cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of American State Constitutions

Americans have probably had more experience in constitution making and revision than the people of all other nations combined at least until the accession of new countries to nationhood during the past two decades.' This article is intended to summarize, necessarily in broad strokes, how the contents of the states' basic laws, as well as the procedures involved in their drafting and revision, have been adapted to the changing needs and circumstances of a rapidly growing nation. The first part provides a brief general overview of the amount of constitution making in the states. In the second section salient developments, both substantive and procedural, are summarized by major time periods in the states' political development. Special attention is given in the third part to present constitutions-their general features, methods of change, and substantive trends, with particular emphasis on developments since 1965. The final section provides some assessments and perspectives. Since 1776, the fifty states have operated under no fewer than 145 constitutions, as shown in table 1. Forty-nine of the 145 constitutions were promulgated by the constitution-making bodies and became effective without submission to the voters. It is noteworthy that twenty-three of the promulgated documents, or almost half, antedate 1800 and include most of the constitutions of the original states. Promulgation of constitutions without a popular referendum continued into the nineteenth century. Significantly, however, only seven documents that became operative after the Civil War were not submitted to the electorate, and only three of these since 1900-two in Louisiana (1913 and 1921) and the 1902 Virginia Constitution.
The Character in the Veil: Imagery of the Surface in the Gothic Novel

Traditional criticism of the Gothic novel, following a topography of the self derived from Freud, has linked sexuality with depth, repression with surface. Gothic convention, however, especially as Ann Radcliffe and M. G. Lewis use it, links surfaces with sexuality and contagion. The Gothic view of character is a social one, and it is concerned with writing and reference. The tracing and retracing of quasi-linguistic markings on surfaces establish personal identity, but only from outside, ex post facto, and through a draining tension between the code and its material support. The repetitious, fixating process of ocular confrontation by which characters recognize themselves and one another is like the process by which readers recognize thematic conventions.
Construction and Evolution of Power Communication Multi-Service and Exchanging Platform

First this paper introduces the soft-switch and IMS,analyzes the development tendency of two main technologies.It performs SWOT analysis from the business and the network architecture,compares the construction and operation circumstances of all the telecom operators,analyzes the power communication situation and new business need,proposes a new way to build next generation power communication multi-service and exchanging system.In view of the specialty of power communication,this work proposes the construction principle and the evolution strategy about platform building.
An inhibition of gap-junctional communication by cadherins

The action of Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules (cadherins) on cell-to-cell channel-mediated intercellular communication was investigated in mouse L and rat Morris hepatoma cells. These cells fail to adhere to one another in aggregation assays and thus seem to lack cell adhesion molecules. Expression of exogenous cadherin induced strong cell-cell adhesion in both cell types, but had opposite effects of communication, causing inhibition in L cells and improvement in hepatoma cells. Both cells express the connexin43 cell-to-cell channel protein. By western blot we found no cadherin-specific changes in connexin43 protein in either cell type, but connexin43 gap junctional plaque staining, i.e. connexin43 localization to cell-cell junctions, was inhibited in L cells and facilitated in hepatoma cells. In addition we found that the inhibitory effect is largely abolished by blockers of glycosylation. Cadherin-cadherin interactions are known to trigger cell type-specific intracellular signal cascades resulting in diverse end effects, and gap junctional communication/plaque formation seems a further example of such cell type-specificity.
Effects of canine endotoxin shock on lymphocytic beta-adrenergic receptors.

To determine whether beta-adrenergic receptors on circulating lymphocytes are impaired during endotoxemia and the precise role of catecholamines in this process, we allocated 16 dogs to three groups: I) control-saline vehicle (n = 5), II) endotoxin--Escherichia coli endotoxin 1.0 mg/kg iv bolus (n = 6), and III) endotoxin + propranolol--E. coli endotoxin 1.0 mg/kg after pretreatment with propranolol, 1.5 mg/kg iv bolus followed by a continuous infusion, 30 micrograms/kg per min, (n = 5). Five hours after endotoxin injection, lymphocytic beta-adrenergic receptor number and sodium fluoride (NaF)-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation were reduced by 41 +/- 6% and 25 +/- 7% of baseline values, respectively, which were significantly different from those observed in the control group (both P less than .01). Propranolol pretreatment prevented the endotoxin-induced reduction in lymphocytic beta-adrenergic receptor number (P less than .02 compared with the endotoxin group), but not the decrease in NaF-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation (P less than .01 compared with the control group). Myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor number was reduced in the endotoxin group compared with that observed in the control group (P less than .06). These changes were associated with a decreased chronotropic response to isoproterenol in the endotoxin group compared with the control group (P less than .05). We conclude that decreased lymphocytic beta-adrenergic receptor number in endotoxin shock is caused by circulating catecholamines, whereas alterations distal to the receptors may be due to other mechanisms.
Martin Lodge and Kai Wedrich, The Problem-solving Capacity of the Modern State: Governance Challenges and Administrative Capacities

