cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of commented vs. uncommented samples from the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet)

Ambient gaseous and particulate concentration data from the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) dry deposition monitoring program are examined with respect to whether data from samples containing comment codes may be different than data from samples with no codes. The questions of whether commented samples may yield values that appear to be too high and whether concentrations from samples with wet filters differ from those from uncommented samples are addressed. Data were analyzed for each of the various monitored chemical species on a site-by-site basis. Generally, the results suggest that there are differences between samples that have comments and those that do not.
Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of four Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease patients

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence was determined on 3 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibiting AD plus Parkinson's disease (PD) neuropathologic changes and one patient with PD. Patient mtDNA sequences were compared to the standard Cambridge sequence to identify base changes. In the first AD+PD patient, 2 of the 15 nucleotide substitutions may contribute to the neuropathology, a nucleotide pair (np) 4336 transition in the tRNA(Gln) gene found 7.4 times more frequently in patients than in controls, and a unique np 721 transition in the 12S rRNA gene which was not found in 70 other patients or 905 controls. In the second AD+PD patient, 27 nucleotide substitutions were detected, including an np 3397 transition in the ND1 gene which converts a conserved methionine to a valine. In the third AD+PD patient, 2 polymorphic base substitutions frequently found at increased frequency in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy patients were observed, an np 4216 transition in ND1 and an np 13708 transition in the ND5 gene. For the PD patient, 2 novel variants were observed among 25 base substitutions, an np 1709 substitution in the 16S rRNA gene and an np 15851 missense mutation in the cytb gene. Further studies will be required to demonstrate a causal role for these base substitutions in neurodegenerative disease.
Multiresolution Ensemble Forecasts of an Observed Tornadic Thunderstorm System. Part II: Storm-Scale Experiments

Abstract In Part I, the authors used a full physics, nonhydrostatic numerical model with horizontal grid spacing of 24 km and nested grids of 6- and 3-km spacing to generate the ensemble forecasts of an observed tornadic thunderstorm complex. The principal goal was to quantify the value added by fine grid spacing, as well as the assimilation of Doppler radar data, in both probabilistic and deterministic frameworks. The present paper focuses exclusively on 3-km horizontal grid spacing ensembles and the associated impacts on the forecast quality of temporal forecast sequencing, the construction of initial perturbations, and data assimilation. As in Part I, the authors employ a modified form of the scaled lagged average forecasting technique and use Stage IV accumulated precipitation estimates for verification. The ensemble mean and spread of accumulated precipitation are found to be similar in structure, mimicking their behavior in global models. Both the assimilation of Doppler radar data and the use of sh...
Biodegradable Nanoparticle Flocculates for Dry Powder Aerosol Formulation

Uncontrolled agglomeration presents a formidable encumbrance to nanoparticle formulation as a dry powder for inhalation therapy. Spray-drying and freeze-drying of nanosuspensions has demonstrated some success in creating dry powders composed of agglomerated nanoparticles with appropriate aerodynamic properties. These controlled drying processes, however, may require an undesirable amount of excipient to maintain an active therapeutic while generating dry powders and may not offer the desired control over agglomerate size and aerosolizability. As a potential alternative approach, a method for flocculating nanoparticles in solution followed by freeze-drying is reported. Biodegradable poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles were self-assembled into flocs via electrostatic interactions between nanoparticles coated with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. The size of the nanoparticle flocs was readily controlled by manipulating the mixing ratio of charged nanoparticles. Freeze-drying the flocculated na...
Teaching Gender in International Relations

What are “feminisms” and how might teaching them contribute to IR pedagogy? For the field of international relations, feminisms contribute both a methodology and a deep normative critique. This piece argues that teaching gender analysis as critique is an indispensable pedagogical tool and outlines three means by which it might be mainstreamed into IR teaching.
Comparison between immediately and next day post RF ablation MRI in patients with atrial fibrillation

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia affecting more than 5 million people in North America and Europe. Radio-frequency ablation (RFA) is effective in symptomatic, drug refractory AF. Reported success rates of the procedure vary significantly with AF recurrences ranging from 25-40%. The transmural extent of left atrial (LA) wall injury is difficult to assess with conventional electro-physiological (EP) measurements. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and double inversion recovery T2-weighted TSE (DIR-T2w-TSE) and HASTE have been proposed to evaluate acute LA wall injury. In this study, we examine the evolution of acute (< 30 hours after RFA) atrial lesions in LGE and DIR-T2w-TSE MRI with time after the procedure. The main goals of this project are to study changes in acute lesion appearance with time after RF ablation and to determine the time interval after ablation when MRI achieves the best visibility of acute LA lesions.
A customizable approach to visual programming using dynamic multimodeling

There has always been a fine line separating the art of programming and dynamic modeling for simulation. This research attempts to bridge the two by explicitly defining how dynamic multimodeling methods, from the field of simulation, can be used to create computer programs. We investigate the relation between modeling and programming, especially from the field of UML. We also cover the elements of how programming language principles and theory can be manifested in dynamic systems, and illustrate this using a customizable visual modeling system.
Survival of Dendrosoter protuberans, a parasitoid of Scolytus multistriatus, in Colorado.

