cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defects and Diffusion in a Prototype of Shape Memory Alloys: β2' Au-Cd Alloys

The Au-Cd alloys continue to be important vehicles of research for the shape memory effect involving martensitic transformations and related phenomena.They transform to a variety of martensitic structures depending on the alloy composition and thermal history. Additionally, the Au-rich alloys display rubber like behavior involving thermo-elastic memory. Defects and diffusion play important roles in determining these properties. Defects and diffusion mechanisms in the Au- 47.5 - 50.5 at.% Cd alloys are examined. Diffusion in the nanometer regime and the states of defects are found to be important contributing factors to determine the shape memory effect, the variable martensitic transformations and the rubber like behavior, which are discussed in details.
Comparison of Three HPLC Methods for the Analysis of Vitamers of Ascorbic Acid in Shrimp Tissue

Abstract Several high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods have been developed for the analysis of L-ascorbic acid (CI) and two of its more stable analogs dipotassium ascorbyl-2-sulfate dihydrate (C2), and L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate sodium (C3). Three of these methods were evaluated for the analysis of the three vitamers, and three procedures for the extraction of the vitamers from shrimp (Penaeus Setiferus) tissues were compared.
Prevention of heterotopic ossification after spinal cord injury with COX-2 selective inhibitor (rofecoxib)

Study design: A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Objectives: To determine the effect of COX-2-selective inhibitor on the prevention of heterotopic ossification (HO) after spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: County and University Teaching Hospital, Miami, FL, USA. Methods: A total of 76 patients were enrolled in the study. Among them, 39 patients received placebo, and 37 received COX-2-selective inhibitor rofecoxib 25 mg daily for a period of 4 weeks. Prevention was started 3 weeks after spinal cord injury (SCI). In both groups of patients there was similar age as well as the level of SCI and ASIA impairment scale. Two methods were used to diagnose early HO, clinical symptoms and bone scintigraphy. Radiography was used for diagnosis of late stages of HO development. Results: A significantly lower incidence of HO was found in the rofecoxib group (13.4%) than in the placebo group (33.3%: P<0.05). In patients receiving rofecoxib, there was a 2.5 times lower relative risk of developing HO than in the placebo group (95% CI, 2.3–6). There were no patients who discontinued the study due to adverse effects of medication. Conclusion: Our data suggest that COX-2-selective inhibitor rofecoxib is an effective medication in prevention of HO after SCI.
Optical imaging of oxidative stress in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in rodent model

Oxidative stress (OS), which increases during retinal degenerative disorders, contributes to photoreceptor cell loss. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the metabolic state of the eye tissue in rodent models of retinitis pigmentosa by using the cryofluorescence imaging technique. The mitochondrial metabolic coenzymes NADH and FADH 2 are autofluorescent and can be monitored without exogenous labels using optical techniques. The NADH redox ratio (RR), which is the ratio of the fluorescence intensity of these fluorophores (NADH/FAD), was used as a quantitative diagnostic marker. The NADH RR was examined in an established rodent model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the P23H rat, and compared to that of control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and P23H NIR treated rats. Our results demonstrated 24% decrease in the mean NADH RR of the eyes from P23H transgenic rats compared to normal rats and 20% increase in the mean NADH RR of the eyes from the P23H NIR treated rats compared to P23H non-treated rats.
Nutrient processing and the development of tidal creek ecosystems

The North Inlet marsh-estuarine system encompasses the spectrum of interaction between the ocean and the uplands typical of the southeastern United States. The system is an ebb-dominated, bar-built estuary with good flow connection to the sea and some freshwater input. The North Inlet basin has evolved from a forested, relic, beach-ridge terrain under a regime of slowly rising sea level (2 mm year−1). This mode of development is supported by historic tide gage data. 210Pb dating of sediment cores, the presence of spodic soil horizons and tree roots at shallow depths beneath the marsh surface, and the presence of relic ‘cat eye’ ponds at the edge of the salt marsh. As sea level rises, the boundary between forest and salt marsh recedes upslope and forest spodosols are gradually transformed into marsh soils by salinization, the deposition and mixing of marine mud into the upper horizons of the forest soil and the accumulation of reduced sulfur via sulfate reduction. As a forest watershed is transformed into a salt-marsh basin, the hydraulic geometry of the original, black-water (fresh) stream increases to accommodate the increasing volumes of tidal discharge. Forest sands move seaward while marine muds are transported into the basin. As water moves between the forest and the sea, it passes through creeks in different developmental stages. Large mature creeks interact with the ocean while young, ephemeral creeks drain the uplands and intertidal marsh zones. Intermediate stage creeks connect these two and are characterized by the presence of oyster reefs. Net nutrient fluxes appear to be different in each developmental stage. The ‘Bly Creek’ study of Dame and coworkers addressed the flux of materials between a creek at the intermediate stage of development and the adjacent mature system. Material fluxes from a freshwater stream draining into Bly Creek from the adjacent uplands were also observed. The role of the salt marsh and the oyster reefs in determining material fluxes was examined. The Bly Creek basin imports particulate nutrients and exports dissolved forms. The ‘Outwelling’ study of Dame and coworkers at North Inlet focused on the flux of materials between the mature creeks and the Atlantic Ocean. All constituents were exported seasonally and annually from the estuary, except total sediments (imported during fall and winter) and chlorophyll a (imported in the summer and fall). The export of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus was high compared with other estuarine systems. On a unit area basis, primary productivity is higher and nutrient fluxes are lower in Bly Creek (intermediate stage of development) as compared with the mature North Inlet system. These observations support the general ecosystem development hypothesis that nutrient storage and retention are higher in younger systems than more mature systems where growth is lower and fewer nutrients are needed.
Factors Underlying Business Interest in Conglomerate Mergers

