cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term memory span

Cowan assumes that chunk-based capacity limits are synonymous with the essence of a “specialized STM mechanism.” In a single experiment, we measured the capacity, or span, of long-term memory and found that it, too, corresponds roughly to the magical number 4. The results imply that a chunk-based capacity limit is not a signature characteristic of remembering over the short-term.
Billion-particle SIMD-friendly two-point correlation on large-scale HPC cluster systems

Two-point Correlation Function (TPCF) is widely used in astronomy to characterize the distribution of matter/energy in the Universe, and help derive the physics that can trace back to the creation of the universe. However, it is prohibitively slow for current sized datasets, and would continue to be a critical bottleneck with the trend of increasing dataset sizes to billions of particles and more, which makes TPCF a compelling benchmark application for future exa-scale architectures. State-of-the-art TPCF implementations do not map well to the underlying SIMD hardware, and also suffer from load-imbalance for large core counts. In this paper, we present a novel SIMD-friendly histogram update algorithm that exploits the spatial locality of histogram updates to achieve near-linear SIMD scaling. We also present a load-balancing scheme that combines domain-specific initial static division of work and dynamic task migration across nodes to effectively balance computation across nodes. Using Zin supercomputer at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (25,600 cores of Intel® Xeon® E5-2670, each with 256-bit SIMD), we achieve 90% parallel efficiency and 96% SIMD efficiency, and perform TPCF computation on a 1.7 billion particle dataset in 5.3 hours (at least 35× faster than previous approaches). In terms of cost per performance (measured in flops/$), we achieve at least an order-of-magnitude (11.1x) higher flops/$ as compared to the best known results [1]. Consequently, we now have line-of-sight to achieving the processing power for correlation computation to process billion+ particles telescopic data.
Understanding the Behavior and Stability of Some Uranium Mineral Colloids

Colloids are believed to be a dominant mode of transport for radionuclides in the unsaturated zone and thus the characterization of the attributes of the colloids is important for understanding and predicting subsurface transport. As uranium-based spent nuclear fuels will be prevalent at the high-level waste repository at Yucca Mountain, we have examined the colloidal properties of a mixture of two uranium minerals. This paper presents results of analyses on colloidal suspensions of meta-schoepite, (UO2)4)(OH)6·5H2O, and UO2+x, in 10 mM uranyl nitrate or J-13 groundwater (from Yucca Mountain, NV). A suite of techniques was used to characterize the colloids. The colloids detected by dynamic light scattering in the 10 mM uranyl nitrate solution exhibited a mean size of ∼200 nm and a colloid concentration on the order of 1012 particles/L. Likewise, large 200 nm colloids of meta-schoepite and UO2+x were dominant in the transmission electron microscopy analyses. The colloids detected in the J-13 groundwater exhibited a bimodal distribution; large globular 100–200 nm UO2+x colloids and needle-like colloids of meta-schoepite were observed (with extremely fine microstructure exhibited for the meta-schoepite colloids). Electrophoretic mobility measurements of the meta-schoepite and UO2+x suspension in 10 mM uranyl nitrate indicated that the colloids are not stable at pH values less than or equal to five. While at pH values ≥ 5.5, the colloids of meta-schoepite and UO2+x in 10 mM uranyl nitrate are stable, exhibiting zeta potentials of -30 to -60 mV. The results in this paper show that stable colloidal suspensions of uranium substrate colloids are possible under aqueous, oxidizing conditions.
An Overall View of Laminate Theories Based on Displacement Hypothesis

With the use of a recursive technique, this paper presents an overall comparison of laminate theories based on displacement hypothesis. A generalized polynominal form is used to unify the displacement hypothesis. Both theories available in the literature and inferable from the existing theories are addressed. Firstly, Shear Deformation Theories are recognized to give good results for in-plane stresses but poor results for interlaminar stresses. However, Layerwise Theories give excellent results for both global and local distributions of displacement and stress (both in-plane and out-of-plane). A compromising theory, the Generalized Zigzag Theory, is presented. Due to its success in laminate analysis, a series of Quasi-layerwise Theories are presented. Unfortunately, a physical impossibility-coordinate dependency-takes place. It then requires a Global-Local Superposition Technique to formulate the laminate theories. By examining the results of Superposition Theories, it is concluded that the completeness o...
The Relation of Breast Feeding Prognosis to the Initial Amount of Maternal Milk

