cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Semiotic View of Socialisation, Lifespan Development and Cultural Psychology: With Vignettes from the Moral Culture of Traditional Hindu Households:

Defining socialisation as the process of cultural communication whereby cul tural symbols interface with psychological experience, it is postulated that de velopmental psychology is a "cultural psy...
A convergence analysis and applications for two-point Newton-like methods in Banach space under relaxed conditions

We provide a local as well as a semilocal convergence analysis for two-point Newton- like methods in a Banach space setting under very relaxed conditions. Our equation contains a Frechet differentiable operator F and another operator G whose differentiability is not assumed. Using more precise majorizing sequences than before we provide sufficient convergence conditions for Newton-like methods to a locally unique solution of equation F(x)+G(x) = 0. In the semilocal case we show under weaker conditions that our estimates on the distances involved are finer and the information on the location of the solution at least as precise as in earlier results. In the local case a larger radius of convergence is obtained. Several numerical examples are provided to show that our results compare favorably with earlier ones. As a special case we show that the famous Newton–Kantorovich hypothesis is weakened under the same hypotheses as the ones contained in the Newton–Kantorovich theorem.
Axial stress determination using Impedance-based method and its application on the thermal stresses measurement in continuous welded rail

This paper presents the current investigation in UCSD on the feasibility of using an impedance-based Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technique in monitoring the Continuous Welded Rail (CWR). Being welded to form uninterrupted rails that are several miles long, the CWR has been widely used in the modern rail industry since 1970s. However, the almost total absence of joints for expansion of CWR would create the potential of buckling with high temperature and breakage in cold environment due to the rail thermal stresses. The objective of this research is to utilize the capability of the impedance method in identifying the neutral temperature or zero-stress state in CWR. The principle of Electromechanical Impedance (EMI) is to utilize high frequency structural vibration through a piezoelectric transducer to detect changes in structural point impedance due to the presence of change of structural integrity or in-situ stress. In practical CWR monitoring, the rail track structure being monitored is undergoing changes due to the effect of thermal stress and the environmental factors. Based on this assumption, three sets of experiments were conducted: the influence of axial stresses on the EMI signature was studied with an axial loading test on a rectangular section of steel milled from a 136lb RE rail; the temperature effect on the proposed method was investigated with heating-cooling cycle test on an unconstrained 136lb RE rail; the third test to simulate the monitoring scenario as expected in the field was conducted with heating-cooling cycle test on constrained 136lb RE rail testbed in UCSD. During the analysis, both the real and imaginary parts of the EM signatures were studied since both the stress and temperature would have different influence on the signatures compared with defect detection. The temperature effects on the piezoelectric materials and structures were investigated.
Oligomycin Inhibition of Ion Transport in Plant Roots

INVESTIGATIONS of ion accumulation by isolated animal1–4 and plant5 mitochondria indicate that a high-energy intermediate of oxidative phosphorylation provides the necessary energy for the ion transport process in these organelles. The intermediate can be formed by either substrate oxidation or directly by ATP. The antibiotic, oligomycin, which had earlier been shown to block one of the terminal steps of the phosphorylation sequence6,7, does not inhibit the substrate-driven ion transport system but does inhibit the ATP-driven system1–5.
Challenges and Opportunities of eHealth Research

Abstract The Internet and related digital technologies have spawned the burgeoning growth of an information revolution in health care. Emerging evidence provides support for the beneficial effects of online interactive eHealth programs, although many challenges remain with respect to research approaches to methodology, implementation, and evaluation. This paper addresses and highlights some of the unique challenges and opportunities that researchers in eHealth face with a particular emphasis on methodologic issues. A brief historical perspective provides context for the subsequent appraisal of the current state of eHealth research. Next, emerging evidence pointing to the growing interest and investment in eHealth research is presented.
Loss of p53 promotes anaplasia and local invasion in ret/PTC1-induced thyroid carcinomas

Papillary thyroid carcinomas in humans are associated with the ret /PTC oncogene and, following loss of p53 function, may progress to anaplastic carcinomas. Mice with thyroid-targeted expression of ret /PTC1 developed papillary thyroid carcinomas that were minimally invasive and did not metastasize. These mice were crossed with p53−/− mice to investigate whether loss of p53 would promote anaplasia and metastasis of ret /PTC1-induced thyroid tumors. The majority of p53−/− mice died or were euthanized by 17 weeks of age due to the development of thymic lymphomas, soft tissue sarcomas, and testicular teratomas. All ret /PTC1 mice developed thyroid carcinomas, but tumors in p53−/− mice were more anaplastic, larger in diameter, more invasive, and had a higher mitotic index than tumors in p53+/+ and p53+/− mice. Thyroid tumors did not metastasize in any of the experimental p53+/+ and p53+/− mice ≤28 weeks of age or p53−/− mice ≤ 17 weeks of age; however, an older (170-day-old) male p53−/− mouse used to maintain the colony developed anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with liver metastases. These findings demonstrate that the lack of functional p53 in ret /PTC1 mice promotes anaplasia and invasiveness of thyroid carcinomas.
Okoboji experiment: Comparing non-market valuation techniques in an unusually well-defined market for water quality

