cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐J‐111: On the Estimation of Error in 4D Imaging in Regard to Radiotherapy Tumor Motion Management

Purpose: To quantify the accuracy of 4D‐CT as it relates to radiotherapy motion management techniques, specifically determination of tumor motion trajectory (x,y,z)(t), tumor motion envelope, and delineation of the GTV throughout 4D datasets. Methods: An ideal motion tracking configuration was created with a Standard Imaging Respiratory Gating Platform and four glass marbles of various diameter suspended in polyurethane foam. 4D‐CT images were acquired for motion periods and displacements ranging from 3 – 6 s and 1 – 3 cm, respectively. Phase binned 4D images were acquired with a 4‐slice GE LightSpeed CT scanner and RPM tracking system. Scans were performed in cine mode with a 2.5 mm slice thickness and a 0.4 s gantry rotation. Cine mode duration for each scanning position was performed for at least one gantry rotation greater than the phantom motion period. Marbles were autocontoured at −500, 0, 500, 1000, and 1500 HU in all ten phases of the nine total 4DCT image sets. Centroid positions were determined for each auto‐contour threshold. Actual motion trajectories were recorded to compare to the observed. Results: Maximum errors in tumor position throughout a given motion trajectory ranged from 1 – 4 mm. The observed errors showed an inverse relationship with the auto‐contour HU threshold used and a direct relationship with the phantom velocity. Motion envelope underestimations ranged from 0 – 7 mm with the highest CT threshold auto‐contour resulting in the largest error. Conformality indices were also determined for each contoured marble throughout all 4D image sets. Conclusion: Considerable errors in the definition of tumor trajectory and the motion envelope were observed in an idealized motion phantom using clinical imaging acquisition parameters and realistic tumor motion settings. Methods defined are useful in quantifying errors associated with 4D imaging modalities as they relate to radiotherapy motion management. Research supported by Philips Medical Systems.
A New Approach for Bimaterial Interface Fracture Toughness Evaluation

A material configuration of central importance in composite materials or in protective coating technology is a thin film of one material deposited onto a substrate of a different material. Fabrication of such a structure inevitably gives rise to stress in the film due to lattice mismatch, differing coefficient of thermal expansion, chemical reactions, or other physical effects. Therefore, in general, the weakest link in this composite system often resides at the interface between the thin film and the substrate. In order to make multilayered electronic devices and structural composites with long-term reliability, the fracture behavior of the material interfaces must be known. This project offers an innovative testing procedure of using a spiral notch torsion bar method for the determination of interface fracture toughness that is applicable to thin coating materials in general. The feasibility study indicated that this approach for studying thin film interface fracture is repeatable and reliable, and the demonstrated test method closely adheres to and is consistent with classical fracture mechanics theory.
Heat shock-induced attenuation of hydroxyl radical generation and mitochondrial aconitase activity in cardiac H9c2 cells.

A mild heat shock (hyperthermia) protects cells from apoptotic and necrotic deaths by inducing overexpression of various heat shock proteins (Hsps). These proteins, in combination with the activati...
Ethical Aspects of Bribing People in Other Countries

Some argue that individuals and organizations doing business in countries where corruption is prevalent should not be expected to adhere to strict standards of ethical practice. The basis for such arguments is faulty. Ethics, unlike etiquette, has a universal basis; it is fundamentally the same all over the world. Even in a practical sense, there are long range advantages to be gained by ethical behavior in these situations. Engineering employees of companies operating in areas where corruption is common are sometimes forced to make very difficult decisions.
STATE VEHICLE FLEETS AND THEIR POTENTIAL ACQUISITION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES UNDER EPACT 507

Section 507(o) of the Energy Policy Act (EPACT) requires state governments to purchase an increasing percentage of alternative fuel vehicles for their light-duty vehicle (LDV) fleets. This requirement began in model year 1996. To determine the effect of this mandate, the total number of state vehicles that may be covered under this mandate and the number of alternative-fuel LDVs that may be acquired is estimated. In addition, operating characteristics, fuel use, turnover rate, and refueling practices of state fleet vehicles are presented.
Spiritual and Religious Communication: Intragroup Conflict among Southern Baptist Pastors

This ethnographic study examines pastoral intragroup conflict in a U.S. Southern Baptist church. In-depth interviewing and participant observation were employed. Specifically, we elicited, through formal interviews, direct statements from six practicing Southern Baptist pastors on the reasons for, prevalence, and results of such interpersonal or intragroup conflict in Baptist denominational leaderships. Findings from these efforts revealed the dynamics and corollaries of such conflict in Southern Baptist denomination in general. As the sources of such conflict are diverse, we argue that qualitatively analyzing and reporting on this subject are of value to communication scholars. Areas for future research are also addressed.
Recurrent sarcoid granulomatous nephritis and reactive tuberculin skin test in a renal transplant recipient

