cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The transient temperature field existing about a cooled stationary electrical contact

A numerical analysis is formulated and used to determine the transient temperature fields associated with Joule heating of a cooled stationary electrical contact. The contact is treated as a hemisphere. The field equations are developed using complex variables and conformal transforms, and the resulting equations are solved using finite differences. Contours of constant temperature are given that show a maximum temperature located very close to the center of the contact patch; this qualitatively agrees with earlier findings of Holm.
Bark Beetle Responses to Stand Structure and Prescribed Fire at Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest, California, USA: 5-Year Data

Highly effective fire suppression and selective harvesting of large-diameter, fire-tolerant tree species, such as ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson) and Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi Balf.), have resulted in substantial changes to the structure and composition of interior ponderosa pine forests. Mechanical thinning and the application of prescribed fire are now commonly used to reduce fuel loads and restore late-seral conditions in interior ponderosa pine forests, but the propensity for some bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) to attack fire-injured trees has led to questions regarding how management objectives may be impacted by levels of delayed tree mortality attributed to bark beetle attack. In this study, we examined bark beetle responses to creation of mid-seral (low structural diversity; LoD) and late-seral (high structural diversity; HiD) forest structures at Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest, California, USA, during a five-year period following the application of prescribed fire (B). Twelve experimental plots (LoD and HiD), ranging in size from 77 ha to 144 ha, were split with one half randomly assigned prescribed fire, resulting in four treatments (HiD, HiD + B, LoD, and LoD + B). A total of 6877 pine and fir (Abies) trees (4.0 % of all trees) were killed by bark beetles (all bark beetle species combined). Most of the tree mortality was attributed to western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) and mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosae Hopkins) in ponderosa pine, and fir engraver (Scolytus ventralis LeConte) in white fir (Abies concolor [Gord. & Glend.] Lindl. ex Hildebr.). The majority of bark beetle-caused tree mortality was recorded on HiD + B (41.5 % of trees that were killed by bark beetles) with 30.0 %, 23.5 %, and 5.0 % occurring on HiD, LoD + B, and LoD, respectively. Overall, a significantly higher percentage of bark beetle-caused tree mortality (of available trees) occurred on LoD + B (5.3 %) and HiD + B (4.8 %) compared to LoD (1.1 %). We observed no significant differences in levels of bark beetle-caused tree mortality (all bark beetle species combined) among diameter classes, but the level of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality was concentrated in the large tree component on burned split plots, which differs from results obtained two years after the application of prescribed fire. The amount of bark beetle-caused tree mortality increased substantially on unburned split plots compared to burned split plots following our initial survey (i.e., three years to five years after the application of prescribed fire). The implications of these and other results for the management and maintenance of late-seral conditions in interior ponderosa pine forests are discussed.
Relation between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and peripheral vasomotor function.

Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are one of the most common lipid abnormalities in patients with coronary artery disease. Endothelial dysfunction is also highly prevalent in patients with coronary artery disease. We sought to determine whether HDL cholesterol levels are correlated with endothelium-dependent vasomotion in patients being evaluated for atherosclerosis. Peripheral vascular endothelial function was assessed by high-resolution brachial artery ultrasound. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) during reactive hyperemia was defined as the percent change in arterial diameter following 5-minute arterial occlusion. All patients underwent stress testing with nuclear single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging to determine percent left ventricular ejection fraction and define the presence or absence of coronary artery disease. One hundred fifty-one subjects (87 men, 64 women) were enrolled (average age 58 +/- 11 years). Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were 188 +/- 48, 47 +/- 13, 108 +/- 37 and 154 +/- 88 mg/dl, respectively. The mean FMD for the entire group was 9.9 +/- 5.2%. Subjects with an HDL cholesterol of /=40 mg/dl (11.0 +/- 5.5%, p <0.001). There was a significant correlation between FMD and HDL cholesterol level (linear regression, p <0.001), and in multivariate analysis, HDL cholesterol was an independent predictor of FMD. Peripheral endothelial function was abnormal in subjects with low HDL cholesterol and well-preserved in those with high HDL cholesterol. These data suggest that impaired endothelial function associated with low HDL cholesterol may be an additional, previously unrecognized mechanism contributing to the increased risk of atherosclerosis in these patients.
The stratospheric abundance of Hypochlorous Acid (HOCL)

Abstract New measurements of the absorption cross-section of HOCl suggest that this molecule may be more stable to photolysis than had been previously thought. These results, combined with recent measurements of the rate of formation, suggest that significant concentrations of HOCl could form in the stratosphere. In the present study, model calculations incorporating HOCl are discussed. The results are compared with available stratospheric measurements for chlorine species, and with calculations not including HOCl. It should be possible to detect HOCl in the stratosphere using i.r. techniques.
Effect of a Tryptophan Deficient Diet on Brain Serotonin and Plasma Tryptophan Level.

