cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-mode fiber systems for deep space communication network

The present investigation is concerned with the development of single-mode optical fiber distribution systems. It is pointed out that single-mode fibers represent potentially a superior medium for the distribution of frequency and timing reference signals and wideband (400 MHz) IF signals. In this connection, single-mode fibers have the potential to improve the capability and precision of NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN). Attention is given to problems related to precise time synchronization throughout the DSN, questions regarding the selection of a transmission medium, and the function of the distribution systems, taking into account specific improvements possible by an employment of single-mode fibers.
Age-related differences in the US preexposure effect on conditioned taste aversion in rats

Weanling, young adult, and old Wistar albino rats were used to determine whether the unconditioned stimulus (US) preexposure effect on conditioned taste aversion is age-related. The rats at each age level were given five preconditioning injections of either.15 M lithium chloride or physiological saline. These groups were then subdivided and given either conditioning or control treatments. Conditioning consisted of 10 min access to a saccharin solution followed 20 min later by an injection of.15 M lithium chloride. The control treatment consisted of 10 min access to saccharin followed 20 min later by a saline injection. Twenty-four hours later the animals were given a 24-h two-bottle (saccharin vs. water) test. Results indicated that as age increased the US preexposure was less effective in attenuating conditioned taste aversion. These results were interpreted in terms of age differences in response to the conditioning context.
Ultradian barpressing for rewarding brain stimulation in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Rhesus monkeys were chronically implanted with stimulating electrodes at positive reinforcement sites in anterolateral hypothalamus and locus ceruleus. Monkeys were then allowed to roam free in a large cage for six days and deliver brain stimulation to themselves when they wished. No monkey sought stimulation at locus ceruleus after the first few minutes in the cage, but all repeatedly barpressed for anterolateral hypothalamic stimualtion. Barpressing rates in 3 of 4 monkeys were found to correlate significantly with a 40–45 min ultradian rhythm while the rate for the other monkey correlated best with an 85 minute rhythm.
Characterization of phospholipase C-mediated polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat heart ventricles.

Abstract Phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated degradation of polyphosphoinositides (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP)) was found to be present in rat heart ventricular soluble and total membrane fractions (100,000 g supernatant and pellet). Distribution of polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity between the membrane and soluble fraction was approximately 63 and 33% of total activity, respectively, whereas, phosphatidylinositol (PI) degradation could be detected only in the soluble fraction. Optimal PIP 2 -PLC activity occurred at a p Ca 2+ of 4.5. A similar peak in PIP-PLC activity could be demonstrated in soluble and membrane preparations; however, the rate of PIP degradation in the soluble fraction continued to increase at the highest calcium level tested ( p Ca 2+ 3). With the exception of Sr 2+ , other noncalcium polycations did not support homogenate PIP 2 -PLC activity. In the presence of Ca 2+ , addition of Mg 2+ , La 3+ , or Sr 2+ (10 −3 m ) inhibited PIP 2 -PLC while Mn 2+ and Gd 3+ stimulated activity. In both the total membrane and soluble fractions, maximal polyphosphoinositide degradation occurs at pH 5.5 and 6.8. The detergents deoxycholate, cholate, and saponin exert a biphasic effect on PIP 2 -PLC activity (stimulating at lower concentrations and inhibiting at higher concentrations). The deoxycholate effect is observed in both the cytosolic and membrane fractions. Neutral and cationic detergents inhibit PIP 2 -PLC activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Similar to cytosolic PI-PLC activity, PIP 2 -PLC appears to depend on intact sulfhydryl groups. In the presence of a mixture of all three inositol phospholipids or the three phosphoinositides plus noninositol phospholipids, polyphosphoinositides are preferentially degraded.
On the Bernstein Inequality for Rational Functions with a Prescribed Zero

We extend some results of Giroux and Rahman (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.193(1974), 67?98) for Bernstein-type inequalities on the unit circle for polynomials with a prescribed zero atz=1 to those for rational functions. These results improve the Bernstein-type inequalities for rational functions. The sharpness of these inequalities is also established. Our approach makes use of the Malmquist?Walsh system of orthogonal rational functions on the unit circle associated with the Lebesgue measure.
Beyond ‘Riot Porn’: Protest Video and the Production of Unruly Subjects

ABSTRACTFrom the globalization protests of the previous decade to the more recent Occupy Movement, activists have embraced the use of digital video. Many appropriations of the technology, including those by human rights advocates, rest on the theory that ‘seeing is believing’ and understand video to be uniquely suited to forms of truth telling such as witnessing, documenting and reporting. While I encountered such realist uses of video during fieldwork with direct action movements in the former Yugoslavia, activists are also preoccupied with videos depicting the most physical confrontations with the police, videos they sometimes referred to as ‘riot porn’. They engage these videos for the sensory, affective and bodily experiences they facilitate. Indeed, activist practices around and claims for video indicate that they understand video as a technology of the self, using it to forge emotional relationships with activists elsewhere, steel themselves for physical confrontation and cultivate new political des...
Iterative compensation schemes for multimedia content authentication

