cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agents and Semantic Services: A Critical Review

Web Serviceshave been hailed as the latest silver bullet for enabling business process representation and integration. In recent years, industry has developed a variety of standards, e.g. SOAP, WSDL, UDDI, BPEL for web services discovery, description, and distributed execution over the Web. These industry standards have emphasized description of service interfaces. However, they have many limitations with respect to flexible interaction and interoperability among heterogeneous services. For example, WSDL does not give any indication on the order of message exchange between a service and its client. On the other hand, Multi-Agents Systems research over the years has developed techniques for autonomous and goal-directed agent interactions, agent communication languages that support extended conversations, flexible automated agent discovery in open environments, agent negotiation and methods for peer to peer reactive and proactive agent behaviors in dynamic environments. In this talk, I will present requirements and extensions on web services functionality for supporting business processes. Some of these extensions include peer to peer and multi-party interactions, dynamic on the fly-composition of web services, message patterns that go beyond request-response, contracts and service level agreements. In addition, I will present characteristics of agents and web services that encourage fruitful application of techniques from agents to services and vice versa. In particular, I will articulate the importance of formally specified, unambiguous semantics for increasing service interoperability and flexibility of interactions, thus bringing the services and agents paradigms and technologies closer to one another. A first step towards this rapprochement is the development of formal languages and inference mechanisms for representing and reasoning with core concepts of Web Services. In closing, I present my vision of Web services as autonomous goal-directed agentswhich select other agents to interact with, and flexibly negotiate their interaction model, acting in peer to peer fashion. The resulting Web services, that I call Autonomous Semantic Web services, utilize ontologies and semantically annotated Web pages to automate the fulfillment of tasks and transactions with other Web agents. In cross-fertilizing each other, both agent technology and web services technology can discover new synergies that will make the combination and subsequent adoption much stronger, vital and useful than either of the two technologies separately.
Application of Singular Perturbations Theory to Power System Modeling and Stability Analysis

This paper reviews some recent results in applying singular perturbations theory to obtain simplified power system models for analysis and control design. The topics include synchronous machine modeling, decomposition and aggregation of large power networks, aggregation of higher order dynamic models, and transient stability analysis using direct methods. The objective is to introduce power system engineers to singular perturbations as a tool for enhancing the understanding of time-scale dynamics and analytically deriving reduced models in power systems.
Some Physiological and Biochemical Effects of a Coxiella burneti Lipopolysaccharide Preparation on Guinea Pigs

A lipopolysaccharide obtained in a dialyzed phenol extract from the rickettsia Coxiella burneti produced the following effects in guinea pigs after intraperitoneal injection: hyperthermia, loss of body weight, increased liver weight and concomitant lipid infiltration, elevated levels of hepatic and plasma cortisol, increased incorporation of [3H]orotic acid into hepatic 28S and 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid, increased incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into liver and plasma protein, and leukocytosis. Most of these events also occur during infection of guinea pigs with C. burneti, and a causal relationship between the rickettsial lipopolysaccharide and the biochemical changes that occur during Q fever is suggested.
Colocalization of a CD1d-Binding Glycolipid with a Radiation-Attenuated Sporozoite Vaccine in Lymph Node–Resident Dendritic Cells for a Robust Adjuvant Effect

A CD1d-binding glycolipid, α-Galactosylceramide (αGalCer), activates invariant NK T cells and acts as an adjuvant. We previously identified a fluorinated phenyl ring-modified αGalCer analog, 7DW8-5, displaying nearly 100-fold stronger CD1d binding affinity. In the current study, 7DW8-5 was found to exert a more potent adjuvant effect than αGalCer for a vaccine based on radiation-attenuated sporozoites of a rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium yoelii, also referred to as irradiated P. yoelii sporozoites (IrPySpz). 7DW8-5 had a superb adjuvant effect only when the glycolipid and IrPySpz were conjointly administered i.m. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of distinctly different biodistribution patterns of αGalCer and 7DW8-5 on their respective adjuvant activities. Although both glycolipids induce a similar cytokine response in sera of mice injected i.v., after i.m. injection, αGalCer induces a systemic cytokine response, whereas 7DW8-5 is locally trapped by CD1d expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) in draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Moreover, the i.m. coadministration of 7DW8-5 with IrPySpz results in the recruitment of DCs to dLNs and the activation and maturation of DCs. These events cause the potent adjuvant effect of 7DW8-5, resulting in the enhancement of the CD8(+) T cell response induced by IrPySpz and, ultimately, improved protection against malaria. Our study is the first to show that the colocalization of a CD1d-binding invariant NK T cell-stimulatory glycolipid and a vaccine, like radiation-attenuated sporozoites, in dLN-resident DCs upon i.m. conjoint administration governs the potency of the adjuvant effect of the glycolipid.
In-vivo imaging of tumor associated urokinase-type plasminogen activator activity

