cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disentangling ethnicity, socioeconomic status and parenting: Interactions, influences and meaning

Abstract Internationally and domestically there has been increased attention given to the influence of ethnic, cultural, economic and contextual factors as they influence parenting, family dynamics and children's developmental and mental health outcomes. Increased globalization and migration has heightened concerns about assuring that developmental theories and evidence-based programs and practices are sensitive to variations in parental beliefs, practices and their impact on child outcomes. This article integrates theories and worldviews that undergird research-focused understanding the role of ethnicity, culture and context on family dynamics and children's developmental outcomes. In addition, limitations in research designs for highlighting the interactive influences of ethnicity, socioeconomic status and community context on families are discussed in light of research designs that are heuristic in disentangling these factors for the purposes of developing culturally sensitive and appropriate theories,...
Bisphenol A reactions with hydroxyl radicals: diverse pathways determined between deionized water and tertiary treated wastewater solutions

The oxidative reactions of bisphenol A (BPA) with radiolytically generated hydroxyl radicals were studied in both deionized water and tertiary treated wastewaters. In deionized water, bisphenol A reacts with the hydroxyl radical by addition to the aromatic ring, k = 6.9 × 109 (±0.2) M−1 s−1, to eventually form the prominent, long-lived, hydroxylated intermediate product. In contrast, in tertiary treated water solutions, although the initial hydroxyl radical addition reaction occurs, the hydroxylation is averted, and a different mechanistic pathway ensues. The removal constant for the hydroxyl radical reaction with BPA is 0.45 ± 0.04 μmol/kGy, corresponding to an overall degradation efficiency of 76%.
Effect of varying metabolizable energy and crude protein concentrations in diets of Pearl Gray guinea fowl pullets. 2. Egg production performance.

This study was undertaken to assess dietary ME and CP concentrations for optimum growth performance of Pearl Gray guinea fowl pullets. In a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, 540 one-day-old Pearl Gray guinea keets were randomly assigned to experimental diets with 2,900, 3,000, and 3,100 kcal of ME/kg of diet, each containing 20, 22, and 24% CP, respectively, from 0 to 8 wk of age (WOA). From 9 to 16 WOA, these diets were adjusted to contain 3,000, 3,100, and 3,200 kcal of ME/ kg, and each had 17, 19, and 21% CP, respectively. Each dietary treatment was replicated 4 times, and feed and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight and feed consumption were measured weekly. Mortality was recorded as it occurred. Overall, feed consumption was higher in birds on 2,900 and 3,000 kcal of ME/kg of feed and the 24 and 21% CP diets than other dietary treatments at 0 to 8 and 9 to 16 WOA, respectively. When compared with other dietary treatments, cumulative BW gains were higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed 3,000, 3,000 and 3,100, and 3,100 and 3,200 kcal of ME/kg of diet at 2 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 to 16 WOA, respectively. Pullets receiving 24 and 21% CP diets also exhibited higher BW gains than other dietary treatments at 0 to 8 and 9 to 16 WOA, respectively. Feed conversion ratios were lower (P < 0.05) in birds fed 3,000, 3,100, and both 3,100 and 3,200 kcal of ME/kg of diet at 1 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 to 16 WOA, respectively, than other dietary treatments. Pullets fed 24% CP diets and either 17 or 19% CP diets exhibited lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratios than other dietary treatments at 1 to 8 and 9 to 16 WOA, respectively. Thus, diets comprising 3,000 and 3,100 kcal of ME/kg were utilized more efficiently by the Pearl Gray guinea fowl pullets at 0 to 5 and 5 to 16 WOA, respectively. Also, these birds more efficiently utilized diets containing 24 and 17% CP at 0 to 8 and 9 to 16 WOA, respectively.
Efficient calculation of liquid-crystal-display viewing characteristics

The viewing characteristics of a liquid-crystal display (LCD) are most reliably computed using the 4 × 4 propagation-matrix formalism of Berreman [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.62, 502 ( 1972)]. Each viewing direction is specified by a polar angle ψ, (angle of incidence) and an azimuthal angle η, which describes the display orientation with respect to the plane of incidence. To describe LCD viewing characteristics completely, propagation matrices must be computed for (ψ, η) pairs spanning the angular ranges 0 ≤ ψ, ≤ 90°, 0 ≤ η ≤ 360° or, equivalently, −90° ≤ ψ ≤ 90°, 0 ≤ η < 180°. We report some previously unrecognized relations between elements of liquid-crystal propagation matrices for positive and negative angles of incidence. Using these relations can, under certain conditions, reduce by almost a factor of 2 the number of computations needed to describe completely the viewing characteristics of an LCD.
Delayed Diagnosis in Children with Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors

Objective To review symptoms and provider history in a large cohort of patients with germ cell tumors (GCTs) to highlight the variety of manifestations and assess the effect of delayed diagnosis on outcomes. Study design Patients treated for intracranial pure germinoma and nongerminomatous GCTs at Massachusetts General Hospital between 1998 and 2012 were included (n = 70). The primary outcome was time from onset of symptoms to diagnostic imaging. Delay was defined as an interval of ≥6 months. Results The median duration of symptoms before diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging was 6 months (range, 2 days to 72 months). Thirty-eight of the 70 patients (54%) had a delayed diagnosis. Patients with suprasellar tumors presented with symptoms related to endocrinopathies, and patients with pineal region tumors presented with symptoms related to hydrocephalus. Most of the patients were evaluated by a general pediatrician (49%) and/or pediatric subspecialists (66%) before diagnosis. Patients with delayed diagnosis saw a greater number of physicians before diagnosis (P = .006). The majority of patients (63%) with delayed diagnosis were seen by 2 or more physicians, and many (40%) were seen by 2 or more subspecialists. Progression-free survival was similar in the patients with delayed diagnosis and those without delayed diagnosis (P = .90), but the former were more likely to present with disseminated disease at diagnosis (34% vs 6%; P = .007). Conclusion A significant proportion of patients with GCT experience a delay in time to diagnosis, in some cases despite evaluation by general pediatricians and specialists. This delay increases the risk of disseminated disease.
A 4000-Year Lacustrine Record of Environmental Change in the Southern Maya Lowlands, Petén, Guatemala

A 4000-yr sediment core record from Lake Salpeten, Guatemala, provides evidence for Maya-induced forest clearance and consequent soil erosion between ∼1700 cal yr B.C. and 850 cal yr A.D. Radiocarbon ages of wood, seeds, and charcoal support an age-depth model with average errors of ±110 cal yr. Relatively low carbonate δ18O values between 1300 and 400 cal yr B.C. coincide with pollen evidence for forest loss, consistent with increased surface and groundwater flow to the lake. Minimum δ18O values between 400 cal yr B.C. and 150 cal yr A.D. suggest a high lake level, as do 14C-dated aquatic gastropods as much as 7.5 m above the present lake stage. High lake levels resulted from reduced evaporation-to-precipitation ratios, increased hydrologic input caused by anthropogenic deforestation, or both. The Preclassic abandonment (150 A.D.) and Early Classic/Late Classic boundary (550 A.D.) are marked by relatively high δ18O values indicating reduced lake levels. Oxygen isotope composition increased further coincident with the Terminal Classic Maya demographic decline between 800 and 900 A.D. This period of high δ18O may have been caused by the greater aridity that has been documented in northern Yucatan lakes or by decreased hydrologic input to the lake as a consequence of forest recovery. Reduced soil erosion after 850 cal yr A.D. coincided with the Terminal Classic Maya demographic decline and permitted forest recovery and resumption of organic sedimentation.
Performance limitations of joint variable-feedback controllers due to manipulator structural flexibility

The performance limitations of manipulators under joint variable-feedback control are studied as a function of the mechanical flexibility inherent in the manipulator structure. A finite-dimensional time-domain dynamic model of a two-link, two-joint planar manipulator is used in the study. Emphasis is placed on determining the limitations of control algorithms that use only joint variable-feedback information in calculations of control decisions, since most motion control systems in practice are of this kind. Both fine and gross motion cases are studied. Results for fine motion agree well with previously reported results in the literature and are also helpful in explaining the performance limitations in fast gross motions. >
Impact of a Methyl Parathion Spray Program on the Alfalfa Weevil Parasite, Bathyplectes curculionis, in Pennsylvania

A 4-yr study determined the impact of methyl parathion, as commonly used against the alfalfa weevil, on the alfalfa weevil parasite Bathyplectes curculionis in Pennsylvania. The 1st generation of B. curculionis each spring coincided with the peak alfalfa weevil larval population and produced the greatest number of parasitized larvae. Each year the insecticide treatment significantly reduced the number of immature and adult parasites. The parasite-host ratio also declined relative to that in the unsprayed area. One week after spraying, each year, the numbers of immature parasites were reduced 93.2–100%. This reduction over the total period between spray and harvest ranged between 84.6 and 95.3%. In addition, the number of nonparasitized host weevil larvae also declined to near undetectable levels, consequently, reducing the oviposition potential for any adult parasites surviving in the sprayed area. The number of parasite larvae in the methyl parathion area declined significantly during the 3-yr spray program. During the 4th yr, when no spray was applied, B. curculionis larval populations increased in both the sprayed and unsprayed areas. However, the population in the sprayed area remained significantly lower than that in the unsprayed area indicating that B. curculionis populations did not fully recover following 3 yr of insecticide stress. The reduction in parasite numbers during this study was accompanied by a 9x increase in the weevil larval population. It is apparent that alfalfa weevil management schemes which do not judiciously integrate insecticide programs with B. curculionis biology can greatly reduce this parasite's potential.
All optical XOR, CNOT gates with initial insight for quantum computation using linear optics

