cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of death rates to evaluate cardiovascular screening tests.

W hen society faces a health problem of increasing magnitude, research into all methods of control is necessary and worth while. Diseases of the cardiovascular system, which caused 903,270 deaths (54 per cent of all deaths) in the United States in 19.59,’ form such a problem. This group of diseases is the foremost cause of death in most of the advanced countries. Enormous resources have been used to attack this problem, and few can complain that the research effort is inadequate. However, most research has aimed at the “primary prevention” of cardiovascular disease-seeking the etiological factors responsible for the various disease processes. This direction of attack is undoubtedly the more satisfying to physicians, but it is impossible to predict how soon practical control measures will evolve. It would seem wise, therefore, to place some effort and funds into the relative11 neglected aspect of “secondary prevention”----the detection and treatment of disease at the earliest possible stage. This control method is intellectually less satisfying, since the cardiovascular system is already damaged, and the task is one of repair while the etiology of the disease remains unknown. Nevertheless, secondary prevention may soon provide useful control methods, since considerable strides have already been made despite its relative neglect. Cardiovascular disease is treated only when the patient or his physician recognizes the need for medical care. Since much cardiovascular disease passes through a prolonged asymptomatic phase, an abundant need for treatment is unmet in the population of the United States. Thus, multiple screening has been devised as a method of secondary prevention, to separate persons with this need, without requiring the total adult population to be examined periodically by physicians. Multiple screening uses two or more tests to sort out persons who probably have abnormalities from those who probably do not. Its immediate aim is to refer for medical care those with positive test results. In spite of the early treatment of disease, however, it is obvious that those who have been screened will continue to die for various reasons. Screening tests do not detect all asymptomatic cardiovascular disease, and medical care is not sufficient11 advanced to control all diagnosed conditions. Also, physicians may fail to diagnose some conditions which exist in those with positive tests, and new conditions may arise after screening, to remain undetected for some time. Since persons with positive tests will have more cardiovascular disease than
Hydrogen bonding and C-H...O interactions in 2-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-benzoic acid at 150 K

The title acid, C19H16O2, crystallized in the centrosymmetric space group Pnna with three mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit (apparently the first reported instance of Z′ = 3 in this space group). Four intermolecular hydrogen bonds have OD⋯OA distances of 2.660 (2), 2.594 (2), 2.633 (2) and 2.646 (2) A, and angles of 177 (2), 179 (2), 175 (2) and 175 (2)°. The four hydrogen bonds form two R{_2^2}(8) cyclic dimers, one about a twofold axis. Five leading intermolecular C—H⋯O interactions are present. Although first- and second-level graph sets involving these nine interactions are dominated by finite patterns, a three-dimensional network becomes evident upon analysis of higher-level graphs. A number of intramolecular C—H⋯O interactions are also present.
Effect of age on the incidence of venous thromboembolism after major surgery.

Summary. Background: Most guidelines for administration of thromboprophylaxis after major surgery use age as a major predictor of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE). We sought to quantify the effect of age on the risk of symptomatic VTE after a spectrum of surgical procedures. Methods: Using the California Patient Discharge Data Set and specific ICD-9-CM surgical procedure codes, we retrospectively determined the incidence of VTE diagnosed within 91 days after 40 different urgent or elective surgeries performed in the hospital between 1992 and 1996. Logistic regression was used to quantify the effect of age on the incidence of postoperative VTE and to adjust for other risk factors. Results: 1 464 452 cases underwent one of 40 different procedures (mean cases per procedure = 35 718, range 4500–145 500). There was a significant interaction between age and the type of surgery performed (P<0.0001). Qualitative analysis of the effect of age on the incidence of VTE stratified by the presence or absence of malignancy revealed three general patterns: a steady increase in the incidence of VTE with age, exemplified by appendectomy or cholecystectomy; an increase in VTE up to approximately age 65 with no increase thereafter, exemplified by total hip arthroplasty; and no effect of age on the incidence of VTE, exemplified by vascular surgery. Conclusions: The relationship between age and the risk of VTE after surgery is complex and depends on the nature of the surgery and the underlying pathologic process. Advancing age was a significant predictor for VTE following surgeries performed for conditions not inherently associated with significant comorbidity. Conversely, advancing age was not associated with a higher incidence of VTE after surgeries performed for conditions strongly associated with serious underlying comorbidity, such as a malignancy or severe peripheral vascular disease.
Right Aortic Arch with Isolation of Left Innominate Artery

A new entity of right aortic arch with isolation of the left innominate artery is described in a three-day-old boy with complete endocardial cushion defect Embryologically, this type of anomaly will result if the interruption of the embryonic left aortic arch occurs at two sites, one between the left ductus arteriosus and the descending aorta and the other between the ascending aorta and the left common carotid artery. Absence of pulse in the left arm and on the left side of the neck strongly suggests this anomaly. The aortogram and pulmonary arteriogram may confirm the diagnosis of this anomaly during life.
Brillouin Scatter in Laser-Produced Plasmas

The absorption of intense laser light is found to be reduced when targets are irradiated by 1.06-\ensuremath{\mu} m light with long pulse widths (150-400 ps) and large focal spots (100-250 \ensuremath{\mu}m). Estimates of Brillouin scatter which account for the finite heat capacity of the underdense plasma predict this reduction. Spectra of the back-reflected light show red shifts indicative of Brillouin scattering.
Urinary bile acids and peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency.