ANYONE who has been even reasonably alert to trends in American business in recent years is well aware that merger has become a way of life. There were an estimated 4,462 mergers in 1968, and the number in 1969 is expected to rise to 5,400 [2]. Over the past five years or so, a growing number of such mergers have been instigated by firms that have come to be known as "conglomerates." Since different people have different ideas on what a conglomerate is, let me define the word as I will be using it in this paper. I am not talking about the more conventional forms of merger that have been commonplace for a long time-horizontal integration (such as occurs when one fertilizer company acquires another fertilizer company) or vertical integration (such as the purchase of a broiler operation by a feed manufacturer). Neither am I talking about diversification into related product areas (a soap manufacturer buying a bleach producer) nor into different geographic areas in the same product line. Rather, I will be talking primarily about mergers in which one company takes over or combines with another whose product line is completely dissimilar, such as an electronics firm acquiring a meat packer or a telephone company buying a vending machine company. Conglomerates, even by the latter definition, have been with us for a long time. One need only cite such giants as General Electric, Ford, and Westinghouse to confirm this. However, these companies got that way long before the recent wave of acquisitions that have led to such wellknown enterprises as Ling-Temco-Vought, Textron, Gulf and Western, and Litton, to name only a few. The fact that a number of major U. S. food and agricultural companies-Armour, Wilson, John Morrell, United Fruit, Allis-Chalmers, Canteen Corporation, Sunshine Biscuit, etc.-have been involved in such acquisitions (actual or threatened) makes this particular session of more than passing interest to agricultural and food economists.
Patterns in the Abundance of Some Tenebrionid Beetles in the Mojave Deseret

The populations of 6 sympatric species of detrivorous beetles were sampled over a 4-yr period at a site in the northern Mojave Desert. Data on precipitation, ambient temperature, soil moisture, and plant biomass were gathered simultaneously. The amount of summer rainfall was found to be a factor associated with the abundance of all species. Temperatures affected the phenology of spring emergent species. None of the populations responded to radical changes in plant productivity.
Parallel spectroscopic method for examining dynamic phenomena on the millisecond time scale.

An infrared spectroscopic technique based on planar array infrared (PAIR) spectroscopy has been developed that allows the acquisition of spectra from multiple samples simultaneously. Using this technique, it is possible to acquire spectra over a spectral range of 950−1900 cm−1 with a temporal resolution of 2.2 ms. The performance of this system was demonstrated by determining the shear-induced orientational response of several low molecular weight liquid crystals. Five different liquid crystals were examined in combination with five different alignment layers, and both primary and secondary screens were demonstrated. Implementation of this high-throughput PAIR technique resulted in a reduction in acquisition time as compared to both step-scan and ultra-rapid-scanning FTIR spectroscopy.
Autoantibodies to SS-A/Ro in infants with congenital heart block

Antibodies to SS-A/Ro have been proposed to be a serologic marker for the neonatal lupus syndrome, which is characterized by congenital heart block or cutaneous lupus or both. The antibodies occur in the mother and are transiently found in the child's serum. We examined an unselected series of 12 children with idiopathic CHB, isolated in 10 children and with cutaneous lupus lesions in two. Six of these children and their mothers were studied during the child's neonatal period, and six were studied retrospectively. All six neonates had SS-A/Ro autoantibodies. Nine of 12 mothers had SS-A/Ro autoantibodies. Of the seropositive mothers, one had systemic lupus erythematosus, two had sicca syndrome, one had photosensitivity, one had arthralgias, and four were asymptomatic. We propose that congenital heart block may be related to transplacental passage of maternal SS-A/Ro antibodies and that neonatal lupus may be the most common cause.
‘Revised’ mass spectral identification of 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole metabolites

