cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustainable development, global restructuring and immigrant housing

Abstract Sustainable development is frequently oriented towards aspects of environmental quality and carrying capacity.1 A broader view, endorsed by the UN Centre for Human Settlements, includes aspects of social and economic equity as well. In this connection, global restructuring presents a significant context. Its associated processes, including international migration, help create and reinforce patterns of socioeconomic polarisation and spatial segregation. These patterns find expression particularly in urban housing. This paper examines various aspects of the housing situation of immigrants in the USA.
Management and outcomes of blunt common and external iliac arterial injuries

Objective Blunt iliac arterial injuries (BIAI) require complex management but are rare and poorly studied. We investigated the presentation, management, and outcomes of patients with blunt common or external iliac arterial injuries. Methods We identified and reviewed 112 patients with BIAI admitted between 2000 and 2011 at a Level I trauma center. Patients with common/external iliac artery injuries (CE group) were primarily analyzed, with patients with injuries of the internal iliac artery or its major branches (IB group) included for comparison of pelvic arterial trauma. Results Twenty-four patients had CE and 88 had IB injuries. Mean ages (45 ± 19 years) and gender (86% male) were similar between groups. The mean injury severity score was 40 ± 14 (CE, 36 ± 15; IB, 40 ± 14; P = .19), indicating severe trauma. Twenty (83%) of the CE patients presented with signs of leg malperfusion. Admission factors associated with CE injury were crush mechanism of injury (37% vs 17%; P = .03) and pelvic soft tissue trauma (50% vs 15%; P P = .04) and prior to iliac intervention (42% vs 3%; P P P Conclusions This is the largest series to date of blunt CE injuries and demonstrates distinct clinical features and outcomes for these patients. They have high risk for early death and proximal leg amputation. CE injury is specifically associated with serious open pelvic soft tissue injury, which, along with high-grade pelvic fractures, is a risk factor for amputation and death. On-demand emergent endovascular intervention may play an important role in improving management of these complex injuries.
The Impact of Vitamin D Status on Periodontal Surgery Outcomes

Vitamin D regulates calcium and immune function. While vitamin D deficiency has been associated with periodontitis, little information exists regarding its effect on wound healing and periodontal surgery outcomes. This longitudinal clinical trial assessed outcomes of periodontal surgery and teriparatide administration in vitamin-D-sufficient and -insufficient individuals. Forty individuals with severe chronic periodontitis received periodontal surgery, daily calcium and vitamin D supplements, and self-administered teriparatide or placebo for 6 wks to correspond with osseous healing time. Serum 25(OH)D was evaluated at baseline, 6 wks, and 6 mos post-surgery. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were evaluated over 1 yr. Placebo patients with baseline vitamin D deficiency [serum 25(OH)D, 16-19 ng/mL] had significantly less clinical attachment loss (CAL) gain (-0.43 mm vs. 0.92 mm, p < 0.01) and probing depth (PPD) reduction (0.43 mm vs. 1.83 mm, p < 0.01) than vitamin-D-sufficient individuals. Vitamin D levels had no significant impact on CAL and PPD improvements in teriparatide patients at 1 yr, but infrabony defect resolution was greater in teriparatide-treated vitamin-D-sufficient vs. -deficient individuals (2.05 mm vs. 0.87 mm, p = 0.03). Vitamin D deficiency at the time of periodontal surgery negatively affects treatment outcomes for up to 1 yr. Analysis of these data suggests that vitamin D status may be critical for post-surgical healing. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, CT00277706).
Metabolism of ganciclovir and cidofovir in cells infected with drug-resistant and wild-type strains of murine cytomegalovirus

Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has been used extensively as an animal model for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Understanding drug resistance and its treatment in MCMV may lead to more effective treatments of HCMV disease. Most ganciclovir-resistant HCMV clinical isolates exhibit a decreased capacity to induce ganciclovir phosphorylation (to its biologically active form) in infected cells. Using an MCMV strain resistant to both ganciclovir and cidofovir, the intracellular metabolism of these drugs was studied to determine if MCMV resistance correlates with decreases in drug phosphorylation. The wild-type (WT) MCMV used for comparison was inhibited in plaque reduction assays, by ganciclovir and cidofovir by 50% at 5.1 and 0.24 microM, respectively; the resistant strain was inhibited at 72 and 2.7 microM, respectively. In uninfected, WT, or resistant virus-infected cells, the extent of metabolism of 10 microM ganciclovir or 1 microM cidofovir to intracellular triphosphorylated species was similar. Phosphorylation and catabolism (following drug removal) rates over time were also similar. Intracellular levels of ganciclovir triphosphate and cidofovir diphosphate increased less than two-fold with increasing multiplicity of virus infection. Because few differences in drug phosphorylation between WT and resistant virus-infected cells were found, virus resistance to ganciclovir and cidofovir apparently is not linked to altered drug phosphorylation. Since the viral DNA polymerase is the antiviral target for these compounds, the resistant MCMV is most likely a DNA polymerase mutant.
A spatial distribution study of analyte concentration in solid substrate surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy☆