The biosynthesis of normal bile acids involves beta-oxidation of the 8-carbon side-chain of cholesterol, in addition to numerous modifications of the sterol nucleus. Because beta-oxidation of the sterol side-chain has been localized to the peroxisome, bile acid analysis has been suggested to be useful in the diagnostic evaluation of individuals suspected of having peroxisomal disorders. Although data from subjects with generalized peroxisomal disorders support this, few data exist regarding the bile acids in individuals having single peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzyme disorders. In this study, we analyzed the urinary bile acids from 12 patients with peroxisomal bifunctional protein deficiency using continuous flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. All 12 patients had abnormal spectral, although their iron profiles and rank order of intensity of ions varied considerably. Ten of 12 individuals had abnormal spectra with presence of taurine-conjugated tetrahydroxycholestenoates, allowing a definite diagnosis of a peroxisomal beta-oxidation defect and a presumptive diagnosis of bifunctional protein deficiency; the other two cases were nondiagnostically abnormal. The strengths and limitations of urinary bile acid analysis for the diagnosis of peroxisomal beta-oxidation disorders are discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optomechanical nonlinearity enhanced optical sensors

We propose and investigate an ultra-sensitive optical sensor system based on optomechanically induced nonlinear effects in high-Q optical resonators. In both dispersive and dissipative optomechanical systems, a positive feedback is formed between the optical resonance frequency and the mechanical displacement, which results in nonlinear transmission spectra different from a Lorentzian profile. Given the same resonator design, the optomechanical nonlinearity can increase the overall sensitivity by at least two orders of magnitude. Further improvement is possible by employing the phase sensitive detection. For the stable operation of the proposed sensor, we also analyze the requirement on the input power and the optomechanical coupling rate to overcome the thermal-optically induced frequency shift.
Interest Arbitration in the Federal Service

The binding decisions of the Federal Service Impasses Panel are examined through logistic regression and discriminate function analysis. A sample of eighty-four issues decided by the Panel between 1987 and 1999 were coded for content to identify factors influencing Panel decision making. Seven standards are posited as having influence over Panel decisions. The article concludes that the decision processes of the Panel are subject to various arguments used by labor and management, and the impact of these processes on Panel decision making varies by party. Further, final offer procedures are the dominant procedure used by the Panel. Finally, it appears the Panel may weight the arguments of the parties differently depending on the issue in dispute.
Neural network approach to star-field recognition

Automatic recognition of stellar fields viewed by an imaging camera has numerous applications ranging from spacecraft navigation to pointing of spaceborne instruments. The usual approach to recognition is to develop an efficient algorithm for matching stars identified in the imager's field of view with star data recorded in an onboard catalog. Matching stars within a field of view with corresponding stars stored in a catalog requires finding a subset of the stars in the catalog that have positions and magnitudes that match those of the stars in the field of view. This paper presents a neural network approach to the problem of star field recognition. A Hopfield neural network is used to find a subset of the stars in the catalog that provides a good match to stars in the imager's field of view. The matching process employs a compatibility function, similar to a fuzzy membership function, to grade the similarity between stars in the field of view and those in the catalog. © (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Complex Interaction of Spectroscopic Shifts and Electronic Properties in Semiconductor Nanocrystal Films

Absorption spectroscopy has traditionally served as a powerful technique for the study of solution synthesized semiconductor nanocrystals, enabling information on the size, dispersity, concentration, and overall quality of a sample to be obtained quickly and easily. When thin, densely packed films of these materials are produced through ligand exchange, spectroscopic shifts to both higher and lower energy are observed. Reduction of the internanocrystal distance can result in both a change to the overall dielectric constant of the film as well as increased electronic coupling, producing a redshift. At the same time, surface oxidation has the effect of increasing the confinement, producing a blueshift. This Perspective focuses on PbSe, a material of current interest, and the potential for correlating these spectroscopic shifts to optoelectronic properties, highlighting both recent work in the literature and areas in need of additional study.
Double duty for sex differences in the brain

Sex differences have been found in the anatomy of brains of a wide variety of vertebrates including humans. Common lore tells us that sex differences in the brain cause sex differences in behavior. This review entertains the possibility that sex differences in the brain may also do the exact opposite. Specifically, sex differences may allow males and females to display remarkably similar behaviors, despite major differences in their physiological and hormonal conditions. First, the difficulties in interpreting the relationship between structure and function will be illustrated by discussing the role of the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic area (MPOA) in male sexual behavior and parental behavior. Second, the sexually dimorphic vasopressin innervation of the brain will be presented as a system that appears to promote as well as prevent sex differences in behavior. Finally, basic and clinical aspects of sex differences in human brains will be discussed.
Two new species of Eimeria Schneider, 1875 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from emerald tree skinks, Lamprolepis smaragdina (Lesson) (Sauria: Scincidae) from Papua New Guinea and the Philippines.

