cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct spectroscopic observation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine radicals in double-stranded DNA generated by one-electron oxidation at a distance by 2-aminopurine radicals

Oligonucleotide duplexes (15-mers) containing 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2‘-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and the base analogue 2-aminopurine (2AP) separated from one another by zero, two, or four thymidine residues on the same strand, were synthesized. Selective two-photon excitation of 2AP with intense 308 nm XeCl excimer laser pulses (fwhm = 12 ns, ∼80 mJ pulse-1 cm-2) gives rise to 2AP radical cations that, in turn, oxidize 8-oxo-dG at a distance. Transient absorption techniques allowed for the direct monitoring of the oxidant and product radical intermediates as a function of time on the 100 ns−1 ms time scale and revealed the existence of two-component oxidation kinetics. The evolution in time of the rapid component (<100 ns), attributed to the oxidation of 8-oxo-dG by the radical cation 2AP•+, was not resolved. However, this component was observed only in the case of zero or two intervening thymidine bases and was not evident when the 2AP and 8-oxo-dG residues were separated by four thymidines. A slower kinetic...
Recovery from schizophrenia and the recovery model.

Purpose of reviewThe recovery model refers to subjective experiences of optimism, empowerment and interpersonal support, and to a focus on collaborative treatment approaches, finding productive roles for user/consumers, peer support and reducing stigma. The model is influencing service development a
Analysis of High-Power RF Interference on Digital Circuits

This paper describes the analysis of intentional high-power RF interference on digital circuits. The interference is modelled as a noise in the form of a single-frequency pulse train (sinusoids or square waves) and is superposed to the pulse trains of the digital signals. SPICE simulations for a CMOS inverter and a 4-bit adder are performed to determine error bits at the circuit output with EMI injected at the input port for various interference frequencies and voltage levels. Propagation effect of error bits through the circuits is investigated. It is found that in general the digital circuits will reduce the error bit rates as signals propagate through when the EMI frequency is much higher than the signal frequency. Error bit rate amplifies when the EMI frequency is close to the signal frequency. The phase difference between EMI noise and signal also affects the bit errors. Bit error rate is further related to the external microwave source for the case of a wire penetrating a cavity aperture.
Fistula First: Recent Progress and Ongoing Challenges

The original Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (DOQI) guidelines publicized in 1997 provided specific recommendations for management of hemodialysis patients to optimize dialysis adequacy, anemia, and vascular access outcomes. With frequent feedback from the dialysis networks, nephrologists rapidly succeeded in providing the vast majority of their hemodialysis patients with an adequate Kt/V and hemoglobin. In contrast, increasing arteriovenous fistula (AVF) use in hemodialysis patients proved to be much more challenging. Initially, a goal was set to have 40% AVF use in prevalent US hemodialysis patients. To accelerate the process, the Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative (www.fistulafirst.org) was established in 2003. With a combination of extensive educational activities and frequent feedback to nephrologists, surgeons, and dialysis facilities, this goal was met by 2005. The bar was subsequently raised to 66% AVF use in US hemodialysis patients, a level comparable to that achieved in several European countries.1
Cloning of a cDNA encoding the 21.2 kDa oleosin isoform from Arabidopsis thaliana and a study of its expression in a mutant defective in diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity

A full-length cDNA clone (pA23) of 832 bp encoding an oleosin from Arabidopsis thaliana was isolated by differential screening of a silique-specific cDNA library with probes prepared from poly(A)+ RNA isolated from developing seeds of wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis and from mutant AS11 with a lesion affecting diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity during embryo development. The encoded protein has a calculated molecular mass of 21.2 kDa, and its amino acid sequence shows strong sequence homology and structural similarity to other known oleosins. Transcription of the oleosin gene during seed development was both reduced and delayed in AS11 compared to WT. However, the level of oleosin protein did not appear to be down-regulated during seed development, and at maturity, the overall level of oleosin protein was similar in both WT and AS11. These findings indicate that regulation of oleosin gene expression is part of a highly complex, and co-ordinated expression of storage lipid biosynthesis and related (oleosin) genes during oilseed development.
On the Linear Parameterization of Drag Coefficient over Sea Surface

Combining the logarithmic law with the Charnock relation yields a drag coefficient that is a function of wind speed with the Charnock coefficient as a parameter. It is found that the function is nearly linear within the typically measured range of the drag coefficient. The slope of the linear function is dominated by the Charnock coefficient. When the Charnock relation is extended to a wave age‐dependent function, the drag coefficient remains a near-linear function of wind speed after invoking the 3/2 power law. The slope of the linear function is dominated by wave steepness.
Monte Carlo methods: a computational pattern for our pattern language

