cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parental substance use as a modifier of adolescent substance use risk

Aims A major question in national substance use prevention efforts is how much influence parents have on their children's substance use, answers to which could determine whether current school-based prevention programs that address peer pressure are sufficient or whether parents need to be involved. The present study examines whether parents act as gatekeepers by testing the moderator effects of parents’ substance use on the relationships of friends’ substance use to adolescent substance use (cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana). Design A longitudinal school-based trial for prevention of substance use in adolescents. Setting Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Participants As part of a large substance use prevention trial, entering middle school students were surveyed prospectively at baseline, 6 months and 18 months (n = 1807 from 57 schools). Measurements A self-reported survey was used to measure behaviors, attitudes and social influences related to adolescent substance use. Findings Results of logistic regression analyses and multiple group structural equation modeling showed that increasing numbers of parents and friends using substances were associated with greater risk of adolescent substance use, as were more substance offers and lower levels of refusal self-efficacy. Additionally, refusal self-efficacy mediated the effects of baseline use and substance offers on subsequent use. However, non-using parents had a buffering effect on friends’ influences to use substances, such that friends’ use did not affect adolescent use when parents were non-users, and the effects of substance offers on refusal self-efficacy were weaker. Conclusions The findings suggest that parent substance use should be addressed in adolescent substance use prevention programs, and that continuing non-use by parents should be reinforced.
Intercalary and supernumerary regeneration in regenerating the mature limbs of Notophthalmus viridescens.

We describe the ability of advanced limb regenerates and mature limbs of Notophthalmus viridescens to undergo intercalary and supernumerary regeneration following grafting operations to confront normally nonadjacent cells. Although both of these types of regeneration are known to be exhibited by regenerating limbs up to the stage of early digits, this is the first investigation of these abilities in mature limbs of Notophthalmus viridescens using similar grafting procedures. The autopodia of mature limbs, or regenerates at the stage of late digits or older from a distal level of amputation (distal third of forearm), were transplanted to other limb sites so as to oppose either anterior and posterior, or dorsal and ventral positions of stump and transplant. Following transplantation of either the regenerate or the mature autopodium, supernumerary limbs were sometimes formed, and their handedness, position and orientation were, in those cases in which they could be accurately determined, similar to what has been found previously in experiments on younger regenerates. Unlike the results of the experiments on regenerating limbs, when mature autopodia were grafted ipsilaterally with 180° rotation, the handedness of the supernumerary limbs could seldom be determined, and their location appeared to be random. An enhancement of the incidence of supernumerary limb formation in mature limb grafts was noted when the grafts were made so as to oppose normally nonadjacent proximal-distal as well as circumferential positions. When advanced regenerates were grafted ipsilaterally and without rotation to a more proximal limb level (mid upper arm), good intercalary regeneration of the distal portion of the humerus as well as the radius and/or ulna occurred in most, but not all cases. When similarly grafted mature autopodia were examined, it was found that none of the limbs formed a complete intercalary regenerate, but the majority formed partial intercalary regenerates by completing the humerus. When mature autopodia were grafted so as to oppose normally non-adjacent circumferential as well as proximal-distal positions, then the intercalary regenerate was more complete and frequently included a regenerated radius and/or ulna, normally in conjunction with one or more supernumerary limbs. The similarities between these findings and our earlier ones on intercalary and supernumerary regeneration in regenerating newt limbs are discussed in terms of a recently developed model for pattern regulation in epimorphic fields.
Substituent Effects on Oxidation and Stabilization of Phenothiazine Semiquinone Free Radicals

Rates of decay of semiquinones of certain derivatives of phenothiazine were measured in aqueous acetic acid solution using electron spin resonance spectroscopy and visible absorption spectrophotometry. Like that of phenothiazine itself, the semiquinones of the derivatives decayed by a second-order process with a rate constant inversely proportional to acid concentration. The rate results were consistent with a mechanism for the decay process as follows. Semiquinone undergoes rapid one-electron disproportionation by oxidation and reduction. The product of the oxidation (analog of phenazothionium ion) is unstable and is involved in two competing reactions. One is hydrolysis to sulfoxide, which is completely reversible to addition of acid. The other is a two-electron disproportionation producing the corresponding 3-hydroxyphenothiazine. In derivatives substituted on the nitrogen, the 3-hydroxy substitution is highly inhibited. The decay rates of the 3-substituted derivatives obey a Hammett relationship using para -substituent constants, while the 2,10-substituted derivatives obey a Hammett relationship using meta -substituent constants. An interesting relationship involving midpoint electrode potentials upon oxidation of certain 3-substituted phenothiazine derivatives is demonstrated.
The evolution of the premaxillary protrusion system in some teleostean fish groups

