cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Far Infrared Reflectance of Optical Black Coatings

Far infrared specular reflectance spectra of six optically black coatings near normal incidence are presented. The spectra were obtained using 9 bandpass transmission filters in the wavelength range between 12 and 300 microns. Data on the construction, thickness, and rms surface roughness of the coatings are also presented. The chemical composition of two coatings can be distinguished from that of the others by a strong absorption feature between 20 and 40 microns which is attributed to amorphous silicate material. Inverse relationships between these spectra and coating roughness and thickness are noted and lead to development of a single reflecting-layer model for the measured reflectance. The model is applied to the spectra of several coatings whose construction falls within its constraints.
Association of Cumulative Social Risk and Social Support With Receipt of Chemotherapy Among Patients With Advanced Colorectal Cancer.

Importance Approximately 38% of patients with advanced colorectal cancer do not receive chemotherapy. Objective To determine whether cumulative social risk (ie, multiple co-occurring sociodemographic risk factors) is associated with lower receipt of chemotherapy among patients with advanced colorectal cancer and whether social support would moderate this association. Design, setting, and participants This cross-sectional, population-based, mailed survey study was conducted from 2012 to 2014. Participants were recruited between 2011 and 2014 from all adults within 1 year after diagnosis of stage III colorectal cancer in the Detroit, Michigan, and State of Georgia Surveillance, Epidemiology, End-Results cancer registries. Patients were eligible if they were aged 18 years or older, had undergone surgery 4 or more months ago, did not have stage IV cancer, and resided in the registry catchment areas. Data analyses were conducted from March 2017 to April 2021. Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was receipt of chemotherapy. Cumulative social risk represented a sum of 8 risk factors with the potential to drain resources from participants' cancer treatment (marital status, employment, annual income, health insurance, comorbidities, health literacy, adult caregiving, and perceived discrimination). Social support was operationalized as emotional support related to colorectal cancer diagnosis. Results Surveys were mailed to 1909 eligible patients; 1301 completed the survey (response rate, 68%). A total of 1087 participants with complete data for key variables were included in the sample (503 women [46%]; mean [SD] age, 64 [13] years). Participants with 3 or more risk factors were less likely to receive chemotherapy than participants with 0 risk factors (3 factors, odds ratio [OR], 0.48 [95% CI, 0.26-0.87]; 4 factors, OR, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.21-0.78]; 5 factors, OR, 0.42 [95% CI, 0.20-0.87]; ≥6 factors, OR, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.09-0.55]). Participants with 2 or more support sources had higher odds of undergoing chemotherapy than those without social support (2 sources, OR, 3.05 [95% CI, 1.36-6.85]; 3 sources, OR, 3.24 [95% CI, 1.48-7.08]; 4 sources, OR, 3.69 [95% CI, 1.71-7.97]; 5 sources, OR, 4.40 [95% CI, 1.98-9.75]; ≥6 sources, OR 5.95 [95% CI, 2.58-13.74]). Within each social support level, participants were less likely to receive chemotherapy as cumulative social risk increased. Conclusions and relevance Cumulative social risk was associated with reduced receipt of chemotherapy. These associations were mitigated by social support. Assessing cumulative social risk may identify patients with colorectal cancer who are at higher risk for omitting chemotherapy who can be targeted for support programs to address social disadvantage and increase social support.
Trade, the American System, and Globalism

American trade policy in the modern era has been rooted in a globalist ideology which has resulted in the loss of millions of jobs, the weakening of the fundamental strength of the economy, and has endangered national security. American became a great economic power due to the American System of Washington and Hamilton which was a policy of domestic Free Enterprise and trade policy based on the national interest. The United States needs to return to an American System adapted to the realities of the 21st century.
Teaching what matters: Integrating health equity education into the core surgery clerkship.

BACKGROUND Significant disparities in surgical outcomes exist. It is imperative to prepare future doctors to eliminate disparities. Our team of senior medical students developed a surgical clerkship module examining equity in prostate cancer. Student attitudes before and after a facilitated teaching session were assessed. METHODS A surgical equity pilot module was integrated into the core surgical clerkship starting in July 2020. This module was composed of (1) asynchronous preparatory material and (2) a synchronous interactive case discussion regarding disparities in prostate cancer. Discussion sessions were facilitated by upper-level medical students. Participants answered optional anonymous Likert-style and open-ended survey questions before and after the session. Pre- and post-responses were compared. RESULTS One hundred and sixteen students completed the module between July 2020 and January 2021. Pre- and post-survey response rates were 66% and 29%, respectively. At baseline, almost all students (95%) agreed knowledge of disparities would make them a better physician. However, the majority (95%) described their general knowledge of surgical disparities as "nonexistent," "poor," or "average." Most students did not have a framework for assessing causes of surgical disparities (86%) and were not aware of interventions for reducing disparities (90%). After intervention, the majority rated their knowledge of surgical disparities as "good" or "excellent" (71%; P < .001). Most students indicated they had a framework 79%; P < .001) and were aware of effective interventions (62%; P < .001). CONCLUSION We demonstrated a successful pilot of an equity-focused clerkship module. Student attitudes after a single session reflected significant improvement in knowledge of causes and interventions related to surgical disparities. Equity-focused teaching can be incorporated into the surgical clerkship.
Role of Cellular and Viral Proteases in the Processing of Picornavirus Proteins

