cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid nitrogen cooled X-ray monochromator for high total power loads

Abstract A liquid nitrogen (LN) cooled X-ray monochromator has been designed and built for the high power loads of wigglers on the 500 mA SPEAR3 ring. The monochromator features two crystals sets for remote crystal changes, internally cooled first crystals with up to 10 atm LN coolant pressure, and low strain LN to vacuum seals. The system has been operated at one half the design total power with no thermal broadening of the rocking curve width.
Surface plasmon resonance promotion of homogeneous catalysis using a gold nanoparticle platform

Reaction of 10 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with a thiol-functionalized bipyridine copper(II) complex, Cu[(N-(6-mercaptohexyl)-2,2′-bipyridinyl-5-carboxamide)]Cl2 (3), and (1-mercaptohex-6-yl)tri(ethylene glycol) (5) in different ratios resulted in mixed monolayer modified NPs with varying surface coverage of capping agent. The copper complex modified NPs were used for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) promoted homogeneous catalysis applied to the hydrolysis of the nerve agent methyl parathion (MeP) at pH 8.0. Low power green laser (532 nm) irradiation of solutions of modified AuNPs with MeP resulted in significant increase in the rate of phosphate ester hydrolysis which could not be attributed to a thermal process. Ratios of initial rates (laser/dark) at high substrate concentrations of MeP as a function of copper catalyst coverage were determined. A possible mechanism for catalytic enhancement involving dissociation of catalytically inactive hydroxy-bridged Cu(II) dimer is discussed.
Convergence of the Continuous Fluid−Solid Phase Equilibrium Problem Using Quadrature Compositional Characterizations

The solid−fluid phase equilibrium problem is solved for an n-paraffinic C7+ model fluid whose pseudocomponent compositional characterization is determined by finite Laguerre−Gauss quadrature, under the assumption that the initial solid phase formed is a “pure” pseudocomponent. Of interest is how rapidly the crystal point temperature result converges with an increase in the level of quadrature. It is concluded that the highly nonlinear nature of the fluid phase's Gibbs energy of mixing presents a serious challenge to obtaining a satisfactory asymptotic result. Furthermore, it is suggested that the convergence of fluid-phase equilibrium results with increasing quadrature level may likewise be affected, though probably to a lesser extent.
Gas-Phase Intramolecular Protein Crosslinking via Ion/Ion Reactions: Ubiquitin and a Homobifunctional sulfo-NHS Ester

Gas-phase intra-molecular crosslinking of protein ubiquitin cations has been demonstrated via ion/ion reactions with anions of a homobifunctional N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS) ester reagent. The ion/ion reaction between multiply-protonated ubiquitin and crosslinker monoanions produces a stable, charge-reduced complex. Covalent crosslinking is indicated by the consecutive loss of 2 molecules of sulfo-NHS under ion trap collisional activation conditions. Covalent modification is verified by the presence of covalently crosslinked sequence ions produced by ion-trap collision-induced dissociation of the ion generated from the losses of sulfo-NHS. Analysis of the crosslinked sequence fragments allows for the localization of crosslinked primary amines, enabling proximity mapping of the gas-phase 3-D structures. The presence of two unprotonated reactive sites within the distance constraint of the crosslinker is required for successful crosslinking. The ability to covalently crosslink is, therefore, sensitive to protein charge state. As the charge state increases, fewer reactive sites are available and protein structure is more likely to become extended because of intramolecular electrostatic repulsion. At high charge states, the reagent shows little evidence for covalent crosslinking but does show evidence for ‘electrostatic crosslinking’ in that the binding of the sulfonate groups to the protein is sufficiently strong that backbone cleavages are favored over reagent detachment under ion trap collisional activation conditions.
Microgrids for enhancing the economics, reliability, and resilience of smart cities – An IIT experience

The IIT Microgrid project started in August 2008 and the majority of the project was completed in May 2013. Thus, we have chosen June 1, 2008 to May 31, 2009 as the base year and June 1, 2013 to May 31, 2014 as the current year for the purpose of reporting the results in this study.
Prospective study of ready-to-eat breakfast cereal consumption and cognitive decline among elderly men and women

To examine associations between frequency of ready-to-eat-cereal (RTEC) consumption and cognitive function among elderly men and women of the Cache County Study on Memory Health and Aging in Utah. A population-based prospective cohort study established in Cache County, Utah in 1995. 3831 men and women > 65 years of age who were living in Cache County, Utah in 1995. Diet was assessed using a 142-item food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Cognitive function was assessed using an adapted version of the Modified Mini-Mental State examination (3MS) at baseline and three subsequent interviews over 11 years. RTEC consumption was defined as daily, weekly, or infrequent use. In multivariable models, more frequent RTEC consumption was not associated with a cognitive benefit. Those consuming RTEC weekly but less than daily scored higher on their baseline 3MS than did those consuming RTEC more or less frequently (91.7, 90.6, 90.6, respectively; p-value <0.001). This association was maintained across 11 years of observation such that those consuming RTEC weekly but less than daily declined on average 3.96 points compared to an average 5.13 and 4.57 point decline for those consuming cereal more or less frequently (p-value = 0.0009). Those consuming RTEC at least daily had poorer cognitive performance at baseline and over 11 years of follow-up compared to those who consumed cereal more or less frequently. RTEC is a nutrient dense food, but should not replace the consumption of other healthy foods in the diets’ of elderly people. Associations between RTEC consumption, dietary patterns, and cognitive function deserve further study.
Retroactive interference in 3-month-old infants.

