cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The masses of light mesons, K-mesons and hypersons in 1956

A number of independent accurate measurements of the masses of light mesons are critically reviewed. Assuming the positive-and negative-charged mesons to have equal masses, best values for the pion and muon masses can be calculated. It is found that the negative π- and μ-mesic X-ray energies measured by K absorption edges can be combined with the mass difference between the positive pion and muon to give a result with a standard deviation approximately one third of the assigned errors of the best previous measurement. All the results are in satisfactory agreement and can be combined in the usual way. The mass results are as follows:Mμ=(206.86±0.11) me;Mπ==(273.27±0.11) me. Experimental data on the mean lives, spins, parities, and decay modes are also reviewed and the results are given. The measurements of the masses of the various K-mesons are obtained in several ways:MKπ2=(966.0±1.5) me;MKπ2=(965.3±1.9) me;MΣ=(966.8±0.4) me. There is at present no evidence for a difference in the masses to a precision of 1 ÷ 2 me. Results on the Σ+-Σ− and τ+ masses and lifetimes and the analysis of τ+ decay are discussed. At present the experimental equality of these particles seems to be contradictory to assigning a spin of less than 2. The cosmic-ray data on the ϑ0 lifetime are reviewed and recent results on artificially-produced ϑ0’s are discussed. The hyperon mass data are reviewed.MΔδ=(2181.74±0.35) me;MΣδ=(2 327.4±1.0) me. The latest data on a Σ+ − Σ− mass difference and their mean lives are presented.
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on bimetallic ruthenium-gold catalysts

The effect of Au in the behavior of Ru as a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst was studied. Two series of catalysts were investigated, one supported on Si02 and the other on MgO. Au did not seem to alter the product distribution on Ru at pressures up to 1 MPa and in the temperature range 490-570 K. However, the turnover frequencies for both CO hydrogenation and methanation showed a precipitous drop with the Au content in the Si02-supported catalysts, whereas on the MgO series a maximum in activity was observed at an intermediate Au content. These activity patterns were correlated with extensive physical characterization placing major emphasis on analytical electron microscopy. The activity trends as a function of Au content were remarkably similar to those previously reported for the structure-sensitive ethane hydrogenolysis reaction. In both reactions, the effect of Au appears to be due to a dilution of the active Ru ensembles. o 1985 Academic PKSS, I~C.
Influence of Aqueous/Solid Interactions on Organic Droplet Shape in Liquid/Liquid/Solid Systems

Abstract We report the results of a theoretical study of the complex phenomena relating to contact angle changes for hexadecane droplets on a gold surface in aqueous ionic surfactant solutions. This approach integrates changes in the nature of the solid absorbed surfactant phase through use of the quasi‐chemical approximation. This improvement is accomplished with minimal additional model complexity and provides evidence for changes in adsorbate structure as aqueous surfactant concentration is increased. The theoretical predictions are tested using previously published data regarding the contact angle of hexadecane on gold in sodium dodecyl sulfate and cetyl‐trimethylammonium bromide solutions.
Natural catalytic antibodies: peptide-hydrolyzing activities of Bence Jones proteins and VL fragment.

Monoclonal human light chains, i.e. Bence Jones proteins, and their recombinant variable fragments (VL) were screened for proteolytic activity using peptide-methylcoumarinamide (peptide-MCA) conjugates and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) as substrates. Sixteen of 21 Bence Jones proteins and one of three VL fragments were capable of detectable cleavage of one or more substrates. The magnitude and kinetic characteristics of the activity varied with different substrates. Among the peptide-MCA substrates, the presence of tripeptide or tetrapeptide moieties with a basic residue at the scissile bond generally favored expression of the activity. The influence of N-terminal flanking residue recognition was evident from differing values of Km and kcat (turnover number) observed using different Arg-containing peptide-MCA substrates. Different light chains displayed different kinetic parameters for the same substrate, suggesting unique catalytic sites. Hydrolysis of VIP was characterized by nanomolar Michaelis-Menten constants (Km), suggesting comparatively high affinity recognition of this peptide. The 25-kDa monomer and the 50-kDa dimer forms of one light chain preparation were resolved by gel filtration in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Following renaturation, the monomer displayed 51-fold greater peptide-MCA-hydrolyzing activity than the dimer. A renatured VL domain prepared by gel filtration in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride displayed VIP-hydrolyzing activity in the 12.5-kDa peak fractions. These results provide evidence for the proteolytic activity of certain human light chains and imply that this phenomenon may have a pathophysiological significance.
Surfactant-Modified CO2−Water Interface: A Molecular View