The replication of picornaviruses requires the action of proteolytic enzymes on viral precursor proteins. The protein cleavages are often crucial to the virus replication process, so that a complete understanding of their role could lead to development of new types of antiviral agents. On a more fundamental level, the characterization of the proteolytic reactions in virus infections is leading to a fuller appreciation of regulation of function by limited proteolysis. The picornavirus is a model in which proteolytic modifications yield macromolecular complexes with altered conformational and antigenic properties, and altered affinities for nucleic acids and receptors on cell membranes. Obviously, there is a general significance of these phenomena in understanding similar events in cellular interactions and in the numerous proteolytic events occurring in the tissues and fluids of higher organisms. For recent reviews of protein cleavage in picornavirus replication, see ref. 1–3.
Self-report of high cholesterol: determinants of validity in U.S. adults.

Abstract Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a major cardiovascular risk factor, and cholesterol awareness is important in both clinical practice and in public health. We evaluated the validity of self-reported hypercholesterolemia and identified determinants of validity. Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional survey, from 1988 to 1994, of adult participants (N=8236) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for whom self-report of hypercholesterolemia and serum measurement were available. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for self-reported hypercholesterolemia were calculated using total cholesterol ≥5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) and/or taking cholesterol-lowering medication as the criterion standard. Results: Overall test characteristics for self-report were sensitivity, 51%; specificity, 89%; PPV, 87%; and NPV, 55%. Sensitivity of self-report was higher among older subjects and non-Hispanic whites, specificity was higher among subjects with >12 years of education, PPV was higher in older subjects, and NPV was higher in younger subjects and in those with >12 years of education. Using higher cholesterol thresholds to define hypercholesterolemia led to higher sensitivity, lower specificity, lower PPV, and higher NPV. Sociodemographic and anthropometric predictors of validity were identified by logistic regression. Conclusions: Due to low sensitivity, self-reported hypercholesterolemia should be used with caution, both during the patient encounter and for surveillance of trends in hypercholesterolemia in the absence of measured cholesterol levels. Specificity is consistently much higher than sensitivity. The high PPV may be of use in certain clinical situations. Such validation studies should form the foundation for future research based on self-report.
Pressure-induced superconductivity in Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe2As2

High-pressure electrical resistance measurements have been performed on single crystal Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe2As2 platelets to pressures of 16?GPa and temperatures down to 10?K using designer diamond anvils under quasi-hydrostatic conditions with an insulating steatite pressure medium. The resistance measurements show evidence of pressure-induced superconductivity with an onset transition temperature at ?31?K and zero resistance at ?22?K for a pressure of 3.3?GPa. The transition temperature decreases gradually with increasing pressure before completely disappearing for pressures above 12?GPa. The present results provide experimental evidence that a solid solution of two 122-type materials, i.e.,?Ba1?xSrxFe2As2 (0?<?x?<?1), can also exhibit superconductivity under high pressure.
Belief revision in a changing world

Several authors (Keller and Winslett 1985, Winslett 1988, Katsuno and Mendelzon 1989, Morreau and Rott 1991) have recently argued for a distinction in the way beliefs are updated with new information. They distinguish between information that tells the agent that the world has changed over time and information that fills in or corrects the agent's picture of the world at a particular time. We provide an explicit representation of this distinction by means of a modal logic that combines epistemic and dynamic features. Furthermore, we develop a completely declarative semantics for belief revision. This semantics enables us to deduce the result of revising a given body of beliefs in the light of new information, given simply the semantic content of the prior beliefs and of the new data. No purely procedural assumptions about the agent's epistemic policies or values (no information about priorities of defaults or degrees of entrenchment) are needed, beyond what is explicitly represented in the objects of the agent's beliefs. We accomplish this by distinguishing hard (incorrigible, unrevisable) belief and soft belief; further, the soft attitudes supervene on the hard level. We use a specific theory of nonmonotonic inference to generate soft attitudes from hard ones. This last point is especially important in attempting to deal with belief change, because when an agent acquires new beliefs there is the question: what beliefs about the world persist? We think that only a nonmonotonic logic can adequately deal with this question in a sufficiently rich framework for belief revision like the one we propose.
Chapter 4 Activation of Leukocyte Integrins

