cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An extended version of additive K -theory

There are two innitesimal (i.e., additive) versions of the K-theory of a eld F : one introduced by Cathelineau, which is an F -module, and another one introduced by Bloch-Esnault, which is an F - module. Both versions are equipped with a regulator map, when F is the eld of complex numbers. In our short paper we will introduce an extended version of Cathelineau's group, and a complex-valued regulator map given by the entropy. We will also give a comparison map between our extended version and Cathelineau's group. Our results were motivated by two unrelated sources: Neumann's work on the extended Bloch group (which is isomorphic to indecomposable K3 of the complex numbers), and the study of singularities of generating series of hypergeometric multisums.
How Industries Migrate When Agglomeration Economies Are Important

Abstract The economics of QWERTY suggests that historical accidents can trap economies in inefficient equilibria. This paper suggests that such accidents do not have the force that proponents claim. The paper presents a mechanism that may unravel a locational advantage caused by an historical accident. In the model, there are agglomeration benefits from concentrating industry in a particular location because it enables a large variety of local suppliers to emerge. Firms differ by the extent to which they purchase from local suppliers. Low-tier firms purchase little; high-tier firms purchase more. When the industry migrates, the lowest-tier products move first.
Refraction of a surface polariton by an interface

Abstract We have calculated the transmission and reflection coefficients for a surface polariton that is incident normally on the interface between two different surface active dielectric media characterized by real, scalar, frequency dependent dielectric functions. Numerical solutions are obtained by matching the boundary conditions for the electromagnetic fields at the interface between the media and between each medium and the vacuum above it. The energy carried away by the vacuum modes is also calculated.
Tandem Chain Extension-Homoenolate Formation: The Formation of α-Methylated-γ-Keto Esters

A tandem chain extension−homoenolate formation reaction is described. The treatment of β-keto esters with the Furukawa reagent followed by exposure to a catalytic amount of trimethylsilyl chloride provides access to an ester homoenolate.
A Coupled Ordinates Method for Convergence Acceleration of the Phonon Boltzmann Transport Equation

Sequential numerical solution methods are commonly used for solving the phonon Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) because of simplicity of implementation and low storage requirements. However, they exhibit poor convergence for low Knudsen numbers. This is because sequential solution procedures couple the phonon BTEs in physical space efficiently but the coupling is inefficient in wave vector (K) space. As the Knudsen number decreases, coupling in K space becomes dominant and convergence rates fall. Since materials like silicon have K-resolved Knudsen numbers that span two to five orders of magnitude at room temperature, diffuse-limit solutions are not feasible for all K vectors. Consequently, nongray solutions of the BTE experience extremely slow convergence. In this paper, we develop a coupled-ordinates method for numerically solving the phonon BTE in the relaxation time approximation. Here, interequation coupling is treated implicitly through a point-coupled direct solution of the K-resolved BTEs at each control volume. This implicit solution is used as a relaxation sweep in a geometric multigrid method which promotes coupling in physical space. The solution procedure is benchmarked against a traditional sequential solution procedure for thermal transport in silicon. Significant acceleration in computational time, between 10 and 300 times, over the sequential procedure is found for heat conduction problems.
In vitro microbiological characterization of novel macrolide CP-163,505 for animal health specific use.

A novel 16-membered-ring macrolide agent (CP-163, 505, a reductive amination derivative of repromicin) was identified as an antibacterial against Pasteurella haemolytica, P. multocida and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, important etiological agents of livestock respiratory disease. In vitro MIC50/90 analysis revealed that CP-163, 505 was more potent (4×) than tilmicosin against P. multocida, and equivalent to tilmicosin against P. haemolytica and A. pleuropneumoniae. In time kill kinetic studies, CP-163, 505 showed bactericidal activity against P. haemolytica, P. multocida and A. pleuropneumoniae and bacteriostatic activity against E. coli at 8 times its MIC. In vitro, CP-163, 505 was more potent in alkaline pH (16∼32×) and less potent in the presence of excess cations (Mg+2 and Ca+2, 4×). EDTA and PMBN increased CP-163, 505 potency against E. coli (4×) but not against the other species. Similar results were obtained with erythromycin A and tilmicosin, which were used as controls. From our data, we hypothesize that Pasteurella and Actinobacillus have an outer membrane significantly different from that of the typical enteric Gram-negative bacterium E. coli.
A design tool used to quantitatively evaluate student projects