Three experiments assessed the effect of the similarity and timing of interpolated information on retroactive interference in human infants. After 3-month-olds learned to move a mobile (the cue) in a distinctive context by kicking, they were exposed to novel stimuli and were tested 24 hr later for recognition of their training stimuli. In Experiment 1, the interpolated cue, context, or both were novel. Retroactive interference occurred unless the interpolated and training stimuli shared no components. In Experiments 2 and 3, the timing of exposure to the interpolated context or cue, respectively, varied. A novel context impaired recognition after exposure delays up to 2 hr, whereas a novel cue impaired recognition after exposure delays up to 40 min. The finding that the cue is less vulnerable to retroactive interference than the context suggests that it is processed more rapidly. These experiments reveal that retroactive interference in infants depends on both the similarity and timing of the interpolated information.
The use of intravenous ACTH: a study in quantitative adrenocortical stimulation.

IN THE widely used method of Sayers et at. (1) for the assay of ACTH in rats, using the adrenal depletion of ascorbic acid as an index of adrenal cortical activation, the material is given intravenously. More reliable results are obtained by that route of administration than by intramuscular injection. Ingle (2) was the first to demonstrate the value of continuous subcutaneous administration of small quantities of ACTH in producing maximal hypertrophy of the adrenal cortices of rats. After two to three days the size of the gland increased to an extent never observed when the hormone was administered in separate injections. Sayers et al. (3) were the first to administer ACTH intravenously in man. Large doses, given over thirty minutes to 2 normal subjects, produced most of the known physiologic effects in spite of the rapid disappearance of ACTH from the blood stream following the end of the infusion. In clinical usage the intramuscular route of administration remained the method of choice until Gordon (4)...
The trophotaenial placenta of a viviparous goodeid fish. III: Protein uptake by trophotaeniae, the embryonic component

Protein uptake and degradation by trophotaenial cells of the viviparous goodeid fish Ameca splendens were studied colorimetrically and ultrastructurally using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a tracer and acid (ACPase) and alkaline (ALPase) phosphatase cytochemistry. Trophotaeniae are ribbon-like external projections of the embryonic gut that are equivalent to greatly hypertrophied intestinal villi. During gestation within the ovarian lumen, trophotaeniae are directly apposed to the internal ovarian epithelium (IOE) where they establish a placental association between the developing embryo and maternal organism. Trophotaenial absorptive cells possess an ALPase reactive brush border, an endocytotic apparatus, and ACPase reactive standing lysosomes. Ultrastructural studies of protein uptake indicate that cells of the trophotaenial epithelium take up HRP by micropinocytosis and degrade it within lysosomes. Initially (from 1.5-10 min), HRP is taken up in vitro at 22 degrees C at the apical cell surface and passes via endocytotic vesicles into an apical canalicular system. From 1.5 to 10 min exposure, HRP passes passes from the apical canalicular system to a series of small collecting vesicles. After 10 min, HRP is detected within large ACPase reactive supranuclear lysosomes. Three hours after an initial 1 h exposure to HRP, most peroxidase activity within supranuclear lysosomes is no longer detected. Presence of Golgi complexes, residual bodies, and secretory granules in the infranuclear cytoplasm suggest that products of protein uptake and hydrolysis are discharged across basal and lateral cell surfaces and into the trophotaenial circulation. Trophotaeniae of embryos incubated in vitro in HRP-saline take up HRP at an initial rate of 13.5 ng HRP/mg trophotaenial protein/min. The system becomes saturated after 3 h. Trophotaeniae incubated at 4 degrees C show little or no uptake. In trophotaeniae continuously pulsed with HRP for 1 h, then incubated in HRP-free saline, levels of absorbed peroxidase declined at a rate of 0.5 ng/mg trophotaenial protein/min. HRP does not appear to enter the embryo via extra-trophotaenial routes. These findings are consistent with the putative role of trophotaeniae as the embryonic component of the functional placenta of goodeid fishes. Trophotaenial uptake of maternal nutrients accounts for a massive (15,000%) increase in embryonic dry weight during gestation.
The Recognition of the Nonclassical Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I Molecule, T10, by the γδ T Cell, G8

Recent studies have shown that many nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (class Ib) molecules have distinct antigen-binding capabilities, including the binding of nonpeptide moieties and the binding of peptides that are different from those bound to classical MHC molecules. Here, we show that one of the H-2T region–encoded molecules, T10, when produced in Escherichia coli, can be folded in vitro with β2-microglobulin (β2m) to form a stable heterodimer in the absence of peptide or nonpeptide moieties. This heterodimer can be recognized by specific antibodies and is stimulatory to the γδ T cell clone, G8. Circular dichroism analysis indicates that T10/β2m has structural features distinct from those of classical MHC class I molecules. These results suggest a new way for MHC-like molecules to adopt a peptide-free structure and to function in the immune system.
On classifying race in Brazil: example from a study of the functional ability of older people (60+).

