cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐J‐58: Evaluation of Immobilization Devices Using EPID Measurements of Patient Set Up Variations

Purpose: Methodology to evaluate the performance of immobilization devices for head and neck (H&N) treatments using EPID measurements and a multiple linear regression model. Method and Materials: The immobilization devices considered for the analysis were: UON™ mask, Type‐S™ and Bear Claw™ head/neck/shoulder systems. We acquired daily electronic portal images for 35 H&N patients. PortalVision™ software was used to perform anatomy matches using the Digital Reconstructed Radiograph from the CT‐simulation, as the matching anatomy reference. The two‐dimensional mismatch data decomposed into the appropriate components along each body axis and the orientation of the patient, gantry and couch angles were considered. In order to evaluate the impact of the immobilization device on the deviation of a particular reference structure between simulation and treatment, we used a multiple linear regression model. Results: Although the mean values of the estimators are adequately estimated under the simple statistical procedures, the standard deviations of those estimators will be biased due to the clustered nature of data. The biasness in standard deviations will invalidate the T‐ and F‐tests. In order to correct for biasness of the standard deviations, we used a linear regression approach to generate robust standard errors corrected for clustering. We compared the results of an uncorrected linear regression with the corrected ones. Even though the uncorrected model showed statistically significant impact of using a particular device on the mean of the variation, the significance is eliminated when using corrected standard errors. Conclusion: By correcting for clustered and heteroscedastic nature of the data in a multiple regression setting, we assessed the degree of inter‐fractional variation and concluded that it is independent of the immobilization method. The effect of other factors (i.e. patient characteristics, experience of staff) on mean deviation may need to be considered for further analysis.Conflict of Interest: Partially funded by Varian.
Atrophic changes and adrenal cortical lipids

Abstract The adrenal glands from four inbred strains of male mice were investigated with reference to age-associated degenerative changes, and the effect of such changes on the distribution and density of the adrenal lipids as revealed by sections stained with Sudan black. An average of approximately 0.17 of the cortex in 35 per cent of the specimens was affected in varying by degenerative changes. The sudanophil material in the necrotic areas was abnormal in appearance, and occurred in subnormal and variable amounts in inverse proportion to the degree of cellular degeneration. The cortical areas which showed advanced stages of cellular degeneration contained little or no sudanophil material. The tabulated data indicate the incidence of cellular degeneration in the adrenal glands from mice of different strains and two age groups.
The influence of hypophysectomy, thyroidectomy, and of both hypophysectomy and thyroidectomy upon the fat content of the liver of the dog.

The control exercised by pituitary and thyroid glands upon lipid metabolism has been the subject of earlier reports from this laboratory (Chaikoff et al., 1936; Chaikoff et al., 1941; Entenman et al., 1942a and b). Hypophysectomy per se has but little effect on the levels of the blood lipids of the dog (Chaikoff et al., 1936). Provided caloric intake is not restricted, thyroidectomy, on the other hand, produces changes in the concentration of blood lipids of this animal (Chaikoff et al., 1941). Definite elevations in the levels of blood cholesterol esters were observed as early as 7 days after excision of the thyroid gland, and by the time 29 days had elapsed definite increases in total fatty acids were also found. Not all blood lipid constituents, however, responded to the same degree; phospholipids and free cholesterol seldom showed pronounced increases after thyroidectomy.
Measurement of urinary testosterone by gas-liquid chromatography

Abstract A method has been developed which employs gas-liquid chromatography for the assay of testosterone from extracts of human urine prepared according to an earlier method described by Camacho & Migeon in 1963. The trimethyl silyl ethers of testosterone and an internal standard, cistestosterone, were separated on the nitrile silicone rubber stationary phase XE-60. This method has given results which correspond satisfactorily with those obtained with UV spectrophotometry or measurement of sulfuric acid chromogens after paper chromatography.
Fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy: A procedure for allergists?

Fiberoptic endoscopy of the nose is not essential for routine evaluation of allergic rhinitis when the allergist is skilled in performing a thorough speculum examination. However, it is useful in the diagnosis of nasal polyps, malformations, tumors, and foreign bodies; when severe septal deviation or small nasal valves preclude good visualization; and in assessment of adenoid size in small children when lateral neck radiographs are inconclusive and digital examination is unacceptable.
Constraints on supersymmetry from rare kaon decays

Abstract The supersymmetric contributions to K + →π + + “nothing” decays are analyzed in the context of low energy spontaneously broken N = 1 supergravity models. It is found that the leading supersymmetric contributions to K + →π + ν ν can be at most of the same order as the standard model contributions with three generations. On the other hand a large enhancement for K + →π + g g g g (photono) is present. The constraints that the planned BNL experiment can impose on this class of models are commented on.
Modulation of CCK mRNA in cell lines in response to isoproterenol and retinoic acid.

