cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE STABILITY OF SOLUTIONS BIFURCATING FROM STEADY OR PERIODIC SOLUTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the stability of solutions bifurcating from steady or periodic solutions. The method of Lyapounov and Schmidt allows the obtainment of branches of solutions of the functional equation F(x,λ) = 0 in a neighborhood of a point, say (0,0), where the Freenet derivative Fx(0,0) is a Fredholm operator. In this case, x lies in a Banach space X, and the parameter λ lies in a Banach space λ. If, in particular, Fx (0,0) has a one-dimensional null space, the solutions of F(x,λ) = 0 near (0,0) can be expressed in the form {x(α,λ),λ} where α is a real parameter defined in terms of a suitable linear functional d* as α = d*x and a solution is obtained if and only if the bifurcation equation φ(α,λ) = 0 is satisfied. This chapter discusses the proof of the equation sgn σ(α,λ) = sgn φ α(α,λ) for the case of the Lyapounov–Schmidt bifurcation. It discusses how to obtain the analogous result for the bifurcations from a nonconstant periodic solution originally treated by Poincare. The chapter describes a case where the system is time dependent and periodic. It also presents the proof for the bifurcation of periodic solutions from a steady-state solution obtained by E. Hopf.
Neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1 prevention

Purpose of reviewIn the absence of a protective vaccine against HIV-1, passive immunization using novel broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is an attractive concept for HIV-1 prevention. Here, we summarize the results of preclinical and clinical studies of bNAbs, discuss strategies for optimizin
Collagen Self-assembly: Biophysics and Biosignaling for Advanced Tissue Generation

Type I collagen is the predominant protein in the body and the extracellular matrix, where it gives rise to the vast diversity of tissue form and function. Within the extracellular matrix, this natural polymer exists as the fibrillar scaffolding that not only dictates tissue-specific structure and mechanical properties but also interacts with cells and other biomolecules to orchestrate complex processes associated with tissue development, homeostasis, and repair. For this reason, the hierarchical self-assembly of collagen molecules and their inherent biochemical and biophysical signaling capacity have been a long-standing subject of study across multiple disciplines, including structural biochemistry, biomechanics, biomaterials and tissue engineering, computational modeling, and medicine. This review works to capture some of the major discoveries and innovative technologies related to the supramolecular assembly of collagen in vivo and in vitro, with a focus on motivating their integration and application for advanced tissue fabrication and regenerative medicine therapies.
The evolution of insect metamorphosis: a developmental and endocrine view.

Developmental, genetic and endocrine data from diverse taxa provide insight into the evolution of insect metamorphosis. We equate the larva-pupa-adult of the Holometabola to the pronymph-nymph-adult of hemimetabolous insects. The hemimetabolous pronymph is a cryptic embryonic stage with unique endocrinology and behavioural modifications that probably served as preadaptations for the larva. It develops in the absence of juvenile hormone (JH) as embryonic primordia undergo patterning and morphogenesis, the processes that were arrested for the evolution of the larva. Embryonic JH then drives tissue differentiation and nymph formation. Experimental treatment of pronymphs with JH terminates patterning and induces differentiation, mimicking the processes that occurred during the evolution of the larva. Unpatterned portions of primordia persist in the larva, becoming imaginal discs that form pupal and adult structures. Key transcription factors are associated with the holometabolous life stages: Kruppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) in the larva, broad in the pupa and E93 in the adult. Kr-h1 mediates JH action and is found whenever JH acts, while the other two genes direct the formation of their corresponding stages. In hemimetabolous forms, the pronymph has low Broad expression, followed by Broad expression through the nymphal moults, then a switch to E93 to form the adult. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.
Subtropical South American Hailstorm Characteristics and Environments.

AbstractHailstorms in subtropical South America are known to be some of the most frequent anywhere in the world, causing significant damage to the local agricultural economy every year. Convection ...
Evaluating Successful Art in a Global Pluralistic Artworld

This chapter states that criteria for art evaluation today is particular to the judging community. Since it is the arbitrating community that extends its own history and fosters its own narrative, it also propagates the rules of engagement for any artifact that relates to the community’s guiding narrative. A person’s experiences are grafted into a community’s guiding narrative through what Paul Ricoeur calls “emplotment.” Experiences are essentially emplotted into a greater narrative, and this emplotment gives the experience both context and meaning. These experiences can be understood and later judged through hermeneutical methods. This chapter argues that art in a narrative-hermeneutical theory of art is subjected to formal, historical, presentational, and social impact analyses. These hermeneutical methods are universal for classifying, understanding, and evaluating artworks on their own narrative terms.
Executive function, learning-related behaviors, and science growth from kindergarten to fourth grade.

