cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parasitic capacitances and inductances for multilevel interconnections on GaAs-based integrated circuits

A computer-efficient algorithm to determine the parasitic capacitances and inductances associated with high-density multilevel interconnections on GaAs-based integrated circuits is presented. The self and coupling interconnection capacitances have been determined by an efficient and more flexible network analogue method developed for the finite dimension interconnection configurations as well as by the method of moments in conjunction with a Green's function appropriate for the geometry of the interconnection lines. The Green's function was obtained by using the method of multiple images. The results include the fringing fields as well as the shielding by the neighboring interconnections. For a given set of the interconnection dimensions, the algorithm takes less than 30 seconds of computer processing time on a mainframe computer equipped with a math co-processor. The algorithm has been used to study the dependences of the interconnection capacitances and inductances on the interconnection parameters such...
Role of daily surface forcing in setting the temperature and mixed layer structure of the Southern Ocean

[1] The role of high-frequency surface forcing in setting the temperature and mixed layer structure in the Southern Ocean is investigated in an ocean general circulation model. The analysis suggests that daily fluctuations in the momentum flux, and the enhanced vertical mixing they produce, have the biggest effect on the time-mean temperature and mixed layer structure. In particular, summertime (December–February) surface temperatures are cooler, subsurface temperatures are warmer, and the mixed layer is thicker in the experiment with daily forcing than in the one without. The wintertime mixed layer in the Pacific sector is, however, thinner in the presence of daily forcing owing to the enhanced density contrast between the mixed layer and the ocean below. Daily fluctuations in the surface momentum flux are the leading cause of the high-frequency temperature variability at the high latitudes of the Southern Ocean, whereas the daily variability in the surface heat flux is more important at the midlatitudes. Since the air and sea-surface temperatures do not co-vary on short timescales in this study, daily fluctuations in the air temperature/humidity cause substantial variability in the air-sea turbulent exchanges of heat. The high-frequency part of the wave number–frequency spectrum of the daily sea surface temperatures is interpreted using a conceptual model of the response of the Southern Ocean to passing atmospheric storms. For high-to-medium frequencies, the preferred wavelengths in the conceptual model are determined by fast atmospheric advection; preferred low frequencies, in contrast, are determined by slow oceanic advection.
Experimental Observation of Guanine Tautomers with VUV Photoionization

Two methods of preparing guanine in the gas phase, thermal vaporization and laser desorption, have been investigated. The guanine generated by each method is entrained in a molecular beam, single-photon ionized with tunable VUV synchrotron radiation, and analyzed using reflectron mass spectrometry. The recorded photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves show a dramatic difference for experiments performed via thermal vaporization compared to that with laser desorption. The calculated vertical and adiabatic ionization energies for the eight lowest-lying tautomers of guanine suggest that the experimental observations arise from different tautomers being populated in the two different experimental methods.
Position Modelin!Oor The AXAF High Resolution Camera (HRC)

The High Resolution Camera (HRC) is one of four instruments selected to fly on the NASA Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) [1]. The HRC is designed to detect single X-ray photon events in the soft X-ray energy range from 0.1 to 10. KeV. The measured spatial resolution (FWHM) is 25 pm over a 100 cm 2 detecting area. This paper investigates the accuracy and limitations of the position algorithm used with the coarse/fine resistive wire readout system.
Direct Observation of Enantioselective Synergism at Trimetallic Centers

New oligomeric chiral macrocyclic ligands have been synthesized using an efficient self-assembly method. High enantioselective cooperativity in the catalytic asymmetric aldol reactions was directly observed using the conceptually novel chiral multinuclear complex catalysts.
FREQUENCIES OF TERATOLOGIES AMONG HOMOZYGOUS NORMAL MICE COMPARED WITH THOSE HETEROZYGOUS FOR ANOPHTHALMIA.

TRYPAN blue has long been known to possess teratogenic properties1. Several years ago Barber2 reported being able to distinguish mouse fœtuses heterozygous for anophthalmia from those which were homozygous normals by the higher incidence among the former of eye defects in response to trypan blue administered to their dams as a teratogenic agent. All cases of defective eye development were unilateral anophthalmia; the expectation, in the absence of the teratogen, was complete bilateral normality. The anophthalmic mutant has been described in detail elsewhere3,4.
Partial splenic embolization: Experience in 136 patients

