cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The North Cape oil spill: hydrocarbons in Rhode Island coastal waters and Point Judith Pond.

Abstract On 19 January 1996, the North Cape oil barge ran aground near Moonstone Beach, RI, and spilled over 2700 metric tons of No. 2 fuel oil during a severe winter storm. High winds and rough seas drove the oil into the water column, and the oil spread throughout Block Island Sound and into several coastal salt ponds. Over 50 water samples were collected from Point Judith Pond (PJP) and the southern coast of Rhode Island for four months after the spill and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). These analyses revealed that at least 60 km2 of coastal waters were impacted from the spill. Maximum concentrations of ΣPAHs and TPHs were 115 and 3940 μg l−1, respectively. The percentage of ΣPAHs relative to the TPHs for all samples varied from 0.2 to 43%, showing that there was no clear relationship between ΣPAHs and TPHs for the whole dataset and likely resulting from spatial and temporal partitioning over the course of the spill. However, within the dataset, there were stronger correlations for distinct samples collected at similar locations and times. In PJP, water column concentrations of individual PAHs decreased at rates of 0.08–0.24 day−1 and lower-molecular weight PAHs were removed faster than higher-molecular weight PAHs.
Further views from professors, state directors, and analysts

This chapter surveys state directors and professors in community college leadership programs, as well as the writings of key analysts of higher education, for the challenges, opportunities, and central concerns they identify in the present and future of community colleges.
Impact of pharmacodynamic variability on drug delivery1

Modern pharmaceutical delivery systems are intended to produce plasma drug concentration versus time profiles that result in optimum therapeutic efficacy and a minimum of drug concentration-dependent adverse effects. To accomplish this requires that the drug delivery rate and temporal profile be based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the specific medicinal agent. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters are subject to considerable interindividual variability. Whereas the importance of pharmacokinetic variability is generally recognized, the significance of pharmacodynamic variability (i.e., variability in the relationship between effect intensity and drug concentration) is not as widely appreciated. Pharmacodynamic variability is typically quite large, reproducible, and often substantially exceeds the relative magnitude of pharmacokinetic variability. This article consists of a review of how to assess pharmacodynamic variability, clinical examples of pharmacodynamic variability of drugs with a wide range of indications, and an outline of mechanisms of pharmacodynamic variability.
Single crystal growth of FeAs2 and FeSb2

Abstract Single crystals of FeAs2 were grown by chemical vapor transport with chlorine or iodine, and single crystals of FeSb2 were grown by chemical transport with chlorine. Chemical analysis of the single crystals gave the stoichiometries FeAs2.00±0.01 and FeSb2.00±0.02. X-ray and thermogravimetric analysis showed that neither compound could withstand a deviation in stoichiometry and remain single phase.
A Conceptual Model of Nursing and Health Policy

A new conceptual model of nursing and health policy was designed to extend substantive knowledge of health policy within the discipline of nursing through policy analysis, policy or program evaluation, and disciplinary research that are conducted at five levels. Level 1 focuses on the effectiveness of nursing practice processes on the health outcomes of individuals, families, groups, and communities. Level 2 focuses on the efficiency of nursing practice delivery systems. Level 3 focuses on the effectiveness and efficiency of a specific health care delivery system. Level 4 focuses on equity of access to effective and efficient nursing practice processes and nursing practice delivery systems. Level 5 focuses on social justice. The five levels interact with health policies and both constitute and are constituted by health policies. Of special interest are the health care services, personnel, and expenditures components of health policies formulated by geopolitical and governmental entities and institutions a...
MO‐D‐I‐611‐07: The Influence of Bowtie Filters On X‐Ray CT Signals

Purpose: Bowtie filters are commonly employed in CT scanners to minimize radiation dose by reducing intensity variations across detector elements in the presence of patient anatomy. This filtration modifies a number of x‐ray beam properties (effective energy, flux, first and second order statistics), making them non‐uniform across the fan beam field of view. Because these phenomena are not usually included in analysis of CT performance, this presentation will quantify the influence of bowtie filters on sinogram measurements and demonstrate their effect in reconstructed images.Method and Materials: A model developed for energy integrating x‐ray detectors, extended to bowtie filters, was used to compute signal means, variances, and beam quality for a realistic scanner configuration. Experimental measurements were acquired with cylinder phantoms located off‐isocenter, allowing objects to sample different portions of the fan beam. Using measured bowtie filter profiles and clinical CT patient scan data, simulated dose reduction images were generated to show visual effects. This approach was used to study a novel dose reduction method, region of interest (ROI) scanning, wherein full intensity is applied only to a local volume of interest while surrounding tissue receives a significantly lower dose. Results: The dominant effect of the bowtie filter is to increase noise in the periphery of the image field. A variation of effective energy results in a small amount of nonlinearity, which can be effectively corrected through calibration. Differences in second order statistics are at the threshold of observer detection. ROI scanning achieves very good local image quality while reducing dose in surrounding tissue.Conclusion: When bowtie filters are properly implemented, they provide reduction of patient exposure with minimal image degradation. The impact of bowtie filters on CT signals is significant and must be accounted for in accurate modeling of the scanning process.
Surface-Induced Dissociation in a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer: Instrument Design and Evaluation