Multimedia content authentication can be achieved by deriving a fragile content-based signature from a media signal and embedding it robustly back into the signal. The perturbation due to embedding needs to be compensated with mechanisms that lead to producing the original signature. Closed form solutions for compensation are not always feasible. In this paper, we propose two iterative compensation schemes to address such scenarios. The first is based on a set-theoretic approach by using projections onto convex sets (POCS), where signature generation and signal fidelity are modeled as convex constraint sets. The other scheme uses an additive iterative approach used in the cases where the POCS approach is not applicable. Examples of successful image authentication are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes over a range of watermark-embedding robustness. A comparison with the closed-form compensation scheme, when feasible, is also presented.
Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 8. Boilers Burning No. 2 Distillate Fuel Oil

Fine organic particulate matter emitted from an industrial-scale boiler burning no. 2 distillate fuel oil has been characterized on a molecular basis using GC/MS techniques. Most of the identified compound mass consists of n-alkanoic acids (42.0−51.5%), aromatic acids (5.8−22.6%), and n-alkanes (6.7−25.0%). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxygenated PAH (oxy-PAH) together comprise 3.1−8.6% of the identifiable mass and together with chlorinated compounds (5.8−16.4%) show the largest variations in emission rates between the two experiments reported here. An increase in chlorinated compound emissions between tests is accompanied by a similar increase in elemental carbon (i.e., soot) and PAH emissions, which may follow the results of laboratory experiments that suggest that the presence of chlorinated compounds can enhance both soot and PAH formation. Differences between the hopanes distribution in the boiler exhaust versus that found in both vehicle exhaust and in the southern California atmosphere suggest that the oil-fired boiler exhaust is at most a minor contributor to the atmospheric aerosol, which is consistent with inferences drawn from local emission inventories.
Differential fluorescence of sister chromatids in chicken embryos exposed to 5-bromodeoxyuridine.

Differential fluorescence of sister chromatids (SCD) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were visualized in chromosomes obtained directly from growing chicken embryos. SCD was obtained by exposing 3-day embryos to BrdU (12.5–50 μg) in ovo for 26 hours and staining air dried chromosome preparations with 33258 Hoechst. Bright, stable fluorescence and continued SCD were achieved if slides were mounted in McIlvaine's pH 4.4 buffer. Embryo growth, mitotic activity and gross chromosome morphology were not adversely altered by the BrdU treatments. The SCE rate was estimated to be 0.07 SCEs per macrochromosome and 0.75 SCEs per metaphase for two cell cycles.
Current status of molecular markers for early detection of sporadic pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal malignancy with near 100% mortality. This is in part due to the fact that most patients present with metastatic or locally advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Significantly, in nearly 95% of PC patients there is neither an associated family history of PC nor of diseases known to be associated with an increased risk of PC. These groups of patients who comprise the bulk of PC cases are termed as “sporadic PC” in contrast to the familial PC cases that comprise only about 5% of all PCs. Given the insidious onset of the malignancy and its extreme resistance to chemo and radiotherapy, an abundance of research in recent years has focused on identifying biomarkers for the early detection of PC, specifically aiming at the sporadic PC cohort. However, while several studies have established that asymptomatic individuals with a positive family history of PC and those with certain heritable syndromes are candidates for PC screening, the role of screening in identifying sporadic PC is still an unsettled question. The present review attempts to assess this critical question by investigating the recent advances made in molecular markers with potential use in the early diagnosis of sporadic PC- the largest cohort of PC cases worldwide. It also outlines a novel yet simple risk-factor based stratification system that could be potentially employed by clinicians to identify those individuals who at an elevated-risk for the development of sporadic PC and therefore candidates for screening.
A high resolution map of a cyanobacterial transcriptome

Background Previous molecular and mechanistic studies have identified several principles of prokaryotic transcription, but less is known about the global transcriptional architecture of bacterial genomes. Here we perform a comprehensive study of a cyanobacterial transcriptome, that of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, generated by combining three high-resolution data sets: RNA sequencing, tiling expression microarrays, and RNA polymerase chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing.
Studies of 13C13C coupling constants. II. Acetonitrile and related compounds

Abstract Carbon-13 spectra were obtained on a series of alkyl nitriles and the acylium ion, CH3CO+. Results are given on carbon-carbon and carbon-proton coupling constants for the series methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl-, and t-butyl-cyanides as well as the acylium ion. CNDO molecular orbital calculations were carried out as aid in application of the Pople-Santry approach to spin coupling and in application of the localized model of the CC bond. The correct trend in CC coupling, although opposite to that predicted from the simple PSASB bond-order, is rationalized for CH3CN and CH,CO+.
Biosynthesis of the unique trans-Δ3-hexadecenoic acid component of chloroplast phosphatidylglycerol: Evidence concerning its site and mechanism of formation☆

