cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaboration Online: The Application of Jigsaw Instructional Strategy

BRIEF SESSION DESCRIPTION:Effectively promoting student interactions and collaboration in a digital environment is critical for student success.AÂ This presentation outlines step-by-step how instructors can design and implement a group activity that supports students to work together as a team and accomplish a common goal in an online environment. By using a Jigsaw method, the group activity is structured so that each student has to be responsible for a predetermined task, as well as contribute to the team.AÂ The challenges of Jigsaw design in the digital world include the use of technology to support pedagogy, student preparation, timelines, and level of guided instructions. Tested tips to mitigate challenges will be shared.AÂ There will be time for a discussion on how participants can apply the Jigsaw design to support courses in their disciplines.AÂ Presenters will provide discipline-specific examples that have been built and taught in online courses that are relevant to participant interests. If time allows, additional variations of the Jigsaw design will be discussed.________________________________________________________________AÂ FULL ABSTRACT: Effectively promoting student interactions and collaboration in a digital environment is critical. AÂ The purpose of this presentation is to introduce online group collaboration using the Jigsaw instructional strategy and to discuss the challenges of online collaborative activities using the Jigsaw design. Jigsaw is an instructional strategy that breaks students into groups to collaboratively work on an assignment, which is separated into smaller tasks, and reach consensus regarding a final outcome. AÂ The Jigsaw method structures the group activity so that each student has to be responsible for a predetermined task as well as contribute to the team. The challenges of Jigsaw design in the digital world include the use of technology to support pedagogy, studentsA¢â¬â¢ characteristics, timelines, and guided instructions. Students will have to prepare themselves to work like an expert and no group can completely succeed unless everyone works well together as a team.AÂ This presentation highlights online collaboration and shows how instructors ensure students will work together as a team to accomplish the goal in an online environment. Presenters will share examples that have been built and taught in online courses. Also, the steps and tips for Jigsaw activity design and implementation will be presented. The audience will understand how to apply the Jigsaw design to support their pedagogy of online collaboration. The variations of the Jigsaw designs might be discussed and examined if time permits. At the end of the presentation, participants will understand how to apply the Jigsaw design and what they should consider when they ask students to collaborate in a fully online environment or blended setting.AÂ For more information about collaborative learning:AÂ https://stearnscenter.gmu.edu/teaching/collaborative-learning
Nanophotonic devices for power-efficient computing and optical interconnects

To solve the problem in huge power consumption of the data centers and cloud computing, we design an extreme optical adder architecture suitable for ultra-high bit count. n-bit full adder are full implementable on a silicon platform using guided wave optics.
Timing models for PTP in Ethernet networks

The 1588 Precision Timing Protocol (1588-PTP) states that a timestamp event is generated at the time of transmission and reception of any event message and that the timestamp event occurs when the message's timestamp point crosses the boundary between the node and the network (event generation points). The protocol defines the message timestamp point for an event message as the beginning of the first symbol after the Start of Frame (SoF) delimiter. Up to Ethernet link throughputs of 10Gbps, due to the single lane nature of the Phy, this definition of timestamp point is quite easy to comprehend. While this definition is unambiguous even for higher throughputs, it adds considerable engineering challenge for the Ethernet link throughputs above 10Gbps, which can be typically a multi-lane in nature. Higher link throughputs such as 40Gbps & 100Gbps involve multi-lane distribution (MLD) via the virtual lanes in the PCS and the subsequent mapping of these virtual lanes into the physical lanes in the PMA, both introducing the possibility of timestamp event happening on any virtual lane and its subsequent mapping to any physical lane. Most of the 1588 designs in the market rely on timestamping inside a MAC. The delay from the timestamping point to the event generation point is estimated in order to calculate the net timestamp to be inserted in the relevant PTP event messages or to transfer the timestamp to the software stack. Thus, tracking the SoF delimiter from the timestamping point to the exit/entry point on the physical link, becomes utmost important in order to arrive at the timestamps of the highest accuracy required for various mission-critical timing applications. This article tries to bring out a comprehensive timing model detailing various delays to be considered for high-accuracy timestamps for Ethernet links. Such timing models may help organizations run upfront system simulations for the targeted accuracy requirement, saving implementation costs down the line.
Dynamic Systems with Fast Parametric Oscillations

