cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dispersive elements for enhanced-laser gyroscopy and cavity stabilization

We analyze the effect of a highly dispersive element placed inside a modulated optical cavity on the frequency and amplitude of the modulation to determine the conditions for cavity self-stabilization and enhanced gyroscopic sensitivity. We find an enhancement in the sensitivity of a laser gyroscope to rotation for normal dispersion, while anomalous dispersion can be used to self-stabilize an optical cavity. Our results indicate that atomic media, even coherent superpositions in multilevel atoms, are of limited use for these applications, because the amplitude and phase filters work against one another, i.e., decreasing the modulation frequency increases its amplitude and vice-versa. On the other hand, for optical resonators the dispersion reversal associated with critical coupling enables the amplitude and phase filters to work together. We find that for over-coupled resonators, the absorption and normal dispersion on-resonance increase the contrast and frequency of the beat-note, respectively, resulting in a substantial enhancement of the gyroscopic response. Under-coupled resonators can be used to stabilize the frequency of a laser cavity, but result in a concomitant increase in amplitude fluctuations. As a more ideal solution we propose the use of a variety of coupled-resonator-induced transparency that is accompanied by anomalous dispersion.
UNITED STATES EXPERIENCE

IF THERE IS a discipline arising out of developments in the balance of payments of a country, it should manifest itself by some measurable repercussions on economic and financial developments within the country. In other words, the balance of payments is considered as "disciplining" the domestic economy. This is a permissible way of looking at the matter, and it is adopted for the purposes of this paper. However, it may be observed that there is another side to the coin; that is, developments in the domestic economy could be said to "discipline" the balance of payments. It may be inquired whether the disciplining effects of the balance of payments are openly recognized by policy-makers, such as central bankers and treasury officials, or whether they make themselves felt more indirectly through a relatively automatic mechanism of adjustment. This question would probably not be relevant to, say, the United Kingdom or western European countries, where the balance of payments has for decades been a very important datum in economic and financial policy. But in the history of the United States, chiefly because of the unimportance of balance-of-payments factors relative to total factors operating in the economy, it is much less evident that financial officials have been aware of a discipline imposed by the balance of payments. Lines of economic policy or action or the course of economic and financial events in a country may be conditioned or modified by balance-of-payments necessities. The level of general demand and the level of liquidity may be importantly influenced by developments in the balance of payments. The main ingredients of monetary policy, such as reserve requirements, rediscount rates, and openmarket operations, may have to take such developments into account. Wage increases may or may not need to be resisted, depending on the state of the balance of payments. Commercial policy may need to be responsive to balance-of-payments trends. As an example, the slogan of "trade, not aid" coined by the British government during the chancellorship of Mr. Butler was an effort to dramatize the necessity for creditor countries to find ways of encouraging imports
Identification of sequence alterations in the upstream regulatory region of the estrogen receptor gene in an ER-negative breast cancer cell line

Given the important role of the estrogen receptor (ER) in the development and physiology of the breast, it is essential to delineate the mechanisms responsible for its failed expression in some breast tumors. We have cloned and sequenced a portion of the ER upstream regulatory region from the ER-positive MCF-7 and the ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines to determine if sequence alterations in this region account for the ER-negative phenotype of some tumors. From this, we identified a number of variations between the sequences, two of which were determined to be associated with a 50% decrease in CAT activity.
Density/length profiles and trellis complexity of lattices

The density/length profile (DCP) of a lattice /spl Lambda/ is analogous to the dimension/length profile of a linear code. The DLP is a geometrical invariant of /spl Lambda/ that includes the coding gain of /spl Lambda/. Duality results analogous to those of linear block codes are derived for lattices. Bounds on the DLP may be derived from bounds on Hermite's constants; these hold with equality for many dense lattices. In turn, the DLP lowerbounds the state complexity profile of a minimal trellis diagram for /spl Lambda/ in any coordinate system. It is shown that this bound can be met for the E/sub 8/ lattice by a laminated lattice construction with a novel trellis diagram. Bounds and constructions for other important low-dimensional lattices are given. Two laminated lattice constructions of the Leech lattice yield trellis diagrams with maximum state space sizes 1024 and 972. >
Shape control and compartmentalization in active colloidal cells.

