cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategic and nonstrategic factors in gifted children's free recall

Abstract The present experiment contrasted the recall of gifted and nongifted middle-school children for sets of categorically related items. Subjects were given a single free-recall trial on each of two lists consisting of category-typical and category-atypical words. The typicality of the items for one list was based on each subject's unique typicality ratings, whereas the typicality of the items in the second list was based on adult norms. A preliminary category-rating task indicated that gifted students were somewhat more similar to adults in their ratings of category typicality than nongifted children. Recall was comparable between the gifted and nongifted subjects for typical items, but greater for the gifted subjects for atypical items. The latency between the recall of unrelated words was faster for the gifted than the nongifted children. Subjects were classified as strategic or nonstrategic on the basis of clustering and interitem latencies. Gifted subjects were less apt to be classified as strategic than nongifted subjects on the typical items of the self-generated list; there were no differences in the classification between the gifted and nongifted children for all other contrasts. These results were interpreted as indicating that the cognitive advantage of gifted relative to nongifted children is more apt to be in terms of nonstrategic rather than strategic functioning.
Fluorescence spectroscopy for colon cancer diagnosis

Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy is a promising technique for detecting colonic dysplasia in vivo but, at present, the biological basis for the success of the method is poorly understood, and little information is provided as to the morphological/molecular origin of tissue fluorescence. We present a methodology for establishing this, taking as a starting point a recently completed prospective laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) clinical study of colonic polyps. The method is based on a morphological model of tissue fluorescence with three components: the intrinsic lineshapes of the fluorophores, the spatial distributions of their intensities, and the optical parameters of tissue. We measure these using fluorescence microspectroscopy, microscopic imaging and tissue optics, respectively. The model predicts the features of the clinical spectra, and quantifies the respective intrinsic and architectural contributions. The results can be inverted to extract biological parameters from the spectra, and used to select optimal excitation wavelength(s) and guide probe design. Implications to detection of nonpolypoid dysplasia are discussed.
Spectroscopy of GRB 050505 at z = 4.275: A log N(H I) = 22.1 DLA Host Galaxy and the Nature of the Progenitor

We present optical spectroscopy of the afterglow of GRB 050505 obtained with the Keck I 10 m telescope. The spectrum exhibits three absorption systems with the highest, at z = 4.2748, arising in the host galaxy. The host absorption is marked by a DLA with log N(H i) = 22.05 ± 0.10, higher than that of any QSO-DLA detected to date but similar to several other recent measurements from GRB spectra. We further deduce a metallicity of Z ≈ 0.06 Z_⊙, with a depletion pattern that is similar to that of the Galactic warm halo or warm disk. More importantly, we detect strong absorption from Si II^* indicating a dense environment, n_H ≳ 10^2 cm^(-3), in the vicinity of the burst, with a size of ~4 pc. The C IV absorption system spans a velocity range of about 10^3 km s^(-1), most likely arising in the progenitor stellar wind. In this context the lack of corresponding Si IV absorption indicates that the progenitor had a mass ≾ 25 M_⊙ and a metallicity ≾ 0.1 Z_⊙, and therefore required a binary companion to eject its hydrogen envelope prior to the GRB explosion. Finally, by extending the GRB-DLA sample to z ≈ 4.3 we show that these objects appear to follow a similar metallicity-redshift relation as in QSO-DLAs, but with systematically higher metallicities. It remains to be seen whether this trend is simply due to the higher neutral hydrogen columns in GRB-DLAs and/or sight lines which probe star-forming regions, or if it is a manifestation of different star formation properties in GRB-DLAs.
Lineament Mapping with Orbiting Imaging Radar: ABSTRACT

The Seasat A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was designed primarily for oceanographic and polar studies. During its 150-day mission before equipment failure, the SAR imaged substantial areas of North America as well as parts of northern Africa, Europe, Central America, and South America. The Seasat SAR differs from most commercial SLAR systems in that it has long wavelength (^lgr = 25 cm) and a steep incidence angle (~ 20°). These factors make the system more sensitive to differences in surface materials. In the Peninsula Ranges of southern California, some previously unmapped lineaments were seen on radar images but not on Landsat. Field work has revealed faults of unknown displacement. Similar findings in the Appalachians have been reported. Near Medicine Lake and Mount Shasta in northern California, scarps only a few meter high are detectable. In that these small scarps have eroded to near the angle of repose and are parallel with the flight path, the energy return is particularly strong. In the course of this work we have developed a classification system for radar lineaments that includes physical models and predictions of effects of changing viewing geometry. Any attempt to analyze lineaments in smooth sedimentary basins should involve at least two viewing directions to minimize bias. End_of_Article - Last_Page 825------------
Egg Weight in New Hampshires Hatched Each Month of the Year

