cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collagen synthesis in development and reversal of cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract An alteration in the rate of collagen synthesis was observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats during evolution of hypertension. An increase in rate of synthesis of collagen and a parallel increase in collagen content were observed in 4–8 week and 24 week old hypertensive rats. In the 4 week old rats, blood pressure was normal or nearly normal, whereas in the 24 week old rats the arterial pressure was significantly elevated. Use of some antihypertensive drugs, namely, α-methyldopa, converting enzyme inhibitor and a combination of reserpine, hydrochlorothiazide and apresoline, prevented hypertension and the late increase in collagen synthesis that was observed in the 24 week old hypertensive rats. In these rats, prevention of hypertension also reversed myocardial hypertrophy and reduced collagen content of the myocardium. The alteration of myocardial collagen synthesis in spontaneously hypertensive rats is a complex process in which at least two phases can be observed. In the young rats, in which blood pressure is normal, the stimulus to increase in collagen may be a humoral factor or a hemodynamic alteration such as hyperkinetic circulation or it may be a genetic factor. In the older hypertensive rats hypertension seemed more important in altering collagen synthesis because antihypertensive therapy inhibited the rate of collagen synthesis and protected the heart from excess accumulation of collagen.
Effects of high temperature and low calcium on neuromuscular transmission in frog

1. 1. The neuromuscular junction of the frog cutaneous pectoris was more readily blocked by heat than were either the motor nerve or the muscle. 2. 2. Neuromuscular heat block occured at 36°C for preparations bathed in 1.0 or 0.5 mM Ca2+ and at 33°C for preparations bathed in “calcium free” Ringer. Heat block at 36°C did not involve cessation of generation of mepp's whereas beyond the temperature of heat block in 0.0 mM Ca2+ no mepp's occurred. 3. 3. Increasing temperature caused a linear decrease in mepp amplitude and duration, while postsynaptic epp's to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine increased. 4. 4. The results from 2 and 3 above indicate that the effects of heat are greater on the presynaptic endings and that there is an intracellular store of Ca2+ which is depleted under conditions of zero external calcium and heat. 5. 5. Increasing temperature caused a logarithmic increase in mepp frequency as a function of temperatures above 20°C and reducing calcium increased the constant in the exponential equation of the mepp frequency increase. 6. 6. A model of the action of heat and calcium on receptor molecules is proposed.
Institutionalized social skill and the rise of mediating organizations in urban governance: the case of the Cleveland Housing Network

In this paper we build on an expanding literature that attempts to understand the changing organizational and institutional dimensions of contemporary urban governance. We do so by utilizing the Cleveland Housing Network as a lens through which salient characteristics of contemporary governance become visible. Doing so enables us to highlight the distinctive challenges of the multi-institutional nature of contemporary governance arrangements and “heterarchic” governance in particular. These challenges situate mediating organizations as central components of governance arrangements. Finally, by focusing on the distinctive characteristics of the organization's leaders, we demonstrate that mediating organizations are usefully thought of as institutionalized forms of the “social skill” of institutional entrepreneurs.
On the generation of all topological sortings

Abstract Three algorithms that generate all topological sortings of a partially ordered finite set are discussed and compared. A substantially improved version of Wells' algorithm is presented, and this is shown to be similar to, but less efficient than the Knuth-Szwarcfiter algorithm. A third algorithm given by Varol and Rotem is shown to be still more efficient. The dependence of this latter algorithm on the particular choice of starting solution is analyzed, and a heuristic for choosing a starting solution that minimizes cost is proposed.
Internal battery temperature estimation using series battery resistance measurements during cold temperatures

Abstract A technique has been developed to estimate the internal battery temperature ( T bat ) of secondary batteries by measuring the series battery resistance ( R B ) at cold ambient temperatures. Tests were performed on both lead-acid and nickel metal hydride batteries at different cold temperatures to obtain useful plots of R B versus T bat . R B was measured by using a pulse discharge circuit to apply a short-duration current pulse ( I B ) directly to the battery. The test results indicated that R B not only varies with temperature but also varies with the amplitude of I B . The R B versus T bat plots were later utilized to predict T bat from R B during alternating current (AC) battery heating at cold ambient temperatures.
A model for inbound supply risk analysis

Managing risk has become a critical component of supply chain management. The implications of supply chain failures can be costly and lead to significant customer delivery delays. Though, different types of supply chain vulnerability management methodologies have been proposed for managing supply risk, most offer only point-based solutions that deal with a limited set of risks. This research aims to reinforce inbound supply chain risk management by proposing an integrated methodology to classify, manage and assess inbound supply risks. The contributions of this paper are four-fold: (1) inbound supply risk factors are identified through both an extensive academic literature review on supply risk literature review as well as a series of industry interviews; (2) from these factors, a hierarchical risk factor classification structure is created; (3) an analytical hierarchy processing (AHP) method with enhanced consistency to rank risk factor for suppliers is created; and (4) a prototype computer implementation system is developed and tested on an industry example.
A critical review of race and ethnicity in the leadership literature: Surfacing context, power and the collective dimensions of leadership