Small autonomous machines like biological cells or soft robots can convert energy input into control of function and form. It is desired that this behavior emerges spontaneously and can be easily switched over time. For this purpose we introduce an active matter system that is loosely inspired by biology and which we term an active colloidal cell. The active colloidal cell consists of a boundary and a fluid interior, both of which are built from identical rotating spinners whose activity creates convective flows. Similarly to biological cell motility, which is driven by cytoskeletal components spread throughout the entire volume of the cell, active colloidal cells are characterized by highly distributed energy conversion. We demonstrate that we can control the shape of the active colloidal cell and drive compartmentalization by varying the details of the boundary (hard vs. flexible) and the character of the spinners (passive vs. active). We report buckling of the boundary controlled by the pattern of boundary activity, as well as formation of core–shell and inverted Janus phase-separated configurations within the active cell interior. As the cell size is increased, the inverted Janus configuration spontaneously breaks its mirror symmetry. The result is a bubble–crescent configuration, which alternates between two degenerate states over time and exhibits collective migration of the fluid along the boundary. Our results are obtained using microscopic, non–momentum-conserving Langevin dynamics simulations and verified via a phase-field continuum model coupled to a Navier–Stokes equation.
Uptake of dissolved organic selenides by marine phytoplankton

Se is present in multiple oxidation states in nature, each of which has unique chemical and biological reactivities. As a consequence, the rate of Se incorporation into food webs or its role as either a limiting nutrient or a toxic substance is a function of complex biogeochemistry. In particular, little is understood about the accumulation of dissolved organic selenides by phyto- or bacterioplankton. We assessed the bioavailability of dissolved organic selenides to marine and estuarine phytoplankton by presenting various algal species with filtered lysates of the diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana,grown on media amended with radiolabeled selenite ( 75 Se[IV]). Species known to accumulate selenite effectively also accumulated Se from radiolabeled cell lysates and to approximately the same extent. When exposed to a 4.5-nM solution of lysate Se, T. pseudonana, Heterocapsa triquetra(Dinophyceae), Tetraselmis levis (Prasinophyceae), Synechococcus bacillus(Cyanobacteria), and Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae) incorporated 42%‐53%, 42%, 30%, 32%, and 4% of the dissolved Se, respectively. Se cell contents of T. pseudonana, T. levis, and D. tertiolecta grown in media containing 4.5 nM lysate Se were very similar to Se content of cells grown in 4.5 nM selenite. Our results suggest that recycling of Se(2II) may be more important than previously thought. Consequently, uptake of organic selenides by phytoplankton may need to be considered in models predicting Se incorporation into aquatic food webs, given that it is a significant fraction of dissolved Se in estuarine and oceanic waters.
Proliferative enteropathy in a foal caused by Lawsonia intracellularis-like bacterium

Proliferative enteropathy (proliferative enteritis, proliferative ileitis, intestinal adenomatosis) has been reported in several animal species including the pig,1 dog, foal, blue fox, guinea pig, ferret, hamster, and rabbit. The disease is characterized by adenomatous hyperplasia of crypt epithelial cells in the ileum and colon with intracytoplasmic curved bacteria resembling Campylobacter species. In the single case previously reported in a foal, Campylobacter-like organisms were demonstrated within the cytoplasm of enterocytes by spirochete stains and electron microscopy. In a study using cloned DNA probes to isolated Campylobacterlike organisms, there was failure of the probes to hybridize with common porcine Campylobacter species, suggesting the causative agent to be an unidentified or uncultured species. This finding, along with DNA sequencing and structural characteristics, resulted in this organism being named ileal symbiont intracellularis. Subsequently, the organism was described and classified as a new genus and species, Lawsonia intracellularis. 1 An unweaned 5-month-old mixed-breed female foal with a history of anorexia, lethargy, and profuse watery diarrhea of greater than 1-week duration was presented to the University of Kentucky, Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, for necropsy. Treatment had not been attempted. At necropsy, the foal was thin with readily apparent skeletal muscle atrophy. Gross lesions were confined to the small intestine. There was irregular thickening of the jejunum and ileum with the ileum being more severely affected. Lesions in the midjejunum were multifocal in nature and consisted of areas of discoid mucosal thickening, whereas the distal jejunum and ileum contained diffuse mucosal thickening resulting in a rugose pattern (Fig. 1). Samples of the small intestine, stomach, cecum, colon, brain, heart, lung, kidney, and spleen were placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and, following fixation, were embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5 μm, and stained with hematoxalin and eosin. In addition, selected sections of small intestine were stained by the Warthin-Starry silver impregnation method for bacteria. Pieces of formalinfixed small intestine were postfixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in epoxy resin. Thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Histopathologically, the affected mucosa was thickened and consisted of hyperplastic glandular structures lined by immature epithelial cells (Fig. 2). The hyperplastic epithelium resulted in distortion of the normal villous structure. Some
The effect of catchment urbanization on nutrient uptake and biofilm enzyme activity in Lake Superior (USA) tributary streams

