cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concentrated polymer solution between plates

Geometric requirements, avoidance of boundary conditions, and focus on configurational properties have suggested mean field formulation of the many chain problem using discrete single chain Gaussian partition functions. Mean field account of energetic, combinatorial, and configurational contributions to the free energy provides correct reduction in the limit of remote confinement and avoidance of double counting of interactions. Strong influence of surface adsorption on configurational and global properties of spatial distribution is predicted to occur at lower concentrations. The interplate surface tension has been calculated in decoupled conditions (large separation distances between plates). Numerical results predict an approximate power law dependence of the surface tension on the concentration with exponent ∼ 1.3. Perfectly repulsive boundaries and athermal solvent conditions have been assumed for this calculation.
TRED: a transcriptional regulatory element database, new entries and other development

Transcriptional factors (TFs) and many of their target genes are involved in gene regulation at the level of transcription. To decipher gene regulatory networks (GRNs) we require a comprehensive and accurate knowledge of transcriptional regulatory elements. TRED (http://rulai.cshl.edu/TRED) was designed as a resource for gene regulation and function studies. It collects mammalian cis- and trans-regulatory elements together with experimental evidence. All the regulatory elements were mapped on to the assembled genomes. In this new release, we included a total of 36 TF families involved in cancer. Accordingly, the number of target promoters and genes for TF families has increased dramatically. There are 11,660 target genes (7479 in human, 2691 in mouse and 1490 in rat) and 14,908 target promoters (10,225 in human, 2985 in mouse and 1698 in rat). Additionally, we constructed GRNs for each TF family by connecting the TF-target gene pairs. Such interaction data between TFs and their target genes will assist detailed functional studies and help to obtain a panoramic view of the GRNs for cancer research.
Dissipative Transport Processes

The earliest concept of the plasma membrane was that of an ultrathin porous film separating two aqueous solutions in physical as well as in biological systems. In physical systems, use of the porous film model led to the development of the laws of osmotic pressure and to the laws governing the equilibrium distribution of ions across membranes. In biological systems, use of the model has accounted for some, but not for all of the data on distribution and transfer rates of materials across cell membranes. Recent developments have been concerned with the chemical architecture of biological membranes as well as the material transfers across cell membranes.
Montmorillonite under high H2O pressures: Stability of hydrate phases, rehydration hysteresis, and the effect of interlayer cations

Dehydration of Ca- and Mg-exchanged montmorillonite was studied along H20 isochores in the hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell by in situ X-ray diffraction using a synchrotron radiation source. At-rressures between the H20 liquid-vapor (L-V) boundary and ~ 10 kbar, the dehydration temperature for the conversion from the 19 Ahydration state to the 15 A hydration state occurred over the temperature range 260-350 °C for Ca-exchanged montmorillonite and 200-250 °C for Mg-exchanged montmorillonite, with a slight increase with increasing pressure. For both materials, the rehydration from the 15 A to 19 A states occurred at the same temperature as dehydration at pressures along the H20 L-V boundary, thus showing no hysteresis. The rehydration hysteresis increased to nearly 75 °C at 6 kbar for Ca-exchanged montmorillonite and to the same amoUntat 2.5 kbar for Mg-exchanged montmorillonite. Dehydration experiments On Mg-exchanged montmorillonite along the isochores of 1.024 and 0.75 g/cm3 showed conversion from the 15 A hydrate to the 12.5 A hydrate at 590-605 dc. The 12.5 A hydrate only partially rehydrated after cooling to room temperature along those two isochores. In an experiment started from the 15 A state, in which the pressure was below the H20 L-V curve, dehydration occurred at 400-500 °C and rehydration at 430-350 dc. When our previous results on Na-exchanged montmorillonite are combined with the current experimental data, systematic trends can be found in the effect of pressure and interlayer-cation species On the dehydration temperature and rehydration hysteresis.
A Significant Order on Record Management

f^ripHE RECORDS of the East India Company's governI ments in India are probably the best historical materials in the world." So begins the introduction to William Foster's Guide to the India Office Records, 16004858, quoting from the History of the Mahrattas, by the famous historian James Grant Duff.1 What led Duff to appreciate the wealth of material available in the archives of the East India Company and Foster to echo him is the availability of the records of the company in a sufficiently intact form both the records in India and their counterparts, now preserved in the Commonwealth Relations Office, London. This, however, does not mean that like any other records in the world the company's archives did not suffer from the usual hazards of fire, rain, theft, and human negligence. These were there. For example, the company's records at Calcutta had suffered some destruction in 1737, during a flood and cyclone, and some in 1756, during hostilities when Calcutta was captured from the British by Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah'.2 As early as 1682 mention was made in the Court of Directors' minutes of the uold books and papers which are in a confused manner layd in the upper garret of the [East India] House." 3 Again in January 17 17 it was reported that one of the Surat journals had been removed from its covers and stolen, and that "great quantities of the Company's packets and other papers were thrown on heaps in the Back Warehouse." 4 But, in spite of all this, it is to the credit of the directors of the East India Company that they began to bestow the necessary attention to the management and safety of their records at a comparatively early period. Thus we find that in 1769 the company had * The contributor of this article is an archivist on the staff of the National Archives of India, New Delhi. 1 Foster, Guide, p. (i) (London, India Office, 1919) ; Duff, History, 2:185 (London, 1826). 2 A Hand-Book to the Records of the Government of India, 1748-1859, p. 2. 3 Foster, Guide, p. (i). *Ibid.
AMBIENT ULTRAFINE PARTICLES INCREASE REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES FORMATION IN QUIESCENT HUMAN MONOCYTIC CELLS