Recent research has indicated that science-based achievement gaps open early in children’s educational careers and are explained largely by malleable factors. Two potentially important variables to consider include children’s executive function (EF) and learning-related behaviors exhibited in the classroom. These variables have been identified as key factors promoting reading and mathematics achievement, but have not been extensively examined for science outcomes. In addition to exerting individual effects on science achievement, these factors may work in tandem such that the effects of EF on science achievement are partially mediated by learning-related behaviors. To explore the effects of these variables on science achievement, the current study used a large, nationally representative sample from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort of 2010–2011. Conditional longitudinal growth curve modeling and mediation models indicated that 2 components of EF, cognitive flexibility and working memory, along with learning-related behaviors both had substantial effects on science achievement growth across children’s elementary school years. The magnitude of these effects, however, was notably different for science achievement when compared with reading and mathematics achievement. Furthermore, some of the effect of cognitive flexibility and working memory on science achievement were mediated through learning-related behaviors. Results provided detailed information about the relationship between EF, learning-related behaviors, and children’s growth in science achievement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Laparoscopic Low Anterior Rectal Resection with Diverting Loop Ileostomy

This chapter describes the technical aspects of laparoscopic low anterior resection with diverting loop ileostomy, including patient positioning, instrumentation, type of incision and port placement, approach (lateral-to-medial and medial-to-lateral), steps of dissection and resection, and steps of reconstruction. In addition, the authors provide pearls and pitfalls.
Disturbance observer applications in rehabilitation robotics: an overview

Abstract Numerous robotic devices have been developed for patient rehabilitation and physical assistance. Developing efficient and safe control algorithms for having seamless interaction between these robotic devices and the patients is of crucial importance for restoration of motion in both upper and lower extremities. A prevalent challenge in control of rehabilitation robotic devices is the simultaneous presence of disturbances, which degrade the performance of the control system, and persistent human inputs during human–robot interaction that might act as disturbances on the rehabilitation wearable robot. Furthermore, in any application where the human and the robotic device are interacting with each other, measuring the interaction forces becomes of crucial importance for guaranteeing the performance and safety of the rehabilitation robot control system. However, there are certain drawbacks when force sensors are employed in the rehabilitation robot control system such as their narrow bandwidths and increase in the rehabilitation system cost. A recent cost-effective alternative to inclusion of force sensors in the rehabilitation robotic device is based on sensorless force estimation, whereby the forces due to the human–robot interaction are estimated using disturbance observers. As an alternative for force/torque sensors, disturbance observers can provide the robot control system with information about the patient–robot interaction forces as well as unknown disturbances. This chapter presents a detailed overview of disturbance observer applications in rehabilitation robotics for upper/lower extremity rehabilitation and telerehabilitation, while underscoring the practical challenges that are associated with the application of disturbance observers to rehabilitation robot control systems.
Abstract TP185: CRP as a Predictor for Hemorrhagic vs Ischemic Stroke

Background: Studies have found an association between elevated serum C reactive protein (CRP) levels and increased ischemic stroke risk2,4-5. Other studies have looked at whether CRP levels correla...
Balance confidence and turning behavior as a measure of fall risk.

Abstract Background Diminished balance confidence increases the risk of a fall and falls that occur when turning during walking are associated with an eightfold increase in hip fractures compared to when walking in a straight trajectory. Although an effect of aging on turning is revealed, the role of gender during turning is not yet clear. Research Question How can balance confidence impact turning behavior in younger, middle-aged, and older men and women? Methods This cross-sectional study included 22 young adults (11 women), 13 middle-aged adults (9 women), and 13 older adults (6 women). Participants ranked their balance confidence using the activities-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale and completed two different turns: Turn1 (around the cone) and Turn2 (turn to sit). Measures obtained for each turn included: turning time, step count, and peak trunk velocities (PTV) in pitch, yaw, and roll. Results In Turn1, older adults exhibited an increase in turning time and step count relative to younger adults (both p Significance Older adults demonstrated longer turning time, more steps, and higher roll PTV while turning that were associated with decreased balance confidence scores. The association between decreased balance confidence and turning kinematics implies a relationship between turning and increased fall risk. These results suggest that testing for fall risk requires tests of activities that are performed outside traditional clinical settings and gait laboratories.
Clinical Reasoning: A 53-year-old woman with lower extremity paresthesias

A 53-year-old woman with no relevant medical history presented to our clinic for evaluation of lower extremity paresthesias. She initially felt an intermittent tingling sensation in the feet, which slowly crept up both legs and became more intense and constant over 6 months. She noted that these sensations seemed to stop abruptly at her waist. Similar paresthesias were felt in her left arm but not as pronounced as in her legs. She denied any gait imbalance or weakness.
Immunotherapy-related skeletal muscle weakness in cancer patients: a case series

