cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Constant Wall Temperature and Heat Flux Cases for the Turbulent Rough-Wall Boundary Layer

Abstract Experimental Stanton number results are presented for the turbulent boundary layer on rough-wall flat plates with both constant wall temperature and constant wall heat flux boundary conditions. The experiments were performed with air in a boundary-layer wind tunnel with a maximum x-Reynolds number of 10,000,000. Two rough surfaces were used—one an otherwise smooth aluminum plate roughened with hemispheres spaced 4 diameters apart and the other the same but with the elements spaced 2 diameters apart. The data are compared with each other and with results from a smooth surface tested in the same experimental facility. It is found that, when considered as the ratio of constant heat flux Stanton number to constant wall temperature Stanton number, the data for all three surfaces collapse to the same curve as the Reynolds number increases.
Temporal phase manipulation by phase-sensitive parametric amplification

We present the results of a numerical model and proof-of-principle experiment for temporal phase control using phase-sensitive parametric amplification. Under certain conditions, temporal phase amplification can be achieved in this process.
Epoxying Isoprene Chemistry

It seems that every few months we read about another missing aspect of atmospheric chemistry—from missing products and missing reactivity to missing sources and missing understanding. The report by Paulot et al. on page 730 of this issue ( 1 ) thus comes as a relief: It provides more answers than questions on a topic of considerable interest to atmospheric scientists, the formation of gas- and aerosol-phase products from the atmospheric oxidation of isoprene.
Passive removal of immiscible spacers from segmented flows in a microfluidic probe

Microfluidic probes (MFPs) are a class of non-contact, scanning microfluidic devices that hydrodynamically confine nanoliter volumes of a processing liquid on a surface immersed in another liquid. So far only chemical processes using a single processing liquid have been implemented using MFPs. In this letter, we present the design and implementation of a probe head that allows segmented two-phase flows to be used, which will enable different chemical species to be sequentially delivered to a surface in defined volumes and concentrations. Central to this probe head is a spacer-removal module comprising blocking pillars in the injection channel, a bypass and an orifice leading to the aspiration channel. We present a capillarity-based analytical model that provides insight into the functionality of the module based on geometrical parameters. In addition, we study the difference between two- and three-channel modules and predict a 30% reduction in fluctuation of the footprint of the confined liquid for the th...
Regulatory research in structural design and analysis of nuclear power plants

Abstract The paper gives a survey of research conducted or planned by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the area of loading specification and structural mechanics as applied to safety analysis of nuclear power plant structures.
Fractal analysis of surface EMG signals from the biceps

Nonlinear analysis techniques are necessary to understand the complexity of the EMG. The purpose of the present study was to determine the fractal dimension of surface EMG obtained from the biceps brachii of normal subjects during isokinetic flexion-extension of the arm. The measurements were obtained with different loading conditions on the arm and for various rates of flexion-extension. Fractal dimensions of the surface EMG signals were calculated for each of these conditions. ANOVA results showed statistically significant differences between the fractal dimensions calculated for different loading conditions and rates of flexion-extensin (P < or = 0.005). Linear regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient of 0.99 between the fractal dimension and the load, and a correlation coefficient of 0.98 between the fractal dimension and the rate of flexion-extension. The results of the study show that the fractal dimension can be used along with other parameters to characterize the EMG signal.
Some algebraic sets of high local cohomological dimension in projective space

Let VO,..., V[,,/,, be algebraic sets of pure codimension t in P", and suppose v, is empty. Then P" U V, has cohomological dimension n [n/t]. If U is a scheme, then cd(U), the cohomological dimension of U, is the largest integer i such that there exists a quasi-coherent sheaf F on U such that H'( F) # 0. In [1], G. Faltings proved that if V is an algebraic set of pure codimension t in p n, then (1) cd(P" V) This note gives some algebraic sets for which equality holds in (1). THEOREM. Put s = [n/t] and let V= VO U V1 U ... U Vj be the union of s + 1 algebraic sets of pure codimension t in general position in P" (i.e. such that the intersection of all of them is empty). Then cd(P" V) = n -[n/t] This theorem (from the author's thesis [4]) answers the conjecture from [3] in the affirmative and covers all three examples from [3], but not the statement of the main theorem. For a proof it is convenient to translate the problem into an algebraic language. Put R,1 = k[x 0,. . . ,X,,](X(,. x) and let fI be the defining ideal of V in R,,. Then the cohomological dimension of P" -V is the largest integer i such that Hj,+ 1(R,1) # 0 (cf. [2]). LEMMA. Put s = [n/t] and let % /, 9., be j + 1 homogeneous ideals of pure height t in R,,. Put fX = I~r= r'. Then HA(R,,) = 0 if i > n s + j + 2. PROOF. If j = 0, the result follows from (1). Put f,B = _r=O 1 r. Then ,_n W1/ has the same radical as Y,-1 = Zrr--'(-lAr n 9 A). Since , and y,1 are sums of j-I ideals of pure heights t in R,, we may assume that HA (R,,) = H' (R,,) = 0 for all i > n s +j + 1. We also know that H41 (R,,) = 0 if i > n s + 2. The Mayer-Vietoris long exact sequence gives Hi (R,,) -* Hn+1(R,j) -* H+'(Rj) ff Hl'+(R,1) and this proves the Lemma. Received by the editors April 5, 1984. 1980 Matheniatics Subject Classification. Primarv 14B15, 13D03. 1 1985 Amcrican Mathematical Society 0)0)0)2-9939/85 $1.()() + .$ 25 pcr pagc
Simultaneous Confidence Bands and Regions for Log-Location-Scale Distributions with Censored Data

