cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remembering New Words: Integrating Early Memory Development into Word Learning

In order to successfully acquire a new word, young children must learn the correct associations between labels and their referents. For decades, word-learning researchers have explored how young children are able to form these associations. However, in addition to learning label-referent mappings, children must also remember them. Despite the importance of memory processes in forming a stable lexicon, there has been little integration of early memory research into the study of early word learning. After discussing what we know about how young children remember words over time, this paper reviews the infant memory development literature as it relates to early word learning, focusing on changes in retention duration, encoding, consolidation and retrieval across the first two years of life. A third section applies this review to word learning and presents future directions, arguing that the integration of memory processes into the study of word learning will provide researchers with novel, useful insights into how young children acquire new words.
A First Look at Identifying Strategies People Use in Making Predictions about Task Demand

As shopping from online retailers continues to increase, designers need to be aware of the strategies consumers are using to predict the ease-of-use of products based on appearance. The following study investigates the influence of task type (stimulus-response compatibility task, target-acquisition task, perceptual-search task) on these strategies. The results suggest that for abstract tasks (motor and search), participants are relying on elements in or interactions with the actual stimulus such as the predicted time to complete the task and the number of items in the stimulus. However for tasks that are more concrete (using a stove), participants rely on their past experiences and familiarity with the task to predict task difficulty.
Associations between whole-grain intake, psychosocial variables, and home availability among elementary school children.

Abstract Objective Develop, refine, and test psychosocial scales for associations with whole-grain intake. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a Minneapolis/St. Paul suburban elementary school with children in fourth through sixth grades (n = 98) and their parents (n = 76). Variables of interest were child whole-grain intake, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, preferences, knowledge regarding whole-grain food, and whole-grain availability at home. Correlation analysis and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze data. Results Internal consistency and test-retest correlation coefficients for child psychosocial scales were modest or acceptable (α = .55–.70). Parents reported a mean of 15 ± 7 whole-grain products available at home. Child mean daily intake of total grain was about 8 servings, and intake of products containing whole grain was slightly over 2 servings. Reported home availability and refined-grain intake were significantly related to whole-grain intake, whereas psychosocial variables were not. Conclusions and Implications Home availability may be a more important variable associated with whole-grain intake than psychosocial variables.
The mabA gene from the inhA operon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes a 3-ketoacyl reductase that fails to confer isoniazid resistance.

SUMMARY: A target of the anti-tuberculosis drugs isoniazid (INH) and ethionamide (ETH) has been shown to be an enoyl reductase, encoded by the inhA gene. The mabA (mycolic acid biosynthesis A) gene is located immediately upstream of inhA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bo wis and Mycobacterium smegmatis. The MabA protein from M. tuberculosis was expressed in Escherichia coli and shown to have 3-ketoacyl reductase activity, consistent with a role in mycolic acid biosynthesis. In M. smegmatis, inhA and mabA are independently transcribed, but in M. tuberculosis and M. bowis BCG, mabA and inhA constitute a single operon. Several INH-ETH-resistant M. tuberculosis clinical isolates contain point mutations in the ribosome-binding site of mabA in the mabA-inhA operon. However, genetic dissection of this operon reveals that the INH-ETH-resistance phenotype is encoded only by hhA, and not by mabA.
Living Bacterial Sacrificial Porogens to Engineer Decellularized Porous Scaffolds

Decellularization and cellularization of organs have emerged as disruptive methods in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Porous hydrogel scaffolds have widespread applications in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and drug discovery as viable tissue mimics. However, the existing hydrogel fabrication techniques suffer from limited control over pore interconnectivity, density and size, which leads to inefficient nutrient and oxygen transport to cells embedded in the scaffolds. Here, we demonstrated an innovative approach to develop a new platform for tissue engineered constructs using live bacteria as sacrificial porogens. E.coli were patterned and cultured in an interconnected three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel network. The growing bacteria created interconnected micropores and microchannels. Then, the scafold was decellularized, and bacteria were eliminated from the scaffold through lysing and washing steps. This 3D porous network method combined with bioprinting has the potential to be broadly applicable and compatible with tissue specific applications allowing seeding of stem cells and other cell types.
12D-2 Rate-Dependent Micromechanical Model Applied to Wave Propagation through Rough Interfaces

