cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power and size: A new paradox

An analysis of several different indices of voting power reveals that the voting power of a member of a weighted voting body may increase, rather than decrease, when new members are added to the original body. Real instances of this phenomenon, called the paradox of new members, are shown to have occurred when new states were added to the U.S. Electoral College and new countries to the European Community Council of Ministers. Conditions for the existence of the paradox, and probabilities of its occurrence in small and moderate-size voting bodies, are given. Efficient algorithms for the calculation of the voting power indices, based on generating functions, are also outlined.
Redefined scattering cross section in monatomic solids

Abstract The conventional classical scattering expression for an elastic collision between two like atoms is modified by redefining the primary to be that particle emerging with the greater energy following a twoatom collision. Stopping power and range quantities of this redefined primary are calculated for an amorphous solid and applied to radiation damage theory and penetration phenomena.
Interaction of barbiturates with dihydropicrotoxinin binding sites related to the GABA receptor-ionophore system

Abstract Barbiturate drugs of diverse chemical structure inhibited the binding of [ 3 H] α-dihydropicrotoxinin to rat brain membranes. This biologically active analoque of picrotoxin labels membrane sites related to the convulsant action of these drugs in inhibiting GABA postsynaptic receptor-ionophore function at a site distinct from the GABA receptor. Depressant barbiturates such as pentobarbital inhibited dihydropicrotoxinin binding competitively at therapeutic concentrations (IC 50 = 50 μ M) whereas the drug does not alter GABA receptors, uptake, or release at this concentration. Antiepileptics such as phenobarbital (IC 50 =400 μ M), were weaker inhibitors of binding. Convulsant barbiturates, however, such as dimethylbutylbarbiturate (IC 50 =0.05 μ M) and cyclohexylidene-ethyl barbiturate (IC 50 =0.7 μ M), were potent inhibitors. The displacement of radioactive dihydropicrotoxinin binding by the convulsant barbiturates had different slopes and Hill numnbers (0.4) compared to displacement by depressant barbiturates and picrotoxinin itself (Hill numbers = 1.0), indicating heterogeneity of binding sites or negative cooperativity. These potent intractions of barbiturates with dihydropicrotoxinin binding sites are consistent with neurophysiological evidence that depressant or convulsant action of barbiturates may involve modulation of CNS inhibitory synaptic transmission at the level of the postsynaptic GABA receptor-ionophores.
Mass spectrometry of organic compounds. VIII—Remote group interaction in hydroxyorganotins†

Hydroxyorganotins of the general formula R3Sn(CH2)nOH undergo rearrangement on electron-impact to yield ions in which oxygen has become directly bonded to the tin atom. The scope of this rearrangement is discussed, and it is shown that steric and structural factors play a significant but not decisive effect in its occurrence.
On the arithmetic of phase locking: Coupled neurons as a lattice on R2

Abstract Using methods from the geometry of numbers, we derive an explicit, global solution for the phase-locking behavior of a simple integrate-and-fire model of coupled neurons. The solution gives the ratios of phase locking (rotation numbers) attained as functions of the parameters of natural frequency and bidirectional coupling. The ordering of the ratios is related to Farey-type series and to simple continued fractions. A transition between two ratios, say a b to c d , is possible if, and only if, ad−bc=±1. Empirically, similar ordering is evident in published data from various neuron analogues. We compare and contrast the present results with those from models based on Caianiello's equation and on more general mappings on the torus.
Local area networks: Local area networks — An interconnection of computers and peripherals in adjacent rooms or buildings — Can provide cost-effective communications

Local area networks are defined, and the operation of ring, bus, and star networks is described and compared. The ISO Open System Interconnection Model is also described.
Japanese Manga in Translation and American Graphic Novels: A Preliminary Examination of the Collections in 44 Academic Libraries

American graphic novels are increasingly recognized as high-quality literature and an interesting genre for academic study. Graphic novels of Japan, called manga, have established a strong foothold in American culture. This preliminary survey of 44 United States university libraries demonstrates that Japanese manga in translation are consistently collected at a lower rate than American graphic novels.
Site-specific labeling of T7 DNA polymerase with a conformationally sensitive fluorophore and its use in detecting single-nucleotide polymorphisms

Like most enzymes, DNA polymerases undergo a large conformational change on the binding of a correct nucleotide. To determine how the conformational change contributes to substrate specificity, we labeled the T7 DNA polymerase with a conformationally sensitive fluorophore at a position that provides a signal coincident with structural changes following nucleotide binding and distinguishes correct base pairs from incorrect ones by the sign of the fluorescence change. Here we describe methods to document that only one site on the polymerase was labeled with the fluorophore based on mass spectral analysis of tryptic peptides. In addition, we show by equilibrium titrations of opposing signals that mismatches and correct bases compete for the same site. This analysis forms an essential basis for characterization of a fluorescently labeled enzyme intended for mechanistic studies. Finally, we show that the labeled enzyme can be used to identify single-nucleotide mutations in a procedure that could be automated.
Detecting and Treating Depression among Adolescents Presenting for Reproductive Care: Realizing Opportunities

