cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precarious values in publicly funded religious schools: The effects of government-aid on the institutional character of Ugandan Catholic schools

Abstract This qualitative case study explores the effect of government aid and related policies on the institutional character of Catholic secondary schools in Uganda. Private Catholic and government aided Catholic schools showed a clear and coherent institutional identity that fosters a positive school culture. However, Catholic school autonomy and identity are constrained by state policy, especially in government aided Catholic schools. Government control over selection of personnel and students in government aided schools affects mission alignment, goals and values, and perceptions of responsibility. Resource scarcity and leadership are key factors that affect the degree of state influence. This study suggests that further research should consider the relationship between autonomy and school climate and culture, especially in faith-based schools.
The role of the gut microbiome in systemic inflammatory disease

The role of the gut microbiome in models of inflammatory and autoimmune disease is now well characterized. Renewed interest in the human microbiome and its metabolites, as well as notable advances in host mucosal immunology, has opened multiple avenues of research to potentially modulate inflammatory responses. The complexity and interdependence of these diet-microbe-metabolite-host interactions are rapidly being unraveled. Importantly, most of the progress in the field comes from new knowledge about the functional properties of these microorganisms in physiology and their effect in mucosal immunity and distal inflammation. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical evidence on how dietary, probiotic, prebiotic, and microbiome based therapeutics affect our understanding of wellness and disease, particularly in autoimmunity.
The Impact of Using Geographic Information Systems Technology on Students' Understanding of Epidemiology

To enhance/update our microbiology course, we employed a geographic information science and technology (GIST) infusion to improve students' understanding of epidemiology and disease spread and to encourage students to earn a GIST certificate, making them more marketable in an increasingly competitive workplace. Following a 25-minute introductory GIST infusion lecture during a microbiology class session, a 1.5-hour GIST laboratory exercise was performed in which teams of students evaluated Centers for Disease Control (CDC) chlamydial disease incidence data. In addition to answering three quiz questions addressing the data, students created a map, using ArcGIS software, indicating which Texas counties experienced the highest rates of chlamydia in 2014. To determine the efficacy/value of our infusion, GIST survey data (pre- and post-infusion), GIST lab quiz scores, and answers to four GIST lecture exam questions were evaluated. In conclusion, our study was successful in improving understanding of what GIST is and how it could impact biological fields by improving attitudes about the likelihood of further GIST study leading to a certificate program, and by exposing biology undergraduates to GIST technologies and software, enabling student data mapping. Ultimately, our efforts could promote enhanced vocationalization of our biology program, thereby enhancing and broadening employment opportunities for our graduates.
Cohomology of Groups. By Kenneth S. Brown

(1984). Cohomology of Groups. By Kenneth S. Brown. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 91, No. 4, pp. 268-270.
Specialized Antitumor Functions for Skin γδ T Cells

A central role for T cells in an immune response was well known, and their functional characterization proceeded for many years in the absence of molecular identification of the TCR. It was known that T cells could only see Ags presented on the surface of another cell and that recognition of MHC
College, mental health, and a violent student: employing numerical formats to communicate risk on campus

Non-experts, including college administrators, professors, and students are often faced with risk assessment decisions on campus. Despite this fact, there are few accepted professional standards fo...
The Gut Microbiome as a Major Regulator of the Gut-Skin Axis

The adult intestine hosts a myriad of diverse bacterial species that reside mostly in the lower gut maintaining a symbiosis with the human habitat. In the current review, we describe the neoteric advancement in our comprehension of how the gut microbiota communicates with the skin as one of the main regulators in the gut-skin axis. We attempted to explore how this potential link affects skin differentiation and keratinization, its influence on modulating the cutaneous immune response in various diseases, and finally how to take advantage of this communication in the control of different skin conditions.
Phase separation of Simple Glasses

Immiscible systems like oil and water, have been known for many years. It was not until some sixty years ago that this same type of immiscibility was found in glass systems.
Old Theories in New Bottles: Toward an Explanation of Growing World-Wide Income Inequality

Abstract The factor-price-equalization theorem argues that international trade will tend to equalize factor prices between nations, but can also tend to exacerbate the returns between factors of production within countries. This paper argues that economic developments have fostered the increasing relevance of this result derived from Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory. Factor price equalization may be an important effect explaining the stagnation in real median earnings and increased earnings inequality over recent decades.
PANDORA: Design of a 2-DOF Scapulohumeral Exoskeleton Device to Support Translation of the Glenohumeral Joint

Post-stroke functional impairments of the arm effect a large and growing population of individuals. Numerous arm exoskeletons have been developed to help address the increasing therapy demands, but many have simplified the shoulder in ways that significantly limit its mobility. In this paper, a 2 degree-of-freedom (DOF) shoulder module is developed that can add sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular articulations to existing 3-DOF exoskeleton shoulders.
Down Syndrome and Postoperative Complications in Children Undergoing Intestinal Operations

