cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-range frequency-difference source localization in the Philippine Sea.

Matched field processing (MFP) refers to a variety of source localization schemes for known complicated environments and involves matching measured and calculated (replica) fields to identify source locations. MFP may fail for several reasons, most notably when the calculated fields are insufficiently accurate. This error commonly prevents MFP-based long-range (>100 km) source localization in the deep ocean (from 5 to 6 km depth) for signal frequencies of hundreds of Hz, even when extensive high-signal-to-noise ratio field measurements are available. Recently, below-band MFP utilizing the frequency-difference autoproduct [Worthmann, Song, and Dowling (2015). J. Acoust. Soc. Am, 138(6), 3549–3562] achieved some shallow-ocean localization success at a 3 km source-to-array range with signal frequencies in the tens of kHz. The performance of this technique, when extended to matching the measured frequency-difference autoproduct with a composite mode-ray replica, is described here for deep ocean source localization. The ocean propagation data come from the PhilSea10 experiment and involve source-to-array ranges from 129 to 379 km and nominal 100-Hz-bandwidth signals having center frequencies from 250 to 275 Hz. Based on an incoherent average of five signal samples, the frequency-difference technique was 90%–100% successful at four different source-to-array ranges using single-digit-Hz difference frequencies.Matched field processing (MFP) refers to a variety of source localization schemes for known complicated environments and involves matching measured and calculated (replica) fields to identify source locations. MFP may fail for several reasons, most notably when the calculated fields are insufficiently accurate. This error commonly prevents MFP-based long-range (>100 km) source localization in the deep ocean (from 5 to 6 km depth) for signal frequencies of hundreds of Hz, even when extensive high-signal-to-noise ratio field measurements are available. Recently, below-band MFP utilizing the frequency-difference autoproduct [Worthmann, Song, and Dowling (2015). J. Acoust. Soc. Am, 138(6), 3549–3562] achieved some shallow-ocean localization success at a 3 km source-to-array range with signal frequencies in the tens of kHz. The performance of this technique, when extended to matching the measured frequency-difference autoproduct with a composite mode-ray replica, is described here for deep ocean source localiz...
Barriers and facilitators of implementing a collaborative HPV vaccine program in an incarcerated population: A case study.

Abstract Background Men and women in county jails make up a population that is difficult to reach with traditional preventive health interventions. Collaborations between local health departments and county jails represent an opportunity to enhance public health by reaching a vulnerable population with services like vaccinations. The objective of this study was to coordinate planning and implementation of a collaborative program between a local health department (HD) and a county jail to offer human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccinations to adolescents (ages 10–17) and young adults (ages 18–26) in the jail and to identify facilitators and barriers to inform future program development. Methods A county-municipal jail and a local HD in Kansas participated. A case study method was employed based on data collected from a focus group, telephone interviews, and site observations, September 2016 to December 2017. Data were coded using codes roughly drawn from the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR). Codes were then consolidated into themes related to barriers and facilitators. Results No adults were vaccinated; two juveniles were vaccinated. Barriers to a collaborative program to offer HPV vaccine to young adults arose in two areas: constrained resources and divergent organizational cultures and priorities. Barriers to offering HPV vaccinations to juveniles in the jail included parental consent and the unpredictable, often brief duration of juvenile detentions. A shared commitment to offering HPV vaccination services by leaders and staff in the two agencies was a key facilitator. Conclusion Finding ways to leverage leadership and staff buy-in and address specific barriers of constrained resources and divergent culture and priorities merits close attention, since partnerships between jails and local HD have potential to increase HPV vaccination rates in an overlooked population and advance public health.
Successful use of buprenorphine-naloxone medication-assisted program to treat concurrent pain and opioid addiction after cancer therapy

Cancer pain is often treated with opioids, a therapeutic regimen that can become a challenge in patients with an opioid use disorder (OUD). While use of the buprenorphine-naloxone combination is an effective medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for OUD, its use in pain patients with OUD has been controversial due to concerns that co-administration of buprenorphine can reduce or block analge-sia and precipitate opioid withdrawal in those patients requiring full opioid agonists. Data on its use in cancer pain patients are lack-ing. In this case series, the authors explore the frequency of buprenorphine-naloxone use and its outcomes in patients in a Compre-hensive Care Center (CCC) Pain Registry. OUD was deduced from an International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) diagnostic code for opioid-related disorders recorded in the electronic medical records. Of 2,320 chronic cancer pain patients, 125 patients had ICD-10 code for opioid-related disorders, and 43 had a diagnosis of opioid abuse of whom 11 received buprenorphine-naloxone combina-tions. Eight patients on 18 (6-24) mg per day of buprenorphine-naloxone remained in therapy for 4 (2-7) years without opioid abuse relapse. This assessment was based on clinician's notes, the Prescription Monitoring Program, random urine drug screening, and the absence of Urgent Care Center visits for opioid withdrawal or overdose. When short-term opioids were administered for acute pain, these patients were able to taper down and stop them quickly without an opioid abuse relapse. Buprenorphine-naloxone was effec-tive as the sole analgesic in selected patients. Given its success at the CCC, buprenorphine-naloxone should be made available and strongly considered as a treatment for patients suffering from OUD during and following cancer treatment and when cancer pain re-duces or resolves.
Chapter 4 – Command

