cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of pharmacists' intention to report serious adverse drug events (ADEs) to the FDA using the theory of planned behavior

Abstract Background Adverse drug event (ADE) reporting by pharmacists is an indispensable part of the drug safety system. U.S. pharmacists may submit reports of serious ADEs that they encounter to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through MedWatch. However, underreporting of serious ADEs is a common problem. Little is known about pharmacists' decision making with respect to ADE reporting. Objectives This study explored the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model in predicting Texas pharmacists' intention to report serious ADEs to the FDA. Methods Data were collected from practicing Texas pharmacists using a mail questionnaire. A total of 1500 surveys were mailed, and 377 usable responses were obtained for a response rate of 26.4%. Results A majority (70.2%) of the 377 respondents were white/Caucasian, and 52.9% were male. Overall, pharmacists intended to report serious ADEs (mean=15.87±4.22; possible range: 3-21), had a positive attitude toward reporting (mean=4.62±4.92; possible range: −15 to +15), perceived that important others wanted them to report (subjective norm [SN] score=5.65±2.99; possible range: −9 to +9), and believed that they had control over their reporting behavior (perceived behavioral control [PBC] score=3.54±2.69; possible/actual range: −6 to +6). Attitude ( β =0.221, P β =0.438, P β =0.028, P >.05) did not. Attitude, SN, and PBC together accounted for 34.0% of the variance in intention to report serious ADEs ( P P =.021) and perceived moral obligation ( P Conclusions Pharmacists showed a strong positive intent to report serious ADEs to the FDA. Strategies to increase pharmacists' intentions to report serious ADEs should focus on helping them see the value of reporting and altering their perception of social pressure toward reporting. The TPB may have utility in predicting ADE-reporting behavior.
Linear-Fractional Composition Operators in Several Variables

We investigate properties of linear-fractional composition operators Cφ on Hardy and Bergman spaces of the ball in \(\mathbb{C}^N \) that are motivated by a formula for the self-commutator [Cφ* ,Cφ]. In particular, we characterize when certain commutators [Cφ, Cσ] are compact, and give conditions under which \(\left[ {T_{z^\beta } ^* ,C_\varphi } \right]\) is compact, where \(T_{z^\beta }\) is multiplication by the monomial zβ. Our results allow us to determine when Cφ is essentially normal, for φ belonging to a large class of linear-fractional symbols.
Personality profiles of cultures: Patterns of ethos

Culture and the human mind are deeply interdependent, because they co-evolved. Personality traits were a preexisting feature of the primate mind and must have left an imprint on forms of culture. Trait taxonomies can structure ethnographies, by specifying institutions that reflect the operation of traits. Facets of ethos can be assessed by expert ratings or objective indicators. Ratings of ethos in Japan and the US were reliable and yielded plausible descriptions of culture. However, measures of ethos based on the analysis of stories were not meaningfully correlated with aggregate personality traits or national character stereotypes. Profiles of ethos may provide another axis that can be used with aggregate personality trait levels to predict behaviour and understand the operation of culture. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial calcium buffering in saccular hair cells

The potential importance of intracellular calcium-binding proteins in rapid and highly localized Ca2+ signalling is poorly understood. During fast synaptic transmission, which occurs at specialized active zones where Ca2+ diffuses only a few tens of nanometers from channels to neurotransmitter release sites, a cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffer would have to be extremely fast or present in millimolar concentrations to intercept a significant fraction of the calcium ions en route to their targets. Therefore, Ca2+ buffers have been presumed to be unimportant in fast exocytosis and another fast calcium-mediated process, electrical resonance in hair cells. Here I present evidence to the contrary by showing that hair cells in the frog sacculus contain millimolar concentrations of a mobile cytoplasmic calcium buffer that captures Ca2+ within a few microseconds after it enters through presynaptic Ca2+ channels and carries it away from the point of entry. This spatial buffering reduces the presynaptic free Ca2+ by up to 60 per cent and probably restricts the region in which the internal calcium ion concentration exceeds 1 microM to within < 250 nm of each synaptic site. The buffer can thus influence both electrical resonance and synaptic transmission. Calbindin-D28K or a related protein may serve as the mobile calcium buffer, an action similar to its function in transporting Ca2+ across intestinal epithelial cells.
The non‐adiabatic tubular reactor: Stability considerations

