cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional MRI connectivity of children with autism and low verbal and cognitive performance

Functional neuroimaging research in autism spectrum disorder has reported patterns of decreased long-range, within-network, and interhemispheric connectivity. Research has also reported increased corticostriatal connectivity and between-network connectivity for default and attentional networks. Past studies have excluded individuals with autism and low verbal and cognitive performance (LVCP), so connectivity in individuals more significantly affected with autism has not yet been studied. This represents a critical gap in our understanding of brain function across the autism spectrum. Using behavioral support procedures adapted from Nordahl, et al. (J Neurodev Disord 8:20–20, 2016), we completed non-sedated structural and functional MRI scans of 56 children ages 7–17, including LVCP children (n = 17, mean IQ = 54), children with autism and higher performance (HVCP, n = 20, mean IQ = 106), and neurotypical children (NT, n = 19, mean IQ = 111). Preparation included detailed intake questionnaires, video modeling, behavioral and anxiety reduction techniques, active noise-canceling headphones, and in-scan presentation of the Inscapes movie paradigm from Vanderwal et al. (Neuroimage 122:222–32, 2015). A high temporal resolution multiband echoplanar fMRI protocol analyzed motion-free time series data, extracted from concatenated volumes to mitigate the influence of motion artifact. All participants had > 200 volumes of motion-free fMRI scanning. Analyses were corrected for multiple comparisons. LVCP showed decreased within-network connectivity in default, salience, auditory, and frontoparietal networks (LVCP < HVCP) and decreased interhemispheric connectivity (LVCP < HVCP=NT). Between-network connectivity was higher for LVCP than NT between default and dorsal attention and frontoparietal networks. Lower IQ was associated with decreased connectivity within the default network and increased connectivity between default and dorsal attention networks. This study demonstrates that with moderate levels of support, including readily available techniques, information about brain similarities and differences in LVCP individuals can be further studied. This initial study suggested decreased network segmentation and integration in LVCP individuals. Further imaging studies of LVCP individuals with larger samples will add to understanding of origins and effects of autism on brain function and behavior.
A Novel Unified Approach to Predict Human Hepatic Clearance for Both Enzyme- and Transporter-Mediated Mechanisms Using Suspended Human Hepatocytes

The accurate prediction of human pharmacokinetics is critically important in modern drug discovery since it drives both pharmacological and toxicological effects. Although significant progress has been made in predicting drug disposition by hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes, predicting transporter-mediated clearance is still highly uncertain. Furthermore, different approaches are often used to predict clearance with and without transporter involvement, hence the major clearance pathway for a compound must first be determined to know which approach to use. As a result of these challenges, a novel unified method has been developed using cryopreserved suspended human hepatocytes to predict human hepatic clearance for both enzyme- and transporter-mediated mechanisms. This method hypothesizes that, once in vitro metabolic stability is scaled by partition coefficients between hepatocytes and buffer with 4% bovine serum albumin, in vivo clearance can be better predicted. With this method, good in vitro-in vivo correlation of human hepatic clearance has been obtained for a set of 32 structurally diverse compounds, including such transporters as organic anion-transporting polypeptide substrates. The clearance predictions for most compounds are within 3-fold of observed values. This is the first time that multiple compounds result in good in vitro-in vivo extrapolation using an entirely "bottom-up" approach without any empirical scaling factor when transporter-mediated clearance is involved. Potential exceptions are compounds with significant biliary and/or extra-hepatic clearance. The method offers an alternative approach to more accurately predict human hepatic clearance when multiple complex mechanisms are involved.
The Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry of Zirconium-89

Over the past decade, the increasing availability of zirconium-89 has fueled a rise in the development and use of targeted positron emission tomography (PET) probes with relatively long serum half-lives, particularly radiolabeled antibodies. The stable coordination of 89Zr in radiopharmaceuticals is of critical importance to prevent its in vivo release and subsequent non-specific accumulation in nontarget organs, especially the bone. To date, the only chelator for 89Zr to be used in the clinic is the siderophore-derived desferrioxamine (DFO), though concerns persist regarding the in vivo stability of the [89Zr]Zr-DFO complex. In recent years, research into the development of alternative, more stable chelators for 89Zr has flourished. This chapter provides a general overview of zirconium-89, specifically its chemical properties, production, radiochemistry, and biomedical applications. Several examples of new chelators for 89Zr are discussed along with their strengths and weaknesses compared to DFO. Finally, a brief exploration of the future of 89Zr radiochemistry is included to provide the reader with awareness of the most recent progress in the field as well as what this relatively new positron-emitting radionuclide can offer going forward.
Fever and Infection in Patients Treated with Intensive Antineoplastic Chemotherapy in an Isolator

