cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Metabolite Extraction Protocols for the Identification and Profiling of Small Molecule Metabolites from Planktonic and Biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cultures

Background Metabolomics aims to characterize the metabolic phenotype and metabolic pathways utilized by microorganisms or other cellular systems. A crucial component to metabolomics research as it applies to microbial metabolism is the development of robust and reproducible methods for extraction of intracellular metabolites. The goal is to extract all metabolites in a non-biased and consistent manner; however, most methods used thus far are targeted to specific metabolite classes and use harsh conditions that may contribute to metabolite degradation. Metabolite extraction methodologies need to be optimized for each microorganism of interest due to different cellular characteristics contributing to lysis resistance. Methods Three cell pellet wash solutions were compared for the potential to influence intracellular metabolite leakage of P. aeruginosa. We also compared four different extraction methods using (i) methanol:chloroform (2:1); (ii) 50% methanol; (iii) 100% methanol; or (iv) 100% water to extract intracellular metabolites from P. aeruginosa planktonic and biofilm cultures. Results Intracellular metabolite extraction efficiency was found to be dependent on the extraction method and varies between microbial modes of growth. Methods using the 60% methanol wash produced the greatest amount of intracellular material leakage. Quantification of intracellular metabolites via 1H NMR showed that extraction protocols using 100% water or 50% methanol achieved the greatest extraction efficiencies, while addition of sonication to facilitate cell lysis to the 50% methanol extraction method resulted in at least a two-fold increase in signal intensities for approximately half of the metabolites identified. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was determined to be the most appropriate wash solution, yielding little intracellular metabolite leakage from cells. Conclusion We determined that washing in 1X PBS and extracting intracellular metabolites with 50% methanol is the most appropriate metabolite extraction protocol because (a) leakage is minimal; (b) a broad range of metabolites present at sufficiently high concentrations is detectable by NMR; and (c) this method proved suitable for metabolite extraction of both planktonic and biofilm P. aeruginosa cultures.
2.10 – Mnemonics: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications

Numerous mnemonic techniques have been used and advocated throughout history. In this chapter, some of the most popular and enduring formal mnemonic and organizational mnemonic techniques are discussed in terms of their underlying processes. Specifically, the method of loci, the peg-word method, and the keyword method are discussed as formal mnemonic techniques. The use of acronyms, linking by story, and categorical and schematic organizations are discussed as organizational mnemonic techniques. As is described in the discussion, each of the mnemonic devices represents simple applications of well-researched psychological processes. Furthermore, examination of mnemonic techniques in light of basic research suggests that a specific combination of processes is necessary for the effectiveness of any given mnemonic.
Young Transgender Women's Attitudes Toward HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Purpose Our primary aim was to explore themes regarding attitudes toward HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among young transgender women (YTW), in order to develop a theoretical model of PrEP uptake in this population disproportionally affected by HIV. Methods Qualitative study nested within a mixed-method study characterizing barriers and facilitators to health services for YTW. Participants completed an in-depth interview exploring awareness of and attitudes toward PrEP. Key themes were identified using a grounded theory approach. Results Participants (n = 25) had a mean age of 21.2 years (standard deviation 2.2, range 17–24) and were predominately multiracial (36%) and of HIV-negative or unknown status (68%). Most participants (64%) reported prior knowledge of PrEP, and 28% reported current use or intent to use PrEP. Three major content themes that emerged were variability of PrEP awareness, barriers and facilitators to PrEP uptake, and emotional benefits of PrEP. Among participants without prior PrEP knowledge, participants reported frustration that PrEP information has not been widely disseminated to YTW, particularly by health care providers. Attitudes toward PrEP were overwhelmingly positive; however, concerns were raised regarding barriers including cost, stigma, and adherence challenges. Both HIV-positive and negative participants discussed emotional and relationship benefits of PrEP, which were felt to extend beyond HIV prevention alone. Conclusions A high proportion of YTW in this study had prior knowledge of PrEP, and attitudes toward PrEP were positive among participants. Our findings suggest several domains to be further explored in PrEP implementation research, including methods of facilitating PrEP dissemination and emotional motivation for PrEP uptake.
Selective protein recognition in supported lipid bilayer arrays by tailored, dual-mode deep cavitand hosts

Self-folding deep cavitands with variably functionalized upper rims are able to selectively immobilize proteins at a biomimetic supported lipid bilayer surface. The immobilization process takes advantage of the dual-mode binding capabilities of the hosts, combining a defined binding pocket with upper rim charged/H-bonding groups. A variety of proteins can be selectively immobilized at the bilayer interface, either via complementary charge/H-bonding interactions, cavity-based molecular recognition, or a combination of both. The immobilization process can be used to bind unmodified native proteins, epitopes for bioadhesion, or proteins covalently modified with suitable RNMe3+ binding "handles" and charged groups that can either match or mismatch with the cavitand rim. The immobilization process can be monitored in real time using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, and applied to the construction of cavitand:lipid arrays using the hosts and trehalose vitrified phospholipid vesicles. The selective, dual-mode protein recognition is maintained in the arrays, and can be visualized using SPR imaging.
La percepción de la figura del Director de Arte a lo largo de la carrera de Publicidad