Abstract How should race be categorized? This article investigates the usefulness of having three categories to describe a black‐white racial continuum, focusing on Brazil and the functional ability of elderly (60+) people there. Ironically, even as the U.S. census has started to acknowledge mixed race again, much social research in Brazil has begun not to. Using 1998 national household survey microdata (PNAD) for Brazil, we find it advantageous to use a three‐category scheme that separates a mixed black‐white (pardo) status from black or white when examining the functional ability of elders. We also find the tantalizing possibility of a crossover in which browns actually have more functional ability than white counterparts after controlling for many demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic factors.
Ductile spallation of aluminum under shock loading induced by high-power laser pulses

ABSTRACT The dynamic fracture of pure aluminum targets with thickness in the range of 1OO-- 800 jtmhas beeninvestigated experimentally under shock loading induced by Nd:glass laser pulses of 4ns FWHM. The experimental results indicate that the spallation of aluminum at ultra highstrain rate up to 107s' isstill a ductile fracture in the way of voids' nucleation, growth, and coalescence in interior of material, but the damage behavior is somewhat different from that ob-tamed by ordinary loading methods at lower strain rate. The function of spall thickness vs thetarget thickness isnearly linear under conditions of this experiment. 1. INTRODUCTION A spall is a dynamic fracture produced by the action of tensile stress developed in the inte- nor of a solid body when two rarefaction waves 1231 The material response to tensile stress is frequently the development of a diffuse distribution of small voids or cracks in the body. Generally speaking, the spall damage develops in three stages: the nucleation of voids orcracks or the activation of growth at existing damage sites, then the growth of individual frac-ture nuclei, and finally the coalescence of neighboring voids or cracks. If the amplitude and du-
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release

The neurotrophins (NTs) have recently been shown to elicit pronounced effects on quantal neurotransmitter release at both central and peripheral nervous system synapses. Due to their activity dependent release, as well as the subcellular localization of both protein and receptor, NTs are ideally suited to modify the strength of neuronal connections by “fine-tuning” synaptic activity through direct actions at presynaptic terminals. Here, using BDNF as a prototypical example, the authors provide an update of recent evidence demonstrating that NTs enhance quantal neurotransmitter release at synapses through presynaptic mechanisms. The authors further propose that a potential target for NT actions at presynaptic terminals is the mechanism by which terminals retrieve synaptic vesicles after exocytosis. Depending on the temporal demands placed on synapses during high-frequency synaptic transmission, synapses may use two alternative modes of synaptic vesicle retrieval, the conventional slow endosomal recycling o...
Contrasting Behavior of P, Ti, and Nb in a Differentiated High-Alumina Olivine Tholeiite and a Calc-Alkaline Andesitic Suite

Crystallization differentiation in a low-K 2 O, high-Al 2 O 3 olivine tholeiite (Hat Creek, California) yields segregation veins of basaltic andesite composition, and residual, interstitial glasses of dacite and rhyolite composition. P, Ti, and probably Nb, are progressively enriched in segregation veins and residual dacitic glass by crystallization of olivine, plagioclase, augite, and magnetite. P and Ti are depleted in residual rhyolitic glass by crystallization of magnetite, ilmenite, and apatite. By contrast, in a typical orogenic calc-alkaline suite (from Mount Jefferson, Oregon), P, Ti, and Nb are depleted with increasing K and Si. The most likely minerals capable of producing decreasing P, Ti, and Nb with increasing K are apatite, Fe-Ti oxides, amphibole, biotite, and sphene. There is no direct evidence of these minerals in Mount Jefferson basalt and andesite but they are present in calc-alkaline gabbro and tonalite and may occur at a shallow (crustal) depth beneath Mount Jefferson. Alternatively, mixing of dacite-rhyolite with basalt-andesite may account for the Mount Jefferson trend. By physical and chemical analogy with segregation veins and residual interstitial glasses, basaltic andesite and dacite-rhyolite magmas may segregate from complementary rock at depth, and mix during ascent to the surface.
Effects of dissolved oxygen concentration on hybridoma growth and metabolism in continuous culture.

