cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly Successful and Loving, Public Elementary Schools Populated Mainly by Low-SES Children of Color: Core Beliefs and Cultural Characteristics.

The widespread existence of highly successful elementary schools populated mainly by low-socioeconomic-status students of color substantially undermines popular assumptions about the pervasive scho...
Determining the minimal number of cyclic passive stretch repetitions recommended for an acute increase in an indirect measure of hamstring length

The purpose of this study was to determine the minimal number of cyclic passive stretch repetitions required to induce an acute increase in hamstring length via an indirect measure of hamstring length. Eighteen healthy males (aged 19-37 years) were placed in a standardized position. Knee flexion range of motion (ROM) measurements were recorded following ten 15-second passive stretch repetitions. Analysis of variance measures (p < 0.05) and post hoc analysis showed that significant increases in knee extension ROM diminished at the fifth stretch repetition. The greatest single increase in knee extension ROM occurred after the first stretch. The results of this study indicate that passive stretching beyond five repetitions results in insignificant gains in hamstring length (measured via knee extension ROM) and are probably unnecessary.
The effects of predictable and unpredictable feeding schedules on the behavior and physiology of captive brown capuchins (Cebus apella)

Abstract Responses to different feeding schedules in group living capuchins ( Cebus apella ) were evaluated. Animals were fed on a predictable schedule for 6 weeks followed by 6 weeks on an unpredictable schedule (varied by early, on-time, or late feedings). Behavior was sampled via scan sampling at 1 min intervals 1 h pre-feed and 1 h post-feed. It was hypothesized that meal unpredictability would alter behavior and fecal cortisol concentrations. Major differences in behavior typically associated with stress or anticipation (e.g. abnormal behavior, self-directed behavior) were not observed when feedings were switched to an unpredictable schedule. However, differences in other behavioral measures suggest that a predictable schedule is better for the well being of the animals. In the predictable schedule animals spent more time in proximity, activity, and social behavior. Though some changes in behavior during the unpredictable phase were positive (e.g. more foraging, less tension), they were restricted to on-time and early feeds. More negative changes in behavior were seen in the unpredictable phase, specifically on on-time and late feed days. In particular, in the hour before feeding animals spent less time in proximity, less time engaged in social behavior, and more time inactive. This pattern suggests that anticipation of feeding is particularly pronounced when feeding times are delayed in an unpredictable manner. Cortisol concentrations were significantly higher during the unpredictable phase than the predictable phase. Subjects did not habituate to the unpredictable feeding schedule, as evidenced by sustained elevated cortisol concentrations during the sixth week of the unpredictable feeding schedule when compared to cortisol concentrations during the predictable phase. The results of both the behavioral and physiological data suggest that predictable feeding schedules may be most beneficial to the well being of captive capuchins.
Effects of kinematical interactions on magnon line broadening in a ferromagnet

Magnon line broadening in a Heisenberg ferromagnet is analyzed by a semiclassical method that includes the effects of both dynamical and kinematical interactions. At temperatures where kinematical interactions become important, appreciable broadening is generated by the same long-range three-magnon effective interaction that gives rise to a gap in the magnon spectrum. In particular, whenever two magnon wave packets collide, there is a transient energy modulation of other magnons throughout the crystal. This source of broadening is maximized at long wavelengths.
ADRENALIN-INDUCED OPACITIES OF THE LENS IN THE RAT

ATTEMPTS that we have made to produce in the rat a temporary loss of trans- parency of the lens by a single injection of adrenalin, similar to that reported for the mouse (i), have failed because of a species difference in the reaction to this substance. Opacification of the lens can be produced in the rat, however, when the adrenalin effect is superimposed upon a moderate degree of histamine shock. The study of the influence of adrenalin upon the lens has therefore been extended to rats with various degrees of corticcadrenal insufficiency. METHODS The effects of single toxic, intraperitoneal injections of adrenalin chloride alone, of histamine (ergamine acid phosphate), and of histamine followed by adrenalin in 10 to ao minutes, were observed in normal adult male and female rats raised on a diet of Purina Chow and greens.
Intravascular near-infrared fluorescence imaging with intravascular ultrasound guidance

Intravascular near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging is a new approach for characterizing the physiological features of atherosclerotic plaque, but random catheter positioning within the vessel results in non-quantitative measurements due to light attenuation through variable distances through blood. We hypothesized that the construction of a combined NIRF-intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) catheter would enable tracking of the catheter position within the blood vessel and permit corrections to NIRF measurements taken at variable distances from the vessel wall. In this study, a combined NIRF-IVUS catheter was designed, co-registered NIRF and IVUS data was acquired in vessel phantoms and ex vivo arteries, depth-dependent attenuation of the fluorescent signal was corrected by an analytical light propagation model. Average root-mean-square error between NIRF estimates of fluorophore concentrations and known concentrations of fluorescent targets in coronary artery phantoms improved from 94.9% to 16.2% following NIRF corrections. We demonstrate that catheter-to-vessel wall distances derived from IVUS imaging can be employed to correct for inaccuracies caused by random NIRF catheter sensing distances.
A unified design for human-machine voice interaction

We describe a unified design for voice interaction with simple machines; discuss the motivation for and main features of the approach, include a short sample interaction, and report the results of two preliminary experiments.
Sounding board. Do patients really want "family doctors"?

