cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Area Optimization of Timing Resilient Designs Using Resynthesis

Timing resilient designs can remove variation margins by adding error detecting logic (EDL) that detects timing errors when execution completes within a resiliency window. Speeding up near-critical-paths during logic synthesis can reduce the amount of EDL needed but at the cost of increasing logic area. This creates a logic optimization strategy called resynthesis . This paper proposes four alternatives to optimize resilient designs through resynthesis. The first is a brute force approach that explores speeding up all combinations of near-critical paths and produces good results but is computationally impractical for complex circuits. The second is a naive brute-force (BF) approach in which near-critical paths are sped up one end-point at a time. It is much faster than the BF approach because it does not explore the benefits of speeding up multiple end-points simultaneously and thus provides a quick-and-dirty lower bound for the benefits of resynthesis. The third is a geometric program-based iterative algorithm (GPIA) that achieves area reductions that compare favorably across all four approaches. The GPIA algorithm completes within 24 h for all examples and the average area reduction is up to 16%. Because the run-time required to solve this mathematical model can still be long; however, we propose a fourth approach that involves creating a virtual resynthesis cell library that tries to trick the synthesis tool to understand EDL overhead and optimize total area quickly and automatically. This approach obtains an average of approximately two-third of the area reductions of the GPIA approach with fast run times associated with only a single synthesis run.
Group Psychotherapy and Related Helping Groups Today: An Overview

Following an historical summary of the broader group helping field, the article differentiates among clinical group psychotherapy, "therapeutic" groups, human relations and training groups, as well as mutual-help and self-help groups. Twelve major theoretical models of group interventions are delineated, followed by an account of the current status of group treatment theory, practice and research. The role of group interventions in the fields of physical, sexual and substance abuse, chronic illness, and trauma--as in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks--are highlighted. A glimpse at the future of group treatments considers the obstacles and prospects occasioned by the managed care "revolution" in mental health.
Theoretical Modeling and Analysis of Magnetic Induction Communication in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs)

The wireless body area network (WBAN) is a promising new communication technology operating at close proximity to the human body. Although various wireless communication techniques using electromagnetic wave propagation have been deployed for WBANs, they encounter several problems. A major issue is that electromagnetic waves in the microwave range often experience a high level of attenuation. Multipath effects and interference with other existing systems are other issues. Magnetic induction (MI) is an alternative physical layer technique, which can address some of these problems. In this paper, a circuit model for an MI system is presented to describe power transmission between the transceivers and to facilitate performance analysis of this wireless system around the human body. An analytical model is derived for the mutual inductance of two MI coils as a function of coil geometry, operating frequency, and relative position and orientation of the coils. This model provides an accurate and fast method of calculating the mutual induction, which is a key parameter in the optimal design of an MI communication system. The model is verified by experimental measurements and numerical simulations. The results show that for frequencies up to 30 MHz, the human body does not affect the performance of MI communication system.
Community Health Advisors’ Participation in a Dissemination and Implementation Study of an Evidence-Based Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Program in a Faith-Based Setting

Community health advisors (CHAs) have been widely involved in health promotion, but few details on role expectations, retention, and evaluation have been reported. In a dissemination and implementation (DI observers' ratings of CHAs' church training delivery; church committee members' ratings of the training experience, including CHAs' performance; and data from the TA database to assess CHAs' adherence to the protocol. The main challenge was the early dropout of one CHA and the reduced role of another. CHAs trained 142 intervention and 60 control church committee members in nine sessions; they covered 99% (intervention) and 90% (control) of training content, indicating high fidelity. Observers' scored CHAs' teaching and facilitation skills at 96.7% (intervention) and 80% (control) of the possible score. CHAs completed 92% of intervention and 93% of control TA calls. The great majority of church participants' comments regarding CHAs were positive. This study demonstrates that with training and support, CHAs demonstrate high levels of intervention fidelity, confidence, and competence.
The Role of Positron Emission Tomography in Assessing and Monitoring Dopamine Active Drugs

Neuroreceptors and neurotransmitters have been implicated in the pathophysiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic mechanisms for a number of human disorders. The dopaminergic system is one of the most commonly implicated neuroreceptor neurotransmitter systems. Diseases such as Tourette’s Syndrome, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s Disease are examples of such disorders where dopamine is suspected of playing an important role. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and, more recently, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) studies of neuroreceptors, re-uptake sites and neurotransmitter precursors as well as the indirect actions of endogenous neurotransmitters provide important methodological tools to investigate pathophysiology and design therapy. In this chapter we will describe how the PET studies can help design therapeutic stratagies through the monitoring and comparison of various drugs and toxins in the living human brain. Such measurements represent unique techniques that in many cases cannot be directly carried our by any other procedure.
Does Endotoxin have Direct or Indirect Effects on the Heart

