cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The promise of sonodynamic therapy

Sonodynamic therapy is a potential cancer treatment modality that has been gaining support due to its effectiveness in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The therapeutic method combines ultrasonic irradiation with drugs known as sonosensitizers that amplify its ability to inflict preferential damage on malignant cells. This is based on the idea that ultrasonic waves have the ability to exhibit profound physical and chemical changes on cellular structure. The mechanisms by which ultrasound (US) disrupts cellular functioning can be further amplified when sonosensitizers are applied. Combining multiple sonosensitizers with US to create a substantial synergistic effect could be an effective method for destroying tumorigenic growths, while decreasing the likelihood of drug resistance.
Identification of the axon pathways which mediate functional recovery of a paralyzed hemidiaphragm following spinal cord hemisection in the adult rat

Despite extensive neurophysiological work carried out to characterize the crossed phrenic phenomenon, relatively little is known about the morphological substrate of this reflex which restores function to a hemidiaphragm paralyzed by spinal cord injury. In the present study WGA-HRP was injected into normal and functionally recovered hemidiaphragm muscle in rats during the crossed phrenic phenomenon. The retrograde transynaptic transport characteristics of WGA-HRP was utilized to delineate the source of the neurons which mediate the crossed phrenic phenomenon. The results indicated that the neurons which drive phrenic motoneurons in spinal hemisected rats during the crossed phrenic phenomenon are located bilaterally in the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) of the medulla. No transneuronal labeling of propriospinal neurons was noted in either normal or spinal-hemisected rats. Thus, propriospinal neurons do not relay respiratory drive to phrenic motoneurons. The neurons of the rVRG project monosynaptically to phrenic motoneurons. The present results suggest that both crossed and uncrossed bulbospinal pathways from the rVRG collateralize to both the left and right phrenic nucleic and functional recovery of a hemidiaphragm paralyzed by ipsilateral spinal cord hemisection is mediated by supraspinal neurons from both sides of the brain stem. These results are important to our complete understanding of the mechanisms which govern motor recovery in mammals following spinal cord injury.
An Efficient Approximation Method for an Individual Fuel Cell Impedance Characterization

In this study, an efficient method of approximating individual fuel cell impedances in a stack is proposed and experimentally verified. Two different proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stacks (600 W with 24 cells and 1.2 kW with 47 cells) were used to develop and verify the method. Both PEM fuel cell stacks were operated using room air and pure hydrogen (99.999%). Impedance and current - voltage (I-V) data were collected for stack and individual cell levels under various operating conditions. The experimental result shows that the individual cell impedance is directly proportional to the corresponding cell voltage. Therefore individual cell impedance can be accurately estimated by performing only stack impedance and individual cell voltage measurements.© 2010 ASME
Comparison of the atomic structure, composition, kinetics and mechanisms of interfacial motion in martensitic, bainitic, massive and precipitation face-centered cubic–hexagonal close-packed phase transformations

Abstract This investigation examines the atomic-level structural, compositional, kinetic and mechanistic aspects of phase transformations that occur during growth of product phases in face-centered cubic to hexagonal close-packed martensitic, bainitic, massive and precipitation reactions. A number of different alloy systems are examined, including Co–32Ni (numbers indicate at.%) for martensite (displacive), Ti–H and Zr–24N for bainite (or diffusional-displacive), Ti–46Al for massive (short-range diffusional) and Al–4Ag, Ti–48Al(–2Ta), Zr–34N and Al–2Cu(–Mg–Ag) for precipitation (long-range diffusional). These alloys are crystallographically similar, but the Ti–H and Zr–N systems involve interstitial solute and the Ti–46Al and Zr–34N systems do not have a low-index orientation relationship between the phases. It was found that all four transformations occur by the motion of ledges at the interfaces, although massive interfaces can also move by a continuous growth mechanism. The compositional changes involved in the transformations in Al–4Ag, Ti–H and Zr–N alloys are complete to within a few atom spacings at the ledges, and the growth rates of the interfaces are consistent with long-range diffusion of either interstitial or substitutional atoms. In the case of Co–32Ni alloy, the growth kinetics are clearly those of a diffusionless transformation. The similarities and differences among these various transformation interfaces and important questions in our understanding related to similar transformations in other crystal systems such as face-centered cubic to body-centered cubic are discussed.
A comparison of two anesthetic techniques for the study of rat skeletal muscle high-energy phosphates in vivo using 31P-NMR

