cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non‐linear 3‐D Born shear waveform tomography in Southeast Asia

S U M M A R YSoutheast (SE) Asia is a tectonically complex region surrounded by many active source re-gions, thus an ideal test bed for developments in seismic tomography. Much recent develop-ment in tomography has been based on 3D sensitivity kernels based on the ﬁrst-order Bornapproximation, but there are potential problems with this approach when applied to waveformdata. In this study, we develop a radially anisotropic model of SE Asia using long period multi-mode waveforms. We use a theoretical ”cascade” approach, starting with a large-scale Eurasianmodel developed using 2D NACT sensitivity kernels, and then using a modiﬁed Born approxi-mation (nBorn), shown to be more accurate at modeling waveforms, in order to invert a subsetof the data for structure in a subregion (longitude 75
Promoting selectivity and sensitivity for a high temperature YSZ-based electrochemical total NOx sensor by using a Pt-loaded zeolite Y filter

Abstract Potentiometric sensors provide a promising approach for NOx detection in harsh environments, but typically suffer from interferences with other gases. Potentiometric sensors use two electrodes, and both chemical and electrochemical reactivity at each electrode are critical to sensor performance. In this study, we have examined Pt electrode covered with Pt containing zeolite Y (PtY) and WO3 as the two electrode materials. Temperature programmed desorption of NO from NOx/O2-exposed PtY and WO3 was studied. In addition, the ability of PtY and WO3 to equilibrate a mixture of NO and O2 was examined over the temperature range of 200–600 °C. Significant reactivity differences were found between PtY and WO3, with the latter being largely inactive toward NOx equilibration. With gases passing through a PtY filter, it was possible to remove interferences from 2000 ppm CO, 800 ppm propane, 10 ppm NH3, as well as minimize effects of 1–13% O2, CO2, and H2O. By maintaining a temperature difference between the filter (typically at 400 °C) and the sensor at 600 °C, total NOx concentration (NO + NO2) was measured. By connecting three sensors in series, the sensitivity was also significantly improved.
Healing of mandibular ridge augmentations using hydroxylapatite with and without autogenous bone in dogs.

Dog mandibles were augmented with either hydroxylapatite (HA) alone or HA combined with autogenous bone. Within the limited time frame of this experiment (16 weeks) the group which received HA alone did not demonstrate the induction of bony ingrowth further than 1-2 mm into the augmented ridge. However, the animals augmented with HA combined with autogenous bone demonstrated an active, lamellar-type bony ingrowth, maturing bony haversian systems, and vascular elements forming throughout the entire area, extending to the overlying soft tissue interface. The clinical assessment of both types of augmented ridges (HA and HA and bone) were similar; both formed hard, firm ridges at approximately the same rate. This observation is consistent with human clinical experience with HA or HA mixed with bone. 5 However, for patients who have severe mandibular atrophy and for whom increased mandibular bony bulk is crucial, a combination of HA and bone should be advantageous because of the increased extent of bony ingrowth.
The Moral Anthropology of Marcus Garvey: In the Fullness of Ourselves

This article retrieves and articulates key elements in Marcus Garvey's philosophy that point toward a moral anthropology. The author discusses these in the context of ancient and modern concerns for issues of human dignity and human rights and the right and responsibility of the struggle for freedom as a particular African and universal human project. This article is also part of the author's ongoing effort to expand ethical discourse and discussion in Africana studies by critically engaging new subjects and sources of ethical thought beyond the Judeo-Christian tradition, especially the classical African ethics of ancient Egypt (the Maatian tradition) and ancient Yorubaland (the Ifa tradition). Finally, the article is conceived as a way of putting the author's Kawaida philosophy in renewed conversation with Garvey's philosophy, from which it borrows and on which it builds, in search of new links and lessons to expand and enrich the Kawaida philosophical and practical initiative.
Synthesis of Fischer Carbene Complexes of Iridium by C−H Bond Activation of Methyl and Cyclic Ethers: Evidence for Reversible α-Hydrogen Migration

We report here a mild and versatile route to Fischer carbene complexes of iridium via the activation of C-H bonds of methyl and cyclic ethers, along with our preliminary studies of this rare family of carbene complexes. Theoretical studies suggest that {alpha}-hydrogen migrations can be kinetically favorable if a coordinatively unsaturated species can be accessed. Thus, the lability of the triflate ligand presumably facilitates this process. Further evidence for the rapidity, as well as reversibility, of this rearrangement was obtained by NMR analysis. 20 refs.
Reduction of air- and liquid water-filled soil pore space with freezing explains high temperature sensitivity of soil respiration below 0 °C