In the last decade, the field of Computer Science has undergone a revolution. It has started the move from a mysterious art form to a detailed science. The vehicle for this progress has been the rising popularity of the field of Software Engineering. This innovative area of computer science has brought about a number of changes in the way we think of, and work with, the development of software. Due to this renovation, a field that started with little or no design techniques and unstructured, unreliable software has progressed to a point where a plethora of techniques exist to improve the quality of a program design as well as that of the resultant software. The popularity of structured design and coding techniques prove that there is widespread belief that the overall product produced using these ideas is somehow better, and statistics seem to indicate that this belief is true. Until recently, however, there existed no technique for quantitatively showing one program better than its functional equivalent. In the past few years, the use of software quality metrics seems to indicate that such a comparison is not only possible, but is also valid.The advent of Software Engineering has demanded that most universities offer a Software Engineering course which entails a “Real-World” group project. Students participating in the class design a system using a program design language (PDL). Other students then write code from the design and finally the design team integrates the modules into a working system. For a complete description of the class see [HENS83] and [TOMJ87].
Theory of the Inelastic Scattering of Low-Energy Electrons from Crystal Surfaces by One-Phonon Processes

In this paper, we present a theoretical discussion of the form of the differential cross section per unit solid angle, per unit energy shift for the inelastic scattering by one-phonon processes of low-energy electrons from the surface of a semi-infinite crystal. A number of general features of the cross section are discussed, with particular attention to a comparison with the results obtained from the kinematical theory of the scattering process. We have also carried out a series of numerical studies of the dependence of the shape of the energy loss spectrum on momentum transfer for an electron incident on the (100) surface of an fcc crystal. For a general value of the momentum transfer, the energy loss spectrum consists of one or more lines that arise from the scattering off surface modes, and a band that has its origin in scattering produced by bulk modes. The shape of the latter feature, as well as the position of the surface mode peaks, is found to be quite sensitive to the values of the atomic force ...
Optimal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: predictions for conventional external beam, IMRT, and brachytherapy from radiobiologic models.

Abstract Purpose: To determine, on the basis of radiobiological models, optimal modalities of radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer, and to provide a rational basis for therapeutic decisions. Methods and Materials: An algorithm based on extensions to the linear-quadratic (LQ) cell survival model is constructed for fractionated and protracted irradiation. These radiobiological models include prostate tumor cell line-derived LQ parameters, clonogen repopulation, repair of sublethal damage, hypoxia, and radioisotope decay. In addition, dose inhomogeneities for both IMRT and brachytherapy ( 125 I and 103 Pd) from patient-derived Dose Volume Histograms (DVH), as well as dose escalation, are incorporated. Three risk groups are defined in terms of sets of biologic parameters tailored to correspond to clinical risk groups as follows: Favorable —iPSA Intermediate— one parameter increased; and Unfavorable— two or more parameters increased. Tumor control probabilities (TCP) are predicted for conventional external beam radiotherapy (EBRT, including 3D-CRT), intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and permanent brachytherapy. Results: Brachytherapy is less susceptible to variations in α/β than EBRT and more susceptible to variations in clonogen potential doubling time ( T p ). Our models predict TCP consistent with the bNED results from recent dose escalation trials and long-term outcomes from brachytherapy. TCP from IMRT are systematically superior to those from conventional fractionated RT, and suggests its possible use in dose escalation without additional dose to surrounding normal tissues. For potentially rapidly dividing tumors ( T p 103 Pd yields superior cell kill compared with 125 I, but for very slowly proliferating tumors the converse is suggested. Brachytherapy predicts equivalent or superior TCP to dose escalated EBRT. For unfavorable risk tumors, combined 45 Gy EBRT+brachytherapy boost predicts superior TCP than with either modality alone. Conclusions: The radiobiological models presented suggest a rational basis for choosing among several radiotherapeutic modalities based on biologic risk factors. In addition, they suggest that IMRT may potentially be superior to 3D-CRT in allowing dose escalation without increased morbidity, and that brachytherapy, as monotherapy or as boost, may achieve superior tumor control compared with dose escalation 3D-CRT. The latter conclusion is supported by clinical data.Keywords:
Initial Results from Harvard All-sky Optical SETI

We report initial results from the Harvard/Planetary Society all-sky search for pulsed optical signals from other civilizations, which saw “first light” on 11 April 2006 after 6 years of planning and construction. To survey the northern sky (-20∘<δ<+70∘), our 1.8-m spherical f/2.5 optical telescope images a 1.6∘×0.2∘ patch of sky on two matched focal planes with a total of 1024 photomultiplier tube pixels. Each pair of pixels images the same 2.3 square arcminute patch of sky, and fast electronics filters the incoming visual band light for nanosecond pulses. Coincident optical flashes in a pair of pixels triggers one of 32 PulseNet full-custom chips to record the pulse profiles at nanosecond resolution. This experiment is an all-sky, kilopixel evolution of our targeted search. Its meridian transit survey mode requires ∼150 clear nights to cover the northern sky with 1-min dwell time per source point. Focus in this talk will be given to describing the capabilities of the all-sky search instrument, the first few months observations, and constraints that these observations place on the density of pulsed optical signals in the galaxy.
Upper bounds for the number of number fields with alternating Galois group