In the current controversy over the best way to train and use primary-care physicians, the need to increase the numbers has become almost axiomatic. A sharp decline in providers of primary care has...
Clotting problems: diagnosis and management of underlying coagulopathies

Vessel wall injury, stasis, and blood hypercoagulable state are major predisposing factors of thrombosis. Although, a procoagulable factor is found in half of patients with venous thromboembolism, relatively little is known about coagulopathies that predispose to arterial thromboembolism or unexplained arterial revascularization thrombosis. Those hypercoagulable states can be inherited or acquired and related to either an increase of a procoagulable factor or a decrease of an anticoagulation agent. However, most thrombotic episodes seem to occur with additive combination of acquired and inherited predisposing factors. Therefore, controversy exists as to which patients and family members to test for thrombophilia and which patients to treat with life-long anticoagulation. The aim of this review is to provide a practical overview with guidelines for detecting, and treatment of, the principal underlying coagulopathies that a vascular surgeon should be aware of in his/her practice and for the care of patients with vascular disease.
A partial defense of intuition on naturalist grounds

The debate concerning the role of intuitions in philosophy has been characterized by a fundamental disagreement between two main camps. The first, the autonomists, hold that, due to the use in philosophical investigation of appeals to intuition, most of the central questions of philosophy can in principle be answered by philosophical investigation and argument without relying on the sciences. The second, the naturalists, deny the possibility of a priori knowledge and are skeptical of the role of intuition in providing evidence in philosophical inquiry. In spite of the seemingly stark and deep disagreement between the autonomist and the naturalist, in this paper I will attempt to suggest that there is a way to mount a partial defense of intuition-based philosophical practice on naturalist grounds. As will be seen, doing so will require a number of concessions that will satisfy few autonomists while simultaneously disappointing those naturalists who might have thought that all notions of the a priori had been successfully laid to rest. However, I will argue that the account proposed here will preserve those features of traditional philosophical practice that matter most and better explain the history of successes and failures of that practice, thus answering the worries of the autonomist, and that the rejection of the No A Priori Thesis attendant with the account presented here is indeed demanded by the current theories of our best scientific understanding of the mind, thus pacifying the rabid naturalistic critic of any version of apriorism.
Interaction of the Ski Oncoprotein with Smad3 Regulates TGF-β Signaling

Abstract TGF-β treatment of cells induces a variety of physiologic responses, including growth inhibition, differentiation, and induction of apoptosis. TGF-β induces phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad3. We describe here the association of Smad3 with the nuclear protooncogene protein Ski in response to the activation of TGF-β signaling. Association with Ski represses transcriptional activation by Smad3, and overexpression of Ski renders cells resistant to the growth-inhibitory effects of TGF-β. The transcriptional repression as well as the growth resistance to TGF-β by overexpression of Ski can be overcome by overexpression of Smad3. These results demonstrate that Ski is a novel component of the TGF-β signaling pathway and shed light on the mechanism of action of the Ski oncoprotein.
Recent Innovations in PVC/FRP Composite Pipe

Abstract The use of plastics and reinforced plastics has increased sharply in the past few years. This growth has been particularly notable in corrosion-resistant applications. The average compounded annualized growth rate in these applications has been over 20% in the past 5 years.
A trip down the graphics pipeline: pixel coordinates

A general overview of the classic rendering pipeline is given. An examination of some of the problems that come from the use of transformations in the graphics pipeline is initiated. Exemplary transformations to be used in succeeding articles are derived. It is shown that the obvious way to transform normalized device coordinates to pixel space is wrong. The nature of the pixel space is discussed. >
Regulation of the yeast DNA replication genes through the Mlu I cell cycle box is dependent on SWI6

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, at least 17 DNA replication genes are coordinately expressed at the G_1/S boundary during the cell cycle. All of these genes have the DNA sequence element ACGCGT in their 5' upstream regulatory regions. This sequence has been shown to be essential for periodic expression of the POL1, CDC9, and TMP1 genes. The cyclin (CLN1 and CLN2) and HO genes are another subset of genes that are expressed with the same timing as the DNA replication genes. Their periodic expression requires the participation of two well-characterized transcriptional activators: the SWI4 and SWI6 gene products. In this study, we present evidence that SWI6 contributes to the regulation of DNA replication genes as well. Surprisingly, a preferential requirement for SWI6 over SWI4 is observed in our studies of ACGCGT-dependent reporter gene expression in vivo. This selectivity has not been observed for the other G_1/S genes. Correlating with the in vivo results, protein-DNA complexes formed in vitro on multimeric ACGCGT elements are either abolished or reduced in swi6Δ deletion mutants.
Selection for Egg Mass in the Domestic Fowl. 1. Response to Selection