End-stage renal failure developed in a patient with systemic sarcoidosis and granulomatous nephritis. She received a successful cadaveric renal transplant and was doing well for about six years before graft impairment occurred. At that time, her mother was found to have active open pulmonary tuberculosis, and she had a strongly reactive result on tuberculin skin testing. No clinical evidence of tuberculosis or systemic sarcoidosis was noted, but a renal graft biopsy specimen revealed the recurrence of an unusual sarcoid lesion identical to that which had occurred in her native kidney. Her condition responded to high-dose prednisone with improvement in graft function.
Sex, Stigma, and the Holy Ghost: The Black Church and the Construction of AIDS in New York City

This article examines the difficulties that a group of Black churches in New York City have had in addressing HIV/AIDS and how these challenges were overcome. This article argues that the way the Black Church responded to AIDS is a result of its unique social history and its inability to address sexuality. This study uses in-depth interviews with 28 New York City Black Church leaders, AIDS activists, and employees at an AIDS service non-profit that work exclusively with Black churches. The data show that this sample of Black churches initially had trouble confronting AIDS in Black communities because they were unable to confront homosexuality and sexuality. The data also reveal that when AIDS awareness organizations become aware of how Black churches perceive sexuality as it relates to AIDS, then they will be able to create effective AIDS awareness material for the Black Church.
STUDIES ON THE GROWTH AND INHIBITION OF ISOLATED PLANT PARTS. V. THE EFFECTS OF COBALT AND OTHER METALS

ALTHOUGH COBALT has never been proved to be essential for higher plants3, nevertheless it strongly promotes the growth of certain isolated plant parts. This remarkable fact was first reported by Miller in 1951, and later (Miller, 1954) it was shown that the effect on pea stem sections is much increased by the presence of sucrose. Meanwhile, brief mention had been made that the effect had been confirmed (Thimann, 1951), though no promotion was observed in Avena coleoptile sections, and it was shown also that cobalt increases curvature in the slit pea stem test (Thimann and Marre, 1954). Recently, also, cobalt has been found to promote growth of tissue cultures of pea epicotyls (Howell and Skoog, 1955), and to improve spore germination in one of the rusts (Turel, 1955). It had earlier been shown to inhibit cell division and stimulate the production of mycelial forms in yeast (Nickerson and van Rij, 1949). The purpose of the present paper is to give details of the results previously reported and of others obtained later, to compare the responses of different plants and the action of different metals, and to examine possible explanations of the phenomenon. In the course of this work Avena coleoptiles have been found to respond satisfactorily to cobalt, but only at concentrations very much lower than for peas. Although many of the experiments were made 3 or 4 years ago a recent resumption of the work has ensured that all observations have been repeated, while the earlier ones have been extended and amplified. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Straight growth tests were carried out on both Avena coleoptile sections (10 mm. long) and Pisum stem sections (20 mm. l6ng) and curvature tests on the latter as described before (see Thimann and Bonner, 1948; Thimann and Marre, 1954; Thimann, 1951). Growth took place at 25?C. in the dark. Solutions were adjusted to pH 5.5 at the start, but no buffer was added except where specified in the text. Every buffer introduces special ion effects which influence growth favorably or otherwise. Avena sections excrete acid during growth, usually reaching about pH 4.2 in 24 hr. and 3.6 in 72 hr.; the quantity of acid is such that M/1000 buffer does not hold the pH at
Hypsometric analysis and watershed management of Diyung watershed in north eastern India

The Diyung river descends in Nagaon district of Assam. After its confluence with main channel Kopili it causes enormous losses to life and property due to floods. Appropriate watershed treatment measures are, therefore, required for moderating the flood damage. In the present study landscape information viz., the hypsometric integral has been analysed. The Diyung watershed has been subdivided into 23 sub-watersheds for hypsometric analysis. The hypsometric integral for the entire Diyung watershed ranged from 0.14 to 0.56. According to the present study there are two stages of geologic/geomorphologic development, namely equilibrium stage and monadnock stage. The hypsometric integral indicates that surface runoff is the dominant process. Although static, the topographic characteristics indicate response of watershed to various natural phenomenon and dominant processes such as runoff and erosion. Based on the intensity of the processes sub-watershed can be prioritized for taking up appropriate conservation measures. The study also highlights the use of hypsometric integral for prioritizing watershed for planning engineering measures to mitigate the impact.
Fast computation methods for estimation of image spatial entropy

Computation of image spatial entropy (ISE) is prohibitive in many applications of image processing due to its high computational complexity. Four fast or computationally efficient methods for estimation of ISE are thus introduced in this paper. Three of these estimation methods are parametric and the fourth one is non-parametric. The reduction in the computational complexity from the original formulation of ISE is made possible by making use of the Markovianity constraint which causes the joint histograms of neighboring pixels to become dense around their main diagonal. It is shown that by tolerating merely 1% estimation error, the order of complexity is significantly reduced and for applications that can tolerate 6% estimation error, the complexity is reduced to that of the classical monkey model entropy.
Ber-H2 expression in testicular germ cell tumors