The ability to image tumor associated protease in vivo has biological and clinical implications. In the present study, we describe the development and validation of a urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) sensitive fluorescence imaging probe. The activation of our probe is highly specific to uPA in both enzymatic and cellular-based assays. In two distinct in-vivo tumor models (human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 and human fibrosarcoma HT-1080), the observed fluorescence changes correlate well with tumor associated uPA activity. The signal intensities of the tumors are about three-fold higher in animals with probe injections. Our results suggest a direct detection method for uPA activity in vivo and the approach can be used for monitoring tumor growth and development.
Abstract P5-09-14: Plant-derived estrogen receptorb agonists alone or in combination with aromatase inhibitors restore sensitivity in endocrine therapy resistant breast tumors

Estrogen receptors (ER) play an important role in breast cancer. Over two-thirds of all breast cancers express ERa, and current endocrine therapies target its signaling. Antiestrogens (AE) block the binding of estrogen to ERα, while aromatase inhibitors (AI) inhibit local and systemic estrogen production. Both treatments improve outcomes for about 50% of patients with early or advanced ERα positive breast cancer. Unfortunately, therapeutic resistance frequently arises. There is a critical need to develop effective alternate strategies to prevent or delay the development of resistance to endocrine therapy and the resulting tumor progression. Both normal and tumor tissue express ERβ which has anti-proliferative activity and recent studies have identified several natural compounds that have the potential to function as ERβ agonists. Plant-derived ERβ-agonists, Liquiritigenin (Liq), from the plant Glycyrrhizae uralensis and S-equol, from the soy isoflavone daidzein, are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of vasomotor hot flashes associated with menopause. In this study we sought to determine if ERβ agonists alone or in combination with AI could resensitize Letrozole-resistant breast cancer cells in vivo. Xenografts were established using cells which model post-menopausal breast cancer. Endocrine therapy sensitive (MCF-7aro) and Letrozole resistant (LTLT-Ca) tumors were treated with either ERβ agonists or in combination with AI and progression was measured. In MCF-7aro tumors, ERβ agonist treatment reduced tumor volume and prolonged sensitivity to AI. In the therapy resistant tumors (LTLT-Ca), ERβ agonist treatment blocked tumor growth and restored sensitivity to AI therapy. To determine the molecular mechanism by which ERβ agonists inhibit tumor growth and prolong and restore sensitivity, qRT-PCR and western blot analysis was performed. Our results show changes in the levels of p53, NFkB, cyclin D1, and KLF5 in addition to other genes. To determine the role of ERβ agonists on the activation of these genes specific gene promoter-luciferase reporter constructs were used and the specificity of ERβ-mediated actions was confirmed using a siRNA approach. This study suggests that ERβ acts as a tumor suppressor by suppressing cell growth through the inhibition of cell cycle genes and by inducing apoptosis through the regulation of p53. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential role for ERβ agonists to improve adjuvant endocrine therapy to treat both hormone-responsive and hormone-resistant breast cancers. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-09-14.
Preliminary Results on an Approach for the Quantification of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes (LCC) in Hardwood Pulps

Abstract The literature on biomass research contains many references to lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC) decreasing the rate of delignification in chemical pulp production, decreasing the yield of cellulosic ethanol via fermentation, and decreasing forage digestibility. However, it is difficult to find correlations between rates of the processes above and initial LCC concentration. One of the main reasons for the lack of such correlations is the absence of methods for accurate quantification of LCC. In this investigation, repeatable and reproducible determinations of bound sugars at monomeric concentrations as low as 0.3 wt% on enzymatic lignin (EL) have been achieved. The bound sugars are hydrolyzed by H2SO4, most likely as low molecular weight oligomers. In the same H2SO4 treatment, the oligomers are hydrolyzed to monomers which are subsequently quantified by 1H NMR analyses. A significant enrichment of bound arabinan was previously reported when a crude milled wood lignin (MWL) was compared to the s...
Characteristics of teens with and without work permits

Background Factors associated with the issuance of mandated work permits for teens, and their enforcement are currently unknown. Methods A cross-sectional survey was administered to 1945 teens at 16 randomly selected North Carolina high schools. Predictor variables examined included teens' socio-demographic characteristics, employment patterns, and labor law knowledge. Results One thousand and ninety-four non-working and 844 working teens participated. Seventy-seven percent of working teens worked during the school year and 39% started working younger than 16. The majority (80%) worked in retail and services. Forty-four percent worked without work permits. Factors associated with being less likely to be issued a work permit included white race, employment in a family-owned business, being a laborer, and limited or no knowledge of child labor laws. Conclusions Adherence to and enforcement of the work permit system is low. Interventions should specifically target teens who work in family owned businesses, in unskilled labor and in hazardous industries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:841–849, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Defining the Focus of Attention: Effects of Attention on Perceived Exertion and Fatigue

