cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Modeling of the Ring Current and Plasmasphere

Over the last 25 years, considerable scientific effort has been expended in the development of quantitative models of the dynamics of Earth’s inner magnetosphere, particularly on studies of the injection of the storm-time ring current and of dynamic variations in the shape and size of the plasmasphere. Nearly all modeling studies of ring-current injection agree that time-varying magnetospheric convection can produce approximately the ion fluxes that are observed in the storm-time ring current, but the truth of that assumption has never been demonstrated conclusively. It is not clear that the actual variations of convection electric fields are strong enough to explain the observed flux increases in ~100 keV ions at the peak of the storm-time ring current. Observational comparisons are generally far from tight, primarily due to the paucity of ring-current measurements and to basic limitations of single-point observations. Also, most of the theoretical models combine state-of-the-art treatment of some aspects of the problem with highly simplified treatment of other aspects. Even the most sophisticated treatments of the sub-problems include substantial uncertainties, including the following: (i) There is still considerable theoretical and observational uncertainty about the dynamics of the large-scale electric fields in the inner magnetosphere; (ii) No one has ever calculated a force-balanced, time-dependent magnetic-field model consistent with injection of the storm-time ring current; (iii) The most obvious check on the overall realism of a ring-current injection model would be to compare its predicted Dst index against observations; however, theoretical calculations of that index usually employ the Dessler-Parker-Sckopke relation, which was derived from the assumption of a dipole magnetic field and cannot be applied reliably to conditions where the plasma pressure significantly distorts the field; (iv) Although loss rates by charge exchange and Coulomb scattering can be calculated with reasonable accuracy, it remains unclear whether wave-induced ion precipitation plays an important role in the decay of the ring current. However, considerable progress could be made in the next few years. Spacecraft that can provide images of large regions of the inner magnetosphere should eliminate much of the present ambiguity associated with single-point measurements. On the theoretical side, it will soon be possible to construct models that, for the first time, will solve a complete set of large-scale equations for the entire inner magnetosphere. The biggest uncertainty in the calculation of the size and shape of the plasmasphere lies in the dynamics and structure of the electric field. It is still not clear how important a role interchange instability plays in determining the shape of the plasmapause or in creating density fine structure.
Entrepreneurship: The Engine of Growth

Existing literature demonstrates that there is a close link between entrepreneurship and economic growth, primarily because new businesses contribute to employment creation. According to U.S. Censu...
From Poverty to Food Insecurity and Child Overweight: A Family Stress Approach

— Food insecurity and child overweight represent major public health problems in the United States, especially for children living in poverty. Recent research has greatly expanded our knowledge regarding the antecedents of these health concerns, yet the causal mechanisms connecting poverty to food insecurity and to child overweight remain unclear. This article reviews the research through the perspective of family stress theory and proposes a developmental model to explain how poverty and its related economic stress affect specific parental resources and behaviors that, in turn, may account for food insecurity and overweight in young children. It proposes maternal depression and family food behaviors—such as the acquisition, provision, and distribution of food in the household—as key mediators linking poverty to food insecurity and child overweight.
What We Know and Don’t Know About Online Word-Of-Mouth: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of the Literature

Online word-of-mouth (eWOM) has attracted considerable research in the past decade. Yet, no attempt has been made to consolidate and synthesize this stream of literature. Based on a systematic review of 148 studies, the authors conduct a multi-dimensional analysis of eWOM communication, consumption and effects. Results show that the factors that drive consumers to generate/transmit eWOM include need for self-enhancement, social interaction and altruism. These factors also assure the generation of quality information that benefits consumers who seek eWOM. The findings indicate that the effects of eWOM on consumer and market-level outcomes are not linear and vary significantly owing to eWOM dimensions such as valence and volume, and across products and consumers. With social media and other eWOM platforms taking central stage in marketing and promotional strategies, it is important to consider the key effects of eWOM on metrics such as consumer loyalty, life-time value and service delivery costs.
On-the-fly selection of a training set for aqueous solubility prediction.

Training sets are usually chosen so that they represent the database as a whole; random selection helps to maintain this integrity. In this study, the prediction of aqueous solubility was used as a...
Endocrine and metabolic differences among phenotypic expressions of polycystic ovary syndrome according to the 2003 Rotterdam consensus criteria