We compared landscape, habitat, and chemistry variables with nutrient spiraling and biofilm extracellular enzyme activity (EEA), to assess the response of nine Lake Superior tributaries to the level of urbanization in their catchments. We found no significant correlation between uptake metrics for NH4 + and PO4 3− and the level of catchment urbanization. NH4 + and PO4 3– uptake velocities (V f) were, however, positively correlated with biofilm EEA and with biofilm respiration (DHA). In general, biofilm EEA was negatively correlated with indicators of increased urbanization (e.g., % impervious surface cover and Cl− concentration) and positively correlated with % forest cover. Biofilm respiration measured as dehydrogenase activity (DHA) decreased with indicators of increased urbanization (e.g., % ISC, storm sewer length, % of the stream channel shaded by the riparian canopy, and Cl−) and increased with non-urban indicators (e.g., % forest, % wetland, and stream width and depth). Regression of V f and uptake rate (U) versus ambient nutrient concentrations indicated phosphorus limitation in the study streams, a result supported by regression biofilm peptidase versus phosphatase activity. There was no evidence of NH4 + saturation or limitation. This is the first study to demonstrate correlations between nutrient uptake and biofilm EEA in streams, with linkages to catchment-scale disturbances.
Patient Experience in Online Support Forums: Modeling Interpersonal Interactions and Medication Use

Though there has been substantial research concerning the extraction of information from clinical notes, to date there has been less work concerning the extraction of useful information from patient-generated content. Using a dataset comprised of online support group discussion content, this paper investigates two dimensions that may be important in the extraction of patient-generated experiences from text; significant individuals/groups and medication use. With regard to the former, the paper describes an approach involving the pairing of important figures (e.g. family, husbands, doctors, etc.) and affect, and suggests possible applications of such techniques to research concerning online social support, as well as integration into search interfaces for patients. Additionally, the paper demonstrates the extraction of side effects and sentiment at different phases in patient medication use, e.g. adoption, current use, discontinuation and switching, and demonstrates the utility of such an application for drug safety monitoring in online discussion forums.
Abstract T P151: Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Carotid Plaque: the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS)

Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a hormone that regulates phosphate homeostasis, has recently been linked with mortality, cardiovascular events, and stroke. While limited evidence suggests that FGF23 is associated with arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD), data on the association between FGF23 and carotid plaque are lacking, especially in population-based studies. This study aimed to determine if relative elevations of FGF23 are associated with presence and area of carotid plaque in a race/ethnically diverse community-based sample. Methods: There were 1,512 stroke-free NOMAS participants with FGF23 levels and 2D carotid ultrasound data available (mean age, 68±9; 61% women; 62% Hispanic, 18% black, 18% white, 2% other). We evaluated the association of FGF23, continuously and by quintiles, with presence of carotid plaque using logistic regression models and with plaque area (cubic root transformed) using linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, blood pressure, fasting glucose, lipids, and hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia medication use. Results: Participants with FGF23 levels in the top quintile had greater odds of having carotid plaque (OR=1.5 95% CI=1.0-2.2, p=0.04) and larger plaque area (beta=0.3, 95% CI=0.1-0.5, p=0.006) than those in the lowest quintile, adjusting for eGFR and demographic factors, although the association was attenuated after adjusting for vascular risk factors. Linear regression models also showed that log transformed FGF23 was associated with greater plaque area adjusting for eGFR and sociodemographic factors (beta=0.2, 95% CI=0.03-0.3, p=0.02), and this remained marginally significant after adjusting for vascular risk factors (beta=0.1, 95% CI=0.0-0.3, p=0.05). Conclusions: These data suggest that FGF23 is associated with the likelihood and burden of carotid atherosclerosis in a stroke-free community based sample. Our finding that the association between FGF23 and carotid plaque measures was weaker after adjusting for vascular risk factors suggests possible mediation and requires further study.
Considerations on patient-related outcomes with the use of botulinum toxins: is switching products safe?

Introduction Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is the treatment of choice for many neurologic movement disorders, including blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and cervical dystonia. There are two serotypes approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration: three brands of serotype A and one of serotype B. Many attempts have been made at establishing dose conversion ratios between brands and serotypes. This review focuses on the existing data comparing different formulations of the same BoNT serotypes as well as that comparing different serotypes with one another. We focus on existing data regarding switching from one formulation or serotype to another and will also discuss the issue of immunogenicity of BoNT. With this information as a foundation, recommendations on safety of switching agents are addressed. Method Literature review searching PubMed and Google Scholar using the search terms "switching botox", "dosing equivalency in botox", and "comparing botox". Results/conclusion Overall, there are many studies that demonstrate the efficacy and safety of each of the brands of BoNTs used in clinical practice. However, determination of dosing equivalencies among these brands and serotypes is complex with inconsistencies among the studies. When switching from one brand to another, the clinician should be aware of these issues, and not make the assumption that such ratios exist. Tailoring the dosage of each brand of BoNT to the clinical situation is the most prudent treatment strategy rather than focusing closely on conversion factors and concerns for immunogenicity.
Cystine deprivation triggers programmed necrosis in VHL-deficient renal cell carcinomas

