cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Xanthine and Mercurial Diuretics and Renal Tubular Transport of Glucose and P-aminohippurate in the Dog.∗:

SummaryMercuhydrin, salyrgan and theophyllin, in diuretic doses, do not interfere with the renal tubular transfer of glucose or p-aminohippurate in the dog.
Sociology in England

I NDOCTRINATED as a student with the teachings of Walter Bagehot, Herbert Spencer, and the late Graham Wallas, and stimulated as a teacher by the works of Hobhouse and Westermarck, the writer had long been accustomed to regard England as a land flowing with the milk and honey of sociology. Observations made recently, however, served to modify if not to shatter this faith. Modern scientific and academic sociology was discovered to be in a rather undeveloped and even moribund condition. It was a distinct shock to learn that only a single chair of sociology existed in the universities of Great Britain. The professional association seemed below par and its journal certainly not up to the standard of the earlier Sociological Papers. Some work was being done along the line of local studies, but on the side of theory, research, and teaching, sociology in England appeared definitely weak. Perhaps it would be fairer and more exact to say that it appeared to be rare. After several months spent in visiting classes, reading publications, and consulting teachers, officials of the "Institute," and others, the following conclusions were reached. First, that "official" sociology in England at the present moment is largely non-academic. Further, that most of the writing labelled sociological during recent years has been of a general philosophical and individualized type rather than scientific, and that professional interest has centered largely in practical applications, non-technical local community investigations, and training institutes. Secondly, in so far as it is academic, with the single exception of the London School of Economics where there has been a steady development, sociology is not to be found as such but only in the institutional disguise of "social science" (social work), or in such related departments as anthropology, ethics, political science and philosophy. A brief review of the backgrounds of sociology in England, of the beginnings of academic development, its present university status, and of the history of professional organization will perhaps make these contentions clearer.
Factors that Affect Attitude Toward a Retail Web Site

As the expectations of online shoppers rise, their satisfaction with online retailers has declined. Using an online shopping scenario, undergraduate marketing students evaluated the effects of six web site factors and two individual difference variables on attitude toward a retail web site. Results indicate that five web site factors (ease of use, product information, entertainment, trust, and currency) affect consumer attitude toward a retail web site. The two individual difference variables (product involvement and online shopping experience) moderate the relationship between specific web site factors and attitude toward a retail web site. These findings suggest that online retailers should emphasize site factors that best suit the involvement/experience profile of their primary users.
Effects of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin on the lower esophageal sphincter in piglets

Background: The toxin of Clostridium botulinum (BoTx) inhibits the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals and causes paralysis of skeletal muscle. The present study examined the hypothesis that BoTx may have a similar effect on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Methods: Baseline lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressures were obtained in five piglets, and normal saline was injected endoscopically into the LES. One week later, LES pressure was measured again, followed by injection of BoTx into the LES. After another week, LES pressure was measured again. Results: Compared with a baseline LES pressure of 8.2 ± 1.5 mm Hg, LES pressure decreased to 3.2 ± 1.0 mm Hg after BoTx injection, a reduction of about 60% (P < 0.01). By contrast, LES pressure did not change significantly after normal saline injection. The animals showed no evidence of toxicity. Data from other experiments showed that after injection with toxin, the LES responds normally to bethanechol and pentagastrin but displays a paradoxical response to edrophonium and cholecystokinin. Conclusions: BoTx is a potent inhibitor of resting LES tone. Its relatively specific anticholinergic effect may help clarify the role of cholinergic and noncholinergic pathways in the regulation of gastrointestinal sphincters.
Regulation of circulating dopamine-ß-hydroxylase by disposal pathways: effects of endocrine function

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) is unique among the enzymes involved in catecholamine biosynthesis in being the only enzyme whose normal physiology includes (A) release from neuronal cells into the circulatory compartment, and (B) subsequent disposal by extraneuronal mechanisms. Since DBH derives from a defined population of neurons, measurement of circulating DBH activity offers the potential for assessing sympathetic neurotransmitter function at different times and under differing environmental and pathophysiological conditions. The latter rationale provided impetus for many studies on circulating DBH activity and its relationship to sympathetic nervous system function; such studies generally have failed to reveal a reliable correlation between sympathetic function and circulating enzyme activity (Kopin et al., 1976). The level of DBH activity in the circulatory compartment reflects the balance between release from sympathoadrenal cells (i.e. the DBH entry rate) and peripheral degradation (i.e. the DBH metabolic clearance rate, or MCR).
Improving and Assessing Student Hands-On Laboratory Skills through Digital Badging

