cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of fMRI Data

fMRI stands for “functional magnetic resonance imaging” and represents a noninvasive, indirect method for measuring neural activity over time. Such brain scans result in large, complex, and noisy data, which makes data analysis challenging. The first part of the chapter focuses on data preparation and visualization techniques. This is followed by standard univariate linear modeling approaches, for which some effort needs to go into the computation of the expected BOLD signal and the design matrix specification. After fitting the regression models, a huge multiple testing problem arises. A corresponding section focuses on the false discovery rate, Gaussian random fields, and permutation tests including cluster-based thresholding. The last few sections describe specific multivariate methods popular in fMRI: independent component analysis, representational similarity analysis, and connectivity analysis.
Automated Extension of Cell Signaling Models with Genetic Algorithm

The number of published results in biology and medicine is growing at an exceeding rate, and thus, extracting relevant information for building useful models is becoming very laborious. Furthermore, with the newly published information, previously built models need to be extended and updated, and with the voluminous literature, it is necessary to automate the model extension process. In this work, we introduce a methodology for extending logical models of cell signaling networks using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The proposed procedure is developed to optimally search for a subset of biological interactions that extend logical models while preserving their desired behavior. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, we randomly removed a subset of elements from an existing T cell differentiation model, and mixed them with randomly created interactions to mimic the output of literature reading. We then used the GA to search for the extensions that optimally reconstructed the model. The simulation results showed that the GA was able to find a set of extensions that preserved the desired behavior of the model with fewer elements than the original model. The results demonstrate that the GA is an efficient tool for model extension, and suggest that it can be used for model reduction as well.
Best of both worlds or refusal to comply? The rich kids of Tehran on Instagram

This article offers a textual analysis and semiotic reading of the Rich Kids of Tehran's (RKOT’s) Instagram page. Contributing to scholarship on Iranian youth media practices, this article interrog...
Friends from Across the Aisle: The Effects of Partisan Bonding, Partisan Bridging, and Network Disagreement on Outparty Attitudes and Political Engagement

Research on the influence of social networks on political behavior has led to findings showing an apparent trade-off between positive attitudes toward the outparty and political engagement. The prevalent sentiments have been that partisan bonding or ties with fellow partisans hurts evaluations of the outparty but helps political engagement. Partisan bridging or ties with opposite partisans, on the other hand, improves evaluations of the outparty but hurts engagement. I argue that this trade-off is essentially an illusion driven by a mistaken assumption that bonding and bridging are two opposite ends of the same continuum. Analyzing two original national surveys of the American public, I show that bonding and bridging are independent constructs with different consequences. Consistent with previous studies, I find that bonding hurts and bridging helps outparty attitudes. Both bonding and bridging, however, are positively related to political engagement. I also show that network disagreement partially mediates the effects of partisan bonding, but not the effects of partisan bridging. This suggests that the efforts to encourage voters to build relationships with politically different others can be done without having to worry that they will lead to decreased engagement.
Modeling Future Climate Change Affecting Nuclear Waste Disposal: an Outline

The Department of Energy must select and operate a permanent repository for high-level nuclear waste In a geologic medium which must remain stable for 100,000 years or more. To assess site stability, a hierarchy of models will be used for forecasts of climate changes that could affect nuclide transport. Regional scale statistical models will be solved with boundary conditions defined by General Circulation Models (GCMs). Boundary conditions for GCMs will be set by a dynamic model of global ice sheet growth driven by Milankovitch parameters. Uncertainty will be computed with a Monte Carlo approach. The forecasts are to be validated against the modern climate and reconstructions of the geologic record.
Triple allylation/acylation of 1,3,5-triazine with allyltributyltin and carboxylic acid chlorides

Abstract A one-step synthesis of 2,4,6-triallyl-hexahydro-1,3,5-trialkanoyl-s-triazines from 1,3,5-triazine, allyltributyltin and alkanoyl chlorides is described. The product is a mixture of syn,syn- and syn,anti-isomers with structural proof by NMR and X-ray crystallography.
Target classification in infrared imagery by cross-spectral synthesis using GAN

Images can be captured using devices operating at different light spectrum's. As a result, cross domain image translation becomes a nontrivial task which requires the adaptation of Deep convolutional networks (DCNNs) to resolve the aforementioned imagery challenges. Automatic target recognition(ATR) from infrared imagery in a real time environment is one of such difficult tasks. Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) has already shown promising performance in translating image characteristic from one domain to another. In this paper, we have explored the potential of GAN architecture in cross-domain image translation. Our proposed GAN model maps images from the source domain to the target domain in a conditional GAN framework. We verify the performance of the generated images with the help of a CNN-based target classifier. Classification results of the synthetic images achieve a comparable performance to the ground truth ensuring realistic image generation of the designed network.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms as a distinguishing factor between memory diagnoses.

