cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of systemically administered lithium on phosphoinositide metabolism in rat brain, kidney, and testis.

: A single subcutaneous dose of 10 mEq/kg LiCl gives rise to an increase in the cerebral cortex level of myo-inositol-1-P (I1P) that closely follows cortical lithium levels and, at maximum, is 40-fold above the control value. Kidney and testis show smaller increases in I1P level following LiCl administration. The I1P level is still sixfold greater than that of untreated rat cortex 72 h later. In cortex, parallel increases also occur in myo-inositol-4-P (I4P) and myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic-P (cI1, 2P), whereas myo-inositol-5-P (I5P) remains unchanged. The cortical increases in I1P and I4P levels are partially reversed by administering 150 mg/kg of atropine 22 h after the LiCl, treatment that does not affect cI1, 2P. When doses of LiCl from 2 to 17 mEq/kg are given, the cerebral cortex levels of I1P and myo-inositol, measured 24 h later, are found to reach a plateau at about 9 mEq/kg of LiCl, whereas cortical lithium levels continued to increase with greater LiCl doses. Levels of ail three of the brain phosphoinositides are unchanged by the 10 mEq/kg LiCl dose, as is the uptake of 32Pi into these lipids. Chronic dietary administration of LiCl for 22 days showed that the effects of lithium on I1P and myo-inositol levels persist for that period. Over the course of the chronic administration of the lithium, levels of I1P, myo-inositol, and of lithium in cortex remained significantly correlated. We believe that these increases in inositol phosphates result from endogenous phosphoinositide metabolism in cerebral cortex and that lithium is capable of modulating that metabolism by reducing cellular myo-inositol levels. The size of the effect is a function of both lithium dose and the degree of stimulation of receptor-linked phosphoinositide metabolism. This property of lithium may explain part of its ability to moderate the symptoms of mania. Our chronic study suggests that prolonged administration of LiCl does not resuit in compensatory changes in myo-inositol-1-P synthase or myo-inositol-1-phosphatase.
Imbalance Vibration Suppression of a Supercritical Shaft via an Automatic Balancing Device

This research explores the use of automatic balancing (AB) devices or "autobalancers" for imbalance vibration suppression of flexible shafts operating at supercritical speeds. Essentially an autobalancer is a passive device consisting of several freely moving eccentric masses or balancer balls free to roll within a circular track mounted on a rotor that is to be balanced. At certain speeds, the stable equilibrium positions of the balls are such that they reduce or cancel the rotor imbalance. This "automatic balancing" phenomenon occurs as a result of the nonlinear dynamic interactions between the balancer balls and the rotor transverse vibration. Thus, autobalancer devices can passively compensate for unknown imbalance without the need for a control system and are able to naturally adjust for changing imbalance conditions. Autobalancers are currently utilized for imbalance correction in some single plane rotor applications such as computer hard-disk drives, CD-ROM drives, machine tools and energy storage flywheels. While autobalancers can effectively compensate for imbalance of planar, disk-type, rigid rotors, the use of autobalancing devices for nonplanar and flexible shafts with multiple modes of vibration has not been fully considered. This study explores the dynamics and stability of an imbalanced flexible shaft-disk system equipped with a dual-ball automatic balancing device. The system is analyzed by solving a coupled set of nonlinear equations to determine the fixed-point equilibrium conditions in rotating coordinates, and stability is assessed via eigenvalue analysis of the perturbed system about each equilibrium configuration. It is determined that regions of stable automatic balancing occur at supercritical shaft speeds between each flexible mode. Additionally the effects of bearing support stiffness, axial mounting offset between the imbalance and autobalancer planes, and ball/track viscous damping are explored. This investigation develops a new, efficient, analysis method for calculating the fixed-point equilibrium configurations of the flexible shaft-AB system. Finally, a new effective force ratio parameter is identified, which governs the equilibrium behavior of flexible shaft/AB systems with noncollocated autobalancer and imbalance planes. This analysis yields valuable insights for balancing of flexible rotor systems operating at supercritical speeds.
Critical behavior of an inverse micelle system.

We report measurements of the critical behavior of an inverted micelle system. The two-component system consists of a nonionic surfactant n-decyl octaoxyethylene glycol monoether (${\mathrm{C}}_{10}$${\mathrm{E}}_{8}$) in a hydrocarbon, dodecane. The system has an upper critical consolute point at 30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 wt. % ${\mathrm{C}}_{10}$${\mathrm{E}}_{8}$ at a temperature of T=28.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. We demonstrate that both static and dynamic scaling are obeyed with universal three-dimensional Ising exponents describing the divergence of the osmotic compressibility and the static correlation length.
Runway Scheduling Using Generalized Dynamic Programming

