cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Electron Redox Chemistry at the Dinuclear Core of a TePt Platform: Chlorine Photoreductive Elimination and Isolation of a TeVPtI Complex

As part of our interest in novel redox-active main group/transition metal platforms for energy applications, we have synthesized the chloride salt of [TeIIIPtICl(o-dppp)2]+ ([1]+, o-dppp = o-(Ph2P)C6H4) by reaction of the new bis(phosphino) telluroether (o-(Ph2P)C6H4)2Te with (Et2S)2PtCl2. Complex [1]+ is chemically robust and undergoes a clean two-electron oxidation reaction in the presence of PhICl2 to afford ClTeIIIPtIIICl3(o-dppp)2 (2), a complex combining a hypervalent four-coordinate tellurium atom and an octahedral platinum center. While the Te–Pt bond length is only slightly affected by the oxidation state of the TePt platform, DFT and NBO calculations show that this central linkage undergoes an umpolung from Te→Pt in [1]+ to Te←Pt in 2. This umpolung signals an increase in the electron releasing ability of the tellurium center upon switching from an eight-electron configuration in [1]+ to a hypervalent configuration in 2. Remarkably, the two-electron redox chemistry displayed by this new dinuclea...
Young Adult Exposure to Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Risk of Events Later in Life: The Framingham Offspring Study.

Background It is unclear whether coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor exposure during early adulthood contributes to CHD risk later in life. Our objective was to analyze whether extent of early adult exposures to systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and low-and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL, HDL) are independent predictors of CHD events later in life.
Calculation and Analysis on Steady-State Induced Voltage During Maintenance Operation of Multi Parallel Circuits of EHV/UHVDC/UHVAC Transmission Lines

Erecting multi circuits of AC and DC transmission lines in the same corridor can save the land resources, however there are electrostatic and electromagnetic couplings among multi circuits of AC and DC transmission lines. It is favorable for the safety of maintenance operation of these transmission lines to research the steady-state induction voltage of transmission lines parallelly erected in the corridor. Through the calculation by electromagnetic transient program(EMTP), a computation model of six UHVAC and EHVDC/UHVDC transmission lines parallelly erected in the corridor located in Huzhou, Zhejiang province is established; the influence due to the coupling between UHVAC lines and EHVDC/UHVDC lines are calculated; the amplitudes and distributions of electrostatic induction voltages and electromagnetic induction voltages during the live-line overhaul and power-off maintenance under the combination of different operating modes of UHVAC and EHVDC/UHVDC lines are analyzed. Analysis results show that the influence of the steady-state induction voltage among parallelly erected multi circuits of AC and DC transmission line on the live-line overhaul and power-off maintenance modes and tools specified in current operating instruction can be neglected.
The role of amygdala in pain and pain-related affective and cognitive disorders

Pain,including persistent chronic pain,not only has a strong negative affection but is also intimately related to fear,anxiety and depression.The amygdala is believed to be a key subcortical structure involved in emotional affective behavior including the emotional responses to pain.Our recent studies show the evidence that amygdala plays a key role in pain and pain-related affective and cognitive disorders.
Vehicle Reliability Programs’ Impact on Stakeholders

The intention of this paper is to discuss the key components of reliability processes as applied to rail vehicle acquisition programs, and their effects on the ‘stakeholders’ involved. The ‘stakeholders’ identified in this context, are those that are directly involved in the new vehicle project, namely; the rail operating authority with its associated divisions, the car builder with its internal departments, equipment and system suppliers to the car builder, consultants and governing associations.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Critical Theory and the Critique of Fascism

In 1932, as the Nazis came to power, the situation in Freiburg became precarious for Marcuse. As he remembers it: ‘Because of the political situation I desperately wanted to join the Institute. At the end of 1932 it was perfectly clear that I would never be able to qualify for a professorship (mich habilitieren konnen) under the Nazi regime’.1 Consequently, Marcuse corresponded with the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, asking if he could work with them. They invited him for an interview, and the Institute appointed him to a position.2 This was fortunate, for in 1933 Heidegger joined the Nazi party and began making speeches for them.3 Husserl had sent the Kurator of Frankfurt University, Kurt Riezler, a letter of support, and the Institute considered petitioning the University to accept Marcuse’s Hegel ‘Habilitation-Dissertation’ — which was already published as a book — so that he could be appointed a university professor. In fact, however, Marcuse never actually worked with the Institute in Frankfurt, since they, anticipating fascist suppression, had set up a branch office in Geneva, to which Marcuse was assigned.4 Henceforth, despite later philosophical and political differences, Marcuse would strongly identify with what is now often called the ‘Frankfurt School’, and would make important contributions to their projects.
Evaluation of two electrostatic and magnetic antiscaling and anticorrosion devices