SummaryOne hundred and eight female Wistar rats were placed on tryptophan sufficient or tryptophan deficient diets. Six animals from each group were sacrificed after 2 days, 4 days and multiples of 4 days. Plasma tryptophan level was found to reflect changes in brain serotonin level. Furthermore, plasma tryptophan and brain serotonin were significantly decreased after as little as 4 days on the tryptophan deficient diet. The levels of plasma tryptophan and brain serotonin were relatively constant from 4 to 28 days, at which time both showed further decreases.
Representational Role Types: A Research Note

As part of their state legislative research project, Professors Wahlke, Eulau, Buchanan, and Ferguson subjected Edmund Burke's classical phrasing of the dilemma of representation to an empirical examination. Burke postulated the style of representation in terms of either-or: the legislator is either a mere spokesman for his constituents or he represents them as he believes best. The 4-state survey findings did not bear Burke out; rather, they disclosed a trichotomy, three major representational role types, with a classification of “Politico” appearing along with “Delegate” and “Trustee.” The Politico expresses an overlap of both orientations, so that representative types can be conceived of along a continuum, rather than constituting two polar positions, with the Politico placed toward the mid-point. In numerical frequency, as well, the Politico type was also found to fall between the other two. Left to be determined is the universality of the 4-state formulation of representational roles. Over the last decade I have periodically observed the evolution of legislatures functioning in the American-administered regions of the Pacific. Here are to be found a number of under-developed societies, or to employ a more informative description, distinctive cultures in transitional status adapting introduced political forms to customary political practices. These traditional practices are fundamentally premised upon the resolving of differences through the reaching of consensus for taking political action.
Non-covalent interactions exert extraordinary influence over conformation and properties of a well-known supramolecular building block

At low pH, and in the presence of 4,4′-bipyridine, p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene crystallizes in the 1,3-alternate conformation rather than the expected cone conformation and exhibits remarkable stability.
Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Chicken Livers Following Adrenocorticotropic Hormone‐induced Stress

Commercial chickens were implanted with a micro-osmotic pump which released 1 IU/kg BW/day of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and were sacrificed after 24 and 48h. The weight of liver increased from 3.36% for the untreated controls to 4.56 and 5.40% of ready-to-cook carcass weight for 24 and 48h after implantation, respectively. The fat content increased from 4.44% for the untreated group to 9.97 and 12.17% for 24 and 48h treated group, respectively. However, the pH and moisture content of liver decreased with the ACTH treatment and the livers were more pale. The ATCH treatment decreased the percentages of 14:0 and 18:2 fatty acids and increased that of 18:1 fatty acid in the liver.
A Low Jitter 1.6 GHz Multiplying DLL Utilizing a Scrambling Time-to-Digital Converter and Digital Correlation

This paper presents a 1.6 GHz multiplying delay-locked loop (MDLL) that leverages time-to-digital conversion and a digital correlation technique to achieve low deterministic jitter while still maintaining low random jitter. A proposed time-to-digital converter consists of a ring oscillator that is gated on and off to accurately measure time and scramble the measurement's residual error. Using a 50 MHz reference, the prototype system has measured reference spurs less than -59 dBc and an overall measured jitter of 1.41 ps.
Magnetic Susceptibility of Collinear and Noncollinear Heisenberg Antiferromagnets

Predictions of the anisotropic magnetic susceptibility χ below the antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering temperatures T(N) of local moment Heisenberg AFMs have been made previously using molecular field theory (MFT) but are very limited in their applicability. Here a MFT calculation of χ(T ≤ T(N)) is presented for a wide variety of collinear and noncollinear Heisenberg AFMs containing identical crystallographically equivalent spins without recourse to magnetic sublattices. The results are expressed in terms of directly measurable experimental parameters and are fitted with no adjustable parameters to experimental χ(T ≤ T(N)) data from the literature for several collinear and noncollinear AFMs. The influence of spin correlations and fluctuations beyond MFT is quantified by the deviation of the theory from the data. The origin of the universal χ(T ≤ T(N)) observed for triangular lattice AFMs exhibiting coplanar noncollinear 120° AFM ordering is clarified.
Perceptual learning of cartoon faces by young children

Children’s perceptual learning of cartoon faces varying in facial features and orientations were investigated. After familiarization with the concept of “same-different,” 54 children aged 4 to 6 years were given a pretest series of faces in a delayed matching task. Children in the experimental groups were then given attention training on one or more feature sets (eyes, noses, mouths), after which all children were given a posttest series. Results showed that training and age of subjects strongly affected children’s matching responses in both pretest and posttest. Children given attention training on all features showed the greatest improvement in performance. Additionally, some transformations of forms were more difficult to match than others. Results were interpreted mainly to support cognitive-perceptual formulations of Bryant (1974) and Gibson (1969).
Magnetic anisotropy of the Trenton limestone revisited

