cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Drug Aspects of the White Sapotes

The genus Casimiroa of the family Rutaceae embraces 6 species3 of shrubs or trees with palmately compound leaves and drupaceous, .tJin-skiniwd, creamy-fleshed fruits, of sweet, .somewha1 resinous, more or less bitter flavor, and tontaining large, white seeds. Three shrubby species: C. pubescens Ramirez, C. pringlei Engl. and C. watsonii Engl., are apparently confined to Mexico (56) and have received scant attention. Of the 3 larger-growing species, which become meduim-sized to fairly tall trees, the best known is the common white sapote, or zapote blanco, C. edulis Llave & Lex., which occurs both wild and cultivated in central Mexico. It is planted commonly in Guatemala, El Salvador and Costa Rica and is occasionally grown in northern South America and the West Indies, the Mediterranean region, India and the East Indies. Since 1810 it has been cultivated on a limited scale in southern California, and a few hundred bearing trees are scattered throughout central and southern Florida. This species has leaves that are usually composed of 5 lanceolate leaflets, glabrous on the underside. The fruit is somewhat applelike externally, generally smooth, fairly symmetrical and 21/2 to 3 inches wide. The skin is yellowish-green to golden-yellow when ripe, with soft, ivory-white to yellow flesh. A surprising number of varieties have been recognized in California and Florida, namely: Blumenthal, Coleman, Dade, Flournoy, Harvey, Gillespie, Golden, Lenz, Maechtlen, Mal-
Treatment of chronic injuries of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb using a free tendon graft and bone suture anchors.

We report the results of a simple technique, using bone suture anchors and free tendon graft, for the reconstruction of chronic injuries of the ulnar collateral ligament complex at the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint. Our series includes 20 patients, with a mean age of 29 years. The mean follow-up period was 42 months. Using the Glickel grading system, 14 patients had excellent results and six had good results. Seventeen patients had no pain and three complained of mild pain with weather changes. Fourteen patients regained full stability of the MP joint and six had mild laxity. The mean loss of pinch strength was 18% compared with the contralateral thumb. The mean loss of motion at the metacarpophalangeal joint was 21%.
Estimating personal exposures from ambient air pollution measures: using meta-analysis to assess measurement error.

Background:Although ambient concentrations of particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10) are often used as proxies for total personal exposure, correlation (r) between ambient and personal PM10 concentrations varies. Factors underlying this variation and its effect on health outcome–PM exposure relationships
A Shocking Past: A Walk Through Generations of Defibrillation Development

Defibrillation is one of the most successful and widely recognized applications of electrotherapy. Yet the historical road to its first successful application in a patient and the innovative adaptation to an implantable device is marred with unexpected turns, political and personal setbacks, and public and scientific condemnation at each new idea. Driven by dedicated scientists and ever-advancing creative applications of new technologies, from electrocardiography to high density mapping and computational simulations, the field of defibrillation persevered and continued to evolve to the life-saving tool it is today. In addition to critical technological advances, the history of defibrillation is also marked by the plasticity of the theory of defibrillation. The advancing theories of success have propelled the campaign for reducing the defibrillation energy requirement, instilling hope in the development of a painless and harmless electrical defibrillation strategy.
A kinetic model of the Amberlyst-15 catalyzed transesterification of methyl stearate with n-butanol

An attractive approach to improving cold flow properties of biodiesel is to transesterify fatty acid methyl esters with higher alcohols such as n-butanol or with branched alcohols such as isopropanol. In this study, the reaction kinetics of Amberlyst-15 catalyzed transesterification of methyl stearate, a model biodiesel compound, with n-butanol have been examined. After identifying conditions to minimize both internal and external mass transfer resistances, the effects of catalyst loading, temperature, and the mole ratio of n-butanol to methyl stearate in the transesterification reaction were investigated. Experimental data were fit to a pseudo-homogeneous, activity-based kinetic model with inclusion of etherification reactions to appropriately characterize the transesterification system.
Computers in transportation

The transportation industry is generally a long-time and quite experienced user of computer systems. The individual presentations are given here in compact form.
Small object detection using morphological filtering and multiresolution analysis with application to microcalcification detection in mammograms

In this paper, we propose a Laplacian matched filter based approach for small object detection using gray scale morphological filtering combined with wavelet-based multiresolution analysis. This multiresolution matched filter based detection includes two stages: prewhitening processing and matched filter detection fusion. The gray scale morphological filters are used as prewhitening filters. The wavelet transform relates directly the Laplacian matched filters with multiresolution analysis. Preliminary tests of a small object detection on simulated narrow band clutter and microcalcification detection from mammographic images show that the proposed approach is capable of a tool for small object detection without explicit assumptions about image background and noise statistics. A general form for whitening filtering and adaptive thresholding unified as the local operation transformation (LOT) is also presented.
Influence of Primary Processing on the Segmentation of X-ray Images of Welds

