cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstinence from ethanol dependence produces concomitant cortical gray matter abnormalities, microstructural deficits and cognitive dysfunction

Previous studies demonstrate that ethanol dependence induced by repeating cycles of chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure (CIE) followed by protracted abstinence (CIE-PA) produces significant alterations in oligodendrogenesis in the rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Specifically, CIE-PA produced an unprecedented increase in premyelinating oligodendroglial progenitor cells and myelin, which have been associated with persistent elevated drinking behaviors during abstinence. The current study used neuroimaging and electron microscopy to evaluate the integrity of enhanced myelin and microstructural deficits underlying enhanced myelination in the mPFC in male rats experiencing forced abstinence for 1 day (D), 7D, 21D and 42D following seven weeks of CIE. In vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) detected altered microstructural integrity in the mPFC and corpus callosum (CC). Altered integrity was characterized as reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in the CC, and enhanced mean diffusivity (MD) in the mPFC in 7D abstinent rats. Increased MD occurred concomitantly with increases in myelin associated proteins, flayed myelin and enhanced mitochondrial stress in the mPFC in 7D abstinent rats, suggesting that the increases in myelination during abstinence was aberrant. Evaluation of cognitive performance via Pavlovian conditioning in 7D abstinent rats revealed reduced retrieval and recall of fear memories dependent on the mPFC. These findings indicate that forced abstinence from moderate to severe alcohol use disorder produces gray matter damage via myelin dysfunction in the mPFC and that these microstructural changes were associated with deficits in PFC dependent behaviors.
Research initiatives for freedom of electromagnetic spectrum maneuver: next generation devices and technology

The future battlespace requires seamless operation across multiple domains and coordination at echelon to facilitate windows of opportunity for exploitation and joint engagement. Future radar and sensor systems challenged to operate in these dynamic and Multi-Domain environments must overcome the enduring challenges of survivability, redundancy, frequency exclusivity, and GPS-dependence, among others. This drives a need for foundational research in device technology and sensor architectures that provide a path to meeting the long-term vision of next-generation RF sensors that are capable of coordinating in battle with legacy and cross-service assets. This keynote talk, given by the Army’s ST for Electromagnetics, provides a perspective on research initiatives needed to develop next generation capabilities that are GPS-independent, autonomous, low-SWAP, and provide multi-function capability. This provides context for a special session on next-generation electronic materials and ultrawide bandgap semiconductors that enable RF and power devices to provide leap-ahead capabilities in output power and thermal properties. This enables future systems with more power on target capabilities, improved range performance, and lower SWAP and power consumption through improved efficiency and reduced cooling requirements.
Meloidogyne incognita management by nematicides in tomato production

Meloidogyne incognita (southern root-knot nematode, SRKN) is a major pest in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production in the Southeastern United States. Management has relied on fumigant and carbamate non-fumigant nematicides. New non-fumigant nematicides, such as fluopyram, are available and field evaluation of new nematicides is needed. The objectives of this research were to assess the efficacy of new (fluopyram) and established (oxamyl) non-fumigant nematicides as well as fumigation (1,3-dichloropropene) for (1) SRKN management, and (2) impacts on total soil abundances of non-target, free-living nematodes in field tests in Florida. Fumigation with 1,3-D consistently managed SRKN and, in two of three trials, increased yield relative to untreated. Oxamyl and fluopyram also had efficacy in managing SRKN, but were inconsistent from year to year. Oxamyl provided better root galling control than fluopyram in one of two trials, but otherwise those nematicides provided similar SRKN management and yield response. Supplementing 1,3-D fumigation with fluopyram did not improve SRKN management or yield relative to fumigation alone. Fumigation consistently reduced free-living nematode abundances relative to untreated. Oxamyl and fluopyram were more inconsistent, but always reduced total free-living nematode abundances when effective against SRKN. In summary, while non-fumigant nematicides provided some management of SRKN, fumigation continued to be the most consistent option. All nematicides had deleterious effects on free-living nematodes.
Patient perceptions of infectious illnesses preceding Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.

ObjectivesMyalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is often reported to be caused by an infectious agent. However, it is unclear whether one infectious agent might be the cause o...
Do genotypic differences in thermotolerance plasticity correspond with water-induced differences in yield and photosynthetic stability for field-grown upland cotton?