A medida que se aprende sobre el mundo de la publicidad cambia la percepcion que tienen los alumnos de las figuras integrantes en las agencia y en el mundo de la publicidad en general, sin contar, ademas, con todos esos ambitos que descubren de forma gradual. Mediante encuestas, se pretende descubrir como evoluciona la percepcion de la figura del Director de Arte a lo largo de los estudios universitarios en Publicidad y Relaciones Publicas y compara la imagen que tienen los alumnos de este puesto de trabajo con las definiciones reales de estudios anteriores.
Changes in Nest Density and Daily Nest Survival of Two Woodpecker Species in Relation to a Mountain Pine Beetle Epidemic

The Mountain pine beetle (Dendrotonus ponderosae) is a bark beetle native to western North America capable of large-scale population eruptions, resulting in high tree (Pinus spp.) mortality that alters resource availability to wildlife, particularly snag-associated species. Many woodpecker species rely on conifer snags for nesting and foraging substrate. We studied nesting survival of two woodpecker species in relation to a recent mountain pine beetle outbreak in western Montana. American three-toed woodpecker (Picoides dorsalis) is a bark-drilling specialist that feeds on beetle larvae and frequently nests in conifer snags, whereas red-naped sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) specializes on consuming sap of live trees and rarely nests in conifer snags. Based on a priori hypotheses we modeled daily nest survival (DSR) as a function of biotic (nest height) and temporal (beetle period [before and after outbreak], date trend, and a quadratic date trend) factors using seven competing models. Results for both species showed high model uncertainty and the constant DSR model was the most parsimonious model. These results did not support our predictions about beetle period or nest height affecting DSR, although DSR was lower during pre-outbreak (0.985, 95% CL [0.965, 0.995]) versus post-outbreak (0.993, 95% CL [0.981, 0.997]) for American three-toed woodpecker. Future analyses will investigate the effects of other covariates such as snag density, daily temperature, and precipitation on DSR. Our results will inform management activities for post-beetle forests that will help maintain habitat of disturbance specialist species.
RF powering of micro coils array for wireless spherical particle-based neural probes

This paper presents a RF powering system that can wirelessly transfer power to an array of 10 × 10 1.5 mm-diameter micro coils positioned at 2 cm away from a powering coil. Under 10 W external RF power, the micro coils can receive 5 mW and 0.6 mW at the center and edge of the array, respectively, enabling spherical particle-based neural recording applications. Presence of saline solution between the powering coil and micro coils array causes a power transfer reduction, which can be compensated by improving the quality factor of the micro coils in the array.
Design and study of wideband photonic crystal fiber with low dispersion and confinement loss

We proposed atypical design of wideband photonic crystal fiber with optimized losses using a rectangular pcf with enlarged four central air hole. The proposed design of pcf is composed silica material, design and simulated by finite difference time domain software(FDTD)method, Using this structure, the pcf with confinement loss lass then −0.1db/km over a wide range of wavelength from 0.8–2μm and zero dispersion from range of wavelength 1.6–1.8μm with low birefringence 10⁁-7.
Structural changes associated with strain-induced grain boundary migration in Si-Fe

Strain-induced grain boundary migration was observed in several bicrystal sheet specimens of Si-Fe (3¼ pct Si) which were cold rolled 2 to 12 pct and then annealed at temperatures up to 1200°C. A chrome-acetic acid electroetching method was used to reveal the dislocation sites before and after grain boundary migration. Recovery effects were noted in the microstructure prior to boundary motion. Consequently, the residual strain energy in neighboring grains may determine if boundary migration with resulting increase of area occurs, and its direction of movement. Microstructural data indicate that the region initially traversed by the moving grain boundary has many structural defects in the form of low-angle boundaries and random dislocations of relatively high density. With increased distance of grain boundary migration, the density of these imperfections was found to decrease. Continued annealing at 1200°C, after boundary migration, lowered the density of random dislocations in the swept region to a limiting value of about 2×106 lines per sq cm.
Smartphone-based fluorescence spectroscopy device aiding in preliminary skin screening (Erratum)