One of the perplexing questions about endotoxin shock is whether endotoxin acts directly or indirectly on the myocardium. In general, the role of the heart in shock is a knotty problem, since the heart is obviously susceptible to numerous influences—both direct and indirect. The contribution of the heart to the development of systemic hypotension and inadequate blood flow in the early, intermediate, and late phases of endotoxin shock needs to be clearly defined.
Percutaneous Antegrade Ablation of Posterior Urethral Valves in Infants with Small Caliber Urethras: An Alternative to Urinary Diversion

AbstractIn a select group of 6 infants with posterior urethral valves percutaneous antegrade valve ablation was used successfully, obviating vesical or supravesical diversion as an initial form of treatment. The indications for percutaneous valve ablation, important technical aspects of the procedure and the patient series are presented.
Polyketide Biosynthesis: Antibiotics in Streptomyces

The polyketides comprise a class of secondary metabolites found mainly in bacteria, filamentous fungi and plants. They are defined as molecules assembled by the head to tail condensation of thioesters derived from short chain carboxylic acids, most commonly acetyl-SCoA, malonyl-SCoA, methylmalonyl-SCoA, and ethylmalonyl-SCoA.1 Despite this common biosynthetic origin, members of this class of natural products include a wide variety of structures ranging from small molecules such as the seven-carbon furan structure, furanomycin,2 to large macrocycles such as the avermectins, which have as many as 33 carbons of polyketide origin3 (Fig. 1).
Agricultural Fires and Health at Birth

Fire has long served as a tool in agriculture, but the practice's link with economic activity has made its health consequences difficult to study. Drawing on data from satellite-based fire detectio...
Multi-Objective Decomposition for Scalar Problems

This chapter discusses multi-objective decomposition method for scalar problems. The most common way to solve multi-objective programming problems is to transform them into problems with a single, scalar objective function, and then to solve these problems once or successively using standard optimization techniques. In an intriguing reversal of this approach, Krasnoshchekov, Morozov, and Fedorov proposed decomposing single-objective problems, used in modeling complex technological systems, into problems with multiple objectives. Once a problem is so transformed, a representation of the non-inferior set is obtained using a ɛ-grid latticing of the full non-inferior set. The optimal solution to the original single objective problem is then selected from the set of non-inferior solutions produced by the ɛ-grid. Thus, by converting the scalar problem into a multi-objective programming problem, the set of candidate solutions is significantly reduced from the complete feasible region to a finite subset of non-inferior points. This becomes particularly important when a great amount of time is necessary for calculating the values of the problem's original single objective.
Informal Classroom Observations On the Go: Feedback, Discussion and Reflection

In the third edition of this bestselling book, instructional leadership expert Sally Zepeda shares eleven more field-tested, informal classroom observation tools designed specifically for school personnel working with teachers to assist them in developing their instructional strategies. The book includes the most comprehensive set of tools available today for classroom walkthroughs, professional development, and effective feedback. It is an invaluable resource for instructional coaches, curriculum coordinators, department chairs, and school leaders. The revised third edition includes: 51 tools usable in print, on laptop computers, or on electronic tablets Strategies for conducting post-observation conferences Indexes to browse and choose the tools that best fit your individual needs
Pairing pedagogical and genomic advances to prepare advanced practice nurses for the era of precision health

Broadly accessible curriculum that equips Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs) with knowledge and skills to apply genomics in practice in the era of precision health is needed. Increased accessibility of genomics courses and updated curriculum will prepare APNs to be leaders in the precision health initiative. Courses on genomics were redesigned using contemporary pedagogical approaches to online teaching. Content was based on the Essential Genetic and Genomic Competencies for Nurses with Graduate Degrees. The number of students enrolled (n = 10) was comparable to previous years with greater breadth of representation across nursing practice specialty areas (53% vs. 20%). Prior to the first course, students reported agreement with meeting 8% (3/38) of the competencies. By completion of the 3rd course, students reported 100% (38/38) agreement with meeting the competencies. Content on genomics sufficient to obtain self-perceived attainment of genomics competencies can be successfully delivered using contemporary pedagogical teaching approaches.
Rrp5 establishes a checkpoint for 60S assembly during 40S maturation

Even though the RNAs contained in the small (40S) and large (60S) ribosomal subunits are cotranscribed, their assembly proceeds largely separately, involving entirely distinct machineries. Nevertheless, separation of the two subunits, an event that is critical for assembly of the small subunit, is delayed until domain I of the large subunit is transcribed, indicating crosstalk between the two assembly pathways. Here we show that this crosstalk is mediated by the assembly factor Rrp5, one of only three proteins required for assembly of both ribosomal subunits. Quantitative RNA binding and cleavage data demonstrate that early on, Rrp5 blocks separation of the two subunits, and thus 40S maturation by inhibiting the access of Rcl1 to promote cleavage of the nascent rRNA. Upon transcription of domain I of 25S rRNA, the 60S assembly factors Noc1/Noc2 bind both this RNA and Rrp5 to change the Rrp5 RNA binding mode to enable pre-40S rRNA processing. Mutants in the HEAT-repeat domain of Noc1 are deficient in the separation of the subunits, which is rescued by overexpression of wild-type but not inactive Rcl1 in vivo. Thus, Rrp5 establishes a checkpoint for 60S assembly during 40S maturation to ensure balanced levels of the two subunits.
A physiologically-motivated model of cystic fibrosis liquid and solute transport dynamics across primary human nasal epithelia

