cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Simulation Fidelity Requirements for Vacuum Tank and Low Frequency Spacecraft Mode Damping in an SGEMP Simulator

This paper analytically examines the electromagnetic response of a satellite system in an SGEMP simulator vacuum tank. Both higher frequency tank modes and lower frequency system modes are considered. It is shown, for a spherical satellite in a spherical tank, that strong damping of tank modes brings the frequency response in the tank toward coincidence with the free space frequency response. It is also shown that higher resistances are required to optimally damp the lower frequency satellite modes than are necessary to optimally damp tank modes.
Competency‐based dental education in context

The theoretical foundations of competency-based education are described. Among these are definitions of learning in terms of the situations one can function in rather than the accumulation of knowledge or skills, and of professional growth as a succession of stages from novice to expert. Competence is the midpoint on this continuum where individuals are capable of practicing independently and of assuming responsibility for their continued professional growth. Dental education has functioned well at the early stages of this process, but the assumption that "more of the same" will complete the process is questioned. Also considered are the implications of competency in the political context of dentistry, in curriculum design, and for evaluation.
The predictability of the histological features of uremic bone disease by non-invasive techniques

Abstract Forty-six uremic patients on chronic hemodialysis underwent bone biopsy to ascertain the relationships of serum biochemistry, radiographic analysis, and bone mineral analysis to bone histomorphometry. Circulating levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase, as well as radiographically apparent subperiosteal resorption, are most predictive of osteitis fibrosa. Bone densitometry correlated poorly with some parameters of osteitis fibrosa and not with histologically measured bone volume. None of the clinical parameters tested are predictive of osteomalacia. These findings underscore the necessity of bone biopsy to accurately assess the chronically uremic skeleton.
Acetylcholine and synaptic homeostasis

The synaptic renormalization hypothesis posits that a primary function of sleep is to maintain synaptic homeostasis [1]. According to this theory, the flood of sensory signals processed by the brain during waking results in global potentiation of cortical synapses, a process which consumes energy and space and therefore cannot continue unabated. Sleep is therefore a period of global synaptic downscaling that maintains homeostasis, thereby conserving energy and cortical space. Specifically, it is slow-wave activity (SWA) during NREM sleep that is thought to induce this depotentiation. While evidence in support of both global potentiation of synapses during waking [2] and SWA-mediated downscaling of synapses during sleep [3] continues to mount, there is still much uncertainty about the biophysical mechanisms which may contribute to either synaptic upscaling or downscaling [4]. Waking and sleep states are promoted by the activity of brainstem and hypothalamic neuronal nuclei that express key neurotransmitters in thalamic and cortical
The life cycle of Eimeria vermiformis Ernst, Chobotar and Hammond, 1971 in the mouse Mus musculus.

SYNOPSIS. The life cycle of Eimeria vermiformis from the mouse Mus musculus is described from experimental infections. The prepatent period was 7 days, and the patent period 7–22+ days. Endogenous stages were in the lower 2/3 of the small intestine. Two generations of schizonts were found. Mature 1st generation schizonts, seen 4 days after inoculation, were 16–25 × 9–16 μ and had long vermiform merozoites. Mature 2nd generation schizonts were first seen 5 days after inoculation. They were 8–18 × 7–14 μ (mean 11.2 × 13.1 μ). Mature microgametocytes, 17–32 × 12–25 μ, were present 6 days after inoculation. Macrogametes with plastic granules were found at the same time. The life cycle of E. vermiformis is compared with those of other species of Eimeria from Mus.
Precision agriculture: new developments and needs in remote sensing and technologies

Precision agriculture, a holistic approach to micro-manage agricultural landscapes based on information, knowledge, and new technologies, will accelerate the application of remote sensing techniques to agricultural management. In recent years there has been a wealth of new research developments, particularly based on ground platforms, but also on airborne and spatial platforms. The paper provides a summary of applications by platform. Presently, utilizations by producers are still rare but, in the past few years, several new programs have been offered for nutrient management, particularly nitrogen, crop status monitoring, and irrigation management. There are specific and unique technical and managerial barriers and requirements for the application of remote sensing to soil and crop management. The four principal requirements relate to: spatial resolution, timeliness, coverage frequency, and imagery management infrastructure. Through precision agriculture, specialists trained in imagery analysis, efficient infrastructure for the transfer and management of imagery, better sensor systems, all needed to successfully use remote sensing for agricultural management, will become progressively available. Potential applications of remote sensing to precision agriculture include various aspects of soil monitoring, crop condition monitoring and management, and machinery performance evaluation. This will bring a more profitable and sustainable agriculture where optimal agricultural production is made while protecting environmental quality.
The competent community: Toward a vital reformulation of professional ethics.