The Monte Carlo methods are an important set of algorithms in computer science. They involve estimating results by statistically sampling a parameter space with a thousands to millions of experiments. The algorithm requires a small set of parameters as input, with which it generates a large amount of computation, and outputs a concise set of aggregated results. The large amount of computation has many independent component with obvious boundaries for parallelization. While the algorithm is well-suited for executing on a highly parallel computing platform, there still exist many challenges such as: selecting a suitable random number generator with the appropriate statistical and computational properties, selecting a suitable distribution conversion method that preserves the statistical properties of the random sequences, leveraging the right abstraction for the computation in the experiments, and designing the an efficient data structures for a particular data working set. This paper presents the Monte Carlo Methods software programming pattern and focuses on the numerical, task, and data perspectives to guide software developers in constructing efficient implementations of applications based on Monte Carlo methods.
Hole Surface Quality and Damage When Drilling Unidirectional CFRP Composites

In this study, an experimental investigation on the drilling of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic (UD-CFRP) composite was conducted using polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tipped eight facet drill. The quality of the drilled hole surface was examined through surface roughness measurements and surface damage by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that, fiber pullout occurred in two specific sectors relative to the angle between the cutting direction and the fiber orientation. The thrust force was highly influenced by the feed rate than the cutting speed and it shows a significant variation throughout the rotation of the drill.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Modification of the dynamic swelling behavior of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) in water

The equilibrium and dynamic swelling behavior of glassy polymers immersed in solvents can be modified by controlling the history of the polymer sample, which includes prior swelling and the drying method, or by copolymerization with other monomers. In this paper, the swelling kinetics in water of ionic hydrogels of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymerized with potassium 3-sulfopropylmethacrylate and/or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate have been studied at 23°C. The dimensional changes of a swelling polymer sheet can be controlled through incorporation of anisotropic stresses in the initially dry, glassy polymer. These anisotropic stresses do not affect the swelling kinetics as long as the sample is partially glassy. However, differences in the initial stresses cause sharply different swelling kinetics once the polymer becomes entirely rubbery, due to differences in dimensional changes. Increasing the percentage of ionic comonomer in the polymer increases the equilibrium degree of swelling and the water sorption rate without changing the time for equilibration or the swelling transport mechanism. In contrast, increasing the percentage of cross-linker in the polymer not only reduces the degree of swelling and water sorption rate, but also increases the equilibration time and shifts the water transport mechanism from Fickian diffusion to anomalous transport.
Promoting Scientific Understanding through Electronic Discourse.

This paper illustrates the on-going efforts of an innovative science program called “Kids as Global Scientists” to take full advantage of Internet technology for better learning and teaching. We analyzed electronic communication between students and scientists on the Message Board and the development of students’ scientific understanding through electronic communications. Our research shows that the Internet has great potential to foster the development of students’ scientific understanding, which is difficult to achieve through traditional instruction alone. Despite increasing interest in the use of the Internet in the classroom, research on the educational benefits of the Internet on learning and teaching are still limited. This study will serve in this continuing research base in order to help expand our understanding by opening a discussion around the following questions: What are the characteristics of new learning opportunities and interaction patterns that students experienced? What new classroom dynamics and challenges are introduced as a result of the use of our technological innovations?
The Lower Paleolithic of the Indian subcontinent

This broad overview highlights the Indian subcontinent as an important and exciting source of new discoveries regarding Lower Paleolithic hominins and their biological and behavioral evolution. Broadly situated in the center of the Old World, the region arbitrarily encompasses Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Bhutan; it represents the richest easternmost domain of classic Acheulean bifaces in the Old World.1 The region comprises diverse ecological zones with complex geological and climatic histories, including a bi-annual monsoon prevalent since the Miocene, all of which had major impacts on faunal and floral distributions and associated hominin adaptations.
Existence of steady state solutions to an epidemic model with screening and their asymptotic stability

Abstract This paper is concerned with an analysis of an epidemic model of S-I-R type in which the active population is randomly screened. Possible stationary states—the infection-free state and the endemic state—are discussed. Conditions for existence of a unique endemic state are specified in some cases. A reproductive number R 0 is determined. Local asymptotic stability of steady states is established.
Simple kcal/kg formula is comparable to prediction equations for estimating resting energy expenditure in older cognitively impaired long term care residents

Objective Assessment of energy needs is a critical step in developing the nutrition care plan, especially for individuals unable to modulate their own energy intakes. The purpose of this study was to assess precision and accuracy of commonly used prediction equations in comparison to measured resting energy expenditure in a sample of “oldest old” adults residing in long term care (LTC).
EFFECT OF PARBOILING AND FREEZING ON QUALITY OF THREE SPANISH RICE VARIETIES