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that the ideal availability of tested and ready resources, the highest skill proficiencies of the personnel, and the most favorable circumstances of time and weather, and an emergency response effort can only be effective if its command structure is sound. The authoritative control of actions performed to minimize the multifaceted threat of any emergency depends not only on the person-in-charge, but also on the practiced and disciplined chain-of-command and support system that guarantees the timely flow and integration of information and resources into a coordinated effort. Leadership is not measured in terms of some vaporous, innate capacity of the individual, but rather in the objective evidence of smoothly coordinated, flexible, self-correcting, purposeful, and effective actions. Irrespective of its advance notice, and initial nature, any emergency may expand in extent and complexity, with high risk not only for responding personnel but also for the surrounding community. Moreover, given the social and political complexity of contemporary society, any emergency is highly likely to involve the response services and diverse jurisdictional authorities and responsibilities of a multitude of local, state, and/or national governmental agencies. The command structure of an effective emergency response must be flexible enough to control emergencies of any type or size, including routine and major emergencies, and provide efficient and effective integration of diverse response services and responsible authorities.
Classroom Discussions as an Artifact towards Teachers’ Professional Community

This study examines in-service teacher development around a pedagogical practice central to teaching and learning in mathematics education, leading a classroom discussion. This practice is used as an artifact to support the development of a teacher’s professional community. This work views making teaching practices public as central to teacher’s professional community in that it can develop collegial trust. Accordingly, this study supports a teacher’s professional community through peer observation. The model of peer observation put forth in this study positions a middle school mathematics teacher as a participant-observer taking on the role of a student at her school for three days. This case study describes this participant observation in which the participant was relieved of teaching duties to allow her to attend – and be a participant in a full schedule of middle school courses. In addition to the teacher participant-observer, the study participants also include five middle school teachers in whose classes the participant-observer teacher took on the role of a student. Through the analysis of the teacher participant-observer’s journal and clinical interviews, this study characterizes the presence and development of collegial trust, conceptual change, critique of collegial practice, development of disciplinary understandings, conceptions of the impact of the institutional setting on teaching and learning, and the capacity to understand the students’ perspective. Finally, this study presents evidence from a teacher feedback meeting that indicates the development of the professional community.
Programmable µChopper Device with On-Chip Droplet Mergers for Continuous Assay Calibration.

While droplet-based microfluidics is a powerful technique with transformative applications, most devices are passively operated and thus have limited real-time control over droplet contents. In this report, an automated droplet-based microfluidic device with pneumatic pumps and salt water electrodes was developed to generate and coalesce up to six aqueous-in-oil droplets (2.77 nL each). Custom control software combined six droplets drawn from any of four inlet reservoirs. Using our μChopper method for lock-in fluorescence detection, we first accomplished continuous linear calibration and quantified an unknown sample. Analyte-independent signal drifts and even an abrupt decrease in excitation light intensity were corrected in real-time. The system was then validated with homogeneous insulin immunoassays that showed a nonlinear response. On-chip droplet merging with antibody-oligonucleotide (Ab-oligo) probes, insulin standards, and buffer permitted the real-time calibration and correction of large signal drifts. Full calibrations (LODconc = 2 ng mL−1 = 300 pM; LODamt = 5 amol) required <1 min with merely 13.85 nL of Ab-oligo reagents, giving cost-savings 160-fold over the standard well-plate format while also automating the workflow. This proof-of-concept device—effectively a microfluidic digital-to-analog converter—is readily scalable to more droplets, and it is well-suited for the real-time automation of bioassays that call for expensive reagents.
A Concise Note on Deformation Twinning and Spall Failure in Magnesium at the Extremes

The high yield strength and low density, potential for further improvements in strength and ductility, and potential for use in defense applications of magnesium and its alloys have garnered serious interest in recent years. However, magnesium and its alloys have also shown a relatively low resistance to void-growth mediated spall failure when compared to other materials such as aluminum, copper, and titanium alloys. The lower spall strength indicates a propensity for failure under tension at the extremes. The common processing methods employed to manufacture these metals may introduce potential void nucleation sites at grain boundaries and second phase inclusions, which can make spall failure more likely. The relationship between the matrix strength and potential void nucleation sites remains largely unexplored in magnesium and its alloys. In this work, the literature regarding experimental observation of deformation mechanisms and spall failure processes active in single crystal and polycrystalline (pure and alloyed) magnesium is explored with a particular emphasis on examining deformation twinning and potential void nucleation sites through ex-situ (postmortem) microscopy. This concise note clearly exposes the need for more research to develop a better understanding of the underlying deformation mechanisms and failure processes active in single crystal and polycrystalline (pure and alloyed) Mg at the extremes.
Mental health interventions for African children: A meta-analytic review

