cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confinement effects on the structure and dynamics of polymer systems from the mesoscale to the nanoscale

In this article, we review some of our recent progress in experimental and simulation methods for generating, characterizing, and modeling polymer microparticles and nanoparticles in a number of polymer and polymer-blend systems. By using instrumentation developed for probing single fluorescent molecules in micrometer-sized liquid droplets, we have shown that polymer particles of nearly arbitrary size and composition can be made with a size dispersion that is ultimately limited by the chain length and number distribution within the droplets. Depending on the timescale for solvent evaporation—a tunable parameter in our experiments—the phase separation of otherwise immiscible polymers can be avoided by confinement effects, and homogeneous polymer-blend microparticles or nanoparticles can be produced. These particles have tunable properties that can be controlled by the simple adjustment of the size of the particle or the relative mass fractions of the polymer components in solution. Physical, optical, and mechanical properties of a variety of microparticles and nanoparticles, differing in size and composition, have been examined with extensive classical molecular dynamics calculations in conjunction with experiments to gain deeper insights into the fundamental nature of their structure, dynamics, and properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1571-1590, 2005
The Impact of the Reputation of Bio-Life Science and Engineering Doctoral Programs on Regional Economic Development

Retrospective data on the academic reputation of PhD programs in the biological and life sciences and engineering are used in regression models to measure the influence of academic quality on the growth in employment and in per capita income for metropolitan areas in the United States over the two parts of the recently completed business cycle (1994 to 2000 and 2001 to 2003). The quality of doctoral research programs in science and technology fields was positively associated with growth rates in employment and per capita income in metropolitan areas during the expansion phase of the business cycle. Regions with quality science and technology doctoral programs experienced declines in employment growth rates following the recession. There was an inverse relationship between academic quality and per capita income following the recession, indicating that regional earnings bubbles built up during the expansion. Strong path dependencies are exhibited in the models.
Conversion of L-tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine by cell-free preparations of brain and sympathetically innervated tissues

Abstract From isotopic studies it is known that the first step in the biosynthesis of noradrenaline involves the conversion of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). Although the overall conversion of tyrosine to noradrenaline can be demonstrated in various intact organs (1,2,3) and in tissue slices (4,5,6), nothing is known about the cellular catalyst responsible for the first step in the biosynthesis. It has now been possible tyrosine → DOPA → DOPAmine → noradrenaline to obtain mitochondrial fractions from brain and adrenal medulla which can hydroxylate L-tyrosine to DOPA. Some properties of this system are presented in the present report.
W-shaped and U-shaped functions obtained for monoptic and dichoptic disk-disk masking

For nonmetacontrast (disk-disk) masking, if the outer diameter of the mask equals that of an annulus which produces typical metacontrast functions, U- and W-shaped functions will be obtained if (1) the stimuli are viewed dichoptically and monoptically, respectively. and (2) the mask is no more than about 10 times the energy (luminance x duration) of the target. As this energy ratio is approached, both types of functions become monotonic. These shapes suggest that interactions at different visual-pathway loci may he mapped by visual masking functions.
MODELLING OF STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC SYSTEMS USING HAMILTON'S LAW OF VARYING ACTION

Abstract This paper presents a model based on Hamilton's law of varying action for stochastic dynamic systems. In this model, the state variables are approximated as a linear sum of orthogonal polynomials. For deterministic systems, the coefficients of the polynomials are constant, but for stochastic systems, the coefficients are random variables. The initial conditions are treated as Gaussian random variables with specified mean values and covariance matrix, and the external forcing functions (input processes) are treated as stationary Gaussian processes with specified mean and correlation functions. Using the Karhunen-Loeve expansion, the random input processes are represented in terms of truncated linear sums of orthonormal eigenfunctions with uncorrelated random variables as coefficients. This method reduces the infinite dimensional input force vector to one with finite dimensions. A method to compute the mean and the variance functions for both the singular and the regular components of the state processes is developed. A single-degree-of-freedom spring-mass-damper systems subjected to random initial conditions and a random forcing function is considered to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the formulation. The response is obtained without any reference to the differential equations associated with the dynamics of the system. The study shows that the results of this formulation agree well with those obtained using other schemes.
Design of Testing Apparatus to Evaluate the Strength of Guardrail Systems

