting population level changes in both native and non-indigenous species. Dreissena are the facilitator in the majority of reported facilitations of non-indigenous species, and those non-indigenous species have not yet led to more invasions. Further, our results show that Dreissena facilitate non-indigenous and native species similarly. Literature reviews showed little evidence that Dreissena facilitate fish or are facilitated by phytoplankton. Consequently, the observed pattern of species interactions in the Great Lakes does not conform to the definition of invasional meltdown. We suggest that Dreissena cause strong interactions and change the benthos in a way that facilitates many organisms (native and non-indigenous), but that system-wide invasional meltdown is not occurring in the Great Lakes.
Nonlinear modeling and processing of speech based on sums of AM-FM formant models

We describe a new statistical approach based on nonlinear filtering ideas for decomposing signals that are modeled as a sum of jointly amplitude- and frequency-modulated cosines, where each cosine has a slowly varying center frequency and the sum of terms is observed in additive noise. This is an alternative approach to methods based on deterministic models such as the Kaiser-Teager (see Proc. IEEE ICASSP-93, vol.III, p.149 and IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol.28, no.5, pp. 599, 1980) energy operator. The Cramer-Rao bound for the resulting statistical estimation problem is computed. A practical nonlinear filter, an extended Kalman filter, is described. We demonstrate the ideas on a variety of speech problems.
Multidomain organization of eukaryotic guanine nucleotide exchange translation initiation factor eIF‐2B subunits revealed by analysis of conserved sequence motifs

Computer-assisted analysis of amino acid sequences using methods for database screening with individual sequences and with multiple alignment blocks reveals a complex multidomain organization of yeast proteins GCD6 and GCD1, and mammalian homolog of GCD6-subunits of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF-2B involved in GDP/GTP exchange on eIF-2. It is shown that these proteins contain a putative nucleotide-binding domain related to a variety of nucleotidyltransferases, most of which are involved in nucleoside diphosphate-sugar formation in bacteria. Three conserved motifs, one of which appears to be a variant of the phosphate-binding site (P-loop) and another that may be considered a specific version of the Mg(2+)-binding site of NTP-utilizing enzymes, were identified in the nucleotidyltransferase-related domain. Together with the third unique motif adjacent to the the P-loop, these motifs comprise the signature of a new superfamily of nucleotide-binding domains. A domain consisting of hexapeptide amino acid repeats with a periodic distribution of bulky hydrophobic residues (isoleucine patch), which previously have been identified in bacterial acetyltransferases, is located toward the C-terminus from the nucleotidyltransferase-related domain. Finally, at the very C-termini of GCD6, eIF-2B epsilon, and two other eukaryotic translation initiation factors, eIF-4 gamma and eIF-5, there is a previously undetected, conserved domain. It is hypothesized that the nucleotidyltransferase-related domain is directly involved in the GDP/GTP exchange, whereas the C-terminal conserved domain may be involved in the interaction of eIF-2B, eIF-4 gamma, and eIF-5 with eIF-2.
Clustering for approximate similarity search in high-dimensional spaces

We present a clustering and indexing paradigm (called Clindex) for high-dimensional search spaces. The scheme is designed for approximate similarity searches, where one would like to find many of the data points near a target point, but where one can tolerate missing a few near points. For such searches, our scheme can find near points with high recall in very few IOs and perform significantly better than other approaches. Our scheme is based on finding clusters and, then, building a simple but efficient index for them. We analyze the trade-offs involved in clustering and building such an index structure, and present extensive experimental results.
CavePainting: a fully immersive 3D artistic medium and interactive experience

CavePainting is an artistic medium that uses a 3D analog of 2D brush strokes to create 3D works of art in a fully immersive Cave environment. Physical props and gestures are used to provide an intuitive interface for artists who may not be familiar with virtual reality. The system is designed to take advantage of the 8 ft. x 8 ft. x 8 ft. space in which the artist works. CavePainting enables the artist to create a new type of art and provides a novel approach to viewing this art after it has been created. In this paper, we describe CavePainting’s 3D brush strokes, color pickers, artwork viewing mode, and interface. We also present several works of art created using the system along with feedback from artists. Artists are excited about this form of art and the gestural, full-body experience of creating it. CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: I.3.6 [Computer Graphics]: Methodology and Techniques - Interaction Techniques; I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism Virtual Reality; J.5 [Arts and Humanities]: Fine Arts Additional Key Words: 3D painting, 3D modeling, gestures, tangible user interface, Cave
Role for GTP in glucose-induced phospholipase C activation in pancreatic islets

