cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating highly wettable paper towel-like aluminum surfaces through tuned bulk micro-manufacturing

The contact angle (CA) of a water droplet on the polished aluminum surfaces is usually between 60° and 90°. This paper discusses a tuned bulk micro-manufacturing approach for transforming the surface topology of aluminum simultaneously at the micro- and nano-length scales, thereby significantly influencing its wetting characteristics. The approach is cheap, easy to implement, and scalable. The treated aluminum surfaces appeared like roughly polished surfaces at the macroscale and were found to be robust and non-toxic. They exhibited a paper towel effect by showing extreme surface wettability (CA of zero) to many industrial liquids, i.e., wetting on these surfaces is only a function of the surface roughness but not the fluid type. This extreme wetting ability to multiple liquids (or ultra-omniphilicity) was generated by sequentially creating a sub-surface micro- and nano-cavity architecture with nano-cavities within the embryos of micro-cavities interconnected by a network of micro-grooves.
Survey of Peer Support Specialists: Professional Activities, Self-Rated Skills, Job Satisfaction, and Financial Well-being

As the certified peer support specialist (CPSS) workforce matures, their roles evolve, leading to gaps in knowledge about their activities. This study aimed to address these gaps through a survey o...
Practice Makes Perfect: Student Employee Transferable Skill Utilization in Campus Recreation:

Student employment is a vital aspect of development for many college students during their matriculation. This exploratory study examined the self-reported utilization of desirable transferable skills by student employees in a variety of campus recreation settings. A survey of 417 campus recreation student employees was conducted, asking how often different transferable skills were utilized within the course of their employment. While it is recognized that no one environment may be able to provide for all transferable skills, analyses were undertaken with regard to the skills that were reported to be the least utilized (writing and computer skills) in an effort to understand what recreational environments better allow for the ongoing development of these skills and to identify areas of improvement for student employees in campus recreation with regard to transferable skill development.
Knock, Knock–Who’s Scared?: The Knockout Game as a Short-lived Crime Problem

The “knockout game”--youths assaulting strangers at random with the goal of knocking them unconscious with a single blow—attracted intense attention in the United States for a brief period near the...
Sums of algebras

There are two ways to dualize arrow diagrams such as we met in the preceding section. What, for instance, does the diagram for products of algebras imply about the corresponding dual spaces? That is the first question; the answer is given by the diagram for sums of spaces. An equally natural question is this: What does the diagram for products of algebras become if the algebras and homomorphisms involved in it are replaced by spaces and continuous mappings? Two similar questions can be asked about the dualization of the diagram for sums of spaces. One of them leads back to products of algebras, and the other is the algebra dual of the space question just asked. The purpose of the present section is to answer the two as yet unanswered questions.
Islam as Identity: After a Century of Islamic Revivalism

This chapter examines the challenge modernity presented to Muslims and identifies four Muslim responses—traditionalists, modernist, Islamist and secularist. It critically examines these responses focusing on their understanding of modernity and their interpretation of Islam. These perspectives are examined in the light of the Islamic revival that has been taking place in many parts of the Muslim world. In this chapter, I demonstrate how this global Islamic revivalism has reduced Islam to an identity. Islam is used not as a source of normative values but as an instrument of political mobilization. The goal of this chapter is to show how contemporary Muslim politics, even in the name of Islam, has deviated from its normative purpose. Over a century of Islamic revivalism and the emergence of political Islam has reduced Islam from being a fount of civilization, ethics, values, norms, cultures and politics to essentially a political identity.
Molecular tristability of CoII(salen)-based (salen = N,N’-ethylene-bis(salicylideniminato) compounds

Abstract The magnetic behaviors of Co(II) complexes of N,N’-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminato, N,N’-bis(3-chlorosalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminato, N,N’-bis(3,5-dichlorosalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminato, (3-nitrosalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminato, N,N’-bis(3,5-dinitrosalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminato, and N,N’-diaminomaleonitrilebis(salicylideniminato) were studied to identify the presence molecular tristability that is observed for the parent CoIIsalen (salen = ethylenebis(salicylideniminato)). N,N’-bis(3,5-dinitrosalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexane-diaminato(2-)cobalt(II) exhibited tristable behavior similar to CoIIsalen, and it is anticipated to have a dimeric structure.
Advancing the Mission of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Through Innovation in Teaching.

