cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of picture and even-a-penny-will-help appeals on anonymous donations to charity.

Szrmmary.-The present research explored the effectiveness of a picture and the phrase "even a penny will help" on contributions to charity. Two experiments were conducted, one in the laboratory and one in the field. In both experiments he manipulation of a pleasant picture and the phrase created four rypes of signs: (1) picture-no phrase, (2) phrase-no picture, (3) picture-phrase, and (4) no picture-no phrase. In the field experiment patrons of local business anonymously put money in a donation box that displayed one of the four signs. In the Laboratory experiment, 129 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to view one of the four signs placed on a donation box for a local charity. Analyses for both studies showed chat more money was donated when the boxes displayed picrures. The phrase "even a penny will help" had no significant effect on donations. Organizations that rely on charity use a variety of techniques to encourage people to donate money. Appeals for donations can be roughly categorized into either personal or impersonal requests. The important aspect of a personal request is that the action taken by the target of the solicitation is witnessed by the person who made the request. One example of a personal request is door-to-door solicitation. On the other hand, when an impersonal request is made the action of the target typically is not witnessed by the requester. One example of an impersonal request is a donation box in which people may place money anonymously. Previous research on donating behavior using personal requests has indicated the uthty of techniques of mahg vivid appeals and adding the phrase "even a penny can help." The purpose of the present research was to explore the influence of these two techniques in a situation where an impersonal request is made. Specifically, we added vivid appeals or the phrase "even a penny will help" to informational signs placed on donation boxes for the local humane society. Information is said to be vivid to the extent that it is emotionally interesting or provokes concrete images or mental pictures (Nisbett & Ross, 1980). In previous research on persuasion vividness has been operationalized as the addition of either pictures or words to standard appeals. For example, Frey and Eagly (1993) increased vividness by adding words and phrases that evoked mental images. They found that vivid messages were no more per
FROM MENDELÉEV'S ATOM TO THE COLLAPSING STAR*†

A decade before Planck’s 1900 formulation of the quantum principle, Mendeleev out of his researches on chemistry and the periodic system of the elements recognized the general character that the new principle must have, dealing with no “deathlike inactivity”, establishing “individuality amid continuity”, and destined to “hasten the advent of true chemical mechanics”. Implicit in the Bohr-Rutherford 1911 model of the atom was the paradox of atomic collapse. No cheap way out offered itself. Only application of the quantum principle resolved the paradox. This development led (1927) to the ‘chemical mechanics’ envisaged in outline by Mendeleev. It may be symbolized today by an electron orbit with the shape of a double necklace, the ‘chemical orbit’ (Powers). A new crisis confronts physics today in the predicted phenomenon of gravitational collapse, both at the level of a star (‘black hole physics’) and at the level of the universe itself. Again no way out is evident except to call on the quantum principle. It leads to the conclusion that the dynamics of the universe goes on in superspace. In superspace alternative dynamical histories of the universe (cycles of expansion and recontraction) not only dynamically couple to each other in the era of collapse, as well as one can judge, but also ‘coexist’. If the vision of Clifford and Einstein in updated form is taken as guide and particles are regarded as quantum states of excitation of a dynamic geometry, then it is natural to believe that each period of collapse sees the universe ‘reprocessed’, with the previous spectrum of particle masses extinguished, and a new pattern of masses established. On this view particle masses are as far removed from any possibility of being calculated from first principles as the ‘initial conditions of dynamics’ themselves. For an early test of this framework of ideas nothing looks so promising as the prediction that a black hole, formed by whatever combination of baryons, photons, leptons, and other entities, is characterized by nothing but mass, charge, and angular momentum (‘transcendence of the law of conservation of baryons and leptons’).
Communication-avoiding parallel strassen: implementation and performance

Matrix multiplication is a fundamental kernel of many high performance and scientific computing applications. Most parallel implementations use classical O(n3) matrix multiplication, even though there exist algorithms with lower arithmetic complexity. We recently presented a new Communication-Avoiding Parallel Strassen algorithm (CAPS), based on Strassen's fast matrix multiplication, that minimizes communication (SPAA '12). It communicates asymptotically less than all classical and all previous Strassen-based algorithms, and it attains theoretical lower bounds.In this paper we show that CAPS is also faster in practice. We benchmark and compare its performance to previous algorithms on Hopper (Cray XE6), Intrepid (IBM BG/P), and Franklin (Cray XT4). We demonstrate significant speedups over previous algorithms both for large matrices and for small matrices on large numbers of processors. We model and analyze the performance of CAPS and predict its performance on future exascale platforms.
Molecular architecture and assembly of the eukaryotic proteasome.

