cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Future of Class? The Role of Temporality in Class Identity in Greece

Recent approaches to the importance of class in social inquiry have noted the importance of temporality - attitudes toward the past and future - as a locus of class identity conceived both processually and structurally. In Greece this issue of the future and its unpredictability is deeply embedded in much of the agonistic practices of everyday life, from politics and business to localized illegal activities such as gambling. This paper explores how attitudes toward the uncertain future are articulated through notions of class identity in a Cretan town. In particular, gamblers and non-gamblers alike in the town identify one's class with how effectively one faces the contingencies of everyday experience, and such temporal stances also come into conflict or resonance with authorized stances toward the future supplied by the state and other institutions This ascription of attitudes toward time according to class background also occurs alongside the play of other domains of identity, such as gender, ethnicity, locality, and family. Through an examination of a particular event of class-articulated conflict between prominent gamblers within the city this paper will illuminate the role of senses of time in the construction of class.
Why don't physicians enthusiastically support quality improvement programmes?

Resistance of physicians to clinical governance will continue until they can see how a real programme works operationally and a measurable leap in quality is achieved. In the absence of a role model, the opportunity exists for the NHS to fund primary care groups/trusts to develop a model that can be seen to work Numerous studies over the past 20 years have documented the extent of quality problems with health care in most Western European and North American countries. Efforts to improve the quality of care have therefore taken on increasing urgency, and the Department of Health in the UK has now promoted clinical governance as a mechanism for quality assurance and improvement. The paper by Campbell and colleagues in this issue of QSHC details the challenges for this policy in achieving its goal, in particular the role and concerns of physicians as to how clinical governance is going to be implemented.1 The resistance by physicians towards quality assurance and quality improvement efforts are, to my knowledge, common across all countries and health systems. This might seem paradoxical since, if one asked these physicians whether they wanted to deliver the best quality care possible to their patients, they would all say they did. Why, …
A progressive consonant-substitution pattern in a typically developing child.

The purpose of this paper was to describe and explain an unusual consonant substitution (default) pattern in the early lexical repertoire of a typically developing boy. Ben was audiotape recorded m...
Women Coping Successfully With Multiple Sclerosis and the Precursors of Change

In this qualitative study, we explored the question of why some women with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) cope successfully in spite of disease progression. Ten women with progressive courses of MS, the more physically challenging forms of the disease, who self-reported as coping successfully with the disease, participated in the study. The study features an interview protocol using a psychotherapeutic model of change, precursors of change model, and incorporates a then-post design. The women's rich descriptions and explanations of precursors indicate the differences between the precursors used most frequently at time of diagnosis with MS and at the time of interview. The article provides a glimpse into the experiences these women have had with the continued change and unpredictability that the disease often engenders.
Physiologic and Immunologic Hurdles to Xenotransplantation

The major problem in the field of renal transplantation is currently the shortage of available kidneys. However, the use of animals as a source of kidneys, i.e., xenotransplantation, is increasingly being viewed as a potential solution to this problem. One preeminent hurdle to xenotransplantation is the immune response of the recipient against the graft; other hurdles include the physiologic limitations of the transplant, infection, and ethical considerations. This review summarizes what is currently known regarding the obstacles to xenotransplantation and some potential solutions to those problems.
Intestinal anion exchange in teleost water balance.

Simultaneous measurements of all major electrolytes including HCO3 and H + as well as water demonstrated that fluids absorbed by the anterior intestine of the marine gulf toadfish underin vivo-like conditions on an overall net basis are hypertonic at 380 mOsm andacidic ([H + ]=27 mM). This unusual composition of fluids absorbed across the intestinal epithelium is due to the unusual intestinal fluid chemistry resulting from seawater ingestion and selective ion and water absorption along the gastro-intestinal tract. Measurement under near symmetrical conditions with high NaCl concentrations and low MgSO4concentrations revealed absorption ofiso-osmotic andmuch less acidic fluids bythe intestinal epithelium, asituation resembling that of other water absorbing leakyvertebrate epithelia. Reduced luminal NaCl concentrations seenin vivoresults in lower absolute water absorption rates but higher Cl − /HCO3 exchange rates which are associated with higher net H + absorption rates. It appears that apical anion exchange is important for net Cl − uptake by the marine teleost intestine especially when luminal NaCl concentrations are low and/or when MgSO4 concentrations arehigh. Observations indicate that fluid absorption from solutions oflow NaCl but highMgSO4concentrations is energeticallymore demanding than absorption from NaCl rich solutions at the level of the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, the high luminal MgSO4 concentration which is an unavoidable consequence ofseawater ingestion projects ademand for renal and branchial compensation for intestinal MgSO4uptake and absorption of hypertonic and acidic fluid by the intestine. © 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Synthesis techniques for CMOS folded source-coupled logic circuits

