cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Vision for Vaccines Built from Fully Synthetic Tumor-Associated Antigens: From the Laboratory to the Clinic

Cancer cells may be distinguished from normal cells by cell surface displays of aberrant levels and types of carbohydrate domains. Accordingly, these tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) represent promising target structures for the design of anticancer vaccines. Over the past 20 years, our laboratory has sought to use the tools of chemical synthesis to develop TACA-based anticancer vaccine candidates. We provide herein a personal accounting of our laboratory’s progress toward the long-standing goal of developing clinically viable fully synthetic carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccines.
Crossover and scaling in a two-dimensional field-tuned superconductor

Using an analysis similar to that of Imry and Wortis, it is shown that the apparent first-order superconductor to metal transition, which has been claimed to exist at low values of the magnetic field in a two-dimensional field-tuned system at zero temperature, can he consistently interpreted as a sharp crossover from a strong superconductor to an inhomogeneous state, which is a weak superconductor. The true zero-temperature superconductor to insulator transition within the inhomogeneous state is conjectured to be that of randomly diluted XY model. An explanation of the observed finite-temperature approximate scaling of resistivity close to the critical point is speculated within this model.
Stress distribution and the fragility of supercooled melts.

We formulate a minimal ansatz for local stress distribution in a solid that includes the possibility of strongly anharmonic short-length motions. We discover a broken-symmetry metastable phase that exhibits an aperiodic, frozen-in stress distribution. This aperiodic metastable phase is characterized by many distinct, nearly degenerate configurations. The activated transitions between the configurations are mapped onto the dynamics of a long-range classical Heisenberg model with 6-component spins and anisotropic couplings. We argue the metastable phase corresponds to a deeply supercooled nonpolymeric, nonmetallic liquid and further establish an order parameter for the glass-to-crystal transition. The spin model itself exhibits a continuous range of behaviors between two limits corresponding to frozen-in shear and uniform compression/dilation, respectively. The two regimes are separated by a continuous transition controlled by the anisotropy in the spin−spin interaction, which is directly related to the Poi...
Phytoplankton succession in Lake Valencia, Venezuela

Phytoplankton counts and supporting physical and chemical data were taken on Lake Valencia, Venezuela, over a five-year interval. The data are used to test the validity of a successional paradigm for class-level taxa. According to the paradigm, formulated from previous studies of Lake Lanao, Philippines, and from data on temperate lakes, the order of taxa from early to late succession is: diatoms, chlorophytes, blue-green algae, dinoflagellates. A successional episode is considered to begin when stability of a water column is restored after deep mixing. As the episode progresses, there is a steady decrease in concentration of the limiting macronutrient (in this case, N). In a test of the validity of the paradigm for Lake Valencia, dates of exceptional population increase or decrease were obtained for each taxon. Since nitrate concentration declines steadily as succession progresses, the entry of a given taxon into the successional sequence is indicated quantitatively by the mean nitrate concentration on dates of exceptional increase in population density, and exit from the successional sequence is indicated by mean nitrate concentration on dates of exceptional population declines. The successional position of each major taxon, bounded by its entry and exit in the sequence, can be mapped on the complete spectrum of nitrate concentrations observed in the lake. For Lake Valencia, the nitrate mapping procedure agrees exactly with the predictions based on the successional paradigm. Conformance of Lake Valencia phytoplankton with predictions made a priori suggests that there is a generalized pattern in the phytoplankton succession of the mixed layers of temperate and tropical lakes.
Monotone thematic factorizations of matrix functions

Abstract We continue the study of the so-called thematic factorizations of admissible very badly approximable matrix functions. These factorizations were introduced by V.V. Peller and N.J. Young for studying superoptimal approximation by bounded analytic matrix functions. Even though thematic indices associated with a thematic factorization of an admissible very badly approximable matrix function are not uniquely determined by the function itself, R.B. Alexeev and V.V. Peller showed that the thematic indices of any monotone non-increasing thematic factorization of an admissible very badly approximable matrix function are uniquely determined. In this paper, we prove the existence of monotone non-decreasing thematic factorizations for admissible very badly approximable matrix functions. It is also shown that the thematic indices appearing in a monotone non-decreasing thematic factorization are not uniquely determined by the matrix function itself. Furthermore, we show that the monotone non-increasing thematic factorization gives rise to a great number of other thematic factorizations.
cyclo-SEM: A new carbonyl protecting group

Abstract Conversion of aldehydes and ketones to 1,3-dioxanes with 2-trimethylsilyl-1,3-propanediol affords carbonyl-protected products, ultimately susceptible to unmasking with LiBF 4 in THF.
k-d Darts: Sampling by k -dimensional flat searches

