cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Aldosterone's Action on Epithelial Na + Transport

Aldosterone maintains total organism sodium balance in all higher vertebrates. The level of sodium reabsorption is primarily determined by the action of aldosterone on epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) in the distal nephron. Recent work shows that, in an aldosterone-sensitive renal cell line (A6), aldosterone regulates sodium reabsorption by short- and long-term processes. In the short term, aldosterone regulates sodium transport by inducing expression of the small G-protein, K-Ras2A, by stimulating the activity of methyl transferase and S-adenosyl-homocysteine hydrolase to activate Ras by methylation, and, possibly, by subsequent activation by K-Ras2A of phosphatidylinositol phosphate-5-kinase (PIP-5-K) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3-K), which ultimately activates ENaC. In the long term, aldosterone regulates sodium transport by altering trafficking, assembly, and degradation of ENaC.
P32-Labeled Semen for Mosquito Mating Studies.

Radioactive semen of male Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L.), reared in media containing 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 μ.c/ml of radiophosphorus per larva, was detected in the spermathecae of their mates after copulation. The radioautographic techniques employed for detection of semen from treated males can be utilized in field investigations of mosquito-mating behavior. Futhermore, male A. quadrimaculatus sterililed by tepa after semen tagging with radiophosphorus were competitivc with untreated males for mates among untreated females.
Clinical Prognosis Correlated with Hemispheric Blood Flow in Cerebral Infarction

In 44 patients with acute unilateral cerebral infarction, there was reduction of hemispheric blood flow (HBF) and metabolism in the healthy hemisphere (phenomenon of diaschisis) as well as in the diseased hemisphere in patients in all age groups (30 to 70 years of age). In patients with symptoms present for three weeks or longer, the decrease in HBF in the healthy hemisphere was less than during the acute stage of infarction. The HBF in the healthy hemisphere of the younger patients approached normal values months or years after the stroke but remained reduced in older patients, probably reflecting diffuse as well as focal cerebrovascular disease. When the severity and outcome of the neurological deficit was correlated with the blood flow and metabolism of the diseased hemisphere, it was apparent that HBF in patients with transient ischemic attacks and more prolonged but reversible neurological deficit was greater than in those who had sustained severe, permanent neurological deficit.
Charge Transfer associated with Temperature Gradients in Ionic Solutions

POTENTIAL differences were produced across columns of sodium chloride or potassium chloride solution when temperature gradients were applied along them. The contribution made by this mechanism to the potentials recorded across cell membranes is unlikely to be large.
Implementation of hand geometry: an analysis of user perspectives and system performance

This discusses the implementation issues of installing a commercially available hand geometry system in the current infrastructure of Purdue University's Recreational Sports Center. In addition to a performance analysis of the system, a pre- and post-data collection survey was distributed to the 129 test subjects gathering information on perceptions of biometrics, in particular hand geometry, as well as participants' thoughts and feelings during their interaction with the hand geometry device. The results of the survey suggest that participants were accepting of hand geometry. Additionally, analyses of the participants' survey responses revealed that 93% liked using hand geometry, 98% thought it was easy to use, and 87% preferred it to the existing card-based system, while nobody thought the device invaded their personal privacy. System performance achieved a 3-try match rate of 99.02% (FRR 0.98%) when "gaming"/potential impostor attempts were removed from analysis. The failure to enroll rate was zero. Statistical analyses exposed a significant difference in the scores of attempts made by users with prior hand geometry usage, and subjects that could not straighten out their hand on the device. However, there were no statistical difference in the effects of rings/no rings, improper hand placements/proper hand placements, or gender on hand geometry score.
Small‐angle light scattering by random assemblies of incomplete spherulites. Systems with partial degree of volume filling

A theory is presented to account for the effect of the impingement of growing spherulites on their Hv small-angle light scattering patterns. The theory is developed on the basis of results of computer-simulated two-dimensional spherulite growth and calculated scattered intensities. The impingement produces a lowering of the intensity of the scattering maximum and the diminishing of the overall sharpness of the scattering peak. The extent of these effects increases with area fraction of spherulites. A procedure is suggested for determining correction factors that may be applied to intensity data obtained during the course of spherulite crystallization. An interpretation is made of the type of average spherulite size determined from the scattering angle of maximum intensity.
Extended universality and the question of spin on hierarchical lattices.