Regulation of cholecystokinin (CCK) expression was studied in the human neuroepithelioma cell line SK-N-MCIXC and the rat medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line WE 4/2. The cells were treated with the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and retinoic acid, a natural derivative of vitamin A, which plays a role in cell growth and proliferation. Levels of CCK mRNA were determined after 6, 12 and 24 h drug treatments, with Northern blot analysis using human CCK riboprobes. In WE 4/2 cells no differences were observed in CCK mRNA levels, between control and isoproterenol treated cells, after 6, 12 or 24 h treatments. In SK-N-MCIXC cells isoproterenol increased CCK mRNA levels at all time points examined, the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol blocked this effect. SK-N-MCIXC cells were also treated with actinomycin D or cycloheximide in combination with isoproterenol. Actinomycin D decreased CCK mRNA levels. Cycloheximide increased CCK mRNA levels when compared to isoproterenol acting alone. Retinoic acid did not affect CCK mRNA levels in WE 4/2 cells. In SK-N-MCIXC cells, retinoic acid consistently decreased CCK mRNA level. CCK mRNA levels in SK-N-MCIXC cells treated with retinoic acid combined with either isoproterenol or phorbol-12-myristate-13 acetate, were not significantly different from cells treated with retinoic acid alone.
Power Distribution in Four-Player Weighted Voting Systems

The Hometown Muckraker is a small newspaper with a few writers and layout personnel, and an editorial staff of four. When major policy decisions require that the editorial staff vote, the Editor-in-Chief gets 3 votes; the Managing Editor gets 2 votes; and the News Editor and Feature Editor each get 1 vote, for a total of 7. A majority (4 votes) is needed to pass a motion. Lately, however, the Managing Editor has begun to feel that she has no more say in policy decisions than the News Editor or the Feature Editor has. In a private meeting with the Editor-in-Chief, she was told, "That's ridiculous; you have twice as many votes as they do, and therefore you have twice as much say." Is the Editor-in-Chief right? Or is it in fact true that the News Editor and the Feature Editor have just as much influence as the Managing Editor? In this note we show that not only is the Editor-in-Chief wrong, but there is no way to remedy the problem, at least in the sense of restructuring the voting system so that there is the following hierarchy of influence, or say on policy matters:
Identification of the drug Darvon and its metabolites in the urine of a comatose patient using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer system.

Mit Hilfe von hoch- und niederauflosender Massenspektroskopie sowie Daten eines Gas-chromatograph-Massenspektrometer-Computer-Systems wurden die Droge Darvon3 sowie eine Reihe ihrer Metaboliten im Harn eines Uberdosispatienten nachgewiesen.
A Factor Analytic Study of the Infant-Toddler and Early Childhood Versions of the HOME Inventory Administered to White, Black, and Hispanic American Parents of Children Born Preterm

Factor analyses were performed on the Infant-Toddler and the Early Childhood versions of the HOME Inventory for 3 groups (blacks, whites, and Hispanics) of premature, low-birthweight children. Participants lived in 8 different U.S. cities. On the IT-HOME, 5 factors were originally retained for each group using the principal factors method of extraction. Factor structures for blacks and whites were similar, accounting for 85% and 75% of the variance, respectively. The structure for Hispanics was somewhat different; a 7-factor solution accounting for 65% of the variance was most interpretable. For the EC-HOME, 6 factors were retained for both black and white groups, accounting for 80% and 73% of the variance, respectively. For Hispanics, an 8-factor solution accounted for 59% of the variance. The factor structures for blacks and whites were largely in agreement with the current organization of items into subscales. The fit for Hispanics was not quite as good, but most factors also corresponded to current subscales.
A Model of the Impact of Methyl Parathion Spraying on a Quail Population

Numerous books and papers have been written on the justification of models (PATTEN 1971, 1972, 1975, 1976; JEFFERS 1972; MAKI & THOMPSON 1973; deWIT & GOUDRIAAN 1974; THORNLEY 1976; GOLD 1977; HALL & DAY 1977; SOLOMON & WALTERS 1977) and more specifically the use of models in the natural resource field (DAVIS 1967; WATT 1968; GILES & SCOTT 1969; HAYNE 1969; LOBDELL et al. 1972; GROSS et al. 1973; NICHOLS et al. 1976; TIPTON 1977; COWARDIN & JOHNSON 1979). We will illustrate herein the potential use of models in evaluating the impacts of pesticides and environmental contaminants on wildlife populations.
Bt: Mode of action and use

The insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) represent a class of biopesticides that are attractive alternatives to broad-spectrum "hard" chemistries. The U.S. Food Quality Protection Act and the European Economic Council directives aimed at reducing the use of carbamate and organophosphate insecticides were expected to increase the use of narrowly targeted, "soft" compounds like Bt. Here we summarize the unique mode of action of Bt, which contributes to pest selectivity. We also review the patterns of Bt use in general agriculture and in specific niche markets. Despite continued predictions of dramatic growth for biopesticides due to US Food Quality Protection Act-induced cancellations of older insecticides, Bt use has remained relatively constant, even in niche markets where Bt has traditionally been relatively high.
Semiclassical theory of «optical activity» in the asymmetric top. II: Near resonance