Asperity contact viscosity can result in a rate dependent behavior at the interfaces between two rough solids. The authors have developed a micromechanical methodology for rough interfaces to relate the asperity behavior to the overall interface behavior. This methodology is applied to determine the rate-dependent effective normal and shear stiffness of the interface. The calculated complex-valued stiffnesses are used to investigate plane wave propagation behavior through interfaces utilizing the imperfectly bonded interface model.
THE LOCUS ENCODING αA-CRYSTALLIN IS CLOSELY LINKED TO H-2K ON MOUSE CHROMOSOME 17

We have used a complementary DNA (cDNA) for mouse αA-crystallin to probe genomic DNA for restriction fragment length polymorphisms which could be used to map the αA-crystallin gene locus ( Acry-1 ) in the mouse genome. Ten of 12 restriction endonucleases produced fragment polymorphism among various inbred strains of mice. A comprehensive strain survey conducted with six endonucleases resulted in the discovery of six allelic forms of Acry-1 . Linkage analysis was conducted on DNA from three sets of recombinant inbred strains of mice and demonstrated close linkage of Acry-1 with the major histocompatibility complex ( H-2 ) on chromosome 17 . Analysis of congenic and recombinant congenic strains of mice confirmed the linkage of Acry-1 and H-2 and located the αA gene to the region between glyoxylase ( Glo-1 ) and H-2K .
Interferon as a cell product.

Everyone is aware of the long lag period between the general notion of the clinical potential of interferon, developed some twenty years ago, and the actual application of interferon in clinical practice. Today we are at a stage when practical sources of human interferon for clinical trials are finally being developed and it is becoming possible to produce quantities of interferon that — though still relatively modest — will allow a thorough evaluation of interferon’s clinical potential.
Discriminative factored prior models for personalized content-based recommendation

Most existing content-based filtering approaches including Rocchio, Language Models, SVM, Logistic Regression, Neural Networks, etc. learn user profiles independently without capturing the similarity among users. The Bayesian hierarchical models learn user profiles jointly and have the advantage of being able to borrow information from other users through a Bayesian prior. The standard Bayesian hierarchical model assumes all user profiles are generated from the same prior. However, considering the diversity of user interests, this assumption might not be optimal. Besides, most existing content-based filtering approaches implicitly assume that each user profile corresponds to exactly one user interest and fail to capture a user's multiple interests (information needs). In this paper, we present a flexible Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach to model both commonality and diversity among users as well as individual users' multiple interests. We propose two models each with different assumptions, and the proposed models are called Discriminative Factored Prior Models (DFPM). In our models, each user profile is modeled as a discriminative classifier with a factored model as its prior, and different factors contribute in different levels to each user profile. Compared with existing content-based filtering models, DFPM are interesting because they can 1) borrow discriminative criteria of other users while learning a particular user profile through the factored prior; 2) trade off well between diversity and commonality among users; and 3) handle the challenging classification situation where each class contains multiple concepts. The experimental results on a dataset collected from real users on digg.com show that our models significantly outperform the baseline models of L-2 regularized logistic regression and the standard Bayesian hierarchical model with logistic regression
An Evaluation of Avian Influenza Diagnostic Methods with Domestic Duck Specimens

SUMMARY. Monitoring of poultry, including domestic ducks, for avian influenza (AI) virus has increased considerably in recent years. However, the current methods validated for the diagnosis and detection of AI virus infection in chickens and turkeys have not been evaluated for performance with samples collected from domestic ducks. In order to ensure that methods for the detection of AI virus or AI virus antibody will perform acceptably well with these specimens, samples collected from domestic ducks experimentally infected with a U.S. origin low pathogenicity AI virus, A/Avian/NY/31588-3/00 (H5N2), were evaluated. Oropharyngeal (OP) and cloacal swabs were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days postinoculation (PI) for virus detection by virus isolation, which was considered the reference method, and real-time RT-PCR. In addition, two commercial antigen immunoassays were used to test swab material collected 2–7 days PI. Virus isolation and real-time RT-PCR performed similarly; however, the antigen immunoassays only detected virus during the peak of shed, 2–4 days PI, and both kits detected virus in fewer than half of the samples that were positive by virus isolation. Cloacal swabs yielded more positives than OP swabs with all virus detection tests. To evaluate AI virus antibody detection serum was collected from the ducks at 7, 14, and 21 days PI and was tested by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay, a commercial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and homologous hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, which was used as the reference method. Results for the ELISA and HI assay were almost identical with serum collected at 7 and 14 days PI; however, by 21 days PI 100% of the samples were positive by HI assay and only 65% were positive by ELISA. At all time points AGID detected antibody in substantially fewer samples than either ELISA or HI assay.
Expression of type-X collagen in osteoarthritis

