cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Kaposi sarcoma: review and description of the nonepidemic variant

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a rare angioproliferative tumor whose etiology is associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8). KS lesions typically involve the skin or mucosal surfaces and are characterized by purplish, red-blue, or brown-black macules, papules, and nodules which are prone to bleeding and ulceration. Definitive diagnosis requires biopsy revealing characteristic angioproliferative features. There are four widely recognized types of KS, which are histologically indistinguishable but differ in epidemiology and prognosis. These include classic, endemic, iatrogenic, and epidemic. KS has been increasingly recognized in a new subgroup of patients: men who have sex with men (MSM) but who are HIV-seronegative human immuodeficiency virus-seronegative and have no identifiable immunodeficiency. This fifth variant of KS, termed nonepidemic KS, resembles classic KS in presentation and prognosis. In this literature review, we report the characteristics of nonepidemic KS based on all published cases and highlight the need for clinicians to recognize this new clinical variant.
Differential regulation of the p21/WAF-1 and mdm2 genes after high-dose UV irradiation: p53-dependent and p53-independent regulation of the mdm2 gene.

DNA damage in mammalian cells stabilizes the p53 protein which then functions as a cell cycle checkpoint by leading to growth arrest or apoptosis. p53 is a transcription factor and positively regulates the expression of the p21/WAF-l gene and the mdm2 gene. After high-dose UV irradiation, p53 increases the expression of the p21/WAF-1 gene immediately (2 to 5 hours after irradiation) while the induction of the mdm2 gene is delayed (8 to 12 hours after irradiation). Experiments presented here explore this differential expression of two different p53-regulated genes. IP-Western (protein) and Northern (mRNA) blot experiments are used to follow mdm2 and p21/WAF-l expression in primary rat or mouse cells after a low-dose (4 J/m2) or a high-dose (20 J/M2) of UV irradiation. Northern blot and nuclear run-on experiments are employed to study mRNA stability as well as transcription rates of selected genes. After high-dose UV irradiation, p53 is rapidly stabilized and the expression of p21/WAF1 is immediately increased. By contrast, both protein and mRNA levels of mdm2 first decrease in a p53-independent manner, and later increase in a p53-dependent manner. The initial decline of mdm2 expression following high-dose UV irradiation is UV-dosage dependent and regulated at the level of transcription. p53 regulates two genes, p21/WAF1 (blocks cell cycle progression) and mdm2 (reverses p53 activity), that mediate opposite actions. This process is regulated in a temporal fashion after high-dose UV irradiation, so that cell cycle progression can be halted while DNA repair continues prior to reversal of p53-mediated arrest by mdm2.
Steady-State Moisture Movement

Diffusion is molecular mass flow under the influence of a concentration gradient. Therefore a static pressure difference is not necessary for diffusion to occur. Fick’s first law, which is analogous to Darcy’s and Fourier’s laws, represents the relationship between the flux and the concentration gradient under steady-state conditions. When applied to water-vapor transport through wood is may be written as $${\text{D = }}\frac{{{\text{w/tA}}}}{{\Delta {\text{c/L}}}}{\text{,}}$$ (6.1) where D = water-vapor diffusion coefficient of wood, cm2/s, w = mass of water vapor transferred through wood in time t, g, A = cross-sectional area of specimen, cm2, L = length in flow direction, cm, t = time, s, Δc = concentration difference, g/ cm3.
Essential Fatty Acids for Mosquitoes, other Insects and Vertebrates

As with so much else in insect nutrition, the first demonstration that unsaturated fatty acid was essential in the diet of an insect came from the work of the man we here honor, Gottfried Fraenkel. In the late 1940’s he and his associate, M. Blewett, showed that a polyunsaturated fatty acid, either linoleic or linolenic acid, was needed by certain flour moths of the genus Ephestia (Fraenkel and Blewett, 1946). A similar requirement for one or other of these fatty acids has since been demonstrated for many insect species (Dadd, 1977).
Neonate-omics: Charting the Unknown Immune Response in Early Life.

The study of neonatal immunology has been hampered by lack of access to infant samples. Novel sample sparing methods and systems-wide approaches have uniquely expanded this field, demonstrating that newborn immunity varies widely but converges over the first 3 months of life. During this important time window, environmental and genetic factors impact the infant immune system and can influence lifelong immunity.
Historical and projected fractures associated with mobility scooters presenting to U.S. emergency departments: 2004-2025.

