cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adrenergic receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase in human cerebromicrovascular endothelium.

Cultured endothelium derived from three microvascular fractions of human brain was used to characterize adrenergic receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase activity. Catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine) and their analogs (isoproterenol, phenylephrine, 6-fluoronorepinephrine) dose-dependently stimulated endothelial production of cAMP. Antagonists for s1 and s2receptors (propranolol, atenolol, and butoxamine) and for α1-receptors (prazosin) dose-dependently blocked cAMP formation induced by the tested adrenergic agonists. Clonidine, an ga2>α1-agonist, also inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated production of cAMP while yohimbine (α2>α1 antagonist) augmented the norepinephrine or epinephrine-induced accumulation of cAMP. Cholera toxin-induced ADP ribosylation of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein (Gs) abolished the stimulatory effect of norepinephrine, epinephrine, phenylephrine or 6-fluoronorepinephrine on cAMP formation. ADP ribosylation of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein (Gi) by pertussis toxin had no effect on either phenylephrine-or 6-fluoronorepinephrine-induced production of cAMP while it increased the norepinephrine and epinephrine-induced accumulation of cAMP. These findings represent the first documentation of s1-, s2-, α1 and α 2-adrenergic receptors linked to adenylate cyclase in endothelium derived from human brain microvasculature. These data also indicate that activation of endothelial α1 -adrenergic receptors is mediated by a signal transduction mechanism associated with Gs protein. The results strongly support the presence of various receptor-controlled adrenergic regulatory mechanisms on human cerebromicrovascular endothelium.
Control and virus-transformed baby hamster kidney cells resistant to ethidium bromide. II. Membrane properties

Aspects of membrane stucture and functions were studied in ethidium bromide resistant cells. Submitochondrial particles were solubilized and electrophoresed. The gel patterns, representing mitochondiral membrane proteins, demonstrated qualitative and quantitative alterations in mitochondrial preparations derived from virus-transformed cells and ethidium bromide resistant cells as compared to the control cells. The plasma membrane glycoproteins were labelled by the sodium borohydride method. The glycoporteins were released with Triton X-100 and electrophoresed. Fluorograms of the gels demonstratred some marked differences between the ethidium bromide resistant cells and their parental strain. The observed alterations in the membrane glycoproteins did not result in altered glucose transport properties or in the elution patterns of plasma membrane glycopeptides as analyzed by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. Dye uptake and binding studies with intact parental and drug resistant cells and their isolated mitochondria demonstrated no alteration of the membrane permeability or the number of binding sites for ethidium bromide. Similar results were also obtained with a cyanine dye. This latter finding was significant in that it permitted one to exclude dye exclusion as a mechanism for ethidium bromide resistance.
Effect of antiresonant atom-field interactions on phase transitions in the Dicke model

The effect of the antiresonant atom-field interactions on the phase-transition property of the Dicke model is studied. A phase transition is shown to exist when the following inequality is satisfied between the coupling constant $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and the ratio of the atomic transition frequency to the field frequency $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$: ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}g\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{4}$. Relative to the Dicke-model result the necessary value of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$ is thus smaller by a factor of \textonequarter{}. In addition it is established that the critical temperature is higher than in the Dicke model. A further significant difference between the two models is reflected in the properties of the "photon statistics." In the present model an additional polynomial temperature dependence in the powers of the average number of photons per atom is found. It is concluded that the effect of the antiresonant terms is not negligible concerning the thermodynamic properties of the system, in contrast to the evidence for many time-dependent properties studied previously.
A SIMPLE COMPUTER APPROACH FOR DETERMINING MELTING POINTS

Abstract Melting points are critical to the study of material changes of state. The concept of a melting point is formulated here in terms of only four atoms or molecules. Computer implementation results in a general formula which is applied to solids which consist of a single atomic or molecular species. This new formula is in terms of Planck's constant.
Darwin: German mystic or French rationalist?

The notion that Charles Darwin embraced the German Romantic tradition seems plausible, given the early influence of Alexander von Humboldt. But this view fails to do justice to other scientific traditions. Darwin was a protege of the Englishman John Stevens Henslow and was a follower of the Scott Charles Lyell. He had important debts to French scientists, notably Henri Milne-Edwards, Etienne and Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and Alphonse de Candolle. Many Germans were quite supportive of Darwin, but not all of these were encumbered by idealistic metaphysical baggage. Both Darwin and Anton Dohrn treated science as very much a cosmopolitan enterprise.
A COMPARISON OF VERBAL AND TANGIBLE STIMULUS PREFERENCE ASSESSMENTS

Tangible preference assessments were compared with verbal preference assessments for 6 individuals with mental retardation, behavior disorders, or both. In the tangible assessment, items were placed in front of the participant. In the verbal assessment, participants were asked, "Do you want X or Y?" and the items were not present. The two assessments yielded similar high-preference items for 4 of the 6 participants. The verbal assessment was typically completed in less time than the tangible assessment.
Nutritional deficiencies and geographic tongue

