cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balloon aortic valvuloplasty in a 1,600‐gram infant

We present a 1,600 g infant who underwent successful balloon aortic valvuloplasty from the right carotid artery approach. A simple technique to facilitate access to the left ventricle and expedite the procedure is described. Issues unique to performing balloon aortic valvuloplasty on such a small child are discussed.
The Contribution of Wedge Scattering to the Radar Cross Section of the Ocean Surface

This letter considers the contribution to the radar cross section of the ocean surface due to scattering from edges for which the local radius of curvature is small compared with the radar wavelength. An analytic expression based on the method of equivalent currents is given for such scattering and is evaluated for several assumed sets of parameters. This contribution is shown to augment the Bragg scattering cross section in regions where the latter underestimates the measured radar cross section, while remaining smaller than the Bragg component elsewhere.
The differential action of somatostatin on the motor effector system of the canine gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract Considerable attention has recently been devoted to the effects of somatostatin on the secretory activities of the digestive system. The opposite is true for the effects of somatostatin on the motor activities of the digestive tract. One of the papers that forms the basis for linking somatostatin with possible digestive system muscle function is the work of Creutzfeldt et al. 1 In this study, somatostatin inhibited gallbladder contraction stimulated by an infusion of exogenous cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in man. In animal experimentation, the somatostatin effect on gallbladder contraction was confirmed in the pig 2 and in the dog. 3 Only a few published abstracts have alluded to the possibility that this substance might influence the motor activities of the gastrointestinal tract. 4–6 In preliminary experiments, spontaneous gastric antral contractions were not modified by somatostatin. 4 On the other hand, somatostatin had a distinct motor effect on the duodenum of the nembutalized dog. 4 Unfortunately, no explanation for this difference in responsiveness was advanced. Therefore, the purposes of these studies were to determine the natures and the mechanisms of action of the effects of somatostatin on the canine stomach, intestines, and extrahepatic biliary system.
Nitrogen and oxygen photochemistry following SL9

The collision of Shoemaker Levy 9 (SL9) with Jupiter caused many new molecular species to be deposited in the Jovian stratosphere. We use a photochemical model to follow the evolution of the impact derived species. Our results regarding the nitrogen and oxygen compounds are presented here. NH3 photolysis initiates the nitrogen photochemistry. Much of the nitrogen ends up in N2, nitrogen-sulfur compounds, and HCN, but NH3 and nitriles such as C2H3CN may also exist in observable quantities for a year or so after the impacts. Oxygen species survive for a long time in the Jovian stratosphere. The only major oxygen containing compounds that exhibit dramatic changes in the lower stratosphere in the first year following the impacts are SO, SO2, and OCS - H2O, CO2, and CO are comparatively stable. We discuss the important photochemical processes operating on the nitrogen and oxygen species in the Jovian stratosphere, make prediction concerning the temporal variation of the major species, and identify molecules that might act as good tracers for atmospheric dynamics.
Meaning and Medicine in a New Key: Trauma, Disability, and Embodied Discourse Through Cross-Cultural Narrative Modes

In volume 34 of Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, the featured Quote of the Volume (v 34, 2010) came from Sigmund Freud. In The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud writes, ‘‘creative writers are valuable allies and their evidence is to be prized highly, for they are apt to know of a whole host of things between heaven and earth of which our philosophy has not yet let us dream. In their knowledge of the mind, they are far in advance of us everyday people’’ (1962, p. 8). The Journal has, since the Editorin-Chief took the reins, striven for greater inclusivity, and a greater understanding of the power of cultural construction and narrative. We emphasize that, as EE EvansPritchard noted in another of CMP’s Quote of the Volume (CMP Volume 33, 2009), social systems are moral, not natural systems. That is, we study ‘‘societies as moral, or symbolic systems and not as natural systems, ... (we) are less interested in process than in design, and that (anthropology) therefore seeks patterns and not laws, demonstrates consistency and not necessary relations between social activities, and interprets rather than explains’’ (1962, p. 62). This is precisely the point Geertz made 25 years later in his seminal work, The Interpretation of Cultures (1973). Our expanded categories for the Journal began in 2007 and include that of the Illness Narrative (with two types—patient and healer narratives), which makes room for those ‘‘valuable allies’’ noted by Freud. Thus, in this, the final issue of volume 37, we are pleased to present our first medical humanities collection: Trauma, Disability, and Embodied Discourse through Cross-cultural Narrative Modes. The quote that begins Brandy Schillace’s article sets the tone for this collection:
IS ADOPTION A RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS

The extent to which being adopted increases a child's risk for the development of adjustment problems has been debated for decades. Results from studies examining prevalence of adopted children and adolescents in outpatient and inpatient mental health treatment suggest that the risk associated with adoption is modest or nonexistent. This body of research is reviewed and critiqued. Two possible explanations for the apparent disparate findings of the clinically based and nonclinically based studies are explored: biases in referral for mental health treatment and the influence of the shape of the distribution of adjustment problems in the adopted and nonadopted populations. Implications for clinical practice and future research are explored.
Different Na, K-ATPase mRNAβ1 Species Exhibit Unique Translational Efficiencies