Exposure to ambient particles has been linked to adverse health effects connected to the cardiopulmonary system. Activation of both inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways has been observed and may be a probable cause of these outcomes. Human monocytic (THP-1) cells were used as an immunologically relevant model to determine if ambient particles activate these cells. Cells were treated with aqueous ultrafine particles (UFP) or a media control for 24 hours. After exposure to UFP, the monocytes aggregated towards some, but not all of the particles. This tendency was independent of the size of the particles and may be based on the surface constituents. At the highest dose, there was a decrease in cell number. Despite this effect on cell number, exposure increased mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. In addition, exposure to UFP caused an increase in both secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and the formation of ROS in quiescent cells. However, the ambient particles were unable to cause oxidative or proinflammatory changes in cells with baseline high secretion of TNFα. Our preliminary results suggest that baseline inflammation may compromise monocyte responses to ambient particles.
On Being a Religious Professional

The idea that individuals' religious beliefs and practices should guide their professional conduct is increasingly becoming a focus of public debate. In recent years wide perceptions of national and global problems have led many people of all generations into spiritual and religious searches. People from both ends of the political spectrum look to religious values in reacting against the commercial glorification of violence, racism, sexual abuse and greed in popular culture. Against this backdrop, questions arise for legal and medical professionals when there is a conflict between religious and professional norms. Relevant to these questions are respect for the client or patient who may have different views on religion, as well as potential effects on the larger civil society if more emphasis on religion occupies professional training and practices.
Objective measurement of visual function in glaucoma.

Of the objective (electrophysiological), functional tests of glaucomatous damage, three hold the most promise. Some evidence suggests that the pattern electroretinogram, the photopic negative response of the electroretinogram, and the multifocal visual-evoked potential can detect early glaucomatous damage, damage that may be missed on static automated achromatic perimetry. However, in their current forms, these tests can supplement, but cannot replace, static automated achromatic perimetry. Further, the multifocal visual-evoked potential is the only one of these tests that supplies topographic information about local damage. In addition, we still lack a complete understanding of the relation between these tests and the underlying damage to ganglion cells. In this context, it has recently been suggested that the signal in the multifocal visual-evoked potential response may be linearly related to the loss of ganglion cells. Finally, more information is needed about these tests from longitudinal or prospective studies.
Effects of daily oral doses of L-arginine on coccidiosis infections in chickens

Abstract L-arginine is an essential amino acid for chickens, as well as the substrate for biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO), a bioregulatory free radical molecule known to have antimicrobial activity. Biosynthesis of NO by induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) can be stimulated during immunological response to infection. Therefore, in chickens, production of NO as a response to an infection should be influenced by dietary levels of L-arginine. Two experiments were carried out to determine whether oral dosing with L-arginine during coccidia infections could influence the associated pathology or the development of the parasites. Neither single nor dual daily doses (500 mg/kg) of L-arginine reversed weight gain reduction, augmented plasma NO2- + NO3- levels, or lessened lesion scores in chicks infected with Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, or Eimeria tenella. Although the oocyst shedding from E. maxima (1x dose) or E. acervulina (2x dose) infections were not affected, the oocyst shedding from E. tenella infections was significantly reduced by both dose regimens.
Oregon's medicaid transformation -- observations on organizational structure and strategy.

In the Point article, Steven W. Howard et al. argue that the Oregon Health Authority's coordinated care organizations (CCOs) are different from traditional Medicaid managed care organizations in ways designed to improve care coordination and transparency, incorporate greater collaborative governance and community accountability, and reform payment and delivery of care. Although the Point article notes specific challenges to implementing reforms, this Counterpoint article identifies the progress and successes of Oregon's CCOs in each of the aforementioned areas on the basis of empirical research, which suggests that CCOs appear to be viable innovations.
Poly(arylene ether)s with Pendent 3-Iodophenyl Sulfonyl Groups: Synthesis, Characterization, and Modification

