cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a definition of dyslexia

A precise and inclusionary definition of dyslexia is sorely needed for at least three reasons. First, accurate identification of dyslexia requires that the key symptoms and characteristics be specified. Second, treatment of dyslexia, including early intervention and general teaching methods, must be based on an informed understanding of what difficulties impede reading develop ment and reading mastery for children and adults with reading disabilities. Third, an operational definition is essential for research purposes. More specifically, to investigate the causes and consequences of dyslexia, to examine whether there are different types of reading problems, and to explore how dys lexia relates to other disorders, it is crucial to study individuals who meet well-specified selection criteria. A number of recent papers and books address, in detail, this need for an opera tional and inclusionary definition of dyslexia and are recom mended for those who wish to pursue more in-depth reviews of the definitional issues in dyslexia (Fletcher and Morris 1986; Lyon and Moats 1993; Lyon et al. 1993; Morris 1988, 1993; Morris, Lyon, Alexander et al. 1994; Shaywitz, Shaywitz, Liberman et al. 1991).
TEACHING THE FRENCH SUBJUNCTIVE

A N EXACT and rational description of subjunctive usage in modern French can be based only upon an accurate analysis of the forces and mood-ideas involved in the subjunctive, and only in categories discovered by such an analysis may a wholly logical arrangement of illustrative material be attempted. The purpose of this article is to suggest and illustrate a more consistently logical arrangement of material than is usually found in our many excellent compendious grammars. Some of the shortcomings of these will be noted below. Features such as the alternative indicative or infinitive usage are purposely omitted here as irrevelant. It is generally understood that if the speaker intentionally imagines an action or state as the object of a mental attitude (modality), he will use the subjunctive in French as the means of expressing such imaginative representation. The actions or states thus imagined may be (1) vividly anticipated, (2) less vividly anticipated, (3) real, (4) unreal. The subjunctive verb performing this function is generally in subordinate clauses, but was originally in independent clauses, simple or paratactic, notably in cases (1), (2), and (4), and is still found in such. If the subjunctive verb is in a subordinate clause, the mental attitude (modality) towards the content of that clause may be expressed or implied in the context (a) in an accompanying clause, e.g. je veux,je cherche un domestique, je ne crois pas; (b) a phrase, e.g. en cas, de sorte; (c) a word, e.g. sans, pourvu; (d) or even implied by the situation alone, e.g. vienne un peu de soleil, toutes ces fieurs s'epanouirent. The mental attitudes (sometimes called the mood-ideas of the subjunctive) to be discerned in the context are: active will, vivid anticipation, realizable wish, less vivid anticipation, emotional feeling; judgment and recognition of obligation, propriety, necessity, natural likelihood, possibility; denial or doubt of the reality of the imagined action or state.
Fast and slow twitch skeletal muscle fibres differ in their distribution of Na channels near the endplate

Abstract Sodium channel distributions were measured in fast and slow twitch rodent skeletal muscle fibres using the loose patch voltage clamp technique. Large differences were found between these fibre types with respect to Na channel density in the perijunctional region. Fast twitch fibres exhited a large increase in Na channel density near the endplate, while slow twitch fibres did not.
Synthesis of enantiopure oxorhenium(V) and arylimidorhenium(V) "3 + 2" Schiff base complexes. X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis, and circular dichroism characterizations.

Two new oxorhenium(V) and two new arylimidorhenium(V) complexes of the Schiff base ligands 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde-((1R,2S)-1-amino-2-indanol)imine (1) (H2L1) and 3-(1-adamantyl)-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde-((1R,2S)-1-amino- 2-indanol)imine (2) (H2L2) have been prepared from the reaction of the precursor Re(O)(PPh3)2Cl3, Re(NC6H5)(PPh3)2Cl3, or Re(NC6H4OCH3)(PPh3)2Cl3 and the free ligands H2L1,2. The complexes Re(O)(HL1)(L1) (3), Re(O)(HL2)(L2) (4), Re(NC6H5)(HL1)(L1) (5), and Re(NC6H4OCH3)(HL1)(L1) (6) have been isolated and fully characterized by IR, 1H NMR, circular dichroism, LRMS-FAB, and elemental analysis. All the complexes have a chiral center at rhenium. A single enantiomer is obtained in all cases. Suitable crystals of 3 and 5 were used in X-ray structural determinations. Crystal data: (3) C32H27N2O5Re·CH2Cl2, orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 9.5599(16) A, b = 9.9579(16) A, c = 31.712(5) A, V = 3018.9(9) A3, T = 100(2) K, Z = 4. (5) C40H38N3O5Re, monoclinic, P2(1), a = 9.286(3) A, b = 18.759(6...
Circular dichroism of core DNA in mononucleosomes: a theoretical model.