Changes in the acanthopteran (acanthopterygian) system of premaxillary protrusion are traced from its incipient representation in the iniomous (myctophiform) genus Aulopus to its fully evolved form in the percoids. Two complementary components of the system are differentiated. One is the protrusion of the premaxillary, brought about primarily by the anteroventral movement of a ligament attached to the rostral cartilage. The second, which distinguishes the acanthopteran system from other types of jaw protrusion, is the emplacement of a bony maxillary wedge between the skull and the protruded premaxillary. The acanthopteran type of protrusion appears to have evolved in large-mouthed fishes, with the lateral expansion of the gape that occurs in such forms a fundamental element of this system's mechanics. The modifications that occur in small-mouthed fishes with little or no lateral expansion of the gape are discussed. Premaxillary protrusion was investigated in available fish groups sometimes placed between the iniomous fishes and the percoids in classifications. Of these groups, the beloniform and cyprinodont fishes have developed protrusion systems of non-acanthopteran types.
Putative estrogen receptor β and α mRNA expression in male and female rhesus macaques

Abstract The profound effects of estrogen on different tissues may involve at least two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and the recently discovered ERβ. Where and how the two ER subtypes differentially or cooperatively mediate estrogen actions, however, are still unknown. In this study, we report the cloning of a specific ERβ cDNA fragment and the expression of ERα and ERβ mRNAs in various endocrine and non-endocrine tissues of male and female rhesus macaques. Total RNA from monkey tissues was isolated and subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using human-specific ERβ primers. A 126 bp RT-PCR product was identified in ovarian tissue and subsequently transfected into pGEM-T vectors for DNA sequencing. The cloned rhesus monkey ERβ fragment contained a sequence nearly identical to the corresponding sequence in the human (four mismatched nucleotides out of 126). Because complete monkey ERβ and ERα DNA sequences have not been established, the expression of the ERβ and ERα fragments in monkey tissues by RT-PCR reflects ‘putative’ ERβ and ERα mRNA expression, respectively. Both ERβ and ERα mRNAs were present in male and female reproductive organs, in several endocrine and non-endocrine tissues, and in various regions of the brain, whereas several tissues, including liver, frontal cortex, caudate nucleus, locus coeruleus and cerebellum, expressed only ERα message. In some brain regions, i.e. the putamen, internal capsule, hippocampus and paraventricular hypothalamus, the ERβ fragment was expressed in the female but not in the male. These data suggest that ERα mRNA is widely distributed in both female and male tissues, while ERβ mRNA is more widely distributed in female than in male brain.
Strategic M&As: Stronger in tough times?

Global acquisitions in the first quarter of 2008 were down 41 percent from the first quarter of 2007. But the value of strategic mergers and acquisitions (M&As)—as opposed to financial ones—dropped only 33 percent, while the number of deals rose 8 percent. Will strategic mergers withstand our economic downturn much better? The authors examine this question and discuss M&A trends and key success factors and give an update on initial public offering activity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of long term reliability of plated-through holes in multilayer interconnection boards Part B: Fatigue results and fracture mechanisms

Abstract Strain-controlled fatigue experiments were conducted using a specimen designed specifically for modeling the stress distribution in a plated-through-hole (PTH) structure. These tests were conducted to allow critical evaluation of the influence of significant design and material parameters on the long term cyclic life of the PTH. Acoustic emission analysis was performed during each test to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to the copper barrel failure. The results indicate that the most significant improvement in fatigue life is obtained by reducing the substrate-copper barrel interface surface roughness which serves to increase interfacial strength and reduce stress concentrations. The most detrimental effect on fatigue life resulted when the ductility of the copper was reduced. Fatigue test results revealed that delamination along the copper/epoxy-glass interface invariably reduced cyclic lifetime. Fatigue test results were used to derive an expression relating the strain range to the number of strain cycles to failure. This relationship along with the stress analysis results [1] may be used to predict conservative lifetimes of a PTH.
Content information desired by Chinese users for effective use of information appliances

Many studies have been conducted to determine how to present information on mobile phones in such a way as to enhance usability, but those studies have not considered what information users need for effective decision making. To investigate what users want from mobile phones, we carried out a content preparation study. A questionnaire was constructed based on prior results from website content research, traditional usability studies on consumer electronics, and extensive study on various types of mobile phones; it was completed by 375 Chinese industrial participants. The statistical results revealed nine major factors of mobile phone content: information relating to input/search, functions, operation, multimedia functions, stored files, phone calls, help/service, accessory functions, and messages. Also, users of different ages and genders evidenced different requirements for mobile phone content, especially concerning accessory and multimedia functions. This study suggests guidelines for mobile phone designers targeted at the Chinese market and provides a base for content study of other information appliances.
Diffusion of normal paraffins in zeolite T: Occurrence of window effect