Abstract In many areas of application, especially life testing and reliability, it is often of interest to estimate an unknown cumulative distribution (cdf). A simultaneous confidence band ( SCB ) of the cdf can be used to assess the statistical uncertainty of the estimated cdf over the entire range of the distribution. Cheng and Iles [1983. Confidence bands for cumulative distribution functions of continuous random variables. Technometrics 25 (1), 77–86] presented an approach to construct an SCB for the cdf of a continuous random variable. For the log-location-scale family of distributions, they gave explicit forms for the upper and lower boundaries of the SCB based on expected information. In this article, we extend the work of Cheng and Iles [1983. Confidence bands for cumulative distribution functions of continuous random variables. Technometrics 25 (1), 77–86] in several directions. We study the SCB s based on local information, expected information, and estimated expected information for both the “cdf method” and the “quantile method.” We also study the effects of exceptional cases where a simple SCB does not exist. We describe calibration of the bands to provide exact coverage for complete data and type II censoring and better approximate coverage for other kinds of censoring. We also discuss how to extend these procedures to regression analysis.
Phylogenetic Signal Common to Three Data Sets: Combining Data Which Initially Appear Heterogeneous

This study makes use of three sources of data, morphology and two chloroplast DNA sequences,ndhF andrbcL, to resolve relationships in Gesneriaceae. Cladograms from each of the three data sets separately are not topologically congruent. Statistical indices suggest that each data set is congruent with thendhF data althoughrbcL and morphology are themselves incongruent. Consensus methods provide no resolution of taxonomic relationships when trees from the different data sets are combined. Combining data sets generally results in cladograms that are more fully resolved than each of the data sets analyzed separately and support for the clades increases based on higher decay index and bootstrap values. These results indicate that there is a phylogenetic signal common to each of the data sets, however, the noise (errors due to homoplasy, mis-scoring, etc.) unique to each data source masks this signal. In combining the data, the evidence for the common evolutionary history in each data set overcomes the noise and is apparent in the resulting trees.
An improved procedure for preparation of inner membrane vesicles from rat liver mitochondria by treatment with digitonin.

Abstract A method for the preparation of inner membrane vesicles from rat liver mitochondria that represents a substantial improvement over one previously described (Hoppel, C. and Cooper, C., Biochem. J. 107 , 367 (1968)) is presented. The inner membrane preparation is further fractionated by differential centrifugation and although all of the fractions are qualitatively similar with regard to enzyme content only the fraction sedimenting between 50–100,000 g shows considerable structural uniformity. Electron micrographs obtained by both sectioning and negative staining are presented and the former show that the bounding membrane is trilaminar and that material appears to be present within the vesicles. Certain inner membrane enzymes are recovered in high yields from mitochondria with a large increase in specific activity. The specific activity of succinic dehydrogenase is increased 7.4-fold and the recovery from the mitochondria is 61% while rotenone-sensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase showed a 12.2-fold increase in specific activity and the recovery was 98%. The specific activity for phosphate uptake with 3-hydroxybutyrate as substrate is approximately 80% of that of the intact mitochondria. The preparation is virtually free of adenylate kinase and nucleoside diphosphokinase and the P i -ATP and ADP-ATP exchange reactions have the same rates.
Effect of processing time on the quality of mouse bone-marrow metaphase preparations

To evaluate the effect of extended incubation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on the quality of mouse bone-marrow metaphase preparations, bone-marrow samples were allowed to stand in PBS at room temperature for from 15 min to 3 h before hypotonic treatment and fixation. The frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges, the rate of cellular proliferation and the mitotic indices in these mice were not significantly affected by prolonged storage in PBS. However, slide quality decreased significantly in bone-marrow samples stored in PBS for more than 2 h. These data demonstrate that the storage of bone-marrow samples in PBS at room temperature for at least 1 h does not adversely affect the quality of routine cytogenetic data, making it more feasible to conduct studies involving large numbers of animals.
Analysis of the proximal transcriptional element of the myelin basic protein gene