A generalized dynamic programming method for finding a set of pareto optimal solutions for a runway scheduling problem is introduced. The algorithm generates a set of runway fight sequences that are optimal for both runway throughput and delay. Realistic time-based operational constraints are considered, including miles-in-trail separation, runway crossings, and wake vortex separation. The authors also model divergent runway takeoff operations to allow for reduced wake vortex separation. A modeled Dallas/Fort Worth International airport and three baseline heuristics are used to illustrate preliminary benefits of using the generalized dynamic programming method. Simulated traffic levels ranged from 10 aircraft to 30 aircraft with each test case spanning 15 minutes. The optimal solution shows a 40-70 percent decrease in the expected delay per aircraft over the baseline schedulers. Computational results suggest that the algorithm is promising for real-time application with an average computation time of 4.5 seconds. For even faster computation times, two heuristics are developed. As compared to the optimal, the heuristics are within 5% of the expected delay per aircraft and 1% of the expected number of runway operations per hour ad can be 100x faster.
Biomedical imaging modalities: a tutorial

The introduction of advanced imaging technologies has improved significantly the quality of medical care available to patients. Non-invasive imaging modalities allow a physician to make increasingly accurate diagnoses and render precise and measured modes of treatment. Current uses of imaging technologies include laboratory medicine, surgery, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine, and diagnostic radiology. This paper provides an overview of most of the popular imaging modalities currently in clinical use. It is hoped that a general understanding of the modality from which an image is derived will help researchers in the subsequent analysis of the image data.
The CDC13-STN1-TEN1 complex stimulates Pol α activity by promoting RNA priming and primase-to-polymerase switch

Emerging evidence suggests that Cdc13-Stn1-Ten1 (CST), an RPA-like ssDNA-binding complex, may regulate primase-Pol α (PP) activity at telomeres constitutively, and at other genomic locations under conditions of replication stress. Here we examine the mechanisms of PP stimulation by CST using purified complexes derived from Candida glabrata. While CST does not enhance isolated DNA polymerase activity, it substantially augments both primase activity and primase-to-polymerase switching. CST also simultaneously shortens the RNA and lengthens the DNA in the chimeric products. Stn1, the most conserved subunit of CST, is alone capable of PP stimulation. Both the N-terminal OB fold and the C-terminal winged-helix domains of Stn1 can bind to the Pol12 subunit of the PP complex and stimulate PP activity. Our findings provide mechanistic insights on a well-conserved pathway of PP regulation that is critical for genome stability.
Teaching Emergent Literacy Skills Using Cultural Contextual Story-Based Lessons

Recent statistics suggest that the number of English-language learners has been growing at a rapid rate in the United States. The growth of this population will inevitably lead to a larger number o...
Structures of a semiconducting and a metallic phase in the FeyZrSe2 system

Studies of the Fe y ZrSe 2 system have led to a semiconducting phase for y =0.16 and to a metallic phase for y =0.41. The structures of both phases have been established through single-crystal X-ray measurements. The compound Fe 0.16 ZrSe 1.94 crystallizes with one formula unit in space group D 3 3 d − P ¯3 m l of the trigonal system in a cell of dimensions a =3.763 (1), c =6.118(1) . The structure is of the CdI 2 -NiAs intermediate type with octahedral coordination of Se atoms about both the Fe and Zr atoms. The compound Fe 0.41 ZrSe 2 , the metallic phase, crystallizes with six formula units in space group D 6 6 -P6 3 22 of the hexagonal system in a cell of dimensions a =6.011(1), c =12.787(1) . The structure is the same as that of M Nb 3 S 6 ( M =Mn, Fe, Co, Ni). In this structure, the Fe atoms are in octahedral holes while the Zr atoms are trigonal prismatically coordinated by Se atoms.
Protein utilization and changes in body composition during weight reduction.

Abstract Five young men and 3 young women, moderately overweight (mean, 27 per cent), were studied by means of N balance, body density, creatinine excretion and certain anthropometric and skinfold measurements prior to weight reduction and periodically through 12 weeks of reduction on diets of 1800 and 1400 calories and 115 and 90 Gm./protein, respectively. Average loss in pounds/week for males ranged from 2.26 to 3.95; for females, 1.33 to 1.78. The rate of loss decreased as the experiment continued but there was no plateauing. Contrary to previous experience only one male went into N deficit. All male subjects retained less N in each successive period during reduction and body fat decreased as indicated by increased body density. As calculated from the Rathbun-Pace formula, the per cent weight lost which was fat averaged 83.1; median, 80.0. As calculated by the method of Entenman et al. the per cent fat of the tissue lost averaged 61.2; the median, 70.0. The density of tissue lost ranged from .897 to .971 with an average of .939; a median of .943. Average creatinine excretion decreased as fat free weight decreased. For 4 of 5 males, the percentages decrease in body fatness as measured by per cent decrease in the total of 4 skinfold thicknesses accurately reflected those calculated from densities. For the females the decreases in skinfold thickness were 45 to 70 per cent greater than those measured by density.
Elicitation of male mouse ultrasounds: Bladder urine and aged urine from females

Abstract Male mice ( Mus musculus ) emit ultrasonic courtship vocalizations in response to female mouse urine. Experiment 1 demonstrated that female bladder urine is an effective cue for ultrasound elicitation. Thus the ultrasound-eliciting factors in female urine appear to be produced prior to kidney filtration or during the filtration process itself. Experiment 2 demonstrated that externally voided female urine remained an effective cue for ultrasound-elicitation after one week of open-air ageing but appeared to lose some activity after one month. Thus the ultrasound-eliciting substance appears quite nonvolatile and environmentally stable.
The binding of C10 oligomers to Escherichia coli transcription termination factor Rho.

