cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uma história de dois arquivos: aquisição, preservação, digitalização e divulgação de acervos audiovisuais

Este artigo descreve projetos de ampliacao do acesso a dois arquivos cujos acervos diferem, em muito, da maioria dos demais arquivos e bibliotecas discutidos neste simposio - casos em que as colecoes se compoem basicamente de papeis, textos ou itens de cultura material. Arquivos audiovisuais e colecoes audiovisuais mantidas em institui coes de natureza diversa apresentam problemas muito especificos quanto a preservacao e ao acesso. A maioria dos arquivos de papel inclui, hoje, colecoes cada vez maiores de audio e de video. Neste artigo, busco fornecer informacoes pertinentes a todos os tipos de ar quivos, bem como informacoes relativas especificamente a arquivos audiovisuais. Nas discussoes abaixo, refiro-me sobretudo a formatos de audio; registros em video, porem, padecem de muitos dos mesmos problemas, e minhas observacoes podem ser generalizadas para eles. Uma vez que tenho dirigido arquivos audiovisuais desde 1982, minha experiencia atravessa o divisor digital, permitindo-me tratar tanto de continuidades como de diferencas entre as praticas arquivisticas da era pre-digital e as dos dias correntes.
Ethics in education: A comparative study

This study reports the results of a survey designed to assess the impact of education on the perceptions of ethical beliefs of students. The study examines the beliefs of students from selected colleges in an eastern university. The results indicate that beliefs which students perceive are required to succeed in the university differ among colleges. Business and economics students consistently perceive a greater need for unethical beliefs than students from other colleges.
Developing integrated Web and database applications using JAVA applets and JDBC drivers

With the maturity of network technology, the deterministic factor of a 'successful' web site does not as much depend on its connectivity to the Internet, rather the content of web pages plays a more important role. The inclusion of dynamic data, for example, has become an increasingly desirable feature of a web page. Web servers that support dynamic web pages are capable of retrieving data at the time of user requests. Rather than being statically included in the web page, these dynamically retrieved data may physically reside in various file systems or database servers across the Internet.JAVA, a new object-oriented programming language, has become a buzzword since its introduction by Sun Microsystems in 1994 [1, 2, 3]. It was claimed that JAVA, via its ability to embed applets in a web page, would make the content of a web page alive and dynamic. Data and information on a web page can now be updated dynamically when users request them.In this paper, we discuss our experience of developing JAVA applets that use various types of JDBC (JAVA Database Connectivity) drivers to connect to and then manipulate data stored in SQL (Structured Query Language) database servers. We first start with the discussion of general client/server model involving JDBC, and then introducing the procedure of setting up programming projects employing this approach in an undergraduate database course.
Helical Computed Tomographic Angiography in Penetrating Neck Trauma

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of helical computed tomographic angiography (HCTA) to detect vascular injury in penetrating neck trauma. Thirty-five patients (30 gunshot wounds and 5 stab wounds) were studied prospectively with HCTA. Scans were performed with a 5-mm slice thickness at a 1:1 pitch after injection of 90 ml of nonionic contrast medium (30-second delay) at 3 ml/sec. Results were compared with those for angiography (29), surgery (3), ultrasound (2), and local inspection (1). HCTA correctly revealed 19 normal and 10 abnormal studies. In 8 cases, HCTA revealed irregular vessel margins (3), contrast extravasation (2), lack of vascular enhancement (1), and caliber changes (2). In 2 patients, HCTA revealed indirect signs of injury only. In 6 cases, HCTA findings did not correlate with angiography. HCTA detects both direct and indirect signs of vascular injury. Although indirect findings are more sensitive, the direct evaluation of vessels increases the specificity and has a high negative predictive value.
In Vivo Nanoparticle Assessment of Pathological Endothelium Predicts the Development of Inflow Stenosis in Murine Arteriovenous Fistula

Objective— In vivo assessment of pathological endothelium within arteriovenous fistula (AVF) could provide new insights into inflow stenosis, a common cause of AVF primary failure in end-stage renal disease patients. Here we developed nanoparticle-based imaging strategies to assess pathological endothelium in vivo and elucidate its relationship to neointimal hyperplasia formation in AVF. Approach and Results— Jugular-carotid AVFs were created in C57BL/6 mice (n=38). Pathological endothelium in the AVF was visualized and quantified in vivo using dextranated magnetofluorescent nanoparticles (CLIO-VT680 [cross-linked iron oxide-VivoTag680]). At day 14, CLIO-VT680 was deposited in AVF, but only minimally in sham-operated arteries. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that CLIO-VT680 resided within endothelial cells and in the intimal extracellular space. Endothelial cells of AVF, but not control arteries, expressed vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and showed augmented endothelial permeability near the anastomosis. Intravital microscopy demonstrated that CLIO-VT680 deposited most intensely near the AVF anastomosis ( P <0.0001). The day 14 intravital microscopy CLIO-VT680 signal predicted the subsequent site and magnitude of AVF neointimal hyperplasia at day 42 ( r =0.58, P <0.05). CLIO-VT680 deposition in AVF was further visualized by ex vivo MRI. Conclusions— AVF develop a pathological endothelial response that can be assessed in vivo via nanoparticle-enhanced imaging. AVF endothelium is activated and exhibits augmented permeability, offering a targeting mechanism for nanoparticle deposition and retention in pathological endothelium. The in vivo AVF nanoparticle signal identified and predicted subsequent inflow neointimal hyperplasia. This approach could be used to test therapeutic interventions aiming to restore endothelial health and to decrease early AVF failure caused by inflow stenosis. # Significance {#article-title-38}
Holdup, flooding, and pressure drop in packed columns during countercurrent flow of mercury and water