A series of poly(arylene ether)s carrying truly pendent functional groups were prepared by the meta activated nucleophilic aromatic substitution (NAS) polycondensation reaction of a new aryl difluoride monomer, 3,5-difluoro-1-((3-iodophenyl)sulfonyl)benzene, followed by Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck cross-coupling reactions. The synthesis of 3,5-difluoro-1-((3-iodophenyl)sulfonyl)benzene was achieved via the one-step reaction of 3,5-difluorodiphenyl sulfone with N-iodosuccinimide. Model reactions and NMR data indicated that the carbon–iodine functionality was stable to NAS conditions, thus allowing the synthesis of the desired iodo functional poly(arylene ether sulfone), I-PAES. The iodo moiety was then subjected to palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with phenyl, naphthyl, and 4-acetylphenyl boronic acids as well as styrene in order to prepare the corresponding phenyl, naphthyl, 4-acetyl phenyl, and 2-phenylvinyl analogues. The polymers were characterized via NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatog...
Polarized localization of voltage-gated Na+ channels is regulated by concerted FGF13 and FGF14 action

Clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) within the neuronal axon initial segment (AIS) is critical for efficient action potential initiation. Although initially inserted into both somatodendritic and axonal membranes, VGSCs are concentrated within the axon through mechanisms that include preferential axonal targeting and selective somatodendritic endocytosis. How the endocytic machinery specifically targets somatic VGSCs is unknown. Here, using knockdown strategies, we show that noncanonical FGF13 binds directly to VGSCs in hippocampal neurons to limit their somatodendritic surface expression, although exerting little effect on VGSCs within the AIS. In contrast, homologous FGF14, which is highly concentrated in the proximal axon, binds directly to VGSCs to promote their axonal localization. Single-point mutations in FGF13 or FGF14 abrogating VGSC interaction in vitro cannot support these specific functions in neurons. Thus, our data show how the concerted actions of FGF13 and FGF14 regulate the polarized localization of VGSCs that supports efficient action potential initiation.
Tilletia Lycuroides, Another Homo-Heterothallic Bunt Fungus

When primary basidiosporic lines of Tilletia lycuroides were tested for pathogenicity, most unpaired lines sporulated in the ovaries of Lycurus phleoides. Such lines were selffertile, heterokaryotic for mating type, and homothallic. Heterokaryotic lines dissociated in shake cultures and formed secondary mononucleate basidiospores ofa, and a2 incompatibility. Some unpaired lines, however, were self-sterile, homokaryotic for mating type, and shown by pathogenicity tests to be heterothallic. When one of these dissociated, secondary basidiospores of only one mating type were formed. Homothallism was attributed to the presence of nuclei of both mating types in most primary basidiospores, heterothallism to the presence of only one type in others. Pathogenicity tests were required to identify self-fertile lines and to determine the incompatibility factors of secondary lines. I proved (2) Tilletia aegopogonis R. Duran is homo-heterothallic by inoculating Aegopogon tenellus (DC.) Trin. with cultures from single primary basidiospores, and, then, with secondary basidiospores, thus completing the life cycle. Primary basidiospores of the fungus were typically multinucleate and contained nuclei of both mating types which explained why they were solopathogenic and did not fuse. But when the self-fertile primary basidiospores dissociated in shake cultures they formed secondary mononucleate basidiospores of two mating types which required pairing to complete the life cycle. Previously, the nuclear condition of basidia of Tilletia species, and their relationships to disease cycles, was mostly inferred from the wheat bunt fungi [Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. and Tilletiafoetida (Wallr.) Liro] in which primary basidiospores are mononucleate, homokaryotic for mating type, and strictly heterothallic.
Multicore Fibers For Sensing Applications

Fiber optics are currently being used for sensing in a broad range of industrial applications; including temperature, strain, pressure and acoustic waves. In this talk we present a versatile sensing platform based on multicore fibers. Article not available.
2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene (TME) Ozonolysis: Pressure Dependence of Stabilized Criegee Intermediates and Evidence of Stabilized Vinyl Hydroperoxides

We present measurements of the pressure dependence of stabilized Criegee intermediate (SCI) formation utilizing a hexafluoroacetone scavenger. SCI yields in the ozonolysis of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (TME) were measured in a high pressure flow reactor within a range of 50−710 Torr. Within this pressure range, SCI yields increase linearly with pressure. A zero pressure intercept of about 15% indicates that a significant fraction of CI are formed below the barrier to isomerization. By comparison of our results of the pressure dependence of SCI formation and both prompt and long-time OH yields, our results indicate that OH formation from ozonolysis proceeds via at least two intermediates, the SCI and presumably a vinylhydroperoxide (VHP).
Analysis on poor eyesight among primary and middle school students in Longzhou County of Guangxi

[Objective]To understand the status of poor eyesight among primary and middle school students in Longzhou County of Guangxi,provide scientific basis for prevention and control measures.[Methods]The results of eyesight test? of primary and middle school students in Longzhou County in 2012 were collected and analyzed.[Results]The average detection rate of poor eyesight among primary and middle school students was 20.70%(3 852/18 608).The detection rate of boys and girls was 16.24%(1 480/9 114) and 24.99%(2 372/9 494) respectively,and the difference was significant(χ2 = 216.47,P 0.01).The detection rate of urban students and rural students was 33.22%(2 674/8 050) and 11.16%(1 178/8 050) respectively,and the difference was significant(χ2 = 1 351.46,P 0.01).The detection rate of poor eyesight had? significant correlation with increasing age(r = 0.925 7,P 0.01).The moderate-severe poor eyesight accounted for 71.34%.[Conclusion]The detection rate of poor eyesightamong primary and middle school students in Longzhou County is low,which indicates that the eyesight protection measures are effective.Family,school and health department should make great efforts? together to develop the reasonable schedule of study and rest for students,as well as ensure adequate nutrition supply.
Caveat emptor--because you get what you ask for.

