cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silicon nanofabrication technologies for compact integrated receivers working at THz frequencies

Silicon nanofabrication technologies provide precise dimensional control and batch processing capability. These features have been exploited to enable novel active and passive components in the submillimeter-wave region. We report on silicon micromachined methodologies that will enable large format submillimeter-wave heterodyne arrays and 3-D integration of the whole receiver front-end.
Calculation of the point of zero charge of metal oxides between 0 and 350°C

Using the available temperature dependence data for rutile (TiO2), magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (α-Fe2O3), γ-Al2O3, and Ni(OH)2, the pHpzc for these phases has been calculated up to 350°C. The calculations are based on the Balanced Like-Charge extrapolation technique. It is predicted that the pHpzc for oxides shift to lower pH between 0 and 200 to 300°C. At temperatures between 200 and 300°C, this trend is reversed for all oxides except γ-Al2O3. Because independent studies on the same mineral phase are not in full agreement and data at high temperature (T > 95°C) are not available, the calculated values above 150°C serve only as a rough guide to how pHpzc are expected to change as a function of temperature.
“Science” and indigenous cultures

Abstract This article assesses the expert‐oriented approach of the social sciences and helping professions. This primarily Western mentality emphasizes the mastery of the intricacies of scientific method and helping in order to be called ‘professional’ or ‘expert.’ Drawing upon the author's experiences in Alaska, this essay questions the relevance of scientific findings to indigenous peoples. Without discounting “Science” completely, the author examines alternative modes‐of‐being‐with‐others in a communal way, rather than as “objects” in a scientific study. Bringing attention to the reaffirmation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the recent World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna and the United Nations Declaration of 1993 as The International Year for the World's Indigenous Peoples, this essay ends with a call to consciousness.
Analysis of an EHF aplanatic zoned dielectric lens antenna

Zoned dielectric lenses, designed for wide-angle scanning characteristics, are serious contenders to reflector systems for multiple-beam communications and radar applications at EHF frequencies. An analysis is presented in which the zoned lens is approximated by an ideally thin spherical shell (phase transformer) in evaluating the phase aberrations in its aperture plane which are caused by off-axis scanning and deviations from the design frequency. Those results are used to produce a set of universal curves which predict the decrease in directive gain of the lens as a function of scan angle and frequency. Gain and radiation pattern measurements on a 90 \lambda zoned dielectric lens show agreement with these predictions and with ray-tracing and geometric optics calculations. This study establishes the validity of the spherical shell analysis as a means for rapid estimation of lens parameters for specific system requirements.
Linking air and vacuum mass measurement by magnetic levitation

This paper describes a new approach to link air and vacuum mass measurements using magnetic levitation techniques. This procedure provides direct traceability to national standards, presently defined in ambient air. We describe the basic principles, challenges, initial modelling calculations and performance expectations.
A Phase II Trial of CI-958 in Recurrent Platinum-Sensitive Ovarian Carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

Abstract Objectives. To estimate the antitumor efficacy of CI-958 in patients with measurable recurrences of platinum-sensitive ovarian carcinoma and to determine the nature and degree of toxicity of CI-958 in these patients. Methods. Patients received CI-958 560 mg/m 2 intravenously every 3 weeks and tumor measurements were performed every one to two cycles. Results. Of 23 patients entered in the study, there was one complete response and 10 patients had stable disease with short response durations. Conclusions. CI-958 has minimal activity in recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian carcinoma at the dose and schedule tested.
New concepts in the regulation of an ancient reaction: transposition by RAG1/RAG2

The lymphoid-specific factors, recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1) and RAG2, initiate V(D)J recombination by introducing DNA double-stand breaks at specific sites in the genome. In addition to this critical endonuclease activity, the RAG proteins catalyze other chemical reactions that can affect the outcome of V(D)J recombination, one of which is transposition. While the transposition activity of the RAG proteins is thought to have been critical for the evolution of modern antigen-receptor loci, it has also been proposed to contribute to chromosomal translocations and lymphoid malignancy. A major challenge has been to determine how the transposition activity of the RAG proteins is regulated in vivo. Although a variety of mechanisms have been suggested by recent studies, a clear resolution of this issue remains elusive.
MDR1 transcript levels as an indication of resistant disease in acute myelogenous leukaemia.