31P-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to evaluate in vivo rat quadriceps ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and tissue pH during anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine (K/X) or isoflurane (IS). A surface coil was used to receive signals from the quadriceps muscle of rats positioned in a wide-bore horizontal magnet. The PCr/beta-ATP ratios determined from the NMR spectra were 4.34 +/- 0.19 (K/X) and 4.40 +/- 0.28 (IS). Tissue pH was 7.09 +/- 0.05 (K/X) and 7.13 +/- 0.07 (IS). Metabolic stability of quadriceps PCr and ATP was demonstrated during both K/X and IS anesthesia, but the K/X-anesthetized animals had longer sleep time, lower food consumption, and lower body weight post-anesthesia than the IS-anesthetized animals. The PCr/beta-ATP ratio in quadriceps of repetitively IS-anesthetized rats did not fluctuate diurnally. In addition, the animals recovered rapidly and continued to gain weight following the multiple brief IS anesthetic procedures. These data indicate that serial in vivo investigations of high-energy-phosphate metabolism in small animals can be accomplished using 31P-NMR spectroscopy and IS anesthesia, which has several advantages over K/X anesthesia for these types of studies.
Soxhlet extraction determination of composition of synthetic soils

Synthetic soils are gradually replacing natural soils, e.g., sandy loams, in various types of sport and recreational surfaces, including horseracing tracks. Synthetic soils are made of a mixture of sand, binder (e.g., wax and polymer), fibers and rubber chips, which optimize the mechanical and hydraulic properties of natural soils so that they drain faster after rains, decrease risks of sport injuries, and improve sport performances. Synthetic surfaces are in early stages of development and often do not behave as intended mainly due to uncontrollable variation in composition. Until now, there was no laboratory procedure to determine the composition of these mixtures. Hereafter a laboratory method is proposed to determine the composition of synthetic soils, including (1) water content; (2) polymeric binder content; and (3) fiber and filler content. The main laboratory procedure uses Soxhlet extraction to determine binder content, and a solvent, e.g., Toluene, to dissolve the binder and separate it from other constituents. The Soxhlet extraction procedure was successfully applied to all tested types of synthetic soils in horseracing tracks.
Making pedagogical theory come alive

Abstract This article describes how a teacher educator designed a course to teach preservice teachers the latest instructional strategies being implemented in elementary schools. As a result of student suggestions that they needed to see Bloom's (1956) Taxonomy, cooperative learning, constructivism, and other topics modeled with children, the teacher revamped the course to meet their needs. The two main instructional strategies that are used to teach content have students write an interdisciplinary thematic unit and have the instructor model the latest teaching practices with children in an actual elementary school classroom. Based on surveys administered at the end of every semester, the majority of students believe that the amount of instruction they have received in the course is sufficient.
The Aesthetics of Leadership.

The author conducts a brief analysis of contemporary approaches to understanding leadership. New approaches to the study of leadership are joined with a theory of aesthetics in developing an aesthetic-based leadership model. Four aesthetic properties of leadership are proposed along with ways these properties become manifest.
Low amplitude fatigue of copper single crystals—III. PSB sections

Abstract Sections made through crystals fatigued to successively higher cumulative strains showed that while the majority of intrusions never exceed extrusion dimensions, from early in saturation some intrusions (which were termed cracks) exceeded this depth and could continue to grow steadily. The deepest cracks occur a very narrow PSBs. The depth of the deepest crack increased at a rate of the order of a Burgers vector per cycle at ± 10-3. The critical depth for catastrophic propagation is ~ 100 μm. Near to failure crystals contain of the order of 103 cracks > 10μm deep per cm of PSB cross section.
Women-Centered Reality and Rational Legalism

This article argues that there is a socially constructed women-centered reality that is shared by most women and some men. The characteristics of women-centered reality are discussed as are the ways of discovering it in time and in varied discourses. The invisibility of women-centered reality within traditional and liberal thought, and its diminution and reconsignment to a position relative to the male referent is discussed, using judicial and constitutional canon within the context of women ` position in the military and pornography. The same diminution and invisibility with regard to rational-legal settings, that is, organizations, is explained. Finally, the EEOC's Guidelines on Sexual Harassment are used to illustrate the dilemma for attaining women-centered reality within a rational-legal setting. Throughout, an argument is made for the positive contribution of women-centered reality.
Cultural Perceptions of Task-Technology Fit

Acknowledging cultural differences helps companies build the strongest global virtual teams and determine the strongest tools they need.
Spousal caregiving and crossing gender boundaries: Maintaining gendered identities

Abstract This study gathered in-depth interview data from a mostly rural sample ( N = 22) of primary spousal caregivers for non-institutionalized persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias. In exploring the ways gender might influence caregiving, we find that husbands and wives both cross gender boundaries in order to give care to their spouses; and such traversing presents different challenges to each. Not only must they take on responsibilities that their spouses used to perform, but we also point to a generally invisible but important form of crossing gender boundaries — the maintenance of the gender identities of their spouses. Doing so involves more than simply performing tasks; it involves an implicit recognition of the other as a gendered being and the importance of masculinity or femininity to personal identity. Uncovering this latter dimension, and understanding how men and women approach their new tasks has important implications for theory and policy, including intervention strategies.
Gas-phase diagnostics and LIF-imaging of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid maldi-matrix plumes