Abstract The theory of the optical activity of the asymmetric top in pure rotational spectroscopy is extended to near-resonant frequencies, where there is no analog of the Rosenberg dispersion formula except at zero intensity. Since the optical activity effects due to pure rotational motion are expected to be quite weak, resonance enhancement (requiring the resonant form of the parameter β) may be crucial to their observation. The molecular parameters which determine optical activity are the same as in the off-resonance case. An expression for the parameter β, valid as the driving frequency goes through resonance, is displayed.
Symptoms of Extraesophageal Reflux in a Community-Dwelling Sample

Summary Objectives: Extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD) is linked with serious and varied health concerns. The authors' goal was to determine the prevalence of EERD and the effect on health-related quality of life in adults within a large community-based sample. Study Design: Survey study conducted in a community setting. Methods: In the Madison, Wisconsin area, 1845 adult subjects were surveyed. Main outcome measures were frequently of GERD and laryngeal symptoms, the Medical Outcomes Trust Short Form 12 (SF-12), Voice Handicap Index (VHI), and Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia (QOLRAD) questionnaires. Results: More than 66% of subjects reported either GERD or laryngeal symptoms, and 26% reported both GERD and laryngeal symptoms (which reflect symptoms commonly reported for EERD). In addition, 39% of our sample took medicine for heartburn. Forty-four percent of subjects with both GERD and laryngeal symptoms reported occasional breathing difficulties, and 38% of these subjects reported a voice disorder. Significant reductions in perceived quality of general health, digestive health, and voice-related quality of life were found in subjects with both GERD and laryngeal symptoms, in comparison with subjects manifesting each symptom group alone, or in subjects with no symptoms. Conclusions: The presence of GERD and laryngeal symptoms, and their concurrence, was identified in a substantial number of subjects. The GERD and laryngeal symptoms surveyed represent those most commonly reported for EERD. Because EERD has been linked with tissue damage and reductions in health-related quality of life, it is important to identify these persons and provide treatment before progression of the condition.
Polymer Waveguide-Based Optical Backplane for Fine-Grained Computing

The interconnection requirements of fine-grained computing are examined and compared to the requirements of coarser grained, multiplexed systems. Specifications for the interconnection medium are developed and compared to the performance of available optical source and interconnection components. The use of polyimide waveguides for both applications is considered and the probable architecture of a multiboard fine-grained system is described.
Surface Ocean Mixing Inferred from Different Multisatellite Altimetry Measurements

Abstract Two sea surface height (SSH) anomaly fields distributed by Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic (AVISO) Altimetry are evaluated in terms of the effects that they produce on mixing. One SSH anomaly field, tagged REF, is constructed using measurements made by two satellite altimeters; the other SSH anomaly field, tagged UPD, is constructed using measurements made by up to four satellite altimeters. Advection is supplied by surface geostrophic currents derived from the total SSH fields resulting from the addition of these SSH anomaly fields to a mean SSH field. Emphasis is placed on the extraction from the currents of Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs), which, acting as skeletons for patterns formed by passively advected tracers, entirely control mixing. The diagnostic tool employed to detect LCSs is provided by the computation of finite-time Lyapunov exponents. It is found that currents inferred using UPD SSH anomalies support mixing with characteristics similar t...
Multiview activity recognition in smart homes with spatio-temporal features

Recognizing activities in a home environment is challenging due to the variety of activities that can be performed at home and the complexity of the environment. Multiple cameras are usually needed to cover the whole observation area. This adds camera fusion as another challenge to activity recognition. We propose a hierarchical approach that recognizes both coarse-level and fine-level activities, in which different image features and learning methods are used for different activities based on their characteristics. The paper focuses on discussing the second-level of activity recognition with spatio-temporal features. Specifically, three fusion approaches for multiview activity recognition with spatio-temporal features are presented, including two decision fusion methods and one feature fusion method. They are comparatively analyzed in terms of their tradeoffs on assumptions on system setup, model transferability and recognition rate. Experiments show that challenging activities with subtle motions such as eating, cutting, scrambling, typing, reading etc. can be recognized with our approaches.
Laser‐induced charge transfer in the HeH+2 and H2+ quasimolecules

The cross sections for laser‐induced charge transfer during the collisions of He+2 and H+ ions with hydrogen atoms are calculated. The electron transfer is into the n = 2 excited levels of the incident ions. Using the exact energy levels and dipole moments of the one‐electron diatomic molecule, the cross sections are found to be broad functions of the wavelength of the pumping laser. For a focused laser intensity of 1012 W/cm2 at a wavelength corresponding to the third harmonic of the Nd‐glass laser, the calculated charge transfer cross section is greater than 10−15 cm2 for the case of He+2 incident on hydrogen. The photon‐induced cross section is largest at low collision velocities where the competing collision‐induced reaction is negligible.
Mitogenic activity in ovine uterine fluids: Characterization of a growth factor activity which specifically stimulates myoblast proliferations