Abstract The binding of C10 RNA oligomers to wild type and mutant Escherichia coli transcription termination factor Rho provides a model for the enzyme-RNA interactions that lead to transcription termination. One surprising finding is that wild type Rho binds between five and six C10 oligomers per hexamer with KD = 0.3 μm, and five to six additional C10 molecules with KD = 7 μm. Previously, approximately half this number of oligomer-binding sites was reported (Wang, Y., and von Hippel, P. H. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13947–13955); however, the E155K mutant form of Rho, thought at the time to be wild type, was used in that work. The present results with E155K Rho agree with the earlier work. C10 binding with mutant forms of Rho that are altered in RNA interactions, bearing amino acid changes F62S, G99V, F232C, T286A, or K352E, indicate that the higher affinity binding sites constitute what has been termed the primary RNA site, and the lower affinity sites constitute the secondary sites. The binding data together with the crystal structures for wild type Rho (Skordalakes, E., and Berger, J. M. (2003) Cell 114, 135–146) support structurally distinct locations on Rho for the two classes of C10-binding sites. The results are consistent with participation of residues 33 A apart in secondary site RNA interactions. The data further indicate that not all RNA sites on Rho must be filled for full ATPase and transcription termination activity, and suggest a model in which RNA binding to the higher affinity sites leads to a protein conformation change that exposes the previously hidden lower affinity sites.
Effects of temperature and pressure on failure and post-failure behavior of Westerly granite

Abstract Failure and post-failure behavior of Westerly granite were investigated at pressures up to 400 MPa and temperatures up to 700°C in an internally heated gas apparatus. 95 experiments were performed. For dry samples, the effects of temperature and strain rate on the failure stress are not significant relative to that of pressure. Some preliminary data indicate that the effect of water can be more pronounced at elevated temperature than at room temperature. At pressures above 80 MPa, crack morphology changes induced by thermal cracking have no effect on fracture strength. Wawersik's manual control technique was adapted to high temperature, and a range of class I and II post-failure behavior was observed. Temperature was shown to be a stabilizing factor. Preliminary post-creep failure experiments show that the post-failure behavior depends on loading history. The behavior is more stable at a lower differential stress and a slower strain rate. The data are analyzed in terms of subcritical crack growth by stress corrosion. In light of previous room temperature post-failure and creep results and our analysis, we suggest that details of the post-failure curves are sensitive to statistical variation among samples.
Evolution of London penetration depth with scattering in single crystals of K1-xNaxFe2As2

London penetration depth, $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$, was measured in single crystals of ${\mathrm{K}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$, $x=0$ and 0.07, down to temperatures of 50 mK, $\ensuremath{\sim}{T}_{c}/50$. Isovalent substitution of Na for K significantly increases impurity scattering, with $\ensuremath{\rho}({T}_{c})$ rising from 0.2 to 2.2 $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ cm, and leads to a suppression of ${T}_{c}$ from 3.5 to 2.8 K. At the same time, a close to $T$-linear $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$ in pure samples changes to almost ${T}^{2}$ in the substituted samples. The behavior never becomes exponential as expected for the accidental nodes, as opposed to ${T}^{2}$ dependence in superconductors with symmetry imposed line nodes. The superfluid density in the full temperature range follows a simple clean and dirty $d$-wave dependence, for pure and substituted samples, respectively. This result contradicts suggestions of multiband scenarios with strongly different gap structure on four sheets of the Fermi surface.
Effect of dietarytrans fatty acids on some membrane-associated enzymes and receptors in rat heart

Three groups of male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 20% corn oil, 20% partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) or 18% PHSBO +2% corn oil. PHSBO contained about 48% of its total fatty acids astrans-octadecenoate. Rats were killed after 16–18 weeks of feeding the various diets, hearts were dissected and crude sarcolemma was prepared by differential centrifugation. The activities of ouabain-sensitive (Na++K+)ATPase were significantly lower in membranes of rats fed 20% PHSBO than the control rats fed 20% corn oil. The feeding of 2% corn oil with 18% PHSBO resulted in partial restoration of the enzyme activity. The maximum number of [3H]ouabain-binding sites (Bmax) was also lower in cardiac membranes of rats fed 20% PHSBO than those fed 20% corn oil. Similar to (Na++K+)ATPase activity, some restoration of the number of [3H]ouabain-binding sites was observed when 2% corn oil was fed with 18% PHSBO-containing diet. There was no difference in the binding affinity of the radioligand for the receptor among the 3 dietary groups. Adenylate cyclase activities (fluoride-, isoproterenol- and forskolinstimulated) were lower in membranes of rats fed 20% PHSBO or 18% PHSBO +2% corn oil than in the control group fed 20% corn oil. Density of the β-adrenergic receptor was the lowest in cardiac membranes of rats fed 20% PHSBO. The feeding of 2% corn oil with 18% PHSBO resulted in partial restoration of the maximum number of [3H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA)-binding sites. The affinity of the binding sites was, however, not affected by the type of the dietary fat. The results of this study suggest that dietarytrans fatty acids can affect the activities of (Na++K+)ATPase and adenylate cyclase and the density of digitalis and β-adrenergic receptors in rat heart.
ABO blood group and breast cancer incidence and survival