We formalize sampling a function using k-d darts. A k-d Dart is a set of independent, mutually orthogonal, k-dimensional hyperplanes called k-d flats. A dart has d choose k flats, aligned with the coordinate axes for efficiency. We show k-d darts are useful for exploring a function's properties, such as estimating its integral, or finding an exemplar above a threshold. We describe a recipe for converting some algorithms from point sampling to k-d dart sampling, if the function can be evaluated along a k-d flat. We demonstrate that k-d darts are more efficient than point-wise samples in high dimensions, depending on the characteristics of the domain: for example, the subregion of interest has small volume and evaluating the function along a flat is not too expensive. We present three concrete applications using line darts (1-d darts): relaxed maximal Poisson-disk sampling, high-quality rasterization of depth-of-field blur, and estimation of the probability of failure from a response surface for uncertainty quantification. Line darts achieve the same output fidelity as point sampling in less time. For Poisson-disk sampling, we use less memory, enabling the generation of larger point distributions in higher dimensions. Higher-dimensional darts provide greater accuracy for a particular volume estimation problem.
Airbreathing rotating detonation wave engine cycle analysis

Abstract A cycle analysis model for an airbreathing, rotating detonation wave engine (RDE) is presented. The engine consists of a steady inlet system with an isolator which delivers air into an annular combustor. A detonation wave continuously rotates around the combustor with side relief as the flow expands towards the nozzle. A model for the side relief is used to find the pressure distribution around the combustor. Air and fuel enter the combustor when the rarefaction wave pressure behind the detonation front drops to the inlet supply pressure. To create a stable RDE, the inlet pressure is matched in a convergence process with the average combustor pressure by increasing the annulus channel radial width with respect to the isolator channel. Performance of this engine is considered using several parametric studies and compared with rocket-mode computational results. A hydrogen–air RDE reaches a specific impulse of 3800 s and can reach a flight speed of Mach 5.
Assessment of microvascular anastomosis training in otolaryngology residencies: Survey of United States program directors

OBJECTIVE: To assess current microvascular training strategies in otolaryngology residency programs. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: U.S. otolaryngology residency programs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 104 U.S. otolaryngology program directors received surveys inquiring about program size, the presence of fellowship training in microvascular surgery, the number of microvascular cases per month, the use of microvascular animal laboratory, and whether residents, fellows, or co-attendings assist in the anastomoses. RESULTS: A 51 percent response rate was achieved, and of the 54 programs that responded, 78 percent reported no microvascular fellowship positions in plastics or head and neck reconstruction. A total of 52 percent reported performing three or fewer microvascular surgeries per month. Of the programs that did not have a microvascular fellow, only five (12%) performed eight or more surgeries per month. A total of 65 percent of the programs reported that residents assist during the anastomosis at least 75 percent of the time. Of the programs where residents assist 75 percent or more of the time, 70 percent have a formal training in microvascular technique ranging from demonstrating laboratory competencies to multiday courses. A total of 48 percent of the responding programs report having an animal laboratory for microvascular surgery. All animal laboratories used the rat as the model. CONCLUSION: Many programs find value in providing residents with microvascular training, both in the operating room and in the laboratory. Only a small minority of programs without fellowship positions responded that they perform microvascular surgery on a regular basis (4 or more surgeries per month).
News and Business Cycles in Open Economies

We study the effects of news about future total factor productivity (TFP) in a small open economy. We show that an open-economy version of the neoclassical model produces a recession in response to good news about future TFP. We propose an open-economy model that generates comovement in response to TFP news. The key elements of our model are a weak short-run wealth effect on the labor supply and adjustment costs to labor and investment. We show that our model also generates comovement in response to news about future investment-specific technical change and to “sudden stops.”
The top-down model of wind farm boundary layers and its applications

A simple model for the interactions of large wind farms with the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer, augmented for wake effects, is used to examine several important aspects of power degradation in large wind farms. It is shown that when combined with a model for internal boundary layer growth following the start of a wind farm, the model can explain measured power degradation trends. The model is then used to re-examine the advantages of off-shore wind farms. It is shown that the smaller roughness length over ocean that leads to faster hub-height winds compared with land-based wind farms is largely overshadowed by the wind turbines themselves.
An analysis of one-dimensional schelling segregation

We analyze the Schelling model of segregation in which a society of n individuals live in a ring. Each individual is one of two races and is only satisfied with his location so long as at least half his 2w nearest neighbors are of the same race as him. In the dynamics, randomly-chosen unhappy individuals successively swap locations. We consider the average size of monochromatic neighborhoods in the final stable state. Our analysis is the first rigorous analysis of the Schelling dynamics. We note that, in contrast to prior approximate analyses, the final state is nearly integrated: the average size of monochromatic neighborhoods is independent of n and polynomial in w.
The Star Clusters in the Irregular Galaxy NGC 4449

