cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth dynamics of the World-Wide Web

,The exponential growth of the World-Wide Web has transformed it into an ecology of knowledge in which highly diverse information is linked in an extremely complex and arbitrary manner. But even so, as we show here, there is order hidden in the web. We find that web pages are distributed among sites according to a universal power law: many sites have only a few pages, whereas very few sites have hundreds of thousands of pages. This universal distribution can be explained by using a simple stochastic dynamical growth model. The existence of a power law in the growth of the web not only implies the lack of any length scale for the web, but also allows the expected number of sites of any given size to be determined without exhaustively crawling the web. The distribution of site sizes for crawls by Alexa and Infoseek is shown in Fig. 1. Both data sets display a power law over several orders of magnitude, so on a log‐log scale the distribution of the number of pages per site appears as a straight line. This distribution should not be confused with Zipf ’s like distributions 1,2 , where a power law arises from rank ordering the variables 3 .
Bilateral branching contributes minimally to the enhanced ipsilateral projection in monocular Syrian golden hamsters

Studies of the plasticity of retinal projections following neonatal eye ablations in rats and hamsters have demonstrated an enhanced ipsilateral projection which affects both the terminal fields and the number of ipsilaterally projecting cells. The enhancement has been attributed to an excess of bilateral branching by single optic nerve axons, but this claim was not supported by the present study. Double retrograde labels were used to quantify the ipsilateral enhancement and measure the extent of bilateral branching in hamsters with neonatal eye removals. In 19 normal Syrian golden hamster retinas the average number of bilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (BPRGCs) was 7.4 (SD = 3), and the average number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells (IPRGCs) was 1349 (SD = 478) (Hsiao, K., G. M. Sachs, and G. E. Schneider (1984) J. Neurosci. 4: 359–367). In nine retinas of hamsters with removal of one eye at birth, the average number of BPRGCs was 25.3 (SD = 9.2), and the average number of IPRGCs per retina was 2036 (SD = 414). Although the increase in BPRGCs is statistically significant, it accounted for only 2 to 3% of the 51% increase in the number of IPRGCs. Various possible mechanisms underlying the formation of the enhanced projection are enumerated, and it is concluded that the predominant mechanism is a reduction of cell death in the developing population of IPRGCs. The responses of IPRGCs and BPRGCs to early eye enucleations were also examined with respect to age at enucleation and cell size. No difference in size was found between IPRGCs and BPRGCs in monocular hamsters compared to normal hamsters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
On the Orientational Properties of Some One-Dimensional Model Systems

We use the transfer matrix formalism to examine the behavior of some anisotropic hard-core fluids, the centers of whose particles are constrained to a line. At large elongation and pressure, the compressibility factor 13p/p is higher than that for a system with complete aligment by a factor 1 + v that depends upon the molecular geometry. For molecules with a finite radius of curvature, e.g., ellipses, v = d/2, while for objects with flat sides v = d; here d is the number of orientational degrees of freedom. A connection is made to some recent studies of hard ellipsoid fluids. We also model the effect of an external field on physical adsorption and show the existence of a phase transition in certain limiting situations.
Mass Spectra of Organometallic Compounds. V. Some TT-Cyclopentadienyl Derivatives Not Containing Carbonyl Groups

The mass spectra of the following compounds are reported: (1) the π-cycloheptatrienyl derivatives C5H5MC7H7 (M = V and Cr); (2) the π-pyrrolyl derivative C5H5 FeC4H4N; (3) the ethylene derivative C5H5Rh (C2H4)2; (4) the 1,5-cyclooctadiene derivatives C5H5MC8H12 (M = Rh or Ir); (5) the trimethylplatinum derivative (CH3)3PtC5H5; (6) the nickel and palladium complexes C3H5PdC5H5, C10H12OCH3PdC5H5, and C5H5NiC13H17. The following features of particular interest were observed: (1) evidence for elimination of neutral C6H6 fragments from the C5H5-MC7H7 compounds; (2) evidence for elimination of C2H2, HCN, C2H2N, C4H4N, and Fe fragments from the parent ion of C5H5FeC4H4N; (3) evidence for stepwise elimination of ethylene ligands from C5H5Rh (C2H4)2; (4) evidence for relatively weak metal–π-cyclopentadienyl bonds in the nickel and palladium derivatives.
On α-regular archimedean f-rings

For a commutative ring A with identity, and for infinite cardinals α as well as the symbol ∞, which indicates the situation in which there are no cardinal restrictions, one defines A to be α-regular if for each subset D of A, with |D| < α and de = 0, for any two distinct d, e ∈ D, there is an s ∈ A such that d2s = d, for each d ∈ D, and if xd = 0, for each d ∈ D, then xs = 0
INHIBITION OF NF-KAPPA B ACTIVATION IN HUMAN T-CELL LINES BY ANETHOLDITHIOLTHIONE

