cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impacts of rTMS on Refractory Depression and Comorbid PTSD Symptoms at a Military Treatment Facility

INTRODUCTION Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a treatment for depression has been studied for over two decades. Repetitive TMS was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2008 for the treatment of depression after at least one failed trial of an antidepressant medication of adequate dose and duration. This study evaluated whether rTMS treatments may be associated with measurable improvements in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms for treated military beneficiaries in Hawaii suffering from depression. It also examined the number of failed medication trials that patients underwent before rTMS treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review of 77 rTMS patients who received and completed treatment between January 1, 2010 and October 31, 2016 was performed. Under a typical treatment regimen, patients receive rTMS for 6 weeks as well as weekly psychiatric assessments, which included completion of Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and PTSD Checklist (PCL). A mixed model repeated measures analysis was done assuming an autoregressive order one covariance structure to evaluate changes over time. Adjusted analyses were done to assess whether changes over time differed by age, prior diagnosis of PTSD, active duty status, and gender. RESULTS The majority of patients were from the army (74%) and 56% were on active duty. Just over half (53%) were male. Most patients (52%) had completed trials of three or more different antidepressant medications before initiation of treatment with rTMS. The mean number of antidepressant trials was 2.7. BDI and PCL scores were significantly lower at end of treatment on average compared to the pretreatment baseline scores. Mean differences for BDI and PCL were significant with P < 0.001 15, 30, and 45 days after TMS treatment was initiated. Overall, 44% of patients experienced a reduction ≥10 points on BDI, and 38% experienced a reduction ≥10 points on PCL. Additionally, scores fell similarly regardless of whether or not patients had a comorbid diagnosis of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS Our research suggests that rTMS treatments may produce a reduction in symptoms of both depression and PTSD in patients with refractory depression and comorbid PTSD. It may be a useful alternative to antidepressants in the treatment of depression in the military population, including those with comorbid PTSD. Broader implementation of this treatment modality may prove beneficial for the purposes of military readiness, given current policies and restrictions on service members who are initiated on antidepressant medications.
Searching for Street's "Mix" of Literacies through Composing Video: Conceptions of Literacy and Moments of Transfer in Basic Writing

This paper examines three students’ multimodal composition experiences in Basic Writing where conceptions of literacy interacted with moments related to transfer across media. Extending Brian V. Street’s work on literacy and Rebecca S. Nowacek’s transfer theory to multimodal composition through video, we use analysis of ethnographic data to conclude that for some students, video facilitated both a robust conception of literacy as ideological and transfer across media. For others, external forces inhibited opportunities for transfer and reinforced a conception of literacy as autonomous. We close reflecting on how we might more usefully scaffold student learning for transfer and more complex conceptions of literacy.
Atypical is the new norm, for B cells and the rest of us

An unusual form of activated B cells in adults is described, called atypical B cells, both in the steady state and after vaccination.
18F-FDG Uptake in uninfected aortic endovascular grafts

1601 Objectives: The aim of our investigation was to evaluate 18F-FDG accumulation in uninfected aortic endovascular grafts, and to track the changes in 18F-FDG uptake over time. Methods: The departmental database was searched to identify pts with aortic endovascular grafts who underwent serial 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for oncologic indications. All pts were more than 6 months post aortic graft implantation and were asymptomatic with respect to the graft. The time interval of all scans for all pts was 1.5±1.2 yrs (range = 84 days - 5.4 yrs). Seventy-three 18F-FDG PET/CT scans performed on 22 pts (4 female; 18 male; age: 74±10 yrs; range: 63 - 90 yrs) were reviewed retrospectively by a single nuclear physician. SUVmax values were measured in the ascending thoracic aorta and were considered to represent 18F-FDG background (B). SUVmax values also were measured at 3 locations along the graft (G). Mean aortic G SUVmax values and G/B ratios were calculated. Differences in G /B ratio per pt were determined by the unpaired t-test. Significance of changes over time were determined by comparing B/G ratios at later time points compared to the initial time point, per pt. Results: There were a total of 73 18F-FDG PET/CT scans performed on the 22 pts: 10 pts had 2 scans, 5 pts had 3, 2 pts had 4, 2 pts had 5, 2 pts had 6 and 1 pt had 8 scans. Among all 22 pts at all time points, G ranged from 0.7-3.0 and B ranged from 1.0-3.2; G and B were statistically similar (1.80±0.44 versus 1.81±0.33, p = 0.85). Per pt, G was significantly lower than B in 10 scans of 5 pts (1.49±0.22 versus 1.82±0.39, p = 0.002), and G was significantly higher than B in 7 scans of 5 pts (2.42±0.27 versus 1.89±0.27, p = 0.009). Over time, statistically significant differences in G were found in 16% (12/73) of scans. Ten of the 22 pts (45%) had statistically significant differences between G and B values. G increased in 5/10 pts, starting with a mean SUVmax 0.77±0.89, which increased to SUVmax 1.99±0.50 (p = 0.01) over a mean time of 833± 644 days. G decreased in 5/10 pts, starting with a mean SUVmax 1.95±0.50, which decreased to SUVmax 1.54±0.56 (p = 0.01) over a mean time difference of 513±474 days. However, much of this apparent change was attributable to overall changes in 18F-FDG uptake per pt, insofar as G/B ratio changed only marginally over time and in only 3 pts, decreasing from 1.01±0.21 to 0.70±0.05 (p = 0.07). For all scans of all pts, G/B ratio = 1.00±0.22 (range: 0.57-1.84). Consequently, in our series of pts, the upper limit of G/B ratio for uninfected aortic endovascular grafts was 1.43. Conclusion: On a scan-by-scan basis, mean aortic endovascular graft uptake can appear to be higher or lower than background uptake. But intraindividual 18F-FDG G/B ratios for these grafts is relative stable over time.
Improving prediction of surface solar irradiance variability by integrating observed cloud characteristics and machine learning

