cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT UPON PERMEABILITY OF POLYVALENT CATIONS IN COMBINATION WITH POLYVALENT ANIONS

In most of the studies carried on with a view of ascertaining how bivalent ions (such as calcium and magnesium), and trivalent ones (such as aluminum) affect permeability, the anions employed have been monovalent ones (chloride, nitrate, etc.). In studies in which Laminaria has been used, it has been found by Osterhout (I, 2) that wherever bivalent and trivalent cations were employed, the first effect of the salt has been to cause an increase in the resistance of the tissue (followed by a decrease), while if monovalent cations are used (with exception of acids and sodium taurocholate) the first effect is a decrease in resistance.. Since the anions, as shown in previous papers (3, 4) seem to play an important part in determining the permeability of the tissue, it seems of interest to investigate the effect of a salt composed of a polyvalent cation and a polyvalent anion. The number of such salts which are sufficiently soluble for the present experiments is exceedingly limited, because of the pronounced relation between valency and solubility. Magnesium citrate, magnesium sulphate, and aluminum citrate were finally selected for study since they possess more than most others the requisite characteristics for this work, in respect to acidity, solubility, osmotic pressure, etc. The solution of magnesium sulphate used was about I.09 M and had the same conductivity as sea water. Its pH value is about 8 and it is hence only very slightly alkaline. Figure i (curve A) shows the average result of the six experiments performed. The probable error of the mean (as based on Peter's formula) is under 5 percent of the mean. The rise in resistance at the start is seen to be very small and temporary, and at the end of five minutes the resistance has dropped to 84 percent of the original value in sea water. With magnesium citrate the difficulty of solubility was encountered. Since it was impossible to get a solution of the same conductivity as sea water, the practice of diluting with chloride was resorted to. When a solution composed of one sixth magnesium citrate O.I6 M and five sixths magnesium chloride 0.28 M is used, the results are as shown in figure i, B (three experiments; probable error of the mean under 5 percent of the mean). If this experiment is repeated, using magnesium chloride of the same electrical conductivity as the previous mixture, viz., about 0.24 M, the
Adaptive Universal Fault-Tolerant Logic Networks

We propose a novel dynamic fault-tolerance scheme for universal adaptive logic modules. The scheme is based on a proposed reducible decompostion of a switching function.
Management of Lumbar Injuries in Athletes

Lumbar spine pain is a common and disabling condition affecting an athlete’s ability to train and compete. The athletic management team must take a cooperative approach to diagnosis and treatment. The presentation pattern and injury history may provide an early cue to diagnosis; information gained by the trainer or therapist at the time of injury is particularly important. The unique anatomy and biomechanics of the lumbar segments leads to certain injury patterns. Knowledge of the potential motion, muscle effectors of motion and mechanisms of injury allows for a highly specific diagnosis. A meticulous physical examination with particular attention to neurological findings should be used to confirm suspicions from the athlete’s symptom pattern. Early conservative treatment should be initiated for all patients except those who are mechanically unstable or neurologically impaired. Aerobic and nonpainful sports-specific training may be continued under the care of the trainer or physical therapist. This will limit the loss of skill and endurance when normal activity is resumed. Diagnosis-specific medical and physical therapy should supplement this training activity. A care team that carefully analyses the pain presentation, injury history and symptoms, and directs a diagnosis-specific treatment programme, should manage lumbar spine conditions in the athlete.
Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and carbohydrate deficient transferrin: alternative measures of excessive alcohol consumption.

Both γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin have been extensively researched as biological markers of heavy alcohol consumption. The current study briefly describes each test, identifies subject variables that influence their relative sensitivities and specificities, and examines issues surrounding use of the two markers in combination. In addition, this study suggests five design features that should characterize projects evaluating the validity of biochemical markers.
Versatility of the CFR algorithm for limited angle reconstruction

The constrained Fourier reconstruction (CFR) and iterative reconstruction-reprojection (IRR) algorithms are evaluated based on their accuracy for three types of limited angle reconstruction problems. The CFR algorithm performs better for problems such as X-ray CT (computer tomography) imaging of a nuclear reactor core with one large data gap due to structural blocking of the source and detector pair. For gated heart imaging by X-ray CT, radioisotope distribution imaging by PET (position emission tomography), or SPECT (single-photon-emission computed tomography) using a polygonal array of gamma cameras with insensitive gaps between camera boundaries, the IRR algorithm has a slight advantage over the CFR algorithm, but the difference is not significant. Overall, the CFR algorithm is versatile and more practical, especially for a large gap angle geometry, with the additional advantages of less computation time and better convergence. >
On the possibility of the production of many rare proteins by higher eukaryotes

