cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dendritic distribution of two populations of ganglion cells and the retinopetal fibers in the retina of the silver lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis).

The distribution of ganglion cells in the retina of the silver lamprey, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis, was revealed by retrograde labeling from the optic nerve with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorescent-labeled dextrans in live animals and with the fluorescent dye DiI in aldehyde-fixed tissue. The majority of ganglion cells (74%) termed the "outer ganglion cells", are multipolar and are located at the vitread boundary of the inner nuclear layer. The remaining ganglion cells (26%), termed the "inner ganglion cells" are bipolar and are distributed in a sublamina within the inner plexiform layer. The dense, dendritic meshwork of the outer ganglion cells is largely restricted to the sclerad half of the inner plexiform layer with some cells possessing dendrites which pass through the inner nuclear layer to terminate within the outer plexiform layer. The dendrites of the inner ganglion cells form a thin, dendritic network apposing the inner limiting membrane. Axons from both populations of ganglion cells originate from dendrites or the soma and form fascicles lying adjacent to the outer ganglion cell somata. Retinopetal fibers, originating from bilaterally distributed neurons of the tegmental midbrain, were thin and varicose and ran parallel to the ganglion cell axons to terminate either with a varicose enlargement or a few short sidebranches in the sclerad third of the inner plexiform layer. The unusual organization of the lamprey retina and outgroup comparison with hagfish suggests that agnathans share a presumably primitive type of retinal ganglion cell organization compared to that of gnathostomes.
Thermal transport in densified amorphous solids

Abstract The thermal conductivity and specific heat of a densified a-SiO 2 and a densified SC-8 epoxy resin have been measured from 15 K to room temperature. The thermal conductivity of the densified a-SiO 2 appears to be temperature-independent from the lowest temperature measured to about 60 K. The thermal conductivity of SC-8 shows a temperature independent range from 30 K to about 60 K. The specific heat of the densified a-SiO 2 is lower than that of the undensified one at temperature below 60 K.
Carbohydrate Metabolism of Oidium lactis and Bacillus subtilis in Complex Carbohydrate-rich Culture Medium.∗:

SummaryOidium lactis and B. subtilis were inoculated into culture media prepared from 0.3% solution of meat extract or an infusion of beef muscle, to which were added 1% of Witte peptone, 1 to 1.8% of Na2HPO4 · 12 H2O and 0.9% of dextrose. Both microorganisms grew rapidly at 37.5° and both yielded about 70% of iactic acid on the basis of the sugar consumed. Approximately one-fifth of the C3-intermediates from the sugar was further metabolized into 2 moles of formic acid and 1 mole each of acetic acid and ethyl alcohol. Their metabolism in the same culture medium is compared with that of Eberthella typhosa, Shigella paradysenteriae, Lacto-bacillus helveticus (casei eP) and Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
A Systematic Review of the Role of Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors in Healthcare Provision in Nigeria

Background Interventions to reduce the burden of disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa increasingly recognize the important role that drug retailers play in delivering basic healthcare services. In Nigeria, owner-operated drug retail outlets, known as patent and proprietary medicine vendors (PPMVs), are a main source of medicines for acute conditions, but their practices are not well understood. Greater understanding of the role of PPMVs and the quality of care they provide is needed in order to inform ongoing national health initiatives that aim to incorporate PPMVs as a delivery mechanism. Objective and Methods This paper reviews and synthesizes the existing published and grey literature on the characteristics, knowledge and practices of PPMVs in Nigeria. We searched published and grey literature using a number of electronic databases, supplemented with website searches of relevant international agencies. We included all studies providing outcome data on PPMVs in Nigeria, including non-experimental studies, and assessed the rigor of each study using the WHO-Johns Hopkins Rigor scale. We used narrative synthesis to evaluate the findings. Results We identified 50 articles for inclusion. These studies provided data on a wide range of PPMV outcomes: training; health knowledge; health practices, including drug stocking and dispensing, client interaction, and referral; compliance with regulatory guidelines; and the effects of interventions targeting PPMVs. In general, PPMVs have low health knowledge and poor health treatment practices. However, the literature focuses largely on services for adult malaria, and little is known about other health areas or services for children. Conclusions This review highlights several concerns with the quality of the private drug retail sector in Nigeria, as well as gaps in the existing evidence base. Future research should adopt a more holistic view of the services provided by PPMV shops, and evaluate intervention strategies that may improve the services provided in this sector.
Performance of baseball headgear