Diffusion coefficients have been measured for migration of n-paraffins ranging in size from ethane to n-tetradecane in potassium T zeolite. Diffusivities were observed to be concentration-independent and closely consistent with the Arrhenius relationship with activation energies as high as 16 kcal/mole. An unexpected phenomenon, termed the window effect, was observed. This consisted of molecules in the n-dodecane size range diffusing approximately two orders of magnitude faster than those in the n-octane size range. Pre-exponential factors for some molecules possessing permanent dipoles were found to be much lower than for n-paraffins of comparable size. A compensation effect was found, pre-exponential factors increasing when activation energies increased.
The Influence of Social Class Behavior Upon Adult Education Participation

This paper discusses theoretical bases of methodology and the concept of social class as used in participation studies; and a descriptive study and analytic survey of adult education programs of a middle sized city. The goal of the study was to ascertain what parts of the population are most likely to participate; what factors are influential to participation; and what barriers keep those individuals from participating in an adult education activity. The study describes the subjects, modes of instruction, agencies, clientele, and the interconnections between these elements. The analytic survey using matched sample of male middle class and working class participants and non-participants traces connections of adult education participation and other facets in social life, i.e. vocations, jobs, leisure pursuits, etc. Emphasis is on differ ences between higher/lower socio-economic groups. Findings and implications of working class adults are presented; methodological suggestion are given for further adult educ...
Tomales bay metabolism: CNP stoichiometry and ecosystem heterotrophy at the land-sea interface

Bays and estuaries receive inputs from the adjacent land and exchange materials with the coastal ocean. Net system metabolism records the role of such land-sea interface ecosystems in altering the chemical state of essential plant nutrients. Water and salt budgets have been constructed for Tomales Bay, California, in order to estimate water advective and mixing exchange rates between the bay and coastal ocean over 2 years. Net non-conservative fluxes of dissolved P, N and C were calculated. The bay is a net source for dissolved P, C and total alkalinity, and is a net sink for dissolved fixed N. Stoichiometric analysis can be used to interpret the non-conservative nutrient fluxes. The dissolved P source is interpreted to be the result of net oxidation of approximately 10 mmol organic C m−2 day−1. CO2 released by this oxidation largely escapes to the atmosphere. This net respiration is about 12% of the total system respiration. Most dissolved inorganic N liberated during the oxidation is not exported hydrographically; rather, the bay is a net sink of dissolved fixed N. This N is assumed to be lost from the water via denitrification (3·2 mmol m−2 day−1). Sulphate reduction (5·1 mmol m−2 day−1) is also an important component of respiration in this system. Denitrification is a minor component of gross C metabolism, but is the major sink of N in this system. The organic matter driving this net heterotrophy may be of either terrestrial or marine origin.
O-benzyloximes: derivatives for the study of ketosteroids by gas chromatography. Application to urinary steroids of the newborn human.

Abstract Benzyloxime-trimethylsilyl (BO-TMSi) derivatives of infant urinary steroids have been prepared and studied by GC and GC-MS techniques. These derivatives were used in a “metabolic profile” procedure which provides a urinary steroid profile in which the hydroxy (H-series) steroids and those containing a reactive ketone group (K-series) are well separated. Distinctive profiles may be obtained in this way. Comparisons may be made for normal infants, for the same infant with increasing age, and for pathologic circumstances.
Understanding Betrayals in Marriage: A Synthesized Model of Forgiveness

Forgiveness is an issue that is problematic for many couples, particularly those in marital therapy. However, little attention has been paid to this construct in the psychological literature. The purpose of this article is to describe a synthesized model of forgiveness using constructs from multiple theories, including forgiveness, trauma recovery, cognitive-behavioral, family systems, and insight-oriented theories. Forgiveness is conceptualized as a process consisting of three stages, each of which has cognitive, behavioral, and affective components. Furthermore, these stages seem to parallel a person's natural response to traumatic stress. First, there is a response to the initial impact; second, there is an attempt to give the event some kind of meaning, or put it into context; and finally, the person begins to move forward and readjust. Forgiveness is conceptualized as attaining: (a) a realistic, nondistorted, balanced view of the relationship; (b) a release from being controlled by negative affect toward the participating partner; and (c) a lessened desire to punish the participating partner. Implications for marital therapy also are discussed.
Chinese Medicinal Herbs Modulate Mutagenesis, DNA Binding and Metabolism of Benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol and Benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide

Oldenlandia diffusa(OD) and Scutellaria barbata (SB) have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating liver, lung and rectal tumors. In this study, the effects of aqueous extracts of these two herbs on benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol. (BaP 7,8-DHD) and benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE)-induced mutagenesis using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 as the bacterial tester strain and rat liver 9000 x g supernatant (S9) as the metabolic activation system were assessed. We also determined the effects of these two herbs on BaP 7,8-DHD and BPDE binding to calf thymus DNA. Organosoluble metabolites of BaP 7,8-DHD and water-soluble conjugates of BaP 7,8-DHD and BPDE were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and alumina column liquid chromatography. Mutagenesis assays revealed that these two herbs produced a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of histidine-independent (His+) revertants induced by BaP 7,8-DHD and BPDE. OD and SB also inhibited BPDE-induced mutagenesis in a concentration-dependent manner in the absence of S9. SB had a greater inhibitory effect than OD. SB significantly inhibited BaP 7,8-DHD and BPDE binding to DNA while OD significantly enhanced DNA binding of both compounds. OD and SB inhibited the formation of organosoluble metabolites of BaP 7,8-DHD and decreased the formation of water-soluble conjugates of BaP 7,8-DHD and BPDE. However, the fraction of the total radioactivity in the water-soluble conjugates present as sulfate and glutathione was increased by OD and SB. Glucuronide fraction was decreased. The results of this study affirm our previous work suggesting that these two Chinese medicinal herbs possess antimutagenic properties and further suggest that they act as blocking agents through a scavenging mechanism.
Gas density effect on dropsize of simulated fuel sprays

Two-phase flow in pneumatic two-fluid fuel nozzles was investigated experimentally to determine the effect of atomizing-gas density and gas mass-flux on liquid-jet breakup in sonic-velocity gas-flow. Dropsize data were obtained for the following atomizing-gases: nitrogen; argon; carbon dioxide; and helium. They were selected to cover a gas molecular-weight range of 4 to 44. Atomizing-gas mass-flux ranged from 6 to 50 g/sq cm-sec and four differently sized two-fluid fuel nozzles were used having orifice diameters that varied from 0.32 to 0.56 cm. The ratio of liquid-jet diameter to SMD, D sub o/D sub 32, was correlated with aerodynamic and liquid-surface forces based on the product of the Weber and Reynolds number, We*Re, and gas-to-liquid density ratio, rho sub g/rho sub l. To correlate spray dropsize with breakup forces produced by using different atomizing-gases, a new molecular-scale dimensionless group was derived. The derived dimensionless group was used to obtain an expression for the ratio of liquid-jet diameter to SMD, D sub o/D sub 32. The mathematical expression of this phenomenon incorporates the product of the Weber and Reynolds number, liquid viscosity, surface tension, acoustic gas velocity, the RMS velocity of gas molecules, the acceleration of gas molecules due to gravity, and gas viscosity. The mathematical expression encompassing these parameters agrees well with the atomization theory for liquid-jet breakup in high velocity gas flow. Also, it was found that at the same gas mass-flux, helium was considerably more effective than nitrogen in producing small droplet sprays with SMD's in the order of 5 micrometers.
Extremely achromatic f/1.0 all-spherical camera constructed for the high-resolution echelle spectrometer of the Keck telescope.

We present a very large f/1.0 prime focus, all-spherical, all-fused-silica catadioptric camera. It contains a two-element airspaced corrector, an f/0.76 primary mirror, and a singlet final element. It accommodates a chromatic range from 0.3 to 1.1 μm or more without refocus. It is optimized with an external entrance pupil but can be reoptimized for other pupil distances. In spite of its 30-in. (76.2-cm) focal length, it delivers 12.6-μm (rms) average image diameters to a 3.6-in.- (9.1-cm-) diameter flat focal surface. It is thus well matched to the (7–15-μm) pixels and to the size of a (2 × 2) mosaic of today’s largest available CCD’s.
151. Neuroinflammation: An animal model of fatigue induced through interleukin-1 beta

The immune system, in response to insult or challenge, is able to induce a range of behavioral modifications, collectively known as sickness behavior. These include fatigue, fever, social withdrawal and reduced food intake. Here we describe a recently developed mouse-model of acute fatigue, utilizing the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). Six month old female C57Bl/6 J mice peripherally administered with 400 ng IL-1 beta show a significant reduction in voluntary wheel running behavior (p 0.05) over this same period. Other symptoms associated with sickness behavior, including fever and weight loss also remain unaffected by IL-1 beta administration (p > 0.05). Furthermore, we demonstrate dose-dependent effects and age- and sex-related differences in behavioral responses to IL-1 beta treatment. Preliminary data from mice administered with IL-1 beta in the lateral ventricle suggest a centrally mediated fatigue response. We explore these central effects using immunohistochemistry to study changes in central immune responses, specifically microglial activation, in several regions throughout the brain related to the pathways of arousal and motivational responses. This work was supported by the NIH grant R21NR012845.
A Model of Creative Destruction with Undiversifiable Risk and Optimising Households

This paper studies optimal household behaviour in a model of creative destruction. The saving technology is characterised by stochastic returns that follow a Poisson process. It is shown that equilibrium conditions with optimising households differ substantially from equilibrium conditions where investment in R&D is determined by firms. Three out of four market failures disappear and a new market failure resulting from a complementarity in financing R&D is identified. Studying the social optimum shows that it contains as the special case of risk neutrality the social optimum derived in the literature.
Premelting at ice-solid interfaces studied via velocity-dependent indentation with force microscope tips