The application of series-gated, multiplexer-minimization, and variable-entered mapping methods to the synthesis of fully differential CMOS folded source-coupled logic (FSCL) gates is described. In contrast to conventional static logic, FSCL dissipates DC power. Its total power consumption is competitive at higher speeds where its low digital switching noise is most advantageous. The minimum propagation delay of a simple FSCL gate compares favorably to a conventional gate. Complex functions are generally faster in FSCL since its fully differential topology requires fewer stages of delay. Simulated and measured results are presented for several combinational and sequential FSCL gates in a 2- mu m p-well CMOS process. With V/sub dd/=5 V, a FSCL (static) inverter achieved a minimum propagation delay of 400 ps (350 ps) with a power-delay product of 0.5 pJ (0.3 pJ); a FSCL (static) 1-b full adder achieved a minimum delay of 3.0 ns (12.0 ns) with a power-delay product of 0.3 pJ (11.0 pJ). >
Towards human control of robot swarms

In this paper we investigate principles of swarm control that enable a human operator to exert influence on and control large swarms of robots. We present two principles, coined selection and beacon control, that differ with respect to their temporal and spatial persistence. The former requires active selection of groups of robots while the latter exerts a passive influence on nearby robots. Both principles are implemented in a testbed in which operators exert influence on a robot swarm by switching between a set of behaviors ranging from trivial behaviors up to distributed autonomous algorithms. Performance is tested in a series of complex foraging tasks in environments with different obstacles ranging from open to cluttered and structured. The robotic swarm has only local communication and sensing capabilities with the number of robots ranging from 50 to 200. Experiments with human operators utilizing either selection or beacon control are compared with each other and to a simple autonomous swarm with regard to performance, adaptation to complex environments, and scalability to larger swarms. Our results show superior performance of autonomous swarms in open environments, of selection control in complex environments, and indicate a potential for scaling beacon control to larger swarms.
Male Superiority in Spatial Navigation: Adaptation or Side Effect?

ABSTRACTIn the past few decades, sex differences in spatial cognition have often been attributed to adaptation in response to natural selection. A common explanation is that home range size differences between the sexes created different cognitive demands pertinent to wayfinding in each sex and resulted in the evolution of sex differences in spatial navigational ability in both humans and nonhuman mammals. However, the assumption of adaptation as the appropriate mode of explanation was nearly simultaneous with the discovery and subsequent verification of the male superiority effect, even without any substantive evidence establishing a causal role for adaptation. An alternate possibility that the sex difference in cognition is a genetic or hormonal side effect has not been rigorously tested using the comparative method. The present study directly evaluates how well the range hypothesis fits the available data on species differences in spatial ability by use of a phylogenetically based, cross-species, compa...
Case Study: Decline In CIS/IT Degree Enrollment At A Medium-Sized University

Within the past few years, colleges and universities in the United States and worldwide have noted a marked decline in the number of students enrolling in Computer and Information Systems (CIS) and Information Technology (IT) degree programs. With the potential for a rebounding U.S. economy, this shortage of new CIS and IT professionals gives cause for concern. The goal of the present research was to analyze CIS and IT enrollment trends at Robert Morris University and determine appropriate courses of action for meeting the anticipated demand for CIS/IT graduates. The study involved comparative and forecast analyses using actual student enrollment statistics and U.S. Department of Labor statistics. Forecast projections were determined out to and including the year 2013. The findings of the research suggest that CIS and IT degree enrollment at Robert Morris University lags associated employment trends in CIS/IT–related fields. Further, the findings parallel the analyses of other institutes of higher education, in which CIS/IT student enrollment projections are indicative of a shortage of information professionals over the next ten years. Based on the findings of the present study, the authors make several recommendations to Robert Morris University faculty and administration regarding strategies to address the ensuing CIS/IT skills gap.
Antibody-targeted Plasminogen Activators

Survival after myocardial infarction is dramatically improved if a plasminogen activator can be administered within the first hours following chest pain. In a multicenter study of over 11,000 patients, mortality was nearly halved in those who received streptokinase (GISSI, 1986). Unfortunately, the administration of streptokinase, as well as that of the more recently studied tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), is often complicated by severe bleeding (Collen et al, 1984; TIMI Study Group, 1985) and in approximately 1% of patients, by cerebral hemorrhage — a commonly fatal event (Sheehan et al, 1987). This lytic state is thought to be caused by the destruction of plasma fibrinogen and clotting factors V and VIII (Laffel and Braunwald, 1984).
Limited information and coordinated voting in multi-party elections under plurality rule: The role of campaigns

