cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Firewalls of the State

With China’s Great Firewall it is necessary to go over why a country would apply such a system. This paper will go over US and EU’s hypothetical reasoning for a firewall, as well as China’s actual reasoning with citizens being the stakeholders. The introduction will be about the concept of walls leading to what a firewall does. States in this paper are what we would consider countries, while nation can be used it infers only countries designed by ethnicity. The main subject is the national firewall, but it will also be referred to as a great firewall since this is also a common term for the idea. Background information will be provided in the main body about China, US, and EU’s history with firewalls. After the background information, general impact and views on a national firewall policy will be discussed and a how this affects IT. A hypothetical ideal outcome will be before a summary where the best practices should be mimicked. The People’s Republic of China will be referenced multiple times as PRC or just China with no situation referring to Taiwan. Northern Europe will also be referred to and this includes the Nordic countries and Finland. It also should be noted that the technical aspects of firewall aren’t the subject while the policy of firewalls is.
Perceived social norms and acceptance of transgender students in gendered restrooms

Transgender college students report higher rates of discrimination in gendered restrooms than do their cisgender peers. It is critical to understand factors that promote greater acceptance of trans...
Equatorial Platform Based on Planar Linkage

A novel equatorial platform is described. While the invention lacks the compactness some desire in an equatorial platform, it holds promise of high precision, large payload weight and inexpensive construction.
The intersection of Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) activation and the FGF23 - Klotho cascade. A Duopoly that promotes renal and cardiovascular injury.

The nexus of CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) amplifies the morbidity and mortality of CKD, emphasizing the need for defining and establishing therapeutic initiatives to modify and abrogate the progression of CKD and concomitant CV risks. In addition to the traditional CV risk factors, disturbances of mineral metabolism are specific risk factors that contribute to the excessive CV mortality in patients with CKD. These risk factors include dysregulations of circulating factors that modulate phosphate metabolism including fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and soluble Klotho. Reduced circulating levels and suppressed renal klotho expression may be associated with adverse outcomes in CKD patients. While elevated circulating concentrations or locally produced FGF23 in the strained heart exert pro-hypertrophic mechanisms on the myocardium, Klotho attenuates tissue fibrosis, progression of CKD, cardiomyopathy, endothelial dysfunction, vascular stiffness, and vascular calcification. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation in non-classical targets, mediated by aldosterone and other ligands, amplifies CVD in CKD. In concert, we detail how the interplay of elevated FGF23, activation of the MR, and concomitant reductions of circulating Klotho in CKD, may potentiate each other's deleterious effects on kidney and the heart, thereby contributing to the initiation and progression of kidney and cardiac functional deterioration, acting through multipronged albeit complementary mechanistic pathways.
Three-dimensional microenvironment regulates gene expression, function, and tight junction dynamics of iPSC-derived blood-brain barrier microvessels

Abstract The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a pivotal role in brain health and disease. In the BBB, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are connected by tight junctions which regulate paracellular transport, and express specialized transporter systems which regulate transcellular transport. However, existing in vitro models of the BBB display variable physiological accuracy across a wide range of characteristics including gene/protein expression and barrier function. Here, we use an isogenic family of fluorescently-labeled iPSC-derived BMEC-like cells (iBMECs) and brain pericyte-like cells (iPCs) within two-dimensional confluent monolayers (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) tissue-engineered microvessels to explore how 3D microenvironment regulates gene expression and function of the in vitro BBB. We show that 3D microenvironment (shear stress, cell-ECM interactions, and cylindrical geometry) increases BBB phenotype and endothelial identity, and alters angiogenic and cytokine responses in synergy with pericyte co-culture. Tissue-engineered microvessels incorporating junction-labeled iBMECs enable study of the real-time dynamics of tight junctions during homeostasis and in response to physical and chemical perturbations.
Benchmarking software development productivity of CMMI level 5 projects

In this paper, data envelopment analysis variable returns to scale (DEA VRS) model is applied to data collected on 79 software development projects from a leading CMMI level 5 organization. We divide overall software effort into software development effort, software quality conformance effort (EoC), and software maintenance non-conformance (EoNC) effort due to poor software quality at delivery time. Partitioning effort into software development and software quality metrics provides us a comprehensive model to measure productivity of software projects and to identify best practice projects. Some of positive productivity drivers from the DEA best practice efficient projects point to good customer rapport and application familiarity. Inefficient projects had problems such as customer requirements volatility, and the use of unfamiliar technology. The DEA results identify 12 "best practice" projects that can be emulated for software process improvement. Additionally, our results point to approximately 50 % potential for productivity improvement in software projects to get to the level of "best practice" projects. This study shows that including EoC and EoNC as inputs has a positive impact on the best practice frontier.
Skill-Building Simulations in Cardiology: The HeartLab and EkgLab Experience