We study the influence of preliminary processing of digital X-ray images by their median filtering and brightness normalization by nonsharp masking and contrast enhancement on the basis of a logarithmictype model on the results of testing. Examples of experimental detection of defects in welds of various types are presented.
Using email to facilitate wiki-based coordinated, collaborative authoring

Dandelion is a wiki-based tool that supports coordinated, collaborative authoring. In this paper, we present an ex-tended version of Dandelion, which provides an email inter-face for users to accomplish their tasks by email in a coordinated, collaborative authoring process. Specifically, Dandelion employs a semi-structured, template-based approach that allows users to use templates to specify their requests in email. These emailed requests can be interpreted by Dandelion and are then used to automatically drive the collaboration flow. As part of its actions, Dandelion automatically creates a wiki page and dynamically updates it to record co-authoring tasks and collate co-authored content. As a result, users can use their familiar tool (email) to accomplish their tasks in a co-authoring process, while leveraging a wiki for additional benefits (e.g., obtaining collaboration awareness and formatting the text). Our preliminary study with two groups of users shows the usefulness of both Dandelion email and wiki features and their impact on collaboration effectiveness.
Crystal structure, physical, and photophysical properties of a ruthenium(II) bipyridine diazafluorenone complex

The complex [Ru(bpy)2(dafo)](PF6)2, where bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine and dafo is diazafluorenone crystallizes in the space group P21/n witha=9.505(3) A,b=14.002(4) A andc=25.783(8) A. The coordination geometry of the Ru atom is that of a distorted octahedron with a RuN6 core. The two Ru-N bond distances to the dafo ligand are 2.13(1) and 2.15(1) A; the four Ru-N bond distances to the bipyridine ligands are 2.03(1), 2.05(1), 2.06(1), and 2.07(1) A. The three shortest Ru-N distances aretrans to the three longest Ru-N distances. The complex is oxidized and reduced reversibly at 1.41 and −0.65 V vs. SSCE, respectively. It displays absorptions at 438 nm (1.6×104), 285 nm (6.2×104), and 240 nm (4.1×104) and a broad emission centered at 626 nm in water at room temperature. The emission lifetime is 420 ns and the emission quantum yield is 5.3×10−4.
Reforming the GATT: The use of trade measures for balance-of-payments purposes

Abstract The GATT rules which govern international trade are to be reformed during the current Multilateral Trade Negotiations. It is widely agreed that among the rules most in need of change are those relating to the use of trade policy measures, such as import quotas and surchages, for balance-of-payments purposes. This article reviews the role of such measures under international monetary regimes based on both fixed and flexible exchange rates, and concludes that they should no longer be authorized by the GATT. If they do remain part of the system, a number of major changes are needed in both the substantive and procedural rules which govern their use.
Oblique corrections to the W width.

The lowest-order expression for the partial $W$ width to $e\ensuremath{\nu}$, $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(W\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\nu})=\frac{{G}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}{M}_{W}^{3}}{(6\ensuremath{\pi}\sqrt{2})}$, has no oblique radiative corrections from new physics if the measured $W$ mass is used. Here ${G}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}=(1.16639\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00002)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ GeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$ is the muon decay constant. For the present value of ${M}_{W}=(80.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.27)$ GeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$, and with ${m}_{t}=140$ GeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$, one expects $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(W\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\nu})=(224.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.3)$ MeV. The total width ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{tot}}(W)$ is also expected to lack oblique corrections from new physics, so that $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{tot}}(W)}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(W\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\nu})}=3+6[1+{\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}({M}_{W})}{\ensuremath{\pi}}} ]$. Present data are consistent with this prediction.
History, identity, and mother-tongue education in Xinjiang

An ethnic identity is not simply a catalyst for collective action; rather, it is an idea, a social variable shaped by its own intellectual history and by the historical consciousness of those who, wittingly or otherwise, engage with and articulate it. As one example, modern Uyghur identity, as it is most widely understood today, is the product, in part, of the action of a series of educational institutions operating in the years before 1949. Intellectuals and activists, beginning in the 1880s, formed networks of schools that provided an organizational basis for social and political movements, as well as a site for the negotiation of the ideas of those movements. Uyghur identity, along with a broader scheme of ethno-national classification, gained currency among a particular sector of Xinjiang society through participation in a set of broader organizations in the Sheng Shicai era. This history is reflected today in the actions and attitudes of contemporary Uyghur intellectuals, who react to encroachment on...
The Impact of Acculturation on Hispanic Students’ Learning Styles:

The present study investigated the impact of acculturation on the learning styles of 151 Hispanic students enrolled in a Hispanic Serving Institution in South Texas, controlling for age, gender, and country of origin. Acculturation did not significantly predict learning style when controlling for these three variables. These results may be because of a lack of association between acculturation and learning style or differential acculturation in the sociopersonal and educational realms.
Follow-up of primary Palmaz-Schatz stent placement for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