This essay bridges the logic of electoral coordination with the observation that many voters cannot recognize ex post viable candidates. When strategic voting is limited, behavioral factors of sincere voting play a large part in coordinating uninformed voters and inform the expectations of potentially strategic voters about the patterns of voting. Using the 2011 Canadian Election Survey, I found strong effects of the density of campaign contacts and the asymmetries in the campaigns spending and party identification on the predictability of the patterns of intra-district competition. A comparison of the effects of behavioral factors on the uninformed and informed voters confirms that the effect of centrifugal spending and party identification is conditional on the ability of voters to recognize the leaders of district competition.
Viscoelastic Characterization of Minke Whale Blubber for Tracking Tag Simulation

The purpose of this paper is to outline a process for determining the viscoelastic mechanical properties of whale blubber for use in computer simulations to improve tracking tag designs. Tracking tags are attached to whales to determine migration paths and critical habitats. Tags are secured by implanting the sharp-tipped, barbed, metal cylinder externally through the skin and blubber layers.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Metabolic Burden: Cornerstones in Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering Applications

Engineering cell metabolism for bioproduction not only consumes building blocks and energy molecules (e.g., ATP) but also triggers energetic inefficiency inside the cell. The metabolic burdens on microbial workhorses lead to undesirable physiological changes, placing hidden constraints on host productivity. We discuss cell physiological responses to metabolic burdens, as well as strategies to identify and resolve the carbon and energy burden problems, including metabolic balancing, enhancing respiration, dynamic regulatory systems, chromosomal engineering, decoupling cell growth with production phases, and co-utilization of nutrient resources. To design robust strains with high chances of success in industrial settings, novel genome-scale models (GSMs), (13)C-metabolic flux analysis (MFA), and machine-learning approaches are needed for weighting, standardizing, and predicting metabolic costs.
Biological and Physical Polishing of a Space Based Waste Stream

6 A hollow fiber membrane bio-reactor (HFMBR) and hollow fiber microfiltration (MF) 7 membrane cartridge treated a space habitation humidity condensate waste stream. The waste 8 stream has an ideal ratio of organic carbon to nitrogen (C:N = 7:1) to promote biological 9 treatment. Carbon and Nitrogen removal in the HFMBR was highest (76% and 43%, 10 respectively) for the shortest retention time. Addition of an outside macronutrient source and 11 pure oxygen, as opposed to lab air, showed a significant increase in carbon removal, but had no 12 significant affect on nitrification/dentrification reaction rates (areal or volumetric). The MF 13 module was used to polish the waste stream for potential reuse within the space habitation 14 environment. The MF module provided 5-log removal of bacteria from the post-processor 15 HFMBR effluent, as well as reducing turbidity and suspended solids to values less than 1 16 NTU/ppm. The MF module also showed small reductions in DOC and TN values (10-20%). The 17 MF permeate then could theoretically be reintroduced into the space habitation system for reuse 18 upon disinfection. 19
Challenges and Promises of Pediatric Psychopharmacology

Most prescriptions for psychotropic medications are written by primary care physicians, yet pediatricians, many of whom are teaching residents and medical students about pediatric psychopharmacology, often feel inadequately trained to treat mental health concerns. Over the past several decades, the number, size, and quality of psychopharmacologic studies in youth has greatly increased. Here we review the current evidence for efficacy and safety of each of the major pharmacologic drug classes in youth (psychostimulants, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics). Psychostimulants have a robust body of literature supporting their evidence as first-line treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have documented efficacy for pediatric depression and multiple different anxiety disorders with childhood onset. Combining cognitive-behavioral therapy with SSRI treatment enhances treatment benefit and minimizes adverse events of medication. Mood stabilizers, including lithium and anticonvulsant medications, have a less robust strength of evidence and come with more problematic side effects. However, they are increasingly prescribed to youth, often to treat irritability, mood lability, and aggression, along with treatment of bipolar disorder. Antipsychotics have long been a mainstay of treatment for childhood-onset schizophrenia, and in recent years, the evidence base for providing antipsychotics to youth with bipolar mania and autistic disorder has grown. Most concerning with antipsychotics are the metabolic side effects, which appear even more problematic in youth than adults. By better understanding the evidence-based psychopharmacologic interventions, academic pediatricians will be able to treat patients and prepare future pediatrician to address the growing mental health care needs of youth.
Using Student Learning Preferences to Compare and Contrast Objective Memo Writing with Essay Exam Writing

This article explains a class designed to bridge the gap in the students' curriculum between legal writing and exam writing.
Study on Genetic Main Effects and Genotype×Environment Interaction Effects for Moisture Content of Different Parts in Maize

