cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase regulatory mechanisms and inhibition in treating diabetes, heart ischemia, and cancer

The fraction of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) in the active form is reduced by the activities of dedicated PD kinase isozymes (PDK1, PDK2, PDK3 and PDK4). Via binding to the inner lipoyl domain (L2) of the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2 60mer), PDK rapidly access their E2-bound PD substrate. The E2-enhanced activity of the widely distributed PDK2 is limited by dissociation of ADP from its C-terminal catalytic domain, and this is further slowed by pyruvate binding to the N-terminal regulatory (R) domain. Via the reverse of the PDC reaction, NADH and acetyl-CoA reductively acetylate lipoyl group of L2, which binds to the R domain and stimulates PDK2 activity by speeding up ADP dissociation. Activation of PDC by synthetic PDK inhibitors binding at the pyruvate or lipoyl binding sites decreased damage during heart ischemia and lowered blood glucose in insulin-resistant animals. PDC activation also triggers apoptosis in cancer cells that selectively convert glucose to lactate.
Composition, Pigmentation, and Yield by Parts of Different Brands of Broilers In Grocery Stores

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine differences in yield of parts, proximate composition, skin pigmentation, and fat pad weight in different brands of broilers offered for sale in independent and chain grocery stores in Gainesville, Florida. Two trials were conducted in 1984, to accomplish this objective. Total carcass weights varied from less than 1000 to over 1500 g. Giblets and fat pads varied from 6.6 to 11.4% and from 1.8 to 3.6%, respectively, of total weights. The relative proportions of breasts, legs and wings varied significantly among brands, as did skin pigmentation and levels of moisture, ether extract, ash and protein in ground carcasses. Statistically significant differences in pigmentation, yields and composition of broilers were found between brands of broilers in grocery chains. These differences are pronounced enough to have the potential of influencing shoppers’ selection of products by brands.
Promoting Safety Belt Use on a University Campus: An Integration of Commitment and Incentive Strategies1

Safety belt use on a university campus was substantially increased by offering faculty/ staff and students who signed and returned "buckle up" pledge cards the opportunity to win prizes donated by community merchants. The 28,000 pledge cards, committing signers to buckle up for an academic quarter, were distributed during the spring and fall of 1985. One portion of the card was designed to be hung from a vehicle's rearview mirror as a reminder of the pledge to buckle up. The other portion served as a sweepstakes ticket and was deposited in boxes located throughout the campus community. Each quarter, winners were drawn from the returned pledge cards during three consecutive weeks. Although a relatively small proportion of the pledge cards were signed and turned in (i.e., 11.9% during spring and 9.4% during fall), those who signed and returned a pledge card (n = 3117) increased their safety belt use significantly. Across both quarters, faculty/ staff pledgers went from a high pre-pledge belt use level of 32.2% to a post-pledge level of 46.7%, and students increased their belt use from a pre-pledge use of 21.4% to a post-pledge level of 36.6%.
The low-temperature oxidation of U-Nb and U-Nb-Zr alloys

Abstract The rates of oxidation of U-9.4 wt % Nb and U-7.5 wt % Nb-2.5 wt % Zr were measured between 100 and 300 °C in purified oxygen. An activation energy of approximately 13 kcal/mole was obtained for both alloys. The effect of H2O, SO2, and CCl4 on the oxidation rate of the ternary alloy was small. Metallographic studies revealed the oxide films to be compact and uniform, although significant oxidation rate anisotropy was observed during the early stages of oxidation.
Non-iterative Aberration Correction of a Multiple Transmitter System

Multi-transmitter aperture synthesis provides aperture gain and improves effective aperture fill factor by shifting the received speckle field through the use of multiple transmitter locations. It is proposed that by utilizing methods based on shearing interferometry some low-order aberrations, such as defocus, can be found directly rather than through iterative algorithms. The current work describes the theory behind multi-transmitter aberration correction and describes experiments used to validate this method. Experimental results are shown which demonstrate the ability of such a sensor to solve directly for defocus and toric curvature in the captured field values.
THE DYNAMICS OF MULTITASKING-MULTIPROCESSING COMPUTING

Abstract A matrix-based dynamic model for combining heterogeneous multitasking and multiprocessing has been obtained based on earlier work in multiprocessing for a demand actuated transportation system. The dynamic multitasking—multiprocessing model allows for prediction of performance characteristics of heterogeneous multiple instruction multiple data stream (MIMD) architectures.
Ozone-induced pulmonary functional, pathological, and biochemical changes in normal and vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs.