Oncogenic transformation may reprogram tumor metabolism and render cancer cells addicted to extracellular nutrients. Deprivation of these nutrients may therefore represent a therapeutic opportunity, but predicting which nutrients cancer cells become addicted remains difficult. Here, we performed a nutrigenetic screen to determine the phenotypes of isogenic pairs of clear cell renal cancer cells (ccRCC), with or without VHL, upon the deprivation of individual amino acids. We found that cystine deprivation triggered rapid programmed necrosis in VHL-deficient cell lines and primary ccRCC tumor cells, but not in VHL-restored counterparts. Blocking cystine uptake significantly delayed xenograft growth of ccRCC. Importantly, cystine deprivation triggered similar metabolic changes regardless of VHL status, suggesting that metabolic responses alone are not sufficient to explain the observed distinct fates of VHL-deficient and restored cells. Instead, we found that increased levels of TNFα associated with VHL loss forced VHL-deficient cells to rely on intact RIPK1 to inhibit apoptosis. However, the preexisting elevation in TNFα expression rendered VHL-deficient cells susceptible to necrosis triggered by cystine deprivation. We further determined that reciprocal amplification of the Src-p38 (MAPK14)-Noxa (PMAIP1) signaling and TNFα-RIP1/3 (RIPK1/RIPK3)-MLKL necrosis pathways potentiated cystine-deprived necrosis. Together, our findings reveal that cystine deprivation in VHL-deficient RCCs presents an attractive therapeutic opportunity that may bypass the apoptosis-evading mechanisms characteristic of drug-resistant tumor cells. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1892-903. ©2016 AACR.
Mineral metabolism: The perils of a falling PTH due to high dialysate calcium.

New data suggest that a fall in parathyroid hormone (PTH) 12 months after initiating haemodialysis is associated with cardiovascular death at 12–24 months. The main independent predictor for the fall in PTH is a high dialysate calcium concentration, which might not only reduce PTH but also induce vascular calcification.
Standardization of Electrocardiographic Recording in Repeated Experiments on Supine Anesthetized Dogs.

ConclusionA technic is described, and representative tracings shown, for taking serial electrocardiograms in anesthetized dogs. This technic gives virtually no contour changes in serial electrocardiograms and is therefore suitable for chronic experiments.
Pattern Classification of a Civilian Turbofan's State Space for Real-Time Surrogate Modeling

Modern civilian turbofans are complex and nonlinear systems, and they must get even more complex and nonlinear to meet the requirements for noise, emissions, and fuel burn in the future. The increase in the complexity and nonlinearity are due to more advanced component designs and more complex interactions between these components. Consequently, models must get more complex and nonlinear to be useful for design and development in the future. In particular, real-time models must capture all relevant nonlinearity and complexity with acceptable accuracy and execution time to be useful in important applications, such as control system development. For this purpose, several real-time modeling techniques, namely transfer function, piecewise linear, aero-thermodynamic, and surrogate models can be used. Among the real-time modeling techniques, surrogate models promise high computational speed in addition to capturing nonlinearity. However, this potential can only be realized in practice if a turbofan’s state space is sampled sufficiently and efficiently. Because the state space has functional dependencies, typical space filling sampling techniques face problems, such as sampling a significant number of infeasible points and sampling the feasible state space sparsely or incompletely. To overcome the problem due to the functional dependencies in the state space, this paper proposes sampling a civilian turbofan’s state space with Support Vector Machines (SVM) a nonlinear pattern classifier. Thus, the functional dependencies can be captured as a pattern and less infeasible points are sampled while capturing the feasible state space sufficiently and efficiently. SVM were initially trained with a relatively small set of feasible and infeasible points to estimate the boundary between feasible and infeasible regions in the state space. Thus, the remaining sampling points were chosen from the feasible state space to generate more accurate surrogate models for real-time applications without increasing the number of cases. For sampling and accuracy tests, a non-real-time civilian turbofan model with shaft dynamics was developed to be the truth model. The proposed sampling method was compared with space filling samplings which used 5% and 20% perturbations from the steady state at sea level static (SLS) condition. As a result, the reduction in the number of sampled infeasible points and better coverage of the feasible state space were shown. In this paper multilayer perceptron (MLP) with one hidden layer was chosen to demonstrate the accuracy of surrogate models created using the proposed sampling method because of its advantages over other surrogate modeling techniques and fair comparison with work in the literature. The MLPs trained on the data generated by the proposed sampling method were tested in capturing truth model’s small and large signal behavior with step inputs at SLS.
Videohistory: Focusing on the American Past