Fall-related occupational injuries and fatalities are serious problems in the U.S. construction industry. An important sub-set of falls-to-lower-level incidents is when workers fall through openings or surfaces, including skylights. OSHA regulations require that holes (openings) in roofs must be protected by a guardrail or cover, or nearby workers must use personal fall-arrest systems. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Safety Research, Morgantown, WV has initiated a pilot project to evaluate the effectiveness of guardrail systems. Two commercially available edge-protection products were evaluated as guardrails around a roof opening. Installation methods for the two edge-protection products, which have not been designed to be used as guardrails for openings, are compared to job-built guardrails constructed of two-by-four lumber. To evaluate how well the commercial products comply with existing OSHA regulations as a guardrail, an experimental hypothesis and a laboratory-based testing system were developed. OSHA regulations require that a force of at least 200 pounds shall be supported by the top rail of the guardrail system. The governing variable is the 200-pound force. This was generated by using a weighted rescue dummy mounted on a specially designed hinged steel frame. Adjusting the fall distance of the dummy, a dynamic 200-pound force was generated in the middle of the top rail. To evaluate the overall strength of the guardrail systems, a hydraulic testing apparatus was designed. Combining a hydraulic cylinder and pump, with a piezoelectric force transducer, a pull-to-failure (PTF) test apparatus was developed. This system was designed to pull the guardrail systems in the same direction in which the test dummy fell. Maximum PTF forces were recorded for both commercially available products and then compared with the job-built systems.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Integrated function structure and object-oriented design framework

Function structure is a popular product design approach in the mechanical design world. However, it does not currently provide an object-oriented design method for design of a product's software system. Also, function structure is limited in identifying supporting mechanisms for individual physical components. The proposed integrated function structure and object-oriented design framework improves the function structure approach, and provides methods of generating variant and common components for the product family. This framework integrates the function structure, object model, and system architecture to explore the development of products requiring the interplay of physical and software elements concurrently. Many classes of products could benefit from this approach. We present in this paper a virtual prototyping tool for conceptual design leveraging on the proposed framework and demonstrating its usage and advantages.
Emma's Incompetence as Madame Bovary

Pierre Bourdieu's social science orientation for the habitus and the hexis enables us to provide a relational model for situating the literary events of Madame Bovary. Emma's incompetence at being a wife according to the bourgeois habitus allows her to expand her competence as a woman by following the hexis of her female body. This struggle between hexis and habitus in Emma moves through five stages. First of all, her education in the convent provides her with the habitus of what a bourgeois wife should be and the separation of a woman's dreams from the reality of a housewife's tasks. Secondly, as a young married woman, Emma's suffering allows her to experience her individual opposition to the asphyxiation of marriage relative to the freedom of her womanhood. Thirdly, through language, Emma begins to externalize her struggle and in the fourth stage of her evolution to break the rules of the habitus. Finally, in the fifth stage, Emma chooses the competence of her hexis by appropriating her own space in dying. Nevertheless, the habitus reigns as Emma is buried in her wedding dress as if to enshrine in the code of marriage, and thus to disguise, the incompetence of her life.
A genetic screen for aminophospholipid transport mutants identifies the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, STT4p, as an essential component in phosphatidylserine metabolism.

Abstract In an effort to understand molecular mechanisms of intracellular lipid transport, we have focused upon specific events required for de novo aminophospholipid synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A genetic system for examining the steps between phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and its transport to and decarboxylation by PtdSer decarboxylase 2 in the Golgi/vacuole has been developed. We have isolated a mutant, denoted pstB1, that accumulates PtdSer and has diminished phosphatidylethanolamine formation despite normal PtdSer decarboxylase 2 activity. The lesion in PtdSer metabolism is consistent with a defect in interorganelle lipid transport. A genomic DNA clone that complements the mutation was isolated, and sequencing revealed that the clone contains the STT4 gene, encoding a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. The pstB1 mutant exhibits a defect in Stt4p-type phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity, and direct gene replacement indicates that STT4 is the defective gene in the mutant. Creation of an STT4 null allele (stt4Δ::HIS3) demonstrates the gene is essential. These results provide evidence that implicates phosphoinositides in the regulation of intracellular aminophospholipid transport.
An evaluation of possible intracellular nucleic acid quenching of carcinogenic hydrocarbon fluorescence.

An investigation was made to evaluate the role of intranuclear nucleic acids on the reported lack of accumulation of fluorescent, polycyclic, carcinogenic hydrocarbons (CH) within the nucleus of the live cell. Analysis of CH distribution with integrated phase-contrast and u-v-fluorescent microscopy was performed on whole cells and subcellular nuclear fractions from which nucleic acids had been removed and on ultracentrifuged live cells whose nuclei were stratified into nucleic acid-rich and nucleic acid-poor regions. No intranuclear fluorescence was found in any experimentally-treated material or in the live cell controls after their exposure to CH. The absence of any evidence for the quenching of CH fluorescence by intranuclear nucleic acids supports the u-v-fluorescence microscopists' contention that little or no CH enters live cell nuclei.
Biological variation among african trypanosomes: I. Clonal expression of virulence is not linked to the variant surface glycoprotein or the variant surface glycoprotein gene telomeric expression site.

