cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A LEGISLATED NOMENCLATURE FOR SPECIES OF PLANTS

A PERENNIAL QUESTION which has plagued plant taxonomists in recent years-whether or not to initiate the principle of nomina specifica conservanda-appears certain to be raised again at the forthcoming Seventh International Botanical Congress, to be held at Stockholm in July, 1950. The matter will most logically be brought up in connection with proposals to re-word Article 21 of the current (third) edition of the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, which now reads: "However, to avoid disadvantageous changes in the nomenclatu;e of genera by the strict application of the Rules of Nomenclature, and especially of the principle of priority in starting from the dates given in Art. 20, the Rules provide a list of names which must be retained as exceptions. These names are by preference those which have come into general use in the fifty years following their publication, or which have been used in monographs and important floristic works up to the year 1890." This is the Article which establishes the principle of nomina generica conservanda. Implementation of this Article is provided for in Article 73, which grants to a "small permanent International Executive Committee" the authority to consider nomina conservanda and to make recommendations thereon to the next International Botanical Congress. Crucial words in the present Article 21 are the words of genera, in the first sentence. Except for these words, the Article could be interpreted as providing for the conservation of names of families, species, subspecies, varieties, forms, etc. Actually, provision for the conservation of family names is made in the fourth paragraph of Article 23. It would seem more logical to have provisions for conservation of family and generic names brought together in Article 21; and the writer has proposed such a modification of this Article to the Executive Committee of the Section on Nomenclature of the Seventh International Botanical Congress. Consequently no such proposal is herewith made. The purpose of this discussion is merely to point out to potential delegates to the Seventh Congress the possible alterations of Article 21 which may come under consideration in 1950. Delegates to the Seventh Congress should be prepared to receive counter-proposals to the present Article 21, proposals which will inject into the International Rules the principle of nomina specifica conservanda. The simplest of such proposals would be merely to delete the words of genera from the first sentence. While the implications of such a deletion would doubtless be obvious to every delegate, it is conceivable that such a rewording might not receive the full attention of the Section on Nomenclature. It is suggested, therefore, that all attempts to alter the present wording of Article 21
A note on the kinetics of heavy atom reactions on interstellar grains

Abstract The assumption made in many surface chemistry models, that the reactive population of heavy atoms and/or molecules on a grain surface at any instant can be restricted to only zero, one, or two, species, is most likely in serious error. It is shown that the validity of this restriction is based upon the combination of an optimistic selection of the parameters governing the surface diffusion of heavy atoms and, more importantly, upon an erroneous application of results from the theory of random walks on regular lattices. It is shown that the latter leads to a gross overestimate of the importance of surface reactions involving heavy atoms unless interstellar grains are fractal and have a spectral dimension greater than two. Diffusion-controlled reactions involving C, O and N atoms are much less efficient on grain surfaces, and the predicted abundances of several molecules, formed in many published models of grain surface chemistry have to be revised downwards.
The Shifting of the Corporation Income Tax in a Growing Economy

I. Introduction, 563. — II. Traditional static analysis, 566. — III. Shifting of an income tax on an expanding industry, 569.
Stimulatory effect of ovine prolactin upon cultured porcine granulosa cell secretion of inhibitory activity of oocyte maturation

Addition of 1 and 10 μg but not 0.1 μg/ml ovine prolactin to cultured porcine granulosa cells grown in 48 hr suspension culture led to a significant dose-dependent increase in accumulation of material capable of inhibiting maturation of cultured cumulus-enclosed porcine oocytes. Material also was accumulated which inhibited monolayer formation by cultured granulosa cell clumps. Progesterone secretion was unaltered. These data indicate that prolactin may act upon the granulosa cell to enhance its secretion of non-steroidal regulators.
Mechanisms of electrical defibrillation: Impact of new experimental defibrillator waveforms

Six possible explanations for why some biphasic waveforms have lower defibrillation thresholds than monophasic waveforms of the same duration are as follows: (1) the impedance for the second phase of the biphasic shock is very low because electrode polarization develops during the first phase; (2) the large change in voltage between the first and second phases of a biphasic waveform is responsible for the increased defibrillation efficacy; (3) biphasic waveforms cause less severe detrimental effects in regions of high potential gradient; (4) the first phase of the biphasic waveform restores activity of the sodium channels, which makes defibrillation easier for the second phase; (5) the potential gradient required for defibrillation is less for biphasic waveforms than for monophasic waveforms; and (6) biphasic waveforms are better able to stimulate the myocardium to induce new action potentials or to cause refractory period prolongation. Evidence shows that, while a few of these proposed mechanisms are incorrect, several of the others may together contribute to the general superiority of biphasic waveforms.
Applicability of neuro-fuzzy techniques in predicting ground-water vulnerability: a GIS-based sensitivity analysis