Abstract A study was conducted to measure selection response for daily egg mass from 154 to 294 days of age in four lines of White Leghorns and to determine the possibility of selecting males with high packed-sperm volume (PSV) as a corollary to egg mass. After three generations of selection, deviation of the selected lines from the control line in total egg mass per bird for 280 days of production varied from 1307 to 2173 g. Data failed to support the hypothesis that selection for PSV in males is associated with selection for increasing egg mass. Realized heritability for daily egg mass, obtained by dividing the cumulative corrected response by the cumulative selection differentials, ranged from .23 to .66 with a mean across lines of .42. Increases in egg mass equal or superior to those observed during the period of selection (154 to 294 days of age) were also observed during the second half of the test period (294 to 434 days).
Queueing Theory Applied to Machine Manning

Cost pressures, recent expansion, and a limited labor pool triggered a two-year study coordinated by the Industrial Engineering Department of a high volume manufacturing plant. Plant management was introduced to the fundamentals of queueing theory and assisted in preparing a model applicable to optimum manpower/machine assignments. A resulting savings of $575,000, about one-fifth of plant manpower costs, was realized during the first year of implementation. In addition to the impact described in the paper on manpower and production demand, other areas significantly impacted were capital expansion, market strategy, and management decision making.
Friction and adhesive wear of titanium carbide and titanium nitride overlay coatings

Abstract The coefficient of friction and self-adhesive wear were studied for hard overlay coatings (4–8 microm thick) of TiC and TiN deposited on 304 stainless steel, titanium and aluminum discs and 440 C stainless steel riders by activated reactive evaporation process. The hard overlay coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction and indentation hardness techniques. The frictional and adhesive wear behavior were evaluated using a standard pin-on-disc tribotester in dry and lubricated conditions. The coefficient of friction and the wear were very much lower when the test couple consisted of a hard coating rubbing against a hard coating than when one or both of the components were uncoated metals, even in dry (unlubricated) conditions. In some instances of the hard-hard couple, very low coefficients of friction (0.05–0.1) and very low wear, i.e. wear groove depths less than 1 × 10−5 in, were observed for test conditions of a run distance of 500 m under a load of 0.4 kgf in dry conditions. From examination of the wear scar the failure mode of the coating was observed to be microfragmentation resulting from the initiation and propagation of microcracks at the rider-disc interface.
An Analysis of Public Attitudes Toward the Insanity Defense

Results from a public opinion survey of knowledge, attitudes, and support for the insanity defense indicate that people dislike the insanity defense for both retributive and utilitarian reasons: they want insane lawbreakers punished, and they believe that insanity defense procedures fail to protect the public. However, people vastly overestimate the use and success of the insanity plea. Several attitudinal and demographic variables that other researchers have found to be associated with people's support for the death penalty and perceptions of criminal sentencing are also related to support for the insanity defense. Implications for public policy are discussed.
Kinetics and mechanisms of pulmonary granuloma formation around Schistosoma japonicum eggs injected into mice.

Granuloma formation in schistosomiasis japonica differs in several respects from those observed in Schistosoma mansoni infections. We have utilized the lung granuloma model in mice sensitized with subcutaneous injection of Schistosoma japonicum eggs to study the kinetics and mechanisms of this response. Animals injected subcutaneously with a range of 50–50,000 S. japonicum eggs elicited a significant pulmonary granulomatous response around ova subsequently injected intravenously. The pulmonary granulomas were formed of macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Both antithymocyte globulin and antieosinophil sera reduced significantly the size of the granulomas and depleted the corresponding cell. Nude athymic mice developed markedly reduced pulmonary granulomas as did mice treated with niridazole or hydrocortisone. Sensitization to the egg antigens was demonstrable as both immediate and arthus-type footpad responses. Our data show that cell-mediated pulmonary granulomas can form around S. japonicum eggs in animals previously sensitized by the subcutaneous route. This model may provide further insights into the pathogenesis of S. japonicum granuloma.
Temperature and impurity dependence of the electrical resistivity in dilute gallium-based alloys. II. a-axis crystals.

Experimental results on the deviations from Matthiessen's rule in the electrical resistivity are presented for a series of single-crystal gallium alloys oriented for current flow along the [010] ($b$) axis. Indium, tin, and zinc solutes were used to span a range of over three decades of variation in the residual resistivity. Comparison is made with a recent theory which relies on the isotropization of the electron distribution function as impurity scattering is increased as well as with the "momentum nonconservation" model of Campbell et al. Certain common features of the observed deviations in the metals in the $\mathrm{III}\ensuremath{-}B$ group of the periodic table lead to the conclusion that of the two, the latter theory is better able to account for the results.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: medullary site of action to induce gastric ulcers and stimulate acid secretion.