An important goal is the design of economically viable amphiphiles capable of forming and stabilizing water domains in bulk CO2. To enhance the understanding of this class of systems, we present in this work the results from atomistic molecular dynamics computer simulations of a perfluoropolyether ammonium carboxylate surfactant monolayer at the high-pressure CO2|water interface. The system is modeled including all internal degrees of freedom for the surfactant anion, and considering all atoms explicitly. At 318 K and 23 MPa, and 84 A2/molecule surface coverage, the calculated decrement in interfacial tension due to the presence of the monolayer agrees with the experimental value previously obtained in our laboratories. We show that the surfactant monolayer retains most of the structural features commonly observed in conventional hydrocarbon amphiphiles at the oil|water interface. However, CO2 penetrates the surfactant monolayer to a larger extent than conventional hydrocarbon solvents. Correspondingly, C...
Mechanical Properties of a Medium Carbon Low Alloy Steel Processed by Two Step Austempering Process

A new bainitic steel with a combination of exceptionally high yield strength and fracture toughness has been developed. This steel has been synthesized by austempering a medium carbon low alloy steel by a novel two-step austempering process. The influence of this two-step austempering on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of this new steel have been examined.
Factors influencing host choice of the honey bee parasite Varroa jacobsoni Oud

Reproducing Varroa jacobsoni obtained from brood cells of Apis mellifera L. with 13–16 day old bees (pupae) and Varroa mites kept on adult bees for at least 8 days were simultaneously tested for their choice in three host types. Comparisons were made of attractiveness of Varroa jacobsoni to nurse bees, pollen foragers as to larvae from nearly capped brood cells. Host choices were observed in Petri dishes and in an Y-shaped olfactometer. Varroa jacobsoni obtained from capped brood cells showed a stronger preference for nurse bees in Petri dish simultaneous choice tests with pollen foragers or larvae than did mites which were previously kept on adult bees. In olfactometer simultaneous choice tests, the two mite test groups showed no clear difference in preferences for bees of different ages. The preference of Varroa jacobsoni for bees of different ages is therefore not only influenced by host factors but also by intrinsic factors in female mites that depend on the mite's reproductive stage.
The Basics of Renal Allograft Pathology

Renal allograft biopsy provides critical information in the management of renal transplant patients, and must be analyzed in close collaboration with the clinical team. The histologic correlates of acute T-cell mediated rejection are interstitial inflammation, tubulitis, and endothelialitis; polyomavirus nephropathy is a potential mimic. Evidence of antibody-mediated rejection includes C4d deposition; morphologic acute tissue injury; and donor specific antibodies. Acute tubular injury/necrosis is a reversible cause of impaired graft function, especially in the immediate post-transplant period. Drug toxicity, recurrent disease, chronic injury, and other entities affecting both native and transplant kidneys must also be evaluated.
METHODS OF ESTIMATING HOUSEHOLD EQUIVALENCE SCALES: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

This paper presents empirical evidence regarding key assumptions of the Rothbarth and Barten methods of constructing household equivalence scales. The assumption of separability in the Rothbarth model is investigated by examining the implied intra-household allocation of specific goods and by examining studies of economies of scale in household consumption. The assumption of the exogeneity of the distribution parameters in the Barten model is related to the results of empirical studies of clothing expenditures. This paper suggests that empirical evidence fails to support the assumptions maintained in these theoretically sophisticated models of household income equivalence.
In Vivo Fluconazole Pharmacodynamics and Resistance Development in a Previously Susceptible Candida albicans Population Examined by Microbiologic and Transcriptional Profiling

Antimicrobial drug resistance can limit the ability to effectively treat patients. Numerous factors have been proposed to impact the development of antimicrobial resistance, including those specific to the drug and the dosing regimen. The field of investigation that examines the relationship between dosing regimen and outcome is termed antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Our prior in vivo investigations examined the relationship between fluconazole pharmacodynamics and the modulation of isogenic resistant and susceptible Candida albicans populations in a mixed-inoculum design (1). The goal of the current studies was to examine the impact of fluconazole pharmacodynamics on resistance emergence from a susceptible parent population over time using a murine systemic-candidiasis model. Both microbiologic and transcriptional endpoints were examined during the evolution of cell populations. As in our previous investigation, the more frequently administered dosing regimen prevented the emergence of a resistant cell phenotype. Conversely, dosing regimens that produced prolonged sub-MIC concentrations were associated with resistance development. The studies also demonstrated a striking relationship between fluconazole pharmacodynamic exposures and the mRNA abundance of drug resistance-associated efflux pumps. Global transcriptional profiling of cell populations during the progressive emergence of a resistance phenotype provides insight into the mechanisms underlying this complex physiologic process.
Anatomic suitability of aortoiliac aneurysms for next generation branched systems.