Abstract A 5-year, 1-minute resolution observational dataset of clouds and solar radiation was produced that includes two metrics of the variability in surface solar irradiance due to cloud type and fractional sky cover. Multiple regression models were trained to fit observations of surface solar irradiance variability from those two cloud property predictors. We found that ensemble tree-based methods, Random Forest and Gradient Boosting Machine, have the least overfitting issues and showed the best performance with an R2 of 0.42. While the observational data trained in this study was only from one site, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in Oklahoma, initial comparisons of the seasonality of the statistics suggest that these results are relatively weather regime independent; the generality of such a finding across sites will be tested in future work. The observational data and developed machine learning model are being used to create a numerical weather prediction model parameterization to enable day-ahead solar variability prediction in a computationally efficient way. This is a first step towards creating a new paradigm of predicting day-ahead variability with the potential to provide a new tool to improve grid operation, planning, and resilience.
Spectrographic Determination of Rhenium in Molybdenite with the DC Arc

Rhenium in molybdenite can be determined spectrographically with DC arc excitation only by preliminary chemical concentration of the rhenium. The following procedure produced satisfactory results. After grinding, the molybdenite sample was put in solution by treatment with HNO3 followed by evaporation just to dryness. Five milliliters HCl (0.1 M) was added, the solution was filtered, and then excess NH4OH added. The solution was filtered again and evaporated to approximately 2 ml.
Corneal Lesions in Beagle Dogs Given Oral 5-Ethynyluracil Followed by 5-Fluorouracil

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a pyrimidine analogue and potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase, is an anti-metabolite employed in the treatment of carcinoma and other malignant neoplasms. As with other chemotherapeutic agents, it exhibits toxic side effects in organ systems that normally have a rapid turnover of cells, including the GI tract, bone marrow, and integument.1Ocular side effects that have been described in humans include photophobia, conjunctivitis, circumorbital edema, corneal erosion, cicatricial ectropion, ankyloblepharon and epiphora associated with punctal and canalicular stenosis.2-4In recent years, 5 FU has been utilized topically and subconjunctivally as an adjunct to glaucoma surgery where its inhibition of fibrosis enhances the efficacy of filtering procedures. Corneal epithelium defects are frequent sequelae to subconjunctival fluorouracil in both monkeys and humans; corneal scarring occurs less frequently.5
An Expert System Based Concurrent Engineering Approach to PCB Assembly

A framework for an Expert System based concurrent engineering system is described. The domain under consideration is Printed Circuit Board manufacture using surface mount technology. The working of the system’s components are discussed along with its advantages. The system will enhance PCB design quality while considering manufacturing needs.
CBR for modeling complex systems

This paper describes how CBR can be used to compare, reuse, and adapt inductive models that represent complex systems. Complex systems are not well understood and therefore require models for their manipulation and understanding. We propose an approach to address the challenges for using CBR in this context, which relate to finding similar inductive models (solutions) to represent similar complex systems (problems). The purpose is to improve the modeling task by considering the quality of different models to represent a system based on the similarity to a system that was successfully modeled. The revised and confirmed suitability of a model can become additional evidence of similarity between two complex systems, resulting in an increased understanding of a domain. This use of CBR supports tasks (e.g., diagnosis, prediction) that inductive or mathematical models alone cannot perform. We validate our approach by modeling software systems, and illustrate its potential significance for biological systems.
Decreased Frequency But Not Amplitude of Quantal Synaptic Responses Associated with Expression of Corticostriatal Long-Term Depression

We have investigated the site of expression of striatal long-term synaptic depression (LTD) using analysis of Sr2+-induced asynchronous release of quanta from stimulated synapses. The cumulative amplitude distribution of Sr2+-induced asynchronous synaptic responses overlaps with that of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs), suggesting that Sr2+-induced asynchronous responses are quantal. Quantal amplitude at stimulated synapses is not significantly altered after LTD induction, whereas quantal frequency decreases after LTD induction. The decrease in quantal frequency is prevented when LTD expression is blocked by dialyzing 10 mm EGTA into the postsynaptic neuron. Our findings are most consistent with the idea that expression of striatal LTD involves decreased neurotransmitter release with no change in quantal amplitude, despite the fact that induction of striatal LTD involves postsynaptic mechanisms.
Severe ascending muscle spasms associated with diffuse perineural Tarlov cysts. (P3.316)