HeartLab and EkgLab are two simulation-based programs designed to teach medical students the essentials of the auscultatory cardiac exam and of electrocardiogram interpretation, respectively. The issues considered throughout the development of these projects, namely implementation language selection, program architecture, simulation design, patient models, and the approach to validation, are applicable to the design of any simulation-based system.
Interaction of cisplatin with the copper efflux transporter ATP7B

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 616 The participation of copper (Cu) homeostasis mechanism in the regulation of the cellular pharmacology of the platinum (Pt)-containing drugs has been demonstrated in a variety of model systems. Emerging data implicates the two efflux P-type ATPases, ATP7A and ATP7B, as mediators of Pt drug resistance. Current evidence suggests that both ATP7A and ATP7B function to sequester cisplatin (DDP) into intracellular vesicles, but neither binding of DDP to ATP7A or ATP7B nor actual transmembrane transport of DDP has yet been demonstrated. We investigated the interaction of DDP with ATP7B in microsomal vesicles from Sf9 cells engineered to express either a wild type ATP7B (WND) or a variant in which the transmembrane transport function was disabled by conversion of cysteine residue on the CPC motif to alanine (CPA). Vesicles expressing equally high levels of WND or CPA were assayed for DDP binding in vitro . After a 5 min exposure to 2 μM DDP and subsequent vigorous washing, the WND and CPA vesicles bound similar amounts of Pt, 24.5 ± 6.0 (SEM) and 18.1 ± 0.7 pmol Pt/mg protein, respectively. These levels were 2.7 and 2.0-fold higher than the amount of Pt bound by control vesicles expressing neither form of ATP7B (9 ± 2.9 pmol Pt/mg protein). Exposure to 2 μM Cu for 5 min increased ATPase activity of the WND-expressing vesicles whereas it did not increase the ATPase activity of the CPA-expressing vesicles at all. Exposure to various concentrations of DDP failed to stimulate ATPase activity and, in fact, reduced it to below background levels. These results suggest that DDP does, in fact, bind to both wild type and ATPase mutant forms of ATP7B but that, unlike Cu, it fails to stimulate the ATPase activity associated with the actual transport of Cu by ATP7B. Prior studies have demonstrated, in several cell types, that increased ATP7B enhances the efflux of DDP. The results of the current study are consistent with the hypothesis that ATP7B accomplishes this by sequestering DDP onto the cytoplasmic surface rather than the interior of vesicles that are then exported from the cell via the secretory pathway.
Analysis of Active-Clamp Response to Power-On ESD: Power Supply Integrity and Performance Tradeoffs

An active rail clamp circuit provides protection against component-level ESD; this work explores the challenges associated with designing a rail clamp to additionally provide protection when the IC is powered on. The fast transient response required to protect against ESD makes it difficult to design a stable circuit and introduces tradeoffs between supply integrity and the clamping characteristic. This work presents an analysis of how these performance metrics are affected by device sizes. Interactions between a rail clamp circuit, which may be an active or passive clamp, and the parasitic elements of the package and board are examined; it is shown that these interactions may briefly power down the supply.
Trust in Organizations

Changes in the work environment over the past two to three decades have significantly altered how we trust organizations, our bosses and our coworkers. In the past, there was such a thing as lifetime employment. Corporations and businesses assumed responsibility for career development, and employees believed that their employer would act in their best interests. Then, due to large inefficiencies, companies began developing a low dependency on employees, leading to restructurings, mergers, and downsizings. Now, companies encourage employees to be concerned about their own career development. Employees’ views of work have also changed. Employment has become more transactional. Richards (1998) attributes this to a decline in trust between employer and employee. Employees know they are expendable and employers owe little allegiance to their workers. Furthermore, many employees identify themselves more with their roles than they do with their companies. This free ownership leads employees to see themselves as free agents; they stay on the lookout for the next opportunity. Richards (1998) describes how GTE launched a recruitment effort for a project in Latin America, listing positions on more than 20 Web sites. Within a 30-day period, GTE had more than 1,000 external resumes. Richards has characterized today’s work force as multicultural vagabonds. Mutual trust between employer and employee is the casualty.
Competition as a Discovery Procedure: A Rejoinder to Professor Kirzner and Others on Coordination and Discovery

The Fall 2010 issue of the Journal of Private Enterprise featured a complicated set of papers (link to the issue). The lead article was a long paper by Jason Briggeman and me, on Israel Kirzner’s work on coordination and discovery. The thrust of our paper was an affirmation of Kirzner’s central claims, but with two alterations. First, we propose that the coordination that figures into the central issues ought to be understood as what we call concatenate coordination. Second, the central statements at issue ought not be asserted as holding 100 percent of the time, but rather should be by-and-large statements, making for a strong presumption, not a categorical result. Israel Kirzner then replied to our paper. The pair of papers was then the object of commentary by Peter Boettke and Daniel D’Amico, Steven Horwitz, Gene Callahan, and Martin Ricketts. Here, I respond to Kirzner, and, in an appendix, more briefly to the others.
Selective Eradication of Erythropoiesis by Actinomycin D as the Result of Interference with Hormonally Controlled Effector Pathway of Cell Differentiation

