cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turkey’s pivot to Eurasia: geopolitics and foreign policy in changing world order

In the early 1990s, as the Cold War came to a close and the Soviet Union disintegrated, Turkey appeared to be the rising star in Eurasia. Then President Turgut Ozal articulated a vision of his coun...
Depression Treatment Status of Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults.

Background: It is known that depression remains largely untreated in underserved communities. Hence, it is desirable to gain more knowledge on the prevalence and correlates of untreated depression among African-American (AA) older adults in economically disadvantaged areas. This knowledge may have the public health benefit of improving detection of AA older adults with depression who are at high risk of not receiving treatment, thereby reducing this health disparity. Objective: To study health and social correlates of untreated depression among AA older adults in economically disadvantaged areas. Methods: Between 2015 and 2018, this cross-sectional survey was conducted in South Los Angeles. Overall, 740 AA older adults who were 55+ years old entered this study. Independent variables were age, gender, living arrangement, insurance type, educational attainment, financial strain, chronic medical conditions, and pain intensity. Untreated depression was the dependent variable. Logistic and polynomial regression models were used to analyze these data. Results: According to the polynomial regression model, factors such as number of chronic medical conditions and pain intensity were higher in individuals with depression, regardless of treatment status. As our binary logistic regression showed, age, education, and number of providers were predictive of receiving treatment for depression. Conclusion: Age, educational attainment, number of providers (as a proxy of access to and use of care) may be useful to detect AA older adults with depression who are at high risk of not receiving treatment. Future research may focus on decomposition of the role of individual-level characteristics and health system-level characteristics that operate as barriers and facilitators to AA older adults receiving treatment for depression.
Alternative Diagnostic Strategy for the Assessment and Treatment of Pulmonary Embolus: A Case Series.

Author(s): Aghayev, Ayaz; Memon, Aliza A.; Greenough, Paul Gregg; Nayak, Lakshmi; Zheng, Sijie; Siedlecki, Andrew M. | Abstract: Introduction: Ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (FeMRA) can be used as an alternate and safe method to diagnose patients with compromised renal function who present with acute pulmonary embolus in the emergency department (ED) setting.Case Report: A 62-year old man with a history of renal transplant and lymphoproliferative disease described new onset of breathlessness. His clinical symptoms were suggestive of pulmonary embolus. He underwent FeMRA in the ED to avoid exposure to intravenous iodinated contrast. FeMRA demonstrated a left main pulmonary artery embolus, which extended to the left interlobar pulmonary artery. Afterward, the patient initiated anticoagulation therapy. With preserved renal function he was able to continue his outpatient chemotherapy regimen.Conclusion: This case highlights a safe imaging technique for emergency physicians to diagnose pulmonary embolus and subsequently guide anticoagulation therapy for patients in whom use of conventional contrast is contraindicated.
Primary and Acquired Immunodeficiencies Associated With Severe Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections.

BACKGROUND Although most cases of varicella or zoster are self-limited, patients with certain immune deficiencies may develop severe or life-threatening disease. METHODS We studied a patient with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) central nervous system (CNS) vasculopathy and as part of the evaluation, tested his plasma for antibodies to cytokines. We reviewed the literature for cases of varicella or zoster associated with primary and acquired immunodeficiencies. RESULTS We found that a patient with VZV CNS vasculopathy had antibody that neutralized interferon (IFN)-α but not IFN-γ. The patient's plasma blocked phosphorylation in response to stimulation with IFN-α in healthy control peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition to acquired immunodeficiencies like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or autoantibodies to IFN, variants in specific genes have been associated with severe varicella and/or zoster. Although these genes encode proteins with very different activities, many affect IFN signaling pathways, either those that sense double-stranded RNA or cytoplasmic DNA that trigger IFN production, or those involved in activation of IFN stimulated genes in response to binding of IFN with its receptor. CONCLUSIONS Immune deficiencies highlight the critical role of IFN in control of VZV infections and suggest new approaches for treatment of VZV infection in patients with certain immune deficiencies.
The Effects of Occupational Licensing Laws on Minorities: Evidence from the Progressive Era

This paper investigates the effect of occupational licensing regulation on the representation of minority workers in a range of skilled and semi-skilled occupations representing 12 percent of the civilian labor force. We take advantage of a natural experiment afforded by the introduction of state-level licensing regulation during the late nineteenth and to mid twentieth centuries to identify the effects of licensing on minority representation. We find that licensing laws seldom harmed minority workers. In fact, licensing sometimes helped minorities, particularly in occupations where information about worker quality was difficult to ascertain.
Is the Renal Resistive Index a Marker for Revascularization in Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis

Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is one of the major causes of resistant/malignant hypertension. It can be described as atherosclerotic or non-atherosclerotic. Atherosclerotic RAS comprises almost 90% of all RAS cases and is a prevalent disease of the elderly. Multiple risk factors contribute to atherosclerosis development, which leads to the release of renin and aldosterone, causing resistant/malignant hypertension. Early recognition is prudent but challenging as there are no early clinical signs. We believe that renal resistive index with supportive clinical, laboratory, and imaging modalities can help select revascularization patients.
Correction to: The Use of Handheld Ultrasound Devices in Emergency Medicine

