cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photosensitizing antihypertensive drug use and risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

Background Many antihypertensive drugs (ADs) are photosensitizing, heightening reactivity of the skin to sunlight. Photosensitizing ADs have been associated with lip cancer, but whether they impact the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is unknown. Objectives To examine the association between AD use and cSCC risk among a cohort of non-Hispanic white individuals with hypertension enrolled in a comprehensive integrated healthcare delivery system in northern California (n = 28 357). Methods Electronic pharmacy data were used to determine exposure to ADs, which were classified as photosensitizing, nonphotosensitizing or unknown, based on published literature. We identified patients who developed a cSCC during follow-up (n = 3010). We used Cox modelling to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Covariates included age, sex, smoking, comorbidities, history of cSCC and actinic keratosis, survey year, healthcare utilization, length of health plan membership and history of photosensitizing AD use. Results Compared with nonuse of ADs, risk of cSCC was increased with ever having used photosensitizing ADs (aHR = 1·17, 95% CI 1·07-1·28) and ever having used ADs of unknown photosensitizing potential (aHR = 1·11, 95% CI 1·02-1·20), whereas no association was seen with ever having used nonphotosensitizing ADs (aHR = 0·99; 95% CI 0·91-1·07). Additionally, there was a modest increased risk with an increased number of prescriptions for photosensitizing ADs (aHR = 1·12, 95% CI 1·02-1·24; aHR = 1·19, 95% CI 1·06-1·34; aHR = 1·41, 95% CI 1·20-1·67 for one to seven, eight to 15 and ≥ 16 fills, respectively). Conclusions These findings provide moderate support for an increased cSCC risk among individuals treated with photosensitizing ADs.
Borderwall as Architecture: A Manifesto for the U.S.-Mexico Boundary

The 2016 presidential election thrust border walls to the center of American immigration policy. Despite the high social and economic costs of physical border barriers, to say nothing of their futi...
Treatment of the Allergic State

Allergy is a state of specific hypersensitiveness which may exist in an organ or tissue of the body, most commonly the respiratory tract, the skin and the digestive system. In the allergic state, violent and extremely serious symptoms may develop as the result of exposure to minute amounts of substances which are entirely innocuous to normal persons even in large amounts. The exact manner in which hypersensitivities develop is highly technical and still a matter of dispute. It may, however, be stated simply that as a result of previous exposure to a substance which may be termed an “allergen” a “reagin” is produced in certain tissues which then become hypersensitive. The reagin is a reactive material which continues to be present in the tissues after exposure. On subsequent exposure to the allergen, the combination of the allergen with the reagin leads to the production of histamine or histamine-like substances which, in turn, produce the allergic symptoms in the tissue or organs in which this reaction takes place.
Volumetric properties of dilute (d-glucose + H2O) solutions at temperatures from (293.15 to 433.15) K and pressures from (0.10 to 50.00) MPa

Abstract The densities of aqueous solutions of d -glucose were measured at temperatures from (293.15 to 433.15) K and pressures from (0.10 to 50.00) MPa using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Apparent molar volumes Vφ,m and partial molar volumes at infinite dilution V∞ were calculated from the experimental results. V∞ increases as temperature increases and varies linearly with temperature above ∼300 K. In addition, V∞ does not vary as a function of pressure up to 50.0 MPa. Comparison of these results with previous studies indicate excellent agreement and significantly extend the experimental database for aqueous solutions of d -glucose to elevated temperatures and pressures.
A How-To Guide on Bringing Undergraduate Research to Community and Technical Colleges

Increasing the interest and participation of students in STEM is a priority for colleges, universities, and the nation as a whole. As new generations of students embark in training and in learning novel technologies to deal with the challenges of emerging infectious diseases, crop and food production, and the development of new and better sustainable alternatives in the face of a changing environment on our planet, we must also evolve our approach to teaching and learning. One strategy that may be found helpful as students face the challenges ahead is to instill inquiry and problem-solving skills as part of their education as early as possible, whether they pursue a technical career or a graduate college degree. Although many existing technical and community colleges were built with the purpose of teaching a specific skill to supply the demand of a workforce in developing industries, the disappearance of some industries and evolution of others call for a different approach to teaching and learning at this level of education. Here, we present two alternatives to teaching and learning, by implementing scientific research that can result in the development of more holistic students, who are ready to tackle the challenges encountered as they graduate and enter the workforce. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
Traffic Flow Control in Vehicular Multi-Hop Networks with Data Caching

