cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soil Motion Computations by Characteristics Method

In this study the characteristics method is applied to wave propagation corresponding to earthquake intensities in models of unsaturated and saturated soils. Shear waves developed in linear, or in "strain-softening" materials, and pressure waves in viscoelastic materials are considered. One-dimensional transmissions in unsaturated layered systems are treated first, then the method is applied to two-dimensional simulations by the "lattice work" approach. The latter method may also be extended to treat three-dimensional problems. Pore pressure transients are investigated in a one-dimensional approach based on Darcy's law. By prescribing reductions of void ratios as a function of time, zones of potential liquefaction may be identified and their movement traced. By use of a lattice work representation, transient pore pressure within the upstream portion of an earth dam are investigated. /ASCE/
Explicit formulas for two state Kalman, H/sub 2/ and H/sub /spl infin// target tracking filters

The continuous time, two state, target tracking problem is considered from the Kalman, H/sub 2/, and H/sub /spl infin// filter viewpoint. While previous treatments were numerical in nature, analytic transient responses and infinite horizon solutions with analytic performance expressions are presented here. Tracking indices, involving the maneuver and measurement uncertainties, are shown to have a role for both the steady state and transient responses. In addition, the H/sub /spl infin// tracker has a sensor index involving the performance bound and measurement uncertainty, which, along with the tracking index, plays a significant role in the H/sub /spl infin// tracker expressions. Analytical expressions for the probability of target escape, the probability that the target position will be outside the radar beamwidth (BW), are developed not only to compare the performance of various trackers, but also as a design tool to meet tracking specifications. Examples illustrate the performance of the target trackers as a function of the error gain upper bound.
Applying SOA to earth observation: the COS(OT) experience

In this work, we introduce an implementation of COS(OT), an open federated framework allowing discovery and interoperability of disparate geographic information resources and it also implements some concept of an SDI for environmental sciences datasets. Environmental sciences data is a kind of geoinformation dealing with phenomena implicitly and explicitly associated with a location relative to the Earth. In the context of COS(OT), the managed data is of imagery, gridded and coverage data (IGCD) stemming from Earth observation. On the other hand, the service-oriented approach which has semistructured data model and latest standard Web technologies with the current geomatics standardization process and it is used to prove as a feasible solution to the problem. Thus the two main COS(OT) business processes are described an their implementations are reported.
Deception: Detection of

Deception detection is an important task in forensics and security. Criminals and terrorists are highly motivated to deceive and humans are not good in detecting deception without technical assistance. Traditional approaches to assist in the deception detection task have made use of physiological cues that a suspect may give off to detect deception. To date, only the polygraph has achieved widespread application in forensics. Although there is controversy, research suggests that in forensic settings the polygraph is about 90% accurate in discriminating truth-tellers from deceivers. This is a considerable improvement over naive deception detection. A second technology, voice stress analysis, has also been studied. The scientific research strongly indicates that voice stress analysis cannot discriminate truth-tellers from deceivers. Keywords: psychophysiological detection of deception; polygraph; voice stress analysis; deception detection
Program and Abstracts - Second National Rural and Regional Law and Justice Conference

This file contains the program and abstracts of presentations made at the Second National Rural and Regional Law and Justice Conference held on 18-20 May 2012, Aanuka Beach Resort, Coffs Harbour. Many of the abstracts contain details of where further information can be found about the presentation topic.
Beyond the LHC: a conceptual approach to a future high energy hadron collider

The concept of a post LHC hadron collider operating in the radiation damping regime was discussed in the DPF workshop on future hadron facilities. To date, hadron colliders have all operated in a state of insignificant damping, where phase space dilution from any source results in a costly degradation of instantaneous and thus integrated luminosity. The concept of using radiation damping to enhance the integrated luminosity results in an effective decoupling of the machine performance from the initial beam parameters. By relying more heavily on the damping mechanism, the requirements for tight emittance control through the injector chain and during the collider fill process can be relaxed allowing for less stringent injection field quality and the possibilities for looser tolerances in many other aspects of the machine. In this paper we present some generic parameters and machine characteristics before examining options for lengthening the standard cell (quadrupole and spool piece reduction) and highly lumped correction schemes (correction element reduction).
Vitamin C-Driven Free Radical Generation from Iron

