cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vaccination in travelers.

Vaccination of populations throughout the world has led to dramatic decreases in morbidity and mortality from many infectious diseases, including poliomyelitis and measles. In the United States, for example, morbidity and mortality from invasive disease from Haemophilus influenzae type b has decreased more than 99%. International travelers should ensure that they are up-to-date on their routine immunizations and then consider vaccination against other diseases based on risk. This article reviews new vaccines such as those against rotavirus, Lyme disease, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and provides updated information on the risk of typhoid fever and the efficacy of vaccination against it. The use of hepatitis A vaccine in outbreak control, the safety of yellow fever vaccine, and the importance of protecting travelers against rabies exposure are also discussed. Vaccination is an important way for travelers to maintain their health before, during, and after travel.
Deaths and Disposals in Lines Selected for Milk Yield and Control Lines of Jersey Cattle

Deaths and disposals of Jerseys from birth to 120 d of first lactation during a selection experiment were summarized. Cows were randomly assigned to the high milk yield and young sire lines. Service sires were bulls with the highest estimated breeding value for milk for the high milk line and a collection of all young unproven bulls available in AI in 1967. Cattle that were unsuitable for conditions of normal herd management were candidates for culling. Culling of uncalved heifers and of lactating cows was also permitted to maintain group sizes. Culling for herd reduction was random. Culling for low milk yield was permitted after cows reached 120 d of first lactation. Death and disposal data were analyzed through 120 d of first lactation. By 120 d of first lactation, 29.6% of females born to the young sire line had died or been involuntarily removed compared with 29.8% born to the high milk yield line. Deaths were 54.8% of total losses for the high milk yield line compared with 58.4% for the young sire line. Stillbirths were a larger proportion of total losses for animals in the high milk yield line (21.4%) than for those in the young sire line (15.3%). The most frequent cause of death was scours and pneumonia during 1st mo of life for animals in both lines. Selection of sires for high milk yield does not decrease total survival rates through the early first lactation.
Hydrophobic Aggregation in Polyurethane Ionomer Solutions

Model polyurethane ionomers were synthesized with regularly spaced ionic groups along the polymeric backbone. Viscometry and static and dynamic light scattering applied to these ionomer solutions in a polar solvent, N-methylformamide, revealed hydrophobic interactions and aggregated ionomer chains in solution. A new regime in the solution behavior of ionomers characterized by low reduced viscosity at all dilute concentrations has been identified. Spherical particles of radius 30 nm with a polymer core and an outer ionic shell are formed. The solutions have very low viscosity because of the formation of compact structures. The electrostatic interactions in these solutions are effectively screened, resulting in the absence of polyelectrolyte behavior. Polymer-solvent interactions are found to be very important in determining the ionomer solution behavior in polar solvents. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
DNA recognition element required for PUF-I mediated cell-type-specific transcription of the rat prolactin gene

The cell-type-specific transcription of the prolactin gene in vitro is mediated through the interaction of prolactin upstream factor I (PUF-I) with a 28 basepair region of the gene promoter (-63 to -36) which contains an 18 bp A+T-rich imperfect palindrome (-63 to -46). Base substitutions were introduced into 16 of the 18 palindromic residues by targeted saturation mutagenesis. The GH3 binding and in vitro transcription assays of the mutated promoters showed that base substitutions within the 5'-ATATTCA-3' sequence located at -52 to -46 were detrimental to PUF-I binding and its cell-type-specific transcriptional enhancement activity. Transcription assays of the mutated promoters performed with several nonpituitary-derived extracts demonstrated that a distal TATA box located from -59 to -53 promotes initiation at -27. Thus, the cell-type-specific cis-acting element required by PUF-I for DNA recognition is immediately adjacent to a general TATA sequence. Base substitutions that decreased +1 transcription and PUF-I binding concomitantly increased -27 initiation of RNA in vitro. We suggest that PUF-I binding in pituitary cells potentiates +1 transcription and represses alternative TATA box activity for initiation events occurring at -27. This is the first known report of a eukaryotic DNA binding protein that has both an activator and repressor activity for a single transcription unit.
Psychometric Properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a Clinically-Identified Sample of Mexican American Adolescents

We examined the internal consistency reliability, convergent and divergent validity, and factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) in a sample of 131 Mexican American youth. The BDI-II demonstrated excellent internal consistency reliability (α=.90) and solid convergent and divergent validity with various clinical scales of the Adolescent Psychopathology Scale. Two factors, Cognitive-Somatic and Affective, emerged from an exploratory factor analysis and suggested that depressive symptomology may manifest somewhat differently in Mexican American youth. In sum, results provide tentative support for the use of the BDI-II as a measure of depression for this sample.
Spectrophotometric studies of the pigments of adrenal cortex mitochondria