The effects of parboiling and of freezing at −18, −40°C or in liquid nitrogen on quality of cooked rice was studied for three Spanish varieties, Bahia, Sequial and Italpatna, using instrumental and sensory measurements. Parboiling prior to cooking and then freezing reduced rice quality. Freshly cooked samples differed from frozen cooked samples for firmness as measured instrumentally but not for any of the sensory parameters. Principal component analysis did not separate samples on the basis of their varietal quality.
Impact of the leadframe profile on the occurrence of passivation cracks of plastic-encapsulated electronic power devices

Deformations of metal interconnects, cracks in interlayer dielectrics and passivation layers in combination with plastic packaging are still a major reliability concern for integrated circuit power semiconductors. In order to describe and understand the failure mechanism and its root cause, already a lot of work has been done in the past. However for the first time the impact of the leadframe profile on the amount of electrical failures after thermal cycling (TC) was investigated in detail. It was found that with a trench in the leadframe on the perimeter of the Si die with the power switching device, the number of electrical failures have been eliminated completely. The observation is confirmed by 3-D Finite Element Modeling (FEM) simulation. The simulation enabled to quantify the stress level and to forecast corresponding electrical failures observed after temperature cycling. As a result, an improved leadframe design could be deduced, which led to a distinct reduction of the principal stress at the most critical positions and, consequently, to an improvement of the reliability of the devices.
Growth of resonant-cavity enhanced photodetectors by MBE with in situ feedback control using spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract Precise control of layer thickness and alloy compositions are very critical for the successful growth of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) and resonant cavity enhanced photodetectors (RCEPD). In traditional MBE, the growth of these devices requires extensive calibrations. Recently, spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) was shown to be an accurate method for determining the composition and thicknesses of III–V semiconductor layers in situ during growth. This paper reports the growth of AlAs/GaAs/InGaAs RCEPDs using SE control with no a priori calibration curves. The experimentally measured cavity resonance of the reflectivity spectrum and the photoresponse peak of the fabricated photodiode lie within 3 nm of the target design value of 990 nm. These results show that feedback control during MBE allows quicker and more reproducible growth of RCEPDs with precise control of layer thickness and alloy composition than calibration-based control.
Argon-Ion-Laser Coagulation Of Dermal Lesions

The mechanism of laser coagulation of skin abnormalities is discussed. A simple model, including absorption and scattering coefficients derived from literature data predicts an optimal coagulation wavelength of 420 nm, and a 1 mm Ar-ion-laser coagulation depth for port-wine stains.
Dynamic System Optimization Using Higher-Order Runge-Kutta Discretization

This paper evaluates some numerical methods for the approximate solution dynamic system optimization problems. The paper considers the optimization of dynamic systems that are subject to equality and inequality constraints. These types of problems include optimal control and parameter identification optimization problems. The numerical solution technique is based on transforming the infinite dimensional dynamic system optimization problem into a finite dimensional nonlinear programming (NLP) problem. This solution method is realized by; (i) approximating the control input using a finite set of parameters; (ii) approximating the differential equations using an explicit Runge-Kutta method; and (iii) solving the resultant NLP problem using a sequential quadratic programming method. The paper evaluates the efficacy of approximating the control input using (I) piecewise constants, (II) piecewise linear polynomials, or (III) piecewise cubic polynomials. In addition, the paper compares the performance of various Runge-Kutta methods of order 3 through 9.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Modeling Geometrical Spreading and the Relative Amplitudes of Vertical and Horizontal High‐Frequency Ground Motions in Eastern North America

Abstract Horizontally layered velocity models were used with point‐source and finite‐fault sources to investigate geometrical spreading and the relative amplitudes of vertical and horizontal ground acceleration within 120 km of the source. Full‐wave‐field simulations were done for a range of focal depths and for strike‐slip and reverse focal mechanisms. The attenuation of the geometric mean of randomly oriented horizontal‐component maximum acceleration amplitudes, averaged over all azimuths, significantly exceeds the theoretical geometrical spreading for far‐field body waves in a homogeneous whole space for hypocentral distances less than approximately 60 km. The behavior of the vertical component is different from the horizontal: vertical attenuation near the epicenter is greater and is more dependent on source mechanism and depth. Because of the rapid near‐source decay of the direct S wave, reflections from the mid‐lower crust and Moho control the maximum amplitude of the vertical‐component acceleration in the 60–120‐km hypocenter distance range, resulting in a flattening of the vertical amplitude‐distance relation. Near‐source vertical maximum amplitudes averaged over all source–receiver azimuths tend to be less than the geometric mean horizontal amplitude for strike‐slip focal mechanisms, but, near the source for reverse faults, the azimuthally averaged vertical‐component amplitude exceeds that of the geometric mean horizontal. The modeling indicates that similar vertical‐ and horizontal‐component geometrical spreading and approximately constant horizontal/vertical amplitude ratios observed in connection with the Lg phase at distances greater than approximately 100 km in eastern North America may not hold at smaller distances. Ground‐motion prediction models for the vertical component near the source may need to incorporate strong geometrical spreading and dependence on radiation pattern.
How to Become Your Own Worst Adversary: Examining the Connection between Managerial Attributions and Organizational Relationships with Public Interest Stakeholders