We report our experience with transcatheter partial splenic embolization (PSE) in 136 patients; 124 patients were treated in association with renal allograft protocols, 8 patients for hematologic disorders, and 4 patients for portal hypertension and esophageal varices. A total of 15 patients have died over the 1–8 year follow-up period. Three deaths were a direct result of the procedure. Long-term follow-up for up to 8 years of the patients who underwent transplantation has revealed good renal allograft survival and no apparent increased mortality from late septic episodes. Seventeen major complications have occurred including pancreatitis (2), pseudocyst formation (2), splenic hematoma (1), pleural effusion (10), and splenic abscess (2). Fever, atelectasis, leukocytosis, pain, and hyperamylasemia were commonly seen and resolved rapidly. Children withβ-thalassemia major, spherocytosis, andα1-antitrypsin deficiency were benefited by PSE with no serious morbidity and no mortality. Two patients with splenic vein thrombosis and one with alcoholic cirrhosis were successfully managed by sequential PSE, as was 1 patient with massive splenomegaly from myelofibrosis. We conclude that PSE is a relatively safe and effective procedure in the management of certain patients with hypersplenism and portal hypertension, and that the long-term risks of postsplenectomy sepsis may not be incurred.
Better software for ODEs

Abstract An extremely simple change to existing software for the solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) provides the information needed to use the codes more reliably and efficiently. A very common way of estimating the accuracy of results is made more reliable. Output inefficiently often and its numerical effects are detected.
Plant signalling: The opportunities and dangers of chemical communication

The notion of chemical communication between plants and other organisms has gone from being viewed as a fringe idea to an accepted ecological phenomenon only recently. An Organized Oral Session at the August 2010 Ecological Society of America meeting in Pittsburgh examined the role of plant signalling both within and between plants, with speakers addressing the remarkably wide array of effects that plant signals have on plant physiology, species interactions and entire communities. In addition to the familiar way that plants communicate with mutualists like pollinators and fruit dispersers through both chemical and visual cues, speakers at this session described how plants communicate with themselves, with each other, with herbivores and with predators of those herbivores. These plant signals create a complex odour web superimposed upon the more classical food web itself, with its own dynamics in the face of exotic species and rapid community assembly and disassembly.
Comparisons of Carboxymethyl Cellulose with Differing Molecular Features in Low‐Fat Frankfurters

Four types of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with varying degrees of substitution (DS) and molecular weights were incorporated into low-fat, high moisture and high protein frankfurters. Emulsion stability (ES), chemical composition, processing yield and texture profile analysis were evaluated for frankfurters with 0.25% CMC and compared to an all-meat control. Generally, as the molecular weight of the CMC decreased the ES decreased; however, the processing yield and proximate composition of the products were not affected (P > 0.05) by the treatments. With the exception of springiness and cohesiveness, addition of the CMC significantly decreased the textural parameters, but there were no textural differences in frankfurters due to molecular weights or DS of the CMC.
Mean-field and spin-rotation phenomena in fermi systems : the relation between the leggett-rice and lhuillier-laloë effects

The term in the Boltzmann equation collision integral causing identical-particle spin rotation in the Lhuillier-Laloe (LL) theory of a non-degenerate quantum gas is shown to be equivalent in the dilute limit to the molecular field precessional term giving rise to the Leggett-Rice (LR) effect in a degenerate Fermi system. This equivalence is shown (a) by considering the spin-rotation term at low temperatures and (b) by deriving hydrodynamic equations valid for all temperatures from the Landau-Silin equation in the s-wave approximation. The spin-rotation factor μ resulting from (b) is found to agree with the LR value at low temperatures and with the LL value at high temperatures. The diffusion constant D 0 that results has the proper low temperature behaviour, including the standard mean-field correction factor; at high temperatures D 0 has the LL form times a the mean-field correction factor. The importance of the missing mean-field term is illustrated by showing that it gives rise to second virial corrections to the pressure On montre que le terme responsable des effets de rotation des spins identiques dans l'integrale de collision de la theorie de Lhuillier-Laloe (LL) d'un gaz quantique non degenere est equivalent, dans la limite des systemes dilues, au terme de precession dans le «champ moleculaire» qui donne lieu a l'effet Leggett-Rice (LR) dans un systeme de Fermi degenere. Cette equivalence est etablie: 1) en considerant le terme de rotation des spins a basses temperatures; et 2) en obtenant les equations hydrodynamiques valables a toute temperature a partir de l'equation de Landau-Silin a l'approximation de l'onde s
The EXT2 multiple exostoses gene defines a family of putative tumour suppressor genes

Hereditary multiple exostoses (EXT) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by short stature and the development of bony protuberances at the ends of all the long bones. Three genetic locl have been identified by genetic linkage analysis at chromosomes 8q24.1, 11p11-13 and 19p. The EXT1 gene on chromosome 8 was recently identified and characterized. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of the EXT2 gene. This gene shows striking sequence similarity to the EXT1 gene, and we have identified a four base deletion segregating with the phenotype. Both EXT1 and EXT2 show significant homology with one additional expressed sequence tag, defining a new multigene family of proteins with potential tumour suppressor activity.
End User Feedback: A Discussion, Lessons Learned, and Recommendations for Managers of R&D Programs