We have indented the surface of ice at temperatures between -1 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and -17 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C with sharp atomic force microscope tips. For a thick viscous interfacial melt layer, a Newtonian treatment of the flow of quasiliquid between the tip and the ice suggests that indentations at different indentation velocities should have the same force/velocity ratio for a given pit depth. This is observed for silicon tips with and without a hydrophobic coating at temperatures between -1 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and -10 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C implying the presence of a liquid-like layer at the interface between tip and ice. At temperatures below about -10 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the dependence of force on velocity is weaker, suggesting that plastic flow of the ice dominates. A simple model for viscous flow that incorporates the approximate shape of our tip is used to obtain an estimate of the layer thickness, assuming the layer has the viscosity of supercooled water. The largest layer thicknesses inferred from this model are too thin to be described by continuum mechanics, but the model fits the data well. This suggests that the viscosity of the confined quasiliquid is much greater than that of bulk supercooled water. The hydrophobically coated tip has a significantly thinner layer than the uncoated tip, but the dependence of thickness on temperature is similar. The estimated viscous layer thickness increases with increasing temperature as expected for a quasiliquid premelt layer.
Control systems in neural networks with local memory

Abstract Based on a new paradigm of neural networks consisting of neurons with local memory (NNLM), we discuss the representation of a control system by neural networks. Using this representation, the basic issues of complete controllability and observability for the system are addressed. A separation principle of learning and control is presented for NNLM. The result shows that the weights of the network will not affect its dynamics. Some results about local linearization via a regular static feedback and nonlinear transformation are also given.
Microdialysis sampling coupled on-line to fast microbore liquid chromatography

Abstract A system which combines intravenous microdialysis sampling on-line with fast microbore liquid chromatographic analysis is described. Using a 14 mm × 1 mm I.D. ODS column, caffeine, theobromine and paraxanthine could be resolved in under 1 min and acetaminophen and its two main metabolites, the glucoronide and sulfate conjugates, could be resolved in 30 s. This fast separation allowed on-line microdialysis sampling to be conducted with a 1-min sampling interval. The system was evaluated by monitoring the pharmacokinetics following intravenous administration of acetaminophen and caffeine.
Edwin Sutherland's Research on the Origins of Sexual Psychopath Laws: An Early Case Study of the Medicalization of Deviance

However, there are obvious gaps in his documentation of these laws and in his evidence on news stories about sex crimes. We analyze major newspapers in each state that passed a sexual psychopath law and find far greater diversity in the coverage of sex crimes than Sutherland claimed. Based on material in Sutherland's research files, interviews with his former students and colleagues, and a review of his other published works, we argue that Sutherland's interest in studying sexual psychopath laws was to debunk psychiatry. His strong opposition to psychiatric "interest groups" may account for his lack of careful attention to evidence and for his premature dismissal of alternative, structural explanations of the origins of this legislation. Edwin Sutherland's (1950b) study of the diffusion of sexual psychopath laws in the U.S. is one of the earliest and best-known sociological investigations into the origins of a specific type of criminal law. Also, this is perhaps the first case study of the medicalization of deviance - a broad transformation of social control that has received considerable attention in recent years (e.g., Conrad and Schneider, 1980). Sutherland argued that sexual psychopath laws exemplified "a trend toward psychiatric policies [which are premised] on the assumption that the criminal is a socially sick person" (1950b:147). He was especially concerned about the potential erosion of legal rights by this movement toward "treatment of offenders as patients" (1950b:147). This ground-breaking study influenced later analyses of the rule-making process (e.g., Becker, 1963; Schur, 1971) and continues to be cited frequently.' However, a close examination of Sutherland's research reveals some curious lapses and inconsistencies in the evidence he marshalled in support of his conclusions. For instance, he indicated that 12 states and the District of Columbia passed sexual psychopath laws, yet he did not cite any of these statutes. Moreover, when we reviewed states' sessions laws for the period covered in Sutherland's analysis, we found that he overlooked a state (Missouri) that passed a sexual psychopath law and included another state (New Jersey) that did not enact such a bill.2 In this paper, we focus on these and other indications of a surprising lack of thoroughness in this eminent scholar's work on sexual psychopath laws. Drawing on historical evidence that Sutherland overlooked, we re-examine his claims about the influences of newspaper accounts and psychiatric opinion on the legislative process and reconsider alternative explanations he summarily
Corduroy contrast observations in neutron-irradiated zirconium and zircaloy