Fluids produced by the uterus of pregnant sheep (OUF-ovine uterine fluids) were assayed for mitogenic activity in a thymidine incorporation assay. A dose-dependent mitogenic activity was observed in OUF which exceeded that of adult ovine plasma or fetal bovine serum. Uterine fluids were capable of stimulating thymidine incorporation in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, rat L6 myoblasts, ovine trophoblast-derived cells, HeLa S3 cells, and bovine aortic endothelial cells. The greatest stimulation was observed in L6 myoblasts. The name ovine uterine-derived growth factor (ovine UDGF) has been suggested for this activity.
Differential cytotoxic effects of azadirachtin on Spodoptera frugiperda and mouse cultured cells

Azadirachtin is a natural biopesticide extracted from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica); however, its safety to mammals is not well documented. This study examined the influence of azadirachtin on the proliferation and morphology of Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells (SF-9), and mouse erythroleukemia cells (MEL-GM 86). Cell kinetic studies conducted at 24 h intervals for 144 h showed that azadirachtin treatments (0.05, 0.20 and 0.50 μg/ml) inhibited cell multiplication of the SF-9 cells. This inhibitory effect was dose dependent. Conversely, azadirachtin at 30 μg/ml did not reduce MEL-GM 86 cell proliferation. SF- 9 cells displayed an increase in cell swelling and cell abnormalities after 48 h of treatment with azadirachtin, whereas no such changes were detected in MEL-GM 86 cells. A scanning electron microscope study revealed that treatment with an azadirachtin concentration as low as 0.10 μg/ml induced cell swelling and caused distortions on the cell surface ultrastructure of SF-9 cells characterized by blebbing and holes after 48 h of treatment. However, these effects were not seen in the azadirachtin-treated MEL- GM 86 cells.
Association of spinal lamina I projections with brainstem catecholamine neurons in the monkey.

In addition to giving primary projections to the parabrachial and periaqueductal gray regions, ascending lamina I projections course through and terminate in brainstem regions known to contain catecholaminergic cells. For this reason, double-labeling experiments were designed for analysis with light and electron microscopy. The lamina I projections in the Cynomolgus monkey were anterogradely labeled with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and catecholamine-containing neurons were labeled immunocytochemically for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Light level double-labeling experiments revealed that the terminations of the lamina I ascending projections through the medulla and pons strongly overlap with the localization of catecholamine cells in: the entire rostrocaudal extent of the ventrolateral medulla (A1 caudally, C1 rostrally); the solitary nucleus and the dorsomedial medullary reticular formation (A2 caudally, C2 rostrally); the ventrolateral pons (A5); the locus coeruleus (A6); and the subcoerulear region, the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, and the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei (A7). At the light microscopic level, close appositions between PHA-L-labeled lamina I terminal varicosities and TH-positive dendrites and somata were observed, particularly in the A1, A5 and the A7 cell groups on the contralateral side. At the electron microscopic level, examples of lamina I terminals were found synapsing on cells of the ventrolateral catecholamine cell groups in preliminary studies. The afferent input relayed by these lamina I projections could provide information about pain, temperature, and metabolic state as described previously. Lamina I input could impact interactions of the catecholamine system with higher brain centers modulating complex autonomic, endocrine, sensory, motor, limbic and cortical functions such as memory and learning. Nociceptive lamina I input to catecholamine cell regions with projections back to the spinal cord could form a feedback loop for control of spinal sensory, autonomic and motor activity.
Estimation of viral richness from shotgun metagenomes using a frequency count approach.

Viruses are important drivers of ecosystem functions, yet little is known about the vast majority of viruses. Viral shotgun metagenomics enables the investigation of broad ecological questions in phage communities. One ecological characteristic is species richness, which is the number of different species in a community. Viruses do not have a phylogenetic marker analogous to the bacterial 16S rRNA gene with which to estimate richness, and so contig spectra are employed to measure the number of virus taxa in a given community. A contig spectrum is generated from a viral shotgun metagenome by assembling the random sequence reads into groups of sequences that overlap (contigs) and counting the number of sequences that group within each contig. Current tools available to analyze contig spectra to estimate phage richness are limited by relying on rank-abundance data. We present statistical estimates of virus richness from contig spectra. The program CatchAll ( http://www.northeastern.edu/catchall/ ) was used to analyze contig spectra in terms of frequency count data rather than rank-abundance, thus enabling formal statistical analyses. Also, the influence of potentially spurious low-frequency counts on richness estimates was minimized by two methods, empirical and statistical. The results show greater estimates of viral richness than previous calculations in nearly all environments analyzed, including swine feces and reclaimed fresh water. CatchAll yielded consistent estimates of richness across viral metagenomes from the same or similar environments. Additionally, analysis of pooled viral metagenomes from different environments via mixed contig spectra resulted in greater richness estimates than those of the component metagenomes. Using CatchAll to analyze contig spectra will improve estimations of richness from viral shotgun metagenomes, particularly from large datasets, by providing statistical measures of richness.
Centrosome Biology: A SAS-sy Centriole in the Cell Cycle