Abstract Three techniques to value the non-market commodity of water quality are compared in a notably active and unusually well-defined market: the Okoboji Lakes region of northwest Iowa. The paper compares: (a) a site valuation based on differing property values across lakes; (b) a market valuation by soliciting realtors' interpretations of observed price differentials; and (c) a contingent valuation of willingness to pay for water quality changes. The results obtained are similar in magnitude; the value of water quality ranges from 13 to 23% of the total residence value per square foot of private residence.
Follicular helper T cells as cognate regulators of B cell immunity

Follicular helper T (T(FH)) cells are a class of helper T cells specialized in the cognate control of antigen-specific B cell immunity. Upon first contact with antigen-primed B cells, pregerminal center effector T(FH) cells promote B cell clonal expansion, antibody isotype switch, plasma cell differentiation, and the induction of germinal centers. By contrast, within germinal centers, T(FH) cells regulate the fate of antigen-specific GC B cells expressing high-affinity variant B cell receptors to promote memory B cell and long-lived plasma cell development. Recent studies unravel multiple signals controlling T(FH) development and functional subtypes of antigen-specific T(FH) cells, including memory T(FH) cells that accelerate memory B cell responses to antigen rechallenge in vivo.
ASON/GMPLS control plane status

Optical control plane has demonstrated benefits ➔ Applied to numerous SONET/SDH networks ➔ Limited by existing SONET/SDH operations infrastructure and cost Future extensions will support new transport network technologies ➔ OTN, packet and WSON ➔ OTN is being defined/deployed now ➔ Packet (esp. MPLS-TP) and WSON still pending further work Refinements being added to control plane itself ➔ ASON extensions to support transport vs. IP requirements ➔ PCE to support multi-domain and scalability
Peroxidase-catalyzed removal of phenols from coal-conversion waste waters

A novel, enzymatic approach has been developed for the removal of phenols from coal-conversion aqueous effluents. Treatment with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide precipitates 97 to 99 percent of the phenol in a wide range of pH and phenol concentrations; both model mixtures and real industrial waste-water samples have been treated successfully. Other pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, can be enzymatically coprecipitated with the phenols.
Transactivation of the Human Keratin 4 and Epstein-Barr Virus ED-L2 Promoters by Gut-enriched Krüppel-like Factor

The Kruppel-like family of transcription factors comprises genes that appear to have tissue-restricted functions. Expression of gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor (GKLF) may be important in the switch from proliferation to differentiation in the squamous epithelium. We sought to determine transcriptionally mediated effects of GKLF on two promoters active in the esophageal squamous epithelium, namely the Epstein-Barr virus ED-L2 and human keratin 4 promoters. Both promoters contain a CACCC-like motif previously shown to bind GKLF. To determine whether GKLF regulates genes containing this element, we first demonstrated expression and then cloned the full-length human GKLF from an esophageal squamous carcinoma cell line. In a transient transfection system, GKLF increased the activity of both promoters >25-fold, localized to regions containing the CACCC-like element. Recombinant GKLF specifically binds the CACCC-like motif in both promoters. GKLF epitope-tagged protein leads to the formation of two proteins of 65 and 34 kDa. The chromatographically purified 65-kDa protein binds the CACCC-like element from both Epstein-Barr virus ED-L2 and keratin 4 promoters, which is not attenuated by the 34-kDa protein. In summary, GKLF is expressed in esophageal squamous epithelial cells and transcriptionally activates two esophageal epithelial promoters important at the transition toward differentiation.
Identification of a Van der Woude syndrome mutation in the cleft palate 1 mutant mouse.

Mutations in Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) have been identified in two human allelic syndromes with cleft lip and/or palate: Van der Woude (VWS) and Popliteal Pterygium syndromes (PPS). Furthermore, common IRF6 haplotypes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) alleles are strongly associated with nonsyndromic clefting defects in multiple ethnic populations. Mutations in the mouse often provide good models for the study of human diseases and developmental processes. We identified the cleft palate 1 (clft1) mouse mutant in a forward genetic screen for phenotypes modeling human congenital disease. In the clft1 mutant, we have identified a novel missense point mutation in the mouse Irf6 gene, which confers an amino acid alteration that has been found in a VWS family. Phenotypic comparison of clft1 mutants to previously reported Irf6 mutant alleles demonstrates the Irf6clft1 allele is a hypomorphic allele. The cleft palate seen in these mutants appears to be due to abnormal adhesion between the palate and tongue. The Irf6clft1 allele provides the first mouse model for the study of an etiologic IRF6 missense mutation observed in a human VWS family. genesis 48:303–308, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Toward a cognitive neuropsychology of awareness: Implicit knowledge and anosognosia