We have previously identified five Na, K-ATPase β1-mRNA species that are expressed in the rat heart, kidney, and brain. These mRNAs which are unequal in their abundance have an identical coding region but differ in the length of their 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions (UTRs). In this study we examined the possibility that the β1-mRNA species exhibit differential translational efficiencies. We constructed expression plasmids encoding each of the five mRNAs and transcribed and translated them in vitro. Using rabbit reticulocyte system we determined the translation of the different mRNAs under conditions optimized for each β1-cRNA and under an equivalent (standard) condition. The longest β1-cRNA species (initiating at the first transcription start site and ending at the last [fifth] poly(A) site) exhibited the lowest relative translational efficiency averaging 0.2 ± 0.05 units/mol of cRNA compared to the shortest β1-cRNA species initiating at the first transcription start site and ending at the first poly(A) signal (with an assigned relative value of 1.0). These results suggested that the different translation rates of β1-mRNAs may be due to their 3′-UTRs. To further define the role of β1-3′-UTR, chimeric luciferase constructs containing different segments of the β1-3′-UTR were transiently transfected into Clone 9 cells. Compared to the chimeric construct containing the shortest β1-3′-UTR segment (ending at the first poly(A) site), the construct containing the full-length β1-3′-UTR exhibited a luciferase expression of 0.23 ± 0.04. To control for potential changes in the abundance of the expressed chimeric mRNAs which may lead to differences in luciferase expression, luciferase activity was normalized against chimeric luciferase-mRNA content measured in mixtures of cells stably transfected with the above constructs. The ratio of luciferase activity/chimeric luciferase-mRNA content in cells expressing the construct containing the entire β1-3′-UTR region was 0.17 that in cells expressing chimeric luciferase mRNA containing β1-3′-UTR up to the first poly(A) signal (P < 0.05). We conclude that the translational efficiency of the different β1-mRNA species is negatively regulated by the 3′-UTR of the mRNA and that a regulating region appears to be localized between the second and fifth poly(A) signals of β1-mRNA.
CaPaS: an optimal security-aware cache replacement algorithm for cluster storage systems

In this paper, we introduce a novel dynamic cache management approach, i.e., a cache partitioning system (CaPaS), to optimise security levels in contemporary cluster storage systems for data-intensive applications with acceptable disk response times. CaPaS utilises an adaptive security control mechanism to adjust for varying workload conditions initiated by client-issued disk requests as well as security requirements and contains a cache partitioning scheme, a response-time estimator, and an adaptive security quality controller. The CaPaS algorithm solves a non-linear optimisation problem to increase the quality of security of disk requests in cluster storage systems while ensuring the disk requests to be completed within their desired response times. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm has been tested with the newly defined performance indicators on a cluster storage system including CaPaS, eight cryptographic and seven integrity services. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the CaPaS algorithm improves the overall system performance enormously over two traditional baseline cache management algorithms.
Molecular Correlates of Influenza A H5N1 Virus Pathogenesis in Mice

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses caused an outbreak of human respiratory illness in Hong Kong. Of 15 human H5N1 isolates characterized, nine displayed a high-, five a low-, and one an intermediate-pathogenicity phenotype in the BALB/c mouse model. Sequence analysis determined that five specific amino acids in four proteins correlated with pathogenicity in mice. Alone or in combination, these specific residues are the likely determinants of virulence of human H5N1 influenza viruses in this model.
Development of a functionalized xenon biosensor.

NMR-based biosensors that utilize laser-polarized xenon offer potential advantages beyond current sensing technologies. These advantages include the capacity to simultaneously detect multiple analytes, the applicability to in vivo spectroscopy and imaging, and the possibility of remote amplified detection. Here we present a detailed NMR characterization of the binding of a biotin-derivatized caged-xenon sensor to avidin. Binding of functionalized xenon to avidin leads to a change in the chemical shift of the encapsulated xenon in addition to a broadening of the resonance, both of which serve as NMR markers of ligand-target interaction. A control experiment in which the biotin-binding site of avidin was blocked with native biotin showed no such spectral changes, confirming that only specific binding, rather than nonspecific contact, between avidin and functionalized xenon leads to the effects on the xenon NMR spectrum. The exchange rate of xenon (between solution and cage) and the xenon spin-lattice relaxation rate were not changed significantly upon binding. We describe two methods for enhancing the signal from functionalized xenon by exploiting the laser-polarized xenon magnetization reservoir. We also show that the xenon chemical shifts are distinct for xenon encapsulated in different diastereomeric cage molecules. This demonstrates the potential for tuning the encapsulated xenon chemical shift, which is a key requirement for being able to multiplex the biosensor.
Order-(t − 1) balanced multiple-valued filing scheme using difference vectors*

