cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adiabatic Nuclear and Electronic Sampling Monte Carlo Simulations in the Gibbs Ensemble: Application to Polarizable Force Fields for Water

The adiabatic nuclear and electronic sampling Monte Carlo algorithm (ANES-MC) is extended to simulations in the Gibbs ensemble. Whereas the maximum displacements used for translational, rotational, and volume trial moves can be adjusted to foster efficient sampling in the adiabatic limit, the transfer (swap) of particles always causes a major disturbance of the electronic structures of the two phases (supplying and receiving the particle). To reequilibrate the electronic structures requires additional sampling of the electronic degrees of freedom. A simple, distance-dependent criterion for the preferential selection of the electronic degrees of freedom, for which a move is to be attempted, is shown to improve the efficiency of the particle swap move. The ANES-MC algorithm is applied to the polarizable simple point charge-fluctuating charge (SPC−FQ) and transferable intermolecular potential 4 point-fluctuating charge (TIP4P−FQ) models proposed by Rick et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 1994, 101, 6141). For both model...
Testing and modeling high strain rate behavior of polymeric composites

The present study was aimed at modeling the high strain rate response of the unidirectional S2Glass/8553-40 polymeric composite material system. High strain rate experiments were conducted on a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB), on balanced symmetric laminates from which the stress, strain and strain rate histories within the laminates were recovered. Strain rates of the order of 1000/s were achieved in the specimen. A 3-D viscoplasticity model was used to describe the high strain rate response of the composite. A computer code was written to incorporate the constitutive equations into the finite element code ABAQUS, which was subsequently used to analyze the dynamic response of the composite specimen in the high strain rate SHPB experiment. Comparison of the analysis result with experimental data indicates that the viscoplasticity model determined using low strain rate testing can still be valid for modeling the high strain rate responses.
Patients with Chronic Leg Ulcers Show Diminished Levels of Vitamins A and E, Carotenes, and Zinc

Background.Nutrition plays an important role in the wound healing process, particularly in the elderly.Objective.Comparison of nutritional serum indices between patients with chronic leg ulcers and an age-matched control population.Methods.Seventeen patients with chronic leg ulcers (age range 47–90)
Anna Comnena’s Alexiad as a source for the Second Crusade?

This article presents an overview of recent work by Byzantinists on the Alexiad of Anna Comnena, in particular her account of the First Crusade. It suggests that, since the Alexiad was composed at the time of the Second Crusade, it reflects the concerns of the mid-twelfth, not late eleventh century. In particular, Anna’s account of the First Crusade is coloured by a concern to counter the claims of mid-twelfth-century panegyrical literature produced in praise of her nephew, Emperor Manuel I Comnenus. Several points addressed in the Alexiad mirror those in orations delivered by the panegyrist Manganeius Prodromus in praise of Manuel’s handling of the Second Crusade. Examples from both texts are given in translation.
28. Early-life viral infection causes neuroinflammation, cognitive deficits, and changes in neurogenesis in the neonatal piglet

Environmental insults during sensitive developmental periods can affect neural cells and circuits, slow cognitive development, and increase the risk for behavioral disorders. However, the ramifications of postnatal infection on brain and cognitive development are poorly understood. Using a neonatal piglet model, we showed that infection with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a model of viral pneumonia, caused drastic microglial cell activation within the hippocampus with 82% and 43% of microglia being MHC-II positive at 13 and 20 days post-inoculation, respectively. In control piglets, less than 5% of microglia in the hippocampus were MHC-II positive. Increased inflammatory gene expression (e.g., IL-1B, IL-6, TNFa, and IFNY) was seen across multiple brain regions including the hippocampus. In a hippocampal-dependent spatial t-maze task, PRRSV piglets took longer to acquire the task, had a longer latency to choice, and a higher total distance moved. PRRSV also affected neurogenesis in the piglet dentate gyrus. In non-infected controls there were more BrdU-positive cells in males than females. PRRSV caused a reduction in surviving cells in males, but there were no changes in females. In addition, there was a ∼30% reduction in the number of new cells that developed into mature neurons in both males and females with PRRSV. These data suggest that early-life neuroinflammation has a profound effect on brain and cognitive development.
Percutaneous intraarterial thrombolysis in the treatment of thrombosis of lower extremity arterial reconstructions.

