cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Higher Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Child-adolescent Patients with Bipolar Disorder.

Objective Previous studies have indicated a convergent and bidirectional relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and bipolar disorder (BD). As most of these studies focused mainly on adults diagnosed with BD, our study aims to investigate and characterize metabolic disturbances in child-adolescents diagnosed with BD. Methods We retrospectively examined the medical records of psychiatric hospitalizations with admitting diagnosis of BD in child-adolescents (age ＜ 18 years). Body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure were primary variables. National Cholesterol Education Program criteria were used to define MetS. Reference group data was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey study. Statistical analyses included t tests, chi-square tests, and Fisher's exact tests. Results We identified 140 child-adolescent patients with BD (mean age = 15.12 ± 1.70 years, 53% male). MetS was significantly more common in BD compared to the reference group: 14% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 8-20) vs. 6.7% (95% CI 4.1-9.2), p = 0.001 with no significant difference by sex. MetS components were higher in the BD group, particularly BMI ≥ 95% (25% vs. 11.8%, p ＜ 0.001) and high blood pressure (17% vs. 8%, p = 0.05). Moreover, female patients had lower odds of high blood pressure (odds ratio = 0.24 [95% CI 0.08-0.69], p = 0.005). Conclusion Compared with the general child-adolescent population, the prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in patients with BD of same age. This reiterates the notion of an increased risk of MetS in patients diagnosed with BD; and thus, further exploration is warranted.
Measures of Organizational Culture and Climate in Primary Care: a Systematic Review

Primary care is increasingly contributing to improving the quality of patient care. This has imposed significant demands on clinicians with rising needs and limited resources. Organizational culture and climate have been found to be crucial in improving workforce well-being and hence quality of care. The objectives of this study are to identify organizational culture and climate measures used in primary care from 2008 to 2019 and evaluate their psychometric properties. Data sources include PubMed, PsycINFO, HAPI, CINAHL, and Mental Measurements Yearbook. Bibliographies of relevant articles were reviewed and a cited reference search in Scopus was performed. Eligibility criteria include primary health care professionals, primary care settings, and use of measures representing the general concept of organizational culture and climate. Consensus-Based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guidelines were followed to evaluate individual studies for methodological quality, rate results of measurement properties, qualitatively pool studies by measure, and grade evidence. Of 1745 initial studies, 42 studies met key study inclusion criteria, with 27 measures available for review (16 for organizational culture, 11 for organizational climate). There was considerable variability in measures, both conceptually and in psychometric quality. Many reported limited or no psychometric information. Notable measures selected for frequent use and strength and applicability of measurement properties include the Culture Questionnaire adapted for health care settings, Practice Culture Assessment, and Medical Group Practice Culture Assessment for organizational culture. Notable climate measures include the Nurse Practitioner Primary Care Organizational Climate Questionnaire, Practice Climate Survey, and Task and Relational Climate Scale. This synthesis and appraisal of organizational culture and climate measures can help investigators make informed decisions in choosing a measure or deciding to develop a new one. In terms of limitations, ratings should be considered conservative due to adaptations of the COSMIN protocol for clinician populations. CRD 42019133117
Truncated Balancing Policy for Perishable Inventory Management: Combating Large Shortage Penalties

Problem definition: Motivated by a platelet inventory management problem, we study a periodic-review, fixed-lifetime perishable inventory management problem under general nonstationary and correlated demand. Academic/Practical Relevance: Determining an optimal ordering policy for perishable inventory systems is notoriously difficult due to the well-known "curse of dimensionality." Approximation policies with worst-case performance bounds have been developed in the literature for perishable inventory systems. Yet, we find that the existing policies tend to under-order when the unit shortage penalty becomes large, which is an important concern for critical perishable products such as life-saving blood products. We seek to address this problem in this paper. Methodology: We present a new approximation policy for perishable inventory systems, which we call a truncated balancing policy. In particular, we first define a new balancing ordering quantity and prove a novel lower bound on the optimal ordering quantity. We then define our policy as to order the maximum between our balancing ordering quantity and the lower bound. We conduct worst-case performance analysis for our proposed policy using two new proof techniques. Results: We prove that when first-in-first-out (FIFO) is an optimal issuing policy, our proposed policy admits a worst-case performance bound of two. We also present a new sufficient condition on the optimality of FIFO. Finally, we present a calibrated numerical study based real data from our partner hospital, and show that our proposed policy has a significant performance improvement over the existing policies in the literature. Managerial Implications: Managers should be cautious in selecting inventory policies when there is an imbalance in their underage and overage cost parameters. In particular, when the unit shortage penalty is high such as in blood inventory systems, simply balancing the expected underage and overage costs can lead to under-ordering, whereas our proposed policy can effectively address this drawback and improve the performance. Moreover, our proposed policy can be easily computed, especially for products with relatively short shelf-life.
U-series and Sr isotopes as tracers of mineral weathering and water routing from the deep Critical Zone to streamflow in a high-elevation volcanic catchment