Objective The Rotterdam criteria extend the phenotypic spectrum of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We characterized endocrine and metabolic differences among women meeting the National Institutes of Health (NIH) definition for PCOS vs two novel phenotypes established by the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine definition. Study Design Endocrine and metabolic data from a retrospective analysis of 160 age- and weight-matched women with PCOS and 23 controls were compared. Insulin sensitivity indices were correlated with androgens, gonadotropins, and lipids within each phenotype. Results Ovarian and adrenal androgens were highest in the NIH-defined PCOS group, lowest in the nonhyperandrogenic PCOS group, and intermediate in the hyperandrogenic ovulatory PCOS population. Insulin sensitivity indices, gonadotropins, and lipids were similar across all PCOS phenotypes. The magnitude of insulin resistance correlated with free testosterone only in the NIH-defined group. Conclusion Androgen levels are the major distinguishing endocrine feature differentiating phenotypic expressions of PCOS. Hyperinsulinemia correlates with free testosterone levels only in traditional NIH-defined women with PCOS.
Parental Alienation Disorder and DSM-V

Although parental alienation disorder (PAD) is a serious mental condition affecting many children and their families, it is not an official diagnosis or even mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This article presents arguments for considering PAD a diagnosis: PAD is a prototypical example of a relational disorder; the phenomenon of PAD is almost universally accepted by mental health professionals; PAD is a valid and reliable construct; adopting criteria for PAD will promote systematic research; adopting criteria will reduce the misuse of the concept of PAD; and adopting criteria will improve the treatment of children with this disorder.
ENHANCED IMMUNOGENICITY IN YOUNG INFANTS OF A NEW HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B(HIB) CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE(PRP)-DIPHTHERIA TOXOID(D) CONJUGATE VACCINE

To enhance the immune response to PRP in young infants, we employed a conjugate vaccine whose synthesis is based upon the hapten-carrier principle for inducing T-cell immune responses. PRP was covalently coupled to D to make the PRP-D conjugate vaccine. To evaluate immunogenicity and safety in the crucial age group 2fold rise):
Format obsolescence: assessing the threat and the defenses

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the approach to format obsolescence, preparing for format migration, that has guided most digital preservation work for the last 15 years. It asks why this approach has not rescued significant content in that time, and whether it would succeed in rescuing future content at risk of format obsolescence.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the mechanisms of format obsolescence, its historical and current incidence, and identifies attributes of at‐risk formats. It examines each step of the current approach asking how effective it would be for these formats.Findings – The current approach assumes format obsolescence is common, happening frequently to most formats. In fact it is rare, happening infrequently to rare formats. The current approach, based on this mis‐diagnosis, is ineffective. An alternate approach, based on open source and virtualization, is cheaper and more effective.Originality/value – The paper makes the case that the commonly accepted approach t...
Comparison of Laser (LMS), Californium-252 Plasma Desorption (252Cf-PDMS), Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB), Secondary Ion (SIMS), and Field Desorption (FD) Mass Spectra of a Series of Internal Salts:

Comparison of the mass spectral techniques of Laser (LMS), Californium-252 Plasma Desorption (252Cf-PDMS), Secondary Ion (SIMS), Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB), and Field Desorption (FD) Mass Spectrometry is presented for the positive- and negative-ion spectra of a series of internal salts (zwitterions) known as the sultaines. The spectral characteristics compared are: quasimolecular ions, fragment ions and their implication for structure determination, and cluster-ion formation. Quasimolecular ions corresponding to (M+H)+ (all techniques); (M+CH3)+ (LMS, PDMS, SIMS); (M+R)+ (R = long alkyl chain up to C12, LMS); (M+Na)+ (SIMS, 252Cf–PD); (M+Ag)+ (SIMS), (M–H)− (FAB); (M–CH3)−; and (M-R)− were observed (negative-ion FD mass spectra were not obtained). Extensive fragmentation is observed for PDMS and LMS, providing the highest level of structural information. Also, the possibilities for structure elucidation by SIMS are very good. Minimal fragmentation is observed for FAB; however, complete structure elucidation is possible by using both the positive- and negative-ion FAB spectra. FD is a less favored technique for the structural analysis of the sultaines. The negative-ion spectra of sultaines obtained by LMS, PDMS, SIMS, and FAB showed identical peaks in the lower mass ranges (m/z (M–CH3)−). FAB is unique with respect to cluster-ion formation; cluster ions of high order [(nM+H)+, n = 2-14; (nM–CH3)−, (nM–R)−, n = 2-9; (lM+mG–H)−, l = 1-4, m = 1-3] are observed. Other techniques show cluster ions such as (nM+H)+, n = 2-3 (SIMS, PDMS, FD); (nM+Na)+, n = 2 (SIMS and PDMS); and (2M+Ag)+ (SIMS). No cluster ions were observed in LMS.
Digital radiography of the gastrointestinal tract.

