cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimentos integrados: utilización de sensores en plantas de la galvanotecnia

Resumen Tratar de integrar conocimientos a veces resulta muy complicado en las ciencias experimentales, sin embargo, la industria de la galvanotecnia nos brinda una gran oportunidad porque permite integrar los conocimientos de la electroquimica con los de la quimica analitica y por ende la utilizacion de instrumentos de variada sofisticacion en la determinacion de analitos. Los colores de los diferentes electrolitos en los banos de electrolisis, en las citadas plantas, permiten utilizar el sensor colorimetrico para ayudar al operador de planta a cuantificar el grado de electrodeposicion del metal del electrolito coloreado. Los banos de niquel son de extraordinaria importancia en una planta cromadora, o en aquellas que requieren depositar cobre duro en rodillos de impresion, o en pequenos talleres de artesanos o joyeros, porque el recubrimiento de niquel permite depositar sobre el otros metales de mayor valor, como el oro y la plata, mejorando la estetica de la pieza obtenida y elevando su resistencia a la corrosion y desgaste. El operador de planta experimentado es capaz de determinar el grado de agotamiento del electrolito observando la intensidad del color para enviarlo a analisis cuantitativo, con el objeto de agregar en forma exacta la cantidad de sales de niquel que necesita el bano. El uso del sensor colorimetrico permite realizar esta operacion de manera bastante eficiente, permitiendo resolver rapidamente, in situ, el problema analitico.
SU‐G‐IeP3‐03: Dual‐Filament, Multi‐Facet Anode Design to Overcome Small Focal Spot Output Limitations

Purpose: Demonstrate the advantages of two novel x-ray tube-insert designs to overcome tube output limitations for high-resolution, small field-of-view (FOV) angiographic imaging. Methods: High-spatial resolution with a small focal spot (sfs) is achievable with the microangiographic (MA) detector that we have developed. The two designs explored are a non-offset design, and an offset design. Both tube-insert designs include two filaments, L1 and L2, and two focal target tracks. L1 corresponds to an 8° anode region to produce a medium effective focal spot (mfs) to be used with the standard FOV flat-panel detector (FPD). L2 corresponds to a 2° anode region to produce a small effective focal spot (sfs) to be used with the smaller FOV MA detector, while providing comparable x-ray output. The non-offset design has the sfs region closer to the anode rotation axis, and mfs region farther from the axis. The offset design has the mfs region closer to the rotation axis, and sfs region farther from the rotation axis. The sfs region of the offset design has a greater anode track diameter which may further increase output capability. However, in order to avoid limitations on the mfs FOV in this design, the sfs target region of the anode is offset in the anode cathode direction. The geometries of both designs are illustrated and compared. Results: It is shown that the new designs enable increased tube output for the sfs when used with a small FOV detector, while also allowing for increased FOV with the standard FPD and the mfs. Conclusion: A dual track, dual filament x-ray tube-insert design provides increased output capability over a small FOV, while enabling an mfs to be used with the lower resolution standard FPD. Toshiba Medical Systems Corp
Characterization, synthetic generation, and statistical equivalence of composite microstructures

Mechanical behavior and reliability of composites are driven significantly by microstructural variability. Such variability can be present in the form of both morphological and constituent property variability. To understand the effect of this variability on macroscopic mechanical behavior, many statistically equivalent microstructures must be evaluated. This requires the ability to generate such microstructures. In this work, morphological variability was quantified by image analysis of actual microstructures. To reproduce this variability, a methodology was developed in which random microstructures are generated and subsequently adjusted to simultaneously match both short- and long-range statistics of actual microstructures. Synthetic microstructures were generated at a length scale of 70 µm, corresponding to the length scale at which fiber volume fractions of adjacent microstructures are uncorrelated. The utility of this methodology was also demonstrated for larger microstructures containing defects su...
Variation of the strain rate during CSM nanoindentation of glassy polymers and its implication on indentation size effect

The indentation strain rate is currently assumed to remain unvaried during continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) nanoindentation where P/P is imposed to remain constant. To probe the validity of this assumption for the nanoindentation of glassy polymers, a series of experiments have been performed at different set P/P values on poly(methyl methacrylate) and polycarbonate using CSM technique. It is firstly shown that the actual P/P value changes drastically at shallow indentation depths and it takes a considerable depth, which is material independent, for this parameter to attain a stabilized value. Furthermore, the strain rate is measured directly as the descent rate of the indenter divided by its instantaneous depth ( h/h), and indirectly via considering the variations of the load and hardness during the test. Both of these approaches reveal that the strain rate is considerably larger at shallow depths, and the depth beyond which it becomes constant is material and P/P ratio dependent. Finally, by considering the relationship between the hardness and strain rate, it is observed that although the strain rate variation alters the hardness, its contribution is not able to justify the observed indentation size effect; hence, other contributing factors for this phenomenon are discussed for their possible effects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 2179–2187
Clinical Features and Prognosis of Headache in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia (I5.013)