The potential association of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) gene expression with clonal expression of virulence in African trypanosomes was addressed. Two populations of clonally related trypan...
Assessing health risks of inhaled nanomaterials: development of pulmonary bioassay hazard studies

This brief discussion provides an overview of current concepts and perceptions regarding the pulmonary toxicity of ultrafine or nanoparticles. These aspects include, but are not limited to comparisons of fine particle vs. ultrafine particle effects and the unique response of pulmonary effects in rats vs. other rodent species, particularly at particle overload concentrations. In the final section, two studies are described which demonstrate that particle size is not the most significant particulate factor in producing exposure-related pulmonary effects.
Selective Electrocatalytic Activity of Ligand Stabilized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles

Ligand stabilization can influence the surface chemistry of Cu oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and provide unique product distributions for electrocatalytic methanol (MeOH) oxidation and CO{sub 2} reduction reactions. Oleic acid (OA) stabilized Cu{sub 2}O and CuO NPs promote the MeOH oxidation reaction with 88% and 99.97% selective HCOH formation, respectively. Alternatively, CO{sub 2} is the only reaction product detected for bulk Cu oxides and Cu oxide NPs with no ligands or weakly interacting ligands. We also demonstrate that OA stabilized Cu oxide NPs can reduce CO{sub 2} into CO with a {approx}1.7-fold increase in CO/H{sub 2} production ratios compared to bulk Cu oxides. The OA stabilized Cu oxide NPs also show 7.6 and 9.1-fold increases in CO/H{sub 2} production ratios compared to weakly stabilized and non-stabilized Cu oxide NPs, respectively. Our data illustrates that the presence and type of surface ligand can substantially influence the catalytic product selectivity of Cu oxide NPs.
Eolian evidence for spatial variability of late Quaternary climates in tropical Africa

Study of the eolian fraction of late Quaternary sediments from the tropical Atlantic reveals that two modes of long-term climate variability have existed in tropical Africa during the last 150,000 yr. Tropical northwest Africa (i.e., the southwestern Sahara and Sahel) was driest during glaciations and stades, but wetter than at present during interglaciations and interstades. This may be a response to ice sheets at higher latitudes, via equatorward displacement of the westerlies and the subtropical high. In contrast, central equatorial Africa (southeast of the Sahara) was most arid during interstades and times of ice growth, and most humid during deglaciation. Wet periods in this area correspond to insolation maxima in northern hemisphere summer. A 23,000-yr precessional rhythm is suggested, supporting a direct link between African Monsoon intensity and orbitally modulated insolation. The late Holocene is the only time observed when both areas are arid during an interglacial episode. This may reflect, in part, anthropogenic disturbance of late Holocene climates.
Effect of circuit load on the phase of bias tuning in transferred-electron devices

The phase (sign) of the bias tuning of a transferred-electron device is found to be affected by the circuit load. A high-nl device tends to show positive tuning and a low-nl device tends to show negative tuning. The frequency of operation also affects the voltage at which the device starts to change its tuning phase from positive to negative.
Membrane-bound protein kinase activity in acetylcholine receptor-enriched membranes

Abstract Membrane protein phosphorylation may be a general regulatory mechanism mediating the response of cells to exogenous metabolic and physical signals. We have determined that the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor is the major substrate phosphorylated in situ by a nearby membrane protein kinase. Moreover, these same membranes also contain phosphoprotein phosphatase activity which dephosphorylates the membrane-bound receptor. These findings suggest that reversible phosphorylation of the actylcholine receptor may be critical for receptor function at the synapse. Therefore, it is necessary to define the properties of the enzymes which mediate this phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism. In this report we describe the properties of the first component of this system, the membrane-bound protein kinase in receptor-enriched membranes from the electric organ of Torpedo californica . Only ATP is effective as a phosphate donor for this cyclic AMP-independent membrane kinase; GTP does not support phosphorylation of the receptor. Both casein and histone can also be phosphorylated by the membrane protein kinase, but casein is a better substrate. Although phosphorylation of the receptor appears to be regulated by cholinergic ligands and K + , casein phosphorylation is not specifically affected by these agents. Moreover, while phosphorylation of the acetylcholine receptor is maximal in receptor-enriched membranes, casein phosphorylation is similar in all membrane fractions prepared from the electric organ. Taken together, these findings suggest that the membrane protein kinase activity in receptor-enriched membranes is similar to most other membrane kinases. Therefore, the unique characteristics of membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor phosphorylation appear to be determined by the receptor and its availability as a substrate for the membrane kinase.
Infrared neural stimulation: a new stimulation tool for central nervous system applications