Oxygen transport is a major limitation in large-scale mammalian cell culture. The effects of the dissolved oxygen concentration (DO; from 0.1 to 100% saturation with air) on Sp2/0-derived mouse hybridomas were investigated using continuous culture. The steady-state concentration of viable cells increased with decreasing DO until a critical dissolved oxygen concentration of 0.5% of air saturation was reached. The cell concentration declined at lower DO because of incomplete glutamine oxidation, and the specific lactate production from glucose increased to offset the reduced energy production from glutamine. Cell viability increased as the DO was decreased; the viability continued to increase even when the DO was reduced below 0.5%. The specific oxygen uptake rate was essentially constant for DO ≥ 10% of air saturation and then decreased with decreasing DO. The P/O ratio (ATP molecules produced per O atom consumed) appears to change from 2 to 3 between 10 and 0.5% DO. The specific ATP production rate calculated using this assumption decreases only slightly with decreasing DO. The optimum DO of 50% for antibody production is different than the optimum (∼ 0.5% DO) for cell growth.
Arginine Methylation of Yeast mRNA-binding Protein Npl3 Directly Affects Its Function, Nuclear Export, and Intranuclear Protein Interactions

Arginine methylation can affect both nucleocytoplasmic transport and protein-protein interactions of RNA-binding proteins. These effects are seen in cells that lack the yeast hnRNP methyltransferase (HMT1), raising the question of whether effects on specific proteins are direct or indirect. The presence of multiple arginines in individual methylated proteins also raises the question of whether overall methylation or methylation of a subset of arginines affects protein function. We have used the yeast mRNA-binding protein Npl3 to address these questions in vivo. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry was used to identify 17 methylated arginines in Npl3 purified from yeast: whereas 10 Arg-Gly-Gly (RGG) tripeptides were exclusively dimethylated, variable levels of methylation were found for 5 RGG and 2 RG motif arginines. We constructed a set of Npl3 proteins in which subsets of the RGG arginines were mutated to lysine. Expression of these mutant proteins as the sole form of Npl3 specifically affected growth of a strain that requires Hmt1. Although decreased growth generally correlated with increased numbers of Arg-to-Lys mutations, lysine substitutions in the N terminus of the RGG domain showed more severe effects. Npl3 with all 15 RGG arginines mutated to lysine exited the nucleus independent of Hmt1, indicating a direct effect of methylation on Npl3 transport. These mutations also resulted in a decreased, methylation-independent interaction of Npl3 with transcription elongation factor Tho2 and inhibited Npl3 self-association. These results support a model in which arginine methylation facilitates Npl3 export directly by weakening contacts with nuclear proteins.
Trends in unit energy consumption: The performance of end-use models

Abstract This paper estimates models of electricity and gas consumption for individual households using the Miracle 4 to 6 data sets collected by San Diego Gas and Electricity Company. Two types of model were constructed: the first involves typical end-use models with consumption explained by appliance ownership, household demographic characteristics, house dimensions and household income; the second class uses these variables plus consumption data for the previous year. The latter models consistently fitted better, while the end-use variables afforded little explanatory power. The results thus suggest that simple end-use models are of little value, at least for short-run forecasting. Their use for long-run forecasting has yet to be evaluated.
HIAS and HICEM in the system of Jewish relief organisations in Europe, 1933–41

This paper demonstrates that the rescue operations that saved thousands of Jewish lives during the Holocaust were in part the result of coordination and cooperation between the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) and the American Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), via a network of local relief organisations in Europe and worldwide. A landmark decision in building this network was the creation in 1927 of a new agency – HICEM, an abbreviation of the names of three resettlement organisations: HIAS, an American organisation with its headquarters in New York; the Paris‐based Jewish Colonisation Association, and Emigdirect, based in Berlin. During the Nazi period, as Jews were gradually pushed out of German social and economic life, HICEM was able to connect dozens of local Jewish committees throughout the world and bring thousands of Jewish refugees to safe havens in the United States, South and Central America, the Far East and Australia. The study also shows that, despite tension between HIAS and the JDC, b...
Characterization of undecaprenol kinase from Lactobacillus plantarum

A membrane-bound undecaprenol kinase from Lactobacillus has been identified by observing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of [14C]undercaprenol. The product of this reaction was shown to be [14C]undecaprenyl monophosphate by comparison of its chromatographic mobilities with authentic undecaprenyl monophosphate. It was shown that 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP was incorporated into undecaprenyl monophosphate. The kinase was partially solubilized by a variety of methods utilizing Triton X-100. Both the membrane-associated and solubilized enzymes required Mg2+, Triton X-100 and dimethylsulfoxide for activity. The enzyme preferentially phosphorylated the C34, C50 AND C 55 polyprenols. Geranylgeraniol (C20) and dolichol (C100), however, were utilized only 6% and 13% as well as undecaprenol, respectively. Despite the 8-fold difference in apparent V values, the apparent Km values for dolichol and undecaprenol were both 14 microM. The apparent Km for the nucleotide cosubstrate, ATP, was 2 mM. No other nucleoside triphosphate could substitute for ATP.
On Intercepting the Flow of Ideas: An Economic Analysis