The design for an all optical XOR gate is proposed. The basic idea is to split the input beams and let them cancel or strengthen each other selectively or flip the encoded information based on their polarization properties. The information is encoded in terms of polarization of the beam. Polarization of a light beam is well understood hence the design should be feasible to implement. The truth table of the optical circuit is worked out and compared with the expected truth table. Then it is demonstrated that the design complies with the linear behavior of the XOR function. In the next section, based on a similar idea, the design of an all optical CNOT gate is proposed. The truth table for the gate is verified. Then, it is discussed how this approach can be used for Linear Optics Quantum Computation (LOQC). It is shown that with a Hadamard gate and a rotation gate, the CNOT gate makes up a universal set of quantum gates based on linear optics. This novel approach requires no additional power supply, extra input beam or ancilla photon to operate. It also doesn't require the expensive and complex single photon source and detector. Only narrowband laser sources are required to operate these gates.
Community policing: Did it change the basic functions of policing in the 1990s? A national follow-up study

This article examines changes in organizational priorities related to the three core functions of American policing—crime control, the maintenance of order, and the provision of services—during the era of community-oriented policing (COP). The change in priorities is analyzed using panel data from three national surveys of more than 200 municipal police departments conducted in 1993, 1996, and 2000. The primary finding is that police core-function priorities remained largely unchanged during this period. However, the systematic implementation of COP programs reflects an all-out effort to address all three core functions of policing at a higher level of achievement.
World-wide ambient measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and implications for plant injury

Abstract Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a major phytotoxic component of the photochemical oxidant complex in southern California, but its distribution and effects in other parts of the world are very poorly understood. Based on ambient air sampling at Riverside, California, in 1980, and published reports of PAN concentrations from other parts of the world, PAN concentrations in southern California appear to be five to ten times higher than those reported from eastern North America, western Europe, or Japan. PAN in Riverside, California, averaged 8.1 ppb in July, 9.4 ppb in September and 8.8 ppb in October 1980. These values represent the average of 48 measurements made at 15-min intervals between 0800 and 2000 LT. Potentially phytotoxic episodes, defined herein as PAN > 15 ppb for 4 h during the a.m. period or > 25 ppb for 4h in the p.m. period occurred 27 times in Riverside in 1980. These data were similar to PAN concentrations recorded in the mid 1960s in the Los Angeles Basin, indicating that PAN continues to be a serious air pollution problem in southern California. In contrast, PAN normally averages 1 ppb or less outside of southern California, and because of this low concentration, PAN by itself does not appear to be a major cause of photochemical oxidant injury to vegetation in those regions.
Dental Health Education for All West Virginians I. Its Organization

The writers present the program of dental health education now instituted in West Virginia.
Ending Civil Wars: A Case for Rebel Victory?

Since 1990, negotiated settlements have become the preferred means for settling civil wars. Historically, however, these types of settlements have proven largely ineffective: civil wars ended by negotiated settlement are more likely to recur than those ending in victory by one side or the other. A theoretical and statistical analysis of how civil wars end reveals that the type of ending influences the prospects for longer-term outcomes. An examination of all civil war endings since 1940 finds that rebel victories are more likely to secure the peace than are negotiated settlements. A statistical analysis of civil wars from 1940 to 2002 and the case of Uganda illustrate why rebel victories result in more stable outcomes. Expanding scholarly and policy analysis of civil war termination types beyond the current default of negotiated settlement to include victories provides a much larger set of cases and variables to draw upon to enhance understanding of the conditions most likely to support long-term stability, democracy, and prosperity.
Frequency Conversion Of Visible Lasers

The recent emergence of efficient high-power lasers in the visible-UV region has led to their serious consideration for a number of applications. However, for some of these applications, while the lasers' output power and efficiency are quite adequate, their output wavelengths are inappropriate. In these instances, then, means of shifting the laser wavelengths without undue sacrifices, in the overall efficiency of the system and the spatial quality of the beam must be found. Two properties that any wavelength conversion scheme in this connection must have are simplicity and scalability.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Solution Looking for a Problem [Point of View]

Lasers have enabled 26 Nobel prizes, in physics, chemistry, and medicine; the continuing research of these Nobelists and others will enable more and more applications. We will see numerous further scientific advances aided by lasers, particularly in biology and medicine, and we will see more Nobel prizes to add to those already attributable to the laser. While the days of inventing new lasers are mostly over, the days of scientists and engineers using them will continue and grow. As with their unseen presence in the Internet, lasers will become an increasingly important, but invisible, part of the technologies that we use everyday.
Evaporation of He 3 Atoms from Liquid He 3 -He 4 Mixtures

Green function theory of evaporation of He 3 atoms from liquid He 3/He 4 mixtures, determining energy distribution
Cannabiripsol: a novel Cannabis constituent.