Control of conventional transportation networks aims at bringing the state of the network (e.g., the traffic flows in the network) to the system optimal (SO) state. This optimum is characterized by the minimality of the social cost function, i.e., the total cost of travel (e.g., travel time) of all drivers. On the other hand, drivers are assumed to be rational and selfish, and make their travel decisions (e.g., route choices) to optimize their own travel costs, bringing the state of the network to a user equilibrium (UE). A classic approach to influence users’ route choice is using congestion tolls. In this paper, we study the SO and UE of future connected vehicular transportation networks, where users consider both the travel cost and the utility from data communication, when making their travel decisions. We leverage the data communication aspect of the decision making to influence the user route choices, driving the UE state to the SO state. We assume the cache-enabled vehicles can communicate with other vehicles via vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) connections. We propose an algorithm for calculating the values of the data communication utility that drive the UE to the SO. This result provides a guideline on how the system operator can adjust the parameters of the communication network (e.g., data pricing and bandwidth) to achieve the optimal social cost. We discuss the insights that the results shed on a secondary optimization that the operator can conduct to maximize its own utility without deviating the transportation network state from the SO. We validate the proposed communication model via Veins simulation. The simulation results also show that the system cost can be lowered even if the bandwidth allocation does not exactly match the optimal allocation policy under 802.11p protocol.
Evaluation of failed prosthetic valves in the valve‐in‐valve era: Potential for utilizing positron emission tomography/computed tomography to recognize infective endocarditis

Bioprosthetic valve dysfunction was treated in the past with redo open heart surgery. The need to identify occult leaflet infection was not an important requirement as all valve tissue was removed during surgery. With the dramatic growth in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) valve-in-valve (ViV) therapy, identification of occult infection is of major significance. TAVR should be rarely performed in infected prosthetic valves and the optimal approach should include open heart surgery and removal of infected tissue. With surgical implants, it can be challenging to distinguish infection from degeneration. The use of advanced imaging modalities, including 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, in the diagnosis of occult infection is emerging. We report the use of this imaging modality to identify or exclude endocarditis in patients with prosthetic valves who were candidates for ViV therapy.
Detection of Hidden Terminal Emulation Attacks in Cognitive Radio-Enabled IoT Networks

Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been drawing increasing attention in that it has a great potential to positively impact human life in a broad range of applications. However, the dense deployment of multiple co-located IoT networks that may follow different wireless protocols would engender new vulnerabilities. In this paper, we introduce a novel attack scenario in co-located IoT networks, where a reactive jammer can emulate the transmission characteristics of a hidden terminal from another network and can interfere with its hidden counterparts, namely the hidden terminal emulation (HTE) attack. As the dense deployment of IoT nodes will naturally create such hidden terminal scenarios, it provides the HTE attacker plausible deniability to reactively interfere with its hidden counterparts; hence, the HTE attacker remains immune to conventional reactive jamming detection techniques. In this paper, we capture the behavior of a benign hidden terminal via a parsimonious Markov model and propose a detection solution using the goodness-of-fit hypothesis testing. Though there has been extensive research on jamming detection, our novelty lies in considering hidden terminals as benign interference sources and leveraging the existing carrier sensing technique as a natural and effective way to detect HTE attacks.
Modern Protective Relay Enables Generator Operating at Wide Range of Frequencies and Different Phase Rotation

This paper presents application and performance of microprocessor-based protective relay when applied to a bi-directional generator. The two-shaft gas turbine drives the generator to deliver energy to local load or to the grid. This generator is unconventional in design and operation with the capability of delivering power at a wide range of frequency as low as 10Hz and different phase rotation. Traditional generator protection when applied to such generator application faces several challenges, such as: •Performance limitation of instrument transformers at low-frequency operation •Frequency impact on the phasor estimation •Reduction in the output capability of the generator with respect to frequency – impacting power-based protection functions •Change in the generator output voltage with respect to frequency to maintain the V/Hz ratio •Improper operation of unbalance protection due to change in phase rotation •Varying load flow level and direction results in the improper operation of protection functions like out-of-step, loss of excitation, reactive power, power factor, distance protection, etc. •Ability to switch phase rotation for pumped storage applications.
Fitbit: Was It Ready for the Marketplace?

In this punitive class action, named plaintiff Kate McLellan alleges that defendant Fitbit, Inc. misled consumers about the ability of Fitbit's wristband devices to track user heart rate.
Far- and Mid-IR Heterodyne Detectors Based on MgB 2

This will be an overview of our work on the development of hot-electron bolometers (HEB) and Josephson junctions (JJ) using thin films of high-TC MgB2 superconductor for applications as heterodyne detectors in the far-IR and mid-IR spectral ranges. Besides the high operating temperature (15–20 K), the MgB2 material provides a large intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth $\sim 6$-7 GHz for HEB mixers and record high operating frequency $\sim 2$ THz for JJ mixers.
You are suffocating me: Firm-level analysis of state-owned enterprises and private investment

Abstract Literature on whether government spending crowds out or crowds in the private sector is large, but still without an unambiguous conclusion. Using firm-level data from Ukraine, this paper provides a granular empirical investigation to disentangle the impact of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) on private firm investment in Ukraine—a large transition economy. Controlling for firm characteristics and systematic differences across sectors, the results indicate that the SOE concentration in a given sector has a statistically significant negative effect on private fixed capital formation, and that the impact of SOEs is stronger in those industries in which SOEs have a more dominant presence. These findings imply that private firms operating in sectors with a high level of SOE concentration invest systematically less than businesses that are not competing directly with SOEs.
Simultaneous Optical Fiber Sensing and Mobile Front-Haul Access over a Passive Optical Network