The electron ionization mass spectra of 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole metabolites obtained from microsomal incubations and chemical syntheses were studied. The identities of the metabolites were established by chemical ionization, high resolution, and metastable measurements. The compounds studied showed multiple modes of cleavage, skeletal rearrangements and hydrogen back-transfer.
“Brain-Critical” Exons in Autism

A number of genes have been implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet mutations in these genes explain only a small fraction of cases. As a result, finding the genetic cause of ASD in an affected individual’s genome can be likened to finding a needle in a haystack. We have some good
Cleavage of DNA at apyrimidinic sites by lysyl-tryptophyl-α-lysine

Abstract Incubation of partially depyrimidinated superhelical or linear DNA with the peptide lysyl-tryptophyl-α-lysine results in specific cleavage of the DNA at the base loss sites. No differences were found between the rates of breakage of apyrimidinic sites and apurinic sites in superhelical DNA.
Induced radiative transitions of intermediate molecules in heavy ion collisions

Abstract Three types of transitions exists in intermediate molecules occuring in heavy ion scattering: spontaneous radiative, induced non-radiative, and induced radiative decay. The latter ones yield an asymmetric angular distribution for molecular X-rays with respect to the ion-beam axis. The experimental verification of this effect would furnish an experimentum crucis for both, the existence of molecular X-rays and the induced radiative transitions.
Development of a hydrogen storage system using metal hydrides

Abstract Fundamental research has been carried out on the development of the basic technology for a stationary hydrogen storage system using metal hydrides. We have built and tested a misch metal-nickel-manganese hydride storage reservoir (a unit cell), with an effective storage capacity of 1.6 m 3 of hydrogen. On the basis of the experiments, we have built and tested a stationary hydride reservoir for hydrogen storage constructed from many layers of the unit cells; this has a possible storage capacity of 16 m 3 of hydrogen.
Solvent extraction: Recent developments

Each individual extractor operator must analyze his process and apply appropriate solutions. It would seem that larger plants, possibly using supercritical extraction and mechanical desolventizing, all monitored or controlled by some type of computer interface, will be the more efficient plants of the future.
On the Possibility of Inference to the Best Explanation

Various proposals have suggested that an adequate explanatory theory should reduce the number or the cardinality of the set of logically independent claims that need be accepted in order to entail a body of data. A (and perhaps the only) well-formed proposal of this kind is William Kneale’s: an explanatory theory should be finitely axiomatizable but it’s set of logical consequences in the data language should not be finitely axiomatizable. Craig and Vaught showed that Kneale theories (almost) always exist for any recursively enumerable but not finitely axiomatizable set of data sentences in a first order language with identity. Kneale’s criterion underdetermines explanation even given all possible data in the data language; gratuitous axioms may be “tacked on.” Define a Kneale theory, T, to be logically minimal if it is deducible from every Kneale theory (in the vocabulary of T) that entails the same statements in the data language as does T. If they exist, minimal Kneale theories are candidates for best explanations: they are “bold” in a sense close to Popper’s; some minimal Kneale theory is true if any Kneale theory is true; the minimal Kneale theory that is data equivalent to any given Kneale theory is unique; and no Kneale theory is more probable than some minimal Kneale theory. I show that under the Craig-Vaught conditions, no minimal Kneale theories exist.
Measurement/data-processing method to improve the ruggedness of membrane-based sensors: Application to amperometric oxygen sensor.

Abstract This paper describes alternative measurement and data-processing approaches that can reduce effects of experimental variables on results obtained with a membrane-based sensor for oxygen. In the new approaches, the membrane-based sensor is first equilibrated with the sample solution, after which a polarizing voltage is applied and current vs. time data are recorded as the response decays toward a steady-state condition. Current vs. time data are then processed by a fixed-time option and an integration option designed to determine the charge corresponding to the total amount of oxygen inside the membrane when a polarizing voltage is applied. The current measured at a fixed time and the total charge varied linearly with oxygen concentration between 0.05 and 0.26 mmol l −1 . Pooled relative standard deviations ( N = 35) for the measurement/data-processing step were near 0.4% for the new pre-equilibrium options compared to a value of 0.3% for the steady-state option. Dependencies of the pre-equilibrium options on membrane thickness and stirring rate in the most sensitive regions were at least two orders of magnitude smaller than for the steady-state option.
Comparison of EGS5 Simulations with Experiment

Simulations, made using EGS5, of the longitudinal and radial distributions of energy deposition of electrons of various energies are compared with experimental results in the literature. Energies and materials are: 1 GeV in water and aluminum; 6 GeV in aluminum, copper and lead; and (longitudinal only) 28.5 GeV in alumina (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}). There is general agreement within a few percent over most of the shower profile. Substantial discrepancies are noted at depths far beyond shower maximum, reaching {approx}30-50% in the cases of lead and copper at 6 GeV.
Measurement of mouse squeals for 23 hours as evidence of long-term effects of alcohol on aggression in pairs of mice.