The gastrointestinal tract lends itself quite well to digital imaging. Since fluoroscopy is already employed, the images can easily be obtained in digital format and several manufacturers have now developed systems for commercial use. Because of the type of pathology as well as the inherent subject contrast, it would appear the resolution requirements for digital imaging of the gastrointestinal tract are less than in other organ systems. The necessary resolution level is already technically available and feasible without significant cost. Digital imaging also holds promise of at least a modest reduction in radiation dose to the patient, as well as a reduction in costs, although these factors are operator dependent. However, digital imaging provides a latitude in performing the examination that is not available with screenfilm systems. Finally, there is promise that by acquiring gastrointestinal images in digital format, manipulation of the images may help increase diagnostic accuracy by improving both technical and perceptive components of diagnosis. Not only will simple image manipulation be helpful but there is even potential for computer-assisted evaluation of gastrointestinal images.
The treatment of systemic lupus proliferative nephritis

Lupus nephritis is one of the most common and serious complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in childhood affecting more than 80 % of patients. Treatment of this complication has undergone significant evolution in recent years. A series of randomized controlled trials has clarified the role of a variety of immunomodulating regimens including some novel biologic medications. This review touches on the major trials that have influenced practice and shaped current thinking about the treatment of proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis.
The entry to self‐employment of redundant steelworkers

The British Steel Corporation's ‘slimline’ plan of 1980 halved the workforce at the Port Talbot plant in South Wales. This article reports the findings of a three stage sample survey from 1981 to 1982 of the work experiences of those who became self-employed following redundancy.
Isotope effects and the mechanism of fragmentation of epoxy imino-1,3,4-oxadiazolines

Abstract The fragmentation of an epoxy imino-1,3,4-oxadiazoline is studied by a combination of isotope effects and theoretical calculations. Significant primary 13 C isotope effects are observed at the two oxadiazoline carbons but negligible isotope effects are observed at the remaining carbons. This is consistent with a rate-limiting fragmentation of the oxadiazoline without fragmentation of the adjacent epoxide ring. Theoretical calculations support this interpretation. This formal coarctate reaction avoids two complicated coarctate fragmentations in favor of a multi-step mechanism with a simple coarctate final step.
High-performance liquid chromatographic and field desorption mass spectrometric measurement of picomole amounts of endogenous neuropeptides in biologic tissue.

Abstract A unique combination of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric techniques has been developed for a novel method for measurement of picomole amounts of endogenous oligopeptides in biologic tissue. High-performance liquid chromatography is utilized for rapid high-resolution separation of peptides. A new buffer system using dilute triethylamine-formic acid is utilized. The buffer system possesses excellent UV transparent properties enabling femtomole sensitivity for measurement of standard solutions of somatostatin. Use of porous polystyrenedivinylbenzene copolymer and octadecylsilyl columns facilitate retention of a peptide fraction from biologic extracts. Advantage was taken of field desorption mass spectrometric methods of eliminate chemical derivatization of peptides and to produce
Research Needs for Understanding and Predicting the Behavior of Managed Ecosystems: Lessons from the Study of Agroecosystems

Managed ecosystems are complex, dynamic systems with spatially varying inputs and outputs that are the result of interrelated physical, biological, and human decision-making processes. To gain an adequate understanding of these systems and predict their behavior, we believe that it is necessary to move beyond stylized theoretical models and loosely coupled disciplinary simulation models to what we describe as “fully integrated models.” Herein we present a conceptual framework for a more integrated approach to the study of managed ecosystems using the example of agricultural ecosystems. We then propose the implementation of a research agenda that fosters coordinated disciplinary research aimed at a better understanding and quantification of linkages across disciplinary models. Key research issues include the effects of spatial scale, the assessment of uncertainty in coupled models, and methods for collecting and analyzing spatially referenced data.
When is a move a migration

Abstract This paper extends the traditional theory of urban location to derive a consistent model of inter- and intra-regional mobility. It demonstrates that the two are behaviorally distinct. Workplace and residence relocations tend to be ‘substitutes’ in intra-regional mobility but are ‘complements’ in inter-regional mobility. Previous empirical papers have neglected the theoretical foundations of intra-regional mobility. In consequence, they have made four types of analytical compromises: defined ‘migration’ as any change in residence location, used job changes as proxies for workplace mobility, neglected commuting distances, and used estimation techniques that do not reveal the underlying behavior.
Speaking genes or genes for speaking? Deciphering the genetics of speech and language.