Previous studies have shown clear differences between the anisotropies of low-field magnetic susceptibility (LFS) and of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) in samples of the Ordovician Trenton limestone from Trenton Falls, NY. ARM was found to be significantly more anisotropic than LFS, and to exhibit a well-defined east-northeasterly lineation which was not apparent in anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). Because of significant local variation in mean LFS (by approximately a factor of two) at this locality, it has been possible to reanalyze the AMS of these samples by the method of Henry (1983), which in some cases allows mathematical differentiation of the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic susceptibility tensors. The ferromagnetic susceptibility tensor obtained in this way shows the same tectonic shortening apparent in the ARM anisotropy, but surprisingly, it shows no evidence of horizontal foliation. The paramagnetic tensor is horizontally foliated, with no lineation. The difference between the ferromagnetic susceptibility and ARM tensors suggests different ferrromagnetic sources of ARM and LFS.
A methodology for objective assessment of errors: an example using an endoscopic sinus surgery simulator.

There is a public and professional demand for more performance accountability for surgeons, especially in the area of procedural proficiency. Little has been done in the area of objectively assessing technical skills, with the current standard being archived case load and surgeon observation with subjective commentary. Military and airline pilots have used flight simulators for over 50 years, but until recently surgeons were not tested in a similar manner. The Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Simulator has been developed for this purpose, and the initial validation has been published for skills performance. This article is devoted to describing the methodology for (1) the definition of abilities, skills, tasks and procedures, specifically concerning errors; (2) the taxonomy of errors in endoscopic sinus surgery with appropriate objective metrics; and (3) measures for outcomes analysis based on errors and other skills-performance measures. Although these metrics are developed specifically for the ES3, the method is generalizable for other otolaryngologic and general surgical procedures.
In vivo deiodination of labeled L-thyroxine to L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in mouse and human pituitaries.

l-Thyroxine labeled with I131 (T4*) was injected into normal and radiothyroidectomized mice, and also into 2 patients undergoing pituitary surgery. Four hours after injection, up to 27 % of the radioactivity found in the mouse pituitaries was in the form of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3*). In the human pituitaries, 5 and 10 % of the radioactivity was present as T3*. Labeled iodide (I*) and unchanged T4* constituted the remainder of the radioactivity.
Recombination in Interpopulation Hybrids of the Copepod Tigriopus californicus: Release of Beneficial Variation Despite Hybrid Breakdown

Crosses between divergent populations of the copepod Tigriopus californicus typically result in fitness reductions for both F 2 and backcross hybrids. Because females in this species lack chiasmatic meiosis, both recombinant and nonrecombinant backcross hybrids can be created. Recombinant hybrids were found to have significantly faster development time for both males and females in 2 pairs of crosses, indicating the creation of favorable gene combinations by disrupting parental linkage groups.
Making U.S. graduate education more diverse.

Increasing the participation of minority students in science and engineering, at all levels, remains a daunting challenge in the United States despite concerted efforts over the past 30 years (“Diversity remains elusive for flagship NSF program,” J. Mervis, News of the Week, 9 June, p. [1454][1]). The issue is more critical than ever before, but we seem to keep trying the same things and expecting different results. Most programs seek to better prepare undergraduates, but the problem is that few are admitted to doctoral programs. The basic problem is therefore admission, not a lack of minority students who have the ability to succeed. If indeed one of the major goals of the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship program (IGERT) is to increase the number of women and minorities in science, then individual IGERT programs that fail to do that should not be renewed. There is no question that the science that is being done through these IGERT programs is laudable, but if the aim of the program is not being met, investigators should be funded through other programs. I agree that productive faculty often do not have spare time to seek and recruit these students. They rely on the traditional model in which students actively seek participation in graduate research, either on their own or with the assistance of faculty mentors. Such students are self-confident in the pursuit of graduate education in research universities. Although some minority students do fall into this category, the numbers are relatively small. A central, national office to assist in recruiting minority students will no doubt help, but faculty simply have to make the commitment and find the time to actively seek minority students who might not have that self-confidence but who nonetheless are highly qualified. Wherever one finds a successful program, one will always find a faculty member or department head that does this, and we should do more to enable and reward their efforts. After all, it is individual faculty members who ultimately decide who gets admitted to graduate programs. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.312.5779.1454
Process development and evaluation for algal glycerol production

An economically and technically feasible process is proposed for large-scale production of glycerol by means of a halophilic algae. This process provides an alternative route for glycerol production that is minimally dependent on fossil fuels and is, therefore, less sensitive to crude oil availability and price. The primary raw material, carbon dioxide from stack gas, is an inexpensive and renewable resource. Maximal utilization of solar energy is made not only in the glycerol synthesis steps but also in the product recovery system. Significant improvment in the process economics can be realized through further development of large-scale cultivation technology, and biomass distribution and collection machinery. 21 refs.
Measuring Policy Positions in Political Space