Abstract To determine if cultivar differences in thermotolerance plasticity of photosystem II promote yield or photosynthetic stability when variability in both parameters is water-induced, the temperature response of maximum quantum yield of photosystem II ( F v / F m ) was evaluated for two cotton cultivars (FM 1944 GLB2 and PHY 499 WRF), at three times (squaring, first flower, and peak bloom) during the 2014 growing season, under five different irrigation regimes. The temperature inducing a 15% decline in F v / F m from the optimum ( T 15 ) served as a measure of thermotolerance. Furthermore, during 2014 net photosynthesis ( A N ) measurements coincided with T 15 measurements; predawn water potential ( Ψ PD ) was measured three days per week; and canopy temperature ( T C ) was measured continuously. Yield was determined for both cultivars and all five irrigation regimes in 2013 and 2014 although significant irrigation effects were only observed during 2014. Thermotolerance, photosynthetic, and yield stability were determined using a regression approach to assess genotype × environment interaction. Irrigation treatments significantly affected Ψ PD and T C , and large variability in thermotolerance (although all T 15 values were well-above the observed air and canopy temperatures), A N , and lint yield were observed. The most thermotolerance–stable cultivar was also the most photosynthetically stable and yield stable, suggesting that greater thermotolerance plasticity of PSII does not necessarily promote yield stability when yield variability is water-induced. Also, the methods described here provide an approach to rapidly assess thermotolerance plasticity of field grown cotton that could be adopted on a large scale and that does not require extensive knowledge of site-specific conditions.
EDUCATION Public Interest Lawyers' Fund: Establish and Administer an Education Loan Forgiveness Program for Public Interest Attorneys; Establish a Non-Profit Corporation; Provide an Additional Purpose; Provide for Related Matters

The Act authorizes the Georgia Student Finance Authority to create a Loan Forgiveness Program to assist attorneys working in public interest areas of law to pay their student loans. Attorneys are eligible for the program if they work as an assistant district attorney, an assistant solicitor-general, an assistant solicitor, a civil legal aid attorney, a public defender, an Office of Legislative Counsel attorney, or a State Law Department attorney. The Act allows for loan repayment assistance for both undergraduate and juris doctorate degrees beginning in the seventh month after an attorney begins working in one of the eligible positions. The monthly amount authorized may not exceed the lesser of $600 or the monthly amount owed on the loan. In exchange for the repayment assistance, the attorney must work an additional month after the last monthly repayment is received for each month of assistance provided, up to a maximum of eighteen months.
Superplastic Cone-Shaped Sandwich Cores

A new sandwich core is formed by using the superplastic sheets and the vacuum pressure- or gas pressure-forming technique, or both. It is capable of providing opportunities for structural optimization and better bonding with the facing sheets than the conventional honeycomb core. The shear modulus of a truncated, hollow, cone-shaped core with square symmetry is determined. Energy principles are used for finding the upper and lower bounds solution. Results presented in graphic form indicate that these bounds are indeed very close. The methodology developed here is effective for providing an excellent engineering solution to the problem. The new superplastically-formed core also offers a competent approach for those who seek a more efficient metallic structural design, particularly when it is used in combination with the difussion bonding technique for weight and cost savings.
In Vitro Prosthetic Valve Studies Utilizing Echocardiography

An in vitro model for studying the echocardiographic M-mode features of various tvpes of prosthetic cardiac valves has been developed. The model consists of a saline-filled chamber in which a prosthetic valve is seated. The ball or disc of the valve can be activated by flow of the saline solution across the valve. The valve function is recorded using a commercial 3.5 mHz ultrasound transducer. The Beall, Smelloff-Cutter and Bjork-Shiley prosthetic valves have been studied with this technique. Each valve was monitored opening and closing at beam angles from 0 degrees to 90 degrees relative to the disc surface or the long axis of the ball excursion. The suture ring, disc or poppet and cage were easily identified and correlated with in vivo echocardiographic recordings. Beam angle was shown to be of critical importance, however, with optimal recordings made at or near 9 0 degrees. The disc or ball motion became difficult to assess at angles of less than 60 degrees.
Never Say Never Again! The Thirty-third Presidential Address to the Surgical Infection Society.

Thank you President Sawyer for your kind introduction, as it is truly an honor to become the thirty-third President of the Surgical Infection Society (SIS). I want to first congratulate Dr. Sawyer on a wonderful academic surgical career, and one who has contributed to the SIS enormously in a multitude of ways. He has mentored countless students and residents, and it was a fitting tribute to Dr. Sawyer that his former mentees collectively contributed some $15,000 this year to establish a special account within the SIS Foundation for future use. This is a wonderful, vibrant organization that is fed by new data at each of its annual meetings. About two-thirds of the papers presented at the meetings are clinical and the remainder address issues of basic science, which leads to wonderful intellectual interactions and discussions among members with differing scientific and clinical backgrounds. These are often led by thought leaders in the study, prevention, and treatment of surgical infection, a problem that has plagued mankind throughout history. My particular area of interest within this field has been the early innate immune response to peritonitis from gut-derived bacteria and how this response may have unintended consequences to remote organs [1–5]. Indeed, mortality from secondary bacterial peritonitis has been directly related to the development of multiple organ failure [6].
PATTERNS OF SYMPTOM ONSET AND REMISSION IN EPISODES OF HOPELESSNESS DEPRESSION

Background Hopelessness depression (HD) is a subtype of depression postulated by the Hopelessness Theory of Depression to present as a constellation of symptoms occurring when an individual with a specific cognitive vulnerability (negative inferential style) experiences negative life events. In the current study, the course of HD episodes was evaluated prospectively and analyzed to explore patterns of symptom onset and remission.
Molecular basis for the cross-reactive idiotypes on human anti-IgG autoantibodies (rheumatoid factors).

