cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus-mediated sp2-sp3 couplings for C-H fluoroalkylation of azines.

Fluoroalkyl groups profoundly affect the physical properties of pharmaceuticals and influence almost all metrics associated with their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile1–4. Drug candidates increasingly contain trifluoromethyl (CF3) and difluoromethyl (CF2H) groups, and the same trend in agrochemical development shows that the effect of fluoroalkylation translates across human, insect and plant life5,6. New fluoroalkylation reactions have undoubtedly stimulated this shift; however, methods that directly convert C–H bonds into C–CF2X groups (where X is F or H) in complex drug-like molecules are rare7–13. Pyridines are the most common aromatic heterocycles in pharmaceuticals14, but only one approach—via fluoroalkyl radicals—is viable for achieving pyridyl C–H fluoroalkylation in the elaborate structures encountered during drug development15–17. Here we develop a set of bench-stable fluoroalkylphosphines that directly convert the C–H bonds in pyridine building blocks, drug-like fragments and pharmaceuticals into fluoroalkyl derivatives. No preinstalled functional groups or directing groups are required. The reaction tolerates a variety of sterically and electronically distinct pyridines, and is exclusively selective for the 4-position in most cases. The reaction proceeds through initial formation of phosphonium salts followed by sp2–sp3 coupling of phosphorus ligands—an underdeveloped manifold for forming C–C bonds. Bench-stable fluoroalkylphosphine reagents are used to form C–CF2X bonds in a one-pot process, reliably fluoroalkylating pyridine building blocks and drug and agrochemical intermediates.
Gigapixel Macro Photography of Tree Rings

High quality specimen digitization is becoming standard across the sciences, is relevant for curation of natural history collections, and must become a priority for dendrochronology. This paper overviews the enduring role of imaging in dendrochronology, summarizes the potential relevance of gigapixel macro photography of polished specimens, offers a long-term review of a commercial imaging system, and reports our progress imaging entire collections of specimens at ultra-high resolution. Our gigapixel images of polished specimens have proven effective for digital analyses, archiving, and education, and we believe macro photography may prove a lower cost and more broadly accessible digitization alternative to microtomy and X-rays. We advocate for gigapixel macro photography as one accessible and adaptable paradigm to elevate reflected light imaging standards in dendrochronology.
Optimizing Build Orientation for Support Removal using Multi-Axis Machining

Abstract Parts fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) are often fabricated first as a near-net shape, a combination of intended nominal geometry and sacrificial support structures, which need to be removed in a subsequent post-processing stage using subtractive manufacturing (SM). In this paper, we present a framework for optimizing the build orientation with respect to removability of support structures. In particular, given a general multi-axis machining setup and sampled build orientations, we define a Pareto-optimality criterion based on the total support volume and the “secluded” support volume defined as the support volume that is not accessible by a given set of machining tools. Since total support volume mainly depends on the build orientation and the secluded volume is dictated by the machining setup, in many cases the two objectives are competing and their trade-off needs to be taken into account. The accessibility analysis relies on the inaccessibility measure field (IMF), which is a continuous field in the Euclidean space that quantifies the inaccessibility of each point given a collection of tools and fixturing devices. The value of IMF at each point indicates the minimum possible volumetric collision between objects in relative motion including the part, fixtures, and the tools, over all possible tool orientations and sharp points on the tool. We also propose an automated support removal planning algorithm based on IMF, where a sequence of actions are provided in terms of the fixturing devices, cutting tools, and tool orientation at each step. In our approach, each step is chosen based on the maximal removable volume to iteratively remove accessible supports. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through benchmark examples in 2D and realistic examples in 3D.
Supportive Care Needs: Perspectives of Cancer Patients and Healthcare Providers

This descriptive qualitative study was conducted to understand supportive care needs from the perspectives of cancer patients and their healthcare providers (HCPs). Data collected from a purposive ...
A 16-Year-Old Male With Frequent Nocturnal Events During Slow Wave Sleep on a Polysomnogram.

A 16-year-old male was referred by the primary care physician (PCP) for a second opinion. An initial evaluation in another sleep center suggested a working diagnosis of night terrors for the last two years. The child would wake up frequently screaming for few minutes before going back to sleep with no recollection of these events later. A video during the polysomnography (PSG) showed the patient having one of his typical events. He was eventually diagnosed with Sleep-related Hypermotor Epilepsy (SHE) seizures. This case highlights the importance of differentiating parasomnia and seizures, particularly for the sleep medicine providers that incorporate providers from different academic backgrounds. We will discuss the clinical challenges to make the distinction for the referring providers and demonstrate the importance of video-PSG to establish the diagnosis.
Real to Reel: Truth and Trickery in Courtroom Movies