Experimental tests were carried out on two commercially manufactured devices reputed to prevent the formation of scale, remove preexisting scale and reduce corrosion of carbon steel. One device operates by applying a high voltage, low alternating current electrostatic field to the flowing solution. The second device contains two opposing permanent magnets and a special geometric flow channel through which the solution flows. To determine the effect of the devices, with regard to the claims made by the manufacturers, an enclosed recirculating test loop system was fabricated. A brine solution formulated such that it would not form significant scale at room temperature, but would at elevated temperature, was circulated in the system. The corrosion rate, amount of calcium carbonate scale deposition, pH, oxidizing reducing potential (ORP) of the water, water chemistry, and crystalline form of the carbonate scale were the monitored parameters. The results of the investigation showed that neither tested device had any measurable beneficial effect on either corrosion rate or scale deposition.
D.o N.ot A.ccuse Black Males: The Life of Cornelius Dupree Jr.

Cornelius Dupree Jr. was wrongfully sentenced to 75 years in prison for aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon. He is one of the 330 post-conviction DNA exonerees in the USA, having served more than 30 years in prison for a crime he did not commit. The emergence of DNA testing helped to overturn this miscarriage of justice. Mr. Dupree will forever stand as a symbol of the racial injustices that plague the American criminal justice system. Here is his story.
Cardiac Risk of Noncardiac Surgery

Major perioperative cardiac events are estimated to complicate between 1.4% and 3.9% of surgeries. Because most surgeries are elective, there is the opportunity to implement strategies to reduce this risk. Accurate identification of patients at risk for such events will allow patients to be better informed about the benefit-to-risk ratio of procedures, and guide allotment of limited clinical resources, utilization of preventive interventions, and areas of future research. This review focuses on important features of the initial pre-operative clinical risk assessment, indications for diagnostic testing to quantify cardiac risk, and the methods and indications for pre-emptive therapies.
Urbanization, Industrialization, and Sustainable Development in China: Converging Paths?

Many policymakers and citizens alike point to cities as major culprits in China’s ecological decline. Roads are clogged with vehicles, the air is often foul and unhealthy to breathe and waste piles up in mountainous landfills, robbing farmers of productive land. However, cities can also be powerful engines for sustainable development (可持续发展). This chapter will attempt to answer the following questions: First, what factors are driving China’s urbanization and industrial strategy? Second, what does the concept of sustainable development mean in the Chinese context? Third, what measures are being taken at the national level to encourage sustainable development? Fourth, what challenges does the national government face in promoting sustainable development and environmental policy enforcement at the local level? Finally, what are the prospects for further deepening sustainable development as an integral part of China’s overall revitalization strategy?
Look in the Mirror or out the Window: the Role of Capabilities and Competition in Strategic Choice

When formulating strategies, managers are advised to look “in the mirror” at their organization’s capabilities and “out of the window” at their competitive environment. However, the behavioral stra...
Wider Application of Radiolocation in Digital Wireless Communication

In this final chapter, we look ahead at the application of our radiolocation methodology beyond the 802.11b framework, and in doing so, we retain our main objective of radiolocating every wireless packet in real time.
Modified Friedman technique: a new proposed method of measuring glenoid version in the setting of glenohumeral dysplasia

Glenoid version angles are measured to objectively follow changes related to glenohumeral dysplasia in the setting of brachial plexus birth palsy. Measuring glenoid version on cross-sectional imaging was initially described by Friedman et al. in 1992. Recent literature for non-dysplastic shoulders advocates time-consuming reconstructions and reformations for an accurate assessment of glenoid version. To compare Friedman’s original method for measuring glenoid version to a novel technique we developed (“modified Friedman”) with the reference standard of true axial reformations. With institutional review board approval, we retrospectively examined 30 normal and dysplastic shoulders obtained from magnetic resonance imaging examinations of 30 patients with an established diagnosis of brachial plexus birth palsy between January 2012 and September 2017. Four pediatric radiologists performed glenoid version measurements using Friedman’s method, the modified Friedman method and a previously described true axial reformation method. The modified Friedman technique better accounts for scapular positioning by selecting a reference point related to the acromion-scapular body interface. Inter-rater reliability and inter-method agreement were assessed using intraclass correlation, paired t-tests and mixed linear model analysis. Equivalence tests between methods were performed per reader. Glenoid version measurements were significantly different when comparing Friedman’s method to true axial reformations in normal (-10.8±5.7° [mean±standard deviation] vs. -8.8±5.3°; P≤0.001) and dysplastic shoulders (-34.6±17.7° vs. -28.1±17.5°; P≤0.001). Glenoid version measurements were not significantly different when comparing the modified Friedman’s method to true axial reformations in normal (-6.3±5.8° vs. -8.8±5.3°; P=0.06) and dysplastic shoulders (-29.0±18.3° vs. -28.1±17.5°; P=0.06). Friedman’s method was not equivalent to true axial reformations for measurements in dysplastic shoulders for all readers (P=0.68, 0.81, 0.86, 0.99); the modified Friedman method was equivalent to of true axial reformations for measurements in dysplastic shoulders for 3 of 4 readers (P≤0.001, P≤0.001, P≤0.001, P=0.10). In glenohumeral dysplasia, the modified Friedman method and post-processed true axial reformations provide statistically similar and reproducible values. We propose that our modified Friedman technique can be performed in lieu of post-processed true axial reformations to generate glenoid version measurements.
Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology and Gay and Lesbian Couples: What Counselors Need to Know

