cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular beam epitaxial growth and properties of CoFe2O4 on MgO(001)

Abstract We have grown single-crystal Co ferrite (CoFe2O4) on MgO(0 0 1) by oxygen-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (OPA-MBE), and have characterized the composition, structure, surface morphology, and magnetic properties by a number of methods. The as-grown OPA-MBE material forms a perfect inverse spinel, in which all Co is in the 2+ formal oxidation state, and occupies octahedral sites within the cation sublattice. The OPA-MBE film surfaces are very flat, with mean roughnesses of only a few A, and exhibit large, stable magnetic domains. The measured moment per unit volume is 250 emu/cm3, and the saturation magnetization for films in the 1000 A film thickness range is ∼60% of that of bulk Co ferrite. The material also exhibits strain-dependent magnetic anisotropy that can be understood by considering the various contributions to the total magnetic energy. The overall quality of epitaxial Co ferrite grown on MgO by OPA-MBE is superior in every respect to that obtained using pulsed laser deposition as the growth method.
Active Control of Structurally Radiated Sound from an Enclosed Finite Cylinder

A long, thin aluminum cylinder was configured with two rigid end caps and in strumented with piezoceramic actuators and either microphone or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) structural sensors for narrow-band active structural acoustic control. The input disturbance to the cylinder was generated with a shaker attached by a stinger, and all tests were performed in an anechoic chamber. In the first series of tests, the cylinder was driven with a shaker attached to the end cap, exciting the "accordion mode" of the structure. Upon applying control and using PVDF sen sors, significant levels of global sound attenuation, approximately 25 dB on-resonance and 15 dB off- resonance, were observed in the acoustic field. In both the on-resonance and off-resonance test cases, three control actuators were required to achieve the stated levels of sound attenuation due to interaction between the accordion modes and the cylinder modes. In the second series of tests, the cylinder was driven radially with a shaker to excite h...
THE IRRADIATION-INDUCED OLIVINE TO AMORPHOUS PYROXENE TRANSFORMATION PRESERVED IN AN INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLE

Amorphization of crystalline olivine to glass with a pyroxene composition is well known from high-energy irradiation experiments. This report is on the first natural occurrence of this process preserved in a chondritic aggregate interplanetary dust particle. The Fe-rich olivine grain textures and compositions and the glass grain compositions delineate this transformation that yielded glass with Fe-rich pyroxene compositions. The average glass composition, (Mg, Fe)3Si2O7, is a serpentine-dehydroxylate with O/Si = 3.56 ± 0.25, (Mg+Fe)/Si = 1.53 ± 0.24, and Mg/(Mg+Fe) = 0.74 ± 0.1. These measured atomic ratios match the ratios that have been proposed for amorphous interstellar silicate grains very well, albeit the measured Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio is lower than was proposed for amorphous interstellar silicate grains, Mg/(Mg+Fe) > 0.9.
931 DURABLE RESULTS AND POSSIBLE RESTITUTION OF NORMAL URETHRA FOLLOWING CIRUMFERENTIAL LASER VAPORIZATION OF THE URETHRAL STRICTURES

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This presentation is a longterm follow up of the patients managed using contact Nd: YAG or Holmium laser (HO: YAG) vaporization to ablate urethral strictures. METHODS: Methods: Sixty eight males and one female 72 years old with 1 to 5cm long urethral strictures for 2 to 38 years are presented. Fifty one were spinal cord injured persons who had bulbomembranus and or anterior urethral strictures. Thirteen others (able bodies), also included 5 post radical prostatectomy incalcitrant bladder neck strictures. An initial urethrotomy was made at the 12 o’clock position by retrograde vaporization of the scarred tissue through the length of the stricture so that a cystoscope could be passed to determine the extent of stricture. Bladder was emptied. Low level energy (1 to 1.5 J X 10 to 15 Hz) was used and only fibrous tissue was vaporized without damaging islands of normal tissues. Initially Nd: YAG and later Ho: YAG laser (end fiber) was used in a contact mode. Urethral catheter was removed after 24 hours. Follow up study was approved by the Institutional review board. RESULTS: The mean operation time was 32 minutes (range 15 to 57 minutes). No significant bleeding was encountered. Two earlier patients developed extravasations in the scrotum that were extensively vaporized posteriorly, subsequently 6 o’clock vaporization was limited in depth to a minimal. Patients have been followed from 2 to 9 years (Mean 7.1 years). Repeat vaporization was required in l7% patients with 10% needing during the first year. Repeat vaporization was easy and the patients left the hospital within first 24 hour. Follow up in random selected patients, on cystoscopy and or ultrasound showed virtually normal urethra in 9 patients with no evidence of stricture. CONCLUSIONS: For strictures of the urethra, the durable results following the circumferential vaporization of the scar tissue appear gratifying when compared to the other reported techniques. Restitution of the normal urethra was an unexpected finding and needs further evaluation. However, lower level laser energy has been rported to have a potential for regeneration of tissues. Laser vaporization of the scar tissue can be considered a minimally invasive procedure. It can also obviate open urethroplasty in majority of patients.
Young Children's Attitudes Toward the Disabled: A Classroom Intervention Using Children's Literature

