cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Inconsiderate vs. Considerate Text on Secondary Students' Vocabulary Learning:

This study examined differences in secondary students' vocabulary learning from original and revised contextual information. Materials included two passages from a U.S. history text, each embedding 10 pertinent target words. One version left the original passage intact; a second version was revised for each target word according to four contextual characteristics: proximity, clarity of connection, explicitness, and completeness. Subjects were 55 high-ability and average-ability students enrolled in U.S. history classes. Prior to reading, subjects were asked to indicate their knowledge of each target word and to write a definition. Then, over a two-day period, they read an original version of one passage and a revised version of the second passage; text and version were counterbalanced within groups. Following their readings, the subjects were asked again to indicate their knowledge of each word and to provide a meaning. In addition, they were asked to write the significance of each word in understanding the topic. Results showed that the highability group outscored the average-ability group on all dependent measures, although both groups did significantly better on posttest over pretest tasks. On the revised text passages, subjects received higher scores on both the definition and significance measures but not on the indication of knowledge measure. These findings suggest that contextual information in natural text may be inconsiderate for word learning, but students may be satisfied with the partial/erroneous knowledge acquired. A primary source for word meaning is contextual analysis, the premise being that the learner will identify and connect familiar, relevant contextual information with an embedded unfamiliar word to aid in discovering its meaning. This method is widely promoted as an independent learning strategy, particularly in the content areas (Vacca & Vacca, 1986; Moore, Moore, Cunningham, & Cunningham, 1986) where students must acquire technical vocabulary or be limited in their subject
Further Progress in Watermark Evaluation Testbed (WET)

While Digital Watermarking has received much attention in recent years, it is still a relatively young technology. There are few accepted tools/metrics that can be used to evaluate the suitability of a watermarking technique for a specific application. This lack of a universally adopted set of metrics/methods has motivated us to develop a web-based digital watermark evaluation system called the Watermark Evaluation Testbed or WET. There have been more improvements over the first version of WET. We implemented batch mode with a queue that allows for user submitted jobs. In addition to StirMark 3.1 as an attack module, we added attack modules based on StirMark 4.0. For a new image fidelity measure, we evaluate conditional entropy as an image fidelity measure for different watermarking algorithms and different attacks. Also, we show the results of curve fitting the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis data using the Parzen window density estimation. The curve fits the data closely while having only two parameters to estimate.
Elimination of Drugs by Passive Diffusion from Blood to Intestinal Lumen: Factors Influencing Nonbiliary Excretion by the Intestinal Tract

(1983). Elimination of Drugs by Passive Diffusion from Blood to Intestinal Lumen: Factors Influencing Nonbiliary Excretion by the Intestinal Tract. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 1193-1206.
Structure and development of old-growth, unmanaged second-growth, and extended rotation Pinus resinosa forests in Minnesota, USA

Abstract The structure and developmental dynamics of old-growth forests often serve as important baselines for restoration prescriptions aimed at promoting more complex structural conditions in managed forest landscapes. Nonetheless, long-term information on natural patterns of development is rare for many commercially important and ecologically widespread forest types. Moreover, the effectiveness of approaches recommended for restoring old-growth structural conditions to managed forests, such as the application of extended rotation forestry, has been little studied. This study uses several long-term datasets from old growth, extended rotation, and unmanaged second growth Pinus resinosa (red pine) forests in northern Minnesota, USA, to quantify the range of variation in structural conditions for this forest type and to evaluate the effectiveness of extended rotation forestry at promoting the development of late-successional structural conditions. Long-term tree population data from permanent plots for one of the old-growth stands and the extended rotation stands (87 and 61 years, respectively) also allowed for an examination of the long-term structural dynamics of these systems. Old-growth forests were more structurally complex than unmanaged second-growth and extended rotation red pine stands, due in large part to the significantly higher volumes of coarse woody debris (70.7 vs. 11.5 and 4.7 m3/ha, respectively) and higher snag basal area (6.9 vs. 2.9 and 0.5 m2/ha, respectively). In addition, old-growth forests, although red pine-dominated, contained a greater abundance of other species, including Pinus strobus, Abies balsamea, and Picea glauca relative to the other stand types examined. These differences between stand types largely reflect historic gap-scale disturbances within the old-growth systems and their corresponding structural and compositional legacies. Nonetheless, extended rotation thinning treatments, by accelerating advancement to larger tree diameter classes, generated diameter distributions more closely approximating those found in old growth within a shorter time frame than depicted in long-term examinations of old-growth structural development. These results suggest that extended rotation treatments may accelerate the development of old-growth structural characteristics, provided that coarse woody debris and snags are deliberately retained and created on site. These and other developmental characteristics of old-growth systems can inform forest management when objectives include the restoration of structural conditions found in late-successional forests.
On the switchback term in the asymptotic expansion of a model singular perturbation problem