The gene encoding myelin basic protein (MBP) contains multiple activator sequences spanning upstream of its transcriptional initiation site which differentially promote transcription in glial cells. The proximal activator sequence, designated MB1, activates transcription in a glial cell type specific manner. This sequence resides between -14 to -50 with respect to the RNA initiation site of the MBP gene. We have identified within the MB1 sequence a 10-nucleotide domain, 5'-ACCTTCAAAG-3', that increases transcription of a test promoter in glial and Schwann cells. This proximal motif functions in both orientations and specifically interacts with a nuclear protein derived from glial cells. Results of in vivo competition experiments indicate that this 10-nucleotide motif positively contributes to the overall transcriptional activity obtained from the entire MBP promoter in glial cells.
Differential responding to content and intonation components of a complex auditory stimulus by nonverbal and echolalic autistic children

Abstract Anecdotal and scientific reports of the speech of autistic children suggest a possible differential responsiveness to limited components of speech stimuli. Previously nonverbal children who acquire speech seem to acquire content, but their speech is dysprosic, characterized by inappropriate intonation, pitch, rhythm, and modulation. In contrast, echolalic autistic children often display modulation and varied intonation but may demonstrate no comprehension of the verbal stimulus being echoed. The present experiment was conducted to systematically determine whether echolalic and nonverbal autistic children respond overselectively to the intonation or to the content of a complex auditory stimulus differing along these two dimensions. Ten autistic children (five echolalic and five nonverbal) and six normal children, matched for MA, were trained to bar press at the sound of an auditory complex stimulus designated as S+ and to withhold response to an auditory complex stimulus designated as S-. The auditory complex stimulus consisted of two components, content and intonation. Test trials consisting of various combinations of the intonation and content components were then presented. Results indicated that whereas the normal children responded to both components or to content, the nonverbal children showed evidence of selectively responding to content, and the echolalic children showed evidence of selectively responding to intonation. These results are discussed in terms of relating autistic stimulus overselectivity to deficits in speech production and to implications for designing language training programs for these children.
Tight closure and strong test ideals

Abstract For certain classes of rings we give an affirmative answer to whether there exists a uniform bound on the least power of the tight closure of an arbitrary ideal which lies in the ideal. The rings need to have the property that modulo each minimal prime there exists a resolution of singularities obtained by blowing up an ideal. In this case we prove the existence of a ‘strong’ test ideal, and then apply this existence to give an affirmative answer to the uniform bound question.
A Study in Molecular Contingency: Glutamine Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Amidotransferase is a Promiscuous and Evolvable Phosphoribosylanthranilate Isomerase

Abstract The prevalence of paralogous enzymes implies that novel catalytic functions can evolve on preexisting protein scaffolds. The weak secondary activities of proteins, which reflect catalytic promiscuity and substrate ambiguity, are plausible starting points for this evolutionary process. In this study, we observed the emergence of a new enzyme from the ASKA (A Complete Set of E. coli K-12 ORF Archive) collection of Escherichia coli open reading frames. The overexpression of (His)6-tagged glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (PurF) unexpectedly rescued a ΔtrpF E. coli strain from starvation on minimal media. The wild-type PurF and TrpF enzymes are unrelated in sequence, tertiary structure and catalytic mechanism. The promiscuous phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase activity of the ASKA PurF variant apparently stems from a preexisting affinity for phosphoribosylated substrates. The relative fitness of the (His)6-PurF/ΔtrpF strain was improved 4.8-fold to nearly wild-type levels by random mutagenesis of purF and genetic selection. The evolved and ancestral PurF proteins were purified and reacted with phosphoribosylanthranilate in vitro. The best evolvant (kcat/KM = 0.3 s− 1 M− 1) was ∼ 25-fold more efficient than its ancestor but > 107-fold less efficient than the wild-type phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase. These observations demonstrate in quantitative terms that the weak secondary activities of promiscuous enzymes can dramatically improve the fitness of contemporary organisms.
Vortex initialization for typhoon track prediction

A shallow water single level primitive equation model is ideally suited for studying the motion of a tropical cyclone. Three factors seem to be important in the initialization, i.e. the size, intensity and the initial speed and direction of motion of the storm. This study presents the results of sensitivity studies on the above parameters in the definition of a synthetic idealized vortex. The sensitivity studies include results of experimental forecasts for typhoons Betty of 1987 and Dan of 1989. The results of these studies show that the initial size, intensity and direction and speed of motion show considerable sensitivity to the predicted track. Finally a summary of the track forecast errors through 72 hours are presented for these storms.
Integrated Flight and Propulsion Operating Modes for Advanced Fighter Engines

This paper presents the results of preliminary studies of advanced propulsion system requirements and capabilities for the next generation of fighter aircraft. It represents an examination of current and advanced concepts of internal variable engine geometry and advanced exhaust system concepts for use in expanding the role of the propulsion system in the flight process. Special engine operating modes are defined and their potential capabilities are described. In-flight thrust vectoring and reversing concepts are described and their use in providing propulsive pitch and yaw forces for flight control assist are discussed. Potential control concepts and requirements for implementing the advanced engine operating modes are also described.Copyright © 1983 by ASME
Base-free formulas in the lattice-theoretic study of compacta