Arguments are presented which support the idea that the large amount of single copy DNA in the haploid genome of higher eukaryotes is coding for many (approximately 10(6) rare proteins, that is, proteins present at the level of no more than a few molecules per cell. It is asserted that a large number of such rare protein species is consistent with (1) apparent slow rates of DNA sequence evolution as shown by DNA annealing experiments, (2) physiological complexity and the DNA content of organisms, and (3) evidence that there are many proteins already known whose primary purpose is the regulation of the function of other proteins. It is shown that the best available detection techniques would not uncover these proteins unless a concerted effort were made to do so. An outline of such an effort, based on immune precipitation and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, is presented and discussed.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Through Fluid Excitation

Piezoelectric energy harvesters have recently captured a lot of attention in research and technology. They employ the piezoelectric effect, which is the separation of charge within a material as a result of an applied strain, to turn what would otherwise be wasted energy into usable energy. This energy can then be used to support remote sensing systems, batteries, and other types of wireless MEMS devices. Such self powered systems are particularly attractive where hardwiring may not be feasible or numerous battery sources unreasonable. The source of excitation for these systems can include direct actuation, natural or mechanical vibrations, or fluid energy (aerodynamic or hydrodynamic). Fluid based energy harvesting is increasingly pursued due to the ubiquitous nature of the excitation source as well as the strong correlation with other types of excitation. Vortex-induced vibrations as well as vibrations induced by bluff bodies have been investigated to determine potential gains. The shape and size of these bluff bodies has been modeled in order to achieve the maxim power potential of the system. Other studies have focused on aeroelastic fluttering which relies on the natural frequency of two structural modes being achieved through aerodynamic forces. Rather than a single degree of freedom, as seen in the VIV approach, aeroelastic flutter requires two degrees of freedom to induce its vibrational state. This has been modeled through a wing section attached to a cantilevered beam via a revolute joint. To accurately model the behavior of these systems several types of dampening must be considered. Fluid flow excitation introduces the component of dampening via fluid dynamics in addition to structural dampening and electrical dampening from the piezoelectrics themselves. Air flow speed modifies the aerodynamic dampening and it has been shown that at the flutterer boundary the aerodynamic dampening dissipates while the oscillations remain. However, such a system state exhibits a decaying power output due to the shunt dampening effect of the power generation itself. Research in energy harvesting is quickly progressing but much has yet to be discovered. The focus of this paper will be fluid as a source of excitation and the development that has followed thus far. Configurations and applications of previous works will be examined followed by suggestions of new research works to move forward in the field.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The role of LAT1 in 18 F-DOPA uptake in malignant gliomas

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the amino acid tracer 6-18F-fluoro-l-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (18F-DOPA) may provide better spatial and functional information in human gliomas than CT or MRI alone. The l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is responsible for membrane transport of large neutral amino acids in normal cells. This study assessed the relationship between LAT1 expression and 18F-DOPA uptake in human astrocytomas. Endogenous LAT1 expression was measured in established glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines and primary GBM xenografts using Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Uptake of 18F-DOPA was approximated in vitro using 3H-l-DOPA as an analog. Uptake of 3H-l-DOPA was assessed in cells expressing LAT1 shRNA or LAT1 siRNA and compared to non-targeted (NT) control shRNA or siRNA sequences, respectively. To demonstrate the clinical relevance of these findings, LAT1 immunofluorescence staining was compared with corresponding regions of 18F-DOPA PET uptake in patients with newly diagnosed astrocytomas. LAT1 mRNA and protein expression varies in GBM, and the extent of 3H-l-DOPA uptake was positively correlated with endogenous LAT1 expression. Stable shRNA-mediated LAT1 knockdown in T98 and GBM28 reduced 3H-l-DOPA uptake relative to NT shRNA by 57 (P < 0.0001) and 52 % (P < 0.001), respectively. Transient siRNA-mediated LAT1 knockdown in T98 reduced 3H-l-DOPA uptake relative to NT siRNA up to 68 % (P < 0.01). In clinical samples, LAT1 expression positively correlated with 18F-DOPA PET uptake (P = 0.04). Expression of LAT1 is strongly associated with 3H-l-DOPA uptake in vitro and 18F-DOPA uptake in patient biopsy samples. These results define LAT1 as a key determinant of 18F-DOPA accumulation in GBM.
Bibliography: literature related to use of instrumental aids in stuttering therapy.

The findings of a number of studies demonsuate that stutterers become more fluent when they speak in the presence of high levels of masking noise or pace their speech with a metronome. Because these phenomena influence stuttering, there has been some interest in the possibility of utilizing miniature masking-noise generators and metronomes clinically to control stuttering. We are presently involved in a research program in the Speech Communication Laboratory of the Marquette University School of Speech in which we are systematically exploring the potential of these devices for the treatment of stuttering. As part of this program we undertook a search of the literature for clinical, experimental, and theoretical papers concerned with the influence of masking noise and rhythmic auditory, visual, and tactile stimulation on stuttering. The search involved a number of sources including Dissertation Abstracts, dsh .4bstracts, Languge and Langauge Behavior Abstracts, Psychological Ab~.tracts, and the reference lists of the papers located (a total of 103). These papers are listed under two headings: (1) Masking Noise and Stuttering and (2) Rhythmic Stimulation and Stuttering. We hope this bibliography will be helpful to clinicians and investigators who wish to acquaint themselves with the cnrrent state of knowledge in this area.
Trusted virtual platforms: a key enabler for converged client devices