Abstract Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a redox sensitive cytosolic transcription factor. Redox regulation of NF-κB has been implicated in the activation of the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, inhibition of NF-κB activation may be an effective strategy for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome therapy. Anetholdithiolthione (ADT, 5-[p-methoxyphenyl]-3H-1,2-dithiol-3-thione) is an antioxidant which has been used to protect against acetaminophen- and CCl 4 -induced hepatotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, radiation injury, and also has been used clinically as an anti-choleretic agent. The present study examined the effect of ADT pretreatment on NF-κB activation in response to a variety of stimuli such as H 2 O 2 , phorbol myrisitate acetate (PMA) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). PMA and TNFα induced activation of (NF)-κB in human Jurkat T-cells was partially inhibited by ADT (0.1 mM) pretreatment. ADT (0.1 mM) also inhibited H 2 O 2 induced activation of the transcription factor in the peroxide sensitive human Wurzburg T-cells. Furthermore, ADT treated Wurzburg cells had significantly higher glutathione levels as compared with untreated cells. H 2 O 2 induced lipid peroxidation in Wurzburg cells was remarkably inhibited by ADT pretreatment. ADT, a pro-glutathione antioxidant, was observed to be capable of modulating NF-κB activation.
Gray Peril or Loyal Support? The Effects of the Elderly on Educational Expenditures*

Objectives. Do large concentrations of elderly represent a “gray peril” to maintaining adequate educational expenditures? The gray peril hypothesis is based on an assumption of instrumental self-interest in political behavior. In contrast, we argue that loyalty to community schools competes with economic self-interest and that older citizens are heterogeneous in their preferences. Methods. We test these arguments and their implications for public school finance using a data set of more than 9,000 school districts. Results. The data show that longstanding older residents represent a source of support for educational expenditures while elderly migrants lower spending. Further, this divide among the elderly and their impact on policy outputs depends on how states finance local public education and on aspects of state and local tax policy. Conclusions. Elderly concentrations are a financial asset for a school district unless the senior community includes a large number of new arrivals. The design of tax policy can have enormous impact on the depth of political cleavages and their ultimate impact on public policy. The results are consistent with the idea that loyalty—an emotional bond between residents and their community's institutions—competes with and often trumps instrumental self interest.
When will it be done? Machine learner answers to the 300-billion-dollar question

The international $300-billion software development industry needs better predictors for software development costs. Data miners can learn such predictors with impressive accuracy.
Analysis of ventricular septal motion by doppler tissue imaging in atrial septal defect and normal heart.

The aortic root and the upper part of the ventricular septum moves anteriorly in early systole, while the lower part moves posteriorly. The hinge of the counterpart motion of the ventricular septum is called pivot point. Using Doppler tissue imaging (DTI), we attempted to clarify the location of the pivot point of the ventricular septum in children with normal heart and with atrial septal defect (ASD), and to investigate the relation between the degree of the downward shift of the pivot point and that of volume overload of the right ventricle in patients with ASD. Study subjects consisted of 20 healthy children and 36 patients with ASD, aged from 1 to 15 years (mean 5.7 ± 3.4) in the normal group and 6 months to 12 years (mean 4.4 ± 3.2) in the ASD group, respectively. The pivot point was designated as a border of the color signal of DTI of the ventricular septum in early systole. Measurements were then obtained on cross-sectional echocardiography and DTI: septal length in the parasternal long-axis view, distance from aortic valve to pivot point in early systole, diastolic left ventricular internal dimension, and diastolic right ventricular internal dimension. In the normal group, the ratio of distance from aortic valve to pivot point/septal length was 0.13 ± 0.049, whereas it was 0.26 ± 0.168 in the group with ASD (p <0.001). In the ASD group, the distance from aortic valve to pivot point normalized by body surface area (mm/m2) correlated with the ratio of diastolic right/left ventricular internal dimension and with the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow (Qp/Qs) (r = 0.63 and 0.50, respectively). The ratio of the distance from aortic valve to pivot point/septal length correlated with the ratio of diastolic right/left ventricular internal dimension and Qp/Qs (r = 0.56 and 0.44, respectively). By DTI, the pivot point was located at the upper 13 ± 5% of the total length of the ventricular septum in normal children, and was located at 26 ± 17% in patients with ASD (p <0.001). The degree of this displacement in ASD correlated with that of volume overload of the right ventricle. The paradoxic motion of the ventricular septum shown in the ASD could be explained by this downward shift of the pivot point.
Balloon angioplasty for congenital and rheumatic mitral stenosis.

Observations de 2 enfants avec cardiopathie congenitale et d'une jeune fille de 18 ans avec une cardiopathie rhumatismale
NMR of supercritical laser-polarized xenon

Abstract The feasibility of producing supercritical laser-polarized xenon for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) investigations was studied. Using a high-pressure capillary tube, a supercritical xenon sample (52°C, 65 atm) was produced with a 129 Xe polarization approximately 140 times the equilibrium value. The polarization was observed to last for hundreds of seconds, in agreement with previous studies. These preliminary results suggest that supercritical laser-polarized xenon may be used as a polarizing solvent for numerous NMR applications.
Person × Environment Interactions on Adolescent Delinquency: Sensation Seeking, Peer Deviance and Parental Monitoring