According to numerous studies across multiple disciplines in the social sciences, business organizations tend to develop adversarial relationships with representatives of the public interest. A survey of 62 Public Affairs Managers in publicly held U.S. corporations finds that organizations adopt relational styles similar to those theorized in studies of inter-organizational conflict, organizational communication and stakeholder management. Empirical results support the descriptive power of a two-dimensional model reflecting four relational styles that participating organizations exhibited: avoidance, compliance, co-optation and negotiation. The two dimensions that constitute the model are cooperativeness and boundary spanning. More importantly, managers who attributed power and legitimacy to public interest group stakeholders reported that their organizations were more likely to cooperate with these stakeholders. On the other hand, managers who perceived public interest groups' claims having urgency were more likely to develop communicative, boundary spanning relationships with public interest groups but these relationships were less likely to be cooperative. Because unhealthy relationships with these groups can be detrimental to an organization's long-term prospects, managers must be careful to recognize public interest organizations as potent and legitimate potential allies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Questions of migration and belonging: understandings of migration under neoliberalism in Ecuador.

Migration studies across the social sciences are tackling exciting questions about the importance of local narratives of migration and the insights they can give on the importance of dialectical treatments of the places of migration. In this paper I explore alternative understandings and experiences of migration, drawing on in-depth interviews with urban-destined migrants in Ecuador to argue that mobility produces ambivalent development subjects. Recent research is retheorising the places of migration as deterritorialised households, labour markets and communities that explode singular concepts of uniform and contiguous origins or destinations of migration. Building from this work, I argue that in contrast to a dualistic and discrete treatment of the relationships between origins and destinations, migration research can develop a nuanced, imaginative, dialectical understanding of the interplay of identity and subjectivity, of desire and longing, across the places of migration. By foregrounding these dialectical relationships between places and people, we can begin to disrupt the central tenets of modernisation, assimilationist approaches, and so mount a critique of the coherence of national projects of modernisation in places such as Ecuador. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minilaparotomy myomectomy: a minimally invasive alternative for the large fibroid uterus.

Abstract Study objective To assess the efficacy of performing myomectomies through 3- to 6-cm incisions for the removal of myomas up to 14 cm in diameter. Design A retrospective analysis of 139 myomectomies performed at our center from January 1995 through December 2003 (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). Setting A suburban medical center, part of a large prepaid health maintenance organization. Patients One hundred thirty-nine women. Interventions Myomectomies were performed through 3- to 6-cm suprapubic cruciate incisions using atraumatic elastic retractors with or without laparoscopic assist. Myomas were morcellated with a scalpel before being enucleated. The uterus was repaired in a classic three-layered closure in all cases. All procedures were performed in the ambulatory surgery unit of our hospital, which is part of the main operating room. Measurements and main results The median age of the patients in this series was 30.0 years (range 23–56 years). The median weight of the myomas removed was 275.0 g (range of 30–975 g). One hundred thirty-seven (98.5%) of 139 patients were discharged in 23 hours or less, with 24 patients leaving within 4 hours and 61 within 8 hours. The median length of stay was 6.0 hours, with two patients remaining hospitalized for 48 hours. The median operating time was 110 minutes (range 44–260 min). Estimated blood loss ranged from 50 to 2000 mL, with a median of 300 mL. Three hysterectomies were performed: one as an emergency for hemorrhage and two for recurrent myomas. Three patients developed wound seromas, and one developed a wound infection. Conclusions Minilaparotomy myomectomy is a safe, effective minimally invasive alternative to laparoscopic myomectomy. Early discharge and return to normal activities is comparable to laparoscopy and is far more cost effective. It affords the ability to palpate the uterus and close the myometrial defect easily with a standard three-layered closure making it particularly suitable for gynecologists with limited laparoscopic suturing skills.
Audiences, Intertextuality, and New Media Literacy

Deconstruction is a pedagogical mantra in media education. But unless content is analyzed within its relevant contexts, textual deconstruction borders on the myopic. Rooted in archival traditions, this article models a discovery process that can be used to position and remix media artifacts within relevant historical, economic, social, cultural and technological contexts. Media archeology of this type offers insights into cross-generational understanding of legacy media as each new generation investigates and repurposes found media for its own creative purposes.
Robust detection of traumatic axonal injury in individual mild traumatic brain injury patients: Intersubject variation, change over time and bidirectional changes in anisotropy

