cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Auxins on Reproduction of Lemna Major

At the present time there exists a large amount of evidence showing that auxins control many of the functions of green plants. Particular attention, from both qualitative and quantitative standpoints, has been paid by investigators to the effect of the presence of auxins in the plant on the elongation of cells, the growth of roots, and the increase in the vegetative parts (1, 8,15). The addition of prepared auxin material, supplied in various forms and in various ways, also has a marked effect on plants. Zimmerman and Wn> coxon (16) found that adventitious roots were initiated and stems and leaves were affected. Thimann and Lane (13) have shown that in Avena and Triticum the addition of auxin increased the dry weight, accelerated vegetative growth, and slightly hastened flowering. Loehwing and Bauguess (9) applied heteroauxin to the soil as well as to the plants and produced variation in growth. There are also indications that cell division and reproduction in plants are influenced by different auxins. Jost in 1935 (7) investigated the effect of several growth-promoting substances on cell division. Recently Pratt (11) checked the influence of three synthetic chemicals on the reproduction of the green alga, Chlorella vulgaris. He found that indole-3-acetic acid (heteroauxin) stimulated the reproduction of the Chlorella cells when present in the nutrient solution at a concentration of 10 p.p.m. and gave increased stimulation at 50 p.p.m. Indole-3-n-propionic acid was less stimulating, but was in turn greater than indole-3-n-butyric acid. Several other carbon compounds, including allantoin, were tried, but none caused an increase in the number of cells comparable with the three indole acids. In these laboratories the writers have used Lemna major (Spirodela polyrhiza) as the test plant. Lemna is a water plant capable of producing flowers but usually propagating asexually. Its culture lends itself to a control as rigid as can be obtained with Chlorella. For several years it has been grown in inorganic nutrient solutions without organic matter, free from all microorganisms, and at a definite temperature both under electric light and in sunlight. When the logarithm of the number of fronds at any time, t, is plotted against the number of days, the result is a straight line which is reproducible under the same conditions. The slope of the line, K, is a measure of the speed of reproduction. Flasks can be subcultured indefinitely, and effects of variations in pH (3), light (2), organic or inorganic materials (5) are shown in the slope of the curve if the rate of reproduction is 735
Gynecologic issues of the adolescent female solid organ transplant recipient.

The improved survival of pediatric recipients of solid organ transplants has prompted increased attention to quality-of-life issues, including attainment of normal growth and development, minimization of medication side effects, involvement in normal social relationships, and the ability to have children. This article addresses issues related to the gynecologic health of adolescent transplant recipients, including menstruation and reproductive health concerns related to sexual activity. The authors review currently available contraceptive options, considerations when prescribing a contraceptive method for an adolescent who has received a solid organ transplant, and use of hormonal contraception for medical indications. More data relevant to gynecologic health are available for recipients of a transplanted kidney or liver, compared with heart, lung, or small bowel. Transplantation of each of these organs is associated with a unique set of medical consequences and some commonconcerns. Thepurposeof this article isto provide the primary care physician with a general approach to the provision of gynecologic health care to adolescent transplant recipients.
Improved Treatment of External Boundary Conditions for Three-Dimensional Flow Computations

An innovative numerical approach is presented for setting highly accurate nonlocal boundary conditions at the external computational boundaries when calculating three-dimensional compressible viscous flows over finite bodies. The approach is based on application of the special boundary operators analogous to Calderon's projections (Calderon, A. P.) and the difference potentials method by Ryaben'kii; it extends the previous technique developed for the two-dimensional case. The new boundary conditions methodology has been successfully combined with the NASA-developed code TLNS3D and used for the analysis of wing-shaped configurations in subsonic and transonic flow regimes. As demonstrated by the computational experiments, the improved external boundary conditions allow one to greatly reduce the size of the computational domain while still maintaining high accuracy of the numerical solution. Moreover, they may provide for a noticeable speedup of convergence of the multigrid iterations
Anisotropic forces in the surface of a stretch-oriented polymer☆

Abstract It has been found that if a film of a polymer such as polypropylene or Teflon FEP is oriented by stretching, the contact angle of liquid becomes anisotropic, being higher for liquid front advancing or retreating perpendicular to the direction of stretch than for advance or retreat in the parallel direction. Electroscanning microscopy has revealed a small degree of anisotropy of the surface roughness. Comparison with samples that have been abraded with a single stroke of abrasive paper of various grit sizes showed that a far greater degree of anisotropic roughness would be required, to produce the observed contact angle anisotropy and hysteresis, than is actually observed on the stretched samples. It is concluded that the observed contact angle anisotropy is probably due to the anisotropic force field of the oriented polymer molecules.
Bias-dependent impedance model for ionic polymer-metal composites