Overwintering survival of Dendrosoter protuberans (Nees) was studied in Colorado near Fort Collins and Denver. Survival was low in field-caged bolts of Ulmus americana and U. pumila in the Fort Collins studies. Peak mortality of D. protuberans occurred between December 1973, and January 1974, and may be associated with occurrence of low January temperatures (mean low of −11 °C). Percent parasitization, based on parasitoidbeetle emergence, in November-December collections was 11.3% for U. americana and 19.3% for U. pumila. January–March collections gave parasitization rates of 1.2% and 3.9%, respectively, for U. americana and U. pumila. Spring field emergence of D. protuberans occurred between March 28 and April 21, 1974. Free-flight releases made in the Denver metropolitan area during summer 1973 resulted in 0.2% overwintering parasitization based on spring 1974 emergence. The results of this study indicate that some D. protuberans can successfully overwinter in Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains and that it may be feasible to establish a resident population of this parasitoid in the area.
Myosin VA Movements in Normal and Dilute-Lethal Axons Provide Support for a Dual Filament Motor Complex

To investigate the role that myosin Va plays in axonal transport of organelles, myosin Va–associated organelle movements were monitored in living neurons using microinjected fluorescently labeled antibodies to myosin Va or expression of a green fluorescent protein–myosin Va tail construct. Myosin Va–associated organelles made rapid bi-directional movements in both normal and dilute-lethal (myosin Va null) neurites. In normal neurons, depolymerization of microtubules by nocodazole slowed, but did not stop movement. In contrast, depolymerization of microtubules in dilute-lethal neurons stopped movement. Myosin Va or synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2), which partially colocalizes with myosin Va on organelles, did not accumulate in dilute-lethal neuronal cell bodies because of an anterograde bias associated with organelle transport. However, SV2 showed peripheral accumulations in axon regions of dilute-lethal neurons rich in tyrosinated tubulin. This suggests that myosin Va–associated organelles become stranded in regions rich in dynamic microtubule endings. Consistent with these observations, presynaptic terminals of cerebellar granule cells in dilute-lethal mice showed increased cross-sectional area, and had greater numbers of both synaptic and larger SV2 positive vesicles. Together, these results indicate that myosin Va binds to organelles that are transported in axons along microtubules. This is consistent with both actin- and microtubule-based motors being present on these organelles. Although myosin V activity is not necessary for long-range transport in axons, myosin Va activity is necessary for local movement or processing of organelles in regions, such as presynaptic terminals that lack microtubules.
Adaptive value within natural language discourse

A trait is of adaptive value if it confers a fitness advantage to its possessor. Thus adaptiveness is an ahistorical identification of a trait affording some selective advantage to an agent within some particular environment. In results reported here we identify a trait within natural language discourse as having adaptive value by computing a trait/fitness covariance; the possession of the trait correlates with the replication success of the trait’s possessor. We show that the trait covaries with fitness across multiple unrelated discursive groups. In our analysis the trait in question is a particular statistically derived word-in-context, that is, a word set. Variation of the word-usage is measured as the relative presence of the word set within a particular text, that is, the percentage of the text devoted to this set of words. Fitness is measured as the rate in which the text is responded to, or replicates, within an online environment. Thus we are studying the micro-evolutionary dynamics of natural language discourse.
Performance improvement of a 3D inspection process

The performance of a 3-D inspection process as measured in terms of accuracy and repeatability of point cloud data obtained through the process is of great importance for proper utilization of data. This paper attempts to characterize effect of different operating conditions on system performance and to estimate a set of best operating conditions for the Capture Geometry Inside system CSS-1000. The system consists of a milling machine to cut the part one layer at a time and a vision system made up of a line-scan camera and associated software to capture images of the cut surfaces. These images are stacked to construct a 3-D point cloud data of the part. The mill-head rotation speed, milling feed rate and part orientation are some of the operating conditions studied. Accuracy is measured by comparing measured dimensions of the part with dimensions obtained from the process while spread of point cloud data from the best-fit plane on a surface provides a measure of repeatability. Tests were done on parts made up of two different materials: Aluminum and Delrin®, under two different sets of operating conditions. The results show improvement in accuracy under the new set of operating conditions for aluminum parts while repeatability improves for Delrin parts.
Sensitivity analysis and comparison of algorithms in preventive maintenance and replacement scheduling optimization models