There are various reproductive health options for gay and lesbian couples who want to become biological parents. However, there remains controversy regarding the use of assisted reproductive technology for gay and lesbian couples. This article describes assisted reproductive technology options for gay and lesbian couples, socio-cultural and gender issues, ethical and legal considerations that influence access to reproduction options, and implications for counseling.
Multiparticle and charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider

We study multiparticle azimuthal correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 200 GeV. We use the impact parameter-dependent Glasma model to initialize the viscous hydrodynamic simulation MUSIC and employ the UrQMD transport model for the low-temperature region of the collisions. In addition, we study effects of local charge and global momentum conservation among the sampled particles. With the exception of the lowest-order three-particle correlator ${C}_{112}$, our framework provides a good description of the existing charge-inclusive azimuthal correlation data for Au+Au and U+U collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC). We also present results for charge-dependent two- and three-particle correlators in Au+Au and U+U collisions and make predictions for isobar (Ru+Ru and Zr+Zr) collisions to provide a much-needed baseline for the search for the chiral magnetic effect at RHIC.
Fixing Philanthropy: A Vision for Charitable Giving and Reform

Philanthropy means to give for the benefit of others. Unfortunately for philanthropy and civil society, the laws supporting philanthropy are in a state of crisis. More by happenstance than design, the law now caters overwhelmingly to the whims of wealthy donors to the detriment of those in need. We find ourselves with a legal framework ostensibly designed to promote broad-based philanthropic activity, but which is better described as one where the wealthiest get tax benefits that are unavailable to others; claim those (sometimes questionable) benefits while retaining effective control over donated funds; and use the system to advance their policy preferences, avoid scrutiny, and undermine the centuries-old faith and trust that our nation’s charities represent the public good. Although the trends are dire, the article explains how Congress can restore credibility to philanthropy with a number of legislative initiatives, including by broadening the base for charitable giving with an expanded and reformed giving incentive, improving the flow of money to working charities with new rules for donor advised funds (DAFs), strengthening and supporting IRS oversight, and by revisiting some of the rushed through ideas of recent tax legislation (the TCJA).
Measuring Human-Animal Attachment in a Large U.S. Survey: Two Brief Measures for Children and Their Primary Caregivers

One challenge faced by researchers in the human-animal interaction (HAI) field is generalizing the impact of pet ownership and companion animal interaction to larger populations. While researchers in Europe and Australia have included measures of pet ownership and attachment in surveys (e.g., the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) for some time, survey researchers in the United States have been slow to incorporate questions related to HAI in population representative studies. One reason for this may be that many of the current HAI-related measures involve long, complex scales. From the survey administration perspective, using complex scales is costly in terms of both time and money. The development and validation of brief measures of HAI are important to encourage the inclusion of these measures in larger surveys. This paper describes the psychometric properties of two brief attachment measures used in the 2014 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Child Development Supplement (CDS), the first population-representative study of child development in the United States that includes HAI items. We use two measures derived from the 36 item CENSHARE scale. For children aged 8-17, a 6-item measure was included; for the primary caregiver, a 3-item measure was included. The results suggest that such brief measures of attachment to pets are psychometrically valid and may be a practical method of measuring attachment in larger surveys using a smaller number of survey items. We encourage HAI researchers to work with other ongoing surveys to incorporate these and comparable measures.
Design of An Automated Greenhouse Temperature Controller; A Renewable, Robust and Cost Effective Scheme

Smart and automated greenhouse system is the solution of current food and agronomy related threats with growing demands and population upraise. Keeping optimal ambient condition for each crop cultivation yields to maximum production and profit figures. This research is intended to maintain ideal greenhouse temperature for a particular crop to grow. Cost effective bare tube water heating system is opted to compensate for all the dynamic and complex losses in in greenhouse for a complete day cycle. A proportional controller is designed in order to consistently monitor inside greenhouse temperature and actuate the water mass flow rate as per requirements. Designed proportional controller is able to meet the desired inside greenhouse temperature in fluctuating losses robustly.
A Broadband Direct Conversion Transmitter/Receiver at D-band Using CMOS 22nm FDSOI