Publisher Summary Integrins are the largest family of α/β-heterodimeric cell adhesion molecules that mediate cation-dependent adhesive interactions in a wide range of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Integrin-mediated leukocyte adhesion and migration constitute the essential component in immune system, as exemplified by a group of genetic disorders leukocyte adhesion deficiencies (LAD) type I and III. The most unique feature of integrins is that they transmit the bidirectional signals across the plasma membrane. In response to internal cues (e.g., activation of chemokine receptor and T-cell receptor that elicit intracellular signaling cascades) that impinge on the integrin cytoplasmic domains, the integrin extracellular part undergoes the global conformational changes, rapidly upregulating the ability to bind ligand. Conversely, in response to external cues (e.g., ligand binding and shear force) applied to the extracellular part, the integrin cytoplasmic domains change their configuration, thereby altering the ability to interact with intracellular signaling molecules that regulate gene expression and cell metabolism. This unique ability of integrins stems from the regulated conformational dynamism between the low-affinity bent to the high-affinity extended integrin. The point of equilibrium of the integrin conformational dynamism is determined by a balance of the internal and external cues, as well as the activation threshold set by the intra- and interdomain interactions within the integrin molecule.
Holomorphic Extensions of [Σ, a]-Domains

In this chapter we take up the study of extensions of a Δ-domain relative to algebras of germ-valued rather than complex-valued functions. If (Ф, p) and (Ψ, q) are two A-domains and ρ: (Φ, p) → (Ψ, q) is a morphism of these domains then since p is an open local homeomorphism (Lemma 48.1) we always have [0]Ψ∘ρ [0]Φ just as for complex-valued functions. Moreover if Ψ is connected then by Proposition 68.3 the mapping of [0]Ψ into [0]Φ is an isomorphism. Also, since p = q∘ρ the isomorphism obviously preserves derivatives. As in the case of complex-valued functions, the morphism is called an extension of (Φ, p) relative to [0]Ψ provided [0] Ψ ∘ρ = [0]Φ, and we write $$ \rho :(\Phi, p) \Rightarrow (\Psi, q) $$ using the “closed” arrow “=>“in place of the “open” arrow “=>“in order to distinguish the germ-valued from the complex-valued case. Maximal extensions and maximal A-domains for germ-valued functions may be defined exactly as in the case of complex-valued functions.
Motion analysis and modeling of epicardial surfaces from point and line correspondences

This paper presents a new algorithm for recovering motion parameters of nonrigid objects using both point and line correspondences. It requires estimating the coefficients of the first fundamental form before and after the motion. This algorithm has several advantages over a previously developed algorithm which uses only point correspondences and Gaussian curvature. First, it does not require any assumption on the spatial distribution of the stretching parameter in conformal motion. Second, the amount of computation is significantly reduced. The algorithm is tested on both simulated and real data and its performance is evaluated. In the second part, several issues related to nonrigid surface modeling and reconstruction from sparse data are discussed. >
Recent research into the nutrition of the horse.

The majority of recent experiments in equine nutrition relates to the metabolism of protein, non-protein nitrogen, carbohydrate, calcium and phosphorus. An understanding of the significance of the nitrogen cycle is emerging in which there is a two-way movement of compounds across the wall of the G.I. tract. Some quantitative estimates of the role of microflora in this process have been made for comparison with similar processes in ruminants. However, the pathway by which the microflora contributes to the nitrogen economy and the extent to which this occurs is not established in the horse. It is well established that both glucose and volatile fatty acids are common substrates in tissue metabolism; but in contrast to evidence in the ruminant the ratio of starch to fibre in the diet does not affect the efficiency fo fibre digestibility. This, and similar observations, are explicable in terms of the anatomy of the G.I. tract of the horse. There is a scarcity of information on the secretion of digestive enzymes by the horse and on the relationship between intestinal function and certain digestive upsets. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for accurate clinical evidence for the significance of calcium and phosphorus nutrition to the development of leg abnormalities in horses. The irrelevance, for diagnosing purposes, of estimates of serum Ca and P is concluded, especially where no other relevant information is available. Haematological procedures, of diagnostic value in this respect, are available for use at least in controlled clinical conditions.
Electrotactile two-point discrimination as a function of frequency, body site, laterality, and stimulation codes.

The feasibility of frequency modulated two-point discrimination as a design concept for electrocutaneous sensory substitution display has been studied. Three stimulation techniques were tested on human subjects: spatial stimulus, temporal stimulus, and frequency on frequency stimulus. The frequency on frequency technique yielded the lowest threshold when compared to the temporal and spatial techniques. In addition, some of the characteristic behavior of cutaneous sensation is discussed relating two-point discrimination with frequency, body sites, and stimulation codes. Implications of the results for clinical applications are reviewed.
Attributions to intuition in the venture founding process: Do entrepreneurs actually use intuition or just say that they do?

Abstract Even though entrepreneurs often cite the use of intuition as a basis for their venturing decisions, verifying that entrepreneurs are actually using intuition is very difficult. We distinguish between entrepreneurs' attributions to intuition and their actual use of intuition. We propose characteristics of entrepreneurs that increase the likelihood that they will attribute intuition as a basis for decisions during the venture founding process. We then delineate characteristics that make the development and effective use of entrepreneurial intuition more likely. Theoretical implications for researchers studying intuition and practical implications for entrepreneurs using intuition are discussed.
Determining the shape of the turns-amplitude cloud during anal sphincter quantitative EMG.