A balanced multiple-valued filing scheme of order (t − 1) is constructed based on the finite projective geometry PG(t, q), (t + 1) not prime, t odd. The attributes and attribute values are defined using a spread of flats from PG(t, q) as in Yamamoto et al. (Inform. Contr. 21 (1972), 7291) and Berman (Inform. Contr. 32 (1976), 128138). Certain structural properties of PG(t, q) are exploited, resulting in an easily constructed bucket structure. The (t − 2)-flats, which represent the buckets, are partitioned into orbits each of which is uniquely identifiable by its difference vector. The storage and retrieval algorithms are based on these difference vectors. There is no scanning of buckets or sub-buckets. The concepts in this paper are illustrated by an example based on PG(5, 2).
2003 W.R. Whitney Award Lecture: Application of Surface Techniques in Understanding Corrosion Phenomena and Oxide Growth Mechanisms

Abstract Surface-analytical techniques are useful to characterize oxide films and to study oxide growth processes on metals and semiconductors. This paper will summarize some of our research on the...
Characterization of HeLa cell vacuoles induced by Helicobacter pylori broth culture supernatant

Helicobacter pylori broth culture supernatants induce eukaryotic cell vacuolation in vitro, a phenomenon that has been attributed to cytotoxic activity. We sought to characterize further the vacuolation of HeLa cells that occurs in response to H pylori culture supernatant. Nascent vacuoles were detectable by electron microscopy after 90 minutes of incubation with H pylori supernatant and were not associated with any identifiable organelle. After 6 days of incubation with H pylori supernatant, vacuoles were membrane-bound structures filled with electron-dense debris, which resembled secondary lysosomes. Acid phosphatase activity was detected within the vacuoles. The vacuoles induced by H pylori supernatant were then compared with vacuoles induced by trimethylamine, a weak base known to induce lysosomal swelling. Neutral red dye rapidly entered the vacuoles induced by either H pylori supernatant or trimethylamine, and both types of vacuoles were reversible. Compared with trimethylamine-induced vacuoles, the vacuoles induced by H pylori supernatant were larger and typically lacked a limiting membrane. In the early stages of formation, vacuoles induced by trimethylamine were labeled by lucifer yellow, a pinocytotic marker, whereas H pylori cytotoxin-induced vacuoles were not. These data suggest that trimethylamine-induced vacuoles arise directly from endocytic compartments, whereas H pylori cytotoxin induces vacuole formation via an autophagic mechanism.
Down-Regulation of Insulin Receptors in Primary Cultures of R3230AC Rat Mammary Adenocarcinoma Cells

Binding of insulin and Concanavalin A to primary cell cultures of the R3230AC rat mammary adenocarcinoma was studied as a function of time in culture. As the culture became confluent, the amount of insulin binding per cell increased with culture time and reached a plateau, whereas the binding of Con A to surface glycoproteins decreased to 50% of the initial value. Exposure of confluent cultures to insulin at 37 C resulted in down-regulation of the cell surface insulin receptors. The decrease in insulin binding was related to the ambient insulin concentration and the decreased numbers of receptors per cell with no apparent alteration in their affinity. The maximal decrease in receptor number was 60-70%. Cell cultures degraded significant amounts of insulin at 37 C, but the addition of bacitracin to the culture medium decreased the amount of degradation and increased the extent of down-regulation at each insulin concentration. Porcine proinsulin was less effective than insulin in competing with 125I-labeled insulin and inducing receptor down-regulation. Down-regulation of insulin receptors did not require protein synthesis. The rate of insulin-induced receptor loss was much faster than the decrease in insulin binding due to inhibition of protein synthesis by cyclohexamide. The estimated half-life of the insulin receptor was 10.5 h. Down-regulation of insulin receptors was reversible; regeneration of receptors to 50% of control levels occurred approximately 9.6 h after the removal of insulin and required protein synthesis. These results indicate that these mammary tumor cells retain the ability to regulate their insulin receptors.
Minimum-fuel, power-limited transfers between coplanar elliptical orbits

Two methods of computing coplanar, minimum-fuel, power-limited transfers are developed, based on approximate solutions obtained by the averaging method. In the first method, the average solution provides estimates of the initial adjoint variables; in the second, it provides approximations of the optimal controls in feedback form. Both trajectory variables and orbit elements are used in developing these methods. Canonical transformations are derived to convert between these sets of coordinates. The accuracy of the methods for computing coplanar, minimum-fuel, power-limited transfers is assessed for a variety of initial and final orbits. Some initial steps are taken toward the characterization of coplanar, minimum-fuel, power-limited transfers for a wide range of thrust to weight ratios. Circle to ellipse and ellipse to ellipse transfers are considered. Details of the trajectories and thrust profiles for a few illustrative cases are presented. These trajectories and thrust profiles are compared to analytical results obtained using the averaging method and to the analytic solution for infinitesimal transfer. The secular behavior of minimum-fuel transfer is predicted by the averaging results. The shape and orientation of the osculating orbits are predicted quantitatively, while the size is predicted qualitatively. The analytic solution for infinitesimal transfer predicts the qualitative behavior of the thrust during each revolution. Some general principles of minimum-fuel, power-limited transfer are revealed.
A novel, non-stop mutation in FOXE3 causes an autosomal dominant form of variable anterior segment dysgenesis including Peters anomaly

Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) is a spectrum of disorders that affect the anterior ocular chamber. Clinical studies on a Newfoundland family over the past 30 years show that 11 relatives have a variable ocular phenotype ranging from microcornea to Peters anomaly, segregating as an autosomal dominant trait. To determine the molecular etiology of the variable ASD in this family, we sequenced nine functional candidate genes and identified 44 variants. A point mutation in FOXE3, which codes for a transcription factor involved in the formation of the lens and surrounding structures, co-segregated with the variable ocular phenotype. This novel mutation (c.959G>T) substitutes the stop codon for a leucine residue, predicting the addition of 72 amino acids to the C-terminus of FOXE3. Two recent reports have also identified non-stop mutations in FOXE3 in patients with variable ocular phenotypes and predict an extended protein. Although FOXE3 is a lens-specific gene, we successfully isolated complementary DNA from lymphoblasts of an affected family member, and our sequencing results show that the c.959T allele is absent, suggesting that it may be degraded at the RNA level. Though preliminary, our results challenge the notion that an extended FOXE3 protein causes ASD, and instead suggests a mechanism of haploinsufficiency in the case of non-stop mutations. This study adds to several reports that suggest that autosomal-dominant mutations within FOXE3 cause ASD and has important clinical utility, especially for the diagnosis of mildly affected patients.
Consumer Perspectives of Participation in Vocational Programs by Individuals With Serious Mental Illness: Two Phenomenological Studies

Engagement in worker roles presents significant challenges for individuals with serious mental illnesses. Evolution of vocational rehabilitation programs has yielded evidence-based support for supported employment models. This research presents a phenomenological study of consumer viewpoints concerning participation in earlier vocational rehabilitation programs, followed by a study of supported employment participation perspectives. Initial study themes of Chaos: Living with Disruptions, Mixed Blessings: Vocational Rehabilitation Program, Feelings of Discrepancy, and Searching for Order were reinforced by follow-up study themes of Positive Feelings of Worker Satisfaction and Managing Self/Illness. Consumers identified success in employment outcomes, if able to balance illness and work demands.
The Experimental Psychology of Competition

(1938). The Experimental Psychology of Competition. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 76-97.
The nature of the Extended Analog Computer

Abstract This paper defines the relationship between Rubel’s Extended Analog Computer (EAC) model and Indiana University’s implementation of it, a fundamental distinction that is necessary to understand the design, implementation, operation, and applications of the EAC. Beginning with the detailed structure of the current EAC, its method of computing is illustrated with diagrams and three applications. Next, the Δ -digraph, a labeled directed graph, is introduced to show how unconventional and conventional computers relate nature, mathematics and computer architecture. The Δ -digraph defines the paradigms of analogy and algorithm, illustrates how applications for the EAC are analogies developed by choosing the semantics for a machine configuration, and suggests how partial differential equations might be compiled to EAC configurations (a difficult problem compared to compiling a digital computer program, and one that is still not solved). The Δ -digraph also distinguishes between the EAC’s explicit functions (whose operation is defined in the structure of its components) and implicit functions (whose operation is inherent in the properties of matter and energy). Brief case studies show how industry and academia are adopting the EAC. The paper closes with topics and open questions for future research.
NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN TYPES 4 AND 5 ADENOVIRUS-INFECTED HELA CELLS

Type 4 adenovirus infection of HeLa cells effected a marked increase in synthesis of the saline-soluble DNA fraction, but not the host-cell DNA (the water-soluble fraction). This was demonstrated by the marked increase in specific activity of saline-soluble DNA but not water-soluble DNA when P32-inorganic phosphate or sodium formate-C14 was employed. When these isotopes were used to label cells before viral infection rather than during the process of viral propagation, the saline-soluble DNA from infected cells had a specific activity of 10 to 20 per cent less than that of uninfected cells, indicating that the saline-soluble DNA was synthesized both from prelabeled precursors of the cell pools and unlabeled materials from the medium. Saline-soluble DNA began to increase between 10 to 12 hours after viral infection and 3 to 4 hours before appearance of newly propagated infectious virus. The specific activity of the acid-soluble pool of infected cells also increased between 10 to 12 hours after viral inoculation when sodium formate-C14 was used as a radioisotope. When P32-inorganic phosphate was utilized, the specific activity of infected-cell RNA was increased approximately the same relative amount as when total RNA was determined chemically; i.e., 30 to 40 per cent. With type 5 adenovirus, not only did a 3- to 5-fold increase in saline-soluble DNA occur, but also an increase was measured in specific activity of RNA when P32-inorganic phosphate was used.
Angles-Only Orbit Updates for Low-Earth-Orbit Satellites

