cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of Shock-Shock Interactions for the HET Facility Double Wedge Configuration using the DSMC Approach

A set of numerical simulations designed to study the laminar, shock-shock interactions from hypersonic flows about a double-wedge configuration for the Hypervelocity Expansion Tube (HET) facility are presented. Computations are made using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, an approach for modeling finite-Knudsen number flows. The current study focuses on the investigation of Mach 7 nitrogen flows about a 30-/55-deg double wedge model for stagnation enthalpies varying from 2.0-8.0 MJ/kg. The simulation results of the double wedge flows are compared with the data obtained from experiments at HET. Numerical Schlierens are generated to visualize the shock structure and shock-shock interactions present in these flows and are compared with the experimental Schlieren images. The computed heat transfer values from the simulations match the experiment along the first surface, but on the second wedge the computed heat transfer distribution over predicts the measured peak values. The influence of different models for nonequilibrium nitrogen dissociation, rotational and vibrational relaxation rates, and gas-surface interactions on the shock interaction region are analyzed for high enthalpy flow features and heat transfer rates. Overall good agreement is observed in the experimental and computational results. Unsteadiness of the flow and time-averaging of the experimental measurements are likely reasons for the inability of the DSMC simulations to exactly reproduce the experimental data.
Genetic characterization of gliomas arising in patients with multiple sclerosis

The co-occurrence of gliomas and multiple sclerosis (MS) in the same patient is uncommon, but a well-reported phenomenon. Most have been high grade astrocytic tumors that developed after the diagnosis of MS, leading authors to postulate that chronic gliosis in demyelinative plaques might be the underlying substrate for secondary induction of a glial neoplasm. Until recently, however, genetic tools have not been available to test the hypothesis that high grade gliomas might arise from longstanding chronic gliosis, with transformation to low grade glioma, and eventually GBM, i.e., be secondary GBMs. We searched our surgical neuropathology and MS Brain Bank databases over the past 25 years (1987–2011) and identified eight cases of co-occurring MS and glioma. After careful review to guarantee both diagnoses, cases were studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization for genetic markers appropriate to diagnosis, as well as by direct sequencing for IDH1/2 and P53. No unusual genetic features were detected in our cohort; further, the 4 GBMs we did identify did not have clinical features of secondary glioblastomas nor did any of the four manifest IDH-1 immunohistochemical expression or IDH1/2 mutations, as might be expected in secondary GBMs. Conversely, PTEN loss and EGFR expression, features often found in primary GBMs, but seldom identified in secondary GBMs, were found in 3 of 4 GBMs. We conclude that gliomas in MS patients have genetic features paralleling counterparts in non-MS patients. There is no strong genetic evidence for GBMs to be secondary GBMs.
The dynamics of coupled nonlinear model Boltzmann equations

A multispecies gas described by coupled nonlinear Boltzmann equations is studied as a dynamical system. Properties are determined of theN coupled nonlinear ODEs for the number densities obtained from the Boltzmann equations for the spatially uniform system ofN species undergoing binary scattering, removal, and regeneration in the presence of an external force field and a reservoir of background gas. The physically realizable setQ, the nonnegative cone in theN-dimensional phase space of species number densities, is established as invariant under the flow. The fixed-point equations for the ODEs are shown to be equivalent to 2N linear systems, and conditions for the stability and instability of the fixed points are then established. Stable fixed points are demonstrated to exist inQ by showing that they enter via a sequence of transcritical bifurcations as physical parameters are varied. For the two-species case the typical global structure of the solutions is established. Various particular cases are described including one which possesses an infinite family of periodic solutions and one that depends delicately upon initial conditions due to a separatrix that separatesQ into two invariant sets.
An ultra-fast x-ray streak camera for the study of magnetization dynamics

An ultrafast x-ray streak camera is under development at LBNL for application primarily to studies of ultrafast magnetization dynamics. In initial work, a temporal resolution of 900fs in accumulative mode at 5 KHz has been achieved. These results and methods currently being developed to improve the resolution and repetition rate are resented. One of the primary limits to temporal resolution is caused by the finite energy width of the electron distribution from the photocathode. The positive time of flight dispersion with energy in the accelerating region of the camera can be countered by introduction of downstream optics that give negative time of flight dispersion with energy, leading to an approximate overall cancellation of this temporal aberration. Initial results of an end-to-end simulation model using the full photoelectron distribution are presented.
President's welcome message

It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the 34th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS). Our Annual Conference (known as EMBC) is a premier international conference in biomedical engineering, and has been strategically held in different locations around the world, for example, in Boston (USA), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Minneapolis (USA), Vancouver (Canada), Lyon (France), New York City (USA), and Shanghai (China) over the last 7 years.
Positive feedback of oestrogen on LH secretion in women in neuroleptic drugs.