In this research, new optimization models are developed to determine the optimal preventive maintenance and replacement schedules in repairable and maintainable systems. The objective is to determine a plan of actions for each component in the system while minimizing the total cost and maximizing overall system reliability over the planning horizon. Experimental results of a sensitivity analysis on the optimization models are presented and evaluated. These experiments investigate the effect of the parameters on the structure of optimal preventive maintenance and replacement schedules in multi-component systems. Two factorial design experiments based on the cost associated with maintenance and replacement activities and reliability characteristic parameters are constructed and analyzed. In addition, a comprehensive experiment is designed to analyze and compare the efficiency and accuracy of the exact and metaheuristic algorithms.
Sex differences in the ontogeny of sleep apnea during the first year of life.

Abstract Respiration and behavioral sleep states were studied in full term, normal infants under natural circumstances over the first year of life. Sixteen male and 12 female infants were observed during an interfeeding period in the hospital at 2 days of age; in the home during a 7-hr period whenever the infants were put down to nap on weeks 2, 3, 4, and 5; and in the home during the first 2 hr of overnight sleep at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. From analog recordings of respiration, all apneic episodes, or respiratory pauses, of 2 sec or longer were measured. Analyses of these data were made for active and quiet sleep states separately. During active sleep, female infants had higher frequencies of apneic episodes and greater total duration of apnea during observations at all ages through 6 months of age; during quiet sleep females had greater frequency and duration of apnea through 3 months of age. The two sexes did not differ with respect to the mean length of apneic episodes in either sleep state. However, females had longer single apneic episodes in both sleep states throughout the first year. The two sexes also differed in their predictability of apnea levels. Female infants were predictable at all ages from one observation to another throughout the first year of life. For the male infants, there were significant correlations within the first 5 weeks and between 6 months and 12 months; however, the correlations from between the first 5 weeks and 6 months were not significant. The results of this study of infants during naturally occurring sleep periods indicate a differential ontogeny of apnea in normal male and female infants. Females had higher levels of apnea and more predictable apnea characteristics than males through 6 months of age. These early sex differences in respiratory function may have implications for the occurrence of SIDS, which has the highest incidence during the first 6 months of life.
Temporomandibular disorders. Part I: Functional status, dentomorphologic features, and sex differences in a nonpatient population

Freshman dental and dental hygiene students, 120 men and 102 women (mean age 23.9 years), were assessed for the presence of masticatory pain or dysfunction by questionnaire, clinical examination, and evaluation of dental casts according to strict criteria. The purpose was to identify and analyze the level of signs and symptoms in a nonpatient population and describe occlusal variation. The prevalence of TMJ signs and symptoms was notable even though two thirds reported only mild or early symptoms, with only 3% reporting severe symptoms. This population was noted for the absence of locking, the low frequency of severe pain or severe TMJ dysfunction, and the low prevalence of restricted ranges of mandibular movement and TMJ crepitation. Women showed significantly more headache, TMJ clicking and tenderness, and muscle tenderness than men. Men were noted for the absence of severe and widespread muscle tenderness and severe TMJ tenderness. TMJ clicking was not always clinically confirmable in subjects with widespread muscle tenderness. This group was considered compatible with previous epidemiologic findings, and also matches the age range of most subjects seeking treatment for TMJ disorders. Therefore, the subjects in the study were considered a representative group of young adults and suitable for study of the possible associations between early signs of TMJ disorders and variables of morphologic malocclusion, which are discussed in Parts II and III of this article.
Magnetic particle motions within living cells. Physical theory and techniques

Body tissues are not ferromagnetic, but ferromagnetic particles can be present as contaminants or as probes in the lungs and in other organs. The magnetic domains of these particles can be aligned by momentary application of an external magnetic field; the magnitude and time course of the resultant remanent field depend on the quantity of magnetic material and the degree of particle motion. The interpretation of magnetometric data requires an understanding of particle magnetization, agglomeration, random motion, and both rotation and translation in response to magnetic fields. We present physical principles relevant to magnetometry and suggest models for intracellular particle motion driven by thermal, elastic, or cellular forces. The design principles of instrumentation for magnetizing intracellular particles and for detecting weak remanent magnetic fields are described. Such magnetic measurements can be used for noninvasive studies of particle clearance from the body or of particle motion within body tissues and cells. Assumptions inherent to this experimental approach and possible sources of artifact are considered and evaluated.
Alcohol, anxiolytics and social stress in rats.

