cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redeeming Santo Domingo: North Atlantic Missionaries and the Racial Conversion of a Nation

This article examines North Atlantic views of Protestant missions and race in the Dominican Republic between 1905 and 1911, a brief period of political stability in the years leading up to the U.S. Occupation (1916–1924). Although Protestant missions during this period remained small in scale on the Catholic island, the views of British and American missionaries evidence how international perceptions of Dominicans transformed in the early twentieth century. Thus, this article makes two key interventions within the literature on Caribbean race and religion. First, it shows how outsiders’ ideas about the Dominican Republic's racial composition aimed to change the Dominican Republic from a “black” country into a racially ambiguous “Latin” one on the international stage. Second, in using North Atlantic missionaries’ perspectives to track this shift, it argues that black-led Protestant congregations represented a possible alternative future that both elite Dominicans and white North Atlantic missionaries rejected.
Gaussian Process surrogate model for variability analysis of RF circuits

Non-intrusive methods for studying processes involving variables changing such as design optimization, manufacture variation etc. require evaluations of the quantity of interests for a numerous times. These methods, hence, rely on an accurate surrogate model of the process under study. Gaussian Process (GP) is a well-known non-parametric modeling technique for surrogate modeling. This paper explores the effectiveness of GP to model RF applications. The analysis of a milimeter-wave bandpass filter is presented to illustrate the method.
Impact of COVID-19 on acute ischemic stroke care at henry ford Hospital's Detroit and West Bloomfield Campuses

Background: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID19) has impacted acute stroke (AS) care with several reports globally showing drops in AS volumes during the pandemic. We studied the impact of COVID19 on AS and transient ischemic attack (TIA) care in a health system serving Southeast Michigan as we rolled out a policy aimed at limiting admissions and transfers. Methods: In this retrospective study conducted at 2 hospitals, we included consecutive patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) for whom a Stroke Alert (SA) was activated during the period 3/20 to 5/20/20 (COVID) and a similar period in 2019 (pre-COVID). We compared demographics, time metrics, and discharge outcomes. Results: 264 patients were seen pre-COVID compared to 121 during COVID (p<0.001). Patients seen during COVID had an equal proportion of males (55% vs 51%, p=0.444), were majority African American (57 vs 58%, p=0.74), but had a higher presenting NIHSS (median: 5 vs 2, p=0.01) and longer times since last-known-well to ED arrival (median: 9.4 vs 4.8 hours, p=0.03) compared to pre-COVID. Fewer patients were transferred from other centers (42 vs 27% p=0.008). SA activation on arrival (median: 9.6 vs 15 min, p=0.004) and imaging initiation from arrival (median: 26.4 vs 34.8 min, p=0.042) were faster as well as a trend toward statistical significance for time to tPA administration (median: 37.8 vs 51 min, p=0.051) compared to pre-COVID. There were higher rates of AS and TIA (69% vs 55%) and lower rates of stroke mimics (17 vs 37%, p<0.001). Patients discharged from the stroke unit had significantly higher discharge NIHSS (median: 3 vs 2, p=0.002) and were more likely to have an unfavorable discharge mRS (3-6) (56 vs 33%, p=0.004). There were no significant differences in medical, social histories, time to first pass for patient undergoing thrombectomy and stroke etiologies between the groups. In 2020, 9 patients (8%) were COVID19 positive, 2 had unfavorable mRS 3-5 while 3 died. Conclusion: There was greater than 50% reduction in stroke admissions during the COVID19 pandemic which is consistent with other reports. Although patients were managed more quickly, they tended to have more severe strokes, fewer stroke mimic diagnoses, and worse outcomes compared to patients treated in the pre-COVID period.
Cooperative C-O Bond Activation by a Heterobinuclear Al-Fe Complex Operating by a Radical Pair Mechanism

Activation of inert molecules like CO2 is often mediated by cooperative chemistry between two reactive sites within a cata-lytic assembly, the most common form of which is Lewis acid/base bifunctionality observed in both natural metalloenzymes and synthetic systems. Here, we disclose a heterobinuclear complex with an Al-Fe bond that instead activates CO2 and other substrates through cooperative behavior of two radical intermediates. The complex L(Me)Al-Fp (2, L = HC{(CMe)(2,6-iPr2C6H3N)}2, Fp = FeCp(CO)2) was found to insert CO2 and cyclohexene oxide, producing LAl(Me)(µ:κ2-O2C)Fp (3) and LAl(Me)(µ-OC6H10)Fp (4), respectively. Further atom transfer, decarbonylation, and isomerization reactivity was also ob-served. Detailed mechanistic studies on the CO2 and epoxide insertion reactions indicate an unusual mechanism in which (i) the Al-Fe bond dissociates homolytically to generate formally AlII and FeI metalloradicals, then (ii) the metalloradicals add to substrate in a pairwise fashion initiated by O-coordination to Al. The accessibility of this unusual mechanism is aided, in part, by the redox non-innocent nature of L that stabilizes formally AlII intermediates with predominantly AlIII-like character. This “radical pair” pathway represents an unprecedented mechanism for CO2 activation.
Determining the impact of the Zika pandemic on primary care providers' contraceptive counseling of non-pregnant patients in the US: a mixed methods study.