Abstract With a mandate to increase the capacity to support global mental health, this is the first meta-analysis with the aim of examining where the field stands in understanding the effectiveness of psychological interventions created for, and implemented with, children in African countries who experience stress and trauma. Searches for empirical randomized-controlled trials of psychological interventions with children in African countries were carried out in major databases. The current study combines the results of 26 studies to examine overall effectiveness of these interventions and goes on to examine the moderators of effectiveness looking at eight different potential moderators. Two moderators reach the level of significance, namely that mental health outcomes and age moderate the effectiveness of an intervention. Interventions targeting trauma were most effective. Some instances in which the null hypothesis could not be rejected turned out to be positive for the purposes of this study e.g. the education level of facilitators and the format of the group, do not show a significant impact on the effect size of these interventions. This study concludes that the creation and development of psychological interventions for African children should continue, and potential moderating variables should be more closely examined.
Drug-drug interaction between diclofenac and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has been approved clinically to treat excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy, alcohol and opioid withdrawal, and as an anesthetic. The use of GHB clinically is limited due to its high abuse potential. The absorption, clearance and tissue uptake of GHB is mediated by proton-dependent and sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs and SMCTs) and inhibition of these transporters may result in a change in GHB pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Previous studies have reported that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may inhibit these monocarboxylate transporters. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to analyze the interaction between GHB (at a dose of 600 mg/kg i.v.) and the NSAID, diclofenac, by examining the effects of these drugs on the in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rat studies. The pharmacodynamic effect evaluated was respiratory depression, a measure of toxicity observed by GHB at this dose. There was an improvement in the respiratory rate with diclofenac administration suggesting an effect of diclofenac on GHB toxicity. In vitro studies with rat blood brain endothelial cells (RBE4) that express MCT1 indicated that diclofenac can inhibit GHB transport with an IC50 of 10.6 μM at pH 7.4. In vivo studies found a decrease in brain GHB concentrations and a decrease in the brain-to-plasma concentration ratio following diclofenac treatment. With this study we can conclude that diclofenac and potentially other NSAIDs can inhibit the transport of GHB into the brain, therefore decreasing GHB's pharmacodynamic effects and toxicity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Cancer of the Paranasal Sinuses

Sinonasal malignancies rare and pathologically diverse and make up <1% of all malignancies. Due to their anatomical location, they can cause significant morbidity with involvement of surrounding critical structures. They often present at a late stage with insidious onset of symptoms. Treatment of sinonasal malignancies is challenging and they often require a multimodality approach with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Outcomes are poor with 5-year overall survival around 32%, but this varies greatly depending on histologic subtype. There is an urgent need for more randomized controlled trials to better define the appropriate therapeutic regimens and to improve clinical outcomes.
Foodborne Listeriosis

The suddenness with which Listeria monocytogenes emerged as the etiologic agent of a foodborne disease is unparalled. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and legionellosis are examples of two other human diseases that appeared suddenly, but unlike foodborne listeriosis, the etiologic agents of these syndromes were previously unknown as human pathogens, and they proved to be difficult to culture. Not only is L. monocytogenes rather easy to culture, but listeriosis was well documented as a disease of many animal species, and human cases were not unknown. Although only a few foodborne outbreaks have been recorded, L. monocytogenes in foods has attracted worldwide attention. This organism has been the subject of well over 1,000 research papers and review articles since the early 1980s, in addition to conference proceedings and monographs. For early information on the listeriae, see the 1961 monograph by Seeliger (191), the 1963 monograph by Gray (79), and the 1966 review by Gray and Killinger (80). More recent monographs are those authored or edited by Woodbine (224), Ivanov (95), Courtieu et al. (38), Ralovich (173), and Miller et al. (151). A number of review articles have been published (36, 39, 65, 146, 165, 195).
A Caged Electrophilic Probe for Global Analysis of Cysteine Reactivity in Living Cells.