Immunotherapy has become a lifeline in cancer treatment. However, increasingly reports of programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors have been linked to autoimmune disorders. We highlight two unique cases that presented with skeletal weakness and resulted in fatalities after developing de novo myasthenia gravis and myositis associated to immunotherapy treatment. Additionally, we describe the importance of early symptoms recognition and prompt treatment in preventing prolonged functional impairments and decreasing associated mortality. Patient 1: a 65-year-old male with a history of metastatic clear cell Renal Cell Cancer with metastasis to the lungs presented with unusual neck weakness, double vision, trouble breathing, and symptoms of urinary incontinence after his 4th cycle of nivolumab (480 mg every 4 weeks). He had a positive fatigability test, diplopia, and proximal weakness in bilateral upper extremities with an abnormal negative inspiratory force (NIF). Patient 2: a 83-year-old male with history of metastatic urothelial carcinoma presented with generalized weakness, difficulty holding his head up and swallowing three days after receiving the second cycle of immunotherapy treatment with nivolumab (480 mg every 4 weeks). He had proximal muscle weakness but normal sensation, fatigability tests and reflexes, very abnormally high creatine kinase (CK) greater than 4,000 ng/L, EMG results of myopathy and muscle biopsy showing focal perimysial chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates. Patient 1 ultimately died due to acute hemorrhage while patient 2 had a prolonged hospitalization and rehabilitation and ultimately discharged home with hospice. Prompt symptom recognition and treatment can potentially prevent prolonged impairment and mortality associated with cancer immunotherapy.
The origin of Shinarump wonderstone, Hildale, Washington County

Southern Utah’s “wonderstone” is Shinarump sandstone, variably cemented and stained with iron oxide, forming intricate patterns reminiscent of landscapes. It is cut and sold as absorbent drink coasters and decorative objects, and is seen in rock shops across the country. The wonderstone pattern comprises thick bandsof iron oxide mineralization that fills pore space (referred to as iron oxide cement or IOC) and more delicate bands of iron oxide mineralization that coats sand grains but does not fill pore space (referred to as iron oxide stain or IOS).
Abstract P157: Challenging Blood Pressure Control In Heart Failure Patients And Related Factors

Background: The 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guidelines were released, and it specified blood pressure (BP) control goals in diverse situation. We will determine how the guideline can affect heart fai...
Unraveling Spatio-Temporal Chemistry Evolution in Laser Ablation Plumes and Its Relation to Initial Plasma Conditions.

The chemistry evolution in a laser ablation plume depends strongly on its initial physical conditions. In this article, we investigate the impact of plasma generation conditions on the interrelated phenomena of expansion dynamics, plasma chemistry, and physical conditions. Plasmas are produced from a uranium metal target in air using nanosecond, femtosecond, and femtosecond filament-assisted laser ablation. Time-resolved two-dimensional spectral imaging was performed to evaluate the spatio-temporal evolution of atoms, diatoms, polyatomic molecules, and nanoparticles in situ. Emission spectral features reveal that molecular formation occurs at early times in both femtosecond and filament ablation plumes, although with different temporal decays. In contrast, molecular formation is found to occur at much later times in nanosecond plasma evolution. Spectral modeling is used to infer temporal behavior of plasma excitation temperature. We find U atoms and UO molecules co-exist in ultrafast laser-produced plasmas even at early times after plasma onset owing to favorable temperatures for molecular formation. Regardless of irradiation conditions, plume emission features showed the presence of higher oxides (i.e., UxOy), although with different temporal histories. Our study provides insight into the impact of plasma generation conditions on chemistry evolution in plasmas produced from traditional focused femtosecond, nanosecond, and filament-assisted laser ablation.
Optimal Window-Symbolic Time Series Analysis for Pattern Classification and Anomaly Detection

This paper proposes the optimal window-symbolic time series analysis (OW-STSA) methodology to optimize parameters of feature extraction and pattern classification in industrial processes. The underlying theory is built upon minimization of an empirical risk function (ERF) to discriminate between nominal and anomalous operations of the physical process under consideration. In particular, the proposed methodology produces: i) optimized windows of the time series used for pattern classification and anomaly detection, and ii) optimized identification of feature extractors and classifier parameters. The algorithm is realized by segmenting a given time series into windows of equal size. Then, the stationary state probability (SSP) vector is computed for each window in the sense of OW-STSA for anomaly prediction with locally optimal accuracy of detection performance. The proposed methodology has been experimentally validated in laboratory environment with different classifiers for two distinct industrial processes. The first experiment addresses detection of fatigue failure in polycrystalline-alloy structures using time series of ultrasonic signals. The second experiment investigates detection of thermoacoustic instability (TAI) in an emulated combustion system using time series of pressure-wave signals. In both experiments, the proposed OW-STSA methodology yielded excellent detection performance of anomalous behavior with multiple classification techniques.
The Consumer Turn in Medicalization: Future Directions with Historical FoundationsFuture Directions with Historical Foundations