Introduction The proportion of mobility scooter users in the United States continues to rise. However, these devices impart a substantial yet underappreciated risk of serious injury - namely, fractures - on users. Methods The purpose of this cross-sectional, retrospective study was to use the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) to quantify the national burden of these device-associated fractures between 2004 and 2017, analyzing in two-year intervals. We also projected estimates to 2025, and described the demographic characteristics of those injured. Results We found that national estimates of device-associated fractures increased significantly between the 2004-2005 (N = 2583; C.I. 1851 - 3316) and 2016-2017 (N = 6553; C.I. 5026 - 8081) periods (p < 0.001). A linear regression model (R2 = 0.89; P = 0.002) was applied to project 9824 such fractures (C.I. 8273-11,328) in the 2024-2025 period. Injured patients were commonly over age 65 (63.5%; C.I. 57.7%-69.4%) and white (61.4%; C.I. 50.7% - 72.1). Fractures often occurred at home (28.6%; C.I. 22.0%-35.3%) or in public (26.0%; C.I. 21.1%-30.9%). Conclusion Our study suggests that osteoarthritic patients relying on mobility scooters to manage pain during ambulation should be considered candidates for total joint replacement procedures. This may help minimize the growing economic and health burden of mobility scooter fractures.
Virial Coefficients of Helium-4 from Ab Initio-Based Molecular Models

We examine the accuracy of virial coefficients Bn(T) for 4He for n = 2–7 and temperatures T from 20 to 1000 K while reporting new values from semiclassical and (for n = 5) path-integral Monte Carlo...
Chromogranin A Tubulopathy: Differing Histopathologic Patterns of Acute Tubular Injury in the Setting of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

Introduction Neoplasms of neuroendocrine derivation or differentiation may express specific peptides, some of which are capable of producing clinical symptomatology and others used as biomarkers: one such peptide being chromogranin A (CGA). Herein, we describe histopathologic changes present in kidney specimens from patients with such neoplasms, and illustrate 2 patterns of acute tubular injury (ATI) attributable to CGA. Methods Eleven patients with a history of a neoplasm of neuroendocrine derivation or differentiation and having histopathologic sampling of the kidney were retrospectively identified, 3 of whom had ATI with either engorgement of the proximal tubular epithelium by resorbed material or tubular cast formation. Results Two patterns of ATI were observed. One characterized by acutely injured proximal tubular cells engorged with resorption granules that expressed CGA via immunoperoxidase staining. Another pattern was characterized by intraluminal tubular cast material associated with ATI that did not exhibit restriction of immunoglobulin light chains (LCs), but immunoperoxidase staining for CGA revealed that the cast material was composed of the neuroendocrine-associated peptide. The level of serum CGA does not appear to necessarily equate to developing either of these 2 patterns of ATI. Conclusions Patients with a neoplasm of neuroendocrine derivation or differentiation may develop ATI, and in certain cases may be secondary to CGA renal tubular deposition.
Volatility and Viscosity Are Correlated in Terpene Secondary Organic Aerosol Formed in a Flow Reactor

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a complex mixture of largely unspeciated compounds. The volatility and viscosity of the bulk organic aerosol influence new particle formation, processing, and lif...
Evaluation of growth and gene expression patterns of different strains related to SMD utilization in largemouth bass

Abstract In order to evaluate utilization variation of, and growth response to, soybean meal diets in largemouth bass for breeding programs, test diets with 0%, 35%, and 50% fishmeal having been replaced by soybean meal (SBM; S0, S35, and S50) were administered to three northern strains of largemouth bass (LMB; Jones, Marlow, and Remlinger). In the S35 and S50 groups, the Marlow and Remlinger strains had much better growth response to soybean meal diet (SMD) than the Jones strain, indicating that these two strains can better utilize diets containing high level of SMD. The results suggest that genetic variation exists for growth and feed efficiency in LMB fed diets containing both SBM and fishmeal, and genetic improvement may be possible for the trait of feed efficiency. In all the three strains, the growth performance of individuals in the S35 and S50 groups declined when compared with the S0 group, and the specific growth rate and weight gain correlated negatively with dietary levels of SBM. Genes that were differentially expressed between dietary SBM levels were identified. Transcripts of genes related to insulin-signaling pathway and fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis were significantly downregulated in the S35 and S50 groups compared with the S0 group. Interestingly, several transcripts of genes (egfr, pla2g4, and ugt) involved in GnRH-signaling pathway and steroid hormone biosynthesis were also downregulated in the S35 and S50 groups, inferring that feeding with SMD could impair the sexual development of juvenile LMB. Likewise, the genes related to insulin signaling and fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis were downregulated in the Jones strain compared to the Marlow and Remlinger strains in all three treatments. Overall, the Marlow and Remlinger strains exhibited better adaptation to SBM diets, and could be considered as potential breeding candidates. These results also suggest that insulin-signaling pathway and fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis play important roles in adaptation to diets with high levels of SBM in LMB. This study provides useful information for LMB breeding programs, and it contributes to our understanding of genetic mechanisms related to growth performance of LMB fed with high levels of SMB.
Grade of injury, not initial management, is associated with unplanned interventions in liver injury.