We have previously demonstrated a permissive role for GTP in insulin secretion; in the current studies, we examined the effect of GTP on phospholipase C (PLC) activation to explore one possible mechanism for that observation. In rat islets preexposed to the GTP synthesis inhibitors mycophenolic acid (MPA) or mizoribine (MZ), PLC activation induced by 16.7 mM glucose (or by 20 mM alpha-ketoisocaproic acid) was inhibited 63% without altering the labeling of phosphoinositide substrates. Provision of guanine, which normalizes islet GTP content and insulin release, prevented the inhibition of PLC by MPA. Glucose-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis was blocked by removal of extracellular Ca2+ or by diazoxide. PLC induced directly by Ca2+ influx (i.e., 40 mM K+) was reduced 42% in MPA-pretreated islets but without inhibition of the concomitant insulin release. These data indicate that glucose-induced PLC activation largely reflects Ca2+ entry and demonstrate (for the first time in intact cells) that adequate GTP is necessary for glucose (and Ca(2+)-)-induced PLC activation but not for maximal Ca(2+)-induced exocytosis.
Reply to Davis: Nitric oxide regulates lymphatic contractions

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Michael J. Davis’s Letter (1) regarding our paper “Mechanobiological Oscillators Control Lymph Flow” (2). Our model was developed to study phasic contractions and the dynamics of NO and calcium rather than the control of basal tone. Many factors—in addition to NO—affect lymphatic baseline diameter, including inflammatory cytokines and hormones, and the mechanical properties of the surrounding tissue. On the other hand, there are few mechanisms that operate at the short timescales required for the phasic contractions. Our simulations show that NO and Ca2+ are sufficient to drive these phasic contractions and that mechanobiological regulation of their levels provides intrinsic feedback … [↵][1]2To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: munn{at}steele.mgh.harvard.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Robotic experience companionship in music listening and video watching

We propose the notion of robotic experience companionship (REC): a person's sense of sharing an experience with a robot. Does a robot's presence and response to a situation affect a human's understanding of the situation and of the robot, even without direct human---robot interaction? We present the first experimental assessment of REC, studying people's experience of entertainment media as they share it with a robot. Both studies use an autonomous custom-designed desktop robot capable of performing gestures synchronized to the media. Study I ($$n=67$$n=67), examining music listening companionship, finds that the robot's dance-like response to music causes participants to feel that the robot is co-listening with them, and increases their liking of songs. The robot's response also increases its perceived human character traits. We find REC to be moderated by music listening habits, such that social listeners were more affected by the robot's response. Study II ($$n=91$$n=91), examining video watching companionship supports these findings, demonstrating that social video viewers enjoy the experience more with the robot present, while habitually solitary viewers do not. Also in line with Study I, the robot's response to the video clip causes people to attribute more positive human character traits to the robot. This has implications for robots as companions for digital media consumption, but also suggests design implications based on REC for other shared experiences with personal robots.
Blood Pressure and Vascular Nitrite Alterations Following Traffic Exposure With and Without Beet Juice as Oral Nitrate Prophyllaxis

Pettit showed that 2 hours of traffic related air pollution (TRAP) diminishes the physiologic increase in plasma nitrites after a hypoxic stimulus. Dietary inorganic nitrates are reduced to circulating nitrite. We investigated whether beetroot, high in inorganic nitrate, improves hypoxia response and oxidant effects of TRAP. 12 healthy volunteers participated in a crossover study of beetroot juice (BJ) and orange juice (OJ). Blood pressure (BP) and plasma nitrite were measured immediately prior and post a 5 min ischemic forearm stimulus. Following plasma sampling, subjects drank juice, then went on a 2 hour highway car ride. Immediately following each ride measurements were repeated. BJ increased nitrite while OJ had no effect. 19 of 24 rides showed increased plasma nitrite in response to ischemia prior to the juice / car ride. After OJ / car ride this fell to 3 of 12. However, following BJ / car ride 6 of 12 post-ride values showed a hypoxic plasma nitrite increase, suggesting a protective effect of BJ on endothelial function. Thus, oxidative stress from TRAP reduced circulating nitrites, and increased circulating nitrite reduced BP and the endothelial dependence of NO production, suggesting that beets may represent a nutritional mechanism supporting endothelial function.
­A practical application of reduced-copper antifouling paint in marine biological research