Abstract Studies have been carried out to determine the spectral changes occurring during succinate and malate oxidation by mitochondria from beef adrenal cortex. The content of cytochromes a + a3, b, c + c1, and P-450 have been determined. The spectral properties of reduced cytochrome P-450, its complex with CO, and the interaction of oxidized cytochrome P-450 with deoxycorticosterone have been determined. The changes in extinction coefficients, as well as the location of absorption maxima and minima occurring during cytochrome P-450's oxidation and reduction associated with hydroxylation of DOC, are described. The results obtained are compared with those for cytochrome P-450 of microsomes prepared from rabbit liver.
On the estimation of parameters in latent structure analysis

In this note, we describe the iterative procedure introduced earlier by Goodman to calculate the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters in latent structure analysis, and we provide here a simple and direct proof of the fact that the parameter estimates obtained with the iterative procedure cannot lie outside the allowed interval. Formann recently stated that Goodman's algorithm can yield parameter estimates that lie outside the allowed interval, and we prove in the present note that Formann's contention is incorrect.
Divergence, convergence, and the ancestry of feral populations in the domestic rock pigeon

Summary Domestic pigeons are spectacularly diverse and exhibit variation in more traits than any other bird species [1]. In The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin repeatedly calls attention to the striking variation among domestic pigeon breeds— generated by thousands of years of artificial selection on a single species by human breeders—as a model for the process of natural divergence among wild populations and species [2]. Darwin proposed a morphology-based classification of domestic pigeon breeds [3], but the relationships among major groups of breeds and their geographic origins remain poorly understood [4, 5]. We used a large, geographically diverse sample of 361 individuals from 70 domestic pigeon breeds and two free-living populations to determine genetic relationships within this species. We found unexpected relationships among phenotypically divergent breeds as well as convergent evolution of derived traits among several breed groups. Our findings also illuminate the geographic origins of breed groups in India and the Middle East and suggest that racing breeds have made substantial contributions to feral pigeon populations.
Luminance contrast of a visual stimulus modulates the BOLD response more than the cerebral blood flow response in the human brain.

Abstract The blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) depends on the evoked changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO 2 ) in response to changes in neural activity. This response is strongly modulated by the CBF/CMRO 2 coupling relationship with activation, defined as n , the ratio of the fractional changes. The reliability of the BOLD signal as a quantitative reflection of underlying physiological changes depends on the stability of n in response to different stimuli. The effect of visual stimulus contrast on this coupling ratio was tested in 9 healthy human subjects, measuring CBF and BOLD responses to a flickering checkerboard at four visual contrast levels. The theory of the BOLD effect makes a robust prediction—independent of details of the model—that if the CBF/CMRO 2 coupling ratio n remains constant, then the response ratio between the lowest and highest contrast levels should be higher for the BOLD response than the CBF response because of the ceiling effect on the BOLD response. Instead, this response ratio was significantly lower for the BOLD response (BOLD response: 0.23 ± 0.13, mean ± SD; CBF response: 0.42 ± 0.18; p = 0.0054). This data is consistent with a reduced dynamic range (strongest/weakest response ratio) of the CMRO 2 response (~ 1.7-fold) compared to that of the CBF response (~ 2.4-fold) as luminance contrast increases, corresponding to an increase of n from 1.7 at the lowest contrast level to 2.3 at the highest contrast level. The implication of these results for fMRI studies is that the magnitude of the BOLD response does not accurately reflect the magnitude of underlying physiological processes.
Invariance, or Noninvariance: That Is the Question.

Nesselroade, Gerstorf, Hardy, and Ram developed a new and interesting way to enforce invariance at the second-order level in P-technique models, while allowing first-order structure to stray from invariance. We discuss our concerns with this approach under the headings of falsifiability, the nature of manifest variables included in models, and differential emphasis on generators of behavior versus output behavior. We supply a modified idiographic model for P-technique analyses and discuss the utility of this new approach in comparison to the Nesselroade, Gerstorf, Hardy, and Ram procedure.
The source of stress inventory

This paper presents the Source of Stress Inventory, an adaptation of Coddington's Life Events of children, which was designed for use in schools and clinics as part of the intake/referral procedures for children with emotional adjustment problems. It provides a means of systematically examining the sources of psychological stress in the assessment process.
A violation of the magnetic equivalence of nuclei in chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization spectroscopy

Abstract It has been shown that a correlation between the hyperfine coupling constant and the ability of a given nucleus to be abstracted in the radical reaction could cause a violation of the equality in CIDNP signals from protons constituting a group of magnetically equivalent nuclei in the radical undergoing the abstraction. The scale of the effect is analyzed and optimal conditions for its detection are found.
Territorial functioning in a tourism setting

Abstract The notion of territoriality developed in the biological and social sciences would seem to apply to many tourism situations and settings. This paper examines human territoriality as one factor that can influence tourist experiences. Human territoriality theory is reviewed and its relevance to tourism settings is addressed. An empirical test of territorial functioning among tour groups at a tourism attraction supports the idea that some level of territoriality exists in certain tourism venues. The importance of territoriality as a theoretical foundation for tourism research and implications for management of visitor experiences and satisfaction are discussed.
Cloning, characterization, and properties of seven triplet repeat DNA sequences.