The observed difference between the CD spectrum of B-DNA mononucleosomes and that of free DNA has been attributed to the tertiary structure of the core DNA. This conjecture is tested here. The tertiary structure is modeled as an optical system consisting of two identical, planar, linear retarders rotated with respect to each other. The retarders have the same linear birefringence and linear dichroism as oriented B-DNA. Such an optical system is circularly dichroic. The predicted wavelength dependence and magnitude of the CD are in reasonably close agreement with the experimental results.
N,N-diethylbenzeneselenamide: a useful reagent for the direct selenenylation of aldehydes

Abstract N,N-Diethylbenzeneselenamide reacts selectively with aldehydes, under mild conditions, to give α-phenylselenoaldehydes.
Comparison of 2D and 3D Imaging and Treatment Planning for Postoperative Vaginal Apex High-Dose Rate Brachytherapy for Endometrial Cancer

Purpose To evaluate bladder and rectal doses using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D treatment planning for vaginal cuff high–dose rate (HDR) in endometrial cancer. Methods and Materials Ninety-one consecutive patients treated between 2000 and 2007 were evaluated. Seventy-one and 20 patients underwent 2D and 3D planning, respectively. Each patient received six fractions prescribed at 0.5 cm to the superior 3 cm of the vagina. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) doses were calculated for 2D patients. Maximum and 2-cc doses were calculated for 3D patients. Organ doses were normalized to prescription dose. Results Bladder maximum doses were 178% of ICRU doses ( p p = 0.22). Two-cubic centimeter doses were 59% of maximum doses ( p p p p Conclusions Doses to organs at risk vary depending on the calculation method. In some cases, final dose accuracy appears to plateau after the third fraction, indicating that simulation and planning may not be necessary in all fractions. A clinically relevant level of accuracy should be determined and further research conducted to address this issue.
α-particle emission probes of excited nuclei

Abstract Observations of particle spectra produced in the de-excitation of nuclei having excitation energies of 60 to 600 MeV provide information on the properties of hot rotating nuclei. Experimental evidence for angular momentum induced deformations, collective enhancements of level densities, a decrease of the level density parameter a with excitation energy and a limiting temperature for α-emission is presented and discussed.
Experimental Development of Headward Growth of Channel Networks

Two small drainage networks were developed from an earth-fill model subjected to artificial rain. Evolution of the basins in time for both runs indicates an exponential growth of basin size, total stream length, and number of streams. When the basins attained a fixed size controlled by the dimensions of the container, these parameters reached a steady state that prevailed for the remainder of the experiment. Drainage density also increased exponentially, while the relative drainage density, measured from the area directly eroded, maintained uniform values throughout “youth” and “maturity.” The profile of the longest stream was exponential and retained an equilibrium form for the duration of the experiment, in spite of a marked decrease in stream gradient with time. The hypsometric integral decreased rapidly during the early stages of development, possibly changing to a linear function of slower rate after the basin had become areally fixed. Although many natural conditions could not be simulated in the model, the quasi-equilibrium state reached in the parameters that were measured and the similarity between the empirical data and known geomorphic relations suggest that experimental models of drainage networks may provide a useful approach to the study of basin evolution.
The Effects of Staff Development on Teachers’ Perceptions About Effective Teaching

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate whether teachers who receive training and then implement more effective instructional practices change in terms of the reasons they offer for their effectiveness. Comparisons were made between 46 teachers who were trained in and implemented mastery learning techniques and 50 similar teachers who could not be included in the training. The results of a multivariate analysis of variance showed that the mastery learning teachers attached increased importance to teaching practices and behaviors in explaining their effectiveness after they had implemented these techniques. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the importance mastery learning teachers attached to personality factors. The implications of these findings for staff development are discussed.
Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapy: New Kids on the Block

Abstract Chemical modifications to improve the efficacy of an antisense oligonucleotide are designed to increase the binding affinity to target RNA, to enhance the nuclease resistance, and to improve cellular delivery. Among the different sites available for chemical modification in a nucleoside building block, the 2′-position of the carbohydrate moiety1 has proven to be the most valuable for various reasons: (1) 2′-modification can confer an RNA-like 3′-endo conformation to the antisense oligonucleotide. Such a preorganization for an RNA like conformation2,3,4,5 greatly improves the binding affinity to the target RNA; (2) 2′-modification provides nuclease resistance to oligonucleotides; (3) 2′-modification provides chemical stability against potential depurination conditions pharmacology evaluations and correlation with pharmacokinetic changes are emerging from these novel chemical modifications. Analytical chemistry of modified oligonucleotides before and after biological administration of antisense oli...
¿Digo "gay" o "goy"?: identidades étnicas y prácticas sexuales en Esperando al Mesías de Daniel Burman