Psychologists are ethically obligated to ensure their own competence. When problems of professional competence occur, psychologists must take appropriate steps to regain competence while protecting those they serve. Yet conceptualizations of the competence obligation are thoroughly intertwined with Western ideals of individualism and a model of the person as self-contained, self-controlled, and perpetually rational. Research in health care, education, and multicultural and social psychology raise serious doubts about psychologists' capacity for consistently accurate self-assessments of competence. To address this problem, the authors advocate that education, training, professional ethics standards, and credentialing criteria be infused with a robust communitarian ethos and a culturally pervasive ethic of care. The authors propose a shift in discourse about competence to incorporate both competent individuals and competent communities.
Role of contextual stimuli in tolerance to stress-induced analgesia

The present study was conducted to determine whether tolerance to stress-induced analgesia was mediated by contextual cues. Following baseline measurement of analgesia using a tail curl test, rats were exposed to nine sessions of 30 min of intermittent inescapable shock (tolerance development phase) in which one half of the rats began in context A and the other half in context B. A tail-curl test immediately followed each shock session. On the 10th day, 4 days after tail-curl latencies returned to baseline, the contexts were switched, and the rats were exposed to the same shock parameters as before. The results revealed a significant increase in tail-curl latency when the context was switched compared with the last day of the tolerance development phase. These data suggest that tolerance to stress-induced analgesia may at least in part be associatively mediated by the context.
Research issues in Prevention through Design.

Prevention through Design (PtD) research is central to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH) national PtD initiative. Research is needed to support PtD efforts in all of the other three functional areas (Practice, Policy, and Education) and within all eight industry sectors. The PtD concept is new to many industry sectors. An understanding of how the PtD concept can be effectively implemented, and the resulting impacts and outcomes, is lacking in some industries and in need of fine tuning in others. Research will provide the opportunity to explore and gain further understanding of the concept, and evidence to support a national PtD initiative.
The radiation force on small particles

Abstract A more complete expression for the radiation force on a small particle in the solar system is given which includes the effect of asymmetry of the thermal reradiation and also of inelastic scattering such as fluorescence. Both the Poynting-Robertson drag and the Yarkovsky effect are affected by such asymmetries and are incorporated into the formalism. For non-spherical particles the direction of the radiation force will no longer coincide with the solar irradiation.
Inhibitors of dynein activity block intracellular transport in erythrophores

Erythrophores, cells capable of translocating pigment granules along a radially arrayed cytoskeletal framework, provide an excellent model system for studying intracellular particle transport. Numerous examples of intracellular motility are based on microtubules1 and all available evidence indicates that organized pigment granule transport in erythrophores depends on these structures2. The best studied microtubule-based motility system is the flagellum. As it relies on a dynein–microtubule interaction to generate motive force3, we have investigated the effects of dynein ATPase inhibitors on pigment granule transport. Vanadate is a potent inhibitor of dynein ATPase activity in vitro4–6 and has been shown to inhibit microtubule-based motility in cilia4, flagella4 and the mitotic spindle7. Recently, another dynein inhibitor, erythro-9-3-(2-hydroxynonyl)adenine (EHNA), has been described8. We report here that both microinjected vanadate and exogenously applied EHNA block saltatory movement of pigment granules in isolated squirrelfish erythrophores. The vanadate and EHNA sensitivities of directed pigment motion suggest that a dynein-like molecule may be an essential component of the erythrophore intracellular motility system.
Direct generation of event-timing equations for generalized flow shop systems

Flow shop production lines are very common in manufacturing systems such as car assemblies, manufacturing of electronic circuits, etc. In this paper, a systematic procedure is given for generating event-timing equations directly from the machine interconnections for a generalized flow shop system. The events considered here correspond to completion times of machine operations. It is assumed that the scheduling policy is cyclic (periodic). For a given flow shop system, the open connection dynamics of the machines are derived first. Then interconnection matrices characterizing the routing of parts in the system are obtained from the given system configuration. The open connection dynamics of the machines and the interconnection matrices are then combined together to obtain the overall system dynamics given by an equation of the form X(k+1) equals A(k)X(k) B(k)V(k+1) defined over the max-plus algebra. Here the state X(k) is the vector of completion times and V(k+1) is an external input vector consisting of the arrival times of parts. It is shown that if the machines are numbered in an appropriate way and the states are selected according to certain rules, the matrix A(k) will be in a special (canonical) form. The model obtained here is useful or the analysis of system behavior and for carrying out simulations. In particular, the canonical form of A(k) enables one to study system bottlenecks and the minimal cycle time during steady-state operation. The approach presented in this paper is believed to be more straightforward compared to existing max-plus algebra formulations of flow shop systems. In particular, three advantages of the proposed approach are: (1) it yields timing equations directly from the system configuration and hence there is no need to first derive a Petri net or a digraph equivalent of the system; (2) a change in the system configuration only affects the interconnection matrices and hence does not require rederiving the entire set of equations; (3) the system model is easily put into code using existing software packages such as MATLAB.
Functional Participation in EU Delegated Regulation: Lessons from the United States at the EU's "Constitutional Moment"