We study the number N(n,An, X) of number fields of degree n whose Galois closure has Galois group An and whose discriminant is bounded by X. By a conjecture of Malle, we expect that N(n,An, X) ∼ Cn ·X 1 2 ·(logX)bn for constants bn and Cn. For 6 ≤ n ≤ 84393, the best known upper bound is N(n,An, X) ￿ X n+2 4 ; this bound follows from Schmidt’s Theorem, which implies there are ￿ X n+2 4 number fields of degree n. (For n > 84393, there are better bounds due to Ellenberg and Venkatesh.) We show, using the important work of Pila on counting integral points on curves, that N(n,An, X) ￿ X n2−2 4(n−1), thereby improving the best previous exponent by approximately 4 for 6 ≤ n ≤ 84393.
“Drop-in” publishing with the World Wide Web

Abstract The goal of drop-in publishing is to simplify digital publishing over the Internet. We would like digital publishing of non-commercial matter (e.g. technical reports, course notes, brochures) be as easy as sending e-mail is now, but with the virtues of archival storage and easy searching that we associate with electronic libraries. We propose a protocol, Dienst, to allow communication between clients and document servers by encoding object-oriented messages within URL's. A preliminary version of this protocol now runs at eight sites, and we deseribe some of its features. Next we present tools for automating the maintenance of document collections. Finally, we discuss the problems we've had with the Web as it stands, hoping to motivate changes that would improve performance of digital library systems such as ours.
Tracking characteristics of the constrained IIR adaptive notch filter

The tracking behavior of a constrained IIR notch filter, the coefficients of which are estimated using a constant-step-size Gauss-Newton algorithm, is studied. Using weak convergence theory and the concept of prescaling, it is shown that the mean behavior of the adaptive filter coefficients can be studied by using an ordinary differential equation (ODE). Approximate and simple closed-form results are derived for the tracking behavior of a second-order notch filter. Computer simulations are presented to substantiate the analysis. >
Changes in acetylcholinesterase isozyme pattern in estivating Allolobophora caliginosa (savigny)

Abstract 1. 1. The profile of acetylcholinesterase isozyme distribution differs in the estivating Allolobophora caliginosa as compared to non-estivating conditions. 2. 2. The appearance of an additional acetylcholinesterase isozyme coincides with the activation of collagenase during estivation. 3. 3. Acetylcholinesterase may be involved in collagenase activation.
Recursive, object-oriented structures for molecular modeling

In this paper, we present a molecular modeling approach based on recursive object-oriented class instances. Our approach allows ease of use by the scientist and includes a heuristic for evaluating molecular interaction and rendering at multiple levels of detail. Our implementation in C++ employs abstractions to encapsulate the implementation and details of the computations. Visualization is accomplished with OpenGL or the Visualization Toolkit (VTK), an application-independent scientific visualization library.
Deinterleaving Finite Memory Processes Via Penalized Maximum Likelihood

We study the problem of deinterleaving a set of finite-memory (Markov) processes over disjoint finite alphabets, which have been randomly interleaved by a finite-memory switch. The deinterleaver has access to a sample of the resulting interleaved process, but no knowledge of the number or structure of the component Markov processes, or of the switch. We study conditions for uniqueness of the interleaved representation of a process, showing that certain switch configurations, as well as memoryless component processes, can cause ambiguities in the representation. We show that a deinterleaving scheme based on minimizing a penalized maximum-likelihood cost function is strongly consistent, in the sense of reconstructing, almost surely as the observed sequence length tends to infinity, a set of component and switch Markov processes compatible with the original interleaved process. Furthermore, under certain conditions on the structure of the switch (including the special case of a memoryless switch), we show that the scheme recovers all possible interleaved representations of the original process. Experimental results are presented demonstrating that the proposed scheme performs well in practice, even for relatively short input samples.
Theory of the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic structural phase transition in La2CuO4

Abstract A phenomenological free energy for the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic structural phase transition in La2CuO4 is derived from symmetry principles. The critical properties of the model free energy are studied by renormalization group methods and compared with experiment.
Congruences for Andrews spt-function modulo powers of 5, 7 and 13

Congruences are found modulo powers of 5, 7 and 13 for Andrews' smallest parts partition function spt(n). These congruences are reminiscent of Ramanujan's partition congruences modulo powers of 5, 7 and 11. Recently, Ono proved explicit Ramanujan-type congruences for spt(n) modulo p for all primes p>3 which were conjectured earlier by the author. We extend Ono's method to handle the powers of 5, 7 and 13 congruences. We need the theory of weak Maass forms as well as certain classical modular equations for the Dedekind eta-function.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS ALLOYS

Abstract The preparation of amorphous alloys, or glassy metals, is briefly described, and the basic magnetic properties of these materials are reviewed with emphasis on the properties that are important for engineering applications.
The specific heat of confined helium near the lambda point

Abstract Heat capacity measurements of the liquid helium lambda transition in confined geometries have long been in disagreement with scaling theories of second order phase transitions. We present measurements of a 19 micron helium film which extend previous work to near macroscopic size. We find that the new data are in substantial agreement with recent renormalization group theory calculations.
Test particle acceleration in three‐dimensional Hall MHD turbulence