Leadership studies focusing on race–ethnicity provide particularly rich contexts to illuminate the human condition as it pertains to leadership. Yet insights about the leadership experience of people of color from context-rich research within education, communications and black studies remain marginal in the field. Our framework integrates these, categorizing reviewed studies according to the effects of race–ethnicity on perceptions of leadership, the effects of race–ethnicity on leadership enactments, and actors' approach to the social reality of race–ethnicity. The review reveals a gradual convergence of theories of leadership and theories of race–ethnicity as their relational dimensions are increasingly emphasized. A shift in the conceptualization of race–ethnicity in relation to leadership is reported, from a constraint to a personal resource to a simultaneous consideration of its constraining and liberating capacity. Concurrent shifts in the treatment of context, power, agency versus structure and causality are also explored, as are fertile areas for future research.
An example of the complementary use of NMR and molecular modeling for structure elucidation

Abstract An isomeric pair of five-membered ring lactams was modeled with a variety of energy minimization routines. Vicinial coupling constants were derived computationally from each of the minimization routines. The computational couplings correlated well with the experimental values allowing for structure assignments of the two isomers. The results were confirmed by X-ray crystallography analysis of one of the isomers.
EFFECT OF MERCAPTAN ON PHOTOREDUCTION OF ACETONE. NON‐REPAIR HYDROGEN TRANSFER REACTIONS†

— Ultraviolet (u.v.) irradiation of solutions of benzhydrol in acetone leads to formation of -2-propanol, benzpinacol and some benzophenone, apparently from the free radicals (CH3)2COH, II, and (C6H5)2COH, I. 2-Propanol is formed more rapidly and benzophenone is formed to a much larger extent and persists longer when the solution contains mesityl mercap-tan, as radical II is reduced by mercaptan and radical I is oxidized by thiyl radical. The same hydrogen atom transfer reactions, which retard by a repair mechanism the photoreduction of benzophenone by 2-propanol, accelerate and alter the course of photoreduction of acetone by benzhydrol. Irradiation of acetone leads to 2-propanol, and this is formed more rapidly in the presence of mercaptan. Irradiation of benzophenone in acetone leads to no apparent reaction. The courses of reaction of the several systems are discussed.
Seeds for a better future: ‘low phytate’ grains help to overcome malnutrition and reduce pollution

myo-Inositol(1,2,3,4,5,6)hexakisphosphate (InsP(6) or 'phytic acid') was first known as the storage form of phosphorus in seeds. Seed-derived dietary InsP(6) can contribute to iron and zinc deficiency in human populations. Excretion of 'phytic acid phosphorus' by non-ruminants such as poultry, swine and fish can contribute to water pollution. Sustainable solutions to these important problems might depend on progress in the molecular biology and genetics of InsP(6) accumulation during seed development. The development of 'low phytate' grain and legume genotypes could help advance our understanding of this biology, and when used in foods and feeds might help to reduce human malnutrition and reduce animal waste phosphorus.
T cell-induced secretion of MHC class II–peptide complexes on B cell exosomes

Antigen-specific interactions between B cells and T cells are essential for the generation of an efficient immune response. Since this requires peptide–MHC class II complexes (pMHC-II) on the B cell to interact with TCR on antigen-specific T cells, we have examined the mechanisms regulating the persistence, loss, and secretion of specific pMHC-II complexes on activated B cells. Using a mAb that recognizes specific pMHC-II, we found that activated B cells degrade approximately 50% of pMHC-II every day and release 12% of these pMHC-II from the cell on small membrane vesicles termed exosomes. These exosomes directly stimulate primed, but not naive, CD4 T cells. Interestingly, engagement of antigen-loaded B cells with specific CD4 T cells stimulates exosome release in a manner that can be mimicked by pMHC-II crosslinking. Biochemical studies revealed that the pMHC-II released on exosomes was previously expressed on the plasma membrane of the B cells, suggesting that regulated exosome release from activated B cells is a mechanism to allow pMHC-II to escape intracellular degradation and decorate secondary lymphoid organs with membrane-associated pMHC-II complexes.
Extremely Undecidable Sentences