“Delegated regulation,” “delegated legislation,” “administrative rulemaking,” or “regulatory implementation” are well-known phenomena in modern democracies. Given the complexity of contemporary societies and the broad range of issues (often of a technical nature) in which the state intervenes, regulation cannot entirely be assured by normal legislative procedure, as this is too cumbersome, not flexible enough to adapt to rapidly changing conditions, and often not able to integrate the necessary technical expertise. Legislation will, therefore, delegate part of the regulatory process to less cumbersome bodies. Yet while delegated regulation is a general practice, and while its necessity is generally acknowledged, it has not been an easy task to make it fit with the dominant understanding of democracy in which parliament would adopt all measures of a generally binding nature, whereas a “neutral bureaucracy” would ensure the application of the general rule to the specific case. There are considerable differences in the way the United States and the European Union (EU) deal with delegated regulation and how they conceptualize the legitimacy of such regulatory procedures beyond the normal legislative road. In the United States, delegated regulation is the resort of independent regulatory agencies, and the legitimacy of such administrative rulemaking has been thought of mainly in terms of legislative mandate, due process, and participatory rights guaranteed by judicial review. In the EU, delegated regulation is mainly adopted through the so-called comitology procedures, where regulatory powers are not delegated to independent agencies, but are exercised by the European Commis-
Chemistry of the Venom of Solenopsis aurea (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The venom of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, consists primarily of the trans -isomers of a series of dialkylpiperidines (MacConnell et al. 1971) which may be partly responsible for the toxic properties of this secretion. Recently, the venoms of S. geminata (F.), S. xyloni McCook, and S. richteri Forel have also been demonstrated to contain piperidine alkaloids and, significantly, the venom of each species possessed a characteristic alkaloidal “fingerprint” (Brand et al. 1972). There is, in addition to these 4 species of Solenopsis (Solenopsis), one additional fire ant species in North America. The present report describes the venom chemistry of S. aurea Wheeler.
The Probabilistic Nature of Objective Consequentialism

: Theorists have consistently maintained that the most plausible forms of objective consequentialism must be probabilistic if and only if indeterminism is true. This standard position, however popular, lacks sufficient motivation. Assume determinism to be true and an attempt will be made to show that attractive forms of objective consequentialism must be probabilistic - and not for reasons related to our epistemic limitations either. Here it is argued that all extant objective formulations of consequentialism fail to deliver the normative implications that the spirit of objective consequentialism requires. My argument rests upon the claim that certain pairs of subjunctive conditionals with identical antecedents and incompatible consequents are such that neither of the pair is true. Upon leveling the objection, the concept of an “objective” subjunctive probability is introduced and utilized in the transformation of a subjective version of expected act utility consequentialism into an objective version, one that is capable of dealing with the difficulties posed by the objection. I end by indicating some ways in which the closest thing to a plausible, objective form of consequentialism might be developed.
Synthesis and Structure of (TMEDA)Cr(I)2(THF) and [(N,N-DMEDA)2CrI] I

The complexes (TMEDA)Cr(I)2(THF) (1) and [(N,N-DMEDA)2CrI] I (2) were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized (TMEDA = tetramethylethylenediamine, N,N-DMEDA = N,N dimethylethylenediamine). Complex 1 possesses square pyramidal geometry and crystallizes in spacegroup Pbca with crystal cell parameters a = 11.206(2) A, b = 12.698(3) A, c = 23.434(5) A, V = 3,334.6(12) A3 and Z = 4. Complex 2 also possesses square pyramidal geometry with a non-coordinated iodide counter anion and crystallizes in spacegroup P21/n with crystal cell parameters a = 9.4071(13) A, b = 14.628(2) A, c = 11.7516(16) A, β = 98.904(2) A°, V = 1,597.6(4) A3 and Z = 4. Complex 2 has previously been incorrectly assigned as an octahedral complex based on spectroscopy. The title compounds were synthesized and determined to have square pyramidal geometries. The second compound has been previously incorrectly assigned as an octahedral complex based on spectroscopy.
Gastrointestinal side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the most common location for side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs may cause problems in any part of the GI tract, from the esophagus to the rectum. The severity of these side effects ranges from nuisance symptoms such as dyspepsia to life-threatening ulcer complications. The diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the various GI side effects of these commonly prescribed drugs are reviewed in this article.
Worker exposure to chemical agents in the manufacture of rubber tires and tubes: Particulates