Background Global pandemics like Zika (ZIKV) factor into pregnancy planning and avoidance, yet little is known about how primary care providers (PCPs) incorporate public health guidance into contraceptive counseling. Study objectives include: 1) determining the impact of the ZIKV pandemic on contraceptive counseling changes; and 2) assessing PCP knowledge and practice regarding contraception, ZIKV, and CDC ZIKV guidelines. Methods Study components included: (1) a retrospective review of electronic health records of non-pregnant, reproductive age women presenting for preventive health visits between 2014 and 2017 assessed using interrupted time series analyses (ITSA) to identify changes in documentation of ZIKV risk assessment and contraceptive counseling; and (2) a sequential, cross-sectional study with quantitative surveys and qualitative, semi-structured interviews of PCPs providing preventive care to non-pregnant patients at eight federally qualified health centers in Utah. We performed descriptive analyses on survey data and analyzed qualitative data for dominant themes using a modified Health Belief Model. Results We conducted 6634 chart reviews yielding 9840 visits. The ITSA did not reveal changes in ZIKV risk assessment or contraceptive counseling. Twenty-two out of 40 (55%) eligible providers participated in the provider component. Participants averaged 69 and 81% correct on contraceptive and ZIKV knowledge questions, respectively. Sixty-five percent reported counseling consistent with CDC ZIKV guidelines. Qualitative analysis found providers unlikely to prioritize ZIKV risk assessment in contraceptive counseling for non-pregnant patients. Conclusions PCPs who care for non-pregnant women are knowledgeable about contraception and ZIKV; however, there was no change in ZIKV risk assessment or contraceptive counseling. This stresses the importance of developing strategies to improve guideline uptake.
Pre-transplant Medical Evaluation

Conventional autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) can be a life-saving or life-extending procedure, but is associated with significant risk for noninfectious and infectious complications. Reduced intensity allogeneic HSCT is often offered to recipients with advanced age and/or significant comorbid clinical conditions. Appropriate identification of recipients likely to benefit from these rigorous procedures is essential. Screening of donors is necessary to identify all potential risk of harm to the donor and to identify potential transmissible illnesses to the recipient.
The Göttingen School of Hilbert

The fourth and final part of this book culminates in the the ground-breaking papers of Hermann Weyl on the representation of semisimple Lie groups (Chapter 12). For a full historical appreciation of Weyl’s work and the events leading up to it (Chapter 11), however, it is necessary to be mindful of the historical context in which Weyl developed as a mathematician. That context was provided by the school of mathematics that grew up around David Hubert at the University of Gottingen. Weyl was there from 1904 until 1913, first as a student, writing his doctoral dissertation under Hilbert’s supervision, and then as a lecturer (Privatdozent). Weyl himself has made it clear that Hilbert exerted a great influence upon him, and to make this point one can do no better than to quote the eloquent Weyl himself: “I came to Gottingen as a country lad of eighteen .… In the fullness of my innocence and ignorance I made bold to take the course Hilbert had announced for that term, on the notion of number and the quadrature of the circle. Most of it went straight over my head. But the doors of a new world swung open for me, and I had not sat long at Hilbert’s feet before the resolution formed itself in my young heart that I must by all means read and study whatever this man had written” [1944b: 132]. That Weyl was deeply affected by what he read is also clear. On the occasion of Hilbert’s seventieth birthday, he wrote of “the magic that his scientific personality exerts on the following generation,” and speaking for that generation, he added, “the mathematical way of thinking conveyed by our works, the special style of our mathematical thought, goes back to him more so than to any other living person” [1944a: 128].
Beverage intake preference and bowel preparation laxative taste preference for colonoscopy

Aim To examine whether non-alcoholic beverage intake preferences can guide polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based bowel laxative preparation selection for patients. Methods We conducted eight public taste test sessions using commercially procured (A) unflavored PEG, (B) citrus flavored PEG and (C) PEG with ascorbate (Moviprep). We collected characteristics of volunteers including their beverage intake preferences. The volunteers tasted the laxatives in randomly assigned orders and ranked the laxatives as 1(st), 2(nd), and 3(rd) based on their taste preferences. Our primary outcome is the number of 1(st) place rankings for each preparation. Results A total of 777 volunteers completed the study. Unflavored PEG was ranked as 1(st) by 70 (9.0%), flavored PEG by 534 (68.7%) and PEG with ascorbate by 173 (22.3%) volunteers. Demographic, lifestyle characteristics and beverage intake patterns for coffee, tea, and carbonated drinks did not predict PEG-based laxative preference. Conclusion Beverage intake pattern was not a useful guide for PEG-based laxative preference. It is important to develop more tolerable and affordable bowel preparation laxatives for colonoscopy. Also, patients should taste their PEG solution with and without flavoring before flavoring the entire gallon as this may give them more opportunity to pick a pattern that may be more tolerable.
Make It Simple and Light: Some Thoughts on Real Estate Related Taxation in China

