cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Variation among Settlements on the South Carolina Frontier: An Archaeological Perspective

Publisher Summary The expansion of British settlement in 18th-century South Carolina involved a series of events and changes that reflect the operation of a developmental process common to areas undergoing agricultural colonization. As human behavior is revealed in the material record of the society in which it took place, evidence of this process of colonization is likely to be discernible in the archaeological remains of frontier settlements. This chapter describes the way in which archaeological methodology may be employed in observing aspects of frontier change on the basis of material data obtained from the sites of settlements in a former colonial area. The investigation of settlement distribution and composition involves two aspects of settlement patterning and must be carried out using two different types of material data. The study of form involves the settlement system as a whole and its changes through time; therefore, it must be examined on a regional basis at various points in its development. The study of settlement composition focuses attention on specific loci of activity as they existed at the peak of their development during the colonial period. The chapter focuses only on particular aspects of insular frontier colonization. Archaeological data can provide a detailed account of past processes of sociocultural change and, in many cases, may supply the most complete record of the past.
Mutually inhibitory Ras-PI(3,4)P2 feedback loops mediate cell migration

Signal transduction and cytoskeleton networks in a wide variety of cells display excitability, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that during random migration and in response to chemoattractants, cells maintain complementary spatial and temporal distributions of Ras activity and phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2]. In addition, depletion of PI(3,4)P2 by disruption of the 5-phosphatase, Dd5P4, or by recruitment of 4-phosphatase INPP4B to the plasma membrane, leads to elevated Ras activity, cell spreading, and altered migratory behavior. Furthermore, RasGAP2 and RapGAP3 bind to PI(3,4)P2, and the phenotypes of cells lacking these genes mimic those with low PI(3,4)P2 levels, providing a molecular mechanism. These findings suggest that Ras activity drives PI(3,4)P2 down, causing the PI(3,4)P2-binding GAPs to dissociate from the membrane, further activating Ras, completing a positive-feedback loop essential for excitability. Consistently, a computational model incorporating such a feedback loop in an excitable network model accurately simulates the dynamic distributions of active Ras and PI(3,4)P2 as well as cell migratory behavior. The mutually inhibitory Ras-PI(3,4)P2 mechanisms we uncovered here provide a framework for Ras regulation that may play a key role in many physiological processes.
JAK2/PD-L1/PD-L2 (9p24.1) amplifications in renal cell carcinomas with sarcomatoid transformation: implications for clinical management.

Amplifications of JAK2, PD-L1, and PD-L2 at 9p24.1 lead to constitutive expression of PD-L1. This, coupled with JAK2-activation dependent upregulation of PD-L1 and adaptive/induced expression leads to higher tumor PD-L1 expression and immune evasion. Renal tumors were therefore evaluated for 9p24.1 amplifications. A combination of next generation sequencing-based copy number analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization for JAK2/INSL6 and PD-L1/PD-L2 and immunohistochemistry for phospho-STAT3 (downstream target of JAK2), PD-L1, PD-L2, and PD-1 was performed. In this study we interrogated a “Discovery” cohort of 593 renal tumors, a “Validation” cohort of 398 high-grade renal tumors, The Cancer Genome Atlas (879 cases) and other public datasets (846 cases). 9p24.1 amplifications were significantly enriched in renal tumors with sarcomatoid transformation (5.95%, 15/252) when compared to all histologic subtypes in the combined “Discovery”, “Validation” and public datasets (16/2636, 0.6%, p < 0.00001). Specifically, 9p24.1 amplifications amongst sarcomatoid tumors in public datasets, the “Discovery” and “Validation” cohorts were 7.7% (6/92), 15.1% (5/33), and 3.1% (4/127), respectively. Herein, we describe 13 cases and amplification status for these was characterized using next generation sequencing (n = 9) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (n = 10). Correlation with PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (n = 10) revealed constitutive expression (mean H-score: 222/300, n = 10). Analysis of outcomes based on PD-L1 expression in tumor cells performed on 282 cases (“Validation” cohort) did not reveal a significant prognostic effect and was likely reflective of advanced disease. A high incidence of constitutive PD-L1 expression in tumor cells in the “Validation” cohort (H-Score ≥250/300) was noted amongst 83 rhabdoid (6%) and 127 sarcomatoid renal tumors (7.1%). This suggests additional mechanisms of constitutive expression other than amplification events. Importantly, two patients with 9p24.1-amplified sarcomatoid renal tumors showed significant response to immunotherapy. In summary, a subset of renal tumors with sarcomatoid transformation exhibits constitutive PD-L1 overexpression and these patients should be evaluated for enhanced response to immunotherapy.
Electrostatic polarization of nonpolar substrates: a study of interactions between simple cations and Mo-bound N2

