cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addressing the Social Needs of Spanish- and English-Speaking Families in Pediatric Primary Care

Abstract Objectives To describe the social needs of families working with Health Leads (HL) at 18 pediatric practices in 9 US cities and how reported social needs and success addressing them varied according to parents’ preferred healthcare language. Methods We evaluated the social needs of English and Spanish-speakers that received assistance from HL from September 2013 to August 2015. The study sample included 11,661 households in the 4 regions where HL provided support within pediatric primary care practices. We used multivariable regression stratified by region to assess the association between language and successful resource connections. Results Reported social needs differed by language. Spanish speakers most frequently reported needs related to food (e.g., food stamps, WIC and food pantries). English speakers most frequently reported child-related needs (e.g., childcare vouchers, Head Start and school enrollment). The association between household language and the odds of a successful resource connection varied by region. Conclusions Our findings highlight the importance of considering language barriers and community context when addressing unmet social needs as part of primary care.
Effect of the use of lipoxygenase-free soybean line on the sensory attributes of soymilk and tofu

Flavor is the most important factor limiting consumption of soy foods in western markets. Soybean lines lacking one or several of the lipoxygenase isozymes involved in flavor have recently been developed. Sensory evaluation provides relevant information related to actual perception which presents some challenges that must be addressed. Perception of flavor by people varies according to their background. The use of terminology to describe the sensory attributes must be addressed. Also, the dynamism of the perceived intensity of some sensory attnH"tf»s must be considered for evaluation of soy products. In the first part of the present study, three groups of panelists from the United States, Japan and China were trained to describe and compare soymilk or tofli made from lipoxygenasefree and normal soybean lines. Soymilk made from lipoxygenase-free soybeans had less cooked beany aroma, less cooked beany flavor and less astringency. Panelists noted no differences between lipoxygenase-free and normal soybeans for milky flavor, wheat flavor, thickness, chalkiness or aftertaste. Tofli made from lipoxygenase-free soybeans had less cooked beany flavor than that made from normal soybeans. There were no differences in cooked beany aroma, raw beany aroma, raw beany flavor, wheat flavor, astringency, hardness, darkness or yellowness. The second part of the research comprised the description of the concept related to the 'beany' attributes. A panel of five judges was trained to describe and evaluate different soymilks. Descriptors used to describe 'beaniness' were 'raw as hexanal' for flavor or aroma, 'grassy' flavor, and 'sweet as green floral' flavor. Significant differences 0.01) were found among commercial soymilk and soymilks processed from normal or lipoxygenase-free soybean lines and lipoxygenase-free soybeans stored for 1 yr at A°C.
E-059 Dural venous sinus cephaloceles in the pulsatile tinnitus clinic

Brain herniations into the dural venous sinuses are recently described rare findings that are of uncertain etiology and clinical significance. We describe 18 instances of brain herniations into dural venous sinuses in 16 patients identified on MRI and discuss their imaging findings, possible causes, and relationship to the patient’s symptoms. All patients were examined with MRI including pre- and post-contrast T1- and T2-weighted sequences. With respect to brain herniations we documented their location, signal intensity, size, presence of arachnoid granulation, and associated dural venous sinus stenosis. We then reviewed clinical records in an attempt to establish if any symptoms were related to the presence of these herniations. 262 patients who presented to our institution’s Pulsatile Tinnitus Clinic over a three year period were examined. 16 patients had brain herniations into dural venous sinuses (age range 25–79). 11 patients had unilateral temporal or occipital herniations into the transverse sinus or the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction, respectively. Three patients had unilateral cerebellar herniations into the transverse sinus. One patient had bilateral temporal herniations into the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction. One patient had bilateral occipital and cerebellar herniations into the transverse sinuses. Arachnoid granulations were seen in association with 13 of the herniations. Focal dural venous sinus stenosis was associated with 15 of the 18 herniations. In 9 of 16 patients (56%) symptoms matched side of brain herniation. 9 of 16 patients (56%) had intracranial hypertension. Brain herniations into dural venous sinuses are uncommon incidental findings with an uncertain relationship to pulsatile tinnitus and intracranial hypertension. Disclosures J. Villanueva-Meyer: None. L. Eisenmenger: None. V. Shah: None. K. Meisel: None. M. Amans: None.
Symbol Error Rate Analysis of 8-state Stokes Vector Modulation for Large Capacity Data Centers

Polarization-shift keying (PolSK) and Stokes vector modulation (SVM) offer multi-dimensional signaling for high-throughput data links in terabit-class data center networks, using low-cost, direct detection (DD) receivers. In this paper, we develop and characterize a system based on a cubic constellation for 8-SVM, using an off-the-shelf integrated modulator driven with simple bias points and data waveforms. Symbol error rates (SER) and bit error rates (BER) are measured up to 7.5 Gb/s, and analysis of the symbol errors reveals a significant effect of inter-symbol interference.
Do Investors Ignore Dividend Taxation? A Re-examination of the Citizens Utilities Case