An experiment was conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of commercially available baseball headgear in a simulated environment where the head of the batter is struck. Using a compressed air cannon, baseballs were fired at an instrumented headform at frontal and temporal locations with and without a helmet. Striking velocities ranged from 50 to 120 mph and rebound velocities were 1/3 to 1/2 of that of the initial speed. Additional impact tests were conducted on equivalent flat helmet sections backed by a rigid steel plate, the results of which seemed to indicate that the materials and configurations currently employed do little to dissipate the energy of the striker. Head accelerations in excess of 1,000 G were measured, but quantitative injury potential could not be assessed since no applicable tolerances currently exist. We concluded that the incorporation of additional external padding on the plastic shell of the helmet and/or modifications of the suspension would significantly improve the energy absorption capabilities of the helmet and further minimize the possibility of head trauma.
On the Kolmogorov Constants for the Temperature-Humidity Cospectrum and the Refractive Index Spectrum

Abstract Structure parameters for the temperature (Cθ2) and humidity (Cq2) spectra and for the temperature-humidity cospectrum (Cθq) that I have measured and additional values of Cθq/(Cθ2Cq2)1/2 reported in the literature yield an estimate of the ratio of Kolmogorov constants βθq/(βθβq)1/2 via the temperature-humidity covariance budget. Here βθ, βq and βθq are the Kolmogorov constants for the temperature and humidity spectra and the temperature-humidity cospectrum, respectively. The data suggest that βθq/(βθβq)1/2 = 0.80 ± 0.16; consequently, since βθ = βq0.40 ± 0.02, βθq = 0.32 ± 0.08. Considering the uncertainties involved, however, I cannot reject the hypothesis βθ = βq =βθq. With the dissipation rate (Nn) derived from the refractive index variance budget, and with this apparent equality of βθ, βq, and βθq, the refractive index spectrum (Φn) has the Kolmogorov-Corrsin form Φn(k) = βnNnϵ−1/3k−5/3 in an inertial-convective subrange, with the Kolmogorov constant βn also roughly 0.40.
Highly Conserved Residues in the Helical Domain of Dengue Virus Type 1 Precursor Membrane Protein Are Involved in Assembly, Precursor Membrane (prM) Protein Cleavage, and Entry

The envelope and precursor membrane (prM) proteins of dengue virus (DENV) are present on the surface of immature virions. During maturation, prM protein is cleaved by furin protease into pr peptide and membrane (M) protein. Although previous studies mainly focusing on the pr region have identified several residues important for DENV replication, the functional role of M protein, particularly the α-helical domain (MH), which is predicted to undergo a large conformational change during maturation, remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of nine highly conserved MH domain residues in the replication cycle of DENV by site-directed mutagenesis in a DENV1 prME expression construct and found that alanine substitutions introduced to four highly conserved residues at the C terminus and one at the N terminus of the MH domain greatly affect the production of both virus-like particles and replicon particles. Eight of the nine alanine mutants affected the entry of replicon particles, which correlated with the impairment in prM cleavage. Moreover, seven mutants were found to have reduced prM-E interaction at low pH, which may inhibit the formation of smooth immature particles and exposure of prM cleavage site during maturation, thus contributing to inefficient prM cleavage. Taken together, these results are the first report showing that highly conserved MH domain residues, located at 20–38 amino acids downstream from the prM cleavage site, can modulate the prM cleavage, maturation of particles, and virus entry. The highly conserved nature of these residues suggests potential targets of antiviral strategy.
Strain differences in the response to the 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT

Fischer and Sprague-Dawley ovariectomized rats were hormonally primed with estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone, and the ability of the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, (+/-) 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), to inhibit lordosis behavior was examined. Both strains showed rapid inhibition of lordosis behavior following either intraperitoneal or subcutaneous treatment with 8-OH-DPAT. Similarly, in both strains, pretreatment with EB (1 week prior to estrogen and progesterone priming) attenuated the lordosis-inhibiting effects of 8-OH-DPAT. However, Sprague-Dawley females showed a greater decline in lordosis behavior with a lower dose of 8-OH-DPAT than did Fischer females. The strain difference was present in females that had been preprimed with EB as well as in females receiving a single estrogen and progesterone priming. Moreover, strain differences were present across different priming doses of EB. Sprague-Dawley females were also more likely to show flat body posture after injection with 8-OH-DPAT so that the greater sensitivity of this strain to the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist was not restricted to the drug's effect on lordosis behavior. These findings lead to the suggestion that, relative to Fischer rats, Sprague-Dawley females are more responsive to the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist. Possible explanations for this strain difference are discussed.
A study of the depth perception of monocular hooded rats on the visual cliff

The visual cliff was used to test the depth perception of monocular hooded rats when both texture density and depth were varied, when depth was varied but texture density held constant, and when Ss were kept in the dark after the eye was removed before being tested on the equal density condition. An additional group was tested for preference for “coarse” over “fine” texture densities. Under all conditions monocular Ss behaved like binocular controls, showing the adequacy of monocular cues for depth perception.
Immunologic studies on Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection in the mouse: The dynamics of single and multiple infections and the effect of ddt upon acquired resistance☆

