cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suburban Isolation and Race Tension: The Detroit Case

Following the Ghetto disorders of 1967 white suburban communities surrounding Detroit displayed a high degree of race tension. Using a representative sample of respondents in nine of these communities, perceptions of riot causes and reactions to threats and ameliorative efforts were examined. Socioeconomic status of individuals and communities affected readiness to change and responses to the likelihood of new disorders. But the extent of anxiety about future race disturbances and support for lessening tension was greatly affected by the climate of opinion represented in “high” versus “low” tension suburbs. Steps taken in preparation for new disorders provided a milieu within which all strata of a community were immersed.
Modeling fluid flow and compaction in sedimentary basins using mixed finite elements

In this paper, we present an algorithm and its implementation that was used to numerically study the processes of compaction and fluid flow in a sedimentary basin represented by a two-dimensional model. The model assumes fluid flow to be single phase and compaction to be strictly vertical. On each time step, we use splitting by physical processes to discretize the model equations on a quadrilateral mesh. The movement of the mesh is governed by the laws of the mass and momentum conservation of the sediments, and the fluid flow is resolved using the mixed finite element method on a resulting mesh. Development of geological pinchouts during the simulation is supported. The results of a numerical simulation are presented to verify the implementation of the proposed algorithm.
A computer-assisted graphical method for identification and correlation of igneous rock chemistries

We have devised a computer-assisted graphical method for correlating chemical analyses in suites of related igneous rocks. The method provides a direct and empirical means of sample identification using all of the reported chemistry. In a study of basalt of the Columbia River plateau, the method has been used for (1) checking field identifications of rocks, (2) spotting analytical errors in analyses of samples of known chemical type, (3) identifying repetitions of chemistry in thick stratigraphic sections, and (4) matching analyses of dikes to those of flows that the dikes may have fed. Program OXVAR creates a set of oxide-oxide variation diagrams on a CALCOMP plotter; any oxide may be used as the base (for example, MgO, SiO2). For each oxide-oxide variation diagram, program CTSET creates the smallest convex polygon that encloses all the data points as well as a larger polygon that takes into account the error in determination of each data point. A set of nested polygons, one for each oxide, then represents a chemical type. Program CTYPE identifies unknown analyses by comparing them with all defined chemical types. If all the elements or oxides of an analysis plot within the defined polygons for a given chemical type, then an identification is printed. If at least one element of an analysis falls outside the set of polygons defined for each chemical type, then “unidentified” is printed, and qualitative information on the amount of deviation from the defined chemical types is given.
Molecular PET and CT Imaging of Inflammation and Metabolism in Atherosclerosis

The molecular and biological processes that take place in atherosclerotic plaque play an important role in determining the pathologic progression of the plaque. Current imaging techniques primarily inform about plaque structure and thus fail to assess the functional aspects of atherosclerosis. Accordingly, imaging of plaque biology might provide important incremental information about the underlying disease process. An emerging body of work shows that molecular imaging with fluorodeoxyglucose—positron emission tomography (PET) can provide information about plaque biology. This review provides an overview of the development of vascular PET imaging, with an evaluation of current and potential future uses of this imaging modality.
Building the health news agenda in local newspapers: Lessons for health-care managers

Health news is a significant source of health information for many Americans, and recent research has explored how health news is produced from the theoretical perspective of agenda building. In addition, work in public health and mass communication has focused on the significance of the health literacy concept as a tool for journalists and as a rubric for evaluating media messages. However, little is known about health news agenda building or health literacy in relation to local newspapers. This study explores the health news agenda-building process from the perspective of both newspaper journalists and administrators from local public health organizations in one Midwestern state through online and telephone surveys. Results show that public health professionals and journalists offer significantly different definitions of health literacy and interpretations of what should constitute the health news agenda.
Transmission Failure Failure

I set out the standard view about alleged examples of failure of transmission of warrant, respond to two cases for the view, and argue that the view is false. The first argument for the view neglects the distinction between believing a proposition on the basis of a justification and merely having a justification to believe a proposition. The second argument for the view neglects the position that one 9s justification for believing a conclusion can be one 9s premise for the conclusion, rather than simply one 9s justification for the premise. Finally, the view is false since it is inconsistent with the closure of knowledge as closure is properly understood.
Human interaction with assistive free-flyers