This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of real estaterelated taxes that might be imposed in mainland China, in light of the government’s needs for tax revenue and the economy’s need for incentives to develop land. Some policy recommendations are presented, based on an analysis of real estate taxation in general and of China’s specific needs. As one recent article has noted, understanding how behavior adjusts in response to taxation is one of the most important issues in public finance. 1
Extending the Cure: Policy Responses to the Growing Threat of Antibiotic Resistance

Foreword Executive Summary Introduction 1. Antibiotic resistance: The unfolding crisis 2. The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance: Policy levers 3. Patient and physician demand for antibiotics 4. The role of health care facilities 5. The role of the federal government 6. The role of health insurance 7. Supply-side strategies for tackling resistance 8. Next steps Acronyms and Abbreviations Biographies Consultation Participants
Presynaptic: Mitochondria and Presynaptic Function

Motor nerve terminals must be prepared for sudden increases in energy demand associated with vesicular release and recycling. This article summarizes studies using functional fluorescence imaging and electrophysiological recording that demonstrate that vertebrate motor terminals rely on their abundant mitochondria not only for adenosine triphosphate production but also for efficient, sustained sequestration of large stimulation-induced Ca2+ loads. Ca2+ influx into the mitochondria is essential for sustaining neuromuscular transmission during repetitive stimulation and is a major stimulant for mitochondrial respiration in motor terminals. Their heavy reliance on mitochondria may make motor terminals especially vulnerable to stresses and diseases that impair mitochondrial function.
Cosmic rays, γ-rays, and neutrinos in the starburst nuclei of Arp 220

The cores of Arp 220, the closest ultra-luminous infrared starburst galaxy, provide an opportunity to study interactions of cosmic rays under extreme conditions. In this paper, we model the populations of cosmic rays produced by supernovae in the central molecular zones of both starburst nuclei. We find that ~65 - 100% of cosmic rays are absorbed in these regions due to their huge molecular gas contents, and thus, the nuclei of Arp 220 nearly complete proton calorimeters. As the cosmic ray protons collide with the interstellar medium, they produce secondary electrons that are also contained within the system and radiate synchrotron emission. Using results from chi-squared tests between the model and the observed radio spectral energy distribution, we predict the emergent gamma-ray and high-energy neutrino spectra and find the magnetic field to be at milligauss levels. Because of the extremely intense far-infrared radiation fields, the gamma-ray spectrum steepens significantly at TeV energies due to gamma-gamma absorption.
History of Childhood Headaches

Headaches in children, adolescents and adults are quite common. The study and characterization of childhood headaches, however, entered an era of increased interest with the adoption of the first edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders [1]. The initial description of headaches in humans is quite old. Ancient writings in an epic poem from the Sumerian area dating back to 3000 BC describe what appear to be migraine-type headaches (i.e. the sick headache).
Reasons for Action

We can often explain a person's action by citing some fact which prompted him to do what he did. For example: Tom quit his job because he was offered more money elsewhere; Dick took his daughter to the dentist because she had a toothache; Harry rushed out of the theater because it was on fire. In each case there are four elements which fit together in a characteristic pattern. (1) The first is the fact that Tom has been offered more money, that Dick's daughter has a toothache, or that the theater in which Harry is sitting is on fire. If the theater were not on fire, for example, then we would have to give a different sort of explanation of why Harry rushed out: we would have to say that he left because he thought it was on fire, not because it was on fire. I shall have more to say about this point later. (2) The second is their knowledge of these facts. If Dick is unaware of the girl's toothache, he can hardly do anything on account of it; and of course the same goes for the other cases. (3) The third element is the attitude which each agent has toward the existing state-of -affairs. Tom wants to earn more money; Dick loves his daughter and doesn't want her to suffer; and Harry, like the rest of us, doesn't want to be burned. (4) Finally, there is the action which is being explained: Tom quits his job, Dick takes the girl to the dentist, and Harry rushes from the theater. Such explanations have been subjected to a great deal of analysis by philosophers in recent years. Most of this work has revolved around the question of whether reasons are causes, i.e., whether the sort of explanation that one gives in giving the agent's reason is a species of causal explanation. It is argued by some that if reasons are not causes, then rational
Thoracic Impact: New Experimental Approaches Leading to Model Synthesis

The following work was done in support of a continuing program to better characterize the behavior of the human chest during blunt sternal impact. Previous work on this probelm has focused on determining the force-time, deflection-time, and force-deflection response of embalmed and fresh cadavers to impact by a 15 cm (6 in) diameter striker of variable mass traveling at velocities of 22.5-51 km/h (14-32 mph) and striking the sternum at the level of the fourth intercostal space. Additional questions persist concerning whether the anterior and posterior regions of the chest behave as highly damped masses or oscillate after impact, the relationship between force delivered to the surface of the body and the acceleration of the underlying regions, and the influence of air compressed in the lung on thoracic mechanics. Experiments were performed, using the carcasses of freshly sacrificed swine (sus scrofa), on which accelerometers were fastened to the sternum and backbone at the level of the fourth intercostal space. The carcasses were then impacted by a ram in the manner of the previous cadaver work, subjected to short-duration, free-vibration impacts to the sternum, and dropped into a shallow pool of water from heights up to 9.1 m (30 ft) to simulate the severe frontal impact sustained by a stunt driver. The acceleration ratios were noted, and the acceleration traces were integrated to obtain chest deflection and Fourier analyzed for harmonic content. The air pressure in the lung was also monitored during one series of ram and free-vibration experiments.
Marriage and Weight Loss Surgery: a Narrative Review of Patient and Spousal Outcomes