Background Preservation of internal iliac flow is an important consideration to prevent ischemic complications during endovascular aneurysm repair. We sought to determine the suitability of aortoiliac aneurysms for off-the-shelf iliac branched systems currently in clinical trial. Methods Patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair from 2004 to 2013 at 2 institutions were reviewed. Centerline diameters and lengths of aortoiliac morphology were measured using three-dimensional workstations and compared with inclusion/exclusion criteria for both Cook and Gore iliac branch devices. Results Of the nearly 2,400 aneurysm repairs performed during the study period, 99 patients had common iliac aneurysms suitable for imaging review. Eighteen of the 99 (18.2%) patients and 25/99 (25.3%) patients fit the inclusion criteria and would have been able to be treated using the Cook and Gore iliac branch devices, respectively. The most common reason for exclusion from Cook was internal iliac diameter of 9 mm (68/99, 68.7%). The most common reason for exclusion from Gore was proximal common iliac diameter of 13.5 mm (37/99, 37.3%). Comparing the included patients across both devices, a total of 35/99 (35.4%) of patients would be eligible for the treatment of aortoiliac aneurysms based on anatomic criteria. Conclusions Only 35% of the aneurysm repairs involving common iliac arteries would have been candidates for the 2 iliac branch devices currently in trial based on anatomic criteria. The major common reason for exclusion is the internal iliac landing zone for both devices. Design modifications for future generation iliac branch technology should focus on diameter accommodations for the hypogastric branch stent and proximal and distal sizes of the iliac branch components. Familiarity with alternate branch preserving techniques is still needed in the majority of cases.
Child behavior, maternal depression, and social coercion as factors in the quality of child care.

Observational and self-report data were obtained in the homes of 33 mother-child dyads. These volunteer, normal subjects were monitored with respect to their affectionate and aversive interactions, and the mothers were asked to provide three categories of self-report data. Mothers made observational judgments of their children, their own feelings of depression, and the valences of their interactions with adults. Multiple regression analyses were then employed to predict the mothers' child care behaviors, which were composed of observed mother responses and mother observational judgments. In addition, conditional probability analyses were conducted to examine the directionality of correlations between observed mother-child interchanges. Results showed child behavior to be the best single predictor of how the mothers responded to their children, followed by maternal depression and mother coercive interactions with adults. Child behavior was shown to be a significant antecedent “cue” for the maternal responses. However, the findings also showed that mother observational judgments about their children had little to do with how the children behaved. Rather, the maternal judgments were best predicted by mother depression, mother coercive interchanges with adults, and the mothers' observed aversive responses to their children. Results were interpreted within a systems framework in which maternal care is viewed as a response that is “triangulated” by adult-and child-produced stimuli.
Comorbidity risk-adjustment strategies are comparable among persons with hip fracture

Abstract Objective To determine the magnitude and importance of declines in model performance associated with altering the data source and time frame from which comorbid conditions were identified in claims-based risk adjustment among persons with hip fracture. Study Design and Setting Medicare claims data were used to identify incident hip fracture cases in 1999. Three risk-adjustment instruments were evaluated: one by Iezzoni, the Charlson Index (Romano adaptation), and the Clinical Classification Software (CCS). Several implementation strategies, defined by altering data source (MedPar and/or Part B claims) and time frame (index hospitalization and/or 1-year preperiod), were assessed for each instrument. Logistic regression was used to predict 1-year mortality, and model performance was compared. Results Each instrument had modest ability to predict 1-year mortality after hip fracture. The CCS performed best overall ( c =0.76), followed by the Iezzoni ( c =0.73) and Charlson models ( c =0.72). Although each instrument performed most favorably when applied to both inpatient and outpatient claims and when comorbidities were considered during the preperiod, varying data source and time frame had trivial effects on model performance. Conclusion The similar predictive ability of the three risk-adjustment instruments suggests that ease of implementation be a key consideration in choosing an approach for hip fracture populations.
Investigating caspases and other markers of apoptosis in ITP

Apoptosis is the main mechanism that regulates cell lifespan and the elimination of damaged or infected nucleatedcells. Although platelets are enucleate cells, they express atleast part of the apoptotic machinery known from nucleatedcells. In addition, they have been observed to undergoapoptotic-like events. This has been demonstrated by theactivation and translocation of Bcl-2 family members,cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-9 and ofcaspase-3 [1–10]. These observations indicate that plateletscontain the essential components needed to undergoprogrammed cell death executed in the cytoplasm. Recent-ly, in a murine model of ITP, it has been shown thatapoptotic-like processes can be induced by anti-plateletantibodies: injection of anti-GPIIb antibodies causedapoptotic-like events as well as profound thrombocytopenia[7, 11–14].In this murine ITP model, IVIg treatment wasable to decrease the apoptotic-like events and to improvethe low platelet count [7, 11–13].As no such study has been performed in paediatric ITPso far, we started to investigate whether in children withprimary ITP, an enhanced expression of markers ofapoptotic processes can be found. Furthermore, we areinterested to see if such markers correlate to platelet countand most important to clinical symptoms and if theydecrease after IVIg treatment.So far, we have shown in a limited number of patientsthat caspase-3 is activated in 40% of the platelets in patientswith primary ITP and decreases to 10% after IVIg treatment([15], manuscript in preparation). In parallel to caspase-3activation also bleeding signs decreased after IVIg therapy.In ongoing studies, we investigate caspase-3, caspase-9,caspase-8, PS-exposure and mitochondrial membrane po-tential by flow cytometry and caspases by Western blot. Wefurther will develop an immuno-fluorescence microscopyprotocol for the detection and quantification of activatedcaspases in bone marrow smears. Investigating and com-paring levels of activated caspases and other signs ofapoptosis in platelets and bone marrow samples isimportant to understand the initiation of apoptotic pro-cesses in platelets, whether apoptosis is already triggered inbone marrow or only in platelets in ITP patients. Further-more, it is important to understand whether apoptosismight contribute to the destruction of platelets in ITPpatients.To increase patient numbers, we invite other clinicians orlaboratories treating respectively investigating ITP tocollaborate with us.
Mapping attenuation beneath North America using waveform cross‐correlation and cluster analysis