The Citizens Utilities Company (CU) has two classes of common stock, one paying cash dividends and one paying stock dividends. Unless CU shareholders ignore dividend taxation, the price of the cash dividend shares should increase relative to the stock dividend shares after the tax change in 1986. Contrary to this hypothesis, we find that the relative valuation of these two classes of shares was not permanently affected by the tax change. We do observe a pricing change around the time of the tax reform, but the effect is only temporary and the relative valuation before the tax change (1982-84) and after (1987-89) is almost equal. Two possible explanations for the observed valuation of the two stocks are clientele effects and differences in liquidity. We find that neither of these explanations can account for the relative pricing of the shares.
Digital Theatre Design - An Interdisciplinary Course Connecting Computing and Theatre Arts

The success of performing arts productions has typically relied to varying degrees on technology and its associated innovations. Imaginative set construction and creative lighting design provide the necessary environment to transport viewing audiences effectively in both time and place. This new course entitled 'Digital Theatre Design' is an interdisciplinary effort to awaken students in Theatre Arts and Computer Science to the exceptional learning experience of collaborating across traditional boundaries that exist between the Arts and Engineering. While pursuing their degrees, undergraduate students majoring in STEM fields typically have limited exposure to the extensive variety of career paths available to them. Students taking this course benefit greatly from the opportunity to consider potential careers that effectively integrate both humanities and technology and to raise awareness about the breadth of the possible applications of computing in modern society. Offered in Spring 2020, this course encourages students to investigate the interplay of artistry and technology as they work together to ultimately design and present scenes from selected plays, which represents the capstone project for the course. Students are given an introduction to the 'tools' of the trade in a studio setting as they advance through a series of exercises, as well as independent and team projects focusing on both artistic design and software engineering. This poster presentation will display in detail the classroom strategies, course activities, and future plans for this innovative course offering.
The Rhesus Macaque Serves As a Model for Human Lateral Branch Nephrogenesis.

Background Most nephrons are added in late gestation. Truncated extrauterine nephrogenesis in premature infants results in fewer nephrons and significantly increased risk for CKD in adulthood. To overcome the ethical and technical difficulties associated with studies of late-gestation human fetal kidney development, third-trimester rhesus macaques served as a model to understand lateral branch nephrogenesis (LBN) at the molecular level. Methods Immunostaining and 3D rendering assessed morphology. Single-cell (sc) and single-nucleus (sn) RNA-Seq were performed on four cortically enriched fetal rhesus kidneys of 129-131 days gestational age (GA). An integrative bioinformatics strategy was applied across single-cell modalities, species, and time. RNAScope validation studies were performed on human archival tissue. Results Third-trimester rhesus kidney undergoes human-like LBN. scRNA-Seq of 23,608 cells revealed 37 transcriptionally distinct cell populations, including naive nephron progenitor cells (NPCs), with the prior noted marker genes CITED1, MEOX1, and EYA1 (c25). These same populations and markers were reflected in snRNA-Seq of 5972 nuclei. Late-gestation rhesus NPC markers resembled late-gestation murine NPC, whereas early second-trimester human NPC markers aligned to midgestation murine NPCs. New, age-specific rhesus NPCs (SHISA8) and ureteric buds (POU3F4 and TWIST) predicted markers were verified in late-gestation human archival samples. Conclusions Rhesus macaque is the first model of bona fide LBN, enabling molecular studies of late gestation, human-like nephrogenesis. These molecular findings support the hypothesis that aging nephron progenitors have a distinct molecular signature and align to their earlier human counterparts, with unique markers highlighting LBN-specific progenitor maturation.
The Kidney and Hypertension

From the earliest studies on kidney disease it was already apparent that the kidneys play a very important role in Controlling arterial pressure. However, the mechanism or mechanisms by which the kidney affects pressure have remained unclear even to the present. All research workers have known of the obvious possibility that renal disease might cause retention of water and salt in the body and that excess volume could drive the circulatory system toward a higher level of activity, thus causing hypertension. Yet, even Bright (1836) in his classical studies on “Bright’s disease” noted vasospastic phenomena associated with renal hypertension, leading to the suggestion that renal hypertension might result from some circulating vasoconstrictor agent.
The changing landscape of atherosclerosis.