Abstract At temperatures just below 0 °C, the temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic soil respiration ( R H ) is orders of magnitude higher than above 0 °C. Two primary mechanisms have been proposed for this high sub-zero temperature sensitivity: changes in soil microbial community composition and physiology, or the physical effects of the transition of water between liquid and ice phases. In this study, the effect of soil freezing on R H was modeled using a simple modification of the Dual Arrhenius Michaelis–Menten model, to account for both the reduced liquid water content of the soil pore space and the reduced air-filled pore space as water expands during freezing. Using parameters derived from previous studies, R H was modeled at a range of sites throughout Southeast Wyoming, ranging from prairie to high elevation forest. Across the study region, R H at sub-zero temperatures was low in the prairie (0.002 mg C m −2 h −1 at −1 °C and optimal water content) and sagebrush (5·10 −7 to 0.012 mg C m −2 h −1 at −1 °C and optimal water content) sites, with lower organic matter and higher sand content, and much higher in the high sub-alpine forest (0.71 mg C m −2 h −1 at −1 °C and optimal water content) and meadow (3.5 mg C m −2 h −1 at −1 °C and optimal water content) sites with high soil organic matter content. The modeled Q 10 (the multiplicative response of R H to a 10 °C increase in temperature) above freezing was ∼3.2, while below freezing the median value ranged from 15 to 255, and the maximum was 1.6·10 24 . These values capture the range of Q 10 's described in the literature, suggesting that the model based on changing liquid water contented presented here can explain much of these observed apparent temperature responses. Hence, this model may prove valuable for predicting soil C fluxes in environments that undergo seasonal freezing.
Synthesis and secretion of γ-globulin by lymph node cells VII. The cell-free incorporation of galactose and sialic acid into the carbohydrate component of endogenous and exogenous immunoglobulin

Abstract The incorporation of galactose and sialic acid into endogenous and exogenous rabbit immunoglobulin by glycosyltransferases associated with the microsomal fraction of lymph node cells is described. The endogenous product was firmly associated with the microsomes and could be solubilized by treatment with deoxycholate. In contrast, the exogenously added asialo-immunoglobulin G labeled with sialic acid was found in the soluble fraction in the absence of deoxycholate treatment. When the two glycopeptide fractions of immunoglobulin G, obtained by pepsin digestion and gel filtration, were examined for radioactivity, differences between the labeled endogenous and exogenous products were observed. Endogenous immunoglobulin, labeled with either galactose or sialic acid, showed an elution pattern similar to that of the glycopeptide fractions of authentic immunoglobulin G. When exogenously added asialo-immunoglobulin G labeled with sialic acid was examined, more than 95% of the radioactive material was found in only one of the two glycopeptide fractions. Similarly, examination of the glycopeptides obtained from exogenous agalacto-immunoglobulin G labeled with galactose revealed incorporation into this same fraction. However, most of the galactose-labeled material was found in a peptide elution position not consistent with that of authentic immunoglobulin G. Finally, while the incorporation of sialic acid into endogenous immunoglobulin G was not affected by the addition of other asialo-proteins, the presence of such asialo-protein acceptors inhibitedd the incorporation of sialic acid into exogenously added asialo-immunoglobulin G.
Autonomy and the Highest Good

Kant conceives of moral agents as autonomous, capable of motivating themselves to act on a self-given rule of reason, independently of – and even against – their inclinations. Moreover, Kant's moral theory tells agents to realize their autonomy, by striving to do what is right for its own sake. It is because of Kant's emphasis on autonomy that his notion of the highest good has been a topic of controversy. From Kant's time onward, commentators have suspected that the highest good, which promises virtuous agents happiness proportionate to their goodness, introduces heteronomy into morality. The standard response to this concern is that critics have misunderstood the relationship of the highest good to the agent's will: it is an object, not a spring, of moral action. This is a valid response to some articulations of the objection. But it does not adequately address the version that interests me: the charge that belief in God as the guarantor of happiness proportionate to virtue plays an inappropriate motivational role in Kant's moral theory. Kant appears to say that without belief in a God who will make the virtuous happy we would not be motivated to act rightly. This sort of claim seems to conflict with Kant's notion of moral agents as beings who are capable of doing the right thing just because it is right. If this conflict cannot be resolved, Kantians face a dilemma: either weaken the notion of autonomy, or (more likely) weaken the claims about the moral importance of faith in God.
Affect, verbalization, and directional fractionation of autonomic responses.

An experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of pleasantness and un-pleasantness and instructions to verbalize on directional fractionation of autonomic response. Degrees of pleasant and unpleasant stimulation were presented to Ss under two verbalization instruction conditions. Something like directional fractionation was found for the very unpleasant no-verbalization condition only, but the pattern disappeared upon the addition of a later-verbalization requirement. More generally, it was found without exception that conditions of no verbalization are accompanied by cardiac deceleration, regardless of degree or of quality of affect, while later verbalization conditions produce cardiac acceleration, again regardless of degree or quality of affect. The authors conclude that verbalization instructions are important for determining the degree and direction of cardiac activation.
An empirical Bayes estimation problem

Let x be a random variable such that, given θ, x is Poisson with mean θ, while θ has an unknown prior distribution G. In many statistical problems one wants to estimate as accurately as possible the parameter E(θǀx = a) for some given a = 0,1,.... If one assumes that G is a Gamma prior with unknown parameters α and β, then the problem is straightforward, but the estimate may not be consistent if G is not Gamma. On the other hand, a more general empirical Bayes estimator will always be consistent but will be inefficient if in fact G is Gamma. It is shown that this dilemma can be more or less resolved for large samples by combining the two methods of estimation.
Spontaneous Variability of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