This manuscript presents two experiments designed to explore the effects of attention on perceived exertion and time to failure in a fatiguing athletic task. There were two major motivating factors for these experiments. First, there are few studies evaluating attentional focus effects in endurance tasks and, second, there is a lack of integration between studies of attentional focus as external/internal (e.g., Wulf, 2007) compared to associative/dissociative (e.g., Stevenson & Biddle, 1998). In Experiment 1, we used a fatiguing wall-sit posture (essentially a complex, isometric task) to compare two different types of external attention with an internal focus on the position of the legs. An external focus (regardless of type) increased the time taken to failure and reduced perceived exertion. In Experiment 2, we manipulated subjects’ expectancy of fatigue to test the interaction of attention and expectancy (both top-down factors) in this highly fatiguing task. Previous theories of attention during endurance tasks have suggested that as fatigue/pain increase, bottom-up factors begin to dominate subjects’ attention. While this may be true, Experiment 2 showed that even in a highly fatiguing task, attentional strategies and expectancies affected the time to failure and perceived exertion.
Intramarginal Intervention in the EMS and the Target-Zone Model of Exchange-Rate Behavior

Abstract Exchange-rate data produced by the European Monetary System (EMS) contradict important predictions made by the standard target-zone model. We show that the contradictions reflect a misinterpretation of policies pursued by the EMS countries. They intervened intramarginally, to keep exchange rates will within their bands, not at the edges of the bands, to keep rates from crossing them. In the Basle-Nyborg Agreement of 1987, however, they agreed to make fuller use of the band, and exchange rates behave differently thereafter. The effect appears clearly in the behavior of the French franc and less decisively in the behavior of the Italian lira. We conclude by examining and rejecting other explanations for the observed difference in exchange-rate behavior.
The Archetypal Woman Fulfilled: Isis, Harmony of Flesh/Spirit/Logos

(1996). The Archetypal Woman Fulfilled: Isis, Harmony of Flesh/Spirit/Logos. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 28-39.
MEASUREMENT OF OCULAR COUNTERROLLING (OCR) BY POLARIZED LIGHT.

The assessment of the activation of the otolith gravitoinertial sensors in the vestibular system of the inner ear may be accomplished by observing the occular counterrolling (OCR) movements which rotate the eyes about the line of sight. A method is presented for the continuous measurement of OCR by means of polarized light, a system of polarizers, and a contact lens. A polarized hard contact lens is placed between two soft lenses before application to the eye, and the measured phase difference between the incident rotating polarized light and the reflected light from this lens provides readings uncontaminated by other eye movement modes.
Purines and Pyrimidines

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of purines and pyrimidines and their biosynthesis. The pathways of purine and pyrimidine metabolism have been greatly aided by tracer research, nutritional and genetic studies with intact organisms, and tissue studies in vitro. The study of purine synthetic reactions was complicated by the increased formation of purine bases from the breakdown of tissue nucleic acids and nucleotides upon homogenization of the tissue. The utilization of free purines is accomplished by reaction with PRPP to form nucleotides directly. The bases have also been converted to nucleotides via the nucleosides. Nucleosides are produced by reaction of free bases with ribose 1-phosphate in the presence of nucleoside phosphorylase. The extensive utilization of dietary adenine and the nonutilization of guanine in rat have been explained in terms of the relative absence of the enzyme adenase and the presence of much guanase in rat tissues. The synthesis of purines de novo was initiated by the formation of 5-phosphoribosylamine by reaction of glutamine with 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. The nucleotides that are constituents of nucleic acids, namely, guanylic acid and adenylic acid, were formed from inosinic acid.
Density-cluster NMA: A new protein decomposition technique for coarse-grained normal mode analysis.

Normal mode analysis has emerged as a useful technique for investigating protein motions on long time scales. This is largely due to the advent of coarse-graining techniques, particularly Hooke's Law-based potentials and the rotational–translational blocking (RTB) method for reducing the size of the force-constant matrix, the Hessian. Here we present a new method for domain decomposition for use in RTB that is based on hierarchical clustering of atomic density gradients, which we call Density-Cluster RTB (DCRTB). The method reduces the number of degrees of freedom by 85–90% compared with the standard blocking approaches. We compared the normal modes from DCRTB against standard RTB using 1–4 residues in sequence in a single block, with good agreement between the two methods. We also show that Density-Cluster RTB and standard RTB perform well in capturing the experimentally determined direction of conformational change. Significantly, we report superior correlation of DCRTB with B-factors compared with 1–4 residue per block RTB. Finally, we show significant reduction in computational cost for Density-Cluster RTB that is nearly 100-fold for many examples. Proteins 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ethnography in Evaluation: Uncovering Hidden Costs and Benefits in Child Mental Health

This article discusses the application of ethnography to the design and implementation of an anthropologically informed cost-benefit analysis, of a program for families of children with severe emotional disorders. Ethnography proved particularly useful at revealing monetary costs and benefits for various stakeholders not included in traditional evaluations or assessments, as well as identifying costs avoided and non-quantifiable "hidden" benefits of the program to families and children, such as increased communication between family and community, improved parenting skills, and higher valuations of self-esteem of parents and children. This article contributes to the literature on evaluation anthropology in that it provides an example of how ethnography can inform the assessment and measurement of importance from the viewpoint of a program's participants, bringing their voices and concerns to the attention of program directors and policy makers.
Parts do not make a whole. Lumping expertise into one whole

I appreciate the opportunity to comment on a scholarly review that uses a theoretical perspective to link research. This has been a missing element in our field (Coleman, 2003). Ericsson and collea...
A novel nuclear localization signal in the auxiliary domain of apobec-1 complementation factor regulates nucleocytoplasmic import and shuttling.