With the increasing inclusion of special needs children in regular classrooms, experiences which encourage positive attitudes toward the disabled are essential. The purpose of this project was: 1) to examine the thinking and attitudes of young children regarding the capabilities of disabled children and the potential for friendship and 2) to assess the effectiveness of children's literature and related activities in influencing attitudes toward the disabled. Results suggested that children's attitudes were generally positive and realistic regarding the capabilities and the potential for friendship with the disabled. The use of selected children's books and book related activities positively influenced children's attitudes.
II. Snow hydrology processes and remote sensing

In the last 20 years remote sensing research has led to significant progress in monitoring and measuring certain snow hydrology processes. Snow distribution in a drainage basin can be adequately assessed by visible sensors. Although there are still some interpretation problems, the NOAA-AVHRR sensor can provide frequent views of the areal snow cover in a basin, and snow cover maps are produced operationally by the National Weather Service on about 3000 drainage basins in North America. Measurement of snow accumulation or snow water equivalent with microwave remote sensing has great potential because of the capabilities for depth penetration, all-weather observation and night-time viewing. Several critical areas of research remain, namely, the acquisition of snow grain size information for input to microwave models and improvement in passive microwave resolution from space. Methods that combine both airborne gamma ray and visible satellite remote sensing of the snowpack with field measurements also hold promise for determining areal snow water equivalent. Some remote sensing techniques can also be used to detect different stages of snow metamorphism. Various aspects of snowpack ripening can be detected using microwave and thermal infra-red capabilities. The capabilities for measurement of snow albedo and surface temperature have direct application in both snow metamorphism and snowpack energy balance studies. The potentially most profitable research area here is the study of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function to improve snow albedo measurements. Most of the remote sensing capabilities in snow hydrology have been developed for improving snowmelt-run-off forecasting. Most applications have used the input of snow cover extent to deterministic models, both of the degree day and energy balance types. Snowmelt-run-off forecasts using satellite derived snow cover depletion curves and the models have been successfully made. As the extraction of additional snow cover characteristics becomes possible, remote sensing will have an even greater impact on snow hydrology. Important remote sensing capabilities will become available in the next 20 years through space platform observing systems that will improve our capability to observe the snowpack on an operational basis.
The impact of post gate annealing on microwave noise performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Abstract The effects of post gate annealing on microwave noise performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on SiC substrate were investigated. The results show that post Schottky gate annealing under an optimized condition, 400 °C for 10 min in N2 ambient, can increase the current driving capability, reduce gate leakage current, and improve the microwave noise performance. Specifically, the maximum extrinsic transconductance increased from 223 mS/mm to 233 mS/mm. The 1 mA/mm gate leakage current at Vgs = − 30 V reduced to 4 nA/mm. Before annealing, the device exhibited a minimum noise figure of 0.99 dB at 4 GHz. It decreased to 0.63 dB and the associated gain increased from 13.2 dB to 17.4 dB at the mean time. The change is even more significant under high current operation. At 4 GHz, the 4.90 dB NFmin at Ids of 670 mA/mm decreased more than 3 dB to 1.12 dB. Based on a simple noise model, the improvement of the microwave noise performance is attributed to the significant decrease of the gate leakage current.
A variant translocation places the λ immunoglobulin genes 3′ to the c- myc oncogene in Burkitt's lymphoma

Most translocations that occur in Burkitt's lymphoma1,2 involve movement of part of chromosome 8, containing the c-myc gene, from its normal position to the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus on chromosome 143–7. The genes are often joined at their 5′ ends in opposite transcriptional directions4–13. However, a significant minority of Burkitt translocations8 involve the light-chain loci on chromosome 2 (κ)14 or 22 (λ)15. We have characterized one of these from a European-derived cell line (IARC-BL37) that carries an 8;22 translocation. Here the translocation has joined the 5′ portion of the λ light-chain locus to the 3′ portion of the c-myc gene at a position about 7 kilobases from the normal c-myc promoters. The translocation is reciprocal and relatively conservative, involving the loss of only 21 base pairs from the site of recombination. This translocation allows us to orient the λ genes with respect to the centromere of chromosome 22 and to predict the orientation of other translocations involving these chromosomal segments. The 3′ translocation is accompanied by an increased level of c-myc transcripts, especially that derived from a normally under-used c-myc promoter.
COVERT COMMUNICATIONS BASED ON SIGNAL OVERLAY

A covert communication technique based on the principle of signal overlay is presented here. A weak narrow-band signal is added to the primary signal and shares the same frequency band. Covertness of the overlay signal is ensured by careful signal design. At the receiver a stationary filtering approach is ineffective in separating the signals. However, the recently introduced raised cosine empirical mode decomposition technique is ideally suited to separate these time-varying signals with overlapping frequency components. An application to commercial frequency modulation overlay is presented with associated analysis and empirical performance results.
High School Dropout: Psychological, Academic, and Vocational Factors.