Expression of CD30 antigen using the monoclonal antibody Ber-H2 was investigated in 52 testicular tumors: pure seminoma (19 cases), pure embryonal carcinoma (eight cases), and mixed germ cell tumors (25 cases). None of the seminomas expressed Ber-H2, whereas seven of eight pure embryonal carcinomas contained this antigen. In mixed germ cell tumors Ber-H2 was present in none of 10 seminomatous components, none of seven yolk sac tumor components, and 20 of 24 embryonal carcinoma components. Teratomatous elements (16 cases) failed to stain with Ber-H2. Also, foci of intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN) (31 cases) failed to express Ber-H2. Ber-H2 is useful in distinguishing embryonal carcinoma from seminoma and yolk sac tumor. The failure of expression of Ber-H2 in ITGCN, as in seminoma, supports the close relationship of seminoma with ITGCN.
Urban Green: Innovative Parks for Resurgent Cities by Peter Harnik

Peter Harnik, Urban Green: Innovative Parks for Resurgent Cities (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010).In 175 pages, Peter Harnik, the director of the Center for City Park Excellence at the Trust fo...
First-principles calculations of finite-temperature elastic properties of Ti2AlX (X = C or N)

Abstract First-principles calculations were carried out to investigate the finite-temperature elastic properties of Ti 2 AlX (X = C or N). In particular, the dependence of elasticity on temperature was determined through the stiffness-volume and volume-temperature relationships, i.e., volumetric stiffness and thermal expansion. The volumetric stiffness was achieved from the calculations of elastic constants at different volumes using the stress–strain approach. The thermal expansion was derived from the total free energy of the system taking into account both vibrational and electronic contributions. The vibrational contribution was calculated using the supercell method where the electronic contribution resulted from one-dimensional integration of electronic density of states (DOSs). Calculation results for Ti 2 AlC are in good agreements with available experiments for temperatures below 1600 K. This lends the predictions of elastic properties for Ti 2 AlN, of which chemistry are close to Ti 2 AlC, the eligibility and reliability for the same range of temperature. For temperature above 1600 K, the predictions tend to become less accurate since the DFT approach is not able to capture the fluctuation of external stress fields of which effect on thermal softening becomes stronger at higher temperatures.
Calibration and field application of a Sierra Model 235 cascade impactor.

A Sierra Model 235 slotted impactor was used to measure the particle size distribution of ore dust in uranium concentrating mills. The impactor was calibrated at a flow rate of 0.21 m3/min, using solid monodisperse particles of methylene blue and an impaction surface of Whatman #41 filter paper soaked in mineral oil. The reduction from the impactor's design flow rate of 1.13 m3/min (40 cfm) to 0.21 m3/min (7.5 cfm), a necessary adjustment because of the anticipated large particle sizes of ore dust, increased the stage cut-off diameters by an average factor of 2.3. Evaluation of field test results revealed that the underestimation of mass median diameters, often caused by the rebound and reentrainment of solid particles from dry impaction surfaces, was virtually eliminated by using the oiled Whatman #41 impaction surface.
Effects of pressure, temperature, and pH on the sonochemical destruction of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in dilute aqueous solution.

Abstract There is an increasing interest in the application of high intensity ultrasound as an advanced oxidation technique. In this study, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) is the compound being subjected to ultrasonic irradiation. The study focuses on the effects of pressure (0.103–0.241 MPa), temperature (6–19.4°C) and pH (3.96–12.5). Optimum conditions of treatment are discerned from the results of the experiments based on a center composite design. The results show that about 98% of TCA can be removed in 1 h of treatment (starting concentrations average 80 mg/l). Also, experiments indicate that the initial concentration does not affect destruction rate in this system. Optimum conditions as indicated by statistical analysis are at T =14.2°C, P =0.212 MPa and pH=10.9. This study also presents a method to normalize rate constants for changes in the power-to-volume ratio.
Mitral valve repair for ischemic mitral insufficiency

Abstract Over a 5-year period, 1,292 patients had operation on their native mitral valves. Ischemia was the cause of mitral insufficiency in 84 patients (6.5%). Sixty-five patients (77.4%) had mitral valve repair. Mean age was 66 ± 10 years; 35 patients (53.8%) were women. Mean degree of preoperative insufficiency was 3.2 ± 0.7; mean preoperative New York Heart Association functional class was 3.3 ± 0.7. Eleven patients (16.9%) had acute and 54 (83.1%) had chronic mitral insufficiency. Valve prolapse was present in 26 patients (40%). Restrictive leaflet motion secondary to regional or global left ventricular dilatation occurred in 39 patients (60%). All patients had associated myocardial revascularization followed by transatrial valvuloplasty. Multiple techniques were employed to achieve valve competence: leaflet resection (3), chordal shortening (15), papillary muscle reimplantation (10), papillary muscle shortening (3), and annuloplasty (63). There were six (9.2%) hospital deaths (acute, 9.1%; chronic, 9.3% [not significant]; prolapse, 11.5%; restrictive, 7.7% [not significant]). The mean degree of postoperative mitral insufficiency was 0.6 ± 0.8 in 51 patients. At a mean follow-up of 3.1 ± 1.6 years, patient survival was 96% for patients with valve prolapse and 48% for those with restrictive leaflet motion ( p = 0.02). New York Heart Association functional class was improved in all groups. Ischemic mitral insufficiency is an uncommon cause of mitral valve disease that is amenable to repair in the majority of cases of both acute and chronic onset. The operative mortality is low, and operation is associated with superior survival in patients with valve prolapse.
Institutional arrangements and price rebalancing: Empirical evidence from the United States and Europe

