cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-energy magneto-optics of Tb 2 Ti 2 O 7 in a [111] magnetic field

The pyrochlore magnet ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ shows a lack of magnetic order to low temperatures and is considered to be a quantum spin liquid candidate. We perform time-domain THz spectroscopy on high-quality ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ crystals and study the low-energy excitations as a function of [111] magnetic field with high energy resolution. The low-energy crystal-field excitations change their energies anomalously under magnetic field. Despite several sharp field-dependent changes, we show that the material's spectrum can be described not by phase transitions but by field-dependent hybridization between the low-energy crystal-field levels. We highlight the strong coupling between spin and lattice degrees of freedom in ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ as evidenced by the magnetic-field tunable crystal-field environment. Calculations based on single ion physics with field-induced symmetry reduction of the crystal-field environment can reproduce our data.
When HLS Meets FPGA HBM: Benchmarking and Bandwidth Optimization

With the recent release of High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) based FPGA boards, developers can now exploit unprecedented external memory bandwidth. This allows more memory-bounded applications to benefit from FPGA acceleration. However, we found that it is not easy to fully utilize the available bandwidth when developing some applications with high-level synthesis (HLS) tools. This is due to the limitation of existing HLS tools when accessing HBM board's large number of independent external memory channels. In this paper, we measure the performance of three recent representative HBM FPGA boards (Intel's Stratix 10 MX and Xilinx's Alveo U50/U280 boards) with microbenchmarks and analyze the HLS overhead. Next, we propose HLS-based optimization techniques to improve the effective bandwidth when a PE accesses multiple HBM channels or multiple PEs access an HBM channel. Our experiment demonstrates that the effective bandwidth improves by 2.4X-3.8X. We also provide a list of insights for future improvement of the HBM FPGA HLS design flow.
Healthcare Costs of Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United States, 2003–2015

Published healthcare cost estimates for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) vary widely. One possible contributor is different methods of case ascertainment. In this study, ASD case status was determined using two sources of parent reports among 45,944 children ages 3–17 years in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) linked to the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Sample Child Core questionnaire. In a two-part regression model, the incremental annual per-child cost of ASD relative to no ASD diagnosis was $3930 (2018 US dollars) using ASD case status from the NHIS Child Core and $5621 using current-year ASD case status from MEPS. Both estimates are lower than some published estimates but still represent substantial costs to the US healthcare system.
Analytics Underlying the Metallgesellschaft Hedge: Short Term Futures in a Multi-Period Environment

In a highly publicized example, a marketing and refining subsidiary of Metallgesellschaft controlled short term derivative positions reportedly equivalent to 160 million barrels of oil, 80 times the daily output of Kuwait. Presumably, the short term positions were taken to hedge oil contracts to customers over an extended period. This paper develops the analytics underlying the hedging of long term flow commitments with short term futures contracts. Its contributions includes the determination of minimum variance hedging paths for multiperiod flow portfolios and the evaluation of both period-by-period and end-of-horizon volatilities under various hedging schemes. The analysis allows for basis risk, non-zero cost-of-carry, and spot diffusion processes that have a non-zero market price of risk. The results are developed in the context of an efficient market and standard equilibrium pricing models.
Evaluation of a Milk ELISA for Bovine Paratuberculosis

Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, has become a prevalent infectious disease problem for dairy cattle herds. Control programs require changes in herd management to limit opportunities for infection transmission to young stock, coupled with diagnostic testing to identify the infected, or at least most infectious, adult cattle. When within-herd infection rates are high, it is not economically feasible to cull all test-positive cows. Consequently, it is necessary to adopt testing strategies that provide both diagnostic and prognostic information. The owner needs to know which cows are most infectious and are unlikely to survive another lactation; these cows need to be removed from the herd. It also would be helpful to know which infected cows are least infectious and are capable of sustaining another lactation and generating farm income. Veterinary diagnostics for food animals are strongly affected by end-user economics. Consequently, the most accurate and informative test results must be provided to the end users at the least cost. The diagnostic technology fulfilling this need is often based on antibody detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology because of its low cost and high throughput potential through automation. Application of ELISAs to milk, instead of blood, samples brings even further efficiency. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available milk ELISA for Johne's disease and evaluate its cost-effectiveness using an economic decision analysis model.
Examining the novel use of continuous compression implants in clavicle reconstruction: A biomechanical study.