The traditional approach to modulating brain function (in both clinical and basic science applications) is to tap into the neural circuitry using electrical currents applied via implanted electrodes. However, it suffers from a number of problems, including the risk of tissue trauma, poor spatial specificity, and the inability to selectively stimulate neuronal subtypes. About a decade ago, optical alternatives to electrical stimulation started to emerge in order to address the shortcomings of electrical stimulation. We describe the use of one optical stimulation technique, infrared neural stimulation (INS), during which short (of the order of a millisecond) pulses of infrared light are delivered to the neural tissue. Very focal stimulation is achieved via a thermal mechanism and stimulation location can be quickly adjusted by redirecting the light. After describing some of the work done in the peripheral nervous system, we focus on the use of INS in the central nervous system to investigate functional connectivity in the visual and somatosensory areas, target specific functional domains, and influence behavior of an awake nonhuman primate. We conclude with a positive outlook for INS as a tool for safe and precise targeted brain stimulation.
Materialization optimizations for feature selection workloads

There is an arms race in the data management industry to support analytics, in which one critical step is feature selection, the process of selecting a feature set that will be used to build a statistical model. Analytics is one of the biggest topics in data management, and feature selection is widely regarded as the most critical step of analytics; thus, we argue that managing the feature selection process is a pressing data management challenge. We study this challenge by describing a feature-selection language and a supporting prototype system that builds on top of current industrial, R-integration layers. From our interactions with analysts, we learned that feature selection is an interactive, human-in-the-loop process, which means that feature selection workloads are rife with reuse opportunities. Thus, we study how to materialize portions of this computation using not only classical database materialization optimizations but also methods that have not previously been used in database optimization, including structural decomposition methods (like QR factorization) and warmstart. These new methods have no analog in traditional SQL systems, but they may be interesting for array and scientific database applications. On a diverse set of data sets and programs, we find that traditional database-style approaches that ignore these new opportunities are more than two orders of magnitude slower than an optimal plan in this new tradeoff space across multiple R-backends. Furthermore, we show that it is possible to build a simple cost-based optimizer to automatically select a near-optimal execution plan for feature selection.
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in Biology and Medicine

(1978). Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in Biology and Medicine. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 347-365.
MAPPING OF THE EARTH'S BOW SHOCK AND MAGNETIC TAIL BY EXPLORER 33.

The Explorer 33 satellite was launched July 1, 1966 and was injected into a highly elliptical earth orbit. The Goddard Space Flight Center magnetic field experiment onboard the spacecraft consists of a triaxial fluxgate sensor with a maximum dynamic range of ±64 gammas and a sensitivity of ±0.25 gamma along each axis. Because of the initial apogee-earth-sun angle of 118° west of the sun, the first 8 orbits of Explorer 33 (July 1 to November 11, 1966) mapped the earth's magnetosheath and magnetic tail from the western flank of the bow shock to the eastern flank. This mapping of the geomagnetic tail out to 80 earth radii established that the tail extends beyond the lunar orbital distance. Explorer 33 has also found that the earth's bow shock is still a detectable boundary between the interplanetary magnetic field and the downstream magnetosheath at a geocentric distance of 75.7 earth radii. The measurements have further suggested that the cross section of the geomagnetic tail is probably not cylindrical and have shown that the magnetic field magnitude in the tail decreases with distance down the tail from the earth.
High spatial resolution sea surface climatology from Landsat thermal infrared data

Abstract High spatial and temporal resolution maps of sea surface temperature (SST) have numerous applications in coastal and estuarine systems. A climatology map, tracking SST as a function of year-day, was produced at Southern New England using 53 Landsat TM and ETM+ thermal infrared data. A recursive curve-fitting algorithm was used to fit these data and eliminate cloud contamination, resulting in an average daily temperature at every 60-m pixel. The climatology was validated against long-term in situ records that were analyzed with the same techniques. The results show, as expected, that isolated and shallow water bodies undergo more extreme temperature variation (−2 to 25 °C) than deeper, well-connected embayments (1 to 21 °C) or the coastal ocean (4 to 18 °C). The coastal ocean is shown to lag insolation and shallow lakes by up to 44 days, with embayments showing a gradation between these extremes. Despite the subtle temperature range variation, there is rich detail in the spatial patterns which are relevant to the applied sciences of coastal and estuarine systems. The spatial pattern of the climatology reveals anomalous patterns, such as occur where anthropogenic forcing alters climatological patterns. The heat budget of Mount Hope Bay in northeast Narragansett Bay has anthropogenic thermal input from a large power plant, and this input is reflected in the climatology. From the results, it is seen that Narragansett Bay has, on average, a mean annual temperature of 11.86±0.41 °C, while the Mount Hope Bay system is consistently warmer at 12.30±0.21 °C and shows a delayed response to autumn cooling. The long history of Landsat data acquisition can be used to create a climatology of coastal and estuarine scale dynamics at an order of magnitude finer scale resolution than AVHRR climatologies.
Identifying Opinion Leaders to Promote Behavior Change