Abstract IN ORDER to provide a year around uniform supply of hatching eggs for the broiler industry, many of the hatching egg producers are starting several lots of pullets each year. However, many producers who have tried out-of-season hatched pullets disliked them because they observed that not only was the average egg weight lower, but the period of laying small eggs was greatly prolonged. To determine the influence of date of hatch upon factors concerned with hatching egg production, the Poultry Department of the University of Delaware conducted studies with New Hampshires hatched each month of the years 1946 and 1948. Records of egg production, egg weight, mortality and hatchability were obtained, but this report deals only with the study of egg weight. A limited amount of research work has been published on this problem. Jeffrey and Platt (1941) found that in White Leghorns the date of hatch has a pronounced . . .
Solid Dispersion of Morphine-Tristearin with Reduced Presystemic Inactivation in Rats

Solid dispersions of morphine in tristearin, β-sitosterol, and cholesterol were prepared by evaporation of their ethanol solutions. Weight ratios of morphine—lipid of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:4.5 were prepared. Dissolution studies of the solid dispersions and morphine were conducted in a simulated GI medium at 37°. The release rates of morphine from the tristearin dispersions were the slowest. The 1:1 morphine-tristearin dispersion was administered orally to rats. Free and total morphine levels in rat urine were determined by spectrofluorometric and enzymatic immunoassay procedures, respectively. The morphine-tristearin dispersion yielded a higher percentage of free morphine after 24 and 48 hr as compared with morphine and its sulfate.
Quantitative thin-layer chromatography of chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid in human duodenal contents☆

Abstract A method is described for quantitating chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid in a mixture after separating them by thin-layer chromatography. The procedure involves the preliminary purification of the silica and the identification of the bile acids on thin-layer plates by water spraying. The feasibility of the method and the reproducibility of the results have been demonstrated by special staining techniques and radiotracer studies. The method was applied to human duodenal contents.
Growth and characterization of close-spaced sublimation zinc phosphide thin films

Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) thin films (~10 μm) have been grown by close-spaced sublimation. The electrical, optical, and crystallographic properties of the synthesized Zn3P2 are measured. The as-grown films exhibit hole carrier concentrations of about 1016 holes/cm3, resistivity on the order of 102 Ohm·cm, and large grain size (1-10 μm), making them promising for thin-film solar cell applications. We find that while exposure to atmosphere is detrimental to the electrical properties, annealing films above 350°C, especially in oxygen ambient, drastically reverses these effects.
Pre-ore hydrothermal alteration in an unconformity-type uranium deposit

Hydrothermal alteration associated with the formation of unconformity-type uranium deposits is manifested mainly by intense chloritic replacement of metamorphic mineral assemblages. At the Koongarra deposit (northern Australia), three stages of pre-ore alteration were identified in chloritized metamorphic muscovite using optical microscopy, the electron microprobe, and transmission and analytical electron microscopy (TEM and AEM). During the first stage metamorphic muscovite was altered to a mica with very low interlayer occupancy (K content as low as 0.35 compared to 1 for ideal muscovite), high octahedral cation content (up to 2.3 whereas ideal muscovite has 2) and high Si content. High resolution TEM images show that these changes in composition were accompanied by frequent layer terminations in contrast to the metamorphic muscovite, whereas selected area electron diffraction patterns indicate that the altered muscovite remained a two-layer polytype. The alteration of muscovite appears more extensive in the outer alteration halo and has been almost completely eradicated in the ore zone where chloritization is more complete. During the second stage of the pre-ore alteration the altered muscovite was replaced by Mg-rich serpentine (lizardite) and clinochlore. High resolution TEM images show two 10 A mica layers coalescing to one 14 A chlorite layer. This type of coalescence appears to involve transformation of one dioctahedral layer of the mica structure to one trioctahedral brucite layer in the chlorite structure through dissolution of the tetrahedral sheets and cation influx in the octahedral site. The final stage of the pre-ore alteration resulted in replacement of lizardite and clinochlore by Fe-rich chlorite. Comparison of the alteration observed in metamorphic muscovite with the alteration observed in metamorphic biotite and garnet shows clearly that chloritization of these phases was also a pre-ore alteration event. Pre-ore alteration was principally characterized by the evolution of chlorite from a Mg-rich phase to an Ferich one.
Meeting the crisis in computer science

Participants in the 1982 Snowbird Conference reassessed the problems in computer science education and recommended steps for improvement.
Labor Conflict in the Suburbs: Organizing Retail in Metropolitan New York, 1954–1958

From 1954 to 1958, District 65 of the Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Union (RWDSU), engaged in several campaigns to organize the new branch department stores opening in the suburbs of New York City. These department stores were a significant aspect of the post-World War Two suburban boom, significantly reshaping commercial space. The organizing drive was also an important, if neglected, part of the economic transformation of the suburbs in the US in the 1950s. Rather than contribute to the union's apathy, suburbanization sparked District 65's largest organizing drive of the decade. In branching out beyond New York City, District 65 adapted its organizing strategies, de-emphasizing its militant past and reaching out to women workers. By and large, District 65's efforts were unsuccessful, due to both challenges posed by the suburbs as well as the larger political and economic context of the US in the 1950s.
Balanced POD for linear PDE robust control computations