Emerging evidence has spurred a considerable evolution of concepts relating to atherosclerosis, and has called into question many previous notions. Here I review this evidence, and discuss its implications for understanding of atherosclerosis. The risk of developing atherosclerosis is no longer concentrated in Western countries, and it is instead involved in the majority of deaths worldwide. Atherosclerosis now affects younger people, and more women and individuals from a diverse range of ethnic backgrounds, than was formerly the case. The risk factor profile has shifted as levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, blood pressure and smoking have decreased. Recent research has challenged the protective effects of high-density lipoprotein, and now focuses on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in addition to low-density lipoprotein as causal in atherosclerosis. Non-traditional drivers of atherosclerosis—such as disturbed sleep, physical inactivity, the microbiome, air pollution and environmental stress—have also gained attention. Inflammatory pathways and leukocytes link traditional and emerging risk factors alike to the altered behaviour of arterial wall cells. Probing the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has highlighted the role of the bone marrow: somatic mutations in stem cells can cause clonal haematopoiesis, which represents a previously unrecognized but common and potent age-related contributor to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Characterizations of the mechanisms that underpin thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis have evolved beyond the ‘vulnerable plaque’ concept. These advances in our understanding of the biology of atherosclerosis have opened avenues to therapeutic interventions that promise to improve the prevention and treatment of now-ubiquitous atherosclerotic diseases. This Review discusses recent research that has transformed our understanding of the biology of atherosclerosis, and examines its implications for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Second-Wave White Teacher Identity Studies

This chapter draws together, discusses, and advances the thematic patterns developed in previous chapters. First, I focus on professional identifications storied in this book that recover and reconstruct personal relevance inherent in race-visible professional identifications’ cultural relevance.
Unsupervised Root-Cause Analysis with Transfer Learning for Integrated Systems

The increasing complexity of integrated systems has exacerbated the problems associated with root-cause analysis. Leveraging advances artificial intelligence, a large amount of intelligent root-cause-analysis methods have been proposed in recent years. However, most of these methods rely on root-cause labels from repair history for defective samples, which are often expensive to obtain. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised root-cause-analysis method that utilizes transfer learning. A two-stage clustering method is first developed by exploiting model selection based on the concept of Silhouette score. Next, a data-selection method based on ensemble learning is proposed to transfer valuable information from a source product to improve the root-cause-analysis accuracy on the target product with insufficient data. Two case studies based on industry designs demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art unsupervised root-cause-analysis methods.
Mining and Community Economic Growth

The rapid expansion of oil and gas extraction in large parts of the Marcellus fields in the Appalachian Basin and the Bakken fields in the Williston Basin of the Dakotas and Montana has reignited debate over the role of natural resource extraction as a rural economic growth strategy. While the popular media has focused on hydraulic fracturing and natural gas and oil production, there has been significant interest in silicon sand mining in western Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota. This “frack sand” is used in oil and gas hydraulic fracturing activity. In this study we explore the relationship between non-oil and gas mining (NAICS 212) activities and economic growth for nonmetropolitan U.S. counties for the period 2000 to 2007. We find robust results suggesting that non-oil and gas mining is associated with lower population growth, and a positive impact on per capita income, but has no impact on employment growth.
Design of a Two-Speed Automatic Transaxle for an Electric Vehicle

An advanced electric vehicle powertrain has been designed by the Ford Motor Company. This unique powertrain concept totally integrates a three phase ac induction motor with a two speed fully automatic transaxle, arranged concentrically about the drive wheel axis. The motor and transaxle assembly is designed to provide a low cost, lightweight, highly efficient, and practical powertrain system based upon the most advanced automotive practices. This program is funded as a major element of the Department of Energy's ''Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program'' and includes the General Electric Company as a major subcontractor to Ford.
Cytomegalovirus Colitis After 5‐Fluorouracil and Interferon‐α Therapy

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an opportunistic viral infection primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk for developing CMV infections of the gastrointestinal tract. While receiving continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil and interferon-alpha, a 72-year-old woman with stage IV pancreatic carcinoma developed severe colitis with diarrhea that was refractory to conventional antidiarrheals. A biopsy specimen from the colon revealed CMV inclusions, which were confirmed by immunofluorescence. The patient was given ganciclovir 210 mg (5 mg/kg) every 12 hours for 14 days, and the diarrhea resolved after approximately 8 days of therapy. This is the first reported case of CMV colitis associated with combination 5-fluorouracil and interferon-alpha therapy.
Limnetic total phosphorus transfer functions for lake management: considerations about their design, use, and effectiveness

Regulatory agencies often rely on paleolimnological studies for models that predict variables pertinent to nutrient loading or to public perception. Limitations of statistical approaches often pose significant challenges. We present a case study from Florida USA that involves diatom-based inference models derived from two calibration sets. Spatial autocorrelation conclusions differed with methods and approaches, and h block cross validation was unduly pessimistic. Calibration sets and temporal sets represent fundamentally different populations. The accuracy and precision of temporal inferences for specific lakes can be affected by site-specific factors, and are not likely to be known with the certainty suggested by models. Error terms can provide a false sense of knowledge about the reliability of inferences for temporal samples. Broad error terms for limnetic total phosphorus models have little or no utility in any event. Limnetic total P models can perform poorly when applied to N-limited lakes. Transfer functions should be regarded more as qualitative indicators of past water quality rather than methods with known precision, and more emphasis should be placed on multiple lines of evidence and ecological interpretations.
Competent Chick Ectoderm: Nonspecific Response to RNA