The technological revolution of the twentieth century has provided historians with new sources of documentation for their research. With the advent of video technology, the researcher has access to new types of visual information about people, places, objects, and interactions. Just as the development of audio recording technology in the 1940s stimulated the field of oral history, the ease and low cost of video technology in the 1970s offered new opportunities for the historian interested in using visual documentation. Self-conscious and structured historical documentation with video -often called videohistoryprovides an essential component of research for historians interested in material culture, the use of objects, and the relationships of people to one another and to their environments. Many historians have also found videohistory an excellent way to capture the history of people and communities who do not leave extensive written documentation. Visual information, then, supplements and complements documentary evidence, audiotaped oral histories, and artifacts. The historian who uses the video medium to study a person's environment (and ways of interacting with that environment) and material culture encounters a density of information rarely found in other forms of historical documentation. The words, background, objects, and movements each tell a separate story; when analyzed together, the subtle relationships between them provide an information total greater than the sum of the parts. Individual scholars and projects nationwide have created a wide range of videohistory materials that are now available for research use. Videohistory collections contain visual portraits of scientists, politicians, doctors, teachers, and artists. A video camera captured veterans discussing their Vietnam experience and a group of women scientists from Los Alamos recalling the first atomic bomb test. Videohistorians have recorded processes of traditional food preparation by southwestern native Americans, dairy farming by Minnesotans, and clockmaking by New Englanders to document rapidly changing life-styles. Videohistorians have preserved glimpses of life in the city and rural towns, in the laboratory and the slate quarry, on the farm and in the factory. Videohistory collections mirror the diversity of
Alternate Service Delivery Models in Cancer Genetic Counseling: A Mini-Review.

Demand for cancer genetic counseling has grown rapidly in recent years as germline genomic information has become increasingly incorporated into cancer care and the field has entered the public consciousness through high-profile celebrity publications. Increased demand and existing variability in the availability of trained cancer genetics clinicians place a priority on developing and evaluating alternate service delivery models for genetic counseling. This mini-review summarizes the state of science regarding service delivery models such as telephone counseling, telegenetics and group counseling. Research on comparative effectiveness of these models in traditional individual, in-person genetic counseling has been promising for improving access to care in a manner acceptable to patients. Yet, it has not fully evaluated the short- and long-term patient- and system-level outcomes that will help answer the question of whether these models achieve the same beneficial psychosocial and behavioral outcomes as traditional cancer genetic counseling. We propose a research agenda focused on comparative effectiveness of available service delivery models and how to match models to patients and practice settings. Only through this rigorous research can clinicians and systems find the optimal balance of clinical quality, ready and secure access to care, and financial sustainability. Such research will be integral to achieving the promise of genomic medicine in oncology.
The Health and Libraries of Public Use Retrospective Study (HeLPURS).

Background Public libraries may promote health through literacy, education and social connections. Objective To conduct the first broad-based, quantitative exploration of health and public library patronage. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study. All 2925 adult patients at a general practice clinic living in a small north-eastern U.S. city were invited by mail to participate; 243 consented. Clinical variables from the medical records were combined with library usage variables from the public library patron database. The authors analysed how patient health characteristics were associated with library cardholding, average card use or recency of use. Results Approximately 72% of participants held a library card; 40% of these had used it within the last month. Library cardholding was not associated with patient characteristics. Higher average card use was associated with pregnancy, having youth at home and depression severity. Lack of recent library usage was associated with current smoking (P = 0.01) and drug use (P = 0.01). Among ever-smokers, moderate/high card use and card use within six months were both associated with over two times the odds of quitting smoking. Conclusions Public libraries and health appear to intersect around substance abuse and depression-anxiety disorders. Moderate or higher use of public libraries is strongly associated with tobacco cessation. Language: en
Modulation of B-cell receptor and microenvironment signaling by a guanine exchange factor in B-cell malignancies

Objective: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells over-express a guanine exchange factor(GEF), Rasgrf-1. This GEF increases active Ras as it catalyzes the removal of GDP from Ras so that GTP can bind and activate Ras.This study aims to study the mechanism of action of Rasgrf-1 in B-cell malignancies. Methods: N-terminus truncated Rasgrf-1 variants have a higher GEF activity as compared to the full-length transcript therefore aMCL cell line with stable over-expression of truncated Rasgrf-1 was established. The B-cell receptor (BCR) and chemokinesignaling pathways were compared in the Rasgrf-1 over-expressing and a control transfected cell line. Results: Cells over-expressing truncated form of Rasgrf-1 have a higher proliferative rate as compared to control transfected cells.BCR was activated by lower concentrations of anti-IgM antibody in Rasgrf-1 over-expressing cells as compared to control cellsindicating that these cells are more sensitive to BCR signaling. BCR signaling also phosphorylates Rasgrf-1 that further increases itsGEF function and amplifies BCR signaling. This activation of Rasgrf-1 in over-expressing cells resulted in a higher expression ofphospho-ERK, AKT, BTK and PKC-alpha as compared to control cells. Besides BCR, Rasgrf-1 over-expressing cells were also moresensitive to microenvironment stimuli as determined by resistance to apoptosis, chemotaxis and ERK pathway activation. Conclusions: This GEF protein sensitizes B-cells to BCR and chemokine mediated signaling and also upregulates a number ofother signaling pathways which promotes growth and survival of these cells.
An information system to ease the creation and deployment of context-aware, location-based surveys