This paper is concerned with the dynamic analysis of $$ dx/dt=X\left({x,\lambda} \right),\;x\varepsilon {R^n},\;\lambda \varepsilon {R^m}\quad, \quad X:{R^n} \times {R^m} \to {R^n} $$ (1) $$ \lambda={\lambda_0}+\left({\alpha /\varepsilon} \right)f\left({t/\varepsilon} \right) $$ (2) where χ is the state, t is the dimensioni ess time and λ is a parameter vector; f(t/e) in (2) is an average zero periodic function, and λ0 and e are constants, 0 < e << 1. A pendulum on a vibrating base [1], strong focusing particle accelerators [2], dynamic stabilization of plasma pinches [3], [4] and of ionization-thermal instability in powerful continuous gas lasers [5] are examples of problem (1), (2). Another group of instances, where (1), (2) appear in a number of different settings, is given by the theory of vibrational control [6]–[9].
The Status of Historical Research in Argumentation

(1974). The Status of Historical Research in Argumentation. The Journal of the American Forensic Association: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 156-174.
Characteristics and applications of fly ash as a sustainable construction material: A state-of-the-art review

Abstract Due to their good performance and environmental friendliness, fly ash-based construction materials have great potential as alternatives to ordinary Portland cement. To realize sustainable development and beneficial use of fly ash in the construction industry, this paper presents a comprehensive review of relevant literature to evaluate the properties and performance of fly ash, with a particular focus on recent advances in characterization, compositional understanding, hydration mechanism, activation approaches, durability and sustainability of fly ash as a construction material. Several key aspects governing the performance of fly ash, including chemical composition, activator type and hydrates evolution in concrete, are highlighted. Finally, the important needs, pertinent to the optimal and broad utilization of fly ash as an integral part of sustainable construction materials, are identified for further research and development, where large-scale application studies, further classification of fly ash, advanced characterization tools and technology transfer to biomass fly ash are recommended.
The Strength of Hydrogen Bonds between Fluoro-Organics and Alcohols, a Theoretical Study

Fluorinated organic compounds are ubiquitous in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. To better discern the mode of action of these compounds, it is critical to understand the strengths of hydrogen bonds involving fluorine. There are only a few published examples of the strengths of these bonds. This study provides a high level ab initio study of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds between RF and R′OH, where R and R′ are aryl, vinyl, alkyl, and cycloalkyl. Intermolecular binding energies average near 5 kcal/mol, while intramolecular binding energies average about 3 kcal/mol. Inclusion of zero-point energies and applying a counterpoise correction lessen the difference. In both series, modest increases in binding energies are seen with increased acidity of R′OH and increased electron donation of R in RF. In the intramolecular compounds, binding energy increases with the rigidity of the F–(C)n–OH ring. Inclusion of free energy corrections at 298 K results in exoergic binding energies for the i...
Picosecond laser pulse polishing of ASP23 steel

Abstract Picosecond laser pulses, in laser polishing, induce a light-material interaction in an extremely short period of time to melt steel. The generated heat affected zones (HAZ) are almost negligible. The induced thermal distortion of the polished workpieces can be reduced notably. This paper shows a kind of powder-metallurgical steel, ASP23, polished by a picosecond laser. The purpose of this research is to reduce thermal distortion of the workpieces after laser polishing. The surface morphologies and roughness of the polished surfaces are shown as well. Fourier analysis is used to analyze the surfaces of polished materials. In addition, the microstructure of polished ASP23 surfaces is examined.
Optimum Insurance with Deviant Beliefs

Optimum insurance between a risk-neutral or risk-averse insurer and a risk-averse client has been widely studied under conditions of agreement about the distribution of probabilities of loss. The condition of agreement is relaxed here, and the client is assumed to be more optimistic than the insurer. When optimism is defined broadly, the optimum contracts can have almost any form and in general will not even resemble insurance contracts. However, the optimum contracts are insurance contracts under a condition that restricts the type of disagreement. Under the same condition, the optimum contract for a more optimistic client has a higher deductible than the optimum contract for a less optimistic one.
9 – COUPLED SYSTEMS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND TRANSPORT PROCESSES

Nonisothermal reaction-diffusion systems control the behavior of many transport and rate processes in physical, chemical, and biological systems. A reaction-diffusion system with appropriate nonlinear kinetics can cause instability in a homogeneous, steady-state system and generate stable concentration patterns. This chapter discusses mathematically and thermodynamically coupled nonisothermal reaction-diffusion systems. Here, the thermodynamic coupling refers that a flow occurs without its primary thermodynamic driving force, or against the direction imposed by its own thermodynamic force. The principles of thermodynamics allow the progress of a process without or against its primary driving force only if it is coupled with another process. This is consistent with the second law, which states that a finite amount of organization may be obtained at the expense of a greater amount of disorganization in a series of coupled processes. The linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics approach may be used in modeling coupled nonisothermal reaction-diffusion systems when the system is in the vicinity of global equilibrium. In the modeling, the information on coupling mechanisms among transport processes and chemical reactions is not needed.
The Lifeworld and Scientific Interpretation