Abstract The first gated laser induced fluorescence (LIF)-imaging and absorption spectroscopy have been performed on laser desorbed plumes from organic crystals which are commonly used as MALDI (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization) matrices. These plasma diagnostic techniques, and also ion probe measurements, were employed to investigate the desorbed products, densities, fractional ionization and velocity distributions of the plume of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA) under ArF(193 nm)- and KrF(248 nm)-laser irradiation. In both cases, gated LIF imaging using 308 nm excitation revealed two plume components: a fast (maximum ∼0.1 cm/μs) low-intensity component which appear to be 3-HPA fragments, and a slower component of 3-HPA expanding at 0.05 cm/μs.
Organizational Privacy Strategy: Four Quadrants of Strategic Responses to Information Privacy and Security Threats

How do organizations make strategic choices concerning information privacy and security practices? Focusing on organizational privacy strategy, this study describes patterns in response to information privacy threats, firms’ organizational strategy, and responses to institutional pressures. Two theoretical views are converged: Oliver’s (1991) strategic responses framework to institutional processes and Miles and Snow’s (1978) typology of organizational strategy, structure, and processes. Drawing on a healthcare industry study, variations, predictions, and illustrations of four quadrants of conformist, entrepreneur, transformer, and defender privacy strategies are provided. This work’s major contribution is the analysis and conceptualization of organizational privacy strategies, providing an umbrella-like theoretical perspective. Practical implications extend beyond the illustrative setting of the healthcare industry.
Temperature Influence on the Secondary Structure of Avidin and Avidin−Biotin Complex: A Vibrational Circular Dichroism Study

Vibrational absorption and vibrational circular dichroism spectra of avidin with and without d-biotin in phosphate buffer were recorded in the amide I‘ (1800−1600 cm-1) region as a function of temperature. The differences in the unfolding pathway of avidin in the presence and absence of biotin were examined using the curve-fitting results of absorption spectra, and the variable-temperature absorption and VCD spectra. This study reveals, contrary to previous spectroscopic studies, but in agreement with X-ray structural studies, that avidin contains β-sheet structures with turns and bends, but does not contain α-helical structure. Also a cooperative structural transition leading to formation of aggregated antiparallel β-strands, with increasing temperature, has been inferred. In avidin−biotin complex, however, some reversible unfolding of β-sheet structure is noted but a cooperative structural transition has not been noted with increase in temperature. Two-dimensional (2D)-VCD correlation spectroscopy has a...
Antimicrobial therapy in cancer patients: Studies from the EORTC international antimicrobial therapy cooperative group

Patients with cancer are subject to infections as a result of several factors, notably obstruction or constriction of airways or ducts, erosion of tumour involving the protective integument or mucosa, alteration of host defenses secondary to infiltration of bone marrow, reduced or altered immunoglobulin or cytokine production, or as a result of chemotherapy. Specific infecting organisms may be predicted based on the specific defect in host defenses. For example, patients with myeloma or lymphocytic leukaemia may develop infections with encapsulated bacteria as a result of decreased B-lymphocyte numbers or function, and those with lymphomas may incur a variety of intracellular bacterial, fungal, and viral infections as a result of decreased T-lymphocyte function. Neutropenia is the most frequently encountered host cell defect in patients with cancer and predicts the development of bacteraemia caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Recent changes in microbial ecology and antimicrobial resistance profiles have highlighted the need for continued reevaluation of antimicrobial therapy in these patients. Several new antibiotics with enhanced activity against organisms frequently isolated from patients with cancer have been introduced and studied recently. The International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the EORTC has studied meropenem alone, piperacillin/tazobactam, and ceftriaxone, each with single daily dose amikacin; these regimens compare favourably with ceftazidime plus amikacin for empirical treatment of fever in neutropenic patients. Preventive measures are important, if understudied, and the optimal antibiotic approach to prophylaxis remains unclear. Adjunctive measures including prophylactic and therapeutic colony-stimulating factors play an important role.
Effect of thickness on the fracture characteristics of fetal membranes

The mechanical characteristics of the chorioamniotic membrane were evaluated with a new burst test apparatus by rupturing 35 specimens that were taken from a sample of seven afterbirths. ‘Strength’, ‘stiffness’, ‘toughness’, and ‘ductility’ were measured. Mechanical characteristics did not change significantly with variation in thickness. While ductility should not correlate with thickness, the lack of a significant increase in strength, stiffness and toughness with an increase in thickness is most unusual and requires an explanation. Subsequently, an additional experiment, which was designed to ascertain the mechanical stability of membrane specimens with prolonged exposure to air, showed a dramatic increase in stiffness as membranes were allowed to dry. The increase in stiffness indicates that strength and toughness also increase with drying, provided that ductility remains constant. Thus, the degree of hydration of the membrane, which is reflected in thickness, regulates mechanical characteristics. The increase in the water content of certain amniotic layers has a lubricating effect on the amnion-chorion interface. This lubrication increases as term approaches. Thus, hydration must increase as gestation progresses, and strength, stiffness, and toughness must decrease until the membrane is weak enough to rupture at the end of gestation. Thus, hydration must increase as gestation progresses, and strength, stiffness, and toughness must decrease until the membrane is weak enough to rupture at the end of gestation.
Rett syndrome: New progress towards the molecular basis of an enigmatic disorder