To identify and characterize otherwise occult inter-individual spatial variation of white matter abnormalities across mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) patients. After informed consent and in compliance with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed on a 3.0 T MR scanner in 34 mTBI patients (19 women; 19–64 years old) and 30 healthy control subjects. The patients were imaged within 2 weeks of injury, 3 months after injury, and 6 months after injury. Fractional anisotropy (FA) images were analyzed in each patient. To examine white matter diffusion abnormalities across the entire brain of individual patients, we applied Enhanced Z-score Microstructural Assessment for Pathology (EZ-MAP), a voxelwise analysis optimized for the assessment of individual subjects. Our analysis revealed areas of abnormally low or high FA (voxel-wise P-value < 0.05, cluster-wise P-value < 0.01(corrected for multiple comparisons)). The spatial pattern of white matter FA abnormalities varied among patients. Areas of low FA were consistent with known patterns of traumatic axonal injury. Areas of high FA were most frequently detected in the deep and subcortical white matter of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, and in the anterior portions of the corpus callosum. The number of both abnormally low and high FA voxels changed during follow up. Individual subject assessments reveal unique spatial patterns of white matter abnormalities in each patient, attributable to inter-individual differences in anatomy, vulnerability to injury and mechanism of injury. Implications of high FA remain unclear, but may evidence a compensatory mechanism or plasticity in response to injury, rather than a direct manifestation of brain injury.
Structural studies of jennite and 1.4 nm tobermorite: Disordered layering along the [100] of jennite

Transmission electron microscopy of synthetic jennite reveals strong streaking in the electron diffraction patterns along the [100], along which dark-field imaging and lattice fringing confirm the presence of a layering with a striation-like morphology. The average periodicity between the layers is ∼35 A; however, there is significant variation around this value in the range of 20-40 A, which is in agreement with the range of periodicities that are associated with the streaking in the diffraction patterns. These results clearly demonstrate the presence of a layering along the [100] with a periodicity that varies spatially throughout the specimen, which results in the presence of a disordered modulated structure. We believe that the disorder is induced by frozen-in fluctuations in the local calcium:silicon ratio, which correspondingly results in fluctuations in the local structural order and periodicity of the modulated structure. Similar studies of 1.4-nm tobermorite have revealed streaking along the [100]; however, it was weak and diffuse.
Legislative Party Development and the Speaker System: The Case of the Texas House

This study examines the consequences of the minority political party in formerly one-party state legislatures increasing its membership until it reaches or surpasses a critical threshold. With the Texas House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991 as the research site, the focus is upon changes in legislative party organization and legislators' behavior, and upon the relationship of changes in partisan behavior and organization to decline in the speaker system. Findings confirm the proposition that the minority party's distinctiveness should grow as the size of the party increases beyond a particular threshold. It is also found that reaching the threshold of membership may indeed be sufficient to entice the minority into organizing, even without poor treatment from legislative leaders. And support is also found for the proposition that legislative organization for "policy" and for "politics" need not develop simultaneously. Finally, it is argued that the rise of the "party system" in these legislatures will...
Morphology of a Virus of Blue-green Algae and Properties of Its Deoxyribonucleic Acid

The morphology of Safferman's virus of blue-green algae (phycovirus LPP-1) has been studied by electron microscopy and physicochemical methods. The virion has a short (100 to 200 A long, 150 A in diameter) forked tail, with an outer sheath, an inner core, and a capital attached to one of the vertices of a polyhedral head. The head capsid edge-to-edge distance is 600 A, based upon internal calibration of the magnification in electron micrographs by use of the line-line spacing of catalase crystals. Measurements of absorbancy and infectivity, and electron microscopy across the band of virus after zone centrifugation on a sucrose gradient, indicated that infectivity was correlated with the short-tailed particles described. The viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is linear, with a contour length of 13.2 +/- 0.5 mu, measured by the Kleinschmidt method. Its sedimentation coefficient, S(0) (20, w), is 33.4 +/- 0.7 S. These values are consistent with a molecular weight of 27 x 10(6) for the viral DNA. Based upon buoyant density in CsCl and thermal denaturation, the guanine-cytosine content of the DNA is 53%. The viral DNA was used as template for in vitro ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. This RNA annealed to 18% of the sequences in the viral DNA, 0.5% of the sequences in bacteriophage T7 DNA, and 0.25% of the sequences in Plectonema boryanum DNA, at saturating levels of RNA in the Hall-Nygaard hybridization assay. The lack of homology with T7 DNA is of interest because the two viruses are very similar morphologically. The lack of homology with host DNA suggests that this algal virus is a poor candidate for transduction.
Research experience in computer science for undergraduate women

