cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passive Methods to Damp AC Power System Resonance Involving Power Electronics

This paper presents a systematic study of passive methods to damp power system resonances involving power electronics. Passive damping, while requiring additional components and space, overcomes the bandwidth and other limitations of active damping based on control of power electronics. However, existing options for passive damping of ac converter and system impedance are limited and suffer from high power losses. In an effort to develop new damping circuits, this paper examines existing passive damping methods from a different angle and classifies them as first-order and second-order dampers. A systematic approach is then presented to develop new second-order dampers and use them in various configurations to meet the damping requirements of different systems. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed methods. One example is concerned with damping of high-frequency resonance involving MMC-based HVDC converters, and the other is about damping of subsynchronous resonance between type-III wind turbines and series-compensated transmission lines. In both cases, active damping is difficult because of limitations of MMC and type-III turbine control.
Analysis of user-supplied metadata in a health sciences institutional repository

Launched in October, 2015 by the Galter Health Sciences Library, the DigitalHub repository is designed to capture and preserve the scholarly outputs of Northwestern Medicine. A major motivation to deposit in the repository is the possibility of improved citations and discovery of resources, however one of the largest barriers hampering discovery is a lack of descriptive metadata. Because DigitalHub was designed for ease of use, very minimal metadata is required in order to successfully deposit a resource. However, many optional descriptive metadata fields are also made available to encourage the consistent and detailed entry of descriptive information. The library was curious to evaluate how users were approaching available metadata fields and accompanying instructions prior to the library's performance of metadata enhancement operations. In order to evaluate user-supplied metadata, an export was made of all of the metadata in DigitalHub for a 2.5 year period. Records previously enhanced by librarians, or records initially deposited by library staff were excluded from consideration. The metadata was then evaluated for completeness, choice of dropdown terms for resource type, inclusion of collaborators, use of controlled vocabulary fields, and any areas that indicated a clear misunderstanding of the intended use of the metadata field. This poster presents the preliminary findings of this analysis of user-supplied metadata. It is hoped that the findings of this analysis will help guide future system and interface design decisions, cleanup activities, and library instruction activities. Ultimately the goal is to make the interface as usable and effective as possible to encourage depositors to supply an optimal amount of descriptive metadata upfront, and to continue using the repository in the future. These results should be of interest to repository managers that rely on users to supply initial descriptive metadata, especially for health sciences disciplines.
Facile Exchange of Tightly Bonded L-Type Oleylamine and Diphenylphosphine Ligands on Copper Indium Diselenide Nanocrystals Mediated by Molecular Iodine

Copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) nanocrystals are a prototypical I–III–VI semiconductor quantum dot material, typically synthesized in oleylamine (OLAm) as a solvent and capping ligand, often with the addition of diphenylphosphine (DPP) to improve the reaction yield. Using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we study the association of OLAm and DPP on CuInSe2 nanocrystals and find that they both behave as tightly bonded L-type ligands. There is no observable desorption of OLAm or DPP when a toluene-d8 dispersion is heated to 100 °C, and no ligand exchange occurs when the nanocrystals are exposed to other L-type species like trioctylphosphine (TOP) or octadecanethiol (ODT), which can bind as either X-type or L-type. Molecular iodine (I2), however, is found to readily displace both OLAm and DPP from the nanocrystal surface and facilitate efficient and complete ligand exchange with either TOP or ODT and appears to behave as a Lewis acid Z-type ligand. We also find that the X-type ligand, stearic ac...
The Dirac Equation in Special Relativity

The purpose of this chapter is to review the Dirac equation in Minkowski spacetime and familiarize the reader with some of our notational conventions. This preliminary material may skipped by readers already familiar with its contents, and referred to as needed.
Opioid medication discontinuation and risk of adverse opioid-related health care events

Abstract Background Between 2012 and 2017, the United States dramatically reduced opioid prescribing rates. While this may be appropriate given the opioid epidemic, there has been little research to guide the clinical practice of discontinuing patients from opioid medications and opioid death rates have continued to increase. Objective To determine the relationship between time to opioid discontinuation and the risk of an opioid-related emergency department visit or hospitalization among high dose opioid users. Design We applied Cox proportional hazard models to 2013–2017 Medicaid claims data to research this relationship. Participants Medicaid beneficiaries in Vermont who filled prescription opioids at high daily doses (at least 120 morphine milligram equivalents) for 90 or more consecutive days and who subsequently discontinued opioid prescriptions (n = 494). Main measures The outcome was an opioid-related adverse event defined as an emergency department visit or hospitalization with a primary or secondary diagnosis of opioid poisoning or substance use disorder. Key results The median length of time to discontinuation was 1 day indicating that half of patients had no dose reduction prior to discontinuation. 86% of patients discontinued within 21 days (considered rapid tapering in recent clinical guidelines). 49% of members had an opioid-related hospitalization or emergency department visit. After controlling for sociodemographic and clinical factors, each additional week of discontinuation time was associated with a 7% reduction in the probability of having opioid related adverse event (p Conclusions Faster rates of opioid tapering were associated with a greater probability of adverse events and many patients discontinued opioids suddenly, with no dose reduction. Additional clinical guidance, research, and interventions are needed to ensure that patients' opioid prescriptions are discontinued safely.
Fine-Grained Analysis of Communication Similarity between Real and Proxy Applications