Abstract As in most higher plants, chloroplast membranes of the green alga Dunaliella salina contain phosphatidylglycerol (PG) that is rich in trans -Δ 3 -hexadecenoic acid (16: 1 t ), a fatty acid found nowhere else in the cell. After labeling D. salina with exogenous [ 3 H]myristic acid ([ 3 H]14:0), the cis -unsaturated fatty acids of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol as well as PG had higher specific radioactivities in chloroplast envelopes than in thylakoids. In contrast, 16:1 t was very slow to become radioactive, and its specific radioactivity was several times higher in isolated thylakoids than in envelopes after brief (3–20 min) labeling with [ 3 H]14:0. Analysis of individual PG molecular species revealed that the fatty acid paired with 16:1 t was also labeled slowly. Thus linoleate (18:2) released from a 16: 1 t -containing PG had a 350-fold (at 3 min) to 20-fold (at 60 min) lower specific radioactivity than did 18:2 from a palmitate (16:0)-containing PG. The findings suggest that the substrates for trans -desaturation are 16:0-containing PG molecular species which are readily labeled from [ 3 H]14:0 in the envelope but are diluted by the large pool of thylakoid PG before penetrating to the desaturation site. By examining the labeling patterns of individual PG molecular species classes, it was concluded that D. salina 16:1 t is formed from 16:0 linked to 18:2 16:0 PG and 18:3 16:0 PG by a trans -desaturase located within the inner recesses of the thylakoid compartment.
Postinjury cyclosporin A administration limits axonal damage and disconnection in traumatic brain injury.

ABSTRACT Recent observations concerning presumed calcium-induced mitochondrial damage and focal intraaxonal proteolysis in the pathogenesis of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) have opened new perspect...
Diffusion Strategies Outperform Consensus Strategies for Distributed Estimation Over Adaptive Networks

Adaptive networks consist of a collection of nodes with adaptation and learning abilities. The nodes interact with each other on a local level and diffuse information across the network to solve estimation and inference tasks in a distributed manner. In this work, we compare the mean-square performance of two main strategies for distributed estimation over networks: consensus strategies and diffusion strategies. The analysis in the paper confirms that under constant step-sizes, diffusion strategies allow information to diffuse more thoroughly through the network and this property has a favorable effect on the evolution of the network: diffusion networks are shown to converge faster and reach lower mean-square deviation than consensus networks, and their mean-square stability is insensitive to the choice of the combination weights. In contrast, and surprisingly, it is shown that consensus networks can become unstable even if all the individual nodes are stable and able to solve the estimation task on their own. When this occurs, cooperation over the network leads to a catastrophic failure of the estimation task. This phenomenon does not occur for diffusion networks: we show that stability of the individual nodes always ensures stability of the diffusion network irrespective of the combination topology. Simulation results support the theoretical findings.
Resilient synchronization in robust networked multi-agent systems

In this paper, we study local interaction rules that enable a network of dynamic agents to synchronize to a common zero-input state trajectory despite the malicious influence of a subset of adversary agents. The agents in the networked system influence one another by sharing state or output information according to a directed, time-varying graph. The normal agents have identical dynamics modeled by linear time-invariant (LTI) systems that are weakly stable, stabilizable, and detectable. The adversary agents are assumed to be omniscient and can take any uniformly continuous state or output trajectory. We design dynamic state and output control laws under the assumption that there is either an upper bound on the number of neighbors that may be adversaries, or an upper bound on the total number of adversary agents in the network. The control laws use only local information (i.e., information from neighbors in the network) and are resilient in the sense that they are able to mitigate the malicious influence of the adversary nodes and facilitate asymptotic synchronization of the normal agents. The conditions on the network topology required for the success of the synchronization control laws are specified in terms of network robustness. Network robustness is a novel topological property that codifies the notion of sufficient redundancy of directed edges between subsets of nodes in the network.
Stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) egg parasitism in Louisiana soybeans.