Summary. The expression of the MDR1 gene was studied by Northern blot analysis in leukaemic cell specimens obtained from 74 patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). No relationship was found between MDR1 RNA levels and FAB type of leukaemia or patient age. Transcript levels tended to be highest in the leukaemic cells of patients with a history of toxic exposure or preleukaemia compared with ‘standard risk’patients at diagnosis but the differences were not significant (P= 0.07). Patients whose leukaemic cells contained high MDR1 transcript levels were difficult to induce into remission and, if remission was induced, the remissions were short. Hence high levels of MDR1 expression may explain, at least in part, the ineffectiveness of anthracycline antibiotic containing treatment regimens in some patients with AML.
Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence for three actomyosin: ADP states in smooth muscle

Smooth muscle myosin II undergoes an additional movement of the regulatory domain with ADP release that is not seen with fast skeletal muscle myosin II. In this study, we have examined the interactions of smooth muscle myosin subfragment 1 with ADP to see if this additional movement corresponds to an identifiable state change. These studies indicate that for this myosin:ADP, both the catalytic site and the actin-binding site can each assume one of two conformations. Relatively loose coupling between these two binding sites leads to three discrete actin-associated ADP states. Following an initial, weakly bound state, binding of myosin:ADP to actin shifts the equilibrium toward a mixture of two states that each bind actin strongly but differ in the conformation of their catalytic sites. By contrast, fast myosins, including Dictyostelium myosin II, have reciprocal coupling between the actin- and ADP-binding sites, so that either actin or nucleotide, but not both, can be tightly bound. This uncoupling, which generates a second strongly bound actomyosin ADP state in smooth muscle, would prolong the fraction of the ATPase cycle time that this actomyosin spends in a force-generating conformation and may be central to explaining the physiologic differences between this and other myosins.
SubLymE: the sub-Lyman alpha explorer

The Sub-Lyman α Explorer (SubLymE) will be proposed to NASA as a Small Explorer mission in response to the anticipated Announcement of Opportunity in fall 2014. It will provide multi-color imaging in the 102 – 120 nm spectral window with 2 arc second resolution and a field of view 12 arc minutes in diameter. No astronomical imaging has been done in this bandpass previously. SubLymE will enable a host of previously impossible astronomical observations but its optical design and operational planning have been optimized around two key projects. 1: The mission will perform a survey of local galaxies, identifying and characterizing the youngest and most massive stellar clusters in local star-forming and star-bursting galaxies. These stellar clusters drive the physical and chemical evolution of galaxies like the Milky Way. 2: SubLymE will directly measure the amount and spatial distribution of ionizing photon escape from star-forming galaxies in the local universe (0.22 < z < 0.5), a critical measurement for understanding how the intergalactic medium was ionized during the epoch of reionization. We present the current optical design and predicted performance for SubLymE, and summarize its primary science objectives.
Evaluation on an Interdisciplinary Nutrition Curriculum for Students in Grades K-6

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Participants will identify teaching methods and/or lessons for effectively teaching elementary students the concepts of 5-a-Day and the Food Guide Pyramid. This abstract describes an evaluation of "Every Day, Lots of Ways," an interdisciplinary nutrition curriculum for students in grades K-6 focusing on the topics of 5-a-Day for the K-1 group and the Food Guide Pyramid for 2nd – 6th grades. The experimental research design included administration of a pre- and post-test to treatment groups in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th grades with comparison to control groups at the same grade levels which had received no nutrition instruction during the test period. Evaluation instruments for the 1st grade students were designed to assess knowledge and attitude toward fruit and vegetable consumption. Written knowledge tests were administered to the 3rd and 5th grade students. A hands-on skills test involving selecting food items and placing them in Food Guide Pyramid food groups was administered by the research team. Teachers' knowledge and attitude toward nutrition were assessed via a survey completed prior to and after teaching the curriculum. For the 1st grade students, no difference was found between experimental and control groups in the mean of the post-test assessing knowledge using the pre-test as a covariate. However, a significant difference was found in the post-test attitude score (F 1,37 = 7.835, p=0.008) using the pre-test attitude score as a covariate. At the 3rd and 5th grade levels, there were significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the mean of the post-test scores (F 1,43 = 24.24, p=0.00, for 3rd grade; F 1,42 = 23.7, p=0.00, for the 5th grade) using the pre-test scores as covariates. The skills test revealed that students had difficulty selecting foods to be consumed over a one-day period that meet the Food Guide Pyramid's recommendations for numbers of servings of breads and vegetables. Students also placed certain foods in incorrect food groups, and selected meals consisting of foods that would not realistically be consumed together. These results as well as results of the teachers' knowledge and attitude test will be discussed, along with a description of the curriculum and recommendations for revision to increase effectiveness of nutrition lessons for grades K-6.
Mass Movement of Mancos Shale Crust Near Caineville, Utah: A 30‐year Record

Rates of soil creep were studied periodically over a 30-year period in southeastern Utah on Mancos Shale badland slopes averaging 35 degrees. More intensive studies were carried out over a 10-year period on slopes averaging 40 degrees. On the 35 degree slope the average rate of movement was 2.71 cm yr−1.On the 40 degree slopes, rates varied from 3.14 to 5.94 cm yr−1. Individual rates of movement varied widely, but average movement of a given line was consistent. No statistical differences in rates of movement were found between north- and south-facing slopes. About two-thirds of the total movement occurred during the winter/spring period; episodes of rapid movement coincided with years in which storms deposited at least 0.6 cm of precipitation per day for at least two consecutive days. Downslope rotation of nails indicates that creep involves only the top few centimeters of soil.
Mutation of a Single Conserved Nucleotide between the Cloverleaf and Internal Ribosome Entry Site Attenuates Poliovirus Neurovirulence