Publisher’s Note: This paper, originally published on 2/13/2018, was replaced with a corrected/revised version on 10/2/2018. If you downloaded the original PDF but are unable to access the revision, please contact SPIE Digital Library Customer Service for assistance. Preliminary diagnosis of closely resembling skin conditions can be highly subjective for dermatologists. In ambiguous cases, it often leads to performing invasive procedures like biopsies. Different skin conditions, however, have varying concentrations of fluorophores (like collagen, NADH) and chromophores (like melanin, hemoglobin) which can alter their fluorescence spectra. We demonstrate a handheld, portable, smartphone-based spectrometer that leverages these alterations in skin autofluorescence spectra for rapid screening of skin conditions. This methodology involves excitation of affected skin areas with ultraviolet (UV-A) 385 nm light, capturing the generated fluorescence spectra and sending the data wirelessly to a companion mobile application for data storage, analysis and visualization. By collecting the fluorescence spectral signals from healthy and unhealthy skin conditions, we establish that the signals collected using this portable device can be used to develop a classification method to help in differentially diagnosing these conditions. It shows promise as a useful skin screening tool for both dermatologists and primary health care workers. This device can enable quick, non-invasive and a more objective preliminary examination. We envision the device to be especially useful in primary healthcare centers of developing countries where availability of dermatologists is limited.
“A Different Way”: The Experiences of Latinx Parents with School Counselors

This phenomenological study aimed to identify the essence of the lived experiences of Latinx parents as they relate to school counselors. A Relational Cultural Theory (RCT) Framework was used to explore the experiences of Latinx parents with school counselors. Twelve Latinx parents were interviewed from three counties in a Southeastern state to share their experiences with school counselors to provide recommendations for practice to the school counseling specialty and school counselors in training. The five overarching themes identified were: (1) Disconnections Between Educational and Cultural Systems; (2) Growth Fostering Relationships Between Latino/a Parents and School Counselors; (3) Sense of Worth Based on Quality of Experiences with School Counselors; (4) Desired Connections Based on Experiences with School Counselors; and (5) Knowledge of the School Counselor Role Built on Mutuality. These findings provided insight as to how the parents experienced their interactions with school counselors to support a social justice call to action.
RNA-seq assistant: machine learning based methods to identify more transcriptional regulated genes.

Although different quality controls have been applied at different stages of the sample preparation and data analysis to ensure both reproducibility and reliability of RNA-seq results, there are still limitations and bias on the detectability for certain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Whether the transcriptional dynamics of a gene can be captured accurately depends on experimental design/operation and the following data analysis processes. The workflow of subsequent data processing, such as reads alignment, transcript quantification, normalization, and statistical methods for ultimate identification of DEGs can influence the accuracy and sensitivity of DEGs analysis, producing a certain number of false-positivity or false-negativity. Machine learning (ML) is a multidisciplinary field that employs computer science, artificial intelligence, computational statistics and information theory to construct algorithms that can learn from existing data sets and to make predictions on new data set. ML–based differential network analysis has been applied to predict stress-responsive genes through learning the patterns of 32 expression characteristics of known stress-related genes. In addition, the epigenetic regulation plays critical roles in gene expression, therefore, DNA and histone methylation data has been shown to be powerful for ML-based model for prediction of gene expression in many systems, including lung cancer cells. Therefore, it is promising that ML-based methods could help to identify the DEGs that are not identified by traditional RNA-seq method. We identified the top 23 most informative features through assessing the performance of three different feature selection algorithms combined with five different classification methods on training and testing data sets. By comprehensive comparison, we found that the model based on InfoGain feature selection and Logistic Regression classification is powerful for DEGs prediction. Moreover, the power and performance of ML-based prediction was validated by the prediction on ethylene regulated gene expression and the following qRT-PCR. Our study shows that the combination of ML-based method with RNA-seq greatly improves the sensitivity of DEGs identification.
Geological Notes on Eastern Kansu

(Abstract) The specimen is collected from a small outcrop near the Lolo village of Mao Mao Kou, some 30 km. N.N.W. of Hui Li district in S. Szechuan, on the N. slope of Lung Tsao Shan, a prominant mountain some 8,000 feet above the sea, entirely covered by a basaltic lava of Permian age. The latter weathers into a residual red clay which covers the lower slopes. The contact of the syenite with the Lung Tsao Shan lava was not observed owing to the thick cover. East of the occurrence a series of steep dipping red shales appears. The exact relation of this series with the syenite is not clear, but it is probable that they are in actual contact. Further east the red shale series is thrown into contact with a coal series containing Rhaetic plant fossils—probably by an overthrust as the whole coal series is highly folded.
pH Scores in Hiatal Repair with Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication.