The effect of a-adrenergic and dopaminergic blockade on the ability of pituitary-hypothalamic axis to produce an LH surge in response to oestrogen, was studied in eleven women treated with the neuroleptic agents haloperidol, fluphenazine or chlorpromazine. Seven women on no medication were controls. 6.6 mg of oestradiol benzoate (OB) was injected i.m. after control serum was obtained and daily serum samples were obtained for four additional days. Sera were assayed for total oestrogens, LH, FSH and prolactin. Six of seven women in the control group and eight of eleven women treated with neuroleptic agents had LH surges to OB challenge. The mean prolactin of the treated women was 33.1 +/- 3.6(SEM) ng/ml and the mean prolactin of the controls was 14.9 +/- 1.5(SEM) ng/ml, P less than 0.005). Elevated levels of circulating prolactin did not prevent an LH surge to OB challenge. These results indicate that even in subjects with catecholamine blockade, an LH surge can be induced. This contrasts to results obtained in rats and suggests that the control mechanism of LH surge production differs in rodents and humans.
Oxidative stress, frailty and cognitive decline.

Abstract The causes of frailty are complex and must be accepted as multidimensional based on the interplay of genetic, biological, physical, psychological, social and environmental factors, although inflammation and oxidative stress are two factors that play an important role in the development of symptoms with those fragile states.
Histologic conversion of an unfavorable primary brain lymphoma to a favorable type.

Histologic conversion of a less aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to a more aggressive type has been established in several studies. Neither this trend nor vice versa has been reported in primary brain lymphoma, because of the poor median survival in the clinical setting which precludes further invasive procedures.
A comparative study of succinate-supported respiration and ATP/ADP translocation in liver mitochondria from adult and old rats.

This study was undertaken to compare the rates of succinate-supported hepatic mitochondrial respiration between 12 months (adult) and 29 months (old) male Fischer 344 rats. Experiments were also performed to determine the activity of adenine nucleotide translocase and the effect of its inhibition on mitochondrial respiration. Succinate-supported state 3 mitochondrial respiration was found to decline 20% between 12 and 29 months of age in rat liver, along with a similar 25% decrease in the respiratory control ratio with age. Adenine nucleotide translocase activity is shown to decrease 39% from adult to old rat liver mitochondria. This decrease does not, however, account for the decline in state 3 respiration, since translocase activity is approximately 50% greater than state 3 respiration in both adult and old rats. Therefore, adenine nucleotide translocase is not rate-limiting for state 3 mitochondrial respiration. Neither the rate of succinate permeation into the mitochondrion nor the rate of electron transport is rate-limiting for state 3 respiration, indicated by the greatly increased oxygen consumption with addition of the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide mchlorophenyl hydrazone (m-CCCP). These processes, therefore, are not responsible for the observed decline in state 3 respiration. The implications and possible cause of the age-related decrease in the maximal rate of ATP-synthesis are discussed.
Competing with Piracy: A Multichannel Sequential Search Approach

We consider an online market where consumers may obtain digital goods from two mutually exclusive channels: a legitimate channel consisting of many law-abiding retailers and a piracy channel consisting of many piracy services. We analyze consumer choice, retailer strategy, and piracy control using a sequential-search approach where information acquisition is costly for some consumers (nonshoppers), yet costless for others (shoppers). First, we show that a nonshopper's channel choice is determined by a simple comparison of two reservation prices. Second, we analyze how piracy threats affect in-channel pricing among retailers. If the in-channel competition intensity among retailers is high, piracy does not affect retailer pricing. If the intensity is medium, retailers respond to piracy by giving up some shoppers and, surprisingly, raising prices. If the intensity is low, the legitimate channel loses some shoppers as well as some nonshoppers to the piracy channel. Third, we consider several mechanisms for fi...
Hyperlipermia and atherosclerosis: A preliminary note on the mechanism of action