The chemical synthesis of poliovirus (PV) cDNA combined with the cell-free synthesis of infectious particles yielded virus whose mouse neurovirulence was highly attenuated (J. Cello, A. V. Paul, and E. Wimmer, Science 297:1016-1018, 2002). Compared to the wild-type PV1 (Mahoney) [PV1(M)] sequence, the synthetic virus genome harbored 27 nucleotide (nt) changes deliberately introduced as genetic markers. Of the 27 nucleotide substitutions, the UA-to-GG exchanges at nucleotides 102/103, mapping to a region between the cloverleaf and the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5′-nontranslated region, were found to be involved in the observed attenuation phenotype in mice. The UA/GG mutation at nt 102/103 in the synthetic PV1(M) [sPV1(M)] background conferred also a ts phenotype of replication to the virus in human neuroblastoma cells. Conversely, the exchange of GG to wild-type (wt) UA at 102/103 in an sPV1(M) background restored wt neurovirulence in CD155 transgenic (tg) mice and suppressed the ts phenotype in SK-N-MC cells. All poliovirus variants replicated well in HeLa cells at the two temperatures, regardless of the sequence at the 102/103 locus. Analyses of variants isolated from sPV(M)-infected CD155 tg mice revealed that the G102G103-to-G102A103 reversion alone reestablished the neurovirulent phenotype. This suggests that a single mutation is responsible for the observed change of the neurovirulence phenotype. sPV1(M) RNA is translated in cell extracts of SK-N-MC cells with significantly lower efficiency than PV1(M) RNA or sPV1(M) RNA with a G102-to-A102 reversion. These studies suggest a function for the conserved nucleotide (A103) located between the cloverleaf and the IRES which is important for replication of PV in the central nervous system of CD155 tg mice and in human cells of neuronal origin.
Real-time NMR beam-directed velocity mapping. V-mode NMR.

BACKGROUND Currently available noninvasive techniques for measuring blood flow velocities are constrained by limited view orientations (Doppler ultrasound) or limited time resolution (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI). We describe an MRI technique for measuring flow velocities in real time at arbitrary orientations within a cylindrical volume or "beam": V-mode nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). METHODS AND RESULTS The technique was implemented on a standard 1.5-T clinical NMR imager with no special hardware and was tested on phantoms and human volunteers. The beam can be fired at rates up to 60 times per second, allowing measurements on a time scale that is appropriate for ungated cardiac studies. In phantoms, steady flow velocities were measured with the beam aligned along the direction of flow, and the measured velocities correlated well with the actual velocities (r > 0.99). The radial distribution of velocities in phantoms under constant flow conditions was also determined. In humans, flow of blood in the descending aortas of normal and aortic insufficiency subjects was measured. Distinctive backflow of blood because of aortic insufficiency was readily apparent. CONCLUSIONS The V-mode NMR technique is capable of acquiring clinically relevant real-time blood flow information from any desired angle of view with no attenuation at bone or air-tissue interfaces.
Superoxide Dismutase Activity Is Essential for Stationary Phase Survival in Saccharomyces cerevisiae MITOCHONDRIAL PRODUCTION OF TOXIC OXYGEN SPECIES IN VIVO

Yeast lacking copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase T, or metallothionein were studied using long term stationary phase (10-45 days) as a simple model system to study the roles of antioxidant enzymes in aging. In well aerated cultures, the lack of either SOD resulted in dramatic loss of viability over the first few weeks of culture, with the CuZnSOD mutant showing the more severe defect. The double SOD mutant died within a few days. The severity reversed in low aeration; the CuZnSOD mutant remained viable longer than the manganese SOD mutant. To test whether reactive oxygen species generated during respiration play an important role in the observed cellular death, growth in nonfermentable carbon sources was measured. All strains grew under low aeration, indicating respiratory competence. High aeration caused much reduced growth in single SOD mutants, and the double mutant failed to grow. However, removal of respiration via another mutation dramatically increased short term survival and reversed the known air-dependent methionine and lysine auxotrophies. Our results suggest strongly that mitochondrial respiration is a major source of reactive oxygen species in vivo, as has been shown in vitro, and that these species are produced even under low aeration.
A wonderful sight to behold

American Ground Zero: The Secret Nuclear War. ByCarole Gallagher. MIT Press: 1993. Pp. 422. & dollar;50, & pound;32.25.Nuclear Energy and the Public. ByJoop van der Pligt. Blackwell: 1993. Pp. 193. & pound;35.Life Under A Cloud: American Anxiety About the Bomb. ByAllan M. Winkler. Oxford University Press: 1993. Pp. 282. & dollar;27.50.
Quasiminimal invariants for foliations of orientable closed surfaces