Abstract Vascular grafts may be salvaged with thrombolytic therapy after acute occlusion as an alternative to balloon catheter thrombectomy. From October 1987 to May 1990, 15 arterial bypasses to the lower extremity (infrainguinal saphenous vein [ n = 7] or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene [ n = 6], and Dacron aortofemoral bifurcation graft limbs [ n = 2]) were treated for 30 occlusions with intraarterial urokinase (390,000 IU to 5,808,000 IU) infused from 3 to 40 hours. The origins of 15 grafts occlusions were morphologic defects (intimal hyperplasia with anastomotic or conduit stricture), pseudoaneurysm, or progression of disease distal to the graft. Two occlusions were attributed to coagulation disorders. A cause could not be identified for 13 occlusions. Patency was initially restored to all grafts with use of thrombolytic therapy, however, adjunctive surgical thrombectomy to remove persistent thrombus from the graft or outflow vessels was required after six thrombolytic infusions. One graft in the series could not be salvaged leading to below-knee amputation. Graft defects were corrected by balloon angioplasty ( n = 7) or surgical revision of the conduit ( n = 8). Five significant hemorrhagic complications occurred from the catheter insertion site requiring four emergent surgical procedures and resulting in the death of a fifth patient from a myocardial infarction. This technique allows chemical thrombectomy of branch arteries distal to the graft and inaccessible to a balloon embolectomy catheter, and permits diagnosis of abnormal graft morphology that may be the cause of the graft occlusion. Graft reocclusion can be expected if technical defects in the arterial reconstruction are not revised or hypercoagulable states are not treated. (J VASC SURG 1991;13:646-51.)
Las Delicias basin: A record of late Paleozoic arc volcanism in northeastern Mexico

The Las Delicias basin in northeastern Mexico is defined by a thick sequence of mid(?)-Pennsylvanian through Permian marine strata, which forms most of the basement rocks of the Coahuila island, a terrane that stood above sea level during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Most of the strata accumulated as mass-gravity deposits derived from an active volcanic arc. Principal components of these deposits are (1) andesitic and dacitic debris, (2) pelagic sediment that underwent postdepositional movement, and (3) limestone debris from the basin margin. Facies patterns and macroscopic soft-sediment structural relations indicate a source to the south; volcanic rocks at Canon Rosillo may be part of the arc. The Las Delicias area is probably not part of the Ouachita-Marathon system; stratigraphic relations and structural setting suggest that the Coahuila island may be an allochthonous stratigraphic terrane.
Water quality in a non-traditional off-stream polyethylene-lined reservoir

Annual water storage in a 5.3 ha, polyethylene-lined, off-stream irrigation reservoir in northern Alabama, USA, resulted in marked improvement in water quality. Results of three-year monitoring from June 1999 to May 2002 indicate that the relatively static conditions of the reservoir enhanced settling of suspended particles by 85% (from 14.4 to 2.1 mg TSS/L) that cleared the water and increased sunlight penetration. The organic and inorganic particles that settled to the bottom removed up to 88% of the nutrients and other chemical substances from the water. Nutrients remaining in the water column were rapidly assimilated by phytoplankton algae. With the basin sealed at the bottom and no runoff input there was limited opportunity for nutrients or other substances to enter the reservoir in quantities that would adversely affect water quality. Consequently, reservoir water was found to be of high quality and suitable as a raw water supply. Non-traditional, off-stream storage reservoirs such as described in this paper may be uniquely suited for agricultural irrigation and public water supply in regions such as southeastern US that experience relatively frequent drought conditions but have relatively abundant long-term annual rainfall.
Demonic males: Apes and the origins of human violence

By Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1996. 350 pp. ISBN 0-395-69001-3. $24.95 (cloth). © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Selenium-mediated reduction in the mutagenicity of cigarette smoke

Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens and mutagens and affects the health of smokers. Recently, increased research has proven the potentially protective activity of selenium (Se) against heavy metal toxicity, cancer, and other health disorders. Accordingly, we have proposed the fortification of tobacco with Se to develop safer cigarettes. As a start in evaluating any biological effects of added Se, we have determined the mutagenicity of inhaled, mainstream (MS) cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), with and without Se, in the preincubation assay of the Ames test. Initially, it was shown that Se, as sodium selenite, was not mutagenic at high concentrations (up to 80 micrograms/plate) with strains TA1538 and TA1978. Subsequently, the effects of different levels of Se, added to MS CSC, were examined with TA98, TA100, and TA1538. On the average, addition of 10 micrograms Se produced mutagenicity reductions of about 50%. Higher levels of added Se yielded further reductions. Cigarette sidestream (SS) smoke, collected between puffs, was also tested. Again, Se added to SS-CSC gave similar reductions, confirming its antimutagenic effect for both mainstream and sidestream smoke.
Voters' Attention, Perceived Effects, and Voting Preferences: Negative Political Advertising in the 2006 Ohio Governor's Election

