cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Using Coherent Laser-Induced Thermal Gratings

A new pulsed four-wave mixing technique for the detection and real-time measurement of circular dichroism (CD) in liquid samples is demonstrated. The technique is based on the formation and detection of transient thermal gratings formed by the interference of two laser beams whose polarizations are controlled and modulated using a photoelastic modulator. Through an internal heterodyne process, coherent thermal gratings interfere to greatly enhance a weak circular dichroism signal. By measuring the ratio of the difference of scattered laser light from two different polarizations, ΔS, to the average amount of scattered light, Save, one can determine the value of Δe/e for the compound under investigation. Samples of chiral camphorquinone are used to demonstrate the technique in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. These studies of camphorquinone, which has a value of Δe/e ≈ 10-3 at 266 nm, produce values of ΔS/Save which are orders of magnitude larger than Δe/e and which approach 2 (the mathematical limit...
Evaluating interfacial gaps for esthetic inlays

Because of some inadequacies associated with the direct fill posterior composite resin, the inlay/onlay form of the same material or ceramic agents has been introduced. This clinical investigation measured the wear rate of several types of luting agents with both resin and ceramic restorative systems and identified several factors related to wear of the cementing agent.
Interorganizational information systems and the structure and climate of seller-buyer relationships

A model was developed to show the association between specialized investments in an Interorganizational System (IOIS) and the structure and climate of the relationship between the participating organizations. Four hypotheses were proposed: In a seller-buyer relationship, specialized IOIS investments are associated with: 1) decreased control over decision making for the firm making the specialized investments; 2) increased formalization of transactions; 3) increased vertical interactions; and 4) under certain conditions, a more positive transactional climate. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) techniques were used to test the model. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey of independent agencies in the property and casualty insurance industry. The findings suggested that the first and second hypotheses were not supported, whereas the third and fourth hypotheses received considerable support.
SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF LIVE ATTENUATED INFLUENZA VACCINES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

Inactivated influenza vaccines confer incomplete and transient protection from disease, and the whole-virus inactivated vaccines cause high rates of reactions in children. Live, attenuated vaccines have been developed from cold-adapted (CA) and avian-human (AH) influenza virus reassortants, and are safe and effective in adults. We compared the infectious dose50, immunogenicity, reactogenicity and transmissability of CA and AH influenza A/Bethesda/85 (H3N2) reassortant vaccines in young children. Fifty-eight seronegative 6 to 36 months old children were studied in groups of 6 to 10 in close contact in a day-care-like setting for 2 days before and 9 days after receiving a placebo or 103 to 106 TCID50 of either vaccine. Seroconversion occurred in >50% of children who received a dose of 106 TCID50 of either vaccine. There were no differences in rates of febrile or respiratory illness between vaccinees and placebo recipients. Vaccine virus was shed in low titers (5.6 to 27.5 TCID50/ml) for 1 to 5 days by vaccinees, and no transmission to placebo contacts occurred. Both vaccines appear to be safe and immunogenic in young children and infants.
Prediction of HIV drug resistance from genotype with encoded three-dimensional protein structure

Drug resistance has become a severe challenge for treatment of HIV infections. Mutations accumulate in the HIV genome and make certain drugs ineffective. Prediction of resistance from genotype data is a valuable guide in choice of drugs for effective therapy. In order to improve the computational prediction of resistance from genotype data we have developed a unified encoding of the protein sequence and three-dimensional protein structure of the drug target for classification and regression analysis. The method was tested on genotype-resistance data for mutants of HIV protease and reverse transcriptase. Our graph based sequence-structure approach gives high accuracy with a new sparse dictionary classification method, as well as support vector machine and artificial neural networks classifiers. Cross-validated regression analysis with the sparse dictionary gave excellent correlation between predicted and observed resistance. The approach of encoding the protein structure and sequence as a 210-dimensional vector, based on Delaunay triangulation, has promise as an accurate method for predicting resistance from sequence for drugs inhibiting HIV protease and reverse transcriptase.
The stability of a stratified flow

This paper deals theoretically with the problem of the hydrodynamic stability of a stratified flow of a viscous fluid. The primary flow consists of two laminar streams of viscous fluids of different densities flowing in opposite directions between two parallel inclined planes under the action of gravity. The effect of surface tension at the interface of the two fluids is included in the formulation of the problem.Since instability can be expected to occur at low Reynolds numbers when the inclination is nearly vertical, the solution of the Orr–Sommerfeld equations is developed as a power series in the transverse space co-ordinate. It is shown that for the vertical case, the flow is unstable for all values of the Reynolds number. Surface tension is found to influence both the direction and celerity of the disturbance. Results are also given for inclinations slightly away from the vertical, where small critical Reynolds numbers do exist.
Severe Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection in a Child with Undiagnosed Addison's Disease.