Abstract Modeling groundwater vulnerability reliably and cost effectively for non-point source (NPS) pollution at a regional scale remains a major challenge. In recent years, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), neural networks and fuzzy logic techniques have been used in several hydrological studies. However, few of these research studies have undertaken an extensive sensitivity analysis. The overall objective of this research is to examine the sensitivity of neuro-fuzzy models used to predict groundwater vulnerability in a spatial context by integrating GIS and neuro-fuzzy techniques. The specific objectives are to assess the sensitivity of neuro-fuzzy models in a spatial domain using GIS by varying (i) shape of the fuzzy sets, (ii) number of fuzzy sets, and (iii) learning and validation parameters (including rule weights). The neuro-fuzzy models were developed using NEFCLASS-J software on a JAVA platform and were loosely integrated with a GIS. Four plausible parameters which are critical in transporting contaminants through the soil profile to the groundwater, included soil hydrologic group, depth of the soil profile, soil structure (pedality points) of the A horizon, and landuse. In order to validate the model predictions, coincidence reports were generated among model inputs, model predictions, and well/spring contamination data for NO3-N. A total of 16 neuro-fuzzy models were developed for selected sub-basins of Illinois River Watershed, AR. The sensitivity analysis showed that neuro-fuzzy models were sensitive to the shape of the fuzzy sets, number of fuzzy sets, nature of the rule weights, and validation techniques used during the learning processes. Compared to bell-shaped and triangular-shaped membership functions, the neuro-fuzzy models with a trapezoidal membership function were the least sensitive to the various permutations and combinations of the learning and validation parameters. Over all, Models 11 and 8 showed relatively higher coincidence with well contamination data than other models. The strength of this method is that it offers a means of dealing with imprecise data, therefore, is a viable option for regional and continental scale environmental modeling where imprecise data prevail. The neuro-fuzzy models, however, should only be used as a tool within a broader framework of GIS, remote sensing and solute transport modeling to assess groundwater vulnerability along with functional, mechanistic and stochastic models.
Some stereochemical factors in the formation of rearrangement ions in the mass spectra of trimethylsilyl derivatives of steroidal phosphates

Abstract The mass spectra of trimethylsilyl derivatives of organic phosphates exhibit characteristic rearrangement ions involving both trimethylsilyl and hydrogen migrations to the phosphate moiety. It is shown that in molecules of relatively rigid structure, such as steroids, the processes leading to the formation of the rearrangement ions are dependent on the positioning of the functional groups.
A Homoleptic Thioether Coordination Sphere That Supports Nickel(I).

Reaction of diphenylbis((methylthio)methyl)borate (Ph2Bt-) with Ni(BF4)2·6H2O yielded square planar [Ph2Bt]2Ni, 1. Chemical reduction of 1 with Na/Hg produced a species which represents a uniquely stable NiIS4 chromophore. X-band EPR data: g1 = 2.27, g2 = 2.11, g3 = 2.03.
A difference imaging technique for monitoring real-time changes in morphology within the cell, tissue, and organism spatial domain

Image subtraction has been an extremely useful tool for capturing subtle changes in pixel intensity with extremely high temporal resolution, and has been used for decades in the astronomy and metal corrosion fields. However, to date, image subtraction has not been used as a mainstream technique for investigating morphological changes in cells, tissues, or whole organisms. We introduce a user-friendly differential imaging technique for monitoring real time (~msec) changes in morphology within the micrometer to millimeter spatial scale. The technique is demonstrated by measuring morphological changes morphology for biomedical (bone stress), agricultural (crop root elongation), and environmental (zooplankton ecotoxicology) applications. Subtle changes in growth that would typically only be observed by highly skilled experts are easily resolved via image subtraction and the use of convolution kernels. When coupled with techniques characterizing real time biochemical transport (e.g., respiration, ion/substrate transport), physiology can be directly quantified with a high temporal and spatial resolution. Because of the ease of use, this technique can be readily applied to any field of science concerned with bridging the gap between form and function.
Dielectric relaxation of the aluminum-hole center in α -quartz: An example of phonon-assisted tunneling

A detailed study is made of the low-temperature dielectric relaxation peak that develops in crystalline quartz upon irradiation. A wide variety of crystals are employed: from different sources, with different purities, and with the ${\mathrm{Al}}^{3+}$ impurity compensated by a selected alkali-metal ion (${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ or ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$) or by ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ through the use of the technique of ``sweeping.'' A comparison is made between the dielectric peak height and the intensity of the well-known EPR spectrum due to the aluminum-hole (Al-h) center. It shows that the dielectric loss peak is due to the Al-h center, with the hole located on a ``long-bond'' oxygen atom. Analysis of the relaxation rate as a function of temperature shows that, below \ensuremath{\sim}6 K the relaxation takes place by a one-phonon tunneling process, while above this temperature a multiphonon process occurs. While the relaxation time in the one-phonon regime is unique, the relaxation spectrum and the mean relaxation time in the multiphonon regime are sample dependent, due to phonon scattering by crystal defects.
Lung Cancer Screening