A statewide survey (N = 564) before Ohio's 2006 gubernatorial election examined political interest, campaign news and advertising attention, and perceived effects of negative political ads. Interest was related to political and negative political advertising attention, which were in turn related to campaign news attention. Candidate preference predicted attention to political and negative political ads; attention to ads significantly predicted perceived effects on self and on others, whereas attention to negative ads significantly predicted third-person differential (other minus self). In addition, individuals polled in this survey admitted that attention to ads and negative ads was having comparable effects on both themselves and others. This finding may be due to the climate surrounding Ohio's gubernatorial race, which instilled a political importance and social desirability that abated the need to disown an effect of negative advertising on oneself.
Trust and Intention to Comply with a Water Allocation Decision: The Moderating Roles of Knowledge and Consistency

Regulating water resources is a critically important yet increasingly complex component of the interaction between ecology and society. Many argue that effective water regulation relies heavily upon the compliance of water users. The relevant literature suggests that, rather than relying on external motivators for individual compliance, e.g., punishments and rewards, it is preferable to focus on internal motivators, including trust in others. Although prior scholarship has resulted in contemporary institutional efforts to increase public trust, these efforts are hindered by a lack of evidence regarding the specific situations in which trust, in its various forms, most effectively increases compliance. We report the results of an experiment designed to compare the impacts of three trust-related constructs, a broad sense of trust in the institution, specific process-fairness perceptions, and a dispositional tendency to trust others, on compliance with water regulation under experimentally varied situations. Specifically, we tested the potential moderating influences of concepts relevant to water regulation in the real world: high versus low information conditions about an institutional decision, decision consistency with relevant data, and decision outcome valence. Our results suggest that participants' dispositional trust predicts their intent to comply when they have limited information about decisions, but the effects of dispositional trust are mediated by trust in the institution. Institutional trust predicts compliance under narrow conditions: when information is lacking or when decision outcomes are positive and are justified by available data. Finally, when the regulatory decision is inconsistent with other data in high-information conditions, prior judgments of institutional process fairness are most predictive of intent to comply. Our results may give guidance to water regulators, who may want to try to increase trust and thus increase voluntary compliance; the results suggest, in particular, that such efforts be tailored to the situation.
Alterations in the stages of continuous amphetamine intoxication produced by lesions of locus coeruleus and substantia nigra

Abstract 1. 1. Slow-release silicone pellets containing d -amphetamine base were implanted subcutaneously in rats 20 days following radio-frequency lesions of the locus coeruleus (LC), substantia nigra (SN), or control operations. 2. 2. LC-lesioned rats exhibited enhanced motor stereotypies soon after implantation, while SN-lesioned animals showed increased locomotion but decreased stereotypy and anorexia. 3. 3. The later behavioral stages of continuous amphetamine intoxication were attenuated in both lesioned groups as controls then entered the most intense stereotypy, showed the greatest withdrawal to the burrows, and maximally exhibited the increase in socially disruptive behaviors which appear following four days of constant amphetamine intoxication. 4. 4. The integrity of both dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems was necessary for the full expression of the late stages of this animal model of amphetamine psychosis.
Cyclins in Meiosis: Lost in Translation

In a recent issue of Cell, Carlile and Amon examine the regulation of four budding yeast B-type cyclins, crucial for regulating and distinguishing meoisis I and meoisis II divisions, and find a surprising diversity of behaviors and modes of regulation. In particular, Clb3 is regulated by a striking translational repression specific to meoisis I.
Renal cell carcinoma vs. renal oncocytomareport of a case with overlap features and review of the literature

Although the salient features of renal oncocytomas and renal cell carcinomas have been discussed in the recent literature, renal masses with features of both entities will present diagnostic difficulty, especially when the cells are diffusely eosinophilic on microscopic examination. A case of a firm, tan, rounded mass replacing the lower pole of the kidney is discussed. The final diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma, granular cell type, was made after multiple sections of the tumor were examined, and after electron microscopy was performed. A thorough search by light microscopy should be made for clear cell foci, necrosis, mitotic activity, and vascular or capsular invasion, features generally accepted as pathognomonic for renal cell carcinoma. Cellular and especially nuclear pleomorphism is typically focal or mild in renal oncocytomas. True oncocytic tumors will be packed with mitochondria on electron microscopy; however, granular renal cell carcinomas will contain mitochondria as well as other cellular organelles, lipid, and glycogen. Electron microscopy should be performed on tumors suspected of being oncocytomas because eosinophilia on hematoxylin and eosin stain, as demonstrated by this case, is not a predictable measure of mitochondria content. Immunoperoxidase staining for vimentin in oncocytomas has recently been shown to be negative, and may offer a method of ruling out oncocytoma in vimentin-positive tumors, pending further studies.
The ra locus and legumin synthesis in Pisum sativum.