Context and Relevance Censorship conjures images of despotic governments strangulating the expression of political convictions. Censorship is the violation of a basic human right. But censorship appears in many forms, and the most effective approach may not be the most imposing. Hence, I look at censorship as a general case in which the flow of information is regulated in the interest of the censor. By “optimal” censoring, I understand a policy that suits the interests of the censor best in the long run.
Platelet Activity State in Human, Bovine, and Ovine Species Under Constant Shear Stress: A Comparative Study

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices, such as the total artificial heart and ventricular assist devices, are employed as bridge-to-transplant or destination therapies for advanced heart failure.[1] Recipients of these life-saving MCS devices have to endure life-long antiplatelet regimens to counteract thromboembolic events resulting from exposure of platelets to high shear stress. Often, large animal models, i.e. bovine and ovine, have been utilized to evaluate the performance and blood compatibility of these cardiovascular devices. Therefore, understanding and correlating the interspecies differences of platelet reactivity is crucial in optimizing the design of MCS devices.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Improvement in Functional Ambulation as a Therapeutic Effect of Peroneal Nerve Stimulation in Hemiplegia: Two Case Reports

Two chronic stroke survivors who utilized an ankle foot orthosis (AFO) prior to study entry were evaluated at baseline and after 4 weeks of daily use of a surface peroneal nerve stimulator. Participants were assessed without their dorsiflexor assistive device, using the modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile (mEFAP). The participants demonstrated improvement in all 5 components of the mEFAP relative to baseline. These case reports indicate that enhanced functional ambulation may be an important therapeutic effect of peroneal nerve stimulation. Potential mechanisms are discussed. Controlled trials are needed to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship.
Cyclosporine suppresses rat hepatic cytochrome P450 in a time-dependent manner

Cyclosporine suppresses rat hepatic cytochrome P450 in a time-dependent manner. Background Cyclosporine is a potent immunosuppressant known to selectively suppress specific cytochrome P450 (P450) isoforms following chronic therapy in the rat. Cyclosporine undergoes significant hepatic metabolism in the rat, primarily due to P450 3A isoforms. Hence, alterations in hepatic metabolism of cyclosporine may lead to changes in drug pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. The purpose of this study was to examine the temporal effect of chronic cyclosporine dosing on P450 protein expression and metabolic activity in a rat model of chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Methods Adult male rats were administered cyclosporine 15mg/kg/day or vehicle 1 ml/kg/day by subcutaneous injection for up to 28days. To examine whether or not metabolic activity recovered following drug removal, additional rats were administered cyclosporine for 28days followed by vehicle for up to an additional 15days. Hepatic P450 protein expression and microsomal metabolic activity were measured by Western blot analysis and in vitro steroid hydroxylation, respectively. Results Cyclosporine trough levels progressively increased over the 28days period and were still measurable for up to 15days after discontinuation. Immunoblot analysis indicated that chronic cyclosporine treatment suppressed P450 3A2 expression and in vitro steroid hydroxylation in a time-dependent manner. Fifteen days following discontinuation of cyclosporine dosing, hepatic metabolic activity and microsomal P450 3A2 levels returned to near pre-dosing levels. Conclusions We conclude that the time-dependent P450 suppression by cyclosporine may at least partially explain the variability in cyclosporine pharmacokinetics. These studies support the hypothesis that hepatic isoforms other than P450 3A2 may be responsible for cyclosporine metabolism during chronic treatment in the rat.
Tumor suppressor mechanisms in immune aging.

The cancer-aging hypothesis suggests that the activation of some tumor suppressor mechanisms beneficially prevents cancer but also untowardly promotes mammalian aging. Along these lines, activation of tumor suppressor mechanisms that inhibit the cell cycle (e.g. p16INK4a and p53) in response to DNA damage and other age-promoting stimuli has taken center stage in immune-aging research. Immune cells are intrinsically susceptible to transforming events due to V(D)J recombination, a high rate of cellular turnover and requisite long-term self-renewal. Therefore, the DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation play a clear role in maintaining homeostasis without neoplastic progression. Here we will argue on the basis of recent advances in our understanding of tumor suppressor mechanisms in immune cells; however, that aspects of these same beneficial pathways have the potential to induce intrinsic immune aging.
Copepod foraging in patchy habitats and thin layers using a 2-D individual-based model