[1] Numerical experiments of test particle acceleration are performed using turbulent magnetic and electric fields obtained from direct numerical solutions of the compressible three-dimensional Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. Comparisons are made of the results for the test particle momentum distribution function with and without the Hall term in the MHD solution. Electrons and protons are considered for the test particles at short times before particles leave the simulation box (with length size of the order of a few turbulent correlation lengths). The particles momentum distribution functions develop long tails in a short time. For electrons, no substantial difference it is found between results with and without the Hall term in the MHD solution, while for protons differences are seen in the low momentum part of the distributions. When a background uniform magnetic field (guide field) is added, the particle acceleration is anisotropic. Electrons develop large parallel momentum, while protons develop large perpendicular momentum. A discussion of the basic particle acceleration mechanisms in this system is made.
Repetitive stress injuries

The manufacturer places a warning against improper use on the underside of my keyboard. The warning begins "Continuous use of a keyboard may cause repetitive stress injuries (RSI) or related injuries." Later it says, "If you feel any aching, numbing or tingling in your arms, wrists or hands, consult a qualified health professional." This is serious stuff. The potential health problems can be painful, worrisome, and costly. Carpal tunnel syndrome, the repetitive stress injury receiving the most publicity, can cripple. Other related ailments should get immediate medical attention. By most accounts, the most vulnerable workers include journalists, typists, and computer programmers. Most observers blame the recent epidemic of RSIs on the diffusion of PCs into the workplace.
Mechanochemical basis of protein degradation by a double-ring AAA+ machine.

A single-molecule optical-trapping approach is used to examine protein unfolding and translocation by double-ring AAA+ machine ClpA. Although ClpA can unfold some substrates faster than ClpX can, it translocates the unfolded polypeptide more slowly.
Polarization-dependent resonant anomalous surface X-ray scattering of CO/Pt(111)

Polarization dependence of resonant anomalous surface X-ray scattering (RASXS) was studied for interfaces buried in electrolytes and in high-pressure gas. We find that RASXS exhibits strong polarization dependence when the surface is only slightly modified by adsorption of light elements such as carbon monoxide on platinum surfaces. σ- and π-polarization RASXS data were simulated with the latest version of ab initio multiple scattering calculations (FEFF8.2). Based on the simulation, we find that Pt layer to C distances in the (2 × 2)-3CO structure are ~ 2.0 A and ~ 1.6 A for atop CO and 3-fold CO, respectively. Some considerations are presented for the origin of the polarization dependence in RASXS.
Optical detection of asymmetric bacteria utilizing electro orientation

We propose a bacterial detection scheme which uses no biochemical markers and can be applied in a Point-of-Care setting. The detection scheme aligns asymmetric bacteria with an electric field and detects the optical scattering.
Theory of Extrasolar Giant Planet Transits

We present a synthesis of physical effects influencing the observed light curve of an extrasolar giant planet (EGP) transiting its host star. The synthesis includes a treatment of Rayleigh scattering, cloud scattering, refraction, and molecular absorption of starlight in the EGP atmosphere. Of these effects, molecular absorption dominates in determining the transit-derived radius R for planetary orbital radii less than a few AU. Using a generic model for the atmosphere of EGP HD 209458b, we perform a fit to the best available transit light-curve data and infer that this planet has a radius at a pressure of 1 bar, R1, equal to 94,430 km, with an uncertainty of ~500 km arising from plausible uncertainties in the atmospheric temperature profile. We predict that R will be a function of wavelength of observation, with a robust prediction of at least ±1% variations at infrared wavelengths where H2O opacity in the high EGP atmosphere dominates.
The optimality of an easily implementable feedback control system: An inverse problem in optimal control theory

In most control applications in the chemical process industries it is not realistic to attempt to define a unique mathematical statement of the control objective, for many criteria will satisfy the physical requirement of the rapid elimination of errors in the product stream as the result of an upset. The strong dependence of the structure of an optimal control system on the choice of objective then makes optimal control theory irrelevant in such situations, since the control engineer has no assurance that a complicated controller is a necessity of the process, rather than a consequence of an unfortunate choice of objective. In this paper an inverse problem is considered, in which an easily implementable feedback control system is first chosen and then is shown to be optimal for a physically meaningful objective in a large class of systems.
Sub-Nanosecond Cinematography In Laser Fusion Research: Current Techniques And Applications At The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory*

Progress in laser fusion research has increased the need for detail and precision in the diagnosis of experiments. This has spawned the development and use of sophisticated sub-nanosecond resolution diavostic systems. These systems typically use ultrafast x-ray or optical streak caAleras in combination. with spatially imaging or spectrally dispersing elements. These instruments provide high resolution data essential for understanding the processes occurrilltg in the interaction. of high. intensity laser light with targets. Several of these types of instruments and their capabilities will be discussed. The utilization of these kinds of diagnostics systems on the nearly completed 100 kJ Nova laser facility will be described.
Stabilization of Chiral Solitons via Vector Mesons