ABO blood type has been associated with risk and survival for several malignancies; however, data for an association with breast cancer are inconsistent. Our study population consisted of Nurses’ Health Study participants with self-reported serologic blood type and/or ABO genotype. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we examined the association between serologic blood type and incident breast cancer among 67,697 women, including 3,107 cases. In addition, we examined the association with ABO genotype in a nested case-control study of 1,138 invasive breast cancer cases and 1,090 matched controls. Finally, we evaluated the association between serologic blood type and survival among 2,036 participants with breast cancer. No clear association was seen between serologic blood type or ABO genotype and risk of total breast cancer, invasive breast cancer, or breast cancer subtypes. Compared to women with blood type O, the age-adjusted incidence rate ratios for serologic blood type and total breast cancer were 1.06 (95% CI, 0.98–1.15) for type A, 1.06 (95% CI, 0.93–1.22) for AB, and 1.08 (95% CI, 0.96–1.20) for B. In genetic analyses, odds ratios for invasive breast cancer were 1.05 (95% CI, 0.87–1.27) for A/O, 1.21 (95% CI, 0.86–1.69) for A/A, 0.84 (95% CI, 0.56–1.26) for A/B, 0.84 (95% CI, 0.63–1.13) for B/O, and 1.17 (95% CI, 0.35–3.86) for B/B, compared to O/O. No significant association was noted between blood type and overall or breast cancer-specific mortality. Our results suggest no association between ABO blood group and breast cancer risk or survival.
Plasma etch chemistry of aluminum and aluminum alloy films

The chemistry occurring in glow discharges used to etch aluminum and aluminum alloy films is examined and is related to recurring problms such as initiation and reproducibility of etching, polymer or residue formation, photoresist degradation, aluminum corrosion, and safety aspects. The relative effects of different etch gases on these problems is discussed in light of aluminum surface chemistry and gas-phase plasma chemistry.
God's Century: Resurgent Religion and Global Politics

Monica Duffy Toft, Daniel Philpott and Timothy Shah, God's Century; Resurgent Religion and Global Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2011, 276 pp., $25.95, ISBN 978-0-393-06926-6 Though the ess...
Top ten considerations in the development of parenteral emulsions

The development of parenteral emulsions continues to play an important role in the formulation and delivery of many drugs. In addition to solubilization and stabilization applications, appropriately designed parenteral emulsions are effective delivery systems for sustained release and targeting of drugs. Control of the strict requirements of globule size and surface charge is important in the design and ultimate stability of the formulation. This review highlights the important issues and suggests strategies to assist the scientist in the development, manufacture and stability of this essential dosage form.
Lineage plasticity and commitment in T‐cell development

The earliest stages of intrathymic T-cell development include not only the acquisition of T-cell characteristics but also programmed loss of potentials for B, natural killer, and dendritic cell development. Evidence from genetics and cell-transfer studies suggests an order and some components of the mechanisms involved in loss of these options, but some of the interpretations conflict. The conflicts can be resolved by a view that postulates overlapping windows of developmental opportunity and individual mechanisms regulating progression along each pathway. This view is consistent with molecular evidence for the expression patterns of positive regulators of non-T developmental pathways, SCL, PU.1 and Id2, in early thymocytes. To some extent, overexpression of such regulators redirects thymocyte development in vitro. Specific commitment functions may normally terminate this developmental plasticity. Both PU.1 overexpression and stimulation of ectopically expressed growth factor receptors can perturb T- and myeloid/dendritic-cell divergence, but only in permissive stages. A cell-line system that approximates DN3-stage thymocytes reveals that PU.1 can alter specification even in a homogeneous population. However, the response of the population to PU.1 is sharply discontinuous. These studies show a critical role for regulatory context in restricting plasticity, which is probably maintained by interacting transcription factor networks.
Examples of non-uniqueness in one-dimensional inverse scattering for which T(k)=O(k3) and O(k4) as k?0

An example of a one-parameter family of potentials in one-dimensional non-relativistic quantum mechanics is given such that all the potentials in the family have the same scattering matrix at all energies and the transmission coefficient behaves like T(k)=O(k3) as k to O. An examples where T(k)=O(k4) as k to 0 is also given.
Prenatal Nicotine Alters the Developmental Neurotoxicity of Postnatal Chlorpyrifos Directed Toward Cholinergic Systems: Better, Worse, or Just “Different?”