An extended universality principle for hierarchical lattices is refuted. The spin-independent aspect of universality is, however, retained. It is proposed that a distinction be made between a ``weak statement of universality'' and a ``strong statement of universality.''
Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America

(1991). Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 120, No. 1, pp. 130-132.
Application of Type I and II Errors in Dairy Farm Management Decision Making

Abstract The economic costs of type I and type II errors associated with decisions regarding the use of sodium bicarbonate and bST on dairy farms were calculated. Data from published experiments were used to estimate the mean and SD in production responses and associated changes in DM intake. The frequency distribution of the production response and the expected monetary value of type I error (using a product when it is unprofitable) and type II error (not using a product when it is profitable) were calculated. Supplemental sodium bicarbonate ($.05/cow per d) and bST ($.40/cow per d) were used as sample decision problems. Milk was valued at $.28/kg, and feed was priced at $.15/ kg. Based on 12 reports, cows supplemented with .75% sodium bicarbonate in ration DM produced an additional 1.43 kg/d of 3.5% FCM (SD = 1.13) and consumed .36 kg/d more feed. Type I error costs were $.02/d, whereas type 11 error costs were $.32/d. From 16 reports, cows supplemented daily with 10 to 15 mg/d of bST produced an additional 3.9 kg/d of 3.5% FCM (SD = 2.1) and consumed .6 kg/d more feed. Type I error costs were $.03/d, whereas type II error costs were $.66/d. Because type II error costs were greater than type I error costs, the economic decision favored the use of sodium bicarbonate or bST or both. Type II error cost was greater than type I for both products when DM cost was varied from $.064 to .239/kg and milk price was varied from $.145 to $.429/kg.
Predicting the Performance of Daily Activities of Patients with Chronic Lung Disease

40 men and 60 women between the ages of 40 and 59 yr. of age and having the diagnosis of chronic obstructive lung disease as measured by Fev1 values of less than 70% predicted pulmonary function were administered an outcome measure of functional ability, the Sickness Impact Profile. A prediction equation for functional ability, the variables of sex, socioeconomic status, respiratory impairment, and self-reporting of symptoms for analysis. In the two-variable model socioeconomic status and self-reporting of breathing difficulty contributed to 28% of the total variability in functional ability scores. In the three-variable model, adding the third independent variable of respiratory impairment (Fev1) did not significantly increase the explained variability in the outcome measure.
Scopolamine augments C-fos and zif/268 messenger rna expression induced by the full D1 dopamine receptor agonist SKF-82958 in the intact rat striatum

It is generally accepted that the widely used, partial dopamine D(1) receptor agonist, SKF-38393, does not induce immediate early gene expression in striatal projection neurons unless D(1) receptors are sensitized and uncoupled from D(2) receptors by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions or reserpine treatment. In contrast, this study demonstrates, using quantitative in situ hybridization, that the full D(1) receptor agonist, SKF-82958, induced robust expression of c-fos and zif/268 messenger RNAs in the intact rat striatum, especially in the entire shell and medial and ventral core areas of the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, and in the cerebral cortex, 45 min after one injection. The induction of the striatal immediate early genes is characterized by (i) induction in only medium-sized spiny neurons, (ii) dose-dependent induction, which correlates well with dose-dependent increases in motor activity, and (iii) blockade by the D(1) receptor antagonist, SCH-23390. The muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, which itself did not alter striatal gene expression, profoundly augmented the behaviors and expression of the two immediate early genes in the ventral and dorsal striatum induced by 0.1, 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg SKF-82958. However, scopolamine attenuated basal, and SKF-82958-stimulated, expression of c-fos and zif/268 messenger RNAs in the cortex. Scopolamine also enabled SKF-38393 to induce locomotor stimulation and c-fos and zif/268 messenger RNA expression in the normosensitive striatum of the rat when SKF-38393 alone caused no such changes. These data demonstrate an ability of SKF-82958 to induce immediate early gene messenger RNA expression in normosensitive dorsal and ventral striatum. Furthermore, intrinsic muscarinic receptor-mediated cholinergic transmission in the striatum may provide an activity-dependent inhibitory control on striatal D(1) receptor stimulation.
New rhenium(I) compounds containing the donor–acceptor diphosphine ligands 2-(ferrocenylidene)-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (fbpcd) and 2-(3-ferrocenylprop-2-ynylidene)-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)4-cyclopenten- 1,3-dione (fpbpcd): Electrochemical behavior, MO properties, and X-ray diffraction structure of fac-BrRe(CO)3(fpbpcd)

Abstract Displacement of the labile THF molecules in BrRe(CO)3(THF)2 (1) by the diphosphine ligands 2-(ferrocenylidene)-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (fbpcd) and 2-(3-ferrocenylprop-2-ynylidene)-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)4-cyclopenten- 1,3-dione (fpbpcd) yields the mononuclear compounds fac-BrRe(CO)3(fbpcd) (2) and fac-BrRe(CO)3(fpbpcd) (3), respectively. The new ligand fpbpcd ligand has been synthesized from 3-ferrocenylpropynal and the parent diphosphine ligand 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd) through a Knoevenagel condensation. 2 and 3 have been isolated and fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopies (1H and 31P), ESI mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction analysis in the case of 3. The electrochemical properties of compounds 2 and 3 have been examined by cyclic voltammetry, and the nature of the HOMO and LUMO levels in these systems has been confirmed by MO calculations at the extended Huckel level. The redox and MO data are discussed relative to the redox and orbital properties of related functionalized diphosphines based on the bpcd platform.
Dynamic computed tomography demonstration of hepatic arteriovenous fistula