Ozone-Induced Pulmonary Functional, Pathological, and Biochemical Changes in Normal and Vitamin C-Deficient Guinea Pigs. Kodavanti, U. P., Hatch, G. E., Starcher, B., Giri, S. N., Winsett, D., and Costa, D. L. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 24, 154-164. Since Vitamin C (ascorbate, AH2) is an important airway antioxidant and is an essential component of tissue repair, and since acute (4 hr) O3 toxicity is enhanced by AH2 deficiency, we hypothesized that longer-term O3 effects might also be increased. Female Hartley guinea pigs (260-330 g) were fed either and AH2-sufficient or an AH2-deficient diet 1 week prior to exposure, and were maintained on their respective diets during 1 week of continuous exposure to O3 (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm, 23 hr/day), and during 1 week postexposure recovery in clean air. The AH2-deficient diet caused lung AH2 to drop to about 30% of control in 1 week, and to below 10% by the end of exposure and recovery. Body weight gains during exposure were decreased in the 0.8 ppm O3 group, while the AH2 deficiency began to affect body weights only during recovery. O3 caused a concentration-dependent decrease in total lung capacity, vital capacity, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, nitrogen washout, and static compliance, while increasing forced expiratory flow rates and residual or end-expiratory volume (suggestive of pulmonary gas-trapping). The lung/body weight ratio and fixed lung displacement volume were also increased in O3-exposed animals. Lung pathology consisted of mononuclear cell and neutrophil infiltration, airway as well as alveolar epithelial cell hyperplasia, and general decrease in epithelial cell cytoplasm. Thickening of the interstitium and an apparent increase in collagen staining were seen at the terminal bronchiolar regions. Some of these effects were marginally exacerbated in AH2-deficient guinea pigs. One week postexposure to air reversed all O3-induced abnormalities, irrespective of AH3 deficiency. Whole lung hydroxyproline and desmosine were not changed at any time by either O3 or AH2 deficiency. Measurement of lung prolyl hydroxylase activity suggested that AH2 deficiency as well as O3 exposure may have increased the tissue levels of this enzyme. The lack of a significant increase in toxicity with the longer-term exposure scenario suggests that AH2 has minimal influence on other compensatory mechanisms developed over time.
A system for automated mapping of bill-of-materials part numbers

Part numbers are widely used within an enterprise throughout the manufacturing process. The point of entry of such part numbers into this process is normally via a Bill of Materials, or BOM, sent by a contact manufacturer or supplier. Each line of the BOM provides information about one part such as the supplier part number, the BOM receiver's corresponding internal part number, an unstructured textual part description, the supplier name, etc. However, in a substantial number of cases, the BOM receiver's internal part number is absent. Hence, before this part can be incorporated into the receiver's manufacturing process, it has to be mapped to an internal part (of the BOM receiver) based on the information of the part in the BOM. Historically, this mapping process has been done manually which is a highly time-consuming, labor intensive and error-prone process. This paper describes a system for automating the mapping of BOM part numbers. The system uses a two step modeling and mapping approach. First, the system uses historical BOM data, receiver's part specifications data and receiver's part taxonomic data along with domain knowledge to automatically learn classification models for mapping a given BOM part description to successively lower levels of the receiver's part taxonomy to reduce the set of potential internal parts to which the BOM part could map to. Then, information about various part parameters is extracted from the BOM part description and compared to the specifications data of the potential internal parts to choose the final mapped internal part. Mappings done by the system are very accurate, and the system is currently being deployed within IBM for mapping BOMs received by the corporate procurement/manufacturing divisions.
Talocrural joint in african hominoids implications for australopithecus afarensis

Talocrural joints of the African apes, modern humans, and A.L.288-1 are compared in order to investigate ankle function in the Hadar hominids. Comparisons between the hominids and African pongids clearly illustrate the anatomical and mechanical changes that occurred in this joint as a consequence of the evolutionary transition to habitual bipedality. Features which are considered include the obliquity of the distal tibial articular surface, the shape of the talar trochlea, and the location and functional implications of the talocrural axis. In every functionally significant feature examined the A.L.288-1 talocrural joint is fully bipedal. Moreover, the Hadar ankle complex also shows the functional constraints which are necessarily imposed by the adaptation to habitual bipedalism.
Advanced Nursing Practice: Legal Concerns

Empowerment of nurses in advanced nursing practice begins with an understanding of the current legal status of the advanced nurse practitioner. True empowerment will not occur until the reform regulations needed to expand the role of the advanced nurse practitioner is understood by nurses and measures are taken to begin such reform. In this article, the author reviews the current legal status of advanced nurse practitioners, while projecting the needed reforms that must occur across the country. The aim is to help advanced nurse practitioners undertake measures to ensure that legal empowerment for themselves becomes a reality.
The X2 Statistic and Weber's Law.