Though some would still say that it was under the spiritual aegis of Plato, current historical scholars prefer to hold that it was in fact under the aegis of a newly discovered mathematical Aristotle that something like the hypothetical-deductive account of modern science emerged in the 17th century and eventually became the ‘received doctrine’ or ‘view’ inherited by most professional scientific researchers today.1 The hypothetical-deductive method focuses on the permanence of the categorial inventory of things, the objectivity of mathematical ideas, and the necessity of the laws of Nature. Its privileging of theory is a legacy of the theological notion common to two millennia of secular and religious thought that the order in Nature comes from God (the ordering Demiurge or Creator) whose ideas it expresses.
Predictors of clinical benefit of checkpoint inhibitors-based immunotherapy in advanced non–small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis.

e21121Background: Monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway have demonstrated significant activity in the treatment of metastatic non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the major...
For Whom the Bot Tolls: A Neural Networks Approach to Measuring Political Orientation of Twitter Bots in Russia:

Computational propaganda and the use of automated accounts in social media have recently become the focus of public attention, with alleged Russian government activities abroad provoking particular...
Sunny with a Chance of Curtailment: Operating the US Grid with Very High Levels of Solar Photovoltaics.

Summary With rapid declines in solar photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage costs, futures with PV penetrations approaching or exceeding 50% of total annual US generation are becoming conceivable. The operational merits of such a national-scale system have not been evaluated sufficiently. Here, we analyze in detail the operational impacts of a future US power system with very high annual levels of PV (>50%) with storage. We show that load and operating reserve requirements can be met for all hours while considering key generator operational constraints. Storage plays an active role in maintaining the balance of supply and demand during sunset hours. Under the highest PV penetration scenario, hours with >90% PV penetration are relatively common, which require rapid transitions between predominately conventional synchronous generation and mostly inverter-based generation. We observe hours with almost 400 GW (over 40%) of economic curtailment and frequent (up to 36%) hours with very low energy prices.
Through the Looking Glass(es): Impacts of Wearable Augmented Reality Displays on Operators in a Safety-Critical System

Novel information technologies such as wearable augmented reality displays (WARDs) can provide operators of safety-critical systems with crucial real-time information anywhere in the work space. The evolving capabilities and proliferation of these technologies occasion important questions about their impact on operators in safety-critical systems such as nuclear power plants, aircraft cockpits, and ships. This article describes a WARD evaluation in the safety-critical setting of marine transportation in a real-time physical simulator. A large pool ( $n=211$ ) of operators in conventional and WARD technology conditions showed mixed results: WARD use dampened operator performance variability, improved situation awareness (SA), self-efficacy, and trust, but also increased operator workload. These results suggest that WARDs show promise as a mobile information display technology in one safety-critical system where operator mobility is important, and also suggest that increased workload may be a cost accompanying the desirable outcomes of reduced performance variability and increased SA.
Evaluación del Índice de Progreso Real para medir lo que importa y orientar las políticas

Se examina el Indice de Progreso Real (IPR), un indicador monetario que, a diferencia del PIB, es idoneo para medir el desempeno economico, evaluar los efectos de las politicas y responder a las preocupaciones contemporaneas sobre el bienestar. Presenta funcionalidades de analisis evolutivo de variables, como el metodo del panel de control, pero la comparacion entre paises solo sera posible cuando se resuelvan ciertos problemas de datos y se uniformice su metodologia mediante la definicion del IPR 2.0. Actualmente, los principales obstaculos que impiden su uso generalizado son la falta de voluntad politica y de apoyo institucional.
Seasonal evaluation of biotic and abiotic factors suggests phosphorus retention in constructed floodplains in three agricultural streams.

Abstract Floodplain restoration constructed via the two-stage ditch in agricultural streams has the potential to enhance nutrient retention and prevent the eutrophication of downstream ecosystems. Identifying the role of biotic and abiotic factors influencing soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) retention in floodplains is of interest given that changing redox conditions associated with floodplain inundation can result in a release of geochemically sorbed SRP to the water column. In three agricultural waterways (Indiana, USA), we conducted seasonal measurements of a suite of biogeochemical pools (total P, bioavailable P and Fe) and processes (SRP flux and microbial respiration) from multiple floodplain transects, along with their adjacent stream sediments, to determine the role of biotic and abiotic processes on floodplain SRP retention or release. Across floodplain soils, organic matter explained a significant amount of variation in soil respiration, and SRP flux from the water column to the floodplain soils was driven by the molar ratio of Fe: P, with values >6 indicating potential SRP sorption due to increased available sorption sites. We developed a mass balance model at a single site to relate seasonal floodplain processes with water column SRP export, above and below the study reach, using measurements in this study combined with data from the literature. Grab sample data suggest that the reach retained 26% of incoming SRP, which the mass balance model attributed to seasonal synergy between plant assimilation in spring and summer (removing P from floodplain soils) and abiotic P sorption during winter and spring inundation (adding SRP to the floodplain). Retention of SRP was higher in floodplain soils compared to stream sediments based on the modeled SRP budget. Thus, we suggest that these constructed floodplains will maximize SRP retention from the water column if they inundate regularly, have floodplain soils with Fe:P > 3–6, and that promote sustained plant life.
Friction of diamond-like carbon: Run-in behavior and environment effects on superlubricity