Abstract As surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy becomes more widely used as a technique for routine analysis, attention must be given to factors which affect the reproducibility of the technique. One such factor which has not been considered is the effect of the spatial distribution of molecules in an analyte spot on a solid SERS substrate. In this study, we demonstrate that the spatial distribution of analyte can be quite non-uniform due to chromatographic interactions between the analyte molecules, solvent and support used. The SERS signal obtained is highly dependent on the position of the laser beam in the analyte spot. The SERS signal is also dependent on the relative sizes of the analyte spot and the laser beam at the sample. This latter dependence can not be explained with current theoretical treatments. However, we demonstrate that a simple modification of the current theory can qualitatively explain the results we observe.
Involvement of pontile NMDA receptors in inspiratory termination in rat

We evaluated the hypothesis that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the rostral pons mediate the off-switch of inspiration in the adult rat. Experiments were performed on decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated animals. Activity of phrenic nerve was recorded. Small volumes (10 nl) of NMDA antagonists, MK-801 and AP-5, or non-NMDA antagonists, CNQX and DNQX, were injected into the rostral pons. We found that injections of MK-801 reversibly increased the duration of neural inspiration (TI), and the increase was dose-dependent. Injections of AP-5 also increased TI. Injections of the DNQX and CNQX in these same loci resulted in no significant changes in the duration of neural inspiration, expiration or peak phrenic activity (PNA). However, injections of kainic acid (KA, 4.7 mM) in the loci increased TI and decreased PNA. We conclude that neurons regulating the off-switch mechanism are located in the rostral pons. Further, the binding of NMDA receptors in the rostral pons is involved in this off-switch mechanism.
Polycystic kidney disease genes and polycystins

The past decade has seen extraordinary progress in the study of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. The 2 major genes for this disorder have been identified. Animal models of ADPKD have been produced. The molecular basis of the disease has been characterized. ADPKD is a “second-hit” disease, much like many cancer predisposition syndromes. This has profound implications for our understanding. The progression of ADPKD in individual patients is likely related more to their individual rate of acquisition of second hits at thePKD1 orPKD2 locus than to the inherited germ line mutation itself. Therapeutic approaches will perhaps now be considered, which will include interventions that may limit the rate at which somatic mutations occur in the kidney. The major focus of research at present is to elucidate the normal functions ofPKD1 andPKD2. Protein binding partners are being sought for both proteins. The possible calcium channel function ofPKD2 is being investigated. The downstream effects of cellular deficiency of either protein are likely to yield many clues. Modifying genetic factors that may independently affect disease progression are likely to be identified using the several mouse models. Perhaps the next decade will bring great strides in understanding and in potential therapy for this common disease.
IMMUNOREGULATION, ONCOGENIC VIRUSES, AND MALIGNANT LYMPHOMAS

Abstract A hypothesis accounting for the Summary development of lymphomas in patients with autoimmune diseases and recipients of allografts, as well as the relationship between malaria and lymphomas, is presented. This idea is based on the discovery that latent oncogenic viruses can be activated immunologically. It is proposed that the feedback loops controlling the immune response prevent activation of oncogenic viruses in transformed lymphocytes.
The Knowledge, Skill, and Ability Requirements for Teamwork: Implications for Human Resource Management

This study reviews the literature on groups to determine the knowledge, skill, and ability (KSA) requirements for teamwork. The focus is on: (1) KSAs rather than personality traits; (2) team rather than technical KSAs; and (3) the individual rather than team level of analysis. Fourteen specific KSAs are derived. Then, the implications of these teamwork KSAs for the modification or development of human resource (HR) management systems are determined, and research issues are discussed.
Utility of Preoperative Anesthesia Clinic Videoendoscopy for Airway Management Planning

Introduction: The authors performed videolaryngoscopy during the preoperative anesthesia clinic evaluation of a patient with chronic dyspnea, stridor, and a previous hemilaryngectomy scheduled to undergo a series of orthopedic surgery procedures for an infected knee arthroplasty. The findings proved crucial for determining airway management. Case Presentation: A 68-year-old man presented to the preoperative anesthesia clinic for work-up before anticipated removal of infected total knee arthroplasty hardware, placement of antibiotic spacers, incision and drainage procedures, and revision arthroplasty. The patient had previously undergone a hemilaryngectomy and tracheostomy (now closed) for squamous cell carcinoma of the right true vocal cord. The patient described chronic dyspnea with minimal exertion. Inspiratory and expiratory wheezes and intermittent inspiratory stridor were present. A transnasal videolaryngoscopy examination was performed using topical anesthesia and demonstrated significant supraglottic scarring, a narrowed glottis, and subglottic stenosis. A computed tomography study confirmed the presence of tracheomalacia with subglottic stenosis. A permanent tracheostomy was performed to establish a definitive airway before the knee arthroplasty was removed. Conclusions: The case illustrates that transnasal videolaryngoscopy conducted in the preoperative anesthesia clinic is capable of providing key information to guide airway management in patients with significant upper airway pathology.
A genome wide study of genetic adaptation to high altitude in feral Andean Horses of the páramo