This book is about courtroom movies. These films are eternally popular with filmmakers and audiences because they combine great storytelling with lots of conflict and suspense. We never know whether the jury will send the defendants to the chair or allow them to walk out the courtroom door to freedom. Courtroom films often wrestle with the eternal conflicts between law and justice and between truth and falsehood. Often courtroom movies delve deeply into hot button issues like the death penalty, inter-racial adoption, discrimination based on race or gender, political protest, or military justice. The book reviews almost 200 courtroom movies, going back to the early 1930s and continuing to the present. It can serve as a video guide to help you discover trial films you haven’t seen and rediscover the ones you have. To help you make your selection, the book assigns gavel ratings to each film, with four gavels reserved for the classics. But the book is much more than a video guide. It’s intended to answer the questions that viewers might ask after they see the film. If the film is based on a true story, how closely does it follow the historical facts? What is hearsay evidence, manslaughter, libel, community property or a peremptory challenge? Can lawyers really pull off dramatic courtroom stunts?
In Reply to the Learned

Liberal education may be highly valued for its humanizing effect, its social value, and its place as a school for wisdom. Each of these reasons for prizing liberal education are discussed in light of distinctions between education as a task and education as an achievement, epistemically slight thought and epistemically robust thought, inherent value and instrumental value as types of extrinsic value, and the historical notion and commencement speaker's notion of liberal education. Consideration is given to the roles of the arts and sciences in liberal education and the limits of philosophy in a school for wisdom.
A Thousand Tev in the Center of Mass: Introduction to High Energy Storage Rings

These lectures must begin with an apology. Normally at schools such as this, one expects the lecturer to be an acknowledged expert on the subject matter he is discussing. Here this is not the case. Design of high energy proton storage rings is not exactly my forte. Why am I doing this? There are several reasons, short of mental illness.*
Portable parallelized blowfish via RenderScript

The recent rise in the popularity of mobile computing has brought the attention of mobile security to the forefront. As users depend more on tablets and smartphones, sensitive data is left to be secured using devices with vastly weaker resources than a typical computer. As mobile technology matures, the industry is starting to provide devices with multiple CPU cores in addition to other coprocessors such as GPUs. By using RenderScript, a new language technology on the Android platform, we hope to utilize the power of parallelism to increase the efficiency of the Blowfish encryption algorithm, while at the same time leveraging the power of RenderScript's heterogenous execution to cope with the quickly changing mobile architectures in order to make the use of data encryption more feasible on a mobile platform. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of RenderScript.
Predictors of Long-Term Survival Following Transvenous Extraction of Defibrillator Leads.

Background Little data exist on long-term outcomes following extraction of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) leads, particularly for noninfectious indications. We sought to identify predictors of long-term survival after ICD lead extraction. Methods We retrospectively reviewed ICD lead extractions at our institution (n = 508). Procedural outcomes and long-term survival were ascertained by medical records review. Results Indication for lead extraction was infection in 32.5% and lead failure in 61.8%. Mean dwell time of the oldest extracted lead was 5.1 ± 5.9 years. Complete procedural success was achieved in 96.5% of cases. Major procedure-related complications occurred in 1.6% with six periprocedural deaths. During a mean follow-up of 866 ± 798 days, survival was significantly worse among patients with infection as the indication for extraction. At 1 year after extraction, survival among those with infection was 88.2%, compared to 95.0% in the lead failure cohort (P < 0.001). Procedural failure was a significant predictor of long-term mortality, even after excluding periprocedural deaths. In multivariate models, the presence of chronic kidney disease, increased number of leads requiring extraction, lower ejection fraction, and procedural failure were predictors of mortality. Conclusion Despite high rates of procedural success, infectious indication for ICD lead extraction is associated with increased long-term mortality. In contrast, among patients undergoing extraction for lead failure, long-term survival was excellent. The presence of procedural failure was a significant predictor of long-term mortality. Further studies will be necessary to better understand the mechanisms by which procedural failure may adversely impact long-term outcomes.
Knowledge and Power in the Sciences

In the fall of 1947, J. Robert Oppenheimer, the man who directed the United States project that made the atomic bomb, delivered the Arthur D. Little Memorial Lecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In the course of that lecture, he said: Despite the vision and far-seeing wisdom of our wartime heads of state, the physicists felt a peculiarly intimate responsibility for suggesting, for supporting, and in the end in large measure for achieving the realization of atomic weapons. Nor can we forget that these weapons, as they were in fact used, dramatized so mercilessly the inhumanity and evil of modern war. In some sort of crude sense which no vulgarity, no humor, no overstatement can quite extinguish, the physicists have known sin, and this is a knowledge which they cannot lose. Physicists have known sin. Sin came to them, in Oppenheimer’s view, through power, the power that science had gained and used.
Alice Walker's The Color Purple