Background and Objectives Transoral incisionless fundoplication is an alternative to traditional laparoscopic fundoplications. Recently, hiatal hernia repair combined with transoral incisionless fundoplication has become an accepted modification of the original procedure; however, outcomes information, particularly objective pH monitoring, has been sparse. We retrospectively review the subjective and objective outcomes of transoral incisionless fundoplication combined with hiatal hernia repair. Methods Ninety-seven consecutive patients presenting for reflux evaluation were reviewed for outcomes after evaluation and treatment. Fifty-five patients proceeded to hiatal hernia repair with transoral incisionless fundoplication. Twenty-nine patients (53%) were found to have matched preoperative and postoperative validated surveys and pH evaluations. Results There were no serious complications. The mean followup was 296 days (SD, 117 days). The mean Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Health Related Quality of Life score improved from 33.7 (SD, 22.0) to 9.07 (SD, 13.95), P < .001. The mean Reflux Symptom Index score improved from 20.32 (SD, 13) to 8.07 (SD, 9.77), P < .001. The mean pH score improved from 35.3 (SD, 2.27) to 10.9 (SD, 11.5), P < .001. Twenty-two of the 29 patients were judged to have an intact hiatal repair with transoral incisionless fundoplication (76%). Of the 22 patients with an intact hiatal repair and intact fundoplication, 21 (95%) had normalized their pH exposure. Conclusions In this retrospective review, hiatal hernia repair combined with transoral incisionless fundoplication significantly improved outcomes in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease in both subjective Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Health Related Quality of Life and Reflux Symptom Index measurements as well as in objective pH scores.
Changes in US Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions From 2011-2016.

Background While antibiotics are life-saving drugs, their use is not without risk, including adverse events and antibiotic resistance. The majority of US antibiotic prescriptions are prescribed in outpatient settings, making outpatient antibiotic prescribing an important antibiotic stewardship target. The primary objective of this study was to describe trends in US outpatient oral antibiotic prescriptions from 2011-2016. Methods We estimated annual oral antibiotic prescription rates using national prescription dispensing count data from IQVIA Xponent, divided by census estimates for 2011-2016. We calculated the ratio of broad- to narrow-spectrum prescriptions by dividing broad-spectrum prescription rates by narrow-spectrum prescription rates. We used Poisson models to estimate prevalence rate ratios, comparing 2011 and 2016 antibiotic prescription rates, and linear models to evaluate temporal trends throughout the study period. Results Oral antibiotic prescription rates decreased 5%, from 877 prescriptions per 1000 persons in 2011 to 836 per 1000 persons in 2016. During this period, rates of prescriptions dispensed to children decreased 13%, while adult rates increased 2%. The ratio of broad- to narrow-spectrum antibiotics decreased from 1.62 in 2011 to 1.49 in 2016, driven by decreases in macrolides and fluoroquinolones. The proportion of prescriptions written by nurse practitioners and physician assistants increased during the study period; in 2016, these providers prescribed over one-quarter of all antibiotic prescriptions. Conclusions Outpatient antibiotic prescription rates, especially of broad-spectrum agents, have decreased in recent years. Clinicians who prescribe to adults, including nurse practitioners and physician assistants, are important targets for antibiotic stewardship.
Brief Report: PrEP Eligibility Among At-Risk Women in the Southern United States: Associated Factors, Awareness, and Acceptability.

Background:Among women in the United States, non-Latina black women in the South have disproportionately high rates of new HIV infections but low use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Effective strategies to identify factors associated with PrEP eligibility could facilitate improved screening, off
Conclusion: The Evidence for Evidence-Based Practice

Throughout this book, we have attempted to show how to implement the evidence-based practice (EBP) decision-making process in a way that feels manageable and realistic in everyday clinical practice. We hope that the previous chapters have provided practitioners with the tools and the knowledge necessary to have confidence in their ability to use EBP to inform practice decisions in many settings and with a wide range of clients. While EBP is a process with both strengths and limitations, we believe that social workers must engage with EBP as a way of providing the best possible care to the clients they serve. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) and EBP are valuable steps toward realizing Dr. Archie Cochrane’s goals of increasing effective treatments, reducing benign treatments, and eliminating harmful and ineffective treatments. EBP is an important step in improving client outcomes and professional accountability. EBP moves social work from the “empirically based practice” world of single case outcome evaluation into the realm of large-scale, experimentally based, outcome research.
Histoplasmosis and multicentric lymphoma in a Nubian goat

Following treatment for pneumonia, a 1-y-old female Nubian goat was presented because of a persistent fever for 3 mo and peripheral lymphadenopathy for 1 mo. Cytology and histology of the superfici...
Pupil: Assessment and diagnosis

Pupil examinations are quick, noninvasive tests that give a clue to the health of our eyes and nervous system. Pupillary assessment is an important part of neurological assessment because changes in the size, equality, and reactivity of the pupils can provide vital diagnostic information. This article intends to throw light into the basic techniques of pupillary assessment and common conditions that should not be missed in your clinical evaluation.
Influence of hydrologic and anthropogenic drivers on emerging organic contaminants in drinking water sources in the Susquehanna River Basin