Small aerial robots represent a novel platform that appears uniquely suited to assist humans in exploratory, surveillance, inspection, and telepresence tasks across a variety of domains. Such tasks will require "assistive free-flyers" (AFFs) to effectively interact and collaborate with humans in close proximity. For AFFs to successfully work and collaborate with colocated humans, designers must account for human perceptions of AFFs acting within human environments. Humans, who do not generally interact with free-flying physical embodiments, may not feel safe or may have trouble working near AFFs given their functional morphology and unconstrained, three-dimensional flight capabilities. The goal of my dissertation is to investigate the design space of proximal AFF interactions, specifically by examining how AFFs might effectively communicate with colocated humans as well as gain an understanding regarding the ecological fit of AFFs within human workspaces. This research takes a two-phase approach towards examining proximal AFF interactions: (1) examining AFF communication mechanisms including motion, body language, and electronic signals, and (2) developing an understanding of user mental models and social expectations for flying robots, including an examination of spontaneous AFF interactions. My work will inform the design of future AFF systems and aid in understandings regarding how AFFs can reach their potential as collaborators within human environments.
On the benefits of digital libraries of case studies of analogical design: Documentation, access, analysis, and learning

Digital libraries of case studies of analogical design have been popular since their advent in the early 1990s. We consider four benefits of digital libraries of case studies of analogical design in the context of biologically inspired design. First, a digital library affords documentation. The 83 case studies in our work come from 8 years of extended, collaborative design projects in an interdisciplinary class on biologically inspired design. Second, a digital library provides on-demand access to the case studies. We describe a web-based library of case studies of biologically inspired design called the Design Study Library (DSL). Third, a compilation of case studies supports analyses of broader patterns and trends. As an example, an analysis of DSL's case studies found that environmental sustainability was a major factor in about a third of the case studies and an explicit design goal in about a fourth. Fourth, a digital library of case studies can support analogical learning. Preliminary results from an exploratory study indicate that DSL may support novice learning about the processes of biologically inspired design.
Liver Galbeta1,4GlcNAc alpha2,6-sialyltransferase is down-regulated in human alcoholics: possible cause for the appearance of asialoconjugates

Galbetal,4GlcNAc alpha2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6GalI) mediates the glycosylation of proteins and lipids to form functionally important glycoproteins and glycolipids in the Golgi compartment. Our previous work demonstrated that long-term ethanol feeding in rats caused a marked 59% decrease in ST6GalI activity as well as ST6GalI messenger RNA (mRNA) level in the liver that was due to decreased stability of the mRNA. Clinical observations show that down-regulation of ST6GalI gene and consequent impaired activity of ST6GalI seems to be the major cause for the appearance of asialoconjugates in the blood of long-term alcoholics. The plasma carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) and sialic acid index of plasma apolipoprotein J were also altered in the alcoholic group compared with the nondrinkers. We have now investigated how alcohol affects the gene regulation of ST6GalI and the possible mechanism in postmortem human liver specimens taken from nondrinkers, moderate alcohol drinkers, and heavy alcohol drinkers. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of the liver RNA extract showed that ST6GalI mRNA level was progressively decreased by 49% in moderate drinkers (P < .01) and by 69% in heavy drinkers (P < .01) compared with nondrinkers. Western blot analysis showed that liver ST6GalI protein level was negligibly decreased in moderate drinkers but decreased by 30% (P < .05) in heavy drinkers compared with nondrinkers. We further demonstrated a single ST6GalI mRNA-binding protein complex in the normal human liver extract, which progressively decreased in the liver extracts of moderate and heavy alcohol drinkers. Thus, it is concluded that the appearance of asialoconjugates in alcoholics is possibly due to the down-regulation of ST6GalI gene expression.
SIGN: reliable protein interaction identification by integrating the Similarity In GO and the similarity in protein interaction Networks

High-throughput techniques for protein-protein interaction detection in a genomic scale have provided us a genomic wide view of molecular interactions of many living organisms. A few approaches were proposed to scrutinize protein-protein interactions of living organisms. By the way, the binary nature of the current protein interaction data sets imposes challenges for effective analysis. Furthermore, their performance was suffered by the intrinsic defect, i.e., high noise level, of high-throughput data. This unpleasantly high false positive rate could lead many devoted researches to erroneous biological conclusions. We propose a novel reliability measurement for protein interactions integrating the similarity in gene ontology and the topological similarity in protein interaction networks. Our metric has been proven to be an effective reliability metric for identifying biologically more reliable interactions through the analyses performed from various view points, e.g., functional homogeneity, subcellular localizational homogeneity, and gene expression correlation, etc.
Redshift-magnitude relations for quasars

Two cosmological models represent the observed magnitudes and redshifts of 150 quasars well with 〈Mv〉=−22.75 and −22.67, respectively. The luminosity function is derived.
Bidirectional tachycardia. Three cases and a review of its mechanism.

Abstract Three cases of bidirectional tachycardia are presented and the theories proposed to explain its mechanism are reviewed. Whether the ectopic foci are ventricular, supraventricular or both is still unsettled. The underlying heart disease limits the response to treatment and the grave prognosis associated with the arrhythmia is stressed.
Excessive extrathyroidal conversion of T 4 to T 3 in a girl with T 3 -toxicosis in the course of Graves' disease

Excessive extrathyroidal conversion of T 4 to T 3 in a girl with T 3 -toxicosis in the course of Graves' disease
Identification and characterization of a type II peptidyl carrier protein from the bleomycin producer Streptomyces verticillus ATCC 15003.