The Occupational Health Studies Group industrial hygiene studies at a group of 14 tire and tube manufacturing plants chosen to represent a cross-section of the industry include numerous evaluations of potential exposure to airborne particulate matter. Results of these environmental participate sampling studies are reported by plant and by occupational groups within plants. High volume, open face and cyclone samplers were employed to evaluate both personnel and area particulate concentrations. The concentrations of particulates yielded by high volume and open face total particulate samplers are compared with those of comparison samples of respirable material. Personnel samples of particulates are compared with general air samples taken in the same work areas. An overall review and comparison is given of particulate exposures to workers in various occupational title groups where particulate materials are released to the air from processes or operations.
High levels of chromosome instability in polyploids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The yeast Saccharomycescerevisiae was used to study the genetic consequences of polyploidy in a unicellular organism. Isogenic diploid (2N), triploid (3N) and tetraploid (4N) strains with a genetically marked chromosome VII (chy2-leul-CEN7-ade6) were constructed and were used to follow the loss of one, two or three chromosome VII's during mitosis. We found that as ploidy increased, the frequency of loss of a single chromosome VII incereased: Loss of one copy of chromosome VII occurred at a rate nearly 30-fold higher in triploids and approximately 1000-fold higher in tetraploids than in the diploid. Loss of two or three copies occurred at an even greater frequency. These findings suggest either that aneuploidy (3N-1, 3N-2, 4N-1, 4N-2, 4N-3) increases genome instability or that multiple chromosome loss events occur at high frequency. Polyploidy appears to dramatically increase chromosome loss, presumably due to the inability of the cell to undergo proper chromosome segregation. The biological significance and possible causes for the instability of polyploidy in unicellular organisms such as yeast are discussed.
Complexity Reduction in Information Security Risk Assessment

Results of research done by Dlamini et al. [5] clearly show information security was once focused around technical issues. However, over time, that approach transitioned to a more strategic governance model where legal and regulatory compliance, risk management, and digital forensics disciplines became the significant contributors in the domain. This focus has resulted in a proliferation of information security risk assessment models, which on the whole, have not necessarily helped to reduce risks or appropriately respond to security events. This research seeks to develop a new information security risk assessment model through the aggregation of existing models.
Effects of Alcohol Ingestion and Workload on Quality and Productivity for a Paced and Unpaced Assembly Task

Eight subjects participated in an assembly task in which they assembled a simulated circuit board. The task required exact placement of three similarly coded resistors, which were chosen from a set of five resistors (two of which were included as distractors), followed by adjusting a voltmeter to a specified value. Participants performed the assembly task under various blood alcohol concentrations (Placebo, 0.05%, 0.07%, and 0.0 9%) to assess the effects of alcohol and workload on quality (i.e. accuracy) and productivity (i.e. speed).Three levels of paced task conditions (maximum speed for paced work, 75% and 50% of that maximum speed) and two levels of unpaced task conditions (speed and accuracy) were used for the assembly task conditions. In this study, six measures of performance were assessed: number of correctly completed units, number of orientation errors (i.e. one of the two pins of the resistor was misplaced and the other was in the correct hole), number of position errors (i.e. both pins missed ...
Structural effects of phenols on the thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of polybenzoxazines

The thermal behavior of a series of polybenzoxazines based on aniline and various phenols is examined under both inert and oxidative environments. Under an inert environment, the various phenols substantially affect the char yield of polybenzoxazines without altering the mechanism of Mannich base cleavage. Under an oxidative environment, the various phenols have a significant influence on the degradation behavior of polybenzoxazines below 600°C. The mechanism of the Mannich base cleavage under oxidative degradation has been proposed.
On mid-ocean fronts in multi-layer models

Abstract A theory of the general circulation which admits mid-ocean fronts is examined. This study is related to some earlier studies of two layer planetary geostrophic systems, where it was argued that interior discontinuities, or “fronts”, generally arise as a result of the nonlinearity in the continuity equation. Similar dynamics are studied here under more general circumstances. It is argued that the most general solution for the interior thermocline requires several fronts, each of which arises in response to a mismatch of subsurface potential vorticity structure on isopycnals. Further, these fronts can influence each other and determine large areas of the basin scale potential vorticity field. Comparisons between special analytical solutions and numerical solutions are made. The main result of this work is that the frontogenisis in planetary geostrophic dynamics is robust, characteristic of highly stratified systems and of potential importance to basin scale structure.
Significance of head turn sequences in temporal lobe onset seizures

