cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Belonging between Inclusion and Exclusion: Dimensions of Ethno-Cultural Identity for Uyghur Women in Xinjiang, China

Research on Uyghur communities in China often focuses on the power and oppression of the Chinese state, neglecting the power situated in the domestic sphere and women’s bodies. My research addresse...
IPSILATERAL BULLOUS EXUDATIVE RETINAL DETACHMENT ASSOCIATED WITH EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION.

Purpose To describe the first known case of an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-related complication in an adult. Methods Case report. Results A 34-year-old man awaiting a lung transplant for interstitial lung disease was connected to an ECMO circuit as a bridge to lung transplant, with a drainage catheter attached to his right internal jugular vein. Shortly after he was cannulated, he developed blurred vision in his right eye and was found to have a progressively worsening bullous exudative retinal detachment. After receiving a lung transplant and getting decannulated from ECMO, his bullous detachment rapidly improved. The patient's clinical course as well as his ophthalmic testing showed findings inconsistent with alternative diagnoses such as central serous chorioretinopathy. His findings were best explained as a complication of ECMO cannulation. Conclusion Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be associated with bullous exudative retinal detachment in rare cases where there is a possible anatomical or physiological predisposition.
A Modern Synthesis of Mammal Conservation Genetics

It was only in 2018 that a revised and updated synthesis of mammalian taxonomy since 2004 revealed that there are at least 6495 recognized species in the class Mammalia, with species richness concentrated in the Neotropics and Afrotropics (Burgin et al. 2018).
Gallbladder wall thickness as a predictor of intraoperative events during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A prospective study of 1089 patients.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has a wide range of technical difficulty. Preoperative risk stratification is essential for adequate planning and patient counseling. We hypothesized that gallbladder wall thickness (GWT) is more objective marker than symptom duration in predicting complexity, as determined by operative time (OT), intraoperative events (IE), and postoperative complications. Methods All adult patients who underwent LC during 2010–2018 were included. GWT, measured on imaging and on the histopathologic exam, was divided into three groups: 7 mm. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to determine the association between GWT and 1) operative time, 2) the incidence of IE and 3) postoperative outcomes. Results A total of 1089 patients, subjects to LC, were included in the study. GWT was positively correlated with median OT (p Conclusions GWT independently predicted IE and may serve as an objective marker of LC complexity.
Short communication: Diet digestibility measured from fecal samples and associations with phenotypic and genetic merit for milk yield and composition

Selection for improved feed utilization is of high interest globally but is limited by the high cost of obtaining feed intake for individual cows and relies on indirect measures of feed efficiency. Supplementing selection with mechanistic measures of feed use could make selection for feed utilization more direct and effective. The objectives of this study were to evaluate fecal sampling as a method of determining digestive efficiency of individual cows and to evaluate associations of digestive efficiency with genetic and phenotypic merit for milk yield and composition. Fecal samples were obtained manually from the rectum of 90 Holstein cows in the morning, afternoon, and evening on a single date and composited across the day. The fecal samples were dried, ground, and stored. Diet and fecal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were determined using the filter bag method, and indigestible NDF was determined in situ with a 12-d rumen incubation. Fecal NDF (60.1%) and indigestible NDF (41.9%) were higher than that from feed samples (14.2 and 35.9%, respectively). Total-tract digestibility was calculated using the marker ratio method. Total-tract dry matter (DM) digestibility averaged 66.0 ± 2.4% and total-tract NDF digestibility averaged 42.8 ± 3.0%. Higher milk fat percent and genetic merit for milk fat percent were associated with greater NDF and DM digestibility. Milk yield was negatively associated with NDF and DM digestibility. Fecal sampling is a feasible method to directly measure digestive efficiency, and substantial variation was observed among cows. Given significant between-cow variation and associations with milk fat percent and genetic merit for milk fat percent, potential selection for total-tract NDF digestibility estimated via fecal sampling warrants further exploration.
Chapter 28 – Potential Evapotranspiration

This chapter defines potential evapotranspiration (PET). The concept was put forth separately in 1948 by Thornthwaite in America and Penman in England. The factors that affect PET are discussed. They include fetch, crop height, crop cover, plant resistance to water flow, soil-water availability, and advection. Advection is defined including the clothesline effect and the oasis effect. It is pointed out that evaporation from the soil surface is a two-stage process. The first stage is a constant-rate stage in which evaporation from the soil surface is limited by the energy on the surface of the soil. The second stage is the falling-rate stage in which water movement to the soil surface is controlled by the hydraulic properties of the soil. An easy method is given to determine PET. It requires knowledge only of solar radiation and the average daily temperature or noon temperature. An appendix gives the biography of Penman.
Anatomical Considerations of Throwing Elbow Injuries

The elbow is a complex joint which requires a balance of static and dynamic structures in order to maintain the stability needed to complete an overhead throwing motion. The repetitive nature of overhead throwing and the unique forces imparted upon the elbow joint result in pathology unique to this specific population. Given the myriad of clinical elbow pathologies in throwers, special attention must be given to the anatomy in order to both correctly diagnose and treat the overhead throwing athlete. Additionally, an understanding of the intimate anatomical relationships in the elbow are critical to surgical treatment and successful outcomes.
Donor/Recipient Matching in Kidney Transplantation

