cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The PEV security challenges to the smart grid: Analysis of threats and mitigation strategies

Amid growing concern over both the skyrocketing price of fossil fuels and the considerable harm to the environment that is now universally attributed to their use, the gas-powered vehicle is increasingly being viewed as an undesirable means of modern transportation, and the Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) is now being actively developed as its potential replacement. The PEV is powered entirely by electricity, which it acquires by plugging into available electric charging facilities. Concurrently, the electrical grid as we know it is being transformed into a smart grid, which couples physical electrical power generation, transmission, distribution and delivery with an advanced communication network infrastructure that enables provision of several new types of services associated with electrical power management and delivery. The new Smart Grid is seen as an ideal environment for the rapid adoption of the PEV as the primary means of transportation, but such a development poses several threats to the security of the Smart Grid, which could lead to local facilities failure, grid overload, grid instability, and exhaustion of national reserve electrical supply. In this paper we analyze these PEV-induced threats and survey and propose effective mitigation strategies which could be employed to nullify their effectiveness in disrupting the services offered by the Smart Grid.
Ca2+-ATPase activity in isolated secretory granule membranes.

Membranen sekretorischer Granula wurden von der Ohrspeicheldruse (Parotis) der Ratte isoliert und auf Kalzium-ATPase-Aktivitat (Ca2+-ATPase) untersucht und postuliert, dass die gefundene Ca2+-ATPase eine Rolle in der Aufnahme und Abgabe von Kalzium in sekretorischen Granula spielt.
Equality and Revolution: Women's Rights in the Russian Empire, 1905-1917

Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution: Women's Rights in the Russian Empire, 1905-1917, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010. Pp. XVIII + 356; illustrations; notes; index...
Detection and identification of Variola virus in fixed human tissue after prolonged archival storage.

Smallpox disease has been eradicated from the human population since 1979, but is again a concern because of its potential use as an agent of bioterrorism or biowarfare. World Health Organization-sanctioned repositories of infectious Variola virus are known to occur in both Russia and the United States, but many believe other undeclared and unregulated sources of the virus could exist. Thus, validation of improved methods for definitive identification of smallpox virus in diagnostic specimens is urgently needed. In this paper, we describe the discovery of suspected Variola infected human tissue, fixed and preserved for decades in largely unknown solutions, and the use of routine histology, electron microscopy, and ultimately DNA extraction and fluorogenic 5' nuclease (TaqMan®) assays for its identification and confirmation.
Adaptive mechanisms of the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the limbic forebrain of the rat: adaptation to persistent changes in the availability of norepinephrine (NE).

— The noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in slices of the limbic forebrain of rats displays characteristics which are compatible with those of a central NE receptor. The cyclic AMP response to a Kmax concentration of NE (concentration of NE which elicits maximal increase in the level of cyclic AMP) is significantly enhanced in slices from reserpinized animals, although the Ka value of NE (concentration of NE eliciting half-maximum response) was not significantly changed. Chemosympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) significantly enhanced the activity of the system to NE and isoproterenol but not to adenosine and reduced the Ka value for NE. The changes in the reactivity of the cyclic AMP generating system following 6-OHDA administration appear to be related to a decrease in the availability of NE and not to that of other neurotransmitters as protection by desipramine (DMI) of noradrenergic neurons against the neurotoxic action of 6-OHDA prevented the development of supersensitivity to NE. Conversely, and independent of the actual concentration of NE in brain tissue, a persistent increase in the availability of NE caused by prolonged MAO inhibition lead to a marked decrease in the reactivity of the cyclic AMP generating system. The results provide further evidence for a regulatory mechanism in the CNS involving the noradrenergic receptor that adapts its sensitivity to NE in a manner inversely related to the degree of its stimulation by the catecholamine.
Deltaic sedimentation in a rift valley lake: New seismic reflection data from Lake Malawi (Nyasa), East Africa

Digital seismic reflection data acquired over the subaqueous parts of five rift-lake deltas in Lake Malawi (Nyasa), Africa, reveal a striking variability in delta morphology. Gross variations appear to be controlled by tectonic setting. Border-fault margin and accommodationzone margin deltas have steeply sloping depositional surfaces, acoustic signatures dominated by chaotic seismic facies, and an overall aggradational character. Shoaling margin deltas that are opposite the main border faults and axial-margin deltas that parallel the rift axis have slopes generally
The origin of cosmic rays in spiral galaxies

The problem of the origin and distribution of cosmic rays in the Galaxy is introduced by summarizing the literature on the radio and γ-ray studies of the Galaxy, discussing the propagation of cosmic rays in the interstellar medium, and listing the observed properties of cosmic rays. The localization of cosmic-ray electrons to their parent galaxies is an indicator that processes leading to cosmic-ray production may be common to galaxies like our own. The studies of external galaxies are therefore relevant to our own and have the advantage of better perspective.
Cognitive Neuroscience: Targeting Neuroplasticity with Neural Decoding and Biofeedback

New research combining neural decoding and biofeedback to target neuroplasticity causally links early visual cortical plasticity with improved perception. This is an exciting new approach to understanding brain function, one which may lead to new ways of treating neurological disorders by targeted intervention.
Total synthesis of exochelin MN and analogues.