Abstract Introduction Risk factors for complications after liver injury do not distinguish between patients undergoing selective non-operative management (sNOM) vs operative management (OM) as the initial treatment strategy. Our objective was to identify risk factors for complications requiring an unplanned intervention following sNOM or OM. We hypothesized that patient undergoing sNOM will have fewer unplanned interventions. Methods Adults presenting to a level I trauma center with grade III or higher liver injury over a period of 6 years were reviewed. Patient and injury factors, initial management strategy, subsequent complications and interventions were obtained. Bivariate analysis was performed between patients undergoing sNOM vs OM to determine factors associated with unplanned interventions, defined as intervention >48 h after injury. Logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for unplanned interventions. Results 191 patients were identified: 105 (55%) grade III, 64 (34%) grade IV, and 22 (12%) grade V injury; 136 (71%) underwent sNOM and 55 (29%) underwent OM. 21 (15%) patients required an unplanned intervention: 26 percutaneous drainage, 10 ERCP, and 3 angiography; 12 had multiple procedures. Male gender, younger age, higher ISS, higher grade of injury, firearm mechanism, and initial OM (all p Conclusions Grade of liver injury, not the initial mode of treatment, was significantly associated with requiring an unplanned intervention for liver-related complications. Surveillance at 7–10 days, or prior to discharge, in the high-risk group may be able to capture those requiring unplanned intervention and readmission.
Comparison of spinal deformity in children with Chiari I malformation with and without syringomyelia: matched cohort study

To describe curve patterns in patients with Chiari malformation I (CIM) without syringomyelia, and compare to patients with Chiari malformation with syringomyelia (CIM + SM). Review of medical records from 2000 to 2013 at a single institution was performed to identify CIM patients with scoliosis. Patients with CIM were matched (1:1) by age and gender to CIM + SM. Radiographic curve patterns, MRI-based craniovertebral junction parameters, and associated neurological signs were compared between the two cohorts. Eighteen patients with CIM-associated scoliosis in the absence of syringomyelia were identified; 14 (78 %) were female, with mean age of 11.5 ± 4.5 years. Mean tonsillar descent was 9.9 ± 4.1 mm in the CIM group and 9.1 ± 3.0 mm in the CIM + SM group (p = 0.57). Average syrinx diameter in the CIM + SM group was 9.0 ± 2.7 mm. CIM patients demonstrated less severe scoliotic curves (32.1° vs. 46.1°, p = 0.04), despite comparable thoracic kyphosis (43.7° vs. 49.6°, p = 0.85). Two (11 %) patients with CIM demonstrated thoracic apex left deformities compared to 9/18 (50 %) in the CIM + SM cohort (p = 0.01). Neurological abnormalities were only observed in the group with syringomyelia (6/18, or 33 %; p = 0.007). In the largest series specifically evaluating CIM and scoliosis, we found that these patients appear to present with fewer atypical curve features, with less severe scoliotic curves, fewer apex left curves, and fewer related neurological abnormalities than CIM + SM. Notably, equivalent thoracic kyphosis was observed in both groups. Future studies are needed to better understand pathogenesis of spinal deformity in CIM with and without SM.
Association of inflammatory skin diseases with venous thromboembolism in US adults.

Patients with certain inflammatory skin diseases have multiple risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE). The objective of the study was to determine whether atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, pemphigus, pemphigoid and/or hidradenitis is associated with VTE in US adults. Data were analyzed from the 2002–2012 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a representative cohort of US hospitalizations (N = 72,512,581 adults, including 1,389,292 with VTE). In multivariable logistic regression models including age, sex, insurance, household income and race/ethnicity, hospitalization for AD (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence intervals] 1.22 [1.17–1.27]), pemphigus (1.96 [1.68–2.28]) and pemphigoid (1.64 [1.47–1.83]) was associated with VTE. These associations remained significant in virtually all patient subsets, including males and females, different age groups and those with and without long-term corticosteroid use. In particular, AD, pemphigus and pemphigoid were each associated with DVT and PE. VTE was associated with increased inpatient length of stay, cost of care and mortality across all the inflammatory skin diseases. HS and psoriasis were not consistently associated with VTE. AD, pemphigus and pemphigoid and some subsets of patients with HS were associated with higher odds of hospitalization for VTE. Patients with these inflammatory skin diseases may benefit from increased screening and prevention of VTE.
Historical analysis of inverse correlation between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and pancreatic cancer

In this descriptive epidemiological study, the soil-transmitted helminth (STH) burden and pancreatic cancer (PC) mortality rates of different countries and peoples are compared to demonstrate an inverse correlation. Formerly ubiquitous helminth infection possibly played a significant role in defending the human host against PC until the advancement of modern hygiene, with helminth eradication in recent times in developed countries and urban centers. It is posited that a high rate of infection by STH in developing countries and rural areas protects the human host from the development of PC, possibly by immune modulation. This hypothesis is used to explain increased PC rates in minority groups in the United States who had decreased helminth exposure in the late 20th century.
Design Flexibility of a Modular Low-Loss High-Frequency Inductor Structure