This paper is a continuation of four previous ones in this journal (1, 2, 3, 4) and is involved with the transient and stability behavior of a non-adiabatic unpacked tubular reactor. The steady states found earlier are tested for stability both by computing transient profiles and by computing the eigenvalues of the appropriate linearized problem. It is found in all cases that the two computations predict the proper stability behavior. It is shown that in some cases all steady states for a given set of parameters may be unstable and that a unique steady state may give rise to an oscillatory system. Le present travail fait suite a quatre precedents qui ont paru dans le Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering (references (1, 2, 3, 4) et a trait au comportement transitoire et relatif a la stabilite dun reacteur tubulaire non garni et non adiabatique. On a verifie la stabilite des regimes permanents trouves anterieurement en calculant les profils transitoires et les valeurs eigen du probleme approprie sous forme lineaire. On a constate dans tous les cas, que les deux methodes de calcul permettaient de prevoir le comportement approprie relatif a la stabilite. On indique que, dans certains cas, tous les regimes permanents pour une serie donnee de parametres peuvent etre instables et qu'un regime permanent unique pouvait produire un systeme oscillatoire.
Asymmetrical cerebrovascular response to right and left hemisphere cortical suction lesions in the rat

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that focal lesions of the right but not left cerebral cortex in the rat produce hyperactivity and depletions of norepinephrine. To assess the cerebrovascular response to suction lesions, postoperative rats were infused intravenously with [ 14 C]inulin. The brain inulin concentration in the right lesion group was significantly higher than control (no surgery) or left lesion groups in all cortical quadrants, but most prominently in the quadrant posterior and contralateral to the lesion site.
The cost saving potential of carsharing in a US context

Carsharing is a vehicle sharing service for those with occasional need of private transportation. Transportation planners are beginning to see great potential for carsharing in helping to create a more diversified and sustainable transport system. While it has grown quickly in the US in recent years, it is still far from the level where it can deliver significant aggregate benefits. A key element to the potential growth of carsharing is its ability to provide cost savings to those who adopt it in favor of vehicle ownership. This research seeks to quantify these potential cost savings. The costs of carsharing and vehicle ownership are compared based on actual vehicle usage patterns from a large survey of San Francisco Bay Area residents. The results of this analysis show that a significant minority of Bay Area households own a vehicle with a usage pattern that carsharing could accommodate at a lower cost. Further research is required to indentify how these cost savings translate to the adoption of carsharing.
The preparation of electrophilic and electroneutral phosphane ligands and their substitution chemistry with Mo(CO)6

Abstract The synthesis, characterization and coordination chemistry of electroneutral and electron-poor phosphane ligands is reported. The addition of diaminochlorophosphanes [compounds of the type (R2N)2PCl] to ether solutions of C2F5Li produced the corresponding diaminopentafluoroethylphosphane compounds (R2N)2PC2F5 (R2N = C4H8ON, 1; C5H10N, 2; and C8H8N, 3). Similar treatment of aminodichlorophosphanes with two equivalents of C2F5Li produced compounds of the type (R2N)P(C2F5)2 (R = C4H8ON, 4; C5H10N, 5; C4H8N, 6; and C8H8N, 7). These phosphanes were isolated as high boiling liquids (1, 2, 4–7) or as a solid (3) in moderate yields (44–71%). Substitution reactions of one equivalent of 1–6 with Mo(CO)6 yielded the corresponding pentacarbonyl complexes (L)Mo(CO)5 (1a–6a). Thermolysis of 7 with Mo(CO)6 did not yield the expected pentacarbonyl complex. The phosphane compounds 1–7 and their molybdenum derivatives 1a–6a were characterized by multinuclear NMR; the CF2 region in the 19F NMR for compounds 4–7 and complexes 4a–6a displayed second-order character which complicated their interpretation. Compounds 1a–6a were also characterized by IR spectroscopy; the IR stretching frequencies for these complexes suggest that ligands 1–3 are electroneutral (and approximate the electronic influence of phosphites) while similar stretching frequencies for 4a–6a clearly establish these ligands as electrophilic.
Effect of live measles virus vaccine on childhood nephrosis.

Summary Evidence is presented which indicates that children with nephrosis may have transient improvement of renal status following inoculation with live measles virus vaccine. The difficulty of interpreting these results is briefly discussed.
Augmented reality-based computational fieldwork support for equipment operations and maintenance

This paper describes the development of an Augmented Reality (AR)-based equipment Operations and Maintenance (O&M) fieldwork support application to improve efficiency at the site and the experimental evaluation of the application. The application consists of an AR-based interface for intuitive GUI and an O&M information model developed with various types of O&M specific information obtained through observing tradespeople's fieldwork activities, and those from Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) and Building Automation System (BAS). In addition, the BACnet protocol is used to get sensor-derived operation data in real time from BAS. A series of experiments was conducted to quantitatively measure improvement in equipment O&M fieldwork efficiency by using a software prototype of the application. The results show that with the application the subjects saved, on average, 51% of time spent at task when they located target areas and 8% of time at task while obtaining sensor-based performance data from BAS.
The specificity of reactions of polycyclic aromatics II. Polarographic reductions

Die polarographische Reduktion polyzyklischer are matischer Verbindungen kann als 1,2-, 1,4- oder 1,6 Addition erfolgen. Der Verlauf der Reaktionen lasst sic aus der Abnahme der Resonanzenergie ableiten.
Melville J. Herskovits on the African and Jewish diasporas: Race, culture and modern anthropology

Anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits’ (1895–1963) work helped to shape how African‐Americans in the United States were viewed and viewed themselves. By 1930, he challenged the prevailing view that “Negro” life‐ways were only an incomplete and pathological version of mainstream American culture. In contrast, he contributed a scholarly foundation to the claim that elements of African culture had survived in the Americas. His work supported the New Negro movement and the emergence of pan‐African identity. Curiously, however, Herskovits argued that the Jews, another diasporic group, had no distinctive culture nor were they a people. This paper reviews the development of Herskovits’ views in relation to: (1) concepts of race and culture in modern anthropology; (2) public controversies concerning assimilation versus particularism of blacks and Jews in the 1920s and 1930s; and (3) Herskovits’ Jewish identity.
Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) mutagenicity of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone and its open- and closed-ring analogs

The mutagenicities of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX, compound 1), 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-2(5H)-furanone (RMX, compound 6), and 2-(dichloromethyl)-3,3-dichloropropenal (TCB, compound 7) were determined in the same assay and in repetitive determinations using Salmonella typhimurium (TA 100) without microsomal fraction activation. In addition, the mutagenicity of 2-methyl-3,3-dichloropropenal (compound 8) was assayed in the same manner although not simultaneously with MX, RMX, and TCB. This study was undertaken to ascertain the role of open- and closed-ring forms of MX in the mutagenicity of MX. MX proved to be roughly 100 times more mutagenic than the open-ring analogue TCB and 10 times more mutagenic than the closed-ring analogue RMX. Compound 8 was inactive. Assay stability of the three active compounds in Vogel-Bonner medium at 38{degree}C was estimated as the chemical half-life values by following the change in UV absorbance at selected wave lengths. The enhanced mutagenicity of MX relative to RMX and TCB is attributed to the intrinsic mutagenicity of MX and its grater stability is judged to play only a minor role.
Missing pieces in each other's puzzles: Integrating the new public management and the new political economy

Abstract Although New Political Economy ideas have sometimes accompanied New Public Management ideas in programs of bureaucratic reform (especially outside the United States), the two schools of thought have remained separate. I argue that the problems of bureaucracy are largely political problems. Therefore, bureaucratic reform must be viewed in tandem with political reform. New Public Management can learn from New Political Economy's emphasis on the incentives of self-interested politicians, and New Political Economy can learn from New Public Management's normative approach and focus on citizens. I use an “exit and voice” framework to discuss and evaluate alternative approaches to reform.
Spectroscopy of Heavy Quarkonia

In the last few years, the CLEO III experiment has recorded a large collection of data sets at the ϒ ( 1 S ) , ϒ ( 2 S ) , ϒ ( 3 S ) and ψ ( 2 S ) resonances. Preliminary results of studies of these data sets are shown here, which include the observation of a new ϒ ( 1 D ) state, as well as several hadronic and radiative transitions of ϒ and ψ ( 2 S ) states. In addition, precision branching ratio measurements of charmonium and bottomonium states and recent developments involving the η c ( 2 S ) and X (3872) states are presented.
CAN COMMUNITY AND EDUCATION ORGANIZING IMPROVE INNER‐CITY SCHOOLS?

: Traditional community organizing processes and tactics are being applied throughout American cities in order to transform inner-city public schools. This paper utilizes a theory of change to demonstrate how the growing “education organizing” movement seeks to improve both schools and communities by focusing on problem issues, cultivating social capital, developing indigenous leaders, building power, and demanding greater public accountability. We apply a series of indicators to highlight both community and school outcomes achieved by a variety of groups to date, with a case study of several local affiliates of the national Industrial Areas Foundation. Specifically, we find that education organizing has made a qualitative difference in the lives of students, parents, teachers, and school administrators; this process has turned former adversaries into allies for change. However, certain school outcomes, such as increased student achievement, and advancements in curriculum and instruction, are lagging behind expectations. Overall, education organizing achievements stand out significantly against the backdrop of urban disinvestment, poverty, and segregation. Importantly, while education organizing flows from overall community organizing, successes in schooling help overall community development efforts.
Cooking as a biological trait

No human foragers have been recorded as living without cooking, and people who choose a 'raw-foodist' life-style experience low energy and impaired reproductive function. This suggests that cooking may be obligatory for humans. The possibility that cooking is obligatory is supported by calculations suggesting that a diet of raw food could not supply sufficient calories for a normal hunter-gatherer lifestyle. In particular, many plant foods are too fiber-rich when raw, while most raw meat appears too tough to allow easy chewing. If cooking is indeed obligatory for humans but not for other apes, this means that human biology must have adapted to the ingestion of cooked food (i.e. food that is tender and low in fiber) in ways that no longer allow efficient processing of raw foods. Cooking has been practiced for ample time to allow the evolution of such adaptations. Digestive adaptations have not been investigated in detail but may include small teeth, small hind-guts, large small intestines, a fast gut passage rate, and possibly reduced ability to detoxify. The adoption of cooking can also be expected to have had far-reaching effects on such aspects of human biology as life-history, social behavior, and evolutionary psychology. Since dietary adaptations are central to understanding species evolution, cooking appears to have been a key feature of the environment of human evolutionary adaptedness. Further investigation is therefore needed of the ways in which human digestive physiology is constrained by the need for food of relatively high caloric density compared to other great apes.
MICROSAURS AND THE ORIGIN OF CAPTORHINOMORPH REPTILES