The first total synthesis of exochelin MN is described along with rationally designed analogues. The required l-threo-β-hydroxyamino acid components were constructed using either Sharpless asymmetric aminohydroxylation reactions or an aldol reaction of imidazolidinone 19. A new concise procedure for the preparation of the constituent six-membered cyclic hydroxamate was developed. In addition, a plausible mechanism for exochelin MN-mediated iron(III) transport was proposed. Biological studies of these compounds will be used to evaluate this hypothesis.
Phototoxicity Of Rhodamine Dyes

Rhodamine-123 (R123) and tetrabromo-R123 (TBR) have been evaluated in vitro as potential photosensitizers. R123 localizes selectively in mitochondria of MGH-V1 bladder carcinoma cells exposed to 10 pM R123 for 30 min, and under these conditions R123 is a weak photosensitizes. Incubation with R123 for longer times enhances its phototoxicity, and is associated with a modification of its intracellular localization. TBR is approximately 100 times more phototoxic than R123, as assessed either by 3H-thymidine uptake or vital staining. Actively proliferating cells are more sensitive to either R123 or TBR phototoxicity than are plateau-phase, confluent cultures.
Earl Warren and the American Judicial Tradition

In October 1970, one year after he retired as Chief Justice of the United States, Earl Warren came to the University of California, San Diego, to deliver the dedication address at John Muir College. As one of his faculty hosts for the day, I have a vivid set of recollections about the event. Despite my best efforts to engage him in conversation about the Burger Court, then in the process of cutting back on many constitutional rights established during his tenure, Warren politely refused to be drawn into discussion about legal matters. Nor was he much interested in visiting the university's library or classrooms. His attention finally became riveted upon a vigorous touch football game. When the ball squirted out of bounds near his feet the Chief Justice picked it up and arched a perfect spiral back into the hands of a sweaty undergraduate, who probably never realized that he had just received a pass from one of his country's most celebrated jurists. Later in the afternoon, a huge crowd of students, faculty, and San Diegans packed the quadrangle of John Muir College to hear Warren's talk. As he rose to speak, several students unfurled a large banner from a nearby balcony. A hush fell over the throng, most of whom expected the worst in student graffiti, perhaps "F k the Chief Justice." Our campus and hundreds of others across the nation had been rocked by student strikes in April when President Nixon launched the invasion of Cambodia. At Kent State and Jackson State, national guardsmen and state troopers had gunned down protestors. Earl Warren, former Chief Justice of the United States, represented the establishment. But instead of an expletive, the banner read, "Right on, Big Earl!" The crowd roared its approval. Warren flashed a broad grin and proceeded to deliver a scathing attack on those who believed the country could have law and order without social justice.
Isolation of Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Using Laser-Assisted Liposuction and Their Therapeutic Potential in Regenerative Medicine

Harvesting adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) for tissue engineering is frequently done through liposuction. However, several different techniques exist. Although third-generation ultrasound-assisted liposuction has been shown to not have a negative effect on ASCs, the impact of laser-assisted liposuction on the quality and differentiation potential of ASCs has not been studied. Therefore, ASCs were harvested from laser-assisted lipoaspirate and suction-assisted lipoaspirate. Next, in vitro parameters of cell yield, cell viability and proliferation, surface marker phenotype, osteogenic differentiation, and adipogenic differentiation were performed. Finally, in vivo bone formation was assessed using a critical-sized cranial defect in athymic nude mice. Although ASCs isolated from suction-assisted lipoaspirate and laser-assisted lipoaspirate both successfully underwent osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, the cell yield, viability, proliferation, and frequency of ASCs (CD34+CD31−CD45−) in the stromal vascular fraction were all significantly less with laser-assisted liposuction in vitro (p < .05). In vivo, quantification of osseous healing by micro-computed tomography revealed significantly more healing with ASCs isolated from suction-assisted lipoaspirate relative to laser-assisted lipoaspirate at the 4-, 6-, and 8-week time points (p < .05). Therefore, as laser-assisted liposuction appears to negatively impact the biology of ASCs, cell harvest using suction-assisted liposuction is preferable for tissue-engineering purposes.
Digital noise reduction: Outcomes from laboratory and field studies