This problem corresponds to three-dimensional, viscous, incompressible flow; E plays the role of Reynolds number. The asymptotic expansion of the solution of this problem exhibits what is known as a switchback term, and it is this feature which we wish to consider. Discussions of the above and related model problems are found in Lagerstrom (1961), Kaplun (1967), Cole (1968), Lagerstrom and Casten (1972), Hsiao (1973), Rosenblat and Shepherd (1975), MacGillivray (1978, 1979) and Cohen, Fokas, and Lagerstrom (1978). In this last paper there is proved an existence and uniqueness theorem for a very general class of problems which includes as a special case the problem (la)-(lc). Classical fluid mechanics problems in which switchback terms occur are the so-called Filon terms (see Chang [ 11) and the R2 In R term in the low Reynolds number flow analysis by Proudman and Pearson [lo]. For a comprehensive review of the Kaplun-Lagerstrom theory of marched asymptotic expansions the reader is referred to the review article of Lagerstrom and Casten. However, to make the present discussion reasonably self-contained, we indicate briefly the main ideas we shall be using. 612 OOZZ-247X/80/100329-15$02.00/0
Fluorescence Imaging of Membrane Dynamics

Imaging membrane dynamics is an important goal, motivated by the abundance of biochemical and biophysical events that are orchestrated at, or by, cellular membranes. The short length scales, fast timescales, and environmental requirements of membrane phenomena present challenges to imaging experiments. Several technical advances offer means to overcome these challenges, and we describe here three powerful techniques applicable to membrane imaging: total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, fluorescence interference contrast (FLIC) microscopy, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). For each, we discuss the physics underpinning the approach, its practical implementation, and recent examples highlighting its achievements in exploring the membrane environment.
Novel nanostructures for SERS biosensing

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful analytical tool for chemical and biological sensing applications. However, one feature which has limited its use in biosensing applications is the difficulty involved in producing uniform, highly sensitive, and reproducible SERS substrates. Recent developments in oblique angle deposition and other nanofabrication techniques have overcome this limitation, providing an unprecedented opportunity to develop SERS substrates for pathogen biosensor applications. Recently reported examples of SERS's newfound sensing abilities include the capacity to detect low levels of viruses and bacteria, as well as to discriminate between types and strains of pathogens, including pathogens with gene deletions. A brief review of our recent progress in SERS biosensing is given in this article.
On Volcanic and Other Particulate Turbidity Anomalies

Publisher Summary The effects of global atmospheric turbidity on weather and climate is evaluated based on the available information on anomalous, long-lived charges of turbidity over large portions of the Earth in order to estimate the amount and nature of the turbid components in each case. One type of large turbidity anomaly is that produced by recorded extraordinary volcanic explosions capable of injecting massive quantities of so-called volcanic dust into the atmosphere and thereby of altering considerably its normal optical properties. The chapter summarizes the findings of a recent extensive critical review of the pertinent literature and analyzes the available data in terms of valid scattering criteria in order to estimate the amount and type of turbidity in each case. Specific examples of this situation are three volcanic events that occurred within the last one hundred years and produced widespread turbidity anomalies. These are Krakatoa, Katmai, and Agung. The chapter examines and compares the effects of these three major volcanic events. The survey reveals that the three eruptions resulted in clearly recognizable turbidity anomalies over large areas of the Earth for periods of a few years; little solid evidence exists of climatological (or weather) effects in terms of anomalies in the conventional meteorological parameters. This chapter reveals little evidence of volcanically induced climatic effects.
Rheological properties and adhesion characteristics of flour-based batters for chicken nuggets as affected by three hydrocolloids.

Time-dependency, apparent viscosity, shear-thinning behavior, recovery and adhesion characteristics were determined on 30% solids flour-based batters containing hydrocolloids (guar, xanthan and carboxymethylcellulose, CMC) at 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0%. Most batters were thixotropic. Batters containing xantham gum had the greatest apparent viscosity followed in decreasing order by guar gum, CMC and control batters. Apparent viscosity correlated highly positively with batter adhesion characteristics measured on chicken nuggets as coating pickup, overall yield, and cooked yield. Mixer viscometry techniques were useful to follow changes in rheological properties caused by mixing speed and time.
Debate Viewing as Mediator and Partisan Reinforcement in the Relationship Between News Use and Vote Choice

This study posits that debate viewing is a mediator between news use and vote choice, and that party identification is a moderator in the relationship between debate viewing and vote choice. A series of OLS regression equations, first tested using 2000 ANES data, revealed that debate viewing initially serves as a mediator between television news viewing and vote choice for the general voting population. However, party identification is a moderator in the relationship between debate viewing and vote choice. More specifically, debate viewing acts as partisan reinforcement for Democratic and Republican voters. These results replicate using 1996 ANES data.
Discrete analysis of spatial-sensitivity models