Engaging undergraduate women in computer science is a difficult task. Women often enter computer science programs with less experience and hence less confidence than their male classmates. This disparity often leads the women to leave the field because they think they cannot compete. The result is that the male domination of the field continues. This paper describes a research program that has been designed to develop and enhance the education, abilities and experience of undergraduate women and to encourage them to embrace the field with enthusiasm and confidence. It also describes how research stemming from this program can be incorporated into the classroom.
Uncertainties of Estimates of Inertia–Gravity Energy in the Atmosphere. Part I: Intercomparison of Four Analysis Systems

This paper presents the application of the normal-mode functions to diagnose the atmospheric energy spectra in terms of balanced and inertia‐gravity (IG) contributions. A set of three-dimensional orthogonal normal modes is applied to four analysis datasets from July 2007. The datasets are the operational analysis systemsofNCEPandECMWF, theNCEP‐NCARreanalyses,andtheDataAssimilationResearchTestbed‐ Community Atmospheric Model (DART‐CAM), an ensemble analysis system developed at NCAR. The differences between the datasets can be considered as a measure of uncertainty of the IG contribution to the global energetics. The results show that the percentage of IG motion in the present NCEP, ECMWF, and DART–CAM analysis systems is between 1% and 2% of the total energy field. In the wave part of the flow (zonal wavenumber k 6 0), the IG energy contribution is between 9% and 15%. On the contrary, the NCEP‐NCAR reanalyses contain more IG motion, especially in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics. Each analysis contains more energy in the eastward IG motion than in its westward counterpart. The difference is about 2%‐3% of the total wave energy and it is associated with the motions projected onto the Kelvin wave in the tropics. The selected truncation parameters of the expansion (zonal, meridional, and vertical truncation) ensure that the projection provides the optimal fit to the input data on model levels. This approach is different from previous applications of the normal modes and under the linearity assumption it allows the application of the inverse projection to obtaindetails ofcirculationassociatedwitha selectedtypeof motion.The bulkofthe IG motion is confined to the tropics. For the successful reproduction of three-dimensional circulations by the normal modes it is important that the expansion includes a number of vertical modes.
Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification for Bond Energies and Mobilities Using Path Integral Analysis

Dynamic single-molecule force spectroscopy is often used to distort bonds. The resulting responses, in the form of rupture forces, work applied, and trajectories of displacements, are used to reconstruct bond potentials. Such approaches often rely on simple parameterizations of one-dimensional bond potentials, assumptions on equilibrium starting states, and/or large amounts of trajectory data. Parametric approaches typically fail at inferring complicated bond potentials with multiple minima, while piecewise estimation may not guarantee smooth results with the appropriate behavior at large distances. Existing techniques, particularly those based on work theorems, also do not address spatial variations in the diffusivity that may arise from spatially inhomogeneous coupling to other degrees of freedom in the macromolecule. To address these challenges, we develop a comprehensive empirical Bayesian approach that incorporates data and regularization terms directly into a path integral. All experimental and statistical parameters in our method are estimated directly from the data. Upon testing our method on simulated data, our regularized approach requires less data and allows simultaneous inference of both complex bond potentials and diffusivity profiles. Crucially, we show that the accuracy of the reconstructed bond potential is sensitive to the spatially varying diffusivity and accurate reconstruction can be expected only when both are simultaneously inferred. Moreover, after providing a means for self-consistently choosing regularization parameters from data, we derive posterior probability distributions, allowing for uncertainty quantification.
Individualized anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are often seen in young participants in sports such as soccer, football, and basketball. Treatment options include conservative management as well as surgical intervention, with the goal of enabling the patient to return to cutting and pivoting sports and activities. Individualized anatomic ACL reconstruction is a surgical technique that tailors the procedure to the individual patient using preoperative measurements on plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative measurement to map the patients’ native ACL anatomy in order to replicate it as closely as possible. Anatomic ACL reconstruction, therefore, is defined as reconstruction of the ACL to its native dimensions, collagen orientation, and insertion site. The surgical reconstruction is followed by a specific rehabilitation protocol that is designed to enable the patient to regain muscle strength and proprioception while facilitating healing of the reconstructed ACL prior to the patient’s returning to sports activities.
Accuracy of near infrared fluorescent cholangiogram in laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis vs acute and chronic cholecystitis

INTRODUCTION: Fluorescent cholangiography is an incisionless method that has demonstrated to be feasible and cost-effective in the identification of extrahepatic bile ducts. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness to of this novel technique in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomies, and to compare the visualization of biliary structures in acute cholecystitis and cholelithiasis.
Antibiotic and Antiinflammatory Therapy Transiently Reduces Inflammation and Hypercoagulation in Acutely SIV-Infected Pigtailed Macaques.