This paper introduces our work around combining machine virtualization technology with Trusted Computing Group technology. We first describe our architecture for reducing and containing the privileged code of the Xen Hypervisor. Secondly we describe our Trusted Virtual Platform architecture. This is aimed at supporting the strong enforcement of integrity and security policy controls over a virtual entity where a virtual entity can be either a full guest operating system or virtual appliance running on a virtualized platform. The architecture includes a virtualization-specific integrity measurement and reporting framework. This is designed to reflect all the dependencies of the virtual environment of a guest operating system. The work is a core enabling component of our research around converged devices -- client platforms such as notebooks or desktop PCs that can safely host multiple virtual operating systems and virtual appliances concurrently and report accurately on the trustworthiness of the individually executing entities.
Cross-Border Regions and Territorial Restructuring in Central Europe Room for More transboundary Space

As the world's `first postmodern political form', Europe provides an excellent laboratory for exploring how border regions offer new spaces of/for governance, cultural interaction, and economic dev...
Minding the Body: Psychotherapy in Cases of Chronic and Life-Threatening Illness

Contents * Minding the Body: Psychotherapy in Cases of Chronic and Life-Threatening Illness * How Can Feminist Therapists Support Women with Autoimmune Disorders? * Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A First-Person Story * Fibromyalgia: A Feminist Biopsychosocial Perspective * Battling Injury and Chronic Illness in a Managed Care World: A Case History * Social Construction of Illness: Addressing the Impact of Cancer on Women in Therapy * Putting Theory into Practice: A Psychologist's Story * Feminist Psychotherapy in Cases of Life-Threatening Illness * From Life Threatening Illness to a More Sensitive Therapist: One Woman's Journey * Index * Reference Notes Included
Prenatal diagnosis of unusual hemoglobinopathies

While analyzing 280 hemoglobinopathy kindreds with prescribed molecular tests, 3 unusual mutations were observed that required additional characterization. In the first case, the hypervariable region flanking the alpha-globin genes generated an intermediate length 8.2 kb psi zeta-globin gene fragment on a Southeast Asian chromosome with two deleted alpha-globin genes. Rehybridization of the Southern blot with alpha-globin probe distinguished the mutation unambiguously. In the second case, restriction enzyme analysis of a PCR amplified black beta-globin gene detected a novel beta-83 point mutation adjacent to a promoter element. In the third case, which was uninformative with available allele specific oligonucleotides (ASOs), total genomic PCR amplification and sequencing identified a single basepair insertion in codon 36/37 of an Iranian beta-globin gene that shifted the reading frame and obliterated gene activity. Developing additional region-specific ASOs will further diminish the number of cases that must be characterized by genomic PCR sequencing.
Paradigms for Ecological Risk Assessmenta

Ecological risk assessment developed from the convergence of human health risk assessment, ecology, and ecotoxicology to provide data for environmental management and decision making. There has been an emphasis on using the health risk paradigm. However, ecological systems are much more complex than the single-species, single-lifetime approach used in human health risk assessment; hence several modifications are necessary, as ecological risk assessment evolves for particular uses. The advancement of ecological risk assessment is particularly timely, given competing considerations for cleanup of a variety of hazardous-waste sites, including the huge Department of Defense and Department of Energy sites, as well as the 1000+ Superfund sites. Sufficient resources are not available to clean up all sites completely, much less at the same time. Some sites pose no current identifiable risk to human receptors, but may be unusable for human habitation. Where human receptors are not the targets, ecological risk assessment can be used not only to evaluate the risks to ecosystems, but to help determine the degree of cleanup required to restore degraded environments to functioning ecosystems that provide valuable ecological services, and to rank sites for possible cleanup.
Studies of metabolism in embryonic development—I. The oxidative metabolic of unfertilized and embryonated eggs of the rainbow trout

Abstract 1. 1. The changes in oxidative metabolism of trout ova between the times of fertilization and hatching, and of larvae were studied by measuring the rates of oxidation to C14O2 of C14-labeled substrates. No measurable changes of the rate of the “endogenous” respiration was observed upon addition of oxidable substrates. 2. 2. The rate of oxidation of acetate-1-C14, pyruvate-2-C14 and glucose-U-C14 increased continuously during development. At all stages of development the rate of C14O2 production appeared to be the most rapid from acetate-1-C14, and the slowest from glucose-U-C14. 3. 3. Trout ova were found to carry a store of free glucose whic increased as development progressed. On elimination of the glucose pool by preparation of a cell-free system consisting of mitochondria supplemented with a high-speed supernatant, the rate of utilization of added glucose exceeded that of acetate. The activities of both the glycolytic and the acetate-activating enzyme systems in the cytoplasm increased during the period of embryonic development. 4. 4. The ability of the ova to incorporate exogenous substrates into their endogenous reservers was demonstrated in experiments in which ova were incubated in the presence of C14-labeled acetate or pyruvate for several days; subsequent incubation of the washedp ova and collection of the respiratory CO2 showed that C14O2 was released at linear rates over periods of several hours.
The Learning Curve for Writing Books: Evidence From Professor Asimov