OBJECTIVE: To report the association between intermittent ascending painful muscle spasms and diffuse Tarlov cysts involving cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions. BACKGROUND: Perineural cysts (Tarlov cysts) are caused by pathological expansion of the space between perineurium and endoneurium of the posterior spinal nerve roots. Sacral area is the most common location for Tarlov cysts. Marfan, Ehor-Danlos and Loeys-Dietz Syndromes which are known to cause dural ectasia are often associated with Tarlov cysts. Local muscle spasms have been reported with Tarlov cysts but not disabling and ascending spasms. CASE SUMMARY: A 40 years old woman has been suffering from intermittent painful spasm and cramps since age 17, which often started in the left foot and then spread to the other side ascending to the thighs , lower abdomen ad rib cage lasting for minutes . During the past year, the spasms increased in frequency and intensity and in one occasion, ascending painful spasms reached the lower neck, caused feeling of diffuse weakness, leading to apprehension and hospitalization. Patient has one uncle with Tarlov cysts and two sisters affected by lupus erythematosis. Neurological examination was normal but during the hospitalization patient was diffusely weak for several hours due to widespread spasms. An electromyography disclosed denervation potentials in paraspinal muscles particularly at sacral and thoracic levels. A combination of lyrica and diazepam reduced the frequency and intensity of spasms. RESULTS: Serum and cerebrospinal fluid studies including assessment of lupus coagulant, lyme and antiGAD antibodies was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated multiple and extensive Tarlov cysts along the spinal cord at cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral levels. The odontoid process was dysplastic. A left temporal and right posterior fossa arachnoid cyst was present. CONCLUSION: Diffuse Tarlov cysts may cause episodic severe widespread, ascending muscle spasms. Disclosure: Dr. Safarpour has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mulukutla has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khokhar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jabbari has received research support from Allergan Inc., Merz Pharma, and Ipsen.
Phase Equilibria in the In2O3-WO3 System

The subsolidus phase relationships in the In2O3-WO3 system at 800 – 1400°C were studied by X-ray diffraction. Two binary oxide phases – In2(WO4)3 and In6WO12 – are stable in air over the temperature range of 800 – 1200°C. Preferential volatilization of WO3 prevented the determination of phase equilibria above 1300°C.
Light‐Nutrient Influences on Biomass, Photosynthetic Potential and Composition of Suspended Algal Assemblages in the Middle Cape Fear River, USA

Dilution bioassays were conducted to evaluate the impact of nutrients on biomass (chlorophyll a), photosynthetic potential, and class composition of suspended algal assemblages in the middle Cape Fear River (USA). Ambient concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) varied from 37.2 to 83.8 and from 1.0 to 7.1 μmol L–1. Experiments conducted at photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs) similar to the mixed water column (< 1 to 5.3 E m–2d–1) showed no change in chlorophyll a, photosynthetic potential, or algal class composition at 15, 30, and 45% dilutions of DIN, SRP, or both. However, chlorophyll a and photosynthetic potential increased significantly in nutrient dilution bioassays conducted at PPFDs four-fold above ambient, while the abundance of diatoms and Chrysophytes increased under elevated PPFD and ambient or elevated nutrients. Overall, the data indicate that irradiance is more important than nutrients in determining the size and class composition of suspended algal assemblages. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Toxicity of Ochratoxin A and Tannic Acid to Growing Chicks

Abstract The effects of ochratoxin A (OA) and tannic acid (TA) on growing chicks were determined. One-day-old male broiler chicks were fed a diet containing the following additives for 26 days: A) none; B) 3.0 ppm OA; C) 1.5% TA; D) 3.0 ppm OA plus 1.5% TA. When compared to the controls, body weights and feed efficiencies were significantly depressed in the OA and TA groups. There was a further depression in body weights and a dramatic depression of feed efficiency in the OA-TA combination group. Pigmentation, as measured by visual shank scores, was reduced in chicks fed OA singly or in combination with TA but was not affected by feeding TA singly. There were no consistent treatment differences in the relative weights of the kidney, gizzard, proventriculus, liver, bursa, or pancreas, although there was a trend toward an elevated relative kidney weight in the groups receiving OA. Serum uric acid levels were significantly elevated in the OA and the OA-TA combination group indicating impaired renal excretory function attributable to OA. Total serum protein levels were significantly depressed in the groups receiving OA, and serum calcium levels were depressed in all treatment groups. Serum phosphorus levels were decreased in the OA and OA-TA groups but were only decreased significantly in the OA group. There were no consistent treatment differences in the hematology and other blood chemistry and mineral values.
The benefits and costs of the management program for natural sockeye salmon stocks in Bristol Bay, Alaska

