cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Instance Segmentation and Clustering Model for Energy Audit Assessments in Built Environments: A Multi-Stage Approach.

Heat loss quantification (HLQ) is an essential step in improving a building’s thermal performance and optimizing its energy usage. While this problem is well-studied in the literature, most of the existing studies are either qualitative or minimally driven quantitative studies that rely on localized building envelope points and are, thus, not suitable for automated solutions in energy audit applications. This research work is an attempt to fill this gap of knowledge by utilizing intensive thermal data (on the order of 100,000 plus images) and constitutes a relatively new area of analysis in energy audit applications. Specifically, we demonstrate a novel process using deep-learning methods to segment more than 100,000 thermal images collected from an unmanned aerial system (UAS). To quantify the heat loss for a building envelope, multiple stages of computations need to be performed: object detection (using Mask-RCNN/Faster R-CNN), estimating the surface temperature (using two clustering methods), and finally calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient (e.g., the U-value). The proposed model was applied to eleven academic campuses across the state of North Dakota. The preliminary findings indicate that Mask R-CNN outperformed other instance segmentation models with an mIOU of 73% for facades, 55% for windows, 67% for roofs, 24% for doors, and 11% for HVACs. Two clustering methods, namely K-means and threshold-based clustering (TBC), were deployed to estimate surface temperatures with TBC providing consistent estimates across all times of the day over K-means. Our analysis demonstrated that thermal efficiency not only depended on the accurate acquisition of thermal images but also relied on other factors, such as the building geometry and seasonal weather parameters, such as the outside/inside building temperatures, wind, time of day, and indoor heating/cooling conditions. Finally, the resultant U-values of various building envelopes were compared with recommendations from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) building standards.
Mississippi's Originalism: Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health and the Attack on Sexual Freedom

This brief commentary takes a close look at Mississippi’s originalist arguments in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health. It shows how Mississippi’s originalism—with its attack on the right to abortion and the general constitutional right to privacy—would destabilize, if not immediately eliminate, well-established constitutional rights protecting sexual freedoms, like contraceptive and intimacy rights, including for heterosexuals. The work notes how the Dobbs Court may attempt to distinguish abortion from other intimacy rights, flags some problems that may arise for the Court if it does, and then traces how a pro-life, originalist decision in Dobbs may galvanize political efforts already afoot legally to reckon with, and rein in, the Supreme Court’s powers. This work appeared in The American Prospect on October 19, 2021, and can also be accessed here: https://prospect.org/justice/mississippis-originalism/.
Households as Corporate Firms: An Analysis of Household Finance Using Integrated Household Surveys and Corporate Financial Accounting

Part I. Households as Corporate Firms: 1. Introduction 2. Conceptual framework Part II. Household Financial Accounting: 3. Household surveys 4. Constructing household financial statements from a household survey Part III. Household Finance: 5. Financial analysis 6. An application: liquidity constraints, kinship networks, and the financing of household investment 7. Discussion: measurement and modeling.
Community-dwelling older adults' adherence to fall prevention recommendations

COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS' ADHERENCE TO FALL PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS By Suzanne Fleming Taylor, Ph.D., MBA/HCM, OTR/L A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health Related Sciences – Gerontology at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014 Major Director: Elizabeth Ayn Welleford, Ph.D., MSG, Chair and Associate Professor, Department of Gerontology Falling among older adults is a leading cause of concern due to the known impacts including physical injury, loss of independence, increased health care costs, and mortality. In efforts to decrease the numbers of falls experienced by older adults, healthcare providers assess individuals’ fall risks and provide corresponding fall prevention recommendations. The effectiveness however, of these recommendations, is only as strong as the level of adherence to those recommendations; which has proven low in recent research. Using the theoretical foundation of the Health Belief Model, this study quantified adherence to environmental fall prevention recommendations. Twenty-two community-dwelling older adults participated in this randomized control group study that took place across three home visits, scheduled approximately 30 days apart. Participants were interviewed regarding
Treatment of traumatic brain injury with anti-inflammatory drugs

Traumatic brain injury rapidly induces inflammation. This inflammation is produced both by endogenous brain cells and circulating inflammatory cells that enter from the brain. Together they drive the inflammatory response through a wide variety of bioactive lipids, cytokines and chemokines. A large number of drugs with anti-inflammatory action have been tested in both preclinical studies and in clinical trials. These drugs either have known anti-inflammatory action or inhibit the inflammatory response through unknown mechanisms. The results of these preclinical studies and clinical trials are reviewed. Recommendations are suggested on how to improve preclinical testing of drugs to make them more relevant to evaluate for clinical trials.
Electrostatic Effects on Partitioning of Proteins in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems. II. Charged Polymers

Abstract Previously developed solution theory has been used here to analyze the partitioning of proteins in two-polymer two aqueous-phase systems when one of the polymers is charged. Very large partition coefficients are predicted and are shown to be very sensitive to pH changes at low electrolyte concentrations, in keeping with experimental observations.
Emergent Semantics: Towards Self-Organizing Scientific Metadata