The National Lung Screening Trial demonstrated that lung cancer screening with three annual low-dose computed tomographic scans has the potential to reduce lung cancer–specific mortality by 20% in an older population of heavy smokers. This was a great achievement by the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) investigators, but this should be viewed as an important first step in an unfinished process. Many major questions remain about how to best realize this mortality reduction in a practical real-world context. Screening for lung cancer will be most effective if it is accompanied by continued research into risk modeling, patient communication strategies, and biomarkers. For clinicians establishing a program of lung cancer screening, we encourage this to be done in a responsible fashion, adhering to practices specified in the design of the NLST, and with careful attention given to proper management of screen-detected abnormalities and maintenance of screening registries.
Electron microscopy of degeneration within the serotonin pathway of rat brain

Abstract Two large aggregates of serotonin-containing neurons are situated in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of the caudal midbrain. Small electrolytic lesions placed in these nuclei and the suprachiasmaticnucleus (which receives axon terminals from the raphe nuclei) and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus were examined with the electron microscope 2–7 days post lesion. Many degenerating terminals were found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus but few were noted in the paraventricular nucleus. The degeneration was manifested by increased osmiophilia of nerve-ending ground substance, a dissolution of vesicular and mitochondrial membranes, and later, by a marked proliferation of glial lamellae. Both axosomatic and axodendritic terminals showed such changes; large granular vesicles were frequently observed in the involved endings. These results are in accord with the delineation of the serotonin-containing neuronal pathway based on the fluorescence histochemical method.
Treatment of Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangiomas

Forty of 59 patients with a circumscribed choroidal hemangioma have been treated by photocoagulation since 1972 because of visual impairment due to secondary nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment involving the fovea. An attempt was made in every case to bring about resolution of the subretinal fluid, but no attempt was made to destroy the tumor. The treatment techniques used were xenon arc photocoagulation and less intense argon laser photocoagulation. At least a temporary reduction or resolution of subretinal fluid occurred after treatment in most of the eyes, but subsequent reaccumulation of subretinal fluid was noted in many cases. Unfortunately, only 22.5% of the treated eyes retained visual acuity of 6/12 or better after an average follow-up of four years.
Effect of copolymers containing imidazole and mercaptan functions on ester hydrolyses

Copolymers containing imidazole and mercaptan groups were investigated as possible synthetic models for the proteolytic enzymes, ficin and papain. Three different types of thiol-protecting groups were screened to prepare the polymers containing free mercaptan functions: a base-sensitive group (vinyl thiolacetate), an acid-sensitive group (methoxy-methyl vinyl sulfide), and a heat-sensitive group (S-vinyl-O-f-butyl thiocarbonate). Removal of the acetyl group occurred in water at neutral pH, presumably due to some intramolecular imidazole catalysis. Similar deacylation steps might follow the acylation of the thiol groups for the copolymers containing imidazole and thiol functions during ester hydrolysis. Acylation rates (rates of ester hydrolysis) for poly(vinyl mercaptan) and several copolymers were studied as a function of pH and copolymer composition. Indications for cooperative effects and apolar binding effects are discussed.
Beer, Carbohydrates and Diet

The enormous incidence of excess body weight in the population of the United States and the attendant risks that obesity brings has stimulated unprecedented interest in diets, especially those that do not leave an individual feeling hungry. In particular this has led to so-called ‘low carb’ diets. Beer has suffered unfairly through erroneous claims made in connection with at least one of these diets and has been unfairly categorised as being “high carb”. In the face of this — and despite the fact that the vast majority of beers contain low levels of so-called “carbs” — there have been certain brands specifically branded as low carb products. Brewers intent on marketing products that may genuinely be considered to be part of a “calorie counting” diet should focus on developing products of excellence that contain low levels of alcohol, the latter molecule being the major source of calories in most beers. They may also do more to press the claim of beer as being a source of “good carbs”, for the soluble fibre and prebiotic molecules that it contains and which are derived from the β-linked glucans and arabinoxylans that derive from the cereal cell walls.
Time-lapse imaging reveals stereotypical patterns of Drosophila midline glial migration.