A new Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR MS) has been constructed in our laboratory. The instrument employs surface-induced dissociation (SID) as an activation method for obtaining structural information on biomolecules in the gas phase. Tandem SID mass spectra can be acquired using either a continuous or a pulsed mode of operation. Collision energy of precursor ion is controlled by a dc offset of the ICR cell. This approach eliminates defocusing of the ion beam by the ion-transfer optics as a function of ion kinetic energy and constitutes a significant improvement over our previous experimental setup. Furthermore, it can be easily implemented on any FTICR mass spectrometer. Very high signal-to-noise ratios of 200-500 were obtained in single-scan SID mass spectra of model peptides with acquisition time less than 1.1 s. Reasonable SID signal was detected in single-scan spectra with total acquisition time of only 0.3 s. The high signal-to-noise ratio and the fast acquisition time point on a potential application of SID for high-throughput studies in FTICR MS.
Are international trade and factor mobility substitutes

Abstract This paper analyzes whether factor flows and commodity trade are substitutes or complements, i.e. whether increasing the level of one impacts adversely or favorably on the volume of the. other. It derives, with the aid of a new general equilibrium framework of the world which allows possible differences in factor endowments, tastes and technologies across the two trading countries, the necessary and sufficient condition for substitutability and complementarity. The results are then further examined in two special cases. A survey of different concepts of substitutability and complementarity which have appeared in the literature is also given.
Parallel and serial processes of the prefrontal and cingulate cortical systems during behavioral learning.

Abstract GABRIEL, M. AND E. ORONA. Parallel and serial processes of the prefronlal and cingulate cortical systems duringbehavioral learning. BRAIN RES. BULL. 8(6) 781–785, 1982.—Multiple unit activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the mediodorsal (MD) nucleus of the thalamus was recorded during differential conditioning of a locomotory (wheel-rotation) avoidance response. The positive and negative conditional stimuli (CS+ and CS−) were pure tones (1 kHz and 8 kHz), and the unconditional stimulus was a footshock (1.5-2.0 mA) delivered through the grid floor of the wheel apparatus. A principal objective was to compare the development during training of CS-related neuronal activity in the PFC and MD nucleus, to that obtained in past studies of the adjacent limbic mesocorticothalamic system (the cingulate cortex and the anteroventral (AV) thalamic nucleus). The results indicated that these systems perform associative processing of task-related stimuli in parallel: as in the cingulate cortex, discriminative neuronal discharges (greater discharges to the CS+ than to the CS−) developed in the PFC in the earliest training stage, before incipient discriminative behavior, and as in the AV nucleus, discriminative discharges in the MD nucleus developed in a later training stage. Nevertheless the possibilities of serial processing and intercausality in these systems was suggested by the finding that discriminative activity in the PFC and MD nucleus developed at briefer latencies and earlier in the course of trials than in the cingulate cortex and the AV nucleus.
Moerikes “Firerider” and an Interpretative Tale

Author's Summary— Moerike's ballad depicts the last act of a strange human tragedy. An analysis of the poem and an interpretative tale.
Ubiquitination of Protein Kinase C-α and Degradation by the Proteasome

Bryostatins and phorbol esters acutely activate and subsequently down-regulate protein kinase C (PKC) by inducing its proteolysis via an unknown pathway. Here we show that treatment of renal epithelial cells with bryostatin 1 (Bryo) produced novel PKC-α species, which were larger than the native protein (80 kDa). The >80 kDa PKC-α species contained Ubi as indicated by immunostaining and accumulated in the presence of lactacystin, a selective inhibitor of proteolysis by the proteasome. In vitro experiments with 125I-ubiquitin and membranes from Bryo-treated cells showed that PKC-α became ubiquitinated by a reaction that depended on ATP and a cytosolic fraction. Lactacystin or a peptidyl aldehyde, Bz-Gly-Leu-Ala-leucinal, which inhibits certain proteinase activities of the proteasome, inhibited Bryo-evoked disappearance of PKC-α protein from the cells. Lacta preserved Bryo-induced 32P-labeled PKC-α indicating that the proteasome inhibitor spared activated enzyme from down-regulation in vivo. These findings show that Bryo induces the degradation of PKC-α by the ubiquitin-proteasome complex.
Factors influencing mothers' reactions to intrafamily sexual abuse

