cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Companion to American Gothic Charles L. Crow, Editor. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2014.

A Companion to American Gothic Charles L. Crow, Editor. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2014.Gothic studies has been booming since the turn of the twenty-first century. In 2013 alone, over fifteen academic studies were published with the word "gothic" in the title. The University of Chicago Press, in collaboration with the University of Wales Press, began releasing books in a Gothic Literary Series in 2009; the series already boasts over twenty volumes. The market also offers books devoted to Gothic subtypes, including Cynthia J. Miller and A. Bowdoin Van Riper's essay collections Undead in the West: Vampires, Zombies, Mummies, and Ghosts on the Cinematic Frontier (2012), Undead in the West II: They Just Keep Coming Back (2013), Bernice M. Murphy's The Suburban Gothic in American Popular Culture (2009), and The Rural Gothic in American Popular Culture (2013). In addition, texts have emerged that focus on nations with plentiful gothic production which have been largely ignored-such as Michael J. Blouin's Japan and the Cosmopolitan Gothic: Specters of Modernity (2013), Ken Gelder and Rachael Weaver's 2007 Anthology of Australian Gothic Fiction, and Justin D. Edwards's Gothic Canada: Reading the Spectre of a National Literature (2005). America's gothic tradition has offered especially fertile scholarly ground.Even within such a crowded market, Charles L. Crow's edited collection, A Companion to the American Gothic, stands out for both its expansive ness as well as its impressive gathering of contributors. Not only are the individual authors notable experts, but Crow himself is an important figure in the field of the American Gothic, having published both American Gothic: An Anthology 1787-1916 (1999) and History of the Gothic: American Gothic (2009). Each author provides a roughly ten-page introduction (several penned two) on an aspect of the American Gothic, and each of these includes a considerable bibliography, cross-references to other essays in the book, and suggestions for further reading. At almost 600 pages long and comprising forty-two chapters, Crow's text will be a staple of gothic studies.The book is divided into seven parts, the first three investigating foundational concepts. In "Theorizing American Gothic," scholars focus on theoretical frameworks: Jerrold E. Hogle, for example, examines how the study of American Gothic has progressed in tandem with literary criticism, while Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock catalogues prominent "American Monsters." The second section, "Origins of American Gothic," contains essays on slave narratives (written by Teresa Goddu, whose Gothic American: Narrative, History, Nation is a foundational text in the field), Indian captivity narratives, and the urban gothic of the nineteenth century. Carol Margaret Davison, author of two recent gothic studies, provides an introduction to Charles Brockden Brown-often considered America's first gothic writer-while Benjamin F. …
The Company States Keep: International Economic Organizations and Investor Perceptions. By Julia Gray. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

How do countries establish a reputation for being creditworthy? Previous research focuses on the economic fundamentals, policy reforms, political environment, and past behavior. Julia Gray posits a new mechanism—peer effects. Through close association with low-risk countries, a government can improve its own reputation among investors. Likewise, the reputation of a country worsens when it hangs out in the wrong crowd. Membership in regional economic organizations provides the key forum for establishing a peer group in Gray’s book, and she presents comprehensive evidence that documents the impact of membership on sovereign credit risk. The argument is original and compelling, with profound implications for rethinking investor decisions and the informational role of international institutions. The deft use of evidence that ranges from sophisticated statistical analysis of bond yields to interviews of government officials sets a model for scholarship. In a novel twist, The Company States Keep highlights a role for institutions to provide information beyond the specific reforms that are demanded of entrants. In contrast to theories that argue that institutions help states make credible commitments to policy reforms, for Gray the partners in the organization are more important than the policies—a state with a high risk profile can in effect borrow credibility by virtue of its shared membership in an organization with other states that are low risk irrespective of whether the state implements extensive reforms. This argument relies on a view of investors who are flooded with information and seek cues to inform their credit valuations. Accession to regional economic organizations leads investors to place a government into a new category of risk level based on what they know about the other members of the organization. Is this an irrational investor decision? Not necessarily. Certainly the
Saddlepoint Approximations with Applications: Applications to multivariate testing