Although a great deal of catalytic studies have focused on covalent interactions between substrates and catalyst centers, recognition of the importance of noncovalent and ionic interactions is driving new approaches to catalyst design. Electrostatic interactions with simple cations (those with little covalency, such as alkali metals) play crucial roles in many catalytic processes, but these effects are challenging to study due to their complicated solvation and speciation behaviour. These effects are particularly difficult to study during cation-mediated reactions with weakly-polar or non-polar substrates. Dinitrogen is one of the most nonpolar substrates known to be affected by electrostatic interactions in both heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions but understanding the significance of these effects requires further exploration. To examine these effects systematically, a new multidentate ligand framework bearing pendent crown ethers has been developed and incorporated into a series of Mo(0)-based dinitrogen complexes. Prepared via both reduction and ligand substitution routes, the strength and impact of cation-N2 interactions have been studied experimentally (IR spectroscopy) and computationally. Although the smallest cation (Li+) has the largest impact on the ground-state heterobimetallic activation of N2, solvation interactions are highly competitive and result in low Li+-(N2)Mo binding affinities. Thus, although smaller cations can have the largest electronic impact on substrates, these interactions are also the least persistent.
Detection and visualization of abnormality in chest radiographs using modality-specific convolutional neural network ensembles

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained on natural images are extremely successful in image classification and localization due to superior automated feature extraction capability. In extending their use to biomedical recognition tasks, it is important to note that visual features of medical images tend to be uniquely different than natural images. There are advantages offered through training these networks on large scale medical common modality image collections pertaining to the recognition task. Further, improved generalization in transferring knowledge across similar tasks is possible when the models are trained to learn modality-specific features and then suitably repurposed for the target task. In this study, we propose modality-specific ensemble learning toward improving abnormality detection in chest X-rays (CXRs). CNN models are trained on a large-scale CXR collection to learn modality-specific features and then repurposed for detecting and localizing abnormalities. Model predictions are combined using different ensemble strategies toward reducing prediction variance and sensitivity to the training data while improving overall performance and generalization. Class-selective relevance mapping (CRM) is used to visualize the learned behavior of the individual models and their ensembles. It localizes discriminative regions of interest (ROIs) showing abnormal regions and offers an improved explanation of model predictions. It was observed that the model ensembles demonstrate superior localization performance in terms of Intersection of Union (IoU) and mean Average Precision (mAP) metrics than any individual constituent model.
Experimental reexamination of transverse tensile strength for IM7/8552 tape-laminate composites:

Due to the observed dependence of transverse-tensile strength, YT, on test geometry and specimen size, there is no consensus regarding a test method that can uniquely measure YT. This study reexami...
Molecular Characterization and Experimental Utility of Monoclonal Antibodies with Specificity for Aliphatic Di- and Polyisocyanates.

Aliphatic di- and polyisocyanates are crucial chemical ingredients in many industrial processes and are a well-recognized cause of occupational asthma. Serologic detection of “chemical epitopes” in...
Subfamily-specific quantification of endogenous mouse L1 retrotransposons by droplet digital PCR

Long interspersed element type 1 (LINE-1; L1) mobilizes during early embryogenesis, neurogenesis, and germ cell development, accounting for 25% of disease-causing heritable insertions and 98% of somatic insertions in cancer. To better understand the regulation and impact of L1 mobilization in the genome, reliable methods for measuring L1 copy number variation (CNV) are needed. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) based method for quantifying endogenous mouse L1. We provide experimental evidence that ddPCR assays can be designed to target specific L1 subfamilies using diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The target and off-target L1 subfamilies form distinct droplet clusters, which were experimentally verified using both synthetic gene fragments and endogenous L1 derived plasmid clones. We further provide a roadmap for in silico assay design and evaluation of target specificity, ddPCR testing, and optimization for L1 CNV quantification. The assay can achieve a sensitivity of 5% CNV with 8 technical replicates. With 24 technical replicates, it can detect 2% CNV because of the increased precision. The same approach will serve as a guide for the development of ddPCR based assays for quantifying human L1 copy number and any other high copy genomic target sequences.
Assessing the readiness of digital data infrastructure for opioid use disorder research

Gaps in electronic health record (EHR) data collection and the paucity of standardized clinical data elements (CDEs) captured from electronic and digital data sources have impeded research efforts aimed at understanding the epidemiology and quality of care for opioid use disorder (OUD). We identified existing CDEs and evaluated their validity and usability, which is required prior to infrastructure implementation within EHRs. We conducted (a) a systematic literature review of publications in Medline, Embase and the Web of Science using a combination of at least one term related to OUD and EHR and (b) an environmental scan of publicly available data systems and dictionaries used in national informatics and quality measurement of policy initiatives. Opioid-related data elements identified within the environmental scan were compared with related data elements contained within nine common health data code systems and each element was graded for alignment with match results categorized as “exact”, “partial”, or “none.” The literature review identified 5186 articles for title search, of which 75 abstracts were included for review and 38 articles were selected for full-text review. Full-text articles yielded 237 CDEs, only 12 (5.06%) of which were opioid-specific. The environmental scan identified 379 potential data elements and value sets across 9 data systems and libraries, among which only 84 (22%) were opioid-specific. We found substantial variability in the types of clinical data elements with limited overlap and no single data system included CDEs across all major data element types such as substance use disorder, OUD, medication and mental health. Relative to common health data code systems, few data elements had an exact match (< 1%), while 61% had a partial match and 38% had no matches. Despite the increasing ubiquity of EHR data standards and national attention placed on the opioid epidemic, we found substantial fragmentation in the design and construction of OUD related CDEs and little OUD specific CDEs in existing data dictionaries, systems and literature. Given the significant gaps in data collection and reporting, future work should leverage existing structured data elements to create standard workflow processes to improve OUD data capture in EHR systems.
A stochastic structured metapopulation model to assess recovery scenarios of patchily distributed endangered species: Case study for a Mojave Desert rodent