This article reviews 10 techniques used to identify opinion leaders to promote behavior change. Opinion leaders can act as gatekeepers for interventions, help change social norms, and accelerate behavior change. Few studies document the manner in which opinion leaders are identified, recruited, and trained to promote health. The authors categorize close to 200 studies that have studied or used opinion leaders to promote behavior change into 10 different methods. They present the advantages and disadvantages of the 10 opinion leader identification methods and provide sample instruments for each. Factors that might influence programs to select one or another method are then discussed, and the article closes with a discussion of combining and comparing methods.
Investigation of switch designs for a prolate-spheroidal impulse radiating antenna

Summary form only given. The prolate-spheroidal impulse radiating antenna (PSIRA) is used to focus a fast (100 ps), high voltage (> 100 kV) pulse launched from the first focal point onto targets located at the second focal point. These fast electromagnetic pulses with high amplitude are used in various biological applications such as skin cancer treatment and gene insertion. For these fast, high voltage pulses a switch system is desired to radiate spherical TEM waves from the first focal point. The switch system consists of the switch cones, gas (hydrogen) chamber and the pressure vessel. We have investigated various switch cone geometries which deviate from previous designs used in the prototype IRA system. Impedance considerations play an important role in the design of such a switch system. The use of 100 ps pulses also presents the interesting possibility of reducing the feed arms from the PSIRA. The waves radiated from the switch/source and the focal impulse waveforms for each design are explored using numerical simulations. The hydrogen chamber and pressure vessel are required to avoid dielectric breakdown when the switch is subjected to input voltages of greater than 100 kV. The design of the pressure vessel involves optimizing the dimensions and determining suitable dielectric material so that a spherical TEM wave emanates from the first focal point. The design must also be easy to fabricate. Numerical simulations to investigate the pressure vessel design are presented in this paper. The possibility of using the pressure vessel as a lens is also explored.
Investigating sub-spine actin dynamics in rat hippocampal neurons with super-resolution optical imaging.

Morphological changes in dendritic spines represent an important mechanism for synaptic plasticity which is postulated to underlie the vital cognitive phenomena of learning and memory. These morphological changes are driven by the dynamic actin cytoskeleton that is present in dendritic spines. The study of actin dynamics in these spines traditionally has been hindered by the small size of the spine. In this study, we utilize a photo-activation localization microscopy (PALM)–based single-molecule tracking technique to analyze F-actin movements with ∼30-nm resolution in cultured hippocampal neurons. We were able to observe the kinematic (physical motion of actin filaments, i.e., retrograde flow) and kinetic (F-actin turn-over) dynamics of F-actin at the single-filament level in dendritic spines. We found that F-actin in dendritic spines exhibits highly heterogeneous kinematic dynamics at the individual filament level, with simultaneous actin flows in both retrograde and anterograde directions. At the ensemble level, movements of filaments integrate into a net retrograde flow of ∼138 nm/min. These results suggest a weakly polarized F-actin network that consists of mostly short filaments in dendritic spines.
Use of aminoglycoside 3′ adenyltransferase as a selection marker for Chlamydia trachomatis intron-mutagenesis and in vivo intron stability

C hlamydia spp. are obligate, intracellular bacteria that infect humans and animals. Research on these important pathogens has been hindered due to a paucity of genetic tools. We recently adapted a group II intron (GII) mutagenesis platform for creation of ampicillin-selectable gene insertions in C. trachomatis L2. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the stability of the intron-insertion in an in vivo infection model to gauge the efficacy of this genetic tool for long term animal studies and (2) to expand upon the utility of the method by validating a second selection marker (aadA, conferring spectinomycin resistance) for mutant construction. Intron stability was assessed using a mouse vaginal tract infection model with a C. trachomatis L2 434/Bu incA::GII(bla) mutant. Infections were performed in the absence of selection and isolates shed into the vaginal tract were isolated and expanded in cell culture (also without selection). PCR and inclusion phenotype analysis indicated that the intron was stable for at least 27 days post-infection (at which point bacteria were no longer recovered from the mouse). The aminoglycoside 3′ adenyltransferase (aadA) gene was used to create a spectinomycin-selectable GII intron, facilitating the construction of an incA::GII[aadA] C. trachomatis L2 insertion mutant. Both the GII(aadA) intron and our previously reported GII(bla) intron were then used to create an incA::GII(aadA), rsbV1::GII(bla) double mutant. Mutants were confirmed via PCR, sequencing, inclusion morphology (incA only), and western blot. The stability of the intron-insertion during in vivo growth indicates that the GII-insertion mutants can be used to study pathogenesis using the well-established mouse infection model. In addition, the validation of an additional marker for mutagenesis in Chlamydia allows for gene complementation approaches and construction of targeted, double mutants in Chlamydia. The aadA marker also could be useful for other genetic methods. Collectively, our results expand upon the rapidly growing chlamydial genetic toolkit and will aid in the implementation of studies dissecting the contribution of individual genes to infection.
Nonstandard glenoid components for bone deficiencies in shoulder arthroplasty