High titres of anti-IgG autoantibodies (rheumatoid factors, RF) are characteristic of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and mixed cryoglobulinaemia, and may contribute to immune complex formation and tissue damage. The monoclonal RFs from cryoglobulinaemia patients frequently display cross-reactive idiotypes. The genetic basis for the cross-reactive idiotypes on RF autoantibodies has not been determined. To clarify structural and genetic relationships among RFs from unrelated subjects, a series of anti-peptide antibodies have been generated that define primary sequence-dependent idiotypes on RF heavy and light chains. Multiple monoclonal and polyclonal RFs from unrelated individuals have been probed by Western blotting with the anti-idiotypic reagents. The results show that sequences in the kappa light chain variable region represent a common structural element among RF autoantibodies. This hypothesis is confirmed by the cloning and sequencing of the conserved germline variable region gene which encodes human RF kappa chains.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetism of β-Fe 1.00(2) Se 1.00(3) single crystals

Understanding iron-based superconductors requires high-quality impurity-free single crystals. So far they have been elusive for {beta}-FeSe and extraction of intrinsic materials properties has been compromised by several magnetic-impurity phases. Here, we report synchrotron-clean {beta}-FeSe superconducting single crystals grown via LiCl/CsCl flux method. Phase purity yields evidence for a defect-induced weak ferromagnetism that coexists with superconductivity below T{sub c}. In contrast to Fe{sub 1+y}Te-based superconductors, our results reveal that the interstitial Fe(2) site is not occupied and that all contribution to density of states at the Fermi level must come from in-plane Fe(1).
A cocaring framework for infants and toddlers: Applying a model of coparenting to parent–teacher relationships

Abstract Connections between home and childcare are vital for coordinating high quality care and education, especially for very young children. However, we know little about the key dimensions of parent–teacher, or cocaring relationships, in early childhood education, especially in subsidized care settings. Through individual, semi-structured qualitative interviews, this study examined 10 parent–teacher relationships where parents were receiving subsidized, center-based childcare for their infant or toddler. Using iterative, inductive analysis and deductive analysis based on Feinberg’s (2003) definitions of key coparenting dimensions—a critical guiding theoretical framework for also understanding parent–teacher coordination and interaction—three main themes emerged: the importance of good, open communication between parents and educators, challenges when undermining versus support was used in their interactions, and tensions when parents and educators disagreed versus agreed on practices such as feeding or toilet training. This study found evidence for positive cocaring interactions, especially positive communication that related with effective care coordination. The cocaring conceptualization offers a practical framework to support strong parent–teacher relationships and a theoretical tool to facilitate future research on parent–teacher relationships in early childhood education.
Circadian rhythms of gastric mucus efflux and residual mucus gel in the fasting rat stomach

We hypothesized that two putative gastric protective factors, mucus efflux and residual mucus gel content, would manifest circadian rhythms, as reported in several other gastric functions. Rats were adapted for three weeks on a 12-hr light schedule, fasted 18-hr and studied at 3-hr intervals. Under anesthesia, the stomachs were cannulated and filled with test solution. Thirty minutes later, they were drained and the luminal fluid was analyzed for mucus content by Alcian blue binding. Residual mucus gel was determined by direct injection of dye into the lumen. Alcian blue binding of rat mucus was expressed as equivalent milligrams of porcine mucin. Both parameters showed a significant (P<0.001) circadian rhythm. Mucus efflux peaked at 5:03±0:52 HALO (hours after lights on), and residual mucus at 6:00±0.46 HALO. Thus, the interplay of circadian rhythms in aggressive and defensive gastric mucosal functions is supported.
An implicit cognition assessment approach to relapse, secondary prevention, and media effects

We outline an implicit cognition, verbal, and nonverbal assessment approach that is feasible for a range of interventions in health behavior and addiction. This approach provides a way to assess whether interventions have an influence on the relatively spontaneous memories, thoughts, and evaluations that may mediate or precipitate health-related behaviors (alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use; HIV risk behavior; diet, exercise, and violent acts). We focus on feasible assessment applications in relapse prevention, and briefly provide several examples of assessments also relevant to secondary prevention and media interventions, with a focus on addictive and HIV risk behaviors. The assessment examples range from well-investigated tests with grounding in basic research to assessments that have much promise for application but are yet to be thoroughly evaluated. The approach suggests that implicit cognition assessments may help practitioners uncover and address plausible cognitive mediation effects that are unlikely to be currently assessed.
Angiofibrolipoma of the ear canal

