cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No Decline in the Risk of Stroke Following Incident Atrial Fibrillation Since 2000 in the Community: A Concerning Trend

Background While atrial fibrillation is a recognized risk factor for stroke, contemporary data on trends in stroke incidence after the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation are scarce. Methods and Results Olmsted County, MN residents with incident atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (collectively referred to as AF) from 2000 to 2010 were identified. Cox regression determined associations of year of AF diagnosis with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurring through 2013. Among 3247 AF patients, 321 (10%) had an ischemic stroke/TIA over a mean of 4.6 years (incidence rate [95% CI] per 100 person‐years: 2.14 [1.91–2.38]). Two hundred thirty‐nine (7%) of 3265 AF patients experienced an ischemic stroke (incidence rate: 1.54 [1.35–1.75]). The risk of both outcomes remained unchanged over time after adjusting for demographics and comorbidities (hazard ratio [95% CI] per year of AF diagnosis: 1.00 [0.96–1.04] for ischemic stroke/TIA; 1.01 [0.96–1.06] for ischemic stroke only). In analyses restricted to patients with prescription information, the rates of anticoagulation use did not change over time, reaching 50.8% at 1 year after AF diagnosis. Further adjustment for anticoagulation use did not alter the temporal trends in stroke incidence (hazard ratio [95% CI] per year of AF diagnosis: 1.06 [0.97–1.15] for ischemic stroke/TIA; 1.08 [0.98–1.20] for ischemic stroke only). Conclusions Strokes/TIAs are frequent after AF, occurring in 10% of patients after 5 years of follow‐up. The occurrence of stroke/TIA did not decline over the last decade, which may be influenced by a leveling off of anticoagulation use. This concerning trend has major public health implications.
History of the Peripheral and Cranial Nerves

Abstract This chapter reviews developments in the practice of treating injuries and tumors of the peripheral and cranial nerves. Starting with the Edwin Smith Papyrus, we explore the treatment of nerve damage from antiquity to the mid-twentieth century. Up until the post-Renaissance era, distinguishing a nerve from a tendon or ligament was not easily done, and the concept of repairing an injured or severed nerve only came into fashion in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Although attempts were made to remove tumors and perform surgical repairs of the nerves, the outcomes were often not favorable, and in many cases, the surgeries left patients with even more painful outcomes. In this chapter we discuss the surgical concepts surrounding various historical nervous system repairs, highlighting the techniques that succeeded and failed. We also introduce key personalities in the field and their contributions, including a number of historical illustrations, many of which may be new to students of this subject.
Unpacking religious affiliation: Exploring associations between Christian children's religious cultural context, God image, and self-esteem across development

In developmental research, religiousness is typically measured with omnibus affiliation or attendance variables that underspecify how the religious cultural contexts and experiences that affiliation represents influence developmental outcomes. This study explores associations between five aspects of a religious cultural context (family religiosity, religious schooling, church-based relationships with peers and adults, and view of God) in 844 seven- to 12-year-old Christian children to examine how they differentially predict self-esteem. Results of a structural equation model (SEM) analysis indicated that God image and peer church relationships directly predicted self-esteem, whereas God image mediated the influence of adult church relationships and family religious practices on self-esteem. A multiple group SEM analysis met the criterion for weak, but not strong, evidence that self-esteem is more related to younger children's adult church relationships but older children's peer church relationships. God image tended to be more related to younger children's family religious practices but older children's adult church relationships. Implications for developmental researchers and practitioners are discussed. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Religious affiliation is an omnibus variable representing multiple contexts of development. Self-esteem is an important outcome variable with different influences across development. Religious affiliation is associated with increased self-esteem. What does this study add? Children's experience in the contexts of religious affiliation influences development differently. It is not just affiliation, but specific religious contexts that influence children's self-esteem. The role of religious contexts in shaping children's self-esteem shifts across development.
Simulated Regionalization of Heart and Lung Transplantation in the United States.

We simulated the impact of regionalization of isolated heart and lung transplantation within United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) regions. Overall, 12 594 orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) patients across 135 centers and 12 300 orthotopic lung transplantation (OLT) patients across 67 centers were included in the study. An algorithm was constructed that “closed” the lowest volume center in a region and referred its patients to the highest volume center. In the unadjusted analysis, referred patients were assigned the highest volume center's 1-year mortality rate, and the difference in deaths per region before and after closure was computed. An adjusted analysis was performed using multivariable logistic regression using recipient and donor variables. The primary outcome was the potential number of lives saved at 1 year after transplant. In adjusted OHT analysis, 10 lives were saved (95% confidence interval [CI] 9–11) after one center closure and 240 lives were saved (95% CI 209–272) after up to five center closures per region, with the latter resulting in 1624 total patient referrals (13.2% of OHT patients). For OLT, lives saved ranged from 29 (95% CI 26–32) after one center closure per region to 240 (95% CI 224–256) after up to five regional closures, but the latter resulted in 2999 referrals (24.4% of OLT patients). Increased referral distances would severely limit access to care for rural and resource-limited populations.
16th FASEB Science Research Conference on Calcium and Cell Function: Calcium channels and signaling in health and disease