Presumptive chick neuroectoderm responds to RNA from brain and heart by forming neural tubes, but it does not respond to liver RNA. This dif ferential response can be correlated with the presence of Folin-positive material in those RNA preparations which elicit the formation of neural structures.
Dehn fillings of 3-manifolds and non-persistent tori☆

Abstract We prove that if M is a connected, compact, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold with incompressible torus boundary and r is a planar boundary slope in ∂M , then either M contains an essential non-persistent torus with boundary slope r, or a closed essential torus which compresses in the Dehn filling M ( r ), or M ( r ) is `small' (meaning M ( r ) is a manifold of the form L # L ′, where each factor L , L ′ is either S 3 , S 1 × S 2 , or a lens space). We also give an example of an infinite family of hyperbolic manifolds with torus boundary, each of which contains two essential non-persistent punctured tori of distinct boundary slopes associated to two reducible Dehn fillings. The main result may also be applied to give a condition under which a knot in S 3 with a reducible surgery must be cabled. We further study the reducible surgeries on knots in S 3 , and show that each prime factor in such a surgery is, with at most one exception, a lens space.
Reliability Assessment of Smart Grid Considering Direct Cyber-Power Interdependencies

Smart grid initiatives are becoming more and more achievable through the use of information infrastructures that feature peer-to-peer communication, monitoring, protection and automated control. The analysis of smart grid operation requires considering the reliability of the cyber network as it is neither invulnerable nor failure free. This paper quantitatively evaluates the reliability of modern power systems, which incorporates the impact of cyber network failures on the reliability of the power network. In this paper, four types of interdependencies are defined and a new concept of state mapping is proposed to map the failures in the cyber network to the failures of the power network. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the impact of direct cyber-power interdependencies on the reliability indices, two optimization models are introduced to maximize the data connection in the cyber network and minimize the load shedding in the power network. The effectiveness of proposed reliability evaluation method is shown by a smart microgrid application. The methodology presented in this paper is a start point to optimize the future power grid which has increasingly interdependencies between cyber and power networks.
A twin study of genetic and environmental influences on the intake of fluids and beverages

Abstract The heritability of fluid and beverage intake was investigated with 109 identical and 86 fraternal adult twin pairs who were paid to maintain 7-day diaries of everything they either ate or drank. Both classical analysis of heritability and linear structural modeling revealed that the amount of fluids ingested daily or in bouts is strongly influenced by heredity in males and by familial environment in females. This was true for the total amount of water ingested, regardless of source, the amount of fluid ingested in excess of digestive requirements, and the amount ingested in the form of drinks. Linear structural modeling revealed that these influences act primarily on the overall total intake of fluids and affect drink fluid intake only indirectly. Significant influences of the genes and the environment were also found on the ingestion of particular beverages, independent of the effects of age and the total intake of fluids. In particular, significant genetic influences were indentified on the intake of alcohol, sugared soda, coffee, and milk, and significant familial environmental influences on the intake of diet soda and fruit juice. These results suggest that both the amounts and the types of fluids ingested are complexly influenced by heredity and the environment, depending upon the gender of the individual and the type of beverage investigated.
XXXI. The electrical resonance of metal particles for light-waves. Third communication

(1903). XXXI. The electrical resonance of metal particles for light-waves. Third communication. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 6, No. 32, pp. 259-266.
Hemodynamic Effects of Labetalol in Young and Older Adult Hypertensives

Twenty young (45 years or younger) and 20 older (55 years or older) adult patients with mild hypertension were enrolled in this study to compare the hemodynamic effects of labetalol versus placebo in two age groups. Ten patients in each group were randomly assigned to receive either a single oral dose of labetalol (200 mg) or placebo. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded immediately before and two hours after ingestion. Labetalol was more effective than placebo in significantly lowering systolic blood pressure (-11 versus + 5 mm Hg, -23 versus + 4 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (-9 versus + 2 mm Hg, -12 versus + 5 mm Hg), and total systemic resistance (-259 versus + 42 dynes-sec cm-5, -390 versus + 74 dynes-sec cm-5) in young and older hypertensive subjects, respectively. There was no significant changes in heart rate, stroke volume index, or cardiac index in either age group. These data indicate that labetalol lowers blood pressure in young an older hypertensives primarily by reducing peripheral resistance and that the antihypertensive effect may be somewhat greater in older patients.
Selective de-protection of silyl ethers

Abstract Pyridinium p -toluenesulfonate has been found to remove t -butyldimethylsilyl ethers selectively in the presence of t -butyldiphenylsilyl ethers. This methodology should find wide applicability in complex organic synthesis.
Magnetic Influence on the Stability of Luminous Stellar Envelopes