During the first six months of 1968 three patients have been treated in an isolator.* This is a preliminary report of these initial experiences in the protection of patients receiving intensive cytotoxic drug regimens for acute leukemia and other neoplastic diseases. Two of the first three patients had drug resistant acute myelocytic leukemia and the third was suffering from Hodgkin’s disease with bone marrow failure.
The IBM European Robotic Applications Laboratory

The basic purpose of an applications laboratory is to examine assembly robotic applications prior to committing them to our production lines.
Managing Delirium and Agitation in the Older Emergency Department Patient: The ADEPT Tool

Agitation and delirium are common reasons for older adults to seek care in the emergency department (ED). Providing care for this population in the ED setting can be challenging for emergency physicians. There are several knowledge translation gaps in how to best screen older adults for these conditions and how to manage them. A working group of subject-matter experts convened to develop an easy-to-use, point-of-care tool to assist emergency physicians in the care of these patients. The tool is designed to serve as a resource to address the knowledge translation and implementation gaps that exist in the field. The purpose of this article is present and explain the Assess, Diagnose, Evaluate, Prevent, and Treat tool. Participants were identified with expertise in emergency medicine, geriatric emergency medicine, geriatrics, and psychiatry. Background literature reviews were performed before the in-person meeting in key areas: delirium, dementia, and agitation in older adults. Participants worked electronically before and after an in-person meeting to finalize development of the tool in 2017. Subsequent work was performed electronically in the following months and additional expert review sought. EDs are an important point of care for older adults. Behavioral changes in older adults can be a manifestation of underlying medical problems, mental health concerns, medication adverse effects, substance abuse, or dementia. Five core principles were identified by the group that can help ensure adequate and thorough care for older adults with agitation or delirium: assess, diagnose, evaluate, prevent, and treat. This article provides background for and explains the importance of these principles related to the care of older adults with agitation. It is important for emergency physicians to recognize the spectrum of underlying causes of behavioral changes and have the tools to screen older adults for those causes, and methods to treat the underlying causes and ameliorate their symptoms.
Activity-Based Training Reverses Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Changes in Kidney Receptor Densities and Membrane Proteins

Complications in upper and lower urinary function arise after spinal cord injury (SCI), which creates a significant impact on quality of life for those affected. One upper urinary complication is SCI-induced polyuria, or the overproduction of urine, of which the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Activity-based training (ABT) has been utilized in both animal and clinical settings as a rehabilitative therapy to improve many issues that arise after SCI, including more recently urogenital function. The goal of the current study was to identify potential mechanisms contributing to previously identified improvements in polyuria with ABT, using a male rat moderate-severe spinal contusion model. Although ABT had no significant effect on reversing injury-induced alterations of serum arginine vasopressin and urinary atrial natriuretic peptide levels, there was a dramatic effect upon the receptors of these fluid balance hormones (vasopressin receptor 2 and natriuretic peptide A receptor), as well as kidney aquaporin 2 and sodium channels. ABT changes in densities of key receptors and kidney membrane proteins involved in fluid balance after chronic SCI support the likelihood of multiple mechanisms through which exercise can positively influence urinary tract function after SCI. By understanding the mechanisms, amount, and timing regarding how ABT improves different aspects of urinary function, more targeted training strategies can be developed to optimize the functional gains within the SCI population.
De novo Expression of β-amylase2 (Bmy2) in Barley Grains During Micromalting

β-Amylase is important to the malting and brewing industry because it is one of four main enzymes involved in fermentable sugar production during mashing. There are two functional barley β-amylases...
IProWA: A Novel Probabilistic Graphical Model for Crowdsourcing Aggregation

Crowdsourcing has become a popular way to obtain a large volume of labeled data due to its low cost and high efficiency. Usually the crowdsourcing process enables redundancy in the collected labels in order to ensure the correctness of item labels. However, workers on the crowdsourcing platform may make mistakes on some items, leading to inconsistent labels. In this case, it is important to aggregate these noisy labels and obtain the true labels of the items. The correctness of the item label provided by a worker depends on both the worker’s ability and the property of the item. However, most of the existing models consider the effect of workers’ abilities but ignore that of the item properties. In this paper, we propose a novel crowdsourcing aggregation method (IProWA) which incorporates the modeling of not only worker expertise level but also item property. In particular, items are represented by a K dimensional vector (i.e., item parameter), where K is the number of possible categories and each dimension represents a category. The proposed model transforms the true label estimation into the estimation of item parameters as it connects the true label and the parameters of an item. In worker modeling, it models the different category propensities among different worker groups. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed model is comparable to that of the state-of-the-art baselines and the learned item parameters can help interpret the property of that item.
Fluoride occurrence in United States groundwater.