Miniaturization and efficiency of power electronics are limited by magnetic components, which are difficult to scale to small size and high frequency (HF). Inductor structures using field shaping, quasi-distributed gaps, and modular construction can achieve low loss at HF (3–30 MHz) without litz wire. For widespread adoption though, these structures must be shown to remain effective across a wide design range and be economical to manufacture. This article investigates the design flexibility of one such previously proposed inductor structure with a modified pot core and demonstrates that this structure can provide excellent performance for a wide range of inductance and power handling requirements using only a few sets of manufactured core pieces. The core pieces used in the modified pot core structure can be scaled by 4× in volume, compared to roughly 2× for conventional core families, and still achieve high performance over a wide design space. Moreover, this approach can achieve about half the loss of conventional designs at HF and, unlike conventional core sets, can provide a range of low-loss form factors with a single family of components. The proposed inductor structure and design approaches, thus, offer new opportunities in the practical production of low-loss HF inductors.
Are Survivors of Sexual Assault Blamed More Than Victims of Other Crimes

Although victim blaming in the context of sexual assault is often emphasized, little research has compared rates of victim blaming following sexual assault relative to other forms of victimization. This research investigated whether there is a crime-specific bias toward blaming victims of sexual assault. Victim blaming was assessed via different methods from the observer perspective in vignette-based studies, as well as survivors' accounts of social reactions they received. In Study 1, participants were asked to rate how much the survivor was to blame in three vignettes, each with a different randomized crime outcome: rape, physical assault, or theft. Study 2 assessed blame for a vignette that either ended in rape or theft, via a causal attribution statement. Study 3 asked interpersonal trauma survivors who had experienced at least two forms of victimization (i.e., sexual assault, physical assault, or theft) to report the social reactions they received following disclosure of each of these crimes. Across all three studies, victim blaming occurred following multiple forms of victimization and there was no evidence of a particular bias toward blaming survivors of sexual assault more so than other crimes. However, results of Study 3 highlight that, following sexual assault, survivors receive more silencing and stigmatizing reactions than they experienced after other crimes. Interpersonal traumas (i.e., sexual or physical assault) also resulted in more egocentric responses compared to theft. Altogether, there does not appear to be a crime-specific bias for victim blaming; however, crime-specific bias is apparent for some other, potentially understudied, social reactions. Implications of these findings highlight the value of victim blaming education and prevention efforts through trauma-informed services and outreach following victimization. Furthermore, service providers and advocates might especially seek to recognize and prevent silencing and stigmatizing reactions following sexual assault disclosures.
Unbonded Post-Tensioned Structural Masonry Wall with Rubber Interface for Limited-Damage Systems

AbstractUnbonded post-tensioned (UPT) tendons have been used in structural masonry walls to enhance the self-centering capability of the walls. However, the lateral displacement capacity of masonry...
Bubble dynamics in a subcooled flow boiling of near-critical carbon dioxide

Abstract Bubbly flow patterns for subcooled flow boiling of carbon dioxide at high reduced pressures were experimentally studied. Development of boiling patterns starting from scant nucleations of bubbles to fully developed boiling was observed. The pressure effect was examined, and it was found that as the critical pressure approached, the bubble diameter and growth rate decreased. Moreover, the bubbles became elongated at reduced pressures above 0.95 as a result of the diminishing surface tension. In addition, bubble diameter, velocity, and shape were measured, and results were compared to the asymptotic solutions of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. Isolated bubbles and bubble-bubble interactions were considered. It was found that the asymptotic thermally driven solution of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation predicted the bubble dynamics well for isolated bubbles, but deviations were noted when bubbles started interacting. The Mikic model was modified to account for bubble-to-bubble interactions and an additional term was added to the model that is linearly proportional to time (i.e., a·t). A modified model based on experimentally fitted coefficients was developed and used effectively to predict additional set of experiments. The modified model reduced the average error of the diameter from 13.5 μm to 6.6 μm — a reduction of 51%.
Domain Centered Design Support

Design is a creative activity by which artefacts are brought into existence. In engineering domains, this activity is far from being free. It is constrained by a large body of knowledge. In this paper we discuss mechanisms for integrating domain knowledge within design databases in ways that make it most effective for the designer, and most accessible for review and update. In particular, we focus on the aggregation relationship. Aggregation is a very common relationship in design, with very specific properties. Explicit representation of the aggregation relationship enables a whole range of inferences and constraint enforcement by the system.
Reevaluation of urea biosynthesis in prosobranch and pulmonate snails