Cystic fibrosis (CF) disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an anion channel expressed in the mucosal side of epithelial tissue. In the airway, dysfunctional CFTR results in a transepithelial osmotic imbalance leading to hyperabsorption of airway surface liquid mucostasis, chronic inflammation, and eventual respiratory failure. Human nasal epithelial cell cultures from healthy and CF donors were used to perform studies of liquid and solute transport dynamics at an air/liquid interface in order to emulate the in vivo airway. Then, these results were used to inform a quantitative systems pharmacology model of airway epithelium describing electrically and chemically driven transcellular ionic transport, contributions of both convective and diffusive paracellular solute transport, and osmotically driven transepithelial water dynamics. Model predictions showed CF cultures, relative to non-CF ones, have increased apical and basolateral water permeabilities, and increase paracellular permeability and transepithelial chemical driving force for a radiolabeled tracer used to track small molecule absorption. These results provide a computational platform to better understand and probe the mechanisms behind the liquid hyperabsorption and small molecule retention profiles observed in the CF airway.
The effects of agricultural cooperatives on smallholder livelihoods and agricultural performance in Cambodia

Cooperatives are increasingly advocated as a means to improve incomes, livelihoods and the sustainability of smallholder farmers. This study analyzes the impact of commercial vegetable cooperative membership on smallholder agricultural performance in Cambodia. Institutional heterogeneities are considered across cooperatives and various econometric techniques are used to control for potential selection bias. The impacts of horticulture on agricultural outcomes are also analyzed. The results indicate that membership of commercial vegetable cooperatives has so far had no effect on agricultural incomes or the value or amounts of agricultural inputs. However, results indicate that membership has affected technology choice, access to credit services and information transmission through technological training. Additionally, there is evidence that horticulture, as a component of overall agricultural diversification, can augment farm income. The results suggest that much of the benefit of cooperative membership stems from the cooperative's provision of services, which might not be easily inferred from measures of member incomes.
Microbial synergy between Pichia kudriazevii YS201 and Bacillus subtilis BS38 improves pulp degradation and aroma production in cocoa pulp simulation medium

Abstract Interactions between two major microorganisms from Ivorian cocoa fermentation, namely Bacillus subtilis BS38 and Pichia kudriazevii YS201, were investigated during fermentation in cocoa pulp simulation medium. The strains were mutually inhibitory, with Bacillus being more susceptible to this antagonistic effect than Pichia. However, both strains yielded different pulp-degrading enzymes, namely polygalacturonase (PG) from Pichia and pectate lyase (Pel) from Bacillus, that cooperate to efficiently breakdown pectin and vegetable pulp. The quantification of aromas from microbial cultures using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) coupled with headspace microextration (SPME) method, showed that P. kudriazevii produce mainly alcohols such as ethanol (63.165 g/L), phenylethanol (1.005 g/L), methylbutanol (0.138 g/L) and esters, notably ethyl acetate (0.037 g/L) and isoamyl acetate (0.032 g/L). The volatile fraction produced by Bacillus was dominated by butanediol (5.707 g/L), acetoin (1.933 g/L), phenylethanol (0.035 g/L) and acetic acid (0.034 g/L). In co-culture, Bacillus produced low levels of aroma compounds whereas a moderate decrease in the production of these compounds was observed in the yeasts strain. Thus, the dominant aromas present in the co-culture were mainly those from the yeasts strain; however, a 1.37 fold increase of ethanol production was observed in co-culture indicating a synergy between the strains. This study showed that cooperation between B. subtilis BS38 and P. kudriazevii YS201 leads principally to increasing pulp degradation and ethanol production, known as desirable properties for a well processing of cocoa fermentation.
Economic Contributions of the Forest Industry and Forest-based Recreation in Florida in 2016

The state of Florida is half woods, with 26,807 square miles of forestland. Our extensive natural and planted pine and hardwood forests are used for production of a wide variety of wood building materials, consumer paper and packaging products, chemicals, and renewable biomass fuels. In addition to industrial forest-related activity, public forestlands in Florida support a variety of recreational activities, attract a significant number of recreational visitors, and provide many non-marketed environmental or ecosystem services. This 4-page fact sheet written by Christa Dean Court, Alan W Hodges, and Mohammad Rahmani and published by the UF/IFAS Food and Resource Economics Department describes a study that analyzed the economic contributions of the forest industry and forest-based recreation activities to the state of Florida in 2016. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe1051
Lessons Learned in Using Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Treatment of Brain Tumors: A Case Series of 238 Patients from a Single Institution.