The 16th FASEB Science Research Conference on Ca2+ and Cell Function took place in Lisbon, Portugal, on June 12–17, 2016. Chaired by Stefan Feske (New York University, organizer) and Murali Prakriya (Northwestern University, co-organizer), it brought together over 130 scientists from North America
Hilbert’s seventh problem: Its statement and origins

At the second International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris, in 1900, the mathematician David Hilbert was invited to deliver a keynote address, just as Henri Poincare had been invited to do at the first International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich in 1896.
Real-time MRI-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy of low-flow head and neck lymphatic malformations in the pediatric population – a stepwise approach

Real-time MRI-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy is a novel and evolving treatment for congenital lymphatic malformations in the head and neck. We elaborate on the specific steps necessary to perform an MRI-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy of lymphatic malformations including pre-procedure patient work-up and preparation, stepwise intraprocedural interventional techniques and post-procedure management. Based on our institutional experience, MRI-guided sclerotherapy with a doxycycline-gadolinium-based mixture as a sclerosant for lymphatic malformations of the head and neck region in children is well tolerated and effective.
Estimation of time-varying parameters in deterministic dynamic models

In this paper, we develop local polynomial estimation procedures to fit deterministic dynamic models with a focus on the estimation of time-varying pa- rameters. Three local estimation methods for estimating time-varying parameters are proposed: two-step local linear estimation, two-step local quadratic estimation, and a two-step local hybrid method. Although the proposed estimation methods are applicable for general dynamic models, we establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators for a linear deterministic dynamic model and show that the proposed estimators for linear dynamic models achieve the optimal convergence rate. Simulation studies reveal that the proposed two-step estimation methods per- form better than the naive one-step local estimator. An application from an AIDS clinical trial is presented to illustrate the methodologies. d dt X1(t) = � − k(1 − r(t))X1(t)X3(t) − �X1(t) ≡ �1(t) − �X1(t), d dt X2(t) = k(1 − r(t))X1(t)X3(t) − �X2(t) ≡ �2(t) − �X2(t),
The Association of Psychosocial Factors With Leisure-Time Physical Activity Intention Among Latinas:

The purpose of our study was to identify contributors underlying the intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among Latinas. A sample of Latinas was recruited from North Texas (N = 405). Sequential multiple regression analysis was used to assess the association between sociodemographics, the role of Latino culture (i.e., fatalism, a cultural belief that may be related to LTPA intention), and theoretical constructs drawn from the Integrative Model (i.e., self-efficacy, attitude, and subjective norm) in relation to LTPA intention in Latinas. Self-efficacy (β = .29, p < .001), attitude (β = .26, p < .001), and subjective norm (β = .17, p < .001), but not fatalism, significantly predicted intention to engage in LTPA. To increase LTPA intention among Latinas, it is recommended that physical activity interventions consider enhancing self-efficacy, fostering favorable attitudes toward LTPA, and modifying participant norms on LTPA.
Optics and Accommodation in Owls and Flying Foxes

Photorefraction is a method for determining the plane of focus of vertebrate eyes (Howland and Howland 1963), which is based on a measurement of the point spread function (Smith 1966). It is well known that defocus of an optical system increases the width of the point spread function; consequently measurement of the double pass point spread function of the eye yields a measure of the defocus of the eye relative to the plane of the illuminated object point. The first practical realization of the photorefractive method was accomplished with an attachment to a 35-mm camera (Howland and Howland 1973). In this method the eye to be studied is illuminated from a fiber optic light guide centered in an array of four cylinder lenses in front of a f#/1.2 camera lens. The cylinder lens segments gather the returned light into a cross-pattern at the film plane. In this manner, the length of the cross-arms is a direct measure of the degree of defocus of the refracted eye (Fig. 1).
The Economic Burden of Asthma in the United States, 2008-2013.

Rationale: Asthma is a chronic disease that affects quality of life, productivity at work and school, and healthcare use; and it can result in death. Measuring the current economic burden of asthma...
How do Children Associate Food Type to Illustrated Height and Obesity

The following three studies examined young children’s and adults’ recognition of the impact of healthy and unhealthy foods on height and weight. Study 1 examined the impact of foods on height and weight. Study 2 examined the role of foods on characters of different ethnicities. Study 3 controlled for participants’ prior knowledge about the impact of food by presenting fictitious alien characters. The results indicated that preschoolers recognized that healthy foods promoted an increase in height but only for African-American images. Adults recognized the impact of nutrition on both height and weight with a greater emphasis of nutrition for weight than height. These results demonstrate that preschoolers’ biological model is more sophisticated and differentiated than previously reported.
Gastrointestinal Lesions in African American Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia.

