cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fungicide Treatments on Incidence of Chalkbrood Disease in Nests of the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

A fungicide (Vitavax, carboxin with captan) was field tested to determine its effect on chalk brood disease of Megachile rotundata (F.). The fungicide was blown into the holes of nesting materials. Disease incidence was significantly reduced when nesting units were treated once a week. Fungicide application had no effect on nesting behavior (number of cells per nest) or immature mortality (from causes other than chalkbrood) when treated and untreated nests were compared. Thus, fungicide applications reduced fungal growth but did not disturb nesting of the bees.
Skin depth at microwave frequencies of sea foam layers with vertical profile of void fraction

[1] To develop a foam emissivity model, we started a systematic investigation of sea foam properties at microwave frequencies from 1 to 37 GHz. We first examined various permittivity formulae to find the most suitable one for obtaining the dielectric constant of sea foam. This paper presents an investigation of the skin depth of vertically structured foam layers for the first time. Various void fraction profiles representing variations of foam properties within the foam thickness are examined. The skin depth of foam layer thicknesses from 0.2 cm to 10 cm is obtained. The dependence of foam skin depth on frequency and foam layer thickness is investigated and compared to seawater skin depth. It was found that for exponential void fraction profile ranging from 99% at the air-foam interface to 1% at the foam-seawater boundary, the foam skin depth varies from 0.17 cm to no more than 7 cm. Possible variations of the foam skin depth due to permittivity formula choice, seawater temperature and salinity, and shape of void fraction profile, as well as its upper and lower limits, are presented. Analyses of the results help explain the sensitivity of microwave frequencies to foam layer thicknesses, infer the formation of the emissivity signal and its variations from foam-covered surfaces, infer implications for the passive remote sensing of whitecaps, discuss modeling approaches for vertically structured foam layers, and infer qualitatively the relative contributions of different foam structures to the absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation. These findings give conceptual understanding of foam emissivity.
Consumer ethnocentrism: an integrative review of its antecedents and consequences

Purpose – To provide an integrative review of the antecedents and consequences of consumer ethnocentrism (CET).Design/methodology/approach – A comprehensive review of works on CET to date is put forward. An integrative framework and a detailed summary table are provided.Findings – Four categories of antecedents, namely, socio‐psychological, political, economic and demographic are gathered from the literature. Direct consequences and indirect consequences through relevant mediators and moderators are identified. Future research directions are offered.Practical implications – The compendium of antecedents and consequences of CET can be used by international marketing managers for their segmentation and target marketing strategies.Originality/value – As new vistas emerge for furthering international trade in goods and services, this paper provides a timely review and an integrative framework of existing research on CET, its antecedents and consequences. This paper contributes to the marketing discipline both...
The general aggression model: Theoretical extensions to violence.

This article discusses the General Aggression Model (GAM), which provides a comprehensive and integrative social-cognitive framework for understanding aggression and violence. After providing a brief description of the basic components of GAM, we discuss how it can be used to better understand 4 topics related to phenomena that occur primarily outside the laboratory and apply to a broad range of people. Specifically, we apply GAM to better understand intimate partner violence, intergroup violence, global climate change effects on violence, and suicide. We also explain how the tenets of GAM can be used to inform interventions aimed at reducing these forms of violence. Finally, we show how GAM can explain why people do not behave violently, such as in societies where violence is exceedingly rare. Applying GAM to violent behavior that occurs outside the laboratory adds to its explanatory power and enhances the external validity of its predictions. Because the 4 topics apply to such a broad range of people, GAM may have broader influence in fostering understanding of aggression in these domains. By increasing our understanding of the causes of violent behavior, GAM may help reduce it. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)
Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with atovaquone in children with leukemia.

Despite extensive studies of atovaquone in human immunodefi-ciency virus (HIV)-infected patients, there is little information about its efficacyas a prophylactic agent for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in pediatricpatients with cancer. Therefore, a retrospective analysis was conducted to deter-mine the incidence of PCP in pediatric patients who received prophylactic atova-quone during treatment for acute leukemia.
A late increase in potassium conductance follows synaptic stimulation of granule neurons of the dentate gyrus

Abstract In response to orthodromic stimulation, granule neurons of the dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampal slice display a late hyperpolarization (LH) with properties which clearly distinguish it from the conventional γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated chloride (CI) dependent inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). The LH is not reduced by antagonists of GABA-mediated CI conductances such as picrotoxin, and it is probably dependent on increased potassium conductance rather than increased CI conductance. The LH can be elicited by orthodromic stimulation which does not elicit a burst of action potentials and, in fact, the LH has been observed following stimulation which did not produce a depolarization detectable at the resting membrane potential. It is suggested that the increased potassium conductance of the LH may be calcium-dependent, or it may be directly elicited by a neurotransmitter.
Individual-Level Risk Factors for Gun Victimization in a Sample of Probationers