Spatial models are ubiquitous within political science. Whenever we confront spatial models with data, we need valid and reliable ways to measure policy positions in political space. I first review a range of general issues that must be resolved before thinking about how to measure policy positions, including cognitive metrics, a priori and a posteriori scale interpretation, dimensionality, common spaces, and comparability across settings. I then briefly review different types of data we can use to do this and measurement techniques associated with each type, focusing on headline issues with each type of data and pointing to comprehensive surveys of relevant literatures—including expert, elite, and mass surveys; text analysis; and legislative voting behavior.
Cryoablation of Congenital Familial Ectopic Tachycardia with Preservation of Atrioventircular Nodal Function in an Infant

A 1-year-old child weighing 8 kg with familial congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia that was difficult to treat with antiarrhythmic medications underwent successful cryoablation with preservation of atrioventricular (AV) nodal function. This report describes a strategy of cryoablation in conjunction with a 3-D mapping system and the use of atrial overdrive pacing during cryothermal application to assess AV nodal function.
Molecular characterization of prostate cancer following androgen deprivation: the devil in the details.

Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the mainstay of therapy for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, patients inevitably progress and become resistant to treatment targeting the androgen signaling axis. Castrationresistant PCa (CRPC) represents the final stage of the disease, with median survival of <2 yr. Despite the recent addition of new agents to the armamentarium against CRPC, it remains incurable and universally lethal. Many fundamental questions about ADT and CRPC remain largely unanswered: How does PCa adapt to ADT? What are the most common mechanisms of resistance? Can recurrence be predicted and averted? The molecular profiling of PCa following ADT holds the potential to unlock the biology of CRPC, possibly revealing biomarkers necessary to predict response to therapy and to identify early recurrence as well as potentially identifying novel therapeutic targets. In this issue of European Urology, Rajan et al. report on a pilot study of gene expression profiling of seven patients with advanced PCa, with paired samples before and after ADT [1]. Using RNA sequencing and bioinformatics approaches, the authors identify alterations in the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway following ADT. Furthermore, they show dysregulation of b-catenin in a subset of CRPCs in an independent cohort and a small amount of functional data in cell lines suggesting that inhibition of Wnt/b-catenin signaling may preferentially inhibit CRPC cell growth. The authors should be commended for an approach that attempts to directly interrogate the impact of ADT on PCa signaling pathways in patients and to elucidate the molecular events underlying the emergence of CRPC.
Measurements of Hydrogen Redistribution in Hot Electron Injection of MOS Capacitors

Redistribution of hydrogen caused by hot electron injection has been studied in large Al-gate capacitors using internal photemission followed by hydrogen depth profiling with the 15 N nuclear reaction. A large peak of hydrogen (∼ 10 15 at /cm 2 ) at the Al/SiO 2 interface due to a hydrated layer on the surface of the SiO 2 was found to act as a source of hydrogen during the photoinjection. A small fraction of the hydrogen released from this peak was found to be re-trapped near the Si/;SiO 2 interface if a field of >1 MV/cm was applied to the SiO 2 during the injection. Up to 2 × 10 14 atoms/cm 2 of hydrogen were found to be trapped at this interface for injected fluences up to 5 C/cm 2 . These results are discussed in terms of current models of interface state generation involving hydrogen.
PRODUCTION OF ATHEROMATOSIS IN THE AORTA OF THE BIRD BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL

A new experimental procedure for the production of arteriosclerosis in the bird is described. The subcutaneous implantation of diethylstilbestrol by means of which a sustained increase in the concentration of cholesterol, phospholipid, and neutral fat can be readily established, is shown to induce atherosclerosis of the aorta. The atherosclerosis has been compared with that artificially induced in the bird by the prolonged feeding of cholesterol and also with that occurring spontaneously. The stilbestrol-induced lesion more closely resembled the spontaneously occurring one in the bird than did that produced by cholesterol feeding. But all 3 lesions were fundamentally similar, differing only in the amounts and proportions of the various lipid constituents present. The concentrations of cholesterol in plasma of the stilbestrol-treated and cholesterol-fed birds were of the same order. Yet cholesterol constituted a greater proportion of the lipids deposited in the arterial wall of the cholesterol-fed than in that of the stilbestrol-treated birds. This finding suggests that the cholesterol content of the vascular lesion depends not only on the absolute concentration of cholesterol in plasma, but also on the proportion of cholesterol to other lipid constituents in plasma.
Catecholamines can mediate stress-related effects on tumor progression

Studies have implicated behavior as a factor that can influence several aspects of health and have described the complex bidirectional interactions among the CNS, the endocrine system and the immune system that are involved. There is evidence that psychological factors can affect the incidence and progression of some cancers in humans. The hypothesis that stress could be a cofactor is supported by data obtained from animal models. Catecholamines, norepinephrine in particular, have been shown to directly affect various aspects of tumor development that is separate from the well-characterized effects on the cellular immune response to immunogenic tumors. Studies have shown that norepinephrine can directly affect tumor cell behavior and gene expression, further suggesting another mechanism for stress-related modulation of tumor progression. This line of research further suggests that interventions targeting components of the activated sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis, or the utilization of β-adrenergic receptor-blocking agents, may represent new strategies for slowing down the progression of malignant disease and improving cancer patients' quality of life.
An outer-approximation algorithm for generalized maximum entropy sampling