Background:Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a frequent disorder that is associated with many serious diseases. However, the findings of an evaluation of IDA-associated gastrointestinal disorders are...
In Search of Respect: School Days: Learning to be a Better Criminal

I was chillin' out most of the time in junior high. But they had like a wild war out there – blacks against Puerto Ricans – and the Puerto Rican kids used to get beat up real crazy. This guy killed this one kid, so we used to not want to go to school because of that. We used to cut school and go downtown and rob. Caesar The complex interfaces among family, school, and peer group are crucial to the construction and enforcement of social marginalization, especially in one's pre-teenage years. Consequently, I purposely collected the childhood, school-age reminiscences of the crack dealers in Ray's network in an effort to explore their early institutional relationships with both mainstream society and inner-city street culture. This also led them to talk about their intimate home lives. Much of this material is presented in this and the following three chapters, where I address changing gender-power relations and the transformations in family arrangements with respect to emotional nurturing and economic stability. In this chapter I focus on the quintessential early-socializing institution of mainstream society in the inner city: the public school. This leads fluidly into street culture's alternative to school – the peer group or the proto-criminal youth crew – gang – which effectively fills the formal institutional vacuum created by truancy. When the crack dealers began confiding to me about their earliest teenage experiences of violence and crime on the street, I was also forced to confront the brutal phenomenon of sexual violence that was central to both their formal and their informal schooling.
Synthesis and structure of a bicyclo[2.4.0]-2-nonene

The hydroxy carboxylic acid 1,6-dimethyl-1-hydroxymethyl-6-carboxybicyclo[2.4.0]-2-nonene crystallizes in the space group Pca2 1 (No. 29) with a = 18.563(1), b = 6.393(1), c = 20.750(1) A, and Z = 8. The two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit each exhibit intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding and have closely similar geometries and conformations.
Cinnamtannin B-1 inhibits cell survival molecules and induces apoptosis in colon cancer

Colon cancer patients receiving chemotherapy continue to be burdened with therapeutic failure and adverse side effects, yielding a need to develop more effective treatments. The present study investigates Cinnamtannin B-1 (CTB-1) as a potential low-toxicity therapeutic alternative for colon cancer. CTB-1-treated DLD-1, COLO 201 and HCT-116 (WT p53 and p53 null) colon cancer cells and CCD 841 CoN normal colon epithelial cells were assessed for changes in survival using MTT assay. The effects of CTB-1 on cell cycle progression and the apoptosis of colon cancer cells were measured using flow cytometry and/or immunofluorescence. The expression profiles of cell survival molecules, particularly apoptotic proteins, in the colon cancer cells were evaluated following CTB-1 treatment via antibody array, then validated by western blot analysis. Additionally, the potential synergy between CTB-1 and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a conventional chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of colon cancer, against colon cancer cells was assessed using MTT assay and Calcusyn software. The results revealed that CTB-1 significantly decreased the survival of the DLD-1, COLO 201 and HCT-116 cells in a time and/or dose-dependent manner, with minimal cytotoxicity to normal colon cells. CTB-1 treatment was shown to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of DLD-1 and COLO 201 cells. Of note, CTB-1 modulated the expression of several cell survival molecules, which tend to be deregulated in colon cancer, including p53, a key transcription factor involved in apoptosis. The downstream regulation of Bcl-2 and Bak expression, as well as cytochrome c release into the cytosol, was also observed following CTB-1 treatment. Furthermore, CTB-1 was shown to significantly enhance the potency of 5-FU via a synergistic drug interaction. This study reveals for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the ability of CTB-1 to decrease the survival of colon cancer cells through pro-apoptotic mechanisms and display synergy with conventional chemotherapy, demonstrating the potential therapeutic benefit of CTB-1 in colon cancer.
Exposure to coarse particulate matter during gestation and term low birthweight in California: Variation in exposure and risk across region and socioeconomic subgroup

Abstract Despite evidence that particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10) or ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) are associated with several adverse birth outcomes, research on the association between coarse particulate matter (PM10–2.5) and birth outcomes is scarce, and results have been inconsistent. Furthermore, the literature is unclear whether associations between PM10 and adverse birth outcomes were driven by PM2.5 alone or also by PM10–2.5 exposure. Research on the variation in exposure to and risk from PM10–2.5 across populations is also needed to identify potentially vulnerable subgroups. We used birth certificate and ambient air monitoring data in California from 2002 to 2013 to develop a retrospective cohort study of pregnant women and their infants. Averaged gestational and trimester-specific exposures of PM10–2.5 and PM2.5 were calculated for mothers whose residential zip code tabulation areas were within a 20 km radius of monitors. We assessed the relationship between prenatal exposure to PM10–2.5 and term low birthweight (TLBW) using logistic and linear regression, adjusting for maternal and paternal demographic, environmental, temporal, and health-related covariates. We also conducted analyses stratified by socioeconomic characteristics and regions. We found a relationship between PM10–2.5 exposure during pregnancy and TLBW after controlling for PM2.5 exposure: odds ratio for second quartile of exposure: 1.00 (95% confidence interval: 0.98, 1.03), third quartile: 1.03 (1.00, 1.06), fourth quartile: 1.04 (1.01, 1.07), compared to the first quartile. Associations were strong among Non-Hispanic Black mothers, mothers living in the Central Valley, and fathers without a college degree. Exposure to and risk from PM10–2.5 were heterogeneous across California indicating environmental justice implications. We also found that paternal characteristics were associated with the risk of TLBW even after controlling for maternal characteristics. In addition to PM10–2.5 total mass, further research is needed on the components of PM10–2.5 which may be driving these associations.
Habitual cigarette smoking raises pressor responses to spontaneous bursts of muscle sympathetic nerve activity.

Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Prior reports showed a transient increase in blood pressure (BP) following a spontaneous burst of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). We ...
Act 2. Quixote: Tilting at Landmines

Given the scale of global weapons stockpiles, unarmed disarmament campaigners may seem deluded. However, advocacy campaigns disrupt how we perceive specific weapons, transforming them from “protectors” into “monsters” that are mala in se—“evil in themselves.” They do this through the “magic” of symbolic interventions and performance. To understand this ritual dimension of disarmament, this chapter draws on themes in Cervantes’ Don Quixote to frame a discussion about seemingly “hopeless quests.” Reading Don Quixote in the minefields offers insight into revolt against depersonalized killing. It shows the transformative potential of “magical thinking” and absurd gesture, which undermines the rationalist assumptions of international relations (IR) scholarship.
Elastic constants determination of anisotropic materials by depth-sensing indentation

Depth-sensing indentation is a useful and powerful tool for the mechanical characterization of materials at the micro and nano scale. This technique allows the determination of the Young modulus from the analysis of the load-penetration depth curve according to specific theoretical models. One of the most used models is that one proposed by Oliver and Pharr. However, when a material with anisotropic mechanical properties is tested, Oliver and Pharr’s theory is no longer suitable to describe the contact mechanics between the indenter tip and the tested material. This paper provides an overview of the theoretical models developed for the evaluation of the elastic constants of anisotropic materials through depth-sensing indentation. Specifically, the cases of generally anisotropic and orthotropic materials are described in order to cover the entire range of anisotropy. Examples on how these models can be applied for the mechanical characterization of generally anisotropic topological insulators and transversely isotropic pyrolytic carbon are also reported. This topical overview represents a useful tutorial for the evaluation of the elastic constants of anisotropic materials by depth-sensing indentation by shading light on the contact mechanics at the micro and nano scale.
Poster: Can Mobile Hardware Keep Up with Today's Gigabit Wireless Technologies?

With the advent of bandwidth-hungry applications and the new advancements in wireless LAN standards (802.11ad, 802.11ay) and cellular technologies (5G), modern smartphones need to be able support multi-Gbps data rates. In this work, we explore if today's smartphones are capable of handling such high-speed network traffic. Using two high-end smartphones, we show that, contrary to previous beliefs, they can indeed support Gbps data rates without significant strain on their hardware resources. Using projections, we further show that up to 12.8 Gbps could be supported with just 50% CPU utilization. Finally, we explore the factors that make this possible and the contribution of each of them.
Association of Apolipoprotein E ɛ4, Educational Level, and Sex With Tau Deposition and Tau-Mediated Metabolic Dysfunction in Older Adults.

Importance While amyloidosis is an early event in the Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarker cascade, a complex interplay among the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele, educational levels, and sex may be associated with an individual’s resilience to dementia. Objective To assess whetherAPOEɛ4, educational levels, and sex are associated with regional tau deposition and tau-mediated metabolic dysfunction in older adults. Design, Setting, and Participants Population-based cohort study of individuals aged 65 years and older enrolled between January 1, 2004, and May 1, 2018, in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, a prospective longitudinal study of cognitive aging in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were cross-sectional tau burden and the fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to tau ratio (as a measure of tau-mediated metabolic dysfunction) assessed by positron emission tomography for 43 atlas-defined regions, with specific focus on the entorhinal, inferior temporal, and posterior cingulate cortices. Exposures Using linear regression,APOEɛ4 status and years of education were the primary exposure variables, with sex additionally investigated through interaction models. Results The sample included 325 individuals (173 [53%] male; mean [SD] age, 76.1 [7.2] years; 291 [90%] cognitively unimpaired). AlthoughAPOEɛ4 was nominally associated with higher tau deposition (β = 0.05 [95% CI, 0.02-0.09];P = .001; Cohend = 0.40) and lower FDG to tau ratio (β = −0.05 [95% CI, −0.08 to −0.01];P = .008; Cohend = 0.33) in the entorhinal cortex, these associations were completely attenuated after controlling for global amyloid burden. Education was not associated with regional tau burden or FDG to tau ratio. In the 3 regions of interest, global amyloid burden accounted for the largest proportion of variance in tau deposition among the candidate variables assessed. In the entorhinal cortex, significant interactions were identified betweenAPOEɛ4 and global amyloid burden on tau (β = 0.25; SE = 0.06;P Conclusions and Relevance These results suggest that (1) tau deposition is most significantly associated with amyloidosis; (2) in the presence of abundant amyloidosis,APOEɛ4 may be associated with accelerated entorhinal cortex tau deposition; and (3) women may have lower resilience to tau, manifested by a higher degree of metabolic dysfunction in the entorhinal cortex in response to tau pathology.
Association of Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms with Triplicate A2 Segment of the Anterior Cerebral Artery.