Abstract There has been an extraordinary evolution of the management program in Bristol Bay for natural sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) stocks that has coincided with a roughly two-fold increase in sustainable harvest level. During this evolution there has been a continuous expansion of projects to assess the stocks and monitor fisheries. Escapement goals were continuously revised as warranted by the emerging data, and management has become more accurate and precise. Computer simulations showed how changes in harvest policy and reductions in management error can increase the sustainable yield of these fisheries. These benefits and costs were expressed as the ratio of present value of the incremental increases in sustainable harvests to the incremental cost of the program. The ratio of benefits to costs, resulting from investment in the program of management and research, was approximately 10 in 1984.
Transfection by Cationic Liposomes Using Simultaneous Single Cell Measurements of Plasmid Delivery and Transgene Expression

Cationic liposomes are potentially important gene transfer vehicles, although their application has been limited by relatively low efficiency of transgene expression. Single cell quantitative methods, such as those used in this study, should permit a more detailed understanding of the relationships between delivered plasmid and transgene expression. Intracellular plasmid delivery and transgene expression were measured simultaneously using photoconjugated ethidium monoazide as an intracellular plasmid delivery marker and green fluorescent protein (GFP(S65T)) as a transgene expression marker. Quantitative flow cytometry was used to estimate plasmid copy number and GFP(S65T) molecules in single cells. The plasmid was delivered to HeLa cells with a cationic liposome vehicle containing 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-trimethylammonium-propane and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (1:1 mol/mol). Treatment was carried out continuously for 24 h. Flow cytometry measurements on 20, 000 cells were performed during treatment and for 48 h post-treatment. On a single cell basis, transgene expression efficiency and average GFP(S65T) expression level increased with intracellular plasmid copy number. After 3-h exposure to the liposomal vector, more than 95% of the cells were positive for plasmid entry, but none had detectable transgene expression. Maximum transgene expression was achieved at 24 h and remained unchanged at the 72-h measurement. At 24 h, the average positive cell contained 1.6 x 10(5) plasmid copies and 2.3 x 10(6) GFP(S65T) molecules. Importantly, the measurement strategies revealed that transgene expression varied widely within the entire cell population. Although only 30% of all cells expressed transgene, the subpopulation of cells that rapidly incorporated the vector demonstrated 100% efficiency in transgene expression. This study identifies parameters that modulate highly efficient transgene expression from plasmid delivery by cationic liposomes.
Early predictors of later IQ: The search continues

Abstract Studies by Lewis and Brooks-Gunn and by Fagan and McGrath (this issue) reporting predictions from assessments of infant recognition memory to later developmental performance and IQ are critiqued. While certain inelegancies in design, procedure, and analyses are noted, a conclusion of cautious optimism on the potential of this approach is reached, but the utility of this strategy for practical or clinical purposes is still not demonstrated.
A storage-centric camera sensor network

Improved energy-efficiency and storage capacity of new-generation NAND flash memory makes a compelling case for storage-centric sensor networks. Such a storage-centric sensor network emphasizes the use of platforms with larger storage and more extensive use of the storage capacities on sensors. We demonstrate the feasibility of storage-centric sensor networks using an instance of a storage-centric camera sensor network that is more energy-efficient in comparison to a traditional camera sensor network. We demonstrate multiple camera sensors, each consisting of a Cyclops camera attached to a MicaZ mote, using motion-triggered image capturing. The captured images are archived locally on flash storage and summaries of detected events are transmitted to the base-station. The base-station picks the events of interest from the summaries and requests the original captured image from the sensor as required. The use of high-capacity energy-efficient flash storage at the sensor allows us to trade-off expensive radio communication for cheaper local storage, improving the life-time of the battery and consequently, the life of the storage-centric camera sensor network.
The Relationship of Antifat Attitudes to Other Prejudicial and Gender‐Related Attitudes1

Overweight people in society face a number of obstacles. Negative attitudes toward overweight people contribute to this experience. This study examined the relationship of antifat attitudes to other prejudicial attitudes (e.g., racism, sexism, homophobia) and gender-related attitudes. A total of 179 undergraduate participants completed measures of prejudicial attitudes, including antifat attitudes. Multiple regression analyses revealed that a combination of demographic and attitudinal variables predicted antifat attitudes. Antifat attitudes are stronger for men, Caucasians, and gender-typed individuals; compared to women, African Americans, and androgynous individuals, respectively. After controlling for demographics, weight-related variables, and social desirability, gender-role egalitarianism, racism, and homophobia significantly correlated with antifat attitudes. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed regarding the importance of research in antifat and other prejudical attitudes.
Efficacy of rabies vaccines against Duvenhage virus isolated from European house bats (Eptesicus serotinus), classic rabies and rabies-related viruses