Microsaurs are Paleozoic lepospondylous Amphibia with slender bodies and weak limbs. Their solidly roofed skulls lack otic notches, have large supratemporals widely separating the squamosal from parietal, and double occipital condyles. The stapes consists of a large footplate and extremely short columella. Vertebrae lack intercentra. Originally based on a reptile, Hylonomus lyelli , by Dawson in 1863, the Order Microsauria has long been restricted to these small amphibians (Romer, 1950). Repeated confusion between primitive captorhinomorph reptiles and microsaurs steins from superficial similarities between both skulls and vertebrae. This confusion and occasional microsaur-like vertebrae in early Carboniferous deposits have led to suggestions that microsaurs are reptilian ancestors (cf. Vaughn, 1962). Captorhinomorphs differ from microsaurs in their small supratemporal bone, single occipital condyle, stapes with long columella reaching a pit in the quadrate and bearing a dorsal process, and dorsal intercentra. Captorhinomorph ancestors were probably not labyrinthodonts, as Vaughn (1960) has pointed out, but they could not have had the characteristic specializations of microsaurs. Their source must be sought in forms much closer to crossopterygian fish. Microsaurs resemble both urodeles and gymnophionans in their double occipital joint and otic region. They differ from Lissamphibia in the absence of a non-calcified zone in the teeth. At present, no criteria indicate decisively which structures developed convergently. Microsaurs are possibly but not demonstrably related to the ancestry of modern salamanders and caecilians.
Microarray therapeutic index: A novel method to combine molecular and clinical data from cancer patients

A new method has been developed that enables combining the microarray and clinical data (e.g., survival months) of cancer patients in order to calculate what is here referred to as the individualized therapeutic index (ITI). The prerequisite for calculating ITI includes (i) the measurement of the microarray (or micro) therapeutic index, mTI, defined here for the first time, and (ii) the conversion of mTI into ITI through filtering off those genes whose transcript dynamics cause deviations of points from the regression line of the survival months vs. mTI (SmTI) plot. The ability to measure ITI values of drugs opens up new opportunities to improve drug discovery research (i.e., theragnostics) and personalized medicine.
A Comparative Study of Pharmaceutical Emulsification Equipment

A study has been made of six common types of emulsification equipment normally encountered in pilot plant experimentation or small-scale manufacturing. Mineral oil and cod liver oil emulsions were prepared. The evaluation of the emulsion products involved measurements of particle size distribution, rate of creaming, and viscosity. The particle size distribution studies and the rate of creaming evaluation clearly differentiated the equipment studied. It was shown that the emulsions processed with a homogenizer usually produced samples with a smaller average particle size and a lower rate of creaming under the conditions of the study. The data of this study were subjected to statistical evaluation which indicated that both the emulsifying agent and the processing equipment used significantly affect emulsion quality. A significant interaction between equipment and emulsifying agents was also shown.
Grand opening of structure-guided design for novel opioids

Twelve years after the publication of the first crystal structure of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), experimental crystal structures of the four opioid receptor subtypes have made their entrance into the literature in the most extraordinary way, that is, all at once. Not only do these crystal structures contribute unprecedented molecular details of opioid ligand binding and specificity, but they also represent important tools for structure-based approaches to guide the discovery of safer and more efficient opioid therapeutics. We provide here an overview of these latest breakthroughs in the structural biology of GPCRs with a focus on differences and similarities between the four opioid receptor structures, as well as their limitations, in the context of challenges for translation of this new knowledge from bench to bedside.
Spatial decomposition and reduced current fidelity for the analysis of TM scattering from large 2D objects

An investigation of the spatial decomposition technique (SDT) for the analysis of electrically large objects is presented. We apply SDT to two-dimensional perfectly conducting cylinders under TM excitation. Some of the convergence issues of the SDT as well as its application to finite arrays (finite frequency selective surfaces) are discussed. We also present a new method to obtain a reduction in the operation count of SDT, which is referred to as "reduced current fidelity (RCF)." With RCF the coupling between distant SDT subobjects is determined by use of a coarse grid on which currents are obtained from those on a dense grid. An averaging of the currents on distant objects reduces the operation count involved in determining the coupling to other subobjects. It is shown that for electrically large structures, RCF can provide significant reduction in operation count and good accuracy in the resulting structure currents.
Phase Equilibrium in Two-Phase, Water-Rich-Liquid, Hydrate Systems: Experiment and Theory