The concept of medicalization is one of the most successful and enduring contributions to the field of medical sociology (Bird et al. 2000). Early thinking and empirical studies of medicalization focused primarily upon the notions of deviance and social control by the institution of medicine (Szasz 1974; Zola 1972; Conrad and Schneider 1980). Since then, the concept of medicalization has successfully migrated out of the sociological literature and into the mainstream public press (Nye 2003). For example, medicalization has its own Wikipedia entry, and there are YouTube sites on the medicalization of childbirth, circumcision, and autism. Public use of sociological terms is not new. Medicalization follows the path of other “successful” sociological concepts such as anomie, focus groups, social networks, and gender. Like all things academic, there is a need to continually shape and refine our concepts and techniques to keep them current and relevant. In order for medicalization to remain an important concept in the twenty-first century, sociologists need to continually adapt the concept in relationship to structural and cultural changes in society.
Transcriptome-scale similarities between mouse and human skeletal muscles with normal and myopathic phenotypes

Mouse and human skeletal muscle transcriptome profiles vary by muscle type, raising the question of which mouse muscle groups have the greatest molecular similarities to human skeletal muscle. Orthologous (whole, sub-) transcriptome profiles were compared among four mouse-human transcriptome datasets: (M) six muscle groups obtained from three mouse strains (wildtype, mdx, mdx 5cv ); (H1) biopsied human quadriceps from controls and Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients; (H2) four different control human muscle types obtained at autopsy; and (H3) 12 different control human tissues (ten non-muscle). Of the six mouse muscles examined, mouse soleus bore the greatest molecular similarities to human skeletal muscles, independent of the latters' anatomic location/muscle type, disease state, age and sampling method (autopsy versus biopsy). Significant similarity to any one mouse muscle group was not observed for non-muscle human tissues (dataset H3), indicating this finding to be muscle specific. This observation may be partly explained by the higher type I fiber content of soleus relative to the other mouse muscles sampled.
Individual Differences in Preferences for Matched-Ethnic Mentors Among High-Achieving Ethnically Diverse Adolescents in STEM

This short-term longitudinal study examined (a) adolescents’ contact with mentors who share their background in relation to the importance they place on having such mentors, and (b) the associations of these perceptions with self-efficacy, identity, and commitment to a science career. Participants were 265 ethnically diverse adolescents (M age = 15.82) attending a 4-week science education program. Cluster analyses indicated that at Time 1, underrepresented ethnic minorities were more often in the cluster defined by feelings of importance of having a matched-background mentor but not having much contact. Perceptions of contact increased over time for these students and were associated with increased feelings of identity as a science student. The results suggest the need for attending to individual differences in students’ preferences for matched-background mentors.
Are the Benefits of Medicine Worth What We Pay for It

Is medical care worth it? Conventional wisdom says no, but my answer is emphatically yes. The benefits that we have received from medical advance are enormously greater than the costs. I suggest that public policy far outweighs the importance of cost containment relative to coverage expansion; we could in fact spend more and get a lot more for our health care dollars. In what follows, I talk about the costs and benefits of medical advance, focusing on two areas where I have done the most work: improvements in cardiovascular disease care and care for low birth weight infants. In each case, I present evidence that the benefits justify the costs, and discuss what that implies for public policy. I note at the outside that I shall be summarizing a large volume of research that I and others have done. I have compiled my views into a book, YOUR MONEY OR YOUR LIFE (2004, Oxford University Press), that the interested reader should consult.
CD18-Mediated Neutrophil Recruitment Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Reperfused but Not Nonreperfused Stroke

Background and Purpose —Neutrophil (PMN) recruitment mediated by increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression (ICAM-1, CD54) in the cerebral microvasculature contributes to the pathogenesis of tissue injury in stroke. However, studies using blocking antibodies against the common β 2 -integrin subunit on the PMN, the counterligand for ICAM-1 (CD18), have demonstrated equivocal efficacy. The current study tested the hypothesis that mice deficient in CD18 would be protected in the setting of reperfused but not nonreperfused stroke. Methods —Two groups of mice were studied, those whose PMNs could express CD18 (CD18 +/+) and those mice hypomorphic for the CD-18 gene (CD18 −/−). PMNs obtained from CD18 −/− or CD18 +/+ mice were fluorescently labeled and tested for binding to murine brain endothelial monolayers. Using a murine model of focal cerebral ischemia in which an occluding suture placed in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is removed after 45 minutes (transient ischemia, reperfused stroke) or left in place (permanent ischemia, nonreperfused stroke), cerebral infarct volumes (% ipsilateral hemisphere by TTC staining), cerebral blood flow (CBF, % contralateral hemisphere by laser-Doppler flowmetry), and survival (%) were examined 24 hours after the initial ischemic event. Adoptive transfer studies used 111 In-labeled PMNs (from either CD18 +/+ or CD18 −/− mice) to examine the relative accumulation of PMNs in the ischemic region. Results —PMNs obtained from CD18 −/− mice exhibit reduced adhesivity (compared with CD18 +/+ PMNs) for both quiescent and cytokine-activated endothelial monolayers. CD18 −/− mice (n=14) subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia demonstrated a 53% decrease in infarct volumes versus CD18 +/+ mice (n=26, P P =0.02), and a 3.7-fold decrease in mortality ( P =0.02). However, when CD18 −/− mice (n=12) were subjected to permanent focal cerebral ischemia, no differences were noted in infarct volume, mortality, or CBF versus similarly treated CD18 +/+ mice (n=10). There was a greater accumulation of CD18 +/+ PMNs in the ischemic zone of CD18 +/+ animals than CD18 −/− animals subjected to reperfused stroke (82% increase, P =0.02), although there was no difference between groups when subjected to permanent MCA occlusion. Conclusions —Deficiency for the CD18 gene confers cerebral protection in a murine model of reperfused stroke, but this benefit does not extend to CD18-deficient animals subjected to permanent MCA occlusion. These data suggest that anti-PMN strategies should be targeted to reperfused stroke and may perhaps be used in conjunction with thrombolytic therapy that establishes reperfusion.
Computer-based cognitive rehabilitation research in a military treatment facility: Recruitment, compliance, and lessons learned.