Abstract This study evaluated the hypothesis that the dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) of the brainstem may mediate the ulcerogenic and acid-stimulatory effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in rats. To accomplish this, intra-DMN microinjections of TRH (50 and 500 ng) were performed and their effects on acid secretion and gastric ulcer formation evaluated in the pylorus-ligation model. The high (500 ng), but not the low dose of TRH (50 ng) produced gastric glandular lesions in 64% of the rats with a mean severity index (no. of ulcers/rat) of6. 4± 0.98 and significantly increased gastric acid output. The ulcerogenic and gastric secretory response to intra-DMN TRH was site-specific. We conclude that presynaptic TRH fibers may modulate vagal activity at the level of the DMN and propose that descending TRH pathways may play a role in experimental ulcerogenesis through acid hypersecretion.
Efficient verification of security protocols using partial-order reductions

In this paper we explore how partial-order reduction can make the task of verifying security protocols more efficient. These reduction techniques have been implemented in our tool Brutus. Partial-order reductions have proved very useful in the domain of model checking reactive systems. These reductions are not directly applicable in our context because of additional complications caused by tracking knowledge of various agents. We present partial-order reductions in the context of verifying security protocols and prove their correctness. Experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of this reduction technique are also presented.
Rouse Mode Analysis of Chain Relaxation in Homopolymer Melts.

We use molecular dynamics simulations of the Kremer–Grest (KG) bead–spring model of polymer chains of length between 10 and 500, and a closely related analogue that allows for chain crossing, to clearly delineate the effects of entanglements on the length-scale-dependent chain relaxation in polymer melts. We analyze the resulting trajectories using the Rouse modes of the chains and find that entanglements strongly affect these modes. The relaxation rates of the chains show two limiting effective monomeric frictions, with the local modes experiencing much lower effective friction than the longer modes. The monomeric relaxation rates of longer modes vary approximately inversely with chain length due to kinetic confinement effects. The time-dependent relaxation of Rouse modes has a stretched exponential character with a minimum of stretching exponent in the vicinity of the entanglement chain length. None of these trends are found in models that allow for chain crossing. These facts, in combination, argue for...
Implementation of the Quadrature Method of Moments in CFD codes for aggregation-breakage problems

In this work the quadrature method of moments (QMOM) is implemented in a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code (FLUENT) for modeling simultaneous aggregation and breakage. Turbulent and Brownian aggregation kernels are considered in combination with different breakage kernels (power law and exponential) and various daughter distribution functions (symmetric, erosion, uniform). CFD predictions are compared with experimental data taken from other work in the literature and conclusions about CPU time required for the simulations and the advantages of this approach are drawn.
Adrenal cortical hormone and incorporation of radioactivity into nucleic acid of isolated rat diaphragm.

SummaryAdrenalectomy stimulated incorporation of radioactivity from adenine-8-C14 into total nucleic acid and the RNA of isolated rat diaphragm. Moreover, adrenalectomy increased the actual amount of nucleic acid and of RNA that could be extracted from rat diaphragm. Cortisone administration (2 mg/day) was without effect on incorporation of C14 from adenine into nucleic acid or RNA, nor did it influence their amount.
Environmental Distribution of Spinose Brachiopods from the Devonian of New York: Test of the Soft-substrate Hypothesis