This report describes a case of West Nile virus (WNV) meningoencephalitis in a child who presented with fever, headache, seizures, and altered mental status, as well as hyponatremia and bronzing of the skin. Findings that led to the diagnosis of WNV included plasma-cell pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and linear chorioretinitis on ophthalmologic exam. The diagnosis was confirmed by a positive serum and CSF WNV IgM. The acute WNV infection triggered an adrenal crisis which uncovered a new diagnosis of underlying Addison's disease. This is the first case report of severe neuroinvasive WNV disease in a pediatric patient with primary adrenal insufficiency. Neuroinvasive WNV disease is uncommon in children, but may have a more severe presentation in those with certain underlying medical conditions.
The savory swimmer swims north : a northern range extension of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus?

Worldwide, climate-change is shifting species distributions poleward. Here I present recent (2012-2014) observations of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896, in the Gulf of Maine (GoM), north of its historical range of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. To test the hypothesis of a climate-driven range expansion, I examined near-surface ocean temperatures. On average, ocean temperatures in the GoM in summer 2012 and 2013 were up to 1.3°C higher than the average of the previous decade, suggesting that warmer waters may have promoted the recruitment of C. sapidus to the GoM. Previous ephemeral populations of C. sapidus in the Gulf of Maine have been reported since the 1860s. Recent observations and continued warming in the northwest Atlantic may signal a permanent poleward expansion of C. sapidus into the GoM. If so, then a key goal for ecologists and managers will be to understand the effect of C. sapidus on GoM food-webs and fisheries.
Gaming history: computer and video games as historical scholarship

‘Gaming History’ explores how scholarly computer and video games could be developed to present original historical scholarship and meet the standards of the discipline. Instead of a monograph and the presentation of the history as lineal narrative, the work of the historian could be produced as a video game. Not historical fiction that sacrifices history for story and not a video game that sacrifices history for gameplay, but a video game that presents original research rivaling any great work of history, transforming readers, learners, and viewers into players interacting with history. The video game offers far greater potential for the creation and presentation of history than any other entertainment or interactive media. Although computer and video games may seem to be far removed from the historical narrative, both examine and form points of view about how cultures, economies, polities, and societies function. Ignoring the realities of budget and hiring a game design team, this article will imagine ho...
Development of cerebellar astroglia: transitions in form and cytoskeletal content

The forms, disposition, and cytoskeletal contents of astroglia in immature mouse cerebellum were studied by immunocytochemical staining with antisera against two intermediate filament proteins, vimentin (Vim) (58,000 daltons) and glial filament protein (GF) (51,000 daltons). From embryonic (E) Day 15 to postnatal (P) Day 2, Vim is expressed in cells throughout the cerebellar anlage, including radial glia and Bergmann fibers, cells with amorphous shapes and 2-3 processes, and thick longitudinal elements oriented parallel to axons within axon tracts. GF is not expressed during the first few postnatal days, but by P7, there is a dramatic increase in GF-positive astrocyte-like cells in the putative white matter that are more densely stained and more crowded than at any other age. Between P7 and P14 all astrocytes throughout the cerebellum express both Vim and GF. From P21 on, Vim expression is progressively rarer in all astrocytes except for Bergmann fibers, and GF-positive astrocytes become less numerous. These findings raise two issues: (a) the lineage and relationships of cells expressing Vim and GF; (b) Since GF-positive cells appear as axon ingrowth ceases, axons must grow in a terrain comprised of glial cells that have a different cytoskeletal composition (vimentin), reflecting a less differentiated state, than mature astrocytes or than the GF-rich astrocytes that proliferate after injury in adult CNS.
On the lifting problem for homogeneous ideals

Abstract The lifting problem for homogeneous ideals is studied. A relation between a homogeneous ideal J and its liftings is established using a syzygy basis of J . This relation is then used to obtain an algorithm for finding all the liftings of a homogeneous ideal. As an application of the algorithm, we discover the first example of a homogeneous ideal of dimension 0 in four variables which is not liftable to a radical ideal over the field of rational numbers.
Results of Increased Fish Harvest in Lost Island Lake

Abstract Lost Island Lake in northwest Iowa is a shallow glacial lake with a surface area of 1,260 acres. It is an important fishing lake, and management practices have centered around the maintenance of fishing for the black bullhead (Ameiurus m. melas). Following a partial freeze-out in 1940–41 a large year class of black bullheads was produced. The growth of this year class was observed from 1941 to 1950. By 1946 it was apparent that the growth was slow and stunting had occurred. This condition was coupled with the presence of a large carp (Cyprinus carpio) population and a low volume of potential food organisms. Recommendations were made to harvest as many carp as possible and to remove the catch limits on bullheads. Carp removal ranged from 80.8 pounds per acre in 1946 to 23.6 pounds per acre in 1950. Creel census revealed that a minimum of 842,000 bullheads were harvested by hook and line during the 3-year period from 1946 through 1948, with a catch of 5.2 fish per hour in 1946 and 1947. The harvest...
Is genomic evaluation feasible in endoscopic studies of Barrett's esophagus? A pilot study.