Tasked with designing a metadata management system for a large scientific data repository, we find that the customary database application development procedure exhibits several disadvantages in this environment. Data cannot be accessed until the system is fully designed and implemented, specialized data modeling skills are required to design an appropriate schema, and once designed, such schemas are intolerant of change. We minimize setup and maintenance costs by automating the database design, data load, and data transformation tasks. Data creators are responsible only for extracting data from heterogeneous sources according to a simple RDF-based data model. The system then loads the data into a generic RDBMS schema. Additional grouping structures to support query formulation and processing are discovered by the system or defined by the users via a web interface. Discovered and imposed structures constitute emergent semantics for otherwise disorganized information.
IL-6 potentiates tumor resistance to photodynamic therapy (PDT)

Background and Objective Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer modality approved for the treatment of early disease and palliation of late stage disease. PDT of tumors results in the generation of an acute inflammatory response. The extent and duration of the inflammatory response is dependent upon the PDT regimen employed and is characterized by rapid induction of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, and activation and mobilization of innate immune cells. The importance of innate immune cells in long-term PDT control of tumor growth has been well defined. In contrast the role of IL-6 in long-term tumor control by PDT is unclear. Previous studies have shown that IL-6 can diminish or have no effect on PDT antitumor efficacy.
Tutorial 6: Security in SOA and Web Services

Security is today a relevant requirement for any distributed application, and in particular for these enabled by the Web such as e-health, e-commerce, and e-learning. It is thus crucial that the use of Web services, stand-alone or composed, provide strong security guarantees. Web services security encompasses several requirements that can be described along the well known security dimensions, that is: integrity, whereby a message must remain unaltered during transmission; confidentiality, whereby the contents of a message cannot be viewed while in transit, except by authorized services; availability, whereby a message is promptly delivered to the intended recipient, thus ensuring that legitimate users receive the services they are entitled to. Moreover, each Web service must protect its own resources against unauthorized access. This in turn requires suitable means for: identification, whereby the recipient of a message must be able to identify the sender; authentication, whereby the recipient of a message needs to verify the claimed identity of the sender; authorization, whereby the recipient of a message needs to apply access control policies to determine whether the sender has the right to use the required resources. In the tutorial we will first discuss the main security requirements underlying the interactions between clients and Web services and among the Web services themselves. Then we will describe how such security requirements are addressed by standards for Web services security recently developed or under development by various standardizations bodies. Standards that are covered include: WSS, that encompasses a large number of components addressing various security aspects; XACML, that is related to access control and has been recently extended with a profile for Web services access control; WS-Federation, Liberty Alliance and Shibboleth, that address the important problem of identity management in federated organizations. Issues related to the use of these standards are discussed. Then, research approaches to the problem of Web service security will be surveyed, including negotiation-based access control for Web services, and access control for conversation-based Web services
Characterizing phenotypes and outcomes of drug‐associated liver injury using electronic medical record data

Purpose To evaluate the incidence, phenotypes, and outcomes of drug-associated liver injury identified in electronic medical record (EMR) data using standardized criteria for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Methods This retrospective cohort study used EMR data from a large integrated healthcare system. Study inclusion required 18 years of age or older, ≥1 prescription fill for any of 14 medications associated with hepatotoxicity between 1 January 2003 and 30 June 2009, and ≥12 months of membership prior to the drug exposure. Patients with underlying non-drug causes of liver injury were excluded to minimize capture of liver injury events unrelated to drugs. Drug-associated liver injuries were identified by liver chemistry elevations temporally associated with drug use based on standardized criteria for DILI. Cases were classified by clinical pattern and severity. Outcomes of liver transplant and all-cause and liver-related death were examined. Results A total of 1 053 979 drug exposures were identified in 601 125 patients. We identified 265 drug-associated liver injuries (32.8 per 100 000 persons) occurring in 250 patients. Isoniazid exhibited the highest incidence rate of 606 per 100 000 persons. Of the 265 cases, 41% were mild; 12% exhibited moderate drug-associated liver injury (with concomitant ALT ≥ 5× ULN and bilirubin ≥2× ULN); and 17% exhibited coagulopathy, ascites, encephalopathy, or other organ failure. Last, seven cases (3%) were associated with death, and there were no liver transplants. Conclusions Study results align with earlier prospective studies, supporting the value of standardized methodology to identify drug-associated liver injury in the EMR. These methods can potentially enhance safety and clinical outcomes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular mechanisms of the immunologic activation of a defectiveescherichia coli β-d-galactosidase—I: Immunochemistry of rabbit antibodies at various times during the immune response and their interaction with the enzyme