We studied head turning in 239 complex partial seizures with or without generalization, in 32 patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Head turns occurred in 73% of seizures that did not evolve to focal jerking or secondary generalization, and in all 41 seizures that secondarily generalized. In seizures without focal jerking or secondary generalization the most common pattern was that of single head turns (70%) which were ipsilateral to the focus in 94%. The next most common pattern was that of two or more head turns, with the first two turns in the same direction (19%), always ipsilateral to the focus. In seizures with secondary generalization, the most common sequence was that of two head turns contralateral to each other (59% of seizures). The first was always ipsilateral to the focus, associated with dystonic posturing in 96%, and was not tonic in character. The second was always contralateral, was tonic in character, and was still present within five seconds of secondary generalization or focal jerking. Our results suggest different patterns and sequences of head turning temporal lobe complex partial seizures without, and those with focal jerking or secondary generalization. Some sequences have powerful lateralizing value that can complement other lateralizing features.
The impact of batch retrievals on throughput performance of a carousel system serviced by a storage and retrieval machine

Abstract A carousel system is an example of an automated storage and retrieval system that is used in distribution centers and manufacturing facilities. We analyze the impact batch retrieval processing has on throughput performance for horizontal carousel systems that use automated storage and retrieval machines as robotic pickers. By developing an analytical cycle-time model we provide the theoretical base necessary to support the management decision of whether to batch or not. We conduct a computational experiment to test the accuracy of our analytical model, to demonstrate how our approach can guide management decisions, and to illustrate the throughput improvements that can be realized through the use of a batch policy. Testing indicates that batch processing increases carousel throughput performance over sequential processing. For the instances tested, batch processing resulted in an average decrease in cycle time over sequential sequencing of 20%. Our results indicate that with batch retrievals, adding to the carousel's length increases storage capacity with a negligible impact on the carousel's throughput performance.
Great expectations: challenges for women as mental health administrators.

Although women have made many strides in the area of leadership, stereotypes still exist that limit their power. Traditional concepts of femininity have not typically been associated with strength and competence. This article describes an inpatient unit at San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, which is led by a group of women. The unit houses a women-focused treatment team specializing in treating women who have serious mental illness with histories of severe trauma, including poverty and violence. The article describes the challenges and rewards available to women leaders in this type of setting. Four areas of women’s leadership are explored: the stereotypes women have about each other as leaders, the expectations and biases of staff and trainees, the projections of patients onto women leaders, and women’s leadership in relation to department administration. Strategies for addressing biases in these areas and developing women’s leadership conclude the article.
Indium Labeled Platelet Deposition Following CO 2 Laser Or Surgical Endarterectomy

Endovascular damage from CO 2 , Nd:YAG, or argon laser can be considerable, causing reduced vascular biosynthesis of prostacyclin and precipitating platelet aggregation. However, the degree of platelet thrombus formation has not been directly quantified. Using Indium labeled platelets, platelet accumulation after low radiant energy CO 2 laser endarterectomy was compared to accumulation after standard microsurgical endarterectomy in normal canine carotid arteries. Undisturbed adjacent segments from the same arteries served as controls. Platelet deposition (Indium activity per minute per milligram arterial tissue) was significantly greater on laser treated segments than on surgical (p=0.002) or control (p=0.002) segments. This confirms prior histologic evidence of increased acute platelet deposition after CO 2 laser endarterectomy and suggests the need for further investigation of the thrombogenicity of laser angioplasty.
RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THERAPY AND DEPRESSION: A CLINICAL CASE STUDY

Rational-emotive group and bibliotherapy were used to treat a depressed patient in a clinical setting. Psychological test data document a dramatic improvement. It is suggested that rational-emotive therapy may prove efficacious for the treatment of some depressed patients in clinical settings.
The Effects of Placement in Nursing Homes on Family Caregivers: Short and Long Term Consequences

The consequences for caregivers when placing a relative with dementia into a nursing home were examined for a sample of caregivers. Consistent with the stress process model of caregiving, institutionalization was hypothesised to have a large impact on the primary effects of caregiving, and lesser influence on secondary effects and well-being. A sample of 517 family caregivers was followed over a 2-year period. Participants who placed their relatives in nursing homes during that period were compared on several indicators of care giving stress to family members continuing care at home. Following placement, relatives experienced relief from primary effects of caregiving (e.g., feelings of overload and tension), while other indicators of stress remained unchanged. Long term follow-up indicated no further decreases in stress
Efficient runtime invariant checking: a framework and case study

This paper describes a general and powerful framework for efficient runtime invariant checking. The framework supports (1) declarative specification of arbitrary invariants using high-level queries, with easy use of information from any data in the execution, (2) powerful analysis and transformations for automatic generation of instrumentation for efficient incremental checking of invariants, and (3) convenient mechanisms for reporting errors, debugging, and taking preventive or remedial actions, as well as recording history data for use in queries. We demonstrate the advantages and effectiveness of the framework through implementations and case studies with abstract syntax tree transformations, authentication in a SMB client, and the BitTorrent peer-to-peer file distribution protocol.
Friendship and commercial societies