Two-phase equilibrium between CO2 hydrate (H) and a water-rich liquid (L) are experimentally measured and theoretically described between 273 and 281 K, at pressures below 30 MPa, and at aqueous CO2 concentrations between 0.0163 and 0.0242 mole fraction. These data represent the conditions where hydrates form from a single-phase aqueous solution of fixed composition. Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that the equilibrium pressure is very sensitive to concentration at all temperatures. The concentrations reported represent the solubility of CO2 in a water phase in equilibrium with hydrate at the given temperature and pressure. When a constant aqueous composition LH curve is extrapolated to the three-phase VLH curve, the composition characterizing the LH curve also represents the solubility of CO2 in water at the VLH conditions. Since the solubility of CO2 in water at hydrate-forming conditions is difficult to obtain, this method provides an excellent way of indirectly measuring this three-...
Luxury Uptake and Storage of Nitrogen in the Rhizomatous Alpine Herb, Bistorta Bistortoides

The patterns of luxury uptake and storage of nitrogen were studied in the rhizomatous alpine herb, Bistorta bistortoides (Pursh.). Nitrogen pools in the rhizome and shoot were measured in fertilized and nonfertilized plants over two growing seasons (3-4 growing seasons after fertilization began). Fertilized plants stored more N in the rhizome throughout both seasons than did nonfertilized plants. Inflorescence, foliar, and preformed bud N concentrations and biomass production rate did not increase in response to fertilization. The increased storage of N without a concomitant influence on biomass production demonstrates that luxury uptake occurs in this species. Increased N storage in fertilized plants was accommodated by an increase in the amino acids arginine, the nonprotein amino acid, δ-acetylornithine, glutamine, and glutamate. Luxury uptake was accommodated entirely through filling of existing rhizome cells; no increased cell proliferation was found. Sucrose concentration was significantly lower in the recently produced rhizome tissue of fertilized plants, possibly reflecting the carbon costs of storing the additional N. During the first half of the season, fertilized plants relied more on stored N to drive growth, with translocation from reserves accounting for 56% and 100% of the aboveground N requirement in nonfertilized and fertilized plants, respectively. In fertilized plants, the complete reliance on stored N indicates a decrease in current-season uptake of N during the period normally associated with net N uptake in this species. This is interpreted as either (1) a seasonal shift in N uptake, or (2) a negative feedback between stored N and uptake that would constrain the continued accumulation of excess N and eliminate any long-term benefits of luxury N uptake in this species.
Fusion of acoustic LDV and GPR data

We investigate the potential for improving land mine detection by fusing data from ground penetrating radars (GPRs) and sensors of acoustically induced soil motion. We present a case study involving data from the SRI forward-looking radar and a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) system developed by the University of Mississippi. The LDV sensor detects acoustically induced soil vibrations, while the GPR detects scattering from dielectric discontinuities or metal objects in the soil. Since these sensors exploit different target physical properties, it is reasonable to expect a benefit in fusion. Although the sensors are relatively new, the LDV and GPR data exhibit evidence for complementarity, in that the GPR is significantly better at detecting metal mines, while the LDV is somewhat better at detecting plastic mines. Decision-level fusion is shown to improve performance. A simple OR fusion approach is found to perform similarly to an optimum hard decision fusion algorithm.
Recovering haptic performance by relaxing passivity requirements

Several causes of instabilities in the interaction of users with actively controlled haptic devices, notably sampling effects, sensor quantization, and hardware nonlinearities, have been identified and analyzed in prior work. However, certain instabilities may occur that cannot be attributed to these hardware limitations. The problem becomes acute when rendering passive virtual environments which require compensation of the intrinsic device dynamics. We show that passivity, the standard robust stability criteria for haptic interface systems, cannot be maintained in certain circumstances due to Bode gain-phase integral constraints. In an experimental study, we demonstrate that some performance can be recovered by relaxing passivity requirements while maintaining coupled stability. To test stability, we identify frequency domain models of the user interaction, and check the Nyquist stability criterion rather than passivity.
Programming considerations in the design and use of a SIMD image computer

It is demonstrated that with a modicum of compilation complexity a scan line array processor (SLAP) (a single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) architecture designed for image computation and similar applications) becomes a versatile tool, efficiently supporting a number of useful programming models: position-independent (low-level image-processing operations), scan-line (intermediate-level image processing and graphics), and systolic. The impact of programming issues on overall system architecture is discussed with respect to hierarchical control structures, the handling of concurrent I/O streams, and the importance of considering whole applications. Such considerations are critical to the success of highly parallel systems, particularly those designed for imbedded applications, yet often are treated as afterthoughts. The high-level SLAP programming language Slang is introduced. >
Characterization of intermetallic compound (IMC) growth in Cu wire ball bonding on Al pad metallization

