cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from sites other than the lactating mammary gland.

Abstract The body sites of 163 heifers, bedding and feedstuff samples, flies, and hands and nares of the research personnel were sampled in order to determine the sources of Staphylococcus aureus in a dairy herd other than the lactating mammary gland. Lesions on the udder of lactating animals and the air in the milking parlor were also sampled. Staphylococci isolated from bedding samples were identified as to species. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from all sources examined except flies. An enrichment procedure was necessary for isolating S. aureus from two bedding samples although other Staphylococcus species were present in high numbers. The designation "environmental staphylococci" is proposed for Staphylococcus species that were apparently free-living in the environment.
Calcium chloride: Reassessment of use in asystole

Calcium chloride has been advocated since the 1920s for resuscitation of asystole and ventricular fibrillation. Most reports have been anecdotal, and have failed to substantiate its effectiveness. In two large retrospective series with a collective experience of 181 patients, investigators reviewed the effectiveness of calcium chloride in asystole and did not support its use. A prospective, randomized, doubleblind study comparing calcium chloride with saline in the prehospital setting was done. Patients with trauma or pediatric arrests were excluded. During the period from October 1982 to October 1983, a total of 32 patients with witnessed arrests presented with a rhythm of asystole and were refractory to epinephrine, bicarbonate, and atropine. The rate of successful resuscitation in the calcium group was 5.6% (1/18), and there were no successful resuscitations (0/14) in the saline group (P = .37). A successful resuscitation was defined as conveyance of a patient with a rhythm and pulse to an emergency department. Groups were analyzed for sex, age, cardiac history, and cardiac drugs, and there were no statistically significant differences. No patient who was successfully resuscitated in the field was discharged alive from the hospital. Calcium chloride is of no value in resuscitating refractory asystole in the prehospital cardiac arrest setting.
Comparison of estrogen-derived ortho-quinone and para-quinol concerning induction of oxidative stress

Ortho-quinones formed from catechol estrogens are considered prooxidants due to the production of superoxide radical anions through redox cycling via semiquinones. Para-quinols have been identified as novel metabolites of and as the major products of hydroxyl-radical scavenging by estrogens. Cycling of these compounds has also been discovered, because they are converted back to the parent estrogen via reductive aromatization in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that, unlike ortho-quinones, para-quinols do not induce oxidative stress due to this cycling. Like the estrogen itself, the 17β-estradiol-derived para-quinol (10β,17β-dihydroxyestra-1,4-diene-3-one) did not induce oxidative stress, as the rate of hydrogen peroxide production during the incubations of the compounds in various tissue homogenates was not significantly different from that of the control experiments performed without the addition of a test compound. We also confirmed that the estrogen metabolite estra-1,5(10)-dien-3,4,17-trione (estrone 3,4-quinone) was a profound prooxidant due to redox cycling, especially in uterine tissue. Therefore, we concluded that para-quinols do not induce oxidative stress.
Phosphatase activity in arctic tundra soils disturbed by vehicles.

Abstract Increased productivity and improved nutrient status of plants in arctic tundra soils disturbed by vehicles has been attributed to increased availability of P that may be related to mineralization of organic P by soil phosphatase enzymes. Phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities were examined in disturbed and undisturbed organic arctic soils collected from two sites: a wet site approaching water saturation and a drier, well drained site. Only acid phosphomoesterase activity was detected, while an acid to neutral phosphodiesterase was found. Phosphonaonoesterase activity was 20- to 30-fold greater in wet tundra soil than in corresponding drier soil and phosphodiesterase activity was 25- and 35-times greater in soils from the wet site than in soils from the dry site. Vehicle disturbance of the wet tundra soil ecosystem caused a significant decrease in phosphomonoestcrasc and phosphodiesterase activities. In contrast, enzyme activities were not significantly affected by vehicle disturbance in soils from the drier site. The results show that maximal enzyme activity occurs at the pH of the natural ecosystem. Based upon the amount of enzyme activity, our results support the conclusion than phosphatases may play a significant role in the nutrient cycling process of P in arctic tundra soils. However, the potential for increased P availability in soils disturbed by vehicles could not be attributed to increased soil phosphatase activity.
Five-year survival in patients given intra-arterial chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy for advanced squamous carcinoma of the cervix and vagina.