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a digital noise reduction (DNR) scheme implemented in a current commercial hearing aid. In a double-blinded design, three conditions of onset time (4, 8, 16 seconds) were randomly assigned to the 25 subjects, plus one condition wherein the noise-reduction feature was disengaged. Subsequently, a fifth trial/condition, wherein the subject had access to three memories in which the different onsets were programmed, was carried out. For each of the five conditions, the subjects had an at-home trial, prior to obtaining self-report measures. Laboratory measures of speech perception showed no effect of the DNR, with or without the provision of visual cues. Laboratory-based ratings of ease of listening showed DNR-on (all onset times) to be rated significantly better than DNR-off; for ratings of listening comfort, the 4-second onset time was rated significantly lower (poorer) than the 8-second onset or the DNR-off condition; for ratings of sound quality, DNR-on or -off had no differential effect. Self-report measures indicated significantly higher aversiveness in the DNR-off condition compared to the pre-test scores.
The e-volution of preprints in the scholarly communication of physicists and astronomers

To learn how e-prints are cited, used, and accepted in the literature of physics and astronomy, the philosophies, policies, and practices of top-tier physics and astronomy journals regarding e-prints from the Los Alamos e-print archive, arXiv.org, were examined. Citation analysis illustrated e-prints were cited with increasing frequency by a variety of journals in a wide range of physics and astronomy fields from 1998 to 1999. The peak e-print citation rate of 3 years observed was comparable to that of print journals, suggesting a similarity in citation patterns of e-prints and printed articles. The number of citations made to 37 premier physics and astronomy journals and their impact factors have remained constant since arXiv.org's inception in 1991, indicating that e-prints have yet to make an impact on the use of the printed literature. The degree of acceptance stated by the journals' editors and the policies given in the journal's instructions to authors sections concerning the citing of e-prints and subsequent publication of papers that have appeared as e-prints differed from journal to journal, ranging from emphatically unacceptable to “why not?” Even though the use of the traditional literature has not changed since arXiv.org began and the policies concerning e-print citation and publication were inconsistent, the number of citations (35,928) and citations rates (34.1%) to 12 arXiv.org archives were found to be large and increasing. It is, therefore, evident that arXiv.org e-prints have evolved into an important facet of the scholarly communication of physics and astronomy.
Object-centered surface reconstruction: combining multi-image stereo and shading

Our goal is to reconstruct both the shape and reflectance properties of surfaces from multiple images. We argue that an object-centered representation is most appropriate for this purpose because it naturally accommodates multiple sources of data, multiple images (including motion sequences of a rigid object), and self-occlusions. We then present a specific object-centered reconstruction method and its implementation. The method begins with an initial estimate of surface shape provided, for example, by triangulating the result of conventional stereo. The surface shape and reflectance properties are then iteratively adjusted to minimize an objective function that combines information from multiple input images. The objective function is a weighted sum of stereo, shading, and smoothness components, where the weight varies over the surface. For example, the stereo component is weighted more strongly where the surface projects onto highly textured areas in the images, and less strongly otherwise. Thus, each component has its greatest influence where its accuracy is likely to be greatest. Experimental results on both synthetic and real images are presented.
ZUR ROLLE DES BANKENSYSTEMS IN MAKRO‐OKONOMISCHEN MODELLEN*

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Aufsatz bespricht die Rolle des Bankensystems im Rahmen makrookonomi-scher Modelle. Es wird argumentiert, dass die herkommlichen Modelle - soweit sie ein Bankensystem uberhaupt berucksichtigen - dieser Roue nicht vollig gerecht werden. Ein Modell wird dargestellt, welches die Existenz eines Bankensystems erklaren und rechtfertigen kann, indem es seinen produktiven Beitrag explizit aufzeigt, und welches damit eine Basis gibt - im Rahmen eines Gleichgewichts-modells - fur eine Analyse der volkswirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen von Mass-nahmen, welche Grosse und Struktur des Bankensystems beeinflussen (wie bei-spielsweise die Einfuhrung gesetzlicher Mindestreserven). SUMMARY The paper discusses the role of the banking system in macroeconomic models. It is argued that the standard models—to the extent that they do include a banking system at all—do not describe this role in a completely adequate manner. A model is presented which does explicitly take into account the productive contribution of a banking system, and which thus can explain and justify its existence, as well as provide us with a basis—in the context of an equilibrium system—for an analysis of the social costs (or benefits) of actions influencing size and structure of the banking system (such as, for example, the introduction of legal reserve requirements). RESUME L'article discute le role du systeme bancaire dans le cadre des modeles macro-economiques. L'auteur argumente que les modeles traditionnels - meme s'ils considerent ce role - ne lui rendent pas la justice voulue. II presente un modele capable d'expliquer et de justifier un systeme bancaire en demontrant explicite-ment sa contribution productive. Dans le cadre d'un modele equilibre il cree ainsi un point de depart pour l'analyse des consequences economiques de mesures qui definissent volume et structure du systeme bancaire (exemple: introduction de reserves minimales obligatoires).
The self-directed learner: intentionality in translator training and education