Abstract Tracing water routing and groundwater contribution to streamflow is a key tool for better understanding limited water resources. Measurements of U-series activity ratios and radiogenic Sr isotope ratios in drill cores, streams, and groundwater samples were employed to investigate weathering controls and better understand hydrologic flow paths and evolution through the heterogenous subsurface of a montane catchment. Situated within the semi-arid geologically complex volcanic setting of the Valles Caldera National Preserve in northern NM, this study focuses on streams draining the tallest (3432 masl) resurgent dome (Redondo Peak). Recent drilling of groundwater monitoring wells allowed for the collection and isotopic analysis of intact continuous cores and groundwater collected from similar depths, a unique and valuable contribution to U-series studies, within a high elevation headwater catchment focusing on two hillslopes with contrasting Critical Zone (CZ) structure and several distinct groundwater stores. U-series composition of core samples identified U Th fractionation from recent ( Sr isotope mixing analysis suggests that deep groundwater from the fractured tuff aquifer system generates more than 90% of streamflow to the greater catchment whereas shallow groundwater and soil water contribute less than 10% to streamflow, primarily following spring snowmelt. Importantly, constraining streamflow sources using isotope mixing analysis highlights that deep groundwater from fractured bedrock within the CZ sustains streamflow here and emphasizes the need to consider deep groundwater in future studies of fractured bedrock systems.
Optimization of model independent gravitational wave search for binary black hole mergers using machine learning

The coherent WaveBurst (cWB) search algorithm identifies generic gravitational wave (GW) signals in the LIGO-Virgo strain data. We propose a machine learning (ML) method to optimize the pipeline sensitivity to the special class of GW signals known as binary black hole (BBH) mergers. Here, we test the ML-enhanced cWB search on strain data from the first and second observing runs of Advanced LIGO and successfully recover all BBH events previously reported by cWB, with higher significance. For simulated events found with a false alarm rate less than $1\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{yr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, we demonstrate the improvement in the detection efficiency of 26% for stellar-mass BBH mergers and 16% for intermediate mass black hole binary mergers. To demonstrate the robustness of the ML-enhanced search for the detection of generic BBH signals, we show that it has the increased sensitivity to the spin precessing or eccentric BBH events, even when trained on simulated quasicircular BBH events with aligned spins.
Retratos de mujer: extranjeras, viragos, traductoras, conferenciantes, artistas y otras modernas en las novelas breves de Margarita Nelken

This article studies the representation of modern women in Margarita Nelken’s short novels La aventura de Roma (1924), El viaje a Paris (1924), La exotica (1930) and El orden (1931). Nelken’s feminism serves as a theoretical framework for the analysis of female characters who are connected with the literary figure of the «queer woman» that will become common in postwar novels written by Spanish women. Those four novels present unusual female characters that undermine the prevalent narratives, presenting complex paradigms of femininity and identity for the modern woman: professionals, foreigners, tomboys, artists, travelers, etc. This essay studies the nuances of those antihegemonic representations, and highlights Nelken’s efforts to present alternative portraits of women’s experience and appearance, proposing open and transgressive models of different ways to be a modern woman.
KnitDermis: Fabricating Tactile On-Body Interfaces Through Machine Knitting

We present KnitDermis, on-body interfaces that deliver expressive non-vibrating mechanotactile feedback on the wearer’s body. Fabricated through machine knitting, they embed shape-memory alloy micro-springs in knitted channels, which deliver tactile sensations on the skin when activated. KnitDermis interfaces take advantage of machine knitting’s shaping properties which allow it to generate slim, stretchable, and versatile forms that can conform to underexplored body locations, such as protruded joints and convex body locations. We introduce a fabrication approach and a series of case studies to design a wide range of form factors, textures, and tactile patterns, including compression, pinching, brushing, and twisting. We conduct a user study to elicit KnitDermis’ effectiveness and wearability on diverse body locations and engage users to unpack envisioned use cases and perceptions towards the interfaces. We draw insights from our extensive research-through-design investigations on the potential of knitting as a soft approach for close-body and expressive tactile interfaces.
An overview of software design languages

The nature and use of design languages and associated processors that are used in software development are reviewed with reference to development work on the Galileo spacecraft project, a Jupiter orbiter scheduled for launch in 1984. The major design steps are identified (functional design, architectural design, detailed design, coding, and testing), and the purpose, functions and the range of applications of design languages are examined. Then the general character of any design language is analyzed in terms of syntax and semantics. Finally, the differences and similarities between design languages are illustrated by examining two specific design languages: Software Design and Documentation language and Problem Statement Language/Problem Statement Analyzer.
Non-eosinophilic Asthma Endotypes