Abstract Data from 38,105 wells were used to characterize fluoride (F) occurrence in untreated United States (U.S.) groundwater. For domestic wells (n = 11,032), water from which is generally not purposely fluoridated or monitored for quality, 10.9% of the samples have F concentrations >0.7 mg/L (U.S. Public Health Service recommended optimal F concentration in drinking water for preventing tooth decay) (87% are 2 mg/L (EPA Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level, SMCL); and 0.6% have F > 4 mg/L (EPA MCL). The data indicate the biggest concern with F in domestic wells at the national scale could be one of under consumption of F with respect to the oral-health benchmark (0.7 mg/L). Elevated F concentrations relative to the SMCL and MCL are regionally important, particularly in the western U.S. Statistical comparisons of potentially important controlling factors in four F-concentration categories ( 0.7–2 mg/L; >2–4 mg/L; >4 mg/L) at the national scale indicate the highest F-concentration category is associated with groundwater that has significantly greater pH values, TDS and alkalinity concentrations, and well depths, and lower Ca/Na ratios and mean annual precipitation, than the lowest F-concentration category. The relative importance of the controlling factors appears to be regionally variable. Three case studies illustrate the spatial variability in controlling factors using groundwater-age (groundwater residence time), water-isotope (evaporative concentration), and water-temperature (geothermal processes) data. Populations potentially served by domestic wells with F concentrations 0.7, >2, and >4 mg/L are estimated to be ~28,200,000, ~3,110,000; ~522,000; and ~172,000 people, respectively, in 40 principal aquifers with at least 25 F analyses per aquifer.
Dockless bike sharing alleviates road congestion by complementing subway travel: Evidence from Beijing

Abstract Dockless bike sharing provides a flexible transportation alternative, enriching the potential of both a feeder mode for subway access and a direct substitute for subway trips. This research evaluates the interaction between dockless shared bikes and Beijing's existing subway system. Based on 3.2 million geo-coded bike-sharing trips for two weeks of May 2017, we constructed an innovative framework to distinguish subway-complementing and subway-substituting trips. Employing a generalized Difference-in-Differences identification strategy, we find that subway lines with higher bike-sharing intensity showed an 8% larger growth rate in subway ridership compared to ones with lower intensity, while the substitution effect of bike sharing on subway trips was insignificant. The rush hour road congestion level around subway stations drops by 4% for those stations with bike-sharing trips in the highest quartile. This complementarity between two green travel modes is stronger on workdays, and its congestion alleviation effect is larger in urban areas with poorer access to the existing subway network, revealing its potential to solve the “last mile” problem in areas with inadequate public transit access. We demonstrate that the synergy between dockless bike sharing and the subway system outweighs substituting effects and can help achieve a greener and healthier city.
Antibiotic use during end-of-life care: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Background: We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis measuring the burden of antibiotic use during end-of-life (EOL) care. Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO platform), and Embase (Elsevier platform), through July 2019 for studies with the following inclusion criteria in the initial analysis: antibiotic use in the EOL care patients (advanced dementia, cancer, organ failure, frailty or multi-morbidity). If the number of patients in palliative care consultation (PCC) was available, antibiotic use data were pooled to compare the proportion of patients who received antibiotics under PCC compared to those not receiving PCC. Random-effect models were used to obtain pooled mean differences, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 value. Results: Overall, 72 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review: 22 EOL studies included only patients with cancer; 17 studies included only patients with advanced dementia; and 33 studies included “mixed populations” of EOL patients. Although few studies reported antibiotic using standard metrics (eg, days of therapy), 48 of 72 studies (66.7%) reported antibiotic use in >50% of all patients. When the 3 studies that evaluated antibiotic use in PCC were pooled together, patients under PCC was more likely to receive antibiotics compared to patients not under PCC (pooled odds ratio, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.02–2.93). Conclusions: Future studies are needed to evaluate the benefits and harms of using antibiotics for patients during EOL care in diverse patient populations.
Faxén formulas for particles of arbitrary shape and material composition

We prove a duality between the functional forms of the Faxen formulas associated with a particle of a given shape and material composition and the corresponding singularity solutions for the velocity disturbances induced by that particle, and extend it to the case of systems with coupled transport processes, enabling the solution of a large family of problems via Faxen methods. Prior approaches to constructing proofs of duality of Faxen formulas and Stokes-flow singularities relied on knowledge of all boundary conditions on all particle surfaces, viz. the Lorentz reciprocal theorem approach. We recognized that, in order to bypass the complexity of boundary conditions one can instead invoke energy methods that give reciprocity between operators rather than between specific stress and velocity fields. We derive reciprocal relations between operators, from which we demonstrate that the Faxen/singularity duality is a consequence of a generalized reciprocal relation between conjugate thermodynamic variables. We use our reciprocal relations to derive expressions for the hydrodynamic force on a sphere of arbitrary composition, the hydrodynamic stresslet exerted on a deformable droplet in an arbitrary velocity field, the phoretic force exerted on a rigid particle in the thin double-layer limit in response to arbitrary externally imposed field and the total stresslet on a charged particle in an arbitrary velocity field, i.e. an electroviscous Faxen law.
Cross-Regional Connectedness in the United States’ Housing Market