The eukaryotic ubiquitin-proteasome system is responsible for most aspects of regulatory and quality-control protein degradation in cells. Its substrates, which are usually modified by polymers of ubiquitin, are ultimately degraded by the 26S proteasome. This 2.6-MDa protein complex is separated into a barrel-shaped proteolytic 20S core particle (CP) of 28 subunits capped on one or both ends by a 19S regulatory particle (RP) comprising at least 19 subunits. The RP coordinates substrate recognition, removal of substrate polyubiquitin chains, and substrate unfolding and translocation into the CP for degradation. Although many atomic structures of the CP have been determined, the RP has resisted high-resolution analysis. Recently, however, a combination of cryo-electron microscopy, biochemical analysis, and crystal structure determination of several RP subunits has yielded a near-atomic-resolution view of much of the complex. Major new insights into chaperone-assisted proteasome assembly have also recently e...
A 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS Digital Phase Shifter for K-band Phased Arrays

A 4-bit active digital phase shifter integrated with digital control circuitry in 0.13-mum CMOS technology is developed for K-band multiple antenna arrays. The active phase shifter synthesizes the required phase using a phase interpolation process by adding quadrature phased input signals. The phase shifter uses a resonance-based quadrature all-pass filter for quadrature signaling with minimum loss and wide bandwidth. The phase shifter exhibits 6.5-13deg of rms phase error at 15-26 GHz. The average voltage gain ranges from -4.6 dB at 15 GHz to -3 dB at 24.5-26 GHz. Input P1dB is typically -0.8plusmn1.5 dBm at 24 GHz for overall phase states. The core area of the phase shifter is 0.33times0.43 mm2, with a current consumption of 7.8 mA from a 1.5 V supply voltage.
Mother-infant interaction and acculturation: I. Behavioural comparisons in Japanese American and South American families

This study examined similarities and differences in mothers' and infants' activities and interactions among 37 Japanese American and 40 South American dyads. Few relations between maternal acculturation level or individualism/collectivism and maternal parenting or infant behaviours emerged in either group. However, group differences were found in mothers' and infants' behaviours indicating that culture-of-origin continues to influence parenting behaviour in acculturating groups.
Mainstem-tributary linkages by mayfly migration help sustain salmonids in a warming river network.

Animal migrations can link ecosystems across space. We discovered an aquatic insect that migrates between a river mainstem and its tributaries, and provides an important trophic subsidy for tributary predators. A mayfly, Ephemerella maculata, rears in a warm, sunlit productive river mainstem, then migrates as adults to cool, shaded unproductive tributaries where they oviposit and die. This migration tripled insect flux into a tributary for 1 month in summer. A manipulative field experiment showed that this E. maculata subsidy nearly tripled the growth of the young of the year steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the recipient tributary over the summer months, and was more important than terrestrial invertebrate subsidies, which have been considered the primary food source for predators in small, forested creeks. By delivering food subsidies from productive but warming river mainstems to cool but food-limited tributaries, aquatic insect migrations could enhance resilience to cool-water predators in warming river networks.
Strategies for acquiring radio frequencies for intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS)

Although the systems architecture for intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS) is still being developed, it is certain that tetherless radio frequency (RF) communications will play a major role in the program. The portion of the RF spectrum suitable for mobile systems is very congested. New demands for use of these mobile bands are expected as promising technologies and services mature for commercial deployment. The authors describe strategies to identify suitable frequencies, to muster needed support from various communities, and to take appropriate actions for obtaining a spectrum for IVHS. In addition to the acquisition of frequencies for exclusive, nationwide use by IVHS, the authors evaluate existing and planned communications media that may be suitable for capacity sharing to yield still further communications capacity for some IVHS functions. >
Conserved structural and functional control of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor gating by transmembrane domain M3

The molecular events controlling glutamate receptor ion channel gating are complex. The movement of transmembrane domain M3 within N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits has been suggested to be one structural determinant linking agonist binding to channel gating. Here we report that covalent modification of NR1-A652C or the analogous mutation in NR2A, -2B, -2C, or -2D by methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium (MT-SEA) occurs only in the presence of glutamate and glycine, and that modification potentiates recombinant NMDA receptor currents. The modified channels remain open even after removing glutamate and glycine from the external solution. The degree of potentiation depends on the identity of the NR2 subunit (NR2A < NR2B < NR2C,D) inversely correlating with previous measurements of channel open probability. MTSEA-induced modification of channels is associated with increased glutamate potency, increased mean single-channel open time, and slightly decreased channel conductance. Modified channels are insensitive to the competitive antagonists D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) and 7-Cl-kynurenic acid, as well as allosteric modulators of gating (extracellular protons and Zn(2+)). However, channels remain fully sensitive to Mg(2+) blockade and partially sensitive to pore block by (+)MK-801, (-)MK-801, ketamine, memantine, amantadine, and dextrorphan. The partial sensitivity to (+)MK-801 may reflect its ability to stimulate agonist unbinding from MT-SEA-modified receptors. In summary, these data suggest that the SYTANLAAF motif within M3 is a conserved and critical determinant of channel gating in all NMDA receptors.
LOW-TEMPERATURE STORAGE OF BEDDING-PLANT PLUGS

