cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managers as knowledge generators: The nature of practitioner-scholar research in the nonprofit sector

As nonprofit management education develops, it has the opportunity to consider new premises concerning managers' roles. In the design and practice of traditional management education, managers are assumed to be the ultimate users of knowledge. Less attention is given to educating managers to be knowledge generators who combine intimate understanding of issues, problems, and settings with established theory and methods. Based on a discussion of three research projects undertaken in nonprofit settings by participants in a doctoral program for advanced practitioners at the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University, we describe seven dimensions of practitioner-scholar inquiry. The pattern of practitioner-scholar research that emerges from these research projects is contrasted with two other modes of knowledge production. Implications for practitioner-scholar inquiry and for the education of practitioner-scholars in the nonprofit sector are discussed.
Pervasive migration of organellar DNA to the nucleus in plants

A surprisingly large number of plant nuclear DNA sequences inferred to be remnants of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA migration events were detected through computer-assisted database searches. Nineteen independent organellar DNA insertions, with a median size of 117 by (range of 38 to >785 bp), occur in the proximity of 15 nuclear genes. One fragment appears to have been passed through a RNA intermediate, based on the presence of an edited version of the mitochondrial gene in the nucleus. Tandemly arranged fragments from disparate regions of organellar genomes and from different organellar genomes indicate that the fragments joined together from an intracellular pool of RNA and/or DNA before they integrated into the nuclear genome. Comparisons of integrated sequences to genes lacking the insertions, as well as the occurrence of coligated fragments, support a model of random integration by end joining. All transferred sequences were found in noncoding regions, but the positioning of organellar-derived DNA in introns, as well as regions 5′ and 3′ to nuclear genes, suggests that the random integration of organellar DNA has the potential to influence gene expression patterns. A semiquantitative estimate was performed on the amount of organellar DNA being transferred and assimilated into the nucleus. Based on this database survey, we estimate that 3–7% of the plant nuclear genomic sequence files contain organellar-derived DNA. The timing and the magnitude of genetic flux to the nuclear genome suggest that random integration is a substantial and ongoing process for creating sequence variation.
System and method for research-scale outdoor production of microalgae and cyanobacteria

Eukaryotic microalgae and cyanobacteria have recently reemerged as promising organisms in the effort to develop sustainable options for production of food and fuel. However, substantial discrepancies consistently arise between laboratory and outdoor cultivation, and gains demonstrated using laboratory technologies have not paralleled gains observed in field demonstrations. For these reasons, a low-maintenance system and process for research-scale outdoor cultivation of a variety of both freshwater and marine microalgae and cyanobacteria was developed. Nine genera were evaluated in the system, demonstrating cultivation of both laboratory model and commercial-production organisms. Hundreds to thousands of grams of dry biomass could be produced in a single growth cycle, suitable for a variety of uses including inoculum generation, protein production, and biofuel applications. Following testing in outdoor stock-ponds, Scenedesmus and Nannochloropsis were grown semi-continuously in an 8000 L airlift-driven raceway, yielding in total over 8 kg of dry biomass for each strain.
A survey of campus peer counseling activities

The directors of counseling services at 200 colleges and universities were contacted by mail and asked to complete a survey regarding peer counseling activities on their campuses. One hundred fifty...
Kinetic Eigenmodes and Discrete Spectrum of Plasma Oscillations in a Weakly Collisional Plasma

The damping of plasma oscillations in a weakly collisional plasma is revisited using a Fokker-Planck collision operator. It is shown that the Case--Van Kampen continuous spectrum is eliminated in the limit of zero collision frequency and replaced by a discrete spectrum. The Landau-damped solutions are recovered in this limit, but as true eigenmodes of the weakly collisional system. For small but nonzero collision frequency, the spectra and eigenmodes are qualitatively different from their counterparts in the collisionless theory. These results are consistent with recent experimental findings.
Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts

Human blastocyst-derived, pluripotent cell lines are described that have normal karyotypes, express high levels of telomerase activity, and express cell surface markers that characterize primate embryonic stem cells but do not characterize other early lineages. After undifferentiated proliferation in vitro for 4 to 5 months, these cells still maintained the developmental potential to form trophoblast and derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers, including gut epithelium (endoderm); cartilage, bone, smooth muscle, and striated muscle (mesoderm); and neural epithelium, embryonic ganglia, and stratified squamous epithelium (ectoderm). These cell lines should be useful in human developmental biology, drug discovery, and transplantation medicine.
The emancipatory question: the next step in the sociology of agrifood systems?

I provide an historical overview of the development of the Sociology of Agriculture as a critical response to perceived inadequacies of conservative theories of social change regarding rural society in general, and agriculture in particular. I do this by focusing on the three questions that have dominated the discourse on agrifood studies: “The Agrarian Question,” “The Environment Question,” and “The Food Question.” I analyze the success and constraints of selected alternative agrifood initiatives in relation to the three questions and introduce a fourth, the Emancipatory Question. I conclude that agrifood social scientists need to embrace a praxis orientation to agrifood studies and participate in social movements designed to create a more socially just alternative agrifood system.
Protecting patient privacy through health record trusts.