(1981). The X2; Statistic and Weber's Law. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 179-180.
Boron in Sillimanite

Sillimanite in six granulite-facies, kornerupine-bearing rocks contains 0.035 to 0.43 percent B2O3 and 0.02 to 0.23 percent MgO (by weight). Substitution of boron for silicon and magnesium for aluminum is coupled such that the ratio of magnesium to boron is about 0.5. Sillimanite incorporates more than 0.1 percent B2O3 only at high temperatures in a boron-rich environment at very low partial pressures of water. In the amphibolite facies, the sillimanite boron contents are too low to appreciably affect the stability relations of sillimanite with kyanite and andalusite.
THE ZERO-DIVISOR GRAPH OF VON NEUMANN REGULAR RINGS

Let R be a commutative ring, and let denote its set of zero-divisors. We associate a simple graph to R with vertices , the set of nonzero zero-divisors of . Two distinct vertices x and y are adjace...
WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN CHINESE TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN SMUGGLING: A GENDERED MARKET PERSPECTIVE*

Despite extensive sociological research on gender and organizations, criminologists have paid insufficient attention to how organizational context and market demands may shape the extent and nature of women's participation in illicit enterprises. This study uses an organizational framework to examine the case of Chinese human smuggling to the United States. Drawing from interviews with 129 human smugglers, we propose a gendered market perspective for understanding the place of women in the human smuggling enterprise. We argue that the limited place of violence and turf as organizing features of human smuggling, the importance of interpersonal networks in defining and facilitating smuggling operations, gender ideologies about work and caregiving, and the impact of safety as an overriding concern for clients combine to create a more meaningful niche for women in human smuggling operations than is found in other criminal endeavors. Our research suggests that organizational and market contexts are significant explanations for gender stratification in illicit enterprises.
2-year Toxicity Study of Doxylamine Succinate in the Fischer 344 Rat

Doxylamine succinate, a commonly used antihistamine, was administered as an admixture in the feed to groups of male and female Fischer 344 rats at dose levels of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 parts per mi...
Our evolving present.

The article discusses the evolutionary patterns and rates among animals and what scientists are learning from the growing population of cane toads in Australia. Since being introduced to Australia, the toads have gotten slimmer and have grown longer legs while predators in the area have evolved in ways that protect them from the poisonous cane frogs.
Thoracic pedicle screw placement: free-hand technique.

Thoracic pedicle screws provide a number of advantages over other methods of spinal fixation in treating a variety of conditions including: better pull-out strength and greater control in the sagittal, coronal and rotational planes due to increased stability to axial, bending and rotational forces by three-column fixation, fewer vertebral motion segments arthrodesed, no or lessened need for postoperative bracing and secure fixation after laminectomy or incompetent posterior elements. In patients with spinal deformity, segmental pedicle fixation has demonstrated greater three-dimensional correction with decreased rates of curve progression and higher fusion rates, the ability to treat the rigid scoliosis between 70 and 100 curves without anterior release with smaller total hospital cost and direct apical vertebral derotation to enhance correction and potentially obviate the need for a thoracoplasty. Also, the flexibility of multiple screw types allows easier connection to rods, especially in patients with deformity. Despite the potential benefits, many surgeons have avoided placing thoracic pedicle screws because of their concern on neurologic, vascular and visceral complications. 26] The purpose of this manuscript is to delineate the “Free-Hand” thoracic pedicle screw placement with respect to the pertinent anatomy, placement technique, confirmation of the accurate screw placement, salvage, reported complications and several methods to help avoid such complications.
Regge trajectories and the pomeron slope in the ABFST multiperipheral model

Abstract The forward and non-forward Amati-Bertocchi-Fubini-Stanghellini-Tonin (ABFST) multiperipheral integral equations with pion exchange and resonance production are solved in a factorizable approximation to the kernel. The solution, which determines the Regge trajectories, is continuous at t = 0 and is analytically continued and studied for all t . In this pion exchange model, the slope of the pomeron trajectory at t = 0 is calculated and is found to have a crucial dependence on the pion mass. The ππ cross section is also calculated in this approximation. The behavior of the trajectories near threshold is shown to be the same as in potential theory. The t → ± ∞ limits of the solution are also analyzed.
Scrap tire-beer bottle concrete

A set of experiments are described where the fundamental uniaxial tension and compression properties of an asphaltic concrete composed of scrap tires, crushed beer bottles, and asphalt were determined using constant strain rate tests. The analyses included statistical evaluations and approximations of the moduli, compliances, and times to failure for other types of loading. Over 5 decades of strain rate testing, the ultimate stress varied between 7 and 530 psi and the ultimate strain varied between 2.8 and 0.34 percent, where the compression properties were a half-order greater than the tension properties. Optimization of the mixture reported and then field implementation by street construction would not only provide a potential means for recycling all waste glass and scrap tires, this would also provide a means for constructing a superior pavement for less cost. Increased elongation or strain in the pavement could be achieved due to the rubber, and decreased thermal stress due to environmental conditions would result because of the low coefficient of thermal expansion for glass.
Characterization of Human Hairbulb Tyrosinase: Properties of Normal and Albino Enzyme

Human hairbulb tyrosinase from normally pigmented and tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albino (TPA) hairbuibs was studied by single hairbulb and by pooled hairbulb assay procedures. The response to temperature and pH was the same for TPA and normal enzyme. The K m for tyrosine as substrate and the K m or dopa as cofactor was the same for TPA and normal enzyme. These studies show that TPA tyrosinase is kinetically normal and that the defect with this form of albinism must be elsewhere in the melanin pathway.
Investigation of the photorefractive behavior of chrome-doped GaAs by using two-beam coupling.