Objectives To determine whether neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are able to differentiate those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia from persons who are cognitively healthy. Methods Multinomial and binary logistic regressions were used to assess secondary data of a sample (n = 613) of older adults with NPS. Analyses evaluated the ability to differentiate between diagnoses, as well as the influence of these symptoms for individuals with amnestic MCI (MCI-A), non-amnestic MCI (MCI-NA), and dementia compared with those who are cognitively healthy. Results Persons with MCI were more likely to have anxiety, apathy, and appetite changes compared with cognitively healthy individuals. Persons with dementia were more likely to have aberrant motor behaviors, anxiety, apathy, appetite changes, and delusions compared with those who were cognitively healthy. Individuals with any type of cognitive impairment were more likely to have anxiety, apathy, appetite changes, and delusions. Specifically, anxiety, apathy, appetite changes, and disinhibition were predictors of MCI-A; agitation and apathy were predictors of MCI-NA; and aberrant motor behaviors, anxiety, apathy, appetite changes, and delusions were predictors of dementia. Finally, nighttime behavior disorders were less likely in individuals with dementia. Conclusions The present study's results demonstrate that specific NPS are differentially represented among types of cognitive impairment and establish the predictive value for one of these cognitive impairment diagnoses.
Diagnostic Value of Molecular Testing in Sonographically Suspicious Thyroid Nodules

Objective Molecular testing can refine the diagnosis for the 20% of thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsies that have indeterminate cytology. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of molecular testing based on ultrasound risk classification. Methods This retrospective cohort study analyzed all thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology at an academic US medical center (2012-2016). All indeterminate nodules underwent reflexive molecular testing with the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier (GEC). Radiologists performed blinded reviews to categorize each nodule according to the American Thyroid Association (ATA) ultrasound classification and the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System. GEC results and diagnostic performance were compared across ultrasound risk categories. Results Of 297 nodules, histopathology confirmed malignancy in 65 (22%). Nodules by ATA classification were 8% high suspicion, 44% intermediate, and 48% low/very low suspicion. A suspicious GEC result was more likely in ATA high-suspicion nodules (81%) than in nodules of all other ATA categories (57%; P = .04). The positive predictive value (PPV) of GEC remained consistent across ultrasound categories (ATA high suspicion, 64% vs all other ATA categories, 48%; P = .39). The ATA high-suspicion category had higher specificity than a suspicious GEC result (93% vs 51%; P < .01). A suspicious GEC result did not increase specificity for the ATA high-suspicion category. Conclusion The PPV of molecular testing remained consistent across ultrasound risk categories. However, a suspicious GEC result was very likely in ATA high-suspicion nodules and did not improve specificity in this sonographic category.
Strawberry feel forever: understanding metaphor as sensorimotor dynamic

Metaphor is a useful way of explaining how to do things. The literature on metaphor in the learning of physical skill has generally explicated its efficacy by examining its actionable directives fo...
Microstructure and properties of a high temperature Al–Ce–Mn alloy produced by additive manufacturing

Abstract An Al–10Ce-8Mn (wt%) alloy was designed and fabricated by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (AM). The rapid cooling rates of the AM process produced a refined microstructure with a large fraction of reinforcing intermetallic phases. The tensile properties of the alloy were characterized in the as-fabricated state and following thermal exposure. The properties of the as-fabricated microstructure showed exceptional high-temperature performance and strength retention at elevated temperatures up to 400 °C relative to benchmark wrought Al and AM Al alloy properties. Characterization of the microstructure and thermodynamic modeling of the ternary Al–Ce–Mn system rationalized the solidification and solid-state phase transformations. Analysis of the relevant strengthening mechanisms for both the as-fabricated and thermally exposed conditions was performed.
Mouth Care in Assisted Living: Potential Areas for Improvement.

Abstract Background Poor oral care may lead to systemic disease, and there is evidence that assisted living (AL) residents lack quality oral care; in AL, poor care may be due to staff knowledge and attitudes, as well as organizational barriers to providing care. Objectives Determine AL staff knowledge and attitudes regarding mouth care and barriers to changing care. Design Self-administered repeated-measures questionnaires completed before and after oral care training. Setting and Participants A total of 2012 direct care staff and administrators from 180 AL communities. Methods Nine knowledge questions and 8 attitude and practice intention questions, and open-ended questions regarding training and obstacles to providing oral care. Results Overall, 2012 participants completed pretraining questionnaires, and 1977 completed posttraining questionnaires. Baseline knowledge was high, but staff were not uniformly aware of the systemic-oral link whereby mouth care affects pneumonia and diabetes. Almost all staff reported learning a new technique (96%), including for residents who resist care (95%). Suggested areas to improve mouth care included having more hands-on experience. The primary perceived obstacles to care centered around residents who resist care and a lack of time. Conclusions and Implications Based on reports of having benefitted from training, AL staff overwhelmingly noted that new knowledge was helpful, suggesting the benefit of skills-based training, especially in dementia care. Mouth care in AL has been sorely understudied, and merits additional attention.
Drug resistant cells with very large proliferative potential grow exponentially in metastatic prostate cancer