Objectives: To characterize demographics, clinical details, and prognosis in pregnant and postpartum women presenting with acute headache secondary to preeclampsia or eclampsia. Background: Headache is an established cardinal symptom of preeclampsia or eclampsia but its phenotype and prognosis have not been well described. Though migraine is a preeclampsia risk factor, its influence on headache features during preeclampsia development is unknown. Methods: We conducted an IRB-approved retrospective study of pregnant and postpartum women presenting with acute headache receiving neurological consultation at the Weiler Division, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY from 7/1/09 through 6/30/14. Results: We evaluated 39 pregnant (n=25) and post-partum (n=14) women presenting with headache due to preeclampsia (n=34) or eclampsia (n=5) with a mean age of 30.3 years. Neuroimaging was performed in 90.4[percnt]. Headaches were mainly gradual in onset (84.6[percnt]), of duration >72 hours (59.0[percnt]), holocephalic (30.8[percnt]) or frontal (38.5[percnt]), bilateral (76.9[percnt]), and of severe intensity (79.5[percnt]). Associated features included photophobia (59.0[percnt]), visual disturbances (56.4[percnt]), nausea (41.0[percnt]), phonophobia (38.5[percnt]) and vomiting (12.8[percnt]). Neurological examination was abnormal in 33.3[percnt]. A headache history prior to pregnancy was reported in 59.0[percnt], but 91.3[percnt] of these patients reported a change, including visual disturbances (60.9[percnt]), longer duration (60.9[percnt]) and change in headache quality (17.4[percnt]). Patients with migraine history had higher rates of nausea, vomiting, phonophobia, photophobia and visual disturbances. With antepartum preeclampsia onset, prompt postpartum headache resolution occurred in 52.0[percnt]. At discharge, 94.9[percnt] were headache free with headache recurrence upon follow up reported in 35.9[percnt], more commonly in those with a headache history. Conclusions: Typical migrainous features were encountered in antepartum and postpartum preeclampsia and eclampsia and were more common in women with history of migraine. Only half of pregnant women with preeclampsia experienced immediate postpartum headache resolution, and recurrence on follow up was common, especially in women with a previous headache history. Disclosure: Dr. Franchesca has nothing to disclose. Dr. Robbins has received personal compensation for activities with Medlink and Prova Education.
Of TICE in Men

Cholesterol homeostasis is achieved by balancing rates of endogenous synthesis, absorption, and elimination. Although biliary secretion into the intestinal lumen is classically considered as the only significant route for cholesterol elimination, Jakulj et al. (2016) reveal in this issue how transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) accounts for substantial cholesterol losses.
Community Cores: Removing Size Bias from Community Detection

Community discovery in social networks has received a significant amount of attention in the social me- dia research community. The techniques developed by the community have become quite adept at identifying the large communities in a network, but often neglect smaller communities. Evaluation techniques also show this bias, as the resolution limit problem in modular- ity indicates. Small communities, however, account for a higher proportion of a social network’s community membership and reveal important information about the members of these communities. In this work, we intro- duce a re-weighting method to improve both the over- all performance of community detection algorithms and performance on small community detection.
CLINICAL PRESENTATION, NATURAL HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY ECTASIA

Background: Clinical presentation, natural history of coronary artery ectasia (CAE) and prognostic implications of its anatomic classification of are not well known. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 376 consecutive cases of CAE and angiographically categorized them using the Markis
ARMA Processing for NDE Ultrasonic Imaging

Over the past decade, the field of acoustic and ultrasonic imaging has grown rapidly with important applications in different areas such as medical diagnosis, nondestructive testing, seismic exploration, and underwater viewing.
Originalism and School Finance Litigation

In school finance litigation, the plaintiffs claim that the state legislature has violated the State Constitution by failing to fund the public schools in an equitable or adequate manner. Although the constitutional theories seem straightforward, the judicial opinions raise complex jurisdictional, merits, and remedial questions. Moreover, despite scores of cases and a significant amount of academic commentary, “there are few certainties in the school funding litigation process.” This uncertainty is the result of judges and attorneys asking the wrong questions. Like all constitutional litigation, a challenge to a State’s school finance system involves three fundamental questions. First, who allegedly violates the Constitution? As Rosenkranz demonstrated, answering this question tells us whether the constitutional challenge is a facial challenge to legislative authority or simply an as-applied challenge to executive enforcement of a statute. This is the question about standing and standards of proof. Second, what does the Constitution prohibit or require? Answering this question tells us how the Constitution limits the sovereign discretion of the government and what those limits mean. This is the question about constitutional meaning. Third, why is the Constitution violated or not violated? Answering this question tells us what constitutional actors must do to correct the violation or why the constitutional actors have conformed to the constitutional norms. This is the question about remedy. I addressed the first question in a previous work and I intend to address the third question in the future, but this Article addresses the second question — what does the State Constitution require or prohibit with respect to the financing of schools? In particular, I focus on how to determine what the State Constitutions mean for school finance. My thesis is that Originalism is the best way of enforcing the constitutional limits and constraining judicial power.
HilE Regulates HilD by Blocking DNA Binding in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium.