C to U editing of the nuclear apolipoprotein B (apoB) transcript is mediated by a core enzyme containing a catalytic deaminase, apobec-1, and an RNA binding subunit, apobec-1 complementation factor (ACF). ACF expression is predominantly nuclear, including mutant proteins with deletions of a putative nuclear localization signal. We have now identified a novel 41-residue motif (ANS) in the auxiliary domain of ACF that functions as an authentic nuclear localization signal. ANS-green fluorescence protein and ANS-β-galactosidase chimeras were both expressed exclusively in the nucleus, whereas wild-type chimeras or an ACF deletion mutant lacking the ANS were cytoplasmic. Nuclear accumulation of ACF is transcription-dependent, temperature-sensitive, and reversible, features reminiscent of a shuttling protein. ACF relocates to the cytoplasm after actinomycin D treatment, an effect blocked by the CRM1 inhibitor leptomycin B. Heterokaryon assays confirmed directly that ACF shuttles in vivo. ACF binds to the protein carrier, transportin 2 in vivo, and colocalizes to the nucleus as determined by confocal microscopy. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that transportin 2 binds directly to the ANS motif. These data suggest that directed nuclear localization and compartmentalization of the core complex of the apoB RNA editing enzyme is regulated through a dominant targeting sequence (ANS) contained within ACF.
Human placental 3β-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and steroid 5 → 4-ene-isomerase: Purification from microsomes, substrate kinetics, and inhibition by product steroids

Abstract In human pregnancy, placental 3β-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and steroid 5 → 4-ene-isomerase produce progesterone from pregnenolone and metabolize fetal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to androstenedione, an estrogen precursor. The enzyme complex was solubilized from human placental microsomes using the anionic detergent, sodium cholate. Purification (500-fold, 3.9% yield) was achieved by ion exchange chromatography (Fractogel-TSK DEAE 650-S) followed by hydroxylapatite chromatography (Bio-Gel HT). The purified enzyme was detected as a single protein band in sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (monomeric M r = 19,000). Fractionation by gel filtration chromatography at constant specific enzyme activity supported enzyme homogeneity and determined the molecular mass (M r = 76,000). The dehydrogenase and isomerase activities copurified. Kinetic constants were determined at pH 7.4, 37°C for the oxidation of pregnenolone ( K m = 1.9 μM, V max = 32.6 nmol/min/mg) and dehydroepiandrosterone ( K m = 2.8μM, V max = 32.0 nmol/min/mg) and for the isomerization of 5-pregnene-3,20-dione ( K m = 9.7 μM, V max = 618.3 nmol/min/mg) and 5-androstene-3,17-dione ( K m = 23.7μM, V max = 625.7 nmol/min/mg). Mixed substrate analyses showed that the dehydrogenase and isomerase reactions use the appropriate pregnene and androstene steroids as alternative, competitive substrates. Dixon analyses demonstrated competitive inhibition of the oxidation of pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone by both product steroids, progesterone and androstenedione. The enzyme has a 3-fold higher affinity for androstenedione than for progesterone as an inhibitor of dehydrogenase activity. Based on these competitive patterns of substrate utilization and product inhibition, the pregnene and androstene activities of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and steroid 5 → 4-ene-isomerase may be expressed at a single catalytic site on one protein in human placenta.
Reconstructing American Studies: Transnational Paradoxes, Comparative Perspectives

While American Studies continues to be a popular subject in universities and colleges on both sides of the Atlantic, several influential critics have recently expressed some sense that its methodological direction appears increasingly uncertain. To be sure, there never was a time when this field's methodology has not been problematic: arguments about what American Studies should include, and indeed whether its eclectic narratives could reasonably be said to constitute an academic discipline at all, have circulated many times since the rapid growth of the subject in the late 1940s. This development has been well documented over the last few years. Philip Gleason has shown how the end of the Second World War led to a patriotic desire to identify certain specifically American values and characteristics; this led to various mythic idealizations of the American spirit in seminal critical works of the 1950s; and this in turn was followed by a more empiricist reaction in the 1960s and 1970s, when social scientists and historians of popular culture were concerned to demystify those earlier, holistic images of a “virgin land” and an “American Adam.” These are old controversies, and I do not intend to rehearse them in detail here. From the perspective of the early 1990s, what is more urgent is to consider how, or indeed if, the field of American Studies might continue to make an important contribution to our understanding of the United States, as well as a significant intervention within the world of learning more generally.
MECHANISMS OF FLUID SHEAR‐INDUCED INHIBITION OF POPULATION GROWTH IN A RED‐TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE1