Abstract A Palmaz-Schatz™ stent was successfully placed in 92 stenotic renal arteries (76 patients) for (1) hypertension in 62 (82%), and/or (2) chronic renal failure (serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dl) and preservation of renal function in 39 (51%). Patients were followed to assess clinical and angiographic 6-month outcome. Angiography, performed in 45 of 62 eligible patients (73%) and in 56 of 74 treated arteries (76%), showed restenosis occurring in 14 renal arteries (25%). Serum creatinine improved or remained stable in 78% of patients. In patients with chronic renal failure, improvement or stability was observed in 55%. Blood pressure recordings significantly decreased for the entire cohort (systolic: 168 ± 25 to 156 ± 22 mm Hg, p
Storage and release of solutes from a subalpine seasonal snowpack: soil and stream water response, Niwot Ridge, Colorado

Much of the research on the chemistry of snow and surface waters of the western US, Europe, and Asia has been conducted in high-elevation catchments above treeline. Here we provide information on the solute content of the seasonal snowpack at the Soddie site on Niwot Ridge, Colorado, a subalpine site near treeline. We focus on the storage and release of both inorganic and organic solutes to the soils underneath the snowpack, and subsequent effects on the chemical and nutrient content of the underlying soil solution and the adjacent headwater stream. The concentration of inorganic nitrogen (N) stored in the seasonal snowpack at the Soddie site of about 11 μeq L−1 was on the upper end of values reported for the northern hemisphere when compared to most areas of the Alps, Himalayas, and Tien Shan mountain ranges, but consistent with other reports of snowpacks in the Rocky Mountains. The storage of inorganic N in the snowpack at maximum accumulation averaged about 17 meq m−2, or 170 eq ha−1 (on the order of 2 kg-N ha−1). Solutes were released from storage in the form of an ionic pulse, with a maximum concentration factor of about four. In contrast to the seasonal snowpack, the dominant form of N in the soil solution was dissolved organic N. Thus, soils underlying the seasonal snowpack appear to assimilate inorganic N released from storage in the snowpack and convert it to organic N. A two component mixing model suggests that the majority of streamflow was this year’s snowmelt that had infiltrated the subsurface and undergone subsequent biological and geochemical reactions. The inorganic N in surface waters at the headwaters of Como creek were always near or below detection limits, suggesting that this area at treeline is still N-limited.
A Cross-Sectional TEM Study of the Effects of Annealing Conditions on the Regrowth of Lead-Implanted Single Crystal Calcium Titanate

The atmospheric effects of oxygen and water vapor on the epitaxial regrowth behavior of ion-implanted CaTiO3 have been studied. Cross-sectional transmission electry microsgopy (TEM) samples prepared from crystals implanted with 1(1015) Pb/cm2 at 540 KeV, were annealed at 450–650°C for 40 – 80 minutes, in environments containing different percentages of oxygen and water vapor. Regrowth was studied for implantation directions along both the and crystallographic directions of this orthorhombic Perovskite structure, space group Pcmn. TEM on unannealed crystals indicated the presence of an amorphous region extending approximately 190 nm in from the edge of the sample as a result of ion-implantation. Annealing produced an epitaxial regrowth of the amorphous region. The regrowth process began at the original amorphous/crystalline interface and proceeded outward to the surface of the sample. It was found that the epitaxial regrowth rate increased as the amount of water vapor in the annealing atmosphere was increased. In addition, it was observed that the amount of oxygen present during annealing did not alter the rate of recrystallization in this system.
Another elementary proof that p(11n+6)≡0 (mod 11)

In this paper we give an elementary proof of the partition congruence \(p(11n+6)\equiv 0\ (\operatorname{mod}\ 11)\), using only Euler’s Pentagonal Number Theorem and Jacobi’s Identity for \((q;q)^{3}_{\infty}\).
Faculty perspective on spirituality, teaching, and learning on a nonsectarian campus: Gleanings from a book group

Faculty concerns, needs, and struggles in relationship to their own spirituality play out in all aspects of their roles as instructors, advisers, and mentors.
Space radiation dose estimates on the surface of Mars

The Langley cosmic ray transport code and the Langley nucleon transport code (BRYNTRN) are used to quantify the transport and attenuation of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar proton flares through the Martian atmosphere. Surface doses are estimated using both a low density and a high density carbon dioxide model of the atmosphere which, in the vertical direction, provides a total of 16 g/sq cm and 22 g/sq cm of protection, respectively. At the Mars surface during the solar minimum cycle, a blood-forming organ (BFO) dose equivalent of 10.5 to 12 rem/yr due to galactic cosmic ray transport and attenuation is calculated. Estimates of the BFO dose equivalents which would have been incurred from the three large solar flare events of August 1972, November 1960, and February 1956 are also calculated at the surface. Results indicate surface BFO dose equivalents of approximately 2 to 5, 5 to 7, and 8 to 10 rem per event, respectively. Doses are also estimated at altitudes up to 12 km above the Martian surface where the atmosphere will provide less total protection.
Demanding to Be Seen and Heard: Latino Immigrant Organizing and the Defense of Human Rights in Houston