Abstract Five-year survival studies in patients with advanced gynecologic pelvic malignancy treated with intra-arterial chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy have not been reported in the literature. Forty-six evaluable patients entered into a study between 1981 and 1985 at the University of Texas-M.D. Anderson Cancer Center were reviewed for follow-up. Two patients were FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) Stage IIB cervical cancer, thirty-one patients were Stage III cervical cancer, seven patients were Stage IVA cervical cancer, and six patients were unstaged, cut-through cervical cancer, or primary vaginal carcinoma with bulky tumor volume. Seventeen patients had evidence of obstructive uropathy by intravenous pyelogram. Pretreatment lymphangiogram was carried out in 32 patients, 14 of whom were positive for pelvic lymph node involvement. Forty-four patients had received no prior therapy before initiating intraarterial chemotherapy. Thirty-five (76%) of the patients responded to locally infused pelvic intra-arterial chemotherapeutic agents consisting of mitomycin-C, bleomycin, and cisplatin. Vincristine was given peripherally by intravenous access. There were 24 (52%) partial responders, 11 (24%) complete responders, and 11 (24%) nonresponders. Two (4%) patients progressed during treatment, while twenty-six (57%) patients relapsed after receiving chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. Three additional patients died from treatment-related causes, one secondary to renal failure, one to massive pulmonary embolus, and one from a combination of pulmonary toxicity secondary to bleomycin and sepsis. Three of fifteen patients in complete remission died from unrelated causes with no evidence of disease. The 5-year survival rate for the study group was 30%, with a median survival duration of 18 months.
On the continuity of Mackey's extension process

Abstract If N is a closed normal subgroup of a locally compact group H, and if L is an H-invariant unitary irreducible representation of N, then it is known that there exists an irreducible unitary representation ϱ of H whose restriction to N is a multiple of L. The representation ϱ is important in Mackey's theory, but it is not constructively defined and it is often difficult to determine ϱ explicitly. In this paper the continuity properties of the assignment L to ϱ are studied. The kinds of continuity conditions possible are investigated and a theorem for a special case is proved.
Is Purchasing Really Strategic

Does purchasing have a role in corporate strategy? The central theme that has emerged from an examination of prior research in the areas of competitive strategy and purchasing strategy is that the image and status of purchasing is driven by the contribution of the purchasing function to overall corporate performance and to the performance of other functions. Does purchasing performance impact corporate performance? Is purchasing really strategic? This article documents the impact purchasing decisions have on corporate performance. There are strategic “levers” that purchasing can use to enhance the chances for firm success. The implication is that any firm can successfully develop and implement purchasing strategies. A firm's efforts at purchasing strategy development can be successful. Purchasing is indeed strategic.
Analysis of the Precision of Generalized Chain Codes for the Representation of Planar Curves

This paper examines a set of line-segment approximation codes for the representation of planar curves (the so-called generalized chain codes) and shows that the average quantization error (measure of code's precision) is directly proportional to the grid size and is independent of the form of the code. Thus, to achieve a desired level of precision for the representation of a line drawing, only the size of the grid need be determined; the form of the code can be chosen on the basis of other criteria, such as compactness, smoothness, or relative ease of encoding and processing.
Repair and reconstruction of the cortical plate following closed cryogenic injury to the neonatal rat cerebrum.

A cryogenic lesion was induced in the parietal cortex of neonatal rats at postnatal day 2, and the chronological sequence of cellular events during repair and reconstruction of the cortical plate examined. Serial sections of cerebra obtained at varying intervals ranging from 1 to 60 days postinjury were studied by light and electron microscopy and by immunocytochemistry for fibronectin, laminin, type IV collagen, vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. In addition, localization of heavily labeled neurons (generated on embryonic day 20) in the cerebral cortical plate was examined by [3H]thymidine radioautography. Repair of a welldefined coagulative lesion was accomplished with little or no mesenchymal cell proliferation in either the necrotic zone or the leptomeninges. Eventually, fusion of the adjacent cortical plates took place with the formation of a microsulcus. Migration of neurons continued to take place along the outer margins of the lesion, and postmigratory neurons accumulated within the upper cortical layers. Around the microsulcus, heavily labeled neurons aligned themselves with layers II–III of the adjacent normal cortical plate. Irregular clusters of neurons closely abutting the leptomeningeal surface were frequently noted when repair took place without an intervening molecular layer and/or a welldefined pial-glial barrier. Supplementing intrinsic information inherent in migrating neurons, local environmental signals provided by the radial glia, glia limitans, basal lamina and pial-glial barrier appear to influence the polarity and final positioning of postmigratory neurons within the cortical plate. The necrotic zone within the deeper layers of the cortex eventually healed with a cell-sparse gliotic layer. The end result was a histological pattern that, in many respects, resembled that of human micropolygyria. In contrast, identical cryogenic lesions induced in the brains of rats at postnatal day 10 healed with fibrous scar formation and/or caviation, and a micropolygyric pattern did not develop.
Mitotic Spindle: Laser Microsurgery in Yeast Cells

Laser microsurgery has led to remarkable discoveries in a number of cell types. Two recent studies have shown that this classical technology can now be employed with small yeast cells. This advance will enable regional ablation to be combined with facile genetic manipulation in a eukaryotic cell.
Stability and vibration of isotropic, orthotropic and laminated plates according to a higher-order shear deformation theory