Objectives/Hypothesis: Described is the first reported case of an angiofibrolipoma of the ear canal in a patient who presented with right-sided conductive hearing loss and a medial canal stenosis. Study Design: Case report. Results/Conclusion: This variant of lipoma contains mature adipocytes, blood vessels, and dense collagenous tissue. The physical examination can be misleading, and the diagnosis requires histopathological examination. The patient was treated with complete surgical excision, tympanoplasty, canalplasty, and skin grafting to the external auditory canal. His pure-tone average improved from 37 to 11 dB, and his air-bone gap was closed completely. The lipoma has not recurred in the 6-month period following surgery.
State of the art tutorial II: simulations for financial engineering: efficient simulations for option pricing

This paper presents an overview of techniques for improving the efficiency of option pricing simulations, including quasi-Monte Carlo methods, variance reduction, and methods for dealing with discretization error.
Support for solar energy: Examining sense of place and utility-scale development in California

Abstract As solar costs have declined PV systems have experienced considerable growth since 2003, especially in China, Japan, Germany, and the U.S. Thus, a more nuanced understanding of a particular public's attitudes toward utility-scale solar development, as it arrives in a market and region, is warranted and will likely be instructive for other areas in the world where this type of development will occur in the near future. Using data collected from a 2013 telephone survey (N = 594) from the six Southern Californian counties selected based on existing and proposed solar developments and available suitable land, we examine public attitudes toward solar energy and construction of large-scale solar facilities, testing whether attitudes toward such developments are the result of sense of place and attachment to place. Overall, we have mixed results. Place attachment and sense of place fail to produce significant effects except in terms of perceived positive benefits. That is, respondents interpret the change resulting from large-scale solar development in a positive way insofar as perceived positive economic impacts are positively related to support for nearby large-scale construction.
Nurses’ knowledge and beliefs about continence interventions in long‐term care

Incontinence in nursing homes is a prevalent condition requiring a programmatic approach due to its diverse aetiology. Awareness of antecedent factors, such as knowledge and beliefs about incontinence and its treatment by the individuals responsible for establishing and maintaining a continence programme, is important prior to implementation. A questionnaire was administered to licensed nurses who attended a workshop on urinary incontinence in nursing homes. One purpose of the questionnaire was to elicit information about beliefs regarding the effects of continence programmes on residents and staff and potential staff reaction to implementation of a continence programme in their facility. Responses by licensed practical nurses (LPNs) were compared to the responses of registered nurses (RNs). Attribution for causes of incontinence differed between LPNs and RNs. There were no significant differences in the report of current routine nursing care which included scheduled toileting, changing clothing when necessary, and use of adult briefs and underpads. Most nurses anticipated a favourable reaction by the staff to the implementation of a continence programme. However, at least 20% responded that the nursing staff would be apathetic or resistant to a programme. Administrative support was infrequently chosen as the most important factor in the implementation of a programme. The implications of these findings to continence programmes that are integrated into the organization and provide comprehensive services, including preventive interventions, are discussed.
Dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplementation alters select physiological endocannabinoid-system metabolites in brain and plasma

The endocannabinoid metabolome consists of a growing, (patho)physiologically important family of fatty-acid derived signaling lipids. Diet is a major source of fatty acid substrate for mammalian endocannabinoid biosynthesis. The principal long-chain PUFA found in mammalian brain, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), supports neurological function, retinal development, and overall health. The extent to which dietary DHA supplementation influences endocannabinoid-related metabolites in brain, within the context of the circulating endocannabinoid profile, is currently unknown. We report the first lipidomic analysis of acute 2-week DHA dietary supplementation effects on the physiological state of 15 fatty-acid, N-acylethanolamine, and glycerol-ester endocannabinoid metabolome constituents in murine plasma and brain. The DHA-rich diet markedly elevated DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid, 2-eicosapentanoylglycerol (EPG), and docosahexanoylethanolamine in both compartments. Dietary DHA enhancement generally affected the synthesis of the N-acyl-ethanolamine and glycerol-ester metabolites to favor the docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic vs. arachidonoyl and oleoyl homologs in both brain and plasma. The greater overall responsiveness of the endocannabinoid metabolome in plasma versus brain may reflect a more circumscribed homeostatic response range of brain lipids to dietary DHA supplementation. The ability of short-term DHA enhancement to modulate select constituents of the physiological brain and plasma endocannabinoid metabolomes carries metabolic and therapeutic implications.
Pattern Formation: The link between ovary and embryo