Abstract Antibodies to Escherichia coli β- d -galactosidase form distinct sub-populations which segregate independently during the response: thus precipitating and activating molecules are distinguished. The latter molecules react with a defective mutant enzyme. AMEF, and activate its catalytic site, which then interacts with the subsrate. As a step toward elucidating the mechanism of AMEF activation, some properties of the relevant anti-enzyme antibodies were determined. Antibody class and valence do not affect activation: equal activation was obtained with IgM, IgG and Fab molecules over a 100-fold range of AMEF concentrations. Precipitating antibodies do not influence activation or compete with activating molecules. Most or all antienzyme antibodies produced by 15 rabbits were IgG. Three rabbits also produced small amounts of IgM antibodies, but only within 2 weeks after immunization. Non-activating IgM molecules from immune sera did not compete with activating IgG molecules, whether or not these IgM molecules were able to bind the enzyme, as demonstrated by precipitation or by coprecipitation with anti-μ-chain antisera.
Myocyte contractility can be maintained by storing cells with the myosin ATPase inhibitor 2,3 butanedione monoxime

Isolated intact myocytes can be used to investigate contractile mechanisms and to screen new therapeutic compounds. These experiments typically require euthanizing an animal and isolating fresh cells each day or analyzing cultured myocytes, which quickly lose their rod-shaped morphology. Recent data suggest that the viability of canine myocytes can be prolonged using low temperature and N-benzyl-p-toluene sulfonamide (an inhibitor of skeletal myosin ATPase). We performed similar studies in rat myocytes in order to test whether the cardiac myosin ATPase inhibitors 2,3-Butanedione monoxime (BDM) and blebbistatin help to maintain cell-level function over multiple days. Myocytes were isolated from rats and separated into batches that were stored at 4°C in a HEPES-buffered solution that contained 0.5 mmol L−1 Ca2+ and (1) no myosin ATPase inhibitors; (2) 10 mmol L−1 BDM; or (3) 3 μmol L−1 blebbistatin. Functional viability of myocytes was assessed up to 3 days after the isolation by measuring calcium transients and unloaded shortening profiles induced by electrical stimuli in inhibitor-free Tyrode's solution. Cells stored without myosin ATPase inhibitors had altered morphology (fewer rod-shaped cells, shorter diastolic sarcomere lengths, and membrane blebbing) and were not viable for contractile assays after 24 h. Cells stored in BDM maintained morphology and contractile function for 48 h. Storage in blebbistatin maintained cell morphology for 72 h but inhibited contractility. These data show that storing cells with myosin ATPase inhibitors can extend the viability of myocytes that will be used for functional assays. This may help to refine and reduce the use of animals in experiments.
Use of capnographs to assess quality of pediatric ventilation with 3 different airway modalities.

Abstract Objectives Prehospital pediatric airway management is difficult and controversial. Options include bag-mask ventilation (BMV), endotracheal tube (ETT), and laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Emergency Medical Services personnel report difficulty assessing adequacy of BMV during transport. Capnography, and capnograph tracings in particular, provide a measure of real-time ventilation currently used in prehospital medicine but have not been well studied in pediatric patients or with BMV. Our objective was to compare pediatric capnographs created with 3 airway modalities. Methods This was a prospective study of pediatric patients requiring ETT or LMA ventilation during elective surgical procedures. Data were collected during BMV using 2 bag types (flow-inflating and self-inflating). The ETT or LMA was placed and ventilation with each bag type repeated. Ten- to 14-second capnographs were reviewed by 2 blinded anesthesiologists who were asked to assess ventilation and identify the airway and bag type used. Descriptive statistics, κ , and risk ratios were calculated. Results Twenty-nine patients were enrolled. Median age was 4.4 years (2 months to 16.8 years). One hundred sixteen capnographs were reviewed. Reviewers were unable to differentiate between airway modalities and agreed on adequacy of ventilation 77% of the time ( κ = 0.6, P Conclusion Capnographs are generated during BMV and are virtually identical to those produced with ETT or LMA ventilation. Attention to capnographs could improve outcomes during emergency treatment and transport of critically ill pediatric patients requiring ventilation with any of these airway modalities.
Analysis of Nuclear Reactor Siting Policy Using Multiobjective Programming

Decisions on power plant sites have emphasized the minimization of location-dependent costs. Recent events, particularly the incident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, have led to calls for a nuclear reactor siting policy that would require reactors to be sited in more remote areas. Solutions from a multiobjective programming model of a regional power system indicate that remote sites can be found with little or no cost penalty. A previously suggested policy of expansion of existing reactor sites is shown to lead to an inferior location pattern.
Electron microscopic studies of the mechanism of action of the restriction endonuclease of Escherichia coli B.