Background Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) catalyze the assembly of a structurally diverse group of peptides by the multiple-carrier thiotemplate mechanism. All NRPSs known to date are exclusively type I modular enzymes that consist of domains, such as adenylation (A), peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) and condensation (C) domains, for individual enzyme activities. Although several A and PCP domains have been demonstrated to function independently, aminoacylation in trans has been successful only between PCPs and their cognate A domains. Results We have identified within the bleomycin-biosynthesis gene cluster from Streptomyces verticillus ATCC15003 the blml gene that encodes a discrete PCP protein. We overexpressed the blml gene in Escherichia coli , purified the Blml protein, and demonstrated that apo-Blml can be efficiently modified into holo-Blml either in vivo or in vitro by PCP-specific 4′-phosphopantetheine transferases (PPTases). Unlike the PCP domains in type I NRPSs, Blml lacks its cognate A domain and can be aminoacylated by Val-A, an A domain from a completely unrelated type I NRPS. Conclusions Blml represents the first characterized type II PCP. The Blml type II PCP, like the PCP domains of type I NRPSs, can be 4′-phosphopantetheinylated by PCP-specific PPTases but is biochemically distinct in that it can be aminoacylated by an A domain from a completely unrelated type I NRPS. Our results provide for the first time the genetic and biochemical evidence to support the existence of a type II NRPS, which might be useful in the combinatorial manipulation of NRPS proteins to generate novel peptides.
Modes of occurrence of trace elements in coal from XAFS spectroscopy

Abstract Experimental aspects of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy are described for determining the mode of occurrence of selected trace elements in coal. For elements between calcium and molybdenum in the periodic table, information relating to the mode of occurrence can be deduced from the XAFS spectrum provided the element's concentration exceeds about 5 ppm. This spectroscopic method of determining elemental modes of occurrence complements electron microscope or microprobe methods because it provides information on element forms dispersed in the organic fraction of coal as well as on the mineralogical forms of the element. XAFS spectra for the lithophile elements, Ti, V, Cr and possibly Mn, indicate that these elements can be associated with both the minerals (principally illite) and the macerals in coals of rank up to high volatile bituminous. XAFS data also confirm that Mn, Zn, As and Br, can be largely organically associated in certain coals. XAFS spectra for As, and to a lesser extent, Se show that these elements will oxidize over time, once the coal has been exposed to air.
Evaluating hillslope diffusion and terrace riser degradation in New Zealand and Idaho

[1] The relationship of sediment flux to surface slope is a predominant control on the evolution of transport-limited hillslopes. Although both linear and nonlinear sediment flux models have been proposed and widely debated, this functional relationship remains one of the outstanding questions in geomorphology. We examine degradation of fluvial terrace risers in New Zealand and Idaho in order to test the linear diffusion model and to better understand the relationship between sediment flux and slope. We implement three techniques based on the linear diffusion model, as well as a geometric scaling method that uses proportional relationships in riser geometry rather than a specific transport equation model, to assess rates of degradation. We show that techniques that utilize the riser midpoint slope as the primary metric of degradation, as opposed to the full scarp profile, offer the simplest and most reliable assessment of riser degradation. Our findings suggest that the linear diffusion model does not accurately describe terrace riser degradation, except for low-angle risers for which linear and nonlinear forms are indistinguishable. Results from the geometric scaling method show that degradation rates in both regions differ by a factor of two between equator- and pole-facing risers and that diffusion ages of Idaho risers are approximately 2 times those of New Zealand risers. Similar geometric trends in riser evolution from both regions reveal that terrace riser degradation is governed by a widely applicable relationship between sediment flux and slope.
Variability of earthquake nucleation in continuum models of rate‐and‐state faults and implications for aftershock rates

Using two continuum models of rate-and-state faults, one with a weaker patch and the other with rheological transition from steady state velocity-weakening to velocity-strengthening friction, we simulate several scenarios of spontaneous earthquake nucleation plausible for natural faults, investigate their response to static shear stress steps, and infer the corresponding aftershock rates. Overall, nucleation processes at weaker patches behave similarly to theories based on spring-slider models, with some notable deviations. In particular, nucleation and aftershock rates are affected by normal stress heterogeneity in the nucleation zone. Nucleation processes at rheological transitions behave differently, producing complex slip velocity histories, nonmonotonic responses to static stress changes, and aftershock rates with pronounced peaks and seismic quiescence. For such processes, positive stress steps sometimes delay nucleation of seismic events by inducing aseismic transients that relieve stress and postpone seismic slip. Superposition of the complex aftershock response for spatially variable stress changes results in Omori's law for a period of time followed by seismic quiescence. Such behavior was observed at the base of the seismogenic zone near the 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake. We show that the computed aftershock rates are linked to unperturbed slip velocity evolution in the nucleation zone and construct simplified analytical scenarios that explain some features of the response. The qualitative differences that we find between the two nucleation models indicate that aftershock response of rate-and-state faults to static stress changes would depend on the conditions under which nucleation occurs on natural faults and may be different from predictions based on spring-slider models.
The effects of spatial autoregressive dependencies on inference in ordinary least squares: a geometric approach