As of June 22, 2008, we were 4,156 short of an estimated 1,000,000 words in the English language (http://www.languagemonitor.com/). Against the backdrop of new words emerging and old words fading away, every person for whom English is a native language or who tries to acquire English as a foreign tongue is faced with the monumental task of mastering a bulk of them. Regardless of whether native or foreign, everyone agrees that people are not born with explicit knowledge of any languages' vocabularies (also referred as lexicons) and the rules by which words are woven together to make coherent speech. A newborn child does not know, pronounce, or manipulate any words. However, a child entering school has a lexicon of ∼13,000 words which, by the end of schooling, expands to ∼60,000 words and during adulthood reaches ∼120,000 words (Pinker, 1999). How this ascent from 0 to 120,000 (and for a tiny minority, all the way to close to a million!) occurs and how people acquire the rules of making meaningful sounds, whirling them into words, and assembling endless combinations of words into meaningful sentences have been central questions in the fields of developmental and cognitive psychology, linguistics, and speech and language pathology since their emergence. This field of study within and across disciplines is typically referred to as language acquisition. And although everyone agrees that language acquisition has distinct developmental stages, there is also consensus that a huge amount of individual differences characterize this process. These individual differences appear to be quantitatively distributed for all facets of language acquisition (i.e., from mastering sounds to comprehending complex oral and written inputs), with individuals scoring at the lower tail of the distribution for one or more facets of language acquisition, demonstrating substantial difficulties in mastering language that are so significantly different from trajectories of typical development that they exemplify atypical development or different pathologies of speech and language. Mounting evidence indicates that a very important source of these individual differences, across the whole distribution but particularly at its lower tail, is the genome. The goal of this brief assay is to comment on behavior- and molecular-genetic studies that elucide the role of the genome in the atypical acquisition of language that is manifested by disorders of speech and language.
The gravity reference response, the rotation sensation, and other illusory sensations experienced in aircraft and space flight.

An analysis of the gravitational and inertial forces which act during aircraft flight upon the vestibular systems of the aircraft occupants reveals that in the absence of a visual horizon, certain illusory sensations are predictable for various acceleration environments. Horizontal forward applied acceleration results in a climbing (backward tilting) sensation; conversely, horizontal rearward applied acceleration results in a diving (forward tilting) sensation. During any attempt to achieve weightlessness in aircraft parabolic flight, special care has to be taken to avoid unintended longitudinal (x-axis) accelerations. Recent flight tests established that the ‘rotation sensation’ (Dzendolet, 1971; Gerathewohl, 1956) during entry into parabolic flight can be attributed to the existence of unintended longitudinal accelerations. However, the ‘inversion illusion’ (Graybiel and Kellogg, 1966) felt by some human subjects at 0g seems to be different from the rotation sensation and could be caused by the diminished pressure forces of the otoliths on the maculae. The ‘inversion illusion’ of man correlates well with the blind fish diving behavior observed during aircraft parabolic flight (von Baumgartenet al., 1969, 1972). It is suggested that the fish lowg diving response and the human inversion illusion are due to the substitution of a predominately shearing force of low magnitude as a vestibular reference in place of a normal, predominately pressure force. This hypothesis indicates that vestibular senses alone cannot provide meaningful postural orientation to simulated or actual gravity of a magnitude below that of Earth's gravity.
Radiotracer-Guided Thoracoscopic Resection is a Cost-Effective Technique for the Evaluation of Subcentimeter Pulmonary Nodules

Background Excisional biopsy of small subcentimeter pulmonary nodules can be difficult using standard thoracoscopic techniques and may require thoracotomy. Radiotracer-guided thoracoscopic resection (RGTR) was developed to facilitate resection of intraparenchymal subcentimeter pulmonary nodules. Decision analysis, used to model cost and effectiveness, is useful to compare treatment options. We hypothesize that RGTR strategy is more cost-effective compared with thoracotomy for subcentimeter pulmonary nodules. Methods The cost-effectiveness of RGTR versus thoracotomy for evaluating highly suspicious subcentimeter pulmonary nodules was examined with a decision analysis model (Fig 1). A 40-patient institutional cohort who underwent RGTR was used to estimate probabilities and costs of the two treatment options within the model. Effectiveness was estimated using 5-year, stage-specific cancer survival and population survival curves. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Database was queried obtaining mortality estimates for thoracotomy and thoracoscopic wedge resections. These were used to adjust the 5-year survival estimates of patients with benign disease. Sensitivity analyses determined model robustness and the thresholds at which the most cost-effective strategy changed. Results Radiotracer-guided thoracoscopic resection was 95% successful with no mortality. The average cost-to-effectiveness ratio of RGTR strategy was $27,887 versus $32,271 for thoracotomy. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the thoracotomy strategy was more cost-effective if the estimated cost of RGTR increased by 33% or the estimated cost-effectiveness of thoracotomy decreased by 14% or more. Radiotracer-guided thoracoscopic resection was more cost-effective as long as the probability of success was greater than 44%. Conclusions Decision analysis is a useful tool to evaluate treatment options for thoracic surgeons, and RGTR is a more cost-effective strategy than thoracotomy for subcentimeter pulmonary nodules.
Consistency of cardiovascular response pattern to caffeine across multiple studies using impedance and nuclear cardiography