We introduce vector mesons in a chiral lagrangian. The ω meson stabilizes the chiral solitons. We compute the static properties of baryons in this model.
Effect of Loop Diuretics on Bullfrog Cornea Epithelium

The effect of loop diuretics on Cl transport was studied on an in vitro preparation of the bullfrog cornea. Bumetanide (10(-4) M) or furosemide (10(-3) M) added to the stromal solution decreased Cl transport measured as the short-circuit current (Isc) to values near zero. Concomitantly, transepithelial conductance (gt) decreased, whereas the intracellular potential (Vo) hyperpolarized and the fractional resistance of the apical membrane (fRo) increased. Substitution of SO4 for Cl in the tear-side solution led to prompt changes in Isc, gt, Vo, and fRo, characteristic of appreciable passive Cl movement across the apical membrane before and after inhibition. Epinephrine (10(-4) M) was similarly effective on apical membrane conductance in inhibited tissues as under control conditions, but the effective electromotive force for transepithelial Cl transport was reduced to approximately 25%. Intracellular Cl activity, measured with ion-selective microelectrodes, decreased so much that the difference in electrochemical Cl potential divided by the Faraday constant (delta mu Cl/F) was close to zero after inhibition of Isc by bumetanide. Apical Cl permeability remained essentially unchanged. Accordingly, loop diuretics inhibit Cl transport in the Cl-secreting cornea epithelium by blocking the Na-Cl symport without secondary apical effects, as believed for other Cl-reabsorbing epithelia.
Radion effective theory in the detuned Randall-Sundrum model

We compute the two-derivative low-energy effective action for the radion in the (supersymmetric) Randall-Sundrum scenario with detuned brane tensions. At the classical level, a potential automatically stabilizes the distance between the branes. In the supersymmetric case, supersymmetry can be broken spontaneously by a vacuum expectation value for the fifth component of the graviphoton.
SIMULATED VOID GALAXIES IN THE STANDARD COLD DARK MATTER MODEL

We analyze a (120 h –1 Mpc)3 adaptive mesh refinement hydrodynamic simulation that contains a higher resolution 31 × 31 × 35 h –3 Mpc subvolume centered on a ~30 Mpc diameter void. Our detailed ~1 kpc resolution allows us to identify 1300 galaxies within this void to a limiting halo mass of ~1010 M ☉. Nearly 1000 galaxies are found to be in underdense regions, with 300 galaxies residing in regions less than half the mean density of the simulation volume. We construct mock observations of the stellar and gas properties of these systems and reproduce the range of colors and luminosities observed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey for nearby (z –16), though they are less reliably resolved, typically appear bluer, with higher rates of star formation and specific star formation and lower mean stellar ages than galaxies in average density environments. We find a significant population of low-luminosity (M r ~ –14) dwarf galaxies that is preferentially located in low-density regions and specifically in the void center. This population may help to reduce, but not remove, the discrepancy between the predicted and observed number of void galaxies.
Optimal Filtering of Jump Diffusions: Extracting Latent States from Asset Prices

This paper provides an optimal filtering methodology in discretely observed continuoustime jump-diffusion models. Although the filtering problem has received little attention, it is useful for estimating latent states, forecasting volatility and returns, computing model diagnostics such as likelihood ratios, and parameter estimation. Our approach combines time-discretization schemes with Monte Carlo methods. It is quite general, applying in nonlinear and multivariate jump-diffusion models and models with nonanalytic observation equations. We provide a detailed analysis of the filter’s performance, and analyze four applications: disentangling jumps from stochastic volatility, forecasting volatility, comparing models via likelihood ratios, and filtering using option prices and returns. (JEL C11, C13, C15, C51, C52, G11, G12, G17) This paper develops a filtering approach for learning about unobserved shocks and states from discretely observed prices generated by continuous-time jumpdiffusion models. The optimal filtering problem, which has received little attention, is the natural companion to the parameter estimation problem as filters allow researchers to analyze and use their models for practical applications. 1 Despite its usefulness, there is currently no general method for solving the filtering problem in continuous-time models.
Comparative Advantages of Small-Scale Forestry Among Emerging Forest Tenures

Forestland tenure institutions and patterns are in a period of rapid change in the USA. Historically dominant forestland tenures are disappearing, and new tenures are emerging. Traditional, vertically integrated forest products firms have shed their forestland holdings which have been picked up by Timber Investment Management Organizations (TIMOs) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). Increasing numbers of private individuals and families are purchasing small rural tracts and some communities are developing innovative means to gain control over nearby forestlands in order to protect these lands from commercial real estate development. Within this context of rapid ownership change, small-scale forest owners including families and communities find themselves at a competitive disadvantage, relative to large corporate owners, in wood commodity markets. This paper considers how small-scale forest tenures, relative to large corporate tenures, may be advantageous to society with regard to selected ecological, social, and economic factors. While the paper primarily draws upon illustrations from the US Pacific Northwest, its themes are global in nature.
Optimal many-revolution orbit transfer