Isolates of rabies from separate enzootics can be distinguished by their reactions with panels of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to different sites on the nucleocapsid and glycoproteins of the virus. Estimates of antigenic relatedness can be made by comparing similarities among groups. In this manner it can be shown that while classic strains of rabies react with most of the mAbs, the rabies related Lyssaviruses (Mokola, Lagos and Duvenhage) react with only a few of the mAbs and isolates of rabies from Eptesicus serotinus bats in Europe are intermediate between the two groups. Mice immunized intraperitoneally with human diploid vaccine (HDCV) or animal vaccines (Rabisin and Rabiffa) were protected against a challenge with DBV, DUV-1 and most classic rabies strains. HDCV gave only partial protection against human virus isolates from Finland and Saudi Arabia. The HDCV did not protect mice against challenges with Lagos bat or Mokola virus (rabies-like viruses). The animal vaccines, however, did protect mice against Lagos bat virus, but not against Mokola. Dogs immunized with Rabisin were protected against an intracerebral challenge with DBV. Dogs developed rabies-neutralizing antibody titres after intramuscular or intravenous inoculation with live DBV or DUV-1 virus; these dogs were protected against an intramuscular canine street rabies virus challenge. We conclude that the rabies vaccines tested protect against DBV/DUV-1 and classic street rabies strains, but not Mokola.
A PHILOSOPHY OF SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

A PHILOSOPHY OF SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION. Marysia Johnson. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004. Pp. ix + 207. $40.00 paper.Johnson states “the purpose of this book is twofold…to introduce the reader to Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory (SCT) and Mikhail Bakhtin's literary theory…. Second, … to discuss the existing cognitive bias in SLA theory and research” (p. 1). To this end, the book is divided into two parts: Part 1, which focuses on a review of traditional cognitive approaches to SLA research, and Part 2, which focuses on a more sociocultural perspective, reviewing the theories of Vygotsky and Bakhtin and culminating in Johnson's proposal for a dialogic approach to SLA research.
Anomalous lateral Zn surface diffusion in InP caused by Zn-contained metallization

We report an anomalous Zn surface diffusion in InP during annealing of ohmic contact structures containing Zn. A Pd/Zn/Pd contact was used to demonstrate this phenomenon. Electrical properties of the contact were monitored to corroborate this anomalous surface diffusion. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy was also used to delineate the Zn diffusion front lines. It was found that the Zn surface lateral diffusion can extend ≥50 µm for samples annealed at 500°C or higher temperatures. Close attention should be paid to this anomalous lateral surface diffusion during fabrication of devices using Zn-contained ohmic contacts.
The Vegetation Adjusted NTL Urban Index: A new approach to reduce saturation and increase variation in nighttime luminosity

The science and policy communities increasingly require information about inter-urban variability in form, infrastructure, and energy use for cities globally and in a timely manner. Nighttime light (NTL) data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) are able to provide information on nighttime luminosity, a correlate of the built environment and energy consumption. Although NTL data are used to map aggregate measures of urban areas such as total area extent, their ability to characterize inter-urban variation is limited due to saturation of the data values, especially in urban cores. Here we propose a new spectral index, the Vegetation Adjusted NTL Urban Index (VANUI), which combines MODIS NDVI with NTL, to achieve three key goals. First, the index reduces the effects of NTL saturation. Second, the index increases variation of the NTL signal, especially within urban areas. Third, the index corresponds to biophysical and urban characteristics. Additionally, the index is intuitive, simple to implement, and enables rapid characterization of inter-urban variability in nighttime luminosity. Assessments of VANUI show that it significantly reduces NTL saturation and increases variation of data values in core urban areas. As such, VANUI can be useful for studies of urban structure, energy use, and carbon emissions.
Adaptation of an HIV Medication Adherence Intervention for Adolescents and Young Adults

Rising rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among adolescents and young adults underscore the importance of interventions for this population. While the morbidity and mortality of HIV has greatly decreased over the years, maintaining high rates of adherence is necessary to receive optimal medication effects. Few studies have developed interventions for adolescents and young adults and none have specifically been developed for sexual minority (lesbian, gay, and bisexual; LGB) youth. Guided by an evidence-based adult intervention and adolescent qualitative interviews, we developed a multicomponent, technology-enhanced, customizable adherence intervention for adolescents and young adults for use in a clinical setting. The two cases presented in this paper illustrate the use of the five-session positive strategies to enhance problem solving (Positive STEPS) intervention, based on cognitive-behavioral techniques and motivational interviewing. We present a perinatally infected heterosexual woman and a behaviorally infected gay man to demonstrate the unique challenges faced by these youth and showcase how the intervention can be customized. Future directions include varying the number of intervention sessions based on mode of HIV infection and incorporating booster sessions.
Myocardial β-adrenoceptor down-regulation by norepinephrine is linked to reduced norepinephrine uptake activity