Abstract The Drosophila gene nudel may encode a spatially restricted serine protease involved in producing the ligand for the receptor Toll and linking dorsal–ventral polarity in the egg chamber to the developing embryonic axis.
COMPARISONS OF NITRATE UPTAKE, STORAGE, AND REDUCTION IN MARINE DIATOMS AND FLAGELLATES

Diatoms, but not flagellates, have been shown to increase rates of nitrogen release after a shift from a low growth irradiance to a much higher experimental irradiance. We compared NO3− uptake kinetics, internal inorganic nitrogen storage, and the temperature dependence of the NO3− reduction enzymes, nitrate (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR), in nitrogen-replete cultures of 3 diatoms (Chaetoceros sp., Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira weissflogii) and 3 flagellates (Dunaliella tertiolecta, Pavlova lutheri, Prorocentrum minimum) to provide insight into the differences in nitrogen release patterns observed between these species. At NO3− concentrations <40 μmol-N·L−1, all the diatom species and the dinoflagellate P. minimum exhibited saturating kinetics, whereas the other flagellates, D. tertiolecta and P. lutheri, did not saturate, leading to very high estimated K s values. Above ∼60 μmol-N·L−1, NO3− uptake rates of all species tested continued to increase in a linear fashion. Rates of NO3− uptake at 40 μmol-N·L−1, normalized to cellular nitrogen, carbon, cell number, and surface area, were generally greater for diatoms than flagellates. Diatoms stored significant amounts of NO3− internally, whereas the flagellate species stored significant amounts of NH4+. Half-saturation concentrations for NR and NiR were similar between all species, but diatoms had significantly lower temperature optima for NR and NiR than did the flagellates tested in most cases. Relative to calculated biosynthetic demands, diatoms were found to have greater NO3− uptake and NO3− reduction rates than flagellates. This enhanced capacity for NO3− uptake and reduction along with the lower optimum temperature for enzyme activity could explain differences in nitrogen release patterns between diatoms and flagellates after an increase in irradiance.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Oleaginous Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica PO1f, a Commonly Used Metabolic Engineering Host.

ABSTRACT The draft genome sequence of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica stain PO1f, a commonly used metabolic engineering host, is presented here. The approximately 20.3-Mb genome sequence of PO1f will greatly facilitate research efforts in metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for value-added chemical production.
Arterial traffic-control systems

The objective of a traffic-adjusted arterial control system is to minimize travel time along the artery. Such traffic characteristics as volume, road occupancy, or vehicle speed are sensed for both outbound and inbound traffic. These data lead to the selection of a pre-computed strategic plan of the system cycle length, offsets, and splits which matches the current demand and trend of traffic, possibly for a period of 10 min, at the end of which another strategic selection will be made. Arterial control forms the basis of multi-intersection signal-control systems. The implementation of arterial traffic-control systems will be described with strong emphasis on hardware aspects.
Durkheim's The Rules of Sociological Method: Is It a Classic?

Durkheim's The Rules of Sociological Method has never enjoyed the same reputation as his major books, in part because the book is uncongenial to standard intetations of Durkheim. In particular, its attacks on teleology do not fit his reputation as a functionalist. The papers in this special issue address the work historically. Both Porter and Stedman Jones deal with aspects of the context in which Durkheim worked and transformewL Schmaus and Nemedi deal uith problems of intrpreting Durkheim's develpment, and Platt discusses the reception of The Rules. The papers shed light on such important questions as the meaning of Durkheim's slogan "society is made of repreentations." Durkheim, it appears, was not only what would now be called a constructionist, he went on to ask whether the fact that constructions are real in their consequences did not imply the reality causal reality of constructions and, the*jf6, a specific kind of "social realism. " The problem The Rules poses, of what is the fundamental stuff of society, is "classic" in significance, and Durkheim's ansuer is classically radicaL
Species separability in ternary multiphase systems

Abstract The separability of species between two fluid phases in ternary liquid-liquid-vapor (LLV) systems can be quite variable across the LLV region. Significant molecular differences between at least two of the species are necessary to induce partial miscibility behavior, often leading to large compositional differences between the fluid phases; at the same time, it is typical to have this LLV region bounded on some of its sides in the thermodynamic phase space by critical end point loci. The occurrence of a tricritical point with a ternary LLV system is common. On occasion, one observes a “fold” in the LLV surface when that surface is projected on pressure-temperature coordinates. Analysis of this fold-extremum phenomenon is offered in terms of phase composition (species separability) constraints. Examples of folds in two ternary systems prototype to the enhanced oil recovery problem are shown and discussed.
The effect of formal and associative similarity on paired-associate and free-recall learning