The correlates and presumable causes for dropping out: The phenomenon is more complex than might have been expected.
Electron-density measurements in hohlraums using soft-x-ray deflectometry

This paper presents design calculations for experiments that measure electron densities of laser heated hohlraums with soft-x-ray moir{acute e} deflectometry. Hydrodynamical simulations of the hohlraums are analyzed to obtain deflection angles of the probing beam and x-ray emission from the hohlraum. The deflection angles and resulting moir{acute e} fringe shifts and fringe contrast are predicted to be sufficient to infer electron-density gradients from measurements. In addition, the self-emission is found to be much lower than that of the probing laser beam, giving a good signal-to-noise ratio. In conclusion, moir{acute e} deflectometry with soft-x-ray lasers has the potential to give valuable information about the electron density in laser driven hohlraums. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Anaesthetic dosage in thiopental-curare-nitrous oxide anaesthesia, using a thiopental-curare mixture

1 Analysis of 86 casesin which a thiopental-curare mixture (Baird’s solution) was used, and a comparison with data obtained by others who administered the drugs separately, indicate that use of the mixture does not result in an increase of the dosage of either agent 2. Time-dose curves are presented to show that a definite curvilinear relationship exists between drug-utilization and the duration of anaesthesia. 3 In cases lasting over 45 minutes intubation will not increase the anaesthetic consumption.
Impact of flood control reservoirs and pollution influx on the Sandy Creek Watershed, Mercer County, Pennsylvania, USA

A study of the impact of two flood control reservoirs and pollution influx was conducted on two streams within the Sandy Creek Watershed, Mercer County, Pennsylvania, USA. Fecal coliforms were significantly reduced in the outflows without affecting water chemistry, thereby improving the overall water quality. The size and composition of the aquatic communities as well as stream metabolism varied seasonably among the different sampling stations. Pollution influx primarily from communities and agricultural drainage had a greater impact on the stream ecosystem than did impounding of the streams. Natural wetlands and riparian vegetation were important factors in reducing the pollution load in these streams. The reestablishment and maintenance of riparian vegetation should therefore be an integral part of the land-use plan for watersheds in order to improve water quality and wildlife habitats. In the future, the maintenance of riparian vegetation should be given prime consideration in the development of watershed projects.
The case against functional control

Abstract Bresnan (1982) outlines a theory of control within Lexical-Functional Grammar that distinguishes two control relations: functional and anaphoric. This paper argues against this distinction because predictions about case and functional control crucial to this distinction (relevant to Icelandic ‘case preservation facts’) are counterexemplified by data from Imbabura Quechua. The paper proposes a solution within the theory of Relational Grammar that argues for a framework rich enough to distinguish ‘lexically assigned’ case and regular but ‘unexpected’ case assigned following some syntactic relation-changing operation. The proposal not only accounts for the data considered here, but also explains the relative paucity of examples like Icelandic.
Antiviral CD8+ T cells cause an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-like disease in naive mice

Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and both autoimmune, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and viral, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection, animal models of MS. Following TMEV infection, certain T cell hybridomas, generated from cloned TMEV-induced CD8+ T cells, were able to produce clinical signs of disease (flaccid hind limb paralysis) upon adoptive transfer into naive mice. Dual T cell receptors (TCR) are present on the surface of these cells as both Vβ3 and Vβ6 were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening and flow cytometry and multiple Vα mRNAs were detected by PCR screening. This is the first demonstration of antiviral CD8+ T cells having more than one TCR initiating an autoimmune disease in the natural host of the virus. We hypothesize that this is a potential mechanism for virus-induced autoimmune disease initiated by CD8+ T cells.
Surface studies with the vacuum microbalance

Abstract This paper is generally concerned with presenting a broad overview of the capabilities, limitations, and potential uses of the vacuum ultramicrobalance for surface studies. Determination of micromass changes of samples in vacuum and controlled gaseous environments at various temperatures is one of the powerful methods for studying surfaces. The traditional application of the vacuum microbalance and accompanying theoretical foundation for obtaining surface areas, activation energies of adsorption and desorption, the heat of adsorption and the initial stages of oxidation are reviewed. As with most physical measurements, the simultaneous measurement of mass change and other parameters greatly increases the ability to understand physical and chemical processes. Examples of the combined measurement of residual gases, infrared spectroscopy, and electrical properties as well as the mass change are presented. Recent progress in developing an automated ultramicrobalance for operation in a UHV system combined with RGA and AES is discussed. Information about specific gas—solid systems is presented to illustrate the utility of the microbalance.
A system selective for yeast mutants deficient in meiotic recombination.