This edited book is largely comprised of chapters expanding on topics raised in the Governance Report (http://www.governancereport.org) published by the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin. In so...
A device-to-device service sharing middleware for heterogeneous wireless networks

Wireless devices with diverse capabilities are ubiquitous and will continue to flourish for the next foreseeable future. With cellular connectivity, each devicd is capable to utilize more necessary services. However, in some cases (e.g., public safety and disaster recovery) cellular connectivity may become unavailable. In these situations, device-to-device (D2D) communication can contribute to maintain connectivity as well as providing other services in terms of service sharing (e.g., SMS, Internet, camera) available in individual devices. This paper describes an approach where users can share wireless services with other users in a seamless manner. We develop a smart phone application, D2DMesh, for service sharing in a D2D manner. By using D2DMesh, users can get more work done via sharing, increase the spectrum utilization, create their own private networks without a centralized infrastructure and offload network traffic to a less congested network path. Our approach is platform-independent and is entirely implemented in user space. It allows sharing of services among neighboring devices over multiple hops without any help from the device vendors. We present results from initial experiments and show the effects of various important parameters on the performance of D2D service sharing.
Structure and Mechanism of Selenocysteine Synthases

Selenocysteine synthases, SelA in bacteria and SepSecS in archaea and eukaryotes, catalyze the terminal reaction of selenocysteine synthesis during which either serine or phosphoserine is converted into selenocysteine while being attached to tRNASec. The reaction mechanism is based on the PLP co-factor and requires selenophosphate as the selenium donor. Although adopting different structures, SelA and SepSecS employ similar general principles for substrate recognition and chemical catalysis. Five SelA homodimers assemble into a ring structure that harbors ten tRNA-binding and catalytic sites. Each SelA subunit binds to the D-arm and T loop of tRNASec. By contrast, two SepSecS homodimers arrange into a tetramer that binds to the acceptor and variable arms of tRNASec. In both instances, at least two enzyme homodimers are needed to bind and act on one tRNASec molecule. A ‘non-catalytic’ dimer employs its N-terminal domain to dock the tRNA to the enzyme, whereas residues of the C-terminal domain of the ‘catalytic’ dimer orient the aminoacyl group into the active site for catalysis to occur. Herein, the mechanisms and structures of selenocysteine synthases are summarized.
Pedestrian navigation and integration with distributed smart signal traffic controls

Pedestrians with special needs encounter accessibility challenges and are exposed to even greater risks when using signalized traffic intersections. Even modern accessible pedestrian stations present significant challenges for pedestrians with physical and sight disabilities. This paper describes an interactive traffic controller for allowing the intersection to receive pedestrian call requests from users with special needs and for providing the user with guidance and signals status feedback information from the intersection. Feedback from the intersection enables individuals with low vision to know the state of the intersection, as well as receive guidance from the traffic controller based on the pedestrianpsilas location.
Highly efficient photoconductive terahertz generation through photon trapping

We present a highly efficient photoconductive terahertz generation scheme based on photon trapping. We utilize this scheme to demonstrate record-high pulsed terahertz radiation powers as high as 4 mW over 0.1–5 THz frequency.
Control-Structure Interaction Analysis for the International Space Station Pointing Control Systems

Abstract As a more practical alternative to the H-infinity solution, an ad-hoc design approach for the International Space Station high accuracy pointing control systems is presented. This approach leads to implementable control algorithms within the system constraints.
Leap frog in slow motion: Divergent responses of tree species and life stages to climatic warming in Great Basin subalpine forests.

In response to climate warming, subalpine treelines are expected to move up in elevation since treelines are generally controlled by growing season temperature. Where treeline is advancing, dispersal differences and early life stage environmental tolerances are likely to affect how species expand their ranges. Species with an establishment advantage will colonize newly available habitat first, potentially excluding species that have slower establishment rates. Using a network of plots across five mountain ranges, we described patterns of upslope elevational range shift for the two dominant Great Basin subalpine species, limber pine and Great Basin bristlecone pine. We found that the Great Basin treeline for these species is expanding upslope with a mean vertical elevation shift of 19.1 m since 1950, which is lower than what we might expect based on temperature increases alone. The largest advances were on limber pine-dominated granitic soils, on west aspects, and at lower latitudes. Bristlecone pine juveniles establishing above treeline share some environmental associations with bristlecone adults. Limber pine above-treeline juveniles, in contrast, are prevalent across environmental conditions and share few environmental associations with limber pine adults. Strikingly, limber pine is establishing above treeline throughout the region without regard to site characteristic such as soil type, slope, aspect, or soil texture. Although limber pine is often rare at treeline where it coexists with bristlecone pine, limber pine juveniles dominate above treeline even on calcareous soils that are core bristlecone pine habitat. Limber pine is successfully "leap-frogging" over bristlecone pine, probably because of its strong dispersal advantage and broader tolerances for establishment. This early-stage dominance indicates the potential for the species composition of treeline to change in response to climate change. More broadly, it shows how species differences in dispersal and establishment may result in future communities with very different specific composition.
Attending to Relations: Proportional Reasoning in 3- to 6-Year-Old Children.