Abstract Neilson J.T. McL., Forrester D.J. and Thompson N.P. 1973. Immunologic studies on Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection in the mouse: The dynamics of single and multiple infections and the effect of DDT upon acquired resistance. International Journal for Parasitology 3 : 371–378. Swiss Webster mice were given infections of 100,200, 300 and 400 Heligmosomoides polygyrus (= Nematospiroides dubius ) larvae respectively at intervals of 4 weeks. Where appropriate, the preceding infection was terminated with anthelmintic 7 days prior to the subsequent infection. Animals were killed at regular inteivals following each infection and the worm burdens compared with those found in control mice given a primary infection of similar size. The expulsion of worms in mice given three previous infections occurred after day 3 and before day 7 postinfection indicating that those larvae moulting from the fourth to fifth stages may be most susceptible to the host's resistance mechanisms. The administration of p , p '-DDT to hyperinfected mice did not interfere with the immunologic expulsion of worms.
Genome-wide analysis reveals characteristics of off-target sites bound by the Cas9 endonuclease

ChIP-seq for Cas9 shows varying amounts of off-target binding with different guide RNAs and low levels of indels at some off-target sites.
TOXICITY AND EFFICACY OF TREATING MEDIASTINAL AND HILAR LESIONS

When pondering the choice of therapy for a cancer, clinicians must weigh the risks and benefits of each modality individually for each patient, taking into account age, coexisting medical problems, general fitness, therapeutic toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy. This chapter will focus on lung cancer and other tumors in an area of the chest fraught with potential complications: the mediastinum and hilum. We will briefly review the literature on toxicity and efficacy of radiotherapy to the central chest, and then present some of our early experience with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) to this difficult area.
Political Conflict ana Revolution in an African Town

The emerging patterns of life in contemporary Africa are most apparent in the often competing social and political groupings which have developed as basically rural populations have attempted to deal with the complexities of modern life. During the colonial period, these new groupings—whether rural or urban—were under the control of a dominant administration and seldom came into overt conflict. However, this is not now the case in most African towns. There, as in Ouagadougou, the capital of Upper Volta, a multiplicity of socio-political factions and multiple governing bodies all claim rights to power and legitimacy. The result is more open competition and conflict. This suggests that the “stability” claimed for colonial African societies was more a function of exogenous political factors than of inherent structural features in the social systems described. Until new dominant political structures emerge in Africa and establish mediating linkages with other institutional forms, there may well be a period of conflict and revolution.
High-consequence outcomes and internal disagreements: tell us more, please

This article is one of several in this special double-issue that reports the views of "users" of IPCC reports. I am a user in the sense that I advise the policy-making community and rely on the IPCC reports to provide me with authoritative views on the state of the science. My principal recommendation for making the IPCC more helpful to the policy- making community is to strive in the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) to communicate fully what the climate science community understands and does not understand about high- consequence outcomes. This will require the AR5 authors to provide vivid information about future worlds where high-consequence outcomes have emerged. It will also require the AR5 authors to reveal any disagreements persisting among them after the give-and-take of the writing process has run its course. In the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) the presentation of high-consequence outcomes had shortcomings that can be rectified in AR5. 1 Helping the policymaker decide how important climate change is Users like me, who read IPCC reports in order to give better advice to others, are probably a small fraction of all the users. Many of us, including me, are self-appointed. We publish (including articles like this one), lecture, and serve on committees. In our own minds, we do not "represent" any interest group, and our reward for doing well is to be invited to serve again. Our principal target is the policy-making community, including office holders, their staffs, and those opinion-formers whom they take seriously. In giving advice, we hunt for the issues that matter a lot but are poorly formulated or are buried out of sight. The better the IPCC does its work, the less work we have. Inevitably, those with a role like mine make assumptions about what policymakers want to know. I assume that Objective Number One for anyone in the policy-making community is to form an independent judgment of how urgent the climate change problem is. Does the world need to drop everything else and assign climate change the highest priority, or is
Revision of Ladino and Maya census populations of Guatemala, 1950 and 1964.

This article examines the Guatemalan census enumeration for 1950 and 1964 and the vital registration from 1945 to 1969. The examination reveals an inconsistency in the ethnic reporting of Ladino and Maya between the two systems. The evidence indicates census misclassification of the Maya population. An adjustment procedure is presented to revise the Ladino and Mayan populations for the two census years.
LOCUS OF CONTROL OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS QUESTIONNAIRE

To facilitate investigation of adult social behavior a situation-specific locus-of-control measure, patterned after Rotter's I-E scale, was developed. Using a forced-choice format, the 23-item Locus of Control of Interpersonal Relationships Questionnaire was constructed; it yielded adequate psychometric properties and sufficient construct validity to warrant further research.
What predicts maintenance of weight for adolescents medically hospitalized for anorexia nervosa