Abstract A mother's question of whether to believe her child's disclosure of intrafamily child sexual abuse is complex, with many factors influencing her conclusion. Variables related to the abuse and to the family's functioning are examined to determine if particular circumstances are too threatening to mothers, resulting in their disbelief. The findings indicate that the age of the victim, nature of the abuse, presence of the mother in the home during the abuse, relationship of the victim to the offender, prior physical abuse of the child, and alcohol abuse by the offender all contribute to a mother's conclusion regarding the reported abuse. The majority of mothers do believe their child, with difficult situations and other family Stressors occasionally detracting from a mother's willingness to accept the report.
Barriers to Transforming Hostile Relations: Why Friendly Gestures Can Backfire

Friendly gestures (e.g., smiles, flattery, favors) typically build trust and earn good will. However, we propose that people feel unsettled when enemies initiate friendly gestures. To resolve these sensemaking difficulties, people find order through superstitious reasoning about friendly enemies. Supporting this theorizing, friendly enemies created sensemaking difficulty, which in turn mediated people's tendencies to blame them for coincidental negative outcomes (Experiment 1). Further implicating these processes, individuals high in need for structure were especially prone to make these attributions (Experiment 2). Finally, we explored consequences of such blame, showing that blame mediates people's beliefs that mere contact with friendly enemies is unlucky and should be avoided (Experiment 3). Taken together, these results suggest that, rather than transforming hostile relationships, an enemy's friendliness can be so unnerving that it sometimes leads people down blind alleys of superstitious reasoning.
Determination of a wave function functional : the constrained search-variational method

In a recent paper we proposed the expansion of the space of variations in energy calculations by considering the approximate wave function, ψ, to be a functional of functions χ : ψ = ψ [χ], rather than a function. The space of variations is expanded because such a functional can in principle be adjusted through the function χ to reproduce the true wave function. For the determination of an approximate wave function functional, a constrained search is first performed over the subspace of all functions χ such that ψ [χ] satisfies a physical constraint or leads to the known value of an observable. A rigorous upper bound to the energy is then obtained by application of the variational principle. To demonstrate the advantages of the expansion of variational space, we apply the constrained search–variational method to the ground state of the negative ion of atomic hydrogen, the helium atom, and its isoelectronic sequence. The method is equally applicable to excited states, and its extension to such states in co...
Regulation of rat renal (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase activity by triiodothyronine and corticosterone.

The present study concerns the effects of corticosterone and T3 on renal cortical and outer medullary NaKATPase activities in the rat. The results show that corticosterone increases cortical and outer medullary NaK-ATPase activities when administered as either a single or multiple doses. Corticosterone and T3 are known to enhance NaK-ATPase activity. We investigate the possibility of interaction between the effects of corticosterone and T3 on renal NaK-ATPase activity. Our studies indicate that corticosterone and T3 regulate renal cortical NaK-ATPase activity via parallel independent pathways, and that corticosterone appears to regulate medullary NaK-ATPase activity without participation by thyroid hormone. (Endocrinology 115: 1038–1042, 1984)
Site-selected mutagenesis of a conserved nucleotide binding HXGH motif located in the ATP sulfurylase domain of human bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase

3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthase is a bifunctional protein consisting of an NH2-terminal APS kinase and a COOH-terminal ATP sulfurylase. Both catalytic activities require ATP; the APS kinase domain involves cleavage of the beta-gamma phosphodiester bond of ATP, whereas the ATP sulfurylase domain involves cleavage of the alpha-beta phosphodiester bond of ATP. Previous mutational studies have suggested that beta-gamma phosphodiesterase activity involves a highly conserved NTP-binding P-loop motif located in the adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate kinase domain of PAPS synthases. Sequence alignment analysis of PAPS synthases and the superfamily of TagD-related nucleotidylyltransferases revealed the presence of a highly conserved HXGH motif in the ATP sulfurylase domain of PAPS synthases, a motif implicated in the alpha-beta phosphodiesterase activity of cytidylyltransferases. Thus, site-selected mutagenesis of the HXGH motif in the ATP sulfurylase domain of human PAPS synthase (amino acids 425-428) was performed to examine this possibility. Either H425A or H428A mutation produced an inactive enzyme. In contrast, a N426K mutation resulted in increased enzymatic activity. A G427A single mutant resulted in only a modest 30% reduction in catalytic activity, whereas a G427A/H428A double mutant produced an inactive enzyme. These results suggest an important role for the HXGH histidines in the ATP sulfurylase activity of bifunctional PAPS synthase and support the hypothesis that the highly conserved HXGH motif found in the ATP sulfurylase domain of PAPS synthases is involved in ATP binding and alpha-beta phosphodiesterase activity.
Information and IRA participation: the influence of tax preparers