When proportional information is pit against whole number numerical information, children often attend to the whole number information at the expense of proportional information (e.g., indicating 4/9 is greater than 3/5 because 4 > 3). In the current study, we presented younger (3- to 4-year-olds) and older (5- to 6-year-olds) children a task in which the proportional information was presented either continuously (units cannot be counted) or discretely (countable units; numerical information available). In the discrete conditions, older children showed numerical interference-responding based on the number of pieces instead of the proportion of pieces. However, older children easily overcame this poor strategy selection on discrete trials if they first had some experience with continuous, proportional strategies, suggesting this prevalent reliance on numerical information may be malleable. Younger children, on the other hand, showed difficulty with the proportion task, but showed evidence of proportional reasoning in a simplified estimation-style task, suggesting that younger children may still be developing their proportional and numerical skills in task-dependent ways. Lastly, across both age groups, performance on the proportional reasoning task in continuous contexts, but not discrete contexts, was related to more general analogical reasoning skills. Findings suggest that children's proportional reasoning abilities are actively developing between the ages of 3 and 6 and may depend on domain general reasoning skills. We discuss the implications for this work for both cognitive development and education. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Sloshing-Induced Motion of Free Containers

Experiments for the time-periodic liquid sloshing-induced sideways motion of free containers are compared with theory using standard normal mode representations for rectangular boxes, upright cylinders, wedges and cones of \(90^{\circ }\) apex angles, and cylindrical annuli. While the wedge and cone exhibit only one mode of oscillation, the boxes, cylinders and annuli have an infinite number of modes. In some cases we have been able to excite the second mode of oscillation. Frequencies \(\omega \) were acquired as the average of three experimental determinations for every filling of mass \(m\) in the dry containers of mass \(m_0\). Measurements of the dimensionless frequencies \(\omega /\omega _R\) over a range of dimensionless liquid masses \(M = m/m_0\) are found to be in essential agreement with theoretical predictions. The frequencies \(\omega _R\) used for normalization arise naturally in the mathematical analysis, different for each geometry considered.
History of Colon and Rectal Surgery at Baylor University Medical Center

A group of 13 physicians met in Columbus, Ohio, on June 7, 1899, and formed the American Proctologic Society. The Columbus founders had been meeting informally for a number of years to discuss mutual problems regarding anorectal disease. Mainstream medicine had largely ignored this area, leaving patients in the hands of quacks and charlatans. Furthermore, the curriculum in medical schools throughout most of the 19th century had no instruction in rectal disease. The society continued to grow, and the first meeting of the Section of Proctology of the American Medical Society occurred in 1917. Another seminal event at that time was the establishment of a training program in proctology at the University of Minnesota. By 1929 when the “Roaring ′20s” ended, the society had increased to almost 100 members. During this initial growth period, the members′ goals were threefold: 1) to establish a journal dedicated to proctology; 2) to create an objective certification process in the specialty; and 3) to promote research and education in the specialty in the nation's medical schools. The society's 1933 annual meeting, held in Chicago, was to have major historical importance, as President Curtice Rosser of Baylor devoted his presidential address to progress made in the specialty and a discussion of the specialty board movement begun by ophthalmology in 1916. Dr. Rosser recommended that proctology establish a board and asked for the formation of a committee to be composed of 3 members from the society and 3 members from the American Medical Association to initiate the process. When the American Board of Proctology finally achieved independent status in 1949, Dr. Rosser was elected its first president (Figure ​(Figure11). Figure 1 Original members of the American Board of Proctology. Dr. Curtice Rosser, the board's president, is second from the left on the bottom row.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML-M3)--Part 1: Pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, and differentiation therapy.