Building on previous success with a digital pipet badge, an evidence-centered design approach was used to develop new digital badges for measuring the volume of liquids with a buret and making a solution in a volumetric flask. These badges were implemented and assessed in two general chemistry courses. To earn the badges, students created videos of their techniques at the end of lab and uploaded them using the Passport app. Students received individual feedback from their instructors and were able to attempt the technique again if their first performance was unsatisfactory. To evaluate the badge as a laboratory assessment tool, students completed surveys about their knowledge, confidence, and experience using each technique with a retrospective-pre then post survey design. Analysis of these surveys showed statistically significant gains in student knowledge, confidence, and experience across both courses and both badges. Student performance on exams and procedural questions within the badges supports the ...
Occult infratemporal fossa neurofibroma presenting with persistent unilateral tinnitus and middle ear effusion: More than meets the eye

Abstract Herein, we present the case of a previously healthy 54 year-old female who developed several weeks of unilateral tinnitus and aural fullness. She subsequently underwent unilateral pressure equalization tube placement at an outside institution after exam demonstrated a middle ear effusion, conductive hearing loss and normal nasopharyngoscopy. Ultimately, an MRI revealed an occult mass in the infratemporal fossa (ITF), which was successfully removed via an endoscopic transnasal ITF approach. Following resection of a histopathologically confirmed benign neurofibroma, she reported complete resolution of her symptoms. The antiquated diagnostic algorithm of unilateral effusion suggests that normal nasopharyngscopy successfully “rules out” a causative neoplastic process; however, Eustachian tube occlusion by occult skull base lesions may be missed without further investigation. This case highlights the need for additional radiological investigation of unexplained unilateral persistent middle ear effusion in the setting of normal nasopharyngoscopy.
Kinetics of Enteroviral Inactivation by Ozone

An analysis of enteroviral inactivation by ozone was performed using kinetic expressions developed from mass balance information obtained from a continuous flow reactor. The rate of viral inactivation was observed to be directly proportional to the residual ozone concentration and the density of viruses raised to the power of 0.69. The effect of temperature on the rate of viral inactivation was evaluated using Arrhenius and Eyring's equations. The activation energy and entropy of the overall inactivation reaction were observed to be 3.6 kcal and -13.66 cal/uaoK, respectively. The low value of activation energy implies that the viral inactivation reaction is controlled by mass transfer of ozone through the viral protein coat. The negative value of entropy indicates that a more orderly arrangement of viral molecules occurred during the ozone inactivation process.
Animal Models in Bone Research

Many studies of the response of isolated osteoblasts and osteoclasts to treatments exist. While such studies are informative, a reliable path to translating those effects into effects in humans is required, because of the skeletal intermediary organization that only exists in vivo. Bone cells function in vivo within the intermediary organizations of modeling, which controls bone growth and shape changes, and remodeling, which controls bone renewal during adulthood (Frost, Metab Bone Dis Rel Res 4:281–290, 1983). Modeling and remodeling govern how important tissue-level properties of the whole skeleton, such as bone mass, microarchitecture, strength, and calcium homeostasis, respond to treatment. Animal models are the lowest level at which the tissue-level intermediary organizations of modeling and remodeling can be examined. The purpose of this chapter is to give toxicologists an overview of some popular animal models of diseases of low bone strength, which can be used to translate basic research findings to the whole animal and human level. It focuses on osteoporosis and how various models not only provide in vivo skeletal behaviors that reflect tissue-level organizations found in adult humans but also can be applied to assist in understanding ways to prevent and treat various types of osteoporosis.
Balance Training Does Not Alter Reliance on Visual Information during Static Stance in Those with Chronic Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems contribute to postural control. Chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients have been observed to have a reduced ability to dynamically shift their reliance among sources of sensory information and rely more heavily on visual information during a single-limb stance relative to uninjured controls. Balance training is proven to improve postural control but there is a lack of evidence regarding the ability of balance training programs to alter the reliance on visual information in CAI patients. Our objective was to determine if balance training alters the reliance on visual information during static stance in CAI patients. The PubMed, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from their earliest available date to October 2017 using a combination of keywords. Study inclusion criteria consisted of (1) using participants with CAI; (2) use of a balance training intervention; and (3) calculation of an objective measure of static postural control during single-limb stance with eyes open and eyes closed. Sample sizes, means, and standard deviations of single-leg balance measures for eyes-open and eyes-closed testing conditions before and after balance training were extracted from the included studies. Eyes-open to eyes-closed effect sizes [Hedges’ g and 95% confidence intervals (CI)] before and after balance training were calculated, and between-study variability for heterogeneity and potential risks of publication bias were examined. Six studies were identified. The overall eyes-open to eyes-closed effect size difference between pre- and post-intervention assessments was not significant (Hedges’ g effect size = 0.151, 95% CI = − 0.151 to 0.453, p = 0.26). This result indicates that the utilization of visual information in individuals with CAI during the single-leg balance is not altered after balance training. Low heterogeneity (Q(5) = 2.96, p = 0.71, I 2 = 0%) of the included studies and no publication bias were found. On the basis of our systematic review with meta-analysis, it appears that traditional balance training protocols do not alter the reliance on visual information used by CAI patients during a single-leg stance.
Perusing pages and skimming screens: Exploring differing patterns of selective exposure to hard news and professional sources in online and print news:

Changing structures to online news have instigated concerns that the electorate may predominantly consume soft news for entertainment purposes while neglecting public affairs information. The Inter...
Evaluation of heat-treated struvite as a non-conventional sorbent for ammonia gas using STA-PTA-FTIR

Abstract Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O, S-25), a mineral recovered from nutrient-rich wastewaters, was heat-treated at 55–300 °C, and resultant substrates (HTS-55 to HTS-300) evaluated as sustainable, low-cost sorbents for ammonia gas (NH3(g)). Experiments were conducted using simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), coupled with pulse thermal analysis (PTA) for gas injection, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for evolved gas analysis (EGA). The STA-PTA-FTIR technique was used to investigate in-situ sorption and desorption of NH3(g) by HTS substrates, and the associated energetics. The HTS-150 (dittmarite, MgNH4PO4·H2O) sorbent had the highest NH3(g) uptake, at 23.5 mg g−1. By comparison, commercial biochars exhibited higher NH3(g) sorption at 42.1–52.6 mg g−1. Sorption was partly reversible, with HTS-150 retaining 37.9% sorbed NH3(g), which was comparable to or better than biochar retention (12.0–40.8%). Sorption-desorption behavior and associated enthalpies indicate that HTS substrates sorb NH3(g) by both physisorption, via van der Waals and hydrogen bonding; and chemisorption, via hydroxyl and phosphate groups. Though biochars sorb more NH3(g), HTS-150 is produced at lower temperatures, requires less energy for pretreatment, and retains an equivalent fraction of NH3(g) following desorption. Additionally, the HTS starting material is readily recovered from wastewater, promoting valorization. Therefore, HTS substrates are promising non-traditional sorbents for NH3(g) sequestration.
A Bayesian Belief Network Classifier for Predicting Victimization in National Crime Victimization Survey.

This paper presents the development of a Bayes net classifier for prediction of a victimization attribute value for the National Crime Victimization Survey dataset. The National Crime Victimization Survey dataset has over 250 attributes and 216,000 data points, and as such poses a large-scale problem context for classifier development. The classifier was developed using the Weka machine learning software workbench. A set of structural and parameter learning algorithms for the Bayesian belief network were employed in a development effort while ensuring that the computational complexity in both time and space remained within affordable bounds. A number of structural learning algorithms, including local versions of hill-climbing and K2, provided a classification performance of 99% on the testing data. Simulation results indicate that it is feasible to develop a successful Bayesian belief network classifier for the victimization attribute of the National Crime Victimization Survey data.
Glutamate Decarboxylase Immunostaining in the Human Cochlear Nucleus

Knowledge of the structure and function of individual neurons of the human auditory system must remain indirect because of the lack of noninvasive means of studying single cells in living tissue. Considerable progress can be made, however, by establishing structure-function relations of cells in animals and then inferring functions of morphological cell types in humans. Some progress has been made in this approach to the study of the human cochlear nucleus (see Adams, 1986) but most of the needed work clearly lies ahead. An extremely powerful tool for use in the study brain structure and function is immunocytochemistry. This technique permits the visualization chemically distinct cells or portions of cells by the use of antibodies directed against specific molecular sequences. The technique is particularly useful when antibodies permit visualization of antigens whose function is known to play a key role in synaptic transmission. This is true in the case of antisera against glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), a specific synthetic enzyme essential for the production of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) . The present report is concerned with the form and distribution of nerve cells and processes in the human cochlear nucleus that immunostain with a well characterized GAD antibody.
Adsorption of Proteins and Antibiotics on Porous Alumina Membranes

Abstract Adsorption of proteins and antibiotics within porous membranes can adversely affect membrane performance during recovery of these products using filtration. The adsorption of two proteins, bovine serum albumin and hemoglobin, and an antibiotic, tetracycline, on alumina membranes has been investigated. Protein adsorption and flux during filtration were observed to be pH dependent with maximum adsorption and minimum flux near the protein isoelectric points. Energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to locate and quantify adsorbed proteins within membrane cross sections after filtration. The pH dependence of adsorption was modeled by including the effects of protein-protein and protein-membrane charge interactions in the random sequential adsorption model.
Influence of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on the Northern Hemisphere Surface Temperature Response to Radiative Forcing