Learning curves observed in laboratory experiments invariably have a negatively accelerated shape. However, we have little information about the shape of the learning curve in the learning of complex professional skills under realistic conditions. Data from Isaac Asimov's writing career show that a lifetime of practice sometimes follows the learning curve observed in the laboratory.
Comparison of Usefulness of Each of Five Predictors of Mortality and Urgent Transplantation in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure are all established predictors of mortality or urgent transplantation in patients with advanced heart failure (HF). However, their comparative predictive ability in estimating prognosis has not been well studied. We analyzed 1,215 patients with advanced systolic HF referred to a university center from 1999 to 2009. BUN, BNP, VO 2 , SBP, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were measured as a part of the initial evaluation. The patients were divided into groups according to the best cutoffs for predicting both 1- and 2-year mortality from the analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curves (BNP ≥579 pg/ml, peak VO 2 2 (odds ratio 4.5, 95% confidence interval 2.6 to 7.8) were the strongest predictors for death or urgent transplantation. On multivariate analyses, BNP and peak VO 2 were the strongest predictors for both death or urgent transplantation and all-cause mortality. The c-statistic was 0.756 for BNP, 0.701 for VO 2 , 0.659 for BUN, 0.638 for SBP, and 0.650 for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. In conclusion, of the 5 established predictors of outcomes in advanced HF, BNP was the most robust discriminator of risk and thus could be useful, along with other more traditional prognostic variables, in patient counseling regarding prognosis and determining the timing for heart transplantation.
Liner Optimization Studies Using the Ducted Fan Noise Prediction Code TBIEM3D

In this paper we demonstrate the usefulness of the ducted fan noise prediction code TBIEM3D as a liner optimization design tool. Boundary conditions on the interior duct wall allow for hard walls or a locally reacting liner with axially segmented, circumferentially uniform impedance. Two liner optimization studies are considered in which farfield noise attenuation due to the presence of a liner is maximized by adjusting the liner impedance. In the first example, the dependence of optimal liner impedance on frequency and liner length is examined. Results show that both the optimal impedance and attenuation levels are significantly influenced by liner length and frequency. In the second example, TBIEM3D is used to compare radiated sound pressure levels between optimal and non-optimal liner cases at conditions designed to simulate take-off. It is shown that significant noise reduction is achieved for most of the sound field by selecting the optimal or near optimal liner impedance. Our results also indicate that there is a relatively large region of the impedance plane over which optimal or near optimal liner behavior is attainable. This is an important conclusion for the designer since there are variations in liner characteristics due to manufacturing imprecisions.
A Comparison of the Risk of QT Prolongation Among SSRIs

Objective: To report QT prolongation potential in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in order to advise clinicians on safe use of SSRIs other than citalopram in light of citalopram warnings. Data Sources: Primary literature and case reports were identified through a systematic search. Data from drug manufacturers, package inserts, and the ArizonaCERT database were also utilized. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language studies and case reports were included. Data Synthesis: Studies demonstrate possible dose-related clinically significant QT prolongation with escitalopram. Fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and sertraline at traditional doses demonstrate a lack of clinically significant increases in QTc in the majority of studies. Further, paroxetine monotherapy shows a lack of clinically significant QTc prolongation in all studies. However, case reports or reporting tools still link these SSRIs with QTc prolongation. Fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline used in post–acute coronary synd...
Analysis of mono- and disaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography of the benzyloxime-perbenzoyl derivatives.

Abstract A group of biologically important mono- and disaccharides are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography of the benzyloxime-perbenzoyl derivatives on a normal-phase microparticulate column with a hexane—dioxane mixture as the eluting solvent. A single, quantifiable derivative of each sugar is fromed easily. These derivatives are detected by UV adsorption at either 230 or 254 nm, with a sensitivity in the picomle range at the former wavelength. The sugars in the residues from the evaporation of small alquots of bioogic fluids (10–100/gml) are derivatized without prior isolation and are determined quantitatively by the use of appropriate internal standards. The analyses could be performed routinely with a simple, inexpensive instrument.
5-J 1.8-μsec pulse 10-pps dye laser for combustion applications

A 5-J/pulse 1.8-μsec pulse width 10-Hz flashlamp-pumped tunable dye laser system has been built for performing spontaneous Raman scattering experiments in combusting media at the Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore. Details of construction, including a microprocessor-based diagnostic and control system, are described, and performance of the system in terms of various operating parameters is noted.
Spatial Variation of Sediment Sulfate Reduction Rates in a Saline Lake