Abstract This paper explores the rebalancing of prices for voice service in the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) from conceptual and empirical perspectives. We determine the overall cost and structure of a standardized basket of residential and business services. Our data indicate that during the 1994–2000 period the degree of rate rebalancing was significantly higher in the EU than in the US. While the developments at the level of EU Member States are more heterogeneous and the process of rate rebalancing is not completed, these findings correspond to the predictions derived from our comparative institutional analysis.
Development and application of a framework to assess community nutritionists' use of environmental strategies to prevent obesity.

Abstract Objective To develop and apply a framework exploring the extent of involvement in promoting environmental changes to prevent obesity by a group of nutrition educators (NE). Design Cross-sectional, mixed methods: qualitative interviews informed framework development; survey applied framework to describe NE's involvement in environmental changes. Setting Cooperative Extension in New York State.Participants: Interviewees (n = 7) selected to vary in environmental change activities and rural/urban location. Survey response rate was 100% (n = 58). Phenomenon of Interest/Variables Measured Dimensions and degree of NE's involvement in promoting environmental change. Analysis Thematic analysis of qualitative data, triangulated with descriptive analyses of NE's performance of tasks in various settings. Results NE's promotion of environmental changes was characterized using framework based on settings and tasks, dimensions that emerged from qualitative analysis. NE's actions varied across these dimensions and ranged from low to high intensity of collaboration and leadership for environmental change. Most NE surveyed reported actions limited to providing information and recommendations on healthy eating and physical activity. Few reported intensive engagement in developing, implementing, and evaluating plans to change environments for obesity prevention. Conclusions and Implications Framework identifies the levels of engagement in promoting environmental changes and supports future research and practice of community nutrition professionals by providing a roadmap for assessing their involvement on multiple levels to prevent obesity.
Trajectories of Overweight Among US School Children: A Focus on Social and Economic Characteristics

Much of the research examining the patterns, timing, and socioeconomic characteristics of child overweight has been limited by the lack of longitudinal nationally representative data with sufficiently large or diverse samples. We used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), a nationally representative sample of US kindergartners, to identify three distinct patterns of weight gain from kindergarten through eighth grade. The largest group (boys: 59%, girls: 55%) was characterized as having consistently normal weight whereby BMI percentile remained below the 85th percentile. The remaining children (boys: 41%, girls: 45%) fell either into a class characterized as always overweight/at risk of overweight (boys: 27%, girls: 25%) or gradually becoming overweight/at risk for overweight (boys: 15%, girls 20%). We found some evidence that the relationship between socioeconomic status and children’s health may operate differently across gender. Among girls, low parental income and education were both significant risk factors for the gradual onset of overweight after beginning Kindergarten. Parental income or changes in parental income were not related to boys’ risk of developing overweight after entering Kindergarten; only parents’ education. We found that while children of immigrants display higher levels of overweight/at risk for overweight at each grade level, the children of immigrant parents who have had less exposure to the US were more likely to experience early and sustained overweight throughout elementary and middle school, particularly among boys. High rates of overweight as early as kindergarten, combined with race/ethnic differences suggest that interventions should focus on pre-school children’s environments.
Scalar potential formulation for a gyrotropic inhomogeneous medium

Summary form only given. Vector potentials are frequently utilized in the electromagnetic analysis of problems involving simple (i.e., linear, homogeneous, and isotropic) media. In recent decades, various scalar and vector potential formulations have been investigated for the analysis of anisotropic and bianisotropic media. This interest has been greatly influenced by the significant developments in material fabrication capability and the phenomena associated with complex media. Gyrotropic anisotropic materials are particularly interesting due to their non-reciprocal properties.
Loa loa presenting in a ThinPrep Pap test: case report and review of parasites in cervicovaginal cytology specimens.