Abstract The steep drop-off in the number of Individual Retirement Account (IRA) contributors after 1986 has led to suggestions that taxpayers misunderstood and over-reacted to the restrictions on deductible contributions imposed by the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Tax panel data is used to investigate the role of taxpayer misunderstanding in the drop-off in IRA contributors after 1986. The hiring of a tax preparer is the transmission mechanism for knowledge of the deductibility rules after 1986. The results suggest that more information and promotion of IRAs would have increased the probability of contributing to an IRA in 1987 for high income taxpayers, but would have decreased this probability for middle-income taxpayers. Taxpayer confusion over the deductibility restrictions appears to have been resolved by 1988. Therefore, taxpayer misunderstanding did not play a major role in the steep drop-off in the number of IRA contributors after 1986.
Craving in Heroin Addicts Maintained on the Opiate Antagonist Naltrexone

The level of heroin craving was monitored in patients receiving naltrexone on a regular basis. Meetings and interviews conducted twice weekly attested to a pattern of craving reduction in most but not all the addicts. It was also found that it usually took 3 to 5 weeks for this effect to occur. The possible relationship between drug craving and participation in the naltrexone program is discussed.
Kinetic energy dependence of TiSi2 film growth from low energy Ti+ ion beams

Abstract The growth of TiSi 2 thin films by using low energy (10–500 eV) Ti + ion beams on Si(1 1 1) has been studied by in situ Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) as well as ex situ depth profile X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( d- XPS). Stoichiometric TiSi 2 films were grown with Ti + energies of 50 eV at a temperature of 600°C. The in situ RHEED and AES data reveal the existence of some elemental Si in the surface region, whose concentration is dependent on the kinetic energy of the incoming Ti + ions. Resolution of the chemical shift between the Si(2p) lines of the silicide and elemental silicon allows the ex situ d- XPS profiles to reveal the film composition and thickness. The effect of energetic ions in silicide film formation is discussed accordingly. The data show consistent trends that demonstrate that irradiation with Ti + ions suppresses the diffusion of Si as the ion kinetic energy increases. It is proposed that this radiation inhibited diffusion process is due to void formation resulting from the high density of defects in the subsurface region which inhibits diffusion of Si atoms through the silicide film to react with incoming Ti atoms.
Professional organizations' role in supporting physicians to improve value in health care.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) strives to encourage health care value by simultaneously improving quality of care and slowing the rate of increase of health care costs. Some of the law’s provisions, such as the Physician Value-Based Modifier (PVBM), will include financial incentives that directly affect individual clinicians, thus providing an external force for engaging physicians in efforts to improve health care value.1,2 Despite this looming mandate—PVBM will go in effect in 2015 for large physician groups and in 2017 for all physicians—some physicians may lack the tools and motivation necessary to improve the value of their individual care delivery. Notably, the current system does not compel high-value care. Not only is mitigating waste and judiciously ordering tests and referrals disincentivized in the fee-for-service system, doing so is more cognitively taxing and there is a perceived increased risk of legal repercussions.
A theoretical comparison of the electronic structures of alkyl and aryl isocyanide ligands

Abstract Ab initio calculations were performed on geometry-optimized carbon monoxide, methyl and phenyl isonitrile using minimal (STO-3G) and split-valence (4-31G) basis sets. The results are used to compare the σ-donor and π-acceptor abilities of the ligand using the frontier molecular orbital formalism. Phenyl isonitrile was calculated in the linear configuration as well as in geometries that would disrupt π-bonding between the cyanide fragment and the π-system of the ring in order to ascertain the importance of conjugation on the π-accepting ability of the ligand. The results of these calculations and the applications of the FMO formalism are discussed.
Group Consensus, Action Immediacy, and Opinion Confidence

This study examined the hypothesis derived from the theory of opinion dynamics (Gerard & Orive, 1987), which predicts that group-consensus information will bolster confidence in one's opinion only when there are high situational pressures to act on that opinion. A 2 X 2 design that cross-cut two levels of action immediacy (high vs. low) and two levels of group agreement (consensus vs. no consensus) was used. Subjects were led to believe they would have to write an essay supporting their opinion on a legal case either relatively soon (high immediacy) or much later (low immediacy). Additionally, hay of the subjects were told there was group agreement for their opinion and half were told there was not. As predicted, results show that opinion confidence was highest when subjects believed there was consensus for their opinion and they had to act relatively soon.
Better systems, not guidelines, for glucose monitoring

Reynolds and Strachan propose that routine home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) not be used to monitor non-insulin treated patients with type 2 diabetes due to lack of evidence of its benefit. Their underlying concerns are that unnecessary HBGM will result in unjustified costs and that it may adversely affect patients' quality of life. They also suggest that large randomized trials be performed to provide guidance on the optimal use of HBGM in this population. The effectiveness of any glucose monitoring program is highly dependent on the ability …
Behavioral Interventions and Cardiovascular Risk in Obese Youth: Current Findings and Future Directions