Long-term weight maintenance following weight loss surgery (WLS) may be challenging for patients without supportive spouses. The health behaviors and relationship quality of spouses pre- and post-WLS have rarely been explored, leaving providers with little guidance on how to engage spouses in treatment. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the empirical research on relationship factors and WLS among married couples. The identified articles (N = 13) reported that the amount of weight lost post-WLS tended to be lower for married patients, couples' relationship quality tended to decline from pre- to post-WLS, and sexual contact increased post-WLS. Future research should explore how the relationship factors and quality of couples may influence patients' WLS outcomes over time to identify ways that interventions can enhance the couple's relationship and health.
An all digital VLSI tactile array sensor

This paper describes a new VLSI tactile array sensor that was designed for use on the fingers of a robot manipulator. The photolithographic methods used in fabricating the microelectronics were also used to build an array of mechanical structures on top of an integrated circuit. When covered with a suitable elastic material, the mechanical structures, notch-shaped windows in the protective overglass, convert applied pressure directly into a set of switch-like closures. The data obtained from these switch closures are multiplexed by logic in the circuit before transmission to a host, thereby reducing the wiring problem associated with discrete array sensors. A prototype with 48 cells arranged in a 6 by 8 array is currently being built.
The Future of Class Analyses in American Politics

Although the role of class has been extensively studied, this essay suggests several important matters that have been neglected and deserve more attention. The focus on occupational positions limits our understanding of the possible role of class. We need to devote more attention to household income and its impact on opportunity. We need to ask people about their aspirations and sense of fairness in American society and how that affects class voting. The presumption that class divisions have been reduced by racial and cultural issues has been embraced too quickly and needs more careful analyses. The use of nationally aggregated individual-level surveys is limiting because it neglects how the distribution of classes across legislative districts and their representation through that matters for the emergence of class issues. Finally, the focus on multivariate analyses may satisfy academic notions of rigor but it removes analyses from having relevance for politicians. Keywords: class divisions; class conflict; electoral alignments or divisions; political divisions; representing class differences
Ion/gas electron spectroscopy in the forward direction

Abstract H + /He, H + 2 /He, and H + 2 /Ar systems were used to measure energy spectra and angular distributions of electrons moving with approximately the ion velocity in the angular range 0°–10°. 0.35 to 0.5 MeV/amu projectiles were used.
Virus-like particles in developing plasma cell tumors induced in BALB-c mice.

Abstract The morphology of the development of oil-induced plasma cell neoplasia in BALB c mice was studied. The mice were periodically killed after either one or three intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 mm of mineral oil. Examination of their tissues by electron microscopy revealed the presence of virus-like particles in an animal only 12 days after a single intraperitoneal oil injection. The particles were approximately 70 mm in diameter and doughnut shaped, with an electrolucent core. They were seen in large blast cells of an oil granuloma in this animal. These particles are considered to be one of the chief morphologic characteristics of neoplastic plasma cells in this strain of mice. In a second animal killed 12 weeks after a single intraperitoneal oil injection, particles were found in both blast cells and mature plasma cells. Neither of these animals had ascites, nor could they be definitely diagnosed as having plasmacytoma. It was the finding of this study, as in previous similar studies, that intracisternal virus-like particles are a constant feature of the electron microscopic appearance of BALB c plasmacytomas. The present study is unique in that these virus-like particles were detected in 2 of 20 mice at a time after induction much earlier than definite plasma cell neoplasia has been reported previously. This finding in only two of the Group I animals may represent variation in the time of appearance of the particles after oil injection, or may simply reflect the great difficulty in sampling at such early times specific areas of eventual tumor formation. It is suggested that the induced granulomatous tissue provides the proper environment required for the morphologic expression of an incomplete viral genome which may be ubiquitously present in all BALB c mice. The constant asociation of the virus-like particles with the neoplastic plasma cells suggests but does not prove an etiologic role.
Estimating cabbage physical parameters using remote sensing technology

