cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding strategic alignment for destination marketing and the 2004 Athens Olympic Games: Implications from extracted tacit knowledge

Abstract Major international hallmark events, especially the Olympic Games, represent a significant opportunity for marketing tourism to the host country. Due to the scale and importance of the event, the coordination between the Olympic organizing committee and the destination marketing organization of the host country becomes a knowledge-intensive and exceptionally complicated task. Analyzing on-site interview data collected from top executives of the two major organizations involved in the 2004 Summer Olympic Games (ATHOC and GNTO), this research achieved two objectives: (1) extracted and organized the tacit knowledge from both organizations to discover major issues concerning the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, and (2) identified the strategic alignment issues between the domains of Olympics planning and destination marketing and proposed a conceptual framework for the future Olympic host countries.
High energy electron signals from dark matter annihilation in the Sun

In this paper we discuss two mechanisms by which high energy electrons resulting from dark matter annihilations in or near the Sun can arrive at the Earth. Specifically, electrons can escape the sun if DM annihilates into long-lived states, or if dark matter scatters inelastically, which would leave a halo of dark matter outside of the sun. Such a localized source of electrons may affect the spectra observed by experiments with narrower fields of view oriented towards the sun, such as ATIC, differently from those with larger fields of view such as Fermi. We suggest a simple test of these possibilities with existing Fermi data that is more sensitive than limits from final state radiation. If observed, such a signal will constitute an unequivocal signature of dark matter.
Bovine Genome Database: supporting community annotation and analysis of the Bos taurus genome

Background A goal of the Bovine Genome Database (BGD; http://BovineGenome.org) has been to support the Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (BGSAC) in the annotation and analysis of the bovine genome. We were faced with several challenges, including the need to maintain consistent quality despite diversity in annotation expertise in the research community, the need to maintain consistent data formats, and the need to minimize the potential duplication of annotation effort. With new sequencing technologies allowing many more eukaryotic genomes to be sequenced, the demand for collaborative annotation is likely to increase. Here we present our approach, challenges and solutions facilitating a large distributed annotation project.
Free-form fabrication and micro-CT characterization of poly-/spl epsiv/-caprolactone tissue scaffolds

One of the dominant approaches to tissue engineering is the seeding of biodegradable, biocompatible polymer scaffolds with progenitor cells prior to three-dimensional (3-D) culture or implantation. While the macroarchitecture of these scaffolds is important for anatomic fit, the microarchitecture has direct effects upon the ability of cells to attach, migrate, and thrive. Free-form fabrication - specifically, fused deposition - allows for simultaneous control of scaffold shape and microarchitectural characteristics. Microtomographic (micro-CT) scanners enable high-speed 3-D characterization of the salient features of these polymer scaffolds. A micro-CT scan followed by a 3-D reconstruction of serial image sections can determine porosity, pore size, pore interconnectivity, strut size, and 3-D microarchitecture. In this study, a number of polymer samples with different microarchitectures were manufactured through fused deposition free-form fabrication and subsequently characterized through micro-CT analysis. A desktop micro-CT scanner was used to examine each sample at approximately 19.1 /spl mu/m resolution. Three-dimensional reconstruction and an analysis of core regions of each sample were performed. The results indicate that scaffolds of a specific shape may be constructed with interconnected pores of desired size.
Hatching Success and Nest Site Characteristics of Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) on the Isles Dernieres Barrier Island Refuge, Louisiana

Abstract. Barrier islands provide numerous ecosystem functions and services, including critical breeding habitat for many waterbird species. Louisiana's barrier islands are experiencing rapid land loss and habitat degradation. Restoration of barrier islands has become a high priority in Louisiana and barrier island degradation has increased waterbird reliance on restored dredge material islands. To improve restoration and management of barrier islands, we investigated the hatching success of Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) and determined important habitat characteristics for their hatching success. Nest monitoring and nest habitat characteristics were measured at breeding colonies on the Isles Dernieres Barrier Island Refuge, Louisiana, in 2009 and 2010. Hatching success varied greatly for Black Skimmers (1–84%). Predation, flooding, and competition were the three main causes of nest failure. Habitat modeling identified nest elevation relative to the high-tide line and distance to high-tide line as importa...
Lavoisier’s "Reflections on phlogiston" I: against phlogiston theory

This seminal paper, which marks a turning point of the chemical revolution, is presented for the first time in a complete English translation. In this first half Lavoisier undermines phlogiston chemistry by arguing that his French contemporaries (particularly P.-J. Macquer and Baume) had replaced Stahl’s original theory with radically different systems that conceptualised the phlogiston principle in completely incompatible ways. He refutes their claims by showing that these later models were riddled with inconsistencies as to phlogiston’s weight, its ability to penetrate glass and its role as a source of colour and odour in chemical compounds.
Increasing energy flux to decrease the biological drive toward weight regain after weight loss – A proof-of-concept pilot study