Interventions aimed at preventing the important problem of gun injuries could be improved with an understanding of whether there are unique factors that place individuals at an increased risk of gun victimization. Much remains to be known about the victims of gun violence. The purpose of this article is to assess whether there are individual-level variables uniquely related to the likelihood of experiencing a gun victimization in a sample of probationers, individuals already at a heightened risk for criminal victimization. Self-report data were collected from 235 felony probationers about, for instance, gun and nongun victimization, gang involvement, and drug sales. Results show different variables are related to nongun victimization and gun victimization. In the current sample, involvement in gun crimes are linked to an increased risk of gun victimization. Violent offending and residential stability are associated with an increased chance of crime victimization.
Units of evidence for analyzing subdisciplinary difference in data practice studies

Digital libraries (DLs) are adapting to accommodate research data and related services. The complexities of this new content spans the elements of DL development, and there are questions concerning data selection, service development, and how best to align these with local, institutional initiatives for cyberinfrastructure, data-intensive research, and data stewardship. Small science disciplines are of particular relevance due to the prevalence of this mode of research in the academy, and the anticipated magnitude of data production. To support data acquisition into DLs - and subsequent data reuse - there is a need for new knowledge on the range and complexities inherent in practice-data-curation arrangements for small science research. We present a flexible methodological approach crafted to generate data units to analyze these relationships and facilitate cross-disciplinary comparisons.
Identification of a CD4 Domain Required for Interleukin-16 Binding and Lymphocyte Activation

Interleukin-16 (IL-16) activates CD4(+) cells, possibly by direct interaction with CD4. IL-16 structure and function are highly conserved across species, suggesting similar conservation of a putative IL-16 binding site on CD4. Comparison of the human CD4 amino acid sequence with that of several different species revealed that immunoglobulin-like domain 4 is the most conserved extracellular region. Potential interaction of this domain with IL-16 was studied by testing murine D4 sequence-based oligopeptides for inhibition of IL-16 chemoattractant activity and inhibition of IL-16 binding to CD4 in vitro. Three contiguous 12-residue D4 region peptides (designated A, B, and C) blocked IL-16 chemoattractant activity, with peptide B the most potent. Peptides A and B were synergistic for inhibition, but peptide C was not. Peptides A and B also blocked IL-16 binding to CD4 in vitro, whereas peptide C did not. CD4, in addition to its known function as a receptor for major histocompatibility complex class II, contains a binding site for IL-16 in the D4 domain. The D4 residues required for IL-16 binding overlap those previously shown to participate in CD4-CD4 dimerization following class II major histocompatibility complex binding, providing a mechanistic explanation for the known function of IL-16 to inhibit the mixed lymphocyte reaction.
A posteriori error estimators for second order elliptic systems part 2. An optimal order process for calculating self-equilibrating fluxes

Abstract We present full details of an algorithm which can be used to obtain self-equilibrating fluxes for arbitrary h-p finite element approximations. All of the calculations are performed on a local scale, yielding an optimal order process-O( n ), where n is the number of elements in the mesh. Owing to the local nature of the process, the algorithm is perfectly suited to parallel implementation. The algorithm can be applied in both two and three dimensions for unstructured, k -irregular meshes and elements of non-uniform degree. Finally, it is shown that the implementation of the flux equilibration algorithm can take advantage of calculations already performed in obtaining the finite element approximation itself.
The electrochemical kinetics of sulfur dioxide reactions in molten bisulfates.

Abstract Alkali-metal bisulfates are candidate electrolytes for use in electrochemical flue-gas desulfurization. The kinetics are explored of the electrochemical reactions of gases containing sulfur dioxide and oxygen on gold electrodes in alkali bisulfate at 205°C. The cathodic reaction is found to be strongly dependent upon gaseous sulfur dioxide content, but nearly independent of oxygen, within the range of the experiment. All evidence points to a scheme whereby dissolved sulfur dioxide reacts with an oxide layer on the electrode to form pyrosulfate. The anodic reaction also appears strongly dependent on sulfur dioxide concentration; however, the pathway remains unclear.
Alteration in G proteins and prolactin levels in pituitary after ethanol and estrogen treatment.

Background Chronic administration of ethanol increases plasma prolactin levels and enhances estradiol’s mitogenic action on the lactotropes of the pituitary gland. The present study was conducted to determine the changes in the pituitary levels of G proteins during the tumor development following alcohol and ethanol treatments.
Subsystem coordination on the W. M. Keck telescopes

The Keck Telescope Control System is organized as a set of independent hardware subsystems, a pointing subsystem, and a high-level TCS subsystem. The pointing subsystem handles real-time coordination of telescope, mount, enclosure, rotators and guiders. The TCS subsystem knows which low- level subsystems are required for a given instrument, and manages the parallel initialization, shutdown, status monitoring and fault recovery of the overall system. The TCS subsystem also provides a user interface which presents the system as a table, with an Overall row and a row per subsystem; each row has status and error message fields, and a set of standard controls. This user interface serves as the single point of access to the telescope control system for the observing assistant and the engineer: all the other observing and engineering tools can be launched from it. This paper describes the above paradigm, with special attention being given to the user interface. Potential use of the same model for other applications is discussed.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pesticide regulatory decisions: Production efficiency, equity, and interdependence

EPA examines the benefits and risks of an agricultural pesticide's use when deciding whether or not to cancel its registration, but often neglects two effects which could change the decision: (1) the distributional effects on farmers using and not using the pesticide, and (2) the interdependence among regulatory decisions. This article examines the economic implications of banning several corn and soybean pesticides, highlighting these two concerns. Generally, banning one pesticide could have little effect, but banning all pesticides for a pest problem could have substantial effects. However, some pesticide users could suffer significant losses even though the aggregate effects are small.
Tin (IV) Etiopurpurin Dichloride: An Alternative To DHE?