Abstract Although a systematic cognitive neuropsychology of awareness has not yet emerged, a number of phenomena reported in the literature provide an empirical basis for developing it. The present discussion focusses on two such phenomena: implicit knowledge, which refers to knowledge that is expressed in task performance unintentionally and with little phenomenal awareness; and anosognosia, which refers to unawareness of neuropsychological deficits. Two types of theoretical accounts of these phenomena are discussed. A first order theoretical account entails postulating damage to, or disconnection of, a system or process that generates awareness across multiple domains. A second-order account does not postulate disruption of a cross-domain awareness mechanism, but instead appeals to difficulties in gaining access to particular kinds of domain-specific information that are associated with aware expressions of knowledge in individual domains. Instances of first- and second-order accounts are illustrated wi...
Reactive cluster model of metallic glasses

Though discovered more than a half century ago metallic glasses remain a scientific enigma. Unlike crystalline metals, characterized by short, medium, and long-range order, in metallic glasses short and medium-range order persist, though long-range order is absent. This fact has prompted research to develop structural descriptions of metallic glasses. Among these are cluster-based models that attribute amorphous structure to the existence of clusters that are incommensurate with crystalline periodicity. Not addressed, however, are the chemical factors stabilizing these clusters and promoting their interconnections. We have found that glass formers are characterized by a rich cluster chemistry that above the glass transformation temperature promotes exchange as well as static and vibronic sharing of atoms between clusters. The vibronic mechanism induces correlated motions between neighboring clusters and we hypothesize that the distance over which these motions are correlated mediates metallic glass stability and influences critical cooling rates.
Capacitated two-parallel machines scheduling to minimize sum of job completion times

Abstract In this paper we study the n -job two-parallel machines scheduling problem with the objective of minimizing the sum of job completion times. However, instead of allowing both machines to be continuously available as is often assumed in the literature, we will only allow one of the machines to be available for a specified period of time after which it can no longer process any job. We will first prove that the problem is NP-complete and then provide a pseudo-polynomial dynamic programming algorithm to solve the problem. We will also propose a heuristic that has a worst case error bound of 50%. Other possible extensions to the problem will also be discussed.
Akermanite in the Cascade Slide xenolith and its significance for regional metamorphism in the Adirondacks

Akermanite (Ak90) coexists with monticellite (Mo92) and wollastonite (Wo99) in an unusual calc-silicate xenolith in anorthosite at Cascade Slide in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Experimental results bearing on the stability of akermanite have been evaluated through calculations based on thermochemical data and by chemical analysis of experimental products (Yoder 1975). A temperature of 750°±30° C and a pressure less than 7 kb are inferred. These estimates are in agreement with the conditions of regional metamorphism previously inferred from other nearby rock types. When errors are considered, all existing data show that the Cascade Slide mineral assemblages last equilibrated at a slightly higher pressure of 7.4±1 kb and at a temperature of 750°±30° C during regional granulite facies metamorphism. The exotic mineralogy at Cascade Slide (akermanite, monticellite, cuspidine and wilkeite) was stabilized by low carbon dioxide fugacity. Posttectonic anorthosite intrusion is ruled out by the absence of a preserved contact aureole.
Rendering hair-like objects with indirect illumination

In this paper, we present a new approach that allows rendering hair like structures with global illumination. We use a projectionbased method to calculate the visibility on the shading point. Our technique is particularly suitable for hair-like long and thin semitransparent objects that can be approximated as a series of line segments. In this projection method, we subdivide the hemisphere centered on the shading point into segments that have the same area. The result of our subdivision resembles an igloo structure. We first project this structure on the plane tangent to the top of the hemisphere and then compute visibility on this plane. We also describe the implementation of a simplification technique that computes visibility using only a portion of the hair strand segments.
Synthesis of monodisperse PbSe nanorods: a case for oriented attachment.

Monodisperse, high-quality, single-crystal PbSe nanorods were synthesized in a catalyst-free, one-pot reaction using a new phosphine selenide precursor. PbSe nanorods were assembled to provide liquid-crystalline alignment or vertical alignment under controlled evaporation conditions. The growth of nanorods was monitored by TEM and absorption spectroscopy, indicating that oriented attachment could be involved to provide anisotropic PbSe nanostructures. In-plane XRD showed an enhanced (200) peak for PbSe nanorods, indicating the preferred alignment of nanorods on the substrates and their growth along the ⟨100⟩ direction. Absorption and emission spectra, along with lifetime measurements, show the differences between nanoscale PbSe spheres and rods.
On the complexity of some problems concerning the use of procedures. I.