Abstract Background Current implants for clavicle fractures are known to cause poor cosmesis and irritation, which may require implant removal. Low-profile shape-memory staples provide an attractive alternative, but their biomechanical utility in clavicle reconstruction is unknown. We hypothesized that shape-memory reconstructions would be more compliant compared to traditional constructs but would also outperform conventional plates during cyclic loading to failure. Methods This study was performed with 36 synthetic clavicles and 12 matched pairs of cadaveric specimens. The synthetic study tested four reconstructions: a single superiorly placed staple (n = 6), a single anteroinferiorly-placed staple (n = 6), a 3.5 mm reconstruction plate (n = 12), and two orthogonally placed staples (n = 12). The cadaveric study tested three constructs: reconstruction plate (n = 8), two orthogonal staples (n = 8), and a 2.7 mm reconstruction plate combined with a superior staple (n = 8). Non-destructive 4-point bending, compression, and torsion assays were performed prior to destructive cantilever bending and cyclic torsion tests. Findings The single staple and double staple groups demonstrated significantly decreased resistance to bending (p Interpretation Shape memory alloy implants provided inadequate stiffness for clavicle fixation but may have utility in other orthopaedic applications when used as a supplementary compression device in conjunction with traditional plated constructs. Synthetic bones have limited capacity for modeling fragility fractures.
A Time-Dependent Directional Damage Theory for Brittle Rocks Considering the Kinetics of Microcrack Growth

A novel microcrack damage theory for describing the time-dependent behavior of brittle rocks is proposed. Instead of using scalar or tensorial variables to approximate the effect of microcracks, the concept of directional damage is introduced by upscaling the directional distribution density of microcracks through the noninteracting homogenization scheme. The contribution of an individual crack on global strain is first derived from the crack-opening displacements including sliding, closure, and dilation. The model is then cast in the free energy form, and the range of parameters ensuring compliance with the second law of thermodynamics is derived rigorously. Considering that the subcritical propagation of microcracks is the dominant mechanism behind the time-dependent deformation and failure of brittle rocks, the driving force for directional damage is defined as the corresponding energy release rate, and the effect of time is introduced through a damage evolution law inspired from the kinetics of subcritical crack growth. The model is applied to simulate the behavior of basalt rock under various loading conditions. In addition to predicting the stress–strain–time response, the model offers enhanced resolution in representing the anisotropic characteristics of microcrack-induced damage in brittle rocks and their time-dependent evolutions.
Voluntary provision of public goods: The multiple unit case

Abstract This paper reports the results of a series of experiments designed to test the predictions of a model of voluntary provision of public goods through private contributions. The particular voluntary contribution game implements the core in successively undominated perfect equilibria, but the behavioral question is whether the agents adopt strategies which support this refinement to the Nash equilibrium. The experimental evidence suggests that they do not: core allocations do not consistently occur in the laboratory markets.
A model design for the labyrinthine membranes in mammals

Objectives/Hypothesis A model of the labyrinthine membranes in mammals may be useful in the study of conditions that involve membrane stress and deformation such as Meniere's disease and diving injuries. Study Design Conceptual design of a model of the labyrinthine membranes in mammals. Methods The model is constructed by emulating each of the several chambers of the membranous labyrinth and their connections with mathematically defined geometric shapes. Results The model design uses a torus to emulate each semicircular canal, prolate spheroids for each ampulla, cylinders for the crus commune and utricle, an oblate spheroid for the saccule, hyperboloids of revolution for junctional zones, and a spiral torus for the cochlea membranes. Conclusions A complete model of the labyrinthine membranes has been designed that can serve as a platform for stress analysis when numerical dimensions are available for any particular species including man. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 124:E245–E249, 2014
Prospects for antigen-specific tolerance based therapies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

A primary focus in autoimmunity is the breakdown of central and peripheral tolerance resulting in the survival and eventual activation of autoreactive T cells. As CD4+ T cells are key contributors to the underlying pathogenic mechanisms responsible for onset and progression of most autoimmune diseases, they are a logical target for therapeutic strategies. One method for restoring self-tolerance is to exploit the endogenous regulatory mechanisms that govern CD4+ T cell activation. In this review, we discuss tolerance strategies with the common goal of inducing antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance. Emphasis is given to the use of peptide-specific tolerance strategies, focusing on ethylene carbodiimide (ECDI)-peptide-coupled cells (Ag-SP) and nonmitogenic anti-CD3, which specifically target the T cell receptor (TCR) in the absence of costimulatory signals. These approaches induce a TCR signal of insufficient strength to cause CD4+ T cell activation and instead lead to functional T cell anergy/deletion and activation of Ag-specific induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) while avoiding generalized long-term immunosuppression.
Personality in Political Psychology