Patients should have the opportunity to exercise privacy rights through an account issued by a health record trust (or bank). Trusts would collect a complete digital copy of patients’ health records and enable patients to make informed decisions about their use. Federal legislation is needed to promote and oversee health record trusts and to reconcile existing privacy laws with stronger privacy protection available through health record trusts.
Monitoring the Formation of Ice During Food Freezing by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The formation of ice during food freezing was examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Formation of ice was seen as a reduction in spatially located NMR signal intensity. Potatoes, carrots, peas, corn, and chicken legs were studied with an image resolution of 350 μm. Internal structures differentiated by water or fat content were highlighted by MRI. For all but corn, the ice interface advanced uniformly but asymmetrically. Corn kernels froze individually in a process possibly governed by ice nucleation. The time required for the signal to disappear corresponded to that required to reach steady-state enthalpy. MRI could serve to assess freezing times and the importance of food structure to the freezing process.
Eukaryotic DNA polymerase ζ.

Abstract This review focuses on eukaryotic DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ), the enzyme responsible for the bulk of mutagenesis in eukaryotic cells in response to DNA damage. Pol ζ is also responsible for a large portion of mutagenesis during normal cell growth, in response to spontaneous damage or to certain DNA structures and other blocks that stall DNA replication forks. Novel insights in mutagenesis have been derived from recent advances in the elucidation of the subunit structure of Pol ζ. The lagging strand DNA polymerase δ shares the small Pol31 and Pol32 subunits with the Rev3–Rev7 core assembly giving a four subunit Pol ζ complex that is the active form in mutagenesis. Furthermore, Pol ζ forms essential interactions with the mutasome assembly factor Rev1 and with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). These interactions are modulated by posttranslational modifications such as ubiquitination and phosphorylation that enhance translesion synthesis (TLS) and mutagenesis.
Properties of the Wind Field within the Oklahoma City Park Avenue Street Canyon. Part I: Mean Flow and Turbulence Statistics

Abstract Velocity data were obtained from sonic anemometer measurements within an east–west-running street canyon located in the urban core of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, during the Joint Urban 2003 field campaign. These data were used to explore the directional dependence of the mean flow and turbulence within a real-world street canyon. The along-canyon vortex that is a key characteristic of idealized street canyon studies was not evident in the mean wind data, although the sensor placement was not optimized for the detection of such structures. Instead, surface wind measurements imply that regions of horizontal convergence and divergence exist within the canopy, which are likely caused by taller buildings diverting the winds aloft down into the canopy. The details of these processes appear to be dependent on relatively small perturbations in the prevailing wind direction. Turbulence intensities within the canyon interior appeared to have more dependence on prevailing wind direction than they did in the in...
Physicochemical and phytochemical properties of cold and hot water extraction from Hibiscus sabdariffa.

Abstract: Hibiscus cold (25 °C) and hot (90 °C) water extracts were prepared in various time–temperature combinations to determine equivalent extraction conditions regarding their physicochemical and phytochemical properties. Equivalent anthocyanins concentration was obtained at 25 °C for 240 min and 90 °C for 16 min. Total phenolics were better extracted with hot water that also resulted in a higher antioxidant capacity in these extracts. Similar polyphenolic profiles were observed between fresh and dried hibiscus extracts. Hibiscus acid and 2 derivatives were found in all extracts. Hydroxybenzoic acids, caffeoylquinic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins constituted the polyphenolic compounds identified in hibiscus extracts. Two major anthocyanins were found in both cold and hot extracts: delphynidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside. In general, both cold and hot extractions yielded similar phytochemical properties; however, under cold extraction, color degradation was significantly lower and extraction times were 15-fold longer. Practical Application: Hibiscus beverages are prepared from fresh or dried calyces by a hot extraction and pasteurized, which can change organoleptic, nutritional, and color attributes. Nonthermal technologies such as dense phase carbon dioxide may maintain their fresh-like color, flavor, and nutrients. This research compares the physicochemical and phytochemical changes resulting from a cold and hot extraction of fresh and dried hibiscus calyces and adds to the knowledge of work done on color, quality attributes, and antioxidant capacity of unique tropical products. In addition, the research shows how these changes could lead to alternative nonthermal processes for hibiscus.
A pilot trial of olanzapine for the treatment of cocaine dependence.