A traumatic hepatic arteriovenous fistula was located by dynamic computed tomography, and its flow characteristics were demonstrated by analysis of the scan sequence with curve fitting and functional imaging programs.
Concept and extraction method of ESD-critical parameters for function-based layout-level ESD protection circuit design verification

On-chip ESD (electrostatic discharging) protection is a challenging IC design problem. New CAD tools are essential to ESD protection design prediction and verification at full chip level. This paper reports a novel concept and extraction method of ESD-critical parameters for function-based layout-level ESD protection circuit design verification, which has been used to develop the first intelligent CAD tool of such kind. Design examples in 0.35μm BiCMOS are presented.
Booster and Main Accelerator Phase Detector System for Cavity Tuning

Each NAL booster and main accelerator rf station contains a phase lock control loop to resonate the beam-line cavities at the applied excitation (reference) frequency. The phase sensor in the loop is a dual channel phase detector having an octave bandwidth, an amplitude dynamic range of 60 dB, a phase balance vs. frequency better than ±2° and a zero crossover phase sensitivity of 0.18 V/deg. The phase detector develops a feedback "error" signal proportional to the phase difference between the rf reference signal and an rf signal representing the rf station beam line voltage. This paper discusses the rf cavity tuning feedback loop configuration and describes the details of the phase detector circuitry.
An equipotential model for auroral arcs: The theory of two‐dimensional Laminar electrostatic shocks

The two-dimensional current-driven shock theory of Swift (1976) is reformulated in a way that removes previous restrictions on the shock thickness in relation to an ion gyrodiameter and also makes it possible to include effects of finite gyrational energy of the ions. The theory is applied to a shock model consisting of cold streaming electrons of magnetospheric origin and streaming ions of ionospheric origin, and it is shown that shock widths will be slightly less than the gyrodiameter of an ion whose energy is equal to the maximum potential difference across the shock. It is also shown that ions in passing through the shock may gain gyrational energy on the order of 10% of the parallel and the E x B energy gain. The theory also requires that the electron beam flux be largest on field lines where the precipitating electron experiences the largest energy gain.
Learning trust strategies in reputation exchange networks

An agent's trust decision strategy consists of the agent's policies for making trust-related decisions, such as who to trust, how trustworthy to be, what reputations to believe, and when to tell truthful reputations. In reputation exchange networks, learning trust decision strategies is complex, compared to non-reputation-communicating systems. When potential partners may exchange reputation information about an agent, the agent's interactions with one partner are no longer independent from interactions with another; partners may tell each other about their experiences with the agent, influencing future behavior. This research enumerates the types of decisions an agent faces in reputation exchange networks, explains the interdependencies between these decisions, and correlates rewards to each decision. Experimental results using the Agent Reputation and Trust (ART) Testbed demonstrate the success of strategy-learning agents over agents employing naive strategies. The variation in performance of reputation-based learning vs. experience-based learning over different opponents illustrates the need to dynamically determine when to utilize reputations vs. experience in making trust decisions.
A Simple Statistical-Synoptic Track Prediction Technique for Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones

Abstract A simple statistical-synoptic technique for tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasting to 72 h in the western North Pacific is derived. This technique applies to the standard (S) pattern/dominant ridge region (S/DR) and poleward/poleward-oriented (P/PO) combinations, which are the two most common and represent about 73% of all situations. Only eight predictors that involve present and past 12-h and 24-h positions, intensity, and date are used. The track predictions are simple to calculate and understand; are available in near–real time each 6 h; apply at all intensities, as compared to the complex global or regional dynamical model predictions that are only available each 12 h at about 3–4 h after synoptic time; are not calculated for weak TCs; and tend to have accurate predictions only for tropical storm stage and above. The statistical-synoptic technique for S/DR cases has an improvement (skill) relative to the operational climatology and persistence (WPCLPR) technique of 12% after 12 h and 24% af...
Prolactin measurement during inferior petrosal sinus sampling improves the localization of pituitary adenomas in Cushing's disease