A higher-order shear deformation theory is used to demonstrate the natural frequencies and buckling loads of elastic plates. The theory accounts for parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains through the thickness of the plate and rotary inertia. Exact solutions of simply supported plates are obtained and the results are compared with the exact solutions of three-dimensional elasticity theory, the first-order shear deformation theory, and the classical plate theory. The present theory predicts the frequencies and buckling loads more accurately when compared to the first-order and classical plate theories.
Accurate measurement of the electrical length of long coaxial radio-frequency cables

The electrical length of long coaxial cables can be difficult to measure accurately, because of the weakness of the reflected signal and the presence of stray reflections from discontinuities in the cable. A method has been devised which makes use of a modulated reflector, a tuned hybrid network and a phase-sensitive detector to determine the phase of the reflected signal to within 0.5°, even when this is as much as 60 dB weaker than the transmitted signal.
Far infrared studies of the hydrogen bond of phenols

Abstract By means of a novel sampling techniques which involves using a polyethylene matrix, the far infrared vibrations of the hydrogen bond (—OH ⋯ O—vibrations) of ten phenols have been assigned to the 187–98 cm−1 range. The —OH out-of-plane deformation (γOH) of these hydrogen bonded phenols and the —OH torsion for these phenol monomers have been assigned in the 690-280 cm−1 range. More than one γOH frequency has been found in every compound that has more than one strong —OH stretching frequency (νOH), indicating distinctive γOH frequencies for different hydrogen bonded species. This implies that the broadness of νOH is at least partly due to the existence of different polymeric species. Making use of the L ippincott -S chroeder potential function, the frequency of the hydrogen bond stretching vibration (νσ) of solid phenol has been calculated. Reasonable agreement with the observed frequency is obtained when a reduced mass of the entire phenol molecule is used. From this observed phenol frequency, the frequencies of νσ for the other solid phenols can be predicted indicating that the vibration is not localized in the —OH ⋯ O— group. For the same phenols in the liquid state the frequency of νσ could not be predicted and there was no direct relationship between the —OH stretching frequency (or hydrogen bond strength) and νσ.
Preparing Undergraduates for Research Careers: Using Astrobites in the Classroom

Because undergraduate participation in research is a longstanding and increasingly important aspect of the career path for future scientists, students can benefit from additional resources to introduce them to the culture and process of research. We suggest the adoption of the web resource Astrobites as a classroom tool to increase the preparation of undergraduate physics and astronomy students for careers in research. We describe the content and development of the website, discuss previous university courses that have made use of Astrobites, and suggest additional strategies for using Astrobites in the classroom.
Vaccinia virus A43R gene encodes an orthopoxvirus-specific late non-virion type-1 membrane protein that is dispensable for replication but enhances intradermal lesion formation

The vaccinia virus A43R open reading frame encodes a 168-amino acid protein with a predicted N-terminal signal sequence and a C-terminal transmembrane domain. Although A43R is conserved in all sequenced members of the orthopoxvirus genus, no non-orthopoxvirus homolog or functional motif was recognized. Biochemical and confocal microscopic studies indicated that A43 is expressed at late times following viral DNA synthesis and is a type-1 membrane protein with two N-linked oligosaccharide chains. A43 was present in Golgi and plasma membranes but only a trace amount was detected in sucrose gradient purified mature virions and none in CsCl gradient purified enveloped virions. Prevention of A43R expression had no effect on plaque size or virus replication in cell culture and little effect on virulence after mouse intranasal infection. Although the A43 mutant produced significantly smaller lesions in skin of mice than the control, the amounts of virus recovered from the lesions were similar.
Electron-impact collision strengths for excitation of He-like ions from the levels with n=1 and 2 to all singly excited levels with higher n≤5*

Intermediate-coupling collision strengths have been calculated for all transitions of the kind 1s2p2s+1PJ-1sn′l′2s′+1L′J′ with n′=3, 4, and 5 and l′≥1 (p, d, f, g) for 20 He-like ions with nuclear charge number Z in the range 4≤Z≤74. The method used is a Coulomb-Born-Exchange method that is especially well suited for calculating results for many members of an isoelectronic sequence simultaneously. The calculations were made for nine impact-electron energies in threshold units e=1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 2.5, 4.0, 6.0, 10.0, and 15.0. The results are given in the form of fits to a simple function of e that is readily integrated over a Maxwellian to obtain collision rates. The parameters required in obtaining collision strengths for the simpler transitions from the 1s2p levels to the 1sn′s levels with 3≤n′≤5 and for the transitions from the ground level and the 1s2s levels to all singly excited levels with higher n values ≤5 are given, as well. Results for transitions between energy terms and their jj coupling analogs are also included. In addition, calculated values for the transition energies and the electric-dipole radiative line strengths are given for all transitions.
Non-basal slip systems in HCP metals and alloys: source mechanisms