Background: Multiple lines of evidence suggest both dopaminergic and serotonergic involvement in the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Medications such as olanzapine, which block dopamine D2 receptors, as well as serotonin receptors 5HT2A and 5HT2C may be able to reduce cocaine use in cocaine dependent patients by reducing the euphoric effects of cocaine and attenuating cocaine craving. Methods: This was a 12-week, double blind, placebo controlled, pilot trial involving 30 cocaine dependent subjects. Subjects received either olanzapine (10 mg/day) or identical placebo. Outcome measures included treatment retention, qualitative urine benzoylecgonine tests, cocaine craving, clinical global impression scores, and results from the addiction severity index. Results: Treatment retention was slightly, but significantly, better in the placebo-treated subjects. Placebo-treated subjects were more likely to be abstinent from cocaine during the trial compared to olanzapine-treated subjects, based on urine benzoylecgonine results. Olanzapine was not superior to placebo in any outcome measure. Conclusions: The results of this trial do not support the usefulness of olanzapine for the treatment of cocaine dependence. In fact, olanzapine may worsen cocaine treatment outcome.
Correlation between clonorchiasis incidences and climatic factors in Guangzhou, China

Human infection with Clonorchis sinensis is still a big public health problem in Guangzhou. To investigate the correlation between clonorchiasis and climatic factors, we analyzed the clonorchiasis reported cases and simultaneous meteorological data during 2006–2012 in Guangzhou City, China. Annual incidence rate of clonorchiasis from 2006 to 2012 was 166.76, 191.55, 247.37, 213.82, 246.03, 274.71, and 239.63 (per 100 000), respectively. Each 1°C rise of temperature corresponded to an increase of 1.18% (95% CI 0.88% to 1.48%) in the monthly number of cases, and a one millimeter rise of rainfall corresponded to increase of 0.03% (95% CI 0.01% to 0.04%). Whereas each one percent rise of relative humidity corresponded to a decrease in the number of cases by 1.51% (95% CI -1.75% to -1.27%). We reported incidence rates of clonorchiasis showed an increasing trend by years. Temperature and rainfall were positively associated with clonorchiasis incidence, while relative humidity was inversely associated with clonorchiasis incidence. Our study provided evidence that climatic factors affect the occurrence of clonorchiasis in Guangzhou city, China.
Renewable and sustainable energy replacement sources

Exploration of ecological energy sources is a major global task - this paper considers two ways of harnessing natural sources of energy. ● Converting the thermal energy of the earth to electric energy, by utilizing the natural temperature gradient of soil ● Adapting the electrical aspect of photosynthesis in plants for the same purpose.
Professionalism in a Digital Age: Opportunities and Considerations for Using Social Media in Health Care

Since the beginning of the millennium, there has been a remarkable change in how people access and share information. Much of this information is user-generated content found on social media sites. As digital technologies and social media continue to expand, health care providers must adapt their professional communication to meet the expectations and needs of consumers. This adaptation may include communication on social media sites. However, many health care providers express concerns that professional social media use, particularly interactions with patients, is ethically problematic. Social media engagement does not create ethical dissonance if best practices are observed and online communication adheres to terms of service, professional standards, and organizational policy. A well-executed social media presence provides health care providers, including physical therapists, the opportunity-and perhaps a professional obligation-to use social media sites to share or create credible health care information, filling a consumer void for high-quality online information on fitness, wellness, and rehabilitation. This perspective article provides a broad review of the emergence of social media in society and health care, explores policy implications of organizational adoption of health care social media, and proposes individual opportunities and guidelines for social media use by the physical therapy professional.
Superlattice structures for nanocrystalline silicon solar cells

We propose two new techniques for enhancing the performance of nanocrystalline silicon solar cells. The first technique involves the use of superlattice structures of amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon layers. We show that the thickness of the amorphous layer is critical in determining the transport properties of the device and that the optimum thickness varies with the nanocrystalline silicon layer thickness. The second design involves the use of high growth temperatures to enhance the grain size. We show that by increasing the grain size, we can attain good device properties, if the intrinsic layer is subjected to post deposition hydrogen anneal while rapidly cooling down. Also we are able to obtain an enhanced response in the infrared quantum efficiency.
African American Patients’ Preferences for a Health Center Campaign Promoting HIV Testing: An Exploratory Study and Future Directions

Objective:In 2006, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended routine HIV testing in health care settings and called for HIV testing campaigns targeting African Americans. In a 2011 national survey, 63% of African Americans wanted information on HIV testing.Methods:In our study, 176 African Americans were surveyed to determine channels and spokespersons for an HIV testing campaign.Results:Among 9 media channels, the top 3 ranked as “very likely” to convince them to get HIV tested were television, poster, and brochure. Among 10 spokespersons, the top 3 were doctor, nurse, and “real person like me.”Conclusion:The media are a cost-effective strategy to promote HIV prevention. Posters and brochures are inexpensive and easy to reproduce for clinical settings. Television campaigns may be feasible in clinics with closed-circuit televisions. Research is needed on campaign messages. An effective health center HIV testing campaign may help mitigate the disproportionate toll HIV is having on Afric...
Evidence that assessment center judgments measure dimensions of management performance