This paper illustrates the use of impedance cardiography in an applied research setting to examine some of the pharmacological effects of caffeine on cardiovascular function. A primary advantage of the technique was in providing a noninvasive approach for studying cardiac versus vascular mechanisms underlying blood pressure responses to acute caffeine challenge. Impedance cardiography allowed the quantification of stroke volumes and cardiac output, and the change in these variables over time in a within-subjects design. Systemic vascular resistances were then calculated when impedance data were combined with simultaneously measured blood pressures. Results from four studies are summarized in which caffeine significantly elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Impedance-derived measures indicate that caffeine's pressor response can be attributed to increased systemic vascular resistance rather than to elevated cardiac output. Our findings were consistent across all four studies, and across all protocols within those studies. Furthermore, these response patterns were confirmed by obtaining similar results using nuclear ventriculography. Thus, with respect to the outcome of testing an applied question, impedance-derived findings were found to be reliable and valid when compared with another technique used more commonly in clinical settings.
Oxidant air pollution in the central valley, Sierra Nevada foothills, and Mineral King Valley of California.

Abstract Total oxidant air pollution, temperatures and winds were measured in the Central Valley, the Sierra Nevada foothills, and Mineral King Valley from 17–27 August 1970. Vertical profiles of total oxidant and temperature were determined by aircraft (at Fresno, Visalia, Three Rivers and Mineral King) several times daily during a 2-day period. Evidence was recorded of the transport of photochemical smog from the Central Valley to Mineral King. In situ formation of oxidant and diurnal changes in the temperature profile in Mineral King Valley were observed.
Surface chemistry of carbonaceous gold ores, II. Effects of organic additives on gold adsorption from cyanide solution

Abstract The effects of model surface active organic compounds (dodecylamine (DDA), tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (HDNNS)) on gold adsorption by Prestea (Ghana) carbonaceous gold ore were investigated with the aid of adsorption and electrophoretic mobility experiments. The influence of SDS on the uptake of gold by the carbon extract obtained from the ore was also studied. The results indicate that gold uptake in aqueous cyanide solution is enhanced markedly by Aliquat 336 and slightly by DDA or SDS, while HDNNS has a strong opposite effect. Gold loading was also reduced by 37% when pretreatment with hexane was used. The influence of the additives on gold uptake is interpreted in terms of coulombic and hydrophobic interactions between the surfactants and the solid surface, competition between the organic reagents and the aurocyanide complex for interfacial sites, as well as electrostatic and chemical interactions between the adsorbed additives and the aurocyanide complex.
Synthesis and secretion of wild-type and mutant human plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein in baculovirus-transfected insect cells: the carboxyl-terminal region is required for both lipoprotein binding and catalysis of transfer.

Abstract Functional plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP; 476 amino acids) has been expressed in baculovirus-transfected Sf9 insect cells by using a full-length cDNA derived from a human placental library. The product bound to each major plasma lipoprotein class, and it catalyzed the transfer of both cholesteryl esters and triglyceride. CETP species with overlapping deletions were generated in the carboxyl-terminal region. These mutants were defective in cholesteryl ester and triglyceride transfer. Structural and functional analysis suggests that normal lipoprotein binding and effective catalysis may require the carboxyl-terminal sequence -Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu- (residues 454-457), possibly with the involvement of other sequences in the carboxyl-terminal region. A similar sequence is contained in several other proteins whose functions involve binding nonpolar lipids, including lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, bactericidal permeability-increasing protein, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, cholesterol esterase, and hormone-sensitive lipase. These data suggest that a conserved neutral lipid-binding sequence may be one important factor in the activity of CETP and possibly in several other proteins of plasma and cellular lipid metabolism.
Substance abuse as a mediating factor in outcome from traumatic brain injury

A review of recent research addressed two questions: how common are problems of substance abuse in traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to what extent does alcohol and other drug use mediate outcome? Studies showed alcohol intoxication present in one third to one half of hospitalizations; data for other drug intoxication were not available. Nearly two thirds of rehabilitation patients may have a history of substance abuse that preceded their injuries. Intoxication was related to acute complications, longer hospital stays, and poorer discharge status; however, these relationships may have been caused by colinearity with history. History of substance abuse showed the same morbidity, and was further associated with higher mortality rates, poorer neuropsychological outcome, and greater likelihood of repeat injuries and late deterioration. The effect of history may be caused by subgroups with more severe substance abuse problems. Implications for rehabilitation are discussed, including the potential negative impact of untreated substance abuse on the ability to document efficacy of rehabilitation efforts.
Diffusion in solids under strain, with emphasis on polymer membranes

A solute diffusing through a solid gives rise to a change in volume. This swelling can be viewed as a strain, and it is possible to obtain the accompanying stress using elasticity theory. The theory provides two ways by which stresses can be generated. The first comes from the condition of impenetrability where the system generates stress to exclude certain configurations during deformation. The second is due to imposed restrictions on the geometry during the swelling process. Larche and Cahn have provided the thermodynamics for such systems, from which the chemical potential can be used to obtain a phenomenological expression for flux and an expression for the solubility. These two are sufficient to obtain the sorption response in most systems. Solutions have been obtained here.
Defect Structure and Electrical Properties of Nonstoichiometric CeO2 Single Crystals