This paper provides the development of a simplified covariance model for predicting the along-track error uncertainty and error uncertainty growth rate for the single-pass, angles-only orbit update, the validation of the model using simulation and real data cases, and a summary of efforts made to characterize the uncertainty of general-perturbations-based element sets. The analysis shows that one of the limiting factors in obtaining a high-accuracy orbit update from a single pass of angles-only data is the eccentricity uncertainty. For the observation characteristics considered, a high-accuracy orbit update could not be obtained if the initial eccentricity uncertainty is 10 -5 or greater. Analysis of general perturbation element set uncertainties showed that typically the eccentricity uncertainty is no smaller than 10∼5, so the eccentricity uncertainty is a limiting factor in obtaining an accurate orbit update with a single pass of angles-only data with general perturbations element sets.
An overview of data for wake model evaluation in the Virtual Wakes Laboratory

Abstract Improved prognostic models of wind turbine wakes are essential to improved design of offshore wind farms to maximized power production and minimize turbine fatigue loading. This paper describes the Virtual Wake Laboratory, an online open access resource that provides meteorological and wind farm data for use in wake characterization and wake model evaluation exercises. Specific examples of the types of analyses that can be conducted using these data are given, along with recommendations regarding appropriate metrics to be applied and considerations for wake model evaluation.
The quantum theory of lattice dynamics

Abstract It can be shown that the adiabatic and Hartree-Fock approximations allow one to define a unique electronic charge distribution for each atomic nucleus in a crystal and that this distribution moves rigidly with the nucleus in the harmonic approximation. The dynamics of the crystal can be shown to depend solely on the electrostatic interactions of these rigid ions.
Rigorous Inner Approximation of the Range of Functions

A basic problem of interval analysis is the computation of a superset of the image of an interval by a function, called an outer enclosure. Here we consider the computation of an inner enclosure, which is a subset of the image. Inner approximations are harder than the outer ones in general: proving that a box is inside the image is equivalent to prov- ing existence of solutions for a collection of systems of equa- tions. Based on this remark, a new construction of the inner approximation is proposed that is particularly efficient for small domains. Then, it is shown than one can apply these ideas in the context of ordinary differential equations, hence providing some tools of potential interest for the theory of shadowing in dynamical systems.
Group-Complementary Temporal Sidelobe Cancellation in Systems with Window-Weighting

Group-complementary coded pulses have the algebraic property of temporal sidelobe cancellation, when a set of equally weighted pulses are added. When the summation is extended to multiple repetitions of the code set, then the temporal sidelobe cancellation property holds for certain nonuniform pulse weights.
Hydraulic Study of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal

We document the development and application of a one-dimensional flow model of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal based on the dynamic form of the St. Venant equations. Model geometry is based on hydrographic surveys obtained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in 2006. The model is forced with time-varying tidal boundary conditions at the east and west ends of the Canal, and predicts velocity and discharge at selected locations within the canal. The model was calibrated using current meter data obtained between October 1992 and October 1993, when USACE operated recording current meters in and adjacent to the canal. Following selection of these parameters, the model was run to simulate other periods between October 1992 and October 1993. Comparison of model and prototype current speeds for these simulations demonstrates the ability of the model to reproduce observed flows accurately under a range of tidal forcing conditions. The model was used to describe the average net flow in the canal which is normally from the Chesapeake to the Delaware but which reversed during the Northeaster of December 1992, a period of unusually high meteorologically driven tides of the Delaware Estuary.
Geology of the Holocene surficial uranium deposit of the north fork of Flodelle Creek, northeastern Washington

The north fork of Flodelle Creek drainage basin in northeastern Washington contains the first surficial uranium deposit to be mined in the United States. The uranium was leached from granitic bedrock and fixed in organic-rich pond sediments. The distribution of these pond sediments and, therefore, the uranium has been strongly influenced by relict glacial topography, slope processes, and beaver activity. The north fork of Flodelle Creek drainage basin was covered by the Cordilleran ice sheet during the Fraser (late Wisconsin) glaciation. Till and outwash were deposited on the valley slopes and valley floor as ice receded. Outwash incision and melting of stagnant ice led to formation of a terrace and kames. Shortly after deglaciation, a small pond formed in the upper part of the valley when unconsolidated glacial sediment slumped off the valley slopes and restricted drainage. Fluvial processes dominated in the central and downstream parts of the valley for several thousand years after deglaciation, although drainage was partly restricted by kames. Beavers began to occupy and build dams on the wide outwash plains in the valley floor ∼5000 yr B.P. Beaver ponds in the central part of the basin subsequently filled with sediment and were abandoned, whereas downstream ponds remained relatively free of clastic input and are presently occupied by beavers. Ponds in the drainage basin have been sinks for fine-grained, organic-rich sediments. These organic-rich sediments provide a suitable geochemical environment for precipitation and adsorption of uranium leached from granitic bedrock into ground, spring, and surface waters. Processes of pond formation have thus been important in the development of surficial uranium deposits in the north fork of Flodelle Creek drainage basin and may have similar significance in other areas.
Multiple-Traverse Absorption Cell Design*