Background Consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatry, similar to other medical specialties, relies on the education of students, residents, fellows, and life-long learners for growth of the field. C-L psychiatry is unique as it exists at the intersection of psychiatry with other medical subspecialties. Traditional teaching methods have been used in C-L psychiatry programs for more than 50 years, while technology has recently advanced as available resources and the learning styles of today's learners have evolved. A growing number of younger trainees are taking advantage of new ways to learn. Objectives We sought to examine both traditional and novel teaching methodologies and how each of these educational methodologies fits within adult learning theory and in the context of how digital natives learn about C-L psychiatry. Methods In this narrative review, we drew upon the experiences of the authors as both life-long learners and educators. We then reviewed the literature pertaining to teaching methods that have been used in C-L psychiatry as well as emerging methods that could potentially be used in C-L psychiatry. Results C-L psychiatry has used traditional teaching methods such as readings, didactic lectures, case-based rounds, and problem-based learning. Novel teaching methodologies such as teaching rotations, simulations, social media, podcasts, movie clubs, and the use of mobile tablet computers have been used in general psychiatry and other medical specialties, while literature specific to C-L psychiatry was sparse. Conclusions Opportunities abound to make use of new teaching methodologies and technologies to appeal to future generations of C-L psychiatrists.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills and Behavioral Weight Loss for Emotional Eating and Obesity: A Case Study

Live FREE is a 16-week group intervention for adults with emotional eating and obesity that combines Dialectical Behavior Therapy skills (sessions 1–9) with standard behavioral weight loss strategies (sessions 10–16). Traditionally, behavioral weight management programs yield inconsistent outcomes, particularly for emotional eaters. Live FREE is predicated on the premise that improved emotion regulation will facilitate greater success in adopting weight management techniques among emotional eaters. Outcomes are presented with a case study of Amy, a woman who completed Live FREE. Amy reported a history of unsuccessful weight loss attempts, and she initially presented as timid, with limited awareness of her emotions. During the Dialectical Behavior Therapy portion of treatment, Amy learned to identify emotional eating triggers (e.g., feeling inadequate and anxious) and useful strategies for effectively responding to emotions (e.g., nonjudgmental awareness and checking the facts). Subsequently, during the weight loss sessions, Amy’s use of emotion regulation skills expanded as she encountered and overcame barriers to implementing conventional weight loss techniques. Post-treatment assessment results indicated that Amy’s emotional eating decreased from baseline to post-treatment, and was maintained at follow-up. Furthermore, her weight slightly decreased toward the end of the treatment (during the behavioral weight loss sessions), and she continued to lose additional weight over the 6-month follow-up. Adults seeking weight loss who also struggle with emotional eating may benefit from initially decreasing emotional eating behavior prior to focusing on weight loss.
Snapchat vs. Facebook: Differences in problematic use, behavior change attempts, and trait social reward preferences.

Abstract Introduction Facebook and Snapchat employ different features for encouraging repeated, reinforced use of their platforms. Importantly, this repeated use can become maladaptive and problematic. We sought to understand differences between these platforms in regard to problematic use, and its motivations and outcomes. We specifically focused on trait social reward preferences as important yet overlooked motivations. We also focused on quit and use reduction attempts as important yet overlooked outcomes. Methods Participants (N = 472) responded to an online survey that assessed their Snapchat and Facebook use, as well as trait social reward preferences. Results Our findings, with individuals who used both Snapchat and Facebook, revealed that (a) participants reported more time on Snapchat than Facebook, as well as more problematic use of Snapchat than Facebook, nevertheless (b) they reported more attempts to quit Facebook than Snapchat, with no difference in use reduction attempts between platforms, and (c) trait social reward dimensions – admiration, negative social potency, and sociability – were positively associated with problematic Snapchat use, and only negative social potency was positively associated with problematic Facebook use. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the relevance of social media platform features and social reward preferences in problematic social media use. Implications for further research and practice are discussed.
ANAP: A versatile, fluorescent probe of ion channel gating and regulation.

Abstract Fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy are non-destructive methods that provide real-time measurements of ion channel structural dynamics. As such, they constitute a direct path linking the high-resolution structural models from X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy with the high-resolution functional data from ionic current measurements. The utility of fluorescence as a reporter of channel structure is limited by the palette of available fluorophores. Thiol-reactive fluorophores are small and bright, but are restricted in terms of the positions on a protein that can be labeled and present significant issues with background incorporation. Genetically encoded fluorescent protein tags are specific to a protein of interest, but are very large and usually only used to label the free N- and C-termini of proteins. L-3-(6-acetylnaphthalen-2-ylamino)-2-aminopropionic acid (ANAP) is a fluorescent amino acid that can be specifically incorporated into virtually any site on a protein of interest using amber stop-codon suppression. Due to its environmental sensitivity and potential as a donor in fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments, it has been adopted by numerous investigators to study voltage, ligand, and temperature-dependent activation of a host of ion channels. Simultaneous measurements of ionic currents and ANAP fluorescence yield exceptional mechanistic insights into channel function. In this chapter, I will summarize the current literature regarding ANAP and ion channels and discuss the practical aspects of using ANAP, including potential pitfalls and confounds.
Technology and managing people