Stink bug egg parasitism rates were surveyed at several locations in southern Louisiana during 1983 and 1984. Eggs of Euschistus spp. were parasitized most heavily. Parasitism of eggs of Nezara viridula (L.), Euschistus spp., Acrosternum hilare (Say), Podisus maculiventris (Say), and Edessa bifida (Say) varied between sample years. All parasitoid species collected were in the family Scelionidae. Telenomus podisi Ashmead was the most prevalent parasitoid during both 1983 and 1984. Parasitism by Trissolcus basalis Wollaston was high in 1983 but declined sharply the following year when populations of its primary host, N. viridula, were low. Apparent host switching was noted for both T. podisi and T. basalis from their primary hosts Euschistus spp. and N. viridula, respectively, when densities of all host masses increased. Trissolcus edessae Fouts and Trissolcus euschisti Fouts were collected both years at levels substantially below those of T. podisi and T. basalis. Telenomus calvus Johnson, a phoretic egg parasitoid of P. maculiventris, and Telenomus cristatus Johnson were collected incidentally during 1983. Parasitism of single egg masses by two different scelionid species was observed in all pentatomid hosts except E. bifida. In every case except one, both a Trissolcus species and T. podisi were involved. In the lone exception, both species were in the genus Trissolcus. Multiparasitism of individual eggs was not observed in this study.
Are We Prepared? Child Welfare Work With Parents With Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities

Despite a growing body of literature addressing the problematic interface between the child welfare system and parents with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD), efforts to better train child welfare workers to address this interface have been negligible (Booth & Booth, 1993; McConnell et al., 2011a, 2011b; McConnell & Llewellyn, 1998, 2002; Tymchuk, 1999, 2001; Tymchuk et al., 1999). This study examined child welfare worker competency in working with parents with IDD, more specifically: 1) to identify child welfare competencies workers need when managing cases involving parents with IDD, 2) personal and professional variables influencing worker competency, and 3) training needs of child welfare workers.
Bipolar transistor scaling for minimum switching delay and energy dissipation

A novel figure-of-merit to guide in the scaling of high-speed bipolar transistors is proposed. A method is described to relate the gate delay of a ring-oscillator to measurable device parameters analytically. The closed-form solution for an unloaded ECL (emitter coupled logic) gate agrees very well with published data of the past several years and with the results of circuit simulation. The formula for the basic current switch relates in a simple way the different device parameters and has been used to optimize device design for maximum speed and minimum energy dissipation. >
On certain eigenvalue problems occurring in physical systems

Abstract Certain eigenvalue problems with complex eigenvalues are examined in this article. Explicit solutions are given. These problems are important in the study of galaxies and plasma containment. The origin of galactic spirals is explained in terms of the type of unstable modes studied in this article.
The President's Legislative Program: An Issue of Sincere versus Strategic Behavior

Do the president s legislative proposals embody the president's sincere preferences or strategic modifications intended to improve the chances of obtaining a particular outcome? Students of presidential agenda-setting typically assume a sincere preferences approach, while students of congressional agenda-setting have long accepted the possibility of strategic behavior. This essay first reviews this debate and presents arguments supporting a “strategic” agenda-setter position. It then considers the methods by which administrations estimate the likelihood of passing legislation in Congress. I posit that estimations of the political feasibility of a bill conform to a Bayesian updating model of strategic agenda-setting choice. The essay then presents propositions about the conditions in which administrations are likely to act sincerely or strategically. Whether presidential administrations pursue the president s sincere preferences or modify/ their proposals to improve the odds of passing a bill are the result of calculated decisions that seek to maximize the president's outcome.
Evolutionary changes in components of fitness and other polygenic traits in Drosophila melanogaster populations

Evolutionary changes in components of fitness and other polygenic traits in Drosophila melanogaster populations
A stochastic Lagrangian approach for geometrical uncertainties in electrostatics

This work proposes a general framework to quantify uncertainty arising from geometrical variations in the electrostatic analysis. The uncertainty associated with geometry is modeled as a random field which is first expanded using either polynomial chaos or Karhunen-Loeve expansion in terms of independent random variables. The random field is then treated as a random displacement applied to the conductors defined by the mean geometry, to derive the stochastic Lagrangian boundary integral equation. The surface charge density is modeled as a random field, and is discretized both in the random dimension and space using polynomial chaos and classical boundary element method, respectively. Various numerical examples are presented to study the effect of uncertain geometry on relevant parameters such as capacitance and net electrostatic force. The results obtained using the proposed method are verified using rigorous Monte Carlo simulations. It has been shown that the proposed method accurately predicts the statistics and probability density functions of various relevant parameters.
Astrocytic reactivity and intermediate filament metabolism in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: the effect of suppression with prazosin.