This study seeks to bring educational theory on self-directedness to bear on translator training, and to document ways intentional learning for autonomy are being fostered, or could be. Our project connects to ongoing scholarly efforts toward establishing learner autonomy and empowerment as a priority goal in translator training and education. However, here we also wish to take stock of, and reflect more on, what autonomy means in principle, its connection to student development (intra- and inter-) personally and pre-professionally, self-directed learning's (SDL) relationship to current learning methods, supports and role definitions we can use in our instruction, and the learning behaviors, motivations and outcomes we can expect. In the process, we will examine the extent to which related self-directedness practices now emerging can be integrated into awareness and thus help translation learners advance toward intentionality.
On microstructural evolution and micromechanical modelling of deformation of a whisker-reinforced metal-matrix composite

Abstract The precipitation characteristics, the mechanisms of accelerated aging, and the variation of uniaxial tensile stress-strain behavior in response to controlled variations in matrix microstructure were investigated for a 2124 AlSiC whisker composite. The yield strength of the composite was found to be independent of matrix aging condition. However, the overall ductility decreased monotonically with an increase in aging time. A finite element analysis of the constitutive response of the composite is presented. The results of these calculations, as well as the predictions of several models for composite strengthening available in the literature, were compared with the experimental results. The presence of brittle whiskers in aluminum leads to a significant build-up of hydrostatic stresses in the matrix during plastic deformation. Void formation in the matrix of the composite as well as at the whisker-matrix interface appears to play an important role in controlling the overall failure mechanisms. Transmission electron microscopy observations of void formation a whisker ends are described for composite specimens strained in tension at room temperature and at 300°C. A detailed discussion of matrix deformation and interfacial debonding is presented in an attempt to identify the origins of low ductility in discontinuously reinforced metal-ceramic composites.
A safety yardstick for evaluating nuclear power reactors

Abstract To communicate with the public, it would be helpful for the nuclear industry to have a simple quantitative measurement system to describe the meaning of all the qualitative terms being used. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Advanced Reactor Policy calls for additional safety margin to be provided between the current nuclear plant safety levels and the levels provided by any new design. To aid public acceptance, this “margin” should be measurable in terms the public can understand. Unquantified terms such as “passive” and “inherent” are not well defined as yet, and as many have pointed out, are often used incorrectly. Another area of confusion for the general public is the “probability” of an accident occurring. Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have diminished the meaning to the public of measuring safety based on accident probabilities. As far as the public is concerned, the nuclear industry has proven that severe accidents can occur, even the low probability ones. Radiation exposure to workers, neighbors, family members, and its impact on their future generations is the major public concern. Nevertheless, some tie between safety levels and the probability of an accident occurring is required for effective communication. The kinds of nuclear plant accidents that alarm the general public normally involve reactor failures that produce fission product releases from the fuel beyond normal operating levels. A news release reporting on any event involving the words “radiation” or “fission products” sets off alarms in the minds of the general public. This paper develops a relative measurement system that uses “reaction time factors” to produce quantitative values that can be used to define when the term “inherent” is valid, when “passive” is more appropriate, and when neither one should be used. A reaction time factor is defined as the reaction time available for preventing major fuel failure following bounding events. The current operating reactor types examined include the Light Water Reactors (LWR), the Chernobyl type (RBMK), the British Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR), and High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGR). Advanced reactor types examined include the Advanced Light Water Reactor (ALWR), the Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor (ALMR), and the Modular High Temperature Reactor (Modular-HTGR). Using “time” as a common yardstick measurement approach, reaction time factors for the above reactors range from seconds to ones approaching infinity. Using the criteria set forth in this paper, the terms “inherent safety” should be used only when the reactor concept's reaction time to fuel failure approaches an infinite time for events with probabilities of occurrence much less than 1 in 1,000,000 per year. The term “passive safety” should be used only when the concept's reaction time to fuel failure approaches an infinite time for events with probabilities of occurrence equal to or greater than one in 1,000,000 per year.
A Genetic Contribution to Dental Caries, Occlusion, and Morphology as Demonstrated by Twins Reared Apart

The heritability of dental characteristics has been systematically studied in animals, human populations, families, and twins, but not in twins reared apart. Under the assumption that environmental factors are no different for monozygotic twins reared apart than for dizygotic twins reared apart, the present study measured the genetic variance of several dental characteristics in twins reared apart. Ninety-seven subjects (44 twin pairs, three triplet sets) of mean age 40.6 years (S.D. 11.7) were examined over a six-year period by means of clinical and radiographic examinations, study models, and dental history questionnaires. Characteristics assessed retrospectively were: dentate status, treatment status, treatment/caries status, tooth size, malalignment, occlusion, and morphology. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, intraclass correlations, heritability estimates, and concordance. There was statistically significant resemblance within monozygotic but not dizygotic pairs in the number of teeth present (p less than 0.001), percentage of teeth and surfaces restored (p less than 0.001), percentage of teeth and surfaces restored or carious (p less than 0.001), tooth size (p less than 0.001), and malalignment (p less than 0.009). Intercanine and intermolar arch width showed significant resemblance within both monozygotic (p less than 0.001) and dizygotic (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05) pairs, whereas overjet and overbite showed no significant resemblance within pairs. Morphological features (Carabelli's trait and mandibular first premolar groove configuration) were more highly concordant in monozygous than in dizygous twins. This study provides new evidence for a marked genetic component to dentate status and dental caries experience and confirms previous reports of acknowledged inherited contributions to tooth size, malalignment, occlusion, and morphology.
Collective-mode ac conduction in the blue bronze K0.3MoO3