Summary In a series of 1836 consecutive cases of infants with a birth weight of 3000 g or more, who had not shown any manifest defects during the first week of life and who after discharge with their mothers to their homes could be followed at least to the age of two months, the duration of breast feeding was compared with the amount of milk produced by the mother on the infant's sixth day of life. Duration of breast feeding was reckoned as the total time until the infant was definitely weaned from the breast. Those infants where the mother had delivered 200 ml of milk or less on the sixth day suffered considerably shorter periods of breast feeding than the rest, 44.1 per cent being weaned before 2 months of age against 6.6–0.6 per cent in the other groups, and only 22.1 per cent being breast fed for at least 6 months, as against 50–80 per cent in the groups with higher initial lactation. Those infants where the mother had been able to pump out at least 100 ml of milk beyond what the infant had sucked itself, were breast fed for a considerably longer time than the mean of the total series, and this applies to the group where the infant had been able to suck itself at least 300 ml as well as to the group where the infant had sucked not more than 200 ml. It seems, therefore, as if it would be possible to improve the prognosis of breast feeding in many cases by regular manual emptying of the breasts.
Intracranial microdialysis of salicylic acid to detect hydroxyl radical generation through dopamine autooxidation in the caudate nucleus: effects of MPP+.

Ringer's solution containing salicylic acid (5 nmol/microliters/min) was infused directly through an intracranial microdialysis probe to detect the generation of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) reflected by the formation of dihydroxybenzoic acids (DHBA) in the caudate nucleus of anesthetized rats. Brain dialysate was assayed for dopamine, 2,3-, and 2,5-DHBA by a high-pressure liquid chromatography-electrochemical (HPLC-EC) procedure. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ions (MPP+, 0 to 150 nmol) increased dose-dependently the release of dopamine and the formation of DHBA. A positive linear correlation between the release of dopamine and the formation of 2,3- or 2,5-DHBA was observed (R2 = .98). The present results demonstrate the validity of the use of not only 2,3-DHBA but also 2,5-DHBA as an in vivo index of oxidative damage generated by reactive .OH radicals. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates a novel use of intracranial microdialysis of salicylic acid to assess the oxidative damage elicited by .OH in living brain.
Selective neurotrophin deficiency in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Increasing evidence suggests that the enteric nervous system is under the control of neurotrophins. Nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5), promote differentiation, growth, and survival of various central and peripheral nervous system neurons. The biological effects of neurotrophins are mediated by the interactions with high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptors (TrkA, TrkB, TrkC). Recently, abnormalities of intramuscular innervation have been reported in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). To further understand the reported abnormalities in pyloric innervation in IHPS, the authors analyzed the expression of Trk receptors and the neurotrophins content in IHPS. Methods: Full-thickness muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from 8 IHPS patients (age range, 23 to 41 days) at pyloromyotomy and from 8 age-matched controls without gastrointestinal disease at autopsy performed within 12 hours after death. Indirect immunohistochemistry was performed using ABC (Avidin Biotin peroxidase Complex) method with anti-Trk specific antibodies (A,B,C). Quantitative analysis was performed using sandwich-type ELISA for NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4/5. Results: The intensity of staining of the myenteric plexus for TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC was similar among IHPS and controls. There was a lack of TrkA-positive nerve fibers in IHPS compared with controls. The quantity of total NGF, NT-3, and BDNF in IHPS was significantly lower than in controls. Conclusions: The reduced production of neurotrophins in IHPS may be responsible for the delay in the functional and structural maturation of pyloric innervation in IHPS. The lack of TrkA-positive nerve fibers in pyloric muscle may explain the abnormal intramuscular innervation in IHPS. J Pediatr Surg 36:1280-1284. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Electrochemical reduction of ammonium 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-methylphosphonate: an inhibitor of cell growth

Abstract The electrochemical reduction of a cell growth inhibitor, ammonium 5-bromo-2′deoxyuridine-5′-methylphosphate (BrdUrdOPO2Me), was investigated in order to compare its electrochemical properties with those of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-phosphate (BrdUMP). The derivatives f BrdUrd differ markedly in their electrochemical behavior from BrdUrd because of the influence of the methylphosphonate or phosphate groups. Current vs pH plots for BrdUrdOPO2Me and BrdUMP decrease in the form of an acid dissociation curve and assume kinetic behaviour at high pH values. Controlled potential electrolysis at a stirred mercury cathode of BrdUrdOPO2Me requires two electrons per mole. Autoradiochromatographic analysis of the electrolytic product of the tritium labeled ammoniumbromodeoxyuridine-5′-methyl[3H]phosphate shows that the methylphosphonate group remains intact during the course of the electrolysis. Electrolysis results in debromination and the product exhibits an uv spectrum identical to a 2′-deoxyuridine derivative.
Performance ofN machine centers ofK-out-of-M: G type maintained by a single repairman

We consider a system of N (nonsymmetric) machine centers of the K-out-of-M : G type that are maintained by a single repairman. [A machine center functions if and only if at least K of the M machines belonging to the center are good (G).] Such systems are commonly found in various manufacturing and service industries. A stochastic model is developed that accommodates generally distributed repair times and repairman walk times, and most repair scheduling disciplines. K-out-of-M : G type systems also appear as a modeling paradigm in reliability analysis and polling systems performance analysis. Several performance measures are derived for machine-repair systems having K-out-of-M-type centers. A simple example system is developed in detail that exposes the computations involved in modeling applications. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
PKCγ knockout mouse lenses are more susceptible to oxidative stress damage