Abstract In either actively or passively transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), increased immunocytochemical staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in astrocytes was detected early in the disease process in both the gray and white matter of the spinal cord. Staining was not restricted to areas of perivascular mononuclear infiltration, and was observed at all levels of the cord. This enhanced staining pattern was delayed in rats in which clinical signs of EAE had been suppressed by treatment with theα 1 -adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. This glial reaction in EAE was not accompanied by increased GFAP synthesis, as measured by in vitro labeling of spinal cord slices, nor an increase in GFAP content, as measured by densitometry of intermediate filament fractions separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Total protein synthesis was increased, with vimentin being labeled especially heavily; in prazosin-treated EAE animals, the increase in total protein synthesis was reduced and delayed.
Antecedents and consequences of relationship intention: Implications for transaction and relationship marketing

Abstract The terms relationship marketing (RM) and loyalty have been extensively promoted in marketing literature. Advocates of RM and loyalty have argued that RM leads to loyalty and loyalty leads to profitability. However, currently available evidence questions these arguments. We propose a term relationship intention. Relationship intention is willingness of a customer to develop a relationship with a firm while buying a product or a service attributed to a firm, a brand, and a channel. We build a multi-item scale for measuring relationship intention. We propose a framework, wherein we argue that the relationship intention is influenced by the customers' perceived firm equity, perceived brand equity, and perceived channel equity. We propose the consequences of relationship intention as being low cost to serve, price premium, word-of-mouth promotion, and company advertisement. We also argue that relationship intention moderates the association between lifetime duration and profitability. Finally, we discuss the managerial implications of relationship intention in terms of transaction and RM.
Caffeine intake is independently associated with neuropsychological performance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

In healthy individuals, caffeine intake may improve performance on cognitive tests. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that has been associated with impaired cognitive function. In this study, we investigated whether increased caffeine intake in untreated patients with OSA is linked to better cognitive performance. Forty-five untreated OSA patients underwent baseline polysomnography after completing a survey of 24-h caffeine intake. Participants completed a battery of neuropsychological tests, then demographically corrected T scores and a global deficit score (GDS) were calculated on these tests. Partial correlation analysis was performed to compare daily caffeine intake with GDS, after controlling for body mass index (BMI) and sleep apnea severity. Analysis of covariance was done to examine differences in daily caffeine intake between cognitively impaired (GDS ≥ 0.5) and non-impaired (GDS < 0.5) individuals. Seven out of the 45 subjects met the criteria (GDS ≥ 0.5) for cognitive impairment. There was a significant inverse association between caffeine intake and the GDS, both when controlling for BMI (r = −0.331, p = 0.04) and when controlling for BMI and apnea severity (r = −0.500, p = 0.002); those with less impairment consumed more caffeine. Analysis of covariance demonstrated that cognitively impaired individuals consumed one-sixth as much caffeine as non-impaired individuals (p < 0.05). In patients with moderately severe OSA, higher average daily caffeine intake was associated with less cognitive impairment.
Measuring consensus about scientific research norms

In this paper, we empirically explore some manifestations of norms for the conduct of science. We focus on scientific research ethics and report survey results from 606 scientists who received funding in 1993 and 1994 from the Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Biology Directorate of the National Science Foundation. We also report results for 91 administrators charged with overseeing research integrity at the scientists’ research institutions. Both groups of respondents were presented with a set of scenarios, designed by fractional factorial methods, describing different kinds of scientific conduct that in the eyes of some would likely be unethical. Respondents then were asked to evaluate each of these scenarios for how unethical the behavior might be and what kinds of sanctions might be appropriate. We use the responses to consider the nature of consensus around norms related to the practice of science and in particular, similarities and differences between scientists and science administrators. Implications for policy are also discussed.
Safety and immunogenicity of a new heat-inactivated hepatitis B virus vaccine in adult recipients.

Abstract A new heat inactivated HBV vaccine has been evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in 203 adult recipients. The vaccine was found to be safe and highly immunogenic. Three doses of 3 μg given at 0, 1 and 6 months, resulted in 96% seroconversion. Three doses of 3 μg given at 0, 1 and 2 months produced, more rapidly, seroconversion in 92% of those imunized. Antibody to a pre-S determinant developed in four of six subjects tested.
Indications and Technique of Nuss Procedure for Pectus Excavatum

Pectus excavatum most frequently involves the lower sternum and chest wall. Because the morphology varies, preoperative imaging for anatomic assessment and documentation of dimensions of the chest are important. Many modifications have been made to the minimally invasive procedure since it was first performed in 1987. As a result, there has been an increase in the number of patients seeking surgical correction. This article discusses the clinical features of pectus excavatum and reviews the preoperative considerations and the steps involved in the repair of the deformity.
Randomized controlled trial of restrictive fluid management in transient tachypnea of the newborn.

