cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant neurosarcoidosis with a short-course cyclophosphamide regimen.

Background/objectives Many patients with neurosarcoidosis have disease that is refractory to corticosteroids or they are unable to tolerate high-dose corticosteroids because of detrimental side effects. We examined a short-course, pulse-dose regimen using cyclophosphamide to treat such patients. Methods We identified a population of patients with neurosarcoidosis refractory to standard therapy with corticosteroids. Patients who were unable to tolerate corticosteroid therapy due to side effects were also included. Alternative therapy for these patients was initiated using IV cyclophosphamide. Results Seven patients were identified for treatment with our cyclophosphamide regimen. The mean duration of therapy was 5.4 months. Four of the seven patients reported symptomatic improvement on therapy, and all seven patients demonstrated objective improvement in either MRI or cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities. Mean corticosteroid dose of the group was reduced from 42 mg/d before therapy to 18 mg/d after therapy. Relapse of neurologic symptoms was noted in one patient after the completion of therapy. One patient acquired an opportunistic infection, and a second patient required hospitalization for a central venous catheter infection. Conclusion Short-course cyclophosphamide appears to be a reasonable, steroid-sparing treatment option for patients with corticosteroid-refractory neurosarcoidosis.
A study of interleaving coverage criteria

Concurrency bugs are becoming increasingly important due to the prevalence of concurrent programs. A fundamental problem of concurrent program bug detection and testing is that the interleaving space is too large to be thoroughly explored. Practical yet effective interleaving coverage criteria are desired to systematically explore the interleaving space and effectively expose concurrency bugs.This paper proposes a concurrent program interleaving coverage criteria hierarchy, including seven (including five new) coverage criteria. These criteria are all designed based on different concurrency fault models. Their cost ranges from exponential to linear.
On the indestructibility aspects of identity crisis

We investigate the indestructibility properties of strongly compact cardinals in universes where strong compactness suffers from identity crisis. We construct an iterative poset that can be used to establish Kimchi–Magidor theorem from (in The independence between the concepts of compactness and supercompactness, circulated manuscript), i.e., that the first n strongly compact cardinals can be the first n measurable cardinals. As an application, we show that the first n strongly compact cardinals can be the first n measurable cardinals while the strong compactness of each strongly compact cardinal is indestructible under Levy collapses (our theorem is actually more general, see Sect. 3). A further application is that the class of strong cardinals can be nonempty yet coincide with the class of strongly compact cardinals while strong compactness of any strongly compact cardinal κ is indestructible under κ-directed closed posets that force GCH at κ.
Measuring Life Stress: A Comparison of the Predictive Validity of Different Scoring Systems for the Social Readjustment Rating Scale.

Previous literature in the area of life stress has suggested a number of variables that may moderate the amount of stress associated with life events. The present study attempted to determine whether accounting for these variables in the scoring of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), a measure of life stress, would improve the predictive validity of the inventory. Through a random canvassing of residential areas, 107 sets of questionnaires were completed, including a modified SRRS, the Symptom Checklist-90, the Life Satisfaction Index, several health measures, and a demographic data sheet. On the basis of correlational analysis it was concluded that income and level of education are significant predictors of the capacity to cope with stress. By the criteria established for selecting the most appropriate life stress scoring system, it was decided that stress is best measured by asking respondents to check those events in the past year that had been undesirable to them. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) from the lower eukaryote Leishmania major

Aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAH) typically use tetrahydrobiopterin (H(4)B) as the cofactor. The protozoan parasite Leishmania major requires biopterin for growth and expresses strong salvage and regeneration systems to maintain H(4)B levels. Here we explored the consequences of genetic manipulation of the sole L. major phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) to explore whether it could account for the Leishmania H(4)B requirement. L. major PAH resembles AAAHs of other organisms, bearing eukaryotic-type domain organization, and conservation of key catalytic residues including those implicated in pteridine binding. A pah(-) null mutant and an episomal complemented overexpressing derivative (pah-/+PAH) were readily obtained, and metabolic labeling studies established that PAH was required to hydroxylate Phe to Tyr. Neither WT nor overexpressing lines were able to hydroxylate radiolabeled tyrosine or tryptophan, nor to synthesize catecholamines. WT but not pah(-) parasites showed reactivity with an antibody to melanin when grown with l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), although the reactive product is unlikely to be melanin sensu strictu. WT was auxotrophic for Phe, Trp and Tyr, suggesting that PAH activity was insufficient to meet normal Tyr requirements. However, pah(-) showed an increased sensitivity to Tyr deprivation, while the pah(-)/+PAH overexpressor showed increased survival and could be adapted to grow well without added Tyr. pah(-) showed no alterations in H(4)B-dependent differentiation, as established by in vitro metacyclogenesis, or survival in mouse or macrophage infections. Thus Leishmania PAH may mitigate but not alleviate Tyr auxotrophy, but plays no essential role in the steps of the parasite infectious cycle. These findings suggest PAH is unlikely to explain the Leishmania requirement for biopterin.
Child-Directed Speech: Relation to Socioeconomic Status, Knowledge of Child Development and Child Vocabulary Skill.