Chronic administration of norepinephrine for 8 weeks has been shown to reduce neuronal norepinephrine uptake activity and increase interstitial norepinephrine concentration in the heart. To determine whether the changes could lead to myocardial beta-adrenoceptor down-regulation or beta-adrenergic subsensitivity, we measured left ventricular contractile responses to dobutamine, myocardial beta-adrenoceptor density, beta subtype distribution, competitive inhibition agonist binding, and adenylyl cyclase activity activation by isoproterenol, 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate, and forskolin in dogs after a norepinephrine or saline infusion for 8 weeks. We found that norepinephrine infusion reduced myocardial beta-adrenoceptor density, beta(1)-adrenoceptor subtype density, and high-affinity site for isoproterenol. Left ventricular contractile responses to dobutamine were reduced in the norepinephrine-infused animals. In addition, norepinephrine infusion decreased the basal adenylyl cyclase activity and the adenylyl cyclase responses to isoproterenol, 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate, and forskolin. The findings indicate that a decrease in cardiac norepinephrine uptake predisposes the heart to norepinephrine-induced myocardial beta-adrenoceptor down-regulation, and that norepinephrine, when present in a sufficient amount over a long period as it is in chronic heart failure, can reduce myocardial beta-adrenergic responsiveness by both homologous and heterologous desensitization.
Does economics have a broad enough subject matter

Economics can be considered the science that deals with marketplace efficiency, or it can be viewed as a social science, which deals with human policy goals considered generally. The view Amartya Sen (1987) takes of the matter is that the broader view is the more correct. There is one large and important group of human goals that the mainstream professional economists systematically omit from their discipline: collective goals, especially other-regarding collective goals. How investigators can isolate lists of social goals that persons consider important is discussed. Using these it should not be difficult for social scientists to proceed to provide analysis, drawing upon all the relevant theoretical and imperical knowledge, and so making predictions for opportunity costs in terms of all the other goals of moving a unit closer to any goal (particularly a goal of central concern).
Anesthetic dependence of the inhibitory effect of neurotensin on pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in rats. A possible role for somatostatin

Abstract The existence of possible local mediators of the inhibitory effect of neurotensin on gastric acid secretion has not been determined. We perfused rats intragastrically with warmed saline and stimulated acid secretion with intravenous pentagastrin, 32 mug/kg/hr, and found that anesthesia with pentobarbital resulted in marked inhibition of acid secretion by intravenous neurotensin; however, anesthesia with urethane prevented this inhibitory effect of neurotensin from occurring. In addition, we found a significant increase in somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in portal venous blood during neurotensin infusion in pentobarbital-anesthesized rats. Neither neurotensin nor pentagastrin infusion modified gastric luminal somatostatin-like immunoreactivity after either pentobarbital or urethane, and rats anesthesizex with urethane did not show an increase of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in portal venous blood during neurotensin infusion. These results suggested that somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, released into the portal circulation, was necessary for exogenous neurotensin to inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion under those conditions in anesthesized rats.
Entanglement of pure two-mode Gaussian states

The entanglement of general asymmetric pure Gaussian two-mode states is examined in terms of the coefficients of the quadrature components of the wave function. The entanglement criterion and the entanglement of formation are directly evaluated as a function of these coefficients, without the need for local unitary transformations. These reproduce results for the special case of symmetric pure states which employ a relation between squeezed states and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations. The modification of the quadrature coefficients and the corresponding entanglement due to application of various optical elements is also derived.
CD34 cells from patients with trisomy 8 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) express early apoptotic markers but avoid programmed cell death by up-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins.

CD34 cells from patients with trisomy 8 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are distinguished from other MDS cells and from normal hematopoietic cells by their pronounced expression of apoptotic markers. Paradoxically, trisomy 8 clones can persist in patients with bone marrow failure and expand following immunosuppression. We previously demonstrated up-regulation of c-myc and CD1 by microarray analysis. Here, we confirmed these findings by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), demonstrated up-regulation of survivin, c-myc, and CD1 protein expression, and documented comparable colony formation by annexin+ trisomy 8− CD34+ and annexin− CD34 cells. There were low levels of DNA degradation in annexin+ trisomy 8 CD34 cells, which were comparable with annexin− CD34 cells. Trisomy 8 cells were resistant to apoptosis induced by gamma irradiation. Knock-down of survivin by siRNA resulted in preferential loss of trisomy 8 cells. These results suggest that trisomy 8 cells undergo incomplete apoptosis and are nonetheless capable of colony formation and growth.
EXTENDING LIPSCHITZ MAPS INTO C(K)-SPACES

We show that if K is a compact metric space then C(K) is a 2-absolute Lipschitz retract. We then study the best Lipschitz extension constants for maps into C(K) from a given metric space M, extending recent results of Lancien and Randrianantoanina. They showed that a finite-dimensional normed space which is polyhedral has the isometric extension property for C(K)-spaces; here we show that the same result holds for spaces with Gateaux smooth norm or of dimension two; a three-dimensional counterexample is also given. We also show that X is polyhedral if and only if every subset E of X has the universal isometric extension property for C(K)-spaces. We also answer a question of Naor on the extension of Holder continuous maps.
9-Aminoacridine, an effective antibacterial agent with caries-disclosing features.