Turbulence in the convective outer envelope of a luminous post-main-sequence star probably shreds any magnetic field that is buoyed up from the radiative region below and probably also generates small local magnetic fields. These magnetic structures would consist of well-tangled field lines, but could at most attain a steady state strength based on a near equipartition of their mean energy with the turbulent kinetic energy. Even assuming the maximum possible strength, the magnetic fields turn out to be too weak to affect significantly the dynamical stability of the envelope. This is a consequence as much of the low value of the field strength as of the fact that the field responds hydrodynamically to radial perturbations in the same manner as a gas with an adiabatic exponent of 4/3. Furthermore, fields this small are found to barely affect the radiative stability of the envelope. If the strongest magnetic components could safely reach the atmosphere, however, they might exert a noticeable effect there, or if the whole radiative interior were permeated with a strong magnetic field, very rapid mass loss at the surface might keep the outer layers strongly magnetic at all times before turbulence could break up the field lines. Otherwise, the bulk of the outer envelopes in stars such as yellow hypergiants, luminous blue variables, and hydrogen-poor Wolf-Rayet stars are not expected to be strongly magnetic.
IONIZATION EXPANSION OF COMPACTED SILICA AND THE THEORY OF RADIATION- INDUCED DILATATIONS IN VITREOUS SILICA

Vitreous silica compacted by pressure at room temperature expands at a very rapid rate when irradiated with soft x rays or in a reactor, about in the ratio of the ionization doses received. A dose \ensuremath{\sim}\textonehalf{} ${10}^{22}$ eV/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ (i.e., ${10}^{8}$R) of absorbed ionization energy caused the "release" of about 1/3 of the compaction.It is shown that the effect cannot be explained as a static electrostatic effect or a transient general thermal annealing effect (thermal spike). It must be a rapid transient effect associated with the local distortion or energy deposition of the ionization event. The efficiency of the process indicates that each ionization in moderately pressure-compacted silica (4-9%) must be effective or multiply-effective in "releasing" compaction. The relation of the compacted states of silica---pressure compacted, radiation compacted, shock wave compacted---is discussed.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae F-Box Protein Dia2 Is a Mediator of S-Phase Checkpoint Recovery from DNA Damage

Cell-cycle progression is monitored by checkpoint pathways that pause the cell cycle when stress arises to threaten the integrity of the genome. Although activation of checkpoint pathways has been extensively studied, our understanding of how cells resume the cell cycle when the stress is resolved is relatively limited. In this study, we identify the Saccharomyces cerevisiae F-box protein Dia2 as a novel player in the S-phase checkpoint recovery pathway. Dia2 is required for robust deactivation of the Rad53 checkpoint kinase and timely completion of DNA replication during recovery from DNA damage induced by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Aiming to identify the substrate of SCFDia2 (Skp1/Cul1/F-box Dia2) in checkpoint recovery, we performed a genetic screen to identify suppressors of dia2Δ cells. The screen identified a new checkpoint-defective allele of MRC1 truncated at the C terminus. We found that checkpoint-defective mrc1 alleles suppress the MMS sensitivity and the checkpoint recovery defect of dia2Δ cells. In addition, Dia2 contributes to Mrc1 degradation during S-phase checkpoint recovery. Furthermore, induced degradation of checkpoint-functional Mrc1 partially rescues the checkpoint recovery defect of dia2Δ cells. We propose a model in which Dia2 mediates Mrc1 degradation to help cells resume the cell cycle during recovery from MMS-induced DNA damage in S-phase.
Race, Issue Heterogeneity and Public Policy: The Republican Revolution in the 104th US Congress and the Representation of African-American Policy Interests

Does the voting behaviour of African-American legislators differ significantly from their white colleagues on legislative issues of importance to the black community? This question is important for two reasons. First, the underlying premise behind creating more majority-black legislative districts is that black legislators do a better job of representing the policy interests of black constituents than do white lawmakers. Charles Cameron, David Epstein and Sharyn O'Halloran, ‘Do Majority-Minority Districts Maximize Substantive Black Representation in Congress?’ American Political Science Review , 90 (1996), 794–812; Richard L. Hall and Colleen Heflin, ‘The Importance of Color in Congress: Members and the Representation of Race and Ethnicity in the US House’ (unpublished paper, University of Michigan, 1994); David I. Lublin, The Paradox of Minority Representation: Racial Gerrymandering and Minority Interests in Congress (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997); Kenny J. Whitby, The Color of Representation: Congressional Behavior and Black Interests (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997). If this assumption is incorrect, then as one scholar notes, efforts to advance the substantive interests of African Americans through racial redistricting ‘would appear badly misdirected’ Richard L. Hall, Participation in Congress (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 191. Even if the assumption is correct, the question also arises as to whether the importance associated with race is altered when it comes to specific types of legislative issues. Perhaps race matters not only for the policy representation of black interests, but also for whether or not the proposed legislation is disproportionately (dis)advantageous for African Americans compared to the general population.
Development, validation, and comparison of ICA-based gradient artifact reduction algorithms for simultaneous EEG-spiral in/out and echo-planar fMRI recordings