Occurrence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in surface water bodies can cause adverse effects on non-target organisms. When surface waters are used as drinking water sources, temporal variability in EOC concentrations can potentially impact drinking water quality and human health. To better understand spatiotemporal variability of EOCs in drinking water sources in Central Pennsylvania, EOCs were evaluated in six drinking water sources during a two-year study period (April 2016-June 2018) in the Susquehanna River Basin (SRB). The study was conducted in two phases: Phase I was a spatially distributed sampling approach within the SRB focusing on seven human pharmaceuticals and Phase II was a temporally intensive sampling regime at a single site focusing on a broader range of EOCs. Concentration-discharge relationships were utilized to classify EOC transport dynamics and understand the extent to which hydrologic and anthropogenic factors, such as surface runoff and wastewater effluent, may contribute to EOC occurrence. Overall, EOCs were present at higher concentrations in colder seasons than warmer seasons. Thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid insecticide, and caffeine exhibited accretion dynamics during high-flow periods, suggesting higher transport during surface runoff events. Human pharmaceuticals known to persist in wastewater effluent were inversely correlated with discharge, indicating dilution characteristics consistent with diminished wastewater signals during high-flow periods. Acetaminophen exhibited near-chemostatic transport dynamics, indicating nonpoint source inputs during high-flow periods. Risk calculations revealed that although EOCs posed medium-to-high risk to aquatic organisms, human health risk through fish consumption was low.
Attacking Electricity Markets Through IoT Devices

Smart appliances, or Internet of Things devices, participate autonomously in electricity markets and improve grid efficiency, but their remote access and control capabilities also introduce vulnerabilities. We show how an adverse generator can manipulate market clearing prices and propose mitigation strategies to correct the impact.
The relationship between chimeric RNAs and gene fusions: Potential implications of reciprocity in cancer.

Abstract Gene fusions have long been considered hallmarks of cancer. Efforts into characterization of their prevalence, cause, and function have provided significant progress toward improvements in diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and treatment of numerous cancers. More recently, detection of intergenically spliced chimeric RNAs in cancer have spurred efforts to characterize these transcripts, anticipating similar successes in translation to the clinic. Discovery of chimeric RNAs in normal cells, especially those which precede canonical translocations such as PAX3-FOXO1 and JAZF1-JJAZ1, suggest that these physiologically-regulated transcripts may function as proto-oncogenic factors, in that their dysregulation can lead to cancer progression. These findings have given rise to conjecture regarding chimeric RNA-guided rearrangements giving rise to fusion genes, termed The Cart Before The Horse Hypothesis. Here, we provide context for the relationship between gene fusions, chimeric RNAs, and cancer, assemble evidence in support of the Cart Before The Horse Hypothesis, and discuss potential advantages of targeting chimeric RNAs in cancer treatment.
Piloting a Dementia Caregiver Intervention in a Primary Care Setting.

The purpose of this pilot study is to examine the efficacy of a theoretically based, 6-week dementia caregiver support group in a primary care setting. Using a quasi-experimental design, 22 partici...
Perimeter-Control Architecture for Optical Phased Arrays and Metasurfaces

Tunable optical phased arrays and metasurfaces play an important role in a diverse range of applications from imaging and remote sensing to communications and displays. However, as the number of tunable elements grows, the required control architecture becomes insurmountably complex. Here, we discuss the concept of perimeter-controlled tuning to shape far-zone radiation. We discuss applications of our approach to beam forming, holography, and image projection. We show that, with a proper design, the complexity of a control architecture may be dramatically simplified. We further discuss the use of our method to time-sharing image projection and holography. Our concept is applicable to a variety of systems, including phased array optical antennas and metasurfaces.
Herbivory in Seagrass Meadows: an Evolving Paradigm

In the past few decades, we have learned much about the factors that regulate the productivity of seagrass-dominated ecosystems, especially those at low latitudes. Here, we update our previous assessments of the importance of seagrass-herbivore interactions, focusing on recent studies that have examined (1) the diversity of herbivores feeding on live seagrass leaves; (2) the factors that determine the ability of seagrasses to respond to herbivore damage; (3) how potential chemical deterrents, and structural defenses, in seagrass leaves influence herbivore consumption; (4) how climate-driven changes in herbivore identity might change grazing intensity in temperate seagrasses; (5) the effects of herbivory on pollen, flowers, fruits, and seeds of seagrasses; and (6) the effects of human removal of seagrass megaherbivores and the top-down effects of overfishing top predators on seagrass consumption. We also identify important gaps in our understanding of the broadly defined topic of herbivory in seagrass-dominated ecosystems. Specifically, we suggest that future studies should consider focusing on increasing our understanding of herbivore foraging strategies, quantifying the impact of herbivory on seagrass reproductive biology, including effects on the fates of flowers, fruits, and seeds and documenting the commonness of compensatory responses and chemical defenses to grazing. Studies of the roles of the nutritional content (as measured by C/N/P ratios), in determining herbivore feeding preferences, remain fertile grounds for future studies, as do additional experiments to quantify the relative roles of top-down and bottom-up factors in determining seagrass abundance and energy fluxes in seagrass meadows.
One genotype dominates a facultatively outcrossing plant invasion