Objective Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) distinguishes pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease (CD) from ectopic ACTH syndrome with a high degree of certainty, but has not been reliable in predicting the location of an adenoma within the pituitary gland. We investigated whether prolactin measurements during IPSS would improve pituitary tumour localization. Methods Fifty-four patients with suspected ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome who underwent IPSS between 1997 and 2009 were studied retrospectively. Twenty-eight patients who had an identifiable tumour that stained for ACTH on histopathology are the subject of this study. Intersinus ACTH gradients before and after adjustment for prolactin were compared with surgical findings and pathology. Results Magnetic resonance imaging localized a pituitary adenoma in 17/28 (61%) patients. Using a maximum intersinus ACTH gradient of ≥1·4 before or after CRH stimulation, we could diagnose the tumour location correctly in 15/28 (54%) patients. By comparison, tumour lateralization by means of a dominant (≥1·4) prolactin-adjusted ACTH intersinus gradient was correct in 21/28 (75%) patients (P = 0·041). Tumour localization was correct in 23/28 (82%) patients when MRI and prolactin-adjusted ratio data were combined. Fourteen patients with proper bilateral IPS venous sampling (as determined by concurrent IPS to peripheral prolactin ratio ≥1·8) either had correct localization of the tumour (n = 12) or had a central lesion (n = 2). In none of these 14 patients was the dominant prolactin-adjusted ACTH ratio associated with a tumour on the opposite side of the gland. Conclusion Prolactin measurement, during IPSS, improves our ability to correctly localize the pituitary adenoma site in CD.
Electromagnetic and calorimetric measurements for AC losses of a YBa2Cu3O7-δ coated conductor with Ni-alloy substrate

The AC losses of a rolling-assisted-biaxially-textured-substrate (RABiTS™) processed YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) coated conductor (Goyal et al 1996 Appl. Supercond. 4 403–27) with Ni-alloy substrate and Cu stabilizer were measured at 77 K by both calorimetric (CM) and electromagnetic (EM) methods. In the CM method, improvements in the measurement were observed when a Cernox temperature sensor was used to measure the temperature rise on the sample instead of a differential thermocouple. The effect of heat transferred from current leads was taken into account to improve the accuracy of the CM results. In the EM method, the magnetization losses of the sample in a perpendicular applied field were measured by an in-plane pick-up coil. The calculation of the calibration factor C of the pick-up coil is discussed. Good agreement between AC loss results obtained from the CM and EM methods confirmed the validity of our measurements and calculations.
A Portable Infusion Pump for Use on Large Laboratory Animals

This communication describes an electrolytically driven infusion pump with a capacity of 100 ml to be used for intravenous infusion. The pump delivers infusate in an even, controlled manner at rates up to 20 ml/h. It is inexpensive to construct and has proved its durability in two years of use in the laboratory.
In-situ measurements of GDL effective permeability and under-land cross-flow in a PEM fuel cell

Abstract When reactant gases flow along a channel in serpentine flow field of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, there is a pressure difference between the adjacent channels and it produces an under-land cross-flow (or under-rib convection) from the higher pressure side to the lower pressure side through the gas diffusion layer (GDL). A unique experimental setup is developed for in-situ measurement of this cross-flow and the GDL effective permeability at the cathode side of a PEM fuel cell under dry and realistic humidified gas conditions. The non-Darcy effect, defined as a function of the Forchheimer number is studied and compared for both 1 mm and 2 mm land widths and both dry and humidified air conditions. Finally, a dimensional analysis is performed and the non-dimensional cross-flowrate is shown to increases linearly with the increase of the non-dimensional pressure difference.
ALTERED PLASMA LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AND ŒSTROGEN USE. Report from the Medications Working Group of the Lipid Research Clinics Program

Abstract In a study of women attending ten North American Lipid Research Clinics plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density (L.D.L.), very low density (V.L.D.L.), and high density (H.D.L.) lipoprotein levels in those taking oral contraceptives (o.c.) and in those taking œstrogens for menopausal symptoms were compared with those in women not taking gonadal hormones, after adjustment for age, educational attainment, and body-mass index. o.c. and œstrogen users were leaner than non-users. Compared with controls, o.c. users showed increased cholesterol, triglyceride, and L.D.L.-cholesterol and V.L.D.L.-cholesterol levels, but H.D.L.-cholesterol levels were similar. Cholesterol, triglyceride, and H.D.L.-cholesterol and V.L.D.L.-cholesterol levels were positively associated with the quantity of the œstrogen component of the o.c. preparations. Compared with non-users, menopausal œstrogen users had slightly lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, significant de- creases in L.D.L.-cholesterol and V.L.D.L.-cholesterol, and a significant increase in H.D.L.-cholesterol.
Third Place — Resident Basic Science Award 1995: Immunohistochemical Characterization of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck:

This study was designed to investigate the presence of nitric oxide in human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. We localized the activity of nitric oxide synthase in these tumors through...
Brachydactyly with major involvement of proximal phalanges.