Etiopurpurin is a photosensitizer developed from etioporphyrin I, which we have shown to be useful in PDT. Incorporation of tin into the macrocycle gives a derivative which appears to be more effective both in vitro and in vivo studies on tumor cytotoxicity, than the parent purpurin. In vitro studies have shown not only that tin etiopurpurin dichloride (SnET2C12) is an efficient photosensitizer, but also that its action spectrum appears to be consistent with both the absorption and emission spectra. In vivo studies include a histological examination of tumors treated with SnET2C12 and PDT which suggests that disruption of the tumor vasculature plays an active role in tumor necrosis; a twelve day dose response study to determine effective dose; a thirty day study to determine tumor regrowth; a study of normal tissue response to PDT and a study to determine the optimum time for phototherapy after injection of the drug. For these studies, the FANFT induced urothelial tumor line was used, although we have recently initiated studies on the R3327 AT rat anaplastic adenocarcinoma, a tumor which appears to be more resistant to PDT.
Video audience simulation technique: A new tool for communication instruction

Proposed and analyzed in this report is a Video Audience Simulation Technique (VAST). Related to the new technology of Video Robotics, this electronic instructional aid is used to simulate audiences for public speakers. Pedagogical benefits of VAST include realistic speech rehearsal, instructor control of audience feedback to facilitate learning, and portrayal of specialized audiences which are unavailable in normal instructional settings.
Navigating the journey to menses cessation: a study of change in an emancipatory context.

Purpose:This article explores contemporary women’s perceptions of the experience of the menopausal process within the Western industrialized culture, describes and synthesizes the processes used by women to evaluate available information, and explores and facilitates processes used by women to envision and create change in their life world. Method:An emancipatory group process was designed to facilitate dialogue between the investigator and nine women who met as a group eight times during a 10-week period in the home of one of the participants. Findings:Participants identified menses cessation as a time of change in all aspects of their lives. They employed decision making to cope with these changes and, as a result of the awareness that came through the research process, invited other women to celebrate the collective wisdom of women at all stages of life. Conclusion:Women experiencing menses cessation need information and time to process that information internally and in relation with others. Implicati...
Noise in a dual dye jet hybridly mode-locked near infrared femtosecond laser

Abstract The noise properties of a near infrared hybridly mode-locked dye laser system operating in the 100 fs pulse regime are investigated. Two closely spaced cavity length values near the zero mismatch point are identified which produce distinctly different pulses. These pulse trains and the pump laser pulse train are examined in the time and frequency domains for the purpose of determining their usefulness for the study of ultrafast physical processes. The differences in pulse energy fluctuation, pulse width fluctuation, and intensity autocorrelation of the two modes of operation are explained in terms of cavity detuning effects.
James E. Oldfield. Recipient of the Klaus Schwarz Award for 1998.

The Klaus Schwarz Medal is presented each year to a scientist or a team of scientists who have contributed to biological trace element research. The recipient for 1998 was James E. Oldfield, Professor emeritus of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Oldfield is one of the leading pioneers in the study and eradication of white muscle disease (WMD). He began publishing on this subject in 1955, showing how the disease can be produced experimentally and as early as 1958 demonstrated (with O. H. Muth, L. F. Remmert, and J. R. Schubert) the protective effects of selenium and vitamin E. The study of WMD and other selenium-responsive conditions in ruminants as well as various aspects of selenium in animal nutrition continued to occupy him during the next four decades. As the Head of
Rapid transport of the acidic phosphoproteins of Plasmodium berghei and P. chabaudi from the intraerythrocytic parasite to the host membrane using a miniaturized fractionation procedure.

A miniaturized procedure for the separation of the host erythrocyte membrane from malarial parasites based on saponin lysis and density-gradient centrifugation with Percoll is described. The procedure requires only 20–35 μl packed infected erythrocytes, is simple to perform, needs no sophisticated equipment, and can be completed in <2 h. Analysis of the isolated erythrocyte membranes and parasites using marker enzymes and electron microsropy revealed that both the purity and the yield of these fractions were relatively high. Erythrocyte membrane proteins, including spectrin, ankyrin, and band 4.1, were not found on the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane, which remained associated with some but not all of the isolated parasites. Application of this method to pulse-chase experiments indicated that the acidic phosphoproteins ofPlasmodium berghei andP. chabaudi were rapidly transported from the parasite to the erythrocyte membrane immediately after their synthesis. The rapid export of these acidic phosphoproteins from the parasite distinguishes them from other proteins exported by the malarial parasite.
Supratentorial arteriovenous malformations.