Abstract This article reviews typical symptoms of depression presented by adolescents in the reproductive care practice setting, provides an overview of the assessment process, and offers options for referral and/or treatment of this common, yet often unrecognized, mood disorder. Because females have a two-fold higher prevalence rate of depressive disorders as compared to males of the same age and because reproductive care providers have exceptional access to females during the early reproductive years, these physicians have a unique, but often unrealized, opportunity to detect and initiate treatment and/or referrals for depression in adolescent patients. Indeed, adolescents often discuss symptoms of depression with their reproductive care provider with an expectation that they will serve as a “first responder” in terms of assisting in the management of the depression. Thus, it is important that the provider have an understanding of the disorder, its symptoms, and possible treatment modalities. Reproductive care providers are uniquely qualified to identify, assess, and treat many types of mood disorders in adolescent females.
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS FOR 13 C AND DEUTERIUM ISOTOPOLOGUES OF CYCLIC AND LINEAR C 3 H 3

Recently, we reported ab initio quartic force fields (QFFs) for the cyclic and linear forms of the C3H3 + molecular cation, referred to as c-C3H3 + and l-C3H3 +. These were computed using high levels of theory. Specifically the singles and doubles coupled-cluster method that includes a perturbational estimate of connected triple excitations, CCSD(T), was used in conjunction with extrapolation to the one-particle basis set limit, and corrections for scalar relativity and core correlation were included. In the present study, we use these QFFs to compute highly accurate fundamental vibrational frequencies and other spectroscopic constants for the c-13CC2H3 +, c-C3H2D+, c-13CC2H2D+ isotoplogues of c-C3H3 +, and the H2CCCD+, HDCCCH+, H2 13CCCH+, H2C13CCH+, and H2CC13CH+ isotopologues of l-C3H3 +. Improvements in ab intitio methods have now made it possible to identify small molecules in an astronomical observation without the aid of high-resolution experimental data. We also report dipole moment values and show that the above-mentioned cyclic isotopologues have values of 0.094, 0.225, and 0.312 D, respectively, while the l-C3H3 + isotopologues have values that range between 0.325 and 0.811 D. Thus, it is hoped that the highly accurate spectroscopic constants and data provided herein for the 13C and deuterium isotopologues of the cyclic and linear forms of C3H3 + will enable their identification in astronomical observations from the Herschel Space Observatory, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, and in the future, the James Webb Space Telescope.
Adsorption of NF3 on Pt(111): interactions with electrons and photons

Abstract The thermal, electron and photon stimulated chemistries of nitrogen trifluoride adsorbed on Pt(111) are examined using temperature programmed desorption (TPD). There is no evidence for thermal dissociation of NF 3 . Reflecting the very weak adsorption on Pt(111), all four resolvable TPD peaks lie below 70 K. For the lowest exposures, there is a peak at 70 K (α state) that continues to grow as a second peak emerges at 65 K (β state); these are attributed to NF 3 attached to Pt(111). When the α and β states saturate, a third peak, attributed to a bilayer, appears at 50 K. Finally, unsaturable multilayer desorption sets in at 47 K. The electron and photon driven chemistries of the α state are significantly different. In both cases, there is evidence for loss of parent without, if any, retention of fragments. However, the NF 3 removal cross-sections differ by orders of magnitude and TPD peaks for the remaining NF 3 shift in opposite directions. The loss of the α state occurs with a cross-section lying between 0.6 and 1.3 × 10 −15 cm 2 for electron activation and a cross-section seven orders of magnitude smaller. 10 −22 cm 2 , for photon activation by a Hg-arc source. NF 3 desorbs at higher temperature (80 K) after electron activation and lower temperature (60 K) after photon activation. The cross-sections are discussed in terms of substrate-mediated resonant electron attachment, and also for incident electrons, impact ionization and neutral excitation paths. The temperature shifts are attributed to variations in the structure of the adsorbed NF 3 .
Toward a culturally anchored ecological framework of research in ethnic-cultural communities.

Proposed a research framework (the “cube” model) in which community psychologists working in ethnic-cultural communities can make appropriate decisions on conceptual and methodological issues from a culturally anchored, ecological-contextualist perspective. The intent of the model is to articulate ethnic-cultural heterogeneity in community research by elucidating three metamethodological issues: (a) definition of an ethnic-cultural community, (b) applicability of cross-cultural theories and methods to ethnic-cultural community research, and (c) geographical or ecological stability of an ethnic-cultural community. The model posits that ethnic-cultural community research can be conceptualized as a three-dimensional structure that represents an interaction among research questions, methods, and cultural complexity (referring to the extent to which an ethnic-cultural group is defined in a larger ecological context or community both at the individual and collective levels). Future directions for research were discussed in terms of the utility and the limitations of the proposed research model.
National Safe Tractor and Machinery Operation Program: development and content evaluation