Background Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a novel, minimally invasive alternative to craniotomy, and as with any new technology, comes with a learning curve. Objective We present our experience detailing the evolution of this technology in our practice in one of the largest patient cohorts to date regarding LITT in neuro-oncology. Methods We reviewed 238 consecutive patients with brain tumor treated with LITT at our institution. Data on patient, surgery and tumor characteristics, and follow-up were collected. Patients were categorized into 2 cohorts: early ( 2015, 138 patients). Median follow-up for the entire cohort was 8.4 months. Results The indications for LITT included gliomas (70.2%), radiation necrosis (21.0%), and metastasis (8.8%). Patient demographics stayed consistent between the 2 cohorts, with the exception of age (early, 54.3; recent, 58.4; P = 0.04). Operative time (6.6 vs. 3.5; P Conclusions We observed improvement in operative efficiency and permanent deficits over time and also patients with poor preoperative Karnofsky Performance Status achieved suboptimal outcomes with LITT. As many other treatment modalities, patient selection is important in this procedure.
Evaluation of a Proactive Smoking Cessation Electronic Visit to Extend the Reach of Evidence-Based Cessation Treatment via Primary Care.

Background: Best practice guidelines for smoking cessation treatment through primary care advise the 5As model. However, compliance with these guidelines is poor, leaving many smokers untreated. Th...
Time-Space Distanciation as a Decolonizing Framework for Psychology:

Coloniality describes the way in which racialized conceptions of being, personhood, and morality inherent in colonial regimes are maintained long after the formal end of colonial enterprises. Centr...
Expression of Twist1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and its clinical significance

Purpose To investigate the clinicopathological significance of transcript factor Twist1 gene expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Methods The expression of Twist1 was detected by EnVision immunohistochemical method in 164 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues,and the relationship between Twist1 expression and clinical and pathological features,such as patient age,sex,tumor size,lymph node and distant metastasis,differentiation,clinical stage and survival,was analyzed. Results Twist1 was mainly expressed in stromal fibroblasts surrounding cancer cells,and some expressed in cancer cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The stromal fibroblast expression of Twist1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was lowest in stage T1 and TNM1 compared with other stages(both P0. 05),and the expression in lymph node metastasis group was higher than that without lymph node metastasis(P0. 05),and in death group was higher than that of survival group(P0. 05). However,there was no relationship between Twist1 expression and patients' gender,age,tumor size,differentiation,distant metastasis and cancer recurrence(P 0. 05). The cancer cell expression of Twist1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was higher in death group than that in survival group(P0. 001),and that in recurrence group was higher than no recurrence group(P0. 001). Conclusion Twist1 expression might be an important marker for detection of prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Current-Source Solid-State DC Transformer Integrating LVDC Microgrid, Energy Storage, and Renewable Energy Into MVDC Grid

Solid-state dc transformer to integrate low-voltage dc (LVdc) microgrid, wind turbine (WT) generator, photovoltaic (PV), and energy storage (ES) into medium-voltage (MV) direct-current (MVdc) distribution grids is attractive. This article proposes current-source dc solid-state transformer (SST) for MVdc collection system in WT, PV, and ES farms or as an interface between the MVdc grid and the LVdc microgrid. Compared to conventional current-source converter (CSC) based SSTs, a switch reduction scheme on reverse-blocking device bridges is proposed to reduce device count and the number of devices on the dc-link current path. Importantly, the proposed switch reduction scheme is generic and can be applied to the dc ports of dc–ac, ac–dc, or dc–dc hard-switching or soft-switching CSC-based SSTs. Based on this scheme, the proposed current-source dc SSTs are derived, which have reduced electrolytic-capacitor-less dc-link. The proposed dc SSTs also achieve single-stage isolated dc–dc or dc–ac conversion, full-range zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for main switches, zero-current switching (ZCS) for resonant switches, and controlled $ dv/dt $ . The proposed dc SSTs, operating principles, predictive control method, the ZVS, and the controlled $ dv/dt $ under voltage buck-boost ranges are verified with MV simulations and an experimental prototype based on SiC mosfets , diodes, and a nanocrystalline transformer.
ENZYME DISTRIBUTION IN MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, AND NUCLEAR FRACTIONS FROM PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS

Burrous, S. E. (University of Illinois, Urbana) and W. A. Wood. Enzyme distribution in membrane, cytoplasm, and nuclear fractions from Pseudomonas fluorescens. J. Bacteriol. 84:364–369. 1962.—A procedure is described for fractionation of Pseudomonas fluorescens A3.12 by controlled rupture of spheroplasts and fractional centrifugations to yield cytoplasm, membrane, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fractions with low cross contamination and little loss of enzymatic activity. Assays for the content of a number of oxidative and nonoxidative enzymes revealed that: (i) little activity is present in the DNA fraction; (ii) only reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase is found exclusively in the membranes; (iii) phosphohexosisomerase and probably transketolase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are found exclusively in the cytoplasm; and (iv) the remaining five enzymes studied were found in both fractions. In contrast to earlier reports of gluconic dehydrogenase being membrane-bound and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase being soluble in sonic extracts, this procedure produced partly soluble gluconic dehydrogenase and partly membrane-associated 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase.
Gun shot wound to the Talus : a report of two cases

Gun shot wounds of the foot and ankle may be self inflicted or due to assault. We describe in this case report,on two patients who had gun shot wounds toon the ankle with bullets embedded into the body of talus and were treated nonoperatively.
Localization of transforming growth factor beta binding site in betaglycan. Comparison with small extracellular matrix proteoglycans.