We examine the star clusters in the luminous irregular galaxy NGC 4449. We use a near-infrared spectrum and broadband images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope to place a limit of 8-15 Myr on the age of the bright central object in NGC 4449. Its luminosity and size suggest that it is comparable to young super star clusters. However, there is a peculiar nucleated-bar structure at the center of this star cluster, and we suggest that this structure is debris from the interaction that has produced the counterrotating gas systems and extended gas streamers in the galaxy. From the images we identify 60 other candidate compact star clusters in NGC 4449. Fourteen of these could be background elliptical galaxies or old globular star clusters. Of the star clusters, three, in addition to the central object, are potentially super star clusters, and many others are comparable to the populous clusters found in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The star clusters span a large range in ages with no obvious peak in cluster formation that might be attributed to the interaction that the galaxy has experienced.
Aproximaciones al análisis intertextual del discurso científico

Un area fundamental en el estudio del discurso es el analisis intertextual, especialmente si compartimos la idea de que uno de los requisitos para que un texto sea texto es determinar como este depende del conocimiento previo que tenemos de otros textos. De hecho, una serie de especialistas han revisado y ampliado el conocimiento del fenomeno de la intertextualidad. En este marco, el proposito de este estudio es, por una parte, revisar los diferentes conceptos que hoy en dia se relacionan con la intertextualidad y establecer, a partir de ellos, un marco minimo de referencia que facilite el analisis del discurso desde esta perspectiva, en especial del discurso cientifico. Interesa el discurso cientifico ya que, a nuestro juicio, constituiria un campo fertil para el analisis intertextual por la importancia cada vez mas creciente que ha adquirido el estudio de como las comunidades cientificas construyen su propio discurso.
Implementing recurrent back-propagation on the connection machine

Abstract The recurrent back-propagation algorithm for neural networks has been implemented on the Connection Machine, a massively parallel processor. Two fundamentally different graph architectures underlying the nets were tested: one based on arcs, the other on nodes. Confirming the predominance of communication over computation, performance measurements underscore the necessity to make connections the basic unit of representation. Comparisons between these graph algorithms lead to important conclusions concerning the parallel implementation of neural nets in both software and hardware.
Extensions for Finite Chevalley Groups III: Rational and Generic Cohomology

Abstract Let G be a connected reductive algebraic group and B be a Borel subgroup defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 0 . In this paper, the authors study the existence of generic G-cohomology and its stability with rational G-cohomology groups via the use of methods from the authors' earlier work. New results on the vanishing of G and B-cohomology groups are presented. Furthermore, vanishing ranges for the associated finite group cohomology of G ( F q ) are established which generalize earlier work of Hiller, in addition to stability ranges for generic cohomology which improve on seminal work of Cline, Parshall, Scott and van der Kallen.
Spacecraft contamination under simulated orbital environment

Volatile condensable material (VCM) measurements on a number of spacecraft materials have indicated that contamination rates onto surfaces at subambient temperatures cannot be predicted from standard outgassing tests, particularly where long-term exposures are involved. Contamination rates may depend markedly on temperature differentials between source and collector, the collection temperature, the source geometry, and the exposure time. Contamination rates also may be influenced by solar irradiation. The results of this study were obtained on a new VCM facility that overcomes many deficiencies experienced in earlier designs and permits accurate simulation of space environmental conditions. Advantages of the present system include an oil-free high-vacuum chamber (10~8—10~9 Torr), source temperatures from ambient to 125°C, collection temperatures from -140° to + 125°C, total mass-loss measurements, in situ VCM mass measurements with use of an internal-temp erature-compensated quartz-crystal microbalance, in situ vacuum ultraviolet irradiation of either the specimen or of the collected VCM, and infrared identification of the VCM by multiple internal reflection spectroscopy. The system also features automated data acquisition and data processing.
A continuum approximation approach to competitive facility location design under facility disruption risks

Abstract This paper presents game-theoretical models based on a continuous approximation (CA) scheme to optimize service facility location design under spatial competition and facility disruption risks. The share of customer demand in a market depends on the functionality of service facilities and the presence of nearby competitors, as customers normally seek the nearest functioning facility for service. Our game-theoretical models incorporate these complicating factors into an integrated framework, and use continuous and differentiable density functions to represent discrete location decisions. We first analyze the existence of Nash equilibria in a symmetric two-company competition case. Then we build a leader–follower Stackelberg competition model to derive the optimal facility location design when one of the companies has the first mover advantage over its competitor. Both models are solved effectively, and closed-form analytical solutions can be obtained for special cases. Numerical experiments (with hypothetical and empirical data) are conducted to show the impacts of competition, facility disruption risks and transportation cost metrics on the optimal design. Properties of the models are analyzed to cast interesting managerial insights.
Probing the Mass Fraction of MACHOs in Extragalactic Halos