Abstract Objective This paper intends to evaluate the association between Down Syndrome (DS) and postoperative medical and surgical complications and inpatient postoperative mortality in pediatric patients undergoing intestinal operations. Methods The 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database was queried to compare short-term postoperative medical and surgical complications and in-patient mortality among patients with DS undergoing intestinal operations to a cohort without DS using inverse probability weighting. Subset analysis was performed for patients undergoing intestinal operations exclusive of gastrostomy placement. Adverse treatment effects were calculated for the outcomes of interest. Results Of 17,026 pediatric patients undergoing intestinal operations, 444 had DS. In unadjusted analysis, medical complications (urinary tract infection, deep venous thrombosis, sepsis, pneumonia) occurred in 7.9% of patients with DS, compared to 14.1% of those without (p Conclusions Contrary to common perception and data extrapolated from the adult literature, pediatric patients with DS have neither higher medical nor surgical complication rates after intestinal operations. Similar to patients undergoing congenital heart surgery, pediatric patients with DS have a lower postoperative inpatient mortality after these general operations compared to those without DS. Mechanisms influencing risks in DS patient remain unknown. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study.
The Prevalence of Female Representation in Supervisory and Management Positions in American Law Enforcement: An Examination of Organizational Correlates

Increasing gender diversity in American policing has long been a focus of reform efforts since the 1960s. Although the proportion of women in the profession improved initially and research has focu...
Toward a Global Perspective: Lessons from Americas Century of Lead

For much of the twentieth century, the United States led the world in both the production of lead products AND the study of leads risks. Having brought its own exposures to its lowest levels in a century, America has not taken the lead in continuing that environmental cleansing to the rest of the world. This talk surveys the history of lead and lead poisoning in America and Europe from the late 19th century to the early 21st , focusing on the changing nature of exposures, the creation of knowledge about the health effects of lead, and the regulatory efforts to minimize those health consequences. A century ago, the United States overtook other nations in the production and consumption of lead, but it lagged far behind Europe in keeping its workers safe. The unique dangers of tetraethyl lead, introduced in the mid-1920s, forced America to take a leadership role in the industrial toxicology, and eventually the public health epidemiology of lead. The decades since the 1960s saw a revolution in the definition...
American Chemical Society Directory of Graduate Research, 1995 (The ACS Committee on Professional Training)

The ACS Committee on Professional Training. American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1995. xxiv + 1701 pp. 21.5 X 28.3 cm. $65.00 US and Canada. $78.00 foreign.The latest edition of this standard...
Defining the Activated Fibroblast Population in Lung Fibrosis Using Single-Cell Sequencing

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disorder driven by unrelenting extracellular matrix deposition. Fibroblasts are recognized as the central mediators of extracellular matrix production in IPF; however, the characteristics of the underlying fibroblast cell populations in IPF remain poorly understood. Here, we use an unbiased single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model to characterize molecular responses to fibrotic injury. Lung cells were isolated on Day 11 to capture emerging fibrosis and gene expression was analyzed by three complementary techniques, which, together, generated a 49-gene signature that defined an activated subpopulation of fibroblasts. However, none of the identified genes were specific to the activated cells or to the disease setting, implying that the activated fibroblasts are not uniquely defined, but exhibit a similar, yet amplified, gene expression pattern to control cells. Our findings have important implications for fibrosis research, including: 1) defining myofibroblasts with any single marker will fail to capture much of the underlying biology; 2) fibroblast activation is poorly correlated with expression of transforming growth factor-β pathway genes; 3) single-cell analysis provides insight into the mechanism of action of effective therapies (nintedanib); 4) early events in lung fibrosis need not involve significant changes in fibroblast number; populations that do increase in number, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and proliferating myeloid cells, may merit closer examination for their role in pathogenesis.
Novel Oxide Top-Off Process Enabling Reliable PC-CA TDDB on IO Devices with Self Aligned Contact

The MOL PC-CA TDDB reliability is systematically evaluated for the 1.98V IO devices with Self-Aligned Contact (SAC) and top off oxide process. Compared to the thin oxide devices, significant reliability improvement from both t63 and β can be achieved by tuning the top off oxide thickness thus making it fully compatible with the SAC process flow, with no impact to device and device reliability performance.
Biodegradable PLGA Nanoparticles Restore Lysosomal Acidity and Protect Neural PC-12 Cells against Mitochondrial Toxicity

Exposure of mitochondrial parkinsonian neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) to PC-12 cells results in significant cell death, decreases lysosomal acidity, and inhibits autophagic flux. Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) of ≈100 nm diameter localize to the lysosome, degrade, and subsequently release their acidic components to acidify the local lysosomal environment. The performance of PLGA NPs with different lysosomal pH modulating capabilities is investigated in PC-12 cells under MPP+ induced mitochondrial toxicity. PLGA NPs perform in a compositional dependent manner, where NPs with a higher glycolic acid to lactic acid ratio content degrade faster and yield greater degrees of lysosomal pH modulation as well as autophagic flux modulation in PC-12 cells under MPP+ insult. These results show that slight compositional changes of the polymeric NP give rise to differing degrees of lysosomal acidification in PC-12 cells and afford improved cellular degradative a...
Identification and characterization of alternative STK39 transcripts within human and mouse kidneys reveals species‐specific regulation of blood pressure