The hydrodynamics of countercurrent flow of liquids with a high density difference cannot be predicted reliably from correlations developed with data on fluids having low densities (usually water and organic solvents). Dispersed-phase holdup, flooding rates, and pressure drop during countercurrent flow of mercury and water were studied with several packing materials. Results show that, for a given packing, flooding rates and holdup can be correlated in terms of a single parameter, the superficial slip velocity. For the mercury-water system, this parameter is shown to be proportional to the packing diameter and packing void fraction for Raschig rings and solid cylindrical packing.
Further evaluation of self and peer judgements of speech with delayed auditory feedback

Abstract Fifteen undergraduate students recorded a standard reading passage under simultaneous auditory feedback (SAF) and delayed auditory feedback (DAF, 210 ms). These pairs were rated for articulation and fluency differences, reading rate differences, pitch differences, loudness differences, and overall differences in quality of speech by the fifteen speakers and by ten peer judges. Results suggest that naive speakers under DAF form a self-impression of the effects of DAF upon their speech that is not different from the qualitative ratings of independent peer judges. The hypothesis that there was no overall difference between self and peer ratings was not rejected. Implications for the use of DAF as a research or treatment modality, or as both, are discussed.
Metallic plate stabilisation of bone grafts in craniofacial surgery.

Abstract The use of Champy miniplates to stabilise bone grafts in osseous defects following craniofacial and orbital osteotomies is discussed. The advantages of these methods are decrease in operating time, accurate fit of the bone graft and the fixation of the bone graft in the plane of the plate, thus placing it exactly into the correct position in relation to the osteotomy. Total stability is obtained and, in maxillary advancement, intermaxillary fixation may not be necessary. This is useful in children and at all ages adds to the postoperative safety. There may be less relapse with this rigid internal fixation. Long term follow-up will be required to determine whether this statement is true. Although the plates are expensive, it is felt that the reduction in operating time outweights this.
Automatic Synthesis of High-Speed Processor Simulators

Microprocessor simulators are very popular in research and teaching environments. For example, functional simulators are often used to perform architectural studies, to fast-forward over uninteresting code, to generate program traces, and to warm up tables before switching to a more detailed but slower simulator. Unfortunately, most portable functional simulators are on the order of 100 times slower than native execution. This paper describes a set of novel techniques and optimizations to synthesize portable functional simulators that are only 6.6 times slower on average (16 times in the worst case) than native execution and 19 times faster than SimpleScalar's sim-fast on the SPECcpu2000 programs. When simulating a memory hierarchy, the synthesized code is 2.6 times faster than the equivalent ATOM code. Our fully automated synthesis approach works without access to source/assembly code or debug information. It generates C code, integrates optional user-provided code, performs unwanted-code removal, preserves basic blocks, generates low-overhead profiles, employs a simple heuristic to determine potential jump targets, only compiles important instructions, and utilizes mixed-mode execution, i.e., it interleaves compiled and interpreted simulation to maximize performance.
Instrumental variable methods for recovering continuous linear functionals

Abstract This paper develops methods for estimating continuous linear functionals in nonparametric instrumental variable problems. Examples of such functionals include consumer surplus and weighted average derivatives. The estimation procedure is robust to a setting where the underlying model is not identified but the linear functional is. In order to attain such robustness, it is necessary to employ a partially identified nuisance parameter. We address this problem by consistently estimating a unique element of the identified set for nuisance parameters which we then use to construct a n asymptotically normal estimator for the desired linear functional.
The Relationship of Temperament to Tolerance of Cold and Heat: Beyond “Cold Hands-Warm Heart”

Thermal regulation and peripheral arousal in episodes of emotion are dependent upon similar autonomic and hormonal processes. Thermal-tolerance measure were developed and validated in order to indirectly assess adrenergic (cold tolerance) and cholinergic (heat tolerance) responsivity. We hypothesized that cold tolerance would correlate with reduced emotionality (largely fear and anxiety) and depression, and with increased stimulus seeking and dispositions toward activity; those hypotheses were confirmed. Tentatively advanced hypotheses that heat tolerance would correlate with reduced depression and related emotional states were not confirmed, but heat tolerance was positively associated with activity and (weakly) with some of the same dimensions of temperament that correlated with cold tolerance. Concepts of synergistic rather than oppositional relationships of adrenergic and cholinergic systems are discussed. The roles of autonomic strength and responsitivity in positive temperament dispositions and in coping with stress and challenge are discussed, and a theoretical system is sketched that is derived from these and related findings.
Aqueous Corrosion Behavior of Plutonium Metal and Plutonium–Gallium Alloys Exposed to Aqueous Nitrate and Chloride Solutions