Abstract:This reflective case study was generated from an evaluation of the Navy's underperforming Advanced Seal Delivery System (ASDS) program. Two main systemic issues were revealed: insufficient systems engineering and a mismatch of requirements and resources. These issues were illustrated by analyzing three significant engineering issues: the main propulsion battery, the vehicle's acoustic quieting, and the tail assembly hydrodynamic performance. An evaluation framework was developed revealing that end users (ASDS operators and submariners) have substantial knowledge resources that can provide significant benefit to all program stakeholders. Engineering managers can capitalize on the recommended methodology to drive organizational change by more tightly coupling skill sets possessed by the end users to key points in a program's development.
Febrile range temperature represses TNF-α gene expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages by selectively blocking recruitment of Sp1 to the TNF-α promoter

We have previously shown that exposure to febrile-range temperature (FRT, 39.5°C) reduces LPS-induced TNF-α transcription in mouse macrophages through at least two mechanisms: (1) by directly recruiting heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) to a heat shock response element present in the TNF-α 5′-UTR and (2) by markedly reducing LPS-induced recruitment of NFκB-p65 to the κB enhancer (at −510) in the TNF-α gene. In the present study, we used EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to further analyze the complex effects of FRT on the recruitment of transcription factors and co-activators on the TNF-α gene in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Our results showed that in FRT-exposed RAW cells, HSF-1 was recruited only to the 5′-UTR site, and no additional interaction was evident in the TNF-α gene up to 1,300 nt upstream of the transcription start site. Similarly, FRT exposure selectively reduced LPS-induced NFκB-p65 recruitment to the κB enhancer site at −510 without affecting the other three κB enhancer sites present in the TNF-α 5′-flanking sequence. Finally, we found that FRT exposure abrogated LPS-stimulated recruitment of Sp1 to the proximal TNF-α promoter without any change in associated histone H3 acetylation around the TNF-α promoter and despite a marked increase in the total intra-nuclear Sp1 DNA binding activity. In conclusion, our studies further emphasize the complex and redundant control of TNF-α transcription and identify additional potential mechanisms through which FRT exposure may reduce TNF-α expression by selectively modifying gene-specific recruitment of transcription factors to the proximal TNF-α promoter.
NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES FOR DYNAMIC CHEMICAL PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

Problem formulations and algorithms are considered for optimization problems with differential-algebraic equation (DAE) models. In particular, we provide an overview of direct methods, based on nonlinear programming (NLP), and indirect, or variational, methods. We further classify each method and tailor it to the appropriate applications. For direct methods, we briefly describe current approaches including the sequential approach (or single shooting), multiple shooting method, and the simultaneous collocation (or direct transcription) approach. In parallel to these strategies we discuss NLP algorithms for these methods and discuss optimality conditions and convergence properties. In particular, we present the simultaneous collocation approach, where both the state and control variable profiles are discretized. This approach allows a transparent handling of inequality constraints and unstable systems. Here, large scale nonlinear programming strategies are essential and a novel barrier method, called IPOPT, is described. This NLP algorithm incorporates a number of features for handling large-scale systems and improving global convergence. The overall approach is Newton-based with analytic second derivatives and this leads to fast convergence rates. Moreover, it allows us to consider the extension of these optimization formulations to deal with nonlinear model predictive control and real-time optimization. To illustrate these topics we consider a case study of a low density polyethylene (LDPE) reactor. This large-scale optimization problem allows us to apply off-line parameter estimation and on-line strategies that include state estimation, nonlinear model predictive control and dynamic real-time optimization.
Tunable negative index metamaterial using yttrium iron garnet

Abstract A magnetic field tunable, broadband, low-loss, negative refractive index metamaterial is fabricated using yttrium iron garnet (YIG) and a periodic array of copper wires. The tunability is demonstrated from 18 to 23 GHz under an applied magnetic field with a figure of merit of 4.2 GHz/kOe. The tuning bandwidth is measured to be 5 GHz compared to 0.9 GHz for fixed field. We measure a minimum insertion loss of 4 dB (or 5.7 dB/cm) at 22.3 GHz. The measured negative refractive index bandwidth is 0.9 GHz compared to 0.5 GHz calculated by the transfer function matrix theory and 1 GHz calculated by finite element simulation.
Well differentiated thyroid carcinoma

The spectrum of human thyroid cancer includes both indolent differentiated neoplasms and highly virulent, rapidly fatal anaplastic carcinoma. The majority of thyroid carcinomas (about 85%) fall into the differentiated end of this spectrum, are derived from follicular epithelium, are relatively easily treated, and are often cured. Anaplastic carcinomas are rapidly growing, widely infiltrative neoplasms, which, histologically, show marked pleomorphism. Despite aggressive therapy, fewer than 5% of affected patients survive 1 year. This spectrum is, in fact, a continuum, since tumours of intermediate clinical behaviour have been recognized. These lesions include aggressive variants of papillary carcinoma, and insular carcinoma. Tumours in these categories are associated with significant mortality (25%-90%) but multiyear survival rates can be achieved by therapies aimed at control of local recurrence and/or radioisotopic treatment of metastases. (This paper discusses only follicular derived lesions, not those related to C cells, i.e. medullary carcinoma and variants.) Does this continuum of malignancy foreshadow a grading system for neoplasms of follicular epithelial origin? Since the histological spectrum involves recognition of patterns rather than assessment of how closely the tumour simulates normal thyroid, this is not a grading system in the commonly used sense. However, as Sakamoto et al. [1] have postulated, division of these tumours into well differentiated, poorly differentiated, and undifferentiated lesions may be clinically relevant. These authors have suggested that the well differentiated group should include the usual papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and true follicular carcinoma, and that insular, tall cell and columnar cell papillary carcinomas should be classified as poorly differentiated. Although not universally accepted, it is at least an approach similar to grading systems for malignancies of other organs, which may eventually become practical. However, until that time, it is suggested that the schema currently in use of descriptive diagnoses in thyroid tumours should be maintained with the understand-
Positive effects of cognitive conflict and employee voice