STK39 encodes a serine threonine kinase, SPAK, which is part of a multi-kinase network that determines renal Na+ reabsorption and blood pressure (BP) through regulation of sodium-chloride co-transporters in the kidney. Variants within STK39 are associated with susceptibility to essential hypertension, and constitutively active SPAK mice are hypertensive and hyperkalemic, similar to familial hyperkalemic hyperkalemia in humans. SPAK null mice are hypotensive and mimic Gitelman syndrome, a rare monogenic salt wasting human disorder. Mice exhibit nephron segment-specific expression of full length SPAK and N-terminally truncated SPAK isoforms (SPAK2 and KS-SPAK) with impaired kinase function. SPAK2 and KS-SPAK function to inhibit phosphorylation of cation co-transporters by full length SPAK. However, the existence of orthologous SPAK2 or KS-SPAK within the human kidney, and the role of such SPAK isoforms in nephron segment-specific regulation of Na+ reabsorption, still have not been determined. In this study, we examined both human and mouse kidney transcriptomes to uncover novel transcriptional regulation of STK39. We established that humans also express STK39 transcript isoforms similar to those found in mice but differ in abundance and are transcribed from human-specific promoters. In summary, STK39 undergoes species-specific transcriptional regulation, resulting in differentially expressed alternative transcripts that have implications for the design and testing of novel SPAK-targeting antihypertensive medications.
Fall Prevention Bingo: Effects of a Novel Community-Based Education Tool on Older Adults Knowledge and Readiness to Reduce Risks for Falls.

Fall prevention education can increase knowledge of fall risks and promote behavior changes to help reduce the incidence of falls among older adults. Fall Prevention Bingo (FPB) was created as an e...
Deep learning for in situ data compression of large turbulent flow simulations

Large turbulent flow simulations can lead to information bottlenecks as data is generated faster than it can be processed and saved. Innovative in-situ data compression techniques are needed. Here we examine a deep learning approach to in-situ compression using a novel autoencoder architecture customized for three-dimensional turbulent flows. We compare it to a randomized single-pass singular value decomposition method and demonstrate improved compression and reconstruction, particularly with respect to important statistical quantities such as turbulent kinetic energy, enstrophy, and Reynolds stresses, at lower computational cost.
Reviewing the Efficacy of Pollen Substitutes as a Management Tool for Improving the Health and Productivity of Western Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Colonies

Western honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) collect pollen from flowers as their source of protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. Beekeepers feed pollen substitutes to their honey bee colonies to mitigate a lack of natural pollen resources in the environment. Despite their widespread use, it is unclear if pollen substitutes are beneficial to colony health and productivity. Herein, we review the literature regarding pollen substitute efficacy in four major categories: 1) consumption/palatability of pollen substitutes, 2) colony productivity, 3) pest and disease response, and 4) physiological response. Collectively, the literature shows a mix of positive, neutral, and negative impacts of pollen substitutes on honey bee colony health. Additionally, we recommend areas for improvement in pollen substitute research and provide comprehensive supplemental tables of pollen substitute study results. We hope this review will lead to more research on pollen substitutes given nutrition is a key factor impacting the health of managed honey bees globally.
Curcumin Treatment Improves Motor Behavior in α-Synuclein Transgenic Mice

The curry spice curcumin plays a protective role in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases, and can also directly modulate aggregation of α-synuclein protein in vitro, yet no studies have described the interaction of curcumin and α-synuclein in genetic synucleinopathy mouse models. Here we examined the effect of chronic and acute curcumin treatment in the Syn-GFP mouse line, which overexpresses wild-type human α-synuclein protein. We discovered that curcumin diet intervention significantly improved gait impairments and resulted in an increase in phosphorylated forms of α-synuclein at cortical presynaptic terminals. Acute curcumin treatment also caused an increase in phosphorylated α-synuclein in terminals, but had no direct effect on α-synuclein aggregation, as measured by in vivo multiphoton imaging and Proteinase-K digestion. Using LC-MS/MS, we detected ~5 ng/mL and ~12 ng/mL free curcumin in the plasma of chronic or acutely treated mice, with a glucuronidation rate of 94% and 97%, respectively. Despite the low plasma levels and extensive metabolism of curcumin, these results show that dietary curcumin intervention correlates with significant behavioral and molecular changes in a genetic synucleinopathy mouse model that mimics human disease.
Comparative Analysis of Single and Combined Hybrid Electrically Variable Transmission Operating Modes