Increased chronic immune activation and inflammation are hallmarks of HIV/SIV infection and are highly correlated with progression to AIDS and development of non-AIDS comorbidities, such as hypercoagulability and cardiovascular disease. Intestinal dysfunction resulting in microbial translocation has been proposed as a lead cause of systemic immune activation and hypercoagulability in HIV/SIV infection. Our goal was to assess the biological and clinical impact of a therapeutic strategy designed to reduce microbial translocation through reduction of the microbial content of the intestine (Rifaximin-RFX) and of gut inflammation (Sulfasalazine-SFZ). RFX is an intraluminal antibiotic that was successfully used in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. SFZ is an antiinflammatory drug successfully used in patients with mild to moderate inflammatory bowel disease. Both these clinical conditions are associated with increased microbial translocation, similar to HIV-infected patients. Treatment was administered for 90 days to five acutely SIV-infected pigtailed macaques (PTMs) starting at the time of infection; seven untreated SIVsab-infected PTMs were used as controls. RFX+SFZ were also administered for 90 days to three chronically SIVsab-infected PTMs. RFX+SFZ administration during acute SIVsab infection of PTMs resulted in: significantly lower microbial translocation, lower systemic immune activation, lower viral replication, better preservation of mucosal CD4+ T cells and significantly lower levels of hypercoagulation biomarkers. This effect was clear during the first 40 days of treatment and was lost during the last stages of treatment. Administration of RFX+SFZ to chronically SIVsab–infected PTMs had no discernible effect on infection. Our data thus indicate that early RFX+SFZ administration transiently improves the natural history of acute and postacute SIV infection, but has no effect during chronic infection.
Do Stock Markets Represent Economies

This paper develops a series of stock market representativeness indices as a new method for analysing stock market development, and applies this method to data on stock markets and economies of thirty-one European countries, as well as Japan and the USA. The main conclusion is that stock markets poorly represent the underlying economies. Publicly traded companies constitute an absolute minority of the total population of large companies. In this respect the level of stock market representativeness in Europe is much lower than in the USA and Japan. Second, in Europe, the USA, and Japan stock markets are strongly biased towards very large companies, towards high technology companies, and particularly high technology knowledge intensive services, as well as towards companies from financial centres. They are biased against smaller, although still large companies, against lower technology manufacturing and less knowledge intensive services, and against provincial companies. Notwithstanding these general findings, stock market representativeness varies considerably between individual countries, highlighting the significance of country-specific factors. Research and development intensity, venture capital industry, asymmetric information, social networks, and government policy are explored as potential reasons for the stock market biases. Implications are drawn for European policy-makers, researchers, as well as financial firms.
An Inexpensive Dynamic System for Teaching Measurement and Controls

The Control and Sensor System (CASSY) was designed to use primarily off the shelf hardware and to be an inexpensive platform that allows educational institutions to teach control theory. Fabrication and assembly guides were prepared and the resulting materials proved valuable in teaching undergraduate and graduate students basic fabrication, machining, and soldering skills. The platform consists of four independently driven wheels instrumented with encoders, inertial yaw rate measurement of the body, and bluetooth telemetry. Physics students from Hendrix College, a liberal arts college, and engineering students from University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UALR), a state sponsored university, used the guides to build several prototype CASSY robots and to explore autonomous programming, integration of new sensors, and other useful research skills.
Social Watching a 2012 Republican Presidential Primary Debate

This study examines the “Twitter election of 2012,” and specifically young citizens’ “social watching” behaviors while live-tweeting a 2012 nationally televised Republican primary debate. We find several important relationships between key demographic, social, and political engagement variables and participants’ social watching activity (frequency of tweeting while watching the debate). We also find important links between tweet content (frequency of candidate mentions in tweets) and debate viewers’ candidate evaluations.
Conceptual superposition: the aesthetics of quantum simulation

The idea of quantum simulation, first conceived by Richard Feynman in his influential 1982 lecture "Simulating Physics with Computers" [Feynman 1982], introduced a peculiar new way of thinking about the relationship between the material and the symbolic. In this paper1, I examine the conceptual and aesthetic implications of quantum simulation by reading Feynman's lecture with Theodor W. Adorno's aesthetic theory. I argue that quantum simulation, as it requires nothing less than the simulated to become the fabric of the simulation, actively symbolizes the material---not by referencing it but by transforming it into an actual symbolic system that exists in the real world, like the electric charges that do not represent but are our thoughts in the realm of the material. The very notion of quantum simulation can thus be understood to be in a state of conceptual superposition---which is, at its core, an aesthetic principle.
High Light Absorption and Charge Separation Efficiency at Low Applied Voltage from Sb-Doped SnO2/BiVO4 Core/Shell Nanorod-Array Photoanodes