Biofouling of experimental cages and other field apparatuses can be problematic for scientists and has traditionally been addressed using frequent manual removal (e.g., scraping, scrubbing). Recent environmental restrictions and legislative changes have driven the development of less hazardous antifouling products, making antifouling paint a potential alternative option to manual removal. Consequently, the viability of using these newly developed products as a replacement for the manual cleaning of exclusion cages was experimentally investigated. There were six treatments tested, comprising three with settlement tiles in experimental cages coated with antifouling paint, two with settlement tiles in unpainted experimental cages, and one cage-free suspended tile. The three antifouling treatments comprised two reduced-copper paints (21% Cu2O and 40% Cu2O) and one copper-free, Econea (™)-based paint (labeled "ecofriendly"). Antifouling paints were assessed for performance of preventing fouling of the cages and whether they elicited local effects on settlement tiles contained within them. All three paints performed well to reduce fouling of the cages during the initial six weeks of the experiment, but the efficacy of "ecofriendly" paint began to decrease during an extended deployment that lasted 14 weeks. The macro-community composition, biomass, and percent cover of settled organism on tiles within cages treated with copper-based paints (21% and 40% concentrations) were indistinguishable from tiles within the manually scrubbed cages. In contrast, settlement to tiles from the "ecofriendly" treatment was different in composition of macro-community and lower in biomass, suggesting the presence of local effects and therefore rendering it unsuitable for use in settlement experiments. The results of this study suggest that reduced-copper paints have the potential to serve as an alternative to manual maintenance, which may be useful for deployments in locations that are difficult to access on a frequent schedule.
How to Think About Law as Morality: A Comment on Greenberg and Hershovitz

In recent Essays, Mark Greenberg and Scott Hershovitz defend striking theses about the relationship between legal obligations and moral obligations (and between legal facts and moral facts in general). Put simply, Greenberg argues that legal facts simply are certain moral facts: the moral facts generated by the actions of legal institutions in the legally proper way. In contrast, Hershovitz argues that, properly understood, there are no legal facts, only moral facts we regard as legal for certain purposes. In this Response, I explain and evaluate parts of each proposal. First, I argue that Greenberg identifies legal facts with the wrong set of moral facts, one that fails to fit and explain our ordinary judgments. Even so, I favor Greenberg’s basic approach, and outline an alternative that strikes me as more promising. Second, I explain the challenge posed by Hershovitz’s more radical thesis, and provide some reasons to think it’s a challenge that Greenberg might meet.
Vapor Phase Lubricant Adsorption on Magnetic Data Storage Media

Vapor phase lubrication (VPL) integrates media lubrication with the vacuum processing steps used throughout most of the hard disk media fabrication process. This avoids exposure of the unlubricated hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-CHx ) overcoat to the ambient air and airborne contamination. In vapor lubrication the a-CHx surface can be oxidized under controlled conditions immediately prior to lubricant adsorption. The interaction between lubricants and a-CHx films can be tailored by controlled oxidation of the a-CHx in vapor phase lubrication.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
(1141) Proposal to Conserve Oreodoxa regia Kunth, the Basionym of Roystonea regia (Kunth) O. F. Cook, against Palma elata W. Bartram (Arecaceae)

(1141) Oreodoxa regia Kunth in Humboldt & al., Nov. Gen. Sp., ed. 1, ed. 4?: 305 [& ed. f?: 244]. Aug (sero) 1816 (Roystonea regia (Kunth) O. F. Cook), nom. cons. prop. [Palm.]. Type: Cuba, Havana, Bonpland 1276 (P-Bonpl.). (=) Palma elata W. Bartram, Travels Carolina: iv, 115-116. 1791 (Roystonea elata (W. Bartram) Harper), nom. rej. prop. Neotype (designated here): U.S.A., Florida, Collier Co., Zona & Bigelow 406 (FLAS).
Effectively Teaching Social Work Practice Online: Moving Beyond Can to How