Reaction intermediates and products formed by the restriction endonuclease of Escherichia coli B with fd replicative form DNA substrates containing recognition sites in known positions and orientations have been characterized by electron microscopy. After exposure of these substrates to enzyme, loops of duplex DNA were frequently observed, usually at or near the termini. Analysis of the size and structure of the loops observed with various DNA substrates suggests that the enzyme binds initially to the recognition site then remains bound to the DNA in the region of this site while tracking towards a site of cleavage. Tracking appears to occur only on the 5′ side of the asymmetric recognition sequence, 5′ … T-G-A-(N)8-T-G-C-T … 3′; however, the location of the cleavage sites appears to be random, at least within certain limits of distance from the recognition site. Enzyme-DNA complexes remain intact even after the double-strand cleavage is completed, and this complex acts as a potent ATPase with no obvious function. This latter reaction might represent an artifactual uncoupling of ATP hydrolysis from the tracking of the enzyme along the DNA; alternatively, it might indicate an in vivo function for the enzyme of which we are unaware.
Quantifying the Representative Size in Porous Media

We present a new approach to quantify the representative quality of pore-scale samples of porous media. It is shown that the flow field uniformity serves as a reliable criterion to decide if the computed flow properties are representative at larger sample sizes. The proposed approach is computationally inexpensive and requires minimal effort to implement. We rely on the correlation matrix of flow field to quantify the representative quality of the computed flow properties at the pore scale. Using this approach, we have been able to study several pore-networks and a high-resolution image of a sandstone, and quickly answer if the computed flow properties from these pore-networks/images are representative of the actual media.
Low Incidence of Chest Wall Pain with a Risk-Adapted Lung Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Approach Using Three or Five Fractions Based on Chest Wall Dosimetry

Purpose To examine the frequency and potential of dose-volume predictors for chest wall (CW) toxicity (pain and/or rib fracture) for patients receiving lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) using treatment planning methods to minimize CW dose and a risk-adapted fractionation scheme. Methods We reviewed data from 72 treatment plans, from 69 lung SBRT patients with at least one year of follow-up or CW toxicity, who were treated at our center between 2010 and 2013. Treatment plans were optimized to reduce CW dose and patients received a risk-adapted fractionation of 18 Gy×3 fractions (54 Gy total) if the CW V30 was less than 30 mL or 10–12 Gy×5 fractions (50–60 Gy total) otherwise. The association between CW toxicity and patient characteristics, treatment parameters and dose metrics, including biologically equivalent dose, were analyzed using logistic regression. Results With a median follow-up of 20 months, 6 (8.3%) patients developed CW pain including three (4.2%) grade 1, two (2.8%) grade 2 and one (1.4%) grade 3. Five (6.9%) patients developed rib fractures, one of which was symptomatic. No significant associations between CW toxicity and patient and dosimetric variables were identified on univariate nor multivariate analysis. Conclusions Optimization of treatment plans to reduce CW dose and a risk-adapted fractionation strategy of three or five fractions based on the CW V30 resulted in a low incidence of CW toxicity. Under these conditions, none of the patient characteristics or dose metrics we examined appeared to be predictive of CW pain.
Inflammatory enzyme composition of the neonatal rat intestine: Implications for susceptibility to ischemia☆

Recent evidence has suggested that the immaturity of the neonatal intestine may play a key role in the development of ischemic injury. However, relatively little data exist on the susceptibility of the neonatal intestine to ischemic injury at various ages especially in the fed versus fasted states. In this study, the levels of xanthine oxidase ([XO] an enzyme which is a known, major source of free radicals in postischemic tissue) and myeloperoxidase ([MPO] an index of tissue neutrophil infiltration) were measured in 1-, 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were divided into fed (n = 8/day) and fasted (n = 8/day) groups 4 hours prior to sacrifice. The entire small intestine was removed and divided into five segments: the duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, proximal ileum, and distal ileum. The specimens were homogenized and assayed for XO and MPO levels. A significant increase in XO was observed in the fasted animals compared to the fed animals on all days. Peak levels in XO were observed in both groups from day 5 to 10. MPO levels were significantly higher in the fasted versus fed animals on day 1. MPO levels decreased as the animals aged. These data demonstrate dramatic differences in the levels of inflammatory enzymes of the newborn rat in the fed versus fasted states. Also, marked variations with age are seen in both XO and MPO. Whether the XO and MPO levels present at the time of ischemic insult affect severity of injury remains to be seen.
A Phase 1 study of the blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate AMA1-C1/Alhydrogel with CPG 7909, using two different formulations and dosing intervals.