Background Evidence-based approaches to cognitive rehabilitation are limited; however, new technologies such as brain-training computer programs provide opportunities for novel interventions. Objective This paper describes a randomized controlled training study in a military treatment facility with service members who had combat-related cognitive symptoms. It examines challenges in study design and implementation, and provides "lessons learned" with proposed solutions. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to one of two 6-week computer-based cognitive training (CBCT) programs or a treatment-as-usual (TAU) control group. Feasibility assessments included reasons for consent refusal, compliance, and drop-out rates. Results The intended sample size for the study was 114 participants before attrition. Of 291 patients referred over 2.5 years, 120 were eligible, 38 consented to participate, and 18 completed the study. Forty-two percent of the participants assigned to CBCT groups completed the required 30 sessions in 6.5 to 32 weeks. Study-design factors that affected enrollment and compliance included eligibility restrictions, lack of a computer-based control condition, and inflexible scheduling. Conclusions Successful implementation of a high-dose computer-based clinical trial will require design changes such as expanded inclusion criteria, control by sham computer program or wait-list, dosing flexibility, and web-based options.
Risk-Based Power System Planning Integrating Social and Economic Direct and Indirect Costs

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Partitioned Multiobjective Risk Method Partitioned Mutiobjective Risk Method Applied to Power System Planning Integrating the Social and Economic Impacts in Power System Planning Energy Crises and Public Crises Conclusions and Future Work Bibliography
Mechanism and elimination of aspirin-induced interference in Emit II d.a.u. assays.

The presence of salicylates in urine reduces the signal in Emit assays (Syva), potentially yielding false-negative drugs-of-abuse screening results. We demonstrate that the principal urinary metabolite of salicylate, salicyluric acid (SUA; 2-hydroxybenzoylaminoacetic acid), interferes with the measurement of NADH formed in the assay by reducing the molar absorptivity of NADH at 340 nm. Thus, for a given concentration of d.a.u. analyte the change in absorbance over the assay time interval is less in the presence of SUA. With the Emit cocaine assay on the Hitachi 704 analyzer, the rate of absorbance change (delta AR) monitored at 340 nm for a specimen containing approximately 270 micrograms/L benzoylecgonine (BE) was 57 +/- 1.9 mA/min without SUA and 29 +/- 2.7 mA/min with 5 g/L SUA (n = 20). In contrast, delta AR determined at 376 nm was 18.6 +/- 0.5 mA/min with and 17.9 +/- 0.8 mA/min without 5 g/L SUA (n = 20). Measuring the Emit assay signal at wavelengths where SUA has no absorbance (376 nm) eliminates the interference due to SUA while maintaining the precision of the assay near the cutoff concentration for BE (300 micrograms/L).
Race and Gender Bias in the Administration of Corporal Punishment.

The disciplinary actions taken by school building administrators after receiving a discipline referral were examined to identify evidence of race and gender bias in administration of corporal punis...
Coinfection With HIV-1 and HCV—A One-Two Punch

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and death; it is estimated that 180 million persons are infected with HCV worldwide. The consequences of HCV are worse in those who are coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), which is unfortunately a common scenario because of shared risk factors of the viruses. More studies into effects of HCV/HIV-1 coinfection are needed, but efforts have been hampered by limitations in our understanding of the combined pathogenesis of the 2 viruses. Gaining insight into the mechanisms that underlie the immunopathogenesis of these persistent viral infections could lead to new therapeutic strategies for patients with HCV/HIV-1 coinfection.
Automated Tuning of an Extended Kalman Filter Using the Downhill Simplex Algorithm