En las tres peliculas de su trilogia sobre el medio ambiente judio-porteno, el cineasta Daniel Burman aplica las leyes de la heteronormatividad y de la familia nuclear a la reparacion de la cultura, de la nacion y del individuo. Cada una de las tres obras: Esperando al Mesias (2000), El abrazo partido (2004) y Derecho de familia (2006), invoca estas normas culturales implicitas a traves de una serie de emparejamientos familiares (hombre/mujer, padre/hijo).1 En Esperando al Mesias, el primero de los tres largometrajes, Burman propone cierta reconfi guracion de la pareja convencional para remendar la sociedad desgarrada por la crisis economica de 1999, y para encarrilar a uno de sus protagonistas, Ariel Goldstein (Daniel Hendler), lanzado precariamente hacia la madurez por la muerte de su madre, Sara (Gabriela Acher). Ante todo, Esperando al Mesias es un Bildungsroman fi lmado, es la historia de Ariel, un joven judio videografo que produce documentales sobre la vida cotidiana de su contorno. Tras el fallecimiento traumatico de Sara, Ariel trata de escaparse de lo que llama “la burbuja”: la vida agobiadamente previsible del Barrio Once que implica casarse con la chica del barrio que conoce desde la infancia y heredar el negocio precario del padre, en suma, vivir una repeticion. Esta historia intima tiene lugar sobre el trasfondo del llamado “corralito”: en las primeras escenas de la pelicula alguien en Tokio aprieta mal la tecla de una computadora y cae la economia argentina. La fi gura que encarna el desastre economico protagoniza el segundo hilo narrativo del fi lme. Santamaria (Enrique Pineyro) es un funcionario de banco que, al perder su trabajo, pierde tambien su estabilidad domestica: su mujer lo echa de la casa y se encuentra en la calle sin
Conceptual and practical foundations of patient engagement in research at the patient-centered outcomes research institute

To provide an overview of PCORI’s approach to engagement in research. The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) was established in 2010 to fund patient-centered comparative effectiveness research. Requirements for research funding from PCORI include meaningful engagement of patients and other stakeholders in the research. PCORI’s approach to engagement in research is guided by a conceptual model of patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR), that provides a structure for understanding engagement in research. To understand and improve engagement in research PCORI is learning from awardees and other stakeholders. Those efforts are described along with PCORI’s capacity building and guidance to awardees via the Engagement Rubric. PCORI’s unique model of engaging patients and other stakeholders in merit review of funding applications is also described. Additional support for learning about engagement in research is provided through specific research funding and through PCORI’s major infrastructure initiative, PCORnet. PCORI requires engagement of stakeholders in the research it funds. In addition PCORI engages stakeholders in activities including review of funding applications and establishment of CER research infrastructure through PCORnet. The comprehensive approach to engagement is being evaluated to help guide the field toward promising practices in research engagement.
Nurturing Creativity and Design Teaching: Are We Doing All We Can?

In this paper, we report on the results from a qualitative study of six exemplary engineering programs focusing on the ways and the extent of nurturing creativity in engineering students. The study (P360: Prototyping the Engineering of 2020) included data collection from students, faculty, and administrators at the six institutions. This data collection focused mainly on three student outcomes, including design and problem solving. Creativity and how creativity was nurtured, both inside the classroom and outside, often emerged as a major theme. We also support our qualitative findings with quantitative data. Overall, the results indicate that although students improve their creativity in design settings, this result is mostly a by-product of design teaching, and creativity is not taught per se. Quantitative results show that program emphasis on creativity and innovation significantly correlates to skill levels in design problem solving, interdisciplinarity, contextual awareness, and recognizing perspectives. Qualitative data provide supporting evidence for this.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Systemic administration of endorphins selectively alters open field behavior of rats.

Abstract A single intraperitoneal injection of 100 μg of α, γ, and β-endorphin or their [D-Ala 2 ] analog influenced the behaviors of male rats tested in the open field. Beta-endorphin significantly increased grooming behavior whereas [D-Ala 2 ]-α-endorphin appeared to enhance sexual arousal. Both γ-endorphin and [D-Ala 2 ]-γ-endorphin affected separate measures indicative of heightened emotionality. It appears that systemic injections of these fragments of β-LPH are capable of modulating behaviors unrelated to analgesia. Furthermore, the selective effects of these peptides suggest the possibility that each may be coded to act upon receptor sites in a differential manner resulting in separate and distinct patterns of behavioral alterations.
Hover Acoustic Characteristics of the XV-15 with Advanced Technology Blades

An experiment has been performed to investigate the far-field hover acoustic characteristics of the XV-15 aircraft with advanced technology blades (ATB). An extensive, high-quality, far-field acoustics data base was obtained for a rotor tip speed range of 645-771 ft/s. A 12-microphone, 500-ft radius semicircular array combined with two aircraft headings provided acoustic data over the full 360-deg azimuth about the aircraft with a resolution of 15 deg. Altitude variations provided data from near in-plane to 45 deg below the rotor tip path plane. Acoustic directivity characteristics in the lower hemisphere are explored through pressure time histories, narrow-band spectra, and contour plots. Directivity patterns were found to vary greatly with azimuth angle, especially in the forward quadrants. Sharp positive pressure pulses typical of blade-vortex interactions were found to propagate aft of the aircraft and were most intense at 45 deg below the rotor plane. Modest overall sound pressure levels were measured near in-plane indicating that thickness noise is not a major problem for this aircraft when operating in the hover mode with ATB. Rotor tip speed reductions reduced the average overall sound pressure level (dB (0.0002 dyne/cm(exp 2)) by nearly 8 dB in-plane, and 12.6 deg below the rotor plane.
An Analysis of $N\!K$ Landscapes: Interaction Structure, Statistical Properties, and Expected Number of Local Optima