Circulating free iron is lethal. Humans have two circulating iron binding proteins to soak up free iron to prevent it from generating toxic quantities of free radicals. These proteins are transferrin, a high-affinity, low-capacity protein (2 atoms of iron per molecule of transferrin) for which there are receptors on the surface of every iron-requiring cell; and ferritin, a lower-affinity, high-capacity protein (maximum of 4500 atoms of iron per molecule of ferritin) for which there are receptors only on the surface of iron-storage cells such as RE (reticulo-endothelial) cells. Iron is trapped inside the ferritin protein shell as harmless Fe3. When there is a high serum level of reduced ascorbic acid, it drives through the pores of the ferritin protein shell to the inside surface, where it converts the Fe3 to catalytic Fe2, which then leaks out of the pores of the ferritin protein shell and generates billions of free radicals. In normal individuals, per milliliter of serum, there are approximately 300,000 molecules of transferrin per molecule of ferritin. Ferritin protein is an acute phase reactant that sharply rises in the presence of inflammation of any kind, whereas transferrin is a reverse acute phase reactant that falls in the presence of inflammation of any kind.
Blood Sphingolipids in Homeostasis and Pathobiology

Sphingolipids have emerged as key signaling molecules involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions including cell growth and differentiation, proliferation and apoptotic cell death. Sphingolipids in blood constitute part of the circulating lipoprotein particles (HDL, LDL and VLDL), carried by serum albumin and also present in blood cells and platelets. Recent lipidomic and proteomic studies of plasma lipoproteins have provided intriguing data concerning the protein and lipid composition of lipoproteins in the context of disease. Sphingolipids have been implicated in several diseases such as cancer, obesity, atherosclerosis and sphingolipidoses; however, efforts addressing blood sphingolipidomics are still limited. The development of methods to determine levels of circulating bioactive sphingolipids in humans and validation of these methods to be a routine clinical laboratory test could be a pioneering approach to diagnose disease in the population. This approach would probably evolve to be analogous in implication to determining “good” and “bad” cholesterol and triglyceride levels in lipoprotein classes.
Boundary-Layer Control for Drag Reduction

Although the number of possible applications of boundary-layer control is large, a discussion is given only of those that have received the most attention recently at NASA Langley Research Center to improve airfoil drag characteristics. This research concerns stabilizing the laminar boundary layer through geometric shaping (natural laminar flow, NLF) and active control involving the removal of a portion of the laminar boundary layer (laminar flow control, LFC) either through discrete slots or a perforated surface. At low Reynolds numbers, a combination of shaping and forced transition has been used to achieve the desired run of laminar flow and control of laminar separation. In the design of both natural laminar flow and laminar flow control airfoils and wings, boundary layer stability codes play an important role. A discussion of some recent stability calculations using both incompressible and compressible codes is given.
Power system infrastructure security and defense

The massive 14 August 2003 power outage evoked eerie reminders of what shook our world on September 11 2001. While early reports indicated that there was no apparent evidence of terrorism in this outage or in blackouts in the UK and Italy. The UK experienced a blackout in south London and surrounding area on August 28, southern Sweden and parts of Denmark on September 23 and Italy on September 28. At the time of this writing, the major outages of August and September 2003 in the US, Ontario Canada, UK and Italy have occurred. A bi-national US-Canada Joint Task Force on the power outage of August 14 investigated what happened and what the root causes were. The outage affected 50 million people, interrupted 60,000-65,000 MW of load initially (approximately 11% of the entire Eastern Interconnection), over 400 Generating units were tripped, and the final steps of the cascading lasted approximately 12 seconds. US-Canada Power Outage Task Force's report was published on Nov. 19, 2003, and root causes cited include: "inadequate situational awareness;" failure to adequately trim trees in its transmission right-of way; and failure of reliability coordinators to promptly identify and deal with problems. Infrastructures depend on the continental power grid to energize and control their operations. Secure and reliable of these networks is fundamental to national and international economy, security and quality of life.
Adjustment to devaluation in a small country

This paper presents a simple model of adjustment to devaluation in the context of a small, open economy consisting of traded goods, non-traded goods, and money. The analysis stresses the purely transitional importance of substitution and liquidity effects following devaluation, and at the same time, derives the time path of adjustment of the trade balance and the price of non-traded goods.
Theoretical modelling of arteriovenous malformation rupture risk : a feasibility and validation study

Abstract Purpose: To explore the feasibility of using a theoretical computational model to simulate the risk of spontaneous arteriovenous malformation (AVM) haemorrhage. Methods : Data from 12 patients were collected from a prospective databank which documented the angioarchitecture and morphological characteristics of the AVM and the feeding mean arterial pressure (FMAP) measured during initial superselective angiography prior to any treatment. Using the data, a computational model of the cerebral circulation and the AVM was constructed for each patient (patient-specific model). Two model risk (Risk model ) calculations (haemodynamic- and structural-weighted estimates) were performed by using the patient-specific models. In our previously developed method of haemodynamic-weighted estimate, Risk model was calculated with the simulated intranidal pressures related to its maximal and minimal values. In the method of structural-weighted estimate developed and described in this paper, the vessel mechanical properties and probability calculation were considered in more detail than in the haemodynamic-weighted estimate. Risk model was then compared to experimentally determined risk which was calculated using a statistical method for determining the relative risk of having initially presented with AVM haemorrhage, termed Risk exp . Results : The Risk model calculated by both haemodynamic- and structural-weighted estimates correlated with experimental risks with χ 2 =6.0 and 0.64, respectively. The risks of the structural-weighted estimate were more correlated to experimental risks. Conclusions : Using two different approaches to the calculation of AVM haemorrhage risk, we found a general agreement with independent statistical estimates of haemorrhagic risk based on patient data. Computational approaches are feasible; future work can focus on specific pathomechanistic questions. Detailed patient-specific computational models can also be developed as an adjunct to individual patient risk assessment for risk-stratification purposes.
The incidence of Pku in Finland.