Ageratum, begonia, marigold, and salvia seedlings growing in individual cells were stored to determine the effects of temperature, irradiance, and storage time on growth and forcing time after transplanting. Photosynthetic photon flux densities of 0, 1, and 5 μmol·m−2·s−1 were combined with temperatures of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5C to create 18 unique storage environments. Sample plants were removed at 1-week intervals for a period of at least 6 weeks, and were forced into flower. In all four species, chilling injury increased as storage at 0.0 and 2.5C was extended, and surviving plants flowered late relative to controls. Ageratum was most sensitive to chilling injury, followed in order by salvia, marigold, and begonia. Plant deterioration and ultimately death occurred as dark storage duration increased at 10 and 12.5C. Greatest percent survival and highest quality of seedlings stored in the dark occurred at temperatures just above those that caused chilling injury. Exposure to 1 μmol·m−2·s−1 during storage greatly increased quality of plants held at warmer-than-optimal temperatures. No substantial differences were observed among plants stored with 1 versus 5 μmol·m−2·s−1. All four species could be stored for 6 weeks in the light, but their responses to storage temperatures and durations differed. Optimal temperatures were 5–7.5C for begonia, 5C for marigold, and 7.5C for salvia and ageratum.
Apoptosis of Autoreactive CD8 Lymphocytes as a Potential Mechanism for the Abrogation of Type 1 Diabetes by Islet-Specific TNF-α Expression at a Time When the Autoimmune Process Is Already Ongoing

The role of TNF-alpha in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis is controversial. Using double transgenic mice expressing (i) the glycoprotein (GP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) as an islet self-antigen and (ii) TNF-alpha under control of a tetracycline-regulated promotor system (tTA) in the pancreatic beta cells, we could previously demonstrate a differential effect of TNF-alpha on the incidence of type 1 diabetes. Most interestingly, late expression of TNF-alpha resulted in a reversion of mice that were already diabetic to a nondiabetic state. Here we provide a model of how experienced autoaggressive CD8 lymphocytes are dying by apoptosis as a result of beta cell-specific TNF-alpha expression at a time when the autoimmune process is already ongoing.
Primary Adult Lactase Deficiency: A Problem in Anthropological Genetics'

Most human populations manifest high prevalences of primary adult lactase deficiency. The most notable exception is that populations deriving from northern and western Europe show high rates of lactase sufficiency in adults. The evidence supporting hypotheses of physiological adaptation and genetic etiology of the trait is discussed, and possible areas for further research are suggested.
Chain transfer agents in cationic photopolymerization of a bis‐cycloaliphatic epoxide monomer: Kinetic and physical property effects

The effects of chain transfer agents (CTA) on cationic ring-opening polymerization of 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (EEC) were explored. EEC was polymerized in the presence of various CTAs, and epoxide conversions monitored via Raman spectroscopy. Polymer films were prepared and analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis. Many of the organic alcohols studied greatly enhanced epoxide polymerization rates and conversion levels. The gel fraction of polymer specimens decreased rapidly with increasing amounts of octanol (gel fraction >90% up to 0.3 equiv OH) but remained high with increasing amounts of 1,2-propanediol (gel fraction >90% up to 0.6 equiv OH). Increasing the size of primary alcohols had little effect on the polymerization rates and conversions. The polymerization rate decreased with increasing alcohol substitution (1°>2°>3°). Acidic alcohols had very low impact on conversion and polymerization rates relative to the neat epoxy resin. The glass transition temperature was inversely related to the size and amount of CTA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Movements of wintering Dunlin Calidris alpina and changing habitat availability in an agricultural wetland landscape

Few studies have assessed how the dynamics of wetland bird movements relate to changing resource availability, particularly at more than one spatial scale. Within western Oregon’s Williamette Valley, we examined winter resident Dunlin Calidris alpina movements in relation to a decrease in availability of preferred shorebird foraging habitat from early to late winter of 1999‐2000. By tracking movements of 15 (early winter) and 12 (late winter) radiomarked individuals, we calculated home ranges and characterized presence/absence of a preference for shorebird foraging habitat during each winter period. Between periods, we compared: (1) percentage of shorebird habitat in home ranges to its availability in the landscape (regional preference), (2) percentage of radio locations in shorebird habitat to its availability within home ranges (local preference) and (3) relative use of roost sites. Concurrent with a 75% decrease in available shorebird habitat from early to late winter, average home range sizes increased by a factor of 3.8. At a regional scale, home ranges in early winter included a significantly greater percentage of shorebird foraging habitat than was available in the wider landscape. However, by late winter, the percent of shorebird habitat in home ranges did not match availability in the landscape. At the local scale, for both winter periods Dunlin were located in shorebird foraging habitat more often than expected given availability of habitat within home ranges [Correction added after online publication 23 May 2008: sentence amended]. An increase in the number of roosts used from early to late winter implies possible reliance on additional sites in late winter for foraging opportunities. Results suggest that wet, unvegetated habitat is sought by Dunlin throughout winter, but individuals could not select home ranges in late winter that fully compensated for seasonal loss of habitat.
Trends in the Supply of Long-Term-Care Facilities and Beds in the United States