Current microlensing searches calibrate the mass fraction of the Milky Way halo that is in the form of massive astrophysical compact halo objects (MACHOs). We show that surveys like the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) can probe the same quantity in halos of distant galaxies. Microlensing of background quasars by MACHOs in intervening galaxies would distort the equivalent width distribution of the quasar emission lines by an amplitude that depends on the projected quasar-galaxy separation. For a statistical sample of ~105 quasars as expected in the SDSS, this distortion is detectable at the 2 σ level out to a quasar-galaxy impact parameter of several tens of kpc, as long as extragalactic halos are made of MACHOs. Detection of this signal would test whether the MACHO fraction inferred for the Milky Way halo is typical of other galaxies.
Firm heterogeneity and worker turnover

Previous empirical analyses of job mobility focus on worker rather than firm characteristics. This paper exploits a unique data set on enterprise employment. We describe sectoral differences in turnover rates and in the persistence of turnover. We also present evidence of persistent turnover differences at the level of the individual firms—a result that is expected if firms have managers with differing ability to screen workers. When we consider the consequences to the firm of such turnover, we discover that high turnover firms are less likely to survive.
Advances in the biology and treatment of myeloma bone disease

The major clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma are related to the loss of bone. This bone loss often leads to pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, hypercalcemia, and bone pain. This article reviews the cytokine network involved in myeloma bone disease; describes the signaling cascade involved in osteoclastogenesis and mechanisms of action of novel therapeutic options for myeloma bone disease such as osteoprotegerin, RANK human immunoglobulin fusion protein, the proteasome inhibitor PS-341, and bisphosphonates; and summarizes the latest clinical trial results using oral and intravenous bisphosphonates for bone disease in multiple myeloma.
WEINSTEIN CONJECTURE AND GW-INVARIANTS

In this paper, we establish a general relationship between the nonvanishing of GW invariants with the existence of the closed orbits of a Hamiltonian system. As an application, we completely solved the stabilized Weinstein conjecture.
Redox activation of Ref-1 potentiates cell survival following myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury

Abstract A recent study showed that cardiac adaptation could potentiate translocation of thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) into the nucleus, which then interacted with Ref-1, resulting in a survival signal. Here, we present evidence that such adaptation also causes nuclear translocation of Ref-1, which is almost completely inhibited when the hearts were pretreated with antisense Ref-1 that also abolished the cardioprotective adaptive response. Significant amounts of NFκB and Nrf2 were found to be associated with Ref-1 when the nuclear extract obtained from the left ventricle was immunoprecipitated with Ref-1. Such Ref-1-NFκB and Ref-1-Nrf2 interactions were significantly inhibited with antisense Ref-1. However, immunoprecipitation of nuclear extract with NFκB showed that the association of Trx-1 with NFκB is increased in the adapted heart, which was again significantly blocked by antisense Ref-1. Nrf2 was also associated with NFκB; however, such association appeared to be independent of Ref-1. In contrast, myocardial adaptation to ischemia inhibited the ischemia reperfusion-induced loss of Nrf2 from the nucleus, which was inhibited by antisense Ref-1. The nuclear translocation and activation of Ref-1 appeared to generate a survival signal as evidenced by the increased phosphorylation of Akt that was inhibited with antisense Ref-1. Finally, confocal microscopy confirmed the results of immunoblotting, clearly showing the nuclear translocation of Ref-1 and nuclear 3D colocalization of Ref-1 with NFκB in the adapted heart and its inhibition with antisense Ref-1. Our results show that PC potentiates a survival signal through the phosphorylation of Akt by causing nuclear translocation and activation of Ref-1, where significant interaction among NFκB and Ref-1, Trx-1, and Nrf2 appears to regulate Ref-1-induced survival signal.
Not seeing is relieving: Invisible writing with computers

Word processors with adjustable video screens are used to test students' writing facility with and without visual feedback. Lack of visual feedback seems to have a salutory effect in forcing concentration onto emerging thoughts rather than words and sentences. It also prevents interrupting the train of thought to edit and correct every few sentences. `Local editing' is regarded as counterproductive because it deals with individual words and lines instead of reconceptualization and reorganization. For some students, however, the lack of feedback per se was disturbing and thought-disrupting.
Is fetal heart rate variability a good predictor of fetal outcome

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate, in a prospective manner, whether fetal heart rate (FHR) variability serves as a reliable single predictor of fetal outcome.Methods. We undertook a prospective study of 2,200 consecutive deliveries. Preterms 7.2; b) 5-min Apgar > 6, < 7; and c) immediate outcome (‘good’ defined as newborn going home after 2-5 days, with no neonatal intensive care unit (NI...
An annulation reaction for the synthesis of cross-conjugated triene-containing hydroindanes from acyclic precursors.

