cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-esteem and depression: ten year follow-up of mothers and offspring.

Objective. The association between maternal bonding style, offspring low self-esteem and offspring depression status was assessed by maternal depression status. Subjects. Sixty mothers and 137 offspring were independently assessed over the course of a ten year follow-up study. Method. Assessments included the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS-LA), Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children (K-SADS), the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). Results. Among daughters of mothers with a history of depression, maternal affectionless-control was associated with daughter low self-esteem which was associated with daughter depression at ten year follow-up. Among daughters of mothers without a history of depression, maternal affectionless-control was not associated with daughter low self-esteem, which was not associated with daughter depression at ten year follow-up but which was associated with a history of childhood depression. None of these associations were found to be significant among sons. Limitations. As self-esteem was not measured at ten year follow-up, among offspring the stability of self-esteem could not be assessed, nor could the association between adult self-esteem and adult depression. Conclusion. Clinical presentation of low self-esteem in girls should be assessed in the context of maternal depression status.
Within-Country Inequality and the Modern World-System: A Theoretical Reprise and Empirical First Step

This article calls for a renewed investigation of the world-system positioninequality link. We begin by outlining two general types of causal mechanisms through which a countrys position in the world-system should impact the distribution of income within it. The first type impacts inequality indirectly by conditioning the developmental process, and call for conceptual and empirical models of inequality that account for the link between world-system position and economic development. The second type impacts inequality directly through processes that are more or less unobservable because they change over time or belie cross-nationally comparative indicators, and can thereby be captured by direct measurements of world-system position itself that stand in for varying or unobservable causal processes. We then analyze five measures of world-system position to identify which, if any, provides the most useful association with income inequality. Our findings suggest that the classic measure of Snyder and Kick (1979) provides the strongest association. We conclude by suggesting fruitful directions for future research.
Gaps between Logical Theory and Mathematical Practice

Mathematical practice seems to presuppose what Church has called an underlying logic. Mathematical logic proceeds in strict analogy with mathematical physics where mathematical models of physical systems are constructed and studied. Mathematical logic constructs models of underlying logics. This paper focuses on mismatches between currently accepted models and the underlying logics.
Perceptions and barriers to walking in the rural South of the United States: The influence of neighborhood built environment on pedestrian behaviors

This article examined the relationship between neighborhood built environment and pedestrian behaviors in the rural US South, a setting that has rarely been the focus of previous pedestrian behavior research. It used surveys administered to six neighborhoods in Starkville, Mississippi, a rural/small-town in the South, with a 38.5 per cent response rate and a total of 362 household participants. The study compared walking behavior between traditional neighborhoods built before WWII, early conventional suburban neighborhoods built around the 1970s and late conventional suburban neighborhoods built around the 1990s. The results indicated that aesthetics is the most important perceived neighborhood characteristic that encourages walking, but social environment as a perceived walking barrier discourages walking. Nevertheless, residents’ perceived neighborhood characteristics and neighborhood barriers, as well as their associations with walking differ across the three neighborhood types. This study provided insights into the neighborhood design features and their interplay with the social environment that affects walking in a rural/small-town context.
Light scattering Q‐space analysis of irregularly shaped particles

We report Q-space analysis of light scattering phase function data for irregularly shaped dust particles and of theoretical model output to describe them. This analysis involves plotting the scattered intensity versus the magnitude of the scattering wave vector q = (4π/λ)sin(θ/2), where λ is the optical wavelength and θ is the scattering angle, on a double-logarithmic plot. In q-space all the particle shapes studied display a scattering pattern which includes a q-independent forward scattering regime; a crossover, Guinier regime when q is near the inverse size; a power law regime; and an enhanced backscattering regime. Power law exponents show a quasi-universal functionality with the internal coupling parameter ρ′. The absolute value of the exponents start from 4 when ρ′ < 1, the diffraction limit, and decreases as ρ′ increases until a constant 1.75 ± 0.25 when ρ′ ≳ 10. The diffraction limit exponent implies that despite their irregular structures, all the particles studied have mass and surface scaling dimensions of Dm = 3 and Ds = 2, respectively. This is different from fractal aggregates that have a power law equal to the fractal dimension Df because Df = Dm = Ds < 3. Spheres have Dm = 3 and Ds = 2 but do not show a single power law nor the same functionality with ρ′. The results presented here imply that Q-space analysis can differentiate between spheres and these two types of irregularly shaped particles. Furthermore, they are applicable to analysis of the contribution of aerosol radiative forcing to climate change and of aerosol remote sensing data.
Level of Aspiration Task as a Selective Device for Psychiatric Aides