Objective To determine the effect of mild fluid restriction on the hospital course of neonates with transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN). Study design In this pilot prospective randomized controlled trial of 64 late preterm and term neonates diagnosed with TTN at a single tertiary care hospital in the United States, patients were randomized to receive standard fluid management or mild fluid restriction. The primary outcome was duration of respiratory support. Secondary outcomes were duration of admission to the intensive care unit, time to first enteral feed, and total and composite hospital costs. Results were analyzed by t -test, χ 2 test, Kaplan-Meier estimation, and proportional hazards regression. Results Fluid restriction did not cause adverse events or unsafe dehydration. Fluid management strategy did not affect primary or secondary outcomes in the total study population. Fluid restriction significantly reduced the duration of respiratory support ( P = .008) and hospitalization costs ( P = .017) in neonates with severe TTN. Conclusion Mild fluid restriction appears to be safe in late preterm and term neonates with uncomplicated TTN. Fluid restriction may be of benefit in decreasing the duration of respiratory support and reducing hospitalization costs in term and late preterm neonates with uncomplicated severe TTN.
CALIPSO Observations of Volcanic Aerosol in the Stratosphere

In the stratosphere, the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) has observed the presence of aerosol plumes associated with the eruptions several volcanoes including Montserrat (May 2006), Chaiten (May 2008), and Kasatochi (August 2008). While the dense ash plumes from these eruptions dissipate relatively quickly, CALIPSO continued to detect an enhanced aerosol layer from the Montserrat eruption from the initial observations in June 2006 well into 2008. Solar occultation missions were uniquely capable of monitoring stratospheric aerosol. However, since the end of long-lived instruments like the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II), there has been no clear space-based successor instrument. A number of active instruments, some employing new techniques, are being evaluated as candidate sources of stratospheric aerosol data. Herein, we examine suitability of the CALIPSO 532-nm aerosol backscatter coefficient measurements.
Lymphoma of the Base of the Tongue: An Incidental Finding on the Preoperative Workup for a Spine Surgery

Lymphoma of the tongue is very rare and accounts for 1% of all malignant tumors of the oral cavity. We present a patient who presented with weakness and difficulties with ambulation who was a known cervical spine spondylosis and stenosis patient. During the preoperative workup for cervical spine surgery a tumor at the base of the tongue was discovered which was confirmed by pathology to be a lymphoma. doi:10.4021/jocmr2009.07.1251 Online publish ahead of print July16, 2009
FLASH: A rapid method for prototyping paper-based microfluidic devices

This article describes FLASH (Fast Lithographic Activation of Sheets), a rapid method for laboratory prototyping of microfluidic devices in paper. Paper-based microfluidic devices are emerging as a new technology for applications in diagnostics for the developing world, where low cost and simplicity are essential. FLASH is based on photolithography, but requires only a UV lamp and a hotplate; no clean-room or special facilities are required (FLASH patterning can even be performed in sunlight if a UV lamp and hotplate are unavailable). The method provides channels in paper with dimensions as small as 200 µm in width and 70 µm in height; the height is defined by the thickness of the paper. Photomasks for patterning paper-based microfluidic devices can be printed using an ink-jet printer or photocopier, or drawn by hand using a waterproof black pen. FLASH provides a straightforward method for prototyping paper-based microfluidic devices in regions where the technological support for conventional photolithography is not available.
Acute Effects of Online Mind-Body Skills Training on Resilience, Mindfulness, and Empathy

Background Some studies have begun to show benefits of brief in-person mind-body skills training. We evaluated the effects of 1-hour online elective mind-body skills training for health professionals on mindfulness, resilience, and empathy. Methods Between May and November, 2014, we described enrollees for the most popular 1-hour modules in a new online mind-body skills training program; compared enrollees' baseline stress and burnout to normative samples; and assessed acute changes in mindfulness, resilience, and empathy. Results The 513 enrollees included dietitians, nurses, physicians, social workers, clinical trainees, and health researchers; about 1/4 were trainees. The most popular modules were the following: Introduction to Stress, Resilience, and the Relaxation Response (n = 261); Autogenic Training (n = 250); Guided Imagery and Hypnosis for Pain, Insomnia, and Changing Habits (n = 112); Introduction to Mindfulness (n = 112); and Mindfulness in Daily Life (n = 102). Initially, most enrollees met threshold criteria for burnout and reported moderate to high stress levels. Completing 1-hour modules was associated with significant acute improvements in stress (P Conclusion Online mind-body skills training reaches diverse, stressed health professionals and is associated with acute improvements in stress, mindfulness, empathy, and resilience. Additional research is warranted to compare the long-term cost-effectiveness of different doses of online and in-person mind-body skills training for health professionals.
Effects of delayed reinforcement on response latency and acquisition learning under simultaneous and successive discrimination learning in children

Abstract Ninety 4th grade children were used to study simultaneous and successive discrimination learning under 0-, 10-, and 30-second delays of reinforcement. Two response measures, latency and number of correct responses, were evaluated and compared with an analysis of variance design. Results indicated that: (a) neither delay nor method of presentation influenced learning (mean number of correct responses); (b) although response latency decreases across trials for all groups (delays and methods of presentation), learning associated with delay results in significantly longer latency; (c) latency differences between delay and immediate groups appeared by the third trial; (d) whether S learned had no relationship to latency. Results were interpreted in terms of stimulus generalization and reinforcement of “waiting awhile” response during delay.
Epidemiology of Sepsis in Surgical Patients

Sepsis in the surgical patient continues to be a common and potentially lethal problem. Early identification of patients and timely implementation of evidence-based therapies continue to represent significant clinical challenges for care providers. The implementation of a sepsis screening program in conjunction with protocol for the delivery of evidence-based care and rapid source control can improve patient outcomes. The article provides definitions and guidelines for the screening and management of sepsis and septic shock.
Some thoughts on school size and its effects on adolescent development.