Abstract Arteriovenous malformations are a heterogeneous group of intra-axial central nervous system vascular lesions consisting of tangles of abnormal arteriovenous connections without intervening capillary beds. The heterogeneity of arteriovenous malformations is described by the Spetzler-Martin grading scale, a scale that also forms the basis for clinical decision making. The microsurgical treatment of appropriately selected supratentorial arteriovenous malformations is based on the tenets of circumferential isolation and transection of arterial feeders, preservation of vessels en passant and surrounding functional neural tissue, and skeletonization and transection of venous drainage.
Expanded therapeutic range of valproate

Twenty-five pediatric patients with serum valproate levels above 100 micrograms/ml (therapeutic range: 50-100 micrograms/ml) are reviewed for nondose-related side effects and seizure control. The dose of valproate varied from 50-100 mg/kg/day. All patients had generalized or mixed seizure disorders which were difficult to control. Seizure frequency decreased by more than 50% in 14 patients. For those patients with improved control, valproate levels ranged from 111-196 micrograms/ml. Patients were carefully monitored for side effects; nondose-related side effects were not encountered. Random valproate levels were between 100-200 micrograms/ml. The clinical response to valproate can be augmented by increasing it to the maximum tolerated dose.
A Gas-rich Nuclear Bar Fueling a Powerful Central Starburst in NGC 2782

We present evidence that the peculiar interacting starburst galaxy NGC 2782 (Arp 215) harbors a gas-rich nuclear stellar bar feeding an M82-class powerful central starburst, from a study based on high-resolution interferometric CO (J = 1 → 0) data and optical BVR and Hα observations, along with available near-infrared (NIR) images, a 5 GHz radio continuum map, and archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images. Morphological and kinematic data show that NGC 2782 harbors a clumpy, barlike CO feature of radius ~75 (1.3 kpc) that leads a nuclear stellar bar of similar size. The nuclear barlike CO feature is massive: it contains ~2.5 × 109 M☉ of molecular gas, which makes up ~8% of the dynamical mass present within a 1.3 kpc radius. Within the CO bar, emission peaks in two extended clumpy lobes that lie on opposite sides of the nucleus, separated by ~6'' (1 kpc). Between the CO lobes, in the inner 200 pc radius, resides a powerful central starburst that is forming stars at a rate of 3-6 M☉ yr-1. While circular motions dominate the CO velocity field, the CO lobes show weak barlike streaming motions on the leading side of the nuclear stellar bar, suggestive of gas inflow. We estimate semianalytically the gravitational torque from the nuclear stellar bar on the gas and suggest large gas inflow rates from the CO lobes into the central starburst. These observations, which are among the first ones showing a nuclear stellar bar fueling molecular gas into an intense central starburst, are consistent with simulations and theory, which suggest that nuclear bars provide an efficient way of transporting gas closer to the galactic center to fuel central activity. Furthermore, several massive (107-108 M☉) clumps are present at low radii, and dynamical friction might produce further gas inflow. We suggest that the nuclear barlike molecular gas feature and central activity will be very short lived, likely disappearing within 5 × 108 yr.
Activated hepatic stellate cells upregulate transcription of ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 via specific SP1 and SMAD promoter elements.

Adenosine is a potent modulator of liver fibrosis and inflammation. Adenosine has been shown to regulate such diverse activities as chemotaxis, contraction, and matrix production in hepatic stellat...
Bridging levels of analysis: comment on McClelland et al. and Griffiths et al.

The emergentists (i.e. connectionists and dynamicists) emphasize that accurate explanations of cognitive processing must use low-level building blocks that respect neural mechanisms [1]. The representational pluralists emphasize that compelling explanations of cognition can use high-level structured representations with normative (i.e. Bayesian) probabilistic inference [2]. Both emphases are correct and the biggest challenge for each approach is bridging to the other level.
Combined medical surgical therapy for pulmonary mucormycosis in a diabetic renal allograft recipient.

Abstract Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic infection that complicates chronic debilitating diseases and immunosuppressed solid-organ transplant recipients. We present a case of life-threatening pulmonary mucormycosis in a diabetic renal allograft recipient who survived with reasonable renal function. Early recognition of this entity and prompt use of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are critical to the outcome. Antifungal therapy combined with early surgical excision of infected, necrotic tissue appears to be the preferred course of action. Judicious withholding of immunosuppressants until fungemia cleared did not jeopardize allograft function. © 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Synthesis of the (Dialkylamino)borate, [Ph2B(CH2NMe2)2]-, Affords Access to N-Chelated Rhodium(I) Zwitterions

This paper reports the synthesis of the first bis(amino)borate ligand, [Ph2B(CH2NMe2)2]-, an anionic equivalent of tertiary diamines. Anionic [Ph2B(CH2NMe2)2] is an excellent bidentate ligand auxiliary and is used to prepare a series of N-chelated, zwitterionic rhodium(I) complexes.
Structural and electronic properties of β-In2X3 (X = O, S, Se, Te) using ab initio calculations