Ratings from the assessment center method show considerable evidence of construct validity to measure managerial performance dimensions. Analyses of post-exercise dimension ratings demonstrate the effects of performance dimensions, as well as the effects of specific simulation exercises. Analyses of final dimension ratings aggregated across exercises show correlations with expected cognitive ability, related personality characteristics, and performance on related job criteria. This article summarizes very recent studies as well as historical evidence.
The chlorophyll‐labeling method: Measuring specific rates of chlorophyll a synthesis in cultures and in the open ocean

We tested the assumptions underlying the Chl-labeling method of measuring phytoplankton growth rates. The observed 14C-labeling patterns of Chl a are consistent with the presence of three kinetically important pools, the macrocycle, the phytol sidechain, and at least one precursor pool. The turnover rates of these pools were determined from a kinetic analysis of their labeling patterns. Turnover rates of Chl a or its two subunits were not significantly different from zero. The turnover rate of the precursor of the Chl a macrocycle was a constant multiple of the specific rate of pigment synthesis &,,,). An equation was derived that predicts pCh, a from the 14C labeling of Chl a. Rates of 14C incorporation into Chl a and rates of C fixation are severely unbalanced when algal cultures photoadapt. It is likely that pch, ~ as determined by the Chl-labeling method equals /*(-, the specific rate of carbon synthesis, only when growth is balanced. We demonstrated that the growth of natural phytoplankton populations can be severely unbalanced when the algae grow under a natural photocycle or when the algae are subjected to shifts in light intensity; we also observed that Chl a was synthesized in the dark. Thus, with the Chl-labeling method it is not possible to determine carbon-based growth rates when algae photoadapt or when the duration ofthe incubation covers only part ofthe diel light cycle. Chl-labeling experiments should therefore be based on 24-h incubations so that the measurements integrate over the diel photocycle. Carbon-specific rates of phytoplankton growth (pc, d-l) are easily measured in cultures, but until recently no direct method was available to measure pc in the field. Redalje and Laws (198 1) introduced the chlorophylllabeling method, which allows direct measurement of pc in the field: seawater is incubated with H14C03- as a tracer for periods ranging from 3 to 24 h. pc is determined from the amount of 14C that is found in Chl a at the end of the incubation period. Conceptually, the Chl-labeling method is simple: as algae grow in the light, inorganic C is assimilated and the
Assessment, Triage, and Early Management of Burns in Children

This comprehensive overview provides the reader with an understanding of basic skin anatomy, priorities of care, wound assessment, physiologic considerations, and early management of burns in children. Special emphasis is placed on triage and assessment of severity as a guide to formulating a definitive treatment strategy. New treatment modalities can help optimize burn care for children. Understanding and applying the principles of triage, assessment, and early management in burn-injured children can help improve outcome.
Serum activity that confers acid lability to α-interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus: its association with disease activity and its independence from circulating α-interferon

We conducted a longitudinal evaluation of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who constitutively exhibited elevated levels of circulating alpha-interferon (alpha-IFN). This study demonstrated that the serum levels of an activity that renders the endogenous alpha-IFN acid labile are positively correlated with disease activity. This IFN acid lability-inducing activity can also be found in the sera of systemic lupus erythematosus patients who have active disease but who do not have circulating alpha-IFN.
Processes and Emissions Associated with Electron Precipitation

The interaction of energetic auroral electrons with atmospheric gases provides a variety of challenging problems in several areas of physics and chemistry. Electron precipitation profoundly affects the state of ionization of the atmosphere, changes the neutral composition, and produces electromagnetic radiation over a wide range of wavelengths. At this time, we believe that the major processes have been identified, and models have been constructed that tie together several observable parameters: particle fluxes, ion densities and temperatures, optical emissions, compositional changes, and others.
Individual Variability in Homocysteine Response to Folate Depletion: An Unusual Case

Research within the past decade has shown that even moderately elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations are associated with increased risk of vascular disease. A variety of genetic and nutritional factors can affect homocysteine concentrations, with folate nutriture being one of the most influential. Plasma homocysteine responses of healthy adults to folate depletion and repletion vary substantially, even when many nutritional and lifestyle factors are normalized in a metabolic unit. The case of a woman with a highly exaggerated homocysteine response to moderate folate depletion is presented. A variety of possible factors relating to homocystine metabolism are discussed, yet no convincing explanation for the unusual pattern is apparent. The case demonstrates that the homocysteine response to folate can be highly variable between individuals, and suggests that further research on the genetic determinants of the human folate requirement is warranted.
Early detection of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus: a US perspective

Undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes has become a common condition in the US, comprising one-third of all cases of the disease. We believe that screening for and detection of undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes is an important endeavor. In this review we provide evidence that diabetes is a condition that is appropriate for population screening and detection. This includes evidence that: 1. Type 2 diabetes is a significant health problem. It affects more than 16 million adults in the US and places these individuals at high risk for serious complications of the eyes, nerves, kidneys, and cardiovascular system. 2. There is a latent phase before diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes. During this period of undiagnosed disease, risk factors for diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications are markedly elevated and diabetic complications are developing. 3. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes have been established and are based on plasma glucose values. These criteria define a group of individuals with significant hyperglycemia who also have a high frequency of risk factors for micro- and macrovascular disease. 4. The natural history of Type 2 diabetes is understood. In most patients, diabetes proceeds inexorably from genetic predisposition, through the stage of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, to beta cell failure and overt clinical disease. 5. There are effective and acceptable therapies available for Type 2 diabetes and its complications. Treating hyperglycemia to prevent complications is more effective than treating these complications after they have developed. Furthermore, guidelines for treatment to prevent cardiovascular disease in people known to have diabetes are more stringent than in those individuals who are not known to have diabetes. 6. There is a suitable test for screening for undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes that has high sensitivity and specificity - measurement of fasting plasma glucose. Guidelines for identifying persons at high risk for diabetes have been established.
What’s Next? Judging Sequences of Binary Events

The authors review research on judgments of random and nonrandom sequences involving binary events with a focus on studies documenting gambler’s fallacy and hot hand beliefs. The domains of judgment include random devices, births, lotteries, sports performances, stock prices, and others. After discussing existing theories of sequence judgments, the authors conclude that in many everyday settings people have naive complex models of the mechanisms they believe generate observed events, and they rely on these models for explanations, predictions, and other inferences about event sequences. The authors next introduce an explanation-based, mental models framework for describing people’s beliefs about binary sequences, based on 4 perceived characteristics of the sequence generator: randomness, intentionality, control, and goal complexity. Furthermore, they propose a Markov process framework as a useful theoretical notation for the description of mental models and for the analysis of actual event sequences.
Socrates Oralist, Plato Textualist

With the rejection of the developmentalist position that the Socratic problem can be solved by tracing the evolution of Plato’s doctrines from early through middle to late dialogues, then assigning the term ‘Socratic’ to the early set, a crisis has been reached. If the Socratic problem is to be solved at all, its solution must be found elsewhere than in the philosophical content of the dialogues. A promising remaining possibility is a solution based on the different methods of conducting philosophy employed by Socrates and Plato. The best known such solution, and widely influential, is that of Eric Havelock, followed most recently and vigorously by Havelock’s student, Kevin Robb (1993, 1994).
Solid geometrv based modelling of non-uniform attenuation and compton scattering in objects for SPECT imaging systems

A solid geometry based approach is used to model non-uniform attenuation and Compton scattering in irregularly shaped objects for Monte Carlo simulated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging systems. The shape of an object is described by a combination of object primitives: ellipsoids, elliptical cylinders, tapered elliptical cylinders, rectangular solids, and their halves, quarters, and eighths, based on set union, intersection, and difference. The primitives are then assigned density and energy-dependent photoelectric and Compton cross sections. This approach is validated in two steps. Firstly, only non-uniform attenuation is included. The transaxial images of a simulated thorax phantom are reconstructed using a modified Chang's technique for nonuniform attenuation. Secondly, detected Compton scattering is added to the model. Scatter fraction of a point source in a water cylinder is used to validate our scatter model for uniform scattering media. The difference between simulated and experimental results is on the order of 10%. For the model of nonuniform attenuation and detected Compton scattering, a thorax phantom is used for validation. Normalized profiles across the center of the sphere projections for simulation and experiment are observed to have insignificant difference. These results validate our object modelling approach for nonuniform attenuation and Compton scattering. The performance of the solid model is demonstrated to be faster and require substantially less parameter storage than a voxel based model.
Kryptopterus platypogon, a new silurid catfish (Teleostei: Siluridae) from Borneo

Kryptopterus platypogon, a new species of silurid catfish is described from the Rajang River drainage in northern Borneo. Kryptopterus platypogon, together with K. hexapterus and K. cheveyi, can be distinguished from congeners by a combination of the absence of the dorsal fin, a stronglyarched dorsal profile with a pronounced nuchal concavity and palatal teeth in a single elliptical patch. Kryptopterus platypogon differs from K. hexapterus in having a more strongly-projecting lower jaw, larger eye (14.1% HL vs. 8.0 12.6), longer maxillary (135.6% HL vs. 40.0 120.4) and mandibular (119.3% HL vs. 32.3 80.0) barbels that are flattened and ribbon-like (vs. flattened, but ovoid in cross section), and more ventrally-placed eyes (about one quarter of the orbital margin visible when the head is viewed ventrally vs. orbital margin barely visible), and from K. cheveyi in having a strongly projecting lower jaw (vs. upper and lower jaws of equal length), more anal-fin rays (83 vs. 66 71), narrower head (8.6% SL vs. 9.7 12.3) and smaller eye (14.1% HL vs. 18.9 22.7).
The Narrative Paradigm and the Interpretation and Assessment of Historical Texts