While metapopulation theory offers tractable means to understand extinction risks for patchily-distributed endangered species, real systems often feature discrepant patch quality and accessibility, complex influences of environmental stochasticity, and regional and temporal autocorrelation. Spatially structured metapopulation models are flexible and can use real data but often at the cost of generality. Particularly as resources for management of such species are often critically limited, endangered species management guided by metapopulation modeling requires incorporation of biological realism. Here we developed a flexible, stochastic spatially structured metapopulation model of the profoundly endangered Amargosa vole, a microtine rodent with an extant population of only a few hundred individuals within 1km2 of habitat in the Mojave Desert. Drought and water insecurity are increasing extinction risks considerably. We modelled subpopulation demographics using a Ricker-like model with migration implemented in an incidence function metapopulation model. A set of scenarios was used to assess the effect of anthropogenic stressors or management actions on expected time to extinction (Te) including: 1) wildland fire, 2) anthropogenically-mediated losses of hydrologic flows, 3) drought, 4) intentional expansion of existing patches into 'megamarshes' (i.e. via restoration/enhancement), and 5) additive impacts of multiple influences. In isolation, marshes could be sources or sinks, but spatial context within the full metapopulation including adjacency could alter relative impacts of subpopulations on all other subpopulations. The greatest reductions in persistence occurred in scenarios simulated with impacts from drought in combination with fire or anthropogenically-mediated losses of hydrologic flows. Optimal actions to improve persistence were to prevent distant and smaller marshes from acting as sinks through strategic creation of megamarshes that act as sources of voles and stepping-stones. This research reinforces that management resources expended without guidance from empirically-based modeling can actually harm species' persistence. This metapopulation-PVA tool could easily be implemented for other patchily-distributed endangered species and allow managers to maximize scarce resources to improve the likelihood of endangered species persistence.
Multimodal-Multisensory Experiments: Design and Implementation

Abstract The human mind is multimodal. Yet most behavioral studies rely on century-old measures of behavior - task accuracy and latency (response time). Multimodal and multisensory analysis of human behavior creates a better understanding of how the mind works. The problem is that designing and implementing these experiments is technically complex and costly. This paper introduces versatile and economical means of developing multimodal-multisensory human experiments. We provide an experimental design framework that automatically integrates and synchronizes measures including electroencephalogram (EEG), galvanic skin response (GSR), eye-tracking, virtual reality (VR), body movement, mouse/cursor motion and response time. Unlike proprietary systems (e.g., iMotions), our system is free and open-source; it integrates PsychoPy, Unity and Lab Streaming Layer (LSL). The system embeds LSL inside PsychoPy/Unity for the synchronization of multiple sensory signals - gaze motion, electroencephalogram (EEG), galvanic skin response (GSR), mouse/cursor movement, and body motion - with low-cost consumer-grade devices in a simple behavioral task designed by PsychoPy and a virtual reality environment designed by Unity. This tutorial shows a step-by-step process by which a complex multimodal-multisensory experiment can be designed and implemented in a few hours. When conducting the experiment, all of the data synchronization and recoding of the data to disk will be done automatically.
A Randomized Comparison of Positional Stability: The EZ-Blocker Versus Left-Sided Double-Lumen Endobronchial Tubes in Adult Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery.

Objective To assess if there is a difference in the repositioning rate of the EZ-Blocker versus a left-sided double-lumen endobronchial tube (DLT) in patients undergoing thoracic surgery and one-lung ventilation. Design Prospective, randomized. Setting Single center, university hospital. Participants One hundred sixty-three thoracic surgery patients. Interventions Patients were randomized to either EZ-Blocker or a DLT. Measurements and Main Results The primary outcome was positional stability of either the EZ-Blocker or a left-sided double-lumen endobronchial tube, defined as the number of repositionings per hour of surgery and one-lung ventilation. Secondary outcomes included an ordinal isolation score from 1 to 3, in which 1 was poor, up to 3, which represented excellent isolation, and a visual analog postoperative sore throat score (0-100) on postoperative days (POD) one and two. Rate of repositionings per hour during one-lung ventilation and surgical manipulation in left-sided cases was similar between the two devices: 0.08 ± 0.15 v 0.11 ± 0.3 (p = 0.72). In right-sided cases, the rate of repositioning was higher in the EZ-Blocker group compared with DLT: 0.38 ± 0.65 v 0.09 ± 0.21 (p = 0.03). Overall, mean isolation scores for the EZ-Blocker versus the DLT were 2.76 v 2.92 (p = 0.04) in left-sided cases and 2.70 v 2.83 (p = 0.22) in right-sided cases. Median sore throat scores for left sided cases were 0 v 5 (p = 0.13) POD one and 0 v 5 (p = 0.006) POD two for the EZ-Blocker and left-sided DLT, respectively. Conclusion For right-sided procedures, the positional stability of the EZ-Blocker is inferior to a DLT. In left-sided cases, the rate of repositioning for the EZ-Blocker and DLT are not statistically different.
Characterization of version in the dysplastic hip and the need for subsequent femoral derotational osteotomy after periacetabular osteotomy