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) are a novel class of soft sensing and actuation materials with promising applications in robotic and biomedical systems. In this paper, we present a model for nonlinear electrical dynamics of IPMC actuators, by applying perturbation analysis on the dynamics-governing partial differential equation (PDE) around a given bias voltage. By approximating the steady-state electric field under the bias with a piecewise linear function, we derive a linear PDE for the perturbed charge dynamics, which has piecewise constant coefficients and coefficients linear in the spatial variable. Through power series expansion, we solve the PDE to get the charge distribution up to any prescribed order. The perturbed electric field and current are subsequently obtained, which result in a bias-dependent impedance model. This model captures the nonlinear nature of the IPMC electrical dynamics and degenerates to the linear model when the bias is zero. The model predicts that, as the bias voltag...
An alternative mechanism of flood basalt formation

All large continental igneous provinces and most high-temperature magmas (picrites, komatiites) are found on the margins of cratonic lithosphere. The standard plume model of flood basalt formation offers no explanation for this observation. We propose that thick lithosphere (usually Archean) adjacent to thinner lithosphere may control the locations of flood basalt provinces. The boundary between thick and thin lithosphere focuses both the strain in the lithosphere and the upwelling convection. In addition, the non-uniform boundary condition actually induces a small-scale form of convection that is not present in simple convection and plume models. Whereas plumes are a form of convective instability rising from the base of a convecting system heated from below, the form of convection we are discussing is triggered from above. Unlike other lithospheric mechanisms, the asymmetric lithosphere does not require convective thinning or heating of the plate in order to produce melting. This eliminates time delay between the arrival of the plume head and the onset of volcanism in the stretching model. We consider a series of calculations with a step-function change in thickness of the boundary layer and an externally imposed pull-apart. The flow in our models is shallow and sub-horizontal, and brings hot material from under the thicker (cratonic) boundary layer towards the pull-apart. A simple estimate of the amount of melt generated by this mechanism suggests that it is capable of producing a large igneous province, even for a dry mantle.
Synaptic Plasticity and Translation Initiation.

It is widely accepted that protein synthesis, including local protein synthesis at synapses, is required for several forms of synaptic plasticity. Local protein synthesis enables synapses to control synaptic strength independent of the cell body via rapid protein production from pre-existing mRNA. Therefore, regulation of translation initiation is likely to be intimately involved in modulating synaptic strength. Our understanding of the translation-initiation process has expanded greatly in recent years. In this review, we discuss various aspects of translation initiation, as well as signaling pathways that might be involved in coupling neurotransmitter and neurotrophin receptors to the translation machinery during various forms of synaptic plasticity.
A fixed-die floorplanning algorithm using an analytical approach

Fixed-die floorplanning is an important problem in the modern physical design process. An effective floorplanning algorithm is crucial to improving both the quality and the time-to-market of the design. In this paper, we present an analytical floorplanning algorithm that can be used to efficiently pack soft modules into a fixed die. The locations and sizing of the modules are simultaneously optimized so that a minimum total wire length is achieved. Experiments on the MCNC and GSRC benchmarks show that our algorithm can achieve above a 90% success rate with a 10% white space constraint in the fixed die, and the efficiency is much higher than that of the simulated annealing based algorithms for benchmarks containing a large number of modules.
Examining Ethical Issues in School Health Education: Activities for Professional Preparation

(1994). Examining Ethical Issues in School Health Education: Activities for Professional Preparation. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 121-123.
Life Tables for the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), and the Pitch Pine Tip Moth, Rhyacionia rigidana (Fernald) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Life tables were constructed for six generations of Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) and for one generation of Rhyacionia rigidana (Fernald) in a 2- to 3-year-old loblolly pine plantation. Overlapping stage-density trend curves were estimated for each generation by a schedule of two-stage cluster samples. Population models were applied to these curves to estimate stage recruitments for the life tables. Important mortality occurred during egg and pupal stages. Egg mortality was high, and perhaps density dependent. Triehogramma sp. caused much egg mortality in generations 2 and 3, but an unknown factor caused most generation 1 egg mortality. Fifth-instar larvae were heavily parasitized by Lixophaga mediocris Aldrich, but this mortality was constant and was not a key factor. Some pupal mortality was caused by parasites. However, sources of most pupal mortalily were not identified. The pattern of survivorship for R. rigidana was similar except for high 1st-instar mortality, apparently due to resin from feeding wounds on pine Shoots. Sex ratios and fecundities were also examined.
Study of a jet-propulsion method for an underwater vehicle

Abstract This paper investigates a novel jet-propulsion method for a submerged vehicle. The approach is based on flexible-tube, eccentric rotor, Downingtown–Huber type pumps. Equations of motion are derived for a craft driven by such pumps. In order to develop general insight into the overall dynamics of the system, simulations are carried out for the simple case of horizontal straight-line motion. Results are obtained for the vehicle velocity, distance traveled, pump speed, and energy consumption. Effect of drag forces on the operation of the craft is studied. Finally, the jet-propulsion system is compared with conventional screw-type propulsors via simulation.
The Corrosive Qualities of Inequality: The Roots of the Current Meltdown

To this author, it is remarkable how many economists defend high levels of income inequality. He argues to the contrary, that inequality not only breeds corruption and poor business practices, it is on balance detrimental to economic growth. His new book covers a lot of ground, but he has boiled down some of the lesson in this piece.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYTASE OF BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS)