This report describes exploratory use of the Cassel Group Level of Aspiration Test (Cassel, 1357) as a selective device for psychiatric aides. Inasmuch as circumstances do not presently allow the necessary cross-validation, this report is made in the hope that the study will be repeated with other populations of psychiatric aides. Ss were 124 psychiatric aides, men and women, all of whom had been working at this hospital for 1 yr. To establish ratings for job performance a seven-point scale was constructed for each of four characteristics: desire to do a good job, punctuality and dependability, relationship with others, thoughtfulness of behavior. To minimize halo effect, the ratings were done for one characteristic at a time for all aides being rated by a particular nurse-supervisor. The four scores ior an aide were totalled, the scales arranged so that a high score represented high rarlngc After the entire population had been rated, the ratings were correlated with the Merit System rating rhrough use of the Pearson r. The Merit System rating does not have the same dimensions as the racing scale used; it is an over-all raring of job performance. The obtained Pearson r of .35 was significant at the .Ol level. In addition, the selection of 25 good aides (highest scores) and 25 poor aides (lowest scores) was consistent with the opinion of the Director of Nursing. His judgment versus supervisors' global ratings had been previously established as significantly correlated at the .05 level (Pulos, 1962). Before the administration of the Cassel test, three aides resigned, leaving 24 in the high scoring group and 23 in the low scoring group. The Cassel test, administered individually to the 121 aides, yielded an estimate of performance before the first trial (number of circles around which squares would be drawn), actual performance on the first trial, and the number of trials that occurred before the estimate for a particular trial was within 2 of the performance. Using two combinations: (1) performance exceeds estimate on the first trial but the estimate and performance are within 2 of each other by the third trial and (2) estimate on the first trial is 15 or less, with estimate and performance within 2 of each other by the third trial, identical percentages (77%) of correct identification (inclusion of a good aide and exclusion of a poor aide) were obtained. With each combination all 24 good aides and only 4 poor aides were included. The percentage of correct identifications (97% ) is surprisingly high, especially when one considers that the group of aides compared (47) represents 38% of the total group (121). Studies of aide selection usually involve 10% to 20% of the total group. These results justify further evaluation of the Cassel Group Level of Aspiration Test as a selective device for psychiatric aides; particularly, cross-validation with other populations is needed.
User-Centered Evaluation of Multi-National Communication and Collaborative Technologies in a Network-Centric Air Battle Management Environment

Future command and control (C2) and air battle management (ABM) operations will undoubtedly be affected by the shift toward network-centric warfare (NCW), a concept of operations that relies upon a sophisticated information technology infrastructure comprising sensor, information, and engagement grids. It will be achieved through heightened shared situation awareness and real-time collaboration, which will require effective communication between coalition forces throughout the command chain. The present study provides an initial evaluation of communication effectiveness of persons from English-speaking countries with different dialects. In addition, an evaluation of collaborative interface technology for future ABM operations is presented. Together, these data provide an initial step in the characterization of communication challenges in future coalition operations and an assessment of the technologies that may be required to effectively share information and situation awareness in future ABM operations.
42 Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents

Recent data demonstrates that the prevalence and incidence of childhood obesity in the United States parallels the increasing trends of adult obesity. The immediate and long-term health consequences of obesity in childhood, coupled with the psychosocial and economic effects, continue to provide compelling arguments to perform bariatric surgery on adolescents to achieve aggressive weight loss. These consequences can have lasting effects into adulthood. In limited studies to date, most significant comorbidities of adolescent obesity, including sleep apnea, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, dyslipidemias, cardiomyopathy, and psychosocial impairment, have been shown to be greatly improved or resolved following bariatric surgery. Surgery has also been shown to be safe with similar expected weight loss to their adult counterparts. The benefits of a multidisciplinary approach in adolescent weight management and bariatric surgery are the key to success. Ongoing long-term studies will help to shape the role of bariatric surgery and better define its use in the adolescent population.
Effect of Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Communities of Suining

Objective To evaluate the effect of methadone maintenance treatment( MMT) in the communities of Suining,and thus to provide references for prevention measures. Methods Unified survey forms were used to investigate 167 heroin addicts in MMT community clinics and 103 of those treated for half a year. Results The rate of intravenous drug abuse decreased from 60. 48% to 39. 19%; the rate of using condoms before sex increased from 17. 51% to 36. 11%,and the crime rate decreased from 40. 12% to 20. 39%. Improvements were observed in functions all at individual,family and social level. A proportion of 82. 52% addicts accepted and felt satisfied with MMTP. Conclusion The MMT in communities of Suining is effective in lowering the crime and high risk behaviors,and also could improve the social functions of the heroin addicts.
Metal Hydride Reactor Design Optimization for Hydrogen Energy Storage