Abstract A possible source mechanism for non-basal 〈c+a〉 slip dislocations is proposed based on the formation of an attractive junction between glissile 〈a〉 and sessile c dislocations from the prism plane into a pyramidal plane. The driving force for the junction formation, which comes from the long-range elastic interaction between c and 〈a〉 dislocations, is relatively large in most hexagonal close-packed (hcp) metals. Beryllium, which has an unusually low Poisson's ratio, is an exception to this rule. The cross-slip process is energetically unfavorable in Mg and Ti, from a viewpoint of the change in anisotropic elastic line tension, but it becomes favorable in Ti at elevated temperatures above 300°C. Discussion is given on intrinsic stacking fault energies and kinetic aspects of the cross slip.
Temporal carbon dynamics of forests in Washington, US: Implications for ecological theory and carbon management

Abstract We quantified carbon (C) dynamics of forests in Washington, US using theoretical models of C dynamics as a function of forest age. We fit empirical models to chronosequences of forest inventory data at two scales: a coarse-scale ecosystem classification (ecosections) and forest types (potential vegetation) within ecosections. We hypothesized that analysis at the finer scale of forest types would reduce variability, yielding better fitting models. We fit models for three temporal dynamics: accumulation of live biomass, accumulation of dead biomass, and net primary productivity (NPP). We compared fitted model parameters among ecosections and among forest types to determine differences in potential C storage and uptake. Models of live biomass C accumulation and NPP fit the data better at the scale of forest types, suggesting this finer scale is important for reducing variability. Model fit for dead biomass C accumulation depended more on the region than on the scale of analysis. Dead biomass C was highly variable and a relationship with forest age was found only in some forest types of the eastern Cascades and Okanogan Highlands. Indicators of C storage potential differed between forest types and differences were consistent with expectations based on spatial variability in climate. Across the study area, maximum live biomass C varied from 6.5 to 38.6 kg C m −2 and the range of ages at which 90% of maximum is reached varied from 57 to 838 years. Maximum NPP varied from 0.37 to 0.94 kg C m −2 yr −1 and the age of maximum NPP varied from 65 to 543 yrs. Forests with the greatest C storage potential are wet forests of the western Cascades. Forests with the greatest potential NPP are 65–100-year-old mesic western redcedar-western hemlock forests and riparian forests, although limited data suggest maximum NPP of coastal sitka spruce forests may be even greater. The observed relationship between the ages at which maximum NPP and maximum live biomass are reached for a given forest type suggests that there is a trade-off between managing for maximum live biomass (storage) vs. NPP (uptake) in some forest types but an optimal age for C management in others. The empirical models of C dynamics in this study can be used to quantify the effects of age-class distributions on C storage and NPP for large areas composed of different forest types. Also, the models can be used to test the effects of current or future natural and anthropogenic disturbance regimes on C sequestration, providing an alternative to biogeochemical process models and stand-scale methods.
Single event transients characterization in SOI CMOS comparators

A theoretical analysis of single event induced transients in SOI CMOS comparators is presented, confirmed by transistor-level simulations. The proposed approach can predict the probability of single event upset (SEU) at the output of the comparator. A design methodology to achieve an imposed radiation hardness is proposed.
Differential phosphorylation of sites in the linker region of P-glycoprotein by protein kinase C isozymes α, βi, βii, γ, δ, ϵ, η, and ζ

To determine whether individual protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes differentially phosphorylate sites in the linker region of human P-glycoprotein (P-gp), we used a synthetic peptide substrate, PG-2, exactly corresponding to amino acid residues spanning the region 656-689 of the multidrug resistance gene (MDRI). All tested PKC isozymes phosphorylated PG-2. The maximum phosphate incorporation by calcium-dependent PKC isozymes alpha, betaI, betaII, and gamma was 3, 2, 2, and 3 mol phosphate/mol PG-2, respectively. The maximum phosphate incorporation by calcium-independent isozymes delta, epsilon, eta, and zeta was 1.5, 0.5, 1.5, and 1.5 mol phosphate/mol PG-2, respectively. Two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide mapping indicated differential phosphorylation of the PKC consensus sites Ser-661, Ser-667, and Ser-671 by individual isozymes, which may be functionally significant. These data suggest that differential phosphorylation by PKC isoenzymes of PKC sites within the P-gp linker region may play a role in modulating P-gp activity.
Association of history of fracture with prehypertension and hypertension: a retrospective case–control study