Several recent studies spanning from induced sputum to gene signature identified non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA) as a distinct asthma phenotype with several relevant clinical features such as increased asthma severity, increased remodelling and lower response to bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory treatment. Two major mechanisms leading to neutrophilic inflammation are postulated: the dysregulated innate immune response, including neutrophil intrinsic abnormalities, and the activation of the IL-17-dependent pathway. Several factors such as age, metabolic or epigenetic factors or the activation of the epithelial-mesenchimal trophic unit have been identified as modulators. The endotyping of NEA is far behind the eosinophilic asthma, and until now, no endotype-driven interventions have been proved to be effective.
Merleau-Ponty on Causality

“Merleau-Ponty on Causality” attempts to reveal Merleau-Ponty’s treatment of causality with respect to the physical, the vital, and the human. The philosophy of causality of both Hume and Mill will be briefly addressed and challenged. Special attention will be paid to Merleau-Ponty’s treatment of causality with respect to human behavior.
An Industrial Approach to Evaluating Environmental Safety of New Products

A systematic approach is presented for evaluating the safety of new products to employees, customers, consumers, and the environment. Upon initiation of a project to commercialize a new product, a safety assessment schedule is prepared which considers physical and chemical properties, use patterns, environmental persistence, physical and biological accumulation potential, interaction with environmental components, and toxicity. Safety data are obtained in a logical scheme from simple screening to confirmative studies, thus enabling hazard evaluations to be made continuously during product development. Application and utility of this concept to assess aquatic safety is demonstrated using results from a current detergent builder program.
Parallel algorithms for evaluating sequences of set manipulation operations (preliminary version)

Given an off-line sequence S of n set-manipulation operations, we investigate the parallel complexity of evaluating S (i.e. finding the response to every operation in S and returning the resulting set). We show that the problem of evaluating S is in NC for various combinations of common set-manipulation operations. Once we establish membership in NC (or, if membershp in NC is obvious), we develop techniques for improving the time and/or processor complexity.
Modeling Subsurface Contaminant Reactions and Transport at the Watershed Scale

The objectives of this research are: (1) to numerically examine the multiscale effects of physical and chemical mass transfer processes on watershed scale, variably saturated subsurface contaminant transport, and (2) to conduct numerical simulations on watershed scale reactive solute transport and evaluate their implications to uncertainty characterization and cost benefit analysis. Concurrent physical and chemical nonequilibrium caused by inter aggregate gradients of pressure head and solute concentration and intra-aggregate geochemical and microbiological processes, respectively, may arise at various scales and flowpaths. To this date, experimental investigations of these complex processes at watershed scale remain a challenge and numerical studies are often needed for guidance of water resources management and decision making. This research integrates the knowledge bases developed during previous experimental and numerical investigations at a proposed waste disposal site at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to study the concurrent effects of physical and chemical nonequilibrium. Comparison of numerical results with field data indicates that: (1) multiregion, preferential flow and solute transport exist under partially saturated condition and can be confirmed theoretically, and that (2) mass transfer between pore regions is an important process influencing contaminant movement in the subsurface. Simulations of watershed scale, multi species reactive solute transport suggestmore » that dominance of geochemistry and hydrodynamics may occur simultaneously at different locales and influence the movement of one species relative to another. Execution times on the simulations of the reactive solute transport model also indicate that the model is ready to assist the selection of important parameters for site characterization.« less
Science and Technology for Sustainable Well-Being

This article is adapted from the Presidential Address he delivered at the AAAS Annual Meeting in San Francisco on 15 February 2007.
CIRCULARITY, RELIABILITY, AND THE COGNITIVE PENETRABILITY OF PERCEPTION

Is perception cognitively penetrable, and what are the epistemological consequences if it is? I address the latter of these two questions, partly by reference to recent work by Athanassios Raftopoulos and Susanna Seigel. Against the usual, circularity, readings of cognitive penetrability, I argue that cognitive penetration can be epistemically virtuous, when---and only when---it increases the reliability of perception.
Clinical Judgment and Mechanical Prediction

Computers can be used to make judgments and decisions. In this chapter, the strengths and limitations of mechanical prediction and clinical judgment are described. Judgments made by computers have generally been more accurate than judgments made by humans. However, only a few present-day mechanical prediction rules have been shown to be powerful. Mechanical prediction rules will be briefly described, and reasons will be given for why it has been difficult to build ones that are powerful. With regard to clinical judgment, mental health professionals can make reliable and valid judgments if they are careful about the information they use and if they avoid common judgment errors. A large body of research illustrates that it can be difficult to learn from clinical experience. This is because psychologists sometimes use invalid information, their cognitive processes are fallible, and in clinical practice they are unlikely to receive accurate feedback on whether their judgments are right or wrong. Recommendations are made for improving the way that judgments and decisions are made. One recommendation is that psychologists place less emphasis on their clinical experiences and more emphasis on training that is based on scientific research. Keywords: automated; clinical judgment; clinical versus statistical prediction; decision making; human judgment; mechanical prediction; statistical prediction
Chapter 83 Differentiating Altruism and Reciprocity