An experimental design and rationale for detecting and recovering Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants specifically blocked in meiotic gene conversion is presented. The system utilizes an otherwise haploid strain disomic (n+1) for chromosome III which is simultaneously heterozygous for the mating-type locus and heteroallelic at leu2. The former is an essential requirement for inducing meiotic development; i.e., DNA replication and sporulation upon transfer to acetate media, while the latter provides a convenient signal for assaying recombination at the intragenic level. Of 940 clones screened qualitatively after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate, 91 presumptive mutants were isolated. These are classed arbitrarily into four groups according to the reduction in interallelic recombination observed in quantitative tests.
Lower extremity amputation increases oscillatory flow in the infrarenal aorta: A new potential risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm development

Background Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the US. The most common location of AAA is the infrarenal abdominal aorta where oscillatory flow is present over the cardiac cycle, figure 1. Oscillatory flow is known to initiate an inflammatory response in endothelial cells. Patients with lower extremity traumatic amputations have a 5-fold increase in AAA occurrence unrelated to co-morbidities. The objective of the study is to determine the amount of infrarenal aortic oscillatory flow changes between baseline and acute occlusion of arterial blood supply to a lower extremity (a condition mimicking a lower extremity amputation). Methods Six healthy volunteers underwent MRI exam which included non-contrast MRA and PCMR measurement in the abdominal aorta. PCMR measurements were done at baseline and during 3-4 minutes of acute arterial occlusion using a blood pressure cuff to mimic a unilateral above knee (AKA) and bilateral above knee (Bi-AKA) amputation. PCMR scans were acquired perpendicular to the aorta at 2 levels: below the renal arteries and immediately above the aortic bifurcation. PCMR was used to create waveforms showing flow versus time over the cardiac cycle, figure 1. In all subjects, we computed the percent of retrograde flow over the cardiac cycle at baseline and during the two acute occlusion conditions. Results The retrograde flow was 17.9%+/-1.6 at baseline. AKA resulted in a significant increase in retrograde flow above the aortic bifurcation, the most common site of AAA formation (26.3%+/-4.2 p<0.05). Bi-AKA further increased retrograde flow to 30.1%+/-3.9 p<0.05. Our results suggest that mimicking a traumatic amputation produces a significant increase in infrarenal retrograde aortic blood flow, leading to an increase in oscillatory wall shear stress, a precursor of endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, the velocity profiles above the aortic bifurcation showed that during unilateral AKA, the diastolic reversal of blood flow was more pronounced on the side of the amputation. These findings agree with
Whipple Bacilli within the Tunica Media of Pulmonary Arteries

In the lungs of two patients dying with Whipple's disease, we found Schiff-positive bacilli within the tunica media of many pulmonary arteries. Tissue was examined from all five lobes of the lungs in both cases. There were no pulmonary emboli and no alveolar lesions of Whipple's disease. Focal degeneration of the tunica media was conspicuous in areas where bacilli were present, and at some sites there was some overlying intimal proliferation. Little inflammatory response was present. All the bacilli within the tunica media were free as single organisms or small clumps, and there were none within macrophages. Macrophages containing bacilli were occasionally found within the adventitia of the pulmonary arteries. The possible role of these lesions in the pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary arterial disease merits consideration.
Energy poverty among urban street vendors in India: Evidence from Patna, Bihar

Rapid urbanization in the developing world underscores the policy challenge of urban energy poverty. This article investigates patterns of energy poverty in Patna, the capital of the state of Bihar in India. Informed by the field research, our emphasis is on inadequate lighting among street vendors. A survey of 1000 street vendors in the metropolitan area reveals high levels of energy poverty, with vendors being forced to choose between inadequate lighting and expensive power from diesel generators operated by local entrepreneurs. The survey also shows that vendors consider improved lighting a top priority and believe that improved lighting could expand their business and attract customers. While vendors are generally aware of solar panels, a few are using this technology in the marketplaces. The results reveal the need for new policy interventions that either promote grid access for the informal economy or seek new alternatives, such as solar lighting, to diesel generators.
The Distribution and Characterization of the Erythrocyte Receptors in Man and Animals for Lectins from Madura Pomifera

Studies have been made of human erythrocyte receptors for hemagglutinins of indeterminate specificity extracted from the seeds of the osage orange (Maclura pomifera). The seed extract agglutinates all human erythrocytes tested, both lymphocytes and granulocytes of human origin, and the erythrocytes of several animals. On the basis of hemagglutination-inhibition tests, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is proposed as the terminal structure on human erythrocytes recognized by the Maclura lectin. Amino acids fail to inhibit, but saliva, regardless of the ABH secretor status of the donor, and human serum alpha-globulins inhibit this lectin hemagglutination of human erythrocytes.
Fatty acid binding protein isoforms: structure and function