Summary Objective Weight loss induces compensatory biological adjustments that increase hunger and decrease resting metabolic rate (RMR), which increase propensity for weight regain. In non-obese adults high levels of physical activity coupled with high energy intake (high energy flux) are associated with higher RMR and reduced hunger. We tested the possibility that a high flux state attenuates the increase in hunger and the decrease in RMR characteristic of diet-induced weight loss. Methods Six obese adults [age (mean ± SE) = 42 ± 12 y; body mass index (BMI) = 35.7 ± 3.7 kg/m2] underwent measures of RMR, the thermic effect of a meal (TEM), and fasting and postprandial measures of hunger and fullness as well as plasma glucose and insulin. Following weight loss, subjects completed two 5-day conditions of energy balance in random order—Low Flux (LF): sedentary with energy intake (EI) = RMR (kcal/d) × 1.35; and High Flux (HF): net exercise energy cost of ∼500 kcal/d and EI = RMR (kcal/d) × 1.7. RMR was measured daily for each flux condition. The morning following each of the respective experimentally controlled HF and LF conditions (flux day 5), they underwent the same pre-weight loss tests and also reported their perceptions of hunger and fullness during the previous four days of HF and LF, respectively. Results Average daily RMR was higher during HF (1926 ± 138 kcal/day) compared to LF (1847 ± 126 kcal/day; P Conclusion Following weight loss, compared to a sedentary LF state of energy balance, a short-term HF energy balance state is associated with higher RMR, lower perceived hunger, and greater perceived fullness, all of which could help attenuate the biologic drive to regain weight. Given the pilot nature of this study and the relatively short period of time spent in the high and low flux states, future research is needed to address this research question in a larger sample over a longer time period.
Tricuspid and mitral endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting vancomycin-creep phenomenon.

Right-sided infective endocarditis (RIE) is commonly due to Staphylococcus aureus and often involves the tricuspid valve (TV). A 31-year-old man with prior intravenous drug use presented with substernal pain, cough, dyspnoea and fever. Examination revealed a febrile, tachycardic male with peripheral infective endocarditis stigmata and right-heart failure. Laboratory parameters demonstrated leucocytosis, lactic acidosis and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia. Echocardiography demonstrated multiple TV echodensities and chest imaging confirmed septic emboli. The MRSA species demonstrated ‘vancomycin-creep’, necessitating therapy with daptomycin and ceftaroline. Owing to persistent bacteraemia and septic shock, the patient underwent TV surgery, but continued to have a poor postoperative course with subsequent death. Indications for surgical therapy of RIE are limited to the European guidelines and most data are extrapolated from left-heart disease. MRSA exhibiting vancomycin-creep portends a poorer prognosis and requires aggressive therapy. We advocate the use of ceftaroline salvage therapy with daptomycin, pending further trials.
The Effects of Obesity Myths on Perceptions of Sexual Assault Victims and Perpetrators’ Credibility

This study investigated the effects of obesity myths on blame attribution and the perceived credibility of both an alleged sexual assault victim and her perpetrator. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three sexual assault scenarios (in which either the victim or the perpetrator was described as obese and one in which both were described as obese) and responded to questions measuring the blame attribution and perceived the credibility of both individuals. A main effect of scenario was found on the perpetrator’s credibility, indicating that participants rated the obese perpetrator as more credible when the victim was obese in comparison with when the victim was nonobese. However, no main effect of scenario was found on the victim’s credibility and blame attribution, denoting that the victim’s or perpetrator’s weight did not influence participants’ perceptions of the victim’s credibility or blame attribution. The belief in obesity myths was the most significant predictor of victim blaming. However...
President Barack Obama, Partisanship, and the Politics of International Agreements

Despite having broad foreign policy priorities that require international agreements, U.S. President Barack Obama has used treaties far less often than other modern presidents. At the same time, Obama has used executive agreements, the modern alternative to the treaty, at the same rate as his predecessors. Executive agreements provide the president a unilateral tool to skirt the more difficult treaty approval process, which requires super majority support in the Senate. While the option exists, modern presidents have not entirely avoided the Senate by using executive agreements exclusively. Does Obama’s behavior on treaties represent an important change in how presidents finalize their international agreements? What factors explain these recent trends? To answer these questions, we explore Obama’s record on treaties and executive agreements, comparing his record to his predecessors and situating his record with broader questions regarding U.S. foreign policy and the exercise of the president’s unilateral powers. The prevailing context of a very partisan Senate suggests an explanation of dysfunction in the American national government is the best explain the recent pattern.
Spectroscopic structure-property relationships of a series of polyaromatic platinum acetylides.

To develop a structure–spectroscopic property relationship in platinum acetylides having poly(aromatic hydrocarbon) ligands, we synthesized a series of chromophores with systematic variation in the...
Pathogenesis of experimental cholera: choleragen-induced rat foot edema; a method of screening anticholera drugs.