Schools of social work are increasingly developing online courses and programs. While the majority of research comparing online and face–to-face courses has found equivalent outcomes, skepticism still exists, particularly about the ability to teach practice courses effectively online. This study adds to the growing body of research within social work that specifically examines the comparative effectiveness of online and face-to-face practice courses. Using an anonymous survey, 23 face-to-face and 12 online students enrolled in two separate sections of social work generalist practice rated the quality of the learning environment, the extent to which the course objectives were met, and the effectiveness of the teaching strategies from the students’ perspective. In addition, scores on assignment rubrics and student course evaluations were also compared. Results indicate no significant differences in learning outcomes as measured by assignment rubric scores, student perceptions of the extent to which learning objectives were met, the quality of the learning environment, and the effectiveness of five of the six teaching strategies used. We recommend that research moves beyond determining if online practice courses are as effective as face-to-face courses, and instead focus on a closer examination of the factors responsible for teaching effectiveness .
Efficacy of Seed Treatments for Protection of Soybean, 2015

This experiment was part of an effort to evaluate materials for management of SBA in Minnesota. The experiment was conducted at the University of Minnesota Outreach, Research and Education Park near Rosemount, MN. On 1 May 2015, soybean seed (variety: Legend Seed LS20R20N) was sown 3.81 cm deep at a seeding rate of 296,400 seeds/ha. Spacing between rows was 0.76 m. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three treatments and four replications. Each plot was four rows by 9.14 m long. Plots within replications were separated by 1.52 m of fallow ground and replications were separated by 3.05 m of fallow ground. …
Isolated Placental Inflammation and Vasculopathy: Clinical Implications in the Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants.

ABSTRACTThe predictive values of placental histopathologies are compromised by a non-segregation of common anomalies. The effects of isolated pure placental inflammation (PI) and vasculopathy-coagulopathy (PV) were compared with normal (NL) placentas in extremely premature infants (ELBW, birth weight < 1000 g). PI infants required lower peak inspiratory pressure on day 3. More infants in PV were oxygen dependence on day 28. PV had an increased risk of intraventricular–periventricular hemorrhage (IVH, OR 4.9, 95% CI 1–24.7, p = 0.05). NL infants were unexposed to PPROM or maternal hypertension, had highest requirement for surfactant, did not develop IVH and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and none of them were Caucasian. Conclusions: In ELBW infants (1) pure placental vasculopathy-coagulopathy is a risk factor for IVH, (2) a non- pathological intrauterine environment is nonconducive to IVH and PVL, (3) pure placental inflammation is protective for acute pulmonary disease, (4) Caucasian mothers are more ...
To Go in Order to Come Back: A Comparative Analysis of Wooden Fish Songs and The House on Mango Street

Each ethnic text carries its own unique force. A glimpse of the otherness of the other can produce new perspectives on our own faces in the great mirror of culture. Though different in culture and ethnicity, Sandra Cisneros and Ruthanne Lum McCunn share the same confusion about their multicultural identity. Their works both focus on the themes of cross-cultural gender tension, identity shaping and community building. McCunn concludes that individuals can only thrive if they inherit and understand their own culture. Afterwards, they should cross-pollinate their own tradition with new perspectives from other cultures. Cisneros emphasizes the role of writing for female achievement, and proposes that after personal success, one should come back to their community and help others who were left behind. The world of Wooden Fish Songs and the world of The House on Mango Street seem completely different, yet both works echo the same challenges and deserve comparative attention. Former scholars were influenced by the idea that the East/West comparison is impossible, since it is believed that the philosophical and interpretative discourse governing one of those worlds are untranslatable and cannot be successfully applied to the other world. This is maybe the reason why previous critics have only focused on their works separately. This essay compares the two works through close reading. It discusses their role as ethnic authors, and concludes the importance of comparative studies of the works of women of color.
Islamic Ethics and the Implications for Business

As global business operations expand, managers need more knowledge of foreign cultures, in particular, information on the ethics of doing business across borders. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to share the Islamic perspective on business ethics, little known in the west, which may stimulate further thinking and debate on the relationships between ethics and business, and (2) to provide some knowledge of Islamic philosophy in order to help managers do business in Muslim cultures. The case of Egypt illustrates some divergence between Islamic philosophy and practice in economic life. The paper concludes with managerial implications and suggestions for further research.
A Model to Assess the Economic Viability of Alfalfa Production Under Subsurface Drip Irrigation in California