Cataracts, or lens opacities, are the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts increase with age and environmental insults, e.g. oxidative stress. Lens homeostasis depends on functional gap junctions. Knockout or missense mutations of lens gap junction proteins, Cx46 or Cx50, result in cataractogenesis in mice. We have previously demonstrated that protein kinase Cgamma (PKCgamma) regulates gap junctions in the lens epithelium and cortex. In the current study, we further determined whether PKCgamma control of gap junctions protects the lens from cataractogenesis induced by oxidative stress in vitro, using PKCgamma knockout and control mice as our models. The results demonstrate that PKCgamma knockout lenses are normal at 2 days post-natal when compared to control. However, cell damage, but not obvious cataract, was observed in the lenses of 6-week-old PKCgamma knockout mice, suggesting that the deletion of PKCgamma causes lenses to be more susceptible to damage. Furthermore, in vitro incubation or lens oxidative stress treatment by H(2)O(2) significantly induced lens opacification (cataract) in the PKCgamma knockout mice when compared to controls. Biochemical and structural results also demonstrated that H(2)O(2) activation of endogenous PKCgamma resulted in phosphorylation of Cx50 and subsequent inhibition of gap junctions in the lenses of control mice, but not in the knockout. Deletion of PKCgamma altered the arrangement of gap junctions on the cortical fiber cell surface, and completely abolished the inhibitory effect of H(2)O(2) on lens gap junctions. Data suggest that activation of PKCgamma is an important mechanism regulating the closure of the communicating pathway mediated by gap junction channels in lens fiber cells. The absence of this regulatory mechanism in the PKCgamma knockout mice may cause those lenses to have increased susceptibility to oxidative damage.
Ionomer studies of polyethylene–acrylic acid copolymer. I. Fiber preparation and properties

Two EAA (Ethylene/acrylic acid) copolymers from Dow Chemical Company have been studied. Primacor resin (5980), having a mol wt of about 30,000 and an acrylic acid content of 19.2%, was converted into 10 and 20 denier per filament fibers to create a high surface area. Cold drawing and use of a fiber lubricant helped prevent sticking and blocking during spinning. The fiber was optimally swollen in a 0.5 N caustic at 55°C to produce an ion exchange fiber. Primacor resin (5980) in pellet form was reacted with alkali and was subsequently hammermilled into an ion exchange porous particulate. Physical and chemical properties, such as thermal properties, swelling, cation exchange activity and selectivity, tensile and elongation properties, among others, were determined on the fiber before and after conversion to specific metal (cationic) forms. The swollen fibers appeared to have more cation binding capacity than hammermilled pellets. The EAA polymers were colored by some metal cations. Some metal cations could be preferentially removed from solutions of mixed cations. Most fibers were weak, even after exchanging with multivalent ions, and did not have a precise melting point. Fiber tension and solution pH during the cationic exchange had an effect on the cation uptake, as well as on the physical properties obtained. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of water withdrawals on macroinvertebrate emergence: Unexpected results for three holometabolous species

This is a scanned version of a published article. The original can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291535-1467. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work.
A 38,000-Dalton Antigen Found in Namalwa Cells Induced by Newcastle Disease Virus

An antigen has been isolated from Namalwa cells, a Burkitt lymphoma line, that was induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) for interferon production. The antigen was extracted by 3 M NaCl from ribonucleoprotein particles (RNP), obtained from the nuclear 0.01 M Tris extract, and was purified by hydroxylapatite chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, and preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Its molecular weight was 38 kilodalton (kDa) as determined by SDS-PAGE. The tryptic peptide map of 125I-labeled antigen contained seven major peptides. The antigen was not found in HeLa cells, normal human liver or in Namalwa cells that had not been induced by the virus. This result suggests that this antigen was produced in Namalwa cells as a result of induction by the NDV virus.
Changes in Ecologically Critical Terrestrial Climate Conditions

Terrestrial ecosystems have encountered substantial warming over the past century, with temperatures increasing about twice as rapidly over land as over the oceans. Here, we review the likelihood of continued changes in terrestrial climate, including analyses of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project global climate model ensemble. Inertia toward continued emissions creates potential 21st-century global warming that is comparable in magnitude to that of the largest global changes in the past 65 million years but is orders of magnitude more rapid. The rate of warming implies a velocity of climate change and required range shifts of up to several kilometers per year, raising the prospect of daunting challenges for ecosystems, especially in the context of extensive land use and degradation, changes in frequency and severity of extreme events, and interactions with other stresses.
We Weren’t Always White: Race and Ethnicity in Italian/American Literature