The Information Age has revolutionized the workplace. While it is possible to purchase or copy machines and technology, their very interchangeability means they fail to cre-ate a sustained competitive advantage for an organization (Barney, 1991). The research directions this paper offers are intended to develop firm knowledge that allows creation of inimitable human resources. Importantly, in the rush to embrace new information technologies, organizations must remember the fundamental principle that workers will invest in firm goals in the presence of shared values and a commitment by the firm to make their well-being a priority. We urge continued attention to fulfillment of the psy-chological contract, and to the "people issues" that frequently seem less critical than issues of hardware or technology.
Synthesis and Biological Assay of Small-Molecule Quorum Sensing Inhibitors: A Three-Week Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

We have developed a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) that can be carried out in the context of an existing second-semester or upper-level organic laboratory course. In this three-week laboratory module, students synthesize a small library of molecules, test them in a robust biological assay, and design a new compound library on the basis of their results.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy on the Natural History of Prostate Disease

The physiology of testosterone production and action are closely related to prostatic disease. An understanding of the natural history of testosterone and prostate growth and development is needed in order to understand this complex relationship. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, and sexual function are common disorders for which testosterone is thought to play a role. Proposed in this review are some theories as to how testosterone interacts to potentially ameliorate these conditions. Further research is needed, but we feel our proposed points are valid given the review of the literature.
Urinary bladder care after vaginal operation

Abstract During the years 1961 through 1965, 430 women received any one or combination of three operations: vaginal hysterectomy, anterior colporrhaphy, and perineorrhaphy with or without posterior colporrhaphy. For various reasons, an indwelling catheter was placed in 115 women at the time of operation. The remaining 315 were encouraged to void. One hundred and fifty-three or 48.5 per cent of them voided spontaneously; 162 did not void spontaneously and required postoperative introduction of an indwelling catheter. Most of these voided spontcraeously alter removal. Seventy-three required a second insertion, and 26 a third. Catheterization retarded recovery and doubled the incidence of clinical urinary tract injection
Genetic Markers in Clinical Trials

The current availability of dense sets of marker SNPs for the human genome is having a large impact on genetic studies and offers new possibilities for clinical trials. This chapter offers a unified basis for the analysis of marker and response data, emphasizing the central importance of the correlation, or linkage disequilibrium, between SNP markers and the genes that affect response. It is convenient to phrase the development of association mapping in the language of quantitative genetics, using additive and non-additive components of variance. A novel feature of dense SNP data is that good estimates can be made of actual inbreeding and relatedness. These estimates are more relevant than values predicted from family pedigree, and are all that are available in the absence of family data.The dimensionality of SNP marker datasets has required the development of new methods that are appropriate for a large number of statistical comparisons, and the development of computational methods that allow high-dimensional regression. These methods are reviewed here, as is the use of biological annotation for both viewing the relevance of empirical associations, and to structure analysis in order to focus on those markers with the highest expectation for association with the outcomes under study.
BaF 2 Post-Deposition Reaction Process for Thick YBCO Films

The BaF2 process is a very attractive fabrication process for YBCO conductors since it allows the deposition and the formation steps of YBCO films to be separately performed, and it has been demonstrated that the films with high critical current densities can be fabricated on the buffered metallic substrates. However, we still face one major challenge for this process to be made as a commercially viable fabrication method. This is the avoidance of non-c-axis-oriented growth of YBCO when the thickness and the growth rates for the films are increased significantly beyond what are currently achieved. Meeting both the thickness and the growth-rate requirements simultaneously is extremely difficult. One possible way to make the rate requirement reduced is to find winding methods of the tapes in such ways that the both-sided tapes can be reacted in a batch process. Although the winding fixture will be more complicated than a simple dram, I believe that there are ways to construct such fixtures if the subatmospheric-pressure processing is incorporated in the design for reacting the wide precursor tapes. Then, we are only faced with the problem of growing the c-axis-oriented thick YBCO films. In order to overcome the latter difficulty, we need a detailed understanding of the YBCO nucleation kinetics in thick films under various atmoshperic conditions. Such an understanding is likely to lead to the development of new or modified precursor-deposition methods and/or reaction-heat treatment procedures to facilitate the growth of the thick YBCO layers without the non-c-axis-oriented YBCO growth.
pH homeostasis in acidophiles

The acidophilic bacteria comprise an environmentally important group that includes pathogens. A fundamental requirement for existence in strongly acidic environments is generation of a large pH gradient (delta pH) to maintain the cytoplasmic pH near neutrality and safeguard the acid-labile cell constituents. These organisms require the capacity to extrude H+ across the thermodynamic barrier imposed by the delta pH. They also need special transport proteins that can function in strongly acidic environments. The quintessential device by which the acidophiles fulfil these requirements by generating a positive-inside membrane potential (delta psi) that mitigates both the force against which H+ must be extruded, as well as the influxing force of protons into the cells. The delta psi is generated through passive as well as active mechanisms. The former constitutes an H+ diffusion as well as a Donnan potential, and the latter involves electrogenic circulation of Cl-, and the operation of an electrogenic H+/K+ (Na+) antiporter.
Toward Efficient Medication Error Reduction: Error-Reducing Information Management Systems