SummaryThis preliminary study suggests that the rat foot edema test may provide a useful means of screening pharmacological agents potentially capable of preventing or reversing the specific metabolic lesions induced by cholera enterotoxin (choleragen). The first inhibitor selected for study, cyclo-heximide, prevented or delayed the onset of choleragen-induced edema in the rat foot test and also prevented the development of choleraic diarrhea in the infant rabbit assay. However, it did not alter the course of the established lesion in the rat foot. These observations suggest that a choleragen-induced, host-produced protein mediator may be involved. Additional studies, involving this model, directed toward understanding the pathogenic mechanism of cholera toxin and to develop potentially more effective methods of treatment of cholera patients, are in progress.We wish to thank Miss Mary Knoohuizen for her assistance in helping to set up these assays. Support was provided by a grant, 1 R22 AI08877-01, from t...
Cardiac Transplantation: 1. From CHF to Surgery

Patients are often referred for transplantation prematurely, without a thorough workup or a trial of optimal medical therapy. The cause of heart failure symptoms may be as easy to correct as excessive salt or water intake. Moreover, careful drug manipulation can defer transplantation for up to 10 years in some cases.
Effects of a 10-Week Introductory Judo Course on Postural Control During a Bilateral Reactionary Gripping Task

This study examined the effect of a 10-week introductory judo course on postural control during a bilateral reactionary gripping task using different stance conditions. A total of 20 volunteers were divided into experimental (JDO) and control (CON) groups. Countermovement jump was measured and center of pressure variables were evaluated while performing a bilateral reactionary gripping task under different stance conditions during pre- and posttesting. No interactions were observed for the center of pressure variables (p > .05), while both countermovement jump power (+165.4 W; p = .036) and height (+3.5 cm; p = .018) significantly improved in the JDO group following the 10-week course. Results indicate that 10 weeks of an introductory judo course has no effect on postural control while performing a bilateral reactionary gripping task using different stance conditions.
A Functional Bioluminescent Zebrafish Screen for Enhancing Hematopoietic Cell Homing

Summary To discover small molecules that modulate hematopoietic cell homing after adoptive transfer, we created a transgenic zebrafish expressing firefly luciferase downstream of the ubiquitin promoter ( ubi:luc ) to serve as a hematopoietic donor. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was used to detect and follow ubi:luc hematopoietic cells that homed to the marrow as early as 1 day post-transplant. BLI was able to detect the biological effect of prostaglandin E 2 on early homing/engraftment of donor hematopoietic cells. This system was utilized in a functional screen of small molecules to enhance homing/engraftment. We discovered a phytosterol, ergosterol, that could increase hematopoietic cell homing in zebrafish and mice. In addition, ergosterol increased CXCR4 expression and promoted expansion of Lin − SCA-1 + KIT + cells in vitro. We have demonstrated the utility of in vivo BLI to non-invasively monitor donor hematopoietic cell activity in adult zebrafish as a functional screen for mediators of cellular homing.
Change in Memory of Emergency Warnings: The Case of An Averted Campus Shooting

The goal of this research was to examine individuals’ proximity, gender, and memories about a specific situation in which emergency alerts were distributed. Students, faculty, and alumni were surve...
Abstract ED01-03: Forward and backward cell transformation induced by microenvironment factors: A tribute to Allan H. Conney

The cancer microenvironment affects cell proliferation and growth. By using JB6 cells and a melanoma cell culture system, we have studied forward and backward cell transformation by microenvironment factors. Embryonic stem (ES)-preconditioned 3-dimensional (3-D) culture of cancer cells induces cancer cell reprogramming and results in a change in cancer cell properties such as differentiation and migration in skin melanoma. Using the ES-preconditioned 3-D microenvironment model, we provided evidence showing that the ES microenvironment inhibits proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells. We also found that the ES microenvironment suppresses telomerase activity and thereby induces senescence in SK-Mel-28 cells. Furthermore, we observed that gremlin, an antagonist of BMP4, is secreted from ES cells and plays an important role in cellular senescence. Knocking down gremlin in the ES microenvironment increases proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells. Taken together, these results demonstrated that gremlin is a crucial factor responsible for abrogating melanoma properties in the ES-preconditioned 3-D microenvironment. In a collaborative effort, Dr. Allan Conney9s group demonstrated that an aqueous extract of the parametrial fat pads from SKH-1 mice enhanced the conversion of JB6 P+ cells from an epithelial-like morphology growing in liquid medium to cells with a fibroblast-like morphology with decreased E-cadherin and increased Twist, and these cells also formed colonies in soft agar. Mechanistic studies indicated that an extract of parametrial fat stimulated the formation of reactive oxygen species in JB6 P+ cells. These studies provide the first in vitro demonstration of a fat tissue-induced transformation of an epithelial cell. We also showed that several microenvironmental factors can induce JB6 cell neoplastic cell transformation. Citation Format: Zigang Dong. Forward and backward cell transformation induced by microenvironment factors: A tribute to Allan H. Conney. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr ED01-03.
A New Sensor for Machine Vision