Most metastatic cancers develop drug resistance during treatment and continue to grow, driven by a subpopulation of cancer cells unresponsive to the therapy being administered. There is evidence that metastases are formed by phenotypically plastic cancer cells with stem-cell like properties. Currently the population structure and growth dynamics of the resulting metastatic tumors is unknown. Here, using scaling analysis of clinical data of tumor burden in patients with metastatic prostate cancer, we show that the drug resistant, metastasis-causing cells (MCC) are capable of producing drug resistant, exponentially growing tumors, responsible for tumor growth as a patient receives different treatments.
Surgical Diseases are Common and Complicated for Criminal Justice Involved Populations.

ABSTRACT Background At any given time, almost 2 million individuals are in prisons or jails in the United States. Incarceration status has been associated with disproportionate rates of cancer and infectious diseases. However, little is known about the burden emergency general surgery (EGS) in criminal justice involved (CJI) populations. Materials and Methods The California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) database was used to evaluate all hospital admissions with common EGS diagnoses in CJI persons from 2012-2014. The population of CJI individuals in California was determined using United States Bureau of Justice Statistics data. Primary outcomes were rates of admission and procedures for five common EGS diagnoses, while the secondary outcome was probability of complex presentation. Results A total of 4,345 admissions for CJI patients with EGS diagnoses were identified. The largest percentage of EGS admissions were with peptic ulcer disease (41.0%), followed by gallbladder disease (27.5%), small bowel obstruction (14.0%), appendicitis (13.8%), and diverticulitis (10.5%). CJI patients had variable probabilities of receipt of surgery depending on condition, ranging from 6.2% to 90.7%. 5.6% to 21.0% of admissions presented with complicated disease, the highest being with peptic ulcer disease and appendicitis. Conclusion Admissions with EGS diagnoses were common and comparable to previously published rates of disease in general population. CJI individuals had high rates of complicated presentation, but low rates of surgical intervention. More granular evaluation of the burden and management of these common, morbid, and costly surgical diagnoses is essential for ensuring timely and quality care delivery for this vulnerable population.
Dynamic interplay of frontoparietal cholinergic innervation and cortical reorganization in the regulation of attentional capacities in aging

Cortical remodeling is linked to age-related cognitive changes in humans; however, the mechanisms underlying cortical reorganization in aging remain unknown. Here we examined the consequences of mild cholinergic thinning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and parietal cortex (PC) on attention performance-associated changes in cortical activity in young and aged rats. Prefrontal manipulation produced attentional deficits in aged but not young rats regardless of cholinergic pruning. Stereological assessment of c-fos expression revealed age-related reductions in occipital activity and a corresponding increase in PC activity, but these patterns did not correlate with performance. PC cholinergic deafferentation produced opposite changes in PFC recruitment between young and aged rats. Cholinergic pruning reversed the effects of PFC/PC cholinergic manipulations on the activity of CaMKII- and GAD-positive neurons in aged rats. Our results indicate that cortical shifts depend on multiple factors including chronological age, cholinergic changes, and cortical insult, and that cortical reorganization is not necessarily compensatory. Moreover, the cholinergic system modulates excitation/inhibition homeostasis to improve the efficiency of reorganized cortical circuits and stabilize attentional performance.
Emotion regulation deficits across the spectrum of self-harm.

Suicide and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are prevalent in emerging adulthood and one possible commonality is emotion regulation deficits. Participants (N = 708) completed multiple self-report measures that assessed emotion regulation deficits, depression, past-year NSSI frequency, past-year suicide attempts, and recent suicide ideation severity. Controlling for depression, linear regression analyses found that the only significant association was between greater deficits in emotion regulation strategies and greater recent NSSI frequency and suicide ideation intensity. These results suggest some commonality in emotion regulation deficits across NSSI and suicide ideation. Prevention and intervention efforts should teach emotion regulation strategies to lower self-harm risk.
Building Teacher Community During a Summer of Crisis: STEAM Professional Development in 2020