Saddlepoint methods are applied to many of the commonly used test statistics MANOVA. The intent here is to highlight the usefulness of saddlepoint procedures in providing simple and accurate probability computations in classical multivariate normal theory models. Power curves and p -values are computed for tests in MANOVA and for tests of covariance. Convenient formulae are given which facilitate the practical implementation of the methods. The null distributions of many multivariate tests are easily computed by using their Mellin transforms which admit saddlepoint approximations leading to very accurate p values. The first section concentrates on the four important tests of MANOVA. Very accurate p -value computations are suggested for (i) the Wilks likelihood ratio for MANOVA, (ii) the Bartlett–Nanda–Pillai trace statistic, (iii) Roy's largest eigenvalue test, and (iv) the Lawley-Hotelling trace statistic. Saddlepoint methods for Wilks' likelihood ratio test were introduced in Srivastava and Yau (1989) and Butler et al . (1992a); approximations for (ii) were introduced in Butler et al . (1992b) and were also discussed in section 10.4; p -values for Roy's test do not use saddlepoint methods and are based on the development in Butler and Paige (2007) who extend the results of Gupta and Richards (1985); and p -values for Lawley–Hotelling trace are based on numerical inversion of its Laplace transform in work to be published by Butler and Paige. The second section considers tests for covariance patterns. Saddlepoint approximations for p -values are suggested for the following tests: the likelihood ratio tests for (ii) block independence, (iii) sphericity, (iv) an intraclass correlation structure; and (v) the Bartlett–Box test for equal covariances. These applications were developed in Butler et al . (1993), and Booth et al . (1995).
Rate of Change of Exponential Functions: A Precalculus Perspective.

I have never been satisfied with the applications of exponential functions that are presented in pre calculus courses. That coverage consists primarily of supplying the requisite formula for, say, the growth of a bacterial colony or the decay of some radioactive substance, without explaining or deriv ing the reasons that the exponential function appears in the formula. The students are more than willing to accept the formulas and crunch through the numbers. However, unless I present a mathematical explanation describing the reasons that the exponential function appears in the formu las governing population growth and radioactive decay, I have not fostered my students' ability to recognize other phenomena, either in mathematics or in other disciplines, that use exponential functions. Such modeling phenomena as the unrestricted growth of a population or the decay of a radioactive substance require a function whose rate of change is proportional to the function value. This activity was designed to convince precalculus students that expo nential functions satisfy such a property and are therefore valuable in applications. I realize that rate of change, that is, the derivative, is a topic tradi tionally reserved for calculus classes, and I am not advocating that we teach derivatives in precalculus. However, such technological tools as graphing cal culators, computer algebra systems, and computer graphing programs, which greatly facilitate experi mentation, allow us to discuss and compute func tional rates of change without defining limits, derivatives, rules for derivatives, and so forth. Fur thermore, with current educational trends toward student exploration and discovery, we can push beyond traditional course boundaries. Audience: Precalculus or math analysis students
CSF Cultures and Bacteremia in Neonatal Meningitis

Cerebrospinal (CSF) culture results were compared with results of blood cultures and CSF parameters (WBC, glucose, and protein) in 9111 neonates with culture-proven meningitis and a first lumbar puncture at >34 weeks’ gestational age from 150 NICU’s managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group.
Education of the engineering workforce for smart grid technologies

There are numerous activities being undertaken to train and educate the workforce for the adoption of new smart grid technologies. This paper describes several of these activities involving the IEEE Power and Energy Society (PES) as well as the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Heads Association (ECEDHA).
Erratum to: Anisotropic Permeability of Trabecular Bone and Its Relationship to Fabric and Architecture: A Computational Study.

Trabecular bone is a porous, mineralized tissue found in vertebral bodies, the metaphyses and epiphyses of long bones, and in the irregular and flat shaped bones. The pore space is filled with bone marrow, a highly cellular fluid. Together, the bone and marrow behave as a poroelastic solid. In poroelasticity theory, the permeability is the primary material property that governs the momentum transfer between the solid and fluid constituents. In the linearized theory, the permeability of a material depends on the shape and connectivity of the pores. Developing a model of the relationship between trabecular microarchitecture and permeability could lead to improved simulations of trabecular bone mechanical response, which can be used to investigate bone adaptation, mechanobiological signaling, and progression of diseases such as osteoporosis. This study used finite element models of the trabecular pore space to calculate the complete anisotropic permeability tensor of 12 human and 18 porcine femoral trabecular bone samples. The sensitivity of the simulations to model assumptions and post-processing was analyzed to improve confidence in the result. The orthotropic permeability tensor depended on the fabric tensor, trabecular spacing, and structure model index through a power law relationship. Porosity and fabric alone also provided a reasonable prediction, which may be useful in cases where the image resolution is insufficient to obtain detailed measures of architecture.
Repetitive short-span application of extracellular calcium is osteopromotive to osteoprogenitor cells.

Extracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]E ) concentration has been suggested to stimulate osteoblastic activity; thus, calcium can be used to enhance fracture healing. However, systemic administration of calcium at high dose levels may cause physiological problems such as hypercalcaemia. Short-span application of single or repetitive [Ca2+ ]E stimulus may be suggested as a novel regimen to reduce such side effects. However, osteopromotive effect of such short-term [Ca2+ ]E stimulus on osteoprogenitor cells has not yet been evaluated yet. This study investigated the effects of [Ca2+ ]E dose (6 and 18 mM) and regimen (single, repetitive, and continuous) on viability, proliferation, osteogenic gene expression, and mineral formation by osteoprogenitor cells. BMP-2 treatment was set as the positive control group. It was observed that repetitive and continuous calcium stimulation resulted in significant enhancement of osteoblastic activity. A 6 mM [Ca2+ ]E significantly increased cell viability and proliferation in all three regimens, and the expression of osteogenic transcription factors was significantly upregulated by continuous application of 6 mM [Ca2+ ]E . It was observed that application of [Ca2+ ]E repetitively at 18 mM had an osteopromotive effect to an extent that was as pronounced as BMP-2. Continuous application of 18 mM [Ca2+ ]E provided the greatest degree of osteogenic activity among all groups. This study demonstrated that repetitive [Ca2+ ]E exposure from the basal aspect of cells resulted in upregulation of osteogenic transcription factor and bone formation. The knowledge gained from the dose and treatment regimen of calcium therapy is important in setting the guidelines for developing approaches to treat fractures.
Fractionation Regimens for Gynecologic Malignancies

Radiation therapy plays a large role in many gynecologic cancers. In cervical cancer, it can be used as curative treatment, often in the form of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), followed by brachytherapy. For endometrial, vulvar, and vaginal cancers, often radiation can be used adjuvantly after surgery, but for patients with unresectable disease, or gross disease left in lymph nodes or elsewhere in the pelvis after surgery, it can also be used with definitive intent.
Additional records of rough periwinkles in northwest Scotland

The status of the species of rough periwinkles has become relatively stable since the elevation of Littorina nigrolineata (now L. compressa (Reid, 1996)) to species status (Heller, 1975; Sacchi, 1975) and by the recognition of L. arcana as a species (Hannaford Ellis, 1978). Because of these revisions of the rough periwinkle species earlier reports on their distribution are no longer useful. The most comprehensive paper on their distribution since the current definitions of the species is that of (1990) based on numerous sites in England and Wales, and a few in Scotland.
MEMS 3-D Scan Mirror With SU-8 Membrane and Flexures for High NA Microscopy

We demonstrate a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) beam scanner capable of biaxial scanning with simultaneous focus control, for integration into a handheld confocal microscope for skin imaging. The device is based on a dual-axis gimbal structure with an integrated large-stroke deformable mirror. SU-8 polymer is used to construct both the deformable membrane as well as the torsional hinges for biaxial scanning. The 4-mm-diameter mirror can perform raster pattern scanning with a range of +/−1.5° and Lissajous scanning with a range of +/−3° (mechanical scan angle), and has a maximum deflection of $9~\mu \text{m}$ for focus control. The design, fabrication, and characterization of the opto-mechanical performance of the MEMS device are presented in this paper. [2018-0074]
The racialized and violent biopolitics of mobility in the USA: an agenda for tourism geographies

As I write this piece, the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) has just issued a travel advisory for Missouri (USA). The travel advisory comes in response to a long h...
Good timing: Place-dependent voice onset time in ejective stops

Abstract Voice onset time after voiceless unaspirated stopsdemonstrates a dependence on place of articulation, mostreliably being shorter for labial and coronal than for velarstops. Some of the proposed explanations for this patternsuggest that a parallel dependence is not be expected foraspirated or ejective stops. However, similar patterns dooccur with both aspirated and unaspirated stops. Cho andLadefoged [1] have suggested that ejectives do not follow thesame trend, but they had little data on bilabial ejectives tocompare with more plentiful data on velars. This papercontributes more material to this debate with expanded dataon Yapese and the first published material on ejective VOT inNez Perce. The results suggest that ejectives have a similarpattern to plosives and that therefore a unified explanation forall three types of stops should be sought. 1. Introduction It is well known that after the release of a prevocalic voicelessunaspirated stop the time that elapses before voicing beginsfor the vowel shows dependence on the place of articulationof the stop. The voice onset time (VOT) is quite reliablyshorter after a bilabial ([p]) than after a velar stop ([k]), withcoronal stops often being intermediate and almost alwaysshorter than velars (see, for example, [2, 3]). One proposedexplanation for the patterns seen is that the rate of apertureincrease in the releasing gesture differs for differentarticulators and locations. For example, Stevens [4] estimatesthat at the release of a labial stop the cross-sectional area isincreasing at about 100 cm
Adolescence and Family Interaction