An approximate expression is derived for the length of a stigmatic final image in multiple-traverse cells of the John U. White type. The length of the final tangential image is, for a point source, ΔLT≈hb212R2(N-4N),where h is the height of the “rear” mirrors illuminated, b is the separation of the entrance and exit images, R is the common radius of curvature of the three spherical mirrors, and N is the number of traversals. Direct experimental measurements of image length for two sets of mirrors are in agreement with the calculated values. The results are discussed in terms of design parameters, and two new cells constructed in accordance with these principles are described.
Conjugated Polymer Dots for Multiphoton Fluorescence Imaging

We report on the two-photon excited fluorescence of conjugated polymer dots (CPdots). As a new class of two-photon fluorescent probes, CPdots exhibit two-photon action cross sections as high as 2.0 × 105 GM, to our knowledge, the largest reported thus far for a nanoparticle. The cross section values are 3−4 orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional fluorescent dyes and an order of magnitude higher than those of inorganic quantum dots. Single particle fluorescence imaging was achieved using relatively low laser power.
Recent advances in peptide chain termination.

Summary Peptide chain termination occurs when a stop codon is decoded by a release factor. In Escherichia coli two codon-specific release factors (RF1 and RF2) direct the termination of protein synthesis, while in eukaryotes a single factor is required. The E. coli factors have been purified and their genes isolated. A combination of protein and DNA sequence data reveal that the RFs are structurally similar and that RF2 is encoded in two reading frames. Frame-shifting from one reading frame to the next occurs at a rate of 50%, is regulated by the RF2-specific stop codon UGA, and involves the direct interaction of the RF2 mRNA with the 3’end of the 16S rRNA. The RF genes are located in two separate operons, with the RF1 gene located at 26.7 min and the RF2 gene at 62.3 min on the chromosome map. Ribosomal binding studies place the RF-binding region at the interface between the ribosomal subunits. A possible mechanism of stop-codon recognition is reviewed.
Hydraulic properties of fern sporophytes: Consequences for ecological and evolutionary diversification.

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Ferns are an important component of both tropical and temperate forests; yet, our understanding of the water relations of their sporophyte generation is limited. Indeed, to date there has been no large scale survey that attempts to clarify how ferns fit into current ideas of plant water relations. This study examines several tropical ferns with the goal of understanding how these characters vary between species from various habitats and across life forms • METHODS We measured stipe hydraulic conductivity, water potential, and vulnerability to cavitation along with photosynthetic variables and leaf allometry of 21 species from 14 genera to identify physiological trait assemblages across taxa. • KEY RESULTS Epiphytic ferns have significantly lower hydraulic conductivity and a vascular system more resistant to cavitation (i.e., higher P(50) values). They reached lower mid-day water potentials and produced leaves with reduced stipe lengths and reduced laminar area relative to terrestrial species. Xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (K(S)) was correlated with the mean hydraulic diameter of tracheids in terrestrial species, but not in epiphytes. There was no evidence of safety-efficiency trade-offs in any group. • CONCLUSIONS When compared across life forms, our data shed light on physiological mechanisms that may have allowed for terrestrial ferns to move into the epiphytic habit. When compared across a diverse assemblage of terrestrial plants, we find that resistance to water flow in fern stipes is significantly higher than that recorded from the stems of seed plants.
Tethered-cord-Syndrom: 3 Fallberichte

Durch genetische und umweltbedingte Ursachen, uberwiegend in den ersten 4 Schwangerschaftswochen, konnen sich spinale Verschlussstorungen (Dysraphien) des Neuralrohres bilden. Diese sogenannten Spaltbildungen konnen als Meningomyelozele, Meningozele oder Spina bifida occulta ausgepragt sein. Haufig kommt es hierbei zu einer Verankerung des Ruckenmarkes im kaudalen Sakralkanal. Im Rahmen des kindlichen Langenwachstums entwickelt sich dann eine Aszensionsstorung des Ruckenmarkes als sogenanntes Tethered-cord-Syndrom. Begleitend hierzu konnen Fusdeformitaten (z. B. Klumpfus), Paresen an den unteren Extremitaten, aber auch verschiedene Formen der Blasenentleerungsstorung mit und ohne Sphinkterinsuffizienz auftreten. Je nach Lebensalter konnen die Befunde sehr unterschiedlich ausgepragt sein.
An SVDD-Based Algorithm for Target Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery

Spectral variability remains a challenging problem for target detection and classification in hyperspectral (HS) imagery. In this letter, we have applied the nonlinear support vector data description (SVDD) to perform full-pixel target detection. Using a pure target signature and a first-order Markov model, we have developed a novel pattern recognition algorithm to train an SVDD to characterize the target class. We have inserted target signatures into an urban HS scene with varying levels of spectral variability to explore the performance of the proposed SVDD target detector in different scenarios. The proposed approach makes no assumptions regarding the underlying distribution of the scene data as do traditional stochastic detectors such as the matched filter (MF). Detection results in the form of confusion matrices, and receiver-operating-characteristic curves demonstrate that the proposed SVDD-based algorithm is highly accurate and yields higher true positive rates and lower false positive rates than the MF.
Contextual Adult Life Span Theory for Adapting Psychotherapy with Older Adults

Our aging population is growing in size and diversity. To integrate different views on aging and make explicit the role of culture as a contextual factor, we modified Knight’s (Psychotherapy with older adults, 2004) Contextual, Cohort-based, Maturity, Specific Challenge (CCMSC) model of psychotherapy with older adults into the Contextual Adult Lifespan Theory for Adapting Psychotherapy (CALTAP). This article describes various components of the CALTAP, which serves as a meta-theoretical framework in guiding an integrated psychotherapy approach for the aging population. The interaction between environmental factors like cohort differences and socio-cultural contexts and individual factors such as maturation and age-related specific challenges not only shapes the experience and presentation of older adults in clinical settings, but also highlights special considerations in adapting psychotherapy for older adults.
Locking in alternate conformations of the integrin αLβ2 I domain with disulfide bonds reveals functional relationships among integrin domains

We used integrin alphaLbeta2 heterodimers containing I domains locked open (active) or closed (inactive) with disulfide bonds to investigate regulatory interactions among domains in integrins. mAbs to the alphaL I domain and beta2 I-like domain inhibit adhesion of wild-type alphaLbeta2 to intercellular adhesion molecule-1. However, with alphaLbeta2 containing a locked open I domain, mAbs to the I domain were subdivided into subsets (i) that did not inhibit, and thus appear to inhibit by favoring the closed conformation, and (ii) that did inhibit, and thus appear to bind to the ligand binding site. Furthermore, alphaLbeta2 containing a locked open I domain was completely resistant to inhibition by mAbs to the beta2 I-like domain, but became fully susceptible to inhibition after disulfide reduction with DTT. This finding suggests that the I-like domain indirectly contributes to ligand binding by regulating opening of the I domain in wild-type alphaLbeta2. Conversely, locking the I domain closed partially restrained conformational change of the I-like domain by Mn(2+), as measured with mAb m24, which we map here to the beta2 I-like domain. By contrast, locking the I domain closed or open did not affect constitutive or Mn(2+)-induced exposure of the KIM127 epitope in the beta2 stalk region. Furthermore, locked open I domains, in alphaLbeta2 complexes or expressed in isolation on the cell surface, bound to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 equivalently in Mg(2+) and Mn(2+). These results suggest that Mn(2+) activates alphaLbeta2 by binding to a site other than the I domain, most likely the I-like domain of beta2.
Comparisons of Shrimp Catch and Bycatch between a Skimmer Trawl and an Otter Trawl in the North Carolina Inshore Shrimp Fishery

Abstract The skimmer trawl, used in Louisiana exclusively for commercial shrimping, is a gear that is pushed through the water column. The gear consists of two nets, one mounted to each side of the vessel in a rigid frame. Commercial fishermen in North Carolina principally use the otter trawl to harvest shrimp. Each gear catches an unwanted (unmarketable) mix of finfish and shellfish species known as bycatch. The purpose of this study was to compare the skimmer trawl and otter trawl fisheries and the different methods used in each to determine if skimmer trawls can be used in North Carolina to reduce bycatch and improve bycatch survivability. Gear comparisons were conducted at night in inshore protected waters; a skimmer trawl vessel and a comparably sized otter trawl vessel fished in close proximity. For each type of gear, bycatch was quantified by species, and live well experiments were used to determine bycatch survivability. On average throughout the study, the skimmer trawl caught less bycatch (mean,...
Visualization of software maintenance attrition

Phoenix Integration, a software development company, does not have a sufficiently reliable method of tracking attrition of license renewals. This project provides the client with a web based application that delivers visual representations of license count, attrition, upcoming maintenance, and customer reports. These will provide the client with a better understanding of the trends of their license renewals. The web application interacts with a MySQL database supplied by Phoenix Integration. SQL queries were used to perform data mining to extract necessary information for each visual report. PHP, HTML, and JavaScript were used to construct the visual reports displayed to the user. Phoenix Integration's database was evaluated based on ease of use and structural comprehension. Suggestions for improvement were provided to streamline the purpose of the database. In addition, a simplified relational schema was created as a proposed solution.
Interpretation of Mueller matrices based on polar decomposition

We present an algorithm that decomposes a Mueller matrix into a sequence of three matrix factors: a diattenuator, followed by a retarder, then followed by a depolarizer. Those factors are unique except for singular Mueller matrices. Based on this decomposition, the diattenuation and the retardance of a Mueller matrix can be defined and computed. Thus this algorithm is useful for performing data reduction upon experimentally determined Mueller matrices.
Analysis of the Signal Response of a Scanning-Beam Millimeter-Wave Correlation Radiometer