As one of the alternative materials in chip interconnection, copper wire has become popular because of its lower cost and higher electrical conductivity than gold wire. Moreover it is known that long term reliability performance at high temperature of copper wire is better than that of gold wire because of slower Cu/Al intermetallic compound (IMC) growth than that of Au/Al intermetallics. However, majority of copper wire bonding development works has been focused on the material and/or process optimization and qualification so far, now it is time that we need to understand more on the Cu/Al IMC growth behavior to prevent IMC related failures in copper wire field application. So, in this paper, we aimed to generate Cu/Al IMC growth model based on the experimental result depends on high temperature storage (HTS) time and temperature and also tried to suggest Cu/Al IMC thickness guideline to minimize IMC degradation. In this experiment, Al pad chips were bonded with 99.99% purity of copper wire and Pd coated copper wire and some of them were encapsulated with epoxy mold compound. The samples were storaged at the temperature range from 150 C to 250 C upto 1000 hrs. IMC phase and thickness were analyzed by the help of SEM and EDX. In order to generate Cu/Al growth model, reaction rate (K) and activation energy (AQ) were calculated with above experimental results by using Arrhenius diffusion equation. Also, in order to investigate the Cu/Al IMC effect on the bondability, ball shear strength was measured and its result was correlated with IMC thickness. According to this paper, we could derive Cu/Al IMC thickness prediction model and suggest IMC thickness guideline that can minimize IMC failures.
Music: A Link Between Cognition and Emotion:

Cognition and emotion are closely linked in music. The interplay between expectations and the sounded events is hypothesized to play a central role in creating musical tension and relaxation. The research summarized here is part of an ongoing program investigating how this dynamic aspect of musical emotion relates to the cognition of musical structure. Musical emotions change over time in intensity and quality, and these emotional changes covary with changes in psychophysiological measures. Perceptual studies support music-theoretic descriptions of musical structures that underlie listeners’ expectations. Cross-cultural comparisons suggest that certain psychological principles of expectation are quite general, but that musical cultures emphasize these differentially. A schema of temporal organization that relates episodes of tension and relaxation to musical form and expressive aspects of musical performance is described. Finally, some results suggest that the expression of emotion in music shares propert...
Contests with a stochastic number of players

We study Tullock’s (1980) n-player contest when each player has an independent probability 0 2 individual equilibrium spending as a function of p is single-peaked and satises a single-crossing property for any two dierent numbers of potential players. However, total equilibrium spending is monotonically increasing in p and n. We also demonstrate that ex-post overdissipation is a feature of the pure-strategy equilibrium in our model. It turns out that if the contest designer can strategically decide whether to reveal the actual number of participating players or not, then the actual number of participants is always revealed.
Sexual Bother in Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy

Abstract Introduction Men with advanced prostate cancer (APC) undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) often experience distressing sexual side effects. Sexual bother is an important component of adjustment. Factors associated with increased bother are not well understood. Aims This study sought to describe sexual dysfunction and bother in APC patients undergoing ADT, identify socio‐demographic and health/disease‐related characteristics related to sexual bother, and evaluate associations between sexual bother and psychosocial well‐being and quality of life (QOL). Methods Baseline data of a larger psychosocial intervention study was used. Pearson's correlation and independent samples t ‐test tested bivariate relations. Multivariate regression analysis evaluated relations between sexual bother and psychosocial and QOL outcomes. Main Outcome Measures The Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite sexual function and bother subscales, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—General, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale were the main outcome measures. Results Participants (N = 80) were 70 years old (standard deviation [SD] = 9.6) and reported 18.7 months (SD = 17.3) of ADT. Sexual dysfunction (mean = 10.1; SD = 18.0) was highly prevalent. Greater sexual bother (lower scores) was related to younger age (β = 0.25, P = 0.03) and fewer months of ADT (β = 0.22, P = 0.05). Controlling for age, months of ADT, current and precancer sexual function, sexual bother correlated with more depressive symptoms (β = −0.24, P = 0.06) and lower QOL (β = 0.25, P = 0.05). Contrary to hypotheses, greater sexual bother was related to greater dyadic satisfaction (β = −0.35, P = 0.03) and cohesion (β = −0.42, P = 0.01). Conclusions The majority of APC patients undergoing ADT will experience sexual dysfunction, but there is variability in their degree of sexual bother. Psychosocial aspects of sexual functioning should be considered when evaluating men's adjustment to ADT effects. Assessment of sexual bother may help identify men at risk for more general distress and lowered QOL. Psychosocial interventions targeting sexual bother may complement medical treatments for sexual dysfunction and be clinically relevant, particularly for younger men and those first starting ADT. Benedict C, Traeger L, Dahn JR, Antoni M, Zhou ES, Bustillo N, and Penedo FJ. Sexual bother in men with advanced prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. J Sex Med 2014;11:2571–2580.
Exact Transient Response of Stepped Second-Order Distributed Dynamic Systems