We aimed to compare our normative data for quantitative interference pattern (IP) analysis of the anal sphincter to previously published data. In 28 nulliparous women, we performed IP analysis during quantitative concentric needle electromyography (QEMG) of the anal sphincter. At each sampling site, a 500-ms epoch was analyzed. The data were log transformed. Linear regression lines (with 95% confidence intervals) were calculated from the log transformed variables “turns–second” and “amplitude–turn.” These confidence intervals were then transformed back into the original parameters to yield scatterplots with confidence curves. The mean turns–second were 203 (SD 174). The mean amplitude (mcv)–turn was 266 (SD 87). The regression coefficients for the log-transformed variables are constant = 1.5, slope = 0.3, and resultant cloud of raw data has a convex upper boundary. These appear slightly different than previously published reports, potentially influencing the determination of normal and abnormal studies.
A polynomial time approximation scheme for timing constrained minimum cost layer assignment

As VLSI technology enters the nanoscale regime, interconnect delay becomes the bottleneck of circuit performance. Compared to gate delays, wires are becoming increasingly resistive which makes it more difficult to propagate signals across the chip. However, more advanced technologies (65 nm and 45 nm) provide relief as the number of metal layers continues to increase. The wires on the upper metal layers are much less resistive and can be used to drive further and faster than on thin metals. This provides an entirely new dimension to the traditional wire sizing problem, namely, layer assignment for efficient timing closure. Assigning all wires to thick metals improves timing, however, routability of the design may be hurt. The challenge is to assign minimal amount of wires to thick metals to meet timing constraints. In this paper, the minimum cost layer assignment problem is proven to be NP-Complete. As a theoretical solution for NP-complete problems, a polynomial time approximation scheme is proposed. The new algorithm can approximate the optimal layer assignment solution by a factor of 1 + isin in O(mlog logm ldr n3/isin2) time for 0 < isin < 1, where n is the number of nodes in the tree and m is the number of routing layers. This work presents the first theoretical advance for the timing-driven minimum cost layer assignment problem. In addition to its theoretical guarantee, the new algorithm is highly practical. Our experiments on 500 test cases demonstrate that the new algorithm can run 2times faster than the optimal dynamic programming algorithm with only 2% additional wire.
The ontogeny of the chin: an analysis of allometric and biomechanical scaling

The presence of a prominent chin in modern humans has been viewed by some researchers as an architectural adaptation to buttress the anterior corpus from bending stresses during mastication. In contrast, ontogenetic studies of mandibular symphyseal form suggest that a prominent chin results from the complex spatial interaction between the symphysis and surrounding soft tissue and skeletal anatomy during development. While variation in chin prominence is clearly influenced by differential growth and spatial constraints, it is unclear to what degree these developmental dynamics influence the mechanical properties of the symphysis. That is, do ontogenetic changes in symphyseal shape result in increased symphyseal bending resistance? We examined ontogenetic changes in the mechanical properties and shape of the symphysis using subjects from a longitudinal cephalometric growth study with ages ranging from 3 to 20+ years. We first examined whether ontogenetic changes in symphyseal shape were correlated with symphyseal vertical bending and wishboning resistance using multivariate regression. Secondly, we examined ontogenetic scaling of bending resistance relative to bending moment arm lengths. An ontogenetic increase in chin prominence was associated with decreased vertical bending resistance, while wishboning resistance was uncorrelated with ontogenetic development of the chin. Relative to bending moment arm lengths, vertical bending resistance scaled with significant negative allometry whereas wishboning resistance scaled isometrically. These results suggest a complex interaction between symphyseal ontogeny and bending resistance, and indicate that ontogenetic increases in chin projection do not provide greater bending resistance to the mandibular symphysis.
In a mouse model relevant for post-traumatic stress disorder, selective brain steroidogenic stimulants (SBSS) improve behavioral deficits by normalizing allopregnanolone biosynthesis.