Objectives The objectives of this review paper are to: Compare acute leukemia with chronic leukemia and other forms of cancer. Review the pathophysiology and discuss the clinical and diagnostic features of M3. Describe the variant of M3 (M3m or M3v). Compare conventional chemotherapy with all-trans retinoic acid differentiation therapy (ATRA) in the treatment of M3. Discuss the future direction of differentiation therapy. Data sources Current literature. Data synthesis Until the late 1970s, the methods of diagnosis and treatment of AML-M3 were similar to the other forms of acute myelocytic leukemia. One notable difference between M3 and other acute myelocytic leukemias involved the common occurrence of life-threatening consumptive coagulopathies in M3 patients that dramatically affected patient outcomes. In 1977 the method of diagnosis confirmation was altered by the identification of a consistent chromosomal translocation involving the long arms of chromosomes 15 and 17. Reports in the 1970s and 1980s indicated that certain types of active metabolites of vitamin A, collectively termed retinoids, could induce differentiation in a variety of cancer derived cell lines, in vitro. It was shown in the early 1980s that 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cRA) could stimulate differentiation in bone marrow cells collected from patients with various acute leukemias, including M3. The first clinical trial of a retinoid, given as a remission induction therapeutic regimen, involved all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) administered to M3 patients in 1988. Since then, ATRA therapy has been shown to reduce tumor burden by stimulating differentiation of the leukemic cells, induce long-term clinical remission when administered in conjunction with chemotherapy, and lower the incidence of consumptive coagulopathies in patients with AML-M3. Conclusion The diagnosis and treatment of AML-M3 has improved dramatically in the past decade, which has greatly enhanced the prognosis of patients with this disease. First remission rates have increased to greater than 85% world wide, the incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has declined dramatically, and 60% to 70% of patients with AML-M3 have achieved long term survival and are potentially cured.
Should Compensation Schemes Be Based on the Probability of Causation or Expected Years of Life Lost

The purpose of this essay is to give a succinct and accessible summary of why I believe that compensation in tort suits should be based not on probability of causation but rather on years (or quality-years) of life lost. I only consider cases in which the plaintiff claims that a hazardous exposure some years in the past is the cause of a current medical illness, such as cancer or heart disease. As I understand it, current legal standards hold that a judgment should favor the plaintiff if and only if “it is more probable than not” that the exposure “causally contributed to” or “was a substantial contributing factor” to her disease. This standard is often expressed as the requirement that the “probability of causation” exceed 1⁄2, where the “probability of causation” (PC) is the probability that the exposure causally contributed to the development of the individual’s disease. It has been suggested that
SUCCESSFUL VALVULOPLASTY OF SEVERE MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS DURING PREGNANCY

Pregnant women with rheumatic mitral valve disease, in particular mitral stenosis (MS), are at high risk of developing heart failure and other cardiovascular complications. A 29-year-old female, 11-weeks pregnant with a year of progressive exertional dyspnea and New York Heart Association (NYHA)
Troubling Trends in Machine Learning Scholarship: Some ML papers suffer from flaws that could mislead the public and stymie future research.

Flawed scholarship threatens to mislead the public and stymie future research by compromising ML’s intellectual foundations. Indeed, many of these problems have recurred cyclically throughout the history of AI and, more broadly, in scientific research. In 1976, Drew McDermott chastised the AI community for abandoning self-discipline, warning prophetically that "if we can’t criticize ourselves, someone else will save us the trouble." The current strength of machine learning owes to a large body of rigorous research to date, both theoretical and empirical. By promoting clear scientific thinking and communication, our community can sustain the trust and investment it currently enjoys.
Sex modifies the consequences of extended fructose consumption on liver health, motor function, and physiological damage in rats.

Sex differences are evident in the presentation of metabolic symptoms. A shift of sex hormones that signal the onset of puberty combined with a poor diet consumed in adolescence is likely to have s...
Marine Algal Genomics and Evolution

Algae are a heterogeneous group of protists with multiple phylogenetic origins (i.e., they are polyphyletic) that include all photosynthetic eukaryotes except land plants. Despite being a nonnatural assemblage, the term alga as referring to aquatic primary producers is valuable in an ecological context and has wide usage in biology. Recent genomic studies in algae have accelerated considerably our understanding of their ecology and evolution. The origin and phylogenetic interrelationships of different algal groups are being clarified using these molecular sequence data. In addition, the genomic age has broadened our understanding of the endosymbiotic origin of photosynthetic organelles (plastid) and their spread among eukaryotes. For example, recent genome-level analyses indicate that dominant marine algal groups, such as diatoms, haptophytes, and dinoflagellates, are descendants of a putative common ancestor that acquired a plastid from a red alga by secondary endosymbiosis, whereby one eukaryote enslaves the plastid of another. Genome data also have provided countless insights into algal metabolism, primary production, symbiosis, and algal ‘bloom’ formation in the world’s oceans. Additionally, algae offer exceptional models for understanding biodiversity, basic cell biological processes, the ecology of aquatic ecosystems, and genome evolution that spans the eukaryotic tree of life.
VPS21 encodes a rab5-like GTP binding protein that is required for the sorting of yeast vacuolar proteins