The Drosophila CNS midline glia (MG) are multifunctional cells that ensheath and provide trophic support to commissural axons, and direct embryonic development by employing a variety of signaling molecules. These glia consist of two functionally distinct populations: the anterior MG (AMG) and posterior MG (PMG). Only the AMG ensheath axon commissures, whereas the function of the non-ensheathing PMG is unknown. The Drosophila MG have proven to be an excellent system for studying glial proliferation, cell fate, apoptosis, and axon–glial interactions. However, insight into how AMG migrate and acquire their specific positions within the axon–glial scaffold has been lacking. In this paper, we use time-lapse imaging, single-cell analysis, and embryo staining to comprehensively describe the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of the Drosophila MG. We identified 3 groups of MG that differed in the trajectories of their initial inward migration: AMG that migrate inward and to the anterior before undergoing apoptosis, AMG that migrate inward and to the posterior to ensheath commissural axons, and PMG that migrate inward and to the anterior to contact the commissural axons before undergoing apoptosis. In a second phase of their migration, the surviving AMG stereotypically migrated posteriorly to specific positions surrounding the commissures, and their final position was correlated with their location prior to migration. Most noteworthy are AMG that migrated between the commissures from a ventral to a dorsal position. Single-cell analysis indicated that individual AMG possessed wide-ranging and elaborate membrane extensions that partially ensheathed both commissures. These results provide a strong foundation for future genetic experiments to identify mutants affecting MG development, particularly in guidance cues that may direct migration. Drosophila MG are homologous in structure and function to the glial-like cells that populate the vertebrate CNS floorplate, and study of Drosophila MG will provide useful insights into floorplate development and function.
Philosophical Approaches to Racism: A Critique of the Individualistic Perspective

En vue de definir l'approche philosophique la plus pertinente pour une definition du racisme, l'A. developpe une critique du modele individualiste ou motivationnel dominant. Etablissant un lien entre les concepts socioculturels et les pratiques humaines, l'A. adopte une approche naturaliste qui fait reference aux sciences sociales, a la biologie, a l'histoire et a l'economie, d'une part, et critique la position de W. T. Schmid en montrant que les definitions behavioristes et cognitivistes du racisme sont des versions deguisees de l'approche motivationnelle, d'autre part.
Characterization of diabetic microaneurysms by simultaneous fluorescein angiography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Purpose To correlate spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings of perfused diabetic microaneurysms with leakage status on fluorescein angiography (FA) using simultaneous FA and SD-OCT. Design Retrospective, observational case series. Methods A total of 173 microaneurysms were analyzed in 50 eyes (14 mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy [NPDR]; 22 moderate NPDR; 9 severe NPDR; 5 proliferative diabetic retinopathy) of 40 diabetic patients using simultaneous FA and SD-OCT. The characteristics of microaneurysms were evaluated by 2 masked observers using SD-OCT and correlated with leakage status on FA. Results External diameter of microaneurysms averaged 104 μm (range 43-266 μm). Some microaneurysm centers (15/173; 9%) and the outermost extent of microaneurysms (113/173; 68%) were localized to the outer half of the retina. Almost all microaneurysms spanned more than 1 retinal layer (157/173; 91%). Most microaneurysms had an internal lumen with homogeneous reflectivity (109/173; 63%) and moderate reflectivity (87/173; 50%). Retinal thickness through microaneurysms as well as the presence of adjacent hyporeflectivity on SD-OCT correlated with increasing leakage status seen on FA ( P Conclusions Simultaneous FA and SD-OCT allows detailed characterization of perfused diabetic microaneurysms. Increased FA leakage of diabetic microaneurysms positively correlated with perianeurysm fluid and retinal thickness. Perfused microaneurysms seen by SD-OCT were localized deeper than the inner nuclear layer.
EMG activity during positive-pressure treadmill running

Abstract Success has been demonstrated in rehabilitation from certain injuries while using positive-pressure treadmills. However, certain injuries progress even with the lighter vertical loads. Our purpose was to investigate changes in muscle activation for various lower limb muscles while running on a positive-pressure treadmill at different amounts of body weight support. We hypothesized that some muscles would show decreases in activation with greater body weight support while others would not. Eleven collegiate distance runners were recruited. EMG amplitude was measured over 12 lower limb muscles. After a short warm-up, subjects ran at 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% of their body weight for two minutes each. EMG amplitudes were recorded during the final 30s of each stage. Most muscles demonstrated lower amplitudes as body weight was supported. For the hip adductors during the swing phase and the hamstrings during stance, no significant trend appeared. Positive-pressure treadmills may be useful interventions for certain injuries. However, some injuries, such as hip adductor and hamstring tendonitis or strains may require alternative cross-training to relieve stress on those areas. Runners should be careful in determining how much body weight should be supported for various injuries to return to normal activity in the shortest possible time.
Estimation of Structural Parameters and Marginal Effects in Binary Choice Panel Data Models with Fixed Effects

