cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why the Humanities Must Be Public

Many academics continue to assume or actively advocate for the idea of the university as radically autonomous from both state and civil society. This view was articulated by nineteenth-century German idealists, and has remained influential, but the university it imagines has never existed, even in Germany. My argument is that we need to reconceive the humanities' relation to the public. While we will want to continue to insist on a degree of autonomy greater than that enjoyed by most other American workers, we need to reconceive that autonomy as granted in the service of the public good, and we need to make the knowledge we produce available and accessible to those outside of academe.
Mice Deficient in Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) or uPA Receptor Develop Significantly Diminished Collagen-Induced Arthritis

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common and debilitating autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, edema, cartilage and bone erosion and loss of joint function. Increasing evidence suggests that the plasminogen activation (PA) system plays a fundamental role in the mechanisms mediating inflammatory joint disease pathogenesis. However, analysis of the precise contribution of PA system components to arthritis pathogenesis has been complicated by the use of gene-targeted mice on non-susceptible genetic backgrounds or experimental models that simultaneously induce wound trauma in conjunction with arthritis induction. To rigorously define the contribution of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system to arthritis pathogenesis, previously generated genetic deficiencies in both uPA and uPA receptor (uPAR) were inbred for 7 generations (99% inbred) to the well-characterized, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA)-susceptible strain, DBA/1J. Our results indicate a near complete amelioration of joint disease in uPA-deficient mice that was also observed in uPAR-deficient mice. Limited disease development in both uPA- and uPAR-deficient mice correlated with significantly reduced local mRNA levels of key inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6) in these animals. To determine if development of inflammatory joint disease in CIA-challenged mice was dependent on the expression of uPAR by non-hematopoietic- or hematopoietic-derived cells, reciprocal bone marrow transplant studies were performed. Mice in which uPAR deficiency was limited to the bone marrow compartment elicited significantly reduced macroscopic and histopathological disease in the paws and knees compared to wild-type mice or mice in which only hematopoietic-derived cells express uPAR. Our results are the first to report in the context of the highly CIA susceptible DBA/1 background that both uPA and uPAR are key determinants of inflammatory joint disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, our findings indicate a fundamental role for uPAR expression by hematopoietic cells in driving arthritis incidence and progression. Thus, these findings suggest that cell-surface associated uPA/uPAR-mediated proteolysis and/or uPAR-mediated signaling events from bone-marrow derived cells are important in promoting inflammatory joint disease, and that disrupting this key proteolytic/signaling system may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to limit clinical arthritis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
WSGC NASA Internship Final Report

This report describes the activities carried out during a 10-week, full-time internship at NASA’s Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas. As an intern on the Space Suit Assembly (SSA) Development Engineering team, I contributed to several ongoing projects related to the advancement of Extravehicular Activity (EVA) space suits. Current EVA suits were designed for limited activities and usage time, and projected requirements of future exploration missions necessitate research into new suit components and materials. During my internship, I contributed mainly to the testing protocol for upcoming High-Performance EVA Glove (HPEG) testing, tasks for Z-2 suit testing, and studied the effects of radiation on space suit materials.
Interfacial Ring-Opening Polymerization of Amino-Acid-Derived N-Thiocarboxyanhydrides Toward Well-Defined Polypeptides

Interfacial ring-opening polymerizations (iROP) of α-amino-acid derived N-thiocarboxyanhydrides (NTAs) in hexanes or heptane suspension using soluble primary amine initiators have been demonstrated to produce polypeptides with controlled molecular weight and low-to-moderate molecular weight distribution under mild conditions. The NTA monomers were shown to have significantly enhanced moisture and thermal stability relative to N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), resulting in long shelf life and allowing the polymerization to occur quantitatively in open air.
Cellular FLIP long isoform (cFLIPl)-IKKα interactions inhibit IRF7 activation, representing a new cellular strategy to inhibit IFNα expression

Interferon α (IFNα) is important for antiviral and anticancer defenses. However, overproduction is associated with autoimmune disorders. Thus, the cell must precisely up- and down-regulate IFNα to achieve immune system homeostasis. The cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) is reported to inhibit IFNα production. However, the mechanism for this antagonism remained unknown. The goal here was to identify this mechanism. Here we examined the signal transduction events that occur during TLR9-induced IRF7 activation. The cFLIP long isoform (cFLIPL) inhibited the expression of IRF7-controlled natural or synthetic genes in several cell lines, including those with abundant IRF7 protein levels (e.g. dendritic cells). cFLIPL inhibited IRF7 phosphorylation; however, cFLIPL-IRF7 interactions were not detectable, implying that cFLIPL acted upstream of IRF7 dimerization. Interestingly, cFLIPL co-immunoprecipitated with IKKα, and these interactions correlated with a loss of IKKα-IRF7 interactions. Thus, cFLIP appears to bind to IKKα to prevent IKKα from phosphorylating and activating IRF7. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a cellular protein that uses this approach to inhibit IRF7 activation. Perhaps this cFLIP property could be engineered to minimize the deleterious effects of IFNα expression that occur during certain autoimmune disorders.
Abstract 087: Mitochondrial Fission Inducer, Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (DRP1), is Required for Endothelial Inflammatory Responses