The visual representation of spatial patterns begins with a series of linear transformations: the stimulus is blurred by the optics, spatially sampled by the photoreceptor array, spatially pooled by the ganglion-cell receptive fields, and so forth. Models of human spatial-pattern vision commonly summarize the initial transformations by a single linear transformation that maps the stimulus into an array of sensor responses. Some components of the initial linear transformations (e.g., lens blurring, photoreceptor sampling) have been estimated empirically; others have not. A computable model must include some assumptions concerning the unknown components of the initial linear encoding. Even a modest sketch of the initial visual encoding requires the specification of a large number of sensors, making the calculations required for performance predictions quite large. We describe procedures for reducing the computational burden of current models of spatial vision that ensure that the simplifications are consistent with the predictions of the complete model. We also describe a method for using pattern-sensitivity measurements to estimate the initial linear transformation. The method is based on the assumption that detection performance is monotonic with the vector length of the sensor responses. We show how contrast-threshold data can be used to estimate the linear transformation needed to characterize threshold performance.
Social influences on formula intake via suckling in 7 to 14-week-old-infants.

To investigate social influences on human suckling behavior, 25 healthy, full term, 7 to 14-week-old infants were each bottle-fed their own formula twice by their mother and once in each of four experimental conditions: (a) held, provided social interaction; (b) held, without interaction; (c) not held, provided interaction; (d) not held, without interaction. Volume intake (VI), Total Sucks, infant gaze direction, and time elapsed since the last feeding were determined. There were three major findings: (1) social interaction increased VI; (2) VI was linearly related to the time since the last feeding in held infants; (3) Total Sucks and VI were both highly correlated with privation length when infants did not look at the feeder and when fed by the mother. Thus, social influences exert strong immediate impacts on suckling. Accordingly, suckling functions to obtain both nutrition from and social information about the feeder. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 351-361, 2007.
Evaluation of DNA Amplification Methods for Improved Detection of "Candidatus Liberibacter Species" Associated with Citrus Huanglongbing.

Li, W., Hartung, J. S., and Levy, L. 2007. Evaluation of DNA amplification methods for improved detection of “Candidatus Liberibacter species” associated with citrus huanglongbing. Plant Dis. 91:51-58. Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening or citrus yellow shoot, is considered the most serious disease of citrus worldwide. The disease has Asian, African, and American forms caused by “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”, “Ca. L. africanus”, and “Ca. L. americanus”, respectively, which can be spread efficiently by the psyllid vectors Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae and through contaminated plant materials. Infected citrus groves are usually destroyed or become unproductive in 5 to 8 years. The presumed low concentration and uneven distribution of the pathogens in citrus plants and vector insects make the phloem-limited bacterium difficult to detect consistently. In this study, we compared and validated four conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based protocols, one loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) protocol, and three TaqMan real-time PCR protocols. The detection sensitivity of the validated conventional PCR assays reported are improved compared with the original protocols. All of the validated conventional and the newly developed real-time methods were reliable for confirmatory tests for the presence of “Ca. Liberibacter spp.” in symptomatic samples. There were no differences in assay specificity among the standard format PCR-based methods evaluated. The TaqMan real-time PCR was 10- to 100-fold more sensitive than conventional PCR and LAMP, showing the potential to become a valuable tool for early detection and identification of “Ca. Liberibacter spp.” prior to the appearance of disease symptoms. The methods validated in this study will be very useful for regulatory response, effective management of infected trees, and development of a “Ca. Liberibacter spp.”–free nursery system.
A hierarchical regression approach to meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy evaluations

An important quality of meta-analytic models for research synthesis is their ability to account for both within- and between-study variability. Currently available meta-analytic approaches for studies of diagnostic test accuracy work primarily within a fixed-effects framework. In this paper we describe a hierarchical regression model for meta-analysis of studies reporting estimates of test sensitivity and specificity. The model allows more between- and within-study variability than fixed-effect approaches, by allowing both test stringency and test accuracy to vary across studies. It is also possible to examine the effects of study specific covariates. Estimates are computed using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation with publicly available software (BUGS). This estimation method allows flexibility in the choice of summary statistics. We demonstrate the advantages of this modelling approach using a recently published meta-analysis comparing three tests used to detect nodal metastasis of cervical cancer.
An IC/microfluidic hybrid microsystem for 2D magnetic manipulation of individual biological cells

A microfluidic system is fabricated on top of an IC chip, suspending magnetic-bead-tagged biological cells in a biocompatible environment. The IC produces patterned magnetic fields using a microcoil array to manipulate individual bead-bound cells. The hybrid prototype manipulates bovine capillary endothelial cells with precise spatial control.
Antennas and data processing

Directional properties of a complete radiometer are becoming more dependent on the electronics combined with the antenna, so that techniques of linear signal analysis are becoming part of antenna design.
Crystal structure and photodynamic behavior of the blue emission variant Y66H/Y145F of green fluorescent protein.