Devils Lake in North Dakota is a terminal, multibasin, saline lake with an overall surface area that is currently approximately 44,520 ha (110,000 acres) . Lake elevation has increased by more than 7 m within 10 years , and vast areas of prairie and cropland have been flooded. The lake is rich in sulfate, and water column sulfate concentrations are relatively uniform within each of the five major basins, but increase from 3.1 mM (300 mg∕L) in West Bay to 31 mM (3,000 mg∕L) in East Devils Lake. Sediment cores were collected from three of the basins at different water depths, and used in laboratory studies to evaluate the spatial distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) activity in the lake sediments. The high sulfate concentrations within the experimental sediment cores suggest that the activity of SRB is limited by the availability of suitable electron donors rather than by the availability of sulfate and that SRB activity can be defined by a zero-order volumetric rate constant ( K0 ) . Experimenta...
Percutaneous balloon dilatation of discrete subaortic stenosis as a palliative procedure to promote recovery of left ventricular contractile function.

This case report describes the use of percutaneous balloon dilatation of a discrete subaortic membrane as a palliative procedure to improve left ventricular contractile function.
Simple but effective feedback generation to tutor abstract problem solving

To generate natural language feedback for an intelligent tutoring system, we developed a simple planning model with a distinguishing feature: its plan operators are derived automatically, on the basis of the association rules mined from our tutorial dialog corpus. Automatically mined rules are also used for realization. We evaluated 5 different versions of a system that tutors on an abstract sequence learning task. The version that uses our planning framework is significantly more effective than the other four versions. We compared this version to the human tutors we employed in our tutorial dialogs, with intriguing results.
The β-Reliable Median on a Network with Discrete Probabilistic Demand Weights

This study extends the classical network median problem by considering the stochastic nature of demand. Assuming that the demand weights associated with nodes are independent discrete random variables, we introduce a chance-constrained programming model to define a β-reliable median of the network. It is shown that the β-reliable median problem is NP-hard. Exact solution procedures and a normal approximation algorithm are developed to search for the β-reliable median. Their performance is evaluated by computational experiments.
An adaptive conjugate gradient learning algorithm for efficient training of neural networks

Abstract An adaptive conjugate gradient learning algorithm has been developed for training of multilayer feedforward neural networks. The problem of arbitrary trial-and-error selection of the learning and momentum ratios encountered in the momentum backpropagation algorithm is circumvented in the new adaptive algorithm. Instead of constant learning and momentum ratios, the step length in the inexact line search is adapted during the learning process through a mathematical approach. Thus, the new adaptive algorithm provides a more solid mathematical foundation for neural network learning. The algorithm has been implemented in C on a SUN-SPARCstation and applied to two different domains: engineering design and image recognition. It is shown that the adaptive neural networks algorithm has superior convergence property compared with the momentum backpropagation algorithm.
Effect of an oat β-glucan-rich hydrocolloid (C-trim30) on the rheology and oil uptake of frying batters

C-trim30, a new beta-glucan-rich hydrocolloid containing 32%beta-glucan, was obtained by steam jet-cooking and fractionating oat bran concentrates. It was then incorporated into batter formulations to investigate the rheological effects of C-trim30, which were correlated with batter attributes. In steady shear measurements, the use of C-trim30 led to the increase in batter viscosity, while it did not show significant effects on the shear-thinning pattern of batters. Moreover, the increase in the dynamic viscoelastic properties was observed with more contribution to elastic properties because of the high water-holding properties of C-trim30. These rheological characteristics could be correlated with the adhesive properties of batters to a food matrix. In addition, C-trim30 was shown to produce a sample with increased batter pickup, less moisture loss, and reduced oil content. Even, the oil content was reduced by up to 40% when 4% C-trim30 was used in the batter formulations. The combined effects of elevated viscosity, great batter pickup, and reduced moisture loss by the use of C-trim30 contributed synergistically to the reduction of oil content in fried foods.
Partner violence intervention in the busy primary care environment.

Abstract Background: Few studies of intimate partner violence (IPV) interventions have been conducted in primary care settings. Based on recommendations, we implemented a multifaceted IPV intervention that included a sticker placed in medical charts listing screening questions, routine IPV screening by nursing staff, clinician follow-up for women screening positive, and referral to on-site services. Methods: A prospective cohort study compared multiple measures collected at the intervention site and a center providing usual care. Measures included self-reported IPV, documented IPV screening and IPV experiences, and quantity of IPV materials taken from the centers. Results: Of 746 charts reviewed in a random chart review conducted at the intervention site, 36.6% were tagged for IPV screening, and of those tagged, 86.1% had documentation of screening. Approximately 5% (11 of 235) of women screened positive for IPV; about half had documented clinician follow-up and referral to on-site services. Comparison of survey responses and medical record reviews (intervention site) indicated that the screening protocol primarily identified severely abused women (sensitivity 80%, specificity 98%), but rarely identified women experiencing low to moderate levels of abuse. IPV brochures were taken from the intervention site at a rate of 51 per 1000 visits versus 29 per 1000 visits taken from the control site. Conclusions: Utilizing screening as the only gateway to on-site services limited access for many IPV victims. The removal of IPV brochures from examination rooms suggests that providing contact information for self-referral to on-site services may improve access.
Connecting client objectives with resource capabilities: an essential component for grid service managent infrastructures