The identification and early intervention of pediatric obesity is critical to reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Family-based behavioral interventions have consistently demonstrated efficacy in reducing adiposity and CVD risk factors (i.e., blood pressure, cholesterol, fasting glucose levels, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome). Even modest weight loss in severely obese youth can lead to sustained improvement in CVD risk factors. However, weight regain following treatment cessation remains a challenge in the contemporary obesogenic environment. Intensive family-based interventions spanning socioenvironmental contexts (i.e., home, peer, community) show promise in sustaining weight loss in the long-term. Despite having effective treatments for pediatric obesity and CVD risk factors, families rarely have access to these programs and so increasing the role of healthcare providers in screening and referral efforts is imperative. Moving forward, it is also essential to establish communication and cooperative networks across sectors build sustainable prevention and intervention programs and to provide cohesive health messages.
Psychologic facets of esthetic dental health care: A developmental perspective

A developmental perspective is presented to explore dental health and esthetics in dentistry and to describe the specific ways human behavior and various aspects of esthetic health care interrelate. An investigation of the fascinating links between mind and mouth over the life cycle are elucidated to explain how and why the oral cavity is so psychologically important. Clinical examples of how personality factors can influence dental treatment and its outcome are illustrated.
Bridging the gap between conventional and intelligent control

A control engineering perspective on modeling and representation issues, nonlinear analysis, design implementation, and evaluation of intelligent control systems is developed. The importance of using a control engineering approach to assess the contribution of the field of intelligent control is discussed. The ways in which technology has provided a driving force for the field of intelligent control are explained, and several research directions for control engineers working in the area of intelligent control are presented. The ways in which the control engineer's use of modeling, analysis, design, simulation, implementation, and experimental evaluation provide a sound engineering approach to the development of intelligent control systems. >
Melting flesh, living words

This essay argues that the Book of Common Prayer offered new ways to think about the flesh in Reformation England. Whereas the medieval liturgy emphasized the physical vitalism of Christ’s body and blood, the Anglican liturgy defined ‘flesh’ in the context of an ecclesiastical community characterized by linguistic transparency and textual communion. To chart this movement from fleshly presence to spiritual mystery, I show how the rubrics, ornamentations and texts of both the medieval Mass books and the reformed Book of Common Prayer iterated contrasting conceptions of the flesh that emerged from traditional and reformed sacramental theologies. I conclude by showing how secular institutions, namely the anatomy theater and the early modern stage, pressured such a reformation of the flesh by making the physical materiality of flesh, blood and wounds the focus of their spectacles.
Optimal Spacings for Mixed Convection

We complete the description of geometry optimization in stacks of parallel plates that generate heat. The spacing between plates, or the number of plates in a fixed volume, has been maximized in two limits: pure natural convection and pure forced convection. The in-between regime of mixed convection is modeled numerically. After simulating the flow and temperature fields in configurations with a variety of spacings, we report the optimal spacings and the dimensionless groups that govern them (Rayleigh number, pressure drop number, mixed convection ratio)
Variation in the shape recovery temperature in NiTi alloys

Abstract In the near-equiatomic NiTi alloy, certain processing factors significantly affect the shape recovery temperature T f and the extent of shape recovery while others do not. The lowest recovery temperature and the best shape recovery were obtained by annealing between 450 and 500 °C. Varying the annealing temperature resulted in the largest change in these two parameters, causing an increase of 20 °C in T f and a decrease of 13% in the shape recovery (in one sample batch) if the annealing temperature was increased much above 500 °C. Increasing the maximum strain (in the range between 0% and 8%) induced an increase of 10 °C in T f at 500 °C with larger increases at other annealing temperatures but without any effect on the extent of shape recovery. Altering the annealing time had a relatively small effect. A recovery-resistant physical constraint raised the effective T f but if the constraint was maintained at a sufficiently high temperature the transformation occurred, plastic deformation resulted and permanent partial loss of shape memory was suffered. T f extrapolates to nearly the same temperature, at zero strain, for all the annealing temperatures near 500 °C. Similarly, the final temperature of the transformation from matensite to β phase (zero strain) is the same for all the annealing temperatures. This strongly suggests that each annealing temperature yields a high temperature B2 phase with a slightly different structure which interacts differently with stress. Although this study is based on only two batches of NiTi wires of similar composition, it is expected that qualitatively similar variations with processing factors occur in all NiTi alloys which exhibit shape memory.
Measurement of Migration Rate of Water in Cured Tobacco Material

The purpose of this study was to develop a model in which the migration rate of water in tobacco was expressed through the effective diffusion coefficient. The effective diffusion coefficients were calculated over a broad range of water content and temperature from the results of adsorption and desorption curves of water on tobacco. As a result, it was found that the migration of water could be macroscopically represented as one-dimensional diffusion in the thickness direction of tobacco. The effective diffusion coefficients obtained from the diffusion equation were strongly dependent on the water content and temperature. It was shown that the temperature dependence of the effective diffusion coefficients is expressed by Arrhenius equation. Consequently, it became possible to estimate the migration rate of the water at desired temperature and water content. Thus, one of the important factors in determining the processing conditions of tobacco has been clarified.
Axial ranking of residues in collagen in relation to edge association and fibril formation