ABSTRACT The Salmonella type three secretion system (T3SS), encoded in the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) locus, mediates the invasion of the host intestinal epithelium. SPI1 expression is dependent upon three AraC-like regulators: HilD, HilC, and RtsA. These regulators act in a complex feed-forward loop to activate each other and hilA, which encodes the activator of the T3SS structural genes. HilD has been shown to be the major integration point of most signals known to activate the expression of the SPI1 T3SS, acting as a switch to control induction of the system. HilE is a negative regulator that acts upon HilD. Here we provide genetic and biochemical data showing that HilE specifically binds to HilD but not to HilC or RtsA. This protein-protein interaction blocks the ability of HilD to bind DNA as shown by both an in vivo reporter system and an in vitro gel shift assay. HilE does not affect HilD dimerization, nor does it control the stability of the HilD protein. We also investigated the role of HilE during the infection of mice using competition assays. Although deletion of hilE does not confer a phenotype, the hilE mutation does suppress the invasion defect conferred by loss of FliZ, which acts as a positive signal controlling HilD protein activity. Together, these data suggest that HilE functions to restrict low-level HilD activity, preventing premature activation of SPI1 until positive inputs reach a threshold required to fully induce the system. IMPORTANCESalmonella is a leading cause of gastrointestinal and systemic disease throughout the world. The SPI1 T3SS is required for Salmonella to induce inflammatory diarrhea and to gain access to underlying tissue. A complex regulatory network controls expression of SPI1 in response to numerous physiological inputs. Most of these signals impinge primarily on HilD translation or activity. The system is triggered when HilD activity crosses a threshold that allows efficient activation of its own promoter. This threshold is set by HilE, which binds to HilD to prevent the inevitable minor fluctuations in HilD activity from inappropriately activating the system. The circuit also serves as a paradigm for systems that must integrate numerous environmental parameters to control regulatory output.
New and emerging patient-centered CT imaging and image-guided treatment paradigms for maxillofacial trauma

This article reviews the conceptual framework, available evidence, and practical considerations pertaining to nascent and emerging advances in patient-centered CT-imaging and CT-guided surgery for maxillofacial trauma. These include cinematic rendering-a novel method for advanced 3D visualization, incorporation of quantitative CT imaging into the assessment of orbital fractures, low-dose CT imaging protocols made possible with contemporary scanners and reconstruction techniques, the rapidly growing use of cone-beam CT, virtual fracture reduction with design software for surgical pre-planning, the use of 3D printing for fabricating models and implants, and new avenues in CT-guided computer-aided surgery.
Cyberspace: First Steps

Cyberspace has been defined as "an infinite artificial world where humans navigate in information-based space" and as "the ultimate computer-human interface." These original contributions take up the philosophical basis for cyberspace in virtual realities, basic communications principles, ramifications of cyberspace for future workplaces, and more.
Regulation of GCN4 Expression in Yeast

The GCN4 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a positive regulator of more than 30 unlinked genes encoding enzymes in 11 different amino acid biosynthetic pathways. GCN4 stimulates transcription from these genes in response to starvation for any one of at least ten amino acids, or when the level of an aminoacylated transfer RNA (tRNA) is reduced because of a defective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. This cross-pathway derepression response is known as general amino acid control. GCN4 acts directly to regulate transcription by binding to a short nucleotide sequence present upstream from each of the structural genes under its control. Transcriptional activation of these genes increases in response to amino acid starvation because synthesis of the GCN4 protein itself is elevated under these conditions (reviewed in refs. 1 and 2). Regulation of GCN4 expression by amino acid availability occurs primarily at the translational level. As summarized below, this control mechanism requires short open reading frames present in the leader of GCN4 mRNA (uORFs) (Fig. 1A) and a cascade of positive and negative transacting factors (Fig. 1C).
Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Hypermnesia