Two children born to the same mother but two different fathers have brachydactyly in which the proximal phalanges of all the digits are shortened. The mother's hands are normal. The same condition occurring in two half-siblings born to a non-affected mother suggests that the brachydactyly may be inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder with reduced penetrance.
A comparison of two methods for the assimilation of altimeter data into a shallow-water model

Abstract Two simple methods for assimilating ocean surface pressure data into a three-layer adiabatic primitive equation model are tested and compared using a twin-experiment approach. One of the methods is based on a recently presented direct insertion scheme using a quasi-geostrophic model. The method explicitly avoids making changes to the potential vorticity fields in the lower layers and the vertical current structure after assimilation is determined by this criterion. The modification required for a primitive equation framework are discussed and a comparison is made with the more familiar ‘nudging’ method of assimilation. We use root mean square errors to quantify the response of the model to the assimilation of a single complete surface pressure field and also to repeated or intermittent data available every 20 days for a period of 1 year. The two methods are almost equally effective in the short term, although the direct insertion scheme appears to be more effective in the longer term. It is suggested that this is because insertion maintains a geostrophic balance at all levels and thus avoids the generation of internal gravity waves which are needed when nudging is used to restore geostrophic currents in the deeper layers.
Time dependency of IgA nephropathy induction in alcohol ingestion

We investigated the influence of the alcohol ingestion period on the incidence of IgA nephropathy in an animal model. A group of 41 rats received a continuous infusion of liquid diet and alcohol: "alcoholics." A further group of 41 control rats received an isocaloric diet in which the alcohol was replaced by glucose. IgA nephropathy was diagnosed by the presence of intense IgA deposition in the mesangium. At 6 weeks, 60% of the alcoholic rats had IgA nephropathy. The incidence increased until 100% of the alcoholic rats presented the renal disease at 16 weeks. IgA nephropathy was not found in any of the control animals. We conclude that, in this animal model, the incidence of IgA nephropathy is dependent on the time frame of the alcohol ingestion.
A first-principles study of oxygen adsorption and interaction with Al adatoms on Al(110)

Abstract We use first-principles density-functional theory to identify several stable binding sites for adsorbed O2 and O on Al(110). Our calculations indicate that it is energetically favorable for O2 to dissociate to two atoms on Al(110). When O2 dissociates, it is energetically favorable for the resulting O atoms to exist as dimers. We identify several possible configurations for O dimers on this surface, and quantify atomic interactions between an Al adatom and these dimers. Our work provides insight into the initial stages of oxidation of Al(110), as well as the role of oxygen impurities in Al thin-film epitaxy.
Model-Based Analysis of the Surface Generation in Microendmilling—Part II: Experimental Validation and Analysis

The surface-generation models for the microendmilling process developed in Part I (Liu, DeVor, and Kapoor, 2007, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 129(3), pp. 453–460) are experimentally calibrated and validated. Partial immersion peripheral downmilling and full-immersion slotting tests are performed over a wide range of feed rates 0.25– 12 m / flute using two tools with different edge radii (3 m and 2 m) and runout levels (2 m and 3 m) for the investigation of sidewall and floor surface generation, respectively. The deterministic models are validated using large feed-rate tests with errors within 18% for both sidewall and floor surfaces. For low feed-rate tests, the stochastic portion of the surface roughness data are determined from the observed roughness data and the validated deterministic model. The stochastic models are then calibrated and validated using independent data sets. The combination of the deterministic and stochastic models predicts the total surface roughness within 15% for both the sidewall and floor surface over a range of feed rates. The models are then used to simulate micromachined surfaces under a variety of conditions to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of tool geometry (edge radius and edge serration), process conditions, tool tip runout, process kinematics and dynamics on the machined surface roughness. DOI: 10.1115/1.2716706
Only in America: Cold Winters Theory, race, IQ and well-being

Abstract Cold Winters Theory (CWT; Lynn, 1991) offers a viable explanation for race differences in intelligence. It proposes that IQ gaps exist because of different evolutionary pressures faced by the ancestral humans who left Africa, compared with those who remained. Support for CWT comes by showing correlations between national temperature and IQ. Here we test whether temperature correlates with IQ (and other well-being variables) across the 50 U.S. states. Although human evolution is recent, copious and regional (Wade, 2014), insufficient time has passed for it to have operated on non-native residents of the USA. Instead, CWT must predict no difference—or remain agnostic—on the existence of state-level correlations between temperature and IQ. Nonetheless, even after controlling for race, temperature strongly predicts state: IQ, religiosity, crime, education, health, income and global well-being. Evolution is therefore not necessary for temperature and IQ/well-being to co-vary meaningfully across geographic space.
EVALUATION OF MONKEYPOX VIRUS INFECTION OF BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS (CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS) USING IN VIVO BIOLUMINESCENT IMAGING

Abstract Monkeypox (MPX) is a re-emerging zoonotic disease that is endemic in Central and West Africa, where it can cause a smallpox-like disease in humans. Despite many epidemiologic and field investigations of MPX, no definitive reservoir species has been identified. Using recombinant viruses expressing the firefly luciferase (luc) gene, we previously demonstrated the suitability of in vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to study the pathogenesis of MPX in animal models. Here, we evaluated BLI as a novel approach for tracking MPX virus infection in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Prairie dogs were affected during a multistate outbreak of MPX in the US in 2003 and have since been used as an animal model of this disease. Our BLI results were compared with PCR and virus isolation from tissues collected postmortem. Virus was easily detected and quantified in skin and superficial tissues by BLI before and during clinical phases, as well as in subclinical secondary cases, but was not reliably ...
CONTAMINATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE WITH METAL CARBONYLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR COMBUSTION RESEARCH