Background—Improvement in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient has been used as a means of assessing response to therapy in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). To our knowledge, no data exist regarding the spontaneous day-to-day variability of the LVOT gradient in patients with HOCM. Defining the magnitude of such variability is critical to properly understand how much improvement in LVOT gradient must be present to invoke a therapeutic response. Methods and Results—We studied the spontaneous variation in the continuous-wave, Doppler-derived pressure gradient on 5 consecutive days in 12 HOCM patients and 5 aortic stenosis control subjects. While in some patients the day-to-day variability in resting gradient was small, in others it varied markedly. The 95% confidence interval for attributing a change in LVOT gradient to factors other than random variation is ±32 mm Hg for resting gradient and ±50 mm Hg for provoked gradient. The mean coefficient of variation for gra...
Structural characterization of Ni-substituted hexaaluminate catalysts using EXAFS, XANES, XPS, XRD, and TPR

The structure of five Ni-substituted Ba0.75NiyAl12-yO19-δ hexaaluminate catalysts at various Ni loadings (y = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) was investigated using EXAFS, XANES, XPS, XRD, and TPR. As Ni-substitution into the hexaaluminate lattice is increased, the unit cell dimension decreases along the c axis. This systematic change is consistent with Ni substitution for Al3+ in the hexaaluminate crystalline structure. XANES analysis suggests that Ni−O bonding is stronger for Ni substituted into the hexaaluminate lattice, relative to that of bulk NiO. The average coordination numbers obtained from EXAFS indicate that Ni is preferentially exchanging with tetrahedrally coordinated Al3+ in the structure which predominates in regions of the hexaaluminate unit cell near the mirror plane. It is at these sites that, preferential substitution of Ni2+ likely occurs to minimize strain in the crystalline lattice.
Mercaptosilane-assisted synthesis of metal clusters within zeolites and catalytic consequences of encapsulation.

We report here a general synthetic strategy to encapsulate metal clusters within zeolites during their hydrothermal crystallization. Precursors to metal clusters are stabilized against their premature colloidal precipitation as hydroxides during zeolite crystallization using bifunctional (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane ligands. Mercapto (−SH) groups in these ligands interact with cationic metal centers, while alkoxysilane moieties form covalent Si−O−Si or Si−O−Al linkages that promote zeolite nucleation around ligated metal precursors. These protocols led to the successful encapsulation of Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, and Ag clusters within the NaA zeolite, for which small channel apertures (0.41 nm) preclude postsynthesis deposition of metal clusters. Sequential treatments in O2 and H2 formed small (∼1 nm) clusters with uniform diameter. Titration of exposed atoms with H2 or O2 gave metal dispersions that agree well with mean cluster sizes measured from electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, consis...
Fabrication and Analysis of a MEMS NIR Fabry–Pérot Interferometer

We report the design and fabrication of a tunable MEMS Fabry-Perot etalon for use in microscale spectroscopic applications. The reflective elements of the interferometer are dielectric mirror stacks optimized for 1500-nm light and the tunability arises via capacitive attraction of a translatable mirror on a spring. The mirror reflectivity was measured to be 97.3%, corresponding to a calculated finesse of 115, while the measured linewidth and FSR are 70 cm-1 and 334 cm-1, respectively, corresponding to a measured finesse of 5.
Gastric outlet obstruction secondary to Morgagni hernia: a case report

An 89-year old female presented to us with symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction which appeared to be secondary to gastric volvulus on preoperative work-up. On laparoscopy the stomach was found to be incarcerated in a right-sided Morgagni hernia with surrounding adhesions. The hernia was reduced after dissecting the adhesions and the diaphragmatic defect was repaired using a biologic mesh onlay patch (Surgisis® GOLD™, Cook Biotech Inc.). Her postoperative recovery was uneventful and she was doing well at three months follow-up.
Defense Mechanisms in Adolescents as a Function of Age, Sex, and Mental Health Status

ABSTRACT Objective To modify an existing instrument to provide a valid assessment of defense mechanisms in adolescents and to examine defense structure and usage as a function of age, sex, and mental health status. Method Six hundred ninety-three subjects (187 nonclinic adolescents, 229 internalizing females, 99 incarcerated male delinquents, and 178 nonclinic adults) completed the modified Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ), which yielded 19 defense scores. Results Factor analyses of the 19 defense scores on the adolescent sample yielded three factors: Immature, Mature, and Prosocial Defenses. These were similar to those from studies of adults. Additional factor analyses were conducted on defense scores of subjects grouped by age, sex, and mental health status. The Immature and Mature Factors were relatively consistent across groups, but the Prosocial Factor varied by group. Multivariate analyses of variance and analyses of variance on individual and composite defense scores revealed differences by age, sex, and mental health status. Conclusions Although the modified DSQ needs further work to improve its psychometric properties, it is clearly fruitful to assess adolescent defense mechanisms. Results from extant studies of adults and males on the structure of defenses cannot be validly extrapolated to other age groups and to females.
A juvenile hormone analogue, methoprene as a circadian and developmental modulator in Diatraea grandiosella (Pyralidae)