Abstract Several III-VI body-centered tetragonal layered compounds belonging to space group I4 1 / amd have been a subject of interest recently because of their potential applications in high efficiency and environmentally friendly copper–indium–gallium–selenide solar cells and molecules. Here we have studied the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of four compounds β-In 2 X 3 (X = O, S, Se, Te), in this space group. Using first principles computations, we have fully determined the lattice constants a and c , as well as 10 internal parameters that define this unique structure of primitive unit cells of 40 atoms. For β-In 2 S 3 our computed values are found to be consistent with experimental measurements. The bulk modulus B, local electronic density of states, total density of states, and band gap E g of these phases have been investigated.
Intermediary protein metabolism in helminths. II. Effect of host castration on amino acid metabolism in Hymenolepis diminuta.

Abstract 1. 1. Eighteen identified free amino acids and related substances and several unidentified substances were found to occur in the tissues of H. diminuta . 2. 2. Four transaminase systems were found to operate at a measurable rate above that of control values: alanine → glutamate, aspartate → glutamate, glutamate → alanine, and glutamate → aspartate. 3. 3. Castration of the host markedly reduced the rate of activity of the transaminase systems in H. diminuta . Associated with this was an increased deposition of fat in the worm. 4. 4. The significance of transaminase and the effect of castration are discussed in relation to protein synthesis and utilization.
Application development project support

ADPS (Application Development Project Support), developed in the IBM Vienna Software Development Laboratory, is an environment for the industrial development of application software. Crucial prerequisite for such an environment is the definition of a detailed process of how to proceed (a Process Model) and an appropriate instrumentation via computer support (a Process Mechanism) which not only helps the users to follow the established process but also provides the users with various support functions.This paper puts the Process Model (ADPS/M) and the Process Mechanism (ADPS/P) into the broader context of current software engineering concepts. It explains principles and reasons for the architecture of ADPS.
Software certification for safety-critical systems: A status report

This paper presents an overview and the role of certification in safety-critical computer systems focusing on software and hardware use in the domain of civil aviation. It discusses certification activities according to RTCA DO-178B ldquoSoftware Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certificationrdquo and RTCA DO-254 ldquoDesign Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardwarerdquo. Specifically, certification issues in real-time operating systems, programming languages, software in development tools, complex electronic hardware and tool qualification are discussed. Results of an independent industry survey done by the authors are also presented.
Global morphology of infrasound propagation

[i] Atmospheric sound waves in the 0.02-10 Hz region, also known as infrasound, exhibit long-range global propagation characteristics. Measurable infrasound is produced around the globe on a daily basis by a variety of natural and man-made sources. As a result of weak classical attenuation (∼0.01 dB km -1 at 0.1 hz), these acoustic signals can propagate thousands of kilometers in tropospheric, stratospheric, and lower thermospheric ducts. To model this propagation accurately, detailed knowledge of the background atmospheric state variables, the global winds and temperature fields from the ground to ∼170 km, is required. For infrasound propagation calculations, we have developed a unique atmospheric specification system (G2S) that is capable of providing this information. Using acoustic ray tracing methods and detailed G2S atmospheric specifications, we investigate the major aspects of the spatiotemporal variability of infrasound propagation characteristics.
Construction of Food and Water Borne Pathogens’ Dose–Response Curves Using the Expanded Fermi Solution

Abstract: Theoretically, the relationship between the number of pathogens that cause acute infection if settling in the gut, N, and that initially ingested, M, can be constructed from the survival probabilities at the different “stations” along the digestive tract. These probabilities are rarely known exactly, but their ranges can be estimated. If for a given N one generates estimates of M using random probabilities within these ranges, the estimates’ distribution will be approximately lognormal and its cumulative (CDF) form will represent the pathogen's dose–response curve. The distribution's logarithmic mean and standard deviation can be calculated from the ranges with a formula and used to plot the curve. The method was used to generate dose–response curves of hypothetical food and waterborne pathogens and calculate their infective dose (ID) at 5%, 50%, and 95% probability. The curves were compatible with the Beta Poisson model and robust against minor perturbations in the underlying probabilities’ ranges. The calculation and plotting procedure was automated and posted on the Internet as a freely downloadable interactive Wolfram Demonstration. It allows the user to generate, modify, examine, and compare dose–response curves, and to calculate their characteristics, by moving sliders on the screen.
Serum protein binding of the aminoglycoside antibiotics.