The Katok bound for the dimension of the cone of invariant measures for “quasiminimal” orientable foliations of closed oriented surfaces is extended to the nonquasiminimal case, in particular allowing for more general singularities. Equivalence of the Katok bound a bound for the dimension of the cone of invariant measures for a minimal interval exchange is established.
The elements of single neurons: A review

The author discusses neuronal networks, that is the neuroelectric networks within individual nerve cells, and explains that they may be as complicated as networks of neurons were once considered to be. Typically a spatially distributed, apparently functionally heterogeneous structure comprising as many as seven distinct types of two- and three-terminal resistive elements with memory, the neuroelectric network of a neuron challenges present network-analytical capabilities and is probably better understood in terms of plausibility arguments than in terms of rigorously derived input-output relationships.
Clinical and electrophysiologic effects of calcium channel blockers in patients receiving ibutilide.

Abstract Background Ibutilide is indicated for the acute termination of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Recent work concludes that ibutilide activates a late inward sodium current that is blocked by nifedipine. Because calcium channel blockers are commonly used in patients with atrial fibrillation, it is important to exclude an antagonistic effect on ibutilide in the clinical setting. Methods We performed a retrospective electrocardiographic (ECG) review of patients enrolled in 3 clinical trials of ibutilide (2 atrial fibrillation conversion protocols and 1 ventricular tachycardia suppression protocol) to determine clinical efficacy and ECG effects of ibutilide in patients receiving and not receiving calcium channel blockers. Calcium channel blockers were administered as clinically indicated. A meta-analysis of the effects of calcium channel blockers on the conversion efficacy of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter by ibutilide was also performed for studies in the literature. Results One hundred thirty patients were included in the ECG analysis (106 from atrial fibrillation protocols and 24 from the ventricular tachycardia protocol). Sixty-eight of the 130 patients were taking calcium channel blockers at the time of ibutilide administration. There were no differences in the QT or QTc intervals, conversion rate for atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, or suppression of ventricular tachycardia between patients taking and not taking calcium channel blockers. In the meta-analysis of 4 studies, there was no difference in the conversion rates between patients taking (52%, n = 221) and not taking (45%, n = 402) calcium channel blockers ( P =.09). Conclusions In the clinical setting, the concomitant use of calcium channel blockers does not alter the ECG effects or efficacy of ibutilide for the treatment of atrial or ventricular arrhythmias. (Am Heart J 2002;143:176-80.)
Negative group velocity of surface plasmons on thin metallic films

By tailoring the dispersion curve of surface plasmons (SPs) of a thin metallic film surrounded by dielectric half-spaces, it is shown that the group velocity of the symmetric mode is always positive, while the group velocity of the anti-symmetric mode can be negative. Consequently, the forward and backward propagation of SPs, in which the energy flow is respectively parallel or antiparallel to the wave vector, can be realized. The physical origin of the intriguing backward SPs is given. Furthermore, schemes for the negative refraction and imaging of SPs are proposed by incorporating two plasmon modes with group velocities of opposite signs.
The CyberDefense Laboratory: A Framework for Information Security Education

We developed a two-semester curriculum for undergraduate information security education. In the first semester students are provided with the necessary background in cryptography and cryptographic protocols, network security threats and defense mechanisms, as well as an overview of various security models. In the second semester, a set of laboratory-based modules provides the students with hands-on experience in implementing several of the security mechanisms they have learned so far. These modules cover topics such as host discovery and scanning, security assessment, perimeter security, secure communication, and Web security. The students finally engage in an attack-defense exercise through which they gain more insight into the vulnerabilities of existing platforms, and thus mitigate them. A dedicated laboratory has been established for this purpose. The setup of the laboratory and the pedagogical modules are described in this paper
Markov group testing

Consider N objects moving on a graph G = (V,E). Each item executes a random walk on the graph. Suppose at most k of the N objects are defective, and S sensors are placed at unique locations on G. At each time, each sensor provides a binary decision for the collection of objects in its graph neighborhood. A sensor returns 0 if no defective objects are present in its neighborhood and 1 if at least one defective object is present. Our goal is to determine the scaling of the time required to identify the defectives as a function of the number of sensors, the range of the sensors, the number of objects, the number of defectives, and the properties of the graph.
Characterization of NF-κΒ/IκΒ Proteins in Zebra Fish and Their Involvement in Notochord Development