There is a common belief that the presence of residual spatial autocorrelation in ordinary least squares (OLS) regression leads to inflated significance levels in beta coefficients and, in particular, inflated levels relative to the more efficient spatial error model (SEM). However, our simulations show that this is not always the case. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to examine this question from a geometric viewpoint. The key idea is to characterize the OLS test statistic in terms of angle cosines and examine the geometric implications of this characterization. Our first result is to show that if the explanatory variables in the regression exhibit no spatial autocorrelation, then the distribution of test statistics for individual beta coefficients in OLS is independent of any spatial autocorrelation in the error term. Hence, inferences about betas exhibit all the optimality properties of the classic uncorrelated error case. However, a second more important series of results show that if spatial autocorrelation is present in both the dependent and explanatory variables, then the conventional wisdom is correct. In particular, even when an explanatory variable is statistically independent of the dependent variable, such joint spatial dependencies tend to produce “spurious correlation” that results in over-rejection of the null hypothesis. The underlying geometric nature of this problem is clarified by illustrative examples. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of some possible remedies for this problem.
Nicotine-stimulated release of [3H]norepinephrine from fetal rat locus coeruleus cells in culture.

Acute nicotine administration stimulated [ 3 H] -norepinephrine ([ 3 H] NE) release from cultured fetal locus coeruleus (LC) cells. The effect was concentration dependent, with an EC 5O of 0.9 μM, and was abolished by removal of calcium from, or addition of tetrodotoxin (500 nM) to, the assay buffer. Other nicotinic receptor agonists stimulated [ 3 H] NE release, with the rank order of potency being (±)-epibatidine > (-)-nicotine > 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP). Whereas (-)-nicotine and (±)-epibatidine exhibited equal maximal responses, DMPP was a partial agonist and ( - ) -cytisine had no agonist activity. Nicotine-stimulated release of [ 3 H] NE was blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, with an order of potency of mecamylamine > lobeline > cytisine >methyllycaconitine > dihydro-p-erythroidine. The pharmacological profile of this nicotinic receptor is largely consistent with that described previously for an a4β2 subunit combination, although discrepancies in the efficacies of agonists were observed. No additivity in NMDA-and nicotine-stimulated [ 3 H]NE release was observed, suggesting a common signal transduction mechanism. However, the pharmacological characteristics of MK-801 blockade of nicotine-induced responses were not consistent with those of an NMDA receptor. We therefore conclude that nicotine directly releases [ 3 H] NE from LC cells and does not act indirectly via activation of glutamate release.
Particle flux through sediment fingers

Experiments were carried out to examine the fingering convection process occurring at the interface between a layer of warm, particle-laden water overlying a layer of cold, fresh water. In the formation stage, the rapidly descending fingers were irregular, with large caps or vortex rings at their tips. However, when fully developed, the sediment fingers were of approximately the same size, appearing in a regular array all along the interface. Contrary to the case of salt-finger convection, in which the downward diffusing component is thoroughly mixed in the upper layer at all times, the particle-laden fluid descends as an integral unit as convection proceeds, leaving behind a growing fluid region with a much-reduced particle concentration in the top part of the upper layer. The measured flux of SiC particles as a result of finger convection for a range of initial density ratios is much increased from that caused by sedimentation based on settling velocity when the relative density difference because of particle concentration is high. At low relative density differences, the particle flux is essentially due to settling.
ISDN and the digital satellite revolution

The greatly increased capacity and capabilities of terrestrial fibre networks, current and future satellites bring forth key issues relative to ISDN and other advanced communications concepts. This paper explores a brief history of the development and characteristics of both satellite and fibre, together with a description of advanced satellite concepts. Key advantages and disadvantages of satellites are described and related to future communications environments. These analyses are then discussed relative to their impact and implications on the design and operation of ISDN networks.
Assay of the Ca pump ATPase activity of intact red blood cells.