Latino migrants in Houston mobilize in myriad ways to defend their rights in the current context of increased enforcement and restrictive laws. Through an exploration of the mobilization strategies of Living Hope Wheelchair Association, an organization of Latino migrants with spinal cord injuries, this article considers the ways this organization reframes migration as an issue of human rights and social justice rather than one of criminalization. It explores Living Hope's demands for rights as its members are excluded from the nation and the city based on immigration status, ethnicity, and physical disability as well as the ways the association's claims for rights addresses the profoundly unequal relationships between the United States and Latin American nations.
Bidirectional promoter of the mouse thymidylate synthase gene

Abstract The promoter of the mouse thymidylate synthase (TS) gene lacks both a TATAA box and an initiator element and directs transcriptional initiation at multiple sites over a 90 nucleotide initiation window. Earlier studies defined an essential region near the 5' end of the initiation window that is required for promoter activity. The essential region contains possible binding sites for Sp1 and Ets transcription factors. In the present study we show that this essential region stimulates transcription with approximately equal strength in both directions. Transcription is initiated over a broad initiation window in the reverse direction. The same elements are important for the reverse promoter and for the normal TS promoter. Sequences upstream of the essential region partially suppress expression in the reverse direction. The TS 5' flanking region, in either the normal or inverted orientation, directs S phase-specific expression of a TS minigene. This raises the possibility that an upstream gene and the TS gene may be coordinately induced at the G1/S phase boundary by a common set of control elements.
A system measure of driver performance

A general review of measures of driving performance introduces a discussion of criteria requirements. Specific suggestions for criteria development related to psychomotor, intellectual and perceptual processes of the driver are included. In addition, a general measure for determining system performance that has application for all vehicular man-machine systems is described.
Information processing on the time-frequency plane

Time-frequency analysis is a major tool in representing the energy distribution of time-varying signals. There has been much research on various properties of these representations. However, there is a general lack of quantitative analysis in describing the amount of information encoded into a time-frequency distribution. Recently, entropy based measures have been applied to the time-frequency plane to quantify the information content of signals. The paper aims to extend this approach to include other information theoretic measures, such as divergence measures, to quantify how time-frequency distributions discriminate signals in an information theoretic framework. Different distance measures, such as Kullback-Leibler distance, Renyi distance, and Jensen difference based measures, are adapted to the time-frequency plane. The robustness of different distance measures under an additive perturbation model is derived. The performance of different distance measures in quantifying the differences in information between signals is demonstrated. Finally, the proposed distance measures are applied to a set of event related brain potentials to discriminate different subject groups.
Mitigation Options for Livestock and Pasture Lands

Nitrous oxide emissions from grazed pastures represent a significant source of atmospheric N2O. Wastes from animal production systems contribute as much as 30–50% to the global N2O emissions from agriculture. Improved understanding of sources and N transformation processes, and soil and climatic conditions controlling N2O emissions under livestock production system helps in identifying management options to reduce N2O emissions from grazed pasture systems. The mitigation options for livestock production systems includes optimum soil and grazing land management, limiting the amount of N fertilizer or effluent applied when soil is wet, animals dietary management to decrease the amount of N excreted in animal urine through feeding low-N feed supplements as an alternative to fertilizer N boosted grass. In addition, plant and animal selection for increased N use efficiency, using N transformation inhibitors to control urea to ammonium and ammonium to nitrate conversions in soil, as well as use of stand-off/feed pads or housing systems during high-risk periods of N loss are important strategies to minimize N2O emissions from livestock system. The use of single or multiple mitigation options always needs to be evaluated in a whole farm system context and accounting for total greenhouse gas emissions including methane and carbon dioxide. Whole-system life-cycle-based environmental analysis should also be conducted to assess overall environmental emissions associated the N2O mitigation options. The overall focus should be ensuring tighter N cycling and increasing N use efficiency through decreasing N losses per unit of animal production.
Triumph of the Peace Party in Japan in 1873

The first major schism to rend the inner core of the ruling group which had been in control in Japan since the Restoration in 1868, occurred in 1873 through differences of opinion over the proposal to send an expedition to Korea. For several years previous to 1873 there had been a growing demand, particularly on the part of the ex-samurai group, to make war on Korea. The dynamics, in this case, were neither obscure nor occult; they simply represented another example of the intimate relation which often exists between domestic policy and foreign policy.
Restricted maximum likelihood procedures for the estimation of additive and nonadditive genetic variances and covariances in multibreed populations.