Abstract Two groups of University of Minnesota students affected with geographic tongue, and matched for the variables of severity of lesions and sex, took part in the study. One group was given large oral doses of nutritional supplements for 51 days; the other was given placebos for 32 days and small doses of the supplements for 19 days. At the end of both 32 and 51 days, there were no significant differences between the groups in the number of students whose disease appeared to improve, become worse, or show no appreciable change. The results suggest that the use of large oral doses of nutritional supplements alone is not likely to be of value in the treatment of geographic tongue in adults.
Applied Music Teaching Behavior as a Function of Selected Personality Variables.

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among applied music teaching behaviors and personality variables measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Subjects (N = 43) wer...
Red blood cell membrane dynamics in schizophrenia I. membrane fluidity

Using the fluorescent probe DPH (1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene), steady-state anisotropy (rs) values were determined in red blood cell (RBC) ghost membranes of schizophrenic patients before (n=26) and after (n=16) haloperidol withdrawal, and age- and sex-matched normal controls (n=22). Patients on haloperidol were treated with doses between 5 and 20 mg/day for at least 5 weeks. Drug-free patients had been free of all psychotropic medication for an average of 36 days. The mean rs value of haloperidol-treated patients (0.2422−0.0076) was not significantly different from that of either the drug-free patients (0.2445−0.0092) or the normal controls (0.2383−0.0083). A significant increase (p=0.037) in rs values, however, was observed in the drug-free schizophrenic patients as compared to that of the controls. Furthermore, the mean rs values of relapsed drug-free patients were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in the same individuals on haloperidol treatment. Changes in rs values of drug-free patients were also significantly correlated with their increase in psychosis ratings (r=0.74, p=0.001). The ‘structural order’ of RBC ghost membrane, however, was not correlated with age, age of onset, daily haloperidol dose, plasma haloperidol levels, plasma cholesterol concentrations, or the duration of illness, haloperidol treatment or drug-free period. Thus, the present data demonstrate that RBC membrane fluidity is not affected by haloperidol treatment. Following haloperidol withdrawal, however, those patients with decreased RBC membrane fluidity, which correlated with increased psychosis, may be prone to relapse within 6 weeks.
The effects of impromptu speech exercises on reducing trait and situational communication apprehension

This study examines how the impromptu speech exercise affects trait and situational communication apprehension (CA). Subjects completed two graded speeches while some subjects presented an additional ungraded impromptu speech. Subjects in the control group did not present an impromptu speech. Trait CA was measured by using McCroskey's Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA) and Situational CA was measured by Clevenger's Speaker Anxiety Scale (SAS). Results indicated that subjects who completed the impromptu speech significantly lowered their situational CA. However, results indicated that trait CA was not significantly lowered.
Altered brainstem auditory evoked potentials in a rat central sensitization model are similar to those in migraine.

Abstract Migraine symptoms often include auditory discomfort. Nitroglycerin (NTG)-triggered central sensitization (CS) provides a rodent model of migraine, but auditory brainstem pathways have not yet been studied in this example. Our objective was to examine brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in rat CS as a measure of possible auditory abnormalities. We used four subdermal electrodes to record horizontal (h) and vertical (v) dipole channel BAEPs before and after injection of NTG or saline. We measured the peak latencies (PLs), interpeak latencies (IPLs), and amplitudes for detectable waveforms evoked by 8, 16, or 32 kHz auditory stimulation. At 8 kHz stimulation, vertical channel positive PLs of waves 4, 5, and 6 (vP4, vP5, and vP6), and related IPLs from earlier negative or positive peaks (vN1–vP4, vN1–vP5, vN1–vP6; vP3–vP4, vP3–vP6) increased significantly 2 h after NTG injection compared to the saline group. However, BAEP peak amplitudes at all frequencies, PLs and IPLs from the horizontal channel at all frequencies, and the vertical channel stimulated at 16 and 32 kHz showed no significant/consistent change. For the first time in the rat CS model, we show that BAEP PLs and IPLs ranging from putative bilateral medial superior olivary nuclei (P4) to the more rostral structures such as the medial geniculate body (P6) were prolonged 2 h after NTG administration. These BAEP alterations could reflect changes in neurotransmitters and/or hypoperfusion in the midbrain. The similarity of our results with previous human studies further validates the rodent CS model for future migraine research.
Inhibition of the hamster sperm acrosome reaction by transmethylation inhibitors