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1007/s40138-021-00233-w
An Instructional Design Approach to Effective Instructional Game Design and Assessment

CyGaMEs is a formalism for instructional game design that aligns an instructional game with targeted content. The CyGaMEs method derives from instructional design, cognitive science analogical reasoning, learning science, and game design theory. The author summarizes the theoretical foundations, introduces the method, describes the CyGaMEs assessment tools, and summarizes research that demonstrates how game-based technologies can be used to authentically assess knowledge growth as it occurs during game-based learning. The author argues that theoretically and empirically sound instructional design methods like CyGaMEs enhance the effectiveness of game-based learning and assessment.
Appendix D: Listings of the Programs Used in this Book

This appendix contains sections titled: Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Appendix B
Melting and Nucleation of a Two-Dimensional Electron Solid

The method of molecular dynamics has been used to study dynamical and structural properties of a two-dimensional electron system. In the temperature variations of internal energy and self-diffusion constant there are evidences of hysteresis as well as superheated solid and supercooled liquid. These features suggest that the 2-D electron solid melts via first order transition; the melting occurs between Γ = 126 − 132, and the change in entropy on melting is 0.3 kB per particle. The homogeneous nucleation of a solid from a supercooled liquid has also been studied. Results on the dispersion of longitudinal excitation obtained from dynamic structure factors explain the occurrence of well-defined oscillations in the velocity auto-correlation function in terms of a coupling between single particle motion and longitudinal excitation of the wave vector on the order of inverse interparticle separation.
Wittgenstein as a Philosopher of Immediate Experience

Wittgenstein is reported to have uttered: “You can say of my philosophy that it is ‘phenomenology’.”1 Yet the really interesting thing is not that Wittgenstein should have said this, but the question: What precisely did he mean by his delphic statement? One thing he most certainly was not doing is to try to locate his own thought on the map of twentieth-century philosophical movements. About organized philosophical schools Wittgenstein could not have cared less. And even before we can properly ask what Wittgenstein meant by phenomenology, we must make it clear to ourselves in what sense Husserl’s philosophy, the fountainhead of the movement known by the name, is really phenomenology.
Nondestructive fuel assay of laser targets. III. Elastic-scattering method

Abstract A nondestructive method has been developed to measure the absolute content of DT-gas-filled laser microballoon targets. Single targets are bombarded with 16.2 MeV protons, and recoil deuterons and tritons from the microballoon are detected. The method gives absolute weights of D 2 and T 2 with an accuracy of about 3%, and can be used for a variety of types of microballoons. The ultimate sensitivity of the method is estimated to be 0.1 ng.
An open label pilot study of supraerythemogenic excimer laser in combination with clobetasol spray and calcitriol ointment for the treatment of generalized plaque psoriasis

A common therapeutic modality for psoriasis includes the combination of phototherapy with topical treatments. The recent development of targeted phototherapy with the excimer laser and spray formulations for topical treatments has increased the efficacy and convenience of these combinational therapies. Herein, we aim to assess the efficacy of a novel combination of therapies using the 308 nm excimer laser, clobetasol propionate spray and calcitriol ointment for the treatment of moderate to severe generalized psoriasis. In this 12-week study, patients with moderate to severe psoriasis received twice weekly treatments with a 308-nm excimer laser combined with clobetasol proprionate twice daily for a month followed by calcitriol ointment twice daily for the next month. Of the 30 patients enrolled, 83% of patients (25/30) achieved PASI-75 [65-94%, 95% confidence interval (CI)] at week 12. For PGA, there was an estimated decrease of 3.6 points (3.1-4.1, 95% CI, p < 0.0005) by week 12. In conclusion, the combination of excimer laser with alternating clobetasol and calcitriol application has shown to be a promising combination of therapies for the treatment of moderate to severe generalized psoriasis. Further evaluation may be conducted with a larger study inclusive of control groups and head-to-head comparisons against topical steroid and UVB therapy as monotherapies.
Active structural acoustic control of a thick-walled cylindrical shell

We consider the problem of reducing the noise radiation from a thick-walled cylindrical shell by actively controlling the motion of the shell's outer surface. Because the shell is very stiff, it is difficult to directly control the shell deflections. Instead, the proposed approach is to cover the shell's outer surface with curved active composite panels. Each panel contains several embedded accelerometers mounted to its outer and inner surfaces, which can sense both the motion of the panel base (i.e., the outer motion of the shell) and the outer surface of the panel (i.e., the radiating surface). The accelerometers are used in both feedback and feedforward architectures, in which the accelerometer signals are used to command the panel displacement, in order to reduce the motion of the panel outer surface, reducing the radiated noise. Experimental results show that, in the best case, 10 - 30 dB of surface vibration reduction can be achieved in the frequency range of interest, which is 250 - 2000 Hz.
Structure-based drug metabolism predictions for drug design.