This essay is a response to two papers, written by Bruce E. Gronbeck and Allan Megill, which appeared in the 1987 Alta proceedings. The subject is the nature of historical writing. Looking at the m...
Managing Conflicts in Urban Communities Youth Attitudes Regarding Gun Violence

Gun violence remains a pressing public health concern, especially in high-risk urban environments. Community-level violence intervention efforts are being mounted in cities across the United States to prevent and reduce the most severe forms of violence. There is growing evidence to suggest the effectiveness of the Safe Streets Program/ Cure Violence as a community-based intervention to reduce homicides and shootings. The mechanism underlying the reductions in community violence is theorized to be linked with changes in attitudes toward violence as well as shifts in social norms related to violence and retaliation, but there are few tools to assess these domains. This preliminary investigation sought to establish the metric properties of the Survey on Attitudes About Guns and Shootings (SAGAS) with the goal of providing an empirical measure of attitudes and community-level norms. Males aged 18 to 24 were surveyed using the SAGAS in two high-violence communities in Baltimore, Maryland, using street intercept methodology. We found acceptable reliability and validity metrics for the SAGAS. Reliability and validity of the SAGAS were assessed using internal consistency and a latent class analysis with violent behavior outcomes. The internal consistency of the total scale was in the extensive range (α = .70-.79) and the internal consistency of the factors was in the exemplary range (α ≥ .80). In addition, latent classes of attitudes were predictive of being arrested or being shot. Future studies will examine if rates of violence decrease in neighborhoods targeted by the Safe Streets Program and the mediating role of attitudes toward gun violence using the SAGAS.
Calcium-activated force of human muscle fibers following a standardized eccentric contraction.

Peak Ca2+-activated specific force (force/fiber cross-sectional area) of human chemically skinned vastus lateralis muscle fiber segments was determined before and after a fixed-end contraction or a...
Density Dependence in the Mortality of Phytophagous Insects on Goldenrod ( Solidago altissima )

Field censuses were combined with laboratory rearing and dissection to investigate the frequency of density-dependent predation and parasitism of 13 phytophagous insect species associated with the goldenrod, Solidago altissima . Only 11% of the correlations between mortality and density were statistically significant. However, of those relationships that were significant, all were positive in sign, indicating a trend toward direct density dependence. Mortality of nonoutbreak species, with their potentially more stable dynamics, was not more likely to be density dependent than was that of outbreak species. Predation and parasitism showed no difference in the frequency of positive relationships, nor were suites of parasitoids more likely to exhibit direct density dependence than individual parasitoid species.
Numerical study of resolution effects on the statistics of SGS scalar mixing models for LES

This paper investigates modeling approaches for subgrid-scale (SGS) scalar transport in large-eddy simulations (LES), by applying different models in LES of mixing in axisymmetric turbulent jets. The LES uses a spherical coordinate geometry, and the flow field computation uses the dynamic Smagorinsky model for the SGS stress, where the dynamic coefficient is determined using the Lagrangian averaging procedure. The models applied for the SGS scalar transport are the eddy-diffusivity (ED) model, a mixed scalesimilarity/eddy-diffusivity model, the dynamic structure (DS) model, and a multifractal (MFR) model. We consider three grid resolutions at jet Reynolds number Red =5,000. Mean scalar field results are very similar for the ED, mixed and MFR models, with the DS model being the significant outlier. The DS model also shows the greatest sensitivity to spatial resolution. The performance of the models in reproducing mean scalar fields appears to be more dependent on the characteristics of scalar energy transfer across the LES grid scale than on the model formulations themselves.
Epidemiological analysis on viral hepatitis in Hangzhou city Xiacheng county from year 1998 to 2007

[Objective] To reveal the epidemic characteristics and the trend of incidence of hepatitis in Hangzhou city Xiacheng county from year 1998 to 2007.The focus is to reveal the difference of the change in the proportion of the types of hepatitis which can be immunized and the type which can not be immunized.Thus it could offer the evidence for decision of the prevention. [Methods] Descriptive epidemiology of hepatitis was used.The trend of incidence of hepatitis and the change of the proportion of all types of hepatitis was analyzed by Cox-Stuart test. [Results] The incidence rate of hepatitis was 124.75 per 100,000 in 1998 and 26.76 per 100,000 in 2007.The difference of incidence of hepatitis in these ten years was significant in statistics through Cox-Stuart test.The difference of incidence rate of hepatitis between adult(15-39,62.16 per 100,000)and children(0-14,4.45 per 100,000)was significant.The proportion of incidence of HEV was also significant by statistics through Cox-Stuart test in these ten years. [Conclusion] The trend of incidence rate of hepatitis descended gradually from 1998 to 2007 in Xiacheng county.The difference of incidence of hepatitis at different time and area was non significant.The incidence rate of hepatitis of adult(15-39) is highter than that of the children(0-15).The ascending trend of incidence of HEV proves indirectly that hepatitis A and B was prevented by using HAV and HBV.
Recent volcanic resurfacing of Venusian craters