In this work we investigate the dynamic communication behavior of parent and proxy applications, and investigate whether or not the dynamic communication behavior of the proxy matches that of its respective parent application. The idea of proxy applications is that they should match their parent well, and should exercise the hardware and perform similarly, so that from them lessons can be learned about how the HPC system and the application can best be utilized. We show here that some proxy/parent pairs do not need the extra detail of dynamic behavior analysis, while others can benefit from it, and through this we also identified a parent/proxy mismatch and improved the proxy application.
The News Ecosystem During the Birth of the Confederacy: South Carolina Secession in Southern Newspapers

During the secession crisis in 1860–61, the American South was far from unified. Contrary to the idea that the South constituted a single distinct region, this analysis of secession news in Souther...
Increased Glucose Availability Attenuates Myocardial Ketone Body Utilization

Background Perturbations in myocardial substrate utilization have been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction in diabetic subjects. The failing heart in nondiabetics tends to decrease reliance on fatty acid and glucose oxidation, and increases reliance on ketone body oxidation. In contrast, little is known regarding the mechanisms mediating this shift among all 3 substrates in diabetes mellitus. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that changes in myocardial glucose utilization directly influence ketone body catabolism. Methods and Results We examined ventricular-cardiac tissue from the following murine models: (1) streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus; (2) high-fat-diet-induced glucose intolerance; and transgenic inducible cardiac-restricted expression of (3) glucose transporter 4 (transgenic inducible cardiac restricted expression of glucose transporter 4); or (4) dominant negative O-GlcNAcase. Elevated blood glucose (type 1 diabetes mellitus and high-fat diet mice) was associated with reduced cardiac expression of β-hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA transferase. Increased myocardial β-hydroxybutyrate levels were also observed in type 1 diabetes mellitus mice, suggesting a mismatch between ketone body availability and utilization. Increased cellular glucose delivery in transgenic inducible cardiac restricted expression of glucose transporter 4 mice attenuated cardiac expression of both Bdh1 and Oxct1 and reduced rates of myocardial BDH1 activity and β-hydroxybutyrate oxidation. Moreover, elevated cardiac protein O-GlcNAcylation (a glucose-derived posttranslational modification) by dominant negative O-GlcNAcase suppressed β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase expression. Consistent with the mouse models, transcriptomic analysis confirmed suppression of BDH1 and OXCT1 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure compared with nondiabetic patients. Conclusions Our results provide evidence that increased glucose leads to suppression of cardiac ketolytic capacity through multiple mechanisms and identifies a potential crosstalk between glucose and ketone body metabolism in the diabetic myocardium.
Sex differences in the human reward system: convergent behavioral, autonomic and neural evidence.

Several studies have suggested that females and males differ in reward behaviors and their underlying neural circuitry. Whether human sex differences extend across neural and behavioral levels for both rewards and punishments remains unclear. We studied a community sample of 221 young women and men who performed a monetary incentive task known to engage the mesoaccumbal pathway and salience network. Both stimulus salience (behavioral relevance) and valence (win vs loss) varied during the task. In response to high- vs low-salience stimuli presented during the monetary incentive task, men showed greater subjective arousal ratings, behavioral accuracy and skin conductance responses (P < 0.006, Hedges' effect size g = 0.38 to 0.46). In a subsample studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (n = 44), men exhibited greater responsiveness to stimulus salience in the nucleus accumbens, midbrain, anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (P < 0.02, g = 0.86 to 1.7). Behavioral, autonomic and neural sensitivity to the valence of stimuli did not differ by sex, indicating that responses to rewards vs punishments were similar in women and men. These results reveal novel and robust sex differences in reward- and punishment-related traits, behavior, autonomic activity and neural responses. These convergent results suggest a neurobehavioral basis for sexual dimorphism observed in the reward system, including reward-related disorders.
Attitudes of Pre-Service Physical Educators at a Faith-Based University toward Individuals with Disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an undergraduate adapted physical education course on the attitudes of pre‐service physical educators toward individuals with disabilities using the Physical Educators Attitude toward Teaching Individuals with Disabilities, third edition. The participants for this study were 108 students enrolled in undergraduate adapted physical education courses at a faith‐based university. Statistically significant differences were found between the participants’ pre‐ and post‐intervention attitudinal scores on all measured areas. There were no statistically significant differences in the attitudinal scores based on the respondents either enrolling in both the lecture course and the laboratory, or alone enrolling in the lecture course. Surveys indicated other findings as well.
Frequency and burden of gastrointestinal symptoms in familial dysautonomia

Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a rare hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN-3) that is clinically characterized by impaired pain and temperature perception and abnormal autonomic function. Patients with FD have gastrointestinal dysmotility and report a range of gastrointestinal symptoms that have yet to be systematically evaluated. The aim of this study was to establish the frequency and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with FD. The validated National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) survey questionnaire, together with additional FD-specific questions, were distributed to 202 living patients with genetically confirmed FD who had been identified from the New York University FD Patient Registry or, when relevant, to their respective caretaker. As a comparison group, we used a general US adult population for whom PROMIS scores were available (N = 71,812). Of the 202 questionnaires distributed, 77 (38%) were returned, of which 53% were completed by the patient. Median age of the respondents was 25 years, and 44% were male. Gastrostomy tube was the sole nutrition route for 25% of the patients, while 53% were reliant on the gastrostomy tube only for liquid intake. The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms was significantly higher in each of the eight domains of PROMIS in patients with FD than in the controls. Gastrointestinal symptoms as measured by raw scores on the PROMIS scale were significantly less severe in the FD patient group than in the control population in all domains with the exception of the abdominal pain domain. The surveys completed by caregivers reported the same burden of symptoms as those completed only by patients. Gastrointestinal symptoms affect nearly all patients with FD. Gastrointestinal symptoms are more prevalent in adult patients with FD than in the average US adult population but are less severe in the former.
Exact calculation of the joint allele frequency spectrum for generalized isolation with migration models

Population genomic datasets collected over the past decade have spurred interest in developing methods that can utilize massive numbers of loci for inference of demographic and selective histories of populations. The allele frequency spectrum (AFS) provides a convenient framework for such analysis and accordingly much attention has been paid to predicting theoretical expectations of the AFS under a number of different models. However, to date, exact solutions for the joint AFS of two or more populations under models of migration and divergence have not been found. Here we present a novel Markov chain representation of the coalescent on the state space of the joint AFS that allows for rapid, exact calculation of the joint AFS under generalized isolation with migration (IM) models. In turn, we show how our Markov chain method, in the context of composite likelihood estimation, can be used for accurate inference of parameters of the IM model using SNP data. Lastly, we apply our method to recent whole genome datasets from Drosophila melanogaster.
Student Perceptions of Authoring a Publication Stemming from a Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE).

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) engage students with research experiences in a course format and can sometimes result in publication of that research. This interview study i...
Endocrine response and outcome in 14 cats with insulin resistance and acromegaly treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (17 Gy).

OBJECTIVE To describe clinical outcomes in cats with insulin resistance and acromegaly treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). ANIMALS 14 client-owned cats. PROCEDURES Medical records of cats with insulin resistance and acromegaly treated with SRS (17 Gy) between August 2013 and November 2019 at a single institution were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate overall survival time. RESULTS Acute adverse effects of SRS included somnolence (n = 2) and alopecia (1). Delayed adverse effects of SRS included unspecified neurologic complications (n = 1; 481 days), seizures (1; 1,541 days), and hypothyroidism (1; 64 days). Exogenous insulin requirements decreased in 10 of the 14 cats, with a median time to lowest insulin dose of 399 days (range, 42 to 879 days). Complete diabetic remission was achieved in 3 cats. The median overall survival time was 741 days (95% CI, 353 to 1,129 days). Six cats were still alive at the end of the study period, with a median follow-up time of 725 days. In 7 of the 8 cats that had died, death was presumptively attributed to acromegaly owing to continued insulin resistance, organ failure, or altered neurologic status. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The SRS protocol was well tolerated and associated with survival times similar to those reported previously. Most cats had decreased exogenous insulin requirements after SRS. Latency to an endocrine response was highly variable, emphasizing the need for careful ongoing diabetic monitoring of acromegalic cats after pituitary gland irradiation.
La producción social de la diferencia humana como fundamento antropológico de los derechos humanos negativos

Los derechos humanos han sido muy discutidos en muchos contextos academicos, politicos y activistas en los ultimos anos. La Antropologia, que durante mucho tiempo se identifico como criticamente opuesta a la idea de los derechos humanos universales y a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, ha cambiado recientemente su posicion con una declaracion revisada sobre derechos humanos que ha sido aprobada por la Asociacion Americana de Antropologia —AAA—. Este articulo presenta un enfoque innovador para abordar el concepto de los derechos humanos, incluyendo especificamente la relevancia del significado del termino “humano”, que subyace y converge con la revision de los derechos humanos adoptado por la AAA. Siguiendo este enfoque, el articulo desarrolla un concepto negativo de los derechos humanos en combinacion con un fundamento positivo, que incluye una comprension antropologica de lo que significa “humano” a efectos del discurso de los derechos humanos y del activismo.
A biodiverse housing market in hermit crabs: proposal for a new biodiversity index