This article examined trends in the supply of institutional long-term-care facilities and beds in states and the United States. Using primary data collected from surveys of state officials, the authors found that licensed nursing home beds increased by 7%, residential care and assisted living beds increased by 97%, and intermediate care facility beds for the mentally retarded and developmentally disabled (ICF-MR/DD) declined by 27% between 1990 and 2002. The total growth in long-term-care beds per 10,000 population was 7.8% during the period, with wide variations in supply among states (ranging from 171 beds per 10,000 in Nebraska to 45.1 beds per 10,000 in Nevada in 2002). Nursing home bed growth may have slowed and ICF-MR/DD beds per population may have declined because of the growth in residential care and assisted living facilities and home and community-based services.
Quality improvement and cost reduction using statistical outlier methods

Quality improvement and cost reduction in the overall IC manufacturing and test processes are being continuously sought. Outlier screening methods can address both of these needs. As technology scales, it has become increasingly difficult to screen outliers without excessive Type I or II errors. Hundreds of parameters are collected at wafer probe, but there lacks a systematic way of selecting outlier screens. In this paper we describe a statistical approach to both identify outliers and select beneficial screening parameters more effectively. Results on a 90nm design to reduce the burn-in fails are described.
Surface and motion estimation from sparse range data

A system is presented for the simultaneous estimation of surface and motion parameters of a free-flying object in a telerobotics experiment. The system consists of two main components, a vision-based invariant-surface and motion estimator, and a Kalman filter. An algorithm for invariant surface and motion estimation from sparse multi-sensor range data is presented. Motion estimates from the vision module are input to a Kalman filter (KF) for tracking a 'free-flying' object in space. The predicted motion parameters from the KF are fed back to the vision module and serve as an initial guess in the search for optimal motion. >
Collaborative learning of mixture models using diffusion adaptation

In large ad-hoc networks, classification tasks such as spam filtering, multi-camera surveillance, and advertising have been traditionally implemented in a centralized manner by means of fusion centers. These centers receive and process the information that is collected from across the network. In this paper, we develop a decentralized adaptive strategy for information processing and apply it to the task of estimating the parameters of a Gaussian-mixture-model (GMM). The proposed technique employs adaptive diffusion algorithms that enable adaptation, learning, and cooperation at local levels. The simulation results illustrate how the proposed technique outperforms non-collaborative learning and is competitive against centralized solutions.
The evolutionary significance of Red Sox Nation: Sport fandom as a byproduct of coalitional psychology.

Sport fandom has received considerable attention from social scientists, yet few have considered it from an evolutionary perspective. To redress this gap, we develop the hypothesis that team sports exhibit characteristics that activate mechanisms which evolved to facilitate the development of coalitions in the context of small-scale warfare. Based on this by-product hypothesis, we predicted a correlation between fandom and binding (i.e. group-relevant) concerns, especially loyalty. To test this prediction, we administered the Sport Spectator Identification Scale (SSI) and the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ) to 495 undergraduates. The MFQ measures three binding concerns, including loyalty, and two individualizing ones, harm and fairness. As predicted, fandom correlated significantly with loyalty (r = .27) and, within men, the two other binding concerns, authority (r =.22) and purity (r = .24). By contrast, fandom did not significantly correlate with harm or fairness. In addition, we predicted and found that men reported significantly higher levels of fandom (Cohen's d =.45) and loyalty (d = .27) than did women. In conclusion, this study presents data supporting the coalitional by-product hypothesis of fandom and should spur further research using fandom as a window into our evolved psychology.
Understanding lymphangiogenesis in knockout models, the cornea, and ocular diseases for the development of therapeutic interventions

A major focus of cancer research for several decades has been understand the ability of tumors to induce new blood vessel formation, a process known as angiogenesis. Unfortunately, only limited success has been achieved in the clinical application of angiogenesis inhibitors. We now know that lymphangiogenesis, the growth of lymphatic vessels, likely also plays a major role in tumor progression. Thus, therapeutic strategies targeting lymphangiogenesis or both lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis may represent promising approaches for treating cancer and other diseases. Importantly, research progress toward understanding lymphangiogenesis is significantly behind that related to angiogenesis. A PubMed search of "angiogenesis" returns nearly 80,000 articles, whereas a search of "lymphangiogenesis" returns 2,635 articles. This stark contrast can be explained by the lack of molecular markers for identifying the invisible lymphatic vasculature that persisted until less than 2 decades ago, combined with the intensity of research interest in angiogenesis during the past half century. Still, significant strides have been made in developing strategies to modulate lymphangiogenesis, largely using ocular disease models. Here we review the current knowledge of lymphangiogenesis in the context of knockout models, ocular diseases, the biology of activators and inhibitors, and the potential for therapeutic interventions targeting this process.
Applying Lean Six Sigma to improve medication management