5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 My attitude about this topic changed in some way. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 This information is likely to impact my practice. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 2. Readability feedback: I understood what the authors were trying to say. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 I was able to interpret the tables/figures (if applicable). 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 Overall, the presentation of the article enhanced my ability to read and understand it. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 IN SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING, THE PURPOSE OF RECORDING ANY SIGNAL REPRESENTATIVE OF BREATH- ING IS TO ACCURATELY DETECT DISTURBANCES SUCH as apneas and hypopneas. Breathing signals can be recorded by many techniques; each of these may provide useful but often dif- ferent perspectives on the underlying pathophysiology. However, as pointed out by Montserrat in the present issue of SLEEP, there are intrinsic differences in the nature of these signals. Despite this, it has been conventionally assumed that a single amplitude re- duction rule can be used to define hypopneas, irrespective of the signal to which this is applied. The present paper points out the important but frequently overlooked observation that the use of a single amplitude reduction criterion results in contradictory and confusing decisions about individual breaths and events. In their paper Montserrat et al. compared the change in ampli- tude of flow with the change in volume (obtained by integrating the flow signal) during CPAP studies. They conclude that mea- suring the reduction in breathing by means of these 2 measures "…resulted in discordant scorings (for breaths)… and that this may affect event scoring." Specifically, one measure was reduced by >50% whereas the other was not in up to 20% of breaths. This is not a trivial result; the position paper published by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice review committee defines hypopneas as a fixed percentage reduction in amplitude regardless of the signal used, but leaves it to the user to decide whether to use thoracoabdominal movement (volume) or airflow. 1
EE2 IMPACTS INNATE IMMUNE PATHWAYS IN ZEBRAFISH

Worldwide, there are serious concerns regarding the impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals in aquatic environments due to their potential to alter physiological processes for vertebrate health. One of the most frequently detected endocrine disrupting compounds, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), is found in a variety of aquatic ecosystems at ng L concentrations. EE2 can severely alter physiological processes including development and reproduction but very little research has addressed the impact of EE2 on the immune system of fish. Recently, we assessed the impact of EE2 on the immune mRNA transcriptome in adult zebrafish by sub-chronically exposing fish to EE2 followed by a 24-hour immune stimulation period with peptidoglycan and poly(I:C) to mimic microbial infection. This microarray study identified multiple innate immune pathways that were down-regulated upon exposure to EE2 implying that EE2 likely suppresses innate immunity. Additionally, the analysis suggested the involvement of miRNAs for regulating some of these pathways. To address this observation, we used RNAseq to profile miRNAs from the EE2/PAMP experiment described above. Individual miRNA libraries (n=36) were sequenced at a depth of more than 10M reads per individual fish. Raw reads were filtered, trimmed, aligned to the miRBase 21 database and counts were then normalized to assess differentially expressed miRNAs. Putative gene targets were identified from the miRBase target database and correlated with the previous microarray results. Overall, our results suggest that both mRNAs and miRNAs participate in the dysregulation of innate immunity through the impacts of EE2.
Preliminary Evaluation of Tofrānil in a Combined In-Patient and Out-Patient Setting:

Le Tofrānil est un des medicaments essayes simultanement sur les malades mentaux d'un hopital, et sur des patients en traitement ambulatoire, par la meme equipe de psychiatres, en vue de determiner...
Unusual neoplastic lesions of the uterine horns of estrogen-treated mice.

The effect of estrogens administered either parenterally or topically on cancer of the vagina and uterine cervix in mice from the BC stock was studied. Mice were exposed to estrogens for 112 to over 300 days. 2 mice received weekly injections of 250 mcg stilbestrol 5 received weekly injections of 16.6 mcg of estradiol benzoate and 1 had a pellet of stilbestrol and cholesterol fixed in the upper vagina (1:3). All 8 of the mice had subserosal uterine lesions adenomas or adenocarcinomas. 5 of the mice had infiltrative uterocervical lesions as well 2 of which were considered to be epidermoid carcinomas. The majority of the tumors were found at or near the uteromesometrial junction. The tumors seemed to arise from the serosa or from the serosa and underlying lymphatic capillaries. The lesions may also have had an origin in endometriosis as the multiparity of all the mice was a common feature.
Sodium and water transport in cortical collecting duct of Dahl salt-resistant rat