Cellulose acetate electrophoresis has been used to resolve the storage proteins of peas into their constituent groups. Comparisons of 171 randomly chosen genotypes representing primitive forms, subspecies, and cultivars of peas, of seven near-isogenic lines for round and wrinkled and of two F2 populations have shown that wrinkled seed has a lower proportion of legumin than round seed. The extent of the reduction varies with the background genotype; some of the wrinkled forms had less than one-third as much legumin as their isogenic round forms. This effect of the ra locus on storage protein composition provides the first example in peas of a mutant analogous to the op 2 and fl 2 mutants in maize. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to discriminate the 40 kdalton (α subunits) of legumin. On the basis of the data obtained from F2 populations derived from genotypes with distinct α subunit patterns, it was shown that the structural genes for the α subunit polypeptides of legumin are on chromosome 7, and closely linked to the ra locus.
Left Ventricular Geometry and Severe Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Children and Adolescents With Essential Hypertension

Background—Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy has been established as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adults. Recent research has refined this relationship by determining a cutpoint of 51 g/m2.7 for LV mass index indicative of increased risk and defining LV geometric patterns that are associated with increased risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate severe LV hypertrophy and LV geometry in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Methods and Results—A cross-sectional study of young patients (n=130) with persistent blood pressure elevation above the 90th percentile was conducted. Nineteen patients (14%) had LV mass greater than the 99th percentile; 11 of these were also above the adult cutpoint of 51 g/m2.7. Males, subjects with greater body mass index, and those who had lower heart rate at maximum exercise were at significantly (P<.05) higher risk of severe LV hypertrophy. In addition, 22 patients (17%) had concentric LV hypertrophy, a geometric pattern that is...
Strategic planning for hotel operations: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company (Part I).

The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company won the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in 1992. One key to its success is its strategic planning process. In this second part of a two-part article, Stephen Shriver concludes his review of the Ritz-Carlton's approach to strategic planning. Shriver begins by outlining some key steps in plan development and goes on to describe how the Ritz-Carlton disseminates, implements, and evaluates the plan.
Surgical management of astigmatism with toric intraocular lenses

Correction of corneal astigmatism is a key element of cataract surgery, since post-surgical residual astigmatism can compromise the patient's uncorrected visual acuity. Toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) compensate for corneal astigmatism at the time of surgery, correcting ocular astigmatism. They are a predictable treatment. However, accurate measurement of corneal astigmatism is mandatory for choosing the correct toric IOL power and for planning optimal alignment. When calculating the power of toric IOLs, it is important to consider anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism, along with the surgically induced astigmatism. Accurate toric lens alignment along the calculated meridian is also crucial to achieve effective astigmatism correction. There are several techniques to guide IOL alignment, including the traditional manual marking technique and automated systems based on anatomic and topographic landmarks. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on astigmatism management with toric IOLs, including relevant patient selection criteria, corneal astigmatism measurement, toric IOL power calculation, toric IOL alignment, clinical outcomes and complications.
Rapid expansion of a ventral arachnoid cyst after syringo-subarachnoid shunting in the thoracic spinal cord: case report.

Abstract Background Intradural spinal arachnoid cysts have rarely been reported in association with intramedullary cysts. These associated lesions most commonly occur in the thoracic spine. Case Description We reported an unusual balance of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics between an initially occult arachnoid cyst and syringomyelia. The arachnoid cyst was not allowed to express itself until the syrinx was decompressed with a syringo-subarachnoid shunt. Conclusion Only one other report in the literature described a similar case; however, our case is the first to be confirmed by intraoperative ultrasound.
Mechanically programmed self-folding at the millimeter scale

Self-folding enables the fabrication of sophisti- cated shapes from planar materials without manual assembly. This capability is valuable at millimeter scales, where tradi- tional manufacturing is difficult and expensive, and MEMS techniques are not well-suited to 3-D features with high aspect ratios. Automating the assembly process through self-folding also has the potential to speed up the manufacturing time and reduce labor costs. However, existing self-folding techniques are not capable of complex geometries at the millimeter scale. In this paper we present a self-folding composite that is capable of complex sub-centimeter structures and mechanisms. The self- folding pattern is mechanically programmed into the composite during fabrication, and folding is activated by heating the composite. We show that this technique is capable of feature sizes ranging from 1 to 20 mm, and can create both shapes and mechanisms. We demonstrate this with two self-folding pieces: a cube and a spherical five-bar linkage. These results demonstrate the potential for self-folding systems to be integrated with MEMS fabrication techniques to produce complex devices.
The role of goals and affect in working memory functioning