Abstract An assay for the Ca pump ATPase of intact human red blood cells (RBCs) was developed. The assay utilized a small volume (typically 10 μl) of packed RBCs in 1 ml of a buffer of known composition. The assay was based on the exposure of intact RBCs to the ionophore, A23187, in the presence of Ca. Such exposure caused a rapid degradation of ATP in RBCs. This degradation process is modeled in a numerical simulation in a companion paper (Vincenzi, F.F. and Hinds T.R. (1992) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1105, 63–70). The loss of ATP followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the rate constant for ATP degradation was taken as a measure of the capacity of the Ca pump ATPase. A number of variables were examined to optimize the activity of the ATPase. These variables included the concentrations of Ca and A23187. Because A23187 can promote loss of cellular Mg, it was necessary to include MgCl 2 in the incubation medium to optimize ATPase activity. Likewise, it was determined that inclusion of iodoacetic acid optimized the rate of ATP loss, presumably by preventing the resynthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Cobalt inhibited the ionophore-dependent loss of ATP by apparent competition with Ca for binding to A23187. Results of many assays demonstrated substantial differences in the rate constant for ATP loss in RBCs from different individuals. RBCs were selected according to density. Density associated loss of Ca pump ATPase activity was observed both by the intact RBC assay, and by assay of Ca pump ATPase activity in saponin lysates of RBCs. The correlation coefficient between the two assays was 0.93. It is suggested that the rate constant for ATP loss in intact RBCs exposed to A23187 and Ca can be taken as a measure of the Ca pump ATPase activity. This may be useful when isolated membrane ATPase assays fail (e.g., dog RBCs). The intact cell assay can also be carried out on very small volumes of cells and may be of particular value when RBC volumes are limited.
MKK3 mediates inflammatory response through modulation of mitochondrial function

Mitochondria are increasingly recognized as drivers of inflammatory responses. MAP kinase kinase 3 (MKK3), a dual-specificity protein kinase, is activated in inflammation and in turn activates p38 MAP kinase signaling. Here we show that MKK3 influences mitochondrial function and acts as a critical mediator of inflammation. MKK3-deficient (MKK3(-/-)) mice and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) secreted smaller amounts of cytokines than wild type (WT) after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. There was improved mitochondrial function, as measured by basal oxygen consumption rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP production, in MKK3(-/-) BMDMs. After LPS exposure, MKK3(-/-) BMDMs did not show a significant increase in cellular reactive oxygen species production or in mitochondrial superoxide compared to WT. Activation of two important inflammatory mediators, i.e., the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and caspase-1 activity (a key component of the inflammasome), was lower in MKK3(-/-) BMDMs. p38 and JNK activation was lower in MKK3(-/-) BMDMs compared to WT after exposure to LPS. Knockdown of MKK3 by siRNA in wild-type BMDMs improved mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced LPS-induced caspase-1 activation, and attenuated cytokine secretion. Our studies establish MKK3 as a regulator of mitochondrial function and inflammatory responses to LPS and suggest that MKK3 may be a therapeutic target in inflammatory disorders such as sepsis.
Unusual effects of chronic myocarditis.

Abstract A case of chronic myocarditis complicated by extensive pulmonary fibrosis is presented. The chronic inflammatory process, predominantly located in the left ventricle, raised the diastolic pressure of this chamber, contributed to a remarkable distention of the fibrotic left atrium and of the right heart. The case was completely studied by angiocardiography and right and left heart catheterizations. The lack of a mitral gradient had excluded mitral stenosis. However, the lack of left ventricular dilatation, at least from a clinical point of view, had been held against the diagnosis of myocarditis. Autopsy disclosed an extensive chronic myocarditis and a process of chronic fibrosis of the lungs. The extreme dilatation of the left atrium, the severe elevation of the left atrial pressure, and the proportionate increase of right ventricular pressure ruled against a significant contribution of the pulmonary process to the right ventricular overload (possibly because several areas of the lungs were less involved). Thus, it is evident that the finding of a “plateau” level of pressure behind the left ventricle, similar to that caused by rigidity of the left ventricular wall, does not exclude chronic myocarditis. The pulmonary and myocardial process is tentatively explained as the result of an old viral infection.
The Inverse Problem of Refraction Travel Times, Part II: Quantifying Refraction Nonuniqueness Using a Three-layer Model