Cuantificar la variacion de la biodiversidad es un objetivo importante de la biologia. Sin embargo, debido a que tales inventarios, en especial para la biodiversidad marina, son costosos, dificiles y consumen mucho tiempo, hay un gran valor en indicadores simples que permitan determinar la biodiversidad de una region determinada de manera eficiente. Hicimos un inventario de las conchas usadas como casas moviles terrestres por los cangrejos ermitanos (Coenobita compressus) en la Peninsula de Osa, Costa Rica, un “punto algido” de biodiversidad. Se registraron 41 especies, el mayor numero registrado en cualquier poblacion de cangrejos ermitanos. Proponemos que la “diversidad del mercado de vivienda” en los cangrejos ermitanos puede proporcionar un indice de biodiversidad ecosistemica conveniente, lo que podria facilitar las comparaciones entre sitios. ABSTRACT Quantifying variation in biodiversity is an important goal of biology. However, because inventorying biodiversity, especially marine biodiversity, is costly, difficult, and time consuming, there is great value in simple metrics that can reliably indicate a given region’s biodiversity and that can be efficiently gathered. We inventoried shells used as portable houses by terrestrial hermit crabs (Coenobita compressus) in Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, a biodiversity hotspot. Forty-one species were recorded, the largest number registered for any hermit crab population. We propose that housing market diversity in hermit crabs might provide a convenient biodiversity index of ecosystems, potentially facilitating comparisons across different sites.
Transdifferentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral bone repair by activation of pluripotent stem cell programs (216.1)

The majority of bone fractures heal by endochondral ossification, where bone forms secondarily to cartilage. Mechanistically bone repair is presumed to parallel endochondral ossification during dev...
Design of Round-Robin Tests with Guarded/Calibrated Hot Boxes, Guarded Hot Plates, and Heat Flow Meters

Design and procedures for three round-robin tests of thermal insulation materials are described. The first, sponsored by ASTM Committee C-16 on Thermal Insulation, was intended to produce calibration and precision and accuracy data for ASTM Test for Thermal Conductance and Transmittance of Built-Up Sections by Means of the Guarded Hot Box (C 236) and a draft ASTM standard for a calibrated hot box test. The second, sponsored by International Standards Organization Technical Committee 163 on Thermal Insulation, covered guarded hot plate and heat flow meter tests of thermal resistance of thick thermal insulation materials, and was intended to produce calibration and precision and accuracy data for ISO specifications for such tests and those of each of the 22 participating countries - in the United States, ASTM Test for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate (C 177) and ASTM Test for Steady-State Thermal Transmission properties by Means of Heat Flow Meter (C 518). The third round-robin test involved tests of glass-fiber insulating material and was sponsored by ASTM Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal Measurement and the Mineral Insulation Manufacturers Association.
Towards the finiteness of p*LK(n)S0

Let G be a closed subgroup of the nth Morava stabilizer group Sn, n2, and let denote the continuous homotopy fixed point spectrum of Devinatz and Hopkins. If G=z, the subgroup topologically generated by an element z in the p-Sylow subgroup of Sn, and z is non-torsion in the quotient of by its center, we prove that the -homology of any K(n-2)*-acyclic finite spectrum annihilated by p is of essentially finite rank. We also show that the units in En* fixed by z are just the units in the Witt vectors with coefficients in the field of pn elements. If n=2 and p5, we show that, if G is a closed subgroup of not contained in the center, then G contains an open subnormal subgroup U such that the mod(p) homotopy of is of essentially finite rank.
Fault-tolerant formation control of multiple UAVs in the presence of actuator faults

Summary In order to counteract actuator faults in formation flight of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), this paper presents a fault-tolerant formation control (FTFC) design methodology, in which the reference generator and the finite-time convergence of FTFC gains are explicitly considered. Feasible references in response to actuator faults can be generated by considering the health and mission conditions of an overall team of UAVs. Moreover, by applying an auxiliary integrated regressor matrix and vector method, FTFC gains can converge within a finite amount of time to facilitate the fault accommodation process. Thus, the negative effects resulting from failed actuators can be compensated by the healthy/redundant actuators in UAVs. Simulation studies of UAV formation flight are carried out to exemplify the effectiveness of this design approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guttural pouch perforation caused during nasogastric intubation

Summary A 19-year-old gelding presented with swelling of the pharyngeal region following evaluation for an episode of colic. Endoscopy, radiography and ultrasonography were utilised in diagnosis of a guttural pouch perforation, secondary to nasogastric intubation. Conservative treatment resulted in a fibrin seal over the perforation. Unfortunately, the horse succumbed to colitis and was subjected to euthanasia before resolution of the injury.
Biochemical properties of turnip mosaic virus.