Life at high altitude results in physiological and metabolic challenges that put strong evolutionary pressure on performance due to oxidative stress, UV radiation and other factors dependent on the natural history of the species. To look for genes involved in altitude adaptation in a large herbivore, this study explored genome differentiation between a feral population of Andean horses introduced by the Spanish in the 1500s to the high Andes and their Iberian breed relatives. Using allelic genetic models and Fst analyses of ~50 K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the horse genome, 131 candidate genes for altitude adaptation were revealed (Bonferoni of p ≤ 2 × 10–7). Significant signals included the EPAS1 in the hypoxia-induction-pathway (HIF) that was previously discovered in human studies (p = 9.27 × 10-8); validating the approach and emphasizing the importance of this gene to hypoxia adaptation. Strong signals in the cytochrome P450 3A gene family (p = 1.5 ×10-8) indicate that other factors, such as highly endemic vegetation in altitude environments are also important in adaptation. Signals in tenuerin 2 (TENM2, p = 7.9 × 10-14) along with several other genes in the nervous system (gene categories representation p = 5.1 × 10-5) indicate the nervous system is important in altitude adaptation. In this study of a large introduced herbivore, it becomes apparent that some gene pathways, such as the HIF pathway are universally important for high altitude adaptation in mammals, but several others may be selected upon based on the natural history of a species and the unique ecology of the altitude environment.
From recursion to iteration: what are the optimizations?

Transforming recursion into iteration eliminates the use of stack frames during program execution. It has been studied extensively. This paper describes a powerful and systematic method, based on incrementalization, for transforming general recursion into iteration: identify an input increment, derive an incremental version under the input increment, and form an iterative computation using the incremental version. Exploiting incrementalization yields iterative computation in a uniform way and also allows additional optimizations to be explored cleanly and applied systematically, in most cases yielding iterative programs that use constant additional space, reducing additional space usage asymptotically, and run much faster. We summarize major optimizations, complexity improvements, and performance measurements.
Analysis of Early Dengue Virus Infection in Mice as Modulated by Aedes aegypti Probing

Dengue virus (DENV), the etiologic agent of dengue fever, is transmitted during probing of human skin by infected-mosquito bite. The expectorated viral inoculum also contains an assortment of mosquito salivary proteins that have been shown to modulate host hemostasis and innate immune responses. To examine the potential role of mosquito probing in DENV establishment within the vertebrate host, we inoculated mice intradermally with DENV serotype 2 strain 1232 at sites where Aedes aegypti had or had not probed immediately prior. We assayed these sites 3 h postinoculation with transcript arrays for the Toll-like receptor (TLR), RIG-I-like receptor, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways of the innate immune system. We then chose TLR7, transcription factor p65 (RelA), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) from the arrays for further investigation and assayed these transcripts at 10 min, 3 h, and 6 h postinoculation. The transcripts for TLR7, RelA, IFN-γ, and IP-10 were significantly downregulated between 2- and 3-fold in the group subjected to mosquito probing relative to the virus-only inoculation group at 3 h postinoculation. A reduction in these transcripts could indicate reduced DENV recognition and antigen presentation and diminished inhibition of viral replication and spread. Further, mosquito probing resulted in viremia titers significantly higher than those in mice that did not receive probing. A. aegypti probing has a significant effect on the innate immune response to DENV infection and generates an early immune environment more permissive to the establishment of infection.
A flexible content protection system for media-on-demand

The media-on-demand (MOD), derived from traditional Video-on-Demand, is a significant value-added service for operators in the present and the foreseeable future. This paper introduces a flexible content protection system for MOD, named on demand content protection (ODCP). The ODCP system does not rely on the conventional conditional access system, and can be applied in both Internet and cable environment. It supports unicast and multicast content distribution and its player can be either an application on PC or a device such as a set-top box. In ODCP, contents are protected from end to end. A user cannot play the content without an entitlement from the MOD service provider. A usage rule can be bound with the entitlement, so that the service provider can specify how and when the user could use the content.
A biologically inspired tactile sensor array utilizing phase-based computation