What do we know about the effects of school size on adolescent development? This article addresses this issue, based on a review of the available evidence. While this evidence is sketchy, it does offer three important hypotheses to guide our efforts to understand the human ecology of adolescence. First, school size matters, particularly to academically marginal students. Second, school size is not a simple linear effect. Rather, it involves a “threshold effect,” so that increases in size above roughly 500 (in a secondary school) do not have an appreciable effect. Third, recent trends have “conspired” against youth by simultaneously producing larger schools — so that most schools are above the size threshold — and “forcing” ever larger numbers of academically marginal students into these secondary schools. This article explores these hypotheses and their significance for youth development.
Studies on the Etiology of Blackhead Disease: The Roles of Histomonas meleagridis and Candida albicans in the United States

Abstract INTRODUCTION ALTHOUGH it has been 73 years since Cushman (1893) first described blackhead disease of turkeys (also known by the more descriptive “infectious enterohepatitis”), there is still sharp disagreement as to the etiological agent responsible for production of the disease. Smith (1895, 1910) found a protozoan, Amoeba meleagridis (now known as Histomonas meleagridis Tyzzer, 1920) to be present in diseased ceca and livers. He reported that this protozoan was the apparent causative agent. Cole and Hadley (1908) and Cole et al. (1910) reported that coccidia were the etiologic agents of the disease, but later abandoned this theory (Hadley, 1916a). Jowett (1911) and Hadley (1916a, b) stated that trichomonads were in fact the true disease agents. Allen (1936) and Walker (1948) have stated that a Pentatrichtomonas species, probably actually Trichomonas gallinarum (Allen, 1940), was a causative agent. However, Kemp and Reid (1965) concluded, on the basis of egg production and weight …
A genetic approach to understanding inner ear function

Within the temporal bone lies the inner ear, home to both the snail-shaped cochlea, critical for auditory function, and the vestibule, providing critical sensory input for balance. Both organs house sensory hair cells, cellular transducers of either sound waves (auditory) or linear or angular acceleration (vestibular) into electrical impulses. These unique cells have at their apices a bundle of microvilli containing parallel actin filaments referred to as stereocilia, whose deflection by as little as a nanometer results in the opening of mechanicallygated ion channels.
Factors influencing synthesis and activity of β-galactosidase inLactobacillus acidophilus

In the type-strainLactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 β-galactosidase (β-gal) was inducible; lactose, galactose, melibiose and probably maltose, but not glucose, fructose, mannose, sucrose and cellobiose, induced β-gal synthesis. Glucose partially inhibited β-gal-induction by lactose but not by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside. β-gal synthesis during cell growth was maximal at 0.4% lactose, stimulated by Ca2+ but inhibited by Mg2+ and Mn2+. β-gal in the cell-free extract had optimum activity at pH 6.5 and at 45°C. The enzyme activity was stimulated by Mg2+, inhibited by Ca2+, destroyed by oxidizing agents and protected by reducing agents.
Case report: Successful treatment of recurrent chordoma and bilateral pulmonary metastases following an 11-year disease-free period

INTRODUCTION Chordomas are rare but aggressive tumors due to local recurrence and distant metastases. They originate commonly in the sphenooccipital and sacrococcygeal regions, and metastasize to the lungs, bone, skin, liver, and lymph nodes. They occur more frequently in men and people over the age of 40.
An analysis of fine dry grinding in ball mills

Abstract The kinetics of dry grinding of several cement clinkers and two coals were investigated in a laboratory tumbling ball mill. The kinetic process is first-order at first, but the rates of breakage decrease as fines accumulate in the bed. It was demonstrated that the slowing of the breakage rates applies to all sizes in the mill, indicating that the cushioning action of fines affects the whole breakage process, even though mill power remains constant. Tests on cleaning or non-cleaning the balls showed that the major factor was not the build-up of a coating on the balls. Radio-tracing tests showed that the effect was not due to pelletizing of fines into larger particles. The quantitative magnitude of the cushioning action was different for different materials. It is, therefore, postulated that cushioning is affected not only by air trapped in the bed of fine particles but also by the cohesive attraction of fine particles, which is a function of the material.
Complete demodulation for automatic theorem proving

Abstract In this paper, mechanical means are given for the use of demodulation ( i.e. simplification or reduction of terms) in arbitrary first order theories with equality, while retaining refutation completeness. In particular, every equality is eventually expressed in terms of demodulation. The author supposes that these methods will be helpful mainly in theories which are equational or nearly so. It is hoped that these methods will enable associative and commutative relationships to be used efficiently. The method uses interaction (derived reduction), paramodulation, generation of new functions, and “permutable unification” to achieve its goals. Theoretical properties of the method, which aid also in understanding its practical operation, are presented. An implementation of complete demodulation is in progress.
The informativeness of attachment loss on tooth mortality.