An additive-dominance-maternal genetic model with genotype by environment interactions were applied to analyze genetic main effects and genotype by environment interactions for moisture contents in major characters of maize such as leaf,stalk,kernel,sheath,bract,cob,etc.The results showed that moisture contents of kernel was controlled by additive effects,dominant effects and maternal effects;moisture contents of leaf was controlled by additive effects,dominant effects;moisture contents of stalk was controlled by dominant effects;genotype×environment effects had significant influence on different genetic systems of moisture contents of kernel,leaf and stalk,environment has great influence on selection effect for these characters,it is suitable to select on later generation.
Presence of glycerokinase in guinea pig mammary gland and the incorporation of glycerol into glycerides.

The presence of glycerokinase in homogenates of mammary tissue from lactating guinea pigs is demonstrated. It has been shown that α-glycerophosphate-C14 (chromatographically identified) is formed from glvcerol-1,3-C14 in the presence of homogenate. This reaction requires ATP and Mg++. Glycerol-C14 is incorporated into the glycerol moiety of glycerides via α-glycerophosphate. G1ucose-C14 can also serve as a source of glyceride glycerol.
Space- and time-resolved resistive measurements of liquid metal wall thickness

In a fusion reactor internally coated with liquid metal, it will be important to diagnose the thickness of the liquid at various locations in the vessel, as a function of time, and possibly respond to counteract undesired bulging or depletion. The electrical conductance between electrodes immersed in the liquid metal can be used as a simple proxy for the local thickness. Here a matrix of electrodes is shown to provide spatially and temporally resolved measurements of liquid metal thickness in the absence of plasma. First a theory is developed for m × n electrodes, and then it is experimentally demonstrated for 3 × 1 electrodes, as the liquid stands still or is agitated by means of a shaker. The experiments were carried out with Galinstan, but are easily extended to lithium or other liquid metals.
The Effect of Intrauterine Devices on Acquisition and Clearance of Human Papillomavirus.

Background Previous studies have shown a decrease in cervical cancer associated with intrauterine device use. It has been hypothesized that intrauterine device use may alter the natural history of human papillomavirus infections, preempting development of precancerous lesions of the cervix and cervical cancer, but the effect of intrauterine devices on the natural history of human papillomavirus infection and subsequent development of cervical cancer is poorly understood. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between intrauterine device use and cervical high-risk human papillomavirus acquisition and clearance. Study Design This is a prospective cohort study conducted from October 2000 through June 2014 among 676 sexually active young women and girls enrolled from family planning clinics in San Francisco, CA. Data were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model, including time-varying indicators of intrauterine device use, and adjusting for fixed and time-dependent predictor variables. Results A total of 85 women used an intrauterine device at some time during follow-up. Among 14,513 study visits, women reported intrauterine device use at 505 visits. After adjusting for potential behavioral confounders, there was no association between intrauterine device use and human papillomavirus acquisition (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.20–1.23; P = .13) or clearance of human papillomavirus infection (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.76–2.72; P = .26). Conclusion Current intrauterine device use is not associated with acquisition or persistence of human papillomavirus infection. Intrauterine device use is safe among women and girls with human papillomavirus infections and at risk for human papillomavirus acquisition. Intrauterine device use may play a role further downstream in the natural history of cervical cancer by inhibiting the development of precancerous lesions of the cervix in human papillomavirus–infected women, or enhancing clearance of established precancerous lesions.
Molecular biomarkers predictive of sertraline treatment response in young children with fragile X syndrome

Objectives Several neurotransmitters involved in brain development are altered in fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Serotonin plays a vital role in synaptogenesis and postnatal brain development. Deficits in serotonin synthesis and abnormal neurogenesis were shown in young children with autism, suggesting that treating within the first years of life with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor might be the most effective time. In this study we aimed to identify molecular biomarkers involved in the serotonergic pathway that could predict the response to sertraline treatment in young children with FXS.
Mediated resistance: tourism and the host community.