References ^avison, E.J., "A Method for Simplifying Linear Dynamic Systems," IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. AC-11, 1966, pp. 93-101. Chen, C.F. and Shieh, L.S., "A Novel Approach to Linear Model Simplifications," International Journal of Control, Vol. 8, 1968, pp. 561-570. Rao, S.V. and Lamba, S.S., "A New Frequency-Domain Technique for the Simplification of Linear Dynamic Systems," International Journal of Control Vol. 20, 1974, pp. 71-79. Reddy, A.S.S.R., "A Method for Frequency Domain Simplification of Transfer Functions," International Journal of Control, Vol. 23, 1976, pp. 403-409. 5 Parthasarthy, R. and Jayashimha, K.N., "System Reduction Using Stability-Equation Method and Modified Cauer Continued Fraction," Proceedings IEEE, Vol. 70, 1982, pp. 1234-1236. Lepschy, A., Mian, G., and Viaro, U., "Frequency Domain Approach to Model Reduction Problems," Electron Letters, Vol. 18, 1982, pp. 829-830.
Use of Water-Vapor Desorption Data in the Determination of Capillary Pressures at Low Water Saturations

The equilibrium conditions applicable to a single liquid phase held by capillary forces within the pore space of a reservoir rock sample are reviewed. It is shown that if the conditions for both chemical and capillary equilibrium are satisfied, an extended form of the classic Kelvin equation is obtained. With available thermodynamic data, it is also shown that the classic form of the Kelvin equation can be used to compute air/brine capillary pressures for core-plug samples. Experimentally, it is only necessary to allow such samples to reach equilibrium in a constant-vapor-pressure environment. Thus the conventional methods for determining capillary pressures can be usefully supplemented by vapor-phase desorption experiments. Although such experiments require relatively long equilibration time, they are simple to perform and are free from the difficulties common to other methods. A convenient way to establish a constant-vapor-pressure environment is to use saturated solutions of such salts as BaCl/sub 2/, KNO/sub 3/, and K/sub 2/SO/sub 4/. The available vapor-pressure data for these solutions are reviewed and tabulated. From these data, Kelvin capillary pressures are calculated for a range of NaCl brine compositions and temperatures. Some preliminary data obtained by this technique are reported for a pair of matched Berea coremore » plugs of about 10 cm/sup 3/ PV.« less
Palladium-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Dehydration of Fatty Acids for the Production of Linear Alpha Olefins

A highly efficient palladium-catalyzed decarbonylative dehydration reaction of carboxylic acids is reported. This method transforms abundant and renewable even-numbered natural fatty acids into valuable and expensive odd-numbered alpha olefins. Additionally, the chemistry displays a high functional group tolerance. The process employs a low loading of palladium catalyst and proceeds under solvent-free and relatively mild conditions.
Importance of initial management of persons internally contaminated with radionuclides

The prompt use of blocking agents, isotopic dilution or chelating agents can reduce or prevent the uptake of radionuclides following internal contamination. A table of radionuclide contaminants and medications useful in preventing their uptake is provided.
Generation of Oxygen-Centered Radicals by Reaction of Nitrate Esters with Tri-n-Butyltin Hydride

Abstract Treatment of nitrate esters wilh tri-n-butyltin hydride and AIBN in benzene at reflux is a convenient way to generate oxygen-centered (alkoxyl) radicals.
Commentary on behavioral price research: the role of subjective experiences in price cognition

The author argues that subjective feelings, both mild cognitive feelings such as processing fluency and the feeling of knowing, as well as more intense emotional responses such as the pain of paying, play important roles in price psychology. Theoretical frameworks or models that do not incorporate the effects of such subjective feelings are likely to lack descriptive validity.
Reverse edge cut-set bounds for secure network coding

We consider the problem of secure communication over a network in the presence of wiretappers. We give a new cut-set bound on secrecy capacity which takes into account the contribution of both forward and backward edges crossing the cut, and the connectivity between their endpoints in the rest of the network. We show the bound is tight on a class of networks, which demonstrates that it is not possible to find a tighter bound by considering only cut-set edges and their connectivity.
Real-Time implementation of logo detection on open source BeagleBoard

This paper presents the real-time implementation of our previously developed logo detection and tracking algorithm on the open source BeagleBoard mobile platform. This platform has an OMAP processor that incorporates an ARM Cortex processor. The algorithm combines Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) with k-means clustering, online color calibration and moment invariants to robustly detect and track logos in video. Various optimization steps that are carried out to allow the real-time execution of the algorithm on BeagleBoard are discussed. The results obtained are compared to the PC real-time implementation results.
A mild, diastereoselective construction of cyclic and spirocyclic ketals employing a tandem photoisomerization/cyclization tactic.