Previous work in this laboratory examined the polarization behavior of high-purity plutonium metal exposed to various solutions; however, the polarization behavior of plutonium-gallium alloys has not been studied. The objective of this work is to establish the effect of gallium on the electrochemical behavior of plutonium metal exposed to nitric acid, sodium nitrate, and sodium chloride solutions. Results indicated that plutonium-gallium alloys were not passive in HNO 3 solutions, unlike unalloyed plutonium. The dissolution of 0.5 and 1 wt % Ga alloys exposed to HNO 3 , and all materials exposed to NaCl, was found to be controlled by the presence of a corrosion product film. Relative oxide thickness measurements of unalloyed Pu exposed to HNO 3 were obtained. Chloride was found to aggressively attack Pu and its alloys with increasing chloride concentration resulting in increased corrosion. Nitrate ions were shown to have a weak effect on the corrosion behavior of Pu, as compared to protons and chloride ions.
Direct measurement of grain boundary resistance in copper nanowires

As interconnect dimensions decrease, the resistivity of copper increases dramatically because of electron scattering from surfaces, impurities, and grain boundaries (GBs), and threatens to stymie continued device scaling. Here we directly measure individual GB resistances in copper nanowires with a one-to-one correspondence to the GB structure. The resistance of high symmetry coincidence GBs is then calculated using a first-principle method. GB resistance is found to differ by orders of magnitude between different types of GB, with random GBs showing an intrinsically higher resistance compared to coincidence GBs.
Population attributable risks of hypertension and diabetes for cardiovascular disease and stroke in the northern Manhattan study.

Background Understanding the population-level risk factor contribution to disease incidence is critical for effective allocation of resources for prevention. There are little data on the contribution of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in multiethnic elderly populations. Methods and Results The Northern Manhattan Study (n=3298) is a population-based prospective cohort study of CVD outcomes in a multiethnic urban population. Multivariable Cox's models were used to calculate hazard ratios, population attributable risk (PAR), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for (1) combined vascular event (VE) endpoint of stroke/myocardial infarction/vascular death (n=835) and (2) stroke (n=347). The PAR resulting from hypertension (HTN) was 24.3% (95% CI, 13.2 to 35.4) for VE and 29.9% (95% CI, 12.5 to 47.4) for stroke; PAR resulting from diabetes was 12.7% (95% CI, 8.2 to 17.2) for VE and 19.5% (95% CI, 12.4 to 26.5) for stroke. The PAR resulting from HTN and diabetes for stroke differed by race-ethnicity and age ( P for differences <0.05). PAR for stroke reslting from HTN was greater among Hispanics (50.6%; 95% CI, 29.2 to 71.9) than non-Hispanic whites (2.6%; 95% CI, −33.2 to 38.6) and in those <80 years of age (35.6%; 95% CI, 18.9 to 52.3) than in those ≥80 (−0.3%; 95% CI, −34.2 to 33.6). Similarly, the PAR for stroke resulting from diabetes was 23.6% among those <80 years of age (95% CI, 15.7 to 31.5) and 2.3% among those ≥80 (95% CI, −8.2 to 12.7; P for difference=0.001). The PAR for VE did not differ by age/sex/race-ethnicity. Conclusions HTN and diabetes have important effects on the burden of stroke, particularly among those younger than age 80 and Hispanics. Public health campaigns targeted at specific risk factors in specific populations can lead to a greater reduction in CVD.
Splicing biomarkers of disease severity in myotonic dystrophy

Objective To develop RNA splicing biomarkers of disease severity and therapeutic response in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2).
Studies of Large Lithium Clusters and their Vacancies with Highly Optimized Localized Orbitals

A first-principles local-density based algorithm which employs optimized Gaussian-type orbitals is used to carry out calculations on a large variety of lithium clusters consisting of one to twenty-seven atoms. Bulk moduli, bond lengths and cohesive energies for the isolated clusters are presented and the results are extrapolated so as to predict the bulk (BCC) cohesive energy as well. Vacancy formation energies and vacancy induced lattice relaxation are also presented for three BCC fragments and compared to the bulk experimental results. For our largest cluster, we obtain a vacancy formation energy of 0.36 eV which is in good agreement with the experimental result of 0.34 eV.
Stabilized single-frequency stimulated Brillouin fiber ring laser.