Net population growth of some dinoflagellates is inhibited by fluid shear at shear stresses comparable with those generated during oceanic turbulence. Decreased net growth may occur through lowered cell division, increased mortality, or both. The dominant mechanism under various flow conditions was determined for the red-tide dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge. Cell division and mortality were determined by direct observation of isolated cells in 0.5-mL cultures that were shaken to generate unquantified fluid shear. Larger volume cultures were exposed to quantified laminar shear in Couette-flow chambers (0.004-0.019 N.m - 2 shear stress) and to unquantified flow in shaken flasks. In these larger cultures, cell division frequency was calculated from flow cytometric measurements of DNA.cell - 1 . The mechanism by which shear inhibits net growth of L. polyedrum depends on shear stress level and growth conditions. Observations on the isolated cells showed that shaking inhibited growth by lowering cell division without increased mortality. Similar results were found for early exponential-phase cultures exposed to the lowest experimental shear stress in Couette-flow chambers. However, mortality occurred when a late exponential-phase culture was exposed to the same low shear stress and was inferred to occur in cultures exposed to higher shear stresses. Elevated mortality in those treatments was confirmed using behavioral, morphological, and physiological assays. The results predict that cell division in L. polyedrum populations will be inhibited by levels of oceanic turbulence common for near-surface waters. Shear-induced mortality is not expected unless shear-stress levels are unusually high or when cellular condition resembles late exponential/stationary phase cultures.
Gold-coated zinc oxide nanowire-based substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Zinc oxide nanowires with two distinct morphologies were synthesized on silicon substrates using a simple thermal evaporation and vapor transport method in an oxidizing environment. The as-synthesized nanowires were coated with gold to allow excitation of surface plasmons over a broad frequency range. SERS studies with near-IR excitation at 785 nm showed significant enhancement (average enhancement > 106) with excellent reproducibility to detect monolayer concentrations of 4-methylbenzenethiol (4-MBT) and 1,2-benzendithiol (1,2-BDT) probe molecules. The Raman enhancement showed a strong dependence on the gold film thickness, and the peak enhancement was observed for a ∼40-nm-thick film. The Raman enhancement was stronger for randomly oriented nanowires compared to aligned ones suggesting the importance of contributions from the junctions of nanowires. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability of continuous-wave Doppler probes

Abstract Small-diameter, thin-walled latex tubes, through which a blood-simulating agent (0.1% suspension of simethicone in 0.9% sodium chloride) flowed at controlled rates, were embedded at varying depths in a tissue-mimicking matrix of powdered graphite suspended in 4% agar. A continuous-wave (CW) Doppler probe was mounted at a 45-degree angle to the flow and passed transversely over the tube by a motorized drive mechanism at a rate of 0.42 mm/sec. Flow rates through the tubes were monitored with electromagnetic flow probes. The maximum depth from which quantitatively reliable signals could be obtained was 1.2 cm for 10 MHz probes and 3.3 cm for 5 MHz probes. Qualitative detection of flow was possible to a depth of 3.1 cm for 10 MHz probes and 7.0 cm for 5 MHz probes. The distances from the tube center for obtaining quantitatively reliable signals were limited to ± 0.9 mm with a 10 MHz probe and ±1.8 mm with a 5 MHz probe. Qualitatively useful signals could be detected ±2.9 mm from the beam center by the 10 MHz probes and ±4.4 mm by the 5 MHz probes indicating a need for cautious interpretation as an interfering signal might be generated by any vessel within that range. Twenty percent of the randomly tested CW probes were considered unsuitable for use in quantitating blood flow, which underscores the importance of probe characterization before use. (J VASC SURG 1987;5:558-65.)
The Impact of the Supreme Court on Trends in Economic Policy Making in the United States Courts of Appeals

Previous impact research has primarily investigated controversial civil liberties decisions. The present study examines the response of the United States Courts of Appeals to changes in the labor and antitrust policies announced by the Supreme Court between 1950 and 1977. Significant impact was discovered. In each policy area, the decisional trends of the courts of appeals underwent a significant change after each of two policy shifts on the Supreme Court. Changes in the decisional trends of the courts of appeal were in the predicted direction even after controls were introduced for judges' party and holdover effects
Magnetoencephalography. Applications in psychiatry.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a noninvasive method of recording magnetic fields that result from brain electrical activity. The information it provides is thus closely related to the information in the electroencephalogram (EEG). There are a number of important basic and clinical research questions that must be asked of MEG, a relatively new technology, before its capacities and applicability to neuropsychiatric problems will be understood. We will briefly review the substrate that is thought to be measured, the instrument and its applications, and one of the auditory evoked responses that has been successfully recorded by MEG. See also p 565. Brain electrical activity has traditionally been studied with EEG. It is believed that the EEG signal comes from fluctuations in the resting membrane potential of the dendrites and cell bodies of cortical neurons, primarily pyramidal cells located in layer V, rather than from the action potentials of axons. Movements of ions along
Remission of Graves Disease and Iodine Intake