Fixed effects estimators of nonlinear panel models can be severely biased due to the incidental parameters problem. In this paper I find that the most important component of this incidental parameters bias for probit fixed effects estimators of index coefficients is proportional to the true value of these coefficients, using a large-T expansion of the bias. This result allows me to derive a lower bound for this bias, and to show that fixed effects estimates of ratios of coefficients and average marginal effects have zero bias in the absence of heterogeneity and have negligible bias relative to their true values for a wide variety of distributions of regressors and individual effects. Numerical examples suggest that this small bias property also holds for logit and linear probability models, and for exogenous variables in dynamic binary choice models. An empirical analysis of female labor force participation using data from the PSID shows that whereas the significant biases in fixed effects estimates of index coefficients do not contaminate the estimates of marginal effects in static models, estimates of both index coefficients and marginal effects can be severely biased in dynamic models. Improved bias corrected estimators for index coefficients and marginal effects are also proposed for both static and dynamic models.
Systematic Assessment of Color Removal Following Vital Bleaching of Intrinsically Stained Teeth

Various treatment variables associated with a standard bleaching technique were systematically recorded in 53 individuals exhibiting intrinsic discoloration of permanent teeth. These variables (predictors) included: (1) etiology (fluoride or tetracycline) ; (2) age of the patient; (3) the presented color of the stain; (4) the intensity of that color; (5) a long versus short bleaching time technique; and (6) the number of bleaching sessions. These were assessed as to their relationship with the results of treatment (dependent variable). The findings of a multiple regression analysis revealed that the contributions of the individual predictors were significantly different between those stains caused by tetracycline ingestion (N = 27) and those stains due to fluoride ingestion (N = 20). The analysis also revealed that those variables contributing to a significant proportion of the variance in results of treatment when tetracycline was the cause were: (1) the color of the stain and (2) the number of bleaching...
Ambient mass spectrometry using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI): instrumentation, mechanisms and applications in forensics, chemistry, and biology

Analytical characteristics of DESI are summarized. Examples of applications to small and large molecules, to in situ analysis, and to high-throughput analyses are presented. Evidence is provided for both a heterogeneous charge-transfer mechanism and a droplet pick-up mechanism of ionization. The speed, lack of the need for sample preparation, selectivity, and sensitivity of DESI are all demonstrated and discussed. Instrumentation is also discussed. Forensic applications as well as emerging areas of application including tissue imaging are given emphasis.
The Effects of Two Dietary Fats on Hepatic VLDL Secretion and Composition in the Rhesus Monkey

Diets enriched in fat and cholesterol have been shown to produce marked elevations in plasma lipid levels and to increase the plasma apolipoprotein B content in the rhesus monkey (Armstrong, 1976). The nature of the fat fed along with the cholesterol influences the likelihood of the development of atherosclerosis. Peanut oil is an unsaturated vegtable oil that is notably atherogenic (Vesselinovitch et al., 1980), whereas lard is a more saturated atherogenic animal fat. Here we report the results of a study aimed at defining the specific contribution of the liver to the elevated lipid and apolipoprotein B content of plasma observed in animals fed diets rich in fat and cholesterol. In addition the effect of the various fats on liver production of apo A-I and apo E was assayed.
Case-based exercises fail to improve medical students' information management skills: a controlled trial

Tomorrow's physicians must learn to access, retrieve, integrate and apply current information into ambulatory patient encounters, yet few medical schools teach 'real time' information management. We compared two groups of clerkship students' information management skills using a standardized patient case. The intervention group participated in case-based discussions including exercises that required them to manage new information. The control group completed the same case discussions without information management exercises. After five weeks, there was no significant difference between the control and intervention groups' scores on the standardized patient case. However, third rotation students significantly outperformed first rotation students. Case-based exercises to teach information management failed to improve students' performance on a standardized patient case. Increased number of clinical rotations was associated with improved performance.
Beyond expert-only parallel programming?

My parallel-programming education began in earnest when I joined Sequent Computer Systems in late 1990. This education was both brief and effective: within a few short years, my co-workers and I were breaking new ground [MG92, MS93, MS98].1 Nor was I alone: Sequent habitually hired new-to-parallelism engineers and had them producing competent parallel code within a few months. Nevertheless, more than two decades later, parallel programming is perceived to be difficult to teach and learn. Is parallel programming an exception to the typical transitioning of technnology from impossible to expert-only to routine to unworthy of conscious thought?
The Pottiaceae s.str. as an evolutionary lazarus taxon

Genomic studies have shown that evolution can be based on clusters of genes that may be silenced and reactivated by regulator genes or promoter sequences. Thus, apparent phylogenetic homoplasy may actually represent a single complex developmental response to selection, involving many genes or gene clusters and one or more regulating sequences, and as such may be called multiplex homoiology. Evidence for such complex exaptions (pre-adaptions) in many organisms is discussed, and two features of the Pottiaceae (Bryopsida), the complex gametophytic morphology characterized by the pleisiomorphic Timmiella, and the twisted peristome complex of 32 filamentous, spiculose teeth, distal to a basal membrane are suggested to be likewise homoiologous. The latter complex trait may have reappeared in the family 4 to 7 times. Inasmuch as exaptions may skip branching events tracked by nested sets of non-coding traits, and because genetic isolation alone is not a good basis for classification, this paper re- evaluates past evolutionary schema in light of this theoretically acceptable exception to Dollo's Law that complex traits are never re-evolved.
Chinese Acquisition of the Spratly Archipelago and Its Implications for the Future