Two inhibitors of somatic cell transmethylation, homocysteine thiolactone (Hcy) and 3--deazadenosine (3--DZA), inhibited the acrosome reactions of hamster sperm in vitro. Hcy (250 microM) or 3--DZA (200 microM) inhibited acrosome reactions by approximately 30% after 4 hours of incubation with washed sperm in a capacitating medium containing epinephrine, taurine, and bovine serum albumin. Inhibition by 3--DZA decreased by 5 hours, but inhibition by Hcy did not. Incubation of sperm with the combination of both inhibitors inhibited acrosome reactions by nearly 60% at 4 hours, and did not appreciably decrease with time up to 5 hours. These results are the first to demonstrate that such inhibitors can interfere with the acrosome reaction and taken together with the effects of Hcy and 3--DZA on somatic cells, suggest that sperm protein and/or phospholipid transmethylation is/are involved in capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction.
Conceptual models of mixotrophy in planktonic protists and some ecological and evolutionary implications

Summary Mixotrophy is a common phenomenon among planktonic algae and protozoa. Mixotrophic protists that combine phagotrophy and phototrophy are often abundant in the euphotic zone in fresh, estuarine and oceanic waters. Mixotrophy can be important in waters ranging from eutrophic to oligotrophic and from polar to tropical. Mixotrophic protists differ both qualitatively and quantitatively in their dependence on feeding, light and uptake of dissolved inorganic nutrients. Conceptual models for six physiological types of mixotrophs are presented. Functional relationships of phototrophy and phagotrophy to the availability of dissolved inorganic nutrients, light and particulate food are predicted for each model. The hypothetical costs of phototrophy and phagotrophy in mixotrophic protists as well as the possible ecological and evolutionary implications of these costs are described. The probable effects of mixotrophy on gross growth efficiency, productivity of the microbial food web and coupling of the microbial food web to metazoan zooplankton are discussed.
Is severe right ventricular failure in left ventricular assist device recipients a risk factor for unsuccessful bridging to transplant and post-transplant mortality.

Abstract Background Bridging to transplant with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) can be limited by severe right ventricular failure (RVF). The focus of this study was to ascertain whether early implantation ( Methods We conducted a 10-year review of our bridge to transplant experience using the Heartmate device (Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA, USA), studying patients who required an Abiomed RVAD (Abiomed, Danvers, MA, USA). Results There were 243 patients who underwent LVAD implantation, of which 17 (7.0%) required an RVAD. Ten patients underwent early RVAD insertion ( 24 hours). Bridging to transplant was successful in 11 (64.7%) RVAD patients versus 163 (72.1%) non-RVAD patients ( p = 0.046). Of the 10 patients who underwent early RVAD insertion, 7 (70.0%) were successfully bridged. Of the 7 patients who underwent delayed RVAD insertion, 4 (57.1%) were successfully bridged ( p p = 0.366). Pretransplant RVAD support was not a risk factor for post-transplant mortality ( p = 0.864). Conclusions Severe RVF adversely impacted bridging to transplant, although survival was improved with early RVAD insertion. The trend toward worse post-transplant survival in the RVAD cohort raises the possibility that if additional patients were evaluated, a difference in survival might be observed, suggesting the need for a multicenter analysis.
An undergraduate research and mentoring program in computer science

This paper discusses an undergraduate research and mentoring program in Computer Science at Xavier University of Louisiana. This three-year program is a part of the GE Fund's Faculty for the Future Program designed to encourage and motivate students to attend graduate school and choose a career in academia. Six students were selected at the end of their sophomore year and matched with a faculty mentor who directed their research project. Each student was expected to attend a summer research program and take GRE preparation classes, and was encouraged to write and present a research paper. The students and faculty mentors met regularly to discuss their research progress. In addition, students met monthly with the project director to discuss issues related to the program.
Synergistic enzyme induction by glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP observed in glioma x hepatoma cell hybrids but not in their parents

Enzyme induction by hydrocortisone (HC) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) was studied in C6 rat glioma cells, FU5AH rat hepatoma cells, and five C6 x FU5AH hybrids. Hormone responsive enzymes from both parental lines were studied, including: tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), alanine aminotransferase (AAT), glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP). There was no overall dominance of one parental phenotype over the other in expression of uninduced or induced enzyme activity after fusion, and the hybrids possessed some enzymatic properties characteristic of both parents. GPDH was induced by dbcAMP in all five hybrids, and TAT was induced by dbcAMP in four of the hybrids, although neither of these enzymes were induced by dbcAMP in the parents. Furthermore, synergistic induction of these enzymes by HC and dbcAMP was observed in the hybrids but not in the parents. These hybrids provide a model system to study hormone interaction in enzyme induction.
Size-Controlled Growth of CdSe Nanocrystals in Microfluidic Reactors