Restricted maximum-likelihood procedures were developed to estimate additive and nonadditive genetic and environmental covariances for multiple traits in multibreed populations. The computational procedure follows the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, where the set of equations in the maximization step is solved by successive approximations. This computational procedure does not guarantee convergence to a symmetric positive-definite covariance matrix. Thus, computer programs will need to incorporate restrictions in the maximization step to ensure positive definiteness of each covariance matrix. Additive genetic and environmental covariances were modeled in subclass form (zeros and ones in the design matrices). Nonadditive genetic covariances were modeled in regression form (any value between and including zero and one in the design matrices). Computational requirements will be larger than for intrabreed analyses. Appropriate simplifying assumptions and numerical techniques (e.g., sparse and iterative numerical techniques) will be required for the implementation of these multibreed covariance estimation procedures. Number of iterations (5 to 12) and computing times (57 to 113 min) to achieve convergence when estimating 21 genetic and environmental covariances in five small simulated multibreed data sets (two breeds, 25,200 to 50,400 calves, 120 to 135 unrelated bulls) suggest that these procedures are computationally feasible.
Closed-Loop Flow Control of a Tangent Ogive at a High Angle of Attack

The flowfield around an axisymmetric forebody at a moderate angle of attack (40 � < � < 60 � ) produces a significant side force as the result of an asymmetric pressure distribution around the body resulting from an asymmetric vortex flow state. Numerical studies of open-loop control using mass-blowing slots near the tip of the model have shown proportional control of the side force by varying the momentum coefficient of the blowing slots. From the open-loop simulations, a prediction-error minimization method (PEM) was used to develop a linear time invariant (LTI) model which captures the dynamics of the side force response to different mass flow rates applied to the port or starboard actuator. Based on the model, a PI controller was developed for reference tracking a prescribed side force profile. The development of the LTI model, and corresponding controller simulations of the closed-loop system are presented to illustrate the models capabilities as well as its limitations. The ability to track a prescribed reference signal based on the LTI model and corresponding PI control scheme is shown. The results indicate that the bandwidth of the controller is limited to frequencies below half the convective frequency due to the convective time delay as well as the actuator and sensor placement. Finally, the closed-loop controller simulations are compared to Navier-Stokes feedback simulations.
Breaking the Silence: A Black Feminist Response to the Thomas/Hill Hearings (for Audre Lorde)

(1992). Breaking the Silence: A Black Feminist Response to the Thomas/Hill Hearings (for Audre Lorde) The Black Scholar: Vol. 22, The Clarence Thomas Confirmation, pp. 35-37.
Effects of Square Removal on Cotton Production with Reference to Boll Weevil Damage

Effects of increasing, constant, and fluctuating patterns of square removal (averaging 45% for 8 weeks) on fruiting characteristics, early date, and yield of Coker 100 W cotton in North Carolina were investigated during 1957-59 in an area protected from boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. Plants compensated for each pattern of square removal by increasing square production, the percentage of bolls set, and the average weight of bolls. However, the extent to, which each of these plant responses contributed to the total compensation varied with the patterns of square removal. The increasing pattern of square removal increased square production the least, the constant pattern increased average boll weight the least, and the fluctuating pattern increased the percentage of bolls set the least. Effects of the different patterns of square removal on yield were not significant, but effects on early date of production and harvest were significant and of practical importance. The fluctuating pattern of square removal delayed total production 10 days and total harvest 15 days. Both production and harvest were delayed an additional 2 weeks by the constant pattern of square removal and 3 weeks by the increasing pattern. The fluctuating pattern of square removal more nearly approximates weevil infestations in North Carolina, and it is potentially less detrimental to cotton production than the constant and increasing patterns. The effect of boll weevil square infestation on the yield of treated cotton was similar to the effect of square removal on the yield of protected cotton, that is, up to 45% (8-week average) square infestation or removal had no significant effect on yield. At about this level of square infestation, the yield of untreated cotton was reduced 50-60%, principally because of boll damage and boll abscission caused by weevil attack. Thus, within this level of square infestation, protection of the yield was mostly a matter of protecting bolls. Three treatment schedules are described which protected the yield at square-infestation levels, ranging from about 10 to 45%.
Vertical Gradient of Gravity