This paper is the second of a set of two papers in which we study the inverse refraction problem. The first paper, “Types of Geophysical Nonuniqueness through Minimization,” studies and classifies the types of nonuniqueness that exist when solving inverse problems depending on the participation of a priori information required to obtain reliable solutions of inverse geophysical problems. In view of the classification developed, in this paper we study the type of nonuniqueness associated with the inverse refraction problem. An approach for obtaining a realistic solution to the inverse refraction problem is offered in a third paper that is in preparation. The nonuniqueness of the inverse refraction problem is examined by using a simple three-layer model. Like many other inverse geophysical problems, the inverse refraction problem does not have a unique solution. Conventionally, nonuniqueness is considered to be a result of insufficient data and/or error in the data, for any fixed number of model parameters. This study illustrates that even for overdetermined and error free data, nonlinear inverse refraction problems exhibit exact-data nonuniqueness, which further complicates the problem of nonuniqueness. By evaluating the nonuniqueness of the inverse refraction problem, this paper targets the improvement of refraction inversion algorithms, and as a result, the achievement of more realistic solutions. The nonuniqueness of the inverse refraction problem is examined initially by using a simple three-layer model. The observations and conclusions of the three-layer model nonuniqueness study are used to evaluate the nonuniqueness of more complicated n-layer models and multi-parameter cell models such as in refraction tomography. For any fixed number of model parameters, the inverse refraction problem exhibits continuous ranges of exact-data nonuniqueness. Such an unfavorable type of nonuniqueness can be uniquely solved only by providing abundant a priori information. Insufficient a priori information during the inversion is the reason why refraction methods often may not produce desired results or even fail. This work also demonstrates that the application of the smoothing constraints, typical when solving ill-posed inverse problems, has a dual and contradictory role when applied to the ill-posed inverse problem of refraction travel times. This observation indicates that smoothing constraints may play such a two-fold role when applied to other inverse problems. Other factors that contribute to inverse-refraction-problem nonuniqueness are also considered, including indeterminacy, statistical data-error distribution, numerical error and instability, finite data, and model parameters.
Spatial Variability of Seasonal Sea Level Pressure and 500 mb Height Anomalies

Abstract The spatial variability of seasonal mean sea level pressure (SLP) and 500 mb height anomalies are determined using eigenvector analysis. Previously, spatial variability had only been analyzed in such a manner during winter months, and the time coefficients of the eigenvectors of SLP and 500 mb heights were not compared. The eigenvectors of SLP and 500 mb heights obtained here are compared during each season, and the vectors are compared between seasons. Surface and 500 mb level eigenvector coefficients are found to be correlated and they are correlated in some seasons to air temperatures at surface stations. The data used were National Meteorological Center analyses of daily SLP and 500 mb heights between 1946 and 1977. The eigenvectors are determined for the covariance matrices of seasonal mean pressure and height departures from the 31 or 32 year long term normal over a 132 grid-point network. The coefficients of the first eigenvector of 500 mb heights are most highly correlated to the coeffici...
Effects of information structure and problem solving on decision‐support system choice

Examines the effects of decision unstructuralness (unstructuredness + noisiness) on decision‐support systems (DSS) adoption. Suggests that end‐users are sensitive to “unstructuralness” when they select a decision support approach. Problem structuring at the intelligence phase generates the first signal about DSS usefulness. If this signal is in favour of DSS, the manager either immediately adopts the DSS, or performs problem solving at the design phase. At this phase a new signal will be generated thus, confirming or denying DSS usefulness. This confirms that problem structuring prevails in making the DSS adoption decision. That is, in making the DSS adoption decision, priority is given to problem structuring in the intelligence phase.
Knowledge Acquisition as a Social Phenomenon.

The acquisition of knowledge, the development of the individual's knowledge bases, does not occur in a vacuum. The social context, both social structure (the perceived regularities in the social network) and social knowledge, appears to be related to the individual's acquisition of knowledge. In this article, the relationship between the social world and individual knowledge acquisition is explored. A general theory is postulated and then formulated as a model. The basic theory is predicated on the assumption that social interaction is the driving force behind knowledge acquisition.
Erratum to: Enter the Dragon: Parenting and Low-Self Control in a Sample of Chinese High School Students

Close watch −.18*** – – – −0.06 −0.04 Recognized wrong −.20*** – – – −.14** −.12* Punished me −0.01 – – – 0.02 0.03 Gibbs et al. index – −.29** – – −.11* – Latimore–Gibbs index – – −.33** – – −.15* Maternal attachment – – – −.19** −.12* −0.11 School attachment – – – −.14** −.13* −.13* Peer attachment – – – −.15** −.12* −.12* Gender 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 Age 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 R 0.1 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.18
Simulation of a silicon nanowire FET biosensor for detecting Biotin/Streptavidin binding

In recent years, detection of DNA and proteins at very low concentration using silicon nanowire (SiNW) field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors have been experimentally demonstrated. Among these experiments, the detection of Biotin/Streptavidin binding is of special interest since the biotin/ Streptavidin system exhibits the strongest noncovalent biological interaction known and is widely demonstrated as a model system to study biorecognition between proteins and other biomolecules. In this paper, a comprehensive modeling theory and simulation approach is presented to account for the underlying detection mechanism of biotin/Streptavidin binding using SiNW FET biosensor. The preliminary simulation result shows it is feasible to detect binding of single streptavidin molecule when proper parameters are chosen.
Reactors for investigation of soot combustion on filter surfaces

Abstract Ceramic filters used to remove soot from the exhaust of combustion systems can be regenerated by intermittent combustion of the accumulated soot. Two reactors are described that allow investigation of the ignition and combustion phenomena that affect filter regeneration. The first is a laboratory reactor that was designed to allow measurements on undisturbed soot deposits with minimal loss of adsorbed hydrocarbons, which are shown to influence soot ignition and combustion. The second reactor is designed to be placed in the exhaust system of a diesel engine and allow direct visual observation of soot ignition and combustion. Results of several types of experiments performed with the reactors are presented.
Similarity between stimuli: An experimental test of the Luce and Restle choice models.