Background The global gene expression in Barrett's esophagus (BE) in comparison to adjacent or histologically similar tissues has not been extensively studied. Objective To test the feasibility of conducting gene arrays in endoscopically obtained mucosal specimens. Design Cross-sectional feasibility study. Setting The Houston Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients We collected endoscopic biopsies from BE, normal esophagus, antrum, duodenum, and sigmoid colon from 5 patients with BE. RNA was extracted and subjected to cDNA microarrays and gene expression was compared between BE and control tissues. Reverse transcription-PCR was conducted to confirm some of the findings. Main Outcome Measurements Gene expression profiles in BE tissues and 4 control sites: squamous esophagus, antrum, duodenum, sigmoid colon. Results On average, 2 biopsies by disposable jumbo biopsy forceps provided approximately 5 μg required for microarrays. From the original number of 22,283 gene probes, 13,805 genes had a quality score of P Limitations Small sample size. Conclusions Microarray-based studies are feasible in endoscopically obtained tissues. Differences in gene expression could identify potential markers and shed light on the pathogenesis of BE.
Neurochemical organization of the macaque striate cortex: Correlation of cytochrome oxidase with Na+K+ATPase, NADPH-diaphorase, nitric oxide synthase, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1

Abstract Previously, we found that cytochrome oxidase-rich zones in the supragranular layers of the macaque striate cortex had more asymmetric, glutamate-immunoreactive synapses than the surrounding, cytochrome oxidase-poor regions. A major glutamate receptor family is N-methyl- d -aspartate, which is implicated in the stimulation of nitric oxide synthase and in the production of nitric oxide, a gaseous intra- and inter-cellular messenger. To determine if energy-generating and energy-utilizing enzymes bore any spatial relationship with neurochemicals associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission in the monkey visual cortex, serial cortical sections were processed histochemically for cytochrome oxidase and NADPH-diaphorase, and immunohistochemically for sodium/potassium-ATPase, nitric oxide synthase, and N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor subunit 1 protein, respectively. The general patterns were similar among the five neurochemicals, with layers 4C, 6 and supragranular puffs being labelled, although the intensity of labelling differed among them. Monocular impulse blockade with tetrodotoxin for two to four weeks induced a down-regulation of all five neurochemicals not only in deprived layer 4C ocular dominance columns, but also in deprived rows of puffs. Thus, the regulation of all five neurochemicals in the mature visual cortex is activity-dependent. Combined cytochrome oxidase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunohistochemistry in the same sections revealed that double-labelled cells were primarily medium-sized non-pyramidals in various cortical layers. Likewise, those that were double-labelled by N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor subunit 1 immunohistochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunogold–silver staining in the same sections were of the medium-sized non-pyramidal neurons. At the ultrastructural level, combined cytochrome oxidase cytochemistry and postembedding immunogold labelling for nitric oxide synthase showed that immunogold particles for nitric oxide synthase were more heavily concentrated in cytochrome oxidase-rich type C cells. These medium-sized non-pyramidal cells were previously found to be gamma aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive and received both gamma aminobutyric acid- and glutamate-immunoreactive axosomatic synapses. Thus, our results are consistent with an enrichment of excitatory synaptic interactions in metabolically active regions of the primate visual cortex that involves glutamate-related neurochemicals, such as N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors and nitric oxide synthase. These interactions impose a higher energy demand under normal conditions and are down-regulated by retinal impulse blockade.
Single appointment insemination for heifers after prostaglandin or progestin synchronization of estrus.

Abstract Pregnancy rates to a single appointment insemination were compared in seven groups of beef or dairy heifers following estrus synchronization with the prostaglandin F 2a product, cloprostenol, versus the progestin product, Syncro-Mate-B. For cloprostenol synchronization, two injections of cloprostenol were given 11 d apart, with insemination occurring at 61±1 h after the second injection. The Syncro-Mate-B treatment consisted of a norgestomet/estradiol injection and a norgestomet implant on Day 0, followed by insemination at 49±1 h after implant removal on Day 9. Treatments were coordinated so all heifers in each group were housed together at the time of and for 48 h before a common insemination time so that the treatment received by individual heifers was not known. Overall pregnancy rates did not differ between treatment groups: 42% for 111 heifers treated with cloprostenol and 38% for 108 heifers treated with Syncro-Mate-B. Four blood samples per heifer taken during each replicate showed that two groups (n = 67) had many noncyclic heifers, while five groups (n = 152) had very few. Differences in pregnancy rates between these categories existed for both estrus synchronization methods, 18 versus 53% for cloprostenol and 21 versus 45% for Syncro-Mate-B. Thus the two methods were equally effective for cyclic heifers and equally ineffective for noncyclic heifers.
Helical formation of a 13-residue C-peptide analogue of ribonuclease a in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution

The conformation of a 13-residue C-peptide analogue of ribonuclease A——in surfactant solutions was studied by CD. The CD spectrum of the peptide in excess NaDodSO4 solution was typical for a helical conformation; the spectrum appeared to be virtually independent of pH (2.5–6) and temperature (3–25°C). Analysis of the CD data indicated a helicity of about 65–70% with no α-sheet and β-turn; this corresponded to 8 or 9 residues in the helical form or slightly more than two turns of α-helix. This compares with an average of about one turn of α-helix for the C-peptide analogue in water at pH 4.7 and 7°C. The conformation of the peptide in cationic surfactant, dodecyl ammonium chloride, and nonionic surfactant, dodecyl heptaoxyethylene ether, solution resembled that in water. We concluded that the C-peptide analogue can develop a maximum helicity close to the corresponding segment in ribonuclease A in hydrophobic environment provided by the clustering of NaDodSO4 molecules to the cationic side groups of the peptide, except that the end effects may destabilize two or three residues each at both ends of the helix. Thus, in the interior of a protein molecule this hydrophobic effect may overshadow the charged-group effect than can be explained by the helix dipole model for the helical segments on the exterior of the protein molecule.
Determination of Sterols and Fatty Acids in Prostate Health Dietary Supplements by Silica Gel High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography with Visible Mode Densitometry

Abstract A quantitative method using silica gel high performance thin layer chromatography plates, semiautomated bandwise sample application, and automated visible mode densitometry has been developed for the determination of the steroids and fatty acids in two nutritional supplements consumed to aid prostate and urinary health. The mobile phase was petroleum ether‐diethyl ether‐glacial acetic acid (80:20:1), and lipids were detected with phosphomolybdic acid reagent. A softgel containing 320 mg of saw palmetto extract with 85–95% of sterols plus fatty acids and a caplet product containing 300 mg of mixed sterols were analyzed. By comparison to a mixed neutral lipids standard, results averaged 32.1% of free fatty acids plus free sterols for the softgels and 141% recovery of mixed sterols for the caplets relative to these stated label values. Other neutral lipids were found in the samples, including triacylglycerols, steryl esters, and two unidentified fractions.
Evaporative Cooling of a Two-Component Degenerate Fermi Gas

We derive a quantum theory of evaporative cooling for a degenerate Fermi gas with two constituents and show that the optimum cooling trajectory is influenced significantly by the quantum statistics of the particles. The cooling efficiency is reduced at low temperatures due to Pauli blocking of available final states in each binary collision event. We compare the theoretical optimum trajectory with experimental data on cooling a quantum degenerate cloud of potassium-40, and show that temperatures as low as 0.3 times the Fermi temperature can now be achieved.
Some comparisons of tests for a shift in the slopes of a multivariate linear time series model

Abstract Our objective is to find a simple, robust, reasonably powerful test for a shift in one or more of the slopes in a linear time series model at some unknown point of time. Two such tests are ‘Chow's test’ (1960) for a shift at the midpoint of the record and the ‘Farley-Hinich test’ (1970b); both can be performed easily with standard regression programs. In section 2, we compare the asymptotic properties of these tests when the disturbance variance is known. As expected, Chow's test is superior when the true shift is near the middle of the record; with a single, uniformly-distributed explanatory variable, the Farley-Hinich tests dominates over the remaining eighty-four percent of the record. In section 3, we describe the results of some Monte Carlo experiments with a finite sample, which can be summarized as follows. (i) The asymptotic results of section 2 were appropriate for finite sample power comparisons. (ii) The relative performance of the two tests does not depend appreciably on whether the variance is known. (iii) The likelihood ratio test, which is far more costly to perform than the other two tests, does not dominate either Chow's test or the Farley-Hinich test; it has moderately more power at the ends of the record, moderately less in the middle. The conclusion is clear: at low cost (in terms of computer cost and lost power), one can reduce the probability of over- looking a structural shift by routinely performing Chow's test or the Farley-Hinich test.
Sol−Gel Synthesis of Layered Birnessite-Type Manganese Oxides

Layered birnessite-type manganese oxides have been synthesized by sol−gel reactions involving KMnO4 or NaMnO4 with glucose. These microporous manganese oxides are designated as octahedral layer materials, K-OL-1 and Na-OL-1, because their layered structure consists of edge-shared MnO6 octahedra. The interlayer regions are occupied by alkali metal cations and water molecules. K-OL-1 and Na-OL-1 have been characterized by elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The empirical formula of K-OL-1 has been determined to be K0.28MnO1.96(H2O)0.19. An interlayer spacing of 7 A, typical of natural and synthetic birnessites, has been measured by X-ray diffraction. The sol−gel synthesis of K-OL-1 is carried out with concentrated aqueous solutions of glucose and KMnO4 in a 1.5:1 mole ratio. Diluted reaction mixtures produce flocculent gels or precipitates which yield other manganese oxide phases such as cryptomelane and Mn2O3. The ...
Nature of the block in the expression of some early virus genes in cells abortively infected with human cytomegalovirus

