cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural and sputtering effects of medium energy ion bombardment of silicon

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulation is used to study argon ion bombardment of an initially perfect silicon crystal up to its damaged state at a total fluence of 4 × 10 14 impacts/cm 2 . Lower and higher energy processes are considered: one process with ions at 500 eV and another process with ions at 700 eV, which are like those used in a particular microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technique. These energies are intermediate relative to most previous silicon ion bombardment studies, higher than those typically used in ion-assisted deposition and lower than in typical ion implantation. In all, up to 118 impacts are simulated in a 5.43 by 5.43 nm periodically replicated cell of a target (0 0 1) surface of silicon. After an impact, the material is cooled slowly to 77 K by a process that models thermal conduction in to the bulk target material. It is assumed that defects are immobile at this temperature and that no further structural relaxation occurs before the next impact. Multiple simulations of more than 100 ion impacts are conducted for both ion energies and averaged to converge statistical descriptions of structural evolution and sputtering. Surface roughening is observed with increase in ion fluence. Damage throughout the sample is studied using a planar radial distribution function. Using a crystallinity measure based on this function, it is found that the damage region extends 2.2 nm into the material for 500 eV ions and 3.0 nm for 700 eV ions after 80 impacts. The damaged region is separated from deeper, undamaged crystal by a nearly flat interface. Sputter yields are in reasonable agreement with experimental data, reaching nearly steady rates of 0.5 and 0.7 sputtered atoms per incident argon atom for the 500 and 700 eV cases, respectively. For the number of ions considered, implanted argons do not significantly affect Si sputtering.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) cross-talks with canonical Wnt signaling via phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser 552

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of energy metabolism; its activity is regulated by a plethora of physiological conditions, exercises and many anti-diabetic drugs. Recent studies show that AMPK involves in cell differentiation but the underlying mechanism remains undefined. Wingless Int-1 (Wnt)/{beta}-catenin signaling pathway regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through enhancing {beta}-catenin/T-cell transcription factor 1 (TCF) mediated transcription. The objective of this study was to determine whether AMPK cross-talks with Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling through phosphorylation of {beta}-catenin. C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells were used. Chemical inhibition of AMPK and the expression of a dominant negative AMPK decreased phosphorylation of {beta}-catenin at Ser 552. The {beta}-catenin/TCF mediated transcription was correlated with AMPK activity. In vitro, pure AMPK phosphorylated {beta}-catenin at Ser 552 and the mutation of Ser 552 to Ala prevented such phosphorylation, which was further confirmed using [{gamma}-{sup 32}P]ATP autoradiography. In conclusion, AMPK phosphorylates {beta}-catenin at Ser 552, which stabilizes {beta}-catenin, enhances {beta}-catenin/TCF mediated transcription, expanding AMPK from regulation of energy metabolism to cell differentiation and development via cross-talking with the Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling pathway.
Making Healthful Food Choices: The Influence of Health Claims and Nutrition Information on Consumers’ Evaluations of Packaged Food Products and Restaurant Menu Items

Abstract The authors report the results of three experiments that address the effects of health claims and nutrition information placed on restaurant menus and packaged food labels. The results indicate that when favorable nutrition information or health claims are presented, consumers have more favorable attitudes toward the product, nutrition attitudes, and purchase intentions, and they perceive risks of heart disease and stroke to be lower. The nutritional context in which a restaurant menu item is presented moderates the effects of both nutrition information and a health claim on consumer evaluations, which suggests that alternative (i.e., nontarget) menu items serve as a frame of reference against which the target menu item is evaluated.
Exercise thallium testing in ventricular preexcitation.

Abstract Ventricular preexcitation, as seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, results in a high frequency of positive exercise electrocardiographic responses. Why this occurs is unknown but is not believed to reflect myocardial ischemia. Exercise thallium testing is often used for noninvasive assessment of coronary artery disease in patients with conditions known to result in false-positive electrocardiographic responses. To assess the effects of ventricular preexcitation on exercise thallium testing, 8 men (aged 42 ± 4 years) with this finding were studied. No subject had signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease. Subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer to a double product of 26,000 ± 2,000 (± standard error of mean). All but one of the subjects had at least 1 mm of ST-segment depression. Tests were terminated because of fatigue or dyspnea and no patient had chest pain. Thallium test results were abnormal in 5 patients, 2 of whom had stress defects as well as abnormally delayed thallium washout. One of these subjects had normal coronary arteries on angiography with a negative ergonovine challenge, and both had normal exercise radionuclide ventriculographic studies. Delayed thallium washout was noted in 3 of the subjects with ventricular preexcitation and normal stress images. This study suggests that exercise thallium testing is frequently abnormal in subjects with ventricular preexcitation. Ventricular preexcitation may cause dys-synergy of ventricular activation, which could alter myocardial thallium handling, much as occurs with left bundle branch block. Exercise radionuclide ventriculography may be a better test for noninvasive assessment of coronary artery disease in patients with ventricular preexcitation.
Shake-up satellites in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Shake-up satellite peaks have been reported in the core electron spectra of various types of molecules. The specific valence excitation(s) giving rise to this extra structure has been assigned largely as a result of the application of the sudden approximation coupled with other considerations, e.g. transition energies. Satellite peaks appearing in the core electron spectra of first row transition metal complexes appear to be particularly interesting since existing data indicate that their positions and intensities convey information regarding some important properties of the complex. In this work reported shake-up satellite peaks are described and analyzed. In addition, some areas requiring more experimental work are pointed out, and a few potential applications of satellite peak data are mentioned.
Widespread neurotrophin receptor expression in the immune system and other nonneuronal rat tissues.