We consider programming languages which allow procedures to be declared dynamically and to be passed as parameters. The influence of these two features on the decidability of "formal parameter correctness," "formal recursivity," and other properties relevant for debugging and optimization has been studied in [5---12]. In this paper we study the feasibility of such decision procedures in those cases where decidability has been proven. Thus this paper presents a complexity-theoretic refinement of some of the recursion-theoretic work from [5---12]. It is divided into two parts. The main results in part I are: In part II [15] we will analyze the complexity of such problems in restricted classes of programs.
A gradient-projective basis of compactly supported wavelets in dimension n > 1

A given set W = {W X } of n-variable class C 1 functions is a gradient-projective basis if for every tempered distribution f whose gradient is square-integrable, the sum $\sum\limits_\chi {(\int_{\mathbb{R}^n } {\nabla f \cdot } \nabla W_\chi ^* )} W_\chi $ converges to f with respect to the norm $\left\| {\nabla ( \cdot )} \right\|_{L^2 (\mathbb{R}^n )} $ . The set is not necessarily an orthonormal set; the orthonormal expansion formula is just an element of the convex set of valid expansions of the given function f over W. We construct a gradient-projective basis W = {W x } of compactly supported class C 2−ɛ functions on ℝ n such that where X has the structure $\chi = (\tilde \chi ,\nu )$ , ν ∈ ℤ. W is a wavelet set in the sense that the functions indexed by $\tilde \chi $ are generated by an averaging of lattice translations with wave propagations, and there are two additional discrete parameters associated with the latter. These functions indexed by $\tilde \chi $ are the unit-scale wavelets. The support volumes of our unit-scale wavelets are not uniformly bounded, however. While the practical value of this construction is doubtful, our motivation is theoretical. The point is that a gradient-orthonormal basis of compactly supported wavelets has never been constructed in dimension n > 1. (In one dimension the construction of such a basis is easy — just anti-differentiate the Haar functions.)
The effect of selenium on sulfur uptake by barley and rice

Because of their chemical and physical similarities, plant uptake of S and Se are closely related. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in greenhouse solution culture to examine the synergistic interactions between SO4 and Se6+ in plant uptake. In the presence of low concentrations of solution SO4, shoot and root yields were decreased with additions of Se6+. However, when SO4 was present in elevated concentrations, no Se-induced yield reduction occurred. A synergistic interaction between SO4 and Se6+ caused an increase in the shoot S concentrations with increasing concentrations of Se6+ at low SO4 solution concentrations. At elevated SO4 concentrations, no synergism was osberved. Selenium had a lesser effect on the S concentration in plant roots.
Spatiality and the Interpretation of Identity Formation: Fugitive Slave Community Creation in Nineteenth-Century Kenya

In the nineteenth century, the coalescence of a plantation economy on the Swahili Coast provoked an upsurge in the local slave trade. Increasing numbers of enslaved workers fled inland, and, by the 1840s, some had created independent settlements. In Swahili, runaway slaves were known as watoro. Forged by men and women of diverse cultural backgrounds, watoro communities offer broad insight into how groups form and sustain themselves. This study explores how watoro settlement organization and landscape practices reflect the process of community formation. Particular attention is paid to watoro communities’ participation in regional networks and the degree to which fugitive slaves developed homogenized sociocultural norms or maintained long-term cultural plurality. This paper adopts a spatial archaeological approach centered on settlement location, housing density, and domestic architecture. Dissonances between these spatial data and artifact distributions reveal the ways in which both heterogeneity and homogeneity were expressed and experienced. Articulations and disarticulations between different evidentiary types also help to better reveal the diverse range of inter-group interactions that fugitive slaves pursued and avoided.
Factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Citrus and production of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) plants expressing the coat protein gene of citrus tristeza virus

Factors influencing transformation frequencies using the Agrobacterium-mediated protocol developed for Citrus seedling internodal stem segments in this laboratory were evaluated, with particular emphasis on decreasing the numbers of ``escape'' shoots produced. Although the use of a wild-type ``shooty'' Agrobacterium strain allowed relatively high frequencies of β-glucuronidase positive (GUS+) shoots to be produced, none of the shoots were free of wild-type T-DNA and would not root. Both use of a liquid medium/kanamycin overlay and horizontal placement of stem segments increased the efficiency of kanamycin selection. Wounding via particle bombardment prior to Agrobacterium inoculation did not increase transformation frequencies. The concentration of benzyladenine (BA) in the regeneration/selection medium inversely influenced the numbers of shoots that regenerated and the subsequent ability of the shoots to root. Regeneration in the presence of kanamycin also influenced the ability of shoots to root. Many of the shoots that regenerated on selection medium were chimeric for GUS expression, and plants established from such shoots ranged from non-staining to solidly staining for GUS. However, solidly transformed plants with integrated T-DNA were obtained, and these plants have maintained the expression of transgenes over several years. The transgenic plants include ones of sour orange (C. aurantium L.) and Key lime (C. aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing.), two species not previously transformed, and have integrated and express the coat protein gene of citrus tristeza virus. This is the first report of a potentially agriculturally important transgene being expressed in Citrus.
Carbon Dioxide Angiography