[1] We measure seismic attenuation beneath North America using waveform cross-correlation and cluster analysis, and obtain images of the laterally varying anelastic structure of the upper mantle. Cluster analysis improves attenuation measurements by systematically comparing only highly similar waveforms, which reduces bias from scattering, directional differences in source functions, and source-side structure. While lacking station coverage in many areas, the P- and S-wave results are correlated (R2 ≥ 0.5) in both travel time and attenuation. Much weaker correlations are observed between travel-time and attenuation measurements. Similarities and differences between attenuation and travel times may be used to infer the source of the observed anomalies. The observed anelastic structure has a long-wavelength pattern crudely similar to that of seismic velocity, which likely indicates higher temperatures beneath western North America than in the east. Shorter-wavelength structure suggests complex variations requiring alternate explanations such as variable water content.
Partition statistics on permutations

Abstract We describe some properties of a new statistic on permutations. This statistic is closely related to a well-known statistic on set partitions.
A bidentate Lewis acid with a telluronium ion as an anion-binding site

The design of receptors for the selective capture of F− is important because of the potential toxicity of this anion. Now, a telluronium borane has been shown to form a very stable fluoride chelate complex. The stability of the complex can be correlated to the Lewis acidity of the telluronium centre.
Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair in a Patient With Coronary Artery Disease

A 72-year-old man with adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated in 1988 with prostatectomy presented for evaluation of chest pain. Computed tomography of the chest (upper left) revealed coronary artery calcification that was above the 90th percentile for ageand sex-matched controls, associated with at least 1 major coronary arterial stenotic lesion. Computed tomographic angiography of the abdominal aorta showed a 55 × 51-mm infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. The aorta measured less than 25 mm at the level of the single renal arteries and less than 25 mm at a distance of 15 mm distal to the most inferior renal artery. The common iliac and external iliac arteries were normal with minimal atheromatous changes. Catheter-guided coronary angiography identified occlusion of the mid right coronary artery, which was the dominant coronary artery supplying the heart. Additional stenotic lesions were noted in the proximal left anterior descending artery, the posterior descending artery, and the marginal branch of the circumflex artery. A radioactive sestamibi scan with adenosine showed large reversible myocardial perfusion defects. Cardioprotective medical therapy was initiated, including β-blockade. The β-blocker therapy decreased the perfusion defects considerably, as noted on follow-up sestamibi scan. In view of the patient’s age and comorbidities, including coronary artery disease, endograft repair of the abdominal aortic aneurysm was recommended. An aortobi-iliac stent graft was placed in May 2002 (lower left). Annual follow-up computed tomography through May 2005 has revealed a progressive decrease in the size of the excluded aneurysm sac with no endovascular stent migration or endoleak (upper right and lower right).
Turnover of liver pyruvate kinase

Abstract The relative rates of synthesis and degradation for liver pyruvate kinase have been determined in rats fed standard lab chow, fasted, and refed a high-carbohydrate-low-protein diet. Relative rates of synthesis and apparent rates of degradation were determined by pulse-labeling the enzyme in vivo with l -[4,5- 3 H]leucine and by measuring the incorporation of radioactivity into liver pyruvate kinase after quantitative precipitation of the enzyme with anti-liver pyruvate kinase immunoglobulin. The relative rate of synthesis decreased approximately 75% upon fasting and then increased 20- to 30-fold upon refeeding the high-carbohydrate diet. The apparent half-lives for liver pyruvate kinase in fasted, control, and refed animals are very similar (55, 59, and 47 h, respectively). Thus, the nutritional alterations in the levels of liver pyruvate kinase seem to result primarily from alterations in the rate of enzyme synthesis.
Biodegradation kinetics and toxicity of vegetable oil triacylglycerols under aerobic conditions