Background Glenoid bone deficiencies may be addressed by specialized components. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of 3 different types of nonstandard glenoid components. Materials and methods Thirty-eight patients with a mean age of 65 years (range, 34-84 years) underwent a primary or revision anatomic shoulder arthroplasty with one of 3 nonstandard glenoid components: a polyethylene component with an angled keel for posterior glenoid wear without posterior subluxation; a polyethylene component with 2 mm of extra thickness for central glenoid erosion; or a posteriorly augmented metal-backed glenoid component for posterior glenoid wear and posterior subluxation. Average clinical follow-up was 7.3 years (range, 2-19 years) or until revision surgery. Results At the most recent follow-up, 24 patients had no, mild, or occasionally moderate pain. Mean elevation improved from 91° to 126°, and mean external rotation improved from 24° to 53°. Thirteen patients had moderate or severe subluxation preoperatively, and 11 had subluxation at follow-up. On radiographic evaluation, 3 glenoid components had loosened and 3 were at risk for loosening at an average 5.5 years of follow-up. Seven patients had revision surgery: 4 for instability, 1 for osteolysis, 1 for component loosening with osteolysis, and 1 for a periprosthetic fracture. Three additional patients had removal of glenoid components, 2 for infection and 1 for loosening. Ten-year survival rate free of revision or removal of the angled keel component was 73% (95% CI: 75.3-70.7); of the extra thick (+2 mm) component, 69% (95% CI: 65-73); and of the posteriorly augmented metal-backed glenoid component, 31% (95% CI: 35.6-26.4). Conclusions The effectiveness of nonstandard glenoid components in addressing glenoid bone deficiencies is compromised by an increased rate of component loosening and by only partial success in eliminating subluxation.
Improved Instrumented Indentation of Soft Materials through Surface Deformation Measurements

Instrumented indentation is a commonly used technique to determine the mechanical properties of bulk materials and thin films by measuring the load and displacement during indentation into a specimen. However, in traditional indentation measurements, it can often be difficult to determine the true deformation of the specimen due to the machine compliance and drift in the system. The issue of drift is particularly problematic in tests that occur over extended time scales, such as creep tests on soft materials. In the present work, a new method, in which the full-field deformation of the sample material around the indenter is measured, is presented to overcome these challenges. Specifically, the deformation of specimens during cylindrical flat punch indentation tests is monitored by tracking discrete particles, such as microbeads, near the surface of the sample. This method allows for direct measurement of the specimen surface as it is deformed. In the current implementation, it is applicable to transparent materials, including many polymers, gels, and biological materials. An inverse method was developed to extract mechanical properties of the specimen from the measured displacement fields. A numerical parametric study was performed to quantify the effect of changes in Poisson’s ratio, magnification, particle density, and experimental noise on the elastic properties calculated using the inverse method.
Poverty in Pauline Studies: Beyond the So-called New Consensus

There was no new consensus or old consensus during the twentieth century regarding social status in Paul’s assemblies. A comparison of the work of Adolf Deissmann with publications from the late tw...
Life-Threatening Complications of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

The major cause of death in longstanding lupus is accelerated atherosclerosis leading to cardiovascular disease. Early in lupus, the major causes of death are active lupus and infection. Life-threatening or organ-threatening lupus is not rare. Multiple organs including skin (necrosis), hematologic (thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, neutropenia, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura), heart (pericardial tamponade, myocarditis), lung (alveolar hemorrhage, pulmonary hypertension), gastrointestinal (vasculitis, pancreatitis), adrenal insufficiency, and neurologic (myelitis) may be encountered.
Learning From Youth Exposed to Domestic Violence: Decentering DV and the Primacy of Gender Stereotypes

Up to 8 million American children witness domestic violence (DV) every year. Since this discovery in the mid-1980s, psychologists and social service professionals have conducted research with children exposed to DV. This ethnographic study expands on existing research by examining how youth exposed to DV perceive their experiences and staff interventions. Findings show they draw on gender stereotypes for behaviors, and these frequently resist DV education and the advocates’ suggestions for coping. Findings also showed the staff’s formal interventions with the youth contradict gender norms and their casual interactions with the youth often inadvertently reinforce stereotypical gender identities and behaviors.
The Effect of Platelet and Desmopressin Administration on Early Radiographic Progression of Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage

Abstract Limited data exist regarding the use of hemostatic adjuncts on the progression of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH). The objective of this study was to examine the impact of platelet transfusion and desmopressin (DDAVP) administration on hemorrhage progression following tICH. We hypothesized that platelet and DDAVP administration would not result in decreased early hemorrhagic progression. We performed a three-year retrospective analysis of a Level 1 trauma center database to identify all adult patents with blunt tICH. The primary outcome was early (≤4 hours) radiographic hemorrhagic progression. Secondary outcomes included mortality, frequency of operative interventions, and complications. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors for hemorrhage progression and mortality. A propensity score analysis also was performed to minimize differences and improve comparability between patients who received platelets and DDAVP and those who did not. Of 408 patients w...
Data acquisition systems at Fermilab

Experiments at Fermilab require an ongoing program of development for high speed, distributed data acquisition systems. The physics program at the lab has recently started the operation of a Fixed Target run in which experiments are running the DART data acquisition system. The CDF and DO experiments are preparing for the start of the next Collider run in mid 2000. Each will read out on the order of 1 million detector channels. In parallel, future experiments such as BTeV R&D and Mines have already started prototype and test beam work. BTeV in particular has challenging data acquisition system requirements with an input rate of 1500 Gbytes/sec into level 1 buffers and a logging rate of 200 Mbytes/sec. This paper will present a general overview of these data acquisition systems on three fronts-those currently in use, those to be deployed for the Collider Run in 2000, and those proposed for future experiments. It will primarily focus on the CDF and D0 architectures and tools.
Anteromedial and posterolateral graft kinematics of a double-bundle ACL reconstruction: a 3D computer simulation.

Background The posterolateral graft has been reported to fail more frequently than the anteromedial graft in double-bundle ACL reconstructions. This study investigated the graft kinematics using a 3D modelling technique. Methods Twenty subjects performed a stair-ascending activity under dual fluoroscopy surveillance. A double-bundle ACL reconstruction was simulated on those healthy knees using an anteromedial portal technique. The graft–tunnel interaction was described using the graft–tunnel angle and the range of the graft–tunnel edge contact (GTEC). Results The femoral graft–tunnel angle of the anteromedial/posterolateral graft was 97.6 ± 7.5/100.7 ± 7.7° and the tibial graft–tunnel angle was 158.8 ± 6.5/146.5 ± 8.9° at knee extension. The femoral GTEC ranges were 23.2 ± 5.3–28.1 ± 7.6° for both grafts and the tibial GTEC ranges were 27.3 ± 2.2–34.5 ± 2.1° during stair-ascending. Conclusion The femoral graft–tunnel angle was larger than on the tibial side and the GTEC angles influenced the PL graft more, implying that grafts may experience a less optimal biomechanical environment at the femoral tunnels. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
La décolonisation et le double langage du rêve

Partout ou les chercheurs cosmopolites ont oublie leurs racines indigenes et ont participe a la progression du colonialisme et a la domination sociale, ils ont cause de grands dommages. Mettre un terme a des comportements aussi nefastes s’avera etre davantage qu’une question de cesser les gestes d’hostilite en direction de l’exterieur ; cela exigeait l’abolition de l’esprit colonisateur. Pour ce faire, des universitaires ont cree des partenariats avec des chercheurs autochtones et ont participe a des projets solidaires anticolonialistes au cours desquels ils ont mis entre parentheses les strategies lineales au profit des questions directes et des echanges de regards penetrants ; ils ont mis en pratique la presence radicale, consistant en des methodologies en spirale pour revisiter, reexaminer et raffiner les idees et les hypotheses theoriques. Ces activites ont permis d’etablir une relation hote/invite dialogique au cours de laquelle les chercheurs endossaient le role d’invites plutot que celui d’ennemis dans la performance d’une bi-langue subjective, ou « double langage », de la revelation de soi. Leurs rencontres sociales ont construit des relations dialogiques de respect mutuel, de communion, de revelation de soi et d’amitie. Puisque le fait de se souvenir de ses reves et d’en parler, a l’instar d’autres souvenirs intimes, implique le Soi en tant qu’Autre, ils ont encourage l’elaboration d’un ceremonial, ou champ discursif, qui valorise les identites interculturelles au sein des mondes sociaux intersubjectifs.
New quantitative approach for analysis of binary toxic mixtures

Humans generally are exposed simultaneously to a number of toxins, including complex mixtures of unknown and variable origin. Although procedures for assessing the potential toxic risks associated with exposure to individual chemicals are relatively well established, methods for assessing the risks of complex mixtures are still in the developmental stages. One source of considerable uncertainty in these estimates is the potential for interaction among chemicals in complex mixtures. The objective of this work was to gain a better understanding of the effects posed by toxicant interactions and to test a new approach for analyzing the dose-response effects of binary toxic mixtures. This new method of analysis enables a more rapid and quantitative assessment of the interactive effects of pairs of toxic chemicals. A number of experimental studies showing multicompo-nent toxicity were tested using the proposed approach. Both positive and negative interactions of the toxicants were documented for these studies, with significantly acceptable predictive capabilities observed for the model.
From anonymity to “open doors”: IRB responses to tensions with researchers