: RNase protection analysis using p75, trk A, and trk B RNA probes was used to examine mRNA expression in rat tissues, with particular emphasis on the immune system. Every tissue examined, with the exception of postnatal day 0 spleen, expressed p75 mRNA. Trk A mRNA was observed in tissues previously reported to be negative for the trk A receptor, such as kidney, thymus, lymph node, muscle, and lung. Neuronal tissues expressed only the long form of trk A, whereas nonneuronal tissues expressed both trk A forms. Trk B mRNA was expressed by the same tissues as trk A, plus heart and spleen. Neuronal tissues expressed full-length and truncated trk B, whereas nonneuronal tissues only expressed truncated trk B. During development of the thymus p75 mRNA levels increased and trk A mRNA levels decreased. Similarly, for the spleen, p75 mRNA levels increased and those of trk B decreased during development. The expression of p75, trk A and trk B was localized primarily to the stroma of the thymus and spleen, but there was some expression by the splenocytes and thymocytes. The widespread expression of neurotrophin receptors in areas not known to be targets for neurotrophins suggests broader functions for neurotrophins outside of the nervous system.
Adjunctive Risperidone for Partially Responsive People with Schizophrenia Treated with Clozapine

The large numbers of partial clozapine responders represent a major therapeutic challenge. Unfortunately, there are no clear data to support how best to treat these patients. This study examines the efficacy and safety of adjunctive risperidone in a well-defined treatment-resistant population optimally treated with clozapine. A total of 69 inpatients and outpatients with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder entered a 16-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Of them, 33 participants were randomized to risperidone and 36 were randomized to placebo. There was no significant group difference in the predefined response criteria. There were modest group differences for Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) positive symptoms, which were significant in the completer analysis (F=5.70; df=1, 70.3; p=0.02; ES=0.27) but not the intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses (F=3.01; df=1, 77.5; p=0.09; ES=0.19). A similar pattern was found for the BPRS total score, with the completer analysis showing a significant improvement in the risperidone group (F=5.21; df=1, 64.9; p=0.03; ES=0.27), whereas the ITT analysis was not significant (F=3.52; df=1, 71.3; p=0.06; ES=0.22). In addition, there was a small, but significant, group difference for negative symptoms, as measured by the SANS total score, which favored the risperidone group (F=5.67; df=1, 78.7; p=0.02; ES=0.24). There were no significant group differences on safety measures, including neuropsychological test and extrapyramidal symptom scores. A significant elevation of prolactin in the risperidone group was observed. The study results suggest that adjunctive risperidone may have a modest benefit for treatment-resistant clozapine patients. The study results are discussed in the context of previous double-blind studies of adjunctive risperidone. (clinicaltrials.gov, trial number: NCT00056498).
Thermodynamic representation of aqueous sodium nitrate and nitric acid solution with electrolyte NRTL model

Abstract Nitric acid solution has been widely used in nuclear waste treatment processes. To support heat and mass balance calculations and process simulation, a comprehensive thermodynamic model is developed for sodium nitrate–water binary, nitric acid–water binary, and nitric-acid–sodium nitrate–water ternary systems. Based on symmetric electrolyte NRTL (eNRTL) activity coefficient model, the present work takes into account complete dissociation of sodium nitrate and partial dissociation of nitric acid in aqueous solution. With up to three temperature coefficients for each eNRTL binary interaction parameter, the model provides an accurate and thermodynamically consistent representation for phase equilibrium properties such as vapor pressure, boiling point, dew point and salt solubility, calorimetric properties such as enthalpy and heat capacity, and speciation properties. The model is validated with data covering temperature up to 473.15 K and sodium nitrate concentration up to saturation for the sodium nitrate–water binary system, temperature up to 379.15 K and nitric acid concentration up to pure acid for the nitric acid–water binary system, and sodium nitrate concentration up to 0.21 mole fraction and nitric acid concentration up to 0.3 mole fraction for the nitric acid–sodium nitrate–water ternary system.
Closure to “Three-Dimensional Responses of a Tied-Back Excavation through Clay” by Richard J. Finno and Jill F. Roboski