Purpose – A significant proportion of veterans use dual care or health care services within and outside the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). In this study conducted at a VHA medical center in the USA, the authors used Lean Six Sigma principles to develop recommendations to eliminate wasteful processes and implement a more efficient and effective process to manage medications for dual care veteran patients. The purpose of this study is to: assess compliance with the VHA’s dual care policy; collect data and describe the current process for co-management of dual care veterans’ medications; and draft recommendations to improve the current process for dual care medications co-management. Design/methodology/approach – Input was obtained from the VHA patient care team members to draw a process map to describe the current process for filling a non-VHA prescription at a VHA facility. Data were collected through surveys and direct observation to measure the current process and to develop recommendations to red...
Sources of Disability in Tourette Syndrome: Children vs. Adults

Background : Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by tics and neuropsychiatric co-morbidities like Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD), among others. In many instances tics get better with age but this is not always true regarding the psychiatric co-morbidities. Methods : This manuscript reviews the disease-specific Quality of Life (QOL) instruments used to measure disability in TS and the existing literature on sources of functional impairment in children and adults with TS. Results : Traditionally, disability in TS has been recorded using objective measures. In recent years there has been a development of disease-specific instruments to measure subjectively the impact of the different aspects of TS on the patient's daily function. The differential impact of tics vs. the psychiatric co-morbidities in children with TS is an issue of debate in the existing literature. In adults with TS, the literature is scant, therefore the sources of disability in this group are even less defined compared to children. Discussion : As clinicians, we need to focus on determining the sources of disability in children and adults with TS so we can target our interventions successfully.
The cell's dilemma, or the story of cell death: an entertainment in three acts

Cells. They assemble, thrive, and cooperate to compose an organism, simple or complex. And like any living thing, they die. They die by catastrophe, they become sabotaged by condition, or they remove themselves on command from within or without. Each small life is followed by a death, to the benefit or the harm of the whole. Our story, here, is not of how each quietus occurs, but instead, of our ongoing effort to understand these tiny demises, to manipulate them, and to some day control them.
An optimized process for fabrication of SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films using a novel chemical solution deposition technique

Ferroelectric SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) thin films on Pt/ZrO2/SiO2/Si were successfully prepared by using an alkanolamine-modified chemical solution deposition method. It was observed that alkanolamine provided stability to the SBT solution by retarding the hydrolysis and condensation rates. The crystallinity and the microstructure of the SBT thin films improved with increasing annealing temperature and were strongly correlated with the ferroelectric properties of the SBT thin films. The films annealed at 800 °C exhibited low leakage current density, low voltage saturation, high remanent polarization, and good fatigue characteristics at least up to 1010 switching cycles, indicating favorable behavior for memory applications.
Economic Insecurity Increases Physical Pain

The past decade has seen a rise in both economic insecurity and frequency of physical pain. The current research reveals a causal connection between these two growing and consequential social trends. In five studies, we found that economic insecurity produced physical pain and reduced pain tolerance. In a sixth study, with data from 33,720 geographically diverse households across the United States, economic insecurity predicted consumption of over-the-counter painkillers. The link between economic insecurity and physical pain emerged when people experienced the insecurity personally (unemployment), when they were in an insecure context (they were informed that their state had a relatively high level of unemployment), and when they contemplated past and future economic insecurity. Using both experimental-causal-chain and measurement-of-mediation approaches, we also established that the psychological experience of lacking control helped generate the causal link from economic insecurity to physical pain. Meta-analyses including all of our studies testing the link from economic insecurity to physical pain revealed that this link is reliable. Overall, the findings show that it physically hurts to be economically insecure.
A New Address-Free Memory Hierarchy Layer for Zero-Cycle Load

Data communications between producer instructions and consumer instructions through memory incur extra delays that degrade processor pe rformance. In this paper, we introduce a new storage media with a novel addressing mechanism to avoid address calculations. Instead of a memory address, each load and store is assigned a s ignature for accessing the new storage. A signature consists of the color of the base registe r along with its displacement value. To represent distinct register content, a unique color is assign ed to a register whenever the register is updated. When two memory instructions have the same signature, they address to the same memory location. This memory signature can be formed early in the processor pipeline. For fast data communication, a small Signature Buffer, addressed by the memory signature, can be established to permit stores and loads bypassing normal memory hierarchy. Performance evaluations based on an Alpha 21264-like pipeline using SPEC2000 benchmarks show that an IPC (Instruction-PerCycle) improvement of 12-17% is possible using a small 8-entry signature buffer.
Coding Ethical Decision-Making in Research