This study sought to determine why American parents from different socioeconomic backgrounds communicate in different ways with their children. Forty-seven parent-child dyads were videotaped engaging in naturalistic interactions in the home for ninety minutes at child age 2;6. Transcripts of these interactions provided measures of child-directed speech. Children's vocabulary comprehension skills were measured using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test at 2;6 and one year later at 3;6. Results indicate that: (I) child-directed speech with toddlers aged 2;6 predicts child vocabulary skill one year later, controlling for earlier toddler vocabulary skill; (2) child-directed speech relates to socioeconomic status as measured by income and education; and (3) the relation between socioeconomic status and child-directed speech is mediated by parental knowledge of child development. Potential mechanisms through which parental knowledge influences communicative behavior are discussed.
Simplified sheath flow cuvette design for ultrasensitive laser induced fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis

We present a design for a sheath-flow cuvette that uses a relatively inexpensive quartz cuvette. The cuvette has a high optical quality square flow chamber that is fused to quartz tubes at each end. PEEK/TEFZEL fittings hold and seal the quartz flow chamber without putting strain on the cuvette. The performance of the cuvette is evaluated as a laser-induced fluorescence detector for capillary electrophoresis. The cuvette produces mass detection limits of 50 yoctomoles (30 copies) for 5-carboxyl tetramethylrhodamine (5 TAMRA SE) with a separation efficiency of 400 000 theoretical plates.
The Synergies of Artistic and Entrepreneurial Action

Arts Entrepreneurship education as a field continues to grow, but misperceptions of entrepreneurship seem to cause confusion among arts students, faculty, and administrators regarding the value of entrepreneurial training to higher education arts programs. These misperceptions are explored to determine if entrepreneurship, for artists, is harmful or helpful. By articulating the theoretical essence of entrepreneurship, it is suggested that entrepreneurial action is profoundly synergetic with artistic action and purpose, and that arts faculty and administrators can embrace entrepreneurship education and its value to aspiring professional artists.
Rain Scavenging of Tephra Aerosols from Mount St. Helens 1980 Eruptions

Abstract Mount St. Helens had three major eruptions in 1980: 18 May, 25 May, and 12 June. Tephra in the atmosphere from these eruptions was traced by analyzing the particulate matter from weekly rain collections at 62 NADP (National Atmospheric Deposition Program) sites across the United States. The particulate matter was on 0.45 micron pore-sized filters (47 mm diameter) in amounts of 0-214 mg. Identification of tephra in the particulate matter was made by x-ray diffraction identification of feldspar (70% of the tephra) and chemical analyses compared to a standard tephra. Tephra was identified at sites in the path defined by observable amounts on the ground and outside and beyond this path. Dilution of the tephra by other aerosols varied from 20% new Mount St. Helens to about 300% at downwind sites, which were two days and 3000 km from Mount St. Helens. Atmospheric cleanup of the tephra at a given site occurred in 1–2 weeks, sometimes in a few days, as measured by the particulate matter in rain. Particul...
Laser acceleration and deflection of 963 keV electrons with a silicon dielectric structure

Radio frequency particle accelerators are ubiquitous in ultrasmall and ultrafast science, but their size and cost have prompted exploration of compact and scalable alternatives such as the dielectric laser accelerator. We present the first demonstration, to the best of our knowledge, of high gradient laser acceleration and deflection of electrons with a silicon structure. Driven by a 5 nJ, 130 fs mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser at 907 nm wavelength, our devices achieve accelerating gradients in excess of 200 MeV/m and suboptical cycle streaking of 96.30 keV electrons. These results pave the way for high gradient silicon dielectric laser accelerators using commercial lasers and subfemtosecond electron beam experiments.
The Third World Woman' and Development Initiatives: Assumptions About the Problems Faced by Women in the Global South and How to Solve Them

The Third World Woman as a unit of analysis appears to have stubbornly taken root in discourse surrounding women from the Global South. This is despite the fact that the idea of the Third World Woman is problematic, as it homogenises the experiences of women in different geographical and social spaces. It also, assumes that there is a categorical understanding of what a woman is. However, Butler (1990) has posited, the very understanding of woman, as a stable term cannot be said to hold true. Yet, Mohanty (1988) argues, in the case the Third world Woman, western feminist discourse insists on using women as a category of analysis for women in the Global South. This leads to women being defined primarily in their status as objects of power and victims of institutionalised systems be they cultural or socio-economic. This paper posits that it is not just women but a particular form of women that is the category of analysis, one shorn of agency, complexity or uniqueness, the Third World Woman. I attempt to show the dangers of this mode of thinking especially in development initiatives that seek to raise the lot of women in the Global South.
In-Situ X-Ray Characterization of LiMn2O4: A Comparison of Structural and Electrochemical Behavior