We report experimental results on the photorefractive properties of chrome-doped GaAs. Grating-formation time and the behavior of the two-beam-coupling gain as a function of intensity, grating spacing, and applied voltage have been investigated. Gains as high as 0.9 cm−1 have been observed with 6-kV voltage applied.
Dark Rings From Photorefractive Conical Diffraction In A BaTiO 3 Crystal

A portion of photorefractively fanned light, in the shape of a ring, is absent (i.e., appears as a dark ring) when two laser beams of extraordinary polarization are transmitted through a BaTiO3 crystal. These dark rings are due to two sets of index gratings destructively interfering to eliminate part of the fanning hologram. Bragg phase-matching conditions determine the shape and size of dark rings.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A knowledge base driven user interface for collaborative ontology development

Scientists and researchers often use ontologies to describe their data, to share and integrate this data from heterogeneous sources. Ontologies are formal computer models that describe the main concepts and their relationships in a particular domain. Ontologies are usually authored by a community of users with different roles and levels of expertise. To support collaboration among distributed teams and to provision for distinct authoring requirements of each of the user roles and of individual users, we designed a configurable Web-based ontology editor, WebProtege. WebProtege extends Protege, a widely popular ontology editor with more than 150,000 registered users. The user interface layout and configuration for WebProtege is model-based and declarative: we represent it in a knowledge base, with an ontology defining its structure, and linking the interface configuration to the users, their roles, and access policies. We will discuss how the knowledge base driven configuration of the user interface supports the reuse and modularization of layout configurations. Such configuration is also highly flexible and extensible, and is easier to manage than many traditional approaches.
Differential responses of L5 and rat primary muscle cells to factors in rat brain extract.

Abstract Crude brain extract (100,000 g supernate from newborn or fetal rat brain homogenate) was studied for its effects on the number and distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on myotubes of the L5 cloned myogenic cell line and compared to that of rat primary cultures. Gamma counting, light autoradiography and scanning electron microscopic autoradiography were used. We found that the L5 cells responded to the brain extract with an increase in the average AChR site density (2–5-fold) and with an increase in AChR clustering. Clustering was manifested by both an increase in the number of AChR clusters and in the ratio of receptor site density within clusters relative to that between clusters. The increase in average AChR site density was shown to be due to an increase in the rate of AChR insertion into the surface membrane with little change in the rate of receptor degradation. As also previously reported, the rat myotubes had a similar clustering response but only a very slight (∼ 1.2-fold) increase in average AChR site density. The surface area of myotubes was also increased slightly (∼ 1.2–1.3-fold) by the brain extract. Autoradiography viewed by scanning EM was found to be very useful in illustrating the shape and distribution of the receptor clusters. After the brain extract was fractionated on Sephadex G-200, the fractions with greatest clustering activity could be separated from those causing predominantly an increase in receptor site density. Increased receptor site density was primarily produced by the low molecular weight fractions ( 140 kD). Furthermore, the two cell types assayed had different sensitivity to the different factors. L5 cells responded to both the high and low molecular weight factors while rat primary cells are sensitive primarily to the high molecular weight factors.
Beyond Relativism: Where Is Political Power in Legal Pluralism?

Both decentralization of state law and cultural relativism have been fundamentally embedded in legal pluralism. As a scholarly trend in law and society, it has insightfully challenged the underpinnings of analytical positivist jurisprudence. Nevertheless, a theoretical concept of political power has significantly been missing in research on the plurality of legal practices in various jurisdictions. This Article aims to critically offer a theoretical concept of political power that takes legal decentralization and cultural relativism seriously and yet points to how and where we should look into political power, assuming that legal pluralism itself may be a strategy of elites and nation-states amid globalization. First, the Article explores the contributions of legal pluralism, and its limits, in intellectually revolting against analytical positivist jurisprudence. Second, it explicates why a concept of political power has been missing, and why such a concept is required for better comprehension of legal pluralism. Third, it calls for a look into three sites of political power in the praxis of legal pluralism: politics of identities, non-ruling communities, and neo-liberal globalization. Last, the Article constructs a concept of political-legal transformations that enables us to unveil political power in the context of de-centralized legal pluralities. Power is produced in, resides in and is generated in the dynamic interactions between nation-states, localities and global agents. Transformative relations along these dimensions allow the nation-state to forfeit some elements of power, both in economics and in law, but they also enable it to maintain some essential ingredients of political power that are often veiled in the rhetoric of globalized pluralism.
Effects of methamphetamine on duration discrimination.