Abstract A new sensor for machine vision based on the configuration of the human retina is presented. Three pixel configurations are considered. The image plane (retina) consists of pixels arranged in a log-spiral configuration of increasing size towards the periphery. The image plane is mapped to computation plane via a conformai logarithmic transformation. The sensor has a much smaller number of pixels than a rectangular sensor with the same resolution at the center, yet it is possible to use it for pattern recognition. The new sensor is compared to a conventional rectangular array in terms of resolution, number of elements and field of view. Algorithms for edge and motion detection are developed and applied to real images.
Modeling of absorber pilot plant performance for CO2 capture with aqueous piperazine

Abstract A CO2 capture pilot plant with the advanced flash stripper was operated with aqueous piperazine (PZ) at The University of Texas Separations Research Program (UT-SRP) in March 2015. A wide range of absorber operating conditions (solvent concentration, lean loading, flue gas CO2, gas rate, liquid-to-gas ratio) and intercooling configurations was tested in the pilot plant campaign. The pilot plant measurements closed the material balance (±2%) around the absorber. 5 m PZ was tested for the first time and outperformed 8 m PZ at comparable absorber conditions due to enhanced mass transfer rates in the absorber. Operating with 5 m PZ increased the number of transfer units (NTU) by ∼20% for each of 3 tests even though 8 m PZ was operated with greater solvent capacity and greater driving force. Operation with full spray intercooling doubled the NTU compared to operation without spray or intercooling at identical absorber conditions. The pilot plant data were used for further validation of the rigorous rate-based absorber model in Aspen Plus®. The pilot plant absorber model has been developed over several pilot plant campaigns, and a consistent method for absorber model validation and correction utilizing a rigorous data reconciliation method with the Independence PZ model was used to predict pilot plant performance for the March 2015 campaign. Pilot plant data suggested that interfacial area correction and CO2 correction provided similar predictions of pilot plant absorber performance and could be used interchangeably to correct the model. The inhibitor correction to density-predicted loadings was consistent with model-predicted correction to titration data and might provide an explanation for pilot-model offsets. Pilot plant data also suggested a possible time dependence, and absorber NTU values were slightly over-predicted (mean ratio of model-predicted NTU to pilot plant-measured NTU = 1.08). A possible explanation is that several high CO2 removal cases in the March 2015 campaign were outside the range where the previous model corrections were developed, where the controlling mass transfer resistance in the absorber differed. This observation provides an opportunity to investigate future model corrections at different column mass transfer limiting mechanisms. The column temperature profiles of different intercooling configurations were matched within 2% mean absolute percentage error.
VERBAL LABELS AND GESTURAL ROUTINES IN PARENTAL COMMUNICATION WITH YOUNG CHILDREN

Infants initially use words and symbolic gestures in markedly similar ways, to name and refer to objects. The goal of these studies is to examine how parental verbal and gestural input shapes infants' expectations about the communicative functions of words and gestures. The studies reported here suggest that infants may initially accept both words and gestures as symbols because parents often produce both verbal labels and gestural routines within the same joint-attention contexts. In two studies, we examined the production of verbal and gestural labels in parental input during joint-attention episodes. In Study 1, parent-infant dyads engaged in a picture-book reading task in which parents introduced their infants to drawings of unfamiliar objects (e.g., accordion). Parents' verbal labeling far outstripped their gestural communication, but the number of gestures produced was non-trivial and was highly predictive of infant gestural production. In Study 2, parent-infant dyads engaged in a free-play session with familiar objects. In this context, parents produced both verbal and gestural symbolic acts frequently with reference to objects. Overall, these studies support an input-driven explanation for why infants acquire both words and gestures as object names, early in development.
Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Determine Submersion Time in Aquatic Beetle Peltodytes callosus (Coleoptera: Haliplidae)

Global climate change affects aquatic habitats in a number of ways that pose challenges for aquatic insect populations. Increasing water temperature and corresponding decreases in dissolved oxygen can impact respiratory behaviors, even in air-breathing aquatic taxa. Crawling water beetles (Coleoptera: Haliplidae) exhibit a combined respiratory strategy that employs an air store that is periodically replenished at the water surface. The frequency at which beetles surface to replenish the bubble is determined both by oxygen demand and by the capacity of the air store to uptake oxygen from the surrounding water via diffusion. However, little is known of how changes in water temperature and dissolved oxygen will affect submersion time. We investigated this question in Peltodytes callosus, a species of crawling water beetle that is widely distributed across the American West. We manipulated temperature and dissolved oxygen to mimic changes associated with global climate change and recorded the time between surfacing events. We found that beetles stayed submerged for shorter durations in response to both increasing water temperature and decreasing dissolved oxygen. Our results suggest that beetles may be able to modify their surfacing behavior to respond to climate-induced changes in water quality.
Software Design: Past and Present