Abstract EEG data acquired in an MRI scanner are heavily contaminated by gradient artifacts that can significantly compromise signal quality. We developed two new methods based on independent component analysis (ICA) for reducing gradient artifacts from spiral in–out and echo-planar pulse sequences at 3 T, and compared our algorithms with four other commonly used methods: average artifact subtraction (Allen, P., Josephs, O., Turner, R., 2000. A method for removing imaging artifact from continuous EEG recorded during functional MRI. NeuroImage 12, 230–239.), principal component analysis (Niazy, R., Beckmann, C., Iannetti, G., Brady, J., Smith, S., 2005. Removal of FMRI environment artifacts from EEG data using optimal basis sets. NeuroImage 28, 720–737.), Taylor series ( Wan, X., Iwata, K., Riera, J., Kitamura, M., Kawashima, R., 2006. Artifact reduction for simultaneous EEG/fMRI recording: adaptive FIR reduction of imaging artifacts. Clin. Neurophysiol. 117, 681–692.) and a conventional temporal ICA algorithm. Models of gradient artifacts were derived from simulations as well as a water phantom and performance of each method was evaluated on datasets constructed using visual event-related potentials (ERPs) as well as resting EEG. Our new methods recovered ERPs and resting EEG below the beta band ( 4). Our algorithms outperformed all of these methods on resting EEG in the theta and alpha bands (SNR > 4); however, for all methods, signal recovery was modest (SNR ∼ 1) in the beta band and poor (SNR
Slicing for modern program structures: a theory for eliminating irrelevant loops

Slicing is a program transformation technique with numerous applications, as it allows the user to focus on the parts of a program that are relevant for a given purpose. Ideally, the slice program should have the same termination properties as the original program, but to keep the slices manageable, it might be preferable to slice away loops that do not affect the values of relevant variables. This paper provides the first theoretical foundation to reason about non-termination insensitive slicing without assuming the presence of a unique end node. A slice is required to be closed under data dependence and under a recently proposed variant of control dependence, called weak order dependence. This allows a simulation-based correctness proof for a correctness criterion stating that the observational behavior of the original program must be a prefix of the behavior of the slice program.
School Quality and High School Seniors' Attitudes toward Academic Coursework.

AbstractA widely held assumption among educators seems to be that quality schools enjoy a student population displaying positive attitudes toward their coursework, whereas schools at the edge of educational failure serve students who are not similarly disposed. We designed this study to test the above assumption and to identify the direct and indirect effects leading to student attitudes. We conducted a survey of over 2,500 students in good and bad urban secondary schools. Findings revealed that student attitudes toward academic coursework were highly positive regardless of school quality, but to a large extent were significantly more positive in schools of lesser quality. The paths that lead to student attitudes also were different in schools of unlike quality.
THE TIME OF THE SELF AND THE TIME OF THE OTHER

What is time? This essay offers an attempt to think again about this oldest of philosophical questions by engaging David Hoy's recent book, The Time of Our Lives: A Critical History of Temporality, which proposes a “history of time-consciousness” in twentieth-century European philosophy. Hoy's book traces the turn-of-the-century debate between Husserl and Bergson about the different senses of time across the various configurations of hermeneutics, deconstruction, poststructuralism, and feminist theory. For him, what is at stake in such a project is to distinguish between the scientific-objective “time of the universe” and the phenomenology of human temporality, “the time of our lives.” Hoy's approach is to organize his book around the three tenses of time—past/present/future—and to view objective-scientific time as derived from the more primordial forms of temporalizing lived experience that occur in our interpretation of time. In my reading of Hoy's work, I attempt to explore how “time” (lived, experiential, phenomenological) can be read not in terms of “consciousness” (Hoy's thematic), but in terms of the self's relationship with an Other. That is, my aim is less to establish a continental tradition about time-consciousness, understood through the methods of genealogy, phenomenology, or critical theory, than it is to situate the problem of time in terms of an ethics of the Other. In simple terms, I read Hoy's project as too bound up with an egological interpretation of consciousness. By reflecting on time through the relationship to the Other rather than as a mode of the self's own “time-consciousness,” I attempt to think through the ethical consequences for understanding temporality and its connection to justice.
High throughput proteome-wide precision measurements of protein expression using mass spectrometry