Evidence has shown that thin, horizontally extending phytoplankton layers may be comprised of smaller high-concentration aggregations of phytoplankton, rather than a homogeneous high-concentration sheet. A 2-D (horizontal and vertical dimensions) individual-based model of cope- pod foraging was developed, in order to examine whether the foraging success of a copepod would be significantly affected by phytoplankton patchiness. The foraging rules for the simulated copepods were to decrease speed and increase turning angle when high food concentrations are encountered. The underlying distributions of phytoplankton used in the model were, for the patchy layer scenario, representations of raw 2-D field fluorescence obtained using the Optical Serial Section Tomography (OSST) device, and for the homogeneous layer scenario, distributions created by simulated vertical sampling of the OSST distributions with a CTD/Fluorometer. In both the patchy and homogeneous layer scenarios, the copepods always had higher net foraging efficiency than randomly behaving controls, suggesting that the simple behavioral rules adopted are advantageous for copepod-like organisms. Foraging efficiency was significantly greater for the patchy layer scenarios than for the homogeneous layer scenarios when patches were small (i.e. one step length in width) and intense (i.e. near ingestion-saturating concentrations). Ingestion was up to 30% higher in the most patchy case versus its paired homogeneous case, suggesting that the existence of patchiness is critical to copepod survival, and that sampling scales should not exceed the step length of a copepod.
Effect of juvenile hormone on cirriped metamorphosis.

Abstract The synthetic insect growth regulator, ZR-512 (2), causes precocious metamorphosis of the cyprid larva of the acorn barnacle, Balanus galeatus . Juvenile hormone (JH) (1) was also found to be effective in this assay at a threshold concentration of 103 ppb, three orders of magnitude less active than ZR-512. Pretreatment of cyprids with certain subthreshold concentrations of JH partially inhibited the expected metamorphic activity of subsequently added ZR-512, suggesting that the two compounds interact with the same receptor.
Economic complexity as network complication: Multiregional input-output structural path analysis

This paper presents a description of some fundamental properties of networks of economic selfinfluence and transfer of economic influence within hierarchies of economic sub-systems using structural path analysis within a multiregional input-output system. In this fashion, exchange between sectors, activities and regions is viewed as a network that can be decomposed hierarchically; economic complexity is viewed as an emerging property of the process of network complication that accompanies the augmentation of inputs and the growing synergetic interactions between regional sub-systems. For the reasons of clarity, the cases of two and three regions are considered in detail. The treatment of the general case of n regions and the graph-theoretical description of the global augmentation process of the network complication is presented in two appendices, where the mathematical proofs can be found. It is expected that this analysis will provide a methodology that will be useful in understanding regional economic sustainability (i.e., spatial and temporal invariability), structural stability and structural changes in economic networks as well as providing insights into the role of internal and external trade between regions. To support this expectation, the detailed theoretical analysis of the block structural paths in the social accounting system is presented supplemented by economic analysis of the Indonesian social accounting matrices for 1975, 1980 and 1985.
Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in an intensive care unit (ICU): Epidemiologic investigation and resolution

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: According to recent literature, Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) ranks second after Pseudomonas in causing healthcare-associated gram-negative infections. Historically, pathogen prevalence monitoring for our 19-bed ICU revealed 0-1 Ab isolates per month. Between February 10 and 19, 2004, a cluster of five multidrug-resistant Ab (MDR Ab) positive sputum cultures from the ICU prompted an investigation. METHODS: Routine epidemiologic surveillance includes daily review of culture reports and quarterly cumulative pathogen prevalence reporting for the ICU. This investigation included a line listing of cases with a timeline, molecular study of isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), direct observations of patient care practices, and communication of findings to ICU staff. RESULTS: All five patients were Ab culture-negative upon admission to the ICU; all MDR Ab antibiotic sensitivity data were similar or identical. PFGE showed isolates to be very similar and considered identical given the epidemiologic link. All stays in the ICU overlapped chronologically, and compliance with established isolation and hand hygiene practices was observed to be inconsistent. Repeated verbal reinforcement of hand hygiene and isolation policies improved adherence to infection control policies. The prevalence of Ab in the ICU returned to historical baseline in March 2004. During the investigation, one MDR Ab isolate from the ICU (January 1, 2004) thought unrelated to the outbreak was included as a control. This isolate had the same dendogram as the outbreak isolates. Additional investigation revealed that this patient had been in the ICU at the same time as one of the February outbreak patients and provided the epidemiologic link identifying this January 1 patient as the “index case.” The investigation was expanded to include January. Two additional patients had MDR Ab positive cultures (January 4 and January 27), thus increasing the number of outbreak cases to eight. CONCLUSIONS: Pathogen prevalence surveillance combined with daily review of culture reports is effective to identify an outbreak in a timely manner and optimizes the ability to intervene. Immediately sharing the molecular study results and timeline of patient stays with the ICU staff helped them understand the outbreak and accept responsibility for infection prevention. Improved adherence to hand hygiene and isolation techniques resolved this outbreak.
Tungsten ball microelectrode for extracellular single-unit recording☆