Two new species of Eimeria Schneider, 1875, from emerald tree skinks, Lamprolepis smaragdina (Lesson) are described from specimens collected in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the Philippines. Oocysts of Eimerianuiailan n. sp. from the only L. smaragdina from PNG are ovoidal, with a smooth, colourless, bi-layered wall, measure 23.7 × 19.1 μm, and have a length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.3; both micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but a fragmented polar granule is present. Sporocysts are ovoidal to ellipsoidal, 11.9 × 7.0 μm, L/W 1.7, and the wall is composed of two valves joined by a longitudinal suture; neither Stieda nor sub-Stieda bodies are present; a sporocyst residuum is present as a compact mass of granules. Sporozoites are elongate, 14.6 × 2.6 μm, and contain anterior and posterior refractile bodies with a nucleus between them. Oocysts of Eimeriaauffenbergi n. sp. from L. smaragdina collected in the Philippines are ovoidal, with a smooth, colourless, bi-layered wall, measure 19.9 × 15.8 μm, L/W 1.3; both micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but one to four polar granules are present. Sporocysts are ovoidal to ellipsoidal, 10.3 × 5.8 μm, L/W 1.8, and the wall is composed of two valves joined by a longitudinal suture; neither Stieda nor sub-Stieda bodies are present; a sporocyst residuum is composed of dispersed granules.
Supplemental Pavement Markings for Improving Safety at Railroad–Highway Grade Crossings:

An evaluation was performed of special X-box pavement marking configurations at railroad-highway grade crossings, originally used in several European countries. The intent is to provide motorists with supplemental visual cues about whether sufficient space is available for safe storage of a vehicle beyond the track for a motorist to proceed across. It is intended for application where nearby intersections can cause queues to back up to the track. These conspicuous markings, configured as an X in a box, were tested at two Florida locations, one in an urban area and one in a rural area, over a 1 1/2-year period. The rates of cars hazardously stopping on or closely adjacent to the railroad tracks at the crossings were compared under pre- and postinstallation conditions. Results at the rural location showed a decline of more than 60% in hazardous stoppage rates over an extended period. No significant differences were found between the pre- and postinstallation tests at the urban location. A control site was utilized near the crossing in the urban location, and it showed no significant differences between the two test periods that were concurrent with the analysis at the treated site. Recommendations are provided for application of these markings at grade crossing sites in rural and urban locations.
The effect of shellfish in the diet upon the plasma lipid levels in humans

In order to document any hypercholesterolemic effects from the ingestion of shellfish, 6 normal men were given two diets containing different shellfish, each preceded by a low cholesterol baseline diet. Diet I contained 449 mg cholesterol per day from lobster, crab, and shrimp. Diet II contained clam, oyster, and scallop and provided 447 mg of sterols of which cholesterol constituted only 40 percent. The other sterols are uniquely characteristic of these shellfish (i.e. brassicasterol, 24-methylene cholesterol, etc.). In a second study, 2 normal men and 1 type II hypercholesterolemic woman were fed the baseline diet and shellfish diet II to provide 623 mg of sterols per day. The plasma cholesterol of the 6 subjects averaged 184 ± 35 mg/dl during baseline diet, 192 ± 35 mg/dl in shellfish diet I (p < 0.05) and 182 ± 24 mg/dl during shellfish diet II. In the second study, the plasma cholesterol of the 2 normal men did not change. The cholesterol of the hypercholesterolemic woman increased from 311 mg/dl (baseline) to 352 during the shellfish diet (p < 0.05). Plasma triglyceride levels remained unchanged. Our data indicated that large quantities of lobster, crab, and shrimp were only mildly hypercholesterolemic in normals, but less so than other cholesterol-containing foods. Clams, oysters, and scallops were not hypercholesterolemic in normal subjects but were in a hypercholesterolemic patient.
Enhancement of Molecular Quadratic Hyperpolarizabilities in Ruthenium(II) 4,4‘-Bipyridinium Complexes by N-Phenylation

The new compounds N-phenyl-4,4‘-bipyridinium (PhQ+), N-(4-acetylphenyl)-4,4‘-bipyridinium (4-AcPhQ+), and N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4,4‘-bipyridinium (2,4-DNPhQ+), together with the known ligand N-methyl-4,4‘-bipyridinium (MeQ+), have been used to prepare a series of Ru(II) complex salts trans-[Ru(NH3)4(LD)(LA)](PF6)3 [LD = NH3 and LA = MeQ+ (1), PhQ+ (2), 4-AcPhQ+ (3), or 2,4-DNPhQ+ (4); LD = 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (dmap) and LA = PhQ+ (7) or 4-AcPhQ+ (11); LD = 1-methylimidazole (mim) and LA = PhQ+ (8) or 4-AcPhQ+ (12); LD = 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (dmabn) and LA = PhQ+ (9) or 4-AcPhQ+ (13); LD = phenothiazine (PTZ) and LA = PhQ+ (10) or 4-AcPhQ+ (14)]. These complexes display intense, visible metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorptions, due to dπ(RuII) → π*(LA) excitations. The MLCT energy decreases as the acceptor strength of LA increases, in the order MeQ+ < PhQ+ < 4-AcPhQ+ < 2,4-DNPhQ+, and/or as the donor strength of LD increases, in the order PTZ < dmabn < NH3 < mim < dmap. X-ray cryst...
1777 NEW LIGHT ON STUDIES OF CHEST WALL DISTORTION