The cyclization of trans-δ-hydroxy enones to cyclic mixed ketals routinely requires superstoichiometric strong acid. By operating under a photoisomerization regime, the cyclization of trans-δ-hydroxy enones proceeds under catalytic Bronsted acid to provide cyclic ketals or unsaturated spiroketals in a highly diastereoselective fashion. A one-pot, two-step protocol was thus developed to provide cyclic methoxy ketals with a free β-hydroxy group for future functionalization.
Bootstrap prediction intervals for linear, nonlinear, and nonparametric autoregressions

Abstract In order to construct prediction intervals without the cumbersome–and typically unjustifiable–assumption of Gaussianity, some form of resampling is necessary. The regression set-up has been well-studied in the literature but time series prediction faces additional difficulties. The paper at hand focuses on time series that can be modeled as linear, nonlinear or nonparametric autoregressions, and develops a coherent methodology for the construction of bootstrap prediction intervals. Forward and backward bootstrap methods using predictive and fitted residuals are introduced and compared. We present detailed algorithms for these different models and show that the bootstrap intervals manage to capture both sources of variability, namely the innovation error as well as estimation error. In simulations, we compare the prediction intervals associated with different methods in terms of their achieved coverage level and length of interval.
Bounding the benefits of stochastic auditing: The case of risk-neutral agents

In the context of a costly-state-verification model with a risk-neutral agent having limited liability, it has been postulated that allowing stochastic auditing reduces the asymmetric information problem to a trivial one: i.e., the first best can be approached arbitrarily closely with feasible contracts. This paper proves the postulate to be false: the surplus from feasible contracts is bounded strictly below the first-best surplus level. The bound is straightforward to compute in examples. The paper thus removes a justification for the restriction to deterministic auditing commonly made in the literature.
Codes as Fractals and Noncommutative Spaces

We consider the CSS algorithm relating self-orthogonal classical linear codes to q-ary quantum stabilizer codes and we show that to such a pair of a classical and a quantum code one can associate geometric spaces constructed using methods from noncommutative geometry, arising from rational noncommutative tori and finite abelian group actions on Cuntz algebras and fractals associated to the classical codes.
Visibility and ray shooting queries in polygonal domains

Given a polygonal domain (or polygon with holes) in the plane, we study the problem of computing the visibility polygon of any query point. As a special case of visibility problems, we also study the ray-shooting problem of finding the first point on the polygon boundaries that is hit by any query ray. These are fundamental problems in computational geometry and have been studied extensively. We present new algorithms and data structures that improve the previous results.
Dynamic angle spinning and double rotation quadrupolar NMR

Abstract The problem of high-resolution solid state NMR of quadrupolar nuclear spins (where I > 1 2 ) has been recently solved. The twin techniques of dynamic angle spinning (DAS) and double rotation (DOR) demonstrate resolution comparable to that observed in high-resolution spectra of 13 C or 15 N. This presents a substantial extension as most NMR-active spins are quadrupolar. In this review we describe previous techniques, and explain why DAS and DOR yield superior results.
A urinary calcium-citrate index for the evaluation of nephrolithiasis.

A urinary calcium–citrate index for the evaluation of nephrolithiasis. We have performed a multivariate analysis of urine abnormalities in patients with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, in which effects of gender were also considered. The characteristic of patients that most clearly sets them apart from normal people is a high level of urine calcium for any given level of urine citrate. Other urine measurements cannot improve upon the separation between patients and normals provided by urine calcium and citrate, and their abnormal relationship to each other. Normal women have higher urine citrate and lower urine calcium than normal men or patients of either sex; normal men differ from stone forming men only moderately. Direct measurements of supersaturation are not helpful in distinguishing between patients and normals, once calcium and citrate have been considered. From our analysis, we have derived a new index for evaluating the significance of urine calcium and citrate levels that seems to offer a better basis for clinical diagnosis than criteria presently in use.
Closed‐End Fund Expenses and Investment Selection

Investment returns on closed-end funds are highly volatile. Because expenses have a definite negative impact on closed-end fund returns, investors should include the expense ratio as a criterion for fund selection in addition to performance, investment objective, and risk of the fund. This paper constructs a model of the expense ratio of closed-end funds to explain cross-sectional differences in the expense ratios for the period between 1989–1996. We relate closed-end fund expenses to fund characteristics and identify the factors that can help investors choose low expense closed-end funds.
Strategic innovation and technology adoption in an evolving industry

Abstract We introduce a racing model with multiple product generations, product innovation, spin-outs, and licensing. Industry conditions and innovation characteristics affect who wins the race and who markets the resulting product. Small firms market their innovations when they pioneer a new generation or improve quality in a young generation and license their innovations in mature generations. If old generation leaders ever market improvements in young generation goods, they do so early on. Leadership in mature generations persists. Tests on the rigid disk drive industry (1977–1997) provide empirical support. The results have implications for antitrust policies and policies governing employee non-compete agreements.
The TEI as luminol: Forensic philology in a digital age