Several neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases are caused by genetically unstable triplet repeat sequences (CTG·CAG, CGG·CCG, or AAG·CTT) in or near the responsible genes. We implemented novel cloning strategies with chemically synthesized oligonucleotides to clone seven of the triplet repeat sequences (GTA·TAC, GAT·ATC, GTT·AAC, CAC·GTG, AGG·CCT, TCG·CGA, and AAG·CTT), and the adjoining paper (Ohshima, K., Kang, S., Larson, J. E., and Wells, R. D. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16784-16791) describes studies on TTA·TAA. This approach in conjunction with in vivo expansion studies in Escherichia coli enabled the preparation of at least 81 plasmids containing the repeat sequences with lengths of ∼16 up to 158 triplets in both orientations with varying extents of polymorphisms. The inserts were characterized by DNA sequencing as well as DNA polymerase pausings, two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis, and chemical probe analyses to evaluate the capacity to adopt negative supercoil induced non-B DNA conformations. AAG·CTT and AGG·CCT form intramolecular triplexes, and the other five repeat sequences do not form any previously characterized non-B structures. However, long tracts of TCG·CGA showed strong inhibition of DNA synthesis at specific loci in the repeats as seen in the cases of CTG·CAG and CGG·CCG (Kang, S., Ohshima, K., Shimizu, M., Amirhaeri, S., and Wells, R. D. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 27014-27021). This work along with other studies (Wells, R. D. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 2875-2878) on CTG·CAG, CGG·CCG, and TTA·TAA makes available long inserts of all 10 triplet repeat sequences for a variety of physical, molecular biological, genetic, and medical investigations. A model to explain the reduction in mRNA abundance in Friedreich's ataxia based on intermolecular triplex formation is proposed.
Inertial Instability of Horizontally Sheared Flow away from the Equator

Abstract We investigate the temporal and spatial characteristics of unstable normal modes in a horizontally sheared flow on a sphere using the shallow water equations. Both inertial and barotropic instabilities are identified in cases where the appropriate necessary conditions are satisfied. A primary focus is determining what conditions favor asymmetric modes of inertial instability rather than symmetric modes. With the Bickley jet profile, the region of instability [f(f + &xi) ≤ 0] is confined to the anticyclonic side of the jet in a limited region. We find that symmetric instability is preferred only for modes of very small vertical wide, for which the pressure gradient force is secondary. Relatively small dissipation is needed to stabilize these modes. With deeper vertical scales, asymmetric instabilities are preferred in which the zonal scale of the instability is comparable to the width of the unstable region. This study extends previous results for linear shear on an equatorial beta plane to the mi...
Effects of Schmid factor and slip nucleation on deformation mechanism in columnar-grained nanotwinned Ag and Cu

We report the results of a molecular dynamics study of the effect of texture on the yield and peak stresses in columnar-grained nanotwinned Ag and Cu. The simulations suggest that in pure nanotwinned face-centered cubic metals, the strength is determined primarily by the cooperation or competition between two major factors: the magnitude of the Schmid factors for the available slip systems and the effectiveness of grain boundaries (and their triple-junctions) in generating dislocations. These factors and their relative impact depend on the geometry of the specimen relative to the applied stress, which is typically reflected in the texture of the material in experimental studies. The detailed mechanisms of plastic deformation are discussed for seven specific geometries that represent a range of different textures.
THE BIOLOGICAL CODING PROBLEM.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biological coding problem. Two main decoding techniques—(1) using compositional correlations between nucleic acids and proteins to deduce the composition of codes and (2) using amino acid interchanges to deduce something about internal structure—are among the important techniques employed but with greatly increased power. The coding problem draws information and ideas from a bewildering array of sources: the molecular structure of nucleic acids and proteins, the biosynthesis of these macromolecules, fine-structure genetics, biochemical genetics, and infective heredity. The chapter presents several postulates of the Dounce-Gamow schemes. To each “distinct” polypeptide made by a cell there corresponds a “distinct” nucleic acid that constitutes the genetic determinant of the polypeptide. Steps involved in the synthesis of proteins, beginning with the assembly of polypeptide chains from amino acids, are mentioned. Knowledge of the mechanisms of information transfer from one cellular macromolecule to another has increased rapidly during the past years. A coding scheme is degenerate if two or more words can replace one another without effect on amino acid selection. Biochemical evidence favoring triplets over doublets saves the interconversion of co-degenerate triplets from being trivial and establishes systematic degeneracy as a fundamental feature of the genetic code. Ochoa's comprehensive data on amino acid responses to various synthetic polymers afford an alternative and simple decoding procedure, called “polytype analysis,” which deduces many properties of all code words, discovered and undiscovered.
Physical Aggression After Being Crowded