Memory performance changes as a function of repeated testing even when we are not re-exposed to the to-be-remembered material between tests. Our research has focused on whether recovery of previously unretrieved items on a subsequent test—referred to as reminiscence—is based on conscious or unconscious processes. There is ample evidence indicating that reminiscence requires active searches of memory (i.e., conscious process). However, subjective experiences suggest that previously unretrieved items sometime pop into mind without an active search of memory (i.e., unconscious process). In line with this hypothesis, studies have shown that (1) tip-of-the-tongue experiences are often resolved when the sought-after information pops into mind; (2) participants often have no knowledge of items prior to recovering these items; and (3) unlike recall, older adults show similar levels of reminiscence as do young adults. However, when one compares data from explicit and implicit memory tests, the explicit test produces greater amounts of reminiscence than the implicit test, even though reminiscence is also present in the implicit memory test. Based on these results, we suggest that there are two types of reminiscence, voluntary and involuntary; the former requires conscious retrieval whereas the latter does not. The existence of these two types of reminiscence suggests that when retrieval attempts for sought-after information are repeated, memory performance is determined by the dynamic interplay between conscious and unconscious processes.
Artifacts, Hydrogen Promotion, and Field-Ion Microscopy of Nonrefractory Metals

Ideally the field-ion microscope specimen would be part of a sphere cut through the crystal lattice in a way that all atoms having their centers outside this sphere would be removed and all remaining surface atoms would be imaged. In reality the various physical effects connected with the surface preparation process, by field evaporation, and with the imaging process, by field ionization, cause deviations from the ideal situation. Many of them have been realized to exist since the early days of field-ion microscopy, but only recently has it been suggested to consider them as artifacts,1 a term familiar to optical and electron microscopists. Sometimes these artifacts are hard to distinguish from intrinsic lattice imperfections, so that their study is of basic importance for the proper interpretation of field-ion micrographs.
Deutscher Einfluss auf die Materielle Entwicklung der Vereinigten Staaten

Ganz besonders stark vertreten sind die Deutschen auf all denjenigen Gebieten industrieller Tatigkeit, fur die technische Kenntnisse und Ausbildung erforderlich sind. Dahin gehort der Bruckenbau, die praktische Verwendung elektrischer Kraft, alle Ingenieurarbeit, die chemische Industrie, die Herstellung musikalischer und wissenschaftlicher Instrumente. Einige von diesen Gebieten hat die deutsche Arbeit vollig beherrscht. Im hoheren Baufach, in dem es sich um Riesenaufgaben gehandelt hat, wie sie dem Ingenieurberuf nie zuvor gestellt worden sind, darf man geradezu von einem Monopol des deutschen Elements reden. Die Ursache liegt klar zutage. Deutschland hatte vorzugliche technische Schulen und schickte tuchtig ausgebildete Manner zu uns ubers Meer, lange bevor die Vereinigten Staaten ahnliche Anstalten besasen. Den aus deutschen Schulen hervorgegangenen Ingenieuren wies man als den tuchtigsten stets die verantwortungsvollsten Aufgaben zu; ohne grose Schwierigkeiten schlugen sie die meisten Mitbewerber auf ihrem Gebiet aus dem Felde, und ihre Uberlegenheit blieb wahrend des ganzen 19. Jahrhunderts unbestritten, bis die amerikanischen Schulen selbst Gutes zu leisten anfingen.
Issues in the Identification of Socially Incompetent Children

An expanding body of evidence supports the contention that social competence with peers plays an important role in child and adolescent development, as well as in the long-term adjustment of indivi...
Natural Products for the Treatment of Autoimmune Arthritis: Their Mechanisms of Action, Targeted Delivery, and Interplay with the Host Microbiome

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, debilitating illness characterized by painful swelling of the joints, inflammation of the synovial lining of the joints, and damage to cartilage and bone. Several anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying drugs are available for RA therapy. However, the prolonged use of these drugs is associated with severe side effects. Furthermore, these drugs are effective only in a proportion of RA patients. Hence, there is a need to search for new therapeutic agents that are effective yet safe. Interestingly, a variety of herbs and other natural products offer a vast resource for such anti-arthritic agents. We discuss here the basic features of RA pathogenesis; the commonly used animal models of RA; the mainstream drugs used for RA; the use of well-characterized natural products possessing anti-arthritic activity; the application of nanoparticles for efficient delivery of such products; and the interplay between dietary products and the host microbiome for maintenance of health and disease induction. We believe that with several advances in the past decade in the characterization and functional studies of natural products, the stage is set for widespread clinical testing and/or use of these products for the treatment of RA and other diseases.
Green Tea Catechins May Block HGF Mediated Siginalling and Scattering by Disrupting Lipid Rafts