Objective Triplicate A2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery is a rare anatomical variant (1%–3% prevalence) that which is thought to result mainly from persistence of the embryonic median artery of the corpus callosum. We sought to determine whether the triple-A2 variant is specifically associated with anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysm. Methods We reviewed 2-dimensional digital-subtraction angiography (2D-DSA) as well as 3-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA) images of 55 patients with ACoA aneurysms who presented for evaluation and treatment between 2009 and 2014 at our institution. The criteria for definitively obtaining an accurate accounting of all A2 segments was presence of adequate cross-filling across the ACoA on 2D-DSA or 3D-RA imaging, or ability to fuse left and right 3D-RA images. Patients whose imaging did not meet these criteria were excluded from further analysis. Results We obtained a definitive count of all A2 segments in 36 patients. Among these, 19 patients (5 with the triple-A2 variant) were treated surgically, and 17 patients (2 with the triple-A2 variant) were treated endovascularly. The triple-A2 variant was seen in 7 patients. The prevalence of triple-A2 variant among patients with ACoA aneurysm was 19.4%. Patients with ACoA aneurysms had a significantly higher prevalence of the triple-A2 variant compared with the general population (P Conclusions Compared with the normal population, patients with ACoA aneurysms deemed to require treatment have a significantly higher likelihood of having triplicate A2 segment. Knowledge of this anatomical variation is of critical importance in planning and executing endovascular and microsurgical treatment of ACoA aneurysms.
Effective Screening of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies in Patient Serum using Lentivirus Particles Pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Pseuodotyped particles have significant importance and use in virology as tools for studying the biology of highly pathogenic viruses in a lower biosafety environment. The biological, chemical, and serological studies of the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 will be greatly aided by the development and optimization of a suitable pseudotyping system. Here, we pseudotyped the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (SPG) on a retroviral (MMLV) as well as a third generation lentiviral (pLV) vector and tested the transduction efficiency in several mammalian cell lines expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor hACE2. While MMLV pseudotyped the vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G) efficiently, it could not pseudotype SPG. In contrast, pLV pseudotyped both glycoproteins efficiently; however, much higher titers of pLV-G particles were produced. Among all the tested mammalian cells, 293Ts expressing hACE2 were most efficiently transduced using the pLV-S system. The pLV-S particles were efficiently neutralized by diluted serum (>:640) from a recently recovered COVID-19 patient who showed high SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG levels. In summary, pLV-S pseudotyped virus provides a valid screening tool for the presence of anti SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies in convalescent patient serum.
Erratum for Lloyd et al., "Evidence for a Growth Zone for Deep-Subsurface Microbial Clades in Near-Surface Anoxic Sediments".

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Contextual influence on formal and informal teacher leadership

Abstract Using the 2013 Teaching and Learning International Survey data, this research employed descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression with the complex survey data analysis approach (resampling with Balanced Repeated Replicate weights), in order to reveal the variations in overall informal and formal teacher leadership, and for different leadership dimensions, respectively, as well as the contextual influence on teacher leadership. The results suggest that there exist significant variations between general informal and formal teacher leadership, and for each of the leadership dimensions internationally. In sum, Eastern and Nordic Europe have a greater extent of teacher leadership, compared to Asia, Latin America, and Latin Europe. There was less prevalent teacher leadership in hiring, setting teacher salary, and budget allocation in general. Formal teacher leaders often make school decisions for disciplinary policy, teacher evaluation, data analysis, and parental communication, while informal teacher leaders frequently decide on instructional content. Female, experienced, and well-educated teachers often make decisions even without positions; schools with increased minority students tend to have a greater extent of teacher leadership, while schools with disproportional poverty students have decreased teacher leadership. Using large-scale and international data, this study has provided nuanced evidence in teacher leadership with the intersection of leadership functions, positions, and contexts.
Modifying Systemic Responses with Anesthetic Techniques

Summary Anesthetic agents and techniques can modify the systemic responses to surgical injury. Epidural blockade with local anesthetics in patients undergoing lower abdominal or lower extremity surgery can markedly attenuate the plasma levels of many of the stress hormones. It appears that it is more difficult to achieve comparable degrees of attenuation in upper abdominal surgery. Whether such techniques can be used in patients with multiple system organ failure to attenuate the autocatabolic processes is unclear.
Functional Selectivity of a Biased Cannabinoid-1 Receptor (CB1R) Antagonist

Seven-transmembrane receptors signal via G-protein- and β-arrestin-dependent pathways. We describe a peripheral CB1R antagonist (MRI-1891) highly biased toward inhibiting CB1R-induced β-arrestin-2 ...
Preliminary Evidence Supporting a Novel 10-Item Clinical Learning Environment Quick Survey (CLEQS).