Cerium dioxide deviates strongly from stoichiometry at elevated temperatures and reduced partial pressures of oxygen to produce an oxygen deficient n‐type semiconductor. Measurements of electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power as a function of were performed on single crystals of over an extended composition range in order to: (i) remove the ambiguity concerning the identity of the dominant ionic defects, (ii) obtain the formation energies of appropriate defect species, and (iii) establish the composition ranges at which defect interactions set in. A system developed for generating and monitoring almost continuously, enabled the acquisition of data in previously unobtained critical ranges of . A defect model which includes singly and doubly ionized oxygen vacancies and quasi‐free electrons was established by the excellent agreement found at small between experimentally obtained conductivity data and theoretical curves based on the model. Doubly ionized vacancies were shown to be dominant at small with a transition occurring over an extended range of 's toward singly ionized vacancies at larger deviations from stoichiometry. The energies associated with the formation of singly and doubly ionized vacancies were found to be equal to ~4.1 and 4.7 eV, respectively. For values greater than ~10−2 indications of significant defect interactions were observed in the electrical conductivity, thermogravimetric, and electron mobility data. Assuming only pairwise defect interactions, we obtain a defect interaction energy of 0.055 eV. This low value is found to be consistent with the relatively larger region of ideal point defect behavior which exists in reduced ceria.
A Revised Clinician’s Guide to the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is an important health problem now, and the incidence of fractures and their associated costs are rising rapidly as our population ages (1). The National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) has estimated that by 2010, 12 million men and women in the United States will have osteoporosis and over 40 million more will have low bone mass (2). There is little controversy about whether individuals who present with osteoporosis should be considered for pharmacotherapy. Among patients with low bone mass, however, we need better discrimination of those at high risk for fracture, to maximize the benefit while limiting the risks and costs that accompany treatment. In this spirit, the NOF has collaborated with the World Health Organization (WHO) to adapt its newly developed fracture prediction algorithm (FRAX) to the U.S. population (3), performed an economic analysis to identify levels of fracture risk above which it is cost-effective to consider pharmacotherapy in this country (4), and revised the NOF Clinician’s Guide for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis (www.NOF.org). This Commentary provides a brief overview of this process, a summary of the key recommendations of the Guide, and a consideration of work that remains.
Tumor biology-guided radiotherapy treatment planning: gross tumor volume versus functional tumor volume.

This issue of Seminars in Nuclear Medicine deals with a watershed event in cancer treatment—the combined use of functional and anatomical information to guide therapeutic interventions. The use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in radiation treatment planning and tumor response evaluation brings a paradigm change in the development of image-guided therapies into routine clinical practice. The implications, as seen in the following articles, are not only promising but also groundbreaking. And, as in every new scientific breakthrough, each step forward generates a myriad of additional important clinical and research questions. Functional imaging takes advantage of the subtle differences between normal and malignant tissues at the cellular level to reveal in vivo unique functional characteristics of neoplasms. The ultimate goal of the partnership between nuclear medicine physicians and radiation oncologists is to use this information with absolute clarity in target definition for radiation treatment planning and therapy, as well as response evaluation. Functional imaging can provide metabolic information and behavioral correlation along with the anatomical imaging for correlative target delineation. Additionally, as a purely diagnostic instrument, PET/CT provides a tool for oncologists to make critical decisions regarding radiation treatment planning modifications secondary to changes in tumor staging (up or down), treatment field modifications, localized control, sites of residual and/or metastatic disease and post therapy response evaluation. The articles in this issue of the seminars provide insights into the current state-of-the-art of functional imaging techniques, mostly centered on the use of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT in image guided oncologic therapies. Because it is a novel science, the future of image-guided functional treatment planning is bright with technologic and biologic innovations, translational research and new clinical applications.
Degeneration argyrophilia as an index of neural maturation: Studies on the optic tract of the golden hamster†