Although largely involved in innate and adaptive immunity, NF-B plays an important role in vertebrate development. In chicks, the inactivation of the NF- pathway induces functional alterations of the apical ectodermal ridge, which mediates limb outgrowth. In mice, the complete absence of NF-B activity leads to prenatal death and neural tube defects. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of NF-/IB proteins in zebra fish. Despite being ubiquitously expressed among the embryonic tissues, NF-/IB members present distinct patterns of gene expression during the early zebra fish development. Biochemical assays indicate that zebra fish NF- proteins are able to bind consensus DNA-binding (B) sites and inhibitory IB proteins from mammals. We show that zebra fish IBs are degraded in a time-dependent manner after induction of transduced murine embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) and that these proteins are able to rescue NF- activity in IB / MEFs. Expression of a dominant-negative form of the murine IB (mIBM), which is able to block NF- in zebra fish cells, interferes with the notochord differentiation, generating no tail (ntl)-like embryos. This phenotype can be rescued by coinjection of the T-box gene ntl (Brachyury homologue), which is typically required for the formation of posterior mesoderm and axial development, suggesting that ntl lies downstream of NF- .W e further show that ntl and Brachyury promoter regions contain functional B sites and NF- can directly modulate ntl expression. Our study illustrates the conservation and compatibility of NF-/IB proteins among vertebrates and the importance of NF- pathway in mesoderm formation during early embryogenesis.
Reconsidering the Effects of Education on Political Participation

The consensus in the empirical literature on political participation is that education positively correlates with political participation. Theoretical explanations posit that education confers participation-enhancing benefits that in and of themselves cause political activity. As most of the variation in educational attainment arises between high school completion and decisions to enter postsecondary institutions, we focus our inquiry on estimating the effect of higher education on political participation. Our primary purpose is to test the conventional claim that higher education causes political participation. We utilize propensity-score matching to address the nonrandom assignment process that characterizes the acquisition of higher education. After the propensity-score matching process takes into account preadult experiences and influences in place during the senior year of high school, the effects of higher education per se on participation disappear. Our results thus call for a reconsideration of ho...
Effect of mercury and Gpi-2 genotype on standard metabolic rate of eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki).

Previous studies demonstrated differential mortality among mosquitofish of different Gpi-2 genotypes during acute mercury and arsenate exposures. Mercury-exposed mosquitofish also had Gpi-2 genotype-specific differences in glycolytic and Krebs cycle metabolite pools. The mortality and metabolite data suggested that mosquitofish bearing specific Gpi-2 genotypes might differ in metabolic efficiency, with less efficient Gpi-2 genotypes having higher standard metabolic rates (SMRs) and shorter times to death during acute mercury exposure. Effect of Gpi-2 genotype on SMR was assessed with a factorial arrangement of six Gpi-2 genotypes and two exposure sequences (Control — Control; Control — 100 μg/L Hg). The SMRs were estimated by measuring oxygen consumption using an indirect, closed-circuit, computer-controlled respirometer. A 48-h exposure to 100 μg/L of mercury resulted in a 16.7% elevation of SMR above control levels (p = 0.001). The Gpi-2 genotype and the number of heterozygous loci per individual had no significant effect on SMR in mercury-exposed mosquitofish. The experimental results do not support the hypothesis that Gpi-2 genotype-specific differences in glycolytic and Krebs cycle metabolite pools and mortality in mosquitofish exposed to mercury are associated with differences in SMR.
The Willingness to Spend on Healthcare: Evidence from Singapore

For the past few decades, the household healthcare expenditures have experienced a phenomenal growth in Singapore. This paper seeks to identify the underlying socio-economic factors that contribute towards this phenomenon by employing time series data to examine the household willingness to spend on healthcare from 1970 to 2006. The results from our log- linear regression show that the willingness to spend on healthcare is positively related to the proportion of Singapore's population who are elderly, the literacy rate, the ratio of price of other goods and services to the price of healthcare, and the establishment of Singapore's mandatory health savings plan, Medisave. In terms of their effects on the growth of Singapore's willingness to spend on healthcare, the most important factors are the ageing of the population and the increase in the literacy rate. JEL Classifications: I11, D12, R22
Traumatic hematuria in children can be evaluated as in adults.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Controversy exists regarding whether children who present with blunt abdominal trauma and microhematuria should undergo renal imaging. Adult blunt trauma victims who present without gross hematuria, shock, or significant deceleration or other major associated injuries do not require renal imaging. This study was designed to evaluate whether the criteria for imaging the renal parenchyma in adult blunt trauma victims apply to the pediatric population.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 720 consecutive pediatric patients with suspected renal trauma to determine mechanism of injury, evaluation and treatment of subsequent injuries.Results: Of the 720 trauma patients with hematuria (mean age 8 years) 334 underwent imaging, and 59 renal injuries were identified (grade I 32, grade II 6, grade III 8, grade IV 12, grade V 1). A total of 11 patients underwent exploration, resulting in 3 nephrectomies (grade IV 2, grade V 1). Renorrhaphy was not necessary and all other cases were manag...
Why is Brazil enriching uranium

