cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved Line-Shape Physics for Plamsa Diagnostics

Spectroscopy, the analysis of emission and absorption lines from a plasma, is a powerful method for determining plasma density and temperature. The Stark broadening of spectral lines provide particularly easy-to-obtain electron densities. However, the accuracy of the inferred densities is dependent on the accuracy of the broadening models. This talk reviews some of the common approximations used in line shapes and how they manifest in changes in the spectra. The Coulomb interaction between atom and radiator is often simplified to a dipole interaction, the formula used to calculate the width is Taylor expanded, and the plasma particles are treated as classical point particles. Here, we will cover applications to K-shell spectra of hydrogen, magnesium, and Ti.
Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Nicotine: Neurochemical and Neuroanatomical Substrates

Nicotine rapidly elevates rat plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) levels, and desensitization occurs after one exposure and persists for hours. Neural structures near the fourth ventricle (4V) mediate this response to systemic nicotine. Hypothalamic α-adrenergic receptors, presumably on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), are involved. Delivering nicotine i.p. or into 4V elevates norepinephrine levels in PVN microdialysates; this response partially desensitizes Selective nicotine microinjection into catecholaminergic regions near 4V shows that nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS)-A2 and C2 are important mediators of ACTH secretion. The sensitivity and responsiveness of c-fos protein expression to i.v. nicotine in NTS correlates with that in PVN. Thus, nicotine elevates ACTH, at least in part by activating catecholaminergic afferents near their origin, thereby stimulating PVN CRF neurons.
Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Conformational Analysis of Proteins

Proteins contain labile hydrogen atoms at the backbone amide positions. These hydrogens are in continuous exchange with hydrogen in surrounding solvent. By incubating proteins with an isotope of hydrogen, usually deuterium, this exchange process can be monitored experimentally. Because hydrogen exchange (HX) is a function of protein conformation and dynamics, the rate of HX reports on aspects of protein structure. One method for detection of exchange is mass spectrometry (MS), as proteins will increase in mass as deuteration proceeds. This article provides background on how and why hydrogens exchange, how the exchange is controlled by several parameters, and what measuring exchange is good for, and then gives a general overview of how to make these measurements with MS.
Microprocessors for the new millennium: Challenges, opportunities, and new frontiers

As designs become more complex, technology scaling more difficult, and power issues more pressing, "business as usual" no longer suffices, if the industry is to continue its long-standing tradition of microprocessor innovation. To provide means for system performance advancements and power management, there must be focus on all aspects of the computing platform-architecture, micro-architecture, bus memory, and I/O performance-much more than in the past. Multithreading and multi-core computer micro-architectures will increase both general-purpose and networking processor MIPS. Transaction-focused server processors will benefit from large on-die caches. Special-purpose architectures and circuit techniques will be required to deliver performance with higher efficiency. Future microprocessors will evolve as integration of DSP capabilities becomes imperative to enable such applications as media-rich communications, computer vision, and speech recognition. These advances in processing natural data will lead to a change in the computing paradigm from today's data-based, machine-based computing to tomorrow's knowledge-based, human-based computing. As the Internet becomes more integral to businesses and consumers, there will be new uses for and users of microprocessors. All this can be accomplished only with wired and wireless high-bandwidth Internet connectivity, driven by high-performance computer servers to fulfil the demand of computing in the Internet economy.
44 Prevalence of emerging pathogens in a large paediatric CF centre

Objectives To analyse the prevalence of emerging pathogens in a Pediatric CF center. Emerging pathogens are organisms which cause difficulty in clinical diagnosis, treatment and outcome in cystic fibrosis patients. A review was conducted to assess the prevalence of emerging pathogens in our pediatric CF population. Methods Royal Manchester Children's Hospital provides primary care to 182 CF children. We analysed cough swab/sputum samples/BAL of all our CF children during a two year period from October 2012 to September 2014. Children were considered colonised with an organism if they grew the organism in more than 50% of samples and intermittent if the growth was in less than 50% of samples with at least 4 samples in 12 months. Results 182 CF children provided 5973 samples in the review period. Average number of sputum sample/child/year was 18. OrganismNumber (%)OrganismNumber (%)NTM13 (7%)Stenotrophomonas maltophilia32 (17%)MRSA4 (2%)Pandoraea6 (3%)Burkholderia5 (3%)Achromobacter18 (10%)Exophiala17 (9%)Ralstonia1Rhodotorula32 (18%) All 13 children with NTM infection grew the organism in 3 or more samples. MRSA children were colonised, while 5 children with Burkholderia grew it intermittently. Exophiala was seen intermittently in 3 children while 1 child was colonised. 18 children had only one growth of Stenotrophomonas . 4 children were colonised with Pandoraea , while 6 children grew Achromobacter intermittently. Conclusion Prevalence of NTM and Exophiala was high in our CF population. Increasing numbers of children are growing Pandoraea and Achromobacter .
Modeling framework for sediment deposition, storage, and evacuation in the floodplain of a meandering river: Application to the Clark Fork River, Montana