Abstract 1. 1. Increasing dietary levels of lipid leads to an enlargement of seminal vesicles of male mice, indicating an increased production of male sex hormone. 2. 2. No changes are noted in the target organ when either the gonad or hypophysis is removed, indicating that an intact pituitary-gonadal axis is required. 3. 3. Present experimental evidence indicates that an increase in male sex hormone secretion may result from increased dietary lipid levels, and since the incidence of athetosclerosis/cardiovascular accidents is markedly greater in the male than female, this may be the mechanism whereby the high incidence of atherosclerosis/cardiovascular accidents are elicited in the male.
Origins and molecular pathology of ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer comprises the majority of malignant ovarian tumors in adult women. These neoplasms are classified into distinct morphologic categories based on the appearance of the epithelium into tumors of serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, transitional, squamous, mixed and undifferentiated type. Current data indicate that each of these histologic subtypes is associated with distinct morphologic and molecular genetic alterations: high-grade serous and possibly endometrioid carcinomas most probably arise from surface epithelial inclusion glands with TP53 mutations and dysfunction of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2; low-grade serous carcinomas probably arise in a stepwise fashion in an adenoma–borderline tumor–carcinoma sequence from typical to micropapillary borderline tumors to low-grade invasive serous carcinoma via activation of the RAS–RAF signaling pathway secondary to mutations in KRAS and BRAF; mucinous carcinomas arise via an adenoma–borderline tumor–carcinoma sequence with mutations in KRAS; low-grade endometrioid carcinomas arise from endometriosis via mutations in CTNNB1 (the gene encoding β-catenin) and PTEN. Although the morphologic data strongly support an origin of clear cell carcinoma from endometriosis, there is limited data on the genetic alterations in these uncommon tumors. Thus it is likely that most low-grade, relatively indolent ovarian carcinomas of serous, mucinous and endometrioid type arise from pre-existing cystadenomas or endometriosis whereas most high-grade serous carcinomas arise without an easily identifiable precursor lesion.
The neutralizing capacity of antibodies elicited by parainfluenza virus infection of African Green Monkeys is dependent on complement.

The African Green Monkey (AGM) model was used to analyze the role of complement in neutralization of parainfluenza virus. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) and human parainfluenza virus type 2 were effectively neutralized in vitro by naive AGM sera, but neutralizing capacity was lost by heat-inactivation. The mechanism of neutralization involved formation of massive aggregates, with no evidence of virion lysis. Following inoculation of the respiratory tract with a PIV5 vector expressing HIV gp160, AGM produced high levels of serum and tracheal antibodies against gp120 and the viral F and HN proteins. However, in the absence of complement these anti-PIV5 antibodies had very poor neutralizing capacity. Virions showed extensive deposition of IgG and C1q with post- but not pre-immune sera. These results highlight the importance of complement in the initial antibody response to parainfluenza viruses, with implications for understanding infant immune responses and design of vaccine strategies for these pediatric pathogens.
Virtual electric power wheelchair driving performance of individuals with spastic cerebral palsy.

Cerebral Palsy (CP) affects over 750,000 individuals in the U.S.1. One survey study of adults with various subtypes of CP revealed that 77% had spasticity 2. Lower limb spasticity can impair mobility and necessitate the use of a wheelchair. In fact, 46% of adults with CP report limited mobility in their communities2. However, upper limb spasticity can make the independent use of a wheelchair difficult. A survey study by Fehr, et al. showed that up to 40% of individuals who desire mobility via Electric Powered Wheelchairs (EPWs) are unfortunately precluded from using them because of a constellation of problems with upper limb function including motor, sensory, or cognitive impairments3. Individuals with spastic CP are known to have increased resting muscle tone, hyper-excitable reflexes, dystonia, and clonus4. Each of these problems can make the use of a conventional joystick difficult5, not only for power mobility but also for other tasks such as computer access. Two recent studies showed that standard positional joysticks outperformed other control interfaces for pointing tasks in children with CP6, 7. However, few studies to date have demonstrated how spasticity affects the use of joysticks, and thus limited data are available to help guide the development of novel control interfaces. Our first objective was to characterize driving performance of individuals with spastic CP and controls during a series of virtual EPW driving tasks. Hypothesis 1: compared to controls, those with spastic CP will have decreased performance because of the deficits already known to occur in grasping and reaching studies8-19. Understanding the differences in movement at the level of the joystick between people with spastic CP and controls is the first step to understanding the differences in motor planning between the groups. Because participants with CP may need more “lead time,” or time to plan movements, and because EPW driving and computer access involve complex, multi-step tasks, it is important to evaluate the importance of planning time in successful joystick use. Our second objective was to determine if participants with spastic CP would have reduced performance when we limited the amount of warning available for driving decisions but that they would be able to complete fairly complex driving tasks if enough lead time was available. Hypothesis 2: the number of performance errors in participants with spastic CP would be inversely associated with the lead time that was given. Our third objective was to determine if a customized isometric joystick might improve motor performance in those with spastic CP. Our prior work suggested that customization of the gain of a joystick may be important for those with spasticity20. Hypothesis 3: a customized isometric joystick as compared to a standard joystick would result in better performance in virtual EPW driving for participants with spastic CP.
Rice Response to Granular Zinc Sources Varying in Water-Soluble Zinc