This paper presents methods and challenges attendant on the use of protocol analysis to develop a model of heuristic processing applied to research ethics. Participants are exposed to ethically complex scenarios and asked to verbalize their thoughts as they formulate a requested decision. The model identifies functional parts of the decision-making task: interpretation, retrieval, judgment and editing and seeks to reliably code participant verbalizations to those tasks as well as to a set of cognitive tools generally useful in such work. Important difficulties in the reliability and external validity of measurement are evaluated and a small set of illustrative data is used in support of that discussion. Results indicate that both intuitive emotional but also more deliberative cognition is present which is consistent with work in related literatures in expertise and in neuropsychology. Finally, the theoretical and practical potential of the approach is elaborated, particularly through links to a framing in Aristotelian ethics.
An Extra Molar in Erethizon

The occasional occurrence of an extra tooth at the posterior end of the molariform series in certain rodents has been used as evidence for the theory that the tooth which is ordinarily considered as the first molar is, in reality, an unshed premolar (Johnson, Jour. Mamm., 33: 70–72,1952). This theory has been …
First Precepts for Democracy and Research Practices in Ethnic Studies: Iteration, Collaboration, and Reflection

Recent discussions by leading scholars in interdisciplinary fields, notably cultural studies, suggest the limitations of critique for producing intelligent practices for social change and have call...
A Reactive/Deliberative Tactical Planner Using Genetic Algorithms

Autonomous vehicles are increasingly assisting and replacing humans on physically demanding or dangerous tasks. In the future such systems will require higher levels of autonomy to eectively use their agile maneuvering capabilities and high-performance weapons and sensors in rapidly evolving, limited-communication situations. Many existing vehicle planning methods perform poorly on such realistic scenarios because they do not consider both continuous nonlinear system dynamics and discrete actions and choices. This paper proposes a exible framework for forming dynamically realistic, hybrid system plans composed of parametrized tactical primitives using genetic algorithms, which implicitly accommodate hybrid dynamics through a nonlinear tness function. The framework combines this deliberative planning with specially chosen tactical primitives to react to rapid changes in the environment. Tactical primitives encapsulate continuous and discrete elements together, using discrete switchings to dene the primitive type and both discrete and continuous parameters to capture stylistic variations. This paper demonstrates the combined reactive/deliberative framework on a problem involving two-dimensional navigation through a eld of threats while ring weapons and deploying countermeasures.
Sentinel event notification system for occupational risks.

In a Swedish pulp and paper company 264 men in the age groups 36, 46, and 56 years underwent a health examination in 1972. An 11-year follow-up in respect of early retirement was performed. On the basis of collected data, five scales to assess work ability were established. The scales were (i) self-assessment of health and work capacity, (ii) the doctor's evaluation of general medical work capacity, (iii) the doctor's assessment of medical adaptation to work, (iv) aerobic work capacity, predicted from a submaximal bicycle test, and (v) work performance, determined from an interview with the subject's nearest superior. Multivariate analysis of the five scales and about 30 other variables showed that general medical work capacity was one of the strongest predictors of early retirement. It was also shown that the medical variables were better predictors of early retirement than the psychological and sociological ones. It was concluded that it is possible to predict early retirement on the basis of a health examination within an occupational health organization.
Gel Extenders in Larval Diet of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Larvae of the screwwoml, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were reared on meridic diets containing ground corncob material (grit) in test 1 and the cob grit or sawdust in test 2 to reduce or replace the amount of an expensive synthetic copolymer gelling agent. Biological parameters for the tests included pupal yield (total number), pupal weight (size), pupal malformation, adult emergence, adult malformation, egg weight, and egg hatch to assess for any Significant differences. In the first test, larval propagation was successful for five consecutive generations on 24 of an original 37 formulations. Results indicate that a minimum concentration of 4% of the cob grit is needed to reduce the gel by 50%; at least 8% concentration is needed to reduce the gel by 80%; and at least 12% concentration is needed to replace the gel completely. In the second test, the larvae were successfully propagated for five consecutive generations when the copolymer gel was reduced by 50 or 75% in the diet by using either sawdust or the no. 60 cob grit size. The cost savings and applications of use of sawdust or the cob grit incorporated into the larval diet can be beneficial to a mass-production screwworm program.
Phosphorescent organoplatinum(II) D2A2 metallacycles: synthesis, self-assembly, and photophysical properties