Excerpt To the editor: Solomon and associates (1) recently reported that the rate of remission in patients with Graves disease treated with antithyroid drugs since 1973 at their center in Washingto...
Severe epistaxis after nasogastric tube insertion requiring arterial embolisation

A 53-year-old dialysis patient was admitted with symptoms of a respiratory tract infection, abdominal pain and vomiting. She aspirated and required intubation. A nasogastric tube was placed with slight difficulty and the patient developed severe epistaxis. The bleeding could not be controlled with mechanical pressure and nasal packing. Angiography revealed extravasation from a pseudoaneurysm arising from the inferior pharyngeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal trunk. The vessel was successfully embolised with cessation of bleeding. We emphasise that even a seemingly easy procedure like insertion of a nasogastric tube, can lead to a life-threatening complication.
Perturbation-variation potential for disordered systems

Abstract A novel definition of a disordered alloy potential is introduced by a variation-perturbation method on the alloy density of states. Connection is made with the single site CPA.
Characterization of a dielectric phantom for high-field magnetic resonance imaging applications.

Purpose: In this work, a generic recipe for an inexpensive and nontoxic phantom was developed within a range of biologically relevant dielectric properties from 150 MHz to 4.5 GHz. Methods: The recipe includes deionized water as the solvent, NaCl to primarily control conductivity, sucrose to primarily control permittivity, agar–agar to gel the solution and reduce heat diffusivity, and benzoic acid to preserve the gel. Two hundred and seventeen samples were prepared to cover the feasible range of NaCl and sucrose concentrations. Their dielectric properties were measured using a commercial dielectric probe and were fitted to a 3D polynomial to generate a recipe describing the properties as a function of NaCl concentration, sucrose concentration, and frequency. Results: Results indicated that the intuitive linear and independent relationships between NaCl and conductivity and between sucrose and permittivity are not valid. A generic polynomial recipe was developed to characterize the complex relationship between the solutes and the resulting dielectric values and has been made publicly available as a web application. In representative mixtures developed to mimic brain and muscle tissue, less than 2% difference was observed between the predicted and measured conductivity and permittivity values. Conclusions: It is expected that the recipe will bemore » useful for generating dielectric phantoms for general magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coil development at high magnetic field strength, including coil safety evaluation as well as pulse sequence evaluation (including B{sub 1}{sup +} mapping, B{sub 1}{sup +} shimming, and selective excitation pulse design), and other non-MRI applications which require biologically equivalent dielectric properties.« less
Genetics, genomics, and cancer risk assessment: State of the Art and Future Directions in the Era of Personalized Medicine.

Scientific and technologic advances are revolutionizing our approach to genetic cancer risk assessment, cancer screening and prevention, and targeted therapy, fulfilling the promise of personalized medicine. In this monograph we review the evolution of scientific discovery in cancer genetics and genomics, and describe current approaches, benefits and barriers to the translation of this information to the practice of preventive medicine. Summaries of known hereditary cancer syndromes and highly penetrant genes are provided and contrasted with recently-discovered genomic variants associated with modest increases in cancer risk. We describe the scope of knowledge, tools, and expertise required for the translation of complex genetic and genomic test information into clinical practice. The challenges of genomic counseling include the need for genetics and genomics professional education and multidisciplinary team training, the need for evidence-based information regarding the clinical utility of testing for genomic variants, the potential dangers posed by premature marketing of first-generation genomic profiles, and the need for new clinical models to improve access to and responsible communication of complex disease-risk information. We conclude that given the experiences and lessons learned in the genetics era, the multidisciplinary model of genetic cancer risk assessment and management will serve as a solid foundation to support the integration of personalized genomic information into the practice of cancer medicine.
The state of sulfhydryl groups in normal and cataractous human lens proteins. II. Cortical and nuclear regions