Li{sub x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} materials are of considerable interest in battery research and development. The crystal structure of this material can significantly affect electrochemical performance. The ability to monitor changes of crystal structure during use, that is during electrochemical cycling, would prove useful to verify and control such structural changes. The authors report in-situ XRD measurements of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} cathodes with the use of an electrochemical cell designed for in-situ X-ray analysis. Cells prepared using this cell design allow investigation of the changes in the LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} structure during charge and discharge. They describe the variation in lattice parameters along the voltage plateaus and consider the structural changes in terms of the electrochemical results on each cell. Kinetic effects of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} phase changes are also addressed. Applications of the in-situ cell to other compounds such as LiCoO{sub 2} cathodes and carbon anodes are presented as well.
Theoretical Approaches to Research on Ethics in Accounting

Despite the increased emphasis on research on ethics in accounting in recent years, there seems to be a lack of focus in this area of research. This lack of focus has two aspects. The first aspect deals with the question of the subject in the ethical act (i.e., who is it that is making the ethical decision?). The second aspect relates to the object of the ethical act (i.e., what is the goal or purpose of the ethical decision?). This paper attempts to bring a greater degree of focus into research on accounting ethics by looking at the relative degree of emphasis placed by different approaches to research on accounting ethics on these two aspects of ethical issues. A two dimensional classification matrix is proposed which includes a "Decision Maker" dimension" and a "Relational" dimension. The "Decision Maker" dimension classifies research on accounting ethics according to whether the underlying assumption of the research is that the ethical decision is made by an individual acting alone or whether the decision is made by a group. The "Relational" dimension classifies accounting research according to whether the underlying assumption of the research is that the goal of the ethical decision is the welfare of society as a whole or whether the goal is the welfare of the individual.
Some Suggestions for Keeping National Wildlife Refuges Healthy and Whole

National wildlife refuges have a biological conservation mandate surpassing that of any other category of public land in the United States. The National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 forged a statutory requirement to maintain the biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health of refuges. Yet, considerably more guidance from science is needed if this mandate is to be interpreted in a scientifically defensible and biologically conservative manner. After evaluation of the extent to which well-accepted goals and principles of conservation biology are reflected in the wildlife refuge system mandate and in the actual design and management of refuges, it is evident that connections of refuges and other reserves across regional landscapes and better integration of refuge management with surrounding land uses are needed to enhance the conservation mission of refuges. A careful interpretation of biological (or ecological) integrity, biodiversity, and health in establishing policies for refuges and in indicator selection, monitoring, and adaptive management is essential. Integrity, the broadest of the three concepts invoked in the new mandate, incorporates notions of wholeness (or intactness or completeness), resistance to stress, and resilience - the capacity to bounce back after a disturbance. Measuring the position and movement of refuges along a complex gradient of relatively pristine to highly degraded requires well-selected indicators and a rigorous monitoring design. Finally, the spirit of the new mandate can be fully realized only when managers and policy makers embrace the land ethic of Aldo Leopold and are willing and able to think bigger in space, time, and ambition.
Marriage and Mercifixion in The Merchant of Venice: The Casket Scene Revisited

F FATHERS AND CHILDREN KNOW that the world must be peopled, property . handed down, and the status quo perpetuated, they also know that the price of this investment in the future is the acceptance of death. As Alexander Welch has put it, in a fine essay on Shakespeare's problem comedies, "sexuality has constrained the husband to give life to the son, but when he married he also acceded to the passing of his generation and his death.'" Old fathers like Lear and Gloucester look back to the birth of an heir as their first step in prescribing their power, a step that binds them in service to their children's future lordship. The plague of custom and the curiosity of nations assign upbringing and inheritance to children as a right, not a privilege. Gloucester suspects that the rightful heir, born of the dull, stale, tired marriage bed by the order of law, may have more claims on him, may be more dangerous as enemy and competitor, than the child of nature to whom nothing is owed. Edgar's appearance prophesies death, and the legitimate heir may be imagined to grow up waiting for his father to die so that he can rightfully claim what his father has kept from him all those years, and what his father finally loses: no less than all. Against this liability the father balances the major asset provided by the begetting of children. In the Republic, Socrates remarks that "just as poets are fond of their poems, and fathers of their children, so money-makers too are, serious about money-as their own product; and they are also serious about it ... because it's useful." Moneymakers and money; poets and poems; fathers and children: these three pairs can easily converge, or change partners. Fathers can use children as money, for example, to pay back their debts, and also as poems, to guarantee their immortality-to preserve themselves against the very death toward which marriage is the first step. Gloucester says that his son by the order of law "is no dearer in my account" than the bastard. When we let the two senses of that phrase play
Impact of Fungicides and Miticides on Predatory and Phytophagous Mites Associated with Pecan Foliage