Many of the vacuolar protein sorting (vps) mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit severe defects in the sorting of vacuolar proteins but still retain near-normal vacuole morphology. The gene affected in one such mutant, vps21, has been cloned and found to encode a member of the ras-like GTP binding protein family. Sequence comparisons with other known GTP binding proteins indicate that Vps21p is unique but shares striking similarity with mammalian rab5 proteins (> 50% identity and > 70% similarity). Regions with highest similarity are clustered within the putative GTP binding motifs and the proposed effector domains of the Vps21/rab5 proteins. Point mutations constructed within these conserved regions inactivate Vps21p function; the mutant cells missort and secrete the soluble vacuolar hydrolase carboxypeptidase Y (CPY). Cells carrying a complete deletion of the VPS21 coding sequence (i) are viable but exhibit a growth defect at 38 degrees C, (ii) missort multiple vacuolar proteins, (iii) accumulate 40-50 nm vesicles and (iv) contain a large vacuole. VPS21 encodes a 22 kDa protein that binds GTP and fractionates with subcellular membranes. Mutant analysis indicates that the association with a membrane(s) is dependent on geranylgeranylation of the C-terminal cysteine residue(s) of Vps21p. We propose that Vps21p functions in the targeting and/or fusion of transport vesicles that mediate the delivery of proteins to the vacuole.
Chapter 92 – Excretion

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses excretion in insects. Excretion in insects serves to promote the appropriate regulation of the intracellular environment as the key to organismal well-being and survival. Regulation of the intracellular environment depends in turn on appropriate regulation of the extracellular fluids. In insects, these extracellular fluids are contained in the hemolymph and in the interstitial fluids surrounding the cells. The processes of excretion in insects are carried out by the organs of the insect gut. These include the midgut, the Malpighian tubules, and the structures in the hindgut, namely the ileum and rectum. The midgut is a tubular epithelium. Upon ingestion, food and fluids move through the esophagus and pass directly into the midgut. The Malpighian tubules are the site of urine formation in all insects except the Collembola, Thysanura, and aphids. The Malpighian tubules are tubular epithelia that are diverticulae of the gut itself. Posterior to the midgut, most insects possess a segment of gut referred to as the ileum. Because this region is part of the hindgut, it is covered on the apical surface by cuticle. The recta of terrestrial insects are large and very active organs. Regions within the rectum are highly differentiated and contain cells with deep membrane folds. Finally, in collembolans and thysanurans, cephalic nephridial glands, sometimes termed labial glands, are responsible for excretory function, including the excretion of nitrogenous waste.
Implementing a genomic oncology program in an integrated health care network with large scale genomic Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) testing of advanced cancers in a community setting.

e19185Background: The importance of NGS testing to help guide oncologic therapy decisions has grown over time, presenting a unique challenge for community oncologists to properly translate the NGS ...
Measurement and Modeling of the Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on the Brain

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method of noninvasively modulating the excitability of the brain. TMS relies on the principle of electromagnetic induction in producing an electric field that stimulates neurons. Measuring the effect of TMS in real time and being able to determine its spatiotemporal resolution increase its potential in both research and clinical applications. In this article, the authors model the electric fields of three TMS coils: quadruple butterfly coil (QBC), triple halo coil (THC), and the magventure B65 coils, by performing computational finite-element (FE) analysis using the Sim4life software. To evaluate the accuracy of the electromagnetic models, we devised a novel experimental protocol that compares the maximum field intensity stimulated using modeling with the induced voltage experimentally measured within a phantom brain in response to TMS.
A Blockchain Approach to Identifying Compromised Nodes in Collaborative Intrusion Detection Systems

Large organizations have multiple networks that are subject to attacks which can be detected by Intrusion Detection Systems. Collaborative Intrusion Detection Systems (CIDS) are used for efficient detection of distributed attacks in large networks by having a global view of the attacks in the networks. However, CIDS are vulnerable to various attacks, which compromise some of the nodes of CIDS. The major challenge caused by these attacks on CIDS is due to insider attacks. These insider attacks decrease the mutual trust among the nodes in CIDS, which is required for sharing critical and sensitive alert data. The compromised nodes will further decrease the accuracy of CIDS by generating false positives and false negatives of the traffic classifications. In this paper, an approach based on trust score system is presented to identify and suspend the compromised nodes in CIDS to improve the trust among the nodes for collaboration. This approach is implemented on a private blockchain because private blockchain provides the features to satisfy the accountability, integrity and privacy requirements of CIDS.
Small molecule crystals with 1D water wires modulate electronic properties of surface water networks