A Phase 1 study was conducted in 24 malaria naive adults to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant protein vaccine apical membrane antigen 1-Combination 1 (AMA1-C1)/Alhydrogel with CPG 7909 in two different formulations (phosphate buffer and saline), and given at two different dosing schedules, 0 and 1 month or 0 and 2 months. Both formulations were well tolerated and frequency of local reactions and solicited adverse events was similar among the groups. Peak antibody levels in the groups receiving CPG 7909 in saline were not significantly different than those receiving CPG 7909 in phosphate. Peak antibody levels in the groups vaccinated at a 0,2 month interval were 2.52-fold higher than those vaccinated at a 0,1 month interval (p=0.037, 95% CI 1.03, 4.28). In vitro growth inhibition followed the antibody level: median inhibition was 51% (0,1 month interval) versus 85% (0,2 month interval) in antibody from samples taken 2 weeks post-second vaccination (p=0.056).
Epithelial ovarian neoplasms of low malignant potential

This report presents 13 patients with epithelial ovarian neoplasms of low malignant potential. Ten patients had serous tumors, 1 had a mucinous tumor, and 2 had endometrioid tumors. Two had Stage I disease, 4 had Stage II disease, and 7 had Stage III disease. All were treated with melphalan. Second-look laparotomy was performed in 11 patients and 1 patient required subsequent exploratory laparotomy. None achieved histologic confirmation of cure. Five patients continued treatment with melphalan and underwent third-look laparotomy with findings of persistent disease. Seven patients are alive without clinically detectable evidence of disease. Four patients died of their disease and 2 patients died of melphalan-induced acute leukemia.
Using OSHA's Voluntary Protection Program to improve financial performance

Many companies are reducing costs by adopting OSHA's Voluntary Protection Program (VPP). The authors explain VPP, give examples of benefits to companies, and discuss how to apply for the program.© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Public Access Defibrillation A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association Task Force on Automatic External Defibrillation

In October 1993 the American Heart Association appointed the Task Force on Automatic External Defibrillation. The task force was charged with conducting a conference on automatic external defibrillation, evaluating research needed for broader community use of automatic external defibrillators, and overseeing evaluation of the feasibility and desirability of their use by healthcare professionals and the lay public. In December 1994 a conference on public access defibrillation was held in Washington, DC. More than 300 persons attended, representing science, industry, the healthcare professions, law, and the federal government. During the meeting the participants reached a consensus on the general proposition of greater public access to defibrillation and the need for broad-based clinical …
Reduced fat, high moisture beef frankfurters as affected by chopping temperature.

Six treatment combinations were studied to determine the effects of initial temperature (0, 15, 30°C) and endpoint chopping temperatures (0, 15, 30, 45°C) on texture and stability of reduced fat, high moisture beef frankfurters. Textural properties (raw batter, frankfurter) and purge loss were determined over 8 wk storage. As endpoint chopping temperature increased, batter stability and shear force decreased. In most samples, initial temperature did not affect texture or stability. Endpoint chopping temperatures of ± 15°C resulted in most stable batters. Chopping > 15°C lowered product quality.
Initiation of a chromatin-based transcriptionally repressive state in the preimplantation mouse embryo: lack of a primary role for expression of somatic histone H1.

A chromatin-based transcriptionally repressive state develops during the two-cell stage in preimplantation mouse embryos. Correlated with the initial formation of this state is the expression of somatic histone H1, which could confer repression by promoting the formation of a transcriptionally repressive chromatin structure. To ascertain if the expression of histone H1 could play such a primary role in initiating the formation of this transcriptionally repressive state, the endogenous pool of somatic histone H1 in the two-cell embryo was greatly expanded by injection of 25 or 100 pg of histone H1 at the one-cell stage. The expression of the transcription-requiring complex, which is an accepted marker for genome activation, was then assessed during the two-cell stage. No significant inhibition was noted following the injection of 25 pg of histone H1. A transient inhibition was observed following injection of 100 pg, but this was likely due to a delay in cleavage to the two-cell stage. We conclude that it is unlikely that the expression of somatic histone H1 is a major factor in the initial establishment of the chromatin-based transcriptionally repressive state that accompanies genome activation.
Low-Noise Amplifier at 2.45 GHz [TC Contests]

An LNA with 15 K noise at 2.45 GHz working at ambient temperature has been developed using the GaAs metamorphic HEMT iT8002D manufactured by GigOptix. Unfortunately, this transistor has been discontinued. We replaced iT8002D by the FHX45X, general purpose GaAs SuperHEMT manufactured by Eudyna in the same circuit. FHX45X has the same gate width of 280 um. The measured S parameters were quite similar to the original LNA. The noise was increased to about 18 K at 2.45 GHz. We feel that FHX45X can be used as a replacement for the iT8002D. Based on the results of this LNA, we are developing a wideband (0.54 GHz) LNA that will work at ambient temperatures as well as cryogenic temperatures for radio astronomy applications.
Comparison of methods for rooting phylogenetic trees: a case study using Orcuttieae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae).