Guidelines in the U.S. Department of Labor's Hazardous Occupations Order in Agriculture (AgHO) regulations state that youth can receive tractor safety certification after participating in a 10-hour course, or receive tractor and machinery safety certification after participating in a 20-hour course. An additional four hours of orientation to on-farm hazards and general safety is required to receive full certification in a 24-hour course. Previous research has shown that traditional safety education certification programs were conducted with non-standardized methods and old curriculum materials. The objective of the National Safe Tractor and Machinery Operation Program (NSTMOP) project was to design an effective, efficient, and accountable youth farm machinery certification program with national uniformity and a single set of economically producible instructional materials with demonstrated content validity. The format for the NSTMOP project was guided by focus groups, a national steering committee, and selected agricultural safety educators. Primary curriculum materials include a task sheet format, and new skills and driving evaluations. Data analysis indicates that the instructional materials, the instructional plan, and the evaluation of student participants satisfactorily met the objectives of the NSTMOP project and the AgHO regulations.
Analysis of FAS (CD95) Gene Mutations in Higher-Grade Transformation of Follicle Center Lymphoma

The FAS antigen (CD95/APO-1) is suggested to be a tumor suppressor gene since mice and patients with congenital FAS mutations are prone to B cell lymphomas and somatic FAS mutations are described in hematological and solid tumors. Indeed, mutations of the FAS antigen have been found in 13% of multiple myelomas, 6% of follicle center lymphomas (FCL) and 21% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). To assess the possible role of FAS mutations in higher-grade transformation of FCL, biopsy specimens from 16 FCL patients were analyzed by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography and direct sequencing. Overall, 17 biopsy specimens obtained at the time of FCL diagnosis (2 biopsy specimens from one patient), 4 sequential biopsies obtained at the time of FCL relapse and 14 sequential biopsies from the time of morphologic transformation to DLBCL were evaluated. Ten polymorphisms were detected, only 4 of which have been reported previously. Nine of the polymorphisms occurred in non-translated regions, while one silent mutation was located in exon 7. Neither loss of heterozygosity nor occurrence of new mutations was observed upon higher-grade transformation of FCL to DLBCL.
SIMULATIONS OF 2D AND 3D THERMOCAPILLARY FLOWS BY A LEAST-SQUARES FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

SUMMARY Numerical results for time-dependent 2D and 3D thermocapillary flows are presented in this work. The numerical algorithm is based on the Crank‐Nicolson scheme for time integration, Newton’s method for linearization, and a least-squares finite element method, together with a matrix-free Jacobi conjugate gradient technique. The main objective in this work is to demonstrate how the least-squares finite element method, together with an iterative procedure, deals with the capillary-traction boundary conditions at the free surface, which involves the coupling of velocity and temperature gradients. Mesh refinement studies were also carried out to validate the numerical results. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete genomic sequence of the human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene

Abstract A 180,388-bp contig encompassing the human retinoblastoma gene was sequenced in its entirety. Partial analysis of the sequence revealed (1) a high (A + T)/(G + C) ratio and a high density of Line-1 (L1) repeat sequences, suggesting that the locus maps to G-bands 13q14.12 or 13q14.2; (2) Alu repeats that are asymmetrically oriented over a region extending 87 kb; (3) an overabundance of non-Alu-associated poly(A) tracts 10 bp or larger oriented in the antisense rather than the sense direction (36 vs 6); (4) an Alu sequence nested within an L1 repeat, indicating that the expansion of L1 repeats predates at least some of the Alu expansions; (5) at least three newly discovered microsatellite polymorphisms, one of which was subsequently found to be identical to a polymorphism in a microsatellite-based linkage map of the human genome published by another group; and (6) the basis of previously discovered intragenic RFLPs. This sequence should enhance studies of this locus and of the organization of the human genome.
Rewind to Recover: Dedifferentiation after Cardiac Injury

In adult mammals, cardiomyocytes are known to reactivate an embryonic gene-expression program after injury. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell , Kubin et al. (2011) show that oncostatin M regulates this dedifferentiation which, while beneficial for recovery from acute injury, if persistent results in heart failure in both rodents and humans.
A Downstream Intergenic Cluster of Regulatory Enhancers Contributes to the Induction of CYP24A1 Expression by 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3*