Mobile surveys are an important research tool. In mobile health, triggering survey questions based on patient health, context, and other external information can aid in tailoring a survey to each specific user's particular situation. However, creating such a survey with existing systems is burdensome. Therefore, this paper presents a novel information system to ease the creation and deployment of context-aware, location-based surveys. In a within-subjects experiment, 12 participants with minimal programming expertise created context-aware, location-based surveys more quickly and with fewer errors than with a competing commercially-available system that lacked support for questions triggered by physical phenomena, showing the potential usefulness of the approach for future research studies.
Enhancing Spreadsheets for Increased Productivity

(1985). Enhancing Spreadsheets for Increased Productivity. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 79-81.
Structured Case Analysis in a Marketing Course to Enhance Critical Thinking

Structured case analysis is a hybrid pedagogy that flexibly combines diverse instructional methods with comprehensive case analysis as a mechanism to develop critical thinking skills. An incremental learning framework is proposed that allows instructors to develop and monitor content-specific theory and the corresponding critical thinking skills. Structured exercises are used initially to examine theory and augment critical thinking skills. The degree of structure decreases progressively as students develop these skills and master theory. The process culminates in traditional (unstructured) case analysis. This discussion explores the characteristics and benefits of structured case analysis and describes how the method can be implemented in a marketing case course. The incremental learning framework fosters metacognition and task generalization. Structured case analysis can be adapted to courses that seek to develop critical thinking and marketing decision making.
The Effect of Minimum Wages on Adolescent Fertility: A Nationwide Analysis

Objectives. To investigate the effect of minimum wage laws on adolescent birth rates in the United States.Methods. I used a difference-in-differences approach and vital statistics data measured quarterly at the state level from 2003 to 2014. All models included state covariates, state and quarter-year fixed effects, and state-specific quarter-year nonlinear time trends, which provided plausibly causal estimates of the effect of minimum wage on adolescent birth rates.Results. A $1 increase in minimum wage reduces adolescent birth rates by about 2%. The effects are driven by non-Hispanic White and Hispanic adolescents.Conclusions. Nationwide, increasing minimum wages by $1 would likely result in roughly 5000 fewer adolescent births annually.
Thrombotic and Infectious Morbidity Are Associated with Transfusion in Posterior Spine Fusion.

Although previous investigators have established an association between blood transfusion and adverse outcomes, the relative frequency of different morbid events and the association with transfusion dose are not well understood. The purpose of the study is to characterize the relationship between blood transfusion and different types of morbidity after posterior spine fusion. We retrospectively analyzed electronic medical records for 963 patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion surgery at a single institution, of which 603 (62.6%) received an allogeneic blood transfusion. Then, we assessed patient and surgical characteristics in a risk-adjusted fashion to identify various morbid event rates and independent predictors in these adverse outcomes. Compared to the non-transfused patients, transfused patients had a higher incidence of any morbid event (9.1 vs. 2.5%. P < 0.0001), thrombotic events (4.6 vs. 1.1%, P = 0.0025), and hospital-acquired infections (2.3 vs. 0.6%, P = 0.039). Renal, respiratory, and ischemic morbidity occurred less frequently and were not more common in transfused patients. Risk-adjusted analysis revealed a dose-response effect, whereby for each unit of allogeneic blood transfused, the risks of any morbid event (OR 1.183; 95% CI 1.103–1.274; P < 0.0001), thrombotic complication (OR 1.104; 95% CI 1.032–1.194; P = 0.0035), and infectious complication (OR 1.182; 95% CI 1.077–1.332; P = 0.0002) were increased. Our data demonstrate risk-adjusted and transfusion dose-related increases in perioperative morbidity, with thrombotic and infectious events being the most common.
Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: A rare but critical diagnosis.

Natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).1, 2, 3, 4 While NK/T-cell lymphoma comprises only 5%-10% of NHL in the United States, it is more common in Asia and Central and South America, accounting for 15%-20% of NHL, and less common in Europe, only accounting for 1% of the population with NHL.1, 5, 6, 7 NK/T-cell lymphoma most commonly involves the nasopharynx and nasal cavity; however, it might also affect perinasal skin.1, 4, 8 This type of NK/T-cell lymphoma, known as extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL), involves the formation of a tumor on the midface, with symptoms of nasal obstruction, epistaxis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and ulceration of the nasal septum and surrounding areas.2, 4, 9 While the prognosis for early-stage ENKTCL has improved recently, the prognosis for late-stage disease remains poor, making early diagnosis and treatment crucial.6, 8, 10 Here we describe a case of ENKTCL in a 79-year-old white man from the upper Midwestern United States.
Environmental insights from high-resolution (SIMS) sulfur isotope analyses of sulfides in Proterozoic microbialites with diverse mat textures.