Let ‘ ϕ ’, ‘χ’, and ‘ψ’ be variables ranging over functions from the sentence letters P 0 , P 1 , … P n , … of (propositional) modal logic to sentences of P(eano) Arithmetic), and for each sentence A of modal logic, inductively define A ϕ by [and similarly for other nonmodal propositional connectives]; and where Bew( x ) is the standard provability predicate for PA and ⌈ F ⌉ is the PA numeral for the Godel number of the formula F of PA. Then for any ϕ , (−□⊥) ϕ = −Bew(⌈⊥⌉), which is the consistency assertion for PA; a sentence S is undecidable in PA iff both and , where ϕ ( p 0 ) = S . If ψ ( p 0 ) is the undecidable sentence constructed by Godel, then ⊬ PA (−□⊥→ −□ p 0 & − □ − p 0 ) ψ and ⊢ PA ( P 0 ↔ −□⊥) ψ . However, if ψ ( p 0 ) is the undecidable sentence constructed by Rosser, then the situation is the other way around: ⊬ PA ( P 0 ↔ −□⊥) ψ and ⊢ PA (−□⊥→ −□− p 0 & −□− p 0 ) ψ . We call a sentence S of PA extremely undecidable if for all modal sentences A containing no sentence letter other than p 0 , if for some ψ , ⊬ PA A ψ , then ⊬ PA A ϕ , where ϕ ( p 0 ) = S . (So, roughly speaking, a sentence is extremely undecidable if it can be proved to have only those modal-logically characterizable properties that every sentence can be proved to have.) Thus extremely undecidable sentences are undecidable, but neither the Godel nor the Rosser sentence is extremely undecidable. It will follow at once from the main theorem of this paper that there are infinitely many inequivalent extremely undecidable sentences.
The centrolobular region of the renal glomerulus studied by electron microscopy.

Centrolobular regions of rat kidney glomeruli were studied electron microscopically after fixation in the living animal and embedding in Araldite or Epon. Intercapillary cells within these regions are separated from adjacent capillary lumens by endothelial cells. The endothelial cell may be represented by a portion containing the nucleus, but more often by a thin layer of cytoplasm having occasional gaps or holes. In contrast to endothelial cells, intercapillary cells have many branching processes which have not been found to extend to the capillary lumen. An amorphous intercellular substance fills much but not all of the centrolobular space between intercapillary cells and their processes. The central dense layer of the basement membrane follows the epithelium over the centrolobular region without splitting and entering it or sending a layer beneath the central portions of endothelial cells. After intravenous injection of thorotrast, particles enter the centrolobular region in high concentrations within 5 to 10 minutes, penetrating intercapillary channels through the intercellular substance between intercapillary cells. These observations suggest that centrolobular regions and intercapillary cells may play special roles in the control of capillary flow and in reactions to pathologic agents.
Review of Biologic Therapies

The emergence of biologic therapy as treatment for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases is rapidly changing the face of medicine. From fusion proteins to monoclonal antibodies, biologic therapies encompass a variety of agents that target distinct pathways involved in autoimmunity and inflammation. In this review, a survey of available and emerging biologic therapies detailing their current indications, mechanism of action, dosing, side effects, and recommended drug monitoring will be summarized so as to aid clinicians in making treatment decisions regarding their usage.
The Relationship Between Time Structure and Boredom Proneness: An Investigation Within Two Cultures

The relationship between time structure and boredom proneness was examined within 2 cultures. University students from Ireland and the United States completed the Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS; R. Farmer & N. D. Sundberg, 1986), the Time Structure Questionnaire (TSQ; M. J. Bond & N. T. Feather, 1988), and a demographic questionnaire. Results indicated that time structure had a significant effect on boredom proneness scores. Greater time use scores were related to lower boredom proneness scores in the Irish sample but to higher boredom proneness scores in the U.S. sample. Gender was a significant predictor of boredom proneness in the U.S. sample, with men associated with higher boredom scores than women. However, gender was not a significant factor among the Irish.
A multivariate analytical strategy for classifying paleoenvironments

A multivariate analytical strategy is proposed for aiding the investigator in extracting maximum information from environmental data. Data are carefully coded and scaled and are tested for redundancy using R-mode cluster analysis. The samples are partitioned into environmental classes using Q-mode cluster analysis. Q-mode ordination facilitates interpretations, which usually can be verified by comparison with field relationships. Discriminant analysis serves as an identification procedure for extending the classification to unknown samples. The strategy is demonstrated by application to Cape Hatteras microorganism distributions and Devonian sedimentary facies.
Radiation safety in the era of helical CT: a patient-based protection program currently in place in two community hospitals in New Hampshire.

Purpose To describe a patient-based radiation safety program currently in place in 2 community hospitals in southern New Hampshire and the patients identified and managed by this program. Methods The rationale, components, and early results of a patient-based radiation safety program are summarized and reviewed. The patient populations who may be affected by frequent exposure to helical CT scanning are identified both prospectively and retrospectively via a threshold approach using the number of studies the patient has had rather than attempting to directly measure radiation dose. This was arbitrarily defined as 5 studies of the neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, or abdomen/pelvis in patients under 40 years of age with benign diagnoses, whose estimated exposure might approach 50 mSv. The mechanisms that can be put into place to prevent further exposure in these patients are discussed and outlined. Results Fifty-four patients were initially identified over a 3-year period who had over 5 helical CT studies of the neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, or abdomen/pelvis for benign diagnoses. An additional 104 patients were identified over a 12-year period by retrospectively "data mining" our radiology information system. A detailed program is outlined for the management of these patients, the future identification of patients, and the education of patients and providers. Conclusion Frequent exposure to possibly carcinogenic levels of ionizing radiation from helical CT scanning is a potentially large public health issue for the medical community. The identification and management of potentially at-risk patients is feasible.
Enzymatic study of the late stages of protoberberine alkaloid biosynthesis

Abstract A specific methyltransferase which converts tetrahydrocolumbamine to tetrahydropalmatine, and oxidase activity which converts tetrahydroberberine, tetrahydrocolumbamine and tetrahydropalmatine, but not tetrahydrojatrorrhizine, to their quaternary counterparts are demonstrated.
Platelets and thrombogenesis--current concepts.