The present study was undertaken to examine how osteoarthritis affects the expression of type-X collagen, a hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific collagen in articular cartilage. A well characterized sheep polyclonal antiserum, as well as three mouse monoclonal antibodies against canine type-X collagen, was used to immunolocalize type-X collagen in human and canine joints. Its expression in osteoarthritic cartilage was altered in several locations. In the canine osteoarthritic joints, type-X collagen increased in and just above the zone of calcified cartilage and was present diffusely throughout the calcified matrix. In both the human and canine cartilage, type-X collagen was localized around cell clones in the transitional zone of cartilage. This is surprising, since that region of the cartilage does not calcify and one of the proposed roles of type-X collagen is in mineralization. Thus, the osteoarthritic process may damage the matrix in the superficial layer and induce changes leading to the expression of the hypertrophic chondrocyte phenotype.
Relaxation phenomenon in lumbar trunk muscles during lateral bending.

Summary This paper reports myoelectric activity measurements in the lumbar trunk muscles when subjects performed tasks involving various degrees of lateral bending. Biomechanical model analyses were made to estimate the tensions in the lumbar trunk muscles required to perform those tasks. The tensions and the activity measurements were compared to see if a muscle relaxation phenomenon occurred. A relaxation phenomenon in the erector spinae muscles was observed to occur in quiet standing in a laterally-bent position of the trunk, qualitatively similar to the flexion-relaxation phenomenon reported by Schultz et al. in 198513. However, no relaxation was observed to occur in the lateral oblique abdominal muscles in laterally-bent postures of the trunk.
A mathematical and computational study of the dispersivity tensor in anisotropic porous media

Abstract Dispersive transport in porous media is usually described through a Fickian model, in which the flux is the product of a dispersion tensor times the concentration gradient. This model is based on certain implicit assumptions, including slowly varying conditions. About fifty years ago, it was first suggested that the parameterization of the second-order dispersion tensor for anisotropic porous media involves a fourth-order dispersivity tensor. However, the properties of the dispersivity tensor have not been adequately studied. This work contributes to achieving a better grasp of dispersion in anisotropic porous media through a number of ways. First, with clearly stated assumptions and from first principles, we use the method of moments to derive a mathematical formula for the fourth-order dispersivity tensor, and show that it is a function of pore geometry, fluid velocity, and pore diffusion. Second, by using pore-scale flow and transport simulations through orderly and randomly packed 2-D and 3-D porous media, we evaluate the effects of the three factors on dispersivity. Different relationships with the Peclet number are observed for the longitudinal and transverse dispersivities and for orderly and randomly packed media. Third, we discuss the limitations of 2-D periodic media with simple structures in computing transverse dispersivity, which is more accurately predicted in the 3-D periodic media and 2-D randomly packed media. Fourth, we exhibit through numerical simulations that the method of moments can, computational limitations notwithstanding, be extended to stationary porous media.
Experimental Determination of a Portion of the Human Vestibular System Response Through Measurement of Eyeball Counterroll

This work was undertaken to obtain a description of a portion (the otolith organs) of the human vestibular system. The vestibular system is fairly inaccessible; thus, measurement by direct observation is difficult. Previous research has shown that eyeball counterroll is one external manifestation of the vestibular system response. In this work, therefore, an indirect measurement of the human vestibular system response was obtained through the measurement of eyeball counterroll. Human subjects were rotated about an axis through their line of sight at angular velocities varying from 0-20r/min. The right eye was photographed and the angle of eyeball counterroll was determined by an optical correlation process. A mathematical expression for input-output characteristics for rotation inputs was formulated using Fourier curve fitting techniques. This description indicates that subjects with normal vestibular function demonstrate an eyeball counterroll which is a function of angular velocity and position with respect to the vertical. Subjects with known vestibular defects demonstrate a small counterroll.
The effect of theophylline on hypoxic, hypercapnic hamster diaphragm muscle in vitro.

Hypoxic, hypercapnic acidosis (HHA) decreases tension and enhances fatigue in hamster diaphragm in vitro. We hypothesized that theophylline would decrease the harmful effect of HHA. Hamster diaphragm strips were studied in Krebs solution aerated with 21% O2 and 12% CO2. The force-frequency responses and the tension and relaxation of brief, submaximal contractions were studied. Mild fatigue was produced by a series of 45 submaximal contractions, after which recovery of force was followed for 15 min. Theophylline (0.55 mM) was added at the time of exposure to HHA (early theophylline) in half the strips and at the end of the fatigue run (late theophylline) in the others. In contrast to our hypothesis, early theophylline had a limited effect on force production in unfatigued HHA diaphragm strips and resulted in lower force production in the recovery period. Late theophylline improved force in the recovery period for low-frequency contractions. Thus the effect of theophylline in the setting of HHA depended on ...
Policies to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in Tropical Forests: An Examination of the Issues Facing the Incorporation of REDD into Market-Based Climate Policies