Abstract Remote sensing has long been used as a tool to extract plant growth and yield information for many crops, but little research has been conducted on cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) with this technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate aerial photography and field reflectance spectra for estimating cabbage physical parameters. An experiment was conducted on a cabbage field with 81 experimental plots to which different insecticide treatments were applied. Aerial color-infrared (CIR) photographs were taken from the field shortly before harvest. Meanwhile, field reflectance spectra and four plant physical parameters, including plant diameter, head diameter, plant weight and head weight, were measured from a total of 243 plants (three plants per plot). Plant area and spectral digital values for the near-infrared, red and green bands for each of the 243 plants were extracted from a digitized aerial CIR photograph. Four different vegetation indices, including the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were calculated. Correlation analysis showed that the cabbage physical parameters were significantly related to the photo-derived plant area and spectral variables. Regression analysis showed that head weight was linearly related to plant area with an r 2 value of 0.91 and quadratically related to NDVI with an r 2 value of 0.66. Stepwise regression performed on cabbage head weight and 601 bands from 400 to 1000 nm in the field reflectance spectra revealed that 71% of the variability in head weight could be explained by eight significant bands in the spectra. As an application example, cabbage yield estimated from photo-derived plant area in each plot was used to compare the differences among 16 treatments. These results indicate that remote sensing can be a useful tool for evaluating cabbage growth and yield variations.
In situ screw fixation of slipped capital femoral epiphysis with a novel approach: a double-cohort controlled study

In situ fixation for mild to moderate slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) remains an acceptable treatment methodology in most centers. Satisfactory fixation results have been reported with the procedure using either the fracture table or radiolucent table, both of which allow the hip to be imaged during the procedure. The position of the pin within the center of the femoral head is important to secure adequate fixation of the capital femoral epiphysis and prevent further slippage with minimal risk for articular penetration and avascular necrosis (AVN) or chondrolysis. We describe a pre-operative planning technique to determine the pin-entry point for percutaneous pinning of SCFE on a radiolucent operating table. A retrospective review of patients who underwent in situ screw fixation with the usage of a cannulated screw on a radiolucent table or fracture table over a 6-year period was conducted. The pin-entry point with this technique was reliable in 92% of procedures and comparable in both accuracy and complications to in situ screw fixation on a fracture table. In situ screw fixation on a regular radiolucent table was straightforward and required significantly less surgical time than on the fracture table (P = 0.01). It was also more efficient during a bilateral procedure, as it required only a single preparation and draping of the patient. This pre-operative planning technique for deciding the starting point on the proximal femur is helpful in executing an accurate in situ screw fixation of hips with SCFE.
Creating Socially Supportive Environments for Fully Included Students who Experience Multiple Disabilities

This investigation analyzed the effectiveness of an intervention designed to facilitate the social inclusion of three students who experienced significant physical and intellectual challenges and, ...
The effect of light intensity on the availability of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) to bottom trawl and acoustic surveys

Quantitative assessment of semidemersal fish such as walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is difficult because the proportion of walleye pollock available to standardized surveys varies temporal...
Revised Rainfall Series for the West African Subtropics

Abstract This note presents normalized annual rainfall departure series from the beginning of the century to 1975 for three regions in the semi-arid add West African subtropics. Considered are three basically latitudinal zone, Sahelo-Saharan (∼18–20°N),Sahefian (∼12–18°N) and Soudanian (∼12–15°N). The series, based on a total of 1 18 stations, exhibit remarkably parallel fluctuations, including a period of well-above-average rainfall throughout the 1950's and a drier period which set in about 1960 and culminated in the 1968–73 Sahel drought.
Design and Use of the Reactivity Computer

The basic, underlying variable of reactor control is the reactivity. We may regard the reactivity as a measure of the deviation from equilibrium of the neutron balance in a reactor. Or more precisely, we may define the reactivity as the average excess number of neutrons produced per fission that cause further fission, "excess" being the number over and above the one-neutron-per-fission that is required to maintain a self-sustaining fission reaction. Reactor control may be described as the process of changing the neutron environment within a reactor so as to produce momentary excursions in the reactivity from its equilibrium value of zero. The measurement of these excursions in reactivity is the subject of this paper. Two electrical analog computer designs are described which compute the reactivity from electrical signals which are provided by conventional reactor instrumentation systems. One computer utilizes a neutron flux input signal; the other employs a log-rate (of neutron flux) input signal. Applications of these computers in control system analysis and reactor instrumentation are discussed.
Pediatric Endomyocardial Biopsy Performed Solely With Echocardiographic Guidance

Endomyocardial biopsy has had limited utilization for the diagnosis of myocardial disease in the pediatric population. Through the use of echocardiography for guidance, we attempted 155 consecutive biopsies in 33 patients. A successful biopsy was performed 151 times, including 48 (31%) in infants less than 6 months of age. Biopsies were performed with a right internal jugular approach using 3F, 5F, and 7F bioptomes. A combination of apical four-chamber and parasternal short-axis views could visualize the passage of the bioptome into the ventricle and the action of the jaws. There was no case of ventricular perforation. After biopsy one transplant recipient was left with an increase in the amount of preexisting tricuspid regurgitation by color flow mapping echocardiography. These results demonstrate that echocardiographically guided Endomyocardial biopsies may be safely performed over a wide range of patient sizes. The increased portability, lack of radiation exposure, and the simultaneous visualization of the bioptome and chamber wall combined with these results indicate that echocardiographically guided Endomyocardial biopsies should be considered the technique of choice for the pediatric population.
Phytochemical basis of learning inRhagoletis pomonella and other herbivorous insects.