Daily injections of 60 µg. actinomycin D per Kg. mouse caused cessation of erythropoiesis due to complete disappearance of erythroid marrow elements, and the mice were absolutely refractory to erythropoietin. No decrease in myelo-, lympho-, or megakaryocytopoiesis was found during more than 3 weeks of daily administration of the drug. Observations on the effect of the drug on a cohort of erythroid cells, induced by erythropoietin in polycythemic mice, gave no evidence of its destructive or inhibitory action on early or late normoblasts. A critical reduction in the number of integer stem cells was likewise ruled out as the cause of eradication of erythropoiesis. The latter is attributed to a specific interference of actinomycin D in the effector pathway of erythropoietin controlled transformation (differentiation) of stem cells into early pronormoblasts. The findings indicate this process to be contingent on formation of new types of mRNA rather than on activation of templates already present in erythropoietin-sensitive stem cells.
Structure, mechanism, and evolution of the mRNA capping apparatus.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the recent progress, concerning the mechanism of cap synthesis, by fungal and mammalian enzymes. Viral capping enzymes are discussed to the extent that their study illuminates the mechanistic features, shared by their cellular counterparts. The chapter discusses the structural features of the capping enzymes that are required for guanylyltransferase, triphosphatase, and methyltransferase activities. It also describes how these features are conserved in evolution. The essential structural elements illuminate the reaction mechanisms that are described briefly in this chapter. It emphasizes the importance of recent structure determinations in clarifying the mechanistic models of catalysis, opening new lines of biochemical investigation, and illuminating the surprising structural complexities for seemingly “simple” enzymatic steps. The chapter concludes with the following: (i) the cloning of genes and complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the cap-forming enzymes from a wide variety of sources; (ii) the delineation of functional domains and catalytically essential amino acid side chains by mutagenesis; and (iii) the application of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of the capping enzymes. The physical and functional organizations of the component activities diverged during evolution are also discussed in this chapter.
Monolithic multi-phase LC-VCO in ultra-thin silicon-on-insulator (UTSi/spl reg/-SOI) CMOS technology

We present the theoretical design, modeling and fabrication of novel full-balanced, differential, single- and quadratic-phase LC-tank VCOs for microwave PLL frequency synthesizers, wireless, and optical communications. We present a multi-phase differential VCO design methodology based-on traveling wave theory. The monolithic VCOs are designed in 0.5-/spl mu/m Peregrine Semiconductor Ultra-Thin Silicon (UTSi/spl reg/) on insulator technology. The varactor-based quadrature VCO has a simulated phase-noise of less than -110 dB at 1 MHz offset frequency from a 4 GHz carrier, with less than 5 mW power consumption at nominal 3-V voltage supply. The outputs are 3-V peak-to-peak signals which are enough for mixer circuits operating in the linear region or being accepted by current mode differential logic and other low voltage differential logic.
Myofibrillar protein synthesis in young and old men

We tested the hypothesis that healthy older men (> 60 yr old) have a slower rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis than young men (< 35 yr old). Myofibrillar protein synthesis was determined by the...
Separation of Powers Shell Game: The Federal Witness Immunity Act

This article examines the 1970 Immunity Act, which was intended to be, and has been a law enforcement tool. Prosecutors have virtually unchecked discretion to grant or deny use and derivative use immunity to a witness in a criminal prosecution. Potential prosecution witnesses with Fifth Amendment rights are forced to testify through a governmental grant of immunity rubber stamped by the judiciary. At the same time, the defense is denied the ability to compel testimony from important potential defense witnesses with Fifth amendment rights because the prosecutor very rarely finds such testimony to be in the “public interest” under the Act, and even more rarely do courts find a basis for ordering immunity.The article concludes that this one-sided statutory framework is unconstitutional when applied to deny the defense material, favorable testimony. Not only does the statute violate a defendant’s rights, it also violates separation of powers. Congress has no authority to delegate a judicial function, determining cases and controversies fairly, to an interested party, the government. The Act uniquely gives a party exclusive control over an important trial issue concerning the admissibility of evidence.
Group-to-group distance collaboration: examining the space between

Organizations are moving towards a new type of work: group-to-group collaboration across distance, supported by technologies that connect rooms across distance into large collaboration spaces. In this study we report on distributed group-to-group collaboration in the domain of space mission design. We use the metaphor of the "space between" distant groups to describe the connections, interdependencies, and gaps that exist. To the extent that the "space between" remains wide, the risk for design errors increases. We found that different teams, who had different processes and methodologies, were able to form hybrid solutions. However, their hybrid solutions addressed mostly terms and results, and did not address the deeper methodologies that created the results. We also found that some individuals acted as information bridges across sites, representing the teams in articulation. To a large extent small groups were used for reconciling perspectives, but the majority of results were not communicated and integrated back into the larger team. We discuss the challenges that group-to-group collaboration designers face in meeting requirements for supporting these new technologies.
Market Reaction to Proposed Changes in Accounting for Purchased Research and Development in R&D-Intensive Industries:

Many allege that the accounting profession has failed to adapt to fundamental changes in the business environment because it has not developed timely guidance for reporting intangible assets. Regulatory attention has also focused on the disclosure companies make with respect to intangible assets. Accounting for the value of intangible assets acquired in a merger transaction is a key component of this issue. Specifically, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) alleged that companies routinely overstated the amount allocated to purchased inprocess research and development (IPR&D) and stated that the SEC would take steps to enforce generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to eliminate abuses of GAAP with respect to IPR&D. Others alleged that the SEC was creating GAAP, that they were unfairly singling out certain industries, and that they were unfairly generalizing abuses made by a few firms to the actions of many firms. In other words, competing hypotheses emerged with the first suggesting that the accounting treatment of IPR&D by companies was improper, while the second suggests that the SEC was establishing new accounting standards without carefully considering the issues. This research examines the stock-price reaction for industry groups that are R&D intensive to proposed changes in accounting for IPR&D. We estimate the shareholder wealth effects associated with a series of events that indicate a potential regulatory change in accounting for IPR&D to infer the capital market’s assessment as to whether the problem with IPR&D is inappropriate accounting on the part of companies, or inappropriate policy and enforcement on the part of the SEC and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The results show that the stock prices of firms in R&D-intensive in
What's one mixture divided by another?: A unified approach to high-fidelity distributed data fusion with mixture models

This work examines the problem of using finite Gaussian mixtures (GMs) in Bayesian message passing algorithms for decentralized data fusion (DDF). It is shown that both exact and conservative GM DDF lead to the same problem of finding a suitable GM approximation to a posterior fusion pdf that results from the division of a ‘naive Bayes’ fusion GM (representing direct combination of possibly dependent information sources) by another non-Gaussian pdf (representing either the actual or estimated ‘common information’ of the information sources). It is shown that the resulting quotient pdf for general GM fusion is in fact naturally a mixture model pdf, although the fused mixands are non-Gaussian. Parallelizable importance sampling algorithms are proposed to find tractable Gaussian approximations to these non-Gaussian mixtures, leading to GM fusion approximations that are shown to be more robust and accurate than previously proposed techniques.
Homeland Security Technical Group update and a snapshot of Homeland Security research budgets

An overview of this conference (#6203) will include an overview of the program. A summary of the background and activities of SPIE's Global Homeland Security Technical Group, especially the Port and Harbor Security and Drinking Water Safety sub-committees will be included. Highlights and interesting aspects of the FY 06 & 07 Department of Homeland Security Budgets will be briefly discussed as well as the FY 07 Federal R&D budget focusing on Homeland Security.
A Transitive Model For Artificial Intelligence Applications

A wide range of mathematical techniques have been applied to artificial intelligence problems and some techniques have proved more suitable than others for certain types of problem. We formally define a mathematical model which incorporates some of these successful techniques and we discuss its intrinsic properties. Universal applicability of the model is demonstrated through specific applications to problems drawn from rule-based systems, digital hardware design and constraint satisfaction networks. We also give indications of potential applications to other artificial intelligence problems, including knowledge engineering.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) CYCLIC AMP DURING CONTINUOUS INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF DOPAMINE IN NEWBORN PIGS. 1418

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) CYCLIC AMP DURING CONTINUOUS INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF DOPAMINE IN NEWBORN PIGS. 1418
Numerical Extended-Range Prediction: Forecast Skill Using a Low-Resolution Climate Model

Abstract A pilot study that evaluates the potential forecast skill of winter 10–30-day time-mean flow from a low-resolution (R15) climate simulation model is presented. The hypothesis tested is that low-resolution climate model forecasts might be as skillful as high-resolution numerical weather prediction model forecasts at extended-range timescales, if the low-frequency evolution is primarily a large-scale process and if the systematic error of the climate model is less detrimental than high-resolution forecast model error. Eight forecast cases, each containing four ensemble members, are examined and compared to high-resolution forecasts discussed by Miyakoda et al. The systematic error of the climate model is examined and then used to reduce the forecast error in an a posteriors fashion. The operational utility of these climate model forecasts is also assessed. The low-resolution climate model is quite successful in duplicating the skill of the high-resolution forecast model. If the forecast systematic ...
Preclinical Differences of Intravascular AAV9 Delivery to Neurons and Glia: A Comparative Study of Adult Mice and Nonhuman Primates