Chest wall distortion (CWD) has been studied with magnetometers, strain gauges, and inductance plethysmography – all methods for estimating the volume excursion of the chest wall (CW). To quantitatively describe the movement and volume changes of the CW, we developed a system to optically map the CW of small infants. We project a grid onto the torso, and view the infant with a video camera from an angle of 45° from the axis of the projected grid. The video information is later played back frame-by-frame, and a cursor is superimposed on the intersections of the grid to determine their positions. The viewing angle and the calibration of the projector and camera are used to calculate 130 X-Y-Z coordinates for the surface. We studied an infant with this system, weighing 1980g. The right half of the CW was divided into four axial slices, 1.4 cm thick, located in the upper, middle, lower, and costal portion of the CW. Volume changes of each slice were calculated at 4 equally spaced times during 5 breaths, expressed in ml, as the difference from end-expiration. The total volume of the slices represents the overall CW volume change. The uncertainty of the volume measurements was ±3.6%, based on measurements of test objects. The variability of the volumes from breath to breath averaged ±5.4% of the volumes shown. The upper and lower CW moved paradoxically during inspiration, with an overshoot in expiration, whereas the middle CW moved paradoxically throughout breathing. The costal portion had no paradox. The total CW volume is consistent both in pattern and volume change with estimates made with the inductance plethysmograph.
Bibliometric analysis of biotechnology research in Pakistan

In this study we present an analysis of the research trends in Pakistan in the field of biotechnology for the period 1980---2011. Starting with just 15 publications in 1980 with a negligible annual growth rate for the initial 15 years, the number of publications reached 3,273 in 2011 with an annual growth rate of 22 % for the last 15 years. This growth in publications is studied through factors such as Relative Growth Rate and Doubling Time. A comparison of organizations actively engaged in research in biotechnology is made through factors such as their total publications, total citations, and average citations per paper and indices that determine the quality of publications like h-index, g-index, hg-index and p-index. University of Karachi shows the highest number of publications (2,698), while National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering with fewer publications shows the highest average citation per paper (8.07). Agha Khan University however, shows the highest h, g, hg and p indices.
4-Azolylphenyl isoxazoline insecticides acting at the GABA gated chloride channel

Isoxazoline insecticides have been shown to be potent blockers of insect GABA receptors with excellent activity on a broad pest range, including Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Herein we report on the synthesis, biological activity and mode-of-action for a class of 4-heterocyclic aryl isoxazoline insecticides.
Increased plasma nitric oxide, L-arginine, and arginase-1 in cirrhotic patients with progressive renal dysfunction

Background and Aims: Increased levels of nitric oxide (NO) are hypothesized to contribute to renal dysfunction in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. In this study, we examined whether splanchnic and/or peripheral NO levels and L-arginine (L-Arg) correlate with progressive renal dysfunction in cirrhotics. Methods: Serum NO metabolites (NOx) and L-Arg were measured in: controls (n = 10); organ donors (n = 12); compensated cirrhotics (n = 17), cirrhotics with ascites (n = 25), refractory ascites (n = 11) or hepatorenal syndrome type II (HRS) (n = 11) and chronic renal failure patients (n = 18). Results: Plasma NOx and L-Arg levels rose progressively with worsening renal function in decompensated cirrhotics. Both NOx and L-Arg levels were highest in patients with HRS (P < 0.001 and P < 0.025, respectively). While there were no differences in NOx levels related to the site of sampling, L-Arg levels were lowest in hepatic venous blood. There were significant relationships of NOx and L-Arg with Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score and Child-Pugh scores (P < 0.04 and P < 0.01, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between NOx, L-Arg and HRS. Conclusion: Worsening renal function in decompensated cirrhosis is accompanied by progressive elevation in plasma NOx and L-Arg. These findings support the hypothesis that NO-mediated vasodilation is probably linked with the mechanism of progressive renal failure in decompensated cirrhotics.
Main and Interactive Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity and Physical Distress Intolerance with Regard to PTSD Symptoms Among Trauma-Exposed Smokers

The present study examined the roles of anxiety sensitivity (AS; the tendency to misinterpret physical internal sensations of harmful) and distress tolerance (the capacity to tolerate aversive stimuli) in terms of the expression of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among a sample of trauma-exposed, treatment-seeking tobacco smokers (n = 137; Mage = 37.7 years, 48.2% female). It was hypothesized that higher AS and lower physical distress tolerance would interact to predict greater PTSD avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms. Results were partially consistent with this prediction. Specifically, there was a significant interactive effect of AS by physical distress tolerance in terms of PTSD hyperarousal symptom cluster severity. The form of the interaction was in the expected direction, with the highest levels of PTSD hyperarousal symptoms reported among smokers with higher levels of AS and a lower capacity to tolerate physical distress. Findings underscore the importance of considering AS and physi...
Intrauterine exposure to high saturated fat diet elevates risk of adult-onset chronic diseases in C57BL/6 mice.