Examples of phytochemically-based learning of host preference in herbivorous insects are reviewed in the context of traditionally important issues: the number and kinds of chemicals involved; which sensory modalities are affected; whether peripheral or central nervous processing is altered; and whether learning is associative or not. A fifth issue addressed here— whether experience enhances a feeding or ovipositing insect's propensity to accept familiar chemical stimuli or to reject novel chemical stimuli-has been ignored in previous studies. Following the review, evidence is presented indicating that female apple maggot flies (Ragoletis pomonella) learn to reject both novel physical and novel chemical stimuli.
Predicting Exercise and Health Behavioral Intentions: Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Other Behavioral Determinants1

By comparing exercise and health domains, the current experiment extends recent findings that within-participant analyses of attitudes and subjective norms predict behavioral intentions well (Finlay, Trafimow, & Moroi, 1999). Within-participant analyses show that health behaviors are particularly likely to be influenced by subjective norms, and those that are relatively normatively influenced are intended to be performed more than those that are not. However, neither was true of exercise behaviors. Additionally, other potential predictors for exercise (e.g., indirect attitudinal measures and goal-oriented attitudes and intentions) correlated more strongly with exercise behavioral intentions than did general health attitudes and intentions.
Continual measurement of the total inorganic carbon in surface seawater

An automated sampling and analysis system was developed to determine the total inorganic carbon (TCO 2 ) in seawater. Measurements are performed on subsamples taken from the shipboard flowing seawater line. The flowing TCO 2 system (FTCO 2 ) automatically acidifies and strips the CO 2 out of a known volume of sea water and determines the concentration by integrating the infra red (IR) absorbance. Laboratory results have demonstrated an analytical precision of 2-5 μM in TCO 2 for this system. Intercomparison of TCO 2 measurements with the FTCO 2 system and the SOMMA (single operator multimetabolic analyzer) agreed within their respective uncertainties. The TCO 2 in surface seawater was determined continually on the flowing seawater line aboard the R/V Thompson in the Arabian Sea. The average difference between the TCO 2 determined on surface seawater with the flowing system and the SOMMA was 6.5 ± 8.7 μM. Measurements made with the flowing system on CRMs agreed to ±3 μM with the assigned value. TCO 2 in surface waters in the Arabian Sea varied by as much as 40 μM on short spatial and temporal scales. Although the accuracy of the present design of the FTCO 2 system is not as good as the SOMMA, the surface TCO 2 variability with time and space is captured with the FTCO 2 system and is completely missed by discrete measurements made on CTD casts. Continual measurements of TCO 2 will be valuable in characterizing the temporal and spatial changes in the carbon dioxide system in surface ocean waters.
Three Lessons Learned

In this article, I describe varied observations from the past 60 years that motivated three significant changes in the assumptions I held as a young psychologist interested in the development of children. Aspects of these early assumptions penetrate a great deal of current research. The new beliefs are (a) a greater willingness to base concepts on patterns of measurements rather than single independent or dependent variables, (b) learning to include the physical features of the observational setting, including the procedure that generated the evidence, as well as the participants' gender, social class, and cultural background, as part of the concept, and (c) remaining aware of the possibility that the relations among continuous variables can change as a function of brain maturation during the early stages of childhood.
Localization, Growth, and Inactivation of Salmonella Saintpaul on Jalapeño Peppers

Consumption of Salmonella-contaminated jalapeno peppers has been implicated in one of the largest foodborne illness outbreaks in the summer of 2008. The objective of this study was to investigate representative groups of native microflora and the distribution, growth, and inactivation of experimentally-inoculated Salmonella Saintpaul on jalapeno peppers. Two genetically modified strains of Salm. Saintpaul producing either green- or red-fluorescent protein were constructed and used in the study. Microbiological analyses showed that jalapeno peppers contained an average of 5.6 log units of total aerobic count and 3.5, 1.8, and 1.9 log units, respectively, of enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast/mold per gram of tissue. Strains typical of Pseudomonas accounted for 8.3% of total aerobic count, and 0.2% of which exhibited pectolytic activity. On inoculated peppers, a vast majority (>90%) of Salm. Saintpaul was recovered from stem/calyx and only a small proportion recovered from fleshy pods. Growth of Salm. Saintpaul on peppers was indicated by an increase in the population of 3 log units after incubation of samples at 20 degrees C for 48 h. Fluorescent Salm. Saintpaul aggregates could be readily detected on stem/calyx using stereofluorescence imaging microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Data presented showed that Salm. Saintpaul could survive for at least 8 wk on peppers stored at 4 degrees C. Immersion of inoculated peppers in 200 ppm of sodium hypochlorite, acidified sodium chlorite, or peroxy acetic acid for 10 min could reduce the number of Salm. Saintpaul on stem/calyx by 1.5 to 1.7 and that on flesh by 2.1 to 2.4 log units. Practical Application: Consumption of Salmonella-contaminated jalapeno peppers has been implicated in foodborne illness outbreaks. The vast majority of Salmonella Saintpaul recovered from inoculated jalapeno peppers (>90%) was from stem/calyx. Salmonella increased by 3 log units during storage at 68 degrees F (20 degrees C) for 48 h. Salmonella could survive for at least 8 wk on peppers stored at 4 degrees C. Immersion of inoculated peppers in 200 ppm of sodium hypochlorite, acidified sodium chlorite, or peroxyacetic acid for 10 min reduced Salmonella on stem/calyx by 1.5 to 1.7 log units, compared with reductions of 2.1 to 2.4 log units on flesh. These results highlight the need to consider the stem/calyx as the most likely area for contamination of jalapeno peppers, and to process this commodity accordingly to minimize exposure and cross-contaminations.
Excitation front propagation in a semiconductor induced by high intensity femtosecond laser pulses