Since the early 1980s, the area of adolescence and the family has become one of the most rapidly growing fields in social science research. Although interest in, and conclusions about, family relations at this point in the lifespan find strong origins in the psychoanalytic writings and clinical work of the 1950s (e.g., A. Freud, 1958), they have undergone major transformations since that time—especially over the past 15 years. The psychoanalytic model painted a picture of inevitable stress, tension, and hostility in family relations at adolescence. And, indeed, this negative image, also apparent in early sociological writings (e.g., Davis, 1940), has shaped our popular stereotypes about adolescence and is still maintained by many parents and clinicians today (Offer, Ostrov, & Howard, 1981). Systematic empirical research conducted since the early 1970s has tempered this storm-and-stress portrayal considerably. In place of the earlier emphasis on conflict and detachment between parents and adolescents, there is growing agreement among scholars regarding the significance of family ties at adolescence and the reciprocal influence between adolescents and their families (Powers, Hauser, & Kilner, 1989). Current research suggests that parent-child relations do not change in dramatic ways at adolescence; rather the transition from childhood to adolescence marks a time of important, if subtle, realignments in parent-child relations (see reviews by Collins, 1990 and Steinberg, 1990).
Human Motor Units Studied by Spike-Triggered Averaging and Intraneural Motor Axon Stimulation

When low-threshold motor units are activated at low rates during sustained, weak voluntary contractions, most unit force profiles exhibit fatigue but some show force potentiation. These data, obtained by spike-triggered averaging, are compared to the fatigue resistance of human motor units activated at twitch and tetanic rates by intraneural motor axon stimulation. With the latter technique, representative sampling of the motor units from one muscle group shows that unit force fatigue or potentiation at submaximal frequencies, and contractile rate changes, dictate the shifts in unit force-frequency relationships. More diverse fatigue protocols, and when possible, careful comparisons of data obtained by both these techniques, are needed to further our understanding of the force and frequency changes of single motor units during voluntary and stimulated exercise.
THE REACTIVITY EFFECT OF A REGULAR ARRAY OF EMPTY CYLINDRICAL CHANNELS IN A CRITICAL SYSTEM

A critical system consisting of a regular infinite array of cylindrical channels of any cross section in a homogeneous multiplying medium is divided into equivalent cells of finite height. For such...
Can the Internet Aid Democratic Consolidation? Online News and Legitimacy in Central and Eastern Europe

Since the fall of communism in 1989, many formerly communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe have undergone a tremendous amount of social, political, and economic change. In the nearly 30 years after communism, these countries have become democratic and integrated into the European Union. Despite these changes, the consolidation of democracy is in question as citizen trust in government remains low and nationalist populism has risen. Given that other studies have shown that online media can affect attitudes toward government and that a massive technological revolution has occurred alongside democratization, it is imperative to better understand whether the Internet can aid consolidation by making citizens more supportive of democratic governance. This study uses Eurobarometer data to evaluate this question empirically and finds that online news consumption leads to more positive evaluations of government in the region.
Status of Legislative Efforts to Promote and Protect Breastfeeding and the Provision of Human Milk for Women Returning to Work in the First Postpartum Year.

Abstract Introduction: Women account for over 50% of the workforce in the United States with many working women being of childbearing age. The United States does not provide long paid parental leav...
Demonstrating the intensive benefit to the local implementation of a statewide building code

Ultimately, risk reduction from the implementation of building codes is due to not only the extent of the code as it applies to new construction, but also to the intensity of local adoption and enforcement. It is normally an open question as to how well a code is maintained and enforced at the local level, even for a relatively strong adopted statewide code such as the Florida Building Code. We test the importance of the intensity of building code implementation at the local level for reducing Florida windstorm losses by utilizing Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule (BCEGS®) rating data. BCEGS ratings provide a joint assessment of local building code effectiveness in terms of the strength of the adopted codes in addition to how well these adopted codes are enforced. We find that both components provide value in reducing windstorm losses in Florida, with the extent of the statewide code being the dominant effect reducing losses on the order of 72 percent. Although not as substantial in terms of its loss reduction magnitude, intensively implementing building codes at the local level by ensuring codes are properly administered and enforced at this scale provides additional loss reduction value on the order of 15–25 percent. Understanding the relative value of these two implementation components is important to better inform building code policy and enforcement efforts given continuously updated codes.
The Politics of Welfare Inclusion: Explaining State Variation in Legal Immigrants' Welfare Rights

This article examines the relationship between the immigrant and racial context and whether or not U.S. states replaced public assistance benefits to legal immigrants after those benefits were deni...
Getting fancy with probability