Sulfur, the acaricide cyhexatin (Plictran 50W), and the fungicides benomyl (Benlate 50W) and fentin hydroxide (Duter 50W) were field tested against the pecan leaf scorch mite (PLSM), Eotetranychus hicoriae (McGregor), and other mites found on pecan foliage. All materials were toxic to the tydeid, tenuipalpid, phytoseiid, and eriophyoid mites present. Sulfur and cyhexatin acted rapidly and were the most toxic. Depending on species, benomyl and fentin hydroxide caused 40 to 90% reduction within 14 days. Pesticide effects on PLSM were inconclusive because of large variance associated with the populations. Benomyl and fentin hydroxide treatments resulted in change of relative abundance of phytoseiid species.
A Reassessment of the Effects of Personalization on Response Patterns in Mail Surveys

A number of research studies have investigated the effect of personalization on response patterns in mail surveys (see the table). Early evidence of the nature of the personalization effect was provided by Simon [4] who concluded, on the basis of five experimental tests, that personally typed cover letters had no clear-cut advantage over mimeographed cover letters in stimulating increased responses to mail surveys. personalized letter may indicate just the opposite." Using New York State lottery winners as his subjects, Andreasen tested the following hypothesis:
Thoughts on Developing Ecotourism in Forest Park

This paper explains several points about ecotourism and the important function in developing ecotourism in the forest park,and put forward several points about developing ecotourism in the forest park.
Questionable importance of high potassium concentrations in cardioplegic solutions

An attempt was made to test the clinical importance of a high potassium concentration in cold cardioplegic solution used during myocardial revascularization. Fifty consecutive patients were randomized into two groups subjected to cardioplegic solutions containing either high potassium (20 mEq. per liter—high K+ group) or low potassium (5 mEq. per liter—low K+ group). Their status was assessed postoperatively by incidence of perioperative infarction, inotropic support, and 24 hour total creatine phosphokinase (CPK). In all 50 patients the cardioplegic solution was infused immediately after cross-clamping of the aorta. The distal anastomoses were performed in a single ischemic period. Preoperative left ventricular function was similar for the two groups; (ejection fraction was 57 percent for the high K+ group and 63 percent for the low K+ group. Total revascularization was attempted in all patients; in the high K+ group an average of 2.64 vessels were bypassed as compared with 2.92 vessels in the low K+ group. Ischemic times (high K+ 47 minutes, low K+ 46 minutes) and the volume of cardioplegic solution used (1 L.) were the same for the two groups. Electrical activity stopped within 131 seconds with the low potassium solution and within 45 seconds with the high potassium solution. The intramyocardial temperature was 13° C. in both groups after infusion. Perioperative infarctions were seen in two patients in the high K+ group and in none in the low K+ group. CPK values 24 hours postoperatively were 391 I.U. in the high K+ group and 394 I.U. in the low K+ group. Inotropic support was required in four of the high K+ group and in one of the low K* group. These data indicate that a high potassium concentration in cardioplegic solutions affords no additional benefit over that provided by perfusion hypothermia alone.
The Reduction Algebra

The Static Model presented in Chapter 3 has some redundant constructs. For example, the LRM states that every concurrent statement can be transformed into an equivalent process statement. It is desirable to define a form of the Static Model that is less cumbersome and devoid of redundancies. This chapter defines the minimal form of the Static Model. It particular, it provides an algebra (called the reduction algebra) that reduces a given Static Model representation of a VHDL description into its minimal (or normal) form. It is important to note that the reductions are based on equivalences that are defined in the LRM. The Dynamic Model presented in Chapter 8 is based on this normal form. The following sections define the reduction algebra by defining a reduction operator for each VHDL statement (if a reduction for that statement is defined in the LRM).
Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (Srb1) Is Required for Hypoxic Adaptation and Virulence in the Dimorphic Fungus Histoplasma capsulatum