Alice Walker's The Color Purple (1982) is the work that has made a writer who has published consistently good writing over the past decade and a half into something resembling a national treasure. Earlier works, like her collection of short stories, In Love and Trouble (1973), and her poems, collected under the title Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems (1973), have won awards.' And there are other novels, short stories, poems, and essays that have attracted critical attention. But with The Color Purple, which won both the American Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize, Alice Walker has made it onto everyone's reading list, bringing into our consciousness with clarity and power the long-submerged voice of a black woman raised southern and poor. Although Celie, the novel's principal narrator/character, speaks initially from a deeply regional and isolated perspective, both she and the novel ultimately achieve a vision which escapes the limitations of time and space. The Color Purple is a novel that explores the process by which one discovers one's essential value, and learns to claim one's own birthright. It is about the magical recovery of truth that a world caught in lies has all but obscured.
Preparation of polyacrylamide latexes by concentrated emulsion polymerization

Polymerisation en dispersion dans le decane, la reaction demande moins de solvant organique pour obtenir le latex
The Formal Verification of an Algorithm for Interactive Consistency under a Hybrid Fault Model

Modern verification systems such as PVS are now reaching the stage of development where the formal verification of critical algorithms is feasible with reasonable effort. This paper describes one such verification in the field of fault tolerance. The distribution of single-source data to replicated computing channels (Interactive Consistency or Byzantine Agreement) is a central problem in this field. The classic Oral Messages (OM) algorithm solves this problem under the assumption that all channels are either nonfaulty or arbitrary (Byzantine) faulty. Thambidurai and Park have introduced a “hybrid” fault model that distinguishes additional fault modes, along with a modified version of OM. They gave an informal proof that their algorithm withstands the same number of arbitrary faults, but more “nonmalicious” faults than OM. We detected a flaw in this algorithm while undertaking its formal verification using PVS. The discipline of mechanically-checked formal verification helped us to develop a corrected version of the algorithm. Here we describe the formal specification and verification of this new algorithm. We argue that formal verification systems such as PVS are now sufficiently effective that their application to critical fault-tolerance algorithms should be considered routine.
Chapter 34 Synaptic modulation by neurotrophic factors

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the recent results on synaptic modulation by neurotrophic factors and discusses their physiological implications. Several recent studies have indeed shown rapid synaptic modulation by a number of neurotrophic factors, including neurotrophins—a family of factors related to nerve growth factors (NGF)—as well as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)—a factor in the cytokine family known to promote the survival of a variety of neuronal populations. The effects of neurotrophins on synaptic currents can be accounted for by presynaptic actions of the factors—namely, a potentiation of transmitter secretion, either in the availability of transmitter containing vesicles or in the probability of vesicular exocytosis. The potential role of neurotrophins in regulating the maturation of synaptic functions is also addressed in cell culture. An important issue that remains to be addressed is the biological relevance of the synaptic modulation by neurotrophic factors observed in various in vitro preparations.
Controlled activation for interrogation of the electrophysiological substrate

Ectopic activation and conduction may give rise to arrhythmias when a diseased myocardial substrate exists. Electrophysiological mapping studies that record electrical properties of the heart in sinus rhythm may fail to uncover pro-arrhythmic substrates that are triggered by ectopy. In this study we use simulation and experimental models of clinical, trackable, loop catheters to interrogate regions of myocardium by stimulating and recording with multiple activation patterns. Longitudinal and traverse conduction velocities of the tissue were acquired from the pacing protocol. Artifacts resulting from variable distance between the recording electrodes and pacing site were also detected and removed. This study demonstrates that the mapping of local tissue properties with variable activation patterns is feasible and can expose features of the electrophysiological substrate that can not be recovered during sinus conduction.
Batch Fabrication of Transfer-Free Graphene-Coated Microcantilevers

This letter reports a method for transfer-free graphene growth and its application to batch fabrication of graphene-coated microcantilevers. Transfer-free graphene was synthesized directly on insulating substrates from solid carbon sources of poly(methyl methacrylate) or amorphous carbon. The graphene thickness and quality were controlled by optimizing the amount of solid carbon source, annealing temperature, and growth time. This synthesis method was then used to fabricate more than 100 graphene-coated cantilevers on a silicon substrate of size 2 cm × 2.5 cm. More than 90% of the cantilever surface was coated with high-quality multilayer graphene, and the overall device yield was ~75%.
Racial differences in dimensions of neighborhood satisfaction