The pathophysiological role of the neurosteroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (allopregnanolone) in neuropsychiatric disorders has been highlighted in several recent investigations. For instance, allopregnanolone levels are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major unipolar depression. Neurosteroidogenic antidepressants, including fluoxetine and analogs, correct this decrease in a manner that correlates with improved depressive symptoms. PTSD-like behavioral dysfunctions, including heightened aggression, exaggerated fear, and anxiety-like behavior associated with a decrease in corticolimbic allopregnanolone content are modeled in mice by protracted social isolation stress. Allopregnanolone is not only synthesized by principal glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons but also locally, potently, positively, and allosterically modulates GABA action at post- and extra-synaptic GABAA receptors. Hence, this paper will review preclinical studies which show that in socially-isolated mice, rather than SSRI mechanisms, allopregnanolone biosynthesis in glutamatergic corticolimbic neurons offers a non-traditional target for fluoxetine to decrease signs of aggression, normalize fear responses, and decrease anxiety-like behavior. At low SSRI-inactive doses, fluoxetine and related congeners potently increase allopregnanolone levels by acting as potent selective brain steroidogenic stimulants (SBSSs), thereby facilitating GABAA receptor neurotransmission and improving behavioral dysfunctions. Although the precise molecular mechanisms that underlie the action of these drugs are not fully understood, findings from socially-isolated mice may ultimately generate insights into novel drug targets for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and panic disorders, depression, and PTSD.
Effect of Halofenate on Serum Thyroid Hormone Determinations in Vitro

Abstract Halofenate has been shown to decrease thyroxine (T4) binding to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in vitro. Several indirect serum thyroid hormone assays are dependent on thyroid hormone binding and the results might be altered by halofenate in the serum. Halofenate free acid (50-500 μg/ml) was added to serum samples in vitro, and the samples were assayed for total serum T4 by competitive protein-binding assay (CPB) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), the per cent of dialyzable T4 (%FT4), total serum triiodothyronine (T3) by RIA, and resin T3 uptake (RT3U). Halofenate increased xincreased the measured T4 (CPB), %FT4, T3 (RIA), and RT3U, but did not alter the T4 (RIA) determination. Thus, halofenate appears to diminish T4 binding to TBG in vitro, and artifactually alters the serum determinations of T4 (CPB), %FT4, T3 (RIA), and RT3U. Calculated values derived from these measurements for the free thyroxine index and “free” T4 will also be affected by halofenate. Only the T4 (RIA) determination was unchanged...
Naturalness in Supersymmetry, or Raising the Supersymmetry Breaking Scale

Abstract We consider the question of naturalness in supersymmetric theories, in view of constraints from flavour-changing processes, weak CP violation and rare decays. Since larger masses for the superpartners of ordinary fields improve the situation, we search for ways to increase the scale of supersymmetry breaking. Within the supersymmetric standard models, naturalness considerations prevent us from making these masses too large. However, if the gauginos are the heaviest supersymmetric partners at a high-energy scale, renormalization group evolution to the Weinberg-Salam scale leads to some degeneracy of scalar masses and thus some suppression of flavour-changing processes. Weak CP violation constraints, however, are rather restrictive. In a supersymmetric technicolor model with fundamental bosons, we can further raise the supersymmetry-breaking scale. Consequently, it is easier to satisfy the constraints from rare processes. In this theory, supersymmetry might be difficult to observe at SSC energies but other relatively light states are predicted.
The effect of a limited acceptance when measuring fragment momentum distributions from halo nuclei

Abstract Momentum distributions of breakup fragments from halo nuclei are useful to test models for halo nuclei and to estimate the extent of the halo. When breakup fragments are emitted with a non-Gaussian distribution an incomplete acceptance can influence the shape of the observed distribution. We obtain analytical results for the change in shape of the observed distribution when fragments are emitted with a Gaussian or Lorentzian distribution and detected with an incomplete acceptance. Finally, we develop a method to estimate the influence of an incomplete acceptance when complex distribution shapes are involved.
Modeling dynamic resource utilization in populations with unique constraints: Preadolescents with and without Down syndrome

In this study we used a damped inverted pendulum and spring with an escapement function model to compare the global levels of stiffness and forcing used by 12 preadolescents with Down syndrome (DS) and 12 with typical development (TD). Participants walked overground at their self-selected speed and on a treadmill at speeds slower and faster than overground. Children with DS, who are characterized as hypotonic with reduced capacity for producing muscle force, exhibited significantly higher levels of stiffness and forcing (angular impulse) when walking on the treadmill and higher forcing but not stiffness overground, than children with TD. Both groups adapted to imposed speed increases similarly by increasing their global stiffness and angular impulse. We propose children with DS increased stiffness in order to overcome their hypotonia and joint laxity, thus, optimizing on stability, rather than metabolic efficiency. Higher angular impulse values for children with DS may reflect higher energy cost associated with increasing stiffness and their inherent biomechanical and physiological characteristics that reduce efficiency. We conclude that the inverted pendulum and spring with escapement function model is a useful tool for uncovering solutions to movement problems-solutions that reflect the dynamic resources of the individual and ones that are discovered, rather than prescribed.
Clinical use of marrow osteoprogenitor cells to stimulate osteogenesis

This review of 15 years research into various methods and techniques of using marrow osteoprogenitor cells shows that marrow grafts can be useful for numerous skeletal healing problems, but not all. The method offers considerable improvement over standard open iliac crest grafting and provides an attractive and advantageous method of stimulating osteogenesis in the management and prevention of nonunion.
ARE CHANNELS RELEVANT TO ORDER OF RECALL? YES