The binding of four aminoglycoside antibiotics by human serum was investigated under controlled conditions of physiological p H and temperature, by means of an ultrafiltration technique. No serum binding was demonstrable for gentamicin, tobramycin, or kanamycin, whereas streptomycin was 35% bound. Previous conflicting studies are discussed, and some of the pharmacological implications are considered.
Homogeneous hydrogenation of 1-hexene by ruthenium(II) carbonyl phosphine complexes of the types (R3P)2Ru(CO)2Cl2 and (R2R)3Ru(CO)Cl2: effects of the nature of the phosphine, of complex geometry and stoichiometry on catalytic efficiency

Abstract A series of ruthenium(II) complexes of the types (R2P)2Ru(CO)2Cl2 (R3P  Bzl3P,Ph3P,Ph2MeP,PhMe2P and Me3P) and (R3P)3Ru(CO)Cl2 (R3P  Ph2MeP, PhMe2P and Me3P) were investigated for their ability to catalyze the homogeneous hydrogenation of 1-hexene at 100° C and a hydrogen pressure of 100 psi in 50% ethanol/benzene. Each of the complexes catalyzed both the hydrogenation of 1-hexene to hexane and its isomerization to 2- and 3-hexenes, probably by a monohydride pathway. Both the geometry and stoichiometry of the complex effect the rates of hydrogenation and isomerization. For both series of complexes, the catalytic rate decreases with a decrease in the size and an increase in the basicity of the phosphine. For the (R3P)2Ru(CO)2Cl2 complexes, the ttt isomers were more active than the cct isomers. However, for the (R3P)3Ru(CO)Cl2 complexes, the complex geometry did not influence the catalytic activity. Hydrogenation reactions using ttt-(Ph2MeP)2Ru(CO)2Cl2 were carried out in the presence of the Lewis acids: AlCl3, Bcl3 and SnCl2 · 2H2O as well as with Me3NO. Both BCl3 and AlCl3 completely inhibited hydrogenation and reduced the rate of hexene isomerization. SnCl2 · 2H2O slowed the rate of hydrogenation but had little effect on isomerization. Me3NO had little effect on hydrogenation but significantly increased the rate of hexene isomerization. The ruthenium species present at the termination of the catalysis experiments were characterized by infrared and NMR spectroscopy. In most cases the thermodynamically stable isomer of these complexes was recovered in high yield.
DSM-III-R personality disorders in a mood and anxiety disorders clinic: Prevalence, comorbidity, and clinical correlates

This study examined the prevalence, comorbidity, and clinical correlates of personality disorders in an outpatient sample (N = 352) with anxiety and depression. Subjects were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) on Axes I and II, and they also completed interview and self-report measures of symptoms. Subjects with a personality disorder were less likely to be married, more likely to be single or divorced, had lower family incomes, had more severe symptoms of both anxiety and depression, and had a greater number of lifetime Axis I diagnoses. Subjects with dysthymic and bipolar disorders were more likely, and subjects with panic disorder uncomplicated by agoraphobia were less likely to have a personality disorder compared to the rest of the sample. The most prevalent personality disorders were Avoidant, Obsessive-Compulsive, Paranoid, and Borderline. Paranoid co-occurred with Narcissistic, and Borderline co-occurred with Histrionic personality disorder significantly more often than chance and base rates would predict.
Hamiltonian and action principle formulations of plasma physics

Hamiltonian and action principle formulations of the basic equations of plasma physics are reviewed. Various types of Lagrangian and Poisson bracket formulations for kinetic and fluid theories are discussed, and it is described how such formulations can be used to derive and approximate physical models. Additional uses are also described. Two applications are treated in greater detail: an algorithm based on Dirac brackets for the calculation of V-states of contour dynamics and the calculation of fluctuation spectra of Vlasov theory and shear flow dynamics by methods of statistical mechanics.
External Discipline during Conterinsurgency: A Philippine War Case Study, 1900-1901

Military operations during the Philippine-American War moved through three distinct phases. Between February and December 1899, the U.S. Eighth Army Corps defeated the Philippine Republic's con ventional field army in Central Luzon.1 Local nationalists immedi ately began to construct clandestine intelligence and supply networks to support a two-tiered guerrilla force of part-time Sandahatan village militias, or boleros, reinforced by small groups of full-time, rifle-armed insurgents, or fusileros. Confronted with renewed irregular resistance, senior U.S. commanders shifted from maneuver warfare to a strategy of regional population control, restructuring the Eighth Corps into a Philippine Division with four geographical departments for a sustained pacification campaign. In the war's second phase, between January 1900 and May 1901, U.S. troops forced most guerrilla bands through out the archipelago to surrender under the dual pressure of local of fensive patrols, or "hikes," and martial law coercion exerted through provost courts and military commissions. The war's third and final phase took place in Southcentral Luzon and the Visayan island of Samar, subdued between September 1901 and April 1902, or shortly after the introduction of population reconcentration and widespread property destruction outside designated secure zones.2
Evidence for an inhibitor in the control of globin synthesis by hemin in a reticulocyte lysate.