Other labs have previously reported the ability of adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this report, we carefully characterized variables that might affect AAV9's efficiency for central nervous system (CNS) transduction in adult mice, including dose, vehicle composition, mannitol coadministration, and use of single-stranded versus self-complementary AAV. We report that AAV9 is able to transduce approximately twice as many neurons as astrocytes across the entire extent of the adult rodent CNS at doses of 1.25 × 1012, 1 × 1013, and 8 × 1013 vg/kg. Vehicle composition or mannitol coadministration had only modest effects on CNS transduction, suggesting AAV9 crosses the BBB by an active transport mechanism. Self-complementary vectors were greater than tenfold more efficient than single-stranded vectors. When this approach was applied to juvenile nonhuman primates (NHPs) at the middle dose (9–9.5 × 1012 vg/kg) tested in mice, a reduction in peripheral organ and brain transduction was observed compared to mice, along with a clear shift toward mostly glial transduction. Moreover, the presence of low levels of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) mostly occluded CNS and peripheral transduction using this delivery approach. Our results indicate that high peripheral tropism, limited neuronal transduction in NHPs, and pre-existing NAbs represent significant barriers to human translation of intravascular AAV9 delivery.
Useful Properties of Dark‐Field Electron Images

Tilting experiments in dark-field under s ≠ 0 conditions have shown that the image contrast is greatest at the top and bottom surfaces of a foil for s 0, respectively. This effect has been shown for images of stacking faults or slip traces, inclined dislocations, prismatic loops, precipitates, and small defects observable by strain contrast. This asymmetry is observed only where anomalous absorption is an important factor in controlling the image intensity. The effect can be utilized for obtaining the unique foil orientation without using complicated procedures, such as wedge tilting or X-ray analysis of the foil in the specimen holder. Once the unique orientation is found, a complete analysis of lattice defects can be carried out with a maximum of two dark-field photographs. The approximate position of a defect within the foil can also be determined. Neigungsversuche im Dunkelfeld unter s ≠ 0 haben gezeigt, das der Bildkontrast an der oberen und der unteren Oberflache einer Folie fur s 0 am grosten ist. Dieser Effekt zeigte sich fur Bilder von Stapelfehlern, Gleitspuren, geneigten Versetzungen, prismatischen Schleifen, Ausscheidungen und kleinen Storstellen, die durch Spannungskontraste beobachtbar sind. Diese Asymmetrie wurde nur beobachtet, wenn die anomale Absorption ein bestimmender Faktor fur die Bildintensitat ist. Der Effekt kann benutzt werden, um eine einheitliche Folienorientierung zu erhalten, ohne komplizierte Verfahren, wie z. B. Keilneigung oder Rontgenstrahlenanalyse der Folie im Probenhalter zu benutzen. Wenn einheitliche Orientierung gefunden wird, kann eine vollstandige Analyse der Gitterstorungen mit maximal zwei Dunkelfeldphotographien ausgefuhrt werden. Die ungefahre Lage einer Storstelle in der Folie kann ebenfalls bestimmt werden.
Simulations for Elementary and Primary School Social Studies: An Annotated Bibliography

This article updates a 1980 annotation of simulations appropriate for use in elementary or primary school social studies. It briefly describes close to 200 activities, and it provides bibliographic information so users can readily locate each simulation's source. In order to accommodate a typical classroom, the list identifies simulations that can be played with large groups. It does not include electronic simulations, board games, quiz competitions, or unstructured role-play.
The pinto legacy: The community as an indirect victim of corporate deviance

In 1978, in Elkhart County Indiana, three teenage girls died following an “accident” in which their Ford Pinto was struck from behind and burst into flames. Two years later, in what has been described as a landmark case (Maakestad, 1987; Clinard, 1990; Frank and Lynch, 1992; Hills, 1987), a trial began in which the Ford Motor Company, as a result of this incident, found itself facing three charges of reckless homicide (State of Indiana v. Ford Motor Company, hereafter referred to as the Pinto Case). While this was not the first time an automobile manufacturer was faced with a potentially lethal faulty design (the Chevrolet Covair among others), it was the first case to result in a criminal homicide charge. The Pinto case has received considerable attention in the criminological and legal literature, ranging from journal articles (Clark, 1979; Swigert and Farrell, 1980–81; Wheeler, 1981), to discussions in textbooks (Albanese, 1995; Green, 1997), to books focusing on the case in varying degrees (Birsch and...
Linear augmented Slater-type orbital study of Pt-5d-transition-metal alloying.