The algorithm for patients with renal insufficiency who require vascular imaging has recently changed in my hospital. Previously, the majority of these patients underwent magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or occasionally computed tomographic angiography after prescan hydration and sodium bicarbonate infusion. Although we have used carbon dioxide (CO2) for many years, with the advent of nephrogenic systemic sclerosis and its unclear relationship to MRA contrast agents, we are increasingly using CO2 as a contrast agent for both diagnosis and to guide therapy. CO2 has been used for > 30 years. It is not nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic and is nonallergenic. It is also quite inexpensive compared with other contrast agents.
Compensators: An alternative IMRT delivery technique

Seven years of experience in compensator intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) clinical implementation are presented. An inverse planning dose optimization algorithm was used to generate intensity modulation maps, which were delivered via either the compensator or segmental multileaf collimator (MLC) IMRT techniques. The in-house developed compensatorIMRT technique is presented with the focus on several design issues. The dosimetry of the delivery techniques was analyzed for several clinical cases. The treatment time for both delivery techniques on Siemens accelerators was retrospectively analyzed based on the electronic treatment record in LANTIS for 95 patients. We found that the compensator technique consistently took noticeably less time for treatment of equal numbers of fields compared to the segmental technique. The typical time needed to fabricate a compensator was 13 min, 3 min of which was manual processing. More than 80% of the approximately 700 compensators evaluated had a maximum deviation of less than 5% from the calculation in intensity profile. Seventy-two percent of the patient treatment dosimetry measurements for 340 patients have an error of no more than 5%. The pros and cons of different IMRT compensator materials are also discussed. Our experience shows that the compensator-IMRT technique offers robustness, excellent intensity modulation resolution, high treatment delivery efficiency, simple fabrication and quality assurance (QA) procedures, and the flexibility to be used in any teletherapy unit.
Second-order Statistics of Integrated Intensities and of Detected Photoelectrons

Abstract The second-order statistics associated with the time-integrated intensity in photoelectron counting and with the aperture-integrated intensity in laser speckle are investigated with special emphasis placed upon the long-measurement-time (large-aperture) regime. Both the joint probability density function and the conditional probability density function of the integrated intensities are obtained as a power series in the integrated intensity correlation function with coefficients given by associated Laguerre polynomials in the two integrated intensities. The conditional variance is evaluated and discussed. The corresponding problem of the second-order statistics of detected photoelectrons is also solved.
Porcine endometrial epithelial cells immortalized by transfection with origin-defective, temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 DNA.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to immortalize porcine endometrial cells and to characterize the transformed cells. Primary porcine endometrial cells were transfected with the plasmid vector (pmk 16) containing SV40 DNA using a liposome-mediated method. The viral DNA was from a replication-defective, origin-minus, temperature-sensitive mutant strain (A58). One clone, designated PE-1, has been propagated for over 120 passages. PE-1 cells grown at 33C (33C cells) exhibit spindle-shaped morphology; when cultured at 40C (40C cells), they took on a polygonal or spherical shape. Morphology of 40C cells returned to the spindle shape after culture flasks were shifted back to 33C. During a 2-week period, 33C cells propagated approximately 30-fold faster than 40C cells, whereas protein concentration was higher in 40C cells. Southern blot analysis of PE-1 cells demonstrated successful integration of the ts- SV40 DNA sequence into the porcine endometrial cells, possibly at multiple sites. The presence of cytokeratin on PE-1 cell membranes was shown by immunocytochemical studies, suggesting that the PE-1 cell clone was of epithelial origin. Reverse phase (RP)-HPLC analysis of PE-1 cell extract indicated that the majority of immunoreactive β-endorphin (ir-BEND) eluted with a hydrophobicity similar to that of synthetic BEND and α-N-acetylated BEND (Nac-BEND). These results demonstrate that a porcine endometrial cell line has been established, and that this cell line possesses characteristics of temperature sensitivity in cell morphology, growth rate, and protein synthesis.
Silica-Based, Hyper-Crosslinked Acid Stable Stationary Phases for High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A new family of hyper-crosslinked (HC) phases for use under very aggressive acid conditions including those encountered in ultra-fast, high temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) has been recently introduced. This type of stationary phase shows significantly enhanced acid and thermal stability compared to the most acid stable, commercial RPLC phases. In addition, the use of "orthogonal" chemistry to make surface-confined polymer networks ensures good reproducibility and high efficiency. One of the most interesting features of the HC phases is the ability to derivatize the surface aromatic groups with various functional groups. This has led to the development of a family of hyper-crosslinked phases possessing a wide variety of chromatographic selectivities by attaching hydrophobic (e.g. -C₈), ionizable (e.g. -COOH, -SO₃H), aromatic (e.g. -toluene) or polar (e.g. -OH) species to the aromatic polymer network. HC reversed phases with various degrees of hydrophobicity and mixed-mode HC phases with added strong and weak cation exchange sites have been synthesized, characterized and applied. These silica-based acid-stable HC phases, with their attractive chromatographic properties, should be very useful in the separation of bases or biological analytes in acidic media, especially at elevated temperatures. This work reviews prior research on HC phases and introduces a novel HC phase made by alternative chemistry.
The Public Health Impact of Lyme Disease in Maryland