Abstract The effects of aging and development of senile cataract on the distribution of lenticular protein and total sulfhydryl groups (SH + SS) in the water-soluble and insoluble fractions of the cortex and nucleus of the human lens have been examined. In normal lenses between 33 and 80 years of age, protein and total SH + SS levels of both regions remain fairly constant. With the possible exception of the cortex of the most advanced cataracts, values for these parameters in senile cataracts of various stages show no significant change from those for normal 63-year-old lenses. In normal lenses between 18 and 80 years of age amounts of water-insoluble proteins increase from 20 to 44% of the total cortical protein and from 20 to 55% of the total nuclear protein. In mature cataracts as much as 60% of the cortical and more than 90% of the nuclear proteins can be water-insoluble. Protein disulfides, not detectable in the normal 18-year-old cortex, accumulate by 63 years of age to a level of about 9% of the total cortical SH + SS and 17% of the total nuclear SH + SS groups. The percentages of total SH + SS represented by protein disulfides in either the soluble or insoluble cataractous proteins of Groups II through IV show large increases beyond those in the normal 63-year-old lens. Absolute amounts of soluble protein disulfides, however, remain within the range of normal values. Nonprotein disulfides, i.e. TCA-soluble sulfhydryl groups released by borohydride, are present at low levels in the normal aging lens. The nuclear insoluble fraction of most cataractous lenses is characterized by marked increases in these groups. Losses of non-protein sulfhydryl groups during aging and cataract development are confined largely, if not entirely, to the soluble fraction of the cortical region.
Elevation of GRP-78 and loss of HSP-70 following photodynamic treatment of V79 cells: sensitization by nigericin.

Abstract— Chinese hamster V79 cells were treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) sensitized by aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) or with the ionophore nigericin or with combinations of PDT and nigericin. We previously showed that PDT and nigericin interact synergistically in the killing of these cells; i.e. doses of PDT that kill no more than 10% of the cells in combination with nontoxic exposures to nigericin lead to a loss of clonogenicity of three to five orders of magnitude. Photodynamic therapy induces an enhanced rate of expression of the stress gene grp-78 both at the transcriptional and trans-lational levels and causes a decrease in the synthesis of the constitutive heat shock protein HSP-70 as well as in expression of HSP-70 mRNA. When the cells are exposed to PDT in the presence of nigericin, these effects are elicited at three- to four-fold lower PDT doses. Thus, PDT in the presence of nigericin is much more effective in inducing the changes in gene expression than is PDT alone. In the absence of nigericin the PDT dose inducing a two-fold increase in GRP-78 accumulation causes little or no loss of clonogenicity. In the presence of nigericin, however, the PDT dose leading to a similar change in GRP-78 level produces up to a 50% loss of clonogenicity. The fact that nigericin is dose-modifying for both cell killing and stress responses suggests that nigericin either increases the yield of oxidative damage from a given dose of PDT or magnifies the cellular response to a constant level of oxidative stress.
A model for ultracentrifugal quantification of (35-S) bromosulphthalein-binding to plasma proteins in the presence of radioimpurities.

SummarySolutions of [35S]bromosul-phthalein ([35S]BSP) in heparinized canine plasma, in the proportions established in vivo after injecting BSP intravenously to test liver function, were ultracentrifuged at 226,000 g for 24 hr at 5°. Protein-free supernatant was replaced by Krebs-Ringer buffer (pH 7.40), the protein sediment resuspended, and the mixture recentrifuged. That process was repeated several times, and the radioactivity of each resulting supernatant was measured. Since [35S]BSP could not be adequately purified, supernatant radioactivities reflected both [35S]BSP and radioim-purity. Therefore, a model was derived that (i) interpreted the rapid decrease in supernatant radioactivities of initial centrifugations and the gradual fall thereafter; and (ii) allowed us to determine picomoles of non-protein-bound [35S]BSP. Results indicated that only 0.053% (SD 0.0013%) of BSP in our system was not protein-bound.
Interactions of transfer RNA from E. coli and methylated bovine serum albumin

Abstract This work indicates that free methylated albumin (MA) can form a precipitable complex with tRNA under a variety of conditions. This complex renders the tRNA reversibly inactive in accepting amino acids, non-exchangeable with free aminoacyl-tRNA in solution, and partially resistant to RNAse. The stability of the complex is partially salt-dependent and shows some ion-specificity. Urea has little effect on complex formation or dissociation. Pretreatment of the complex with pronase, followed by phenol leads to total recovery of amino acid acceptor activity of the tRNAs. Phenol treatment alone does not. No interaction between the synthetase enzymes and MA could be detected.
From outcast to expert: identities as a conceptual lens for studying learning through design across spaces

In this paper we introduce the analytical lens of identities-in-practice to understand how one youth's participation in a classroom design project changed as he drew on his identities with design projects developed in other spaces, particularly an after-school technology club.
1818 PULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS IN CHILDREN WITH “AIDS”

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MMWR 32:688, 1984) was diagnosed in 7 children (Age:5 months-2.5 years, Sex:m:f::5:2, Ethnicity:5 Haitians, 1 Hispanic and 1 black American) at Downstate Medical Center from 1981 to 1983. Respiratory problems (cough and pneumonia) developed within 1–3 months of the diagnosis of AIDS in all children. Radiographic features consisted of bilateral diffuse interstitial infiltrates and nodular densities mimicking miliary Tbc. (A-a) O2 gradients were very wide (53.1mm Hg), particularly in children with pneumocystis carinii infection (biopsy proven in 3/7). Histology of the lung consisted of lymphocytic infiltration with scattered bronchiectasis, fibrosisand thickening of vessels. 3/7 had pneumocystic carinii infection with one child having in addition cryptococcal and staphylococcal infections respectively. 3/7 expired within 1–3 months of the onset of respiratory manifestations. We conclude that 1. Respiratory manifestations are common in AIDS 2. Clinical and radiographic features are nonspecific 3. Wide (A-a) O2 gradients should arouse suspicion of pneumocystis carinii infection and should suggest doing a lung biopsy 4. An early recognition of the problem will lead to a more effective therapy for the infectious complications of AIDS.
Cooperative Project-Based Learning and Students' Learning Styles on Web Page Development