This chapter outlines the history of personality inquiry in political psychology, examines the current state of personality in politics, and charts a course for the study of personality in politics in the post-cognitive revolution era, informed by contextually adjacent scientific fields such as behavioral neuroscience and evolutionary ecology. The chapter offers a comprehensive, generative, theoretically coherent framework for studying personality in politics that is consonant with established principles in the adjacent sciences and integrative with respect to accommodating a diversity of politically relevant personal characteristics. It attempts to bridge conceptual and methodological gaps between current formulations in the source disciplines of personology and personality assessment and the target discipline of contemporary political personality—specifically the psychological examination of political leaders—and proposes a set of basic standards for personality-in-politics modeling. The personality-in-politics model formulated in this chapter accounts for structural and functional personality attributes at behavioral, phenomenological, intrapsychic, and biophysical levels of analysis; permits supplementary developmental causal analysis; provides an explicit framework for personality-based risk analysis in politics; provides an assessment methodology; explicitly links personality with political performance outcomes; acknowledges the impact of situational variables and the cultural context on political performance; and allows for personological, situational, and contextual filters that modulate the impact of personality on political performance. Keywords: personality assessment; political leadership; political personality; political psychology
Applications of the Method of Averaging to Predict Dual-Spin Spacecraft Attitude Motion

Two applications of the generalized method of averaging to predict dual-spin spacecraft motion are described. The first application involves a dual-spin spacecraft which has an asymmetric rotor and an unbalanced, but otherwise axisymmetric platform. The terms in the equations of motion due to asymmetry of the rotor and the imbalance of the platform are treated as perturbations. Application of the method of averaging provides information from which internal nonlinear resonances can be predicted. A model of an axisymmetric dual-spin spacecraft which contains spherical dampers as models of fully-filled spherical fuel tanks is considered in the second application. The effects of the motions of the dampers are treated as perturbations and the method of averaging is used to obtain approximate differential equations for the nutation angle for the cases of a constant-speed rotor and a free rotor. Criteria are presented for stability of the nutatonal motion if the spacecraft.
The metabolism of histone fractions. 3. Synthesis and turnover of histone f1.

Abstract This report confirms and extends our previous measurements of histone f1 turnover in the chromatin of exponentially growing Chinese hamster cells. Acidic protein contaminants were removed from f1 preparations, and the resulting purified f1 was characterized as very lysine-rich histone. This purified f1 had a turnover half-life of 52.7 hr, an even greater turnover rate than that of whole f1. In cultures whose DNA replication was inhibited by thymidine, additional treatment with the aminonucleoside of puromycin or with actinomycin D failed to inhibit f1 turnover, thus indicating that the mechanism of f1 turnover is not dependent on continuing synthesis of a stable ribosomal RNA or an unstable messenger RNA. Analysis of f1 synthesis in the S phase of thymidine-synchronized cultures indicated that, although histone f1 is laid down in the chromatin complex concomitantly with DNA replication, part of this histone was synthesized at least 1 hr prior to its deposition in the chromatin. These data suggest that cells have the capacity to form a nonchromatin pool of histone f1.
Geräuschquellen des Fahrzeugs

Das Kraftfahrzeuggerausch setzt sich im wesentlichen aus folgenden Anteilen zusammen: Gerausch des Aggregats (Motor, Getriebe, Lufter usw.), Gerausch der Abgasanlage, Gerausch des Ansaugsystems, Rollgerausch, Windgerausch.
DIALOGUE AND INQUIRY IN TEACHER EDUCATION FOR DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION AIMS

Social studies scholars and educators argue that democratic purposes in K-12 public schools are neglected, even suppressed, by an obsession with raising achievement in literacy and mathematics. Teacher education can play a crucial role in preparing teachers who can and will commit themselves to furthering democratic aims. This special feature article discusses how one teacher educator is experimenting with classroom dialogue and inquiry in two courses, “Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice” and “Curriculum Currents and Controversies” to work toward those aims.
Photonic nanometer scale metamaterials and nanoporous thermoelectric materials for enhancement of hybrid photovoltaic thermoelectric devices

This paper discusses the design, development and implementation of a plasmonic fishnet meta-structure, synthesis of TE ink and binder, fabrication of conductive ink, and printing technology to improve the overall efficiency of the hybrid PV-TE devices. Embedded fishnet meta-structure in hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric (PV-TE) system and, synthesis/characterization of printable nanoporous thermoelectric (TE) ink are proposed. Back passivation layer of the solar cell includes a planar fishnet structure that enhances solar radiation absorption near the infrared band of the solar spectrum. It was observed to improve the efficiency around 11 folds in the hybrid system with fishnet. Nanoporous Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 were used to prepare printing inks to print p-n junctions. Development of fishnet, synthesis/characterization of TE ink, binder and conductive ink are elucidated in this paper. Display Omitted We design TE device with plasmonic fishnet metastructure and nanoporous TE ink and binder to improve efficiency by 11 folds of hybrid PV-TE device.Performance of different formulations of nanoporous TE filler and nanocomposite conductive binders compared to silver based conductive binder.Application of nanoporous p-type and n-type TE inks and nanoimprinted fishnet structure enables Roll to Roll manufacturing of Hybrid TE device.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Arthroscopic Treatment of Discoid Lateral Meniscus in Children