[1] A theory for the evolution of a river floodplain and the associated movement of tracer sediment is applied to the case of the upper Clark Fork River, Montana, whose floodplain is contaminated with tailings derived from historical mining activities. Deposition of mine tailings raised the elevation of the floodplain, which now contributes contaminated sediment to the channel. The theory is capable of reproducing the basic aspects of the system's evolution, including aggradation of the floodplain during the mining era and subsequent net supply of sediment from floodplain to channel after the cessation of mine input. Results indicate that the natural removal of tailings from the floodplain could take thousands of years, a period longer than is required for the channel to simply rework the tailings. The self-stabilizing nature of the model results in an evolution toward a new postmine steady state, with tailings eventually almost entirely removed from the system.
Embryonic development in two species of scleractinian coral embryos: Symbiodinium localization and mode of gastrulation.

SUMMARY Reef-building scleractinian corals widely engage in symbiotic relationships with Symbiodinium dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae), which reside inside cells of the gastrodermis. In most cases, sexually produced larvae acquire their symbionts from the environment in the early developmental stages preceding settlement; however, some scleractinian corals maternally “seed” their oocytes with symbionts, and these symbionts are reported to be restricted to the gastrodermis at the time of its formation (gastrulation). A precise mechanism for how Symbiodinium are translocated to endoderm in these seeded species was previously unknown. In order to examine the process of endoderm formation and Symbiodinium localization during gastrulation, we have examined two species of “robust” clade scleractinians: Fungia scutaria (nonseeded) and Pocillopora meandrina (maternally seeded). We determined that both species, independent of whether or not they are seeded, undergo a “nutritive” stage before gastrulation, wherein lipid-rich cells (F. scutaria) or membrane-bound cellular fragments (P. meandrina) are passed to the blastocoel where they are subsequently taken up by the definitive endoderm. This emergent property of anthozoan development has been co-opted to facilitate the movement of Symbiodinium to the blastocoel (future site of endoderm), in the seeded species, where they are later phagocytosed by the newly formed definitive endoderm. Additionally, both species of robust clade scleractinians examined gastrulate by way of invagination, as do the majority of anthozoans. This invagination differs from the prawn chip-type gastrulation seen in the complex clade corals and provides evidence for a possible linkage between gastrulation type and phylogenetic history.
Visual Culture Jam: Art, Pedagogy, and Creative Resistance

In this article, the author argues that visual culture is an essential direction for contemporary art educators who are committed to examining social justice issues and fostering democratic principles through their teaching. The study explores how visual culture education can empower students to perceive and meaningfully engage in the ideological and cultural struggles embedded within the everyday visual experience. The author examines the work of resistance theorists and socially engaged artists, including culture jammers, in an effort to support and inform the teaching and learning of visual culture. The study concludes with an investigation of cultural production as a pedagogical strategy within the visual culture classroom for generating and facilitating student awareness, understanding, and active participation in the sociocultural realm.
Cell-specific expression from the human dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter in transgenic mice is controlled via a combination of positive and negative regulatory elements.

The promoter region of the human dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) gene was analyzed in transgenic mice to identify DNA sequences responsible for the tissue- and cell-specific expression of the gene. Transgenic mice were generated that carried the Escherichia coli lacZ gene under control of DBH promoter fragments between 0.6 and 5.8 kilobases (kb) in length. Sequences required for expression in adult and fetal noradrenergic neurons were located between 0.6 and 1.1 kb 5′ to the DBH transcriptional start site. Sequences in this region and farther upstream also directed expression to dopaminergic and noncatecholaminergic brain neurons that was repressed by negative elements elsewhere in the gene. The results indicate that the neuron- specific expression of the DBH gene is mediated by positive regulatory elements but that negative elements are required to restrict expression to the proper subset of neurons.
A Bradyzoite is a Bradyzoite is a Bradyzoite

Bradyzoite forms of Toxoplasma gondii persist in tissue cysts for the lifetime of an infected host and can reactivate to cause clinical disease. It was thought that in vivo bradyzoites within tissue cysts are biologically inactive dormant forms that rarely replicate. Apparently, consensus was wrong.
Maintenance of Genetic Variability under the Joint Effect of Mutation, Selection and Random Drift.