This paper presents an outer-approximation algorithm to address a generalized maximum entropy sampling (GMES) problem that determines a set of measurement locations providing the largest entropy reduction. A new mixed- integer semidefinite program (MISDP) formulation is proposed to handle a GMES problem with a jointly Gaussian distribution over the search space. This formulation employs binary variables to indicate if the corresponding measurement location is selected, and exploits the linear equivalent form of a bilinear term involving binary variables to ensure convexity of the objective function and linearity of the constraint functions. An outer- approximation algorithm is developed for this formulation that obtains the optimal solution by solving a sequence of mixed-integer linear programs. Numerical experiments are presented to verify the solution optimality and the computational effectiveness of the proposed algorithm by comparing it with an existing branch-and-bound method that utilizes nonlinear programming relaxation. Sensor selection for best tracking of a moving target under a communication budget constraint is specifically considered to validate the superiority of the suggested algorithm in handling quadratic constraints.
Arginase-2 mediates diabetic renal injury.

OBJECTIVE To determine 1 ) whether renal arginase activity or expression is increased in diabetes and 2 ) whether arginase plays a role in development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The impact of arginase activity and expression on renal damage was evaluated in spontaneously diabetic Ins2 Akita mice and in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Dilute Brown Agouti (DBA) and arginase-2–deficient mice ( Arg2 −/− ). RESULTS Pharmacological blockade or genetic deficiency of arginase-2 conferred kidney protection in Ins2 Akita mice or STZ-induced diabetic renal injury. Blocking arginases using S -(2-boronoethyl)-l-cysteine for 9 weeks in Ins2 Akita mice or 6 weeks in STZ-induced diabetic DBA mice significantly attenuated albuminuria, the increase in blood urea nitrogen, histopathological changes, and kidney macrophage recruitment compared with vehicle-treated Ins2 Akita mice. Furthermore, kidney arginase-2 expression increased in Ins2 Akita mice compared with control. In contrast, arginase-1 expression was undetectable in kidneys under normal or diabetes conditions. Arg2 −/− mice mimicked arginase blockade by reducing albuminuria after 6 and 18 weeks of STZ-induced diabetes. In wild-type mice, kidney arginase activity increased significantly after 6 and 18 weeks of STZ-induced diabetes but remained very low in STZ-diabetic Arg2 −/− mice. The increase in kidney arginase activity was associated with a reduction in renal medullary blood flow in wild-type mice after 6 weeks of STZ-induced diabetes, an effect significantly attenuated in diabetic Arg2 −/− mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that arginase-2 plays a major role in induction of diabetic renal injury and that blocking arginase-2 activity or expression could be a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of DN.
Impact of Endoscopic Surveillance on Mortality From Barrett's Esophagus–Associated Esophageal Adenocarcinomas

Background & Aims Although patients with Barrett's esophagus commonly undergo endoscopic surveillance, its effectiveness in reducing mortality from esophageal/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas has not been evaluated rigorously. Methods We performed a case-control study in a community-based setting. Among 8272 members with Barrett's esophagus, we identified 351 esophageal adenocarcinoma: 70 in persons who had a prior diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus (who were eligible for surveillance); 51 of these patients died, 38 as a result of the cancers (cases). Surveillance histories were contrasted with a sample of 101 living persons with Barrett's esophagus (controls), matched for age, sex, and duration of follow-up evaluation. Results Surveillance within 3 years was not associated with a decreased risk of death from esophageal adenocarcinoma (adjusted odds ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.36–2.75). Fatal cases were nearly as likely to have received surveillance (55.3%) as were controls (60.4%). A Barrett's esophagus length longer than 3 cm and prior dysplasia each were associated with subsequent mortality, but adjustment for these did not change the main findings. Although all patients should be included in evaluations of effectiveness, excluding deaths related to cancer treatment and patients who failed to complete treatment, changed the magnitude, but not the significance, of the association (odds ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.13–1.64). Conclusions Endoscopic surveillance of patients with Barrett's esophagus was not associated with a substantially decreased risk of death from esophageal adenocarcinoma. The results do not exclude a small to moderate benefit. However, if such a benefit exists, our findings indicate that it is substantially smaller than currently estimated. The effectiveness of surveillance was influenced partially by the acceptability of existing treatments and the occurrence of treatment-associated mortality.
Perceptual Grouping: It's Later Than You Think

Recent research on perceptual grouping is described with particular emphasis on the level at which grouping factors operate. Contrary to the standard view of grouping as an early, two-dimensional, image-based process, experimental results show that it is strongly influenced by binocular depth perception, lightness constancy, amodal completion, and illusory figures. Such findings imply that at least some grouping processes operate at the level of conscious perception rather than the retinal image. Whether classical grouping processes also operate at an early, preconstancy level is an important, but currently unanswered question.
Taenia solium: molecular cloning and serologic evaluation of 14- and 18-kDa related, diagnostic antigens.