Since kidneys available for transplantation are a scarce good it seems clear that they should be put to ‘optimal’ use. But it is far from clear what ‘optimal’ means. Even if we restrict ourselves to ‘optimal success rates’ - and it may be doubted that this is the only relevant matching criterion - several definitions are debatable.
Light molecules inside the nanocavities of fullerenes and clathrate hydrates: inelastic neutron scattering spectra and the unexpected selection rule from rigorous quantum simulations

The translation-rotation (TR) dynamics and spectroscopy of light molecules, e.g. H 2 , HD, HF, and H 2 O, inside nanoscale cavities such as those of fullerenes and in clathrate hydrates, is dominat...
Efficacy of Adenoidectomy for the Treatment of Mild Sleep Apnea in Children

Objectives(1) To assess outcomes in children undergoing adenoidectomy for the treatment of mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). (2) To identify clinical factors that predict which children will have...
Patterns of Abuse of Women Facing Domestic Violence in Mumbai, India: The Need for Greater Awareness and Action:

By applying Landenburger’s stages of binding, enduring, disengaging and recovering, this article explores patterns of abuse described by women in Mumbai, India. The research draws from qualitative ...
The history of medical education: a commentary on race

The institution of medicine was built on a foundation of racism and segregation, the consequences of which still permeate the experiences of Black physicians and patients. To predict the future direction of medical inclusivity, we must first understand the history of medicine as it pertains to race, diversity, and equity. In this Commentary, we review material from publicly available books, articles, and media outlets in a variety of areas, including undergraduate medical education and professional medical societies, where we found an abundance of policies and practices that created a foundation of systemic racism in medical training that carried through the career paths of Black physicians. The objective of this Commentary is to present the history of race in the medical education system and medical society membership, acknowledge the present state of both, and offer concrete solutions to increase diversity in our medical community.
Resisting Modernism: Favela Culture, Heterogeneity, and National Identity in Brazil

Following the lead of modernist architects such as Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, postwar Brazil aimed to devote considerable resources to the development of a newly homogenized national identity through central planning. Despite this widespread impulse towards modernization, the continued prominence of the favelas even to this day undermines the ideals of modernist urban renewal. The supposed “backwardness” of the favelas challenges the success narrative of Brazil’s modernist program. The paradoxical growth of the favelas in the midst of state-sponsored modernist renewal illustrates not only the failure of the modernist program, but also the internal contradictions within modernism itself. The failure to eradicate the favelas has instead resulted in the emergence of a heterogeneous national identity, contrary to the national goal of seamless modernizing integration. In recent decades, as the favelas resisted national efforts towards eradication, the culture of the favelas has become only more complex. Indeed, the rise of vernacular culture within the favelas has paradoxically allowed Brazil to promote itself internationally under the sign of heterogeneity and cultural difference. Contrary to the modernist ideal of abandoning all vernacular culture, the heterogeneous national identity derived from Brazil’s favelas boasts an organic amalgam of historical cultures. Ranging across music, religion, and architecture, this “heterogeneity” takes influence from diverse cultural spheres within Brazil. Resisting modernism’s characteristic emphasis on integrated, hierarchical planning, the heterogeneous favela culture instead proceeds through gradual incorporation and reinterpretation, effecting an organic novelty.
Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgery: An Evidence-Based Review.

Purpose Interest in micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) has exploded over the last 8 years with an increase in MIGS procedures of at least 400% in the United States, according to Medicare data. MIGS is an umbrella term that can cover many different types of surgeries. This review focuses on peer-reviewed evidence for Trabectome®, iStent inject®, Kahook Dual Blade®, XEN® Gel Stent, and Hydrus®. Methods We present key recent studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of MIGS in various types of glaucoma patients with different stages of disease. Conclusion We conclude that MIGS is generally safe and efficacious, although only some MIGS have been studied through randomized clinical trials. When comparing and contrasting the different MIGS procedures, large prospective studies are not yet the norm. High-quality large prospective studies involving MIGS will be an important next step as ophthalmologists decide how to incorporate MIGS into their surgical armamentarium.
Spectrum Rights in an Adaptive & Reconfigurable Wireless World