Objectives: The discoid meniscus, occurring almost exclusively on the lateral side, can lead to pain, popping, snapping, and decreased knee extension. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term clinical outcomes of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for the treatment of discoid lateral meniscus in children.
Transplantation for Congenital Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes

Congenital bone marrow failure syndromes (BMFSs) are relatively rare disorders characterized by aberrant development in one or more hematopoietic lineages. Genetic alterations have now been identified in most of these disorders although the exact role of the molecular defects has yet to be elucidated. Most of these diseases are successfully managed with supportive care, however, treatment refractoriness and disease progression—often involving malignant transformation—may necessitate curative treatment with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Due to the underlying molecular defects, the outcome of transplantation for BMFS may be dramatically different than those associated with transplantation for more common diseases, including leukemia. Given recent improvements in survival and molecular diagnosis of bone marrow failure syndrome patients presenting at adult ages without physical stigmata, it is important for both pediatric and adult hematologists to be aware of the possible diagnosis of BMF syndromes and the unique approaches required in treating such patients.
Leiomyosarcoma of renal vein

Abstract Leiomyosarcomas arising from the renal vein are rare tumors:only 13 cases are found in the literature. We report a case in a sixty-one-year-old woman who presented with back pain and hematuria. She underwent resection of the tumor and an ipsilateral nephrectomy. The tumor recurred locally, and the patient died thirty months after diagnosis. Review of the cases reported in the literature reveals the aggressive nature of these tumors and the need for a combined therapeutic approach.
Community and health facility influences on contraceptive method choice in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

This analysis was supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) under cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-03-00003-00 with the Measure Evaluation project.
Face super-resolution using coherency sensitive hashing

We present a novel technique for the problem of super-resolution of facial data. The method uses a patch-based technique, and for each low-resolution input image patch, we seek the best matching patches from a database of face images using the Coherency Sensitive Hashing technique. Coherency Sensitive Hashing relies on hashing to combine image coherence cues and image appearance cues to effectively find matching patches in images. This differs from existing methods that apply a high-pass filter on input patches to extract local features. We then perform a weighted sum of the best matching patches to get the enhanced image. We compare with state-of-the-art techniques and observe that the approach provides better performance in terms of both visual quality and reconstruction error.
The materiality of spiritual engagement: art and the end of Ohio Hopewell

Abstract This paper addresses the question, ‘If art makes society, under what conditions does society cease to make art?’ The answer, I suggest, lies in art's loss of social efficacy. The case I use to explore the cessation of art is that of the Ohio Hopewell. In southern Ohio, between AD 1–400, a ceremonial system known as Ohio Hopewell developed, flourished, and was then entirely abandoned. This ceremonial system was characterized by elaborate material objects (art) made from exotic materials, communal rituals involving pageantry and burial of the dead that were held in large geometric earthwork enclosures, and large-scale offerings of objects in these ceremonial precincts. After AD 400, art, the large earthen enclosures, and elaborate offerings ceased to be made for a considerable period of time in the Midwestern US. This paper draws on theoretical, historical, and ethnographic information to make the argument that the collapse of Ohio Hopewell and its art represents a radical transformation in how peo...
Effects of cue-controlled relaxation on the control of heterosocial performance anxiety among shy males

Abstract Forty-two “shy” male subjects participated in two interpersonal performance tests with an attractive female confederate. Between the two interpersonal performances each was exposed to cue-controlled relaxation, to a demand- control regimen, or to no treatment. During and after each performance, measures were taken of arousal, anxiety, and efficacy. At various times measures were taken also of the experimental demand for reports of improvement associated with cue-controlled relaxation and the demand-control regimen. Relative to other subjects, those who received cue-controlled relaxation showed lowered heart rates before the posttreatment interpersonal performance and lowered skin conductance both before and during the posttreatment interpersonal performance. The measures of demand impact showed no differences between cue-controlled relaxation and the demand-control regimen. Report measures of anxiety and efficacy tracked the measures of experimental demand.
Differences, Disparities, and Biases: Clarifying Racial Variations in Health Care Use

Studies documenting racial differences in health care use are common in the medical literature. However, observational studies of racial differences in health care use lack a framework for interpreting reports of variations in health care use, leading to various terms, ranging from "variations" to "bias," that suggest different causes, consequences, and, ultimately, remedies for such variations in treatment. We propose criteria to assess racial differences in health care use by using a clinical equity (equal treatment based on equal clinical need) framework. This framework differentiates between initial reports of racial differences and subsequent classifications of their findings as racial disparities or racial bias in health care use. Racial variations in health care use may be considered disparities after demonstrating that racial differences are not attributable to treatment eligibility, clinical contraindications, patient preferences, or confounding by other clinical factors and are associated with adverse consequences. Racial bias with adverse consequences in health care may be inferred if a racial variation in treatment that has been characterized as a disparity persists after accounting for health care system factors (for example, type of hospital at which the patient was treated). We apply this framework to published reports of racial differences in treatment to determine which studies provide evidence of differences, disparities, and bias. We discuss the use of such a framework in directing policy interventions for alleviating inappropriate racial variations in health care use.
Executive functions of the frontal lobes: Psychometric properties of a self-rating scale.