Hip dysplasia is a three-dimensional pathomechanical condition that is often more complex than the standard method of measuring lateral center edge angle (CEA) can quantify. Yet there is a paucity of literature examining the differences in version seen between dysplastic and non-dysplastic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) hips, the relationship of acetabular and femoral version (FV) within dysplastic hips and the contribution of each of these factors to symptoms and outcomes of dysplasia treatment. We sought to describe the acetabular version (AcetV) and FV in dysplastic hips and quantify how these measurements compared with non-dysplastic FAI hips. We also sought to analyze the association of these factors with patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) and determine the need for subsequent femoral derotational osteotomy after PAO. A total of 113 dysplastic patients who underwent PAO (92% female, mean age 24) were compared with 1332 (45% female, mean age 25) non-dysplastic FAI (CEA > 25°) patients. We found that dysplastic hips had a statistically higher AcetV and FV than non-dysplastic FAI hips. There was a very weak correlation between AcetV and FV in dysplastic hips, suggesting that patients with higher AcetV did not necessarily have higher FV. There was no association with AcetV or FV and patient outcomes in our very limited analysis of PROs after PAO, and only 5% of patients with excessive FV (>20°) required subsequent femoral derotational osteotomy, suggesting that in a majority of patients with hip dysplasia, FV may not impact the post-operative clinical course.
A General Equilibrium Analysis of Bank Debit Taxes

Taxes on bank debit transactions have been used as an easy way to collect substantial revenue, especially during economic crisis. The existing literature has found evidence of distortionary effects of this policy on money demand and interest rates, even if the tax is charged at very low rates. Instead of studying these monetary topics, this paper develops a general equilibrium model with no money and no nominal rigidities to explain the effects of bank debit taxes on real resources allocation, welfare, and revenue. The study demonstrates that bank debit taxes reduce the size of the financial system and increase deadweight loss. The model also shows that under certain plausible situations, these levies reduce the size of the sector that manufactures high-value goods.
On J Nevile’s (2000) , 'What Keynes Would Have Thought of the Development of IS LM'. It Is An Oxymoron, Given that J M Keynes Himself, and only Keynes, Originally Developed the IS-LM Model between December, 1933 and February ,1936, when It Was Published in the General Theory in Chapter 21 in Part IV on pp. 298-299

Nevile writes that : “Thus, it is of considerable interest to speculate on what Keynes would have thought about the way ISLM became identified as "Keynesian" economics for most of the economics profession. We know, of course, what his first reaction to ISLM was in 1937.”(Nevile,2000,p.133). Nevile is simply ignorant of the fact that Keynes spent pp.298-303 of Chapter 21 of the General Theory in 1936 first presenting the model on pp.298-299 and then discussing his IS-LM model’s strengths and weaknesses on pp.300-303.There is thus no need whatsoever to engage in any speculation about some supposed reactions on Keynes’s part in 1937 since Keynes’s “reactions” are all laid out explicitly in 1936 on pp.298-303. Nevile’s 2000 view is simply repeated in 2016(2002) in Kriesler and Nevile: “In Section 2 we attempt to identify the ‘essence’ of Keynes’s central message and in Section 3 examine Keynes’s reaction to various formulations of the IS-LM to see what he thought important if an IS-LM framework was to be a good summary of the General Theory. We then consider whether Hicks’s IS-LM framework was an important step in the eventual distortion of Keynes’s message.”(Kriesler and Nevile,(2016),pp.69-70). We reach the same conclusion as we reached above on Nevile’s article ,since Keynes explicitly discusses what he viewed as the strengths/deficiencies of the IS-LM model in detail in 1936in chapter 21.It is not necessary to scrutinize Keynes’s 1937 replies to Hicks and Harrod,whose work represents half baked versions of Keynes’s superior formulation of IS -LM that is built on the D-Z model of chapter 20. Keynes’s discussions of the deficiencies in IS-LM DOES NOT include questions about expectations and uncertainty, since both expectations and uncertainty are incorporated in the D-Z foundations of the IS-LM model,with the relevant D-Z combination being linked to a particular Y value that is then combined with r to specify (r,Y) space ,where the IS-LM model is then specified by Keynes. No economist has ever created an IS-LM model that rivals Keynes’s,since all other IS-LM approaches fail to explicitly cover and incorporate expectations and uncertainty with one exception-Champernowne’s 1936 paper.
Constructing the Oslo ‘peace’: an academic-intelligence failure