Cadmium selenide nanocrystals are reproducibly synthesized at high-temperature in continuous flow, chip-based microfluidic reactors and exhibit size distributions comparable to those for conventional macroscale syntheses. Nanocrystal size, probed by fluorescence, is precisely controlled by independently varying the temperature, flow rate, and concentration of precursor solution flowing through heated microchannels. These experiments demonstrate the ability to fine-tune physical properties and test wide ranges of conditions precisely and rapidly inside chip-based microreactors, enabling rational, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly development and production of novel nanostructures.
Exploring parametric BIM as a conceptual tool for design and building technology teaching

This paper discusses the adoption of BIM tools as an opportunity for design generation, validation, and implementation. It specifically focuses on parametric modeling in discussing construction details, assemblies, and generative explorations in the design context. The introduction of parametric thinking into architectural design allows for understanding the interdependencies between various elements of a building assembly and improves an architect's communication with consultants and builders. It also opens doors for "What if..." speculative exploration that allow for broader questioning of design intent. This second aspect of parametric thinking encourages students to bridge technical knowledge with creativity.
Antitumorigenic actions of growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonists.

In a recent issue of PNAS, Kiaris et al. (1) reported that JV-1-36, a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor antagonist, dramatically suppresses the proliferation of human small lung cell carcinoma cell lines grown in athymic nude mice and in culture. The antitumorigenic action of JV-1-36 is consistent with previous reports from the same laboratory demonstrating the effectiveness of this and other GHRH antagonists in suppressing both in vivo and in vitro proliferation of a wide variety of transformed human cell lines, including those derived from colorectal, pancreatic, renal, glial, bone, prostate, breast, and ovarian cancers (summarized in Table 1 and reviewed in ref. 2).
Thermally Stable 3,6-Dinitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazole-based Energetic Materials

3,6-Dinitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazole was prepared using an efficient modified process. With selected cations, ten nitrogen-rich energetic salts and three metal salts were synthesized in high yield based on the 3,6-dinitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazolate anion. These compounds were fully characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopies, as well as elemental analyses. The structures of the neutral compounds 4 and its salt 16 were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction showing extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions. The neutral pyrazole precursor and its salts are remarkably thermally stable. Based on the calculated heats of formation and measured densities, detonation pressures (22.5-35.4 GPa) and velocities (7948-9005 m s(-1)) were determined, and they compare favorably with those of TNT and RDX. Their impact and friction sensitivities range from 12 to >40 J and 80 to 360 N, respectively. These properties make them competitive as insensitive and thermally stable high-energy density materials.
Role of leukocytes in blood coagulation and the generalized Shwartzman reaction.

IN spite of intensive investigation, many of the factors which initiate blood coagulation and thrombosis remain obscure. The generalized Shwartzman phenomenon, which is due at least in part to intravascular coagulation, is classically obtained by two appropriately spaced, sub-lethal, intravenous doses of endotoxin given to rabbits and is characterized by disseminated thrombi in lungs, kidney and spleen; the characteristic lesion in the kidneys is renal cortical necrosis. Although the Shwartzman phenomenon can be prevented by anticoagulation1, 2, its mechanism remains obscure. Leukocytes have been implicated as the mediators but only indirect evidence is available1. Leukocytes also possess procoagulant and anticoagulant activity3–5, the former, however, has always been considered too weak to be physiologically significant or able to cause intensive intravascular clotting with defibrination. We now have evidence that endotoxin given to rabbits may endow their leukocytes with considerable procoagulant activity in vitro, sufficient to produce intravascular clots in various organs when infused to untreated normal rabbits.
Influence of ellipticity on harmonic generation

We present results of experiments testing the influence of elliptical polarization on the production of high-order harmonics. Experiments were conducted both with a 600-nm, 1-psec dye laser and with an 825-nm, 140-fsec Cr:${\mathrm{LiSAF}}_{6}$ (Cr:LiSAF) laser system, over a wide range of intensities and target gases (xenon, argon, and neon), using a detection system with a dynamical range of more than three orders of magnitude. The decrease of the harmonic strength with the ellipticity of the pump beam is rather slow for the low-order harmonics, and becomes much steeper for the high-order harmonics. We compare some of these data with the predictions of lowest-order perturbation theory.
Developing an international consensus on DDT: a balance of environmental protection and disease control

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants provides a framework for international action on 12 persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals of global concern. While production and use of most of the listed chemicals will shortly be eliminated, there is widespread agreement that DDT will continue to be needed for disease vector control. Science played a key role in informing policy makers from developed and developing countries who drafted the DDT provision of the convention. This paper examines both the science and the politics that contributed to an international consensus on DDT.
Exogenous Sonic hedgehog protein does not rescue cultured intestine from atresia formation