We demonstrate a passive optical network (PON) that employs reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs) at optical network units (ONUs) to allow simultaneous data transmission with distributed fiber-optic sensing (DFOS) on individual distribution fibers.
Composing Flexibly-Organized Step-by-Step Tutorials from Linked Source Code, Snippets, and Outputs

Programming tutorials are a pervasive, versatile medium for teaching programming. In this paper, we report on the content and structure of programming tutorials, the pain points authors experience in writing them, and a design for a tool to help improve this process. An interview study with 12 experienced tutorial authors found that they construct documents by interleaving code snippets with text and illustrative outputs. It also revealed that authors must often keep related artifacts of source programs, snippets, and outputs consistent as a program evolves. A content analysis of 200 frequently-referenced tutorials on the web also found that most tutorials contain related artifactsduplicate code and outputs generated from snippetsthat an author would need to keep consistent with each other. To address these needs, we designed a tool called Torii with novel authoring capabilities. An in-lab study showed that tutorial authors can successfully use the tool for the unique affordances identified, and provides guidance for designing future tools for tutorial authoring.
Development and Preclinical Evaluation of 99mTc- and 186Re-Labeled NOTA and NODAGA Bioconjugates Demonstrating Matched Pair Targeting of GRPR-Expressing Tumors

The goal of this work was to develop hydrophilic gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-targeting complexes of the general formula fac-[M(CO)3(L)]+ [M = natRe, 99mTc, 186Re; L: NOTA for 1, NODAGA for 2] conjugated to a powerful GRPR peptide antagonist (DPhe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2) via a 6-aminohexanoic acid linker. Metallated-peptides were prepared employing the [M(OH2)3(CO)3]+ [M = Re, 99mTc, 186Re] precursors. Re-1/2 complexes were characterized with HR-MS. IC50 studies were performed for peptides 1/2 and their respective Re-1/2 complexes in a binding assay utilizing GRPR-expressing human PC-3 prostate cancer cells and [125I]I-Tyr4-BBN as the competing ligand. The 99mTc/186Re-complexes were identified by HPLC co-injection with their Re-analogues. All tracers were challenged in vitro at 37 °C against cysteine/histidine (phosphate-buffered saline 10 mM, pH 7.4) and rat serum. Biodistribution and micro-SPECT/CT imaging of [99mTc]Tc-1/2 and [186Re]Re-2 were performed in PC-3 tumor-bearing ICR SCID mice. High in vitro receptor affinity (IC50 2–3 nM) was demonstrated for all compounds. The 99mTc/186Re-tracers were found to be hydrophilic (log D7.4 ≤ − 1.35) and highly stable. Biodistribution in PC-3 xenografted mice revealed good tumor uptake (%ID/g at 1 h: 4.3 ± 0.7 for [99mTc]Tc-1, 8.3 ± 0.9 for [99mTc]Tc-2 and 4.2 ± 0.8 for [186Re]Re-2) with moderate retention over 24 h. Rapid renal clearance was observed for [99mTc]Tc-2 and [186Re]Re-2 (> 84 % at 4 h), indicating favorable pharmacokinetics. Micro-SPECT/CT images for the 99mTc-tracers clearly visualized PC-3 tumors in agreement with the biodistribution data and with superior imaging properties found for [99mTc]Tc-2. [99mTc]Tc-2 shows promise for further development as a GRPR-imaging agent. [186Re]Re-2 demonstrated very similar in vivo behavior to [99mTc]Tc-2, and further studies are therefore justified to explore the theranostic potential of our approach for targeting of GRPR-positive cancers.
Enhancing Clinical BERT Embedding using a Biomedical Knowledge Base

Domain knowledge is important for building Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems for low-resource settings, such as in the clinical domain. In this paper, a novel joint training method is introduced for adding knowledge base information from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) into language model pre-training for some clinical domain corpus. We show that in three different downstream clinical NLP tasks, our pre-trained language model outperforms the corresponding model with no knowledge base information and other state-of-the-art models. Specifically, in a natural language inference task applied to clinical texts, our knowledge base pre-training approach improves accuracy by up to 1.7%, whereas in clinical name entity recognition tasks, the F1-score improves by up to 1.0%. The pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/noc-lab/clinical-kb-bert.
Mapping the Relationship Between Critical Thinking and Design Thinking

Critical thinking has been a longstanding goal of education, while design thinking has gradually emerged as a popular method for supporting entrepreneurship, innovation, and problem solving in modern business. While some scholars have posited that design thinking may support critical thinking, empirical research examining the relationship between these two modes of thinking is lacking because their shared conceptual structure has not been articulated in detail and because they have remained siloed in practice. This essay maps eleven essential components of critical thinking to a variety of methods drawn from three popular design thinking frameworks. The mapping reveals that these seemingly unrelated modes of thinking share common features but also differ in important respects. A detailed comparison of the two modes of thinking suggests that design thinking methods have the potential to support and augment traditional critical thinking practices, and that design thinking frameworks could be modified to more explicitly incorporate critical thinking. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for the knowledge economy, and a research agenda for researchers, educators, and practitioners.
Simplifying the Structural Recursion of the Data Funnel Interface