The GoSTEAM program promotes authentic integration of the arts into PreK-12 computer science, engineering, and invention instruction. STEM and arts teachers come together to form STEAM Innovation Teams in collaboration with university-based coaches and creative Innovators-in-Residence. Starting with a STEAM professional development summer institute and continuing throughout the year, the teams come together to design and implement novel STEAM lessons and initiatives in their schools that integrate learning goals from both the STEM and the art disciplines. This type of transdisciplinary collaboration between colleagues from vastly different fields is new to most teachers and presents unique challenges. A primary goal of the GoSTEAM professional development is therefore to create safe, interdisciplinary spaces where meaningful, cross-disciplinary collaborations can occur. In 2019, this was accomplished through an intensive, 120-hour face-to-face summer professional institute that incorporated many community building activities and collaborative planning sessions. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the summer institute changed to an online format and faced the challenge of providing teachers with a personally meaningful STEAM experience during a summer of crisis. Results show that the 2020 institute successfully supported the teachers, energized them, and provided them with tools to augment their virtual instruction. This paper describes the program adaptations due to COVID-19.
A comparison of base running and sliding techniques in collegiate baseball with implications for sliding into first base.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare 4 techniques for arrival at a base after sprinting maximally to reach it: sliding head-first, sliding feet-first, running through the base without slowing, and stopping on the base. A secondary purpose of the study was to determine any advantage there may be to diving into first base to arrive sooner than running through the base. Methods Two high-definition video cameras were used to capture 3-dimensional kinematics of sliding techniques of 9 intercollegiate baseball players. Another video camera was used to time runs from first base to second in 4 counterbalanced conditions: running through the base, sliding head-first, sliding feet-first, and running to a stop. Mathematical modeling was used to simulate diving to first base such that the slide would begin when the hand touches the base. Results Based upon overall results, the quickest way to the base is by running through it, followed by head-first, feet-first, and running to a stop. Conclusion There was a non-significant trend toward an advantage for diving into first base over running through it, but more research is needed, and even if the advantage is real, the risks of executing this technique probably outweigh the miniscule gain.
State-of-the-Art in Inflatable Shell Research

The current state-of-the-art with regard to the analysis of inflatable shells is given along with indications of future research needs into their behavior. A bibliography and summary of basic work performed before 1965 is given. The two branches of research into the behavior of shells of revolution are described. The recent efforts devoted to arbitrary geometries for inflatable shells are considered.
Spike Overload and Humidity Effects on Fatigue Crack Delay in Al 7075-T651

This paper describes experiments on fatigue crack growth, Δa/ΔN, in part-through crack specimens of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy. The effects of dry and humid environment in combination with single-spike overloads on Δa/ΔN, the crack growth delay, N D , and the "effective" stress intensity range, ΔK e f f , are discussed. Using an acoustic monitoring technique, it was observed that the crack closure not only reflects the influence of the environment, but also of the spike overload on the plastic deformation at the crack tip and therefore on Δa/ΔN. The relationship Δa/ΔN = A (ΔK e f f ) n describes both environmental and spike overload effects, uniquely. Delay is more pronounced in a dry environment and increases strongly with increasing overload ratio.
The Clinical Use of An Alpha Asymmetry Protocol in the Neurofeedback Treatment of Depression: Two Case Studies

Abstract In this study we are presenting case studies of two depressed women who were trained with more than 34 sessions each of EEG biofeedback (neurofeedback) using an Alpha Asymmetry protocol, the purpose of this training was to determine if depression could be alleviated when the subjects learned to increase the activation of the left hemisphere and/ or decrease the activation of the right hemisphere. The MMPI-2 was administered before and after training to measure changes in personality factors, including depression. The results suggest that Alpha Asymmetry neurofeedback training may be an effective adjunct to psychotherapy in the treatment of certain types of mood disorders.
Public capital and international labor productivity: Tests based on median-unbiased estimation

Abstract If knowledge is truly a public good the most advanced stock of knowledge should be employed to explain production in all countries. The large number of countries included in the Penn World Tables allows a test of this hypothesis to be based on the median-unbiased property of regression coefficients.
Doin' the Math: On Meaningful Mathematics-Ethics Connections

In this essay mathematics is conceived of as intentional human activity. Since intention implies choice, there are ethical dimensions to making mathematical choices. Embracing these dimensions requires acknowledging the contextual nature of mathematics. First John Dewey's philosophy of mathematics and a reconsideration of mathematical empiricism are posited as ways to foster a context sensitive understanding of mathematics. Next, I address the ways in which existent conceptions of mathematics—even those which support reform in mathematics education—are insufficient with regard to their ability to recognize its human dimensions. The essay concludes with a distinction between mathematics education that ethically applies existing versions of mathematics and mathematics education that seeks to recast mathematics as a necessarily and undeniably ethical enterprise.
Effect of the pseudogap on the temperature dependence of the magnetic penetration depth in YBCO films

Abstract We have measured the magnetic penetration depth, λ ( T ), of YBCO films from optimal to several underdoped states. Films do not degrade under repeated de- and re-oxygenation. Our deoxygenation procedure permits very small incremental reductions in oxygen content. The two-coil measurement apparatus accurately detects small changes in λ(0). At moderate underdoping, the low- T slope of λ −2 is essentially independent of doping. The data are well described by a simple model in which the pseudogapped portions of the Fermi surface do not contribute to electronic properties, and the pseudogapped portions grow with underdoping.
Demonstration of a desk-top size 46.9 nm laser at 12 Hz repetition rate