Abstract This study evaluates the effect of water vapor pressure on the surface conductivity of a hydrated small molecule crystal under dry and wet conditions. The crystal contains a discrete metal complex with waters of hydration in structural positions and in 1D water wires. Under dry conditions, the surface of the hydrated crystal behaves as a near ideal capacitor. Under wet conditions, the waters of hydration serve as a template to assemble surface water networks by organization of water from the environment. The surface water provides pathways for charge transfer attributed to proton mobility that increases conductivity by > 3 orders in magnitude. Modulation between wet and dry conditions tunes the conductivity of the crystal surface via a two-step process, which has been evaluated kinetically as a function of the water vapor pressure.
RAOP: Recurrent Neural Network Augmented Offset Prefetcher

The rapid development of Big Data coupled with slowing down of Moore’s law has made the memory performance a bottleneck in the von Neumann architecture. Machine learning has the potential to provide opportunities to address the memory performance issues, specifically through data access prediction. While recent works focusing on the prediction of memory accesses have used recurrent neural networks (RNN), there is a lack of a framework utilizing such prediction in a prefetcher. This paper introduces the RNN Augmented Offset Prefetcher (RAOP) framework, which consists of two parts: an RNN-based predictor and an offset prefetching module. By leveraging the RNN predicted access as a temporal reference, RAOP improves prefetching performance by executing offset prefetching for both the current address and the RNN predicted address. We implement the RNN in the predictor with a compressed long short-term memory (LSTM) model and demonstrate the effect of augmenting an RNN predictor to a simple next-line prefetcher in the prefetching module results in 3.22x, 4.2x, and 15.6% improvement in prefetch accuracy, coverage, and speedup. We further implement a best-offset prefetcher (BOP) in RAOP and compare it to several state-of-the-art prefetchers. Results show that RAOP achieves a mean 4.05% speedup by prefetching in last level cache, outperforming state-of-the-art prefetchers. By augmenting an RNN predictor to BOP, RAOP results in 6.5x, 9.2x, and 12.8% improvement in prefetch accuracy, coverage, and speedup.
To connect or not to connect: Visitor preferences for Wi-Fi and cellular network service at a national park

Abstract Worldwide mobile devices have become ubiquitous including for visitors to parks and protected areas. Wireless communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi access and cellular network service, are also common but not all parks and protected areas provide these services. Wireless communication technologies could alter the visitor experience, however little is known about visitor preferences for Wi-Fi access and cellular network service nor about experiential outcomes of mobile device usage in natural settings. Therefore, the purpose of this research was twofold: to understand visitor preferences for Wi-Fi access and cellular network service, and experiential outcomes of mobile device usage. The study site for this research was Shenandoah National Park (n = 1442). Using k-means clustering analysis, data were clustered into visitor groups and statistically compared to gain insight into patterns of responses. Visitors mostly reported neutral preferences for Wi-Fi access and cellular network service except for cell service park-wide in all national parks was reported as important. One group of visitors (n = 239) reported that these technologies were unimportant and mobile device usage diminishes their experience. Analysis was also conducted to investigate preferences across age, which showed older demographics reported both cell service park-wide and cell service park-wide in all national parks as important. This information is relevant for management decisions regarding wireless communication technologies access and availability within parks and protected areas.
Evaluation of the respective relationships between rumination time within the first 10 days in milk and periparturient diseases, subclinical hypocalcemia, negative energy balance, and milk production in dairy cows

Healthy dairy cows ruminate approximately 400 to 500 minutes per day; however, rumination time can be affected by several factors such as diet composition, health status, environment, and stress. Increased rumination time can be associated with increased health because of increased saliva production, whereas decreased rumination time has been associated with negative health effects. Historically, evaluating rumination time was laborious and limited to a few animals at a time; however, adoption of new technology like rumination collars has allowed increased data collection and monitoring of rumination time at both the individual and herd level. The effect of rumination time early in the postpartum period, based on rumination collar data, on milk production has not been thoroughly evaluated. The objectives of this pilot study were to evaluate the maximum number minutes per day spent ruminating during the first 10 days-in-milk (DIM) for cows that developed displaced abomasum (DA), clinical ketosis (CK), subclinical hypocalcemia, or excessive negative energy balance, and to evaluate the association between rumination minutes and total milk production during the first 30 DIM after controlling for potential confounders.
Thursday, 11:00 a.m., September 2, 2010—Chicago, IL

“Do I look all right?” Danielle Goldman asked her assistant Zandie Tan. “You look perfect,” Zandie assured the woman who stood straightening her mauve suit jacket and adjusting her brooch. “It’s been a long time since I’ve seen Tom Bradford.
Who Represents the Interests of Undocumented Immigrants? A Study of State Legislators