A method of tuning a Kalman filter by means of the downhill simplex numerical optimization algorithm is presented. The problem is defined by a brief description of the Kalman filter and the extended Kalman filter and the sensitivity of filter performance to process noise and measurement noise covariance matrices Q and R. The filter tuning problem for a system processing simulated data is then formulated as a numerical optimization problem by defining a performance index based on state estimate errors. The resulting performance index is then minimized using the downhill simplex algorithm. The technique is then applied to three numerical examples of increasing complexity to demonstrate its practical utility.
Hepatitis B vaccination among adolescents 13–17 years, United States, 2006–2012

Background Hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent HBV infection. Routine HepB vaccination was recommended for infants in 1991 and catch-up vaccination has been recommended for adolescents since in 1995. The purpose of this study is to assess HepB vaccination among adolescents 13–17 years.
The Feasibility of Using a Hot-Film Anemometer in the Rain

Abstract Cylindrical, platinum-coated, hot-film anemometers were struck with a series of individual drops of water while immersed in controlled airflows with velocities ranging from 0.3 to 5.0 m s−1. Subjecting the sensor to water drops caused slight, but permanent, changes in calibration. In an effort to overcome calibration changes following drop impacts, a Teflon-coated sensor was also tested. A filtering algorithm was devised to remove drop-caused spikes in the recorded time series. An average spike duration of 0.32 s per drop impact was found, and maximum record loss was estimated to be 1.7% for rainfall rates less than 30 mm h−1.
Relaxation and thermal expansion of Ru(0001) between 300 and 1870 K and the influence of hydrogen

Abstract The surface structure of Ru(0 0 0 1) has been studied between 300 and 1870 K using X-ray diffraction. At 300 K, the outermost layer is contracted by 2.2(4)%, in agreement with the value determined by low-energy electron diffraction studies, but about half that predicted by ab initio calculations. H-adsorption appears to introduce disorder through an increased surface Debye–Waller factor and an increased step density, but does not significantly alter the interlayer spacing. Temperature-dependent studies of the clean surface structure indicate a thermal expansion of the first three interlayer distances that is slightly smaller than that of the bulk, accompanied by increasing vibrational motion comparable to that of the bulk.
Relative influence of sex composition on job desirability

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relative influence which the sex composition of a job exerts on its perceived desirability. The influence of job sex composition was studied in relation to three other factors: security, suitability of type of work, and company recognition. Ninety-five college students rated 108 job profiles on desirability based on various combinations of the four factors studied. The results indicated that sex composition exerted the least influence on job desirability while security and suitability of type of work exerted the greatest influence. It is suggested that past research focusing on the sex composition of a job as a determinant of its desirability has produced findings which are primarily a function of the research method utilized.
Release of polyionizable compounds from submicrometer oil-in-water emulsions.

Abstract A novel, general, theoretical equation that describes the release of polyionizable compounds from submicrometer emulsions was derived and evaluated. The model accounts for simultaneous partitioning, interfacial activity, and adsorption to surfactant for n independent drug species and j surfactant species in a single emulsion system. Under the appropriate conditions, this model collapses to a previously described model for submicrometer emulsions. The model was tested for submicrometer emulsions containing a model dibasic compound (quinine sulfate). Drug release behavior was observed at pH 3.00, 5.07, and 7.50 in the presence and absence of an anionic surfactant (sodium lauryl sulfate). At each pH, the proposed theory describes the observed release behavior. At all pHs studied, a substantial amount of quinine was adsorbed to the surface of the oil droplet. Presumably, this behavior was largely the result of electrostatic attraction between ionized drug and sodium lauryl sulfate at the oil—water interface. Adsorption constants were evaluated for complexation of cationic and dicationic species of quinine to sodium lauryl sulfate, and the adsorption constant of the cationic species was larger, presumably because of the ionic nature of the surfactant.
From DNA to NDA—The impact of recombinant DNA technology on new drug development

Man's long-standing efforts to alter living things through genetic manipulation have become reality. Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have the potential to alter the drug-development process profoundly. The pharmaceutical industry has had to adjust its research efforts and develop new state-of-the-art laboratories. In addition to the standard biological and in vivo assays, many new tests are required, e.g., amino acid sequencing, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and radioimmunoassays. Academic researchers have played a vital role in developing the new biotechnology, supplying most of the basic scientific knowledge and the initial supply of the scientific work force. The recent shifting of support for scientific training from the government to the pharmaceutical industry has resulted in unprecedented academe-industry relationships. Universities now stand to profit significantly from patent rights resulting from biotechnology research efforts. While the advances in biotechnology have had considerable impact on the pharmaceutical industry and academia, they have thus far had only a minor impact on the regulatory process. To date, the preferred regulatory path appears to be modification of existing procedures through the issuance of guidelines, which can be updated as knowledge increases.
Generating Market Elasticity Estimates Using Cross-Sectional First-Choice and Second-Choice Data