The crystal structure of a blue emission variant (Y66H/Y145F) of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein has been determined by molecular replacement and the model refined. The crystallographic R-factor is 18.1% for all data from 20 to 2.1 A, and the model geometry is excellent. The chromophore is non-native and is autocatalytically generated from the internal tripeptide Ser65-His66-Gly67. The final electron density maps indicate that the formation of the chromophore is complete, including 1,2 dehydration of His66 as indicated by the planarity of the chromophore. The chromophore is in the cis conformation, with no evidence for any substantial fraction of the trans configuration or uncyclized apoprotein, and is well-shielded from bulk solvent by the folded protein. These characteristics indicate that the machinery for production of the chromophore from a buried tripeptide unit is not only intact but also highly efficient in spite of a major change in chromophore chemical structure. Nevertheless, th...
Reactivity of autoantibodies from chronic ITP patients with recombinant glycoprotein IIIa peptides

Chronic immune thrombocytopenia is an autoimmune disorder characterized by destructive thrombocytopenia due to the formation of autoantibodies against platelet-associated antigens. Most antiplatelet autoantibodies react with either the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa or Ib/IX complex. whereas some plasma autoantibodies react with glycoprotein IIIa. Previous studies from our laboratory suggested that most platelet-associated autoantibodies to platelet GPIIb/IIIa, which bind to the intact complex, bind much less avidly to the EDTA-dissociated complex, suggesting that the epitopes were complex-dependent. To evaluate this further we have studied the binding of platelet-associated autoantibody and plasma auto- and alloantibody eluates to large recombinant GPIIIa peptides : peptide 1 (GPIIIa Gly 1 -Va1 200 ) ; peptide 2 (GPIIIa Arg 150 -Glu 400 ) ; peptide 3 (GPIIIa Lys 350 -Asp 550 ) ; peptide 4 (GPIIIa Asn 450 -Val 700 ) and peptide 5 (GPIIIa Trp 715 -Thr 762 , cytoplasmic fragment). Of the 33 platelet-associated antibody eluates tested, all bound avidly to the GPIIb/IIIa complex, but only one showed significant binding (>3 SD above control values) to one of the immobilized peptides (peptide 3). Conversely, antibodies known to bind to specific regions of GPIIIa (murine monoclonal antibody, anti-LIBS2 ; plasma autoantibody against the GPIIIa cytoplasmic fragment and anti-P1 A1 antibody) all bound avidly to the GPIIIa peptide containing the appropriate epitope. Based on these and our previous results, we conclude that platelet-associated antibodies from chronic ITP patients rarely bind to epitopes localized to GPIIIa alone.
Practical Guidelines for Management of Parkinson Disease

Methods: Guidelines were developed by drawing from a combination of personal experience at a large university Parkinson disease clinic, literature review, presentations at various family practice continuing medical education conferences, and involvement as investigator in various clinical trials of drugs used in Parkinson disease treatment. Results and Conclusions: From a therapeutic standpoint, Parkinson disease can be divided into three stages-early, nonfluctuating, and fluctuating. Although the same drugs, namely, carbidopa-Ievodopa preparations, dopamine agonists, and anticholinergic medications, are usually prescribed, their pattern of use, including frequency and dosing, varies depending on the nature of the dominant symptoms and stage of the disease. Management of Parkinson disease requires familiarity with both the disease­ related and drug-related components. Optimal functional efficiency for the patient is gained through striking a delicate balance between the drug regimen and the disease-related components. (J Am Board Fam Pract 1997;10:412-24.)
Foreign Investments in the Russian Economy in H1 2013

In the first six months, growth in foreign investments in the Russian economy was registered. The highest growth rates were observed with the direct investments segment whose unit weight in the aggregate indices rose to 12.3%. The volume of the withdrawn capital amounted to 63.2% of the volume of foreign investments received in the above period. In the first six months of 2013, investments from Russia abroad kept growing having exceeded by 27.9% the volume of foreign investments received within the above period.
Short-pulse, terahertz radiation from high-intensity laser plasmas

Ponderomotive forces generated in the focus of an intense laser pulse in a plasma are sufficient to create a very large density difference between ionic and electronic charges. An ultra short laser pulse can be used to excite the laser plasma and is expected to produce a powerful electromagnetic transient.1 Here we report the observation of this effect.
The Use of Tibial Osteotomy (Ankle Plafondplasty) for Joint Preservation of Ankle Deformity and Early Arthritis

Asymmetric ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is an increasingly recognized condition. It is imperative to differentiate between extraarticular and intraarticular deformity and to address these appropriately. Any associated instability and multilevel deformity must be recognized and addressed. Patients with intraarticular varus or valgus asymmetric OA have poorer outcomes and higher rates of recurrence when treated with standard techniques targeted at correction with traditional supramalleolar or inframalleolar techniques. Plafondplasty aims to correct the deformity at its center of rotation and angulation and is associated with low rates of recurrence, substantial postoperative pain relief, functional improvement, and a possible slowing of the degenerative process.
“The Sleeping Beauty of the Caucasus”: Kavkazskii Uzel and Contemporary Views on Politics and Security in Kabardino-Balkaria