Simulated landscapes have been used for decades to evaluate search strategies whose goal is to find the landscape location with maximum fitness. Understanding properties of landscapes is important for understanding search difficulty. This paper presents a novel and transparent characterization of $N\!K$ landscapes and derives an analytic expression representing the expected number of local optima. We prove that $N\!K$ landscapes can be represented by parametric linear interaction models where model coefficients have meaningful interpretations. We derive the statistical properties of the model coefficients, providing insight into how the $N\!K$ algorithm parses importance to main effects and interactions. An important insight derived from the linear model representation is that the rank of the linear model defined by the $N\!K$ algorithm is correlated with the number of local optima, a strong determinant of landscape complexity, and search difficulty. We show that the maximal rank for an $N\!K$ landscape is achieved through epistatic interactions that form partially balanced incomplete block designs. Finally, an analytic expression representing the expected number of local optima on the landscape is derived, providing a way to quickly compute the expected number of local optima for very large landscapes.
Quick and accurate method to convert BCECF fluorescence to pHi: calibration in three different types of cell preparations.

A rapid, easy, and accurate method for converting the fluorescence of BCECF to pH, as an alternative to the nigericin method, is described. The ratio of the fluorescence intensities for BCECF can be converted to pH between 4 and 9 by a formula similar to the one used to calculate [Ca2+]i from the fluorescence of fura2. The formula is inverted because H+ binding to BCECF causes a decrease in fluorescence, whereas Ca2+ binding to fura2 causes an increase in fluorescence. The ratio of the fluorescence intensities is a sigmoidal function of the [H+] between pH 4 and 9 with an essentially linear mid region from pH 6 to 8. This calibration procedure in cells is similar to the popular method for fura2 where ionomycin, Ca2+, and an alkaline EGTA solution are added in succession to change the intracellular pCa from 4 to 9. For BCECF in cells, a protonophore, FCCP or CCCP, is added and the cells are titrated with acid to an intracellular pH of 4 and then back to pH 9 with base by observing the gradual change in fluorescence as it asymptotically reaches its limiting minimum and maximum values. This method does not require changing the medium to one with high KCl to depolarize the membrane potential nor does the proton concentration need to be equilibrated across the plasma membrane. The technique can be used to calibrate BCECF in sheets of cells, as well as suspensions of cells over a wide range of pH sensitivities. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical and Physiologic Relationships in Mitral Valve Disease

Physiologic data obtained during right and combined right and left heart catheterization are presented in a variety of subjects with mitral valve disease. These studies have led to a broader understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease. The clinical value of combined heart catheterization is illustrated.
Middle-term metropolitan water availability index assessment based on synergistic potentials of multi-sensor data

The impact of recent drought and water pollution episodes results in an acute need to project future water availability to assist water managers in water utility infrastructure management within many metropolitan regions. Separate drought and water quality indices previously developed might not be sufficient for the purpose of such an assessment. This paper describes the development of the "Metropolitan Water Availability Index (MWAI)" and its potential applications in assessing the middle-term water availability at the watershed scale in a fast growing metropolitan region - the Manatee County near Tampa Bay, Florida, U.S.A. The MWAI framework is based on a statistical approach that seeks to reflect the continuous spatial and temporal variations of both water quantity and quality using a simple numerical index. Such a trend analysis will surely result in the final MWAI values for regional water management systems within a specified range. By using remote sensing technologies and data processing techniques, continuous monitoring of spatial and temporal distributions of key water availability variables, such as evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation, is made achievable. These remote sensing technologies can be ground-based (e.g., radar estimates of rainfall), or based on remote sensing data gathered by aircraft or satellites. Using a middle term historical record, the MWAI was applied to the Manatee County water supplies. The findings clearly indicate that only eight out of twelve months in 2008 had positive MWAI values during the year. (Partial Abstract).
Translocation of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract: protection afforded by lisofylline.

I MPAIRED MUCOSAL barrier function with resultant bacterial translocation (BT) are closely associated with infectious complications found in the intensive care unit and in transplanted patients. Lisofyllille [( R)-l-( 5-hydroxyhexyl)-3.7-dimethylxanthine 1 (LSF) selectively inhibits generation of phosphatidic acid. I which is a common second messenger to several pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-I. tumor necrosis factor and LPS2 that are involved in the pathogenesis of BT and are mediators of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome.:' The goal of our study was to evaluate the protective effect of LSF in a well-established model of BT.
The vectorcardiogram in left bundle branch block.