Hospitals and other health-care providers today are being pressed more than ever to use technologies for reducing medical errors. Particularly, medication errors are likely to increase fast as Americans age. This paper intends to provide a starting point for understanding information technologies and database systems supporting such technologies as Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE), Automated Dispensing System (ADS), and Bar Coding System designed to reduce medication errors in hospitals. Although vendors provide the necessary communication software and applications, actions involving governments, technology vendors, pharmaceutical companies, and clinical researchers are needed to put to actual use the applications with a massive potential to significantly reduce medication-related errors.
A cross-cultural study of college students' travel preferences: a value-oriented perspective.

Abstract To understand the behavior of tourists from different cultures, a cross-cultural study was conducted to examine Japanese and American college students' travel preferences. A psychographic approach based on value orientations was used to understand the relationship between travel preferences and students' cultural tendencies of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. The study confirmed previous findings that Japanese and American college students have different cultural tendencies and travel preferences. In addition, horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism significantly correlated with several travel preferences among Japanese and American college students.
Erosion behavior of high silicon bainitic structures: I: Austempered ductile cast iron

Abstract The erosion behavior of unalloyed austempered ductile cast iron has been studied as a function of austempering time for irons austempered in the upper bainitic temperature range (370 °C). A minimum erosion rate and iron matrix hardness occurs at the end of the stage II austempering time, where the microstructure consists of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite. Experiments show that erosion induces transformation of retained austenite at early times of stage II austempering and that maximum erosion resistance correlates with maximum work hardening of the substrate during the erosion process. Scanning electron microscopy studies of the eroded surfaces and the substrate revealed that the material removal in erosion occurs because of the cutting, ploughing and flake formation mechanisms which depend upon the microstructures and their mechanical properties.
PeaceMaker: a video game to teach peace

PeaceMaker is a computer game simulation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It is a tool that can be used to teach Israeli and Palestinian teenagers how both sides can work together to achieve peace. The player can choose to take the role of either the Israeli Prime Minister or the Palestinian President, react to in-game events, and interact with other political leaders and social groups to establish a stable resolution to the conflict. Derived from gameplay conventions found in commercial strategy games, PeaceMaker aims to prove that computer games can deal with current and serious political issues and that playing for peace and non-violence could be as challenging and satisfying as playing for the opposite goal.
A design for digital, dynamic clock deskew

Unintentional clock skews between clock domains represent an increasing and costly overhead in high-performance VLSI chips. We describe a novel yet easy-to-implement design that reduces skew between local clock domains dynamically or statically by sensing clock-delay differences and then tuning the clock of each domain relative to its neighbors. Lowering local clock skew is accomplished without compromising worst-case global skew.
The LuxS‐dependent autoinducer AI‐2 controls the expression of an ABC transporter that functions in AI‐2 uptake in Salmonella typhimurium

Summary In a process called quorum sensing, bacteria communicate with one another using secreted chemical signalling molecules termed autoinducers. A novel autoinducer called AI-2, originally discovered in the quorum-sensing bacterium Vibrio harveyi ,i s made by many species of Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria. In every case, production of AI-2 is dependent on the LuxS autoinducer synthase. The genes regulated by AI-2 in most of these luxS-containing species of bacteria are not known. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of AI2-regulated genes in Salmonella typhimurium. We find that LuxS and AI-2 regulate the expression of a previously unidentified operon encoding an ATP binding cassette (ABC)-type transporter. We have named this operon the lsr (luxS regulated) operon. The Lsr transporter has homology to the ribose transporter of Escherichia coli and S. typhimurium .A gene encoding a DNA-binding protein that is located adjacent to the Lsr transporter structural operon is required to link AI-2 detection to operon expression. This gene, which we have named lsrR, encodes a protein that represses lsr operon expression in the absence of AI-2. Mutations in the lsr operon render S. typhimurium unable to eliminate AI-2 from the extracellular environment, suggesting that the role of the Lsr apparatus is to transport AI-2 into the cells. It is intriguing that an operon regulated by AI-2 encodes functions resembling the ribose transporter, given recent findings that AI-2 is derived from the ribosyl moiety of S-ribosylhomocysteine.
Taking peer victimization research to the next level: complex interactions among genes, teacher attitudes/behaviors, peer ecologies, & classroom characteristics.