We propose a biologically inspired tactile sensor array based on neural spike processing. Asynchronous data processing is integrated on-chip with the sensor array and converts the high-bandwidth raw input data into higher-level information with lower bandwidth requirements. Using phase-based computation primitives, as opposed to traditional rate-based neural spike codes, the array can compute the point-of-contact, force magnitude, force direction, and the presence or absence of slips, all in real time. Simulations demonstrate a reduction in the number of computations by up to three orders of a magnitude over a comparable synchronous approach.
Upper bounds on near-source peak ground motion based on a model of inhomogeneous faulting

abstract Two independent arguments indicate an upper bound of about 10 for the ratio r o / r i in the expressions for peak velocity v and peak acceleration a at close hypocentral distances R : v = ( β Δτ r o /μ R )[0.10( r o / r i ) + 0.15] and a = (Δτ/ρ R )[0.30( r o / r i ) 2 + 0.45], where r i is the radius of the most heavily loaded asperity that fails within an earthquake source region of radius r o , Δτ is the stress drop, β is the shear-wave velocity, μ is the modulus of rigidity, and ρ is the density; these relationships are for ground motion recorded in a whole-space. First, a recently reported data set was augmented by observations for six earthquakes in the magnitude range 4 ≦ M L ≦ 6.6, for which ground motion was recorded at a minimum of five sites at hypocentral distances of the order of 10 km; the new events include the 1979 Coyote Lake and 1979 Imperial Valley shocks. The entire data set of 22 events, spanning a range in seismic moment from 5 × 10 16 to over 10 26 dyne-cm, is consistent both with the bound r o / r i r o / r i a ≦ 0.40 g and for a compressional stress state a ≦ 2.0 g , where a now represents the maximum horizontal acceleration as recorded at the surface directly above the seismic source.
International Integration and the Interdependence of Economic Variables

In recent years there has been considerable work on the measurement of economic integration and interdependence, both because of their direct interest and because of possible linkages between economic integration and interdependence and various types of social and political integration. Unfortunately, however, the value of a great deal of the empirical literature in this area must be seriously questioned because of the lack of satisfactory theoretical underpinnings for the statistical measurements employed. In the first section of this paper we offer a critical survey of measures used to analyze international transactions in terms of the extent to which they correspond to relevant theoretical concepts. We find that Russett's "chooser-chosen" GNP model has a good deal more theoretical justification than the Savage-Deutsch RA model. In the second section we go on to consider the concept of interdependence as used by most economists (such as Cooper) and indicate how it can be used as the basis for empirical work. Section three considers an alternative concept of interdependence developed by Waltz and how it also may be measured directly. In sections four and five we discuss a set of questions of considerable interest for the investigation of the political and social importance of economic interdependence. These concern the relationships between the levels of interand intra-country interdependence or integration and between international and regional integration. In section six we discuss the distinctions between integration and interdependence, terms which are used as interchangeable in much of the literature. In section seven
River morphology and river channel changes

River morphology has been a subject of great challenge to scientists and engineers who recognize that any effort with regard to river engineering must be based on a proper understanding of the morphological features involved and the responses to the imposed changes. In this paper, an overview of river morphology is presented from the geomorphic viewpoint. Included in the scope are the regime concept, river channel classification, thresholds in river morphology, and geomorphic analysis of river responses. Analytical approach to river morphology based on the physical principles for the hydraulics of flow and sediment transport processes is also presented. The application of analytical river morphology is demonstrated by an example. Modeling is the modern technique to determine both short-term and long-term river channel responses to any change in the environment. The physical foundation of fluvial process-response must be applied in formatting a mathematical model. A brief introduction of the mathematical model FLUVIAL-12 is described.
Microbenchmarks for determining branch predictor organization

In order to achieve an optimum performance of a given application on a given computer platform, a program developer or compiler must be aware of computer architecture parameters, including those related to branch predictors. Although dynamic branch predictors are designed with the aim of automatically adapting to changes in branch behavior during program execution, code optimizations based on the information about predictor structure can greatly increase overall program performance. Yet, exact predictor implementations are seldom made public, even though processor manuals provide valuable optimization tips.This paper presents an experimental flow with a series of microbenchmarks that determine the organization and size of a branch predictor using on-chip performance monitoring registers. Such knowledge can be used either for manual code optimization or for design of new, more architecture-aware compilers. Three examples illustrate how insight into exact branch predictor organization can be directly applied to code optimization. The proposed experimental flow is illustrated with microbenchmarks tuned for Intel Pentium III and Pentium 4 processors, although they can easily be adapted for other architectures. The described approach can also be used during processor design for performance evaluation of various branch predictor organizations and for testing and validation during implementation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design for manufacturability: a path from system level to high yielding chips

This tutorial describes a wide spectrum of the Design for Manufacturability (DFM) activities. We start by presenting a new approach to IC design, which takes full advantage of leading edge technology. Then we propose a new methodology for acceleration of yield ramping which accounts for all the dominant yield loss mechanisms and a set of software tools that have been developed to address the yield learning problems. Several real-life examples demonstrate the practical results of employing such a yield ramping strategy.
Role of topoisomerase IIβ in the expression of developmentally regulated genes