BACKGROUND: The developmental environment is thought to determine, in part, lifelong metabolic parameters and risk of adult disease. Effects of maternal malnutrition on fetal growth have been studied extensively, and the role of poor prenatal diet in elevating lifelong risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease has been well characterized (www.thebarkertheory.com). However, the contribution of gestational high saturated fat diet (HFD) to adult-onset metabolic disease and skeletal dysfunction has only recently been recognized, and as such is incompletely understood. METHODS: The present study evaluates the pathophysiologic mechanisms linking gestational HFD (approximating the macronutrient content of fast food) and elevated oxidative stress (OS) to adult-onset skeletal, cardiovascular, and metabolic dysfunction. RESULTS: Results of this study demonstrate that adult offspring of dams fed HFD during pregnancy exhibited adult hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and hypertension, despite being fed healthy standard rodent chow throughout postnatal life. These offspring also showed significantly lower femoral epiphyseal average bone mineral density (ABMD) at 6 months of age, and dysregulation of distal femoral trabecular architecture at 12 months of age, characteristic of osteoporosis. Incidence of these adult-onset adverse skeletal and metabolic effects was reduced by supplementing the pregnant dam with the antioxidant (quercetin, Q) during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these data suggest that offspring of dams who consume a diet rich in saturated fats during pregnancy are at increased risk of adult-onset chronic disease. Additionally, these chronic diseases were determined to be in-part OS-mediated, and preventable by increasing a prenatal dietary antioxidant; this knowledge offers both a putative mechanism of disease pathogenesis and suggests a potential preventive strategy. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 86:377–384, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Abstract IA08: PTEN and PI3K signaling in brain development and disease

Virtually all adult glioblastomas contain somatic mutations resulting in elevated activity of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/Ras/PI3K signaling axis, including common loss of function mutations in PTEN, activating mutations in PIK3CA encoding p110α, the catalytic subunit of PI3Kα, or mutations in PIK3R1, encoding p85α, the regulatory subunit of PI3K. Despite an important role in sporadic glioblastoma, germline PTEN mutations do not confer an increased genetic susceptibility to brain tumors. However, inherited mutation of PTEN is associated with macrocephaly and neurological abnormalities including seizures, ataxia, autism and Lhermitte-Duclos disease. Mouse models further demonstrate that PTEN plays an essential role in development, homeostasis, and tumor suppression in the mammalian brain. Recently, germline or somatic mutations in multiple components of the PI3K signaling pathway were identified in human megalencephaly syndromes without apparent association with cancer predisposition, including mutations in PIK3CA, AKT3, PIK3R2, and MTOR. Mouse models that demonstrate the varying contributions of PI3K pathway members in brain development or tumorigenesis, and show context-dependent roles for PI3K signaling will be discussed. Citation Format: Suzanne J. Baker. PTEN and PI3K signaling in brain development and disease. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Susceptibility and Cancer Susceptibility Syndromes; Jan 29-Feb 1, 2014; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(23 Suppl):Abstract nr IA08. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CANSUSC14-IA08
Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical consequences of “doping” zinc tetraphenylporphyrin with axial PI acid ligands

Abstract The effect of axial ligands of a pi acid character on films of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin is described. The studies used electrochemical and photoelectrochemical methods to characterize the behaviour of “doped” porphyrin films deposited on optically transparent electrodes of tin oxide. Flatband potentials are shifted by the axial ligands. Rates of the electron transfer at the electrolyte interface are somewhat increased. Photocurrents depend on film thickness in a way that may be interpreted in terms of the model which has explained behaviour of a number of organic photovoltaic assemblies. This involves variation of the quantum yield for charge separation at the tin oxide/film interface and changes in the excited state lifetimes which influence the efficiency of energy transport to the interface. Some evidence is presented for the accumulation of a steady-state concentration of porphyrin cation radical in the film.
The charged sialic acid exhibits its power again: a new high-throughput screening technology

In this issue, the Withers laboratory takes advantage of the negatively charged sialic acid to develop a high-throughput screening technology that can be used for evolving glycosyltransferases with new enzymatic activities.
Continued Development of the Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Computational Aeroacoustic Applications