ABSTRACT Formulae are developed for the distribution of allele frequencies (the frequency spectrum), the mean number of alleles in a sample, and the mean and variance of heterozygosity under mutation pressure and under either genic or recessive selection. Numerical computations are carried out by using these formulae and Watterson9s (1977) formula for the distribution of allele frequencies under overdominant selection. The following properties are observed: (1) The effect of selection on the distribution of allele frequencies is slight when 4 Ns ≤ 4, but becomes strong when 4 Ns becomes larger than 10, where N denotes the effective size and s the selective difference between alleles. Genic selection and recessive selection tend to force the distribution to be U-shaped, whereas overdominant selection has the opposite tendency. (2) The mean total number of alleles in a sample is much more strongly affected by selection than the mean number of rare alleles in a sample. (3) Even slight heterozygote advantage, as small as 10 -5 , increases considerably the mean heterozygosity of a population, as compared to the case of neutral mutations. On the other hand, even slight genic or recessive selection causes a great reduction in heterozygosity when population size is large. (4) As a test statistic, the variance of heterozygosity can be used to detect the presence of selection, though it is not efficient when the selection intensity is very weak, say when 4 Ns is around 4 or less. A model, which is somewhat similar to Ohta9s (1976) model of slightly deleterious mutations, has been proposed to explain the following general patterns of genic variation: (i) There seems to be an upper limit for the observed average heterozygosities. (ii) The distribution of allele frequencies is U-shaped for every species surveyed. (iii) Most of the species surveyed tend to have an excess of rare alleles as compared with that expected under the neutral mutation hypothesis.
Interfering Ultraviolet-Absorbing Compounds as Sources of Error in Common Clinical Chemistry Tests

Fourteen spot tests and color reactions were selected for their potential applicability to the problem of identifying urinary components separated by a high-resolution analytical system. These tests were screened with an inventory of 74 biochemicals of current interest. The results of this testing program are given and reveal the lack of specificity inherent in many tests which are sometimes assumed to be free of interference.
Application of mechanical state relations at low and high homologous temperatures

The rate dependent behavior of a 50 Sn-50 In alloy has been characterized by means of load relaxation experiments over a range of homologous temperatures from 0.2 to 0.88. The data can be represented over its entire range by use of a power law description of dislocation dynamics, modified to incorporate evolution of structure-dependent variables. At low homologous temperatures a macroscopic internal stress apparently exists; this stress vanishes at higher homologous temperatures. The results indicate that intermediate and high temperature load relaxation can be interpreted in terms of an evolving structure. Under this analysis the material passes through a continuous succession of mechanical states during a relaxation event.
Toughness mechanism in semi-crystalline polymer blends: II. High-density polyethylene toughened with calcium carbonate filler particles

Abstract Here we extend the investigation described in the preceding companion communication. To rectify its notch brittleness, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was modified by rigid particulate fillers consisting of three different sizes of CaCO 3 particles of 3.50, 0.70 and 0.44 μ m weight average diameter in various volume fractions. Mechanical properties including notched Izod impact energy of the extrusion-blended/injection-moulded samples were examined as a function of filler particle size and filler volume fraction. In exactly the same manner as exhibited by the rubber particle-modified compositions described in the previous communication, the toughness of the CaCO 3 -filled materials increased dramatically when the mean interparticle ligament thickness of the matrix polyethylene dropped to values below 0.6 μ m. The stiff fillers used in this study provided the unusual additional benefit of substantially increasing the Young's modulus of the compounds while also dramatically improving their impact energy.
Optical Depth from Realistic Microlensing Models of M31

We provide a set of microlensing optical depth maps for M31. Optical depths toward Andromeda were calculated on the basis of a four-component model of the lens and source populations: disk and bulge sources lensed by bulge, M31 halo, and Galactic halo lenses. We confirm the high optical depth and the strong optical depth gradient along the M31 minor axis due to a dark halo of lenses and also discuss the magnitude of the self-lensing due to the bulge. We explore how the shape of the optical depth maps to M31 vary with the halo parameters core radius and flattening.
A Global Perspective of Solar Technologies

Following is an overview of the status of renewable technologies in the year 2006.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Possible investigation of liquid-vapor phase transition with a realistic interface using long-wavelength neutrons

Abstract It is shown that the coexistence curve of a classical fluid ( 4 He as an example) with realistic interface profiles can be mapped with high precision, minimal gravity distortion, and to the immediate vicinity of the critical point by employing the interference of long wavelength neutrons from a thin film of the fluid.
Studies on catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes

Abstract The purification and characterization of three enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of catecholamines is reviewed. Polyclonal antibodies against native tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were raised in rabbits, and these antibodies inhibit TH activity. Polyclonal antibodies were also raised in rabbits against a segment of TH (TH-16) and these antibodies stimulate enzymatic activity. In addition, mouse monoclonal antibodies were raised but exerted no significant effect on enzymatic activity. The three types of antibodies were used for immunohistochemical localization of dopamine neurons in the CNS. Studies on activation of TH revealed that phosphorylation of the enzyme by protein kinases plays an important role in the short-term regulation of the enzyme activity. Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) was purified from human and rat pheochromocytoma tumors, and polyclonal antibodies against human and rat DBH were raised in rabbits. Enzyme inhibition studies with the corresponding antibodies revealed poor interspecies crossreactivity. Phenylethanolamine N -methyl-transferase (PNMT) was purified from bovine and rat adrenal glands. Polyclonal antibodies raised against rat adrenal PNMT were used for immunohistochemical localization of PNMT-containing neurons. The presence of PNMT-containing cell bodies in two clusters, termed C1 and C2, were found; ascending and descending projections were demonstrated.
Production of forward rapidity photons in high energy heavy ion collisions