In regard to the magnitude of the preload, the authors note that quantification of the relative merits of prestressing the ground anchors at either 75% or 100% of the design load is difficult. In their paper, the authors report that the first two level of ground anchors, located in beach sand, were nearly at the same elevation. This was physically possible only because the contractor horizontally staggered the anchors in these two rows. The authors further state that in order to evaluate response differences that are strictly the result of differences in the prestress, one would need excessively detailed three-dimensional numerical analyses. The authors cite Finno et al. (2002) regarding presentation of data from instrumented anchors collected at a different Chicago excavation. Results show that the anchors, locked off at 100% of the design loads, remained essentially constant throughout the excavation. As for the discusser's query about optimal prestress value, the authors are unaware of any supporting numerical studies or performance data.
Cross-intersecting families of finite sets

Abstract It is proved that A is a family of a-element sets and B is a family of b-element sets on the common undelying set [n], and A ∩ B ≠ ∅ for all A ∈ A , B ∈ B (i.e., cross-intersecting), and n ⩾ a + b, , and then there exists an element xϵ[n] such that it belongs to all members of A and B. This is an extension of a result of Hilton and Milner who generalized the Erdos-Ko-Rado theorem for non-trivial intersecting families Several problems remain open.
Interaction between maternal obesity and Bishop score in predicting successful induction of labor in term, nulliparous patients.

Objective Determine the Bishop score most predictive of induction of labor (IOL) success for different maternal weight groups. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Prospectively collected database utilized to determine the optimum Bishop score within each prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) category of term, nulliparous patients undergoing IOL. Results For the total group (n = 696), Bishop score ≥5 was most predictive of success (75% versus 56%, p Conclusion The optimum Bishop score for predicting successful IOL in nulliparous patients was 5 regardless of BMI class. The higher IOL failure rate observed in obese women was associated with lower starting Bishop scores and was compounded by higher failure rates in obese women with Bishop scores
Timing of onset of evening activity of adult Chinese rose beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).

Abstract Adult Chinese rose beetles, Adoretus sinicus (Burmeister) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Adoretini), present in China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, the Marianas Islands, the Caroline Islands, and the Hawaiian Islands, are nighttime defoliators that feed on a wide variety of plant species. It has recently been demonstrated that illumination of plants at dusk has the potential to discourage feeding by adult Chinese rose beetles on the illuminated plants. To effectively use lighting to minimize defoliation of host plants, it is critical to know the timing of the initial host plant colonization by the beetles to ensure that illumination is initiated before host plant colonization begins. Adult Chinese rose beetles were observed to colonize host plants at dusk, with initiation of beetle colonization averaging more than 21 min after sunset, with the earliest observed beetle colonization occurring 11 min after sunset. These times corresponded to an average light level of 7.0 lux at the first colonization and the earliest first colonization occurring at 26.9 lux. Based on these results, use of lighting to minimize defoliation of host plants should be initiated at about sunset in order to discourage colonization (and associated defoliation) by adult Chinese rose beetles.
Modeling active vibration control of a geared rotor system

This paper analyzes the practicality of active internal shaft transverse vibration control using a piezoelectric stack actuator for reducing external gearbox housing structure response due to transmission error excitation from a gear pair. The proposed adaptive controller that is designed specifically for tackling mesh frequency vibrations is based on an enhanced filtered-x least mean square algorithm with frequency estimation to synthesize the required reference signal. The vital system secondary path characteristic that relates the actuation force to the housing response of interest is identified in offline or online mode using the additive random noise technique. Numerical studies employing practical design parameters in order to provide a realistic assessment of the proposed approach are performed for a geared rotor system (dynamic plant) that is represented as finite and lumped elements. The simulations reveal very promising vibration control results, which will be utilized to guide future experimental studies.
Relationship Between Academia and Industry: Ethical Considerations

Abstract [Paris PM: Relationship between academia and industry: Ethical considerations. Ann Emerg Med April 1996;27:416-417.]
Preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease: two case reports and review of the literature