AbstractA pair of organoplatinum(II) metallacycles, M1 and M2, was self-assembled by combining one of two donor molecules, cis-[Pt(dhim)2(C≡CC5H4N)2] (D1; dhim = 1,3-dihexyl-2-H-imidazole-2-yelidene) and Pt(tbbpy)(C≡CC5H4N)2 (D2; tbbpy = 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine), with an acceptor precursor, Pt(tbbpy)(OTf)2 (A1; OTf = CF3SO3−), respectively. Both donor molecules exhibit an idealized 90° angle between the coordination vectors of their ethynylpyridine moieties. When mixed with A1, coordination-driven self-assembly occurs at 50 °C (4 days in acetonitrile for M1 and 18 h in CH2Cl2 for M2). Both metallacycles were characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and FT-ICR-MS techniques that support D2A2 self-assembly of molecular squares. The structure of building block D1 was determined by X-ray diffraction, confirming the expected square coordination geometry and 90° orientation of the pyridyl coordination vectors. Photophysical studies of M1 and M2 reveal that the metallacycles display triplet emission bands at 4...
Surgical Treatment Strategies for High-Grade Spondylolisthesis: A Systematic Review

Background HGS is a severe deformity most commonly affecting L5-S1 vertebral segment. Treatment available for HGS includes a range of different surgical options: full or partial reduction of translation and/or abnormal alignment and in situ fusion with or without decompression. Various instrumented or non-instrumented constructs are available, and surgical approach varies from anterior/posterior to combined depending on surgeon preference and experience. The aim of this systematic review was to review the literature on lumbosacral high-grade spondylolisthesis (HGS), identify patients at risk for progression to higher-grade slip and evaluate various surgical strategies to report on complications and radiographic and clinical outcomes. Methods Systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane and Google Scholar for papers relevant to HGS was performed. 19 articles were included after title, abstract, and full-text review and grouped to analyze baseline radiographic parameters and the effect of surgical approach, instrumentation, reduction and decompression on patient radiographic and clinical outcomes. Results There is a lack of high-quality studies pertaining to surgical treatment for HGS, and a majority of included papers were Level III or IV based on the JBJS Levels of Evidence Criteria. Conclusions Surgical treatment for HGS can vary depending on patient age. There is strong evidence of an association between increased pelvic incidence (PI) and presence of HGS and moderately strong evidence that patients with unbalanced pelvis can benefit from correction of lumbopelvic parameters with partial reduction. Surgeons need to weigh the benefits of fixing the deformity with the risks of potential complications, assessing patient satisfaction as well as their understanding of the possible complications. However, further research is necessary to make more definitive conclusions on surgical treatment guidelines for HGS. Level of Evidence II
Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex

The neocortex in rodents and primates exhibits several common properties; namely, areas, layers, columns, cell types, and connections. These properties are briefly reviewed here, with the goal of providing orientation and general background for the following chapters on experimental approaches to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Special attention is given to primate and rodent homologies but also to species specializations. Because cortical anatomy, despite over 100 years of research, remains poorly understood, this chapter also aims to convey some appreciation of open questions and controversies.
Time and the Ontology of the Future

Ontology is the philosophical inquiry into what exists, and whether or not the phenomenon under consideration exists. The ontology of the future, then, means an examination of the nature and existe...
Hiding in plain sight: immune evasion by the staphylococcal protein SdrE

The human immune system is responsible for identification and destruction of invader cells, such as the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus In response, S. aureus brings to the fight a large number of virulence factors, including several that allow it to evade the host immune response. The staphylococcal surface protein SdrE was recently reported to bind to complement Factor H, an important regulator of complement activation. Factor H attaches to the surface of host cells to inhibit complement activation and amplification, preventing the destruction of the host cell. SdrE binding to Factor H allows S. aureus to mimic a host cell and reduces bacterial killing by granulocytes. In a new study published in Biochemical Journal, Zhang et al. describe crystal structures of SdrE and its complex with the C-terminal portion of Factor H. The structure of SdrE and its interaction with the Factor H peptide closely resemble a family of surface proteins that recognize extracellular matrix components such as fibrinogen. However, unbound SdrE forms a novel 'Closed' conformation with an occluded peptide-binding groove. These structures reveal a fascinating mechanism for immune evasion and provide a potential avenue for the development of novel antimicrobial agents to target SdrE.
What should I say to parents about vitamin D supplementation from infancy to adolescence

The Evidence for Clinicians columns are coordinated by the Child Health Field of the Cochrane Collaboration . To submit a question for upcoming columns, please contact us at ac.atreblau@dlihc.
Extreme learning machine with variance inflation factor for robust pattern recognition