Among various cardiovascular diseases, hypertension (HTN) is considered to be a disease plagued by chronic low-grade inflammation associated with endothelial dysfunction. Interestingly, recent studies have identified mitochondrial adaptation and/or dysfunction as components to hypertensive vascular dysfunction. While mitochondria are indispensable to maintain cellular metabolism, they also participate in adaptive and maladaptive cell/tissue responses via several retro grade signaling pathways. DRP1 plays a major role in mitochondrial quality control. However, whether DRP1 is involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and endothelial inflammation during development of HTN remains unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that inflammatory stimuli, through DRP1-dependent mitochondrial alteration, enhance endothelial inflammation. In cultured rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs), TNFα (10 μg/mL) transiently induced mitochondrial fission maximally at 3h which was inhibited using a mitochondrial fission inhibitor, Mdivi1 (10 μM) (0.16±0.04 vs 0.10±0.02 mitochondria fragmentation count with MitoTracker, p ). TNFα and FCCP (a fission agonist, 10 μM) increased THP-1 monocyte adhesion to RAECs, which was also inhibited with Mdivi1 (256±17 vs 139±16 for TNFα, 238±30 vs 156±14 for FCCP, attached cells per field scanned, p ). Likewise, mdivi1 and adenoviruses encoding siRNA for DRP1 or dominant-negative K38A DRP1 (50 moi) attenuated TNFα-induced VCAM-1 induction in RAECs. TNFα increased aerobic respiration, which was prevented by mdivi1 or ER stress inhibitor PBA (10 mM). Inhibition of ER stress, glycolysis or mitochondrial respiration using PBA, 2-DG (1 mg/mL) or oligomycin (1 μM) prevented VCAM-1 induction. However, suppression of TNFα-induced mitochondrial ROS production by mito-Tempo (25 nM) was unable to prevent VCAM-1 induction. In C57BL6 mice receiving AngII (1000 ng/kg/min, 2 weeks) infusion, treatment with Mdivi-1 (25 mg/kg ip every other day) or PBA (1g/kg/day) prevented vascular VCAM-1 induction. In conclusion, our data suggests a critical role for ER stress and subsequent functional and structural remodeling of mitochondria induced by DRP1 in mediating endothelial inflammatory activation in HTN.
Rediagnosis of lung cancer as NUT midline carcinoma based on clues from tumor genomic profiling

Tumor DNA sequencing can identify rare driver genomic alterations that suggest targets for cancer therapy, even when these drivers cannot be suspected on clinical grounds. In some cases, genomic alterations identified in the tumor can lead to a change in diagnosis with implications for prognosis and therapy. This report describes a case in which evaluation of tumor sequencing results by a molecular tumor board (MTB) led to rediagnosis of a non-small cell lung cancer as highly aggressive NUT midline carcinoma, with implications for targeted therapy using an investigational bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) inhibitor. We discuss the molecular biology and diagnosis of this rare tumor, and suggest how improved annotation of tumor sequencing reports and multidisciplinary expertise of MTBs can facilitate timely diagnosis of rare tumors and application of potential targeted therapies.
A TRUST REGION STRATEGY FOR NEWTON-TYPE PROCESS CONTROL

Abstract Trust region concepts originating from nonlinear programming are applied to the nonlinear Newton-type control framework. This extension is well suited to deal with the ill-conditioning of the predictive equations and is also able to provide a significant acceleration in the rate of convergence of the original algorithm. The approach is illustrated by application to a number of challenging process examples, including open loop instabilities, sign changes in the process gains, and input multiplicities.
Temperature, color, and texture prediction models for surimi seafood pasteurization.

Surimi is a frozen concentrate of fish myofibrillar proteins stabilized with cryoprotectants. It is a major ingredient, along with other compounds (flavors, starches, protein additives, etc.), for surimi seafood products such as crabmeat analog. Surimi seafood is a ready-to-eat product, which requires precise pasteurization practice for product quality and safety. Due to good sensory characteristics and relatively low price, compared to natural counterparts, surimi seafood has its own, well-established position in the market and is well recognized by consumers (Shie and Park, 1999).
Differential Display to Identify Steroid-Induced Genes in Endocrine Cells

Differential display is one of several techniques designed to identify differentially expressed or induced genes. Although it is difficult to rank the likelihood of success comparing different methods, the steadily increasing number of citations using differential display for gene identification supports the notion that the method is effective. Even with these successes, differential display is not without pitfalls and presents challenges at several steps in the procedure (Bertioli et al. 1995; Debouck 1995).
Trauma-informed yoga training in Kenya: A qualitative pilot study on feasibility and acceptability