Conflict is usually viewed as undesirable and negative. Recent empirical work, however, has documented several positive outcomes from conflict. Benefits range from better problem solving and understanding to higher employee efforts. Since allowing employees voice in organizations raises cognitive conflict levels, one expects attendant benefits. However, conflict also leads to bad feelings and threatens those with a stake in the status quo. Thus, programmed conflict is needed. Two examples include a Devil's Advocate Decision Program and the use of outside auditors. These processes are intended to require conflict in organizational decisions.
A novel network model identified a 13-gene lung cancer prognostic signature

This study presents a novel network methodology to identify prognostic gene signatures. Implication networks based on prediction logic are used to construct genome-wide coexpression networks for different disease states. From the differential components associated with specific disease states, candidate genes that are co-expressed with major disease signal hallmarks are selected. From these candidate genes, top genes that are the most predictive of clinical outcome are identified using univariate Cox model and Relief algorithm. Using this approach, a 13-gene lung cancer prognosis signature was identified, which generated significant prognostic stratifications (log-rank P < 0.05) in Director's Challenge Study (n = 442).
The ABC-Type Efflux Pump MacAB Protects Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from Oxidative Stress

ABSTRACT Multidrug efflux pumps are integral membrane proteins known to actively excrete antibiotics. The macrolide-specific pump MacAB, the only ABC-type drug efflux pump in Salmonella, has previously been linked to virulence in mice. The molecular mechanism of this link between macAB and infection is unclear. We demonstrate that macAB plays a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), compounds that salmonellae are exposed to at various stages of infection. macAB is induced upon exposure to H2O2 and is critical for survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the presence of peroxide. Furthermore, we determined that macAB is required for intracellular replication inside J774.A1 murine macrophages but is not required for survival in ROS-deficient J774.D9 macrophages. macAB mutants also had reduced survival in the intestine in the mouse colitis model, a model characterized by a strong neutrophilic intestinal infiltrate where bacteria may experience the cytotoxic actions of ROS. Using an Amplex red-coupled assay, macAB mutants appear to be unable to induce protection against exogenous H2O2in vitro, in contrast to the isogenic wild type. In mixed cultures, the presence of the wild-type organism, or media preconditioned by the growth of the wild-type organism, was sufficient to rescue the macAB mutant from peroxide-mediated killing. Our data indicate that the MacAB drug efflux pump has functions beyond resistance to antibiotics and plays a role in the protection of Salmonella against oxidative stress. Intriguingly, our data also suggest the presence of a soluble anti-H2O2 compound secreted by Salmonella cells through a MacAB-dependent mechanism. IMPORTANCE The ABC-type multidrug efflux pump MacAB is known to be required for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence after oral infection in mice, yet the function of this pump during infection is unknown. We show that this pump is necessary for colonization of niches in infected mice where salmonellae encounter oxidative stress during infection. MacAB is required for growth in cultured macrophages that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) but is not needed in macrophages that do not generate ROS. In addition, we show that MacAB is required to resist peroxide-mediated killing in vitro and for the inactivation of peroxide in the media. Finally, wild-type organisms, or supernatant from wild-type organisms grown in the presence of peroxide, rescue the growth defect of macAB mutants in H2O2. MacAB appears to participate in the excretion of a compound that induces protection against ROS-mediated killing, revealing a new role for this multidrug efflux pump.
Protein synthesis in a cell-free system derived from the rat parotid gland.