Abstract In this study, I first examine the place of the Spratly Islands dispute at the heart of interstate relations between China and its regional neighbors around the South China Sea. In doing so, I trace the varied historical claims and periodic disputes over the archipelago, along with the current state of affairs, which is increasingly dominated by the need for more and cheaper sources of oil and natural gas. This background lays the groundwork for the core of this study, which is a simulation analysis looking at the potential ramifications of a more aggressive Chinese position in the South China Sea. Using computer simulation techniques, I compare the desirability of two scenarios related to Chinese policy in the area. The findings suggest that a more aggressive Chinese policy on the Spratlys would be beneficial in some ways, especially in the areas of energy production and imports over the following forty years. At the same time, there are several potential drawbacks as well, including increased e...
Evolution of a virtual machine supporting fault-tolerant distributed processes at a research laboratory

A research laboratory named The Reliable Distributed Microcomputing Laboratory (RDML) has been established at the University of South Florida (USF) in order to support experimental research on fault-tolerant distributed computing. In order to cover a broad range of distributed computing situations, both loosly coupled and tightly coupled network facilities have been constructed. Both network facilities are relatively easy to reconfigure physically as well as logically. The primary components of the network facilities are a variety of microcomputers. In order to ease the problem of dynamic process migration among a set of heterogeneous microcomputers, the same virtual machine architecture has been implemented on all the microcomputers. The virtual machine supports concurrent processes and the initial version implemented was a 16-bit stack machine architecture with several limitations, e.g., inflexible scheduling, lack of support for networking, etc. The virtual machine has continued to evolve since its initial implementation, some due to hardware upgrade, e.g., incorporation of new microprocessors such as MC68000, and others due to the requirements imposed by the schemes for fault-tolerant distributed computing. In this paper, we review the motivations, the trade-offs made, and the engineering lessons learned during the evolution of the virtual machine in recent years.
Controlled reduction of critical current densities in YBCO thin films

The reduction of critical currents in HTS films has proven to be of primary importance for the fabrication of devices sensitive to small applied magnetic fields ( >
Shakespeare and the Voyagers Revisited

A two-century critical tradition that the 1609 Bermuda shipwreck literature (Jourdain 1610, ‘True Declaration’ 1610, Strachey 1625) establishes a terminus a quo for The Tempest is incorrect. Strachey's True Reportory, the only Bermuda pamphlet now thought to have significantly influenced The Tempest, was put into its only extant form too late to be used as the play's source and probably after the play had already been produced in 1611. Strachey, a notorious plagiarist even by early modern standards, borrowed much that his narrative shares with The Tempest from earlier sources also accessible to Shakespeare.
Protein Kinase Cδ–Dependent Phosphorylation of Syndecan-4 Regulates Cell Migration

Endothelial cell (EC) migration is a complex process requiring exquisitely coordinated focal adhesion assembly and disassembly. Protein kinase C (PKC) is known to regulate focal adhesion formation. Because lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), a major lipid constituent of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, can activate PKC and inhibit EC migration, we explored the signaling cascade responsible for this inhibition. LysoPC increased PKCdelta activity, measured by in vitro kinase activity assay, and increased PKCdelta phosphorylation. Decreasing PKCdelta activation, using pharmacological inhibitors or antisense oligonucleotides, diminished the antimigratory effect of lysoPC. LysoPC-induced PKCdelta activation was followed by increased phosphorylation of the transmembrane proteoglycan, syndecan-4, and decreased binding of PKCalpha to syndecan-4, with a concomitant decrease in PKCalpha activity. A reciprocal relationship was noted between the interaction of PKCalpha and alpha-actinin with syndecan-4. These changes were temporally related to the observed changes in cell morphology and the inhibition of migration of ECs incubated with lysoPC. The data suggested that generalized activation of PKCdelta by lysoPC initiated a cascade of events, including phosphorylation of syndecan-4, displacement and decreased activity of PKCalpha, binding of alpha-actinin to syndecan-4, and disruption of the time- and site-specific regulation of focal adhesion complex assembly and disassembly required for normal cell migration.
Parental Identity and Reflected‐Appraisals: Measurement and Gender Dynamics