Do elected officials represent those who lack voting rights and political power, specifically undocumented immigrants? While part of a legislator’s geographic constituency, undocumented immigrants provide little electoral benefits and thus are marginalized by most legislators. I present a theory of intersectional linked fate, positing that Latino legislators are responsive to undocumented Latino constituents, even when others are not. To test the theory’s expectations, I conduct the first field experiment and empirical examination of legislator responsiveness to undocumented persons. The results, based on representational choices in 28 U.S. state legislative chambers, indicate that legislators generally respond less to undocumented Latinos than Latino citizens, but that Latino legislators respond similarly to undocumented and citizen Latino constituents. The results also show a surprisingly high level of legislative responsiveness to undocumented immigrants. This study has important theoretical implications for representation, the definition of constituent, and what constitutes the meaning of democratic citizenship.
Properties of Thiol-Subtilisin THE CONSEQUENCES OF CONVERTING THE ACTIVE SERINE RESIDUE TO CYSTEINE IN A SERINE PROTEASE

The conversion of a catalytic residue of an enzyme into a functional group with similar chemical and steric properties has been investigated in order to clarify the role of the catalytic group and its tolerance to change. The active site serine residue of the proteolytic enzyme, subtilisin, was converted into a cysteine residue by a two-step chemical process with no change in other properties of the enzyme, such as sedimentation pattern, starch gel electrophoresis pattern, amino acid composition, fluorescence, ultraviolet absorption, and chemical reactivity of tryptophan residues. A small change in the optical rotatory dispersion pattern was observed. The modified enzyme, thiol-subtilisin, was found to be inactive toward normal substrates, such as other proteins and simple esters, although a slight activity toward the labile nitrophenyl esters was observed. This inactivity of thiol-subtilisin could not be attributed to the binding of substrate, which appeared to be essentially unchanged, or to the deacylation step of the over-all reaction, which was decreased up to 100-fold. Rather, it is due to the diminished rate of the acylation step, which was undetectable. This result is contrary to the rates of model reactions of thiols and alcohols as nucleophiles. It is postulated that in the active site of the enzyme there is a critical alignment of catalytic groups and substrates which is necessary for activity. The polarizability and size of the —SH group, then, may be sufficiently greater than that of the —OH group that it perturbs this critical arrangement and prevents catalytic action.
Using Alice 2.0 as a first language

This paper describes how Alice 2.0 is being used in an introductory programming course, the first in a three course sequence that meets the description of the object-oriented sequence described in the CC2001 report. The modifications to the syllabi to accommodate an Alice-Java-Java sequence are described.. Issues caused by using Alice for an introduction programming in the first course for both computing majors and liberal studies students are explored. Retention data and percentage of women enrolled when using Alice for the first semester is compared to data for C++.
Reverse coverage analysis

Commonly used approaches for accumulating coverage data do not properly track events that have been covered in the past but not recently (stale events). They either treat stale events as covered events (global approach) or as uncovered events (window approach). We propose a new approach called reverse coverage analysis that is based on tracking the last time each coverage event was hit and looking at the coverage data backward in time from the present. With this approach, we can easily identify stale events and when the ability to cover them was lost. The reverse coverage approach was successfully used in the verification of two high-end IBM microprocessors and improved treatment of stale events and their causes.
Anthocyanin yields of clonal wild carrot cell cultures

The anthocyanin yields in clonal populations of wild carrot suspension cultures were measured after four patterns of cloning and selection. These patterns were: In all cases the populations of clones obtained showed a wide range of anthocyanin accumulation. The population means of anthocyanin content also varied on serial cloning plus selection for high yield. One selection for low yield substantially decreased the anthocyanin accumulation in the populations obtained by subsequent serial cloning plus selection for high yield in about half the cases. Serial cloning plus selection for low yield decreased the anthocyanin accumulation to low and possibly zero levels in 3 out of 4 cases. The anthocyanin accumulation of these populations could be partially restored by serial recloning plus selection of the highest yielding clones. In one low yielding clonal population a marked increase in anthocyanin occurred during serial passaging. The data lead to the conclusion that the cell from which a clonal population is initiated affects the means of the clonal populations subsequently obtained from it. The implications of this hypothesis are discussed.
Hemolysis in patients with the cloth-covered aortic valve prosthesis. Changing severity of hemolysis and prediction of anemia.

Abstract This paper is addressed to two questions: (1) Is there evidence for Increasing hemolysis in patients with a cloth-covered aortic valve prosthesis? (2) Is it possible to predict from the hematocrit, retriculocyte count, serum hemoglobin and serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels which patients are at risk of anemia? These screening studies were performed in patients attending the postoperative clinic from 1970 to 1973. Patients were classified into anemic and nonanemic groups. LDH values for the anemic group include all yearly values for that patient including preanemia levels. The median LDH levels showed a yearly increase in the anemic group and no change in the nonanemic group (P 40 mg 100 ml was common in the anemic patients and was present in only 3 of 17 nonanemic patients. It is suggested that the serum LDH level should be monitored in all patients with the aortic totally cloth-covered prosthesis. Values in excess of 250 units (four times the upper limit of normal by other LDH methods) or increasing levels, or both, suggest future anemia.
Supersymmetry breakdown in supersymmetric quantum mechanics