Associative similarity between pairs of words and formal similarity among consonant syllables were manipulated to determine their influences on free-recall learning (FL) and on paired-associate learning (PAL). The higher the formal similarity the slower the FL, while the higher the associative similarity the more rapid the FL. Increasing formal similarity among response terms in PAL was accompanied by a linear performance decrement which increased with trials. Increasing associative similarity among response terms in PAL did not influence behavior, a consequence believed due to a cancellation of the negative effects on associative learning and the positive effects on response learning. Increasing formal similarity among stimulus terms in PAL resulted in first an increase in performance followed by a sharp decrease, suggesting that some positive factor for learning initially accompanies the increase in similarity. This factor was not identified. Increasing associative similarity among stimulus terms generally resulted in a decrement in learning but this relationship, too, was complex.
Enhanced/suppressed interdiffusion of lattice-matched and pseudomorphic III–V heterostructures by controlling Ga vacancies

Data are presented showing that the interdiffusion of Ga and Al (AlGaAs-GaAs) and of Ga and In (pseudomorphic InGaAs-GaAs) at a heterojunction can be significantly enhanced or suppressed by controlling group III vacancies and interstitials. High resistivity low-temperature GaAs which contains excess As is shown to accelerate the interdiffusion process. The emission wavelength from monolayer-thick quantum wells can remain relatively unchanged even after annealing for 200 h at 850° C.
Separation of choline- and ethanolamine-labeled metabolites by ion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography

Two methods utilizing ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography have been developed for the separation of choline- and ethanolamine-containing metabolic precursors for phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Both methods employ an analytical anion-exchange column supplemented with a cation-exchange column; the latter is required only to separate betaine from choline. Complete separation of choline- and ethanolamine-labeled metabolites from extracts of Chinese hamster ovary cells can be achieved in 20 min.
Women in engineering: politics in the making of a statistical category

National narratives, made up mostly by images of a nation in crisis and defined by powerful social actors and have significantly shaped US policies and programs for education and training of women in engineering, as well as the latter's significance as statistical categories for the American nation. Given the increasing importance of scientists and engineers in the fulfillment of US missions in the last four decades, educating, training, and having knowledge about scientists and engineers have become important activities for federal involvement, particularly through the US National Science Foundation (NSF). However, the creation and implementation of policies and programs in education and human resources results in struggles and encounters resistance from different actors involved in the education, training, and counting of scientists and engineers. Political struggles of the past 40 years (1960-2000) have shaped the US government's programs for the education and training of women in engineering, and demonstrated how the government has defined women as statistical categories based on its understanding of "appropriate" national needs. In the discussion presented, we see how what was considered "appropriate" changed over time.
Recovery of vancomycin-resistant enterococci on fingertips and environmental surfaces.

Objective To determine the recovery of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) on fingertips, gloved fingertips, and environmental surfaces commonly encountered in the healthcare setting, and to examine the importance of handwashing on the removal of these organisms. Design Two clinical isolates of VRE (Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium) were inoculated onto the hands of healthy human volunteers and the following environmental surfaces: countertops, bedrails, telephones, and stethoscopes. Following inoculation, samples were obtained at various time intervals to determine rates of recovery of organisms. To evaluate the effects of handwashing on enterococcal recovery, two different soap preparations were tested. Hands were washed with water alone or with one of the soaps and water. The soap and water studies were performed with a 5-second and a 30-second wash. Results Both enterococcal strains survived for at least 60 minutes on gloved and ungloved fingertips. The E faecalis was recoverable from countertops for 5 days; the E faecium persisted for 7 days. For bedrails, both enterococcal species survived for 24 hours without significant reduction in colony counts. The bacteria persisted for 60 minutes on the telephone handpiece and for 30 minutes on the diaphragmatic surface of the stethoscope. A 5-second wash with water alone resulted in virtually no change in recovery of enterococci; a 30-second wash with water plus either soap was necessary to eradicate the bacteria from hands completely. Conclusion VRE are capable of prolonged survival on hands, gloves, and environmental surfaces. Hands should be washed thoroughly and gloves removed following contact with patients infected or colonized with these multidrug-resistant bacteria. Finally, environmental surfaces may serve as potential reservoirs for nosocomial transmission of VRE and need to be considered when formulating institutional infection control policies.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism studies of a duplex - single-stranded hairpin loop equilibrium for the oligodeoxyribonucleotide sequence d(CGCGATTCGCG)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and circular dichroism (CD) studies have been carried out with the oligodeoxyribonucleotide mismatch sequence, d(CGCGATTCGCG), 1. It has been found that 1 exists, in solution, as an equilibrium mixture of slowly interconverting, structured conformational isomers, 1a and 1b. On the basis of the concentration dependence of the 1a-1b equilibrium, the 1H NMR spectrum of the imino protons of the nucleotide bases, and the individual CD spectra of 1a and 1b, it is suggested that the two species correspond to a B-type DNA duplex and a single-stranded, hairpin-loop structure; the portion of the single-stranded species not involved in the loop appears to have a B-type DNA structure (on the basis of the CD measurements). To facilitate 1H NMR resonance assignments, the two possible des-methyl thymidine derivatives of 1 were synthesized; the effect of this substitution on the physical chemical properties of 1 was explored. The 1H NMR spectra of 1, as a function of temperature, showed that, under conditions wherein both species were present to a significant extent, the duplex form melted at a lower temperature than the single-stranded, hairpin loop structure.
The Binding of Drugs to Plasma Proteins from Patients with Poor Renal Function