The purpose of this article is to introduce and explore forensic philology in the context of electronic text editing. Drawing primarily on the example provided by the development of a TEI P5 conformant edition of Hafgeirs saga Flateyings, an alleged Icelandic saga forgery attested in a single, unsigned eighteenth century paper manuscript, this discussion explains how literary, linguistic, and transmission-level interpretations can be employed to describe the saga text and to bear witness to its origin and transmission process. It further explains how encoding the metadata described in these interpretations beside the data described in (near)zero-level text can be accomplished without sacrificing the role of the manuscript as artefact and without sacrificing the appearance of the text as it occurs on the page.
MELD score is a better prognostic model than Child-Turcotte-Pugh score or Discriminant Function score in patients with alcoholic hepatitis

Background/aims The aim of the present study was to compare MELD score, Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score, modified Maddrey's Discriminant Function (DF) score, and the related variables in predicting in-hospital mortality of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Methods A retrospective chart review and statistical analyses were done on 202 patients consecutively admitted for alcoholic hepatitis from 1997 to 2002 at the Liver Unit at Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center. Results Twenty-nine patients died during the hospitalization. Admission MELD score (OR 1.1, P=0.005), first week MELD score (OR 1.2, P /=20 had the best sensitivity (91%) and specificity (85%) compared with admission or first week change MELD score. Conclusions The present study indicates that in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, admission, first week, and first week change in MELD score are significantly independent predictors for in-hospital mortality. MELD score is a more valuable model than CTP or DF score in patients admitted with alcoholic hepatitis.
Monte Carlo calculations of cluster statistics in continuum models of composite morphology

We describe a simple and efficient algorithm for sampling physical cluster statistics in Monte Carlo simulations of continuum morphology models. The algorithm produces a variety of information including the pair connectedness function, cluster size distribution, and mean cluster size. The approach can be applied to any system, given a definition of a physical cluster for that system. Results are presented for two types of models commonly used in studies of percolation phenomena; randomly centered spheres and the concentric shell (extended sphere) model. The simulation results are used to assess the accuracy of the predictions of the Percus–Yevick closure of the Ornstein–Zernike equation for the pair connectedness function.
Controlling Numerical Dispersion by Variably Timed Flux Updating in Two Dimensions

The variably-timed flux updating (VTU) finite-difference technique is extended to two dimensions. VTU simulations of miscible floods on a repeated five-spot pattern are compared with exact solutions and with solutions obtained by front tracking. It is found that for neutral and favorable mobility ratios, VTU gives accurate results even on a coarse mesh and reduces numerical dispersion by a factor of 10 or more over the level generated by conventional single-point (SP) upstream weighting. For highly unfavorable mobility ratios, VTU reduces numerical dispersion, but on a coarse mesh the simulation is nevertheless inaccurate because of the inherent inadequacy of the finite-difference estimation of the flow field. 12 refs.
Three heuristics for improving centralized routing in large long-haul computer communication networks

Several algorithms have proven to be useful in computing the shortest path between two nodes in a network. Their complexity depends on the problem definition and size of the network measured by the total number of nodes N. In these algorithms, finding all the shortest paths from a fixed node is a computation of complexity O(N x N). These algorithms have been used successfully in long-haul networks for many years. Recent growth of such networks to large numbers of nodes (e.g., N > 500) demands a more efficient approach. This paper develops three heuristics based on measured topological characteristics of computer communication networks and applies them in the construction of faster algorithms. Determination of the shortest path between two random nodes is then shown to require 50 to 60% less computation.
Goals and tradeoffs in the design of the MC68881 floating point coprocessor

This paper describes the goals and tradeoffs in the design of the MC68881 Floating Point Coprocessor. The Motorola MC68881 is a complete implementation of the proposed IEEE floating point standard on a single VLSI chip. It is a coprocessor for the MC68020 microprocessor and is a peripheral processor for other M68000 family processors.The design of the MC68881 was guided by a set of goals. This paper discusses the major goals of the MC68881 project and their impact on the design. During the definition of the architecture of the MC68881 many engineering tradeoffs were made by the design team. This paper also documents how some of these tradeoffs affected our decisions. Lastly, the paper gives enough of an overview of the MC68881 to make the discussions of the goals and tradeoffs meaningful.
Vice is Nice But Incest is Best: The Problem of a Moral Taboo

Incest is a crime in most societies. In the United States, incest is punishable in almost every state with sentences going as far as 20 and 30 years in prison, and even a life sentence. Yet the reasons traditionally proffered in justification of criminalization of incest—respecting religion and universal tradition; avoiding genetic abnormalities; protecting the family unit; preventing sexual abuse and sexual imposition; and precluding immorality—at a close examination, reveal their under- and over-inclusiveness, inconsistency or outright inadequacy. It appears that the true reason behind the long history of the incest laws is the feeling of repulsion and disgust this tabooed practice tends to evoke in the majority of population. However, in the absence of wrongdoing, neither a historic taboo nor the sense of repulsion and disgust legitimizes criminalization of an act.