Abstract Background The mechanism of intestinal atresia formation remains undefined. Atresia in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2IIIb (Fgfr2IIIb −/− ) mutant mouse embryos is preceded by endodermal apoptosis and involution of the surrounding mesoderm. We have observed that involution of the atretic segment is preceded by the downregulation of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) in the endoderm, which is a critical organizer of the intestinal mesoderm. We hypothesized that supplementation of Fgfr2IIIb −/− intestinal tracts with exogenous SHH protein before atresia formation would prevent involution of the mesoderm and rescue normal intestinal development. Methods In situ hybridization was performed on control and Fgfr2IIIb −/− intestinal tracts for Shh or forkhead box protein F1 ( FoxF1 ) between embryonic (E) day 11.5 and E12.0. Control and Fgfr2IIIb −/− intestinal tracts were harvested at E10.5 and cultured in media supplemented with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10 + SHH, or FGF10 with a SHH-coated bead. In situ hybridization was performed at E12.5 for Foxf1 . Results SHH and Foxf1 expression were downregulated during intestinal atresia formation. Media containing exogenous FGF10 + SHH did not prevent colonic atresia formation (involution). A SHH protein point source bead did induce Foxf1 expression in controls and mutants. Conclusions Shh and Foxf1 expression are disrupted in atresia formation of distal colon, thereby serving as potential markers of atretic events. Application of exogenous SHH (in media supplement or as a point source bead) is sufficient to induce Foxf1 expression, but insufficient to rescue development of distal colonic mesoderm in Fgfr2IIIb −/− mutant embryos. Shh signal disruption is not the critical mechanism by which loss of Fgfr2IIIb function results in atresia formation.
Error Tolerance in Server Class Processors

This paper provides: 1) a very brief motivation and technological trend data to show why hard and soft errors are expected to be of increasing concern in the future; 2) a summary review of chip-level error tolerance practices today-with a brief reference to IBM's POWER6 and POWER7 designs; 3) open research challenges and current solution approaches of promise, based on published literature; and 4) concluding remarks.
Ligand‐Stabilized and Atomically Precise Gold Nanocluster Catalysis: A Case Study for Correlating Fundamental Electronic Properties with Catalysis

We present results from our investigations into correlating the styrene-oxidation catalysis of atomically precise mixed-ligand biicosahedral-structure [Au25(PPh3)10(SC12H25)5Cl2](2+) (Au25-bi) and thiol-stabilized icosahedral core-shell-structure [Au25(SCH2CH2Ph)18](-) (Au25-i) clusters with their electronic and atomic structure by using a combination of synchrotron radiation-based X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (XAFS) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). Compared to bulk Au, XAFS revealed low Au-Au coordination, Au-Au bond contraction and higher d-band vacancies in both the ligand-stabilized Au clusters. The ligands were found not only to act as colloidal stabilizers, but also as d-band electron acceptor for Au atoms. Au25-bi clusters have a higher first-shell Au coordination number than Au25-i, whereas Au25-bi and Au25-i clusters have the same number of Au atoms. The UPS revealed a trend of narrower d-band width, with apparent d-band spin-orbit splitting and higher binding energy of d-band center position for Au25-bi and Au25-i. We propose that the differences in their d-band unoccupied state population are likely to be responsible for differences in their catalytic activity and selectivity. The findings reported herein help to understand the catalysis of atomically precise ligand-stabilized metal clusters by correlating their atomic or electronic properties with catalytic activity.
Iododerma of the Conjunctiva and Skin

A 60-year-old white woman developed lesions of the conjunctiva and skin consistent with iododerma. Excision and examination of one of the skin lesions and the conjunctival lesion disclosed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia associated with acute and chronic inflammation. The remaining lesions disappeared with cessation of iodide. We review the clinical and histopathologic features of the halodermas and discuss the ocular manifestations of iodide hypersensitivity. Recognition may require exceedingly careful testing, but such care is necessary because fatal cases of iododerma have occurred.
EFFECT OF NEODIOSMIN ON THRESHOLD AND BITTERNESS OF LIMONIN IN WATER AND ORANGE JUICE

The thresholds of limonin and naringin in water and limonin in orange juice were determined in the presence of varying amounts of neodiosmin (NEO), the flavone analog of the bitter flavanone neohesperidin. Up to 40 ppm of NEO in water solution was essentially tasteless, but as little as 10 ppm in water increased the threshold of naringin and limonin 3.5- and 4.0-fold, respectively. Regression analysis showed the relation between limonin and naringin threshold and NEO concentration in water was best described by a power function with similar slope exponents for naringin and limonin. This indicated that increasing concentrations of NEO had a similar bitter suppressive effect for both compounds. The data for limonin threshold and NEO concentration in orange juice was also described best by a power function but with a much smaller slope exponent. Nevertheless, NEO was effective in significantly reducing bitterness in orange juice at threshold and suprathreshold levels of limonin. The addition of 60-100 ppm of NEO to orange juice containing 10 ppm of added limonin reduced limonin bitterness to the equivalent of 4–5 ppm of limonin in orange juice.
Finding Bugs in Web Applications Using Dynamic Test Generation and Explicit-State Model Checking