Sensation seeking is a personality trait that is robustly correlated with delinquent behavior in adolescence. The current study tested specific contextual factors hypothesized to facilitate, exacerbate or attenuate this risk factor for adolescent delinquency. Individual differences in sensation seeking, peer deviance, parental monitoring and self-reported delinquent behavior were assessed in a sample of 470 adolescents. Peer deviance partially mediated the effects of sensation seeking and parental monitoring on adolescent delinquency. We also found evidence for a three-way interaction between sensation seeking, peer deviance and parental monitoring, such that the highest rates of delinquency occurred from the concurrence of high sensation seeking, high peer deviance, and low levels of parental monitoring. Results highlight the importance of considering peer- and family-level processes when evaluating personality risk and problematic adolescent behavior.
ESR in Solid Hydrogen: Triplet Benzene and Naphthalene

Benzene (C6H6, C6D6, 13C6H6) and naphthalene (C10H8, C10D8) molecules were trapped in solid normal hydrogen, normal deuterium, and for comparison, neon and argon. The triplet states of the aromatic...
Fir photoconductivity in epitaxial InP

Abstract FIR photoconductivity from shallow donors in n -type InP was studied using Fourier transform spectroscopy. The ls → 2p transition frequency was found to be 45.5 ± 0.2 cm −1 in zero magnetic field. Spectral response measurements made in magnetic fields from 0 to 40 kG reveal Zeeman transitions of the ls → 2p ( m = 0, ±1) states. Laser magnetospectroscopy was also investigated, employing an optically-pumped FIR laser. There is excellent agreement between the results obtained by the two experiments. From the transition energies, an effective mass of 0.077 ± 0.003 m 0 is obtained. With the experimentally-determined ls → 2p transition energy and the effective mass, the static dielectric constant of InP at 4.2 K was found to be 11.8 ± 0.2.
Evaluating the Benefits of Independently-Owned Transmission Companies

Because of recent changes in the United States regulatory environment, it has become more commonplace for state-regulated utilities to sell transmission facilities to independently-owned, federally regulated entities. These transfers are subject to a plethora of financial and regulatory hurdles centered on the abilities of purchasers and sellers to justify their benefits. In analyzing such transactions, regulators, buyers, and sellers must address two key issues: First, what would a federally regulated, independent owner of transmission facilities do differently from a primarily state-regulated, vertically integrated owner of such facilities? Second, how can one evaluate the benefits and costs of this new pattern of transmission ownership? This article, through a case study, presents one method for quantifying these benefits and/or costs. There are two conclusions from the study. The first is that an evaluation of the asset in a broad regional rather than a local context is important, if not critical, in the analysis of a transmission investment. When this is done, the benefits of the transmission-only, federally regulated entity become clear. The second is that the analysis can be undertaken utilizing a “with and without” modeling structure that will effectively and efficiently show the producer, consumer, and societal benefits of the investment.
Development of grating-based hard x-ray Talbot interferometry for optics and beam wavefront characterization at the advanced photon source

Here we report on the effort to develop a hard x-ray grating interferometry technique for application to hard x-ray optics and wavefront characterization at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory, USA. We will mention the motivation for developing an x-ray interferometer at the APS and discuss the design of the interferometer. We will also describe the efforts in fabricating 2-D gratings and a new type of grating having nanometer periods for high-energy x-ray applications. The preliminary results obtained using x-ray Talbot interferometers built at APS, using a broadband (pink) beam and a monochromatic beam demonstrate the importance of this tool as a metrology instrument for optics and beam wavefront diagnostics.
Effects of Elevated Nitrate Concentration on Mortality, Growth, and Egestion Rates of Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Amphipods

There is relatively little known about nitrate toxicity in aquatic invertebrates, especially sublethal effects of elevated nitrate. We exposed the amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus to elevated nitrate concentrations (up to 128 mg NO3-N/L) in a laboratory experiment and measured mortality, growth rates, egestion rates, molting, and C:N ratio. Nitrate concentration did not affect mortality, egestion rate, molting, and C:N ratio. Amphipod growth decreased slightly with increasing nitrate concentration based on the results of a linear regression, but a one-way ANOVA suggested that mean growth rates were not different among nitrate treatments. We suggest that additional research is needed on the sublethal effects of elevated nitrate concentration on aquatic invertebrates, particularly for those taxa that have demonstrated sensitivity to other chemical stressors.
A Surprising Role for Uric Acid: The Inflammatory Malaria Response

Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium parasite erythrocyte infection, is a highly inflammatory disease with characteristic periodic fevers caused by the synchronous rupture of infected erythrocytes to release daughter parasites. Despite the importance of inflammation in the pathology and mortality induced by malaria, the parasite-derived factors inducing the inflammatory response are still not well characterized. Uric acid is emerging as a central inflammatory molecule in malaria. Not only is uric acid found in the precipitated form in infected erythrocytes, but high concentrations of hypoxanthine, a precursor for uric acid, also accumulate in infected erythrocytes. Both are released upon infected erythrocyte rupture into the circulation where hypoxanthine would be converted into uric acid and precipitated uric acid would encounter immune cells. Uric acid is an important contributor to inflammatory cytokine secretion, dendritic cell and T cell responses induced by Plasmodium, suggesting uric acid as a novel molecular target for anti-inflammatory therapies in malaria.
The Cult of the Duce. Mussolini and the Italians

‘The study of Mussolini and the tools that bolstered his system of personal rule,’ the editors of this excellent collection of original chapters write, ‘is not a matter solely of interest to histor...
1,8-Naphthalimides in phosphorescent organic LEDs: the interplay between dopant, exciplex, and host emission.