Abstract This chapter reviews the structure and surface chemistry of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films and explains the origin of the run-in process of DLC films before superlubricity is achieved in inert environmental conditions and the environmental effect on the friction and wear properties of DLC films. The high friction and sp3-to-sp2 phase transformation during the run-in process and the loss of superlubricity in the presence of water or oxygen are elaborated based on the facts that DLC is an amorphous material with a broad distribution of C–C bond parameters and thus its surface can be easily oxidized upon exposure to ambient air. In addition, it also discusses that the achievement of superlubricity is dependent more on the degree of phase transformation from amorphous structure to graphitic structures at the shear plane, rather than the thickness of the transfer film.
The Impact of Simulation on Clinical Outcomes and Surgical Performance By Obstetric and Gynecology Trainees: A Systematic Review

Study Objective The value of simulation to develop specific skills in a controlled environment is well established among surgical specialties. It is unknown whether such skills transfer to clinical settings. The aims of this review are: 1. to determine if simulation training translates to improved surgical performance by Obstetric/Gynecology (OBGYN) trainees in operative settings; 2. to determine impact of simulation on clinical outcomes. Design MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, ERIC, and Psychinfo databases were searched through October 2019 to identify studies evaluating the use of simulation among OBGYN trainees. Studies were included if they assessed trainees’ skills in real surgical cases by objective measure after implementation of simulation training. Studies assessing only simulator performance were excluded. Setting N/A Patients or Participants OBGYN trainees. Interventions Simulation training. Measurements and Main Results 457 abstracts were screened and 16 included in the final analysis. Most studies used an Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSAT) or modified version during laparoscopic salpingectomy or tubal ligation. Ten studies found performance improvement after simulation training. Fewer studies assessed impact on clinical outcomes. Of these, half noted a decrease in operative time with simulation. Length of stay was found to significantly decrease; however, no significant difference in other clinical outcomes was noted following simulation. Most trainees reported satisfaction and self-perceived increase in surgical skills following simulation training. Conclusion This is the first systematic review to evaluate the translation of gynecologic surgical skills to the operating room following simulation training. Skills developed through simulation appear to be transferable to the operating room. More numerous studies are needed to better assess effects on clinical outcomes and whether findings hold true with increasing case complexity.
Alcohol-induced Hsp90 acetylation is a novel driver of liver sinusoidal endothelial dysfunction and alcohol-related liver disease.

Background & Aims Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) dysfunction has been reported in alcohol-related liver disease, yet it is not known whether LSECs metabolize alcohol. Thus, we investigated this, as well as the mechanisms of alcohol-induced LSEC dysfunction and a potential therapeutic approach for alcohol-induced liver injury. Methods Primary human, rat and mouse LSECs were used. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) was overexpressed specifically in liver ECs via adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery to decrease heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) acetylation in ethanol-fed mice. Results LSECs expressed CYP2E1 and alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) and metabolized alcohol. Ethanol induced CYP2E1 in LSECs, but not ADH1. Alcohol metabolism by CYP2E1 increased Hsp90 acetylation and decreased its interaction with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) leading to a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production. A non-acetylation mutant of Hsp90 increased its interaction with eNOS and NO production, whereas a hyperacetylation mutant decreased NO production. These results indicate that Hsp90 acetylation is responsible for decreases in its interaction with eNOS and eNOS-derived NO production. AAV8-driven HDAC6 overexpression specifically in liver ECs deacetylated Hsp90, restored Hsp90’s interaction with eNOS and ameliorated alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Conclusion Restoring LSEC function is important for ameliorating alcohol-induced liver injury. To this end, blocking acetylation of Hsp90 specifically in LSECs via AAV-mediated gene delivery has the potential to be a new therapeutic strategy. Lay summary Alcohol metabolism in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and the mechanism of alcohol-induced LSEC dysfunction are largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that LSECs can metabolize alcohol. We also uncover a mechanism by which alcohol induces LSEC dysfunction and liver injury, and we identify a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent this.
Measured Versus Estimated Dead-Space Ventilation in ARDS: Does It Matter? Perhaps.