Abstract This study investigated the direct and mediated effects of mastery and performance goals, negative affect, and task-irrelevant thoughts on working memory in a sample of undergraduates ( N = 177). Results indicated that negative affect mediated the positive relation between mastery goals and working memory; students with mastery goals reported decreased negative affect, which in turn was related to enhanced working-memory functioning. In contrast, performance goals had a negative indirect relation to working memory by increasing negative affect. After controlling for negative affect, there was also a positive relation between performance goals and working memory for males, but not for females. Finally, task-irrelevant thoughts were not a significant predictor of working memory when negative affect was in the model, and were subsequently removed from the model. Implications for the relation between achievement goals, working memory, and cognitive outcomes are discussed.
Lifecycle of a Project: The Maryland Health → Go Local Experience

In 2006, the University of Maryland Health Sciences and Human Services Library launched Maryland Health → Go Local, a Web-based directory of local health-related services developed in partnership with the National Library of Medicine (NLM). NLM recently completed a thorough evaluation of the more than 30 nationwide Go Local projects and determined that the program was not meeting its return on investment. The program will be phased out. This article focuses on the process of creating Maryland Health → Go Local, including staffing, database development, promotion, maintenance, evaluation, and funding, and addresses phasing out the project.
Anomalous Experiences Reported by Field Anthropologists: Evaluating Theories Regarding Religion

Content analysis of published accounts of 40 anomalous experiences reported by anthropologists allows qualitative evaluationof elements within evolutionary theories pertaining to religion .The analysis supports findings from previous studies indicating that certain anomalous experienceshave cross-culturally consistent features. Narrative and structural features within the anthropologists' accounts coincide with those gathered in northeastern North Carolina and many other areas.The data also reveal the capacity of these episodes to transform belief, supporting an experiential source theory regarding faith in spirits, souls, life after death, and magical abilities.The narratives indicate that anomalous perceptions cause some anthropologists to consider novel theories.This study supports evolutionary explanations for the origin of religion and provides predictions regarding research directions in anthropology.
Design of a turbofan powered regional transport aircraft

The majority of the market for small commercial transport aircraft is dominated by high-efficiency, propeller-driven aircraft of non-U.S. manufacture. During the past year design teams responded to a Request For Proposal (RFP) for a regional transport aircraft. The RFP development identified promising world markets and their needs. Aircraft are designed with ranges of up to 1500 nautical miles and passenger loads between 50 and 90. During the design project, special emphasis was placed upon keeping acquisition cost and direct operating costs at a low level while providing passengers with superior comfort levels. This paper describes the background that led to this effort, and a brief description of some of the designs.
Effects of activated carbon on the reactions of combined chlorine with phenols

Abstract In the presence of ammonia, prechlorination in drinking water treatment results in contact of combined chlorine (monochloramine) with activated carbon, which is used to remove organic compounds from water. Monochloramine reacts very slowly with phenolic compounds in aqueous solution, giving low yields of chlorinated phenols. When monochloramine reacts with phenols adsorbed on granular activated carbon (GAC), however, several oxidized products, principally hydroxylated biphenyls, are formed. Some of the hydroxylated biphenyls are chlorinated (hydroxylated PCBs). Their formation is particularly important because of their potential toxicity. Such compounds are major reaction products from chlorophenol, but they are also formed in small amounts from nonchlorinated phenols. Most of the monochloramine-GAC-phenolic compound reaction products are also produced in similar reactions with free chlorine, indicating that similar reaction mechanisms (free radical mechanisms) take place on carbon's surface. No organic compounds are produced from the reaction of monochloramine with GAC alone.
Integrating the Rorschach and the MMPI in Clinical Assessment: Conceptual and Methodological issues

The Rorschach and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) are among the most widely used personality assessment tools. However, there is little guidance in the literature about their combined use. In this article, I discuss conceptual and methodological issues of combining these widely used psychological tests, including the use of the test battery and the necessity of rationales for test utilization. Methodological approaches to integrating the test findings are discussed, including score, construct, test by test, and theory-based integrative approaches. The value of a person-centered interpretive and integrative focus is affirmed.
Chronic inflammation and asthma

Allergic asthma is a complex and chronic inflammatory disorder which is associated with airway hyper-responsiveness and tissue remodelling of the airway structure. Although originally thought to be a Th2-driven inflammatory response to inhaled innocuous allergen, the immune response in asthma is now considered highly heterogeneous. There are now various in vivo systems which have been designed to examine the pathways leading to the development of this chronic immune response and reflect, in part this heterogeneity. Furthermore, the emergence of endogenous immunoregulatory pathways and active pro-resolving mediators hold great potential for future therapeutic intervention. In this review, the key cellular and molecular mediators relating to chronic allergic airway disease are discussed, as well as emerging players in the regulation of chronic allergic inflammation.
Test of a chemical timing method for measuring absolute vibrational relaxation rate constants for S1 p-difluorobenzene.