A novel protein in Caenorhabditis elegans, SAS-4, is a component of centrioles and is required for centriole duplication. Depletion of SAS-4 results in stunted centrioles and a smaller centrosome, suggesting a link to organelle size control.
Amphoteric, water-soluble polymer-bound hydrogenation catalysts

The synthesis of a water soluble polymer-bound hydrogenation catalyst that is homogeneous and active in basic aqueous media but insoluble and inactive in weakly acidic media is described. This catalyst is also active in organic solvents. In water, the catalyst can be recovered by acidifying the solution to a pH <5. In acetonitrile, the catalyst can be recovered by solvent (ether) precipitation. Activities of the catalyst are comparable to but in every case slightly lower than those of a structurally similar low molecular weight catalyst. Recovery and reuse of the polymeric catalyst is simpler and more efficient.
Planned Global Interdependence as a Foreign Policy Goal: The Problem of Coordinating Trading Relationships

Abstract. The significance of the concept of interdependence is dealt with from four aspects. 1) Attention is focused upon the meanings attached to the concept of interdependence in the growing literature on the subject. 2) The mathematical structure of the concept is analyzed and its implications for, and restraints upon, global planning are emphasized. 3) the analysis of the implications of the concept for global planning is further extended by a discussion of the tasks that would be involved in all efforts to coordinate global plans that have been developed within a framework of International forms of interdependence. 4) An effort is made to relate the tasks of coordination for global plans that reflect various forms of interdependence, to economic concerns and to the relationships that arise for interdependencies of trade.
Bilayers containing gangliosides develop channels when exposed to cholera toxin

CHOLERA toxin, a protein of molecular weight 84,000, comprising five or six B and one A subunits, produces massive diarrhoea in man and other mammals by altering the transport of salt and water across the intestinal epithelium1–4. These effects are mediated by a sequence of events leading to an increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP in the epithelial cells. The sequence involves binding of the toxin through its B subunits to specific receptors which seem to be the mono-sialoganglioside galactosyl-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-(N-acetyl-neuraminyl)-galactosyl-glucosyl-ceramide (GM1), and subsequent activation of adenyl cyclase5–7. We report here experiments which show that cholera toxin reacts with lipid bilayers containing GM1 to form channels which allow ions present in the aqueous solution to traverse the membrane.
UDP-galactose-4-epimerase activity of developing mouse brain and liver extracts.

Summary UDP-galactose-4-epimerase from acetone powder extracts of developing mouse brain and liver exhibited significant variation as a function of age. Acetone powders were prepared from pooled brains and pooled livers of Swiss albino mice of one through 64 days of age. Aqueous buffered extracts from these powders were assayed enzymatically for epimerase activity, and total nitrogen was determined by a micro-Kjeldahl procedure to measure enzyme specific activities. In the brain, epimerase specific activity reaches a maximum between 8 and 16 days post-partum. This peak of total activity is also observed at 16 days post-partum, and it coincides with myelination. It also coincides with the active incorporation of galactose and serine in brain gangliosides and neutral glycolipids as reported earlier by Burton et al. By contrast, the peak of epimerase specific activity which appears at between 4 and 8 days for liver is not reflected in the total enzyme activity measurement, thus showing that liver epimerase activity remains essentially constant as specific activity to wet weight during mouse development. These data are consistent with a possible enzyme control mechanism which affects galactose metabolism and incorporation in the brain of the mouse.
Regional Nationalist Parties and ‘New Polities’: The Bloque Nacionalista Galego and Plaid Cymru

It has become commonplace for scholars to lump regional nationalist parties in Western Europe together with other so-called 'New Politics' parties. However, little systematic work has been undertaken to determine the validity of this claim. Employing original membership data related to two such parties in Galicia and Wales, I test the assertion that regional nationalist party activists are characterized by certain socio-demographic profiles and postmaterialist attitudes typical of other New Politics parties. The findings demonstrate that while the Galician party follows the New Politics paradigm, the Welsh party does not. These findings are insufficient, however, to categorically reject a link between regional nationalism and the New Politics. Instead, I conclude that analysts need to develop better models to account for the variation in regional nationalist party support across Europe.
Accidents with the unknown: Towards utilizing the hindrance of theory in counseling practice

This reflective work examines the paradoxical relations between theory and the performance of counseling. Ideas from the complexity theory of cybernetics and the pragmatics of creative expression are utilized to voice an epistemology of therapeutic ‘not-knowing’. Here the counselor's conscious awareness of know-how is regarded as less critical than the embodiment of non-purposively and spontaneously brought forth performance. Absurdity, uncertainty, polyphony and relational primacy are proposed as relevant metaphors for acknowledging higher-order presence in any situation that aims to evoke creative transformation.
193nm Photoresist R&D:The Risk & Challenge