Studies were conducted to determine whether the cortical collecting duct (CCD) of the Dahl salt-resistant rat (inbred Rapp strain; R/Jr) exhibits the same responses to deoxycorticosterone (DOC; 2.5 mg as a depot injection in vivo, 3-8 days before experimentation) and arginine vasopressin (AVP, 220 pM in vitro) as the Sprague-Dawley (SD) [L. Chen, S.K. Williams, and J.A. Schafer. Am. J. Physiol. 259 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 28): F147-F156, 1990] and Dahl salt-sensitive (inbred Rapp strain, S/Jr) [C.T. Hawk and J.A. Schafer. Am. J. Physiol. 260 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 29): F471-F478, 1991] CCD. Qualitatively, the R/Jr CCD responded as in the other two strains: AVP elevated the osmotic water permeability (Pf, micron/s) from 0 to approximately 1,200; either AVP or DOC, when used alone, increased the lumen-to-bath 22Na+ flux (Jl-->b, pmol.min-1.mm-1) from the control range of 20-25 to approximately 40 and hyperpolarized the transepithelial voltage. AVP and DOC effects were synergistic, eleva...
The Symmetric Eigenvalue Problem

The chapter presents five algorithms for the computation of eigenvalues and, in most cases, their associated eigenvectors of a symmetric matrix. After proving the spectral theorem and reviewing properties of a symmetric matrix, the Jacobi algorithm is presented in detail, including proving convergence. Following that, the algorithm that uses Householder reflections to orthogonally transform a symmetric matrix to a symmetric tridiagonal matrix is discussed. The remaining algorithms all require this initial step. The Wilkinson shift is introduced and the single-shift symmetric QR iteration is presented that transforms the symmetric tridiagonal matrix to a diagonal matrix. Givens rotations perform the QR decomposition. Next, the implicit single-shift Francis algorithm is discussed. The discussion relies on the implicit single-shift discussion in Chapter 18. The bisection method is a very clever technique that finds one eigenvalue, all the eigenvalues in a range, or all the eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix. It relies on the fact that the eigenvalues of the upper k × k submatrices of the tridiagonal matrix interlace. Also, there is a simple recurrence relation for the computation of the characteristic polynomials for those matrices. The number of sign changes as the n + 1 polynomials are evaluated at real number indicates the location of eigenvalues. Cuppen’s recursive divide-and-conquer method for computing all the eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of a real symmetric matrix is outlined. No MATLAB implementation is provided; however, a C function using the MEX interface to the LAPACK routine is supplied. This allows testing of the algorithm’s speed and accuracy.
Colorectal Cancer Metastasis to the Thymus Gland: Rare Presentation of Colorectal Cancer as Anterior Mediastinal Mass.

Despite improved screening modalities, 15–25% of newly diagnosed colorectal cancers are metastatic at the time of diagnosis. The vast majority of these cases present as hepatic metastasis; however, 22% present with concomitant extrahepatic disease. The thymus gland is an uncommon site of metastasis for any primary malignancy, particularly, colorectal cancer given its vascular and lymphatic drainage. This case report details our experience with a rare case of colorectal cancer metastasis to the thymus gland presenting as a symptomatic mediastinal mass.
Surgery investigators funded through the National Institutes of Health: A rebirth

Background Funding toward surgical research through the National Institutes of Health has decreased relative to other medical specialties. This study was initiated to characterize features of academically successful surgeon-scientists and departments of surgery. We hypothesized that there may be decreases in young investigators obtaining independent National Institutes of Health awards and that successful academic departments of surgery may be depending increasingly on PhD faculty. Methods The National Institutes of Health RePORTER database was queried for grants awarded to departments of surgery during fiscal years 2003 and 2013. Grant summaries were categorized by research methodology. Training of the principal investigator and academic position were determined through the RePORTER database and publicly available academic biographies. Institutions were ranked by number of grants funded. Results Between 2003 and 2013, total surgery grants awarded decreased by 19%. The number of National Institutes of Health-funded, clinically active surgeons (MDs) decreased 11%, while funded PhDs increased 9%; however, clinically active junior faculty have comprised an increasing proportion of funded MDs (from 20–38%). Shifts in research topics include an increasing proportion of investigators engaged in outcomes research. Among institutions ranking in the top 20 for surgical research in both 2003 and 2013 ( N = 15), the ratio of MDs to PhDs was 2:1 in both fiscal years. Among institutions falling out of the top 20, this ratio was less than 1:1. Conclusion There has been an expansion of outcomes-based surgical research. The most consistently successful institutions are those that actively cultivate MD researchers. Encouragingly, the number of young, independently funded surgeon-scientists in America appears to be increasing.
Food Refusal, Dysphagia, and Odynophagia

Food refusal, dysphagia, and odynophagia may represent symptoms of a wide array of underlying anatomical or functional upper aerodigestive disorders along with a behavioral overlay. It is imperative that the specialist has a detailed understanding of the upper aerodigestive tract as this can have an impact on making correct and timely decisions for diagnostic studies and treatment choices. The management of younger children presenting with food refusal or swallowing dysfunction tends to be more challenging, and an interdisciplinary approach is felt to be most effective in addressing this issue.
GPR37L1 modulates seizure susceptibility: Evidence from mouse studies and analyses of a human GPR37L1 variant.