Abstract A juvenile hormone analogue (methoprene) affected the circadian system controlling the adult eclosion rhythm in Diatraea grandiosella. The effect of methroprene was compared with those of photoperiod, sex and temperature. The phase difference (ψrl) between the rhythm and the light-dark cycle and its variance increased as the photoperiod increased. Males emerged earlier than females. Higher temperatures induced earlier eclosion and reduced the variance. A parallel phase advance was observed in papae treated topically with methoprene. At the higher dose tested, methoprene induced earlier eclosion. The effect of methoprene was both dose and age dependent, with earlier application more effective. A dosage of 3.0 μg was lethal, however, if applied in the first 2 days of pupal stage. Synthetic juvenile hormone I had less effect than methoprene. Methoprene accelerated adult differentiation and emergence in both sexes.
The operational impact of architectural alternatives for radiological imaging workstations

Characteristics of workstations for use in digital radiological imaging have been investigated for many years. However, much of this investigation has focused on the workstation in isolation, and has often been directed almost entirely at user interface issues. Certainly these issues are critical, but with the increasing use of commercial workstations it is important to look at the workstation in the context of the medical information environment and examine some important underlying characteristics required to meet the demands of digital radiology. This article examines the role of storage components in these workstations both architecturally and operationally. Both aspects are viewed with consideration of their impact on the internals of the workstation and its interaction with the external information system. By considering these aspects of the workstation it is apparent that local storage and image preloading are required to support diagnostic viewing. Additional operational and architectural strategies are required to efficiently manage information within the workstation.
Reconstitution of respiratory control of succinate oxidation in submitochondrial particles.

Abstract Reconstitution of respiratory control and the energy-dependent pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenation linked to succinate oxidation by soluble succinate dehydrogenase and the dehydrogenase-depleted particles is demonstrated. The restoration of succinate oxidation and respiratory control is a function of the concentration of succinate dehydrogenase present. Externally added succinate dehydrogenase effects neither the rate nor the respiratory control of NADH oxidation. The results are discussed in terms of the structural organization of the respiratory components in the mitochondrial membrane.
Theoretical and numerical structure for unstable two-dimensional detonations

Abstract The first detailed comparison between predictions of theories for detonatios are presented here. Provided the unperturbed Z-N-D profile only exhibits instability at long transverse wavelengths with a simple stability diagram, the computed regular cell spacing is found to agree remarkably well with simple theories based on the most unstable linearized wavelengths when the channel width is not too large. Neither the geometric acoustic theories nor theories based upon a linearized unstable wavelength provide an accurate prediction of the computed cell-spacing for Z-N-D profiles with a complex stability diagram such as those that are unstable at short transverse wavelengths. Several new features of detonation instability are also documented here through the numerical simulations, including regimes exhibiting the transition to fully developed turbulence in the wake of the unstable detonation front as the activation energy and heat release are increased. Furthermore, the computations indicate that this strong turbulence contributes to the irregularity of the cellular pattern.
Electromagnetic transitions in neutron-rich 40Cl.

In-beam \ensuremath{\gamma}-rays from excited states of the neutron-rich (${T}_{z}$=3) nucleus $^{40}\mathrm{Cl}$ have been identified in a threefold coincidence experiment in which \ensuremath{\gamma} rays and light charged particles were observed. The resulting decay scheme is presented, and implications for the structure of low-lying levels in $^{40}\mathrm{Cl}$ are discussed in light of recent data from charge-exchange and \ensuremath{\beta}-decay work. The ordering of levels would seem to be quite different from the predictions of recent shell-model calculations.
The differential relationship between attribution and depression for male and female college students

This study tested for the presence of a differential relationship between attribution and depression for male and female college students. Results yielded no significant differences within male or female positive or negative internality, stability, globality, or composite attribution scores. However, a significant correlation was found between Attributional Style Questionnaire composite negative and Beck Depression Inventory scores for males, but not for females.
The effect of microscopic inclusion locations and silicon segregation on fatigue lifetimes of aluminum alloy A356 castings

Abstract The microstructural heterogeneity of aluminum alloy A356 permanent mold castings impacts fatigue performance differently depending on location in the casting. Casting conditions, which include casting temperature, gradients in the mold temperature, plunger speed and casting pressure are variables which can affect solidification rates and therefore, the microstructure within the casting. In this paper an experimental investigation of fatigue performance of specimens cut from various locations in a test bar of cast aluminum alloy A356 is reported. The number of cycles to failure for each test was recorded and the fracture surfaces and local microstructure examined. It was observed that local fatigue resistance varied substantially along the solidification path while tensile strength was little affected. The amount of Al–Si eutectic and the density of micropores increases along the solidification path. Samples located near the surface and the farthest from the gate end demonstrated the longest lifetimes. Conversely, the samples taken from the centerline of the casting closest to the gate end demonstrated the shortest lifetimes.
Semi-discrete Galerkin solution of the compressible boundary-layer equations with viscous-inviscid interaction