Significant progress has been made in structure-based drug design by pharmaceutical companies at different stages of drug discovery such as identifying new hits, enhancing molecule binding affinity in hit-to-lead, and reducing toxicities in lead optimization. Drug metabolism is a major consideration for modifying drug clearance and also a primary source for drug metabolite-induced toxicity. With major cytochrome P450 structures identified and characterized recently, structure-based drug metabolism prediction becomes increasingly attractive. In silico methods based on molecular and quantum mechanics such as docking, molecular dynamics and ab initio chemical reactivity calculations bring us closer to understand drug metabolism and predict drug–drug interactions. In this study, we review important progress in drug metabolism and common in silico techniques adopted to predict drug regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, reactive metabolites, induction, inhibition and mechanism-based inactivation, as well as their implementation in hit-to-lead drug discovery.
Anti-War Activism: New Media and Protest in the Information Age

Kevin Gillan, Jenny Pickerill & Frank Webster, Anti-War Activism: New Media and Protest in the Information Age (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 230 pp., ISBN 978-0-230-57449-6 (hbk), £47.50...
Differential sexual dimorphism in bone diameters of subjects of European and African ancestry

The 1,589 low-income adult subjects of primarily African ancestry (American Negroes or “Blacks”) showed systematically less sexual dimorphism in total subperiosteal area (TA), medullary area (MA) and cortical area (CA) than did 4,379 low-income adult subjects of European derivation (“Whites”). These systematic findings have implications both to the sexing of skeletal remains from diverse populations and to an understanding of population divergences in bone remodeling.
Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and postnatal environment on child development

Studies on the long-term developmental effects of in utero cocaine exposure are few and the small number of studies published do not consider the postnatal environment. The present investigation was con- ducted to quantify the role that postnatal environment played compared to prenatal exposure. Four groups of 25 infants, each assessed at 12 months of age, were included in the study design: 1) noncocaine-exposed children re- siding with their biological parents in low socioeconomic environments, 2) cocaine-exposed children living with their biological parents in low socioeco- nomic environments, 3) noncocaine-exposed children adopted at birth in middle to upper-middle socioeconomic environments, and 4) cocaine-exposed children adopted at birth. Infants were assessed by the Uzgiris-Hunt Ordinal Scales of Infant Psychological Development, the Fagan Test of Infant Intel- ligence, and the Infant Monitoring Questionnaire. Height and head circum- ference were measured. Gender and ethnicity were controlled statistically. Significant differences were found in cognitive functioning, in fine motor development, and in physical growth between control and prenatally cocaine- exposed children. Adoption enhanced cognitive functioning and fine motor skills among infants not exposed to cocaine prenatally, but had no apparent effect on infants prenatally exposed to cocaine. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:417-428, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Identification of the inflammatory cells in the central nervous system of patients with adrenoleukodystrophy

Adrenoleukodystrophy is a disorder of long-chain fatty acid metabolism associated with adrenal cortical insufficiency and central nervous system demyelination. The central nervous system disease is unusual in that it is abrupt in onset and accompanied by a considerable infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells. To determine the nature of these inflammatory cells, immunocytochemical staining was carried out on the mononuclear cells in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with adrenoleukodystrophy. Monoclonal antibodies to T lymphocytes (T11), the helper/inducer (T4) and cytotoxic/suppressor (T8) subsets of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes (B1), and monocyte/macrophages (M1 or esterase) were used. Mononuclear cells in the perivascular cuffs of autopsy material from 4 patients were, on average, 59% T cells, 34% T4 cells, 16% T8 cells, 24% B cells, and 11% monocyte/macrophages. Cerebrospinal fluid from 8 of 10 patients had increased IgG concentrations. Mononuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of 6 patients with active disease were, on average, 61% T cells, 40% T4 cells, 16% T8 cells, 3% B cells, and 18% monocyte/macrophages. This distribution of cells is similar to that found in the central nervous system during a cellular immune response and suggests the possibility that one component of this disease is immunologically mediated.
Clinical assessment of intraarterial blood gas monitor accuracy

The accuracy of intraarterial blood gas monitoring (IABGM) devices is challenging to assess under routine clinical conditions. When comparing discrete measurements by blood gas analyzer (BGA) to IABGM values, it is important that the BGA determinations (reference method) be as accurate as possible. In vitro decay of gas tensions caused by delay in BGA analysis is particularly problematic for specimens with high arterial oxygen tension (PaO 2 ) values. Clinical instability of blood gases in the acutely ill patient may cause disagreement between BGA and IABGM values because of IABGM response time lag, particularly in the measurement of arterial blood carbon dioxide tension (PaCO 2 ). We recommend that clinical assessments of IABGM accuracy by comparison with BGA use multiple bedside BGA instruments, and that blood sampling only occur during periods when IABGM values appear stable.
The M. I. T. Network Analyzer Design and Application to Power System Problems