Sovyet sonrasi donemde Kuzey Kafkasya’da, ulkeyi adini veren halklar arasindaki gerilimin hep gundemde oldugu Kabardey-Balkar Cumhuriyeti, bolgenin sakin kuzeybatisiyla kaynayan kuzeydogusu arasinda hep diken ustunde oldu. Siyasi durum ve guvenlik acisindan Kuzey Kafkasya’yi izleyen gozlemciler, cok uluslu Kabardey-Balkar Cumhuriyeti’ni bolgenin tamaminin kaderi acisindan her zaman belirleyici olarak gorduler. Sovyet sonrasi donemin ilk on bes yilinda Kabardey-Balkar, siddetli catismalarin olmamasiyla ve toplumlar arasi iliskilerde yasanan goreceli huzur ortamiyla dikkatleri cekiyordu. Ancak Islamcilar tarafindan birkaci 2004’te, en siddetlisi ise 2005’te gerceklestirilen silahli saldirilar, Kabardey-Balkar’in son yillarda tum bolgeyi etkisi altina alan siddet sarmalindan muaf olduguna dair illuzyonu sona erdirdi. 2010 ve 2011 yillarina gelindiginde, ust duzey burokratlara ve kamuoyunun yakindan tanidigi kisilere duzenlenen suikastler, polis devriyelerine yapilan silahli saldirilar oyle noktaya geldi ki, Ingusetya ve Dagistan’la birlikte Kabardey-Balkar Rusya’da siddetin en yogun yasandigi bolgelerden biri sayilir oldu. Bununla birlikte 2012’den itibaren silahli saldirilarin capi ve sikligi giderek azaldi.Bu makalede sosyal medya uzerinden Kabardey-Balkar’da yasayanlarin bolgedeki siyasi ve guvenlik kaynakli sorunlara bakisini analiz etmeye calisacagiz. Bu anlamda sosyal medyada yorumcularin silahli Islamci hareket ve onun ideolojik rakipleri olan Cerkes / Kabardey milliyetciligi, Balkar milliyetciligi ve iktidardaki yerel elitler hakkindaki yorumlari irdelenecek. Ozellikle Kafkasya’da populer bir haber ve yorum sitesi olan Kavkazskii Uzel’de yer alan Kabardey-Balkar cumhuriyeti odakli tartisma forumlarinin icerigi analiz edilecek. Bu analiz Kabardey-Balkar’da toplumlar arasi iliskiler, Islam ve siyaset konularini etnografik ve tarihsel bir cerceve icerisine oturtarak yapilacak.
Prostate cancer staging and grading at radical prostatectomy over time

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing has been associated with a sharp increase in prostate cancer (PCA) detection after its introduction in the late 1980s. Since its launch and its implementation as diagnostic test in 1994, temporal patterns in patients' age and serum PSA level at presentation have changed, with younger patients being diagnosed at lower PSA cutoff levels. Many studies suggest that PSA screening has resulted in a profound downward migration in clinical and pathologic stage of newly diagnosed PCA, although the effect has slowed in the most recent years. The impact on tumor grading is less clear. Histologic grading of PCA, based on the Gleason system, is predictive of the biological behavior and prognosis of the tumor. If tumor progresses from low grade to high grade, the early detection would lead to a higher percentage of low-grade disease diagnosed over time. However, published data suggest that tumor grade shifts have occurred over time and are unlikely to be attributable to changes in tumor biology, but rather to changes in practice with respect to Gleason grading. This review will address PCA staging and grading trends from the pre-PSA era to the present time with emphasis on the potential role played by changes in clinical and pathologic practice.
Thermal Optimization of IXO SXT FMA to Meet 20?C and Stringent Temperature Gradient Requirements and Heater Power Budget

*The International X-ray Observatory (IXO) Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) Flight Mirror Assembly (FMA) has a single mirror configuration that includes a 3.3 m diameter and 0.93 m tall mirror assembly. It consists of three rings. The inner ring has 12 identical modules. The middle ring has 24 identical modules. The outer ring has 24 identical modules. The operating temperature requirement of the FMA is 20oC. The spatial temperature gradient requirement within a FMA module is ±0.5°C and is very stringent. The mirror segment material (glass) has a very poor thermal conductivity. The mirror segment coating (iridium) has a small emittance (<0.1). The forward end of the FMA, including the mirror segments and stray light baffles views space (3K). The aft end is inside a metering structure. One side of the metering structure has solar impingement. It is a challenge to meet the thermal requirements and heater power budget. This paper presents thermal optimization of the outer modules which are the largest and most difficult to meet the thermal requirement. The parameters for optimization are: (1) design and dimensions both the non-conductive and aluminum portions of the pre-collimator, (2) heater locations, (3) number of heater zones, and (4) heater controller set points. The optimized thermal design meets the thermal requirement and minimizes the operating mode heater power.
Limitations to Optical/IR Interferometry from the Ground and Space