Abstract The synthesis of hemoglobin by a reticulocyte lysate is stimulated several fold by the addition of hemin. The ability to respond to hemin is completely lost if the lysate is held for a short time at 34°C, but only slightly reduced if held at 0°C. Hemoglobin synthesis by reconstituted lysates prepared by combinations of ribosomal and supernatant fractions from hemin-responsive and -unresponsive lysates indicated that the factor mediating hemin stimulation is in the supernatant fluid. Addition of supernatant fraction from an unresponsive lysate to an incorporating system containing a responsive lysate markedly decreased the stimulation of globin synthesis by hemin. These results suggest that hemin promotes globin synthesis by preventing the formation of an inhibitor of chain initiation in the cell sap.
Comparison of DFT Methods for Molecular Orbital Eigenvalue Calculations

We report how closely the Kohn−Sham highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) eigenvalues of 11 density functional theory (DFT) functionals, respectively, correspond to the negative ionization potentials (−IPs) and electron affinities (EAs) of a test set of molecules. We also report how accurately the HOMO−LUMO gaps of these methods predict the lowest excitation energies using both time-independent and time-dependent DFT (TD−DFT). The 11 DFT functionals include the local spin density approximation (LSDA), five generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functionals, three hybrid GGA functionals, one hybrid functional, and one hybrid meta GGA functional. We find that the HOMO eigenvalues predicted by KMLYP, BH&HLYP, B3LYP, PW91, PBE, and BLYP predict the −IPs with average absolute errors of 0.73, 1.48, 3.10, 4.27, 4.33, and 4.41 eV, respectively. The LUMOs of all functionals fail to accurately predict the EAs. Although the GGA functionals inaccurately predict bot...
Delivery of services to crime victims: a national survey.

Assistance to crime victims and witnesses over the past six decades is reviewed, and data from a national sample of victim/witness assistance programs are examined in terms of functions and services. Types of services available to victims and witnesses are identified and discussed, as are fiscal characteristics and staffing patterns of the programs. The critical need for research and evaluation studies is examined. Language: en
Biosynthesis of retinoic acid from β-apo-14'-carotenal in ferret in vivo

Abstract To determine whether β-apo-14′-carotenal (an excentric cleavage product of β-carotene) can serve as a source of intestinally derived retinoic acid, β-apo-14′-carotenal or retinal in micellar solution was perfused through 60-cm small bowel segments of ferrets in vivo. Both β-apo-14′-carotenoic acid and retinoic acid were identified in the ferret intestinal mucosa by comparing retention times in HPLC and by ultraviolet/visible spectra. The in vivo perfusion of ferret intestine with 10 μM β-14′-carotenal for 2 hr resulted in formation of β-apo-14′-carotenoic acid (218 ± 28 pmol/g) and retinoic acid (51 ± 4 pmol/g). Similarly, a 2-hr intestinal perfusion of 1 μM retinal resulted in formation of retinoic acid (30 ± 2 pmol/g). When coperfusing an inhibitor of retinal oxidation, 2 mM citral, retinoic acid was not detected in the intestinal mucosa after the perfusion of 1 μM retinal. However, retinoic acid (30 ± 3 pmol/g) was still formed from the intestinal perfusion of β-apo-14′-carotenal with 2 μM citral. Furthermore, retinol was formed after the intestinal perfusion of β-apo-14′-carotenal and increased markedly in the presence of citral. This study lends support for an excentric cleavage mechanism in the metabolism of β-carotene into retinoic acid in vivo.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor signals for β1-integrin expression and adhesion in bladder cancer

Abstract Objectives To examine the association of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) expression with increased β 1 -integrin expression and determine the ability of autocrine G-CSFR signaling to promote bladder cancer cell adhesion by way of β 1 -integrin. β 1 -integrin is expressed at higher levels in more invasive bladder carcinoma cells and participates in the process of tissue invasion. Cancer cell invasion and metastasis in some ways mimic normal neutrophil behavior. In neutrophils, G-CSF acts through its receptor to enhance adhesion and migration. A significant fraction of bladder carcinoma has been reported to express both G-CSF and G-CSFR. Methods We examined bladder carcinoma tissue samples obtained from segmental or radical cystectomy specimens for expression of G-CSF, G-CSFR, and β 1 -integrin using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemical methods. We determined the G-CSFR–mediated β 1 -integrin adhesion using a static adhesion assay and the bladder cancer cell line 5637. Results Eleven of 14 bladder cancer samples expressed G-CSFR. All 11 G-CSFR positive tumors also expressed G-CSF, and the G-CSF/G-CSFR positive tumors had elevated β 1 -integrin protein levels. All but one G-CSFR negative tumor demonstrated low β 1 -integrin protein levels. In four G-CSF/G-CSFR positive tumors for which distant urothelium was available for examination, G-CSF, G-CSFR, and β 1 -integrin expression was also increased. In the 5637 cell line, we demonstrated G-CSFR–mediated upregulation of β 1 -integrin–dependent adhesion to fibronectin and laminin. Conclusions G-CSF/G-CSFR expression in some bladder cancers appears to be an early event during malignant transformation that increases β 1 -integrin expression and adhesion and thereby may promote tissue invasion.
Distribution of discriminant function in circular models

