cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Subjective Basis of Kant's Judgment of Taste

Abstract Kant claims that the basis of a judgment of taste is a merely subjective representation and that the only merely subjective representations are feelings of pleasure or displeasure. Commentators disagree over how to interpret this claim. Some take it to mean that judgments about the beauty of an object depend only on the state of the judging subject. Others argue instead that, for Kant, the pleasure we take in a beautiful object is best understood as a response to its qualities, and that, accordingly, feelings of pleasure or displeasure are no different from other representations, such as colors or smells. While I agree that the judgment of taste is best understood as asserting a claim about an object's qualities, I argue that the distinction Kant makes between feelings of pleasure or displeasure and other representations should not be ignored. I show that one's liking or disliking for an object is merely subjective in the sense that its significance depends on what one has made of oneself through...
Hymenolepis diminuta: Partial characterization of membrane-bound nucleotidase activities (ATPase and 5′-nucleotidase) in the isolated brush border membrane

Abstract Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase; EC 3.6.1.3) and 5′-nucleotidase (5′-NTase; EC 3.1.3.5) activities of the isolated brush border membrane of Hymenolepis diminuta have been studied. The pH optimum for ATPase activity is 7.4, and divalent cations are necessary for maximum activity; no Na+-K+ activated ATPase is present in the isolated brush border membrane. ATPase activity is inhibited by molybdate and phosphorylated monosaccharides, but not by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), or fluoride. The pH optimum for 5′-NTase activity is 9.6–10.2, and divalent cations are necessary for maximum activity. 5′-NTase activity is inhibited by molybdate at pH 9.6 and 7.4, and activated by NEM and pCMB and pH 9.6 and 7.4, respectively; fluoride has no effect on 5′-NTase activity. Solubilization of the brush border membrane fraction in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate has no inhibitory action on either enzyme activity.
Pseudothrombocytopenia associated with vasculitis

Abstract A patient with pseudothrombocytopenia due to the anticoagulant EDTA is described. The thrombocytopenia was secondary to platelet agglutination and required the presence of EDTA in a critical concentration and the patient’s plasma. Both homologous and autologous platelets were affected by this plasma factor in the presence of EDTA. The platelet agglutination was temperature independent and could be prevented by divalent cations. The agglutination phenomenon was irreversible. The platelet count in oxalate, not heparin, and citrate anticoagulated blood was normal. The patient’s clinical course was benign and no hemorrhagic complications occurred. We believe this is the first reported case of pseudothrombocytopenia associated with a vasculitis. The diagnosis of this disorder, its implications and the pertinent literature is discussed.
H. pylori infection and genotyping in patients undergoing upper endoscopy at inner city hospitals.

Kings County Hospital (KCH), and St. John's Episcopal Hospital (SJH) are inner-city hospitals in New York City serving predominantly minority populations. Staten Island University Hospital (SIUH) serves a predominantly middle-class Caucasian population. We examined H. pylori (HP) infection in patients undergoing upper endoscopy at these hospitals. Two gastric biopsies were obtained from each patient. One biopsy was examined by histology or the rapid urease test for the presence of HP. The other was subjected to analysis by PCR to detect HP DNA and to identify putative HP virulence factors. Of 200 subjects, 54% were African-American, 10% were Hispanic, and 36% were Caucasian. HP infection rates in African-American, Hispanic, and Caucasian patients were 43%, 20%, and 11%, respectively. Many of the African-American patients are recent immigrants from the Caribbean Islands. In these patients, an inverse relationship was observed between HP infection and the number of years living in the United States. Higher levels of HP infection were observed in patients with duodenitis and peptic ulcer disease. With respect to HP virulence factors, the vacA s1b and m1 alleles, as well as the iceA2 allele were the predominant alleles expressed in HP-positive samples obtained from African-Americans. The cagA gene was detected in 81% of HP-positive samples. However, CagA positivity was not related to any specific gastrointestinal disorder. Our findings indicate that among several ethnic groups served by three hospitals, African-American patients have the highest rate of HP infection. Moreover, in African-American patients undergoing endoscopy: (1) HP infection was inversely related to the number of years the patients have been living in the USA; (2) HP infection rates were higher in patients diagnosed with duodenitis and peptic ulcer disease versus other disorders; (3) expression of the CagA gene was not associated with any specific gastroduodenal disorder; and (4) there was little allelic heterogeneity with respect to VacA and IceA subtypes. These findings suggest that inner-city African-Americans are more likely to be infected with HP and suffer from more serious gastroduodenal disorders than other ethnic groups.
Environmental litigation and Institutional Analysis: Wenner and Ackerman & Hassler