We assessed the relationship between outcomes at one year and a variety of possible predictors among a group of adolescents who were hospitalized for medical complications associated with adolescent onset AN. We reviewed the 12 month outcomes of 41 adolescent patients admitted for medical complications associated with AN to our center. Data on initial percent ideal body weight, length of initial hospitalization, and percent ideal body weight at discharge from first admission were collected. Our primary outcome measure was percent ideal body weight obtained 12 months after initial discharge. Using multiple linear regression to predict percent ideal body weight achieved at 12 months postdischarge, we found that only percent of ideal body weight at discharge predicted better outcomes. Response to initial hospitalization in terms of weight gain, rather than admission weight or length of initial hospital stay, predict better outcomes at 12 months. These results suggest the need for further study of predictors ...
Optimization of nano photonic sensors and detectors by information theoretic principles

An information theoretic approach to maximizing the efficacy of optical sensing devices is presented. The principles used and the results obtained are applicable on a wide range of scales, including those in nano photonics sensing and detection. A key factor which is investigated is the aspect of extraction of the maximum amount of information in any given environment. The method used, which is based on information principles developed by Shannon, augments the many conventional approaches to optimizing performance of sensors. The fundamental issue of how many bits of information can be extracted by a sensor is addressed. The radiation pattern from a radiating or receiving sensor-array provides a spatial probability density function, which carries all the information about the system. Various such arrays are treated and the significance of the structure of the radiation pattern is examined. The technique is extended to the well-known concept of the lineshape profile of radiative atomic and molecular transitions, which is a probability density function in the frequency domain. Extensions of this work have applications in nanotechnology.
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (1982 to 1996): Evidence of a climate feedback?

Oceanic dimethylsulfide (DMS) is the major natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere. The equatorial Pacific Ocean is a region of relatively high DMS emissions that persist throughout the year. Measurements from 11 cruises between 1982 and 1996 show that the mean surface seawater DMS concentration in this region (15°N to 15°S) is relatively constant both seasonally and interannually (2.7±0.7 nM). The large interannual variations in oceanic and atmospheric properties associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events appear to have little effect on the concentration of DMS in surface ocean waters.
Modulation spectroscopy of semiconductor microstructures

Abstract This paper reviews some recent interesting applications of modulation spectroscopy to study the electronic transitions in GaAs GaAlAs parabolic quantum wells, short-period, strained layer |frsol|GeSi/Si, GeSi Ge and GeSi Ge 0.8 Si 0.2 superlattices and strained layer InGaAs GaAs single quantum wells. In addition, the discussion will include the use of SIN+ (SIP+) structures to evaluate surface electric fields and hence Fermi level pinning, investigation of epilayers/heterojunctions, studies of the two-dimensional electron gas in modulation-and δ-doped material, work on actual device structures such as HBTs and finally a new variation of the modulation method of differential reflectance.
“Walking on water” and the geoscientists' fear of social controversy

Communications with editors of 13 specialized scientific journals concerning the possible publication of a seemingly controversial manuscript, which was recently published, are analyzed. On the basis of this analysis, many geoscience editors (as well as many geoscientists) may b e reluctant to publish articles with social controversies extending beyond the natural sciences, particularly when these issues involve religion. This hinders the progress of the geosciences rather than advances it, as it creates a detrimental and artificial separation between the geosciences and society at large. McKeague, Paldor, and I addressed the question of whether there is a natural explanation for ‘walking on water’ in the Sea of Galilee in an article published in the April issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology (JOPL), a journal that focuses on the reconstruction of lakes history (and hence is an ideal medium for this particular paper). We suggested in the paper (JOPL, 35, 417–439,2006) that the legend of Jesus walking on water might be rooted in unusual freezing events that took place over relatively small parts of the Sea of Galilee. Such events probably happened during several cold episodes (lasting hundreds of years) that occurred during the past 2500 years. Because of salty and warm springs that emptied into the lake, a localized ‘convection free’ freeze just above the plume created by the springs (covering an area of about 1000 square meters) probably occurred as a result of short cold spells lasting two to three days. These brief cold spells were superimposed on the much longer cold episodes that occur every 500–1000 years.
An investigation of secure remote instrument control

This paper examines the computer science issues associated with secure remote instrumentation control for magnetic fusion experiments. Computer science research into enhancing the ability to scientifically participate in a fusion experiment remotely has been growing in size in an attempt to better address the needs of fusion scientists worldwide. The natural progression of this research is to examine how to move from remote scientific participation to remote hardware control. The vision is to define a gatekeeper software system that will be the only channel of interaction for incoming requests to the secured area of the experimental site. The role of the gatekeeper is to validate the identification and access privilege of the requestor and to insure the general validity of the proposed request. The vision for the gatekeeper is that it be a modular system that is simple in design and defined in a way that makes its implementation and operation transparent and obvious. The architecture of the module interface is flexible enough that it can easily allow the future addition of new modules. At the same time, it should be transparent to end-users and allow a high volume of activity so as to not provide a work bottleneck. The results of the gatekeeper design and initial implementation are presented as well as a discussion on the implication of this research on the operation of fusion experimental machines such as ITER.
Comparing Moisture Meter Readings with Measured Equilibrium Moisture Content of Gypsum Board