In efforts directed toward the synthesis of seco-prezizaane sesquiterpenoids, a stereoselective annulation reaction has been developed between 4-hydroxy-1,6-enynes and TMS-alkynes that delivers cross-conjugated triene-containing hydroindanes. Contrary to previous reports, enyne substrates bearing two propargylic ethers enable the presumed organometallic intermediate to be trapped by double elimination. The tendency of products from this annulation to undergo Diels–Alder-based dimerization was harnessed to accomplish a two-step complexity-generating sequence en route to densely functionalized carbo- and heteorocyclic systems.
Sequential delay budgeting with interconnect prediction

Delay budgeting is a process of determining upper bounds for net delays to guide timing-driven placement. The existing approaches deal de facto only with combinational circuits. However, incorporating retiming into delay budgeting introduces more freedom to optimize sequential circuits. In this paper, we propose an approach for budgeting sequential circuits. We propose a new linear programming formulation for timing-aware sequential budgeting, which guarantees that the clock period constraints are met. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach in the context of field-programmable gate arrays placement flow. We have performed two experiments. The first experiment compares sequential budgeting with traditional budgeting and retiming. The results show that the new placement flow reduces budget violations by 16% and improves timing by 9%. In the second experiment, we demonstrate methods of interconnect length prediction that are useful to estimate delay and to decide net weighting in sequential budgeting. We compare net delay predictions using traditional delay budgeting, the Donath's method, and mutual contraction. The results from this experiment show that sequential budgeting, using the new net weighting and predicted delays, can improve circuit speeds on average by 12.29%, compared to traditional timing-driven placement. The new net weighting method also performs better than a uniform weighting method.
Surface cleaning in thin film technology

As a practical matter, a “clean surface” is one that contains no significant amounts of undesirable material. In some cases, such as the adhesion of deposited thin films, foreign material on the surface may be desirable or necessary. Adhesion is often equated to surface cleanliness,+ so surface treatments or the deliberate addition of foreign material which improves adhesion may be considered cleaning techniques.
Conditional mouse lung cancer models using adenoviral or lentiviral delivery of Cre recombinase

The development of animal models of lung cancer is critical to our understanding and treatment of the human disease. Conditional mouse models provide new opportunities for testing novel chemopreventatives, therapeutics and screening methods that are not possible with cultured cell lines or xenograft models. This protocol describes how to initiate tumor formation in two conditional genetic models of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) utilizing the activation of oncogenic K-ras and the loss of function of p53. We discuss methods for sporadic expression of Cre in the lungs via engineered adenovirus or lentivirus and provide a detailed protocol for the administration of the virus by intranasal inhalation or intratracheal intubation. The protocol requires 1–5 minutes per mouse with an additional 30–45 minutes to set-up and allow for the recovery of mice from anesthesia. Mice may be analyzed for tumor formation and progression starting 2–3 weeks after infection.
Enzymatic methods for glyco(diversification/randomization) of drugs and small molecules.

Covering: up to the end of May 2011 Glyco(randomization/diversification) is a term that encompasses strategies to diversify a core drug scaffold via enzymatic glycosylation to provide sets of analogs wherein the sole diversity element is a carbohydrate. This review covers the influence of glycosylation upon various drug properties, the classes of glycosyl-conjugating enzymes amenable to glyco(randomization/diversification) schemes, approaches to the synthesis of required substrates and specific examples of glycorandomized libraries utilizing both wild-type and engineered enzymes.
Direct preparation of differentially protected hydroquinone-chromium(tricarbonyl) complexes from the benzannulation reaction of fischer carbene complexes

Abstract Methods for the preparation of differentially protected hydroquinone-chromium(tricarbonyl) complexes directly from alkenyl Fischer carbene complexes and alkynes are described. The benzannulation reaction of methoxy carbene complexes with alkynes produces hydroquinone chromium tricarbonyl complexes as their mono-methyl ethers which may be protected at the free aryl hydroxyl with either sequential or concurrent reaction with a variety of electrophiles, including silyl chlorides and triflates, acyl and alkyl halides, and anhydrides. The yields obtained for the arene complexes equal or exceed the yields for the phenol or quinone products isolated from the same benzannulation reactions in which the chromium tricarbonyl group has been oxidatively liberated from the arene. Differentially protected complexes can also be obtained directly from the reaction of β-silyl-alkenyl complexes with alkynes. These methods are not applicable to the preparation of differentially protected naphthohydroquinone chromium tricarbonyl complexes from the reaction of aryl carbene complexes with alkynes.
Pointing with the ankle: the speed-accuracy trade-off