Abstract Thirty vectorcardiograms of left bundle branch block were studied. The time, direction, sense and position of the Q, R and ST-T loops were studied. Twenty-five cases had QRS loops with greater duration than 120 milliseconds and five ranged from 100 to 120 milliseconds. The Q loop was present in six cases. Nineteen of the vectorcardiograms had a characteristic initial component directed anteriorly and to the left. In five vectorcardiograms the initial part was the centrifugal limb of the R loop. The R loop rotated clockwise in the horizontal and sagittal planes and counterclockwise in the frontal plane. It was directed to the left, posteriorly and superiorly. Dividing it into initial component, centrifugal limb, plateau and centripetal limb, the two last portions were the most delayed. The initial component was very characteristic of this condition. The plateau correlated very well with the total delay. The longer the QRS loop, the longer the plateau and the more frequent its occurrence. The J point and the T loop were always opposite to the R loop. In general, important torsion of the T loop was found, indicating secondary changes. In most of the cases the T loop had a slow centrifugal limb and a rapid centripetal limb. A correlation with ventricular activation and an explanation of the vectorcardiographic behavior were given.
In situ control of GaN growth by molecular beam epitaxy

Methods to determine GaN surface temperature, surface composition, and growth rates using in situ desorption mass spectroseopy (DMS) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) are demonstrated for molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaN using NH3. Using these methods, the GaN surface temperature, Ts, and GaN growth rates as a function of Ts, Ga flux, and NH3 flux were obtained. Surface temperatures were determined from DMS and RHEED measurements of the temperature at which Ga condenses on GaN. NH3-limited and Ga-limited growth regimes are identified and the transition between these regimes is shown to be abrupt. NH3-limited samples have a weakly reconstructed (2 × 2) RHEED pattern, while Ga-limited samples reveal a transmission pattern. Atomic force microscopy showed that NH3-limited samples exhibit atomic steps while Ga-limited samples exhibit faceting.
A study on the maintenance of literate programs

This paper outlines an ongoing study investigating the maintenance of literate programs. The study examines the accuracy and performance time of subjects performing maintenance task on 4 different literate programs of varying size. The preliminary data suggest that subject performance is not directly related to program size.
Athletic foot and ankle injuries

Nearly 10 years have passed since the Clinics in Sports Medicine published an issue that focused on foot and ankle injuries (Volume 13, Number 4, 1994). As many of this issue’s contributing authors comment in their opening paragraphs, the prevalence of athletic injuries of the ankle and foot is very high. More than 20,000 sports-related injuries of the ankle occur every day; even the small percentage that do not return to sport constitutes a large number of people. More complex injuries such as ankle fracture dislocation can be successfully treated until healed, but the athlete’s return to sport is a more daunting task than putting an office worker back on the job. There have been advances over the past 10 years in the recognition and treatment of sports injuries of the adult foot and ankle; many of these are presented in this issue. However, before going forward with what is new and improved, it is important to know that some of the old knowledge and principles are still valid. The human anatomy of the foot and ankle and our understanding of the physiology of the functional mechanics of the foot and ankle are not that different. The same is true of surgical anatomy. My opinion is the same as that of Dr. Phillip Kwong, the guest editor of volume 13, number 4, who stated: ‘‘Successful treatment of the [foot and ankle] injuries depends on accurate data, sound clinical judgment, anatomic treatment and early functional rehabilitation.’’ The authors of this issue were instructed to aim their message at general orthopedists and other physicians who treat athletes and to keep references focused on classic or current sources. Because it is impossible to cover all topics exhaustively without creating a large textbook, I selected several highly relevant topics concerning acute, chronic, and recurrent injuries of the foot and ankle in
Cerium nitrate/silver sulphadiazine: synergism or antagonism as determined by minimum inhibitory concentration

Summary The topical antimicrobial effects of silver sulphadiazine in burn wound therapy are well documented. Clinical studies have recommended the use of cerium nitrate/silver sulphadiazine cream, which apparently decreases mortality rates from burn wound sepsis due to Gram-negative organisms. In vitro assays of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by agar diffusion assay demonstrates that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is more resistant to cerium nitrate (100 per cent at 100 μg) and cerium/silver combination (40 per cent at 100 μg) than to silver sulphadiazine alone (19 per cent at 100 μg). This resistance was further demonstrated at concentrations from 50 to 200 μg. The effect of cerium nitrate upon silver sulphadiazine in combination is apparently one of antagonism rather than synergism.
Dynamic analysis of single and cyclic indentation of an elastic–plastic multi-layered medium by a rigid fractal surface