Deforestation and forest degradation account for 20 percent of annual total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The vast majority of these forestry emissions come from deforestation in developing countries. Currently, there is significant dialogue at the international level about how to integrate reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) into the existing climate change regime through market-based incentives. This paper examines the issues that arise when trying to create an economically and environmentally robust market-based REDD policy. The paper begins with an overview of the role of forests in climate change, and is followed by an examination of design elements that will affect the integrity of a REDD policy, including issues of scope, monitoring, baselines, leakage, stakeholder interests, permanence and liability, and the potential impact of REDD credits on the carbon market. The paper closes with an overview of the issues facing developing countries that would host REDD activities.
A wood frame grammar: a generative system for digital fabrication

A novel design system is presented that generates information for house construction exclusively from 3/4" plywood sheets. A shape grammar routine is employed to subdivide an initial solid shape into constructible components for desktop digital fabrication and design evaluation as a physical model. Once approved final construction can happen with components cut on a CNC wood router after the design has been validated by a laser cut model. Shape grammar rule format is used to design functions that build geometry later converted to a scripting language in CAD. Future goals for the grammar are to develop a complete CAD program that translates 3D designs to 2D drawings for flat digital fabrication. The ultimate goal of the program is to automate the translation of solid models to information for digital fabrication. Currently a manual process the translation allows the designer to focus on the visual aspects of evaluation at any scale with little concern for constructability.
Citrobacter-Induced Colitis in Mice With Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome:

Over the period of a year, colitis was observed in 44 mice raised in a conventional nonspecific pathogen–free colony, 41 of these having concomitant retrovirus–induced murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS). The lesions varied from bacterial colonization to hyperplasia of colonic mucosa to severe, often fatal, ulceration. Citrobacter rodentium was isolated from the colon and/or liver of 2 mice with colitis. When C57BL/6 mice with or without MAIDS were given graded doses of the bacterium, only those with MAIDS developed colitis, and C rodentium was reisolated from their livers. Thus, mice with MAIDS can develop severe disease following opportunistic infection with an environmental contaminant of the colony that is nonpathogenic for normal adult mice.
Thermal Conductivity Characterization of Hafnium Diboride-Based Ultra-High-Temperature Ceramics

We evaluated the thermal conductivity of HfB 2 -based ultra-high-temperature ceramics from laser flash diffusivity measurements in the 25°-600°C temperature range. Commercially available powders were used to prepare HfB 2 composites containing 20 vol% SiC, some including TaSi 2 (5 vol%) and Ir (0.5 or 2 vol%) additions. Samples were consolidated via conventional hot pressing or spark plasma sintering. Processing differences were shown to lead to differences in magnitude and temperature dependence of effective thermal conductivity. We compared results with measured values from heritage materials and analyzed trends using a network model of effective thermal conductivity, incorporating the effects of porosity, grain size, Kapitza resistance, and individual constituent thermal conductivities.
Applying video sensor networks to nearshore environment monitoring

Environmental monitoring is an important emerging application area for pervasive computing. We describe shore-based sensing using standard video cameras and measurement techniques for important variables such as wave and ocean current conditions. We apply networked sensors for monitoring environmentally sensitive beaches and nearshore coastal oceans. We give some steps to improve the Argus video sensor network's functionality to quantify the time-space characteristics of the imaged world. We also discuss future system architectures, on the basis of the experience with a sensor network that have already deployed.
Energy-dependent Stability of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Biofilms

Stability and resistance to dissolution are key features of microbial biofilms. How these macroscopic properties are determined by the physiological state of individual biofilm cells in their local physical-chemical and cellular environment is largely unknown. In order to obtain molecular and energetic insight into biofilm stability, we investigated whether maintenance of biofilm stability is an energy-dependent process and whether transcription and/or translation is required for biofilm dissolution. We found that in 12-hour-old Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms, a reduction in cellular ATP concentration, induced either by oxygen deprivation or by addition of the inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), dinitrophenol (DNP), or CN−, resulted in massive dissolution. In 60-hour-old biofilms, the extent of uncoupler-induced cell loss was strongly attenuated, indicating that the integrity of older biofilms is maintained by means other than those operating in younger biofilms. In experiments with 12-hour-old biofilms, the transcriptional and translational inhibitors rifampin, tetracycline, and erythromycin were found to be ineffective in preventing energy starvation-induced detachment, suggesting that neither transcription nor translation is required for this process. Biofilms of Vibrio cholerae were also induced to dissolve upon CCCP addition to an extent similar to that in S. oneidensis. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. putida biofilms remained insensitive to CCCP addition. Collectively, our data show that metabolic energy is directly or indirectly required for maintaining cell attachment, and this may represent a common but not ubiquitous mechanism for stability of microbial biofilms.
LATE CAMBRIAN AND EARLY ORDOVICIAN STEM GROUP CHITONS (MOLLUSCA: POLYPLACOPHORA) FROM UTAH AND MISSOURI