Critics of commercial societies complain that the free-market system of property rights and freedom of contract tends to commodify relationships, thus eroding the bonds of personal and civic friendship. I argue that this thesis rests on a misunderstanding of both markets and friendship. As voluntary, reciprocal relationships, market relationships and friendship share important properties. Like all relations and activities that exercise important human capacities and play an important role in a meaningful life, market relations and activities are essentially structured and supported by ethical norms and, in turn, support these norms. The so-called norms of the market, such as instrumentality and fungibility, come in varying degrees and characterize not only market, but also nonmarket, relationships, including friendship. Furthermore, although market relationships are primarily instrumental, the individuals involved are not. The virtues of markets have their counterparts in friendship, as do their vices. Fo...
Predicting targeted drug combinations based on Pareto optimal patterns of coexpression network connectivity.

Molecularly targeted drugs promise a safer and more effective treatment modality than conventional chemotherapy for cancer patients. However, tumors are dynamic systems that readily adapt to these agents activating alternative survival pathways as they evolve resistant phenotypes. Combination therapies can overcome resistance but finding the optimal combinations efficiently presents a formidable challenge. Here we introduce a new paradigm for the design of combination therapy treatment strategies that exploits the tumor adaptive process to identify context-dependent essential genes as druggable targets. We have developed a framework to mine high-throughput transcriptomic data, based on differential coexpression and Pareto optimization, to investigate drug-induced tumor adaptation. We use this approach to identify tumor-essential genes as druggable candidates. We apply our method to a set of ER+ breast tumor samples, collected before (n = 58) and after (n = 60) neoadjuvant treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole, to prioritize genes as targets for combination therapy with letrozole treatment. We validate letrozole-induced tumor adaptation through coexpression and pathway analyses in an independent data set (n = 18). We find pervasive differential coexpression between the untreated and letrozole-treated tumor samples as evidence of letrozole-induced tumor adaptation. Based on patterns of coexpression, we identify ten genes as potential candidates for combination therapy with letrozole including EPCAM, a letrozole-induced essential gene and a target to which drugs have already been developed as cancer therapeutics. Through replication, we validate six letrozole-induced coexpression relationships and confirm the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as a process that is upregulated in the residual tumor samples following letrozole treatment. To derive the greatest benefit from molecularly targeted drugs it is critical to design combination treatment strategies rationally. Incorporating knowledge of the tumor adaptation process into the design provides an opportunity to match targeted drugs to the evolving tumor phenotype and surmount resistance.
Selective homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic conversion of methanol/dimethyl ether to triptane.

The demand for specific fuels and chemical feed-stocks fluctuates, and as a result, logistical mismatches can occur in the supply of their precursor raw materials such as coal, biomass, crude oil, and methane. To overcome these challenges, industry requires a versatile and robust suite of conversion technologies, many of which are mediated by synthesis gas (CO + H2) or methanol/dimethyl ether (DME) intermediates. One such transformation, the conversion of methanol/DME to triptane (2,2,3-trimethylbutane) has spurred particular research interest. Practically, triptane is a high-octane, high-value fuel component, but this transformation also raises fundamental questions: how can such a complex molecule be generated from such a simple precursor with high selectivity?In this Account, we present studies of this reaction carried out in two modes: homogeneously with soluble metal halide catalysts and heterogeneously over solid microporous acid catalysts. Despite their very different compositions, reaction conditi...
Dust-acoustic waves in plasmas with opposite polarity grains

Abstract The dispersion relation is derived for current-driven dust-acoustic (DA) waves in a collisional plasma with dust grains having both positive and negative charges. The critical electric field is calculated for excitation of the two DA modes that are possible in such a plasma. Some numerical results are given for both a laboratory-type plasma and a cosmic-type plasma.
Dual-metal gate technology for deep-submicron CMOS transistors

Dual-metal gate CMOS devices with rapid-thermal chemical vapor deposited (RTCVD) Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ gate dielectric were fabricated using a self-aligned process. The gate electrodes are Ti and Mo for the N- and P-MOSFET respectively. Carrier mobilities are comparable to that predicted by the universal mobility model for SiO/sub 2/. C-V characteristics show good agreement with a simulation that takes quantum-mechanical effects into account, and clearly display the advantage of metal over poly-Si gates.
Correlation between present-day model simulation of Arctic cloud radiative forcing and sea ice consistent with positive winter convective cloud feedback