The demand for wireless technology has outpaced the ability for the many disparate spectrum systems to coexist and satisfy increasing performance constraints, warranting the need for more flexible policy frameworks that can be both integrative and innovative. Although radio spectrum is scarce, it is infinitely reusable, and as wireless technology becomes more adaptive and reconfigurable, spectrum use rights can become dynamic in multiple spectrum dimensions -- which should be used to set the new expectations for spectrum rights. Contrary to moving spectrum more towards a \textit{property-rights-like} model, we argue that sharing is the only logical path forward. The good news is that technology has advanced sufficiently to allow sharing to have essentially all of the attributes of a traditional exclusive use model, i.e., exclusive rights to use the spectrum without disruption (or interference). Technology now allows us to exploit more dimensions of sharing. Of course, we have always shared spectrum, but did so in a narrow and inefficient manner; we can now create use models that emulate exclusive use. What it does not have is the inefficiency of traditional exclusive use, i.e., obligations, scarcity, and permanency. Thus, our question is, should spectrum management reconsider the concept use rights? In this paper, our goal is to establish a mixed rights model, whereby leveraging the adaptive and reconfigurable nature of wireless spectrum systems, both the property-rights-like and use rights regimes can coexist. We argue that this is essentially what we have now. Our model places dynamic sharing as the key to future spectrum rights. To that end, we begin our discussion with the existing literature on spectrum property rights, and the motivation for moving towards a use rights model, ultimately proposing a mixed rights model. We propose a set of technical and policy strategies and approaches that will help policymakers and researchers inform and frame property rights for the current and future wireless worlds. The key takeaway is that technology has enabled an opportunity for us to rethink what aspects define "exclusive use" and spectrum "property." We add additional dimensions to each of these concepts.
Method for Evaluating Irrigation Projects

A method is presented for evaluating irrigation projects by comparing the performance of alternative system designs over a planning period specified by the user. The estimating model is based on a universal crop production function for water which is utilized to optimize interzonal water distribution. Project zones are defined by climate, soil, and crop produced. Price and climatic uncertainty are dealt with directly in the model assuming the probability distribution of the respective variable is known. The measures of economic viability available for comparing alternative system designs include: The benefit/cost ratio, internal rate of return, and net present worth.
Chapter Thirteen - Recent Advances in Molecular Genetic Studies of the Functions of Brassinolide, A Steroid Hormone in Plants

This chapter reviews the current understanding of the functions of the genes involved in brassinosteroid (BR) metabolism and response and discusses new efforts toward the genetic identification of additional components involved in BR action. Recent molecular genetic studies have demonstrated the biological role of BRs in plant development and have led to the identification of genes encoding BR biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes, a putative BR receptor, and a cellular target of BR signaling. Some of these genes have revealed evolutionary conservation in the biosynthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction mechanisms of steroid hormones between plants and animals. Molecular studies of the regulation and function of these genes in Arabidopsis have started to unravel the underlying mechanism of BR homeostasis and signal transduction. Novel genetic screens are yielding additional mutant effects in BR responses and will lead to the identification of new components involved in BR action.
Water Flow in Soil

Liquid water flow occurs in response to a hydraulic potential gradient and not necessarily in response to a water content gradient. Thus, when potential is plotted as a function of depth, it results in a smooth curve even across the boundary between layers (see Fig. 3.1 A). When water content is plotted as a function of depth, there is normally a sharp discontinuity in the curve at the boundary between layers (see Fig. 3.IB).
Firm Size, Debt Capacity, and Corporate Financing Choices

The conflicting nature of the existing evidence on the pecking order theory is due to the difference between financing practices of large and small firms, and the skewness of the firm size distribution. The theory performs poorly for small firms because they have low debt capacities that are quickly exhausted, forcing them to issue equity. The pecking order theory performs satisfactorily for large firms, firms with rated debt, and when the impact of debt capacity is accounted for. The debt-deficit relationship is concave and piecewise linear with slopes close to the predicted values of 1 and 0. Conventional factors predicted by the trade-off theory are useful in determining debt capacity.
GCR environmental models II: Uncertainty propagation methods for GCR environments

In order to assess the astronaut exposure received within vehicles or habitats, accurate models of the ambient galactic cosmic ray (GCR) environment are required. Many models have been developed and compared to measurements, with uncertainty estimates often stated to be within 15%. However, intercode comparisons can lead to differences in effective dose exceeding 50%. This is the second of three papers focused on resolving this discrepancy. The first paper showed that GCR heavy ions with boundary energies below 500 MeV/n induce less than 5% of the total effective dose behind shielding. Yet, due to limitations on available data, model development and validation are heavily influenced by comparisons to measurements taken below 500 MeV/n. In the current work, the focus is on developing an efficient method for propagating uncertainties in the ambient GCR environment to effective dose values behind shielding. A simple approach utilizing sensitivity results from the first paper is described and shown to be equivalent to a computationally expensive Monte Carlo uncertainty propagation. The simple approach allows a full uncertainty propagation to be performed once GCR uncertainty distributions are established. This rapid analysis capability may be integrated into broader probabilistic radiation shielding analysis and also allows error bars (representing boundary condition uncertainty) to be placed around point estimates of effective dose.
Platelet-derived Growth Factor Signal Transduction through the Interferon-inducible Kinase PKR IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE INDUCTION