The paper describes recent improvements made to the structural recursion of the Data Funnel Interface. This end user interface organizes the raw data in a database table into a series of nested data lists that guide users to information. The new developments outlined in the article streamline the recursive algorithm and the data files that it produces. The program logic constructs a new SELECT statement on each recursive pass to retrieve a unique subset of attribute data from the table. Next, it transforms the subset’s structure into a structure of nested data lists that users can navigate in the interface. The branching data model (BDM) provides the framework for combining these two objectives into a single, recursive algorithm. The data BDM features a detailed description of the data mapping between two table attributes as one-to-many data relationships. The input data for the recursion is a list of table attributes that models the data funnel network. Each new subset of data in the series folds into the former one until it reaches the final subset, a primary key value. The prior algorithm draws on the depth-first tree growing methodology of the OHDS structure to manage these subsets. The paper introduces a new numbering scheme to organize the subsets of data. This improvement assigns a unique list number to each new subset when adding it to the database table. This capability replaces the need for the OHDS in the table. It also simplifies the data funnel software and makes it easier to maintain.
Abstract 233: Angiotensin-(1-7) Abolishes AGE-Induced Chronic ERK Activation and Myofibroblast Transition

Advanced glycated end products (AGEs) including glucose and methylglyoxal-modified albumin (MGA) may play a key role in tissue injury arising from various pathologies. Activation of AGE receptor (RAGE) induces myofibroblast transition (MT), hypertrophy and tubulointerstial fibrosis associated with diabetic nephropathy. AGE-RAGE signaling evokes activation of the renal angiotensin system (RAS) and the Ang II-AT1 receptor may facilitate the actions of AGE; however, the role of the Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis in the AGE pathway is unknown. Moreover, there are reports that Ang-(1-7) directly induces renal MT and fibrosis. Therefore, the current study addressed the functional influence of Ang-(1-7) in AGE-induced signaling in the NRK-52E proximal tubule cell line following MGA treatment for 48-72 hours. MGA exposure enhanced cellular hypertrophy 175% (p<0.05 vs. control), increased α-SMA protein 300% (0.4±0.1 vs. 0.1±0.1U; p<0.05), stimulated myofibroblast transition (MT) and markedly increased the cellular release of TGF-β 350% (1.2±0.1 vs. 0.3±0.1 ng/ml; p<0.05). Ang-(1-7) (100 nM) essentially abolished the MGA-induced cell hypertrophy (175±0.1% vs. 85±0.1%), α-SMA expression (0.4±0.1 vs. 0.1±0.1U; p<0.05), and MT, but did not attenuate the increase in TGF-β release (1.2±0.1 vs. 1.3±0.1 ng/ml). Since TGF-β and MAP kinases are integral to the AGE-RAGE signaling cascade, we assessed the effect of TGF-β receptor kinase (SB525334, SB) and ERK1/2 (PD98059, PD) inhibitors. Similar to Ang-(1-7) treatment, SB and PD abolished MGA-induced hypertrophy, α-SMA expression and MT. We further show that both Ang-(1-7) and SB abolished the chronic activation of ERK1/2 at 48 hour MGA exposure. Finally, Ang-(1-7) abolished the TGF-β stimulation of ERK1/2. Pre-treatment of the MGA exposed cells with the AT7/Mas receptor antagonist D-Ala7-Ang-(1-7) reversed the inhibitory actions of Ang-(1-7), but did not potentiate the responses. In summary, we report that Ang-(1-7) abolished AGE activation of TGF-β and ERK1/2 pathways in the NRK-52E cells. We conclude that Ang-(1-7) may provide a potential therapeutic approach in addition to current RAS blockade regimens to prevent the progression of diabetic injury and the decline in renal function.
Carotid Cavernous and Other Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas

This chapter discusses the carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) and other cranial dural arteriovenous malformations (DAVMs). DAVMs are defined as arteriovenous shunts with dural arterial feeders and dural venous drainage. The optimal means of classifying these lesions includes a description of the region of dura affected and the nature of the venous drainage. The site of arteriovenous shunting in DAVMs is confined exclusively within the leaflets of the dura, and this is the primary feature that distinguishes this lesion from the more common pial arteriovenous malformation. DAVMs have been shown to develop after episodes of trauma. These lesions have been found at the site of direct injury and also at remote sites. DAVMs of the tentorial incisura are best approached subtemporally. With the use of irrigating bipolar electrocautery and titanium hemoclips, the pathological dural leaflet should be excised whenever possible. It is suggested that if excision is not possible, the pathological dural leaflet ought to be extensively coagulated and leptomeningeal arterialized venous drainage interrupted. It is found that stereotactic radiosurgery may be a viable treatment option for these DAVMs, especially in elderly or high risk patients.
Surface nonlinear optics