The languages of finitary and infinitary logic over the alphabet of bounded lattices have proven to be of considerable use in the study of compacta. Significant among the sentences of these languages are the ones that are base free, those whose truth is unchanged when we move among the lattice bases of a compactum. In this paper we define syntactically the expansive sentences, and show each of them to be base free. We also show that many well-known properties of compacta may be expressed using expansive sentences; and that any property so expressible is closed under inverse limits and co-existential images. As a byproduct, we conclude that co-existential images of pseudo-arcs are pseudo-arcs. This is of interest because the corresponding statement for confluent maps is still open, and co-existential maps are often--but not always--confluent.
Community Recovery After Storm Damage: A Case of Facilitation in Primary Succession

Manipulations of early arriving, fast-growing algal stands, which appeared soon after a severe storm denuded a Southern California marine reef habiatat, indicated that the dense cover protected newly settled kelp plants from excessive damage by grazing fishes. This is an example of refuge facilitation in primary succession after a major natural disturbance, a mechanism that may contribute substantially to the regeneration of a kelp forest.
Susceptibility of the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis, to the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi.

Summary Experiments to determine whether Ixodes scapularis can be infected with the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, demonstrated that infection and transstadial transmission occurs in up to 73% of larval ticks that had fed on spirochetemic rabbits. In a limited number of nymphal ticks examined, the spirochetes were found only in the midgut. Feeding nymphal I. scapularis on a normal rabbit resulted in blood infection characterized by two distinct periods of spirochetemia, suggesting the occurrence of a relapse phenomenon similar to that in tick-borne relapsing fevers. This was also indicated by the percentage of infected ticks recovered daily during the experiment. Accordingly, ticks fed during low spirochetemias or negative blood phase, showed low infection rates or were not infected whereas those fed during peak spirochetemias had high infection rates. Of 11 adult I. scapularis examined to date, 6 were infected but the spirochetes were restricted to the midgut. These preliminary findings establish the susceptibility of I. scapularis to B. burgdorferi and the potential role of this tick as an efficient vector of the Lyme disease spirochete.
S Matrix and Causality Condition. II. Nonrelativistic Particles

The application of the "causality condition" to the $S$ matrix for nonrelativistic particles encounters several difficulties: (a) there is no maximum velocity; (b) the interference of ingoing and outgoing waves has to be taken into account; (c) wave packets with a sharp front do not exist. The condition is therefore reformulated as follows: At any time the total probability of finding the particle outside the scattering center shall not be greater than 1, for every form of the incident wave packet. From this follows for spherical waves that $S$, as a function of the momentum $p$, is analytic and holomorphic in the first quadrant and that ${e}^{2iap}S(p)$ (where $a$ is the radius of the scattering center) has an imaginary part \ensuremath{\leqslant} 1. That suffices to give an explicit integral representation and a product expansion for $S$, but these permit a more general form for $S$ than is usually envisaged. If, however, the usual symmetry relation $S(\ensuremath{-}p)=S{(p)}^{*}$ is assumed in addition to the causality condition, more specific equations can be derived, which are direct generalizations of those in Part I. In particular, integral relations between the real and imaginary parts of $S$, and the properties that Wigner found for the $R$ matrix can be deduced.
Optical Detection In Diamond Chemical Vapor Deposition

We have employed a variety of in-situ optical diagnostic probes to analyze the filament-assisted diamond deposition gas-phase environment. In this paper, our studies using infrared diode laser absorption and multiphoton ionization spectroscopies are summarized. Emphasis is placed on a recently developed technique for the detection of gas-phase atomic hydrogen using third harmonic generation. The results are discussed in terms of the growth environment, the role of atomic hydrogen, and the carbon deposition mechanism.
Weighted lagrange distributions and their characterizations

In this paper certain characterizations of weighted Lagrange distributions, from the point of view of the number of customers served in a busy period queue, are presented. This class of weighted Lagrange distributions was recently introduced by Janardan and Rao [this Journal, 43 (1983), pp. 302–313] under the name of Lagrange distributions of the second kind. These distributions include, among others, the weighted generalized Poisson, the weighted generalized binomial, the weighted generalized negative binomial and the basic Lagrange distributions of the second kind.
Bioaccumulation of Pharmaceuticals and Other Anthropogenic Waste Indicators in Earthworms from Agricultural Soil Amended With Biosolid or Swine Manure