One meets little resistance when stating that dysfunction (both hyperventilation and periodic clinical neurology has been transformed by apnoea) in most patients, and, finally, the fact that ‘neurogenetics’, where disease after disease has the disease occurs nearly exclusively in girls.* surrendered their genes to the allied forces of The fact that the disorder affected girls indicated neurologists and geneticists. Over the last 10 a ‘genetic’ origin, perhaps involving the Xyears, most of the major inherited neurological chromosome. However, the majority ( > 99.5%) disorders have been conquered, at least with were isolated patients, with no family history of regards to molecular diagnosis and aetiology. Rett syndrome, or any other neurological disorder. This golden age of neurogenetics should continue Thus, finding the extensive families that serve as as knowledge of the underlying pathogenesis and the crucial tool for the geneticist’s assault on the cloned genes eventually leads to molecular causative gene seemed impossible. With concerted therapeutics. efforts at patient diagnosis and recruitment, Despite the dramatic advances in dozens of particularly the efforts of the Kennedy-Krieger common neurological disorders, Rett syndrome Institute at Johns Hopkins (Drs Hugo Moser and had successfully remained elusive until quite Sakkubai Naidu), rare multiplex families began to recently. For years, patients were assigned to the emerge.4-7 Some of these families again hinted at an repository of ‘idiopathic developmental neurologi- X-linked gene; affected step-sisters with different cal defects’. First recognized by Andreas Rett in fathers, and affected girls with affected maternal 1966,l Rett syndrome has become increasingly aunts. The most likely model for Rett syndrome accepted as a discrete entity with characteristic emerged as an X-linked dominant disorder, where clinical features2r3 Classical Rett syndrome patients the guilty gene caused early embryonic or fetal show a normal prenatal and perinatal period, with lethality in a hemizygous male, and Rett syndrome a deceleration of head growth between 5 months in a carrier female. and 4 years of age. The failure of brain growth is This model began to be bolstered by Xaccompanied by loss of acquired purposeful hand inactivation studies. It is well established that all skills, loss of learned words or nuanced babble, females of all placental mammals must shut down derangement of contact and communication, fol- (inactivate) either the maternal or paternal Xlowed by apparent mental retardation. There are chromosome in each cell of the body. The key clinical features which seem to set Rett X-inactivation patterns are established very early in syndrome patients apart from all other develop- development (-100 cell stage embryo), and the mental neurological disorders; the stereotypical majority of normal girls and women show an hand washing or hand wringing, marked breathing admixture of cells with the paternally derived
Opportunities are expanding...

social mobility is an important aspect of American history. It is reflected in the early colonization and conquest of the native population and in the subsequent revolution for political independence. It appears as the ethnic mosaic of our immigrant forefathers. After the Great Depression, the steady migration of young persons from farms and small towns to the swelling cities entailed social as well as geographic mobility. Given the central place of social mobility in our historical past, it is easy to understand the vitality of our shared image of America as a land of opportunity. Perhaps because mobility is part of our national image, Americans continue to monitor the degree of opportunity in contemporary society. Interestingly, we seem more concerned that American society continue to be structured so as to permit social mobility across generations than that it contain less inequality in current social and economic standing. Americans assent to the awarding of widely different prizes to persons depending on their performance in the economic "race." But we insist that all run the race under the same set of rules so that ability and talent show themselves in a fair way; and we sometimes intervene on behalf of some who cannot start the race from the same place as most of us. Our social programs to insure equality of economic opportunity--to overcome the "handicaps" of social background--issue from this logic. Without regard to the wisdom of our comparative philosophical intolerance of inequality of opportunity as contrasted with our tolerance of inequality of socioeconomic well-being, we can address the question of whether contemporary American society continues to be permeable. For example, does it allow the offspring of lower status families to acquire the material well-being and occupational statuses of middle-class life to as great a degree as in the past? Some social commentators suggest that opportunities for socioeconomic advancement were quite extensive immediately following World War II, largely as a consequence of the war-heated economy and of the GI Bill for education. An evaluation by Patrick Owens in Newsday (June 11, 1975) puts it pointedly:
Accidental Inversion during Three-Dimensional Orientational Control

This research investigates a type of operator error, referred to here as accidental inversion, which occurs during manipulation of the pitch and yaw of a real or simulated object in a three-dimensional environment. Specifically, we investigated whether accidental inversion is linked to a hypothetical individual difference variable referred to here as “axis-mapa“ expectation. Participants exhibited two distinct types of axis-map expectations to the exact same visual stimuli– matching and ambiguous. An important implication for person-machine systems is that one should expect naive operators to already have a pre-conceived notion of how an interface for orientational control works and that different operators may have different, and possibly opposite, axis-map expectations
Rilles, ridges, and domes - clues to maria history.