This study examines whether prenatal nicotine exposure sensitizes the developing brain to subsequent developmental neurotoxicity evoked by chlorpyrifos, a commonly-used insecticide. We gave nicotine to pregnant rats throughout gestation at a dose (3 mg/kg/day) producing plasma levels typical of smokers; offspring were then given chlorpyrifos on postnatal days 1–4, at a dose (1 mg/kg) that produces minimally-detectable inhibition of brain cholinesterase activity. We evaluated indices for acetylcholine (ACh) synaptic function throughout adolescence, young adulthood and later adulthood, in brain regions possessing the majority of ACh projections and cell bodies; we measured nicotinic ACh receptor binding, hemicholinium-3 binding to the presynaptic choline transporter and choline acetyltransferase activity, all known targets for the adverse developmental effects of nicotine and chlorpyrifos given individually. By itself nicotine elicited overall upregulation of the ACh markers, albeit with selective differences by sex, region and age. Likewise, chlorpyrifos alone had highly sex-selective effects. Importantly, all the effects showed temporal progression between adolescence and adulthood, pointing to ongoing synaptic changes rather than just persistence after an initial injury. Prenatal nicotine administration altered the responses to chlorpyrifos in a consistent pattern for all three markers, lowering values relative to those of the individual treatments or to those expected from simple additive effects of nicotine and chlorpyrifos. The combination produced global interference with emergence of the ACh phenotype, an effect not seen with nicotine or chlorpyrifos alone. Given that human exposures to nicotine and chlorpyrifos are widespread, our results point to the creation of a subpopulation with heightened vulnerability.
AHNAK, a Protein That Binds and Activates Phospholipase C-γ1 in the Presence of Arachidonic Acid

We have recently shown that phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) is activated by tau, a neuronal cell-specific microtubule-associated protein, in the presence of arachidonic acid. We now report that non-neuronal tissues also contain a protein that can activate PLC-gamma in the presence of arachidonic acid. Purification of this activator from bovine lung cytosol yielded several proteins with apparent molecular sizes of 70-130 kDa. They were identified as fragments derived from an unusually large protein (approximately 700 kDa) named AHNAK, which comprises about 30 repeated motifs each 128 amino acids in length. Two AHNAK fragments containing one and four of the repeated motifs, respectively, were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. Both recombinant proteins activated PLC-gamma1 at nanomolar concentrations in the presence of arachidonic acid, suggesting that an intact AHNAK molecule contains multiple sites for PLC-gamma activation. The role of arachidonic acid was to promote a physical interaction between AHNAK and PLC-gamma1, and the activation by AHNAK and arachidonic acid was mainly attributable to reduction in the enzyme's apparent Km toward the substrate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Our results suggest that arachidonic acid liberated by phospholipase A2 can act as an additional trigger for PLC-gamma activation, constituting an alternative mechanism that is independent of tyrosine phosphorylation.
Development and evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction method for diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method specific for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) was evaluated. The PCR method was found to detect as few as two colour changing units (CCU) of MG and did not give false positive reactions with other avian mycoplasmas. In chickens inoculated with either MG or Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), the PCR method was found to closely correlate with MG culture reisolation methods in chicken intranasally inoculated with MG. All chickens inoculated with MS tested negative using the MG PCR method.
Copyright in the networked world: copyright police

Purpose – The purpose of this column is to look at how copyright enforcement is handled.Design/methodology/approach – Legal issues in enforcement are examined, as well as the initiatives of organizations like the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).Findings – Some rights owner organizations are taking a vigilante approach to enforcement.Originality/value – Copyright decisions are often a matter of risk assessment, and understanding enforcement procedures is a part of that assessment process.
Emergence of Chironomidae from Findley Lake and two ponds in the Cascade Mountains, U.S.A.

From Findley Lake and two ponds in the Cascade Mountains (U.S.A.) Chironomidae started to emerge as soon as the ice thawed in 1972 and 1973. The 1051 Chironomidae that emerged per m2 from Findley Lake included 307 individuals ofTanytarsus and 358 ofProcladius. Tanytarsus outnumberedChironomus at all depths from 0 to 19.3 m. The 1506 Chironomidae that emerged per m2 from the 4.5 m deep pond included 997 individuals ofTanytarsus. The 1490 Chironomidae that emerged per m2 from the 2 m deep pond included 1363 Tanytarsus. The emerging biomass was 216 and 186 mg dry weight per m2 in Findley Lake and the 4.5 m deep pond, respectively, and only 78 mg in the 2 m deep pond. Most species had their maximum emergence where there was organic detritus from the surrounding forest.Orthocladius emerged from sand bottom at 2.7 to 5.2 m depth.Stictochironomus emerged from mud and sand at 8.4 m depth.Chironomus emerged from soft mud at 15 to 27.5 m depth.
AN OCCURRENCE OF SHEPHEARDELLA SIDDAL (FORAMINIFERIDA) FROM THE WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA.