Cysteine residues are subject to diverse modifications, such as oxidation, nitrosation, and lipidation. The resulting loss in cysteine reactivity can be measured using electrophilic chemical probes, which importantly provide the stoichiometry of modification. An iodoacetamide (IA)-based chemical probe has been used to concurrently quantify reactivity changes in hundreds of cysteines within cell lysates. However, the cytotoxicity of the IA group precludes efficient live-cell labeling, which is important for preserving transient cysteine modifications. To overcome this limitation, a caged bromomethyl ketone (BK) electrophile was developed, which shows minimal cytotoxicity and provides spatial and temporal control of electrophile activation through irradiation. The caged-BK probe was utilized to monitor cysteine reactivity changes in A431 cells upon epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated release of cellular reactive oxygen species. Decreased reactivity was observed for cysteines known to form sulfenic acid...
Electrochemical studies of iodine in an aluminum chloride-butylpyrdinium chloride ionic liquid

Abstract The redox and acid-base properties of iodine in three oxidation states (+1,0,−1) have been studied in acidic molten aluminum chloride-butylpyridinium chloride system at 40°C. Iodine dissolves in the ionic liquid in the molecular form (I 2 ) and can be oxidized to iodine (+I) forming iodine monochloride molecules (ICI) or reduced to iodine (−I) which, depending on Al 2 Cl 7 − concentration, exists as AlCl 3 I − or Al 2 Cl 6 I − ions. Iodine chloride is a strong oxidant in the acidic melts and is slowly reduced by the solvent. The equilibrium constant for the reaction I(+I)+I(−I)=I 2 is nearly independent of the melt composition and equals to circa 1×10 13 dm 3 mol −1 .
Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Cancer

Together innate and adaptive immune responses are capable of recognizing and destroying cancer. As part of the innate immune response, natural killer cells and gamma delta T cells are capable of specifically recognizing and killing tumor cells. As part of the adaptive immune response, cancer patients generate CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes specific for tumor antigens, which have been identified from many cancers. Tumor-specific lymphocytes are found infiltrating tumors and in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. The presence of brisk tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary melanoma portends a survival advantage compared to tumors where tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are absent. In some instances, the immune system can cause spontaneous regression of tumors. For example, partial regression is a common finding in primary melanoma lesions, and there are rare reports of complete regression of metastatic melanoma. The importance of the immune system in preventing cancer is reflected in the increased frequency of malignancies in immunosuppressed and immunodeficient patients. Under the selective pressure of the immune response, tumors evolve to escape immune-mediated destruction.
Effect of dopants on the fracture toughness of silicon

Fracture experiments were conducted on p-type and n-type Si in the presence and absence of hydrogen. It was found that fracture toughness is slightly less than the fracture toughness of n-type silicon. Annealing silicon in an Ar/H atmosphere gave a hydrogen concentration of less than 0.1 ppm, which did not have any measurable effect on fracture toughness. Likewise, the exposure of pre-cracked specimens to H did not cause any measurable change in fracture toughness.
On the Use (and Abuse) of Stock Option Grants

Recently, a significant number of companies have come under public and regulatory scrutiny for backdating stock option grants. This article discusses factors that influenced the dramatic increase in stock option compensation and summarizes the academic research that led to the discovery of backdating. The information gained in this early stage of investigation provides some insight into the number of companies and potential costs of option backdating. Increased transparency and timely disclosure should curtail grant-date manipulation, but the credibility of the disclosure system requires active enforcement of the rules and standards. Investors need accurate, complete disclosures of executive compensation to hold boards of directors accountable for executive compensation.
Formate: an Energy Storage and Transport Bridge between Carbon Dioxide and a Formate Fuel Cell in a Single Device

We demonstrate the first device to our knowledge that uses a solar panel to power the electrochemical reduction of dissolved carbon dioxide (carbonate) into formate that is then used in the same device to operate a direct formate fuel cell (DFFC). The electrochemical reduction of carbonate is carried out on a Sn electrode in a reservoir that maintains a constant carbon balance between carbonate and formate. The electron-rich formate species is converted by the DFFC into electrical energy through electron release. The product of DFFC operation is the electron-deficient carbonate species that diffuses back to the reservoir bulk. It is possible to continuously charge the device using alternative energy (e.g., solar) to convert carbonate to formate for on-demand use in the DFFC; the intermittent nature of alternative energy makes this an attractive design. In this work, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept device that performs reduction of carbonate, storage of formate, and operation of a DFFC.
The MLC-2 Paradigm for Ventricular Heart Chamber Specification, Maturation, and Morphogenesis

This chapter focuses on the molecular paradigms that illustrate how the expression of two isoforms of the regulatory or phosphorylable MLC-2 proteins, namely, the cardiac ventricular/slow twitch isoform (MLC-2v) and the cardiac atrial isoform (MLC-2a), is controlled. In addition, the unique role of MLC-2v in cardiac contractile function will be discussed in the context of the other myosin light chain isoforms. In studies using an in vitro model of cardiogenesis in embryonic stem (ES) cells, MLC-2v expression is found to occur independently of heart tube formation, suggesting that ventricular specification occurs relatively early in mammalian cardiogenesis. Comparison of MLC-2a and MLC-2v transcripts during cardiogenesis in differentiating ES cells revealed that MLC-2a is expressed in embryoid bodies as early as Day 6 compared to Day 9 for MLC-2v . Thus, MLC-2a and MLC-2v serve as genetic markers for atrial and ventricular chamber specification in both in vitro and in vivo contexts. The MLC-2v gene has been used as a model system to identify the molecular pathways that may play a role in ventricular chamber specification, maturation, and morphogenesis. The regulatory elements within the MLC-2v promoter, which confer ventricular specificity have been identified, as have several of the transcription factors that occupy these sites and form a combinatorial pathway for regulation of the ventricular muscle gene program.
The role of microtubule-associated protein 2c in the reorganization of microtubules and lamellipodia during neurite initiation