Mice lacking topoisomerase IIbeta (TopIIbeta) are known to exhibit a perinatal death phenotype. In the current study, transcription profiles of the brains of wild-type and top2beta knockout mouse embryos were generated. Surprisingly, only a small number (1 to 4%) of genes were affected in top2beta knockout embryos. However, the expression of nearly 30% of developmentally regulated genes was either up- or down-regulated. By contrast, the expression of genes encoding general cell growth functions and early differentiation markers was not affected, suggesting that TopIIbeta is not required for early differentiation programming but is specifically required for the expression of developmentally regulated genes at later stages of differentiation. Consistent with this notion, immunohistochemical analysis of brain sections showed that TopIIbeta and histone deacetylase 2, a known TopIIbeta-interacting protein, were preferentially expressed in neurons which are in their later stages of differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the developing brains revealed TopIIbeta binding to the 5' region of a number of TopIIbeta-sensitive genes. Further studies of a TopIIbeta-sensitive gene, Kcnd2, revealed the presence of TopIIbeta in the transcription unit with major binding near the promoter region. Together, these results support a role of TopIIbeta in activation/repression of developmentally regulated genes at late stages of neuronal differentiation.
Sterically stabilized cationic liposomes improve the uptake and immunostimulatory activity of CpG oligonucleotides.

Immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides (ODN) show promise as immune adjuvants, anti-allergens, and immunoprotective agents. Increasing the bioavailability and duration of action of CpG ODN should improve their therapeutic utility. Encapsulating ODN in sterically stabilized cationic liposomes provides protection from serum nucleases while facilitating uptake by B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. In a pathogen challenge model, sterically stabilized cationic liposomes encapsulation doubled the duration of CpG ODN-induced immune protection. In an immunization model, coencapsulation of CpG ODN with protein Ag (OVA) magnified the resultant Ag-specific IFN-γ and IgG responses by 15- to 40-fold compared with Ag plus CpG ODN alone. These findings support the use of sterically stabilized cationic liposomes to significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of CpG ODN.
An unusual form of phase walk in a system of coupled oscillators.

The authors describe an unusual form of phase walk (i.e., a progressive change in phase angle between coupled oscillators) using the 10-Hz rhythmic discharges of the inferior cardiac and vertebral postganglionic sympathetic nerves (CN and VN, respectively) in hypercapnic, baroreceptor-denervated, and vagotomized cats anesthetized with urethane. Unlike phase walk ascribable to weakened coupling (desynchronization of oscillators), the phase walk of VN 10- Hz activity relative to CN10-Hz activity 1) recurred on the time scale of the respiratory cycle, 2) was bidirectional with CN-VN phase angle increasing during expiration and decreasing during inspiration, and 3) occurred over a range equivalent to one-half the period of the 10-Hz rhythm rather than a full cycle. Moreover, this form of phase walk occurred during strong coupling of the 10-Hz oscillators, as reflected by CN-VN coherence values approaching 1.0. The authors propose that the bidirectional phase walk reflects a state of strong coupling of the 10-...
MCMC curve sampling for image segmentation

We present an algorithm to generate samples from probability distributions on the space of curves. We view a traditional curve evolution energy functional as a negative log probability distribution and sample from it using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. We define a proposal distribution by generating smooth perturbations to the normal of the curve and show how to compute the transition probabilities to ensure that the samples come from the posterior distribution. We demonstrate some advantages of sampling methods such as robustness to local minima, better characterization of multi-modal distributions, access to some measures of estimation error, and ability to easily incorporate constraints on the curve.
Processing and Development of Nano-Scale HA coatings for Biomedical Application

Functionally graded Hydroxyapatite coating with graded Crystallinity across the thickness of the film has been processed and tested as a more effective orthopedic/ dental implant coating. The present study aims to increase the service-life of an orthopedic/ dental implant by creating materials that form a strong, long lasting, bond with the Ti substrate as well as juxtaposed bone. The health relatedness of the new material is to increase bonding between an implant and juxtaposed bone so that a patient who has received joint or dental replacement surgery may quickly return to a normal active lifestyle. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy analysis displayed that the films have a graded crystal structure with the crystalline layer near the substrate and the amorphous layer at the top surface. Compositional analysis was performed using SEM-EDX at the top surface as well as STEM-EDX at the cross section of the film. The average calcium to phosphorous ratio at the surface is 1.46, obtained by SEM-EDX. The Ca/P ratios in the crystalline and amorphous layers of the film are 1.6 to 1.7, close to the ratio of 1.67 for HA.
Divine Utterances: The Performance of Afro‐Cuban Santeria

Divine Utterances: The Performance of Afro-Cuban Santeria. Katherine J. Hagedorn. Washington, DC, and London, UK: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001. xvi. 296 pp., with. 20-track compact disc. (Paper US$24.95)
A regulator of Dscam mutually exclusive splicing fidelity

The Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) gene has essential roles in neural wiring and pathogen recognition in Drosophila melanogaster. Dscam encodes 38,016 distinct isoforms via extensive alternative splicing. The 95 alternative exons in Dscam are organized into clusters that are spliced in a mutually exclusive manner. The exon 6 cluster contains 48 variable exons and uses a complex system of competing RNA structures to ensure that only one variable exon is included. Here we show that the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein hrp36 acts specifically within, and throughout, the exon 6 cluster to prevent the inclusion of multiple exons. Moreover, hrp36 prevents serine/arginine-rich proteins from promoting the ectopic inclusion of multiple exon 6 variants. Thus, the fidelity of mutually exclusive splicing in the exon 6 cluster is governed by an intricate combination of alternative RNA structures and a globally acting splicing repressor.
Integral equation formulation for reflection by a mirror

When light is incident on a mirror, it induces a current density on its surface. This surface current density emits radiation, which is the observed reflected field. We consider a monochromatic incident field with an arbitrary spatial dependence, and we derive an integral equation for the Fourier-transformed surface current density. This equation contains the incident electric field at the surface as an inhomogeneous term. The incident field, emitted by a source current density in front of the mirror, is then represented by an angular spectrum, and this leads to a solution of the integral equation. From this result we derive a relation between the surface current density and the current density of the source. It is shown with examples that this approach provides a simple method for obtaining the surface current density. It is also shown that with the solution of the integral equation, an image source can be constructed for any current source, and as illustration we construct the images of electric and magnetic dipoles and the mirror image of an electric quadrupole. By applying the general solution for the surface current density, we derive an expression for the reflected field as an integral over the source current distribution, and this may serve as an alternative to the method of images.
On estimating the mean in a bivariate normal distribution with equal or unequal variances

This paper considers the problem of estimating the mean μx of one of the components of the bivariate normal distribution with equal variances or unequal variances. When the mean of the other component μy is equal to μx it is advantageous to pool the two sample means as an estimator of μx. When the experimenter is uncertain whether μx = μy a preliminary test of significance is used at level α to test μx = μy. Three estimators of μx are considered, (i) preliminary test estimator (PTE), (ii) weighting function estimator (WFE), and (iii) adaptive preliminary test estimator (APTE). The WFE is defined as the linear combination of the two sample means with the weight obtained by minimizing the mean square error. The APTE is a PTE with the weight adopted from WFE. The biases, mean square errors, and relative efficiencies of all the three estimators are studied.
A 32kB secure cache memory with dynamic replacement mapping in 65nm bulk CMOS

Side channel attacks exploit inadvertent information leakage from the physical implementation of computing systems, bypassing the theoretical strength of cryptographic algorithms. Of particular concern are software side-channel attacks which can be mounted remotely without access or alteration of the hardware system. One type of attack that has been demonstrated to be highly effective is cache timing attacks that exploit cache replacement policies to discern information about the data being processed. In this paper, we present a secure cache design that defeats software side-channel attacks targeted at hardware caches. The memory-to-cache mapping is dynamic and randomized by replacing the address decoder of a conventional cache with a CAM. We fabricated a prototype 32kB secure cache along with a conventional 8-way version for comparison on a 65nm bulk CMOS process. The prototype operates at 500 MHz, dissipating 117 mW at the nominal 1V VDD. Compared to the conventional design, the secure cache has an 10% area overhead, 20% power overhead at iso-performance.
Military Veterans in the Criminal Justice System: Partner Violence and the Impact of Relationships With Fathers

The objective of this study is to examine the health characteristics of military veterans identified through the Criminal Justice System (CJS) with partner violence and their relationships with their fathers. The 282 veterans involved in the CJS participated to complete a psycho-social assessment which included partner violence and ascertained their relationships with their fathers. The mean age of the men in the study was 44.9 years old. The majority were divorced, Caucasian, had a high school education, and served in the Army. This sample shows the benefit of integrating partner violence and relationships with fathers into the assessment process and highlights the need for more research.
Punishment and Economic Inequality Estimating Short-Term and Long-Term Equilibrium Relationships

During the post–World War II (WWII) period, U.S. prison populations and economic inequality have historically shared a common trend. Both indexes were low and fairly stable until the early 1970s, b...
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Human adipose tissue has been shown to contain a population of cells that possesses extensive proliferative capacity and the ability to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. These cells are referred to as adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and are generally similar, though not identical, to mesenchymal stem cells (also referred to as marrow stromal cells). ADSCs for research are most conveniently extracted from tissue removed during an elective cosmetic liposuction procedure but may also be obtained from resected adipose tissue. This chapter describes surgical procedures associated with improved ADSC recovery and the processes by which aspirated adipose tissue is washed and digested with collagenase to yield a heterogeneous population from which ADSCs can be expanded. The large volume of tissue obtained from a liposuction procedure (average approximately 2 L), combined with the relatively high frequency of ADSC within the digestate, yields substantially more stem cells than can be realized from marrow without extensive expansion in culture.
United States v. Windsor and the Crisis in Equal Protection Jurisprudence