A mathematical model of a physical system is never perfect; therefore, robust control laws are necessary for guaranteed stabilization of the nominal model and also "nearby" systems, including hopefully the actual physical system. We consider the computation of a robust control law for large-scale finite dimensional linear systems and a class of linear distributed parameter systems. The controller is robust with respect to left coprime factor perturbations of the nominal system. We present an algorithm based on balanced proper orthogonal decomposition to compute the nonstandard features of this robust control law. Convergence theory is given, and numerical results are presented for two partial differential equation systems.
A New Approach to Shale Management in Field-Scale Models

Virtually every sandstone reservoir contains significant amounts of shale. Although the sand/shale sequence in the wells may be known, a reliable reservoir description must define quantitatively the lateral continuity of the shale, the shale distribution in unsampled areas, and the effects of the shales on transport properties. This paper presents statistical techniques by which the lateral continuity and spatial disposition of shales can be estimated. These techniques rely on shale statistics from the wells and outcrop statistics from appropriate depositional environments. The resulting shale description can be conditioned to conform with the observations of the wells. The subsequent discretizing of the reservoir into gridblocks for numerical simulation yields large elemental units that usually contain both sand and shale. The paper concludes by showing how the permeability and porosity may be estimated from the disposition of shales within each block.
Ethnic differences in family member diabetes involvement and psychological outcomes: results from the second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2) study in the USA

AbstractObjective:To assess differences among USA ethnic groups in psychological status of adult family members (FMs) and their involvement with the diabetes of another adult.Research methods:Data are from the FM survey of the USA DAWN2 study, including 105 White non-Hispanics, 47 African Americans, 46 Hispanic Americans and 40 Chinese Americans. All FMs lived with and cared for an adult with diabetes. Analysis of covariance controlled for respondent and patient characteristics to assess ethnic group differences (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analyses identified significant (P < 0.05) independent correlates of psychological outcomes.Main outcome measures:FM psychological outcomes measured include well-being, quality of life (QoL), impact of diabetes on life domains, diabetes distress, and burden.Clinical trial registration:NCT01507116.Results:White non-Hispanics reported less diabetes burden and distress, more negative life impact, and lower well-being than FMs from ethnic minority groups. African Americ...
Melatonin in the context of the reported bioeffects of environmental electromagnetic fields

Abstract This review summarizes the results of studies which tested the possibility that the exposure of mammals to either electric fields, static or sinusoidal magnetic fields, or a combined electromagnetic field, influences the production and secretion of pineal melatonin. The endpoints measured in the reviewed experiments included the activities of the two enzymes involved in the conversion of pineal serotonin to melatonin, namely, N -acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole- O -methyltransferase (HIOMT), and pineal and serum melatonin levels. While the results are inconsistent in terms of the ability of the fields to alter melatonin synthesis and secretion, when changes did occur they virtually always involved a suppression in the levels of melatonin. When multiple endpoints were measured in a given experiment, the most consistent change was a reduction in serum levels of the indoleamine. While it has usually been assumed that melatonin synthesis is suppressed by the field exposures, it is proposed that the reduction in serum melatonin (which in some cases was not accompanied by changes in pineal melatonin production) could be a result of an increased uptake and utilization of melatonin as a free radical scavenger in animals exposed to a magnetic field.
Spatial mapping of collisionally cooled carbon monoxide molecules in a cold cell

Abstract We used a collisional cooling cell which was designed to mount directly on the second stage of a CTI-cryogenics Model 22C CRYODYNE CRYOCOOLER. The cell was maintained at approximately 14 K for all measurements reported here. The absorption path length in the cell was 4.2 cm and the window clear aperture was 1.27 cm. The position of the injector was designed to be adjustable, so we could probe the cold gas cloud from the exit plane of the injector along a vertical line to approximately 11 mm downstream from the injector. We also probed the cloud in a horizontal direction, orthogonal to the previous direction. Our beam is imaged to a spot diameter of approximately 1 mm in the center of the cell. Gas temperatures as low as 24 K were measured approximately 11 mm from the nozzle and temperatures of approximately 40 K were measured close to the exit plane of the nozzle. Carbon monoxide was used for all measurements.
Recombinogenic activity of nalidixic acid for artificial hybrids but not for natural strains of Candida albicans: Evidence for the monoploidy of natural strains