The detailed behavior of the cw stimulated Brillouin fiber laser has been studied by using a narrow-linewidth cw pump argon laser at 5145 A and an 83-m fiber ring cavity. By stabilizing the fiber cavity, we achieved stable single-frequency Brillouin-laser output with a linewidth determined primarily by the 100-kHz modulation used in the feedback system. Lasing threshold for the 4.5-μm-core fiber used was observed at a pump power of 77 mW, and the maximum Brillouin output was 13 mW for a pump of 320 mW. The Brillouin gain medium was shown to exhibit homogeneouslike behavior.
Does Drop in Copying Cost Support Copyright Term Extension

Copyright duration has been or is being extended in many countries. Technological and demographical changes were cited by a U.S. Senate report to argue for U.S. copyright term extension. This paper analyzes the validity of the arguments. Simulation of a model of the information product market shows that decrease in copying cost of information products due to digital technologies calls for reduction of copyright duration. Partial support is found for the argument that longer life expectancy and delayed child-bearing may support copyright term extension. Furthermore, increase in demand for information products is found to call for reduction in copyright duration.
Effect of Oxygen on Growth of Cultured Myocardial Cells

The present study was designed to explore the effects of environmental oxygen as a possible regulator of cardiac cell division and growth. Trypsindispersed heart cells from the ventricles of chick embryos 8 to 12 days old were grown in culture at 37°C in a nutrient medium (NCI) with 10% fetal calf serum. They were exposed to constant 5% CO2 gas environments in which the percent of O2 was varied. Net protein synthesis increased progressively as O2 was reduced from 80% to 2 to 5%. After the first 24 hours, little further protein synthesis occurred in plates grown in 80% O2. The rates of cellular incorporation of 14C-amino acids and uridine-2-14C increased progressively as the fraction of O2 was reduced. In cells grown at 80% O2, incorporation of uridine-2-14C into RNA was impaired before that of 14C-amino acid into protein. After actinomycin-D (5 µg/ml) (which quickly halted uridine incorporation into the rapidly labeled fraction of RNA), the rate of incorporation of 14C-amino acid into protein declined exp...
Age Migration in the United States A Brief Review

Two points come across rather clearly from the research of the past, which, if remedied, could improve the results presented in the future. One is a lack of knowledge or disregard by some researchers of the findings of previous relevant research, usually that done by people in other disciplines. The other is the absence of an appropriate theoretical orientation in many of the studies. Some researchers appear to be unconcerned by this deficiency; others decry the fact that they do not find theories suitable to their endeavors. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges of research on migration of the elderly is the design of studies that can contribute to theory development while at the same time providing research results that are timely, interesting, and useful.
Spinal cord GABA receptors modulate the exercise pressor reflex in decerebrate rats

Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators released by contraction-activated skeletal muscle afferents into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord initiate the central component of the exercise pressor refl...
Comparison of reconfiguration schemes for the C2SC MIN operating in the broadcast mode

The complementary two-stage cube (C2SC) provides four paths between every source and destination pair so that all single faults and many multiple faults can be tolerated. One of the key issues in multiple-path multistage interconnection networks (MIN's) is the manner in which rerouting is achieved when the network has faults. In this paper, we present four reconfiguration schemes for broadcast connections of the C2SC in the presence of one or multiple faults, and these are: destination discriminator, divide and broadcast, decoded routing tag, and conservative schemes. A hardware implementation and a cost/performance analysis of the four schemes were carried out. The analysis includes comparison of hardware cost, reconfiguration time, cost-reconfiguration time product, and regularity and modularity. The cost/performance analysis and simulation results indicate that the destination discriminator scheme has the lowest cost-reconfiguration time product and has relatively high regularity and modularity. >
Is magnetic pinning a dominant mechanism in Nb-Ti?

The authors compared the pinning behavior of an artificial pinning center (APC) composite and a nanometer-filament Nb 46.5 wt.% Ti composite to that of a conventional Nb 48 wt.% Ti composite. The microstructure of the APC composite resembles that of the conventional composite, where ribbons of normal metal form the pinning centers, whereas the nanometer-filament composite has no internal normal metal but pins at the filament surface instead. The APC composite exhibits much stronger pinning relative to B/sub c2/ than the conventional composite (21.4 GN/m/sup 3/. 7 T vs. 18.9 GN/m/sup 3/, 11 T), which is possibly due to the increased amount of pinning center (50 vol.% vs. 25 vol.%); however, the proximity effect reduces the B/sub c2/ unfavorably. In all three composites, F/sub p/ was proportional to (1-b)/sup 3/2/, which suggests that the magnetic interaction, rather than core pinning, dominates. F/sub p/ obeys a scaling relation as T tends to T/sub c/ in the conventional composite and over a wide range of temperature in the APC composite. In these regimes, one pinning body is also dominant, and it is suggested that pinning is done by clusters of pinning centers rather than by the individual pins.
Population and community responses of phytoplankton to fluctuating light.