This essay reads United States v. Windsor as a tacit admission of the failure of the traditional doctrinal features of equal protection analysis and examines the problems that might have been raised had the Court applied those traditional doctrines to the problem of marriage equality.
Earthquakes and Plutons in the Midcontinent: Evidence from the Bloomfield Pluton, New Madrid Rift Complex

In figure 7 of this article, we incorrectly refer to the magnetic susceptibility unit as A/m and also list incorrect units in the caption. A/m is the SI unit of magnetization, e.m.u./c.c. …
Crystalline Mesoporous K2–xMn8O16 and ε-MnO2 by Mild Transformations of Amorphous Mesoporous Manganese Oxides and Their Enhanced Redox Properties

Synthesis of crystalline mesoporous K2–xMn8O16 (Meso-OMS-2), and e-MnO2 (Meso-e-MnO2) is reported. The synthesis is based on the transformation of amorphous mesoporous manganese oxide (Meso-Mn-A) under mild conditions: aqueous acidic solutions (0.5 M H+ and 0.5 M K+), at low temperatures (70 °C), and short times (2 h). Meso-OMS-2 and Meso-e-MnO2 maintain regular mesoporosity (4.8–5.6 nm) and high surface areas (as high as 277 m2/g). The synthesized mesoporous manganese oxides demonstrated enhanced redox (H2-TPR) and catalytic performances (CO oxidation) compared to nonporous analogues. The order of reducibility and enhanced catalytic performance of the samples is Commercial-Mn2O3 < nonporous-OMS-2 < Meso-Mn2O3 < Meso-OMS-2 < Meso-e-MnO2 < Meso-Mn-A.
Elemental Analysis of Turkey Semen

Abstract The review of the biochemical composition of semen by Mann (1964) illustrates the sparsity of this type of data on avian semen. Recent increases in the use of artificial insemination, along with interest in semen dilution and preservation in turkeys, points out the need for more detailed examination of turkey semen. The purpose of the present study was to ascertain the elemental content of whole semen obtained during various times of the breeding season from two breeds of turkeys. It was also possible then to determine any changes that may occur due to length of time the toms were in semen production. Toms used in this study were hatched in late March and early April. At 12 weeks of age, they were placed on range and remained there until late fall. Semen collections began in late November and were carried on for a period of six months. At each collection . . .
Copper-based conductive composites with tailored thermal expansion.

We have devised a moderate temperature hot-pressing route for preparing metal–matrix composites which possess tunable thermal expansion coefficients in combination with high electrical and thermal conductivities. The composites are based on incorporating ZrW2O8, a material with a negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), within a continuous copper matrix. The ZrW2O8 enables us to tune the CTE in a predictable manner, while the copper phase is responsible for the electrical and thermal conductivity properties. An important consideration in the processing of these materials is to avoid the decomposition of the ZrW2O8 phase. This is accomplished by using relatively mild hot-pressing conditions of 500 °C for 1 h at 40 MPa. To ensure that these conditions enable sintering of the copper, we developed a synthesis route for the preparation of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) based on the reduction of a common copper salt in aqueous solution in the presence of a size control agent. Upon hot pressing these nanoparticl...
Describing the Sequence of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients: Results from an Observational Study

Background: Improved understanding of the pattern of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) would be useful to assist primary care physicians in explaining AD progression to patients and caregivers. Objective: To identify the sequence in which cognitive abilities decline in community-dwelling patients with AD. Methods: Baseline data were analyzed from 1,495 patients diagnosed with probable AD and a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≤ 26 enrolled in the 18-month observational GERAS study. Proportional odds logistic regression models were applied to model MMSE subscores (orientation, registration, attention and concentration, recall, language, and drawing) and the corresponding subscores of the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog), using MMSE total score as the index of disease progression. Probabilities of impairment start and full impairment were estimated at each MMSE total score level. Results: From the estimated probabilities for each MMSE subscore as a function of the MMSE total score, the first aspect of cognition to start being impaired was recall, followed by orientation in time, attention and concentration, orientation in place, language, drawing, and registration. For full impairment in subscores, the sequence was recall, drawing, attention and concentration, orientation in time, orientation in place, registration, and language. The sequence of cognitive decline for the corresponding ADAS-cog subscores was remarkably consistent with this pattern. Conclusion: The sequence of cognitive decline in AD can be visualized in an animation using probability estimates for key aspects of cognition. This might be useful for clinicians to set expectations on disease progression for patients and caregivers.
How should the multiple sleep latency test be analyzed