Abstract An electrolytic method is described for manufacturing ball-tipped tungsten microelectrodes. The tungsten ball is produced by slowly withdrawing the electrode from the etching solution until the wire mells and tungsten metal forms a ball at the end of the shaft. The size of the ball is related to both the size of the wire shaft and the amount of current being passed. Smaller balled tips are produced when wire of smaller shaft diameter is induced to spark and melt. Higher voltages and larger shaft diameters at sparking yield larger balled tips. Ball-tipped electrodes are produced easily and reliably by this method and require little training. Such electrodes are sturdy and capable of stably recording activity of either single cells or multiple-units with good signal-to-noise ratio. They can record extracellular perikaryal responses from neurons at several levels of the nervous system. Responses of single nerve fibers are not isolated by these electrodes.
Influence of Parents' Self-Feelings and Expectations on Children's Academic Performance

Abstract The authors examined the degree to which parents' negative self-feelings affect the relationship between their educational attainment and the educational expectations they have for their adolescent children, as perceived by their children. In turn, they investigated the degree to which parents' negative self-feelings affect the relationship between their educational expectations for their adolescent children and the current academic achievement of those children. Results provide preliminary indications that parents' expectations for their children and the transmission of those expectations may be modified by how parents feel about themselves. Those modifying effects are explained in terms of both parents' and students' motivations and behaviors.
The RIM101 Signal Transduction Pathway Regulates Candida albicans Virulence during Experimental Keratomycosis

Purpose. To examine the role of the fungal RIM101 signal transduction pathway in the pathogenesis of Candida albicans keratitis.
Molecular and crystal structure of (1 → 3)-α-d-glucan triacetate

Abstract A crystal and molecular structure for GTA I, the low temperature polymorph of (1 → 3)-α- d -glucan triacetate, is proposed on the basis of X-ray diffraction analysis of well-oriented films, combined with stereochemical model refinement. The unit cell is monoclinic with parameters a = 30.17 A , b = 17.42 A , c (fibre axis) = 12.11 A , and β = 90°C. The probable space group is P21 with b axis unique. Six molecular chains pass through the unit cell with alternating polarity and with three independent chains comprising the asymmetric unit. The chain axes are located in a hexagonal packing arrangement. The chain backbone conformation is a left-handed, three-fold helix, but all nine O(6) acetyl groups of the asymmetric unit are in non-equivalent rotational positions. The most probable structure is indicated by X-ray residuals R = 0.261 and R″ = 0.283, based on 62 reflection intensities (41 observed and 21 unobserved).
Experimental heat-transfer studies of hypervelocity flight in planetary atmospheres

Heat transfer problems with a ballistic vehicle entering into the atmospheres of near planets at hypervelocity entry conditions
Monolithic integration of GaAs/AlGaAs LED and Si driver circuit

A GaAs/AlGaAs LED has been monolithically integrated with a Si driver circuit composed of ten MOSFETs. The LED replaces the output pad of a 2- mu m design rule, standard Si output buffer circuit, so that the overall area remains the same. By applying a stream of voltage pulses to the input of the driver circuit, the LED output has been modulated at rates exceeding 100 MHz. >
PLACENTAL GROWTH HORMONE AHD RELATED PROTEINS

The human growth hormone (hGH) gene cluster contains the pituitary hGH-H gene as well as 4 placentally expressed genes: hCS-A, hCS-B, hCS-L, and hGH-V (placental GH). The 4 placental genes are coordinately induced during fetal development. There is a developmentally regulated switch in the relative expression of hCS-A and hCS-B. The hGB-V gene produces a maternally circulating hormone that reaches maximal levels during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters, as well as a larger protein, hGH-V2, that remains associated with the cell. hGH-V maintains the full spectrum of GH-like bioactivity but is 7-fold more purely somatogenic than hGB-N. The hCS-L gene has lost its normal exon 2 splice donor and undergoes extensive alternative splicing. Expression of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) has been detected in all 4 layers of the placenta, suggesting a means of signal transduction for the placental GH isoforms. The placental villi selectively express an alternatively spliced form of the receptor lacking exon 3, hGHRd3, while decidua and chorion predominantly express the full-length receptor. Both forms of hGH receptor possess indistinguishable ligand binding activities when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. To study the developmental and tissue-specific regulation of this gene cluster, 150 kb of DHA including and flanking the cluster have been analyzed for DHase I hypersensitive sites (HSS). A set of HSS were identified in syncytiotrophoblastic nuclei and in the nuclei of a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma about 40 kb upstream and >20 kb downstream of the cluster. These sites were absent from a number of cell types that do not express the GH-related genes. Constructs containing the hGH-N gene plus and minus the HSS were used to generate transgenic mice. When linked to the 5′ -HSS the hGH-N gene was specifically expressed in the pituitary with serum levels of 2-10 ng/ml hGH-H. The 5′-HSS reformed in the transgene in nuclei from pituitaries of transgenic mice. The possibility that this region, remote from the structural genes, is critical to their activation in transgenic mice suggests a novel mechanism for the control of the members of this cluster.
Walk Your Students to Verb Competence: A Model for Reality-Based Learning.