Nearly two decades ago, Nuckton and colleagues[1][1] published their seminal study demonstrating that physiologic dead space fraction (VD/VT) was independently associated with mortality in ARDS.[1][1] This and other studies of dead space were facilitated by the availability of indirect calorimetry
Imaging After Locoregional Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Emphasis on LIRADS Treatment Response Assessment Criteria

The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is a set of algorithms designed to provide a standardized, comprehensive framework for the interpretation of surveillance and diagnostic imaging in patients at high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. LI-RADS is the result of a multidisciplinary collaboration between radiologists, hepatologists, hepatobiliary surgeons and pathologists and has recently been incorporated into the practice guidelines for the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and made congruent with the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) criteria. This manuscript illustrates the common ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging appearances of hepatocellular carcinoma and describes how these findings can be properly categorized using the LI-RADS system.
“The Empire-Builder from Calisota”: Donald Duck and the Rise of Disney

Donald Duck evolves within the larger Disney enterprise of the 1930s, and becomes inextricably linked to the company, even as Mickey Mouse becomes Disney’s mascot. Donald is emblematic of the larger changes Disney was undergoing during its first decades, and offers a sense of how Disney more fully entered the world stage during this period, with Donald eclipsing Mickey as the company’s most popular character worldwide, even as the Mouse remained the company’s figurehead. The traits that make Donald more palatable worldwide develop in this period: his temper, the injustice he faces, his everyman nature, and offer clues to the enduring popularity of the character. Understanding the first draft of the character, as it were, is instrumental to understanding the significance of the later development within the comic adaptations.
Square peg in a round hole: are small private liberal arts higher education institutions prepared to implement lean operational and organizational methodologies to survive?

The focus of this paper is to promote the awareness of higher-education administration and faculty of the opportunities presented by developing and implementing lean operational models in their ins...
Research Series Issue 64 – How the Adoption of Drought-Tolerant Rice Varieties Impacts Households in a Non-Drought Year: Evidence From Nepal

Stress-tolerant rice varieties (STRVs) are bred to be high yielding and tolerant to climate shocks such as drought. In Nepal, several drought-tolerant STRVs have been released and widely adopted. This paper estimates the impacts of the adoption of STRVs on first- and higher-order household outcomes in a non-drought year. It controls for selection bias using correlated random effects models to eliminate unobserved plot and household-level heterogeneity. STRVs have a higher yield, a lower yield variance and a shorter growing duration than traditional landrace varieties. In addition, households apply more early-season chemical fertilizer and land preparation labor to plots planted to STRVs compared to landraces. This indicates that the first-order impacts of the adoption of STRVs induce behavioral changes that help to modernize agricultural practices. Finally, this study conducts a randomized experiment in which half of the sampled households provided additional detail on their agricultural inputs.
LVAC: Learned Volumetric Attribute Compression for Point Clouds using Coordinate Based Networks.

We consider the attributes of a point cloud as samples of a vector-valued volumetric function at discrete positions. To compress the attributes given the positions, we compress the parameters of the volumetric function. We model the volumetric function by tiling space into blocks, and representing the function over each block by shifts of a coordinate-based, or implicit, neural network. Inputs to the network include both spatial coordinates and a latent vector per block. We represent the latent vectors using coefficients of the region-adaptive hierarchical transform (RAHT) used in the MPEG geometry-based point cloud codec G-PCC. The coefficients, which are highly compressible, are rate-distortion optimized by back-propagation through a rate-distortion Lagrangian loss in an auto-decoder configuration. The result outperforms RAHT by 2--4 dB. This is the first work to compress volumetric functions represented by local coordinate-based neural networks. As such, we expect it to be applicable beyond point clouds, for example to compression of high-resolution neural radiance fields.
Heteroaggregation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with sediments

Abstract In this study, the effect of ion type and concentration on the heteroaggregation and release of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and hydroxylated MWCNTs (OH-MWCNTs) with sediments is reported. Means of the first-order heteroaggregation rate constant (khet) for MWCNTs and OH-MWCNTs and a freshwater sediment in 0.4 mM CaCl2 (0.21 and 0.17 d−1) are significantly higher than those in 10 mM NaCl (0.096 and 0.094 d−1). All sediment-electrolyte combinations exhibit first-order heteroaggregation rates during the initial time period (≤5 days) as evidenced by the linearity of the ln concentration vs time plots, and for some low ionic strength treatments heteroaggregation is first-order over the duration of the entire experimental period. However, faster heteroaggregation rate treatments deviate from linearity at longer time periods due to the formation of large, settleable aggregates (homoaggregation). Heteroaggregation attachment efficiency (αhet) values for both MWCNTs and OH-MWCNTs increase mostly linearly with ionic strength and are greater for the sediment higher in Al hydroxide content. Both nanotube heteroaggregation with sediments and deposition on model environmental surfaces is irreversible under constant background solution conditions. When background solution ionic strength is reduced, nanotube release from sediments and a model surface is dependent on the initial solution chemistry, with nanotubes deposited from NaCl solutions released much more readily than those deposited from CaCl2 solutions. The lowest fractional release observed was for OH-MWCNTs deposited from CaCl2 solutions indicating potential OH-Ca-NOM bridging effects.
Photonic phase control in a spinning-disk interferometer for high-speed immunoassays