A variety of therapeutic modalities are available to alter the abnormalities seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive plan can now be developed to slow the progression of CKD. Two clinical cases of delay in the need for renal replacement therapy are described. This delay was achieved by using recognized recommendations for optimal diabetes therapy (HbA1c target 7 %), goals for blood pressure levels, reduction of proteinuria, and the proper use of ACEI/ARB therapies. Recent recommendations include BP 22 mmol/L is beneficial, while serum uric acid therapeutic goals are still uncertain. Also, two as yet insufficiently understood approaches to altering the course of CKD (FGF-23 level reduction and balancing gut microbiota) are noted.
Ancient conserved regions in gene sequences

Abstract Apart from its intrinsic interest, the elucidation of evolutionary relationships among proteins can provide useful structural and functional insights. Recent progress towards understanding the sequences that are evolutionarily conserved among diverse eukaryotes (‘ancient conserved regions’) include: the identification of several new ancient conserved regions; the development of more sensitive methods for detecting distant sequence relationships; and the discoveries (from analysis of new sets of genes from genome sequencing projects) that most ancient conserved regions are already represented among known proteins, and that a majority of genes do not contain such regions. These ideas are illustrated in the context of an updated analysis of the ancient conserved regions present in a ‘typical’ eukaryotic genomic sequence, yeast chromosome III.
Flow in deformable porous media. Part 1 Simple analysis

Many processes in the Earth, such as magma migration, can be described by the flow of a low-viscosity fluid in a viscously deformable, permeable matrix. The purpose of this and a companion paper is to develop a better physical understanding of the equations governing these two-phase flows. This paper presents a series of analytic approximate solutions to the governing equations to show that the equations describe two different modes of matrix deformation. Shear deformation of the matrix is governed by Stokes equation and can lead to porosity-driven convection. Volume changes of the matrix are governed by a nonlinear dispersive wave equation for porosity. Porosity waves exist because the fluid flux is an increasing function of porosity and the matrix can expand or compact in response to variations in the fluid flux. The speed and behaviour of the waves depend on the functional relationship between permeability and porosity. If the partial derivative of the permeability with respect to porosity, ∂kϕ/∂ϕ, is also an increasing function of porosity, then the waves travel faster than the fluid in the pores and can steepen into porosity shocks. The propagation of porosity waves, however, is resisted by the viscous resistance of the matrix to volume changes. Linear analysis shows that viscous stresses cause plane waves to disperse and provide additional pressure gradients that deflect the flow of fluid around obstacles. When viscous resistance is neglected in the nonlinear equations, porosity shock waves form from obstructions in the fluid flux. Using the method of characteristics, we quantify the specific criteria for shocks to develop in one and two dimensions. A companion paper uses numerical schemes to show that in the full equations, viscous resistance to volume changes causes simple shocks to disperse into trains of nonlinear solitary waves.
Clostridium difficile infection in cancer patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

Clostridium difficile has become the most common bacterial cause of nosocomial diarrhea. High rates of C. difficile infection (CDI) coupled with increasing morbidity and mortality attributed to CDI have sparked a renewed interest in this disease. Emergence of hypervirulent strains, rising rates of severe and recurrent infection and associated infection control challenges, and diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas are major issues in the non-oncology population. Scant data on CDI exist in the cancer/transplant population. The purpose of this article is to describe the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of CDI in patients receiving cancer chemotherapeutic agents, and in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.
Lloyd's mirror as a laser wavemeter.

A simple Lloyd’s mirror interferometer and a CCD photodiode array make a compact Fourier transform wavemeter for pulsed lasers. A transformation from the nonlinear spatial sampling of the diodes to a linear temporal series is described that sharpens the distribution in the spectral domain and permits long diode arrays to be used in the interferometer. Tests with a tunable red dye laser show that the wavemeter has an accuracy of ~ 2 cm−1 and the sensitivity to record untuned superradiant emission from the dye as well as frequency doubling in the ultraviolet.
Capacitive stabilization of an electrostatic actuator: output feedback viewpoint

With constant voltage control, use of the entire capacitive gap in analog operation of electrostatically-actuated MEMS devices is restricted by a bifurcation phenomenon known as "pull in" or "snap through." It is well known that a properly-sized series capacitor will eliminate this bifurcation. We re-visit this result from the viewpoint of control theory, and show that the series capacitor implements static charge feedback, and can semi-globally stabilize any position in the gap. In fact, with charge as output, the system is relative degree one, and input-output linearizable with asymptotically stable zero dynamics, suggesting that more general compensation schemes may be fruitful. In fact, the system may be input-output linearized using only the voltage across the electrodes. We show that any position in the gap may be globally asymptotically stabilized with output feedback of voltage and charge.
Rcorrector: efficient and accurate error correction for Illumina RNA-seq reads