Electrically variable transmissions divide power between the electrical and mechanical paths using input, output, or compound split schemes. When combined with an electrical energy storage element such as a battery, these systems allow numerous fuel saving and performance benefits. This paper examines the design tradeoffs in each of the three topologies in order to balance fuel economy, system performance against requirements, and electrical component size. A general EVT analysis method is presented and used to study the fuel economy and performance sensitivity of the three configurations to motor, inverter, and battery constraints, and planetary gear ratios. To evaluate fuel economy, the three systems are assessed for each of the primary fuel economy mechanisms enabled by hybridization. To evaluate performance tradeoffs, system performance against typical vehicle performance design points is compared. The effects of combining two modes that are optimized for individual speed ranges vs. a single mode covering all ranges are also discussed. The use of 2 modes provides significant advantages over a single mode design including reduced motor power for a given vehicle performance.
Channelling Mobilities: Migration and Globalisation in the Suez Canal Region and Beyond, 1869–1914

The history of globalisation is usually told as a history of shortening distances and acceleration of the flows of people, goods and ideas. Channelling Mobilities refines this picture by looking at a wide variety of mobile people passing through the region of the Suez Canal, a global shortcut opened in 1869. As an empirical contribution to global history, the book asks how the passage between Europe and Asia and Africa was perceived, staged and controlled from the opening of the Canal to the First World War, arguing that this period was neither an era of unhampered acceleration, nor one of hardening borders and increasing controls. Instead, it was characterised by the channelling of mobilities through the differentiation, regulation and bureaucratisation of movement. Telling the stories of tourists, troops, workers, pilgrims, stowaways, caravans, dhow skippers and others, the book reveals the complicated entanglements of empires, internationalist initiatives and private companies.
Pleadings in the Age of Settlement

INTRODUCTION 728 I. THE DUAL FUNCTIONS OF MODERN PLEADING 729 A. Pleadings Currently Provide Notice 729 1. Notice to Parties 731 2. Notice to Courts 733 3. Notice to the Public 735 B. Pleadings Currently Define Problems 736 II. THE PROBLEM WITH PLEADING-DEFINED PROBLEMS 737 A. Negotiation Theory vs. Pleading Theory 738 1. Relevant Information 738 2. Systems 740 3. Intentions 741 4. Emotions 743 5. Solution Sets 744 6. Vision of the Future 745 B. Pleadings’ Effects on Bargaining 747 III. PRE-PLEADING CONFERENCES: NOTICE TO PARTIES WITHOUT PLEADINGS ..749 A. A Proposed Revision to Rule 8 749 B. The Functioning of Pre-Pleading Conferences 750 C. Impact on Notice to Courts 753 D. Impact on Notice to the Public 754 IV. THE EVOLVING FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF PLEADINGS 757 A. Pleadings No Longer Narrow Issues 758 B. Pleadings No Longer Develop Facts 763 C. Pleadings No Longer Filter Out Meritless Claims or Defenses 765 D. Pleadings Need Not Provide Notice to Parties 769 CONCLUSION 770
Logic for the New AI

There is growing recognition that the traditional methods of artificial intelligence (AI) are inadequate for many tasks requiring machine intelligence.1 Space prevents more than a brief mention of the issues.
Contraceptives and the young: present status and future prospects.

74% of black and 45% of white unmarried teenagers report having had sexual intercourse before age 18. Of unmarried teenagers using contraception in 1976 43.3% used oral contraception 20.9% used condoms and 16.9% depended on withdrawal. At least half used no method. The most conscientious contraceptive users (98%) among unmarried teenagers are blacks living in large city suburbs. 1 study found that 27% of teenage oral contraceptive users had an unwanted pregnancy within 18 months of initiating the method partly because 60% discontinued pill use in this time period for reasons other than desiring pregnancy. This underscores the need for new contraceptive methods to protect the young and the poor. Medicated (copper or progesterone) IUDs are being improved in terms of their side effects and pregnancy rates and used effectively in young nulliparous women. A study of 0-parity users of the Copper-T found continuation rates of 71.4% at 12 months and 53.9% at 24 months. Currently being tested are new routes of administration for steroidal contraception including injections of norethindrone ethanate various subdermal implants norgestrel-releasing vaginal rings active immunization with human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit and pharmacological suppression of the corpus luteum. The focus of research is on ease of administration and constant dosage levels. Also under study is suppression of sperm production through the action of synthetic male hormones but proper compound identification and dosage have not yet been established.
Portraits of Women at Nuremberg

This essay reflects ongoing research that investigates women who played roles in war crimes trials at Nuremberg, Germany, and situates those women within the context of social developments during the post-World War II era. Based on an autumn 2009 presentation at the Third International Humanitarian Law Dialogs, the essay builds upon the “Women at Nuremberg” series posted at IntLawGrrls blog. The essay mentions women who were defendants, journalists, or witnesses; however, it focuses on some of the women, mostly Americans, who served as prosecutors at Nuremberg.
Phytosterols as Anticancer Dietary Components: Evidence and Mechanism of Action

Phytosterols (PS) or plant sterols are structurally similar to cholesterol. The most common PS are beta-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Epidemiologic and experimental studies suggest that dietary PS may offer protection from the most common cancers in Western societies, such as colon, breast and prostate cancer. This review summarizes the findings of these studies and the possible mechanisms by which PS offer this protection. These include the effect of PS on membrane structure and function of tumor and host tissue, signal transduction pathways that regulate tumor growth and apoptosis, immune function of the host and cholesterol metabolism by the host. In addition, suggestions for future studies to fill the gaps in our knowledge have been given.
Brain Responses (fMRI) to Month Words in Time-Space Synesthetes and Controls