Abstract A cell-free amino acid-incorporating system has been prepared from rat parotid salivary glands and has been shown to possess activity comparable to that of a similarly constituted rat liver cell-free system. Administration in vivo of isoproterenol, prior to removal of the glands, reduced the secretory ribonuclease content, along with the other exportable proteins, to sufficiently low levels to permit the preparation of intact ribonucleoprotein particle and pH 5 enzyme fractions. The pH 5 enzyme fraction was tested separately, and shown to be as active as a corresponding rat liver fraction in the formation of amino acyl transfer RNA. Ultracentrifugal analyses of the ribonucleoprotein particle fraction, derived from rat parotid tissue, revealed a number of ribonuclease-sensitive peaks with sedimentation coefficients consistent with polyribosomal species. The optimal conditions for amino acid incorporation were established revealing an optimal Mg++ ion concentration of 10 to 14 mm as contrasted with a lower optimum for the liver system, and a less prolonged time course of incorporation than in the rat liver system. The addition of polyuridylic acid to the rat parotid system stimulated the incorporation of phenylalanine into protein by approximately 5-fold with no shift in the optimal Mg++ ion concentration. This was in contrast to the 2.5 fold stimulation, requiring an upward shift in the Mg++ ion concentration, seen in the rat liver system. These findings represent the first report of a cell-free protein synthesis system derived from a mammalian salivary gland, and also demonstrate a new technique for reducing damage to subcellular fractions in exocrine glands by their endogenous secretory enzymes.
Measuring Second-Order Factors Using Confirmatory Methods: An Illustration with the Hendrick-Hendrick Love Instrument:

The present study illustrates the application and the utility of confirmatory second-order factor analytic methods. Factor analysis is central to concerns regarding measurement validity. Confirmatory methods are especially useful, because they explicitly consider measurement error influences, and because the methods are inherently theory-driven and theory-oriented. Second-order confirmatory methods, not applied with great frequency in the literature, offer the promise of allowing the researcher to explore more thoroughly a reality which many see as being just as complex as some of the models that researchers have been led to formulate. To make the explanation of applying confirmatory second-order methods more concrete, a data set involving responses of 487 subjects to the Hendrick-Hendrick love instrument is analyzed for heuristic purposes.
Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales

J. A. Gray (1981, 1982) holds that 2 general motivational systems underlie behavior and affect: a behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioral activation system (BAS). Self-report scales to assess dispositional BIS and BAS sensitivities were created. Scale development (Study 1) and convergent and discriminant validity in the form of correlations with alternative measures are reported (Study 2). In Study 3, a situation in which Ss anticipated a punishment was created. Controlling for initial nervousness, Ss high in BIS sensitivity (assessed earlier) were more nervous than those low in BIS sensitivity. In Study 4, a situation in which Ss anticipated a reward was created. Controlling for initial happiness, Ss high in BAS sensitivity (Reward Responsiveness and Drive scales) were happier than those low in BAS sensitivity. In each case the new scales predicted better than an alternative measure. Discussion is focused on conceptual implications.
Induction of apoptosis at different oxygen tensions: evidence that oxygen radicals do not mediate apoptotic signaling

Apoptosis has been hypothesized to be mediated through the induction of free radicals via oxidative pathways. Furthermore, it has been proposed that Bcl-2 acts to inhibit apoptosis induced by a wide variety of stimuli by preventing the production of oxygen-derived free radicals. Since the generation of oxygen free radicals is dependent upon oxygen concentration, this hypothesis would lead to the prediction that the concentration of oxygen should affect the induction of apoptosis. In order to test this prediction, we have examined the induction of apoptosis in T-lymphoma cell lines S49.1 and WEHI 7.1 by dexamethasone and by withdrawal of serum from myc-immortalized fibroblasts in 95% oxygen, atmospheric oxygen (20%), and hypoxic conditions of up to 125-fold less oxygen. Culture in 95% oxygen induced apoptosis in all cells tested, confirming that oxidative damage can lead to apoptosis. However, for one cell line, WEHI 7.1, hypoxia also induced apoptosis. Furthermore, for the other cell lines tested, induction of apoptosis by either dexamethasone or by serum withdrawal was not affected by hypoxia. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis that apoptosis is mediated via oxygen-generated free radical formation.
Mechanical characterization of “blister” defects on optical oxide multilayers using nanoindentation

We characterize “blisters”, defects observed in multilayer dielectric (MLD) coatings after exposure to acid cleaning procedures. Nanoindentation is used to make site-specific indentations across blisters to measure the mechanical response, especially their compliance under different conditions of loading. Two regions of statistically different mechanical response are identified within a blister defect and compared to the undisturbed regions of the MLD coating. The indentation response of blisters can vary across samples, and we suggest reasons for this variation.
Hybrid active arrays

A solid-state phased array technique is introduced where some of the T/R modules each feed a single radiator while other T/R modules each feed multiple radiators. This technique provides higher ERP and gain along with narrower beams than the conventional T/R module per radiator approach for a given number of T/R modules. At the same time the amplitude quantization lobes, associated with an array of subarrays, are greatly reduced. >
New molecular approaches to tissue analysis.