The purpose of this study was to estimate the health burden imposed by Lyme disease (LD) in Maryland during 1992 and 1993. A cross-sectional 1-in-15 survey of physicians (total, 1200) in Maryland was conducted to estimate the incidence of diagnosed LD, presumptive cases of LD, patients with tick bites, and diagnostic tests ordered for LD. Results show that LD is underreported by 10- to 12-fold in Maryland, that 80% of cases are managed by primary care physicians, and that there is discordance between the actual clinical treatment of patients and the recommended approach. In addition, the much greater numbers of patients treated for presumptive LD, seen and given prophylaxis for tick bites, and having diagnostic tests indicate that real and perceived LD is a far greater public health problem and uses more medical resources than official surveillance data suggest.
Ammonothermal Recrystallization of Gallium Nitride with Acidic Mineralizers

Crystals of cubic GaN (c-GaN) were grown ammonothermally using hexagonal gallium nitride as a nutrient. h-GaN was sealed in a quartz tube with anhydrous ammonia, an acid (NH4X; X = Cl, Br, I), and in some cases a lithium halide (LiX). The bottom of the tube was heated to 470−510 °C in a vertically oriented pressure vessel containing a hydrostatic pressure of 30000−40000 psi. The thermal gradient was approximately −10 °C/cm. h-GaN dissolved in the hot zone and GaN crystals deposited in the cooler zone near the top of the tube. Most (>80%) of the deposit was c-GaN for most of the experimental conditions studied, but the hexagonal form was a persistent contaminant. When LiX was used as a co-mineralizer triangular prisms of c-GaN often grew. Triangular prismatic needles of c-GaN grew in a (111) direction in experiments containing a low concentration (0.28 mol %) of NH4Cl, a larger concentration (2.0 mol %) of LiCl, and a 55% fill factor. The crystals were tapered, becoming wider as they grew, and crystals of...
Quantile dispersion graphs for evaluating and comparing designs for logistic regression models

Designs for fitting a generalized linear model depend on the unknown parameters of the model. The use of any design optimality criterion would therefore require some prior knowledge of the parameters. In this article, a graphical technique is proposed for comparing and evaluating designs for a logistic regression model. Quantiles of the scaled mean-squared error of prediction are obtained on concentric surfaces inside a region of interest, R. For a given design, these quantiles depent on the model's parameters. Plots of the maxima and minima of the quantiles, over a subset of the parameter space, produce the so-called quantile dispersion graphs (QDGs). The plots provide a comprehensive assessment of the overall prediction capability of the design within the region R. They also depict the dependence of the design on the model's parameters. The QDGs can therefore be conveniently used to compare several candidate designs. Two examples are presented to illustrate the proposed methodology.
Research by pediatric radiologists — Past accomplishments and future opportunities

Pediatric radiologists have made numerous and important contributions to the body of medical knowledge. This essay reviews aspects of biomedical and radiological research, analyses the state of scholarship in pediatric radiology today, and examines future research opportunities. The author's research interest in cardiopulmonary malformations and in the use of murine models of human disease serve to illustrate of but one of many investigative areas open to academic pediatric radiologists. Finally, the application process for NIH funding is briefly discussed.
Deficient homologous desensitization of formyl peptide receptors stably expressed in undifferentiated HL-60 cells

The ability of formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) stably expressed in undifferentiated HL-60 cells to undergo ligand-induced desensitization was compared with their ability in normal and vector-transfected HL-60 cells following granulocyte differentiation with DMSO. fMet-Leu-Phe failed to induce uncoupling of FPRs from G-proteins in FPR-transfected cells, whereas uncoupling was induced in differentiated HL-60 cells and differentiated vector-transfected HL-60 cells, as determined by ligand-stimulated guanosine 5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate (GTPgammaS) binding and GTPgammaS inhibition of fMet-Leu-Phe binding to isolated membranes. Immunoprecipitation of Galpha(i2) from solubilized, azidoanalide (AA-gammaGTP) photolabeled membranes showed that receptors in desensitized FPR-transfected HL-60 cells remained coupled to Galpha(i2), whereas desensitized receptors in differentiated HL-60 cell membranes were uncoupled from Galpha(i2). As determined by immunoblotting, Galpha(i2) expression was similar in undifferentiated and differentiated HL-60 cells and FPR-transfected cells. Ligand-stimulated receptor internalization and desensitization of calcium redistribution were similar in all three groups of cells. Immunoblotting also indicated that G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) 2 and 4 were present in undifferentiated FPR-transfected HL-60 cells at 50% of the level seen in differentiated HL-60 cells. However, differentiation did not increase GRK2 or GRK4 expression, indicating that differences in GRK expression do not explain deficient desensitization. The data indicated that undifferentiated HL-60 cells are unable to induce homologous desensitization of FPRs.
Observation of non-principal plane neutral points in the in-water upwelling polarized light field