Web script crashes and malformed dynamically generated webpages are common errors, and they seriously impact the usability of Web applications. Current tools for webpage validation cannot handle the dynamically generated pages that are ubiquitous on today's Internet. We present a dynamic test generation technique for the domain of dynamic Web applications. The technique utilizes both combined concrete and symbolic execution and explicit-state model checking. The technique generates tests automatically, runs the tests capturing logical constraints on inputs, and minimizes the conditions on the inputs to failing tests so that the resulting bug reports are small and useful in finding and fixing the underlying faults. Our tool Apollo implements the technique for the PHP programming language. Apollo generates test inputs for a Web application, monitors the application for crashes, and validates that the output conforms to the HTML specification. This paper presents Apollo's algorithms and implementation, and an experimental evaluation that revealed 673 faults in six PHP Web applications.
Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Using the Opus Knotless Suture Anchor Fixation System

BackgroundThe reported failure rate of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair varies widely. The influence of repair technique on failure rates and functional outcomes after arthroscopic cuff repair remains controversial.PurposeTo determine the functional outcome of arthroscopic knotless fixation using the Opus AutoCuff device for rotator cuff repair and to compare our results with those reported in the literature.Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsFifty-six consecutive patients underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair using an Opus AutoCuff device (Arthrocare, Sunnydale, California) with greater than 2 years’ follow-up. Subjective and objective clinical examinations were performed to include the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) rating scale, the visual analog scale (VAS), and the Tegner Activity Level scale.ResultsForty-eight patients were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 26 months (range, 24–35 months). The mean...
It's lonely at the top: winning climbing fibers ascend dendrites solo.

In mammals, climbing fiber axons compete for sole innervation at each Purkinje cell. At the same time, synapses disappear from Purkinje somata and appear in great numbers on the dendrites. In this issue of Neuron , Hashimoto et al. show that, by the time climbing fibers ascend the dendrites, the winner and losers are already decided.
An Exploratory Study of Voice Change Associated With Healthy Speakers After Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation to Laryngeal Muscles

Summary Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine if measurable changes in fundamental frequency ( F 0 ) and relative sound level (RSL) occurred in healthy speakers after transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) as applied via VitalStim (Chattanooga Group, Chattanooga, TN). Study Design A prospective, repeated-measures design. Methods Ten healthy female and 10 healthy male speakers, 20–53 years of age, participated in the study. All participants were nonsmokers and reported negative history for voice disorders. Participants received 1 hour of TES while engaged in eating, drinking, and conversation to simulate a typical dysphagia therapy protocol. Voice recordings were obtained before and immediately after TES. The voice samples consisted of a sustained vowel task and reading of the Rainbow Passage. Measurements of F 0 and RSL were obtained using TF32 (Milenkovic, 2005, University of Wisconsin). The participants also reported any sensations 5 minutes and 24 hours after TES. Results Measurable changes in F 0 and RSL were found for both tasks but were variable in direction and magnitude. These changes were not statistically significant. Subjective comments ranged from reports of a vocal warm-up feeling to delayed onset muscle soreness. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that application of TES produces measurable changes in F 0 and RSL. However, the direction and magnitude of these changes are highly variable. Further research is needed to determine factors that may affect the extent to which TES contributes to significant changes in voice.
Early Language Delay and Risk for Language Impairment

Abstract Clinicians are often faced with the difficult task of deciding whether a late talker shows normal variability or has a clinically significant language disorder. This article provides an ov...
EVIDENCE FOR INTRACELLULAR STORES OF CALCIUM IONS INVOLVED IN REGULATING NEMATOCYST DISCHARGE

In sea anemones, nematocyst discharge is regulated in part by chemical substances derived from prey. Adding N-acetylated sugars or proline to seawater sensitizes cnidocytes to discharge nematocysts. Extracellular calcium ions are required since discharge is inhibited by reducing the Ca2+ concentration in artificial seawater. Known inhibitors of L-type Ca2+ channels, nifedipine and verapamil, reduce discharge sensitized by N-acetylated sugars but not by proline. Conversely, known inhibitors of certain Ca2+ channels at intracellular storage sites, ryanodine and procaine, reduce discharge sensitized by proline but not by N-acetylated sugars. Thapsigargin, an agent that inhibits uptake of Ca2+ into vesicles, sensitizes discharge. Discharge is sensitized upon incubating specimens in a caged analog of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and subsequently photoactivating it. Furthermore, following preincubation of specimens in certain low concentrations of caged InsP3 and subsequent photoactivation, lower concentrations of proline are required to maximally sensitize discharge. W7, an inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM), and KT5926, an inhibitor of CaM-kinase II, reduce discharge sensitized by both N-acetylated sugars and proline. Apparently, sugar receptors activate dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels, whereas proline receptors stimulate the production of InsP3, resulting in InsP3-initiated release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. This process may trigger Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from InsP3-insensitive channels, which can be blocked by ryanodine or procaine. With either receptor, elevated intracellular Ca2+ binds calmodulin to form an active complex. CaM activates CaM-kinase II, which, presumably, phosphorylates unidentified substrates, leading to sensitization of discharge. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Engaging Public Space: Art Education Pedagogies for Social Justice