Abstract Dynamic indentation of an elastic–plastic multi-layered medium by a rigid rough surface that exhibits fractal behavior was analyzed with the finite element method. A sufficiently large mesh was used to avoid the effects of the faster propagating dilatation waves after they were reflected from the artificial mesh boundaries. Single-indentation results illustrate the significance of the thickness of the surface layer and the indentation speed on the contact pressure distribution and subsurface stresses and strains. The initiation of yielding and the development of plasticity are interpreted in the context of results for the von Mises equivalent stress and equivalent plastic strain obtained during the loading and unloading phases of an indentation cycle. Cumulative plasticity and elastic shakedown are discussed in light of results revealing the evolution of deformation in the multi-layered medium due to cyclic indentation. The analysis provides insight into the importance of indentation speed, layer thickness, surface topography, and indentation cycle on the mechanical response of a multi-layered medium in dynamic contact with a rough surface exhibiting multi-scale (fractal) roughness.
SU‐EE‐A4‐04: Monte Carlo Simulation and Design of a Carbon Nanotube Small‐Animal Micro‐RT System

Purpose: To use Monte Carlo simulations to characterize the design and performance of a nanotechnology‐based high spatial and temporal resolution small animal micro‐RT system. Method and Materials: The proposed micro‐RT system uses carbon nanotubefield emissiontechnology to produce arrays of individually and electronically controllable x‐ray pixels that can form spatially and temporally high resolution modulated irradiation. Combined with the existing carbon‐nanotube field emission micro‐CT, the future micro‐CT‐RT system promises a high spatial and temporal resolution image‐guided irradiation system ideal for small animal research. Prospective designs for the micro‐RT system were evaluated using EGSnrc‐based Monte Carlo simulations. Design aspects studied included: 1) x‐ray anode design, 2) collimator design, and 3) dosimetric considerations, including dose rate, inhomogeneity corrections, and the overlap effect of adjacent pixel beams. Results:Anode studies indicate that reflective and transmission target designs produce similar dosimetric properties, finding dose rates of 40 cGy/min/mA/pixel are achievable at isocenter (10 cm SAD) for 2 mm × 2 mm pixels in a 3 cm diameter mouse model. For beam energies of 80–100 kV, photons below 20 keV must be filtered out to eliminate excessive surface dose for the mouse model. This filtration can be achieved using a tungsten transmission target 26 μm thick or a 2.5 mm Al filter with the reflective target. Dose overlap between adjacent x‐ray pixels produces high or low dose spots for a single beam array direction. When opposing beam pair configurations are used, the dose inhomogeneity is reduced to negligible levels near isocenter and 20% near the surface. Conclusion:Monte Carlo simulation studies are instrumental to the development of a novel micro‐RT system. They are used to evaluate performance on different system designs without the cost of prototype fabrication. The Monte Carlo study verified basic dosimetric features of the intended micro‐RT design.
Ensuring Distributed Accountability for Data Sharing in the Cloud

Cloud computing enables highly scalable services to be easily consumed over the Internet on an as-needed basis. A major feature of the cloud services is that users' data are usually processed remotely in unknown machines that users do not own or operate. While enjoying the convenience brought by this new emerging technology, users' fears of losing control of their own data (particularly, financial and health data) can become a significant barrier to the wide adoption of cloud services. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel highly decentralized information accountability framework to keep track of the actual usage of the users' data in the cloud. In particular, we propose an object-centered approach that enables enclosing our logging mechanism together with users' data and policies. We leverage the JAR programmable capabilities to both create a dynamic and traveling object, and to ensure that any access to users' data will trigger authentication and automated logging local to the JARs. To strengthen user's control, we also provide distributed auditing mechanisms. We provide extensive experimental studies that demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Statistical ADC Enhanced by Pipelining and Subranging

This brief explores the potential for enhancing both the achievable dynamic range and energy efficiency of statistical analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). To address dynamic range, the focus is on 1) the use of a strong kernel for statistical estimation (maximum-likelihood estimator) and 2) enabling the use of a large number of statistical observations. However, such a kernel, when used with a large number of observations, imposes high complexity and energy cost. To address energy, a pipelined front-end estimator is employed for coarse subrange estimation, and a back-end estimator is employed for fine statistical estimation. Architectural optimization of the back-end and front-end estimators is presented. For an ADC with nominal resolution of 10 bits, the approach achieves $ 1.3 LSB root-mean-square error, while reducing computations by $15\times$ compared to full statistical estimation.
War and Suicide in France, 1850–1913

In France from 1850 to 1913, during periods of war the suicide rates were lower than during periods of peace, while the military participation rate was positively associated with the suicide rate.
Implementation of NIH inclusion guidelines: survey of NIH study section members:

Background Current National Institutes of Health (NIH) policy mandates the inclusion of women, minorities and children in clinical research. Institutional Review Boards (IRB), NIH Scientific Review Groups (SRG) and NIH program staff all have responsibility for the evaluation of Principal Investigator (PI) adherence to the inclusion guidelines.Purpose The purpose of this survey was to describe the experience with and attitudes of SRG members toward the inclusion guidelines and to identify characteristics of respondents that predict their attitudes towards the policy. Methods A survey was sent to 746 SRG members. 425 SRG members responded and univariate and bivariate statistical analysis conducted.Results The results of the survey identify one clear measure of success regarding the implementation of the NIH guidelines; SRG members indicate the guidelines are in part responsible for their attention to the inclusion of women, minorities and children in clinical research. In addition, SRG members believe that ...
Changes in resident mix in nursing homes: cognitive and sensory data from a (redesigned) sampling plan.