The most abundant binding molecule for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) on many cell types is betaglycan, a transmembrane proteoglycan. To localize the binding site for TGF-beta in betaglycan, parts of the betaglycan extracellular portion were expressed as recombinant fusion proteins in bacteria and tested for their ability to compete for the binding of TGF-beta 1 to Hep G2 cells. One fragment encompassing 226 residues near the transmembrane domain (amino acids 543-769) (Lopez-Casillas, F., Cheifetz, S., Doody, J., Andres, J. L., Lane, W. S., and Massague, J. (1991) Cell 67, 785-795) was active, whereas fusion proteins representing the other parts of the betaglycan ectodomain were inactive. Affinity measurements revealed two classes of binding sites (Kd = 3.9 nM and Kd = 145 nM) for the active fusion protein. The binding of the betaglycan fusion protein to immobilized TGF-beta 1 was inhibited by fusion proteins representing the core proteins of the small interstitial proteoglycans decorin, biglycan and fibromodulin, each also known to bind TGF-beta. The effective concentrations of TGF-beta for binding to these other proteoglycans were similar to those required for binding to betaglycan, indicating similar affinities for the binding of proteoglycans and betaglycan. Affinity cross-linking showed that, at low concentrations, the betaglycan fragment enhanced the binding of TGF-beta to the type II receptor and to endogenous betaglycan but had no effect on the binding to type I receptor. At high concentrations, the TGF-beta binding fragment inhibited the binding of TGF-beta to all these receptors. The fragment enhanced the activity of TGF-beta in mink lung cell bioassay at all active concentrations. The results indicate that betaglycan and the decorin type proteoglycans all bind to the same or closely spaced sites in TGF-beta and compete with one another for the binding. In addition, betaglycan may cooperate with the type II receptor on TGF-beta binding.
Validity of the Palpation Technique of Heart Rate Determination and Its Estimation of Training Heart Rate.

Abstract The ability of adult men accurately to count their postexercise heart rate in the course of actual training was determined, and postexercise heart rate estimation with values determined during running were compared. Subjects were 37 men (30–45 years of age), who practiced the palpation technique of counting the carotid or apical pulse prior to data collection. Subjects then ran at a steady heart rate of 80% or 90% of maximum. Heart rates were counted after a 1/2- to 2-mile run. Heart rates were also monitored via biotelemetry and EKG recording systems, and recorded to the nearest 1/2 beat. Care was taken to insure that subjects and investigators had no knowledge of the others' results until after data were recorded. In 252 trials, the difference in estimating running heart rate biotelemetry (171.0 beats/min.) vs. postexercise count by subjects (169.4 beats/min.) was 2.0%. Postexercise values via biotelemetry and subject count (170.1 vs. 169.4 beats/min.) showed a 1% difference. When trials at 90%...
Off-farm employment and reasons for entering farming as determinants of production enterprise selection in US agriculture

In today’s agriculture, farmers consider off-farm employment and lifestyle goals in complex ways to select production enterprises. Data from USDA’s Agricultural Resource Management Survey were used to examine how off-farm employment and ‘reasons for entering farming’ influence production enterprise selection in US agriculture. A two-stage analysis with a multivariate tobit model was used to examine the impact of off-farm employment as influenced by government farm programme payments, reasons for entering farming, demographics and location on production enterprise selection. Results underscore the impacts of reasons for entering farming and off-farm employment on production enterprise choice and provide implications for policy development. The study highlights the importance of government farm programme payments in production enterprise selection by US farmers.
Thermal isotherms in PMMA and cell necrosis during total hip arthroplasty

BackgroundPolymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), also known as bone cement, is a commonly used adhesive material to fix implants in Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA). During implantation, bone cement undergoes ...
Trial Advocacy Competence: The Judicial Perspective

The competence of attorneys, and more particularly the competence of trial lawyers, is currently an issue of considerable controversy both within the judiciary and within the legal profession itself. This article addresses the issue of attorneys' courtroom performance as observed by judges. Drawing on data from a survey administered to state and federal judges sitting in trial courts of general jurisdiction, this article explores the relationship of demographic and judicial characteristics to various judicial evaluations of advocacy competence. While it provides important insights into the present state of trial advocacy competence, it also constitutes a systematic examination of the judiciary's perceptions of the trial bar.
Processor, I/O path, and DASD configuration capacity