ABSTRACTMany modeling studies have shown that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) will weaken under increased greenhouse gas forcing, but the influence of AMOC internal variabili...
Conditions of Care and Episode Groups

Bundled payment or episode-based payment models are part of an effort to curb healthcare costs in the USA by combining all care-related costs into a single payment to be distributed among the hospital or facility, the treating physician or provider, post-acute care, and subsequent care including readmissions or complications. Episode groups aggregate all of the items and services involved in care for a particular patient cohort so that the total cost of the care can be assessed. Episodes are made of three consecutive steps defining an episode using a combination of logic rules and medical billing codes specific to each episode. These steps are (a) opening, (b) grouping, and (c) closing. After obtaining observed cost to expected cost ratios for the episode, risk adjustment is employed to determine the final cost for a single episode. While bundled payment models have demonstrated cost savings in several other surgical fields such as cardiac surgery, total joint arthroplasty, and colectomy, current evidence in spine surgery is insufficient to speak for its favorable effects. It is imperative that hospitals and physicians comply with the efforts to curb healthcare costs in spine surgery.
Regression Based WCET Analysis For Sampling Based Motion Planning

Motion planning is one of the most important task in a self-driving vehicle system. Sampling based motion planning earns popularity due to its quickly and effectively answering planning queries. Considering the motion planning is a safety or mission critical piece of software, it is necessary to know the Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) of this task in the system. Traditional static WCET analysis technique does not consider the dynamic behavior of the interaction between the sampling algorithm and the environment. Measurement-based WCET estimation focuses on an individual task, and therefore has no prediction capability when the start and goal position change. We propose regression models to predict safe upper bound of WCET for the Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree (RRT), a widely used sampling based motion planning algorithm.
The effect of embryonic origin on the osteoinductive potential of bone allografts.

Abstract Statement of problem Allografts with osteoinduction potential are widely used to augment bone in surgical and prosthetic rehabilitations. However, osteoinduction potential varies among commercially available allografts. Donor bones are derived from different embryonic origins, either the neural crest or mesoderm. Whether the origin of the bones affects the osteoinductivity of allograftsis is unclear. Purpose The purpose of this ex vivo study was to investigate the osteoinduction potential of allografts derived from bones with distinct embryonic origins. Material and methods Allografts were obtained from human frontal and parietal bones at 2 different ages (fetal and adult). The specimens were divided into 4 groups: adult frontal (n=5), adult parietal (n=5), fetal frontal (n=10), and fetal parietal (n=10). Two investigations were conducted to assess the osteoinductive potential of these allografts. First, the osteogenesis of human osteoblasts exposed to these allografts were evaluated by analyzing the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), collagen type 1 alpha 2 chain (COL1A2), and bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP) genes using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Second, the protein content of the adult frontal and parietal bone matrices was analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). One-way ANOVA and the t test were used for statistical analyses of the gene and protein expression of the groups (α=.05). Results No difference was found in the gene expression of the cells exposed to frontal or parietal bones. However, all 3 genes were significantly overexpressed in cells treated with fetal bones compared with adult bones. No difference was found in protein expression between adult frontal and adult parietal bones. Conclusions No difference was found in the osteoinductive capacity of frontal and parietal bones used as allografts. However, the osteoinductivity of fetal bones can be higher than that of adult bones. Further microanalyses are needed to determine the protein content of fetal bones.
Traumatic Brain Injury: Sports Concussion

In the last decade, sports concussion has emerged as a focus within sports medicine and general public health concerns. It has been discussed within the context of mild traumatic brain injury and triggered the interest and involvement of clinicians and researchers in many fields including neuroscience, neuropsychology, rehabilitation medicine, sports medicine, neurosurgery, neurology, pediatrics, and clinical psychology. Based on the physical, cognitive, and emotional aspects of concussion, and their impact on patients’ lives, the educational, political, and legal systems have become involved in developing policy. Practice guidelines have been developed and modified over time as more evidence-based research is completed. The context of sport involvement is crucial to understanding the complexities of the impact on a concussed athlete, just as the military context is crucial for understanding the impact of concussions sustained from war zone blasts. Both neuropsychologists and medical providers are typically involved in the evaluation and management of sports concussion, which makes their collaboration and communication paramount to good patient care. Neuropsychologists can provide data regarding neurocognitive functions which may have been impacted by concussion, as well as the psychosocial and emotional factors that may impact persistent symptom reporting and the patients’ general adjustment and ability to function in school, sports, or life.
Dissecting Brain Circuitry for Sleep Disorder Narcolepsy in Murine Models