During neurite initiation, cells surrounded by a flattened, actin-rich lamellipodium transform to produce thin, microtubule-filled neurite shafts tipped by actin-rich growth cones, but little is known about this transformation. Our detailed time-lapse analyses of cultured hippocampal neurons, a widely used model system for neuronal development, revealed that neurites emerge from segmented lamellipodia, which then gradually extend from the cell body to become nascent growth cones. This suggests that actin- and microtubule-rich structures are reorganized in a coordinated manner. We hypothesized that proteins such as microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), which can interact with both cytoskeletal components, might be critically involved in neurite initiation. Live-cell video and fluorescence microscopy in Neuro-2a cells showed that expression of MAP2c triggers neurite formation via rapid accumulation and bundling of stable, MAP2c-bound microtubules, concurrent with a gradual transformation of lamellipodia into nascent growth cones. The microtubule-stabilizing agent Taxol did not mimic this effect, suggesting that the ability of MAP2c to stabilize microtubules is not sufficient for neurite initiation. However, combination of Taxol treatment with actin disruption induced robust process formation, suggesting that inhibitory effects of F-actin need to be overcome as well. Neurite initiation by MAP2c required its microtubule-binding domain and was enhanced by its binding domain for cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). MAP2c mutants defective in both PKA and microtubule binding acted as dominant negative inhibitors of neurite initiation in neuroblastoma cells and primary hippocampal neurons. Together, these data suggest that MAP2c bears functions that both stabilize microtubules and directly or indirectly alter actin organization during neurite initiation.
Scientists Weigh Society's Ability to Address Major Hydrological Challenges

The prognosis is mixed about society's ability to deal successfully with some major freshwater issues that are confronting humanity, scientists said at a 28 April news briefing about hydrological challenges that was held at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly in Vienna, Austria. They presented an optimistic view that society can learn to cope more successfully with the natural hazards of floods and droughts but expressed pessimism about effectively dealing with the problem of water salinization from agriculture.
How Much Information Can Metabolic Syndrome Provide?: An Application of Information Theory

The purpose of this article is to show, using principles from Shannon’s information theory, that it is possible to estimate the amount of information loss that occurs, in relative terms, when multiple continuous biological traits are dichotomized and aggregated, as is the case with many diagnostic definitions. We use metabolic syndrome as a case in point. It is our position that this type of information loss can impede the progress of medical research. This argument will first be made on theoretical grounds and then be supplemented using data from a clinical trial involving 252 women enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation. After laying out relevant principles, we conduct analyses to show how such information loss occurs during data transformation. Our analyses demonstrate that transforming the multiple traits that comprise metabolic syndrome into a single binary indicator discarded over 98% of the potential information contained in the original measurements. We go on to illustrate how such information loss im...
Modeling RHEED intensity oscillations in multilayer epitaxy: Determination of the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier in Ge(001) homoepitaxy

growth that includes the diffuse scattering off surface steps and the layer interference between terraces of different heights using the kinematic approximation. The model describes the measured RHEED intensity oscillations very well for the entire range of incidence angles studied. We show that the first intensity minimum occurs well above 0.5 ML monolayer of the total deposited coverage, which contradicts the common practice of assigning the intensity minimum to 0.5 ML. By using the model to interpret the measured RHEED intensity, we find the evolution of the coverage of the first 1–2 ML. We find that second-layer nucleation takes place at low coverage, 0.3 ML, implying a substantial Ehrlich-Schwoebel ES barrier. The value inferred for the ES barrier height, 0.084± 0.019 eV, includes an analysis of the beam steering effect by step edges. Comparison is made with the value of the barrier height inferred from other measurements. The model for RHEED intensity and the method of inferring the ES barrier height can be applied to any system for which RHEED measurements can be obtained without interference from Kikuchi features.
Lack of Interaction between Sensing-Intuitive Learning Styles and Problem-First versus Information-First Instruction: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Adaptation to learning styles has been proposed to enhance learning. We hypothesized that learners with sensing learning style would perform better using a problem-first instructional method while intuitive learners would do better using an information-first method. Randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Resident ambulatory clinics. 123 internal medicine residents. Four Web-based modules in ambulatory internal medicine were developed in both “didactic” (information first, followed by patient problem and questions) and “problem” (case and questions first, followed by information) format. Knowledge posttest, format preference, learning style (Index of Learning Styles). Knowledge scores were similar between the didactic (mean ± standard error, 83.0 ± 0.8) and problem (82.3 ± 0.8) formats (p = .42; 95% confidence interval [CI] for difference, −2.3 to 0.9). There was no difference between formats in regression slopes of knowledge scores on sensing-intuitive scores (p = .63) or in analysis of knowledge scores by styles classification (sensing 82.5 ± 1.0, intermediate 83.7 ± 1.2, intuitive 81.0 ± 1.5; p = .37 for main effect, p = .59 for interaction with format). Format preference was neutral (3.2 ± 0.2 [1 strongly prefers didactic, 6 strongly prefers problem], p = .12), and there was no association between learning styles and preference (p = .44). Formats were similar in time to complete modules (43.7 ± 2.2 vs 43.2 ± 2.2 minutes, p = .72). Starting instruction with a problem (versus employing problems later on) may not improve learning outcomes. Sensing and intuitive learners perform similarly following problem-first and didactic-first instruction. Results may apply to other instructional media.
Simple Lie algebras arising from Leavitt path algebras