Subjects were given an opportunity to aggress using a Buss machine either immediately or 30 minutes after competing or cooperating on a task in a crowded or uncrowded situation. It was found that for subjects who were allowed to aggress immediately, crowding reduced aggression under the competitive set but had no effect under the cooperative set. This effect of crowding was not found with the delay subjects. The results of this study are consistent with the findings of other studies that social withdrawal rather than aggression may occur in response to aversively dense conditions. The lack of crowding effect after a 30-minute delay suggests that the effect of the laboratory crowding experience is transient in nature and best generalized to short-term crowding experiences such as those encountered on elevators and buses.
Oligomeric Structure and Functional Characterization of the Urea Transporter from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Urea transporters (UTs) facilitate urea permeation across cell membranes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Bacteria use urea as a means to survive in acidic environments and/or as a nitrogen source. The UT from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, ApUT, the pathogen that causes porcine pleurisy and pneumonia, was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Analysis of the recombinant protein using cross-linking and blue-native gel electrophoresis established that ApUT is a dimer in detergent solution. Purified protein was reconstituted into proteoliposomes and urea efflux was measured by stopped-flow fluorometry to determine the urea transport kinetics of ApUT. The measured urea flux was saturable, could be inhibited by phloretin, and was not affected by pH. Two-dimensional crystals of the biologically active ApUT show that it is also dimeric in a lipid membrane and provide the first structural information on a member of the UT family.
Using digital storytelling with infographics in STEM professional writing pedagogy

Although storytelling is not new, digital storytelling, which expresses story using multimedia, is fairly recent. The authors believe that digital storytelling has value for communicating complex technical information in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) subjects and thus has a place in technical communication pedagogy. It addresses some of the problems in communication within STEM programs — specifically, the disconnection between audience and writer due to the plethora of technical information, the non-expert audience with different uses for the information, and the characteristic internationality of technical communication within STEM research and industry, which results in multiple audiences that may not share languages and cultures. Further, to the non-expert audience (board members, funders) highly technical information can come across as boring and unimpactful in a nondescript slide show presentation. This pedagogy has the potential to enhance communication of content, build skills in creative thinking, and create understanding among diverse audiences. The article describes digital storytelling and incorporation of infographics as part of storytelling, discusses its usefulness in technical communication pedagogy for STEM subjects, and offers ways for implementing it in STEM communication pedagogy. Digital storytelling is currently used in business and industry, and needs to be considered in teaching the rhetoric and technology of STEM communication.
Mcvaughia, a new genus of Malpighiaceae from Brazil

The state of Bahia has one of the least known and most interesting floras in Brazil. Since the visits of several European botanists in the last century, the flora of interior Bahia, especially the northern part, has remained largely uncollected and unstudied. Thus it is good news indeed that Dr. Raymond M. Harley of Kew has successfully taken two botanical expeditions into Bahia in the last four years. Among the Malpighiaceae Dr. Harley has sent for my study have been several new to science; the most interesting of them is described here as a new genus and species.
West Nile virus genome amplification requires the functional activities of the proteasome

The lifecycle of intracellular pathogens, especially viruses, is intimately tied to the macromolecular synthetic processes of their host cell. In the case of positive-stranded RNA viruses, the ability to translate and, thus, replicate their infecting genome is dependent upon hijacking host proteins. To identify proteins that participate in West Nile virus (WNV) replication, we tested the ability of siRNAs designed to knock-down the expression of a large subset of human genes to interfere with replication of WNV replicons. Here we report that multiple siRNAs for proteasome subunits interfered with WNV genome amplification. Specificity of the interference was shown by demonstrating that silencing proteasome subunits did not interfere with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons. Drugs that blocked proteasome activity were potent inhibitors of WNV genome amplification even if cells were treated 12 h after infection, indicating that the proteasome is required at a post-entry stage(s) of the WNV infection cycle.
ON CLOSED EXTENSIONS OF FUNCTIONS

Abstract G. T. Whyburn has shown that every mapping (by a mapping we will always mean a continuous function) of a topological space into a Hausdorff space is the restriction of a compact mapping with the same range (Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 74, 344-350 (1953)). H. Bauer has proved that every mapping between locally compact Hausdorff spaces can be extended in a topologically unique manner to a compact mapping on a locally compact Hausdorff space with the same range (Math. Ann., 138, 398-427 (1959)). When the range and domain of a mapping are locally compact Hausdorff spaces, Whyburn's and Bauer's extensions are topologically equivalent. It is well known that not every compact mapping is a closed mapping; however, Whyburn has shown that every closed function with compact point inverses is a compact function (these PROCEEDINGS, 54, 688-692 (1965)). The principal aim of this paper is to prove that every function (respectively, mapping) from one topological space to another can be extended in a topologically unique manner to a closed and compact function (respectively, mapping) with the same range.
Role of the nlrp3 inflammasome in microbial infection.