The primary limitation to ground-based optical/IR interferometry is the turbulent atmosphere, which limits sensitivity by restricting the coherence volume, limits imaging accuracy by corrupting the fringe phase, and limits astrometric accuracy by corrupting the angle of arrival. Various advanced techniques can be used to circumvent these limits to some extent. Sensitivity can be increased with adaptive optics and laser guide stars, which should eventually be able to phase the individual apertures of an interferometer down to some cutoff wavelength, limited by tilt sensing. However, the sky coverage for cophasing the interferometer on an arbitrary object will remain limited at short wavelengths. For imaging, closure-phase techniques, well established in radio interferometry, will be used in next-generation instruments. However, for maximum sensitivity on extended objects, redundant arrays will be needed to cophase the interferometer. For astrometry, the limits to wide-field astrometry set by the atmosphere can be reduced somewhat with two-color techniques, but otherwise do not seem reducible by the techniques now being discussed. However, over narrow fields, the astrometric performance of an interferometer can be quite good. In space, without the corruptions of the atmosphere, the fundamental limitation is photon noise. However, technical issues such as metrology accuracy and practical issues such as maximum affordable baseline length will also limit performance.
Party–voter linkages derived from the calculus of voting model: Electoral mobilization in Ecuador

This article derives a theory of party–voter linkages. It uses the decision theoretic calculus of voting model to theorize about political party strategies to mobilize voters under democratic compe...
Growth and characterization of visible diode lasers

The AlxGa1–x)yin1–y P material system, lattice matched to GaAs substrates, has received much attention for use in visible laser diodes emitting in the spectral region λ ~ 650-680 nm. When lattice matched to GaAs (y = 0.5), this alloy spans a direct band gap range from ~1.85 eV (at x = 0) to ~2.3 eV (near the Γ-X crossover at x ~ 0.7). It was only recently that device quality epitaxial layers have been prepared in this material due to difficulties with liquid phase epitaxial (LPE) and halide vapor phase epitaxial growth,1 Only organometallic vapor phase epitaxy2–8 (OMVPE) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)9 growth techniques have successfully produced AIGalnP laser material.
The Effect of Background Context on the Size–Time Illusion

Previous studies suggest that time perception may be altered by nontemporal stimulus properties, such as size and numerosity, where increases lead to a longer perception of time. These studies have led to the suggestion of a generalized magnitude system that processes abstract quantities. However, the majority of studies on this phenomenon have used simple stimuli, varying along one or two dimensions, and occurring in the same location. Here, we sought to explore the influence of the size–time illusion amongst complex visual scenes. Across five experiments, human participants judged the duration of two visual stimuli, of different sizes, appearing at different spatial locations for a range of sub-second durations. In half of the trials, these stimuli were overlaid on an image of a city street, with one stimulus presented farther away than the other. We found that larger stimuli were judged to be longer, but only when the larger stimulus was presented on the left side of space, and not when presented on the right or when the entire stimulus array was on the left. This effect extended to a marginal bias for left-sided stimuli to be judged as longer. However, we found that the size–time illusion for right-sided stimuli was reinstated when a background city context was presented, which may have been driven by an imposed effect of perceived distance. These results suggest that the size–time illusion is affected by the background context and location against which stimuli are presented, and provide important qualifications to theories of a common magnitude system.
Innovation of Switched-Capacitor Voltage Multiplier: Part 3: State of the Art of Switching Circuits and Applications of Charge Pumps

In Parts 1 [1] and 2 [2] of this series, a brief history of the switched-capacitor voltage multiplier and the fundamentals of the charge pump have been discussed. In this Part 3, the state of the art of switching circuits and applications of charge pumps are reviewed. The threshold voltage of the switching devices degrades the output current and power efficiency, as discussed in [2]. Thus, reducing the effect of the threshold voltage has been challenging for charge pump design especially for low-voltage operation. Let's begin with some state-of-the-art active rectifier designs.
Understanding Government in Society: We See the Trees, but Could We See the Forest?