The aerobic biodegradation of five triacylglycerols (TAGs), three liquids [triolein (OOO), trilinolein (LLL), and trilinolenin (LnLnLn)] and two solids [tripalmitin (PPP) and tristearin (SSS)] was studied in water. Respirometry tests were designed and conducted to determine the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) parameters of the compounds. In the case of the solid lipids, the degradation process was limited by their extremely non-polar nature. When added to water, PPP and SSS formed irregular clumps or gumballs, not a fine and uniform suspension required for the lipase activity. After 30 days, appreciable mineralization was not achieved; therefore, first-order biodegradation coefficients could not be determined. The bioavailability of the liquid TAGs was restricted due to the presence of double bonds in the fatty acids (FAs). An autoxidation process occurred in the allylic chains, resulting in the production of hydroperoxides. These compounds polymerized and became non-biodegradable. Nevertheless, the non-oxidized fractions were readily mineralized, and BOD rate constants were estimated by non-linear regression: LLL (k = 0.0061 h−1) and LnLnLn (k = 0.0071 h−1) were degraded more rapidly than OOO (k = 0.0025 h−1). Lipids strongly partitioned to the biomass and, therefore, Microtox® toxicity was not observed in the water column. However, EC50 values (<15% sample volume) were measured in the solid phase.
Gay-Straight Alliances Vary on Dimensions of Youth Socializing and Advocacy: Factors Accounting for Individual and Setting-Level Differences

Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) are school-based youth settings that could promote health. Yet, GSAs have been treated as homogenous without attention to variability in how they operate or to how youth are involved in different capacities. Using a systems perspective, we considered two primary dimensions along which GSAs function to promote health: providing socializing and advocacy opportunities. Among 448 students in 48 GSAs who attended six regional conferences in Massachusetts (59.8 % LGBQ; 69.9 % White; 70.1 % cisgender female), we found substantial variation among GSAs and youth in levels of socializing and advocacy. GSAs were more distinct from one another on advocacy than socializing. Using multilevel modeling, we identified group and individual factors accounting for this variability. In the socializing model, youth and GSAs that did more socializing activities did more advocacy. In the advocacy model, youth who were more actively engaged in the GSA as well as GSAs whose youth collectively perceived greater school hostility and reported greater social justice efficacy did more advocacy. Findings suggest potential reasons why GSAs vary in how they function in ways ranging from internal provisions of support, to visibility raising, to collective social change. The findings are further relevant for settings supporting youth from other marginalized backgrounds and that include advocacy in their mission.
Disordered One-Dimensional Crystals

A mathematical method is developed which gives fairly generally the density of eigenstates for one-dimensional disordered systems. The method is applied first to a disordered linear chain of elastically coupled masses. The results for the energy spectrum are closely related to those obtained by Dyson.
A Critique of Teacher Effectiveness Research in Mathematics Education.

A dialogue between Socrates and a researcher who claims to know what constitutes effective teaching is used to critique the implicit assumptions held by researchers on teaching, highlighting their differences with constructivist researchers. Teacher effectiveness research is criticized for its empiricism; its disregard of the interaction between content and instruction; and its conceptions of mathematics, teaching, and learning. Potential bridges for communication are identified from the two communities' shared interest in how students perceive different examples and explanations and how they might be intrinsically motivated to learn mathematics. In Socratic style, the dialogue ends by emphasizing that the question of what constitutes effective teaching remains unresolved.
Work Experience, Socialization, and Civil Liberties.

This paper examines the effects of both permanent and temporary work experience on attitudes and behaviors in the area of civil liberties. An overall paucity of directly relevent research is noted but there is theory and work in related areas which provides some guidelines. Hierarchical structure, rigidity, and specialization seem to generate negative affect toward civil libertarian concerns, but the effects are not consistent. A theoretical model designed to predict the conditions under which work experience may be significant in this area is proposed.
Perestroika in the USSR and China Motivational Lessons

Recent leaders of the USSR and China saw the inherited Stalinist blueprint as defective for managing state enterprises. To remedy enterprise inefficiencies, various reforms were begun. Review of the Soviet and Chinese prereform economic designs indicates that the misuse of resources was prompted by unconditional state support of enterprises coupled with guaranteed employment and flawed incentive criteria. Perestroika plans in both countries were directly aimed at undoing these relationships. Leaders' expectations of soaring inflation and mounting unemployment, however, have put the restructuring plans on hold. It seems that Soviet and Chinese citizens want the gains of reform without the pains, but neither nation's economy is likely to fulfill that wish. Drawing on the Soviet and Chinese experience, some guidelines for U.S. firms' renewal efforts are suggested. Secure employment was not the culprit in the command economies. Indeed, job security offers U.S. companies substantial advantages. And in the Sovi...
MAPS: a generalized image processor

By approaching two and three-dimensional problems from the spatial viewpoint taken by the geographic sciences, the Multi-dimensional Analysis Processing System (MAPS) is able to achieve high efficiency and large capacity in many types of interactive graphics, simulation modeling, and image processing. Spatial relationships are presented by means of color images, rather than line drawings, facilitating interpretation and display of complex, continuous data sets. By integrating data base and CRT refresh storage into a single subsystem, MAPS is able to make extensive use of analog devices. This analog processing permits complex image transformations to be done at high speed and low cost. User interface is handled by the system-control minicomputer, and is designed to allow MAPS to serve as a powerful "perception amplifier", even for nontechnical users.
Skew-prime polynomial matrices: The polynomial-model approach