Hypertension is one of the most common encountered medical comorbidities after hip fracture. Whether fracture is a potential risk factor for hypertension remains poorly understood. The aim of our study was to examine the risk of prehypertension and hypertension in the participants with and without a history of fracture.
A ticket to ride: Evolving landscapes of air travel accessibility in the United States

During the past decade, air passenger service in the United States has been exposed to numerous carrier bankruptcies, antitrust investigations, mergers, labor problems and a massive increase in competition. These internal elements, combined with the rising costs of fuel and the threat of terrorism combine to make a relatively uncertain air travel landscape for both passengers and operators. Moreover, these dynamics have generated significant geographical shifts in airline route structures and airports serviced by commercial carriers. These factors, combined with increasing levels of consumer access to fare and routing information, have altered the landscape of air travel accessibility in the United States. The purpose of this paper is to examine issues of consumer air travel accessibility through an analysis of three critical measures: flight segments, flight time and ticket costs. In addition, a typology of air passenger accessibility is generated for the 156 busiest commercial airports in the United States using these three measures. Results suggest significant local and regional biases in time and cost, relative to distance, for many US markets.
A direct interaction approximation treatment of high Rayleigh number convective turbulence and comparison with experiment

A method is proposed for treating steady-state, thermally driven convection using the full direct interaction approximation to treat the nonlinear energy transfer and a prescribed instability function to model the eenrgy input. The instability function used is the growth rate of the mechanism generating the turbulence. This methodology can be easily generalized and applied to other driving mechanisms. The 1/3 power law form of the N vs. R relation for water is duplicated here and the coefficient is computed, using a two-point closure, to be less than about 0.08.
Extracellular polysaccharide-deficient mutants of Rhizobium strain CIAT899 induce chlorosis in beans

Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production is required for nodulation by some rhizobia but not for nodulation of beans by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli. In order to study the role of EPS in nodulation of beans by the wide host range Rhizobium strain CIAT899, we produced EPS-deficient mutants of this strain.
Contrasting Community Building in Sponsored and Community Founded Open Source Projects

Prior characterizations of open source projects have been based on the model of a community-founded project. More recently, a second model has emerged, where organizations spinout internally developed code to a public forum. Based on field work on open source projects, we compare the lifecycle differences between these two models. We identify problems unique to spinout projects, particularly in attracting and building an external community. We illustrate these issues with a feasibility analysis of a proposed open source project based on VistA, the primary healthcare information system of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. This example illuminates the complexities of building a community after a code base has been developed and suggests that open source software can be used to transfer technology to the private sector.
The Madden-Julian Oscillation Recorded in Early Observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)

A satellite data analysis is performed to explore the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) focusing on the potential roles of the equatorial Rossby (ER) and Kelvin waves. Measurements from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) and Visible/Infrared Scanner (VIRS) are analyzed in the frequency–wavenumber domain to identify and ultimately filter primary low-frequency modes in the Tropics. The space–time spectrum of deep-storm fraction estimated by PR and VIRS exhibits notable Kelvin wave signals at wavenumbers 5–8, a distinct MJO peak at wavenumbers 1–7 and periods of about 40 days, and a signal corresponding to the ER wave. These modes are separately filtered to study the individual modes and possible relationship among them in the time–longitude space. In 10 cases analyzed here, an MJO event is often collocated with a group of consecutive Kelvin waves as well as an intruding ER wave accompanied with the occasional onset of a stationary convective phase. The spatial and temporal relationship between the MJO and Kelvin wave is clearly visible in a lag composite diagram, while the ubiquity of the ER wave leads to a less pronounced relation between the MJO and ER wave. A case study based on the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) imagery together with associated dynamic field captures the substructure of the planetary-scale waves. A cross-correlation analysis confirms the MJO-related cycle that involves surface and atmospheric parameters such as sea surface temperature, water vapor, low clouds, shallow convection, and near-surface wind as proposed in past studies. The findings suggest the possibility that a sequence of convective events coupled with the linear waves may play a critical role in MJO propagation. An intraseasonal radiative–hydrological cycle inherent in the local thermodynamic conditions could be also a potential factor responsible for the MJO by loosely modulating the envelope of the entire propagation system.
Nursing, health, and human rights: a framework for international collaboration.