Abstract We have measured the low field ac conductivity of the blue bronze K 0.3 ,MoO 3 in the charge density wave (CDW) state, over the frequency range 10 Hz to 2.4 GHz. At selected temperatures and over an extended frequency range, our results are consistent with the model of low frequency CDW relaxation, proposed by Cava et al . However, there is apparent at high frequencies an additional relaxation mechanism. Characteristic crossover frequencies and energies associated with this high frequency dynamic mode appear similar to those obtained previously for NbSe 3 and TaS 3 . Our results suggest at least two distinct CDW relaxation processes in K 0.3 MoO 3 .
Optimal estimation for an m/m/c queue with time varying parameters

We consider a parameter estimation problem in a time varying M/M/c queue where the arrival and service rates arc given by general time-dependent stochastic processes. First we derive minimum variance unbiased estimators of the arrival rate, the mean of the service requirement and the system intensity in a time homogeneous queue with a time constraint on the observation period. The results from the homogeneous case are then used to derive the minimal mean square error linear estimators of the parameters at any moment in a time varying queue. We also show that the optimal linear estimators can be computed by the Kalman-Bucy filter for a specific linear dynamic additive noise model. This computational procedure is efficient and can be easily implemented in real time environments such as communication networks.
Analysis of Hygrine in Coca Leaves Using a Novel High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method

Abstract A novel high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for the determination of hygrine in leaves of Erythroxylum coca and Erythroxylum novo. The analysis was performed on a strong cation exchange HPLC column with a mobile phase consisting of MeOH: 0.1 M KH2HPO4, pH 7 (75%:25%, v/v) and a UV detector set at 220 nm. Recoveries of hygrine averaged about 64% from extracts fortified with 2.5 to 10.0 mg of hygrine per 10 ml of extract. Hygrine contents in leaves of E. coca and E. novo were determined as 0.09 and 0.10% of the dry weight, respectively.
Informed consent issues throughout the birthing process.

(2000). INFORMED CONSENT ISSUES THROUGHOUT THE BIRTHING PROCESS. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 241-255.
The herpes simplex virus type 2 gene ICP10PK protects from apoptosis caused by nerve growth factor deprivation through inhibition of caspase-3 activation and XIAP up-regulation.

The herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) protein ICP10PK has anti-apoptotic activity in virus-infected hippocampal cultures through activation of the Ras/Raf-1/MEK/ERK pathway. To exclude the possible contribution of other viral proteins to cell fate determination, we examined the survival of primary hippocampal cultures and neuronally differentiated PC12 cells transfected with ICP10PK from apoptosis caused by nerve growth factor (NGF) withdrawal. NGF deprivation caused apoptosis in cultures mock-transfected or transfected with the kinase-negative ICP10 mutant p139TM, but not in ICP10PK-transfected cultures. In one clone (PC47), ICP10PK inhibited caspase-3 activation through up-regulation/stabilization of adenylate cyclase (AC), activation of PKA and MEK, and the convergence of the two pathways on extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. The anti-apoptotic proteins Bag-1 and Bcl-2 were stabilized and the pro-apoptotic protein Bad was phosphorylated (inactivated). In another clone (PC70), ICP10PK inhibited apoptosis through MEK-dependent up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein XIAP (that inhibits the activity of processed caspase-3) and down-regulation of the apoptogenic protein Smac/DIABLO. This may be cell-type specific, but the baculovirus p35 protein did not potentiate the neuroprotective activity of ICP10PK in PC12 cells, suggesting that ICP10PK inhibits both caspase activation and activity. The data indicate that ICP10PK inhibits apoptosis independent of other viral proteins and is a promising neuronal gene therapy platform.
Recurrence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a liver transplant recipient

A 42-year-old white man with morbid obesity and hypertriglyceridemia was noted to have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) at the time of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for presumed gallstone pancreatitis. His postoperative course was complicated by a 50-kg weight loss and continued right upper quadrant pain. Repeat liver biopsy revealed NASH with accompanying micronodular cirrhosis. Due to progressive fatigue, he underwent an orthotopic liver transplantation complicated by a 36-kg weight gain. Sixteen months posttransplantation, a liver biopsy revealed the recurrence of NASH. Screening for defects in fatty acid oxidation proved negative.
Process modeling of mechanical alloying: overview