Background The clinical learning environment (CLE) is a priority focus in medical education. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Clinical Learning Environment Review's (CLER) recent addition of teaming and health care systems obligates educators to monitor these areas. Tools to evaluate the CLE would ideally be: (1) appropriate for all health care team members on a specific unit/project; (2) informed by contemporary learning environment frameworks; and (3) feasible/quick to complete. No existing CLE evaluation tool meets these criteria. Objective This report describes the creation and preliminary validity evidence for a Clinical Learning Environment Quick Survey (CLEQS). Methods Survey items were identified from the literature and other data sources, sorted into 1 of 4 learning environment domains (personal, social, organizational, material) and reviewed by multiple stakeholders and experts. Leaders from 6 interprofessional graduate medical education quality improvement/patient safety teams distributed this voluntary survey to their clinical team members (November 2019-mid-January 2021) using electronic or paper formats. Validity evidence for this instrument was based on the content, response process, internal structure, reliability, relations to other variables, and consequences. Results Two hundred one CLEQS responses were obtained, taking 1.5 minutes on average to complete with good reliability (Cronbach's α ≥ 0.83). The Cronbach alpha for each CE domain with the overall item ranged from 0.50 for personal to 0.79 for social. There were strong associations with other measures and clarity about improvement targets. Conclusions CLEQS meets the 3 criteria for evaluating CLEs. Reliability data supports its internal consistency, and initial validity evidence is promising.
Introduction to Biomaterials: Basic Theory with Engineering Applications

This succinct textbook gives students the perfect introduction to the world of biomaterials, linking the fundamental properties of metals, polymers, ceramics and natural biomaterials to the unique advantages and limitations surrounding their biomedical applications. Clinical concerns such as sterilization, surface modification, cell-biomaterial interactions, drug delivery systems and tissue engineering are discussed in detail, giving students practical insight into the real-world challenges associated with biomaterials engineering; key definitions, equations and concepts are concisely summarised alongside the text, allowing students to quickly and easily identify the most important information; and bringing together elements from across the book, the final chapter discusses modern commercial implants, challenging students to consider future industrial possibilities. Concise enough to be taught in a single semester, and requiring only a basic understanding of biology, this balanced and accessible textbook is the ideal introduction to biomaterials for students of engineering and materials science.
Neural correlates of frog calling

Neural correlates of electrically-evoked release calling (Fig. 2A) and of electrically-evoked mating calling (Fig. 3A) were recorded from the partially denervated brain stem of the leopard frog. These correlates contain two basic patterns of activity found in normal calling (Fig. 1)—the following of a vocal-phase by an inspiratory-phase, and the breaking up of the vocal-phase into pulses. These correlates persisted unchanged following complete denervation of the brain stem (Figs. 2E and 3E), showing that these patterns of activity do not require peripheral feedback for their generation. These patterns, with the exception of vocal-phase pulsing during release calling, are also independent of the stimulus pattern, showing that they are generated within the brain stem. The “exception” can probably be explained by direct imposition of the stimulus rate upon normal pulse-generating mechanisms in the region of the stimulating electrode. Other evidence (Schmidt, 1973) shows that the vocal-phase pattern of release calling is independent of the natural tactile stimulus.
Body bias controlled SOI technology with HTI

As the LSI process technology advances, increase of power consumption for the LSIs becomes major issue because of number of transistors and clock frequencies increase. For a reduction of the power consumption of the LSI, lowering supply voltage technology is one of the effective ways such as applying a dynamic threshold voltage (DT) structure as stated in J. P. Colinge (1987). However, a DT SOI MOSFET with T-shape or H-shape gates has disadvantages of area penalties and a gate parasitic capacitance increase. In this paper we describe actively body-bias controlled (ABC) SOI MOSFET technology with hybrid trench isolation (HTI) based in Y. Hirano et al. (2000). This structure doesn't need the T or H gates and realizes low-voltage and high-speed operation with controlling a body potential.
Equilibrium and kinetic studies involving schiff base complexes: The zinc(II)-pyruvate-pyridoxamine phosphate system and the mechanism of Zn catalyzed transamination