A analytical method is developed for transient vibration analysis of stepped distributed systems composed of components like elastic bars, flexible shafts and taut strings, and lumped masses. With a distributed transfer function formulation and a residue formula for inverse Laplace transform, the exact closed-form transient response of stepped distributed systems subject to arbitrary external, boundary and initial excitations can be obtained. The proposed method does not need orthogonal eigenfunctions, is able to accurately predict jumps in stress and strain distributions, and is computationally efficient as its utility only involves simple operations of two-by-two matrices.
Satisfaction and role quality perceptions of farm women employed off the farm

The purpose of the study is to examine the relationships among perceptions of role quality on the farm and in the family, perceived financial need to work off the farm, and satisfaction with the balance of time away from and with family members for 187 employed farm women. Role quality perception variables measure the gap farm women experienced between actual and ideal farm and family roles. The perceived financial need to work is considered a constraint to satisfaction and an influence on role quality. OLS regression is the primary data-analysis technique. Employed farm women with large households are less satisfied with the balance of time away from and with family members. Those employed farm women who perceived a larger gap between their actual and ideal family roles are less satisfied with the balance between time away from and with family members.
Synthesis and evaluation in primates of (N‐[11C]methyl)‐benperidol as a pet tracer of cerebral D2 receptor binding

The routine production of the D2 receptor-binding radioligand [11C]NMB has been optimized. Uncorrected batch yields of 62–105 mCi of [11C]NMB are obtained within 35 minutes EOB, with a specific activity exceeding 500 Ci/mmol and a radiochemical purity exceeding 95%. PET imaging of baboons shows rapid, specific localization of [11C]NMB to cerebral D2 receptor-rich tissue of primate brain. The specific localization of the radioligand is altered by drug challenge or pathological conditions, indicating utility of the ligand for human application.
Personality predicts cognitive bias in captive psittacines, Amazona amazonica

The prevalence of stable behavioural differences between individuals of a species (i.e. personality) is puzzling because it indicates that there are limits on animals’ behavioural plasticity and, therefore, optimality of behaviour. Personality may result from individual state characteristics (e.g. morphology or physiology). In turn, these characteristics can lead to differential fitness outcomes for individuals. Cognitive processing of environmental information may be such a characteristic. We developed a subjective personality assessment for Amazona amazonica. We then assessed whether personality predicted a cognitive state difference in attention bias, as measured by the proportion of balks and errors when performing a spatial foraging task in the presence of a passive human observer. Attention biases occur either because individuals attend more quickly to certain environmental stimuli, or because they cannot disengage their attention from such stimuli. Two factors, ‘neuroticism’ and ‘extraversion’, accounted for 66% of the total variance in personality. There was individual variation between parrots’ scores on both personality factors and both factors were temporally consistent over 1 year. There was a significant correlation between neuroticism and attention bias. Evolutionarily, attention biases are selected for because the fitness cost of failing to attend to potential threats is much greater than the cost of expending energy attending to benign stimuli. Therefore, cognitive biases such as attention bias are logical candidate cognitive states driving stable personality differences. Our findings show that differences in personality in A. amazonica are correlated with attention bias, a biologically relevant difference in cognition.
From Mad Libs to Tic Tac Toe: Using Robots and Game Programming as a Theme in an Introduction to Programming Course for Non-Majors

Computer Science has a bad reputation among non-CS majors. This paper describes three assignments from a gentle introduction to programming course for non-majors that uses robots and simple game programming as a hook to get students interested in the subject. In each of the assignments presented, what might be considered a trivial twist to an instructor was a key factor in making an otherwise standard project into something that is more engaging.
Comparison of grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) communities on remnant and reconstructed prairies in western Wisconsin

Abstract Grasshopper populations (Orthoptera: Acrididae) were surveyed on reconstructed and remnant prairies in Wisconsin. Twenty-seven species were observed on 17 different sites. Most sites ranged from dry to mesic habitats. Two species were very common, Melanoplus femurrubrum and Chorthippus curtipennis, being found at 15 and 14 sites respectively; 12 species were collected only at one site. Reconstructed prairies generally lacked the overall grasshopper species diversity observed on remnant prairies, with one exception, Lake Wissota – a 48 ha reconstructed dry site that contained 10 species of grasshoppers. Important factors for grasshopper conservation and prairie restoration may not be dependent on the age of the restoration, but the size and type of prairie being reconstructed as well as proximity to remnant sites. Management plans that include fire should also consider those species that overwinter as nymphs.
The Distribution of Sialic Acids Within the Eukaryotic Cell