The current study presents a pilot qualitative exploration of the collaboration of two yoga service agencies in implementing a trauma-informed mindfulness-based teaching curriculum in Kenya, Africa. Yoga and mindfulness practices have been demonstrated as successful complementary and alternative approaches to managing the impacts of stress trauma. This study explores the feasibility and acceptability of mindfulness programming for yoga teachers in the Nairobi region of Kenya. Grounded theory is used to explore survey results. Outcomes demonstrate promise for both acceptability and feasibility. Curriculum tools were viewed as effective, and participants indicated intention to both utilize and share tools. Reflections on program effectiveness and impacts are addressed, as are potential considerations for improved program translation. Findings suggest the potential benefit for future collaborations, and also suggest best practices considerations for global implementation of embodied mindfulness programming.
The Effect of Acute Glutamine Supplementation on Markers of Inflammation and Fatigue During Consecutive Days of Simulated Wildland Firefighting.

Objective To examine the effect of oral glutamine supplementation on inflammation and fatigue during and after simulated wildland firefighting (WLFF) tasks in hot conditions over 2 consecutive days. Methods Eleven men and women ingested a glutamine supplement or a placebo before and after simulated wildland firefighting in an environmental chamber (38 °C, 35% relative humidity). Subjective fatigue, markers of inflammation, and cellular stress were measured pre, post and 4 hours post-exercise on both days. Results Gastrointestinal damage, subjective fatigue, and ratings of perceived exertion were lower after glutamine supplementation compared with placebo. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and nuclear factor kappa-inhibitor alpha (IκBα) levels were higher on both days of the glutamine trial compared with placebo. Conclusions Glutamine supplementation may improve recovery after fire suppression in WLFFs. This may result from the upregulation of HSP70 which inhibits inflammation and protects against gastrointestinal (GI) barrier damage.
Disconnect: Contradictions and Disagreements in Faculty Perspectives of Information Literacy

Broward College, an early adopter of Guided Pathways, has made efforts to incorporate information literacy throughout the curriculum by embedding librarians in pathways and through General Educatio...
Repurposing Kinetochore Microtubule Attachment Machinery in Neurodevelopment.

Kinetochore-microtubule attachments are essential to direct proper chromosome segregation during cell division. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Cheerambathur et al. (2019) and Zhao et al. (2019) uncover an unexpected role in neuronal development, unrelated to cell division, for components of the highly conserved kinetochore-microtubule attachment complex.
A High Throughput Approach to Reconstruct Partial-Body and Neutron Radiation Exposures on an Individual Basis.

Biodosimetry-based individualized reconstruction of complex irradiation scenarios (partial-body shielding and/or neutron + photon mixtures) can improve treatment decisions after mass-casualty radiation-related incidents. We used a high-throughput micronucleus assay with automated scanning and imaging software on ex-vivo irradiated human lymphocytes to: a) reconstruct partial-body and/or neutron exposure, and b) estimate separately the photon and neutron doses in a mixed exposure. The mechanistic background is that, compared with total-body photon irradiations, neutrons produce more heavily-damaged lymphocytes with multiple micronuclei/binucleated cell, whereas partial-body exposures produce fewer such lymphocytes. To utilize these differences for biodosimetry, we developed metrics that describe micronuclei distributions in binucleated cells and serve as predictors in machine learning or parametric analyses of the following scenarios: (A) Homogeneous gamma-irradiation, mimicking total-body exposures, vs. mixtures of irradiated blood with unirradiated blood, mimicking partial-body exposures. (B) X rays vs. various neutron + photon mixtures. The results showed high accuracies of scenario and dose reconstructions. Specifically, receiver operating characteristic curve areas (AUC) for sample classification by exposure type reached 0.931 and 0.916 in scenarios A and B, respectively. R2 for actual vs. reconstructed doses in these scenarios reached 0.87 and 0.77, respectively. These encouraging findings demonstrate a proof-of-principle for the proposed approach of high-throughput reconstruction of clinically-relevant complex radiation exposure scenarios.
Increased Risk for Family Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

* Abbreviations: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease CPS — : child protective services Although the public health benefits of social distancing, isolation, and quarantines are well-established and essential for reducing risk of transmitting the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the disease caused by the novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), there are also likely consequences for these practices when considering the impact of violence in the home. Reports of increased domestic violence after quarantine orders in China have revealed the interpersonal violence risks of isolation. Indeed, in a recent review of the psychological impact of quarantine published in The Lancet , the authors indicated increased anger, confusion, and posttraumatic stress symptoms, as well as evidence of increases in substance use, in those subjected to quarantine.1 These kinds of dysregulated emotions and substance use can increase violent behavior, especially within the family. Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence, whether directly witnessed or overheard, is harmful and may lead to posttraumatic stress disorder and other serious emotional and behavioral problems.2 Furthermore, intimate partner violence and child abuse often co-occur,3 … Address correspondence to Kathryn L. Humphreys, PhD, EdM, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203. E-mail: k.humphreys{at}vanderbilt.edu
Ogilvie Syndrome Following an Inflatable Penile Implant