This study investigates the synesthetic experience some people have of temporal sequences (e.g., months of the year) being linked to specific spatial locations. The study uses fMRI to assess which brain areas are involved in the cross-activation between temporal and spatial processing in synesthetes. 10 time-space synesthetes and 15 controls participated in an fMRI experiment. We used a block design, where blocks of month words that presumably elicit a spatial association in synesthetes alternated with blocks of control words. The control words included four separate blocks of spatial and non-spatial nouns and adjectives. The words in each control block were matched to the month words in number of syllables and spoken word frequency.We found that synesthetes showed overall greater brain activation when listening to month words than did controls. This was the case both when the activation was compared to blocks of resting state and to blocks of control words. Of the brain areas that were activated more strongly in synesthetes than controls, the largest and most significant ones were in the precuneus, an area which is known to be involved in spatial attention and manipulation of mental images, and in other areas of the parietal and frontal lobes.
Los hombres latinos y la masculinidad: un panorama general

Traduccion de: Moises Silva Posiblemente la cuestion fundamental que recorre los capitulos de este libro consiste en si los conceptos academicos y populares de la masculinidad y de la feminidad predominantes son adecuados paracomprender la experiencia latino-mexicana. En gran parte de la literaturade las ciencias sociales, el mundo se divide tipicamente en esferasmasculinas y femeninas que corresponden a elementos subordinantes o subordinados en la sociedad. Desde este punto de vista, la esfera masculina es ambiciosa, asertiva, racional, analitica, individualista, competitiva, dominante y agresiva, en tanto que la femenina es calida, afectuosa, emocional, comprensiva, cooperativa, compasiva, empatica y leal. Aqui examino estos conceptos de genero y sugiero que son explicaciones inadecuadas de la masculinidad latino-mexicana.
COOLING AND TRAPPING OF LASER INDUCED MULTIPLY CHARGED IONS OF MOLYBDENUM

Low-energy multiply charged ions of molybdenum have been produced and stored using a novel technique which combines laser ablation and ion storage. The charge states range from q=+l to q=+6. The energy of these ions is estimated to be less than 5xlW3eV/amu with the storage time of one second. The number of stored ions is about 5 10. These findings suggest that we can now study the slow processes of low energy multiply charged ions of most elements.
Dynamic dimensional feedback: an interface aid to business rule creation

We examined the efficacy of providing dimensional feedback in the user interface as people construct business rules. Business rules often involve objects that have dimensions (e.g., area, cost, weight) and may entail complex calculations on these objects. Such mathematical expressions are error prone. We designed and tested a novel interface utilizing dimensional analysis to provide advice on expected dimensions, and error feedback on incorrect usage of dimensional objects. Experimental studies were carried out in which subjects used the interface to create rules based on word problems. In a balanced design, rule creation with dimensional feedback was compared to rule creation without such feedback. We found evidence for the usefulness of such feedback. In addition we observed the need to support higher level 'proxy variables' and stepwise definition of complex rules. The findings have implications beyond business rules tools and may be applied to any system requiring mathematical expressions with dimensional objects.
Analgesic effects of Tyr-W-MIF-1: a mixed μ2-opioid receptor receptor antagonist

Tyr-W-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH2) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide that displays high selectivity for μ-opioid receptors. Recently, intrathecal (i.t.) Tyr-W-MIF-1 was shown to induce potent analgesia mediated through spinal μ2-opioid receptors in mice. In the current study, we investigated the supraspinal analgesic effects of Tyr-W-MIF-1 using intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration in mice. I.c.v. Tyr-W-MIF-1 induced a dose-dependent analgesic response with an ED50 of 31.4 μg that was antagonized by i.c.v. naloxone (ED50 = 4.46 nmol) and the μ-opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine but not by the μ1-opioid receptor-selective antagonist naloxonazine. I.t. naloxone (ED50 = 0.12 nmol), however, was nearly 40-fold more potent than i.c.v. naloxone at antagonizing i.c.v. Tyr-W-MIF-1-induced analgesia. Tyr-W-MIF-1 also possesses antagonist activity at μ1-opioid receptors in brain. Coadministration of i.c.v. Tyr-W-MIF-1 with i.c.v. morphine or i.c.v. [d-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly(ol)5]enkephalin (DAMGO) significantly decreased the analgesic response to either drug administered alone. Thus, Tyr-W-MIF-1 functions as a mixed μ2-opioid receptor agonistμ1-opioid receptor antagonist after i.c.v. administration in mice.
Marital Happiness of Returning Women Students and Their Husbands: Effects of Part and Full-Time Enrollment.