Abstract Turnip mosaic virus was found to contain 5% RNA based on its phosphorus content (0.46 ± 0.05%) and the nucleotide composition of its nucleic acid (34.5% adenylic acid, 22.3% cytidylic acid, 22.4% guanylic acid, and 20.8% uridylic acid). The molecular weight of the RNA was estimated at about 3.5 × 10 6 daltons from its mobility during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Viral protein migrated as a single component in polyacrylamide gels, had a molecular weight of about 26,000, and consisted of about 230 amino acid residues as shown by amino acid and tryptic peptide analyses.
Synthesis and characterization of a free phenylene bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) and its di-Rh complex: Catalytic activity of the di-Rh and CCC–NHC Rh pincer complexes in intermolecular hydrosilylation of alkynes

Abstract 1,3-Bis(3-butylimidazolium-1-yl)benzene diiodide (1) was reacted with Li(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) yielding the free bis-carbene, 1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-2-ylidene-1-yl)benzene (3), which has been spectroscopically characterized. Combining the free bis-carbene with [Rh(COD)Cl]2 yielded the corresponding di-Rh bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) complex (4) that was structurally characterized. The di-Rh bis-carbene complex was found to exhibit complex solution 13C and 1H NMR spectra that have been assigned as a mixture of diastereomers. The crystal structure of the di-Rh bis-carbene compound 4 was composed of a pair of enantiomeric atropisomers. The diastereomeric atropisomers were assigned as the source of the spectral complexities. The di-Rh di-carbene complex 4 and the CCC–NHC Rh pincer complex 2 were applied as catalysts in hydrosilylation reactions of terminal and internal alkynes. Both catalysts are highly active, regioselective, stereoselective, and chemoselective: terminal alkynes give predominantly the β-(Z) isomer and internal alkynes afford the β-(E) isomer in chloroform or benzene. One of the strongest attributes of the catalyst systems is that the results were achieved without exclusion of air and without purification of commercially available reagents.
A difference-differential model in population dynamics☆

Abstract In this paper experimental literature is cited to support the incorporation of a time lag in the classical Lotka-Volterra equations of population dynamics. The difference-differential equations or systems of equations arising from the time lag are treated in two special cases: (i) single species growth in large media; (ii) two species in a predator-prey relationship. In (i) the equation is solved exactly and agreement with experimental data discussed. In (ii) digital simulation of the non-linear system is employed and a conjecture formulated concerning its behavior. Variations from the Lotka model are noted and the conjecture is proved in the restricted case where the populations of predator and prey begin close to equilibrium values.
Hybrid pipelined and multiplexed FIR filter architecture

This paper presents a hybrid pipelined and multiplexed architecture for finite-duration impulse response (FIR) filters used in real- time applications. The emphasis is placed on efficient hardware utilization, compared to conventional multiplexed or pipelined architectures. The multiply-accumulate (MAC) unit used here is a Booth recoded, Wallace tree based multiplier, in which the accumulator is merged with the partial product matrix. However, the approach is equally well suited to other multiplier/accumulator implementations. A novel sign extension technique is described and incorporated into the partial product reduction phase. This effectively reduces the number of rows that need sign extension, and can be used in conjunction with existing sign extension techniques. The final structure described is a form of pipelined tap-division multiplexing with the goal of maximum hardware re-use during run-time, given input data rate constraints. A method to compute the optimal hybrid pipeline depth is presented, based on the ratio of the input data rate to the critical speed of the hardware in the target technology. Performance is measured against FIR structures implemented using conventional, multiplexed, and pipelined approaches. It is shown that hardware complexity reductions of up to 18% over conventional pipelined architectures, and up to 29% over multiplexed approaches can be achieved.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cosmic axions from cosmic strings

Abstract The possibility of a new constraint on the Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking scale, arising from the decay of cosmic axion strings, is discussed.
Electron-spin-resonance (ESR) study of sol-gel glasses

Abstract The 9.5 GHz ESR-spectra of gamma-ray irradiated SiO 2 vacuum dried gels, produced with 2, 4, 8 and 16 mol. of water per mol. tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and gels heat treated at temperatures between 400°C and 1000°C were recorded at 77 K and 300 K. A broad asymmetric line ( ΔH pp = 20.5 G, g eff = 2.006) dominated the room temperature spectra of the dried gels. The ESR-spectra of these gels recorded at 77 K consist of a well resolved characterized by g 1 = 2.004, g 2 = 2.01 and g 3 = 2.04. We tentatively attribute this resonance to O 2 − -ions. The resonance of this O 2 − -specie dominates the spectra of the gels treated up to 500°C. The spectrum of the vacuum dried gel heat treated at 900°C exhibits the resonance of the E 1 ′ -center and non-bridging oxygens. The spectrum of the gel heat treated at 1000°C is composed of several lines attributed to O 2 − radicals having different ligand fields.
Midpregnancy levels of angiogenic markers in relation to maternal characteristics