Parasites other than Trichomonas vaginalis may occasionally present in Pap tests obtained during gynecologic examination. We present a case of Loa loa found on a Pap test from an apparently healthy 19-yr-old woman who had immigrated to the US at the age of 15 from Cameroon. We discuss the cytologic features from this case and then briefly review Loa loa and the presence of parasites in Pap tests and other cervicovaginal specimens.
Abstract 1676: Chemotherapy-induced immunogenic modulation of tumor cells enhances killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is distinct from immunogenic cell death.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Certain chemotherapeutic regimens trigger cancer cell death while inducing dendritic cell maturation and subsequent immune responses. However, chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) has thus far been restricted to select agents. In contrast, several chemotherapeutic drugs modulate antitumor immune responses, despite not inducing classic ICD. In addition, in many cases tumor cells do not die after treatment. Here, using docetaxel, one of the most widely used cancer chemotherapeutic agents, as a model, we examined phenotypic and functional consequences of tumor cells that do not die from immunogenic cell death. Docetaxel treatment of tumor cells did not induce ATP or HMGB1 secretion, or cell death. However, calreticulin exposure was observed in all cell lines examined after chemotherapy treatment. Killing by CEA, MUC-1, or PSA-specific CD8+ CTLs was significantly enhanced after docetaxel treatment. This killing was associated with increases in components of antigen-processing machinery, and mediated largely by calreticulin membrane translocation, as determined by functional knockdown of calreticulin, PERK, or calreticulin-blocking peptide. A docetaxel-resistant cell line was selected (MDR-1+, CD133+) by continuous exposure to docetaxel. These cells, while resistant to direct cytostatic effects of docetaxel, were not resistant to the chemomodulatory effects that resulted in enhancement of CTL killing. Here, we provide an operational definition of “immunogenic modulation,” where exposure of tumor cells to nonlethal/sublethal doses of chemotherapy alters tumor phenotype to render the tumor more sensitive to CTL killing. These observations are distinct and complementary to immunogenic cell death and highlight a mechanism whereby chemotherapy can be used in combination with immunotherapy. Citation Format: James W. Hodge, Charlie T. Garnett, Benedetto Farsaci, Claudia Palena, Kwong-Yok Tsang, Soldano Ferrone, Sofia R. Gameiro. Chemotherapy-induced immunogenic modulation of tumor cells enhances killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is distinct from immunogenic cell death. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1676. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1676
Interacting dopant diffusions in crystalline silicon

An existing model for the interacting diffusion of two dopants in silicon is analysed in the limit of high peak concentration of one dopant. Several distinct regions of dopant behaviour are identified,in each of which the governing equations are significantly simpler than the full problem. Of particular practical interest is an interior layer which occurs at the pn junction.
Emerging Contaminants in Car Interiors: Evaluating the Impact of Airborne PBDEs and PBDD/Fs

Air samples from automobile cabins were collected and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs). The concentration of total PBDEs (ΣPBDE; sum of 19 congeners) varied from 0.4 to 2644 pg m−3, with a median of 201 pg m−3, while BDE 47, 99, and 209 collectively accounted for 70 ± 30% of ΣPBDE concentrations. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that ΣPBDE concentration was significantly influenced by vehicle’s age and interior temperature. More specifically, ΣPBDE decreased over time and increased with the rise of temperature. The daily inhalation intake of PBDEs during commuting was estimated to range from 0.5 to 2909 pg day−1 (median 221 pg day−1) and contributed 29% of the overall daily exposure to PBDEs via inhalation. When excluding BDE 209, a lower contribution was calculated for this source (18%), but this was still comparable with residential exposure (22%). The levels of PBDD/Fs were generally below...
Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Associated with Cutaneous Lichen Amyloidosis

Background: This is a report of a patient with a novel genotype–phenotype relationship of a c804 mutation of the RET proto-oncogene manifesting as medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and cutaneous lichen amyloidosis (CLA). Summary: Clinical data were obtained for patient appearance and laboratory results. Analyzed were histopathology of the skin lesion and thyroid gland, genetic mutation, and family pedigree. Skin histology and histochemistry were consistent with CLA. Serum calcitonin levels were moderately elevated. Thyroid histology demonstrated a 4 mm focus of MTC. Measurements of serum parathormone, calcium, and plasma metanephrines were normal. DNA analysis demonstrated a mutation in codon 804 of the RET proto-oncogene resulting in a Valine to Methionine (V804M) substitution. Genetic testing in two siblings revealed the same mutation. Conclusions: This is the first description of a patient with CLA not associated with a mutation in codon 634. The patient is one of the few with a V804M mutation in whom ...
Evidence that abscisic acid does not regulate a centralized whole-plant response to low soil-resource availability.

It has been suggested that abscisic acid (ABA) regulates a centralized response of plants to low soil resource availability that is characterized by decreased shoot growth relative to root growth, decreased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, and decreased plant growth rate. The hypothesis was tested that an ABA-deficient mutant of tomato (flacca; flc) would not exhibit the same pattern of down-regulation of photosynthesis, conductance, leaf area and growth, as well as increased root/shoot partitioning, as its near isogenic wild-type in response to nitrogen or water deficiency, or at least not exhibit these responses to the same degree. Plants were grown from seed in acid-washed sand and exposed to control, nutrient stress, or water stress treatments. Additionally, exogenous ABA was sprayed onto the leaves of a separate group of flc individuals in each treatment. Growth analysis, based on data from frequent harvests of a few individuals, was used to assess the growth and partitioning responses of plants, and gas exchange characteristics were measured on plants throughout the experiment to examine the response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Differences in growth, partitioning and gas exchange variables were found between flc and wild-type individuals, and both nutrient and water treatments caused significant reductions in relative growth rate (RGR) and changes in biomass partitioning. Only the nutrient treatment caused significant reductions in photosynthetic rates. However, flc and wild-type plants responded identically to nutrient and water stress for all but one of the variables measured. The exception was that flc showed a greater decrease in the relative change in leaf area per unit increase of plant biomass (an estimate of the dynamics of leaf area ratio) in response to nutrient stress—a result that is opposite to that predicted by the centralized stress response model. Furthermore, addition of exogenous ABA to flc did not significantly alter any of the responses to nutrient and water stress that we examined. Although it was clear that ABA regulated short-term stomatal responses, we found no evidence to support a pivotal role for ABA, at least absolute amounts of ABA, in regulating a centralized whole-plant response to low soil resource availability.
Pneumococcal vaccines: Understanding centers for disease control and prevention recommendations

Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is a common and serious health problem that is best prevented by the pneumococcal vaccine. The first vaccine approved by the U.S. Federal Drug Administration in 1977 contained 14 polysaccharide antigens. An improved vaccine introduced in 1983 included 23 polysaccharide antigens. Both vaccines were effective for immunocompetent adults; however, young children and immunocompromised adults remained susceptible. A pediatric vaccine was developed consisting of the capsular antigens of seven pneumococcal serotypes commonly found in children. The antigens in this preparation are covalently conjugated to diphtheria protein to make them more antigenic. The conjugate vaccine was expanded to include 13 serotypes by 2010. Although more immunogenic, the conjugate vaccine has fewer serotypes than the older 23-valent vaccine. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that children at risk for pneumococcal pneumonia as defined by the presence of chronic disease should receive the 13-valent conjugated vaccine. Adults at risk for pneumococcal pneumonia, which includes those over 65 years of age and those who have a chronic disease, should receive the 23-polysaccharide vaccine. Immunosuppressed patients of any age should receive both vaccines. Adults should be revaccinated once at age 65 years or older with the 23-polysaccharide vaccine provided that at least 5 years have elapsed since the previous vaccination.
Ethnic consciousness and intermarriage: Correlates of endogamy among the major Soviet nationalities

(1977). Ethnic consciousness and intermarriage: Correlates of endogamy among the major Soviet nationalities. Soviet Studies: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 395-408.
Neuron Activity Related to Short-Term Memory

Nerve cells in the monkey's prefrontal cortex and nucleus medialis dorsalis of the thalamus show changes of firing frequency associated with the performance of a delayed response test. Most cells increase firing during the cue presentation period or at the beginning of the ensuing delay; spike discharge highler than that in intertrial periods is present in some cells throughout the delay. These changes are interpreted as suggestive evidence of a role of frontothalamic circuits in the attentive process involved in short-term memory
The uptake of cyanocobalamin-Co60 by kidney and liver slices of normal and starved rabbits.

Abstract The incorporation of Co 60 B 12 by kidney and liver slices from rabbits is rapid during the first hour and approaches maximal incorporation between 1 and 7 hr. The uptake of Co 60 B 12 by kidney slices is oxygen dependent, while oxygen dependence is not observed for liver slices. Uptake of Co 60 B 12 is a linear function of Co 60 B 12 concentration in the medium for liver slices from normal and starved rabbits but curvilinear for kidney slices. In kidney slices, the uptake of Co 60 B 12 is stimulated by glucose but inhibited by pyruvate, acetate, succinate and α-ketoglutarate. In liver slices, succinate and α-ketoglutarate stimulate Co 60 B 12 uptake. Maximum incorporation was found between 25 and 37 °C., but the uptake is low at 2 °C. for both tissues. The uptake of Co 60 B 12 is significantly lower for kidney slices from starved rabbits than for normal rabbits but is the same for liver slices from normal and starved rabbits.
Fallout radionuclides and beryllium-7 in over-ocean aerosols

Particulates in surface air over the Atlantic Ocean were collected on air filters for several months during each year from 1964 to 1966. Measurement of the radioactivity in these filters was by gamma-ray spectrometry, and the concentration of various fallout nuclides, and Be 7 , determined by computer analysis of the spectra. Comparison of over-ocean, over-land concentrations of radioisotopes in surface air is discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00455.x
Formation of whirling aggregates by Labyrinthula vegetative cells

Abstract A novel form of aggregation of the vegetative cells of the colonial marine protist Labyrinthula has been analysed cinematically and induced reproducibly in vitro by addition of gelatin to the growth medium. Vegetative cells are observed to converge spirally to a center and continue to move circularly around the center with a mean angular velocity of 150 °/min, suggesting the existence of a gradient of chemoattractant. The possibility is discussed that the system of actin rails located in the slimeways in which cells move is arranged circularly to permit the observed movements.
The scavenger mRNA decapping enzyme DcpS is a member of the HIT family of pyrophosphatases