Abstract Anticoagulants, although effective in the treatment of venous thrombotic disease, have not been generally helpful in preventing arterial thrombosis. The reason for this disparity may lie in the type of clot formed in each case. In veins a "red thrombus" is formed, consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, fibrin, and platelets randomly distributed, whereas in arteries a "white thrombus" consisting mainly of platelets and fibrin strands is the obstructing lesion 1 . The predominance of platelets in this "white" clot has focused attention on their importance in arterial occlusion and has suggested that therapeutic maneuvers directed at platelet function may be more useful than standard anticoagulant therapy. This review presents the recent advances in the study of platelet morphology and function, and concludes by discussing possible therapeutic avenues.
Performance Evaluation of Time‐Temperature Indicators for Frozen Food Transport

Time-temperature indicators from four different manufacturers were evaluated on the basis of their response to constant and variable storage temperature treatments. Several time-temperature indicators of each type were exposed to constant temperatures of -18°C and +5°C, and a variable temperature treatment which could simulate the conditions encountered in a frozen food transport. The discussion presents the time-temperature response of the indicators tested, the average endpoint response recorded, and comments on the characteristic assets and limitation of the indicators investigated.
Numerical hydrodynamics from gas-kinetic theory

A new high-resolution numerical hydrodynamic scheme is developed from considerations of gas-kinetic theory. This Boltzmann-type scheme uses the particle distribution function, and follows its evolution to evaluate the numerical fluxes. The intrinsic multidimensional property in the evolution stage of gas distribution function distinguishes it from any other high order upwind scheme. From approximate Boltzmann equation, the Navier-Stokes equations can be derived, and this new numerical method uses this advantage to approximate the solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, where the advection and dissipation effects are coupled in the time-dependent gas distribution function. Several well-defined numerical test cases are presented in one and two dimensions, and it is shown that the resolution in the numerical results is competitive with those of any of the current high-resolution schemes without special treatment of the discontinuities; for strong rarefaction waves, our scheme gives better results. In this thesis, we try to separate clearly numerical and physical effects, and we also give a concise explanation of the necessity of including numerical viscosities implicitly or explicitly in high-resolution Godunov-type and central difference schemes, even for the Navier-Stokes equations. The main part of this thesis will be published in two papers ( (27) and (45)) in the Journal of Computational Physics.
The interaction of coadsorbed hydrogen and carbon monoxide on Ni(100)

Abstract The coadsorption of H 2 (and D 2 ) with CO on Ru(001) at 100 K has been studied using thermal desorption, work function changes, XPS and UPS. Pre-adsorbed CO strongly blocks H 2 adsorption. Pre-adsorbed H 2 blocks CO adsorption, but less strongly. The desorption of pre-dosed H 2 from a coadsorbed layer shows strong long-range CO-H repulsive interactions. The dipole moment of CO on a H-covered surface appears to be unchanged relative to a clean surface and the sticking coefficient for CO decreases in proportion to the amount of uncovered Ru sites. For CO on Ru(001), with and without coadsorbed hydrogen and H 2 either pre- or post-dosed, the O(ls) XPS are the same whereas He(II) spectra show small changes. These UPS changes are consistent with more extensive crowding of the CO molecules on the surface in the presence of hydrogen. These results are consistent with a model of segregation of H and CO on the surface.
Economic Considerations in Rate Making and Rate Structures for Farm Products

T HE goods that farmers grow and sell must be transported and delivered in the form and at the time and to the places that consumers desire. But the transportation of farm products does more than create the place utility that gives them real value. Without transportation we would have to spend most of our time raising food-and the food would be limited to the kinds that grow in the climate and soil of our neighborhoods. Our highly developed transportation system eliminates the need to produce the bulk of our food close to our population centers and permits a high degree of regional specialization of farm production. Our grain, cotton, citrus fruits, and many other crops are produced in those areas best suited for their production by soil, climate, and topography and to which scientific farming and modern farm machinery can be applied. The result has been to make possible tremendous economies in production and drastic reduction in the cost of food purchased by U. S. consumers. The charges assessed for the movement of farm products, in terms of both the level of freight rates and the inter-commodity and inter-regional rate relationships, are vital to this regional specialization as well as to efficient utilization of resources so that the widest possible markets, domestic and foreign, can be attained at the lowest possible cost. In this context, this paper will discuss the economic considerations used in the makeup of rate structures for the movement of farm products. It will deal mostly with the railroad transportation of unmanufactured (or unprocessed) farm products. Basically, railroad rate making has given consideration to two pricing principles: (1) cost of Service, and (2) value of Service.
Validity of Bragg's Rule for Heavy-Ion Stopping in Silicon Carbide