Moisture meters routinely used in the field to determine the moisture content in gypsum wallboard are primarily designed and manufactured to measure the moisture content of wood. Often they are used to decide whether to replace wallboard by determining if moisture is qualitatively higher or lower than another location. Because the moisture meter is so widely used, it is necessary to establish methods to ensure their usefulness and dependability as an aid in wallboard moisture detection and remediation. A method was developed to create a series of gypsum wallboard moisture content reference standards by exposing wallboard sample sections to static moisture content levels. Gravimetric analysis revealed good accuracy and precision of the reference standards to their theoretical values. A moisture meter was then compared against these reference standards to determine the meter’s accuracy and precision.
Retention of J-1 visa waiver program physicians in Washington State's health professional shortage areas.

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether the Conrad Program, which allows states to recruit 30 foreign-trained physicians per year to work in underserved settings, is meeting its goal of increasing the number of physicians in Washington State's underserved areas. Participating physicians have completed t
A field experiment to explore the effects of detection and penalties communications and framing among Washington State retail firms

Abstract The Washington Department of Revenue facilitated a field experiment to explore opportunities to increase Use Tax and Business and Occupation (BO thus we tested two very different taxes. The results of the experiment suggest that revenue agencies with limited resources may benefit from focusing greater compliance enhancement efforts on firms with declining revenues as more tax dollars will be generated from these taxpayers. For tax researchers, this experiment demonstrates that gain/loss tax framing can occur in nature by means other than withholding.
Propidium iodide compares favorably with histology and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride in the assessment of experimentally-induced infarct size

Quantitative assessment of infarct size after histology processing or by tetrazolium staining requires long reperfusion times to facilitate the delineation of the injured tissue. We evaluated the nucleic acid stain propidium iodide as an alternate technique for assessment of infarct size because it does not require extended reperfusion and is accomplished with more simple tissue processing. Eight mice underwent 45 min of coronary artery occlusion and 24 h of reperfusion, after which propidium iodide was administered and allowed to circulate for 15 min. Hearts were excised, sliced into transverse slices approximately 620 micro m thick, and photographed for determination of infarction with propidium iodide. Slices were processed by standard histology techniques, and infarction was evaluated using classical criteria of necrosis. In four other mice, infarct size was assessed by both triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and propidium iodide staining. A total of 46 slices were analysed and infarction was described as a percentage of the cross-sectional area of the slice. The correlation (r=0.94), orthogonal regression line (y=0.9x+1.8), and the percentage of the cross-section infarcted (histology 17.5+/-3.0%v propidium iodide 18.5+/-3.0%), demonstrates that infarct size assessment after propidium iodide staining or histology processing yields the same results. Similarly, propidium iodide measurement of infarct size was comparable to that obtained with TCC staining (22.5+/-4.1%v 25.4+/-5.4%, respectively, r=0.84). We conclude that propidium iodide staining yields accurate infarct size assessment and is a simpler alternative to tetrazolium staining or histologic processing.
Development and validation of a tool to measure incivility in clinical nursing education.

Although the literature suggests that incivility on the part of staff nurses toward student nurses in the clinical setting exists, no instrument was found that addressed this phenomenon. This article describes the development and validation of the uncivil behavior in clinical nursing education (UBCNE) tool to measure nursing students' experiences with incivility in the clinical learning environment. The 20-item UBCNE was administered to 118 nursing students at a midwestern school of nursing. Analyses included evaluation of interitem response consistency, internal structure via principal components analysis using both orthogonal and oblique rotation, and assessment of the association to demographic variables and stress while on placement as a criterion measure. Six items were dropped due to high loading on more than 1 component. This resulted in a 12-item test with 2 modified subscales—hostile/mean/dismissive and exclusionary behavior. The revised subscales and total test demonstrate good reliability, and both subscales are clearly represented in the separate components. The UBCNE is an easily administered tool with good internal consistency. Future studies with a larger sample and in different settings need to be conducted.
Global solutions of nonlinear hyperbolic equations for small initial data

On considere des systemes quasilineaires d'equations hyperboliques d'ordre 2 qui sont des deformations non lineaires de l'equation d'onde. On etudie l'existence globale et le comportement asymptotique des solutions du probleme de Cauchy quand la donnee initiale est suffisamment petite
Alanine formation by rat muscle homogenate.