This study investigated the psychometric properties of a self-rating scale designed to test the executive functions of the frontal lobes. A set of 16 items was selected, based on face validity, from the 200-item Coolidge Axis II Inventory. Cronbach scale reliability for the new scale was .72 on 1,223 purportedly normal participants. A factor analysis yielded a three-factor structure, Decision-making difficulties (8 items, 23% of the variance, scale reliability .77), Poor planning (4 items, 15% of the variance, scale reliability .63), and Task incompletion (6 items, 9% of the variance, scale reliability .66). A multivariate analysis of variance, performed on the over-all scale sum and the three subscales, between 17 closed head-injured patients and a matched control group was significant. The head-injured patients scored significantly higher on the over-all measure of executive dysfunction and higher on the decision-making difficulties subscale but not on the other two subscales.
On optimal and data based histograms

SUMMARY In this paper the formula for the optimal histogram bin width is derived which asymptotically minimizes the integrated mean squared error. Monte Carlo methods are used to verify the usefulness of this formula for small samples. A data-based procedure for choosing the bin width parameter is proposed, which assumes a Gaussian reference standard and requires only the sample size and an estimate of the standard deviation. The sensitivity of the procedure is investigated using several probability models which violate the Gaussian assumption.
Phase matching in coherent anti‐stokes Raman scattering

Generalized phase matching conditions for the four-wave mixing process of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is examined. The use of three incident laser beams leads to better spectral and angular separation of the CARS signal than is possible in standard two beam CARS experiments. Furthermore, large background reduction is shown possible through the use of three frequencies. Special attention is paid to the universal phase matching geometry where two of the laser beams counterpropagate (COPCARS). Experimental results obtained with the COPCARS are presented. The technique is especially useful for studying small frequency shifts such as those associated with rotational Raman, Brillouin and Rayleigh wing scatterings.
Adsorption and thermal stability of Mn on TiO2(110) : 2p X-ray absorption spectroscopy and soft X-ray photoemission

Abstract X-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopies are used to study the adsorption and reaction of Mn films deposited on TiO 2 (110) at 25°C and after annealing to ∼650°C. Fractional monolayer coverages of Mn at 25°C produce a reactive, disordered interface consisting of reduced Ti cations and oxidized Mn overlayer atoms. Metallic Mn is found only for thicker layers at 25°C. Annealing Mn films to ∼650°C leads to several changes that are largely independent of initial overlayer coverage: Metallic Mn thermally desorbs leaving only Mn 2+ ions; interfacial Ti cations are largely re-oxidized to the Ti 4+ state; and the local order is increased at the interface. The formation of a crystalline ternary surface oxide, MnTiO x , is proposed to account for these chemical and structural changes.
Dulse Palmaria mollis as a settlement substrate and food for the red abalone Haliotis rufescens

Abstract Dulse (Palmaria mollis) was used as a settlement substrate and as a food for different stages of the life-cycle of the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens). Dulse was found to be superior to kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) in conditioning broodstock, resulting in eggs of higher dry weight, lipid and protein content. Improved egg quality resulted in higher hatching and metamorphosis success of larvae. Dulse was comparable to diatom coatings as a substrate for settlement and growth of post-larvae, although direct utilization of dulse as a food source was only evident in abalone >3 mm in shell length. Juvenile abalone 3 to 6.5 mm in shell length grew faster on dulse than on diatom coatings. Abalone 10 mm in shell length grew well when fed on dulse over a 12-month period, with monthly shell growth rates varying from 1.3 mm in January (seawater temperature 8.7°C) to 3.8 mm in July (seawater temperature 14°C). Use of dulse throughout the abalone's life cycle should simplify the production process and reduce costs.
HLA-DR Alleles are Associated with IDDM, but not with Impaired Neutrophil Chemotaxis in IDDM