It is impossible to study environmental policy today without studying the courts. Over the past decade and a half the federal judiciary has been nearly as influential in shaping national policy on the environment as have Congress and administrative agencies-and often more so than the White House. Judicial activism in this and many other areas of regulatory and welfare policy has led students of administrative law to combine traditional legal study with examination of policy making in Congress and administrative agencies.' Conversely, political scientists (as well as economists) have cautiously ventured into the field of administrative law.2 Much to the dismay of those of us who call ourselves political scientists, the legal literature teaches us more about the role of the courts in environmental policy making and in our political system as a whole than does the political science literature. Two recent works, one by a political scientist and one by a law professor and his student, examine the intersection of law and environmental policy making and illustrate the distinctive approaches of the two disciplines. Lettie M. Wenner's The Environmental Decade in Court uses statistical analysis, a mainstay of contemporary political science, to categorize and analyze over 1,900 environmental law cases decided by the federal courts between 1970
Structural changes in the auricles of the rat heart after local ionizing irradiation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Irradiation of the heart may lead to late cardiovascular complications and depending on the dose to cardiac-related death. There is increasing evidence that left atrial appendages play an important role in left ventricular filling especially in cardiac disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the radiation response of the atria of the rat heart (auricles in particular) at morphological, histological and transcriptional level. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated with a single dose locally on the heart (0-22.5 Gy). End-diastolic diameters of left auricles were measured during evaluation of cardiac function. Histopathological evaluations were performed at various time points up to 16 months post irradiation. Changes in mRNA expression of procollagen types I and III and pro-fibrogenic cytokines (TGF-beta1 and IL-1beta) were investigated using competitive PCR. RESULTS: Irradiation leads to a dose-dependent decrease in end-diastolic diameter of the left auricles. This decrease was observed at 4 months post-irradiation, where no gross damage of the ventricle has been reported. Histologically, epicardial fibrosis was found already 1 month post irradiation, and the frequency/severity of the structural changes appeared to be dose-dependent and progressive with time post irradiation. At 9 months, fibrosis was observed in all three layers (epicardium, myocardium and endocardium) of both auricles. On the level of gene expression, increases in procollagen types I and III were observed at 12 and 3 months post irradiation, respectively. Increases in IL-1beta and TGF-beta1, cytokines known to influence collagen deposition at different levels, preceded the upregulation of procollagen mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Auricles of the rat heart show a marked pathological response to ionizing radiation, characterized by generalized accumulation of collagen (fibrosis) and a reduction of end-diastolic diameter. The reduction of auricular volume and loss of elasticity will negatively contribute to the pump function of the irradiated ventricle.
Determination of hydroxyapatite crystallite size in human dental enamel by dark-field electron microscopy.

Ion-thinned longitudinal sections of a third molar were observed by bright- and dark-field electron microscopy. In bright field, the hydroxyapatite crystallites in enamel appeared as long rods, but, when observed in dark field, the crystallites were rectangular, with a mean length of 321 A.
Hyperopia and neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration

Purpose: Refractive errors for phakic eyes of patients referred with age-related macular degeneration were reviewed to determine whether some range of refractive error might be a risk factor for the neovascular form. Methods: The authors compared refractive errors of 198 patients with unilateral neovascular disease with refractive errors of 129 patients with bilateral dry disease. These groups had comparable distributions with respect to age, sex, and visual acuity of their better eyes. Student's t tests and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess group differences in mean refractive error. Contingency table and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine odds ratios for having the neovascular form based on a stratification of refractive error. Results: By comparing better eyes of the two groups, patients with the unilateral neovascular form had an average spherical equivalent that was 1.0 diopter (D) more hyperopic than that of patients with the bilateral dry form ( P P Conclusion: These findings suggest that hyperopia is a risk factor for choroidal neovascularization among patients referred with age-related macular degeneration.
Quantitative Easing as a Means of Reducing Unemployment: A New Version of Trickle-Down Economics

Quantitative easing represents a variation of trickle-down economics. The presumption is that asset purchases by the Federal Reserve (Fed) benefit everyone. The policy involves increasing the prices of treasury bonds and mortgage-backed assets to stimulate output and employment. Quantitative easing acts on balance sheets. It works through the price system by affecting the structure of prices, and hence wealth. The unemployed, lacking assets, are not directly affected by changes in asset prices. The unemployed are dependent on policies that generate income. While Fed intervention prevented a collapse in asset prices, its effect on the real economy remains tenuous. Data suggests that the policy has exacerbated the inequality in the distribution of wealth and income, has done little to reduce unemployment, and has violated the principles of social justice. The policy contrast sharply with fiscal policy employed during WWII, which promoted greater equality in the distribution of income.
Quasi-static normal indentation of an elasto-plastic half-space by a rigid sphere—II. Results