Publisher Summary The experiments reported in this chapter test comparative statics predictions of models of reciprocity and altruism. The results support the reciprocity model in which individual contributions are positively related to the contributions of others, or to their beliefs about those contributions. This study examines the factors that motivate individuals to make voluntary contributions in social dilemma situations. In particular, it finds support for reciprocity theories over altruistic theories and traditional self-interest theories. This result does not imply, however, that altruistic motives do not exist. In other settings altruism may indeed play a role in an individual's decision. However, in the public goods provision setting discussed here, comparative statics of individual's decisions are more consistent with theories of reciprocity than of altruism.
Vocal gymnastics and the bird brain

How do birds sing? The characteristic sound properties of birdsong were thought to be controlled by the central nervous system. But a new study shows that acoustic effects intrinsic to the avian vocal organ also contribute to zebra finch song.
Structural Studies on Rabbit Muscle Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and a Comparison of Chemical and Physical Determinations of Its Molecular Weight

Abstract l-Glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.8) from rabbit skeletal muscle obtained commercially in several separate lots was purified and examined for absence of contaminating proteins. Amino acid analysis showed 3 tyrosine, 2 tryptophan, 7 arginine, 7 histidine, 9 cysteine or half-cystine, and 22 lysine residues per minimal molecular weight which was 30,133. Peptide mapping of trypsin and of trypsin-chymotrypsin digests of the 14C-S-carboxymethylated enzyme under a variety of conditions showed 3 tyrosine, 2 tryptophan, 7 arginine, 5 or 6 histidine, 9 or 10 14C-S-carboxymethylcysteine, and 28 to 31 tryptic peptides. Molecular weight estimation on Sephadex G-75, G-100, and G-200 gave values ranging from 61,000 to 66,000. An s20,w of 4.2 was obtained by sedimentation velocity and by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Equilibrium ultracentrifugation by the LaBar method gave a molecular weight of 66,000 to 69,000. These chemical studies in conjunction with the physical determinations show that the enzyme has a molecular weight of 60,266 (excluding the nonprotein component) and is composed of subunits that are indistinguishable by peptide mapping. Thus, the substantial difference in molecular weight that was previously indicated between the enzyme from rabbit muscle as compared to that from rat or bee muscle does not exist. The possibility that l-glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase and triose phosphate isomerase may be related in primary structure is suggested based on substrate specificity, molecular weight, and difference index between their propsective amino acid compositions, but definitive evidence is not yet available.
Detection and tracking of targets against a cloudscene background using space-based sensors

This paper describes work that has been done to assess the performance of a three-dimensional velocity filtering algorithm for detecting and tracking a moving target against a cluttered background. The algorithm is considerably more sensitive than conventional frame-differencing techniques, and can detect fainter targets, at the cost of some additional computational complexity. Test images have been generated which contain a target in a cloudscene background, and incorporate typical sensor effects such as noise, blurring (due to both jitter and optical point spread function) and drift. Results are shown in terms of false-alarm rate as a function of sensor noise for different targets, conditions, and wavebands. Some of the trade-offs that have been explored include the choice of either a narrow absorption band (MWIR, 4.22-4.45Cl) for reduced clutter, or a wider band (ML WIR, 5.4/spl plusmn/7.2 /spl mu/) for increased signal. The optimum band is shown to depend on the sensor noise characteristics and the platform stability.
Workplace violence: impact, causes, and prevention.

Objectives: Using a variety of sources, the author explores the complex reasons for aggression and violence in workplace settings, as well as suggesting means of prevention and intervention. Methods: Literature Review. Results: Studies indicate workplace violence affects more than half of U.S. organizations, yet nearly 70 percent have no programs or policies to deal with this problem. Research indicates that aggressive behavior of a psychological nature often precedes physical violence in the workforce, yet employers regularly ignore warning signs even when reported by employees. Costs to U.S. employers are estimated in the millions due to employee absences, medical costs, theft, and costs related to litigation. Conclusions: Organizations with cultures which support fair working conditions and zero-tolerance for workplace aggression have been shown to help mitigate workplace violence. Language: en
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Mapping of Resistance to Two Races of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in Adult and Seedling Wheat

ABSTRACT Resistance to the chlorosis factor of tan spot of wheat, caused by the ascomycete Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, has been reported to be quantitative and a single quantitative trait loci (QTL), QTsc.ndsu-1A, explained 35% of the variation for resistance to a single isolate in seedlings of recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from the cross W-7984/Opata 85. The objectives of this study were to determine the number and locations of genes conditioning resistance to the same isolate in adult plants of this population and three isolates in seedlings of wheat RI lines derived from the cross W-7976/Trenton. An extensive restriction fragment length polymorphism map exists for the W-7984/Opata 85 population, and markers significantly associated (P < 0.01) with resistance to tan spot were selected to analyze the W-7976/Trenton population. A multiple regression model accounted for 49% of the variation for resistance in adult plants with QTsc.ndsu-1A, explaining 26% of the variation. QTsc.ndsu-1A explained 4...
The effect of catecholamines on transport (Na,K) adenosine triphosphatase.