Although structural aspects of cytosolic fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) in mammalian tissues are now well understood, significant advances regarding the physiological function(s) of these proteins have been slow in forthcoming. Part of the difficulty lies in the complexity of the multigene FABP family with nearly twenty identified members. Furthermore, isoelectric focusing and ion exchange chromatography operationally resolve many of the mammalian native FABPs into putative isoforms. However, a more classical biochemical definition of an isoform, i.e. proteins differing by a single amino acid, suggests that the operational definition is too broad. Because at least one putative heart H-FABP isoform, the mammary derived growth inhibitor, was an artifact (Specht et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271: 1943-49), the ensuing skepticism and confusion cast doubt on the existence of FABP isoforms in general. Yet, increasing data suggest that several FABPs, e.g. human intestinal I-FABP, bovine and mouse heart H-FABP, rabbit myelin P2 protein and bovine liver L-FABP may exist as true isoforms. In contrast, the rat liver L-FABP putative isoforms may actually be due either to bound ligand, post-translational S-thiolation and/or structural conformers. In any case, almost nothing is known regarding possible functions of either the true or putative isoforms in vitro or in vivo. The objective of this article is to critically evaluate which FABPs form biochemically defined or true isoforms versus FABPs that form additional forms, operationally defined as isoforms. In addition, recent developments in the molecular basis for FABP true isoform formation, the processes leading to additional operationally defined putative isoforms and insights into potential function(s) of this unusual aspect of FABP heterogeneity will be examined.
Unusual heterogeneity of circulating prolactin in an acromegalic

Plasma from a 69-year-old acromegalic woman with hyperprolactinemia (350–570 ng/ml) was chromatographed on dextran gel. Three components of immunoactive prolactin were observed. Component I eluted with an apparent molecular weight (MWapp) of greater than 100,000, Component II with MWapp of 45,000 and Component III with MWapp of 21,500 daltons (indistinguishable from monomeric pituitary prolactin). Components I and II comprised more than70% of the total circulating prolactin. All components had similaractivities in immunoassays and in receptor assays. Components II and III maintained their elution positions on re-chromatography. Component I whether frozen or stored at 4C eluted in the position of Component II on rechromatography, suggesting that Component I is a loosely-bound oligomer of Components II or III, or Component III loosely-bound to another constituent of plasma. The gel chromatography pattern for immunoactive growth hormone was indistinguishable from that of other acromegalic patients.
A portable stereo vision system for whole body surface imaging

This paper presents a whole body surface imaging system based on stereo vision technology. We have adopted a compact and economical configuration which involves only four stereo units to image the frontal and rear sides of the body. The success of the system depends on a stereo matching process that can effectively segment the body from the background in addition to recovering sufficient geometric details. For this purpose, we have developed a novel sub-pixel, dense stereo matching algorithm which includes two major phases. In the first phase, the foreground is accurately segmented with the help of a predefined virtual interface in the disparity space image, and a coarse disparity map is generated with block matching. In the second phase, local least squares matching is performed in combination with global optimization within a regularization framework, so as to ensure both accuracy and reliability. Our experimental results show that the system can realistically capture smooth and complete whole body shapes with high accuracy.
Apparent changes in the climatic state of the deep North Atlantic Ocean

Determination of any long-term changes in the large-scale characteristics of the deep ocean circulation would be an important clue in understanding the climatic interactions of the ocean and atmosphere. In the summer of 1981, the RV Atlantis II reoccupied two transatlantic sections at nominal latitudes of 24°30′ N and 36°16′ N with a conductivity–temperature-depth instrument (CTD). One purpose of the work was to make a comparison with previous surveys conducted during the International Geophysical Year (IGY)1, when sections were obtained in October 1957 and April–May 1959. We report here that significant warming occurred in an ocean-wide band from 700 m to 3,000 m with a maximum temperature difference of 0.2 °C. These changes are sufficient to expand the water column by several centimetres. The historical temperature–salinity curve was apparently unchanged. Interannual changes in local water mass characteristics have been proposed previously2,3. Perhaps it would be most surprising if no changes were seen to occur. What remains obscure is the significance of these changes and the extent to which they represent long-term climate trends, or merely the minor and random fluctuations to be expected in any complex fluid system.
Sentences for use in memory research

To investigate the effects of effort toward comprehension on subsequent recall, Auble, Franks, and Soraci (1979) generated a series of 40 sentences which varied in comprehensibility. We presented these sentences along with 60 new sentences to 122 undergraduates at the University of New Orleans. Sentences were rated for comprehensibility both before and after cue presentation. Sentences which appear most useful for research are discussed.
Construction and performance of a large liquid scintillation counter

Abstract A liquid scintillation counter with an active volume 3.05m×0.20m×0.20m was constructed with a simple, inexpensive, and rugged design. Some properties of this counter are reported.
The Black Rat