This paper presents a broadband transmitter and receiver at D-band (from 123 to 146GHz) using 22nm FDSOI technology. The direct conversion receiver is implemented with a wideband fully differential LNA at the front end, using a cross coupled pair with capacitive neutralization, followed by a linear double balanced passive mixer and broadband pseudo-differential transimpedance amplifier. The direct conversion transmitter starts with an active double balanced Gilbert cell, followed by a driver amplifier. A 9:1 frequency multiplier circuit realized by two successive tripler stages provides the on-chip 135GHz Local Oscillator (LO) signal for both the Tx and Rx chains. The receiver conversion gain is 27dB with a 20GHz 3-dB bandwidth, and the P1-dB is −30dBm. The transmitter saturated output power is 2.8 dBm. Tx and Rx chains consume 196mW and 198mW respectively from a supply voltage of 0.8V.
The Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformation Grading Scale (RAGS): An Extension of the Hunt and Hess Scale to Predict Clinical Outcome for Patients With Ruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.

Background Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) rupture is highly morbid. Outcomes after AVM rupture differ from other types of brain hemorrhage. There are no specific widely used grading systems designed to predict clinical outcome after AVM rupture. Objective To develop an all-comers scoring system to grade patients with AVM rupture and predict clinical outcome more accurately than grading systems currently in use. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who presented to our institution with a ruptured AVM. Using change in modified Rankin Score (mRS) as our response variable, we generated an ordinal logistic regression model to test for significant predictor variables. The full model was sequentially condensed until the simplest model with the highest area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) was achieved. Results A total of 115 patients who presented with ruptured AVMs were included in the study, with a mean follow-up time of 4 yr. The Ruptured AVM Grading Scale (RAGS) consists of the Hunt and Hess (HH) score (1-5), patient age ( 70 = 2), deep venous drainage (1), and eloquence (1). The RAGS score outperformed other neurosurgical grading scales in predicting change in mRS, with an AUROC greater than 0.80 across all follow-up periods. Conclusion The RAGS score is a simple extension of the HH scale that predicts clinical outcome after AVM rupture more accurately than other grading systems.
Functions of Microgrid Hierarchal Control Structure

Recently, the microgrid has becomes an attractive solution to improve the reliability of the power system and integrate more small-scale renewable energy resources in a well-controlled manner. The hierarchal control structure is proposed to improve the controllability and effectiveness of the microgrid. In this paper, a survey of the hierarchal control structure is presented in terms of functionalities and requirements of each level. The power quality control is independently studied including inertia control, harmonic, and unbalanced voltage compensation control. Also, the primary control level is reviewed based on two sub-levels namely output control level and power-sharing control level. The power-sharing level is classified based on the utilization of the communication network. Besides, the secondary control level is reviewed based on the functions provided by this level of control. Finally, the tertiary control level is briefly explained in the context of the hierarchal control structure.
Satellite Precipitation Measurement and Extreme Rainfall

Extreme Rainfall can be defined by percentiles of the overall rainfall distribution at a given temporal scale. Generally, the 90th percentile value and above can be considered extreme. While satellite measurements of rainfall provide estimates at global scales and for ever increasing spatial resolution (currently 0.1 km2), the many flavors of satellite precipitation measurement vary widely from algorithm to algorithm especially at the 90th percentile and above. Satellite estimates of extreme rainfall also vary widely based on certain conditions such as over land versus over ocean, over mountainous terrain versus flat terrain, and high latitudes versus the tropics. Finally, all satellite quantitative precipitation estimates are based on algorithms which ultimately include blending and adjustment using rain gauges. Therefore, satellite estimates of extreme rainfall can vary widely based on the algorithm. This chapter provides an overview of extreme rainfall characterization derived from satellite measurements.
Immune checkpoint CD47 molecule engineered islets mitigate instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction and show improved engraftment following intraportal transplantation

Instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) causes significant destruction of islets transplanted intraportally. Myeloid cells are a major culprit of IBMIR. Given the critical role of CD47 as a negative checkpoint for myeloid cells, we hypothesized that the presence of CD47 on islets will minimize graft loss by mitigating IBMIR. We herein report the generation of a chimeric construct, SA-CD47, encompassing the extracellular domain of CD47 modified to include core streptavidin (SA). SA-CD47 protein was expressed in insect cells and efficiently displayed on biotin-modified mouse islet surface without a negative impact on their viability and function. Rat cells engineered with SA-CD47 were refractory to phagocytosis by mouse macrophages. SA-CD47-engineered islets showed intact structure and minimal infiltration by CD11b+ granulocytes/macrophages as compared with SA-engineered controls in an in vitro loop assay mitigating IBMIR. In a syngeneic marginal mass model of intraportal transplantation, SA-CD47-engineered islets showed better engraftment and function as compared with the SA-control group (87.5% vs 14.3%). Engraftment was associated with low levels of intrahepatic inflammatory cells and mediators of islet destruction, including high-mobility group box-1, tissue factor, and IL-1β. These findings support the use of CD47 as an innate immune checkpoint to mitigate IBMIR for enhanced islet engraftment with translational potential.
2 – Programming Abstractions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses programming abstractions in systems. The Alpha kernel is intended to provide its clients with a set of simple and uniform programming abstractions based on the notion of objects. Special attention is given to the task of providing client-level uniformity despite physical distribution and the constraints imposed by the system hardware. In the Alpha kernel, objects adhere to the common definition of abstract data types and interact with other objects via the invocation of operations on them. Threads are defined to be the manifestations of control activity within the kernel. The Alpha thread abstraction is in many ways comparable to the process abstraction found in many conventional systems. Unlike conventional processes, however, threads move among objects via invocations and do so without regard for the physical node boundaries of the system. Alpha encapsulates all of the system's physical resources, and provides them to the system's clients through a standard object interface. The Alpha kernel is designed to be a framework to support a wide range of replication mechanisms, among which two forms of object replication are currently supported—inclusive and exclusive. In the inclusive form of replication, the replicas of an object function together as a single object. Therefore, an operation invoked on an inclusively replicated object results in the operation being performed on all of the existing replicas. The intent of this mechanism is to increase the availability of an object through a redundancy technique similar to an available copies replication scheme.
Pennycress, carbon wise: labeling experiments reveal how pennycress seeds efficiently incorporate carbon into biomass

This article comments on: Tsogtbaatar E, Cocuron J-C, Alonso AP. 2020. Non-conventional pathways enable pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) embryos to achieve high biosynthetic efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 3037–3051 .
Longitudinal evaluation of upper motor neuron burden scales in primary lateral sclerosis

To assess whether published scales for measuring upper motor neuron burden (UMNB) show longitudinal change in patients with primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). Design: Retrospective calculation of thr...
Microclimate and Summer Surface Activity in the American Pika (Ochotona princeps)

As regional climates continue to warm, climate-sensitive species might increasingly depend on microclimates to maintain normal activities. The American pika (Ochotona princeps) has been suggested as a sentinel of montane climate change, largely due to its sensitivity to warm temperatures and high exposure to changing climatic conditions. Pikas use talus to thermoregulate and have been shown to persist more often in talus slopes that create stable microclimates. However, many studies of pika behavior and persistence use metrics of climate measured above the talus surface, outside of the proposed microclimates that pikas can access. We paired fine-scale microclimate measurements with behavioral observations of uniquely tagged pikas in the Colorado Rocky Mountains to model how pikas might use talus subsurface habitat as a microrefuge. Our findings suggest that pikas spend more time on the surface of the talus when there is a stronger gradient in temperatures between “shallow” (0.1 m below the surface) and “deep” (1 m below the surface) regions of the talus, especially during the middle of the day when shallow temperatures are warmer. These results underscore the importance of pairing fine-scale data on microclimate with behavioral observations of tagged individuals to more accurately evaluate how animals might use climate refugia to persist in changing conditions.
Implications of considering Response Process Data for Greater and Lesser Psychometrics

This paper characterizes the ways in which increased attention to response process data has implications for psychometrics. To do so, this work draws on two organizing frameworks that have heretofo...
On the Rotations of the Cranial Spheres.

We integrate information from multiple sensory modalities and from ongoing plans to construct a perception of the world. In this issue of Neuron, Bouvier et al. (2020) and Guitchounts et al. (2020) examine the detailed circuitry that supports a flexible integration of head and visual signals in rodent primary visual cortex.
PERFUSION, MICROVASCULAR DISEASE, AND WOUND HEALING

SUMMARY The common findings in these systemic diseases that can result in poor wound healing are anatomic and biochemical changes in the microvascular structure and function. The common outcome is tissue hypoxia in the wound microenvironment. Whereas the normal healing wound exhibits central hypoxia, and this is known to promote angiogenesis, oxygenation from the periphery must be adequate for normal healing to occur. It is clear that low tissue oxygen tensions impair healing.12 Whereas the typical wound-healing problems in diabetes, connective tissue diseases, and Buerger's disease are seen in the extremities, evidence suggests that the microvascular changes with resulting tissue inability to respond to the demands of healing occur in many or all tissues. Although we think of the blood supply to the head and neck region as generally adequate for healing, in these patients it is not basal supply, but the ability of the microvasculature to vasodilate and produce the hyperemic response to trauma that is crucial for wound healing. Consideration must be given to these findings in treating patients whose systemic disease may result in poor tissue oxygenation. Because inadequate tissue oxygenation predisposes to infection,22 antibiotic therapy or hyperbaric oxygen therapy or both may be indicated, based on clinical findings. Incisions should be designed to maximize postoperative blood supply to the wound.” Local treatment of the ischemic wound with topical oxygen-releasing compounds is an experimental technique that may increase perfusion and wound oxygenation.21 Recognition and management of the underlying systemic disease are clearly of major importance. As clearly has been shown in diabetes, microvascular complications are associated with long-term poor control of glucose levels.1 With understanding of the underlying disorder of wound healing in these conditions, therapy may be modified to maximize the desired clinical outcome.
Glucose tolerance in adults after prenatal exposure to famine.