The design of software has been one of the greatest challenges in the development of information systems. From its fairly primitive beginnings in the form of toggling on/off switches and punching holes in paper tapes, software has come to dominate the cost of all forms of information systems. Yet, instead of gaining increasing mastery over the processes of software design, we continue to be challenged by new software technologies, greater quality expectations, and higher complexities of integrated systems. Thus, software design remains an essentially wicked problem that is typically crafted to each software-intensive system developed.
Tecnologia Instrucional - Passado, Presente e Futuro

Tecnologia Educacional , Instrucional? Planejamento Educacional, Instrucional? Projeto ou Design Educacional, Instrucional? Projeto de Sistemas Educacionais? Quem milita na area sabe: nada mais dificil do que definir claramente o que fazemos e o espaco onde atuamos.
Nuclear transcriptional regulation by mitochondrial-encoded MOTS-c

Cellular stress response is coordinated through the communication between mitochondria and the nucleus. However, whereas mitochondria are regulated by nuclear-encoded proteins, the nucleus was considered ungoverned by mitochondrial-encoded factors. We recently reported that a mitochondrial-encoded peptide directly regulates the nuclear genome upon cellular stress, indicating an integrated bi-genomic cross-communication mechanism.
The Fintech Innovation Cycle

Joseph Schumpeter, an influential twentieth-century economist, posited that innovation creates economic vitality through a process of “creative destruction,” the replacement of old ideas with new entrepreneurial ones. But he also stated that this process did not happen in a straight line—more like a series of explosions. Later scholars built the theory of the innovation S-curve, where new innovations begin slowly as markets become accustomed to the new products and services, before a later takeoff phase. The small business fintech innovation cycle was characterized by an energetic first phase with hundreds of new entrants. The second phase, takeoff, did not occur as anticipated. The banks woke up, entered the market, and invested in technology internally and through partnerships. New non-bank platforms such as Amazon, Square, and PayPal also entered the lending market and will likely influence the ultimate path of the fintech innovation cycle.
Deep material network with cohesive layers: Multi-stage training and interfacial failure analysis

Abstract A fundamental issue in multiscale materials modeling and design is the consideration of traction–separation behavior at the interface. By enriching the deep material network (DMN) with cohesive layers, the paper presents a novel data-driven material model which enables accurate and efficient prediction of multiscale responses for heterogeneous materials with interfacial effect. In the newly invoked cohesive building block, the fitting parameters have physical meanings related to the length scale and orientation of the cohesive layer. It is shown that the enriched material network can be effectively optimized via a multi-stage training strategy, with training data generated only from linear elastic direct numerical simulation (DNS). The extrapolation capability of the method to unknown material and loading spaces is demonstrated through the debonding analysis of a unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite, where the interface behavior is governed by an irreversible softening mixed-mode cohesive law. Its predictive accuracy is validated against the nonlinear path-dependent DNS results, and the reduction in computational time is particularly significant.
The do-it-yourself centrifuge

A hand-spun centrifuge made of paper and string can separate plasma from whole blood in less than two minutes, and be used to diagnose malaria and other infectious diseases in areas without laboratory resources or electricity.
Observations of infant conflict and avoidance in San Martin titi monkeys (Plecturocebus oenanthe)

Conflict between caregivers and infants typically centers on disagreements over the amount and frequency of care provided. Prior research has identified many variables that impact patterns of mother–infant conflict. These include wide-ranging factors such as individual temperament, reproductive status, and availability of resources. By contrast, no studies have investigated the variables that influence father–infant conflict. To better understand the nature of caregiver–infant conflict in a species with obligate biparental care, I observed two groups of San Martin titi monkeys inhabiting disturbed secondary forest fragments in the San Martin region of Peru. Using instantaneous focal sampling of infants, I recorded physical conflict between infants and caregivers and instances of infant avoidance (leaving the infant) by adult males. I summarized data as the percentage of records in which these activities occurred for each focal day and report the estimates for caregivers. I further calculated mean percentages by month of infant age to assess the relative timing of infant conflict, for each group and age/sex class, and infant avoidance by males. Percentages of conflict and avoidance were markedly higher in the larger group living in a smaller habitat than in the other group. This pattern occurred across all age/sex classes. In both groups, the greatest amount of infant conflict occurred with siblings. I discuss the substantial variation in conflict and avoidance in relation to the various socioecological conditions that may have played a role. This study provides an in-depth description and exploration of parent–offspring and sibling conflict, which has not been examined previously in this species.
Breathometer: Shut Down by the Federal Trade Commission:

Breathometer was the first Shark Tank pitch where all five sharks invested in one deal. This case examines how Charles Yim created a product that tests blood alcohol levels that is connected to an ...
Transparency Requirements for Digital Social Media Platforms: Recommendations for Policy Makers and Industry

This paper sets out a framework for transparency on the part of the larger digital social media companies in connection with their content moderation activities and the algorithms and data that involve the distribution of problematic content on their systems. It departs from the movement in many countries for content regulation and mandated take-downs, preferring instead to focus on creating a balanced and clear legal structure for disclosure that can help to restore public trust in digital platforms and provide assurances that they are operating in the public interest. It recommends a tiered system of transparency. Disclosures about content moderation programs and enforcement procedures and transparency reports are aimed at the general public. Disclosures about prioritization, personalization and recommendation algorithms are provided to vetted researchers and regulators. Vetted researchers are also given access to anonymized data for conducting audits in connection with content moderation programs, while personal data and commercially sensitive data are available only for regulators. This recommended transparency approach could be started through voluntary measures undertaken by the larger social media companies in conjunction with public interest groups and researchers, but its natural home is within a comprehensive system of regulation for the larger social media companies overseen by a government agency.
The Gender Conservatism of Pro-life Activists

Feminists often see abortion restrictions as a way to remove female control over their labor, sexual practices, and reproductive decisions. Pro-life advocates often deny such motives, arguing that ...
Skeletal Muscle and Bone – Emerging Targets of Fibroblast Growth Factor-21

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an atypical member of the FGF family, which functions as a powerful endocrine and paracrine regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition to liver and adipose tissue, recent studies have shown that FGF21 can also be produced in skeletal muscle. As the most abundant tissue in the human body, skeletal muscle has become increasingly recognized as a major site of metabolic activity and an important modulator of systemic metabolic homeostasis. The function and mechanism of action of muscle-derived FGF21 have recently gained attention due to the findings of considerably increased expression and secretion of FGF21 from skeletal muscle under certain pathological conditions. Recent reports regarding the ectopic expression of FGF21 from skeletal muscle and its potential effects on the musculoskeletal system unfolds a new chapter in the story of FGF21. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge base of muscle-derived FGF21 and the possible functions of FGF21 on homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system with a focus on skeletal muscle and bone.
Reply to "Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for remission induction in active, severe ANCA-associated vasculitis"

We appreciate the insights and concerns shared by Dr. Jain et al. regarding the use of rituximab (RTX) and cyclophosphamide (CYC) for the treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), as outlined in the American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation (ACR/VF) guideline for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) [1]. These concerns are timely given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Design Strategy for Additive Manufacturing Ti-Al-Fe Alloys with Calculation of Phase Diagram Method

Calculation of Phase Diagram (CALPHAD) method was used to develop an additive manufacturing (AM) titanium alloy design strategy for new alloys in the Ti-Al-Fe system. This design strategy includes five key criteria addressing AM-processing suitability, mechanical properties, and heat treatment capability. The methods for evaluating the design criteria were determined considering both physical implications and computational efficiency. Available experimental results agree well with CALPHAD predictions in the design map. CALPHAD method in this work can be applied for high-throughput early-stage assessments in large composition space for new AM titanium alloy development.
Prevention of Progression of Renal Disease

In most forms of chronic renal disease, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) tends to decrease inexorably once a certain threshold of nephron destruction has occurred. The progressive decrease in GFR is accompanied histologically by increasing glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis, in which specialized segments of the nephron are progressively replaced by extracellular matrix (1). Renal diseases of diverse etiology culminate in nephrosclerosis, the hallmark of the end-stage diseased kidney. This suggests that a heterogenous array of initial insults can induce pathologic responses that converge upon a common avenue in which normal renal tissue is replaced by nonfunctional elements.
Comments on the structural complexity of lithium-rich Li1+xM1−xO2 electrodes (M = Mn, Ni, Co) for lithium batteries☆

Abstract Structural features of lithium-rich Li 1+ x [Mn 0.5 Ni 0.5 ] 1− x O 2 and Li 1+ x [Mn 0.333 Ni 0.333 Co 0.333 ] 1− x O 2 electrode samples (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.15), prepared in-house and by an industrial company, have been determined by powder X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging, convergent beam electron diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results are discussed broadly in terms of the complexity of intergrown and disordered x Li 2 MnO 3 · (1 − x )LiMO 2 systems, particularly when cobalt is combined with manganese and nickel in the transition metal layers of the LiMO 2 component. It is proposed that the addition of trivalent cobalt to the transition metal layers in the Li 1+ x [Mn 0.333 Ni 0.333 Co 0.333 ] 1− x O 2 compounds at the expense of tetravalent manganese and divalent nickel reduces the amount and size of the Li 2 MnO 3 -like regions, rendering them essentially amorphous to X-ray diffraction.
1. Micromagnetic modeling of domain structures in magnetic thin films