Assuming that the covariance matrices are circular, we make an appropriate transformation which reduces the circular matrices to canonical forms. The discriminant function is given when the populations are multivariate normal with different circular matrices and its distribution is derived. An asymptotic expansion for the distribution is obtained when all the parameters are unknown.
Prognostic significance of HER-2 status in women with inflammatory breast cancer

BACKGROUND Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare, aggressive form of breast cancer with poorly understood prognostic variables. The purpose of this study was to define the prognostic impact of HER-2 status on survival outcomes of patients with IBC. METHODS In all, 179 patients with IBC, diagnosed between 1989 and 2005, with known HER-2 status, and treated with an anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimen without trastuzumab, were included in the analysis. Patients with HER-2-positive disease who received trastuzumab at the time of disease recurrence were included. Survival outcomes were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier product limit method and compared across groups using the log-rank statistic. A Cox proportional hazards model was fitted to determine the association of survival outcomes with HER-2 status after adjusting for patient and tumor characteristics. RESULTS A total of 111 patients (62%) had HER-2-negative disease and 68 (38%) had HER-2-positive disease. The median follow-up among all patients was 35 months. At the time of the analysis, 62 patients (55.9%) with HER-2-negative disease and 42 patients (61.8%) with HER-2-positive disease had a recurrence. Thirty-one patients (73.8%) with HER-2-positive disease who had a disease recurrence went on to receive trastuzumab. On univariate analysis, no statistically significant difference was observed for either recurrence-free survival (P = .75) or overall survival (P = .24) between patients who had HER-2-positive disease and those who had HER-2-negative disease. In a multivariate model, HER-2 status did not appear to significantly affect recurrence-free survival (hazards ratio [HR] of 0.75; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.46–1.22 [P = .241]). In the multivariate model, patients with HER-2-positive disease had a decreased hazard of death (HR of 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34–0.93 [P = .024]) compared with patients with HER-2-negative disease. CONCLUSIONS HER-2 status, in the absence of trastuzumab, did not appear to significantly affect recurrence-free survival. After adjusting for other characteristics, the addition of trastuzumab in the metastatic setting significantly improved survival in the HER-2-positive group above and beyond that of the HER-2-negative group. This gives us further insight into the biology of this aggressive disease and underlines the major effect of targeted intervention. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Evolution of the Human ASPM Gene, a Major Determinant of Brain Size

The size of human brain tripled over a period of ∼2 million years (MY) that ended 0.2–0.4 MY ago. This evolutionary expansion is believed to be important to the emergence of human language and other high-order cognitive functions, yet its genetic basis remains unknown. An evolutionary analysis of genes controlling brain development may shed light on it. ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated) is one of such genes, as nonsense mutations lead to primary microcephaly, a human disease characterized by a 70% reduction in brain size. Here I provide evidence suggesting that human ASPM went through an episode of accelerated sequence evolution by positive Darwinian selection after the split of humans and chimpanzees but before the separation of modern non-Africans from Africans. Because positive selection acts on a gene only when the gene function is altered and the organismal fitness is increased, my results suggest that adaptive functional modifications occurred in human ASPM and that it may be a major genetic component underlying the evolution of the human brain.
Inertial Confinement Fusion Research at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics

Inertial confinement fusion research using the OMEGA Laser has demonstrated the highest deuterium-tritium areal density ever measured, ~0.3 g/cm2, and a Lawson’s performance parameter, P? , comparable to that obtained on the Joint European Torus.
Non-integral charge transfer in an organic metal: the structure and stability range of (TTF)Br0.71–0.76

Abstract The organic metal (TTF)Br 0.71–0.76 crystallizes in a monoclinic lattice comprised of mixed valence (0, +1) TTF molecules and Br - arranged in segregated stacks along the c -axis. Its structure can be viewed in terms of two separate, range of the salt was deduced from the composition dependence of the bromide sublattice parameters. The relationship of the unusual stoichiometry of (TTF)Br 0.71–0.76 to the degree of charge transfer in 1 : 1 Π-donor/ TCNQ salts is examined and discussed.
Carbon nanotubes-titanium electrode for detecting calcium deposition by osteoblasts

The objective of this in vitro present study was to develop an electrode which can detect calcium deposition by osteoblasts. The primary biomaterial for this electrode is anodized Ti, developed by chemical etching and passivation treatments. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), because of their enhancement in electron transfer reaction, are essential to consider when designing the electrodes. For this, parallel multiwall CNTs were grown from the pores of the anodized Ti by a chemical vapor deposition process. Preliminary in vitro results suggest that osteoblast functions (specifically alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition) on CNTs grown on anodized Ti are significantly enhanced when compared to anodized Ti and currently-used Ti; thus, it is anticipated that bone growth could be enhanced on these biomaterial electrodes.
Virtual HRD: The Intersection of Knowledge Management, Culture, and Intranets:

The problem and the solution. Virtual human resource development (VHRD) is just beginning to be defined in the field of human resource development. This article explores how knowledge management, organizational culture, and intranets combine to create VHRD, with implications for training, career, and organizational development. A conclusion is that VHRD is not a panacea but must be designed with care and purpose.