The stopping powers for O, Al, Cr, Mn, Co and Cu in a self-supported SiC film have been measured in transmission geometry over a continuous range of energies using a time of flight elastic recoil detection analysis (ToF-ERDA) system. These stopping data, along with the stopping data in Si and C obtained previously using the same ions and measurement technique, are used to assess the validity of the Bragg additivity rule for stopping powers in SiC over a range of ions and energies. Within the experimental uncertainties (±4%), the results indicate that Bragg's rule is valid in SiC for the ion species and energy region studied. The measured stopping powers in C, Si and SiC are also compared with the stopping power predictions of the two most recent versions of the SRIM (Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter) codes. While both versions of SRIM show varying degrees of agreement with the measured stopping data, there are significant deviations of the SRIM predictions for some ions and energy regions.
Differential Regulation of Circulating Mg2+ in the Rat by β1- and β2-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation

Abstract Extracellular Mg 2+ homeostasis was studied in vivo in the anesthetized rat. Animals were infused with isoproterenol (ISO) for 10 minutes, and serum Mg 2+ was measured after the infusion and then 10 and 20 minutes later. A dose-dependent increase in circulating Mg 2+ was observed in animals infused with ISO at a rate of 0.1 μg · kg −1 · min −1 or higher. The time course of the effect demonstrated that circulating Mg 2+ continued to increase 20 minutes after the end of the ISO infusion. A predicted maximal increase in serum Mg 2+ concentration of 19.3% was derived with a predicted EC 50 of 0.08 μg · kg −1 · min −1 . The maximal percent increase corresponded to a net increase of 6.7 μmol/300 g body wt. Because infusion of ISO resulted in changes in hemodynamic parameters, most notably a drop in blood pressure, a group of animals was infused with nitroprusside to mimic the hypotensive response via a nonadrenergic mechanism. Under these conditions, there was a transient increase in circulating Mg 2+ that was largely inhibited by propranolol, indicating that hypotension per se was not responsible for the mobilization of Mg 2+ . Infusion of salbutamol, but not prenalterol, also induced an increase in circulating Mg 2+ . Pretreatment with butoxamine, ICI-118551, or propranolol prevented the ISO-induced increase in serum Mg 2+ . Pretreatment with atenolol minimally affected the ISO-induced changes in circulating Mg 2+ . Pretreatment with CGP-20271A actually enhanced the ISO-induced increase in circulating Mg 2+ . This evidence demonstrates the existence of a pool of Mg 2+ that is mobilized into the circulation in response to selective β 2 -adrenergic stimulation.
Challenges in Inferring Internet Interdomain Congestion

We introduce and demonstrate the utility of a method to localize and quantify inter-domain congestion in the Internet. Our Time Sequence Latency Probes (TSLP) method depends on two facts: Internet traffic patterns are typically diurnal, and queues increase packet delay through a router during periods of adjacent link congestion. Repeated round trip delay measurements from a single test point to the two edges of a congested link will show sustained increased latency to the far (but not to the near) side of the link, a delay pattern that differs from the typical diurnal pattern of an uncongested link. We describe our technique and its surprising potential,carefully analyze the biggest challenge with the methodology (interdomain router-level topology inference), describe other less severe challenges, and present initial results that are sufficiently promising to motivate further attention to overcoming the challenges.
A simulation study of gene-by-environment interactions in GWAS implies ample hidden effects

The switch to a modern lifestyle in recent decades has coincided with a rapid increase in prevalence of obesity and other diseases. These shifts in prevalence could be explained by the release of genetic susceptibility for disease in the form of gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions. Yet, the detection of interaction effects requires large sample sizes, little replication has been reported, and a few studies have demonstrated environmental effects only after summing the risk of GWAS alleles into genetic risk scores (GRSxE). We performed extensive simulations of a quantitative trait controlled by 2,500 causal variants to inspect the feasibility to detect gene-by-environment interactions in the context of GWAS. The simulated individuals were assigned either to an ancestral or a modern setting that alters the phenotype by increasing the effect size by 1.05 to 2-fold at a varying fraction of perturbed SNPs (from 1% to 20%). We report two main results. First, for a wide range of realistic scenarios, highly significant GRSxE is detected despite the absence of individual genotype GxE evidence at the contributing loci. Second, an increase in phenotypic variance after environmental perturbation reduces the power to discover susceptibility variants by GWAS in mixed cohorts with individuals from both ancestral and modern environments. We conclude that a pervasive presence of gene-by-environment effects can remain hidden even though it contributes to the genetic architecture of complex traits.
The unexpected thermal instability of 3,4-tetramethylene-1,2-dioxetane as compared to that of cis-3,4-diethyl-1,2-dioxetane.