This article develops a method for using first-choice/second-choice information to estimate the ratio of cross-elasticities to own-elasticities. I then use Bayesian techniques to couple this information with prior knowledge of the elasticities. This leads to elasticity estimates reflecting the decision maker's prior knowledge as well as existing data on customer first-choice/second-choice preferences.
Solution of a periodic optimal control problem by asymptotic series

In order to understand the numerical behavior of a certain class of periodic optimal control problems, a relatively simple problem is posed. The complexity of the extremal paths is uncovered by determining an analytic approximation to the solution by using the Lindstedt-Poincare asymptotic series expansion. The key to obtaining this series is in the proper choice of the expansion parameter. The resulting expansion is essentially a harmonic series in which, for small values of the expansion parameter and a few terms of the series, excellent agreement with the numerical solution is obtained. A reasonable approximation of the solution is achieved for a relatively large value of the expansion parameter.
Eternally Separated Lovers: The Argument from Love

A message scribbled irreverently on the mediaeval walls of the Nonberg cloister says this: ‘Neither of us can go to heaven unless the other gets in.’ It suggests an argument against the view that those who love people who suffer in hell can be perfectly happy, or even free from all suffering, in heaven. This paper considers the challenge posed by this thought to the coherence of the traditional Christian doctrine on which there are some people in hell who are suffering and others in heaven who are not suffering. More precisely, it defends the following argument:1. No one who loves another can be perfectly happy or free from suffering if they know that their beloved is suffering.2. Anyone in hell suffers (at least as long as they are in hell).3. Anyone in heaven is perfectly happy or at least free from suffering.4. There can be no one in heaven who is aware of the fact that his or her beloved is in hell. (1, 2, and 3)The paper argues that the first premise is eminently plausible and that those who accept t...
Assessment in mathematics teacher education: Introducing preservice teachers to assessment reform

Abstract New visions for mathematics pedagogy and curricula have necessitated careful reconsideration of the ways in which teachers evaluate students progress and mathematical understanding. This article explores beginning teachers (N = 26) perspectives on mathematics assessment reform, their notions of “grading,” and their beliefs about objectivity in mathematics education. The article also describes steps taken to challenge their initial conceptions of evaluation and to help them strengthen perspectives about assessment practices that reflect present thinking among reformers in mathematics education.
Continuing equilibrium assumption over-restricts bifurcation condition in the classical localization theory

Abstract The assumption of continuing equilibrium plays a fundamental role in the traditional bifurcation formulation. Within the scope of time-independent plasticity, continuing equilibrium requires that equilibrium be satisfied beyond the bifurcation point as well as at the bifurcation point for all permissible paths. It automatically rules out the possibility that a non-equilibrium path may be followed immediately after the bifurcation. Continuing equilibrium condition leads to often unrealistic predictions by the classical shear band theory. As a natural outcome of relaxation of the continuing equilibrium condition, this paper introduces a stress-gradient into the basic formulation of localization problem, conceptually different from the commonly employed strain gradient approach which stays within the classical localization framework but introduces spatial scales through the strain gradient in the constitutive relations (non-local plasticity theory). Without assuming vertices on the current yield surface or unrealistically large material imperfections, the new theory shows that it is at least kinematically and kinetically permissible for localization to occur in the hardening regime.
Parametric Hazard Functions: Overview

Hazard models are used only moderately in the transportation field compared with their levels of application in other areas, such as medicine, political science, and economics. Many specifications of the hazard models are not well known, whereas the primary application of hazard models is limited to a basic proportional continuous hazard formulation with continuous failure time and Weibull baseline hazard function. Besides the recent advances in the methodology of hazard-based models, the basic proportional hazard formulation remains the proffered hazard-based modeling approach. This paper aims to present some popular specifications of hazard-based models and also discusses some formulations that are less frequently used in practical models. In this study, the Weibull baseline hazard, which is a monotonic function, is replaced by the nonmonotonic log logistic function, and the modified formulation is presented. The log logistic and Weibull formulations are also presented, not only in continuous form but also in discrete hazard formulations for applications in which the failures are observed in discrete time intervals. Finally, all four combinations of discrete and continuous formulations with Weibull and log logistic baselines are discussed with the option of unobserved heterogeneity of type of gamma distribution. The accelerated failure time model, which is an alternative to the proportional hazard models, is discussed. This paper attempts to present a comprehensive overview of the applications of the duration model in the field of transportation.
Determining Fracture Orientation From Pulse Testing

This paper presents a procedure for determining a complex orientation of a vertical fracture and the formation permeability from pulse testing. Generalized correlations relating the quotient of dimensionless response amplitude and dimensionless cycle period ({Delta}rho/sub D//{Delta}tau/sub cycD/) to dimensionless time lag are presented. The correlations can be used for analyzing pulse-test pressure response at an unfractured observation well resulting from pulsing a vertically fractured active well. Detailed procedures for the design and analysis of pulse testing of a vertically fractured well are presented.
Upward Mobility and Parenting in Middle-Income Black Families

A review of the various cycles in research on non-poor Black families is related to various movements within the Black community. The relevance of various SES classifications and characteristics of...
Content and Context of the Administrative Internship: How Mentoring and Sustained Activities Impact Preparation.