Abstract Progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PMEs) are disorders characterized by myoclonic and generalized seizures with progressive neurological deterioration. While several genetic causes for PMEs have been identified, the underlying causes remain unknown for a substantial portion of cases. Here we describe several affected individuals from a large, consanguineous family presenting with a novel PME in which symptoms begin in adolescence and result in death by early adulthood. Whole exome analyses revealed that affected individuals have a homozygous variant in GPR37L1 (c.1047G > T [Lys349Asn]), an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed predominantly in the brain. In vitro studies demonstrated that the K349N substitution in Gpr37L1 did not grossly alter receptor expression, surface trafficking or constitutive signaling in transfected cells. However, in vivo studies revealed that a complete loss of Gpr37L1 function in mice results in increased seizure susceptibility. Mice lacking the related receptor Gpr37 also exhibited an increase in seizure susceptibility, while genetic deletion of both receptors resulted in an even more dramatic increase in vulnerability to seizures. These findings provide evidence linking GPR37L1 and GPR37 to seizure etiology and demonstrate an association between a GPR37L1 variant and a novel progressive myoclonus epilepsy.
Wonders Knowledge Portal

In 2002, Wonders Information Co., Ltd., a software company headquartered in Shanghai, China, started building a knowledge management system. The system, called Wonders Knowledge Portal (WKP), appeared to be well intended, well planned, and well designed. Its functionalities seemed useful and should have appealed to employees. Nevertheless, the usage of the system by the employees had been limited, and the company risked wasting its investment in the KMS.
History and Physical Evaluation of Headache

The evaluation of headache begins with ruling out a health or life-threatening cause. If concern is identified, the workup must progress rapidly. If suspicion is alleviated, a reasonable approach involves determining whether symptoms are related to a benign secondary headache disorder versus a primary headache disorder. Headaches may resolve without further need for treatment if a secondary cause of headache can be identified and eliminated. Alternatively, if symptoms appear to be related to a primary headache disorder, establishing a correct diagnosis is vital to subsequently developing a treatment plan.
Functional NIRS for attention monitoring

We applied functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy and adaptive noise filtering to quantify brain activity in attentional networks. We then employed pattern classification toward real-time monitoring of attentional performance during operational tasks.
Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Biomarkers on Bladder Tissue and Blood

Biomarkers can serve diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive roles. Application of biomarkers to bladder cancer involves the use of tissue obtained by interventional procedures, cytologic preparations obtained through bladder washes, collections of voided urine, and blood specimens. Different biomarkers may be more amenable for use in different preparations. Use of biomarkers to identify bladder cancers that are more likely to behave aggressively and potentially metastasize may help improve prognosis and treatment decisions. The use of biomarkers to predict response to specific therapies may help stratify which patients are enrolled into clinical trials or who receive targeted agents. Finally, biomarkers that can improve the ability to sub-stratify disease grade and stage can enhance our accuracy in diagnosis. Robust discovery of biomarkers in bladder cancer has been ongoing. However, the translation of these discoveries into clinical biomarker applications is more challenging. We will review different categories of biomarkers that are relevant for bladder cancer diagnosis, prognosis and prediction, with special emphasis on molecular biomarkers.
Application of agent-based paradigm to model corrosion of steel in concrete environment

ABSTRACTThis paper explains developing an agent-based computer model to predict the corrosion of steel bars in the high alkaline environment in concrete. Modelling started with specific assumptions about ‘agents’, how they interact and how the population changes over time. A simulation approach, employing agent-based modelling, was formulated and corrosion of steel in the alkaline environment of concrete pore solution, with different chloride concentrations, was simulated. The electrochemical behaviour of steel in a chloride-contaminated concrete pore solution was also experimentally examined. Results of the simulations and the experiments were in good agreement.
Adoptable Interventions, Human Health, and Food Safety Considerations for Reducing Sodium Content of Processed Food Products

Although vital for maintaining health when consumed in moderation, various epidemiological studies in recent years have shown a strong association between excess dietary sodium with an array of health complications. These associations are robust and clinically significant for development of hypertension and prehypertension, two of the leading causes of preventable mortality worldwide, in adults with a high-sodium diet. Data from developed nations and transition economies show worldwide sodium intake of higher than recommended amounts in various nations. While natural foods typically contain a moderate amount of sodium, manufactured food products are the main contributor to dietary sodium intake, up to 75% of sodium in diet of American adults, as an example. Lower cost in formulation, positive effects on organoleptic properties of food products, effects on food quality during shelf-life, and microbiological food safety, make sodium chloride a notable candidate and an indispensable part of formulation of various products. Although low-sodium formulation of each product possesses a unique set of challenges, review of literature shows an abundance of successful experiences for products of many categories. The current study discusses adoptable interventions for product development and reformulation of products to achieve a modest amount of final sodium content while maintaining taste, quality, shelf-stability, and microbiological food safety.
The injustice of the ‘migrant journey’ to the United States

In this paper, I argue that the perilous journey undertaken by many Mexicans, Central Americans, and other Latin Americans wishing to enter the United States without legal authorization (to which I...
Midpole Ureterocalycostomy for Renal Transplant Salvage: A Pediatric Case Report