The main objective was to compare the anxiolytic-like profiles of alcohol, diazepam and gepirone along the stress intensity gradient which characterizes consecutive phases of a social confrontation. The acute social stress situation consisted of initially placing the experimental rat as an intruder into the homecage of a resident while the resident was not present, termed the “anticipatory” phase, thereafter permitting brief physical agonistic interactions with the re-introduced resident until the intruder was forced into a submissive supine posture and emitted ultrasonic vocalizations (USV), and eventually exposing the intruder to the resident's threats for 1 h, while being shielded from potential injurious attacks. The hyperthermia, measured via telemetry, in the “anticipatory” phase prior to defeat and in reaction to threats, was decreased by alcohol, gepirone and diazepam; alcohol and gepirone were also effective in attenuating “anticipatory” tachycardia. Alcohol, like gepirone and diazepam, also decreased defensive responses and ultrasonic vocalizations in the “anticipatory” phase of the confrontation, but none of these drugs affected defensive reactions to threats which immediately followed defeat. Gepirone had no systematic sedative effects throughout the confrontation; infact, it dose-dependently reduced the stress-induced suppression of locomotor activity during the “anticipatory” phase. In contrast, at higher doses, alcohol as well as diazepam had marked sedative effects as evidenced by several behavioral parameters (i.e. lie, crouch, walk). The anxiolytic-like profile of hyperthermia, tachycardia, USV and defensive behavior in the “anticipatory” phase of the confrontation by alcohol, gepirone and diazepam contrasted with the lack thereof during the more intense reactive phase. This differential pattern of effects appears to be relevant to the clinical distinctions between anticipatory anxiety and other affective disturbances.
THE NATURE OF MILITARY GEOGRAPHY

(1962). THE NATURE OF MILITARY GEOGRAPHY. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 7-12.
Scaling Law for Deep-Inelastic Hadronic Scattering

We point out that the dual-resonance model suggests a new scaling law for the inclusive reaction $A+B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X$ + anything at fixed production angle in the c.m. frame at high energies. The prediction is that ${s}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\mathrm{ln}{(\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dqd}\ensuremath{\Omega}})}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}$ approaches, up to a multiplicative constant, a universal function independent of $s$. The form of the function is simple and explicitly given. In the quasielastic limit this function approaches that predicted for wide-angle elastic scattering by the Veneziano model. Agreement with experiments is good.
Production of Interferon α by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Is Dependent on Induction of Autophagy

Macroautophagy (autophagy) is increasingly recognized as a critical component of the innate immune response against intracellular microbial pathogens. Recently, our laboratory identified an important role for autophagy in human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) infection and pathogenesis [1, 2]. During primary infection of CD4+ T lymphocytes and macrophages, HIV-1 downregulates autophagy [1, 3–6]. Reduced autophagy enables HIV-1 to remain within nonacidified endosomes, preventing killing of the virus and prolonging survival of infected cells [7]. In contrast to permissive HIV-1 infection, inactivated HIV-1 or gp120 can induce autophagy in susceptible cells, including bystander CD4+ lymphocytes and neurons, leading to cell death [1, 7, 8]. Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent 0.2%–0.5% of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and are known for their ability to produce large quantities of type I interferons (IFNs), up to 1000-fold more IFN-α than other cell types in response to stimulation by DNA or RNA viruses [9–11]. In response to a wide range of enveloped viruses, including HIV-1, pDCs respond with production of a broad range of IFN-α subtypes, as well as with IFN-β, IFN-k, IFN-w, and IFN-; proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6); and chemokines, including CXCL10, CCL4, and CCL5 [12]. Moreover, pDCs serve as a critical link between innate and adaptive immunity. HIV-1 induction of IFN-α by pDCs appears to be dependent on the interaction between gp160 and CD4 that orchestrates viral endocytosis and acidification. Once inside the endosome, HIV-1 RNA signals through Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), resulting in increased production of IFN-α [8, 13–19]. Whether pDCs are permissive for HIV-1 infection remains controversial, with evidence that, during infection, upregulation of the restriction factor APOBEC3G inhibits HIV-1 replication [5, 20–23]. Additionally, recently the cellular SAM domain HD domain-containing protein 1 has been identified as an important HIV-1 restriction factor present in dendritic and myeloid cells that makes them less permissive to HIV-1 infection [24, 25]. In the present study, we have examined the role of autophagy in the induction of IFN-α by pDCs. Our findings indicate that autophagy is critical for the production of IFN-α by human pDCs following challenge with HIV-1 and that signaling through TLR7 regulates this process.
Deception detection under varying electronic media and warning conditions