1. Urea biosynthesis was studied in aestivating prosobranch and pulmonate snails by measuring rates of urea accumulation, incorporation rates of 14C-bicarbonate into urea and enzyme activities of ornithine cycle enzymes. Prosobranch snails (Marisa, Pila, Pomacea and Sinotaia) make little, if any urea, while in the pulmonates the ornithine cycle seems to be functioning. 2. Even though the ornithine cycle is functioning in Euglandina and in the helicid snails, Helix and Otala, urea did not accumulate during aestivation as it did in Heliosoma, Mesodon and Rumina. The biological significance of these differences in pulmonate urea metabolism are not yet known. However, in addition to its importance in ammonia detoxification, urea may play a role in water retention during aestivation. 3. Differences in enzyme activities and rates of 14C-bicarbonate incorporation into urea in Mesodon and Rumina during normal activity and aestivation indicate that urea is biosynthesized during both physiological states.
Binocular differences in cortical receptive fields of kittens after rotationally disparate binocular experience

Kittens were afforded visual experience only while wearing goggles fitted with prisms that rotated the inputs to the two eyes equally but in opposite directions about the visual axes (16 degrees for experimental subjects, 0 degrees for control subjects). Subsequently, receptive-field organization of the visual cortex was studied, special attention being given to the preferred orientation centered about the prism rotation experienced during early development. Thus, for moderate amounts of relative rotation, the development of interocular matching of orientation specificity in binocular cells of the visual cortex reflects the correspondence of early visual input between the two eyes.
Growth rate influence on the chemical composition of phytoplankton in oceanic waters

The chemical composition of oceanic phytoplankton (by atoms) typically occurs in the proportions C106 N16 P1. Yet, in laboratory growth conditions these proportions are only observed for marine phytoplankton at high growth rates when non-nutrient limitation is approached. Thus growth rates of natural phytoplankton populations in oceanic waters may be near maximal and hence non-nutrient limited. The uniformly low biomass and residual nutrient levels in such waters does not preclude the possibility of high growth rates because Zooplankton grazing and nutrient regeneration within the euphotic zone may keep this highly dynamic system in a balanced state.
Storage and retrieval of database constraints

Abstract First order static database constraints are expressed in terms of updates that may violate them, and the updates that will block those violations. Such simple necessary conditions for violations, and sufficient conditions for validations are useful in storing database constraints on secondary storage devices, maintaining them using relational database management systems, and retrieving them using database query languages. Considerable efficiency in constraint management is achieved by retrieving only the relevant constraints for each database stransaction. A large proportion of constraints are eliminated from consideration without retrieval from the storage device, and without any significant processing. Storage structure provides indexing with respect to relations, constants, quantifiers, and arbitrary join conditions.
Alkaline Phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) in Serum Is Inhibited by Physiological Concentrations of Inorganic Phosphate

Natural and artificial manipulation of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity indicates that pyrophosphate, phosphoethanolamine, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate are among the natural substrates for this enzyme. Although inorganic phosphate has been recognized as a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme for many years, the influence of phosphate on alkaline phosphatase activity in serum under physiological conditions has not been previously reported. We examined the kinetics of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase from bovine kidney and sera from 49 patients with a wide range of endogenous phosphate concentrations using pyridoxine 5'-phosphate as a substrate at pH 7.4. For the bovine kidney enzyme, the Km was 0.42 +/- 0.04 micromol/L, and the Ki for phosphate was 2.4 +/- 0.2 micromol/L. Analysis of the kinetics using pyridoxine 5'-phosphate in undiluted serum from 10 subjects with phosphorus ranging from 0.5-2.1 mmol/L and alkaline phosphatase activity ranging from 41-165 nmol/min x mL gave estimates for the Km of 56 +/- 11 micromol/L and for the Ki of 540 +/- 82 micromol/L for phosphate. This indicates that under physiological conditions alkaline phosphatase activity toward pyridoxine 5'-phosphate is reduced approximately 50% by the normal phosphate concentration and that it will increase or decrease significantly in response to changes in phosphate concentration within the ranges observed clinically.
Endovascular Treatment of Life-threatening Peripheral Pulmonary Artery Stenosis

From the Departments of Radiology (A.B.F., J.J.B., M.T.D., E.K.H.) and Surgery (D.E.W.), University of Washington Medical Center, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific St., RR215, Seattle WA 98195; and the Department of Pediatrics (T.K.J.), Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington. Received June 16, 1997; revision requested July 23; revision received April 9, 1998; accepted April 15. Address correspondence to A.B.F.
Testing equality of covariance matrices when data are incomplete

In the statistics literature, a number of procedures have been proposed for testing equality of several groups' covariance matrices when data are complete, but this problem has not been considered for incomplete data in a general setting. This paper proposes statistical tests for equality of covariance matrices when data are missing. A Wald test (denoted by T"1), a likelihood ratio test (LRT) (denoted by R), based on the assumption of normal populations are developed. It is well-known that for the complete data case the classic LRT and the Wald test constructed under the normality assumption perform poorly in instances when data are not from multivariate normal distributions. As expected, this is also the case for the incomplete data case and therefore has led us to construct a robust Wald test (denoted by T"2) that performs well for both normal and non-normal data. A re-scaled LRT (denoted by R^*) is also proposed. A simulation study is carried out to assess the performance of T"1, T"2, R, and R^* in terms of closeness of their observed significance level to the nominal significance level as well as the power of these tests. It is found that T"2 performs very well for both normal and non-normal data in both small and large samples. In addition to its usual applications, we have discussed the application of the proposed tests in testing whether a set of data are missing completely at random (MCAR).
Kierkegaard and divine-command theory: replies to Quinn and Evans