650 Tumor invasion and metastasis are common and life-threatening complications of cancer and the mechanisms regulating these processes remain largely unknown. Clinical and basic studies have demonstrated that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor Met play an important role in regulating intracellular signaling pathways responsible for tumor invasion and metastasis of many human cancers, including prostate cancer. In previous studies, we demonstrated that HGF activated Ras, RhoA, Rac1, PI 3-kinase and the MAPK signaling pathways in the prostate cancer cell-line DU145, leading to increases in scattering, motility and invasion. Activation of all of these pathways was prevented by the addition of the green tea catechin, EGCG. This polyphenol acts at the level of preventing phosphorylation of tyrosines 1234 and 1235 in the kinase domain of the Met receptor. Biochemical approaches were initiated in order to identify the mechanism by which EGCG acts. The related catechins, ECG, EGC and EC were compared to EGCG in inhibiting HGF-induced cell scattering and increases in phospho-Erk and phosphor-Akt. ECG was as effective as EGCG, while EGC was less effective and EC was almost completely inactive. This suggests that the R1 galloyl and R2 hydroxl groups are critical. EGCG added up to 4 hours after the addition of HGF still blocked cell scattering. Delayed addition of EGCG also reduced the HGF-induced phosphorylation of Akt and Erk. This suggests that EGCG acts both to prevent activation of Met by HGF and to attenuate the activity of pathways induced by HGF. Lipid rafts have been implicated in regulating the activity of intracellular signaling pathways, although the role they play in Met signaling remains to be defined. HGF did not activate the MAPK and PI 3-K pathways in cells treated with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) to remove cholesterol. This suggests that lipid rafts are important in regulating Met signaling. Furthermore, EGCG treatment resulted in a significant attenuation in the levels of plasma membrane-associated fluorescent DiIC16, a probe that preferentially distributes into lipid rafts. Finally, EGCG treatment prevented the increase in macropinocytosis induced by HGF. Recent studies have demonstrated that cholesterol found in lipid rafts is required for macropinocytosis. Together, our data suggest that EGCG and other related catechins may act to inhibit Met receptor activation by preventing the association of the receptor with lipid rafts or to remove activated receptors from lipid rafts, thus attenuating Met signaling and the downstream pathways implicated in tumor invasion.
Outcome-Based Training and the Role of Simulation

The traditional time-based model of surgical education can lead to uneven skill development among training surgical residents. With the current demands of surgical education, outcome-based training along with simulation provides an opportunity to fill in the gaps that the traditional model of training fails to address. Outcome-based training on simulators can lead to superior and uniform skill acquisition by trainees. This chapter describes the outcome-based training through the lens of the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition, explores the evidence behind outcome-based training paradigms, and addresses the challenges yet to be overcome.
Vague Speaker-Meaning

The dominant conception of speaker-meaning is that of a relation between speakers and the propositions they mean. Acts of vague speaker-meaning are the acts of speaker-meaning speakers perform in producing vague utterances, and since virtually every utterance is vague, virtually every act of speaker-meaning is an act of vague speaker-meaning. So the dominant conception of speaker-meaning is confronted with the question: What can be said about the proposition a speaker means in producing a vague utterance? The answer won’t be found in the publications of those who have advanced accounts of speaker-meaning, for it’s a striking feature of those publications—indeed, of virtually every presentation of a foundational semantic theory—that they completely ignore vagueness, even though virtually every utterance is vague. Perhaps the authors of these accounts would say that their ignoring vagueness is a useful idealization akin to Galileo’s ignoring friction in his idealized model of bodies in motion. They might say that, but, as we’ll see, they would be wrong—and wrong in ways that show that propositional attitudes aren’t relations to propositions (or to anything else), and that current ways of doing natural-language semantics can’t accommodate vague expressions.
Molecular Photoelectrode for Water Oxidation Inspired by Photosystem II.

In artificial photosynthesis, the sun drives water splitting into H2 and O2 or converts CO2 into a useful form of carbon. In most schemes, water oxidation is typically the limiting half-reaction. H...
Exploring the Needs and Interests of Fifth Graders for Personalized Math Word Problem Generation

This paper presents the initial results of an ongoing research project to develop a Math Word Problem (MWP) generator with engaging personalized content to improve students' math achievements and attitudes. A mixed methods study was used to observe the interests of 5th-grade students' and their attitudes and challenges as it relates to MWPs. Among this study's sample of students, we found contrasting interests that are specific to several of their task values. The baseline data and interests received through the interviews and the participatory drawing session will be used to inform the development of the prototype.
Primary and secondary pyroelectric effects in macro-fiber composites

Abstract Materials like the Macro-fiber Composite (MFC) are employed in energy harvesting applications utilizing the piezoelectric effect. However, energy harvesting using the pyroelectric effect in MFCs is an unexplored topic. This paper takes strides in understanding the thermal micromechanical interactions that MFCs experience due to this effect and leads to a better understanding of how MFCs behave in thermal environments. In this work, the pyroelectric coefficient (primary and secondary) are estimated for P1 and P2 Macro-fiber Composites (MFCs) using micromechanical modeling and experimental techniques. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is estimated using micromechanical theory for both MFC types which is consequently used in the modeling of the pyroelectric coefficient. Secant based moduli are used to better approximate the properties of components of MFCs in the regime of linear elasticity. Two experiments are conducted to measure the pyroelectric coefficient under different boundary conditions. In the first experiment, the thermal expansion of the MFC is constrained in a Kevlar envelope, while in the second experiment, the MFC is epoxied onto a metal shim allowing restricted deformations. Thermal experiments were conducted in an altitude chamber where the resulting average pyroelectric coefficient is calculated for both experiments.
Palliative medicine and end-of-life care