Abstract Background Ureteral obstruction is the most common urological complication of kidney transplantation. Obstruction secondary to ureteral stenosis can be an early or late complication. Case Report We present a patient in whom ureteral obstruction was initially identified at 2.5 months after transplant for which she underwent a midpole ureterocalycostomy between the midpole calyx of the transplant kidney and the native left ureter.
Rapid Communication: Reduced maternal nutrition during early- to mid-gestation elevates newborn lamb plasma cortisol concentrations and eliminates the neonatal leptin surge

Human epidemiological and animal studies show that maternal nutrient reduction (MNR) and maternal overnutrition/obesity (MO) alter fetal growth and development, predisposing offspring (F1) to endocrine and appetite dysregulation. Compared to F1 of control-fed ewes, F1 of MO ewes display hypercortisolemia at birth and fail to exhibit the neonatal leptin surge implicated in lifelong appetite regulation. Here, we determined if MNR also elevates newborn lamb plasma cortisol and eliminates the neonatal leptin surge. Starting 30 d prior to conception, nulliparous control (CON, n = 6) ewes ate 100% NRC recommendations through parturition. Nutrient-reduced (NR, n = 6) ewes ate a CON diet through day 27 of gestation. From gestational days 28 to 78, NR ewes ate 50% of the CON diet before realimentation to 100% NRC recommendations. Jugular blood was collected daily from lambs from birth (day 0) through postnatal day 10, to determine plasma cortisol and leptin. Newborn NR plasma cortisol concentrations were increased (P < 0.0001) vs. CON and were similar to concentrations in MO lambs. Plasma leptin concentrations were similar between groups through postnatal day 7. The leptin surge, seen in CON lambs on postnatal days 8 to 10 was not present in NR lambs. These data show that, similar to MO lambs, early pregnancy MNR elevates newborn lamb plasma cortisol and eliminates the neonatal leptin surge. In the light of the similar elevation of neonatal cortisol in MNR and MO lambs, we conclude that cortisol plays a central role in regulating the neonatal lamb leptin surge.
Three Unimolecular Rectifiers and a Proposed Unimolecular Amplifier

“Molecular electronics”, molecular-scale electronics, or unimolecular electronics (UE), studies electronic processes measured or controlled on a nanoscopic or molecular scale [1]. (In the 1980’s, when results on single molecules were still scarce, molecular electronics, also known as molecule-based electronics, was defined more boadly to also include electronic processes by crystals and conducting polymers [1]). UE focuses narrowly on electronic processes that involve one molecule, or very few molecules, on the scale of 0.5 to 3 nm. UE “reaches out and touches” individual molecules, and exploits their structure to control the flow of electrical signals.
372. Does smoking cessation in pregnancy affect rate of gestational weight gain

Objective To evaluate whether smoking cessation in early pregnancy influences gestational weight gain. Methods In this retrospective study smoking status was identified using “tobacco in pregnancy” ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for term pregnancies with established prenatal care at or before 18 weeks gestation. Data regarding demographics, smoking status prior to and during pregnancy, weights throughout pregnancy, as well as measures of neonatal outcome were recorded. Patients were divided into groups according to smoking status at or before 18 weeks gestation. Although term, given the variability in timing of weight measurements, weight gain was assessed by rate per day. Rate of weight gain was assessed at different intervals representing weight gain in early versus late pregnancy (less than or greater than 28–32 weeks respectively). Results Patients were predominantly white (46.6%), average age of 29, with an average pre-pregnancy BMI of 28. For early pregnancy, quitters had a statistically greater rate of weight gain (0.163 lbs/day) compared to smokers (0.133 lbs/day) and compared to nonsmokers (0.110 lbs/day), p 0.05. Rate of weight gain in late pregnancy also showed a statistically significant increase for quitters (0.173 lbs/day) compared to smokers (0.131 lbs/day), p 0.05. There was no significant difference for neonatal outcomes according to maternal smoking status. Conclusion Despite a statistically greater rate of weight gain in patients who quit smoking in early pregnancy compared to continued smokers and non-smokers, neonatal outcomes were similar in all groups. Additional intervention is needed to encourage improved maternal outcomes with smoking cessation in pregnancy.
The Road to Recovery: How Once Great Powers Became Great Again

In 2014, a quiet revolution shook international politics. That year, the World Bank reported that U.S. GDP in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms slipped to second place for the first time since th...
Characterizing and Mitigating Bladder Radioactivity on 18F-Fluciclovine PET/CT.