Extreme learning machine (ELM), as a single hidden layer feedforward neural network, has shown very effective performance in pattern analysis and machine intelligence; however, there are some limitations that constrain the performance of ELM, such as data multicollinearity issues. The generalization capability of ELM could be significantly deteriorated when multicollinearity is present in the hidden layer output matrix which causes the matrix to become singular or ill-conditioning. To overcome such a problem, ridge regression can be utilized. The conventional way to avoid multicollinearity in ELM is achieved by precisely adjusting the ridge constant, which may not be a sophisticate solution to obtain the optimal value. In this paper, we present a solution for finding a satisfactory ridge constant by incorporating variance inflation factors (VIF) during calculating output weights in ELM, we termed this technique as ELM-VIF. Experimental results on handwritten digit recognition show that the proposed ELM-VIF, compared with the original ELM, has better stability and generalization performance.
Confirmation of Glyphosate-Resistant Kochia (Kochia scoparia) from Sugar Beet Fields in Idaho and Oregon

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) kochia is an increasing management concern in major cropping systems of the northwestern US. In 2014, we investigated four putative GR kochia accessions (designated as ALA, VAL, WIL, DB) collected from sugar beet fields in eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho to characterize the level of evolved glyphosate resistance and determine the relationship between the 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phospate synthase (EPSPS) gene copy number and level of glyphosate resistance. The EPSPS gene copy number was used as a molecular marker to detect GR kochia in subsequent surveys in 2015 and 2016. Based on LD50 values from a whole-plant dose-response study, the four putative GR kochia populations were 2.0- to 9.6-fold more resistant to glyphosate than the glyphosate-susceptible (GS) accession. In an in vivo leafdisk shikimate assay, leaf disks of GS kochia plants treated with 100-µM glyphosate accumulated 2.4- to 4.0-fold higher amounts of shikimate than the GR plants. The four GR accessions had 2.7 to 9.1 relative EPSPS gene copies compared with the GS accession (<1 EPSPS gene copies), and there was a linear relationship between EPSPS gene copy number and glyphosate resistance level (LD50 values). The 2015 and 2016 GR kochia survey results indicated that about half of the collected populations from sugar beet fields in eastern Oregon had developed resistance to glyphosate whereas only one population from the Idaho collection was confirmed glyphosate resistant. This is the first confirmation of GR kochia in sugar beet fields in eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho. Diversified weed control programs will be required to prevent further development and spread of GR kochia in sugar beet-based rotations in this region.Nomenclature: Glyphosate; kochia, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.; sugar beet, Beta vulgaris L.
Early-life gut microbiome and cow's milk allergy- a prospective case - control 6-month follow-up study.

Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that perturbations in the intestinal microbiota in early infancy are implicated in the pathogenesis of food allergy (FA); existing evidence on the structure and composition of the intestinal microbiota in human beings with FA is limited and conflicting. The main object of the study was to compare the faecal microbiota between healthy and cow’s milk allergy (CMA) infants at the baseline immediately after the diagnosis, and to evaluate the changes in the faecal microbiota after 6 months of treatment of CMA infants with hypoallergenic formula (HF), compared with healthy children fed on standard milk formulae. Sixty infants younger than 4 months of age with challenge-proven CMA and 60 healthy age-matched children were investigated in this prospective case - control follow-up study. Faecal samples were collected at baseline and at 6 months of follow-up, microbial diversity and composition were characterized by high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. The average age (±SD) of the infants at inclusion was 2.9 ± 1.0 months. Children with CMA have lower gut microbiota diversity and an elevated Enterobacteriaceae to Bacteroidaceae (E/B ratio) in early infancy compared with healthy children (115.8 vs. 0.8, P = 0.0002). After 6 months of treatment with HF, CMA infants had a higher Lactobacillaceae (6.3% vs. 0.5%, P = 0.04) and lower Bifidobacteriaceae (0.3% vs. 8.2%, P = 0.03) and Ruminococcaceae (1.5% vs. 10.5%, P = 0.03) abundance compared with control children. Conclusion : Low gut microbiota diversity and an elevated E/B ratio in early infancy may contribute to the development of FA, including CMA. A strict elimination diet may weaken FA by reducing E/B ratio and promoting a gut microbiota that would benefit the acquisition of oral tolerance.
Easy Nutrition: A Customized Dietary App to Highlight the Food Nutritional Value

Healthy Eating is a two-part system that should strike a balance between food quality and food quantity. In this study, we have designed, developed, and evaluated a nutrition app called, Easy Nutrition to highlight the nutritional value/quality of the food we eat. We introduced the novel concept of Nuval rather than old concepts such as calorie counting. In this context, Easy Nutrition presents the food nutrition in a simple, easy to understand manner. Easy Nutrition also tackles the cultural differences by suggesting recipes tailored to users’ food preferences. This paper delineates the build and evaluate phase of Easy Nutrition. Easy Nutrition has been evaluated from a sociotechnical perspective in for its of utility and quality. We conducted a cross-sectional study on Amazon Mechanical Turk platform to evaluate Easy Nutrition on a wide population. The results show that Easy Nutrition demonstrates a fairly high level of usability (SUS = 69.1), attractiveness (mean = 1.59), and hedonic and pragmatic quality.