Tensions between IRBs and researchers in the US and elsewhere have increased, and may affect whether, how, and to what degree researchers comply with ethical guidelines. Yet whether, how, when, and why IRBs respond to these conflicts have received little systematic attention. I contacted 60 US IRBs (every fourth one in the list of the top 240 institutions by NIH funding), and interviewed leaders from 34 (response rate = 55%) and an additional 12 members and administrators. IRBs often try to respond to tensions with researchers and improve relationships in several ways, but range widely in how, when, and to what degree (e.g., in formal and informal structure, content, and tone of interactions). IRBs varied from open and accessible to more distant and anonymous, and in the amount and type of “PR work” and outreach they do. Many boards seek to improve the quantity, quality, and helpfulness of communication with PIs, but differ in how. IRBs range in meetings from open to closed, and may have clinics and newsletters. Memos can vary in helpfulness and tone (e.g., using “charm”). IRBs range considerably, too, in the degrees to which they seek to educate PIs, showing them the underlying ethical principles. But these efforts take time and resources, and IRBs thus vary in degrees of responses to PI complaints. This study, the first to explore the mechanisms through which IRBs respond to tensions and interactions with PIs, suggests that these committees seek to respond to conflicts with PIs in varying ways – both formal and informal, involving both the form and content of communications. This study has important implications for future practice, research, and policy, suggesting needs for increased attention to not only what IRBs communicate to PIs, but how (i.e., the tone and the nature of interactions). IRBs can potentially improve relationships with PIs in several ways: using more “open doors” rather than anonymity, engaging in outreach (e.g., through clinics), enhancing the tone as well as content of interactions, educating PIs about the underlying ethics, and helping PIs as much and proactively as possible. Increased awareness of these issues can help IRBs and researchers in the US and elsewhere.
Rhodospirillum centenum Utilizes Separate Motor and Switch Components To Control Lateral and Polar Flagellum Rotation

Rhodospirillum centenum is a purple photosynthetic bacterium that is capable of differentiating from vibrioid swimming cells that contain a single polar flagellum into rod-shaped swarming cells that have a polar flagellum plus numerous lateral flagella. Microscopic studies have demonstrated that the polar flagellum is constitutively present and that the lateral flagella are found only when the cells are grown on solidified or viscous medium. In this study, we demonstrated that R. centenum contains two sets of motor and switch genes, one set for the lateral flagella and the other for the polar flagellum. Electron microscopic analysis indicated that polar and lateral flagellum-specific FliG, FliM, and FliN switch proteins are necessary for assembly of the respective flagella. In contrast, separate polar and lateral MotA and MotB motor subunits are shown to be required for motility but are not needed for the synthesis of polar and lateral flagella. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the polar and lateral FliG, FliM, and FliN switch proteins are closely related and most likely arose as a gene duplication event. However, phylogenetic analysis of the MotA and MotB motor subunits suggests that the polar flagellum may have obtained a set of motor genes through a lateral transfer event.
Total knee arthroplasty in a patient with hypofibrinogenemia

Patients with afibrinogenemia or hypofibrinogenemia present a unique challenge to the arthroplasty surgeon as fibrinogen is a key contributor to hemostasis. Patients with these disorders are known to have a higher risk for postsurgical bleeding complications. We present the case of a patient with hypofibrinogenemia who underwent an elective total knee arthroplasty. Our colleagues in hematology-oncology guided us initially to achieve and maintain appropriate fibrinogen levels in the early perioperative period. However, the patient developed an acute joint effusion and subsequent infection 4 weeks after her initial operation. Her fibrinogen levels were noted to have fallen below the target range by that time, and it was also revealed that the patient failed to follow-up with hematology-oncology to monitor her levels. Based on our review of the available literature, we recommend that patient's fibrinogen levels be closely monitored and maintained ideally >100 mg/dL not only in the initial perioperative window but perhaps for the first 4-6 weeks postoperatively as well.
Potentiometric titration and differentiation of cyano and nitrito complexes of Ir(III), Pt(II), and Pd(II)

The precipitation titration of the nitrito complexes of Ir(III), Pt(II), and Pd(II) vs. cetylpyridinium chloride is reported. The corresponding cyanide complexes of these precious metals are also precipitated by silver nitrate, which does not react with the nitrito complexes. Differentiation of the 2 types of complexes is, therefore, possible. Sequential estimation of the cyanide complexes and some anions such as bromide, cyanide, and aurocyanide is feasible with silver nitrate.
A Review of “The Power of Place”

Friedman (2005) has argued that the world is flat, or at least that it is flattening at a lightening pace. He has maintained that with unprecedented advances in technology and communications, which...