SYNOPSIS. An occurrence of the allogromid genus Shepheardella is here reported for the first time from the western hemisphere. The foraminifer is briefly redescribed and illustrated.
Motivational Factors and Persistence in Foreign Language Study

The predictive ability of motivational and attitudinal factors in continuation of foreign language study beyond the second level among high-school students was investigated among students in two different geographical areas in the U.S. Three classes of French and three classes of Spanish Level 2 high-school students participated in the study. The data were collected through a survey questionnaire. Discriminant function analyses were used to address the research questions. The results of the study indicate that motivational and attitudinal factors in addition to grade level and course grade successfully discriminate between continuing and discontinuing students. Interest in culture and in learning the language thoroughly—including reading, writing, and speaking it—distinguished continuing students from discontinuing students. On the other hand, interest in fulfilling a college entrance requirement primarily characterized the discontinuing students. Grade level when taking the second level of a foreign language and grade in the foreign language course were also found to be discriminating variables. Based upon these findings, profiles of continuing and discontinuing students were constructed and recommendations are made for interventions that may promote the type of intrinsic interest in language learning indicated by continuing students.
THE COMPLEXITY OF INDIGENIZATION OF CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE

Indigenization of clinical social work knowledge and practice is inherently a cultural encounter that entails a complex and evolving process. Neither a universalistic nor a culture-specific position can fully capture the complexity of such a process. The discussion examines clinical social work practice knowledge and its implicit values as originated based on Eurocentric experiences and values. Such knowledge is used to compare with cultural values and practices of viewing, expressing, and resolving problems of living among Chinese populations in Hong Kong in the context of continuity and change. Social workers and educators of the receiving culture would have to reflexively examine the attitude of cultural encapsulation, develop cultural self-knowledge, move beyond dualism, develop contextualized understanding, recognize the complexity of such a process, and develop research and practice models that gear toward these dimensions in their quest for developing culturally appropriate and viable modes of treatment for clients and families.
Development and Evaluation of a Multi-State Older Adult Nutrition Education Pilot Program

Abstract Research with healthy elderly suggests that excellent nutritional status is a vital component for preventing and/or treating a number of chronic diseases. Currently, there are few tested nutrition education programs to aid elders in remaining healthy or improving health status. Aging Americans need to have increased access to appropriate and effective nutrition education. The purposes of this article are to describe the process of developing and evaluating a pilot nutrition education program for older adults, the Healthy Eating for Life Program (HELP), and to share experiences and insights of a multi-state collaboration of extension state specialists and nutrition researchers. HELP's focus is on the five food groups, emphasizing the importance of consuming nutritious food as the pathway to health rather than dependence upon dietary supplements. Lessons learned during the pilot, as well as strengths and barriers to multi-state collaborations, are discussed.
View point: risk analysis and the terrorism problem in two parts.

As Israel has found, it is impossible to prevent suicide bombers from killing a few people. That level of risk seems to be a part of living in an open society. We can and must deter actions that could kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of property. Doing so rests in small part on risk analysis—finding the sensitive points where a group of terrorists could cause this level of destruction and then designing a system to prevent it. Since the United States has not attempted to prevent this kind of attack, taking these precautions is likely to be expensive and disruptive—at least until the system has been reconfigured to account for them. Certainly, it is now unlikely that terrorists will be able to hijack a large aircraft and crash it into a large building. There are many other targets, such as transmission lines that could be extremely disruptive. But anthrax has proven to be a psychological weapon, not a significant threat. Even the worst that terrorists have done to date is a small objective danger compared to those that we normally face—deaths from trauma on highways or even at home. Certainly this is a new threat and thus likely to lead to greater anxiety and perception of danger, but objectively even an annual repetition of September 11 would hardly affect U.S. life expectancy. It raised the annual death rate by about 3/1,000 ¼ 0.3%. Society has made the tradeoffs in terms of highway crashes and other transportation deaths to get a rough equilibrium of preventing deaths given cost and disruption of other desired activities. We have not arrived at a balance yet for terrorism and so there is much to be done. The panic set off by anthrax illustrates many of the points of good risk communication. The government did not prepare people for the threat, did not assess the threat quickly, gave misleading reassurances to the public, and continually had to rescind statements and policies. The resulting public distrust of government and its ability to handle these threats is just what risk communication experts would predict. There certainly is much advice to give government on handling future crises.
Intellectual Progress vs. Planned Obsolescence