A squeal-detection circuit was used to infer the effects of alcohol on aggressive behavior in pairs of mice over a period. Four conditions were compared, a no-injection control and injections of 30% alcohol, 10% alcohol, and a saline solution. Mouse squeals, the dependent variable, decreased with increases in alcohol dosage. The decrease in aggression-related squeals occurred during peak aggression periods up to 13 hr. after injection.
Aliphatic Carbon−Carbon Bond Cleavage Reactivity of a Mononuclear Ni(II) cis-β-Keto−Enolate Complex in the Presence of Base and O2: A Model Reaction for Acireductone Dioxygenase (ARD)

The synthesis, characterization, and reactivity properties of a mononuclear Ni(II) cis-β-keto−enolate complex, [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(PhC(O)C(OH)C(O)Ph)]ClO4 (1) (6-Ph2TPA = N,N-bis((6-phenyl-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine) are reported. Complex 1 was characterized by X-ray crystallography, elemental analysis, 1H NMR, and electronic absorption and infrared spectroscopy. Treatment of 1 with 1 equiv of Me4NOH·5H2O in the presence of O2 results in oxidative carbon−carbon bond cleavage and the formation of a new Ni(II) dicarboxylate complex, [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(O2CPh)2(H2O)] (2). Complex 2 has been characterized by X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR, UV−vis, IR, and elemental analysis. Use of 18O2 in the reaction of 1 to produce 2 results in the incorporation of one 18O atom per carboxylate ligand in the majority of the sample. Production of CO in the oxidative conversion of 1 to 2 was detected using the palladium chloride method. This is the first functional model system of relevance to acireductone dioxygenase (A...
Elevation of a serum component in periodontal disease capable of modulating chemotactic infiltration.

Serum from dental patients was examined for its capacity to affect migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes toward a complement-independent chemotactic factor, bacterial filtrate of Escherichia coli, (BF), Seven subjects with advanced periodontitis, documented with clinical measurements of pocket depth, loss of attachment, indices for gingival inflammation and oral hygiene, were paired with normal subjects of similar age and sex. This study shows that patients whose only apparent clinical symptom was severe periodontal inflammation harbor a heat-stable, serum component which neutralizes factors chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A role for this component in modulation of inflammatory infiltration is discussed.
Staged stent-assisted angioplasty for symptomatic intracranial vertebrobasilar artery stenosis.

Object. Medically refractory symptomatic vertebrobasilar atherosclerotic disease has a poor prognosis. Studies have shown that longer (≥ 10 mm), eccentric, high-grade (> 70%) stenoses portend increased procedure-related morbidity. The authors reviewed their experience to determine whether a staged procedure consisting of angioplasty followed by delayed (≥ 1 month later) repeated angioplasty and stent placement reduces the morbidity associated with endovascular treatment of symptomatic basilar and/or intracranial vertebral artery (VA) stenoses. Methods. The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records in a consecutive series of eight patients who underwent planned stent-assisted angioplasty for medically refractory, symptomatic atherosclerotic disease of the intracranial posterior circulation between February 1999 and January 2002. Staged stent-assisted angioplasty was planned for these patients because the extent and degree of stenosis of the VA and/or basilar artery (BA) lesion portended an exces...
Cell Type-Specific Transcriptome Analysis of the Soybean Leaf Paraveinal Mesophyll Layer

The paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) layer of soybean leaves, which contains cells with various unique ultrastructural properties, has been studied for decades, and several hypotheses regarding its functional role have been developed. Here, we describe a method for obtaining PVM cells using laser capture microdissection and pressure catapulting, subsequent isolation of RNA from these cells, and downstream microarray analysis. A cell type-specific transcriptome analysis was used to compare the gene expression patterns in PVM cells with those of a mesophyll cell type (palisade parenchyma) as a reference. Transcripts related to vegetative storage protein (Vsp) and certain vegetative lipoxygenase (Vlx) isoforms were significantly enriched in PVM cells, which is in accordance with prior work that demonstrated an accumulation of the corresponding proteins. Potential roles of Vsp and Vlx in phosphate mobilization and defense responses, respectively, are discussed. In addition, we found an enrichment of several transport-related genes in PVM cells. Building on our transcriptome data, we provide a fresh discussion of the hypothesis that the PVM plays a role in photoassimilate mobilization and translocation.
Disagreeing about how to disagree