Abstract In a study on syngas combustion in a swirl-stabilized combustor, red deposits quickly formed on the quartz combustor walls, preventing laser diagnostic measurements. Analysis of the deposit showed that is was composed of iron and nickel. A literature review revealed that typical pressurized cylinders of CO, even at the highest CO purity level, contain up to 100 ppmv of iron pentacarbonyl and somewhat smaller levels of nickel tetracarbonyl. Only semiconductor grade CO stored in aluminum cylinders has sub-ppm levels of carbonyls. The demonstrated strong flame inhibition effect of carbonyls suggests that the use of CO from steel cylinders in combustion experiments may affect studies of flame ignition or extinction, in addition to the effect of particle formation and deposition observed here.
Discovery of Olivine in the Nili Fossae Region of Mars

We have detected a 30,000-square-kilometer area rich in olivine in the Nili Fossae region of Mars. Nili Fossae has been interpreted as a complex of grabens and fractures related to the formation of the Isidis impact basin. We propose that post-impact faulting of this area has exposed subsurface layers rich in olivine. Linear mixture analysis of Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectra shows surface exposures of 30% olivine, where the composition of the olivine ranges from Fo30 to Fo70.
Buddhism as a second-order change psychotherapy

This article presents a brief introduction to the principles of Buddhism and notes the similarities between Buddhism and Western psychotherapy. Citing the work of Watzlawick, Weakland & Fisch (1974) it is argued that a second-order change model could be constructed based upon Buddhist principles.
Synthesis and rheological properties of polystyrene/layered silicate nanocomposite

Exfoliated polystyrene (PS)/organo-modified montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites were synthesized through in situ free radical bulk polymerization by dispersing a modified reactive organophilic MMT layered silicate in styrene monomer. The original MMT was modified by a mixture of two commercial cationic surfactants, [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl](4-benzoylbenzyl)dimethylammonium bromide (ADAB) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), with the former containing a polymerizable vinyl group. The exfoliating and intercalating structures were probed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Comparing with pure PS, the nanocomposites show much higher decomposition temperature, higher dynamic modulus, stronger shear thinning behavior and a smaller die swell ratio. The leveling-off of the storage modulus at low frequencies in the oscillatory shear measurements, as well as the observed yield like behavior, implies that the formation of a percolating nanoclay network is the origin of the enhanced viscoelasticity in these composites.
New Bedford's Fish Auction: A Study in Auction Method and Market Power

New Bedford's fish auction began in 1941 as a result of negotiations between the Atlantic Fishermen's Union and the Seafood Producers' Association and has continued to the present under roughly the same rules. The auction is a timed auction where whole boatloads are sold to the highest bidder when the ending bell sounds. However, bidding is by species and size category. This creates four problems: (1) only buyers who have access to dock space can buy at the auction, (2) a secondary market is necessary to break down sales into smaller lots, (3) buyers must estimate quality without seeing the fish, and (4) quality is not rewarded since fish are not sold in quality lots. The resulting prices are inefficient (there are buyers who would pay a higher price) because the number of new buyers is limited and the threat of exclusion from the secondary market acts as enforcement to informal agreements to keep bid prices low. This situation has endured because the limits on new buyers and the secondary market would ex...
Effects of prolonged ethanol exposure on neurophysiological measures during an associative learning paradigm

Long-term ethanol exposure has been reported to produce electrophysiological and cognitive impairments in some alcoholics. This study assessed the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on neurophysiological indices of associative learning in rats. Male Wistar rats (46) were exposed to ethanol vapor (EtOH group) or air (control group) for 6 consecutive weeks. After the animals were withdrawn from ethanol, electrodes were implanted in the frontal and parietal cortices and in the amygdala. Following a prolonged abstinence from ethanol (10-15 weeks), rats were exposed to a classical conditioning paradigm in which a food pellet was paired with the presentation of an auditory stimulus. During the first five sessions (conditioning phase), food pellet presentation was paired with the presentation of an infrequently presented tone. During the second five sessions (extinction phase), the association between food pellet presentation and the infrequently presented tone was weakened by no longer presenting food pellets following the infrequent tone. During selected test sessions, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by each tone (i.e. food-paired tone, non-paired tone) were recorded and analyzed. These analyses revealed differences in ERP responses between the groups. The latency of the N1 and P2 ERP components in the cortex of the control group, but not the EtOH group, increased during sessions when the association between food pellet delivery and tone presentation was being established or extinguished. These data support the hypothesis that chronic ethanol treatment results in a loss of responsivity in ERP components sensitive to changes in food-tone associations, even following a prolonged period of withdrawal from ethanol.
Sites of Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Muscle Mitochondria Assessed ex Vivo under Conditions Mimicking Rest and Exercise