Purpose: F-18-fluciclovine PET is approved for prostate cancer recurrence imaging. According to the radiopharmaceutical package insert only 3% of the tracer is expected to be excreted in the urine over the first four hours. Yet, in clinical practice we noticed a higher percentage of bladder excretion. We sought to evaluate and quantify early fluciclovine bladder radioactivity and determine if refraining from voiding before fluciclovine injection would mitigate it. Materials and Methods: 159 patients underwent fluciclovine PET/CT imaging as part of their clinical workup. The first 36 patients were instructed to void just before fluciclovine injection, the subsequent 123 patients were not requested to void. The SUVmax and SUVmean of the bladder, aorta, marrow, liver, and bladder volumes were collected. Comparing SUVmean of bladder to background, we characterized bladder radioactivity as: "Insignificant" (bladder aorta, marrow, liver). Differences between the protocols were investigated. Results: Overall, 22% (35/159) of patients had moderate, and 8.8% (14/159) had intense bladder activity. A negative association was found between bladder volumes and SUVmean. A significant difference was found between voiding and non-voiding protocol groups, with 38.9% (14/36) vs. 17.1% (21/123) of patients having moderate, and 22.2% (8/36) vs. 4.9% (6/123) of patients having intense bladder activity, respectively. Conclusion: Refraining from voiding prior to F-18-fluciclovine injection results in significantly lower urinary bladder radioactivity compared to purposeful voiding pre-injection. We have modified our practice accordingly, particularly as moderate and intense bladder activity may mask/mimic local prostate cancer recurrence. Mechanisms underlying this phenomenon should be further investigated.
Introduction: Rethinking the Archaeology of Capitalism: Coercion, Violence, and the Politics of Accumulation

Long an analytical staple of historical archaeology, capitalism in recent years has found itself under renewed scrutiny, due in part to the repercussions of the 2008 global economic crisis. Questions about the failings of “free-market” self-regulation and the proliferation of predatory practices and value-manipulation instruments fostered discussions about what, in fact, the “true” nature of capitalism was, and whether such practices, drawing on extra-economic power, violence, and various forms of coercion in the name of unequal accumulation, were aberrational or foundational. A space emerges within these discussions for a critical rethinking of capitalism through the emerging contributions of feminist, new materialist, actor-network, and (post-)Marxist perspectives that emphasize the diverse mechanisms and practices generative of the effects attributed variously to an abstract, monolithic, epoch-defining capitalist system. The approaches articulated in this thematic collection push for a move away from limiting and inconsistent definitions of capitalism, and toward a more supple suite of analytical threads for the cross-context analysis of diverse assemblages with diverse histories of emergence that generate parallel capitalist effects. In turn, the contributors to this collection illustrate the broader relevance of the contributions of historical archaeologies of capitalism to other archaeological contexts and subdisciplines by providing common ground for the comparative analysis of contexts generative of similar human/nonhuman experiences and effects that have remained categorically segregated in their analyses.
Automatic generation of application-specific FPGA overlays: work-in-progress

This work proposes a generic flow for designing application-specific FPGA overlays that can achieve bare metal performance while improving productivity, resulting in increased adoption of FPGAs by software developers. The proposed approach relies on automatic extraction of kernels in high-level language applications. Extracted Kernels are then systematically translated into optimized hardware circuits using RapidWright, which allows bypassing HDL design flows. Initial results show up to 19x productivity improvement over regular overlays, and higher Fmax compared to bare metal in several cases.
The use of Trichomonas vaginalis purine nucleoside phosphorylase to activate fludarabine in the treatment of solid tumors

Treatment with fludarabine phosphate (9-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-F-adenine 5'-phosphate, F-araAMP) leads to regressions and cures of human tumor xenografts that express Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EcPNP). This occurs despite the fact that fludarabine (F-araA) is a relatively poor substrate for EcPNP, and is cleaved to liberate 2-fluoroadenine at a rate only 0.3% that of the natural E. coli PNP substrate, adenosine. In this study, we investigated a panel of naturally occurring PNPs to identify more efficient enzymes that may be suitable for metabolizing F-araA as part of experimental cancer therapy. We show that Trichomonas vaginalis PNP (TvPNP) cleaves F-araA with a catalytic efficiency 25-fold greater than the prototypic E. coli enzyme. Cellular extracts from human glioma cells (D54) transduced with lentivirus stably expressing TvPNP (D54/TvPNP) were found to cleave F-araA at a rate similar to extracts from D54 cells expressing EcPNP, although much less enzyme was expressed per cell in the TvPNP transduced condition. As a test of safety and efficacy using TvPNP, human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (FaDu) xenografts expressing TvPNP were studied in nude mice and shown to exhibit robust tumor regressions, albeit with partial weight loss that resolved post-therapy. F-araAMP was also a very effective treatment for mice bearing D54/TvPNP xenografts in which approximately 10% of tumor cells expressed the enzyme, indicating pronounced ability to kill non-transduced tumor cells (high bystander activity). Moreover, F-araAMP demonstrated activity against D54 tumors injected with an E1, E3 deleted adenoviral vector encoding TvPNP. In that setting, despite higher F-araA cleavage activity using TvPNP, tumor responses were similar to those obtained with EcPNP, indicating factors other than F-Ade production may limit regressions of the D54 murine xenograft model. Our results establish that TvPNP is a favorable enzyme for activating F-araA, and support further studies in combination with F-araAMP for difficult-to-treat human cancers.