With an increasing amount of business-related tasks and decisions being supported by communication technology, it is important to understand and explore the vulnerabilities that may result from its use. One of these weaknesses is the transmission of deceptive information. Very little research investigating mediated deception and its detection exists, however. This paper reports the results of one such investigation. An experiment was conducted involving an interactive interview of deceitful applicants for a fictitious scholarship, using one of three different computer-based media. Results showed that people were extremely successful at deceiving others no matter what medium was used, and the only recipients of lies that had a realistic chance at uncovering lies were those who were warned beforehand. There were no differences in the number of false alarms issued by warned and unwarned receivers. Warned receivers also rated their electronic medium poorly. Possible implications of this study are offered.
Curcumin and obesity: evidence and mechanisms

The incidence of obesity is increasing worldwide and is hence considered a major public health concern. Obesity underlies the development of several metabolic complications including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and inflammation. Research on ways to slow the development of obesity have traditionally focused on dietary and lifestyle modifications such as restricting caloric intake and increasing physical activity. An area that has recently aroused considerable research interest is investigating the potential role of spices, particularly the Asian spice turmeric, for combating obesity. Curcumin is the active ingredient in turmeric. Evidence suggests curcumin may regulate lipid metabolism, which plays a central role in the development of obesity and its complications. The present review addresses the evidence and mechanisms by which curcumin may play a role in downregulating obesity and reducing the impact of associated problems.
The Role of Electron Microscopy in Studying the Continuum of Changes in Membranous Structures during Poliovirus Infection

Replication of the poliovirus genome is localized to cytoplasmic replication factories that are fashioned out of a mixture of viral proteins, scavenged cellular components, and new components that are synthesized within the cell due to viral manipulation/up-regulation of protein and phospholipid synthesis. These membranous replication factories are quite complex, and include markers from multiple cytoplasmic cellular organelles. This review focuses on the role of electron microscopy in advancing our understanding of poliovirus RNA replication factories. Structural data from the literature provide the basis for interpreting a wide range of biochemical studies that have been published on virus-induced lipid biosynthesis. In combination, structural and biochemical experiments elucidate the dramatic membrane remodeling that is a hallmark of poliovirus infection. Temporal and spatial membrane modifications throughout the infection cycle are discussed. Early electron microscopy studies of morphological changes following viral infection are re-considered in light of more recent data on viral manipulation of lipid and protein biosynthesis. These data suggest the existence of distinct subcellular vesicle populations, each of which serves specialized roles in poliovirus replication processes.
Toward ultralow-power computing at exteme with silicon carbide (SiC) nanoelectromechanical logic

Growing number of important application areas, including automotive and industrial applications as well as space, avionics, combustion engine, intelligent propulsion systems, and geo-thermal exploration require electronics that can work reliable at extreme conditions -- in particular at a temperature > 250°C and at high radiation (1-30 Mrad), where conventional electronics fail to work reliably. Traditionally, existing wideband-gap semiconductors, e.g., silicon carbide (SiC) transistor-based electronics have been considered most viable for high temperature and high radiation applications. However, the large-size, high threshold voltage, low switching speed and high leakage current make logic design with these devices unattractive. Additionally, the leakage current markedly increases at high temperature (in the range of 10 μA for a 2-input NAND gate), which induces self-heating effect and makes power delivery at high temperature very challenging. To address these issues, in this paper we present a computing platform for low-power reliable operation at extreme environment using SiC electromechanical switches. We show that a device-circuit-architecture co-design approach can provide reliable long-term operation with virtually zero leakage power.
An endemic model with variable re-infection rate and applications to influenza.

An epidemic model is considered, where immunity is not absolute, but individuals that have recovered from the disease can be re-infected at a rate which depends on the time that has passed since their recovery (recovery age). Such a model, e.g., can account for the genetic drift in the influenza virus. In the special case that the model has no vital dynamics, there is no obvious disease-free equilibrium and so the model lacks the usual interplay between the basic replacement ratio being >1 and the disease-free equilibrium being unstable. In fact, this relatively simple model which combines ordinary differential equations with a transport equation shares with general structured population models the feature that the appropriate state space of the solution semiflow is a space of measures, here on the compacted right real half line, with the weak* topology. The disease-free equilibrium, in terms of recovered individuals, is then represented as a Dirac measure concentrated at infinity. Still it is difficult to linearize about it. This makes the concept of persistence very important, for one can show the following: if the basic replacement ratio is >1, the disease is uniformly strongly persistent, i.e., the number of infectives is ultimately bounded away from 0 with the bound not depending on the initial data. We also derive various conditions for the local and global stability of the endemic equilibrium in terms of the re-infection rate. For instance, the endemic equilibrium is likely to be locally asymptotically stable if the re-infection rate is a highly sub-homogeneous function of recovery age. Conversely, if the re-infection rate is a step function which is zero at small recovery age, the endemic equilibrium can be unstable.
Interleukin 10 Produced by Macrophages Inoculated with Mycobacterium avium Attenuates Mycobacteria-Induced Apoptosis by Reduction of TNF-α Activity