Abstract 3,4-Tetramethylene- and cis -3,4-diethyl-1,2-dioxetane ( 1 and 2 ) were prepared and characterized (for 1 - Ea = 22.5 kcal/mole, log A = 12.8; for 2 - Ea = 24.5 kcal/mole, log A = 13.1).
Olfactory Receptor Neuron Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

Olfactory impairments are a common feature of schizophrenia. Impairments in odor detection and odor identification are present early in the course of illness and among those at risk for the disorder. These behavioral impairments have been linked to both physiological and anatomical abnormalities in the neural substrates subserving olfaction, including relatively peripheral elements of the olfactory system. The location of olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium allows noninvasive access to these neurons in living subjects. This offers a unique opportunity to directly assess neuronal integrity in vivo in patients. The peripheral olfactory receptor neuron response to odor stimulation was assessed in 21 schizophrenia patients and 18 healthy comparison subjects. The electroolfactogram, representing the electrical depolarization of the olfactory receptor neurons, was recording following stimulation with different doses and durations of hydrogen sulfide, a pure olfactory nerve stimulant. Schizophrenia patients had abnormally large depolarization responses following odor stimulation, independent of clinical symptomatology, antipsychotic medication dosage or smoking history. Although the precise pathophysiological mechanism is unknown, this olfactory receptor neuron abnormality is consistent with several lines of evidence suggesting altered proliferation or maturation of olfactory receptor neuron cell lineages in schizophrenia. It is also consistent with emerging evidence of disruptions of cyclic AMP-mediated intracellular signaling mechanisms, and may be a marker of these disruptions. It unambiguously demonstrates that neurophysiological disturbances in schizophrenia are not limited to cortical and subcortical structures, but rather include even the most peripheral sensory neurons.
What influences managers' procedural fairness towards their subordinates? The role of subordinates' trustworthiness

Abstract Four studies examined when and why the trustworthiness of subordinates influenced their managers' procedural fairness towards them. Subordinates seen as having more benevolence trustworthiness elicited greater procedural fairness from their managers, whereas subordinates seen as having less integrity trustworthiness elicited greater procedural fairness. Moreover, the positive (negative) relationship between subordinates' benevolence (integrity) trustworthiness and managers' procedural fairness was more pronounced when subordinates were perceived as higher in ability trustworthiness. Additional moderating and mediating findings suggest that managers' tendencies to show high procedural fairness towards their subordinates reflect two different underlying motivations: (1) to help managers maintain or cultivate good working relationships with their subordinates, and (2) to maintain control over their subordinates, that is, to make it less likely for subordinates to behave in ways that disrupt managers from attaining their goals. Implications for the organizational justice and trust literatures are discussed.
Summer hibernation of infant (six week old) 13-lined ground squirrels, Citellus tridecemlineatus.

Abstract In an endeavor to more clearly define the physiological action of hibernation trigger (previously identified by the authors) an experiment was devised using infant ground squirrels. In one case, pregnant ground squirrel mothers were transfused intravenously with cold dialysate of serum of hibernating woodchuck, and in another case, infant (1 week to 3 week) squirrels were transfused intraperitoneally with the same material. When isolated and placed in a cold room (15 °C) at 6 weeks post partum, both the infant born of the transfused mothers, as well as the infant which has been transfused directly, hibernated in the summer. This was in contrast to controls of several kind, i.e., animals not injected, or receiving active or arousing woodchuck serum or heat-treated hibernation serum. Some details for a theory, which had been advanced in a previous article (4), were essentially substantiated by this experiment. It is our belief that this represents the first time mammalian hibernation has been observed in infant hibernators.
The Impact of Option Popularity, Social Inclusion/Exclusion, and Self-affirmation on Consumers’ Propensity to Choose Green Hotels

Previous research on consumers’ willingness to choose a green hotel has yielded mixed results, with some studies indicating a positive relationship with the hotel’s CSR initiatives, while others suggesting that there is no booking advantage for hotels going green. The present research seeks to understand the social nature of green hotel booking decisions and proposes a conceptual framework elucidating three primary factors that underlie consumers’ propensity to choose a green hotel. The study findings indicate that, importantly, a consumer’s social relationship situation (social inclusion vs. social exclusion) with other consumers, self-affirmation (self-value/self-concept reinforcement), and the option popularity jointly influence consumers’ willingness to choose a green hotel. The authors adopt a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experimental design to test the proposed hypotheses. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
A Hybrid Multispectral Feature Selection Criterion

A feature selection criterion is proposed which is a hybrid of a generalized interset and intraset distance. The problem considered is that of selecting the G best wavebands from a set of H possible wavebands (G<H). The selected wavebands can then be used as inputs to a small computer for decision processing.
American writers in Rome during the Risorgimento