In our earlier analysis of intermolecular interactions between collagen molecules, a major concern with the program employed is that it compared numbers of interactions between residues located on edges of defined, identical width and thus would not necessarily compare the same number of residues in each edge. This would be particularly true of some values of θ where well-defined vertical ranking of residues occurs. We have examined ranking of residues in relation to intermolecular edge association between bovine skin [α1(I)]3 model collagen molecules by utilizing two different methods of counting intermolecular interactions between residues. The interaction peaks at θ = 27.69° and 36.00° are absent or relatively less intense in the plots obtained by utilizing radial distances between interacting residues instead of vertical bands of defined width. These studies suggest caution in accepting recently reported analyses of superhelix coiling of the collagen molecule which point to values of 27.69° or 36.00° for the twist of the superhelix. Although intramolecular interactions clearly point to interaction of collagen molecules at D intervals, they are insufficiently restricted in distribution to provide a reliable estimate of the superhelix angle by procedures so far employed.
Taking the trophic bypass: aquatic-terrestrial linkage reduces methylmercury in a terrestrial food web

Ecosystems can be linked by the movement of matter and nutrients across habitat boundaries via aquatic insect emergence. Aquatic organisms tend to have higher concentrations of certain toxic contaminants such as methylmercury (MeHg) compared to their terrestrial counterparts. If aquatic organisms come to land, terrestrial organisms that consume them are expected to have elevated MeHg concentrations. But emergent aquatic insects could have other impacts as well, such as altering consumer trophic position or increasing ecosystem productivity as a result of nutrient inputs from insect carcasses. We measure MeHg in terrestrial arthropods at two lakes in northeastern Iceland and use carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes to quantify aquatic reliance and trophic position. Across all terrestrial focal arthropod taxa (Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Acari, Opiliones), aquatic reliance had significant direct and indirect (via changes in trophic position) effects on terrestrial consumer MeHg. However, contrary to our expectations, terrestrial consumers that consumed aquatic prey had lower MeHg concentrations than consumers that ate mostly terrestrial prey. We hypothesize that this is due to the lower trophic position of consumers feeding directly on midges relative to those that fed mostly on terrestrial prey and that had, on average, higher trophic positions. Thus, direct consumption of aquatic inputs results in a trophic bypass that creates a shorter terrestrial food web and reduced biomagnification of MeHg across the food web. Our finding that MeHg was lower at terrestrial sites with aquatic inputs runs counter to the conventional wisdom that aquatic systems are a source of MeHg contamination to surrounding terrestrial ecosystems.
Nitric-oxide Dioxygenase Activity and Function of Flavohemoglobins SENSITIVITY TO NITRIC OXIDE AND CARBON MONOXIDE INHIBITION

Widely distributed flavohemoglobins (flavoHbs) function as NO dioxygenases and confer upon cells a resistance to NO toxicity. FlavoHbs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Alcaligenes eutrophus, and Escherichia coli share similar spectra, O(2), NO, and CO binding kinetics, and steady-state NO dioxygenation kinetics. Turnover numbers (V(max)) for S. cerevisiae, A. eutrophus, and E. coli flavoHbs are 112, 290, and 365 NO heme(-1) s(-1), respectively, at 37 degrees C with 200 microm O(2). The K(M) values for NO are low and range from 0.1 to 0.25 microm. V(max)/K(M)(NO) ratios of 900-2900 microm(-1) s(-1) indicate an extremely efficient dioxygenation mechanism. Approximate K(M) values for O(2) range from 60 to 90 microm. NO inhibits the dioxygenases at NO:O(2) ratios of > or =1:100 and makes true K(M)(O(2)) values difficult to determine. High and roughly equal second order rate constants for O(2) and NO association with the reduced flavoHbs (17-50 microm(-1) s(-1)) and small NO dissociation rate constants suggest that NO inhibits the dioxygenase reaction by forming inactive flavoHbNO complexes. Carbon monoxide also binds reduced flavoHbs with high affinity and competitively inhibits NO dioxygenases with respect to O(2) (K(I)(CO) = approximately 1 microm). These results suggest that flavoHbs and related hemoglobins evolved as NO detoxifying components of nitrogen metabolism capable of discriminating O(2) from inhibitory NO and CO.
Dicamba residues in streams after forest spraying.