The interconnectedness of markets is a useful measure of risk and therefore an indicator of economic stability. In this paper, the interconnectedness among housing markets in different metropolitan areas was analyzed. Interconnectedness between the housing market and other markets were also calculated. In regional studies, West Coast housing markets were found to be the most influential on housing markets elsewhere. Interestingly, overall connectedness across regions steadily increased prior to the subprime mortgage crisis, representing a systematic risk increase. When analyzing diverse markets in relation to the housing market, the stock market was found to have the highest interconnectedness, suggesting that financial health of stock market depend on financial health of housing market. The increased systematic risk due to high housing market interconnectedness coupled with the interdependence between the stock market and the housing market were key indicators of the subprime mortgage crisis. Such measures should be monitored in the future to avoid a similar economic disaster.
Identifying Best Practices for Managing Internal Carotid Artery Injury During Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery by Consensus of Expert Opinion.

BackgroundInjury to the internal carotid artery (ICA) is a potentially devastating complication of endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) that as many as 20% of skull base surgeons will experience at l...
“A lot of states were doing it”: The development of Michigan’s Read by Grade Three Law

In recent years, many states have adopted policies to ensure students are reading proficiently by third grade. This kind of policy transfer across states is not a unique phenomenon; researchers have documented analogous proliferations of similar policies both in and outside the field of education. However, there has been little attention paid to how policy transfer happens in K-12 education policy, particularly at the state level. To better understand how education policies spread across states, we turn to the case of Michigan’s Read by Grade Three Law, which was adopted in 2016. Guided by the Multiple Streams Framework and the theory of policy transfer, we trace the policy process surrounding the Law’s conception, development, and passage, relying on data from semi-structured interviews from 24 stakeholders involved in the development of the Law and supported by policy documents from all 50 states and D.C. We find that events in the problem and political streams opened a policy window that allowed for the passage of the Law. These findings contribute to policymakers’ and other stakeholders’ understandings of the development and passage of third-grade literacy policies—information that will be important as these policies continue to receive national attention in both the policy and research communities. Moreover, this study is one of few to focus on the critical role of policy entrepreneurs in joining together the multiple streams, while also providing a nuanced view of how policy transfer and policy entrepreneurship promote the convergence of ideas and solutions to particular problems.
Study on materials and fabrication of functional thin film AlN force sensors

Abstract Aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films are widely used in sensors, bulk/surface acoustic wave (B/SAW) filters, and optoelectronic devices, etc. It often requires overlapping of two different thin films to obtain functional devices. Normally a part of the AlN film is deposited on a bottom substrate (such as Si, Glass, etc.) while the remaining part spreads over an electrode material (such as Al, Au, Pt, etc.). This often results in cracks at the step edge between the metal electrode and AlN films, leading to short circuiting when the top metallic electrode is deposited. It is thus of significance to study the thin film materials and their deposition parameters in order to successfully fabricate functional thin film AlN sensors without cracking. Various underlying materials were studied. Al2O3 is identified as a suitable underlying material below the Au electrode. The AlN deposited at the Au/Al2O3 showed no cracks or short circuiting. Thin film AlN piezoelectric force sensors were successfully fabricated on the Al2O3 coated Si wafers. The longitudinal charge-to-force coefficient of the thin film force sensors were also characterized.
The control of avian cephalic neural crest cytodifferentiation: II. Neural tissues

Abstract A series of neural crest transplantations has been performed to (1) analyze whether avian premigratory cranial neural crest cells are pluripotential or restricted to specific developmental pathways and (2) examine the ability of trunk neural crest cells to develop in an environment usually occupied by cranial crest cells. Quail embryos, the cells of which have a unique nuclear marker, were used as donors and chick embryos as hosts. Hindbrain crest cells grafted in the place of diencephalic crest cells failed to form neurons in all but one case, in which a small ectopic ganglion was found. In the reciprocal transplants, neural crest cells emigrating from a segment of forebrain crest tissue grafted in the place of metencephalic crest cells produced trigeminal and ciliary ganglia which were completely normal. Thus, crest cells which normally never form ganglionic neurons will do so if placed in a suitable neurogenic environment. These results prove that premigratory avian cranial crest cells are not restricted to specific developmental pathways, but are initially pluripotential. Trunk crest cells grafted in the place of metencephalic crest cells form neuronal ganglia along the proximal trigeminal motor roots but do not form normal trigeminal ganglia. These root ganglia do not display normal peripheral projections, and placode cells, a normal component of the trigeminal ganglion, form ganglia in ectopic locations. Thus, while trunk crest cells respond to the metencephalic environment and form neurons, their response is different from that of cranial crest cells in the same location. Whether this is due to differences in developmental potential or in initial population size is not known.
Slavery, Abortion, and the Politics of Constitutional Meaning