We report on the excitation and propagation of an exciton density front inside a semiconductor that is characterized by high absorption and large optical nonlinearity. Femtosecond optical pulses are used for both the excitation of the density front and the probe of the front propagation. We analyze in detail the spectra of reflected probe pulses that carry information about the propagating density front due to partial internal reflection of light at the boundary between regions of high and low excitation density. Time resolved data show that the Doppler shift of the internal reflection is limited to the duration of the pump pulse indicating the highly transient character of the exciton front propagation.
Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography for quantifying headspace hexanal above freeze-dried chicken myofibrils.

A method using solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed and used to determine the oxidation of freeze-dried chicken myofibrils spiked with methyl linoleate. Freeze-dried chicken myofibrils were found to act as a significant reservoir for hexanal. Recovery of hexanal emissions from the headspace above spiked myofibrils was 95% using a 5 min sampling time, with a total analysis time of ∼12 min/sample. The SPME-GC/MS working linear response was from 0.01 to 10 mg hexanal/L (r 2 = 0.995). Freeze-dried chicken myofibrils with added methyl linoleate (0.6 mmol/g of protein) were stored at 50 °C at water activities of 0.30 and 0.75 for 0, 12, 27, and 50 h. Lipid oxidation was determined using SPME-GC/MS to measure headspace hexanal concentration, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay (TBARS) to quantify malonaldehyde, and a conjugated diene assay. Lipid oxidation was influenced by storage time and water activity. A strong correlation (...
A nickel tripeptide as a metallodithiolate ligand anchor for resin-bound organometallics.

The molecular structure of the acetyl CoA synthase enzyme has clarified the role of individual nickel atoms in the dinickel active site which mediates C−C and C−S coupling reactions. The NiN2S2 portion of the biocatalyst (N2S2 = a cysteine-glycine-cysteine or CGC4- tripeptide ligand) serves as an S-donor ligand comparable to classical bidentate ligands operative in organometallic chemistry, ligating the second nickel which is redox and catalytically active. Inspired by this biological catalyst, the synthesis of NiN2S2 metalloligands, including the solid-phase synthesis of resin-bound Ni(CGC)2-, and sulfur-based derivatization with W(CO)5 and Rh(CO)2+ have been carried out. Through comparison to analogous well-characterized, solution-phase complexes, Attenuated Total Reflectance FTIR spectroscopy establishes the presence of unique heterobimetallic complexes, of the form [Ni(CGC)]M(CO)x, both in solution and immobilized on resin beads. This work provides the initial step toward exploitation of such an evolu...
Comparison of technetium-99m sestamibi and thallium-201 retention characteristics in canine myocardium.

Abstract Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the myocardial retention of technetium-99m (Tc-99m) sestamibi and thallium-201 over a wide range of blood flow at different time points after tracer injection. Background. Technetium-99m sestamibi has been proposed as a new perfusion tracer with better physical characteristics than those of thallium-201 for scintigraphic imaging. However, no studies have simultaneously compared the ability of both tracers to assess myocardial blood flow during pharmacologic vasodilation. Methods. The myocardial retention of Tc-99m sestamibi and thallium-201 were compared over a wide range of blood flow induced by regional coronary occlusion and dipyridamole infusion in an open chest dog model. Myocardial retention of both tracers was determined by in vitro tissue counting at 2, 5 and 20 min after tracer injection and was correlated with microsphere-determined blood flow. Results. Thallium-201 demonstrated greater absolute tissue retention than did Tc-99m sestamibi. At 2 min after tracer injection, there was an almost linear relation between the retention of both tracers and myocardial blood flow over a wide flow range. However, this relation was not maintained over time. At 20 min after injection, the retention of both tracers underestimated myocardial blood flow at higher flow rates. At 2, 5 and 20 min after injection, increments of relative tracer retention between the different levels of flow were always greater for thallium-201 than for Tc-99m sestamibi. Conclusions. Thallium-201 displays more suitable physiologic characteristics as a flow tracer and may allow better differentiation of myocardial regions with different levels of coronary flow reserve. For both tracers, early cardiac imaging may minimize underestimation of blood flow at higher flow rates.
Chronic lingual papulosis: new, independent entity or "mature" form of transient lingual papillitis?