Next-generation sequencing of cellular RNA (RNA-seq) is rapidly becoming the cornerstone of transcriptomic analysis. However, sequencing errors in the already short RNA-seq reads complicate bioinformatics analyses, in particular alignment and assembly. Error correction methods have been highly effective for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) reads, but are unsuitable for RNA-seq reads, owing to the variation in gene expression levels and alternative splicing. We developed a k-mer based method, Rcorrector, to correct random sequencing errors in Illumina RNA-seq reads. Rcorrector uses a De Bruijn graph to compactly represent all trusted k-mers in the input reads. Unlike WGS read correctors, which use a global threshold to determine trusted k-mers, Rcorrector computes a local threshold at every position in a read. Rcorrector has an accuracy higher than or comparable to existing methods, including the only other method (SEECER) designed for RNA-seq reads, and is more time and memory efficient. With a 5 GB memory footprint for 100 million reads, it can be run on virtually any desktop or server. The software is available free of charge under the GNU General Public License from https://github.com/mourisl/Rcorrector/ .
Using rule induction for prediction of self-injuring behavior in animal models of development disabilities

The data mining system LERS (Learning from Examples using Rough Sets) was used to assess whether animal models of varying basal ganglia dopamine concentrations could be distinguished based on their behavioral responsiveness to a dopamine agonist, GBR12909. GBR12909 causes its agonist effects by increasing synaptic concentrations of dopamine. The three animal models included rats depleted as neonates of striatal dopamine, rats with hyper-innervation of striatal dopamine and control rats with normal striatal dopamine concentrations. The groups received five injections of GBR12909 and were observed for stereotyped and self-injurious behaviors immediately following the injections and six hours after injections. The data mining system LERS induced rules that indicated which of the injections caused several behaviors to be exhibited and which injections caused more focused behaviors. Prediction error rate analysis enable us to determine whether the pattern of behaviors displayed following GBR12909 administration could be distinguished among animal models. Differences in the rule sets formed for each group for each injection enables the prediction of the stereotyped behaviors that may occur prior to occurrence of self-injurious behavior. The ability to predict the occurrence of self-injurious behaviors in the animal models greatly increases our change of suppressing these behaviors through behavioral or pharmacological intervention.
Rehearsal Characteristics of “Superior” Band Directors

The purpose of this study was to investigate the rehearsal characteristics of “superior” middle and high school band directors. A total of 131 respondents from Florida, Kentucky, and North Carolina who received a “superior” rating for 4 out of the past 5 years, completed an open-ended essay question online asking them to describe which aspects and/or elements they considered to be the most important during their music rehearsal. Using a previously established descriptive approach consisting of qualitative coding techniques, responses were analyzed and placed into a taxonomic structure according to similar themes that emerged from the data. Results from the 792 comments listed indicate that both middle and high school directors spend the most time working on “Music Fundamentals,” with “Tone Quality/Production” listed as the most frequent response for both groups. Additionally, directors placed importance on “Conductor/Teacher Behaviors,” “Teaching Techniques,” “Classroom Environment/Behavior,” “Use of Spec...
On eccentric vertices in graphs

The eccentricity e(v) of a vertex v in a connected graph G is the distance between v and a vertex furthest from v. The minimum eccentricity among the vertices of G is the radius rad G of G, and the maximum eccentricity is its diameter diam G. A vertex u of G is called an eccentric vertex of v if d(u, v) = e(v). The radial number m(v) of v is the minimum eccentricity among the eccentric vertices of v, while the diametrical number dn(v) of v is the maximum eccentricity among the eccentric vertices of v. The radial number m(G) of G is the minimum radial number among the vertices of G and the diametrical number dn(G) of G is the minimum diametrical number among the vertices of G. Several results concerning eccentric vertices are presented. It is shown that for positive integers a and b with a ≤ b ≤ 2a there exists a connected graph G having m(G) = a and dn(G) = b. Also, if a, b, and c are positive integers with a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ 2a, then there exists a connected graph G with rad G = a, m(G) = b, and diam G = c. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mlh1 Can Function in Antibody Class Switch Recombination Independently of Msh2

Mismatch repair proteins participate in antibody class switch recombination, although their roles are unknown. Previous nucleotide sequence analyses of switch recombination junctions indicated that the roles of Msh2 and the MutL homologues, Mlh1 and Pms2, differ. We now asked if Msh2 and Mlh1 function in the same pathway during switch recombination. Splenic B cells from mice deficient in both these proteins were induced to undergo switching in culture. The frequency of switching is reduced, similarly to that of B cells singly deficient in Msh2 or Mlh1. However, the nucleotide sequences of the Sμ-Sγ3 junctions resemble junctions from Mlh1- but not from Msh2-deficient cells, suggesting Mlh1 functions either independently of or before Msh2. The substitution mutations within S regions that are known to accompany switch recombination are increased in Msh2- and Mlh1 single-deficient cells and further increased in the double-deficient cells, again suggesting these proteins function independently in class switch recombination. The finding that MMR functions to reduce mutations in switch regions is unexpected since MMR proteins have been shown to contribute to somatic hypermutation of antibody variable region genes.
Near-optimal signaling for wideband-fading channels