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a risk factor for periodontitis. Depressed neutrophil chemotaxis has been demonstrated in IDDM and in early-onset periodontitis (EOP). HLA-DR antigens are associated with both IDDM and periodontitis. This investigation sought to determine an association of HLA-DR3, -DR4, and -DR53 with impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in an IDDM sample. The neutrophil chemotaxis index of 41 diabetics and 27 controls was determined by a modified Boyden chamber method, and certain class II HLA genotypes were determined by polymerase chain-reaction amplification of genomic DNA by means of sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). The mean chemotaxis index of the diabetics was significantly less than that of the controls (p < 0.02). HLA-DR3 (p ≤ 0.002), -DR4 (p < 0.003), and -DR53 (p < 0.001) were associated with IDDM. Neutrophil chemotaxis and glucose metabolism were not significantly correlated. None of the HLA-DR alleles was associated with impaired neutrophil chemotaxis. Therefore, t...
Children's Evolving Understanding of Polyhedra in the Classroom

To better understand the development of children's thinking in three-dimensional geometry, we conducted a teaching experiment with 8- and 9-year olds in which children built and described polyhedra during several lessons. Analysis of pre-/post-assessments showed that children advanced in their geometric reasoning and began to identify, enumerate, and notice relationships between component parts of polyhedra. Our consideration of a class activity showed how examining a range of examples and non-examples enculturated students into the practice of attending to component parts. Promoting precise, formal definitions for components proved to be a significant challenge for the teacher in establishing norms for class discussions.
Economic applications of an electronic clinical database for nurse practitioner students.

PURPOSE. To describe the development of a Web-based clinical database that incorporates the standardized nursing languages (SNLs) used by nurse practitioner students, describe outcomes relative to the SNLs, and discuss economic aspects of outcome data. METHODS. A mix of retrospective and prospective data of all outcomes for several cohorts (95 students, 17,193 records) comprised the data set. FINDINGS. There is wide variation in use of SNLs as well as terminologies from other disciplines. The economic impact of patient encounters could be substantial. CONCLUSIONS. A Web-based clinical log provides an opportunity for NP students to collect and analyze data on clinical encounters. Considerable resources must be invested in order to expand the use and sophistication of eClinicaLog. BUT. Decrire le developpement d'une base de donnees cliniques sur la toile, comprenant les langages normalises (LN) utilises par les infirmieres inscrites a la formation de praticienne avancee, decrire les resultats en lien avec ces LN et discuter des aspects economiques des resultats. METHODES. Un ensemble de donnees retrospectives et prospectives des resultats de plusieurs cohortes (95 etudiantes, 17,193 dossiers) fut etudie. RESULTATS. Il y a de grandes disparites dans l'utilisation des LN et de celle des autres disciplines. L'impact economique des consultations infirmieres pourrait etre substantiel. CONCLUSIONS. Une base de donnees cliniques electronique fournit la possibilite aux etudiantes avancees de collecter et analyser les donnees concernant leurs consultations. La pratique devient visible quand les LN sont utilises. Des ressources considerables devraient etre investies afin d'augmenter l'utilisation et la sophistication d'un “eClinicaLog.” OBJETIVOS. Descrever o desenvolvimento de uma base de dados clinicos baseada na Internet, que incorpore as linguagens padronizadas de enfermagem (LPEs) da NANDA, NIC e NOC utilizadas por alunos do curso de Pratica Avancada em Enfermagem (PAE); descrever os resultados relativos as LPEs; e discutir aspectos economicos dos dados referentes aos resultados. METODO. O conjunto de dados compreendeu um “mix” de dados retrospectivos e prospectivos referentes a todos os resultados de varios coortes (95 estudantes e 17.193 registros). ACHADOS. Ha uma ampla variacao no uso das LPEs, bem com de terminologias de outras disciplinas. O impacto economico das consultas dos pacientes pode ser substancial. CONCLUSOES. Um registro (log) clinico baseado na Internet oferece aos alunos de PAE uma oportunidade de coletar e analisar dados referentes a consultas de pacientes. A pratica de enfermagem torna-se visivel quando as LPEs sao utilizadas. Recursos consideraveis devem ser investidos a fim de expandir o uso e o aperfeicoamento de um registro clinico eletronico (eClinicalLog).
Nucleation kinetics in thin film growth III transient nucleation and nucleation on preferred substrate sites

Abstract An analytical method is described by which the initial (transient) stage of thin film nucleation may be generally treated. The method is extended to cover simultaneous nucleation at substrate defect sites and at normal lattice sites. Post-transient nucleation and growth under these latter conditions is also considered in detail. The analysis is applied to defect-controlled nucleation under complete condensation conditions and the results are compared with those previously derived for nucleation on a perfect defect-free substrate. The application of this analysis to computer simulation of thin film nucleation and growth is discussed.
Revisiting the big valley search space structure in the TSP