The interferon-inducible, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent eukaryotic initiation factor-2α kinase PKR has primarily been characterized as a component of the interferon-mediated cellular antiviral response. Several lines of evidence now exist that suggest that PKR plays a role in the regulation of growth in uninfected cells. The most direct examples are the finding of an oncogenic variant of PKR and the effects of activators and inhibitors of PKR phosphorylation on the expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-inducible genes. Previous reports have shown that 1) dsRNA, a direct activator of PKR, induces the genes c-myc, c-fos, and JE; 2) 2-aminopurine, a chemical inhibitor of PKR, blocks the induction of these genes by serum; and 3) activated p21ras induces a cellular inhibitor of PKR. We report here that activation of PKR was correlated with the induction of the immediate early genes c-fos, c-myc, and JE by PDGF in the following situations: 1) PDGF induction of these genes, also inducible by dsRNA, was blocked by two inhibitors of PKR activation: 2-aminopurine and v-ras; 2) PDGF induction of another immediate early gene, egr-1, which could not be induced by dsRNA, was not blocked by 2-aminopurine or v-ras; 3) agents that reverse v-ras inhibition of PKR activation also reversed the v-ras block of PDGF induction of c-myc, c-fos, and JE; 4) down-regulation of PKR protein levels by antisense inhibition of translation blocked the induction of c-myc, c-fos, and JE by PDGF, but had no effect on egr-1 induction; and finally, 5) PKR was autophosphorylated in vivo in response to PDGF. These results provide direct evidence that PKR activation functions as a second messenger in a growth factor signal transduction pathway. Thus, PKR may serve as a common mediator of growth-promoting and growth inhibitory signals.
CO(2–1) Emission from the Circumstellar Envelope of Alpha Ori

New measurements with the NRAO 12m telescope are reported of CO 2–1 emission from Alpha Ori. The results are discussed in the context of the kinematics and mass loss rate of the circumstellar envelope. A first, tentative detection of 13CO emission is also reported.
Buprenorphine retention in primary care.

BACKGROUND: This study assesses the rate and predictors of treatment retention for primary care patients with opioid dependence-prescribed buprenorphine, a long-acting partial opioid agonist. METHODS: Observational cohort study of patients prescribed buprenorphine/naloxone and followed for 6 months in the period after the adoption of buprenophine/naloxone by a primary care practice in Rhode Island. Practice policy precluded patient discharges due to continuing drug use. RESULTS: Patients (n=41) had a mean duration of opioid use of 15.7 years and most had a history of heroin use (63.4%). Thirty-nine percent of patients transferred from methadone maintenance. At 24 weeks, 59% remained in treatment. Nearly half of dropouts occurred in the first 30 days. Participants with opiate-positive toxicologies at week 1 were more likely to drop out of the program (P<.01) and had a significantly shorter retention time (P<.01) on average. Among other drug use and drug treatment variables, employment and addiction counseling during treatment were significantly associated with treatment retention (P=.03). CONCLUSION: Retention rates in a real world, primary care-based buprenorphine maintenance practice reflect those reported in clinical trials. Abstinence during the first week of treatment and receipt of counseling were critical to patient retention.
Comparison of operative morbidity in

Abstract Accurate assessment of relative operative morbidity is necessary in order to enable surgeons and their patients to make an intelligent choice of procedures for abortion and sterilization. This retrospective study of 188 elective surgical procedures compares morbidity associated with hysterotomy—abdominal hysterectomy or hysterotomy—tubal ligation for abortion and sterilization, and vaginal hysterectomy or vaginal tubal ligation for sterilization. Resident physcians performed all surgcal procedures in the same hospital and during the same period of time. Hysterotomy-hysterectomy carried the greatest morbidity. Vaginal tubal ligation carried the least morbodity. Hysterotomy—tubal ligation and vaginal hysterectomy carried intermediate and similar morbidities. Preoperative counselling of patients planning elective surgical procedures must include consideration of relative risks and morbidities associated with the different available and suitable operative procedures.
Kruppa Equation Revisited: Its Renormalization and Degeneracy

In this paper, we study general questions about the solvability of the Kruppa equations and show that, in several special cases, the Kruppa equations can be renormalized and become linear. In particular, for cases when the camera motion is such that its rotation axis is parallel or perpendicular to translation, we can obtain linear algorithms for self-calibration. A further study of these cases not only reveals generic difficulties with degeneracy in conventional self-calibration methods based on the nonlinear Kruppa equations, but also clarifies some incomplete discussion in the literature about the solutions of the Kruppa equations. We demonstrate that Kruppa equations do not provide sufficient constraints on camera calibration and give a complete account of exactly what is missing in Kruppa equations. In particular, a clear relationship between the Kruppa equations and chirality is revealed. The results then resolve the discrepancy between the Kruppa equations and the necessary and sufficient condition for a unique calibration. Simulation results are presented for evaluation of the sensitivity and robustness of the proposed linear algorithms.
Rapid Morphological Change in the Masticatory Structures of an Important Ecosystem Service Provider.