This commentary reviews research findings of the five papers in the special entitled "School-related Factors in the Development of Bullying Perpetration and Victimization", which represent critical areas that are often overlooked in the literature. First, one paper points to the complex interaction between a genetic disposition for aggression and classroom norms toward aggression. Second, an intervention paper unpacks the underlying mechanisms of an efficacious school-wide bully prevention program by opening the "black box" and testing for mediators. Third, the remaining studies employ a wide range of rigorous designs to identify how teachers' attitudes, behaviors, and classroom practices play a critical role in the prevalence of victimization and bullying in the classroom. Further, teachers' attitudes and behaviors are shown to be predictive of youth's willingness to intervene to assist a peer who is being victimized. RESULTS are situated in what is known about bullying prevention, and how the findings from these studies could maximize the sensitivity of future prevention efforts. Language: en
Industrial survival via management technology

Abstract Advancing technology has become a primary driving force for allworld economies, and effective management of this function increasingly will determine the rise and fall of nations as well as of industries and individual businesses. Management, by definition, now has become the management of technology driven change, marked by the progressive collapse of product and process life cycles, previously measured in decades, but now more often in two to five year periods. However, effective deployment of limited technical resources must be based on a disciplined set of business decisions, made in response to well defined market opportunities that in turn have been integrated into a comprehensive business strategy. Powerful methodologies are available both to predict and quantify cost performance requirements needed for commercial success in the hyper competitive global marketplace. Unfortunately, a void has existed in academic curricula for engineers, scientists and business school students to meet this urgent need.
Aminomethyl psoralens. Electrophilic substitution of hydroxymethylphthalimide on linear furocoumarins

A new synthetic route to aminomethylpsoralens, substituted on the furan-ring, has been developed by electrophilic substitution of N-hydroxymethylphthalimide and subsequent hydrazinolysis. Hydroxy and methoxy activating functions on the psoralens lead to multi-site substitution and the products of these phthalimido-methylations resist simple cleavage with hydrazine. The two-step introduction of a single CH2NH2 group is successful in psoralens containing only methyl substituents.
Auxiliary selection and the role of transitivity in grammaticalisation: The Korean auxiliary verbs pelita and malta

This paper provides an examination and analysis of two roughly synonymous aspectual markers in Korean, pelita and malta, that developed from the transitive verbs ‘throw away’ and ‘stop’, respectively. Based on electronic corpora, it is shown that these markers are distributed divergently: malta is strongly preferred to pelita in passive, non-volitional and resistant contexts. The divergent distributions of pelita and malta can be more clearly understood in terms of transitivity. I propose that the transitivity difference of their lexical sources is reflected in constraints on their grammaticalisation and contemporary uses. The low vs. high transitivity of the lexical verbs malta and pelita has persisted in grammaticalisation and brought about differences between their grammaticalised forms. This paper suggests that the gradient notion of transitivity can be used as an explanatory principle that generalises differences between synonymous grammatical words that developed from different lexical verbs.
Wave force prediction using an autoregressive model

Abstract An autoregressive wave force model is developed which is capable of accounting for localized flow history effects. It was developed in conjunction with the analysis of a series of experiments performed to study the wave-induced forces acting on a free-to-surge vertical cylinder in random waves. The wave force model incorporates a relative motion form of the Morison equation. The formulation presented in this study is quite general, but the filter coefficients in the model must be uniquely determined for each data set. The optimal length of the filter and its sensitivity are illustrated using data from small-scale wave tank tests. A high frequency wave force component observed in the experimental data is reproduced using this model. Lastly, the autoregressive wave force model is used to predict the response of a tension-leg platform to a wave train. A comparison of the results obtained both with and without the filter model are presented.
Heat Flux Measurements for a GO2 / GH2 Single-Element, Shear Injector

A high-pressure facility was used to investigate GH2/GO2 single-element, shear, co-axial injector with operating conditions typical of rocket engines. Oxygen-tohydrogen mass flow ratios of 4 and 6 at operational chamber pressures of 6.2, 4.9, 4.5, and 2.8 MPa were investigated by (a) keeping the propellant mass flow rates constant while changing the exhaust nozzle diameter and, (b) by keeping the exhaust nozzle diameter constant and changing the propellant mass flow rates to change the chamber pressure. Axial heat fluxes, injector face temperature, exit nozzle temperature and high-frequency pressure were measured. The injector’s outer diameter was 2.7 mm and the chamber cross-section was square with a side L = 2.5 cm. Maximum heat release occurred at 2.4L from the injector face. The injector face temperatures showed little to no dependence on chamber pressure. The profiles of heat flux and chamber wall temperatures indicated no pressure dependence and only a slight dependence on propellant injection velocities when the massflows were kept constant. A scaling of heat flux values based on fuel mass flow rate, instead of chamber pressure, is, therefore, suggested. High-frequency pressure measurements indicated that most of the energy is in the first longitudinal mode. This, along with the lack of pressure dependence and only slight dependence on the propellant injection velocities suggested that the basic dynamic structures of the combusting flow were mainly dominated by the chamber geometry.
Exchange of hydrated and amminated silver(I) ions in synthetic zeolites x, y and mordenite