Phytase from California Small White beans was extracted, concentrated and enriched by heat treatment and ammonium sulfate fractionation. Crude enzyme fractions tenaciously retained endogenous phytate which could be removed by autolysis at 45°C and pH 5.2. Characterization of the phytase preparation showed: (1) increase in activity with increasing temperature from 37 to 60°C, (2) an activation energy of approximately 9,200 cal/mole for the hydrolysis of inositol hexaphosphate; (3) pH optimum of 5.2; (4) a Km value of 2.22 × 10-4M; (5) apparently partial inhibition at high substrate concentrations; (6) fully competitive inhibition by one of the reaction products, inorganic phosphate, with Ki=3.1 × 104M. These properties and kinetic constants are comparable to those reported for phytase preparations from similar sources and they adequately account for in situ autolytic loss of phytic acid from these beans.
Gender and student-status differences in cellular telephone use

This study attempted to determine differences in cellular telephone use according to gender and student-status. The impetus for the study comes from the uses and gratifications theory, which has traditionally been used to investigate how audiences use various mass media such as television and radio to satisfy their needs. This project attempted to investigate uses of the cellular telephone. Surveys were distributed to three groups (high school students, college students, and non-student adults). Results indicated that college students were the heaviest users followed by high school students and non-student adults. The results also revealed that the gender gap in cellular telephone use is narrowing, with men and women reporting virtually equal usage. Ten percent of the respondents reported that their cellular telephones have replaced their landline telephones for everyday usage. Only 10% of the participants in this study reported that they did not own a cellular telephone.
Working-Class Women and Republicanism in the French Revolution of 1848

Abstract Following the February Revolution in 1848, working-class women as well as men attempted to hold the government to its promise of the right to work, through street demonstrations, individual and collective demands for work, and participation in the national workshops that had been established in an attempt to address the problem of unemployment in the capital. In the process, these activists articulated what scholars have labelled as a democratic socialist vision of republicanism. In June of 1848, women participated in the insurrection that sought to defend the vision of a social republic. While the republicanism of working-class men and bourgeois women such as George Sand has been examined, studies of working-class women in the first half of the nineteenth century have to this point focused on the romantic socialist influences that shaped their activities, in particular the Saint-Simonian movement. Drawing primarily on individual letters, police interrogations and newspaper reports, a vision of r...
A sequential pulsing technique for the production of monoenergetic ion beams of low energy

Abstract A theoretical investigation is given of a new technique for producing monoenergetic ion beams in a longitudinal tandem mass spectrometer. An ion swarm, produced by a pulsed electron beam, is accelerated impulsively and then subjected to a further accelerating field as it begin to leave the ionization region. Results are presented for the magnitude of the field required, the time at which it should be applied and the influence on the proposed technique of the finite thickness of the ionizing electron beam.
Infection of Soybean with Soybean mosaic virus Increases Susceptibility to Phomopsis spp. Seed Infection

Infection of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants with Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) has been reported to enhance Phomopsis spp. seed infection, which reduces seed quality. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of SMV on Phomopsis spp. seed infection and seed germination and vigor. During 1995 to 1997, plants of two SMV-susceptible cultivars (Clark and Williams) and their SMV-resistant isolines (L78-434 and L78-379, resistant to SMV strains G1-G6) were mechanically inoculated with SMV (G2 strain) at growth stages V4, V8 or R2, and Phomopsis spp. inocula were applied to all plants. Seeds harvested from SMV-resistant isolines were consistently SMV free, whereas seeds from SMV-inoculated susceptible cultivars accumulated SMV in seedcoats. Although environmental conditions were favorable, the incidence of Phomopsis spp. seed infection was consistently less than 12% in SMV-resistant plants, and up to 14-times greater in SMV-inoculated susceptible plants, with primary infection occurring after seeds reached physiological maturity (at or after yellow pod stage). Seeds from SMV-resistant isolines had high average standard germination (88%) and higher vigor (67% accelerated aging; 7 mS m -1 g -1 conductivity), whereas seeds from SMV-inoculated susceptible cultivars had low standard germination (48%), low vigor (30% accelerated aging; 13 mS m -1 g -1 conductivity). Thus, infection by SMV at or before growth stage R2 increased the susceptibility of soybean seed to Phomopsis spp. infection, and resulted in poor seed quality and low vigor.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUND BEEF PATTIES EXHIBITING NORMAL AND PREMATURE BROWN INTERNAL COOKED COLOR

Premature browning is a condition in which ground beef looks well-done at lower than expected temperatures. To study this color pattern, chemical properties were measured on raw and cooked patties (55, 65 and 75C) that developed normal (NRM) and premature brown (PMB) color when cooked to 55C. NRM patties were visually and instrumentally redder at all temperatures (P 0.05). Heme and nonheme iron, total pigment and pH did not differ (P>0.05) between groups. Nonheme iron increased (P 0.05) occurred in precipitation of juice extracts from NRM and PMB patties during heating (40 to 75C). Premature browning was related to patty oxidation.
Communality of a variable: Formulation by cluster analysis