This paper extends a particular capacity planning approach to include usage accounting by business element of Input/output path and Direct Access Storage Device resources. A simple nonlinear procedure is outlined to size host configurations that can process workloads at specified rates. An important feature of the procedure is to take account of a law of diminishing returns, which is that doubling the number of components does not double the amount of work done. Discussed are configuration relationships involving TSO and DB/DC subsystem sizing, tuning, workload variability, data considerations, and hardware and software considerations. Typical, but hypothetical, examples are presented.
Bifurcation and stability analysis of micromixing effects in the chlorite-iodide reaction

Abstract Experimental investigations of the chlorite—iodide reaction in a flow reactor have shown that its dynamical behavior can be very sensitive to mixing effects. This finding is of fundamental importance for the kinetic study of chemical oscillators since it implies that (finite-dimensional) perfectly mixed CSTR models may be insufficient for understanding their dynamical behavior. The simplest model which includes micromixing effects has the form of a nonlinear, partial, integro-differential equation (unsteady-state IEM model). Both parametric continuation and linear stability analysis results are reported for the steady-state IEM model using the Citri—Epstein mechanism with the kinetic constants employed by Fox and Villermaux (1990, Chem. Engng Sci. 45 , 2857–2876). Numerical results, presented in the form of one- and two-parameter bifurcation diagrams using the mean residence time and the micromixture time as parameters, are in qualitative agreement with experimental results. The existence of periodic solutions after potential Hopf bifurcation points has been verified by transforming the unsteady-state IEM model into an infinite system of ordinary differential equations using a Laguerre polynomial expansion, and solving for a truncated set of expansion coefficients. Bifurcation analysis of the steady-state model is shown to be a useful tool for understanding the bifurcation behavior of the (infinite-dimensional) unsteady-state IEM model.
Neutron techniques in materials science and related disciplines

Thermal and cold neutron probes provide researchers in such fields as materials science, physics, chemistry, and biology information that often can be obtained by no other means. The main focus of this paper is on recent studies at NIST which illustrate how thermal and cold neutrons are utilized for materials research.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1670 BIOGENIC AMINE METABOLISM IN RETT'S SYNDROME

Rett's Syndrome is a progressive disorder in females characterized by autistic behavior, dementia, ataxia, loss of purposeful use of the hands and seizures. Extensive laboratory investigations are usually normal with the exception of electroencephalography. To date no biochemical abnormalities have been reported. In an attempt to find a lead to the pathogenesis of this syndrome we assayed biogenic amine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of six patients, age 2-15 years, with Rett's Syndrome. The following metabolites were assayed and compared to age matched controls: 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). Results are as follows: Mean ± S.D. (ng/ml). Thus, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin metabolites are significantly reduced in the CSF of patients with Rett's Syndrome. This may provide new insight into the pathogenesis and future therapeutic intervention in these patients.
The dynamic nature of the so-called “fiber types” of mammalian skeletal muscle

Abstract In general, when mammalian muscles are stained by a histochemical procedure, three categories of muscle fibers become evident. However, careful analysis of individual fibers in serial sections stained histochemically for different enzymes reveals muscle fibers with diverse combinations of enzyme activities. Thus, the “metabolic profile” of individual muscle fibers is more varied than might be supposed and, on this basis, there are considerably more than three fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscle. To ascertain whether the histochemical characteristics of individual fibers undergo transformations in response to increased work, we excised several muscles of the posterior compartment of the rat's hind leg, leaving only the soleus or plantaris muscles as the primary extensors of the ankle joint. Subsequently, alternate serial sections of each muscle were studied histochemically for actomyosin ATPase, intermyofibrillar ATPase, and succinic dehydrogenase activities. Within 2 weeks, profound changes in these enzymes and in the size of certain muscle fibers was observed; this remodelling of the muscle fibers continued throughout the 21-week duration of the study. We interpret these observations as indicating that muscle cells undergo continual alteration throughout life in adaptation to changing functional demands, and that the histochemically demonstrable “fiber types” merely reflect each muscle fiber's constitution at a given moment in time. We submit that a new, more flexible approach to fiber typing is needed to appreciate the dynamic nature of the muscle cell. Furthermore, the physiological factors regulating each enzyme must be evaluated in order to achieve a fuller understanding of the significance of the histochemical attributes of normal, exercised, or diseased muscle fibers.
Testing unitary and bargaining models of Chinese household food consumption

This study examines income and food consumption patterns within Chinese households to test the assumptions and predictions of two competing models of consumer demand, the Neo-Classical unitary model and a class of bargaining models. Four standard tests of the Neo-Classical model are conducted, as well as two tests of bargaining models recently developed by Chiappori and Browning (1998). Similar to many other studies, each of the assumptions and predictions of the Neo-Classical unitary model is rejected by the data. Alternatively, there is evidence that the bargaining models more accurately describe households’ decision-making processes. The data suggest that multiple individuals within the household influence decisions, instead of households acting as one decision-making unit.
Modeling and Calculating the Collision Risk for Air Vehicles