Cannabiripsol [(−)(6aR, 9S, 10S, 10aR)9,10-dihydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol] (1), a new cannabinoid was isolated from a South African Cannabis variant. The structure was determined by spectral means and by synthesis.
Drosophila mojoless, a Retroposed GSK-3, Has Functionally Diverged to Acquire an Essential Role in Male Fertility

Retroposition is increasingly recognized as an important mechanism for the acquisition of new genes. We show that a glycogen synthase kinase-3 gene, shaggy (sgg), retroposed at least 50 MYA in the Drosophila genus to generate a new gene, mojoless (mjl). We have extensively analyzed the function of mjl and examined its functional divergence from the parental gene sgg in Drosophila melanogaster. Unlike Sgg, which is expressed in many tissues of both sexes, Mjl is expressed specifically in the male germ line, where it is required for male germ line survival. Our analysis indicates that mjl has acquired a specific function in the maintenance of male germ line viability. However, it has not completely lost its ancestral biochemical function and can partially compensate for loss of the parental gene sgg when ectopically expressed in somatic cells. We postulate that mjl has undergone functional diversification and is now under stabilizing selection in the Drosophila genus.
Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in depression and response to antidepressants

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder encompassing a wide range of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions. The prevalence of MDD is expected to continue its growth to become the second leading cause of disease burden (after HIV) by 2030. Despite an extensive research effort, the exact etiology of MDD remains elusive and the diagnostics uncertain. Moreover, a marked inter-individual variability is observed in the vulnerability to develop depression, as well as in response to antidepressant treatment, for nearly 50% of patients. Although a genetic component accounts for some cases of MDD, it is now clearly established that MDD results from strong gene and environment interactions. Such interactions could be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, defined as chromatin and DNA modifications that alter gene expression without changing the DNA structure itself. Some epigenetic mechanisms have recently emerged as particularly relevant molecular substrates, promoting vulnerability or resilience to the development of depressive-like symptoms. Although the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the pathophysiology of MDD remains unclear, its modulation of the efficacy of antidepressants is clearly established. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the epigenetic mechanisms regulating the expression of BDNF in humans and in animal models of depression, and discuss their role in individual differences in vulnerability to depression and response to antidepressant drugs.
Sisyphus Had It Easy: Reflections of Two Decades of Teaching the Sociological Imagination.

The Sociological Imagination is among the most recognized books in the history of American Sociology. Yet, the sociological imagination as such, a radical form of self-consciousness, is not commonly well understood nor easily acquired. This essay examines the challenges thus faced by instructors who seek to accurately impart what Mills meant by his famous neologism and the even stiffer challenge for those struggling to instill the sociological imagination in their students. Two pertinent examples of creative and probably productive pedagogy are discussed, Maurice R. Stein's “Sociology of Birth & Death” at Brandeis University and Brian Rich's senior seminar in sociology at Transylvania University. The essay concludes with advice for the instructor in pursuit of fidelity to Mills's original argument and guidance vis-a-vis the typical constraints encountered in today's classrooms.
Influence of reflecting boundaries and finite interfacial thickness on the coherent backscattering cone.

We investigate the effect of reflecting boundary conditions on the shape of the coherent backscattering (CB) cone of light by measuring the CB cone from a suspension of microspheres as a function of the thickness of the glass window containing the sample. The reflection from the air-glass interface is observed to narrow the cone, as previously predicted and observed; however, the finite thickness of the window introduces a slope discontinuity in the CB cone. The dominant contribution to the cone for angles less than the kink is from reflected light, while the cone at angles higher than the kink arises from light that directly leaves the sample. Thus the study of the CB cone as a function of window thickness offers an experimental method of separating the component of the cone due to interfacial reflectivity from the directly backscattered component. Monte Carlo simulations of the path length distribution of multiply scattered light were performed and compared well with both measurement and theories incorporating reflecting interfaces. It was found that under certain circumstances an interface of finite width lowered the CB cone height. Additionally, high quality measurements of the CB cone from Mie scatterers revealed an anisotropy in the cone similar to the case of Rayleigh spheres. Finally, the influence of reflecting boundaries on the decay of the temporal autocorrelation function and the height of the CB cone were investigated.
Parent satisfaction with children’s mental health services in a children’s mental health managed care demonstration