CYP24A1 expression is up-regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) via a vitamin D receptor (VDR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimer that binds to two vitamin D response elements (VDREs) located near the proximal promoter. Interestingly, although 1,25(OH)2D3 induced VDR/RXR binding to the VDRE-containing proximal promoter, the VDR/RXR heterodimer also localized to a cluster of at least four potential enhancers located in intergenic regions 50–69 kb downstream of the human CYP24A1 gene and 35–45 kb downstream of the mouse Cyp24a1 gene as revealed by ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq analyses. To address whether this downstream region and potential VDREs located within mediated CYP24A1 induction, we constructed recombinant wild-type and mutant bacterial artificial chromosome clones that spanned mouse and human loci and contained luciferase reporters inserted into their 3′-untranslated regions. The activity of these clones in stably transfected cells revealed that both the proximal and the putative downstream elements contributed to CYP24A1 up-regulation by 1,25(OH)2D3. Further analysis using transfected enhancer fragments led to the identification of contributing regulatory elements in several of these downstream regions. Additional studies of coregulator recruitment using ChIP-chip analysis revealed both similarities and differences between the region located proximal to and those located downstream of the promoter. Recruitment of these coregulators was likely responsible for the increase in RNA polymerase II and histone H4 acetylation, which was also observed in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 at the enhancer sites across the locus. We conclude that a more complex mechanism is responsible for the striking CYP24A1 up-regulation induced by the vitamin D hormone in target cells.
Towards resolving the inconsistencies in characteristic physical properties of synthetic titanomaghemites

Abstract It is well known that serious discrepancies exist between Curie temperature and cell parameter data for synthetic titanomaghemites from different investigations. Intrinsic differences between the initial unoxidized titanomagnetites have been suggested as possible sources for these discrepancies and include the following: (1) variations in the degree of high temperature non-stoichiometry; and (2) variations in the initial cation distributions. Experimental and theoretical results indicate, however, that (1) and (2) cannot account for all the scatter in the data. A suite of TM60 samples with different initial degrees of non-stoichiometry were synthesized at 1288°C. The TM60 samples were subsequently oxidized in air at low temperatures (⩽ 300°C) to produce single phase titanomaghemites. Curie temperatures and cell parameters for the titanomaghemites, after identical heat-treatments at low temperatures, were practically identical regardless of the initial degree of non-stoichiometry of the starting TM60 composition. In addition, Curie temperatures as a function of oxidation (z) for TM60 were determined theoretically using the molecular field model and two different initial cation distributions (Akimoto and Neel-Chevallier). The results indicate that variations in the initial cation distribution produce only small differences in calculated Curie temperatures for any value of z (20°–30° C maximum) and that these differences become smaller with increasing z. These calculations suggest, but do not prove, that regardless of the possibility of a temperature dependent cation distribution in titanomagnetites, variations in the initial cation distribution cannot explain the inconsistencies in the published magnetic data. Systematic differences in the methods of determination of the oxidation parameter, z, may contribute the largest source of scatter in the published data, at least for Ti-poor titanomagnetites (TMφ-TM40). Furthermore, measurement errors and systematic differences associated with use of varying techniques for determining Curie temperatures and cell parameters could contribute additional scatter. Recent evidence, using Mossbauer spectroscopy and neutron diffraction, indicates that Ti-clustering and sub-microscopic chemical inhomogeneities, produced by short-range chemical ordering, may be prevalent in sintered Ti-rich titanomagnetites. Sub-microscopic chemical inhomogeneities could produce variations in magnetic properties within the same nominal composition in both titanomagnetite and titanomaghemite depending on the size, compositions, and variations in compositions of these fine scale chemical inhomogeneities; this cause alone could account for the quantitative differences observed in the published data. Finally, it is strongly recommended that standard procedures for determining Curie temperatures, cell parameters, and most importantly, oxidation parameters be adopted and used consistently in future investigations.
OCT analysis of microneedle and Er:YAG surface ablation for enhanced transdermal delivery of hyperosmotic agents for optical skin clearing

The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using microneedles in comparison to Er:YAG skin surface laser ablation as a means to modify the epidermis of in-vitro hamster skin to facilitate delivery of topically applied hyper-osmotics such as glycerol into the skin to achieve optical skin clearing. This allows to temporarily reduce scattering of light in otherwise turbid tissues with potential applications pertaining to non-invasive optical imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or therapeutic applications like laser blood vessel coagulation to treat port wine stains in skin. A portable, battery powered Er:YAG laser (Lasette) manufactured by Cell Robotics Inc. was used to produce holes in the stratum corneum and epidermis using individual 400 μs pulses causing localized ablation. Following each laser pulse the tissue was mechanically translated by 1 mm before another pulse was delivered. As an alternative method to the use of an expensive laser source requiring some kind of light scanning mechanism to treat larger skin areas efficiently, microneedles were investigated. They do not require an energy supply, are also pain-free and can be manufactured into arrays allowing treatment of larger skin areas. A single application forms micron scale holes in the stratum corneum through which topically applied skin clearing agents such as glycerol can penetrate into the tissue. In this feasibility study individual microneedles were used to manually induce holes in the skin each spaced approximately 1 mm apart from the other. Upon such epidermal modification by either technique, glycerol was then applied to the tissue surface and amplitude OCT measurements monitored changes of the optical properties of the tissue over time. Due to the geometry of the microneedle used in this study the cross sectional area of each hole in the epidermis was about 68% smaller than the comparable ablation site caused by an individual laser pulse. Results indicate enhanced skin clearing rates due to the induced holes in the stratum corneum in both cases by a factor of 5 to 8. Due to the larger area of laser ablation in comparison to the holes caused by microneedles, overall skin clearing rates are higher with the laser. However, localized data analysis near holes produced by either technique yields comparable results which show an increase in the clearing rate of up to 10 to 13 times over intact skin without any holes.
The lithographic impact of resist model parameters