We are attempting to design a simpler assay based on synthetic or recombinant antigens to replace the labor-intensive enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB-C), which is currently used to diagnose Taenia solium cysticercosis. From the lentil lectin-bound fraction of cyst glycoproteins (the LLGP fraction used in the EITB-C), we previously identified and purified 2 related polypeptides of 14- and 18-kDa that demonstrated diagnostic usefulness. Using degenerate oligonucleotide primers corresponding to amino acid sequences of these polypeptides and a cDNA library prepared from T. solium cysticerci, we amplified cDNA clones that represent the 14- and 18-kDa polypeptides. These clones share sequence homology at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Synthetic polypeptides that represented the full-length, mature proteins (sTS14 and sTS18) were assessed for serologic potential using an ELISA. sTS14, but not sTS18, demonstrated utility as a diagnostic antigen. sTS14 was recognized by antibodies in a majori...
The intervention tone of coaches' behaviour: Development of the assessment of coaching tone (ACT) observational coding system

The importance of coaches' interactive behaviour with respect to athlete development has long been recognized. While a number of observational coding systems exist to record the instructional content of coaches' interactive behaviour, none is designed to explicitly capture the intervention tone of these interactions – ‘how’ coaches say what they say. The current project entailed the development of a new behavioural coding system designed to focus on the intervention tone of youth sport coaches' interactive behaviour. Behaviour categories were developed through an iterative combination of literature review and observation of recorded youth sport coaching sessions. A coder training protocol was developed and refined until coders consistently met a minimum standard of agreement with respect to both inter- and intra-rater reliability. The full coding system was then initially validated across six different team and individual youth sports in multiple contexts over a one year period.
Survey of Potential PRT Dyes and their Spectroscopic Properties

There exists a growing literature 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 describing the use of HPD in the treatment of malignant tumors, as well as extensive studies relating to the various possible aspects of the photodynamic processes in vitro and in vivo. The more recent topical conferences on the subject, in particular, have shown how the field is growing and how specialists in various disciplines bring their collective research talents to bear on the highly promising modality of cancer treatment. There is little doubt now that PRT will become one of the major weapons in the arsenal against solid tumors, largely as a result of Dr. T. J. Dougherty and the efforts of his disciples.
Hard-Wall and Non-Uniform Lattice Monte Carlo Approaches to One-Dimensional Fermi Gases in a Harmonic Trap

Abstract We present in detail two variants of the lattice Monte Carlo method aimed at tackling systems in external trapping potentials: a uniform-lattice approach with hard-wall boundary conditions, and a non-uniform Gauss–Hermite lattice approach. Using those two methods, we compute the ground-state energy and spatial density profile for systems of N = 4 – 8 harmonically trapped fermions in one dimension. From the favorable comparison of both energies and density profiles (particularly in regions of low density), we conclude that the trapping potential is properly resolved by the hard-wall basis. Our work paves the way to higher dimensions and finite temperature analyses, as calculations with the hard-wall basis can be accelerated via fast Fourier transforms; the cost of unaccelerated methods is otherwise prohibitive due to the unfavorable scaling with system size. To illustrate this point, we show a brief performance comparison of accelerated versus unaccelerated methods across spatial dimensions.
Weight restoration on a high carbohydrate refeeding diet promotes rapid weight regain and hepatic lipid accumulation in female anorexic rats

Background There is currently no standard clinical refeeding diet for the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN). To provide the most efficacious AN clinical care, it is necessary to define the metabolic effects of current refeeding diets.
Abstract 3640: Age-related DNA methylation in normal breast tissues.

Age-related DNA methylation in normal breast tissues It is well established that age is a key risk factor for breast cancer, with increasing incidence associated with older age. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation alterations, may contribute to age-related increases in breast cancer risk. Altered patterns of DNA methylation can modify the regulation of gene expression or expression potential, and DNA methylation alterations are frequently observed in the early stages of breast tumorigenesis. However, genome-wide interindividual variation in normal breast DNA methylation has not been well characterized for its relation with age and other key breast cancer risk factors. To investigate the relationship between age and DNA methylation in normal breast tissues, we first performed a meta-analysis using two independent data sets GSE32393 (n=23) and GSE31979 (n=15), from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. For each of the considered datasets, genome-wide DNA methylation was assessed using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27 Beadchip, which profiles the methylation status of ∼27,000 CpG loci, associated with >14,000 genes. Associations between DNA methylation and age were examined by fitting a series of linear regression models to arcsine square root transformed average beta values for all CpG loci in both data sets. Between these data sets, 204 CpG loci were significantly and consistently associated (P Citation Format: Kevin C. Johnson, Amanda K. Jensen, Megan A. Murphy, Devin C. Koestler, Brock C. Christensen. Age-related DNA methylation in normal breast tissues. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3640. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3640
Treatment of Scabies and Pediculosis Pubis