The maturation of the retinofugal Systems of the golden hamster has been traced by using the Fink-Heimer silver technique to stain the degenerating axons and terminal arorizations aferr enucleation at different ages from birth to adulthool. From birth to 12 days of age intense degeneration argyrophilia can only be seen at short (15–36 hours) survival times in the optic tract and its terminal areas. By 72 hours after enucleation virtually all traces of axon degeneration have vanished. Starting at about 14 days of age (time of eye opening) sparse evidence of residual degeneration argyrophilia can be found in strtum opticum and stratum griseum superficiale of the superior colliculus at 72 and even at 240 hours survival. The intensity of the long-lasting degeneration argyrophilia rapidly increases durin the next two weeks although shortlatency degeneration argyrophiloia does not start decreasing in intensity until 24 days of age. Since Lund and Lund (1972) have found that typicl optic tract synapses are first identifiable in the superior colliculus of the rat at the time of eye opening (12 to 14 days), it is possibnle that the onset of long-lasting degeneration argyrophilia signals an important structural or functional change in the neuron. Since degeneration methods can be used to trace the maturation of fiber tracts of known origin and trajectory, they may provide a relatively convenient means of identifying periods in which particular fiber Systems are underoing rapid developmental changes.
All-Optical Time-Stretch Digitizer for Capturing Ultrafast Optical Time Series and Rogue Events

We propose an all-optical time-stretch oscilloscope, combining four-wave mixing and time-stretch technique for real-time capture of ultrafast optical time-series, beyond the bandwidths achievable by electronics. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate capture of 40-Gbits/s optical data.
The Human Factors Issues in Data Mining

In our information age, with wide use of computers and the Internet, data is not only more accessible than ever, but also accumulating rapidly every day. Rather than having difficulty in finding data, people now encounter more problems in understanding and digesting useful information from the plethora of data out there. Correspondingly, traditional manual methods of accessing and analyzing data have been losing their power to deal with such enormous amounts of data. Data mining (DM) has become part of the technological response to this data flood since early 1990s. The DM literature has shown little interest in the human role in the DM process, because of an over emphasis on its “automatic and semiautomatic” aspects. Based on a literature review, a detailed function/task analysis, and a preliminary cognitive task analysis, we agree with Romanowski (2002) that the amount of human involvement in DM tasks tends to be significant. This study is based on a combination of analyses of past DM cases, interviews,...
The influence of attention upon anticipatory arousal, habituation, and reactivity to a noxious stimulus

Abstract Forty subjects were assigned to four groups, an External-attending Group, an Internal-attending Group, a Control Group, and a Distracted Group. All groups were presented with six trials of a 0.5-sec 110-db white noise. A measure of heart rate deceleration verified the experimental manipulation of attention. During the anticipatory period, the Internal-attending Group exhibited the greatest and the Distracted Group exhibited the least reactivity among the four groups. The two specially attending groups exhibited greater galvanic skin-response conditioning during the anticipatory period than the other groups. There was no support for the hypothesis that heightened attention facilitates habituation. Two measures were differentially sensitive to direction of attention during the anticipatory period. The External-attending Group exhibited reliably greater anticipatory deceleration of heart rate than the Internal-attending Group, while the Internal-attending Group exhibited reliably more nonspecific electrodermal responses than the External-attending Group. This latter finding, along with other evidence, suggests that an inward direction of attention tends to exacerbate anticipatory anxiety as well as reactivity to the impact of a noxious stimulus.
On the controls of root lifespan: assessing the role of soluble phenolics

In addition to multiple above- and belowground abiotic factors, root herbivory can be an important determinant of root lifespan. In this study, we investigated the relationship between fine-root soluble phenolic content, a putative measure of chemical defense against herbivory, and explicit factors that have previously been related to fine-root lifespan. We hypothesized that fine-root soluble phenolic content would be positively related to factors previously shown to be correlated with increased root lifespan. In a common garden, utilizing nine temperate trees species, we examined the relationship between fine-root soluble phenolic content and fine-root branching order, diameter, rooting depth, localized nitrogen availability, and tree growth rate. Consistent with our hypothesis, fine-root soluble phenolic content significantly increased with increasing branching order (P < 0.001). However, phenolic content significantly decreased with increasing localized N enrichment (P = 0.002), despite previous work indicating increased lifespan in N-enriched patches. We found no other significant relationships between fine-root soluble phenolic content and any of the other factors investigated. While this study provides detailed information about sources of variation in soluble phenolic content in roots, we were unable to find general utility in using a Folin-Denis based soluble-phenolic assay to increase our understanding of the factors associated with fine-root lifespan.
Scalable and modular pervasive logic/firmware design

With the advances in semiconductor technology, more and more units such as cores, caches, memory controller, and input/output (I/O) can be integrated on a single processor. The latest generation of the IBM System z® processor family exploits these technology capabilities and integrates four cores, along with several cache, memory, and I/O units on a single die. More parallel units not only promise increased throughput but also add significant complexity to all chip-wide functions such as on-chip communication among the units. Many of the System z reliability, availability, and serviceability features are based on chip-wide functions, which are referred to as pervasive functions. Among others, the pervasive functions include chip initialization, test, control of clocks, monitoring of status information, and error reporting during system operation, as well as system reconfiguration while the system is running. As the complexity of many pervasive functions dramatically grows with the increasing number of integrated units, a new modular and scalable architecture for pervasive functions has been developed for the IBM zEnterprise® 196 processor (central processor (CP) chip) and system controller (SC chip) to cope with these challenges. This paper outlines the architecture for the CP and SC chips as they pertain to pervasive design. We discuss the architecture considerations taken when the new pervasive architecture was devised and elaborate on the implementation. Furthermore, we show how the novel pervasive architecture is used for very-large-scale integration testing, how it supports power management features, and how it facilitates a modular firmware design.
Uncovering a clinical portrait of sluggish cognitive tempo within an evaluation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A case study