The architects of the Oslo process, at both the academic and intelligence levels, used the faulty ‘New Middle East’ paradigm to posit that the Palestinians were ripe for peacemaking. They ignored t...
Application of water-assisted pulsed light treatment to decontaminate raspberries and blueberries from Salmonella

We developed and evaluated a small scaled-up water-assisted pulsed light (WPL) system, in which berries were washed in a flume washer while being irradiated by pulsed light (PL). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used in combination with PL as an advanced oxidation process and chlorine wash was used as a control. The effects of organic load, water turbidity, berry type and PL energy output on the inactivation of Salmonella using the WPL system were investigated. The combination of WPL and 1% H2O2 (WPL-H2O2) was the most effective treatment which reduced Salmonella on raspberries and blueberries by 4.0 and >5.6logCFU/g, respectively, in clear water. When high organic load and SiO2, as a soil simulator, were added in wash water, the free chlorine level in chlorinated water decreased significantly (P 0.05) was observed for the decontamination efficacy of 1-min WPL-H2O2 treatment. Even in the presence of high organic load and water turbidity, no viable bacterial cells were recovered from the wash water, which showed that WPL-H2O2 could effectively prevent the risk of cross-contamination during treatment. Taken together, 1-min WPL treatment without H2O2 could provide a chemical free alternative to chlorine washing with similar and in some cases significantly higher bactericidal efficacy. Compared with chlorine washing, the combination of WPL and H2O2 resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) reduction of Salmonella on berries, providing a novel intervention for processing of small berries intended for fresh-cut and frozen berry products.
Challenges in leveraging existing human performance data for quantifying the IDHEAS HRA method

This article documents an exploratory study for collecting and using human performance data to inform human error probability (HEP) estimates for a new human reliability analysis (HRA) method, the IntegrateD Human Event Analysis System (IDHEAS). The method was based on cognitive models and mechanisms underlying human behaviour and employs a framework of 14 crew failure modes (CFMs) to represent human failures typical for human performance in nuclear power plant (NPP) internal, at-power events [1]. A decision tree (DT) was constructed for each CFM to assess the probability of the CFM occurring in different contexts. Data needs for IDHEAS quantification are discussed. Then, the data collection framework and process is described and how the collected data were used to inform HEP estimation is illustrated with two examples. Next, five major technical challenges are identified for leveraging human performance data for IDHEAS quantification. These challenges reflect the data needs specific to IDHEAS. More importantly, they also represent the general issues with current human performance data and can provide insight for a path forward to support HRA data collection, use, and exchange for HRA method development, implementation, and validation.
The State of Disunion: Regional Sources of Modern American Partisanship

Review of: "The State of Disunion: Regional Sources of Modern American Partisanship," by Nicole Mellow.
Food and Physical Activity Environments An Energy Balance Approach for Research and Practice

Increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity are a function of chronic, population-level energy imbalance, whereby energy intakes exceed energy expenditures. Although sometimes viewed in isolation, energy intakes and expenditures in fact exist in a dynamic interplay: energy intakes may influence energy expenditures and vice versa. Obesogenic environments that promote positive energy balance play a central role in the obesity epidemic, and reducing obesity prevalence will require re-engineering environments to promote both healthy eating and physical activity. There may be untapped synergies in addressing both sides of the energy balance equation in environmentally focused obesity interventions, yet food/beverage and physical activity environments are often addressed separately. The field needs design, evaluation, and analytic methods that support this approach. This paper provides a rationale for an energy balance approach and reviews and describes research and practitioner work that has taken this approach to obesity prevention at the environmental and policy levels. Future directions in research, practice, and policy include moving obesity prevention toward a systems approach that brings both nutrition and physical activity into interdisciplinary training, funding mechanisms, and clinical and policy recommendations/guidelines.
An apodization approach for processing forward-looking GPR for buried target detection

A forward-looking and -moving ground-penetrating radar (GPR) acquires data that can be used for buried target detection. As the platform moves forward the sensor can acquire and form a sequence of images for a common spatial region. Due to the near-field nature of relevant collection scenarios, the point-spread function (PSF) varies significantly as a function of the spatial position, both within the scene and relative to the sensor platform. This variability of the PSF causes computational difficulties for matched-filter and related processing of the full video sequence. One approach to circumventing this difficulty is to coherently or incoherently integrate the video frames, and then perform detection processing on the integrated image. Here, averaging over the space- and motion-variant nature of the PSFs for each frame causes the PSF for the integrated image to appear less space-variant. Another alternative—and the one we investigate in this paper—is to transform each image from the conventional (range, cross-range) coordinate system to a (range, sine-angle) coordinate system in which the PSF is approximated as spatially invariant. The advantage of the (range, sine-angle) coordinate space is that methods that require space-invariance can be directly applied. Here we develop a multi-anodization approach, which results in a significantly improved image. To evaluate the relative advantages of this procedure, we will empirically measure the integrated side-lobe ratio, which represents the reduction in the side-lobes before and after applying the algorithm.
Akuginow and Haines‐Stiles Receive 2013 Robert C. Cowen Journalism Award: Citation