Scabies and pediculosis are common diseases among patients who attend venereal disease clinics. Although not necessarily venereal diseases, both can be transmitted sexually. For pediculosis pubis, the usual mode of transmission is sexual. For several years, gamma benzene hexachloride (GBH) was considered the treatment of choice for both scabies and pediculosis. In recent years, however, questions have been raised concerning the safety of the drug. It has been suggested that this agent may be hazardous for the treatment of scabies in infants, children, and pregnant women [1-4]. There are also reports that the drug may be carcinogenic in mice [5, 6]. Because of these reports, the widespread use of GBH, and the availability of less toxic agents for the treatment of scabies and pediculosis pubis, a review of the currently recommended treatment regimens is appropriate.
Simultaneous Removal of Elemental Mercury and NO from Flue Gas Using CeO2 Modified MnOx/TiO2 Materials

The laboratory-scale simultaneous removal of elemental mercury (Hg0) and NO has been investigated using MnOx/TiO2, MnOx/CeO2–TiO2, and CeO2–TiO2 materials in the presence and absence of CO. Remarkably, these materials exhibit excellent NO removal performance and high Hg0 adsorption capacities both in single-component (NO or Hg0) tests and in combined NO and Hg0 removal experiments at 175 °C. Interestingly, NO removal increased in the presence of CO due to the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by CO over 20% MnOx/CeO2–TiO2; Hg0 adsorption did not inhibit SCR activity. In simultaneous removal tests, 20 wt % MnOx/CeO2–TiO2 effectively removed 9.4 mg Hg0 g–1 and 358 mg NO g–1 at 175 °C. The surface areas of the TiO2 and CeO2–TiO2 materials decreased after impregnation with MnOx. CeO2-based materials have more lattice oxygen defects than TiO2, thus enhancing SCR in the presence of CO. Adsorbed Hg0 reacts with lattice oxygen to form HgO on the surface of the CeO2-based materials.
TIME CORRELATION BETWEEN THE AMERICAN FINANCIAL CRISIS OF 2008-2009 AND AN INCREASE IN THE PREVALENCE OF ACS ADMISSIONS

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are associated with cardiovascular risk factors, however, external stress factors may also play a role. Our aim was to evaluate if there was a time relationship between the last American financial crisis and the prevalence of ACS admission rates to a large safety-net
Effects of High Temperatures and Sun Exposure on Sherman Trap Internal Temperatures

Abstract Trapping during summer months can expose small mammals to high temperatures inside traps. We measured trap temperatures under different ambient conditions and levels of sun exposure. Internal temperatures of Sherman traps exposed to full sun were 14% higher than those exposed to full sun and fitted with a corrugated cardboard cover and tent. Traps with the surrounding cardboard cover and tent experienced up to a 7.6 °C reduction in internal temperature and could be left out one to two hours longer on average than traps exposed to full sun before internal trap temperatures rose into the minimum lethal range for most small mammal species.
Authenticity: a mediator in the relationship between attachment style and affective functioning

Attachment has been show to exhibit a strong effect on emotional well-being throughout an individual’s lifetime. This study examined individuals’ authenticity as a potential mediating variable in the relationship between insecure attachment and affective functioning. Authenticity was examined from multiple perspectives to better define its role as a mediating variable. Results showed that avoidant attachment is a predictor of affective functioning, and that authenticity acts as a mediating variable in this relationship. Anxious attachment showed no direct relationship with affective functioning, yet evidence was found for an indirect pathway from anxious attachment through authenticity on affective functioning. The differing results by attachment style support Mikulincer, Shaver, and Pereg’s theory suggesting a two-part model of emotional response style, wherein individuals with avoidant attachment deactivate emotion and individuals with anxious attachment show hyper-activation when coping with emotion. T...
Biochemistry of Collagen and Elastic Fibers in Atherosclerotic Lesions

The importance of collagen and elastic fiber alterations in atherosclerosis has long been recognized by morphologists while biochemical evaluation has lagged behind. However, there now is a fair body of biochemical data available which permit some conclusions.
Diagnosis and Management of Conjunctivitis in Infancy and Childhood

The evaluation of the child with a red eye can be challenging, as the differential diagnosis is broad and the performance of an adequate exam in this age group can sometimes be difficult. Following a paradigm and looking for specific signs and symptoms and historical clues, combined with careful examination facilitates the identification of the underlying etiology.
You Are What You Tweet: A New Hybrid Model for Sentiment Analysis