The intracellular Nod-like receptor Nlrp3 has emerged as the most versatile innate immune receptor because of its broad specificity in mediating immune response to a wide range of microbial or danger signals. Nlrp3 mediates assembly of the inflammasome complex in the presence of microbial components leading to the activation of caspase-1 and the processing and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. In this review, we give an update on the recent literature examining the role of Nlrp3 inflammasome in response to fungal, bacterial and viral infections.
The Pacific Northwest Coast: Living with Shores of Oregon and Washington

The Pacific Northwest Coast is the 21st book in the “Living With the Shore” series published by Duke University Press. This series was initiated by the series′ editors, Orrin Pilkey and William Neal, who have worked over 15 years to develop a series of books covering each coastal state and the hazards of oceanfront development. The shoreline nationwide is caught between the rising waves of humanity from the rear and rising sea level, hurricanes, El Nino events, and tsunamis from the front. Coastal populations nationwide continue to increase, and present data indicate half of the nation's people now live in coastal counties.
Replication of substrate growth band and core structures by epitaxial CVD garnet films

Abstract Epitaxial yttrium iron garnet films were prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on Czochralski-grown garnet substrates. X-ray double crystal topographs of the films show no replication of the growth band and core contrast seen in substrate topographs. This behavior is markedly different from that of gallium substituted rare earth and yttrium iron garnet films which replicate the band and core structures with high fidelity. Thus the replication of these structures by epitaxial garnet films may be attributed to distribution of the substituent, in this case gallium, to provide a lattice parameter variation in the film which matches that of the substrate.
Effect of hyaluronidase on brain extracellular matrix in vivo and optic nerve regeneration.

In the rat, intracerebral injection of bacterial hyaluronidase resulted in the almost complete disappearance of hyaluronic acid (HA) and glial hyaluronate-binding protein (GHAP) from cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, and cerebellum (but not from optic nerves and chiasm) starting 2–3 hr after the injection. HA and GHAP reappeared throughout the brain in characteristic patches 2–3 days after the injection. The patches gradually became confluent and after 12 days the brain appeared virtually normal. In normal rat optic nerve, staining for HA and GHAP ceased abruptly in the region of the lamina cribrosa. The retina was completely negative. HA and GHAP disappeared from hyaluronidase-injected optic nerve, chiasm, and contralateral optic nerve. In hyaluronidase-injected crushed optic nerves, regenerated axons were able to grow for short distances (about 500μm) into the distal stump undergoing Wallerian degeneration. No such growth was observed in saline-injected controls. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Wheat Xylanase Inhibitor Protein (XIP-I) Accumulates in the Grain and has Homologues in Other Cereals

We have measured xylanase inhibitor activity against an Aspergillus niger xylanase in different parts of the wheat plant at different stages of development and used immunodetection to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of xylanase inhibitor protein I (XIP-I) in Triticum aestivum var. Soisson. Although xylanase inhibitor activity was detected in all parts of the wheat plant throughout development, XIP-I was located predominantly in the grain tissue, where it appears at a late stage in grain development and persists after germination, indicating that the different xylanase inhibitor proteins are under different regulatory controls. (1,4)-β-Xylanase activity was detected in wheat grains during development and post-germination. Pure XIP-I and a crude sample containing TAXI inhibitors but not XIP-I did not have the ability to inhibit this endogenous (1,4)-β-xylanase activity. Protein extracts from the seeds of various monocots were also tested for the presence of XIP-I, where it was found to be present in the grains of several wheat varieties, rye and barley, but was not detected in rice, sorghum or maize.
Clicking on Things

Physical objects are being linked to the digital world using multimedia technologies like audiovisual content recognition and large-scale multimedia content-based search.
Alkylidyne-alkylidyne and alkylidyne-carbonyl coupling on the triosmium framework

Abstract Hydrogenation of Os3(CO)9 (μ3-CPh)(μ3-COMe) (1) at one atmosphere results in alkylidyne-alkylidyne coupling, forming the alkyne complex (μ-H)2Os3(CO)9(μ3, η2-C2(OMe)Ph) (3). Reduction of 1 by two equiv. of sodium benzophenone ketyl, followed by protonation with tetrafluoroboric acid, yields the phenylacetylide complex(μ-H)OS3(CO)9(μ3,η2-CCHPh) (4). Sequential reduction/protonation involving (μ-H)OS3(CO)10(μ3-CPh) (2) also generates 4, apparently via benzylidyne-carbonyl coupling.
Theranostic nanoplatforms for simultaneous cancer imaging and therapy: current approaches and future perspectives

Theranostics is a concept which refers to the integration of imaging and therapy. As an evolving new field, it is related to but different from traditional imaging and therapeutics. It embraces multiple techniques to arrive at a comprehensive diagnostic, in vivo molecular images and an individualized treatment regimen. More recently, there is a trend of tangling these efforts with emerging materials and nanotechnologies, in an attempt to develop novel platforms and methodologies to tackle practical issues in clinics. In this article, topics of rationally designed nanoparticles for the simultaneous imaging and therapy of cancer will be discussed. Several exemplary nanoparticle platforms such as polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles and silica nanoparticles will be elaborated on and future challenges of nanoparticle-based systems will be discussed.
Human parathyroid autografts: comparison of function in vivo and in vitro.