Abstract The title problem is treated, under the conditions of frictionless and completely adhesive contact, within the context of incremental elasto-plasticity. The analysis employs a constant-strain-triangle, finite element code, together with a new grid expansion technique which aids computational efficiency. Preliminary results are presented and compared with the classical elastic solution for the first load step and with a set of experimental results for subsequent load steps; these comparisons demonstrate that the approach has the necessary resolution to reliably determine further results of physical importance.
The effect of pillar array in semi-packed micro gas chromatography

Micro pillars within separation columns (SC) offer higher sample capacity but also promote fluidic eddy motion which unlike other applications has a negative effect on gas chromatography (GC). Three different semi-packed column (SPC) configurations have been evaluated with respect to pillar spacing along the flow direction and number of pillars across channel. The efficiencies of SPCs have been compared to 2 MEMS open-rectangular columns (ORCs). Simulation and experimental results demonstrated that SPC can operate at higher efficiency when spacing the pillars such that stagnation regions are created. SPC with 20µm pillar diameter and spacing achieved height-equivalent-to-a-theoretical-plate (HETP) of 0.10mm at 18cm/sec optimal velocity. ORC design with comparable channel width yielded HETP of 0.25mm at 45cm/sec. The SPC presented herein has produced 15,000 plates/m, one of the highest reported to date on coated MEMS SC while requiring only 9kPa back pressure.
An oxidosqualene cyclase makes numerous products by diverse mechanisms: a challenge to prevailing concepts of triterpene biosynthesis.

The genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana encodes 13 oxidosqualene cyclases, 9 of which have been characterized by heterologous expression in yeast. Here we describe another cyclase, baruol synthase (BARS1), which makes baruol (90%) and 22 minor products (0.02−3% each). This represents as many triterpenes as have been reported for all other Arabidopsis cyclases combined. By accessing an extraordinary repertoire of mechanistic pathways, BARS1 makes numerous skeletal types and deprotonates the carbocation intermediates at 14 different sites around rings A, B, C, D, and E. This undercurrent of structural and mechanistic diversity in a superficially accurate enzyme is incompatible with prevailing concepts of triterpene biosynthesis, which posit tight control over the mechanistic pathway through cation−π interactions, with a single proton acceptor in a hydrophobic active site. Our findings suggest that mechanistic diversity is the default for triterpene biosynthesis and that product accuracy results f...
Children's Spiritual Response: Validation of the Nursing Diagnosis Spiritual Distress

PURPOSE. The dimension of spirituality is woven into client phenomena, which nurses diagnose and treat, yet previous research identifies that nurses do not know if the nursing diagnosis of spiritual distress describes the spiritual response(s) found in children. METHODS. A descriptive study using a modification of Fehring's (1987) model for nursing diagnosis validation with board-certified chaplains as the expert participants (N = 26). FINDINGS.Only two of the defining characteristics in the 13–18 year-old-group met the criteria for “major,” as defined by Fehring (1987). As the ages of the children increased, the more likely defining characteristics met the criteria for “minor.” Participants offered suggestions for clarifying the definition, described additional defining characteristics found in children, and identified situations in which chaplains are called upon to assess spirituality. CONCLUSIONS. The results of this research add to the knowledge of spiritual responses in children.
Image-guided near infrared spectroscopy using boundary element method: phantom validation

Image-guided near infrared spectroscopy (IG-NIRS) can provide high-resolution vascular, metabolic and molecular characterization of localized tissue volumes in-vivo. The approach for IG-NIRS uses hybrid systems where the spatial anatomical structure of tissue obtained from standard imaging modalities (such as MRI) is combined with tissue information from diffuse optical imaging spectroscopy. There is need to optimize these hybrid systems for large-scale clinical trials anticipated in the near future in order to evaluate the feasibility of this technology across a larger population. However, existing computational methods such as the finite element method mesh arbitrary image volumes, which inhibit automation, especially with large numbers of datasets. Circumventing this issue, a boundary element method (BEM) for IG-NIRS systems in 3-D is presented here using only surface rendering and discretization. The process of surface creation and meshing is faster, more reliable, and is easily generated automatically as compared to full volume meshing. The proposed method has been implemented here for multi-spectral non-invasive characterization of tissue. In phantom experiments, 3-D spectral BEM-based spectroscopy recovered the oxygen dissociation curve with mean error of 6.6% and tracked variation in total hemoglobin linearly.
Development US Navy Gas Turbine Vibration Analysis Expertise: 501-K Vibration and Remote Monitoring of Gas Turbine Vibration