Palliative care is an approach to the care of patients, affected by serious illness, and their families that aims to reduce suffering through the management of medical symptoms, psychosocial issues, spiritual well-being, and setting goals of care. Patients and families affected by a neurodegenerative illness have significant palliative care needs beginning at the time of diagnosis and extending through end-of-life care and bereavement. We advocate an approach to addressing these needs where the patient's primary care provider or neurologist plays a central role. Key skills in providing effective palliative care to this population include providing the diagnosis with compassion, setting goals of care, anticipating safety concerns, caregiver assessment, advance care planning, addressing psychosocial concerns, and timely referral to a hospice. Managing distressing medical and psychiatric symptoms is critical to improving quality of life throughout the disease course as well as at end-of-life. Many symptoms are common across illnesses; however, there are issues that are specific to the most common classes of neurodegenerative illness, namely dementia, parkinsonism, and motor neuron disease. Incorporating a palliative approach to care, although challenging in many ways, empowers physicians to provide greater support and guidance to patients and families in making the difficult journey through a neurodegenerative illness.
Gastric Electrical Stimulation

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) has received growing interest as a treatment modality for patients suffering from severe medically refractory gastroparesis. The pathophysiology of gastroparesis is poorly understood, and so too is the mechanism of GES. Here we review the suspected cellular and myoelectric injuries underlying gastroparesis and the proposed mechanism behind the only commercially available GES device that is currently available. The indications for GES and the method of implantation will be addressed. This will be followed by an up-to-date review of clinical outcomes.
Research in Action: Student Perceptions of Active Learning in Criminal Justice Research Courses

This project addressed two major points: do interactive classroom activities improve student’s perception of learning research methodology in an undergraduate course and does the class structure, i...
Ultrasound Assessment of Diaphragmatic Motion in Subjects With ARDS During Transpulmonary Pressure-Guided PEEP Titration.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the effects of incremental PEEP titration in patients with ARDS on regional diaphragmatic motion with bedside ultrasound. METHODS: Dorsal diaphragmatic excursion (DDE) and ventral diaphragmatic excursion (VDE) were measured using anatomic M-mode ultrasonography of the right hemidiaphragm as PEEP was randomized to −6, −3, +3, and +6 cm H2O from baseline to achieve a positive transpulmonary pressure. Inter-operator variability of DDE was assessed in 10 separate subjects. RESULTS: A total of 14 subjects ventilated for ARDS were enrolled. Subjects had a mean age of 54 ± 12 y, mean PaO2/FIO2 = 137 ± 54 mm Hg, and mean sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score = 14 ± 1). Transpulmonary pressure, DDE, and DDE/VDE ratio increased with incremental PEEP titration (−1.15 cm H2O vs 3.63 cm H2O, P CONCLUSIONS: DDE was affected by incremental PEEP titration toward a positive transpulmonary pressure. The ultrasound assessment using anatomic M-mode allowed for specific measurement of regional diaphragmatic excursion. This pattern of motion in the dependent regions of the diaphragm during PEEP titration in subjects with ARDS achieving a positive transpulmonary pressure may reflect a potential target for future studies in the bedside assessment for lung recruitment. (Clinical Trials.gov registration NCT02463773.)
Pulsed power indirect drive approach to inertial confinement fusion

Abstract We propose an approach to Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) that could potentially lead to high levels of thermonuclear burn in the laboratory. The proposal is based upon the concept of pulsed power X ray driven hohlraums together with indirectly-driven ICF capsule designs that are scaled up in size from those typically used in laser indirect-drive ICF experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). We propose that near-term NIF experiments can be used to explore some important aspects of the X ray driven hohlraum ICF concept.
Mechanical properties of subisostatic random networks composed of nonlinear fibers

Fibrous protein networks provide structural integrity to different biological materials such as soft tissues. These networks display an unusual exponential strain-stiffening behavior when subjected to mechanical loads. This nonlinear strain-stiffening behavior has so far been explained in terms of the network microstructure and the flexibility of constituting fibers. Here, we conduct a comprehensive computational study to characterize the importance of material properties of individual fibers in the overall nonlinear mechanical response of random fiber networks. To this end, we consider three nonlinear material models, ranging from an almost linear form to a highly nonlinear one, for the fibers of subisostatic disordered networks. We characterize the amount of strain-stiffening as a function of bending rigidity of the fibers, the amount of nonlinearity of the fibers, and the connectivity of random networks. We find that networks composed of highly nonlinear fibers exhibit much more strain-stiffening than networks made up of linear fibers. Furthermore, the local strain distribution becomes more homogenous as the amount of nonlinearity in the material models increases. Increasing the network connectivity signifies the importance of the nonlinear material response of individual fibers in the overall mechanical behavior of networks. The constitutive behavior of fibers plays an important role in defining the failure response of networks particularly in the damage initiation and evolution. These important findings for how the mechanical response of individual fibers affects the overall mechanical properties of random networks could find applications in designing new biomimetic materials and could help scientists better understand the mechanical properties of biological materials.
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate does not always represent invasive high-grade carcinoma extending into ducts.