We have been developing the broad-based concept of spinning-disk interferometry for high-speed multianalyte bioassays with the potential to test up to a thousand specific targets on a disk the size of an audio-CD. The operating principle of spinning-disk interferometry is diffraction off microstructured substrates to achieve phase quadrature between a local reference wave and a sample beam passing through a biolayer. We are currently using this technique to analyze amplitude and phase modulation from immobilized biolayers to determine the degree to which amplitude and phase trade off as single polarizable molecules coalesce into macroscopic dielectric films. We are also studying phase effects associated with the edge of the photonic stop-band that may allow direct quadrature detection of biomolecular films without requiring microstructuring of the substrate.
Spherical proton emitters and spectroscopic factors

The most commonly used implementation of the WKB method for calculating spherical decay rates is shown to be unsatisfactory, and some improvements are suggested. Also, the smaller than expected experimental spectroscopic factor for the 1d3/2 state in 151Lu can be explained in a particle-core coupling calculation.
Robust spring drying in the southwestern U.S. and seasonal migration of wet/dry patterns in a warmer climate

This study compares climate simulations over the United States produced by a regional climate model with the driving global climate simulations as well as a large multi-model ensemble of global climate simulations to investigate robust changes in water availability (precipitation (P) – evapotranspiration (E)). A robust spring dry signal across multiple models is identified in the Southwest that results from a decrease in P and an increase in E in the future. In the boreal winter and summer, the prominent changes in P – E are associated with a north – south dipole pattern, while in spring, the prominent changes in P – E appear as an east – west dipole pattern. The progression of the north – south and east – west dipole patterns through the seasons manifests clearly as a seasonal “clockwise” migration of wet/dry patterns, which is shown to be a robust feature of water availability changes in the US consistent across regional and global climate simulations.
Effect of age and body weight on the maintenance requirement of lean and obese Zucker rats.

The effect of age (34-215 days) and body weight (80-627 g) on the maintenance requirements of lean (n = 4) and obese (n = 4) Zucker rats was determined in 5 maintenance trials. The rats were fed a semipurified, 20% protein diet. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) required for maintenance of body weight (BW) was determined in weekly intake-metabolism trials. Maintenance requirements [kilocalories MEI/(day.kilogram BW)] were lower (P less than 0.01) for obese rats than for lean rats, and they decreased with age for both types, respectively (Y = 206.23 - 0.3524 X; r = -0.547 and Y = 252.61 -0.4818 X; r = -0.649). Maintenance requirements (kilocalories MEI/day) of obese rats were lower (P less than 0.01) than lean rats, respectively, when expressed in terms of grams body weight (Y = 7.03 + 0.1333 X; r = 0.994 and Y = 9.04 + 0.1441 X; r = 0.994), metabolic body size (kilogram 0.75) (Y = -4.52 + 132.33 X; r = 0.989 and Y = 0.05 + 130.52 X; r-0.992) or least squares, type-specific exponent [Y = 119.03 (kilogram0.77); r = 0.975 and Y = 120.87 (kilogram 0.71); r = 0.986]. The results indicate that obese Zucker rats have lower maintenance requirements than their lean littermates and that maintenance requirements are as closely related to body weight as to metabolic body size or type-specific exponent for each body type.
High efficiency organic photovoltaics incorporating a new family of soluble fullerene derivatives

A novel class of soluble fullerenoids based on a dihydronaphthyl functionalization have been synthesized and characterized. Initial testing of these materials in photovoltaic devices identifies a new soluble fullerene derivative, which when blended with poly(3-hexylthiophene) is capable of 4.5% power conversion efficiencies under standard illumination conditions.
The effect of intestinal esterase inhibition on the in vivo absorption and toxicity of di-N-butyl phthalate

Abstract Inhibition of intestinal mucosal esterases by S , S , S -tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) did not alter the gastro-intestinal absorption of di- n -butyl phthalate (DBP) in the rat. After intragastric administration of [ 14 C]DBP to control and esterase-inhibited animals, the disappearance of 14 C from the small intestine and the levels of 14 C in the blood were not significantly different in the two groups over the first 4 hr. Peak blood levels of 14 C occurred 2 hr after dosing in both groups of rats. The circulating [ 14 C]butyl phthalate in the diester form accounted for less than 5% of the total 14 C at 2 hr, regardless of intestinal esterase activity. The remaining 14 C was associated with mono- n -butyl phthalate or more polar metabolites. These data suggest an important role for pancreatic esterases, which may be protected from DEF-mediated inhibition by dtorage in zymogen granules, in the metabolism and absorption of DBP.
Proton-proton Bremsstrahlung