Despite the burgeoning scientific literature examining the sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) construct, very little is known about the clinical presentation of SCT. In clinical cases where SCT is susp...
Inebriate institutions in North America, 1840–1920

This paper analyses two contemporaneous types of 19th-century North American inebriate institutions and attempts by their promoters to develop a public treatment system. Inebriate 'homes' or 'retreats' descended from a tradition of therapeutic temperance that originated in the Washingtonian Movement of the 1840s. They were small, urban, private and charitable, dedicated to voluntaristic and Christian principles, and were intimately connected with local temperance groups that provided support after residential treatment. Inebriate asylums took inspiration from insane asylums and were large, public, coercive and isolated in rural areas. Their promoters were steeped in the deterministic, hereditarian neurologism of Victorian psychiatry. Asylum enthusiasts dominated the public treatment movement, but developed a largely disciplinary and custodial vision that undermined their political appeal. As inebriate asylums could not easily be distinguished from insane asylums, almshouses or jails, legislators regarded them as superfluous and very few were established. Prohibition destroyed what public inebriate institutions existed. Inebriate colonies, usually connected with county jails, were the only survivors of the 19th-century treatment movement apart from private sanitaria and a few inebriate wards in city or county hospitals.
Storage and analysis of samples of water, fish, and mud from environments contaminated with Abate

Methods for extraction, cleanup, and analysis of samples of water, mud, and fish containing trace quantities of Abate have been developed. Water was extracted by high-speed stirring of 10 ml of hexane in a 300-ml sample. The extracts were evaporated and analyzed by gas chromatography with a limit of detection of 0.00003 ppm. Dried mud samples were extracted by shaking with acetone. An aliquot of the acetone extract was diluted with water and the Abate extracted into 10 ml of hexane by high-speed stirring. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography. Fish were extracted with methylene chloride, cleaned up on a silica gel column, and analyzed by gas chromatography. The limit of sensitivity of the methods for mud and fish was found to be 0.001 ppm. Fish samples were stored for 3 weeks in 10% formalin containing 5% sodium thiosulfate without significant loss of Abate residues. A biological magnification of greater than 100 was observed in fish exposed to Abate for 16 hr at concentrations of 0.02 and 0.002 ppm.
Land Surface Hydrology Parameterization for Atmospheric General Circulation models Including Subgrid Scale Spatial Variability

Parameterizations are developed for the representation of subgrid hydrologic processes in atmospheric general circulation models. Reasonable a priori probability density functions of the spatial variability of soil moisture and of precipitation are introduced. These are used in conjunction with the deterministic equations describing basic soil moisture physics to derive expressions for the hydrologic processes that include subgrid scale variation in parameters. The major model sensitivities to soil type and to climatic forcing are explored.
Use of Ultrasound to Measure Left Ventricular Stroke Volume

Several empirical observations made during ultrasound examinations for pericardial effusion have led to the possibility that this diagnostic technique might be used to measure left ventricular stroke volume in man. The hypothesis that left ventricular stroke volume was proportional to the amplitude of an echo originating from a portion of the left ventricle near the mitral ring (MREa) times the distance between the echoes from the anterior and posterior ventricular walls (LVD) has been validated. Ultrasound examinations were performed simultaneously with cardiac output determinations using the direct Fick method on 16 patients proven to have competent mitral and aortic valves. Correlation between the two methods of measuring left ventricular stroke volume was excellent (r = 0.973; P < 0.001). When ultrasound measurements were used in the regression equation to predict stroke volume, the calculated values were within 11 ml or 15% of those determined by the Fick method. The fact that an ultrasound examinati...
Occupational hand eczema

Occupational contact dermatitis is a common skin disorder that may be irritant or allergic in origin. High prevalences of occupational contact dermatitis are found in trades such as metalworking and construction. Doctors and nurses are also susceptible because of frequent hand washing and the wearing of rubber gloves. Clinical practice suggests that emollients are helpful in both the treatment and prophylaxis of hand dermatitis. The conflicting results of several recent studies attempting to provide scientific support for such effects are reviewed. Three major practical problems over the use of emollients in the workplace are identified. It is concluded that clinical experience suggesting a role for emollients in the treatment and prophylaxis of occupational hand eczema remains persuasive, though it still requires to be backed up more rigorously with scientific evidence.