Abstract Acriphen is offered, by virtue of its extremely low order of toxicity and high antimicrobial properties, as a useful disinfectant in dentistry. Its caries-disclosing feature, as well as its debriding property, make it a useful agent for clinical practice.
A Study of Suspending Agents for Gadolinium(III)-Exchanged Hectorite. An Oral Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent

Clays modified with paramagnetic ions have been shown to be effective magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. The efficacy in part relies on the suspension of the small clay particles in aqueous solution. In this study a series of macromolecules were evaluated as suspending agents for Gd(III) ion exchanged hectorite clay in water. The room temperature relaxivities for the Gd-hectorite clays were enhanced by the addition of poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol), cyclodextrins, and cholic acid to aqueous suspensions. Additionally, there was no evidence of free Gd(III) in solution in the presence of these suspending agents. In contrast the combination of alginic acid or poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) with the clays resulted in release of the Gd(III) into solution. Xanthan gum, which is often used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in food products, forms a viscous suspension but also reacts with free Gd(III) ions.
Nocturnal temperature inversions in a small, enclosed basin and their relationship to ambient atmospheric conditions

Observations from a recent meteorological experiment in the Meteor Crater, a small, near circular, enclosed basin, in northern Arizona of the United States, are used to investigate the status of the atmosphere in the basin as indicated by temperature inversion and its relationship to ambient atmospheric conditions. Strong synoptic winds aloft do not necessarily imply that no inversion could develop in the basin. Instead, the near-surface wind over the plain surrounding the basin is found to be a more important factor in determining whether the basin atmosphere would be coupled to, or decoupled from, its ambient environment. A necessary condition for the decoupling and the development of a strong inversion overnight is that the mean nighttime temperature over the plain needs to be less than 5 m s−1. The low-level stability of the ambient environment also plays an important role. It was found that as long as the bulk Richardson number over the plain is less than 0.6, turbulence would exit over the plain and influence the basin atmosphere at least partially through the night, preventing a strong temperature inversion from developing in the basin. The strength of the inversion in the basin appears to be increase exponentially with the longwave radiation loss from the upper basin sidewalls. Over the basin floor, the relation between inversion strength and longwave radiation loss is poor mainly because the cooling of air over the basin floor is a combination of radiative cooling and the drainage of cold air from the sidewalls.
Equity sensitivity theory: do we all want more than we deserve?

Predictions from equity sensitivity theory is reported by Huseman et al. were tested in a laboratory setting. As predicted, Benevolent individuals reported the highest pay satisfaction, perceived pay fairness, and lowest turnover intentions. Contrary to expectations, Entitled individuals did not report lower overall pay satisfaction, perceived pay fairness or higher turnover intentions than Equity Sensitive individuals. All three equity sensitivity groups preferred being over‐rewarded to being equitably rewarded, and were relatively distressed when under‐rewarded. The predicted interaction between equity sensitivity and reward level was not significant. Implications for the management of employees were discussed.
First-principles simulations of the electrode|electrolyte interface

Abstract We review a direct dynamics method for the simulation of metal|water interfaces. The occupancy of on-top binding sites for water in this model as applied to a (100) surface of `copper' is very sensitive to potential. We suggest that this may account for some previously unexplained features of X-ray data on water structure and noble metal|water interfaces. We discuss the problem of statistical fluctuations on the occupancy of such tightly bound water molecules in such simulations. Though the problem is not too serious for charged interfaces, the problem of accounting for fluctuations at zero charge can be quite formidable, as we illustrate for the (100) surface of copper.
Leg Strength, Preferred Walking Speed, and Daily Step Activity in Adults With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injuries

Background: The reduction in physical activity that accompanies spinal cord injury (SCI) contributes to the development of secondary health concerns. Research has explored potential strategies to enhance the recovery of walking and lessen the impact of physical disability following SCI, but further work is needed to identify determinants of community walking activity in this population. Objectives: To quantify relationships among lower extremity strength (LES), preferred walking speed (PWS), and daily step activity (DSA) in adults with incomplete SCI (iSCI) and determine the extent to which LES and PWS predict DSA in persons with iSCI. Methods: Participants were 21 adults (age range, 21 to 62 years; AIS levels C and D) with iSCI. Maximal values of hip abduction, flexion, and extension, knee flexion and extension, and ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion were measured using handheld dynamometry and were summed to determine LES. PWS was calculated using a photoelectric cellbased timing system, and participants were fitted with activity monitors to measure DSA in a natural setting. Results: Statistically significant (P < .05) correlations of moderate to high magnitude (.74 to .87) were observed among LES, PWS, and DSA. Multiple regression analysis revealed that LES and PWS accounted for 83% (adjusted R 2 ) of the variation in DSA (P < .001). Conclusion: A significant proportion of the explained variance in DSA can be predicted from knowledge of LES and PWS in adults with iSCI. These findings suggest that future efforts to improve community walking behavior following SCI should be directed toward
Dissociations between psychobiologic reactivity and emotional expression in children.