The resist models in PROLITH are designed to be a mechanistic description of the resist chemistry and physics of optical lithography. This is especially true for the expose and post-exposure bake processes, where the resist chemistry can be mapped almost directly to the input parameters in the PROLITH models. In this study, we review the models in PROLITH and show how different chemistry parameters, such as the quantum yield and the reaction kinetics during PEB, can be translated into resist model parameters. With this “chemist to simulator” translator, we show how the models can be used to better understand how resist formulation impacts resist response. Specifically, we will show how quencher loading, and acid and quencher diffusivities impact depth of focus for isolated and dense features.
Ultrastructure of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of normal, dehydrated and rehydrated rats.

Abstract Previous reports have shown that the percentage of neuronal somatic membrane in soma-somatic apposition (without intervening glia) increased with brief periods of dehydration (4–24 hr) and decreased with rehydration in the rat supraoptic and circularis nuclei. In the present study, the percentage of somal membrane in soma-somatic apposition was found to increase in the primarily vasopressin-containing lateral portion of the rat paraventricular nucleus with twelve hours of dehydration. Further evidence for altered cellular function in this nucleus was a decrease in the number of smaller dense core vesicles ( 1600 A) or lysosomes (>4000 A) per unit cytoplasm. Intranuclear membrane-bound vacuoles were found primarily in hydrated and rehydrated animals. No reliable changes were seen in the dilation of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Cilia were found in the neuropil and were occasionally traced to magnocellular somata. Differences in the patterns of morphological responses among the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei suggest specializations in their roles, and further support a functional significance of neuronal membrane appositions.
Heteroepitaxial growth of n-type CdSe on GaAs(0 0 1) by pulsed laser deposition: studies of film–substrate interdiffusion and indium diffusion

Abstract Epitaxial CdSe films were grown on (0 0 1)-oriented and 2°-miscut GaAs wafers at platen temperatures ( T p ) of 250–425°C by ArF (193 nm) pulsed excimer laser ablation of a stoichiometric CdSe target in vacuum and low-pressure Ar gas. The substrates were bonded to the platen with indium solder or silver paint. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) combined with ion sputtering and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy were employed to investigate film–substrate interdiffusion, the presence of indium or silver in the films, and CdSe film stoichiometry, all as functions of the film-growth conditions. Extensive interdiffusion took place at the film–substrate interface for CdSe films grown at T p ⩾355°C but was greatly reduced at T p =250°C. Tilting the substrate to be approximately parallel to the ablation plume as well as increasing the ambient gas pressure also reduced film–substrate interdiffusion. Indium was found in films deposited at T p ⩾355°C while no In was detected in films deposited at T p =250°C. AES depth profiling showed that the In concentration was highest at the CdSe film surface and that the Cd concentration varied inversely with the In concentration. At higher In concentrations the Se concentration also varied inversely with the In concentration in the near-surface region, implying that In clusters or interstitials may exist in addition to substitutional indium. In the absence of indium diffusion the CdSe films were nearly stoichiometric. No silver was found in any film.
Effects of Ascertainment Bias on Recovering Human Demographic History

Abstract In recent years multilocus data sets have been used to study the demographic history of human populations. In this paper (1) analyses previously done on 60 short tandem repeat (STR) loci are repeated on 30 restriction site polymorphism (RSP) markers; (2) relative population weights are estimated from the RSP data set and compared to previously published estimates from STR and craniometric data sets; and (3) computer simulations are performed to show the effects of ascertainment bias on relative population weight estimates. Not surprisingly, given that the RSP markers were originally identified in a small panel of Caucasians, estimates of relative population weights are biased and the European population weight is artificially inflated. However, the effects of ascertainment bias are not apparent in a principal components plot or estimates of FST . Ascertainment bias can have a large effect in other genetic systems with inherently low heterozygosity such as Alus or single nucleotide polymorphisms (...
Routine Screening for CKD Should Be Done in Asymptomatic Adults ...Selectively

CKD is an important public health problem associated with substantial morbidity, impaired quality of life, shortened life expectancy, and excessive health care costs. Given its long preclinical latency, screening of asymptomatic individuals for CKD has been considered as a potentially useful means of early detection, with a goal of reducing CKD progression and its complications. A recent clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians that recommended against screening for CKD in asymptomatic adults without risk factors has reignited debate regarding CKD screening. Despite the lack of randomized controlled trial evidence showing benefits of CKD screening, even among individuals at increased risk for CKD, such as those with diabetes or hypertension or who are of certain high-risk racial or ethnic groups, a thoughtful and selective approach to CKD screening seems to be cost-effective and clinically valuable. CKD screening is recommended by several nephrology professional societies and appropriate in at-risk asymptomatic individuals with the intent of identifying and managing CKD, diagnosing the etiology of CKD, limiting or preventing CKD progression and its associated cardiovascular disease risk, and minimizing risk of AKI, inappropriate drug dosing, and nephrotoxic injury.
A finite element analysis of the upper jet region of a fiber drawing flow field of a temperature-sensitive material