We have used a self-consistent density-functional theory with an augmented Slater-type-orbital basis to calculate the heats of formation, charge components, and densities of states for ordered 5d-transition-metal--platinum alloys. Crystal structures considered were CsCl, CuAu-I, AuCd, CrB, ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au, ${\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$Ti, ${\mathrm{MoSi}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{MoPt}}_{2}$, though not all structures were calculated for each alloy system. Calculated heats of formation are in accord with the limited experimental data for close-packed systems; however, the ill-packed CrB structure cannot be described sufficiently well with our muffin-tin potentials. Correct phase-diagram behavior, i.e., the correct structure at a given composition and the competition between phases at different composition, is predicted. Charge transfer was inspected with use of the orbital population and Wigner-Seitz sphere counts as were two observables sensitive to charge behavior. These were the electron contact density at the nucleus and the initial-state shift of core-electron energy levels. Neither of these are simply related to the charge-transfer terms. In addition, the charge transfer does not correlate with traditional notions concerning differences in electronegativity. One complication, encountered previously in calculations for Au alloys, is that a significant component of the change in charge at an atomic site upon alloying has nothing to do with charge transfer, hybridization, or screening in the traditional chemical sense but is, instead, simply associated with the overlap of tails of charge best understood as being associated with orbitals centered on neighboring sites. Thus while it has been long recognized that orbital population analyses are not unique because they are strongly affected by the details of how overlap is dealt with, it turns out that analyses of charge transfer, based on integrating charge over a Wigner-Seitz cell or sphere, are also blurred by the overlapping.
Miniemulsion Copolymerization Using Water-Insoluble Comonomers as Cosurfactants

ABSTRACTWater-insoluble comonomers were found to impart diffusional stability to the miniemulsion droplets. These droplets became the principal site of nucleation and copolymerization. The resulting copolymer composition tended to follow what was predicted by the copolymer equation, and was governed by the reactivity ratios. In contrast copolymer compositions obtained from macroemulsion copolymerizations tended to be more influenced by the relative water-solubility of the comonomer and mass transfer.
Listening to Men's Stories: Overcoming Obstacles to Intimacy From Childhood

This article analyzes the interviews of five men who came from abusive or otherwise unhealthy families to understand how they were able to overcome obstacles from their childhood to be more intimate with their own families. The five respondents were chosen from a sample of 103 White, married men ranging in age from 40 to 50 based on their extreme high scores on the Miller Social Intimacy Scale and their extreme low scores on the Family of Origin Scale. Content analysis of interviews allowed themes to emerge that revealed how the five men were able to change their life stories. Their responses fall into three categories that are explored in this paper: (1) childhood role models and alternative caregivers, (2) childhood friends, and (3) transforming experiences in later life. Interview excerpts provide examples of each category. Narrative analysis provided a deeper understanding of the interviews by exploring how the men used language to convey meaning. Attention was paid to the words the men chose, pauses,...
Children and the Rights of Citizens: Nondomination and Intergenerational Justice

The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) emphasizes the importance of the temporal dimension of childhood and children’s need for special protection. Such protection is necessary because of their susceptibility to domination, especially intergenerational domination. The same is true for past and future generations, where such domination includes the domination of and by the current generation of children, especially around intergenerational, public goods important for a good human life. Such an account of intergenerational justice captures the focus of the CRC’s Preamble on improving the quality of the lives of children.
Subglacial Lake McGregor, south-central Alberta, Canada

Abstract It is proposed that a lake, here named “Subglacial Lake McGregor”, existed beneath the Laurentide Ice Sheet at, or near, the last glacial maximum. The lake resided in the ancient buried McGregor and Tee Pee preglacial valleys, which are now mostly filled with glacigenic deposits. The greatest thickness of sediment in the valleys is in the form of chaotically deposited lake beds that were laid down in a subaqueous environment by a number of process: gravity flow, water transport, and suspension settling. Topographic, sedimentary, and stratigraphic evidence point to a subglacial, not a proglacial, origin for the beds. During the early stages of lake existence, ice movement was significant as there are numerous sets of shear planes in the sedimentary beds. This indicates that the lake filled (lake sedimentation) and drained (shearing of the beds by overlying ice when ice contacted the bed) often. Thus, early in its history, the lake(s) was/were ephemeral. During the later stages of lake existence, the lake was relatively stable with no rapid draining or influx of sediment. Gradual drainage of the lake resulted in lowering of the ice onto the lake beds resulting in subglacial till deposition. Drainage was not a single continuous event. Rather it was characterized by multiple phases of near total drainage (till deposition), followed by water accumulation (lake sedimentation). Water accumulation events became successively less significant reflected by thinning of lake beds and thickening of till beds higher in the stratigraphic sequence. Since subglacial lake sedimentation appears to be restricted to the subglacial valleys, it is suggested that the valleys acted as a large-scale interconnected cavity system that both stored and transported water. It is also suggested that these acted as the main routes of water flow beneath the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
MECHANISMS AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FLUTTER

Type I atrial flutter is due to reentrant excitation, principally in the right atrium. The standard ECG remains the cornerstone for its clinical diagnosis. Acute treatment should be directed at control of the ventricular response rate and, if possible, restoration of sinus rhythm. Radiofrequency catheter ablation therapy provides the best hope of cure, although atrial fibrillation may subsequently occur after an ostensibly successful ablative procedure. Alternatively, antiarrhythmic drug therapy to suppress recurrent atrial flutter episodes may be useful, recognizing that occasional recurrences are common despite therapy. Radiofrequency ablation of the His bundle ablation with placement of an appropriate pacemaker system may be useful in selected patients.
Present-day kinematics at the India-Asia collision zone: COMMENT and REPLY: REPLY