The formulation and the implementation of boundary conditions within the context of the quadrature-free form of the discontinuous Galerkin method are presented for several types of boundary conditions for the Euler equations. An important feature of the discontinuous Galerkin method is that the interior point algorithm is well behaved in the neighborhood of the boundary and requires no modifications. This feature leads to a simple and accurate treatment for wall boundary conditions and simple inflow and outflow boundary conditions. Curved walls are accurately treated with only minor changes to the implementation described in earlier work. The 'perfectly matched layer' approach to nonreflecting boundary conditions is easily applied to the discontinuous Galerkin. The compactness of the discontinuous Galerkin method makes it better suited for buffer-zone-type methods than high-order finite-difference methods. Results are presented for wall, characteristic inflow and outflow, and nonreflecting boundary conditions.
Inhibition of cellular protein secretion by picornaviral 3A proteins

During poliovirus infection, anterograde traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi is inhibited due to the action of 3A, an 87 amino acid viral protein. The ability of poliovirus protein 3A to inhibit ER-to-Golgi traffic is not required for virus growth. Instead, we have suggested that the inhibition of host protein secretion, shown to reduce the secretion of interferon-beta, IL-6, and IL-8 and the expression of both newly synthesized MHC class I and TNF receptor in the plasma membrane of infected cells, affects growth in host organisms. To determine whether the ability of poliovirus 3A to inhibit ER-to-Golgi traffic is conserved, the ability of 3A proteins from several picornaviruses, including human rhinovirus 14, foot-and-mouth disease virus, enterovirus 71, hepatitis A, and Theiler's virus, was tested. Only the 3A proteins from another poliovirus, Sabin 3, and closely related coxsackievirus B3 inhibited ER-to-Golgi traffic as effectively as the 3A protein from poliovirus Mahoney type 1. Site-directed mutagenesis based on these findings and the three-dimensional structure of the amino-terminal domain of poliovirus 3A protein revealed that residues in the unstructured amino terminus of 3A are critical for the inhibition of host protein secretion.
Forecasting consumer adoption of information technology and services—lessons from home video forecasting

Prevoir l'adoption et l'utilisation des nouvelles technologies reste une science inexacte. L'etude de la pertinence de previsions faites dans le passe montre bien la force et les faiblesses de la prospective. Certes la technologie video a deja bien investie les foyers mais elle continue d'evoluer. Cet article presente une recherche et une analyse critique de 29 rapports prospectifs sur le marche video grand public depuis 1960. Les previsions fausses ou correctes sont discutees. (INTD)
The Effect of Early Natural Exposure to Marek’s Disease on Immunization of Breeders by Vaccination

Abstract The possibility that parental antibodies to Marek’s disease might be induced by vaccination was suggested by the studies of Burmester (1955) and workers at Arbor Acres Farm (Anonymous, 1968). Using repeated intramuscular vaccinations of susceptible growing pullet breeders with JM virus inoculum, Ball et al. (1970) achieved a marked resistance to Marek’s disease in chicks from vaccinated breeders. This resistance was shown to be due to an increased parental antibody level at hatching time. A subsequent test to refine the vaccination procedure indicates that breeders which experienced a heavy natural exposure during the growing period (40% Marek’s disease to 14 weeks of age), were refractory to vaccination. In this test, day-old chicks of similar breeding types were divided into 10 lots. Lot X was grown in relative isolation with very low losses from Marek’s disease and was not vaccinated. Lots 1, 3 through 10 were grown in a building where…
Enumerating isodiametric and isoperimetric polygons

For a positive integer n that is not a power of 2, precisely the same family of convex polygons with n sides is optimal in three different geometric problems. These polygons have maximal perimeter relative to their diameter, maximal width relative to their diameter, and maximal width relative to their perimeter. We study the number of different convex n-gons E(n) that are extremal in these three isodiametric and isoperimetric problems. We first characterize the extremal set in terms of polynomials with {-1,0,1} coefficients by investigating certain Reuleaux polygons. We then analyze the number of dihedral compositions of an integer to derive a lower bound on E(n) by obtaining a precise count of the qualifying polygons that exhibit a certain periodic structure. In particular, we show that E(n)>[email protected]?2^n^/^p if p is the smallest odd prime divisor of n. Further, we obtain an exact formula for E(n) in some special cases, and show that E(n)=1 if and only if n=p or n=2p for some odd prime p. We also compute the precise value of E(n) for several integers by enumerating the sporadic polygons that occur in the extremal set.
Undergraduate Psychology's Scientific Identity Dilemma: Student and Instructor Interests and Attitudes

Could the same interests that draw many students to psychology also predict departure from the major? I present a comparison of students and instructors with respect to professional interests and views of the scientific nature of psychology (Study 1) and an examination of the link between student interests and persistence in the major (Study 2). Instructors more than students tend to view psychology as scientific, instructors report greater scientist interests whereas students are more interested in practitioner activities, and students with the greatest interest in practitioner activities are actually at increased risk of changing majors. Psychology departments may need to find a curricular balance between scientific emphasis and student satisfaction.
Velocity profiles for plate withdrawal at high speeds