In modern microbial mats, hydrogen sulfide shows pronounced sulfur isotope (δ34 S) variability over small spatial scales (~50‰ over 25 μm) have low but equally variable δ34 S values (-61.0‰ to -10.5‰, mean: -44.4‰). In one sample, larger sphalerite grains (>35 μm) have intermediate and essentially invariant δ34 S values (-22.6‰ to -15.6‰, mean: -19.4‰). We suggest that different sulfide mineral populations reflect separate stages of formation. In the first stage, small pyrite grains form near the mat surface along a redox boundary where high rates of sulfate reduction, partial closed-system sulfate consumption in microenvironments, and/or sulfide oxidation lead to high δ34 S values. In another stage, large sphalerite grains with low δ34 S values grow along the edges of pore spaces formed from desiccation of the mat. Large pyrite grains form deeper in the mat at slower sulfate reduction rates, leading to low δ34 Ssulfide values. We do not see evidence for significant 34 S-enrichment in bulk pore water sulfide at depth in the mat due to closed-system Rayleigh fractionation effects. On a local scale, Rayleigh fractionation influences the range of δ34 S values measured for individual pyrite grains. Fine-scale analyses of δ34 Spyrite patterns can thus be used to extract environmental information from ancient microbial mats and aid in the interpretation of bulk δ34 Spyrite records.
The Function and Influence of the Emancipatory Binary and the Progressive Triad in the Discourse on Citizenship in Social Studies Education.

Using an analytic informed by Nietzschean genealogy and systems theory, this paper explains how two conceptual structures (the emancipatory binary and the progressive triad), along with standard citation practices in academic journal writing, function to sustain and regenerate a progressive perspective within social studies education scholarship. Exemplary essays, drawn from social studies education scholarship from the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s are presented and examined in reference to the function of the conceptual structures in the evolution of the discourse on citizenship in social studies education.
Twenty-year trends in cardiovascular risk among men and women in the United States

Relative to men, women have experienced slower improvement in mortality in the US in recent decades. We investigated 20-year trends in cardiovascular risk for men and women age 40 and over in the US to determine whether there was differential change in risk for men and women. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we estimated total cardiovascular risk, the prevalence of individual risk factors, and potential factors contributing to change in risk. Men showed steady reductions in cardiovascular risk over the 20 years; women experienced increased risk from 1990 to 2000, but decreased risk from 2000 to 2010. Sex differences in cardiovascular risk changed so that there was no significant difference by sex at any age over 50 in 2010. Large decreases in the prevalence of high risk lipids were important causes of reduction in risks for both sexes; changes in blood pressure were less important, except for women in the 2000–2010 period when they equaled the effect of changing lipids. Increasing medication usage and effectiveness drove improvements in blood pressure and total cholesterol for both sexes. In 2010 there was no difference between men and women in the use of antihypertensives or cholesterol-lowering medications. Metabolic risk, as indexed by obesity and HbA1c, increased over time and went against the trend in the summary measure. Diabetes, smoking, and hormone therapy use did not explain changes in high blood pressure or high total cholesterol for either gender. Recent decreases in cardiovascular risk may lead to future reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality among both women and men.
Unmasking Fucosylation: from Cell Adhesion to Immune System Regulation and Diseases

Fucosylation is a biological process broadly observed in vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, bacteria, and fungi. Fucose moieties on cell-surface glycans are increasingly recognized as critical to many cell-cell interaction and signaling processes. One of the characteristic roles of fucose is its regulation of selectin-dependent leukocyte adhesion that has been well studied over the last two decades. Recent studies of fucose in immune cell development and function regulation have significantly expanded the contemporary understanding of fucosylation. From cellular adhesion to immune regulation, herein we discuss the use of gene knockout studies, competitive inhibitors of fucose-containing glycan, and metabolic inhibitors of fucose biosynthesis to probe fucosylated glycan biosynthesis and signaling and its functional consequences. Promising clinical and preclinical applications in sickle cell disease, rheumatoid arthritis, tumor inhibition, metastasis prevention, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, chemoresistance reversal, and in improving chemotherapy-related side effects and recovery are reviewed.
Multiple breeding individuals within groups in a social carnivore