In planning and implementing a study, we unintentionally and seren-dipitously obtained data about changes in resident mix over a 2.8-yr. period. We screened residents of a 184-bed nursing home for cognition and sensorium in October 1984 to assess sampling feasibility for a grant proposal in preparation. At that time, 65.2% of the residents met the sampling criteria. However, in July/August 1987, after award of funding, only 5.4% of residents of the same nursing home met the cognitive and sensory criteria. We were forced to recruit from an additional six nursing homes, in which only 9.3% of residents met the sampling criteria.
Recovery of Bitumen from Utah Tar Sands Using Ionic Liquids

Hot or warm water processes are used to extract bitumen from Canadian oil or tar sands. The application of these methods to the processing of tar sand deposits found in the Western United States, notably Utah, has not been commercially successful, however, because of the consolidated nature of the deposits and the high viscosity of the bitumen. It is demonstrated here that a previously developed method employing ionic liquids (ILs) together with a nonpolar solvent such as toluene can effect a separation at ambient temperatures (∼25 °C), although with greater difficulty than Canadian oil sands. Essentially, a multiphase system consisting of a sand and clay slurry, an ionic liquid layer, and an organic layer containing the bitumen can be formed by simply mixing the components. More than 90% of the bitumen is released from the sand, but only in successive extractions. Water is not used in this stage of the separation, but relatively small amounts are used to separate entrained IL from the sand and clays.
The anthocyanidins of some new guinea impatiens

Abstract 17 strains of New Guinea Impatiens belonging to the I. schlecteri—linearifolia group and to the I. hawkeri—mooreana—nivea group were analysed for the anthocyanidin pigments. Pelargonidin predominated in the schlecteri group white malvidin was most common in the mooreana group.
Increased brain serotonin synthesis in migraine.

Objective: To measure brain serotonin synthesis with PET using the tracer α-[ 11 C]methyl-l-tryptophan in migraine patients. Background: Although the cause of migraine remains poorly understood, there is considerable evidence to support a role of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the pathophysiology of migraine. Methods: We studied 11 women (aged 33 ± 7.7 years) with a diagnosis of migraine according to International Headache Society criteria and 8 healthy women (aged 29 ± 9.2 years). Five patients were studied before and after chronic treatment with propranolol or nadolol. Results: Serotonin synthesis capacity (K-complex) values in migraine patients were higher than those measured in controls throughout the brain ( p = 0.016); mean K-complex for whole brain was 0.0077 + 0.0020 mL/g/min in patients with migraine and 0.0054 ± 0.0003 mL/g/min in controls. The regional pattern did not differ between the two groups. However, the K-complex for whole brain in the subgroup of migraine patients with aura (n = 3) did not differ from that of the control group ( p = 0.32). In the five patients studied twice (before and after treatment), we found a trend of increased whole-brain K-complex after drug treatment ( p = 0.06). Conclusions: Our findings indicating increased brain serotonin synthesis capacity in migraine patients are consistent with previous reports of systemic alteration of serotonin metabolism in patients without aura. Our results also suggest that the mechanism of action of beta-adrenergic antagonists for migraine prophylaxis may involve regulation of serotonin synthesis.
Variables related to long-term smoking status following cardiac events

Abstract Abstinence rates for smokers following a myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary by-pass surgery (CABG) are far superior to those for persons attending formal cessation programs. However, only two studies have used any biochemical verification of self-report in this population, and it is unclear what variables are associated with succesful cessation post-MI or -CABG. The present study used alveolar carbon monoxide levels to verify self-report of post-MI and -CABG veterans and obtained only a 29% abstinence rate. Most abstinent veterans quit immediately after their first cardiac event, and only the belief that smoking contributed to their cardiac problems predicted long-term smoking status.
CO2 air–sea exchange due to calcium carbonate and organic matter storage, and its implications for the global carbon cycle