Abstract We consider production of prompt photons in high energy gold–gold and deuteron–gold collisions in the forward rapidity region of RHIC ( y ∼ 3.8 ). In this kinematics, the projectile partons typically have large x b j while the target partons are mostly at very small x b j , so that the primary partonic collisions involve valence quarks from the projectile and gluons from the target. We take the target nucleus to be a color glass condensate while the projectile deuteron or nucleus is treated as a dilute system of partons. We show that the photon production cross section can be written as a convolution of a quark–nucleus scattering cross section, involving a quark–antiquark dipole, with the leading order quark–photon fragmentation function. We consider different models of the quark–antiquark dipole and show that measurement of photons in the forward rapidity region at RHIC can distinguish between different parameterizations of the dipole cross section as well as help clarify the role of parton coalescence models in hadron production at RHIC.
Comparative analysis of a conserved zinc finger gene cluster on human chromosome 19q and mouse chromosome 7

Several lines of evidence now suggest that many of the zinc-finger-containing (ZNF) genes in the human genome are arranged in clusters. However, little is known about the structure or function of the clusters or about their conservation throughout evolution. Here, we report the analysis of a conserved ZNF gene cluster located in human chromosome 19q13.2 and mouse chromosome 7. Our results indicate that the human cluster consists of at least 10 related Kruppel-associated box (KRAB)-containing ZNF genes organized in tandem over a distance of 350-450 kb. Two cDNA clones representing genes in the murine cluster have been studied in detail. The KRAB A domains of these genes are nearly identical and are highly similar to human 19q13.2-derived KRAB sequences, but DNA-binding ZNF domains and other portions of the genes differ considerably. The two murine genes display distinct expression patterns, but are coexpressed in some adult tissues. These studies pave the way for a systematic analysis of the evolution of structure and function of genes within the numerous clustered ZNF families located on human chromosome 19 and elsewhere in the human and mouse genomes.
Cardiovascular responses to glucagon - Physiologic measurement by external recordings.

Assessment by noninvasive polygraphic techniques of the cardiovascular responses of normal subjects to intravenous injections of glucagon and glucagon diluent. A blinding procedure which eliminated observer bias was used during the reading of tracings. Analysis of group results showed that glucagon provoked uniformly significant changes, including increase in heart rate, blood pressure, pressure-rate product, and ejection time index, and decrease in prejection period, mechanical and electromechanical systole, left ventricular ejection time, and the ratio PEP/LVET. The principal results correlated well with those of previous studies of the hemodynamic effects of glucagon.
The Prevalence of Primary Pediatric Prehypertension and Hypertension in a Real‐World Managed Care System

To assess the burden associated with hypertension, reliable estimates for the prevalence of pediatric hypertension are vital. For this cross-sectional study of 237,248 youths aged 6 to 17 years without indication of secondary hypertension, blood pressure (BP) was classified according to age, sex, and height using standards from the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents as prehypertension with at least 1 BP ≥90th percentile and as hypertension with 3 BPs ≥95th percentile. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension were 31.4% and 2.1%, respectively. An additional 21.4% had either 1 (16.6%) or 2 (4.8%) BPs ≥95th percentile. Based on this large population-based study using routinely measured BP from clinical care, a remarkable proportion of youth (6.9%) has hypertension or nearly meets the definition of hypertension with 2 documented BPs in the hypertensive range.
Symphony of Decolonisation: Third World and Human Rights Discourse

This paper seeks to highlight the tensions surrounding the current discourses on human rights and international law with the help of vectors of similarity and continuity as well as difference and r...
Constructing and Validating a Multiple-Indicator Construct of Economic Hardship in a National Sample of Adolescents with Disabilities:

The purpose of the current study was to develop a multi-indicator construct of economic hardship among adolescents with disabilities (N = 9,230) participating in the National Longitudinal Transition Study–2, the largest, most comprehensive investigation of adolescents with disabilities ever conducted. Five theoretically relevant indicators (i.e., family income, head-of-household education, head-of-household employment, participation in social programs, and lack of resources) contributed to the formation of an economic hardship latent construct. Scores on this factor were validated through associations with demographic, tangible-resource, school, and family factors. The implications of these findings for continued efforts to understand and respond to economic hardship among adolescents with disabilities are discussed.
The effects of castration and androgen replacement on the nucleic acid composition, metabolism, and enzymatic capacities of the rat ventral prostate.