Abstract Certain functions normally expressed during the early phase of productive human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in human embryonic lung (HEL) cells are not expressed in abortively infected rabbit kidney (RK) cells. To determine the stage at which infection is blocked in RK cells, HCMV transcripts synthesized by these abortively infected cultures were compared to those synthesized during early stages of infection in productively infected HEL cells. The rate of accumulation of HCMV-specific RNA was approximately six- to eightfold lower in RK than in HEL cells during the first 24 hr postinfection. Although the rate of RNA accumulation did not decrease thereafter in RK cells, it did increase significantly in HEL cells and was dependent on the replication of virus DNA. Transcripts obtained from HEL cells 24 hr postinfection (either in the absence or presence of phosphonoacetic acid) and from abortively infected RK cells were analyzed by the Southern technique. Most of the “early” transcripts which accumulated in infected permissive cells were also present in the infected nonpermissive cells at 24 hr postinfection. However, some of the early transcripts (complementary to approximately 7% of the genome) were significantly underrepresented in RK cells. Furthermore, transcripts originating from one region of the genome, which were abundantly represented as cytoplasmic RNA both in productively and nonproductively infected cells, and which were polysome-associated in HEL cells, were found associated with polysomes in RK cells in very low amounts only. Northern blot analysis of the total and polysomal RNA from infected HEL cells and RK cells confirmed these findings. These results show that differences between productively infected HEL and nonproductively infected RK cells exist at the level of accumulation of some early transcripts, as well as at the level of association of some of these transcripts with polysomes.
Nonlinear control of U-tube steam generators via H∞ control

Abstract The objective of this paper is to design, analyze and evaluate a controller for the water level of U-tube steam generators. The control objective is to closely regulate the water level during extreme load variations and despite drifts in process parameters. The controller design is based on the H∞-norm. Gain-scheduling is used to obtain a global water-level controller. The controller performance is satisfactory at all power levels. In view of a comparative analysis of the H∞ controller with an LQG/LTR controller, implementation and use of the gain-scheduled H∞ controller over the equivalent LQG/LTR controller is recommended.
Difluorodiazirine. IV. Synthesis of substituted perfluorocyclopropanes

The preparation of eight previously undisclosed substituted perfluorocyclopropanes by the addition of difluorocarbene to the respective fluorocarbon olefins is described. The yields, generally 30-85%, are dependent upon the reaction temperature, the amount of excess olefin and the nature of the groups present in the fluoroolefin.
Linear correlations between Florida Current volume transport and surface speed with Miami sea‐level and weather during 1964‐70

Summary. The 1964-70 Florida Current data of Niiler & Richardson are examined for linear correlation with observed sea-level and weather, because their data provide an independent test of similar correlations reported in Maul et al. Seventy-five values of directly measured volume transport and 67 values of surface speed from Niiler & Richardson's unevenly spaced data are correlated with available daily mean values of Miami Beach sea-level, Bimini sea-level, Bimini-Miami Beach sea-level difference, and Miami weather (barometric pressure, air temperature, and north and east components of wind speed). Statistical frequency distribution of transport and of surface speed suggest variability that is not dominated by annual and/or semiannual cycles. Volume transport is most highly correlated with Bimini minus Miami Beach sea-level difference, and surface speed is most highly correlated with inverted Miami Beach sea-level. Including certain weather variables results in statistically significant improvements in linear multivariate modelling of transport and surface speed from sea-level; the standard errors are ± 2.6 sverdrup and ±10 cms−1 respectively. Linear correlation coefficients and multivariate regression parameters from Niiler & Richardson's data are in agreement with those from Maul et al., except that the standard error of estimating volume transport from sea-level is smaller in Maul et al., apparently because of smaller errors in the direct measurements.
Critical Properties of the Assembly Call of the Common American Crow

According to tradition, the communication system of the American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, consists of an assortment of distinct sounds each of which is used in a particular context and has a unique meaning. Despite this traditional view, we have made field observations which suggested that the sounds employed in various different functional contexts overlap considerably. These observations further suggested that each sound does not have a single unique meaning, but that its meaning varies depending upon how it and similar sounds are temporally organized into calling sequences. In order to investigate this idea, a series of experiments were performed in which the temporal properties of natural sounds recorded from crows in the field were changed. These experiments were concerned primarily with the vocalization known as the assembly call. The assembly call consists of series of sounds which are low, harsh, and variable in pitch and timing. Broadcast to crows in the field, recorded assembly calls provoke an aggregation of crows to the sound source about twenty-five percent of the time. The recordings broadcasted were of two sorts: sequences made up by modifying the temporal properties of a natural assembly call and sequences of sounds derived from calls given in other functional contexts which were then rearranged to approximate the temporal properties of an assembly call. These calls were tested on wild crows in the field. A presentation of a call was counted successful if at least one crow approached the sound source on a direct line. Different calls were compared with respect to the proportion of successful presentations. The results show that not all types of crow sounds can be manufactured into effective assembly calls. A high pitched call, even when arranged to approximate the temporal properties of the assembly call does not assemble crows at rates approaching the rate of assembly to natural assembly calls. On the other hand, the results also show that a sound need not be derived from an assembly call in order to be arranged into an effective assembly call. A call recorded in another functional context, but which has a harsh, grainy quality will assemble crows as well as or better than an assembly call if it is presented in the proper temporal arrangement. In fact, the highest rates of success were provoked by a sequence of such sounds having a high rate of emission and organized into short cycles of increasing rate. Such a call is two to four times more effective than a natural assembly call. These results are inconsistent with the traditional view that each particular caw in the repertoire of a crow has a discrete stable meaning. An alternate hypothesis is suggested in which the meaning of a sequence of crow sounds is thought to depend not only on the properties of the caws but upon the temporal properties of the sequence as well.
373 CLINICAL ASSOCIATIONS WITH SS-A ANTIBODIES IN CHILDREN