The major premise of Delahunt et al. is that all IDCP is retrograde extension of high-grade prostate adenocarcinoma into prostatic ducts. They go so far to say IDCP is "analogous to intravascular or lymphatic invasion by tumour". Delahunt et al. questioned prior studies done at Johns Hopkins Hospital showing the existence of cases with pure IDCP at radical prostatectomy, raising "concerns relating to completeness of sampling of the specimens".2,3 I would like to reassure the authors of Delahunt et al. that the radical prostatectomy specimens were serially sectioned and submitted in entirety.
Mobile Ka-Band Polarimetric Doppler Radar Observations of Wildfire Smoke Plumes

Remote sensing techniques have been more recently used to study and track wildfire smoke plume structure and evolution; however, knowledge gaps remain due to the limited availability of observational datasets aimed at understanding the fine-scale fire-atmosphere interactions and plume microphysics. In this study, we present a new mobile millimeter-wave (Ka-band) Doppler radar system acquired to sample the fine-scale kinematics and microphysical properties of active wildfire smoke plumes from both wildfires and large prescribed fires. Four field deployments were conducted in the fall of 2019 during two wildfires in California and one prescribed burn in Utah. An additional dataset of precipitation observations was obtained prior to the wildfire deployments to compare the Ka-band specific signatures of precipitation and wildfire smoke plumes. Radar parameters investigated in this study include reflectivity, radial velocity, Doppler spectrum width, Differential Reflectivity (ZDR), and copolarized correlation coefficients (HV). Observed radar reflectivity ranged between -15 and 20 dBZ in plume and radial velocity ranged 0 to 16 m s-1. Dual-polarimetric observations revealed that scattering sources within wildfire plumes are primarily nonspherical and oblate shaped targets as indicated by ZDR values measuring above 0 and HV values below 0.8 within the plume. Doppler spectrum width maxima were located near the updraft core location and were associated with radar reflectivity maxima.
Developmental processes in Ediacara macrofossils

The Ediacara Biota preserves the oldest fossil evidence of abundant, complex metazoans. Despite their significance, assigning individual taxa to specific phylogenetic groups has proved problematic. To better understand these forms, we identify developmentally controlled characters in representative taxa from the Ediacaran White Sea assemblage and compare them with the regulatory tools underlying similar traits in modern organisms. This analysis demonstrates that the genetic pathways for multicellularity, axial polarity, musculature, and a nervous system were likely present in some of these early animals. Equally meaningful is the absence of evidence for major differentiation of macroscopic body units, including distinct organs, localized sensory machinery or appendages. Together these traits help to better constrain the phylogenetic position of several key Ediacara taxa and inform our views of early metazoan evolution. An apparent lack of heads with concentrated sensory machinery or ventral nerve cords in such taxa supports the hypothesis that these evolved independently in disparate bilaterian clades.
An Intact Krüppel-like factor 9 Gene Is Required for Acute Liver Period 1 mRNA Response to Restraint Stress

The clock protein period 1 (PER1) is a central component of the core transcription-translation feedback loop governing cell-autonomous circadian rhythms in animals. Transcription of Per1 is directly regulated by the glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR), and Per1 mRNA is induced by stressors or injection of GC. Circulating GCs may synchronize peripheral clocks with the central pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain. Kruppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) is a zinc finger transcription factor that, like Per1, is directly regulated by liganded GR, and it associates in chromatin at clock and clock-output genes, including at Per1. We hypothesized that KLF9 modulates stressor-dependent Per1 transcription. We exposed wild-type (WT) and Klf9 null mice (Klf9-/-) of both sexes to 1 hour restraint stress, which caused similar 2- to 2.5-fold increases in plasma corticosterone (B) in each genotype and sex. Although WT mice of both sexes showed a 2-fold increase in liver Per1 mRNA level after restraint stress, this response was absent in Klf9-/- mice. However, injection of B in WT and Klf9-/- mice induced similar increases in Per1 mRNA. Our findings support that an intact Klf9 gene is required for liver Per1 mRNA responses to an acute stressor, but a possible role for GCs in this response requires further investigation.
Examining Opioid Overdose Deaths across Communities Defined by Racial Composition: a Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression Approach