Normal human macrophages respond to infection with Mycobacterium avium, serovar 4, by producing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which mediates apoptosis, and by elaborating interleukin (IL)-10, a TNF-alpha antagonist. We show that IL-10 down-regulates apoptosis by inhibiting the TNF-alpha production of the inoculated macrophages and by inducing the release of soluble TNF receptor type 2 from the macrophages, which leads to inactivation of TNF-alpha. These experiments suggest that induction of IL-10 production is a virulence factor that creates an intracellular sanctuary for the bacteria that is inaccessible to the defense mechanisms of the host.
Under One Roof: Household Formation and Cultural Ideals in an Astu Rian Mountain Village

Using the concept of "operational cultural ideals, " the study examines household formation in the Asturian mountain village of Escobines and argues that such ideals are not a set of preexisting perfectly compatible norms against which countrymen and women can easily measure their actions and achievements. Rather, what is seen is a series of negotiated understandings of incompatible ideals —between man and wife, parents and children, lineal and collateral relatives, and between villagers and external powers such as aristocratic landowners and the government. These understandings repose in the sense of the appropriate relationship between building structures and family structures, between the desire to gather "under one roof" and the impulse toward separation of individual conjugal units.
The Effects of Interactive and Passive Distraction on Cold Pressor Pain in Preschool-aged Children

Objective Using a mixed model design, this study examined the effects of interactive versus passive distraction on healthy preschool-aged children’s cold pressor pain tolerance. Methods Sixty-one children aged 3–5 years were randomly assigned to one of the following: interactive distraction, passive distraction, or no distraction control. Participants underwent a baseline cold pressor trial followed by interactive distraction trial, passive distraction trial, or second baseline trial. One or two additional trials followed. Children originally assigned to distraction received the alternate distraction intervention. Controls participated in both interactive and passive distraction trials in counterbalanced order. Results Participants showed significantly higher pain tolerance during both interactive and passive distraction relative to baseline. The two distraction conditions did not differ. Conclusions Interactive and passive video game distraction appear to be effective for preschool-aged children during laboratory pain exposure. Future studies should examine whether more extensive training would enhance effects of interactive video game distraction.
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Hyperintensities in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Microinfarcts or Microbleeds?

FIGURE : Restricted diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) hyperintensities. Magnetic resonance imaging obtained in 44-year-old (Patient 1, A–E) and 49-year-old (Patient 2, F–J) men, performed 1 and 7 days, respectively, following symptom onset. DWI (b 51,000) and apparent diffusion coefficient maps (A, B and F, G) demonstrate restricted diffusion of 3 lesions remote from the site of primary intracerebral hemorrhage. A micro diffusion-weighted imaging hyperintense lesion (DWIHL) within the right caudate (arrows) of Patient 1 is surrounded by cerebral microbleeds best seen on gradient echo (GRE) image E. This area is hyperintense on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), GRE, and T1-weighted images (C, D, E), with a rim of hypointensity on the GRE image. Patient 2 has a small DWIHL in the left frontal lobe (arrows) and another adjacent to the left splenium (arrowheads). The frontal lesion displays characteristics similar to those of the lesion mentioned above (H, I, J). The posterior lesion is hyperintense on FLAIR (H) and GRE (I) images, but does not display a rim of hypointensity on the GRE image and was isointense on T1-weighted images (not shown). The caudate and posterior lesions were undetectable on computed tomography, whereas the larger frontal lesion was visualized as hyperdense (not shown).
Investigation of Nonneoplastic Neurologic Disorders with PET and MRI

Neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) provides metabolic and molecular information that cannot be obtained from other imaging modalities and provides novel insights into the pathogenesis and diagnosis of a diverse array of neurologic diseases. As the library of novel PET ligands expands, so does the potential role for PET in the study of neurologic disease. The emergence of PET amyloid imaging reveals the incredible potential for PET neuroimaging. Recent technical advances in our ability to combine structural MR imaging data with functional and molecular PET data have enhanced the power of PET for the study of the brain. Thus, PET and MR imaging should continue to play an expanding role in the diagnosis and investigation of neurologic disease conditions.
A Comparison of Rebalanced and Buy and Hold Portfolios: Does Monetary Policy Matter?