Surface electromagnetic waves are waves propagating along the interface of two media. Their existence was predicted by SOMMERFIELD in 1909 [1]. In recent years, they have found interesting applications in the study of overlayers and molecular adsorption on surfaces [2], in probing of phase transitions [3], and in measurements of refractive indices [4]. In our laboratory, we have been interested in the nonlinear interaction of surface electromagnetic waves. The motivation is two fold. First, while nonlinear optics in the bulk is a well developed field, surface nonlinear optics is still in its infant stage. Second, we would like to look into the possibility of using surface nonlinear optics for material studies. In this paper, we describe the preliminary results of our recent venture in this area.
Stimulation of Lead Absorption by Vitamin D Administration

Two methods for the determination of lead absorption have been developed using the rat as the test animal. One is an everted intestinal sac method in which the time course of 210Pb transport across intestinal wall can be followed in vitro; and the other, 210Pb absorption from the intestine following gastric intubation can be followed in vivo. By using these techniques it can be clearly demonstrated that vitamin D markedly enhances lead absorption. Both techniques provide evidence that the distal small intestine is the major site of lead absorption and the site of greatest vitamin D stimulation. Lead acetate is apparently absorbed to the extent of 45% as it passes through the small intestine at a concentration of 0.01 mM.
A Capelli Harish-Chandra homomorphism

For a real reductive dual pair the Capelli identities define a homomorphism C from the center of the universal enveloping algebra of the larger group to the center of the universal enveloping algebra of the smaller group. In terms of the Harish-Chandra isomorphism, this map involves a ρ-shift. We view a dual pair as a Lie supergroup and offer a construction of the homomorphism C based solely on the Harish-Chandra's radial component maps. Thus we provide a geometric interpretation of the ρ-shift.
Overview of the HIV‐1 Lentiviral Vector System

Replication-defective oncoretroviral vectors have been the most widely used vehicles for gene-transfer studies because of their capacity to efficiently introduce and stably express transgenes in mammalian cells. A limitation of oncoretroviral vectors is that cell division is required for proviral integration into the host genome. By comparison, lentiviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have evolved a nuclear-import machinery that allows them to infect nondividing as well as dividing cells. This unique property has led to the development of lentiviral vectors for gene delivery to a variety of nondividing or slowly dividing cells including neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system and others. This unit is intended to provide an overview of HIV-1 molecular biology and an introduction to successive generations of HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors.
The Obama Presidency and US Foreign Policy: Where's the Multilateralism?

Expectations that the presidential transition from George W. Bush to Barack Obama would produce a multilateralist turn in American foreign policy have thus far proven misplaced. This is largely because the strategic environment of the post-Cold War era places structural constraints on the ability of any US president, of whatever ideological leanings, to pursue a consistently multilateralist foreign policy. Internationally, the absence of a shared great power threat has undermined the institutional bargain between the United States and allied states, thus rendering the terms of multilateral cooperation more difficult to agree upon. At home, the end of the Cold War has undermined presidential authority and empowered veto players whose interests are threatened by multilateral commitments. Nevertheless, structure is not destiny. Understanding the sources of political constraint can suggest strategies for overcoming or bypassing such obstacles to multilateral engagement in US foreign policy. A president who wishes to exercise multilateral leadership abroad must seek to renegotiate the terms of US engagement with international institutions while fashioning a compelling rationale that mobilizes public support at home.
Substance-Abusing Women: False Stereotypes and Real Needs

Substance-abusing women are a diverse group, but some of them are among the most disadvantaged individuals in the United States. This article reviews and interprets some recent literature on substance abuse problems and treatments among women. Contrary to popular stereotypes, alcohol and drug abuse among women occurs at similar rates among poor and nonpoor people and among white people and people of color. Major risk factors include childhood sexual or physical abuse, adult victimization by domestic violence, and a spouse or partner who abuses substances. Standard treatment programs are based on male processes of recovery, and there are enormous problems of access to treatment for women with minor children. Although most studies have found that white women and women of color use substances during pregnancy at similar rates, women of color are disproportionately tested for drug use and receive more child protective services interventions. The findings discussed in this article indicate that prevention of substance abuse-related problems among women requires more than just education.
The specificity of the nitromethane-Hyamine procedure for the determination of nitrofurantoin in urine.

Data show that the presence of certain other antimicrobials in urine does not interfere with the determination of nitrofurantoin by the nitromethane-Hyamine procedure.
A CONNECTION OF INELASTICITY WITH MULTIPLICITY DISTRIBUTION AT HIGH ENERGIES

The widely known experimental value of the mean coefficient of the inelasticity ~0.5 is calculated by the investigation of a connection of the inelasticity with KNO scaling invariant multiplicity distributions of secondary particles.
Smooth massless limit of field theories

It is shown that the massless limit of any Fierz-Pauli field theory, in the external source approximation, is smooth under certain conditions on the sources. These conditions are no stronger than those that arise from the internal consistency of the massless field theory.
Fcγ receptors in cancer and infectious disease