Nalidixic acid induces segregation of auxotrophs from prototrophic hybrids of Candida albicans artifically produced by fusing complementing auxotrophic protoplasts. The auxotrophies recovered are limited to those introduced through the fusion process, and patterns of segregations for linked auxotrophic markers demonstrate the segregants are products mitotic crossing-over. Nalidixic acid does not induce auxotrophies of any sort in clinical isolates of C. albicans. These findings are contrary to a current hypothesis that natural strains of C. albicans are diploid and heterozygous for a variety of auxotrophic mutations.
Ten steps to enterprise‐wide risk management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the objectives of enterprise‐wide risk management (ERM), the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) ERM Framework, and outline a method to implement ERM in organizations.Design/methodology/approach – This paper delineates ten steps organizations can use to develop a viable ERM system for any organization.Findings – It is highly recommended that a high‐level risk officer with visible support from senior and board level executives has a separate function to oversee the development of an ERM department.Practical implications – Although the internal audit department has a large role in evaluation and monitoring the ERM system, it is management's responsibility to develop a strong ERM function that ties corporate strategy, the budget, controls, and the entity's performance measurement systems to risk management.Originality/value – The cost to the entity of implementing and maintaining of an ERM system is grossly out‐weighed by the results and knowledge ga...
Green policies and green businesses

The business environment becomes increasingly competitive. More and more companies are cautious about their environmental performance and willing to fulfill their social responsibilities. In this paper, we propose taxonomy of green policies that are particularly relevant and explicitly targeted at corporate greenhouse gases emissions reduction. The taxonomy includes environmental taxes, tradable emissions permits, conventional taxes, and voluntary approaches. We identified environmental labels as good ways for companies to reveal how green their products are. And we developed an analytical model to explore the relationship between environmental label and company profit.
Conducting polyaniline: removable SEM discharge layer

Abstract In this paper we describe a novel method of eliminating charging during the high resolution SEM inspection and dimensional measurements of x-ray and optical masks. A soluble conducting polymer, polyaniline, is spin-coated on the mask and found to prevent charging even at 15 KV. This method is a non-destructive process in contrast to the commonly used technique of metal deposition, since the polymer can be cleanly removed without any damage to the mask.
The Peabody Developmental Fine Motor Scale: an interrater reliability study.

This study examined the interrater reliability of two raters on the Fine Motor scale of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (Folio & Fewell, 1983). The sample comprised 32 children who were 4 or 5 years of age. Half of the children were considered to have normal development and half had an identified developmental delay. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between the two sets of ratings were r = .97 for the delayed group and r = .77 for the normal group. Intraclass correlations were .97 and .76 for the delayed and normal groups, respectively. These figures appear to reflect the increased variance of the performance of the children with developmental delays. The percentage agreement between the two raters was greater for the group of normal subjects. The results suggest that the Fine Motor scale of the Peabody scales includes enough items to minimize the total score difference between two raters. Individual test items with poor agreement between the two raters were identified.
Crystal structure of the herpesvirus inner tegument protein UL37 supports its essential role in control of viral trafficking.

In cells infected with herpesviruses, two capsid-associated, or inner tegument, proteins, UL37 and UL36, control cytosolic trafficking of capsids by as yet poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we report the crystal structure of the N-terminal half of UL37 from pseudorabies virus, an alphaherpesvirus closely related to herpes simplex viruses and varicella-zoster virus. The structure—the first for any alphaherpesvirus inner tegument protein—reveals an elongated molecule of a complex architecture rich in helical bundles. To explore the function of the UL37 N terminus, we used the three-dimensional framework provided by the structure in combination with evolutionary trace analysis to pinpoint several surface-exposed regions of potential functional importance and test their importance using mutagenesis. This approach identified a novel functional region important for cell-cell spread. These results suggest a novel role for UL37 in intracellular virus trafficking that promotes spread of viral infection, a finding that expands the repertoire of UL37 functions. Supporting this, the N terminus of UL37 shares structural similarity with cellular multisubunit tethering complexes (MTCs), which control vesicular trafficking in eukaryotic cells by tethering transport vesicles to their destination membranes. Our results suggest that UL37 could be the first viral MTC mimic and provide a structural rationale for the importance of UL37 for viral trafficking. We propose that herpesviruses may have co-opted the MTC functionality of UL37 to bring capsids to cytoplasmic budding destinations and further on to cell junctions for spread to nearby cells. IMPORTANCE To move within an infected cell, viruses encode genes for proteins that interact with host trafficking machinery. In cells infected with herpesviruses, two capsid-associated proteins control the cytosolic movement of capsids by as yet poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we report the crystal structure for the N-terminal half of one of these proteins, UL37. Structure-based mutagenesis revealed a novel function for UL37 in virus trafficking to cell junctions for cell-cell spread. The unexpected structural similarity to components of cellular multisubunit tethering complexes, which control vesicular traffic, suggests that UL37 could be the first viral MTC mimic and provides a structural basis for the importance of UL37 for virus trafficking.
Synthesis of 5,5-disubstituted butenolides based on a Pd-catalyzed gamma-arylation strategy