Water-soluble Zn (WsZn) levels in granular Zn fertilizers are reported to be a reliable estimate of fertilizer Zn availability to crops. Our objectives were to evaluate the immediate and residual effects of four commercial Zn fertilizers with WsZn ranging from 14 to 98% on the growth, Zn nutrition, and yield of field-grown flood-irrigated rice (Oryza saliva L.). Mehlich-3 extractable Zn response to Zn fertilization was also evaluated. Zinc fertilizers were applied at rates ranging from 2.3 to 18.0 kg Zn ha -1 at two locations in 2000. The immediate and residual effects of Zn fertilizer treatments on rice growth were measured in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Dry matter, tissue Zn concentration, and grain yield were increased from application of 13.5 kg Zn ha -1 for both sites during both years, but the magnitude of response varied between locations. During the first year, at both locations, whole-seedling Zn concentrations increased linearly as Zn rate increased and was affected by Zn source. Tissue Zn concentration generally declined as the fertilizer WsZn level declined. Zinc rate had the greatest influence on grain yields with near maximum yield produced when >9 kg Zn ha -1 was applied. During the second year, tissue Zn concentration and yield increased linearly or nonlinearly, depending on location, as Zn rate increased and were not affected by Zn source. During the first year, Zn source and rate influenced early season growth and Zn concentrations, but grain yield, Meblich-3 soil Zn, and the residual benefits of Zn fertilization were affected only by application rate.
Guest editorial future directions in satellite communications

The articles in this special issue focus on technological developments in satellite communications.
Automated long-term storage and precision microdispensing system for precious biologic solutions

Abstract This article presents the development of an automated novel secure long-term storage and precision microdispensing (LSPMD) system especially for precious biologic solutions such as DNA and RNA. The Mechatronics LSPMD system is a table top stand-alone unit that can grab an LSPMD consumable from a storage rack, remove the cap, self calibrate using an optical meniscus sensor, and dispense precise microlevel volume of the solution with the help of impact if necessary. The LSPMD system was successfully tested for its accuracy; it was able to dispense 50 μl volume sample with a covariance (CV) of 0.84 and 5 μl volume sample with a CV of 2.7.
Thermodynamics of Complex Nonpolar Liquids: Part 2: Mixtures

Abstract The semi-empirical partition function for real liquids is extended to mixtures using Scott's two-liquid theory and a modified form of the mixing rules Agreement is good for simple mixtures and fair for complex mixtures. Failure to obtain consistent quantitative agreement appears to follow primarily fr
Graphene/substrate charge transfer characterized by inverse photoelectron spectroscopy

Wave vector-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy (IPES) measurements demonstrate that there is a large variation of interfacial charge transfer for graphene grown by chemical vapor depositio...
Division of Labor: subsets of dorsal-appendage-forming cells control the shape of the entire tube

The function of an organ relies on its form, which in turn depends on the individual shapes of the cells that create it and the interactions between them. Despite remarkable progress in the field of developmental biology, how cells collaborate to make a tissue remains an unsolved mystery. To investigate the mechanisms that determine organ structure, we are studying the cells that form the dorsal appendages (DAs) of the Drosophila melanogaster eggshell. These cells consist of two differentially patterned subtypes: roof cells, which form the outward-facing roof of the lumen, and floor cells, which dive underneath the roof cells to seal off the floor of the tube. In this paper, we present three lines of evidence that reveal a further stratification of the DA-forming epithelium. Laser ablation of only a few cells in the anterior of the region causes a disproportionately severe shortening of the appendage. Genetic alteration through the twin peaks allele of tramtrack69 (ttktwk), a female-sterile mutation that leads to severely shortened DAs, causes no such shortening when removed from a majority of the DA-forming cells, but rather, produces short appendages only when removed from cells in the very anterior of the tube-forming tissue. Additionally we show that heterotrimeric G-protein function is required for DA morphogenesis. Like TTK69, Gβ13F is not required in all DA-forming follicle cells but only in the floor and leading roof cells. The different phenotypes that result from removal of Gβ13F from each region demonstrate a striking division of function between different DA-forming cells. Gβ mutant floor cells are unable to control the width of the appendage while Gβ mutant leading roof cells fail to direct the elongation of the appendage and the convergent-extension of the roof-cell population.
Insulin-degrading Enzyme Modulates the Natriuretic Peptide-mediated Signaling Response

Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are cyclic vasoactive peptide hormones with high therapeutic potential. Three distinct NPs (ANP, BNP, and CNP) can selectively activate natriuretic peptide receptors, NPR-A and NPR-B, raising the cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels. Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) was found to rapidly cleave ANP, but the functional consequences of such cleavages in the cellular environment and the molecular mechanism of recognition and cleavage remain unknown. Here, we show that reducing expression levels of IDE profoundly alters the response of NPR-A and NPR-B to the stimulation of ANP, BNP, and CNP in cultured cells. IDE rapidly cleaves ANP and CNP, thus inactivating their ability to raise intracellular cGMP. Conversely, reduced IDE expression enhances the stimulation of NPR-A and NPR-B by ANP and CNP, respectively. Instead of proteolytic inactivation, IDE cleavage can lead to hyperactivation of BNP toward NPR-A. Conversely, decreasing IDE expression reduces BNP-mediated signaling. Additionally, the cleavages of ANP and BNP by IDE render them active with NPR-B and a reduction of IDE expression diminishes the ability of ANP and BNP to stimulate NPR-B. Our kinetic and crystallographic analyses offer the molecular basis for the selective degradation of NPs and their variants by IDE. Furthermore, our studies reveal how IDE utilizes its catalytic chamber and exosite to engulf and bind up to two NPs leading to biased stochastic, non-sequential cleavages and the ability of IDE to switch its substrate selectivity. Thus, the evolutionarily conserved IDE may play a key role in modulating and reshaping the strength and duration of NP-mediated signaling.
Some properties of convolutions of Pascal and Erlang random variables