Until the advent of the 501-K34 engine the 501 did not have a history of high vibration levels. When the 501-K17 did exhibit high vibration levels, predictably, there was an identifiable cause. A few years after the introduction of the 501-K34, high levels of engine start vibration were frequently observed. Normally this would occur during engine “cold” start. When the 501-K34 was started “warm” or “hot” much lower engine start vibration levels were observed. This paper discusses 501-K vibration in general and the US Navy investigation into the mechanical causes for the high “cold start” 501-K34 vibration, as well as data analysis and problem mitigation. Because of the number of 501-K34s that have exhibited this problem and still appeared to be operating adequately, in other respects, the USN, over the last 7 years, to ensure the continued reliability of the 501-K34 engine has been monitoring remotely vibration and other important engine parameters. This was done through Integrated Performance Analysis Reports (IPAR), the Maintenance Engineering Library Server (MELS) and by accessing engine parameter data from the Full Authority Digital Controller (FADC). Using remote monitoring and understanding the vibrations mechanical aspects, it was realized that the 501-K34 could operate for a considerable period with high “cold start” vibration levels before the accumulated effect of this distress resulted in engine removal and subsequent repair.© 2012 ASME
Tending the Special Spark: Accelerated and Enriched Curricula for Highly Talented Art Students.

In this article, recommendations are set forth for educating highly able artistically talented students at the proposed science and art high school in Israel, derived from Stanley's and other models in the education of academically gifted students. Consideration is given to areas of student identification and characteristics, teacher selection and strategies, curriculum content, and educational arrangements and settings and how practices of acceleration and enrichment relate to these areas.
The significance of peer victimization at two points in development

This study examined the significance of peer victimization in early and middle childhood by assessing the reliability and validity of peer nominations of victimization in 210 first-grade and 359 fifth-grade boys and girls. Measurement analyses suggested that peer nominations of victimization were stable and were consistently correlated with teacher reports of victimization for fifth graders but not for first graders. Structural equation modeling was used to examine how peer victimization predicted aggression and internalizing behavior outcomes for fifth-grade boys and girls. The results suggested that peer victimization and aggression were orthogonal constructs and that peer victimization predicted later internalizing behaviors, after controlling for initial levels.
The heterosexual body as metaphor in Plato's religious city

After establishing the full scope of the religious, social and political reform measures presented by Plato in his book on Laws, the article applies to this fictitious society the methods of analysis that Mary Douglas elaborated in the course of studying real ones. The application makes some features of the proposed city manifest. Life in it is shown to fit the nature and needs of heterosexual bodies. The erotic basis of the writer's rhetorical appeal is also made apparent.
Novel Approach for Multicriteria Optimization of Life-Cycle Preventive and Essential Maintenance of Deteriorating Structures

In this paper, the performance of structures is modeled using lifetime functions. Specifically, the unavailability and redundancy are used as performance indicators, based on which optimum maintenance strategies are sought. Models that reflect the separate or combined effects of essential and preventive maintenance on the unavailability are presented. A novel optimization approach is proposed in which the problem is formulated to provide optimum maintenance strategies with either or both essential and preventive maintenance actions. Genetic algorithms are used to solve this problem. In this paper, multiple essential maintenance types and multiple preventive maintenance types are considered, and regular or irregular preventive maintenance time-intervals are considered. Furthermore, essential maintenance is treated as performance-based, i.e., essential maintenance is only applied when a performance threshold is reached, and an algorithm is proposed for conducting the optimization under uncertainty. Although applicable to any type of structure, the proposed approach is illustrated on a highway bridge example.
Stimulation of ATP hydrolysis by chloroquine and primaquine in human red blood cells

Primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline, and chloroquine, a 4-aminoquinoline, both stimulate ATP hydrolysis in human red blood cells incubated in the absence of glucose. In the presence of glucose, ATP levels are partially maintained by increased flux of glucose through glycolysis. Glucose dependence of chloroquine uptake and the activity of primaquine as a redox reagent explain quantitative differences in ATP hydrolysis and accumulation of specific glycolytic products.
Protocols for secure computations

Two millionaires wish to know who is richer; however, they do not want to find out inadvertently any additional information about each other’s wealth. How can they carry out such a conversation? This is a special case of the following general problem. Suppose m people wish to compute the value of a function f(x1, x2, x3, . . . , xm), which is an integer-valued function of m integer variables xi of bounded range. Assume initially person Pi knows the value of xi and no other x’s. Is it possible for them to compute the value of f , by communicating among themselves, without unduly giving away any information about the values of their own variables? The millionaires’ problem corresponds to the case when m = 2 and f(x1, x2) = 1 if x1 < x2, and 0 otherwise. In this paper, we will give precise formulation of this general problem and describe three ways of solving it by use of one-way functions (i.e., functions which are easy to evaluate but hard to invert). These results have applications to secret voting, private querying of database, oblivious negotiation, playing mental poker, etc. We will also discuss the complexity question “How many bits need to be exchanged for the computation”, and describe methods to prevent participants from cheating. Finally, we study the question “What cannot be accomplished with one-way functions”. Before describing these results, we would like to put this work in perspective by first considering a unified view of secure computation in the next section.
Morphological study of the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the monkey, Macaca mulatta, by Nissl, Golgi, and computer reconstruction and rotation methods.