We give a pedagogical introduction to supersymmetric quantum mechanics with emphasis on the question of spontaneous supersymmetry breaking. Various models both withN=1 andN=2 supersymmetry are then presented and analysed.
What do practitioners need to know about research methodology

Because technical writers are sometimes called on to evaluate whether or not particular research findings are pertinent to their situation, it is important for them to have a basic understanding of research methodology. The author examines two issues: (1) identifying the two main types of methodology in business and technical communication research-quantitative and qualitative-and (2) helping technical communication practitioners understand the distinguishing characteristics of these methods. >
P‐ANCA Positive Cocaine Associated Vasculitis: A Case Report

Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are classically associated with primary vasculitic syndromes, including Churg-Strauss syndrome, microscopic polyangiitis, and Wegeners granulomatosis. Recently, drug induced ANCA positive vasculitis has been reported, most frequently in association with propylthiouracil in Grave’s disease. Cocaine use is known to be associated with pulmonary and systemic eosinophilia as well as various vascular pathology, including vasospasm, atherosclerosis, and vasculitis. We report a case of cocaine associated perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) positive vasculitis. A 46-year-old man with a history of crack cocaine abuse presented with arthralgia, lower extremity edema, and multiple purpuric, tender papules and plaques over the hands and lower extremities. Peripheral blood studies revealed hypereosinophilia, and serologic tests demonstrated a p-ANCA titer of 1:2560. A skin biopsy demonstrated injured small dermal vessels with a perivascular infiltrate of neutrophils, karyorrhectic debris, erythrocytes, and abundant eosinophils. His symptoms and eosinophilia resolved with cessation of cocaine use and intravenous dexamethasone. Following a 2 year period of reported abstinence, the patient relapsed on cocaine and presented with similar clinical, serologic, and histologic findings. Although p-ANCA has been reported in patients with cocaine associated midline destructive lesions, to our knowledge, this is the first report of cocaine associated p-ANCA positive systemic vasculitis.
Text features and preschool teachers’ use of print referencing

Storybook features, such as linguistic richness and print salience, potentially influence how a teacher references print. This study addressed two research questions: (1) to what extent does the linguistic richness and print salience of children's storybooks relate to teachers’ use of print referencing? and (2) to what extent is there an interplay between storybooks’ linguistic richness and print salience when predicting teachers’ use of print referencing? Fifty-seven teachers participated in a whole-group read-aloud intervention while including print-referencing behaviours. Researchers analysed teacher videos in order to (1) document teachers’ use of print referencing and (2) document the storybook's linguistic features and print salience. Results indicated that print salience is highly positively related to teachers’ use of print referencing. Also, the constructs of Print Salience Metric (PSM) and total words predicted teachers’ use of print referencing, and the interaction between PSM and mean length of sentence was significant for storybooks with moderate and high PSM scores.
How Do Red Blood Cells Dilate Blood Vessels

To the Editor: Recently in this journal, a report by James et al1 was paired with an editorial by Gladwin and Schechter.2 However, the invited commentators did not discuss the novel finding of James et al that hemoglobin (Hb) glycosylation in diabetes impairs vasorelaxation by altering nitric oxide (NO) binding to Hb thiols. Instead, the guest editors focused on vascular dilation by red blood cells (RBCs) in the absence of disease, for which they now state that there are “two competing mechanisms.” This imposes an unnecessary dichotomy on our emerging understanding of how RBCs dilate blood vessels with NO, as in hypoxic dilation. If the two alternatives in a dichotomy are not the sole alternatives, or are not mutually exclusive, or if neither is true, the dichotomy is false and forces sincere dissenters into extreme points of view, allows the dichotomists to frame the debate improperly, and wastes intellectual resources. All this impedes scientific advance. This dialectic …
Effects of 2 different swallowing exercise regimens during organ-preservation therapies for head and neck cancers on swallowing function

Background This study investigated the effects of 2 different swallowing exercise regimens performed during radiation therapy with/without chemotherapy on swallowing function. Methods Fifty patients were recruited prospectively to 2 groups (the exercise group, n = 26 and the repetitive swallow group, n = 24). Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) scores and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placements were compared at posttreatment and at 3 months. Results The exercise group eliminated significantly more PEG tubes at 3 months posttreatment compared to the swallow group (16% vs 50%). Among patients who received both radiation and chemotherapy, the exercise group had significantly less PEG tubes immediately posttreatment as well as 3 months posttreatment (35% and 10%), compared to the swallow group (69% and 50%). Conclusion Findings indicate significant benefits of the exercise group's exercise regimen in reducing PEG dependence and oral intake difficulties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 162-170, 2015