In our research we seek to determine whether black/white differences in neighborhood satisfaction, as reported in the literature, result from racial differences in satisfaction with specific dimensions of neighborhood characteristics. We find that there are racial differences in satisfaction with two dimensions of neighborhood characteristics but not in a third. These racial differences do not, however, translate into a racial difference in overall neighborhood satisfaction because the two dimensions of satisfaction related to race have no effect on overall neighborhood satisfaction while the dimension which is unrelated to race has a strong effect on it. The implications of these findings for urban policy and future research are discussed.
SU-E-J-23: An Accurate Algorithm to Match Imperfectly Matched Images for Lung Tumor Detection Without Markers

Purpose: In order to locate lung tumors on projection images without internal markers, digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) is created and compared with projection images. Since lung tumors always move and their locations change on projection images while they are static on DRRs, a special DRR (background DRR) is generated based on modified anatomy from which lung tumors are removed. In addition, global discrepancies exist between DRRs and projections due to their different image originations, scattering, and noises. This adversely affects comparison accuracy. A simple but efficient comparison algorithm is reported. Methods: This method divides global images into a matrix of small tiles and similarities will be evaluated by calculating normalized cross correlation (NCC) between corresponding tiles on projections and DRRs. The tile configuration (tile locations) will be automatically optimized to keep the tumor within a single tile which has bad matching with the corresponding DRR tile. A pixel based linear transformation will be determined by linear interpolations of tile transformation results obtained during tile matching. The DRR will be transformed to the projection image level and subtracted from it. The resulting subtracted image now contains only the tumor. A DRR of the tumor is registered to the subtracted image tomore » locate the tumor. Results: This method has been successfully applied to kV fluoro images (about 1000 images) acquired on a Vero (Brainlab) for dynamic tumor tracking on phantom studies. Radiation opaque markers are implanted and used as ground truth for tumor positions. Although, other organs and bony structures introduce strong signals superimposed on tumors at some angles, this method accurately locates tumors on every projection over 12 gantry angles. The maximum error is less than 2.6 mm while the total average error is 1.0 mm. Conclusion: This algorithm is capable of detecting tumor without markers despite strong background signals.« less
An Ultrastructural Study of the Episporontal Inclusions Produced during Octosporogony by Five Species/Isolates of Vairimorpha (Microspora: Microsporida)

Abstract Two described species of Vairimorpha , Vairimorpha plodiae and Vairimorpha heterosporum , and three undescribed isolates from the lepidopteran species Heliothis armigera, Utethesia bella, and Alabama argillacea , respectively Ha, Ub, and 78-5, were studied by electron microscopy with emphasis on episporontal inclusions. Early secretory products appeared as small electron-dense, amorphous masses which usually became vesiculated or vacuolated in appearance. More significant differences were noted in the appearance of the late-stage lamellae formed by each isolate. In V. plodiae the lamellae exhibited a whorled or fingerprint configuration, while in V. heterosporum the lamellae were thickened and hinged in appearance being somewhat similar to those produced by isolate 78-5. The lamellae of isolate Ha were thin and organized in a regularly layered manner, while those of isolate Ub occurred as randomly oriented, curved structures coated on one or both surfaces with a less dense layer of material. Episporontal tubules were also produced by each isolate, generally adjacent to the sporont plasmalemma. Although the tubules of each isolate were similar in appearance and were coated with exospore material during sporoblast formation, the coated tubules for isolates Ha and Ub were found to be polygonal in cross section. As spores matured, these episporontal inclusions gradually disappeared. A discussion is presented of the potential value of such episporontal inclusions as taxonomic criteria at the species level.
Crystallite size effects in the low-temperature oxidation of ammonia over supported platinum

Abstract The effect of crystallite size on the specific catalytic activity of supported platinum catalysts in ammonia oxidation with molecular oxygen was determined. Rates of ammonia oxidation were measured in a differential, fixed bed, flow reactor between 393 and 473 °K, and catalysts containing average crystallite sizes of 2.0, 2.7 and 15.5 nm (1 nm = 10 A) were used. Nitrogen and nitrous oxide were the only nitrogen-containing products with about four times as much nitrogen as nitrous oxide. The initial specific catalytic activity of the large crystallite catalyst was higher than the 2.0 and 2.7 nm catalyst by factors of 5.7 and 3.7, respectively. All catalysts showed a marked decline in activity in the first 6 hr of operation with steady-state activity being reached in about 12 hr. Smaller crystallites were more severely deactivated so that the resultant steady-state specific activity of the large crystallite catalyst was greater by factors of 14 and 8. Both the specific catalytic activity and the selectivity, also a function of crystallite size, are explained in terms of the changes in average surface concentration of active oxygen with changes in crystallite size. The reaction rate data are best represented by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood model involving dissociative adsorption of both reactants.
Evaluating the relationship between natural resource management and agriculture using embodied energy and eco-exergy analyses: A comparative study of nine countries