For the past forty years, prominent pro-life activists, judges and politicians have invoked the history and legacy of American slavery to elucidate aspects of contemporary abortion politics. As is often the case, many of these popular analogies have been imprecise, underdeveloped and historically simplistic. In Slavery, Abortion, and the Politics of Constitutional Meaning, Justin Buckley Dyer provides the first book-length scholarly treatment of the parallels between slavery and abortion in American constitutional development. In this fascinating and wide-ranging study, Dyer demonstrates that slavery and abortion really are historically, philosophically and legally intertwined in America. The nexus, however, is subtler and more nuanced than is often suggested, and the parallels involve deep principles of constitutionalism.
European Monetary Integration with Benefit of Hindsight

The year 2009 saw a series of events celebrating the first decade of Europe's monetary union. Within a year, however, the eurozone descended into the most serious crisis in its short history. The question posed in this article is whether scholarly analysis of European monetary integration was deficient in ways that led observers to miss impending problems. The answer given here is that the standard analysis was broadly on the mark, although it missed the need for effective oversight of banking and financial systems at the level of the monetary union and underemphasized political economy considerations.
Fuzzy spatial relations based on fuzzy morphology

A novel method for computing fuzzy spatial relationships between regions in digital images is derived. The derivation is based on fuzzy mathematical morphology. The approach is to generalize the standard method of computing spatial relationships in binary morphology via a fuzzification of morphology based on the extension principle. The approach is compared to the aggregation method of Krishnapuram, Keller, and Ma (1993).
Night-day drift patterns and the size of larvae of two aquatic insects

A test of Allan's (1978) hypothesis about differential drift abundance of mayflies of the genus Baetis between night and day, and the size of larvae was performed at a mountain stream in Idaho. Palisades Creek, Idaho, contains a different species of mayfly, B. tricaudatus, and vertebrate predator, Salmo clarki, than Cement Creek, Colorado (B. bicaudatus, and brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis). Consequently it was not known if B. tricaudatus would exhibit a similar pattern as its congener in Cement Creek, with large instars tending to avoid daylight drift, as found by Allan (1978). However, similar results were observed in the present study. It appears that the earlier hypothesis may have generality for geographically distinct streams with a different vertebrate predator and mayfly prey. The existence of a similar pattern for chironomid larvae was also tested, however, no such pattern existed. This discrepency between taxa may be due to differential predation, or to inherent differences in drift abilities.
Immunologic Techniques in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

Immunology has a crucial role in microbiology. This is evident in that antibody is a key component of the test methods used to diagnose infectious disease. Antibody is used to detect pathogens with techniques such as latex agglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescent antibody test. In addition, antibody may be quantitated and identified to determine approximate time of exposure to a particular pathogen. An understanding of the basic assays used in microbiology, as well as their strengths and weaknesses, is important for the microbiologist or immunologist.
Recent trends in mid-infrared sensing

Spectroscopic sensing systems are among the most promising techniques following the recent trends towards continuously operating in-situ analytical tools. The mid-infrared spectral region considered from 2 - 20 micrometers is of particular interest, as compound-specific information based on fundamental rotational and vibrational transitions is provided. Thus, inherently selective qualitative and quantitative data can be obtained. With the development of mid-infrared transparent optical fibers, conventional spectroscopic techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, can be evolved into a sensor format. The appearance of novel mid-infrared light sources, e.g. quantum cascade lasers, and the potential of microfabrication technologies, allows to significantly scale down the optical components. In combination with advanced molecular recognition schemes, such as molecularly imprinted polymers, a new generation of mid-infrared optical sensing devices can be envisaged, with applications ranging from environmental and process analysis to the biochemical/biomedical field.
656 x 492-element platinum silicide infrared charge-coupled-device focal-plane array

A monolithic PtSi charge coupled device (CCD) focal plane array (FPA) has been developed. The array contains 656 X 492 pixels with 46% fill-factor and 26.5 micrometers square pitch. A single on-chip amplifier is used to read out the video at 12.5 MHz to provide standard 30 frames per second format. The devices are produced in Loral Fairchild's CCD facility in Milpitas, California. Excellent performance and yield have been achieved from initial wafers. Device design and performance test results are described.
High-efficiency grid-connected photovoltaic module integrated converter system with high-speed communication interfaces for small-scale distribution power generation