Abstract Abundant silicified shell plates (valves) of some of the oldest-known chitons were recovered from the Late Cambrian Notch Peak Formation of Utah. The chiton fauna is dominated numerically by Matthevia wahwahensis new species, but also includes another mattheviid, Eukteanochiton milleri new genus and species, and a preacanthochitonid, Orthriochiton utahensis new genus and species. Robustum from the Early Ordovician Gasconade Formation of Missouri is herein reinterpreted as a septemchitonid chiton, and Hemithecella, from the Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician of the eastern United States, is once again considered a mattheviid chiton. Mattheviid valves are unique among chitons in that they are massive, elongate, and contain one or two tunnels; these characteristics have led some to exclude this family from the Polyplacophora. However, mattheviids and other chitons share many valve characters, including granules, an apical shelf, a thin anterior margin, bilateral symmetry, three valve types, and a shell ...
Work Sharing Won’t Bring Solution to Unemployment

Work Sharing seems to be the “in” thing. According to its advocates, unemployment is caused by people working too many hours; if they would just reduce their workweek to, say 32 hours, there would be plenty of jobs to go around for everyone.The latest politician to make this proposal is Bob Rae, leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party, who estimates that the 32-hour workweek could create more than 780, 000 additional jobs in that province, halting unemployment dead in its tracks. Superficially attractive as this idea is, it is deeply flawed. It flies in the face of the historical fact.
“Five Forces Shaping the Silicon World: Advanced sensing and intelligence in IoT and vision”

The cumulative improvement in digital silicon density, energy and performance has had an impressive quantitative impact on the world we live in. But new forces, embodied in radical changes in system applications, are rapidly disrupting traditional silicon architectures. In this talk we chart five of the major forces at work in silicon systems, and explore new categories of “things that sense and see”. Along the way, we visit some fundamental shifts taking place in low-energy processor cores, in vision DSPs, and in systems for “deep learning” that now exceed human capabilities.
Labops hesperius (Hemiptera: Miridae) Management in Crested Wheatgrass by Haying: an Eight-Year Study

Two Labops hesperius Uhler infested fields of crested wheatgrass, Agroypron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult, were used in the study. The forage was harvested from one field each year, whereas the other field was not harvested. Highly significant differences in L. hesperius populations between the harvested and unharvested fields were noted beginning in year 2 and continued through the study. This investigation showed that L. hesperius populations can significantly be reduced by harvesting crested wheatgrass each year.
Insect Nutrition and Metabolism

At the present time, when the interest of entomologists is so sharply focused on the physiology of insects, a summary or collective review of the literature becomes a godsend. Most papers on insect physiology are distributed far and wide, often in inaccessible publications; the text-books contain only meager accounts; and the interested student experiences great difficulty in finding out exactly how much has been done. Hence a collective summary of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, as just published by B. P. Uvarov under the auspices of the Committee on Civil Research, 2 Whitehall Gardens, London, S. W. 1., will undoubtedly be welcomed by all entomologists.
Study of Mechanism of Ring-Like Vortex Formation in Late Flow Transition

In this paper a new study for the mechanism of the single and multiple ring-like vortex formation is presented. There were two existing theories, one believes the ring-like vortex is produced by the shear layer and the other thinks the ring-like vortex generation follows the Crow theory. According to our recent DNS results, a new hypothesis is presented that the ring-like vortices generation is caused by the interaction between the �-shaped vortex tube and streamwise vortices. The formation of ring head and ring neck are the results of the interaction between the prime streamwise vortices and secondary streamwise vortices. The multiple ringlike vortex generation is following the first Helmholtz vortex conservation law. A number of new unknown phenomena are revealed, mechanisms are presented and new theories are established by this new DNS study Nomenclature
Quantum Computing and Communications: A View from the USA