Observations of a particular as-irradiated microstructure are reported for Zircaloy and zirconium after neutron fluences of 2 to 25 × 1020 n/cm2 at temperatures of 523 to 608 K. Because of the ribbed appearance of the electron microscope images, the term ‘corduroy’ is used to describe the general microstructures encountered. Corduroy is a bulk microstructural feature (of irradiated crystals) with well-defined crystallographic properties. The rows of the corduroy are aligned parallel to traces of basal planes and the structure of corduroy is associated with a displacement vector of the type , where n ≠ 0. Corduroy is analyzed as being composed of small crystal regions misoriented from each other by small amounts so as to periodically vary the Bragg position of the diffracting planes between two extremes. Corduroy does not represent alignment of the common radiation damage clusters, but may be superposed upon these. Annealing experiments have eliminated the corduroy structure while causing the damage clusters to grow into resolvable loops. Corduroy does not appear to be strongly affected by fluence between 2 and 25 × 1020 n/cm2 but is sensitive to irradiation temperature.
Proteomic analysis of TRPC5- and TRPC6-binding partners reveals interaction with the plasmalemmal Na + /K + -ATPase

Mammalian transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) genes encode a family of nonselective cation channels that are activated following stimulation of G-protein-coupled membrane receptors linked to phospholipase C. In Drosophila photoreceptor cells, TRP channels are found in large, multimolecular signaling complexes in association with the PDZ-containing scaffolding protein, INAD. A similar mammalian TRPC “signalplex” has been proposed, but has yet to be defined. In the present study, affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies against TRPC5 and TRPC6 were used to immunoprecipitate signalplex components from rat brain lysates. Immunoprecipitated proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, digested with trypsin, and sequenced by mass spectrometry. Proteins identified in the immunoprecipitates included cytoskeletal proteins spectrin, myosin, actin, drebrin, tubulin, and neurabin; endocytic vesicle-associated proteins clathrin, dynamin and AP-2; and the plasmalemmal Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) pump. Several of these interactions were confirmed by reciprocal immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analysis. In lysates from rat kidney, TRPC6, but not TRPC3, was found to coimmunoprecipitate with the NKA pump. Likewise, TRPC6, stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, coimmunoprecipitated with endogenous NKA and colocalized with the pump to the plasmalemma when examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Cell surface biotinylation experiments in intact HEK cells, confirmed that both the Na+ pump and TRPC6 were present in the surface membrane and appeared to interact. Lastly, TRPC6 coimmunoprecipitated with the NKA pump when the proteins were coexpressed in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses. These observations suggest that TRPC6 and the Na+ pump are part of a functional complex that may be involved in ion transport and homeostasis in both the brain and kidney.
Classical Rhetoric, Medieval Poetics, and the Medieval Vernacular Prologue

Of the scholarly work that has been done in the last twenty years on the medieval French and German prologue, most falls into one of two classes. On the one hand are those studies that investigate a prologue for what it reveals of its author or of the work that follows. What, for instance, does Chretien mean by "une molt bele conjointure," and what does this imply about his Erec et Enide? What might Hartmann mean by "rehtiu giiete," and how can our understanding of his meaning improve our understanding of Iwein? The second kind of study of medieval prologues pursues the opposite course, detaching the prologues from the works that follow and treating them separately, as members of an independent tradition, almost a genre. This second group, as it seeks to discover the poetics of the prologue, has not unreasonably turned to the poetic theory that might have been known to French and German authors of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. What, scholars of this second group have asked, can the classical rhetorical treatises teach us about Chretien's prologues? And what help might the medieval artes poetriae offer in studying the German prologues of the thirteenth century? The substantial body of work produced by scholars who ask these types of questions suggests that they have found the classical and medieval treatises of considerable use in sketching out the poetics of the medieval prologue. As far as I can see, however, they are mistaken. For, as I hope to show below, neither the classical rhetoricians nor the medieval poetic theorists wrote with the prologues to written narrative in mind, nor can the precepts they propose come close to accommodating the great variety of actual medieval prologues. One of the imprecisions that attend the rhetorical study of the vernacular prologues is the failure to distinguish among the kinds of authorities that are cited. The forensic rhetoric of ancient Rome is treated along with the artes poetriae and the artes dictaminis of the high Middle Ages as if they were all likely to apply with equal validity to medieval vernacular prologues. Then another kind of imprecision the vernacular prologues are ransacked for scraps of evidence that support their dependence on the prescriptive treatises, never for evidence that might place this dependence in question. In what follows I will try to differentiate more carefully. In the first section I will focus on the classical treatises, briefly in their own right, then in greater detail as they relate both to medieval theory and to medieval poetic practice. The second section will focus on the medieval treatises, considering first what they themselves say, then the extent to which the contemporaneous 1
A finite element method for construction of dynamical theories of layered plates

Abstract A procedure is presented for reduction of equations of three-dimensional elasticity to a twodimensional theory for elastodynamic behavior of a transversely heterogeneous plate. The method is based upon the elimination of the thickness coordinate by using, in conjunction with a variational principle, a set of finite element basis functions along the axis normal to the plate; an asymptotic analysis of the resulting semi-discrete equations yields a hierarchy of reduced order models for the plate. Some numerical results illustrate the applicability of the proposed methodology to layered plates.
Least squares estimation of regression parameters in mixed effects models with unmeasured covariates