Experiments I and 2 address the controversy regarding the reliability of methamphetamine effects on interval timing. A temporal discrimination procedure was used, in which the rats were reinforced for pressing the left or the right levers after short and long signals, respectively. Methamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg sc) severely disrupted operant performance at 20-100 min after injection, which disabled the measurement of drug effects on temporal perception (Experiment I ). The same dose of methamphetamine shifted the psychometric function to the left at 100-180 min after injection, indicating an increase in subjective durations (Experiment 2). Although these results confirm the role of dopamine in interval timing, that a change in the speed of a neural clock mediates the methamphetamine-induced change in temporal perception is still a working hypothesis.
Cultural Diversity Awareness Inventory: Assessing the Sensitivity of Preservice Teachers

(1990). Cultural Diversity Awareness Inventory: Assessing the Sensitivity of Preservice Teachers. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 12, Diversity in Today's Classroom: Teacher Education's Challenge, pp. 23-30.
Stability and excitations of a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate with a vortex

We study the stability of singly and doubly quantized vortex states of harmonically trapped dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) by calculating the low-lying excitations of these condensates. We map the dynamical stability of these vortices as functions of the dipole-dipole interaction strength and trap geometry by finding where their excitations have purely real energy eigenvalues. In contrast to BECs with purely contact interactions, we find that dipolar BECs in singly quantized vortex states go unstable to modes with an increasing number of angular and radial nodes for more oblate trap aspect ratios, corresponding to local collapse that occurs on a characteristic length scale. Additionally, we find that dipolar BECs in doubly quantized vortex states are unstable to decay into a different topological state (with two singly quantized vortices) for all interaction strengths when the trap geometry is sufficiently prolate to make the dipoles attractive, and in windows of interaction strength when the trap geometry is sufficiently oblate to make the dipoles repulsive.
Transporting mobile code with internal authentication and tamper detection

Mobile code opens a world of possibilities for Battlespace digitization. However, due to security issues associated with transporting code over such networks, mobile code in the battlefield may present serious risks. Attackers may attempt to thwart the end-user's mission by manipulating or destroying code prior to its final destination. To combat such acts, we propose an authentication method that can reside on any Internet server/client without the typical constraints that exist for firewalls and certificates. Our method consists of the construction of a digital signature at the server based on the characteristics of the mobile code itself. This signature, or mark, is then embedded within the code in a hidden manner using steganographic methods. Upon receipt of the mobile code, the client can use the key to extract the embedded mark and regenerate a mark from the received code. The two marks are compared to verify the integrity of the code and the authenticity of the sender. This technique is implemented for HTML code and the effectiveness of tamper detection is demonstrated. Mobile code authentication techniques, such as this, can provide the security necessary to permit the exploitation of this powerful computing medium on the networked battlefield.
Learning hierarchical poselets for human parsing

We consider the problem of human parsing with part-based models. Most previous work in part-based models only considers rigid parts (e.g. torso, head, half limbs) guided by human anatomy. We argue that this representation of parts is not necessarily appropriate for human parsing. In this paper, we introduce hierarchical poselets–a new representation for human parsing. Hierarchical poselets can be rigid parts, but they can also be parts that cover large portions of human bodies (e.g. torso + left arm). In the extreme case, they can be the whole bodies. We develop a structured model to organize poselets in a hierarchical way and learn the model parameters in a max-margin framework. We demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed approach on two datasets with aggressive pose variations.
Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide in Milk Using Titanium Tetrachloride

Abstract Two to 3 μ g hydrogen peroxide per milliliter can be detected in milk using titanium tetrachloride, if the proteins are precipitated with 1% trichloroacetic acid. The clear milk-trichloroacetic acid filtrate is treated with titanium tetrachloride and the absorbance measured at 415nm. Absorbance varies linearly to at least 150 μ g hydrogen peroxide per milliliter.
Seed and Seedling Ecology Research to Enhance Restoration Outcomes

Seed and Seedling Ecology Research to Enhance Restoration Outcomes Jeremy J. James, Chad S. Boyd, and Tony Svejcar Authors are Director and Rangeland Extension Specialist, Sierra Foothills Research and Extension Center, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Browns Valley, CA 95918, USA; and Rangeland Ecologist and Research Leader, USDA-NRCS Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR 97720, USA.
Stability analysis for wireless networked control system in unslotted IEEE 802.15.4 protocol

Wireless networked control systems (WNCS) with the control loops closed over a wireless network are prevailing these days. But it also produces new challenges for stability analysis when considering the nuance of the practical communication protocols. The IEEE 802.15.4 protocol has been very popular among communication protocols utilized in WNCS. However, usually its medium access control (MAC) is not tailored towards WNCS which may be greatly affected by the choice of MAC parameters. Most previous research either focuses on WNCS or the communication protocol but few of them considered the modelling and analysis on both. To this end, this paper serves to bridge these two interactive parts. We first propose a Markov chain model to analyze the communication network's impact on the delay from sensor to controller and apply an extended Bernoulli jump linear system framework to study how MAC parameters affect control system stability. It has been revealed that there are certain MAC parameters greatly affect system stability and they have to be carefully designed and tuned systematically.
Effects of exposure to nerve growth factor antibodies on the developing nervous system of the rat: an experimental autoimmune approach.