The pentose nucleic acid/desoxyribose nucleic acid ratio for normal rat ventral prostate tissue of approximately 2.4 is lowered to 0.9 or less following-castration or stilbestrol administration, while testosterone replacement returns the ratio to the “normal” value. Qo2 of prostates from 6–15 weeks castrates is about 1/5 that of the “normal” value and the RQ falls from 0.9 to 0.4. Testosterone treatment re-establishes (the “normal” Qo2 and RQ values. Zymohexase concentration of castrate tissue is lowered to 5–10% that of “normal,” while the α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase concentration doubles. The concentrations of both enzymes in prostrates of 20-day-old immature rats are similar to those of normal adults rather than of castrates. Hy injecting increasing amounts of testosterone in 4-week castrate mature rats and measuring the zymohexase activity of the prostate tissue after 72 hours treatment, a definite threshold is demonstrated below which the activity is at the castrate level and above which there i...
The impact of estrogen on adrenal androgen sensitivity and secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome

Adrenal hyperandrogenism is a common feature of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO). This may be due to enhanced adrenal sensitivity to ACTH. Because enhanced ovarian androgen secretion does not appear to explain this phenomenon, we explored the role of estrogen in inducing enhanced adrenal sensitivity, in that a state of relative hyperestrogenism exists in PCO. Eight patients with PCO and seven matched controls received ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCRH; 0.1 micrograms/kg) iv before and after hypoestrogenism was induced by leuprolide acetate (LA; 1 mg, sc, each day). In patients with PCO, a third oCRH test was repeated after transdermal estradiol (E2; 0.1 mg) had been applied for a week, during which time LA was continued. At baseline, patients with PCO had increased responses of 11 beta-hydroxyandrostenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (P < 0.03 and P < 0.02) and increased delta maximal ratios of androstenedione (A4)/ACTH and dehydroepiandrosterone/ACTH (P < 0.01) after oCRH treatment. After LA administration to patients with PCO, these ratios were significantly suppressed (P < 0.01) and returned to baseline after E2 was added. There were no changes in controls. Steroid ratio responses to oCRH suggested that 17,20-desmolase activity (delta maximum change in the ratio of A4/17-hydroxyprogesterone) was lowered with estrogen suppression and increased again after transdermal E2 administration. There was a significant positive correlation between changes in E2 levels and delta maximum change in the ratios of A4/17-OHP after oCRH treatment, signifying 17,20-desmolase activity (r = 0.58, P < 0.02). In conclusion, these data provide evidence that estrogen is at least one factor that influences adrenal androgen sensitivity in PCO and may help explain the frequent finding of adrenal hyperandrogenism in this syndrome.
Shallow Donor Electrons in Silicon. I. Hyperfine Interactions from ENDOR Measurements

The hyperfine interactions of ${\mathrm{Si}}^{29}$ lattice nuclei with ground-state donor electrons in arsenic-, phosphorus-, and antimony-doped silicon have been measured by electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR). Hyperfine constants are reported for each donor for about 20 shells containing a total of about 150 lattice nuclei. About 15 of these shells per donor are reported for the first time; five were reported previously. Our results differ significantly for shells D and E; the other three shells were measured with greater accuracy. The matching of experimental hyperfine tensors to their lattice sites cannot be readily determined. A systematic technique used to analyze the ENDOR spectra is discussed.
Preparation of Shale Oil from Copyrolysis of Oil Shale/plastics Mixtures

Oil shale is a combustible, organic solid rock with high ash content, and is one of the most promising alternative energy sources in the world. Pyrolyzing oil shale can yield a number of petroleum products useful as fuels, and the extraction of oil from oil shale is relatively expensive and uneconomical. The plastics had the synergistic effect to enhance shale oil yields by copyrolysis of oil shale/plastics mixtures. The synergistic effect of polyethylene was more obvious than the poly- propene. The more obvious synergistic effect was, the more obvious shale oil yields increased.
The effects of diet mixing on consumer fitness: macroalgae, epiphytes, and animal matter as food for marine amphipods.

Herbivores are thought to achieve adequate nutrition by consuming numerous species of plants or by occasionally consuming animal tissue. Although active selection of diverse foods is common in nature, the relationship between diet mixing and consumer fitness is poorly understood, especially in marine environments. We studied the fitness-based consequences of dietary mixing in the sympatric amphipods Ampithoe marcuzzii, A. valida, Cymadusa compta, and Gammarus mucronatus by measuring survivorship, growth, and fecundity of these amphipods when they were offered single species of algae, a single animal food, a mixture of algal species, or a combination of algae and animal matter. For the more sedentary, tube-building amphipods A. marcuzzii, A. valida, and C. compta, fitness on mixed algal diets was matched by fitness on at least one of the monospecific algal diets, suggesting that they could benefit from preferential feeding on those algae in the field. The more mobile amphipod, G. mucronatus, survived and grew similarly on the mixed diets and on the filamentous brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. However, its fecundity was significantly higher when feeding on the algal and animal mixture than on Ectocarpus alone. Additionally, for G. mucronatus, fitness on mixed algae, mixed algae plus animal matter, and animal matter alone was equivalent, although female growth (but not gonad production) was slightly lower on animal matter alone than on the mixed algae combined with animal food. Thus the more mobile amphipod, G. mucronatus, was the only species able to perform well on animal food alone. In contrast, A. valida and C. compta experienced large negative effects when limited to consuming animal matter alone. For these two species, combining algae and animal matter did not enhance fitness over combining only algae. Fitness effects of specific algal diets showed some general similarities, but also considerable variance among the amphipods. For example, E. siliculosus was generally better food than other algae for all four amphipods, whereas Sargassum filipendula was generally poor. However, A. marcuzzii did not suffer negative effects of consuming only Sargassum. The red alga Polysiphonia sp. and the green alga Enteromorpha flexuosa decreased fitness in A. marcuzzii, C. compta, and G. mucronatus, but not A. valida, and the negative effects of Polysiphonia were considerably larger for A. marcuzzii than for the other amphipods. Our data show that nutritional requirements, even among related species (e.g., A. marcuzzii and A. valida), can be dramatically different. Diet mixing may benefit more mobile consumers like Gammarus that are better able to search for different foods, and may be less important for more sedentary herbivores like Ampithoe and Cymadusa that consume, and live in close association with, individual host plants.
Structural stability and heme binding potential of the truncated human dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) peroxidase domain.