Ejecta from impact craters on Venus are a major source of fine-grained materials across the planet, and crater spatial distribution has been studied as a guide to the relative age and resurfacing rates of large regions. Of particular interest is the potential intersection of distal crater deposits and tesserae, highly deformed landforms that may be the oldest materials on Venus. The composition of tesserae is unknown, but is key to understanding whether water played a role in crustal differentiation. Thus, tesserae are ideal sites for future landed missions to identify possible felsic materials, but the short lifespan of surface landers means that efforts must be made to avoid contaminating surface materials from craters. Here we develop a method to detect distal crater ejecta on tessera terrain across Venus using NASA Magellan radar data. Our results show that fine-grained ejecta are unevenly distributed in the tesserae with respect to nearby craters. Many tesserae within a few hundred kilometers of plains craters do not have evidence for thick (>5–10 cm) mantling material, indicating that eolian or mass-wasting processes have moved the debris off the highland ridge slopes. At Sudenitsa Tesserae, within the young Beta-Atla-Themis region, we observe a radar signature of mantling debris, but there is no apparent source crater to which this material can be traced. We infer that the source crater has been resurfaced by volcanic activity within the past 80 m.y., and suggest that similar fine-grained ejecta deposits may have built up over time in other tesserae across Venus.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Food Animals: Human Food Safety and Animal Feed Safety Concerns for Veterinarians

This article presents a brief overview of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) using examples of diseases that provide evidence supporting oral transmission of the agent. Agent theories are described briefly in general terms. Scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), chronic wasting disease, and transmissible mink encephalopathy are discussed to improve disease recognition by the food animal practitioner. Control programs for scrapie and BSE are described and the role of the veterinarian in animal feed and human food safety is related to TSEs.
Tagged probabilistic simulation provides accurate and efficient power estimates at gate level

In this paper we summarize the techniques employed in tagged probabilistic simulation (TPS) to perform gate level power estimation. A prominent feature of TPS is the use of tagged probability waveforms to provide a more compact, yet detailed, waveform representation. This helps resolve several important shortcomings of conventional probabilistic simulation techniques in which the logical waveforms of each node are represented by a single probability waveform. Experimental results show that TPS can provide accuracy levels of 10-15% compared to circuit simulation in dynamic power estimation with run times orders of magnitude faster.
Sleep Medications and Women: a Review of Issues to Consider for Optimizing the Care of Women with Sleep Disorders

Certain medications exhibit sex-specific pharmacological profiles. It is, therefore, imperative to understand their unique pharmacokinetic properties to optimize women’s health. Two such medications that are commonly used in sleep medicine are zolpidem and modafinil/armodafinil. The first is a sedative hypnotic while the latter, in both its incarnations, a wake-promoting agent. The slower clearance of these medications and higher serum concentrations after dosing in women are independent of weight and have to do with the impact of estrogen on the liver enzymes involved in the metabolism of these medications. Below, we summarize and discuss the data that is available on the sex-specific dosing of zolpidem, which in women, by FDA recommendations, is half of what is recommended in men. We also discuss the reasons behind the interaction of hormonal birth control and modafinil/armodafinil and rate of contraceptive failure when hormonal birth control is used with this wake-promoting agent.
Thermo-mechanical Investigation of Fused Deposition Modeling by Computational and Experimental Methods

Real-time thermo-mechanical process monitoring backed with numerical predictions in additive manufacturing (AM) can help understand relevant fundamental mechanics and the interaction between thermal, mechanical, and material relationships in order to design and produce components with consistent quality and performance. Process monitoring imposes technical challenges while the development of accurate models is hindered by complex phenomena comprising multiple domains and boundary conditions. In this paper, we present the results of our efforts in modeling rapid prototyping processes by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). A transient enthalpy formulation with moving boundary conditions is developed to predict temperature profiles and heat flow during layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition and the calculated results compared with in-situ experimental measurements obtained with an IR camera to validate the solution and calibrate the modeling parameters. The outcome is a reliable computational model, which will be expanded to predict the interaction of heat flow and temperature with mechanical properties, phase transformation, and part performance.
Transpalpebral exenteration in cattle: a retrospective study of 115 cases