As hydrogen generation technologies using renewable energy sources are being developed, considerable attention is paid to storage and transportation of hydrogen gas. Metal hydride alloys are considered as promising materials because they are viewed as an attractive alternative to conventional hydrogen storage cylinders and mechanical hydrogen compressors. Compared to storing in a classic gas cylinder, which requires compression of hydrogen at high pressures, metal hydride alloys can store the same amount of hydrogen at nearly room pressure. However, this hydrogen absorption necessitates an effective way to reject the heat released from the exothermic hydriding reaction. In this paper, fin structures are employed to enhance the heat transfer of metal hydride alloys in a cylindrical reactor. Numerical simulations are performed based on a multiple-physics modeling to analyze the transient heat transfer during the hydrogen absorption process. The objective is to minimize the time elapsed for the process and to reduce the hotspot temperature by determining the number and shape of rectangular fins while the total volume of fins used are fixed. The simulation results show that the more fins are applied the better heat transfer is achieved and that there exists an optimal length of the fins.
Trial-to-trial adaptation in control of arm reaching and standing posture

Classical theories of motor learning hypothesize that adaptation is driven by sensorimotor error; this is supported by studies of arm and eye movements that have shown that trial-to-trial adaptation increases with error. Studies of postural control have shown that anticipatory postural adjustments increase with the magnitude of a perturbation. However, differences in adaptation have been observed between the two modalities, possibly due to either the inherent instability or sensory uncertainty in standing posture. Therefore, we hypothesized that trial-to-trial adaptation in posture should be driven by error, similar to what is observed in arm reaching, but the nature of the relationship between error and adaptation may differ. Here we investigated trial-to-trial adaptation of arm reaching and postural control concurrently; subjects made reaching movements in a novel dynamic environment of varying strengths, while standing and holding the handle of a force-generating robotic arm. We found that error and adaptation increased with perturbation strength in both arm and posture. Furthermore, in both modalities, adaptation showed a significant correlation with error magnitude. Our results indicate that adaptation scales proportionally with error in the arm and near proportionally in posture. In posture only, adaptation was not sensitive to small error sizes, which were similar in size to errors experienced in unperturbed baseline movements due to inherent variability. This finding may be explained as an effect of uncertainty about the source of small errors. Our findings suggest that in rehabilitation, postural error size should be considered relative to the magnitude of inherent movement variability.
Heterogeneous neural amplifier integration for scalable extracellular microelectrodes

We here demonstrate multi-chip heterogeneous integration of microfabricated extracellular recording electrodes with neural amplifiers, highlighting a path to scaling electrode channel counts without the need for more complex monolithic integration. We characterize the noise and impedance performance of the heterogeneously integrated neural recording electrodes, and analyze the design parameters that enable the low-voltage neural input signals to co-exist with the high-frequency and high-voltage digital outputs on the same silicon substrate. This heterogeneous integration approach can enable future scaling efforts for microfabricated neural probes, and provides a design path for modular, fast, and independent scaling innovations in recording electrodes and neural amplifiers.
Engaging Parents in Early Childhood Education: Perspectives of Childcare Providers

Successful engagement of parents in early childhood education has significant implications for a growing child's well-being and success. This qualitative study analyzes the perspectives of 14 North Carolina childcare providers on how providers communicate with parents, how communication is received by parents, and barriers to successful parent engagement. Results indicated that childcare providers used diverse, parent-centered, and technology-based communication strategies to connect with families. While successful communication was common, so were barriers to reaching many families. These barriers suggest the need for programs, training, and resources to help both parents and providers connect.
Modeling of pocket implanted MOSFETs for anomalous analog behavior

Pocket implant is widely used in deep-sub-micron CMOS technologies to combat short channel effects. It, however, brings anomalously large drain-induced threshold voltage shift and low output resistance to long channel devices. This creates a serious problem for high-performance analog circuits. In this paper, the first physical model of these effects is proposed and verified against data from a 0.18 /spl mu/m technology. This model is suitable for SPICE modeling.
Gaze-directed Immersive Visualization of Scientific Ensembles

The latest advances in head-mounted displays (HMDs) for augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) have produced commercialized devices that are gradually accepted by the public. These HMDs are generally equipped with head tracking, which provides an excellent input to explore immersive visualization and interaction techniques for various AR/MR applications. This paper explores the head tracking function on the latest Microsoft HoloLens -- where gaze is defined as the ray starting at the head location and points forward. We present a gaze-directed visualization approach to study ensembles of 2D oil spill simulations in mixed reality. Our approach allows users to place an ensemble as an image stack in a real environment and explore the ensemble with gaze tracking. The prototype system demonstrates the challenges and promising effects of gaze-based interaction in the state-of-the-art mixed reality.
Transparent software-defined exchange (tSDX) with real-time OSNR-based impairment-aware wavelength path provisioning across multi-domain optical networks

End-to-end, impairment-aware wavelength path provisioning is experimentally realized in a multi-domain network using a transparent software-defined exchange (tSDX) with real-time OSNR monitoring as an SLA guarantee for 100Gbps PM-QPSK DWDM transmission.
Patterns of Initial Recurrence in Gastric Adenocarcinoma in the Era of Preoperative Therapy.