Abstract By shifting from animate labor to ever-increasing fossil fuel and other supplement energy subsidies, energy use in human food supply systems continues to increase. As agriculture is the fundamental manner in which humans interact with the environment, it is especially important to understand the relationships between humans, energy, and food. Many researchers evaluate the material and energy resources involved in the food production chain. Energy return on energy investment (EROI) analyses have been particularly useful in assessing the quantity of energy dissipated versus the energy eventually acquired, thus helping to evaluate the overall efficiency of human food systems (i.e., energy invested versus dietary Calories harvested). A complimentary measure, eco-exergy, has been used to evaluate the quality of energies dissipated and generated in ecosystems. To deepen our insight into the dynamic between humans and their food system, we combine these two measures for a food production analysis. Focusing on meat production, adjusted EROI and eco-exergy ratios are used to evaluate both the quantity and quality of energy accumulated and dissipated in nine country's agricultural processes. Each country's food production indicators are then compared with more established methods of sustainability measurement including ecological footprint and biocapacity. The results reveal a significant, highly correlated relationship between these food production indicators and each country's ecological footprint (resources being consumed) while also showing no correlation to their respective biocapacity (resources actually available), thus quantifying a food production disconnect from the local ecosystem. Using these new metrics, we evaluate which changes in each country's food system could result in more environmentally balanced practices, and also how these changes can be realized.
Role of endogenous CCK in the inhibition of gastric emptying by peptone and Intralipid in rats

To assess the role of endogenous cholecystokinin in the control of gastric emptying of peptone solutions and Intralipid suspensions, we examined the ability of a dose range of the CCK-A antagonist, devazepide to accelerate the gastric emptying of various caloric concentrations of peptone and Intralipid in rats. In the absence of devazepide, both peptone and Intralipid emptying slowed with increasing concentration. Devazepide's effect on peptone gastric emptying diminished with increasing peptone concentration. The threshold dose for accelerating the emptying of 0.2 kcal/ml peptone was lower than the threshold dose for affecting 0.5 kcal/ml peptone and devazepide had no effect on the gastric emptying of 1.0 kcal/ml peptone. In contrast, devazepide affected Intralipid gastric emptying at all three Intralipid concentrations and the threshold dose decreased with increasing Intralipid concentration. However, the magnitude of the effect of devazepide on peptone or Intralipid gastric emptying was partial and did not increase as a function of concentration. These data demonstrate a role for endogenous CCK in the emptying of peptone and Intralipid but suggest that endogenous CCK does not account for the increased slowing of gastric emptying evident with increased caloric concentration.
Preventive psychiatry on the college campus

American colleges lose half their students in the four years after matriculation. This high attrition rate with its waste of brainpower and cost in human well-being suggests that our institutions of higher education are not very conducive to optimal development of students. Especially those who begin the race for the diploma from the lower end of the socioeconomic spectrum are disadvantaged from the start. Recently, attention has been focused across the nation on the failures of the educational process at lower levels. However, the negative consequences ofcollege failure or dropout for individuals and for society are no less than the consequences of dropout from the secondary schools.
Literacy and Numeracy Skills and Education Sector Reform: Evidence from Ghana.

Several African countries instituted education reforms in the 1980s and 1990s. Yet, there is only little evidence on the effectiveness of these programs. Additionally, most previous studies of the determinants of literacy and numeracy have considered the proficiency in only one language and, possibly, numeracy. This paper examines both of these issues for the case of Ghana, analyzing the trends in and determinants of four different literacy skills and numeracy. A comparison of outcomes before and after the 1987 Education Sector Reform indicates that literacy and numeracy skills levels increased following the Reform, and more so for English literacy skills than for Ghanaian literacy skills, thus confirming prior expectations. The results from linear probability models of literacy and numeracy outcomes indicate that, consistent with the objective of the Reform, the productivity of primary education in terms of literacy and numeracy increased, while the productivity of other levels of education remained cons...
Correlations and apparent contradictions in assessment of oxidant stress status in vivo.