This paper deals with collision risk modeling and assessment for autonomous air vehicles. The suggested approach simplifies the problem by resolving the workspace into horizontal and vertical planes. Collision in 3-D corresponds to simultaneous collisions in the horizontal and vertical planes. Collision conditions are first derived for the deterministic case and then discussed in the presence of uncertainties. The collision conditions are expressed as inequalities in terms of the time rates of the bearing and the collision cone angles. This formulation brings important simplifications since it does not explicitly use speed and orientation information. Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the probability of collision in the presence of uncertainties. An important advantage of Monte Carlo methods is their ability to deal with uncertainty propagation in nonlinear systems with non-Gaussian noise. The simplicity of the collision inequalities allows for fast implementation of the Monte Carlo algorithm. Results are illustrated using simulation.
Dynamic effects associated with transition metal ions in zeolites

Abstract Interpretation of the temperature dependence of the magnetic moment of bare surface Cr(II) ions in Type A zeolite is given based on a model of thermally activated jumps between sites in which the orbital contribution to the magnetic moment is quenched and the trigonally coordinated sites has large orbital contributions within the Cr(II) ground state 5 E′. This behavior contrasts with the temperature independent spin-only magnetic moment of the Cr(IV)-monooxygen complex which indicates a non-degenerate ground state 3 A 2 of the Cr(IV) ion tetrahedrally coordinated by its monooxygen ligand and three framework oxygens. The fine structure of optical transitions of tetrahedrally coordinated Co (II) ions is shown to be accounted for by a semiclassical analysis of the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect associated with the 4 A 2 → 4 T 1 transitions. This interpretation is applicable to Co(II)-H 2 O-framework complexes and Co(II)-OH-framework complexes in Type A, X and Y zeolites.
An entropy estimate for infinite interval exchange transformations

We determine upper bound estimates for minimal entropy growth rates in measure-preserving systems by utilizing the universal representability of such systems by means of interval exchange transformations. Using these estimates, we also establish several criteria for the identification of systems with vanishing entropy.
LEARNING TO LEARN FROM DATA : PERSONAL REFLECTIONS ON A CYCLE OF DEBATE AND DIALOGUE IN APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY AND SCHOOL REFORM

This article is a reflection on my experience of a cycle of debate and dialogue in an applied research project.1 In this article, I focus on several examples of debate and dialogue about data use drawn from discussions that took place within the research team, at a meeting of middle grades teachers, and at a feedback session for school district administrators. In each of these settings, participants (including members of the research team) struggled with the tensions created by the possibility of using data to improve teaching and the challenges of using data that are embedded in a system of high stakes accountability.
Matrix crystals in cytologic urine specimens

Three cytologic urine specimens from separate patients seen over a period of 3 mo were prepared by the Papanicolaou method. They contained crystals (uric acid type in two and magnesium ammonium phosphate in one) that incorporated variable amounts of organic (mucoprotein) matrix; many appeared by light microscopy to be made exclusively of matrix. Scanning electron microscopy performed in one of the specimens containing uric acid crystals suggested that the matrix forms were in progressive stages of mineralization. These cases, plus a similar one reported recently by us, demonstrate that the detection by urine cytology of organic matrix incorporated in the structure of urinary crystals is not rare and that the Papanicofaou staining method facilitates such detection.
An Alternate Promoter Directs Expression of a Truncated, Muscle-specific Isoform of the Human Ankyrin 1 Gene *

Ankyrin 1, an erythrocyte membrane protein that links the underlying cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, is also expressed in brain and muscle. We cloned a truncated, muscle-specific ankyrin 1 cDNA composed of novel 5′ sequences and 3′ sequences previously identified in the last 3 exons of the human ankyrin 1 erythroid gene. Northern blot analysis revealed expression restricted to cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. Deduced amino acid sequence of this muscle cDNA predicted a peptide of 155 amino acids in length with a hydrophobic NH2 terminus. Cloning of the corresponding chromosomal gene revealed that the ankyrin 1 muscle transcript is composed of four exons spread over ∼10 kilobase pairs of DNA. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of skeletal muscle cDNA identified multiple cDNA isoforms created by alternative splicing. The ankyrin 1 muscle promoter was identified as a (G + C)-rich promoter located >200 kilobase pairs from the ankyrin 1 erythroid promoter. An ankyrin 1 muscle promoter fragment directed high level expression of a reporter gene in cultured C2C12 muscle cells, but not in HeLa or K562 (erythroid) cells. DNA-protein interactions were identified in vitro at a single Sp1 and two E box consensus binding sites contained within the promoter. A MyoD cDNA expression plasmid transactivated an ankyrin 1 muscle promoter fragment/reporter gene plasmid in a dose-dependent fashion in both HeLa and K562 cells. A polyclonal antibody raised to human ankyrin 1 muscle-specific sequences reacted with peptides of 28 and 30 kDa on immunoblots of human skeletal muscle.
An analysis of grammars by their derivation sets