Summary Guthrie's bacterial inhibition test was applied to 71 135 newborn infants from different parts of Finland. No cases of PKU were diagnosed. In addition, 3 685 mentally retarded patients, mostly idiots and imbeciles, have been screened in Finland with the same method. With two cases of PKU among them, a prevalence of 0.54 per 1 000 is obtained. The incidence of the disease among the newborn is estimated to be less than one per 100 000.
Pair duets in the yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auropalliata): Phonology and syntax

Summary Pair duets are acoustically complex communication signals formed jointly by members of a mated pair. Duets may serve multiple communication functions; quantitative studies of the acoustic structure and organization of notes (or ‘syntax’) within duets are an important step in identifying these functions. This study examined duets of the yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auropalliata) at two sites in Costa Rica to determine the syntactical rules underlying duet variation. Duets were composed of contact calls and three other note types found only in duets. These latter note types were sex-specific, with one type performed by females and the other two types by males. Sex-specific notes were delivered antiphonally and in distinct pairs, with the male note following and often overlapping that of the female. Note types appeared in a strict sequential order in which each note could be repeated a variable number of times or omitted entirely, a pattern previously termed ‘combinatorial syntax’. Additionally, there was considerable variation in acoustic parameters of notes within types. Many of these parameters varied significantly with note order within a duet. These syntactical features suggest a preliminary hypothesis that males and females encode different, and possibly multiple, messages in their respective contributions to duets.
Pro: Cardiothoracic Anesthesiologists Should Run Postcardiac Surgical Intensive Care Units

What defines an intensivist? The definition of “intensivist” proposed by the Committee on Manpower for the Societies of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Care defined an intensivist by “training or experience” caring for “the critically ill in a broader role than provided by a consultant specialist.” 1 Note that their definition does not include board certification as the pivotal criterion. Board certification identifies a minimal level of competence defined by completing 1 year of an accredited fellowship program and passing a formal examination. It does not attest to competence in all environments where critical care is currently practiced. Unlike the general surgical or medical patient, the post-cardiac surgical patient poses a number of special and complicated challenges unique to the intensive care environment. These patients often demonstrate complex cardiac physiology that is related to their chief complaint and admitting diagnosis. Postoperative morbidity may be related to inadequate correction of the underlying cardiovascular condition, effects of cardiopulmonary bypass, the sequelae of heart failure, the complexities of the interactions and interdependence of the right and left ventricles, low flow states, or end-organ dysfunction. Lability of hemodynamic changes range from cycles of hypertension and hypotension to acute cardiovascular collapse in the patient experiencing ischemia or cardiac tamponade. Postcardiac surgical patients may demonstrate the complications of end-stage congestive heart failure with poor cardiac performance requiring ventricular assist devices, complex pacing strategies, or complex adult congenital cardiac anomalies manifesting as marked pulmonary hypertension or hypoxia. In addition, potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias are common and require quick recognition and timely treatment of both the primary rhythm disturbance and its underlying etiology. Management of postoperative cardiac surgical patients often requires a delicate balance of maintaining adequate cardiac preload while attempting to diurese the extravascular space to avoid complications of pulmonary insufficiency or worsening congestive heart failure. The presence of cardiovascular disorders can also be complicated by the simultaneous occurrences of other significant pathologic states that result in profound morbidities and mortality, eg, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, cerebral vascular insults, poor nutrition, and abdominal and extremity compartment syndromes. Therefore, optimal care requires a coordinated, yet cooperative multidisciplinary approach that may include input from both the patient’s cardiac surgeon and cardiologist.
Frequency-domain analysis of nonlinear systems: formulation of transfer functions

This paper represents a sequel to an earlier paper, where a unified study of the applications of Volterra functional series to nonlinear analysis is presented. The same philosophy is followed here, giving special emphasis on frequency-domain results which either have not been published before, or where rigour had been lacking. Some of the results presented include generalisations or rigorous formalisations of wellknown special cases. Explicit and recursive formulas for obtaining n th-order transfer functions of composite nonlinear systems are presented. A recursive method for obtaining the n th-order output of a nonlinear circuit by solving a linear circuit n times is derived. Each time different input sources arc used. Recursive formulas for obtaining the n th-order transfer functions of nonlinear circuits are then generated. These results are used to obtain formulas for n th-order transfer functions of cascade systems, as well as inverse systems. Methods for synthesising nonlinear circuits and inverse systems via feedback configurations are given. Finally, the general structures of transfer functions for a large class of nonlinear systems are also derived.
Mediators of the association between abuse and disordered eating in undergraduate men