In Brazil construction began in 1971 on Angra 1, a 626 MW Westinghouse pressurized water reactor (PWR). It was completed in 1984. Later, Angra 2 (a Kraftwerk Union PWR) achieved commercial operation in 2000. Brazil is considering the construction of seven nuclear power plants over the next 15 years. In preparation for this nuclear industry expansion, Brazil is building a uranium enrichment facility to provide nuclear fuel for Angra 1 and 2 starting in 2010 at Resende in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and collated with nuclear fuel fabrication facilities. This paper investigates whether the Resende Enrichment Facility will be able to provide uranium enrichment services at a cost lower than the international market price. We find that while Brazil is unlikely to be internationally competitive in the enrichment market, the Resende Enrichment Facility completes the front end of Brazil's nuclear fuel cycle. This assures uninterrupted nuclear fuel to its currently operating light water reactors, while providing the option of expanding capacity, lowering cost, and competing in the international nuclear fuel market after 2020.
Non-photonic electron–hadron correlations at STAR

We present STAR's measurements of azimuthal correlations between non-photonic electrons and charged hadrons in p+p, Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at GeV. In p+p collisions, from the non-photonic e–h correlation we have extracted the relative B meson semi-leptonic decay contributions to non-photonic electrons up to electron pt ~ 9 GeV/c. In central Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions where a dense medium is created, we find that the e–h correlation on the away side of the trigger non-photonic electron has been modified in comparison with the expectation from PYTHIA simulations.
The Extent of the Odontoblast Process in Human Dentin

Impacted human third molar teeth were examined, both with the light and electron microscope, to determine the extent of the odontoblast process. The odontoblast process was found to be limited to the inner third of coronal dentin and inner half of mid-root dentin.
The Impact of Dual Enrollment on College Degree Attainment: Do Low-SES Students Benefit?.

Dual enrollment in high school is viewed by many as one mechanism for widening college admission and completion of low-income students. However, little evidence demonstrates that these students dis...
Polysaccharides as Alternative Moisture Retention Agents for Shrimp

Phosphates are used as moisture retention agents (MRAs) by the shrimp industry. Although they are effective, phosphates are expensive, need to be listed on a food label, and overuse can often lead to a higher product cost for consumers. Polysaccharides were researched as alternative MRAs. Polysaccharides are usually inexpensive, are considered natural, and can have nutritional benefits. Research was conducted to determine whether polysaccharides yielded similar functional impacts as phosphates. Treatments included a 0.5% fibercolloid solution isolated from citrus peel, an 8% pectin solution, a 0.5% xanthan gum (XG) solution, a 1% carboxymethyl cellulose solution, and conventionally used 4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP). Experimental treatments were compared to a distilled water control to gauge effectiveness. Freezing, boiling, and oven drying studies were performed to determine how moisture retention in shrimp differed using these different treatments. Water activity was measured to determine any potential differences in shelf life. Solution uptake was also determined to understand how well the treatments enhanced water binding. For moisture loss by freezing, 4% STP and the 0.5% fibercolloid solution functioned the best. The 4% STP treated shrimp lost the least amount of moisture during boiling. The 0.5% fibercolloid and 0.5% XG treatment outperformed phosphates in respect to moisture uptake ability. None of the treatments had a major effect on water activity. All treatments were rated similar in consumer sensory acceptability tests except for pectin, which was rated lower by the sensory panel. Overall, polysaccharides were found to be viable alternatives to phosphates.
Climate change predicted to lengthen transatlantic travel times

Among the many consequences of rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, is a change to the medium through which planes fly. An emerging area of research is the impact that these changes may have on the airline industry, with studies addressing aspects ranging from the impact of rising temperatures on aeroplane weight restrictions (Coffel and Horton 2015 Wea. Climate Soc. 7 94–102) to the impact of changing wind shears on the occurrence of clear air turbulence (Williams and Joshi 2014 Nat. Clim. Change 3 644–8). Now, a recent study by Paul Williams (2016 Environ. Res. Lett. 11 024008), assesses the impact that changing winds may have on the duration of transatlantic flights.
The Flickering Global City

This article explores new dimensions of the global city in light of the correlation between hegemonic transition and the prominence of financial centers. It counterposes Braudels historical sequence of dominant cities to extant approaches in the literature, shifting the emphasis from a convergence of form and function to variations in history and structure. The marked increase of finance in the composition of London, New York and Tokyo has paralleled each citys occupation of a distinct niche in world financial markets: London is the principal center of currency exchange, New York is the primary equities market, and Tokyo is the leader in international banking. This division expresses the progression of world-economies since the nineteenth century and unfolds in the context of the present hegemonic transition. By combining world-historical and city-centered approaches, the article seeks to reframe the global city and overcome the limits inherent in the paradigm of globalization.
A study of calibrant selection in measurement of carbohydrate and peptide ion-neutral collision cross sections by traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry

While ion-neutral collision cross sections (CCSs) can be directly calculated from drift tube ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS) data, measurements made using the more recently introduced traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) technique are usually calibrated using standards with known CCS. Presently, there remains some question regarding how selection of calibrants influences TWIMS CCS measurements. This is of particular concern when calibrants of the same molecular class (e.g., carbohydrate versus peptide) or charge state as the unknowns are unavailable. This report presents a study of calibrant ion influence on CCS determination via TWIMS. Drift times from TWIMS were calibrated to CCSs using either carbohydrates or peptides as standards. These calibrations were then applied to other carbohydrates and peptides with known CCSs, and the errors of the measurements were assessed. In addition, calibrations with standards having charge states either matched or mismatched with those of the target analy...
The origin of tear lysozyme.