Abstract DNA sequence data (cpDNA trn L intron and nrDNA ITS1 and ITS2) were analyzed to identify relationships within Orcuttieae, a small tribe of endangered grasses endemic to vernal pools in California and Baja California. The tribe includes three genera: Orcuttia , Tuctoria , and Neostapfia . All three genera carry out C 4 photosynthesis but aquatic taxa of Orcuttia lack Kranz anatomy. The unusual habitat preference of the tribe is coupled with the atypical development of C 4 photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy. Furthermore, the tribe has no known close relatives and has been noted to be phylogenetically isolated within the subfamily Chloridoideae. In this study we examine the problem of inferring the root of the tribe in the absence of an identified outgroup, analyze the phylogenetic relationships of the constituent taxa, and evaluate the evolutionary development of C 4 photosynthesis. We compare four methods for inferring the root of the tree: (1) the outgroup method, (2) midpoint rooting, the imposition of a molecular clock for both (3) maximum likelihood (ML) and (4) Bayesian analysis. We examine the consequences of each method for the inferred phylogenetic relationships. Three of the methods (outgroup rooting and the ML and Bayesian molecular clock analyses) suggest that the root of Orcuttieae is between Neostapfia and the Tuctoria / Orcuttia lineage, while midpoint rooting gives a different root. The Bayesian method additionally provides information about probabilities associated with other possible root locations. Assuming that the true root of Orcuttieae is between Neostapfia and the Tuctoria / Orcuttia lineage, our data indicate Neostapfia and Orcuttia are both monophyletic, while Tuctoria is paraphyletic (with no synapomorphies in either dataset) and forming a grade between the other two genera and needs taxonomic revision. Our data support the hypothesis that Orcuttieae was derived from a terrestrial ancestor and evolved specializations to an aquatic environment, including C 4 photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy.
Enzymatic synthesis of 11C-pyruvic acid and 11C-L-lactic acid

Abstract L -Lactic acid is formed as the end product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions in all cells, but this reaction is of special significance in the myocardium. L -Lactic acid is reversibly formed from and is in equilibrium with myocardial pyruvic acid, which is its sole metabolic pathway. 11C-Pyruvic acid is synthesized from 11C carbon dioxide using pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase and coenzymes. The 11C-pyruvic acid is then converted to 11C- L -lactic acid by lactic acid dehydrogenase. The availability of 11C-pyruvic acid and 11C- L -lactic acid will permit the in vivo investigation of lactate metabolism.
Cyclophosphamide resets dendritic cell homeostasis and enhances antitumor immunity through effects that extend beyond regulatory T cell elimination

Using a model of established malignancy, we found that cyclophosphamide (Cy), administered at a dose not requiring hematopoietic stem cell support, is superior to low-dose total body irradiation in augmenting antitumor immunity. We observed that Cy administration resulted in expansion of tumor antigen-specific T cells and transient depletion of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). The antitumor efficacy of Cy was not improved by administration of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody given to induce more profound Treg depletion. We found that Cy, through its myelosuppressive action, induced rebound myelopoiesis and perturbed dendritic cell (DC) homeostasis. The resulting DC turnover led to the emergence of tumor-infiltrating DCs that secreted more IL-12 and less IL-10 compared to those from untreated tumor-bearing animals. These newly recruited DCs, originating from proliferating early DC progenitors, were fully capable of priming T cell responses and ineffective in inducing expansion of Tregs. Together, our results show that Cy-mediated antitumor effects extend beyond the well-documented cytotoxicity and lymphodepletion and include resetting the DC homeostasis, thus providing an excellent platform for integration with other immunotherapeutic strategies.
Acoustic coupling and effective quasiparticle lifetimes of superconducting films

Our results on the acoustical coupling of thin superconducting films are recalculated using the phonon-enhanced electronic density of states. The acoustic coupling of lead to tin is smaller than previously reported. Recent revised measurements of the quasiparticle lifetimes in lead indicate that it is not necessary to assume additional inelastic processes in lead as previously reported. We find that the acoustic coupling of lead to tin is smaller than the acoustic coupling of lead to helium.
On the line: Crossing institutional boundaries between photojournalism and photographic art

(1990). On the line: Crossing institutional boundaries between photojournalism and photographic art. Visual Sociology: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 22-29.
Stability analysis of intermediate boundary conditions in approximate factorization schemes

The paper discusses the role of the intermediate boundary condition in the AF2 scheme used by Holst for simulation of the transonic full potential equation. We show that the treatment suggested by Holst led to a restriction on the time step and suggest ways to overcome this restriction. The discussion is based on the theory developed by Gustafsson, Kreiss, and Sundstrom and also on the Von Neumann method.
Learning Lean: A Survey of Industry Lean Needs.

The authors examined business practitioners' preferences for higher education curricula design in general and for what graduates should know about Lean, or waste-reduction efforts. The authors conducted a Web-based survey and found that practitioners are not as concerned about graduates' possessing specific technical skills as they are about them possessing a systems view of organizations and value streams. The survey findings suggest several implications for undergraduate and graduate business school curriculum design, Lean education, and a broader systems approach to professional education.
Complete resorption of a thoracic aortic aneurysm after stent-graft placement.