An autoimmune method of NGF deprivation was used to characterize the effects of exposure to anti-NGF prenatally in utero and postnatally in milk. Offspring of NGF-immunized female rats were cross-fostered at birth with offspring of control female rats to separate the effects of in utero vs in milk exposure to maternal anti-NGF. In order to determine whether the effects of early exposure to maternal anti-NGF were permanent, rats were evaluated at maturity. Exposure to anti-NGF in utero or in milk resulted in significant decreases in protein and in both pre- and postsynaptic markers in the superior cervical ganglia (choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase, respectively). Significant decreases in norepinephrine levels were measured in peripheral tissues receiving sympathetic innervation (heart, uterus, and brown fat). In rats exposed to anti-NGF in utero , but not in milk, there was an approximately 30% decrease in total protein content in the dorsal root ganglia which was present at birth and in adulthood. The persistence of a decrease in protein content in mature sensory neurons reported here correlated with the previously reported loss of ability of sensory neurons exposed to anti-NGF in utero to retrogradely transport 125 I-NGF. Short adrenergic neurons, central adrenergic neurons, and adrenal medullary cells did not appear to be affected by either prenatal or postnatal exposure to maternal anti-NGF. The potential of the autoimmune approach in the study of the physiological role of NGF and other growth factors is discussed.
Recommendations for special populations: diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major causes of mortality in persons with diabetes, and many factors, including hypertension, contribute to this high prevalence of CVD. The incidence of hypertension in patients with diabetes is approximately twofold higher than in age-matched subjects without the disease, and conversely, individuals with hypertension are at increased risk of developing diabetes compared with normotensive persons. Furthermore, because up to 75% of cases of CVD in patients with diabetes can be attributed to hypertension, aggressive management of elevated blood pressure (BP) (ie, to <130/85 mm Hg) in these patients is essential for reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The renin-angiotensin system is an important regulator of both BP and obesity, and its pharmacologic modulation may thus translate into significant cardiovascular benefits. Apart from hypertension and obesity, the important risk factors for CVD in patients with diabetes include atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, microalbuminuria, endothelial dysfunction, platelet hyperaggregability, and coagulation abnormalities. Therefore, effective prevention of major cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes requires combination therapy with agents that target key factors contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin, the lipid-lowering activity of statins, as well as the antihypertensive effects of various agents (eg, diuretics, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin-II receptor blockers) have all been demonstrated to provide substantial reductions in cardiovascular events.
Single Molecule Kinetic Analysis of Actin Filament Capping POLYPHOSPHOINOSITIDES DO NOT DISSOCIATE CAPPING PROTEINS

Abstract We investigated how heterodimeric capping proteins bind to and dissociate from the barbed ends of actin filaments by observing single muscle actin filaments by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The barbed end rate constants for mouse capping protein (CP) association of 2.6 × 106 m-1 s-1 and dissociation of 0.0003 s-1 agree with published values measured in bulk assays. The polyphosphoinositides (PPIs), phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2), PI(4,5)P2, and PI(3,4,5)P3, prevent CP from binding to barbed ends, but three different assays showed that none of these lipids dissociate CP from filaments at concentrations that block CP binding to barbed ends. The affinity of fission yeast CP for barbed ends is a thousandfold less than mouse CP, because of a slower association rate constant (1.1 × 105 m-1 s-1) and a faster dissociation rate constant (0.004 s-1). PPIs do not inhibit binding of fission yeast CP to filament ends. Comparison of homology models revealed that fission yeast CP lacks a large patch of basic residues along the actin-binding surface on mouse CP. PPIs binding to this site might interfere sterically with capping, but this site would be inaccessible when CP is bound to the end of a filament.
Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis

Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been an under-recognized MS ­subgroup. Fortunately, the special diagnostic challenges, the clinical course, treatment, and special needs of this MS subgroup are receiving increased attention. Pediatric MS occurs in most of the world although the frequency varies. Differential diagnoses such as the distinction from acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) differ from adults. The pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear with respect to pediatric MS. The strongest association of pediatric MS is with remote EBV infection, possibly reflecting heightened immune activation or reactivation of EBV. Certain clinical aspects of pediatric MS overlap with adults but there are often differences particularly in the younger children in clinical, radiologic, and laboratory manifestations. Unfortunately, there is a sizable proportion of children and adolescents who are very vulnerable to cognitive dysfunction in addition to other psychosocial stresses. The family unit is critically important in this age group and plays a different role than in adult MS. Management is complicated by the lack of clinical trials specific to children. Nonetheless, experience in evaluating and treating children has rapidly grown. The current review summarizes this experience.
GCM simulation of the Sahel 1984 drought with alternative specifications of observed SST

Two climate simulations using the NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies coarse-resolution GCM are compared in order to investigate the sensitivity of modelled summer precipitation over West Africa to the specification of observed sea-surface temperatures (SST). Both experiments used analyses of observed SST for the boreal spring and summer of 1984, but one was derived from NOAA publications while the second came from COADS archives. Values of the NOAA SST for the tropical Atlantic were somewhat higher during June–August, leading to larger modelled evaporation rates and a model hindcast of heavy precipitation over West Africa in August, contrary to observational evidence. By comparison, dry conditions were simulated using COADS SST. The results highlight the importance of quality observations of SST and they demonstrate how sensitive the GCM is to these data.
James Keill, George Cheyne, and Newtonian physiology, 1690–1740

Mechanical explanations of human physiology proliferated in the seventeenth century. The anatomic and physiological discoveries made in the fifty years between Descartes's Traite de l'homme (written 1633) and Newton's Principia (1687) led to the playing of increasingly convoluted variations on this theme of the mechanical philosophy. In one variation, Giovanni Borelli and Lorenzo Bellini applied the new mechanics of Galileo and his followers to human anatomy, particularly to the description of muscular motion. In another, Boyle's mechanical chemistry was called upon to explain a variety of physiological functions from respiration to digestion to animal heat. Following in this pattern, Newtonian dynamics could have added yet another variation. But, as Newton himself was well aware, the possible existence of short-range forces analogous to gravity could rework the theme of the mechanical philosophy itself.' Newton had early recognized that short-range forces had obvious implications for physiological explanation; his 1692 essay "De natura acidorum" included several comments on this topic. In query 23 (known to us, from its position in later editions, as query 31) of the 1706 Opticks he presented several chemical examples of short-range attractions that related to animal function, such as fermentation,
Comparison of hemodynamic response non-linearity using simultaneous near infrared spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging modalities

Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response, which is measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is known to be a combination of various vascular parameters, among which deoxy-hemoglobin is argued to be a major contributor. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), though being limited in its spatial resolution, provides a promising tool to study cortical activations, due to its specificity of independent measurement of blood parameters (Oxy, De-oxy and Total Hemoglobin), high temporal resolution and ease of use. To study the close relationship between these imaging modalities, a finger tapping task with stimulus durations (2, 4, 8 & 16 sec) with variable inter-stimulation intervals was chosen to compare spatio-temporal properties and non-linearity of BOLD signal with HbO, HbR and HBT signal. This helped determine what parameter (HbO, HbR and HbT) BOLD signals correlate to most and how factors like neural adaptation that cause non-linearity can affect the hemodynamic behavior. It investigates the non-linearity in HbO, HbR and HbT concentrations as compared to BOLD signal obtained using simultaneous fNIRS and fMRI measurement. Investigating non-linearity in hemodynamic response could provide a better understanding of neuronal function by modeling neural adaptation. The paper also discusses a method to model the neural adaptation and hemodynamic response.
Time banditry: Examining the purloining of time in organizations

Abstract Time banditry, a variant of counterproductive work behavior, is defined as the propensity of employees to engage in non-work related activities during work time. We extend past research on time banditry in two ways. First, we develop a model of time banditry. It is posited that a significant number of employees engage in time banditry despite their level of engagement with their job and even when productivity levels remain at an acceptable level. Implications of the model are described and testable propositions are developed. Second, we suggest that time bandits as a group are not monolithic, but instead there are at least four types of bandits. Supervisors need to manage each type with different human resource management practices.
Influence of the Mother’s Reproductive State on the Hormonal Status of Daughters in Marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii)