In contrast to a cell's virtually static genome, the proteome, the protein complement expressed by an organism, continually changes in response to external stimuli and internal processes. Global gene expression analysis at the mRNA level (i.e., transcriptome) has recently become feasible based on the serial analysis of gene expression and oligonucleotide micro-array assays. These techniques allow the activation states of thousands of genes to be polled simultaneously for a tissue or cell population. However, assays that measure mRNA abundances rather than the functional gene products (i.e., proteins) are uninformative with regard to protein modifications, and can poorly reflect protein abundances due to differences in stabilities, expression rates, etc., for both the mRNAs and proteins. The authors have developed an approach utilizing organisms cultured in stable-isotope labeled media (e.g., rare-isotope depleted and normal) to provide effective internal calibrants for all detected proteins, thus enabling precise proteome-wide measurement of changes in protein abundances resulting from cellular perturbations. The two (or more) isotopically distinctive cell populations are mixed prior to sample processing steps, eliminating all experimental variables associated with cell lysis, separation, and mass spectrometric analysis. Changes in relative protein abundances are thus precisely reflected by the ratio of two isotopically different andmore » resolvable versions of each protein.« less
Motor neurons rapidly accumulate DNA single-strand breaks after in vitro exposure to nitric oxide and peroxynitrite and in vivo axotomy

The mechanisms of neuronal degeneration in motor neuron disease are not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress in vitro and axotomy in vivo induce single-strand breaks (SSB) in DNA, a form of early DNA damage, in adult motor neurons early during their degeneration. We developed and characterized a novel cell suspension system enriched in motor neurons from adult rat spinal cord ventral horn. This cell system is approximately 84% neurons, with approximately 86% of these neurons being motor neurons; approximately 72% of these motor neurons are alpha-motor neurons. Motor neuron viability in suspension is approximately 100% immediately after isolation and approximately 61% after 12 hours of incubation. During incubation, isolated motor neurons generate high levels of superoxide. We used single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) to detect DNA-SSB in motor neurons. Exposure of motor neurons to nitric oxide (NO) donors (sodium nitroprusside or NONOate), H2O2, or NO donor plus H2O2 rapidly induces DNA-SSB and causes motor neuron degeneration, the occurrence of which is dose and time related, as represented by comet formation and cell loss. Motor neuron toxicity is potentiated by cotreatment with NO donor and H2O2 (at nontoxic concentrations alone). Peroxynitrite causes DNA-SSB in motor neurons. The DNA damage profiles (shown by the comet morphology and moment) of NO donors, NO donor plus H2O2, and peroxynitrite are similar. In an in vivo model of motor neuron apoptosis, DNA-SSB accumulate slowly in avulsed motor neurons before apoptotic nuclear features emerge, and the comet fingerprint is similar to NO toxicity. We conclude that motor neurons challenged by oxidative stress and axotomy accumulate DNA-SSB early in their degeneration and that the formation of peroxynitrite is involved in the mechanisms.
Challenge End-Plugged FRC Concept

A fusion concept is proposed in which plug mirror cells are applied at the ends of a field-reversed configuration (FRC) to improve overall confinement by reducing the end-loss rate in the scrape-off layer. As such this combines a closed “toroidal” system with an open “mirror” system. Arguments are presented that the plug cells would produce a dramatic increase in confinement of the FRC itself, as well as being significantly better than a stand-alone mirror system. This approach is based on more-or-less existing technology and does not require pulsed, high-density operation.
The Persistence of Experimentally Induced Cognitive Change: A Neglected Dimension in the Assessment of Drug Prevention Programs

Evaluations of alcohol education programs employing social psychological principles in an attempt to persuade subjects to adopt a favorable attitude toward responsible alcohol use have been mixed—some show attitude change while others find no significant impact. This inconsistency in the research literature may be a joint result of an unsystematic implementation of factors known to influence persuasion, and a neglect to study the persistence of experimentally induced attitude change. The present study, though a randomized split-plot design, sought to provide data relevant to a partial resolution of these inconsistencies. The results indicated that knowledge retention was greater under conditions of a “credible” communicator and under conditions of “low” fear appeal and, that these effects persisted through time. The findings regarding attitude change were somewhat disappointing—no significant differences were found upon post-experimental assessment and no significant differences emerged with the passage o...
A clinical therapeutic protein drug–drug interaction study: coadministration of denosumab and midazolam in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

Drug-disease interactions involving therapeutic proteins that target cytokines and potentially impact cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes have been of increased interest to drug regulatory agencies and industry sponsors in recent years. This parallel-group open-label study evaluated the effects of the monoclonal antibody denosumab, an inhibitor of the cytokine RANKL, on the pharmacokinetics of the probe CYP3A4 substrate midazolam in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The pharmacokinetics of a 2 mg oral dose of midazolam was evaluated on days 1 and 16. Subjects in Group A received a 60 mg subcutaneous dose of denosumab on day 2, 2 weeks before the second midazolam dose, while subjects in Group B did not. For Group A (n = 17), point estimates for the ratio of least square means for midazolam exposures based on maximum observed plasma concentration (C max) and areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCs) on day 16 versus day 1 ranged from 1.02 to 1.04 and 90% confidence intervals were within 0.80-1.25. No period effect was observed for Group B (n = 8). Midazolam and denosumab coadministration was safe and well tolerated. Inhibition of the cytokine RANKL by denosumab does not affect CYP3A4 in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and will not alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. These results are consistent with data suggesting that RANKL does not impact markers of inflammation and represent the first clinical data demonstrating a lack of effect on CYP3A4 of a therapeutic protein that is a cytokine modulator.
Treatment Engagement Using Motivational Interviewing for Low-Income, Ethnically Diverse Mothers with Postpartum Depression