Abstract The effects of norepinephrine and dopamine were investigated on NaK-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.3) activity from a beef brain microsomal preparation. These catecholamines can produce a 1.5-fold activation in the NaK-ATPase activity. The catecholamines exert their effect by reversal of divalent metal inhibition of NaK-ATPase activity. The physiologically important divalent metals, Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Fe 2+ are well-known inhibitors of NaK-ATPase. Norepinephrine and dopamine could reverse only the inhibitory effects of Fe 2+ . A model system was devised wherein the effects of several catecholamines and related compounds were tested for their ability to reverse the Fe 2+ inhibition of NaK-ATPase activity. Effective agents must have an ethylamine side chain and two hydroxyl groups on the phenyl ring to completely reverse the inhibitory effects of Fe 2+ on NaK-ATPase activity. The order of efficacy is isoproterenol > epinephrine = norepinephrine > phenylephrine. Propranolol can block the effect of isoproterenol. No effect of cyclic AMP either in the presence or absence of theophylline was observed.
The Relationship of Habitat Characteristics to the Distribution of Chironomidae (Diptera) as Measured by Pupal Exuviae Collections in a Large River System

ABSTRACT Floating chironomid pupal exuviae were collected throughout the Yakima River (Washington, USA) and tributaries in 1989 and 1990. All samples were taken during the October-November low-flow season and most sites were visited once with a sampling effort of approximately 10 minutes. Sampled stream segments ranged from 3rd to 7th order and elevation ranged from 140–1200 m. The total number of taxa distinguished in 77 samples was 150 with a mean of 24 per site. Species richness was not highly correlated with stream order or elevation. An ecological gradient defined by ordinating the taxa by site data was highly correlated with site elevation (r=.93). Comparison with published attributes of chironomid genera suggested that temperature regime was a dominant environmental variable controlling chironomid distribution in this basin. However, since most measured habitat variables were associated with altitude, their effects could not be separated. Cluster analysis of taxa by site data resulted in groupings ...
Diapause-specific gene expression in the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens L., identified by suppressive subtractive hybridization

In this study we probe the molecular events underpinning diapause observed in overwintering females of Culex pipiens. Using suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) we have identified 40 genes that are either upregulated or downregulated during this seasonal period of dormancy. Northern blot hybridizations have confirmed the expression of 32 of our SSH clones, including six genes that are upregulated specifically in early diapause, 17 that are upregulated in late diapause, and two upregulated throughout diapause. In addition, two genes are diapause downregulated and five remain unchanged during diapause. These genes can be categorized into eight functional groups: genes with regulatory functions, metabolically-related genes, those involved in food utilization, stress response genes, cytoskeletal genes, ribosomal genes, transposable elements, and genes with unknown functions.
SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE‐POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF, CHROMATOGRAPHICALLY FRACTIONATED EGG WHITE

Analytical electrophoretic methods were used to observe heterogeneity in chromatographic isolates of native egg white proteins (NEW). NEW was fractionated by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography. Isolates were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Considerable heterogeneity was noted in several fractions thought previously to contain pure components. PAGE resulted in seven G, globulins eluted with ovalbumin A3. These uncharacterized globulins had molecular weights of 58,000. Several unknown components of large molecular weight (100,00–200,000) were eluted by alkaline buffers. Chromatography in conjunction with electrophoresis yielded several unidentified proteins requiring further characterization.
Analysis of the Reaction-Advection-Diffusion Spectrum Oflaminar Premixed Flames

The dynamics of one-dimensional laminar premixed combustion in reactive mixtures described by a 1) simple one-species model, 2) simple two-species model, and 3) detailed chemical kinetics model with multicomponent transport in hydrogen–air is investigated. For each model 1) spatially homogeneous results are first obtained, followed by 2) timeindependent, spatially inhomogeneous results, and ended by 3) a generalized eigenvalue analysis to calculate the spatially discretized systems’ time scale spectrum. The results reveal that for spatially resolved structures, the systems’ short wavelength modes are dominated by diffusion-based time scales, coarse wavelength modes are dominated by reactionbased time scales, and modes near a cross-over wavelength have time scales dictated by a combination of reaction and diffusion effects.
Substituent Effects on the Acidity of Weak Acids. 4. Anilinium Ions