In addition to identifying what I consider to be some worthwhile technical directions for the field, I thought it would be valuable to talk a little bit about my impressions of the quantum computing and quantum communications programme underway in the United States. In particular, I would like to focus on what works well and what does not and to see if there are any gaps that could be filled by a new, coordinated, European effort.
The Use of Field Experiments in Environmental and Resource Economics

AbstractField experiments provide a useful way to address a number of important issues in environmental and resource economics. This article provides a review of studies that have used field experi...
Ambition Is Priceless: Socialization, Ambition, and Representative Bureaucracy

Within the representative bureaucracy literature, there are a variety of individual or professional incentives that may discourage movement from passive to active representation. This study presents two of these incentives by explaining the potential effects of professional socialization and individual career ambition. Using 3 years of survey and performance data from public schools, this research explores how professional socialization and ambitions of career advancement may promote specific behaviors that potentially support or discourage effective representation. The results indicate that professional socialization actually promotes representation by African American and Latino bureaucrats. The impact of Latino representation across values of professional socialization is also significantly different from that of White managers. The results also demonstrate varying effects for bureaucratic career ambition, as the effect of Latino administrators on student performance is minimized for administrators wit...
The effect of oxygenated fuel properties on diesel spray combustion and soot formation

Abstract Diesel engines have advantages due to their potential for high fuel conversion efficiency. However, it is necessary to reduce pollutant emissions, particularly NOx and soot to meet emission mandates. Many studies have shown that oxygenated fuel additives can effectively reduce soot emissions. In this research, to investigate the effect of oxygenated fuel properties on combustion and soot emission, CFD simulations were carried out using newly developed chemical mechanisms for various oxygenated fuels such as tri-propylene glycol methyl ether, methyl decanoate, and dimethyl ether. The results show that the formation of soot precursors decreases with increased oxygen content and decreased number of C–C bonds in the fuel. The fuel molecular structure strongly affects soot formation in addition to fuel-air mixing. Comparisons of fuel blends (oxygenated fuels with n-hexadecane) including methyl decanoate, which have the same fuel oxygen ratio, show that the effects of the ignition delay and lift-off length control soot formation for fuels with similar fuel oxygen ratio and number of C–C bonds.
Surface-plasmon-enhanced Raman and photoluminescence of few-layers and bulk MoS 2 on silver grating

We report the observation of surface-plasmon-enhanced Raman and photoluminescence of few-layers and bulk MoS 2 on silver grating compared with SiO 2 substrate, suggesting an indirect to direct bandgap transition for MoS 2 .
Rhetorical Choices in Facebook Discourse: Constructing Voice and Persona

Abstract This study addresses the need for attention to conflicts surrounding voice in composition studies in conjunction with recent research demonstrating the rhetorically complex array of writing moves in which social network users participate. Together, these areas of inquiry present a need for research into social network users’ rhetorical awareness of writing practices. The article presents a study of one first-year college student’s Facebook activity. I analyze Facebook screenshots and interview data to describe the participant’s construction of voice in writing and of a persona on the social network site. Findings reveal that the participant has gained literacy in Facebook as a secondary Discourse as evidenced by her rhetorical awareness in Facebook activity. The participant demonstrated a sophisticated awareness of rhetorical functions within Facebook by hiding her personal opinion, crafting a persona characterized by non-mainstream interests, and paying attention to readers’ behavior to distribute content they found interesting at times they were most likely to engage with it. I conclude the article by discussing applications for the first-year composition classroom that can be drawn from the study findings and from students’ existing writing practices on social network sites.
Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers Decorated with Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Chemical Sensing

The integration of different noble metal nanostructures, which exhibit desirable plasmonic and/or electrocatalytic properties, with electrospun polymer nanofibers, which display unique mechanical and thermodynamic properties, yields novel hybrid nanoscale systems of synergistic properties and functions. This review summarizes recent advances on how to incorporate noble metal nanoparticles into electrospun polymer nanofibers and illustrates how such integration paves the way towards chemical sensing applications with improved sensitivity, stability, flexibility, compatibility, and selectivity. It is expected that further development of this field will eventually make a wide impact on many areas of research.
Optical properties of Ga2O3 from first principles: excitons, free-carriers, and dielectric screening (Conference Presentation)