Plasma from patients with renal failure has decreased binding of many drugs. The decreased binding of anionic drugs is pronounced and is apparently due to occupation of protein binding sites by non-dialysable endogenous acidic compounds. Organic bases seem to bind normally, particularly if hypoproteinaemia or hypoalbuminaemia are not present. This modification of drug binding to plasma proteins from uraemic patients must be considered when plasma concentrations of acidic drugs are measured.
Diffusion noise in double injection diodes

Abstract A survey is given of calculations on diffusion noise in double injection SCL diodes. A general asymptotic method applicable to ωτ ⪢ 1 is presented that gives thermal noise at all points in the device. The method of Zijlstra and Gisolf is shown to be non-applicable to the semiconductor regime. For the insulator regime it does not seem to give thermal noise at all points in the device. The method of variation of parameters, when applied to the semiconductor regime, leads to a solution with an unknown integration constant; when this integration constant is chosen zero, one obtains thermal noise plus a g-r like diffusion noise term. Finally an approach is made for the semiconductor regime that does not neglect diffusion. The device then gives thermal noise at all frequencies and at all points in the device, plus a g-r like noise term that is negligible for long devices but noticeable for small ones.
Solubilization of hepatic binding sites for asialo-glycoproteins.

Abstract A lyophilized preparation of a particulate fraction of rabbit liver homogenate exhibits specific binding affinity for a desialylated glycoprotein comparable to that found in rat liver plasma membranes. Treatment of this preparation with Triton X-100 solubilizes the receptor sites which are capable of retaining their specific binding activity in solution.
Biosynthesis of Scorpinone, a 2-Azaanthraquinone from Amorosia littoralis, a Fungus from Marine Sediment⊥

The biogenetic origin of the carbon atoms in the 2-azaanthraquinone scorpinone (1), produced by the rare fungus Amorosia littoralis isolated from marine sediment, was explored through isotopic enrichment studies utilizing [2-13C]-acetate and [1,2-13C]-acetate. The labeling results reveal a heptaketide precursor is involved in the biosynthesis of 1, as has been found for the structurally related naphthoquinone dihydrofusarubin. The previously identified naphthoquinone herbarin (2) was also isolated and appears to bear the same biogenetic relationship to 1 as the fusarubins do to the fungal 2-azaanthraquinone bostrycoidins.
An scl gene product lacking the transactivation domain induces bony abnormalities and cooperates with LMO1 to generate T‐cell malignancies in transgenic mice

The product of the scl (also called tal-1 or TCL5) gene is a basic domain, helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor required for the development of hematopoietic cells. Additionally, scl gene disruption and dysregulation, by either chromosomal translocations or a site-specific interstitial deletion whereby 5' regulatory elements of the sil gene become juxtaposed to the body of the scl gene, is associated with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Here we show that an inappropriately expressed scl protein, driven by sil regulatory elements, can cause aggressive T-cell malignancies in collaboration with a misexpressed LMO1 protein, thus recapitulating the situation seen in a subset of human T-cell ALL. Moreover, we show that inappropriately expressed scl can interfere with the development of other tissues derived from mesoderm. Lastly, we show that an scl construct lacking the scl transactivation domain collaborates with misexpressed LMO1, demonstrating that the scl transactivation domain is dispensable for oncogenesis, and supporting the hypothesis that the scl gene product exerts its oncogenic action through a dominant-negative mechanism.
STUDIES CONCERNING THE EVOLUTIONARY STATUS OF POLYCOTYLEDONY