Abstract The species formed in aqueous solutions of Zinc(II), pyruvate (P−) and pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP) at equilibrium have been determined and their stability constants evaluated from pH titration data. Schiff base formation in the absence of Zn(II) was studied potentiometrically and spectrophotometrically, both methods giving evidence for only one form, H(P . PMP)3−. The binary complexes, Zn(PMP)i+2–3i, where i = 1, 2 and 3, were found and in addition, monoprotonated complexes were formed to a small extent. Seven ketimine complexes were characterized: Zn(P . PMP)H +i−2 i , i = 1, 2 and Zn(P . PMP) 2 H +i−6 i , i = 0−4. Complexing with Zn(II) increases the basicity of the ketimine pyridine nitrogen, over that in the free ketimine H(PMP . P)3−, an effect which has important consequences regarding the ability of Zn(II) to promote the rate of transamination under neutral conditions. Rate studies in the presence and absence of metal ion indicate that Zn(II) promotes transamination by stabilizing the Schiff bases toward hydrolysis, preserving the integrity of the activating pyridinium group to higher pH regions and providing more active base catalyzed paths.
Isolation of bacteria other than Helicobacter pylori from stomachs of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) with gastritis.

Gastric biopsy specimens obtained from 12 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) were investigated by culture for the presence of bacteria. The stomachs of two monkeys with gastritis were colonized with gram-negative, urease-positive bacteria, identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi by the Vitek and API NFT methods (BioM´erieux). A third monkey with gastritis was positive for Aeromonas salmonicida and Pseudomonas vesicularis (both urease-negative). No Helicobacter pylori was isolated from squirrel monkeys. Light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic examination revealed that the O. anthropi isolates were covered by extracellular material, indicating a capsule. Characterization of the O. anthropi urease revealed Michaelis-Menten constants (K m values) of 6.2 and 4.0 mM urea for the ureases of O. anthropi isolates S664 and S1835, respectively, and 3.7 for type strain 49188. Western blot analysis using H. pylori- and H. felis-specific antibodies detected shared antigenic epitopes between the ureases of H. pylori, H. felis, and O. anthropi. The apparent molecular mass of the urease enzymes of the O. anthropi isolates was determined on 6% nondenaturing gels to be approximately 82 kDa. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests, using the MicroScan method (Dade International), revealed multidrug resistance for the O. anthropi isolates with susceptibilities for the antibiotics amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cefoperazone, tobramycin, imipenem, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Thyroid hormone and brain function: I. The EEG in hyperthyroidism with observations on the effect of age, sex, and reserpine in the production of abnormalities

Abstract Pretreatment EEGs were obtained on 81 hyperthyroid patients. In order to study the effects of sex and the menopause on the incidence of EEG abnormalities, the patients were divided into three groups: 1. premenopausal females, 2. postmenopausal females, and 3. males. The highest incidence of abnormalities was found in premenopausal females, and the lowest incidence in postmenopausal females. The administration of reserpine to thyrotoxic patients increased the incidence of EEG abnormalities. Most of the records obtained 3 months to 1 year after specific antithyroid treatment with radioactive iodine were normal except for the persistence of high voltage photic responses.
Pathogens of interest to the pork industry: A review of research on interventions to assure food safety

Pork is the most consumed meat in the world and is a source of foodborne diseases. To develop effective food safety interventions for pork, it is crucial to understand the nature of the important pathogens affecting the pork industry, their prevalence at different phases of pork production, and interventions against pathogens in pork. The purpose of this study was to outline the significance of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Trichinella spiralis, Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to the pork industry. Trichinella and Toxoplasma are historically relevant pathogens to pork and represent the effectiveness that preharvest intervention strategies can accomplish for the control of toxoplasmosis and trichinellosis. Salmonella and Campylobacter are common inhabitants of swine intestines causing a high prevalence of these pathogens on the farm as well as potential contamination during slaughter. However, both Salmonella and Campylobacter can be reduced through on-farm strategies, hygienic slaughter practices, and processing technologies. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is an emerging pathogen with increasing focus on the livestock industry and interventions pre and postharvest have been considered for reduction of this microorganism. The greatest challenge for processors is L. monocytogenes as contamination of the further processing environment requires adequate interventions for both pork and the environment. Novel technologies such as use of bacteriophages, feed additives, and high-pressure processing are being explored as interventions against pathogens of pork. Overall, pork does contribute to foodborne diseases and various interventions are now being used against the different pathogens found in pork.
Efficient Implementation of MPI-2 Passive One-Sided Communication on InfiniBand Clusters

In this paper we compare various design alternatives for synchronization in MPI-2 passive one-sided communication on InfiniBand clusters. We discuss several requirements for synchronization in passive one-sided communication. Based on these requirements, we present four design alternatives, which can be classified into two categories: thread-based and atomic operation-based. In thread-based designs, synchronization is achieved with the help of extra threads. In atomic operation-based designs, we exploit InfiniBand atomic operations such as Compare-and-Swap and Fetch-and-Add. Our performance evaluation results show that the atomic operation-based design can require less synchronization overhead, achieve better concurrency, and consume fewer computing resources compared with the thread based design.
Student Learning In Upper‐Level Thermal Physics: Comparisons And Contrasts With Students In Introductory Courses