Abstract A set of choice alternatives was constructed to test Restle's (1961) hypothesis about the role of similarity between alternatives in choice behavior. The set contained names of three political figures, three actresses, and three athletes, with the intention of producing considerable similarity within subsets and minimal similarity between subsets. Subjects were asked to select the individual with whom they would prefer to spend an hour of conversation. Paired-comparison choice data from 234 college subjects were consistent with expectations based on Restle's model, and disconfirmed Luce's (1959) stronger model which does not take similarity into account. Measurements of response strength for choosing the individual alternatives, and of perceived similarity between pairs of alternatives can be obtained using Restle's model, and the present test provides evidence for the validity of such measurements. Finally, Restle's model is shown to be indistinguishable from a modification of Thurstone's (1927) Case V, where the assumption of zero correlation is relaxed to permit nonnegative correlations between pairs of discriminal dispersions.
Triiodothyronine Bound to Red Blood Cells is Not Available for Transport Through the Blood-Brain Barrier

Many steroid and thyroid hormones and some drugs are bound by circulating red cells. Red cell-bound ligand may not be physiologically inert, as recent studies show that red cell-bound drug is available for uptake by brain. To investigate whether triiodothyronine (T3) is available for uptake by brain in vivo from the circulating red cell pool, the present investigations measure the effects of human erythrocytes on rat brain uptake of [125I]T3 in vivo. The fraction of circulating T3 available for uptake in vivo in the presence of 0, 2, 5, 10, 22, or 44% red cells was essentially identical to the fraction of [125I]T3 unbound in vitro. Therefore, [125I]T3 bound to red cells obtained from normal volunteers is not available for uptake by brain in vivo.
Tectonic Significance of Currant Creek Formation, North-Central Utah: ABSTRACT

The Currant Creek Formation is composed of conglomerate, sandstone, and fine-grained clastic rocks that crop out along the northwestern margin of the Uinta basin in north-central Utah. Lateral gradations in grain size define proximal, medial, and distal parts of coalescing alluvial-fan deposits that prograded eastward from the active Sevier-Laramide orogenic belt during Maestrichtian through Paleocene(?) time. Paleocurrent directions indicate a dominant southerly transport direction and a minor easterly component. Strong east and southeasterly directions, measured in imbricated clasts and in sand lenses in conglomerate, indicate multiple source areas for the detritus. Source of the coarse-grained detritus in the Currant Creek Formation was the Charleston thrust sheet. Conglomeratic clasts are composed of Precambrian and Cambrian quartzite, chert derived from Cambrian and Mississippian carbonate beds, and Pennsylvanian sandstone. These rocks are exposed in the upper plate of the Charleston thrust near Deer Creek Reservoir, Mount Timpanogos, and Strawberry Reservoir. At Big and Little Cottonwood Canyons, the same rocks are exposed in the lower plate. A large basement-cored east-verging anticline that is refolded around the Uinta Mountain structure is present in the Cottonwood region. By the time of its final emplacement, the "Cottonwood fold" likely formed a small mountain range. Erosional dissection was well under way and Carboniferous, Cambrian, and Precambrian beds were exposed. The Charleston-Absaroka thrust rises in the stratigraphic section farther east, displacing Mesozoic rocks. Reworking of Cretaceous sandstone and shale flanking the newly uplifted western end of the Uinta arch also contributed sediment to southward-flowing streams. End_of_Article - Last_Page 939------------
Mnemonomics: The Sunk Cost Fallacy as a Memory Kludge

We offer a theory of the sunk cost fallacy as an optimal response to limited memory. As new information arrives, a decision-maker may not remember all the reasons he began a project. The sunk cost gives additional information about future profits and informs subsequent decisions. The Concorde effect makes the investor more eager to complete projects when sunk costs are high and the pro-rata effect makes the investor less eager. In a controlled experiment we had subjects play a simple version of the model. In a baseline treatment subjects exhibit the pro-rata bias. When we induce memory constraints the effect reverses and the subjects exhibit the Concorde bias. (JEL D24, D83, G31)
Cancer risk reduction and reproductive concerns in female BRCA1/2 mutation carriers