The vast majority of ED research has focused on women. However, recent studies have suggested that ED symptomatology in men may be underestimated. Additional investigations are needed to better understand EDs and their correlates among men. This study examined the relationships between childhood abuse experiences and disordered eating in male undergraduates. In addition, potential mediators and moderators of the association between abuse and disordered eating were evaluated. Results indicated that physical abuse and physical neglect were the only adverse childhood experiences associated with disordered eating. In addition, depression mediated the associations between these forms of abuse and ED symptomatology. However, neither anxiety nor alexithymia were significant mediators of the association between abuse and EDs. Social support moderated the association between physical neglect and depression, such that individuals with high social support were less depressed than those with low social support, regardless of their level of physical neglect. These results are somewhat different than those found in exclusively female samples, highlighting the importance of specifically examining EDs and their correlates among men.
Characterization of methyl sugars, 3-deoxysugars and methyl deoxysugars in marine high molecular weight dissolved organic matter

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy shows that > 50% of the carbon in marine high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (HMWDOM) from surface waters is a compositionally well-defined family of acylated polysaccharides that is conserved across ocean basins. However, acid hydrolysis of HMWDOM, followed by chromatographic analysis, recovers only 10–20% of the carbon as neutral, amino and acidic sugars. Most carbohydrate in HMWDOM therefore remains uncharacterized. Here, we use acid hydrolysis followed by Ag + and Pb 2+ cation exchange chromatography to separate HMWDOM hydrolysis products for characterization using 1-D and 2-D NMR spectroscopy. In addition to neutral sugars identified in past studies, we find 3- O -methylglucose, 3- O -methylrhamnose, 2- O -methylrhamnose and 2- O -methylfucose. We also find 3-deoxysugars to be present, although their complete structures could not be determined. Methyl sugars are widely distributed in plant and bacterial structural carbohydrates, such as cell wall polysaccharides, and their presence in HMWDOM suggests that structural carbohydrates may contribute to DOM in surface seawater. We find most HMWDOM carbohydrate is not depolymerized by acid hydrolysis and that the non-hydrolyzable component includes 6-deoxysugars.
Deformation produced by elevated temperature fatigue crack propagation in type 316 stainless steel

Abstract The extent and nature of the plastic deformation developed by fatigue crack propagation in type 316 stainless steel at 593°C was investigated using microhardness techniques. Microhardness measurements were made to determine the extent of plastic deformation within the plain strain plastic zone for three specimens tested to different predetermined crack lengths. Extensive plastic deformation was found to be present in a localized envelope that surrounded the crack, and the evolution and shape of this highly strained region was characterized on a three-dimensional scale. The results indicate that the greatest change in microhardness occurred within 0.4 mm of the fracture surface for all specimens and decreased to a constant value dependent upon crack length for each specimen in the plastic zone. Dislocation densities calculated from the microhardness results were consistent with results based on transmission electron microscopy. The results provide additional information concerning the relationship between the crack propagation process and microstructure as a function of crack length.
Steady state convergence acceleration of the generalized lattice Boltzmann equation with forcing term through preconditioning

Several applications exist in which lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM) are used to compute stationary states of fluid motions, particularly those driven or modulated by external forces. Standard LBM, being explicit time-marching in nature, requires a long time to attain steady state convergence, particularly at low Mach numbers due to the disparity in characteristic speeds of propagation of different quantities. In this paper, we present a preconditioned generalized lattice Boltzmann equation (GLBE) with forcing term to accelerate steady state convergence to flows driven by external forces. The use of multiple relaxation times in the GLBE allows enhancement of the numerical stability. Particular focus is given in preconditioning external forces, which can be spatially and temporally dependent. In particular, correct forms of moment projections of source/forcing terms are derived such that they recover preconditioned Navier-Stokes equations with non-uniform external forces. As an illustration, we solve an extended system with a preconditioned lattice kinetic equation for magnetic induction field at low magnetic Prandtl numbers, which imposes Lorentz forces on the flow of conducting fluids. Computational studies, particularly in three-dimensions, for canonical problems show that the number of time steps needed to reach steady state is reduced by orders of magnitude with preconditioning. In addition, the preconditioning approach resulted in significantly improved stability characteristics when compared with the corresponding single relaxation time formulation.
A SURGICAL GUIDE TO ACCURATELY PLACE PINS OR NAILS WITHIN THE FEMORAL HEAD

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the accuracy of a novel, surgically useful guide that could place a drill or pin within the femoral head. The radiolucent guide for attachment to the lateral femoral cortex was tested for reproducibility on cadaveric specimens simulating a surgical procedure. The guide allows selection of the three-degree freedom angle of insertion of a drill or pin via two circular channels allowing anterior–posterior or superior–inferior adjustment. The guide can accurately place a pin tip within 2.5–3.8 mm of a desired location. We conclude this guide could be used to accurately place a fibular graft in an osteonecrotic lesion, or place pins or nails during many different surgical procedures such as fractures or slipped capital femoral epiphysis.
A comparison of aggressive and DUI crashes.