The gas phase acidity of anilinium ions has been calculated at a number of theoretical levels from B3LYP/6-311++G** to MP2 and CCSD/6-311++G(2dp,2pd). The highest level calculations find anilinium ion and p-protonated aniline to have essentially the same energy, in agreement with experimental studies. They also give a proton affinity for aniline that is in very good agreement with the experimental value. The B3LYP and MP2 calculations are less successful, with B3LYP favoring p-protonation and MP2 favoring N-protonation for aniline. Despite this difficulty, the calculated effect of substituents on the proton affinities of p-substituted anilines that undergo N-protonation agreed well with the experimental data. The effect of substituents on the anilinium ions and on the anilines were examined separately using a series of group transfer reaction.
Longitudinal development of equine conformation from weanling to age 3 years in the Thoroughbred

Summary Reasons for performing study: There is little information available to define conformational changes with age using an objective but practical method of recording specific body measurements. Objective: To analyse conformation objectively in a population of racing Thoroughbreds and describe the changes from weanling to age 3 years. Methods: Annual photographs were taken over 4 years and conformation measurements made from photographs using specific reference points marked on the horses. Results: Correlation analysis revealed highly significant, moderate to strong relationships between long bone lengths and wither height for all ages. All long bone lengths showed moderate to strong relationships with each other for all ages. The front and rear pastern angles were significantly correlated with the angle of the dorsal surface of the front and rear hooves, respectively, for all. Wither height, croup height and length of neck topline, neck bottomline, scapula, humerus, radius and femur increased significantly from age 0–1 year and age 1–2 years. Hoof lengths (medial and lateral, right and left) grew significantly between the ages of 0 and 1 and 1 and 2 years, but decreased in length between age 2 and 3 years. Horses became more offset in the right limb between weanling and age 3 years, but the offset ratios did not change with age on the left limb. The angle of the scapula (I), shoulder and radiometacarpus significantly increased between all age groups (became more upright). The angle of the dorsal surface of the hooves (both front and hind) decreased significantly from ages 0 to 1 and 1 to 2 years, but showed no significant difference between ages 2 and 3 years. Conclusions: A strong relationship between long bone lengths and wither height for all ages supports the theory that horses are proportional. Longitudinal bone growth in the distal limb increased only 5–7% from weanling to age 3 years and is presumably completed prior to the yearling year. Several growth measures increased from ages 0 to 1 and 1 to 2 years, but did not increase from age 2–3 years; indicating that growth rate either showed or reached a plateau at this time. Potential relevance: This study provides objective information regarding conformation and skeletal growth in the Thoroughbred which can be utilised for selection and recognition of significant conformational abnormalities.
Capacitance–voltage, current–voltage, and thermal stability of copper alloyed with aluminium or magnesium

Copper alloyed with small amounts of aluminium or magnesium has recently been suggested as a promising material for interconnect applications in silicon integrated circuits. This work reports the results of the investigation of the electrical (capacitance–voltage and current–voltage) stability of the metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitor made with copper–0.5 at.% aluminium and copper–2 at.% magnesium as metal, deposited on thermally oxidized silicon substrates. The effect of thermal treatment in vacuum ambient before and/or during the electrical testing was investigated. The resistance to oxidation of these alloys was also investigated. The results show that copper magnesium, after a thermal treatment of 350°C or higher, produces a passivating layer at the interfaces that has excellent corrosion resistance and very stable behavior in terms of capacitance–voltage and current–voltage measurements. Copper aluminium performed adequately, much better than pure copper but was inferior to copper magnesium. It may be concluded that these alloys, particularly copper magnesium, will form suitable interconnects without the need of a diffusion barrier on SiO2 used as interlayer dielectric.
Ganglionic Local Opioid Application (GLOA) for Treatment of Chronic Headache and Facial Pain

Objective: This report describes the effects of ganglionic local opioid application (GLOA) in patients with chronic headache and persistent idiopathic facial pain. Case Report: We present 2 patients with chronic headaches and 1 patient with persistent idiopathic facial pain who were refractory to medical treatment. These patients responded well to a series of ganglionic local opioid applications (GLOAs) by administration of buprenorphine. The beneficial effect of GLOA was manifested by a decrease in pain intensity, reduction of pain medications, and improvement in quality of life. Conclusions: These results support the theory of sympathetically mediated pain in the head and face, the presence of opioid receptors on the sympathetic ganglia, and a possible beneficial role of opioids in modulation of this process. To our knowledge, this case series is the first case series in the English literature of the use of GLOA at the stellate ganglion for head-and-face pain.
Gallai-type theorems and domination parameters