Background Women with mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 cancer susceptibility genes face unique choices regarding management of their high risk for breast and ovarian cancer that impact their reproductive options. In order to explore women’s preferences for management of elevated cancer risk, we evaluated the decisions of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers about contraception, prophylactic surgery, and family planning. Methods An internet-based questionnaire assessing high-risk women’s preferences about cancer risk management and reproductive options was designed, pilot-tested and administered electronically to 284 participants of an internet-based advocacy group for women with BRCA1/2 mutations. Results Two hundred and thirteen eligible participants completed the majority of the survey. Mean age was 34 years; 66% were BRCA1 mutation carriers and 34% were BRCA2 mutation carriers. Most women (92%) had used oral contraceptive pills. About 88% of responders reported frequent or extreme worry about transmitting the mutation to their children. Despite their high level of worry, few responders said they would likely consider using assisted reproduction technologies such as a pregnancy surrogate (3%), cryopreservation of oocytes or embryos (8%), or pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to select embryos without BRCA1/2 mutations (13%). Conclusions Although they expressed substantial concern about transmitting BRCA1/2 mutations to their children, only a minority of the high-risk women surveyed were likely to consider currently available assisted reproductive strategies. Further research is necessary to explore the risk management preferences of patients with inherited cancer predisposition, and to incorporate these preferences into clinical care.
Remote NDE Technology for Inaccessible Shipboard Piping Inspection

Piping inside fuel and ballast tanks on US Navy ships requires periodic inspection and maintenance. However, because the cost to open and enter tanks for inspection is considerable the Navy has extended scheduled in-tank inspections by up to 12 years. This has reduced maintenance costs but has increased the risk that piping corrosion goes undetected. This has led to some unexpected piping failures and in a few cases has resulted in oil spills. To prevent these pipe failures the US Navy is evaluating technologies that can enable rapid and inexpensive periodic condition assessment of piping that is inside of fuel and ballast tanks. Pipe failures were investigated to determine the exact nature of the failures and the ship systems most affected. Then a detailed technical performance requirements list was developed on which to base a review of remote inspection equipment capability. Commercially available technologies were identified and candidates selected for laboratory evaluation. The technologies presently undergoing evaluation include those that involve the insertion of sensor(s) into the pipe from outside of the tank as well as non-invasive techniques that use externally placed sensors from outside of the tank. This paper provides an overview of the problem definition, the performance specifications and a description of some potential technology solutions. The capabilities and limitations of each of the technologies under investigation are presented along with some preliminary performance testing results.
POLARIZATION IN NEUTRON-PROTON SCATTERING AT 16 AND 24 Mev

The polarization was determined from asymmetry measurements in polarized monoenergetic neutron scattering by protons. The neutrons were produced by bombarding a tritium-gas target with deuterons. The scattering was observed by detecting the recoil protons and scattered neutrons in fast coincidence. The proton recoils were produced and detected in a plastic scintillator. Use of a solenoid, which rotated the spin of the incident neutrons, and two symmetric neutron counters reduced asymmetries caused by misalignment and variation in the neutron flux. Data are presented in tabular form. (L.N.N.)
Collaborative Mechatronic System Design

Integrated product and process development is accomplished by multidisciplinary teams To support the team approach we have de veloped ICM the Interdisciplinary Communication Medium It accommodates and integrates many perspectives within a design and manufactur ing enterprise The ICM prototype integrates a shared graphic modeling environment and network based services The graphics include 3D models of evolving designs and network based services include knowledge-based reasoning tools that critique the performance of the proposed device ICM implements an iterative communication cycle in which team members (1) propose form models in a shared graphic modeling en vironment, (2) interpret the shared graphic models as semantic discipline models (3) gather information by using the discipline models to cus tomize their search for additional discipline information (4) critique the discipline models to derive behavior and compare it to function (5) explain the results to other members of the team and (6) route chang...
Traitement du syndrome de vol des fistules artérioveineuses par plicature

Le syndrome de vol est une complication rare des acces pour hemodialyse. Les options therapeutiques incluent la ligature de la fistule, le cerclage, et la revascularisation distale avec ligature intermediaire (DRIL). La plicature est une autre technique qui est simple mais rarement rapportee. Nous avons adopte la plicature comme procede de choix pour le syndrome de vol apres creation d'une fistule arterioveineuse (FAV) autologue. Nous rapportons sept cas traites par plicature. Tous ont eu la resolution immediate des symptomes ( Tableau I ). Au suivi, toutes les FAV etaient permeables et continuaient d'etre employees pour l'hemodialyse. Cependant, un patient a eu une recidive des symptomes et a eu besoin d'une nouvelle plicature. En conclusion, la plicature des FAV autologues represente une alternative simple a la gestion du syndrome de vol.