A chemical timing (CT) method for measuring absolute rate constants for collisional vibrational relaxation has been tested for the 51 state of S1 p-difluorobenzene (pDFB) where an alternative method exists to provide benchmark values. The CT method was originally developed to treat vibrational energy transfer (VET) in large molecules excited to high vibrational levels where the intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) resulting from large vibrational state densities completely eliminates vibrational structure in the emission spectrum. Here we apply the same method to a low-lying state (51 with evib = 818 cm-1) located in the low-density region of the vibrational manifold where IVR plays no role. For high vibrational levels, the chemical timing method involves addition of high O2 pressures (kTorr) to a low-pressure pDFB sample, introducing vibrational structure in the fluorescence spectrum. Response of this spectrum to vibrational relaxation by Ar is then examined. For levels such as 51, the fully s...
Plasma characteristics in pulse-mode plasmas using time-delayed, time-resolved Langmuir probe diagnoses

A new method called time-delayed, time-resolved Langmuir probe measurement is used to measure pulsed plasmas to overcome the secondary electron emission during high-voltage pulses. This method has been verified with a good agreement with an in-situ Faraday cup dosimetry technique. The plasma characteristics of the pulsed-mode, non-continuous plasma and continuous plasma with high-voltage pulses are measured and analyzed using this method. The continuous plasma with high-voltage pulses shows higher plasma densities, lower working pressure and pulse voltage, larger and more flexible process windows, and less charging effect.
Structure and development of sieve cells in the primary phloem ofPinus resinosa

The primary phloem consists mostly of sieve cells. Procambial cells and very young sieve cells contain all the components characteristic of young nucleate cells. Increase in wall thickness, which is relatively limited, constitutes the first indication of sieve-cell differentiation. During the period of wall thickening, the plastids develop starch grains and then fibrillar inclusions. Eventually the internal lamellae of the plastids collapse. The plastids do not form crystalline inclusions. As the sieve cell approaches maturity, an extensive network of smooth, tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appears and then becomes mostly parietal in distribution. At maturity, large aggregates of this ER occur at the sieve areas. These aggregates are interconnected longitudinally by the parietal network of ER. In addition to the ER, the mature, plasmalemma-lined primary sieve cell contains a degenerate nucleus, with intact nuclear envelope, plastids, and mitochondria. Dictyosomes, ribosomes, and vacuoles are lacking. P-protein is not present at any stage of development.
Attenuated total internal reflection infrared microspectroscopic imaging using a large-radius germanium internal reflection element and a linear array detector.

The number of techniques and instruments available for Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopic imaging has grown significantly over the past few years. Attenuated total internal reflectance (ATR) FT-IR microspectroscopy reduces sample preparation time and has simplified the analysis of many difficult samples. FT-IR imaging has become a powerful analytical tool using either a focal plane array or a linear array detector, especially when coupled with a chemometric analysis package. The field of view of the ATR-IR microspectroscopic imaging area can be greatly increased from 300 × 300 μm to 2500 × 2500 μm using a larger internal reflection element of 12.5 mm radius instead of the typical 1.5 mm radius. This gives an area increase of 70× before aberrant effects become too great. Parameters evaluated include the change in penetration depth as a function of beam displacement, measurements of the active area, magnification factor, and change in spatial resolution over the imaging area. Drawbacks such as large file size will also be discussed. This technique has been successfully applied to the FT-IR imaging of polydimethylsiloxane foam cross-sections, latent human fingerprints, and a model inorganic mixture, which demonstrates the usefulness of the method for pharmaceuticals.
Electron Microscopy Observations on the Influence of Boron Additions on Stoichiometric NiAl

The microstructure and local chemistry in single crystal and polycrystalline stoichiometric NiAl, with and without boron additions, were investigated using transmission and analytical electron microscopy. Plate-like precipitates were present in the boron-doped NiAl. Since these precipitates were not observed in the boron-free material, they must be due to the formation of borides. After irradiation with 400kV electrons, fine scale changes in the image contrast and the appearance of diffuse scattering in the diffraction pattern indicate that a phase transformation has been induced by the electron beam.
Intergenerational Transmission of Gambling: Links Between Young Adult and Perceived Grandparent Gambling Attitudes and Behavior

This study examined associations between the gambling attitudes and behavior of 213 young adults and their perceptions of the gambling attitudes and behavior of their closest grandparent. Regression analyses showed that young adult gambling attitudes mediated the relations between perceived grandparent gambling attitudes and behavior and young adult gambling behavior. Grandparent–grandchild relationship quality experienced while growing up did not moderate the relations between young adult and perceived grandparent gambling attitudes and behavior. Men experienced gambling at a younger age and reported more positive gambling attitudes, more frequent gambling activity, higher levels of gambling pathology, and higher levels of gambling affinity than women. Implications of results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Wisdom Beyond Rationality: A Reply to Ryan