We recently demonstrated that the major decapping activity in mammalian cells involves DcpS, a scavenger pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes the residual cap structure following 3′ to 5′ decay of an mRNA. The association of DcpS with 3′ to 5′ exonuclease exosome components suggests that these two activities are linked and there is a coupled exonucleolytic decay‐dependent decapping pathway. We purified DcpS from mammalian cells and identified the cDNA encoding a novel 40 kDa protein possessing DcpS activity. Consistent with purified DcpS, the recombinant protein specifically hydrolyzed methylated cap analog but did not hydrolyze unmethylated cap analog nor did it function on intact capped RNA. Sequence alignments of DcpS from different organisms revealed the presence of a conserved hexapeptide, containing a histidine triad (HIT) sequence with three histidines separated by hydrophobic residues. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that the central histidine within the DcpS HIT motif is critical for decapping activity and defines the HIT motif as a new mRNA decapping domain, making DcpS the first member of the HIT family of proteins with a defined biological function.
Lipids from nerve tissues of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus

Abstract 1. 1. The predominant lipids of nerve cords, ganglion and brain from horseshoe crabs were cholesterol (11% of lipid) and phospholipid (81% of lipid). 2. 2. Major phospholipids were phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline with lesser amounts of phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin. 3. 3. The phospholipid fraction was characterized by a high content of plasmalogen, i.e. alk-1-enyl acyl phosphatides, so that 42% of the ethanolamine phosphatides were the plasmalogen, phosphatidal ethanolamine. 4. 4. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were high in polyunsaturation with 20:4 and 20:5 major fatty acids. Sphingomyelin had predominantly long chain saturated fatty acids. 5. 5. Cerebrosides and gangliosides, which are associated with vertebrate nerve tissues, were absent from nerves of horseshoe crabs.
Flow of Labeled Blood in Small Cylindrical Tubes and Glass Bead Systems

The transport of T 1824 by blood has been studied in glass bead columns and small cylindrical tubes. Technical improvements include a method for transilluminating blood in tubes of less than 1 mm. radius, permitting the observation of the outflowing dye spear. Curves of dye concentration in samples collected at the outflow are expressed in terms of τ and F (τ). These variables represent, respectively, the fraction of system volume displaced and the fraction of dye collected per unit τ interval. Results for blood and for an aqueous perfusion medium were closely similar in both the tube and bead experiments. In the tube experiments fair agreement was obtained between theoretical and experimental curves, but data in the smaller tubes were more subject to turbulent disturbances which could not always be precisely controlled.
Impact of aquatic insect life stage and emergence strategy on sensitivity to esfenvalerate exposure.

We investigated the impact of aquatic insect life stage and emergence strategy on sensitivity to esfenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, using field-collected Brachycentrus americanus Banks (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae) and Cinygmula reticulata McDunnough (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) insects. Final-instar C. reticulata emergence was observed for one week following three environmentally relevant, 48-h esfenvalerate exposures (0.005, 0.01, and 0.015 μg/L). Emergence was significantly depressed following exposure to esfenvalerate and resulted from an increase in nymph mortality during the emergence process. This experiment was duplicated for late-instar C. reticulata nymphs, which were similar in size to the final-instar nymphs but were not near emergence. Late-instar C. reticulata mayflies were approximately fivefold less sensitive to esfenvalerate exposures as gauged by one-week mortality rates. Brachycentrus americanus pupal mortality was significantly increased over that in controls following 48-h esfenvalerate exposures of 0.1 and 0.2 μg/L. These response concentrations correlated closely with those for case-abandonment rates of fourth-instar B. americanus larvae (a sublethal effect of esfenvalerate exposure). Pupal mortality rates were approximately 16-fold higher than those observed in larvae. Adult female egg weight as a percentage of total body weight was significantly decreased following pupal esfenvalerate exposures of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 μg/L. These findings suggest that exposure to esfenvalerate may impair hemimetabolous insect emergence behaviors and may decrease fecundity in holometabolous aquatic insects.
Chromium and swine nutrition

Swine are used as a model for humans in many biomedical research projects. Interest in the use of chromium as chromium picolinate (CrPic) for swine increased once it was shown that the dietary supplementation of this biologically available form of Cr in humans resulted in the deposition of more muscle mass and improved glucose tolerance (since swine are produced as a protein source for humans). Cr is biologically active in pigs via vena cava infusion of a synthetic glucose tolerance factor-Cr. A variety of organic Cr sources exist, but the two that have seen the greatest amount of research are organic Cr from yeast and from CrPic. Although these two forms have demonstrated biological responses in various trials, the magnitude and statistical significance of the responses have varied. Since January 1996, when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) began to allow the marketing of CrPic as a source of Cr at a level of up to 200 ppb in the complete diet, the swine industry has been able to use an organic form of Cr for the first time. The situations in swine production that could potentially be most responsive to Cr supplementation are those associated with rapid growth, advancing age, reproduction, health-stressors (crowding, transport, disease challenge, etc.), and dietary inadequacies. Improvements in carcass composition (i.e., more lean, less fat) were the first reported effects of supplemental organic chromium. In some studies, feeding CrPic increased the rate and efficiency of growth, nitrogen absorption, nitrogen retention, and dry matter digestibility. Additionally, since pregnant swine vary considerably in their response to a glucose load and ability to control serum glucose levels, with consequent effects on reproduction, the potential of Cr supplementation to improve reproductive performance has been of interest. Positive effects have been observed in conception rate and litter size, with increases of up to 20% (or 2 pigs/litter) reported. Improved tissue sensitivity to insulin has been reported in both growing and reproducing pigs with several forms of organic chromium; alterations in other hormones in reproducing females also have been reported. The biological responses and potential economic impact observed thus far have been notable and assure that research with this mineral will continue. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12:149–161, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
{H(3-(t)Bupz)B(3-(t)Bupz)(2)-eta(2)}AlEt(2) and {H(3-(t)Bupz)B(3-(t)Bupz)(5-(t)Bupz)-eta(2)}AlEt(2). Structure, Dynamic Solution Behavior, and the 1,2-Borotropic Shift.