This article presents findings from a quasi-experiment that included the use of satisfaction scales to compare parent’s satisfaction with the services their children received through two different mental health care delivery systems. Satisfaction with the following three types of service were compared: (1) intake assessment during the admission process to any service setting, (2) outpatient services, and (3) residential treatment including inpatient hospitalization and residential treatment centers (RTCs). Additionally, satisfaction with several areas of care (e.g., access, treatment process, therapist relationship, parent and family services, discharge and transition planning), as well as global satisfaction, was assessed. In general, parents whose children received services through an innovative continuum of care system reported significantly higher satisfaction with intake assessment and outpatient services than did parents whose children received care in a traditional fee-for-service system. Fewer differences were found in satisfaction with residential services.
CURE APPEARANCE DEVELOPMENT IN PASTEURIZED CUCUMBER PICKLE MESOCARP TISSUE ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEOLYSIS

Cure appearance development (CAD) of sliced fresh-pack cucumber pickles causes loss of appearance of freshness, which limits market-life. Objectives of this study were to determine differences in hydration characteristics of alcohol-insoluble substances (AIS) and proteins between noncured and cured mesocarp tissues from sliced pasteurized pickles, and the effects of protease on CAD. CAD began close to the placenta and proceeded toward sliced tissues, which were the last to lose white appearance. The rate and total amount of water absorption by AIS from cured mesocarp were substantially greater than that from mesocarp without CAD. CAD increased protein solubility and reduced the protein size indicating involvement of proteolysis. Treatment of fresh mesocarp tissues by pepsin simulated CAD, AIS hydration characteristics and protein degradation that occurred in pasteurized fresh-pack pickles during storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Because protein degradation appears to be closely associated with cure appearance development (CAD), methods to retard proteolysis should prolong the market-life of sliced fresh pickle products based on the quality of appearance. Currently, sliced fresh-pack products are manufactured throughout the year in order to provide an appearance of freshness, which requires procurement from distant production areas. Methods that hinder CAD would provide the opportunity to extend storage of pickle products manufactured from local production areas.
Ravine streams: Persistent data streams in disruptive sensor networks

Opportunistic network coding has been developed and applied in disruptive networks to provide optimal data delivery. Though network coding system utilizes coding opportunities among multiple paths, its application in data collection suffers from a disconnected sink node and the limited storage space available for data cache. The state-of-the-art approach has studied preserving data persistence as an optimization problem under storage and energy constraints, without considering disruptive network dynamics during data redistribution. In this paper, we propose Ravine Streams (RS) to maximize data preservation under the constraints of limited storage and probabilistic node failure throughout data redistribution. Our RS approach leverages adaptive power control to achieve ensured storage of each redistribution data. Meanwhile, in the course of data redistribution, distributed coding-based rebroadcast strategy not only reduces the data duplication, but also improves the statistical property of symbol randomness. We show that the performance of preserving data persistence of proposed RS is approximately bounded by the optimal solutions. The experimental evaluations demonstrate that RS increases data delivery ratio, consumes even less communication energy with only comparable storage cost, when compared with existing data preserving algorithms.
Performance of transmit beamforming in Ricean fading channels: robustness on quantization error and feedback error

In this paper we examine the robustness of two element transmit beamforming in the presence of feedback delay and quantization error. Specifically, we examine the robustness of two-element beamforming techniques in the presence of Ricean fading. We show that when the fading is Ricean, feedback methods are significantly more robust than when the fading is Rayleigh. This is significant since many cellular operators have measured Ricean fading in large portions of their cellular networks.
Interdecadal and Interannual Oceanic / Atmospheric Variability and United States Seasonal Streamflow

A study of the influence of interdecadal and interannual oceanic / atmospheric influences on seasonal streamflow in the U.S. is presented. Unimpaired streamflow was identified for 639 stations in the U.S. for the period 1951 – 2002. Pacific Ocean [El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)] and Atlantic Ocean [Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO)] oceanic / atmospheric phases (e.g., warm or cold) were identified for the year (or season) prior to the year of the winter-spring season streamflow (i.e., long lead-time). Statistical significance testing of the difference in means (and medians) of streamflow, based on the interdecadal and interannual oceanic / atmospheric phase (warm or cold), was performed applying the two-sample t-test and the rank-sum test. Additionally, the coupled effects of the oceanic / atmospheric influences were evaluated, based on the long-term phase (warm or cold) of the interdecadal variables (PDO and AMO) and ENSO, and streamflow regions in the U.S. were identified that respond to these climatic couplings. The results show that, in addition to the well-established ENSO signal, the PDO and AMO influence streamflow variability in the United States. Additionally, the phase (warm or cold) of the PDO and AMO enhance (or dampen) the ENSO signal in several streamflow regions in the United States. By utilizing the winter-spring streamflow season (e.g., typical period of peak runoff) and the long lead-time for the oceanic / atmospheric variables, useful information can be provided to streamflow forecasters and water managers.
Changes over time in the self-reported level of response to alcohol.