Abstract Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder linked to a loss of orexin neurons in the brain. It is unclear what causes the orexin neurons to die, but recent research strategies have focused on the brain circuitry related to the symptoms of narcolepsy, such as cataplexy and excessive sleepiness, in orexin knockout and the orexin-ataxin-3 mice models of narcolepsy. Several components of this circuitry have been successfully identified. Restoring orexin into the surrogate neurons in this circuity reverses cataplexy and reduces sleep fragmentation. Amygdala activation was found to modulate cataplexy and sleep attacks. Novel genetic engineered tools, such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and deep brain calcium imaging, are deepening our understanding of the brain circuitry for narcolepsy.
Why Can’t We All Just Get Along? The Conflict between School and Club Sports in the United States

ABSTRACTThere has been growing discontent between American school-based sports programs and those offered by youth sports clubs. Both institutions offer numerous benefits while likewise facing syst...
Hyaluronic acid particle hydrogels decrease cerebral atrophy and promote pro-reparative astrocyte/axonal infiltration in the core after ischemic stroke

Abstract The death rate due to stroke is decreasing, resulting in more individuals living with stroke related disabilities. Following stroke, dying cells contribute to the large influx of highly reactive astrocytes and pro-inflammatory microglia that release cytokines and lead to a cytotoxic environment that causes further brain damage and prevents endogenous repair. Paradoxically, these same cells also activate pro-repair mechanisms that contribute to endogenous repair and brain plasticity. Here, we show that the direct injection of a hyaluronic acid based microporous annealed particle (HA-MAP) hydrogel into the stroke core reduces the percent of highly reactive astrocytes and increases the percent of alternatively activated microglia in and around the lesion. Further, we show that HA-MAP hydrogel promotes reparative astrocyte infiltration into the lesion, which directly coincides with axonal penetration into the lesion. Additionally, HA-MAP injection decreases cerebral atrophy and preserves nigrostriatal bundles after stroke. This work shows that the injection of a porous scaffold into the stroke core can lead to clinically relevant decrease in cerebral atrophy and modulates the phenotype of astrocytes and microglia towards a pro-repair phenotype.
Mating has opposite effects on male and female sexually selected cuticular hydrocarbons

In Drosophila serrata flies, there is female choice for male cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles and male choice for female CHC profiles. Furthermore, both males and females can alter their CHCs: when there is more opportunity for mating, males express combinations of CHCs preferred by females; however, females appear to change CHC profiles to avoid male harassment. In this study, I investigate the effect of number of matings (0–4) on male and female sexually selected CHCs. Mating caused males to express CHCs associated with higher male mating success. Thus, successfully mating males are likely to have increased future mating success. Conversely, females that mated more times expressed CHC profiles that were associated with lower female mating success. Females maximized their offspring production by mating more than once, but additional matings did not provide additional benefits. Furthermore, number of matings did not affect female survival. In total, these results suggest that females alter CHC expression to discourage male courtship when additional matings are not beneficial. In conclusion, plasticity in male and female CHC expression can both increase variance in male mating success and decrease variance in female mating success, driving the evolution of sexually selected chemical signals.
Learning to Prove from Synthetic Theorems.

A major challenge in applying machine learning to automated theorem proving is the scarcity of training data, which is a key ingredient in training successful deep learning models. To tackle this problem, we propose an approach that relies on training with synthetic theorems, generated from a set of axioms. We show that such theorems can be used to train an automated prover and that the learned prover transfers successfully to human-generated theorems. We demonstrate that a prover trained exclusively on synthetic theorems can solve a substantial fraction of problems in TPTP, a benchmark dataset that is used to compare state-of-the-art heuristic provers. Our approach outperforms a model trained on human-generated problems in most axiom sets, thereby showing the promise of using synthetic data for this task.
Insight into the Scope and Mechanism for Transmetalation of Hydrocarbyl Ligands on Complexes Relevant to C–H Activation

We report the transmetalation of hydrocarbyl fragments (Me, Bn, Ph) from a variety of organometallic complexes relevant to C–H activation (Ir, Rh, W, Mo) to Pt(II) electrophiles. The scope of suita...
Noise Suppression for Ultrasound Attenuation Coefficient Estimation Based on Spectrum Normalization