The completion of the Human Genome Project will produce new opportunities for analysis of genes and their products in human tissue. The emergence of new technologies will enable investigators to directly examine human tissues for gene deletion, transposition, and amplification. In addition, we will be able to assess the complete gene expression of a tissue by examining the mRNA species using microarray chips. The emerging technologies of laser capture microdissection and RNA amplification enables these procedures to be carried out on groups of a few hundred cells, which will facilitate the examination of heterogeneous lesions. Finally, the application of tissue arrays and the capability of obtaining protein sequences in samples of only a few femtomoles of protein using desorption mass spectroscopy will revolutionize the analysis of protein expression. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:1063–1064, 2001)
Sampling and Ergodic Theorems for Weakly Almost Periodic Signals

The theory of abstract harmonic analysis on commutative groups is used to prove sampling and ergodic theorems concerning a particular class of finite-power signals, which are known as weakly almost periodic. The analysis brings to light some noteworthy differences between finite-energy and finite-power signal sampling. It is shown that the bandwidth of the Fourier transform of a weakly almost periodic signal is generally larger than the bandwidth of the power spectrum of the signal. Consequently, the signal power spectrum by itself does not generally provide enough information to determine the value of the time-domain Nyquist rate, that is, the minimum sampling rate necessary for exact signal reconstruction in the time-domain. On the other hand, it is also shown that the minimum sampling rate needed to obtain alias-free spectral estimates is determined by the bandwidth of the power spectrum and, consequently, may be lower than the time-domain Nyquist rate. Finally, the sampling and ergodic theorems established in this paper are used in an analysis of averaged periodogram estimates of the power spectrum of a weakly almost periodic signal. It is shown that the value of the time shift between consecutive windows may contribute to the asymptotic bias of the estimates.
Coupling of day ahead and real-time power markets for energy and reserves incorporating local distribution network costs and congestion

Acknowledging that increasing intermittent clean energy generation is likely to impose a bottleneck in the demand for regulation reserves, we investigate potential increases in the supply of regulation service through enhanced participation of loads in electricity markets. Moreover, we focus on future markets where Loads connected at the distribution network participate extensively and in direct competition with centralized generation whole sale market participants. We focus our analysis to distributed PHEV loads and develop a decision support algorithm for optimal bidding to the existing wholesale as well as to prospective retail/distribution market. We argue that generalization to a broad range of load types is reasonably straight forward.
Electric vehicle battery swapping station: Business case and optimization model

In order to increase the adoption rate of electric vehicles, they need to appeal to customers as much as their fossil fuel equivalents. However, major concerns include long battery charging times and range anxiety. These concerns can be mitigated if customers have access to battery swapping stations, where they can meet their motion energy requirements by swapping batteries for charged ones, in as much time as it takes to fill the gasoline reservoir of a conventional vehicle. Besides benefiting the customers, the battery swapping station is beneficial to the power system because it emulates an energy storage station capable of participating in electricity markets. In this station, the batteries can be scheduled to charge in grid-to-battery mode, inject power to the grid in battery-to-grid mode, and transfer energy between batteries in battery-to-battery mode, if there are economic advantages in doing so. This paper discusses how these various modes can be optimized and the results translated into a business case for battery swapping stations.
Informality on the urban periphery: Housing conditions and self-help strategies in Texas informal subdivisions:

Most scholarship on informal housing focuses on developing countries and little research investigates how low-income populations in the US participate in homeownership through self-built and self-provided housing. Meanwhile, informally developed areas are increasingly being uncovered in the US, especially in the urban periphery of growing metropolitan regions. This paper documents and analyses largely unknown housing conditions and needs for the growing number of people that live in such communities. Data for this paper were collected through a survey of 133 households in two unincorporated low-income, self-help settlements in Central Texas. In this survey we address (1) household composition, (2) specific housing conditions, and (3) reported structural and infrastructural problems. Through regression analyses we identify factors that mitigate or aggravate the severity of overall housing problems and identify the most significant concerns for residents. Our results offer future lines of action regarding property titles, financing and dwelling upgrading
Microstructure of Silicon Carbide Whiskers Synthesized by Carbothermal Reduction of Silicon Nitride

The microstructure of silicon carbide whiskers synthesized by carbothermal reduction of silicon nitride has been studied using transmission electron microscopy. All of the whiskers examined are single crystals, and grow in the (111) crystallographic direction. Two different forms of stacking faults and microtwins were observed; in one the planar defects are normal to the whisker growth direction, and the other has the defect planes at an angle of about 70° to the growth axis, while both forms of the defects are on the [111] closed-packed planes. Without the addition of catalyst, droplets containing metallic impurities were not found at the tips of the whiskers synthesized by the present process. A core and outer regions were observed in the single-crystal whiskers, which may be evidence that the whiskers were formed by a two-stage mechanism.
Measurement of Solute Diffusion Behavior in Fractured Waste Glass Media