Aims: A low level of response to alcohol, or the need for a higher number of drinks for an effect, is a risk factor for alcohol use disorders. The response to alcohol is usually measured in young subjects, and changes in this phenomenon over time have rarely been evaluated. Reports that, overall, individuals are likely to become more reactive to alcohol with advancing age led to the current evaluation to determine whether the number of drinks needed for an effect decreased between the teens and age 40 in a group of men. Methods: Data were available from the 20-year follow-up of 202 men who had originally been chosen at age 20 as nonalcoholic subjects from families at high and low risk for alcoholism. The number of drinks required for effects was determined through the Self- Report of the Effects of Alcohol questionnaire (SRE) regarding their recollection of their intensity of reaction early in their drinking careers, as well as reports regarding the recent (e.g. prior 3 month) response to alcohol at the 15- and 20-year follow-ups. Results: Overall, there was a slight decrease in the drinks required for effects (SRE scores) across the three time points which became significant when recent drinking and depressant medication use were evaluated as covariates. When nonalcoholic or light-drinking subjects were evaluated separately, the decrease in the number of drinks needed for effects was more prominent. Among heavier drinkers, there was an increase in the number of drinks required for effects over time. The findings were generally similar for men with and without alcoholic relatives. Conclusions: The development of a more intense reaction to alcohol, or the need for fewer drinks for an effect, with advancing age may only be relevant to lighter drinkers. Among heavier drinkers, the finding that a higher number of drinks are required for effects may be relatively stable over time.
Farmer willingness to supply poultry litter for energy conversion and to invest in an energy conversion cooperative.

Conversion of poultry litter to energy can serve as a renewable energy source and provide an alternative to land application in areas where poultry production is intensive. Economies of size may limit a farmer's ability to economically use on-farm conversion. Capital costs can be spread across several poultry farmers to convert poultry litter to energy in a centralized facility. This research determined influences on the amount of litter poultry producers will to sell to a centralized conversion facility, on their willingness to invest in a conversion cooperative, and on the prices for litter required to divert litter from current uses.
A Story of Family

The author of this column gives a vivid description of Parse's humanbecoming family model as lived in community. The story of M'Barek (Mark), who was imprisoned for 18 years, draws readers to a new understanding of family and community. Through the process of storytelling, Parse's essences of family are discussed.
Pesticide: Using SMT to Improve Performance of Pointer-Bug Detection

Pointer bugs associated with dynamically-allocated objects resulting in out-of-bounds memory access are an important class of software bugs. Because such bugs cannot be detected easily via static-checking techniques, dynamic monitoring schemes have been proposed. However, the key challenge with dynamic monitoring schemes is the runtime overhead (slowdowns of the order of lOx are common). Previous approaches have used thread-level speculation (TLS) to reduce the overhead. However, the approaches still incur substantial slowdowns while requiring complex TLS hardware. We make the key observation that because the monitor code and user code are largely and unambiguously independent, TLS hardware with all its complexity to handle speculative parallelism is unnecessary. We explicitly multithread the monitor code in which a thread checks one access and use SMT to exploit the parallelism in the monitor code. Despite multithreading the monitor code on SMT, dynamic monitoring slows down the user thread due to two problems: instruction overhead and insufficient overlap among the monitor threads. To address instruction overhead, we exploit the natural locality in the user thread addresses and memoize recent checks in a small table called the allocation-record-cache (ARC). However, programs making and accessing many small memory allocations cause many ARC misses and incur significant runtime overhead. To address this issue, we make a second key observation that because adjacent memory objects result in ARC entries with contiguous address ranges, the entries can be merged into one by simply merging the ranges into one. This merging increases the effective size of the ARC. Finally, insufficient overlap among monitor threads occurs because of inefficient synchronization to protect the allocation data structure updated by the user thread and read by the monitor threads. We make the third key observation that because monitor-thread reads occur for every check but user-thread writes occur only in allocations and deallocations, monitor reads are much more frequent than user writes. We propose a locking strategy, called biased lock, which puts the locking overhead on the writer away from the readers. We show that starting from a runtime overhead of 414% our scheme reduces this overhead to a respectable 24% running three monitor threads on an SMT using a 256-entry ARC with merging and biased lock.
Science communication and information dissemination: the role of the information professional in the 'Perception and Awareness of Science' project

The paper reports on the methodology and results of a project on the perception and awareness of science, carried out by the Italian National Research Council, the British Council Italy and the Rosselli Foundation. The project, addressed to upper high school and university students, aims to clarify understanding of the interaction between science and society both by means of information and communication technologies (ICT) and by means of public debates with scientists. Different obstacles encountered by the actors involved in the project are also outlined. Three topics have been chosen to stimulate public debate: GMOs, electromagnetic pollution and space exploration. The authors discuss the innovative methodology and the key stages involved in this process of awareness. Each public debate envisages four key steps: (i) setting up and supplying students with scientific documentation on a selected topic in electronic format, in order to highlight the potential of the internet in the process of information dissemination and how it can be effective in a project of science communication to the public; (ii) informed debate in the classroom between teachers and students on the chosen topic; (iii) public debate with Italian and British scientists; and (iv) a final report to be drawn up by the students.
Neurocognitive growth charting in psychosis spectrum youths.