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe relations among maternal demographic and lifestyle characteristics and midpregnancy levels of angiogenic markers (soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, placental growth factor, soluble endoglin). Study Design In a large pregnancy cohort, linear models were used to evaluate relations among maternal characteristics and midpregnancy angiogenic markers with and without covariate adjustment. Associations were examined in a subcohort that included term and preterm deliveries (n = 1302) and among “normal” term pregnancies (n = 668). Results Concentrations of all factors declined with increasing maternal body mass index. Multiparous women had lower soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 levels than primiparous women. Higher placental growth factor and slightly lower soluble endoglin levels were observed among women who smoked at enrollment, but not among those women who quit before enrollment. African American women had higher levels of all markers. Conclusion Understanding relations among maternal characteristics and levels of angiogenic factors may improve studies that use these markers to examine etiology and/or to predict adverse pregnancy outcome.
Normal Boiling Point and Triple Point Temperatures of Neon

The normal boiling point and triple point temperatures and the triple point pressure of neon were found to be 27.096 ± 0.001 K and 24.553 ± 0.001 K, and 43332 ± 13 N/m2 [325.02 ± 0.10 mm Hg (0 °C)], respectively. (The temperatures are in terms of the NBS-1955 provisional temperature scale. The figures after the ± symbol indicate estimated uncertainties.) The triple point pressure is in accord with the more recent values, but the normal boiling point and triple point temperatures deviate significantly from those of previous investigators.
A simple, natural notation for applicative languages

Abstract : Many non-specialists are intimidated by the mathematical appearance of most applicative, functional, and very-high-level languages. This report presents a simple notation that has an unintimidating, natural-language appearance and that can be adapted to a variety of languages. The paper demonstrates its use as an alternate syntax for LISP, PROLOG, Backus' FP, relational programming, and relational database retrievals. The grammar's eight productions can be handled by a simple recursive-descent parser. (Author)
Two-fluid large-eddy simulation approach for particle-laden turbulent flows

Abstract In this paper, effects of particles on the subgrid scales of turbulence are properly accounted for during the modeling of subgrid scale stresses in the large-eddy simulation (LES) of fluid phase. In doing so, we propose closed filtered kinetic equations for phase space density of the particle. The various moments of these equations give the `fluid' equations which can be considered as the LES equations for the particle phase. The influence of subgrid scales motion on the particles is included in these `fluid' equations.
Divestitures of Equity by Executives and Future Equity Granting Patterns

ABSTRACT: This paper empirically investigates the influence of executive wealth diversification on equity granting patterns. Risk-averse, undiversified executives who hold much wealth in the firm discount the value of their equity holdings. This study investigates how firms respond to changes in CEO wealth diversification that follow equity divestitures. The results suggest that firms provide greater equity incentives following increases in executive wealth diversification. In addition, the proportion of annual compensation in the form of equity increases with CEO wealth diversification. Overall, the results support agency theory predictions that wealth diversification is an important component of contracting with undiversified, risk-averse managers. JEL Classifications: G31; G32; J33; M4.
Annealing kinetics of vacancies to dislocations

Abstract Several investigators have found annealing kinetics in systems containing excess vacancies and dislocations which are described approximately by a relation of the form exp (–ktm ), where k is a constant, t is time and m is a number < 1. They have interpreted this result on the basis of a model in which the vacancies annihilate at dislocations and the vacancy–dislocation interaction determines the value of m. This annealing law is considered in detail in the present note, and it is concluded that: (1) there is no theoretical basis for expecting such a relation to describe the large scale annealing of vacancies to dislocations except under very unusual strong drift conditions. Instead, first-order decay should obtain under usual conditions in a simple system where a fixed number of randomly distributed dislocations operating with constant efficiency are the only sinks present; (2) it is impossible to explain the agreement of several previous sets of annealing data with the above equation with m∼1/2...
Hydrogen in the Upper Atmosphere

ONE of the most striking characteristics of both auroral and night-sky spectra is the absence of hydrogen lines. So far as I am aware, not even a trace of the atomic or molecular spectra of hydrogen has ever been observed in either of the above spectra. The question is immediately raised, does this absence prove that there is no hydrogen in the upper atmosphere at the heights at which night-sky and auroral spectra have been photographed? It is the purpose of this note to discuss briefly the answer to this question.
Statistics of spontaneously generated Raman solitons

A numerical simulation is described that accurately reproduces experimentally observed statistical properties of spontaneous Raman soliton generation. Comparisons of the soliton yield and the distributions of soliton delay times and peak intensities indicate a close agreement between theory and experiment.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
AFos inhibits phenylephrine-mediated contractile dysfunction by altering phospholamban phosphorylation.