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the theory of micromagnetic modeling along with computation methods and presents the comparisons of various simulation results with experimental observations. The chapter focuses on the relation between observations and modeling results. The examples of simulated domain structures in various patterned thin film elements are illustrated in the chapter. An example of utilizing micromagnetic modeling to aid the engineering of thin film microstructure is presented in the chapter. Micromagnetic modeling is a powerful tool for understanding the magnetization processes in magnetic films and thin film devices, thereby providing guidelines to material microstructure engineering and device design. However, experimental verifications are often needed to ensure the validity of the modeling results. Magnetic imaging techniques, such as magnetic force microscopy and various transmission electron microscopy techniques, not only can provide direct understanding of the micromagnetic behavior but also help provide comparisons for either verifying a modeling study or for changing or revising the model. The dynamic approach in micromagnetic modeling is sometimes critical. The inclusion of gyromagnetic motion is often absolutely necessary.
Computerized Behavioral Assessment

Behavioral assessment is a methodology characterized by direct or indirect observation of low-level (i.e., minimally inferential) phenomena by either a participant or observer. It is distinguished from other forms of assessment in that behavior is considered a function of proximal and distal antecedents and consequences, the modification of which should lead to changes in the frequency, duration, or magnitude of a selected behavior. As such, behavioral assessment is a critical component of behavior therapy as both an assessment and monitoring tool to gauge the effects of an intervention on behavior and the variables hypothesized to control behavior (Haynes & O'Brien, 2000).
Response of C3H/10T1/2 fibroblasts to an external steady electric field stimulation: Reorientation, shape change, conA receptor and intramembranous particle distribution and cytoskeleton reorganization☆

C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts were stimulated by a steady electric field ranging up to 15 V/cm. The percentage of spindle-shaped cells increased with the field strength and duration of the stimulation. These cells oriented preferentially with their long axis perpendicular to the field direction. A small percentage of the cells were found to move slightly toward the cathode during the course of electric stimulation. Although no apparent field-induced redistribution of fluorescent-labelled concanavalin A (conA) receptor along the cell periphery was observed, the bright perinuclear area appeared preferentially on the anode side. Correlative fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed no difference in the density of conA-gold microsphere labels on either side of the cell. The density of intramembranous particles on the E-face of the plasma membrane was 54% higher on the anode side than on the cathode side of the cell. The microfilament bundles were observed to be disrupted after 30 min of 10 V/cm stimulation by rhodamine phalloidin labelling of F-actin. The cell sensitivity to electric field-induced reorientation and cell shape changes was reduced by pretreatment with conA, and to a lesser extent, with succinyl conA or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). ConA pretreatment alone also reduced the prominence of microfilament bundles. However, post-field lectin binding to the cell has no effect on cell recovery. It is possible that the generally flat 10T1/2 cells retract and realign in order to minimize the disruption of their membrane potential. The conA binding-mediated receptor-cytoskeletal linkage temporarily immobilizes the cell and inhibits subsequent field-induced shape changes.
SpiderNet: an integrated peer-to-peer service composition framework

Service composition is highly desirable in peer-to-peer (P2P) systems where application services are naturally dispersed on distributed peers. However, it is challenging to provide high quality and failure resilient service composition in P2P systems due to the decentralization requirement and dynamic peer arrivals/departures. We present an integrated P2P service composition framework called SpiderNet to address the challenges. At service setup phase, SpiderNet performs a novel bounded composition probing protocol to provide scalable quality-aware and resource-efficient sendee composition in a fully distributed fashion. Moreover, SpiderNet supports directed acyclic graph composition topologies and explores exchangeable composition orders for enhanced service quality. During service runtime, SpiderNet provides proactive failure recovery to overcome dynamic changes (e.g., peer departures) in P2P systems. The proactive failure recovery scheme maintains a small number of dynamically selected backup compositions to achieve quick failure recovery for soft realtime streaming applications. We have implemented a prototype of SpiderNet and conducted extensive experiments using both large-scale simulations and wide-area network testbed. Experimental results show the feasibility and efficiency of the SpiderNet service composition solution for P2P systems.
Safe and Flexible Dynamic Linking of Native Code

We present the design and implementation of the first complete framework for flexible and safe dynamic linking of native code. Our approach extends Typed Assembly Language with a primitive for loading and typechecking code, which is flexible enough to support a variety of linking strategies, but simple enough that it does not significantly expand the trusted computing base. Using this primitive, along with the ability to compute with types, we show that we can program many existing dynamic linking approaches. As a concrete demonstration, we have used our framework to implement dynamic linking for a type-safe dialect of C, closely modeled after the standard linking facility for Unix C programs. Aside from the unavoidable cost of verification, our implementation performs comparably with the standard, untyped approach.
Multiple Initiation of Bacteriophage T4 DNA Replication: Delaying Effect of Bromodeoxyuridine