Abstract Rat hind leg muscle homogenates synthesized alanine at a rate of 1.06 μmoles/hr/gm for as long as 4 hours which is comparable to rates reported for in vivo perfusion experiments. Alanine synthesis by diaphragm and heart muscle was consistently less than 20% that of hind limb. Alanine formation was not enhanced by the addition of glucose, pyruvate or β-hydroxybutyrate nor was it decreased by proteolytic enzyme inhibitors. Homogenates were analyzed for concentrations of free amino acids and related intermediates (glutamate, α-ketoglutarate, lactate and pyruvate) with and without added NADH and lactic dehydrogenase. The results of these experiments suggest that the de novo synthesis of alanine in hind limb muscle may be derived from sources other than pyruvate or proteolysis.
HER1-Targeted 86Y-Panitumumab Possesses Superior Targeting Characteristics than 86Y-Cetuximab for PET Imaging of Human Malignant Mesothelioma Tumors Xenografts

Malignant mesothelioma (MM), a rare form of cancer is often associated with previous exposure to fibrous minerals, such as asbestos. Asbestos exposure increases HER1-activity and expression in pre-clinical models. Additionally, HER1 over-expression is observed in the majority of MM cases. In this study, the utility of HER1-targeted chimeric IgG1, cetuximab, and a human IgG2, panitumumab, radiolabeled with 86Y, were evaluated for PET imaging to detect MM non-invasively in vivo, and to select an antibody candidate for radioimmunotherapy (RIT).
Stressful politics: voters' cortisol responses to the outcome of the 2008 United States Presidential election.

Summary Social subordination can be biologically stressful; when mammals lose dominance contests they have acute increases in the stress hormone cortisol. However, human studies of the effect of dominance contest outcomes on cortisol changes have had inconsistent results. Moreover, human studies have been limited to face-to-face competitions and have heretofore never examined cortisol responses to shifts in political dominance hierarchies. The present study investigated voters’ cortisol responses to the outcome of the 2008 United States Presidential election. 183 participants at two research sites (Michigan and North Carolina) provided saliva samples at several time points before and after the announcement of the winner on Election Night. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure levels of cortisol in the saliva samples. In North Carolina, John McCain voters (losers) had increases in post-outcome cortisol levels, whereas Barack Obama voters (winners) had stable post-outcome cortisol levels. The present research provides novel evidence that societal shifts in political dominance can impact biological stress responses in voters whose political party becomes socio-politically subordinate.
Performance of the H- Ion Source for the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source

In January of 1983, a magnetron type H- ion source was installed in the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory. The higher available H- current has helped enable the weekly average intensity of the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) to be increased from 8 ?A to over 12 ?A. After two years of operation, the reliability of the source producing 40 mA of H- ions at a 30 Hz repetition rate continues to be excellent.
Self-Regulation Differences during Athletic Practice by Experts, Non-Experts, and Novices

Basketball experts, non-experts, and novices were studied for differences in their self-regulatory forethought and self-reflection processes regarding their free-throw shooting. Forty-three adolescent boys participated individually in the study, which involved a practice session in a gymnasium. The subjects were queried regarding their forethought goals, strategy choice, self-efficacy as well as their self-reflection attributions and feelings of satisfaction as they practiced their shooting. Among the significant results, experts set more specific goals, selected more technique-oriented strategies, made more strategy attributions, and displayed higher levels of self-efficacy than non-experts and novices. Forethought phase processes intercorrelated significantly as did self-reflection phase processes. In addition, self-reflection attributions were predictive of forethought strategy selection during further efforts to learn. The results were discussed in terms of a social cognitive model of self-regulation.
Seeing and Not Believing: Concern for Visual Culture in The Humanist

A recent study of a magazine distributed by a powerful conservative Christian group determined the organization showed strong concern for “visual culture.” The publication directed its readers on how to understand the seen world. The present study analyzes a periodical of an avowedly secular group to understand how they might manifest similar or different concerns. On the whole, the content of the magazine called The Humanist appears to indicate that visual culture is as important to agnostics as it is to theists.
Rotational resonance NMR: separation of dipolar coupling and zero quantum relaxation

Abstract The solid state NMR technique of rotational resonance ( R 2 ) has been used extensively to measure distances approaching 5–6 A between 13 C nuclei in a variety of compounds including amyloidogenic peptides and membrane proteins. The accuracy of the distance information extracted from the time-dependent spin dynamics at R 2 is often limited by the accuracy with which the relevant zero-quantum lineshape parameters are estimated. Here we demonstrate that measurement of spinning frequency dependent magnetization exchange dynamics provides data from which both distance and zero-quantum relaxation parameters can be extracted independently. In addition to providing more accurate distance information, this technique allows examination of the zero-quantum lineshape, which can indicate the presence of correlated relaxation or chemical shift distributions between dipolar-coupled sites. With this approach we have separated the contribution of dipolar couplings and zero quantum relaxation to R 2 exchange curves. Thus, we have significantly improved the accuracy of the measurement of the intramolecular, internuclear distances between a pair of 13 C ’s in two model compounds ( N -acetyl- d , l -valine and glycylglycine·HCl) that lie in the distance range 4.6–4.7 A.
Nucleation rates in flat and curved space