The sites and rates of mitochondrial production of superoxide and H2O2 in vivo are not yet defined. At least 10 different mitochondrial sites can generate these species. Each site has a different maximum capacity (e.g. the outer quinol site in complex III (site IIIQo) has a very high capacity in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria, whereas the flavin site in complex I (site IF) has a very low capacity). The maximum capacities can greatly exceed the actual rates observed in the absence of electron transport chain inhibitors, so maximum capacities are a poor guide to actual rates. Here, we use new approaches to measure the rates at which different mitochondrial sites produce superoxide/H2O2 using isolated muscle mitochondria incubated in media mimicking the cytoplasmic substrate and effector mix of skeletal muscle during rest and exercise. We find that four or five sites dominate during rest in this ex vivo system. Remarkably, the quinol site in complex I (site IQ) and the flavin site in complex II (site IIF) each account for about a quarter of the total measured rate of H2O2 production. Site IF, site IIIQo, and perhaps site EF in the β-oxidation pathway account for most of the remainder. Under conditions mimicking mild and intense aerobic exercise, total production is much less, and the low capacity site IF dominates. These results give novel insights into which mitochondrial sites may produce superoxide/H2O2 in vivo.
Small-molecule screening and profiling by using automated microscopy

Automated fluorescence microscopy provides a powerful tool for analyzing the physiological state of single cells with high throughput and high information content. Here I discuss two types of experiments in which this technology was used to discover and characterize bioactive small molecules. In phenotypic-screening experiments, the goal is to find "hits" with specific effects on cells by screening large libraries of small molecules. An example is screening for small molecules that perturb mitosis by novel mechanisms. In cytological-profiling experiments, the goal is to characterize the bioactivity of a limited number of small molecules in considerable depth, and thus understand their mechanism and toxicities at the cellular level. I discuss an example in which 100 small molecules with known bioactivity were profiled by using multiple fluorescent probes, and clustered into mechanistic classes by automated statistical analysis.
Biochemical pathways that regulate acetyltransferase and deacetylase activity in mammalian cells

Protein phosphorylation is regulated dynamically in eukaryotic cells via modulation of the enzymatic activity of kinases and phosphatases. Like phosphorylation, acetylation has emerged as a critical regulatory protein modification that is altered dynamically in response to diverse cellular cues. Moreover, acetyltransferases and deacetylases are tightly linked to cellular signaling pathways. Recent studies provide clues about the mechanisms utilized to regulate acetyltransferases and deacetylases. The therapeutic value of deacetylase inhibitors suggests that understanding acetylation pathways will directly impact our ability to rationally target these enzymes in patients. Recently discovered mechanisms that directly regulate the catalytic activity of acetyltransferases and deacetylases provide exciting new insights about these enzymes.
Evolutionary Programming for High-Dimensional Constrained Expensive Black-Box Optimization Using Radial Basis Functions

This paper develops a surrogate-assisted evolutionary programming (EP) algorithm for constrained expensive black-box optimization that can be used for high-dimensional problems with many black-box inequality constraints. The proposed method does not use a penalty function and it builds surrogates for the objective and constraint functions. Each parent generates a large number of trial offspring in each generation. Then, the surrogate functions are used to identify the trial offspring that are predicted to be feasible with the best predicted objective function values or those with the minimum number of predicted constraint violations. The objective and constraint functions are then evaluated only on the most promising trial offspring from each parent, and the method proceeds in the same way as in a standard EP. In the numerical experiments, the type of surrogate used to model the objective and each of the constraint functions is a cubic radial basis function (RBF) augmented by a linear polynomial. The resulting RBF-assisted EP is applied to 18 benchmark problems and to an automotive problem with 124 decision variables and 68 black-box inequality constraints. The proposed method is much better than a traditional EP, a surrogate-assisted penalty-based EP, stochastic ranking evolution strategy, scatter search, and CMODE, and it is competitive with ConstrLMSRBF on the problems used.
Temporal occurrence of the variegated cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) adults in Iowa with evidence for migration

Adult activity and ovarian dynamics of the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hubner), were studied during 3 yr by using blacklight traps. Initial mating in females coincided with ovarian development, with females continuing to mate up to six times during their lives. Adult catches, ovarian dynamics, and degree-day calculations indicated that P. saucia has three generations each year in Iowa. Very few preovipositional females were collected during the spring flight. This observation and the strong association of adult activity during the spring with weather patterns resulting in southerly winds suggested that P. saucia adults migrate into the state each spring when weather conditions are favorable. Flights during June through November contained a large portion of preovipositional females. Degreeday calculations also revealed that adults collected during June and July were the progeny of spring migrants, but temporally distinct influxes of migrants may produce distinct peaks of adult activity during June and July. Degree-day calculations and the collection of a few preovipositional females during the spring suggested that P. saucia may overwinter as pupae, which may produce adults that contribute to the influx of migrants in the spring.
Mechanism of sulfate segregation during glass melting