In large-scale, distributed systs such as Grids, an agreent between a client and a service provider specifies service level objectives both as expressions of client requirents and as provider assurances. Ideally, these objectives are expressed in a high-level, service- or application-specific manner rather than requiring clients to detail the necessary resources. Resource providers on the other hand, expect low-level, resource specific performance criteria that are uniform across applications and can easily be interpreted and provisioned.This paper presents a framework for Grid service managent that addresses this gap between high-level specification of client performance objectives and existing resource managent infrastructures It identifies three levels of abstraction for resource requirents that a service provider needs to manage, namely: detailed specification of raw resources, virtualization of heterogeneous resources as abstract resources, and performance objectives at an application level. The paper also identifies three key functions for managing service level agreents, namely: translation of resource requirents across abstraction layers, arbitration in allocating resources to client requests, and aggregation and allocation of resources from multiple lower level resource managers. One or more of these key functions may be present at each abstraction layer of a service level manager. Thus, the composition of these functions across resource abstraction layers enables modeling of a wide array of managent scenarios. We present a framework that supports these functions: it uses the service metadata and/or service performance models to map client requirents to resource capabilities, it uses business value associated with objectives in allocation decisions to arbitrate between competing requests, and it allocates resources based on previously negotiated agreents.
Structure and Function of the 3′ Terminal Six Nucleotides of the West Nile Virus Genome in Viral Replication

Using a self-replicating reporting replicon of West Nile (WN) virus, we performed a mutagenesis analysis to define the structure and function of the 3'-terminal 6 nucleotides (nt) (5'-GGAUCU(OH)-3') of the WN virus genome in viral replication. We show that mutations of nucleotide sequence or base pair structure of any of the 3'-terminal 6 nt do not significantly affect viral translation, but exert discrete effects on RNA replication. (i). The flavivirus-conserved terminal 3' U is optimal for WN virus replication. Replacement of the wild-type 3' U with a purine A or G resulted in a substantial reduction in RNA replication, with a complete reversion to the wild-type sequence. In contrast, replacement with a pyrimidine C resulted in a replication level similar to that of the 3' A or G mutants, with only partial reversion. (ii). The flavivirus-conserved 3' penultimate C and two upstream nucleotides (positions 78 and 79), which potentially base pair with the 3'-terminal CU(OH), are absolutely essential for viral replication. (iii). The base pair structures, but not the nucleotide sequences at the 3rd (U) and the 4th (A) positions, are critical for RNA replication. (iv). The nucleotide sequences of the 5th (G) position and its base pair nucleotide (C) are essential for viral replication. (v). Neither the sequence nor the base pair structure of the 6th nucleotide (G) is critical for WN virus replication. These results provide strong functional evidence for the existence of the 3' flavivirus-conserved RNA structure, which may function as contact sites for specific assembly of the replication complex or for efficient initiation of minus-sense RNA synthesis.
Accurate Potentials for Argon−Water and Methane−Water Interactions via ab Initio Methods and Their Application to Clathrate Hydrates

High level ab initio quantum mechanical calculations were used to determine the intermolecular potential energy surface between argon and water, corrected for many-body interactions, to predict monovariant and invariant phase equilibria for the argon hydrate and mixed methane−argon hydrate systems. A consistent set of reference parameters for the van der Waals and Platteeuw model, = 1077 ± 5 kcal/mol and = 1294 ± 11 kcal/mol, were developed for Structure II hydrates and are not dependent on any fitted parameters. Our previous methane−water ab initio energy surface has been recast onto a site−site potential model that predicts guest occupancy experiments with improved accuracy compared to previous studies. This methane−water potential is verified via ab initio many-body calculations and thus should be generally applicable to dense methane−water systems. New reference parameters, = 1203 ± 3 kcal/mol and = 1170 ± 19 kcal/mol, for structure I hydrates using the van der Waals and Platteeuw model were also dete...
Predation, resource availability, and community structure in Neotropical water-filled tree holes