Abstract The finite element method was applied in an analysis of the convective cooling of the upper jet region of a fiber flow. This region is characterized by fully two-dimensional velocity and temperature fields, the appearance of a free surface, and a large attenuation of the jet radius. The convective heat transfer from the jet was calculated using a boundary layer theory in which the effect of the stretching jet surface is accounted for, and Reynolds' analogy was assumed for the calculation of convective heat transfer coefficients. Jet flows of an extremely temperature-sensitive material, Arochlor, were modeled. The free surface shapes of the jets, predicted with the finite element model, were compared to experimentally determined jet shapes. It was found that the degree of accuracy to which the free surface shape of a jet could be predicted using the finite element model was strongly dependent upon the amount of viscous dissipation present in the jet flow.
PACAP27 prevents Parkinson-like neuronal loss and motor deficits but not microglia activation induced by prostaglandin J2.

Abstract Neuroinflammation is a major risk factor in Parkinson's disease (PD). Alternative approaches are needed to treat inflammation, as anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs that inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) can produce devastating side effects, including heart attack and stroke. New therapeutic strategies that target factors downstream of COX-2, such as prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2), hold tremendous promise because they will not alter the homeostatic balance offered by COX-2 derived prostanoids. In the current studies, we report that repeated microinfusion of PGJ2 into the substantia nigra of non-transgenic mice, induces three stages of pathology that mimic the slow-onset cellular and behavioral pathology of PD: mild (one injection) when only motor deficits are detectable, intermediate (two injections) when neuronal and motor deficits as well as microglia activation are detectable, and severe (four injections) when dopaminergic neuronal loss is massive accompanied by microglia activation and motor deficits. Microglia activation was evaluated in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) with [ 11 C](R)PK11195 to provide a regional estimation of brain inflammation. PACAP27 reduced dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor deficits induced by PGJ2, without preventing microglia activation. The latter could be problematic in that persistent microglia activation can exert long-term deleterious effects on neurons and behavior. In conclusion, this PGJ2-induced mouse model that mimics in part chronic inflammation, exhibits slow-onset PD-like pathology and is optimal for testing diagnostic tools such as PET, as well as therapies designed to target the integrated signaling across neurons and microglia, to fully benefit patients with PD.
Contemporary Perspectives in Nonverbal Behavior: Then and Now

Since its formal introduction in the research literature in the 1950s and 60s, nonverbal behavior research has witnessed a number of theoretical and methodological developments, described in Patterson’s (2014) reflections on historical trends in the field in this special issue on contemporary perspectives in nonverbal behavior. The empirical works also featured in this issue highlight the diverse interests and approaches of current researchers in the field, and reinforce several key qualities (e.g., function, context, pattern, intersection, interaction) in Patterson’s view for the need of a more systems-oriented nonverbal framework. More specifically, in their exploration of people’s ability to use a deliberate Duchenne smile to persuade another person, Gunnery and Hall (2014) demonstrate how considering the broader functions of nonverbal behaviors can offer instructive opportunities for understanding how particular behaviors operate. Moreover, the importance of the interaction context or setting noted by Patterson is emphasized by their finding that people use a deliberate Duchenne smile only when they are attempting to persuade someone to do something consistent with the actual nature of the persuasion object (e.g., drinking a good tasting beverage) as opposed to persuading someone to do something more contrary (e.g., drinking a bad tasting beverage). Patterson (2014) further challenges contemporary researchers to focus greater attention on patterns of behavior, as in the real world where interactions are characterized more by the simultaneous initiation of multiple, coordinated behaviors rather than the production of single actions in isolated channels. Farley’s (2014) work exploring the role of mimicry, smiling, laughter, body posture, and vocal pleasantness in communicating romantic attraction, relationship-maintenance, and affiliation convincingly supports the value of this invitation. Meadors and Murray’s (2014) investigation of implicit racial bias in the reactive nonverbal behaviors of viewers watching videos of Black or White criminal suspects supports Patterson’s additional challenge to consider in new ways how nonverbal behavior intersects with culture. As well, the importance of tracking how behavior intersect with
Thomas K. Cureton, Jr.: Pioneer Researcher, Proselytizer, and Proponent for Physical Fitness

(1996). Thomas K. Cureton, Jr.: Pioneer Researcher, Proselytizer, and Proponent for Physical Fitness. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 1-12.
Hyperfine Fields at Solutes in Ferromagnets: Cadmium and Ruthenium in Nickel