David Enoch’s excellent recent book, Taking Morality Seriously, provides a subtle, highly innovative, and stimulating set of arguments for ‘‘Robust Realism’’: the view that there are normative truths and facts, that such facts exist over and above any set of naturalistic facts, and that our claims about them ‘‘amount not just to an expression of any practical attitude, but to a representation of these normative truths and facts.’’ In this paper, we focus on the arguments Enoch gives to help along such a view in Chap. 2 of his book. Enoch’s arguments there are sometimes so complex and nuanced that we think the best way to convey his view is to initially present it in a very streamlined and simplified manner. Then we will introduce some of the complications that Enoch notes. After that, we will try to explain why we do not yet find Enoch’s arguments in Chap. 2 fully convincing. So, simplifying significantly, Enoch argues in Chap. 2 that it is typically normatively appropriate, when one is in a factual dispute with someone, to not compromise with that person but rather to stand one’s ground. Suppose I know the way to grandmother’s house better than you do. I am correct about how to get there and you are not, and I am also more justified in my opinion than you are. In such a case it seems that I ought not to (or am permitted not to) opt for a compromise where you decide this case and I decide the next, or where we flip a coin to decide which road we will take. But when we come to disputes concerning mere preferences, where there is no fact of the matter that we are disagreeing about, it is typically normatively
Cloacal exstrophy: Improving the quality of life : The Johns Hopkins experience

AbstractPurpose: Exstrophy of the cloaca is a multisystem anomaly involving the gastrointestinal, nervous, musculoskeletal and genitourinary tracts which should be managed with a multidisciplinary approach. Improvement in management has led to survival for the majority of infants, and the focus has shifted to improvement in quality of life. The experience with management of cloacal exstrophy at a large center is evaluated.Materials and Methods: Demographic data as well as functional results of management of the multiple anomalies in 37 patients with cloacal exstrophy were evaluated. Surgical reconstruction was aimed at providing the best functional and cosmetic results.Results: Average patient age at review was 13.6 years. Most patients (32 of 37) had undergone an initial attempt at bladder closure from birth to greater than 24 months of age. Colostomy was performed when possible and if initial ileostomy was performed, the bowel was augmented later with the hindgut segment. When the hindgut segment was no...
Cardiac effects of pergolide

We examined the effect of pergolide, a semi synthetic ergot alkaloid, alone or combined with carbidopa and levodopa (Sinemet), on the cardiac rhythm of 12 patients with Parkinson's disease. The patients were selected on the basis of severe Parkinson's disease and stable cardiac rhythm as determined by I to 5 days of Hoher monitoring. Monitoring was then carried out for an additional period of between 2 and 10 wk while the patients were on pergolide. Seven of the 12 patients had repetitive ventricular rhythms (RVRs). These were isolated, infrequent, and not associated with increases in premature ventricular contractions. The dose at which the RVRs occurred may be a function of the presence or absence of heart disease, but the significance of RVRs remains to be determined. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 30, 718–723; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.228
Application of the semivariogram to MRI data: a useful approach for the characterization of natural porous rocks

Geostatistics is used to study the heterogeneities of reservoir cores, as well as to observe the orientation of layers inside the cores. This information obtained from geostatistics could be very useful for coreflood simulation programs. In this paper, it has been shown how semivariograms can be drawn using local porosities obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These semivariograms are then used to determine the correlation lengths of the porosity in the cores and to qualitatively estimate the degree of heterogeneity in the core samples.
A neural model of visual figure-ground segregation from kinetic occlusion

Freezing is an effective defense strategy for some prey, because their predators rely on visual motion to distinguish objects from their surroundings. An object moving over a background progressively covers (deletes) and uncovers (accretes) background texture while simultaneously producing discontinuities in the optic flow field. These events unambiguously specify kinetic occlusion and can produce a crisp edge, depth perception, and figure-ground segmentation between identically textured surfaces - percepts which all disappear without motion. Given two abutting regions of uniform random texture with different motion velocities, one region appears to be situated farther away and behind the other (i.e., the ground) if its texture is accreted or deleted at the boundary between the regions, irrespective of region and boundary velocities. Consequently, a region with moving texture appears farther away than a stationary region if the boundary is stationary, but it appears closer (i.e., the figure) if the boundary is moving coherently with the moving texture. A computational model of visual areas V1 and V2 shows how interactions between orientation- and direction-selective cells first create a motion-defined boundary and then signal kinetic occlusion at that boundary. Activation of model occlusion detectors tuned to a particular velocity results in the model assigning the adjacent surface with a matching velocity to the far depth. A weak speed-depth bias brings faster-moving texture regions forward in depth in the absence of occlusion (shearing motion). These processes together reproduce human psychophysical reports of depth ordering for key cases of kinetic occlusion displays.
Synchrotron infrared spectroscopy of the pressure-induced insulator-metal transitions in glassy As 2 S 3 and As 2 Se 3