From Cosmos to Mars and Pluto and back home, Geoffrey Haines-Stiles and Erna Akuginow have invested their careers reporting the best modern science in novel, compelling, and accessible ways through documentaries, live events, print, and new media. They are outstanding recipients of the AGU Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism.
Retrospective evaluation of methotrexate elimination when co-administered with proton pump inhibitors

Aims The aim was to assess potential interaction between methotrexate (MTX) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients receiving high-dose MTX. Methods Records of 56 adults receiving 201 cycles of MTX were reviewed to determine effects of PPI administration on MTX elimination. Repeated-measures logistic regressions and Cox regressions were performed to evaluate the possible drug interaction. Results Despite a significant difference between those receiving a PPI and not receiving a PPI in median MTX levels at 24 (8.0 vs. 3.9 μmol l−1, respectively, P = 0.013) and 72 h after MTX administration (0.08 vs. 0.05 μmol l−1, respectively, P = 0.037), there was no difference between those receiving a PPI and not receiving a PPI in the proportion of patients experiencing delayed elimination at 24 (19.2% vs. 20.2%, respectively, P = 1.000) and 72 h (36.2% vs. 33.7%, respectively, P = 0.765). When data were analysed using Cox regression, controlling for multiple cycles of MTX per patient, PPI use was not a significant predictor of time to MTX < 0.1 μmol l−1. When the clustering effect of multiple cycles of MTX per patient was controlled for, co-administration of PPIs was not a significant predictor of MTX level (P = 0.969). A comparison of patients with delayed elimination at any time point and those without delayed elimination indicated that PPI use was not a significant predictor of delayed elimination (P = 0.607). Conclusions This study does not support previous findings of a significant interaction between PPIs and MTX. Based on these results, the clinical significance of any potential interaction is likely to be small.
Algebraic, Homological, and Numerical Equivalence

Each k-dimensional complex variety V has a cycle class cl(V) in H 2k V, where H * denotes homology with locally finite supports (Borel-Moore homology). If V is a subvariety of an n-dimensional complex manifold X, then \( {H_{2k}}\left( V \right) \cong {H^{2n - 2k}}\left( {X,X - V} \right) \) The resulting homomorphism from cycles to homology passes to algebraic equivalence. There results in particular a cycle map $$ cl:{A_ * }X \to {H_ * }X $$ for complex schemes X, which is covariant for proper morphisms, and compatible with Chern classes of vector bundles.
Adaptive routing in mesh-connected networks

It is shown that wormhole routing in mesh-connected networks can be deadlock free and adaptive without the addition of channels to the basic topology. Several partially adaptive routing algorithms for 2-D and 3-D meshes are described and simulated for a variety of conditions. Simulations of policies for selecting input channels show that transmitting extra information in the header flits can reduce communication latencies at high network throughputs. Simulations of policies for selecting output channels show that avoiding turns reduces latencies at high throughputs. Unrestricted nonminimal routing is found to reduce latencies slightly at low throughputs but increase latencies significantly at high throughputs. For nonuniform traffic patterns, a partially adaptive routing algorithm performs better than a nonadaptive one. >
Supraceliac and Infrarenal Aortic Flow in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Mean Flows, Waveforms, and Allometric Scaling Relationships

Purpose Hemodynamic forces are thought to play a critical role in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) growth. In silico and in vitro simulations can be used to study these forces, but require accurate aortic geometries and boundary conditions. Many AAA simulations use patient-specific geometries, but utilize inlet boundary conditions taken from a single, unrelated, healthy young adult. Methods In this study, we imaged 43 AAA patients using a 1.5 T MR scanner. A 24-frame cardiac-gated one-component phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging sequence was used to measure volumetric flow at the supraceliac (SC) and infrarenal (IR) aorta, where flow information is typically needed for simulation. For the first 36 patients, individual waveforms were interpolated to a 12-mode Fourier curve, peak-aligned, and averaged. Allometric scaling equations were derived from log–log plots of mean SC and IR flow vs. body mass, height, body surface area (BSA), and fat-free body mass. The data from the last seven patients were used to validate our model. Results Both the SC and IR averaged waveforms had the biphasic shapes characteristic of older adults, and mean SC and IR flows over the cardiac cycle were 51.2 ± 10.3 and 17.5 ± 5.44 mL/s, respectively. Linear regression of the log–log plots revealed that BSA was most strongly predictive of mean SC (R2 = 0.29) and IR flow (R2 = 0.19), with the highest combined R2. When averaged, the measured and predicted waveforms for the last seven patients agreed well. Conclusions We present a method to estimate SC and IR mean flows and waveforms for AAA simulation.
Simple Score to Assess the Risk of Rejection After Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Background—The aim of this study was to derive and validate a risk score for rejection after orthotopic heart transplantation. Methods and Results—The United Network for Organ Sharing registry was used to identify patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation between 1998 and 2008. A total of 14 265 eligible patients were randomly divided into derivation (80%; n=11 412) and validation (20%; n=2853) cohorts. The primary outcome was drug-treated rejection within 1 year of orthotopic heart transplantation. Covariates found to be associated (exploratory univariate P<0.2) with rejection were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model. Inclusion of each variable in the model was assessed by improvement in the McFadden pseudo-R2, likelihood ratio test, and c index. A risk score was then generated through the use of relative magnitudes of the odds ratios from the derivation cohort, and its ability to predict rejection was tested independently in the validation cohort. A 13-point risk score inco...
On the k -HFD property in Dedekind domains with small class group