This study was carried out to develop a model to explore the economic viability of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) for alfalfa production in the major alfalfa production regions of California. Data from previously published studies on alfalfa under drip irrigation were applied to establish the relationship between hay yield and seasonal water use. A correction factor was defined to adjust the potential impacts of SDI due to regional differences in yield potential. A partial economic analysis was developed to assess economic benefits of SDI in alfalfa. The model predicted an additional 7.9 Mg ha−1 yield as a result of switching from surface flood irrigation to SDI, averaged across the principal alfalfa-growing counties and regions in California. The hay yield improvements predicted by the model are in good agreement with the preliminary reports of improved hay yields from the 12 commercial farmers who have implemented SDI in Sacramento Valley, Low Desert, and Southern San Joaquin Valley regions. While the proposed model illustrated the potential profitability of SDI in alfalfa in several regions, further on-farm experience and analysis would be required to confirm these results in practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Down the Rabbit Hole: Using The Matrix to Reflect on Teacher Education

AbstractIn this article we use The Matrix movie as a heuristic device that offers two possibilities for conceptualizing teacher education: as a mirror (looking at ourselves) and as a window (looking at teacher education). We begin by sharing our interests and reason for using self-study while examining the components of The Matrix, noting parallels between key elements in our educational world and Neo’s world. Here we unpack scenes from the movie while making connections between the Matrix world and the world of education in order to problematize many of the longstanding, traditional notions that hinder or prevent all of us from awakening fully. We then discuss how our journeys have been influenced and altered by both self-study and curriculum study, noting the many similarities of our plight of existence with Neo’s false reality by using our experiences as a lens to re-surface the messages in The Matrix for a new generation. These messages can serve as entry points in order to initiate conversations that...
Deep vein thrombosis and venous thromboembolism in trauma.

Purpose of review Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolus are major causes of hospital-related morbidity and mortality, and are recognized as complications in patients with traumatic injury. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with DVTs, prophylaxis and treatment are still not well understood and remain the subject of research and debate. Recent findings Elements of the patient's history and physical examination, along with thromboelastography, can be used to predict patients who are at greatest risk of DVT and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Novel assays and biomarkers hold promise for more accurate evaluation of coagulation status. Patients with traumatic injury are routinely treated with either mechanical or pharmacological treatments to prevent DVT, and a growing body of evidence suggests that DVT prophylaxis should be initiated as early as possible in a patient's hospital course. Summary In trauma patients with traumatic injury, early identification and targeted VTE prophylaxis in trauma patients may prevent this life-threatening complication.
Challenges of Running an Orthopaedic and Trauma Services in a Rural, Remote Setting in India—Our Experience

The WHO’s emergency and essential surgical care (EESC) programme and the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery have emphasised the need for essential surgical service as an “integral, “indivisible, indispensable” part of universal health care. Facilities for the management of open fractures, one of the “Bellwether procedures” as identified by the WHO, should be available within 2 h of reach, where safe effective emergency surgery can be performed. We share our experience from a remote, rural, hilly town in India. Of the three Ms—man, machine, medicine—it is manpower that we find difficult to rectify to provide “safe surgery”. In accordance with the report of Lancet Commission on Global Surgery, we have the data to support our needs. It is for the government and non-governmental organisations to rise up and provide the three Ms so that safe, essential surgical services can be carried out even in the remotest parts of India.
INCIDENCE, MECHANISM, AND NATURAL HISTORY OF SCAPHOID FRACTURES

Scaphoid fractures are fairly common and remain a difficult problem with respect to diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. The initial goal is accurate diagnosis of the fracture using clinical evaluation and available imaging modalities. Union is the subsequent objective, with a trend toward restoration of normal scaphoid anatomy, because nonunion or malunion may lead to unacceptable results and patient dissatisfaction. Despite biomechanical research of simulated fractures and clinical studies on natural history, the exact outcome after scaphoid union, nonunion, and malunion remains variable.
The Changing Academic Profession in the USA