Determination of aqueous diffusion coefficients of solutes through fractured media is essential for understanding and modeling contaminant transport at many hazardous waste disposal sites. Development of experimental methods and measurements for the characterization of diffusion in fractured glass media is necessary for the design and performance assessment of glassified radionuclear waste disposal facilities. We report on the use of time-lag diffusion experimental method to assess the diffusion behavior of three different solutes (Cs, Sr, and pentafluoro benzoic acid) in fractured, immobilized low activity waste (ILAW) glass forms. A fractured media time-lag diffusion experimental apparatus, which allows the measurement of diffusion coefficients, has been designed and built for this purpose. Use of time-lag diffusion method, a considerably easier experimental method than the other available methods, was not previously demonstrated for measuring diffusion in fractured waste glass media. Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and diffusion coefficients of a solute were experimentally measured in fractured glass blocks using this method for the first time. Results agree with the range of properties reported for similar rock media earlier, indicating that the time-lag experimental method can effectively characterize the diffusion coefficients of fractured ILAW glass media. Data presented are rare and useful for the design of vitrified glass disposal facilities.
Reflections on Regionalism and U.S. Religious History

The concept of region has been perhaps the most important in the historical study of religious geography in the United States. Its centrality is due at least in part to its having been proposed as an organizing principle at the inception of that field in its modern form by historian Edwin Scott Gaustad and geographer Wilbur Zelinsky about four decades ago. But the concept has been, and remains, highly problematic. This brief essay first explores the development and problematization of regionalism in U.S. religious history, and then offers potential new bases for its continuing vitality.
Introduction: understanding mechanisms of the actions of rifaximin in selected gastrointestinal diseases.

SummaryBackground Historically, the beneficial effects of the nonsystemic oral agent rifaximin on various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders have been attributed to direct antibiotic activity on gut microbiota. However, data are accumulating to suggest that other nonantibacterial effects may be involved in rifaximin efficacy. Aim To explore the mechanisms of action of rifaximin that may underlie its clinical benefits in travellers’ diarrhoea, hepatic encephalopathy and other cirrhosis complications, inflammatory bowel diseases, and irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea. Methods Gastroenterology experts convened a round-table discussion to address clinical and pre-clinical rifaximin data pertaining to select GI diseases and the potential mechanisms of action that underlie rifaximin efficacy profiles. As preparation, the literature was searched for publications related to rifaximin, its mechanisms of action, and its efficacy in travellers’ diarrhoea, hepatic encephalopathy and other cirrhosis-related complications, inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome. Results Gut microbiota dysbiosis and proinflammatory activities are thought to significantly contribute to disease pathophysiology of these conditions. Rifaximin may resolve gut microbiota dysbiosis by promoting GI colonisation of beneficial bacterial species without drastic alterations in overall diversity. Rifaximin-induced changes in the production and metabolism of bacteria-produced agents (e.g. deoxycholic acid, lipopolysaccharides) also may help preserve normal gut microbiota. Rifaximin may suppress local and systemic inflammatory processes by preserving epithelial function (e.g. limiting bacterial translocation), modulating bacterial virulence and reducing proinflammatory cytokine production. Conclusion The commonality of pathological mechanisms underlying multiple GI diseases and the ability of rifaximin to modulate the gut microenvironment (i.e. gut microenvironment modulator) may explain its diverse efficacy profile.
Human homologue of the rat chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, NG2, detected by monoclonal antibody 7.1, identifies childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias with t(4;11)(q21;q23) or t(11;19)(q23;p13) and MLL gene rearrangements

Monoclonal antibody 7.1, which recognizes the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan molecule NG2, was used to screen prospectively blast cells from 104 consecutive children at initial presentation with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Reactivity with this antibody was found in 9 cases (8.6%), of whom 5 had a t(4;11)(q21;q23) and 4 had a t(11;19)(p13;q23). None of the NG2- cases had either translocation. Southern blot analysis disclosed MLL gene rearrangement in only the 9 cases with 7.1 reactivity plus the t(4;11)(q21;q23) or t(11;19)(q23;p13) translocation. MLL gene rearrangements were not detected in 89 patient leukemic samples that did not express NG2, including 7 patients with del(11)(q23) or inv(11)(p13q23). As expected from the association with t(4;11) and t(11;19), NG2+ cases were significantly more likely to be infants, to have hyperleukocytosis and central nervous system involvement, to be CD10-, and to express myeloid-associated antigens CD15 and CD65. Despite short follow-up duration, 3 of the NG2+ cases have relapsed while the other 101 patients remain in remission. Thus, blast cell surface expression of NG2 is useful for identifying patients with ALL having t(4;11) or t(11;19) translocations that are associated with poor prognosis, especially in the infant age group.
Examining the influence of professional identity formation on the attitudes of students towards interprofessional collaboration