The purpose of our study was to determine the characteristics of and outcomes associated with aggressive driving crashes compared to both DUI and other (non-DUI and non-aggressive) crashes. Our analysis used three Utah statewide databases: MVC records from 1992-2003, obtained from our Department of Transportation; emergency department (ED) visits from 1996â??2002, and hospital inpatient discharge records from 1992â??2002 obtained from Department of Health. The University of Utah School of Medicine's institutional review board has approved the use of these databases for this project. During the study period there were 621,451 crashes, of which over 24,536 (4.0%) were DUI crashes compared to 24,113 (3.9%) aggressive crashes. Trend plots show that aggressive crashes have been increasing while DUI crashes initially decreased but have leveled off in recent years. While DUI crashes are more likely to occur during the night and early morning, aggressive and other crashes are more likely to occur during the day, with peaks occurring at the normal commuting hours. There were differences in the types of drivers between the different crash types. 79% of drivers in DUI crashes were male compared to 65% in aggressive driving crashes and over half (59%) of drivers in other types of crashes (p < 0.001). Also, drivers in aggressive crashes were more likely to be younger than drivers in DUI and drivers in other types of crashes. Crash severity, injury severity, and inpatient charges were compared. Our findings suggest that aggressive driving and DUI need further attention and public education and other efforts to lower the morbidity and mortality associated with these crashes. Results from this study may be used to identify target populations for interventions for both aggressive and DUI crashes and to educate the public about the dangers of DUI and aggressive driving.
Representation of spacetime diffeomorphisms in canonical geometrodynamics under harmonic coordinate conditions

Using a method developed by Isham and Kuchar (1985), the Lie algebra of the spacetime diffeomorphism group is mapped homomorphically into the Poisson algebra of dynamical variables on the phase space of canonical geometrodynamics. To accomplish this the phase space must first be extended by including embedding variables and their conjugate momenta. Also, the relationship between the embeddings and the spacetime metric must be limited by coordinate conditions. This is done by adding a source term to the Hilbert action of general relativity in such a way that the standard vacuum Einstein equations result when harmonic conditions are imposed as a supplementary set of constraints. In the process the usual super-Hamiltonian and supermomentum constraints of geometrodynamics become temporarily altered, but they are restored to their familiar form at the end by imposing the harmonic constraints, constraints that are preserved in the dynamical evolution generated by the total Hamiltonian. It is shown that the same method can also be applied to other generally covariant systems, namely the free relativistic particle and the bosonic string.
Prostate cancer screening and mortality: a case-control study (United States).

Objective: We performed a case–control study at Kaiser Permanente Northwest to assess the association between digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, separately and together, and prostate cancer mortality. Methods: We identified 171 KPNW members who died as a result of prostate cancer from 1992 to 1999 and 342 randomly-selected KPNW members matched to the cases on age, sex, and length of plan membership. History of screening was determined from medical records and laboratory databases for cases and controls. Results: DRE and/or PSA screening at any time up to and including the case diagnosis date had taken place among 69.0% of cases and 74.6% of controls. After using logistic regression analysis to adjust for matching variables and a provider diagnosis of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), we found an inverse association between receipt of a prostate cancer screening test and prostate cancer mortality (odds ratio (OR): 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46 – 1.1). Most of the screening tests were DREs, and it was not possible to assess the separate influence of PSA screening. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that men who have been screened for prostate cancer have a reduced risk of dying as a result of this disease.
Clustered α-amanitin resistance mutations in mouse

We report the identification of three new α-amanitin resistance mutations in the gene encoding the largest subunit of mouse RNA polymerase II (RPII215). These mutations are clustered in a region of the largest subunit that is important for transcription elongation. This same domain has been identified as the site of α-amanitin resistance mutations in both Drosophila and Caenarhabditis elegans. The sequences encompassing this cluster of mutations are highly conserved among RNA polymerase II genes from a number of species, including those that are naturally more resistant to α-amanitin suggesting that this region of the largest subunit is critical for a conserved catalytic function. The mutations reported here change leucine 745 to phenylalanine, arginine 749 to proline, or isoleucine 779 to phenylalanine. Together with the previously reported asparagine 792 to aspartate substitution these mutations define a potential α-amanitin binding pocket in a region of the mouse subunit that could be involved in translocation of polymerase during elongation.
History of late- and post-glacial vegetation and disturbance around Upper South Branch Pond, northern Maine