A 59-year-old male patient presented with Ogilvie syndrome which developed after inflatable penile prosthesis placement. The patient presented to the emergency room three days after having an inflatable penile prosthesis with complaints of obstipation. A trial of conservative measures failed, and because of the development of peritonitis, the patient underwent a right hemicolectomy with a loop ileostomy.
Understanding Language through Humor

Students often struggle to understand linguistic concepts through examples of language data provided in class or in texts. Presented with ambiguous information, students frequently respond that they do not 'get it'. The solution is to find an example of humour that relies on the targeted ambiguity. Once they laugh at the joke, they have tacitly understood the concept, and then it is only a matter of explaining why they found it funny. Utilizing cartoons and jokes illustrating linguistic concepts, this book makes it easy to understand these concepts, while keeping the reader's attention and interest. Organized like a course textbook in linguistics, it covers all the major topics in a typical linguistics survey course, including communication systems, phonetics and phonology, morphemes, words, phrases, sentences, language use, discourses, child language acquisition and language variation, while avoiding technical terminology.
Social Values in Social Work: A Developmental Model

The article suggests a five stage model which describes the development of social values in the socialization to social work and other human service professions. The five stages of development include the following: antecedent factors, anticipatory socialization, professional training period, performance in a professional organization and the crystalization of a professional worldview. The main thrust of the paper is the idea that the professional person develops himelf for a very long time before reaching professional maturity. This development represents a constant dialogue between the persons background factors needs and motives and the institutional and organizational contexts he encounters in his career. Along this developmental sequence, conflicts and incongruencies many times arise between the developing professional and his system of values and the organization and its demands. These conflicts will force the developing professional to come out with coping solutions that may involve leaving the field or the profession. Some practical as well as theoretical implications for further research and application are discussed at the end of the article. In social work as in other professions, academic studies have the aim of equipping students with knowledge and skills in their area of study. In addition to knowledge and skills, academic studies seek to develop in the student a system of values that reflects the world view of the profession. This system of values is generally expressed in an abstract way and justified on ethical or philosophical grounds. Change in the student's world view and value system is intended to equip him or her with certain moral and cognitive attitudes with which to examine the phenomena around him or her according to scientific principles and democratic values. This is true of social work education as well as in other professions. In study for sotial work and for other "personal service professions" (as Halmos (1970) defines them), a great deal of emphasis is placed on the moral development of the student, because of the importance of moral issues for the professional who has to interact with clients individually, in groups, or in
Oil Crisis in Iran: From Nationalism to Coup d'Etat

Focusing on the turbulent twenty-eight months between April 1951 and August 1953, this book, based on recently declassified CIA and US State Department documents from the Mossadeq administration tell the story of the Iranian oil crisis, which would culminate in the coup of August 1953. Throwing fresh light on US involvement in Iran, Ervand Abrahamian reveals exactly how immersed the US was in internal Iranian politics long before the 1953 coup, in parliamentary politics and even in saving the monarchy in 1952. By weighing rival explanations for the coup, from internal discontent, a fear of communism and oil nationalization, Abrahamian shows how the Truman and Eisenhower administrations did not differ significantly in their policies towards Mossadeq, and how the surprising main obstacle to an earlier coup was the shah himself. In tracing the key involvement of the US and CIA in Iran, this study shows how the 1953 coup would eventually pave the way to the 1979 Iranian revolution, two of the most significant and widely studied episodes of modern Iranian history.
Flow-Driven Resonant Energy Systems

Here we provide a physical and mathematical framework for the description of flow-driven oscillators. These oscillators, differently from frequency-driven harmonic systems, are based on countercurrent mass flows and thermal-energy exchange. We describe this class of oscillators through two countercurrent fluids separated by a heated conductive medium. We show how this configuration embeds the essential elements of harmonic oscillators, such as resonance condition, periodic orbits, and quality factor or decay time. The key advantage of recognizing flow-driven systems as oscillators lies in the possibility to engineer them according to the properties of resonant systems and utilize them to control their temperature, maximize the stored energy, or coupling them in networks. We report examples of simple configurations at their resonant condition, enhancing both thermal energy and decay time by factors larger than 10. We finally show two flow-driven oscillators coupled in series, featuring a reconfigurable internal temperature distribution, depending on the selected resonant condition.
In the Name of the Nation: India and Its Northeast: by Sanjib Baruah, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 2020, ix + 278, $30 (paperback), ISBN: 9781503611283

This review begins with a shameful confession: despite being a student of Indian politics and history for many decades now, I spent a fair amount of time poring over the map of north-eastern India ...
Hypophosphatemia in cancer patients