Light is a major resource in aquatic ecosys- tems and has a complex pattern of spatio-temporal variability, yet the eAects of dynamic light regimes on communities of phytoplankton are largely unexplored. I examined whether and how fluctuating light supply aAects the structure and dynamics of phytoplankton communities. The eAect of light fluctuations was tested at two average irradiances: low, 25 lmol quan- ta m )2 s )1 and high, 100 lmol quanta m )2 s )1 in 2- and 18-species communities of freshwater phytoplankton. Species diversity, and abundances of individual species and higher taxa, depended significantly on both the absolute level and the degree of variability in light sup- ply, while total density, total biomass, and species rich- ness responded only to light level. In the two-species assemblage, fluctuations increased diversity at both low and high average irradiances and in the multispecies community fluctuations increased diversity at high irradiance but decreased diversity at low average irra- diance. Species richness was higher under low average irradiance and was not aAected by the presence or absence of fluctuations. Diatom abundance was in- creased by fluctuations, especially at low average irra- diance, where they became the dominant group, while cyanobacteria and green algae dominated low constant light and all high light treatments. Within each taxo- nomic group, however, there was no uniform pattern in species responses to light fluctuations: both the magni- tude and direction of response were species-specific. The temporal regime of light supply had a significant eAect on the growth rates of individual species grown in monocultures. Species responses to the regime of light supply in monocultures qualitatively agreed with their abundances in the community experiments. The results indicate that the temporal regime of light supply may influence structure of phytoplankton communities by diAerentially aAecting growth rates and mediating spe- cies competition.
Primitive complete normal bases for regular extensions

The extension E of degree n over the Galois field F = GF(q) is called regular over F, if ord_r(q) and n have greatest common divisor 1 for all prime divisors r of n which are different from the characteristic p of F (here, ord_r(q) denotes the multiplicative order of q modulo r). Under the assumption that E is regular over F and that q - 1 is divisible by 4 if q is odd and n is even, we prove the existence of a primitive element w element of E which is also completely normal over F (the latter means that w simultaneously generates a normal basis for E over every intermediate field K of E/F). Our result achieves, for the class of extensions under consideration, a common generalization of the theorem of Lenstra and Schoof on the existence of primitive normal bases [12] and the theorem of Blessenohl and Johnsen on the existence of complete normal bases [1].
Genetic relationships of common cocklebur accessions from the United States

Abstract DNA fragment analysis, based on amplification of intersimple sequence repeats by the polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR), was used to assess genetic relationships of 217 U.S. accessions of common cocklebur. Twenty-four polymorphic markers were generated from six primers. Analysis of genetic similarity by clustering procedures resulted in separation of the accessions into two main clusters. Accessions within these two clusters were designated as either northern or southern genotypes. Forty-four of 48 accessions analyzed from Washington, Michigan, Iowa, and Ohio were northern genotypes, whereas 67 of 68 accessions analyzed from Mississippi, Arkansas, South Carolina, and North Carolina were southern genotypes. Accessions from Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois included 40 and 56 northern and southern genotypes, respectively, indicating a transition zone. In Illinois, accessions collected from northern and southern counties tended to be northern and southern genotypes, respectively. We conclude that muc...
The Structure of Planned Parenthood v. Casey Abortion Rights Law: 'Strict Scrutiny' for 'Substantial Obstacles' on Abortion Choice and Otherwise 'Reasonableness Balancing'

Following the 2010 elections, a spate of new abortion restricting laws were passed. Many government actions have been held unconstitutional by courts. A number of these cases have involved challenges to statutes requiring abortion clinics to have admitting privileges at a local hospital. In deciding what the correct approach is to abortion regulation, Part II of this article discusses the legal doctrine adopted by the Supreme Court in Roe and Casey. That discussion shows that the best reading of Casey is that it adopted a doctrine whereby an “undue burden” on abortion choice, defined as a “substantial obstacle to a woman seeking an abortion,” triggers Roe’s strict scrutiny approach, while a “less than undue burden” on abortion choice triggers a “reasonableness balancing” approach higher than “minimum rationality review.” Part III of this article supports this analysis by careful attention to the application of the “undue burden” analysis in Casey to the spousal notification, informed consent, and 24‐hour waiting period regulations at issue in the case.Part IV of this article expands on this discussion to note how the joint opinion’s reference in Casey to its “undue burden” analysis tracking the Supreme Court’s doctrine in the “ballot access” cases, like Anderson v. Celebrezze, strongly supports use of a “reasonableness balancing” test higher than minimum rationality review. Part IV also notes how this Casey/Celebrezze approach is mirrored in a range of other fundamental rights cases, where substantial burdens trigger strict scrutiny, and less than substantial burdens trigger a "reasonable balancing” test higher than “minimum rationality review.” Part V discusses how Gonzales v. Carhart, the Supreme Court’s last major abortion rights case, is consistent with this analysis and does nothing to change the Casey/Celebrezze “reasonableness balancing” doctrine.In light of this doctrinal structure, Part VI of this article analyzes a number of recent district court and court of appeals cases involving abortion rights. Part VII places this Casey/Celebrezze “reasonableness balancing” approach in the context of the Supreme Court’s general doctrinal approach to individual rights adjudication, with a brief comparison of this approach to analysis used in many constitutional courts around the world of “proportionality” review.
Introduction: Biopics and American National Identity—Invented Lives, Imagined Communities