The communality of a variable represents the degree of its generality acrossn − 1 behaviors. Domain-sampling principles provide a fundamental conception and definition of the communality. This definition may be alternatively stated in eight different ways. Three definitions lead to precise formulas that determine thetrue value of the communality: (i) from thek necessary and sufficient dimensions derived by iterated factoring, (ii) from then − 1 remaining variable-domains, and (iii) fromk' multiple clusters of then variables. Seven definitions provide approximation formulas: (i) one from thek dimensions as initially factored, (ii) one from then − 1 remaining variables, and (iii) five from a single cluster. Rank of the matrix is not a desiratum in some definitions. Using an example designed by Guilford to illustrate multiple-factor analysis, applications of the formulas based on the three precise definitions recover the true communalities, and five approximation formulas each gives values closer than thead hoc estimates usually employed in factor analysis.
Exercises for Rebel Artists: Radical Performance Pedagogy

Gomez-Pena, Guillermo & Roberto Sifuentes. Exercises for Rebel Artists: Radical Performance Pedagogy. London and New York: Routledge, 2011. 237 pp. $27.95 In Exercises for Rebel Artists: Radical Pe...
Plutonium polymerization—II Kinetics of the plutonium polymerization☆

Abstract Experimental data for the distribution of Pu(III), Pu(IV), Pu(V), Pu(VI) and Pu(IV) polymer have been used to calculate the rates of polymerization of Pu(IV). The rate of formation of Pu(IV) polymer is proportional to the first power of the Pu(IV) concentration and to the inverse square of the acidity as long as the solution contains a detectable amount of Pu(IV). When the concentration of Pu(IV) is not detectable, the rate of polymerization is proportional to the product of the square roots of the Pu(V) and (III) concentrations. When the concentrations of both the Pu(IV) and (III) are not detectable, the rate of polymerization is proportional to the product of the squares of the Pu(V) and the acid concentrations and to the inverse first power of the Pu(VI) concentration.
Terrestrial influences on carbon burial at sea

Over geologic time, a primary driver for change in atmospheric concentrations of gases such as methane, CO2, and O2 is burial of organic matter in marine sediments. After photosynthetic organisms produce organic matter and O2, these compounds are typically respired to CO2 in short order. However, burial of organic matter in sediments sequesters carbon for eons, allowing O2 to build up and playing a small role in reducing CO2 in the atmosphere. The exact mechanisms and rates of organic matter burial are therefore significant terms that need to be understood to fully comprehend earth processes. Organic matter preservation is linked to the burial of minerals, many of which are terrestrially derived. The favored hypothesis explaining organic–mineral associations is that the abundance of mineral surface area somehow protects organic matter from degradation. In this way, ocean sediments containing fine-grained minerals bury more organic matter than coarse-grained sediments. The mechanistic details of this remain poorly elucidated, but the relationship in the modern ocean is reasonably well described: ≈1 mg of C is buried along with each square meter of external mineral surface. This approach excludes the internal surfaces of expandable clay minerals, which have previously been thought to be relatively unimportant (1). The one notable exception to this generality occurs in suboxic and anoxic portions of the ocean, where organic matter is preserved in excess of 1 mg C per external square meter. It has generally been assumed that external mineral surface area controls “baseline” amounts of organic matter burial and that anoxia enhances burial. In PNAS, Kennedy and Wagner. (2) bring a unique perspective to this paradigm. They show that mineralogy, not just surface area, can play a large role in controlling organic matter burial. By measuring the internal surface area of expandable clays and relating that to changes in organic matter burial in Cretaceous black shales, they illustrate a process whereby both mineralogy and anoxia amplify carbon storage. The amplification effect seems to occur rapidly, on a temporal scale of decades rather than millenia.
One-Dimensional Elastic Continuum Model of Enterocyte Layer Migration

Necrotizing enterocolitis is the leading cause of death from gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. It results from an injury to the mucosal lining of the intestine, leading to translocation of bacteria and endotoxin into the circulation. Intestinal mucosal defects are repaired by the process of intestinal restitution, during which enterocytes migrate from healthy areas to sites of injury. In this article, we develop a mathematical model of migration of enterocytes during experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. The model is based on a novel assumption of elastic deformation of the cell layer and incorporates the following effects: i), mobility promoting force due to lamellipod formation, ii), mobility impeding adhesion to the cell matrix, and iii), enterocyte proliferation. Our model successfully reproduces the behavior observed for enterocyte migration on glass coverslips, namely the dependence of migration speed on the distance from the wound edge, and the finite propagation distance in the absence of proliferation that results in an occasional failure to close the wound. It also qualitatively reproduces the dependence of migration speed on integrin concentration. The model is applicable to the closure of a wound with a linear edge and, after calibration with experimental data, could be used to predict the effect of chemical agents on mobility, adhesion, and proliferation of enterocytes.
Metal‐chelating properties and biodegradability of an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dianhydride modified soy protein hydrogel