Dysregulation of phosphorus homeostasis resulting in hypophosphatemia is common in cancer patients and can result in serious complications and impact outcomes. Several factors, including critical illness, nutritional status, cancer type and therapy, influence the development of hypophosphatemia. Hypophosphatemia can develop as a result of phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors or as a paraneoplastic phenomenon. The clinical presentation for hypophosphatemia varies depending on the duration and severity of the hypophosphatemia and affects several organ systems. Among other serious effects, hypophosphatemia can impair tissue oxygenation and can cause hemolysis, leukocyte and platelet dysfunction, encephalopathy, seizures, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, rhabdomyolysis and coma. Multiple studies have demonstrated that hypophosphatemia is an adverse prognostic marker in inpatients with increased in-hospital stay, mortality and postoperative complications. The phosphate level is homeostatically regulated and maintained in a narrow range by three main hormones: parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3. Together, these hormones regulate how the intestine, kidneys and bones traffic phosphorus. Several hematological malignancies and cancer therapies are associated with proximal tubular dysfunction (Fanconi syndrome), resulting in phosphaturia. Caution should be taken with parenteral administration of phosphate salts, because secondary complications can develop, principally due to hypocalcemia. The general approach to hypophosphatemia should target the underlying cause. Early recognition and prevention are essential and the approach to hypophosphatemia in the cancer patient, because of the nuances and complexity, should be multidisciplinary.
Familial Thoracic Aortic Dissection.

Background This case report details familial aortic dissection in 2 second-degree blood relatives who experienced sudden aortic dissections. One patient underwent emergency computed tomography angiography (CTA) and the other underwent magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). These imaging examinations were instrumental in revealing each patient's condition. One patient died of dissection rupture while being prepped for surgery. The other patient underwent surgery, recovered, and undergoes continual monitoring for the condition. Discussion A positive family history of aortic dissection should be considered in patients presenting with aortic emergencies. Many genes can contribute to this condition, with most genes relating to smooth muscle and connective tissue disorders. Imaging studies for evaluating and monitoring aortic dissection include transesophageal echocardiography, CTA, and MRA. Surgical treatment is possible for aortic dissection, with the goals being to stabilize the dissection and reduce the possibility of rupture. Conclusion The mortality rate for aortic dissection is high, with the main cause of death being dissection rupture. Lifelong monitoring of survivors and first-degree relatives is recommended.
Service Provision in Distribution Channels

Consumers may need help using an inherently complex or information-intensive product after purchase. This paper studies the incentive for a manufacturer or a retailer to invest in pre-sales service effort that would reduce the consumer's likelihood of seeking after-sales support. Because providing pre-sales and after-sales support would incur costs for the provider, it is not evident whether the manufacturer or the retailer would be more effective in doing so, and whether both services should be provided by the same firm. We consider different models in which the pre-sales service and the after-sales support is provided by the same or different firms, and show that the service configuration in which both pre-sales service and after-sales support is provided by the retailer is desirable to both the retailer and the manufacturer. Interestingly, in this service configuration, although the pre-sales service is provided at the highest level among all configurations, consumers can show up in the largest numbers to seek after-sales support. We also study the possibility of the firms collaborating in providing pre-sales service, by allowing the manufacturer to share a portion of the retailer's cost of providing pre-sales service. As expected, if the manufacturer provides the after-sales support, cost-sharing by the manufacturer may increase both channel members' profits. However, if the retailer provides after-sales support, cost-sharing by the manufacturer helps increase the manufacturer's profit but, surprisingly, reduces the retailer's profit. In this case, the overall channel can still be better off, and as such, the manufacturer may be able to implement cost-sharing by providing an appropriate transfer to the retailer.
THE 2008 LAWRENCE R. KLEIN LECTURE—COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: INSIGHTS FROM UNIFIED GROWTH THEORY*

This article explores the implications of Unified Growth Theory for the origins of existing differences in income per capita across countries. The theory sheds light on three fundamental layers of comparative development. It identifies the factors that have governed the pace of the transition from stagnation to growth and have thus contributed to contemporary variation in economic development. It uncovers the forces that have sparked the emergence of multiple growth regimes and convergence clubs, and it underlines the persistent effects that variations in prehistorical biogeographical conditions have generated on the composition of human capital and economic development across the globe.
Abstract MP45: Deletion Of The Transient Receptor Vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) Channel In Rats Attenuates 2 Kidney 1 Clip Hypertension

Renal denervation lowers arterial blood pressure (ABP) in both clinical populations and multiple experimental models of hypertension. This therapeutic effect is partly attributed to the removal of ...
Hunting for food in environmental ethics

Hunting has long been a hotly contested issue in environmental ethics. On the one hand ecocentric scholars such as Holmes Rolston have heralded hunting as a positive type of land management and nature-based experience. On the other hand animal rights authors such as Marti Kheel have opposed hunting as a detrimental form of anthropocentrism and domination of the natural world. Some scholars such as J. Baird Callicott have attempted to bridge the divide in such debates, suggesting that holistic and animal rights approaches represent a triangular, rather than oppositional affair.
Free-Choice Family Learning: A Literature Review for the National Park Service