IN regard to the distribubution of the black rat (Mus rattus), your correspondent may be glad to know that this animal, spread over the States in early days, but has since been supplanted, as in England, by the brown rat (M. decumanus). Forty years ago the black rat was the only rat in South-west Ohio. About thirty years ago the brown rat drove him out. Some years later the same occurred in Illinois. I have been informed by one of my students living in Minnesota, that neither rat is known in and about the town of St. Cloud in that state, only one having ever been seen there, and that was killed on landing from a steamer. I have seen it stated that the black rat is still to be found in some localities in England, among them the White-chapel Docks.
The Determinants of Web Use Within an Economics Principles Course

This article considers the determinants of student access of a specific course Web site from a Principles of Macroeconomics course. As they prepare for the course's in-class exams, students may choose either or both of two Web resource types, a dynamic resource (interactive multiple choice practice exams) or various static resources. The article addresses two related questions. First, we ask whether a given set of characteristics affects the access of these different Web site resources similarly. Second, we explore the influence of certain student characteristics on the student decision to access a given Web resource. In general terms, our findings suggest results that are consistent with existing studies of how students learn. Our results also suggest that a greater diversity of resources will, in fact, elicit wider use of one's course Web site.
Word association responses in normal adult subjects

A word association test was administered to a group of 316 undergraduate students. Word stimuli were balanced according to frequency of occurrence in written English language usage (frequent, infrequent), word length (short, long), abstraction level (low, medium, high), and grammatical class (noun, verb, adjective). Responses were analyzed according to a syntactic classification system. The factorial nature of the word list used enhances its value as a research tool.
ADRBD1 (GRK2), TBXA2R and VEGFA rSNPs in KLF4 and SP1 TFBS Exhibit Linkage Disequilibrium

The adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (ADRBK1), thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) regulatory (r) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in the potential stimulating protein-1 (SP1) and Kruppel-like factor-4 (KLF4) transcriptional factor binding sites (TFBS) within these genes are in linkage disequilibrium (LD). The LD may result from rSNP alleles that create TFBS for the KLF4 and SP1 transcriptional factors (TF) since the alternate rSNP alleles do not create these TFBS. Consequently, haplotypes carrying the rSNP alleles that create KLF4 and SP1 TFBS are essential for ADRBK1, TBXA2R and VEGFA gene regulation by these TFs.
Edema: A Missing Link in the Conduction Velocity-Gap Junction Relationship

Introduction: Myocardial edema i.e., increased extracellular volume (VECS) occurs in diverse pathologies. Often these states are also linked with sudden cardiac death and conduction slowing, sometimes linked to gap junction (Gj) remodeling. Yet, edema's effect on the conduction velocity (CV)-Gj relationship remains unknown. We hypothesized that edema modulates the CV-Gj relationship.Methods: CV was quantified by optical mapping in Langendorff-perfused guinea pig ventricles while pacing from the anterior epicardium. Tissue water content was estimated by the wet weight (WW) to dry weight (DW; after 24h ≅ 60oC) ratio. VECS was modulated by perfusion of mannitol (26.1 g/l) or albumin (4 g/l). Gap junctions were uncoupled using carbenoxolone (10, 13 and 50 μM).Results: Mannitol caused edema, increasing WW/DW ratio relative to control (10.7±6 %, p<0.05, n=6). It decreased transverse CV (CVT) by 24±4% and longitudinal CV (CVL) by 9±2% (p<0.05, n=4). Consequently, edema increased anisotropy of conduction (ARCV= CVL/CVT) from 2.30±0.16 to 2.75±0.19 (p<0.05). Albumin had the opposite effects. It dehydrated the heart, decreasing WW/DW relative to control (11.3±5 %, p<0.05, n=6). Dehydration increased CVT by 71±10 % (p<0.05, n=4) without significantly affecting CVL. Thus, dehydration reduced ARCV to 1.84±0.07 (p<0.05, n=4). Under control conditions, 10 and 13 μM carbenoxolone did not significantly affect CV while 50 μM carbenoxolone slowed CVT by 25±1 % (p<0.05, n=3) but had no effect on CVL. During edema, 13 μM carbenoxolone significantly slowed CVT by 38±9 % (p<0.05, n=4) but had no effect on CVL. Conduction was completely abolished by 50 μM carbenoxolone and mannitol.Conclusions: These data demonstrate that edema slows conduction and unmasks a steeper CV-Gj relationship. Therefore, these data may explain conduction differences between nearly identical models of Cx43 down-regulation. Specifically, VECS determines whether Gj uncoupling slows conduction.
Non-Cell-Autonomous Mechanism of Activity-Dependent Neurotransmitter Switching