One of the most important recent developments in the discussion of Kierkegaard's ethics is an interpretation defended, in different forms, by Philip Quinn and Stephen Evans. Both argue that a divine-command theory of moral obligation (DCT) is to be found in Works of Love. Against this view, I argue that, despite significant overlap between DCT and the view of moral obligation found in Works of Love, there is at least one essential difference between the two: the former, but not the latter, is committed to the claim that, necessarily, p is morally obligatory only if God commands that p.
Cross-modality matching in memory psychophysics: brightness and loudness.

Summary.-Performance of subjects in tasks involving estimation of remembered magnitude and cross-modality matching of remembered magnitude for brightness and loudness stimuli was examined in two experiments. Subjects first learned nonsense syllable names associated with exemplars of five levels of brightness and exemplars of five levels of loudness. The stimuli were then removed and one of the nonsense syllable names was given by the experimenter. The subject formed an image of what the stimulus denoted by that name looked or sounded like and gave a judgment of remembered magnitude of that stimulus based upon the intensity portrayed in the image. In Exp. 1 subjects also completed a cross-modality matching task in which a stimulus in one dimension was shown, and subjects then estimated the magnitude that a stimulus in the other dimension would have to possess to match the intensity of the perceived stimulus. Performance was compared with that of a perceptual control group. In Exp. 2 subjects also completed a cross-modahty matching task in which they were given the nonsense syllable name of a stimulus from one dimension, formed a vivid image of what the stimulus denoted by that name looked or sounded like, formed an image of a stimulus from the other dimension that possessed the same portrayed intensity as the named stimulus from the first dimension, and then estimated the intensity of the second (unnamed) stimulus. The power function offers an appropriate description of the responses on both the remembered magnitude and the cross-modality matching tasks. Implications for theories of imagery and psychophysics are discussed.
Quantifying exchange coupling in f-ion pairs using the diamagnetic substitution method.

One of the challenges in the chemistry of actinide and lanthanide (f-ion) is quantifying exchange coupling between f-ions. While qualitative information about exchange coupling may be readily obtained using the diamagnetic substitution approach, obtaining quantitative information is much more difficult. This article describes how exchange coupling may be quantified using the susceptibility of a magnetically isolated analog, as in the diamagnetic substitution approach, along with the anisotropy of the ground state as determined by EPR spectroscopy. Several examples are used to illustrate and test this approach.
SiGe/Si HBT Modeling for AMS/RF Applications

SiGe/Si HBT combining the integration and cost benefits of silicon has came of age as an ideal process for wireless/wired communication applications. To encompass both high-speed analog and wireless circuit applications, production-proven Spice model of HBT that allows the great amount of flexibility and provides excellent model accuracy over a broad range of applications is highly desirable. This paper reports on an unitary set of geometry-scalable, wide-band models for the HBTs of 0.18 um BiCMOS technology. Verification of the scalable model is achieved with focus on the correlations of DC, Y-parameter and fT, noise, large-signal and Monte-Carlo of mismatch and statistical covers a wide range of product requirement.
The Med AppJam: A Model for an Interprofessional Student-Centered mHealth App Competition

The Med AppJam is a 2-week long competition where students from the University of California, Irvine School of Medicine are partnered with students from the University of California, Irvine School of Information and Computer Sciences in interprofessional teams to develop mobile health applications for use by clinicians and patients. The success of the Med AppJam comes from the unique opportunity for students to mutually contribute their content expertise to improve the clinical landscape while expanding their technology literacy and savvy. Since 2012, about 285 computer science students and over 90 medical students have collaborated to design and develop 53 iOS mHealth apps during the event. The Med AppJam model has been replicated in an Autism AppJam, a competition focused on the needs of a specific population, and with high school students in a mini Pre-Med AppJam using a paper prototyping approach. It is proposed that other medical schools consider implementation of a local Med AppJam as a viable model for engaging students in technology for healthcare.
Bargaining ability, the utility of playing a game, and models of coalition formation

Abstract A utility function for playing a given position in a game is developed as a natural extension of the utility function which defines the rewards available in the game. This function is determined by a player's opinion of his bargaining ability. A characterization of such utilities is obtained which generalizes previous results that the Shapley value and Banzhaf-Coleman index are both cardinal utility functions which reflect different bargaining abilities. The approach taken here is related to models of coalition formation.
Spacecraft actuator alignment determination through null-motion excitation