The vertical gradients of gravity have great significance both in geodesy and in geophysics. In geodesy, in the free air reduction of gravity, the regional gradients should be used, rather than the customary normal gradients. The gravity anomalies, which include the free air reduction, are used in practice to determine geoid undulations, deflections of the vertical gradients, and the various coefficients of the gravitational potential field of the earth. The vertical gradients, together with the horizontal gradients, define analytically the shape of the equipotential surfaces. In geophysics, the vertical gradient, in addition to its use in computing the gravity anomalies, has great significance in exploration problems, such as the determination of rock densities. The paper describes the various methods of determining the vertical gradient and presents a map of the vertical gradients in Maine and southeastern Canada. A summary is given on the applications.
Medial Orbitofrontal Neurons Preferentially Signal Cues Predicting Changes in Reward during Unblocking.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been broadly implicated in the ability to use the current value of expected outcomes to guide behavior. Although value correlates have been prominently reported in lateral OFC, they are more often associated with more medial areas. Further, recent studies in primates have suggested a dissociation in which the lateral OFC is involved in credit assignment and representation of reward identity and more medial areas are critical to representing value. Previously, we used unblocking to test more specifically what information about outcomes is represented by OFC neurons in rats; consistent with the proposed dichotomy between the lateral and medial OFC, we found relatively little linear value coding in the lateral OFC (Lopatina et al., 2015). Here we have repeated this experiment, recording in the medial OFC, to test whether such value signals might be found there. Neurons were recorded in an unblocking task as rats learned about cues that signaled either more, less, or the same amount of reward. We found that medial OFC neurons acquired responses to these cues; however, these responses did not signal different reward values across cues. Surprisingly, we found that cells developed responses to cues predicting a change, particularly a decrease, in reward value. This is consistent with a special role for medial OFC in representing current value to support devaluation/revaluation sensitive changes in behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study uniquely examines encoding in rodent mOFC at the single-unit level in response to cues that predict more, less, or no change in reward in rats during training in a Pavlovian unblocking task, finding more cells responding to change-predictive cues and stronger activity in response to cues predictive of less reward.
Orphan Granzymes Downstream from Granzyme B Are Important for Tumor Clearance In Vivo and in Vitro.

Cytotoxic lymphocytes (Natural Killer cells and Cytotoxic T lymphocytes) can utilize the perforin/granzyme pathway as a major mechanism to kill pathogen-infected cells and tumor cells. Perforin is responsible for delivering and/or trafficking the granzymes (a family of neutral serine proteases) to the target cells. In the target cell cytoplasm and nucleus, the granzymes deliver the lethal hits. Granzymes A and B are the best characterized granzymes, and they can cleave a variety of important protein substrates to execute the target cells. However, some tumors and viruses have developed potent granzyme inhibitors that may allow them to evade cytotoxic lymphocyte-induced death. Interestingly, additional granzyme genes downstream from granzyme B (C, F, G, and D) on murine chromosome 14 are also expressed in cytotoxic lymphocytes, and are referred to as “orphans” since their functions have not been defined. We have developed two kinds of granzyme B knockout mice in the 129/SvJ background (H-2b) and examined their expression of granzyme B and orphan granzymes using quantitative RT-PCR and Western Blotting. In the first mouse (Gzm B−/−/+PGK-neo) a PGK-neo cassette was retained in the granzyme B gene, which caused a neighborhood effect, with significantly reduced expression of orphan granzymes C and F in cytotoxic lymphocytes (this mouse is referred to as “B cluster” deficient); In the second mouse (Gzm B−/−/ΔPGK-neo) the PGK-neo cassette was removed by Cre/loxP technology, which restored expression of granzymes C and F in cytotoxic lymphocytes (referred to as “B only” deficient). Both mutations completely abolish granzyme B expression. Using a Flow-based Killing Assay (FloKA), we have examined the cytotoxic functions of lymphocytes derived from mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and 10-day lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cultures. We have found that granzyme B cluster-deficient cytotoxic lymphocytes (H-2b) generated by MLR kill allogeneic P815 or TA-3 tumor cells (H-2d) less efficiently than those deficient for granzyme B only (e.g. P815 killing at 3 hours, WT: 35%±1%, B only-deficient: 24%±5%, B cluster-deficient: 14%±3%, p<0.001). The reduction in granzyme B cluster-deficient killing is also seen with LAK cells against YAC-1 and RMA-S target cells (e.g. RMA-S killing at 4 hours, WT: 26%±1%, B only-deficient: 24%±1%, B cluster-deficient: 18%±1%, p<0.001). These results suggest that both allogeneic CTL and LAK cells require orphan granzymes (C and/or F) for optimal tumor cell killing. The defects in cytotoxicity detected by the FloKA assay have been confirmed to be biologically relevant (Revell et al, Blood 2003, 102 (11): 1022) since granzyme B cluster-deficient mice cleared P815 cells less efficiently than either WT or granzyme B only-deficient mice (p<0.02). These studies suggest that the orphan granzymes are important for cytotoxic lymphocyte functions, and that they may provide a source of functional redundancy that would help protect from pathogens or tumor cells that express inhibitors of granzyme A or B.
A systematic review of waterborne infections from nontuberculous mycobacteria in health care facility water systems.