An expectation of introductory interprofessional education (IPE) is improvement in attitudes towards other professions. However, the theory surrounding professional identity formation suggests this expectation may be premature. The objective of this study was to quantify first-year health professional students' attitudes towards their own and other professions and to investigate the relationship between strength of professional identity and attitudes towards other professions and interprofessional learning. Using a pre/post-test design, researchers administered the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) and the Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale (IEPS) to 864 first-year healthcare students in the Academic Health Center (AHC) at the University of Minnesota. The findings showed a decline in student attitudes towards their own and other professions. Additionally, a positive correlation between a weakened professional identity and readiness for interprofessional learning was demonstrated. This study found that an introductory IPE course did not positively affect student attitudes towards other professions, or strengthen professional identity or readiness for interprofessional learning. Analysis of the findings support the successive stages of professional identity formation.
Clinically Significant Drug Interaction Between Clotrimazole and Tacrolimus in Pancreas Transplant Recipients and Associated Risk of Allograft Rejection

tudy Objective To examine the clinical significance of clotrimazole troche discontinuation on tacrolimus trough levels and risk of allograft rejection after pancreas transplantation. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic medical center. Patients Sixty-five pancreas transplant recipients (simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants [39 patients], pancreas after kidney transplants [4 patients], and pancreas transplant alone [22 patients]) who were discharged after transplantation receiving a maintenance immunosuppressive regimen of tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and prednisone, and a clotrimazole troche to prevent oral mucosal candidiasis; per protocol, the clotrimazole troche was discontinued at 3 months after transplantation. Measurements and Main Results Patients were followed for 1 year after transplantation. The primary outcome measure was the difference in tacrolimus trough level before and after discontinuation of the clotrimazole troche. The secondary outcome measure was the difference in tacrolimus trough level when patients were stratified by the cohort that had a documented rejection episode 3–12 months after transplantation (rejection group) and the cohort that did not experience a rejection episode (no-rejection group). The incidence of rejection was evaluated in relation to mean tacrolimus trough concentrations above or below a protocol-defined level of significance (6 ng/ml). For the primary outcome, the mean tacrolimus trough level before discontinuation of the clotrimazole troche was significantly higher than the mean trough level after discontinuation (mean ± SD 9.6 ± 3.0 ng/ml vs 7.1 ± 2.6 ng/ml, p = 0.000003). For the secondary outcome, the mean tacrolimus trough level difference before and after clotrimazole troche discontinuation remained significant in both the no-rejection group (9.5 ± 3.0 ng/ml vs 7.4 ± 2.4 ng/ml, p = 0.00007) and rejection group (10.9 ± 3.3 ng/ml vs 4.1 ± 2.5 ng/ml, p = 0.0008). Between groups, the mean tacrolimus serum trough level after clotrimazole troche discontinuation was lower in the rejection group (4.1 ± 2.5 ng/ml) than that in the no-rejection group (7.4 ± 2.4 ng/ml; p = 0.005). The mean tacrolimus trough level difference between before and after discontinuation was greater in the rejection group (6.8 ± 1.5 ng/ml) versus the no-rejection group (2.1 ± 3.8 ng/ml, p = 0.009). Tacrolimus trough levels below 6 ng/ml (19 patients) after clotrimazole troche discontinuation were associated with an increased incidence of rejection episodes within 3–12 months after transplantation (odds ratio 12, 95% confidence interval 1.24–115.91, p = 0.032) versus trough levels of 6 ng/ml or higher (46 patients). Conclusion Clotrimazole troche discontinuation at 3 months after transplantation may cause significant tacrolimus trough level reductions. In addition, when trough levels are below 6 ng/ml, these fluctuations may contribute to the occurrence of allograft rejection.
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN A AND INOSITOL ON TERM WEIGHTS OF H-2 CONGENIC MICE

Pregnant H-2 congenic mice, C57BL/10, B10.A, B10.A(15R), and B10.A(18R) were fed Purina Laboratory Chow 5001 or the same diet supplemented with 400 IU vitamin A dissolved in corn oil or 0.4% (w/w) myo-inositol. On the 18th day of gestation, the dams were sacrificed, and the fetuses were weighted, sexed, and examined for developmental abnormalities. Term fetal weight was found to be significantly reduced in progeny of dams bearing d alleles distal to Ea in the H-2 complex when the diet was supplemented with vitamin A or myo-inositol (B10.A and B10.A [18R]). Fetuses from dams of all strains fed the diet supplemented with vitamin A had significantly increased frequencies of microphthalmia; the frequency of microphthalmia was moderately but not significantly increased in one of the two strains fed the diet supplemented with myo-inositol (B10.A[15R] but not B10.A[18R]).
The atmospheric carbon dioxide response to oceanic primary productivity fluctuations

Data on the rate of primary production, the rate of sinking and oxidation of organic detritus, the rate of regeneration of calcium carbonate, the average rate of vertical mixing, and the vertical profile of dissolved carbon are consistent with a model of the ocean in which the downward transport of carbon by the sinking and oxidation of organic particulate matter is balanced by upward hydrodynamic mixing of dissolved inorganic carbon. A time dependent version of this model is used to make rough estimates of the effect of periodic and impulsive changes in the rate of primary production on the atmospheric CO2 concentration. The computations suggest that a 1% decrease in marine biospheric productivity could result in a steady state increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration of from 0.5 to 2.5% depending on the rate of vertical mixing. Large but short term fluctuations in productivity, such as a die-off of the marine biosphere followed by an exponential recovery period, are estimated to produce smaller perturbations.