Postpartum depression (PPD) places women, and their children, at risk for many untoward outcomes including lack of responsivity, low self-efficacy, and insecure infant attachment. Especially at risk for untreated PPD are low-income, ethnically diverse mothers. Seeking and accepting treatment for depression may be impeded by the many psychological and social barriers that mothers may bring with them. Obstacles might include a lack of resources (e.g., lack of transportation or child care), stigma, distrust, and a lack of knowledge about stress and depression. To reduce these and other barriers to treatment, this paper points to the value of utilizing motivational interviewing techniques to engage and retain low-income, ethnically diverse women for treatment of PPD. Following a review of PPD and related barriers to treatment, a case study is presented with example dialogue. The suggestions for practice represent starting points for effective engagement of women in any number of treatments provided by social and health services settings. With federal mandates to screen for depression in many settings and to provide treatment, using motivational interviewing may be an effective prelude to treatment adherence.
Role of electron localization in intense-field molecular ionization.

The rate of nonlinear ionization is strongly enhanced as a molecule is stretched beyond its equilibrium internuclear separation, reaching a peak rate that is many orders of magnitude greater than that at either small or large distances. The enhancement results from nonadiabatic electron localization near the nuclei and its presence is insensitive to the laser frequency and intensity. Most intense-field dissociative ionization experiments are influenced by this effect.
Competitive strategies for service businesses

Abstract The Journal's American Editor writes to introduce a group of articles on the theme ‘Competitive Strategies for Service Businesses’. With the globalization of economic activity, productivity is of immediate concern to business worldwide—and as much in the service industries as in manufacturing. As competition intensifies, industries are re-structured and new technologies are introduced, strategic planning and competitive strategy have an important role to play. The following articles examine the role of planning in the service industries.
Identification of lactoferrin-binding proteins in bovine mastitis-causing Streptococcus uberis

All strains of Streptococcus uberis evaluated bound to lactoferrin (Lf) in milk as detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. A biotin-avidin-based microplate binding assay and ELISA also revealed that these bacterial strains bound to purified Lf. Binding of bacteria to Lf was not inhibited by mannose and galactose, indicating that glycosidic domains of the Lf molecule were not involved in binding. Lf binding was also unaffected by bovine transferrin. Western blot analysis demonstrated that there were at least two bacterial proteins involved in Lf-binding. Lf binding by S. uberis could enable this bacterium to acquire iron necessary for its growth.
Application of adjoint sensitivity analysis to nuclear reactor fuel rod performance

Abstract Adjoint sensitivity analysis in nuclear fuel behavior modeling is extended to operate on the entire power history for both Zircaloy and stainless steel cladding via the computer codes FCODE-ALPHA/SS and SCODE/SS. The sensitivities of key variables to input parameters are found to be highly non-intuitive and strongly dependent on the fuel-clad gap status and the history of the fuel during the cycle. The sensitivities of five key variables, clad circumferential stress and strain, fission gas release, fuel centerline temperature and fuel-clad gap, to eleven input parameters are studied. The most important input parameters (yielding significances between 1 and 100) are fabricated clad inner and outer radii and fuel radius. The least important significances (less than 0.01) are the time since reactor start-up and fuel burnup densification rate. Intermediate to these are fabricated fuel porosity, linear heat generation rate, the power history scale factor, clad outer temperature, fill gas pressure and coolant pressure. Stainless steel and Zircaloy have similar sensitivities at start-up but these diverge as burnup proceeds due to the effect of the higher creep rate of Zircaloy which causes the system to be more responsive to changes in input parameters. The value of adjoint sensitivity analysis lies in its capability of uncovering dependencies of fuel variables on input parameters that cannot be determined by a sequential thought process.
Nitric Oxide Protects Venules Against Histamine‐Induced Leaks

Objective:The goal of the present study was to investigate the prophylactic role of nitric oxide (NO) in the mesenteric microvasculature in preventing microvascular leakage subsequent to histamine application, and to evaluate the response of mast cells during these conditions. Methods:Regions of the rat mesenteric microcirculation were flushed free of blood and pretreated with either the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP 10−6 M) or Hepes-buffered saline containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin (HBS-BSA) for 15 minutes, then exposed to histamine (10−3 M) for another three minutes. In another set of experiments, the microvasculature was treated with either histamine (10−3 M) for three minutes or SNP (10−6 M) for 15 minutes. A control group was treated with HBS-BSA for 15 minutes. Results:The protective role of NO was evaluated by its ability to reduce or prevent histamine-induced venular leaks. Mesenteric microvessels pretreated with SNP before histamine suffusion showed a significant decrease in bot...