(2011). Introduction: Biopics and American National Identity—Invented Lives, Imagined Communities. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 26, Biopics and American National Identity, pp. 1-33.
Optimum Frameworks under Single Load System

For a single load system, Michell has proposed a deformation criterion which a framework must satisfy if it is to be of minimum volume. The criterion is that the members of the optimum framework to equilibrate a given force system must all be strained by the same amount, the sign depending on the sign of the axial stress carried by the member. A general class of frames, satisfying the Michell condition of strain, consists of those whose bars, before and after deformation, form curves of orthogonal systems. The two basic orthogonal curvilinear systems used in the development of the Michell optimum structures are the polar coordinate system and the equiangular spiral system. Optimum structures are developed for six different force systems. These consist of (1) self-equilibrating systems of concentrated forces that can be supported by a truss or a simple beam, and (2) self-equilibrating system of forces and couples that can be supported by a cantilever beam or a prismatic beam with fixed ends.
Dynamic Remodeling of the Magnetosome Membrane Is Triggered by the Initiation of Biomineralization

Magnetotactic bacteria produce chains of membrane-bound organelles that direct the biomineralization of magnetic nanoparticles. These magnetosome compartments are a model for studying the biogenesis and subcellular organization of bacterial organelles. Previous studies have suggested that discrete gene products build and assemble magnetosomes in a stepwise fashion. Here, using an inducible system, we show that the stages of magnetosome formation are highly dynamic and interconnected. During de novo formation, magnetosomes first organize into discontinuous chain fragments that are subsequently connected by the bacterial actin-like protein MamK. We also find that magnetosome membranes are not uniform in size and can grow in a biomineralization-dependent manner. In the absence of biomineralization, magnetosome membranes stall at a diameter of ~50 nm. Those that have initiated biomineralization then expand to significantly larger sizes and accommodate mature magnetic particles. We speculate that such a biomineralization-dependent checkpoint for membrane growth establishes the appropriate conditions within the magnetosome to ensure successful nucleation and growth of magnetic particles. IMPORTANCE Magnetotactic bacteria make magnetic nanoparticles inside membrane-bound organelles called magnetosomes; however, it is unclear how the magnetosome membrane controls the biomineralization that occurs within this bacterial organelle. We placed magnetosome formation under inducible control in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 and used electron cryo-tomography to capture magnetosomes in their near-native state as they form de novo. An inducible system provided the key evidence that magnetosome membranes grow continuously unless they have not properly initiated biomineralization. Our finding that the size of a bacterial organelle impacts its biochemical function is a fundamental advance that impacts our perception of organelle formation and can inform future attempts aimed at creating designer magnetic particles.
Noun-related morphosyntactic difficulties in specific language impairment across languages:

Noun-related morphosyntax has not been emphasized in the literature on children with specific language impairment (SLI), yet, across languages, problems in this area are quite apparent. This review is designed to highlight noun-related difficulties that seem to be especially troublesome for these children. A review of the research literature on children with SLI was conducted, including work on a wide range of languages. Children with SLI were found to have weaknesses greater than those of younger typically developing compatriots in such noun-related areas as articles, possessive inflections, full subject pronouns, agglutinating noun suffixes, and pronominal clitics. Factors seemingly responsible for these difficulties include prosody, case assignment, agreement, and both grammatical and phonological opacity. Each language reviewed provides evidence of serious problems with select noun-related morphemes in the speech of children with SLI. The emphasis in language assessment will necessarily have to vary a...
Aggressive early reconstruction in open foot trauma: a case report.

Open fracture-dislocation of the lower extremity poses a serious risk, has a high incidence of complications, and necessitates prompt surgical intervention. Patients need to be evaluated on presentation to the emergency department for neurovascular injury, soft-tissue insult, stability of the fracture, concomitant injuries, and overall medical/nutritional status. Implementation of a specific treatment protocol will decrease time to operative management and increase the overall success rate. Success after treatment of lower-extremity trauma should be defined as a noninfected, functional limb with optimal tissue preservation allowing ambulation. We present a case of open fracture-dislocation of the first ray treated with prompt debridement, skeletal stabilization, and immediate soft-tissue reconstruction. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(1): 76–80, 2013)
Design and Implementation of the Web Mail System Based on Java for a Large Number of Users

It is necessary for an ISP to provide the service of Web Mail supporting a large number of users. This paper presents a method to design and implement a Web Mail system based on Java, whose SMTP and POP3 server is the Hawkeye server on Linux . Because Java is platform-independent, the Web Mail system can use the Hawkeye server on other platforms to provide the same service.
Implementation of topographic mapping production processes in informationization surveying

Informationization surveying is the new era after the digitalized surveying and simulating surveying.Strong demand of GIS services from the community is a challenge to this informationization surveying.How to provide the high quality,strong currency GIS products and diversity of services is important of the informationization surveying.This study described the core technology of the database-driven production and incremental data updating,in order to provide new methods for topographic mapping production and update under informationization surveying.The technical application in the article have been successfully carried out in the national 1∶50 000topographic mapping production project,and widely applied in the provincial bureaus of surveying and mapping.
Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Chest Wall in a Neonate: A Case Report.

Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are a group of soft-tissue tumors of neural crest origin that arise outside the brain, spinal, and sympathetic nervous systems. An estimated 6.5% of primary lesions arise in the chest wall1. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents (thirteen to sixteen years old)2 and are included in the differential diagnosis of malignant small round cell tumors, which include Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and lymphoma3. We describe a patient with a mediastinal peripheral PNET, which was detected in utero. The patient’s mother was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she provided consent. A routine prenatal ultrasound of a thirty-six-year old woman who was thirty weeks pregnant identified a right-sided pleural effusion in the fetus. The mother had gestational diabetes but was otherwise well. At thirty-four weeks’ gestation, the mother went into preterm labor at an outlying facility, and an ultrasound showed an increase in size of the fetal pleural effusion. Preterm labor was stopped, and the mother was transferred to a tertiary care center; maternal fetal medicine was consulted on arrival. An additional ultrasound showed a thoracic mass in the fetus, measuring 2.9 × 2.5 × 5.24 cm. Because of this mass and increasing pleural effusion, delivery was induced at thirty-five weeks. At birth, the neonate weighed 2.637 kg and was cyanotic with depressed respirations. She was stabilized and treated in the neonatal intensive care unit. Physical examination showed a well-appearing baby on continuous positive airway pressure, with a respiration rate of twenty-five breaths per minute. The patient had excellent breath sounds on the left, but she had diminished breath sounds on the right secondary to the pleural effusion. She had excellent chest rise without retraction. The initial chest radiograph showed a large right-sided …
The Symbolic Significance of Dewey Dell Bundren’s Name

(1990). The Symbolic Significance of Dewey Dell Bundren’s Name. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 114-116.
Greatbanking: Fraudulent charges to customer accounts

AbstractA customer reports fraudulent charges on her checking account. Greatbanking offers to send a new card. After the new card has arrived more fraudulent charges occur. The bank tells the customer she should open a new account with them. The bank then refuses to cash a check for the customer with the new account. The customer requests this to be waived. The bank declines the request. The customer asks to close all her accounts. The bank replies there is a fee to close a new account. What should the firm do?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Quality of Life in Women With Fecal Incontinence.

Objectives The objectives of this work were to determine the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and IBS subtypes in women presenting for fecal incontinence (FI) treatment and to assess the impact of IBS on FI symptoms and quality of life (QOL). Methods In this multicenter prospective cohort study, women reported at least monthly solid, liquid, or mucus FI. Rome III clinical criteria defined IBS. Women also self-reported having an IBS diagnosis. Baseline questionnaires included the following: Modified Manchester Health Questionnaire, Fecal Incontinence Severity Index, Bristol Stool Scale, Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory, and the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire. Results Of the 133 women enrolled, 119 completed Rome III IBS questionnaires, and 111 reported on whether they had a previous diagnosis of IBS. The prevalence of IBS was 31% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.9%-40.2%) according to the Rome III IBS criteria. The most common subtypes were IBS-mixed (41%) and IBS-diarrhea (35%). Twenty-four (22%) of 111 patients had a previous diagnosis of IBS. Among women who met Rome III IBS criteria, 23 (66%) of 35 women had never had a diagnosis of IBS. Women with FI and IBS reported significantly worse QOL compared to women without IBS despite similar FI severity and stool consistency. Conclusions Irritable bowel syndrome negatively affects QOL and affects one third of women with FI presenting for care in tertiary centers. Our findings suggest that assessment of IBS symptoms and diagnosis may be important for women presenting for FI treatment.
Education: From Illiteracy to College and Profession

Totagadde Brahmins regarded themselves as educationally backward and set about to remedy the situation. In every decade since the 1960s, there has been an increase in the availability of education. In the 1970s, Brahmins attended high school, while most non-Brahmin children attended primary and middle school. By 2011, only a few older Havik women were illiterate. Although illiteracy was predominant among the elders of the lower castes, some from all castes attended college. This chapter focuses on the journey from illiteracy to college and gainful employment.
Survival benefit from bevacizumab in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) according to transcriptional subclasses.

2057 Background: Genome-wide transcriptional studies (TCGA and others) have identified distinct GBM molecular subtypes, but to date this has not translated into prognostic or therapeutic implicatio...
The Impact of IGRT on Normal Tissue Toxicity

Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) deploys advanced imaging techniques prior to each treatment to ensure the highest possible agreement between the planned treatment geometry and the daily set-up. This agreement includes both the patient position and the localization of the internal target and normal structures. This process reduces non-tumor tissues within the target volume to a minimum. IGRT is now commonly accompanied by altered fractionation schemes, usually hypofractionation. With the small-volume, high-dose-per-fraction treatments, the profile of treatment morbidities may change, compared to conventional 3D treatment. This chapter explores how these morbidities may change with the use of IGRT.
Cell Sheet Morphogenesis: Dorsal Closure in Drosophila melanogaster as a Model System