Objective Several acute, usually pediatric variants of edematous, symptomatic fungiform lingual papillitis have been reported since the 1990s, most notably transient lingual papillitis (TLP); but no chronic forms have been mentioned. Is there a chronic counterpart, akin to the older palatal examples of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia? The objective of this study was to clinicopathologically characterize a previously unreported entity with clustered, chronic fibrous papules (nonsyndromic) of the tongue. Methods Cases were collected from clinics in 2 dental schools. Results Five women and 4 men were identified with multiple, moderately firm, slightly pedunculated, normally colored masses clustered at the tip of the tongue (n = 4), covering the dorsal surface (n = 4) or on the lateral border (n = 1); 2 showed several erythematous or edematous papules (similar to TLP) admixed with fibrous papules. Patient ages ranged from 31 to 62 years (average 49) and all lesions had been present for many years. All lesions were asymptomatic except for the lateral border lesion, which presented with a burning sensation and mild tenderness (disappeared with antifungal medication). Five cases were associated with mouth breathing or a tongue-thrust habit; 4 were associated with geographic tongue or fissured tongue. Four papules were biopsied. All were composed of dense, avascular fibrous tissue with no or very few inflammatory cells; one showed focal mild neovascularity and edema. The lesion appeared to represent altered filiform papillae, more so than fungiform papillae. Conclusions Chronic lingual papulosis (CLP) is an innocuous entity represented by focal or diffuse enlargement of numerous lingual papillae, primarily the filiform papillae. It appears to usually have an adult onset and most likely represents papillary reaction to very low-grade, chronic irritation or desiccation. Some cases with childhood onset, however, seem to be variations of normal anatomy. No treatment or biopsy is required, but a number of systemic disorders and syndromes must be ruled out before applying the CLP diagnosis.
Alcohol Use Disorders and Depression: Protective Factors in the Development of Unique versus Comorbid Outcomes

Protective factors for young adult alcohol use disorders, depression, and comorbid alcohol use disorders and depression were examined. Participants were recruited from all fifth-grade students attending 18 Seattle elementary schools. Of the 1,053 students eligible, 808 (77%) agreed to participate. Youth were surveyed when they were 10 years-old in 1985 and followed to age 21 years years in 1996 (95% retention). Protective factors were measured at age 14 years years. Young adult disorders were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Alcohol refusal skills, academic skills, school and family bonding, parental rewards, school rewards, and family cohesion at age 14 years years were associated with decreased risk for comorbidity at age 21 years years.
An FSH-producing pituitary tumor in a patient with hypogonadism.

ABSTRACT A follicle-stimulating hormone-producing pituitary tumor was demonstrated in a 28-yr-old eunuchoid-appearing male who presented with bilateral hemianopsia, oligospermia and an enlarged sella turcica. A basal luteinizing hormone of 16.0 mIU/ml (2nd IRP-HMG) was normal, but FSH was persistently elevated, 33.0–64.0 mIU/ml (normal < 0.8–16.0 2nd IRP-HMG). Provocative testing of hypophyseal function revealed absent growth hormone and deficient thyrotropin and corticotropin release, while prolactin increased normally following thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and decreased appropriately after l-dopa administration. Plasma testosterone was low. Immunofluorescent staining of the resected chromophobe adenoma using an anti FSH-antiserum revealed uniform fluorescence of the tumor cells. In vitro organ culture of three fragments of this pituitary adenoma demonstrated (mean ± sem) FSH and LH release of 311.7 ± 29.0 mIU/24 hr and 25.6 ± 2.0 mIU/24 hr respectively. No immunoassayable GH or TSH was demonstrab...
Insect Enemies in the Natural Control of the Lodgepole Needle Miner

An arthropod complex—mainly parasitic insects—is associated with infestations of the lodgepole needle miner, Coleotechnites milleri (Busck), in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var murrayana , in Yosemite National Park, Calif. Evaluations of more than 5 host generations studied between 1954 and 1965 suggest that these parasites have low potential for natural control. Parasitism was disclosed in 2 phases among the 5 host larval instars: predominance of (1) culophids in all instars, and of (2) encyrtids in the 5th instar at pupation. The effectiveness of needle miner parasites may be impaired by a concurrent complex of insect hyperparasites.
Direct Detection of C4H2 Photochemical Products: Possible Routes to Complex Hydrocarbons in Planetary Atmospheres

The photochemistry of diacetylene (C4H2), the largest hydrocarbon to be unambiguously identified in planetary atmospheres, is of considerable importance to understanding the mechanisms by which complex molecules are formed in the solar system. In this work, the primary products of C4H2's ultraviolet photochemistry were determined in a two-laser pump-probe scheme in which the products of C4H2 photoexcitation are detected by vacuum ultraviolet photoionization in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Three larger hydrocarbon primary products were observed with good yield in the C4H2* + C4H2 reaction: C6H2, C812, and C8H3. Neither C6H2 nor C8H3 is anticipated by current photochemical models of the atmospheres of Titan, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and Triton. The free hydrogen atoms that are released during the formation of the C8H3 and C8H2 products also may partially offset the role of C4H2 in catalysing the recombination of free hydrogen atoms in the planetary atmospheres.