Summary Activity-dependent neurotransmitter switching engages genetic programs regulating transmitter synthesis, but the mechanism by which activity is transduced is unknown. We suppressed activity in single neurons in the embryonic spinal cord to determine whether glutamate-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) switching is cell autonomous. Transmitter respecification did not occur, suggesting that it is homeostatically regulated by the level of activity in surrounding neurons. Graded increase in the number of silenced neurons in cultures led to graded decrease in the number of neurons expressing GABA, supporting non-cell-autonomous transmitter switching. We found that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed in the spinal cord during the period of transmitter respecification and that spike activity causes release of BDNF. Activation of TrkB receptors triggers a signaling cascade involving JNK-mediated activation of cJun that regulates tlx3 , a glutamate/GABA selector gene, accounting for calcium-spike BDNF-dependent transmitter switching. Our findings identify a molecular mechanism for activity-dependent respecification of neurotransmitter phenotype in developing spinal neurons.
Denmark's referendum on the euro: The mouse that roared ... again

Just as they had almost a decade earlier, Danish voters on 28 September 2000 went to the polls and sent Shockwaves through the European Union by rejecting a government‐sponsored referendum on joining the EU's single currency, the ‘euro’. Danes said ‘Nej’ to the embattled currency, casting new doubt on their country's commitment to the European project and emboldening eurosceptics throughout the continent and across the English Channel. The decision to remain outside the eurozone is notable for the humiliation it caused Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen and his government, as well as for the impetus is gives to a two‐tier EU. The ‘yes ‘ camp's failure to keep the campaign based on economic rather than political logic, the euro's precipitous decline, and the EU's sanctions against Austria contributed to the referendum's dramatic outcome.
Electrical and Thermal Properties of Double-Barreled Ultra Microelectrodes

An attempt is made to provide a deeper understanding, based on physical principles, of the factors that govern (and may limit) use of double-barreled ultra microelectrodes. Equations are developed which relate the geometry and material properties inside and outside the electrodes to their resistance and capacitance parameters in appropriate equivalent circuits. These equations show what to expect of the microelectrode and the direction and amount of change required to improve its performance in a particular application. It is shown that glass leakage resistance between barrels is of the order of 10 13 ohms, but this value creates an error of one percent or less in a measurement of coupling resistance in conventional applications. Temperature changes due to heating by the current inside and just outside the tip become important at current levels above one microampere, and combinations of current and medium resistivity are shown which would produce boiling. The time for the fluid around the tip opening to reach steady-state temperatures is calculated to be significantly less than a microsecond.
Predictive coding for efficient host-device communication in a pneumatic force-feedback display

We investigate predictive coding for reducing the amount of data communicated between a haptic controller and a host. This allows increased update rate, which potentially improves quality even if coding is lossy. A low-order predictive coding is investigated for a pneumatic force display. Due to human and device characteristics, some compression is possible without loss, although the technique is lossy in general. Lossy uniform and nonuniform quantizers are also investigated. An experiment was conducted to determine how much data reduction is possible before compression artifacts become detectable to users.
Race and Anthropology: A Core Concept without Consensus

Race, once a core anthropological concept, is no longer supported by a majority of members of the discipline. The history of the concept is briefly reviewed. Results of a survey are presented indicating acceptance by 50% of biological anthropologists and 31% of cultural anthropologists, while 42% of the former and 52% of the latter reject the concept. Alternatives for teaching about human biological and cultural variation are discussed. Ethnicity is suggested as an alternative for teaching about folk taxonomies that arose in the colonial era, while cline, or geographic variation, is proposed for human biological variation.
Latinos, Inc.: The Marketing and Making of a People.

Latinos, Inc.: The Marketing and Making of. People. Arlene Davila. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. 302 pp., photographs, notes, references, index.
A computer model of the position of the combined component in the prevention of impingement in total hip replacement

Dislocation remains a major concern after total hip replacement, and is often attributed to malposition of the components. The optimum position for placement of the components remains uncertain. We have attempted to identify a relatively safe zone in which movement of the hip will occur without impingement, even if one component is positioned incorrectly. A three-dimensional computer model was designed to simulate impingement and used to examine 125 combinations of positioning of the components in order to allow maximum movement without impingement. Increase in acetabular and/or femoral anteversion allowed greater internal rotation before impingement occurred, but decreases the amount of external rotation. A decrease in abduction of the acetabular components increased internal rotation while decreasing external rotation. Although some correction for malposition was allowable on the opposite side of the joint, extreme degrees could not be corrected because of bony impingement. We introduce the concept of combined component position, in which anteversion and abduction of the acetabular component, along with femoral anteversion, are all defined as critical elements for stability.
Changes in commercial laying stock performance, 1958–2011: thirty-seven flocks of the North Carolina random sample and subsequent layer performance and management tests