Sir—L H Lumey (Feb 10, p 472) responds to our report on glucose tolerance after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine. He claims that we did not recognise his contributions and that we breached publication ethics. I was the principal investigator of the Dutch Famine Study in Amsterdam, and was directly responsible for the execution of the study. All communications with Lumey went through me. Our reply to Lumey’s letter was short because we believe that discussions about authorship and our relationship with Lumey should not be held in the columns of The Lancet. Your reply in the same issue makes clear to me that I have to respond in more detail. Lumey’s representation of our collaboration differs substantially from mine on several points, and he strongly overstates his role. Lumey claims to be the initiator of the study. He had done a study in the 1980s on size at birth and subsequent reproductive performance of 1067 women born around the time of the Dutch famine, many of whom were included in the later study. However, the present collaboration between the Academic Medical Center (AMC) in Amsterdam and the Medical Research Council (MRC) in Southampton to study the effects of prenatal exposure on glucose tolerance and cardiovascular disease in adult life was started in the early 1990s after a meeting between D Barker and a Dutch gynaecologist, then at the Unit of Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, University of Bristol, UK. Lumey became involved in the study after that meeting, and the possibilities for a collaborative study were further explored. A grant application was submitted to the European Union, but was not accepted. Lumey left Amsterdam for New York in the spring of 1993. I and my colleagues from the MRC made several grant applications in the summer of 1993 (MRC, Diabetes Fonds Nederland, and Wellbeing UK), which were all successful. Lumey commented only on the MRC grant application on which he was a coapplicant. This information is not consistent with his claims that he expanded the Amsterdam team of collaborators and, together with the Southampton team, started preparations for the new study, and that his colleagues in Amsterdam completed the work after he left the Netherlands. Lumey did not participate in the practical execution of the study, and he again exaggerates his contribution by writing “we assessed around 740 people”. The real question is whether being named on a grant proposal without substantial contribution to any aspect of the study qualifies Lumey for authorship. Under the Vancouver Group Guidelines, it does not. Inadvertent breaches of publication ethics do occur. I myself was acknowledged without my knowledge or permission. The publication of Lumey’s allegations, as well as the implied support by The Lancet, may be damaging for the future of the Dutch Famine study. Such damage is regrettable, since we have a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of maternal starvation during gestation on health later in life. I see no purpose in continuing a public debate about this matter.
Functional difficulties mediate the association between exposure to adverse childhood experiences and headaches among children: Findings from a population-based study.

BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are commonly observed in the general population and often have lasting neurological and physiological effects. Previous studies have found links between exposure to ACEs, headaches, and functional difficulties in adults. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which exposure to ACEs is associated with headaches among children. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between exposure to ACEs and headaches in children, and whether functional difficulties mediate this association. METHODS Data for this cross-sectional secondary analysis study came from the 2017-2018 National Survey of Children's Health. The sample analyzed in this study was 40,953 children who were between ages 3 and 17 years. We adjusted for the complexity of the sampling design and used structural equation modeling to examine the mediating effect of functional difficulties in the association between exposure to ACEs and headaches. RESULTS Based on parent reports, we found that 4.1% (1697/40,953) of the children reported frequent or severe headaches, and 9.5% (3906/40,953) were exposed to three or more ACEs. About one in four children (23.4%; 9601/40,953) had at least one functional difficulty. The results show that exposure to ACEs was directly positively associated with functional difficulties (β = 0.16, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.15-0.17), and functional difficulties were in turn positively associated with headaches (β = 0.17, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.12-0.22). The Sobel test of indirect effect showed that functional difficulties partially mediated the association between exposure to ACEs and headaches (β = 0.027, p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.022-0.029). Also, older children and children with brain injury were more likely to report experiencing headaches. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study suggest an association between exposure to ACEs and headaches among children, and functional difficulties partially mediate this association.
Bayesian sensitivity principles for evidence based knowledge