Antibodies to SS-A (Ro) are associated with primary Sjogren's syndrome, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), subacute cutaneous LE with of without C2 deficiency and neonatal lupus. They can also be found in up to 1 % of healthy individuals. Antibodies to SS-A are rare in childhood. We retrospectively looked at clinical pictures of all children who had circulating SS-A antibodies determined with immunodiffusion (IF) and ELISA techniques in the year 1993. SS-A antibodies were detected in nine children, six girls and three boys. The majority of children were from Caucasian origin, two were Hindustan and one negroid. One of the patients was a neonate with a congenital heart-block (mother ANA and SS-A positive without clinical symptoms). In the other children the age of onset of clinical symtoms varied from 5 to 12 years. Two patients were diagnosed as SLE with secondary Sjogren's syndrome, two as SLE with nefritis (one with restrictive lung disease), three as undefined autoimmune disease (one with a chronic uveitis) and two boys with fatigue, myopathy and parotic swellling (Raynaud's phenomenon in one). In all patients fatigue was a predominant symptom. None of the patients complained of dry eyes. Antinuclear antibodies were positive in seven children, antibodies to dsDNA in four. In conclusion, SS-A antibodies are associated with a limited number of clinical syndromes and may be present in spite of a negative ANA-IF test. Longtime follow-up is indicated as it may take years for autoimmune diseases to fully develop.
Comparison of the discriminative and neuroendocrine effects of centrally penetrating κ-opioid agonists in rhesus monkeys

Abstract Rationale. The discriminative effects of κ-agonists may be mediated centrally, whereas their effects in a neuroendocrine biomarker assay (prolactin release) may be mediated by κ-receptors in hypothalamic areas outside the blood-brain barrier. Prolactin may thus be a useful biomarker, due to its potential to provide quantitative pharmacodynamic data for κ-opioid ligands in vivo. The potency of centrally penetrating κ-agonists could be similar in these two assays, due to their ability to occupy κ-receptor pools inside and outside the blood-brain barrier, following SC administration. Objective. To compare the potency of centrally penetrating κ-agonists in producing U69,593-like discriminative stimulus effects (U69,593 is considered a selective κ-agonist), and in producing prolactin release in rhesus monkeys. Methods. Cumulative dose-effect curves of κ-agonists (R84760, bremazocine, spiradoline and U50,488) were investigated in a food-reinforced U69,593 discrimination (n=3), and compared to those for the µ-opioids fentanyl and nalbuphine and the δ-agonist SNC80. Selected κ-opioids (R84760 and spiradoline) were compared to fentanyl, nalbuphine and SNC80 in the neuroendocrine biomarker assay, in intact female rhesus monkeys (n=4). Results. All the selective κ-agonists caused dose-dependent generalization (i.e. at least 90% drug-appropriate responding) in the U69,593 discriminating subjects, and caused robust, dose-dependent prolactin release in female rhesus monkeys. By contrast, fentanyl, nalbuphine and SNC80 did not cause generalization in these subjects. Fentanyl and nalbuphine also caused prolactin release; quantitative antagonism (apparent pKB) experiments following nalmefene (0.01, 0.1 mg/kg) differentiated the effects of a selective κ-agonist (spiradoline) from those of a selective µ-agonist (fentanyl). A positive correlation (r=0.99) was noted between the mean log ED50 of κ-agonists in the discrimination and neuroendocrine assays, from these and previous determinations. Conclusions. The potency of centrally penetrating κ-agonists in causing their neuroendocrine effects is similar to their potency in causing discriminative effects. Furthermore, apparent pKB experiments with nalmefene differentiated the receptor mediation (i.e. κ or µ) of these compounds in the neuroendocrine biomarker assay.
Maternal power assertion in discipline and moral discourse contexts: commonalities, differences, and implications for children's moral conduct and cognition

Parental power assertion is traditionally studied in the behavioral domain--discipline triggered by the child's immediate misbehavior--but rarely in the cognitive domain--parent-child discussions of the child's past misbehavior. Maternal power assertion was observed in "do" and 'don't" discipline contexts from 14 to 45 months and in the context of mother-child discourse about a recent misbehavior at 56 months. Mothers' use of power cohered across the "do," 'don't," and discourse contexts, but its implications were domain specific. Power assertion in the 'don't" discipline context predicted behavioral outcomes (more moral conduct at 56 and 73 months, less antisocial conduct at 73 months) but not cognitive outcomes (moral cognition at 56 and 73 months). Power assertion in the discourse context predicted less mature moral cognition but not moral or antisocial conduct. Mothers' high Neuroticism predicted more power assertion in all three contexts. Child effects were examined.
Individual and Group Meaning-Making in an Urban Third Grade Classroom: Red Fog, Cold Cans, and Seeping Vapor.