Lists of 2 pairs and 3 pairs of digits were presented dichotically (different digits to each ear) and mixed (both simultaneous digits to each ear) at a rate of 2 pairs per sec. to 32 men 17 to 39 yr. old. At each list length, a higher proportion of correctly recalled lists was reported sequentially for dichotic than for mixed lists. An interaction between order (whether dichotic lists were presented before or after mixed lists) and presentation condition suggests that dichotic listening induces sequential responding which also increases the incidence of sequential responding to mixed lists (immediately following dichotic lists) for some subjects. Savin's finding that channels are not necessary for sequential responding was replicated and extended to 3-pair lists; but his assertion that channels serve no role in sequential responding was contradicted by these results.
Estimates of mesospheric gravity wave activity over convection from a global model

Abstract A new convective gravity wave source spectrum parameterization has been implemented in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 2 (WACCM2). This parameterization specifies the momentum flux phase speed spectrum of gravity waves in the Tropics based on the properties of underlying convection; Hence, this parameterization provides realistic global estimates of gravity wave activity. In this paper, we show the estimated gravity wave phase speed spectra in the Tropics from a WACCM2 simulation, at the source level and at 85 km. Spatial distribution of gravity wave activity at 85 km is also presented. Subsequently, we discuss the factors that are primarily responsible for the estimated differences in gravity wave distribution across phase speeds with latitude and asymmetries in direction of gravity wave propagation in the mesosphere. We also examine which of the model assumptions can lead to uncertainties in our estimates of mesospheric gravity wave activity and we discuss how these assumptions provide challenges for comparison with observations of gravity waves in the mesosphere.
Effect of pressure, flow, and vasoactive agents on vascular resistance and capillary filtration in canine fetal, newborn, and adult lung

Abstract Three groups of canine lungs were studied in vitro to shed light on local blood-flow regulation and capillary filtration in the pulmonary circulation. These included collapsed fetal lungs perfused at constant flow with maternal blood, partially inflated puppy lungs perfused at constant pressure with maternal blood, and partially inflated adult lung lobes perfused at constant pressure with blood from a donor animal. Transient and steady-state pressure-flow relationships failed to provide evidence for autoregulation in any of these groups. Furthermore, a fall in resistance was not observed after a period of arterial occlusion. Infusion of bradykinin and histamine into the pulmonary artery failed to increase lung weight at a perfusion pressure of 12–13 mm Hg and histamine failed to increase the rate of weight gain at a perfusion pressure of 25–30 mm Hg. Thus, under the conditions of these experiments, the canine lung does not exhibit autoregulation and reactive hyperemia or respond with increased net transcapillary water efflux to bradykinin or histamine.
Chronic obstructive airways disease after bone marrow transplantation

The clinical course, serial pulmonary function studies, lung histopathologic findings, and treatment in two patients after bone marrow transplantation for acute monoblastic leukemia or aplastic anemia are presented. The course in one patient has been slowly progressive for 2 years and characterized by chronic obstructive airways disease and recurrent pneumothoraces. Histopathologic changes were nonspecific, characterized by chronic interstitial pneumonitis and interstitial fibrosis. In the second patient there was insidious onset of disease with increasing dyspnea on exertion and rapid clinical deterioration; he died within 4 months of severe obstructive airways disease. Necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis characterized the lung findings. Neither patient responded to conventional bronchodilator therapy, and prednisone was the only agent to produce subjective, though transient, improvement. Symptomatic obstructive airways disease associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease is emerging as a potentially mamor cause of morbidity and mortality after marrow transplantation.
Cognitive Effects of Standard-Dose Chemotherapy in Patients with Cancer

Adult cancer survivors have reported experiencing persistent changes in cognitive function following treatment with chemotherapy. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that standard-dose chemotherapy can produce cognitive deficits in a subgroup of adult cancer survivors. Although these cognitive changes tend to be subtle deficits in memory, concentration, and the ability to remain focused or organized, these alterations in cognitive ability can have a significant impact on patients' quality of life generally, and on meeting career and educational goals specifically. This manuscript reviews the literature relevant to the cognitive impact of standard-dose chemotherapy in adults, outlines methodological issues related to the study of cognitive functioning in people with cancer, and discusses future directions for research in this area.
PKN Binds and Phosphorylates Human Papillomavirus E6 Oncoprotein