A semi-discrete Galerkin (SDG) method is under development to model attached, turbulent, and compressible boundary layers for transonic airfoil analysis problems. For the boundary-layer formulation the method models the spatial variable normal to the surface with linear finite elements and the time-like variable with finite differences. A Dorodnitsyn transformed system of equations is used to bound the infinite spatial domain thereby providing high resolution near the wall and permitting the use of a uniform finite element grid which automatically follows boundary-layer growth. The second-order accurate Crank-Nicholson scheme is applied along with a linearization method to take advantage of the parabolic nature of the boundary-layer equations and generate a non-iterative marching routine. The SDG code can be applied to any smoothly-connected airfoil shape without modification and can be coupled to any inviscid flow solver. In this analysis, a direct viscous-inviscid interaction is accomplished between the Euler and boundary-layer codes through the application of a transpiration velocity boundary condition. Results are presented for compressible turbulent flow past RAE 2822 and NACA 0012 airfoils at various freestream Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, and angles of attack.
SCF-Xα-SW calculations of the boron hydride molecule and ions

Abstract The SCF-Xα-SW method is applied to calculate the orbital energies of B6H62−, B6H62− , and B6H6. The spin-restricted calculations indicate the stability of B6H62− by 110.8 kJ mol− with respect to the monoion and by 176.8 kJ mol−1 with respect to the neutral molecule.
Noise performance evaluation of distributed erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with bidirectional pumping at 1.48 mu m

An accurate model for unsaturated fiber amplifiers with fiber background loss is used to determine optimal parameters for distributed amplification in erbium-doped fibers. Pump power at 1.48 mu m and erbium-doping levels required for transparency are studied for both unidirectional and bidirectional pumping schemes. An optimal erbium absorption coefficient which minimizes the required pump power is found. However, this case corresponds to the highest amplifier noise figure. The authors conclude that, in practice, distributed erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are not significantly advantageous compared to 980-nm-pumped lumped amplifier schemes. >
Use of geotextiles for reinforcement and strain relief in asphalt concrete

Abstract This paper describes the three uses of geotextiles in asphaltic concrete overlays: (a) reinforcing (b) strain relief and (c) undersealing. Reflection cracking through overlays is caused by both loads and thermal contraction, and cracks may be retarded or arrested by geotextiles if the proper material properties are selected and good construction techniques are used. Prediction of crack growth is made with fracture mechanics and this is the basis of an overlay design computer program which is described herein. Fracture properties of asphaltic concrete under fatigue loading and thermal contraction conditions are presented and the way they are altered by the addition of geotextiles is illustrated. The design equations for the thickness of an overlay with a reinforcing grid are also given. Some cautionary rules of thumb, concerning the appropriate pavement conditions when geotextiles may be expected to prolong the life of an overlay and when they may not, are also given.
Localising public diplomacy: The role of sub-national actors in nation branding

The post-9/11 world has brought public diplomacy back into the spotlight; yet the burden of winning the hearts and minds of foreign publics can no longer solely fall on the national government. Building upon the literature in international relations and communication, this paper discusses the vital importance of sub-national actors' engagement in the process of public diplomacy and nation branding. It explains the rationale for such involvement as well as delineating the possible roles they may play in the communication process. It argues that public diplomacy must be pursued at multiple levels, with sub-national participation being most effective in building mutual understanding and relationships. The analysis and propositions are not only theoretically important in the debate on the role of public diplomacy in nation branding and communication, but also have public policy implications in the design and execution of these programmes.
Microstructure characterization of as-fabricated and 475 Degrees C annealed U–7 wt.% Mo dispersion fuel in Al–Si alloy matrix

Abstract High-density uranium (U) alloys with an increased concentration of U are being examined for the development of research and test reactors with low enriched metallic fuels. The U–Mo fuel alloy dispersed in Al–Si alloy has attracted particular interest for this application. This paper reports our detailed characterization results of as-fabricated and annealed (475 °C for 4 h) U–Mo dispersion fuels in Al–Si matrix with a Si concentration of 2 and 5 wt.%, named as “As2Si”, “As5Si”, “An2Si”, “An5Si” accordingly. Techniques employed for the characterization include scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy with specimen prepared by focused ion beam in situ lift-out. Fuel plates with Al–5 wt.% Si matrix consistently yielded thicker interaction layers developed between U–Mo particles and Al–Si matrix, than those with Al–2 wt.% Si matrix, given the same processing parameters. A single layer of interaction zone was observed in as-fabricated samples (i.e., “As2Si”, “As5Si”), and this layer mainly consisted of U 3 Si 3 Al 2 phase. The annealed samples contained a two-layered interaction zone, with a Si-rich layer near the U–Mo side, and an Al-rich layer near the Al–Si matrix side. The U 3 Si 5 appeared as the main phase in the Si-rich layer in “An2Si” sample, while both U 3 Si 5 and U 3 Si 3 Al 2 were identified in sample “An5Si”. The Al-rich layer in sample “An2Si” was amorphous, whereas that in sample “An5Si” mostly consisted of crystalline U(Al,Si) 3 , along with a small fraction of U(Al,Si) 4 and U 6 Mo 4 Al 43 phases. The influence of Si on the diffusion and reaction in the development of interaction layers in U(Mo)/Al(Si) is discussed in the light of growth-controlling mechanisms and irradiation performance.
Selective Expansion of Memory CD4+ T cells By Mitogenic Human CD28 Generates Inflammatory Cytokines and Regulatory T cells