Forty-four married mothers and thirty-three of their husbands were interviewed in depth at the beginning and the end of the women's first year of enrollment in a university to study changes in marital happiness when women return to school. Marital happiness declined over the year among couples in which wives were enrolled as full-time students, and changed little among couples in which wives were enrolled as part-time students. Marital happiness changed substantially more among husbands than wives. The decline in marital happiness among full-time students and their husbands appears to have been related to changes in the women's performance of family roles over the year, and to husbands' responses to those changes. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
Solution-phase chemical library synthesis using polymerassisted purification techniques

During the past few years, polymer-assisted solution-phase synthesis has become a prevalent method for the parallel synthesis of chemical libraries. This methodology allows for intermediate and final product purification by various resinbased sequestration techniques, which allow for the removal of excess reactants, by-products or side products from solutionphase reactions. The methodology has continued to expand, providing the practitioner with a broad range of ingenious purification methods, allowing single-step transformations as well as multistep syntheses to be performed in solution. The polymer-assisted solution-phase technology is currently being utilized for both the synthesis of lead generation and lead optimization libraries in the pharmaceutical arena and has also expanded into other disciplines.
Plant genetics: Seeing selection in S allele sequences

New data on allelic sequence diversity in natural populations provide evidence for natural selection acting on the self-incompatibility loci of two plant species; there are interesting parallels with, and differences from, other polymorphic systems such as mammalian MHC loci.
Effects of benzoannulation and alpha-octabutoxy substitution on the photophysical behavior of nickel phthalocyanines: a combined experimental and DFT/TDDFT study.

The photophysical properties of a group of Ni(II)-centered tetrapyrroles have been investigated by ultrafast transient absorption spectrometry and DFT/TDDFT methods in order to characterize the imp...
Aplastic anaemia as an autoimmune complication of thymoma.

A 47-year-old woman was evaluated for progressive, transfusion-dependent thrombocytopenia and anaemia. Examination showed decreased breath sounds on the right. Computed tomography of the thorax demonstrated a heterogeneous, hypervascular mass occupying the right hemithorax (top). Bone marrow biopsy (bottom left) was hypocellular (20%), with scant haematopoietic elements, interstitial aggregates of T-lymphocytes by CD3 immunostaining, and increased suppressor T cells (CD4:CD8 ratio 1:5) by flow cytometry. T cells were not monoclonal by T-cell-receptor gene rearrangement assays. Resection of the intrathoracic mass showed a 14 · 11 · 9 cm pedunculated tumour arising in the anterior mediastinum, diagnosed as an epithelial (spindle cell) thymoma (bottom right). She remained transfusion-dependent and developed severe neutropenia. Anti-thymocyte globulin, ciclosporin and mycophenolate mofetil were administered without response. Refractory pancytopenia persisted despite treatment with alemtuzumab. The patient died of infectious complications 7 months after her diagnosis. Aplastic anaemia was probably induced by auto-reactive T cells originating in the giant thymoma.
Influence of upwelling saline groundwater on iron and manganese cycling in the Rio Grande floodplain aquifer

Salinity contributions from upwelling groundwater significantly degrade water quality in the Rio Grande, a major source of water for the southwestern USA. This study considers the influence of this upwelling water on the geochemistry and microbiology of the Rio Grande floodplain alluvial aquifer. The composition of surface water, groundwater, and floodplain sediment samples collected from three transects in the Socorro Basin was examined. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was also used to examine microbial biomass samples. The distribution of salinity in the floodplain groundwater largely reflects the configuration of local groundwater flow and mixing of two major water sources, deeply-sourced saline groundwater and river water. Microbial populations in the shallow aquifer consume O2 and NO3- and serve to redistribute metal oxides from the saturated zone to locations of groundwater discharge at the surface and possibly near the water table. The upwelling saline groundwater affects floodplain microbial processes by transporting reduced metals and organic electron donors to the alluvial aquifer system. This enhances metal reduction in the saturated zone and ultimately metal oxidation at or near the surface. Geochemical modeling suggests that mixing of the saline groundwater with more dilute water in the floodplain creates conditions more favorable for metal oxidation to occur and thereby influences the distribution of metal oxides.
Cryogenic preservation of isolated islets of Langerhans: Two-step cooling☆

Abstract Rat islets of Langerhans were frozen to −196 °C using a two-step freezing procedure. Islets isolated from the pancreases of Long Evans hooded rats were exposed to CMRL 1066 media containing 1 M dimethyl sulfoxide for 6 min at 4 °C. They were transferred directly to subzero holding baths ranging from −20 to −43 °C for 5 to 20 min prior to transfer to and storage in liquid nitrogen. After warming at ∼7 °C/min, the islets were diluted with Hanks' balanced salt solution containing 10% fetal calf serum, washed, and cultured overnight. In general, maximum protection of the islets from the stress of cooling to −196 °C was obtained after holding the islets at −35 or −40 °C for between 5 and 15 min. After thawing, islets frozen using an “optimized” two-step protocol released insulin in response to a glucose challenge at a rate equivalent to that of control islets.
Factoring 2k on stunted projective spectra and the root invariant