Abstract Healthcare-acquired infections are an increasing problem for health care providers and policy makers. Water is an overlooked source of infectious microorganisms in health care facilities. Waterborne nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous, and particularly problematic in health care facility water systems, and cause a variety of diseases. The purpose of this review is to assess health care associated NTM infections from health care facility water systems. We documented susceptible populations, modes of transmission, and the median attack rate (e.g. patients infected per patients exposed). We aimed to identify transmission risk factors and inform evidence-based policies for infection control and prevention. We searched Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and clinicaltrials.gov without date restrictions. English language articles with original data on NTM waterborne infections in health care settings were included. Randomized controlled trials, descriptive studies (case reports, case series), case-control studies, cohort studies, cross-sectional surveys, and quasi-experimental studies on nosocomial waterborne infections were included. Three investigators independently screened titles and abstracts for relevant articles, and one screened full-text articles. Data were extracted by one investigator, and a second confirmed accuracy for 10% of results. We included 22 observational studies. Immunocompromised, post-surgical, and hemodialysis patients were commonly affected populations. A range of exposure routes such as uncovered central venous catheters (CVCs), wound exposure, and contamination during surgical procedures was reported. The median attack rate was 12.1% (interquartile range, 11–27.2). Waterborne NTM infection affects susceptible patients through common, preventable exposure routes. Effective prevention strategies will require both medical and environmental health expertise, and inter-professional cooperation will optimize these efforts.
Are There Quantum Operators and Wave Functions in Standard Probability Theory

The methods of quantum probability theory are radically different from standard probability as developed over the last 300 years. While the results of quantum probability, such as expectation values, are the same as standard probability theory, the methods used are strange, as they deal with operators and wave functions and use strange rules of manipulation. We ask whether there are operators and wave functions in standard probability theory. By generalizing a theorem of Khinchine on characteristic functions, we show that indeed the strange probabilistic methods of quantum mechanics follow from standard probability theory.
Domestic Job Shortage or Job Maldistribution? A Geographic Analysis of the Current Radiation Oncology Job Market.

Purpose To examine whether permanent radiation oncologist (RO) employment opportunities vary based on geography. Methods and Materials A database of full-time RO jobs was created by use of American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) Career Center website posts between March 28, 2016, and March 31, 2017. Jobs were first classified by region based on US Census Bureau data. Jobs were further categorized as academic or nonacademic depending on the employer. The prevalence of job openings per 10 million population was calculated to account for regional population differences. The χ2 test was implemented to compare position type across regions. The number and locations of graduating RO during our study period was calculated using National Resident Matching Program data. The χ2 goodness-of-fit test was then used to compare a set of observed proportions of jobs with a corresponding set of hypothesized proportions of jobs based on the proportions of graduates per region. Results A total of 211 unique jobs were recorded. The highest and lowest percentages of jobs were seen in the South (31.8%) and Northeast (18.5%), respectively. Of the total jobs, 82 (38.9%) were academic; the South had the highest percentage of overall academic jobs (35.4%), while the West had the lowest (14.6%). Regionally, the Northeast had the highest percentage of academic jobs (56.4%), while the West had the lowest (26.7%). A statistically significant difference was noted between regional academic and nonacademic job availability (P=.021). After we accounted for unit population, the Midwest had the highest number of total jobs per 10 million (9.0) while the South had the lowest (5.9). A significant difference was also observed in the proportion of RO graduates versus actual jobs per region (P=.003), with a surplus of trainees seen in the Northeast. Conclusions This study presents a quantitative analysis of the RO job market. We found a disproportionately small number of opportunities compared with graduates trained in the Northeast, as well as a significant regional imbalance of academic versus nonacademic jobs. Long-term monitoring is required to confirm these results.
Tumor a células de la granulosa del ovario, asociado con gestación

One of the ovarian tumors feminizing generally true associated with sterility, the tumor is granulosa cells, because the tumor hiperestrinismo produced by pituitary prevents ovulation inhibition; however they exist in the literature 22 cases of tumor granulosa cells associated with pregnancy, to which the author adds his own experience.
Best Setting of Model Parameters in Applying Topic Modeling on Textual Documents.