Abstract This paper presents a high-efficiency grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) module integrated converter (MIC) system with reduced PV current variation. The proposed PV MIC system consists of a high-efficiency step-up DC–DC converter and a single-phase full-bridge DC–AC inverter. An active-clamping flyback converter with a voltage-doubler rectifier is proposed for the step-up DC–DC converter. The proposed step-up DC–DC converter reduces the switching losses by eliminating the reverse-recovery current of the output rectifying diodes. To reduce the PV current variation introduced by the grid-connected inverter, a PV current variation reduction method is also suggested. The suggested PV current variation reduction method reduces the PV current variation without any additional components. Moreover, for centralized power control of distributed PV MIC systems, a PV power control scheme with both a central control level and a local control level is presented. The central PV power control level controls the whole power production by sending out reference power signals to each individual PV MIC system. The proposed step-up DC–DC converter achieves a high-efficiency of 97.5% at 260 W output power to generate the DC-link voltage of 350 V from the PV voltage of 36.1 V. The PV MIC system including the DC–DC converter and the DC–AC inverter achieves a high-efficiency of 95% with the PV current ripple less than 3% variation of the rated PV current.
Opportunities and challenges of 3D NAND scaling

3D NAND is attracting increasing attention as a NAND scaling solution. In 3D NAND, the physical cell size is decoupled from the effective cell size by stacking multiple tiers. This enables effective NAND cell size scaling without degrading cell performance and reliability. However, 3D process integration could introduce new sources of cell degradation. This paper will discuss the opportunities and challenges of 3D NAND scaling.
Measurements and Calculations of Microwave Radiance and Reflectivity for Storm-Associated Frozen Hydrometeors

During the TEFLUN-B (Texas-Florida under-flights for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)) field experiment of August-September, 1998, a number of ER-2 aircraft flights with a host of microwave instruments were conducted over many convective storms, including some hurricanes, in the coastal region of Florida and Texas. These instruments include MIR (Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer), AMPR (Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer), and EDOP (ER-2 Doppler Radar). EDOP is operated at the frequency of 9.7 GHz, while the AMPR and the MIR together give eleven channels of radiometric measurements in the frequency range of 10-340 GHz. The concurrent measurements from these instruments provide unique data sets for studying the details of the microphysics of hydrometeors. Preliminary examination of these data sets shows features that are generally well understood; i.e., radiometric measurements at frequencies = 150 GHz, to snow and ice clouds above the freezing level. In this paper we present results of comparisons between these measurements and model calculations of brightness temperature and radar reflectivity. For simplicity the analysis is limited to the anvil region of the storms where only frozen hydrometeors are present. Various models of particle size distribution (e.g., Gunn-Marshall, Sekhon-Srivastava, and the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX)) are examined in the calculations of brightness temperatures at the MIR frequencies and radar reflectivity at the EDOP frequency. Estimation of ice water path is made based on the best agreement between the measurements and calculations of brightness temperature and reflectivity. Problems associated with these analyses and measurement accuracy will be discussed.
Porphyrins affect the self-assembly of tubulin in solution

Self-assembly of tubulin heterodimers in solution has been studied in the past to predict the effects that ligands and/or conformational changes have on the formation of tubulin filaments. Self-assembly of tubulin in solution has produced formations similar to cellular microtubules (MTs). The present study reports on the effects that two porphyrins (protoporphyrin IX, PPIX and tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin, TPPS) produce on the self-assembly of tubulin α,β-heterodimers in buffer solution. The study shows that, when incubated simultaneously with MT-stabilizing ligands (i.e., paclitaxel and guanosine triphosphate, GTP), porphyrins do not affect the ability of tubulin to form MT. However, if paclitaxel and GTP are added after tubulin has been allowed to self-assemble in the presence of either porphyrin, the ability to form MT-like structures is reduced or suppressed. We suggest that this effect is due to the formation of porphyrin-mediated aggregates that cannot be broken or elongated by the addition of GTP or paclitaxel.
Serbian Gypsy Narrative: Between Preferred and True Identity

This paper discusses the narration of a Serbian Gypsy who adopted Serbian ethnic identity. Still today in Serbia, Gypsy culture remains in the oral form. Their narratives tell as much about their present as about their past. Several themes underlying the discussion about Gypsy ethnic flexibility are explored: their position in relation to non-Gypsies, the way they perceive it; varying attitudes about ethnicity within Gypsy communities in contrast with personal experiences of a Gypsy who adopted Serbian identity; and the evolving nature of Gypsy identities.
Analysis of charge states in the mixed-valent ionic insulator AgO