Project-based learning (PBL) theorists advocate that learning is promoted when students pursue individual interests, when they build on prior knowledge, and when they engage in hands-on and authentic activities. Although a great deal of literature exists describing ideals such as these, research studies examining implementation strategies such as cooperation for PBL in classrooms are scarce. Research studies investigating the relationship between cooperative strategies and students' learning styles, in particular the learning styles known as field dependency and field independency in the PBL environment, are even scarcer. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of cooperative PBL and students' field dependency/independency on developing Web pages. Research data was collected and analyzed via qualitative approaches including project evaluation, interviews, and classroom observation. Interesting results were found.
Origin of the Medusae Fossae Formation, Mars: Insights from a synoptic approach

[1] The geologic origin of the Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF) has remained a mystery despite three decades of research. To better constrain its formation, an in-depth analysis of observations made in the literature was combined with a new survey of over 700 Mars Orbiter Camera narrow-angle images of the MFF to identify morphologic characteristics and material properties that define this formation as a whole. While previous work has identified clear agreement on some characteristics, our analysis identifies yardangs, collapse features, and layering as pervasive features of the MFF. Whereas collapse features and layering may implicate several different physical and chemical processes, yardangs provide vital information on material properties that inform about mechanical properties of the MFF lithology. Aspect ratios of megayardangs range from 3:1 to 50:1, and slope analyses reveal heights of up to 200 m with cliffs that are almost vertical. Other yardangs show lower aspect ratios and topographic profiles. These characteristics coupled to the presence of serrated margins, suggest that MFF lithology must be of weakly to heavily indurated material that lends itself to jointing. The characteristics and properties of the MFF are inconsistent with those of terrestrial pyroclastic fall deposits or loess, but are in common with large terrestrial ignimbrites, a hypothesis that explains all key observations with a single mechanism. Yardang fields developed in regionally extensive ignimbrite sheets in the central Andes display morphologic characteristics that correlate with degree of induration of the host lithology and suggest an origin by pyroclastic flow for the MFF.
Traction on Immobilized Netrin-1 Is Sufficient to Reorient Axons

During embryonic development, axons are guided to their target by patterning proteins encountered along their trajectory. These cues can be linked to the cells that produce them or secreted into the extracellular matrix. Whether secreted cues, like netrin-1, provide traction for the growth cone when they become attached to the extracellular matrix is unclear. Advancing spinal commissural neuron growth cones were shown to generate local forces of 4 to 15 piconewtons but, when confronted with immobilized netrin-1, generated traction forces in excess of 63 piconewtons on netrin-1 that can redirect the trajectory of the axon.
Philosophical Differences Between Early Childhood Education and Special Education: Issues for School Psychologists.

Increasingly, professional psychologists are extending their services from school-age children to young handicapped children. Psychological intervention and education issues regarding this group of children are complicated by the fact that the field of early childhood special education itself is in its infancy. This article presents the emerging field of early childhood special education, clarifies some major concerns in educating young handicapped children, and raises issues for school psychologists working in this area.
New ex vivo approaches distinguish effective and ineffective single agents for reversing HIV-1 latency in vivo

Latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been tested in HIV-1–infected individuals in the hopes of activating the latent viral reservoir and contributing to efforts to eradicate the virus. Robert F. Siliciano and his colleagues now report that most individual LRAs fail to reactivate latent virus in cells from infected individuals and that in vitro models of latency do not adequately reflect the ability of these agents to induce latent virus ex vivo.
String stability analysis of adaptive cruise controlled vehicles

A framework for string-stability analysis is formulated in this paper. First, uniform string will be analyzed. We will then present analysis results on strings of mixed vehicles. A String-Stability Margin (SSM) index is defined in this paper to give a quantitative measurement of any ACC design. Simulation results using MATLAB and a microscopic traffic simulator will also be given to demonstrate the effectiveness of ACC systems on traffic smoothness.
On the Bahadur representation of sample quantiles in some stationary multivariate autoregressive processes

Abstract It is shown here that Bahadur's [Ann. Math. Statist. (1966) 37, 577–580] almost sure (a.s.) asymptotic representation of a sample quantile for independent and identically distributed random variables holds under certain regularity conditions for a general class of stationary multivariate autoregressive processes. This yields the asymptotic (multi-) normality of the standardized forms of quantiles in autoregressive processes. Other useful applications will be considered in a subsequent paper.