This study investigated the trade-off between speed and accuracy in pointing movements with the ankle during goal-directed movements in dorsal–plantar (DP) and inversion–eversion (IE). Nine subjects completed a series of discrete pointing movements with the ankle between spatial targets of varying difficulty. Six different target sets were presented, with a range of task difficulty between 2.2 and 3.8 bits of information. Our results demonstrated that for visually evoked, visually guided discrete DP and IE ankle pointing movements, performance can be described by a linear function, as predicted by Fitts’ law. These results support our ongoing effort to develop an adaptive algorithm employing the speed-accuracy trade-off concept to control our pediatric anklebot while delivering therapy for children with cerebral palsy.
FRAGMENT PRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL IN IRRADIATED DISKS: A COMPREHENSIVE COOLING CRITERION

Accretion disks that become gravitationally unstable can fragment into stellar or substellar companions. The formation and survival of these fragments depends on the precarious balance between self-gravity, internal pressure, tidal shearing, and rotation. Disk fragmentation depends on two key factors: (1) whether the disk can get to the fragmentation boundary of Q = 1 and (2) whether fragments can survive for many orbital periods. Previous work suggests that to reach Q = 1, and have fragments survive, a disk must cool on an orbital timescale. Here we show that disks heated primarily by external irradiation always satisfy the standard cooling time criterion. Thus, even though irradiation heats disks and makes them more stable in general, once they reach the fragmentation boundary, they fragment more easily. We derive a new cooling criterion that determines fragment survival and calculate a pressure-modified Hill radius, which sets the maximum size of pressure-supported objects in a Keplerian disk. We conclude that fragmentation in protostellar disks might occur at slightly smaller radii than previously thought and recommend tests for future simulations that will better predict the outcome of fragmentation in real disks.
Challenges for the CMS computing model in the first year

CMS is in the process of commissioning a complex detector and a globally distributed computing infrastructure simultaneously. This represents a unique challenge. Even at the beginning there is not sufficient analysis or organized processing resources at CERN alone. In this presentation we discuss the unique computing challenges CMS expects to face during the first year of running and how they influence the baseline computing model decisions. During the early accelerator commissioning periods, CMS will attempt to collect as many events as possible when the beam is on in order to provide adequate early commissioning data. Some of these plans involve overdriving the Tier-0 infrastructure during data collection with recovery when the beam is off. In addition to the larger number of triggered events, there will be pressure in the first year to collect and analyze more complete data formats as the summarized formats mature. The large event formats impact the required storage, bandwidth, and processing capacity across all the computing centers. While the understanding of the detector and the event selections is being improved, there will likely be a larger number of reconstruction passes and skims performed by both central operations and individual users. We discuss how these additional stresses impact the allocation of resources and the changes from the baseline computing model.
Red-sequence cluster finding in the Millennium Simulation

We investigate halo mass selection properties of red-sequence cluster finders using galaxy populations of the Millennium Simulation (MS). A clear red sequence exists for MS galaxies in massive haloes at redshifts z < 1, and we use this knowledge to inform a cluster-finding algorithm applied to 500 h -1 Mpc projections of the simulated volume. At low redshift (z = 0.4), we find that 90 per cent of the clusters found have galaxy membership dominated by a single, real-space halo, and that 10 per cent are blended systems for which no single halo contributes a majority of a cluster's membership. At z = 1, the fraction of blends increases to 22 per cent, as weaker redshift evolution in observed colour extends the comoving length probed by a fixed range of colour. Other factors contributing to the increased blending at high z include broadening of the red sequence and confusion from a larger number of intermediatemass haloes hosting bright red galaxies of magnitude similar to those in higher mass haloes. Our method produces catalogues of cluster candidates whose halo mass selection function, p(M|N gal , z), is characterized by a bimodal lognormal model with a dominant component that reproduces well the real-space distribution, and a redshift-dependent tail that is broader and displaced by a factor of ∼2 lower in mass. We discuss implications for X-ray properties of optically selected clusters and offer ideas for improving both mock catalogues and cluster finding in future surveys.
A convex approach to consensus on SO(n)

This paper introduces several new algorithms for consensus over the special orthogonal group. By relying on a convex relaxation of the space of rotation matrices, consensus over rotation elements is reduced to solving a convex problem with a unique global solution. The consensus protocol is then implemented as a distributed optimization using (i) dual decomposition, and (ii) both semi and fully distributed variants of the alternating direction method of multipliers technique — all with strong convergence guarantees. The convex relaxation is shown to be exact at all iterations of the dual decomposition based method, and exact once consensus is reached in the case of the alternating direction method of multipliers. Further, analytic and/or efficient solutions are provided for each iteration of these distributed computation schemes, allowing consensus to be reached without any online optimization. Examples in satellite attitude alignment with up to 100 agents, an estimation problem from computer vision, and a rotation averaging problem on SO(6) validate the approach.
Chlorotrimethylsilane Activation of Acylcyanamides for the Synthesis of Mono-N-acylguanidines