A number of writers from the USA lived in Italy during the years of the unification of Italy, both during the years of the Roman Republic and after Rome had become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Among the most important figures were William Dean Howells, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Mark Twain and Henry James. In some of their writings, these authors discuss several aspects of Rome, taking into consideration especially the artistic importance of the city, but also and inevitably its social and political relevance in the Risorgimento.
Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Single-Lung Transplant Recipients

The presentation and clinical course of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) in single-lung transplant (SLT) recipients has thus far not been well described. We retrospectively analyzed the serial spirometry of 15 SLT patients with BO. All the patients fulfilled the criteria for BO syndrome, and 11 of the 15 had histologically documented BO. Based on serial FEV 1 analysis, we identified three patterns of presentation and progression of BO. The first pattern (n=6) was characterized by a rapid onset and a relentless progressive course; the second pattern (n=5) was characterized by a similar rapid onset and initial rapid decline, but was followed by stabilization in lung function; the third pattern (n=4) was characterized by an insidious onset and course. In all patients, a permanent reduction in the mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the forced vital capacity appeared to be an early sensitive index for the development of BO. An appreciation of these different modes of presentation and progression of BO is potentially important in the assessment of prognosis and management of the SLT recipient.
1H, 13C, and 73Ge NMR spectral analysis of substituted aryltrimethylgermanes.

NMR chemical shifts of 1H, 13C, and 73Ge are reported for a series of monosubstituted aromatic trimethylgermanes of the type XC6H4Ge(CH3)3; X = p-N(CH3)2, p-OCH3, p-OC2H5, p-C(CH3)3, p-Si(CH3)3, p-Ge(CH3)3, p-Sn(CH3)3, p-CH3, m-CH3, -H, m-OCH3, p-Cl, p-Br, m-F, m-CF3, p-CF3, o-OCH3, and o-CH3. The relatively narrow 73Ge resonances show a strong correlation with Hammett sigma constants, with a correlation coefficient of 0.976 and 0.876 for 73Ge chemical shifts in meta- and para-substituted derivatives, respectively. The 13C chemical shifts of the methyl carbons bonded to germanium also display a relationship, with correlation coefficients of 0.904, 0.993, and 0.911 for para-, meta- and all derivatives, respectively. Comparisons of the Hammett plots for the homologous series XC6H4M(CH3)3; M = C, Si, Ge, Sn, show that, in general, correlation coefficients decrease while slopes increase significantly down the group, presumably reflecting the corresponding increase in chemical shift range of the group 14 atom. The Hammett constant derived for the p-Ge(CH3)3 group of +0.13 compares with the NMR-derived constants of −0.12 for p-C(CH3)3, +0.14 for p-Si(CH3)3, and −0.14 for p-Sn(CH3)3. The indication of electron release by carbon and tin can be rationalized through traditional hyperconjugative arguments for carbon and by the low electronegativity and consequent inductive effect of tin. The small electron attraction suggested by the positive constants for silicon and germanium can be simply, and perhaps naively, attributed to π-acceptor interactions with the benzene ring. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High mitotic activity of Polo-like Kinase 1 is required for chromosome segregation and genomic integrity in human epithelial cells

Protein kinases play key roles in regulating human cell biology, but manifold substrates and functions make it difficult to understand mechanism. We tested whether we could dissect functions of a pleiotropic mitotic kinase, Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), via distinct thresholds of kinase activity. We accomplished this by titrating Plk1 activity in RPE1 human epithelial cells using chemical genetics and verifying results in additional lines. We found that distinct activity thresholds are required for known functions of Plk1 including (from low to high activity) bipolar spindle formation, timely mitotic entry, and formation of a cytokinesis cleavage furrow. Subtle losses in Plk1 activity impaired chromosome congression and produced severe anaphase dysfunction characterized by poor separation of chromosome masses. These two phenotypes were separable, suggesting that they stem from distinct phosphorylation events. Impaired chromosome segregation in anaphase was the most sensitive to modest loss in Plk1 activity. Mechanistically, it was associated with unpaired sister chromatids with stretched kinetochores, suggestive of merotelic attachments. The C-terminal Polo box domain of Plk1 was required for its anaphase function, although it was dispensable for forming a bipolar spindle. The ultimate effect of partial inhibition of Plk1 was the formation of micronuclei, an increase in tetraploid progeny, and senescence. These results demonstrate that different thresholds of Plk1 activity can elicit distinct phenotypes, illustrating a general method for separating pleiotropic functions of a protein kinase even when these are executed close in time.
Service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intention among forest visitors.