Abstract This article studies the convolutions of Pascal random variables, i.e., negative binomial distributions with integer parameters. We show that the probability distributions of such convolutions can be expressed as a generalized mixture (i.e., mixture with negative and positive coefficients) of a finite number of Pascal distribution functions. Based on this result, further study on the limiting behavior of the failure rate function of the convolution is presented. A sufficient condition is given to establish the likelihood ratio order between two convolutions of Pascal random variables. Similar results are obtained for the convolutions of Erlang random variables.
A mutation in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase alters endocytosis in CHO cells

The CHO cell mutant FD 1.3.25 exhibits both increased accumulation and altered distribution of endocytosed fluid phase tracers. Neither the rate of tracer internalization nor the kinetics of recycling from early endosomes was affected, but exocytosis from late endocytic compartments appeared to be decreased in the mutant. Endocytosed tracer moved more rapidly to the cell poles in FD1.3.25 than in wild type cells. An abundant 36-kD polypeptide was found associated with taxol-polymerized microtubules in preparations from wild type and mutant; in the former but not the latter this polypeptide could be dissociated by incubation of the microtubules in ATP or high salt. The 36-kD polypeptide co-electrophoresed in two dimensions with the monomer of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Analysis of cDNA clones showed that the mutant is heterozygous for this enzyme, with approximately 25% of the GAPDH RNA containing a single nucleotide change resulting in substitution of Ser for Pro234, a residue that is conserved throughout evolution. Stable transfectants of wild type cells expressing the mutant monomer at approximately 15% of the total enzyme exhibited the various changes in endocytosis observed in FD1.3.25.
High-level test generation for VLSI

The authors survey high-level approaches to test generation for VLSI circuits, which can significantly reduce test generation time while still providing good fault coverage. High-level approaches view the circuit with less structural detail, that is, from a more abstract viewpoint and often hierarchically. The authors first review some basic circuit and fault models and the two most widely known test-generation algorithms as a basis for comparison between high-level and low-level techniques. The authors then examine the more important high-level approaches, which fall into two broad classes, namely algorithmic and heuristic. >
Validity for What? The Peril of Overclarifying

As Newton (this issue) so ably demonstrates, the concept of validity is both important and problematic. Over the last several decades, a consensus definition of validity has emerged; the current ed...
Parallel Algorithms for the Training Process of a Neural Network-Based System

This paper addresses the problem of developing efficient parallel algorithms for the training procedure of a neural network-based Fingerprint Image Comparison (FIC) system. The target architecture is assumed to be a coarse-grain distributed-memory parallel architecture. Two types of parallelism--node parallelism and training set parallelism (TSP)--are investigated. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that node parallelism has low speedup and poor scalability, while TSP proves to have the best speedup performance. TSP, however, is amenable to a slow convergence rate. To reduce this effect, a modified training set parallel algorithm using weighted contributions of synaptic connections is proposed. Experimental results show that this algorithm provides a fast convergence rate while keeping the best speedup performance obtained. The combination of TSP with node parallelism is also investigated. A good performance is achieved by this approach. This provides better scalability with the trade-off of a slight decrease in speedup. The above algorithms are implemented on a 32-node CM-5.
The multi-location inventory centralization problem with first-come, first-served allocation

Abstract In this paper the multi-location inventory centralization problem is studied. Each location may be characterized by a unique selling price and unique consequences of stockouts, reflecting its market economic structure. The practice of such scenarios increases as more firms become involved in global (international) operations. The objective is to determine the initial inventory level which will maximize the expected profit when allocation of inventory is immediate to the time when demand is generated (i.e., first-come, first-served (FCFS)). It is shown that in spite of the fact that inventory allocation is contingent upon customers arrival processes generated in various locations, the problem can be expressed as a single location problem, where the interarrival process need not be considered. Furthermore, managers should not be averse to centralization fearing that customers from a less profitable location will “cannibalize” the potential greater profit from other locations.
Aldol diastereoselection via zirconium enolates. Product-selective, enolate structure independent condensations.