Recent efforts at modeling the mechanics and dynamics of mechanical alloying are summarized. The modeling is described from two perspectives. One considers the deformation response and the fracture and welding tendencies of powder particles entrapped between colliding grinding media in an individual collision. We call this local modeling. Fundamental and phenomenological approaches to local modeling have been undertaken, and these are described here as are numerical applications of the approaches. We have termed the second type of modeling global modeling. Global modeling concerns itself with device specific characteristics, and has potential for improving MA devices. Global modeling also serves to provide parameters that are necessary to best utilize local modeling.
A query-based approach in Web search instruction: An assessment of current practice

Abstract An instruction program that covers search tools on the Web should incorporate a user's information need as the basis for teaching these tools. This article lays the theoretical groundwork for such a query-based approach, deriving its argument from the literature published in the early days of databases in libraries. A review of recent literature as well as tutorials on the Web reveals that librarians do not routinely consider a user's query in their training in the use of Web-based search tools. Other training elements are more prevalent, in particular the nature of search tools, search strategies and the evaluation of results found in a search. When training recommends a context for searching the Web, the advice tends to be of a general nature. These results suggest that librarians may not routinely be teaching queries as a strategy for selecting and using search tools on the Web. Suggestions for further research are presented to explore these findings.
Rekonstruktion von Meatus/Fossa navicularis unter Verwendung von Hautlappentechnik

The author discusses the procedures for reconstruction of the meatus and fossa navicularis. The author describes four separate procedures for reconstruction using vascularized skin island. The choice of the procedure depends on the anatomy of the stricture as well as the anatomy of the redundancy of penile skin.
Evidence for a humoral agent capable of raising vitamin-K-dependent coagulation factors in rabbits.

Summary. Evidence is presented for the existence of a humoral factor, obtained from rabbits treated with coumadin, which is capable of raising the vitamin-K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X when injected into recipient animals. Thirteen rabbits were injected with varying volumes of test donor plasma (obtained from coumadin-treated rabbits) over varying periods of time. A positive response in coagulation factor level (greater than 2 S.D. on 2 consecutive days) was obtained in 12 out of 13 animals for factor II, six out of eight animals for factor VII, six out of nine animals for factor IX and nine out of 13 animals for factor X. Ten rabbits were injected with control donor plasma from control rabbits injected with physiologic saline instead of coumadin. No risc was obtained in eight out of 10 rabbits for factor II nor in any of the animals examined for factors VII, IX and X (two, eight and seven animals respectively). The non-vitamin-K-dependent coagulation factor V rose non-specifically in four out of 11 recipient rabbits injected with test donor plasma and three out of nine injected with control donor plasma.
Remark on asymptotic behaviors of solutions to a quasi-linear elliptic Dirichlet problem with large diffusion

Abstract We study asymptotic behaviors of nontrivial solutions to the Dirichlet problem of a quasi-linear elliptic equation and obtain a lower bound for growth of L ∞ -norm of the solutions, which implies the L ∞ -norm of the solutions goes to infinity as the diffusion coefficient goes to infinity.
A spectral theoretic approach to fault analysis in linear sequential circuits

Abstract A stepwise fault analysis procedure for the class of digital circuits known as Linear Sequential Circuits (LSC) is presented where the LSC is defined over a finite field. The development of a spectral theory for this class of systems provides a mechanism for exploiting the LSC's memory. This, in general, allows fewer test inputs than would be required for fault analysis of a memoryless circuit of similar complexity.
Colorectal carcinoma in poor blacks.

BACKGROUND Death rates for most cancers continue to be higher for African Americans, particularly those in inner cities. Harlem Hospital serves a poor, predominantly African-American community in New York City. METHODS Tumor registry records for 615 patients treated for colorectal carcinoma at Harlem Hospital between 1973 and 1992 were reviewed. RESULTS Of the patients, 45.2% were male and 54.8% female, 97.2% were black, and 82% resided in Harlem. All patients were symptomatic at the time of diagnosis;15.3% were first diagnosed intraoperatively; 8.4% were in American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage I, 20.8% Stage II, 22.8% Stage III, 39.0% Stage IV, and 8.0% could not be staged. Colon resection with intention of cure was performed on 50.6%, 21.5% had palliative resection, and 11.6% had colostomy or other palliative surgery. Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy was given to 6.2%; 16.9% had no surgical treatment because of advanced stage, poor condition, or refusal of surgery; 12.7% presented with perforation or intestinal obstruction. Operative mortality was 15.3% overall and 10.6% for 311 patients who had surgery with intention of cure. Twenty-five patients had local recurrence, 86 had subsequent distant metastases, and 33 patients had both local and distant recurrence. Forty-nine patients (8%) were lost to follow-up. The 5-year crude survival rate for 615 patients was 18.7%. The relative survival rate was 19.7%, substantially lower than the national average for the same years. CONCLUSIONS Although colorectal carcinoma mortality continues to decline nationally, in this population of poor blacks the mortality rate remained high and unchanged. The most important cause of this is late presentation at an incurable stage, resulting from the combined effects of poverty, lack of education, and lack of access to primary care. Culturally sensitive educational programs and accessible health care systems for the poor are needed. Cancer 2002;94:2327–32. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10486
Interactive Video Computer Learning in Physics.