Plant invasions are rarely homogenous. Processes such as selection, drift, gene flow, and founding events can rapidly shape the genetic diversity and spatial population structure of an invasion. We investigated the diversity, origins and population structure of Verbascum thapsus (common mullein), an introduced plant in North America. Despite this species being facultatively outcrossing, we found the invasion dominated by a single genotype (61% of plants were identical amplified fragment length polymorphism [AFLP] genotypes in the western USA). Fifty percent of the invasion populations were monotypic, and we found 32 genotypes overall in the 431 plants sampled from the invasion. In contrast, populations were much more diverse in the native Eurasian range, with 394 genotypes found in 479 plants. Further, we found an exact genetic match between the common genotype 1 in the USA and plants from Belgium and Germany. The identification of the most common and diverse invasive genotypes of common mullein allows their use in tests of management tools and further studies of mechanisms of this invasion.
N. Dimakis και T. M. Dijkstra (eds), Mortuary Variability and Social Diversity in Ancient Greece: Studies on Ancient Greek Death and Burial

Βιβλιοκρισία "N. Dimakis και T. M. Dijkstra (eds), Mortuary Variability and Social Diversity in Ancient Greece: Studies on Ancient Greek Death and Burial"
Reovirus Low-Density Particles Package Cellular RNA.

Packaging of segmented, double-stranded RNA viral genomes requires coordination of viral proteins and RNA segments. For mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus), evidence suggests either all ten or zero viral RNA segments are simultaneously packaged in a highly coordinated process hypothesized to exclude host RNA. Accordingly, reovirus generates genome-containing virions and “genomeless” top component particles. Whether reovirus virions or top component particles package host RNA is unknown. To gain insight into reovirus packaging potential and mechanisms, we employed next-generation RNA-sequencing to define the RNA content of enriched reovirus particles. Reovirus virions exclusively packaged viral double-stranded RNA. In contrast, reovirus top component particles contained similar proportions but reduced amounts of viral double-stranded RNA and were selectively enriched for numerous host RNA species, especially short, non-polyadenylated transcripts. Host RNA selection was not dependent on RNA abundance in the cell, and specifically enriched host RNAs varied for two reovirus strains and were not selected solely by the viral RNA polymerase. Collectively, these findings indicate that genome packaging into reovirus virions is exquisitely selective, while incorporation of host RNAs into top component particles is differentially selective and may contribute to or result from inefficient viral RNA packaging.
Prevalence of adverse reactions following a passed oral food challenge and factors affecting successful re-introduction of foods. A retrospective study of a cohort of 199 children

Background After a passed oral food challenge (OFC), regular and normal food consumption is attended. The main objective of this study is to assess the safety of tested food dietary re-introduction after a passed OFC. Patients and methods In 2014, a telephone survey was submitted to patients who passed OFC and those who failed it only presenting with contact urticaria (we consider these OFC as passed), between 2009 and 2013. Questionnaire items included demographic data, food allergy details, food consumption after the OFC was performed, recurring symptoms and life style changes. Results 249 OFC questionnaires were collected from 199 children, 228 OFC were passed, 21 were failed exclusively due to contact urticaria. The most tested food was cows’ milk. In 71% of cases target food was re-introduced in patients diet in normal amounts. We found children >2 years introduced less frequently tested food than infants. In 2% of cases adverse reactions to offending food were reported, but severe reactions never occurred. Discussion The majority of children of this study ate target food regularly and their family's quality of life improved. In our study, adverse reactions frequency in patients who passed OFC was very low and never serious. We highlight the importance of re-assessing proper food consumption in every patient who passed OFC.
Metric spaces and FS-domains

In this article we give general conditions on a metric space to insure that the poset of closed formal balls is an FS-domain.
Demographic history of an elusive carnivore: using museums to inform management

Elusive carnivores present a challenge to managers because traditional survey methods are not suitable. We applied a genetic approach using museum specimens to examine how historical and recent conditions influenced the demographic history of Puma concolor in western and southern Texas, USA. We used 10 microsatellite loci and indexed population trends by estimating historical and recent genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and effective population size. Mountain lions in southern Texas exhibited a 9% decline in genetic diversity, whereas diversity remained stable in western Texas. Genetic differentiation between western and southern Texas was minimal historically (FST = 0.04, P 50% temporal decline in effective population size, whereas western Texas showed no change. Our results illustrate that population declines and genetic drift have occurred in southern Texas, likely because of contemporary habitat loss and predator control. Population monitoring may be needed to ensure the persistence of mountain lions in the southern Texas region. This study highlights the utility of sampling museum collections to examine demographic histories and inform wildlife management.
China's Newly Enacted Intercountry Adoption Law: Friend or Foe?