Abstract Brachiopod spines have been interpreted as a mechanism that enables the organism to rest on soft substrates by distributing shell mass over a greater area. This hypothesis is based on an arrangement in which spines are long, strongly curved, few in number, and generally restricted to the pedicle valve. However, other spine geometries also are prevalent, and the assumption that all arrangements functioned similarly may be unwarranted. Spinatrypa and Praewaagenoconcha, an atrypide and a productide, respectively, are genera of spinose brachiopods from the Upper Devonian Java Formation of New York. Although these genera belong to different subclasses, they have a similar spine geometry consisting of hundreds of thin, short, sub-perpendicular (to shell surface) spines, arranged concentrically on both valves. Population densities of articulate brachiopods were obtained from six localities of the Java Formation along an offshore-onshore gradient. Individuals were counted relative to surface area of the ...
Abstract 4509: Genetically encoded chimeric polypeptide nanoparticles for paclitaxel delivery to triple negative breast cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents an important clinical challenge, because TNBC, like other breast cancer subtypes is highly metastatic, but TNBC displays a shorter median time to relapse and death. Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment of TNBC, as it gives a markedly higher response rate than endocrine therapy or other available targeted agents. Current treatment strategies for TNBC include treatment with anthracyclines, taxanes, and platinates. Like other drugs, paclitaxel shows a lack of selectivity towards tumor cells, sub-optimal pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution, leading to limited efficacy and significant systemic toxicity. Although AbraxaneTM (albumin bound paclitaxel) an improved formulation of paclitaxel compared to the original chremophor formulation has been used to treat TNBC, it also suffers from systemic toxicity such as sensory neuropathy, neutropenia, nausea, and anemia. In an effort to overcome the limited efficacy and systemic toxicity of current paclitaxel formulations, we have designed a novel polypeptide drug delivery system where paclitaxel is covalently attached to a genetically engineered chimeric polypeptide (CP) through a pH sensitive linker such that covalent conjugation of multiple copies of Paclitaxel at one end of the CP spontaneously triggers the self-assembly of the drug-CP conjugate into sub 100 nm size nanoparticles that are ideal for targeting solid tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.We found that in a human triple negative breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231), the CP-paclitaxel conjugate showed substantial cytotoxicity that was similar to free drug. CP-Paclitaxel nanoparticle treated mice with orthotopic MDA-MB-231 tumors showed significantly greater tumor regression as well as enhanced overall survival compared to free drug. These results are promising because they demonstrate the potential of rationally engineered nanoparticle drug carriers to greatly improve the efficacy of currently approved cytotoxic agents for the treatment of solid tumors. In future work, we will evaluate the efficacy of CP-Paclitaxel nanoparticles combined with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that mimics current combination chemotherapy. Citation Format: Jayanta Bhattacharyya, Jonathan McDaniel, Ashutosh Chilkoti. Genetically encoded chimeric polypeptide nanoparticles for paclitaxel delivery to triple negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4509. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4509
The use of microcomputers in intermediate accounting: Effects on student achievement and attitudes

Abstract The increasing use of the microcomputer by business and industry makes it imperative that accounting educators expose their students to the microcomputer. This exposure may manifest itself through an effect on student achievement as well as through student attitudes towards the microcomputer. This paper reports the results of an experiment in which two groups of students used the microcomputer to help them on either assigned earnings per share or assigned interperiod income tax allocation problems. An analysis of test results for student achievement in these two areas showed no significant differences between groups. An analysis of student reaction reflected student interest in using the microcomputer, despite the fact that it is not used often in accounting courses.
Potential Sources of Asbestos in Lake Michigan

Abstract Chrysotile and amphibole mineral fibers, recognized carcinogens, have been found in Lake Michigan water. Since the sources of these fibers in Lake Michigan are unknown, a study was undertaken to determine potential sources. Information was gathered by contacting governmental agencies and reviewing literature. Two industries that used to discharge asbestos-containing effluents are located in the Lake Michigan drainage basin. Geologic deposits of mineral fibers occur in Marinette County, Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Currents and Army Corps of Engineers dredging and disposal activities were investigated as potential mechanisms of asbestos distribution in Lake Michigan. Limited environmental monitoring indicates that atmospheric loading and wash-out from numerous point and non-point sources may be an important mechanism of asbestos contamination of Lake Michigan. More environmental monitoring will be required in order to determine the relative importance of these potential sources.
The experience of regret: what, when, and why

This article reviews evidence indicating that there is a temporal pattern to the experience of regret. Actions, or errors of commission, generate more regret in the short term; but inactions, or errors of omission, produce more regret in the long run. The authors contend that this temporal pattern is multiply determined, and present a framework to organize the divergent causal mechanisms that are responsible for it. In particular, this article documents the importance of psychological processes that (a) decrease the pain of regrettable action over time, (b) bolster the pain of regrettable inaction over time, and (c) differentially affect the cognitive availability of these two types of regrets. Both the functional and cultural origins of how people think about regret are discussed.
Crystal Structure of S-Ribosylhomocysteinase (LuxS) in Complex with a Catalytic 2-Ketone Intermediate†,‡

S-Ribosylhomocysteinase (LuxS) is an Fe2+-dependent metalloenzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the thioether bond in S-ribosylhomocysteine (SRH) to produce homocysteine (Hcys) and 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD), the precursor of type II bacterial quorum-sensing molecule. The proposed mechanism involves an initial metal-catalyzed aldose-ketose isomerization reaction, which results in the migration of the ribose carbonyl group from its C1 to C2 position and the formation of a 2-ketone intermediate. A repetition of the isomerization reaction shifts the carbonyl group to the C3 position. Subsequent β-elimination reaction at the C4 and C5 positions completes the catalytic cycle. In this work, a catalytically inactive mutant (C84A) of Co2+-substituted Bacillus subtilis LuxS was cocrystallized with the 2-ketone intermediate and the structure was determined to 1.8 A resolution. The structure reveals that the C2 carbonyl oxygen is directly coordinated with the metal ion, providing strong support for the pr...
The relationship between cortically induced mandibular movements and lateral pterygoid and digastric muscle EMG activity in the anesthetized guinea pig.