Abstract The lunar rilles, maria ridges, and maria domes are spacially associated with low areas of the lunar surface,the maria, and immediately adjacent terrae. The spacial association implies a genetic relationship. The morphology and structural setting of most of the rilles suggests that they are tectonic features of tensional origin produced by downward bending of maria borders during a stage of maria foundering. The domes and ridges were most likely produced by small central eruptions or by laccolithic intrusions. Most of the ridges appear to be volcanic structures which grew above dike feeders during the last stages of maria filling. Age relationships and structural settings of the rilles and ridges further suggest that the formation of these features took place in sequence, ridges and domes followed by rilles. It is suggested here that this sequence of events occurred repeatedly during a long history of maria growth and that the maria grew to their present sizes by successive stages of volcanic inundation and collapse. Circular maria probably resulted from a simple enlargement of initially circular depressions whereas the irregularly shaped maria resulted from a coalescence of two or more growing basins or depressions.
The F0 subunits of bovine mitochondrial ATP synthase complex : purification, antibody production, and interspecies cross-immunoreactivity

Abstract The known subunits of the membrane sector F0 of the bovine mitochondrial ATP synthase complex are subunits b, d, 6, F6, OSCP (oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein), the DCCD (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) binding proteolipid, and A6L. The first six subunits were purified from SMP or preparations of the ATP synthase complex, and monospecific antibodies were raised against each. The antisera were shown to be competent for immunoblotting, and each antiserum recognized a single polypeptide of the expected Mr in preparations of the ATP synthase complex. Immunoblots utilizing antibodies to OSCP and subunits d and 6, which exhibit the same Mr on dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gels, showed clearly that these polypeptides are immunologically distinct. Immunological cross-reactivity was demonstrated between bovine, human, rat, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Paracoccus denitrificans, and Escherichia coli for subunit 6; between bovine, human, and rat for subunits b, d, OSCP, and F6; and between bovine and rat for the DCCD binding proteolipid. Anti-subunit 6 antiserum, before or after immunopurification against the ATP synthase complex, recognized a single polypeptide in the bovine ATP synthase complex and S. cerevisiae mitochondria, but two polypeptides of different Mr in bovine SMP, human, and rat mitochondria, and Paracoccus and E. coli membranes.
The Tropic of Baseball: Baseball in the Dominican Republic

In a new afterword Rob Ruck looks at the current state of baseball in the country that has produced Sammy Sosa and many other major league stars. Rob Ruck teaches history at the University of Pittsburgh and is the author of Sandlot Seasons: Sport in Black Pittsburgh and other books. He was project director for the film Kings on the Hill, an Emmy-winning documentary on Negro League baseball.
Decreased theophylline half-life in cigarette smokers

Abstract In a group of 19 hospitalized patients, most of whom smoked, the half-life of theophylline following an I.V. aminophylline bolus was 3.6 ± 1.5 hours. When the young male control group was broken down by smoking history, 10 smokers had a theophylline half-life of 4.1 ± 1.2 hours, and 14 non-smokers a theophylline half-life of 7.2 ± 1.8 hours. The prolongation of half-life in the non-smokers was very significant (p
Advances in specular neutron reflectometry

Specular neutron reflectometry provides a depth profile of the scattering length density (SLD) and, ultimately, of the chemical and magnetic composition of a layered material. To date, numerous productive applications of neutron reflectometry have been demonstrated. With the new development of methods for phase determination, the problem of deducing unambiguous SLD profiles from reflectivity data has been solved in principle and, largely, in practice. Nonetheless, the fact that reflectivities can only be measured up to a finite maximum wavevector transfer Q still limits the spatial resolution attainable. Currently, neutron reflectivities as low as 10-8 out to values of Q approaching 0.7 A-1 can be measured, yielding spatial resolutions of a fraction of a nanometer. We examine the current sensitivity of neutron reflectometry and consider approaches, both instrumental and analytical, for effectively extending the Q range.
An Overview of Breast Emergencies and Guide to Management by Interventional Radiologists

A review of breast and emergencies may seem mutually exclusive of one another, but breast interventions beyond pathologic diagnosis are encountered and may be urgent. Acute breast situations that can potentially require interventional techniques to resolve include abscess or complications from percutaneous biopsy or trauma such as hemorrhage or pseudoaneurysm. Acute breast interventions are not commonly seen, but a working knowledge of the various treatment approaches and management is important. These entities can be similar to other areas of the body, but there are some specifics to the breast that can allow for optimal treatment and management.
GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE, GLUTAMOTRANSFERASE, AND GLUTAMINASE IN NEURONS AND NON-NEURAL TISSUE IN THE MEDICAL GENICULATE BODY OF THE CAT.