No one was white before he/she came to America. James Baldwin, "On Being 'White' and Other Lies" I'm tired of being overlooked and then categorized as colorless, as though I've never had a good spaghetti fight in my life. I'm tired of being told to shut up and assimilate. Rose Romano, "Vendetta"
Vitamin D Receptor Expression in the Mucosal Tissue at the Gastroesophageal Junction

Barrett's esophagus is considered to be a precursor to adenocarcinoma and the information on VDR expression in normal and Barrett's esophagus is significantly lacking. In this study, we examined the expression of VDR in the lower esophagus and gastric cardia of normal and Barrett's esophagus by immunofluorescence. Columnar mucosa but not squamous mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction showed positive immunofluorescence to VDR. Submucosal glands and ducts deep to the normal squamous mucosa stained positive for VDR and localized in the cytoplasm and perinuclear regions with no nuclear staining. Interestingly, Barrett's mucosa stained strongly positive for VDR. Glandular structures in the mucosal layer were far less abundant in the Barrett's mucosa than in the normal gastric mucosa. As a result, fewer structures deep to the Barrett's epithelial layer stained positive for VDR when compared to normal gastric mucosa. These findings suggest that in normal esophagus VDR expression is restricted to columnar epithelium and glandular structures. Furthermore, strong VDR expression in Barrett's mucosa may indicate an increased sensitivity of this tissue to endogenous or therapeutic effects of Vitamin D.
Asymptotic equipartition of energy for equations of elasticity

In this paper we give a review of the equipartition of energy results of Goldstein and Sandefur [3], [4], [5] as well as proving a new result in the case of a particular fourth order equation. These results are then applied to the equations of elasticity to give a weak asymptotic orthogonality for the shear and pressure waves. In the case of boundary value problems in the interior of a bounded domain we get weak asymptotic orthogonality in the average.
Canonical Kepler Map

A canonical Kepler map for the dynamics of a particle in a 1/r potential in the presence of an external time-dependent field is discussed. For linearly polarized fields in one dimension and for circularly polarized fields in two dimensions a consistent derivation of the map is given to first order in the field strength F. The results are compared with the map obtained by direct numerical integration of the equations of motion.
Making a Living during the Dead Season in Sugar-Producing Regions of the Caribbean.

Recent technological changes have intensified the seasonal labor requirements in sugar cane production in the Caribbean. Much more labor is needed during the harvest and grinding season than in the period between harvests, known as the "dead season." This paper examines the means by which seasonally-employed cane workers gain a livelihood during the dead season, bearing in mind that the means used must be such that the workers will again be available to the sugar producers the next harvest season. It is concluded that in most areas a livelihood is provided either by minifundia or by supplemental occupations outside the sugar industry. Which of these alternatives prevails depends upon the demographic conditions that existed when the technological innovations responsible for the dead season were introduced. A third alternative is present in socialist Cuba, where nonsugar workers are made temporarily available for harvest season labor. All three patterns can be seen as alternative structural responses to con...
Performance Comparison Of Parallel Integration Algorithms For Digital Simulator Design

Distributed systems have been proposed for the simulator design. However, to get most benefit from these systems both hardware and software have to be carefully designed. In this paper the system architecture and some developed parallel integration algorithms are presented and compared. Real-time implementability, stability, and speed are the evaluation criteria. Future research in the area is discussed.
The aggregate behavior of branch points: verification in wave optical simulation II

Branch points form from interference within a propagating wave due to phase differences imparted by atmospheric turbulence. In the companion paper, we demonstrated that the characteristics of density and separation found in our experimental work are reproducible in an independent wave optical simulation. In this paper, we expand on this demonstration to include the measurement of the number and velocities of branch point producing turbulence layers as well as the existence of persistent pairs in pupil plane measurements. Together these two papers verify our previous experimental results on pupil plane branch point measurements.
Succinate utilization by Euglena: comparison of growth on low levels of succinate, acetate and ethanol.

Abstract 1. 1. The ability of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris (streptomycin-bleached) to form cell mass from three different carbon sources at low concentration levels has been investigated. 2. 2. When cells were grown on the three carbon sources—succinate, acetate, and ethanol—the final cell populations were proportional to the initial carbon source concentration from 1.0 to 5.0 mM at 24.5 °C as would be expected if the growth were limited by the concentration of the carbon source. 3. 3. On the basis of the dry weight of material formed, ethanol was the most effective substrate for growth. Acetate was one-half as effective and succinate was approximately one-third as effective as ethanol. 4. 4. The division rates of Euglena do not vary in the same order as the dry mass production on the different carbon sources. The rate of increase of cell number is higher on acetate than on ethanol or succinate. However, these cells respire most rapidly on ethanol and least rapidly on succinate, the same rank-ordering as that observed for dry mass production. 5. 5. The peak population obtained per μmole of added carbon source is dependent upon the pH of the medium for both succinate and acetate with more cells produced in acid media than in neutral. The number of cells per μmole of ethanol is relatively independent of pH in the range studied.
Patulin mycotoxicosis in Swiss ICR mice.