Previous network-computing devices with their uses and limitations are reviewed briefly, following which is a statement of the requisites for an effective a-c. calculating table. The M. I. T. Network Analyzer, a static miniature a-c. power system, designed and constructed jointly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the General Electric Company for the computation of actual power networks, is described in detail and its operation outlined. The fields of its application are enumerated and include the study of normal operating conditions, stability, and short circuits. An example illustrating its application to the solution of a normal-operation problem is given.
Soil respiration in a chihuahuan desert rangeland

Abstract Soil respiration of a desert soil was measured at the New Mexico State University Ranch in Southern New Mexico. Respiration rates were highest during late July and August after summer rains. Soil respiration data were used to estimate soil organic matter turnover which was 54 yr using summer data and 20 yr using both summer and winter data. The long turnover estimate for summer measurements resulted from temperatures above optimum in June and July. Diurnal soil respiration was also measured after a simulated 2.54 cm rain event. For both wetted and dry soils, temperature controlled the patterns of soil respiration with an optimum of near 41°C. Activation energy values decreased from 84.91 to 39.5 kJ mol −1 when the soil was wetted. A light-dark container method was tested as a possible means of estimating algal uptake of CO 2 , however, the method was not feasible for desert soils.
Batch and continuous culture production of the mosquito larval toxin ofBacillus sphaericus 2362

Batch and continuous culture were used to investigate the production ofBacillus sphaericus mosquito larvicide. In batch culture, control of the pH at 7.2–7.3 rather than allowing the normal rise to about 8.6 decreased the toxicity of the cells. Oxygen was required for toxin formation but increasing the level of dissolved oxygen in the medium by use of pure oxygen in the gas stream lowered toxin production. Sporulation and toxin production occurred in continuous culture and were greater at lower dilution rates. However, toxin yield in continuous culture was too low to be a likely alternative to batch culture.
Stimulation of sodium channels in taste-receptor cells provides noise that enhances taste detection ☆

Abstract The hypothesis that sodium channels, located on taste receptors, enhance taste detection by adding noise to the neural signals generated by taste stimuli was tested in two behavioral experiments. Generalization of a conditioned taste aversion was used to assess detection of low concentrations of sucrose. Results showed that detection of a perithreshold concentration of sucrose was selectively disrupted by amiloride, a sodium channel blocker, and by novobiocin, a sodium channel enhancer. These data support the idea that detection of taste stimuli at threshold depends on the presence of an ideal level of noise. Further, this noise may be provided by stimulation of sodium channels.
“The Other” and “The Enemy”: Reflections on Fieldwork in Utah

This paper is a reflection on doing anthropology in the United States, based on my research of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, a “protected area” in southern Utah. My research focuses on the meaning and practice of democracy in the United States by examining the impact of conservation policies on rural resource users. I question why social scientists who study conservation are able to see injustices in the protected area model when applied in “the Global South,” but have not aimed critique at similar processes occurring in the U.S. Reflecting on the post fieldwork experiences of scholars Susan Harding, Faye Ginsburg, and James McCarthy, I suggest that, for American anthropologists, some “repugnant others” in the U.S. represent a threatening “enemy,” while in other settings, they may not be perceived in this way. I conclude by suggesting we “write democratically” in order to overcome this limitation and realize the transformative potential of ethnography.
Wizards, Bureaucrats, Warriors, and Hackers: Writing the History of the Internet

TAKE A LOOK AT THE STANDARD TEXTBOOKS on post-World War II America. You will search in vain through the index for references to the Internet or its predecessor, the ARPANET; even mentions of "computers" are few and far between. The gap is hardly a unique fault of these authors; after all, before 1988, the New York Times mentioned the Internet only once-in a brief aside. Still, it is a fair guess that the textbooks of the next century will devote considerable attention to the Internet and the larger changes in information and communications technology that have emerged so dramatically in recent years. Few will share Wired publisher Louis Rossetto's hyperbolic claim that the digital revolution presages "social thanges so profound their only parallel is probably the discovery of fire."1 But most historians will feel compelled to reckon with the emergence of the Internet as a standard feature of everyday life. How will that history be written? Four recent works offer some clues by addressing the history of the Internet from different perspectives (biographic,
Structural dynamic analysis of the Large Deployable Reflector

The dynamic performance of the primary mirror of the Large Deployable Reflector (LDR) is analyzed under conditions of typical external disturbances that would be encountered during normal space operation. The performance assessment is based upon the difference between the figure distortion errors of the incoming image and the mission figure tolerance requirements (rms surface accuracy error and jitter). The need for additional figure control of the incoming image is assessed, and other alternatives for figure control are presented, such as increased structural damping effects due to the uncertainty in the real damping characteristics.
LIBERALISM REDUX: A NEW ANTIPOVERTY POLICY?

David Ellwood. 1988. Poor Support: Povert in the American Family Robert Haveman. 1988. Starting Even: An Equal Opportunity Program to Combat the Nation's New Poverty Sar Levitan and Issac Shapiro. 1987. Working But Poor: America's Contradiction
Receptor regulation of calcium release and calcium permeability in parotid gland cells.