SummarySimultaneous serum and tear lysozyme studies were performed on 39 adults with a wide range of serum lysozyme activities. Failure to establish a relationship between the enzyme activities of serum and tears is in accord with the concept that lysozyme is synthesized de novo by lacrimal cells.
Evaluation of performance of SJT-B surfactant/polymer binary multi-system

In order to solve such problems as scaling cased by alkali in "alkali/surfactant/polymer" flooding,make use of laboratory evaluation methods,the paper deals with the particle size of SJT-B surfactant,corrosion-prevention and anti-scaling property,interface tension,viscosity and its stability,absorption properties,rheological and viscoelasticity and flooding effect of SJT-B surfactant/polymer compound system.The results show that there are a certain number of colloidal phosphate silicate particles in SJT-B alkali free surfactant which has good corrosion-prevention and anti-scaling property.Compared with polymer solution of same mass concentration,viscosity of SJT-B surfactant/polymer compound system is slightly lower,but viscoelasticity of them is equivalent basically.Interface tension between two-component compound system and oil from Oil Recovery Plant No.2 in Daqing Oilfield can reach 10-3 mN/m.Compared with surfactant/polymer/sodium hydrate ternary compound system,the effect of adsorptive action on interface tension of SJT-B surfactant/polymer compound system is larger,while effect on viscosity is smaller.Under the condition of same polymer mass concentration,increasing degree of recovery of SJT-B surfactant/polymer compound system flooding is the highest,and that of strong base ASP system flooding is higher than polymer flooding.
Finite structural axiomatization of every finite-valued propositional calculus

In [2] A. Wronski proved that there is a strongly finite consequence C which is not finitely based i.e. for every consequence C + determined by a finite set of standard rules C ≠ C +. In this paper it will be proved that for every strongly finite consequence C there is a consequence C + determined by a finite set of structural rules such that C(O)=C +(O) and $$\bar C$$ = $$\bar C$$ (where $$\bar C$$ , $$\bar C$$ are consequences obtained by adding to the rules of C, C + respectively the rule of substitution). Moreover it will be shown that under certain assumptions C=C +.
Brief Report: Investigating the Implications of Applying the New DSM-5 Criteria for Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Preschool Population in Singapore

Diagnostic reports for 206 children who underwent an assessment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using the DSM-IV-TR criteria, were re-evaluated using the DSM-5 criteria. Mean age of the children at time of diagnosis was 3 years 10 months. Of the 202 children diagnosed with ASD on the DSM-IV-TR, 184 (91.1 %) also met the DSM-5 criteria for ASD. The overall concordance rate of ASD diagnosis on the DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 was higher than that reported in other studies. Of the 18 children who did not meet DSM-5 criteria for ASD, 16 children met all social communication criteria but did not fulfil at least two restricted and repetitive behaviour (RRB) criteria. Six of those children had further RRBs emerging later on follow-up.
Callosal Agenesis and Interhemispheric Cysts

Imaging studies of 25 cases of agenesis of the corpus callosum with interhemispheric cyst were retrospectively reviewed at the University of California, San Francisco, and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
Performance of Design-Build and Design-Bid-Build Projects for Public Universities

AbstractIn an economy with an unsure market and scarce work for construction projects, public owners across the United States, especially universities, are using alternative project delivery methods to complete their projects within cost and schedule. As an alternate delivery method to design-bid-build (DBB), public universities across the United States are beginning to use design-build (DB) to construct their facilities. In order to analyze and compare DB and DBB projects, this study used 77 building projects built by planning and construction divisions of United States public universities. Statistical tests were conducted to determine if metrics related to cost, schedule, and change orders were significantly different from each other in these two types of projects. Results showed that DB projects significantly outperformed DBB projects in terms of schedule saving. The study also found that the number of construction change orders was significantly lower in DB projects than in DBB projects. The primary c...
Cellular senescence in renal ageing and disease

The senescence programme is implicated in diverse biological processes, including embryogenesis, tissue regeneration and repair, tumorigenesis, and ageing. Although in vivo studies of senescence are in their infancy, evidence suggesting that senescent cells are a heterogeneous cell type is accumulating: senescence can be induced by different stressors, and senescent cells have varying degrees of genomic and epigenomic instability and different cell origins, contributing to their diversity. Two main classes of senescent cells have been identified: acute and chronic senescent cells. Acute senescent cells are generated during coordinated, beneficial biological processes characterized by a defined senescence trigger, transient senescent-cell signalling functions, and eventual senescent-cell clearance. In contrast, chronic senescent cells arise more slowly from cumulative, diverse stresses and are inefficiently eliminated, leading to their accumulation and deleterious effects through a secretory phenotype. Senescent cells have been identified in many tissues and organs, including the kidney. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of senescent cells in renal development, homeostasis, and pathology. We also address how senotherapy, or targeting of senescent cells, might be used to improve renal function with normal ageing, disease, or therapy-induced damage.
What are the challenges in developing effective health policies for obesity