Humans have altered the biotic and abiotic environmental conditions of most organisms. In some cases, such as intensive agriculture, an organism’s entire ecosystem is converted to novel conditions. Thus, it is striking that some species continue to thrive under such conditions. The prairie deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is an example of such an organism, and so we sought to understand what role evolutionary adaptation played in the success of this species, with particular interest in adaptations to novel foods. In order to understand the evolutionary history of this species’ masticatory structures, we examined the maxilla, zygomatic plate, and mandible of historic specimens collected prior to 1910 to specimens collected in 2012 and 2013. We found that mandibles, zygomatic plates, and maxilla have all changed significantly since 1910, and that morphological development has shifted significantly. We present compelling evidence that these differences are due to natural selection as a response to a novel and ubiquitous food source, waste grain (corn, Zea mays and soybean, Glycine max).
Effect Of Leo Cycling On 125 Ahr Advanced Design Ipv Nickel-hydrogen Battery Cells

An advanced 125 Ah individual pressure vessel (IPV) nickel-hydrogen cell was designed. The primary function of the advanced cell is to store and deliver energy for long-term, low earth-orbit (LEO) spacecraft missions. The new features of this design are: (1) use of 26 percent rather than 31 percent potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte, (2) use of a patented catalyzed wall wick, (3) use of serrated-edge separators to facilitate gaseous oxygen and hydrogen flow within the cell, while still maintaining physical contact with the wall wick for electrolyte management, and (4) use of a floating rather than a fixed stack (state-of-the-art) to accommodate nickel electrode expansion. Six 125-Ah flight cells based on this design were fabricated by Eagle-Picher. Three of the cells contain all of the advanced features (test cells) and three are the same as the test cells except they don't have catalyst on the wall wick (control cells). All six cells are in the process of being evaluated in a LEO cycle life test. The cells have accumulated about 4700 LEO cycles (60 percent DOD 10 C). There have been no cell failures; the catalyzed wall wick cells, however, are performing better.
Reduced Inhibition of Dentate Granule Cells in a Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Patients and models of temporal lobe epilepsy have fewer inhibitory interneurons in the dentate gyrus than controls, but it is unclear whether granule cell inhibition is reduced. We report the loss of GABAergic inhibition of granule cells in the temporal dentate gyrus of pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats. In situ hybridization for GAD65 mRNA and immunocytochemistry for parvalbumin and somatostatin confirmed the loss of inhibitory interneurons. In epileptic rats, granule cells had prolonged EPSPs, and they discharged more action potentials than controls. Although the conductances of evoked IPSPs recorded in normal ACSF were not significantly reduced and paired-pulse responses showed enhanced inhibition of granule cells from epileptic rats, more direct measures of granule cell inhibition revealed significant deficiencies. In granule cells from epileptic rats, evoked monosynaptic IPSP conductances were <40% of controls, and the frequency of GABA(A) receptor-mediated spontaneous and miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) was <50% of controls. Within 3-7 d after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, miniature IPSC frequency had decreased, and it remained low, without functional evidence of compensatory synaptogenesis by GABAergic axons in chronically epileptic rats. Both parvalbumin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive interneuron numbers and the frequency of both fast- and slow-rising GABA(A) receptor-mediated mIPSCs were reduced, suggesting that loss of inhibitory synaptic input to granule cells occurred at both proximal/somatic and distal/dendritic sites. Reduced granule cell inhibition in the temporal dentate gyrus preceded the onset of spontaneous recurrent seizures by days to weeks, so it may contribute, but is insufficient, to cause epilepsy.
Randomized prospective parallel controlled study of the safety and effectiveness of Er:YAG laser use in children for caries removal

The Er:YAG laser has been proposed as a useful tool for caries removal. In this study, we report a prospective parallel controlled study of the Dental Erbium Laser for caries removal and cavity preparation in pediatric patients. A total of 92 patients in two separate sites were randomized to treatment in a 2:1 ratio laser to conventional dental drill. The subject ages ranged from 4 to 18 years with a mean of 10.5 years with an even distribution by gender. The mean recorded treatment energy for caries removal was 147 mJ and for cavity preparation was 170 mJ. There were no significant differences in pain reported by the drill or laser treated subjects, and no complications or adverse events were reported after treatment or at any other interval during the study. The determination of success was based on four criteria: (1) acceptable caries removal, (2) acceptable cavity preparation, (3) maintenance of pulp vitality, and (4) restoration intact and serviceable. Using these criteria, it was found that all 32 of the drill procedures were a success and 59 out of 60 laser procedures were a success. This study shows that the Erbium-YAG laser is suitable for caries removal and cavity preparation in children.
Hadronization in Cold Nuclear Matter

Abstract I review a recently proposed scaling analysis of hadron suppression in Deeply Inelastic Scattering on nuclear targets measured at the HERMES experiment. The analysis can distinguish 2 competing explanations for the observed suppression, namely, quark radiative energy loss with long hadron formation times, and prehadron nuclear absorption with hadronization starting inside the nucleus. Experimental data are shown to favor short formation times and prehadron absorption.
On the effects of investment tax credits on economic efficiency and growth

Abstract This paper explores the overall efficiency effects of ITCs in the context of a disaggregated dynamic general equilibrium simulation model of the U.S. economy. This model postulates forward-looking investment decisions, and allows for optimal government borrowing and financial crowding out. Simulation results confirm the conventional wisdom that ITCs are distortionary, but challenge the equally conventional wisdom that ITCs necessarily spur investment and GDP. In addition, results point to an important policy trade-off. Introducing ITCs without neutralizing their budgetary effects would lead to low efficiency losses but would reduce investment and GDP due to financial crowding out. In turn, imposition of ITCs while blocking their budgetary effects would lead to relatively large efficiency losses while minimizing the negative impact on investment and GDP.
The negative effect of pretransplant overweight and obesity on the rate of improvement in physical quality of life after liver transplantation.