The University of Utah's Video Computer Learning Project's learning system consists of a Terak 8510a interfaced to a Discovision PR-7820 videodisc player. An essential part of the system is the Video Computer Authoring System which provides instructions written in ordinary English for implementing and editing course materials. Such materials contain computer-generated text and graphics and video segments.The computer and video screens provide a workspace in which the student performs a variety of operations. With the freeze-frame, slow motion forward and reverse, and random access frame addressing capabilities of the videodisc added to those of the microcomputer, the student has significant power over his learning environment. Course materials are self-paced and mastery oriented as well as highly interactive.
High-pressure adsorption of carbon dioxide on super-critical-fluid chromatography adsorbents

Abstract Gibbs adsorption isotherms for sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide were measured on four common supercritical-fluid chromatography adsorbents, viz., silica and octadecyl-, cyano- and diol-bonded silica, at 40°C from ambient pressure to 140 bar. All of the isotherms for supercritical carbon dioxide displayed maximum adsorption at pressures close to the critical pressure. Multilayer adsorption occurred at pressures close to the critical pressure in each system, and the type of bonded phase had little or no effect on the CO2 adsorption isotherms. At subcritical pressures, multilayer adsorption of CO2 occurred at relatively low pressures (PR ⪖ 0.4). The adsorbed layer of “mobile” phase persisted to the highest experimental pressures (140 bar). Thus, at least a monolayer of adsorbed CO2 will exist on the surface of adsorbent stationary phases under the conditions normally used for supercritical-fluid chromatography with CO2 as the mobile phase. Both the density and dimensions of the adsorbed layer will vary with temperature and pressure.
Cross-modal speech perception in adults and infants using nonspeech auditory stimuli.

Adults and infants were tested for the capacity to detect correspondences between nonspeech sounds and real vowels. The /i/ and /a/ vowels were presented in 3 different ways: auditory speech, silent visual faces articulating the vowels, or mentally imagined vowels. The nonspeech sounds were either pure tones or 3-tone complexes that isolated a single feature of the vowel without allowing the vowel to be identified. Adults perceived an orderly relation between the nonspeech sounds and vowels. They matched high-pitched nonspeech sounds to /i/ vowels and low-pitched nonspeech sounds to /a/ vowels. In contrast, infants could not match nonspeech sounds to the visually presented vowels. Infants' detection of correspondence between auditory and visual speech appears to require the whole speech signal; with development, an isolated feature of the vowel is sufficient for detection of the cross-modal correspondence. There is a long tradition in speech research of comparing the perception of speech and nonspeech events. A classic case was the attempt to determine whether nonspeech auditory signals were subject to the phenomenon of "categorical perception" (Liberman, Cooper, Shankweiler, & Studdert-Ken
Performance evaluation when non-discretionary factors correlate with technical efficiency

Abstract The current data envelopment analysis (DEA) literature on non-discretionary inputs ignores the possibility that efficiency may be correlated with the non-discretionary factors. This paper extends the literature by analyzing the effects that such correlation has. It will be shown that if the true technical efficiency is negatively correlated with the non-discretionary inputs, the existing DEA efficiency estimates will be biased upward. Using simulated data, the performance of the existing model will be analyzed. In addition, a corrected model will be introduced to effectively handle the problem. The resulting model is able to disentangle the two effects that the non-discretionary factor has on production.
Stability of strange star crusts and strangelets

We construct strangelets, taking into account electrostatic effects, including Debye screening, and arbitrary surface tension $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ of the interface between vacuum and quark matter. We find that there is a critical surface tension ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{crit}}$ below which large strangelets are unstable to fragmentation and below which quark star surfaces will fragment into a crystalline crust made of charged strangelets immersed in an electron gas. We derive a model-independent relationship between ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{crit}}$ and two parameters that characterize any quark matter equation of state. For reasonable model equations of state, we find ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{crit}}$ typically of order a few $\mathrm{MeV}/{\mathrm{fm}}^{2}$. If $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\leqslant}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{crit}}$, the size-distribution of strangelets in cosmic rays could feature a peak corresponding to the stable strangelets that we construct.
Some orthogonal functions which are linear combinations of square-wave functions

Abstract Hammond and Johnson (1) have called attention to the potential usefulness of the Haar and Walsh functions in engineering applications. In this note two other systems of orthogonal functions are described which are finite linear combinations of square-wave functions. These functions have the same applicability as those of Haar and Walsh.
Workshop Summary and Evaluation

IRST of all, permit me to commend both the Executive Committee of our Association for its fine support of this workshop and the Education Committee for its splendid effort in planning and executing this excellent workshop. My remarks will be divided as follows: brief reminder of workshop goals, as I viewed them; summary of the workshop-its highlights and possible inferences; personal evaluation and recommendations; and summary of your evaluative remarks and recommendations as provided by John Wildermuth.
Evaluation of high dynamic range photography as a luminance data acquisition system