Let D be an atomic integral domain (i.e., a domain in which each nonzero nonunit of D can be written as a product of irreducible elements) and k any positive integer. D is known as a half factorial domain (HFD) if for any irreducible elements α 1 , …, α n , β 1 , …, β m of D the equality α 1 … α n = β 1 … β m implies that n = m . In [5] the present authors define D to be a k -half factorial domain ( k -HFD) if the equality above along with the fact that n or m ≤ k implies that n = m . In this paper we consider the k -HFD property in Dedekind domains with small class group and prove the following Theorem: if D is a Dedekind domain with class group of order less than 16 then D is k -HFD for some integer k > 1, if, and only if, D is HFD.
Economic Analysis of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipments - A Utility's Perspective

This paper presents a holistic approach to cost and benefit analysis of smart grid enabled Electrical Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSEs) from a utility point of view, including lifecycle cost of ownership, risks and expected penalties due to high load stress on distribution network. It provides methodology for comparative analysis of different residential EVSE technologies. A total of five alternatives are presented and compared according to their lifecycle costs. In all cases, the annualized cost is calculated. Optimal lease values are also formulated.
Measurements of Asperity Temperatures of a Read/Write Head Slider Bearing in Hard Magnetic Recording Disks

An infrared temperature measurement system was used to measure hot spots in a magnetic head rigid disk interface. The system employed the spectral distribution as well as intensity of sampled radiation to determine both the temperature and effective area of microscopic sources at elevated temperature. Flash temperatures between particulate and thin-film rigid disks and a simulated transparent sapphire slider at various operating conditions were measured.
Migration of 〈100〉 tilt grain boundaries in high purity lead

Abstract Measurements are obtained of the activation energies for grain boundary migration in bicrystals of zone-refined lead as a function of misorientation about a common 〈100〉 tilt axis. The plot of activation energy versus misorientation shows the presence of minima at orientation differences near 23°, 28° and 37°. These grain boundary angles, which gave the lowest activation energies, namely 5–6 kcal/g. atom, correspond to predicted coincidence site orientation relationships about 〈100〉. The dependence of boundary velocity on misorientation is found to be greater than that predicted by the dislocation core model. Some evidence is presented, based on twinning observations, which indicates that certain boundaries of the 〈113〉, 〈120〉, 〈123〉 and 〈320〉 type are relatively low density coincidence site boundaries.
Characterization of age-related malondialdehyde oxidation: the effect of modulation by food restriction

Age-related in vitro malondialdehyde (MDA) oxidation by liver was investigated. It was established that mitochondria are the major site of oxidation, and that the oxidation process was catalyzed by aldehyde dehydrogenase as indicated by inhibitory action of disulfiram. The reaction of MDA oxidation requires Mg2+ and NAD as cofactors. The capacity for MDA oxidation was progressively lost with increasing age and the extent of the loss was modulated by food restriction.
Incidence, Taxonomic Relationships and Development of Lewisi‐Like Trypanosomes in Wisconsin Sciuridae

SYNOPSIS. Lewisi-like trypanosomes were found in 3 of 6 host species of Sciuridae examined in northern Wisconsin: the red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, the eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus, and the least chipmunk Eutamias minimus. With the possible exception of T. parkeri from Marmota flaviventris, the trypanosomes studied were similar in appearance to the lewisi-like trypanosomes previously described from other North American Sciuridae. Apparently, these trypanosomes undergo maturation in the blood stream but do not divide there. In culture, the eastern chipmunk trypanosome had typical rosette, leishmanial, leptomonad, and crithidial forms. Preliminary trials indicated that these trypanosomes from the red squirrel and eastern chipmunk were host specific.
Measurements of Primary Production on Southampton Island in the Canadian Arctic1

Primary production in two lakes of contrasting morphometry in the Canadian Arctic was estimated independently from the differences in oxygen, pH, and carbon14 uptake between light and dark bottles. The estimates were in general agreement. Together with production estimates from two other high latitude lakes reported in the literature the data show that the morphometry of the lake basins exerts a considerable control over rate of production, with the shallower lakes having a higher intensity of production (g C/m3/day) than the deeper lakes. The available data also suggest strongly that the rate of production is generally low in the Arctic, and that the amount of production accomplished by the more productive lakes is roughly the same order of magnitude as that of the least productive temperate lakes reported in the literature.
Water fluxes and urine production in blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) as a function of environmental salinity