We discuss Sharon Ryan’s Deep Rationality Theory of wisdom, defended recently in her “Wisdom, Knowledge and Rationality.” We argue that (a) Ryan’s use of the term “rationality” needs further elaboration; (b) there is a problem with requiring that the wise person possesses justified beliefs but not necessarily knowledge; (c) the conditions of DRT are not all necessary; (d) the conditions are not sufficient. At the end of our discussion, we suggest that there may be a problem with the very assumption that an informative, non-circular set of necessary and sufficient conditions of wisdom can be given.
On the design of efficient magnetic coils for the stimulation of peripheral nerves

Summary form only given. Neural stimulators are the key building blocks of current neuroprosthetic systems, such as cochlear and retinal implants. Due to direct current injections and foreign body reactions, conventional current passing electrodes suffer from reduced performance and reduced lifetimes. However, magnetic fields can be used as an alternative technique to induce currents in neural tissues with the goal of stimulating the central and/or peripheral nervous systems (M. Yamaguchi et. al., JAP'89). Because the effectiveness of magnetic stimulation is directly related to the magnitude of the generated magnetic fields resulting from the current carried by a magnetic coil, the magnetic coil needs to be optimized to enhance the induced electric field at the stimulus site. Despite the attractive feature of minimally-invasive stimulation at the targeted nerve, current magnetic stimulation coils are very large (3-5 cm diameter) compared to conventional current passing electrodes and require significant energy threshold for the stimulation (~200-350 Joules). To achieve more focused neural stimulation, a more optimal magnetic coil can be designed by numerically predicting the field distribution near the coil. In this work, numerical models are developed for different coil configurations (solenoid and figure-eight) with various dimensions. To validate the numerical models, optimal coils have been built and stimulated. The voltages induced at the terminals of a small probe coil were compared with simulations. In order to excite a neural response, induced electric fields are related to the coil current magnitude and the stimulus pulse duration. To compare numerical and experimental results, the induced electric fields and pulse widths were measured as a function of these parameters. The simulation predicted the induced field magnitude and pulse duration within 5% of the experimentally measured values. Finally, the application of numerical models for optimizing the magnetic coil for low power consumption and effectiveness for use in an animal model is discussed. The output waveforms of these models were used as activation functions in an active nerve model to predict the stimulus threshold. Preliminary in-vitro experiments show that such optimally designed magnetic coils can be used to evoke magnetic stimulation of the frog sciatic nerve with energy thresholds less than 50 Joules.
A pre-Columbian Y chromosome-specific transition and its implications for human evolutionary history.

Abstract A polymorphic C-->T transition located on the human Y chromosome was found by the systematic comparative sequencing of Y-specific sequence-tagged sites by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. The results of genotyping representative global indigenous populations indicate that the locus is polymorphic exclusively within the Western Hemisphere. The pre-Columbian T allele occurs at > 90% frequency within the native South and Central American populations examined, while its occurrence in North America is approximately 50%. Concomitant genotyping at the polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite DYS19 locus revealed that the C-->T mutation displayed significant linkage disequilibrium with the 186-bp allele. The data suggest a single origin of linguistically diverse native Americans with subsequent haplotype differentiation within radiating indigenous populations as well as post-Columbian European and African gene flow. The mutation may have originated either in North America at a very early time during the expansion or before it, in the ancestral population(s) from which all Americans may have originated. The analysis of linkage of the DYS199 and the DYS19 tetranucleotide loci suggests that the C-->T mutation may have occurred around 30,000 years ago. We estimate the nucleotide diversity over 4.2 kb of the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome to be 0.00014. compared to autosomes, the majority of variation is due to the smaller effective population size of the Y chromosome rather than selective sweeps. There begins to emerge a pattern of pronounced geographical localization of Y-specific nucleotide substitution polymorphisms.
Differential NR2B subunit expression at dorsal root and ventrolateral funiculus synapses on lumbar motoneurons of neonatal rat

Abstract Synapse specific differences in NR2 subunit expression exist in several systems within the mammalian CNS. Here we have studied such differences on motoneurons in the neonatal rat cord using ifenprodil known to inhibit voltage-, use- and glycine-independent responses mediated by NR2B-containing N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors (NMDARs) with high specificity. In neonatal rats (P1–P9), the synapses made by the dorsal root (DR) fibres were more sensitive to ifenprodil than ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) connections on the same motoneuron. DR connections exhibited very little additional blockade to bath-applied MK-801 whereas VLF connections displayed a further decrease in amplitude. This suggests that at this immediate postnatal age, DR synapses on motoneurons contain a higher proportion of ifenprodil-sensitive diheteromeric NR1/NR2B receptors than VLF synapses. Since DR synapses have been shown in other studies to be less mature than VLF synapses on the same motoneuron at this developmental stage, these data are interpreted as indicating that less mature NMDA receptors feature a higher proportion of NR2B subunits which declines as the synapse matures. This novel finding of staggered development of NMDA receptors from different synaptic inputs on the same motoneuron is discussed in the context of its developmental and functional implications.
Remembering Vasco da Gama: Contested histories and the cultural politics of contemporary nation‐building in Lisbon, Portugal