Dorsal closure is a key process during Drosophila morphogenesis that models cell sheet movements in chordates, including neural tube closure, palate formation, and wound healing. Closure occurs midway through embryogenesis and entails circumferential elongation of lateral epidermal cell sheets that close a dorsal hole filled with amnioserosa cells. Signaling pathways regulate the function of cellular structures and processes, including Actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons, cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesion complexes, and endocytosis/vesicle trafficking. These orchestrate complex shape changes and movements that entail interactions between five distinct cell types. Genetic and laser perturbation studies establish that closure is robust, resilient, and the consequence of redundancy that contributes to four distinct biophysical processes: contraction of the amnioserosa, contraction of supracellular Actomyosin cables, elongation (stretching?) of the lateral epidermis, and zipping together of two converging c...
Redescription of Zoica puellula (Simon, 1898) (Araneae: Lycosidae: Zoicinae) and transfer of Zoica harduarae (Biswas & Roy, 2008) to Agelenidae C.L. Koch, 1837

The genus Zoica Simon, 1898 comprises the smallest members of the family Lycosidae (Lehtinen & Hippa 1979; Framenau et al. 2009) and all the members are vagrant (Lehtinen & Hippa 1979). The genus was revised by Lehtinen & Hippa (1979) and currently has 12 described species (World Spider Catalog 2017). The species Zoica puellula (Simon, 1898) was based on an unspecified number of female specimens from Sri Lanka, and its original description (Simon 1898) is inadequate and lacks illustrations. The male and female genitalia of this species were subsequently illustrated several times (Roewer 1960; Lehtinen & Hippa 1979; Tikader & Malhotra 1980); however these illustrations are insufficient for proper identification and the internal female genitalia of this species have not been illustrated. Additionally, Tikader and Malhotra (1980) inferred the presence of Z. puellula in India from records of this species in Sri Lanka, but it has not yet been found in India. Here we redescribe Z. puellula based on the type material and newly collected specimens and extend its known geographic distribution to India. We also remove Zoica harduarae (Biswas & Roy, 2008), which was described from India, from the genus.
Snail transcription factor NLS and importin β1 regulate the subcellular localization of Cathepsin L and Cux1

Several recent studies have highlighted an additional unexpected localization and site of action for Cathepsin L (Cat L) protease within the nucleus in breast, colon and prostate cancer, however, its role in the nucleus was unclear. It was proposed to mediate proteolytic processing of the transcription factor CCAAT-displacement protein/cut homeobox transcription factor (Cux1) from the full-length p200 isoform to generate the p110 and p90 isoforms, of which the p110 isoform was shown to act as a cell cycle regulator to accelerate entry into the S phase. The p110 isoform has also been shown to bind to the promoter regions of Snail and E-cadherin to activate Snail and inactivate E-cadherin transcription, thus promoting epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistic studies on what drives Cat L nuclear localization have not been reported. Our hypothesis is that Snail shuttles into the nucleus with Cat L through binding to importin-β. Snail knockdown with siRNA in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells led to nuclear to cytoplasmic shuttling of Cat L and decreased levels of Cux1, while overexpression of Snail in MCF-7 breast cancer cells or HEK-293 human embryonic kidney cells led to increased nuclear expression of both Cat L and Cux1. Additionally, transient transfection of Snail NLS mutants not only abrogated Snail nuclear localization but also nuclear localization of Cat L and Cux1. Interestingly, importin β1 knockdown with siRNA decreased Snail and Cux1 levels, as well as nuclear localization of Cat L. Therefore, we show for the first time that the nuclear localization of Cat L and its substrate Cux1can be positively regulated by Snail NLS and importin β1, suggesting that Snail, Cat L and Cux1 all utilize importin β1 for nuclear import.
Tropinone synthesis via an atypical polyketide synthase and P450-mediated cyclization

Tropinone is the first intermediate in the biosynthesis of the pharmacologically important tropane alkaloids that possesses the 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane core bicyclic structure that defines this alkaloid class. Chemical synthesis of tropinone was achieved in 1901 but the mechanism of tropinone biosynthesis has remained elusive. In this study, we identify a root-expressed type III polyketide synthase from Atropa belladonna (AbPYKS) that catalyzes the formation of 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoic acid. This catalysis proceeds through a non-canonical mechanism that directly utilizes an unconjugated N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrolinium cation as the starter substrate for two rounds of malonyl-Coenzyme A mediated decarboxylative condensation. Subsequent formation of tropinone from 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoic acid is achieved through cytochrome P450-mediated catalysis by AbCYP82M3. Silencing of AbPYKS and AbCYP82M3 reduces tropane levels in A. belladonna. This study reveals the mechanism of tropinone biosynthesis, explains the in planta co-occurrence of pyrrolidines and tropanes, and demonstrates the feasibility of tropane engineering in a non-tropane producing plant. Tropinone is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids. Here, the authors discovered the enzymes AbPYKS and AbCYP82M3, a non-canonical polyketide synthase and a cytochrome P450, that work sequentially to form tropinone from N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrolinium cation.