In this paper, the potential, limitations and applicability of the High Dynamic Range (HDR) photography technique are evaluated as a luminance mapping tool. Multiple exposure photographs of static scenes were taken with a commercially available digital camera to capture the wide luminance variation within the scenes. The camera response function was computationally derived by using Photosphere software, and was used to fuse the multiple photographs into an HDR image. The vignetting effects and point spread function of the camera and lens system were determined. Laboratory and field studies showed that the pixel values in the HDR photographs correspond to the physical quantity of luminance with reasonable precision and repeatability.
Sequence analysis of end-labeled DNA fragments by solvolysis in aqueous solutions of different amines☆

Abstract Cleavage of 3′-end-labeled DNA in hot aqueous solutions of different amines is comparatively examined for overall rate of DNA scission as well as for potential differences in the preference of the various amines for cleavage at the different bases. Under comparable conditions (0.5 m amine, 0.3 m NaCl, 90°C), piperidine, diethylamine, morpholine, and ethylenediamine produce the same set of labeled fragments, at approximately equal overall cleavage rates. The same set of fragments is also obtained with diisopropylamine, triethylamine, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, but at markedly lower overall cleavage rates. Solvolysis in aqueous piperidine or aqueous diethylamine leads to DNA scission predominantly at A sites, followed by G and C sites, and least frequently at A sites. In contrast, morpholine, ethylenediamine, diisopropylamine, triethylamine, and diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane cleave the DNA predominantly at G sites. Therefore, use of one of the latter amines allows clear distinction of G bands and C bands, which could not be distinguished by the criterion of band intensity in the original one-lane sequencing method based on cleavage in hot aqueous piperidine ( B. Ambrose and R. Pless (1985) Biochemistry 24, 6194–6200). The effect of varying the salt concentration on the cleavage distribution obtained with various amines is also examined, and a rationale is given for the influence of salt concentration and amine basicity on the relative rate of cleavage at G sites.
School Health Initiatives and Childhood Obesity: BMI Screening and Reporting

The prevalence of childhood obesity has reached an epidemic status especially in the United States. Agencies such as the Institute of Medicine, Surgeon General's Office, and the American Academy of Pediatrics have called for action. Schools have been provided with guidelines to address obesity prevention. School-based body mass index screening and parent reporting programs have received a significant amount of attention in the literature. Intended to raise awareness for parents and provide a first step toward intervention for children who are overweight, there is to date limited outcomes of their success. However, one state, Arkansas, with mandated screening has reported success in that following screening in its schools, obesity rates were not increased. A significant concern with screening in schools is its potential harm to children around teasing, body image sensitivity, and possible unhealthy dieting. These controversial issues are explored, and recommendations are suggested for nursing's role in obesity prevention especially in schools.
Transient Interaction of a Circular Plate and a Fluid Medium

The transient dynamic response of an elastic circular plate subjected to a suddenly applied pressure is determined for several edge boundary conditions. The plate boundary is attached to a semi-infinite, radially rigid tube which is filled with an acoustic fluid, and pressure is applied to the in-vacuo side of the plate. The transient solution is determined by using a technique in which the plate is subjected to a periodic pressure function constructed of appropriately signed and time-shifted Heaviside step functions, and by relying on a physical mechanism which returns the plate and fluid near the plate to an unstrained state of rest between pulses. The plate response is presented for a number of radius-to-thickness ratios and edge boundary conditions when interacting with water. Comparisons are also made with solutions obtained using a plane wave approximation to the fluid field.
Mass Media Fellowships bridge Science and Journalism

This past autumn, I had the chance to learn first-hand how journalists work as an AGU/American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS) Mass Media Fellow. I took 10 weeks “off” from being a graduate student in ecology at the University of Colorado to work as a science reporter for WOSU-AM, a National Public Radio station in Columbus, Ohio.
Genetic Basis of Variable Oviposition Behavior in Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Females of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) tend to distribute eggs uniformly among host seeds and thereby reduce competition among larvae within seeds. Separate populations are highly variable in this trait, however. The genetic basis of between-population variability was determined from a series of crosses between a strain in which most females produce discrete uniform egg distributions (P1) and a strain in which most females produce egg distributions that are intermediate between uniform and random (P2). F1 females generally distributed their eggs among seeds as uniformly as P1 females did; less uniform distributions were observed only in heterotic individuals that laid especially high numbers of eggs. F2 females closely resembled the P1 strain, as did females derived from backcrosses to the P1 strain. Only females derived from backcrosses to the P2 strain produced distributions that were consistently less uniform than those of the P1 strain, but even these females displayed a dominance deviation toward uniform egg-laying. Inheritance of the tendency to spread eggs evenly among hosts appears to be polygenic and nonadditive, with dominance for uniform egg-laying and epistasis.