Abstract This study explores the interrelationships between service quality and satisfaction, and their influence on behavioral intention among forest visitors. On-site surveys were conducted in a forest through face-to-face interviews (n = 395). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings suggest that service quality is an antecedent of satisfaction and satisfaction plays a mediating role between service quality and behavioral intention. Further, service quality has a direct effect on behavioral loyalty, implying that the effect of service quality on behavioral intention is as important as that of satisfaction. The results of the study provide important theoretical implications to nature-based tourism managers.
Miniaturization of a chloride ion assay for use in a microtiter format

Abstract We have miniaturized a common assay for the spectrophotometric determination of chloride in a variety of sample substrates, including biological fluids. The modified assay requires only 2 μL of serum, making it ideal for use with small animal systems for which only small volumes of biological fluids can be obtained. The assay utilized small amounts of inexpensive chemicals, and was shown to provide linear results for chloride up to 150 ppm, and the sensitivity was measured as low as 1 ppm. The assay was employed to measure chloride ion in the serum of alligators, thus allowing for the determination of dehydration status in animals that were exposed to saltwater for prolonged periods of time.
Response of corn to plowed‐down and disked‐in Zn as zinc sulfate

Abstract A field investigation was conducted to compare the efficacy of plowed‐down and disked‐in Zn as ZnSO4.H2O in correcting Zn deficiency of corn (Zea mays L.). The soil, Buchanan fine sandy loam, was nearneutral in pH and contained 0.7 ppm of EDTA‐extractable Zn and 1.4 ppm of dilute HCl‐H2SO4 extractable P. Application of 6.72 kg Zn/ha as ZnSO4.H2O corrected Zn deficiency of corn plants on the soil. Corn grain yields and Zn concentrations in tissue samples indicated that the plowed‐down and disked‐in Zn were about equally effective in correcting Zn deficiency where the level of Zn application was 6.72 kg/ha.
Identifying the palliative care needs of patients living with cerebral tumors and metastases: a retrospective analysis

Primary tumors and metastatic involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) lead to a multitude of symptoms and care needs. Patients and caregivers struggle with physical and psychological impairments, a shortened life expectancy and diverse palliative care needs. This study assesses the symptom burden and palliative care needs of patients with primary brain tumors and with metastatic brain tumors requiring inpatient hospital care. It is a retrospective analysis of patients with primary CNS tumors or cerebral metastases over a 6 month period. The data analysed included physical symptom burden and end of life care decisions such as health care proxy, transition to hospice and do-not-resuscitate orders. Hundred and sixty eight patients were included. The most common symptoms were gait impairment (65.5 %), cognitive/personality change (61.9 %), motor deficits (58.3 %), seizures (57.1 %) and delirium (27.4 %). Of the patients that died, 79 % had an appointed health care proxy, 79 % had hospice discussions, 70 % had a do-not-resuscitate order and 24 % received cancer directed therapy in the last month of life. There is a role for more aggressive palliative care support in patients living with primary or metastatic brain tumors.
Microbial Sequencing Analyses Suggest the Presence of a Fecal Veneer on Indoor Climbing Wall Holds

Artificial climbing walls represent a unique indoor environment in which humans interact closely with a variety of surface types. Climbing wall holds may mediate transmission of organisms between individuals, and yet there are no studies that identify microorganisms present on these surfaces. In the current study, the microorganisms found on climbing wall holds were characterized by analysis of amplified SSU rRNA gene sequences. In contrast to many other studies of built environments, the majority of microorganisms on holds were most closely related to microbes annotated as being recovered from environmental sources, such as soil, with human skin also representing an important source. Regional patterns were evident as rRNA gene sequences from the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus were abundant in gyms found within 16 km of the ocean. Enterobacteriaceae were present on 100 % of holds surveyed, and the members detected are commonly associated with fecal matter.
Digital retouching: Is there a place for it in newspaper photography?

The new computer technology that dramatically improves color reproduction in newspapers also allows digital retouching of photographs. Digital retouching can alter and synthesize photos to the point that the alteration is undetectable. This technology gives publications the ability to create eye‐catching illustrations, but does it have a place in photojournalism? This paper attempts to raise some initial ethical questions. Although manipulation of photographs is not new, digital retouching allows for imperceptible alterations of photographs to be made with speed, ease, and precision. All the editors agreed that news photographs should not be altered. However, there was disagreement about photographs that appeared in the feature sections, in particular photo illustrations.
An Integrated IQ Demodulator with Integrated Low-Power Multi-Gigabit BPSK / ASK Analog Signal Processor in 90nm CMOS

In this paper, two integrated low-power broadband 90 nm-CMOS analog solutions are demonstrated to demodulate the multi-gigabit BPSK/ASK signal up to 3 Gbps. In the coherent BPSK mode, a transmission speed over 2.5 Gbps is achievable with a carrier frequency range of 8.5-9.5 GHz for a total DC power consumption of 73 mW with more than 20 dB conversion gain. A minimum sensitivity of -35 dBm is demonstrated for this demodulator with 33 dB dynamic range. In the non-coherent ASK mode, a transmission speed over 3 Gbps is achieved for a carrier frequency range of 6-9 GHz at DC power consumption of 32 mW. A minimum sensitivity of -26 dBm is demonstrated for the demodulator with 21 dB dynamic range. This is the best trade-off in terms of data rate and power consumption of CMOS demodulators reported at around 10 GHz carrier frequencies.