The heavy-metal chelating properties of a soy protein based hydrogel, prepared by crosslinking an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dianhydride (EDTAD) modified soy protein isolate (SPI), have been studied. The equilibrium binding capacities of the divalent calcium, zinc, mercury, and lead ions by the gel were 0.70, 0.65, 0.95, and 0.70 mmol per gram of dry gel, respectively. The distribution ratio of metal ions between the gel and the solution was in the range of 370 to 15,000 mL/g, depending on the initial metal concentration. A positive relationship between the carboxyl group content of EDTAD-modified SPI and the metal-binding ability of the gel was observed; the optimum metal binding occurred at 25°C. The metal-binding ability increased with increasing pH, in the range where the solubility of the metal ions was not affected by the pH. In binary metal ion solutions, the metal ions adsorbed to the gel in a competitive fashion, influenced by the initial ion concentration. The EDTAD-modified protein hydrogel was readily degraded by proteolytic enzymes and was biodegraded in a fungal overgrowth test. The EDTAD-SPI hydrogel was completely degraded after a 28-day incubation with fungal spores. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 891–901, 1997
A modified cast brace: its use in nonoperative and postoperative management of serious knee ligament injuries.

It has been well-proven that prolonged immobilization is detri mental to synovial joints. For the past 5 years, in an effort to minimize these undesirable sequelae, we have treated 94 pa tients with major knee trauma by early protected motion. Acute ligament injuries not requiring surgery were placed in the cast brace immediately, while operated cases were started about the 10th postoperative day. Our method of cast bracing stresses proper alignment of the joints, security of limb position, pre vention of swelling complications, and economy of physician time. A special feature is a modified single axis joint that restricts the arc of motion to safe limits, generally 30 to 90 degrees. Functionally, our results compare quite favorably with our previous traditionally treated experience. Rehabilitation times were markedly shortened, patient acceptance was high, and complications were rare. Early motion was extremely well- tolerated with only one cast removed because of discomfort. Postoperative effusion rapid...
GSU Praat Tools: scripts for modifying and analyzing sounds using Praat acoustics software.

The Praat acoustics program (Boersma, 2001) is powerful freeware that is widely used by behavioral scientists working with digital sound. This article describes GSU Praat Tools, a script package that helps simplify and automate such work. The routines use Praat’s scripting language to create new menus and commands within the existing interface, and can operate either on individual files or in batch mode. The new functions facilitate selecting, displaying, editing, filtering, and otherwise modifying sounds, quantifying acoustic features, and saving results in text-based data files. The package includes an installation script and user’s manual, and is available free from psyvoso.googlepages.com/softwaredownload.
Ultra-high Compton frequency atomic interferometric gyroscope using collective states

We show that a cluster of N atoms can be split and recombined as a single particle, with a Compton frequency higher by a factor of N than a single atom, making a supersensitive gyroscope.
In vitro quantitative assessment of total and bipolar shoulder arthroplasties: a biomechanical study using human cadaver shoulders.

Abstract Background Glenohumeral arthroplasty has produced results far inferior to those seen with hip and knee joint procedures. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical parameters of the glenohumeral joint before and after total shoulder arthroplasty and bipolar hemiarthroplasty in 12 different positions simulating overhead activities. Methods Six matched pairs of cadaveric shoulders were used with a custom shoulder testing system to quantify the joint reactive force, contact areas, contact patterns and contact pressures in 12 different positions simulating overhead activities. The entire study was performed for the anatomic glenohumeral joint and following total shoulder arthroplasty on one side, and for the anatomic glenohumeral joint and following bipolar shoulder hemiarthroplasty on the contra-lateral side. Findings There was a significant increase in posterior force following total shoulder arthroplasty in two positions of horizontal adduction ( P Interpretation The alterations in joint reaction force, contact pressure and contact patterns following shoulder arthroplasty suggest a possible etiology for glenoid component edge loading in patients following total shoulder arthroplasty. This edge loading may lead to a rocking phenomenon of the glenoid component and subsequent loosening.
Comparison of influenza B/Hong Kong virus infections among infants, children, and young adults.

An influenza B/Hong Kong viral epidemic was monitored by surveillance of respiratory illness in three different age groups. Prospective viral monitoring of febrile respiratory illness was a useful mirror of the epidemiologic behavior of influenza in the community. Influenza B virus infection in infants and young children was distinguished by high fever and respiratory symptoms and was occasionally associated with otitis media. In older children and young adults, systemic and gastrointestinal complaints were more prominent. Of young children experiencing their first infection, a hemagglutinationinhibiting antibody response was seen in only one-third. Eleven children who received inactivated B/Hong Kong virus vaccine three years earlier were not protected from clinical infection but exhibited an anamnestic serum antibody response. Influenza A and B viruses produce similar acute febrile respiratory illnesses, but there are notable differences in their epidemiologic and clinical behavior. Influenza B viruses have never been im
Influence of AMPA/kainate receptors on extracellular 5‐hydroxytryptamine in rat midbrain raphe and forebrain