A 38-year-old woman presented with a mediastinal mass on a chest roentgenogram 16 years after a motor vehicle accident. Computed tomographic (CT) scan of the chest demonstrated a 5.0 cm descending thoracic aortic aneurysm (normal contiguous aorta, 2.1 cm) that was 6.0 cm in length, typical for a posttraumatic etiologic process (Fig A). The patient had small femoral arteries; therefore, a 10 mm Dacron (C. R. Bard, Haverhill, MA) graft was anastomosed to the left common iliac artery (retroperitoneal approach) [1]. Through this graft, three endovascular stent-grafts (two 28 mm 3.75 cm, one 28 mm 3.5 cm) (AneuRx, Medtronic/AVE, Santa Rosa, CA) were deployed (a single tube graft of appropriate length was not available off protocol). At 2 weeks postoperatively, a CT scan of the chest demonstrated complete exclusion of the aneurysm with flow only through the stent-graft (Fig B). This noncontrast image shows the stent-graft within the residual aneurysm sac (arrow). A measurable fall in aneurysm size has been reported in one half of patients after stentgrafting [2], but we were pleasantly surprised to find that the aneurysm had completely vanished on a follow-up CT scan only 5 months postoperatively (Fig C). Figure C shows the stent-graft near the same level as Figure B, but the aneurysm sac is no longer present. We think that endovascular stent-grafts should not be reserved only for old and debilitated patients, but may be appropriate for selected young, otherwise healthy patients to prevent progression and potentially cure the disease.
The role of reflecting pigment cells in the turnover of crayfish photoreceptors

The photoreceptors of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii undergo an extensive cycle of turnover in the late afternoon. Quantitative light and electron microscopy reveal a sharp increase in the fractional volume (i.e., density) of reflecting-pigment-cell granules and vacuoles shortly following late-afternoon photoreceptor turnover. The reflecting pigment cells (RPCs), which permanently reside within the crayfish retina, are shown to serve much the same function as the vertebrate pigment epithelium. The RPCs phagocytose partially digested photoreceptive microvilli and the ingested debris is degraded further into the granules and vacuoles which characterize these cells. Phagosome degradation appears to be mediated by Golgi complexes. Acid phosphatase appears to be involved in the initial rhabdom breakdown but not in the final reduction of RPC granules.
Identification of a Conserved Motif Required for mTOR Signaling

Background The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) controls the translation machinery via activation of S6 kinases 1 and 2 (S6K1/2) and inhibition of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding proteins 1, 2, and 3 (4E-BP1/2/3). S6K1 and 4E-BP1 are regulated by nutrient-sensing and mitogen-activated pathways. The molecular basis of mTOR regulation of S6K1 and 4E-BP1 remains controversial. Results We have identified a conserved TOR signaling (TOS) motif in the N terminus of all known S6 kinases and in the C terminus of the 4E-BPs that is crucial for phosphorylation and regulation S6K1 and 4E-BP1 activities. Deletion or mutations within the TOS motif significantly inhibit S6K1 activation and the phosphorylation of its hydrophobic motif, Thr389. In addition, this sequence is required to suppress an inhibitory activity mediated by the S6K1 C terminus. The TOS motif is essential for S6K1 activation by mTOR, as mutations in this motif mimic the effect of rapamycin on S6K1 phosphorylation, and render S6K1 insensitive to changes in amino acids. Furthermore, only overexpression of S6K1 with an intact TOS motif prevents 4E-BP1 phosphorylation by a common mTOR-regulated modulator of S6K1 and 4E-BP1. Conclusions S6K1 and 4E-BP1 contain a conserved five amino acid sequence (TOS motif) that is crucial for their regulation by the mTOR pathway. mTOR seems to regulate S6K1 by two distinct mechanisms. The TOS motif appears to function as a docking site for either mTOR itself or a common upstream activator of S6K1 and 4E-BP1.
Enhancing self-efficacy in minority youth: A group technique

This article presents a two-phase group process that can be utilized to develop self-efficacy in minority youth. The process involves helping minority students to develop realistic educational and precareer goals through group supported analysis of individual strengths, weaknesses, resources, and roadblocks to success. Modeling, role playing, and outside activities are the major components of the group process.
Analysis of prediction level setting in PRML decoding on Blu-ray disc system

In the application of the PRML decoding to the optical disk system, an asymmetry of a reproduced signal deteriorates the decoding performance. We investigated the relation of the prediction level setting and the PRML decoding performance. When the average level of the input signal was adjusted to the center of the prediction level, the margins was deteriorated little, even if there is a signal asymmetry. We found that the PRML decoding has a good tolerance to the signal asymmetry by using a simple circuit structure.
977 CORRELATION OF FETAL OUTCOME WITH ANTENATAL TESTING IN ISOIMMUNIZED PATIENTS