Abstract Oxidative modifications of biological molecules are essential, but uncontrolled or excessive oxidate activities appear to contribute to many disease states. The mechanisms through which excess oxidant activities cause injury have been studied most extensively for acute responses, particularly for drug-induced tissue damage and cell death, but substantial evidence suggests that chronically elevated oxidative activity may contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer. It is important that the correlation between oxidant stress status and cancer risk be examined directly in humans. A number of methods have been developed for assessing oxidant activities by measuring oxidized products in biological systems, but cross-comparison studies of these different methods are needed. In studies of mechanisms of acute hepatotocity, assessments of oxidant stress responses by different analytical methods often have provided data that appear at first glance to be contradictory. Marked oxidant stress responses may be indicated by one or more methods of analysis despite the lact of detectable change in other parameters, whereas in a second experimental model the responses may be reversed. These observations emphasize the need to integrate different analytical approaches into the assessment of oxidant activity in vivo and illustrate the importance for developing a better understanding of the chemical and physiological mechanisms through which the analytical methodologies are related.
Neural regulation of sex-pheromone glands in Lepidoptera

Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the neuroendocrine regulation of sex-pheromone glands in Lepidoptera, but several recent studies have revealed that direct contact of the pheromone gland with blood-borne factors is not necessary to induce pheromone biosynthesis and release in some species. The nervous system provides an alternate route of activation. Evidence from several species indicates that the pheromone gland is innervated and regulated by neural activity. Electrical stimulation of efferent axons arising from the terminal abdominal ganglion results in a significant increase in pheromone production, and neural stimulation furthermore evokes the rapid release of pheromone into the surrounding air. In some heliothine moths, the biogenic monoamine octopamine stimulates pheromone production, and octopamine has also been isolated from pheromone gland tissue. Moreover, the critical period for maximal octopamine action mirrors the time when peak levels of octopamine are present in the gland. These findings suggest that octopamine is involved in the regulation of pheromone biosynthesis and/or release, but its actions depend on additional factors associated with age and photoperiod. The combined evidence using anatomical, electrophysiological, and biochemical methods indicates that the pheromone gland is innervated and regulated by neurons that arise in the terminal abdominal ganglion. Indirect evidence suggests that at least some of this innervation is octopaminergic. In these respects, the pheromone gland in Lepidoptera exhibits characteristics of other neuroeffector systems in insects.
The synthesis and cationic polymerization behavior of ambifunctional monomers

The synthesis of a novel series of ambifunctional monomers containing cationically polymerizable vinyl and 1-propenyl ether or 1-butenyl ether groups in the same molecule has been carried out. Studies of the onium salt-induced photopolymerizations of these monomers indicate that both functional groups are highly reactive and that they undergo extensive copolymerization.
Tests of stability for variances and means of overnight/intraday returns during bull and bear markets☆

Abstract This paper examines the behavior of overnight and intraday returns during (and across) bull and bear markets. Robust tests, new to the finance literature, are performed to examine the stability of both variability of returns and mean returns over time Comparing bull and bear markets, intraday returns are significantly more volatile during bear markets, but no statistical difference in overnight returns is found. Variability of returns is significantly greater intraday than overnight during both bull and bear markets. Differences in mean returns between bull and bear markets are shown to occur primarily intraday rather than overnight. Implications for future studies of trading phenomena and return generating processes are presented.
The preparation and properties of cobalt-doped II–VI chalcogenides

Samples of cobalt-doped ZnS, ZnSe, CdS, and CdSe were prepared by the direct combination of the elements. The limit of solubility of cobalt in these systems was established. Magnetic measurements indicate that the antiferromagnetic interactions of the cobalt in the zinc systems were greater than those observed in the cadmium chalcogenides. Single crystals of cobalt-doped zinc chalcogenides were grown by chemical vapor transport. Their IR transmission was measured and the cobalt concentration for maximum hardness was determined.
Wear mechanisms for ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in the total hip prosthesis

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene is now extensively used in total joint replacements, and there is ample clinical evidence that this material wears at a significant rate in such applications. Six commercially available total hip replacements were subjected to an accurate simulation of clinical mechanical and chemical conditions, and the wear behavior of the polyethylene components was analyzed by friction coefficient measurements and scanning electron micrography of the wear surfaces. The results indicate that all of the proposed wear mechanisms excepting adhesive and abrasive wear may be eliminated. It is highly likely that abrasion fatigue and related phenomena are central to the wear process in many prostheses, but the wear process may be ultimately determined in many cases by the type of defects present in the manufactured material.
Characterization of Covalent Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes

The characterization of chemically modified carbon nanotubes has been achieved using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Amino-functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT−NH2) were reacted with a 13C terephthalic acid. Covalent attachment of the acid to the nanotubes is confirmed by 13C NMR and 2D NMR through the presence of amide grouping resonances.
Drosophila Ebony Activity Is Required in Glia for the Circadian Regulation of Locomotor Activity