Ultrasound attenuation coefficient estimation (ACE) has great diagnostic potential for fatty liver detection and assessment. In a previous study, we proposed a reference phantom-free ACE method, called reference frequency method (RFM), which does not require a calibrated phantom for normalization. The power of each frequency component can be normalized by the power of an adjacent frequency component in the spectrum to cancel system-dependent effects such as focusing and time gain compensation (TGC). RFM demonstrated accurate ACE in both phantom and in in-vivo liver studies. However, our study also showed that the robustness and penetration of RFM were affected by noise in the ACE signals. Here we propose a noise suppression (NS) and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) quality control method to reduce the influence of noise on ACE-RFM performance. The proposed methods were tested in harmonic ACE because harmonic imaging is a more frequently used mode than fundamental imaging for abdominal applications. After applying the NS and SNR control methods, the noise-induced bias for attenuation estimation in harmonic ACE was effectively reduced, leading to significantly improved effective penetration depth. The proposed methods directly measure the noise spectrum of the ultrasound system, which can also be adapted to other spectrum-based ACE methods, such as the reference phantom method and the spectra shift method.
Phylodynamic inference for emerging viruses using segregating sites

Epidemiological models are commonly fit to case data to estimate model parameters and to infer unobserved disease dynamics. More recently, epidemiological models have also been fit to viral sequence data using phylodynamic inference approaches that generally rely on the reconstruction of viral phylogenies. However, especially early on in an expanding viral population, phylogenetic uncertainty can be substantial and methods that require integration over this uncertainty can be computationally intensive. Here, we present an alternative approach to phylodynamic inference that circumvents the need for phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Our "tree-free" approach instead relies on quantifying the number of segregating sites observed in sets of sequences over time and using this trajectory of segregating sites to infer epidemiological parameters within a Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) framework. Using forward simulations, we first show that epidemiological parameters and processes leave characteristic signatures in segregating site trajectories, demonstrating that these trajectories have the potential to be used for phylodynamic inference. We then show using mock data that our proposed approach accurately recovers key epidemiological quantities such as the basic reproduction number and the timing of the index case. Finally, we apply our approach to SARS-CoV-2 sequence data from France, estimating a reproductive number of approximately 2.2 and an introduction time of mid-January 2021, consistent with estimates from epidemiological surveillance data. Our findings indicate that "tree-free?" phylodynamic inference approaches that rely on simple population genetic summary statistics can play an important role in estimating epidemiological parameters and reconstructing infectious disease dynamics, especially early on in an epidemic.
Challenges and Future Opportunities

The e-Learning readiness tool is designed to explore the internal readiness of organizations for e-Learning, but there are external factors which also influence e-Learning adoption. The variations in context would include factors such as the size of the organization, the location of the organization, and the resources available for implementation of e-Learning. There is limited research in this area in relation to e-Learning. Additional opportunities for research include exploration of policy changes that have occurred with e-Learning and ways in which financial and infrastructural challenges have been overcome. With the advent of COVID-19, the scope and need in this area have expanded, and the e-Learning readiness tool can serve as a basis for data collection that will guide important decisions related to readiness.
On the concept of force

This essay is a reaction to an article by Frank Wilczek entitled “Whence the Force F = ma ? ” in the October 2004 issue of Physics Today and to the letters referring to this article in the August 2005 issue. The letter by Ramamutri Avi refers to a paper of mine, published in 1959, but few people in the physics community seem to be aware of the work on the conceptual mathematical foundations of classical mechanics that I and others have done since then.
Upper/Lower Facial Expressions Are Dynamically Timed and Motorically Independent (P6.195)

OBJECTIVE: To determine if cortical control of upper and lower facial expressions are motorically independent or dependent. BACKGROUND: The traditional neuroanatomical model for cortical control of facial expressions posits that the inferolateral motor cortices modulate predominantly contralateral facial expressions. However, behavioral research has suggested that the upper and lower faces are controlled independently because of the existence of facial blends, i.e. different emotions expressed on the upper versus lower face during social interactions. Recent neuroanatomical research has demonstrated that upper facial muscles are innervated bilaterally by the medial frontal motor cortices and lower facial muscles by the contralateral inferolateral motor cortices. DESIGN/METHODS: Utilizing high-speed videography (600 frames/sec), facial expressions were quantified by placing 2 mm markers on seven different locations on the face. Movement vectors of the markers were analyzed over time using a newly developed computer program. 44 strongly right-handed subjects (22 males, 22 females) were shown four video clips to induce spontaneous facial expressions. 290 upper and lower facial expressions were identified (100 smiles, 24 grimaces, 49 vocalics, 74 surprises, 47 frowns, 4 snarls) and their side of onset and timing of the expression’s start, peak and end were analyzed. If there was an associated contrahorizontal expression producing a facial blend, it also underwent quantitative analysis. RESULTS: 165 expressions were confined to either the upper or lower face. 135 expressions were accompanied by one or occasionally two contrahorizontal facial expressions (n=142). Based on side of onset and timing measurements, 291 (95[percnt]) expressions demonstrated independent motor control while 16 (5[percnt]) showed possible dependent motor control during facial blends. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that facial blends are the result of a timing coincident between the independent motor control of upper and lower facial expressions that is consistent with recent neuroanatomic research defining how cortex modulates facial expressions. Disclosure: Dr. Gupta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ross has nothing to disclose.
On remedicalisation: male circumcision in the United States and Great Britain.