Summary Equilibrium isotherms have been determined for the exchange of silver(I) and diamminesilver(I) ions into the sodium forms of three synthetic zeolites of differing silica:alumina ratios, namely mordenite, Y and X. Careful tests proved that all systems were reversible, even in X, which is contrary to that which was observed with many other transition metal ions previously examined in this work programme. Complete exchange of sodium by hydrated silver ions was observed in both X and Y, but the addition of ammonia to the systems reduced the maximal exchange levels to nearly half that seen initially. These phenomena are interpreted in terms of the standard model of a crystalline exchanger with more than one set of exchange sites, differentiated primarily by restriction of access due to different channel sizes in the crystals. Ion migration, which was discussed recently from a statistical mechanical view-point, is also considered and discussed. Mass action quotients were also calculated for all systems, and values of the standard free energy of exchange ΔG ⊝ were determined for the systems involving hydrated silver ions. Absence of available solution activity coefficient data for the diamminesilver salt precluded similar calculations of ΔG ⊝ for the amminated silver exchange processes. Selectivity and thermodynamic affinity trends are compared and contrasted, and discussed in terms of simple dielectric theory, which is shown to be inadequate to explain all the observed behaviour without modification of the original assumptions that were made regarding the permittivity of the crystal phase.
The promoting role of rare earth oxides on Fe-exchanged TiO2-pillared clay for selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia

Abstract Fe 3+ -exchanged TiO 2 -pillared clay (Fe–TiO 2 –PILC) has been previously found to be more active than vanadia-based catalysts for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH 3 . The promoting role of rare earth oxides with variable valence (i.e. CeO 2 , PrO 1.83 and TbO 1.75 ) on the Fe–TiO 2 –PILC was studied in this work. The catalysts were also characterized by XRD, FT-IR and NO oxidation experiments. It was found that the addition of a small amount (≤2 wt.%) of CeO 2 and PrO 1.83 to Fe–TiO 2 –PILC increased the SCR activity (by 35%) both in the absence and presence of H 2 O+SO 2 , but TbO 1.75 did not improve the SCR activity significantly. XRD analysis showed that a cerium oxide phase was not observed on CeO 2 /Fe–TiO 2 –PILC when the amount of CeO 2 was below 2 wt.%. However, when more cerium oxide (5 wt.%) was doped on the Fe–TiO 2 –PILC, the SCR activity was decreased and a cubic CeO 2 phase was detected. This suggests that well dispersed cerium oxide is beneficial to the improvement of SCR activity. FT-IR spectra of NH 3 -adsorbed samples indicated that the addition of cerium oxide did not increase the surface acidity of Fe–TiO 2 –PILC. The improvement of SCR activity was attributed to an increase in the oxidation activity of NO to NO 2 by O 2 since NO 2 is an intermediate for the SCR reaction on the Fe–TiO 2 –PILC catalysts. By comparison, the SCR reaction on vanadia catalysts does not involve the adsorption and oxidation of NO for and as a result, the addition of CeO 2 to V 2 O 5 /TiO 2 does not increase their SCR activities.
Comment on “Hockey sticks, principal components, and spurious significance” by S. McIntyre and R. McKitrick

[1] McIntyre and McKitrick [2005] (hereinafter referred to as MM05) point out a bias in the Mann et al. [1998] (hereinafter referred to as MBH98) Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction, one tending to enhance trends during the last century. Having reproduced the statistical results of MM05, this comment is prompted by further questions regarding appropriate implementation of principal component analysis (PCA) and the presence of discrepancies in their estimate of significance levels. [2] MBH98 use principal component analysis (PCA) to distill the large number of tree ring records (90% of the total 415 proxy records) into a smaller number of principal components (PCs). MM05 focus on a subset of the data, the seventy North American tree ring records (NOAMER) extending back to AD1400, and show that the MBH98 normalization leads to biases in the leading principal component (PC1). It is in this same step that MM05 use a questionable normalization procedure, making it useful to describe the various normalization conventions in detail. [3] The MBH98 normalization convention for a record, x, is xMBH = (x ! x1902)/s1902, where x1902 and s1902 are the mean and standard deviation computed between 1902 and 1980. MBH98 compute the standard deviation after detrending x, indicated as s0, an additional step that seems questionable but turns out not to influence the results. Because proxy records span different intervals, it is impossible to both normalize records over a fixed interval and ensure that records are zero-mean over their entire duration. MBH98 presumably chose the 1902 to 1980 normalization period because almost all records span this interval, but which MM05 point out leads to a bias in the results. [4] The reason for the bias in the MBH98 PC1 can be understood by considering that PCA maximizes the variance described by each principal component where variance is measured as the sum of the squared record, s = X
Discovering anomalous patterns in network traffic data during Crisis Events