There are a number of reasons for being interested in uncertainty, and there are also a number of uncertainty formalisms. These formalisms are not unrelated. It is argued that they can all be reflected as special cases of the approach of taking probabilities to be determined by sets of probability functions defined on an algebra of statements. Thus, interval probabilities should be construed as maximum and minimum probabilities within a set of distributions, Glenn Shafer's belief functions should be construed as lower probabilities, etc. Updating probabilities introduces new considerations, and it is shown that the representation of belief as a set of probabilities conflicts in this regard with the updating procedures advocated by Shafer. The attempt to make subjectivistic probability plausible as a doctrine of rational belief by making it more flowery — i.e., by adding new dimensions — does not succeed. But, if one is going to represent beliefs by sets of distributions, those sets of distributions might as well be based in statistical knowledge, as they are in epistemological or evidential probability.
Genetic diversity and genome-wide association analysis of cooking time in dry bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Fivefold diversity for cooking time found in a panel of 206 Phaseolus vulgaris accessions. Fastest accession cooks nearly 20 min faster than average. SNPs associated with cooking time on Pv02, 03, and 06. Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a nutrient dense food and a dietary staple in parts of Africa and Latin America. One of the major factors that limits greater utilization of beans is their long cooking times compared to other foods. Cooking time is an important trait with implications for gender equity, nutritional value of diets, and energy utilization. Very little is known about the genetic diversity and genomic regions involved in determining cooking time. The objective of this research was to assess cooking time on a panel of 206 P. vulgaris accessions, use genome- wide association analysis (GWAS) to identify genomic regions influencing this trait, and to test the ability to predict cooking time by raw seed characteristics. In this study 5.5-fold variation for cooking time was found and five bean accessions were identified which cook in less than 27 min across 2 years, where the average cooking time was 37 min. One accession, ADP0367 cooked nearly 20 min faster than average. Four of these five accessions showed close phylogenetic relationship based on a NJ tree developed with ~5000 SNP markers, suggesting a potentially similar underlying genetic mechanism. GWAS revealed regions on chromosomes Pv02, Pv03, and Pv06 associated with cooking time. Vis/NIR scanning of raw seed explained 68 % of the phenotypic variation for cooking time, suggesting with additional experimentation, it may be possible to use this spectroscopy method to non-destructively identify fast cooking lines as part of a breeding program.
Agriculture Commodity Arrival Prediction using Remote Sensing Data: Insights and Beyond.

In developing countries like India agriculture plays an extremely important role in the lives of the population. In India, around 80\% of the population depend on agriculture or its by-products as the primary means for employment. Given large population dependency on agriculture, it becomes extremely important for the government to estimate market factors in advance and prepare for any deviation from those estimates. Commodity arrivals to market is an extremely important factor which is captured at district level throughout the country. Historical data and short-term prediction of important variables such as arrivals, prices, crop quality etc. for commodities are used by the government to take proactive steps and decide various policy measures. In this paper, we present a framework to work with short timeseries in conjunction with remote sensing data to predict future commodity arrivals. We deal with extremely high dimensional data which exceed the observation sizes by multiple orders of magnitude. We use cascaded layers of dimensionality reduction techniques combined with regularized regression models for prediction. We present results to predict arrivals to major markets and state wide prices for `Tur' (red gram) crop in Karnataka, India. Our model consistently beats popular ML techniques on many instances. Our model is scalable, time efficient and can be generalized to many other crops and regions. We draw multiple insights from the regression parameters, some of which are important aspects to consider when predicting more complex quantities such as prices in the future. We also combine the insights to generate important recommendations for different government organizations.
Serratia marcescens shapes cutaneous bacterial communities and influences survival of an amphibian host

Ongoing investigations into the interactions between microbial communities and their associated hosts are changing how emerging diseases are perceived and ameliorated. Of the numerous host-microbiome-disease systems of study, the emergence of chytridiomycosis (caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, hereafter Bd) has been implicated in ongoing declines and extinction events of amphibians worldwide. Interestingly, there has been differential survival among amphibians in resisting Bd infection and subsequent disease. One factor thought to contribute to this resistance is the host-associated cutaneous microbiota. This has raised the possibility of using genetically modified probiotics to restructure the host-associated microbiota for desired anti-fungal outcomes. Here, we use a previously described strain of Serratia marcescens (Sm) for the manipulation of amphibian cutaneous microbiota. Sm was genetically altered to have a dysfunctional pathway for the production of the extracellular metabolite prodigiosin. This genetically altered strain (Δpig) and the functional prodigiosin producing strain (wild-type, WT) were compared for their microbial community and anti-Bd effects both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Bd growth was significantly repressed in the presence of prodigiosin. In vivo, the inoculation of both Sm strains was shown to significantly influence amphibian microbiota diversity with the Δpig-Sm treatment showing increasing alpha diversity, and the WT-Sm having no temporal effect on diversity. Differences were also seen in host mortality with Δpig-Sm treatments exhibiting significantly decreased survival probability when compared with WT-Sm in the presence of Bd. These results are an important proof-of-concept for linking the use of genetically modified probiotic bacteria to host microbial community structure and disease outcomes, which in the future may provide a way to ameliorate disease and address critical frontiers in disease and microbial ecology.
Local Theory of Surfaces in the Space

Concept of Surfaces in the Space, Fundamental Forms and Curvatures, Examples and Calculations of Fundamental Forms and Curvatures, Method of Orthonormal Frames, Exterior Differential Forms in Two Variables, Use of Exterior Differential Forms.
A Critical Content Analysis of Children’s Nonfiction Books of Korea