Abstract This ethnographic study focuses on the mediation of tourism by the host community in the pilgrimage town of Pushkar, India. It provides a framework for understanding the impact of Western tourism in the context of a Hindu religious community. Locally, tourism is perceived as a threat to “tradition” and religion even while a large segment of the population is dependent on its economic benefits. This ambivalence is resolved through three types of rhetoric: exclusionary, political, and religious. This strategy of rhetorical resistance, termed here as “mediated resistance”, allows the host community to condemn tourism collectively while participating in it on an individual basis. The theoretical focus of the study draws from cultural anthropology, religion, and communication research.
Aspirational Emotion Work: Calling, Emotional Capital, and Becoming a “Real” Writer:

Drawing on a seven-year ethnography, we illuminate how unpublished romance writers employed emotional capital to negotiate the competitive publishing industry. To legitimate themselves as “real” wr...
Examples on Stress Constitutive Relations

Cauchy’s equations of motion (4.3.3)–(4.3.4) are general conditions that are satisfied by motions of all materials within the framework of the present model. However, even though these equations of motion are general, different types of material react differently to a given motion. Different materials are characterized by specific distinguishing relations between a motion and the resulting stress. In this chapter we introduce several classical examples of such stress constitutive relations. These examples will serve to motivate and illustrate the general discussion on stress constitutive relations given in later sections beginning in Chapter 6.
Quench monitoring and efficiency calibration through external standardization.

Liquid scintillation counting makes use of an intimate mixture of radioactive sample and detecting medium which translates atomic radiation into light flashes. The light intensity of such a flash is proportional to the deposited energy in a burst of radiation, but the constant describing this proportionality may change from sample to sample because of chemical differences in various radioactive preparations. This chemical loss in detection efficiency is known as “quenching” and needs calibration if one is to get quantitatively meaningful results from liquid scintillation counting. Many ways are available for measuring quenching correction, and these have been reviewed by Peng [1].
Periodic table for topological bands with non-Hermitian symmetries

Classifications of symmetry-protected topological phases provide a framework to understand systematically the physical properties and potential applications of topological systems. Here, the authors derive a comprehensive 38-fold topological classification of non-Hermitian systems with generic non-Hermitian symmetry classes. Two independent generalizations of Kramers' degeneracy to the non-Hermitian setting are presented. The nature of the non-Hermitian topological invariants obtained in this classification is explained through worked-out examples, thus providing a framework for the experimental design and engineering of non-Hermitian symmetry-protected topological systems.
Resolution of Acute Priapism in Two Children With Sickle Cell Disease Who Received Nitrous Oxide

BACKGROUND Nitrous oxide (N O) is an inhalational medication that has anxiolytic, amnestic, potent venodilatory and mild-to-moderate analgesic properties commonly used in the emergency department (ED) setting. N2 O has a rapid onset of action (<5 minutes) and recovery (<5 minutes) and can be quickly titrated to effect without the need for IV access. It has few side effects, does not require renal or hepatic metabolism for excretion and has no reports of allergic reaction. Priapism is a serious complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) affecting approximately 35% of males, with an adverse impact on quality of life. Treatment options are limited and not evidence based, including hydration, alkalization, analgesia, oxygenation to prevent further sickling, and exchange transfusion. Patients who do not respond within 4 hours often require a painful invasive procedure that includes aspiration of blood from the corpus cavernosum and phenylephrine injections. Case reports have described a therapeutic benefit from oral pseudoephedrine, sildenafil, and intravenous (IV) arginine, however controlled clinical trials are lacking. Although a 50:50 nitrous oxide/oxygen mix is commonly used in France to enhance analgesia in patients with SCD and vasoocclusive pain events (VOE) not sufficiently responding to IV morphine, there are no reports of its use to treat priapism. We describe the effects of N2 O for the treatment of acute priapism associated with SCD in a pediatric ED. METHODS This is a case series of two adolescent boys with Hb-SS who on 3 separate occasions presented to the ED with acute priapism that failed oral therapy (pseudoephedrine and opioids). N2 O gas was utilized to help facilitate IV catheter placement. RESULTS In each presentation (at ages 8 and 10 years for patient 1; age 15 years for patient 2), the patient experienced complete resolution of the priapism within 4-15 min of receiving N2 O (max 60%). The patients were discharged from the ED following each presentation and had no recurrence during the subsequent week. CONCLUSIONS Priapism is a challenging complication of SCD associated with long-term morbidity and a paucity of treatment options. Opioids are commonly used. Given the risks and inconsistent results of current recommended therapy, N2 O may represent a potential opioid-sparing treatment option for priapism presenting to the ED that warrants further investigation. Although anecdotal, N2 O inhalation is an intervention to consider during a time when a treating ED physician may have few alternatives.
Expanding Hepatitis C Virus Care and Cure: National Experience Using a Clinical Pharmacist–Driven Model