For a field K and directed graph E, we analyze those elements of the Leavitt path algebra LK(E) which lie in the commutator subspace [LK(E),LK(E)]. This analysis allows us to give easily computable necessary and sufficient conditions to determine which Lie algebras of the form [LK(E),LK(E)] are simple, when E is row-finite (i.e., has finite out-degree) and LK(E) is simple.
A bovine adenovirus type 3: Isolation, characterization, and experimental infection in calves

A virus was isolated from a group of feedlot cattle with acute respiratory disease that was characterized by physicochemical methods as an adenovirus and identified serologically as a bovine adenovirus type 3. Intratracheal inoculation of three 4 month old colostrum deprived calves resulted in pyrexia, hyperpnea, dyspnea, anorexia and in one animal a mild diarrhea.
Randomized controlled trial evaluating participation and yield of colonoscopy versus CT colonography screening.

Evaluation of: Stoop EM, de Haan MC, de Wijkerslooth TR et al. Participation and yield of colonoscopy versus non-cathartic CT colonography in population-based screening for colorectal cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 13(1), 55–64 (2011).Colorectal cancer is a common yet preventable condition. Population screening attempts suffer from a lack of widespread participation with the currently available options. Computerized tomography colonography (CTC) represents a promising addition to the screening armamentarium. CTC is less invasive than optical colonoscopy but has been shown to be equivalent to colonoscopy for the detection of advanced neoplasia, which represents the primary target of screening and prevention. Although CTC has generally been preferred over colonoscopy by patients in most published studies, little hard evidence exists regarding the level of increase in screening participation related to CTC. The landmark trial under discussion adds key data in terms of participation rate...
The coarsening kinetics of two misfitting particles in an anisotropic crystal

Abstract We examine the influence of elastic stress on the Ostwald ripening kinetics of two elastically and diffusionally interacting, misfitting spherical particles in an anisotropic crystal. The coupled equations of elasticity and diffusion are solved analytically in series form in a bispherical coordinate system when the matrix supersaturation is small, local equilibrium obtains at the interface, particle and matrix possess the same cubic elastic constants, and the stress engenered by compositional inhomogeneity is negligible. Expressions are obtained for the matrix composition field, the local normal interfacial velocities of the particles, the isotropic particle growth rates, and the velocity of the particles' centers of mass. Inverse coarsening, or the growth of a smaller particle at the expense of a larger particle, is predicted for particle alignments along the elasticity soft 〈100〉 directions in nickel and for the 〈110〉 and 〈111〉 directions in molybdenum. Coarsening rates are often significantly enhanced for other particle orientations with respect to those of the stress-free case. The elastic stresses also change the functional dependence of the particle growth rate on particle size suggesting that the temporal exponents observed during classical ripening may not obtain in stressed systems. These predictions indicate that elastically-induced preferential coarsening strongly influences microstructural development in two-phase coherent alloys.
Functional Sites of Interaction Between G-Protein βγ Subunits and GIRK Channels