As James Asher has ably demonstrated in Total Physical Response, physical involvement enhances language learning. Walking/not walking and the third-person/firsr-person contrast provide a ready model for involving students in learning verbs, in several tenses, while they create the meaning of the words they are learning. Classroom demonstration of walks, was walking, and walked not only offers active learning for a Few students; well-planned questioning and choral responses involve the entire class in meaningful oral use of new verb forms, with the demonstration serving as a visual aid for all. Further, the demonstration-based question-answer sequence developed for conjugating Spanish caminar (to walk) may readily be applied to a wide variety of verb concepts which students can grasp quickly through classroom performance, in any language.
Industrial surface impoundments: environmental settings, release and exposure potential and risk characterization

Abstract This paper presents the results of a national scale evaluation of the environmental impact of surface impoundments that contain non-hazardous wastewaters. In the 1990s, it was found that approximately 18 000 surface impoundments existed in the US for treating, storing or disposing of non-hazardous wastewater. In this study, the focus was on the subset of 11 900 impoundments that contain at least one of 256 chemicals of interest or high or low pH wastewater. Questionnaires were sent to facilities chosen in a two-phase nationally representative random sample. The nature, extent and use of surface impoundments across manufacturing industries were characterized using the information collected in the survey. Also, the chemical composition of impounded wastewaters; the potential for chemical releases to the environment from the impoundments; and the risk from these releases were assessed. It is estimated that only approximately 5–6% of facilities with impoundments have the potential to pose risks to human health, although approximately 19–46% of facilities with impoundments release chemicals of concern to the environment. The information in this study should help environmental managers evaluate and avoid those risk factors that have the potential to result in environmental harm, particularly when present in combination.
A simple method for assessing muscle function in common marmosets.

Summary A novel method of assessing muscle function in the common marmoset was developed as part of a multidisciplinary long-term study. The method involved home cage presentation of a weight-pulling task. Over a 4–5 month period, 38 of 42 animals were successfully trained to displace weights of up to 920 g (mean 612720 g). Performance, following initial training, was stable and independent of gender or body weight.
Design of a swinging arm actuator for a disk file

An integral disk enclosure that incorporates a novel head-positioning actuator concept is used in the IBM System/32 and in recently announced terminal controllers, such as the Retail Store Controller and the Communication Controller. Based on a swinging arm rather than the conventional linear carriage, the actuator presented the designers with opportunities to create a simplified mechanism and to gain advantages in reliability and cost. This paper describes the geometrical, structural, and electromechanical basis of the design.
Physical energy inputs and the comparative ecology of lake and marine ecosystems

Although freshwater and marine systems both receive light and heat energy from the sun and are mixed by the wind, only marine systems receive additional mechanical energy from the tide. This input is very small relative to the flux of solar energy but may exceed that from wind. Some obvious physical consequences of this additional energy input include the development of intertidal habitats, the presence of stronger currents, and more vigorous vertical mixing. It is argued that these (and perhaps other) consequences lead to coastal marine ecosystems which differ in a number of important ways from temperate lakes. There is some evidence that coastal marine systems generally maintain a larger standing crop of benthic animals and that these fauna are more effective in mixing the bottom sediments. As a result of better sediment mixing (and perhaps warmer and better oxygenated bottom water), organic matter deposited on the bottom of coastal marine areas may be more completely metabolized and less C, N, and P retained than in lake sediments. Materials that are more tightly bound to particles, like many metals, may behave similarly in lake and marine sediments. Although many lakes are strong sinks for nutrients and metals, marine bays and estuaries may bc much less effective in retaining nutrients. A major consequence of the input of tidal energy appears to be a more intensive yield of fish from marinc systems compared with temperate lakes. The data suggest that this more intense yield is not due to the size or interconnection of marine areas or to higher primary production. Rather, the efficiency of transfer of primary production to fish appears to be greater. Tropical lakes appear more like marine systems in this regard, and this may be related to lower thermal stability and more efficient wind energy transfer because of a small Coriolis effect at low latitudes.
An alternative model of amino acid replacement

Motivation: The observed correlations between pairs of homologous protein sequences are typically explained in terms of a Markovian dynamic of amino acid substitution. This model assumes that every location on the protein sequence has the same background distribution of amino acids, an assumption that is incompatible with the observed heterogeneity of protein amino acid profiles and with the success of profile multiple sequence alignment. Results: We propose an alternative model of amino acid replacement during protein evolution based upon the assumption that the variation of the amino acid background distribution from one residue to the next is sufficient to explain the observed sequence correlations of homologs. The resulting dynamical model of independent replacements drawn from heterogeneous backgrounds is simple and consistent, and provides a unified homology match score for sequence--sequence, sequence--profile and profile--profile alignment. Contact: gec@compbio.berkeley.edu
Nasotracheal intubation: a randomized trial of two methods.

BackgroundSeveral techniques have been suggested to reduce the trauma of nasotracheal intubation, although no comparative studies exist. The authors evaluated red-rubber catheters as a guide to nasotracheal intubation.MethodsChildren presenting for elective surgery were randomized to undergo red-rub