The mechanism by which hormones and neurotransmitters regulate fluid secretion in exocrine glands apparently involves the regulation of transmembrane movements of electrolytes, a process for which Ca serves as a second messenger. Analysis of the kinetics of efflux of $^{86}$ Rb $^+$ (a marker for K $^+$ ) indicates that the initial phase of the response to secretagogues is mediated through the release of Ca from a cellular pool inaccessible to chelating agents. By investigating the movements of $^{45}$ Ca under nearly steady-state conditions, we find that this cellular pool can be filled from the extracellular space without a concomitant elevation in ionized intracellular Ca $^{2+}$ . This suggests that the cellular pool is probably associated with the plasma membrane. We have also investigated the possible role of phosphatidic acid in the mechanism by which receptors mobilize Ca $^{2+}$ . Our results suggest that phosphatidic acid, formed on receptor activation, may directly mediate Ca influx into the acinar cell.
Rapid weight gain in children soon after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: is there room for concern?

Objective: To examine weight status in children at diagnosis (Dx) of type 1 diabetes and observe weight change post-Dx. Research design and methods: Data on 136 subjects (76 M/60 F) with type 1 diabetes diagnosed in 1998–2001 at Children’s Hospital San Diego was obtained from Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved database. All patients received two daily insulin injections (NPH/Regular) and were examined at least twice, up to 7 months post-Dx. Results: Average age at Dx (SD) was 9.02 yr (4.46)yr; 63.9% were Caucasian, 25% Mexican American (MA), 2.9% African American, 0.7% Asian, and 7.3% mixed. Diabetic ketoacidosis rate was more common in MA (44.1%) vs. Caucasians (20.9%) at Dx (p < 0.02). Average body mass index Z-score (BMI-Z) at Dx was −0.28 (39th percentile); 13.5% had BMI ≥85th percentile, and 7.2% were obese. By 2 wk, and 15–41 d post-Dx, mean weight gain was 9% (5.9) and 12.8% (8), respectively. Mean A1C at Dx, 42–70 and 71–139 d later, was 11.4, 7.6, and 6.9%, respectively. Coinciding with improved glycemic control, by 10 wk, mean BMI-Z reached a plateau of 0.86 (80th percentile). On average, MA were heavier than Caucasians at Dx (p = 0.006), and remained heavier. By 71–139 d, 31.7% had BMI ≥85th percentile and 15.9% were obese; 47.8% of 2- to 5-yr olds had BMI ≥85th percentile vs. 22.6% nationally (p < 0.005) Conclusions: Despite the initial weight loss at Dx of type 1 diabetes, by 10–20 wk post-Dx, almost one third were overweight and obese, more so in MA. In light of the obesity epidemic, closer attention to overall caloric intake in children with new onset diabetes is prudent.
Electrically Switchable Gratings Formed Using Ultrafast Holographic Two-Photon-Induced Photopolymerization

Periodic gratings were formed using ultrafast holography to initiate two-photon-induced photopolymerization of a reactive monomer mixed with liquid crystal. The resulting structure shown in the cross-sectional SEM micrograph (scale bar = 3 μm) consists of periodic lamellae of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals and dense polymer. This periodic structure generates a refractive index modulation that gave rise to diffraction of light. The far-field diffraction intensity pattern can be modulated by applying an electric field across the holographic grating.
Shadow masking for nanomaterial-based biosensors incorporated with a microfluidic device

Integrating PDMS channels and chips containing pre-functionalized biosensors into microfluidic devices with irreversible sealing has been challenging because the integration process requires use of an O2 plasma treatment that usually destroys the biosensors. In this study, we examined the usefulness of introducing a shadow mask into the process as a method of protecting the pre-functionalized biosensors. Single nanowire sensors were pre-functionalized with fluorescently labeled biomolecules and then subjected to O2 plasma with and without the shadow mask. Results from the two groups were then compared. Those sensors without a shadow mask were destroyed, giving the sensor an infinite resistance and reduced fluorescence intensity. In contrast, the sensors with the shadow mask were protected and exhibited little changes in the resistance and fluorescence intensity. Then two different nanowires, aptamers incorporated polypyrrole nanowire (entrapment) and antibodies immobilized polyaniline nanowire (surface covalent binding), were used to investigate their detection performance before and after the plasma treatment in the presence of shadow mask. The protected samples showed a good sensitivity to the targets with a slight reduction in response compared with the as-prepared samples. After the O2 plasma treatment, the microfluidic channels were integrated with single nanowire biosensors. This microfluidic biosensor showed a high sensitivity with about ~0.5 % change in conductance at the lowest IgE protein concentration of 10 pM.
Role of prostaglandins in the behavioral changes induced by murine interleukin 1α in the rat