The doubly ionized ${d}^{9}$ copper ion provides, originally in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ and later in many more compounds, the platform for high temperature superconductivity when it is forced toward higher levels of oxidation. The nearest chemical equivalent is ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{2+}$, which is almost entirely avoided in nature. AgO is an illustrative example, being an unusual nonmagnetic insulating compound with an open $4d$ shell on one site. This compound has been interpreted in terms of one ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{3+}$ ion at the fourfold site and one ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{+}$ ion that is twofold coordinated. We analyze more aspects of this compound, finding that indeed the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{3+}$ ion supports only four occupied $4d\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{based}$ Wannier functions per spin, while ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{+}$ supports five, yet their physical charges (as quantified by their spherical radial charge densities) are nearly equal. The oxygen $2p$ Wannier functions display two distinct types of behavior, one type of which includes conspicuous Ag $4d$ tails. Calculation of the Born effective charge tensor shows that the mean effective charges of the Ag ions differ by about a factor of 2, roughly consistent with the assigned formal charges. We analyze the $4d$ charge density and discuss it in terms of recent insights into charge states of insulating (and usually magnetic) transition-metal oxides. What might be expected in electron- and hole-doped AgO is discussed briefly.
Complex coordinate calculations of Feshbach resonance energies and widths for a collinear triatomic system

Complex resonance energies are calculated for a model triatomic system studied previously by Eastes and Marcus [W. Eastes and R. A. Marcus, J. Chem. Phys. 59, 4757 (1973)]. The complex coordinate method is employed to obtain resonance positions and widths for six states. The positions are all in excellent agreement with previous scattering and stabilization results and there is also good agreement with the one width obtained previously from scattering calculations. The additional widths obtained are given for the first time. Some speculations about possible laser induced absorption and emission among these resonances and true bound states are made.
Integrated phylogeny of the primate brain, with special reference to humans and their diseases.

Abstract Fossil, comparative anatomic and ontogenic data suggest that several systems of functionally and anatomically related brain regions underwent selective expansion or differentiation during primate evolution, according to the principle of ‘integrated phylogeny’. This process was closely tied to expansion of the neocortex, particularly of its association areas. System I regions include the association neocortices as well as the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the entorhinal cortex, and subdivisions of the septum, hippocampal formation and amygdaloid complex. This system undergoes degeneration in Alzheimer's and Pick's diseases and Down syndrome. System II includes segregated circuits involving parts of the frontal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and substantia nigra, and can become defective in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases. Certain nuclei in the mesencephalon and brainstem, which co-evolved with System I and II regions, also demonstrate pathology in diseases affecting these systems. Integrated phylogeny of each of these systems during primate evolution likely was promoted by regulatory mutations, gene duplications or chromosomal rearrangements. Thus, understanding the genetic basis of integrated phylogeny of systems of brain regions during primate evolution may elucidate the pathogenesis of the human diseases which affect these regions.
Hydrothermally precipitated mixed-layer illite-smectite in recent massive sulfide deposits from the sea floor

Mixed-layer illite-smectite (I/S) in recent massive sulfide deposits from a seamount near the East Pacific Rise has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM). The I/S fills pore space between quartz and sulfides, and XRD and TEM analyses indicate that the I/S contains ∼25%-45% smectite, with R1-type ordering (ISISIS). Microprobe and analytical electron-microscope analyses indicate a rectorite-like composition, K being the dominant interlayer cation. The occurrence of the I/S within a hydrothermally precipitated sulfide deposit, the pore-filling texture, and the internal structure of the I/S are all consistent with direct precipitation from hydrothermal solutions. Direct precipitation of I/S from solution has two important implications. First, some sericite in ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits may have similarly originated as hydrothermal precipitates rather than as alteration products, with implications for mobility and transport of Al. Second, direct precipitation of R1-ordered I/S from fluid implies that during diagenetic evolution of smectite to illite, the sequence of smectite → random I/S → ordered I/S → illite may not be followed.
XPS studies of the effect of argon ion bombardment on standard reference material 470: Glass K-411

Abstract The effect of Ar ion bombardment on Standard Reference Material 470: Glass K-411 with a composition of (Fe, Ca, Mg)1.9Si2O6, was studied by means of XPS. Results show Fe to be most sensitive to ion induced damage, while no effect on the main photoelectron peaks of Ca, Si and O was observed. The oxygen, however, developed a small peak at lower BE (∼ 5.5 eV) of the main O 1 s peak on sputtering. This peak was correlated to an iron peak, Feβ, which developed also on sputtering, and the resultant oxide is believed to exist as a separate surface phase. O was found to be sputtered selectively with respect to Ca and Si which keep a constant atomic ratio. Mg could not be studied in the present composition.
Purification and characterization of the isozymes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from rabbit liver.