[1] A positive feedback on winter sea-ice loss, based on warming due to radiative forcing caused by the onset of convective clouds in response to sea-ice loss, has recently been proposed. This feedback has thus far been investigated using a hierarchy of climate models in high CO2 scenarios. This paper examines the possibility that such feedback may be active within present-day like Arctic variability, using model output from two reanalysis models. It is emphasized that Arctic surface fluxes, radiative fluxes and clouds are effectively unconstrained by observations in reanalysis products. Consequently, the results here should be viewed only as a model study of the feedback in present-day model climate variability. Model winter sea ice and cloud radiative forcing are found to co-vary strongly and locally, consistent with a strong convective cloud feedback, which may contribute to sea ice variability. Furthermore, the anti-correlation between the two variables is found to be as strong in the model output analyzed here as in the IPCC global climate models that simulate the convective cloud feedback most strongly at high CO2. In those IPCC models the convective cloud feedback contributes to a total loss of winter sea ice in a CO2 quadrupling scenario. These results do not necessarily prove that this feedback exists in the present-day Arctic and demonstrating this will require further study using actual Arctic observations.
Complex Formation of RNA Silencing Proteins in the Perinuclear Region of Neurospora crassa

In Neurospora, genes not paired during meiosis are targeted by meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD). Here, our bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) study suggests that RNA-directed RNA polymerase, Dicer, Argonaute, and others form a silencing complex in the perinuclear region, with intimate interactions among the majority of them. We have also shown that SAD-2 is likely the anchor for this assembly.
Future Directions in Conflict and Peace Studies

It is now 21 years since the Journal of Conflict Resolution was founded, which is at least an excuse to ask ourselves if we have reached any kind of maturity. The peace research movement, of which the Journal of Conflict Resolution was an important component, goes back of course earlier. It is hard to put a date on it; perhaps we can regard Quincy Wright and Lewis F. Richardson in the 1920s and 1930s as the forerunners and perhaps Ted Lentz’s book, Towards a Science of Peace, in 1952, as a conception. So a brief attempt at appraisal and a cautious look to the future may be appropriate.
Unique hues are not invariant with brief stimulus durations.

Abstract Unique hue loci were obtained from three observers at several intensity levels with a 1-sec stimulus flash and a 17 msec stimulus flash. With the one-second stimulus the three spectral unique hues were approximately invariant but unique red was not. With the 17 msec stimulus none of the unique hues is strictly invariant. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the nature of the cone signal inputs to the opponent color mechanisms.
Do Innovations Really Payoff? Total Stock Market Returns to Innovation

Critics often decry an earnings-focused short-term orientation of management that eschews spending on risky, long term projects such as innovation in order to boost a firm's stock price. The critics' assume that stock markets respond to announcements of earnings that report immediate earnings and not of innovation that have a long-term payoff. Contrary to this position, the authors argue that the market's true appreciation of innovation can be estimated by assessing the total market returns to the entire innovation project The authors demonstrate this approach via the Fama-French 3 Factor Model (including Carhart's Momentum Factor) on 5481 announcements from 69 firms in 5 markets and 19 technologies, during the period 1977-2006. The authors find that total market returns to an innovation project are $643 million, more than 13 times the $49 million due to an average innovation event. Returns to negative events are higher in absolute value than those to positive events. Returns to development activities are higher than returns to either the setup or market activities. Returns are higher for smaller firms than larger firms. Returns to the announcing firm are substantially greater than those to competitors across all stages. The authors discuss the implications of the results.
The capillary boundary layer for standing waves

The linear, free-surface oscillations of an inviscid fluid in a cylindrical basin subject to the contact-line condition en ∇ζ = ζt (ζ is the free-surface displacement and c is a complex constant) are determined through a boundary-layer approximation for l/a [Lt ] 1, where a is a characteristic length of the cross-section and l is the capillary length. The primary result is ω2 = ω2n [1 + (l/a) [Fscr ] (ζn; c/ωnl)] where ω is the frequency of a free oscillation, ωn is the natural frequency for a particular normal mode, ζ = ζn in the limit l/a → 0, and l/a→0, and [Fscr ](ζn;c/ωn l)] is a corresponding form factor. The imaginary part of [Fscr ] is positive (for the complex time dependence exp (iωt) if Re (c) > 0, which implies positive dissipation through contact-line motion. Explicit results are derived for circular and rectangular cylinders and compared with Graham-Eagle's (1983) results for the circular cylinder for c = 0 and Hocking's (1987) results for the two-dimensional problem. The exact eigenvalue equation for the circular cylinder and a variational approximation for an arbitrary cross-section are derived on the assumption that the static meniscus is negligible.
Efficient Algorithms for the Weighted Minimum Circle Problem