"Abandoned at birth because of China's strict one-child-per-family [policy], Olivia was destined to grow up in one of [China's] 41,000 state-run orphanages had it not been for the determination of her new-found parents to make their family complete."1 After five years of unsuccessful attempts at pregnancy, Olivia's parents decided that adoption was their last hope of ever having a child. Because their ages were thirty-five and forty-seven, however, Olivia's parents knew that the adoption laws of Great Britain would never allow them to adopt domestically. Thus, the couple chose to broaden their adoptive search and eventually adopted Olivia from China.2 Olivia's family story is not unique. Intercountry adoption is a growing, worldwide phenomenon. An intercountry adoption is "the adoption of a child born in one nation by adults who are citizens of another nation, who will ordinarily raise the child in their own country."3 The growing disparity in developed nations between the decreasing number of children available for adoption and the increasing number of parents wishing to adopt, coupled with the equally great disparity in developing nations between the supply of abandoned or orphaned children and the shortage of parents willing to adopt, have forced many families to turn to intercountry adoption. Many developing countries are suspicious of intercountry adoption. They regard it as a vehicle for exploitation-a means by which developed nations can exploit developing nations and their children. As a result, many developing
Group Psychotherapy, Clinical Psychology of

Group psychotherapy is the treatment of psychological, behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal problems by a mental health professional who meets regularly with clients in a group rather than a one-on-one context. Group psychotherapy is used to treat a variety of disorders, including addiction, cognitive disturbances, depression, eating disorders, characterological disorders, and many more, using methods that are as varied as those used in individual approaches. Multiple group-level factors, including instilling hope, social learning, social support, and self-insight, operate to promote adjustment in psychotherapy groups, and research suggests that this treatment technique is as effective as more individualized methods when properly administered.
Electron tunneling spectroscopy of single-crystal Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8.

The T-dependent conductance G(V,T) of evaporated Pb junctions on cleaved ab planes of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ (2:2:1:2) crystals is presented. Strong superconducting ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{s}}$(V,T) structures imply a large gap, approximately ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{0}$(0)=26 meV, or 2${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{0}$(0)/${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$=6.7. An analysis of G(V,T) near ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, assuming a lifetime-broadened BCS ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{s}}$(E), reveals a broadening \ensuremath{\Gamma}(T) such that \ensuremath{\Delta}(${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$)\ensuremath{\approxeq}\ensuremath{\Gamma}(${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$)\ensuremath{\approxeq}2${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The fitted \ensuremath{\Delta}(${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$), unlike typical BCS values, is \ensuremath{\approxeq}0.8\ensuremath{\Delta}(0). $G(V,TgT sub c )--- has a minimum at V=0, suggestive of known c-direction localization in 2:2:1:2 compounds. G(V,T) also reveals the expected fluctuation superconductivity above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. 4.2-K scanning-tunneling-microscope (STM) spectra are mentioned in comparison. A larger gap, about 40 meV, and dip at 80 meV, found in the STM G(V) are tentatively attributed to ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes.
Critical exponent γ for Ni, as measured by perturbed angular correlations in Ni 100 Rh

A review of theoretical predictions for the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ in the $d=3$ Heisenberg model indicates that $\ensuremath{\gamma}={1.38}_{\ensuremath{-}0.01}^{+0.02}$. Available measurements on Ni, all using the bulk technique, show a range of values between 1.28 and 1.35, with the best measurement falling at $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$. In order to investigate this apparent discrepancy between theory and experiment, we have done a new measurement of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ via perturbed angular correlations, using $\mathrm{Ni}^{100}\mathrm{Rh}$. Because of the great sensitivity of this method, we have achieved better definition of ${T}_{c}$ and lower applied fields than in previous work. Using both asymptotic and scaling equation of state analysis, we confirm that $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$. We conclude that the critical behavior of Ni can not be described by the isotropic Heisenberg Hamiltonian.
Implications of the PRI's First Presidential Primary: A View from Ciudad Júarez

This article explores voters_ perceptions of the PRI_s first-ever presidential primary held on November 7, 1999. An exit poll conducted on election day in Ci...
An investigation into the relationship between interests and intelligence

This article relates the six General Occupational Themes (GOTs) and the 23 Basic Interest Scales (BISs) yielded by the Strong Interest Inventory (SII) to age, gender, and performance on the KAIT. The sample included 936 males and females aged 16 to 65 years. MANOVAs and MANCOVAs (covarying education) were conducted, followed by univariate ANOVAs and ANCOVAs. IQ level on KAIT was significantly related to the Investigative and Realistic themes and to numerous interest scales, most notably Writing, Nature, Teaching, Mathematics, and Art. The discrepancy between fluid and crystallized intelligence on the KAIT related significantly to a few variables, but relationships were generally small in magnitude. Significant relationships with age were few; gender related significantly to most variables, consistent with previous research. These findings were interpreted in the context of previous research on the Strong, and on the integration of interests and intellect. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 279–295, 1998.
Arterial-based control of traffic flow in urban grid networks