Neutral points are specific directions in the light field where the three Stokes parameters Q, U, V, and thus the degree of polarization simultaneously go to zero. We have made the first measurement of non-principal-plane neutral points in the upwelling light field in natural waters. These neutral points are located at approximately 40°- 80° nadir angle and between 120° - 160° azimuth to the sun which is well off of the principal plane. Calculations show that the neutral point positions are very sensitive to the balance in the incident light between the partially polarized skylight and the direct solar beam.
A REVIEW OF BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION: PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES BY RAYMOND G. MILTENBERGER

In a marketplace that already includes sev-eral high-quality textbooks on applied be-havior analysis (e.g., Cooper, Heron, & He-ward, 1987; Kazdin, 1994; Martin & Pear,1995; Sulzer-Azaroff & Mayer, 1991), cre-ating one that makes a signiﬁcant improve-ment in the presentation of the material isnot an easy task. However, Miltenberger(1997) has accomplished this goal with hisrecent textbook entitled
Powder processing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene I. Powder characterization and compaction

Powders of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene from three suppliers were characterized for density, crystallinity, particle size, particle size distribution and particle morphology. The powders had molecular weights in the range 2-5 million. Bulk powder behavior, compressibility, green strength and springback were evaluated and explained in terms of particle characteristics. The green densities of the powders were found to reach a plateau at pressures of about 100 MPa. These plateau density levels were found to depend upon powder, characteristics and to lie between 80 and 90 percent relative density. Green strength is shown to be a unique function of a densification parameter.
Needed for teacher education: Naturalistic research that is culturally responsive

Abstract Teacher education is a social enterprise and has the dynamic qualities of social events. Each incident of social interaction is embedded in a social context that is broader than the boundaries of an observer's vision, reaching back into the history that led up to it and reaching out to a constellation or network of related and impinging social events and social forces. At the same time, each incident of social interaction is constantly in the process of changing , of becoming something else. This future is never precisely foreseeable. To study such a dynamic event requires methods that can describe both their background or surrounding general social context and that can describe the shifting, changing event as it evolves. These descriptions make deeper interpretations possible. Interpretations suggest meanings for an event that are plausible within the cultural context in which they happen. A combination of survey data and naturalistic data may provide the descriptions needed to make plausible interpretations. These provide rich illumination of the few instances being studied. Generalization is possible only with great caution. “Exporting” generalizations across cultures is even more difficult than applying insights within a culture but in a different social context. The mediating intelligence and understanding of the user may make such cautious application possible.
A computational method for the restoration of images with an unknown, spatially-varying blur

In this paper, we present an algorithm for the restoration of images with an unknown, spatially-varying blur. Existing computational methods for image restoration require the assumption that the blur is known and/or spatially-invariant. Our algorithm uses a combination of techniques. First, we section the image, and then treat the sections as a sequence of frames whose unknown PSFs are correlated and approximately spatially-invariant. To estimate the PSFs in each section, phase diversity is used. With the PSF estimates in hand, we then use a technique by Nagy and O’Leary for the restoration of images with a known, spatially-varying blur to restore the image globally. Test results on star cluster data are presented.
Genital erosions and ulcers in childhood and adolescence.

Genital erosions and ulcers in children and adolescents present a complex diagnostic dilemma. Most lesions are exquisitely painful and result in considerable anxiety and emotional distress for both the patient and family not to mention the physician’s frustration in trying to expediently diagnose and treat a lesion which is rarely seen in general practice. The differential is vast and may have serious medical implications. A basic approach to the evaluation of genital ulcers and erosions is presented along with treatment options. First a few basic definitions are needed. Erosions involve focal loss of the epidermis whereas ulcers are deep and extend into the dermis. Secondary infection can occur with any loss of mucosal or skin integrity further confusing the clinical presentation. Examples of erosions include genital herpes lichen sclerosus and candidiasis. Ulcers include genital apthae and fixed drug eruptions. (authors)
Pharmaceutical digital marketing and governance: illicit actors and challenges to global patient safety and public health

Background: Digital forms of direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical marketing (eDTCA) have globalized in an era of free and open information exchange. Yet, the unregulated expansion of eDTCA has resulted in unaddressed global public health threats. Specifically, illicit online pharmacies are engaged in the sale of purportedly safe, legitimate product that may in fact be counterfeit or substandard. These cybercriminal actors exploit available eDTCA mediums over the Internet to market their suspect products globally. Despite these risks, a detailed assessment of the public health, patient safety, and cybersecurity threats and governance mechanisms to address them has not been conducted. Discussion: Illicit online pharmacies represent a significant global public health and patient safety risk. Existing governance mechanisms are insufficient and include lack of adequate adoption in national regulation, ineffective voluntary governance mechanisms, and uneven global law enforcement efforts that have allowed proliferation of these cybercriminals on the web. In order to effectively address this multistakeholder threat, inclusive global governance strategies that engage the information technology, law enforcement and public health sectors should be established. Summary: Effective global “eHealth Governance” focused on cybercrime is needed in order to effectively combat illicit online pharmacies. This includes building upon existing Internet governance structures and coordinating partnership between the UN Office of Drugs and Crime that leads the global fight against transnational organized crime and the Internet Governance Forum that is shaping the future of Internet governance. Through a UNODC-IGF governance mechanism, investigation, detection and coordination of activities against illicit online pharmacies and their misuse of eDTCA can commence.
Multicanonical Monte Carlo study of noisy signal evolution in 2R all-optical regenerators with normal and anomalous average dispersions