In many, if not all, national settings, the context for academic work has undergone dramatic changes over the past three decades. National and state priorities have come to place a greater emphasis on basic education, health, and welfare. A new ideology has emerged stressing the private as contrasted to the public benefits of higher education. Higher education in most countries has expanded so as to serve the “masses,” but public funding has not increased at the same pace. And stakeholders have raised critical voices concerning certain practices of the higher education sector. Thus, higher education is under stress, and this has impacted the working conditions as well as the terms of employment of many academics. This chapter reviews these recent changes, considers their likely impact on the nature of academic work, and outlines how the several chapters of the book will explore these trends. Particular attention is devoted to the relevance and internationalization of the academy and to new trends in management and governance.
Radiation-Associated Sarcoma of the Neck: Case Series and Systematic Review.

Introduction Radiation-associated soft tissue sarcomas of the neck (RASN) constitute a rare and aggressive tumor type. Methods A retrospective chart review at the authors' institution revealed 3 patients with RASN. A systematic review of the literature was also conducted using MEDLINE, Ovid, the Cochrane Library, and Embase. Results Patients within the authors' institutional chart review presented from 6 to 26 years after neck radiation with neck masses. All patients underwent surgical resection with clear margins, and adjuvant radiation was offered when feasible. Patients had no evidence of disease at most recent follow-up. A total of 867 articles were screened for systematic review, revealing 9 articles detailing outcomes of RASN. Studies were small and heterogeneous, precluding pooled data. The importance of complete surgical extirpation was noted. Conclusions Complete surgical resection appears to be the mainstay of therapy, but there are limited data on management and outcomes of patients with RASN.
Hypersonic Surface Phononic Bandgap Demonstration in a CMOS-Compatible Pillar-Based Piezoelectric Structure on Silicon

The promise of surface phononic crystals (PnCs) for $e.g.$ rf signal processing in wireless communication (like your mobile phone) has not been realized, due to the complexity of acoustic wave propagation in such structures, plus the lack of a low-loss, CMOS-compatible platform. The authors identify a wide, hypersonic surface phononic band gap in a pillar-based surface PnC. The significance of their platform lies in the reduced phononic material loss in dielectric pillars, and the use of CMOS-compatible AlN. This allows dense integration of low-loss hypersonic devices with electronics on the same die, enabling many exciting applications of surface PnCs.
The Depths of Despair Among US Adults Entering Midlife.

Objectives. To test whether indicators of despair are rising among US adults as they age toward midlife and whether this rise is concentrated among low-educated Whites and in rural areas.Methods. W...
Helicobacter pylori infection downregulates the DNA glycosylase NEIL2, resulting in increased genome damage and inflammation in gastric epithelial cells

Infection with the Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium Helicobacter pylori induces an inflammatory response and oxidative DNA damage in gastric epithelial cells that can lead to gastric cancer (GC). However, the underlying pathogenic mechanism is largely unclear. Here, we report that the suppression of Nei-like DNA glycosylase 2 (NEIL2), a mammalian DNA glycosylase that specifically removes oxidized bases, is one mechanism through which H. pylori infection may fuel the accumulation of DNA damage leading to GC. Using cultured cell lines, gastric biopsy specimens, primary cells, and human enteroid-derived monolayers from healthy human stomach, we show that H. pylori infection greatly reduces NEIL2 expression. The H. pylori infection-induced downregulation of NEIL2 was specific, as Campylobacter jejuni had no such effect. Using gastric organoids isolated from the murine stomach in coculture experiments with live bacteria mimicking the infected stomach lining, we found that H. pylori infection is associated with the production of various inflammatory cytokines. This response was more pronounced in Neil2 knockout (KO) mouse cells than in WT cells, suggesting that NEIL2 suppresses inflammation under physiological conditions. Notably, the H. pylori-infected Neil2-KO murine stomach exhibited more DNA damage than the WT. Furthermore, H. pylori-infected Neil2-KO mice had greater inflammation and more epithelial cell damage. Computational analysis of gene expression profiles of DNA glycosylases in gastric specimens linked the reduced Neil2 level to GC progression. Our results suggest that NEIL2 downregulation is a plausible mechanism by which H. pylori infection impairs DNA damage repair, amplifies the inflammatory response, and initiates GC.
Pulmonary hypertension in patients with interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features.

Pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung diseases is associated with increased mortality and hospitalizations and reduced exercise capacity. Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF...
Bed bugs shape the indoor microbial community composition of infested homes

Indoor pests, and the allergens they produce, adversely affect human health. Surprisingly, however, their effects on indoor microbial communities have not been assessed. Bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestations pose severe challenges in elderly and low-income housing. They void large amounts of liquid feces into the home environment, which might alter the indoor microbial community composition. In this study, using bed bug-infested and uninfested homes, we showed a strong impact of bed bug infestations on the indoor microbial diversity. Floor dust samples were collected from uninfested and bed bug-infested homes and their microbiomes were analyzed before and after heat interventions that eliminated bed bugs. The microbial communities of bed bug-infested homes were radically different from those of uninfested homes, and the bed bug endosymbiont Wolbachia was the major driver of this difference. After bed bugs were eliminated, the microbial community gradually shifted toward the community composition of uninfested homes, strongly implicating bed bugs in shaping the dust-associated environmental microbiome. Further studies are needed to understand the viability of these microbial communities and the potential risks that bed bug-associated microbes and their metabolites pose to human health.
Improving the Quality of U.S. Health Care — What Will It Take?

Improving the Quality of U.S. Health Care Despite nearly two decades of experimentation with standardized measurement, public reporting, and reward-and-penalty programs, average quality performance...
Abstract WP47: Combined Treatment of Rt-PA With Mechanical Thrombectomy is Associated With Better Outcome Than Mechanical Thrombectomy Alone and Possibly Underutilized - A National Inpatient Sample Study

Background and Purpose: 2015 AHA/ASA guidelines recommend mechanical thrombectomy (MT) with rt-PA for eligible patients within 6 hours of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We evaluated the real world im...
Challenges Facing the Chinese Health Care System.

The purposes of this article are to explore the challenges the Chinese health care system will be facing in the next decade. The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) having infected more than 90 000 persons in China (Source: World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus Disease Dashboard) again reveals the weaknesses of the fragmental health care system. Over the past 3 decades, increasing out-of-pocket spending on health care, increasing mortality rate of chronic disease, growing disparities between rural and urban populations, the defectiveness of disease surveillance system, and disease outbreak response system have been pressing Chinese authorities for action. As this country has experienced an unprecedented economic growth along with an unparalleled development of health care system in the past 3 decades, the challenges ahead are unavoidably numerous and complex.
From Paris to Katowice: The EU Needs to Step Up its Game on Climate Change and Set its Own Just Transition Framework

This Policy Brief examines implications of the EU’s targets for reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for labour markets. The brief argues that, given the enormous challenges, an equitable transition to a zero-carbon economy should be given higher priority and a clear allotment of EU financial resources. In order to fulfil the COP21 targets the EU needs to aim for 100% emission cuts by 2050 and present a credible roadmap of how to reach this. The clock is ticking: from 2020 to 2050, three times more cuts in GHG emissions are needed than was achieved in the 30 years to 2020. With a significantly greater climate policy ambition to fulfil the Paris targets, the social and employment effects of decarbonisation will be more intense in the future, affecting jobs, livelihoods, working conditions, skills and job prospects on a large scale. These labour market challenges need to be addressed by a targeted yet comprehensive policy framework, but the colossal task of decarbonising the entire economy within the next 32 years is only achievable if it happens in a balanced and fair way, leaving nobody behind. The briefing emphasises that any just transition should be an integral part of any low-carbon strategy and suggests that the EU should set out its own just transition framework and roadmap, based on the ILO guidelines but adapted to the specific challenges that exist in the European context.
Development of the Cube Component $$ \left( {\left\{ 001 \right\}\left\langle {100} \right\rangle } \right) $$ 001 100 During Plane Strain Compression of Copper and Its Importance in Recrystallization Nucleation