Considering social justice to be founded on human rights, which, in turn, are grounded in freedom of thought, expression, and assembly, this essay reviews efforts by art educators to engage with public space as a form of social justice pedagogy. Public space, whether actual or virtual, is understood to be inherently devoted to contestation in the pursuit and protection of human rights. However, today we face a serious contraction of public space. Due to the relentless logic of consumer markets and the visceral fear of physical attack, some have asserted that public space is now dead. In this article, the author points to pedagogies employed to take back physical public space, identified on a continuum that include learning about, learning from, acting within, and acting upon public space. These pedagogies involve: critiquing private, corporate space; engaging in public community and environmental art; and engaging in activist and protest art, including a critique of the public space itself. Additionally, ...
Inflammatory Pseudotumor of Lymph Nodes

Inflammatory pseudotumor of lymph nodes is a benign proliferation of fibroblasts and histiocytes primarily involving the lymph node fibrous capsule and trabeculae (ie, stromal network). Although the specific etiology of inflammatory pseudotumor remains unclear, it is believed to constitute an exaggerated inflammatory process in which local cytokine perturbations, especially interleukin 1, lead to proliferation of fibroblasts associated with a mixed inflammatory infiltrate. In addition to arising in lymph nodes, inflammatory pseudotumor has been reported in many other sites under a number of designations (eg, plasma cell granuloma of lung, inflammatory fibroid polyp of the gastrointestinal tract). A subset of patients with inflammatory pseudotumor can have systemic symptoms that include fever and night sweats. A sizeable proportion of extranodal cases are associated with Epstein–Barr virus infection detectable in the spindle cell component. A relationship between inflammatory pseudotumor and nodular fasciitis is believed to exist. Additionally, a possible relationship between inflammatory pseudotumor and IgG4-related disease has also been hypothesized, but to date there is little evidence to support a linkage.
Polyomaviruses of Mice

Murine polyomavirus (polyoma) is widely distributed in the mouse population. This article discusses the structure and life cycle of the virus. The virus particle consists of a 5.3 kbp circular, double-stranded DNA molecule, cellular histones, and three late capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3. The virus requires cellular proteins for its transcription and replication. To make the cellular environment supportive for viral replication, the virus uses its early proteins. In susceptible animals, these proteins cause a broad range of tumors. Polyoma has been an important model leading to discovery of basic regulatory mechanisms such as tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. This article emphasizes the functions of the three early proteins: large T, middle T, and small T antigens. Large T functions in viral DNA replication, but also affects host function. It targets the Rb family of tumor supressors. Middle T and small T act primarily to affect the phenotype of the host. Small T functions largely through protein phosphatase 2A. Middle T is the most important protein for tumorigenesis. It is required for viral tumorigenesis and is sufficient to generate tumors in several transgenic models. Middle T acts as a molecular scaffold for cellular tyrosine kinases and signaling pathways generated by phosphorylation.
“We Are Authors”: A Qualitative Analysis of Deaf Students’ Writing During One Year of Strategic and Interactive Writing Instruction (SIWI)

This article expands on prior Strategic and Interactive Writing Instruction (SIWI) research by examining students' development as writers. Findings from a qualitative analysis of the writing development of 20 middle-school deaf and hard of hearing students over one year of instruction is reported. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Equivalence Between State Space Exact Linearization Based and Back-Stepping Based Design Approaches

This paper investigates an equivalence of the state space exact linearization based design method and the back-stepping based design approach for a specific class of nonlinear dynamic systems under some assumptions. The specific class is denoted a triangular affine system. Implications from the equivalence are that the stability and performance properties of one method are the same for the other method. Thus, a property known to exist only for one method could be used to prove the property also holds for the other. Also, a suspected advantage of one method over the other could be proven to be a false conjecture. Both approaches are able to transform the nonlinear dynamic system into a canonical state decoupled linear dynamic system form by the coordinate transformations and nonlinear state feedbacks. Further, the resulting nonlinear feedback control law obtained by the state space exact linearization method matches exactly with the nonlinear controller achieved by the back-stepping based design approach. This equivalence is a general analytical match within the specific class of nonlinear dynamic systems under investigation. Demonstrations are considered and validated via examples of position control of a magnetic ball suspension system and flight path angle control corresponding to the longitudinal dynamics of a high performance aircraft simulation model. Algorithms are tested and evaluated with analytical models and nonlinear closed-loop simulation.
Variations in Muscle Electrolyte Composition Due to Sampling and to Aging.