1 The regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release by excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors was examined by use of microdialysis in the CNS of freely behaving rats. Extracellular 5-HT was measured in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), median raphe nucleus (MRN), nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, frontal cortex, dorsal and ventral hippocampus. 2 Local infusion of kainate produced increases in extracellular 5-HT in the DRN and MRN. Kainate infusion into forebrain sites had a less potent effect. 3 In further studies of the DRN and nucleus accumbens, kainate-induced increases in extracellular 5-HT were blocked by the EAA receptor antagonists, kynurenate and 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX). 4 The effect of infusing kainate into the DRN or nucleus accumbens was attenuated or abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX), suggesting that the increase in extracellular 5-HT is dependent on 5-HT neuronal activity. In contrast, ibotenate-induced lesion of intrinsic neurones did not attenuate the effect of infusing kainate into the nucleus accumbens. Thus, the effect of kainate in the nucleus accumbens does not depend on intrinsic neurones. 5 Infusion of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolaproprionate (AMPA) into the DRN and nucleus accumbens induced nonsignificant changes in extracellular 5-HT. Cyclothiazide and diazoxide, which attenuate receptor desensitization, greatly enhanced the effect of AMPA on 5-HT in the DRN, but not in the nucleus accumbens. 6 In conclusion, AMPA/kainate receptors regulate 5-HT in the raphe and in forebrain sites. British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 121, 1707–1715; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701292
An Observational Study of the Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Circulation

Abstract Twice-daily synoptic analyses are statistically analyzed for a sample of nine individual winters. Temporal variance and covariance quantities at each individual grid point are partitioned into “low-pass” (approximately 10–90 day) and “band-pass” (approximately 2.5–6 day) components by means of conventional filtering procedures. The time-filtered variance and covariance fields are displayed in terms of hemisphere maps. Included in the analysis are sea level pressure, 300 mb height, 500 mb wind statistics, and 850 mb temperature and poleward heat flux. The most definitive results of the study involve the “band-pass” fluctuations which appear to be associated with developing baroclinic waves. The fields of band-pass 1000, 50 and 300 mb geopotential height, as well as the 500 mb meridional wind component and relative vorticity all exhibit elongated variance maxima coincident with the two major Northern Hemisphere storm tracks, which lie downstream and somewhat poleward of the cores of the Asian and N...
The New Face of Transplant Surgery: A Survey on Cosmetic Surgery in Transplant Recipients

The authors are to be commended for bringing attention to an area of potential growth in plastic surgery. Advances in organ transplantation have been significant in the past four decades and currently the major restriction is donor availability. The advent of new immunosuppression coupled with superior surgical techniques has resulted in better functional outcomes and patient survival. With this return to better and longer lives, some will and do seek out aesthetic surgical procedures. In order to identify current practice trends in the US, the authors designed a survey study that was mailed to all members of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. From these data the authors contend that elective aesthetic surgery on transplant recipients is practiced widely and safely and present a list of recommendations on preoperative preparation. As with most survey data, they had poor compliance with only an 18% response rate. Aside from this, there are some additional comments about the study. The authors assert that performing aesthetic surgery on transplant patients is widespread and safe. This was based on a total of 280 surgical and 64 nonsurgical patients treated by 201 physicians out of the 789 who responded to the survey. Therefore, only one in four physicians who responded treated one such patient during their entire practice. This would make it a rather rare occurrence. Likewise, the listing of complications on a survey is most likely derived from memory than from the review of
BatchFS: scaling the file system control plane with client-funded metadata servers

Parallel file systems are often characterized by a layered architecture that decouples metadata management from I/O operations, allowing file systems to facilitate fast concurrent access to file contents. However, metadata intensive workloads are still likely to bottleneck at the file system control plane due to namespace synchronization, which taxes application performance through lock contention on directories, transaction serialization, and RPC overheads. In this paper, we propose a client-driven file system metadata architecture, BatchFS, that is optimized for non-interactive, or batch, workloads. To avoid metadata bottlenecks, BatchFS features a relaxed consistency model marked by lazy namespace synchronization and optimistic metadata verification. Capable of executing namespace operations on client-provisioned resources without contacting any metadata server, BatchFS clients are able to delay namespace synchronization until synchronization is really needed. Our goal in this vision paper is to handle these delayed operations securely and efficiently with metadata verification and bulk insertion. Preliminary experiments demonstrate that our client-funded metadata architecture outperforms a traditional synchronous file system by orders of magnitude.
Anticipated information releases reflected in call option prices

Abstract This study captures the ex ante information content of a financial reporting event (the annual earnings announcement) by examining the behavior of call option prices on dates leading up to and passing through the disclosure date. This approach differs from most previous empirical security price research which has been ex post in nature. The hypothesis that investors anticipate that the future release of annual earnings numbers will affect security prices is empirically confirmed. In particular, systematic changes in variance rates implied by the Black-Scholes option pricing model are demonstrated.
Ethanol intake during scheduled and non-scheduled food presentations☆