This article analyzes 32 nonfiction picture books about South Korea, drawing on Said’s (in: Essed and Goldberg (eds) Race critical theories, Blackwell Publishing, Maden, pp 15–37, 2002) critical perspectives of Orientalism and Imagined Geography. Specifically, we explore the nature of informational books, arguing that readers consume these designs as a commodity rather than as an informational resource. In doing so, we unpack falsities about South Korea as reflected in Western readers’ and authors’ understandings of imagined geography. Findings show nonfiction books about Korea as a global culture feature five categories of inaccurate and false information: (1) the complete made-up story, (2) partially accurate information (3) overgeneralized statements, (4) outdated information, and (5) mismatched visual information. By focusing on nonfiction picture books for children, we underscore the obligation that book creators (authors and publishers) have to ensure the veracity of knowledge (re)production and circulations about Korean people and culture.
Irinotecan plus cisplatin in small-cell lung cancer.

The DNA topoisomerase inhibitor irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar) is being evaluated as a novel chemotherapeutic agent for small-cell lung cancer that may complement other agents and treatment modalities. Combination
Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a non-invasive window into the excitatory circuits involved in human motor behavior

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is one of the most popular non-invasive tools for investigating the cortical circuits involved in human movement. Stimulation of the primary motor cortex elicits motor evoked potentials in peripheral muscles, the amplitude of which reflects the net excitability of circuits in the cortex and spinal cord. A number of methods exist to help broadly distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory influences on corticospinal output, allowing us to probe changes in the respective cortical circuits before and during movement. Something that has rarely been considered in human TMS studies, however, is the idea that specific populations of excitatory neurons might underlie different aspects of motor behavior. The current article provides a brief review of recent TMS studies which suggest that it is possible to selectively probe distinct excitatory inputs to corticospinal neurons during a range of movement-related states, from the preparation and execution of movements, to the suppression of unwanted movements. Together with recent advancements in computational modelling of the mechanisms of TMS and the capacity to record single-cell responses to TMS in behaving non-human primates, this avenue of research has the potential to shed light on the motor circuits underlying the repertoire of human motor behaviors, as well as their pathophysiology in diseases of the motor system.
Personalized iPSC-Derived Dopamine Progenitor Cells for Parkinson's Disease.

Summary We report the implantation of patient-derived midbrain dopaminergic progenitor cells, differentiated in vitro from autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in a patient with idiop...
The Relationship between the Initial Anti-factor Xa Measurement and the Duration of Direct Oral Anticoagulant Influence in Patients Transitioning to Heparin.

Background Anticoagulation monitoring during transition from direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) to heparin infusions is a significant challenge. Factor Xa inhibitors influence the heparin calibrated antifactor Xa assay. The University of Virginia (UVA) Medical Center utilized a corrected antifactor Xa assay (c-AXA) during this transition period, which removes DOAC-mediated antifactor Xa activity (d-AXA) and reflects heparin-specific activity. Currently, the duration of this influence is not well described. Study objective This study had two aims: to determine if the initial d-AXA is predictive of the duration of DOAC influence and to further characterize this influence among different patient populations. Methods This retrospective study included adult patients admitted to UVA Medical Center between September 2016 and March 2017, with c-AXA measurements, who received apixaban or rivaroxaban within 48 hours before heparin initiation. A Pearson correlation test, Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis, and multivariate linear regression were used to assess the relationship between initial d-AXA and duration of influence. Results Sixty-eight patients met inclusion criteria and were maintained on either apixaban (85%) or rivaroxaban (15%) before heparin initiation. The initial d-AXA ranged from 0.11 to 3.27 IU/ml. The mean duration of influence was 69.3 ± 46.2 hours, with a median duration of 62.7 hours. No strong correlation was identified between initial d-AXA and duration of influence (R2 = 0.124). Presence of interacting medications significantly increased duration of influence (p=0.012). No significant difference in duration of influence existed between patients with normal renal function and those with dynamic renal function (p=0.84), or with body mass index (BMI) greater than 40 kg/m2 (p=0.16). Conclusions The initial d-AXA was not predictive of duration of influence in patients transitioning from DOACs to heparin infusion; however, the median duration of influence suggests influence may be present for longer than currently stated in the literature, especially in those taking interacting medications.
Prostate cancer-specific mortality burden by risk group among men with localized disease: Implications for research and clinical trial priorities.