Abstract We examine the concept of skew-primeness of polynomial matrices in terms of the associated polynomial model. It is shown that skew-primeness can be characterized in terms of the property of decomposition of a vector space relative to an endomorphism. This basic result is then applied to the special case of nonsingular polynomial matrices. We investigate the nonuniqueness of skew-complements of a skew-prime pair. It is shown that the space of equivalence classes of skew-complements is in bijective correspondence with a finite-dimensional linear space. Finally, the equivalence of the solutions to the problem of output regulation with internal stability obtained via geometric methods and via polynomial matrix techniques is shown explicitly.
Reappraisal of lateral cervical cysts in neonates: Pyriform sinus cysts as an anatomy-based nomenclature

Abstract Background/Purpose: Cervical cysts in neonates are recognized as rare branchial remnants. This term includes many different derivatives of the branchial cleft and sinus. Methods: A retrospective review was performed in seven neonates with lateral cervical cysts seen at a single institution between 1975 and 1996. Two patients underwent simple excision of the cyst before 1987. Since 1987, five underwent complete excision of the sinus with or without esophagoscopic assistance to identify the orifice of the pyriform sinus. Results: All of the cysts were located on the left side of the neck, anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Five had large cysts containing air. In four patients, a large orifice of the pyriform sinus was identified by the esophagoscopy. In six of seven patients, the histological examination showed thyroid or thymic tissue in the wall of the cysts, which is compatible with a clinical entity of "pyriform sinus fistula" commonly seen in older children. Conclusion: We propose that this anomaly be called a pyriform sinus cyst, which is an anatomic term based on their draining orifice.
Combining HVAC energy conservation measures to achieve energy savings over standard requirements

Abstract This paper presents the energy savings over the minimum American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 90.1-2010 requirements due to the combination of two or three HVAC energy conservation measures using EnergyPlus simulation software. Prototype commercial building models, which satisfy the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 were used as base-cases. Five prototype commercial buildings, eight HVAC systems, and eight climate zones were considered. Four cases were studied for the combination: energy recovery ventilation (ERV) and demand control ventilation (DCV); ERV and Multiple-zone variable air volume (VAV) System Ventilation Optimization (VentOpt); ERV, DCV and VentOpt; and Single Zone VAV controls, and kitchen transfer air. Of the four cases studied, the integration of ERV and DCV, which was applied to primary school and standalone retail prototype buildings, provided a maximum savings of 1.93% and 8.10% respectively compared to the base-cases.
Surfactant proteins and SP-D.

.The lipid and protein components of surfactant are syn­ thesized and secreted by the alveolar type II epithelial cell. Newly secreted surfactant adsorbs to the alveolar air-liquid interface, where it spreads as a monomolecular film that serves to reduce surface tension during expiration. While the importance of surfactant phospholipids in modulating sur­ face tension along the alveolar epithelium has long been ap­ preciated, it is becoming increasingly evident that proteins associated with these phospholipids play a critical role in facilitating this function. The initial observation of the im­ portance of protein components of surfactant came from the study of Pattle (5), who demonstrated reduced surface activ­ ity in the presence of trypsin. Evidence for the lung-specific nature of these proteins was provided by King and associates (6), who identified a glycoprotein now referred to as surfac­ tant protein (SP) A. Subsequent studies by Phizackerley and colleagues (7) detected an unrelated group of hydrophobic peptides associated with surfactant phospholipids which were subsequently identified by others as SP-B and SP-C. The importance of SP-B and SP-C in surfactant function is deduced from surfactant replacement studies in which the presence of these peptides was correlated with increased lung compliance and preservation of the morphologic in­ tegrity of the distal airways. Although the individual roles of
Allocation of Resources in an Information System.

This paper considers the problem of allocating resources among various locations in an information system where phases of a process are carried out. The approach taken combines queueing theory and dynamic programming. As an illustration of this approach, two prototype problems are considered in some detail: the distribution of computer terminals among various functions requiring access to a computer, and the distribution of personnel among the various phases of the process of cataloging a book. The technique is found to be both efficient and flexible.
Measuring Brain Lipids

The rapid development of analytical technology has made lipidomics an exciting new area and this review will focus more on modern approaches to lipidomics than on earlier technology. Although not fully comprehensive for all possible brain lipids, the intent is to at least provide a reference for the analysis of classes of lipids found in brain and nervous tissue. We will discuss problems posed by the brain because of its structural and functional heterogeneity, the development changes it undergoes (myelination, aging, pathology etc.) and its cellular heterogeneity (neurons, glia etc.). Section 2 will discuss the various ways in which brain tissue can be extracted to yield lipids for analysis and section 3 will cover a wide range of techniques used to analyze brain lipids such as chromatography and mass-spectrometry. In Section 4 we will discuss ways of analyzing some of the specific biologically active brain lipids found in very small amounts except in pathological conditions and section 5 looks to the future of experimental lipidomic modification in the brain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brain Lipids.
Chitosan/clay nanocomposite film preparation and characterization