Abstract The essential role of human dual oxidase 2 (hDUOX2) in thyroid hormone biosynthesis defines this member of the NOX/DUOX family, whose absence due to mutation has been directly related to disease, specifically hypothyroidism. Both human DUOX isoforms, hDUOX1 and hDUOX2, are expressed in thyroid tissue; however, hDUOX1 cannot compensate for inactivation of hDUOX2, suggesting that each enzyme is differentially regulated and/or functions in a unique manner. In efforts to uncover relevant structural and functional differences we have expressed and purified the peroxidase domain of hDUOX2 1–599 for direct comparison with the previously studied hDUOX1 1–593 . As was shown for hDUOX1, the truncated hDUOX2 domain purifies without a bound heme co-factor and displays no peroxidase activity. However, hDUOX2 1–599 displays greater stability than hDUOX1 1–593 . Surprisingly, upon titration with heme, both isoforms bind heme with a low micromolar affinity, demonstrating that they retain a heme binding site. A conformational difference in the full-length protein and/or a protein–protein interaction may be required to increase the heme binding affinity.
Control of Cost of Research and Development Projects

The control of cost of research and development projects is intimately related to all factors of technical supervision. The methods must be developed to fit the needs of the particular types of research and development programs and of the organization in which the programs are carried out. Some general principles and specific practices in use at one industrial research laboratory may find general usefulness in many organizations. For example, the concept that adequate control of any business or technical problem requires, first, a plan or standard and, finally, a review or measurement to determine conformance to the plan, will be of use for all control problems. The degree of formality with which such a principle is applied requires careful consideration in order that adequate control will be obtained without inhibiting imaginative approaches to problems. This paper discusses particular principles and methods of project planning and review and the relationship of these methods to personnel and to organization. These factors are discussed from the viewpoint of the project leader, the research supervisor and the technical manager. Specific examples are used to illustrate approaches.
Evaluation of resistance form of dislodged crowns and retainers

Abstract Statement of problem. The concept of limiting taper has been described as a boundary between tapers that do and those that do not provide resistance form for a preparation. There is controversy as to whether this boundary that divides preparations with from those without resistance form translates clinically into a boundary for success. Purpose. This investigation evaluated the resistance form of abutments of crowns or retainers that have been dislodged to determine the clinical correlation between restoration dislodgment and lack of resistance form in the preparation. Material and methods. Dies were fabricated from single crowns and retainers of fixed partial dentures that came loose and evaluated for resistance form. A total of 44 abutments were evaluated and included 1 incisor, 15 premolars, and 28 molars. Data from a previous study on the percentage of abutments lacking resistance form for restorations leaving a large dental laboratory was used for comparative statistical tests. Results. Forty-two of the 44 abutments (95%) lacked resistance form. All molar abutments and 93% of premolar abutments lacked resistance form in one or more directions. The one incisor abutment did not lack resistance form. Chi-square test revealed a statistically significant difference in the percentage lacking resistance form between the group composed of clinical failures (uncemented crowns) and the group leaving a dental laboratory with P =.0005 for the molars, and P =.0005 for the premolars. Conclusion. The clinical dislodgment of cast restorations is associated with the lack of resistance form in the preparations. In this study, there was a relationship between clinical success or failure and the all-or-none nature of resistance form; dislodged crowns come almost exclusively from preparations with tapers that did not provide resistance form. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:405-9.)
GABA binding in brain after sleep and wakefulness

Abstract Triton X-100 treated membranes from brains of sleeping (non-rapid-eye movement) and awake hamsters specifically bind 3 H-GABA in equal quantities (cerebral cortex ≈ 180 fmole/mg protein; cerebellum ≈ 369 fmole/mg protein; upper brain stem ≈ 155 fmole/mg protein and pons-medulla ≈ 75 fmole/mg protein). This binding decreased gradually as 48,000 g supernatants from brains of animals kept awake for 0, 1, 2 and 4 hr were added to the incubation mixture and increased gradually when supernatants from brains of animals sleeping for 20 and 50 min were added. Experiments with boiled supernatant suggested that the brain of a sleeping hamster contains a thermolabile GABA binding activator whose concentration goes down as wakefulness progresses. Scatchard analysis of GABA binding in the presence of the supernatant from brains of sleeping and awake animals demonstrated that the supernatant from the sleeping brain (with respect to awake supernatant) (a) decreases K D1 (26%) for high affinity binding without any change in the corresponding B max i ; (b) increases both K D2 and the corresponding total number of binding sites B max 2 , (75% and 90%, respectively), for low affinity binding.
Palliative medicine fellows attend to compassion fatigue using John Stone’s ‘Talking to the Family’