The world's interconnected data assets provide rapid options for individuals looking to communicate and retrieve information, which is especially critical in times of emergency. The ability for populations to get in touch with emergency responders, loved-ones, and retrieve or disseminate critical information about events as they unfold translates into better survivability in the face of crisis. Although telecommunication infrastructures are incapacitated and millions of people experienced hindered Internet access, mobile phone usage soars as people access wireless networks to communicate and seek information regarding an event such as a natural disaster. The demands for communication and information during crisis events distinctly differ from the typical data loads seen during normal operation in both traffic and content. Detecting the anomalies in network traffic data that occur during disruptive events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and political uprisings can provide potential aid to first responders and be a potentially useful public surveillance tool. Utilizing historic data on network activity and content, a system for assessing the range, intensity, and category of a disruptive event is designed. Systems such as the one described in this manuscript, will detect changes in network traffic caused by disruptive events in real-time.
Neighborhood Protective Effects on Depression in Latinos

Neighborhood social ecologies may have protective effects on depression in Latinos, after adjusting for demographic risk factors, such as nativity and length of stay in the US. This study examines the effects of neighborhood collective efficacy and linguistic isolation on depression in a heterogeneous urban Latino population from 1,468 adult respondents in Los Angeles County. We used multilevel models to analyze how major depression is associated with socioeconomic background, length of stay in the U.S., neighborhood collective efficacy and linguistic isolation among Latinos. A significant cross-level interaction effect was found between collective efficacy and foreign-born Latinos who resided in the US ≥ 15 years. We report cross-level interaction effects between linguistic isolation and nativity for U.S.-born and nativity and duration of residence for foreign-born Latinos who had lived in the U.S. at least 15 years. The moderating effects reported in this study suggest that the benefits of neighborhood collective efficacy and linguistic isolation vary by Latino subgroup and are conceptually discrete forms of social capital and offer insights for community based interventions.
Cold Shock and Its Effect on Ribosomes and Thermal Tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fatty acid analysis were used to determine how cold shocking reduces the thermal stability of Listeria monocytogenes. Additionally, antibiotics that can elicit production of cold or heat shock proteins were used to determine the effect of translation blockage on ribosome thermal stability. Fatty acid profiles showed no significant variations as a result of cold shock, indicating that changes in membrane fatty acids were not responsible for the cold shock-induced reduction in thermal tolerance. Following a 3-h cold shock from 37 to 0°C, the maximum denaturation temperature of the 50S ribosomal subunit and 70S ribosomal particle peak was reduced from 73.4 ± 0.1°C (mean ± standard deviation) to 72.1 ± 0.5°C (P ≤ 0.05), indicating that cold shock induced instability in the associated ribosome structure. The maximum denaturation temperature of the 30S ribosomal subunit peak did not show a significant shift in temperature (from 67.5 ± 0.4°C to 66.8 ± 0.5°C) as a result of cold shock, suggesting that either 50S subunit or 70S particle sensitivity was responsible for the intact ribosome fragility. Antibiotics that elicited changes in maximum denaturation temperature in ribosomal components also elicited reductions in thermotolerance. Together, these data suggest that ribosomal changes resulting from cold shock may be responsible for the decrease in D value observed when L. monocytogenes is cold shocked.
904-50 Pacemaker Cardioverter Defibrillators in Young Patients

Although life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmias are uncommon in young patients, there are underlying heart diseases that may predispose these patients to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation (VT\VF). To test the hypothesis that tiered therapy with a pacemaker-cardioverter defibrillator (PCD) is a therapeutic option for young patients at risk for sudden death, we reviewed our experience with these devices. Nine patients, aged 9–33 years (17.7 ± 7, mean ± SD) at the time of implantation, received PCD's between March, 1993, and the present. Post-operative diagnoses included complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot (2), Senning for D-transposition of the great arteries (1), double outlet right ventricle, status post ventricular septal defect closure baffling the left ventricle to the aorta (1), and Fontan for single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis (1). Other diagnoses included Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) (1), WPW and dilated cardiomyopathy (1), arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (1), and long QT syndrome (1). All patients had inducible or clinical unstable VT\VF before implantation except one patient with WPW who had a family history of sudden death. Seven of the patients had failed antiarrhythmics before implantation. Defibrillator electrode configurations consisted of epicardial patches (4), transvenous alone (3), and transvenous with subcutaneous patch(es) (2). In 10.4 ± 5 (range 2–17) months of follow-up, overdrive pacing was successful in one patient, and there have been appropriate defibrillator discharges in five patients (56%). Seven of the nine patients remain on antiarrhythmics. There was only one complication, a moderate pericardial effusion two months following transvenous lead implantation in a 24.9 kg nine-year old. No system has required revision to date. Conclusion In relatively short-term follow-up over 50% of our patients successfully have used tiered therapy from pacemaker-cardioverter defibrillators. This implies that these therapies protect selected young patients from sudden cardiac death, potentially greatly increasing their life span.
Reward-Related Responses in the Human Striatum