I welcome the Comment by Flesch and Bendick (2007) regarding my model and interpretation of global positioning system (GPS) velocities at the India-Asia collision zone ([Meade, 2007][1]), as well as the opportunity to further discuss the interpretation of GPS velocities in general. To be clear, it
Recursive data structure profiling

As the processor-memory performance gap increases, so does the need for aggressive data structure optimizations to reduce memory access latencies. Such optimizations require a better understanding of the memory behavior of programs. We propose a profiling technique called Recursive Data Structure Profiling to help better understand the memory access behavior of programs that use recursive data structures (RDS) such as lists, trees, etc. An RDS profile captures the runtime behavior of the individual instances of recursive data structures. RDS profiling differs from other memory profiling techniques in its ability to aggregate information pertaining to an entire data structure instance, rather than merely capturing the behavior of individual loads and stores, thereby giving a more global view of a program's memory accesses.This paper describes a method for collecting RDS profile without requiring any high-level program representation or type information. RDS profiling achieves this with manageable space and time overhead on a mixture of pointer intensive benchmarks from the SPEC, Olden and other benchmark suites. To illustrate the potential of the RDS profile in providing a better understanding of memory accesses, we introduce a metric to quantify the notion of stability of an RDS instance. A stable RDS instance is one that undergoes very few changes to its structure between its initial creation and final destruction, making it an attractive candidate to certain data structure optimizations.
Comparing fear of success and fear of appearing incompetent among African Americans’ and Whites’ business candidates

This research was designed to investigate what differences might exist between graduating African American and White business students regarding achievement motivation as determined by their fear of success and fear of appearing incompetent and whether there exists any moderating influence based upon their attitude toward the role of women in society. The sample consisted of 99 African American students and 102 White students. African Americans scored significantly lower than Whites on the Fear of Appearing Incompetent Scale. Likewise, African American women scored significantly lower than white women on this scale. No differences were found in the scores among African American Males and White males on the Fear of Appearing Incompetent Scale. For the entire sample, those with a progressive view of women scored higher on the Fear of Success Scale than those with traditional views of women. Achievement motivation among the groups of respondents is also evaluated.
Anomalous splitting in microwave mode-beating spectra of semiconductor ring lasers

Mode-beating spectra are investigated in long-perimeter (1.028 cm) monolithically integrated multiple-quantum-well semiconductor ring lasers. The beating line near 8 GHz is found to be split into two components. With increasing pumping current, a normal component shifts to lower frequencies, while an anomalous higher-frequency component shifts in the opposite direction. It is suggested the anomalous blue-shifting line results from power-induced perturbation of the refractive index in the vicinity of a strong mode.
Tetradifon: an oligomycin-like inhibitor of energy-linked activities of rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract Tetradifon (p-chlorophenyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl sulfone) at concentrations between 4.5 and 27.0 nmoles/mg mitochondrial protein provides half-maximal inhibition of the following energy-linked activities of rat liver mitochondria: ADP-stimulated respiration, DNP-stimulated ATPase activity, Mg ++ -stimulated ATPase activity, and P i -ATP exchange activity. Tetradifon has no effect on the activity of soluble ATPase purified from rat liver mitochondria. Respiration inhibited by tetradifon is restored upon addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol. It is concluded that tetradifon acts at or near the oligomycin sensitivity conferring complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Biological Monitoring of Commercial Pesticide Applicators fro Urine Metabolites of the Herbicide Alachlor

Alachlor (2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-[methoxymethyl] acetanilide), the active ingredient in several trade name herbicides, is absorbed through the skin and readily excreted in the urine as conjugated metabolites. This paper presents the results of a study to measure alachlor metabolites in the urine of commercial pesticide applicators who were applying alachlor to corn and soybean crops under normal work conditions. Three spot urine samples, collected at the beginning and end of the work shift and the morning after the exposure survey, were collected from 20 applicators, 7hauler-mixers, and 8 controls. Each sample was analyzed using both a competitive, solid-phase, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Although the urine metabolite concentrations measured by ELISA were consistently higher than the respective HPLC measurements, a high correlation (r=0.90) was observed between the ELISA and HPLC measurements. The controls, with little exposure to alac...
Delivery of an adenoviral vector to the crushed recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Objectives Objectives were to create a model of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury for testing the efficacy of potential therapeutic viral gene therapy vectors and to demonstrate that remote injection of a viral vector does not cause significant additional neuronal injury. Study Design Animal model. Methods Rats were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 animals each. In group I, the recurrent laryngeal nerve was crushed. In group II, the nerve was crushed and then injected with an adenoviral vector containing no transgene. In group III, the nerve was identified but was not crushed. Rats were killed at 1 week, and their larynges and brainstems were cryosectioned in 15-μm sections. Laryngeal cryosections were processed for acetylcholine histochemical analysis (motor endplates) followed by neurofilament immunoperoxidase (nerve fibers). Percentage of nerve–endplate contact was determined and compared between groups. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was performed on brainstem sections from rats in group II to confirm the presence of virus. Results No significant difference in percentage of nerve–endplate contact exists between the two crushed-nerve groups (groups I and II) (P = .88). The difference between both crushed-nerve groups and the group with noncrushed nerves (group III) was highly significant (P <.0001). The presence of virus was confirmed in group II rats. Conclusions Crush provides a significant measurable injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and may be used as a model to explore therapeutic interventions for nerve injury. The remote injection of viral vector did not cause significant additional neuronal injury. Remote delivery of viral vectors to the central nervous system holds promise in the treatment of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and central nervous system diseases.
Testicular relapse in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia during bone marrow remission.