Control of hardwoods is vitally important in the establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings on Pacific Northwest forest lands. In reducing the competition of these brushy species, herbicides have become nearly an indispensable tool. However, with the increasing awareness of the importance of a clean environment, it has become apparent that the safe use of these chemicals requires a knowledge of their behavior, particularly with respect to water contamination (NORRIS 1971). 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 2 —/ is a particularly effective brush control agent, but concern about its possible hazards has caused foresters to consider alternative chemicals. Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) is an auxin-type herbicide that has been suggested as a possible replacement for 2,4,5-T. Dicamba is both soil and foliage active and is relatively low in toxicity (SWANSON 1969; NEWTON 1972; BRADY 1971). However, before dicamba can be extensively used for brush control, its behavior in various parts of the forest environment must be determined. In this study, we measured the concentrations of dicamba in streams flowing from forest lands which had received aerial application of herbicide. Herbicide can enter forest streams through direct application to stream surfaces, in overland flow during periods of intense precipitation, or by leaching through the soil profile. Direct application to stream surfaces can be minimized through use of buffer strips between treated areas and streams (NORRIS 1967). The probability of overland flow or leaching of herbicide to streams depends largely on the persistence and movement chafacteristics of the chemical on and in the soil.
Niche players in health policy: Medical specialty societies in Congress 1969-2002

Scholars and commentators alike have long used 'organized medicine' as shorthand for the American Medical Association (AMA). However, organized medicine has increasingly shown signs of fragmentation into specialty societies over the last two decades. While the AMA remains the largest association of physicians, and wields a great deal of influence in political circles, its use as a proxy for organized medicine may warrant reevaluation due to the changing political organization of medicine. We developed a unique database of specialty medical society appearances before all Congressional committees by combining records from Lexis-Nexis Congressional and the Policy Agendas database. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the participation of specialty societies by committee and by hearing type. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used to measure whether specialty societies develop niche roles with specific committees, and the Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test was used to study the distribution of specialty society testimonies in health hearings more formally. We found that although the AMA participates in Congressional hearings at a higher rate than any other individual medical specialty society, it accounts for a decreasing percentage of all specialty society appearances over time. In addition, specialty societies have developed niche and monopoly roles in health policymaking as well as relationships with particular congressional committees over time. We conclude that the increasing participation of specialty medical societies in the policymaking process is important because medical societies do not testify solely to promote the economic self-interest of their members. Specialization in medicine has segmented lobbying roles, such that specialty societies have a different focus than the AMA. Thus, 'organized medicine' and the AMA are no longer synonymous.
Watching through the “I”s of aviation security

It has been ten years since September 11 (9/11). In no other facet of society havethe events of that day had a more enduring effect than on aviation securityoperations. With the creation of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA)came technologies like explosive detection systems (and 100% checked baggagescreening), trace devices, puffers, and advanced imaging technologies (morecommonly known as full-body scanners), and policies requiring passengers toremove their shoes and carry liquids and gels in 3-1-1 bags, all designed tosecure the air system. With all these changes, are we really safer after the tens ofbillions of dollars spent? Has the TSA provided a cogent argument that theirstrategy yields a more secure system for air travellers as we move into thesecond decade after 9/11?Based on the approach taken by the TSA, as evidenced by aviation securityoperations at airports, and research conducted on the use of aviation securitytechnologies and procedures, I posit that as we look into the future and evaluate thetrajectory of aviation security, based on the decisions of the past decade, the airsystem is at the riskiest point that it has been since 9/11.Jacobson and Lee (2010) describe how aviation security can be broken down intothe three “I”’s of screening: Items (threats), Identity (passengers), and Intent(people). They note that stopping threat items and matching passenger identity aresurrogates for measuring malicious intent. The rationale for this deduction is thatpassengers who attempt to carry threat items (like firearms, knives, or explosives)onto an airplane are also likely candidates for inflicting harm to the air system. Thesame can be said for passengers who attempt to hide or misrepresent their identity.The key point is that screening for threat items (or validating identity) is neithernecessary nor sufficient for thwarting future terrorist attacks.
Boundary controllability of Maxwell's equations with nonzero conductivity inside a cube, I Spectral controllability

Abstract This is a first paper in a series of two. In both papers, we consider the question of control of Maxwell's equations in a homogeneous medium with positive conductivity by means of boundary surface currents. The domain under consideration is a cube, where the conductivity is allowed to take on any nonnegative value. An additional restriction imposed in order to make this problem more suitable for practical implementations is that the controls are applied over only one face of the cube. In this paper, the method of moments is employed to establish spectral controllability for the above case (meaning that any finite combination of eigenfunctions is controllable). In the companion paper [S.S. Krigman, C.E. Wayne, Boundary controllability of Maxwell's equations with nonzero conductivity inside a cube, II: Lack of exact controllability and controllability for very smooth solutions, J. Math. Anal. Appl. (2006), doi:10.1016/j.jmaa2006.02.102 ] it will be established, by modifying the calculations in [H.O. Fattorini, Estimates for sequences biorthogonal to certain complex exponentials and boundary control of the wave equation, in: New Trends in Systems Analysis, Proceedings of the International Symposium, Versailles, 1976, in: Lecture Notes in Control and Inform. Sci., vol. 2, Springer, Berlin, 1977, pp. 111–124], that exact controllability fails for this geometry regardless of the size of the conductivity term. However, we will also establish in [S.S. Krigman, C.E. Wayne, Boundary controllability of Maxwell's equations with nonzero conductivity inside a cube, II: Lack of exact controllability and controllability for very smooth solutions, J. Math. Anal. Appl. (2006), doi:10.1016/j.jmaa2006.02.102 ] controllability of solutions that are smooth enough that the Fourier coefficients of their initial data decay at a suitable exponential rate.
Performance of the legume-feeding herbivore, Colias philodice (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is not Affected by Elevated CO2