Methods for the construction of quaternary carbon centers are of great interest to synthetic chemists due to their presence in natural products. Development of the Pd-catalyzed arylation of butenolides with high selectivity for the gamma-position allows for a facile construction of quaternary centers. The preparation of a wide variety of gamma-aryl butenolides containing a number of functional groups is outlined. An application of this chemistry for a one-pot synthesis of a tricyclic tetrahydroisoquinolinone is demonstrated.
Use of the Adam‐Gibbs Equation in the Analysis of Structural Relaxation

Narayanaswamy's model of structural relaxation has been shown to provide an excellent description of the behavior of a variety of glasses. In the standard formulation, the relaxation time, τ is represented by the Arrhenius equation, with the activation energy partitioned between the temperature and Active temperature. That form for τ is successful, but lacks theoretical justification. In this paper, the Adam-Gibbs equation is shown to describe accurately both τ and the viscosity of NBS 710 (alkali lime silicate) glass. This equation is expected to be accurate over a wider range of temperature and Active temperature than the Arrhenius equation.
Neuroscience, the person, and God : An emergentist account

Strong forms of dualism and eliminative materialism block any significant dialogue between the neurosciences and theology. The present article thus challenges the Sufficiency Thesis, according to which neuroscientific explanations will finally be sufficient to fully explain human behavior. It then explores the various ways in which neuroscientific results and theological interpretations contribute to an overall theory of the person. Supervenience theories, which hold that mental events are dependent on their physical substrata but not reducible to them, are explained. Challenging the determinism of “strong” supervenience, I defend a version of “soft” supervenience that allows for genuine mental causation. This view gives rise in turn to an emergentist theory of the person. Still, I remain a monist: there are many types of properties encountered in the world, although it is only the one nature that bears all these properties. The resulting position, emergentist monism, allows for diversity within the context of the one world. This view is open at the top for theological applications and interpretations while retaining the close link to neuroscientific study and its results. Theology offers an interpretation of the whole world based on a yet higher order of emergence, although the notion of God moves beyond the natural order as a whole. It therefore supplements the natural scientific study of the world without negating it.
Insulation of the σF regulatory system in Bacillus subtilis

The transcription factors σF and σB are related RNA polymerase sigma factors that govern dissimilar networks of adaptation to stress conditions in Bacillus subtilis. The two factors are controlled by closely related regulatory pathways, involving protein kinases and phosphatases. We report that insulation of the σF pathway from the σB pathway involves the integrated action of both the cognate kinase and the cognate phosphatase.
Induction of gynogenesis and gonad development in the muskellunge

Muskellunge Esox masquinongy eggs activated with UV-irradiated yellow perch Perca flavescens sperm were subjected to heat shock at 31 ± 1° C for 6 min, 20 min after fertilization in three experiments. Survival at eyed stage was 1·7 ±1·6, 6·8 ± 4·8 and 2·3 ±0·5% in experiments I, II and III, respectively. After rearing the gynogenetic muskellunge in troughs and then in ponds, the sex ratio of gynogens in experiment I did not significantly (P>0·05) differ from the expected ratio 0:1 (male: female), however, one male and one intersex were observed. In experiments II and III, the sex ratio of gynogens differed significantly from expected (0 : 1). Three months after hatching, the growth of females did not significantly (P>0·05) differ among control and gynogenetic groups, whereas male growth was significantly (P<0·01) higher in the control v. gynogenetic group. The histological structures of the gynogenetic fish gonads in both sexes were similar to those described in the gonads of control muskellunge. After the overwintering period, signs of active spermatogenesis were observed in the testis of 1 + year old gynogenetic fish, whereas ovaries contained only oocytes at the perinucleolar stage. At this stage, plasma sex steroids testosterone (T) and oestradiol-17β (E2) cannot be used to discriminate the sex of gynogenetic muskellunge, as intersex, male and female fish had similar levels of T and E2.
Effect of Rapidly Repeated Pregnancies on Transplantable Mammary Rat Adenofibromas.

ConclusionsRapidly repeated pregnancy does not affect the adenomatous component of our transplantable rat adenofibroma 5-B 1 beyond that expected to occur in mammary tissue in single pregnancy. Retention of secretory material was observed but no tendency toward malignant hyperplasia was detected.
Conceptual versus monolingual scoring: when does it make a difference?