G-proteins transduce extracellular signals received by cell surface receptors into cellular responses. Each of the α and the βγ subunits of G-proteins propagate signaling by activating or inhibiting various effector molecules in order to modulate cellular function. The first reported Gβγ effectors were the G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK or Kir3) channels. Previous studies have shown that Gβγ plays a necessary role in stimulation of both basal as well as agonist-induced components of GIRK channel currents. Work from our lab has shown that mutation of specific residues on the channel or Gβγ may preferentially affect one or the other of these components of GIRK current, leading to our working hypothesis: distinct interactions of Gβγ and GIRK channels contribute to basal versus agonist-induced currents.Through a novel combination of existing protein-protein docking methods, we are predicting sites of interaction between Gβγ and the GIRK1 channel. Initial rigid body docking results from ZDock and ZRank were filtered using steric restraints posed by the membrane and the Gβγ prenyl moiety. Clustering analysis (ClusPro server) was employed for selection of candidate structures for further flexible side-chain refinement with RosettaDock. Residue contacts predicted to be important for protein-protein interaction are tested and functionally characterized by site directed mutagenesis and two-electrode voltage clamp recordings in oocytes. Interaction sites are assessed for their contribution to basal activity, agonist-induced activity, or both. Predicted sites of contact include several residues on the channel or Gβγ previously shown to individually affect channel function, although the residues on both proteins comprising a complete interaction site remain unknown to date. These preliminary results give us confidence that the inclusion of further experimental restraints will further elucidate the distinct residue interactions involved in the mediation of agonist-induced versus basal currents.
Clinical consequences of iron overload in hemochromatosis homozygotes

Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hyperabsorption of dietary iron and accelerated recycling of iron by macrophages. Homozygosity for the disease trait occurs in approximately 5 per 1000 whites of northern European descent.[1][1] The causative gene,
Imaging considerations in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas

With the widespread use of cross-sectional imaging, particularly computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the continuous improvement in the image quality of these techniques, the diagnosis of incidental pancreatic cysts has increased dramatically in the last decades. While the vast majority of these cysts are not clinically relevant, a small percentage of them will evolve into an invasive malignant tumor making their management challenging. Mucinous cystic neoplasms and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are the most common pancreatic cystic lesions with malignant potential. Imaging findings on CT and MRI correlate tightly with the presence of malignant degeneration in these neoplasms. IPMN can be classified based on their distribution as main duct, branch duct or mixed type lesions. MRI is superior to CT in demonstrating the communication of a branch duct IPMN with the main pancreatic duct (MPD). Most branch duct lesions are benign whereas tumors involving the MPD are frequently associated with malignancy. The presence of solid nodules, thick enhancing walls and/or septae, a wide (> 1 cm) connection of a side-branch lesion with the MPD and the size of the tumor > 3 cm are indicative of malignancy in a branch and mixed type IPMN. A main pancreatic duct > 6 mm, a mural nodule > 3 mm and an abnormal attenuating area in the adjacent pancreatic parenchyma on CT correlates with malignant disease in main duct and mixed type IPMN. An accurate characterization of these neoplasms by imaging is thus crucial for selecting the best management options. In this article, we review the imaging findings of IPMN including imaging predictors of malignancy and surgical resectability. We also discuss follow-up strategies for patients with surgically resected IPMN and patients with incidental pancreatic cysts.
NADH changes during hypoxia, ischemia, and increased work differ between isolated heart preparations

Langendorff-perfused hearts and working hearts are established isolated heart preparation techniques that are advantageous for studying cardiac physiology and function, especially when fluorescence imaging is a key component. However, oxygen and energy requirements vary widely between isolated heart preparations. When energy supply and demand are not in harmony, such as when oxygen is not adequately available, the imbalance is reflected in NADH fluctuations. As such, NADH imaging can provide insight into the metabolic state of tissue. Hearts from New Zealand white rabbits were prepared as mechanically silenced Langendorff-perfused hearts, Langendorff-perfused hearts, or biventricular working hearts and subjected to sudden changes in workload, instantaneous global ischemia, and gradual hypoxia while heart rate, aortic pressure, and epicardial NADH fluorescence were monitored. Fast pacing resulted in a dip in NADH upon initiation and a spike in NADH when pacing was terminated in biventricular working hearts only, with the magnitude of the changes greatest at the fastest pacing rate. Working hearts were also most susceptible to changes in oxygen supply; NADH was at half-maximum value when perfusate oxygen was at 67.8 ± 13.7%. Langendorff-perfused and mechanically arrested hearts were the least affected by low oxygen supply, with half-maximum NADH occurring at 42.5 ± 5.0% and 23.7 ± 4.6% perfusate oxygen, respectively. Although the biventricular working heart preparation can provide a useful representation of mechanical in vivo heart function, it is not without limitations. Understanding the limitations of isolated heart preparations is crucial when studying cardiac function in the context of energy supply and demand.
High voltage gain MESFET amplifier using self-aligned MOCVD grown planar GaAs nanowires