A simple and efficient one-pot method for the synthesis of monoprotected guanidines is presented. Treatment of an acylcyanamide with chlorotrimethylsilane generates a reactive N-silylcarbodiimide capable of guanylating a variety of amines. Typically the reaction is complete in 15 min for primary and secondary aliphatic amines at rt. Hindered amines and anilines are also competent nucleophiles but require extended reaction times.
Bacteriologic status of periapical tissue in 150 cases of infected pulpless teeth

Summary 1. Of 150 cases in which cultures were taken serially of the periapical tissue during root resection, reliable data were available in 109 cases. 2. Of the 109 cases, all cultures taken of the periapical tissue, as well as the controls, were negative in 93 cases (85.3 per cent). 3. Speculation is made regarding the presence and the significance of microorganisms in the periapical tissue in such cases where they were recovered.
Thermalization of quantum fields from time-reversal invariant evolution equations

Abstract We study the time evolution of correlation functions in closed quantum systems for nonequilibrium ensembles of initial conditions. For a scalar quantum field theory we show that generic time-reversal invariant evolutions approach equilibrium at large times. The calculation provides a first principles justification that the large-time behavior of closed macroscopic quantum systems can be effectively described by thermal ensemble averages.
The innovation necessity: Evidence from microcredit in the Dominican Republic

This study examines the role of business innovation as an important, but understudied intervening relationship between microcredit loans and income level. Using archival and survey data of microcredit clients from the Dominican Republic, the study finds that loan size has a positive effect on income level, but only in the presence of business innovation. We find that greater business training in relation to competitors is a significant indicator of business innovation. The findings also suggest that personal characteristics and competitive environment play a joint, but opposite role with innovation in predicting income level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Brauer semigroup of a groupoid and a symmetric imprimitivity theorem

In this paper we define a monoid called the equivariant Brauer semigroup for a locally compact Hausdorff groupoid E whose elements consist of Morita equivalence classes of E-dynamical systems. This construction generalizes both the equivariant Brauer semigroup for transformation groups and the equivariant Brauer group for a groupoid. We show that groupoid equivalence induces an isomorphism of equivariant Brauer semigroups and that this isomorphism preserves the Morita equivalence classes of the respective crossedproducts, thus generalizing Raeburn's symmetric imprimitivity theorem.
The Medically Uninsured — Will They Always Be with Us?

A constant feature of health care in the United States is our national willingness to tolerate having large numbers of people without health insurance. This is in stark contrast to the situation in...
Computational ghost imaging

A computational ghost-imaging arrangement that uses only a single-pixel detector is described. It affords a new 3D sectioning capability and matches the resolution of pseudothermal ghost imaging.
Analogs of cell surface carbohydrates. Synthesis of D-galactose derivatives having an ethynyl, vinyl or epoxy residue at C-5.

Abstract Compounds derived from d -galactose having an ethynyl, vinyl, or epoxide residue at C-5, as well as 7,7-dibromo olefinic, isomeric 7,7-gem-bromofluoro olefinic, and 6,6-gem-difluoro derivatives were obtained from 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α- d -galacto-hexodialdo-1,5-pyranose.
Solid acids as fuel cell electrolytes

Fuel cells are attractive alternatives to combustion engines for electrical power generation because of their very high efficiencies and low pollution levels. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are generally considered to be the most viable approach for mobile applications. However, these membranes require humid operating conditions, which limit the temperature of operation to less than 100 degrees C; they are also permeable to methanol and hydrogen, which lowers fuel efficiency. Solid, inorganic, acid compounds (or simply, solid acids) such as CsHSO4 and Rb3H(SeO4)2 have been widely studied because of their high proton conductivities and phase-transition behaviour. For fuel-cell applications they offer the advantages of anhydrous proton transport and high-temperature stability (up to 250 degrees C). Until now, however, solid acids have not been considered viable fuel-cell electrolyte alternatives owing to their solubility in water and extreme ductility at raised temperatures (above approximately 125 degrees C). Here we show that a cell made of a CsHSO4 electrolyte membrane (about 1.5 mm thick) operating at 150-160 degrees C in a H2/O2 configuration exhibits promising electrochemical performances: open circuit voltages of 1.11 V and current densities of 44 mA cm-2 at short circuit. Moreover, the solid-acid properties were not affected by exposure to humid atmospheres. Although these initial results show promise for applications, the use of solid acids in fuel cells will require the development of fabrication techniques to reduce electrolyte thickness, and an assessment of possible sulphur reduction following prolonged exposure to hydrogen.
The quantitative–qualitative divide in criminology: A theory of ideas’ importance, attractiveness, and publication:

Qualitative research is published in criminology journals at a frequency far smaller than that of quantitative research. The question is ‘Why?’ After reviewing existing theories of the discrepancy,...
Synthesis of homochiral α-alkoxystannanes: stereospecific conversion to cembranolide precursors

Stannyl ketone 3 is reduced rapidly and with high stereoselectivity to the (S)-alcohol 4 by Noyori's (R)-(+)-BINAL-H reagent. The derived MOM ether aldehyde cyclizes upon treatment with BF3•Et2O affording the cis alcohol 8 as a single enantiomer.
Ion Propulsion Flight Experience, Life Tests, and Reliability Estimates

The application of low-thrust ion propulsion systems to space missions requires long duration (~ 5,000-20,000 hr) component operation. Thus, components must be developed with wearout mean times to failure in excess of these required mission times. Furthermore, chance failures which occur during the useful life of components must be minimized. This paper makes an assessment of both early and wearout failure modes of ion propulsion systems by examining the results of existing developmental and long duration testing. Estimates of chance failure rates of system components are also presented along with design concepts which maximize total propulsion system reliability. I. Introduction B ECAUSE of the long time operation required for most space applications, ion propulsion system reliability is a major concern. For this reason, the long duration and space testing of critical components, subsystems, and systems associated with primary and auxiliary ion propulsion systems are of great importance. It should be recognized, however, that although a large number of long duration tests have been conducted to date on ion propulsion systems, subsystems, and components, these tests have been part of a technology development phase and are not to be considered statistical reliability testing of fully developed systems. Thus, even though space-qualified ion propulsion systems are becoming available, system reliability can only be inferred from the results of past and present developmental testing and estimated by analytical techniques.
Allelic deletion in 11p15 is a common occurrence in esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND Esophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma have distinct epidemiologic characteristics, but they are morphologically identical and sometimes clinically indistinguishable. Recent work in molecular oncology suggests that cancer types have distinct molecular genetic profiles that may explain their biologic differences. Gastric adenocarcinoma has previously been shown to have a relatively high rate of deletion in chromosome 11. To determine whether similar genetic loci are involved in esophageal adenocarcinoma, we assayed for genetic loss in chromosome 11 in samples of these cancers. METHODS Dissection of neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissue was performed under direct microscopic visualization from histologic sections of 15 gastric adenocarcinomas and 15 esophageal adenocarcinomas. After DNA extraction, polymerase chain amplification products of a series of polymorphic microsatellite markers on chromosome 11 were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Tumor specific chromosomal deletion was signaled by the loss of microsatellite alleles. RESULTS A panel of 3 polymorphic markers in 11p15 revealed overall incidences of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of 53.3% in esophageal adenocarcinomas and 61.5% in gastric adenocarcinomas. A panel of 3 polymorphic markers in 11q22-23.3 revealed overall incidences of LOH of 14.3% in esophageal adenocarcinomas and 31% in gastric adenocarcinomas. Diffuse microsatellite instability, which was consistent with a replication error phenotype, was found in 2 of 15 (13.3%) gastric adenocarcinomas but was not deleted in esophageal adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma have a similar significant incidence of genetic loss in 11p15. This is suggestive of the presence of a tumor suppressor gene that may be inactivated in both tumor types. Cancer 1998;83:232-239. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Writing for “the audience”

Design technology transfer can be greatly facilitated by studying the audience expected to receive and act on the information. Before writing begins, knowledge of the audience should influence design of reports in the various choices made concerning technical level, vocabulary, organization, etc. During writing, audience awareness facilitates the writing of simple and direct prose. When writing is completed, it can be checked by reference to several mathematical formulas that can indicate its readability for a given audience.
Scattering and Dichroic Extinction: Polarimetric Signatures of Galaxies

Radiation transfer models of the polarization structure of galaxies are presented. These models include dust scattering and dichroic extinction (the mechanism believed to be responsible for producing the observed interstellar polarization within our own Galaxy). As with previous efforts to model galactic polarization maps, the scattering-only models produce a centrosymmetric pattern of the polarization vectors when one is viewing a galaxy pole-on and vectors perpendicular to the galactic plane for highly inclined galaxies. In general, polarization observations of galaxies show vectors that are parallel to the galactic plane or that follow the spiral arm structure, which indicates that the dominant polarization mechanism is from the transmission of light through aligned grains (dichroic extinction). When we include a toroidal magnetic field to align the dust grains and the resulting dichroic polarization in our radiation transfer simulations, we do indeed find that the polarization is parallel to the galactic disk. Depending on the optical depth of the galaxy and the dust properties (albedo, phase function, peak scattering polarization), the polarization patterns at different regions within the galaxy show the signatures of dichroism, scattering, and null points owing to cancellation between the two polarizing mechanisms. We find that in order to reproduce the polarization structure of external galaxies, it is essential to include dichroic extinction in the radiation transfer.