AbstractThe primary concern of this article is that the understanding of government in society is severely limited as a consequence of compartmentalization of knowledge, organizational differentiation, and societal fragmentation. The author advocates integration of knowledge about government through differentiated integration, preferably at the level of the social sciences. Though desired by some, epistemological unity of knowledge is impossible in the social sciences. Improving the understanding of government in society is important for the quality of decision making itself as well as for the quality of public judgment.
A Review of Surface Hail Measurement

Commonly used and experimental methods for collection of hail data at the ground are discussed in this review. Observer reports of hail characteristics and sampling techniques are described. Then, instruments capable of remote deployment and objective measurement of various hail parameters are discussed. For each measurement system the paper describes the method of operation, advantages and disadvantages, and, where appropriate, measurement accuracies, instrument calibration procedures, and data reduction methods and problems. Finally, there is a brief discussion of the uncertainties involved in making hail measurements, and some comments on future measurement possibilities.
Transition from the Unipolar Region to the Sector Zone: Voyager 2, 2013 and 2014

We discuss magnetic field and plasma observations of the heliosheath made by Voyager 2 (V2) during 2013 and 2014 near solar maximum. A transition from a unipolar region to a sector zone was observed in the azimuthal angle λ between ~2012.45 and 2013.82. The distribution of λ was strongly singly peaked at in the unipolar region and double peaked in the sector zone. The δ-distribution was strongly peaked in the unipolar region and very broad in the sector zone. The distribution of daily averages of the magnetic field strength B was Gaussian in the unipolar region and lognormal in the sector zone. The correlation function of B was exponential with an e-folding time of ~5 days in both regions. The distribution of hourly increments of B was a Tsallis distribution with nonextensivity parameter q = 1.7 ± 0.04 in the unipolar region and q = 1.44 ± 0.12 in the sector zone. The CR–B relationship qualitatively describes the 2013 observations, but not the 2014 observations. A 40 km s−1 increase in the bulk speed associated with an increase in B near 2013.5 might have been produced by the merging of streams. A "D sheet" (a broad depression in B containing a current sheet moved past V2 from days 320 to 345, 2013. The R- and N-components of the plasma velocity changed across the current sheet.
On the effect of design tolerances on the performance of synchronous PM machines evaluated according to the IEEE Std 1812

In the process of designing an electric machine, the systematic study of tolerances for the design variables and material properties is of the utmost importance. This paper proposes a method by which possible variations of the design variables and material properties can be distinguished. The design of experiments (DOE) technique, open-circuit and short-circuit tests, with minimum instrumentation requirements, have been employed. Virtual tests are conducted based on the recently approved IEEE 1812 testing guide for PM synchronous machines. As a case study, a 100 hp 16-pole 18-slot spoke-type PM machine is discussed. It is shown that variation in magnet remanence, steel grade, as well as dimensional tolerances, may be identified. The ratings and magnetic loading of the machine plays a critical role in identifying manufacturing tolerances.
Negotiating Diversity’s Discontents

Political battles have been waged between advocates and detractors of diversity and inclusion in higher education since the beginning of the diversity movement in the early 1990s. In this chapter, Betsy Huang traces the discursive forms of backlash against diversity initiatives in recent decades, such as “zero-sum diversity,” the “diversity ceiling,” “white fragility,” and “disprivilege.” She argues that the persistent pushback has eroded the potency of the word diversity as a term of aspiration and as an instrument of positive social change. She offers critical analyses of the fallacies that undergird the backlash and suggests proactive strategies to restore the meaning and the ethical imperative of diversity and inclusion.
Ribothrypsis, a novel process of canonical mRNA decay, mediates ribosome-phased mRNA endonucleolysis

mRNAs transmit the genetic information that dictates protein production and are a nexus for numerous pathways that regulate gene expression. The prevailing view of canonical mRNA decay is that it is mediated by deadenylation and decapping followed by exonucleolysis from the 3' and 5' ends. By developing Akron-seq, a novel approach that captures the native 3' and 5' ends of capped and polyadenylated RNAs, respectively, we show that canonical human mRNAs are subject to repeated cotranslational and ribosome-phased endonucleolytic cuts at the exit site of the mRNA ribosome channel, in a process that we term ribothrypsis. We uncovered RNA G quadruplexes among likely ribothrypsis triggers and show that ribothrypsis is a conserved process. Strikingly, we found that mRNA fragments are abundant in living cells and thus have important implications for the interpretation of experiments, such as RNA-seq, that rely on the assumption that mRNAs exist largely as full-length molecules in vivo.
Impact of Light Source on Color and Lipid Oxidative Stabilities from a Moderately Color-Stable Beef Muscle during Retail Display

Consumers’ purchasing decisions are heavily impacted by fresh meat color, which they consider an indicator of quality in a retail setting. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of light source on surface color and lipid oxidation during retail display of fresh steaks from semimembranosus (SM), a beef muscle with moderate oxidative and color stabilities. Steaks (n = 240) from the SM (n = 20) were packaged on Styrofoam trays and overwrapped with oxygen-permeable polyvinyl chloride. Steaks were then assigned to 1 of 3 lighting treatments, high UV fluorescent (HFLO), low UV fluorescent (FLO), and light emitting diode (LED) to mimic current storage conditions with a variety of industry available fluorescent bulbs, and evaluate emerging lighting conditions with LED. Steaks were removed on retail display d 1, 3, 5, and 7 for evaluation of instrumental color (L*, a*, and b* values), surface myoglobin redox forms, metmyoglobin reducing activity, and lipid oxidation. Light source influenced (P 0.05) lipid oxidation in SM steaks, however, lipid oxidation increased (P < 0.05) over retail display. The findings indicated that light source influenced the color stability in SM steaks during retail display and that HFLO light can minimize surface discoloration in moderate color stability beef muscles.
UniverseMachine: The Correlation between Galaxy Growth and Dark Matter Halo Assembly from z=0-10