Unless we witness major changes in the structure and prestige systems of universities, and/or major changes in the politics affecting the behavioral and social sciences, the model of the social sciences - including, of course, sociology - as sciences will be the dominant voice of the future. Empirical science models of social study and explanation will be center stage, and will call the tune ... for those voices that will continue to reassert the concern with philosophical, moral and social problems. (19) The most effective claims of sociology to public support, Smelser argues, require that the discipline assume a "scientific" stance. This support, one might say, represents the material base on which the idological superstructure of the discipline rests. Yet we can profitably ask whether the prevailing scientific selfpresentation of the discipline corresponds to what we know about its workings. To be sure, we can all recite the litany of justification that sociologists give for the claims of the field to scientific status. We point to the rigor of data-gathering methods in the discipline, or to the sophistication of its means of analyzing data and drawing conclusions from them. Some readers will find these exhortations convincing; some will not. But consider some other issues, no less relevant to the fit between what sociologists do and "scientific" expectations of the field. We might also ask whether the endeavors of sociologists -collectively, over extended periods do in fact yield increasingly informative, cumulative, authoritative answers to questions of enduring interest. Are the things that sociologists "know" nowadays really more complete, more accurate, more profound than what
Enhancing Parent Participation in the Individualized Family Service Plan

Twenty parents whose children were receiving early intervention services were provided with opportunities to participate in formal education and training in individualized family service planning. All parents received written information about the Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) and personally selected whether to participate in workshops or small discussion groups led by other parents of children with disabilities. The extent of participation in training activities varied dependent on parents' preferences. Parents who viewed parent support and education as beneficial and whose children had definitive diagnoses were more likely to select participation in a variety of formal training than were parents of children with developmental delays; however, no significant differences between the groups were found in comparisons of child characteristics. IFSPs of the 20 families and children were reviewed and analyzed to determine differences in the use of parent language in written statements of children's...
Chelates of Dicumarol I: Preparation and Structure Identification of Magnesium Chelate

A magnesium chelate of dicumarol was prepared by reacting a suspension of dicumarol and magnesium oxide in 50% water-methanol. GLC, thermogravimetric, and elemental analyses showed that this compound has a 2:1 ligand-metal stoichiometry with 2 moles of water associated with the complex. Although the chelate does not melt, two endothermic peaks at 205 and 274° were observed in the thermogram, in contrast to a single endothermic peak corresponding to a melting point of 288° for dicumarol. IR spectroscopy indicated that the magnesium is bonded between the carbonyl at C-2 and the oxygen at C-4′ (or vice versa).
Temporal response of liver signal transduction elements during in vivo endotoxin challenge in cattle: Effects of growth hormone treatment

We quantified the changes in abundance of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and associated tissue signal transduction pathway elements (STPEs) in the bovine liver in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and further assessed the impact on the LPS-driven variable responses as affected by daily treatment with recombinant growth hormone (GH) prior to LPS challenge. Twenty-four cross-bred beef steers were divided into GH-treated (recombinant bovine GH, Monsanto Inc., St. Louis, MO; 0.1mg/kg BW, i.m., daily for 12 days) and non-GH-treatment (control) groups (n=12/group). Liver biopsy samples were obtained from all animals at 0, 3, 6, and 24h after LPS challenge (E. coli 055:B5, 2.5 microg/kg BW, i.v. bolus) for Western blot analyses of iNOS and STPEs. In response to LPS, tissue levels of iNOS increased significantly (P<0.001) in the first 3h and persisted at levels greater than those at time 0 until 24h. GH further augmented levels of iNOS at 0, 3, and 6h resulting in an overall significant increase in the iNOS protein level (P<0.01). AKT/protein kinase B (AKT/PKB) phosphorylation levels at time 0 were not different between GH-treated and control animals; LPS increased the phosphorylation of AKT/PKB with GH treatment stimulating a four-fold further increase of AKT/PKB phosphorylation. Effects similar to those on AKT/PKB were also observed on signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b). The family of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) showed different pattern of response. ERK1/2 phosphorylation increased 3h after LPS challenge but only in GH-treated group (P<0.01). Compared to 0 h, SAPK/JUN phosphorylation increased in both experimental groups 3, 6h (P<0.01), and 24h (P<0.05) after LPS. However, at 3h the increase was greater (P<0.01) in GH-treated than in control animals. No effect of LPS challenge or GH treatment on p38(MAPK) was observed. These results suggest that GH treatment has a significant impact on the differential activation of STPEs in the clinical response to LPS.
Caudal migration of endoprostheses after treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Background. The purpose of this study is to assess the migration of endoprostheses 2 years after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Methods. Ten patients underwent placement of bifurcated endoprostheses for infrarenal aneurysm and had 2-year CT follow-up. Standardized contrast-enhanced CT with 1.5- or 2-mm overlapping slice thickness was used. Four independent observers measured the distance from the lowest renal artery to the craniad end of the graft. Results. As a whole, the endoprostheses migrated an average of 2.7 ± 2.6 mm caudad at 24 months compared with baseline (P < 0.001). Four patients (40%) experienced ≥3-mm migration of the endoprostheses. On review of the 6- and 12-month follow-up CT scans, movement occurred at both the first- and the second-year intervals. Conclusions. Endovascular stent-grafts frequently migrate away from the renal arteries. This may be due to natural elongation of the native infrarenal aortic segment, but could also result from inadequate attachment of the proximal stent-graft. Although there have been no adverse clinical events in this group, continued close follow-up is mandatory following endovascular aneurysm repair.
On Weighted Heights of Random Trees