Background Recent studies suggest that obesity does not affect survival after liver transplantation. Overweight and obesity, however, impair health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with chronic illnesses. We tested the effect of pretransplant body weight on HRQOL in liver transplant recipients. Methods Prospective, longitudinal HRQOL data were collected using the SF-36 health survey. Pretransplant body weight was stratified based on body mass index (BMI), as follows: normal (18.5–24.9), overweight (25.0–29.9), and obese (≥30.0). Linear mixed-effects models were used to test the effects pretransplant BMI category on the trajectory of HRQOL after liver transplantation. Results The sample included 154 adults who underwent liver transplantation. Thirty-one percent had normal BMI, 41% were overweight, and 28% were obese pretransplant. The mean pretransplant physical HRQOL did not differ by BMI group ( P ≥ .697). Physical and mental HRQOL improved ( P P ≤ .032). There was no effect of BMI on the rate of improvement in mental HRQOL. Conclusion Excess pretransplant body weight hinders the rate of improvement in physical quality of life during the first year after liver transplantation.
Rat kidney glycerylphosphorylcholine diesterase.

Abstract The characterization of rat kidney glycerylphosphorylcholine diesterase ( l -3-glycerylphosphorylcholine glycerophosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.2) is described. Of eight tissues tested, rat kidney shows the greatest activity and substantial amounts are found in spleen and lungs. Considerably lower levels of activity are present in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, brain and intestine. Among subcellular components the microsomal fraction contained the greatest amount of the diesterase. Optimal activity occurs at pH 9.2. The enzyme preparation shows a narrow substrate specificity. Of six phosphodiesters tested, only glycerylphosphorylcholine and glycerylphosphorylethanolamine showed any activity. Michaelis constants for these compounds are 2.2 · 10 −3 M and 11.5 · 10 −3 M, respectively. Identical resistance toward heat inactivation substantiates the common identity of the two activities. The enzyme is inhibited by ethanolamine, N -methylethanolamine, N ′, N -dimethylethanolamine and choline. The selective inhibitors of the cholinesterases, prostigmine and physostigmine, do not significantly affect the activity of the diesterase. EDTA inhibits the enzyme. However, it has not been possible to demonstrate the participation of a metal cofactor. Sulfhydryl groups do not appear to be required for activity. The diesterase is remarkably stable to organic solvents, losing only 24% of its original activity when dissolved in 90% isopropanol. It is however, less stable in methanol, acetone and ethanol.
Plant regeneration from leaf protoplasts of Brassica oleracea var. italica CV Green Comet broccoli.

A procedure is described for regeneration of plants from leaf protoplasts of the hybrid broccoli cultivar, Green Comet (Brassica oleracea var italica). The totipotency of protoplasts isolated from plants regenerated from hypocotyl explants (GCR) was greater than that of protoplasts from plants grown directly from seed (GC). Using medium B developed by Pelletier et al (1983), division efficiencies greater than 70% were obtained in leaf protoplasts isolated from GCR. Approximately 1% of these protoplasts formed calli on solidified medium; 77% of the calli regenerated shoots. In contrast, protoplasts from seed-grown material showed a lower division efficiency (15–22%) and fewer protoplast-derived calli produced shoots. Some of the 178 protoplast-derived plants grown to maturity had variant phenotypes.
Effects of Structural Deformations on Optical Properties of Tetrabenzoporphyrins: Free-Bases and Pd Complexes

A recently developed method of synthesis of π-extended porphyrins made it possible to prepare a series of tetrabenzoporphyrins (TBP) with different numbers of meso-aryl substituents. The photophysical parameters of free-bases and Pd complexes of meso-unsubstituted TBP’s, 5,15-diaryl-TBP’s (Ar2TBP’s) and 5,10,15,20-tetraaryl-TBP’s (Ar4TBP’s) were measured. For comparison, similarly meso-arylsubstituted porphyrins fused with nonaromatic cyclohexeno-rings, i.e. Arn-tetracyclohexenoporphyrins (ArnTCHP’s, n = 0, 2, 4), were also synthesized and studied. Structural information was obtained by ab initio (DFT) calculations and X-ray crystallography. It was found that: 1) Free-base Ar4TBP’s are strongly distorted out-of-plane (saddled), possess broadened, red-shifted spectra, short excited-state lifetimes and low fluorescence quantum yields (τfl = 2−3 ns, ϕfl = 0.02−0.03). These features are characteristic of other nonplanar free-base porphyrins, including Ar4TCHP’s. 2) Ar2TBP free-bases possess completely planar ...
Observation of drift chamber signals using a Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator

Abstract A Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator has been used to read out the charge collected on drift chamber sense wires. The modulator sensitivity is sufficient to allow measurement of the pulse waveform without preamplification of any kind. We report here initial results and discuss ongoing research and potential applications projected performance improvements as we continue to optimize the system for drift chamber readout.
In situ recruitment of sporophytes of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C.A. Agardh: Effects of physical factors

Abstract Quantitative relationships were established between the recruitment of sporophytes of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C.A. Agardh, and various environmental variables. Artificial substrata were inoculated with M. pyrifera zoospores in the laboratory and outplanted to a set of field stations in the San Mateo, San Onofre, and Barn kelp forests in southern California. Measurements of temperature, irradiance, seston flux and nitrogen concentration were made concurrently with estimates of sporophyte recruitment during 39 outplants from September 1977 to August 1982. Temperature, irradiance, and seston flux were significantly correlated with the density of sporophytes recruited from the outplanted gametophytes. Recruitment of sporophytes at densities >50 sporophytes·cm −2 represents sporophyte production by approximately 0.1% of the outplanted female gametophytes. This occurred only at temperatures below 16.3°C and irradiation levels above 0.4 E · m −2 ·day −1 . We have defined these conditions as a “recruitment window” within which sporophytes can be produced under natural conditions. Sporophyte recruitment was enhanced by fertilizing gametophytes with nitrogen and phosphorus. However, the relative level of recruitment on the fertilized substrata, which were outplanted in the late summer when sea temperatures were above 16°C, was low compared to recruitment on unfertilized substrata outplanted when temperatures were below 16°C. The irradiance requirements for sporophyte recruitment as indicated by these field studies agree well with those derived in the laboratory. Temperature, on the other hand, was negatively correlated with recruitment in the field, but had little effect (at temperatures up to 20°C) in the laboratory. These results coupled with the nutrient enrichment data indicate that a factor correlated with temperature, such as nutrient levels, may be the most important in determining recruitment success. Our results suggest that large scale temporal patterns of recruitment of giant kelp in southern California are determined, in part, by the infrequent occurrences of recruitment windows. However, proper irradiance and temperature conditions are not the sole requisites for recruitment as evidenced by a lack of recruitment on our artificial substrata during some apparent window periods.
Relaxation in the rotating frame in liquids

This article gives an overview of the theory of NMR relaxation under spin locking conditions in isotropic liquids. The emphais is on dipole dipole relaxation and how it changes with spin locking procedures
Ternary amorphous metallic thin films as diffusion barriers for Cu metallization

Abstract The novel field of ternary amorphous metallic thin films made of an early transition metal and a combination of B, C, N, Si, and P is briefly reviewed. Ternary alloys composed of a transition metal, silicon, and nitrogen applied as thin-film diffusion barriers for Cu contacts to Si devices are emphasized. The synthesis of these films by reactive sputtering is described, their structural and electrical properties are discussed, and the reason for their unique performance as diffusion barriers for copper are explained. Shallow junction diodes provided with a 10 nm thick barrier layer of this type and a copper overlayer can withstand 650°C for 30 min in vaccum without significant degradation of the reverse current. A table lists all diode tests published so far in the open literature.
Damage of YBa2Cu3Ox by ion irradiation

Abstract Specimens of high-Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3Ox have been irradiated with Si ions (7 MeV) up to 10 ions/nm2. Monolayers of fine particles (less than 5 ω size) were prepared on metal plates and X-ray diffraction patterns were taken before and after the irradiations. Intensities of all diffraction peaks decrease continuously with increase in fluence with a damage cross section of 0.21 nm2 without observation of a critical or threshold fluence. A 50% loss in crystallinity is observed at ∼ 3.6 eV/atom (0.12 dpa) although the rate of amorphization may increase beyond a fluence of ∼ 4 ions/nm2. Bragg diffraction peaks have disappeared and amorphization is complete by ≈10 eV/atom (0.33 dpa). Peak positions shift toward lower 2θ values indicating lattice expansion contributed to by point defects. There is a gradual transformation from orthorhombic toward tetragonal structure with the b0 parameter changing very little. c0 increasing by ≈ 0.6%, and α0 also increasing by ≈ 1% to approach b0. The damage cross section of the tetragonal phase is larger than that of the orthorhombic phase.
Adherence to CONSORT statement guidelines of published surgical randomized trials in children

published surgical randomized trials in children Anthony Yuan-Dun Tsai, MD, Lillian S Kao, MD, MS, FACS, KuoJen Tsao, MD, FACS, Eunice Y Huang, MD, MS, FACS, Shiraz Younas, MD, Stacy T Tanaka, MD, Zengqi Lu, MS, Kevin P Lally, MD, MS, FACS, Martin L Blakely, MD, MS, FACS Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
A nuclear quadrupole double-resonance study of orthorhombic DC1