Probabilistic topic modeling is an active research field in machine learning and has been mainly used as an analytical tool to structure large textual corpora for data mining. It offers a viable approach to structure huge textual document collections into latent topic themes to aid text mining. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is the most commonly used topic modelling method across a wide number of technical fields. However, model development can be arduous and tedious, and requires burdensome and systematic sensitivity studies in order to find the best set of model parameters. In this study, we use a heuristic approach to estimate the most appropriate number of topics. Specifically, the rate of perplexity change (RPC) as a function of numbers of topics is proposed as a suitable selector. We test the stability and effectiveness of the proposed method for three markedly different types of grounded-truth datasets: Salmonella next generation sequencing, pharmacological side effects, and textual abstracts on computational biology and bioinformatics (TCBB) from PubMed. Then we describe extensive sensitivity studies to determine best practices for generating effective topic models. To test effectiveness and validity of topic models, we constructed a ground truth data set from PubMed that contained some 40 health related themes including negative controls, and mixed it with a data set of unstructured documents. We found that obtaining the most useful model, tuned to desired sensitivity versus specificity, requires an iterative process wherein preprocessing steps, the type of topic modeling algorithm, and the algorithm's model parameters are systematically varied. Models need to be compared with both qualitative, subjective assessments and quantitative, objective assessments, and care is required that Gibbs sampling in model estimation is sufficient to assure stable solutions. With a high quality model, documents can be rank-ordered in accordance with probability of being associated with complex regulatory query string, greatly lessoning text mining work. Importantly, topic models are agnostic about how words and documents are defined, and thus our findings are extensible to topic models where samples are defined as documents, and genes, proteins or their sequences are words.
Older lesbians' experiences with home care: Varying levels of disclosure and discrimination

ABSTRACTThere is considerable evidence that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) older adults have experienced barriers to health care access and have profound fears about how they will be treated in the long-term care system, but the specific experiences of older lesbians have received less attention. Most older adults needing long-term services and supports (LTSS) prefer to remain at home, and this is true for lesbians as well. This article reports on a national, qualitative study of the experiences of 20 older lesbians (age 65 and older) with home care workers. The experiences of six informal partner caregivers with home care services are also included. Emergent themes regarding level of disclosure, experiences with homophobia, evaluation of care received, and thoughts about ideal LTSS are described. Most study participants did not disclose their sexual orientation to their home care workers. A significant minority experienced homophobia, but nearly all ultimately found workers who provided go...
Framing Landscape While Building Density:Chicago Courtyard Apartments, 1891–1929

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Chicago developers, architects, and residents defined a new residential vernacular: brick courtyard apartments, which massed units in low-rise buildings around landscaped courtyards, often open to the street. These buildings accommodated higher levels of residential density and seemingly did the opposite as well—preserved and cultivated nature. The Chicago courtyard apartment creatively negotiated the social and cultural tension between reverence for the iconic single-family house and an urban society increasingly occupying multiple-unit dwellings. The designs drew upon the interest in sunlight, air circulation, and natural landscape that influenced contemporary tenement house reform, urban hospital design, the small park and playground movement, and the rethinking of the dimensions and possibilities of residential lawns and gardens. In Framing Landscape While Building Density: Chicago Courtyard Apartments, 1891–1929 , Daniel Bluestone looks closely at specific Chicago courtyard apartments, unpacking the design and cultural logic at play in their construction.
The ecological epoché

In Alfred Schutz’s discussion of the world of daily life, which differs from other multiple realities, though all these realities pertain to the life-world preceding the implementation of the full-blown phenomenological reduction, he emphasizes that the world of daily life is a world of working. In this paper I will describe what working is and its potential for impairing our relationships with animals and negatively impacting ecological sustainability. I will then suggest two resources within the phenomenological tradition for challenging the potential for such impairment: Husserl’s notion of empathy, which reaches to animals, and Schutz’s idea of multiple realities, which, I will argue, could include a distinctive ecological attitude initiated by an ecological epoche.
Care of Patients with Neurologic Disease

This section covers the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, and management of important neurologic disorders which frequently affect geriatric patients. The neurologic disorders covered include movement disorders (Parkinson’s disease, Huntingdon’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis), traumatic brain injury, stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic), seizures, and headaches.
Contribution of local governments to a national commitment of the Aichi Biodiversity Target 11: the case of West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

AbstractAs a mega-biodiversity country, Indonesia ratified the United Nations Convention of Biological Diversity in 1994, and by so doing, Indonesia is obliged to meet Aichi Biodiversity Target 11....
Optical power limiting from plasmonic metasurfaces coupled to intersubband transitions

We report power limiting metasurfaces based on saturable absorption of the intersubband transition in n-doped multi-quantum wells. Experimentally, we note a 20% decrease in reflectivity with an increase of the pump intensity.
Robust, low-cost, and accurate detection of recycled ICs using digital signatures

The continuous growth of recycled integrated circuits (ICs) poses a serious threat to our critical infrastructures due to their inferior quality and has become one of the major concerns to the government and the industry. Detection of these ICs is challenging especially when they have been used for a short period of time, as the process variations (especially in lower technology nodes) could outpace the degradation caused by aging. In this paper, we propose a robust, accurate, and low-cost solution for efficient detection of recycled ICs, even if they have been used for a very short period of time. The proposed solution utilizes a ring oscillator (RO), and a nonvolatile memory. It stores the RO frequency, conditions (e.g., supply voltage, temperature, and duration) for the frequency measurement, and a digital signature. The simulation and silicon results demonstrate that we can effectively detect recycled ICs used as low as one day.