For graduate medical education trainees, as well as contemporary practitioners, developing skills in recognizing compassion fatigue and practising self-care is vital to professional sustainability. The field of palliative medicine is no exception. In our fellowship programme, we use John Stone’s poem, ‘Talking to the Family,’ to engage trainees in a professional development workshop on personal experiences and strategies for self-care.
Sequence-specific DNA-binding activities of the gap proteins encoded by hunchback and Krüppel in Drosophila

THE segmentation of the Drosophila body plan depends on a hierarchy of interactions among ˜20–25 regulatory genes that are active in the early embryo (refs 1–4; for a review see ref. 5). The gap genes have a key role in this process and are responsible for the periodic expression of certain pair-rule genes6–8 and the localized expression of several homoeotic genes9–11. The two best characterized gap genes, hunchback (hb) and Kruppel (Kr) contain homologies with the zinc-finger DNA-binding motif12,13, although their mode of action in the early embryo is unknown. Here we report that both of the proteins encoded by these genes possess sequence-specific DNA-binding activities, which indicates that they might regulate gene expression at the level of transcription. The binding sites of the hb gene product are related by a 10-base pair (bp) consensus sequence, G/AC/CTAAAAAA, whereas the binding sites of the Kr gene product share a distinct 10-bp motif, AACGGGTTAA. It is possible that the hb and Kr proteins cooperatively regulate gene expression, because they are expressed in broad, overlapping gradients in the early embryo. We also provide evidence that the on/off periodicity of the pair-rule gene even-skipped (eve) 14,15 involves the interaction of the hb and Kr proteins with defined eve promoter elements16,17.
Isoscalar quarks and leptons in an eight-dimensional space

We present a model of isoscalar scalar quarks and leptons where family, quark-lepton, and color quantum numbers are generated by confining the particle with a harmonic-oscillator (HO) ``potential'' in an auxiliary (noncompact) four-dimensional Euclidean space R\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} $^{4}$. The field equation is (\ensuremath{\square}-\ensuremath{\square}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}+${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{4}$x\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} $^{2}$)\ensuremath{\psi}=0, where \ensuremath{\square} is the ordinary d'Alembertian, \ensuremath{\square}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} is the Laplacian in R\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} $^{4}$, and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{4}$ x\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} $^{2}$ is the HO potential. The R\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} $^{4}$ wave functions are basis functions for representations of SU(4)-symmetry operators.
The Advanced Light Source U8 beam line, 20--300 eV

The U8 is a beam line under construction at the Advanced Light Source (ALS). The beam line will be described along with calculations of its performance and its current status. An 8 cm period undulator is followed by two spherical collecting mirrors, an entrance slit, spherical gratings having a 15{degree} deviation angle, a moveable exit slit, and refocusing and branching mirrors. Internal water cooling is provided to the metal M1 and M2 mirrors as well as to the gratings. Calculations have been made of both the flux output and the resolution over its photon energy range of 20--300 eV. The design goal was to achieve high intensity, 10{sup 12} photons/sec, at a high resolving power of 10,000. The U8 Participating Research Team (PRT) is planning experiments involving the photoelectron spectroscopy of gaseous atoms and molecules, the spectroscopy of ions and actinide spectroscopy.
Colorimetric determination of N-acetylhexosamine-terminating O-glycosidically linked saccharides in mucins and glycoproteins.

Abstract A sensitive colorimetric assay for detecting mucins and glycoproteins rich in O-glycosidically linked saccharides is reported. The method combines the susceptibility of N-acetylgalactosamine terminating O-glycosidically linked saccharides to β-elimination with the Morgan-Elson reaction for N-acetylhexosamines with free reducing ends. All mucin and mucin-type glycoproteins but none of the serum-type glycoproteins tested resulted in characteristic color production. All mucins tested gave linear responses in the range 5 to 200 μg and the assay was also adapted to the microscale involving the use of 96-well microtiter plates. The microassay in which the volumes of samples and reagents are scaled down 2.5-fold was particularly useful in monitoring of mucins, in the presence of other glycoconjugates, in large numbers of samples obtained during fractionation procedures. Cesium chloride, cesium bromide, potassium thiocyanate, and various detergents do not interfere with the colorimetric determination. Guanidine hydrochloride, cesium trifluoroacetate, and β-mercaptoethanol decreased color by 30 to 45%; however, the interference was not serious to prevent the use of the method for detection of mucins in their presence. The use of the method for the specific detection of mucin during fractionation by gel filtration and density gradient centrifugation of cystic fibrosis sputum samples is demonstrated.
Mechanism of Cl secretion in canine trachea: Changes in intracellular chloride activity with secretion