BiVO4 has become the top-performing semiconductor among photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. However, BiVO4 photoanodes are still limited to a fraction of the theoretically possible photocurrent at low applied voltages because of modest charge transport properties and a trade-off between light absorption and charge separation efficiencies. Here, we investigate photoanodes composed of thin layers of BiVO4 coated onto Sb-doped SnO2 (Sb:SnO2) nanorod-arrays (Sb:SnO2/BiVO4 NRAs) and demonstrate a high value for the product of light absorption and charge separation efficiencies (ηabs × ηsep) of ∼51% at an applied voltage of 0.6 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, as determined by integration of the quantum efficiency over the standard AM 1.5G spectrum. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the highest ηabs × ηsep efficiencies achieved to date at this voltage for nanowire-core/BiVO4-shell photoanodes. Moreover, although WO3 has recently been extensively studied as a core nanowire...
Closed mitral commissurotomy on cannulated pump stand-by through a sternal-split incision. An alternative to routine open commissurotomy.

A new technique—closed-cannulated commissurotomy—is presented as an alternative to open mitral commissurotomy. The procedure seems to incorporate the best features of both standard closed commissurotomy and open commissurotomy. In addition, the incidence of prosthetic valve replacement after this operation appears to be substantially less than after the open procedure.
Japan's Network Economy: Exchange and Control: Explaining Corporate Ties: A Longitudinal Dyad Analysis

Whereas the conventional view has tended to regard keiretsu affiliations and the subcontracting relationship as remnants of feudalistic relations or derivatives of the cultural peculiarities of the Japanese, the most important explanatory variable should be the kind and nature of the transaction of goods or services conducted beneath each of these relations. …[T]he fundamental link between a pair of firms should be located in … the resource flow … between them. To regulate this flow, a control apparatus is formed between the firms, the possible mode of which ranges from simple contract to a very complex and developed structure. The elaborateness of the control apparatus depends on the composition and the nature of the flow; the most developed type along this spectrum may have shareholding as its superstructure. Asanuma (1985) Introduction A criticism that might fairly be made of our network analysis in the last chapter is that it ignores the causality between lending and trade on the one hand and equity and director ties on the other. An alternative approach is to draw on organizational theory to model the cause-and-effect relationships between exchange and control and between them and attributes of firms such as industry, size, and location. Such an analysis, as the quote from Asanuma suggests, might well reveal that the concept of “keiretsu” adds little to an understanding of how firms vary in their involvement in business networks.
Social Capital Mobilization in Social Networking Services

The advent of internet-enabled mobile devices has ushered in a new era of online social networking. Recently, there has been an increase in the use of mobile internet and rise in social media access via mobile phones. Many social networking services (SNS) have introduced mobile apps for users to access them “on the fly” via smartphones. Our study contributes to the literature by uncovering the relationships between SNS use and social capital mobilization. The results show that SNS intensity and SNS network size influence social capital mobilization both directly and indirectly by increasing social participation. Furthermore, use of mobile applications for social networking significantly increases SNS intensity. Finally, SNS network size is an important predictor of use of SNS mobile applications.
Subgrid Scale Modeling — An Introduction and Overview

Subgrid scale modeling attempts to calculate details of the large scales while parameterizing the effects of small scales on these explicitly retained large scales statistically. Its origins go back to the meteorologists who, in their numerical integration of geophysical-scale flows, found it necessary to introduce an eddy viscosity, which provided an essential numerical stabilization and represented physically the damping by eddies smaller than the computational grid size. For example, Phillips [1] in one of the first numerical experiments treating the general circulation of the atmosphere introduced an eddy viscosity A, whose value was chosen in accordance with Richardson’s [2] empirical law, A = 0.2 (Δx)4/3. Here Δx is the grid spacing, and the numerical factor of 0.2 implies a value of energy dissipation ϵ such that αϵ 1/3 = 0.2 cm2/3/s, where α is Kolmogorov’s constant, ≃ 1.7. We recall here that Richardson’s law pertains to the dispersion of a pair of particles convected by turbulence, and the diffusion coefficient for this process was shown by Taylor [3] to be equal to the eddy conductivity coefficient. Again, Malkus and Witt [4] in their modeling of a convective cell used the same — and by conventional standards quite small —Austausch coefficient in order to parameterize only that part of the turbulent transfer effected by scales of motion smaller than the convective elements studied. In most of these early efforts, ϵ, the flux of energy transferred from large to small subgrid scales was taken constant, independent of space or time. The idea that the eddy viscosity should be a function of the local large scale dynamics was introduced by Smagorinsky [5] and by Lilly [6], who proposed that A be proportional to the local, absolute magnitude, of the strain tensor.