Abstract We calculate proton-proton Bremsstrahlung cross sections using the Tabakin separable potentials to generate off-shell nucleon-nucleon t-matrix elements in low partial waves and off-shell one-pion-exchange amplitudes for the higher partial waves. Our results are in good agreement with the experimental values reported by Warner, Halbert, Gottschalk and Thorndike at proton bombarding energies of 48, 62, 158 and 204 MeV, but are at the lower limit of the experimental results of Warner at 30 MeV and of Slaus at 46 MeV. The calculated cross sections in the Harvard geometry decrease monotonically to zero at zero proton energy. We have estimated the effect of rescattering corrections and of non-local corrections to the Bremsstrahlung amplitude and find these terms to be negligible for proton-proton Bremsstrahlung. Our results are insensitive to the choice of Tabakin's “soft-core” or “hard-shell” 1S0 potential, and are insensitive to small changes in the P-wave potentials.
Infestation of Flour by Tribolium castaneum: Relationship between Distribution of Eggs and Adults in a Dispersing Population

The distribution of eggs and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) within a 10.2-cm wide × 15.2-cm high × 0.64-cm deep column of flour was determined 3, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours after the adults were placed on the upper surface. The average depth at which eggs were recovered was always about 79% of the average depth at which the adults were recovered, although the average depth for both increased with time. Since individual females laid eggs in clumps, the eggs at 24 and 72 hours after the introduction of the adults occupied less than a mean 16 and 28%, respectively, of the area available for oviposition.
Real-space formulation of the electrostatic potential and total energy of solids

We develop expressions for the electrostatic potential and total energy of crystalline solids which are amenable to direct evaluation in real space. Unlike conventional reciprocal space formulations, no Fourier transforms or reciprocal lattice summations are required, and the formulation is well suited for large-scale, parallel computations. The need for reciprocal space expressions is eliminated by replacing long-range potentials by equivalent localized charge distributions and incorporating long-range interactions into boundary conditions on the unit cell. In so doing, a simplification of the conventional reciprocal space formalism is obtained. The equivalence of the real- and reciprocal space formalisms is demonstrated by direct comparison in self-consistent density-functional calculations.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is an unpredictable, life-threatening drug reaction associated with a 30% mortality. Massive keratinocyte apoptosis is the hallmark of TEN. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes appear to be the main effector cells and there is experimental evidence for involvement of both the Fas-Fas ligand and perforin/granzyme pathways. Optimal treatment for these patients remains to be clarified. Discontinuation of the offending drug and prompt referral to a burn unit are generally agreed upon steps. Beyond that, however, considerable controversy exists. Evidence both pro and con exists for the use of IVIG, systemic corticosteroid, and other measures. There is also evidence suggesting that combination therapies may be of value. All the clinical data, however, is anecdotal or based on observational or retrospective studies. Definitive answers are not yet available. Given the rarity of TEN and the large number of patients required for a study to be statistically meaningful, placebo controlled trials are logistically difficult to accomplish. The absence of an animal model further hampers research into this condition. This article reviews recent data concerning clinical presentation, pathogenesis and treatment of TEN. Learning objectives At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should have acquired a more comprehensive knowledge of our current understanding of the classification, clinical presentation, etiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of TEN.
Mentor influence on protégé ethics: A new conceptualization of moral disengagement

Scholars have recently started to assess mentors’ influence on proteges’ ethics. This dissertation proposal joins this conversation by investigating how mentors shape their proteges’ moral disengag...
Alternative antipredator tactics in tree lizard morphs: hormonal and behavioural responses to a predator encounter

Most vertebrates respond to acute stressors with rapid plasma glucocorticoid elevations. Variation within species in this hormonal response should correlate with differences in physiological responses and behavioural tactics, yet this is rarely documented. We measured behavioural and hormonal responses of free-ranging male tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) during staged encounters with a collared lizard predator (Crotaphytus nebrius) or a control (stick). In our study population, males express alternate reproductive tactics that correlate with throat colour pattern: territorial males have a central blue patch on an orange background (OB males) and nonterritorial males lack the blue patch (O males). We also studied a previously uncharacterized male type with a mottled orange and blue throat (M males). A single encounter with an approaching predator initiated an elevation in plasma corticosterone that was similar among the male types (mean ± SE = 9.64 ± 3.17 (OB), 9.72 ± 2.49 (O), 10.19 ± 2.82 (M)). Despite this similarity, male types differed behaviourally. Compared to OB and M males, O males initiated flight when the predator was further away and stayed hidden longer after seeking refuge. The M males showed responses similar to OB males and may functionally be the same morph. Among individuals of all morphs, total corticosterone levels after the predator encounter correlated strongly with their flight initiation distance and hiding duration during the encounter. We conclude that male tree lizards with alternative reproductive tactics show alternative antipredator behavioural tactics, and that individual variation in escape responses is directly correlated with corticosterone levels.
Urban Blue Space and "The Project of the Century": Doing Justice on the Seattle Waterfront and for Local Residents