We have recently demonstrated the growth of self-aligned unidirectional GaAs planar nanowires (NWs) on GaAs (110) substrate by MOCVD through Au-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism [1]. These planar NWs, in contrast with the vertically aligned ones, are compatible with traditional planar processing and thus very promising for realizing NW based circuits in a deterministic manner. GaAs MESFETs have been widely used as components of amplifiers in microwave applications. However, MESFETs often show low output resistance, thus low voltage gain for the amplifiers resulting from the large channel length modulation effect [2]. This is because the thick depletion layer that exists between gate and the actual conducting channel degrades the gate control, which is similar to the case in MOSFETs. It is anticipated that a nanowire (NW) channel with multi-gate structure can improve the gate electrostatics and reduce the channel length modulation effect as a result. Here we present a gate length scaling study of planar NW MESFETs and demonstrate a simple amplifier using them.
Comparison of light, food, and temperature as environmental synchronizers of the circadian rhythm of activity in mice

Although entrainment (and masking) of circadian rhythms by light has been extensively studied, much less attention has been given to other environmental cycles that can modulate circadian rhythms in mammals. In this study in mice, the entraining strength of different environmental cycles was compared. Running-wheel activity was monitored before, after, and while the animals were under one of four environmental cycles: a full light–dark cycle with 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness each day, a cycle of 1 h of light per day, a cycle of food availability consisting of 80 % of the baseline free-feeding amount presented once a day, and an ambient temperature cycle consisting of 23 h at 24 °C and 1 h at 12 °C each day. Four measures of zeitgeber strength were used: percentage of animals that entrained, rhythm robustness in the entrained state, stability of activity onsets, and stability of acrophases. The results indicate that, at least in mice, a full light–dark cycle is the most powerful modulator of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity, as a consequence of both entrainment and masking. When entrainment alone is considered, temperature seems to be as strong a modulator as light, while food restriction is a weaker modulator and affects primarily a food-anticipatory component of the activity rhythm.
Hazard rate estimation from incomplete and unclean warranty data

Abstract Warranty data are a rich source of information for feedback on product reliability. However, two-dimensional automobile warranties that include both time and mileage limits, pose two interesting and challenging problems in reliability studies. First, warranty data are restricted only to the reported failures within warranty coverage and such incompleteness can lead to inaccurate estimates of field failure rate or hazard rate. Second, factors such as inexact time/mileage data and vague reported failures in a warranty claim make warranty data unclean that can suppress inherent failure pattern. In this paper we discuss two parameter estimation methods that address the incompleteness issue. We use a simulation-based experiment to study these estimation methods when departure from normality and varying amount of truncation exists. Using a life cycle model of the vehicle, we also highlight and explore issues that lead to warranty data not being very clean. We then propose a five-step methodology to arrive at meaningful component level empirical hazard plots from incomplete and unclean warranty data.
Response to Ted Peters’ “Models of God”

In “Models of God,” Ted Peters discusses a methodology for formulating and evaluating models of God, surveys nine models, and proposes one that he entitles “Eschatological Panentheism.” This paper provides critical comments on Peters’ methodological claims, taxonomy of models of God, and specific proposal. This paper has been delivered during APA Pacific 2007 Mini-Conference on Models of God.Both Peters’ “Models of God” and these comments were presented at the “Models of God” mini-conference at the Pacific Division Meetings of the American Philosophical Association in April of 2007.
Proposals, grants, projects and careers: a strategic view for libraries

This paper is based on a talk given before the Fiesole Collection Development Retreat, March 2004. It was originally intended to illuminate challenges of grant activity for collection development managers. The relationship between US foundations and academic libraries is discussed, with comments on project design and the value of proposal writing and grant management as a means of career development. The paper leads to the notion that experience with proposals and grants leads to better general managerial skill, which may have value for the organization independently of the direct benefit of the grant. It is suggested that library management should encourage professional staff to seek grants and to engage in the proposal design process; at the same time, the author warns that such activity can conflict with routine operations. As an overview of foundation behavior and the efforts required for grant seeking, it helps library managers, especially those with limited experience in grant activity, understand both the opportunities and costs involved.
Task difficulty, probability, and inter-stimulus interval as determinants of P300 from auditory stimuli

The P300 event-related potential was elicited with auditory stimuli in 4 experiments which manipulated combinations of stimulus target probability (10% vs. 30%), task difficulty (easy vs. hard), and inter-stimulus interval (5 sec vs. 2 sec). P300 amplitude was smaller and peak latency longer for the more difficult relative to the easier tasks across experiments. Increases in stimulus target probability generally diminished P300 amplitude and shortened peak latency more for the easy relative to difficult task conditions. Increasing the number of non-target stimulus tones decreased P300 amplitude reliably, but increased latency only slightly. Task difficulty did not interact with variations in inter-stimulus interval which produced generally weak effects for both amplitude and latency. These findings suggest that P300 amplitude and latency obtained from auditory discrimination paradigms reflect processing difficulty independently of stimulus target probability unless differences in task requirements affect stimulus encoding.
A phenotypic change of small intestinal epithelium to colonocytes in small intestinal adenomas and adenocarcinomas.

A phenotypic change of small intestinal epithelium to colonocytes in small intestinal adenomas and adenocarcinomas