Abstract Both( E )- and ( Z )-zirconium enolates have been shown to undergo selective kinetic aldol condensation to give mainly erythro -β-hydroxy ketones, esters and amides.
Dieting and disordered eating during early and middle adolescence: Do the influences remain the same?

This study examined whether there were differences and age-related changes in the correlates of dieting and disordered eating during early and middle adolescence. The focus was on normal developmental challenges, especially puberty and dating, as well as body ideal and shape as predictors. Girls in 6th, 8th, 9th, and 10th grade participated. Both pathological dieting (as measured by the Eating Attitudes Test) and simple dieting were examined. As hypothesized, the events of menarche and dating were related to dieting and disordered eating when girls were still adjusting to the former. Neither “event” had long-term implications. Beginning in 9th grade, broader, more abstract concepts of body image, body ideal, and current shape become important predictors. Thus, there were shifts in the nature of predictors of dieting and disordered eating. Older girls dieted more but did not have higher EAT scores than did younger ones. There were differences in the predictors of simple versus pathological dieting.
A dual-cooled hydrogen-oxygen rocket engine heat transfer analysis

The potential benefits of simultaneously using hydrogen and oxygen as rocket engine coolants are described. A plug-and-spool rocket engine was examined at heat fluxes ranging from 9290 to 163,500 kW/sq m, using a combined 3-D conduction/advection analysis. Both counter flow and parallel flow cooling arrangements were analyzed. The results indicate that a significant amount of heat transfer to the oxygen occurs, reducing both the hot side wall temperature of the rocket engine and also reducing the exit temperature of the hydrogen coolant. In all heat flux and coolant flow rates examined, the total amount of heat transferred to the oxygen was found to be largely independent of the oxygen coolant flow direction. At low heat flux/low coolant flow (throttled) conditions, the oxygen coolant absorbed more than 30 percent of the overall heat transfer from the rocket engine exhaust gasses. Also, hot side wall temperatures were judged to decrease by approximately 120 K in the throat area and up to a 170 K combustion chamber wall temperature reduction is expected if dual cooling is applied. The reduction in combustion chamber wall temperatures at throttled conditions is especially desirable since tha analysis indicates that a double temperature maxima, one at the throat and another in the combustion chamber, occurs with a traditional hydrogen cooled only engine. Conversely, a dual cooled engine essentially eliminates any concern for overheating in the combustion chamber.
Digitized neural networks: long-term stability from forgetful neurons.

Understanding how realistic networks integrate input signals over many seconds has eluded neuroscientists for decades. Koulakov and colleagues now propose a computational model to explain how bistable neurons might allow a network to integrate incoming signals.
Spark chamber track finding program

A spark chamber track finding program has been written. The accuracy of the location of the track is good, and if the chamber contains many spurious sparks the computation time is much less than the time used by a least squares fit routine. Multiple tracks can be found and interaction vertices can thereby be determined.
Propagation of Radiation in a Medium with Random Inhomogeneities

By means of the methods of geometrical optics, approximate formulae are being derived which correlate the statistical properties of the inhomogeneities of the transmitting medium with the fluctuations to be expected in the signal level of radiative energy. Through a further simplification of the formulae obtained, it is possible to predict the dependence of signal fluctuation on range without detailed knowledge of the statistical parameters of the "micro-structure" of the transmitting medium.
Developing and validating a riverboat gaming impact scale

Abstract This study attempts to develop and validate an instrument to evaluate residents' perceptions of the impacts of riverboat gaming. Using longitudinal survey data, this study examines 24 perceived impact attributes by the Cronbach reliability test. Scale unidimensionality is first revealed by exploratory and validated by confirmatory factor analyses. Five constructs—free of crimes, economic effects, community image, community activities, and public services—show acceptable levels of reliability. Construct validity, including discriminant and convergent validity, is also satisfactorily established. Accordingly, this validated gaming impact scale can be further used as a base for building gaming development theories.
The costs and benefits of memory conformity

We examined the influence of external recommendations on memory attributions. In two experiments, participants were led to believe that they were viewing the responses of two prior students to the same memoranda they were currently judging. However, they were not informed of the reliability of these fictive sources of cues or provided with performance feedback as testing proceeded. Experiment 1 demonstrated improvement in the presence of reliable source cues (75% valid), as compared to uncued recognition, whereas performance was unaltered in the presence of random cues provided by an unreliable source (50% valid). Critically, participants did not ignore the unreliable source, but instead appeared to restrict cue use from both sources to low-confidence trials on which internal evidence was highly unreliable. Experiment 2 demonstrated that participants continued to treat an unreliable source as potentially informative even when it was predominantly incorrect (25% valid), highlighting severe limitations in the ability to adequately discount unreliable or deceptive sources of memory cues. Thus, under anonymous source conditions, observers appear to use a low-confidence outsourcing strategy, wherein they restrict reliance on external cues to situations of low confidence.
THREE NEW OSTREOPSIS SPECIES (DINOPHYCEAE) : O. MARINUS SP. NOV., O. BELIZEANUS SP. NOV., AND O. CARIBBEANUS SP. NOV.