The world today is an interdependent community. International economic and political forces affect the health and well-being of individuals in the most remote corners of the globe. Economic decline on one side of the world leads to unemployment on the other. Environmental degradation in one region causes loss of natural resources elsewhere. Global health risks include infectious diseases that cross borders with lightning speed and the introduction of fast food and tobacco products into developing countries, bringing a rise in obesity, hypertension, and cardiac disease. Since its birth on the battlefields of the Crimea, professional nursing also has crossed international borders. Today’s nurses practice in an immense variety of situations, from the high-technology environments of North America and Japan to desperately poor clinics in Russia and on the African continent. For nurses who are passionate about their work, adventuresome, and curious, the opportunity to collaborate with colleagues in other countries and cultures is one of the great benefits of the profession. This issue of JANAC both acknowledges the global scope of the HIV epidemic and reflects the commitment and idealism of the international AIDS nursing network. As our work expands and our collaborations grow, it is useful to consider an ethical and political framework to guide our activity. A framework that combines the international perspective of the human rights movement with the ethics of care and relationship that are central to nursing practice could help us articulate standards with which to evaluate projects and set priorities in the new century. Human Rights
Behavior of nuclear waste elements during hydrothermal alteration of glassy rhyolite in an active geothermal system: Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

The behavior of a group of nuclear waste elements (U, Th, Sr, Zr, Sb, Cs, Ba, and Sm) during hydrothermal alteration of glassy rhyolite is investigated through detailed geochemical analyses of whole rocks, glass and mineral separates, and thermal waters. Significant mobility of U, Sr, Sb, Cs, and Ba is found, and the role of sorption processes in their observed behavior is identified. Th, Zr, and Sm are relatively immobile, except on a microscopic scale. 9 references, 2 figures, 2 tables.
Nonlinear impedance of mineral-electrolyte interfaces; Part I, Pyrite

The impedance of the interface between an acidic electrolyte and polished electrodes of pyrite has been investigated at current densities in the nonlinear range (up to 5 mA/cm 2 ). The potential across a single interface relative to a reference electrode was measured in response to a current sinusoid of low frequency (0.002 Hz). Polarization curves, or linear plots of current density versus electrode potential, consisted of distorted Lissajous patterns. At peak current densities the interface impedance is low and is dominated by activation controlled reactions involving pyrite dissolution and hydrogen gas evolution. The polarization curves have a series of step-like features at intermediate potentials due to current-limited reactions. These secondary reactions involve solid and/or aqueous reaction products from previous reactions. The high impedance portion of each reaction step corresponds to a limit current caused by either depletion of a particular solid reactant or employment of a current larger than can be carried by diffusion of aqueous reactants.Nonlinear behavior of pyrite was found to be independent of carrier type and conductivity. The potential of the anodic pyrite dissolution reaction was weakly dependent on pH. Potentials of cathodic reactions increased with increasing pH, indicating the involvement of H (super +) , as demonstrated by the evolution of hydrogen gas and H 2 S gas.
“We’re Going to Read Poetry in This Class?”

. How can poetry be a resource for effective teaching of congregational life and leadership? Drawing on poetry from an array of sources, the author weaves a narrative to discuss specific strategies employed for using poetry in the classroom. Recognizing the capacity of poems to awaken latent imaginations and evoke new insights about church leadership among his students, the author provides details about particular methods that can serve as alternative approaches for learning about a subject.
Mouse cremaster venules are predisposed to light/dye-induced thrombosis independent of wall shear rate, CD18, ICAM-1, or P-selectin.

Objective:Microvascular adhesion of platelets to endothelium occurs in response to various inflammatory stimuli, and in venules is often accompanied by adherent leukocytes. In a light/dye injury model, platelet adhesion and thrombi occur preferentially in venules, though the reasons for this predisposition are unknown. The authors sought to determine whether lower wall shear rates or leukocyte–endothelial interactions accounted for preferential platelet thrombi formation in venules relative to arterioles. Methods:A light/dye injury model of microvascular thrombosis was used in the mouse cremaster microcirculation. Results:In wild-type mice (n= 17), the time to form microvascular platelet aggregates was delayed in arterioles by 3.1-fold relative to venules (p< .0001). However, arterioles with spontaneously low wall shear rates, as well as arterioles manipulated to reduce wall shear rate to venous levels, still had delayed thrombosis as compared to venules. Similarly, in animals deficient in CD18, P-selecti...
Early-stage practicalities of implementing computer aided education: Experience from India

Projects reaching computers to low-income areas to bring some form of technology equity have been in effect since the 1980s. Such initiatives have tended to assume a developmental motivation in the endeavor, especially in poor nations. Investment in such ICTD projects has risen out of a growing faith among state and private agencies that knowledge of computing is an important link in the human development, and that early introduction has important long-term dividends. In this paper, we look at free computing in public schools in rural India. Observing patterns that signify "success" at both the communal and individual levels, this study proposes a framework for studying computer aided learning projects in low-income schools, and raises questions about learning and project organization that researchers in ICT in education may look at for hypotheses generation.
Comparative Study in the Barnyard