Through interaction with antibody, IgG Fc receptors provide an interface between specific humoral immunity and FcγR-bearing host cells. FcγR trigger such diverse functions as immune complex clearance, phagocytosis of opsonized pathogens, reactive oxygen intermediate and enzyme secretion, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Moreover, FcγR are the exclusive trigger molecules for tumor cell killing by human myeloid cells. Studies of FcγR function have been aided by the use of bispecific antibodies to link cells or pathogens to specific host cell molecules, including FcγR. These reagents have permitted determination of the role of FcγR in ADCC of the protozoan,Toxoplasma gondii, by human effector cells. This approach has also indicated that FcγR do not serve as entry points for viruses such as dengue virus and HIV. Taken together, these results provide insight into the utility of manipulating FcγR function in the therapy of cancer and infectious disease.
Appropriate Appropriation: Functionality of Student Arguments and Support Requests during Small-Group Classroom Discussions

The article examines the claim of Anderson et al. (2001) that students engaged in small-group discussions will tend to imitate and appropriate argument stratagems and other discourse behaviors from one another when it is appropriate to do so. In a study involving 67 5th- and 6th-grade students engaged in numerous small-group discussions, some evidence of appropriation was obtained, especially in regards to asking other students for reasons (“support requests”). There were several cases, however, in which students did not appear to use these requests appropriately. These cases are analyzed from the standpoint of both speech act theory and argumentation frames. The analyses indicate that students experienced a conflict between frames associated with traditional, ritualized participant structures and open, collaborative discussions. The danger of teachers and students mixing discourse frames in alternative learning environments is discussed.
Extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields disrupt rhythmic slow activity in rat hippocampal slices.

Several studies have indicated that weak, extremely-low-frequency (ELF; 1–100 Hz) magnetic fields affect brain electrical activity and memory processes in man and laboratory animals. Our studies sought to determine whether ELF magnetic fields could couple directly with brain tissue and affect neuronal activity in vitro. We used rat hippocampal slices to study field effects on a specific brain activity known as rhythmic slow activity (RSA), or theta rhythm, which occurs in 7–15 s bursts in the hippocampus during memory functions. RSA, which, in vivo, is a cholinergic activity, is induced in hippocampal slices by perfusion of the tissue with carbachol, a stable analog of acetylcholine. We previously demonstrated that the free radical nitric oxide (NO), synthesized in carbachol-treated hippocampal slices, lengthened and destabilized the intervals between successive RSA episodes. Here, we investigate the possibility that sinusoidal ELF magnetic fields could trigger the NO-dependent perturbation of the rate of occurrence of the RSA episodes. Carbachol-treated slices were exposed for 10 min epochs to 1 or 60 Hz magnetic fields with field intensities of 5.6, 56, or 560 μT (rms), or they were sham exposed. All exposures took place in the presence of an ambient DC field of 45 μT, with an angle of -66° from the horizontal plane. Sinusoidal 1 Hz fields at 56 and 560 μT, but not at 5.6 μT, triggered the irreversible destabilization of RSA intervals. Fields at 60 Hz resulted in similar, but not statistically significant, trends. Fields had no effects on RSA when NO synthesis was pharmacologically inhibited. However, field effects could take place when extracellular NO, diffusing from its cell of origin to the extracellular space, was chelated by hemoglobin. These results suggest that ELF magnetic fields exert a strong influence on NO systems in the brain; therefore, they could modulate the functional state of a variety of neuronal ensembles. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The distribution of the GABAA β2,β3 subunit receptor in the cat superior colliculus using antibody immunocytochemistry

GABA-containing synaptic terminals in the cat superior colliculus include two varieties of presynaptic dendrite and at least one type of axon terminal with flattened vesicles. These anatomically distinct synaptic profiles probably also mediate different types of inhibition. Whether they are associated with different types of GABA receptor is unknown and one objective of the present paper. We used the antibody mAb 62-361 directed against the beta2,beta3 subunits of the GABA(A) receptor complex to determine whether the distribution of this receptor subunit is specific to one or more types of GABA-containing synapse. At the light microscope level, beta2,beta3 immunoreactivity was densely distributed within the neuropil of the zonal and superficial gray layers, and more lightly within the optic, intermediate, and deep gray layers. No cell bodies were labelled by the antibody in the zonal and superficial gray layers, but numerous cells contained internalized cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in the optic, intermediate gray, and deeper layers. At the ultrastructural level, synaptic sites opposite axon terminals that contained flattened synaptic vesicles (F profiles) were often beta2,beta3 immunoreactive, while postsynaptic sites opposite presynaptic dendrites (PSD profiles) were never immunoreactive. The label at F profiles usually filled the synaptic cleft and coated the postsynaptic plasma membrane. Some membrane-associated label was also found at non-synaptic sites. We conclude that this receptor subunit is selectively associated with flattened vesicle axon terminals and not with presynaptic dendrites, a result which supports evidence that those terminal types mediate different types of inhibition.
Repression of E-cadherin by the polycomb group protein EZH2 in cancer