The Histoplasma capsulatum sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), Srb1 is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), leucine zipper DNA binding protein family of transcription factors that possess a unique tyrosine (Y) residue instead of an arginine (R) residue in the bHLH region. We have determined that Srb1 message levels increase in a time dependent manner during growth under oxygen deprivation (hypoxia). To further understand the role of Srb1 during infection and hypoxia, we silenced the gene encoding Srb1 using RNA interference (RNAi); characterized the resulting phenotype, determined its response to hypoxia, and its ability to cause disease within an infected host. Silencing of Srb1 resulted in a strain of H. capsulatum that is incapable of surviving in vitro hypoxia. We found that without complete Srb1 expression, H. capsulatum is killed by murine macrophages and avirulent in mice given a lethal dose of yeasts. Additionally, silencing Srb1 inhibited the hypoxic upregulation of other known H. capsulatum hypoxia-responsive genes (HRG), and genes that encode ergosterol biosynthetic enzymes. Consistent with these regulatory functions, Srb1 silenced H. capsulatum cells were hypersensitive to the antifungal azole drug itraconazole. These data support the theory that the H. capsulatum SREBP is critical for hypoxic adaptation and is required for H. capsulatum virulence.
Off-Screen Landmarks on Mobile Devices: Levels of Measurement and the Perception of Distance on Resized Icons

While bringing portability and convenience to their users, the small screen size of mobile devices raises the concern that it might impact a user’s acquisition of spatial knowledge. Visualizing information of off-screen objects on mobile device has thus been introduced as a possible way to overcome this problem. Some approaches encode the distance to off-screen objects very well, but they have not considered the identities of objects, which could serve as easily-recognizable landmarks of recognition. Other approaches have addressed the visualization of distant objects’ identities as landmarks, but they have not considered the representation of distance to their actual locations. Following these approaches, this study introduces the use of visual variable size in the design of symbols for off-screen landmarks to translate both information about both direction and distance. To further investigate the efficiency of using these graduated size symbols, we apply ratio and ordinal levels of measurement to assign size to the symbols. Results show, size at the ordinal level leads to higher efficiency in understanding distance to off-screen locations. Both designs, however, yield challenges in participants’ understanding of distance based on the symbol’s size. As the initial step of investigating the use of visual variables in the design of symbols for off-screen landmarks, we suggest more visual variables be considered in follow-up designs to provide a more comprehensive understanding regarding the effectiveness of visualizing off-screen landmarks on mobile devices.
The HU Inducible SAR1 Gene Acts Through GαI /JNK/JUN Pathway To Activate γ-Globin Expression

Hydroxyurea (HU) has been effectively used in the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies by augmenting γ-globin chain to compensate for the impaired or defective β-globin chain, but the molecular mechanism underlying HU-mediated γ-globin regulation remains unclear. We previously reported that over-expression of the HU-induced SAR1 gene increased γ-globin expression in primary erythroid cells, and SAR1 is required for HU's effects in this process. Here we present further mechanistic details underlying SAR1’s effects. First, we examined the role of COPII pathway in HbF expression by genetically silencing the key downstream COPII components Sec12/Sec23 or by chemical inhibition of vesicle protein transport from ER to Golgi with BFA. We found that blocking this pathway through siRNA Sec12/23 or BFA only reduced HU-induced γ-globin expression by 32% and 28%, respectively, without a change in basal HbF level (as determined by QT-PCR or flow cytometry). These data suggested that other signaling pathways might account for HU- and SAR1-mediated HbF induction. Additional studies also indicated that stable tranfected SAR1 was able to activate Gαi /JNK/JUN signaling in erythroid cell. Inhibition of JNK/JUN activation by the JNK inhibitor SP600125 was able to reduce by 8.79% and 38.63% HbF positive cells in vector- and SAR1-transfected-cells, respectively. Silencing of Gαi2 or Gαi3, but not Gαi1 or Gαq expression in SAR1-stable transfected cells could significantly eliminate SAR1-stimulated JUN protein phosphorylation, and resulted in the 54% and 46% reduction of γ-globin expression, respectively. Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed a direct association between Sar1 and Gα (Gαi and Gαq) protein in both erythroid and non-erythroid cells. These data taken together with our previous findings indicate that HU induces SAR1 which in turn activates γ-globin expression predominantly through the Gαi/JNK/JUN pathway. These findings illuminate an alternative approach to targeted therapy for the beta-globin disorders. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Troubled Waters Between US and European Antitrust

Antitrust is an important area of law and policy for most companies in the world. Having divergent rules across antitrust systems means that the same economic behavior may be treated differently depending on the jurisdiction, leading to disparate outcomes in which one jurisdiction finds illegal behavior (but the other does not) when the underlying behavior may be pro-competitive. This disparate set of outcomes creates a world in which the most stringent antitrust system may produce the global standard. As a result, if the antitrust rules applied are too rigid, they threaten to hurt consumers not merely in the jurisdiction where they are applied but globally as well. The stakes are high, not merely in the tech sector but more generally. Other jurisdictions look to both the United States and Europe for guidance for antitrust jurisprudence.In their book The Atlantic Divide in Antitrust: An Examination of US and EU Competition Policy, Daniel Gifford and Robert Kudrle analyze a distinct set of cases across a number of different substantive areas in the two jurisdictions. In doing so, they also discuss the potential for both convergence and divergence Their comparative analysis makes an important and well informed contribution to the literature, even if parts of the book might have limitations.This Review first explores the developments of the goals of antitrust (and how these goals shape enforcement) and the particular insights and shortcomings of Gifford and Kudrle’s investigation into comparative antitrust — in particular, the area of greatest cross-Atlantic discord: cases involving single firm conduct, especially in markets characterized by high tech and innovation. Second, this Review explores cartel law and policy — a topic that Gifford and Kudrle overlook entirely. This is a surprising omission given that cartel activity is the highest enforcement priority both the United States and Europe (at the EC level). Moreover, it is an area in which the law and policy is in flux in both.
Heme Metabolism: Factors Affecting the in Vivo Oxidation of Heme