Abstract The morphology of three new species, Ostreopsis marinus sp. nov., Ostreopsis belizeanus sp. nov., and Ostreopsis caribbeanus sp. nov., is described from two geographical regions (Caribbean Sea and southwest Indian Ocean) and four marine habitats (water column, sand, dead corals, and macroalgal surfaces) using scanning electron microscopy. Differences in the following surface morphological characteristics separated these new species from the existing six species of Ostreopsis: cell shape and size and ornamentation of the epitheca, cingulum, and hypotheca. The thecal plate Formula of the three new Ostreopsis species is Po, 3′, 7″, 6C, 6S, Vp, Rp, 5′″, 1p, 2″″. The most variable characteristics in the genus Ostreopsis are thecal plate size and shape. A morphological comparison of O. marinus sp. nov., O. belizeanus sp. nov., and O. caribbeanus sp. nov. with the six known Ostreopsis species is presented.
Heats of formation and kinetics of decomposition of nitroalkanes

Heats of formation of solid, liquid, and gaseous nitroalkanes have been shown mostly to obey group additivity. Group values have been obtained for carbon atoms attached to one, two, and three nitro groups. The heat of formation of 1,1,1,3,5,5,5,-heptanitropentane, either solid or liquid, cannot be fitted to the scheme, even allowing for gauche effects. The differences between observed and estimated values for 1,1,1-fluorodinitroalkanes and 1,2-dinitroethane are larger than expected and should be further investigated. Activation energies have been calculated for decomposition by five-center elimination of HONO from mononitro- and dinitroalkanes using thermochemistry and estimated activation energies for the reverse reactions. The key data for these estimates were previously reported activation energies for the decomposition of nitroethane and 1,2-dinitropropane. The calculations also gave values for the heats of formation (in kcal/mole) of nitroethylene 12.4, and 1-nitropropylene 5.6, and 2-nitropropylene 1.6. Activation energies were calculated for the competing unimolecular reaction, CN bond fission, from thermochemistry and previously reported activation energies for the decomposition of 1,1- and 2,2-dinitropropane. Comparison of Arrhenius parameters for the two competing processes, namely, HONO and CN bond fission, shows that, for the geminate dinitroethanes and dinitropropanes, CN bond fission is faster about 370°K and, for the mononitroalkanes and for all the mononitroalkanes and dinitroalkanes, CN bond fission is faster above 770°K.
Sum of Hermitian Matrices with Given Eigenvalues: Inertia, Rank, and Multiple Eigenvalues

Let A and B be n × n complex Hermitian (or real symmetric) matrices with eigenvalues a1 ≥ ¢ ¢ ¢ ≥ an and b1 ≥ ¢ ¢ ¢ ≥ bn. All possible inertia values, ranks, and multiple eigenvalues of A + B are determined. Extension of the results to the sum of k matrices with k > 2 and connections of the results to other subjects such as algebraic combinatorics are also discussed.
Noise Induced Hearing Loss in Youth: An International Concern

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a growing global concern. Youth today have more hearing loss than their parents did at the same age and studies show that the prevalence of NIHL in young adults...
Bladder/Prostate Rhabdomyosarcoma: Past, Present and Future

Purpose: The last few decades have witnessed substantial improvement in outcomes in children with bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma. We reviewed relevant historical aspects of treatment, current treatment strategies and new developments. Most importantly we identified areas of existing controversy, which will provide direction for future studies and continued improvements in therapy.Materials and Methods: A database (PubMed, MEDLINE, etc) search was performed from 1966 through January 2005. Approximately 500 citations were identified. Relevant citations were reviewed in detail.Results: While the reported cure rate has improved to approximately 70% to 80% and bladder preservation rates as high as 60% are reported, substantial controversy continues in certain areas. Specifically the long-term function of preserved bladders, the contribution of radiotherapy to bladder dysfunction, the timing of reconstruction and molecular markers of disease progression are among the areas that require further investigation....
Custodial mothers' perceptions of visitation and payment of child support by noncustodial fathers in families with low and high levels of preseparation interparent conflict