In this paper, I propose and defend a pair of necessary conditions on evidence-based knowledge which bear resemblance to the troubled sensitivity principles defended in the philosophical literature (notably by Fred Dretske). We can think of the traditional principles as simple but inaccurate approximations of the new proposals. Insofar as the old principles are intuitive and used in scientific and philosophical contexts, but are plausibly false, there’s a real need to develop precise and correct formulations. These new renditions turned out to be more cautious, so they won’t be able to do everything the old principled promised they could. For example, they respect closure for knowledge. But these sober formulations, or something like them, might be the best that we can do with respect to sensitivity. And there’s value in understanding the limits to these types of principles.
Project ECHO: Improving Rural Dermatology Through Digital Primary Care Education

Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) is a virtual platform for expanding healthcare communities’ knowledge and creating communication between primary care physicians (PCP) with various specialties. Dermatology is one of the many specialties that has adopted ECHO. Information was gathered through a thorough literature review in addition to interviews with experts in Dermatology ECHO. This chapter will discuss ECHO’s basics, how it began, applications in dermatology, and benefits and limitations. This chapter also includes a discussion highlighting ECHO’s best practices that maximize the practical aspects as well as ECHO’s future.
Personalizing routine lab tests with machine learning.

Machine learning applied to electronic medical records can be used to create personalized lab-test reference ranges and to quantify disease risk, which will pave the way for precision medicine in clinical care.
Adapt to Adaptation: Learning Personalization for Cross-Silo Federated Learning.

The goal of conventional federated learning (FL) is to train a global model for a federation of clients with decentralized data, reducing the systemic privacy risk of centralized training. The distribution shift across non-IID datasets, also known as the data heterogeneity, often poses a challenge for this one-global-model-fits-all solution. In this work, we propose APPLE, a personalized cross-silo FL framework that adaptively learns how much each client can benefit from other clients' models. We also introduce a method to flexibly control the focus of training APPLE between global and local objectives. We empirically evaluate our method's convergence and generalization behavior and performed extensive experiments on two benchmark datasets and two medical imaging datasets under two non-IID settings. The results show that the proposed personalized FL framework, APPLE, achieves state-of-the-art performance compared to several other personalized FL approaches in the literature.
The High Resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS)

The High Resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) is a device designed to measure the infrared spectrum (3.5–17μm) with very high spectral resolution (<0.1% v) and radiometric accuracy (errors <1% absolute and <0.2% relative). Measurements are currently being obtained from a NASA U2 aircraft flying at 65,000 feet. This paper describes the HIS aircraft system and provides a few examples of the remote sensing capabilities of the instrument.
Abstract P1-15-02: Utilization of hypofractionated radiation therapy for early stage breast cancer in women over 50 years of age

Purpose: Hypofractionated whole breast irradiation (HF-WBI) following breast conserving surgery for early stage breast cancer is now recommended for women over 50 years of age by the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO). Herein, we explored the rate of HF-WBI utilization and its associated patterns of care using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), a comprehensive oncology outcomes database which captures 70% of all newly diagnosed cancer patients in the US. Methods: We utilized NCDB to identify women aged ≥50 diagnosed with T1N0/T1Nx invasive breast cancer or Tis (DCIS) who underwent breast conserving surgery and adjuvant whole breast external beam radiation therapy. HF-WBI was defined when a definitive radiation dose (≥40 Gy) was delivered in ≤23 fractions. We evaluated factors associated with the use of HF-WBI through exploratory univariate and multivariable analyses. Results: A total of 311,071 patients from 1998-2011 met inclusion criteria. The commonest HF-WBI regimen was 42.56 Gy in 16 fractions. The rate of HF-WBI utilization increased over time from 0.4% in 1998 to 16.5% in 2011 (p Conclusions: This comprehensive patterns of care study of HF-WBI in women ≥50 years old with early stage breast cancer from a national database identified a substantial increase in the utilization of this technique with time. Advancing patient age and treatment at academic facility were also strong predictors of delivery of HF-WBI. Disparities in utilization of HF-WBI and overall employment of this technique, even in later years, remain suboptimal. Strategies to identify and break barriers to the adoption of HF-WBI should be explored. Citation Format: Malolan S Rajagopalan, Craig Lehocky, John C Flickinger, Dwight E Heron, Paniti Sukumvanich, Joseph L Kelley, Gretchen M Ahrendt, Sushil Beriwal. Utilization of hypofractionated radiation therapy for early stage breast cancer in women over 50 years of age [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-15-02.
Congressional Dominance and the International Trade Commission

This study examines the unfair trade decisions of the InternationalTrade Commission (ITC) and how they have been affected by Congress.It begins by identifying the means Congress can use to influenceITC decisions and then estimates both the extent to which thesemeans have been used and the extent to which they have shaped theITC's behavior. The study reaches two conclusions. First, Congresshas tried to shape the ITC's behavior, but it has not tried tomicromanage this behavior. Second, while the ITC's behavior hasbeen influenced by Congress, congressional influence is not asimportant as other factors, such as statutory criteria.
Isospectral polygons, planar graphs and heat content