Results of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) are commonly recorded as 4-5 latencies to sleep onset, together with their mean. The suitability of these and other MSLT measures of daytime sleep tendency was examined in 111 non-narcoleptic patients of a sleep disorders center. Sleep and breathing patterns had been recorded for one night, followed by a five-nap MSLT. It was found that MSLT latencies to sleep stages 1 and 2 were distributed non-normally. There was typically an excessive frequency of long latencies and a secondary peak at 20 minutes, the longest allowed latency. Wake efficiencies (WE) (100% time asleep) were similarly distributed. Mean sleep latencies (SL) and mean WE were generally distributed more normally than the corresponding medians. Regression analysis showed that the MSLT variables best predicted by sleep-disordered breathing during the previous night were those based on WE. Effects were greatest for the first 1-2 naps. Whether the 4- or 5-nap MSLT can be shortened will depend on corroborating data from other labs. For now, mean WE appears to be the best measure of daytime sleep tendency. Regardless of which MSLT measure is used, sleep-disordered breathing, nocturnal sleep time, age, and gender together explain less than one-fourth of the variance found in the non-narcoleptic patients of a sleep disorders center. Much daytime sleepiness therefore remains unexplained.
The Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Pediatric Cognition, Mood, and Behavior

In the past three decades, several new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been marketed across the world, although with a surprisingly modest improvement in overall seizure control. During the same period, the use of AEDs as mood stabilizing or impulse control agents has been trending upwards, due to a notable increase in comorbid mood and behavior disorders in children, and a desire to address these pharmacologically. AEDs have been frequently associated with adverse mood and behavior changes, along with neuropsychiatric effects on attention, memory, and cognition. In this review, we discuss the use and adverse effects of the first- (e.g., barbiturates, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, phenytoin, valproate), second- (e.g., clobazam, felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, tiagabine, topiramate, stiripentol, vigabatrin, zonisamide), and third- (e.g., brivaracetam, eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, retigabine, rufinamide) generation AEDs in pediatric mood and behavior disorders. We also address what is currently known about the potential long-term neuropsychiatric consequences of AEDs. The distinction between the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs versus off-label use of these drugs in the pediatric population is also examined.
Life and Literature

Throughout his adult life, Garcia Lorca spoke frequently and with great pleasure about the profound importance he attributed to his early childhood in the small villages in the countryside near Granada, and later, in the provincial capital city itself. Lorca’s father, Federico Garcia Rodriguez, was a wealthy landowner with several substantial holdings in the rich alluvial plain called La Vega de Granada. Having been widowed in his first marriage and left without children, Don Federico’s second marriage (of which his family disapproved because of the inferior social and economic background of his bride) was to a school teacher from Granada, Vicenta Lorca Romero. She was an intelligent and cultured young woman, well educated and a lover of music, who had left the capital city to teach school in Fuente Vaqueros, one of the villages in the Vega. The mere fact that she had a profession and a job is an indication of her independence and strength of character. The influence of her personality was to be of the utmost importance for Federico, her oldest son, born in June of 1898.
Atrial natriuretic factor: a new hormone of cardiac origin.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). Although there are several major issues that await resolution, a general concept of the possible role of this new hormone is beginning to take shape. The information available at present does not permit any definitive conclusions about the role of ANF in the physiological or pathological processes. The actions of infused ANF, together with its distribution in the central nervous system, suggest a fundamental interaction with the hormonal and neural control of fluid and electrolyte balance and of arterial pressure and the circulation. In addition to its direct and indirect effects on renal excretory function, there is circumstantial evidence that ANF might regulate vascular volume by increasing capillary permeability. There is also evidence that increased levels of plasma ANF can be sustained chronically in pathologic states, such as congestive heart failure, characterized by marked volume overload and chronic increases in atrial wall tension, however, there is a little indication at present that ANF is involved in the long-term regulation of extracellular volume, renal function or arterial pressure under normal conditions. Although there has been considerable excitement over its potential as a therapeutic agent, it will be necessary first to have a clearer understanding of the role of endogenous ANF in health and disease.
Abstracting ICU Nursing Care Quality Data From the Electronic Health Record

The electronic health record is a potentially rich source of data for clinical research in the intensive care unit setting. We describe the iterative, multi-step process used to develop and test a data abstraction tool, used for collection of nursing care quality indicators from the electronic health record, for a pragmatic trial. We computed Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) to assess interrater agreement or reliability of data abstracted using preliminary and finalized tools. In assessing the reliability of study data ( n = 1,440 cases) using the finalized tool, 108 randomly selected cases (10% of first half sample; 5% of last half sample) were independently abstracted by a second rater. We demonstrated mean κ values ranging from 0.61 to 0.99 for all indicators. Nursing care quality data can be accurately and reliably abstracted from the electronic health records of intensive care unit patients using a well-developed data collection tool and detailed training.
The what and the where of vision lighting research

Vision neuroscience research and vision lighting research have historically run on parallel paths. The former discipline is primarily interested in understanding the basic neurophysiological and bi...