Four different 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives were examined in phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), i.e., 1,8-naphthalimide, N-phenyl-1,8-naphthalimide, N-2,6-dibromophenyl-1,8-naphthalimide (niBr), and bis-N,N-1,8-naphthalimide. Photoluminescence from all four naphthalimides have violet-blue fluorescence and phosphorescent bands between 550 and 650 nm (visible at 77 K). While all four compounds gave good glassy films when doped with a phosphorescent dopant, only the niBr films remained glassy for extended periods. OLED studies focused on niBr, with two different architectures. One OLED structure (type 1) had the niBr layer as a doped luminescent layer and an undoped niBr layer to act as a hole-blocking layer. The alternate structure (type 2) utilizes a doped CBP layer as the luminescent layer and the niBr layer is used as a hole-blocking layer only (CBP = 4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazolylbiphenyl). Type 1 and 2 OLEDs were prepared with green, yellow, and red emissive phosphorescent dopants (Irppy, btIr, and btpIr, respectively). The dopants were organometallic Ir complexes, previously shown to give highly efficient OLEDs. Of the three dopants, the btpIr-based OLEDs showed the best device performance in both structures (peak efficiencies for type 2: 3.2% and 2.3 lum/W at 6.3 V; type 1: 1.7% and 1.3 lm/W at 6.1 V). The green and yellow dopants gave very similar performance in both type 1 and 2 devices (peak efficiencies are 0.2-0.3%), which were significantly poorer than the btpIr-based OLEDs. The emission spectrum of the btIr- and btpIr-based devices (type 1 and 2) are the same as the solution photoluminescence spectrum of the dopant alone, while the Irppy device gives a broad red emission line (lambda(max) = 640 nm). The red Irppy.niBr emission line is assigned to an Irppy.niBr exciplex. The type 2 Irppy-based device gave a voltage-dependent spectrum, with the red emission observed at low bias (4-8 V), switching over to strong green emission as the bias was raised. All other devices showed bias-independent spectra. Estimates of HOMO, LUMO, and excited-state energies (dopant, niBr, and exciplex) were used to explain the observed spectral properties of these devices. btpIr-based devices emit efficiently from isolated dopant states (external efficiencies = 3.2 %, 2.3 lum/W). Irppy-based devices emit only from exciplex states, with low efficiency (external efficiency = 0.3%). btIr.niBr films have very similar energies for the dopant, exciplex, and niBr triplet states, such that relaxation can go through any of these states, leading to low device efficiency (external efficiency = 0.4%). High device efficiency is achieved only when dopant emission is the dominant pathway for relaxation, since exciplex and niBr triplet states give either weak or no electroluminescence.
Piezoelectric microelectromechanical systems — challenges and opportunities

Abstract Integration of materials other than silicon and its compounds into micromachined transducers is a rapidly emerging area of MEMS research technology. For example, future innovations and improvements in inertial sensors for navigation, highfrequency crystal oscillators and filters for wireless applications, microactuators for RF applications, chip-scale chemical analysis systems, and countless other applications can be significantly impacted by the successful miniaturization and integration of piezoelectric materials and subsystems onto silicon substrates. Piezoelectric materials are high energy density materials that scale favorably upon miniaturization. In this article, a cursory review of the fabrication technology for piezoelectric MEMS transducers is presented along with a discussion on the challenges and opportunities in the field.
Performance of a forward swept wing fighter utilizing thrust vectoring and reversing

Many studies have been performed demonstrating the benefits of two-dimensional nozzles with thrust vectoring. These include STOL characteristics, maneuverability, and reduced drag. Grumman performed a study to determine the adaptability of the General Electric Augmented Deflector Exhaust Nozzle (ADEN) to their forward swept wing (X-29) aircraft and to provide a manned flight demonstrator of two-dimensional nozzle technology. A thrust reverser was also examined, along with other options. The study concluded that incorporations of the ADEN nozzle alone and together with a thrust reverser are feasible in the X-29 aircraft. The main performance advantages resulted in a 48% decrease in takeoff ground roll, a 7% decrease in landing ground roll, and a 4% increase in instantaneous turn rate. Incorporation of a thrust reverser produced a 30°7o reduction in landing distance in addition to the tactical advantages that can be provided with in-flight deceleration.
Effects of novel, high affinity glycine transport inhibitors on frontostriatal dopamine release in a rodent model of schizophrenia