The question which condition is more primitive, polycotyledony or dicotyledony, has been very widely discussed and is a very old subject in botanical literature. It is generally believed that one of these has been derived from the other, and for more than seventy years botanical opinion 'has been divided on the question. On the basis of anatomy, Duchartre, in I848, supported the thesis which had been previously announced, that polycotyledony has been derived from dicotyledony, but this view was not accepted by Sachs in his text-book (i882). Ma-sters in I89I supported the views of Sachs, and Dangeard supported the older view of Duchartre. More recently, Hill and DeFraihe (6), after the study of the vascular anatomy of many conifer seedlings, also reached the conclusion that polycotyledony has been derived from dicotyledony by a splitting of the cotyledons. Hill and DeFraine find that in most instances there is a single vascular strand in the cotyledon. They classify as whole-cotyledons those in which this strand undergoes bifurcation accompanied by a rotation of the xylem to bring the protoxylem in the exarch position as it forms a single root pole; as half-cotyledons those in which the strands from two cotyledons combine during transition to form one root pole; and as subsidiary-cotyledons those in which the strand fuses with another above the transition region. The existence of intermediate stages leads these authors to infer that "a subsidiary seed-leaf may, in the course of events, be promoted, as it were, to the rank of a half-cotyledon; while a half-seed-leaf may be raised to the dignity of a whole-cotyledon." In addition to this, they find that occasionally leaves from the plumule may become displaced and added to the cotyledonary node. The argument of Hill and DeFraine rests further upon the existence of cotyledons with double strands, partially divided cotyledons, and numerous similar abnormalities. The theory is more plausible when applied to the Taxineae, Podocarpineae, and other forms with few cotyledons, but becomes very difficult to explain for the more extremely polycotyledonous Abietineae. While these authors make use of the external anatomy in their hypothesis, they give us no explanation for the origin of the cotyledonary tubes which they found in many instances among twenty species-nearly one third of the number investigated. On the other hand, assuming that when two cotyledons fuse they form double cotyledons, which later lose their double nature, and that the cotio6
Molecular structure of outer segment disks in photoreceptor cells.

The structure of the photoreceptor cell outer segment disks in guinea pig, frog, and gecko retinas were analyzed by means of freeze-fracturing and showed basically identical features. Thanks to a rather accurate locating of the fracture planes based on observations, the observed structure could be interpreted to reveal that the outer segment disk membranes consist of two layers with greatly different physical properties and with each layer measuring about 50 A in thickness. These observations were interpreted on the basis of information obtained earlier by means of polarization optical and x-ray diffraction analysis as well as of what is known about the chemical composition of the photoreceptor cell outer segments. On this basis it was concluded that each disk membrane consists of one lipid bilayer and one monolayer of photopigment molecules dispersed in an aqueous medium of small volume. A particulate structure at the edge of the disk made this part of the disk appear as structurally different from the disk membrane. A hypothetical mechanism is proposed for the transmission of a signal linking energy transduction to the change in permeability of the outer segment plasma membrane caused by absorption of light. The outer segment disk membrane differs structurally extensively from the inner mitochondrial membranes, and the differences were interpreted to reflect the very different functions at a molecular level of these two types of membranes.
The use of a schlieren-type microscope in the study of crystal growth

Abstract A schlieren-type microscope is described which permits multiple exposures of crystals during timed stages of growth so that the rates of growth can be measured in the various crystallographic directions. Each stage of growth is represented by a series of sharp white lines on a black background. By measuring the perpendicular distance between the lines of adjacent series the rates of growth can be determined. Examples of the results obtained are furnished for slow-growing crystals of normal habit and also of dendritic crystals. The microscope is simple enough that anyone can build one.
The politics of clothing in the middle east: The case of Hijab in post‐revolution Iran

(1993). The politics of clothing in the middle east: The case of Hijab in post‐revolution Iran. Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 54-63.
Retail applications of signature verification

The dramatic rise in identity theft, the ever pressing need to provide convenience in checkout services to attract and retain loyal customers, and the growing use of multi-function signature captures devices in the retail sector provides favorable conditions for the deployment of dynamic signature verification (DSV) in retail settings. We report on the development of a DSV system to meet the needs of the retail sector. We currently have a database of approximately 10,000 signatures collected from 600 subjects and forgers. Previous work at IBM on DSV has been merged and extended to achieve robust performance on pen position data available from commercial point of sale hardware, achieving equal error rates on skilled forgeries and authentic signatures of 1.5% to 4%.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Managed Care and Medicaid: A Critical Appraisal:

A close inspection of approved and pending state waiver programs suggests that the expansion of Medicaid provides a new means of social control over the poor and uninsured. Changes in the structure and financing of state Medicaid programs, like work requirements and time limits on eligibility, limit the appeal of publicly funded medical insurance. In addition, the social construction of the target population legitimizes the imposition of restrictive health care arrangements for poor women that would be politically indefensible if applied to the general population or to "deserving" subgroups with the population (e.g., retirees).
Comparison of spin-flip dispersion relations with pion-nucleon scattering data

The dispersion relations for the spin-flip, forward-scattering amplitude have been tested against pion-nucleon scattering data for energies up to 300 Mev. The Fermi set of phase shifts satisfy these relations while the Yang set do not. An approximate value for the renormalized coupling constant, f2=(gμ/2M)2, of 0.1 is obtained from the P-wave phase shifts.