We examined third graders' understandings of condensation using an expanded notion of the Emergent Perspective, a reflexive consideration of individual and group meaning-making situated in the culture of the classroom. Data were collected from two small groups of students in an inquiry-based, urban classroom during a unit on the water cycle. Measures included conceptual pre-/posttests, interviews, written work, and discourse analyses of a science lesson. Although we identified the supportive role of the teacher's explicit assessments of children's ideas, within the small groups, the force that most potently shaped meaning-making was students' persuasive power, which was in part influenced by the rhetorical moves employed. Specifically, students' evaluative comments (a type of rhetorical move) about contributions of other group members seemed to be particularly persuasive in these groups. Evaluative comments, apart from students' academic status, were shown to be an important influence in not only social knowledge production but also in individual internalization. Our explanation focuses on the particular discursive practices as intellectual resources of urban students, but we are also mindful of the cognitive complexity of the material and the developmental abilities of the students. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 1032–1061, 2005
AUTOREGULATION IN THE IMMATURE KIDNEY

In the adult, renal autoregulation may be mediated by the renin-angiotensin system(RAS). Autoregulation has not been fully investigated in the puppy. Nine, 4-5wks. old puppies were studied. Renal blood flow(RBF)was measured by electromagnetic flow meter. Sar1ala8angiotensin II(anti II)an antagonist of angioten sin II(AII)was administered into the renal artery(4ug/min)and subsequently intravenously(IV)(4ug/min) In both instances RBF(1.6±0.3ml/gm/min)was unchanged by anti II and mean arterial pressure(MAP)remained constant (78±4mmHg). In 6 puppies, during intrarenal infusion of anti II, All given IV raised MAP to 100mmHg. RBF increased promptly from 1.6±0.3 to 2.0±0.6ml/gm/min but returned to control levels within 40sec. in spite of persistent MAP elevation. In 3 other puppies reduction of renal perfusion pressure by aortic constriction to 50mmHg did not cause a fall in RBF. This model provides a useful new means of defining autoregulation. In these puppies, renal autoregulation, RBF and arterial pressure are not regulated by the RAS.
Factor Analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra of Compatible Blends of Polyphenylene Oxides and Polystyrene

Fourier transform infrared spectra has been obtained of compatible blends of polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and polystyrene (PS). An incompatible blend of polyphenylene oxide and poly(4-chlorostyrene) (P4C1S) was also studied. Factor analysis was used to determine the number of components in the blend system. The data indicated that three components existed in the PPO/PS compatible system and only two in the PPO/P4C1S system. The interaction spectrum in the compatible blend was determined by a double-subtraction technique and used to analyze the blend system for the magnitude of the interaction as a function of composition. The interaction was maximum at a 70/30 composition in agreement with other data.
A laminin substrate promotes myogenesis in rat skeletal muscle cultures: analysis of replication and development using antidesmin and anti-BrdUrd monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract Cells from newborn rat hindlimb show greatly enhanced myogenicity when grown on surfaces coated with poly- l -lysine followed by laminin (PLL/Lam) instead of the collagens routinely used. Coating with poly- l -lysine (PLL) alone or with PLL followed by collagen does not enhance myogenicity. Both myogenic and nonmyogenic cells, as distinguished by a monoclonal antibody specific for desmin, attach equally well to collagen- and laminin-coated surfaces, but there is a two- to five-fold increase in the number of myogenic cells on PLL/Lam by 72 hr, followed by increased myotube formation. To determine whether this increase in myogenic cells was a consequence of a selective increase in proliferation on PLL/Lam, incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine into DNA followed by labeling with anti-BrdUrd antibody was used as an index of cell proliferation. The results indicate that desmin is expressed in replicating rat myoblasts, and that replication of myogenic cells is greatly enhanced on laminin compared to collagen. The rate of replication of nonmyogenic cells is the same on both substrates. Addition of 10 μg/ml laminin to the medium of cells seeded on PLL or collagen has no effect on myogenicity. We conclude that a laminin substrate enhances skeletal myogenesis in vitro by promoting selectively the replication of myoblasts. Cultures prepared from fetuses at 17 and 19 days gestation also show enhanced myogenicity when grown on PLL/Lam, while those from 15-day fetuses do not. Growth and development of fetal myoblasts on collagen were very poor, whereas myoblasts from the newborn rat do proliferate and differentiate on this substrate. Thus myogenic cells at different stages of fetal and neonatal development may require and respond to different extracellular environments. Myotube formation in the E63 clone of L8 rat myoblasts is inhibited by PLL/Lam.
Templated Chemistry for Sequence-Specific Fluorogenic Detection of Duplex DNA