Costimulatory signals are important for development of effector and regulatory T cells. In this case, CD28 signaling is usually considered inert in the absence of signaling through the TCR. By contrast, mitogenic rat CD28 mAb reportedly expand regulatory T cells without TCR stimulation. We found that a commercially available human CD28 mAb (ANC28) stimulated PBMC without TCR co-ligation or cross-linking; ANC28 selectively expanded CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(-) (Teff) and CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) (Treg) cells. ANC28 stimulated the CD45RO(+) CD4(+) (memory) population, whereas CD45RA(+)CD4(+) (naive) cells did not respond. ANC28 also induced inflammatory cytokines. Treg induced by ANC28 retain the Treg phenotype longer than costimulated Treg. Treg induced by ANC28 suppressed CD25(-) T cells through a contact-dependent mechanism. Purity influenced the response of CD4(+)CD25(+ )cells because bead-purified CD4(+)CD25(+ )cells (85-90% pure) responded strongly to ANC28, whereas 98% pure FACS-sorted CD4(+)CD25(bright) (Treg) did not respond. Purified CD4(+)CD25(int) cells responded similarly to the bead-purified CD4(+)CD25(+) cells. Thus, pre-activated CD4(+) T cells (CD25(int)) respond to ANC28 rather than Treg (CD25(bright)). The ability of ANC28 to expand both effectors producing inflammatory cytokines as well as suppressive regulatory T cells might be useful for ex vivo expansion of therapeutic T cells.
Reduced renal prepro-epidermal growth factor mRNA and decreased EGF excretion in ARF.

Reduced renal prepro-epidermal growth factor mRNA and decreased EGF excretion in ARF. Levels of prepro epidermal growth factor (EGF) mRNA in renal cortical tissue and urinary EGF excretion have been determined during cisplatin and ischemia-induced acute renal failure in the rat. Northern analysis of polyadenylated RNAs of kidney cortical tissue showed diminished renal preproEGF mRNA in rats injected with cisplatin (5 mg/kg). The decrease in preproEGF mRNA occurred as early as 12 hours in the kidney and persisted for at least three days after cisplatin injection. The submandibular gland, a major site of EGF synthesis, contained normal levels of preproEGF mRNA. Transplatin, a non-nephrotoxic isomer of cisplatin, did not reduce renal preproEGF mRNA levels. Northern analysis of polyadenylated RNAs of kidney cortical tissue 24 hours after a 50 minute period of renal pedicle clamping also showed reduced preproEGF mRNA levels. By contrast, cisplatin increased renal c-fos mRNA. Urinary EGF excretion was also reduced after cisplatin and ischemia and the decrease in EGF excretion correlated significantly with the degree of renal failure. The data show that nephrotoxic and ischemic renal cell injury reduces preproEGF mRNA and urinary EGF excretion. Reduced preproEGF mRNA and diminished EGF excretion may be important in the functional and regenerative responses to renal injury.
Acoustic communication in an electric fish,Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae)

It has been known since von Frisch's work in the 1930's that mormyrid electric fishes are quite sensitive to sound. We now describe a repertoire of natural sounds produced by the mormyrid,Pollimyrus isidori, during breeding and aggression; reception of communication sounds is probably a major function for mormyrid audition.
Mutants of Escherichia coli formylmethionine tRNA: a single base change enables initiator tRNA to act as an elongator in vitro.

We show that the absence of a Watson-Crick base pair at the end of the amino acid acceptor stem, which is a hallmark of all prokaryotic initiator tRNAs, is one of the key features that prevents them from acting as an elongator in protein synthesis. We generated mutants of Escherichia coli formylmethionine tRNA that have a base pair at the end of the acceptor stem. The mutants generated were C1----T1, which had a U.A base pair, A72----G72, which had a C.G base pair, and the C1A72----T1G72 double mutant, which lacked the base pair. After aminoacylation, the activity of these and other mutant initiator methionyl-tRNAs (Met-tRNAs) in elongation were assayed in a MS2 RNA-directed E. coli protein-synthesizing system and in binding to the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). Unlike wild-type initiator tRNA or the T1G72 double mutant, the T1 and G72 mutant Met-tRNAs were active in elongation, the G72 mutant being more active than the T1 mutant. The T1 and G72 mutant Met-tRNAs also formed a ternary complex with elongation factor EF-Tu.GTP, and their relative affinities for EF-Tu.GTP paralleled their activities in elongation. Combination of the T1 or G72 mutation with mutations in the GGG.CCC sequence conserved in the anticodon stem of initiator tRNAs led to a further increase in the activities of these mutant tRNAs in elongation such that one of these mutants was now almost as good an elongator as E. coli elongator methionine tRNA.
β-Glucosidase from 'Marianna' plum11Journal Paper No. J-7071 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1893.