A new theoretical model for parental identity, reflected-appraisals, and behavior was proposed. Parental identity and behavior in married parents were then investigated as a function of partner's and perceived reflected-appraisals, taking into account gender context effects. Sixty-four married couples completed the Caregiving and Breadwinning Identity and Reflected-Appraisal Inventory (CBIRAI), developed for this study to assess parental caregiving and breadwinning identity and reflected-appraisals, as well as caregiving and breadwinning behavior measures. The model was confirmed for fathers and partially confirmed for mothers. Specifically, caregiving identity and behavior in fathers, and breadwinning identity in mothers were functions of perceived reflected-appraisals. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Active Flexible Noise Cancellation

Examples of the above signal include roll, pitch, or yaw channels in aerospace applications. The flexible disturbance signal may be generated by installing strain gage equivalents on areas of the aerospace structure where a structural mode is present, but without the roll, pitch, or yaw. The Adaptive Component is designed to minimize the output signal e[n]. In the process of this minimization any common components (flexible modes) are attenuated. If both signals contain a disturbance component, the effects of this component will be minimized in the input signal s[n]. Note that as long as the frequency content is present the amplitude and phase may be markedly different for attenuation to occur. The paper will present the general concept of Adaptive Noise Control and show an application with a flexible structure simulation. Different types of adaptive filters will be compared. The signal s[n] will be roll-pitch-yaw (feedback control) channels and the additional signal v0[n] will come from an array of strain gage equivalent sensors.
Predicting learning from student interaction: Defining the interaction variables

The results of four recent studies of student interaction and learning are summarized and integrated to demonstrate (a) the power of specific student interaction variables and sequences of behavior in predicting achievement in small group settings, and (b) the uninterpretability of results based on general measures or isolated behaviors. Conflicting results from other studies are re‐interpreted in light of the importance of specific variables and sequences of behavior. The implications of these results for the measurement of student interaction are discussed.
Predictive model for optimized design parameters in flip-chip packages

An analytical model is developed to predict the out of plane deformation in multilayered thin stacks subjected to uniform temperature loading. CTE mismatches among the components (chip, substrate, underfill, flip-chip interconnect or C4s) are the driving force for both first and second levels interconnect reliability concerns. The first level failure includes die cracking and underfill delamination whereas the second level interconnects are concerned with the BGA fatigue and non-wetting or partial wetting during the assembly process. In this study, a proper formula for effective moduli of the complex geometry, such as solder (C4)/underfill layer, is presented. An analytical formulation for the out of plane displacement of the chip substrate structure under temperature variation /spl Delta/T of as high as 205/spl deg/C as expected in lead (Pb) free solder applications during reflow, is developed using the effective moduli. The warpage resulting from the analytical formulation is compared with the two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). The importance and challenges in the analytical modeling aspect of the thermo-mechanical behavior of the flip chip or chip on board assembly is emphasized. The study helps to design more reliable components or assemblies with the design parameters being optimized in the early stage of the development.
Aqueous Two-Phase System Patterning of Microbubbles: Localized Induction of Apoptosis in Sonoporated Cells

Ultrasound-driven microbubbles produce mechanical forces that can disrupt cell membranes (sonoporation). However, it is diffi cult to control microbubble location with respect to cells. This lack of control leads to low sonoporation effi ciencies and variable outcomes. In this study, aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) droplets are used to localize microbubbles in select micro-regions at the surface of living cells. This is achieved by stably partitioning microbubbles in dextran (DEX) droplets, deposited on living adherent cells in medium containing polyethylene glycol (PEG). The interfacial energy at the PEG-DEX interface overcomes microbubble buoyancy and prevents microbubbles from fl oating away from the cells. Spreading of the small DEX droplets retains microbubbles at the cell surface in defi ned lateral positions without the need for antibody or cell-binding ligand conjugation. The patterned microbubbles are activated on a cell monolayer exposed to a broadly applied ultrasound fi eld (center frequency 1.25 MHz, active element diameter 0.6 cm, pulse duration 8 μ s or 30 s). This system enables effi cient testing of different ultrasound conditions for their effects on sonoporation-mediated membrane disruption and cell viability. Regions of cells without patterned microbubbles show no injury or membrane disruption. In microbubble patterned regions, 8 μ s ultrasound pulses (0.2-0.6 MPa) produce cell death that is primarily apoptotic. Ultrasound-induced apoptosis increases with higher extracellular calcium concentrations, with cells displaying all of the hallmarks of apoptosis including annexinV labeling, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase activation and changes in nuclear morphology.
Shame and Forgiving in Alcoholism

The difficulty in healing shame is that there is no interpersonal process to relieve it, as contrasted with guilt. The author describes the forgiving process which restores relationships. Clinicians are given guidelines to help their clients foster the process of forgiving in alcoholic families.
Open cranial vault remodeling: The evolving role of distraction osteogenesis

In this article, we review some of the traditional techniques used to treat craniosynostosis. In addition to sharing our current approach to treating craniosynostosis with open techniques, we discuss our opinions on the evolving roles of newer modalities such as spring-assisted cranioplasty and cranial vault expansion using distraction osteogenesis.
Challenges in the translation and commercialization of cellular therapies