Purpose: This study evaluates the extent to which bilingual children produce the same or overlapping responses on tasks assessing semantic skills in each of their languages and whether classification analysis based on monolingual or conceptual scoring can accurately classify the semantic development of typically developing (TD) bilingual children. Method: In Study 1, 55 TD children (ages 4;0 [years;months] to 7;11) from bilingual backgrounds named characteristic properties of familiar items. The extent to which children produced overlapping responses in each of their languages and their errors were examined. In Study 2, 40 TD children (ages 5;0 to 6;1), group matched for age and bilingual language exposure, responded to the Phase 2 version of the Bilingual English Spanish Assessment (BESA; E. D. Pena, V. Gutierrez-Clellen, A. Iglesias, B. A. Goldstein, & L. M. Bedore, in development). Conceptual and monolingual scores were compared to determine the extent to which these were comparable for groups of chil...
Resiniferatoxin (RTX) causes a uniquely protracted musculoskeletal hyperalgesia in mice by activation of TRPV1 receptors

Abstract Inactivation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) receptors is one approach to analgesic drug development. However, TRPV1 receptors exert different effects on each modality of pain. Because muscle pain is clinically important, we compared the effect of TRPV1 ligands on musculoskeletal nociception to that on thermal and tactile nociception. Injected parenterally, capsaicin had no effect on von Frey fiber responses (tactile) but induced a transient hypothermia and hyperalgesia in both the tail flick (thermal) and grip force (musculoskeletal) assays, presumably by its agonistic action at TRPV1 sites. In contrast, resiniferatoxin (RTX) produced a chronic (>58 days) thermal antinociception, consistent with its reported ability to desensitize TRPV1 sites. In the same mice, RTX produced a transient hypothermia (7 hours) and a protracted (28-day) musculoskeletal hyperalgesia in spite of a 35.5% reduction in TRPV1 receptor immunoreactivity in muscle afferents. Once musculoskeletal hyperalgesia subsided, mice were tolerant to the hyperalgesic effects of either capsaicin or RTX whereas tolerance to hypothermia did not develop until after 3 injections. Musculoskeletal hyperalgesia was prevented but not reversed by SB-366791, a TRPV1 antagonist, indicating that TRPV1 receptors initiate but do not maintain hyperalgesia. Injected intrathecally, RTX produced only a brief musculoskeletal hyperalgesia (2 days), after which mice were tolerant to this effect. Perspective The effect of TRPV1 receptors varies depending on modality and tissue type, such that RTX causes thermal antinociception, musculoskeletal hyperalgesia, and no effect on tactile nociception in healthy mice. Spinal TRPV1 receptors are a potential target for pain relief as they induce only a short musculoskeletal hyperalgesia followed by desensitization.
Heat balance and distribution during the core-temperature plateau in anesthetized humans.

BackgroundOnce triggered, intraoperative thermoregulatory vasoconstriction is remarkably effective in preventing further hypothermia. Protection results from both vasoconstriction-induced decrease in cutaneous heat loss and altered distribution of body heat. However, the independent contributions of
Globalization, universalism, and cultural form.

When we think of the globalization of culture, we tend to think of the consumption of cultural goods produced in the West and the effects of these goods on the values and practices of non-Western consumers. The literature on the globalization of culture also tends to focus on how Western markets for non-Western cultural goods affect patterns of cultural production in the non-Western world.1 Naturally, this focus on markets tends to draw our theoretical interest toward questions of capitalism. However, when we look at societies without a history of capitalism, new questions come to light. That men wear Western-style suits in both Uzbekistan and Italy, that orchestras use polyphony in both Kazakhstan and Austria, and that King Lear is popular in both Turkmenistan and England cannot be explained by the dynamics of capitalism.
Antibiotic Drug Selection in Companion Birds

Abstract A variety of antibiotics are available for treating companion birds. Drug selection should consider pathogen susceptibility, the severity of illness, conditions at the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selected drugs, potential drug toxicity, and the cost of treatment. The ability of the bird owner to comply with the recommended treatment regimen and the potential impact on the bird-owner bond must also be assessed. This article will review rational selection of an antibiotic and dosage regimen for treatment of common bacterial infections in companion birds.
A computational geometry method for localization using differences of distances

We present a computational geometry method for the problem of estimating the location of a source in the plane using measurements of distance-differences to it. Compared to existing solutions to this well-studied problem, this method is: (a) computationally more efficient and adaptive in that its precision can be controlled as a function of the number of computational operations, and (b) robust with respect to measurement and computational errors, and is not susceptible to numerical instabilities typical of existing linear algebraic or quadratic methods. This method employs a binary search on a distance-difference curve in the plane using a second distance-difference as the objective function. We show the correctness of this method by establishing the unimodality of directional derivative of the objective function within each of a small number of regions of the plane, wherein a suitable binary search is supported. The computational complexity of this method is O (log (1/γ)), where the computed solution is guaranteed to be within a distance γ of the actual location of the source. We present simulation results to compare this method with existing DTOA localization methods.
Conceptual and Educational Implications of the Use of Efficient Task Strategies by Learning Disabled Children