Abstract Continuous infusion of murine recombinant interleukin 1α (rIL-1α) produces weight loss, appetite suppression, reduction in horizontal locomotor activity (crossovers) and vertical locomotor activity (rears), and an increase in drinking behavior in the rat. The role of prostaglandins (PG) in the elicitation of these effects was studied. Infusion of rIL-1α produced a transient increase in serum (PGs) which peaked at 24 to 48 h. This increase was completely inhibited by piroxicam. However, inhibition of circulating PG by piroxicam did not block the reductions in appetite, crossovers, and rears induced by rIL-1α; it restored normal drinking behavior and only partially restored body weight. Continuous intraperitoneal infusion of PGE 2 at 24 μg/day exposed the animals to serum levels of PGE 2 comparable to those produced by infusion with rIL-1α. Yet, at the point of maximum weight loss induced by rIL-1α (72 h), PGE 2 infusion resulted in only a quarter of the weight loss. Compared with rIL-1α, continuously infused PGE 2 produced significantly smaller reductions in appetite, crossovers, and rears, and had no effect on drinking behavior. From these observations, we conclude that the rIL-1α-induced increase in drinking behavior was fully dependent on products of the cyclooxygenase pathway, but not necessarily PGE 2 . However, because of the failure of piroxicam to fully reverse rIL-1α effects on eating, mobility, and weight loss, there must also be a significant PG-independent component to account for the full range of rIL-1α effects.
The wealth effects of international acquisitions and the impact of the EEC integration

The magnitude and division of gains from U.S. domestic acquisition activity has been extensively studied (e.g., Bradley, Desai, & Kim, 1988). The typical conclusion is that targets clearly gain from takeovers and that bidders at least do not lose (e.g., Jensen & Ruback, 1983), although the evidence about bidders is somewhat mixed. Evidence on domestic acquisitions in other countries generally supports these conclusions. For example, Franks and Harris (1989) study U.K. acquisitions and find that targets experience gains of 20 to 25 percent while bidders gain “zero or modest.” However, there is relatively little evidence about the wealth effects of international acquisitions on U.S. bidding firms. A recent study by Doukas and Travlos (1988) found that, as a whole, there are not significant wealth effects on U.S. acquiring firms over the period 1975 through 1983. However, they find positive abnormal returns for firms that make acquisitions in countries in which the firms had not previously been operating. The broad purpose of this paper is to provide additional evidence about the wealth effects of international acquisitions. Three specific lines of inquiry are pursued. First, we provide more recent evidence (up to 1989 from 1980) than is found in the extant literature. Second, we examine the gains from acquisitions in specific countries. Third, we explore the wealth effects of acquisitions of European firms that were impacted by the EEC integration. The paper is organized as follows. The next section discusses the data and methodology. Sections 3 and 4 report the findings. The paper ends with a brief summary.
Review: PPI use in pregnancy was not associated with increased congenital malformations, spontaneous abortion, or preterm delivery

Source Citation Gill SK, O’Brien L, Einarson TR, Koren G. The safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1541-5. 19491869
Diasporic Indigeneity: Place and the Articulation of Ainu Identity in Tokyo, Japan:

Representations of Indigenous people as rooted and sedentary reinforce ideas of their presence in cities as strange and out of place. This is problematic. In a world where an increasing number if n...
Evidence of functional microenvironments in lymphatic tissue response to antigen.

Experiments with young and aged mice support the concept that the reticular stroma of the spleen, possibly interacting with other humoral factors, is essential for the expression of immunocompetent precursors directed towards the production of 7S antibody.
Distributed Antenna-Coupled TES for FIR Detector Arrays

We report progress toward large arrays of sensitive TES bolometers for submillimeter and far-infrared wavelengths with noise equivalent power (NEP) suitable for either imaging from a cooled space telescope or ground based spectroscopy. The arrays are based on a pixel design that makes use of a distributed transition edge sensor (TES) coupled to a slot antenna array. We have electrically characterized prototype detectors consisting of 256 TiN hot-electron TES microbolometers biased in parallel with T c =50 mK. The measured electron-phonon thermal conductance of prototype devices is as low as 1.1 pW/K at 50 mK corresponding to an electrical NEP of 4×10−19 W/Hz1/2. The time constant of two detectors with different geometries and transition widths was measured under a range of bias conditions. We have measured time constants ≳10−3 seconds, which is long enough for straightforward multiplexing with existing multiplexer technology.
Iterative mixed integer programming model for fuzzy rule-based classification systems

Fuzzy rule based systems have been successfully applied to the pattern classification problem. In this research, we proposed an iterative mixed-integer programming algorithm to generate fuzzy rules for fuzzy rule-based classification systems. The proposed model is capable of assigning the attributes to the antecedents of rules so that their inclusion enhances the accuracy and coverage of that rule. To generate several diverse rules per class, the integer programming model is run iteratively and all samples predicted correctly are temporarily removed from the training dataset in each iteration. This process ensures that subsequent rule covers new samples in the associated class. The proposed model was evaluated on the benchmark datasets from the UCI repository and this comparative study verifies that this approach extracts accurate rules and has advantage over conventional approaches for high dimensional datasets.
Teaching qualitative research through participatory coursework and mentorship.