Analysis of earthworms offers potential for assessing the transfer of organic anthropogenic waste indicators (AWIs) derived from land-applied biosolid or manure to biota. Earthworms and soil samples were collected from three Midwest agricultural fields to measure the presence and potential for transfer of 77 AWIs from land-applied biosolids and livestock manure to earthworms. The sites consisted of a soybean field with no amendments of human or livestock waste (Site 1), a soybean field amended with biosolids from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (Site 2), and a cornfield amended with swine manure (Site 3). The biosolid applied to Site 2 contained a diverse composition of 28 AWls, reflecting the presence of human-use compounds. The swine manure contained 12 AWls, and was dominated by biogenic sterols. Soil and earthworm samples were collected in the spring (about30 days after soil amendment) and fall (140-155 days after soil amendment) at all field sites. Soils from Site 1 contained 21 AWIs and soil from Sites 2 and 3 contained 19 AWls. The AWI profiles at Sites 2 and 3 generally reflected the relative composition of AWls present in waste material applied. There were 20 AWls detected in earthworms from Site 1 (three compounds exceeding concentrations of 1000 microg/kg), 25 AWls in earthworms from Site 2 (seven compounds exceeding concentrations of 1000 microg/ kg), and 21 AWls in earthworms from Site 3 (five compounds exceeding concentrations of 1000 microg/kg). A number of compounds thatwere present in the earthworm tissue were at concentrations less than reporting levels in the corresponding soil samples. The AWIs detected in earthworm tissue from the three field sites included pharmaceuticals, synthetic fragrances, detergent metabolites, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), biogenic sterols, disinfectants, and pesticides, reflecting a wide range of physicochemical properties. For those contaminants detected in earthworm tissue and soil, bioaccumulation factors (BAF) ranged from 0.05 (galaxolide) to 27 (triclosan). This study documents that when AWls are present in source materials that are land applied, such as biosolids and swine manure, AWls can be transferred to earthworms.
Beta cleavages of distonic ions, alpha cleavages of enol ions, isomerizations of distonic and enol ions and corresponding reactions of free radicals

Abstract This study reports transition state energies for the losses of X from CH 2 · CHXZ and XCH 2 CH . Z ions and neutrals (X = H or an alkyl radical, Z = a functional group) and for 1,2-shifts by the same species. Ab initio methods were used to characterize methyl losses from CH 3 CH( . CH 2 )C(OH) 2 +· and CH 3 CH 2 CHC(OH) 2 +· . H shifts between and H losses from the alpha and beta carbons of C 3 H 6 O 2 +· , and C 3 H 4 O +· isomers and the corresponding reactions of ethyl and C 2 H 6 N radicals were similarly characterized. Cleavage of bonds to the beta carbons of enolic and related species was found to be slightly more favorable energetically than dissociation from the alpha carbons of isomeric beta distonic ions and of beta radicals. However, dissociation from the alpha carbons of beta distonic radical cations probably also occurs at suprathreshold energies, but at a lower rate than the competing dissociation from the beta carbons of isomeric radical cation enols. Critical energies are similar for corresponding dissociations of the ions and neutrals. Finally, 1,2-shifts in radical cations, including shifts of functional groups, have substantially lower critical energies than do the corresponding reactions of neutral free radicals such that the ions but not the free radicals can isomerize below their dissociation thresholds. In summary, the presence of a charged group appears to facilitate the interconversion of enolic and beta distonic radical cations by 1,2-shifts, but not dissociation of those ions.
Periodic error correction in heterodyne interferometry

This paper describes periodic error in differential-path interferometry using a Frequency-Path model of the propagation of light from the source to detector in differential-path interferometers. The model identifies each possible path for each light frequency from the source to detector and predicts the number of interference terms that may be expected at the detector output. The behavior of all possible interference terms with respect to optical path changes may be grouped into one of four categories: Optical Power, AC Interference, AC Reference, and DC Interference. A description of a single pass, Michelson-type heterodyne interferometer is given and the periodic error is calculated for a selected system.
Antibodies to Block Staph Virulence

Antibodies rationally designed against staphylococcal virulence signals inhibit the development of experimental disease by passive immunization [1], indicating great potential for therapeutic approaches against staphylococcal and other bacterial infections.
THAT'S ENTERTAINMENTHCI impact and uncitedness

For this issue it's my pleasure to introduce John Hopson, who is one of the rising stars in the user research department at Microsoft Game Studios. John's column is a thoughtful and personal reflection on the purpose and our practice of applied research. I hope you all enjoy it as much as I did. ---Dennis Wixon
The Titan -1:0 Nodal Bending Wave in Saturn's Ring C.

The most prominent oscillatory feature observed in the Voyager 1 radio occultation of Saturn's rings is identified as a one-armed spiral bending wave excited by Titan's-1:0 nodal inner vertical resonance. Ring particles in a bending wave move in coherently inclined orbits, warping the local mean plane of the rings. The Titan-1:0 wave is the only known bending wave that propagates outward, away from Saturn, and the only spiral wave yet observed in which the wave pattern rotates opposite to the orbital direction of the ring particles. It is also the first bending wave identified in ring C. Modeling the observed feature with existing bending wave theory gives a surface mass density of about 0.4 g/sq cm outside the wave region and a local ring thickness of less than about 5 meters, and suggests that surface mass density is not constant in the wave region.
46,XY gonadal dysgenesis: Isoncogenesis related to H-Y phenotype or breast development?