This paper presents evidence that learning disabled children, like other groups that show performance deficiencies, do not spontaneously employ appropriate task strategies in a variety of situations. Thus their low performance on many tasks is attributable to failure to engage in certain kinds of goal-directed activities rather than to structural or capacity limitations. This concept of performance problems in learning disabled children has important potential implications for educational practice. The last section of this paper is devoted to a consideration of the additional kinds of information needed to fully assess the applicability of the basic research to classroom procedures.
Minimally invasive vein surgery: its role in the treatment of venous stasis ulceration

Although traditional modalities used to treat venous disease and subsequent stasis ulceration have proved to be effective, they can have associated morbidities, such as postoperative pain, limited mobility, wound infection and dehiscence, as well as missed varicosities and/or incompetent perforator veins resulting in additional procedures. Recent advances have been made in minimally invasive vein surgery (MIVS) techniques that can decrease operative morbidity, number and size of incisions, recovery time, as well as operative time. These techniques are as durable as open procedures. The following procedures will be discussed: transilluminated powered phlebectomy, radiofrequency ablation of the greater saphenous vein closure, subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery, and percutaneous vein valve bioprosthesis. The advent of MIVS techniques allows the surgeon to manage venous pathophysiology associated with all 3 venous systems. MIVS is proving to be an important complement in the overall care of venous stasis ulceration.
Recent thinning and migration of the Western Divide, central West Antarctica

Antarctica, is currently thinning � 0.08 m a � 1 and migrating toward the Ross Sea at 10 m a � 1 . The asymmetric pattern of thickness change across the divide is not caused by changes in the accumulation gradient, but rather by dynamical thinning that is stronger in the Amundsen Sea sector than in the Ross Sea sector. Available geological and glaciological data indicate that this pattern of thinning has persisted for at least two millennia, with increased asymmetry likely over the past few centuries. Our data however, are not sufficient to determine whether the present-day migration of the Western Divide is a response to long-term (millennial) forcing, shorter-term (centennial) forcing, or both. Citation: Conway, H., and L. A. Rasmussen (2009), Recent thinning and migration of the Western Divide, central West Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12502, doi:10.1029/ 2009GL038072.
Cytochrome P-450 Levels of Immature Rat Ovaries During Early Follicular Development: Quantification, Cellular and Subcellular Distribution, Enzymatic Activity and Response to FSH In Vivo and In Vitro

Absolute values of cytochrome P-450 (cyt. P-450) content were determined by dual beam spectrophotometry in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of granulosa cells and stroma (theca and interstitial cells) obtained from ovaries of immature rats treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) or with DES and FSH. Cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity and aromatase activity were also measured in relevant cell fractions. The cyt. P-450 content in the granulosa cell mitochondria was significantly increased in FSH-treated animals (cyt.P-450 in nmols/mg protein, mean +/- SE: DES-treated 0.027 +/- 0.00213, N = 9; DES/FSH-treated 0.0668 +/- 0.0120, N = 13, P = 0.014). The increased cyt. P-450 content was associated with an increase in cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity confirming the functional relevance of the spectrophotometric measurements. The increase in cyt. P-450 content in stroma after FSH treatment was not statistically significant but there was a significant increase in cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity. The cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity of intact granulosa cells from secondary follicles of DES-treated rats was significantly stimulated by in vitro exposure to FSH during 2 hr assay incubations. A significant cyt. P-450 content was detected in the microsomal fraction of granulosa cells from DES-treated rats which was not associated with aromatase activity. Granulosa cell microsomal cyt. P-450 content was not significantly altered by in vivo FSH treatment despite a dramatic increase in aromatase activity of such microsomal preparations.
Constraints on genes shape long-term conservation of macro-synteny in metazoan genomes

Background: Many metazoan genomes conserve chromosome-scale gene linkage relationships (“macro-synteny”) from the common ancestor of multicellular animal life [1-4], but the biological explanation for this conservation is still unknown. Double cut and join (DCJ) is a simple, well-studied model of neutral genome evolution amenable to both simulation and mathematical analysis [5], but as we show here, it is not sufficent to explain long-term macrosynteny conservation. Results: We examine a family of simple (one-parameter) extensions of DCJ to identify models and choices of parameters consistent with the levels of macro- and micro-synteny conservation observed among animal genomes. Our software implements a flexible strategy for incorporating genomic context into the DCJ model to incorporate various types of genomic context (“DCJ-[C]”), and is available as open source software from http://github.com/ putnamlab/dcj-c. Conclusions: A simple model of genome evolution, in which DCJ moves are allowed only if they maintain chromosomal linkage among a set of constrained genes, can simultaneously account for the level of macrosynteny conservation and for correlated conservation among multiple pairs of species. Simulations under this model indicate that a constraint on approximately 7% of metazoan genes is sufficient to constrain genome rearrangement to an average rate of 25 inversions and 1.7 translocations per million years.
Interaction Effect of Leadership and Communication Media on Feedback Positivity in Virtual Teams