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a critical component of the polycomb-repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which is involved in gene silencing and histone H3 lysine 27 methylation. EZH2 has a master regulatory function in controlling such processes as stem cell differentiation, cell proliferation, early embryogenesis and X chromosome inactivation. Although benign epithelial cells express very low levels of EZH2, increased levels of EZH2 have been observed in aggressive solid tumors such as those of the prostate, breast and bladder. The mechanism by which EZH2 mediates tumor aggressiveness is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that EZH2 mediates transcriptional silencing of the tumor suppressor gene E-cadherin by trimethylation of H3 lysine 27. Histone deacetylase inhibitors can prevent EZH2-mediated repression of E-cadherin and attenuate cell invasion, suggesting a possible mechanism that may be useful for the development of therapeutic treatments. Taken together, these observations provide a novel mechanism of E-cadherin regulation and establish a functional link between dysregulation of EZH2 and repression of E-cadherin during cancer progression.
Computing correlated equilibria in multi-player games

We develop a polynomial-time algorithm for finding correlated equilibria (a well-studied notion of rationality due to Aumann that generalizes the Nash equilibrium) in a broad class of succinctly representable multiplayer games, encompassing essentially all known kinds, including all graphical games, polymatrix games, congestion games, scheduling games, local effect games, as well as several generalizations. Our algorithm is based on a variant of the existence proof due to Hart and Schmeidler [11], and employs linear programming duality, the ellipsoid algorithm, Markov chain steady state computations, as well as application-specific methods for computing multivariate expectations.
CYCLIC HYDROBORATE COMPLEXES OF METALLOCENES. 1. ORGANODIBORATE RING TRANSFORMATIONS PROMOTED BY ZIRCONOCENE AND HAFNOCENE DICHLORIDES. SYNTHESES AND STRUCTURES OF ZIRCONOCENE AND HAFNOCENE BORACYCLOPENTANE DERIVATIVES

The anion [H2B2(μ-H)(μ-C4H8)2]-, II, reacts with zirconocene dichloride and with hafnocene dichloride to form (η5-C5H5)2ZrCl{(μ-H)2BC4H8}, III, and (η5-C5H5)2HfCl{(μ-H)2BC4H8}, IV, complexes, which contain a boracyclopentane ring that is bound to the metal through hydrogen bridges. In these reactions, 0.5 mol of the transannular hydrogen-bridged 10-membered ring compound B2(μ-H)2(μ-C4H8)2 is also formed. A possible reaction pathway for the formation of these complexes is proposed on the basis of time-lapse 11B NMR spectroscopy. The methyl-substituted complex (η5-C5H5)2Zr(CH3){(μ-H)2BC4H8}, V, is prepared from the reaction of III with CH3Li. The molecular structure of III was reported earlier. The structures of IV and V are reported here. Crystal data for IV: space group P21/n (No. 14), a = 8.565(1) A, b = 14.786(3) A, c = 11.120(3) A, β = 96.17(2)°, Z = 4. Crystal data for V: space group Pbca (No. 61), a = 8.436(1) A, b = 16.343(2) A, c = 20.827(2) A, Z = 8.
The Missing Niche for Spermatogonial Stem Cells: Do Blood Vessels Point the Way?

Although spermatogonial stem cell niches have been defined in lower organisms, their definitive localization in mammalian seminiferous tubules has been elusive. In a recent Science paper, Yoshida et al. (2007) elegantly demonstrated a vascular and interstitial tissue-associated niche for undifferentiated spermatogonia in the mouse.
An optimized approach to the rapid assessment and detection of sequence variants in recombinant protein products

The development of sensitive techniques to detect sequence variants (SVs), which naturally arise due to DNA mutations and errors in transcription/translation (amino acid misincorporations), has resulted in increased attention to their potential presence in protein-based biologic drugs in recent years. Often, these SVs may be below 0.1 %, adding challenges for consistent and accurate detection. Furthermore, the presence of false-positive (FP) signals, a hallmark of SV analysis, requires time-consuming analyst inspection of the data to sort true from erroneous signal. Consequently, gaps in information about the prevalence, type, and impact of SVs in marketed and in-development products are significant. Here, we report the results of a simple, straightforward, and sensitive approach to sequence variant analysis. This strategy employs mixing of two samples of an antibody or protein with the same amino acid sequence in a dilution series followed by subsequent sequence variant analysis. Using automated peptide map analysis software, a quantitative assessment of the levels of SVs in each sample can be made based on the signal derived from the mass spectrometric data. We used this strategy to rapidly detect differences in sequence variants in a monoclonal antibody after a change in process scale, and in a comparison of three mAbs as part of a biosimilar program. This approach is powerful, as true signals can be readily distinguished from FP signal, even at a level well below 0.1 %, by using a simple linear regression analysis across the data set with none to minimal inspection of the MS/MS data. Additionally, the data produced from these studies can also be used to make a quantitative assessment of relative levels of product quality attributes. The information provided here extends the published knowledge about SVs and provides context for the discussion around the potential impact of these SVs on product heterogeneity and immunogenicity.
A SQUID readout system for a superconducting gyroscope