Predation and resource availability influence community structure in many aquatic ecosystems. Predators (odonates) and resources (leaf litter) were manipulated to determine their independent effects on macroorganism species richness, abundance, and composition in water-filled tree holes of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Interactive effects of these factors were also investigated in artificial tree holes. Large odonates reduced species richness in natural tree holes, but did not significantly reduce macroorganism abundance. The presence of larvae of the mosquito Culex urichii and the ceratopogonid midge Bezzia snowi were negatively associated with the presence of large odonate larvae. In natural tree holes, leaf litter addition and removal respectively increased and decreased richness by c. 1 species relative to controls, and macroorganism abundance was greater in litter addition holes than in litter removal holes. Independent effects of predation showed similar patterns in artificial holes, but there was no predator×resource interaction, partly due to the short duration of the experiment. Predators grew faster when litter was abundant, and indirectly reduced litter degradation rates when resources were scarce in artificial holes. Both resource availability and predation influence species richness in water-filled tree holes, but act at different time scales; richness follows productivity (litter quantity) over a period of weeks, whereas effects of predation may span several months.
CSF1 Is a Novel p53 Target Gene Whose Protein Product Functions in a Feed-Forward Manner to Suppress Apoptosis and Enhance p53-Mediated Growth Arrest

The p53 tumor suppressor gene has a common polymorphism at codon 72 that alters its function. We previously reported that the proline 72 polymorphic variant of p53 (P72) demonstrates increased ability to transactivate a subset of genes, relative to arginine 72 (R72); one of these genes is macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF1). At present, the mechanism(s) underlying the increased transcriptional activity of P72 toward genes like CSF1 have not been completely elucidated. Additionally, the consequences of increased transcription of genes like CSF1 by the P72 variant to the downstream p53 pathway are unknown. In this report, we address these issues. We show that the CSF1 gene contains a conserved binding site for p53, and interestingly that the P72 variant shows increased ability to bind to this site. Moreover, we show that increased CSF1/CSF1R signaling in P72 cells feeds back on the p53 pathway to enhance p53 phosphorylation, levels, and transactivation of target genes, particularly the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (CDKN1A). This leads to an increase in p53-mediated growth arrest, along with a concomitant decrease in apoptosis. Notably, the CSF1/CSF1R signaling axis is overexpressed in several epithelial cancers, and there is clinical evidence that this pathway plays a role in radio-resistance of some cancers. We show that cells expressing CSF1 and CSF1R are indeed radio-resistant, and further, that this effect requires p53. These combined data are the first to implicate the CSF1/CSF1R pathway in the decision between p53-mediated growth arrest and apoptosis. They are also the first to highlight a cytokine as influential in cell fate determined by p53 in epithelial cells. Finally, these data may explain the association of the P72 variant and the CSF1/CSF1R pathway with increased senescence and radio-resistance in some epithelial tumor types.
A characterization of finite EI categories with hereditary category algebras

Abstract In this paper we give an explicit algorithm to construct the ordinary quiver of a finite EI category for which the endomorphism groups of all objects have orders invertible in the field k . We classify all finite EI categories with hereditary category algebras, characterizing them as free EI categories (in a sense which we define) for which all endomorphism groups of objects have invertible orders. Some applications on the representation types of finite EI categories are derived.
Design evolution and properties of superconducting parallel-bar rf-dipole deflecting and crabbing cavities

Deflecting/crabbing cavities serve a variety of purposes in different accelerator applications, primarily in separating a single beam into multiple beams and in rotating bunches for head-on collisions at the interaction point in particle colliders. Deflecting/crabbing cavities are also used for transverse and longitudinal emittance exchange in beams, x-ray pulse compression, and for beam diagnostics. Compact superconducting deflecting/crabbing cavities are under development due to strict dimensional constraints and requirements for higher field gradients with low surface losses. The TEM-like superconducting parallel-bar cavity supports low operating frequencies, thus making the design favorable for many of the deflecting/crabbing cavity applications. The design of the parallel-bar cavity based on cylindrical straight loading elements and rectangular outer conductors has evolved and been adapted to improve the design properties by modifying the design geometry. The improved design with trapezoidal-shaped loading elements and cylindrical outer conductor has attractive properties such as low and well-balanced peak surface fields and high transverse shunt impedance. Additionally, the wide separation of modes in the higher-order mode spectrum and the absence of lower-order mode are advantageous in high current applications. The evolution of the parallel-bar geometry into an rf-dipole geometry is presented with a detailed analysis of the properties for each design.
Bi-objective optimization of building enclosure design for thermal and lighting performance

Abstract We address the challenging problem of optimizing early building design for daylighting and thermal performance with the objectives of passively satisfying occupant thermal and luminous needs, to the greatest degree possible, therefore minimizing energy demand for heating, cooling, and lighting. A bi-objective optimization method using GenOpt and its implementation of a Hooke Jeeves and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is demonstrated that investigates how building enclosure design influences the above objectives. Thermal performance was evaluated by how heat transfer across enclosure elements impacts hourly heating and cooling loads. Lighting performance was evaluated based on the frequency and magnitude at which daylight levels, during occupied hours, deviate from a desired target illuminance range. A single-zone classroom design in Charlotte, NC was optimized for north, south, east, and west orientations. For each orientation, a Pareto front was approximated to help evaluate trade-offs between thermal and daylighting objectives. Results show that for the south, east, and west orientations, thermal and daylighting objectives are not in strong conflict, however, for the north orientation there is a more marked conflict between these objectives.
The conformation of the C-terminal region of actin: A site-specific photocrosslinking study using benzophenone-4-maleimide☆