Dopaminergic hyperactivity within frontostriatal brain systems is a key feature of schizophrenia, and an objective neural correlate of positive schizophrenia symptoms. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are known to play a prominent role in regulation of frontostriatal dopamine release. Furthermore, disturbances in glutamatergic function are increasingly being linked to pathophysiology of both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Prior studies have demonstrated that subchronic continuous administration of the NMDA antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) induces schizophrenia-like hyper-reactivity of frontostriatal dopamine release to amphetamine (AMPH) in rodents, and that effects were reversed by glycine and the prototypic glycine transport inhibitor (GTI) NFPS. The present study investigates effectiveness of the novel, high affinity and well tolerated GTIs, R231857, R231860 and Org29335, to reverse schizophrenia-like enhancement of AMPH-induced DA release, along with effects of the partial glycine-site agonist d-cycloserine. As previously, PCP had no significant effect on basal DA levels, but significantly enhanced AMPH-induced DA release in prefrontal cortex. All GTIs tested, as well as d-cycloserine, significantly reduced PCP-induced enhancement of DA release in prefrontal cortex. Neither PCP nor GTIs significantly affected striatal DA release. Overall, these findings suggest that treatments which target the glycine modulatory site of the NMDA receptor may significantly reverse NMDA receptor antagonist-induced dysregulation of frontal DA systems, consistent with potential beneficial effects on positive-, in addition to negative-, symptoms of schizophrenia.
A model of odd nitrogen in the aurorally dosed nighttime terrestrial thermosphere

[1] A model of the production and loss of odd nitrogen species (mainly, N(4S), N(2D), NO, and NO+) and the enhanced vibration-rotation band emission from NO in the infrared from the aurorally dosed terrestrial nighttime thermosphere is described. This model is assessed by analyzing the observations of the fundamental (Δv = −1, ∼5.3 μm) and overtone (Δv = −2, ∼2.7 μm) NO vibration-rotation band limb emissions made by a Michelson interferometer and radiometer, respectively, aboard the Cryogenic Infrared Radiance Instrumentation for Shuttle (CIRRIS-1A) experiment on the space shuttle Discovery during an auroral event. The auroral dosing along the line of sight is inferred from the 2.7-μm radiance profiles using a self-consistent procedure. The dosing obtained is then used in the model to predict the spectrally resolved emission in the 5.3-μm region. The calculated overtone radiance profiles agree with the measured ones at lower tangent altitudes, where the signal-to-noise ratio is large. The calculation, however, underpredicts the observed radiance, both fundamental and overtone, at higher tangent altitudes by a factor of ∼3 and gives a colder rotational temperature for the rotationally hot component of the spectrally resolved emission from nascent NO. The causes of this discrepancy and its impact on the densities of the odd N species are discussed.
Comparative study of self-aligned and nonself-aligned SiGe p-metal-oxide-semiconductor modulation-doped field effect transistors with nanometer gate lengths

A self-aligned process used to fabricate p-type SiGe metal–oxide–semiconductor modulation-doped field effect transistors (MOS-MODFET) is described. Self- and nonself-aligned p-type Si0.2Ge0.8/Si0.7Ge0.3 MOS-MODFETs with gate-lengths from 1 μm down to 100 nm were fabricated. The dc and microwave characteristics of these devices are presented. In comparison with nonself-aligned devices, self-aligned devices exhibited higher extrinsic transconductances, lower threshold voltages, higher unity current gain cutoff frequencies fT, and maximum oscillation frequencies fMAX. Self-aligned MOS-MODFETs with a gate length of 100 nm exhibited an extrinsic transconductance of 320 mS/mm, an fT of 64 GHz, and an fMAX of 77 GHz. To our knowledge, these are the highest data ever reported for any MOS-type p-FETs with a SiGe channel. All these excellent performances were measured at very low drain and gate biases.
A J 2 -flow theory exhibiting a corner-like effect and suitable for large-scale computation

Abstract A modified J 2 -flow theory is proposed which mimics through a nonassociative flow rule the effects induced by the presence of a comer at the loading point on the yield surface, as assumed in J 2 -corner theories. In particular, the nonassociative part of the plastic strain rate is a nonlinear rate-independent function of the total strain rate. Computationally, the proposed approach results in a simple modification of the classical radial return algorithm; hence it is well suited for large-scale inelastic calculations.
Gene expression throughout a vertebrate's embryogenesis

Describing the patterns of gene expression during embryonic development has broadened our understanding of the processes and patterns that define morphogenesis. Yet gene expression patterns have not been described throughout vertebrate embryogenesis. This study presents statistical analyses of gene expression during all 40 developmental stages in the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus using four biological replicates per stage. Patterns of gene expression for 7,000 genes appear to be important as they recapitulate developmental timing. Among the 45% of genes with significant expression differences between pairs of temporally adjacent stages, significant differences in gene expression vary from as few as five to more than 660. Five adjacent stages have disproportionately more significant changes in gene expression (> 200 genes) relative to other stages: four to eight and eight to sixteen cell stages, onset of circulation, pre and post-hatch, and during complete yolk absorption. The fewest differences among adjacent stages occur during gastrulation. Yet, at stage 16, (pre-mid-gastrulation) the largest number of genes has peak expression. This stage has an over representation of genes in oxidative respiration and protein expression (ribosomes, translational genes and proteases). Unexpectedly, among all ribosomal genes, both strong positive and negative correlations occur. Similar correlated patterns of expression occur among all significant genes. These data provide statistical support for the temporal dynamics of developmental gene expression during all stages of vertebrate development.
Wrist arthrodesis in post-traumatic arthritis : a comparison of two methods

The Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen arthrodesis technique is compared with the proximal row carpectomy technique with radiocapitohamate arthrodesis for patients with traumatic and degenerative arthritis of the wrist. Both techniques gave satisfactory functional and x-ray film results in 85% of the patients. Grip strength measured on the Jamar dynamometer at settings 1-5 was 77-83% of the opposite in the dominant extremities and 56-82% of the opposite in the nondominant extremities. Despite the decrease in grip strengths after wrist fusion, grip strength curve patterns were similar for operated and nonoperated extremities. There were no statistically significant differences in grip strength between the two groups. Patients who did not have index and long ray carpometacarpal joints fused had pain at that level requiring a second procedure to arthrodese the joints. Index and long finger carpometacarpal joint arthrodesis at the time of wrist arthrodesis is recommended in patients with heavy labor jobs.
What Is the Learning Curve for Robotic-assisted Pedicle Screw Placement in Spine Surgery?

Background Some early studies with robotic-assisted pedicle screw implantation have suggested these systems increase accuracy of screw placement. However, the relationship between the success rate of screw placement and the learning curve of this new technique has not been evaluated.
An Analysis of 10 years of Business Ethics Research in Strategic Management Journal: 1996–2005

From a corporate governance perspective, one of the most important jobs of a firm’s top management team is to create and maintain a positive moral environment. Business ethics has long been considered a cornerstone in the field of strategic management and a number of scholars have called for more research in this area over the years. In this paper 658 articles that appeared in Strategic Management Journal over the 10-year period between 1996 and 2005 are reviewed for business ethics focus and content. The results reveal that while business ethics research in Strategic Management Journal is on the rise, the overall focus on this research stream has been limited. The most prominent ethics theme during the review period was environmentalism, accounting for 30% of all ethics articles. Author affiliations, future research directions, and implications are also discussed.
Simultaneous recording of calcium signals from identified neurons and feeding behavior of Drosophila melanogaster.

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated. Thus, simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity and behavior are essential to correlate brain activity to behavior. For such behavioral analyses, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, allows us to incorporate genetically encoded calcium indicators such as GCaMP1, to monitor neuronal activity, and to use sophisticated genetic manipulations for optogenetic or thermogenetic techniques to specifically activate identified neurons2-5. Use of a thermogenetic technique has led us to find critical neurons for feeding behavior (Flood et al., under revision). As a main part of feeding behavior, a Drosophila adult extends its proboscis for feeding6 (proboscis extension response; PER), responding to a sweet stimulus from sensory cells on its proboscis or tarsi. Combining the protocol for PER7 with a calcium imaging technique8 using GCaMP3.01, 9, I have established an experimental system, where we can monitor activity of neurons in the feeding center – the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), simultaneously with behavioral observation of the proboscis. I have designed an apparatus ("Fly brain Live Imaging and Electrophysiology Stage": "FLIES") to accommodate a Drosophila adult, allowing its proboscis to freely move while its brain is exposed to the bath for Ca2+ imaging through a water immersion lens. The FLIES is also appropriate for many types of live experiments on fly brains such as electrophysiological recording or time lapse imaging of synaptic morphology. Because the results from live imaging can be directly correlated with the simultaneous PER behavior, this methodology can provide an excellent experimental system to study information processing of neuronal networks, and how this cellular activity is coupled to plastic processes and memory.
Sleep Disturbances in a Series of Elderly Patients: Polysomnographic Findings

A group of 27 elderly patients with complaints of either chronic insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness were studied in the Sleep Evaluation Center of Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic during the period January 1977-June 1979. On the basis of anamnestic data from patients and bedroom partners, together with polysomnographic findings, sleep disturbances were classified according to the nosology of the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers. Of the 27 patients, 19 had disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep (DIMS), 7 had disorders of excessive somnolence (DOES), and 1 had parasomnia (episodic nocturnal wandering). Of the 19 DIMS patients, two-thirds had either a primary affective disorder (depression) or a persistent psychophysiologic disturbance. Of the 7 DOES patients, 6 had a primary sleep disorder such as a sleep apnea syndrome or narcolepsy-cataplexy. Additional electroencephalographic sleep data are presented on elderly patients with primary nonpsychotic depression. The latency of rapid eye movements (REM) in the depressed patients was shorter (p less than 0.05) than in patients with a persistent psychophysiologic disturbance. The percentage of REM sleep was significantly elevated (p less than 0.05) in the depressed group, and intermittent wakefulness was decreased (p less than 0.01). The causes of sleep disturbance in the elderly are both heterogeneous and complex. The need for accurate differential diagnosis and a multiaxial approach is stressed.
Bearing Wear Due to Mechanical Stresses and Electrical Currents

Passage of current through moving conductive contacts results in electrical discharge and then melting of the material, which leads to wear. Such kind of bearing wear is common in electrical machines. There are however certain patterns which are unique to this kind wear. This wear pattern is called ‘fluting’, which are repetitive in nature. Electrical discharge can create higher surface roughness. Also the thermal and rheological properties of the lubricant play a big role in the film thickness formation. The passage of current through the lubricant also changes this and is determined by the electrical properties of the lubricant. In this work effect of bearing currents on a 7204 angular contact ball bearing is studied. This is tested with and without different cage materials with an axial load and no radial load, rotating at 2700 rpm. Four experiments were done at different-level of voltage, lube and cage material. Type of lubricant was seen to play a significant role in fluting.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Human adverse reproductive outcomes and electromagnetic field exposures: review of epidemiologic studies.