The weighted minimum covering circle problem is a well-known single facility location problem used in emergency facility models. This paper introduces a classification scheme, based on fundamental mathematical programming concepts, for algorithms which solve both weighted and unweighted versions. One result of this classification is proof that a recently developed method is identical to one developed in the nineteenth century. Also, within the classification scheme, efficient new algorithms are given for the weighted problem. The results of some extensive computational tests identify the empirically fastest methods.
Semantic satiation in healthy young and older adults

In four experiments, semantic satiation was investigated in young and old adults. In the first two experiments, subjects were repeatedly presented a word (e.g.,dog) and then were presented a pair of words (e.g.,dog-cat ordog-chair) for a relatedness decision. The results of both experiments indicated that for the young adults, the relatedness effect (the difference between response latency on related and unrelated trials) decreased as a function of the number of times the satiated word was repeated, whereas for the older adults, there was no evidence of a decrease in the relatedness effect across repetitions of the satiated word. In the third experiment, we investigated whether phonological codes are also susceptible to satiation. This experiment was similar to the first two experiments with the exception that subjects made rhyme decisions (same-claim vs.same-dime) instead of semantic relatedness decisions. The results of this experiment did not yield any evidence of satiation for either the young adults or the older adults. The final experiment eliminated a simple decrease in attentional alertness or fatigue account of the semantic satiation effects found in the first two experiments. In this experiment, the repeated word was always unrelated to the pair of words presented for the relatedness decision. The results of this experiment did not yield any evidence of semantic satiation for either the young or the older adults. The discussion focuses on the mechanisms underlying semantic satiation and the implications of age-related changes in these mechanisms.
Identifying and classifying children with chronic conditions using administrative data with the clinical risk group classification system.

Objective.—To identify and categorize children with chronic health conditions using administrative data. Methods.—The Clinical Risk Groups (CRGs) system is used to classify children, aged 0–18 years, in a mid-sized health plan into mutually exclusive categories and severity groups. Enrollees are categorized into 9 health status groups—healthy, significant acute, and 7 chronic conditions—and are then stratified by severity. Utilization is examined by category and severity level based on eligibility and claims files for calendar year 1999. Only children enrolled for at least 6 months (newborns at least 3 months) are included. Results.—This analysis of 34 544 children classifies 85.2% as healthy, including 19.6% with no claims; 5.2% with a significant acute illness; 4.6% with a minor chronic condition; and 4.9% with a moderate to catastrophic chronic condition. The average number of unique medical care encounters per child increases by chronic condition category and by severity level. Compared to national prevalence norms for selected conditions, CRGs do well in identifying patients who have conditions that require interaction with the health care system. Conclusions.—CRGs are a useful tool for identifying, classifying, and stratifying children with chronic health conditions. Enrollees can be grouped into categories for patient tracking, case management, and utilization.
Profiles of social relations among older adults: a cross-cultural approach

This study extends previous research on the profiles of social relations in three ways: (1) by including both functional and qualitative characteristics of social relations; (2) by examining the association of these profiles with mental and physical health and mortality; and (3) by exploring these profiles and associations in two cultures. Using samples of approximately 500 adults aged 60 or more years from the Social Relations and Mental Health over the Life Course studies in both the United States and Japan, separate cluster analyses were conducted for each country. The common or shared network types were labelled ‘diverse’, ‘restricted’, ‘friend-focused’ and ‘family-focused’, but in the US we found two types of ‘friend-focused’ networks (supported and unsupported) and two types of ‘restricted’ networks (structurally- and functionally-restricted). In addition, we found a unique network type in Japan: ‘married and distal’. Multivariate analyses of variance and Cox regressions revealed that whereas individuals in the functionally restricted network type had the worse physical and mental health in the US, Americans in the structurally-restricted network type had the lowest survival rates at a 12-year follow-up. Interestingly, there were no wellbeing differences by network type in Japan. The findings have been interpreted in the light of social relations theories, with special emphasis on the importance of taking a multidimensional perspective and exploring cultural variation.
mTOR-independent translational control of the extrinsic cell death pathway by RalA.

Oncogenic potential is associated with translational regulation, and the prevailing view is that oncogenes use mTOR-dependent pathways to up-regulate the synthesis of proteins critical for transformation. In this study, we show that RalA, a key mediator of Ras transformation, is also linked to the translational machinery. At least part of this linkage, however, is independent of mTOR and acts through RalBP1 to suppress cdc42-mediated activation of S6 kinase and the translation of the antiapoptotic protein FLIPS. This action, rather than contributing to transformation, opens a latent tumor-suppressive mechanism that can be activated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. These results show that the translational machinery is linked to tumor suppression as well as cell-proliferative pathways and that the reestablishment of cell death pathways by activation of the Ral oncogenic program provides a means for selective therapeutic targeting of Ral-driven malignancies.