In this chapter the distribution of sialic acid within the cell will be discussed. It is fairly safe to assume that essentially all of the sialic acid of the cell is in a bound form incorporated in glycoproteins and glycolipids and that these are to a large extent components of the cell membranes. In glandular secretory tissues large amounts of macromolecules containing sialic acid may be present in granular from awaiting elimination from the cell—a rather special situation that will not be considered further.
An Empirical Assessment of Participatory Governance Structures in Electricity Regulation

Despite burgeoning scholarly interest in multi-actor governance, we have limited empirical evidence about the way that stakeholder participation in policy implementation affects policy outcomes. Scholars have theorized that stakeholder involvement may influence policy outcomes by providing resources that improve agencies’ capability to implement policies, or acting as a political counterweight to dominant business interests in regulatory processes; alternately, stakeholders may simply legitimize agency decisions without affecting outcomes. This paper examines stakeholder involvement in state energy efficiency policy implementation from 2001-2010 and empirically tests the impact of different types of stakeholder participation on policy outcomes. The paper finds stakeholders have no effect on policy outcomes when their involvement is limited to information provision, but that when stakeholders are allowed to propose savings goals and programs early in the policy process, they have a significant and positive effect on policy outcomes.
On the Queueing Performance of HARQ Systems with Coding over Finite Transport Blocks

With the growing popularity of mobile applications such as voice over IP (VoIP) and real-time conversational video, and due to the scarcity of the available radio spectrum, increasing the spectral efficiency of wireless systems under quality of service (QoS) constraints becomes increasingly important. Accordingly, in this paper we investigate the maximum achievable rate of incremental redundancy type hybrid automatic repeat request (IR-HARQ) over the Rayleigh fading channel under probability of error, and queueing delay violation probability constraints, in the finite code blocklength regime. We model the Rayleigh fading channel by a finite-state Markov channel (FSMC) where the channel in each state is modeled as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). We derive the dispersion of parallel AWGN channels with finite input alphabets (e.g. pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)), which is used to track the operation of IR-HARQ over the wireless channel for a given modulation scheme, and coding rate. We then use a two-dimensional Markov process tracking the time evolution of a queueing system, where data packets arriving at the queue are transmitted over the wireless channel with IR-HARQ. This Markov process is used to derive an upper bound on the queueing delay violation probability and to jointly approximate the average rate and the average probability of error of HARQ as a function of the modulation scheme and the coding rate. Finally, we present numerical results.
Conscription, Inequality, and Partisan Support for War:

While recent scholarship suggests that conscription decreases support for military action, we argue that its effect is contingent both on a draft’s consequences for inequality in military sacrifice...
Atypical Subtrochanteric Fracture Through a Cephalomedullary Implant: A Case Report.

Intramedullary nails are the standard of care for treating diaphyseal femoral shaft fractures1. Advantages over plate osteosynthesis include less invasive application and earlier weight-bearing2. Cephalomedullary nails have expanded the application of intramedullary nails to include peritrochanteric fractures3, and they have been useful for prophylactic fixation of impending pathologic fractures4-8 and concomitant ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures9. There is burgeoning interest in the use of cephalomedullary nails to treat diaphyseal femoral fractures in osteopenic patients prone to peritrochanteric fractures10 and for patients with atypical subtrochanteric fractures secondary to bisphosphonate use. Proponents of these applications theorize that cephalomedullary fixation treats undetected femoral neck fractures and may protect the femoral neck11 and peritrochanteric region from fracture7,8,12. Here, we report a case of an atypical subtrochanteric femoral fracture that presented months after a midshaft fracture had been treated with a cephalomedullary nail in the ipsilateral femur. Although the femoral fracture had healed, the implant and bone failed at the location of the subtrochanteric fracture after a low-energy fall. While implant failure in the presence of mal-reduction or osseous nonunion is a well-recognized phenomenon13, to our knowledge, subtrochanteric fracture and cephalomedullary implant failure after a low-energy fall have not been reported to occur proximal to the site of a healed diaphyseal fracture. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she provided consent. An eighty-one-year-old Southeast Asian woman (height, 157.5 cm; weight, 59.8 kg) sustained a right diaphyseal femoral fracture (AO/OTA classification, 32-A2) after a ground-level fall (Figs. 1-A and 1-B). Past medical history included coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension secondary to renal artery stenosis, and osteopenia verified by a bone density scan (spine T-score of …
Biblionarrative : A narrative technique uniting oral and written life-stories

This paper explores an innovative, child-focused, narrative therapy technique, biblionarrative. Biblionarrative is the process of uniting oral and written stories in order to facilitate conversation and to gather a child's life-story for clinical and research purposes. Relying on either talk or writing alone may produce an incomplete description of events, but biblionarrative allows researchers and clinicians access to information that may not be discovered when using one method. To illustrate the process of creating a biblionarrative, the authors describe a research project that employed the technique with parentally bereaved children. Additionally, implications for using biblionarrative in therapy are discussed.