HB(3-(t)Bupz)(3)Tl and AlEt(3) in benzene yield {H(3-(t)Bupz)B(3-(t)Bupz)(2)-eta(2)}AlEt(2), 1, as a hydrocarbon-soluble crystalline solid. Compound 1 is also obtained in a related reaction involving ClAlEt(2) via a preferential metathesis of the Al-Cl bond. Crystal data for 1 at -101 degrees C: a = 11.770(3) A, b = 11.054(3) A, c = 21.973(6) A, beta = 95.57(1) degrees, Z = 4, space group P2(1)/a. In 1 the Al center is four-coordinate with Al-C = 1.97(1) A and Al-N = 1.99(1) A and with C-Al-C = 127 degrees and N-Al-N = 101 degrees being the largest and smallest angles, respectively. The average N-B-N angle is 109(1) degrees. In toluene-d(8) and tetrahydrofuran-d(8), 1 shows two types of 3-(t)Bupz groups in the integral ratio 2:1 and two distinct ethyl ligands. At low temperature there is a broadening of the 3-(t)Bupz singlet that is assigned to the eta(2)-(t)Bupz ligands. Up to +60 degrees C, compound 1 is nonfluxional on the NMR time scale but does isomerize to {H(3-(t)Bupz)B(3-(t)Bupz)(5-(t)Bupz)-eta(2)}AlEt(2), 2. Crystal data for 2 at -172 degrees C: a = 29.235(5) A, b = 11.298(1) A, c = 22.033(3) A, beta = 129.66(1) degrees, Z = 8, space group = C2/c. In 2 there is a pseudotetrahedral Al center with Al-C = 1.97(1) A (average) and Al-N = 1.95(1) A (average) and with C-Al-C = 119 degrees and N-Al-N = 98 degrees as the largest and smallest angles, respectively. The average N-B-N angle is 108(1) degrees. In 2 the eta(2)-tris(alkylpyrazolyl)borate ligand isomerizes by a 1,2-borotropic shift to give one 5-(t)Bupz fragment that is part of the eta(2)-N,N' aluminum-bonded ligand. Variable-temperature (1)H NMR spectra of 2 in toluene-d(8) and THF-d(8) reveal temperature-dependent exchange involving the 3-(t)Bupz moieties, with more rapid site exchange in toluene-d(8) than in THF-d(8). At low temperature there are two ethyl signals, one of which indicates diastereotopic methylene protons, as well as three (t)Bu signals in the ratio 1:1:1. The dynamic behavior of 2 is consistent with an eta(2) right harpoon over left harpoon eta(3) exchange process as opposed to an eta(2) right harpoon over left harpoon eta(1) exchange wherein the Al center is transiently three-coordinate. The isomerization of 1 to 2 has been studied in benzene-d(6) (DeltaH() = 21.0(2) kcal/mol, DeltaS() = -15(1) eu) and THF-d(8) (DeltaH() = 18.3(4) kcal/mol, DeltaS() = -15(1) eu) and compared to a related isomerization involving {H(2)B(3-(t)Bupz)(2)-eta(2)}AlMe(2) reported by Parkin and Looney [Polyhedron 1990, 9, 265] in benzene-d(6) (DeltaH() = 34.5(8) kcal/mol, DeltaS() = 6(2) eu). It is proposed that the rate-determining 1,2-borotropic shift in the 1 --> 2 reaction occurs in a noncoordinating (t)Bupz group and that this is followed by a rapid associative interchange of pz groups wherein the sterically less demanding 5-(t)Bupz moiety remains bound to the metal.
A typology of drug resistance strategies

Abstract This study examined social influences on adolescents' responses to drug offers. Seventy narrative accounts of both successful and unsuccessful attempts to say no were collected. From these data, the authors developed a typology of both drug offers and drug resistance strategies. In addition, typologies were developed for: who made the offer, what substance was offered, where the offer occurred, and why the subject responded as she or he did. As well, the study revealed the influence of the type of drug, alcohol or controlled substance, on the process of offering and resisting. The analysis revealed that adolescents were more likely to resist offers of controlled substances and did so more often when the offer was made by an acquaintance at school. When they did refuse, they were most likely to simply say no. Also, teenagers were more likely to accept offers of alcohol, particularly from friends in social situations when the friends used persuasive appeals.