Breeding strategies of cooperative breeders can vary widely ranging from multiple breeding pairs in a group, to polygamy, polyandry, and combinations of all 3 forms. Often, we do not have a clear understanding of the influences or mechanisms giving rise to the presence of multiple breeding individuals within groups. This is particularly true for animals that are difficult to manipulate or observe, such as large carnivores. I examined factors associated with the occurrence of multiple breeding individuals within groups in a population of recolonizing gray wolves (Canis lupus). Additionally, I investigated what might affect pup recruitment in groups with multiple breeding females. I used population monitoring data for wolves in Idaho and Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States as well as genetic pedigree data for a subset of wolf groups that contained multiple breeding females in Idaho. High wolf density and large group size were both associated with a significant increase in the frequency of multiple breeding females in a group. The probability a pup survived their first year was related positively to the number of breeding females in a group. Multiple breeding can also take the form of polyandry, and “sneaker” males were responsible for paternity in nearly 13% of pups born. Breeding strategies in this social carnivore may be more variable than previously assumed, but their occurrence can be predicted by group size and density. Wolf population projection models and studies regarding reproduction and cooperative breeding in wolves would benefit by incorporating the potential for multiple breeding individuals. Genetic models in particular will be more reliable if they incorporate the potential effect of sneaker males on genetic diversity in a population.
Dynamic Supply and Demand Balance Problems

Comparative analysis of traditional approach, queuing analytic theory formulas (QAT), and discrete event simulation (DES) is provided. Eleven capacity and patient flow problems and five staffing and scheduling problems are analyzed in details using side-by-side a traditional approach, QAT and DES. Serious limitations of QAT compared to DES are demonstrated. Multiple examples of inaccurate decisions based on input of the average data are illustrated (the flaw of averages).
Titanium-Niobium-Base Ternary Transition-Metal Alloys (Except Titanium-Zirconium-Niobium)

This discussion of ternary Ti-Nb-base transition metal alloys commences with Ti-Hf-Nb — Hf, being a group-IV element may, like Zr, be regarded as a substitute for Ti — and continues with the two Ti-Nb-(group-V)TM alloys Ti-Nb-V, and Ti-Nb-Ta, in which the third solute may be regarded as substituting for Nb. In recent years Ti-Nb-Ta has been shown to be a very important system both economically and technically; accordingly, its properties have been given special emphasis in this review. The chapter concludes with a survey of the superconducting properties of ternary alloys of Ti-Nb with the group-VI elements Cr, Mo, and W, the group-VII elements Mn and Re, and with several members of group VIII of the periodic table.
Wandel akademischer Bildung und geschlechtsspezifische Bildungsbeteiligung

Im Beitrag werden Zusammenhange zwischen dem Wandel akademischer Bildung, das heist dem Wandel der Facherstruktur, und der Beteiligung der Geschlechter an der Hochschulbildung untersucht. Komparative Studien zeigen, dass der Anteil der Frauen unter den Studierenden der Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften in den entwickelten westlichen Landern kleiner ist als in jenen Landern, die als weniger entwickelt und als weniger demokratisch gelten. Gemessen an den ublichen Kriterien der Modernisierung ist diese Konstellation paradox. Sie wird im Beitrag anhand eines Vergleiches zwischen der DDR und der BRD naher beleuchtet. In beiden deutschen Staaten herrschten unterschiedliche Reglements des Hochschulzugangs: Im Staatssozialismus wurden die Studienplatze fur die einzelnen Facher quotiert, unter demokratischen Verhaltnissen war dies nicht oder nur in sehr engen Grenzen moglich. Diese Differenz geht mit unterschiedlichen Zusammenhangen zwischen dem Wandel der Facherstruktur und dem Wandel der Bildungsbeteiligung von Frauen im Hochschulbereich einher: In der BRD fuhrte ein wachsender Anteil von Frauen unter den Studierenden zu wachsenden Anteilen von Fachern, die vor allem Frauen wahlen. In der DDR beeinflusste hingegen umgekehrt die Entwicklung des relativen Anteils der Facher die Geschlechterzusammensetzung der Studierenden. Die im Vergleich zur BRD hohere Quote der Frauen in den Ingenieurwissenschaften der DDR wird vor diesem Hintergrund erklart. Auf eine geringere Auspragung sozialer Geschlechterstereotype ist sie nicht zuruckzufuhren.
"The littlest balls ever company". The analysis of a five-year-old boy.

This paper describes the two-and-a-half year analysis of a five year old boy, Nick. Apart from the intrinsic interest that most child analytic cases hold, there are two especially noteworthy features of this analysis. First, Nick underwent an extensive psychological evaluation at the hands of the treating analyst some months before the treatment began. Thus, the case provides data about how that prior relationship affected the analytic process that evolved. Second, Nick initiated a project with the analyst that he named "the littlest balls ever factory." This project continued throughout the treatment, representing a variety of complex meanings. Although the genital and specifically testicular allusions in the name of this project seem obvious, the analyst came to understand that the project represented an equally important ego function: i.e., the enactment of an obsessional defensive process that allowed more dangerous and forbidden fantasies to emerge (A. Freud, 1936). This project represents a cautionary tale about not jumping to obvious conclusions. Nevertheless, the analyst was left with more questions than answers about the function of this all-important game to the patient. Language: en