Abstract The high risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with carcinomas of cervix and other genital tumors. Previous studies have identified two viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, which are expressed in the majority of HPV-associated carcinomas. The ability of high risk HPV E6 protein to immortalize human mammary epithelial cells has provided a single gene model to study the mechanisms of E6-induced oncogenic transformation. In recent years, it has become clear that in addition to E6-induced degradation of p53 tumor suppressor protein, other targets of E6 are required for mammary epithelial cells immortalization. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified a novel interaction of HPV16 E6 with protein kinase PKN, a fatty acid- and Rho small G protein-activated serine/threonine kinase with a catalytic domain highly homologous to protein kinase C. We demonstrate direct binding of high risk HPV E6 proteins to PKN in wheat-germ lysatein vitro and in 293T cells in vivo. Importantly, E6 proteins of high risk HPVs but not low risk HPVs were able to bind PKN. Furthermore, all the immortalization-competent and many immortalization-non-competent E6 mutants bind PKN. These data suggest that binding to PKN may be required but not sufficient for immortalizing normal mammary epithelial cells. Finally, we show that PKN phosphorylates E6, demonstrating for the first time that HPV E6 is a phosphoprotein. Our finding suggests a novel link between HPV E6 mediated oncogenesis and regulation of a well known phosphorylation cascade.
The role of calcium in insulin release from hamster insulinoma cells.

Studies on the role of calcium in insulin secretion from a transplantable hamster insulinoma were performed utilizing dispersed cell suspensions. Insulin release was positively correlated with the extracellular calcium concentration. Potassium (40 mM) and ouabain (10-3M) induced an increased calcium uptake by cells and a concomitant increase in insulin release. Verapamil (10-5M) reduced calcium uptake and insulin release in a parallel manner indicating that the calcium uptake was related to the insulin release. Glucagon, which stimulates insulin release by an adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated mechanism, had no effect on calcium uptake and insulin release induced by glucagon was unaffected by verapamil. Therefore, cyclic AMP mediated insulin release does not appear to be the consequence of stimulation of calcium uptake. Glucose, which was transported and phosphorylated by insulinoma cells, did not induce calcium uptake or insulin release. In normal islets glucose did both. The results suggest t...
Evaluation and management of pulmonary nodules: state-of-the-art and future perspectives

Introduction: The imaging evaluation of pulmonary nodules, often incidentally detected on imaging examinations performed for other clinical reasons, is a frequently encountered clinical circumstanc...
Fatal adenovirus encephalomyeloradiculitis in an umbilical cord stem cell transplant recipient

Adenovirus infections frequently complicate allogeneic stem cell transplants but nervous system involvement, usually presenting as encephalitis, is atypical. Progression from encephalitis to myeloradiculitis has not been described previously.1 We present a unique case of fatal adenoviral encephalomyeloradiculitis with imaging and pathologic correlates.
Our Bodies, Our Catastrophes: Biopolitics in Mary Shelley's The Last Man

This paper argues that Mary Shelley's 1826 novel The Last Man explores ideas about biopolitical modernity that she had begun to advance in her earlier 1823 novel Valperga. Valperga presents a remarkably modern understanding of the function of individual life for the state that anticipates Giorgio Agamben's theory of the “state of exception” that produces political life as an inclusive but also fundamentally exclusive non-relation of the state with what lies outside of its law. My reading of The Last Man with Valperga reveals that the Plague enacts this process of biopoliticization through contagion, an apt way of figuring Agamben's “zone of irreducible indistinction” that is crucial to maintaining the modern political order. The Last Man also registers the growing mechanism of biopolitics through the relationship between Adrian, the seemingly democratic monarch, and Lionel. The portrayal of this relationship along with the main relationship in Valperga, between Castruccio and his lover Euthanasia, togethe...
FPV: fast protein visualization using Java 3DTM

MOTIVATION Many tools have been developed to visualize protein structures. Tools that have been based on Java 3D((TM)) are compatible among different systems and they can be run remotely through web browsers. However, using Java 3D for visualization has some performance issues with it. The primary concerns about molecular visualization tools based on Java 3D are in their being slow in terms of interaction speed and in their inability to load large molecules. This behavior is especially apparent when the number of atoms to be displayed is huge, or when several proteins are to be displayed simultaneously for comparison. RESULTS In this paper we present techniques for organizing a Java 3D scene graph to tackle these problems. We have developed a protein visualization system based on Java 3D and these techniques. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing the visualization component of our system with two other Java 3D based molecular visualization tools. In particular, for van der Waals display mode, with the efficient organization of the scene graph, we could achieve up to eight times improvement in rendering speed and could load molecules three times as large as the previous systems could. AVAILABILITY EPV is freely available with source code at the following URL: http://www.cs.ucsb.edu/~tcan/fpv/
Turbulent velocity fluctuations that control mass transfer to a solid boundary

The relation between the velocity and concentration fields for a fully developed turbulent flow which transfers mass to a pipe wall at large Schmidt numbers has been studied. Measurements of the fluctuations of the concentration gradient and the velocity gradient were obtained simultaneously at multiple locations on the wall. Spatial scales were calculated for the low frequency velocity fluctuations by passing the measured signals through low-pass filters. These scales are the same size as the scales of the concentration fluctuations. This result provides additional support for the notion that mass transfer to a boundary at high Schmidt numbers in controlled by low frequency velocity fluctuations which contain only a small fraction of the total turbulent energy.
Regge-poles and reaction cross-sections for particles with spin