Previous studies suggest that glia may be required for normal circadian behavior, but glial factors required for rhythmicity have not been identified in any system. We show here that a circadian rhythm in Drosophila Ebony (N-beta-alanyl-biogenic amine synthetase) abundance can be visualized in adult glia and that glial expression of Ebony rescues the altered circadian behavior of ebony mutants. We demonstrate that molecular oscillator function and clock neuron output are normal in ebony mutants, verifying a role for Ebony downstream of the clock. Surprisingly, the ebony oscillation persists in flies lacking PDF neuropeptide, indicating it is regulated by an autonomous glial oscillator or another neuronal factor. The proximity of Ebony-containing glia to aminergic neurons and genetic interaction results suggest a function in dopaminergic signaling. We thus suggest a model for ebony function wherein Ebony glia participate in the clock control of dopaminergic function and the orchestration of circadian activity rhythms.
Can information promote transportation-friendly location decisions? A simulation experiment

Where people live, work, shop, and recreate fundamentally determines their local travel options. Yet, information problems such as the cost of conducting comprehensive searches and cognitive load have been shown to limit decision-making. In the context of residential decision-making, information problems are likely to influence which locations get chosen. This study examines whether providing people seeking a rental home with map-based information about the transit and pedestrian accessibility of the available units might influence their residential location choices. More specifically, would some people make use of this information to select more accessible residences than they would have otherwise chosen? This proposition was tested through an experimental research design in a laboratory setting. Graduate student participants were asked to select their top choices of where to live after reviewing a database of residential properties custom-designed for this study. In order to assess the influence of accessibility information, we divided participants randomly into control and experimental groups, with the former receiving baseline information currently available and the latter receiving map-based supplemental property information on multi-modal accessibility to desirable destinations. The study results suggest that providing multi-modal accessibility information to people who are relocating will enhance the attractiveness of locations that support multiple travel modes. If this is true for broader populations, then planners and policy makers may be able to increase use of non-auto modes by providing multi-modal transportation information to people at the time when they are looking for a new residence.
Peptidic α-Ketocarboxylic Acids and Sulfonamides as Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases

One common approach for designing protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) inhibitors is to incorporate a nonhydrolyzable phosphotyrosine (pTyr) mimic into a peptide substrate for PTPases. This report describes the synthesis of three such nonhydrolyzable pTyr mimics that contain α-ketoacid, α-hydroxyacid, and methylenesulfonamide functional groups in place of the phosphate. These pTyr mimics were incorporated into the peptide sequence Ac-Asp-Ala-Asp-Glu-X-Leu-NH2, where X is the pTyr mimic, and analyzed for activity against the Yersinia PTPase and PTP1B.
The role of a reaction center in photochemical activities of bacterial chromatophores

Abstract Strain PM-8 of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides is unable to grow photosynthetically even though it generates a normal complement of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids when grown aerobically in the dark. This mutant strain fails to show any of the light reactions, observable in the photosynthetically competent parent strain, that signal the operation of photochemical reaction centers. These light-induced effects include absorbancy changes, fluorescence transients, and an electron-spin-resonance signal. The pigment P870 is missing in strain PM-8. Bacterial chromatophores have been observed to catalyze a variety of photochemical electron-transfer reactions involving externally added substances such as cytochrome and quinones. Chromatophores from strain PM-8 prove to be inert or extremely inefficient in catalyzing the following reactions: (I) oxidation of reduced tetramethylphenylenediamine or of mammalian cytochrome c coupled with reduction of an endogenous substance; (2) oxidationi of reduced phenazine methosulfate or cytochrome c coupled with reduction of the ubiquinones UQ2 and UQ6. The same reactions are catalyzed efficiently (with quantum requirements of the order of 1–3 quanta per electron transfer) by chromatophores from photosynthetically competent strains of R. spheroides, even when the major bacteriochlorophyll component of the chromatographores has been converted to bacteriopheophytin.
Dwiroopa, a coelomycetous genus with two species

The coelomycete Dwiroopa was determined to be the correct genus for Harknessia lythri, and a new combination is made for this species. The type species of Dwiroopa, D. ramya, is redescribed and illustrated based on the type specimen for which a lectotype is designated. A key to the two species of Dwiroopa is presented along with a discussion of their similarities and differences. The genus Dwiroopa is distinguished from Harknessia by conidial characteristics. In Dwiroopa the macroconidia have widely spaced, longitudinal slits around the conidia and lack a basal appendage, whereas in Harknessia the macroconidia are smooth or have closely spaced, longitudinal slits on only one side of the conidia and often have a true basal appendage. Both Dwiroopa and Harknessia are included in the Diaporthales.
The effects of alternative price promotional methods on consumers’ product evaluations and purchase intentions

This research examines the effects of bundling format (partially‐bundled attributes vs. unbundled attributes) and framing of promotional discounts (rebate, discount and free‐options) on perceived quality, price acceptability, perceived value and subsequent purchase intentions. The results indicate that price reductions that are framed as providing “free” product options are perceived more favorably than conventional discounts which, in turn, are more favorable than rebates, holding the total amount of a price reduction constant. The results also suggest that unbundling of deals (or segregation of gains) enhances these perceptions.
Calorie restriction increases cigarette use in adult smokers