We sought to determine the sites of recurrence and identify predicting factors for recurrence and survival in patients who underwent gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma at an institution where preoperative therapy is commonly used for advanced gastric cancer. We collected clinicopathologic data and sites of recurrence from a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent potentially curative resection of gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma at our institution in 1995–2014, and we assessed associations between these characteristics and recurrence patterns and survival. We identified 488 patients who underwent R0 resection of localized gastric cancer. The median age was 63 years (interquartile range 53–71 years), and 60% were male. The most common T and N categories, per endoscopic ultrasonography, were T3 (58%) and N0 (61%). Preoperative treatment was used in 61% of patients. A total of 125 (26%) patients experienced recurrence during follow-up. Recurrences were locoregional in 19 patients (15%), peritoneal in 61 (49%), and nonperitoneal distant in 67 (54%). The peritoneum also was the most common organ of recurrence (49%), followed by the liver (21%). The median time from primary resection to recurrence was 2.7 years for locoregional, 1.3 years for peritoneal, and 0.6 years for nonperitoneal distant recurrence (p = 0.01). Median overall survival was markedly shorter after peritoneal and nonperitoneal distant recurrences than after locoregional recurrences. The peritoneum was a common site of recurrence after curative resection of gastric cancer and was associated with poor survival. Prophylactic treatment targeting the peritoneal cavity might improve survival of advanced gastric cancer.
A phase I study of high-dose calcitriol in combination with temozolomide for patients (Pts) with metastatic melanoma (MM).

9087 Background: Temozolomide (Tem) has demonstrated efficacy as an oral alternative for pts with MM on traditional and extended dosing schedules. Calcitriol has known antiproliferative properties ...
Decisionmaking at EPA

It’s an honor to be here at the symposium sponsored by your organization, which has a national reputation for providing information on a variety of subjects in a setting in which all parties can participate openly and with a fair hearing. I am glad to be here tonight. I apologize for the fact that Bill Ruckelshaus, Administrator of EPA, is not able to join us tonight. I know I don’t have to tell you that he has a very strong professional commitment to finding solutions to the acid rain problem, and he has devoted a great deal of his personal time to that effort.
Use of antiretroviral therapy in children and pregnant women.

The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HIV infection in children are distinct from the same process in adults, with differences which provide unique opportunities to understand the nature of HIV infection in both categories of patients. Within the pediatric population, the relatively uniform time of infection (close to the time of birth) means that a large group of patients is available for studies of early intervention. In addition, because the disease tends to progress more quickly in children than adults, studies which require clinical endpoints may be able to be completed more quickly or with fewer individuals. Finally, preliminary studies of viral load in infants indicate that their immune system may be unable to control HIV replication well, permitting maintenance of high viral copy numbers at a time when adults have declining amounts of virus. Thus, there may be a particular role for antiviral therapy in the early suppression of virus during infancy, allowing the immune system time to mature in order to respond to the infection.
What We Talk about When We Talk about Autobiography: Henry Adams and Education Narratives

It seems as though when we—Americanists, anyway—talk about autobiography, we are never just talking about … autobiography. Since Benjamin Franklin famously offered up not only his life but, equally...
Interdisciplinary Training of Mental Health Professionals

Interdisciplinary mental health teams are expected to staff the mental health centers of today and tomorrow. Existing training programs do not prepare staff to work in such settings. Instead of being trained separately and then learning to work as a team, mental health professionals should be trained by interdisciplinary programs. Task analysis suggests that such training should develop knowledge and skill in diagnosis-assessment, treatment, consultation, research, teaching, administration, prevention, and professional identity. A one-year training program for first-year psychiatric residents, psychology interns, and Master’s level students in social work and mental health nursing is described. Didactic teaching and clinical experience would be carried on by university faculty who are also members of a mental health team serving a catchment area in Sacramento County.
Detection and differentiation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by multiplexed real-time PCR

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a common and important pathogen that causes human gastroenteritis worldwide. A rapid, sensitive, and specific assay is urgently required for detection and differentiation...
You are the ocean

This interactive installation allows participants to control a digitally simulated ocean using only their brainwaves. Calm seas and storms alike are powered by the viewer's thoughts; the sheer act of concentration can conjure a squall or sunshine. Participants intentionally control their thinking while surrounded by the magnified consequence of their thoughts. Created in 2017, You Are the Ocean is about the theme of origins and one of the key concepts of Haudenosaunee and Anishnaabe cosmologies: "land is alive."
The Innocence Network : From Beginning to Branding

The Innocence Network is an affiliation of organizations dedicated to providing pro bono legal and investigative services to individuals seeking to prove innocence of crimes for which they have been convicted, working to redress the causes of wrongful convictions, and supporting the exonerated after they are freed. The article discusses the formation and history of the first innocence organizations in the United States. It describes the expansion of innocence organizations and the mobilization of their efforts into the Innocence Network. It then discusses the growth of the Network, the current structure of its member organizations and the identity and governance challenges that accompanied the Network expansion. The limited research on innocence organizations is reviewed and critiqued. The article draws upon literature in nonprofit branding and governance to provide an initial point of inquiry for the Network to identify and move forward its mission. It concludes with recommendations drawn from the interdisciplinary research.
Systemic Risk and the Ripple Effect in the Supply Chain