Nucleation rates for tunneling processes in Minkowski and de Sitter space are investigated, taking into account one loop prefactors. In particular, we con- sider the creation of membranes by an antisymmetric tensor field, analogous to Schwinger pair production. This can be viewed as a model for the decay of false (or true) vacuum at zero temperature, in the thin wall limit. Also considered is the spontaneous nucleation of strings, domain walls and monopoles during inflation. The instantons for these processes are spherical world-sheets or world-lines embedded in flat or de Sitter backgrounds. We find the contribution of such instantons to the semiclassical partition function, including one loop corrections due to small fluctuations around the spherical worldsheet. We sug- gest a prescription for obtaining the distribution of objects nucleated during inflation. This can be seen as an extension of the usual formula, valid in flat space, according to which the nucleation rate is twice the imaginary part of the free energy. In addition, we use the method of Bogolubov transformations to compute the rate of pair production by an electric field in 1+1 dimensional de Sitter space, and compare the results to those obtained using the instanton me- thod. Both results agree where they are expected to, not only in the exponen- tial dependence but also in the prefactor, confirming the validity of instanton techniques in de Sitter space. Throughout the paper, both the gravitational field and the antisymmetric tensor field are assumed external.
Facilitation of myocardial PI3K/Akt/nNOS signaling contributes to ethanol-evoked hypotension in female rats

Background The mechanism by which ethanol reduces cardiac output (CO) and blood pressure (BP) in female rats remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that enhancement of myocardial phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling and related nNOS and/or eNOS activity constitutes a cellular mechanism for the hemodynamic effects of ethanol.
Energetic Costs of Tissue Construction in Yellow-poplar and White Oak Trees Exposed to Long-term CO2Enrichment

Abstract Two methods were used to estimate construction costs for leaves, stems, branches and woody roots of yellow-poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera L.) trees grown at ambient (35 Pa) and elevated (65 Pa) CO 2 for 2.7 years and trees of white oak ( Quercus alba L.) grown at these same CO 2 partial pressures for 4 years. Sample combustion in a bomb calorimeter combined with measurements of ash and nitrogen content provided the primary method of estimating tissue construction costs (W G ; g glucose g −1 dry mass). These values were compared with a second, simpler method in which cost estimates were derived from tissue ash, carbon and nitrogen content (V G ). Estimates of W G were lower for leaves, branches and roots of yellow-poplar and for leaves of white oak grown at elevated compared with ambient CO 2 partial pressures. These CO 2 -induced differences in W G ranged from 3.7% in yellow-poplar roots to 2.1% in white oak leaves. Only in the case of yellow-poplar leaves, however, were differences in V G observed between CO 2 treatments. Leaf V G was 1.46 g glucose g −1 dry mass in ambient-grown trees compared with 1.41 g glucose g −1 dry mass for CO 2 -enriched trees. Although paired-estimates of W G and V G clustered about a 1:1 line for leaves and branches, estimates of V G were consistently lower than W G for stems and roots. Construction costs per unit leaf area were 95 g glucose m −2 for yellow-poplar trees grown at ambient CO 2 and 106 g glucose m −2 for trees grown at elevated CO 2 partial pressures. No differences in area-based construction costs were observed for white oak. Whole-plant energy content was 1220 g glucose per tree in ambient-grown white oak compared with 2840 g glucose per tree for those grown at elevated CO 2 partial pressures. These differences were driven largely by CO 2 -induced changes in total biomass. We conclude that while construction costs were lower at elevated CO 2 partial pressures, the magnitude of this response argues against an increased efficiency of carbon use in the growth processes of trees exposed to CO 2 enrichment.
The Alter Ego Perspectives and Literary Historiography

The overview of Chinese literary histories and the generalizations of modes in literary historiography help us to have a better understanding of the alter ego perspectives in the West. The investigations of these new perspectives pave the way for theoretical explorations in literary historiography. The implications and insights will shed new light on writing Chinese literary history. Chapter 2 is a history of Chinese literary histories in China and in the West. A comparative survey brought our attention to the new perspectives in the West since the 1990s. The investigations through the two case studies of “Discursive Communities” and the “Cultural Tang” necessitate a further step in metahistoriography or philosophy of literary history—its ontological, epistemological, methodological framework and empirical implications.
A formal investigation of checking the input to critical systems

Safe reliable systems must be able to detect component failure. Checks in software can be effective for detecting hardware and sensor failure as well as for detecting errors in the software itself. This work develops a formal theory of checking in which the nature and structure of checks are investigated. Important to the theory is the notion of independence, which can be defined in terms of n-ary relations. The utility of the theory is illustrated by analyses of checks on input in various software contexts. In particular, sensor input to the NASA Guidance and Control Software is analyzed. >
Detection of changes in surveillance videos

We provide theoretical and experimental results showing that the dimension of video trajectories is a useful tool to access the mid-level content of videos, such as the appearance or disappearance of an object, and changes in the velocity and direction of moving objects. Moreover, the amount of change is proportional to the size of the objects involved and their speed. All this is achieved by a robust technique of dimensionality computation of video trajectories based on eigenvalues.
Chemical of current interest--benzene.