The solution space of the travelling salesman problem under 2-opt moves has been characterized as having a big-valley structure, in which the evaluation of a tour is positively correlated to the distance of the tour from the global optimum. We examine the big-valley hypothesis more closely and show that while the big-valley structure does appear in much of the solution space, it breaks down around local optima that have solutions whose evaluation is very close to that of the global optimum; multiple funnels appear around local optima with evaluations close to the global optimum. The appearance of multiple funnels explains why certain iterated local search heuristics can quickly find high-quality solutions, but fail to consistently find the global optimum. We then investigate a novel search operator, which is demonstrated to have the ability to escape funnels at evaluations close to the global optimum.
Nitrogen fertilizer and gender effects on the secondary metabolism of yaupon, a caffeine-containing North American holly

Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) is a caffeine-containing dioecious shrub native to the southeastern United States that was historically brewed into a stimulating beverage. We tested predictions of the carbon/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis by determining whether nitrogen availability and gender influence production of caffeine and related alkaloids as well as phenolic compounds in leaves of pot-grown yaupon plants fertilized with ammonium nitrate. The CNB hypothesis predicts that additional nitrogen should result in increased alkaloid concentrations and decreased phenolic concentrations. An extension of the CNB hypothesis to dioecious plants predicts that females have higher C/N ratios and therefore higher phenolic concentrations and lower alkaloid concentrations than male conspecifics. In our study, caffeine and total alkaloid concentrations were 5-10 times higher in fertilized than control plants but did not vary by gender. Nevertheless, an observed interaction between gender and fertilization suggests that females respond more to fertilization than males in caffeine production. In addition, fertilized plants not only contained higher concentrations of alkaloids and total nitrogen but also allocated a larger proportion of their nitrogen to alkaloid production than control plants. Total phenolic concentrations were higher in control females than control males as predicted by the CNB hypothesis, but did not vary by treatment nor were there differences by gender among fertilized plants. We also found high correlations between antioxidant capacity and both classes of phenolic compounds detected in our study (cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids) indicating that in addition to their putative defensive function against herbivores, phenolics protect yaupon from oxidative stress. Explanation of the inconsistencies between our data and predictions of the CNB hypothesis may benefit from a re-appraisal of the physiological mechanisms by which resource availability affects secondary metabolism as well as consideration of the selective pressures to which secondary metabolism responds.
Background subtraction for NIF large optics interferometry measurements

Direct and statistical background subtraction were tested for Fourier bandpass filtered Brewster’s angle transmitted wavefront measurements. An inference has alos been made about statistical subtraction for reflected wavefront measurements.
Dielectric Composites for Naval Applications

As an integral part of the U.S. Navy’s all-electric ship effort, the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has been developing advanced dielectrics to provide viable solutions for high energy density capacitors as well as high-dielectric-constant (K) filter capacitors. Our group at NRL has focused on ceramic and ceramic-based composite dielectrics, which are characterized by the high dielectric constant (from 200 to 4000) relative to polymer materials (typically 200 kV/cm). This article details three approaches to creating high energy density and high-K-filter capacitor materials. These approaches use different processing routes to produce ceramic-based composite dielectrics and include freeze-casting, glass–ceramic, and nanocomposite technologies.
Towards fully abstract semantics for local variables

The Store Model of Halpern-Meyer-Trakhtenbrot is shown—after suitable repair—to be a fully abstract model for a limited fragment of ALGOL in which procedures do not take procedure parameters. A simple counter-example involving a parameter of program type shows that the model is not fully abstract in general. Previous proof systems for reasoning about procedures are typically sound for the HMT store model, so it follows that theorems about the counter-example are independent of such proof systems. Based on a generalization of standard cpo based models to structures called locally complete partial orders (lcpo's), improved models and stronger proof rules are developed to handle such examples.
An experimental study of forced barotropic rossby waves

Abstract Barotropic Rossby waves are studied in a homogeneous fluid contained in a rotating cylindrical annulus with a radially sloping bottom boundary. The waves are forced by a simple source-sink distribution which can be rotated differentially relative to the annulus. When the speed of the source-sink distribution is close to the phase speed for a free Rossby wave of a given mode, resonant amplification occurs. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of a simple linear theory, but certain systematic differences between theory and experiment were observed.
Nature in Economic Theories: Hans Immler Traces Recognition of the Environment—and Its Neglect—in Various Classics

Labor and capital are usually considered as the primary factors of production, the costs of which are of utmost importance. In contrast, nature (including all natural resources), as the essential third factor, is disregarded. She is generally assumed to be always available, self-regenerating, and to be exploited without long-term costs. In other words, she is more or less viewed as a constant. Hans Immler's new treatise represents an important contribution in that he emphasized the role and function of the natural environment, and its neglect, in the formulation of theories of value and their long-term consequences on contemporary economic theories and on the person and society. This essay traces Immler's evaluation with extensive quotations - especially with regard to Physiocracy and the classical economists - of nature's role and function, or their neglect, in the formulation of theories of value through the writings of Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, William Petty, John Locke, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, and others, - all dealt with in Part 1 of his book - and Francois Quesnay and the Physiocrats - the topic of Part 2.
Schläfli cluster topological analysis of medium range order in paracrystalline amorphous semiconductor models