In this paper we examine the technical and business environment in which 193 nm photoresist R&D is conducted today. Semiconductor industry predictions of lithographic requirements for future generations of DRAM and Logic indicate the need for 0.18 and sub 0.18μm manufacturing capability within the next decade. 248nm DUV lithography and the tool/photoresist infrastructure is just reaching the state required for manufacturing at 0.25μm dimensions after a decade of intensive effort at tool and photoresist development. 193nm tool and photoresist development is beginning to demonstrate potential for 0.18-0.15μm capability but much progress is required for the 193 lithography infrastructure to reach a the point at which manufacturing capability can be applied to the 1Gb and later generations of semiconductor technologies. In this paper we will compare and contrast 248 and 193nm photoresist R&D.
The Roman Catholic Church, the State and Al Smith

Historians have shown a reluctance to discuss a basic issue of the Al Smith campaign of 1928: the relationship between the Church and the State.
Investigation of Indentation Methods for Properties Determination in Hard Film–Soft Substrate Systems

Elastic modulus values of the thin films utilized in three different hard film- soft substrate systems were measured using a combination of traditional and continuous stiffness indentation. These systems were chosen to represent typical systems currently utilized in MEMS and included Si/SU8/W, Si/SiO 2 /Ti/Pt/PZT, and Si/SiO 2 /Ti/Pt. The last system was coated with either a compressive or nonstressed Cr film. By taking into account ratio between the creep due to the polymer substrate, SU8, to the unloading rate, the modulus of W was measured to be 400 GPa. The modulus of the SU8 was also determined to be 6 GPa. Comparing both the CSM and traditional indentation for the Si/SiO 2 /Ti/Pt/PZT system showed that the dynamic motion of the indenter caused pile-up in the PZT and resulting in the overestimation of the PZT modulus. This pile-up is a function of the sinusoidal loading frequency. Instead, the modulus of the PZT was measured by shallow depths of traditional indentation that resulted in the PZT modulus of 100 GPa. The hard film-soft substrate systems were show to follow the same trend as stressed soft-film hard-substrate systems with residual stress. The modulus was over estimated for compressively stressed Cr films.
Evaluating an Authoring Tool for Model-Tracing Intelligent Tutoring Systems

We have been creating an authoring tool, the Cognitive Model SDK, which allows non-cognitive scientists and non-programmers to produce a cognitive model for model-tracing tutors [1, 2]. The SDK is in use by developers at Carnegie Learning to produce their commercial Cognitive Tutors for math. However, it has never been evaluated with regards to the strong claim that non-cognitive scientists and non-programmers could, without much effort, produce useful cognitive models with it. The research presented here shows that this can be done, using a task that past researchers have used [3]. The models are evaluated across several metrics to see what characteristics of either them or their creators may distinguish better models from worse models. The goal of this work is to establish a baseline for future work examining how cognitive modeling can be opened up to a wider class of people.
Pictorial Structures for Molecular Modeling: Interpreting Density Maps

X-ray crystallography is currently the most common way protein structures are elucidated. One of the most time-consuming steps in the crystallographic process is interpretation of the electron density map, a task that involves finding patterns in a three-dimensional picture of a protein. This paper describes DEFT (DEFormable Template), an algorithm using pictorial structures to build a flexible protein model from the protein's amino-acid sequence. Matching this pictorial structure into the density map is a way of automating density-map interpretation. Also described are several extensions to the pictorial structure matching algorithm necessary for this automated interpretation. DEFT is tested on a set of density maps ranging from 2 to 4A resolution, producing root-mean-squared errors ranging from 1.38 to 1.84A.
Investigating the impact of message size and broadcast frequency on hybrid data dissemination protocol for VANETs

Delivering data with maximum efficiency to a widest possible reach is critical for most VANET applications. Multi-hop and store-and-forward are two mutually exclusive categories of ad hoc broadcast protocols that are used to disseminate data. Both these schemes have their strengths but also have weaknesses. In previous work, we proposed a novel hybrid protocol that capitalizes on the strengths and mitigates the weaknesses of these two categories. We evaluated the performance of our hybrid protocol by varying aggregation ratio, density, and the broadcast zone radius and got promising results. As an extension to our previous work, in this paper we investigate the behavior and performance of our proposed hybrid data dissemination protocol by varying the data message size and frequency of the broadcast messages. We use simulation to study the performance of the proposed hybrid protocol in comparison to pure store-and-forward and pure multi-hop broadcast protocols. Our results demonstrate that the hybrid protocol is effective in both the urban and highway mobility scenarios showing better latency than pure store-and-forward and less data sent than pure-multi-hop broadcast schemes.
Libra: a library operating system for a jvm in a virtualized execution environment