Abstract Ethanol (ETOH) intake baselines were obtained using a continuous, two-choice presentation of one of a series of increasing ETOH concentrations and water. Following the development of stable water intakes using a schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) procedure, increasing concentrations of ETOH were repeated in the operant chamber. This was followed by a reinstatement of the pre-polydipsia home cage procedures. It was found that: 1) scheduled delivery of food slightly lowered or did not change ETOH intake in contrast to non-scheduled presentations, 2) during non-scheduled food presentations, maximum ETOH intakes occured at higher concentrations than during scheduled presentations, and 3) post polydipsia water intakes were increased over pre-polydipsia baseline intakes. Because of these findings it was concluded that the use of SIP procedures to generate increased ETOH intakes appears to be questionable and comparisons between home cage (non-scheduled food) and SIP (scheduled food) ETOH intakes are not appropriate due to the different self-section functions for ETOH. These findings may be due to the different hydrational states of the animals when water is available in addition to ETOH (home cage) versus forced ETOH presentation (SIP).
Second Year Analysis of a Hybrid Schedule High School

The current study examined two independent sophomore cohorts from a mid-western high school that had implemented a multi-schedule system (i.e., traditional, block, hybrid). The purpose of the study was to examine differences among the schedule types, gender, and GPA group on a state mandated standardized test. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the differences. Results indicate that a significant difference among schedule types was observed for only one cohort and for only one test (mathematics-computation). Results also indicate that schedule type did not significantly interact with gender or GPA group. The authors conclude that for these cohorts the type of schedule does not negatively or positively influence achievement.
Surgical management of brachioaxillary-subclavian vein occlusion

Objective: The possibility of using Ring PTFE graft as venous bypass to preserve arteriovenous graft function and reduce upper extremity swelling. Methods: Twenty-two patients with stenosis/occlusion of the brachial-axillary-subclavian vein segment in haemodialysis patients ( n = 19) and patients with penetration injury ( n = 3) who were not candidates for balloon angioplasty were treated with ring PTFE venous bypass in renal patients and jugular to axillary vein transposition for trauma patients and followed for 10–87 months (mean 31) using venography, Doppler analysis and Duplex scanning. Results: There was no death or neurologic deficit resulting from the venous bypass. Resolution of swelling occurred in 8–48 h. 19/22 (86%) of the bypasses and 3/3 transpositions remained patent after a mean follow-up of 31 months (10–87) months. The attrition was due to AV graft occlusion ( n = 2) and infection requiring graft removal ( n = 1). Conclusions: Ring PTFE graft is an acceptable venous bypass for brachial-axillary-subclavian stenosis/occlusion to reduce arm swelling and preserve the function of AV grafts in patients with lesions not amendable with balloon angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy. Jugular-axillary transposition is inappropriate for renal patients.
RECENT SOLAR NEUTRINO OBSERVATIONS AND RESONANT NEUTRINO MIXING

The results of recent data from the 37Cl, Kamiokande-II (K-II) and 71Ga solar neutrino experiments are quantitatively analyzed. The results suggest that non-standard neutrino properties, instead of a non-standard solar model, are the correct explanation for the "solar neutrino problem." Assuming resonant neutrino oscillations, it is found that the "non-adiabatic" and "large angle" solutions are in quite good agreement with the data. The implications of these solutions for forthcoming solar neutrino experiments are discussed.
Geology of Shely Cauldron, Pinto Canyon Area, Presidio County, Texas: ABSTRACT

The Shely cauldron is in southwestern Presidio County, Texas, in an area known as Pinto Canyon. The Shely Volcanic Group is an Oligocene volcanic sequence of rhyolite and trachyte ash-flow tuffs, lava flows, and volcaniclastic sediments and agglomerates. It represents an intracauldron facies which filled a collapse zone after the initial cauldron-forming eruptions (upper Colmena Tuff, Buckshot Ignimbrite, and lower Chambers Tuff). The Allen intrusive complex represents a series of discontinuous early rhyolite porphyry domes and dikes related to the resurgence of the central cauldron block (previously known as the Loma Plata anticline), and a late nonporphyritic rhyolite flow dome associated with the final emplacement of a discontinuous ring dike along the outer margins of the ring-fracture zone. The occurrence of economic mineralization associated with late-stage hydrothermal mineralization within the Shely caldera is highly probable considering the silicic nature of the late-stage rhyolite intrusions (e.g., the uranium at Organ Pipe Hill; fluorite at the Bienevides Ranch; lead, zinc, and silver mineralization at the abandoned Loma Plata mine; and molybdenum mineralization at the French Ranch). Recently a great deal of interest has been shown in the anomalous uranium values found at Organ Pipe Hill. Several shallow exploratory holes were drilled but failed to detect any uranium of economic interest. Analysis of the uranium mineralization at Organ Pipe Hill (an early rhyolite porphyry intrusion of the Allen complex) suggests that the uranium was leached from younger Allen volcanic units and deposited along fractures developed subsequent to the intrusive emplacement. I believe that hydrothermal convection cells associated with the emplacement of an adjacent nonporphyritic rhyolite flow dome and associated ash-flow tuffs (an offshoot of the major late stage ring dike emplacement) was the major contributing factor in the uranium concentrations at Organ Pipe Hill. Additional trace-element and geochemical analysis is still in progress. End_of_Article - Last_Page 757------------
LATE CRETACEOUS FORAMINIFERA, PALEOENVIRONMENTS, AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY OF THE ROSARIO FORMATION, SAN ANTONIO DEL MAR, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