To provide data that can guide community-targeted practices, policies, and interventions in urban metropolitan areas, we used geospatial analysis to examine the community-level opioid overdose death determinants and their spatial variation across a study area. We obtained spatial datasets containing multiple, high-quality measures of socioeconomic conditions, public health status, and demographics for analysis and visualization in geographic information systems. We employed a multiscale modeling approach (multiscale geographically weighted regression; MGWR) to provide a comprehensive and robust analysis of opioid overdose death determinants, explain how geospatial patterns vary across scales across Milwaukee County in 2019, and examine the differential influence of factors locally, regionally, and globally. We subsequently examined how associations varied with the racial/ethnic composition of communities by dividing Milwaukee County into White-majority, Black-majority, and Hispanic-majority regions according to census data and conducting separate, independent modeling processes. Overall, the multiscale model explained 83% of opioid overdose death variability across neighborhoods in Milwaukee County using 12 selected variables. Statistical analysis and geovisualization of patterns, trends, and clusters using MGWR unveiled dramatic racialized health disparities in Milwaukee, showing how factors that influenced opioid overdose deaths varied across diverse communities in Milwaukee. The observed geographic variation in relationships included the impact of naloxone availability and incarceration rates on overdose deaths with pronounced differences between White communities and communities of color. Understanding, community-level factors that contribute to overdose risk should guide targeted community-level solutions. Overall, our findings demonstrate the value of precision epidemiology using MGWR analysis for defining and guiding responses to public health challenges.
Research on infrared and visible image registration of substation equipment based on multi-scale Retinex and ASIFT features

Infrared and visible image registration of substation equipment is of great significance for power equipment detection and fault diagnosis. The scene of substation is complex, and the background of equipment image is usually messy, and the feature points of visible image are easy to fall on the background. The metal has good thermal conductivity, and its temperature is close to the ambient temperature. The metal part in the infrared image with metal tower as the background can not be clearly displayed, which is easy to cause the image mismatch or even unable to match. The existing registration methods such as SIFT, SURF and ASIFT are difficult to effectively solve this kind of image registration problem of substation equipment with complex background. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an infrared and visible image registration algorithm based on Multi-scale Retinex and ASIFT features. Firstly, the Multi-scale Retinex algorithm is used to separate the components representing the properties of the object in the visible image, so as to weaken the influence of the clutter background. Then, the ASIFT algorithm is used to do affine transformation to simulate the affine deformation under all parallax, and the feature points are roughly matched Finally, the random sampling consistent algorithm is added to eliminate the mismatching points. Experimental results show that the algorithm can increase the number of matching points by at least 4 times, the average matching accuracy is improved by 13%, and the average matching time is shortened by 183ms.
Leader-Follower System in Convoys:: An Experimental Design Focusing on Computer Vision

Many modern-day technologies rely on Global Positioning System (GPS) for navigation and location services. Although, in some instances GPS it is not always the most preferred method especially in places where the coverage is lacking, and where privacy is a concern. In the last few years, alternative technologies to GPS systems have been developed and are available not only to enterprises but to consumers as well. This paper presents an idea on how a convoy of vehicles can establish and maintain a leader-follower connection between themselves by utilizing Computer Vision Technology and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) via wireless low-power networks. The proposed system is to consists of three vehicles, a leader vehicle being controlled by an operator via Bluetooth, and two follower vehicles equipped with DFRobots' Romero V2, BLE Boards, and XBee modules for RSSI navigation. The computer vision system will utilize ZED Stereo Camera for image processing and the Robotic Operating System (ROS). The system will be independent of GPS allowing the operation in environments where GPS is unavailable or unpermitted. The proposed system can be utilized in surveillance missions, rescue missions, and it can serve as a backup to other leader-follower systems.
“The Best Things in Life Are Here” in “The Mistake on the Lake”: Narratives of Decline and Renewal in Cleveland

Historians have devoted ample attention to the urban crisis, but few have explored symbolic actions to manage attitudes toward metropolitan change. In the 1980s, Cleveland, Ohio, experienced what m...
The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Oxygen Sensing by the Carotid Body

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) associated with sleep-disordered breathing is an important cause of hypertension, which results from carotid body-mediated activation of the sympathetic nervous system. IH triggers increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the carotid body, which induce increased synthesis and stability of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and calpain-dependent degradation of HIF-2α. HIF-1 activates transcription of the Nox2 gene, encoding NADPH oxidase 2, which generates superoxide. Loss of HIF-2 activity leads to decreased transcription of the Sod2 gene, encoding manganese superoxide dismutase, which converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Thus, IH disrupts the balance between HIF-1-dependent pro-oxidant and HIF-2-dependent anti-oxidant activities, and this loss of redox homeostasis underlies the pathogenesis of autonomic morbidities associated with IH.