BACKGROUND The US National Viral Hepatitis Action Plan depends on additional providers to expand hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment capacity in order to achieve elimination goals. Clinical pharmacists manage treatment and medication within interdisciplinary teams. The study's objective was to determine sustained virologic response (SVR) rates for clinical pharmacist-delivered HCV therapy in an open medical system. METHODS Investigators conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients initiating direct-acting antivirals from January 1, 2014, through March 12, 2018. Data included demographics, comorbidities, treatment, and clinical outcomes. The primary outcome of SVR was determined for patients initiating (intent-to-treat) and those who completed (per-protocol) treatment. Chi-square tests were conducted to identify associations between SVR and adverse reactions, drug-drug interactions, and adherence. RESULTS A total of 1253 patients initiated treatment; 95 were lost to follow-up, and 24 discontinued therapy. SVR rates were 95.1% (1079/1134) per protocol and 86.1% (1079/1253) intent to treat. The mean age (SD) was 57.4 (10.1) years, the mean body mass index (SD) was 28.7 (6.2) kg/m2, 63.9% were male, 53.7% were black, 40.3% were cirrhotic, 88.4% were genotype 1, and 81.6% were treatment-naive. Patients missing ≥1 dose had an SVR of 74.9%; full adherence yielded 90% (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS HCV treatment by clinical pharmacists in an open medical system resulted in high SVR rates comparable to real-world studies with specialists and nonspecialists. These findings demonstrate the success of a clinical pharmacist-delivered method for HCV treatment expansion and elimination.
Correlates of short sleep duration among adolescents.

Abstract Introduction Short sleep duration is exceedingly common among adolescents and has implications for healthy youth development. We sought to document associations between adolescents’ sleep duration and characteristics of their schedules, behaviors, and wellbeing. Methods We used data from the baseline wave (9th grade year) of the START study, a cohort of 2134 students in five Minnesota high schools to assess how self-reported sleep duration was associated with the prevalence of time-use characteristics (i.e. activity schedules, screen use), sleep-wake problems (i.e. trouble waking in the morning, falling asleep in class, etc.), and risk of depression. Results Shorter sleep duration was associated with various behaviors including greater computer/screen time and screen use after bed, a lower probability of doing homework, participation in sports doing chores on school nights, and reporting that it takes at least 20 min to fall asleep on school days (p Conclusions Given that getting an optimal amount of sleep can protect youth from risk and promote healthy youth development, it is critical that we gain a greater understanding of correlates and consequences of short sleep duration in order to develop a sleep-friendly culture for youth.
Measuring Interests Not Minutes: Development and Validation of the Adolescents' Digital Technology Interactions and Importance Scale (ADTI).

Background: Interactive digital technology use is integral to adolescents’ lives and has been associated with both health benefits and risks. Previous studies have largely focused on measuring the quantity of technology use or understanding the use of specific platforms. To better understand adolescents’ interactive digital technology use, we need new approaches that consider technology interactions and their importance. Objective: This study aimed to develop an assessment tool to evaluate adolescents’ digital technology interactions and their perceived importance. Methods: We used a validated scale development approach comprising 2 initial steps to create an item pool: item pool development and item pool refinement. These steps relied upon empirical literature review and an expert convening. We then evaluated the item pool using a Web-based survey. Data were collected via Qualtrics panel recruitment from a national sample of 12- to 18-year-olds. Participant data were randomly split into a development subsample for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a test subsample for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We assessed Cronbach alpha as well as model fit characteristics including root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and comparative fit index (CFI). Results: Our initial item pool had 71 items and the refined item pool contained 40. A total of 761 adolescents assessed the item pool via Web-based survey. Participants had a mean age of 14.8 (SD 1.7) years and were 52.8% (402/761) female and 77.5% (590/761) white. The EFA analysis included 500 participants and an 18-item draft scale was created. The CFA included 261 participants to test the draft scale. Adequate model fit for the scale was indicated by an RMSEA of 0.063 and a CFI of 0.95. The final scale included 18 items in a 3-factor model, with Cronbach alpha for the 3 factors of .87 (factor 1), .90 (factor 2) and .82 (factor 3). The 3 factors were named (1) technology to bridge online and offline experiences, (2) technology to go outside one’s identity or offline environment, and (3) technology for social connection. Conclusions: The resulting Adolescents’ Digital Technology Interactions and Importance (ADTI) scale is a promising and psychometrically validated tool for identifying the importance of distinct technology interactions. The scale is informed by relevant theory and expert input. The 3 subscales have utility for future studies to understand whether certain subscale score ranges are associated with health or well-being outcomes.
Dynamics of Ferroelectric and Ionic Memories: Physics and Applications