If the operating system could be specialized for every application, many applications would run faster. For example, Java virtual machines (JVMs) provide their own threading model and memory protection, so general-purpose operating system implementations of these abstractions are redundant. However, traditional means of transforming existing systems into specialized systems are difficult to adopt because they require replacing the entire operating system. This paper describes Libra, an execution environment specialized for IBM's J9 JVM. Libra does not replace the entire operating system. Instead, Libra and J9 form a single statically-linked image that runs in a hypervisor partition. Libra provides the services necessary to achieve good performance for the Java workloads of interest but relies on an instance of Linux in another hypervisor partition to provide a networking stack, a filesystem, and other services. The expense of remote calls is offset by the fact that Libra's services can be customized for a particular workload; for example, on the Nutch search engine, we show that two simple customizations improve application throughput by a factor of 2.7.
Ratings as Regulatory Stamps

a b s t r a c t This paper analyzes the implications of the regulatory benefits that the investors derive from holding highly rated securities for a credit rating agency’s (CRA) rating policy. The CRA’s endogenous rating fee is shown to be decreasing in the accuracy of the rating. The CRA provides a rating only when the investors’ regulatory benefit exceeds a minimum threshold. The regulatory reliance on ratings unambiguously reduces rating quality. Strategic rating inflation is more likely for complex financial securities with high fixed evaluation costs, and regulatory reliance on ratings expands the class of assets where rating inflation can occur. The ratings solicited by issuers who are more exposed to negative balance sheet shocks are more likely to be inaccurately optimistic. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Observations of the Birefringence and Refractive Index of Synthetic Fibers with Special Reference to Their Identification

Birefringence and refractive indices of synthetic fibers are measured by the polarization color and immersion methods.These properties prove to be much more consistent and characteristic for synthetic fibers than for natural fibers and rayons, to which previous studies had mainly been confined. These fea tures can therefore be used in the identification of synthetic fibers.A simple polarizing device for making these measurments using an ordinary microscope is described.
A geriatric and gerontologic perspective on the effects of medical conditions on older drivers : discussion of Waller

In discussing Waller's paper, we build on his review of medical conditions and the risk of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) using principles derived from geriatrics, gerontology, and health services research. Three approaches are suggested. The medical model uses discrete diseases as risk factors, but despite its utility and appeal, this model does not sufficiently characterize health and functional status to be the sole approach, and future investigative efforts should at least consider severity of illness concepts. The functional status model emphasizes a functional and physiological approach to health status, but despite its successful application in geriatric assessment and its investigative promise, functional status can be difficult to measure and has not been validated in relation to MVA risk. Finally we consider a behavioral model and within that framework discuss the relation of depressive and other emotional illnesses as well as social vitality to driving patterns and MVA occurrence.
Design and performance of a modular hardware process mapper (scheduler) for a real-time token controlled data driven multiprocessor architecture

Dynamic process mapping mechanisms can be responsible for efficient routing of control tokens through real-time data driven multiprocessor architectures. These mechanisms perform a resource allocation function within such an architecture and are therefore critical to the real-time operation and performance of such an architecture. Dynamic process mapping mechanisms can be realized in hardware or software. It can be shown a hardware process mapping mechanism is faster than a functionally equivalent software process mapper. This paper presents a fast dynamic modular hardware process mapping mechanism for a real-time data-driven multiprocessor architecture, the dynamic pipeline computer architecture (DPCA), its organization and design suitable for VLSI implementation and a performance analysis. The basic process mapper design is modular and therefore may be utilized in parallel data-driven computer architectures. Process mapping time is shown to be proportional to O(log/sub 2/ N) where N represents the number of process mapping modules required within a token controlled data driven multiprocessor system. >
fMLP-stimulated release of reactive oxygen species from adherent leukocytes increases microvessel permeability

Our previous study (Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288: H1331–H1338, 2005) demonstrated that TNF-α induced significant leukocyte adhesion without causing increases in microvessel permeability, and...
The Interplay of International Students’ Acculturative Stress, Social Support, and Acculturation Modes

This study examined the relationship between acculturation modes (assimilation, integration, separation and marginalization), social support, and acculturative stress in undergraduate and graduate international students (N=104) at a medium-sized public university in the Midwestern United States. The study found that international students with broad-based social support and an Integration approach to acculturation experienced lower levels of acculturative stress. Implications for more effective counseling with international students are addressed.
Plato's Vision of Chaos

In the creation myth of the Timaeus Plato describes God as wishing that all things should be good so far as is possible. Wherefore, finding the whole visible sphere of the world not at rest, but moving in an irregular fashion, out of disorder He brought order, thinking that this was in every way an improvement. To achieve His end He placed intelligence in soul and soul in body, reflecting that nothing unintelligent could ever be better than something intelligent (30 a—b). From this account of creation it would seem that God confronted a chaotic world whose disorderly motions existed in full independence of the principle of soul. Yet, in his doctrinal pronouncements in the Laws (892 a) and the Pbaedrus (245 e) on the origin of motion, Plato declares soul to be elder born than bodies and the prime source of all their changes and transformations.
Identification and conservation application of signal, noise, and taxonomic effects in diversity patterns