We have studied the morphology of silver-impregnated neurons (rapid Golgi technique) in the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF), a center involved in the control of vertical and torsional saccadic eye movements. This morphological study of riMLF neurons in the rhesus monkey was undertaken to further our understanding of the functional circuitry of the oculomotor system. Our study employed Nissl, Golgi, and computer- assisted methods. The cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the riMLF and its relationships to neighboring structures were determined in both Nissl and Golgi preparations. Five (I–V) distinct morphological types of riMLF neurons were distinguished in the Golgi impregnations on the basis of soma size, dendritic size, numbers of primary dendrites, number of dendritic branch points, as well as form, number, and distribution of dendritic appendages. Type I neurons impregnated most frequently and had the most extensive and highly branched dendritic tree. Type II neurons displayed thick dendrites with complex dendritic appendages, but the dendritic tree was much more compact than that of type I cells. Type III and type V cells had fusiform somas and relatively unbranched dendritic trees but differed greatly in size as well as dendritic morphology. The type IV cell was the smallest neuron and had many characteristics of the local interneurons found in other thalamic, subthalamic, hypothalamic, and midbrain centers. The type V was the largest neuron, least frequently impregnated, and found only at rostral riMLF levels. Digitized reconstructions of each type of neuron were rotated by the computer, which revealed that the dendritic trees of types I, III, and V occupy a disk-like compartment in the riMLF neuropil. In contrast, the trees of types II and IV occupy a roughly spherical compartment. We suggest that three of the cell types are well suited for specific purposes: type II cells for receiving, topographically organized inputs that contain spatial information, type I cells for short-lead burst neuron output to the motor neurons or other premotor centers, and type IV cells for inhibitory inputs to type I cells. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Toward the AdS/CFT gravity dual for high energy collisions. I. Falling into the AdS space

In the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence we discuss the gravity dual of a high energy collision in a strongly coupled N=4 SYM gauge theory. We suggest a setting in which two colliding objects are made of nondynamical heavy quarks and antiquarks, which allows one to treat the process in classical string approximation. Collision 'debris' consist of closed as well as open strings. If the latter have ends on two outgoing charges, they are being 'stretched' along the collision axes. We discuss motion in AdS of some simple objects first--massless and massive particles--and then focus on open strings. We study the latter in considerable detail, concluding that they rapidly become 'rectangular' in proper time-spatial rapidity {tau}-y coordinates with well separated fragmentation part and a near-free-falling rapidity-independent central part. Assuming that in the collisions of 'walls' of charges multiple stretching strings are created, we also consider the motion of a 3D stretching membrane. We then argue that a complete solution can be approximated by two different vacuum solutions of Einstein equations, with matter membrane separating them. We identify one of these solutions with a Janik-Peschanski stretching black hole solution, and show that all objects approach its (retreating) horizon in a universalmore » manner.« less
Management of third-trimester diabetic pregnancies with the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy: A pilot study☆☆☆

Six women with juvenile-onset diabetes were managed as outpatients during the third trimester of pregnancy with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. Twenty-four-hour metabolic profiles for plasma glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and triglycerides were monitored prior to, 1 week, 5 weeks, and 10 weeks after initiation of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy and compared with the metabolic profiles of 10 normal (nondiabetic) pregnant women. Near-normal metabolic profiles were achieved in these patients after 5 weeks of therapy in this pilot study. Patient motivation, compliance, and understanding of their illness were crucial in achieving the therapeutic goals of normoglycemia.
Kinematic comparison of split-belt and single-belt treadmill walking and the effects of accommodation.