As universities prepare educational leaders for twenty-first century schools, the quality and authenticity of the internship experience require both the strengths of university faculty and the expertise of practitioners to create authentic experiences that seek to bridge the theory-to-practice divide. One mechanism to achieve this is through quality mentorship by school- and central-office-based personnel during the internship experience. A central aspect of this professional relationship is the ability for the mentor to provide access to quality activities that will prepare the aspiring leader for his/her first administrative position. This exploratory study examined language utilized by interns in their time logs as well as information gleaned from preliminary surveys of both interns and mentors upon completion of their experience. Findings revealed the complexity of language analysis and revealed a need for understanding activities of interns and interactions with mentors in a contextual fashion.
Particle Concentrations in Urban Microenvironments

Although ambient particulate matter has been associated with a range of health outcomes, the health risks for individuals depend in part on their daily activities. Information about particle mass concentrations and size distributions in indoor and outdoor microenvironments can help identify high-risk individuals and the significant contributors to personal exposure. To address these issues in an urban setting, we measured particle count concentrations in four size ranges and particulate matter (3/4) 10 microm (PM(10)) concentrations outdoors and in seven indoor microenvironments in Boston, Massachusetts. Particle counts and PM(10) concentrations were continuously measured with two light-scattering devices. Because of the autocorrelation between sequential measurements, we used linear mixed effects models with an AR-1 autoregressive correlation structure to evaluate whether differences between microenvironments were statistically significant. In general, larger particles were elevated in the vicinity of significant human activity, and smaller particles were elevated in the vicinity of combustion sources, with indoor PM(10) concentrations significantly higher than the outdoors on buses and trolleys. Statistical models demonstrated significant variability among some indoor microenvironments, with greater variability for smaller particles. These findings imply that personal exposures can depend on activity patterns and that microenvironmental concentration information can improve the accuracy of personal exposure estimation.
Exact Laws for Sums of Order Statistics from a Generalized Pareto Distribution

We select the kth order statistic from each row from a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables from a distribution that generalizes the Pareto distribution. We then examine weighted sums of these order statistics to see whether or not Laws of Large Numbers with nonzero limits exist.
Propylene phenoxetol as a "preservative" for living holothurians.

A WELL-KNOWN disadvantage of the use of the holothurian Stichopus moebii for the preparation of isolated organs for physiological experimentation is the process of local degeneration1 initiated in the body wall by the trauma of dissection. If the dissection is at all prolonged, the connective tissue begins to ‘deliquesce’ and the body wall flows out in an ooze, much as it does when subjected to heat. It seems useful as well as of some interest to know that an agent used for narcotizing invertebrates and fish can also retard the local degeneration reaction.
Technology and the illusion of saving time.

“Effectiveness is about taking the time to design a good EMR, to avoid problems in the future.” IN THESE TOUGH economic times, everyone is looking for ways to be more efficient and cost-effective. Unfortunately, efficiency often comes at a cost, a cost that may destroy the essence of what you are trying to achieve. The greatest lesson in life is learning to do what you need to do, when you need to do it, whether you want to or not (Covey, 1990). I recently presented at a conference in Las Vegas where they had kiosks, similar to the ones that you find in the airport, where you could self-register for a room at the hotel. It was certainly efficient. After registering, I asked the one live registration clerk how this system was working. She said it saved money by eliminating a lot of front desk jobs, yet was impacting on good customer service, which eventually could impact on the number of customers coming to the hotel. Thus, an initial improvement in efficiency and cost savings could eventually prove destructive to business. Technology often offers the promise of improved efficiency and cost savings. However, without careful attention to the implementation, technology can actually have harmful longterm outcomes.
Quantitative estimate of resedimentation in the pelagic sequence of the equatorial Pacific

Abstract A study of deep-sea sedimentation processes was undertaken in the east-central equatorial Pacific Ocean near DSDP Site 574, using lithologic information from the site and a grid of 250 km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles. These data are used to quantitatively evaluate pelagic drape and basin-filling processes in a pelagic carbonate environment. Sediment accumulation influenced by the relief of the depositional surface, seafloor currents, and sediment supply was examined in eight seismic-stratigraphic intervals. As expected, the thinnest sediment sections occur over topographic highs and areas of steep dips, while the thickest portions occur in lows and over gradual slopes. Syn-depositional sediment redistribution varies between about 4 and 17% of the volume of the defined intervals.