Technology and contextual factors may moderate the effects of leadership in virtual teams. We conducted an experiment to study the effect of leadership styles on feedback positivity in small, ad ho...
New Policies for the Stochastic Inventory Control Problem with Two Supply Sources

We study an inventory system under periodic review in the presence of two suppliers (or delivery modes). The emergency supplier has a shorter lead-time than the regular supplier, but the unit price he offers is higher. Excess demand is backlogged. We generalize the recently studied class of dual index policies [Veeraraghavan, S., A. Scheller-Wolf. 2008. Now or later: Dual index policies for capacitated dual sourcing systems. Oper. Res.56(4) 850--864] by proposing two classes of policies. The first class consists of policies that have an order-up-to structure for the emergency supplier. We provide analytical results that are useful for determining optimal or near-optimal policies within this class. This analysis and the policies we propose leverage our observation that the classical “lost sales inventory problem” is a special case of this problem. The second class consists of policies that have an order-up-to structure for the regular supplier. Here, we derive bounds on the optimal order quantity from the emergency supplier, in any period, and use these bounds for finding effective policies within this class. Finally, we undertake an elaborate computational investigation to compare the performance of the policies we propose with that of dual index policies. One of our policies provides an average cost-saving of 1.1% over the best dual index policy and has the same computational requirements. Another policy that we propose has a cost performance similar to the best dual index policy, but its computational requirements are lower.
Organonitrate group concentrations in submicron particles with high nitrate and organic fractions in coastal southern California

Abstract During wintertime measurements in coastal southern California, organonitrate groups accounted for up to 10% of organic mass (OM) in submicron particles. In this study, we report the calibrated absorptivity, the uncertainties in the calibrations, the detection limits for 12 and 24 h ambient sampling, and the multipeak retrieval algorithm for the method developed. Organonitrate groups were observed when both submicron particle-phase nitrate and OM concentrations exceeded 1 μg m −3 . These high concentrations were associated with a mixed urban fossil fuel combustion source type that had potential source regions near Riverside and the South Coast Air Basin. The high frequency of these organonitrate observations contrasts with a number of studies of aerosol particles in other regions with more humid conditions, in which organonitrate groups were not detected and submicron sulfate concentrations exceeded those of nitrate. Our results suggest both that organonitrates form and/or exist in significant concentrations during polluted urban conditions and that their lifetime may be limited by hydrolysis in the particle phase.
Deliberation and interpretation

Because citizens of diverse and pluralistic democracies possess different values and interests, deliberative democratic theory founds legitimate decision-making in non-coercive deliberations among free and equal citizens who appeal to public reasons or, in other words, to reasons that can be accepted by ‘all who are possibly affected’. Yet it is not clear that what stymies democratic justification is the failure to offer or accept public reasons. Can we not agree on them while understanding them in different but equally compelling ways? Indeed, might it not be that what stymies justification is our failure to acknowledge this possibility? The first part of this paper explores these questions as they relate both to the original formulations of deliberative theory and to certain revisions. The second part of the paper investigates a hermeneutic alternative that not only acknowledges but also value differences in the ways we can plausibly understand the public reasons to which we agree.
ST-segment elevation in V1-V4 in acute pulmonary embolism: a case presentation and review of literature

Introduction:Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are seen in 70%–80% of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE). Rarely, APE presents with ST-segment elevation (STE) in leads V1–V4, mimic...
Cardiac Optogenetics: Enhancement by All- trans -Retinal

All-trans-Retinal (ATR) is a photosensitizer, serving as the chromophore for depolarizing and hyperpolarizing light-sensitive ion channels and pumps (opsins), recently employed as fast optical actuators. In mammalian optogenetic applications (in brain and heart), endogenous ATR availability is not considered a limiting factor, yet it is unclear how ATR modulation may affect the response to optical stimulation. We hypothesized that exogenous ATR may improve light responsiveness of cardiac cells modified by Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2), hence lowering the optical pacing energy. In virally-transduced (Ad-ChR2(H134R)-eYFP) light-sensitive cardiac syncytium in vitro, ATR supplements ≤2 μM improved cardiomyocyte viability and augmented ChR2 membrane expression several-fold, while >4 μM was toxic. Employing integrated optical actuation (470 nm) and optical mapping, we found that 1-2 μM ATR dramatically reduced optical pacing energy (over 30 times) to several μW/mm(2), lowest values reported to date, but also caused action potential prolongation, minor changes in calcium transients and no change in conduction. Theoretical analysis helped explain ATR-caused reduction of optical excitation threshold in cardiomyocytes. We conclude that cardiomyocytes operate at non-saturating retinal levels, and carefully-dosed exogenous ATR can enhance the performance of ChR2 in cardiac cells and yield energy benefits over orders of magnitude for optogenetic stimulation.