One of the difficulties in the analysis of context-free grammars (and therefore languages) is the strong combinatorial nature of the mechanism. A measure of this complexity is suggested here. It involves labeling the productions and considering the sequences of labels that correspond to valid derivations. This gives rise to a language, and the type of this language is used to categorize the grammar. Results relate these categories to others introduced in the literature, to the generation capacity of the class, and to the use of control sets on grammars.
Development and use of striped bass‐specific RFLP probes

We sought to develop nuclear DNA (nDNA) probes which could be used to complement mtDNA and DNA fingerprinting markers in distinguishing striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), from discrete spawning systems. Restriction endonuclease-generated single copy, 10–20-kb striped bass nuclear nDNA fragments were cloned into the bacteriophage vector Lambda Dash II and tested in Southern blot analyses for their abilities to reveal population-specific polymorphisms. Three of the I7 nDNA sequences tested exhibited polymorphisms which potentially could be used to delineate striped bass populations. One probe, DSB 22, revealed significant genotypic frequency differences between Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic striped bass and among striped bass representative of some Atlantic systems. These preliminary results suggest that single copy nDNA sequences may provide sufficient polymorphisms to aid in stock identification of species which proved genetically monomorphic using other approaches.
Medical Management of Patients with an Acute Stroke: Treatment and Prevention

Stroke is a common and serious disorder and will probably occur with increasing frequency due to an aging of the population. Acute therapies aimed at reversing the effects of acute ischemic stroke are limited to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator administered intravenously within 3 hours of stroke onset. Neuroprotective agents and acute anticoagulation with agents such as heparinoids and heparin are not effective in most cases. Poststroke medical complications such as infection and venous thromboembolism are common but are largely preventable. A variety of medical therapies such as antiplatelet agents, warfarin, statins, and ACE inhibitors can reduce the risk of a recurrent stroke. A key aspect of management for stroke is selection of the proper treatment regimen for each patient.
Evidence for the nuclear origin of RNA polymerases identified in the cytosol: Release of enzymes from the nuclei isolated in isotonic sucrose

Abstract DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were extracted from rat liver nuclei isolated in isotonic or hypertonic sucrose and resolved chromatographically. Activities of RNA polymerases I, II and III from “hypertonic nuclei” were 3.8, 1.5 and 27-fold, respectively, higher than those from “isotonic nuclei”. RNA polymerase III was virtually absent in the “isotonic nuclei”. Concurrent with the reduced revovery of polymerases from the “isotonic nuclei”, the corresponding cytosol fraction contained higher levels of all three enzymes. These studies provide strong evidence for the contention that a large proportion of cytoplasmic RNA polymerase C previously identified in “isotonic cytosol” fraction corresponds to nuclear RNA polymerase III. These data demonstrate the need for the use of hypertonic sucrose in the initial homogenization of tissues in order to prevent leakage of the nuclear enzymes.
Application of RF Circuit Design Principles to Distributed Power Converters

The application of RF circuit design principles to high-frequency power converters is described. Compared to conventional converter design, emphasis is placed on obtaining sinusoidal-type waveforms (instead of rectangular-type waveforms) to minimize device switching time requirements and alleviate transforming requirements. A 25-W 48-V to 5-V dc-to-dc converter design using a 5-MHz switching frequency is presented illustrating these principles, using a Class E power amplifier, an L section impedance transformer, and a shunt-mounted harmonically tuned rectifier circuit. Computer simulation results are presented that indicate the feasibility of the proposed design approach, specify required circuit parameters and indicate that line and load regulation can be achieved with narrow-band frequency control. Experimental results on a low power 5-W, 25-V to 5-V dc-to-dc converter breadboard using a 10-MHz switching frequency with the described circuit topology are presented. An efficiency of 68 percent was obtained and load regulation by frequency control demonstrated. Inductor Q requirements limit the conversion efficiency of the proposed converter, and will probably be the limiting factor in obtaining high efficiency with similar design approaches.
Clinical profile of conjestive cardiomyopathy in children

Abstract The clinical profile of 23 children with congestive cardiomyopathy was reviewed to detect any factors that might be predictive for their survival. Factors examined include age at onset ( 2 years), geader, severity of the clinical picture including data from the chest radiograph electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, hemedynamic study and endomyocardial biopsy. Follow-up study ranged from 1 month to 14 years (mean 43 months). There were 12 survivors and 11 nonsurvivors; the 1 year mortality rate was 30% (7 of 23), and the 5 year mortality rate was 44% (10 of 23). Age at onset, gender, cardiothoracic ratio on chest radiograph, pattern of infarction, ST-T changes or arrhythmia on ECG and left ventricular enddiastolic pressure were nonpredictive of outcome. However, low shortening fraction (mean 11.5% in nonsurvivors versus 20.9% in survivors, p