We consider mixed effects models for longitudinal, repeated measures or clustered data. Unmeasured or omitted covariates in such models may be correlated with the included covanates, and create model violations when not taken into account. Previous research and experience with longitudinal data sets suggest a general form of model which should be considered when omitted covariates are likely, such as in observational studies. We derive the marginal model between the response variable and included covariates, and consider model fitting using the ordinary and weighted least squares methods, which require simple non-iterative computation and no assumptions on the distribution of random covariates or error terms, Asymptotic properties of the least squares estimators are also discussed. The results shed light on the structure of least squares estimators in mixed effects models, and provide large sample procedures for statistical inference and prediction based on the marginal model. We present an example of the...
Meniscofemoral ligament simulating tear of the lateral meniscus: MR features

The meniscofemoral ligament can simulate pathology on magnetic resonance images. It can be mistaken for a free osteochondral fragment on sagittal images. A less common pitfall is the simulation of a tear of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus. A case demonstrating this meniscal pseudotear is presented.
Absence of mutagenicity in the urine of autopsy service workers exposed to formaldehyde: factors influencing mutagenicity testing of urine

Hospital autopsy service workers and a matched control group were studied using a battery of genetic monitoring tests performed on samples of blood, semen and urine. The results of the analysis of urine for mutagens are described in this report. The participants in the study were matched with the controls for sex, age and their use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. Information was collected on general health, usage of medications and any exposure which might affect the outcome of the study. Individuals were sampled three times at approximately two month intervals. Time weighed average exposures to formaldehyde in the work areas were estimated at 0.61 to 1.32 ppm. Additionally, studies were carried out which examined various parameters affecting the testing of human urine samples for mutagenicity. No increase in mutagenicity was seen in the autopsy workers as compared to the control group. One individual who was receiving metronidazole and one control who smoked two packs of cigarettes per day had significantly mutagenic urine. A large proportion of the exposed individuals had toxic urine while only two of the control individuals had similar toxic urine. The material responsible for the toxicity has been isolated and purified but does not appear to be related to the formaldehyde exposure. Studies on the parameters affecting mutagenicity testing of urine with Salmonella typhimurium suggest that in the plate incorporation assay, TA100, but not TA98, can be affected by exogenous histidine. Furthermore, with the conditions employed in this study, 3 to 4% of labeled histidine added to urine samples was retained by the XAD-2 and subsequently eluted in the urine concentrate. Urinary histidine levels of unconcentrated samples ranged from 112 to 2614 nmol per ml (mean 994 nmol per ml) and the amount of histidine present correlated with the corresponding increases in histidine revertants with strain TA100.
A re-examination of optimum foliar magnesium levels in corn

Abstract Reliable tissue leaf standards for N, P, and K are available for corn, although standards for some other nutrients have not been well defined. Published ear leaf Mg sufficiency ranges are generally about 0.20 to 0.40% of dry leaf weight, critical values range from 0.15% to 0.25%, and the current standard most widely used with DRIS is 0.24%. However, in maximum yield studies, yields over 18 t/ha have been obtained with ear leaf Mg levels ranging from 0.13 to 0.18%. A field study was initiated to determine whether providing additional Mg to plants grown under ‘maximum yield’ conditions would result in increased tissue Mg and yield, or whether optimum or sufficient Mg levels should be redefined. Ear leaf Mg was increased by foliar‐applied Mg in two years of the study, and by soil‐applied Mg in the third. Maximum yields were obtained at ear leaf concentrations of 0.16, 0.14, and 0.19% in the 3 years of the study. The overall optimum Mg concentration was determined to be about 0.15%.
Tuning the ferromagnetism of one-dimensional Fe/Pt/Fe multilayer barcode nanowires via the barcode layer effect

Using first-principles density functional theory, we have predicted equilibrium structures and electronic and magnetic properties of one-dimensional ferromagnetic $\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Pt}∕\mathrm{Fe}$ multilayer barcode nanowires. By increasing the thickness of the Pt layer and consequently reducing the thickness of the Fe layer in the nanowire in the ferromagnetic configuration, we found that the average magnetic moment per iron atom, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{av}$, increases monotonically with an $\ensuremath{\sim}1∕N(\mathrm{Fe})$ dependence, where $N(\mathrm{Fe})$ is the number of Fe layers. The monotonic increase in average magnetic moment is attributed to the change in magnetic moment at the Fe-Pt interface, and a simple model is proposed to explain this $\ensuremath{\sim}1∕N(\mathrm{Fe})$ variation of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{av}$ in the barcode wires. Modulation of the ferromagnetism based on the number of ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layer sequences in the nanowire suggests the possible application of these nanowires in nanometer scale magnetic barcodes. Furthermore, analysis of the Kohn-Sham energy bands in barcode nanowires suggests strong dependence of spin-polarized conductance on the nonmagnetic Pt spacer layer thickness, opening up the possibility for their application in magnetoelectronics or spintronics.
Molecular basis for virus disease resistance in plants