The changing character of vegetation and the effects of disturbance on vegetation are inferred from pollen, plant macrofossils, charcoal, and microlepidopteran larvel head capsules in sediment core...
Biotin-functional oligo(p-phenylene vinylene)s synthesized using click chemistry

Abstract Using Cu(1)-catalyzed [3+2] Huisgen ‘click’ cycloaddition, a rigid rod – like oligo( p -phenylene vinylene) (OPV) was functionalized at both ends with biotin ligands, combining the valuable electro-optical properties of conjugated organic molecules with the biological recognition capability of biotin. Biotin can be placed at variable distances from the oligomer via appropriate length of a hydrophilic spacer, which also serves to regulate the binding capabilities of the two terminal biotin units. To demonstrate this binding potential, networks were formed with streptavidin-coated quantum dots. The synthetic conditions are presented, together with representative optimizations of the key reactions. The organic compounds were analyzed by means of ATR/FTIR, 1 H NMR (200 or 600 MHz), 13 C NMR, 2D NMR (HMBC, HMQC experiments), MS (ESI or MALDI-TOF), and optical spectroscopy. Networks were imaged with TEM.
The application of freeze-fracture replication in studying the fine structure of a blue-green alga

Abstract The ultrastructure of a blue-green alga studied by the freeze-fracture replication method verifies the results obtained from conventional preparatory methods for electron microscopy, and provides a method from which a three-dimensional view of the photosynthetic lamellae which pervade the peripheral cytoplasm can be ascertained. Numerous particles that are similar to ribosomes occur throughout the cytoplasm and between the membrane of the lamellar system, which correspond to the dense particles observed in fixed and sectioned preparations. The application of freeze-fracture replication to the fine structure of blue-green algae, provides an additional manipulation from which structural information concerning the three dimensional appearance of membranous components within these cells can be compared with the ultrastructural details seen in preparation by conventional methods.
Multiple Dimensions of Literacy and Conceptions of Readers: Toward a More Expansive View of Accountability

This article considers what happened when a teacher posed the following question to her fifth graders during literature discussions: “Why might we read more than one story about a topic or a person?” As the students responded to this question across several weeks, they began to develop a more comprehensive conception of themselves as readers, moving from an understanding of what they “get” from texts toward an understanding of what they “do” with texts. As the students shifted to thinking about the work they do as readers, they began to see readers as puzzle solvers, text and genre investigators, and potential authors. The voices and ideas of this group of students and their teacher show how readers can develop language and literacy skills while they engage with rich content to create, debate, and revise meanings as well as reflect critically on those meanings.
Building on a foundation of VEGF and mTOR targeted agents in renal cell carcinoma

Since late 2005 six new drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the similarity of these agents with regard to mechanism of action makes it unclear if each agent has unique clinical utility. This flurry of drug development activity stems from the understanding of the central role that loss of von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene function plays in the pathophysiology of clear cell RCC. The first agent to establish the therapeutic value of targeting the downstream consequences of VHL loss of function was a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) directed monoclonal antibody, bevacizumab. Following the initial observations with bevacizumab, three VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, with varied spectra beyond VEGFR, have been successfully developed clinically. Unanticipated clinical activity was observed with inhibitors of mTOR, a central component of the nutrient-sensing PI3 kinase pathway, in RCC. Subsequent work identified that mTOR also regulates the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), which is regulated by VHL outside of the setting of inactivating mutations or deletions. This appears to tie all of the six approved therapies to the direct consequences of loss of VHL function in clear cell RCC. It remains poorly understood to what extent these therapies differ from one another. Although the outcome of patients with metastatic RCC has been substantially altered with administration of the currently available therapies, the proper selection of currently available therapy, rational development of agents with novel mechanism of action and development of predictive biomarkers of response remains a challenge.
Randomized rounding: a technique for provably good algorithms and algorithmic proofs

We study the relation between a class of 0–1 integer linear programs and their rational relaxations. We give a randomized algorithm for transforming an optimal solution of a relaxed problem into a provably good solution for the 0–1 problem. Our technique can be a of extended to provide bounds on the disparity between the rational and 0–1 optima for a given problem instance.
Community Forestry in Oaxaca, Mexico

Abstract We provide an introduction to a series of papers that concern community management of forests and forestry. Here we introduce the two case studies: Ixtlan de Juarez, located in the Sierra Norte in northeastern Oaxaca; and Chalchijapa, located in the Chimalapas mountains. Both are in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico's most biodiverse and ethnically diverse region centered as a nexus between temperate and tropical elements of North and South America. We provide the methodological framework for the compilation of papers that make up this volume. In summary, the papers are based on the perspectives, observations and reflections of a group of graduate research students that explored issues pertaining to protected areas management through first-hand experience with these two Oaxacan communities.
From childhood to adulthood: oral rehabilitation of a patient with ectodermal dysplasia.