Abstract 1. 1. Water efflux and urine production rates were measured in blue crabs acclimated to several salinities. 2. 2. In 100% seawater the mean rate of water efflux (31.3 ml/100g hr −1 ) was significantly greater than that in 50% seawater (18.9 ml/100 g hr −1 . 3. 3. Water efflux was directly related to body weight. 4. 4. The mean urine production rate was significantly greater in crabs acclimated to 50% and 30% seawater (0.17 and 0.18 ml/100g hr −1 ) than in animals conditioned to 100% seawater (0.09 ml/100 g hr −1 ). 5. 5. The difference between theoretical net water fluxes for crabs exposed to 100% seawater and 50% seawater was similar to the difference in urine output in the same salinities, demonstrating the importance of the antennal gland in volume regulation.
Cross-Cultural Psychology as a Curriculum Transformation Resource

Many teachers of psychology are turning to the cross-cultural literature in their efforts to address issues of diversity in their courses. This cannot be accomplished, however, by simply inserting findings from cross-cultural research into general psychology courses. Along with changes in course content, we must address ways of presenting this material effectively and the possible impact of these efforts on classroom dynamics. Recommendations are made for more effective use of cross-cultural resources that concern (a) avoiding the marginalization of cross-cultural materials and perspectives, (b) raising awareness about bias within the cross-cultural literature, (c) avoiding the creation or reinforcement of stereotypes, (d) using accurate terminology to make cross-cultural comparisons, (e) distinguishing between emics and etics, and (f) creating a classroom environment in which diversity is valued.
IR (vibrational) CD of peptide β‐turns: A theoretical and experimental study of cyclo‐(‐Gly‐Pro‐Gly‐D‐Ala‐Pro‐)

IR vibrational CD (VCD) has been observed for the cyclic pentapeptide cyclo-(-Gly-Pro-Gly-D -Ala-Pro-) in solution in CDBr3. The observed VCD spectra do not resemble the VCD features of any of the previously reported peptide secondary structures, such as α-helical, “random coil,” or sheet structures, and might be due to the β-turn contained in this molecule. To shed light onto the origin of the observed spectra, VCD intensity calculations, based on the solution and solid-state structures of cyclo-(-Gly-Pro-Gly-D-Ala-Pro-), have been carried out. In addition, calculated VCD data for pure β-turns are discussed. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expression of microRNAs and their Precursors in Synaptic Fractions of Adult Mouse Forebrain

We have characterized the expression of microRNAs and selected microRNA precursors within several synaptic fractions of adult mouse forebrain, including synaptoneurosomes, synaptosomes and isolated post-synaptic densities (PSDs), using methods of microRNA microarray, real time qRT-PCR, Northern blotting and immunopurification using anti-PSD95 antibody. The majority of brain microRNAs (especially microRNAs known to be expressed in pyramidal neurons) are detectably expressed in synaptic fractions, and a subset of microRNAs is significantly enriched in synaptic fractions relative to total forebrain homogenate. MicroRNA precursors are also detectable in synaptic fractions at levels that are comparable to whole tissue. Whereas mature microRNAs are predominantly associated with soluble components of the synaptic fractions, microRNA precursors are predominantly associated with PSDs. For seven microRNAs examined, there was a significant correlation between the relative synaptic enrichment of the precursor and the relative synaptic enrichment of the corresponding mature microRNA. These findings support the proposal that microRNAs are formed, at least in part, via processing of microRNA precursors locally within dendritic spines. Dicer is expressed in PSDs but is enzymatically inactive until conditions that activate calpain cause its liberation; thus, we propose that synaptic stimulation may lead to local processing of microRNA precursors in proximity to the synapse.
The Effect of Teacher Style on Interactive Engagement of Preschool-Aged Children with Special Learning Needs

Many of the instructional practices that have been used with preschool-aged children with disabilities are predicated on the belief that children with disabilities need adult direction to engage in meaningful learning activities. This study investigated the effects of directiveness and other elements of teacher style on the participation of children with disabilities in dyadic play and instructional interactions. The sample included 49 teacher-child dyads. Children ranged in age from 17 to 71 months and had identified disabilities. Two episodes of teacher-child interaction were coded with global and turntaking measures of the participation of teachers and children. Results indicated that teacher interactive style accounted for a significant portion of the variability in children's engagement. Teacher directiveness was negatively associated with children's initiations, while teacher affective involvement correlated positively with both children's attention and initiations. These results are discussed in terms of constructivist educational practices for preschool children with disabilities.
The use of the itFN method for radiative transfer problems with reflective boundary conditions

Abstract The FN method is used to compute the net radiative heat flux relevant to radiative transfer in an anisotropically scattering, plane-parallel medium with specularly and diffusely reflecting boundaries.