Abstract Effects of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) substitutions in phage T4 DNA on the initial stages of DNA replication were investigated. Electron microscope studies of partially replicated, light (thymidine-containing) T4 DNA revealed the presence of multiple loops and forks. These DNA preparations had no BUdR in either parental or newly synthesized DNA, and the observations thus show that multiple initiation of DNA replication is a normal event in T4 development and is not caused by the presence of BUdR. A comparison of early replicative stages of light and heavy (BUdR-containing) DNA in cells mixedly infected with light and heavy T4 phage showed that early DNA synthesis occurs preferentially on the light template. Heavy and light parental DNA became associated with the protein complex of replicative DNA with equal efficiency, and there was no effect of BUdR on the net rate of DNA synthesis after infection. Newly synthesized DNA from heavy templates sedimented more slowly through alkaline sucrose gradients than did newly synthesized DNA from light templates and appeared to represent fewer replicative regions per molecule. These data indicate that BUdR substitutions in the DNA caused a slight delay in initiation but that replication of heavy DNA proceeded normally once initiated.
Phrenic Long-Term Facilitation Requires PKCθ Activity within Phrenic Motor Neurons

Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces a form of spinal motor plasticity known as phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF); pLTF is a prolonged increase in phrenic motor output after AIH has ended. In anesthetized rats, we demonstrate that pLTF requires activity of the novel PKC isoform, PKCθ, and that the relevant PKCθ is within phrenic motor neurons. Whereas spinal PKCθ inhibitors block pLTF, inhibitors targeting other PKC isoforms do not. PKCθ is highly expressed in phrenic motor neurons, and PKCθ knockdown with intrapleural siRNAs abolishes pLTF. Intrapleural siRNAs targeting PKCζ, an atypical PKC isoform expressed in phrenic motor neurons that underlies a distinct form of phrenic motor plasticity, does not affect pLTF. Thus, PKCθ plays a critical role in spinal AIH-induced respiratory motor plasticity, and the relevant PKCθ is localized within phrenic motor neurons. Intrapleural siRNA delivery has considerable potential as a therapeutic tool to selectively manipulate plasticity in vital respiratory motor neurons.
Embodiments of Public Pedagogy: the art of soulful resistance

This article provides a space to explore, through artistic representations and the words of artists themselves, the manner in which politically engaged artists use their visual art, poetry, music, dance, and theatre performances as an effective tool for public pedagogy. In turn, these artists provide those who enter into their cultural production a place of interrogation, affirmation, political critique, and solidarity, as they contend skillfully with issues of oppression, resistance, and the daily struggles to survive in a world of inequalities.
INFLUENCE OF PEER SOCIAL EXPERIENCES ON POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INDICATORS OF MENTAL HEALTH AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Modern definitions of complete mental health include both positive and negative indicators of psychological functioning. We examined the associations between peer relationships (victimization and receipt of prosocial acts) and multiple indicators of mental health that represent subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, positive and negative affect) and psychopathology (general internalizing symptoms and externalizing problems—aggressive behavior) among 500 high school students in Grades 9 to 11. Peer experiences explained the most variance in positive affect (R2 = 18%) and internalizing psychopathology (R2 = 19%). Different types of peer experiences drove these effects, with relational victimization particularly salient to internalizing psychopathology and prosocial acts by peers most predictive of positive affect. Moderation analyses indicated that peers’ prosocial acts did not serve a protective role in the associations between victimization and mental health. Instead, the presence of overt victimization negated the positive associations between prosocial acts and good mental health (high life satisfaction, low internalizing psychopathology). Understanding these associations illuminates the range of student outcomes possibly impacted by victimization and suggests that both limiting peer victimization and facilitating positive peer experiences may be necessary to facilitate complete mental health among high school students.
PHYSIOLOGY FOR PEDIATRICIANS ASSESSMENT OF HYPOXIA IN THE NEWBORN SUGGESTIONS FOR A PRACTICAL APPROACH

Routine measurements of arterial Po2, Pco2, oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, P50, hemoglobin content allow a more accurate approach in the treatment of hypoxia in the neonate. Based upon these routinely available determinations and upon the clinical evaluation of the peripheral circulation, four types of hypoxia can be distinguished: (1) Hypoxia with hypoxemia due to a decrease in arterial Po2. (2) Hypoxia with hypoxemia due to a decrease in blood oxygen content without decrease in arterial Po2. (3) Hypoxia with normoxemia due to a decrease in peripheral blood flow. (4) Hypoxia with normoxemia due to an increase in the hemoglobin-oxygen affinity. Hyaline membrane disease represents a possible combination of these four different mechanisms.