A simplified Navier-Stokes equation is applied to the solution of the velocity profile in the liquid meniscus adhering to long flat supports withdrawn continuously from baths of quiescent liquids. The inertial term is included using an Oseen approximation, the inhomogeneous boundary condition is transformed, and the resulting differential equation is solved by the method of eigenfunction expansions. The series describing the velocity profile and volume flowrate are both found to be rapidly convergent.
Cumulative Adversity in Childhood and Emergent Risk Factors for Long-Term Health

Objective To examine whether and when effects of cumulative adversity in the first 7 years of life are evident in relation to 3 childhood markers of risk for poor adult physical health. Study design The study data are from an English birth cohort. Parental reports of 8 social risk factors were obtained during the child's first 7 years, and scores were created to reflect cumulative adversity at 4 developmental periods. At age 7 and 11 years, weight, height, and blood pressure (BP) were measured by clinic staff, and caregivers reported behavior problems. Linear regression was used to estimate associations of cumulative adversity with each outcome (n = 4361) and changes in these outcomes between 7 and 11 years (n = 3348). Results At age 7 years, mean adversity and chronic exposure to high adversity were associated with elevated body mass index (BMI) and internalizing and externalizing symptoms ( P P P Conclusion Cumulative adversity was associated with BMI and behavior problems at age 7 years, and our data indicate that timing and chronicity of exposure to adversity differentially influence diverse indicators of long-term health risk commonly measured in childhood. This research suggests the hypothesis that interventions to address adversity could reduce the development of multiple chronic disease risk factors and limit their effects on health.
IV Versus Non-IV Drug use and Selected Patient Variables Related to AIDS Risk Behaviors

A sample of 206 drug users volunteered for a survey questionnaire of AIDS-related risk behaviors. The Risk Behavior Inventory (RBI) was used to elicit self-report information on risk behaviors including drug use, needle use, and sexual practices. Non-IV cocaine users reported less risk behaviors than patients involved in IV drug use. Nevertheless, non-IV users remained substantially at risk for HIV exposure because of sexual practices and sexual interaction with IV drug users. Multiple regression analysis indicated that method of drug administration (IV vs non-IV) was the major contributor of accountable variance in risk behaviors, while other patient variables, such as age, gender, educational level, employment, and marital status, did not contribute significantly to the explained variance.
Hepatocellular carcinoma in a North American population: does hepatobiliary MR imaging with Gd-EOB-DTPA improve sensitivity and confidence for diagnosis?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the value of hepatobiliary phase imaging for detection and characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in liver MRI with Gd-EOB-DTPA, in a North American population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred MRI examinations performed with the intravenous injection of Gd-EOB-DTPA in patients with cirrhosis were reviewed retrospectively. Nodules were classified as HCC (n = 70), indeterminate (n = 33), or benign (n = 22). Five readers independently reviewed each examination with and without hepatobiliary phase images (HBP). Lesion conspicuity scores were compared between the two readings. Lesion detection, confidence scores, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were compared. RESULTS: Lesion detection was slightly improved for all lesion types with the inclusion of the HBP, and was substantially higher for small HCCs (96.0% versus 85.3%). Mean confidence scores for the diagnosis of HCC increased for HCCs overall and each size category (P < 0.001). Diagnostic performance improved with the addition of the HBP (aggregate AROC 87.7% versus 80.0%, P < 0.01), and sensitivity for characterization improved (90.9% versus 78.3%, P < 0.01) while specificity was unchanged. CONCLUSION: Hepatobiliary phase imaging may improve small lesion detection (<1 cm) and characterization of lesions in general, in MRI of the cirrhotic liver with Gd-EOB-DTPA.
Nonlinear I ( V ) characteristics of Luttinger liquids and gated Hall bars

Nonlinear current voltage characteristics of a disordered Luttinger liquid are calculated using a perturbative formalism. One finds the nonuniversal power-law characteristics of the form I(V)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{V}}^{1/(2\mathit{g}\mathrm{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1)}$, which is valid both in the superfluid phase when I is small and also in the insulator phase when I is large. Mesoscopic voltage fluctuations are also calculated. One finds Var(\ensuremath{\Delta}V)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{I}}^{4\mathit{g}\mathrm{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. Both the I(V) characteristic and the voltage fluctuations exhibit universal power-law behavior at the superfluid insulator transition where g\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}=3/2. The possible application of these results to the nonlinear transport properties of gated Hall bars is discussed.
The Elderly In Five Nations: The Importance Of Universal Coverage

ABSTRACT: This paper reports 1999 survey results on the population age sixty-five and older in five nations—Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The majority of respondents were generally satisfied with the quality, affordability, and availability of health services in their nations. In many measures of access to and cost of care, the United States looks much like the other nations surveyed. However, as the elderly view their health systems, the direction they have taken in recent years with respect to caring for the elderly, and the future affordability of care in old age, U.S. respondents tended to be more pessimistic than were those in other nations.
Getting Help With Housework Household Resources and Social Networks

Research on household labor typically has focused on housework performed by spouses, occasionally including children and other household members. Help from outsiders has been studied separately in research on kin networks or paid help. The author investigate conditions under which households receive outside formal or informal help using data for a probability sample of middle-aged and older persons living in a variety of household types. Most housework is performed by household members; outside help with cleaning, yard care, and/or household repair is most common. Households are most likely to accomplish housework internally when they include married couples and more adult members and members of both sexes, there are fewer children, housing is owner occupied, and members are younger and healthier. Higher income increases formal help, whereas local adult children increase informal help. Involvement in other kin, friendship, or neighborhood networks does not influence patterns of housework help.
Proliferation of masseter myocytes after distraction osteogenesis of the porcine mandible.