ABSTRACT Suppressibility of parathyroid function by calcium was compared in vivo and in vitro for five patients with parathyroid autografts to the forearm. Suppressibility of parathyroid secretion was studied in vitro with dispersed parathyroid cells and in vivo by determining nephrogenous cAMP (NcAMP) excretion and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration in the antecubital vein. In four patients with primary parathyroid hyperplasia, a graded calcium infusion caused progressive inhibition of NcAMP and PTH release from the autograft. Maximal inhibition of 90 to >95% and 60 to >95%, respectively, was achieved with total calcium concentrations that reached maxima of 2.65-3.1 mM. PTH release from dispersed parathyroid cells of these patients was suppressed 70-80% by ionized calcium concentrations of 1.5-2.0 mM. A single patient with a transplanted adenoma showed a 17-39% suppression of NcAMP and a 20-60% inhibition of antecubital venous PTH in two separate calcium infusions, as well as a 20-30% inhibition by ...
14C‐labeling of isomeric perfluoroalkyl carboxanilide mixtures via electrofluorination

Electrofluorination of benzoyl chloride-ring-UL-14C produced an isomer mixture of cyclic C6F11 carbonyl fluorides, principally 1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-undecafluorocyclohexane-ring-UL14C carbonyl fluoride, which was derivatized with 2-bromo-4-nitroaniline and triethyl amine. The resultant carboxanilide mixture is designated as EL-499 labeled with 14C in the perfluoro alkyl ring for use in metabolic studies.
A three-dimensional constitutive damage model for polycrystalline ice

Abstract A continuum damage mechanics approach is used for the development of constitutive equations for polycrystalline ice. The effects of microcracks on ice deformation are described in association with conventional viscoelastic descriptions. Two microcrack systems are incorporated in the model: grain boundary cracking and transgranular cracking. Model results are presented for uniaxial and multiaxial stress states and comparisons are made with available test results.
The effects of unequal competence and sex on achievement and self-presentation

Female and male college students were divided into high ability and low ability groups on the basis of scores on a problem-solving task. In a second problem-solving session, they worked with a same- or opposite-sex partner whose performance they were accurately informed had been much more or much less competent than their own at the first session. The achievement of highly competent females was higher when their partner was a less competent female than a less competent male. The performance of less competent males and females was lower when their partner was a highly competent female rather than a highly competent male. Results suggested that self-presentation concerns aroused by sex of partner and relative ability can inhibit achievement.
Educational stratification by ethnicity in China: Enrollment and attainment in the early reform years

Using evidence about educational disparities, this article demonstrates the need for attention to minority populations in studies of social stratification in China. Analyses of data from a 1992 survey of children demonstrate substantial ethnic differences in enrollment among rural 7- to 14 year olds, with rates for ethnic Chinese boys roughly double those for girls from certain ethnic groups. Multivariate analyses indicate that the ethnic gap can be attributed, in part, to compositional differences in geographic location of residence and socioeconomic background. There is no general tendency of a greater gender gap for minorities than for the ethnic Chinese, but significant differences in the gender gap emerge across individual ethnic groups. Together with evidence from census data showing that ethnic disparities in junior high school transitions increased between 1982 and 1990, these results stress the continuing significance of ethnicity as a fundamental factor that conditions status attainment opportunities in China.
Analysis of structural variations in a shallow estuarine deposit-feeding community

Abstract Changes in the structure of an estuarine, subtidal, benthic deposit-feeding community have been investigated. Three quantitative samples were taken within a grid 10 m on a side every four weeks from May, 1971 to July, 1973. Each sample was washed over a 250 μm sieve. Streblospio benedicti Webster, Capitella capitata (Fabricius), Heteromastus filiformis (Claparede), Potydora ligni Webster, and Paranais litoralis (Muller) were the five dominant species on the basis of their total abundance, percentage occurrence, and biological index value. Repeatable cycles in diversity were observed for Fager's scaled standard deviation and scaled information measure, as well as for Lloyd and Ghelardi's equitability, but not for the unsealed information theory measure. McNaughton's dominance index was strongly inversely correlated with all diversity measures. Graphical measures of lognormal skewness and normal kurtosis, as applied to Whittaker's dominance diversity curves, followed repeatable cycles, whereas normal skewness and lognormal kurtosis did not. A strong relationship between Fager's scaled standard deviation diversity, dominance, and the degree to which resources were being shared by the deposit-feeding segment of the community was suggested. A decrease in average niche width and average niche overlap was observed as the community developed during the period of strong larval recruitment.
TEACHING METHODS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVISITED

Methodology courses in MPA programs tend to be unpopular with students and professors alike. These same courses, however, prove to be among the most valuable when the student is completing the degree program or when the student becomes a practitioner of public administration. In this article, many of the most widely used learning models for methodology are critiqued. In addition, the authors make a case for the use of inquiry training techniques, arguing that they are most appropriate for both students and professor because of their environmental sensitivity.
WE-F-16A-06: Using 3D Printers to Create Complex Phantoms for Dose Verification, Quality Assurance, and Treatment Planning System Commissioning in Radiotherapy

Purpose: To use 3D printers to design and construct complex geometrical phantoms for commissioning treatment planning systems, dose calculation algorithms, quality assurance (QA), dose delivery, and patient dose verifications. Methods: In radiotherapy, complex geometrical phantoms are often required for dose verification, dose delivery and calculation algorithm validation. Presently, fabrication of customized phantoms is limited due to time, expense and challenges in machining of complex shapes. In this work, we designed and utilized 3D printers to fabricate two phantoms for QA purposes. One phantom includes hills and valleys (HV) for verification of intensity modulated radiotherapy for photons, and protons (IMRT and IMPT). The other phantom includes cylindrical cavities (CC) of various sizes for dose verification of inhomogeneities. We evaluated the HV phantoms for an IMPT beam, and the CC phantom to study various inhomogeneity configurations using photon, electron, and proton beams. Gafcromic ™ films were used to quantify the dose distributions delivered to the phantoms. Results: The HV phantom has dimensions of 12 cm × 12 cm and consists of one row and one column of five peaks with heights ranging from 2 to 5 cm. The CC phantom has a size 10 cm × 14 cm and includes 6 cylindrical cavities with length of 7.2 cm and diameters ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 cm. The IMPT evaluation using the HV phantom shows good agreement as compared to the dose distribution calculated with treatment planning system. The CC phantom also shows reasonable agreements for using different algorithms for each beam modalities. Conclusion: 3D printers with submillimiter resolutions are capable of printing complex phantoms for dose verification and QA in radiotherapy. As printing costs decrease and the technology becomes widely available, phantom design and construction will be readily available to any clinic for testing geometries that were not previously feasible.
Evolving Statistical Methods to Facilitate Evaluation of the Causal Association Between Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Dose and Mortality in Nonexperimental Research: Strengths and Limitations

Findings from randomized controlled trials examining the efficacy of therapy with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to normalize hemoglobin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease or kidney failure have raised questions regarding the safety of this class of drugs. However, no trial to date has specifically assessed the safety of ESA-dosing algorithms used to achieve the lower hemoglobin targets typically using in clinical practice. Although a wealth of nonexperimental data is available for dialysis patients, analyses based on these data are more susceptible to confounding bias than randomized controlled trials. Conducting valid pharmacoepidemiologic studies of drug effects in hemodialysis patients is complicated by the extent of their comorbidities, frequent hospitalizations, various concomitant medications, and an exceedingly high mortality rate. The need for greater ESA doses for the treatment of anemia in sicker patients potentially and plausibly generates confounding by indication, the control of which is complicated by the presence of time-dependent confounding. Here, we describe sources of bias in nonexperimental studies of ESA therapy in hemodialysis patients and critically appraise analytical methods that may help minimize bias in such studies.
Metabolic Acidosis: Development in Two Patients Receiving a Potassium-Sparing Diuretic and Total Parenteral Nutrition

• Two patients developed a metabolic acidosis associated with a normal undetermined anion concentration while receiving a potassium-sparing diuretic and total parenteral nutrition. In both cases the metabolic acidosis resolved within one week after discontinuing administration of the diuretic. The use of potassium-sparing diuretics in a patient receiving total parenteral nutrition requires caution and continued monitoring for this potential drug-nutrient interaction. (Arch Intern Med1986;146:343-345)
Morphologic and biochemical characteristics of isolated and cultured pancreatic ducts

Rat and hamster pancreatic ducts were isolated by digestion with collagenase plus chymotrypsin and were cultured for eight weeks in an agarose matrix. Freshly isolated and cultured ducts were characterized morphologically and biochemically. The in vivo morphology of the ducts was maintained in vitro, although certain differences were noted. Both interlobular and intralobular ducts could be identified. gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase and Mg-ATPase were stable enzymatic activities of the ducts of both species; alkaline phosphatase persisted only in the hamster ducts. Carbonic anhydrase and (Na + K)ATPase were minor activities of the rat ducts. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the rat ducts suggested that actin was the major duct peptide and that the major zymogens were greatly diminished. These results demonstrate that pancreatic ducts can be maintained in vitro and can be used for biochemical studies of this minor pancreatic tissue type.
Page composition of continuous tone imagery