Identifying and implementing thoughtful, evidence-based (or at least evidence-informed) public health approaches to influencing obesity is a complex issue fraught with multiple challenges. These challenges begin with determining whether obesity policy approaches should be implemented. This is considered within the broader context of how common public health policy approaches may be relevant and applied to obesity. Additional challenges discussed include inconsistencies in clearly identifying obesity policy targets (for example, prevention versus treatment), selection of appropriate intervention targets and the identification and measurement of meaningful outcomes. Current policy initiatives are drawn upon to illustrate these challenges in the context of promoting solution-focused dialog aimed toward improving current initiatives and informing the development of new programs.
Effects of sulfonated side chains used in polysulfone based PEMs for VRFB separator

Abstract Polysulfone (PSU) –based Proton Exchange Membranes (PEMs) were synthesized from different pre-sulfonated monomers and evaluated for use in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Two types of sulfonated monomers, containing either an allyl sulfonate or styrene sulfonate group, were synthesized by a Mizoroki-Heck reaction from a 4,4′-difluorodiphenyl sulfone derivative. These monomers were polymerized with 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol to give partially fluorinated PSUs with controlled placement and content of sulfuric acid moieties. PEMs were then fabricated by solution casting and characterized against the membranes made from traditional backbone sulfonated PSU. The new PEMs revealed desirable physical properties and performance in a VRFB cell competitive with the Nafion membrane. Furthermore, each PEM with a different acid side-chain structure exhibited varying properties and performance depending on its acid content, providing a path to optimization.
Investigating pore scale configurations of two immiscible fluids via Level Set Method

The study of pore level displacement of immiscible fluids has scientific appeal as well as a plethora of engineering applications, notably in oil reservoir engineering and in environmental problems in the shallow subsurface. Pore network models have been used for numerical simulation of fluid displacement over relevant physical volume sizes. An accurate description of the mechanics of 3D displacement could significantly improve the predictions from network models of capillary pressure - saturation curves, interfacial areas and relative permeability in real porous media. If we assume quasi-static displacement, the criteria for interface movement can be deduced from capillary pressure and local pore geometry. The capillary pressure (pressure difference between the non-wetting and wetting fluid phase) at the fluid interface is determined by the Young-Laplace equation Pc = 2*S*C, where S is the interfacial tension and C is mean curvature of the interface. At constant pressure and surface tension, pore scale interfaces are modeled as constant mean curvature surfaces. Extremely irregular geometry of natural porous media makes it difficult to evaluate surface curvature values and corresponding geometric configurations of two fluids. A purely mechanistic set of pore level criteria for fluid advancement through pore space implemented by [1] relied on idealizing the interfacial surface as locally spherical. Even with spherical idealizations, simulating the topological changes of the interface, such as splitting and merging fronts, is nontrivial. We apply the Level Set Method (using Level Set Toolbox [2]) and the Surface Evolver software [3] for tracking and propagating interfaces in order to robustly handle topological changes and to obtain geometrically correct interfaces. For the level set method, we describe a simple model for mechanical equilibrium between capillary pressure and surface tension. The results from the models are illustrated at the pore scale in two and three dimensions. The pore scale grain boundary conditions are extracted from model porous media and from measured geometries in real rocks [4]. 1. M. Gladkikh and S. L. Bryant. Prediction of imbibition in unconsolidated granular materials. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 288 (2005) 526-539 2. K. Brakke. Surface Evolver, an interactive program for the modeling of liquid surfaces shaped by various constraints. http://www.susqu.edu/facstaff/b/brakke/evolver/html/intro.htm#overview 3. I. M. Mitchell and J. A. Templeton. A Toolbox of Hamilton-Jacobi Solvers for Analysis of Nondeterministic Continuous and Hybrid Systems. Springer-Verlag. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) 3413, 480-494. 4. W. B. Lindquist. 3DMA-Rock, A Software Package for Automated Analysis of Rock Pore Structure in 3-D Computed Microtomography Images http://www.ams.sunysb.edu/~lindquis/3dma/3dma_rock/3dma_rock.html
The Communist Party USA in the Post-World War II Era: A Study in Self-Destruction

This paper is an examination of the American Communist Party's response to events in the post-World War II era which, for all intents and purposes, ends up being the Party's response to the beginning of the Cold War. The central thesis of this paper is that American Communist Party (CP) destroyed itself by marrying its political fortunes to the policies of the Soviet Union. The Party's uncritical embrace of the Soviet interpretation of world events cost it the hard-earned legitimacy it gained during World War Two. This thesis emerged in the early stage of research and was increasing confirmed by further research and analysis.