Abstract Patulin is a toxic metabolite of several species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. When administered to 10–15-g Swiss ICR mice by the oral, sc and ip routes, the 72-hr LD50 values were: oral 48·0, sc 10·0 and ip 7·5 mg/kg body weight. Gross lesions consisted of gastric and duodenal hyperaemia and intestinal distention. Histopathological lesions included ulceration and inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Mortality was greatest 0–24 hr post-administration when patulin was administered by oral and sc routes, but most deaths occurred after 49–72 hr in the ip-dosed group. When patulin was administered orally to mice daily or on alternate days for 2 wk at doses of 50 or 75% of the oral LD50 mortality was dose-dependent and no cumulative toxicity was indicated. The cause of death and the lesions were attributed to enterotoxaemia from alteration of the gastro-intestinal flora by patulin's antibiotic activity.
Generation-X: An X-ray observatory designed to observe first light objects

Abstract The new cosmological frontier will be the study of the very first stars, galaxies and black holes in the early Universe. These objects are invisible to the current generation of X-ray telescopes, such as Chandra. In response, the Generation-X (“Gen-X”) Vision Mission has been proposed as a future X-ray observatory which will be capable of detecting the earliest objects. X-ray imaging and spectroscopy of such faint objects demands a large collecting area and high angular resolution. The Gen-X mission plans 100 m2 collecting area at 1 keV (1000× that of Chandra), and with an angular resolution of 0.1″. The Gen-X mission will operate at Sun–Earth L2, and might involve four 8 m diameter telescopes or even a single 20 m diameter telescope. To achieve the required effective area with reasonable mass, very lightweight grazing incidence X-ray optics must be developed, having an areal density 100× lower than in Chandra, with mirrors as thin as 0.1 mm requiring active on-orbit figure control. The suite of available detectors for Gen-X should include a large-area high resolution imager, a cryogenic imaging spectrometer, and a grating spectrometer. We discuss use of Gen-X to observe the birth of the first black holes, stars and galaxies, and trace their cosmic evolution.
The adhesion and detachment of bacteria and spores on food-contact surfaces

Microbial contamination of food-contact surfaces is an ongoing concern for the food industry. Under favorable conditions, bacterial cells can adhere and reproduce. Such microorganisms, if not completely removed, can contribute to the formation of biofilms that will compromise the quality and safety of foods. By understanding the relationship between surface conditions and microbial adhesion, strategies can be developed that when realized would greatly inhibit, if not prevent, the attachment of bacteria and spores.
Aetiology, prevalence and diagnosis of deafness in dogs and cats

Peripheral deafness may be inherited or acquired, congenital or later-onset, and sensorineural or conductive. The most commonly observed forms are inherited congenital sensorineural, acquired later-onset sensorineural (ototoxicity, presbycusis) and acquired later-onset conductive (chronic otitis externa/media). In most dog and cat breeds inherited congenital sensorineural deafness results from perinatal degeneration of the stria vascularis, the vascular bed of the outer wall of the cochlear duct, which leads to hair cell degeneration. The strial degeneration appears to result from the absence of melanocytes, but their function in this structure is unknown. Ototoxicity may result from any of a large number of drugs and chemicals that directly or indirectly destroy cochlear hair cells. The effects are dose-dependent and in rare cases reversible. The most commonly recognized ototoxic drugs are the aminoglycoside antibiotics. Presbycusis, the ageing-related progressive hearing loss unattributable to other causes, is sensorineural but may also include mechanical changes in the tympanum and ossicles. Hearing aids may be accepted by some dogs as long as some residual function remains. Breeds reported to have been affected by congenital sensorineural deafness are listed and those with the highest prevalence are noted. Methods for diagnosis of deafness are described.
Intoxicated prejudice: The impact of alcohol consumption on implicitly and explicitly measured racial attitudes.

Recent research has shown that alcohol consumption can exacerbate expressions of racial bias by increasing reliance on stereotypes. However, little work has investigated how alcohol affects intergroup evaluations. The current work sought to address the issue in the context of the correspondence between implicit and explicit measures of anti-Black attitudes. Participants were randomly assigned to consume an alcoholic (target BrAC of 0.08%), placebo, or control beverage prior to completing implicit and explicit measures of racial attitudes. Although beverage condition did not affect prejudice levels on either measure, it did change the correlation between them. Implicitly measured attitudes significantly predicted explicit reports of prejudice and discrimination only for participants who consumed alcohol. We discuss the implications of our findings for debates regarding dissociations between implicit and explicit measures and the cultural phenomenon of intoxicated individuals attributing prejudiced statements to alcohol consumption rather than personal attitudes.
Bounded morality: justice and the state in world politics