We report the first demonstration of a desktop-size high repetition rate extreme ultraviolet laser. Laser pulses at /spl lambda/=46.9 nm with energy /spl sim/13 /spl mu/J were generated at 12 Hz repetition rate by single pass amplification in a Ne-like Ar capillary discharge plasma column.
Extension and validation of the equivalent sources helical antenna modeling with the FDTD code

The finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) is currently the most used numerical technique for dosimetry of wireless devices. A concern is that the structurally complex antennas might not be modeled accurately. Specifically, helical antennas are often used and these are incompatible with rectangular grid FDTD without resorting to staircase approximation of the antenna geometry. We have introduced in a previous publication (see IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, vol.45, p.525-30, 1997) a new method to model small diameter normal mode helical antennas with the FDTD code for cellular telephone applications. This approach, that uses equivalent electric and magnetic sources to model the helix, has however not been previously tested for cases where the diameter of the helix may be more than two times the grid size. In this paper, we present a modified weighted equivalent source method and its experimental validation for these larger diameter helical antennas. The test case presented in this paper has been suggested by the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee SCC-34 as a benchmark test to validate the modeling capabilities of the FDTD code for helical structures.
Comparative study of three-phase grid connected inverter sharing unbalanced three-phase and/or single-phase systems

In a microgrid system, unbalance in the three-phase system is created due to single-phase loads and decentralized single-phase renewable energy sources. This unbalance can be compensated locally at the point of common coupling (PCC) using a three-phase four-wire grid tied inverter. This paper focuses on a comparative study of 3-phase, 4-wire inverter topologies to compensate for positive, negative and zero sequence components of the current injected into the grid. The function of this inverter is to inject power to the grid and additional active power compensation (APC) to support unbalance, load reactive power, and load neutral current. Performance analysis and control of these topologies are being compared to evaluate utilization of dc link, size, control, and ease of implementation. A qualitative comparison of the topologies is provided to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of the analyzed systems. Simulation and experimental results are presented to support the analysis of 3-phase, 480V, 50kVA system. The experimental results validate the ability of the inverter to provide 4-quadrant control of each phase independently.
The content of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the pantothenic acid-deficient female rat.

MARKED adrenal insufficiency occurs in the pantothenic acid-deficient animal. Some of the findings which led to this conclusion were based upon the inability to raise the blood sugar and liver glycogen (Hurley and Morgan, 1952), the absence of the lymphopenic and eosinopenic responses (Winters et al., 1952a), the decreased resistance to water intoxification (Gaunt et al., 1946) and the morphological and histochemical changes in the adrenal cortex (Deane and McKibben, 1946). Tests previously employed in the pantothenic acid-deficient animal have necessitated the presence of a functional adrenal cortex in order to evaluate the pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) activity (Winters et al., 1952a, Winters et al., 1952b; Dumm and Ralli, 1954). Consequently there has been considerable speculation but no direct evidence concerning the pituitary production and release of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the deficient animal. The present paper reports a study designed to determine, independent of the adrenal...
Consumer reaction to price increase: an investigation in gasoline industry

Purpose – The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of increase in price of an essential product (i.e. gasoline) toward the focal product and other seemingly non-related products. Design/methodology/approach – A self-administered survey was used to collect data from the drivers at a large metroplex in Southwest USA. Multiple regression and scanning electron microscope procedures were used to analyze and test the proposed hypotheses. Findings – When consumers notice the increase in gas prices, they become very anxious. This anxiety is positively associated with average gas bought in gallons and negatively associated with threshold price. Further, this consumer anxiety has the strongest influence on lifestyle changes, followed by automobile technology change and transportation mode change, and has the weakest influence on gasoline brand/type change. Research limitations/implications – We focus on only anxiety as a mediator between increase in gas prices and the behavioral outcomes, and collect data...
Turner mosaicism (45,X/46,XX) diagnosed in a young woman subsequent to low oocyte maturity and failed ICSI

Objective To report a case of Turner mosaicism with low oocyte maturity during ICSI. Design Retrospective case report. Setting Academic tertiary medical center. Patient(s) A 28-year-old patient with 7-year history of primary unexplained infertility. Intervention(s) Four cycles of ICSI. Main Outcome Measure(s) Oocyte quality; fertilization, cleavage, and implantation rates; and live births during ICSI cycles; as well as patient karyotype were obtained. Result(s) Over four cycles of ICSI, 111 oocytes were harvested, a high follicular response, but 68% were immature (germinal vesicles or metaphase I). Additionally, seven embryos were transfered, but none implanted. Owing to this unusual response in a young healthy woman, maternal karyotype was performed, which demonstrated 17% Turner mosaicism. Conclusion(s) This is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of excellent ovarian response but marked oocyte immaturity in a young woman with Turner mosaicism. The implications of sex chromosome aneuploidy on fertility and the significance of low oocyte maturity are discussed.
Parametric instability due to a low frequency whistler wave

Abstract A parametric instability is shown to exist in the presence of a low frequency (Ω ci ∼ ω 0 ⪡ |Ω ce |) , finite amplitude, right hand circularly polarized wave. An expression for the growth rate and threshold is derived.
Split-line pattern and histologic analysis of a human osteochondral plug graft.