Sulfate retention in glass during the vitrification process can be as low as 1/3 of the solubility limit, or can exceed the solubility limit if suspended in the glass in the form of droplets. This study is focused on the mechanism of incorporating and segregating sodium sulfate during the melting of an alkali-alumino-borosilicate glass batch. Batches were ramp heated at 4°C/min to temperatures ranging from 600°C to 1050°C and fractured for examination. Observation of the melts showed that as the batch temperature increases and the primary oxo-anionic, predominantly nitrate melt decomposes, the sulfate residue accumulates inside gas bubbles and is transported in them to the melt surface, where it remains segregated. The degree of sulfate incorporation into the final glass depends on the relative rates of sulfate dissolution in the borosilicate melt and sulfate lifting inside bubbles.
Relating average and discounted costs for quantitative analysis of timed systems

Quantitative analysis and controller synthesis problems for reactive real-time systems can be formalized as optimization problems on timed automata, timed games, and their probabilistic extensions. The limiting average cost and the discounted cost are two standard criteria for such optimization problems. In theory of finite-state probabilistic systems, a number of interesting results are available relating the optimal values according to these two different performance objectives. These results, however, do not directly apply to timed systems due to the infinite state-space of clock valuations. In this paper, we present some conditions under which the existence of the limit of optimal discounted cost objective implies the the existence of limiting average cost to the same value. Using these results we answer an open question posed by Fahrenberg and Larsen, and give simpler proofs of some known decidability results on (probabilistic) timed automata. We also show the determinacy and decidability of average-time games on timed automata, and expected average-time games on probabilistic timed automata.
Hollow Men and Women at the Helm … Hollow Accounting Ethics?

Until business schools teach future accountants and leaders how deep the connections are between business, society, nature, and the world, corporations will continue to be run by hollow leaders who have no sense of ethics or responsibility. Accounting for performance is likely to remain too narrowly focused to be helpful in today's demanding environment.
A proteome-wide protein interaction map for Campylobacter jejuni

Data from large-scale protein interaction screens for humans and model eukaryotes have been invaluable for developing systems-level models of biological processes. Despite this value, only a limited amount of interaction data is available for prokaryotes. Here we report the systematic identification of protein interactions for the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni, a food-borne pathogen and a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Using high-throughput yeast two-hybrid screens we detected and reproduced 11,687 interactions. The resulting interaction map includes 80% of the predicted C. jejuni NCTC11168 proteins and places a large number of poorly characterized proteins into networks that provide initial clues about their functions. We used the map to identify a number of conserved subnetworks by comparison to protein networks from Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We also demonstrate the value of the interactome data for mapping biological pathways by identifying the C. jejuni chemotaxis pathway. Finally, the interaction map also includes a large subnetwork of putative essential genes that may be used to identify potential new antimicrobial drug targets for C. jejuni and related organisms. The C. jejuni protein interaction map is one of the most comprehensive yet determined for a free-living organism and nearly doubles the binary interactions available for the prokaryotic kingdom. This high level of coverage facilitates pathway mapping and function prediction for a large number of C. jejuni proteins as well as orthologous proteins from other organisms. The broad coverage also facilitates cross-species comparisons for the identification of evolutionarily conserved subnetworks of protein interactions.
DETERMINATION OF FRESH MEAT COLOR BY OBJECTIVE METHODS

Visual impressions of fresh meat color are formed by contributions from all three parameters of color, namely, hue, value, and chroma, as well as gloss, relative pigment content, and the presence of surface moisture. It appears that there is a mental “ideal value” for each of these factors and deviations from that ideal in any direction cause the meat to be rated lower visually. Since these deviations may occur in any of the above mentioned parameters, it is difficult for instrumental methods to predict the visual color quality of fresh meats. Equations were developed which could be useful for making accept/reject decisions on pork muscle color.
Lubrication of the vaginal introitus and speculum does not affect Papanicolaou smears.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that lubrication of the vaginal introitus and external speculum does not adversely affect Papanicolaou interpretation. METHOD: One hundred eighty-two patients presenting for Papanicolaou smears as part of their visit were randomly assigned to have either only warm water or a water soluble lubricant to assist speculum insertion. Cytotechnicians and pathologists were blind to the cohort from which smears were obtained. RESULTS: Two unsatisfactory smears were found among 93 patients with the lubricant and two were found among 89 using only warm water. No significant difference was found using the t test for continuous variables and χ2 for categoric variables. CONCLUSION: Use of a water soluble lubricant on the vaginal introitus and external speculum facilitates examination with no adverse effect on Papanicolaou smear interpretation.