Sixty-seven pregnant women at risk for fetal isoimmunization were followed prospectively from 6/78–6/84 and scored by nonstress testing (NST) (reactive =2, nonreactive =0), amniotic fluid Δ 450 (slope: increasing =2, stable =1, decreasing =0), and fetal ultrasound (U/S) (erythroblastosis fetalis: none =2, minimal-moderate =1, moderate-severe =0). Postnatally, the 67 infants (GA 36.6±3.1 wks, mean±SD, BW 2850±656 grams) were independently scored without knowledge of the maternal score (living =2, dead =0; treatment: none =2, phototherapy =1, exchange transfusion =0; problems of prematurity: none =2, mild =1, moderate-severe =0). The mothers and infants were each assigned a rank from 1–10 according to their scores. A sign test (non-parametric) between the maternal and infant scores revealed no significant difference indicating agreement between rankings. The chi square goodness of fit for the distribution of scores when grouped as 1/2/3, 4/5/6/7, and 8/9/10 also indicated no significant differences in rankings. The correlation coefficient for infants rank against maternal rank was .76 at p<.001. No single antenatal test has thus far been shown to be predictive of neonatal outcome. We have shown prospectively that, in combination, NST, Δ450 and U/S can reliably predict severity of isoimmunization. The composite score can therefore be used to optimize timing of delivery with respect to the risks of prematurity and erythroblastosis fetalis.
Erratum to: Acculturation, Social Context, and Drug Use: Findings from a Sample of Hispanic Adolescents

Acknowledgements “This research uses data from “Substance Abuse in Mexican American School-Age Youth”, a project directed by Jesse Zapata, David Katims, and Zenong Yin at the University of Texas at San Antonio, and funded by grant NIH-NIDA R24 DA07234 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Special acknowledgment is due to the Harlandale Independent School District (HISD) for their cooperation on the original project. The findings and opinions expressed within are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect official positions of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. No direct support was received from grant R24 DA07234 for this analysis.” Am J Crim Just (2012) 37:137 DOI 10.1007/s12103-011-9146-y
Conformational changes in transfer RNA. I. Equilibrium theory

We report the results of semi-empirical calculations describing thermodynamic properties of transfer RNA conformations. The most important new features of the procedure are: (1) the use of parameters obtained from model oligoribonucleotides to evaluate the free energy of helical regions and small hairpin loops, and (2) the use of a model which is somewhat more realistic than the freely jointed chain for evaluating internal loops and intermediate size hairpin loops. The new parameters lead to important quantitative and qualitative differences from predictions which would have been made in the past and lead to a priori predictions of tRNA melting temperatures which are within about 6°C of the experimental values. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) The early melting transition observed in several tRNA's is partly the result of tertiary unfolding, and partly the result of the loss of some secondary structure. (2) The part of the secondary structure which melts during the early transition is different for different tRNA's. For fMet and Tyr from E. coli, the calculations predict that the dihydrouradiene arm melts out early. For yeast Phe the acceptor stem and anticodon helix melt first. (3) The results also suggest the possibility that tertiary unfolding and early secondary structural melting do not occur independently but are coupled, so that the two types of structure are probably mutually stabilizing.
A transient three-dimensional analysis of non-uniform dislocation distribution growth by climb and glide over non-planar surfaces

As a basis for obtaining insight into both plastic flow described in terms of dislocation motion and dynamic crack extension, a transient 3D analysis of the non-uniform growth of dislocation distributions by climb and glide over largely arbitrary non-planar surfaces is considered. An exact solution for the case of an unbounded, isotropic, homogeneous, linearly elastic solid is obtained in vector form. It is found that information about essential distribution and surface properties are contained in the solution in a symmetric tensor. This tensor arises as a generalized consequence of the body-force equivalent representation of dislocations in elastic continua. The solution is also found to have two components: one component depends on the velocity discontinuity induced across the surface, the other depends on the displacement discontinuity at the moving boundary of the distribution and the speed of the boundary. Two examples are then considered to illustrate the utility of the solution.
The excess enthalpies of liquid freon-22 + N,N-dimethylacetamide mixtures from 263 to 363 K at 5500 kPa☆

Abstract The excess enthalpies, HE, for liquid Freon-22 + N,N-dimethylacetamide mixtures were measured from 373 to 423 K at 5.5 MPa using an isothermal flow calorimeter with a reproducibility of better than two percent. At all temperatures the mixtures showed negative (exothermic) non-ideal behavior of HE. The HE data were correlated with the Redlich-Kister equation over the entire composition and temperature ranges investigated except for those linear sections representing two phase behavior where a linear equation was used. The changes observed in the excess enthalpy with temperature are discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding between the two components and the behavior of the components near the critical point of Freon-22.
Optimal two- and three-stage production schedules with setup times included

Each of a collection of items are to be produced on two machines (or stages). Each machine can handle only one item at a time and each item must be processed through machine one and then through machine two. The setup time plus work time for each item for each machine is known. A simple decision rule is obtained in this paper for the optimal scheduling of the production so that the total elapsed time is a minimum. A three-machine problem is also discussed and solved for a restricted case.