For anyone on the green side of fifty who didn't start historical browsing in the playpen it may be quite hard to see the present appeal of statistical theory and method in perspective. To one lucky enough to have been a student abroad in the 1920's, it is merely one of the consequences of a fundamental shift, which was firming in that decade, in conceptions of the economic historian's job. Essentially the shift consisted in making the economy and the social institutions in which it is embedded analytically distinct. Voices from the Polanyite school still claim that this step was as wrong as Adam's eating of the apple. Milder critics complain only that some of us let economic analysis run away with the ball to the neglect of social analysis and of the interplay between the two. For workers on the recent past this is defensible, because the heavy fall-out of purely economic data clamors to be dealt with in its own terms. The preindustrialist, who has to dig harder for data, and seldom turns up such pure economic ore, is more inclined to think in terms of interplay.
Energy-Efficient Hybrid Key Management Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a subnetwork key management strategy in which the heterogeneous security requirements of a wireless sensor network are considered to provide differing levels of security with minimum communication overhead. Additionally, it allows the dynamic creation of high security subnetworks within the wireless sensor network and provides subnetworks with a mechanism for dynamically creating a secure key using a novel and dynamic group key management protocol. The proposed energy-efficient protocol utilizes a combination of pre-deployed group keys and initial trustworthiness of nodes to create a level of trust between neighbors in the network. This trust is later used to allow secure communication between neighbors when creating a dynamic, high security subnetwork within the sensor network. Results of simulations of the protocol in Ns2 are presented and the complexity of the protocol is analyzed. The proposed protocol reduces delay by 50% and energy consumption by 70% over the existing dynamic group key management (DGKM) scheme.
Psycholegal Scholarship's Contribution to False Consciousness About Injustice

The field of psychology and law began with an avowed focus on social justice. In the past two decades, that focus has been diverted. With justice defined more narrowly than previously, psycholegal research has contributed to false consciousness about the degree to which law reduces injustice and promotes social change. Primary components of false consciousness about law include the belief that procedural justice is more important than substantive or distributive justice, the acceptance of legal doctrines that support corporate capitalism, and the belief that the strict rule of law is inherently superior to individualized equity and commonsense justice.
Unipolar Brush Cells Form a Glutamatergic Projection System Within the Mouse Cerebellar Cortex

Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) of the mammalian vestibulocerebellum receive mossy fiber projections primarily from the vestibular ganglion and vestibular nuclei. Recently, the axons of UBCs have been shown to generate an extensive system of cortex-intrinsic mossy fibers, which resemble traditional cerebellar mossy fiber afferents and synapse with granule cell dendrites and other UBCs. However, the neurotransmitter used by the UBC axon is still unknown. In this study, we used long-term organotypic slice cultures of the isolated nodulus (lobule X) from postnatal day 8 mouse cerebella to identify the neurotransmitter and receptors at synapses of the UBC axon terminals, relying on the notion that, in these cultures, all of the cortex-extrinsic fibers had degenerated during the first few days in vitro. Quantification of glutamate immunogold labeling showed that the UBC axon terminals have the same high gold-particle density as the glutamatergic parallel fiber varicosities. Furthermore, UBCs identified by calretinin immunoreactivity expressed the glutamate receptor subunits GluR2/3, NMDAR1, and mGluR2/3, like they do in the mature mouse cerebellum in situ. Evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), spontaneous EPSCs, and burst discharges were demonstrated in UBCs and granule cells by patch-clamp recording. Both the evoked and spontaneous EPSCs were blocked by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and D-AP5. We conclude that neurotransmission at the UBC axon terminals is glutamatergic. Thus, UBCs provide a powerful network of feedforward excitation within the granular layer, which may amplify vestibular signals and synchronize activity in clusters of functionally related granule cells which project vertically to patches of Purkinje cells. J. Comp. Neurol.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Insurgent Fratricide, Ethnic Defection, and the Rise of Pro-State Paramilitaries

Ethnic insurgents sometimes defect to join forces with the state during civil wars. Ethnic defection can have important effects on conflict outcomes, but its causes have been understudied. Using Sunni defection in Iraq as a theory-developing case, this article offers a theory of ''fratricidal flipping'' that identifies lethal competition between insurgent factions as an important cause of defection. It examines the power of the fratricidal-flipping mechanism against competing theories in the cases of Kashmir and Sri Lanka. These wars involve within-conflict variation in defection across groups and over time. A detailed study of the empirical record, including sig- nificant fieldwork, suggests that fratricide was the dominant trigger for defection, while government policy played a secondary role in facilitating pro-state paramilitar- ism. Deep ideological disagreements were surprisingly unimportant in driving defection. The argument is probed in other wars in Asia. The complex internal politics of insurgent movements deserve careful attention.
Metastable Defects in Light Soaked Amorphous Silicon at 77 K