Objective To estimate contemporary population-based patterns of the relative burden of prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) attributable to each N0M0 prostate cancer risk-group, that may guide prioritization in research, trial design, and clinical practice. Methods We categorized 2004-2015 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database patients by risk group (low, favorable intermediate, unfavorable intermediate, high, and very highrisk). Using the Fine-Gray method, we calculated the relative burden of 10-year PCSM attributable to each risk group. Results Among N = 337 162 men (6.8-year median follow-up; median age 65 years), the relative proportion of low-, favorable intermediate-, unfavorable intermediate-, high-, and very high-risk diagnoses were 29.9% (N = 100 969), 31.1% (N = 104 696), 17.9% (N = 60 360), 18.1% (N = 61 023), and 3.0% (N = 10 114). Within 10 years of diagnosis, among patients who died of prostate cancer (N = 15 064), 5.0% (N = 746) had low-risk, 13.7% (N = 2060) had favorable intermediate-risk, 16.1% (N = 2429) had unfavorable intermediate-risk, 47.8% (N = 7196) had high-risk, and 17.5% (N = 2633) had very high-risk disease at diagnosis. Patients aged 65 and older accounted for 51.9% of all diagnoses and 72.3% of 10-year PCSM. Although black patients accounted for 15.0% of low-risk diagnoses, they accounted for 20.6% of 10-year PCSM. White patients accounted for 80.3% of low-risk diagnoses and 75.7% of 10-year PCSM. Conclusion Although high-risk and very high-risk disease account for one-fifth of diagnoses, they account for two-thirds of 10-year PCSM. Older patients and black patients with low-risk disease accounted for a disproportionately large proportion of deaths. These findings support targeting research toward high-risk disease and ensuring adequate representation of older and black men in clinical trials.
The Original LC as a 'Document'

This short piece advances the argument that letter of credit issuers that require beneficiaries to present the original letter in order to trigger the issuer’s obligation to pay have good reason for that condition and that court-fashioned substitutes are insufficient. An edited version of the paper was published at 19 DCInsight 18 (January-March 2013).
Das Verhältnis von Ökonomie und medizinischem Standard und seine Bedeutung für die Strafbarkeit

Neben den bisher angesprochenen Fragestellungen, die uberwiegend dogmatische Problempunkte zum Gegenstand haben, sind bei einer Auseinandersetzung mit der moglichen Strafbarkeit von Entscheidungstragern des Krankenhausmanagements auch praktische Belange in die Prufung mit einzubeziehen. Vorrangige Bedeutung kommt hierbei der Finanzierung der Krankenhauser zu und den Limitierungen, die mit begrenzten Budgets einhergehen konnen. Bereits ausgefuhrt wurde, dass finanzielle Aspekte in Form des Wirtschaftlichkeitsgebotes insofern Auswirkungen auf die Beurteilung des gebotenen Standards haben konnen, als nicht zwangslaufig die ideale Behandlungsweise zu wahlen ist, wenn noch andere Methoden zur Wahl stehen, die ebenfalls ausreichend sind, um das Niveau einer facharztlichen Behandlung zu gewahrleisten.
Analysis of Anisotropic Nonlocal Diffusion Models: Well-posedness of Fractional Problems for Anomalous Transport.

We analyze the well-posedness of an anisotropic, nonlocal diffusion equation. Establishing an equivalence between weighted and unweighted anisotropic nonlocal diffusion operators in the vein of unified nonlocal vector calculus, we apply our analysis to a class of fractional-order operators and present rigorous estimates for the solution of the corresponding anisotropic anomalous diffusion equation. Furthermore, we extend our analysis to the anisotropic diffusion-advection equation and prove well-posedness for fractional orders s in [0.5,1). We also present an application of the advection-diffusion equation to anomalous transport of solutes.
Estimation of the Vehicle Speed Using Cross-Correlation Algorithms and MEMS Wireless Sensors

Traffic information is critical for pavement design, management, and health monitoring. Numerous in-pavement sensors have been developed and installed to collect the traffic volume and loading amplitude. However, limited attention has been paid to the algorithm of vehicle speed estimation. This research focuses on the estimation of the vehicle speed based on a cross-correlation method. A novel wireless micro-electromechanical sensor (MEMS), Smartrock is used to capture the triaxial acceleration, rotation, and stress data. The cross-correlation algorithms, i.e., normalized cross-correlation (NCC) algorithm, the smoothed coherence transform (SCOT) algorithm, and the phase transform (PHAT) algorithm, are applied to estimate the loading speed of an accelerated pavement test (APT) and the traffic speed in the field. The signal-noise-ratio (SNR) and the mean relative error (MRE) are utilized to evaluate the stability and accuracy of the algorithms. The results show that both the correlated noise and independent noise have significant influence in the field data. The SCOT algorithm is recommended for speed estimation with reasonable accuracy and stability because of a large SNR value and the lowest MRE value among the algorithms. The loading speed investigated in this study was within 50 km/h and further verification is needed for higher speed estimation.
Stigma and psychological distress among pediatric participants in the FD/MAS Alliance Patient Registry