In this paper, a channel which is subject to multipath fading, by considering a doubly block fading model is presented. The performance of the channels with large coherence dimension and the receiver with the full knowledge of channel state information, which leads to a coherent fading model is studied. The calculations of the optimal values and the proof that QPSK is near optimal with the independent of the error-exponent constraint are proved.
Divergent patterns of incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine and iododeoxyuridine in human colorectal tumor cell lines

Using a panel of four human colorectal tumor (HCT) cell lines, we have quantitatively characterized the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) into DNA, both as individual agents and in combination with fluoropyrimidines. The intrinsic ability of these cell lines to incorporate BrdUrd, as reflected by the concentration required to achieve half- maximal incorporation, varied almost 4-fold across this panel, from 1.6/,M for HuTu80 cells to 6.1 MM for HT29 cells. Three of the four cell lines (HT29, SW480, SW620) responded to fluoropyrimidines expected, displaying 100-150% increases in BrdUrd incorporation when combined with growth inhibitory concentrations of fluorouracil (FUra). In contrast, neither FUra nor fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) was able to increase BrdUrd incorporation in HuTu80 cells by more than 25%, even in the presence of 100/uM leucovorin. IdUrd incorporation was modulated to a substantially higher degree in both HT29 and HuTu80 cell lines. Finally we demonstrate the feasibility of a technique for evaluating the net effect of fluoropyrimidine treatments on de novo thymidine nucleotide production in a single specimen, using a combination of normotopic and stable-isotope labeled BrdUrd. We propose that this approach may be useful in evaluating the response of an individual tumor to fluoropyrimidines
Childrearing Attitudes of Parents in Person-Oriented and Thing-Oriented Occupations: A Comparison

Summary The Parent as a Teacher Inventory was completed by 196 parents of preschool-aged children. Eighty-nine of the parents held jobs focused on helping people and involving considerable face-to-face contact (person-oriented work); 107 parents held jobs focused on materials and/or technical skill (thing-oriented work). Compared to parents in thing-oriented occupations, parents in person-oriented occupations reported less need to be the one in control when interacting with their children, more positive receptivity to their children's bids for conversation and attention, more willingness to encourage and be involved in their children's play, and more confidence in their own ability to contribute to their children's play. The findings are discussed in terms of research on the different personality characteristics and values of individuals favoring person-oriented and thing-oriented work.
Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy.

Abstract Background To date there has been no comprehensive review of the association between left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) at baseline and subsequent adverse clinical events. Methods A total of 20 studies (with 48,545 participants) published between January 1960 and January 2000, identified through MEDLINE and other sources, related baseline electrocardiographic (ECG) or echocardiographic data on LVH to subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality. Results The prevalence of baseline LVH was higher in echocardiographic studies than in ECG studies (16%-74% vs 1%-44%, respectively). The adjusted risk of future cardiovascular morbidity associated with baseline LVH ranged from 1.5 to 3.5, with a weighted mean risk ratio of 2.3 for all studies combined. The adjusted risk of all-cause mortality associated with baseline LVH ranged from 1.5 to 8.0, with a weighted mean risk ratio of 2.5 for all studies combined. There was a trend toward a worse prognosis among women with baseline LVH compared with men. These findings persisted in the various population and ethnic groups studied. Conclusion With the exception of one study in dialysis patients, LVH consistently predicted high risk, independently of examined covariates, with no clear difference in relation to race, presence or absence of hypertension or coronary disease, or between clinical and epidemiologic samples. These results clarify the strong relation between LVH and adverse outcome and emphasize the clinical importance of its detection. (Am Heart J 2001;141:334-41.)
Shifting sources of productivity in the coastal marine tropics during the Cenozoic era