We show that topologically crystalline regions in computer models of amorphous materials can be identified by examining the Schlafli cluster associated with each atom. The Schlafli cluster contains those atoms that define the Schlafli circuit symbol. Different crystalline topologies that have the same Schlafli circuit symbol may be distinguished by considering the number of atoms in the Schlafli cluster. The diameter of the cubic diamond Schlafli cluster in Ge is ∼0.9 nm, which is typical of the shorter length scales associated with medium range order in amorphous materials. Regions of connected identical Schlafli clusters can be readily identified in models and their combined size provides an intrinsic length scale for describing the medium range order.
Career Opportunities in Geology: ABSTRACT

Abstract Most of the affairs of the AAPG coincide with the terms of elected officers, and thus extend from annual meeting to annual meeting. For the years 1960-61 and 1961-62 a special committee for Industrial-Academic relations was appointed. The objective of this committee was to gather facts that would allow a recounting of the history of employment and academic training of geologists over the previous ten years; then, on the basis of this history, to attempt a forecast of this supply and demand relationship over the coming years, to 1965. Two detailed questionnaires were sent out in successive years, and final results arrived in March of this year. We have recorded a complete cycle of excessive demand over supply, then supply exceeding demand, and are now again on the threshold of a demand that exceeds expected supply over the coming three years. Industry trends continue to emphasize a master's degree as the basic academic training for professional employment. Thus, five years are needed for the training of a geologist. The five-year training period introduces a critical time lag that distorts the relations of demand and supply if industry is only willing to think of its employment needs on a year-to-year basis. Already there is a disturbing age-spread in the geological employees of major oil companies. There are old geologists and very young geologists. Retirements in the next ten years will bring serious problems to companies hoping for experienced leadership in geological departments. Despite broad diversification of oil companies into all phases of the oil industry, the production of oil and gas is still the major factor in the economic health of most companies. Long range geological employment policies and practices must be developed and followed if this important aspect of the oil company's business is to survive. On the other hand, many small colleges have started geology departments in recent years during the peak of employment. Often these new departments have only one or two instructors, and the geologic curriculum is built around the specialization of one professor. In such a case, a graduate education at another institution is especially needed in the training of a professional geologist. Geological education fulfills a dual role. We must serve the science needs of the student majoring in other subjects. At the same time, we must provide a sound basic knowledge of general geology and allied sciences for the student majoring in geology. General geological training, with emphasis on field and laboratory courses, is still the most important background for which industry looks in the selection of professional geologists. Employment demand for geologists will exceed the supply of graduates from universities over the next three years. Already major oil companies are exceeding their normal search for geologists with five or six years of experience. It can be expected that competent, experienced geologists, who have swelled the ranks of the unemployed during the past five years, will again find their professional services needed in the near future.
The Formation of Large Bacterial Aggregates at Depth Within the Louisiana Hydrocarbon Seep Zone

Growth rate determinations on the individual components of size-fractionated water samples taken within the Louisiana hydrocarbon seep zone and westward of this region revealed that most of the biomass in the water was associated with particles larger than 64 μm (>60%). The aggregates in the seep zone were metabolically active and growing; whereas, 80 km to the west, the microbiota on the aggregates had negative growth rates, indicating a cessation of metabolic activity. This suggests that the raw materials for bacterial growth are the hydrocarbons, primarily methane, and that these particles may potentially provide a valuable food resource for regional benthic organisms. The large-scale geographic distribution of hydrocarbon seeps and the westward movement of water along the Louisiana slope suggest a nutritional resource capable of supporting a diverse marine heterotrophic community.
Differential predation by the lizard, Anolis carolinensis, upon unicoloured and polycoloured insects after an interval of no contact

Abstract 1. 1. Twenty-two green anoles, Anolis carolinensis , were kept in captivity in St. Louis, Missouri, for an eleven month period. The lizards were kept on a controlled diet of mealworm larvae, Tenebrio molitor , during this period and during the subsequent periods between experiments. 2. 2. The anoles were offered individual insects of unicoloured and polycoloured species under standard conditions. The reactions of the hungry lizards to these insects were recorded. 3. 3. The anoles tended to capture more individuals of unicoloured species of insects than polycoloured species, whether or not the latter were distasteful or otherwise obnoxious. 4. 4. The lizards do not differentiate between insects on the basis of size, smell or individual preference. They do appear to differentiate between insects on the basis of colour pattern and perhaps body shape. 5. 5. It is suggested that these predators can generalize colour patterns to an unknown extent.