The 315 m of Rosario Formation exposed at the San Antonio del Mar (SADM) section (Baja California, Mexico) contains moderately-to-well preserved benthic and planktic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, and molluscs. Nannofossils suggest most of the SADM section was deposited within a narrow interval of the late Campanian (CC21-CC22), whereas foraminifera and molluscs suggest a younger maximum age (younger than the Globotruncana ventricosa Zone) and allow deposition over a longer interval of time. Planktic foraminifera at SADM represent common Tethyan taxa. They are largely restricted to the lower and middle portions of the section and comprise 0-~40% of foraminiferal assemblages. Stable isotopic analyses of Rugoglobigerina rugosa yield δ 18 O v-PDB values from −2.27‰ to −2.82‰ corresponding to salinity-corrected paleotemperature estimates of 26–30°C for the Late Cretaceous eastern Pacific. These estimates are as warm as modern tropical temperatures and are similar to tropical paleotemperature estimates from δ 18 O analyses of exceptionally preserved Maastrichtian samples; however, they are considerably warmer than most tropical Campanian-Maastrichtian estimates. Benthic foraminifera indicate outer shelf paleo-depths with a slight increase in depth or decrease in benthic oxygen levels in the upper parts of the interval studied. The change in the benthic assemblage corresponds to an ~1‰ positive shift in benthic δO 18 , suggesting a relationship between benthic assemblages and an inferred increase in the local intensity of upwelling.
Direct ultrasonic holography: Feasibility demo

Holography is potentially the most powerful method for high spatial resolution real time 3D ultrasound imaging and diagnostics. Although versions of ultrasound holography have existed since the 1970s, they use laser reconstruction, thus losing 3-D resolution. By using transmissive ultrasound with a scanning needle hydrophone, full 3D holographic imaging is proved to be possible, if both amplitude and time delay phase information can be obtained.
Synthesis and Characterization of 1,12-Bis(ferrocenyl)-1,3,5,7,9,11-dodecahexayne and Its Coordination to Triosmium and Dicobalt Carbonyls

1,12-Bis(ferrocenyl)-1,3,5,7,9,11-dodecahexayne (1) was synthesized by in situ oxidative coupling of the terminal triyne FcC⋮CC⋮CC⋮CH (5). The reaction of hexayne 1 with Os3(CO)11(NCMe) (2) yielded...
The use, abuse, and future of neuropsychologic testing in mild traumatic brain injury.

A comparison is made between abbreviated formal neuropsychologic testing programs and computerized neuropsychologic programs such as ImPACT, Headminders, CogSport, and others. Issues of time, cost, need for supervision, liability, and validation are discussed. Specific time and monetary costs per athlete are calculated for each program. The estimated cost is between $22 and $27 per athlete for abbreviated formal testing and between $669 and $677 per athlete for computerized testing. Because of the significant time and monetary costs of neuropsychologic testing, its lack of validation in determining recovery, limited validation and utility in diagnosing concussion, and its numerous logistic concerns, its widespread use is probably not justifled until appropriate data are published and costs contained. Recommendations for alternative evaluation techniques are suggested.
Three-dimensional structure of a hybrid light chain dimer: Protein engineering of a binding cavity☆

Abstract An attempt was made to engineer a binding site and check its structure by X-ray analysis. Two human light chains (Mcg and Weir), with “variable” domain sequences differing in 36 positions, were hybridized into a heterologous dimer and crystallized in ammonium sulfate by the same procedure used for the trigonal form of the Mcg dimer. The three-dimensional structure of the hybrid was determined at 3.5-A resolution by difference Fourier analysis, interactive model builcling with computer graphics and crystallographic refinement. In the heterologous dimer, the Weir protein behaved as the structural analog of the heavy chain in an antigen binding fragment, while the Mcg protein assumed the role of the light chain component. The hybrid and the Mcg dimer were closely similar in overall structure, an observation probably correlated with the deliberate cleavage of the intrachain disulfide bond in the variable domain of the Weir protein during the hybridization procedure. Examination of the crystal structure of the hybrid suggested that the cleavage resulted in the relaxation of restraints which might otherwise have interfered with the formation of an Mcg-like dimer. There were six substitutions among the residues lining the binding cavities of the hybrid and Mcg dimer. These substitutions significantly affected the sizes, shapes and binding properties of the two cavities.