Presumably due to their association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the nutritional quality of legumes decreases less than that of non-legume C3 plants when grown under elevated atmospheric CO2. Therefore, it seems likely that legume-feeding herbivores will be less adversely affected than herbivores of non-legume C3 plants by anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2. When the legumes Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Trifolium repens (white clover), and Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil) were grown under elevated (756 ppm) CO2, leaf nitrogen remained the same or increased, and C:N ratio did not change. Unlike most insects fed non-legume C3 plants, Colias philodice (sulfur butterfly) larvae fed elevated-grown M. sativa and T. repens did not exhibit reduced relative growth rate (RGR), and larvae fed elevated-grown L. corniculatus exhibited a nearly significant 37% increase in RGR. Pupal weight was unaffected by growth of host plants under elevated CO2. Relative nitrogen growth rate (RGRN) did not change for larvae fed elevated-grown M. sativa or T. repens, but increased by 34% for larvae fed elevated-grown L. corniculatus. These results suggest that legume-feeding herbivores will be relatively buffered against the adverse effects of elevated CO2 typically experienced by herbivores of non-legume C3 plants.
Hepatic stellate cell activation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fatty liver

Factors associated with the development of fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are largely unknown, although an association with increased hepatic iron has been suggested. Hepatic stellate cells are the principal collagen-producing cells in many liver diseases and when activated express alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). Hepatic stellate cell activation and association with fibrosis, necroinflammatory activity, steatosis, and stainable iron in 60 cases of NASH and 16 cases of steatosis were evaluated. All 76 patients were obese or had other risk factors for NASH. All biopsy specimens were stained for alpha-smooth muscle actin to evaluate the pattern of hepatic stellate cell activation and were evaluated for inflammatory activity (0 to 3), fibrosis (0 to 4), and stainable iron stores (0 to 4). The zonal location of activated stellate cells was recorded, and the degree of activation was graded as high-grade or low-grade based on the percentage of lobular alpha-SMA+ cells. Activated stellate cells were identified in the hepatic lobule in 74 of 76 biopsy specimens and graded as low-grade in 26 and high-grade in 48. Zone 3 was involved in 72 of 74 positive cases, and in 33 cases, the activated stellate cells were preferentially located in zone 3. The degree of stellate cell activation correlated with fibrosis but not with inflammatory activity, severity of steatosis, or stainable iron. In most cases, the degree of stellate cell activation paralleled the degree of hepatic fibrosis, but in 25 cases, the degree of hepatic stellate cell activation was greater than expected, raising the question of whether such patients are at risk for disease progression.
Can capital movements eliminate the need for technology transfer

Abstract This paper analyzes the welfare and efficiency implications of barriers to international transfer of technology. We show that the consequences of such barriers depend critically upon the extent of international capital mobility. When capital is perfectly mobile, policies that impede technology transfer may have no effect on employment, income distribution, or national welfare, despite one country's clear technological superiority in an industry. This conclusion holds even if there is a rigid wage and resulting unemployment in one country.
The Role of the Hematologist/Oncologist as a Primary Care Provider

To determine the role of the hematologist-oncologist as a primary care provider, a survey was administered to a consecutive sample of 238 hematology-oncology patients. Patients were selected at random from the outpatient hematology-oncology clinics at three institutions: 66.1% from a university medical center, 22.5% from a private hospital, and 11.4% from a health maintenance organization-affiliated clinic. A total of 73 (30.9%) respondents reported they would see their hematologist-oncologist (heme/onc) for routine illnesses, such as sinus or bladder infections. Of the respondents who did not have a family doctor, the percentage increased to 45.5%. Of those patients who had other medical problems, such as hypertension or diabetes, 46 (43.0%) were followed by their heme/onc for these other medical problems. If the respondent did not have a family doctor, the percentage increased to 66.0%. Patients at the university medical center more frequently did not have a family doctor and used their heme/onc for primary care to a greater degree than patients at the private hospital and health maintenance organization (HMO)-affiliated clinic. A total of 55.9% of the respondents reported having the best physician-patient relationship with their heme/onc, whereas only 8.5% had the best relationship with their family doctor. The heme/onc does provide primary care for their patients. If the patient does not have a family doctor, the amount of primary care administered by the heme/onc greatly increases. It is likely that patients rely on their heme/onc for this care because of the close physician-patient relationship that develops as a result of the frequent clinic visits required by many patients with cancer or blood disorders.