Seven children with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed testicular swelling during bone marrow remission. Needle biopsies and one orchiectomy specimen revealed leukemic infiltration. Another patient encountered concurrent medullary and testicular relapses. The leukemic nature of the testicular infiltration can be readily confirmed on needle biopsies. Orchiectomy should be discouraged. The leukemic infiltration mainly took place in the interstitial spaces. The seminiferous tubules were atrophic and lined by Sertoli cells. Occasional spermatogenic cells could be found in some cases. The leukemic cells were also observed to invade and accumulate beneath the Sertoli cell layer. Destruction of the tubules by the infiltrate was seen in advanced cases. Postradiation biopsies were characterized by fibrosis. The significance of the testicular relapse is reflected by the fact that almost all the patients developed subsequent marrow relapse despite the effective control of the testicular relapse by irradiation. Another important observation is the high incidence of testicular relapse (16.2% so far).
Differential lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following septic injury.

Sepsis is a severe, life-threatening infection and a leading cause of death in hospitals. A hallmark of sepsis is the profound apoptosis-induced depletion of lymphocytes generating a lymphopenic environment. As lymphopenia can induce nonantigen-driven homeostatic proliferation (HP), we examined this process during sepsis. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which were depleted within 24 h of sepsis induction, remained at significantly reduced levels until Day 21 when normal numbers were detected. When HP was examined, naive CD8(+) T cells proliferated between Day 7 and Day 21 post-cecal ligation and puncture, developing into memory cells with relatively few cells expressing an activation phenotype. Conversely, naive CD4(+) T cells did not undergo HP, but proportionally higher numbers expressed activation markers. Adoptive transfer studies revealed that T cells from mice that had recovered from sepsis were not protective when transferred to naive mice undergoing sepsis. In addition, the TCR repertoire was not skewed toward any specific Vbeta type but resembled the repertoire found in normal mice, suggesting that T cells were not primed to antigens resulting from the infection. Interestingly, depletion of endogenous CD8(+) but not CD4(+) T cells restored the ability of naive CD4(+) T cells to undergo HP, increasing the number of CD4(+) T cells with memory but not activation markers. We conclude that homeostatic control in the postseptic environment permits recovery of the T cell repertoire to normal levels without generating antigen-specific memory or aberrant T cell specificities. Restoration of homeostatic control mechanisms might be a rational therapy for this disorder.
Electrochemistry of Ru2Cp'2(CO)4 and Ru2Cp2(CO)3(PMe3) and the estimation of Ru2(μ-H) bond dissociation enthalpies

Abstract The oxidation potentials for a series of diruthenium compounds have been measured. The heat of protonation (−ΔHMHM) and oxidation potentials (E1/2) for a series of Ru2Cp′2(CO)4 (Cp′=Cp2, Cp*2, C5H4CH2C5H4, (C5H4CH2)2, (C9H7)2, C10H8, (HBpz3)2) compounds and Ru2Cp2(CO)3(PMe3) were used to estimate the homolytic RuHRu bond dissociation enthalpy (BDEs) using a thermochemical cycle. Poor correlation between −ΔHMHM and E1/2 was observed, as anticipated, due to the effects of the bridging carbonyls on the heats of protonation. There is a correlation between the oxidation potentials and the average νCO bands for the protonated dimers as both are a measurement of the donor ability of the ligands. The calculated BDE values were also compared with values obtained for mononuclear ruthenium compounds.
Multiplicities of discriminants

We compute the multiplicity of the discriminant of a line bundle £ over a nonsingular varietyS at a given sectionX, in terms of the Chern classes of £ and of the cotangent bundle ofS, and the Segre classes of the jacobian scheme ofX inS. ForS a surface, we obtain a precise formula that expresses the multiplicity as a sum of a term due to the non-reduced components of the section, and a term that depends on the Milnor numbers of the singularities ofX red. Also, under certain hypotheses, we provide formulas for the “higher discriminants” that parametrize sections with a singular point of prescribed multiplicity. As an application, we obtain criteria for the various discriminants to be “small”.