Optical reflectivity and absorption measurements of glassy ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ from 0.18 to 1.4 eV to 57 GPa reveal closure of the optical gap in both materials. The transition to the metalliclike response is continuous with pressure. The insulator-metal transition can be understood in terms of the delocalization of nonhybridized S and Se $p$ states (lone pairs), as supported by the optical reflectivity data and theoretical calculations that show delocalization and evolution of three-dimensional electronic states in crystalline ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$.
Increasing One-Year Retention Rates by Focusing on Academic Competence: An Empirical Odyssey

This article chronicles the 5-year effort of a comprehensive student development and advising center to identify the most effective support programs for increasing one-year retention rates for firs...
Time-of-Day-Dependent Dietary Fat Consumption Influences Multiple Cardiometabolic Syndrome Parameters in Mice

Time-of-day-dependent dietary fat consumption influences multiple cardiometabolic syndrome parameters in mice
THE PREDICTION OF AIRFRAME NOISE AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT

Abstract The success of the high bypass ratio turbofan engine in reducing the external noise of civil transport aircraft at take-off and landing, while improving the economics of air travel, has opened up the debate as to how much further it will be possible to reduce aircraft noise by the introduction of new aircraft or existing aircraft retrofitted with new engines. Irrespective of what new technology can offer in respect of further engine noise reduction for no loss of performance, it is now clear that all future aircraft will require airframe noise to be reduced on the approach, since today it is comparable with engine noise. This paper discusses the major components of airframe noise and reviews the present state of airframe noise prediction. Finally, a comparison is made between prediction and experimental data and the prospects for airframe noise reduction.
Design of a four-revolute spherical function generator with transmission effectiveness by curve matching

Abstract This paper presents a greatly expanded set of computer solution curves for use in designing the four-revolute spherical function generators. These solution curves also provide a means of approximating transmission angles. A description of the original method is included for determining the link dimensions of the spherical four-revolute linkage. This is accomplished by matching a plot of the desired function with curves derived from computer solutions of the displacement equation relating input and output angles of the linkage. The set of curves presented here is large enough for practical use. An example application is also provided.
The oxidation state diagram: Additional comments

Abstract The oxidation state diagram provides additional information that cannot be readily discerned from an activity ratio—pE diagram. A theoretical framework for explaining the existence of thermodynamically unstable species becomes available.
The role of DnaJ-like proteins in glucocorticoid receptor.hsp90 heterocomplex assembly by the reconstituted hsp90.p60.hsp70 foldosome complex.

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is recovered from hormone-free cells in a heterocomplex with the molecular chaperone hsp90, which is required to produce the proper folding state for steroid binding. GR·hsp90 heterocomplexes are formed by a multiprotein system that appears to exist in all eukaryotic cells. Recently, we have reconstituted a receptor·hsp90 heterocomplex assembly system with purified rabbit hsp90 and hsp70 and bacterially expressed human p23 and p60. We have shown that hsp90, p60, and hsp70 form an hsp90·p60·hsp70 complex that converts the GR from a non-steroid binding to a steroid binding form (Dittmar, K. D., and Pratt, W. B. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13047–13054). The resulting GR·hsp90 heterocomplex rapidly disassembles unless p23 is present to bind to the ATP-dependent conformation of hsp90 and stabilize its association with the receptor (Dittmar, K. D., Demady, D. R., Stancato, L. F., Krishna, P., and Pratt, W. B. (1997)J. Biol. Chem. 272, 21213–21220). In the current work, we show that the purified rabbit hsp70 utilized in prior studies is contaminated with a small amount of the rabbit DnaJ homolog hsp40. Elimination of the hsp40 from the purified GR·hsp90 assembly system reduces assembly activity, and the activity is restored by addition of the purified yeast DnaJ homolog YDJ-1. hsp40 is a component of the hsp90·p60·hsp70 foldosome complex isolated from reticulocyte lysate with antibody against p60. Under conditions that promote binding of p23 to hsp90 (elevated temperature, ATP, Nonidet P-40, molybdate), a five-membered (p23·hsp90·p60·hsp70·hsp40) complex of chaperone proteins is formed in reticulocyte lysate or from purified proteins. The hsp40-free, purified assembly system has a modest level of assembly activity that is maximally potentiated by YDJ-1 when it is present at about one-twentieth the concentration of hsp70. Although hsp40 is not in the final GR·hsp90 heterocomplex isolated from L cell cytosol, it is in the GR·hsp90 heterocomplex assembled in reticulocyte lysate. We conclude that hsp40 is a component of the multiprotein hsp90-based chaperone system where it potentiates GR·hsp90 heterocomplex assembly.
The Florida State University superconducting heavy ion linear accelerator — Recent progress

The superconducting heavy ion linear accelerator being constructed at Florida State University is reviewed. Recent progress with the partially completed system is discussed. Other equipment additions to the laboratory are described.
A model of bluegill-largemouth bass interactions in relation to aquatic vegetation and its management