Importance Psychosis-risk studies have examined help-seeking adolescents and young adults. Population-based studies evaluating psychotic symptoms and neurocognitive performance across childhood are needed for “growth charting” cognitive development. We hypothesized that psychosis spectrum youths have delayed neurocognitive age relative to chronological age. We expected larger lags with increased symptom severity and in late adolescence and early adulthood. Objectives To examine neurocognitive age and compare typically developing participants with psychosis spectrum participants. Design, Setting, and Participants The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort is a genotyped sample, with electronic medical records, enrolled in the study of brain behavior. In an academic and children’s hospital health care network, a structured psychiatric evaluation was performed and a computerized neurocognitive battery administered to evaluate performance in several domains. From 18 344 youths in the recruitment pool who were aged 8 to 21 years, physically and cognitively capable of participating, and proficient in English, participants were randomly selected with stratification for age, sex, and ethnicity. A total of 9138 participants were enrolled in the study between November 1, 2009, and November 30, 2011, and 2321 endorsed psychotic symptoms: 1423 significant (psychosis spectrum) and 898 limited (psychosis limited). They had no comorbid medical conditions. They were compared with 981 participants endorsing significant other psychiatric symptoms and with 1963 typically developing children with no psychiatric or medical disorders. Main Outcomes and Measures The computerized neurocognitive battery provides accuracy and speed measures on 12 tests and speed measures alone on 2, yielding 26 measures used in a regression analysis to predict chronological age. Prediction was performed on the entire set and separately for each domain (executive, episodic memory, complex cognition, social cognition, and sensorimotor speed). Results Throughout childhood and adolescence, the psychosis spectrum group had lower predicted age compared with the typically developing group and the group with other psychiatric symptoms. The psychosis spectrum group had a greater developmental lag than the psychosis limited group. The lags were most pronounced for complex cognition and social cognition and were smallest for sensorimotor speed. Conclusions and Relevance Individuals who endorse psychotic symptoms are neurocognitively delayed across the age range; this delay relates to symptom severity and is not prominent in other psychiatric disorders. Combined clinical and neurocognitive assessment can facilitate early detection and targeted intervention to delay or ameliorate disease progression.
Hydration Reactions and Etrringite Formation in Selected Cementitious Coal Conversion By-Products

Cementitious reactions and ettringite formation, which occur when water is added to high-calcium fly ash, to many dry flue gas desulfurization solids, and to two of the residues from the emerging “clean coal” technologies, fluidized bed combustion and limestone injection multiphase burner, have been studied. The parameters varied included water to solid ratio and curing time. Crystalline reactants and products were monitored by X-ray powder diffraction. The amount of ettringite, the principal crystalline cementitious reaction product, was determined after three months of curing. Results are discussed in terms of available Ca, Al and S in each by-product and w/s ratio.
Nonsurgical Rejuvenation of the Aging Face With Injectable Poly-L-Lactic Acid for Restoration of Soft Tissue Volume

Background: Characteristics of the aging face include soft tissue atrophy, loss of skin elasticity resulting in excess facial skin, and gravitational descent or ptosis of facial soft tissues. Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is a synthetic biodegradable polymer that provides soft tissue augmentation through stimulation of an inflammatory tissue response with subsequent collagen deposition. Objective: The authors discuss the special considerations inherent in facial aging, describe the mechanism of action and indications for a new PLLA filler under consideration for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval (Sculptra Aesthetic, sanofi-aventis US, Bridgewater, New Jersey), and detail the results of a two-year off-label pilot study with the product. Methods: The senior author (LAC) treated 106 patients with PLLA in an off-label indication, as part of a pilot study while Sculptra Aesthetic was being evaluated for FDA approval for cosmetic indications. All patients were followed up for two years to help develop a protocol for injection technique. Results: The age range of patients in this series was 40 to 78 years. Three patients were male and 103 were female. Patients received an average injection of 1.6 vials per session, over an average of 2.3 sessions, to achieve volume restoration in the tear trough, midface, malar region, nasolabial folds, prejowl area, mandibular border, and mandibular angle. The authors we achieved 100% follow-up with 99.1% patient satisfaction. The rate of nodule formation was 4.7% at a minimum follow-up of two years. Conclusions: Because of its unique mechanism of action, PLLA for nonsurgical facial rejuvenation requires meticulous injection technique with special considerations for optimizing outcomes and minimizing adverse events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AN EXPERIMENT FOR ASSESSING CYANIDE IN GOLD MINING WASTES