Abstract Vertical and horizontal jaw movements along with lateral pterygoid (PT) and anterior digastric (DIG) muscle electromyogram (EMG) activity were recorded in anesthetized guinea pigs during electrical stimulation of the masticatory area of cortex. Both repetitive stimulation at 25 Hz and short pulse-train stimulation (3 pulse, 500 Hz) delivered 2/s produced jaw opening with a horizontal component contralateral to the side of cortex stimulated in addition to short latency (7–12 ms) evoked EMG bursts in the ipsilateral PT muscle and in the DIG muscles bilaterally. Evidence was also obtained which indicated that both types of cortical stimulation resulted in time-locked inhibition of the contralateral PT muscle. Unlike each short train of stimulus pulses, however, each pulse in the repetitive train did not evoke jaw movement and EMG bursts of a consistent amplitude. Rather, repetitive stimulation produced rhythmical movements of the jaw associated with recurrent periods of activity and inactivity in the EMG records. These results demonstrate the presence of a corticotrigeminal pathway between masticatory cortex and PT motoneurons in addition to a similar pathway to DIG motoneurons, and suggest that both pathways are similarly modulated by a central pattern generator to produce rhythmical jaw movements.
A Multicomponent, Two-Phase-Flow Model for CO2 Storage and Enhanced Coalbed-Methane Recovery

Injection of CO{sub 2} into deep unminable coal seams is an option for geological storage of CO{sub 2} and may enhance the recovery of CH{sub 4} in these systems, making coal reservoirs interesting candidates for sequestration. New analytical solutions are presented for two-phase, three- and four-component flow with volume change on mixing in adsorbing systems. We analyze the simultaneous flow of water and gas containing multiple adsorbing components. The displacement problem is solved by the method of characteristics. Mixtures of N{sub 2}, CH{sub 4}, CO{sub 2}, and H{sub 2}O are used to represent enhanced coalbed-methane (ECBM) recovery processes. The displacement behavior is demonstrated to be strongly dependent on the relative adsorption strength of the gas components. In ternary systems, two types of solutions result. When a gas rich in CO{sub 2} displaces a less strongly adsorbing gas (such as CH{sub 4}), a shock solution is obtained. As the injected gas propagates through the system, CO{sub 2} is removed from the mobile phase by adsorption, while desorbed gas propagates ahead of the CO{sub 2} front. The adsorption of CO{sub 2} reduces the flow velocity of the injected gas, delaying breakthrough and allowing for more CO{sub 2} to be sequestered per volumemore » of CH{sub 4} produced. For injection gases rich in N{sub 2}, a decrease in partial pressure is required to displace the preferentially adsorbed CH{sub 4} and a rarefaction solution results. In quaternary displacements with injection-gas mixtures of CO{sub 2} and N{sub 2}, the relative adsorption strength of the components results in solutions that exhibit features of both the N{sub 2}-rich and CO{sub 2}-rich ternary displacements. Analytical solutions for ECBM recovery processes provide insight into the complex interplay of adsorption, phase behavior, and convection.« less
Influence of wetland networks on bat activity in mixed-use landscapes.

Abstract Parks and other protected lands can provide important source habitat and act as valuable dispersal corridors in urbanizing environments. However, most wetlands within protected areas are managed in isolation without consideration of the broader landscape connections. We studied the importance of wetland habitat connectivity and landscape context to bat activity in five National Parks along a gradient of increasing urbanization within the Mid-Atlantic United States. Ninety-six Anabat stations were set up throughout the parks, from which we derived the characteristic spatial scales at which bat activity was associated with wetlands. This information was used in a graph theoretic framework to construct network models of potential landscape connectivity for those species that had positive associations with wetland land cover. We found that the importance of wetlands as a predictor of bat activity varied on a species-by-species basis and increased when network measures were used that accounted for connected area in a broad spatial context. The results demonstrate that both area and connectivity of wetland foraging habitat may act as orthogonal variables to availability of roosting habitat in explaining the distribution of highly mobile species. We use the results to illustrate the value of network analysis to guide the coordinated management of two of the parks’ most valued natural resources – wetlands and bats.
An emerging theory on parental end-of-life decision making as a stepping stone to new research.

cson, AZ 85724. Tel.: +1 520 Pediatric bone marrow transplant (BMT) is an aggressive medical treatment associated with highmorbidity andmortality. Mortality rates for BMT vary from 37 to 77% depending on the underlying diagnosis and type of transplant performed (Pasquini & Wang, 2009). Parents are confronted with agonizing end-of-life (EOL) decisions for their child who is dying following BMT. As a pediatric BMT nurse, I accompanied many parents along the path of this decision making process. I had intimate knowledge that this process,whether a decision to agree to a do not resuscitate (DNR) order for their child or towithdraw life-sustaining therapy for their child who was dying following BMT, was both excruciatingly painful and courageous. But neither I nor the healthcare field in general had adequate knowledge of how this process occurred andwhatmight be done to facilitate it for parents and their children.My dissertation provided an opportunity for initial study of this process. The purpose of this article is to describe how a beginning middlerange theory, generated from my dissertation research, was used as a stepping stone to identify a focus for my next research project. During doctoral study, I was encouraged to look beyond my dissertation to consider a plan of continued scholarly inquiry. Developing that initial study after doctoral graduationmaybemore difficult thanfirst imagined. A theoretical framework can facilitate this next step in research.
Strong 0-discount optimal policies in a Markov decision process with a Borel state space