Urban networks are typically composed of a grid of arterial streets. Optimal control of the traffic signals in the grid system is essential for the effective operation of the network. In this paper, we present mathematical programming models for the development of optimal arterial-based progression schemes. Such schemes are widely used for traffic signal control in arterial streets. Under such a scheme, a continuous green band is provided in each direction along the artery at the desired speed of travel to facilitate the movement of through traffic along the arterial. Traditional schemes consist of uniform-width progressions. New approaches generate variable bandwidth progressions in which each directional road section is allocated an individually weighted weighted that can be adapted to the prevailing traffic flows on that link. Mixed-integer linear programming is used for the optimization. Simulation results indicate that this method can produce considerable gains in performance when compared with traditional progression methods. By introducing efficient computational techniques, this method also lends itself to a natural extension for incorporation in a dynamic traffic management system.
Interaction of three sponge‐derived macrocyclic lactone polyethers (spongistatin 3, halistatins 1 and 2) with tubulin

Macrocyclic lactone polyethers of marine origin include a series of compounds which bind to tubulin, the subunit protein of microtubules, and inhibit microtubule assembly and vinblastine binding to tubulin. We have previously studied two of these compounds: halichondrin B and the very similar homohalichondrin B. We have found that halichondrin B enhances the time-dependent exposure of hydrophobic areas on the tubulin molecule without affecting the exposure of the sulfhydryl groups, while homohalichondrin B has no effect on exposure of hydrophobic areas and slightly suppresses exposure of sulfhydryl groups. The spongistatins (isolated from the marine sponge Spongia sp.) resemble the halichondrins, except for having a smaller ring; spongistatin 1 inhibits vinblastine binding to tubulin and blocks microtubule assembly. Here, we have examined the effect of the closely related spongistatin 3 on the exposure of tubulin sulfhydryl groups and hydrophobic areas. We have found that spongistatin 3 inhibits formation of the same intrachain cross-link in tubulin as is inhibited by vinblastine. Unlike vinblastine, however, spongistatin 3 has no effect on the exposure of either sulfhydryl groups or hydrophobic areas on the tubulin molecule. In short, spongistatin 3 resembles maytansine in its effects on tubulin more than it does either halichondrin B or homohalichondrin B. We also examined the interaction of tubulin with halistatins 1 and 2, which are close structural analogues of halichondrin B and homohalichondrin B, respectively. Halistatins 1 and 2 are isolated, respectively, from the marine sponges Phakellia carteri and Axinella carteri. We find that both halistatins resemble halichondrin B in that they have no effect on the exposure of sulfhydryl groups. Our results suggest that very small structural changes in these compounds can significantly alter the pattern of their effects on the tubulin molecule. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adult day care and the nursing home. The appropriateness of care in alternative settings.

Adult day-care clients are compared with nursing home applicants who were reviewed and recommended for community or institution-based care. Social, health, and service-use characteristics are contrasted in order to identify factors that distinguish adult day care from nursing home care as an appropriate placement. Socioeconomic status, severity of physical disability, living arrangement, sensory impairment, use of in-home services, and days in the hospital tend to distinguish the groups. The groups are quite similar in demographic characteristics, mental status, frequency of out-patient physician visits, and number and types of diseases. The authors outline criteria that might be used to determine appropriate placement. They also point out the need for future research in order to draw comparisons among different types of adult day-care programs and to develop predictive models for service use and continuity of participation in adult day care.
Tocotrienol: The Natural Vitamin E to Defend the Nervous System?

Vitamin E is essential for normal neurological function. It is the major lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in the body, protecting the integrity of membranes by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Mostly on the basis of symptoms of primary vitamin E deficiency, it has been demonstrated that vitamin E has a central role in maintaining neurological structure and function. Orally supplemented vitamin E reaches the cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Vitamin E is a generic term for all tocopherols and their derivatives having the biological activity of RRR-alpha-tocopherol, the naturally occurring stereoisomer compounds with vitamin E activity. In nature, eight substances have been found to have vitamin E activity: alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol; and alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienol. Often, the term vitamin E is synonymously used with alpha-tocopherol. Tocotrienols, formerly known as zeta, , or eta-tocopherols, are similar to tocopherols except that they have an isoprenoid tail with three unsaturation points instead of a saturated phytyl tail. Although tocopherols are predominantly found in corn, soybean, and olive oils, tocotrienols are particularly rich in palm, rice bran, and barley oils. Tocotrienols possess powerful antioxidant, anticancer, and cholesterol-lowering properties. Recently, we have observed that alpha-tocotrienol is multi-fold more potent than alpha-tocopherol in protecting HT4 and primary neuronal cells against toxicity induced by glutamate as well as by a number of other toxins. At nanomolar concentration, tocotrienol, but not tocopherol, completely protected neurons by an antioxidant-independent mechanism. Our current work identifies two major targets of tocotrienol in the neuron: c-Src kinase and 12-lipoxygenase. Dietary supplementation studies have established that tocotrienol, fed orally, does reach the brain. The current findings point towards tocotrienol as a potent neuroprotective form of natural vitamin E.