Identificacion y aplicacion en la conservacion de los efectos senal, ruido y taxonomicos en patrones de diversidad.? Los estudios de mariposas y aves en el Great Basin han identificado patrones biogeograficos que permiten evaluar como las medidas dinamicas de biodiversidad (riqueza especifica y renovacion de especies) pueden afectar la planificacion y la gestion adaptativa de la conservacion. El analisis de subgrupos anidados sugiere que los procesos que influyen en la predicibilidad de la composicion de los grupos difieren entre los distintos grupos taxonomicos. Asimismo la importancia relativa de estos procesos puede variar espacialmente dentro de un grupo taxonomico. Puede haber un retraso en el tiempo entre los cambios ambientales deterministas y una respuesta faunistica detectable, incluso para los grupos taxonomicos que se sabe que son sensibles a los cambios del clima y de la cubierta del suelo. Las medidas de diversidad beta eran sensibles a las correlaciones entre la resolucion del muestreo y la heterogeneidad ambiental local. La variacion espacial y temporal en la composicion de especies indico que el muestreo extensivo en el espacio es mas efectivo, para obtener inferencias sobre como responde la biodiversidad a cambios ambientales, que el muestreo intensivo, en relativamente pocos sitios y mas pequenos.
Discussion of "Dynamic analysis of generation control performance standards"

The author comments on the paper by T. Sasaki et al. (see ibid., vol.17, p.806-11, 2002). He points out that the paper serves to demonstrate the usefulness of dynamic simulation as a quasiempirical check on conclusions derived theoretically from a small set of assumptions, by exposing unexpected relationships between variables through iterative interactions over time. The abstract summarizes the method, but not the results, of the paper which the author summarises in three parts. The author comments on three points raised by the original authors.
100G - Key technology enablers of 100Gbit/s in carrier networks

The demand for increased bandwidth is ever present. This paper reviews the attributes of coherent systems in light of the challenges faced by system designers to realize 100 Gb/s optical transmission systems.
A Survey of Agent-Oriented Programming

Many researchers have considered the problem of representing an agent in terms of its mental state. Originally, these researchers believed that agents must have informational attitudes, such as beliefs or knowledge, in order to store information to be used in reasoning, and motivational attitudes, such as desires, in order for the agents to have a reason to act. Bratman [2] showed that these attitudes are not sufficient, and added the attitude of intention to the framework. This gave rise to a good deal of work on BDI-architectures, in which the mental states of agents consisted of the attitudes beliefs, desires, and intentions.
Bone marrow segmentation based on a combined consideration of transverse relaxation processes and Dixon oscillations.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that gradient-echo sampling of single spin echoes can be used to isolate the signal from trabecular bone marrow, with high-quality segmentation and surface reconstructions resulting from the application of simple post-processing strategies. Theoretical expressions of the time-domain single-spin-echo signal were used to simulate signals from bone marrow, non-bone fatty deposits and muscle. These simulations were compared with and used to interpret signals obtained by the application of the gradient-echo sampling of a spin-echo sequence to image the knee and surrounding tissues at 1.5 T. Trabecular bone marrow has a much higher reversible transverse relaxation rate than surrounding non-bone fatty deposits and other musculoskeletal tissues. This observation, combined with a choice of gradient-echo spacing that accentuates Dixon-type oscillations from chemical-shift interference effects, enabled the isolation of bone marrow signal from surrounding tissues through the use of simple image subtraction and thresholding. Three-dimensional renderings of the marrow surface were then readily generated with this approach - renderings that may prove useful for bone morphology assessment, e.g. for the measurement of femoral anteversion. In conclusion, understanding the behavior of signals from bone marrow and surrounding tissue as a function of time through a spin echo facilitates the segmentation and reconstruction of bone marrow surfaces using straightforward post-processing strategies that are typically available on modern radiology workstations.
Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and its Prohibition of Employment Discrimination

Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits employment discrimination. Title II of the ADA prohibits discrimination in the provision of programs, services, or activities by federal, state, and local government entities. Title I, however, contains significant coverage gaps: federal employees, and employees of employers with less than fifteen employees, are not covered. When these employees are discriminated against on the basis of disability, they often sue under Title II, which does not contain the Title I exclusions.The federal circuit courts are split on the issue of whether the ADA Title II applies to employment discrimination claims. The Ninth Circuit has held that it does not, reasoning that the exclusions in Title I would be meaningless if litigants could back-door their claims via Title II. The Second, Fourth, Fifth, and Eleventh Circuits, however, relying on the plain language of the statute and on Department of Justice regulations, have held that Title II does apply to employment discrimination claims. This article agrees with the latter set of circuits, arguing that such an interpretation is consistent with the statute's plain language, legislative history, legislative intent, and administrative regulations.