Abstract Gold mining wastes treated by heap leaching cyanidization typically contain several metallo-cyanide species. Accurate measurement of total cyanide by the most common methods in such a case may be hampered by the inadequate recoveries that occur for certain cyanide compounds (e.g., gold cyanide). Accurate measurement may be further hampered by the presence of other substances in the waste that act as interferences. A laboratory experiment using the EPA-approved ‘MIDI method’ was executed to assess the accuracy of the method when faced with various cyanide mixtures coupled with varying concentrations of several potential interferences. The mixture constituents and the particular interferences were chosen to simulate those that occur in gold mining wastes. This paper describes the statistical aspects of the design, which involves crossing a mixture experiment with variations in several process variables (total cyanide amount and concentrations of three potential interferences). The paper also describes the strategy used to arrive at the final prediction models.
Determination method of basic remedy in Compound Ribavirin nose drops

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for the determination of basic remedy in Compound Ribavirin nose drops.METHODS ZORBAX SB-CN(250mm×4.6mm,5μm) column was used to determine the content of Ribavirin and Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride,and the mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-phosphoric acid(38∶62∶0.1) was pumped at 1.0mL·min~(-1) through the column.The detector was set at 224nm. RESULTS A good linear relationship were obtained between the peak area and the concentration of Ribavirin from 0.1~1.0mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9990),and the average recovery was 100.3%,the RSD was 0.62%(n=9);the average recovery of Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride was 100.8%,the RSD was 0.54%(n=9).CONCLUSION The method for determination is simple,accurate,and relable.
Based on Finite Element Analysis of Rotary Drilling Rig Power Unit Reducer

Comparative analysis several rotary drilling rig the structure of reducer power equipment,the use of SolidWorks software to establish the hydraulic power unit driven three-dimensional solid model,with Simulation software for finite element static structural simulation analysis,and it analyzes reducer under normal drilling conditions of stress and strain in theory,provide the actual basis for the development and application on the rotary drilling rig power unit.
Study on the glycation of ovalbumin during vacuum drying with D-glucose using LC FT-ICR MS

The glycation of ovalbumin during vacuum drying with D-Glucose was studied using LC FT-ICR mass spectrometry.The protein coverage was as high as 100% with pepsin digestion followed by LC FT-ICR MS analysis.A number of Lysines of ovalbumin including K47,56,62,182,190,323 and 370 were glycated with the reduced sugar by Maillard Reaction during vacuum drying.However,the Arginine and amido of N-terminal were not glycated by the reduced sugar.At the same time,CID-MS/MS/MS was used to determine if m/z 7863+ was the new peak resulting from glycation,i.e.m/z7323+ plus 162Da.This paper provided a new method to study protein modifications in the amino acid sequence,offered an important reference for the vacuum drying applications.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE A PRIORI

But I have found no substantial reason for concluding that there are any quite black threads in it, or any white ones. W. V. O. Quine Introduction Part II was primarily concerned with the ontology of mathematics, although epistemological issues were never far off stage. However, in this final part of the book, we will be almost exclusively concerned with what are, broadly speaking, epistemological issues. We take up three interrelated topics: a priori truth, the normativity of mathematics, and the success of applied mathematics. All three of these topics have had a substantial presence in philosophy. For example, the success of applied mathematics played a significant role in motivating Kant 1965. Similarly, one or another notion of a priori truth has played a substantial role in the epistemology and metaphysics of many philosophers, even to this day. Finally, philosophers of mathematics have seen the normativity of mathematical law as a deep fact that rules out what might otherwise be appealing positions; for example, consider the use of it made by Frege and Husserl in their attacks on psychologism. By contrast, I have fairly deflationary views on a priori truth, the normativity of mathematics, and the success of applied mathematics; in particular, I believe that not much of philosophical interest follows from a close examination of any of these. Let us first consider a priori truth. Doctrines of a priori truth were motivated by the felt perception of a difference between the epistemic properties of mathematical truths and those of nonmathematical truths.
1.09 – Social Stress: Concepts, Assumptions, and Animal Models

Social stress is a hybrid field exploring processes that create vulnerabilities in health. Several influential animal models are reviewed. Models focusing on aggression and dominance, including the resident/intruder model, do not have strong translational value. Studies of voles and guinea pigs offer a corrective to the common reliance on aggression and dominance as the sole source of social stress. Primate models have explored mechanisms of sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system contributions in depth without oversimplifying social processes. New techniques that can model the full panoply of social influences and social proclivities in complex societies, including human society, are required.