Cl-sensitive microelectrodes were employed to investigate the mechanism of Cl secretion by canine tracheal epithelium. In control tissues with a mean calculated short-circuit current (Isc) of 18.1 μA/cm2, the intracellular Cl activity (aCli) was 47.2mm. This value is 30.1mm (or 27.0 mV) above the electrochemical equilibrium for Cl across the apical membrane. Epinephrine, which stimulates Cl secretion, increased the calculatedIsc to 160 μA/cm2 and decreasedaCli to 32.2mm, a value only 11.2mm (or 10.9 mV) above equilibrium for the apical membrane. These results indicate a secretagogue induced decrease in the impedance to Cl exit from the cell via the apical membrane. From these and prior measurements we calculate that epinephrine-induced Cl efflux from the cell can occur by simple diffusion across the apical membrane. Further implications of these calculations are also discussed.
An oligonucleotide microarray resource for transcriptional profiling of Bradyrhizobium japonicum

A DNA microarray, comprising 70-mer oligonucleotides, representing 8,453 open reading frames (ORFs), was constructed based on the Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA110 genomic sequence. New annotation predicted 199 additional genes, which were added to the microarray and were shown to be transcribed. These arrays were used to profile transcription in cells under a variety of conditions, including growth in minimal versus rich medium, osmotic stress, and free-living cells versus bacteroids. Increased expression was seen for genes involved in translation, motility, and cell envelope synthesis in rich medium whereas expression increased in minimal medium for genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and stress responses. Treatment with 50 mM NaCl activated stress-inducible genes but repressed genes involved in chemotaxis and motility. Strikingly, no known transport systems for accumulation of compatible solutes or osmoprotectants were induced in response to osmotic stress. A number of nif, fix, and hup genes, but not all, were upregulated in bacteroids. The B. japonicum type III secretion system, known to be important in early nodulation, was downregulated in bacteroids. The availability of a reliable, low-cost B. japonicum microarray provides a useful tool for functional genomic studies of one of the most agriculturally important bacteria.
Robot trajectory planning using a genetic algorithm

In this paper, we studied the trajectory generation problem for a two-degrees-of-freedom robot in a workspace with obstacles. To generate the robot's trajectories, we developed a genetic algorithm to search for valid solutions in the configuration space. Our results present a novel perspective on the problem not seen in the conventional robot trajectory planners. The genetic algorithm approach is beneficial because it may be extended to plan trajectories for robots with more degrees of freedom. The evolutionary search process may allow the user to solve the trajectory problem in an n-dimensional space where the 'curse of dimensionality' inevitably stalls conventional methods. We demonstrate the algorithm with some examples and discuss the possible extension to higher order problems.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hepatic oxygen supply in reversible and irreversible hemorrhagic shock

Abstract Data has been collected in a manner that clarifies the degree to which hepatic oxygen supply is affected during the circumstances of reversible and irreversible hemorrhagic shock. The liver PO2 estimations support the concept that the liver is largely hypoxic during hemorrhagic hypotension. Subsequent nonsurvival is correlated with depressed hepatic reoxygenation and persisting lactic acidosis following retransfusion of all shed blood. By contrast, survivors established significant levels of hepatic PO2 and reversed their acidotic state. We believe the profile of hepatic oxygen supply presented should contribute to the interpretation of alterations of hepatic function reported in other hemorrhagic shock studies.
The first decade of continuous progress in retinal transplantation

In recent months, neural fetal retina has been transplanted into blind human patients affected by Retinitis Pigmentosa. Initial success, as documented by improved visual activity, has been reported (del Cerro et al., Neuroscience Abstract, 1996). With the rapid progress in human patients, additional questions are arising concerning transplantation issues. Additional answers and further success in treating clinical disease will necessarily come from new laboratory research in animal models as well as in vitro systems. This increases the need for evaluation of the data already gathered over the first decade of retinal transplantation. The extensive experimental background work that preceded the current wave of human retinal transplants is reviewed in this paper, with particular emphasis given to the work dealing with the transplantation of neural retina. Microsc Res Tech 36:130–141, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Threading Dislocation Density on the Gate Leakage of AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures for High Electron Mobility Transistors

AlGaN/GaN heterostructures were regrown on three semi-insulating GaN templates with threading dislocation densities of ~2×1010, ~5×108, and ~5×107 cm-2. Regrowths were carried out under Ga-rich conditions by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy to determine the effects of threading dislocation density on leakage through Schottky contacts on the AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. A similar AlGaN/GaN heterostructure was directly grown on 4H-SiC under Ga-rich conditions for comparison with the regrown heterostructures. High electron mobility transistors were fabricated. Decreasing the threading dislocation density from ~2×1010 to ~5×107 cm-2 yielded up to a 45-fold decrease in the average reverse Schottky diode current at -10 V bias.