We consider a Markov decision process with a Borel state space, a countable action space, finite action sets, bounded rewards and a bounded transition density satisfying a simultaneous Doeblin condition. The existence of stationary strong 0-discount optimal polices is proved.
Quantitation of ten flavor compounds in unburned tobacco products

Most research on unburned tobacco has focused on the harmful chemicals associated with the tobacco itself. However, certain flavor additives in tobacco products can pose additional health risks. Flavors like camphor, coumarin, pulegone, eugenol, methyl salicylate, menthol and diphenyl ether have exhibited biological activity and/or toxicity in both lab animals and humans. This publication presents a new GC/MS method for the quantitation of ten flavor compounds (eucalyptol, camphor, menthol, pulegone, ethyl salicylate, methyl salicylate, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, diphenyl ether and coumarin) in a variety of tobacco products, including smokeless products and cigar filler. Excellent linearity (>0.997), accuracy (93.9% - 106.6%) and precision (C.V., 0.5% - 3.0%) were achieved for all flavor analytes measured. A summary of the concentrations of these flavors in selected international smokeless tobacco (SLT) products including zarda, quiwam, gutkha, and khaini varieties from Southeast Asia and snuff, clove cigarette filler and flavored cigar filler from the United States is reported. High concentrations of eugenol (2110 μg/g), coumarin (439 μg/g), camphor (1060 μg/g) and diphenyl ether (4840 μg/g) were found in selected products. Accurate identification and quantitation of potentially hazardous flavor compounds is important because they can exist in relatively high levels in some tobacco products, including international SLT products. We outline a versatile method which can be used to quantitate flavor compounds in multiple types of tobacco products.
Properties of the scale coördinate

Abstract In Part I properties of the scale coordinate, of the form: B(n + θ) are discussed. n is shown to be associated with the operation of counting scale marks, θ with the operation of estimating between them, and B, with the operational and configurational aspects of that part of apparatus which lies adjunct to the scale system. In Part II three types of measurement codification are discussed: (a) the differential interval; (b) the finite amorphous interval; (c) the scale interval; a relationship among them is postulated. In Part III the finite differences in scale coordinates are defined and simple theorems are used to illustrate these definitions. Simple difference equations in scale coordinates are solved to illustrate macroscopic “selection principles” arising partly out of the methodology of codifying a coincidence in scale coordinates. In Part IV an example of causally related dimensional systems is described by use of the scale coordinate. This example is taken from the perfect gas law and Van der Waals' gas law.
Determination of catechins and caffeine in proposed green tea standard reference materials by liquid chromatography-particle beam/electron ionization mass spectrometry (LC-PB/EIMS).

Abstract Presented here is the quantitative analysis of green tea NIST standard reference materials (SRMs) via liquid chromatography-particle beam/electron ionization mass spectrometry (LC-PB/EIMS). Three different NIST green tea standard reference materials (SRM 3254 Camellia sinesis Leaves, SRM 3255 C. sinesis Extract and SRM 3256 Green Tea-containing Oral Dosage Form) are characterized for the content of caffeine and a series of catechin species (gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)). The absolute limits of detection for caffeine and the catechin species were determined to be on the nanogram level. A reversed-phase chromatographic separation of the green tea reference materials was carried out on a commercial C 18 column using a gradient of water (containing 0.1% TFA) and 2:1 methanol:acetonitrile (containing 0.1%TFA) at 0.9 mL min −1 and an analysis time of 50 min. Quantification of caffeine and the catechin species was carried out using the standard addition and internal standard methods, with the latter providing appreciable improvements in precision and recovery.
General access structures in audio cryptography

We propose and analyze a new type of cryptographic scheme, which extends principles of secret sharing to Morse code-like audio signals. The proposed "audio cryptography scheme" (ACS) is perfectly secure and easy to implement. It relies on the human auditory system for decoding. "Audio sharing schemes" (ASS) proposed earlier were based on disguising secret binary message with a cover sound. Moreover, only 2-out-of-n audio sharing schemes have ever been proposed. Our scheme correlates strongly, and is analogous to schemes in well-studied visual cryptography. Consequently, we were able to use the existing visual cryptography constructions and obtain not only k-out-of-n audio sharing schemes, but also the most general audio cryptography schemes for qualified subsets. In audio cryptography scheme for qualified subsets, a subset of participants can recover the secret audio signal only if some qualified subset of participants is its subset
Automated, compositional and iterative deadlock detection