Surveying the tradition of international political theory, Martin Wight commented that it is marked "not only by paucity but also by intellectual and moral poverty."'I That judgment is an exaggeration, but only slightly so. The few works of real philosophical interest about international relations (e.g., Kant's Perpetual Peace, some essays and fragments of Rousseau) stand out in a tradition that alternates between the scholastic and the utopian. Until recently, Wight's judgment might have been passed with equal validity on contemporary philosophical thought about international relations. Certainly the attention that moral and political philosophers have paid to international problems is a minute fraction of that paid to domestic ones. In the past ten years, however, there has been a growth of interest in philosophical problems of international relations, and a literature of generally high quality has begun to appear. 2
A new measure to evaluate left turns of novice drivers

Reliable measures of driving skill are important for driving simulators to play a larger role in driver education and training. In this study we measured the adequacy of left turns of 12 novice and 12 experienced drivers using a new performance measure. We called this Entry Lane Position Error (ELPE) and defined it as the perpendicular distance from the center of the lane being entered to the center of the vehicle's width at the point of new lane entrance. The different between average scores of ELPE for the novice and experienced groups was highly significant. In a driving simulator the participant's position and the road database are always available. Participants should be able to receive near real-time feedback as to the goodness of their lane turns. Visual playback of left turns is also easily implemented on most driving simulators We hope to investigate and analyze other simple performance measures that can reflect the skill level of novice drivers. Language: en
Determination of optimal gadolinium concentration using SSFP for catheter-directed contrast-enhanced coronary MR angiography.

Rationale and Objectives To determine the optimal gadolinium concentration for catheter-directed coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) using magnetization-prepared steady-state free-precession (SSFP) in swine. Materials and Methods In six pigs, we performed real-time MR imaging-guided coronary artery catheterization using a 1.5 T MR scanner. For catheter-directed coronary MRA, we injected 3–4 mL of dilute Gd at 1 mL/second for each tested concentration (4%, 8%, 10%, and 12% Gd). Eleven images per concentration were acquired using electrocardiographic-triggered, magnetization-prepared two-dimensional (2D) projection SSFP. We compared mean relative signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values for each concentration using two-way analysis of variance. Results The targeted coronary artery was catheterized under real-time MR guidance in all pigs. Magnetization-prepared 2D projection SSFP successfully depicted the coronary arteries in all 44 injections. Mean relative SNR (± standard error) was 7.2 ± 0.49 for 4%, 8.8 ± 0.47 for 8%, 9.5 ± 0.38 for 10%, and 8.8 ± 0.41 for 12%. Injections of 4% dilute gadolinium yielded significantly less relative SNR than the other tested concentrations (P Conclusion For catheter-directed contrast-enhanced coronary MRA, the ideal gadolinium concentration should maximize relative SNR and limit the total gadolinium dose. Using these criteria, of those concentrations we tested in the swine model, 8% injected gadolinium was superior for catheter-directed SSFP coronary MRA.
When did medicines become essential

Expanding access to essential medicines has become one of the most visible chal-lenges of global health delivery. Only a half-century ago, however, the role of medicines in international public health was far less obvious. Indeed, the original 1946 Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) barely mentioned medicines.
An analysis of piezoelectric composite materials containing ellipsoidal inhomogeneities

A set of four tensors corresponding to Eshelby’s tensor in elasticity are obtained for an ellipsoidal inclusion embedded in an infinite piezoelectric medium. These tensors, which describe the elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric constraint of the matrix, are obtained from W. F. Deeg’s solution to inclusion and inhomogeneity problems in piezoelectric solids. These tensors are then used as the backbone in the development of a micromechanics theory to predict the effective elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric moduli of particle and fibre reinforced composite materials. The effects of interaction among inhomogeneities at finite concentrations are approximated through the Mori-Tanaka mean field approach. This approach, although widely utilized in the study of uncoupled elastic and dielectric behaviour, has not before been applied to the study of coupled behaviour. To help ensure confidence in the theory, the analytical predictions are proven to be self-consistent, diagonally symmetric, and to exhibit the correct behaviour in the low and high concentration limits. Finally, numerical results are presented to illustrate the effects of the concentration, shape, and material properties of the reinforcement on the effective properties of piezoelectric composites and analytical predictions are shown to result in good agreement with existing experimental data.
Inward, Outward, Onward: Autoethnography of a Dissertation in (Qualitative) Transitional Space

This article presents the connection of a personal dissertation process to the wider world of qualitative research. Using the concept of transitional space as a metaphor, the author chronicles her theoretical transition from critical race theory to poststructural theory to emerging questions about material feminism. This transition is mapped to three major qualitative research moments within the field: modernist, crisis of representation, and the future. Autoethnography and found text are used to present the micro- and macro-telling of the dissertation process. White racial identity development among Christian teacher educators at a religious university was the original dissertation focus. Ethical dilemmas that emerged during the data collection process, presenting the researcher with a theoretical crisis, needed to be addressed.
Wave propagation in bubbly liquids at finite volume fraction

We derive effective equations for wave propagation in a bubbly liquid in a linearized low-frequency regime by a multiple-scale method. The effective equations are valid for finite volume fraction. For periodic bubble configurations, effective equations uniformly valid for small volume fraction are obtained. We compare the results to the ones obtained in a previous paper (Caflisch et al. 1985) for a nonlinear theory at small volume fraction.
Shoulder dysplasia in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) at San Diego Zoo.