Using neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, we previously reported that the expression of a dominant negative form of the c-Fos proto-oncogene (AFos) inhibited activator protein 1 activity and blocked the induction of the pathological gene profile stimulated by phenylephrine (PE) while leaving growth unaffected. We now extend these observations to the adult rat ventricular myocyte (ARVM) to understand the relationship between gene expression, growth, and function. Ventricular myocytes were isolated from adult rats and infected with adenovirus expressing β-galactosidase (control) or AFos. The cells were subsequently treated with PE, and protein synthesis, gene program, calcium transients, and contractility were evaluated. As seen with the neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, in control cells PE stimulated an increase in protein synthesis, induced the pathological gene profile, and exhibited both depressed contractility and calcium transients. Although ARVMs expressing AFos still had PE-induced growth, pathological gene expression as well as contractility and calcium handling abnormalities were inhibited. To determine a possible mechanism of the preserved myocyte function in AFos-expressing cells, we examined phospholamban (PLB) and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase proteins. Although there was no change in total PLB or sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase expression in response to PE treatment, PE decreased the phosphorylation of PLB at serine-16, an observation that was prevented in AFos-expressing cells. In conclusion, although PE-induced growth was unaffected in AFos-expressing ARVMs, the expression of the pathological gene profile was inhibited and both contractile function and calcium cycling were preserved. The inhibition of functional deterioration was, in part, due to the preservation of PLB phosphorylation.
Constraining the high-density behavior of the nuclear symmetry energy with the tidal polarizability of neutron stars

Using a set of model equations of state satisfying the latest constraints from both terrestrial nuclear experiments and astrophysical observations, as well as state-of-the-art nuclear many-body calculations of the pure neutron matter equation of state, the tidal polarizability of canonical neutron stars in coalescing binaries is found to be a very sensitive probe of the high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy, which is among the most uncertain properties of dense neutron-rich nucleonic matter. Moreover, it changes less than $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10%$ by varying various properties of symmetric nuclear matter and symmetry energy around the saturation density within their respective ranges of remaining uncertainty.
Free Microsurgical and Pedicled Flaps for Oncological Mandibular Reconstruction: Technical Aspects and Evaluation of Patient Comorbidities

Oncologic mandibular reconstruction has changed significantly over the years and continues to evolve with the introduction of newer technologies and techniques. Patient demographic, reconstructive, and complication data were obtained from a prospectively maintained clinical database of patients who underwent head and neck reconstruction at our institution. The free fibular flap is now considered the gold standard for mandibular reconstruction. However, in patients with multiple comorbidities, lengthy procedures may be less optimal and pedicled flaps, with specific modifications, can yield reasonable outcomes. Technical aspects and comorbidity profiles are examined in the oncological mandibular reconstruction cohort.
Automated system for restoration of low-resolution document and text images

Restoration of document and text images has become increasingly important in many areas of electronic imaging. This pa- per presents an automated system to restore low-resolution docu- ment and text images. It makes use of resolution expansion to en- hance low-resolution images for optical character recognition accuracy as well as to improve the quality of degraded images. Several approaches have been proposed in the past for resolution expansion such as linear interpolation and cubic spline expansion. The proposed system implements a bimodal-smooth-average (BSA) scoring function as an optimal criterion for image quality. The BSA approach is very different from existing methods in the sense that it uses three measures: bimodal, smooth, and average to produce a scoring function as an optimal criterion. Its idea is to create for a given image a strongly bimodal image with smooth regions in both the foreground and background, while allowing for sharp disconti- nuities at the edges. Then the desired resolution-expanded image is obtained by solving a nonlinear optimization problem subject to a constraint that the average of expanded resolution must be equal to the original unexpanded resolution. The system can be used to re- store both binary and grayscale images as well as video frames. Its capability is demonstrated experimentally to be quantitatively and qualitatively superior to standard interpolation methods. © 2001
Potentially Inappropriate Anticholinergic Medication Use in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A National Cross-Sectional Study