Benzene is one of the world's major commodity chemicals. It is derived from petroleum and coal and is used both as a solvent and as a starting material in chemical syntheses. The numerous industrial uses of benzene over the last century need not be recounted here, but the most recent addition to the list of uses of benzene is as a component in a mixture of aromatic compounds added to gasoline for the purpose of replacing lead compounds as anti-knock ingredients. The best known and longest recognized toxic effect of benzene is the depression of bone marrow function seen in occupationally exposed individuals. These people have been found to display anemia, leucopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. When pancytopenia, i.e., the simultaneous depression of all three cell types, occurs and is accompanied by bone marrow necrosis, the syndrome is called aplastic anemia. In addition to observing this decrease in humans and relating it to benzene exposure, it has been possible to establish animal models which mimic the human disease. The result has been considerable scientific investigation into the mechanism of benzene toxicity. Although the association between benzene exposure and aplastic anemia has been recognized and accepted throughout most of this century, it is only recently that leukemia, particularly of the acute myelogenous type, has been related to benzene. The acceptance of benzene as an etiological agent in aplastic anemia in large measure derives from our ability to reproduce the disease in most animals treated with sufficiently high doses of benzene over the necessary time period. Unfortunately, despite extensive efforts in several laboratories, it has not been possible to establish a reproducible, reliable model for the study of benzene-induced leukemia. The recent demonstration that several animals exposed to benzene either by inhalation or in the drinking water during studies by Drs. B. Goldstein and C. Maltoni suggests that such a model may be forthcoming. Nevertheless, at this time it is not clear whether bone marrow damage of the type that leads to aplastic anemia is required for the development of leukemia. Most studies of benzene toxicity have involved dosing animals with benzene either by inhalation or by injection, using high doses to ensure a toxic response. Very few studies have concentrated on the oral route of administration and none have concentrated on administering benzene by mouth at the low doses occasionally detected in drinking water.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Multimodality imaging of atherosclerotic plaque activity and composition using FDG-PET/CT and MRI in carotid and femoral arteries.

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, as assessed by FDG-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT), and plaque morphology and composition, as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in the carotid and femoral arteries.
Evidence of a Sex Pheromone in the Oak Leaf Roller, Archips semiferanus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Laboratory and Field Bioassays

The existence of a female sex attractant in Archips semiferanus Walker is demonstrated. Extracts of the abdomens of adult virgin females attracted male moths in a laboratory flight chamber and in the field. Males were attracted to the source of the pheromone in the flight chamber at a concentration range of 2 to 2×10−8 female equivalents ( FE ). A range of 2×10l to 2×10−7 FE caught significant numbers of males in relation to blanks in the field traps. The best response obtained from males in the flight chamber and in a small field trap was at 2×10−2 FE , whereas the optimum male response to the pheromone was elicited at 2 FE when a larger field trap was used.
Effect of cerebellar inactivation by lidocaine microdialysis on the vestibuloocular reflex in goldfish.

McElligott, J. G., Phyllis Beeton, and Jeffrey Polk. Effect of cerebellar inactivation by lidocaine microdialysis on the vestibuloocular reflex in goldfish. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1286–1294, 1998. Ve...
CD123 immunohistochemistry for plasmacytoid dendritic cells is useful in the diagnosis of scarring alopecia

Background Distinguishing types of lymphocytic scarring alopecia is often difficult because of the overlapping features. Recently, the presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE) was demonstrated and further shown to help distinguish lupus from other dermatoses.1-6 This study aims to determine if the presence and distribution of PDCs can aid in the diagnosis of scarring alopecia. Methods Cases of scarring alopecia due to chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE), lichen planopilaris (LPP) and central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) were examined histopathologically. A total of 45 total biopsies were evaluated and CD123 immunohistochemistry was performed on all samples. The relative percentage of PDCs, the presence of clusters and the distribution of CD123+ cells were noted. Results PDCs comprised a greater percentage of the infiltrate and were arranged in clusters in cases of CCLE vs. LPP or CCCA. In CCLE, the location of PDCs was perivascular, perifollicular, perieccrine and/or at the follicular junction. In LPP and CCCA, PDCs were mainly arranged as single, interstitial cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the presence and arrangement of CD123+ PDCs may assist in the diagnosis of scarring alopecia. We anticipate this will be of value in diagnosing challenging cases of highly inflammatory scarring alopecia.