We have observed the growth of defects caused by optical illumination in liquid nitrogen. We kept the sample in liquid nitrogen over one year. After one year and half the ESR signal reached <<10{sup 18} cm{sup -3} with no evidence of saturation. After that, we step-wise annealed isochronal the sample up to room temperature, where two thirds of original defects were annealed out. After room temperature, the sample was annealing isothermally around 300 K for several months. At this temperature, the defects slowly anneal. After a hundred of hours at 295K, the defect density decreased 10x from its original value at 77K.
Agricultural extension, trust, and learning: results from economic experiments in Ecuador

Using an artefactual economic experiment and a randomized training intervention in Ecuador we test if trust conditions a farmer’s decision to learn during an agricultural training. We present a simple model of farmer behavior during the agricultural training in order to link play in the laboratory to behavior in the field. We find evidence that farmers who trust agricultural technicians relatively more than community farmers in the trust game learn more during training. The results provide insight into the design of agricultural extension services in Ecuador.
Quality of Information aware scheduling in task processing networks

We investigate Quality of Information (QoI) aware scheduling in task processing networks. Specifically, we consider the scenario where a network sequentially receives tasks from an end user, utilizes its resources to process them, and sends back its response. The utility derived by the end user from this response depends on both the accuracy and the freshness of the information. There is often a trade-off between these two attributes and we present a model that quantifies this dependence. Using dynamic programming and optimal stopping theory, we characterize the optimal scheduling policy that maximizes the time average utility delivered by the network. We show that for many scenarios of practical interest, the optimal policy has a simple threshold structure. We also propose a method to approximately compute the threshold in closed-form. This work takes a step towards incorporating application aware objectives in making optimal scheduling decisions.
Detecting selection-induced departures from Hardy-Weinberg proportions

Viability selection influences the genotypic contexts of alleles and leads to quantifiable departures from Hardy-Weinberg proportions. One measure of these departures is Wright's inbreeding coefficient (F), where observed heterozygosity is compared with expected heterozygosity. Here, I extend population genetics theory to describe post-selection genotype frequencies in terms of post-selection allele frequencies and fitness dominance. The resulting equations correspond to non-equilibrium populations, allowing the following questions to be addressed: When selection is present, how large a sample size is needed to detect significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg? How do selection-induced departures from Hardy-Weinberg vary with allele frequencies and levels of fitness dominance? For realistic selection coefficients, large sample sizes are required and departures from Hardy-Weinberg proportions are small.
Subvocal Activity and Auditory Hallucinations: Clues for Behavioral Treatments?

Several investigators have suggested that schizophrenic patients may show an increase in subvocal speech (as measured by electromyogra phic [EMG] activity) during auditory hallucinations (AH), and that the subvocal activity might be antecedent to the hallucinatory experience. The possible relationship between AH and subvocal activity guided the present approach to studying behavioral interventions for AH. Duration of AH and EMG activity were recorded from 20 frequently hallucinating schizophrenic patients under baseline and experimental conditions. Three conditions were designed to interfere with activity of the speech musculature and two were imposed as controls. The data concerning the temporal relationship between EMG activity and self-report of hallucination s were inconclusive. However, one of the experimental conditions (humming a single note softly) reduced the selfreport of hallucination s by 59 percent. This condition also increased EMG amplitude over baseline levels. Possible explanations for the effect of humming on hallucination s are discussed.
The Structure of Mark’s Gospel: Current Proposals:

For many decades now Markan scholarship has struggled to uncover the structure of Mark’s gospel. With the advent of literary/narrative criticism the struggle has intensified to understand how the gospel unfolds in order to tell its story of Jesus. This article surveys recent and current proposals that have been advanced for Mark’s gospel. Some scholars have judged that there is no structure; others have found a highly complex web of interrelated sections. While many proposals use a mixture of principles to derive the alleged structure, an attempt has been made to classify the proposals based upon the primary principle used. These categories include: topography/geography; theological themes; Sitz im Leben of the recipients; literary factors.
The Day After Net Day Approaches to Educational Use of the Internet

To date, popular enthusiasm for educational applications of computer networking has outpaced scholarly research on their educational value. This article reviews a variety of approaches to educational use of the internet, and divides them into four categories: information delivery, information retrieval, information sharing, and technological samba schools. The pedagogical foundations of each approach are analysed. As we move through these approaches in order, the emphasis shifts from information to ways of knowing, and there is an increasing emphasis on community.
Outpatient Therapies for Suicidal Patients

Suicide is the most feared outcome in psychotherapy and signals a calamitous, irrevocable failure of treatment. When a life hangs in the balance, treatment takes on an urgency that stresses patient and therapist alike. The outpatient therapist is in a particularly precarious position. Compared to his inpatient colleagues, he works in relative isolation. He seldom has the clinical and emotional support of a treatment team or the reassurance of round-the-clock patient observation. The time he spends with his patient represents a tiny fraction of the patient’s day-to-day life. The rest of the time the patient is left to his own devices, unsupervised and unprotected, alone with his thoughts and feelings.