Abstract The purposes of this study were (a) to compare families with low (n = 47) and high (n = 44) levels of preseparation interparent conflict on mothers' report of paternal involvement (frequency, regularity, and length of visitation as well as regular payment of child support), children's adjustment, and mothers' level of stress; (b) to intercorrelate the four dimensions of paternal involvement; and (c) to relate the four dimensions of paternal involvement to children's age, children's gender, length of parental separation, children's adjustment, mothers' stress, paternal investment in the children, degree of environmental change, and children's level of interpersonal understanding. Children's mean age was 10.24 years, and parents had been separated a mean of 13.15 months. Compared to fathers in low-conflict families, fathers in high-conflict families visited less regularly and were less regular in their payment of child support. Mothers reported more adjustment problems for children in high-conflict families. All four dimensions of paternal involvement were intercorrelated only for high-conflict families. For both low- and high-conflict families, paternal involvement was related to paternal investment in the child but was unrelated to children's age, children's gender, and length of separation. Paternal involvement was most frequently related to children's adjustment in high-conflict families. For low-conflict families, paternal involvement was related low environmental change and children's well-developed interpersonal understanding skills.
Sources of optical distortion in rapidly grown crystals of KH2PO4

Abstract We report the results of X-ray topographic and optical measurements on KH 2 PO 4 crystals grown at rates of 5–30 mm/day. We show that optical distortion in these crystals is caused primarily by three sources: dislocations, differences in composition between adjacent growth sectors of the crystal, and differences in composition between adjacent sectors of vicinal-growth hillocks within a single growth sector of the crystal. We find that the compositional heterogeneities cause spatial variations in the refractive index and induce a distortion of the transmitted-wave front, while large groups of dislocations are responsible for strain-induced birefringence which leads to beam depolarization.
Race Effects of Representation among Federal Court Workers: Does Black Workforce Representation Reduce Sentencing Disparities?

Increasing racial group representation among justice professionals is considered a potential remedy to inequality in the administration of justice, including racial disparities in sentencing. Research shows mixed effects of decision maker race on sentencing. Most studies focus exclusively on the significance of individual judges' status characteristics, however, failing to consider racial group representation among other court actors. The authors consider whether such representation within and across multiple categories of court workers—judges, prosecutors, defense lawyers, and probation officers—relates to federal sentencing out comes. Findings reveal that the effect of defendant race on imprisonment decisions differs across judicial districts and is influenced by variable levels of black workforce representation. Specifically, districts with greater black representation among prosecutors are distinguished by more racially equitable odds of incar ceration. Conversely, increased black representation among...
Waveguides operating in the restrahlen band

We investigate characteristics of waveguide using highly-reflective semiconductor in the Restrahlen band. We identify spectral operating regions within the Restrahlen band of a cladding layer that offers advantages over both traditional dielectric waveguide and metal clad waveguides using surface plasmon polaritons.
Deriving instructional design principles from multimedia presentations with animations

The purpose of this paper is to propose a set of instructional design principles as derived from a review of recent empirical studies on multimedia learning with animations. In all studies, students viewed a computer generated animation depicting the process of lightning formation. Different elements from the interface were varied in order to analyze the effect that such variation had on students' performance. To assess students' understanding of the material, they were asked to write explanations of how lightning forms (retention test), to give names for parts of an illustration (matching test), and to apply what they have learned to solve new problems (transfer test). Based on the results of each study, a different design principle is proposed.
Children and Adolescents at Risk for Substance Abuse and Psychopathology

A longitudinal, high-risk study of children with an alcoholic parent may identify marker variables and early signs of substance abuse, essential for early intervention and prevention. Childhood assessment of our sample of 474 offspring, including 138 at risk for alcohol abuse and psychiatric disorder (Comorbid), 227 at risk for psychiatric disorder alone (PD), and 109 children whose parents are diagnosis-free (Dx-Free), revealed greater adjustment problems and family disorganization in the risk groups, but the Comorbid and PD risk groups were generally not discriminable. At follow-up in young adulthood, DSM-III disorders were more common in the risk groups, and substance abuse and antisocial personality were more frequent in the Comorbid risk group. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts section of this issue.]
Principles of membrane protein interactions with annular lipids deduced from aquaporin-0 2D crystals

We have previously described the interactions of aquaporin-0 (AQP0) with dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) lipids. We have now determined the 2.5 A structure of AQP0 in two-dimensional (2D) crystals formed with Escherichia coli polar lipids (EPLs), which differ from DMPC both in headgroups and acyl chains. Comparison of the two structures shows that AQP0 does not adapt to the different length of the acyl chains in EPLs and that the distance between the phosphodiester groups in the two leaflets of the DMPC and EPL bilayers is almost identical. The EPL headgroups interact differently with AQP0 than do those of DMPC, but the acyl chains in the EPL and DMPC bilayers occupy similar positions. The interactions of annular lipids with membrane proteins seem to be driven by the propensity of the acyl chains to fill gaps in the protein surface. Interactions of the lipid headgroups may be responsible for the specific interactions found in tightly bound lipids but seem to have a negligible effect on interactions of generic annular lipids with membrane proteins.