The Jacob and Wick theory of collisions for particles with spin is Reggeized to yield a single-pole expression for differential cross-sections for two-particle reactions. This expression is valid for particles with any spin. The particular examples of πN→ρN and πN→ωN are worked out. The procedure for passing to the high-energy limit is demonstrated for the first example.
Levels of Insulin-like Growth Factors I and II in Human Cord Blood

Levels of insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) and somatomedin peptide content (SMPC) were measured in 32 normal term and 11 preterm infants. After acid chromatography to remove somatomedin-binding protein, SMPC was measured by placental membrane radioreceptor assay, while plasma IGF-I and II concentrations were measured by specific RIAs. SMPC levels in term infants were significantly below normal adult levels [0.49 ± 0.13 (±sd) U/ml for infants compared to 1.30 ± 0.25 U/ml for adult males]. IGF-I levels in term infants were also low, averaging 113 ± 35 ng/ml for infants; the normal adult levels is 184 ± 32 ng/ml. The IGF-II level was 282 ± 84 ng/ml for infants and 687 ± 169 ng/ml for adults. Both IGF-I and II levels in preterm infants were lower than those in term infants. IGF-I, and IGF-II, and SMPC levels showed a positive correlation with birth weight in term infants. Both IGF-I and IGF-II levels showed a strong positive correlation with gesta-tional age in all infants.
American children at risk: Poverty and its consequences for children's health, growth, and school achievement

In the United States, over 39 million people live in poverty. Although poverty affects all groups, it disproportionately affects those whose access to coping resources is most limited, i.e., ethnic minorities and children. Since the 1970s, poverty rates have risen steadily in this country, especially for children. Today more than 15 million poor American children face immediate and life-long risk to health, growth, and school achievement. This review considers risk in these areas and finds that poor children, especially African-American children, experience increased prevalence of low birthweight, chronic illness, and lead poisoning, with reduced levels and quality of healthcare. At the same time, poor children exhibit higher rates of low stature, particularly Mexican-American children, and overweight. Poor health and poor growth are likely to lead to poor school achievement via deficits in cognitive functioning, behavior and activity, and increased absenteeism and school failure. Biological anthropologists are in a unique position to contribute to the research on poor children in the U.S and to assist in clarifying the complex pattern that leads to intergenerational poverty. To this end, a number of areas are identified where ad-ditional and/or continued research is needed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lessons Learned in Developing Social Indicators for Regional Water Quality Management

This article outlines a process for developing social indicators for regional resource management programs. Insights and lessons are drawn from experience developing indicators for the social dimensions of water quality programs addressing non-point-source pollution. The project driving these insights originated with a charge from regional leaders of a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) water quality program to a project team comprised of participants from land grant universities within the region. We believe the indicator development process from that experience could be applied in other regions to address a variety of resource management issues. Key lessons learned through this process include the value of building stakeholder capacity for using social data, the importance of developing a conceptual framework to guide indicator selection, and the importance of selecting a small set of core indicators.
Long-Range Nonanomalous Diffusion of Quantum Dot-Labeled Aquaporin-1 Water Channels in the Cell Plasma Membrane

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is an integral membrane protein that facilitates osmotic water transport across cell plasma membranes in epithelia and endothelia. AQP1 has no known specific interactions with cytoplasmic or membrane proteins, but its recovery in a detergent-insoluble membrane fraction has suggested possible raft association. We tracked the membrane diffusion of AQP1 molecules labeled with quantum dots at an engineered external epitope at frame rates up to 91 Hz and over times up to 6 min. In transfected COS-7 cells, >75% of AQP1 molecules diffused freely over ∼7 μm in 5 min, with diffusion coefficient, D1-3 ∼ 9 × 10−10 cm2/s. In MDCK cells, ∼60% of AQP1 diffused freely, with D1-3 ∼ 3 × 10−10 cm2/s. The determinants of AQP1 diffusion were investigated by measurements of AQP1 diffusion following skeletal disruption (latrunculin B), lipid/raft perturbations (cyclodextrin and sphingomyelinase), and bleb formation. We found that cytoskeletal disruption had no effect on AQP1 diffusion in the plasma membrane, but that diffusion was increased greater than fourfold in protein de-enriched blebs. Cholesterol depletion in MDCK cells greatly restricted AQP1 diffusion, consistent with the formation of a network of solid-like barriers in the membrane. These results establish the nature and determinants of AQP1 diffusion in cell plasma membranes and demonstrate long-range nonanomalous diffusion of AQP1, challenging the prevailing view of universally anomalous diffusion of integral membrane proteins, and providing evidence against the accumulation of AQP1 in lipid rafts.
Conservation of network momentum in glassy materials with short range order

Abstract For models of glasses with short range order, the idea of crystal momentum can be generalized to network momentum, an observable which commutes with the hamiltonian. States of definite network momentum replace the bloch waves of a crystal and this quantum number can be used to classify stationary states.