Classical studies of virus disease resistance in plants have provided the basis for recent molecular studies of resistance. Three common approaches to the study of resistance have been used. In one approach, nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences of virus strains that overcome disease resistance genes in the host are compared with sequences of strains that do not induce disease in these hosts. In the second approach, resistance/susceptibility of protoplasts is compared with the response of intact plants from which they are derived, to develop hypotheses regarding whether resistance acts at the level of the individual cell or by inhibiting cell-to-cell movement. In the third approach, the mechanism of virus cell-to-cell movement has been studied to clarify one of the basic steps in pathogenesis and to determine the mechanism of disease resistance for certain virus-host interactions.
Observation of surface modification and nucleation during deposition of diamond on silicon by scanning tunneling microscopy

The surface topography of silicon substrates after the initial stages of diamond growth, by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, has been observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. The initial surfaces were polished with diamond paste before deposition to enhance nucleation, and the scratches were examined. After one half hour growth, the surface showed additional topography over all regions, and widely spaced faceted structures were detected which were attributed to diamond nuclei. The surface between nuclei showed increased roughness with increased deposition time. The faceted nuclei were found along the scratches. The nuclei showed facets which were smooth to within 5 A. Fingerlike ridge structures were found extending from and in‐between some of the nuclei. These structures indicate a mechanism of the lateral diamond growth. The electronic properties of the surface were probed by local I‐V measurements, and characteristics attributable to SiC were observed.
The global competitiveness of South Korea: the role of government-funded research institutes

We analyse the components of South Korea's world competitiveness, the driving forces of its impressive growth until 2008 and the reasons for its decline in 2009. We discuss the evolution of South Korea's national innovation system (NIS), and conclude that it was functioning well for large companies and the chaebol conglomerates, but not for SMEs. We discuss the new role of Korean Government-Funded Research Institutes (GRIs) and their contributions to technological development, presenting the case study of successful technology transfer from the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials to two entrepreneurial SMEs. We conclude that, after the present economic crisis, Korean industry will evolve from the chaebols, an obsolescent corporate organisation, to a more balanced structure of entrepreneurial SMEs and mature multinationals. We propose a new mission for the Korean GRIs, namely a proactive technological search, selection, transfer and implementation assistance to SMEs and the creation of independent liaison offices in parallel with the strengthening of the existing technology licensing offices.
Differential Activation of Staphylococcus aureus Heme Detoxification Machinery by Heme Analogues

The reactive nature of heme enables its use as an enzymatic cofactor while rendering excess heme toxic. The importance of heme detoxification machinery is highlighted by the presence of various types of these homeostatic systems in Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. A number of pathogens possess orthologs of the HssRS/HrtAB heme detoxification system, underscoring a potential role this system plays in the survival of bacteria in heme-rich environments such as the vertebrate host. In this work, we sought to determine the role of this system in protection against metalloporphyrin heme analogues identified by previous studies as antimicrobial agents. Our findings demonstrate that only toxic metalloporphyrins maximally activate expression of the Staphylococcus aureus heme detoxification system, suggesting that the sensing mechanism of HssRS might require a component of the associated toxicity rather than or in addition to the metalloporphyrin itself. We further establish that only a subset of toxic metalloporphyrins elicit the oxidative damage previously shown to be a significant component of heme toxicity whereas all toxic noniron metalloporphyrins inhibit bacterial respiration. Finally, we demonstrate that, despite the fact that toxic metalloporphyrin treatment induces expression of S. aureus heme detoxification machinery, the HrtAB heme export pump is unable to detoxify most of these molecules. The ineffectiveness of HrtAB against toxic heme analogues provides an explanation for their increased antimicrobial activity relative to heme. Additionally, these studies define the specificity of HssRS/HrtAB, which may provide future insight into the biochemical mechanisms of these systems.
Brief stimuli as context

Context may be defined as a stimulus that provides global information about the reinforcement rate in the current environment. Twenty-four rats were trained in lever boxes with different stimuli serving as context on different sessions. The goal of the first experiment was to determine whether or not brief stimuli provide global information as effectively as continuous stimuli. The sessions contained brief stimuli at random times throughout the sessions, a continuous stimulus throughout the session, both brief and continuous stimuli, or neither. Results indicated that brief and continuous stimuli provided similar global information (i.e., they served as contextual stimuli). The goal of the second experiment was to determine the differential effects brief stimuli have on behavior when they provide either global or local information. The conclusion was that stimuli that provide local information regarding the time of reinforcement affect the time of responses, and that stimuli that provide global information affect response rate. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: insert SI title.