Among women with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, there is a high incidence of gonadal tumors. Because of evidence of a connection between occurrence of those tumors, H-Y phenotype, and breast development, we surveyed 55 cases of 46,X gonadal dysgenesis and 12 related cases involving chromosomal and/or skeletal abnormalities. Our survey, including three new cases presented here, indicates that H-Y phenotype but not breast development may be related to the development of the gonadoblastoma-dysgerminoma. Thus among women with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, there are H-Y− and H-Y+ classes, but gonadal tumors are found almost exclusively in the H-Y+ class. Yet one of our patients may represent an exception to the association of H-Y+ phenotype and gonadal tumors in this syndrome.
Exercise-induced cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major contributor to the morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease. Muscular exercise is a countermeasure to protect against IR-induced cardiac injury in both young and old animals. Specifically, regular bouts of endurance exercise protect the heart against all levels of IR-induced injury. Proposed mechanisms to explain the cardioprotective effects of exercise include alterations in coronary circulation, expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins, increased cyclooxygenase-2 activity, induction of myocardial heat shock proteins, improved cardiac antioxidant capacity, and/or elevation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels on both the sarcolemmal and the mitochondrial inner membranes. Moreover, it seems possible that other, yet to be defined, mechanisms of exercise-induced cardioprotection may also exist. Of the known putative cardioprotective mechanisms, current evidence suggests that elevated myocardial levels of antioxidants and increased expression of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels are both contributors to exercise-induced cardioprotection against IR injury. At present, it is unclear if these two protective mediators act independently or interact to contribute to exercise-induced cardioprotection. Understanding the molecular basis for exercise-induced cardioprotection will provide the required knowledge base to develop therapeutic approaches to protect the heart during an IR insult.
Transnational Corporate Investment and Food the Third World: A Cross‐National Analysis1

World-system theory, dependency theory, and other critical perspectives indicate that activities of transnational corporations (TNCs) promote hunger in the Third World. However, cross-national research on effects of dependence has largely ignored this fundamental manifestation of underdevelopment. This study examines the impact of transnational corporate investment on food consumption in 60 countries. Per capita consumption of calories and protein from 1970 to 1985 is regressed on 1967 transnational corporate investment penetration (investment stocks), 1967 consumption, and appropriate controls. The results strongly support perspectives critical of TNCs. Transnational corporate penetration has a substantial detrimental effect on food consumption which grows with the length of the lag between penetration and the dependent variables. This finding is confirmed by robust regression analysis. Over the 1967–1985 period, countries with minimal transnational corporate penetration are estimated to have gained approximately 700 more calories and 20 more grams of protein consumption per person per day than countries with maximal transnational corporate penetration.
Nitrogen fixation by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its implications for a new ecological niche

A Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain isolated from the rhizosphere of the ecosystem dominant estuarine grass, Spartina alterniflora, was characterized and shown to carry nifH, the gene encoding the nitrogenase iron protein, and to fix N(2). Nitrogen fixation may contribute substantially to the adaptability, niche breadth, and ecological significance of V. parahaemolyticus.
Evidence that N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene crosslinks DNA to protein by a free radical mechanism.

A method was devised to quantitate N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (N-AcO-AAF) induced crosslinking of the ionic complex between [methyl-3H]thymidine labeled pBR322 DNA and lysozyme. This involved chromatography of the modified complex on Sephadex CM 25 with a high salt buffer that dissociated the non-covalently bound complex and permitted early elution of unbound [3H]DNA. The crosslinked complex was then eluted with buffer at pH 10.5. The amount of crosslinking was a function of the carcinogen concentration in the reaction mixture containing the complex. Addition of the spin trap nitrosobenzene or the radical trap 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl to the complex prior to the addition of N-AcO-AAF decreased crosslinking. Reaction of the carcinogen with a solution of [methyl-3H]thymidine labeled Escherichia coli DNA led to the formation of tritiated water that was azeotropically distilled from the mixture. If nitrosobenzene was added prior to the carcinogen, the amount of tritium water released was depressed. Addition of N-AcO-AAF to a mixture of acrylamide and bisacrylamide increased its relative viscosity. Far u.v. irradiation of the complex or reacting it with ammonium persulfate that dissociates to the sulfate anion radical, SO(4), induced crosslinking. While these observations support a free radical mechanism for crosslinking, whether the free radicals arise from heterolytic or homolytic cleavage of N-AcO-AAF remains undetermined.
Effect of steroids on the renovascular changes of sepsis

Sepsis has been found to result in a hyperdynamic cardiovascular state [ 1 31. This is manifested by increased cardiac output and systemic vasodilatation. Previously, the kidney was thought to be excluded from the systemic reaction to sepsis, but more recent investigation has shown that in fact there is increased renal blood flow and decreased renal vascular resistance when systemic sepsis is present [lo]. Stone et al. [17] and others [2, 3, 7, 10, 111 have previously demonstrated a change in intrarenal blood flow distribution in sepsis. This change has been suggested to lead to the polyuria and renal failure of sepsis despite increased renal blood flow [2, 171. Glucocorticoid therapy has been suggested for protection against several of the ill effects of sepsis and shock; however, the mechanism of this protective action remains speculative [12, 151. It has generally been assumed that steroids result in a membranestabilizing effect, thereby preventing release of lysosomes and other vasoactive compounds. The following study was designed to determine if glucocorticoids could prevent or reverse the changes in intrarenal blood distribution associated with sepsis.
Gravitational waves from a pulsar kick caused by neutrino conversions