Abstract Many doctoral programs in nursing now offer at least one course in qualitative research. Yet it remains a challenge to adequately prepare new qualitative researchers due to lack of faculty expertise and mentorship, student unfamiliarity with qualitative research when entering the doctoral program, and uncertainty as to appropriate teaching methods. The authors describe how they addressed these issues historically and in their current two-course qualitative research sequence. Accompanying reports of four studies conducted by students who completed the two-course sequence during academic year 1996 to 1997 provide evidence of the viability of the authors' approach and serve as the basis for recommendations to others who use a similar strategy for teaching qualitative research
Experiments with a Resin-in-Pulp Process for Treating Lead-Contaminated Soil

This paper presents the results of experiments to evaluate the potential for using a resin-in-pulp process to remove lead contamination from soil. These experiments examined the kinetics and equilibrium partitioning of lead, lead carbonate, lead oxide, and lead sulfate in resin-soil-acetate buffer systems. The results show the trade-offs to be made among the amount of resin used, the number of contacting stages that may be needed to meet a target final soil concentration, the contact time, the solution pH, and the solution acetate concentration.
Rising inequality, recession and slow recovery: A sad American tale

Rewind the clock to the U.S. economy of 2006 and 2007. Unemployment was near historic lows, infl ation was tame and home prices were rising quickly. The broad consensus was that the U.S. could enjoy the benign macroeconomic conditions of the “Great Moderation” for years to come.1 But we now know that this conventional wisdom was badly mistaken. Instead of more Great Moderation, we got the Great Recession. Home prices plummeted, lending to households dried up and unemployment soared. The recovery, such as it is, has been disappointing, with no improvement whatsoever in the civilian employment-population ratio since the offi cial recession ended.
Anomalous partitioning of aryl acylamidase in aqueous two-phase systems

Abstract The use of aqueous two-phase systems for the extraction of aryl acylamidase (aryl-acylamide amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.13) from cell lysates of Pseudomonas fluorescens has been examined in an attempt to improve the large scale purification of this enzyme. In poly(ethylene glycol)/dextran systems the enzyme from cell lysates behaved anomalously, the partition coefficient increasing with either increasing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) concentration or PEG average molecular weight. When partially purified enzyme was used, the normal effect of PEG concentration and molecular weight was observed. However, inclusion of phosphate buffer pH 7.6 in this phase system reproduced the anomalous partitioning behaviour observed in cell lysates. Possible reasons for this behaviour are discussed .
Gentamicin dosing for pediatric patients with congenital heart disease.

Pediatric patients with congenital heart disease can have physiologies that alter the pharmacokinetics of certain medications, such as aminoglycosides. Currently, no literature describes the appropriate dosing of aminoglycoside antibiotics for infants and children with congenital heart disease. Patients were identified through the pharmacy and laboratory computer systems. Patients were included in the study if they were younger than 18 years, received gentamicin on the acute-care (nonintensive care) cardiology floor at the authors’ institution, had structural congenital heart disease, and had a peak and trough level obtained at about the third dose or later. Cohort achievement of therapeutic peak and trough concentrations based on standard dosing guidelines was evaluated. The inclusion criteria were met by 48 patients (31 boys). Eight patients (17%) had baseline cyanosis. Cardiac surgery was performed for 23 patients (48%) during the same admission at which aminoglycoside therapy was initiated. A total of 27 patients (56%) received at least one other nephrotoxic medication at the time of aminoglycoside therapy. Six patients had undetectable serum trough levels. A therapeutic peak concentration was not achieved by 16.7% of the cohort, and 7.1% of the cohort did not achieve a therapeutic trough concentration. Pediatric patients with congenital heart disease may require alterations in gentamicin dosing. Close pharmacokinetic monitoring of aminoglycoside therapy for these patients is warranted to ensure attainment of goal concentrations.
Planar graphs with no 6-wheel minor

Abstract Tutte's wheels theorem states that the k -spoked wheel graphs, W k , are the basic building blocks for the collection of simple, 3-connected graphs. Therefore it is of interest to examine the structure of the graphs that do not have a minor isomorphic to W k for small values of k . Dirac determined that the graphs having no W 3 -minor are the series-parallel networks. An easy consequence of Tutte's wheels theorem is that W 3 is the only simple, 3-connected graph that has a W 3 -minor and no W 4 -minor. Oxley characterized the graphs that have a W 4 -minor and no W 5 -minor. This paper characterizes the planar graphs that have a W 5 -minor and no W 6 -minor. A best-possible upper bound on the number of edges of such a graph is also determined.
Differential Candida albicans lipase gene expression during alimentary tract colonization and infection.