Purpose: Long-term success of distraction osteogenesis depends on the ability of the surrounding soft tissues to tolerate distraction forces and to adapt to the resulting increase in skeletal length and volume. The hypothesis tested in this study was that mandibular elongation by distraction induces myocyte proliferation. Materials and Methods: Unilateral mandibular angle osteotomies were performed in 16 Yucatan minipigs. The hemimandibles were lengthened using semiburied distraction devices (Synthes Maxillofacial, Paoli, PA) with 0-day latency, 1, 2, or 4 mm/d distraction rates, and a neutral fixation period of twice the gap size in days. In 2 additional animals, the dissection and osteotomies were performed, and distraction devices were placed without activation (sham control). At the end of neutral fixation, tissues were taken from masseter muscle overlying the osteotomy and the equivalent region on the unoperated side (contralateral control). Proliferation of myocytes was estimated using immunohistochemical localization with antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Results: Muscle overlying the distracted mandible showed 6-fold more PCNA-positive myocytes (16.8% ± 11.3%) than the contralateral control side (2.8% ± 1.1%, P <.0001). In the 2 sham-control animals, there was a low index of PCNA-positive myocytes on both the osteotomy (2%, 5%) and the contralateral sides (1%, 2%). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that distraction of the porcine mandible by the protocol described induces myocyte proliferation in the masseter muscle. A proliferative response may contribute to improved long-term stability of mandibular expansion by distraction osteogenesis. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Hydrodesulfurization of benzo[b]naphtho[2,3‐d]thiophene catalyzed by sulfided CoO‐MoO3/γ‐Al2O3: The reaction network

The primary products of the reaction, which was carried out in a 1 l. batch reactor operated at 70 atm and 573/sup 0/K, were 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(b)naphtho(2,3-d)thiophene and 2-phenylnaphthalene. The reaction network was similar to that for dibenzothiophene except that for the latter, hydrogenation prior to sulfur abstraction was almost negligibly slow (one-third as fast), compared with the parallel hydrodesulfurization (provided that the hydrogen sulfide level was low). In contrast, the parallel hydrogenation and hydrodesulfurization of benzonaphthothiophene proceeded at nearly equal rates. The maxima in the concentration-time plots for the primary products showed that they are intermediates, undergoing conversion to hydrocarbons. Three primary products gave rise to two secondary products, 2-phenyltetralin and 6-phenyltetralin. Based on these and previous results, approximations for modeling the hydroprocessing of heavy petroleum and coal-liquid feedstocks are given.
Can an RC membrane model predict the efficacy of a defibrillation waveform: an analysis of defibrillation mechanisms in 140 defibrillation waveforms

Different defibrillation waveforms exhibit different efficacies. It has been proposed that a resistor-capacitor (RC) model of the myocardial membrane can explain these differences. Both the maximum capacitor voltage (charge banking) and the remaining voltage after the pulse (charge burping) have been proposed as efficacy predictors. In this paper, we test these hypotheses against 140 defibrillation waveforms. Data is reported from 159 guinea pigs. For each tested waveform, we calculated to within a fixed constant the minimum and maximum voltage on the capacitor, and the voltage remaining after the shock for time constants (/spl tau/) between 0.1 ms and 4.0 ms. Each parameter was tested to determine if it would be predicted to have a 10% impact on defibrillation efficacy. No parameter was a significant predictor of defibrillation efficacy for /spl tau/>2.0 ms. The maximum voltage was significant for short time constants (/spl tau/<=2.0 ms, p<0.005). For the very short time constants (<=0.5 ms) the voltage remaining was significant (p<0.05), and, for the shortest time constants (t=0.1 ms), the minimum voltage was a significant predictor (p<0.05).
A synthesis of literature on evaluation of models for policy applications, with implications for forest carbon accounting

Forest modeling has moved beyond the realm of scientific discovery into the policy arena. The example that motivates this review is the application of models for forest carbon accounting. As negotiations determine the terms under which forest carbon will be accounted, reported, and potentially traded, guidelines and standards are being developed to ensure consistency, accuracy, transparency and verifiability. To date, these guidelines have focused on definitions, data, and reporting, not models. The goal of this paper is to synthesize literature that may inform the development of guidelines for the application of models in areas with policy implications, such as forest carbon accounting. We discuss validation, verification, and evaluation as applied to modeling, and review common components of model evaluation. Peer review, quantitative analysis of model results, and sensitivity analysis are the most widely used approaches to model evaluation. US judicial and legislative perspectives on criteria for model acceptability are summarized. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.