Abstract Let γ ( G ) denote the minimum cardinality of a dominating set of a graph G = ( V , E ). A longstanding upper bound for γ ( G ) is attributed to Berge: For any graph G with n vertices and maximum degree Δ ( G ), γ ( G ) ⩽ n − Δ ( G ). We characterise connected bipartite graphs which achieve this upper bound. For an arbitrary graph G we furnish two conditions which are necessary if γ ( G ) + Δ ( G ) = n and are sufficient to achieve n − 1 ⩽ γ ( G ) + Δ ( G ) ⩽ n . We further investigate graphs which satisfy similar equations for the independent domination number, i ( G ), and the irredundance number ir( G ). After showing that i ( G ) ⩽ n − Δ ( G ) for all graphs, we characterise bipartite graphs which achieve equality. Lastly, we show for the upper irredundance number, IR ( G ): For a graph G with n vertices and minimum degree δ ( G ), IR ( G ) ⩽ n - δ ( G ). Characterisations are given for classes of graphs which achieve this upper bound for the upper irredundance, upper domination and independence numbers of a graph.
Digital surface definition and fast algorithms for surface decision and tracking

This paper presents a mathematical digital surface definition. This definition is able to deal with boundary points as well as `inner' points. Namely, it is able to distinguish inner points from boundary points. The definition is intuitive and provides a basis for designing fast algorithms for surface decision, boundary search, and surface tracking problems. This definition is equivalent to Morgenthaler and Rosenfeld's definition on simple closed digital surfaces. The definition can be extended to the problem of defining a digital manifold.
Zur historischen Lexikostatistik der starken Verben im Deutschen. By Andreas Kühne. (Studien zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, 2.) Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1999. Pp. 327. Paper with CD-ROM. DM 88,00.

Zur historischen Lexikostatistik der starken Verben im Deutschen (henceforth ZHLSVD) is an attempt to catalogue all of the strong verbs for each period of the German language (OHG, MHG, ENHG, and NHG) and to describe and analyze the loss and regularization of strong verbs across these periods. The book is an abridged version of Kuhne's 1996 Bochum doctoral dissertation (7). The printed part of ZHLSVD consists of an introduction and three chapters. A CD-ROM is included with the book.
Acoustic determination of the ideal-gas heat capacity of n-heptane at high temperatures

Abstract A novel high-temperature spherical acoustic resonator has been developed to obtain values of the ideal-gas heat capacity at constant volume of n -heptane, based on measurements of perturbations in the speed of sound through a reference gas (argon) caused by small successive additions of n -heptane. The resonance frequencies in ( n -heptane + argon) were measured at 25 K intervals over the temperature range 298.15 to 473.15 K. Mole fractions of n -heptane were varied from 0 to 0.031. The ideal-gas vapor-phase heat capacities at constant volume were evaluated from the obtained resonance frequencies at their respective temperature.
Thermodynamics of statistical copolymer melting

Abstract The melting temperature of a crystal formed of sequences of a statistical A/B copolymer depends not only on crystal composition and lamellar thickness, but on the composition of the coexisting melt as well. Hence analytical expressions are derived for the final melting temperature, where the melt composition equals the known overall composition, generally expressed as mole fraction xA of crystallizable monomer. Of the various treatments for final equilibrium melting of A crystals from which B units are excluded, only Flory's Tmc is correct, but it is unobservable. The Sanchez–Eby theory extends Flory's treatment of final melting temperature to metastable folded sequence crystals of arbitrary thickness lmax, and also allows for incorporation of B units in the crystal. The Gibbs–Thomson method for extrapolating final melting temperatures when lmax→∞ leads to a limiting T m ∗ that can be compared to theory for determining if B units are excluded from the crystals. Extrapolation to equilibrium melting by the Hoffman–Weeks method will yield Tmf
Photoreactions of bacteriorhodopsin at acid pH

It has been known that bacteriorhodopsin, the retinal protein in purple membrane which functions as a light-driven proton pump, undergoes reversible spectroscopic changes at acid pH. The absorption spectra of various bacteriorhodopsin species were estimated from measured spectra of the mixtures that form at low pH, in the presence of sulfate and chloride. The dependency of these on pH and the concentration of Cl- fit a model in which progressive protonation of purple membrane produces "blue membrane", which will bind, with increasing affinity as the pH is lowered, chloride ions to produce "acid purple membrane." Transient spectroscopy with a multichannel analyzer identified the intermediates of the photocycles of these altered pigments, and described their kinetics. Blue membrane produced red-shifted KL-like and L-like products, but no other photointermediates, consistent with earlier suggestions. Unlike others, however, we found that acid purple membrane exhibited a very different photocycle: its first detected intermediate was not like KL in that it was much more red-shifted, and the only other intermediate detectable resembled the O species of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. An M-like intermediate, with a deprotonated Schiff base, was not found in either of these photocycles. There are remarkable similarities between the photoreactions of the acid forms of bacteriorhodopsin and the chloride transport system halorhodopsin, where the Schiff base deprotonation seems to be prevented by lack of suitable aspartate residues, rather than by low pH.
The Active-Site Histidine-10 of Enterococcal NADH Peroxidase Is Not Essential for Catalytic Activity†