Abstract With the technique of retrograde degeneration to obtain tissue free from intact neurons it is found that glutamine synthetase is probably only in the glial-capillary wall portions of the central nervous system of the cat. Neurons have more glutamotransferase activity than have the glial-capillary wall portion of the CNS. Glutaminase is probably distributed equally between the neurons and the glial-capillary wall portions of the CNS. Glutamine synthetase and glutamotransferase activities increase from the periphery to the cerebral cortex in the visual and somatic systems, except in the retina, which is high, and the cuneate nucleus, which is low. Glutaminase activity is highest in the dorsal thalamus in the visual system and in the cuneate nucleus in the somatic sensory system. Glutamine synthetase, glutamotransferase, and glutaminase are apparently not related to cortical structures of different phylogenetic age.
“What a man ought to be, he is far from”: Collective meanings of masculinity and race in media

Abstract The products of popular culture not only provide pleasure but also impart information about our gendered and racial identities. In line with feminist and critical race theories, we used collective memory work to encourage young men to recall, examine, and analyze their earliest memories of media to connect their individual experiences to shared experiences of similar and/or different groups in society. We present the men's memories interwoven with analysis and interpretations focusing on four major themes: (a) media perpetuates violent/aggressive expectations of men and women as objects; (b) men's leisure is marked by racial stereotypes; (c) men use media to construct racial identity; (d) media can be used as a catalyst for understanding White male privilege. The process also gave participants an opportunity to engage the “crisis of representation” as they solidified and challenged their own hegemonic thinking in relation to what it means to be men of different races.
Effects of nickel ions on polymerase activity and fidelity during DNA replication in vitro

Abstract Nickel is a genotoxic carcinogen. However, the mechanisms of nickel-induced genotoxicity are not well understood. We have investigated the effects of Ni 2+ ions on DNA polymerase activity and the fidelity of DNA replication in vitro. The effect of Ni 2+ on different DNA polymerases is quite variable. The amount of enzyme inhibition and degree of alteration in replication fidelity induced by Ni 2+ are dependent both on the polymerase and its associated 3′-5′ exonuclease activity. Some polymerases, such as E. coli DNA polymerase I, AMV reverse transcriptase and human DNA polymerase α, can utilize Ni 2+ as a weak substitute for Mg 2+ during DNA replication. Other polymerases are very sensitive to inhibition by Ni 2+ and the IC 50 can vary by an order of magnitude. T4 polymerase is relatively insensitive to inhibition by Ni 2+ , although the sensitivity is enhanced in the absence of added Mg 2+ , and Ni preferentially inhibits the 3′-5′ exonuclease function of T7 DNA polymerase. The fidelity and processivity of DNA polymerases may be either increased or decreased by Ni ions in a polymerase dependent manner. The inhibition DNA polymerase activity and altered replication fidelity may contribute significantly to Ni-induced mutagenesis and genotoxicity in vivo.
A novel conserved cochlear gene, OTOR: identification, expression analysis, and chromosomal mapping.

We have identified a novel cochlear gene, designated OTOR, from a comparative sequence analysis of over 4000 clones from a human fetal cochlear cDNA library. Northern blot analysis of human and chicken organs shows strong OTOR expression only in the cochlea; very low levels are detected in the chicken eye and spinal cord. Otor and Col2A1 are coexpressed in the cartilaginous plates of the neural and abneural limbs of the chicken cochlea, structures analogous to the mammalian spiral limbus, osseous spiral lamina, and spiral ligament, and not in any other tissues in head and body sections. The human OTOR gene localizes to chromosome 20 in bands p11.23-p12.1 and more precisely to STS marker WI-16380. We have isolated cDNAs orthologous to human OTOR in the mouse, chicken, and bullfrog. The encoded protein, designated otoraplin, has a predicted secretion signal peptide sequence and shows a high degree of cross-species conservation. Otoraplin is homologous to the protein encoded by CDRAP/MIA (cartilage-derived retinoic acid sensitive protein/melanoma inhibitory activity), which is expressed predominantly by chondrocytes, functions in cartilage development and maintenance, and has growth-inhibitory activity in melanoma cell lines.
School District Approval for Staff Development "Garbage Can" Decision Making

Staff development in a small school system was the resultant of a nearly fortuitous conjuncture of problem and solution.
Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Combination with a Long‐Acting Beta2‐Agonist in Asthmatic Children Under Age 5