We present an algorithm to detect deadlocks in concurrent message-passing programs. Even though deadlock is inherently noncompositional and its absence is not preserved by standard abstractions, our framework employs both abstraction and compositional reasoning to alleviate the state space explosion problem. We iteratively construct increasingly more precise abstractions on the basis of spurious counterexamples to either detect a deadlock or prove that no deadlock exists. Our approach is inspired by the counterexample-guided abstraction refinement paradigm. However, our notion of abstraction as well as our schemes for verification and abstraction refinement differs in key respects from existing abstraction refinement frameworks. Our algorithm is also compositional in that abstraction, counterexample validation, and refinement are all carried out component-wise and do not require the construction of the complete state space of the concrete system under consideration. Finally, our approach is completely automated and provides diagnostic feedback in case a deadlock is detected. We have implemented our technique in the MAGIC verification tool and present encouraging results (up to 20 times speed-up in time and 4 times less memory consumption) with concurrent message-passing C programs. We also report a bug in the real-time operating system MicroC/OS version 2.70.
Embracing or embattled by converged mobile devices? Users’ experiences with a contemporary connectivity technology

In this qualitative study, we examine how converged mobile devices (e.g. BlackBerries, Treos, and iPhones) are experienced by users of this contemporary connectivity technology. Perhaps not surprisingly, users experience similar pressures to be accessible and responsive; however, the sources of these expectations extend beyond those internal to organizations to include sources external to organizations (e.g. family, friends, industry, CMD-user community, and society in general). Users’ reactions to responsiveness-accessibility pressures differ in this study, clustering into three different categories — ‘enthusiastic,’ ‘balanced,’ and ‘trade-offs.’ Further analyses reveal three emergent factors influencing users’ reactions: the number of expectation sources; specificity of the sources; and adoption motives. Our research builds on technology and work studies to include factors that are related to heterogeneity in interpretations and enactments. Moreover, findings suggest that in the context of this connecti...
On the utilization of high rate pre-cracked charpy test results and the master curve to obtain accurate lower bound toughness predictions in the ductile-to-brittle transition

Much recent work in the field of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics has been directed to developing a mechanics-based relationship between the onset of cleavage fracture in structural components and that of Charpy specimens. In the case of a commercial nuclear power plant the surveillance specimens are expected to have undergone an irradiation history equivalent to that of the pressure vessel, and hence to have the correct fracture toughness properties. The small size of these specimens, however, makes it difficult to obtain fracture toughness measurements that are transferrable to the much larger and higher constraint pressure vessel. Application of proposed specimen size requirements[1] to this problem shows that for the typical fracture toughness and strength levels in nuclear pressure vessels, the pre-cracked Charpy specimen could lose constraint well before the onset of cleavage and the results obtained will then provide a very non-conservative estimate of the conditions required for the onset of cleavage in the vessel. Recent computational work by Koppenhoefer and Dodds[2] has strongly suggested, however, that if the specimen is loaded rapidly, additional constraint might be present which would allow the Charpy results to predict correctly the onset of cleavage in the nuclear pressure vessel. These authors predict that the presence of modest viscoplasticity will increase the deformation level at which constraint is lost and this in turn will allow Charpy size specimens to be adequate predictors of the onset of cleavage fracture in structural size elements. In this paper pre-cracked Charpy specimens of A515 steel are tested at four different loading rates and five different temperatures in the lower ductile-to-brittle transition. The reference temperature, T 0 , is developed and shown to be very dependent on the loading rate and very independent of the temperature at which the data set was measured.
A Conceptual Framework for Environmental Analysis of Social Issues and Evaluation of Business Response Patterns

A conceptual framework is developed to analyze and evaluate business response patterns under different temporal and sociocultural conditions. Corporate responses are classified along three dimensions: corporate behavior or social obligation, social responsibility, and social responsiveness. The contextual component (external environment) is analyzed by dividing the elapsed time between the emergence of a problem and its ultimate solution into four categories: the preproblem stage, the problem identification stage, the remedy and relief stage, and the prevention stage. Examples of current application of the framework and directions for future research are indicated.
FOX(M1) News—It Is Cancer

FOXM1 is an oncogenic transcription factor of the Forkhead family and it has a well-defined role in cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression. Expression of FOXM1 is excluded in quiescent or differentiated cells, but its level is highly elevated in proliferating and malignant cells. Overexpression of FOXM1 has been reported in more than 20 types of human cancer. In recent years, FOXM1 has been implicated in diverse cellular processes and also a growing body of experimental data has underlined the relevance of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis. Although FOXM1 is under the control of three major tumor suppressors (RB, p53, and p19(ARF)), it is still active in the majority of human cancers. The oncogenic potential of FOXM1 is mainly based on its ability to transcriptionally activate genes that are involved in different facets of cancer development. In this review, the contribution of FOXM1 to each of the hallmarks of cancer will be summarized and discussed.