Abstract Dense, slow growing populations of bluegill sunfish are common in lakes where heavy vegetation prevents thinning of bluegill numbers by their primary predator, the largemouth bass. Since bass can effectively prey on bluegill only along the periphery of dense macrophyte beds, mowing vegetation to create additional edge may improve growth rates and size structure of both species. While this concept is straightforward, determining the optimal vegetation configuration for the two species is difficult because mechanisms such as feeding, competition, and mortality together determine the population response and may interact in complex ways. This paper describes a model that simulates the interactions of bluegill, largemouth bass and their invertebrate prey in the context of vegetation structure. The model is calibrated to data from a heavily vegetated temperate lake and is used to examine the fish response to additional edge created by mowing channels through plant beds. Bass growth rates and numbers increased after most simulated vegetation removals because their access to prey increased. Bluegill grew fastest when about 30% of the vegetation was cut, but responded negatively to mowing more than about half the plants. Bluegill responded to the manipulations more by changing growth rates, while bass responded more by increasing numbers. Moderate plant removals accomplished by mowing many narrow channels are most likely to simultaneously benefit both species. The model synthesizes current understanding of the relationship between macrophytes, bluegill and largemouth bass, and suggests which vegetation manipulations are most informative to test in large scale experiments.
Health Information Systems: Challenges for the 21st Century

No longer focused on mere automation of manual processes, healthcare technology is poised to transform practice. Healthcare information systems can extend and enhance the memory; streamline administrative processes; provide access to information where, when, and how it is needed; and manage the cost of care while protecting and improving clinical quality and customer satisfaction. To reap the benefits of information systems, healthcare professionals must take stock of the industry's current position on the road to transformation and determine how to manage the journey ahead. This article explores healthcare information technology trends, discusses emerging technologies such as the Internet and the computerized patient record, and offers future recommendations for achieving technology integration and acceptance. Key to this discussion is the belief that people-based skills such as cooperation, leadership, and creative thinking are just as important as--if not more important than--the actual technology.
Diffusive Migration of Low-Mass Protoplanets in Turbulent Disks

Torque fluctuations due to magnetorotational turbulence in protoplanetary disks may greatly influence the migration patterns and survival probabilities of nascent planets. Provided that the turbulence is a stationary stochastic process with finite amplitude and correlation time, the resulting diffusive migration can be described with a Fokker-Planck equation, which we reduce to an advection-diffusion equation. We calibrate the coefficients with existing turbulent-disk simulations and mean-migration estimates and solve the equation both analytically and numerically. Diffusion tends to dominate over advection for planets of low mass and those in the outer regions of protoplanetary disks, whether they are described by the minimum mass solar nebula (MMSN) or by T Tauri alpha disks. Diffusion systematically reduces the lifetime of most planets, yet it allows a declining fraction of them to survive for extended periods of time at large radii. Mean planet lifetimes can even be formally infinite (e.g., in an infinite steady MMSN), although median lifetimes are always finite. Surviving planets may linger near specific radii where the combined effects of advection and diffusion are minimized or at large radii, depending on model specifics. The stochastic nature of migration in turbulent disks challenges deterministic planet formation scenarios and suggests instead that a wide variety of planetary outcomes are possible from similar initial conditions. This would contribute to the diversity of (extrasolar) planetary systems.
Resource availability and population dynamics of Nicrophorus investigator, an obligate carrion breeder

Summary 1. Food resources for rearing young may influence insect populations. This is particularly true for insects that breed obligately on rare, ephemeral resources such as dung, fungi, or carrion. 2. Beetles in the genus Nicrophorus bury small vertebrate carcasses for rearing their young. Studies reviewed by Scott (1998) have found a positive relationship between carcass mass and total brood size. It is likely that access to carcasses suitable for breeding, and not food or mates, limits reproduction in both male and female Nicrophorus. Thus, small mammal densities could determine Nicrophorus population sizes. 3. The work reported here examined the relationship between Nicrophorus investigator (Coleoptera: Silphidae) population size and small mammal abundance at two sites over a 4-year period. 4. Nicrophorus investigator buried and reared young on all the native small rodent species trapped at two sites in south-western Colorado, U.S.A. (Peromyscus maniculatus, Microtus montanus, Zapus princeps, Tamias minimus, Thomomys talpoides). They preferred to bury and reproduce on rodent carcasses weighing between 16 and 48 g; rodents of this size represented 82% of captures. 5. Population sizes of N. investigator and small rodents were estimated simultaneously using mark-recapture censuses over a 4-year period. Considering only rodents within the size range used by N. investigator, the estimated small mammal biomass per hectare in one year and the beetle population size in the following year were correlated significantly.
Analysis of photovoltaic array with reconfigurable modules under partial shading