Stigma, both enacted and internalized, is part of the illness experience of many chronic conditions / diseases and has been found to increase psychological distress, lower self-esteem, and impact social engagement lowering quality of life (QOL). Stigma among pediatric patients is of particular concern due to its potential impact on identity formation. Using patient data from the online FD/MAS Alliance Patient Registry (FDMASAPR), this study seeks to 1) determine levels of enacted and self-stigma in a pediatric population of fibrous dysplasia (FD) / McCune Albright syndrome (MAS) patients and 2) to explore the relationship between stigma and anxiety and depression. This is a cross sectional analysis of deidentified self-report data from 18 pediatric patients. Key analytic variables include the Neuro-QOL stigma short form, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), diagnostic category and craniofacial involvement, and select demographics. Sample means and score distributions are examined. Bivariate relationships between stigma, anxiety and depression and patient’s personal and medical characteristics are established through analysis of variance and correlation. Composite stigma levels for FD/MAS pediatric patients were comparable to those of children with multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and muscular dystrophy. Self-stigma was more frequently reported than enacted/felt stigma, but few patients indicated complete freedom from either type of stigma. Diagnosis was significantly related to self-stigma. Significant bivariate relationships were found between depression and enacted/felt and self-stigma and between anxiety and self-stigma. This study establishes the illness experience of pediatric patients with FD / MAS is impacted by stigma and suggests they should be regularly screened for stigma and psychological distress. It supports the integration of clinical psychologists/ therapists in regular patient care, referral of families to advocacy organizations, and indicates that rare disease patient registries can be a useful tool in efforts to improve the QOL of patients.
Competition and Collaboration in the Nonprofit Sector: Identifying the Potential for Cognitive Dissonance:

Nonprofits compete with collaborators and collaborate with competitors regularly. Collaboration, a long-standing normatively preferred strategy for nonprofits, is utilized as modus operandi without...
From Early Curiosity to Space Wide Web: Emergence of the Small Satellite Innovation Ecosystem

Much of the existing literature on ecosystems has focused on established ecosystems, but we know little about how an ecosystem actually emerges and evolves in the first place. We layout four stages...
Rubrics for Charge Conserving Current Mapping in Finite Element Electromagnetic Particle in Cell Methods

Modeling of kinetic plasmas using electromagnetic particle in cell (EM-PIC) methods is a well worn problem, in that methods developed have been used extensively both understanding physics and exploiting them for device design. EM-PIC tools have largely relied on finite difference methods coupled with particle representations of the distribution function. Refinements to ensure consistency and charge conservation have largely been ad hoc efforts specific to finite difference methods. Meanwhile, solution methods for field solver have grown by leaps and bounds with significant performance metrics compared to finite difference methods. Developing new EM-PIC computational schemes that leverage modern field solver technology means re-examining analysis framework necessary for self-consistent EM-PIC solution. In this article, we prescribe general rubrics for charge conservation, demonstrate how these are satisfied in conventional finite difference PIC as well as finite element PIC, and prescribe a novel charge conserving finite element PIC. Our effort leverages proper mappings on to de-Rham sequences and lays a groundwork for understanding conditions that must be satisfied for consistency. Several numerical results demonstrate the applicability of these rubrics.
Pathogenesis of depression: Insights from human and rodent studies

Major depressive disorder (MDD) will affect one out of every five people in their lifetime and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of MDD have yet to be completely understood and current treatments remain ineffective in a large subset of patients. In this review, we summarize the most recent discoveries and insights for which parallel findings have been obtained in human depressed subjects and rodent models of mood disorders in order to examine the potential etiology of depression. These mechanisms range from synaptic plasticity mechanisms to epigenetics and the immune system where there is strong evidence to support a functional role in the development of specific depression symptomology. Ultimately we conclude by discussing how novel therapeutic strategies targeting central and peripheral processes might ultimately aid in the development of effective new treatments for MDD and related stress disorders.
An Introduction to Atmospheric Thermodynamics: Water and its transformations

The fundamental equations derived in the previous chapter can only be applied to closed systems (i.e. to systems that do not exchange mass) that are homogeneous (i.e. they involve just one phase). In such cases we do not need to specify how thermodynamic functions depend on the composition of the system. Only two independent variables ( T and p , or p and V , or p and T ) need to be known. Since the total mass ( m ) remains constant, if we know the values of the extensive variables per unit mass we can extend the equations to any mass by multiplying by m or by n (the number of moles). A heterogeneous system involves more than a single phase. In this case we are concerned with the conditions of internal equilibrium between the phases. Even if the heterogeneous system is assumed to be (as a whole) a closed system the phases constitute homogeneous but open “subsystems” which can exchange mass between them. In this case the fundamental equations must be modified to include extra terms to account for the mass exchanges. These extra terms involve a function μ called the chemical potential, μ = μ( T, p ). We will not go into the details of defining μ; we will only accept that in the case of open systems something else must be included to account for the heterogeneity of the system. In this book we are concerned with a heterogeneous system that involves dry air (N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 , Ar) and water, with the water existing in vapor and possibly one of the condensed phases (water or ice).