Supply chains are highly complex systems, and disruptions may ripple through these systems in unexpected ways, but they may also start in unexpected ways. We investigate the causes of ripple effect through the lens of systemic risk. We derive supply chain systemic risk from the finance discipline where sources of risk are found in systemic risk-taking, contagion, and amplification mechanisms. In a supply chain context, we identify three dimensions that influence systemic risk, the nature of a disruption, the structure, and dependency of the supply chain, and the decision-making. Within these three dimensions, there are several factors including correlation of risk, compounding effects, cyclical linkages, counterparty risk, herding behavior, and misaligned incentives. These factors are often invisible to decision makers, and they may operate in tandem to exacerbate ripple effect. We highlight these systemic risks, and we encourage further research to understand their nature and to mitigate their effect.
Court-imposed fines as a feature of the homelessness-incarceration nexus: a cross-sectional study of the relationship between legal debt and duration of homelessness in Seattle, Washington, USA.

BACKGROUND Legal system involvement is a policy-driven risk factor for homelessness. Legal financial obligations (LFOs), such as court fees, fines and restitution, can endanger the financial security of those ensnared in the criminal justice system. In this study we measured the effect of incarceration and LFOs on duration of homelessness in Seattle, WA, USA. METHODS To analyze the relationship between incarceration, debt and duration of homelessness, we interviewed 101 adults experiencing homelessness and living in city-sanctioned encampments and tiny house villages in Seattle, WA in 2017-18. We collected personal housing history, presence and amount of debt, and measures of legal system involvement. RESULTS Our respondents experienced homelessness an average of 41 months during the current episode. Nearly two-thirds reported being convicted of a crime, and 78% had been incarcerated. More than 25% reported owing current legal fines. Individuals with legal fine debt experienced 22.9 months of additional homelessness after considering the effects of race, age, and gender. CONCLUSION We confirmed a strong association between homelessness and legal trouble. Among high-income countries, the USA has the highest rates of legal system involvement and the highest rates of homelessness; the relationship between the two may be connected.
Stability of the azaguanine resistant phenotype in vivo.

Deficiency of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT EC 2.4.2.8) is one of the known causes of drug resistance to 6-mercaptopurine and azaguanine in human leukemias and in experimental tumors in animals. Tumor cells can develop resistance against these agents in the course of treatment; this may reflect either a permanent mutational event or a change in gene expression. Our experiments with virus-induced erythroleukemic cells have shown that gene expression can be altered in vitro (1). Erythroleukemic cells grown in tissue culture could be stimulated by dimethylsulfoxide to differentiate along the erythroid pathway, to synthesize hemoglobin while the activities of enzymes essential to the biosynthesis of purines were repressed in the course of differentiation in vitro.
Apparent Activation Energies in Complex Reaction Mechanisms:A Simple Relationship via Degrees of Rate Control

The apparent activation energy of chemical reactions has played a central role in the field of chemical kinetics and has served as an important tool for analyzing and understanding reaction rates, ...
Working class environmentalism

Chapter 6 outlines and analyses the key contributions of working-class people to environmentalism through a discussion of the ‘environmentalism of the poor’ (Martinez-Alier, Environmentalism of the Poor. Edward Elgar, 2003), the environmental justice movement and trade union health and safety campaigns. It challenges a prevailing view of environmentalism as a ‘post-materialist’ struggle (e.g. Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton University Press, 1990) which suggests that poorer people are too preoccupied with meeting their basic needs for food, warmth and security to be able to think about, or be active on, environmental issues. The contribution of the environmental justice movement will also be explored in this chapter, drawing on my previous work on this topic (e.g. Bell, Achieving Environmental Justice. Policy Press, 2014).
Gallium Arsenide Solar Cells Grown on Polycrystalline Germanium Substrates by Aluminum-Induced Crystallization

In this study, gallium arsenide solar cells were grown on three substrates: a polycrystalline germanium substrate created by aluminum-induced crystallization, a polycrystalline germanium substrate with an average grain size of 400 µm from Umicore, and a monocrystalline (100) germanium substrate with a 6° offcut from Umicore. The solar cells created by aluminuminduced crystallization showed a V OC up to 0.17 V, which was comparable to the solar cells grown on the Umicore polycrystalline germanium substrates that exhibited a range of V OC from 0.20 V to 0.40 V. Device performance further improved when concentrating the solar cells, where a V OC of 0.4 V, J SC of 7.9 mA/cm2, and an efficiency of 0.023% was achieved under 67 suns for the solar cells grown on a germanium substrate prepared by aluminum-induced crystallization.
Adaptation of Multiobjective Reservoir Operations to Snowpack Decline in the Western United States