The mechanism underlying the conversion of heme compounds to bile pigments has been extensively explored since the mid-1940s. Although the relationship between the formation of bilirubin and the catabolism of heme (hemoglobin) were noted as early as 1847 (Virchow), later studies by investigators such as Mann and co-workers (1926), conclusively showing that bilirubin is derived from hemoglobin, as well as later work by Fischer and Hess (1931) which identified the correct structure of bilirubin, led to a new era of investigation on heme metabolism. This chapter presents a summary of some major features of the older literature on bile pigment formation and compares and analyzes more recent developments in the field of heme oxidation and the factors influencing this process.
Crime, Social Control Theory of

Social control theory has origins in the early works of the moral and utilitarian philosophers. The social control theory of crime is fundamentally a theory of conformity, searching for the reasons why people conform and examining the social bonds and psychological controls which maintain that conformity. When these controlling influences are weak, individuals are freer to deviate from legal and moral norms. Keywords: control theory; crime; deviance and social control; social bond; sociology of crime; sociology of deviance
Trigger Warnings: To Label or Not to Label?

Column description. The Future Voices in Public Services column is a forum for graduate students in library and information science programs to discuss key issues in academic library public service...
Determinants of sensory acceptability in grapefruit

Abstract Increasing consumer demands regarding fruit quality coupled with decreasing consumption of grapefruit in the United States prompted a reassessment of the factors that influence consumer acceptability in grapefruit in this study using more thorough methods of sensory evaluation and fruit sampling for analytical characteristics than had been previously employed. Over a 9 month period commercially-packed grapefruit were obtained on seven different harvest dates during the commercial season from either California, Texas, or Florida, sometimes obtaining fruit from multiple states at the same time. The fruit were evaluated by the panelists for overall likeability, grapefruit flavor intensity, juiciness, sweetness, tartness and bitterness. The panelists were also asked questions regarding purchase intent. From the same grapefruit halves that were tasted juice was obtained that was used to assay for soluble solids (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA). It was found that likeability was most strongly linked to sweetness, with bitterness having a lesser role. Accordingly, SSC, an estimate of the sugar concentration within the fruit, was positively related to likeability. It was not possible to determine whether SSC/TA, the traditionally-used measure for harvest maturity, or CAstd, a calculated value that subtracts acidity from SSC rather than dividing, was more effective in predicting good grapefruit flavor. Estimates of SSC/TA that associated with the range of hedonic scores indicated that current levels of SSC/TA used for maturity standards in the United States are likely set too low to consistently satisfy consumers. Purchase intent data gathered during sensory evaluation indicated that grapefruit should have a very high flavor quality (like moderately and above) to make more likely both an immediate and future purchase.
Financial portfolio selection using the multifactor capital asset pricing model and imported options data

Diversification and portfolio selection are integral parts of a finance curriculum. In this article, a multifactor capital asset pricing model is fit for components of the Dow Jones Composite Index using data from Yahoo! Finance. Along with the capital asset pricing model�s Beta, other statistics that are common criteria for portfolio selection are calculated: historic standard deviation (total risk), total return, average daily return, and Sharpe and Treynor measures. Two new commands are introduced, fetchcomponents and fetchportfolio, that automate the entire process. A third new command, fetchyahoooptions, is provided to download and parse equity options data from Yahoo! Finance webpages and, optionally, to calculate the implied volatilities for the downloaded options.
Fecund, Cheap and Out of Control: Heterogeneous Economic Agents as Flawed Computers vs. Markets as Evolving Computational Entities