Objective To describe the indications for exenteration and complications associated with the procedure. Animals studied 115 cattle. Procedures Medical records of cattle presented for unilateral exenteration evaluated at the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from January 1985 through December 2015 were reviewed. Results Median (range) age at presentation for all cattle was 6 (0.2–30) years. The most prevalent (80.9%) indication for exenteration was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cattle >5 years had higher odds (OR = 11.2, 95% CI, 2.8–45.8) for undergoing exenteration due to SCC compared to cattle ≤5 years. Herefords had higher odds (OR = 4.6, 95% CI, 1.5–14.6) for undergoing exenteration for SCC compared to other breeds. Holsteins had higher odds (OR = 140.7, 95% CI, 7.5–2644) for undergoing exenteration for retrobulbar lymphoma compared to other breeds. Complications following exenteration were reported in 15 cases (13.0%). The postsurgical complications were orbital abscesses (6/15), recurrence of SCC (5/15), wound dehiscence (3/15), and excessive hemorrhage (1/15). Median (range) time to occurrence of postsurgical complications was 19 (5–205) days. There was no significant association (P > 0.05) between ocular diagnosis, age, anesthetic technique or the suture pattern used to close the skin postsurgically, and occurrence of postsurgical complications. Conclusions Early clinical diagnosis of SCC by owners and veterinarians may prevent the need for exenteration. Owners should be made aware of the possible postsurgical complications following exenteration in cattle.
Microbiological and Chemical Changes During Storage of Swordfish ( Xiphias gladius ) Steaks in Retail Packages Containing CO2-Enriched Atmospheres.

Swordfish ( Xiphias gladius ) steaks were held in retail packages containing 100% CO2 and in mixtures of 40% and 70% CO2 in combination with either oxygen or nitrogen. Controls were stored in air. Samples were removed for chemical and microbiological analyses after 2-22 d of storage at 3.5°C. The inhibitory effect of CO2 on psychrotrophic, aerobic gram-negative spoilage bacteria was proportional to the CO2 tension in the packages. Maximum inhibition of growth was achieved with 100% CO2. Except for steaks stored in 40% CO2:60% O2 heterofermentative Lactobacillus spp. became a dominant part of the microflora of steaks stored in CO2-enriched atmospheres. Pseudomonas spp. continued to be a major part of the microflora of steaks stored in 40% CO2:60% O2. During the first 2 d of storage, there was a decrease in the surface pH of the swordfish steaks proportional to the CO2 tension in the packages. Swordfish steaks stored in CO2-enriched atmospheres had lower total volatile nitrogen (TVN), trimethylamine (TMA) and total volatile acid (TVA) values than steaks stored in air. Oxidative rancidity was not a flavor problem of fish in any of the atmospheres after 20 d of refrigerated storage.
Power and limitation of soil properties as predictors of variation in peak plant biomass in a northern mixed-grass prairie.

Abstract Soil properties are thought to affect annual plant productivity in rangelands, and thus soil variables that are consistently correlated with plant biomass may be general indicators of rangeland health. Here we measured several soil properties (e.g. aggregate stability, organic carbon, total nitrogen) and tested each as a would-be predictor of local variation in peak aboveground grassland biomass. Individual properties explained a slight (≤10%) amount of variation in plant biomass. Plant biomass was mainly (negatively) associated with two soil properties, subsurface soil carbonate concentration and the stability of soil macroaggregates near the soil surface. Less important predictive variables included: elevation, plant community composition, surface soil organic carbon, and soil carbon:nitrogen. Plot-to-plot variation in plant biomass is seemingly difficult to predict based on soil properties, including popular indicators of soil and rangeland health and even root biomass. While protection of soil is critical to overall rangeland ecosystem function, our findings suggest that the relationship between soil properties and plant biomass in natural grasslands is complex. Thus, there may not be one or even several soil properties that consistently predict appreciable variation in peak grassland biomass, especially variation within an ecosystem independent of precipitation.
Helping Wikipedia versus Helping a WikiProject: Subgroup Dynamics in Online Production Communities

Many online communities consist of subgroups that co-exist on the same technical platform and serve different interests or purposes. Yet we have limited knowledge of the interplay between subgroups...
Chapter 4 – Locomotor adaptation

Motor learning is an essential part of human behavior, but poorly understood in the context of walking control. Here, we discuss our recent work on locomotor adaptation, which is an error driven motor learning process used to alter spatiotemporal elements of walking. Locomotor adaptation can be induced using a split-belt treadmill that controls the speed of each leg independently. Practicing split-belt walking changes the coordination between the legs, resulting in storage of a new walking pattern. Here, we review findings from this experimental paradigm regarding the learning and generalization of locomotor adaptation. First, we discuss how split-belt walking adaptation develops slowly throughout childhood and adolescence. Second, we demonstrate that conscious effort to change the walking pattern during split-belt training can speed up adaptation but worsens retention. In contrast, distraction (i.e., performing a dual task) during training slows adaptation but improves retention. Finally, we show the walking pattern acquired on the split-belt treadmill generalizes to natural walking when vision is removed. This suggests that treadmill learning can be generalized to different contexts if visual cues specific to the treadmill are removed. These findings allow us to highlight the many future questions that will need to be answered in order to develop more rational methods of rehabilitation for walking deficits.