Let x∈π∗S0. In this paper we estimate the root invariant of 2wx in terms of the root invariant of x. For a stunted projective space RP2n2k−1, we use Toda's calculation of the smallest integer e(n,k), such that 2e(n,k) times the identity map on RP2n2k−1 is null homotopic. To calculate the root invariant, defined by Mahowald, we find factorizations of 2e(n,k)−1 times the identity map on RP2n2k−1 for small n−k and use these factorizations to estimate R(2e−1x) in terms of R(x). In some cases, it is shown there are common elements in R(2e−1x) and certain Toda brackets. For instance, we prove the following theorem. Theorem. For x:Sr−1→S−1, f∈R(x), (i) If |R(x)|−|x|≡1(mod2), then 〈f,2,α4k〉∩R(24kx)≠∅, or R(24kx) is in a higher dimension than 〈f,2,α4k〉. (ii) If |R(x)|−|x|≡0(mod2), then α4k∘f∈R(24kx), or R(24kx) is in a higher dimension than α4k∘f. Here α4k is the element of order 2 in the image of J in dimension 4k−1, and 〈f,2,α4k〉 is the Toda bracket.
Transient stimulated Brillouin scattering pulse compression for photoconductive switch activation

An optical pulse-shaping system will be implemented on the OMEGA laser that is capable of producing complex optical pulse shapes. The pulse-shaping system relies on photoconductive switches that are activated with a pulse compressed by the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process. The SBS activation pulse provides overall system bandwidth and eliminates laser prepulse noise. The SBS process is modeled in detail to understand the performance and limitations of the OMEGA pulse-shaping system. Experimental results and numerical simulations are presented in the SBS pulse-steepening and pulse-compression regimes. Good qualitative agreement is obtained between theory and experiments.
Charge-transfer doping of poly(3-alkyl-2,2′-bithiophene)

Spin-cast films of the title polymer, a highly ordered, flexible, and soluble polythiophene, can be doped with solutions of dichlorodicyanoquinone (DDQ) to produce a highly conducting material. The doped films of the polybithiophene exhibit strong bipolaronic absorptions, consistent with the formation of charge-transfer polymers. Weaker dopants, e. g., benzoquinone, are not effective. The use of organic dopants of this type provides a superior method for production of stable conductive materials. Spectroscopic and thin-film x-ray diffraction data support a charge-transfer mechanism.
Modeling the pedestal in a chirped-pulse-amplification laser

The pedestal (pre-pulse and post-pulse) associated with a chirped-pulse-amplification (CPA) laser is modeled. In this model, the power gain can be treated as a function of instantaneous frequency due to the large chirp of this type of laser. It is found that self-phase-modulation (SPM) can play an important role determining the final shape of the compressed pulse, even at relatively low values of the cumulative B-integral, B less than approximately 2.
Strain-induced martensitic transformation in stainless steels: A three-dimensional phase-field study

Abstract A three-dimensional elastoplastic phase-field model is developed to study the microstructure evolution during strain-induced martensitic transformation in stainless steels under different stress states. The model also incorporates linear isotropic strain hardening. The input simulation data is acquired from different sources, such as CALPHAD, ab initio calculations and experimental measurements. The results indicate that certain stress states, namely uniaxial tensile, biaxial compressive and shear strain loadings, lead to single variant formation in the entire grain, whereas others, such as uniaxial compressive, biaxial tensile and triaxial strain loadings, lead to multivariant microstructure formation. The effects of stress states, strain rate as well as temperature on the mechanical behavior of steels are also studied. The material exhibits different yield stresses and hardening behavior under different stress states. The equivalent stress is higher at low strain rate, whereas a higher elongation is obtained at high strain rate. The deformation temperature mainly affects the hardening behavior of the material as well as the transformation, i.e. martensite volume fraction decreases with increasing temperature. Some of the typical characteristics of strain-induced martensite, such as the formation of thin elongated martensite laths, shear band formation and nucleation of martensite in highly plasticized areas, as well as at shear band intersections, are also observed.
Trends in the identification and clinical features of celiac disease in a North American community, 1950-2001.

Abstract Background & Aims: Celiac disease is considered rare in North America. However, an increasing incidence and widening clinical spectrum have been reported in many countries, and serologic screening suggests a higher prevalence of minimally symptomatic disease. This study reports temporal trends in the incidence of celiac disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Methods: All county residents diagnosed with celiac disease between 1950 and 2001 were identified through the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Incidence rates were calculated assuming a Poisson distribution, and changes in incidence by calendar year, age, and gender were assessed by using Poisson regression. Results: Altogether, 82 new cases of celiac disease were identified during the 50-year period. There was a marked female predominance ( P P P Conclusions: Celiac disease has increased recently in this well-characterized population. Milder clinical features and use of serology suggest an increased detection rate, although a true increase in incidence may have also occurred. Celiac disease is not rare in North America. CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY 2003;1:19-27
A discrete interaction model/quantum mechanical method for simulating nonlinear optical properties of molecules near metal surfaces