Although there are general assumptions that physiological and behavioral indices of emotion are interrelated, empirical research has revealed inconsistent findings with regard to their degree of association, particularly in children. Two studies were conducted to examine the relations between cardiovascular reactivity and emotional behavior. In the first study, 3- to 6-year-olds completed challenging tasks during which measures of their physiological responses and facial expressions were obtained. With age, children's heart rate decreased, vagal tone increased, and facial expressions became slightly more exaggerated. However, children's physiologic reactions were unrelated to their concurrent facial expression when all children were considered, when only boys were considered, and when children extreme in their physiologic reactions were considered. Only among girls was physiologic reactivity moderately associated with concurrent negative expressiveness. In the second study, 4- and 5-year-olds' physiologic reactivity was examined as a predictor of later overt emotional reaction to venipuncture episodes. Children's overt emotional reactions were consistent across repeated venipunctures, and girls were more visibly distressed than boys. As in the first study, physiologic reactivity was generally unrelated to children's behavioral responses. Findings have implications for assumptions about the degree of coupling between biological and behavioral emotional systems in childhood. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 37: 153–175, 2000
Why Marry? Race and the Transition to Marriage among Cohabitors*

Our study investigates the transition to first marriage among cohabiting black and white men and women, drawing on data from the National Survey of Families and Households. Our results underscore the importance of economic factors on the transition to marriage for both black and white cohabitors. We also find that for black cohabitors, but not for whites, socioeconomic disadvantage during childhood reduces the odds of marriage. The presence of children in cohabiting unions tends to increase the chances of marrying a cohabiting partner for both blacks and whites. Our results demonstrate the importance of including cohabitation in research on the marriage process.
Stokes flow in arbitrary two-dimensional domains: shear flow over ridges and cavities

A method is described for solving the integral equations governing Stokes flow in arbitrary two-dimensional domains. It is demonstrated that the boundary-integral method provides an accurate, efficient and easy-to-implement strategy for the solution of Stokes-flow problems. Calculations are presented for simple shear flow in a variety of geometries including cylindrical and rectangular, ridges and cavities. A full description of the flow field is presented including streamline patterns, velocity profiles and shear-stress distributions along the solid surfaces. The results are discussed with special relevance to convective transport processes in low-Reynolds-number flows.
Alternate plant life history strategies and coexistence in randomly varying environments

Environmental fluctuations can in theory allow the coexistence of ecologically similar species by ‘timesharing’ a niche, as envisioned by Hutchinson. The evolution of this situation is studied in a competition model, using as an example the evolution of seed germination strategies. Coexistence occurs via the evolution of ‘low-risk’ and ‘high-risk’ strategies for dealing with the variability by different species. Coexistence is promoted by intermediate levels of variability or disturbance, and by a trade-off between seed yield and seed survivorship. These results may be applicable also to other low vs. high risk life history options in unpredictably varying environments, such as: stress resistance vs. potentially rapid growth, high adult survivorship vs. high reproductive output. The model’s predictions differ from those obtained without consideration of life history evolution in response to environmental variability, and are consistent with some recent studies of plant strategies in intermittently stressed communities.
Bayesian least squares estimates of univariate regression functions

The regression function R(•) to be estimated is assumed to have an expansion in terms of specified functions, orthogonalized vich respect to values of the explanatory variable. Relative precisions of OBSERVATION are assumed known. The estimate is the posterior linear mean of R(•) given the data. The investigator plots graphs of appropriate functions as an aid in eliciting his prior means and precisions for the coefficients in the expansion. The method is illustrated by an example using simulated data, an example in which effects of various dosages of Vitamin D are estimated, and an example in which a utility function is estimated.
In Situ High Temperature Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Study of Interface Phenomena: Probing a Solid Acid on Alumina

Herein, we utilize surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the in situ analyses of catalyst structure while operating at elevated temperatures in various atmospheres. In order to accomplish this, robust SERS substrates were generated by depositing an ultrathin protective coating of alumina on top of silver nanowires (NWs) via atomic layer deposition (ALD). In situ studies were then conducted by analyzing the effects of heating a solid acid, phosphotungstic acid (PTA), on the alumina surface in either an oxygen or hydrogen environment at temperatures up to 400 °C. Interestingly, the distance-dependent decay of the enhancement factor of the SERS signal from the underlying NWs allowed us to probe with great detail the interfacial region between the PTA and the alumina surface. The ability to analyze the area closest to the alumina surface was further confirmed by assembling vanadia onto the substrate and monitoring the intensity differences between the V−O−Al and outer V ═ O bonds.
Surface Artifacts in Manufacturing and Use of Large Imaging Optics

Abstract: Deterministic finishing yields satisfactory optics for imaging laser light. When uniform irradiance and phase are required over a large aperture, finishing and metrology methods are challenged. Holographic recording provides high space-bandwidth-product for locating artifacts.