Background: In periodontal clinical trials, clinical attachment level measurements are commonly used as surrogates for tooth loss. Conclusions regarding treatment efficacy in these trials are valid if: 1) the surrogate is informative on tooth loss, and 2) the surrogate captures the effect of treatment on tooth loss. The goal of this study was to evaluate the first criterion: Are serial clinical attachment loss measurements informative on overall tooth mortality? Methods: Young Norwegian men (aged 17 to 35) were first examined in 1969 (n=565) and followed for 26 years with examinations in 1971 (n=381), 1973 (n=292), 1975 (n=245), 1981 (n=228), 1988 (n=202), and 1995 (n=223). Several aspects of the serial attachment loss measurements were related to tooth mortality risk using statistical models that take into account the time-dependent changes of the clinical attachment loss measurements. Results: The results provided evidence that moderate attachment losses were informative on tooth mortality. Both the lif...
ac susceptibility of thermally annealed and neutron irradiated Cu‐Ni alloys

Thermal annealing and high-flux neutron irradiation are used to vary the degree of short-range atomic order in Cu-Ni alloys of composition 40, 50, and 60 at. pct Ni. The magnetic state is measured by ac magnetic susceptibility measurements. It is shown that annealing at 350 C causes significant changes in the susceptibility of all the samples. In the 50 and 60 at. pct Ni samples, the transition is broadened and extended to higher temperatures, while the 40 at. pct Ni sample changes from a paramagnetic system to a weakly ferromagnetic system. The neutron irradiation, in contrast to the thermal treatment, causes the development of smaller size cluster formations. The irradiated 60 at. pct Ni sample exhibits no change in the shape of its susceptibility curve from that of the quenched sample, whereas, the 40 pct alloy is changed, by irradiation, from a paramagnetic system to a spin-glass system.
Initial evidence for the modification of hamster sperm Na+, K+-ATPase activity by cyclic nucleotide-mediated processes

Abstract Na + , K + -ATPase activity of homogenates prepared from cauda epididymal golden hamster sperm increased after the addition of cGMP (50μM), monobutyryl cGMP (0.5μM) or cGMP-dependent protein kinase (0.94μg/ml). Addition of monobutyryl cAMP (0.5μM) or purified catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (1.26μg/ml) inhibited the activity of the Na + , K + -ATPase. Preincubation with a partially purified preparation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (75μg/ml) stimulated the activity of the Na + , K + -ATPase, and this stimulation was decreased by the addition of 5μM monobutyryl cAMP. It is not yet known whether direct and/or indirect mechanisms are involved, but these results are the first to describe such opposing effects by cyclic nucleotide-mediated processes on a Na + , K + -ATPase activity.
In Vitro Vascular Cell Adhesion and Proliferation on Alkaline Degraded Poly-lactic/glycolic Acid Polymers

Abstract : The objective of the present in vitro study was to determine vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell responses to poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) films that were exposed apriori to various degrees of alkaline degradation. To model the alkaline environment of blood in arteries PLGA films were separately soaked in select concentrations (from 0.1 - 10N) of NaOH for various periods of time (from 10 minutes to 1 hour). Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells were then separately allowed to adhere and/or proliferate on the different PLGA degraded surfaces. Results provided the first evidence that smooth muscle adhesion and proliferation increased with larger amounts of alkaline PLGA degradation. In contrast endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation decreased with increasing amounts of alkaline PLGA degradation. In this manner, the present in vitro study suggests a possible mechanism for insufficient endothelialization on PLGA vascular implants in vivo.
Cultural community-based tourism in Tanzania: Lessons learned and way forward

Cultural tourism programmes (CTPs) provide opportunities for rural communities to supplement their income. While these programmes are intended to empower local people and reduce poverty, the mechanisms used for choosing the targeted ‘communities' remain largely unexamined. This paper analyses the planning, structure and implementation of CTPs as a form of community-based tourism in selected areas in Tanzania. Data were collected from two CTP groups (10 people in total) and five government officials at the national level using in-depth interviews. Analysis was carried out using NVIVO for theme generation. Major themes derived include lack of clear description of who constitutes CTPs and that existing CTPs differ greatly in terms of structure, size, development level and resource capacity, and many lack clear benefit-sharing mechanisms. There is a need for the government to continue supporting these initiatives at all levels, to nurture newly created CTPs and to provide continual technical support for the e...