In this work, we extend the discrete interaction model/quantum mechanics (DIM/QM) method to calculate the frequency-dependent hyperpolarisabilities of molecules near metal surfaces. The DIM/QM method is a polarisable quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics method, which represents the metal surface atomistically and thus allows for explicitly modelling the influence of the local environment on the optical properties of a molecule. The interactions between the metal surface and the molecules include both the image field and local field effects. The image field effects arise from the response induced in the metal surface due to the molecule’s electronic charge distributions whereas the local field effects arise from interactions between the metal surface and the external light. The frequency-dependent first-hyperpolarisability is obtained in an efficient way based on time-dependent density functional theory and the (2n+1) rule. The method was tested for calculating the first-hyperpolarisability responsible fo...
Buffalo hump in HIV patients: surgical management with liposuction

Although lipohypertrophy has been reported in as many as 41% of patients with HIV, buffalo hump or cervical lipomatosis has been reported in only 1-2% of patients. There is no definitive medical treatment for this disabling condition. Few case series describing the role of liposuction in buffalo lump treatment have been published, with variable short-term and long-term results. We describe our experience in two patients, with a brief review of the literature.
Solution conformations of unconstrained eight-membered 1,5-heterocycles containing sulfur and phosphorus

Abstract The conformational analysis of three unconstrained eight-membered heterocycles (1, 5- dithiacyclooctane (1,5-DTCO), 1-phenyl-1-phospha-5-thiacyclooctane, and trans-1, 5-diphenyl-1,5-diphosphacyclooctane 1,5-dioxide) has been carried out. The relative energies of all possible conformations were calculated and their appropriately weighted contributions yielded good simulations of the 1 H NMR spectra of these compounds.
Erratum to: Imaging endocytic clathrin structures in living cells [Trends in Cell Biology (2009) 19, 596–605]

Movie 1This 3D animation shows the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis of transferrin receptors, focusing on the assembly and disassembly of the clathrin cage. Celldance 2008, 1st Place Video, ASCB: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis by Janet Iwasa and Tom Kirchhausen, Harvard Medical School.xDownload (18.18 MB ) Movie 1This 3D animation shows the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis of transferrin receptors, focusing on the assembly and disassembly of the clathrin cage. Celldance 2008, 1st Place Video, ASCB: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis by Janet Iwasa and Tom Kirchhausen, Harvard Medical School.
Evaluating Complementary and Alternative Medicine: The Limits of Science and of Scientists

Science provides the most important set of tools for the evaluation of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Nonetheless, there are important limits in science that constrain its ability to evaluate CAM effectively. Some are the limits encountered by science in conventional medical research. Others are peculiar to this controversial topic. The most important limits are not those inherent within the basic methods of science, but rather within the culture of science — the particular ways that scientific knowledge, theory, and method are configured and arrayed rhetorically, and in the social context in which science operates. It is the limitations of scientists as a group of human beings more than science as a set of methods that hamper scientific evaluation of CAM.
Regulation of growth arrest in senescence: Telomere damage is not the end of the story

After a limited number of divisions, most eukaryotic cells grown in culture will undergo a terminal growth arrest called cellular senescence. This growth arrest is thought to be a consequence of progressive telomere shortening that occurs due to incomplete DNA replication of the chromosome ends. In addition, cellular senescence can also be induced by a number of environmental stresses and signaling imbalances which are independent of telomere shortening. The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16(INK4a) have been shown to execute and maintain the cell cycle arrest in senescence but the nature of the signals that cause upregulation of these inhibitors in senescent cells are only now starting to be discovered. Here we will review the current literature that leads us to propose a model how independent signals activate distinct signaling pathways to regulate p21 and p16(INK4a) levels in senescent cells.
Adrenocorticotropin Responses Following Administration of Ethanol and Ovine Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone in the Sons of Alcoholics and Control Subjects

Alcoholism is a familial disorder with both genetic and environmental determinants. The sons of alcoholic fathers have been documented to have alterations in several neuroendocrine measures. We investigated the ACTH/cortisol response to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCRH) and ethanol in men with and without a family history of alcoholism. Men were defined as family history positive (FHP) (n = 7) if their father was alcoholic; as family history negative (FHN) (n = 16), if their father was nonalcoholic. Ethanol (0.75 g/kg) or placebo was ingested over 15 min, 1 microgram/kg oCRH was administered, and plasma ACTH/cortisol levels were determined at -20, 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min after oCRH. Following placebo, FHP men had lower peak ACTH response to oCRH than did FHN men (12 +/- 2 vs 20 +/- 2 pmol/liter, P = 0.04). In FHN men, plasma ACTH response to oCRH was blunted during the ethanol session compared to the placebo session (13 +/- 1 vs 20 +/- 2 pmol/liter; P = 0.006). In contrast, FHP men had similar ACTH responses to oCRH during ethanol and placebo sessions. Cortisol responses to oCRH were similar in both groups during both sessions. In summary, FHP and FHN nonalcoholic men had different plasma ACTH responses following the administration of oCRH.