First-principles simulations of excited states, using density-functional and many-body perturbation theory, are now capable of accurately predicting electronic and optical properties of complex oxides, enabling unprecedented understanding and computational materials design. After briefly discussing these techniques and their numerical implementation, I will focus on their application to Ga2O3. This material is interesting for transparent electronics in the semiconductor industry since it conducts electrical current while being transparent at the same time. For Ga2O3 I will provide an overview of recent efforts by several groups to understand the optical absorption in terms of quasiparticle electronic structure and optical transition-matrix elements. These studies provide a clear quantitative picture of the optical anisotropy. I will then show how excitonic effects influence the spectrum close to the absorption onset and at high photon energies. In order to achieve an accurate computational description of excitons, the electron-hole interaction needs to be taken into account. To this end it is mandatory to understand the influence of dielectric screening, which is a long-standing problem in computational materials science. I will explain how the presence of free carriers and of lattice polarization contributes to dielectric screening, impacting the electron-hole interaction, with consequences for optical spectra. Finally, I will also allude to the computational infrastructure needed to compute these highly accurate theoretical spectra for Ga2O3, since, more generally, combining numerical approaches with cutting-edge computation allows to further develop computational materials science and to perform highly accurate theoretical spectroscopy for modern, complex materials that drive societal progress.
Preferences and Practices of U.S. Ophthalmology Residency Program Directors Regarding Post-interview Communication with Residency Applicants

Importance Little is known about the perspectives and practices of U.S. ophthalmology residency program directors (PDs) regarding communication between PDs and applicants during the post-interview residency match period. Objective To investigate the preferences and practices of ophthalmology residency PDs regarding post-interview communication between PDs and residency applicants during the residency match period. Design and Setting Web-based anonymous survey. Participants Directors of ophthalmology residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Results The response rate was 64% (74/116). The majority (75%; 55/73) of PDs preferred that PDs and residency applicants not communicate during the post-interview period; the main reasons were that such communication was not ethical and not productive. In addition, 62% (46/74) of PDs believed that the Ophthalmology Matching Program should institute a policy of no post-interview communication between applicants and faculty during the residency match period. Conclusion and Relevance The majority of U.S. ophthalmology residency PDs favor instituting a policy of no post-interview communication between applicants and faculty during the residency match period.
Wide-Area Communication and Control: A Cyber-Physical Perspective

For several decades, the traditional mindset for controlling large-scale power systems has been limited to local output feedback control, which means that controllers installed within the operating region of any utility company typically use measurements available only from inside that region for feedback, and, in fact, more commonly only from the vicinity of the controller location. Examples of such controllers include Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR), Power System Stabilizers (PSS), Automatic Generation Control (AGC), FACTS control, HVDC, and so on.
Measurement of aflatoxins using capillary electrophoresis.

The aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by certain Aspergillus species, in particular Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The aflatoxins are extremely potent mutagens, are suspected human carcinogens, and can adversely affect animal health and agricultural productivity. Many countries routinely screen agricultural commodities for the presence of the aflatoxin B I (AFB]), the most potent member of the group. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration has established a guideline level of 20 ng/g (ppb) total aflatoxins in food destined for human consumption (1). For breeding cattle, breeding swine, and mature poultry the limit is 100 ppb. For finishing swine and finishing beef cattle the limits are 200 and 300 ppb, respectively. Because of the importance of this group of mycotoxins to human and animal health, all of the common tools of analytical chemistry, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry, immunoassay, biosensors, and capillary electrophoresis, have been used for their detection. The literature dealing with chromatographic methods for the mycotoxins is extensive and several excellent reviews have been published (2-6). The major aflatoxins have a strong UV absorbance with a maximum in the range of 360-365 nm when measured in methanol, with reported extinction coefficients in the range of 21,700 to 27,300 for AFB 1 (7). The characteristic UV/Vis spectra of the aflatoxins is helpful in confirming the presence of the toxins when they are isolated from complex matrices. Many analytical methods for the aflatoxins, including TLC and HPLC methods rely upon the
Problematic Child Mealtime Behavior and Caregiver Mobile Phone Use.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations of caregiver mobile phone problematic use and child problematic mealtime behaviors (PMBs) to improve understanding of the possible implications of caregiver mobile phone problematic use. METHODS Surveys were administered to caregivers of children aged 3 to 8 years. The survey included demographics, a validated measure for caregiver mobile phone problematic use (Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale-10 [MPPUS-10]), and a validated measure for the perception of child PMB (Meals in our Household [MIOH]). The bivariate associations between child and caregiver characteristics, mobile phone problematic use, and PMBs of children were analyzed. Partial correlations examined these relations while controlling for significant (p ≤ 0.05) covariates. RESULTS Eighty-four caregivers (mean age 32.6 years, 63% white, 21% ≤ high school completion) participated. The correlation of MIOH problematic behavior total with MPPUS-10 was significant (r = 0.33, p ≤ 0.01). Significantly correlated caregiver variables with MPPUS-10 included age (r = -0.25, p = 0.02) and female sex (p = 0.01). No significant caregiver variables were noted for PMB. Child's age was significantly correlated with PMB (r = -0.27, p = 0.01). MPPUS-10 and PMB correlation remained significant when controlling for significant covariates. CONCLUSION A positive correlation existed between MPPUS-10 and PMB. Understanding the potential association between caregiver mobile phone problematic use and child PMB strengthens the pediatricians' ability to counsel about the implications of caregiver mobile phone problematic use when discussing child PMB.
The Impact of Respondent-Interviewer Familiarity and Repeated Survey Participation on Abortion Reporting: Evidence from Rajasthan, India.