Abstract Procedures are described for the purification of the mitochondrial and cytosolic isozymes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from rabbit liver. Examination of the purified isozymes by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated apparent homogeneity and identical molecular weights of approximately 65 000. Gel filtration chromatography of the native isozymes, however, yielded apparent molecular weights of 68 000 and 56 000 for the cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes, respectively. The isoelectric points as determined by chromatofocusing were 5.8 for the mitochondrial isozyme and 5.0 for the cytosolic isozyme. The purified isozymes were readily separable on ion-exchange columns, with the cytosolic isozyme showing the greater affinity. A minor amount of cross-reactivity was apparent when each isozyme was immunotitrated with polyclonal antibodies raised in goat against the opposite isozyme. Peptide maps obtained by high pressure liquid chromatography of both tryptic digests and cyanogen bromide digests of the isozymes showed that many of the peaks were not coincident, suggesting that differences in the sequences are found throughout the primary structures of the isozymes.
Jupiter's Great Red Spot

THE great red spot of Jupiter has puzzled astronomers since its discovery in 1857 (or since 1664 if it is identical with the feature seen by Robert Hooke). It is generally conceded to-day that Jupiter is approximately 80 per cent hydrogen by weight1–3, and the best modern evidence does not conflict with the assumption that hydrogen predominates in the atmosphere of Jupiter to the same extent as in the planet's bulk4. It has proved difficult to conceive of an ‘object’ able to ‘float’ in a surfaceless ocean5 of supercritical hydrogen gas. Therefore the suggestion of Hide6 that the red spot might not be a flotation phenomenon at all but rather a ‘Taylor column’ was an intriguing alternative. Unfortunately, it has not been possible as yet to prove hydrodynamically that a Taylor column can be realized in Jupiter's atmosphere; for one does not know enough about the hydrodynamic conditions of the atmosphere (we shall return to this point later). Moreover, certain observed phenomena appear to indicate that the rather restrictive requirements for the existence of a Taylor column are not met by the red spot. Without here going into these arguments, we merely wish to propose a novel and alternative explanation based on a theoretical prediction of J. D. van der Waals7 which has been verified in some detail by Krichevsky and Ziclis8, Kennedy and Takenouchi9 and others.
Ventricular arrhythmias during left ventricular assist device support

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been used effectively as a "bridge" to cardiac transplantation and as destination therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) have been reported to occur in LVAD-supported patients, although their incidence, risk factors, and clinical significance have not been characterized. In this study, 111 patients who received LVAD support as a bridge to cardiac transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from January 1987 to June 2001 were evaluated. Clinically significant VA was defined as ventricular fibrillation, sustained ventricular tachycardia, or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia with symptoms requiring antiarrhythmic therapy. Patients were grouped on the basis of the presence or absence of VAs. VAs occurred in 24 patients (22%) during device support. Ischemic heart disease was the cause of heart failure in 71% of patients (17 of 24) in the VA group and 45% of patients (39 of 87) in the group without VAs (p 1 week) occurrence (9%). In conclusion, although clinically significant VAs occur in patients with heart failure receiving LVAD support, the overall incidence is low. VAs are more frequent in patients with ischemic heart failure, and their occurrence is associated with greater mortality. The occurrence of VAs early after LVAD implantation, in particular, predicts a higher mortality rate.
Potential vorticity dynamics of boundary currents in a quasi-geostrophic ocean

Abstract Boundary layer potential vorticity dynamics for a quasi-geostrophic, eddy-resolving general circulation ocean model are studied using both Lagrangian and Eulerian analyses. Active western boundary layers are found not only in the upper wind-driven layer but also in the lower layers, despite the lack of a direct vorticity input to the deep ocean. At the western wall dissipative and inertial boundary regimes are exclusively controlled by the time-mean dynamics except for the deepest layer where eddy fluxes drive the mean flow across mean potential vorticity contours. Boundary layers formed at the southern wall in this model are dynamically distinct from the western boundary layers; they are controlled solely by the eddy flux of potential vorticity found in this region of active baroclinic instability. Basin-integrated vorticity balances reveal a strong contribution to the vorticity cycle by the lateral boundaries with such input overshadowed by the vorticity exchange across the midbasin gyre bounda...
Birds and environmental contaminants in San Francisco and Chesapeake Bays

Abstract The direct and indirect effects of human activities, including environmental contamination, upon bird populations in San Francisco Bay and Chesapeake Bay are imperfectly understood, and few data are available that allow a comparison of the contamination levels in birds from these two areas. Certain trace elements and organochlorine compounds have been found at sufficiently high concentrations in bird tissues or their foods to expect adverse effects in these birds, based upon results of field and laboratory studies conducted with other avian species. The decline and recovery of populations of many avian species have been recorded, including some associated with organochlorine contamination. The present paper summarizes available information on the occurrence and potential effects of contaminants upon birds in these two regions.