Inappropriate medications are often used in older adults despite their unfavourable risk-to-benefit profile. Although many of the medications in the American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Beers list are potentially inappropriate because of their anticholinergic properties, little is known regarding the nature and extent of potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medication use in older adults. To determine the prevalence of, and factors associated with, potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medication use in the older population. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted, involving older adults (aged 65 years and older), using 2009–2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data. The 2012 AGS Beers Criteria were used to define potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medications on the basis of the list of medications to avoid using in older adults irrespective of the diagnosis. Descriptive analyses were used to examine the nature and extent of potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medication use. Multivariable logistic regression within the conceptual framework of the Andersen Behavioral Model was used to identify the factors associated with potentially inappropriate anticholinergic use in older adults. According to the MEPS, there were 78.60 million older adults in the USA; an estimated 7.51 million (9.56 %) of these older adults used potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medications in 2009–2010. The most frequently used potentially inappropriate anticholinergics were cyclobenzaprine, promethazine, amitriptyline, hydroxyzine and dicyclomine. Multivariable regression analyses revealed that female sex, residing in the South and the presence of anxiety disorder increased the likelihood of receiving potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medications, whereas older adults aged 75–84 or ≥85 years, and those with over 15 years of education, had a decreased likelihood of receiving potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medications. The study found that approximately one in ten older adults used potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medications. Several predisposing, enabling and need factors were associated with the use of potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medications. Concerted efforts are needed to optimize potentially inappropriate anticholinergic medication use in older adults.
Laudan's normative naturalism

Abstract Unlike more standard non-normative naturalizations of epistemology and philosophy of science, Larry Laudan's naturalized philosophy of science explicitly maintains a normative dimension. This paper critically assesses Laudan's normative naturalism. After summarizing Laudan's position, the paper examines: (1) Laudan's construal of methodological rules as ‘instrumentalities’ connecting methodological means and cognitive ends; (2) Laudan's instrumental conception of scientific rationality; (3) Laudan's naturalistic account of the axiology of science; and (4) the extent to which a normative philosophy of science can be naturalized. It is concluded that Laudan's normative naturalism is as problematic as its non-normative naturalist cousins.
First order phase transitions and the organic dye laser

Abstract We show that the Landau theory of phase transition applied to a dye laser predicts that for realizable dye molecule parameters the dye laser undergoes first order transition as the laser is pumped from below to above threshold.
The Trochoid as a Tack in a Bungee Cord

Perhaps the most beautiful curves studied in calculus are the trochoid family. In the mathematical zoo of the typical calculus text, these trochoids are presented as the curves traced out by a tack embedded somewhere in a wheel, which in turn is rolling around a circle. In FIGURE l(a), the small railroad wheel has a tack in its rim which overlaps the larger circular road; the loopy curve is the trochoid, the path traced out by the tack. In FIGURE l(b), the wheel is rolling on the inside of the circle. In this
High resolution solid state 13C n.m.r. study of some α(1–4) linked glucans: the influence of water on structure and spectra

Abstract High resolution solid state 13 C spectra have been obtained for a number of well characterized α(1–4) linked glucans. These include various cyclodextrins and their complexes with small organic molecules, potato starch and also a highly crystalline amylose sample. The spectra are very well resolved and show peak multiplicities which are a source of information on solid state structure. The appearance of the spectra of the starch sample and some of the cyclodextrin hydrates depends on the amount of water present in those samples. Cross-polarization magic-angle spinning can cause loss of water and thus change the spectra of certain samples during the course of the experiment.
Penetration depth and transient oxidation of graphite by oxygen and water vapor

Equations are derived for the approach to equilibrium in the oxidation of graphite under assumptions of constant graphite density and linearized oxidation kinetics. A two-factor expression is assumed for the effective diffusivity. Equilibration may be estimated by observing the convergence of profiles with time or by means of an algebraic approximation. At large times, the profiles converge to the steady state. Oxidation depths show fair agreement with published measurements and follow closely the observed temperature trend.
Pain interference in individuals in driver intervention programs for driving under the influence offenders.

Pain-related problems among individuals in court-mandated Driver Intervention Programs (DIPs) for “driving under the influence” (DUI) offenders have not been well studied. This project examines 3,189 individuals from a DIP in Dayton, Ohio. Over 11% of participants reported significant pain-related interference in the past 4 weeks. Pain was significantly more likely in those with depression, more childhood conduct problems, and recent use of multiple illicit drugs. Many individuals seen in court-mandated DIP programs for DUI offenders also report difficulties with pain. DIP programming should address pain in relation to substance use and mental health issues.
Stem cells in the umbilical cord.

Stem cells are the next frontier in medicine. Stem cells are thought to have great therapeutic and biotechnological potential. This will not only to replace damaged or dysfunctional cells, but also rescue them and/or deliver therapeutic proteins after they have been engineered to do so. Currently, ethical and scientific issues surround both embryonic and fetal stem cells and hinder their widespread implementation. In contrast, stem cells recovered postnatally from the umbilical cord, including the umbilical cord blood cells, amnion/placenta, umbilical cord vein, or umbilical cord matrix cells, are a readily available and inexpensive source of cells that are capable of forming many different cell types (i.e., they are “multipotent”). This review will focus on the umbilical cord-derived stem cells and compare those cells with adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.