Grand Valley State UniversityLearning in national parks often occurs in the context of family groups. Understanding the motivations, needs, and outcomes of family groups is critical to engaging a s...
DYNAMICS OF OIL SLICKS

The spread of an oil slick onto calm water is considered from a theoretical viewpoint. The equations of motion are derived for the gravity-inertial and gravity-viscous flow regimes (in which the spreading force of gravity is balanced by, respectively, inertia and viscous drag at the water surface). Approximate formulations for the viscous drag are suggested. The initial growth of the one-dimensional slick is described. For both one-dimensional and radial slicks, similarity solutions are obtained for the flow regimes which give adequate agreement with available experimental data. Approximate solutions are also given for the surface tension-viscous region, in which the slick becomes so thin that surface tension rather than gravity is the primary spreading mechanism. Based on these solutions, a general picture of the slick development is presented.
Substrate utilization in critically ill children |[dagger]| 188

Background:Critically ill patients usually are catabolic, as assessed by nitrogen balance (NB) studies. When indirect calorimetry (IC) and total urinary nitrogen (TUN) are done simultaneously; carbohydrate (CHO), protein (PROT), and fat utilization can be calculated. Methods: This study measured NB and substrate utilization in 20 critically ill children(mean PRISM and TISS scores of 8±5 and 30±7 respectively) on mechanical ventilation (MV), in relation to their resting energy expenditure(REE) and caloric intake (Cal In.). All patients were receiving TPN or enteral nutrition when evaluated. REE was measured by IC (mass spectrometry) and TUN by the Kjeldahl method. Expected energy requirements (EER) were obtained from Talbot's tables. REE/EER index > 1.1 defined a hypermetabolic state. Substrate utilization rates were calculated using the Consolazio formulas. Studies were done at the time of the first evaluation and repeated (n=48). The correlation was measured by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Values are mean±SD.
Optical Production of Stable Ultracold Sr 2 88 Molecules

We have produced large samples of stable ultracold $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}_{2}$ molecules in the electronic ground state in an optical lattice. The fast, all-optical method of molecule creation involves a near-intercombination-line photoassociation pulse followed by spontaneous emission with a near-unity Franck-Condon factor. The detection uses excitation to a weakly bound electronically excited vibrational level corresponding to a very large dimer and yields a high-$Q$ molecular vibronic resonance. This is the first of two steps needed to create deeply bound $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}_{2}$ for frequency metrology and ultracold chemistry.
Cadmium residues in the environment

Cadmium (Cd) is a potentially hazardous pollutant in the environment based upon observations of increasing emissions from production and waste-disposal operations, long-term persistence in the environment, and rapid uptake and accumulation of injurious concentrations by plants and animals. Chronic human exposure to low concentrations of cadmium in the atmosphere, water, or food may cause serious illness and possibly death. Production and consumption of cadmium is continuing to expand throughout the industrialized world. As a result, there is a critical need for understanding sources of emissions and their direct or indirect interactions with soil, water, plants, and animals so that criteria may be developed for assessing hazards.
A framework for motion planning in stochastic environments: applications and computational issues

The authors (1995) have previously presented a framework for analyzing motion plans for a robot that operates in an environment that changes over time in an uncertain manner. In this paper, the authors demonstrate the utility of their framework by applying it to a variety of motion planning problems. Examples are computed for problems that involve a changing configuration space, hazardous regions and shelters, and processing of random service requests. To achieve this, the authors have exploited the powerful principle of optimality, which leads to a dynamic programming-based algorithm for determining optimal strategies. Several computed examples are presented and discussed.
Reactive inclinometer-based mobile robot navigation

The authors have developed reactive motor behaviors (schemas) which exploit inclinometer data. Using this information, they have implemented artificial intelligence hill-climbing techniques as well as valley finding and isocontour following. All of these schemas are integrated with the other schemas present in the system AuRA (autonomous robot architecture) and can be used concurrently with obstacle avoidance, goal seeking, and other motor behaviors. Simulation studies illustrate the utility of these methods using actual terrain data. >
Speed training: improving the rate of backpropagation learning through stochastic sample presentation

Artificial neural networks provide an effective empirical predictive model for pattern classification. However, using complex neural networks to learn very large training sets is often problematic, imposing prohibitive time constraints on the training process. We present four practical methods for dramatically decreasing training time through dynamic stochastic sample presentation, a technique we call speed training. These methods are shown to be robust to retaining generalization accuracy over a diverse collection of real world data sets. In particular, the stochastic presentation with error threshold technique achieves a training speedup of 4278% on a large OCR database with no detectable loss in generalization.
P02.05. Clinical practice outcomes of an individualized integrative intervention for chronic pain: results from the BraveNet PBRN