Much of our knowledge of how reward information is processed in the brain comes from a rich animal literature. Recently, the advancement of neuroimaging techniques has allowed researchers to extend such investigations to the human brain. A common finding across species and methodologies is the involvement of the striatum, the input structure of the basal ganglia, in a circuit responsible for mediating goal-directed behavior. Central to this idea is the role of the striatum in the processing of affective stimuli, such as rewards and punishments. The goal of this article is to probe the human reward circuit, specifically the striatum and its subdivisions, with an emphasis on how the affective properties of outcomes or feedback influence the underlying neural activity and subsequent decision making. Discussion will first focus on anatomical and functional considerations regarding the striatum that have emerged from animal models. The rest of the article will center on how human neuroimaging studies map to findings from the animal literature, and how more recently, this research can be extended into the social and economic domains.
Cellular composition and steroidogenic capacity of the ovary of Macrotus californicus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae) during and after delayed embryonic development.

In the leaf-nosed bat, Macrotus californicus, a 4,5-month period of delayed early embryogenesis (October–March) precedes a 3.5-month period of normal embryogenesis (March–June). This prolonged gestation provides a unique opportunity to correlate ovarian changes with the events following implantation. The present study investigated luteal cell development and follicular biology during gestation. Circulating progesterone (P) levels following implantation were unchanged before transition to normal development, and were maximal at the start of active gestation. Luteal cell diameters increased during this period. Serum P levels declined prior to parturition, when cells staining positive for 3β-hydroxy-5-steroid dehydrogenase-5,4-isomerase (3β-HSD) activity were reduced in number and diameter, and enzyme staining was less intense in tissue slices. Subcellular steroidogenic organelles were present during delayed development, but smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) was markedly increased after the resumption of normal development at which time also luteal cells reacted positively to staining for 17β-HSD. Before parturition, lipid droplet accumulation and reduced SER suggested a reduction in steroid secretion. Large multilaminar follicles stained positive for 3β-HSD activity throughout gestation and for 17β-HSD except in late delayed development. Thus, the delay in embryogenesis may be due to an inadequately developed corpus luteum or to the steroidogenic activity of the multilaminar follicles.
First-order systems: duality and completeness

Duality principles are derived that apply to any first-order system. Both symplectic and nonsymplectic duality transformations are studied. Duality permits a significant simplification for classifying first-order systems as well as proving operator relations for such systems. As an example of this technique operator relations for three dimensions are analyzed. Laplacian and Fourier duals are defined, and the completeness of this approach is explicitly proved for two-dimensional first-order systems; this approach yields the first complete classification to our knowledge of ISP(4, C), the complex, inhomogeneous four-dimensional, symplectic group.
Page: A Pascal Program for the Nonparametric Test for Ordered Alternatives:

This paper describes a PASCAL program which calculates the L statistic underlying the nonparametric Page test for ordered alter- natives. The Page test examines the a priori linear trend for k groups using ordinal data.
The microarthropod fauna associated with a deep rooted legume, Prosopis glandulosa, in the Chihuahuan Desert

The rhizosphere microarthropod fauna of a woody, deep-rooted legume, Prosopis glandulosa, was sampled at four sites in the northern Chihuahuan Desert and compared with the rhizosphere microarthropod fauna of a co-dominant shrub, Larrea tridentata. Prostigmatid mites (Speleorchestes sp.,Neognathus sp., Rhagidia sp., Tydaeolus sp., Steneotarsonemus sp., Tarsonemus sp., Nanorchestes sp., Gordialycus sp.), the cryptostigmatid mites (Bankisonoma ovata and Passalozetes neomexicanus), the mesostigmatid (Protogamasellus mica), and the collembolan (Brachystomella arida) characterized the fauna at depths greater than 1 m. Microarthropods were recovered from soils at a depth of 13 m at the edge of a dry lake and at depths of 7 m in a dry wash which were pre-European man P. glandulosa habitats. In habitats where P. glandulosa is a recent invader, root depth and microarthropods were less than 3 m. In most habitats, population densites of microarthropods at depths 0.5 m were more than 100 times those at depths ≫ 0.5 m. Population densities of microarthropods associated with P. glandulosa growing at the edge of a dry wash were not significantly smaller at 0.5−1.0 m depth than at 0−0.5 m. The deep-rhizosphere microarthropod fauna is a reduced subset of the fauna of surficial soils, suggesting that this fauna plays a role in decomposition and mineralization processes functionally similar to that of microarthropods in surficial soils.