Abstract A radiographic study documented shoulder dysplasia (n = 43), with varying degrees of malformation of the supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercles and the coracoid process, shallowing or loss of the glenoid cavity, flattening or loss of the humeral head, malformation of the greater and lesser tubercles, loss of the intertubercle groove, and humeral diaphyseal abnormalities, in northern koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in the San Diego Zoo (San Diego, California, USA) colony. Retrospectively, historic radiographs (n = 38) were examined where available. Prospectively, three standard views (lateral extended arm, ventrodorsal cranially positioned arms, and ventrodorsal caudally positioned arms) were imaged (n = 25). In all radiographs, shoulders were graded as normal, or mildly, moderately, or severely dysplastic. Although affected koalas typically do not exhibit clinical signs, degenerative joint disease may develop and clinical signs treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Where shoul...
A Palatable Introduction to and Demonstration of Statistical Main Effects and Interactions

Because concrete explanations in a familiar context facilitate understanding, we illustrate the concept of an interaction via a baking analogy to provide students with food for thought. The demonstration initially introduces the concepts of independent and dependent variables using a chocolate chip cookie recipe. The demonstration provides an opportunity to distinguish between the main effect of an ingredient and the interactions between ingredients on taste perception. Student performance on exam questions suggests that this demonstration effectively helps students understand the concept and interpretation of an interaction.
Appeal from Jury or Judge Trial: Defendants' Advantage

The prevailing "expert" opinion is that jury verdicts are largely immune to appellate revision. Using a database that includes all federal civil trials and appeals since 1988, we find that civil jury trials as a group are not so special on appeal. But the data do show that defendants succeed more than plaintiffs on appeal from civil trials, and especially from jury trials. Defendants appealing their losses after trial by jury obtain reversals at a 31% rate, while losing plaintiffs succeed in only 13% of their appeals from jury trials. Both descriptive analyses of the results and more formal regression models support an explanation based on appellate judges' attitudes toward trial-level adjudicators. The appellate court is more favorable to the defendant than is the trial judge and especially the jury. The large difference between appellate court and trial jury stems from the appellate judges' sizable misperceptions about the jury.
Development of a Modified Thermospray for Coupling Reverse-Phase HPLC with GAAS for Highly Sensitive Cadmium Speciation in Human Urine

The use of a Thermospray (TSP) in flame atomic absorption (FAA) increases sensitivity. Experimental data showed that a 75 μm orifice and 0.05 cm 1D capillary produced a sensitivity increase of abou...
Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis of Plane Frames Subjected to Temperature Changes

Procedure for large displacement and stability analysis of elastic plane frames subjected to temperature changes is presented. The method of analysis is based on an Eulerian (corotational) formulation, which was developed initially for static loads, and is extended herein to include thermal effects. Local element force-deformation relationships are derived using the beam-column theory taking into consideration the effect of curvature due to temperature gradient across the element cross section. The changes in element chord lengths due to thermal axial strain, and bowing due to temperature gradient, are taken into account. This "beam-column" approach, using stability and bowing functions, requires significantly fewer elements per member (i.e., a beam or a column) for the analysis of a framed structure than the "finite-element" approach. A computational technique, using Newton-Raphson iteration, is developed to determine the nonlinear responses of structures. Numerical solutions are presented for a number of benchmark structures to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method of analysis.
What Mind Wandering Reveals About Executive-Control Abilities and Failures

People’s minds sometimes wander from ongoing activities. Although these experiences can be pleasant and useful, they are often unintentional and precipitate mistakes. In this article, we adopt an individual-differences perspective in considering unwanted mind wandering as an indicator of both momentary failures of and enduring deficiencies in executive-control functions. We describe research that associates normal variation in working memory capacity (WMC)—a cognitive ability that broadly predicts intellectual capabilities and accomplishments—with off-task thinking. In laboratory and daily-life assessments, people with lower WMC mind wander more frequently than do those with higher WMC, at least during demanding tasks. Moreover, the error-proneness of lower-WMC subjects seems to arise partly from their vulnerability to mind wandering. Executive control over one’s thoughts therefore seems to contribute to the effective regulation of behavior.
The Wheels on the Bot Go Round and Round: Robotics Curriculum in Pre-Kindergarten.