Release of CO2 from surface ocean water owing to precipitation of CaCO3 and the imbalance between biological production of organic matter and its respiration, and their net removal from surface water to sedimentary storage was studied by means of a quotient θ = (CO2 flux to the atmosphere)/(CaCO3 precipitated). θ depends not only on water temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration but also on the CaCO3 and organic carbon masses formed. In CO2 generation by CaCO3 precipitation, θ varies from a fraction of 0.44 to 0.79, increasing with decreasing temperature (25 to 5°C), increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration (195–375 ppmv), and increasing CaCO3 precipitated mass (up to 45% of the initial DIC concentration in surface water). Primary production and net storage of organic carbon counteracts the CO2 production by carbonate precipitation and it results in lower CO2 emissions from the surface layer. When atmospheric CO2 increases due to the ocean-to-atmosphere flux rather than remaining constant, the amount of CO2 transferred is a non-linear function of the surface layer thickness because of the back-pressure of the rising atmospheric CO2. For a surface ocean layer approximated by a 50-m-thick euphotic zone that receives input of inorganic and organic carbon from land, the calculated CO2 flux to the atmosphere is a function of the CaCO3 and Corg net storage rates. In general, the carbonate storage rate has been greater than that of organic carbon. The CO2 flux near the Last Glacial Maximum is 17 to 7×1012 mol/yr (0.2–0.08 Gt C/yr), reflecting the range of organic carbon storage rates in sediments, and for pre-industrial time it is 38–42×1012 mol/yr (0.46–0.50 Gt C/yr). Within the imbalanced global carbon cycle, our estimates indicate that prior to anthropogenic emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere the land organic reservoir was gaining carbon and the surface ocean was losing carbon, calcium, and total alkalinity owing to the CaCO3 storage and consequent emission of CO2. These results are in agreement with the conclusions of a number of other investigators. As the CO2 uptake in mineral weathering is a major flux in the global carbon cycle, the CO2 weathering pathway that originates in the CO2 produced by remineralization of soil humus rather than by direct uptake from the atmosphere may reduce the relatively large imbalances of the atmosphere and land organic reservoir at 102–104-year time scales.
Tracing floral adaptations from ecology to molecules

Flowers have long fascinated humans. The scientific study of floral biology unifies many diverse areas of research, ranging from systematics to ecology, and from genetics to molecular biology. Despite this unity, few plant species offer the experimental versatility to encompass all levels of biological investigation in a single system. An exception is the morning glory genus Ipomoea, in which a broad picture of floral evolution, ranging from ecology to molecular biology, is emerging.
Coordinating the timing of cardiac precursor development during gastrulation: A new role for Notch signaling

Notch signaling has been shown to mediate a wide array of cell fate decisions during development. While previous work has demonstrated that Notch signaling plays an important role in regulating cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis, an earlier role during cardiac field formation has not yet been fully characterized. Previously, our lab demonstrated that perturbations in Notch signaling beginning at the onset of gastrulation affect the subdivision of germ layers. However due to the potential additive effects of misregulating Notch signaling over multiple stages of development, it was not possible to distinguish a specific role for this pathway during heart field specification. Here, we developed an innovative approach that takes advantage of temporally inducible constructs to isolate our manipulations to specific windows of development. In particular, we focused our studies on some of the earliest stages of cardiogenesis when heart field specification occurs. Our findings demonstrate a novel role for Notch signaling during the prepatterning of the cardiac mesoderm. Specifically, once relieved of aberrantly activated Notch signaling following gastrulation, cardiac precursors retain the ability to express markers of the cardiac field. Conversely, downregulating Notch signaling in cells fated to become heart tissue results in the induction of cardiac field genes in gastrula embryos. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that this new role for Notch signaling is mediated at least in part via the Notch effector protein, Esr9 and the transcription factor GATA4. Taken together, these findings provide strong evidence for a novel role for Notch signaling in regulating the timing of heart field specification during early cardiogenesis.
TOTAPOL: a biradical polarizing agent for dynamic nuclear polarization experiments in aqueous media.

In a previous publication, we described the use of biradicals, in that case two TEMPO molecules tethered by an ethylene glycol chain of variable length, as polarizing agents for microwave driven dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments. The use of biradicals in place of monomeric paramagnetic centers such as TEMPO yields enhancements that are a factor of approximately 4 larger (e ∼ 175 at 5 T and 90 K) and concurrently the concentration of the polarizing agent is a factor of 4 smaller (10 mM electron spins), reducing the residual electron nuclear dipole broadening. In this paper we describe the synthesis and characterization by EPR and DNP/NMR of an improved polarizing agent 1-(TEMPO-4-oxy)-3-(TEMPO-4-amino)propan-2-ol (TOTAPOL). Under the same experimental conditions and using 2.5 mm magic angle rotors, this new biradical yields larger enhancements (e ∼ 290) at lower concentrations (6 mM electron spins) and has the additional important property that it is compatible with experiments in aqueous medi...
New observations in the histopathology of erythema nodosum.

Erythema nodosum presents variable clinical and histologic patterns of response in the vessels, septa, and fat lobules of the subcutaneous tissue. Acute or chronic phlebitis with hemorrhage may be commonly observed; acute panniculitis is observed in foci, but at times it may be the principal histologic feature; lymphocytic infiltration of fat lobules is often found, and lymphoid nodules are not infrequent; rarely, chronic granulomatous lesions involve septa or fat lobules; and proliferative lipocyte response may be observed. Because these variable histologic patterns may be coexistent, excision biopsy and multiple sections are necessary to recognize them. The variable histologic features correlate with the different clinical forms: acute nodular, chronic nodular, migrating plaque lesion, cellulitis, and the rare suppurative form. This variety of panniculus response in erythema nodosum can be explained on the basis of host-tissue response to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to an antigenic stimulus.