Thirty-seven layer performance tests have been conducted at North Carolina State University during the past 53 years. Originally established as the North Carolina Random Sample Layer Test (NCRSLT), all of the test flocks have been hatched and housed at the Poultry Unit of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service's Piedmont Research Station at Salisbury, North Carolina. In 1988, the NCRSLT name was changed to the North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test (NCLP&MT) reflecting changes in the testing procedures to include the evaluation of management practices used by commercial egg producers. Strain testing and evaluating the relative egg production of commercially available egg production stocks began in 1911, and the number of such Random Sample Tests in North America peaked at 23 in approximately 1968. The mission for the NCRSLT to provide an unbiased evaluation of the overall performance of strains, evolved to include the effects of various housing and husbandry practices on the performance of the genetic stocks entered into the test. Test results have been distributed to the industry throughout the USA as well as to producers in 22 other countries throughout the world. In addition, the internet site for the NCLP&MT http://poultry.ces.ncsu.edu/layer-performance/ allows the distribution of the results to many other interested university and government officials. This review of the first 37 North Carolina layer tests shows continuing improvements in egg production, reduction in body weight and feed consumption, increases in egg weight and feed conversion, improvements in liveability, and an improvement in egg quality from the commercially available white and brown egg strains. These changes have continued throughout the 50+ year history of the tests, and the changes observed have been brought about primarily by poultry breeding companies applying quantitative genetics for the improvement of the layer stocks used worldwide.
Cutaneous lymphoma in an infant: Case report

A case of lymphoma in an infant in whom the skin was the only apparent organ involved is reported. Response to combination chemotherapy was excellent and no recurrence has been observed in the 13 months since diagnosis.
Rhythms of the Nervous System: Mathematical Themes and Variations

The nervous system displays a variety of rhythms in both waking and sleep. These rhythms have been closely associated with different behavioral and cognitive states, but it is still unknown how the nervous system makes use of these rhythms to perform functionally important tasks. To address those questions, it is first useful to understood in a mechanistic way the origin of the rhythms, their interactions, the signals which create the transitions among rhythms, and the ways in which rhythms filter the signals to a network of neurons. This talk discusses how dynamical systems have been used to investigate the origin, properties and interactions of rhythms in the nervous system. It focuses on how the underlying physiology of the cells and synapses of the networks shape the dynamics of the network in different contexts, allowing the variety of dynamical behaviors to be displayed by the same network. The work is presented using a series of related case studies on different rhythms. These case studies are chosen to highlight mathematical issues, and suggest further mathematical work to be done. The topics include: different roles of excitation and inhibition in creating synchronous assemblies of cells, different kinds of building blocks for neural oscillations, and transitions among rhythms. The mathematical issues include reduction of large networks to low dimensional maps, role of noise, global bifurcations, use of probabilistic formulations.
Electrogastrographic biofeedback: a technique for enhancing normal gastric activity.

Biofeedback has been used effectively for approximately 40 years as a technique to help indi- viduals learn to control mzzscle activity, brain waves, certain autonomic nervous system responses such as heart rate and blood pressure, and, more recently, constipation and fecal and urinary incontinence. In the present study, biofeedback of electrogastrographic (EGG) activity was used to determine the extent to which healthy subjects could incl-ease normal 3 cpm gastric myoelectric activity. Thirteen experinlental participants were provided with biofeedback of their EGG activity on a computer screen, and instructed to try to lnalte their own EGG signal match a simulated 3 cpm signal that was also present on the screen. Subjects were told to relax using various forms of imagery, and to heighten their awareness of their stomach activity. Thirteen control participants did not receive any biofeedback but were otherwise given the same instructions. Both groups showed an increase in 3 cpm activity while relaxing. However, over four tri- als separated by 2-7 days, experinlental participants sl~owed an increased percentage of 3 cpm activity during biofeedback sessions, while control partici- pants sl~orued a decrease in 3 cpnl activity during the corresponding sessions. In co~~clusion, we have dem- onstrated that healthy subjects can increase their normal gastric 3 cprn activity with the use of EGG biofeedback.
Caught Red-Handed: Rc Encodes a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein Conditioning Red Pericarp in Rice

Rc is a domestication-related gene required for red pericarp in rice (Oryza sativa). The red grain color is ubiquitous among the wild ancestors of O. sativa, in which it is closely associated with seed shattering and dormancy. Rc encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein that was fine-mapped to an 18.5-kb region on rice chromosome 7 using a cross between Oryza rufipogon (red pericarp) and O. sativa cv Jefferson (white pericarp). Sequencing of the alleles from both mapping parents as well as from two independent genetic stocks of Rc revealed that the dominant red allele differed from the recessive white allele by a 14-bp deletion within exon 6 that knocked out the bHLH domain of the protein. A premature stop codon was identified in the second mutant stock that had a light red pericarp. RT-PCR experiments confirmed that the Rc gene was expressed in both red- and white-grained rice but that a shortened transcript was present in white varieties. Phylogenetic analysis, supported by comparative mapping in rice and maize (Zea mays), showed that Rc, a positive regulator of proanthocyanidin, is orthologous with INTENSIFIER1, a negative regulator of anthocyanin production in maize, and is not in the same clade as rice bHLH anthocyanin regulators.