Methods Patients seeking their initial treatment for chronic pain at one of the nine centers in an integrative medicine practice-based research network were eligible. Enrolled patients received a personalized integrative medicine intervention over the 24-week study period. In addition to the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), participants also completed the SF-12, PSS-4, CES-D 20 and various numerical rating scales. Repeated measures analyses were used to assess data from baseline, week 6, week 12 and week 24 visits.
Steady-state modeling and bifurcation behavior of circulating fluidized bed membrane reformer¿regenerator for the production of hydrogen for fuel cells from heptane

The production of hydrogen for fuel cells by steam reforming of heptane is investigated in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Membrane Reformer-Regenerator (CFBMRR) system (A.I.Ch.E. Journal 49(5) (2003) 1250). Palladium based hydrogen permselective membranes are used for hydrogen removal and dense perovskite oxygen permselective membranes are used for oxygen introduction. A series of pseudo-steady-state simulations show that when the catalyst is not regenerated, the circulating nickel reforming catalyst deactivates quickly and the “half catalyst activity life” for efficient production of hydrogen is quite short, especially at high temperatures. Efficient continuous catalyst regeneration can keep the catalyst activity high (∼1.0). With continuous catalyst regeneration, autothermal operation for the entire adiabatic reformer–regenerator system is achievable when the exothermic heat generated from the catalyst regenerator is sufficient to compensate for the endothermic heat consumed in the riser reformer. This type of autothermal operation becomes less likely at high steam to carbon feed ratios. This is due to the fact that carbon deposition rate decreases leading to the decrease of autothermal circulating feed temperature and energy-based hydrogen yield (adiabatic hydrogen yield in autothermal reformer–regenerator system). Multiplicity of the steady states for the reformer is possible for this configuration. With the steam to carbon feed ratio as the bifurcation parameter, multiplicity occurs between the two bifurcation points 1.444 and 2.251 mol/mol. In this multiplicity region, the energy-based hydrogen yield at the upper steady state with high regenerator output temperature is surprisingly the lowest one. While it is the highest one at the lower steady state with low regenerator output temperature. The maximum energy-based hydrogen yield is about 15.58 moles of hydrogen per mole of heptane fed at the lower steady-state when steam to carbon feed ratio is very close to the bifurcation value of 1.444 mol/mol. After removing the sweep gas steam by downstream cooling and de-humidification, the product hydrogen from steam reforming of hydrocarbons can be used for fuel cells with high purity (∼100%).
Factors associated with recoarctation after surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta by way of thoracotomy in young infants.

Echocardiography is the mainstay of preoperative arch imaging in infants with coarctation of the aorta. In simple coarctation, repair by way of sternotomy or thoracotomy is often determined by echocardiographic transverse arch measurements. The degree of arch hypoplasia that is prohibitive to repair by way of thoracotomy is unknown. Clinical predictors of recoarctation are also unknown. Demographic, echocardiographic (transverse arch and aortic measurements), operative, and postoperative data of infants 2.12 m/s had sensitivity of 63 % and specificity of 83 % of predicting recoarctation, and ST junction z-score >−0.93 had sensitivity of 100 % and specificity of 58 %. No transverse arch dimensions were independently associated with recoarctation. Infants with transverse arch z-score as low as −2.8 underwent successful repair by way of thoracotomy. No clinical predictors were significant.
Diffusion theory improves chamber‐based measurements of trace gas emissions

[1] Chambers temporarily sealed to the soil surface are an important and for many purposes the only means of measuring trace gas emissions to the atmosphere. However, past interpretations of chamber data systematically underestimated actual emission rates in most applications because they ignored or poorly modeled the effect of the chamber on the gas exchange process. To address this issue, we introduce a time-dependent diffusion model applicable to non-steady-state chamber observations and evaluate its performance, as well as that of previously published models, using concentration data simulated by an independent, 3-dimensional numeric diffusion model. The results demonstrate that commonly cited past measurement practices underestimate emission rates 15% to 25% under most circumstances and that the error varies with chamber height, soil air-filled porosity and flux model used to interpret the concentration data. In contrast, our model proved accurate and readily applicable over the entire range of soil and chamber dimensions evaluated.
Psychometric properties of the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep measure

Abstract Background and purpose : Sleep is an active and highly organized biological process that is an important component of life. Self-report measures of sleep provide information that can be useful for characterizing the quality of sleep in subgroups of the population. A 12-item self-report sleep measure, the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep measure, was developed and evaluated previously in a sample of 3445 individuals with chronic illness. Patients and methods : In this study, we evaluate the psychometric properties of the MOS Sleep measure in a nationally representative sample of 1011 US adults aged 18 and older and in a sample of 173 adults with neuropathic pain participating in a clinical drug trial. Results : The average age of the general population sample was 46; 51% were female and 81% were white. The average age of the sample of adults with neuropathic pain was 72; 53% were female and 95% were white. Internal consistency reliability estimates for the MOS Sleep scales were 0.73 or higher, with the exception of the daytime somnolence scale in the US general population, which was 0.63. At baseline of the clinical trial, the neuropathic pain patients reported significantly more sleep disturbance and daytime somnolence, as well as less quantity and adequacy of sleep than patients in the general US population. The MOS Sleep scales were found to be responsive to change in the clinical trial with statistically significant improvements observed after administration of pregabalin for sleep disturbance (standardized response mean, SRM=−0.76, P =0.0007), shortness of breath (SRM=−0.20, P =0.0302), sleep adequacy (SRM=0.57, P =0.0014), sleep quantity (SRM=0.55, P =0.0086), and sleep problems (SRM=−0.62, P =0.0036). Conclusions . This study provides further support for the reliability and validity of the MOS Sleep measure. The instrument can be used to assess important aspects of sleep perceived by adults in the general population or participating in clinical studies.
Noradrenaline-mediated contractions of ovine uterine artery: role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate

Abstract To elucidate the role of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P 3 ) as a second messenger through which noradrenaline regulates contractions of the uterine artery, we present here studies designed to characterize simultaneously the noradrenaline-mediated contractions and Ins(1,4,5)P 3 formation in isolated uterine arteries from near-term pregnant sheep. Noradrenaline stimulated a rapid increase of Ins(1,4,5)P 3 formation with the peak at 30 second. Simultaneous measurement of noradrenaline-induced contractile responses and Ins(1,4,5)P 3 formation revealed a significant linear correlation between these two events. In accordance with the contractile results, the noradrenaline-mediated inositol phosphate accumulation was blocked by prazosin (0.1 μM), but not by yohimbine (0.1 μM). Pre-treatment of tissues with pertussis toxin (200 ng/ml, 3 h) failed to block noradrenaline-induced inositol phosphate accumulation. We conclude that, in the uterine artery of late pregnancy, the α 1 -adrenoceptor-elicited contraction, at least the initial phasic component, is predominantly mediated by the formation of Ins(1,4,5)P 3 , leading to release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores.
Isolation of 13 novel highly polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Amazonian Palm Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (Arecaceae)

Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (Arecaceae) is a New World tropical palm that generally grows in isolated swamps along meandering rivers and is in danger of fragmentation through unsustainable harvest practices. To explore gene flow among populations of M. flexuosa in Amazonia, we developed 13 novel, polymorphic microsatellite loci for M. flexuosa. Further studies will employ these loci to investigate the impacts of artisanal gold mining and wild-harvest on gene flow among populations of M. flexuosa.
A Global View of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary

The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary divides the rigid lid from the weaker mantle and is fundamental in plate tectonics. However, its depth and defining mechanism are not well known. We analyzed 15 years of global seismic data using P-to-S (Ps) converted phases and imaged an interface that correlates with tectonic environment, varying from 95 ± 4 kilometers beneath Precambrian shields and platforms to 81 ± 2 kilometers beneath tectonically altered regions and 70 ± 4 kilometers at oceanic island stations. High-frequency Ps observations require a sharp discontinuity; therefore, this interface likely represents a boundary in composition, melting, or anisotropy, not temperature alone. It likely represents the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary under oceans and tectonically altered regions, but it may constitute another boundary in cratonic regions where the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is thought to be much deeper.
Efficacy of immunomodulation in the treatment of profound thrombocytopenia after adult cardiac surgery

Objective Causes of profound thrombocytopenia (platelet count Methods From 2002 to 2010, profound thrombocytopenia developed in 20 consecutive patients within days after cardiac surgery; 19 patients underwent valve or aortic operations, and 1 patient underwent coronary bypass. Risk profiles were high preoperatively: Patients' mean age was 73 years, 50% underwent nonelective procedures, 100% had comorbidities, and 25% underwent reoperations. When decreasing platelet counts approached 60 K, intravenous immunoglobulin was started at 1.5 g/kg intravenously over 5 days. Anticoagulation and platelet transfusions were avoided. In 1 patient, profound thrombocytopenia failed to reverse promptly, and daily plasmapheresis was introduced. Platelet counts before and after interventions were assessed with linear regression analyses over time, including a spline function and statistical knot coincident with starting intravenous immunoglobulin. Results In 19 of 20 patients, profound thrombocytopenia stabilized and rebounded within 2 to 4 days after initiating intravenous immunoglobulin. In the remaining slow-responding patient, addition of plasmapheresis was associated with rapid recovery. In every patient, coincident multiorgan failure reversed, and 19 of 20 patients recovered uneventfully and survived hospitalization with no limb ischemia or tissue loss. No complications of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy or plasmapheresis were observed. Conclusions Although mechanisms of profound thrombocytopenia after cardiac surgery are poorly understood, they likely relate to inappropriate autoimmune moieties causing peripheral platelet aggregation and multiorgan failure. A protocol involving immunomodulation with intravenous immunoglobulin supplemented by plasmapheresis appeared safe and efficacious. Direct immunologic interventions for profound thrombocytopenia could improve postoperative outcomes.