Ectodermal dysplasia, in all its varieties, occurs in approximately 1 in every 100 000 live births. Depending on the variety, hypohidrosis, hypotrichosis, hypodontia, oligodontia, and/or anodontia may be exhibited. Few long-term clinical reports exist. This report follows the development, growth, and initial treatment of a 10-year-old patient with ectodermal dysplasia and his subsequent oral rehabilitation 20 years later.
Mental representation of three-dimensional objects in visual problem solving and recognition

Subjects inspected sets of flat, separated orthographic projections of surfaces of potential three-dimensional objects. After solving problems based on these orthographic views, subjects discriminated between isometric views of the same objects and drawings of distractor structures. Recognition of the isometrics, which had never been shown during the problem solving phase of the experiment, was excellent. In addition, recognition of isometrics corresponding to problems that had been solved correctly when presented in orthographic form was significantly superior to recognition of isometrics based on problems solved incorrectly. In Experiment 2, conditions were included in which either orthographic or isometric views functioned as problem solving or recognition displays. Only in the case of orthographic problem solving followed by isometric recognition (Experiment 1) was the superiority of recognition for correctly-solved problems over incorrectly-solved problems obtained. The pattern of results suggests that viewers construct mental representations embodying structural information about integrated, three-dimensional objects when asked to reason about flat, disconnected projections.
THE ENTEROHEPATIC SHUNTING OF BILIRUBIN IN THE NEWBORN INFANT. I. USE OF ORAL ACTIVATED CHARCOAL TO REDUCE NORMAL SERUM BILIRUBIN VALUES.

Two series of normal newborn infants were studied to determine whether orally administered activated charcoal would influence serum bilirubin values during the first week of life. In the first series charcoal feeding was started at 12 hours of age and no difference in bilirubinemia was found between test and control infants. When the first dose of charcoal was administered at age 4 hours in series II, the charcoal-fed infants had significantly less bilirubinemia than the control babies. It is postulated that the difference in bilirubinemia was due to a reduction in the enterohepatic shunting of bilirubin by the binding of bilirubin to charcoal. The finding of a difference only in the group whose treatment was begun very early suggested that enterohepatic recirculation of bilirubin may play a more critical role in determining the size of the bilirubin pool during the first few hours of life than it does a short time later.
A Guide to Child Nonverbal IQ Measures

This guide provides a basic overview of 16 child nonverbal IQ measures and uses a set of specified criteria to evaluate them in terms of their psychometric properties. In doing so, the goal is neither to validate nor to criticize current uses of IQ but to (a) familiarize clinicians and investigators with the variety of nonverbal IQ measures currently available, (b) highlight some of the important distinctions among them, and (c) provide recommendations for the selection and interpretation of nonverbal IQ measures.
SUCCINIC ESTER AND AMIDE OF HOMOSERINE: SOME SPONTANEOUS AND ENZYMATIC REACTIONS.

O-Succinylhomoserine and N-succinylhomoserine have been synthesized. The first is rapidly transformed into the second by alkali. In acid, the second undergoes ring closure to the lactone, rather than the reverse acyl transfer. Neither supports the growth of methionine auxotrophs of Neurospora or Salmonella. However, bacterial extracts rapidly catalyze formation of a compound, chromatographically identical with cystathionine, from cysteine and O-succinylhomoserine. In the absence of cysteine the O-succinylhomoserine is converted to α-ketobutyrate. Both these reactions are absent from the same Salmonella mutant, and therefore are probably catalyzed by a single enzyme which is needed for methionine synthesis. Both reactions require pyridoxal phosphate. N-succinylhomoserine does not undergo either reaction.
Accurate Molecular Detection of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Metastases in Mediastinal Lymph Nodes Sampled by Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Needle Aspiration