In order to test the proposal [Stehle, T., Claiborne, A., & Schulz, G. E. (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 211, 221−226] that the active-site His10 of NADH peroxidase functions as an essential acid−base catalyst, we have analyzed mutants in which this residue has been replaced by Gln or Ala. The kcat values for both H10Q and H10A peroxidases, and the pH profile for kcat with H10Q, are very similar to those observed with wild-type peroxidase. Both mutants, however, exhibit Km(H2O2) values much higher (50−70-fold) than that for wild-type enzyme, and stopped-flow analysis of the H2O2 reactivity of two-electron reduced H10Q demonstrates that this difference is due to a 150-fold decrease in the second-order rate constant for this reaction with the mutant. Stopped-flow analyses also confirm that reduction of the enzyme by NADH is essentially unaffected by His10 replacement and remains largely rate-limiting in turnover; the formation of an E·NADH intermediate in the conversion of E→EH2 is confirmed by diode-array spectra...
One region, two worlds? Cultural values in Chinese and Indian TV commercials

Major cultural values in Chinese and Indian TV commercials were identified in this content analysis. Commercials in both countries were found emphasizing modernity over tradition as a dominant value. Chinese commercials used more traditional values while Indian commercials reflected a more Western value orientation. Foreign brands used modernity more frequently than domestic brands. Foreign brands of Eastern origin used modernity even more often than those of Western origin. Product category emerged as the most important variable affecting cultural values in both countries' commercials. While contributing to international advertising research, this study provides implications for international advertising practice.
Dialectical behavior therapy for substance abuse: A pilot application to methamphetamine-dependent women with borderline personality disorder *

The primary aim of this paper is to describe key modifications made to standard Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for use with substance-dependent individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Key modifications include application of dialectics to issues surrounding abstinence, a new set of substance abuse behavioral targets, a set of attachment strategies for difficult-to-engage and easily lost clients, and modification of some skills geared for substance abusing clients. Treatment outcome findings from a small 12-month uncontrolled pilot trial of DBT for methamphetamine-dependent women with BPD are presented. Of the 3 participants who commenced treatment, 2 completed treatment and were abstinent from use of all illicit drugs by 6 months; results were maintained for the duration of the assessment period 6 months later. These encouraging results suggest that DBT may hold promise for treating methamphetamine dependence.
Fatigue crack initiation and propagation in austenitic stainless steels for light water reactors

Abstract The determination of fatigue life of components containing defects usually takes into account crack propagation only. In a real situation, a number of cycles are often required to reach fatigue crack initiation and predictive evaluation of fatigue crack initiation phases of real defects in austenitic stainless steel welded joints are presented. Fatigue crack growth rates in wrought and cast austenitic stainless steels and associated welds are also presented. Effects of various mechanical parameters (R ratio and variable amplitude loading) of a PWR environment and of metallurgical factors (δ ferrite content and ageing in cast austenitic stainless steels) are discussed.
Effect of morphine on proenkephalin gene expression in the rat brain.

Previous studies indicate that an acute injection of morphine does not effect the level of opioid peptides and their mRNA in the brain. However, due to the presence of a large pool of mRNA and possible opposing changes in turnover rate it is often difficult to visualize the transitory and relatively small alterations in gene transcription by examining mRNA level. Therefore, in situ hybridization with probes directed against intronic sequences to measure the primary transcript of proenkephalin (PPE) mRNA (heteronucleic RNA, hnRNA) in the rat brain following morphine administration was used in this study. The distribution of the hybridization signal of probes against both the A and B intron of the PPE gene were identical and coincide with the distribution PPE mRNA. Thus, to increase the sensitivity of this assay both probes were concurrently hybridized. Female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were gonadectomized and injected with morphine (10 mg/kg, SC). We detected no changes in PPE mRNA levels in the striatum, olfactory tubercle (OT) and n. accumbens core (NAC) at any time following morphine administration. However, from 0.5 h until 24 h following morphine injection, the levels of PPE hnRNA in NAC and OT but not in the dorsal striatum were significantly decreased. The level of c-fos mRNA was increased only in the dorsal striatum following morphine injections. These data show that morphine administration can acutely change opioid peptide gene transcription. The observed decrease of PPE hnRNA levels for 24 h following a single morphine injection may indicate its importance for the development of acute and chronic dependence. However, the significance of these alterations in PPE gene transcription in term of the acute effect of morphine is not clear, because the steady-state level of mRNA was not changed.
Lessons learned in developing a research partnership with the Transgender community

The challenge facing the authors was to develop a relationship with members of the Transgender community in a large urban city in order to develop research that would benefit this group. The situation is presented from the differing perspectives of the three women involved (one Transgender woman and two biological women); they provide their accounts of a meeting with key members of the Transgender community where the challenge became apparent. During the meeting, the issue of representation arose resulting in a discussion of whether the research agenda should be focused on a specific subgroup under the Transgender umbrella or be open to all members of this diverse and underserved group. Reflections on what was learned about the diversity of individuals under the Transgender umbrella and the lessons that helped them respond to the challenge are discussed.