Consider the family treeT of a branching process starting from a single progenitor and conditioned to havev=v(T) edges (total progeny). To each edge we associate a weightW(e). The weights are i.i.d. random variables and independent ofT. The weighted height of a self-avoiding path inT starting at the root is the sum of the weights associated with the path. We are interested in the asymptotic distribution of the maximum weighted path height in the limit asv=n→∞. Depending on the tail of the weight distribution, we obtain the limit in three cases. In particular ify2P(W(e)> y)→0, then the limit distribution depends strongly on the tree and, in fact, is the distribution of the maximum of a Brownian excursion. If the tail of the weight distribution is regularly varying with exponent 0≤α y)∼cy−2 asy→∞, in which the limit distribution exists but involves both the tree and the weights in a more complicated way.
Phosphorylation state-responsive lanthanide peptide conjugates: a luminescence switch based on reversible complex reorganization.

A luminogenic probe for peptide dephosphorylation has been developed. It consists of a serine-/tyrosine-containing peptide modified on the N-terminus with a tryptophan residue and a DTPA chelate capable of binding Tb3+. We propose a mechanistic model for the luminescence enhancement based on the interconversion of monomeric and dimeric lanthanide species, which is affected by the phosphorylation state of the serine or tyrosine residue. The optical switch reports effectively on phosphatase-catalyzed dephosphorylation in vitro.
Coherent vortex structures in deforming granular materials

Discrete element models are used to investigate the formation of coherent structures within a deforming granular material. The numerical models predict the formation of coherent vortex-like structures, even when the boundary deformations introduce zero vorticity. We name these structures circulation cells because the particles instantaneously translate and rotate as a rigid body about a common centre. They occur for all the particle shapes and material properties tested. The size of these coherent structures range from approximately 20 to 600 particles, with the largest structures being limited by the test boundaries. Circulation cells are seen to play an important role in granular deformations including the formation of shear bands. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insights into the ecological effects of deep ocean CO2 enrichment: The impacts of natural CO2 venting at Loihi seamount on deep sea scavengers

[1] Hydrothermal vents on Loihi seamount near Hawaii emit 5000–100,000 t/yr of CO2 at water depths of 1200–1300 m, yielding CO2 concentrations as high as 418 mol/m3. Because CO2 is the dominant toxic component of these vent fluids, Loihi provides an extraordinary setting in which to explore the effects of sustained CO2 enrichment on deep sea organisms and ecological processes. We used the Pisces IV submersible to manipulate baited traps and bait parcels in Loihi's plume to explore the effects of elevated CO2 on the feeding and behavior of typical deep sea scavengers. Necrophagous lysianassid amphipods (Eurythenes cf. obesus) and synaphobranchid eels were unusually abundant in the vicinity of Loihi's vents, suggesting that the CO2-rich plumes rising above Loihi may enhance the flux of carrion to the deep sea floor. Amphipods exposed to diluted vent waters with a mean pH of 6.3 (minimum 5.7) and temperature of 5.0°C became very active within seconds and then became narcotized over timescales of 2–15 min. Following 60 min of plume exposure, all amphipods revived within 30 min of removal from the plume and remained active until warmed to 10°C during submersible ascent into ocean surface waters. Open bait parcels placed in similar CO2 plumes were avoided by amphipods and fish, suggesting that they could detect either the elevated CO2 concentrations or other environmental parameters (e.g., temperature). Our results suggest that at least some scavenging deep sea amphipods may be able to escape relatively concentrated CO2 plumes (i.e., they do not become narcotized for several minutes) and that they may revive following 1 hour exposure to an oscillating CO2 plume (e.g., one meandering in a tidal current). In addition, our results suggest that scavenging amphipods and synaphobranchid eels may be able to detect and avoid intoxicating levels of CO2 resulting from deep ocean injection of CO2 and that specialized components of the deep sea fauna (e.g., some hydrothermal vent species) may be well adapted to exploit carrion accumulating on the periphery of injection sites.
A short survey of computational analysis methods in analysing ChIP-seq data

Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) is a valuable experimental strategy for assaying protein-DNA interaction over the whole genome. Many computational tools have been designed to find the peaks of the signals corresponding to protein binding sites. In this paper, three computational methods, ChIP-seq processing pipeline (spp), PeakSeq and CisGenome, used in ChIP-seq data analysis are reviewed. There is also a comparison of how they agree and disagree on finding peaks using the publically available Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription protein 1 (STAT1) and RNA polymerase II (PolII) datasets with corresponding negative controls.
Automation of IP Core Interface Generation for Reconfigurable Computing

Pre-designed IP cores for FPGAs represent a huge intellectual and financial wealth that must be leveraged by any high-level tool targeting reconfigurable platforms. In this paper we describe a technique that automates the generation of IP core interfaces allowing these to be used as C functions transparently from within C source codes using a reconfigurable computing compiler. We also show how this same tool can be used to support run-time reconfiguration on FPGAs by generating a common wrapper that interfaces to multiple cores.