This paper compares the histories of male circumcision in the United States and Great Britain to explicate the theoretically important, yet inadequately specified, processes of demedicalisation and remedicalisation. Circumcision became medicalised to a similar extent, through similar processes, in both countries before World War II. However, by the 1960s, circumcision was almost completely demedicalised in Britain and almost universal in the US, where it became partially demedicalised after the 1970s. Medical professionals and insurance/healthcare systems drove demedicalisation in both countries; in the US, grassroots activists also played a critical role, while medical community ‘holdovers’ and parents resisted demedicalisation. Recent research linking circumcision to HIV prevention and deaths following religious circumcision are differentially likely to produce remedicalisation in the two nations, given differences in circumcision prevalence, HIV epidemiology, insurance/health systems, activism opportunities, and status of religious groups. Research on (de/re)medicalisation should theorise the life cycle of medicalisation, explore comparative cases, and attend more closely to medical holdovers from previous eras, prevalence and duration of medicalised practices, and barriers to promoting non-medical interpretations.
Patterns of Delivery of Services

There are a number of organizational patterns through which psychiatric services can be provided for children. These fall into the general categories of clinics and other outpatient services, inpatient units, liaison functioning within pediatric care facilities, liaison with child rehabilitation units, units within community health centers, and liaison with schools.
Adaptive-regressive expectations and the price level

Abstract In a recent paper, Frenkel (1975) presents an adaptive-regressive scheme of expectations as applied to the inflation rate. While the rationale for the scheme is the presence of expectations concerning the price level, Frenkel's construction does not specify such an expected price level, but only a short-run (instantaneous) and a long-run expected inflation rate. It is shown here that, even though such a specification yields reasonable results for certain important kind of policy changes, it is not robust enough so as to yield equally reasonable outcomes for other type of changes. This paper presents a specification of the expected price level (and, consequently, of all future expected inflation rates) which is not subject to those shortcomings and which seems to reflect in a better manner the basic economic idea behind the scheme.
Comorbidities and causes of death in the management of localized T1a kidney cancer

population. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare database (1995– 2007) was queried to identify patients with localized T1a kidney cancer undergoing partial nephrectomy, radical nephrectomy or deferring therapy. We explored independent associations of specific comorbidities with causes of death, and developed a simplified cardiovascular index. Cox proportional hazards, and Fine and Gray competing risks regression were used. Results: Of 7177 Medicare beneficiaries in the study population, 754 (10.5%) deferred therapy, 1849 (25.8%) underwent partial nephrectomy and 4574 (63.7%) underwent radical nephrectomy with none of the selected comorbidities identified in 3682 (51.3%) patients. Congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes and cerebrovascular disease were associated with decreased overall survival. The cardiovascular index provided good survival risk stratification, and reclassified 1427 (41%) patients with a score ≥1 on the Charlson Comorbidity Index to a 0 on the cardiovascular index with minimal concession of 5-year survival. Conclusions: Congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes and cerebrovascular disease were associated with decreased overall survival among Medicare beneficiaries with small renal masses. The cardiovascular index could serve as a clinically useful prognostic aid when advising older patients that are borderline candidates for surgery or active surveillance.
Oxygen isotope fractionation in the portlandite–water and brucite–water systems from 125 to 450 °C, 50 MPa