The quincentennial year of Vasco da Gama's arrival in India, 1998, was pivotal in new efforts to reimagine and represent Portuguese national identity, as Lisbon hosted the country's first international exposition, Expo ‘98. The iconography of Da Gama and the golden age of the Portuguese maritime “Discoveries” permeated new urban development and official cultural events at the fair, calling attention to the relevance of Portugal's past to its present and future roles in emerging European and global economies, claiming special national expertise in brokering cross‐cultural exchanges, especially between Europe, Africa, and Asia, and highlighting cosmopolitan Lisbon's historic and continuing importance in such encounters. Newer liberal reinterpretations of Portuguese history were challenged by leftist and anti‐imperialist elements within Portugal, by critics in India, and by the Portuguese right wing. This controversy over historical commemoration also offered implicit commentary on the quality of Portuguese ...
Does fibrin clot really enhance graft healing after double-bundle ACL reconstruction in a caprine model?

Purpose Graft healing following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a complex process characterized by phases of healing that lead to ACL remodelling. Our hypothesis is that fibrin clot addition to ACL reconstruction will result in advanced graft remodelling and healing when compared to a control group at 12 weeks as observed by histology, immunohistochemistry and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Radio Reverb: The Impact of "Local" News Reimported to Its Own Community

According to recent data, more than 40% of radio stations now do news for stations outside their own market. This “outsourced news,” as one former Federal Communications Commission commissioner called it, raises questions about how local news decisions are made when removed from their local context. Using research on news conventions and decision-making processes, and data from field work in a small radio market served by news produced in a large market, this study frames issues of news selection and presentation within the context of a deregulated environment where the lines of what is “local” in local news are blurring.
Comparison of American Indian/Alaskan Natives to Non-Indians in Out-of-Home Care

Nationally representative child welfare data from October 1999 was utilized to compare American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) children to non-Indian children placed into out-of-home care. In comparison to non-Indian children, AI/AN children came from poorer homes, were more frequently placed into congregate care, and were less frequently placed into kinship care. AI/AN caregivers have greater mental health and alcohol abuse service needs compared with non-Indian caregivers. Knowledge of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA) by child protective services (CPS) workers could increase cultural competence throughout the child welfare system. A CPS system more sensitized to cultural differences may reduce disproportionate child welfare outcomes that AI/AN children experience.
Air-stable technique for fabricating n-type carbon nanotube FETs

We present the electrical characteristics of air-stable n-type CNFETs, fabricated using a silicon technology compatible fabrication process. Both n-type FETs and p-type FETs have been fabricated on the same wafer. With previously-published methods for scalable removal of m-CNTs, we demonstrated the complementary CNFET inverters as well as a 2-stage inverter chain using n-type CNFETs only.
Evaluation of Water Binding Capacity (WBC) of Food Fiber Sources

The Baumann capillary suction apparatus, the AACC standard centrifugation method, moisture sorption isotherm values and freezing point by cryoscopic osmometry were used to measure the water binding capacity (WBC) of several fiber sources. Although each method was able to distinguish between ingredients of different WBC's, the values obtained by the four methods were very different from each other. A significant correlation was only found between the Baumann data and the moisture sorption data for fruit, cereal and legume fibers, while no method correlated with the WBC as determined by the cryoscopic method. This suggests that the different methods evaluate different mechanisms of water binding and that one must carefully choose the proper method in predicting the water binding functionality of fibers in foods.
Visual and tactile communication in Macaca arctoides and its ontogenetic development.

This film is based on a 500-hour observational study of a laboratory social group of stump-tailed macaques. It demonstrates the visual and tactile adult communicative repertoire of the species and shows how the adult communication system develops in infants. The neonate produces only a small communicative repertoire of reflexive tactile behaviors that function primarily in clinging to the mother's fur (grasping) and nursing (rooting and sucking); their communicative function is secondary. As the infant develops, its repertoire becomes larger. The stereotyped, reflexive, tactile behaviors drop out of the repertoire; and more complex behaviors, which are mainly communicative in function and occur in response to complex environmental situations, appear. Most adult behaviors develop slowly. Behaviors present in one developmental stage often change gradually, both in form and in function as the infant matures; after modification, they appear as new behaviors in later stages. For example, the neonatal tactile sucking behavior gradually develops into the lipsmacking expression, a strictly communicative expression in the adult.