A design of a read out system for a superconducting gyroscope to be used in an orbiting Gyroscope Relativity Experiment is discussed. The "London Moment" of the superconducting rotor, which lies along the spin axis of the rotor, will be measured with a SQUID type magnetometer. The SQUID will be built around the gyro rotor, with a very close spacing to give an inductance between 10-8and 10-9Hy. A SQUID of this design should resolve 10-4φ o . The angular resolution of the gyroscope will then be \Delta\theta = 3.5 \times 10^{-3} arc-second, which is sufficient for the intended experiment.
Percutaneous Absorption After Twenty-five Years: Or “Old Wine in New Wineskins”

Two developments have greatly added to our knowledge of percutaneous absorption over the past quarter century: (1) proof that the entire stratum corneum is the effective barrier layer of the skin, and (2) the advent of highly sensitive analytical techniques. The first enabled us to measure permeation rates on excised skin and the second greatly extended the kinds of substances that could be studied in vivo and in vitro. The process of percutaneous absorption is beginning to be understood more quantitatively. New light has been shed on the elementary mechanisms of permeation, the site of diffusional resistance at the molecular level, the effect of specific functional groups on solute permeation, the role of skin appendages, and the effects of vehicles.
Group Ethos and the Communication of Social Action

If an individual can possess or be possessed by some particular type of ethos, then why not a group? This article defines, and empirically supports with case studies, three modes of group ethos that are culturally available to work groups in modern organizational settings. Each mode is associated with a particular communication style. The three group ethos modes are (a) pluralistic, associated with a pragmatic style of communication; (b) social movement, which communicates via protest; and (c) administrative-technical, which manifests via a prescriptive communication style. Characteristic communication strengths, weaknesses, and management problems are associated with each mode. The ethos mode will explicitly inform group communication and rhetoric and hence can be reliably inferred by observers. Group effectiveness problems are often attributable to groups entrained by their own ethos or to clashes of groups of differing ethos. Hybridism of modes is possible and may offer advantages in effectiveness.
PARALYSIS INDUCED BY FEEDING SYNTHETIC GLYCERIDES TO CHICKS.

SummaryFeeding mixed triglycerides synthesized from soybean oil fatty acids as the sole non-protein energy source in a simplified diet produced severe growth retardation, incoordination, and a crippling leg paralysis in young chicks. The possibility that these effects may be due to the lack of an unidentified essential nutrient is discussed.
Advanced Imaging of the Spine in Small Animals

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are now routinely used in the diagnostic investigation of spinal diseases. This review discusses the fundamentals of CT and MRI, the technical aspects of both modalities, and the CT and MR imaging features of the most common spinal diseases. Both CT and MRI offer significant advantages over survey radiographs and myelography. Whereas very few veterinary studies have been published demonstrating the benefits of CT or MRI over regular myelography, a wealth of data exists from studies on humans. 1 The few comparative veterinary studies confirm the findings seen in humans. The overall diagnostic sensitivity of MRI is superior to CT, and as such MRI can be used to image the vast majority of spinal disorders, with few exceptions (eg, spinal trauma caused by gun shot). Routine survey radiographs are always recommended before proceeding with advanced imaging because the area of interest may be more specifically localized, thus reducing scanning time, and severe spinal/ osseous lesions, such as hemivertebrae or discospondylitis, may be identified without the need of advanced imaging studies. However, depending on the clinical status and treatment plan, advanced imaging may still be needed.
Plastic flow between Bridgman anvils under high pressures

The shear strength of materials after extensive plastic flow under a superimposed high hydrostatic stress component is most conveniently studied by means of Bridgman opposed anvils between which thin disk-shaped samples are sheared through relative rotation. A newly designed apparatus of this type permits, for the first time ever, the monitoring of sample thickness during shearing and thus the obtaining of averaged shear stress/shear strain curves. Such relations are needed for the better understanding of geological processes, behavior under shock or explosive impact, and of the surface layers during friction and wear, among others. A semiquantitative analysis shows that nonuniform pressure distribution in the samples cannot significantly falsify the results. It is concluded that distributed shearing is always accompanied by sample thinning and that, conversely, slippage between anvils and specimens is indicated whenever the sample stops thinning during rotation. Such slippage can be greatly reduced by raising the friction coefficient through etching of samples and/or anvils, but it apparently occurred undiscovered in previous studies, partly after initial distributed shearing. Further, in previous results slippage between directly contacting anvils was frequently mistaken for sample shearing. Additionally, the previously neglected sample material being extruded during shearing can falsify results, as can “turbulent flow” initiated at sample perforation. Correspondingly all prior data gained with Bridgman apparatuses are suspect. Present best results indicate (i) that in metals ordinary dislocation glide but apparently with strongly increased Peierls–Nabarro stresses continues to the highest pressures studied, (ii) that independent of thermal activation workhardening may cease at high strains, and (iii) that “turbulent flow” resulting through sample perforation or when the sample thickness decreases below a critical value, can give rise to mechanical alloying. The majority if not all of the data by Bridgman as well as Vereshchagin et al. probably involved such mechanical alloying. When plotted versus pressure in units of shear moduli, the apparent coefficients of friction of the five cubic metals examined so far follow nearly the same curve but they are lower for metals of lower symmetry.