Concerns have been raised regarding a relation between residential and occupational electromagnetic (EM) field exposures and adverse reproductive effects. This paper reviews the epidemiologic evide...
Some factors influencing thermal stability of Mengo virus.

THERMAL inactivation of the Col SK strain of encephalomyocarditis virus has been studied by Bourdillon1. The rapid deterioration of several strains of encephalomyocarditis virus at high dilution in isotonic sodium chloride2–4 but stability in distilled water3,4 or concentrated sodium chloride4 has led to re-investigation of the thermal stability of the Mengo strain of encephalomyocarditis virus in several such ‘unphysiological’ diluents, using procedures described in a previous report4.
Third country news in the monetary model of the exchange rate

With third country bonds added to the monetary model of exchange rate news, third country news would have a theoretical effect on exchange rate news. The present paper uncovers empirical evidence of third country (USA) news for a number of exchange rates. Further, insignificant income, interest rate, and inflation variables in the two country model become significant with third country news, suggesting model misspecification. The unexplained variance of exchange rates may not be due to speculative bubbles as supposed, and foreign exchange markets may not be as efficient as they have appeared.
CaMKII, an emerging molecular driver for calcium homeostasis, arrhythmias, and cardiac dysfunction

Maintenance of cytoplasmic calcium homeostasis is critical for all cells. An exciting field has emerged in elucidating the multiple roles that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays in regulating Ca2+ cycling in normal cardiac myocytes and in pathophysiological states. Moreover, CaMKII was recently identified as a potential drug target in cardiac disease. This work has given us a closer view of the complexity and therapeutic possibilities of CaMKII regulation of Ca2+ signaling in cardiac myocytes.
Nuclear proliferation and great power security

(2002). Nuclear proliferation and great power security. Defence Studies: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 77-102.
Synthesizing GUV from Wet Lipid Film to Achieve Better Uniformity in Lipid Composition

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are cell-sized model membrane systems that allow direct investigation of membrane-related phenomena using fluorescence microscopy. Understanding the organization and dynamics of lipid bilayers is important for understanding the processes taking place in cell membranes. Previous work showed that micron-scale domains in GUV can be observed in some ternary lipid mixtures composed of a high melting temperature lipid, a low melting temperature lipid and cholesterol. However, it is a well-known problem that GUVs synthesized by the electroformation from dry lipid films have a wide distribution of transition temperature and lipid composition. In this study, we synthesized DOPC/DSPC/cholesterol GUVs and diPhyPC/DPPC/cholesterol GUVs by the standard electroformation method from dry lipid films as well as by a modified method using wet liposomes made from the Rapid Solvent Exchange (RSE) method. We quantified the lipid composition distributions of GUVs synthesized by the two methods by measuring the transition temperature distributions of GUVs using fluorescence microscopy; since a narrower distribution of transition temperature should correspond to a more uniform distribution in GUV lipid composition. Our results show that GUVs synthesized from wet lipid film have a better uniformity in lipid composition, and the standard deviations of transition temperature are about 3 times smaller than that of GUVs prepared from dry lipid films. This improved method not only gives a better control of GUV lipid composition, but also has a potential of synthesizing GUVs from cell membranes containing native proteins without going through a dry film state.
Coordination compounds of dimethyl- and diethyl-thallium (III)

Abstract The coordination chemistry of the dimethylthallium (III) cation in solution has been investigated by infrared, Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Several solid compounds have also been isolated. In oxygen donor solvents, a linear C-Tl-C arrangement results, but in pyridine solution, a bent arrangement is found. The thallium-proton coupling constants for the linear complexes of dimethyl- and diethylthallium(III) are found to vary considerably with solvent. The results have been interpreted in terms of the way the donor strength of the solvent affects the mixing of the filled d ??? and empty s orbitals of the thallium cations.
Laparoscopic surgery for inflammatory bowel disease: does weight matter?