Nanocomposites of chitosan and nanoclays (MMT-Na+ and Cloisite 30B) were prepared by solvent casting. The structural properties, thermal behaviors, and mechanical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry analyses, and an Instron universal testing machine. XRD and TEM results indicated that an exfoliated structure was formed with addition of small amounts of MMT-Na+ to the chitosan matrix. Intercalation along with some exfoliation occurred with up to 5 wt % MMT-Na+. Micro-scale composite (tactoids) formed when Cloisite 30B was added to the chitosan matrix. Surface roughness increased with addition of a small amount of clay. Tensile strength of a chitosan film was enhanced and elongation-at-break decreased with addition of clay into the chitosan matrix. Melt behavior and thermal stability did not change significantly with addition of clays. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1684–1691, 2006
Embodying the Global Soul: Internationalism and the American Evangelical Left

In the last half of the twentieth century, neo-evangelicalism moved from an anticommunist nationalist consensus to a new internationalism characterized by concern for human rights, justice, and economic development. Case studies of World Vision, a global relief and development organization, and InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, a campus ministry, demonstrate that this trajectory was due in part to a growing global reflex in which many missionaries and third-world evangelicals ―spoke back‖ to American evangelicalism. Interpreting the Bible for themselves—and increasingly for American evangelicals—substantial numbers of non-Western converts and missionaries offered sharp criticisms of American politics, culture, and capitalism. These critiques, sacralized by their origins on the mission field, helped turn some young evangelicals toward Vietnam protests, poverty relief, civil rights, and a tempered nationalism. By the 1970s, these progressive elements—and a more resolute global concern generally—had become important markers of the evangelical left.
Genetic and biochemical determinants of serum concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, a potential neural tube defect risk factor.

BACKGROUND: Women with the AA genotype at the (−2518)A>G promoter polymorphism of CCL-2, which encodes the potent pro-inflammatory chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), may be at increased risk for having offspring affected by spina bifida. As the A allele at this locus has been associated with decreased transcription of MCP-1 mRNA relative to the G allele, the observed genetic association suggests that the risk of spina bifida may be increased in the offspring of women with low MCP-1 levels. The present study was undertaken to identify potential determinants of MCP-1 levels in women of reproductive age. METHODS: A small cohort of Caucasian and African-American women of reproductive age was recruited to participate in an exploratory investigation of the determinants of several disease-related, biochemical phenotypes, including MCP-1. Subjects completed a brief questionnaire and provided a fasting blood sample for biochemical and genetic studies. Potential biochemical, genetic, and lifestyle factors were assessed for their association with MCP-1 levels using linear regression analyses. RESULTS: In this cohort, MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in Caucasians as compared to African-Americans. Further, among women of both races, there was evidence that MCP-1 levels were associated with smoking status, MTHFR 677C>T genotype, and red blood cell tetrahydrofolate levels. CONCLUSIONS: The results of these analyses indicate that, if maternal CCL-2 genotype is related to the risk of spina bifida, this relationship is likely to be more complex than initially hypothesized, perhaps depending upon folate intake, MTHFR 677C>T genotype, the distribution of folate derivatives, and immune/inflammatory activity. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 82:736–741, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New remote sensing technique for lidar monitoring of atmospheric turbulence

A new remote sensing technique is proposed for determining the turbulent parameters of the atmosphere using a single-ended lidar system. This technique is based on the enhanced backscattering effect and is insensitive to the scattering volume averaging effect on the intensity fluctuations of the reflected wave and the sounding beam. The corresponding measurements are independent of the turbulent scintillation spectrum and that permits the use of high power pulsed lasers with a relatively low repetition rate for determining the refractive index structure characteristic C n 2 , its vertical profile C n 2 (h) and inner scale of turbulence l o in the atmosphere. A theory of the method is developed, and the conditions are obtained for observing the backscattering amplification effect in the atmosphere with a laser beam scattered by aerosol. The signal-to-noise ratio and the sensitivity of the measured quantities to the inner scale of turbulence l o variations are estimated. A planned demonstration of this technique in the boundary layer of the atmosphere with an eyesafe lidar which has been developed at Georgia Tech is discussed.
Addition of H2O and O2 to acetone and dimethylsulfoxide ligated uranyl(V) dioxocations.

Gas-phase complexes of the formula [UO_2(lig)]^+ (lig = acetone (aco) or dimethylsulfoxide (dmso)) were generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) and studied by tandem ion-trap mass spectrometry to determine the general effect of ligand charge donation on the reactivity of UO_2^+ with respect to water and dioxygen. The original hypothesis that addition of O_2 is enhanced by strong σ-donor ligands bound to UO_2^+ is supported by results from competitive collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments, which show near exclusive loss of H_2O from [UO_2(dmso)(H_2O)(O_2)]^+, whereas both H_2O and O_2 are eliminated from the corresponding [UO_2(aco)(H_2O)(O_2)]^+ species. Ligand-addition reaction rates were investigated by monitoring precursor and product ion intensities as a function of ion storage time in the ion-trap mass spectrometer: these experiments suggest that the association of dioxygen to the UO_2^+ complex is enhanced when the more basic dmso ligand was coordinated to the metal complex. Conversely, addition of H_2O is favored for the analogous complex ion that contains an aco ligand. Experimental rate measurements are supported by density function theory calculations of relative energies, which show stronger bonds between UO_2^+ and O_2 when dmso is the coordinating ligand, whereas bonds to H_2O are stronger for the aco complex.
Fracture Resistance of a Zirconium Alloy with Reoriented Hydrides