Perturbed-angular-correlation studies of temperature-dependent hyperfine fields at $^{111}\mathrm{Cd}$ and $^{99}\mathrm{Ru}$ solutes in nickel above and below the Curie point are presented. Trends among observed hyperfine fields at solutes in Fe, Co, and Ni are discussed within the framework of a formal spin Hamiltonian. Origins of the hyperfine fields on $4f$ and $5p$ group solutes are discussed. Conduction-electron and core-polarization contributions to ${H}_{\mathrm{hf}}$ in transition-series solutes are analyzed, and localized moments are derived for the solutes Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt, and are compared with neutron-scattering results. The observed lack of agreement may be associated with the fact that neutron scattering and hyperfine fields measure different quantities. It is suggested that a molecular-field model that accounts for conduction electrons as well as core polarization might also be applicable above ${T}_{C}$. This model fits ${H}_{\mathrm{hf}}(T)$ in $^{55}\mathrm{Mn}\mathrm{Fe}$ for all spins between \textonehalf{} and $\frac{5}{2}$, suggesting that $j$ cannot be determined from ${H}_{\mathrm{hf}}(T)$ alone. This analysis yields a local moment of $(1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ for $^{55}\mathrm{Mn}$ in iron, just in agreement with the results of Jaccarino et al., but higher than allowed by neutron data. Angular-correlation apparatus capable of 0.1% accuracy is described. A localized moment of $\ensuremath{\cong}0.5{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ is determined from ${H}_{\mathrm{hf}}$ for $^{99}\mathrm{Ru}$ in Ni. For $Tg{T}_{C}$, paramagnetic Knight shifts up to -80% are observed. A model due to Lovesey also fits the data below ${T}_{C}$ for $j=\frac{1}{2}$. For $^{111}\mathrm{Cd}\mathrm{Ni}$, no local moment is indicated below ${T}_{C}$, and comparison with a model due to Lovesey and Marshall suggests that Cd atoms have the same temperature-dependent magnetization as nearest-neighbor nickel atoms. Above ${T}_{C}$, paramagnetic Knight shifts up to -60% are in excellent agreement with predictions of the conduction-electron polarization model.
Guest Editorial [Mini special issue intro.]

This Transactions' Mini-Special Issue includes four papers from the 2013 Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, Seattle, WA, USA, June 2-4, 2013. The symposium is one of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (IEEE MTT-S) premier symposia and is co-located with the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) each year. Out of 202 papers submitted, 103 papers were accepted (51% acceptance rate) for presentation in the conference and publication in the 2013 RFIC Symposium Digest. These papers have also been published online on IEEE Xplore. After the symposium, the conference chairs invited eight authors of papers presented at the symposium to submit expanded papers to this Transactions' Mini-Special Issue. A total of six papers were submitted, and the reviewers for every paper were selected from the RFIC Technical Program Committee and this Transactions' Editorial Board. After rigorous reviews, four papers were accepted for publication in this Mini-Special Issue. Each of the Mini-Special Issue papers is briefly described.
Shifting Landscapes/Shifting Langue: Qualitative Research From the In-Between

This article describes Dialogic Educational Criticism as a method for research that explicitly accounts for and values multiple perspectives and voices including the researcher’s. This method is ba...
Chernobyl: The Packaging of Transnational Ecological Disaster.

This article examines the image production and management of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in the Eastern and Western blocs during and immediately after the reactor accident in April 1986. In particular, it compares and contrasts the varying ideological packaging that was wrapped around the nuclear catastrophe by Western governments, the Soviet Union, Western nuclear power firms, and the anti‐nuclear movement in Western Europe and North America. In the year following the accident, these image management efforts largely highlighted the necessity of keeping and pushing ahead with more nuclear power development rather than reducing society's reliance upon nuclear energy. Thus much of the threatening import of the Chernobyl events has been contained within the legitimating interpretation of its packaged representation to the mass publics of the East and the West.
Global Energy Balance

In "Global energy balance" by D. A. Berkowitz (31 July, page 426), line 19, column 3 should read: "2.7 x 10 -2 watt/m 2 of land area."
Attributions on the brain: Neuro-imaging dispositional inferences, beyond theory of mind

Abstract People need to predict what other people will do, and the other person's perceived disposition is the preferred mode of prediction. People less often use, for example, shared social norms to explain another person's behavior. Social psychology's last half-century of research on attribution theory offers precise, validated paradigms for testing how people think about other people's minds. Neuro-imaging data from one classic attribution paradigm shows the unique priority given to inferring chronic, idiosyncratic dispositions (unique attitudes, individual personality, idiosyncratic intent), compared to other kinds of mental contents. Specifically, sentences describing behavior that is low in consensus across actors, low in distinctiveness across entities, and high in consistency over time (compared with the other 7 low–high combinations) uniquely elicits (a) person attributions and (b) activation in the superior temporal sulcus. Ignoring consensus, both low-distinctiveness, high-consistency combinations (compared to 6 remaining combinations) also activate the MPFC, consistent with decades of behavioral data showing that general social cognition neglects consensus information. Thus, activated areas converge with prior neuro-imaging data on theory of mind and social cognition, but more precisely isolate the exact nature of the inferences that activate these areas.
The XXVII congress—a case study of the shaping of a new party ideology