We show that evolutions of optical noise on the background of a strongly nonlinear signal pulse are similar in Mamyshev-type regenerators employing maps with either normal or anomalous average dispersion.
Facile Synthesis of Amine-Functionalized Eu3+-Doped La(OH)3 Nanophosphors for Bioimaging

Here, we report a straightforward synthesis process to produce colloidal Eu3+-activated nanophosphors (NPs) for use as bioimaging probes. In this procedure, poly(ethylene glycol) serves as a high-boiling point solvent allowing for nanoscale particle formation as well as a convenient medium for solvent exchange and subsequent surface modification. The La(OH)3:Eu3+ NPs produced by this process were ~3.5 nm in diameter as determined by transmission electron microscopy. The NP surface was coated with aminopropyltriethoxysilane to provide chemical functionality for attachment of biological ligands, improve chemical stability and prevent surface quenching of luminescent centers. Photoluminescence spectroscopy of the NPs displayed emission peaks at 597 and 615 nm (λex = 280 nm). The red emission, due to 5D0 → 7F1 and 5D0 → 7F2 transitions, was linear with concentration as observed by imaging with a conventional bioimaging system. To demonstrate the feasibility of these NPs to serve as optical probes in biological applications, an in vitro experiment was performed with HeLa cells. NP emission was observed in the cells by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the NPs displayed no cytotoxicity over the course of a 48-h MTT cell viability assay. These results suggest that La(OH)3:Eu3+ NPs possess the potential to serve as a luminescent bioimaging probe.
Legitimation in the 1976 U.S. Election Campaign

Two related propositions about legitimation as a function of an election were tested with data from a panel study of Wisconsin residents during the fall 1976 presidential campaign. The hypothesis that public confidence in governmental institutions would increase during the campaign period was supported, and these increases were associated with heavier exposure to the campaign and to the Ford-Carter debates. No support was found for the hypothesis that the candidate the person was not voting for would become more favorably evaluated as a function of the campaign. Evaluations of the candidate voted for improved over time; this change was associated most strongly with interpersonal discussion rather than with exposure to the campaign via media.
Conceptuality and Practical Action: A Critique of Charles Taylor’s Verstehen Social Theory:

In their recent debate, Hubert Dreyfus rejects John McDowell’s claim that perception is permeated with “mindedness” and argues instead that ordinary embodied coping is largely “nonconceptual.” This argument has important, yet largely unacknowledged consequences for normative social theory, which this article demonstrates through a critique of Charles Taylor’s Verstehen thesis. If Dreyfus is right that “the enemy of expertise is thought,” then Taylor is denied his defense against charges of relativism, which is that maximizing the interpretive clarity of social practices unequivocally makes for better practices. Verstehen social theory, I argue, must consider both the gains and losses of the attempt to make the meaning of our practices explicit.
Women Veterans' Pathways to and Perspectives on Veterans Affairs Health Care

Abstract Background We examined Veterans Affairs (VA) health care experiences among contemporary women veteran patients receiving care at a VA medical center. Specifically, we examined women veteran patients' satisfaction with VA care along dimensions in line with patient-centered medical home (patient-aligned care teams [PACT] in VA) priorities, and pathways through which women initially accessed VA care. Methods We used a mixed methods research design. First, 249 racially diverse women (ages 22–64) who were past-year users of primary care at a VA medical center completed interviewer-administered surveys in 2012 assessing ratings of satisfaction with care in the past year. We then conducted in-depth qualitative interviews of a subset of women surveyed ( n = 25) to gain a deeper understanding of perspectives and experiences that shaped satisfaction with care and to explore women's initial pathways to VA care. Results Ratings of satisfaction with VA care were generally high, with some variation by demographic characteristics. Qualitative interviews revealed perceptions of care centered on the following themes: 1) barriers to care delay needed medical care, while innovative care models facilitate access, 2) women value communication and coordination of care, and 3) personalized context of VA care, including gender sensitive care shapes women's perceptions. Pathways to VA care were characterized by initial delays, often attributable to lack of knowledge or negative perceptions of VA care. Informal social networks were instrumental in helping women to overcome barriers. Conclusions Findings highlight convergence of women's preferences with PACT priorities of timely access to care, provider communication, and coordination of care, and suggest areas for improvement. Outreach is needed to address gaps in knowledge and negative perceptions. Initiatives to enhance women veterans' social networks may provide an information-sharing resource.