An analysis of the response of a scanning-beam millimeter-wave correlation radiometer is presented with an emphasis on the spectral signal response. The derivation and subsequent analysis presented here focuses specifically on the effects of the natural oscillation of the signal, called the fringe frequency, as it pertains to rotating sensors. The amplitude and bandwidth of the spectral density are analyzed in multiple cases, including for tracking and nontracking antennas, and for situations in which the antenna beam or the fringe washing function of the correlation radiometer is wide and can be neglected. Closed-form solutions are found for the case where the antennas track the source. Theoretical and simulated responses are given, and experimental results are compared to expected results from the theory for a correlation radiometer designed for security sensing. Measured experimental results show minimal deviation from theoretical calculations, validating the theoretical models derived herein.
Weighted Maximum Posterior Marginals for Random Fields Using an Ensemble of Conditional Densities From Multiple Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulations

The ability of classification systems to adjust their performance (sensitivity/specificity) is essential for tasks in which certain errors are more significant than others. For example, mislabeling cancerous lesions as benign is typically more detrimental than mislabeling benign lesions as cancerous. Unfortunately, methods for modifying the performance of Markov random field (MRF) based classifiers are noticeably absent from the literature, and thus most such systems restrict their performance to a single, static operating point (a paired sensitivity/specificity). To address this deficiency we present weighted maximum posterior marginals (WMPM) estimation, an extension of maximum posterior marginals (MPM) estimation. Whereas the MPM cost function penalizes each error equally, the WMPM cost function allows misclassifications associated with certain classes to be weighted more heavily than others. This creates a preference for specific classes, and consequently a means for adjusting classifier performance. Realizing WMPM estimation (like MPM estimation) requires estimates of the posterior marginal distributions. The most prevalent means for estimating these-proposed by Marroquin -utilizes a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Though Marroquin's method (M-MCMC) yields estimates that are sufficiently accurate for MPM estimation, they are inadequate for WMPM. To more accurately estimate the posterior marginals we present an equally simple, but more effective extension of the MCMC method (E-MCMC). Assuming an identical number of iterations, E-MCMC as compared to M-MCMC yields estimates with higher fidelity, thereby 1) allowing a far greater number and diversity of operating points and 2) improving overall classifier performance. To illustrate the utility of WMPM and compare the efficacies of M-MCMC and E-MCMC, we integrate them into our MRF-based classification system for detecting cancerous glands in (whole-mount or quarter) histological sections of the prostate.
Nosocomial exposure to parvovirus B19: low risk of transmission to healthcare workers.

Objective:To evaluate the risk of nosocomial transmission of parvovirus B19 (B19) infection to healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to patients with transient aplastic crisis (TAC) caused by acute B19 infection.Design:Cohort study.Setting:1,000-bed, urban teaching hospital in Atlanta, Georgia.Participants:Eighty-seven exposed HCWs who cared for two patients with TAC prior to the time they were isolated and a comparison group of 88 unexposed HCWs from wards or clinics where the patients did not receive care.Intervention:Self-administered questionnaire on hospital contact with index patients, B19 community risk factors, and signs and symptoms suggestive of B19 disease. Serology for B19-specific IgM and IgG antibodies measured by antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:1 (3.1%) of the 32 nonimmune exposed HCWs had serologic evidence of recent B19 infection compared to 3 (8.1%) of the 37 nonimmune HCWs in the comparison group (P=.6). In a subgroup analysis of exposed HCWs who cared for index patients during the time when the virus load was expected to be greatest, a recent infection rate of 5.8% (1/17) was found among nonimmune HCWs.Conclusions:The finding of similar rates of recent infection in nonimmune exposed and unexposed HCWs suggests that transmission to HCWs did not occur, despite failure to place the patients in isolation at the onset of hospitalization.
Beyond Leave No Trace

Leave No Trace (LNT) has become the official education and outreach policy for managing recreational use in parks and wilderness areas throughout the United States. It is based on seven core principles that seek to minimize impacts from backcountry recreational activities such as hiking, climbing, and camping. In this paper, we review the history and current practice of Leave No Trace in the United States, including its complex role in the global political economy of outdoor recreation. We conclude by suggesting a new framework for building on the successes of Leave No Trace, while moving beyond its self-imposed limitations, and recapturing wilderness recreation as a more collaborative, participatory, productive, democratic, and radical form of political action.
Science Should Be in the Public Domain

Variants of avian influenza H5N1 virus that are transmitted by the airborne route among ferrets have been identified. The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity has advised against publication of the details of the methods used to obtain these viruses and the amino acid changes that lead to transmission in ferrets. This decision is not based on sound scientific principles and risks setting a precedent that will make it easier to put in place highly restrictive regulations on scientific research and publication.