Context Researchers have long assumed that familiarity between an interviewer and a survey participant reduces the validity of responses, especially for such sensitive behaviors as abortion. However, little empirical evidence exists on this issue. Methods Data on 6,041 women aged 15-49 and 133 interviewers who took part in the second (2017) round of the Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 survey in Rajasthan, India, were used to examine the effect of interviewer-respondent acquaintance and participation in the prior survey round on women's reporting of induced abortion. Associations were identified using multivariate, multilevel models that adjusted for respondent, interviewer and community characteristics, and that included interviewer random effects. Results On average, interviewers completed interviews with 41 respondents from their assigned cluster; they reported that they were acquainted with 61% of respondents and that 13% of respondents had participated in the prior survey round. Four percent of women reported having had an abortion. Neither interviewer-respondent acquaintance nor participation in the previous survey round was associated with abortion reporting in any of the multivariate models or in additional sensitivity analyses. Conclusions The findings do not support the hypothesis that respondent familiarity with the interviewer or the survey process is associated with lower reporting of sensitive behaviors, like abortion. Future studies should further explore these and other design features to identify those that provide statistically significant improvements in the reporting of abortion and other sensitive behaviors.
The development of US physical education teachers’ motivating styles: A socialization perspective:

Physical education (PE) teachers’ interpersonal sentiments and behaviours towards students during class define their motivating styles. These motivating styles range from those that support student...
Implementing Facility-Wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports in Secure Juvenile Correction Settings: Results of an Evaluation Study:

In this study, we assessed the feasibility and social validity of an adapted approach to positive behavior interventions and supports (PBIS) implementation in secure juvenile facilities. The author...
1976 Case Study

Less than two years after President Nixon resigned in disgrace, the US Army made a significant shift in its warfighting doctrine, Field Manual 100-5 (Operations), to focus exclusively on fighting a single foe: Soviet Russia. Never before, and never since, has the Army focused on fighting a single adversary, but never before had the two major US political parties been so united in opposing the policies of a disgraced president. The Army took advantage of this rare bipartisan unity, and less than a year later, made a doctrinal shift to justify the procurement of five new major combat systems needed to fight and win against what had suddenly become America’s single bipartisan foe: Russia.
Role of initial effective stress on the thermal volume change of normally consolidated clay

This paper focuses on the results from thermal triaxial tests on normally consolidated Georgia Kaolinite. The hypothesis evaluated in this study is whether the initial mean effective stress has an impact on the thermal volume change encountered during drained heating. To that effect, specimens at three different initial mean effective stresses were considered in this study. The clay specimens were first isotropically consolidated to a normally consolidated state, then subjected to a drained heating cooling cycle followed by further mechanical loading to higher effective stresses. The results indicate contractive volumetric strain during drained heating where the volumetric strain was found to increase with increasing initial mean effective stress. A rebound in volume was observed during subsequent cooling where the net change in volume transitioned from zero volume change of the specimen to net contraction of the specimen after a heating cooling cycle as the initial mean effective stress increased. The results indicate the need for considering the effect of initial mean effective stress when assessing in-situ heating as a method of soil improvement.
Adopting a Trauma-Informed Approach to Gender-Based Violence Across the Life Course

Gender-based violence and other forms of trauma affect individuals throughout the lifespan, with effects accumulating to impact biopsychosocial functioning across all domains of the socioecological model. We need effective proximal and distal trauma-informed/trauma-responsive interventions for all age groups to prevent and interrupt negative sequelae. There are many opportunities to intervene; it is better to intervene as proximally to the trauma/GBV as possible, and the younger the better in the life cycle. Distal intervention is possible but hampered by the development of mental health sequelae, maladaptive coping, concurrent/subsequent adversities/traumas and other challenging life circumstances.