Zirconium alloy cladding materials typically contain circumferential hydrides that may be reoriented to align along the radial direction when the cladding tubes are heated above and then cooled below the solvus temperature. The objectives of this study were to investigate the critical stress levels required to cause hydride reorientation (HRT) and to characterize the fracture resistance of Zircaloy-2 after hydride reorientation. HRT heat-treatment was performed on hydrogen-charged Zircaloy-2 specimens at 593 K (320 °C) or 623 K (350 °C) for 1 to 2 hours, followed by cooling to 473 K (200 °C). Fracture testing was conducted on hydride-reoriented three-point bend specimens at 473 K (200 °C) using an in situ loading stage inside a scanning electron microscope. Direct observations indicated that the reoriented hydrides, which ranged from ≈1 to 22 μm in lengths, were more prone to fracture at larger sizes (>10 μm) compared to smaller sizes (<0.5 μm). The reoriented hydrides reduced fracture resistance through a void nucleation, growth, and coalescence process at the crack tip. The resulting crack-resistance curves for Zircaloy-2 with reoriented hydrides decrease from 38 to 21 MPa(m)1/2 with increasing hydrogen contents from 51 to 1265 wt ppm hydrogen.
Estimating Angular Velocity, Attitude Orientation With Controller Design for Three Units CubeSat

CINEMA (CubeSat for Ions, Neutrals, Electrons and MAgneticfields) will image energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) in the magnetosphere, and make measurements of electrons, ions, and magnetic fields at high latitudes. To satisfy the mission requirements, the three unit cubesat was designed. The spin axis needs to be in the ecliptic normal and the spin rate needs to be 4 rpm. The only power source for CINEMA is the solar panels. External torques are generated by an orthogonal pair of coils acting with the earths magnetic field. This paper provides the control strategy, given the limited power and available sensors, to optimize the convergence of the spin and attitude control.© 2014 ASME
The challenge of identifying behavioral alternatives to food: clinic and field studies.

Background: One of the basic principles of behavioral economics interventions is identification of alternative behaviors to compete with the reinforcing value of a highly rewarding commodity.Purpose: Two experiments that attempt to increase alternatives to eating in obese youth are presented.Methods: A randomized, controlled trial was used in Study 1 to compare a comprehensive family-based behavioral treatment program or an experimental treatment that incorporated reinforcing children for engaging in alternative behaviors to eating for 41 overweight 8-to 12-year-old children. Study 2 used a within-subject design with baseline, enriched environment and a second baseline phase to determine the influence of providing activities that compete with eating for 13 overweight 8-to 12-year-old children. Measurements included body mass index (BMI) change, alternatives to eating, eating, and physical activity.Results: In Study I both treatments were associated with significant (p < .05) and maintained reductions in z-BMI over the 24 months of observation. The experimental group showed a significantly (p < .05) greater increase in alternatives to eating, and both groups showed significant (p < .05) increases in physical activity. In Study 2 alternative behaviors to eating were increased by almost I hr/day (p < .001) but were not associated with significant changes in energy intake or physical activity.Conclusion: These results suggest that using the methods studied, increasing behaviors that could compete with eating did not influence relative weight in a clinical outcome study or energy intake in a controlled field study.
Difference of Nucleon and Pion Electromagnetic Radii

Author(s): Drell, SD; Silverman, DJ | Abstract: The nucleon isovector Pauli radius R2V2 is calculated, using sidewise dispersion relations, to be significantly larger than the predictions of dominance, in accord with observation. It is also predicted that R2V2 is significantly larger than the pion charge radius R2. Elastic scattering of pions from electrons at very high energies (viz. Serpukhov) will give a clear confrontation with this prediction. © 1968 The American Physical Society.
Near-independence of permutations and an almost sure polynomial bound on the diameter of the symmetric group

We address the long-standing conjecture that all permutations have polynomially bounded word length in terms of any set of generators of the symmetric group Sn This is equivalent to polynomial-time (O(nc)) mixing of the (lazy) random walk on Sn where one step is multiplication by a generator or its inverse.We prove that the conjecture is true for almost all pairs of generators. Specifically, our bound is O(n7). For almost all pairs of generators, words of this length representing any given permutation can be constructed in Las Vegas polynomial time. The best previous bound on the word length for a random pair of generators was nInn(1/2+o(1)) (Babai-Hetyei, 1992).We build on recent major progress by Babai-Beals-Seress (SODA, 2004), confirming the conjecture under the assumption that at least one of the generators has degree