Background Recent studies have shown improved outcomes after laparoscopic colorectal surgery compared with laparotomy for surgery for both benign and malignant colorectal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study was designed to evaluate the results of laparoscopic colorectal resections in normal weight patients compared with overweight and obese patients with IBD.
Conductivity Mechanisms in Acceptor Doped KTaO3 Crystals

The electrical conductivity of perovskite—structured KTaO3 crystals acceptor doped with Co, Cu or Fe was investigated after treatments in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres under both wet and dry conditions. Isotope effect measurements (using H2O vs. D2O) show that, after treatments in wet gases of low P(O2), all the crystals are primarily protonic conductors, through a process of proton hopping with an activation energy close to 0.84 eV. Electron hole conduction dominatesat high P(O2) in the case of Fe and Cu doping. For Co—doped crystals, the conductivity is independent of P(O2) up to 1 atm., indicating that ionic conduction predominates. There is no evidence of oxygen vacancy migration, leading to the conclusion that the activation energy for that process Is relatively high.
Role of diacetyl metabolite in alcohol toxicity and addiction via electron transfer and oxidative stress

There are many gaps in our knowledge of the molecular basis of alcohol toxicity and addiction. Metabolism affords mainly acetic acid via acetaldehyde. A minor metabolite, diacetyl (an α-dicarbonyl), arises from the aldehyde. We propose that this C4 entity and/or its iminium derivatives from condensation with protein amino groups plays important roles in bioresponses. A review of the literature reveals substantial support for this premise. Reduction potentials for diacetyl and its iminium derivatives fall in the range favorable for catalytic electron transfer in vivo, which can generate oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species due to redox cycling. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species are linked to toxicity associated with major organs by alcohol. The α-dicarbonyl moiety in related substances is believed to induce various toxic responses, such as Alzheimer’s disease, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. In addition to discussion of addiction and computational studies, potential applications for health improvement are suggested.
Dynamic instantiation-checking components

Parameterization is an effective technique for building flexible, reusable software. When dealing with parameterized components, an important concern is the time at which parameters are bound. Many languages provide syntactic support for parameterized components; this mode of parameterization can be called static parameterization. In order to be able to support dynamic reconfiguration, the Service Facility pattern has been proposed as an enabling technology for dynamic parameterization. However, static parameterization has the advantage of strong type-checking that dynamic parameterization does not. In this paper, we present DynInstaCheck --- a tool that automatically instruments dynamically bound parameterized components with run-time checking code that ensures type-safe parameter binding. The source instrumentation is done in a non-intrusive way, using aspect-oriented programming.
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-binding Protein-3 Induces Apoptosis and Mediates the Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 on Programmed Cell Death through a p53- and IGF-independent Mechanism

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is known to block IGF action and inhibit cell growth. IGFBP-3 is thought to act by sequestering free IGFs or, possibly, act via a novel IGF-independent mechanism. Supporting its role as a primary growth inhibitor, IGFBP-3 production has been shown to be increased by cell growth-inhibitory agents, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and the tumor suppressor gene p53. In this paper, we demonstrate, for the first time, a novel function of IGFBP-3 as an apoptosis-inducing agent and show that this action is mediated through an IGF·IGF receptor-independent pathway. In the p53 negative prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, the addition of recombinant IGFBP-3 resulted in a dose-dependent induction of apoptosis.125I-IGFBP-3 bound with high affinity to specific proteins in PC-3 cell lysates and plasma membrane preparations. These membrane-associated molecules may serve as receptors that mediate the direct effect of IGFBP-3 on apoptosis. In addition, in an IGF receptor-negative mouse fibroblast cell line, treatment with recombinant IGFBP-3 as well as transfection of the IGFBP-3 gene induced apoptosis, suggesting that neither IGFs nor IGF receptors are required for this action. Furthermore, treatment with TGF-β1, a known apoptosis-inducing agent, resulted in the induction of IGFBP-3 expression 6–12 h before the onset of apoptosis. This effect of TGF-β1 was prevented by co-treatment with IGFBP-3-neutralizing antibodies or IGFBP-3-specific antisense thiolated oligonucleotides. These findings suggest that IGFBP-3 induces apoptosis through a novel pathway independent of either p53 or the IGF·IGF receptor-mediated cell survival pathway and that IGFBP-3 mediates TGF-β1 induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells.
Electrochemical Tattoo Biosensors for Real-Time Noninvasive Lactate Monitoring in Human Perspiration

The present work describes the first example of real-time noninvasive lactate sensing in human perspiration during exercise events using a flexible printed temporary-transfer tattoo electrochemical biosensor that conforms to the wearer’s skin. The new skin-worn enzymatic biosensor exhibits chemical selectivity toward lactate with linearity up to 20 mM and demonstrates resiliency against continuous mechanical deformation expected from epidermal wear. The device was applied successfully to human subjects for real-time continuous monitoring of sweat lactate dynamics during prolonged cycling exercise. The resulting temporal lactate profiles reflect changes in the production of sweat lactate upon varying the exercise intensity. Such skin-worn metabolite biosensors could lead to useful insights into physical performance and overall physiological status, hence offering considerable promise for diverse sport, military, and biomedical applications.
A Fresh Look at the Process of Arriving at a Clinical Prognosis Part 1: Laminitis

Abstract Laminitis is a disease that represents a loss of the normal homeostatic mechanisms that control the day-to-day function of the distal phalanx. The degree or severity to which homeostasis is affected is directly related to the severity and the final outcome for the equine patient. A systematic approach including the physical examination, digital radiography, venography, and newer techniques such as computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can assist the clinician in developing a prognosis for the acute and chronic laminitis case. How quickly we are able to return the foot back to a normal state of homeostasis or the response to treatment is important as a predictive value for outcome.