Ferroelectric (FE) and solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are being explored for memory and for a variety of purposes in transistors. While considering the dynamics of emerging memories, we note some interesting implications for transistors and transistor memories. In this paper we consider the dynamics of subthreshold swing (SS) in transistors and show that under certain conditions SS can be lowered due to the delay associated with their complex impedance. We show that even a conventional metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFETs) can exhibit a dynamic SS, lowered by introducing a series resistance in the gate. We show that the when the gate dielectric has a complex response, SS can be decomposed into static and dynamic factors with the static factor given by the usual thermal SS and the dynamic factor related to dynamic gate amplification. In the measurement of SS, slew rate and slew direction can be readily utilized to reveal the SS dependence on dynamics.
Chapter 8 – Intranet Security

Many organizations encounter a common problem in their approach to intranet security: They treat intranets as an internal tool that is hidden deep in the corporate network and is somehow immune from external attacks. This is far from the truth, however. An intranet is basically a Web application exposed to a hostile environment the same way as the corporate Web site and therefore vulnerable to the same scope of threats. The fact that it is intended for employees and trusted parties doesn’t guarantee anything against hacker attacks, viruses, and spam. Failing to introduce a dedicated intranet security policy entails a range of risks associated with sensitive information leakage and data loss. For many organizations, safeguarding intranets is even more important than protecting their Web sites. Intranets usually contain extremely confidential assets crucial for both day-to-day activity and strategic business development. A successful attack may result in disruption of the organization’s operations, significant reputation damage, and infringement of legal regulations. To avoid unexpected embarrassment after launching an intranet, organizations must carefully evaluate the solution’s capability to cope with security issues. So, with the preceding in mind, this chapter provides information about all aspects of threats that affect intranet security. The chapter is intended for organizations that understand the changing nature of the threat landscape and what might be done to mitigate it.
Drought Stress Detection Using Low-Cost Computer Vision Systems and Machine Learning Techniques

The real-time detection of drought stress has major implications for preventing cash crop yield loss due to variable weather conditions and ongoing climate change. The most widely used indicator of drought sensitivity/tolerance in corn and soybean is the presence or absence of leaf wilting during periods of water stress. We develop a low-cost automated drought detection system using computer vision coupled with machine learning (ML) algorithms that document the drought response in corn and soybeans field crops. Using ML, we predict the drought status of crop plants with more than 80% accuracy relative to expert-derived visual drought ratings.
127-OR: Pharmacologic Management of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Approximately half of all people with diabetes develop diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and half experience pain. Guidelines recommend pregabalin, gabapentin, and duloxetine (a selective norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor [SNRI]) due to their demonstrated efficacy and safety. Topical analgesics, tricyclic anti-depressants (TCA), and anti-convulsants may also be used. Opioids are discouraged due to lack of effectiveness, risk of addiction, and safety concerns. To promote safe evidence-based pain management, we examined pain medication use by adults diagnosed with DPN between 2002-2019 in an integrated healthcare system across 5 states. We identified 13,815 adults with newly diagnosed DPN; mean age 66 (SD, 13) years, 42% female, 93% white, 29% insulin-treated. Overall, 56% received a pain medication from DPN diagnosis (1 month prior or continued from baseline) to 2 years later. Limiting to treatment pathways observed in ≥1% of cases, opioids were the most used 1st line medication, followed by gabapentin and others (Figure). Opioids and gabapentin were also the most prevalent 2nd line drugs. High rates of opioid use by patients with DPN, a life-long pain syndrome, are concerning particularly as safer effective treatment options are available. Further research is needed to identify drivers of opioid use and barriers to evidence-based alternatives, and develop interventions to improve DPN management in clinical practice. Disclosure J. Fan: None. M.M. Jeffery: None. W. Hooten: None. N. Shah: None. R.G. McCoy: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (K23DK114497)
Automatic detection of emotions in Twitter data: a scalable decision tree classification method

Social media data is one of the promising datasets to mine meaningful insights with applications in business and social science. Emotion mining has significant importance in the field of psychology, cognitive science, and linguistics etc. Recently, textual emotion mining has gained attraction in modern science applications. In this paper, we propose an approach which builds a corpus of tweets and related fields where each tweet is classified with respective emotion based on lexicon, and emoticons. Also, we have developed decision tree classifier, decision forest, and rule-based classifier for automatic classification of emotion based on the labeled corpus. The method is implemented in Apache Spark for scalability and BigData accommodation. Results show higher classification accuracy than previous works.
Law in Political Transitions: Lessons from East Asia and the Road Ahead for China

The South Korean experience of law and democratic transition gives us only limited cause for optimism when we imagine China's future. I will provide the basis for my views, but first would like to present a very short overview of South Korean legal development, then describe the role of law in South Korean authoritarianism.
Multi Time-scale Imputation aided State Estimation in Distribution System.