Background: Cell therapies are an emerging form of healthcare that offer significant potential to improve the practice of medicine and provide benefits to patients who currently have limited or no treatment options. Ideally, these innovative therapies can complement existing small molecule, biologic and device approaches, forming a so-called fourth pillar of medicine and allowing clinicians to identify the best treatment approach for each patient. Despite this potential, cell therapies are substantially more complex than small molecule or biologic interventions. This complexity poses challenges for scientists and firms developing cell therapies and regulators seeking to oversee this growing area of medicine. Results: In this project, we retrospectively examined the development of seven cell therapies – including three autologous interventions and four allogeneic interventions – with the aim of identifying common challenges hindering attempts to bring new cell therapies to market. We complemented this analysis with a series of qualitative interviews with experts in various aspects of cell therapy. Through our analysis, which included review of extant literature collected from company documents, newspapers, journals, analyst reports and similar sources, and analysis of the qualitative interviews, we identified several common challenges that cell therapy firms must address in both the pre- and post-market stages. Key pre-market challenges included identifying and maintaining stable funding to see firms through lengthy developmental timelines and uncertain regulatory processes. These challenges are not unique to cell therapies, of course, but the novelty of cell-based interventions complicates these efforts compared to small molecule or biologic approaches. The atypical nature of cell therapies also led to post-market difficulties, including challenges navigating the reimbursement process and convincing providers to change their treatment approaches. In addition, scaling up production, distributing cell therapies and managing the costs of production were challenges that started pre-market and continued into the post-market phase. Conclusions: Our analysis highlights several interrelated challenges hindering the development of cell therapies. Identifying strategies to address these challenges may accelerate the development and increase the impact of novel cell therapies.
Well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma in tuberous sclerosis--case report and review of the literature.

Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas are rare in children. They usually occur in the setting of genetic syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, von Hippel-Lindau disease, and neurofibromatosis 1. These tumors have also been reported in the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), but the in
Solution of the two-dimensional Euler equations with generalized coordinate transformation using flux vector splitting

An implicit finite difference code using flux vector splitting has been developed for solving the two-dimensional inviscid gas dynamics equations. The method is spatially second-order acurate, fully conservative, and uses body-conforming generalized coordinates for treating complex geometries. Numerical results have been obtained for transonic flow over a circular cylinder and airfoils. Steady results for a half cylinder (top and bottom symmetry-imposed) range from critical flow to a strong shock case with rotationally induced flow separation. Full cylinder solutions at freestream Mach number values of 0.5, however, show unsteady oscillation. A perturbation form of the method has also been developed and used to compute both fore and aft inviscid flow separation about a cylinder for a nonuniform incoming stream.
PROPERTIES OF ALTERNATIVE ESTIMATORS OF FAMILIAL CORRELATIONS UNDER VARIABLE SIBSHIP SIZE

Selected distributional properties of a variety of estimators of familial correlations (spouse, parent-child, and sibling) were investigated numerically, focusing particularly on sibling correlations under variable sibship size. Maximum likelihood estimators were evaluated for each of the three familial relationships. An additional parent-offspring estimator was studied using a parent-midoffspring estimate pooled over variable sibship size. For sibling intraclass correlations, three estimators based on analysis of variance and three pairwise estimators using different weighting functions for variable sibship sizes were investigated. Correlations were estimated from data simulated under eight sampling conditions (each replicated 1,000 times) using two sets of true parameter values, moderate and large sample sizes, and normal versus highly non-normal sample distributions of data. The estimators are nearly unbiased and efficient, but none of the sibling correlation estimators are normally distributed in small samples. Estimates from highly non-normal data are nearly unbiased but are less efficient than those from normal data.
Bacterial Capsule — Old Dogmas and New Tricks

Capsular polysaccharides are important surface determinants present on pathogenic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. These structures morphologically represent the outermost layer of microorganisms. In the case of gram-negative bacteria, polysaccharide capsules have been shown to have phospholipid moieties that may anchor the polysaccharide to the outer membrane [1, 2]. The following is an incomplete list of microorganisms known to be encapsulated: pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci, meningococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Haemophilus spp., Bacteroides spp., Salmonella spp., and clostridia. Undoubtedly, there are encapsulated pathogenic bacteria omitted from the list and not all species or strains of bacteria in this list are encapsulated. For example, in the Neisseria, most pathogenic meningococci are encapsulated; however, it remains disputed as to whether gonococci are encapsulated [3, 4]. I have divided this diatribe into three sections based on what I consider to be some classic dogmas regarding capsular polysaccharides. New data exist for these dogmas that require modification of the older concepts. The first old dogma is that polysaccharides are