The human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans, which can reside as a benign commensal of the gut, possesses a large family of lipase encoding genes whose extracellular activity may be important for colonization and subsequent infection. The expression of the C. albicans lipase gene family (LIP1–10) was investigated using a mouse model of mucosal candidiasis during alimentary tract colonization (cecum contents) and orogastric infection. LIPs4–8 were expressed in nearly every sample prepared from the cecum contents and infected mucosal tissues (stomach, hard palate, esophagus and tongue) suggesting a maintenance function for these gene products. In contrast, LIPs1, 3, and 9, which were detected consistently in infected gastric tissues, were essentially undetectable in infected oral tissues. In addition, LIP2 was expressed consistently in cecum contents but was undetectable in infected oral tissues suggesting LIP2 may be important for alimentary tract colonization, but not oral infection. The host responded to a C. albicans infection by significantly increasing expression of the chemokines MIP-2 and KC at the site of infection. Therefore, differential LIP gene expression was observed during colonization, infection and at different infected mucosal sites.
Energy-filtered electron backscatter diffraction

The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analytical technique is invaluable for determining the crystallography of bulk alloys, thin films, and nanoparticles. However, our physical understanding of EBSD pattern generation is incomplete, which hinders our ability to push the limits of EBSD analysis. Here, using an energy filter with better than 10 eV resolution, we experimentally demonstrate the energy dependence of EBSD patterns from elements over a large atomic number range. We verify that low-loss electrons are the major contributors to EBSD patterns, but that there is still a diffraction contribution from electrons with only 80% of the incident beam energy. Additionally, the bands in filtered EBSD patterns have contrast that is more than twice the contrast of their unfiltered counterparts. The band contrast reaches a maximum for a cutoff energy in the filter of about 3% below the energy of the incident beam. Different mechanisms are used to explain the drop in contrast on each side of the maximum. With the cutoff set very close to the energy of the incident beam, the patterns become more blurred. We used a Monte Carlo simulation in the analysis of these experiments.
Methamphetamine-induced cell death: selective vulnerability in neuronal subpopulations of the striatum in mice.

Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit and potent psychostimulant, which acts as an indirect dopamine agonist. In the striatum, METH has been shown to cause long lasting neurotoxic damage to dopaminergic nerve terminals and recently, the degeneration and death of striatal cells. The present study was undertaken to identify the type of striatal neurons that undergo apoptosis after METH. Male mice received a single high dose of METH (30 mg/kg, i.p.) and were killed 24 h later. To demonstrate that METH induces apoptosis in neurons, we combined terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining with immunohistofluorescence for the neuronal marker neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN). Staining for TUNEL and NeuN was colocalized throughout the striatum. METH induces apoptosis in approximately 25% of striatal neurons. Cell counts of TUNEL-positive neurons in the dorsomedial, ventromedial, dorsolateral and ventrolateral quadrants of the striatum did not reveal anatomical preference. The type of striatal neuron undergoing cell death was determined by combining TUNEL with immunohistofluorescence for selective markers of striatal neurons: dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, of apparent Mr 32,000, parvalbumin, choline acetyltransferase and somatostatin (SST). METH induces apoptosis in approximately 21% of dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, of apparent Mr 32,000-positive neurons (projection neurons), 45% of GABA-parvalbumin-positive neurons in the dorsal striatum, and 29% of cholinergic neurons in the dorsal–medial striatum. In contrast, the SST-positive interneurons were refractory to METH-induced apoptosis. Finally, the amount of cell loss determined with Nissl staining correlated with the amount of TUNEL staining in the striatum of METH-treated animals. In conclusion, some of the striatal projection neurons and the GABA-parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons were removed by apoptosis in the aftermath of METH. This imbalance in the populations of striatal neurons may lead to functional abnormalities in the output and processing of neural information in this part of the brain.
Preparation of complaint matrices for quantifying cellular contraction

The regulation of cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for cell migration and ECM remodeling. Focal adhesions are macromolecular assemblies that couple the contractile F-actin cytoskeleton to the ECM. This connection allows for the transmission of intracellular mechanical forces across the cell membrane to the underlying substrate. Recent work has shown the mechanical properties of the ECM regulate focal adhesion and F-actin morphology as well as numerous physiological processes, including cell differentiation, division, proliferation and migration. Thus, the use of cell culture substrates has become an increasingly prevalent method to precisely control and modulate ECM mechanical properties. To quantify traction forces at focal adhesions in an adherent cell, compliant substrates are used in conjunction with high-resolution imaging and computational techniques in a method termed traction force microscopy (TFM). This technique relies on measurements of the local magnitude and direction of substrate deformations induced by cellular contraction. In combination with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy of fluorescently tagged proteins, it is possible to correlate cytoskeletal organization and remodeling with traction forces. Here we present a detailed experimental protocol for the preparation of two-dimensional, compliant matrices for the purpose of creating a cell culture substrate with a well-characterized, tunable mechanical stiffness, which is suitable for measuring cellular contraction. These protocols include the fabrication of polyacrylamide hydrogels, coating of ECM proteins on such gels, plating cells on gels, and high-resolution confocal microscopy using a perfusion chamber. Additionally, we provide a representative sample of data demonstrating location and magnitude of cellular forces using cited TFM protocols.