Our objective in this paper is to try and clarify what we perceive to be two major approaches to the problem of heterogeneous interactive economic agents, and argue in favor of the option which we feel has suffered relative neglect. The first option, perhaps best represented by the work of Alan Kirman, but found throughout the avant garde of the profession, tends to characterize agents as flawed automata or limited computational entities. Exercises in this tradition tend to produce simulations of specific economic situations. While there is much to admire in this program, we maintain that invoking a gestalt reversal which regards markets as computational devices, or literal formal automata, would achieve many of the same goals as the former research program, but would foster a rich and viable evolutionary economics to boot, one which would encourage both mathematical rigor and historical relevance, while avoiding many of the mechanistic excesses of neoclassical theory. Because the second path is the road less traveled, we survey what we call a computational understanding of markets, in order to provide a framework for incorporation of automata theory into a consciously evolutionary approach. For after all, what is the purpose of acknowledging the heterogeneity of agents, if not to then subject them to some form of selection process? We work through an explicit example ofthe automata theory approach, using two papers by Gode & Sunder [1993, 1997] to illustrate how some recent literatures could be recast into this novel approach. We close with the suggestion that it is experience with real-time markets being run as automata on computers, and not just some academic simulations, which will induce both economists and market participants to come to an appreciation of this kind of evolutionary economics.
Crystal-poor rhyolites and rhyodacites from Volcán Tepetiltic, Mexico: Evidence for melt formation, crystallization and eruption over short timescales

Abstract A detailed petrologic study is presented for six rhyolite and rhyodacite pumices that erupted from Volcan Tepetiltic in Western Mexico to determine the pre-eruptive conditions of the magma reservoir, as the volcano exited a ~180 kya hiatus of activity. Rhyolite pumices are crystal poor (≤6.7%) and minimally saturated in seven mineral phases (plagioclase + titanomagnetite + ilmenite + apatite ± quartz ± orthopyroxene ± clinopyroxene ± hornblende ± zircon). In all samples, plagioclase is the most abundant phenocryst phase and spans a range of composition of ~20–30 mol% An in each sample. Pre-eruptive temperatures, determined from two Fe-Ti oxide geo-thermometry, range from 703 to 857 °C. Maximum pre-eruptive H2O contents, determined from plagioclase hygrometry, range from 5.0–8.9 wt%, where the most calcic plagioclase compositions correspond to the highest water contents. Comparison of compositions, textures, and Sr and Ba concentrations in plagioclase are used to determine phenocrysts from xenocrysts through comparison with experiments; xenocrysts are identified in one sample (COMP-48). Comparison of plagioclase abundances, textures and sizes with those grown in the run products of experiments from the literature reveals that (1) the pumices were all likely super-heated prior to crystallization, (2) they experienced a low degree of undercooling induced by either degassing or cooling, and (3) four of the pumices (those with
Ibalizumab in Multidrug-Resistant HIV - Accepting Uncertainty.

Ibalizumab in Multidrug-Resistant HIV The FDA has recommended a streamlined trial design for assessing drugs’ safety and efficacy in patients with multidrug-resistant HIV infection, and ibalizumab ...
Material Tests and Mesoscale Computer Model for Ballistic Impact on Carbon Fiber Composite

Two-dimensional (unidirectional) and 3-D woven carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) panels were produced by Albany Engineered Composites. Coupons were machined from the laminates for various mechanical tests in tension, torsion, and delamination. A batch of neat resin was also produced and the mechanical properties of the resin were determined. Some of the mechanical tests were performed at medium and high strain rates. The panels were tested under ballistic impact while recording the back face deflection with a stereo pair of high-speed cameras to perform digital image correlation. Additionally, an ultra-high-speed camera provided a better resolution of the initial (50 ms) pyramid that forms after impact. The mechanical tests were used to determine the material properties of the constituents as well as the strength of the interface between matrix and fibers. The properties were incorporated in material models in LS-DYNA to perform simulations of the mechanical tests as well as the ballistic experiments. The ballistic limits, residual velocities, and deflection histories served as a validation of the model and were predicted with good accuracy for two thicknesses of the two-dimensional composite and one of the 3-D composite.
The interrelationship between torpor expression and nest site use of western and eastern pygmy-possums (Cercartetus spp.)

Physiology and behaviour are closely linked, making knowledge of the interaction between species’ energetics and activities important when attempting to understand how animals function in the wild. I examined torpor use by western pygmy-possums (Cercartetus concinnus) and eastern pygmy-possums (C. nanus) in relation to nest site characteristics and movement patterns. In coastal mallee heath in winter, C. concinnus nested beneath leaf litter at the base of dead Banksia ornata, where they employed torpor on 69% of observed days. In warm temperate sclerophyll forest, C. nanus nested in tree hollows of Eucalyptus spp. and used torpor on 64% of days in winter and 10% in summer. Torpor was used in nest sites that were buffered from outside temperature extremes. Both species frequently reused nest sites and while C. nanus was more likely to employ torpor in a previously used site, site familiarity did not influence torpor use for C. concinnus. Additionally, C. nanus was more likely to use torpor in hollows with a higher relative thickness in both seasons. No relationship was found between range size and the number of tracking days or capture body mass, though sample sizes were small. I suggest that the thermal attributes of nest sites influence torpor use for both species and this is likely vital for maintaining a positive energy balance, stressing the importance of preserving habitat with ample potential nest sites for conservation management.
Statistical Analysis of the Nonlinear Response of Bladed Disks with Mistuning and Cracks