Changes in the rates and sources of marine primary production over time are difficult to document owing to the absence of direct estimates of past productivity. Here, I use the maximum body sizes of the largest species in each of 23 tropical shallow-water marine molluscan guilds (groups of species with similar habits and trophic roles) to trace the relative importance of planktonic and benthic primary productivity from the Eocene (55 Ma) onwards. The largest members of guilds are least constrained in exploiting resources and therefore reflect the availability and accessibility of those resources most accurately. Maximum sizes of suspension-feeders and predators increased by a factor of 2.3 and 4.0, respectively, whereas those in four out of five herbivorous guilds declined. I interpret these patterns, which are discernible throughout the coastal tropics, to mean that primary production in the Eocene marine tropics was concentrated on the seafloor, as is the case today on offshore reefs and islands, and that the Miocene to the recent interval witnessed a dramatic increase in planktonic productivity along continental margins. The rise in planktonic fertility is best explained by an increase in nutrient supply from the land associated with intense global tectonic activity and more vigorous ocean mixing owing to cooling.
RAGE Regulates the Metabolic and Inflammatory Response to High-Fat Feeding in Mice

In mammals, changes in the metabolic state, including obesity, fasting, cold challenge, and high-fat diets (HFDs), activate complex immune responses. In many strains of rodents, HFDs induce a rapid systemic inflammatory response and lead to obesity. Little is known about the molecular signals required for HFD-induced phenotypes. We studied the function of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in the development of phenotypes associated with high-fat feeding in mice. RAGE is highly expressed on immune cells, including macrophages. We found that high-fat feeding induced expression of RAGE ligand HMGB1 and carboxymethyllysine-advanced glycation end product epitopes in liver and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of RAGE prevented the effects of HFD on energy expenditure, weight gain, adipose tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance. RAGE deficiency had no effect on genetic forms of obesity caused by impaired melanocortin signaling. Hematopoietic deficiency of RAGE or treatment with soluble RAGE partially protected against peripheral HFD-induced inflammation and weight gain. These findings demonstrate that high-fat feeding induces peripheral inflammation and weight gain in a RAGE-dependent manner, providing a foothold in the pathways that regulate diet-induced obesity and offering the potential for therapeutic intervention.
Environmental Implications of Cured-in-Place Pipe Rehabilitation Technology

Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) technology is commonly used for pipe rehabilitation, and transportation agencies are increasingly using it to repair damaged pipe culverts. In typical CIPP applications, a lining tube saturated with a styrene-based thermosetting resin is installed into the damaged pipe. Subsequent curing with a heat source results in a pipe within a pipe. In this study, seven styrene-based, steam-cured CIPP installations in surface water and storm water conveyances in Virginia were identified and observed over the course of 1 year. Although the sites were not directly linked to sources of drinking water, styrene levels at five sites were higher than the Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 0.1 mg/L. These concentrations were detected at these sites for a minimum of 5 days to 71 days after installation. Certain measurements were also found to exceed the concentration required to kill 50% of several freshwater aquatic indicator species. The findings sug...
Cosmic Microwave Background

This chapter describes the origin and characteristics of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, the source of most of the millimeter wave photons in the universe. The measurements from the COBE satellite of the temperature and morphology of the CMB on large angular scales are summarized. The theoretical origin of anisotropies in the CMB and the predicted power spectrum of fluctuations is presented. These power spectra are shown to have a strong dependence on the cosmological parameters Ω0, Ωb, H0, ΩΛ, n. Current millimeter-wave experiments are approaching the sensitivity levels necessary to accurately determine some of these parameters.
Cache coherent shared memory hypercube multiprocessors

The authors examine the feasibility of building cache coherent shared memory multiprocessor systems on hypercube. Various shared memory schemes are investigated and compared with each other. The schemes considered are based on memory coherence algorithms for distributed shared memory and cache coherence protocols for other shared memory architectures. It is concluded that efficient cache coherent architectures can be built using hypercubes. >
How to Personalize Pharmacoproteomics

Copyright: © 2014 Andreev VP. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Stepping into the elevator this morning, I noticed a familiar yet strange scene: five people staring into their smart phones. To be completely honest, it required some effort not to do the same. Why are we doing this? How many of us really need to check e-mails every two minutes? Is it the modern substitute of cigarettes, a way to feel comfortable in the company of strangers? More interestingly, can we use the same psychosocial phenomenon to achieve something useful and valuable? More specifically, can we make proteomics and pharmacoproteomics “sexy” for millions of people, popularize and personalize it? The question is worth examining, since the price that 150 million [1] smart phone owners in the US pay for data plans solely (which most of us do not really need) is $30 a month, which adds up to $54 billion annually, or nearly twice the total NIH budget (30 billion USD in 2014 [2]).
Exploring the Processing Continuum of Single-Word Comprehension in Aphasia

This study investigated the vulnerability of lexical processing in individuals with aphasia. Though classical teaching of aphasia syndromes holds that people with Broca's aphasia have intact compre...
Infectious Complications Associated with Percutaneous Nephrostomy Catheters: Do we know Enough?:

The percutaneous nephrostomy catheter (PCNC) has evolved since its inception. Over more than half a century, it has gone from a temporary maneuver to a permanent fixture in a large proportion of patients who have incurable illnesses with obstructed renal drainage systems. Unfortunately, the research looking specifically at infectious complications associated with PCNCs suffers from oversimplification as studies predominantly assess sepsis alone. There are no standardized definitions or criteria to define the various infectious complications described in this paper. Although the PCNC has a relative paucity of infectious complications, which represents an excellent marker for patient care, the low rate of infection dictates a large sample size for sufficiently-powered research studies to be able to find a significant impact of interventional measures. In this review article, we discuss various aspects of pathogenesis and treatment of the different subtypes of PCNC-associated infections.
Typification of the name Johnstonella (Boraginaceae)

The genus Johnstonella Brand was published in 1925, as a segregate genus of Cryptantha (Boraginaceae). Brand included two species, J. racemosa and J. inaequata, in his treatment. Johnston, in the same year, indicated J. racemosa as the type of Johnstonella. However, Johnston's publication predated Brand's; therefore, Johnston's typification is not effective. Although Johnstonella has generally not been accepted by taxonomists, it has recently been resurrected based on molecular phylogenetic studies. Because of the need for a type for the genus, we designate the type of Johnstonella racemosa as the type of Johnstonella.
Spatial Organization of Bobcats (Lynx rufus) in Southern Illinois

Abstract Many aspects of spatial organization in solitary carnivores remain unknown due to prohibitively low sample sizes and reliance on only annual home range and overlap data. We estimated size, overlap and fidelity of annual and seasonal home ranges and core areas of 52 (22 male, 30 female) adult bobcats (Lynx rufus) in southern Illinois during 1995–1999 and quantified temporal spacing. We report an unusual pattern of spatial organization for bobcats such that, although male and female annual home-range sizes were similar to other regional populations, we found relatively high levels of intrasexual home-range overlap for males and females. Although intrasexual home-range overlap was extensive, core areas were nearly exclusive, implying that core areas confer benefits to bobcats by reducing competition for resources and may represent areas of more aggressive territoriality within the home range. Only 4 of 52 (8%) bobcats shifted annual home ranges, indicating stable spatial organization in the absence ...
Longer-term impact of cardiology e-consults.

Aims Cardiac e-consults may be an effective way to deliver value-oriented outpatient cardiology care in an accountable care organization. Initial results of cardiac e-consults have demonstrated high satisfaction among both patients and referring providers, no known adverse events, and low rates of diagnostic testing. Nevertheless, differences between e-consults and traditional consults, effects of e-consults on traditional consult volume, and whether patients seek traditional consults after e-consults are unknown. Methods and results We established a cardiac e-consult program on January 13, 2014. We then conducted detailed medical record reviews of all patients with e-consults to detect any adverse clinical events and detect subsequent traditional visits to cardiologists. We also performed 2 comparisons. First, we compared age, gender, and referral reason for e-consults vs traditional consults. Second, we compared changes in volume of referrals to cardiology vs other medical specialties that did not have e-consults. From January 13 to December 31, 2014, 1,642 traditional referrals and 165 e-consults were requested. The proportion of e-consults of all evaluations requested over that period was 9.1%. Gender balance was similar among traditional consults and e-consults (44.8% male for e-consults vs 45.0% for traditional consults, P = .981). E-consult patients were younger than traditional consult patients (55.3 vs 60.4 years, P P Conclusion E-consults are an effective and safe mechanism to enhance value in outpatient cardiology care, with low rates of bounceback to traditional consults. E-consults can account for nearly one-tenth of total outpatient consultation volume at 1 year within an accountable care organization and are associated with a reduction in traditional referrals to cardiologists.
Transgender inclusion in state non-discrimination policies: The democratic deficit and political powerlessness

Transgender people—people whose gender identity or expression is different from their assigned sex at birth—and their allies advocate for the inclusion of gender identity or transgender in state non-discrimination policies. These policies generally proscribe discrimination in employment, housing, and public accommodations. Courts and administrative agencies have determined discrimination against transgender people is a violation of existing statutes, but there remain efforts by advocates to seek policies that explicitly prohibit discrimination on the basis of transgender status, which are often the result of legislation going through the political process. A pluralist understanding of the political process theorizes that a majority coalition of minorities can offer social groups policies they support. This rests on the presumption that a majority coalition of minorities should rule. Any indication to the contrary may suggest a democratic deficit, whereby more than a majority is necessary for policy introduction. We find that there is a substantial democratic deficit regarding the inclusion of gender identity or transgender in employment non-discrimination policies. On average, state support for the policy must be 81% in order for the state to have a policy reflecting such sentiment. This leaves substantial implications for the political powerlessness of transgender people in the political process.