It has been suggested that the observed pulsar velocities are caused by an asymmetric neutrino emission from a hot neutron star during the first seconds after the supernova collapse. We calculate the magnitude of gravitational waves produced by the asymmetries in the emission of neutrinos. The resulting periodic gravitational waves may be detectable by LIGO and LISA in the event of a nearby supernova explosion.
Effective, efficient or equitable: using allowance allocations to mitigate emissions leakage

The European Union (EU), the US and Australia have each adopted, or are considering, free allocations to emissions-intensive, trade-exposed industries (EITEIs) in order to minimize emissions leakage and industrial offshoring resulting from climate policy. Differences in the design of these schemes, including how a country defines eligible EITEIs, the scale of allocation and the method of distribution, all have the potential to affect the outcomes of the programmes. In crafting their EITEI allocation formulas, policymakers in each country must balance three important priorities – the economic efficiency of the cap and trade programme, an equitable distribution of the programme's allowances and the effectiveness of the allocations in addressing leakage and competitiveness concerns. These three priorities provide a useful framework for considering the tradeoffs inherent in designing allocation schemes for EITEIs. Through this lens, policy approaches taken by the EU, US and Australia are evaluated with respec...
Mechanisms subserving the physiological nocturnal relative hypoprolactinemia of healthy older men: dual decline in prolactin secretory burst mass and basal release with preservation of pulse duration, frequency, and interpulse interval--a General Clinical Research Center study.

Increasing age is accompanied by decrements in randomly obtained, fasting, or frequently sampled serum PRL concentrations. The precise neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying such relative hypoprolactinemia in aging are incompletely understood. In the present study, we sampled blood at 2.5-min intervals overnight in 11 young (aged 21–34 yr) and 8 older (aged 62–72 yr) healthy men for subsequent chemiluminescence-based assay of serum PRL concentrations. The mean (±sem) serum PRL concentration was significantly reduced at 4.3 ± 0.78 μg/L in older men compared with 9.5± 1.2 μg/L in young volunteers (P = 0.0049). PRL concentrations correlated with serum testosterone (r = 0.473; P = 0.041), dehydroepiandrosteroen sulfate (r = + 0.455, P = 0.05), and insulin-like growth factor I (r = 0.494; P = 0.032) levels. Deconvolution analysis was used to evaluate combined pulsatile and basal modes of PRL secretion. In older men, discrete PRL secretory bursts were marked by a significantly (2.4-fold) attenuated mass of hormon...
Variations in development of exurban residential landscapes: timing, location, and driving forces

Residential land-use expansion, an important component of urban sprawl, has a variety of drivers and environmental implications. The goal of this article is to address the timing, location, and mechanisms of different types of residential development. Using land-parcel data and aerial imagery taken between 1950 and 2000 for eight townships in southeastern Michigan, we sampled and classified polygons (854 in total) of four residential types. Socioeconomic characteristics were collected from US census data at the township level and assigned to sample polygons based on the township in which they fell. We then applied survival analysis to achieve the above goal. We found that (1) the development rates varied between residential types over time and (2) the evolution of these types can be explained by different factors. Differentiating such residential types and their associated time-variant patterns usefully sheds light on environmental effects of residential land-use expansions in exurban areas.
Analysis of /sup 12/C+/sup 12/C scattering and the depth of the real potential. [35 to 63 MeV]

An optical-model analysis of /sup 12/C+/sup 12/C elastic scattering from E/sub c.//sub m./=35 to 63 MeV indicates a sensitivity of the scattering cross section at large scattering angles (theta/sub c.//sub m./approx.50degree-90degree) to a region of internuclear separation extending in to rapprox.2 fm. Real nuclear potentials obtained with the folding model and a realistic interaction fit the data remarkably well. This suggests that the nuclear potential for /sup 12/C+/sup 12/C in the region of large overlap is significantly deeper than would be expected on the basis of previous analyses of systems such as /sup 16/O+/sup 16/O. (AIP)
Hot electron cooling in parabolic and modulation doped quantum wells and doped superlattices

Abstract Hot electron cooling in variously structured and doped quantum wells and superlattices has been studied by low temperature steady-state photoluminescence. A parabolic quantum well realized by thickness grading of Al0.3Ga0.7As and GaAs epitaxial layers deposited by molecular beam epitaxy with electron level spacings of ∼25 meV did not show increased electron plasma temperatures compared to thick epitaxially deposited GaAs or square quantum wells with electron level spacings greater than the LO phonon energy of GaAs; this implies that mechanisms involving intersubband Δk ≠ 0 transitions and interfacial recombination are dominant in the parabolic structure. Investigations as a function of carrier concentration in modulation-doped quantum wells and n-type superlattices with strong miniband formation indicate that increasing the carrier concentration in either structure above ∼ 5 × 1017 cm-3 significantly increases the electron plasma temperatures, even under low light excitation, suggesting that such structures may be suited for high efficiency hot electron photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical cells.
Distorted-wave calculations of dielectronic recombination for C 3 + and O 5 + in small electric fields