Current methods of system identification inject random or sinusoidal signals into the system and obtain feedback to learn or infer system parameters. In general, these methods do not consider the learning convergence property of the signal or its effects upon the overall system. In addition, the richness of a random signal is reduced when passed through the actuator that acts as a low-pass filter. Furthermore, the choice of both random and sinusoidal signals typically do not consider the effect of the motion on the controlling body (e.g., movement of the tool point for a robot manipulator with respect to its joint motion, movement of the entire satellite with respect to its attitude actuators, or movement of the Mars rover with respect to its wheels). A design of experiments is developed here to support reaction wheel assembly parameter identification to satisfy persistence of excitation, thereby learning system parameters without inducing large perturbations to the controllable body (e.g., spacecraft bus). This approach exploits the null-motion solutions of overactuated systems and provides a gradient-based method to identify the direction along the null space to be excited for fast local convergence of the learned parameters. The discussed method hypothesizes that a family of null-motion solutions from the excitation law will cause small but measurable perturbations upon the controllable body. Also, the motion of the actuators has the ability of being of larger amplitude and frequency than would be available structurally for the controllable body states, which makes it valid for some current satellite programs. The outcome of this research is a design of experiments structured for direct nonlinear adaptive control for an overactuated system to determine actuator alignment. This is accomplished using excitation through the null space, combined with a proposed gradient-based method (all assuming known mass and environment properties).
Interface characterization in an InP/InGaAs resonant tunneling diode by scanning tunneling microscopy

The interfaces of a lattice‐matched InP/InGaAs double‐barrier resonant tunneling diode are studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. The interfaces have been mapped with atomic resolution for a length of over 4000 A, and scanning tunneling microscopy images show the roughness to be very asymmetric with the inverted (InP on InGaAs) interface being considerably rougher than the normal interface. Roughness wave vectors determined from Fourier analysis are well fitted by a Lorentzian function and allow determination of roughness amplitudes and correlation lengths for the different interfaces. A chemical asymmetry between the interfaces is also observed in certain images which exhibit enhanced and reduced state densities at the normal and inverted interfaces, respectively. Termination of the growth surface by differing column V species during interface formation most likely affects the local state density.
Are all recurrences of "pure" Sydenham chorea true recurrences of acute rheumatic fever?

We are conducting prospective studies of patients in Santiago, Chile, who have had an attack of rheumatic fever and are receiving continuous secondary prophylaxis with monthly injections of benzathine penicillin G. Throat culturs are obtaioned just prior to injection each month, and serum antistreptococcal antibody titers (antistreptolysin O and antideoxyribonuclease B) are performed at least every 3 months. During the course of these studies we have observed 17 recurrences of “pure” chorea in 10 patients (six girls). In four recurrences the timing of serologic studies and onset of chorea appeared to exclude the occurrence of an immunologically significant group A streptococcal infection within the preceding 6 to 9 months. In one case the period of serologic follow-up was too brief to allow a definite determination. In the remaining 12 recurrences serologic evidence was suggestive or confirmatory of recent streptococcal infection; however, in several instances the titer elevations were quite modest. Our data suggest that in certain chorea-prone patients, Sydenham chorea may recur after streptococcal infections too weak and transient to be readily detectable or, alternatively, after stimuli other than streptococcal infection.
Energy Use for Poultry Processing Waste Management and Rendering

Abstract The amount of fuel and electrical energy used for offal handling and waste treatment for poultry processing plants and for poultry rendering plants was investigated. Eleven processing plants and 5 rendering plants were audited. Electricity for offal handling facilities ranged from 9.9 to 29.4 kWh/1000 broilers processed; waste treatment required from 0 to 34.9 kWh/1000 broilers and averaged 19 kWh/1000 broilers. Rendering plants used 42 kWh of electricity and 40 liters of #6 fuel oil/1000 broilers processed.
Children as designers of educational multimedia software

Abstract A surge of interest has been seen in the use of multimedia in educational computer applications. Some researchers examine which particular benefits media provide for students' learning. A different approach looks at students' learning experience while creating their own educational multimedia applications. We present and discuss the results of a project in which seven teams of elementary school students were involved in designing and implementing interactive multimedia resources in science for younger children. We found that students improved significantly in their science understanding and programming skills. While the student teams included many multimedia features in their software, a closer examination of students' individual contributions to the software product revealed that not every aspect of multimedia programming afforded the same type learning opportunities for science and programming. We discuss the benefits and problems of integrating science content with multimedia design and discuss why the quality of dynamic and interactive components in students' multimedia production proved to be a better indicator of students' learning than the quantity of multimedia produced. Furthermore, we address how students' learning experience is also impacted by their conceptions of multimedia users.
Communication issues in a multicomponent study of semiconductor employees

A variety of methods were used to address communication problems in the Semiconductor Health Study (SHS). The diverse employee population required investigators to consider language, ethnic, and cultural differences in planning and implementing the study design. Studies of reproductive health in the workplace raise special concerns, including the critical need to preserve confidentiality and privacy of subjects. Notification of results of epidemiological studies reporting workplace hazards requires sensitivity to needs of workers. SHS investigators directly communicated overall results of this multicomponent study to participating employees at all sites and notified subjects of results of individual industrial hygiene monitoring and endocrine hormone assays.
Cross-generational effects resulting from an early maternal chronic drug experience.