The rise of social media has provided new opportunities to study human emotions through self-reported information such as text, emojis/emoticons, and geo-locations. Research has shown that hybrid models which integrate lexicons and machine learning methods can improve the accuracy of sentiment prediction. We propose the Normalized Difference Sentiment Index (NDSI) to identify frequently-occurring words that are predictive of positive or negative sentiments. Furthermore, we propose e-senti, a new hybrid model which combines 3 attributes (lexicons, a new NDSI word rank list, and tweet features) into a random forest classifier. We contribute to the methodology of sentiment analysis by introducing a model that is easy to implement, efficient, and accurate. We compare four widely used lexicons and find the AFINN lexicon most effective and efficient for our model. We test the e-senti model based on the sentiment140 data and tweets from Los Angeles County, California. Our results show that the maximum accuracy for the sentiment140 data is 86.1% and for our Los Angeles County data is 74.6%, outperforming most existing methods. Our future work will link the geo-tagged sentiment data to land use data to reveal how emotions and the built environment are connected.
Combustion and flammability chemistry for the refrigerant HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluroropropene)

Abstract A comprehensive chemical mechanism has been developed to describe combustion of the refrigerant HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluroropropene, YF), revealing the dominant pathways for its stoichiometric combustion with O 2 . This novel mechanism is a quantum-chemistry-based extension to a previous mechanism developed at NIST for small fluorinated hydrocarbons. The new reactions were proposed by analyzing the YF molecule for potential unimolecular and bimolecular destruction routes, including chemical-activation channels. Kinetic parameters and thermochemistry were calculated using computational quantum chemistry or were developed by analogy to similar reactions or species. The new mechanism was compared favorably to experimental adiabatic-flame-speed data for stoichiometric YF/(35% O 2 /65% N 2 ) flames at different initial temperatures. Analyses of these predictions revealed the key YF-destruction step at this H-starved condition to be F addition, producing CH 2 CF 2 +CF 3 via chemically activated (•CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 )*.
Slowing gait and risk for cognitive impairment The hippocampus as a shared neural substrate

Objective: To identify the shared neuroimaging signature of gait slowing and cognitive impairment. Methods: We assessed a cohort of older adults (n = 175, mean age 73 years, 57% female, 65% white) with repeated measures of gait speed over 14 years, MRI for gray matter volume (GMV) at year 10 or 11, and adjudicated cognitive status at year 14. Gait slowing was calculated by bayesian slopes corrected for intercepts, with higher values indicating faster decline. GMV was normalized to intracranial volume, with lower values indicating greater atrophy for 10 regions of interest (hippocampus, anterior and posterior cingulate, primary and supplementary motor cortices, posterior parietal lobe, middle frontal lobe, caudate, putamen, pallidum). Nonparametric correlations adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, muscle strength, and knee pain assessed associations of time to walk with GMV. Logistic regression models calculated odds ratios (ORs) of gait slowing with dementia or mild cognitive impairment with and without adjustment for GMV. Results: Gait slowing was associated with cognitive impairment at year 14 (OR per 0.1 s/y slowing 1.47; 95% confidence interval 1.04–2.07). The right hippocampus was the only region that was related to both gait slowing (ρ = −0.16, p = 0.03) and cognitive impairment (OR 0.17, p = 0.009). Adjustment for right hippocampal volume attenuated the association of gait slowing with cognitive impairment by 23%. Conclusions: The association between gait slowing and cognitive impairment is supported by a shared neural substrate that includes a smaller right hippocampus. This finding underscores the value of long-term gait slowing as an early indicator of dementia risk.
Comparison of Oncotype DX With Modified Magee Equation Recurrence Scores in Low-Grade Invasive Carcinoma of Breast.

Objectives Several specific histologic types of invasive carcinoma of breast, including invasive tubular carcinoma (ITC), invasive mucinous carcinoma (IMC), and classical invasive lobular carcinoma (CILC), are considered low-grade carcinomas with favorable outcomes. We aimed to investigate the utility of Oncotype DX test in these tumors by comparing its recurrence score (RS) with the modified Magee equation RS. Methods Oncotype DX RSs were collected and modified Magee equation RSs were calculated in 163 low-grade invasive breast carcinomas, including 105 CILCs, 41 ITCs, and 17 IMCs. Results In total, 105 (64.4%) cases had an Oncotype DX RS less than 18, 56 (34.4%) were between 18 and 30, and two (1.2%) were more than 30. Of the cases, 124 (76.1%) had a modified Magee RS less than 18, 39 (23.9%) were between 18 and 30, and no case was more than 30. The overall agreement between Oncotype DX RS and modified Magee RS risk categories was 68.7%. Two CILCs with an Oncotype DX RS more than 30 had modified Magee equation RSs of 20.3 and 20.0, respectively, and both had not shown recurrent disease. Conclusions Performing Oncotype DX on low-grade invasive carcinomas is unlikely to provide additional useful information beyond Magee equation RS, and eliminating Oncotype DX from these cases could lead to substantial cost savings.