We examine buy and hold and a number of rebalancing strategies on a portfolio of indices that are tracked by ETFs. The indices include Barkley's treasuries and MSCI indices on emerging markets, Pacific and European markets, value funds, and growth funds. Portfolios are rebalanced using threshold schemes and compared with portfolios rebalanced using weights from different points on the Markowitz efficient frontier. We also examine portfolios that are rebalanced across monetary policy regimes. We find that portfolios rebalanced using Markowitz weights that allow for shifts in monetary policy regimes easily outperform both threshold rebalancing and buy and hold strategies.
A Homily on Method

Questions about the conduct of political science which were considered settled in the 1960s can now be reopened with the advantages of hindsight. This is necessary not only because the early promise of "behavioralism" is largely unfulfilled, but also because after extensive borrowings from neoclassical economics, European social theory, and other recondite sources, our practice is no longer particularly behavioralist anyway. Unfortunately, discussion of these issues is hindered by subfield boundaries. For that reason, this article is not addressed primarily to specialists in political philosophy, philosophy of science, or hermeneutics, but to mainstream political scientists and to their graduate students. Some of the usual scholarly trimmings have been sacrificed for the sake of accessibility, and the author has employed a terminology of his own coinage in order to make the article self-contained.
Ploidal Inheritance in the Slime Mould Dictyostelium discoideum: Haploidization and Genetic Segregation of Diploid Strains

SUMMARY: Diploid and metastable strains of Dictyostelium discoideum were cultivated in liquid medium for extended periods of exponential growth. A progressive increase occurred in the proportion of cells yielding stable haploid clones. The haploidization of a doubly heterozygous diploid yielded the expected segregant classes.
Immune reconstitution after unrelated cord blood transplantation.

Over the past years unrelated cord blood transplant (UCBT) has emerged as an effective alternative to unrelated donor blood and marrow transplantation. However, despite several advantages, its success is limited by the high incidence of opportunistic infections (OI), most of which are viral. Infection-related mortality is the primary cause of death after UCBT with most deaths occurring in the first 3-6 months post transplant. For several months, until recovery of the thymus is restored to support de novo T cell generation, protective antiviral immunity depends on the activity of post-thymic T cells infused within the cord blood (CB) grafts. However, almost all CB T cells are antigen inexperienced (naive) lymphocytes that have been functionally altered by placental factors to protect pregnancy. CB T cells need to undergo in vivo priming, Th1/Tc1 maturation, and peripheral expansion before they can afford immunologic protection. This article provides an overview of what is currently known regarding the reconstitution of adaptive immunity following UCBT including our own data from prospective analyses of pediatric cohorts. Remarkable immunophenotypic changes are notable already in the first 2-3 weeks post-UCBT. These changes result from apparent 'homeostatic' peripheral T cell expansion in the lymphopenic environment. While we can identify patient- and graft-specific predictive factors, the concordant emergence of T cell subsets displaying the phenotype of Th1/Tc1 cytotoxic effector cells can be statistically linked to those UCBT recipients who will subsequently develop viral and other opportunistic infections. Antigen presenting dendritic cell reconstitution may also reflect alterations in immunocompetence due to OI and/or GVHD.
The “50% Rule” in Arthroscopic and Orthopaedic Surgery

The "50% rule" is used commonly to guide treatment of partial tears of tendons and ligaments. The purpose of this study was to examine the history and validity of the 50% rule in arthroscopic and orthopaedic surgery. A PubMed search yielded 1,039 articles that were reviewed to identify the origins of the 50% rule for hand flexor tendon lacerations, partial anterior cruciate ligament tears, partial-thickness rotator cuff tears, and partial injuries of the long head of the biceps tendon. The rule appears to have evolved from the hand literature toward somewhat arbitrary application for other orthopaedic conditions. Little scientific information is available to support the 50% rule for these disparate entities. In our Level V opinion, the 50% rule allows surgeons to use subjective discretion in the management of prevalent orthopaedic conditions but there is very little scientific support for this ubiquitous decision-making criterion.
Broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance in Enterobacter: emergence during treatment and mechanisms of resistance

Of three patients with Enterobacter mediastinitis treated with cefamandole, two failed initial treatment due to emergence of strains resistant to cefamandole and third generation cephalosporins. Extracts of the sensitive strains showed inducible hydrolysis of cephalothin; resistant strains (wild and laboratory derived) showed constitutive hydrolysis of cephalothin and cefamandole and bound but did not hydrolyze cefotaxime and latamoxef (moxalactam). In one mutant, increased latamoxef resistance appeared due to non-enzymatic mechanism(s). The Enterobacter strain from the patient who was treated successfully with cefamandole yielded only low level resistant mutants with lower cephalosporin binding than obtained with the other strains.
Enumeration of isomers of substituted fullerene cages C20C50

Abstract We use computerized enumerative combinatorial techniques which employed quadruple precision arithmetic to enumerate the isomers of polysubstituted fullerene cages C 20 C 50 .
In Vivo and In Vitro Dynamics of Undifferentiated Embryonic Cell Transcription Factor 1