Abstract Introduction Instrumented treadmills are becoming increasingly more common in gait laboratories. Instrumented side-split treadmills allow the collection of forces under each foot during walking. However, there may be a tendency to increase the base of support when walking on these treadmills, influencing other frontal plane mechanics as well. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of walking on a side-split instrumented treadmill on base of gait and frontal plane kinematics of the lower extremity. Methods Twenty subjects walked on both a split and a single-belt treadmill. Base of gait and frontal plane kinematic angles and variability data were recorded. A one-way ANOVA was used to determine differences between the single and split-belt conditions at baseline and following a 10 min accommodation on the split-belt. The relationships between the change in base of gait and change in each kinematic variable were also determined. Results On average, the base of gait was 3.7 cm wider on the split-belt treadmill with a 4 mm gap between belts. No significant differences were observed in the mean values of lower extremity kinematics or kinematic variability at baseline or following the 10 min accommodation. However, the increase in base of gait was significantly related to a decrease in peak knee and hip adduction angles. Conclusion The 4 mm gap between the treadmill belts significantly increased the mean base of gait in all subjects. This did not alter mean frontal plane kinematics. However, as base of gait increased, the tendency towards hip and knee abduction also increased.
A Reconsideration of Phonic Generalizations

The most frequently occurring 18,000 words from the Kucera and Francis (1967) corpus were analyzed by a computer program. The output consisted of the frequence of occurrence of bigrams, trigrams, tetragrams, pentagrams, hexagrams and heptagrams (called ngrams), and the words in which each occurred. From this analysis two kinds of frequency for each unit were available: 1) word frequency, the number of words in which the ngram occurred and 2) sheer frequency, the frequency of the ngram in running text. The consistency of 23 commonly taught phonics rules was examined using both kinds of frequencies. While there was general agreement with previous studies, there were notable exceptions. In addition to frequency there is evidence that rule complexity is also a crucial variable in determining utility. When the rules were analyzed in terms of consistency and complexity, only nine appeared to be useful. Rules that are complex but consistent may be efficiently taught with a higher-order unit approach.
Differential expression of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist isoforms in human intestinal epithelial cells

Abstract Background & Aims: Regulatory cytokines mediate intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) participation in mucosal immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of secretory and intracellular isoforms of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in human primary IECs and carcinoma-derived cell lines. Methods: Primary IECs were isolated from patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis and from normal controls. Isoform-specific IL-1Ra messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were assessed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Expression during cellular differentiation was determined by in situ immunohistochemistry on sequentially released, native IECs and in vitro differentiated cell lines. Intracellular IL-1Ra I function was analyzed by permanent transfection of Caco-2 cells. Results: Intracellular IL-1Ra I protein accumulated in surface IECs with extension to the crypts during inflammation. Secretory IL-1Ra and intracellular IL-1Ra II mRNA, but not the corresponding protein, was detected. Transcription of intracellular IL-1Ra I mRNA was significantly up-regulated with inflammation and in vitro by phorbol myristate acetate and interleukin 1β. In vitro differentiated cells had higher constitutive intracellular IL-1Ra I protein content. Intracellular IL-1Ra I expression in Caco-2 cells decreased IL-1β–stimulated interleukin 8 secretion. Conclusions: Native human IECs and certain cell lines constitutively express intracellular IL-1Ra type I, which is up-regulated by inflammation, inflammatory stimuli, and cellular differentiation. Constitutive expression of this anti-inflammatory cytokine may contribute to mucosal protection. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;115:1426-1438
Involvement of annexin II in DNA replication: evidence from cell-free extracts of Xenopus eggs

Cell-free extracts of Xenopus eggs efficiently initiate and complete semiconservative DNA replication of exogenously added plasmid DNA. DNA replication in such extracts can be neutralized by a monoclonal antibody (D1/274.5) against human annexin II. Specific immunodepletion of Xenopus annexin II from the egg extracts results in loss of DNA replicative ability. Immunodepletion of annexin II does not prevent nuclear assembly, a stringent requirement for DNA synthesis on exogenous DNA in this system. Replicative ability can be restored to the immunodepleted extracts by the addition of purified human annexin II. These results demonstrate that annexin II is involved in chromosomal DNA replication and has a role in the cell cycle of higher eukaryotes.
Orthologues of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome coactivators Cdc20p and Cdh1p are important for mitotic progression and morphogenesis in Candida albicans.

The conserved anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) system mediates protein degradation during mitotic progression. Conserved coactivators Cdc20p and Cdh1p regulate the APC/C during early to late mitosis and G1 phase. Candida albicans is an important fungal pathogen of humans, and it forms highly polarized cells when mitosis is blocked through depletion of the polo-like kinase Cdc5p or other treatments. However, the mechanisms governing mitotic progression and associated polarized growth in the pathogen are poorly understood. In order to gain insights into these processes, we characterized C. albicans orthologues of Cdc20p and Cdh1p. Cdc20p-depleted cells were blocked in early or late mitosis with elevated levels of Cdc5p and the mitotic cyclin Clb2p, suggesting that Cdc20p is essential and has some conserved functions during mitosis. However, the yeast cells formed highly polarized buds in contrast to the large doublets of S. cerevisiae cdc20 mutants, implying a distinct role in morphogenesis. In comparison, cdh1Δ/cdh1Δ cells were viable but showed enrichment of Clb2p and Cdc5p, suggesting that Cdh1p may influence mitotic exit. The cdh1Δ/cdh1Δ phenotype was pleiotropic, consisting of normal or enlarged yeast, pseudohyphae, and some elongated buds, whereas S. cerevisiae cdh1Δ yeast cells were reduced in size. Thus, C. albicans Cdh1p may have some distinct functions. Finally, absence of Cdh1p or Cdc20p had a minor or no effect on hyphal development, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that Cdc20p and Cdh1p may be APC/C activators that are important for mitosis but also morphogenesis in C. albicans. Their novel features imply additional variations in function and underscore rewiring in the emerging mitotic regulatory networks of the pathogen.
Examining Associations between Disordered Eating and Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphisms

Objective The serotonin system has been implicated in mood and appetite regulation, and the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) is a commonly studied candidate gene for eating pathology. However, most studies have focused on a single polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in SLC6A4; little research has utilized multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to investigate associations between SLC6A4 and eating pathology more comprehensively.
A Clinician’s Guide to Nuclear Medicine

A. Taylor, D.M. Schuster, and N. Alazraki Reston, VA: Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 2006, 424 pages, $51 Compared with diagnostic imaging modalities such as CT, MR imaging, radiography, and sonography, nuclear medicine modalities are often less familiar to referring
Improved Flaw Tolerance in Alumina Containing 1 vol% Anorthite via Crystallization of the Intergranular Glass

The intergranular phase in an alumina containing 1 vol% anorthite glass was crystallized in order to enhance internal residual stresses within the microstructure. The influence of crystallization on the mechanical behavior was investigated by the indentation–strength method. Such crystallization was found to result in a marked improvement in the flaw tolerance of this alumina, indicative of strong R-Or T-curve behavior. These results are discussed in the light of a theoretical model which assumes grain-localized crack bridging to be the predominant toughening mechanism. Particular reference is made to the influence of residual stresses and interfacial properties on grain pullout across the crack walls in the wake of the crack tip.
Ethical considerations of psychosurgery: the unhappy legacy of the pre-frontal lobotomy

There is no subject at the interface of law, psychiatry and medical ethics which is more controversial than psychosurgery. The divergent views of the treatment begin with its definition. The World Health Organisation 1 and others 2 define psychosurgery as the selective surgical removal or destruction of nerve pathways or normal brain tissue with a view to influencing behaviour. However, proponents of psychosurgery demur on the basis that the `modern9 treatment is concerned predominantly with emotional illness, without any specific effect upon behaviour. The alternative definition offered is `the surgical treatment of certain psychiatric illnesses by means of localised lesions placed in specific cerebral sites. 3 It is difficult entirely to accept this definition because, as examined below, scientific psychiatry is not yet in a position to directly treat psychiatric illness solely through surgical intervention. There is no reliable theoretical relationship between particular cerebral sites (which are normal and healthy) and an identifiable psychiatric illness or symptomatology. Given this state of psychiatric understanding, it is misleading to suggest fine distinctions between generalised alteration of behaviour or mood and treatment of an illness. Highly divergent practices and theories (relating to the multiplicity of conditions treated, surgical methods adopted and areas of the brain operated upon) further undermine exaggerated claims that psychosurgery can scientifically `treat9 specific illness through precise surgical intervention. Nonetheless, contemporary psychosurgery does not contain quite the same `broadbrush9 approach of its ancestors and it can lay some legitimate claim as an effective empirical treatment in narrowly limited circumstances. Major ethical problems still, however, arise and these will be discussed in this article.
A modified reachability tree for Petri nets

A modified reachability tree (MRT) for Petri nets which extends the ability of Karp-Miller's finite reachability tree (FRT) in solving the liveness and reachability problems, and in defining or determining possible firing sequences is given. The finiteness of MRT is proved and several interesting examples are presented to illustrate the difference between MRT and FRT. >
Architectures and Enabling Technologies for Super-Broadband Radio-over-Fiber Optical-Wireless Access Networks

The integration of super-broadband optical and wireless systems is considered to be one of the most promising solutions to increase capacity and mobility as well as decreasing overall costs in next-generation access networks. In this paper, desirable features of network architectures and enabling technologies for delivering future super-broadband dual services are investigated. These key technologies include optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) generation and transmission in downlink direction; full-duplex operation by using centralized light source in uplink and integration with WDM PON.
Health Care Reform 2011: Opportunities for Pharmacists