The split-line pattern of collagen fibers in articular cartilage is oriented according to weight-bearing stresses. The importance of aligning the split-line pattern of articular cartilage in human osteochondral plug grafts relative to the surrounding cartilage has been proposed but not evaluated clinically. The purpose of this case report is to compare the articular split-line pattern with the histologic analysis of a specimen obtained from a patient who underwent an osteochondral plug transfer procedure with subsequent conversion to joint arthroplasty. The fresh osteochondral section obtained at total knee arthroplasty, including the area treated 18 months earlier with an osteochondral plug transfer, was fixed in formalin. Split-lines were demonstrated on the surface using a needle dipped in India ink. After decalcification and paraffin embedding, the specimen was sectioned and stained with Safranin O and fast green for histologic analysis. The split-line pattern of the anterior portion of the graft was oriented parallel to the resident cartilage; however, collagen orientation was divergent (approximately 30° oblique) to the surrounding cartilage near the posterior portion of the graft. It was at this margin that further resident articular degeneration was noted despite the plug articular surface remaining relatively intact. Although bony incorporation of the plug occurred, there was a residual chondral cleft at the graft-host interface. Our report suggests that an osteochondral plug transfer can survive despite a slightly divergent collagen split-line pattern of plug relative to the resident articular bed. Perhaps more important to the clinical outcome is the selection of true focal, traumatic lesions rather than lesions degenerative in etiology, no matter how focal they appear.
Practical Experiences in Implementing a National Portfolio Model at the High School Level

The challenge of portfolio assessment is to implement a system that both supports sound instructional practice and the flexibility that such instruction requires, and that provides accurate information about students' capabilities that can be used to support important decisions.
Unoccupied surface states on Cu(001): A comparison of experiment and theory.

We compare new high-resolution inverse-photoemission spectra of the unoccupied surface states on Cu(001) with a first-principles calculation of the same surface. This theoretical calculation includes the asymtotic long-range image potential. The commonly observed image state is found to correspond to the n=1 member of the Rydberg series of states derived from the image potential, i.e., the wave function has a single extremum beyond the crystal edge characteristic of the hydrogenic n=1 state. Agreement between theory and experiment for all states is excellent. The experimentally determined binding energies and effective masses are 0.62 eV and 0.98${m}_{e}$ for the n=1 image state and 0.8 eV (with respect to ${E}_{F}$) and 0.4${m}_{e}$ for the n=0 surface resonance. The results indicate that surface corrugation effects are negligible.
The premature aging syndromes

T he premature aging syndromes are rare disorders that mimic senescence. Interest in these syndromes has been great, in part because a more complete understanding of the pathophysiology of these syndromes may provide enhanced insight into the natural aging process. Thus, these syndromes have been the subject of numerous publications of original research as well as general reviews.lA Reviews in the dermatologic literature generally focus on syndromes that are characterized by the following progeroid cutaneous features identified by Gilchrest: dermal atrophy, loss of subcutaneous fat, premature graying of the hair, alopecia, poikiloderma, pigmentary aberrations, persistent cutaneous ulceration, cutaneous sclerosis, wrinkling, and nail dystrophy.‘-4 The epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory, and pathologic characteristics of progeria, Werner’s syndrome, acrogeria/metageria, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, Cockayne’s syndrome, and ataxia-telangiectasia are reviewed herein (Table 1).
The effects of a thermogenic supplement on resting metabolic rate in healthy males: preliminary results

Background Males looking to improve their body composition may ingest caffeine-containing supplements for the purposes of elevating resting metabolic rate. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a commercially available dietary supplement (containing ingredients that promote thermogenesis) on resting metabolic rate (RMR) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study.
On the structure of a class of sets useful in nonadaptive group testing

Abstract Some combinatorial extremal problems are considered that are central to nonadaptive group testing. Let T={1, 2, 3,…, t}, and let S={S1, S2,…, Sn} be a class of distinct subsets of T with the prop that each Si∪Sj is a distinct subset of T. The problems considered in this paper are to determine how large n can be if we restrict Si in various ways. In particular, we consider the case where the Si's are of cardinality at most three, and the case where any pair of elements from T is in at most a single subset Si. In both cases we obtain an upper bound for n, and show that the bound is always achieved using the existence of certain types of group divisible designs.
The minister as death counselor: A typology of role enactments

One hundred ministers in four states, one each from the Northeast, Northwest, South, and Southwest, served as the data base for the observation and description of roles enacted by the minister when counseling dying individuals. The thirteen roles isolated in this participant observation study are divided into categories — mood and occupational. Some of the functions and dysfunctions of each role are noted. These role descriptions are presented to sensitize the death counselor to the possibility of developing rigid role sets which may hinder the expression of emotional support needed by the terminally ill.
Molecular weight and physical properties of a lipoprotein from the floating fraction of egg yolk.