Urban blue space is increasingly embraced by cities as a specific and valuable genre of public space, valued for its economic, symbolic and experiential place attributes and essential to sustainable urban development. This article takes up the concept of urban blue space from a design perspective, extending and exploring it through a critical social science lens. Using the reconfiguration and redesign of the central Seattle waterfront as a case example, the idea of “doing justice” is enlisted to examine not just the design opportunities and formal characteristics of the site, but also the patterns of privilege, access and regional socio-ecological equity that are raised through its redesign. After situating the extraordinary design opportunity presented by this iconic urban blue space, and the imperative to do justice to the waterfront’s physical situation, the article presents the site from four additional and discrete perspectives: economic justice, environmental justice, social justice and tribal justice. By thus foregrounding the urban political ecology of the waterfront, the article demonstrates that the most important challenge of the site’s redevelopment is not technological, financial or administrative, although these are real, and significant challenges, but rather, the need to construct a place that works to counter established patterns of local and regional injustice. In Seattle as in other coastal port cities, urban blue space is a shared public and environmental good, with unique and demanding governance responsibilities for its conceptualization and sustainable development.
On the relation between currency depreciation and domestic investment

In introducing an absorption approach to the trade balance, Alexander (1952) argued that if wages do not adjust fully to the inflationary effects of devaluation, devaluation can redistribute income from workers to producers in the form of increased profits. Increased profits, in turn, could give incentive to producers to invest more. On the other hand, because devaluation raises the costs of imported inputs, it could lower profits. Depending on the relative strength of these two channels, domestic investment could increase or decrease. By giving greater consideration to the short-run and the long-run effect of currency depreciation on domestic investment, this paper presents empirical results from a time-series model of 50 countries. We find that the devaluation-investment link is mostly a short-run phenomenon. However, in 21 countries in which the short-run effects last into the long run, both views are supported, almost equally.
HLA‐matched kidney transplantation in the era of modern immunosuppressive therapy

BACKGROUND The effect of HLA match on renal graft survival has become controversial as has the policy of mandatory sharing of kidneys. METHOD We performed a retrospective analysis of HLA matched (M) and mismatched (MM) kidney transplants in our center. Tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, and steroids were used as maintenance therapy and basiliximab induction was added for high-risk patients. RESULT A total of 229 kidney transplants were included with median follow-up of 5.1 years. The 5-year death-censored graft survival by Kaplan-Meier method was significantly higher in the M group than in the MM group for deceased-donor kidney transplants (log-rank, p = .018). This graft survival advantage was detected in patients with a peak panel reactive antibody (PRA) greater than 20% (p = .023), but not in those with a PRA level of less than 20% (p = .32). The graft survival was not statistically different for live donor kidney transplants (p = .077). A mismatched kidney was an independent risk for graft loss (hazard ratio: 2.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.009–5.09, p = .047) and acute rejection was a significant cause of graft loss in mismatched deceased-donor transplants (p = .035). CONCLUSION Acute rejection remains a significant cause of graft loss in HLA-6-antigen mismatched deceased-donor kidney transplants. Our data support mandatory sharing of HLA-matched kidneys in sensitized patients with a PRA level greater than 20%.
Fetal alcohol syndrome: human and infrahuman disorders.

(1984). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Human and Infrahuman Disorders. Issues in Mental Health Nursing: Vol. 6, No. 3-4, pp. 219-224.
Import tariffs and growth in a small open economy

Abstract In this paper we study the relationship between tariff structure, growth and welfare for a small, open country with endogenous growth induced by human capital accumulation. Using a model with trade in consumption and two investment goods, we consider the short- and long-run effects of a permanent unanticipated increase in the tariff rates under different replacement regimes, i.e. lump-sum transfer or investment tax credit. We show that most tariffs reduce growth, even in the short run. Also, all tariffs are welfare-reducing in the long run, but some may improve welfare in the short run. We find that, in general, differential tariffs are welfare-optimal. Starting from a uniform tariff structure, a revenue-neutral tariff reform may, therefore, increase growth and welfare in the long run. The structure of the optimal differential tariff varies, however, depending on the replacement regime.