With the transition to a smart grid, we are witnessing a significant growth in sensor deployments and smart metering infrastructure in the distribution system. However, information from these sensors and meters are typically unevenly sampled at different time-scales and are incomplete. It is critical to effectively aggregate these information sources for situational awareness. In order to reconcile the heterogeneous multi-scale time-series data, we present a multi-task Gaussian process framework. This framework exploits the spatio-temporal correlation across the time-series data to impute data at any desired time-scale while providing confidence bounds on the imputations. The value of the imputed data for distribution system operation is illustrated via a matrix completion based state estimation strategy. Results on the IEEE 37 bus distribution system reveals the superior performance of the proposed approach relative to linear interpolation approaches.
Burn model system national longitudinal database representativeness by race, ethnicity, gender, and age.

INTRODUCTION Representativeness of research populations impacts the ability to extrapolate findings. The Burn Model System (BMS) National Database is one of the largest prospective, longitudinal, multi-center research repositories collecting patient-reported outcomes after burn injury. OBJECTIVE To assess if the BMS Database is representative of the population that is eligible to participate. DESIGN Data on adult burn survivors who were eligible for the BMS Database from 2015 to 2019 were analyzed. SETTING Not applicable. PARTICIPANTS Burn survivors treated at BMS centers meeting eligibility criteria for the BMS Database. Eligibility for the database is based on burn size and receipt of autografting surgery. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Race, ethnicity, gender, and age were compared between individuals who did and did not enroll. Regression analysis examined the correlation between demographic characteristics and study enrollment. Additional regression analysis examined the association between enrollment and the intersection of race, ethnicity, and gender. RESULTS A total of 982 adult burn survivors were eligible for the BMS database during the study period. Of those who were eligible, 72.1% Enrolled and 27.9% were Not Enrolled. The Enrolled group included more female and more younger survivors compared to the Not Enrolled group. In regression analyses, Black/African American burn survivors were less likely and individuals identifying as female were more likely to enroll in the BMS Database. Furthermore, White men and women were more likely to enroll compared to Black/African American men and women, and non-Hispanic/Latino men were more likely to enroll compared to Hispanic/Latino men. CONCLUSIONS This study found differences in BMS Database enrollment by race, ethnicity, and gender. Further research is warranted to investigate causes for the disparities found in this study. In addition, strategies are needed to improve enrollment to ensure future representativeness.
Preoperative statin therapy is associated with higher 5-year survival after thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

Abstract Objective Statin use is associated with higher long-term survival after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. However, the association between statin use and survival after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has not been established. Methods We performed a review of prospectively collected data of all patients who had undergone TEVAR in the Vascular Quality Initiative between 2014 and 2020. We excluded patients aged Results Of 6266 patients who had undergone TEVAR and met the inclusion criteria, 3331 (53%) patients had been taking a statin preoperatively, including 1148 of 2267 (64%) treated for aneurysmal disease. After propensity score matching, 1875 patients were in each cohort. Preoperative statin use was associated with lower rates of any perioperative complication (16.7% vs 19.6%; odds ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69-0.97; P = .022). Overall, preoperative statin use was also associated with lower 5-year mortality (18.8% vs 24.5%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.63-0.89; P = .001). When stratified by urgency, preoperative statin use was associated with lower 5-year mortality after elective TEVAR (14.9% vs 22.4%; HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49-0.79; P Conclusions Preoperative statin therapy is associated with lower perioperative complication rates and 5-year mortality for patients undergoing TEVAR. All patients with known thoracic aortic pathology should receive statin therapy unless contraindications for the drug are present. For patients undergoing elective TEVAR, the statin prescription percentage should be considered a quality metric, and further implementation research should occur to improve preoperative statin use.
Robotic Technologies for High-Throughput Plant Phenotyping: Contemporary Reviews and Future Perspectives

Phenotyping plants is an essential component of any effort to develop new crop varieties. As plant breeders seek to increase crop productivity and produce more food for the future, the amount of phenotype information they require will also increase. Traditional plant phenotyping relying on manual measurement is laborious, time-consuming, error-prone, and costly. Plant phenotyping robots have emerged as a high-throughput technology to measure morphological, chemical and physiological properties of large number of plants. Several robotic systems have been developed to fulfill different phenotyping missions. In particular, robotic phenotyping has the potential to enable efficient monitoring of changes in plant traits over time in both controlled environments and in the field. The operation of these robots can be challenging as a result of the dynamic nature of plants and the agricultural environments. Here we discuss developments in phenotyping robots, and the challenges which have been overcome and others which remain outstanding. In addition, some perspective applications of the phenotyping robots are also presented. We optimistically anticipate that autonomous and robotic systems will make great leaps forward in the next 10 years to advance the plant phenotyping research into a new era.