Abstract A 35Cl2H double-resonance study of deuterium in the orthorhombic solid phase of deuterium chloride has been made at temperatures below the transition to the cubic phase (105.03 K). The temperature dependence of the deuterium coupling constant was obtained over the range 4.2 to 90 K and the fine structure was resolved. Upon pulsed irradiation of the deuterium transitions, a 35Cl echo envelope modulation is observed, the period of which corresponds to the frequency of the fine structure mentioned above. This establishes the origin of the structure to be due to dipolar coupling between the two spin species, and not due to a nonaxial component in the field gradient at 2H The theory of this echo modulation is given and it leads to an echo structure EDR(2τ) = E0(2τ)[1 + 2 cos (2δτ)], where δ is the scale constant for the dipolar coupling between 35Cl and 2H. Under double irradiation, the deuterium NQR line is a doublet, and the splitting observed is 2.97 kHz (mean deviation ±0.02) from 4.2 to 77 K. This is substantially smaller than the value of 3.29 kHz calculated from the neutron diffraction bond length of 1.30 A. The discrepancy is interpreted as arising principally from the averaging of the dipolar interaction by the molecular librational motion. Since the quadrupole coupling and the dipolar interaction depend upon the librational motion through the same angular dependence, one may use the observed decrease in dipole coupling strength to estimate the rigid lattice coupling constant for 2H to be 166.8 kHz (0.2481 a.u.). If one uses instead the librational amplitudes obtained from the neutron diffraction structure, one obtains a value of 155.2 kHz (0.2310 a.u.). These values are discussed as they relate to theoretical estimates, and to measurements in the cubic solid and the liquid phases.
An informal comparison of three protocols

Abstract Three pairs of higher level computer communication protocols are compared to reveal design choices. The comparisons are between the host level protocols NCP and TCP used in the ARPANET, between the virtual terminal protocols Telnet and SMVT, and between the file transfer protocols FTP and BTF. The Telnet and FTP protocols are used in the ARPANET, while the SMVT and BTF are proposed for use in the EIN.
Coextrusion of superconducting wires

Cu/Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x superconducting composite wires have been fabricated using the powder-in-tube coextrusion process. Increase in load during the extrusion process seems to indicate that powder particles from the deformation zone of the die travel up toward the unextruded part of the billet and gradually increase the density in that part to some saturation value, which prohibits further extrusion at moderate to heavy applied load. A powder removal technique has been devised to perform full length extrusion under such conditions. Powder removal, however, is not required if the extrusion ratio is reduced sufficiently. The extrusion ratio that will give a full length extrusion without powder removal seems to be a function of starting billet length. Extrusion ratio of 2.52 gives smooth full length extrusions with 25.4 mm (1 in.) starting billet length at reasonable load values. Four probe resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate a critical temperature (Tc) value of the formed wire to be close to 88 K. Density measurements using the volume displacement method indicate a value of 4.819 g/cm3, which is approximately 76.5% of the theoretical density. M.M. Dehghani and A. Ahmad are Assistant Professor and
Diet and social disadvantage: The ‘Medical Home’ improves nutrition in childhood and diminishes likelihood of disease in adult life

It is well appreciated that malnutrition in early life has an adverse impact on the overall health of adults. In this review, we address the impact of malnutrition, social disadvantages, and poverty on the lives of children. An integrated response to these difficulties associated in the lives of children, families and the communities in which they live - the "Medical Home" - is suggested as a means to promote health for all ages. The four types of malnutrition delineated by the World Health Organization are discussed, as are differences between "socioeconomic status" and "social gradient." The latter construct is more meaningful from a health care standpoint as differences within each of the socioeconomic groupings are greater than differences between them. Poverty affects food choices with a profound impact on nutritional status. This review suggests how providing a "Medical Home" can improve dietary habits, improve overall nutrition and prevent disease.
Duration of challenge immunity to coronavirus JHM in mice.

The duration of challenge resistance in mice immunized with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain JHM was examined as a model of immunity to corona-virus infection. Genetically susceptible BALB/cByJ mice were immunized by intranasal (i.n.) or per os (p.o.) inoculation with MHV-JHM or sterile tissue culture fluid (sham) then challenged i.n. with MHV-JHM or sterile tissue culture fluid 1, 6, or 12 months later. Four days after challenge, virus in nasal turbinates and liver was quantified, and prevalence of microscopic lesions in liver and gut-associated lymphoid tissue was tabulated as indices of challenge resistance. MHV-immunized and challenged groups were compared to sham-immunized and challenged groups. Mice immunized by i.n. inoculation were strongly resistant to challenge at 1, 6, and 12 months. Mice immunized by p.o. inoculation were resistant at 1 month, but became partially susceptible to reinfection at 6 and 12 months, based upon all indices. These data indicate that, depending upon route of immunization, mice can become susceptible to reinfection with the same coronavirus strain over time.