Partial shading across solar arrays can significantly deteriorate maximum generated power. Typical arrays implementing a parallel-in-series architecture have bypass diodes integrated in the modules to reduce the effects of partial shading. In this paper, analysis is performed on the effectiveness of improving maximum power of a solar array comprising of modules and reconfigurable switches. Matlab models are developed for modules with and without bypass diodes. I–V and P-V curves are simulated for several shading patterns. Significant improvement in the fill factors has been observed when using reconfigurable switches. The absence of reconfigurable switches reduced the peak power by almost 88% under some partial shading scenarios.
Alcohol and bariatric surgery: Review and suggested recommendations for assessment and management

Abstract Background Established clinical guidelines identify current alcohol abuse and dependence as contraindications for weight loss surgery. However, guidance on how to best assess alcohol use in bariatric patients has not been elucidated. Furthermore, concerns with postoperative alcohol use/abuse and increased sensitivity warrant the development of recommendations on appropriate interventions for patients pursuing weight loss surgery. Our objective was to review the current data on bariatric surgery and substance abuse/addiction, with an emphasis on alcohol use, offer guidance on how to assess the risk of such problems, and provide preliminary recommendations on treating high-risk patients. Methods The relevant published data on alcohol use, abuse, and dependence in pre- and postoperative bariatric patients was reviewed. Also, the putative mechanisms of increased alcohol sensitivity after weight loss surgery were examined. Results Although current alcohol abuse/dependence is less than that in population-base rates, bariatric surgery candidates have a greater history of alcohol use disorders. Physiologic changes after surgery can also change vulnerability to problematic alcohol use, and many patients continue to consume alcohol after surgery. Assessment techniques and strategies to provide informed consent and education on alcohol were included from the Bariatric and Metabolic Institute at the Cleveland Clinic. Conclusion Weight loss surgery candidates might have a greater lifetime risk of alcohol use disorders and greater sensitivity to the intoxicating effects of alcohol after surgery. Adequate screening, assessment, and preoperative preparation could help mitigate this risk. Future research should examine the efficacy of such risk management strategies.
Frequent Optical Imaging during Breast Cancer Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Reveals Dynamic Tumor Physiology in an Individual Patient

Rationale and Objectives Imaging tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in vivo offers unique opportunities for patient care and clinical decision-making. Detailed imaging studies may allow oncologists to optimize therapeutic drug type and dose based on individual patient response. Most radiologic methods are used sparingly because of cost; thus, important functional information about tumor response dynamics may be missed. In addition, current clinical standards are based on determining tumor size changes; thus, standard anatomic imaging may be insensitive to early or frequent biochemical responses. Because optical methods provide functional imaging end points, our objective is to develop a low-barrier-to-access bedside approach that can be used for frequent, functional assessment of dynamic tumor physiology in individual patients. Materials and Methods Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (DOSI) is a noninvasive, bedside functional imaging technique that quantifies the concentration and molecular state of tissue hemoglobin, water, and lipid. Pilot clinical studies have shown that DOSI may be a useful tool for quantifying neoadjuvant chemotherapy response, typically by comparing the degree of change in tumor water and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration before and after therapy. Patient responses at 1 week and mid-therapy have been used to predict clinical outcome. In this report, we assess the potential value of frequent DOSI monitoring by performing measurements on 19 different days in a 51-year-old subject with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (initial tumor size 60 × 27 mm) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (anthracyclines and bevacizumab) over an 18-week period. Results A composite index, the Tissue Optical Index (TOI), showed a significant (∼50%) decrease over the nearly 18 weeks of chemotherapy. Tumor response was sensitive to the type of chemotherapy agent, and functional indices fluctuated in a manner consistent with dynamic tumor physiology. Final pathology revealed 4 mm of residual disease, which was detectible by DOSI at the conclusion of chemotherapy before surgery. Conclusion This case study suggests that DOSI may be a bedside-capable tool for frequent longitudinal monitoring of therapeutic functional response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Ab initio Methods for the Study of Molecular Systems for Nanometer Technology: Toward the First-Principles Design of Molecular Computers

: A top-priority objective in the area of nanoelectronics is the design of logical circuits using single molecules so that the feature size of present computers can be dramatically reduced by several orders of magnitude, thus allowing an enormous increase in speed and leading us toward the design of a molecular CPU. Achieving this goal clearly requires a good understanding of the factors that determine single interactions between unitary molecules, as well as the means to predict these interactions for proposed target molecules prior to undertaking what are often lengthy and costly synthetic efforts. The use of ab initio techniques will help us to learn how structural, electronic and external factors influence the communication between molecules, and to develop computational approaches that will allow us to quantitatively predict the characteristics of molecular scale electronics device architectures.