Abstract A system has been developed which represents an effective unified framework for interactive layout and page generation of pictures and linework for applications in the graphic arts. The functional structure and logical organization of this system are based upon the segment display processor (SDP) architecture which offers a generalized approach to the manipulation of multisegment multiformat data. Interactive layout is accomplished with the aid of a graphics digitizing tablet and proof TV display. Subsequent input scanning, sizing, enhancement, and merge operations are fully automatic. The system handles arbitrary shaped regions, type-on-tone, and optimally codes areas of continuous tone and line art copy individually. The PAGES system described in this paper is centered around a software emulation of the SDP supporting continuous tone imagery and scanned type. Most of the effort devoted to this development will be directly applicable to an SDP-based system implemented with the aid of special purpose high-speed hardware in the future.
Genetic risk score does not correlate with body mass index of Latina women in a clinical trial.

Obesity disproportionately affects Latina women. Common genetic variants are convincingly associated with body mass index (BMI) and may be used to create genetic risk scores (GRS) for obesity that could define genetically influenced forms of obesity and alter response to clinical trial interventions. The objective of this study was (1) to identify the frequency and effect size of common obesity genetic variants in Latina women; (2) to determine the clinical utility of a GRS for obesity with Latina women participating in a community-based clinical trial. DNA from 85 Latina women was genotyped for eight genetic variants previously associated with BMI in Caucasians, but not yet assessed in Latina populations. The main outcome measure was the correlation of GRS (sum of eight risk alleles) with BMI, waist circumference, and percent body fat. A majority (83%) of participants had a BMI ≥25. Frequency of loci near FTO, MC4R, and GNPDA2 were lower in Latinas than Caucasians. Association of each locus with BMI was lower in Latinas compared to Caucasians with no significant correlations with BMI. We conclude that an eight locus GRS has no clinical utility for explaining obesity or predicting response to intervention in Latina women participating in a clinical trial. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 323–327
The impact of the United Nations convention on the rights of persons with disabilities

Codifying human rights and inclusiveness in a technical context for people with disabilities.
Repulsive interactions between sulfur and gold on Ru(0001)

Abstract There is no bonding between Au and S atoms coadsorbed on top of Ru(0001). Au compresses S into small islands of high local coverage, causing dramatic changes in the kinetics of sulfur desorption. The compression reduces the adsorption energy of sulfur on Ru (0001), favoring the desorption of S 2 in a sharp peak around 1170 K, and preventing the diffusion of S into the bulk of Ru. The presence of sulfur induces a weakening of ≈ 25 kJ mol in the strength of the Au-Ru(0001) bond. The Au a ⇐ S a interactions are repulsive due to the electron-acceptor nature of both adsorbates.
Equivalent properties of a jointed Biot material

Abstract In many practical cases, rock mass structural and material discontinuities are too numerous to be accounted for on a one-to-one basis, so that an equivalent properties approach is necessary. All existing equivalent properties formulations are based on the assumption of a representative volume element (RVE) that severely restricts application to engineering design. Application of a non-RVE (NRVE) procedure to coupled, poroelastic constitutive equations is described in this paper. The results are in excellent agreement with constraints intrinsic to Biot's material law and with previous NRVE results obtained in application to Hooke's law in linear elasticity and to Darcy's law in seepage analysis. Results for the classic one-dimensional consolidation problem of a layered isotropic material are in reasonable agreement with results for the same sample characterized by equivalent homogeneous, anisotropic properties.
Comments on carl Bereiter's referent-centred and problem-centred knowledge

Bereiter is right about the limitations of fact-based and Deweyian approaches to education, but his own approach has limitations as well: it views understanding too exclusively in scientific terms.
Quantum mechanical modeling of a transannular interaction in a bicyclic amidinium ion

A transannular donor-acceptor interaction in a bicyclic azaamidinium salt was modeled by quantum mechanical calculations using a supermolecule complex consisting of a formamidinium cation and an ammonia molecule. Molecular properties are reported at various geometries. These results are compared with the results of similar calculations on the bicyclic cation itself. The model calculations and the bicyclic cation calculations are in good agreement, but both fail to reproduce the experimentally known structure. Results from ab initio calculations on the model system are discussed, as are results from calculations which included iodide as counterion.
A fraction free Matrix Berlekamp/Massey algorithm

Abstract We describe a fraction free version of the Matrix Berlekamp/Massey algorithm. The algorithm computes a minimal matrix generator of linearly generated square matrix sequences in an integral domain. The algorithm performs all operations in the integral domain, so all divisions performed are exact. For scalar sequences, the matrix algorithm specializes to a different algorithm than the algorithm currently in the literature. This new scalar algorithm has smaller intermediate values than the known fraction free Berlekamp/Massey algorithm.