Pluripotent stem cells retain the ability to differentiate into the three germ layers and germline. As a result, there is a major interest in characterizing regulators that establish and maintain pluripotency. The network of transcription factors continues to expand in complexity, and one factor, undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1 (UTF1), has recently moved more into the limelight. To facilitate the study of UTF1, we report the generation and characterization of two reporter lines that enable efficient tracking, mapping, and purification of endogenous UTF1. In particular, we include a built-in biotinylation system in our targeted locus that allows efficient and reliable pulldown. We also use this reporter to show the dynamic regulation of Utf1 in distinct stem cell conditions and demonstrate its utility for reprogramming studies. The multipurpose design of the reporter lines enables many directions of future study and should lead to a better understanding of UTF1’s diverse roles.
Audio frequency spectrum analysis using MOS memory elements

The speed of present-day logic elements is such that it is possible to effect real-time spectrum analysis of audio frequency signals by means of digital hardware. This paper describes a structure that computes the discrete Fourier transform of a 400-point time sequence in 10 ms. This allows the real-time analysis of signals having components in the range from dc to 5 kHz. A high-speed bipolar arithmetic section is used in conjunction with relatively slower MOS shift registers and READ-ONLY memory to provide an efficient and economical design.
Nuclear diagnostic commissioning for the national ignition campaign

Nuclear diagnostics aiming at measuring neutron yield, ion temperature, neutron bang time and down scattered ratio are a main component of the National Ignition Campaign. Therefore in order to commission these diagnostic, polar direct drive experiments on exploding pusher target have been taking place on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to produce neutron yield up to about 2e14 neutron. Results of the exploding pusher performance on the NIF as well as progress on the neutron diagnostic commissioning will be presented in this talk.
Aging does not affect contractile properties of type IIb FDL muscle in Fischer 344 rats

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of aging on the contractile, metabolic, and histochemical properties of the predominantly fast-twitch flexor digitorum longus muscle (FDL) in the Fischer 344 (F344) rat strain. Contractile measurements were made in situ by stimulating the motoneuron while the animals were under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia. Fiber-type composition, capillarity, aerobic capacity, and myosin light chain composition were also examined. The results of this investigation were striking in that there was no alteration in any parameter measured. Collectively, these results suggest that aging does not induce a functional alteration in the neuromuscular relationship in the predominantly fast-twitch FDL of F344 rats, and consequently, there is no loss of functional capacity of the muscle. This study demonstrates that alteration in predominantly fast-twitch muscle is not a universal phenomenon and that care must be taken when generalizing about the influence of aging on skeletal muscle. Some of the conflicting results regarding the influence of aging on predominantly fast-twitch muscle in rodents may be either strain or muscle specific.
Some Historical and Theoretical Bases of Racism in Northwestern Europe

of a dismal future state in which all human activities are viewed continuously and reient]essly by an all-seeing eye. The basic weakness in this picture is precisely this assumption of the existence of robot-like creatures who, alone, could perform such a function, plus the fact that millions of them would be required to keep the population under complete control. The concentration camp material supports this criticism. Many of the flaws in the efficiency of the concentration camp system were due to the venality of the SS personnel, some of them appeared because of the persistence of humane considerations, and vanity often played into the hands of the inmates. There is another important factor that contributes to the impossibility of instituting perfect social controls that is demonstrated by the concentration camp experience. This also pertains to the human rather than the material aspects of organization. To achieve their ends, the concentration camp personnel had to employ the services of their prisoners. Need for special skills made some of the jailors dependent upon some of the prisoners, a fact that gave these unforeseen opportunities to counteract administrative measures to the advantage of large numbers of inmates. Work requirements, for example, employment outside of the camps, often put prisoners in a position to thwart the controls imposed upon them. The ingenuity of the strategems used by concentration inmates makes for some of the brighter pictures in the otherwise monotonously gruesome record. Any ruling personnel is similarly dependent upon its subject population in one way or another and this dependence insures that control can never be complete. This fact should be of interest to students of bureaucracy, especially to those who draw a lugubrious picture of the consequences of the extension of bureaucratic control in our society. These analysts seem to have overlooked the corrective factors present in any organization by virtue of the fact that what is organized are human beings and not robots. In conclusion we might point out that all of the special topics of the sociology of the concentration camp system can be focused upon one basic issue, namely, the problem of survival in concentration camps. The material abundantly shows that only in rare instances was survival a purely individual achievement. In most cases survival was due to the operation of social factors some of which I have mentioned in the preceding discussion. If evidence is needed in support of a truism, this material clearly sustains the basis upon which sociology itself is founded, namely, the fact that for man, society is a means of survival for the individuals in whom it is manifest, and also, that richness of individual life depends upon the richness of the human relations available and the variety and complexity of social arrangements.