Ether extraction removes 80% of the floating fraction of egg yolk from its solution in 2.5% sodium chloride. On removal of the ether and dialysis against specific solvents two thirds of the remaining lipoprotein (40% lipid) precipitates, leaving a soluble fraction containing 50% lipid. The soluble and insoluble portions probably represent different levels of degradation rather than different lipoproteins since both materials are apparently derived by ether extraction from a natural entity of much higher lipid content. The soluble fraction is heterogeneous and has mean molecular weights of M w = 5.4 × 105 by light-scattering methods, and M n = 3.4 × 105 by osmotic pressure. A "light" fraction obtained by centrifuging and representing 38% of the soluble material had M w = 3.4 to 3.5 × 105. Heterogeneity in lipid content appears to be responsible for the low molecular weight (M w = 2.4 × 105) obtained by sedimentation.
Keynesianism, Monetarism, and the Contradiction of Japan's Modern Welfare State

The relationship between the state and the market is a controversial one that continues to occupy a prominent place in the field of political science. If "politics" is defined in terms of "who gets what, when and how" or as the "authoritative allocation of values,"1 then nowhere are these issues more directly addressed than in the manner in which nations struggle to find the appropriate balance between the role of the state and of the market in allocating scarce resources while facing numerous and often conflicting societal demands and national objectives.
Response of male codling moths (Cydia pomonella) to components of conspecific female sex pheromone glands in flight tunnel tests

In flight tunnel tests, the percentages of oriented upwind flights of male codling moths culminating in contacting a source of different compositions of female sex pheromone gland components were determined over a dosage range of 0.1-100,000Μg. The following compositions were tested: (1) (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol of 99.7% isomeric purity; (2) 1 + dodecanl-ol + tetradecan-1-ol; (3) 2 + decan-1-ol + (E)-9-dodecen-1-ol; and (4) an equilibrium mixture of 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol isomers (61%EE, 5%ZZ, 14%ZE, and 20%EZ). The ratios of the components in compositions 2 and 3 were chosen to produce vapor ratios equal to the natural ratios found in the female effluvium by Arn and coworkers. As the dose of composition 1 was increased from 0.1 to 10Μg, response increased from 0 to about 80% and then was approximately constant from 10 to 300Μg. Over the range 0.1-300Μg, the percentage of males contacting the septum was virtually the same as the percentage flying upwind. From 300 to 100,000Μg, the percentage of males flying upwind and contacting the source steadily decreased from about 80 to 0%. The male responses to compositions 2 and 3 were virtually identical to the response to 1. These results indicate, contrary to published reports, that dodecan-1-ol and tetradecan-1-ol in combination with 1 do not increase the responses of the behavioral modes determining degree of attractancy and disruption of sexual communication over that of 1 alone. These results also show that decan-1-ol and (E)-9-dodecen-1-ol do not enhance response in the five-component mixture. The response to composition 4 increased from 0% at a dose of 0.3Μg to 26% at a dose of 30Μg and then decreased to 0% at a dose of 3000Μg. Thus, the inhibiting effect of the isomers on response was greater at the higher doses.
Household-based costs and benefits of vaccinating healthy children in daycare against influenza virus: results from a pilot study.

Background: Vaccinating children against influenza virus may reduce infections in immunised children and household contacts, thereby reducing the household-based cost associated with respiratory illnesses. Objective: To evaluate the impact of influenza virus vaccination of daycare children on costs of respiratory illnesses of the children and their household contacts from the household and societal perspective. Study design: Cost analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial covering the period November to April of 1996–7 and 1998–9. Children (127 in 1996–7 and 133 in 1998–9) from daycare centres in Californian (USA) naval bases received influenza virus vaccine (inactivated) or hepatitis A virus vaccination. Outcome measures: Direct and indirect costs (1997 and 1999 US dollars) of respiratory illnesses in households of vaccinated and not vaccinated daycare children, excluding the cost of vaccination. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in household costs of respiratory illness between households with or without influenza virus-vaccinated children ($US635 vs $US492: p = 0.98 [1996–7]; $US412.70 vs $US499.50: p = 0.42 [1998–9]). In 1996–7, adult and 5- to 17-year-old contacts of vaccinated children had lower household costs than contacts of unvaccinated children ($US58.50 vs $US83.20, p = 0.01 and $US32.80 vs $US59.50, p = 0.04, respectively), while vaccinated children 0–4 years old had higher household costs than unvaccinated children in the same age group ($US383 vs $US236, p = 0.05). In 1998–9, there were no differences within individual age groups. Results from societal perspective were similar. Conclusions: Overall, from both the household and societal perspectives, there were no economic benefits to households from vaccinating daycare children against influenza virus. However, we found some over-time inconsistency in results; this should be considered if changing recommendations about routine influenza virus vaccination of healthy children. Our study size may limit the generalisability of the results.
Critical currents and magnetic relaxation in neutron irradiated Y123