Behavioral and endocrine suppression of reproduction in subordinate females produces the high reproductive skew that characterizes callitrichid primate mating systems. Snowdon et al. [American Journal of Primatology 31:11-21, 1993] reported that the eldest daughters in tamarin families exhibit further endocrinological suppression immediately following the birth of siblings, and suggested that dominant females exert greater control over subordinate endocrinology during this energetically challenging phase of reproduction. We monitored the endocrine status of five Wied's black tufted-ear marmoset daughters before and after their mother delivered infants by measuring concentrations of urinary estradiol (E(2)), pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG), testosterone (T), and cortisol (CORT). Samples were collected from marmoset daughters 4 weeks prior to and 9 weeks following three consecutive sibling-litter births when the daughters were prepubertal (M=6.1 months of age), peripubertal (M=11.9 months), and postpubertal (M=17.6 months). The birth of infants was associated with reduced ovarian steroid excretion only in the prepubertal daughters. In contrast, ovarian steroid levels tended to increase in the postpubertal daughters. Urinary E(2) and T levels in the postpubertal daughters were 73.8% and 37.6% higher, respectively, in the 3 weeks following the birth of infants, relative to prepartum levels. In addition, peak urinary PdG concentrations in peri- and postpubertal daughters were equivalent to luteal phase concentrations in nonpregnant, breeding adult females, and all of the peri- and postpubertal daughters showed clear ovulatory cycles. Cortisol excretion did not change in response to the reproductive status of the mother, nor did the concentrations change across age. Our data suggest that marmoset daughters of potential breeding age are not hormonally suppressed during the mother's peripartum period or her return to fertility. These findings provide an additional example of species diversity in the social regulation of reproduction in callitrichid primates.
Self-Esteem and Sharing in Fourth-Grade Children.

Sixty-four fourth-grade children were given 20 tokens for drawing a picture. They then had the option of donating any or all of the tokens to either "needy children" or for "a class prize". Any remaining tokens could be exchanged for various prizes. The teacher of each child completed the Cooper-smith Behaviour Rating Form measure of self-esteem. Sharing with needy children was positively correlated with self-esteem while the children's retaining tokens for themselves was negatively correlated with self-esteem. Thus, generosity may be related to self-esteem in situations where an individual does not directly profit from the situation.
A method of making screen room interference measurements

IN THE past, interference measurements have usually been made in the screen room as they would be made in ?free space,? i.e., both the operator and all the measuring equipment were placed inside the room with the radiating equipment. Under these conditions the resulting measurements had to be empirically correlated with free-space measurements. Furthermore, because of the presence of the operator and measuring equipment in the room, the results obtained were often difficult to reproduce. It was thus apparent that a more reliable method of making screen room measurements was desirable. Work to this end was initiated by the Coles Signal Laboratory by means of a study contract.
Gas-condensate migration and oil fractionation in deltaic systems

Abstract The term evaporative fractionation is proposed to describe several phenomena involved in the secondary alteration of reservoired oil. Firstly, it is suggested that oil is frequently partially vaporized in the reservoir; secondly, that gas, bearing substantial portions of the oil in solution, is conducted along faults to form independent gas-condensate accumulations; thirdly, that residual oils formed in this fashion bear internal evidence of fractionation. In addition to the conspicuous loss of light ends, there is an increase in the content of light aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons relative to paraffins in the residual oil. Evaporative fractionation effects are recognized for the first time in the distillation and physical property data of US Bureau of Mines Routine Method Oil Analyses. Fractionation effects are postulated to be the cause of sigmoid, as opposed to normal, curvilinear, aromatic profiles. The effects of evaporative fractionation are widespread in oils throughout the United States. They are evident in approximately 75% of oils in the Gulf Coast region, and in a large proportion of the gas-condensate accumulations. The process is a major, and apparently unrecognized, means of petroleum alteration, and of generation of gas-condensates. Experimental evidence shows that partial vaporization results in enhanced levels of light aromatic hydrocarbons in residual oils. Oil samples were partially vaporized in excess methane at elevated pressure and temperature, followed by removal of the vapour. The gas-chromatographic features of many Gulf Coast oils were reproduced. Various levels of light-end depletion and enhancement of aromaticity were brought about.
Isospin composition of giant resonances and asymmetries in π + compared to π − inelastic scattering

A fully microscopic calculation for pion inelastic excitation of giant resonances in which random phase approximation transition densities are used is presented for the first time. The mixing of isoscalar and isovector modes is incorporated in the random phase approximation calculations and its effect on \ensuremath{\sigma}(${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$) vs \ensuremath{\sigma}(${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$) is discussed. Comparison with existing data is made and reasonable agreement is achieved.
New Altimetric Estimates of Mode-1 M2 Internal Tides in the Central North Pacific Ocean

Abstract New estimates of mode-1 M2 internal tide energy flux are computed from an extended Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon (T/P) altimeter dataset that includes both the original and tandem tracks, improving spatial resolution over previous estimates from O(500 km) to O(250 km). Additionally, a new technique is developed that allows separate resolution of northward and southward components. Half-wavelength features previously seen in unseparated estimates are shown to be due to the superposition of northward and southward wave trains. The new technique and higher spatial resolution afford a new view of mode-1 M2 internal tides in the central North Pacific Ocean. As with all altimetric estimates, only the coherent or phase-locked signals are detectable owing to the long repeat period of the tracks. Emanating from specific generation sites consistent with predictions from numerical models, internal tidal beams 1) are as narrow as 200 km and 2) propagate a longer distance than previously observ...