AbstractLong-term snowpack decline is among the best-understood impacts of climate change on water resources systems. This trend has been observed for decades and is projected to continue even in c...
Fighting for Progress in the Age of Disruption

Neera Tanden, President of The Center for American Progress Washington, DC, explores the Future of Think Tanks and Policy Advice in the United States.
Improving Carrier Lifetime of Au-Hyperdoped Si by Material Tailoring

Enhanced solar spectrum utilization is proposed to be achieved by intermediate band photovoltaics. Hyperdoping is a viable method to fabricate such materials by introducing large concentrations of dopants. We investigate various hyperdoping and etching methods followed by surface passivation to engineer materials with longer charge carrier lifetimes. Time resolved terahertz spectroscopy technique is applied to evaluate the decay dynamics in order to identify the optimum material candidate.
Molecular mechanisms of methane dry reforming on Co3Mo3N catalyst with dual sites

The catalytic performance of Co3Mo3N for dry reforming of methane (DRM) was investigated using periodic density functional theory (DFT). The full mechanism revealed that Co3Mo3N(111) activates both CH4 and CO2 at different catalytic regimes, which also facilitates CO production to proceed via COH and CHO intermediates. Aided by linear scaling relationships, steady-state microkinetic modeling confirms promising DRM reactivity, thanks to the unique dual-site configuration on monolithic Co3Mo3N(111) when compared to monofunctional transition metals. Efficient for C–H bond activation, Co3Mo3N(111) is also effective at residual carbon removal due to facile CO2 dissociation, and thus, tolerates surface C species. In synergy, the presence of moderate C and CH coverages helps control surface O species. This work provides insights into catalyst systems that contain two beneficial functionalities for effective and durable DRM operations.
Beam orientation optimization for coherent X-ray scattering from distributed deep targets.

BACKGROUND Amyloid deposits in the temporal and frontal lobes in patients with Alzheimer's disease make them potential targets to aid in early diagnosis. Recently, spectral small-angle X-ray scattering techniques have been proposed for interrogating deep targets such as amyloid plaques. RESULTS We describe an optimization approach for the orientation of beams for deep target characterization. The model predicts the main features of scattering profiles from targets with varying shape, size and location. We found that increasing target size introduced additional smearing due to location uncertainty, and incidence angle affected the scattering profile by altering the path length or effective target size. For temporal and frontal lobe targets, beam effectiveness varied up to 2 orders of magnitude. CONCLUSIONS Beam orientation optimization might allow for patient-specific optimal paths for improved signal characterization.
Exploiting gene mutations and biomarkers to guide treatment recommendations in mantle cell lymphoma.

Introduction While there has been an improvement in the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in both median progression-free survival (PFS; >7-8 years) and overall survival (OS; >10-12 years), patients with high-risk features such as high risk MIPI (mantle cell international prognostic index), high Ki-67 (≥30%), or blastoid variants still carry poor outcome with a median OS of 3 years. Furthermore, patients with high-risk molecular features, such as TP53 mutations, show dismal outcome, with a median OS of 1.8 years, regardless of therapy used. Further studies have led to the development of six novel drugs approved for the treatment of relapse/refractory (R/R) MCL, leading to improved survival even in refractory or high-risk patients. Areas covered This review covers clinical biological and molecular features that impact MCL outcome with current standards. Beyond the recognition of separate subentities, we review how high-risk molecular features have paved the way towards a new paradigm away from chemoimmunotherapy. Expert opinion Progress in novel therapies and in routine diagnostics, particularly next-generation sequencing (NGS), support the development of new treatment strategies, not based on the dose intensity/age dichotomy, which may prevent the need for chemotherapy and improve outcome across MCL including in high-risk subsets.
Effect of tool rotation rate on constituent particles in a friction stir processed 2024Al alloy

Abstract Friction stir processing (FSP) carried out on a commercial AA2024Al alloy using different tool rotation rates (200–1000 rpm) led to significant change in size and morphology of the constituent particles. The size of insoluble Al 6 (Cu,Mn,Fe) particles presentin the stir zone was substantially reduced as a function of tool rotation rate whereas smaller soluble Al–Cu–Mg based particles exhibited significant reduction in amount only at higher tool rotation rates. Severe plastic deformation, peak temperature and constituent particle characteristics influenced their evolution.
Human trophoblast-derived exosomal fibronectin induces pro-inflammatory IL-1β production by macrophages.