The incidence of asthma in children under age 5 is higher than in any other segment of the population. Current NAEPP guidelines recommend treatment of some asthmatics in this age group with the combination of an inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta2-agonist even though this practice has never been studied with children younger than 4. This retrospective study analyzes the efficacy and safety of a combination of fluticasone propionate (FP) and salmeterol (SA) in children under 5. Fifty patients who started using FP/SA before the age of 60 months were included in the analysis. To determine efficacy, we tracked the change in emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and the frequency of wheezing as a result of treatment. Emergency room visits were reduced from 78 to 5 (p<0.001), hospitalizations were reduced from 43 to 2 (p<0.001) and frequency of wheezing, daily, weekly, or monthly, was also reduced significantly (p<0.003). In terms of safety, there was only a 3.4% reduction in height percentile (p=0.37). Combination therapy is highly efficacious and safe for asthmatics under the age of 5. A well-designed prospective study is necessary to further evaluate the benefits and risks of this treatment method.
Constructive Academic Controversy- What is it? Why use it? How to structure it?

Constructive Academic Controversy has been available as part of the repertoire of engineering faculty since the early 1980's. In this paper we strive to update and revitalize the approach through: 1) reviewing the development of Academic Constructive Controversy including the benefits of this type of cooperative learning approach, 2) providing instructional references and resources, and 3) reviewing current case examples in both engineering and engineering education classrooms.
Attachment Styles, Gender and Parental Problem Drinking:

Bartholomew's (1990) four-category typology of adult attachment styles was compared with Hazan & Shaver's (1987) three-category typology in terms of three substantive issues. First, the same two dimensions were found to underlie both typologies, and the Bartholomew and Hazan & Shaver measures corresponded as predicted. Second, there were no gender differences on Hazan & Shaver's measure, in line with previous studies, but there were gender differences on Bartholomew's measure, especially in her two avoidant categories. More males than females were dismissing avoidants; more females than males were fearful avoidants. Third, a hypothesis advanced by Latty-Mann & Davis (1988) was confirmed. Adult children of alcoholics scored high on both avoidant and anxious-ambivalent scales of Hazan & Shaver's measure, and fell predominantly into Bartholomew's fearful-avoidant category, suggesting that at least some fearful adults are grown-up versions of the `disorganized, disoriented' children identified by Crittenden (...
High Power Density HTS Iron Core Machines for Marine Applications

We present a conceptual design study to develop high power density high temperature superconducting (HTS) machines for two navy applications: primary ship propulsion power generation and drive, and power generation modules (PGM). The objective of the study was to evaluate the design of a 36 MW, 3600 rpm generator, a 36 MW, 120 rpm propulsion motor, and a 4 MW, 7000 rpm power generation module. The generators are to be driven directly by the turbines without the benefit of clutch or gear. Several design concepts were evaluated, including iron core rotors and homopolar inductor alternator topologies. Engineering trade-offs make the re-introduction of ferromagnetic iron attractive for a number of reasons. High power density is obtained by the increased airgap flux density and armature loading, and, for high speed applications, the high tip velocity of the rotor.
Treatment with phosphodiesterase inhibitors type III and V: milrinone and sildenafil is an effective combination during thromboxane-induced acute pulmonary hypertension

Objectives. To evaluate the effects of phosphodiesterase type III and V (PDEIII and PDEV) inhibition on pulmonary and systemic haemodynamics in a porcine model of acute pulmonary hypertension. Methods. Twenty-four adult swine were anaesthetized with 1 MAC isoflurane and mechanically ventilated with an FIO2 of 100%. Micromanometer-tipped catheters were placed in the ascending aorta, pulmonary artery and right ventricle. Pulmonary flow was measured with a perivascular probe using transit time ultrasound. Pulmonary hypertension was induced with a continuous infusion of the thromboxane analogue, U46619. The animals were then randomized to four groups: Group 1 (n=6) received 50 mg of sildenafil (PDEV inhibitor) diluted in water via an orogastric tube; Group 2 (n=6) received 50 m gk g 1 of i.v. milrinone (PDEIII inhibitor); Group 3 (n=6) received sildenafil followed by milrinone; and Group 4 (n=6) received placebo via an orogastric tube. Results. Pulmonary hypertension was achieved in all animals. Calculated pulmonary vascular resistance decreased by an average of 36% after sildenafil (P<0.05), 41% after milrinone (P<0.05), and 61% with both drugs combined (P<0.05). Systemic vascular resistance decreased by 37% (P<0.05) with milrinone alone, and 36% (P<0.05) with milrinone and sildenafil combined but it was preserved in the sildenafil group. Cardiac output and right ventricular dP/dT were significantly improved after milrinone or both drugs combined, but not with sildenafil. Conclusion. Milrinone and sildenafil are effective pulmonary vasodilators, with independent action and additive effect. Both drugs combined achieved a better haemodynamic profile, with greater pulmonary vasodilatation and increased contractility but without additional systemic vasodilatation. The systemic haemodynamic profile (systemic vasodilation, cardiac output, right ventricular dP/dT) is improved with milrinone but not with sildenafil. Br J Anaesth 2006; 95: 317–22
Pulmonary function as a predictor of lung cancer mortality in continuing cigarette smokers and in quitters