Cigarette smokers weigh less than nonsmokers, and smokers often gain weight when they quit. This is a major barrier to smoking cessation, especially among women. However, strict dieting is not recommended during smoking cessation out of concern that it might promote relapse. This concern derives, in part, from the observation that calorie restriction increases self-administration of drugs of abuse in animals. This relationship has never been experimentally demonstrated in humans. To evaluate whether calorie restriction increases cigarette smoking in humans. Seventeen (nine males, eight females) healthy, normal-weight smokers not attempting to quit were cycled in partially counterbalanced order, double-blind, through four diets—normal calorie (2,000–2,800 kcal/day), low calorie (700 kcal/day deficit), low-carbohydrate (CHO)/normal-calorie, and low-CHO/low-calorie—for 6 days per diet in an inpatient research ward. Smoking was assessed by cigarette counts, breath carbon monoxide (CO) levels, and cigarette craving. Compared with the normal-calorie diet, while on the low-calorie diet, subjects smoked 8% more cigarettes (P<0.02) and had 11% higher breath CO levels (P<0.01). The low-CHO/normal-calorie diet showed no significant effect on either variable, but there was a 15% increase in breath CO levels (P<0.05) on the low-CHO/low-calorie diet. There were no changes in self-reported cigarette craving or mood. Consistent with animal studies, moderate calorie restriction was associated with a small but statistically significant increase in cigarette smoking, with no independent effect of CHO deprivation. These findings suggest that dieting may increase smoking behavior and could impede smoking-cessation attempts.
Human Water Needs and Water Use in America: A permanent water shortage affecting our standard of living will occur before the year 2000.

The minimum amount of water necessary to sustain human life is calculated. The water needed to produce a pound of meat is 25 times the amount needed to produce a pound of vegetables or grain. The amount of water now being used to sustain the American standard of living is computed. The number of people the American land could feed if all the rainfall in the country were totally utilized is calculated. It is estimated that the country could accomodate 50 million more people bringing the total population to 230 million before there would be any decrease in the present standard of living. This figure will have been reached by the year 2000.
Grandma's hands: parental perceptions of the importance of grandparents as secondary caregivers in families of children with disabilities

This study examines parental perceptions of the importance of grandparents as providers of routine care to children with disabilities and the impact of such assistance on parental well-being. Data are drawn from a survey and follow-up interactive interviews. Findings of the survey indicate that: 1) grandparents are a common source of weekly assistance-significantly more common than other relatives or friends and neighbors; 2) where grandparents participate, the number of other sources of support is also higher; and 3) help from grandparents has a positive, while the number of other sources of help has a negative, relationship to parental ability to maintain a positive emotional outlook and to avoid physical exhaustion. Findings of the interactive interviews suggest that: 1) grandparent participation can promote pride and "normalized attitudes" by helping grandparents to get to know the child with a disability on an intimate basis; 2) when grandparents do not participate, parents may feel the need to manage the information given to and the emotional responses experienced by grandparents who have not had a chance to get know and love the child through frequent, direct contact; and 3) parents are very concerned that if grandparents themselves begin to need help due to increased age and disability, they will not ask for it because of fear that parents are already overburdened by the unusual demands of their parenting roles.
Role of perfusion imaging in differentiating multifocal vasospasm-related ischemia versus thromboembolic stroke in a setting of cocaine abuse.

Cerebrovascular complications related to cocaine abuse are reaching epidemic proportions. Contemporary treatments for acute stroke have made it essential to gather all possible diagnostic information before proceeding with intervention. We describe a cocaine abuser who presented with acute right sided neurological deficits and deteriorating mental status. An MRI demonstrated right sided acute and chronic infarcts in the border zones of the right anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) and middle cerebral arteries (MCAs). Subsequent CT angiography (CTA)/CT perfusion (CTP) identified multifocal cerebral vasospasm of the bilateral ACAs and MCAs, preserved cerebral blood volume (CBV) and decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in bilateral frontoparietal regions. Early diagnosis of multifocal vasospasm related ischemia directed appropriate therapy and excluded thrombolytic intervention. After 3 weeks, patient’s presenting symptoms gradually resolved. We report a unique case of cocaine induced multifocal vasospasm exhibiting late (>3 weeks) reversibility of focal neurological deficits. Furthermore, we illustrate the benefits of CTA/CTP imaging in the setting of cocaine abuse, differentiating multifocal vasospasm induced hypoperfusion/ischemia from focal thromboembolic ischemia/infarct and allowing for appropriate medical management in the crucial hyperacute setting.