clers” that they constructed using parts from LEGO ® Education WeDo™ Robotics Construction Sets. The Robot Recyclers were designed to help carry, push, and/or sort recyclable materials found in the classroom. Researchers were participant-observers in the robotics lessons over the course of curriculum implementation. Each lesson was taught by the researchers, with classroom teachers present in order to facilitate classroom management and assist with small group work. A combination of interviews, video, photographs, and classroom observations were used to document the students’ experiences. Classroom teachers were also interviewed and asked to complete anonymous pre and post surveys. Results from this study provide preliminary evidence that PreKindergarten children can design, build, and program a robot after just one week of concentrated robotics work. Additionally, results indicate that teachers were able to successfully integrate robotics work into their classrooms that included foundational math and literacy concepts while also engaging children in the arts. However, this study also highlights the difficulties and challenges that must be considered before implementing a robotics curriculum into a PreKindergarten classroom, including opportunities for one-to-one adult assistance during building and programming activities.
Altogether Now: A Virtue-Theoretic Approach to Pluralism in Feminist Epistemology

In this paper I develop and support a feminist virtue epistemology and bring it into conversation with feminist contextual empiricism and feminist standpoint theory. The virtue theory I develop is centered on the virtue of epistemic trustworthiness, which foregrounds the social/political character of knowledge practices and products, and the differences between epistemic agencies that perpetuate, on the one hand, and displace, on the other hand, normative patterns of unjust epistemic discrimination. I argue that my view answers important questions regarding epistemic agency which both contextual empiricism and standpoint theory leave open, but need to have answered. Feminist virtue epistemology thus emerges as providing an integrative framework for pluralism in feminist epistemology that illuminates connections among theories through engagement with the lived experiences, aspirations, and epistemic work of feminist epistemic agents.
Effects of Reproductive Tissue-Specific Antisera on Rabbit Eggs

The effect of sheep anti-rabbit ovary, oviduct, and uterus sera on rabbit eggs was examined. Such antisera, when absorbed with rabbit plasma, kidney, and spleen (p,k,s), have previously been shown to contain only antibodies directed against antigens specific to the reproductive tissues. Treatment of eggs having an exposed zona pellucida (semi-naked) and eggs possessing a mucin coat (mucin-coated) with unabsorbed and p,k,s-absorbed anti-ovary serum produced a precipitation layer on the surface of the zona. Anti-oviduct and anti-uterus sera had no effect on semi-naked eggs. Unabsorbed and p,k,s-absorhed anti-oviduct sera, however, when tested on mucin-coated eggs, produced two precipitation layers within the mucin coat. Unabsorhed anti-uterus serum also produced two precipitation layers on mucincoated eggs, but, when absorbed, produced only one layer. None of the antisera were found to have a morphological effect on eggs possessing an intact cumulus cell niass (eggs in cumulus), an intact corona radiata (eggs in corona), and eggs having no investments (naked eggs). Precipitation layers were never observed on control treated eggs. Consequently, it was concluded that these precipitates were a result of specific antigen-antibody reactions and that they indicated some reproductive tissue-specific antigens were associated with the egg. The effect of trypsin on zona removal, using anti-ovary serum pretreated Seminaked eggs, was also investigated. Trypsin failed to remove the zona when eggs were first treated with the anti-ovary serum and possessed the precipitation layer.
Real-time distributed video tracking of multiple objects from single and multiple cameras

Multiple object tracking in video has received tremendous attention because of its wide practical applications such as video surveillance, human activity analysis, target identification, and human computer interfaces. Due to the complexity associated with high dimensionality, occlusions, motion changes and background clutters, robust and efficient video tracking of multiple objects remains a challenging task. Multiple independent single object trackers fail when objects are in close proximity or present occlusions. In such circumstances, modeling the interaction among objects, establishing a correspondence between objects and observations, and decreasing the computational complexity to achieve real-time implementation are critical problems. In this dissertation, we investigate issues towards solving these problems. Specifically, the thesis comprises five fundamental contributions: The first is a Detection-Based Particle Filter, which extends the particle filter theory and achieves robust performance of single object tracking. Secondly, a distributed Bayesian formulation is proposed for real-time multiple object tracking using a single camera. It avoids the common practice of using a complex joint state space representation and performing tedious joint data association. It extends the conventional Bayesian tracking framework by modeling multiple object interaction in terms of potential functions. The third contribution is a distributed framework using multiple collaborative cameras for multiple object tracking with significant and persistent occlusion. Specifically, we propose to model the camera collaboration likelihood density by using epipolar geometry with sequential Monte Carlo implementation. Fourthly, we have proposed two novel approaches for articulated object tracking. Instead of using a high dimensional joint state representation, we introduce a decentralized scheme and model the inter-part interaction within an innovative framework. Finally, we present a novel video tracking framework using control-based observer design. It unifies several kernel-based approaches into a consistent theoretical framework by modeling tracking as an inverse problem. It relies on observability theory from control systems to handle the "singularity" problem and provides explicit criteria for kernel design and dynamics evaluation.