The origin of cube texture during recrystallization of medium to high stacking-fault energy FCC metals has been debated for several decades. However, the evolution of cube component during deformation is not studied well and hence, it is still unclear what are the favorable nucleation sites for the cube oriented recrystallized grains. To resolve this issue, we applied a full field crystal plasticity model utilizing a dislocation density based constitutive theory for the simulation of plane strain compression of polycrystalline copper. Simulation results reveal that the grains with initially cube orientation retained a small fraction of the cube component in the deformed state, whereas, some of the grains with initially non-cube orientations developed the cube component during the deformation. For strain up to 0.46, non-cube grains which are within 10 to 20 deg from the ideal cube orientation showed the highest tendency to develop the cube component during deformation. However, the cube component developed during the deformation was unstable and rotated away from the cube orientation with further deformation. With increasing strain up to 1.38, some of the grains with higher angular deviation from the ideal cube orientation also developed the cube component. No particular axis preference was observed for the non-cube grains, rather, the evolution of the cube component becomes dynamic at larger strain. Analysis of the disorientation angle and the dislocation density difference with the neighboring locations shows that the cube component developed during the deformation can play a significant role during nucleation. These findings will be useful for controlling the cube texture in FCC metals.
Medicinal Chemistry: Insights into the Development of Novel H2S Donors.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was traditionally considered as a toxic gas. However, recent studies have demonstrated H2S is an endogenously generated gaseous signaling molecule (gasotransmitter) with importance on par with that of two other well-known endogenous gasotransmitters, nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Although H2S’s exact mechanisms of action are still under investigation, the production of endogenous H2S and the exogenous administration of H2S have been demonstrated to elicit a wide range of physiological responses including modulation of blood pressure and protection of ischemia reperfusion injury, exertion of anti-inflammatory effects, and reduction of metabolic rate. These results strongly suggest that modulation of H2S levels could have potential therapeutic values. In this regard, synthetic H2S-releasing agents (i.e., H2S donors) are not only important research tools, but also potential therapeutic agents. This chapter summarizes the knowledge of currently available H2S donors. Their preparation, H2S releasing mechanisms, and biological applications are discussed.
East Asian Studies: Gender

Gender, like all ideological terms (e.g., civil society), is political policy and an analytic category. Here gender in East Asian studies will be understood historically. A concern of anthropologists, sociologists, and political economists since the 1970s, the use of a gender analytics was contested when it entered East Asian area studies in the 1990s Conceptually (and particularly after several historians refined and popularized the term), gender offered a social explanation for cultural variation in sexual and social practices previously either attributed to anatomical difference or simply ignored. It also offered a mode of general cultural analysis. Approximately when gender was accepted into area studies, ‘East Asia,’ an artifact of Cold War area studies in the United States, began to be questioned. In post-1989 re-regionalized area studies the preferred scholarly term is ‘Asia-Pacific.’ Factors contributing to re-regionalization are common: unequally experienced neoliberalist economic globalization processes; intrastate capital development projects; transnational flows of Chinese gendered labor and capital; and, the new global division of labor linking South East, East, and North Asia. While regional states retain sovereign regulatory powers, the national welfare policies that during the twentieth century provoked and circumscribed national gender stereotypes and development policy are changing. In ‘new metropolises’ that form the skeleton of the Asia-Pacific, neoliberal economic policies still shape national or race, ethnic, gender-coded citizens. However, driving ideologies of gendered social difference now are commodified, consumption-oriented, lifestyles. New policies, practices, and critical theories in turn are reshaping how area scholars and government officials employ the gender analytics now.
Gamma-Ray Line Signals from 26Al and 60Fe in the Galaxies of the Local Group

Steady state ?-line fluxes from the decay of 26Al and 60Fe situated in the Local Group galaxies LMC, SMC, NGC 6822, IC 1613, M31, and M33 are estimated with standard supernova yields and supernova rates based on blue luminosities and other indicators of massive star formation. The largest 26Al flux, 2.0 ? 10-6 ? s-1 cm-2, comes from the LMC, while the SMC is estimated to provide an 26Al flux of 3.6 ? 10-7 ? s-1 cm-2. Andromeda is surprisingly weak, only about 1.6 ? 10-8 ? s-1 cm-2 because of both its distance and its current low rate of star formation. Expected 60Fe fluxes are about 16% of the 26Al flux. Detection of these fluxes is feasible but will probably require sensitivities greater than those of the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysical Laboratory mission. The chief utility of such observations is the new insight they provide into the mechanisms of supernova explosions, the distribution and nature of massive-star-forming regions in irregular and spiral galaxies, and the nucleosynthetic history of Local Group members.