Summary1) A difference in muscle potassium was demonstrated in samples from 2 different sites of the same animal when potassium was expressed in terms of fat free dry muscle solids. This difference did not exist when potassium was expressed in terms of its concentration in calculated intracellular water. We suggest that the discrepancy was related to differences in connective tissue or extracellular solids between the 2 samples, and that potassium expressed in terms of its concentration in intracellular water was the more meaningful expression. 2) A small but significant decrease in potassium associated with growth and aging was also noted. This difference was demonstrated expressing potassium in terms of muscle solids or intracellular water concentration. A reciprocal increase in calculated intracellular sodium was noted such that the sum of sodium and potassium remained constant.
The cardiac glycosides in medical practice.

(1958). The Cardiac Glycosides in Medical Practice. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 24, Therapeutics, pp. 224-230.
Luce Pathways Project: A Pilot Project for Heritage Language Speakers of Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, and Japanese

ABSTRACTThis article describes the development process of a project for heritage language speakers of Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, and Japanese at a high-enrollment community college in the northeast United States. This pilot project, funded by the Henry Luce Foundation, aimed to empower minority group students through active reinforcement of students’ heritage language and culture, crossdisciplinary faculty collaboration, and a cohort-based advisement model. The pilot project consisted of mentorship by faculty members who shared the same heritage language and culture, incorporation of heritage language and international business courses into students’ curricula, and weekly seminars that focused on developing students’ heritage culture and professional skills. A cohort of nine students demonstrated that such a model is effective for minority students by achieving a remarkably high completion rate (66.67%) compared with an average rate for public 2-year institutions in the United States (21.20%).
Histopathologic Evaluation of the Substained Delivery of Ovarian Hormones and Neuropeptide Y Antagonist on the Body Weights and Vital Organs of Ovarectomized Rats

The route of administration of ovarian hormones and other biologicals represent a key factor in the treatment, prevention or eradication of different diseases in humans. Many studies have documented that the use of sustained delivery of biologicals is more effective compared to conventional route of administration. To date, the literature is lacking studies that conclusively demonstrate the change on body weights and vital organ morphology associated with sustained delivery of Neuropeptide Y antagonist and estrogen compared to intact and ovariectomized adults as a model. Therefore, the purpose of this study represents a histopathologic evaluation of the sustained delivery of ovarian hormones and neuropeptide y antagonist on the body weight and vital organs of ovariectomized rats. A total of 25 Sprague Dawley rats were obtained and divided into five groups, intact control with ovaries, sham, OVX + estrogen, and NPY antagonist. Animals in three of the five groups were surgically implanted with a TCP drug delivery device loaded with 1.6 mg of estrogen and 1.6 mg of NPY antagonist, and the sham animals were implanted with empty capsules. The capsules were surgically inserted into the muscle adjacent to the six lumbar vertebra. The animals were euthanized at two weeks, post-implantation phases. An analysis of the body weights were compared, and the OVX + estrogen and the OVX + NPY antagonist were similar to the intact control animals. Histopathologic evaluation of the major body organs revealed no histopathological change in the adrenals, spleen, liver, lungs or heart muscles of the intact, OVX, sham and NPY antagonist low and high dose treated animals. The only significant difference was observed in the kidney, where the glomeruli appeared much larger in the estrogen treated animals. Overall conclusion obtained from this study demonstrated that TCPL delivery can be used effectively to administer NPY at sustained level with remarkable reduction in side effects that associated with conventional means.
Determination of sorbic acid and benzoic in soya sauce by wide-bore capillary gas chromatographic column

Objective:A method for determination of sorbic acid and benzoic in soya sauce by wide-bore capillary gas chromatographic column has been developed.Methods:Samples were extracted with ether after acidfication and chromatographic analysis was performed on DEGS(20 m×0.53 μm×1.0 μm) wide-bore capillary column after purification and concentration.Results:The recoveries of this method were 90.0%～96.3% and the relative standard deviations were lower than 5%.The series-concentration of criteria was linear from 0.05 mg/ml to 0.25 mg/ml(r=0.9996) and the detection limits of the sorbic acid and benzoic were 3.5 μg/ml and 3.5 μg/ml,respectively.Conclusion:The method has a good separation with simple operation.Sensitivity and accuracy all reach the required standard.
The role of interferons in the treatment of solid tumors.

Background. Originally described as antiviral agents, interferons (IFN) were investigated as potential anticancer agents because of their antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects, their ability to activate specific components of the immune system, and their relatively modest toxicities. Interest intensified when durable complete remissions were observed in patients with hairy cell leukemia after IFN treatment; modest, but reproducible activity also was found against tumors such as melanoma and renal cell carcinoma which are unresponsive to conventional chemotherapy