The site-specific photocrosslinker, benzophenone-4-maleimide, was used to label G-actin specifically at Cys-374, the penultimate residue from the C terminus. The resultant BP-G-actin was polymerized to form BP-F-actin, and both forms of actin were irradiated to activate the benzophenone moiety. We found that for BP-F-actin both intersubunit and intrasubunit photocrosslinks were formed. For BP-G-actin only a small amount of an internally photocrosslinked species was formed. These findings suggest that in the F-actin polymer, the C-terminal peptide is localized in a region between neighboring subunits. In contrast, in the G-actin monomer, the C-terminal peptide is relatively distant from the surface of the molecule.
Collagen modulates cell shape and cytoskeleton of embryonic corneal and fibroma fibroblasts: Distribution of actin, α-actinin, and myosin

Abstract In the embryo, fibroblasts migrating through extracellular matrices (ECM) are generally elongate in shape, exhibiting a leading pseudopodium with filopodial extensions, and a trailing cell process. Little is known about the mechanism of movement of embryonic cells in ECM, for studies of fibroblast locomotion in the past have been largely confined to observations of flattened cells grown on planar substrata. We confirm here that embryonic avian corneal fibroblasts migrating within hydrated collagen gels in vitro have the bipolar morphology of fibroblasts in vivo, and we show for the first time that highly flattened gerbil fibroma fibroblasts, grown as cell lines on planar substrata, can also respond to hydrated collagen gels by becoming elongate in shape. We demonstrate that the collagen-mediated change in cell shape is accompanied by dramatic rearrangement of the actin, α-actinin, and myosin components of the cytoskeleton. By immunofluorescence, the stress fibers of the flattened corneal fibroblasts grown on glass are seen to stain with antiactin, anti-α-actinin, and antimyosin, as has been reported for fibroma and other fibroblasts grown on glass. Stress fibers, adhesion plaques, and ruffles do not develop when the corneal or fibroma fibroblast is grown in ECM; these features seem to be a response to strong attachment of the cell underside to a planar substratum. When the fibroblasts are grown in ECM, antimyosin staining is distributed diffusely through the cytoplasm. Antiactin and anti-α-actinin stain the microfilamentous cell cortex strongly. We suggest that locomotion of the fibroblast in ECM is accompanied by adhesion of the cell to the collagen fibrils and may involve an interaction of the myosin-rich cytosol with the actin-rich filamentous cell cortex. Interestingly, the numerous filopodia that characterize the tips of motile pseudopodia of cells in ECM are very rich in actin and α-actinin, but seem to lack myosin; if filopodia use myosin to move, the interaction must be at a distance. Soluble collagen does not convert flattened fibroblasts on planar substrata to bipolar cells. Thus, the effect of collagen on the fibroblast cytoskeleton seems to depend on the presence of collagen fibrils in a gel surrounding the cell.
Polarographic Method for Measuring Oxygen Diffusivity and Solubility in Water-Saturated Polymer Films: Application to Hypertransmissible Soft Contact Lenses

An electrochemical-polarographic method is described for measuring the diffusivity, D, and solubility, k, of oxygen in aqueous-saturated polymer films. While the apparatus and procedure are general for such films, it is here applied to determine D and k for oxygen in hypertransmissible soft contact lenses. Usually, only oxygen permeability, P, the product of D and k, is measured because P gauges the steady flux of oxygen through hydrogel membranes. However, we utilize the polarographic technique in the unsteady state and, hence, obtain D and k separately. Determination of each of these properties is critical for designing better lens materials that ensure sufficient oxygen supply to the cornea. We have measured oxygen diffusivities and solubilities for nine commercial soft contact lenses. Our data indicate that oxygen diffusivity is primarily responsible for the range of oxygen permeability observed for hypertransmissible soft contact lenses. For 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-based lenses, measured s...
Blocking Periodontal Disease Progression with Anti‐Inflammatory Agents

Recent advances in the identification of specific immuno-inflammatory pathways of periodontal disease have encouraged investigators to attempt to modulate some of these host responses in an attempt to slow the periodontal disease process. Some of the best known mediators of these immuno-inflammatory pathways are prostaglandins. The action of prostaglandins can be inhibited through the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This review examines research over the last two decades during which the effect of several NSAIDs on the progression of gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss was explored. J Periodontol 1993; 64:828-833.
Model Guided Segmentation Of Ground Targets

A technique for segmenting objects in an image guided by a model is shown. Specific methods used for model selection and model guided segmentation are shown along with a method for segmentation evaluation. Examples of segmenting ground targets in infrared imagery are shown.