The health reforms of the last several years at the federal and state levels have created many opportunities for pharmacists to become actively involved in the direct patient care provision. Indeed, the statutory language in some sections of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 creates expectations of pharmacists that will require practice transformation if we are to arise to accept the responsibilities associated with these expectations. These new opportunities open the door for pharmacists to benefit community-dwelling patients with chronic medical conditions, those with acute/emergent care needs, those experiencing a transition between chronic and acute care and vice versa, as well as others in long-term care settings. Although the profession has demonstrated value in many practice environments, our contributions to improved medication-related patient outcomes through medication therapy management (MTM) and the other pharmaceutical care services remain to be rigorously quantified. Incorporation of pharmacists either by their physical presence within the practice or through the design of effective community linkages, such as electronic health records, must be developed to meet the needs of rural and urban patients seen in a variety of practice settings. New business models that build upon cognitive and direct patient care services in addition to the provision of drug products will surely need to emerge for the profession to become a viable and vital component of the US health care system.
The achievement of a 3-month complete cytogenetic response to second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors predicts survival in patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia after imatinib failure.

Abstract Background We assessed whether the achievement of a 3-month complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) in 123 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase, which was treated with second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (2nd-TKI) after imatinib failure could predict for survival. Patients and Methods In a multivariate analysis, the lack of a 3-month CCyR to 2nd-TKI therapy was selected as the only independent factor associated with poor event-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 4.5; P P = .03). Results The 3-year event-free survival and overall survival rates were 74% and 43%, respectively, for patients with 3-month CCyR, and were 98% and 79%, respectively, for patients without 3-month CCyR. In a multivariate analysis, high hemoglobin level, previous major cytogenetic response to imatinib therapy, and ≤90% Philadelphia-positive metaphases were associated with the achievement of a 3-month CCyR. Conclusion The achievement of a 3-month CCyR is the only predictor of outcome in patients treated with 2nd-TKI therapy after imatinib failure. Patients with
Dancing on the Threshold of Meaning Recognizing and Understanding the Growing Edge

This thinking paper uses theory and data to begin to map the terrain of transformation, particularly the threshold of transformation, the growing edge of peoples’ thinking and sense making. The author reanalyzed a set of interview data from several studies, paying attention to those places when participants reached the edges of their meaning making. She offers three examples of those places as well as an analysis of the different ways participants experienced their growing edge. She suggests that the work of a transformative teacher is first to help students find the edge of their understanding, second to be company at that edge, and finally help students construct a new, transformed place. Ultimately, she argues, this process will help students find the courage they need to transform.
Place oriented virtual private networks

Today's network infrastructures are inadequate to cover the needs of small groups or new requirements that pop up daily, due to the ever-increasing demand for more sophisticated services. Place-oriented virtual private networks (VPNs) are based on agent technology and can be built on top of an existing infrastructure by any user. We expect that, in the future, this flexible, dynamic and low-cost approach, which supports not only group working but also advanced services for commercial needs, will be in great use.
Upgrading electromechanical instruments and CRT displays with active matrix liquid crystal displays

Existing aircraft instrument panels are capable of supplying only limited data to pilots. Adding information such as forward looking infrared radar or digital map is limited by the display media currently in the cockpit. Electromechanical instruments such as horizontal situation indicators (HSI) and attitude direction indicators (ADI) are dedicated instruments which are becoming increasingly expensive to maintain as they come to the end of their product life cycle. They contain many moving parts and weigh several pounds each. The large panel depth required also limits the locations where electromechanical instruments and CRTs can be used. Several new core products and technologies have been developed which utilize active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD) to provide pilots in military and commercial applications vital information. This paper describes the key characteristics of the displays, including operation in day and night mode operation and performance in military environments. >
A NEW FINITE-DIFFERENCE SCHEME FOR PARABOLIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Finite-difference methods for unsteady heat conduction are considered. It is shown that the Crank-Nicolson scheme, although unconditionally stable in the mathematical sense, produces physically unrealistic solutions when the time step is large. The fully implicit scheme shows more satisfactory behavior, but is less accurate for small time steps. A new scheme is presented that is satisfactory for the entire range of time steps. It is also shown how the scheme can be applied to boundary-layer situations. The performance of the new scheme is demonstrated by its application to a heat conduction problem and a boundary-layer problem
New recoil transfer chamber for thermalization of heavy ions produced in fusion?evaporation reactions

Abstract A new Recoil Transfer Chamber (RTC) has been designed, fabricated, and characterized at the Cyclotron Institute at Texas A&M University. The design is based on a gas stopper that was previously in routine use at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. This new RTC uses He gas to stop ions, and a combination of a static electric field and gas flow to maximize the extraction efficiency. In offline experiments, a 228 Th source was used to produce 216 Po which was successfully extracted even though it has a short half-life. In online experiments using the products of the 118 Sn( 40 Ar, 6n) 152 Er reaction, an efficiency of several tens of percent was measured.