We found that students in an upper‐level thermal physics course were in general quicker than introductory students at grasping and applying fundamental concepts. Upper‐level students seemed, in general, more receptive to employing qualitative reasoning using multiple representations, and capable of using it more effectively than introductory students. In addition, upper‐level students were better able to utilize guided‐inquiry curricular materials in the sense of reasoning with greater depth and grasping more subtle issues. However, although the overall level of preparation and ability was higher in the upper‐level course, the broad range of preparation represented among the students presented various practical challenges to implementing active‐learning instructional strategies. Moreover, even quite capable upper‐level students would falter unexpectedly and unpredictably on various conceptual difficulties that are common among introductory students. The unpredictable and inconsistent nature of this effect demonstrated that instructors must always be prepared to detect and address such difficulties in upper‐level courses.
Fe3+ and Fe2+ partitioning among silicates in metapelites: A synchrotron micro-XANES study

Synchrotron micro-XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge structure) spectroscopy (SmX) was used to measure Fe 3 + and Fe 2 + distribution among minerals in standard thin sections with an X-ray beam size of 10 x 15 μm. Measurements were made at beamline X26a, National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Lab. Samples studied included metapelites from garnet to upper sillimanite zone rocks that coexist with graphite, graphite/ilmenite, or varying combinations of ilmenite, magnetite, and hematite. SmX results are compared with Mossbauer spectroscopic measurements of Fe 3 + on mineral separates from the same rocks. Results show excellent agreement (within ′5-10%) between Mossbauer and SmX for the Fe-rich phases biotite, chlorite, staurolite, and garnet. Mossbauer spectra of muscovite typically show lower values than SmX for Fe 3 + /ΣFe (especially at low grades), suggesting contamination of the muscovite separates by fine-grained chlorite. However, heterogeneity of Fe 3 + and Fe 2 + is probably the chief source of discrepancy between the bulk and micro-scale measurements. The %Fe 3 + (relative to total Fe) in these samples ranges from a high of 90% in muscovite to a low of 0-2% in garnet, with Ms > St = Bt = Chl > Tur > Grt in graphite/ilmenite-bearing rocks. SmX measurements suggest that the averaged Fe 3 + /ΣFe in each mineral species does not change as a function of grade, but varies as a function of buffering assemblage, especially on a very localized scale. This effect shows that the oxygen buffering capacity of mineral assemblages is very large compared to the oxidizing/reducing potential of metamorphic fluids. However, distribution of Fe atoms among phases at each grade also reflects crystal chemistry. Across all grades, the Fe 2 + /Mg ratio is such that Grt » St > Bt > Chl > Tur > Ms. Fe 3 + /Al is highest in biotite in garnet and silliman-ite-zone rocks. For Fe 3 + /Al, Bt > Chl > Tur > St > Ms, and for Fe 3 + /Fe 2 + , partitioning behaves as Ms » Bt = St = Chl > Tur > Grt in graphite/ilmenite-bearing rocks. Overall, partitioning of Fe 3 + in any of the minerals of interest reflects both oxide assemblage and crystal-chemical constraints on the amount of Fe 3 + that can be substituted into the structure.
Hillslope response to tectonic forcing in threshold landscapes

Hillslopes are thought to poorly record tectonic signals in threshold landscapes. Numerous previous studies of steep landscapes suggest that large changes in long-term erosion rate lead to little change in mean hillslope angle, measured at coarse resolution. New LiDAR-derived topography data enables a finer examination of threshold hillslopes. Here we quantify hillslope response to tectonic forcing in a threshold landscape. To do so, we use an extensive cosmogenic beryllium-10 (^(10)Be)-based dataset of catchment-averaged erosion rates combined with a 500 km^2 LiDAR-derived 1 m digital elevation model to exploit a gradient of tectonic forcing and topographic relief in the San Gabriel Mountains, California. We also calibrate a new method of quantifying rock exposure from LiDAR-derived slope measurements using high-resolution panoramic photographs. Two distinct trends in hillslope behavior emerge: below catchment-mean slopes of 30°, modal slopes increase with mean slopes, slope distribution skewness decreases with increasing mean slope, and bedrock exposure is limited; above mean slopes of 30°, our rock exposure index increases strongly with mean slope, and the prevalence of angle-of-repose debris wedges keeps modal slopes near 37°, resulting in a positive relationship between slope distribution skewness and mean slope. We find that both mean slopes and rock exposure increase with erosion rate up to 1 mm/a, in contrast to previous work based on coarser topographic data. We also find that as erosion rates increase, the extent of the fluvial network decreases, while colluvial channels extend downstream, keeping the total drainage density similar across the range. Our results reveal important textural details lost in 10 or 30 m resolution digital elevation models of steep landscapes, and highlight the need for process-based studies of threshold hillslopes and colluvial channels.