Given a pair of planar isospectral, nonisometric polygons constructed as a quotient of the plane by a finite group, we construct an associated pair of planar isospectral, nonisometric weighted graphs. Using the natural heat operators on the weighted graphs, we associate to each graph a heat content. We prove that the coefficients in the small time asymptotic expansion of the heat content distinguish our isospectral pairs. As a corollary, we prove that the sequence of exit time moments for the natural Markov chains associated to each graph, averaged over starting points in the interior of the graph, provides a collection of invariants that distinguish isospectral pairs in general.
Engineering Process Control

This article addresses the similarities and distinctions between traditional statistical process control (SPC) methods (see Control Charts, Overview) and engineering process control (EPC) methods (see Feedback Control). Both techniques share a primary goal of reducing process variation while maintaining target values. The strategic and mathematical foundations for the techniques are, however, quite different. These differences have led to confusion surrounding the appropriate choice of control method when both SPC and EPC appear to be viable quality tools. This article provides a brief overview of SPC and EPC methods and seeks to clarify the relationship between these two complementary methods. Keywords: quality control; process monitoring; auto-correlated data; control charts; PID control
A Reusable Model for Data-Centric Web Services

Service-oriented computing (SoC) promotes a paradigm where enterprise applications can be transformed into reusable, network-accessible software modules or services (i.e. Web services). In many cases, existing concrete applications can be wrapped to perform within the SoC environment by (1) converting their required input data and output provisions into XML-based messages (e.g. SOAP) and (2) specifying the newly-created services using other XML-based software specifications (e.g. WSDL). In addition, enterprise organizations also devise natural language specifications to describe the service capability. Unfortunately, consumers of these capabilities often misinterpret the data requirements for using the underlying services. In this paper, we propose a generic model for data-centric Web Services that aids formal specification of service-data interactions and provides practical and verifiable solutions to eliminate data ambiguity and promote service reusability.
Performance of Micro-Modem PSK signaling with a mobile transmitter during the 2010 MACE experiment

During the 2010 MIMO Acoustic Communications Experiment (MACE) sponsored by ONR, 12 investigators participated with new signals and receiver algorithms with the goal of establishing performance for next-generation acoustic communications systems using a towed transmitter. In addition to testing these new approaches, the signals developed and used for the WHOI Micro-Modem over the past ten years were also transmitted and collected on several different receivers. These signals serve as a benchmark for the current generation of multichannel algorithms that use a decision-feedback equalizer with least-mean squares adaptation that can run in real-time on a low-power DSP. Performance was tested using a QPSK signal with 5 kHz bandwidth and two types of error-correction coding that result in approximately 520 bps burst throughput for the low rate packet and 5000 bps burst throughput for the high rate packet in the actual modem, using a carrier of 13 kHz. The test provided an excellent performance benchmark and complements previous work done during the ONR-funded RACE and SPACE experiments. The deeper-water propagation channel and the mobility of the transmitter during MACE provided for additional performance data in a more highly time-varying environment.
Damage to fetal bovine ovarian tissue caused by cryoprotectant exposure and vitrification is mitigated during tissue culture

Purpose The objective of this study is to characterize the impact of exposure to cryoprotectants followed by vitrification on primordial follicle survival and activation using a fetal bovine model.
Reconstruction of Fire Disturbance and Forest Succession from Fossil Pollen in Lake Sediments: Potential and Limitations

The size of a fire, its proximity to a lake and the size of the lake all affect the way the fire is represented in pollen records. To quantify how these three factors affect pollen representation of disturbance events such as fires, computer simulation models of pollen deposition on a lake were applied. As a model input, we used both a vegetation map of the boreal forest around Rainbow Lake A (3 ha in size), Alberta, Canada, and an hypothetical map of patchy vegetation, which consists of circular patches of aspen and spruce in a matrix of pine, with a circular lake (3 ha) at the center.
Disclosure Quality and Market Liquidity

We find that firms with higher quality disclosures have lower effective bid-ask spreads and lower adverse selection spread components. In contrast, we also find that firms with higher quality disclosures have lower quoted depths, resulting in no unambiguous conclusion regarding market liquidity and disclosure quality. These results illustrate the importance of examining both spreads and depths when studying market liquidity. We reconcile these seemingly conflicting results by performing a series of tests involving trade sizes and depths. We conclude that a policy of higher quality disclosures does, indeed, enhance a firm's market liquidity. In addition, our analyses suggest it is the quality of accounting information, rather than management's private communications with analysts, that drives relations between information quality and market liquidity. Thus our results suggest high quality accounting information, publicly available to all investors, helps reduce information asymmetry.