We describe the development of templated fluorogenic chemistry for detection of specific sequences of duplex DNA in solution. In this approach, two modified homopyrimidine oligodeoxynucleotide probes are designed to bind by triple-helix formation at adjacent positions on a specific purine-rich target sequence of duplex DNA. One fluorescein-labeled probe contains an α-azidoether linker to a fluorescence quencher; the second (trigger) probe carries a triarylphosphine group that is designed to reduce the azide and cleave the linker. The data showed that at pH 5.6 these probes yielded a strong fluorescence signal within minutes on addition to a complementary homopurine duplex DNA target. The signal increased by a factor of about 60, and was completely dependent on the presence of the target DNA. Replacement of cytosine in the probes with pseudoisocytosine allowed the templated chemistry to proceed readily at pH 7. Single nucleotide mismatches in the target oligonucleotide slowed the templated reaction considerably; this demonstrated high sequence selectivity. The use of templated fluorogenic chemistry for detection of duplex DNAs has not been previously reported and could allow detection of double-stranded DNA, at least for homopurine-homopyrimidine target sites, under native and nondenaturing conditions.
Neoplasm Studies: II. The Effect of Injecting Starch Grains into Transplanted Tumors

In recent studies on the positive chemotactic reaction of polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes to starch grains in tissue culture it was found that a progressive and continued accumulation of leukocytes occurred as long as the starch grains were too large to be engulfed by a single leukocyte. These observations suggested using starch grains of a relatively large size as a means of determining the effect of artificially induced leukocytosis on tumor tissues in vivo. Arrowroot and corn starch were selected, the grains averaging 50–500 micra in diameter. The starch grains were sterilized by dry heat at a temperature of about 150° C. for one hour. They were then suspended in mammalian Ringer's solution just prior to use. This method of sterilization had no effect on attractability of the leukocytes. The tumors used were the transplantable mouse sarcomas 48 and 180, the Harding and Passey mouse melanoma, mouse carcinomas 5 and 63, and rat sarcoma 39.
A novel zinc finger is required for Mcm10 homocomplex assembly.

Mcm10 is a DNA replication factor that interacts with multiple subunits of the MCM2-7 hexameric complex. We report here that Mcm10 self-interacts and assembles into large homocomplexes (∼800 kDa). A conserved domain of 210 amino acid residues is sufficient for mediating self-interaction and complex assembly. A novel zinc finger within the conserved domain, CX 10CX 11CX 2H, is essential for the homocomplex formation. Mutant alleles with amino acid substitutions at conserved cysteines and histidine in the zinc finger fail to assemble homocomplexes. A defect in homocomplex assembly correlates with defects in DNA replication and cell growth in the mutants. These observations suggest that homocomplex assembly is essential for Mcm10 function. Multisubunit Mcm10 homocomplexes may provide the structural basis for Mcm10 to interact with multiple subunits of the MCM2-7 hexamer.
An Input Language Based on Extended Message Sequence Charts and Used for Test Specification

The use of Message Sequence Charts (MSCs) for test generation is discussed and an extended MSC language that provides a considerable economy of manual work in developing test specifications is proposed.
On the reliability studies of a weighted inverse Gaussian model

Abstract In this paper a mixture of the inverse Gaussian distribution and its length biased version is studied from a reliability point of view. The failure rate and mean residual life functions are derived and their behaviors are examined. It is shown that the failure rate first increases and then decreases. The reverse situation occurs in the case of the mean residual life function. The maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters and that of reliability function are investigated and the results are applied on the aircraft data of Proschan ( Technometrics 5 (1963), 375–383). The results for the inverse Gaussian distribution, the length biased inverse Gaussian distribution and Birnbaum and Saunders' model having wide applications in fatigue crack growth follow as special cases.
Growing up in the unseen shadow of the Kindertransport: a poetic-narrative autoethnography

This poetic-narrative autoethnography employs expressive writing in exploring the author’s experiences of living and growing up as a second generation Kindertransport survivor. The methodological a...
Does Confucian Ethics Integrate Care Ethics and Justice Ethics? The Case of Mencius

In recent years, scholars of Confucian ethics have debated on important issues such as whether Confucian ethics embraces, or should embrace, universal values and impartiality. Some have argued that Confucian ethics integrates both care and justice, and that Confucian ethics is both particularistic and universalistic. In this essay, I will defend a view of the relation between care and justice and the relation between care ethics and justice ethics on the basis of the notion of ‘configuration of values,’ and show why care ethics and justice ethics cannot be integrated. I will support this view by a reading of some pertinent passages in the Mencius.