In this paper, efficient techniques are presented for analyzing the dynamics of mistuned bladed disks with cracks. The analysis of the influence of cracks, coupled with the influence of mistuning o...
Using Recreational Cannabis to Treat Insomnia: Evidence from Over-the-Counter Sleep Aid Sales in Colorado

Abstract This study seeks to understand whether people substitute between recreational cannabis and conventional over-the-counter (OTC) sleep medications. UPC-level grocery store scanner data in a multivariable panel regression design were used to compare the change in the monthly market share of sleep aids with varying dispensary-based recreational cannabis access (existence, sales, and count) in Colorado counties between 12/2013 and 12/2014. We measured annually-differenced market shares for sleep aids as a portion of the overall OTC medication market, thus accounting for store-level demand shifts in OTC medication markets and seasonality, and used the monthly changes in stores’ sleep aid market share to control for short-term trends. Relative to the overall OTC medication market, sleep aid market shares were growing prior to recreational cannabis availability. The trend reverses (a 236% decrease) with dispensary entry (−0.33 percentage points, 95% CI −0.43 to −0.24, p
Comprehensive plans as tools for enhancing coastal community resilience

Planning for change is critical to ensuring resilient coastal communities. In Maine, USA, the comprehensive planning process provides a platform for communities to articulate policies that address ...
Chapter 22 – Challenges in Postharvest Handling

Publisher Summary Efforts in postharvest handling are focused on value creation, including the protection, maintenance, or enhancement of attributes, for which buyers are willing to pay. Fresh produce, a living organism, is susceptible to deterioration. Deterioration occurs over time at a variable rate, e.g. leafy vegetables deteriorate faster than citrus fruits. The increased variety of fresh produce available to consumers is the result of incremental advances in transportation, cooling, packaging, storing, disease prevention, and product development, among others. The advances occurred in response to demand for solutions articulated by the industry, motivated by potential profits. Interdisciplinary efforts in production, harvest, and protection of quality produce occur in response to the need to ensure the revenue flow to all participating supply chain links. Various links in the fresh produce supply system perform different functions, leading naturally to a fragmentation of the supply chain. Progress in the supply of quality fresh produce will be determined by interdisciplinary efforts. Sometimes, it will result from discoveries in one discipline, but wide application and commercialization will be necessary when other disciplines participate in the process. The sources of scientific disciplinary discoveries are, generally, research universities. Applications are driven by the industry, which measures research results in monetary terms. The interdisciplinary nature of progress and the disciplinary nature of the discovery process must interact to ensure efficiency of knowledge transfer and applications.
An exploration of factors related to service utilization in emerging adults: Loneliness and psychosocial supports.

To examine the relationships between loneliness and psychosocial supports, emerging adult service utilization, and barriers to utilization. Participants: 18 to 29-year-old students enrolled in a la...
Novel Method of Evaluating Liver Transplant Surgery Fellows Using Objective Measures of Operative Efficiency and Surgical Outcomes

Background The majority of liver transplantations (LTs) in North America are performed by transplant surgery fellows with attending surgeon supervision. Although a strict case volume requirement is mandatory for graduating fellows, no guidelines exist on providing constructive feedback to trainees during fellowship. Study Design A retrospective review of all adult LTs performed by abdominal transplant surgery fellows at a single American Society of Transplant Surgeons-accredited academic institution from 2005 to 2019 was conducted. Data from the most recent 5 fellows were averaged to generate reference learning curves for 8 variables representing operative efficiency (ie total operative time, warm ischemia time, and cold ischemia time) and surgical outcomes (ie intraoperative blood loss, unplanned return to the operating room, biliary complication, vascular complication, and patient/graft loss). Data for newer fellows were plotted against the reference curves at 3-month intervals to provide an objective assessment measure. Results Three hundred and fifty-two adult LTs were performed by 5 fellows during the study period. Mean patient age was 56 years; 67% were male; and mean Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score at transplantation was 22. For the 8 primary variables, mean values included the following: total operative time 330 minutes, warm ischemia time 28 minutes, cold ischemia time 288 minutes, intraoperative blood loss 1.59 L, biliary complication 19.6%, unplanned return to operating room 19.3%, and vascular complication 2.3%. A structure for feedback to fellows was developed using a printed report card and through in-person meetings with faculty at 3-month intervals. Conclusions Comparative feedback using institution-specific reference curves can provide valuable objective data on progression of individual fellows. It can aid in the timely identification of areas in need of improvement, which enhances the quality of training and has the potential to improve patient care and transplantation outcomes.