Abstract This study reconfirmed and extended the finding that a chronic drug experience in the infancy of albino rats does affect the learning ability of undrugged subsequent generations. Progency of descendants of chronic drug females were tested at 75 days of age. Drugs administered chronically to the parent animals were chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine and prochlorperazine. Experiment I demonstrated that second generation offspring were inferior learners on avoidance conditioning, but not on the Hebb-Williams food maze. Experiment II demonstrated that third generation offspring were also inferior learners on avoidance conditioning. The general pattern of the findings has been for the drug groups to become more homogeneous with respect to learning ability and more clearly delineated from the saline control group. At the present time, the data do not permit separation from among potential alternative explanations for the findings: changes in maternal behavior toward the offspring, genetic mutations, and biochemical changes.
Spatial organization of genes as a component of regulated expression

The DNA of living cells is highly compacted. Inherent in this spatial constraint is the need for cells to organize individual genetic loci so as to facilitate orderly retrieval of information. Complex genetic regulatory mechanisms are crucial to all organisms, and it is becoming increasingly evident that spatial organization of genes is one very important mode of regulation for many groups of genes. In eukaryotic nuclei, it appears not only that DNA is organized in three-dimensional space but also that this organization is dynamic and interactive with the transcriptional state of the genes. Spatial organization occurs throughout evolution and with genes transcribed by all classes of RNA polymerases in all eukaryotic nuclei, from yeast to human. There is an increasing body of work examining the ways in which this organization and consequent regulation are accomplished. In this review, we discuss the diverse strategies that cells use to preferentially localize various classes of genes.
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 polyadenylylation signal: a 3' long terminal repeat element upstream of the AAUAAA necessary for efficient polyadenylylation.

Abstract Several polyadenylylation (PA) signals containing elements upstream of the AAUAAA have recently been characterized. Similar to PA elements found downstream of the AAUAAA, the upstream elements function to increase efficiency of AAUAAA use as a signal for cleavage and PA. Using deletion and linker scanning mutations we show that the PA signal of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 contains upstream elements transcribed from the U3 region of the 3' long terminal repeat. The element that has the greatest effect on PA site use lies 77 to 94 nucleotides upstream of the AAUAAA, between the TATA element and the transcriptional initiation site. Mutations in the adjacent region, between 59 and 76 nucleotides upstream of the AAUAAA, have a smaller effect on PA efficiency. Mutations in a region further upstream, between 141 and 176 nucleotides upstream of the AAUAAA, also affected PA modestly. Functional similarity between upstream elements was indicated by the ability of the human immunodeficiency virus upstream region to replace the upstream region of the simian virus 40 late PA signal. The sequence of the major upstream element of human immunodeficiency virus is uracil-rich, analogous to many defined downstream PA elements. This fact may imply that upstream and downstream elements have similar mechanisms of action.
Genesis of the Kinabalu (Sabah) granitoid at a subduction-collision junction

The Kinabalu batholith is a late Neogene granitoid in northwestern Sabah (East Malaysia) apparently marking the locus at which subducted South China Basin lithosphere interacted with roots of the northern Sabah collision suture. The exposed batholith comprises a relatively small core of biotite quartz monzodiorite (BQM) grading out to dominant hornblende quartz monzonite (HQM). Both lithologies contain mafic igneous and metasedimentary inclusions and are cut by late-stage aplite dikes. Major element data indicate the BQM (K2O/Na2O ratios ranging 0.72–1.03) represents a low-K type while HQM (K2O/Na2O ratios ranging 1.35–5.58) is a distinct high-K type. Magmaphile element distributions support this distinction, HQM showing higher K, Rb, LREE and lower Ta and Nb contents than BQM, indicating the more extensive interaction of HQM with sial. Least-squares mass balance models suggest that HQM evolved through the combined effects of fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation while BQM was dominated by fractional crystallization. However, similar plagioclase zoning patterns in both lithologies suggest they are comagmatic rather than generated by melting of separate sources. It is concluded that low-K type melts, formed by subduction-induced remelting of underplated lower crust, underwent high pressure sialic contamination with development of high-K character. These provided access to later-formed low-K melts which were less contaminated and consolidated to form the pluton core. The unusual zonation from inner low-K to outer high-K type compositions may indicate that the cessation of subduction prevented upward migration of the melting anomaly and thermal maturation of the pluton.