Citation Atay S, Gercel-Taylor C, Taylor DD. Human trophoblast-derived exosomal fibronectin induces pro-inflammatory Il-1β production by macrophages. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 259–269 Problem Our previous studies demonstrated that trophoblast-derived exosomes induced synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by macrophages. The objective of this study was to characterize the mechanism and receptors associated with this induction. Method of study Exosomes were isolated from Sw71 trophoblast-conditioned media by ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation. Using macrophages isolated from normal donors, cytochalasin D was used to block exosome uptake. Induction of IL-1β mRNA was investigated by qRT-PCR, pro-IL-1β protein by western immunoblotting, and mature IL-1β release by ELISA. RGD peptides were used to block fibronectin binding by macrophage α5β1 integrin. Results Uptake of exosomes by macrophages was completely blocked by pre-treatment with cytochalasin D. Although induction of some cytokines (such as C4A and CCL11) requires uptake, induction of IL-1β occurred without exosome internalization. Cytochalasin D treatment did not inhibit exosome-mediated induction of IL-1β mRNA, production of the pro-protein, or release of mature IL-1β. Blocking of fibronectin binding using RGD peptides demonstrated the abrogation of exosome-mediated IL-1β production. Conclusion Although trophoblast-derived exosomes have been demonstrated to induce IL-1β, this is the first demonstration of IL-1β induction by exosome-associated fibronectin. Based on this pro-inflammatory role of exosome-associated fibronectin, it may represent an important general immunoregulatory mechanism.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE CARBOXYLASE OF PEA ROOTS

It is known that vitamin B1 is a growth factor for numerous bacteria and fungi including the yeasts (see the summary in Koser and Saunders (1938)). It has also been demonstrated that vitamin B1 is essential for the growth of the isolated roots of higher plants (Bonner, 1937; Robbins and Bartley, 1937). Because of this general vitamin B1 requirement of living organisms, it would seem a priori probable that the vitamin plays a role in some basic cellular process. That this is indeed the case was shown conclusively by the work of Peters and coworkers (see Peters and O’Brien (1938)) and of Lohmann and Schuster (1937). The latter workers found that the prosthetic group of yeast carboxylase is vitamin B1 pyrophosphate. In the case of yeast, vitamin B1 is, then, a constituent of a respiratory enzyme and vitamin B1 pyrophosphate is hence commonly referred to as “cocarboxylase,” a terminology used throughout this paper. Although considerable information is available concerning the role of vitamin B1 as a growth factor for roots, there is little known about the carboxylase of such roots. The present work was undertaken with the hope of elucidating possible relationships between vitamin B1 and the carboxylase of pea roots.
Androgens Selectively Protect Against Apoptosis in Hippocampal Neurones

Androgens can protect neurones from injury, although androgen neuroprotection is not well characterised in terms of either specificity or mechanism. In the present study, we compared the ability of androgens to protect neurones against a panel of insults, empirically determined to induce cell death by apoptotic or non-apoptotic mechanisms. Three criteria defining but not inclusive of apoptosis are: protection by caspase inhibition, protection by protein synthesis inhibition and the presence of pyknotic nuclei. According to these criteria, beta-amyloid, staurosporine, and Apoptosis Activator II induced cell death involving apoptosis, whereas hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), iron, calcium ionophore and 3-nitropropionic acid induced cell death featuring non-apoptotic characteristics. Pretreatment of hippocampal neurones with testosterone or dihydrotestosterone attenuated cell death induced by beta-amyloid, staurosporine and Apoptosis Activator II, but none of the other insults. The anti-oxidant Trolox did not reduce cell death induced by beta-amyloid, staurosporine and Apoptosis Activator II, but did protect against H(2)O(2) and iron. Similarly, a supra-physiological concentration of oestrogen reduced cell death induced by H(2)O(2) and iron, an effect not observed with androgens. We also show that activation of oestrogen pathways was not necessary for androgen neuroprotection. These data suggest that androgens directly activate a neuroprotective mechanism specific to inhibition of cell death involving apoptosis. Determining the specificity of androgen neuroprotection may enable the development of androgen compounds for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Cyclopentadienone Diethyl Acetal

(R = Et) [2931-32-0] C9H14O2 (MW 154.21) InChI = 1S/C9H14O2/c1-3-10-9(11-4-2)7-5-6-8-9/h5-8H,3-4H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = NRWDMAWHTLVILQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (R = Me) [2931-31-9] C7H10O2 (MW 126.16) InChI = 1S/C7H10O2/c1-8-7(9-2)5-3-4-6-7/h3-6H,1-2H3 InChIKey = ZGUUKHUATOCUGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (isolable cyclopentadienone synthon(s) for use in Diels–Alder and related cycloadditions2) Physical Data: thermally unstable liquid which rapidly dimerizes in solution. Solubility: sol pentane, pyridine, hexanes, ether, ethyl acetate; insol water. Preparative Methods: cyclopentanone acetal (ethyl or methyl) is brominated with Pyridinium Hydrobromide Perbromide. The 2,5-dibromo acetal is double dehydrobrominated using Potassium t-Butoxide–Dimethyl Sulfoxide, the product extracted into cold pentane and used immediately.2 Analysis of Reagent Purity: analysis of the dimeric product. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: pentane solutions should be used immediately.
Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease and Transplantation