Objectives The recurrence of disease after the complete resection of early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) indicates that undetected metastases were present at the time of surgery. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a highly sensitive technique for detecting rare gene transcripts that may indicate the presence of cancer cells, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a minimally invasive technique for the nonoperative sampling of mediastinal lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to determine whether these two techniques could enhance the preoperative detection of occult metastases. Methods Patients with NSCLC were evaluated with chest CT and positron emission tomography scans. Those patients without evidence of metastases (87 patients) underwent EUS-guided FNA. Lymph nodes from levels 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 were sampled and evaluated by standard cytopathology and real-time RT-PCR. Normal control FNA specimens were obtained from patients without cancer who were undergoing EUS for benign disease (17 control specimens). For each sample, messenger RNA was extracted and real-time RT-PCR was used to quantitate the expression of six lung cancer-associated genes ( ie , CEA , CK19 , KS1/4 , lunx , muc1 , and PDEF ) relative to the expression of an internal control gene (β 2 - microglobulin ). Results Clinical thresholds of marker positivity were set at 100% specificity, as determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Of the cytology-positive lymph nodes (27 lymph nodes), the expression of the KS1/4 gene was above its respective clinical threshold in 25 of 27 samples (93%), making this the most sensitive marker for the detection of metastatic NSCLC. At least one of the six lung cancer-associated genes was overexpressed in 18 of 61 cytology-negative patients (30%), of which KS1/4 was overexpressed in 15 of 61 patients (25%). Conclusions Based on the high accuracy of EUS-guided FNA/RT-PCR, we predict that some of the patients in the cytology-negative/marker-positive category will have high NSCLC recurrence rates. Among the genes used in our marker panel, KS1/4 appears particularly useful for the detection of overt or occult metastatic disease.
8 GENITAL CHLAMYDIA DETECTION IN INNER-CITY ADOLESCENTS: A COMPARISON OP DIRECT SPECIMEN AND TISSUE CULTURE METHODS

We compared tissue cell culture isolation with the Microtrak fluorescent antibody direct specimen test for detection of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in an inner-city population of sexually active Black and Hispanic adolescents. Cervical specimens for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhaeae were obtained from 95 consecutive females (average age 17.9 years) undergoing a pelvic examination, and urethral specimens from 10 males (average age 18.7 years) with genitourinary complaints. Both tissue cell and direct specimen methods for Chlamydia were positive in 24 patients (22 female, 2 male). In 2 patients (1 female, 1 male), only the direct specimen method was positive; and, in 3 subjects (2 female, 1 male), only the tissue culture was positive. In total, 26.3% of females (N=25), and 40.0% of males (N=4) had Chlamydia. Contrary to previous reports, Blacks (28.6%) did not have a higher prevalence of endocervical Chlamydia than Hispanics (24.1%) (p>.05), nor were oral contraceptive users more likely to be infected with Chlamydia (33.3%) than girls using another or no method (19.1%) (p>.05). Sixteen (64%) girls with Chlamydia were asymptomatic. N. gonorrhaeae was identified in 8 (8.4%) females and 5 (50%) males. Concomitant infection with both organisms was found in 3.8% of subjects (3 females, 1 male). Accurate, convenient, and rapid, the direct specimen test is the method of choice for screening all sexually active adolescents for genital Chlamydia.
Reversal of Abnormal Platelet Aggregability and Change in Exercise Tolerance in Patients with Angina Pectoris Following Oral Propranolol

Nineteen patients with severe but stable angina pectoris who had positive ECG response to exercise on a bicycle ergometer and 11 normal subjects were studied. Patients received placebo for six weeks and were then randomized into placebo (n = 9) and propranolol (n = 10) treatment groups. Threshold for platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was measured in fresh platelet rich plasma. Mean concentration of ADP necessary for a biphasic threshold aggregation response was 1.56 µM (geometric mean) in patients and 3.85 µM in normals (P < 0.01). Serial studies with placebo showed no significant change in ADP threshold. With propranolol, 80 mg/day, platelet aggregation in response to ADP was entirely normalized; 3.79 µM ADP produced maximal aggregation compared to 1.32 µM before therapy (P < 0.01). No additional changes were noted with propranolol, 160 mg/day. In the propranolol-treated patients (80 mg/day) who demonstrated reduction in ADP-induced platelet aggregation, total work during ex...
Mast cells in the rat brain synthesize gonadotropin‐releasing hormone

Mast cells occur in the brain and their number changes with reproductive status. While it has been suggested that brain mast cells contain the mammalian hypothalamic form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-I), it is not known whether mast cells synthesize GnRH-I de novo. In the present study, mast cells in the rat thalamus were immunoreactive to antisera generated against GnRH-I and the GnRH-I associated peptide (GAP); mast cell identity was confirmed by the presence of heparin, a molecule specific to mast cells, or serotonin. To test whether mast cells synthesize GnRH-I mRNA, in situ hybridization was performed using a GnRH-I cRNA probe, and the signal was identified as being within mast cells by the binding of avidin to heparin. GnRH-I mRNA was also found, using RT-PCR, in mast cells isolated from the peritoneal cavity. Given the function of GnRH-I in the regulation of reproduction, changes in the population of brain GnRH-I mast cells were investigated. While housing males with sexually receptive females for 2 h or 5 days resulted in a significant increase in the number of brain mast cells, the proportion of mast cells positive for GnRH-I was similar to that in males housed with a familiar male. These findings represent the first report showing that mast cells synthesize GnRH-I and that the mast cell increase seen in a reproductive context is the result of a parallel increase in GnRH-I positive and non-GnRH-I positive mast cells.