Background Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) may be useful for identifying smokers at higher risk of lung cancer. We examined the association of FEV 1 with lung cancer mortality (LCM) among cigarette smokers in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). Methods In all, 6613 MRFIT baseline smokers alive at trial end in 1982 had acceptable FEV 1 measures and complete smoking history; men were classified as during-trial long-term quitters (N = 1292), intermittent quitters (1961), and never quitters (3360). Proportional hazards models for LCM were fit with quintiles of average FEV 1 , adjusted for age, height, race, smoking history, and other risk factors. Results For long-term, intermittent, and never quitters respectively, mean baseline cigarettes/ day was 28, 32, and 35; trial-averaged FEV 1 was 3201, 3146, and 3082 ml; and average decline in FEV 1 was ‐46.0, ‐54.6, and ‐62.5 ml/year. With median posttrial mortality follow-up of 18 years, there were 363 lung cancer deaths. Ageadjusted LCM rates varied across FEV 1 quintiles from 50 (lowest quintile) to 11 (highest quintile), 58 to 11, and 76 to 20, per 10 000 person-years, for long-term quitters, intermittent quitters, and never quitters, respectively. Multivariate adjusted hazard ratios for 100 ml higher FEV 1 were 0.92 [P = 0.004], 0.95 [P = 0.003], and 0.95 [P � 0.0001] respectively. Conclusions These results demonstrate the strong predictive value of FEV 1 for lung cancer among cigarette smokers independent of smoking history; results did not differ by during-trial quit status. FEV 1 may be a biological marker for smoking dose or it may be that genetic susceptibilities to both decreased FEV 1 and lung cancer are associated.
A method of scalogram analysis using summary statistics

A method of Guttman scalogram analysis is presented that does not involve sorting and rearranging the entries in the item response matrix. The method requires dichotomous items. Formulas are presented for estimating the reproducibility of the scale and estimating the expected value of the chance reproducibility. An index of consistency is suggested for evaluating the reproducibility. An illustrative example is presented in detail. The logical basis of the method is discussed. Finally, several methods are suggested for dealing with non-dichotomous items.
Cold-plasma production for recombination extreme-ultraviolet lasers by optical-field-induced ionization

For high-intensity, linearly polarized light, above-threshold ionization results from the time difference between the instant of ionization and the electric field maximum. Cold plasmas suitable for recombination extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) lasers can be produced if appropriate wavelength-ionizing radiation is used. Multiphoton ionization intensities are calculated for representative XUV laser schemes.
Bounding recursive procedural models using convex optimization

We present an algorithm to construct a tight bounding polyhedron for a recursive procedural model. We first use an iterated function system (IFS) to represent the extent of the procedural model. Then we present an algorithm that expresses the IFS-bounding problem as a set of linear convex optimization. As such, our algorithm is guaranteed to find the recursively optimal bounding polyhedron, if it exists. Finally, we demonstrate examples of this algorithm on two and three dimensional recursive procedural models.
The Transport of Vortices Through a Turbine Cascade

An experiment was conducted to determine how incident vortices created by upstream blade rows, interacted with a downstream turbine cascade. Specifically, the kinematics of the vortex transport through turbine blade passages was investigated. A stationary water table and a flow visualization system using the pH indicator Bromothymol Blue was used to visualize the vortices generated by vortex generators placed upstream of a turbine blade cascade. Two test series were conducted. In the first test series, stationary vortex generators were positioned at various locations along the turbine blade pitch to observe how a steady incident streamwise vortex was transported through the turbine cascade. Observations showed an unsteady vortex response of the streamwise vortex when the incident vortex was located at the stagnation area of the blade. In the second test series, the vortex generators were moved to simulate the relative motion of an upstream blade row. In these tests, the unsteady vortex response was no longer seen at the stagnation region but was instead located at the suction side of the blade. In addition, the breakdown of the vortex varied greatly with the reduced frequency of the incident vorticity and showed an “explosive” type vortex breakdown that occurred at reduced frequencies greater than 8. The dissimilar behavior between the stationary and moving incident vortices indicates that losses and leading edge heat transfer could differ to some degree when determined from a stationary test as opposed to a full stage simulation.Copyright © 1995 by ASME
A convergence algorithm for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic arrays with bypass diodes

The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) array is affected by many factors, including its integration into a system. Without a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, the PV array will operate at the voltage of its load, which often is not the maximum power point (MPP); therefore, causing the PV array to not produce its maximum power output. This paper discusses a current MPPT technique (Perturb and Observe (P&O)), and presents a new MPPT algorithm, convergence. This new algorithm allows for accurate operation with PV arrays containing bypass diodes. All MPPT algorithms discussed are tested through simulations performed on a model PV array in MATLAB.