Advances of both a conceptual and technical nature have added inflammatory [1] and degenerative [2] diseases to the list of those conditions potentially treatable by gene therapy. Few diseases of these types are genetic in nature, but gene transfer may nevertheless be of benefit in permitting the controlled expression of therapeutic genes in defined populations of cells. Pre-clinical research into the treatment of such disorders by gene therapy has indeed provided strong evidence that genes may be employed as immunomodulatory agents of potential utility in treating autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and type I diabetes, and for blocking the immune response following transplantation of allogeneic tissues such as islets. The present chapter reviews progress in these areas.
Time resolved HF vibrational fluorescence from the IR photodissociation of SF6/H2 mixtures☆

Abstract Time resolved measurements of HF spontaneous emission, following the irradiation of SF 6 /H 2 mixtures with the focused output from a CO 2 TEA laser, are reported. Our results indicate that F atoms are produced directly by the photodissociation process, and that these atoms have a recoil energy which is ≤500 cm −1 , and varies only slightly with the radiation intensity. Further, our results show a linear dependence of fluorescence intensity with laser energy, indicating that processes other than direct photodissociation may play a significant role in the ultimate fate of species excited by IR collisionless multiple photon absorption.
Video-frequency scanning transmission electron microscopy of moving gold nanoparticles in liquid

Abstract Immobilized gold nanoparticles were imaged in a liquid containing water and 50% glycerol with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The specimen was enclosed in a liquid compartment formed by two silicon microchips with electron transparent windows. A series of images was recorded at video frequency with a spatial resolution of 1.5 nm. The nanoparticles detached from their support after imaging them for several seconds at a magnification of 250,000. Their movement was found to be much different than the movement of nanoparticles moving freely in liquid as described by Brownian Motion. The direction of motion was not random—the nanoparticles moved either in a preferred direction, or radially outwards from the center of the image. The displacement of the gold nanoparticles over time was three orders of magnitude smaller than expected on the basis of Brownian Motion. This finding implies that nanoscale objects of flexible structure or freely floating, including nanoparticles and biological objects, can be imaged with nanoscale resolution, as long as they are in close proximity to a solid support structure.
Studies on the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides and polysaccharides associated with collagen after whole-body x-irradiation.

SummaryRats were injected with sulphate-35S and/or glucose-U-14C, were exposed to x-rays two or three days later, and were sacrificed two or three days after exposure. Sulphate and hexosamine were isolated from mucopolysaccharides of bone and skin, and hexosamine was also isolated from soluble and insoluble collagen of skin and from total collagen of bone. On the basis of the changes in the specific activity of these compounds after irradiation, it was concluded that the replacement of mucopolysaccharides is partially inhibited after x-irradiation. The changes in the specific activity of hexosamine associated with collagen were not marked, but exhibited a trend similar to that observed previously in amino-acid residues of collagen from irradiated rats.
Constitutively decreased TGFBR1 allelic expression is a common finding in colorectal cancer and is associated with three TGFBR1 SNPs

Purpose Constitutively decreased TGFBR1 allelic expression is emerging as a potent modifier of colorectal cancer risk in mice and humans. This phenotype was first observed in mice, then in lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with microsatellite stable colorectal tumors.
Transportation cost changes with statewide school district consolidation

Abstract This article studies the relationship between school district size and bus transportation costs, and estimates the change in such costs when a statewide policy of consolidation is pursued. To explore this relationship, we develop a multiple-objective model and solution procedure that combines a geographic aggregation and bus routing heuristic to generate consolidation scenarios. The heuristic was developed to explicitly consider efficiency, effectiveness, and equity objectives, and can be applied in both urban and rural states. The scenarios will generate average statewide bus transportation costs. As applied to the State of Iowa, within the legislature's proposed range of consolidation of 500–1000 students, it was found that transportation operational and capital cost increases range from 0.6 to 10.6 percent and 0.7 to 7.7 percent, respectively.
Decreased cell proliferation and PGE2 production by fibroblasts treated with a modified hexose sugar, amiprilose hydrochloride.

Amiprilose hydrochloride, a modified hexose sugar effectively decreases proliferation of human skin and synovial fibroblasts and of rabbit synovial fibroblasts. It also decreases production of the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by these cells. Cell proliferation, measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine and by cell number, is decreased by concentrations of amiprilose hydrochloride of 1 mg/ml, while PGE2 synthesis is decreased by concentrations as low as 10 μg/ml. Concentrations of 1 mg/ml are not cytotoxic, as measured by protein synthesis. The anti-proliferate and anti-inflammatory effects of amiprilose hydrochloride, combined with its lack of cytotoxicity, suggest that this compound may be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic autoimmune proliferate and inflammatory disease of connective tissue.