Abstract Equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factors were determined for the portlandite–water and brucite–water systems from 125 to 425 °C, 50 MPa using the partial exchange technique. Reagent grade cryptocrystalline Ca(OH)2 and amorphous Mg(OH)2 were reacted with three waters having different initial δ18O compositions. Isotope exchange occurred via recrystallization with exchange varying from 40% to 95% at 200 to 425 °C, respectively. Equilibrium 18O brucite–water fractionation factors (103lnα) increase from −4.7 ± 3.5‰ at 200 °C to −3.5 ± 2.5‰ at 425 °C. These data connect smoothly with previous experimental calibrations at lower and higher temperatures to define a single function valid from 15 to 450 °C, as follows: 10 3 ln α brucite - water = 4.39 × 10 6 T 2 - 16.95 × 10 3 T + 11.19 where T is temperature in Kelvin. These results confirm the existence of a broad minimum in the fractionation factor for brucite at ∼250 °C. The equilibrium 18O fractionation factor for portlandite–water varies from −11.1 ± 2.7‰ at 125 °C to −6.6 ± 0.1‰ at 425 °C, and can be described by the following function: 10 3 ln α portlandite - water = 5.61 × 10 6 T 2 - 26.29 × 10 3 T + 19.72 where T is temperature in Kelvin. These experimental results indicate that brucite favors 18O relative to portlandite with brucite–portlandite fractionation decreasing from 8‰ to 3‰ from 125 to 425 °C. A significant temperature dependent cation mass effect is therefore indicated for cation–OH bonds in hydroxide minerals. The observed fractionation is consistent with quantum theory which predicts that bonds with less massive cations have higher vibrational frequencies and will display a relative affinity for 18O to stabilize the structure. Brucite–portlandite 18O fractionation predicted using the increment method is extremely small, opposite in sign (−0.1‰ to −0.2‰), and shows very little dependence on temperature, in poor agreement with the experimental calibration. This indicates that the method does not adequately account for the effect of cation mass on 18O fractionation within hydroxide minerals. It is suggested that cation-specific parameters within the increment method could be fit to the experimental calibrations reported here to improve prediction of fractionation factors for hydroxides and hydroxyl-bearing aluminosilicates, particularly at low temperate where the cation-mass effect is more significant.
Meta-Cases: Explaining Case-Based Reasoning

AI research on case-based reasoning has led to the development of many laboratory case-based systems. As we move towards introducing these systems into work environments, explaining the processes of case-based reasoning is becoming an increasingly important issue. In this paper we describe the notion of a meta-case for illustrating, explaining and justifying case-based reasoning. A meta-case contains a trace of the processing in a problem-solving episode, and provides an explanation of the problem-solving decisions and a (partial) justification for the solution. The language for representing the problem-solving trace depends on the model of problem solving. We describe a task-method-knowledge (TMK) model of problem-solving and describe the representation of meta-cases in the TMK language. We illustrate this explanatory scheme with examples from Interactive Kritik, a computer-based design and learning environment presently under development.
Nuclear level density: Shell-model approach

Knowledge of the nuclear level density is necessary for understanding various reactions, including those in the stellar environment. Usually the combinatorics of a Fermi gas plus pairing is used for finding the level density. Recently a practical algorithm avoiding diagonalization of huge matrices was developed for calculating the density of many-body nuclear energy levels with certain quantum numbers for a full shell-model Hamiltonian. The underlying physics is that of quantum chaos and intrinsic thermalization in a closed system of interacting particles. We briefly explain this algorithm and, when possible, demonstrate the agreement of the results with those derived from exact diagonalization. The resulting level density is much smoother than that coming from conventional mean-field combinatorics. We study the role of various components of residual interactions in the process of thermalization, stressing the influence of incoherent collision-like processes. The shell-model results for the traditionally used parameters are also compared with standard phenomenological approaches.
Growth hormone and epidermal growth factor upregulate specific sodium-dependent glutamine uptake systems in human intestinal C2BBe1 cells

Glutamine (Gln) is one of the major oxidative fuels of the enterocyte and enters from the lumen via Na(+)-dependent transport mechanisms. When given parenterally, growth hormone (GH) + epidermal growth factor (EGF) increase apical Gln uptake after massive enterectomy in rabbits. Although both receptors are basolateral, GH and EGF are present in luminal contents. We hypothesized that short-term luminal growth factor exposure to enterocytes increases apical Gln uptake by selective upregulation of systems A, B(0,+), or ASC+B(0). A monolayer of C2(BBe)1 cells was exposed for 10 or 60 min to GH (500 microg/L), EGF (100 microg/L), both, or neither. Initial uptake of [(3)H]Gln (50 micromol/L) was measured in the presence of Na(+) or choline. The contributions of systems A, B(0,+), and ASC+B(0) were determined by competitive inhibition with arginine and/or alpha-(methylamino)butyric acid. Gln uptake was linear for up to 8 min. Na(+)-independent transport was negligible. Under control conditions the relative contributions of systems A, B(0,+), and ASC+B(0) were 0, 19 +/- 6, and 80 +/- 4%, respectively. GH alone had no effect on Gln transport. After 10 min of EGF exposure, Na(+)-dependent Gln uptake increased by 50% (P < 0.001) with no change in individual transport systems. Combined EGF and GH for 60 min increased Gln transport by system B(0,+) nearly 250% (P < 0.001) and system A from undetectable levels to 16% of total transport (P < 0.01). Thus, short-term luminal exposure to EGF+GH increases Na(+)-dependent Gln transport mainly by upregulating system B(0+).