Abstract A β-glucosidase preparation from 'Marianna' plum was characterized. Only monoglycosides with a β-linkage to aromatic aglycones were hydrolyzed. A single pH optimum at 5·3 was found. The highest specific activity occurred with the substrate prunasin ( d (—)-mandelonitrile-β-glucopyranoside). β-Galactosidase activity was also detected.
Numerical calculation of the three dimensional transonic flow over a yawed wing.

Results are presented of calculations of the three dimensional steady transonic flow over a finite yawed wing. The full potential flow equation is solved in a transformed coordinate system which permits the boundary conditions to be satisfied exactly. The correct differential properties are enforced by rotating the difference scheme to conform with the flow direction, and fast convergence is assured by simulating a time dependent equation designed to settle quickly to a steady state. Computed lift drag ratios are consistent with the results of wind tunnel tests of a yawed wing conducted by R. T. Jones (1972).-
Palæomagnetic Evidence relevant to a Change in the Earth's Radius

INTEREST in the hypothesis that the Earth's radius has increased during geological history has been renewed in recent years because of several sets of independent observations and interpretations. From studies of the deformation of mountain ranges and the distribution of faults and oceans, Carey1 proposes an increase in the Earth's area of 45 per cent since the Palaeozoic era. Heezen2 similarly interprets submarine topography as indicating that the oceans may be immense rift valleys formed by a pulling apart of the continents as the Earth expanded. Using a different approach, Egyed3,4 infers a rate of increase of the Earth's radius of 0.4–0.8 mm. per year. This calculation is based on a decrease in the total amount of continental area covered by oceans during the past 400 million years, as determined palaeographically. Egyed4 has also pointed out the desirability of using palaeomagnetic data to test this hypothesis.
Analytical Variance-Based Global Sensitivity Analysis in Simulation-Based Design Under Uncertainty

The importance of sensitivity analysis in engineering design cannot be over-emphasized. In design under uncertainty, sensitivity analysis is performed with respect to the probabilistic characteristics. Global sensitivity analysis (GSA), in particular, is used to study the impact of variations in input variables on the variation of a model output. One of the most challenging issues for GSA is the intensive computational demand for assessing the impact of probabilistic variations. Existing variance-based GSA methods are developed for general functional relationships but require a large number of samples. In this work, we develop an efficient and accurate approach to GSA that employs analytic formulations derived from metamodels of engineering simulation models. We examine the types of GSA needed for design under uncertainty and derive generalized analytical formulations of GSA based on a variety of metamodels commonly used in engineering applications. The benefits of our proposed techniques are demonstrated and verified through both illustrative mathematical examples and the robust design for improving vehicle handling performance.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Sonic rhinoplasty: histologic correlates and technical refinements using the ultrasonic bone aspirator.

Objective To demonstrate histologic correlates and describe refinements in cosmetic rhinoplasty using the ultrasonic bone aspirator. Methods This retrospective review of 103 consecutive patients undergoing cosmetic rhinoplasty at a tertiary care academic facial plastic surgery practice extends the applications for the ultrasonic bone aspirator to include reducing the nasal spine, glabellar deepening, sculpting of mobile bone fragments after osteotomy, smoothing of bony edges after medial osteotomy, and reducing the convexity of nasal bones. We performed histologic analysis of cartilage samples, and the patient and surgeon subjectively evaluated the aesthetic outcome of the procedure. Results All patients obtained satisfactory outcomes. Seven patients experienced minor complications. One patient had a visible dorsal irregularity, 2 had palpable but not visible dorsal irregularities, 2 had asymmetry of the dorsum, and 2 had underresection of the dorsum. No patients experienced skin or soft-tissue injury. Conclusions The ultrasonic bone aspirator can be a useful adjunct for the cosmetic rhinoplasty surgeon. The ultrasonic bone aspirator permits precise, graded removal of bone without damage to surrounding soft tissue or mucosa. With multiple applications in nasal surgery, the ultrasonic bone aspirator permits refinement of subtle irregularities and asymmetry of the nasal bones. Complications associated with the device are rare.
Analysis of Relations between NMDA Receptors and GABA Release at Olfactory Bulb Reciprocal Synapses

In the mammalian olfactory bulb, signal processing is mediated by synaptic interactions between dendrites. Glutamate released from mitral cell dendrites excites dendritic spines of granule cells, which in turn release GABA back onto the mitral cell dendrites, forming a reciprocal synaptic pair. This feedback synaptic circuit was shown to be mediated predominantly by NMDA receptors. We further utilized caged Ca2+ compounds to obtain insight into the mechanism that couples NMDA receptor activation to GABA release. Feedback inhibition elicited by photo-release of caged Ca2+ in mitral cell secondary dendrites persisted when voltage-gated Ca2+ channels were blocked by cadmium (Cd2+) and nickel (Ni2+). These results indicate that Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors can directly trigger presynaptic GABA release for local dendrodendritic feedback inhibition.
A Congruence Model of Brand Preference: A Theoretical and Empirical Study:

This article offers an individual need-based distance model for the explanation and prediction of brand preference. The model is based upon the hypothetical symmetry between a consumer's needs and ...
Platelets and experimental scurvy.