(1988). The XXVII congress—a case study of the shaping of a new party ideology. Soviet Studies: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 1-20.
Finishing touches: Post-translational modification of protein factors involved in mammalian pre-mRNA 3 end formation

Abstract In eukaryotes, a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) must undergo several processing reactions before it is exported to the cytoplasm for translation. One of these reactions, endonucleolytic 3′ cleavage at the polyadenylation site, prepares the pre-mRNA for addition of the poly(A) tail and defines the 3′ untranslated region (UTR), which typically contains important gene expression regulatory sequences. While the protein factors responsible for the endonucleolytic cleavage have been largely identified, the means by which their action is limited to the 3′ end of the transcription unit and coordinated with other co-transcriptional events remains unclear. In this review, we summarize and review recent findings revealing that the mammalian 3′ cleavage factors undergo extensive post-translational modification. These modifications include: arginine methylation, lysine sumoylation, lysine acetylation, and the phosphorylation of serine, threonine and tyrosine residues. Every cleavage factor, though not every subunit, is affected. Human Fip1 and the 59 kDa subunit of cleavage factor I emerge as the most frequently modified core cleavage factor subunits. We outline and compare the various proteomic methods that have uncovered these modifications, and review emerging hypotheses concerning their function. The roles of these covalent but reversible modifications in other systems suggest that 3′ end formation in mammals relies upon post-translational modification for proper function and regulation.
Torsional Splitting in the 2ν9, and ν5 Vibrational Band of HNO3

Abstract Torsional splittings in both the 2ν 9 , and ν 5 vibrational states have been resolved and observed in the millimeter/submillimeter spectrum of HNO 3 . The former splitting is due to the torsional motion of H around the NO bond in the ν 9 mode, whereas the latter is due to the large mixing which results from the near degeneracy (17.34 cm −1 ) of the two vibrational modes. It is possible to use these data in the context of a very simple model to quantitatively predict the observed intensity of the 2ν 9 infrared band. Furthermore, these data remove the fitting indeterminacy which exists in the rotation-vibration data between the difference in the vibrational energy of the two states and the Fermi interaction term.
Improving the power for detecting overlapping genes from multiple DNA microarray-derived gene lists

Background In DNA microarray gene expression profiling studies, a fundamental task is to extract statistically significant genes that meet certain research hypothesis. Currently, Venn diagram is a frequently used method for identifying overlapping genes that meet the investigator's research hypotheses. However this simple operation of intersecting multiple gene lists, known as the Intersection-Union Tests (IUTs), is performed without knowing the incurred changes in Type 1 error rate and can lead to loss of discovery power.
MUSCULAR URINARY SPHINCTER: ELECTRICALLY STIMULATED MYOPLASTY FOR FUNCTIONAL SPHINCTER RECONSTRUCTION

AbstractPurpose: To reconstruct an electrically stimulated muscular urinary sphincter (MUS) using a tailored gracilis muscle free flap with intact nerve.Materials and Methods: Unilateral surgically tailored gracilis muscle free flaps were transferred into the pelvis in eight dogs, leaving the obturator nerve intact. The muscle's pedicle vessels were anastomosed to the inferior epigastric artery and vein in the pelvis and the muscle was wrapped around the bladder neck. Electrodes were inserted into the MUS and connected to a programmable pulse generator. After 8 weeks of training the MUS, the pulse generator was programmed to be “on” for 4 hours and “off” for 15 minutes in a continuous cycle. Urodynamic studies were performed periodically, and at the end of the experiment the MUS and proximal urethra were harvested for histology. Three control dogs had sham operations.Results: All MUS's functioned well following the procedure. Histology of the MUS/urethra complex showed no evidence of stricture. Except for...
Intrauterine tobacco exposure may alter auditory brainstem responses in newborns.

This study of tobacco exposure and auditory processes was conducted in a predominantly low-income population of 40 pregnant women and their newborns. Urinary cotinine concentrations and self-reported smoking status were obtained from the mother during the first prenatal care visit. Auditory brainstem-evoked responses (ABRs) were recorded in neonates to assess neuroelectrical activity of the auditory nerve following a sound stimulus. Infants of mothers with the highest cotinine concentrations (> 1,000 ng/ml) responded at a rate that was four times greater (hazard ratio 4.1, 95% confidence interval 1.4-11.5) than infants of non-smoking mothers (cotinine 15-1,000 ng/ml) were not observed. Enhanced ABRs may disrupt auditory processes related to speech perception, negatively affecting reading and language development during childhood. The results suggest that tobacco exposure during pregnancy may impair auditory function.
Augmentation of exercise-induced muscle sympathetic nerve activity during muscle heating

Ray, Chester A., and Kathryn H. Gracey. Augmentation of exercise-induced muscle sympathetic nerve activity during muscle heating. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 1719–1725, 1997.—The muscle metabo- and me...