The dielectronic recombination cross sections associated with the 2s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p transition in Li-like carbon and oxygen ions in the presence of small electric fields have been calculated in the distorted-wave approximation. By convoluting the product of the electron velocity and the theoretical cross section with the experimental velocity distribution, we compare our calculations with recent measurements of high-resolution recombination rates 〈v\ensuremath{\sigma}(v)〉 by Andersen et al. With the exception of the magnitude of the low-energy peak due to the 2p4l resonances, the agreement between experiment and theory is excellent in ${\mathrm{C}}^{3+}$ for a field in the interaction region of just over 3 V/cm. In the case of ${\mathrm{O}}^{5+}$, however, there is good agreement between experiment and theory for the low-Rydberg states, but there appear to be discrepancies between the measured rates and the theoretical rates for the high-Rydberg states, where the effects of fields are important.
The persistent visual store as the locus of fixation memory in visual search tasks

Experiments on visual search have demonstrated the existence of a relatively large and reliable memory for which objects have been fixated; an indication of this memory is that revisits (fixations on previously fixated objects) typically comprise only about 5% of fixations. Any cognitive architecture that supports visual search must account for where such memory resides in the system and how it can be used to guide eye movements in visual search. This paper presents a simple solution for the EPIC architecture that is consistent with the overall requirements for modeling visually-intensive tasks and other visual memory phenomena.
Measurement of Behavioral Objectives for Weight Management

Measurement of specific behaviors involved in weight management is essential to understanding the behavior change process. This study presents measures of common behavioral objectives for weight management interventions. The relationships between these measures and conventional outcomes of weight management are described. Data are from a survey of 407 adults in the rural Midwest ages 23 to 88. Analyses involved bivariate and multivariate statistical tests. Relationships were stronger when limited to diet or physical activity outcomes as opposed to body mass index or waist circumference. Diet-related strategies were more strongly correlated with diet-related outcomes than physical activity-related outcomes and vice versa. Measures of social interactions and self-monitoring for both diet and physical activity were consistently related to outcomes. The measures show promise as reliable and valid indicators of behavior that could be useful in the evaluation of interventions. Intervention studies are needed to further characterize their value and sensitivity to change over time.
Tool to check for consistency in provisioning multilayer recovery

A multilayer network is a complex system composed of many devices which in turn are composed of many subsystems. A failure event changes the configuration of the multilayer network, triggering recovery at more than one layer. Proving that a circuit will work after provisioning operations is an important step to preventing misconfiguration of network devices. We have been working on implementing the consistency checker for one layer. It creates a network representation and adds changes to the network. To verify operation of the system, graphical representation of packets are exchanged between different ports. To understand such a systems, we describe them with a block diagram representing important resources.
Development of Group 6 Dearomatization Agents

A series of complexes having the general formulas [TpM(NO)(L)Br] and [TpmM(NO)(L)Br]BF4 (M = Mo or W and L = a moderate σ-donor) have been prepared. Variations in L provide access to M(I) complexes having a broad range of electronic and steric properties. Reduction of a limited number of these complexes in the presence of aromatic molecules produces novel complexes with the general formula [TpM(NO)(L)(η2-aromatic)]n+ (n = 0, 1).
Benchmarking culture and performance in Chinese organizations

Purpose – To show differences in organizational performance, management style and systems, resulting from cultural differences in three organizational types: foreign‐owned, joint ventures, and Chinese‐owned and operated.Design/methodology/approach – A survey method was used to assess the management systems, leadership and styles within the cultural contexts of the three types of organizations using Hofstede's four cultural dimensions. Organizational performance was measured using balanced scorecard method and factors suggested by other authors. Performance measures were compared across the three types of organizations.Findings – Foreign‐owned and operated companies performed significantly better than their joint venture (JV) and Chinese‐owned and operated organizations as measured by financial perspective, customer perspective, internal business perspective, innovation and learning perspective and technological assessment. There was clear evidence of benchmarking among Chinese‐owned and operated organizat...
Fixing the GPS Bad Attitude: Modeling GPS Satellite Yaw During Eclipse Seasons

In June 1994, the U.S. Air Force implemented a yaw bias in the attitude control subsystem of most GPS satellites. By January 1995, all Block II and IIA satellites were biased. The yaw bias was implemented to fix a problem with the attitude control subsystem that prevented the yaw attitude of the satellite from being properly modeled during eclipse seasons. This paper describes the problem that was identified with the GPS attitude subsystem, and explains its effects on the modeling of the satellite yaw attitude and, in turn, on the modeling of the carrier phase and pseudorange observables. It provides details of a new model for the GPS yaw attitude that is suitable for biased satellites during eclipse seasons. Early results using GPS with the biased attitude control subsystem are also presented.