Abstract Critical current densities have been inferred from magnetic hysteresis and volume pinning energies from magnetic relaxation measurements for neutron irradiated and unirradiated polycrystalline Y123 samples. Increases in the critical current densities, by factors of 2–3 in zero field and larger in a field, for the irradiated sample are observed. Large increases in the magnetic relaxation rate are also observed at H = 1T. From the relaxation data and the amount of irreversible magnetization, pinning energies of 0.01–0.06 eV and 0.01–0.03 eV are inferred for the irradiated and unirradiated samples, respectively.
Wavelength Modulated Spectra of α‐Ag0.7Zn0.3 near the Optical Absorption Edge

The optical properties of α-phase Ag 0.7Zn0.3 are determined near the optical absorption edge. This alloy composition dampens the sharp Ag-plasma resonance. The band shifts which are observed are in qualitative agreement with calculations which are performed for the similar alloy, α-Cu0.7Zn0.3.
Scanning electron microscopy of embryonic neural retina cell surfaces.

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy of surface morphology of embryonic neural retina cells in suspension revealed striking age-dependent differences between trypsin-dissociated and EGTA-separated cells (EGTA, ethylene bis [oxyethylene nitrolo]tetra-acetic acid). Trypsinized cells were characterized by numerous filopodial processes, ruffles and a relatively smooth-textured cell membrane. EGTA treatment resulted in only partial cell separation, paucity or absence of elongated filopodia, and a coarse-textured cell membrane. The findings are briefly considered in the context of age-dependent differences in retina cell interactions, cell surface properties, and the effects of the two methods of cell separation on the cell surface.
Phosphopyruvate carboxylase of rat lung

Phosphopyruvate carboxylase [GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.32] activity was detected in adult rat lung and was associated predominantly with the mitochondrial subcellular fraction. The enzyme was more active with Mn2+ than Mg2− and exhibited cofactor requirements similar to liver mitochondrial phosphopyruvate carboxylase. In the presence of Mn2+ the Michaelis constant for both lung and liver mitochondrial phosphopyruvate carboxylase was 7.10−5 M. While liver non-particulate phosphopyruvate carboxylase was inhibited by malate in the presence of Mg2+, both lung and liver mitochondrial enzymes were unaffected. Similarly, with Mg2+ as the bivalent cation only the lung and liver mitochondrial phosphopyruvate carboxylases were inhibited by AMP. The results indicate that the mitochondrial enzyme of rat lung has characteristics similar to those of the liver mitochondrial phosphopyruvate carboxylase.
Logical inference in English: A preliminary analysis

The perfect fit of syntactic derivability and logical consequence in first-order logic is one of the most celebrated facts of modern logic. In the present flurry of attention given to the semantics of natural language, surprisingly little effort has been focused on the problem of logical inference in natural language and the possibility of its completeness. Even the traditional theory of the syllogism does not give a thorough analysis of the restricted syntax it uses.
Composite Indices of Changes in Child and Youth Well-Being in the San Francisco Bay Area and the State of California, 1995–2005

For the San Francisco Bay Area and the state of California, this paper describes child and youth well-being and its changes over time for the years 1995 to 2005. Sixteen Key Indicators of child and youth well-being are classified into five domains/areas of social life. Summary indices of changes over time are calculated for each of the five domains and for overall well-being. Disparity Well-Being Indices also are studied. Results indicate that: (1) Overall well-being in the Bay Area and in California steadily improved across this decade. (2) The safety and behavioral concerns domain shows the greatest improvements. (3) Girls had an advantage over boys in overall well-being throughout the decade. (4) But, compared to girls, boys made much more progress in overall well-being during these years. (5) All four racial and ethnic groups show improvement in their well-being. (6) Nonetheless, Disparity Well-Being Indices show that gaps in well-being among racial/ethnic groups persisted over time. (7) Gender and race/ethnic groups generally show similar trends over time across most of the well-being domains.
Assessing Numerical Dependence in Gene Expression Summaries with the Jackknife Expression Difference

Statistical methods to test for differential expression traditionally assume that each gene's expression summaries are independent across arrays. When certain preprocessing methods are used to obtain those summaries, this assumption is not necessarily true. In general, the erroneous assumption of dependence results in a loss of statistical power. We introduce a diagnostic measure of numerical dependence for gene expression summaries from any preprocessing method and discuss the relative performance of several common preprocessing methods with respect to this measure. Some common preprocessing methods introduce non-trivial levels of numerical dependence. The issue of (between-array) dependence has received little if any attention in the literature, and researchers working with gene expression data should not take such properties for granted, or they risk unnecessarily losing statistical power.