Giacconi Fellowship from the Space Telescope Science Institute; NASA through a Hubble Fellowship grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF2-51353.001-A]; NASANational Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) [NAS5-26555]; NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [1066293]; National Science Foundation (NSF)National Science Foundation (NSF) [PHY11-25915]; Munich Institute for Astro-and Particle Physics (MIAPP) of the DFG cluster of excellence 'Origin and Structure of the Universe; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of EnergyUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; DOEUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-AC02-76SF00515]; NASA High-EndComputing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center; PRACE [012060963]; Alfred P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy Office of ScienceUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); University of Arizona; Brazilian Participation Group; Brookhaven National LaboratoryUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); Carnegie Mellon University; French Participation Group; German Participation Group; Harvard University; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias; Michigan State/Notre Dame/JINA Participation Group; Johns Hopkins UniversityJohns Hopkins University; Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics; Pennsylvania State University; Princeton UniversityPrinceton University; Spanish Participation Group; Yale University; University of FloridaUniversity of Florida; NewMexico State University; New York University; Ohio State UniversityOhio State University; University of Portsmouth; University of Tokyo; University of Utah; Vanderbilt University; University of Virginia; University of WashingtonUniversity of Washington
Elevated Urinary Levels of 5-Hybroxyindole Acetic Acid and Its Relationship Among Levels of Plasma Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Testosterone and Testicular Pathology in Patients with Severe Oligospermia and/or Azoospermia

AbstractPlasma follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and urine 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels were measured in 300 patients seen at an andrology clinic. Testicular biopsies were obtained from many of the severely oligospermic or azoospermic patients. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone concentrations were related inversely to sperm cell concentration, while plasma testosterone concentrations were depressed as the sperm count decreased to 5 times 106 per ml. The urine levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid followed the same pattern as follicle stimulating hormone and were elevated in the group of individuals with sperm counts less than 10 times 106 per ml. Elevations in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid often were associated with abnormalities in the testicular biopsy. Only 30 per cent of the patients who had elevated 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid also had elevated follicle stimulating hormone or depressed testosterone levels. The factors responsible for the elevation in: 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels...
Angle Resolved XPS of the Epitaxial Growth of Cu on Ni(100)

In angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of single crystals the core level peaks exhibit enhanced intensities along major crystal axes. This phenomenon is often referred to as electron channeling (or Kikuchi beams) due to an apparent analogy with effects found in electron microscopy. The present analysis of this phenomenon for epitaxial Cu on Ni(100) demonstrates that the electron channeling (or Kikuchi beams) approach fails completely to describe the data. The actual physical basis for this phenomenon is forward scattering of photoelectrons by overlying atoms in the lattice.
Narrative Lessons for the Psychotherapist: Kafka’s The Metamorphosis

Psychotherapists can learn a great deal about their craft from reading literary fiction. This paper will utilize Franz Kafka’s short story, The Metamorphosis, to describe and discuss some of the pa...
Model-Based Testing of Obligatory ABAC Systems

Attribute-based access control (ABAC) with obligations is a new technique for achieving fine-grained access control and accountability. An obligatory ABAC system can be implemented incorrectly for various reasons, such as programming errors and incorrect access control and obligation specification. To reveal these implementation defects, this paper presents an approach to model-based testing of obligatory ABAC systems. In this approach, we first build a test model by specifying a functional model and an obligatory ABAC policy. The policy represents access control and obligation constraints on the functional model. Then we weave the policy with the functional model into an integrated model that represents both functions under test and access control and obligation constraints on them. Test cases can then be generated from the integrated model. Our approach is built upon MISTA, an open source test code generator that supports a variety of programming languages and test frameworks. To validate our approach, this paper presents a first case study on the development and testing of an open-source obligatory ABAC system. We evaluated the effectiveness of the approach by mutation analysis of the ABAC and obligation rules and the policy enforcement code in the implementation. The result shows that our approach is capable of finding the majority of injected faults.
Handbook of Nanophysics : Nanomedicine and Nanorobotics

The tools of nanodiagnostics, nanotherapy, and nanorobotics are expected to revolutionize the future of medicine, leading to presymptomatic diagnosis of disease, highly effective targeted treatment therapy, and minimum side effects. Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanomedicine and Nanorobotics presents an up-to-date overview of the application of nan