HAEMORRHAGE in scurvy has been attributed to increased capillary fragility caused by reduced collagen formation1 and consequent changes in vascular endothelium and perivascular connective tissue2–4. Platelet adhesiveness to glass is impaired in human scurvy5–7 and in experimental scurvy in guinea-pigs8,9. Born and Wright10 have reported a diminished velocity of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced aggregation of platelets from scorbutic animals. Platelet adherence to exposed subintimal collagen, release of platelet ADP, and subsequent platelet aggregation are believed to be early events in the formation of a haemostatic plug11. These observations suggest that a platelet defect may contribute to scorbutic haemorrhage. We report here results of experiments which confirm the work of Born and Wright10 with respect to diminished velocity of ADP-induced aggregation of scorbutic guinea-pig platelets in vitro. In addition, we have investigated the interaction of collagen and platelets from both normal and scorbutic animals.
An improved endodontic irrigation technique

Abstract An efficient method for irrigating and aspirating root canals has been described. This is accomplished by combining an irrigating syringe and a modified aspirator tip as a single unit.
The challenges of host and viral diversity in HIV vaccine design

Rational HIV vaccine design is crucially dependent on a number of factors, including a detailed understanding of the immune responses that control infection in individuals that have non-progressing disease, the impact of host genetics on these responses, and the degree of immunological cross-reactivity between the vaccine immunogen and the encountered virus antigens. Significant progress has been made in a number of these areas over the past five years, which might help in the generation of a more effective immunogen design and will provide opportunities for novel vaccine delivery options. However, the understanding of immune response(s) that can mediate protection from infection or, if infection ensues, that slow the rate of HIV disease progression is still incomplete and will require detailed studies in unprecedentedly large populations infected with different HIV clades, combining advances in virology, immunology, human host genetics and bioinformatics analyses for the optimal design of vaccine immunogens.
Robust digital communication in time-varying noise

A digital communication system is developed, using moving average matched filter (MAMF) detectors, for environments where the noise is unknown a priori and may change constantly and significantly. A system in which basis vectors representing a signal subspace are transmitted rather than a fixed signal vector is described. At the receiver the transmitted basis-vectors are linearly combined so that the output signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of the MAMF is maximized. This linear combination represents an adaptation of the transmitted signal to changes in the noise environment. A system combining the fixed vector and the signal subspace approaches is simulated and shown to potentially outperform either system alone for an arbitrary distribution of narrowband noise center frequencies. >
A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions

atmosphere of methane, ammonia, water, and hydrogen instead of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, and water was suggested by Oparin (1) and has been-given emphasis recently by Urey (2) and Bernal (3). In order to test this hypothesis, an apparatus was built to circulate CHI4, NH3, H2O, and H2 past an electric discharge. The resulting mixture has been tested for amino acids by paper chromatography. Electrical discharge was used to form free radicals instead of ultraviolet light, because quartz absorbs wavelengths short enough to cause photo-dissociation of the gases. Electrical discharge may have played a significant role in the formation of compounds in the
Ultrastructural carbohydrate cytochemistry of gastric epithelium.

On examination with ultrastructural methods for visualizing the vicinal glycols and acid groups of complex carbohydrates, the most superficial surface epithelium of the rat gastric corpus displayed biphasic mucous droplets consisting of a cortex of hexose-rich (i.e. periodate-reactive) neutral mucosubstance and an uncharacterized denser core plus monophasic droplets with the neutral mucosubstance. In many surface epithelial cells of the foveolae, the biphasic and monophasic droplets with the neutral mucosubstance intermingled in varying proportions with monophasic droplets showing uniform periodate reactivity, a variable degree of dialyzed iron-binding--demonstrative of acidic glycoconjugate, and high iron--diamine affinity--demonstrative of sulphomucin. Deep foveolar epithelium displayed only monophasic droplets, most of which contained acidic periodate-reactive complex carbohydrate. Underlying cells, designated isthmus cells, exhibited monophasic or occasional biphasic granules containing sulphated, hexose-rich mucosubstance. Nascent droplets or granules near the Golgi zone differed from the mature organelles in the distribution of the glycoconjugate. Mucous neck cells occupied a deeper stratum and displayed a uniform population of monophasic mucous droplets with a loose meshwork of neutral mucosubstance. Techniques for demonstrating hexoses ultrastructurally stained all Golgi cisternae in the mucigenic epithelium, showing increasing reactivity toward the maturing face. Distinctive cisternae with moderate reactivity in the Golgi complex of isthmus cells were interpreted as GERL. Acidic mucosubstances were visualized only in the inner, mature cisternae of the Golgi complex of cells storing acidic glycoconjugates, and not in cisternae interpretable as GERL. The apical plasmalemma of isthmus cells uniquely exhibited abundant sulphated glycoconjugate and that of parietal cells revealed a less prominent, periodic neutral mucosubstance. Lateral and basal plasmalemmae varied from unstained to slightly reactive; basement membranes showed moderate reactivity with methods for visualizing complex carbohydrates. Abundance of glycogen further characterized surface epithelial cells of the corpus and of some parietal cells.