cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting the accumulation of mercury-contaminated sediment on riverbanks—An analytical approach

[1] Mercury was introduced into the South River, Virginia, as a result of industrial use from 1929 to 1950. To guide remediation, an analytical model is developed to predict the mercury inventory resulting from deposition of mercury-contaminated sediment on subhorizontal surfaces adjacent to the river channel from 1930 to 2007. Sediment cores and geomorphic data were obtained from 27 sites. Mercury inventories range from 0.00019 to 0.573 kg m−2. High mercury inventories are associated with frequent inundation by floodwaters, forested riparian vegetation, and (at only four sites) unusually high sediment accumulation. Over the 10 km study reach, mercury inventories do not vary with downstream distance. The frequency of inundation at each coring site is determined from hydrologic data and a streamtube stage-discharge model. Water levels are exponentially distributed. A simple parameterization represents the enhanced ability of forested vegetation to trap mercury-contaminated sediments compared to nonforest vegetation. The calibrated model explains 62% of the observed variation in mercury inventories; 15 of the 27 predicted values are within a factor of 1.8 of the observed values. Calibration indicates a mercury deposition rate during inundation of 0.040 kg m−2 yr−1 (95% C.I. 0.032–0.048), that forested areas accumulate mercury-contaminated sediment 3.05 (95% C.I. 2.43–3.67) times faster than nonforested areas, and that floodwaters deeper than 0.98 (95% C.I. 0.45–1.53) m do not accumulate suspended sediment or mercury. At four sites, floodplain accumulation of 0.8–1.2 m occurred over a period of 39 (95% C.I. 22–56) years, while sedimentation is negligible (mean: 0.1 m, median: 0.03 m) at other sites.
On the Persistence of Capital Structure - Reinterpreting What We Know

Current literature has suggested that many factors afiect a flrm’s capital structure decision and flrms do not change their capital structure very often. Such a\stable"structure has prompted Lemmon, Roberts, and Zender (2007) to advocate the use of flrm flxed efiect in capital structure regressions. They have shown that flrm flxed efiect not only explains 60% of cross-sectional variation in leverage, but also crowds out all the known explanatory variables for capital structure. In this paper, we demonstrate that the popular pooled regression approach is less biased than the flxed efiect model in explaining the cross-sectional variation in leverage. In other words, the crowding out phenomenon itself actually implies that the existing literature ofiers useful factors in understanding the capital structures dispersion. This is conflrmed in our empirical study, where we flnd that up to 25% of the variations in the long-term mean can be explained by the known factors. Therefore, given the persistence of capital structure, we argue that it is more important to focus our attention on what determines the dynamics of capital structure. When modeling individual flrms’ leverage as following an AR(1) process, we flnd that both persistence and shocks to capital structure are related to a number of flrm characteristics. We also flnd that long-term means and persistence parameters change with business cycles. Our approach to capital structure also allows us to achieve better out-of-sample predictions for leverage.
Nucleosynthesis Accompanying Classical Nova Outbursts

Theoretical studies of thermonuclear runaways in degenerate hydrogen-rich matter leading to classical nova outbursts predict that nova ejecta can be characterized by substantial overabundances of the elements carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as well as of other interesting nuclear species. Observational determinations of abundances in nova ejecta have now confirmed both that anomalous CNO enrichments do indeed occur and that the elements neon, sodium, magnesium and aluminum can also be present in significant amounts. This paper reviews the abundance patterns observed in novae and discusses these within the context of the theoretical models. We then examine the possible implications of these abundance enrichments for galactic nucleosynthesis. The possible role of nova in the production of 22Na and 26Al is also discussed.
Applicability of linear polyethylenimine supported on nano-silica for the adsorption of CO2 from various sources including dry air

Adsorbents based on linear polyethylenimines (LPEIs) supported on fumed silica were prepared and studied for the reversible adsorption of CO2 under mild conditions from various gas mixtures, including dry air with a CO2 concentration of only 400 ppm. While the adsorption kinetics were similar between linear and branched PEI impregnated on fumed silica, the desorption rate was noticeably faster on linear PEI, which is advantageous for fast adsorption/desorption cycling. The enthalpy of CO2 adsorption was also lower on LPEI based adsorbents (−43 to −53 kJ mol−1 CO2). Desorption of the adsorbed CO2 occurred rapidly at relatively low temperatures (50 to 100 °C). The adsorption/desorption process can be repeated for more than one hundred cycles with no noticeable decrease in adsorption capacity even under humid conditions. The stability of the adsorbents under CO2, air, and N2 was also investigated.
Design and implementation of an embedded python run-time system

This paper presents the design and implementation of a complete embedded Python run-time system for the ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller. The Owl embedded Python run-time system introduces several key innovations, including a toolchain that is capable of producing relocatable memory images that can be utilized directly by the run-time system and a novel foreign function interface that enables the efficient integration of native C code with Python. The Owl system demonstrates that it is practical to run high-level languages on embedded microcontrollers. Instrumentation within the system has led to an overall system design that enables Python code to be executed with low memory and speed overheads. Furthermore, this paper presents an evaluation of an autonomous RC car that uses a controller written entirely in Python. This demonstrates the ease with which complex embedded software systems can be built using the Owl infrastructure.
A conserved intron in the V-ATPase A subunit genes of plants and algae

Amplification and sequencing of part of the coding regions of the catalytic V-type ATPase subunit shows the presence of (at least) two genes in all land plants as well as the conservative insertion of a noncoding sequence. The two genes exhibit a coding region of the same length but differ in the number of nucleotides present in the intron. The latter is surprisingly conserved suggesting the presence of functional constraints on the intron sequences. The findings presented in this report indicate that introns from plants and animals are characterized by different internal structural elements.
Quantification of serum creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme activity.

Abstract Three serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes (MM, MB and BB) have been recognized. Myocardium is richly endowed with MB CPK. Accordingly, increased serum MB CPK activity reflects myocardial injury. Although recent advances have facilitated detection of activity of CPK isoenzymes, available techniques have unavoidable quantitative limitations. Accordingly, we used a new procedure to quantify CPK isoenzymes in serum samples with normal or increased total CPK activity. Samples were diluted or concentrated so that total CPK activity was 0.100 to 1.200 IU/ml and then subjected to electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. Regions of the strips encompassing each isoenzyme were cut out, immersed in 0.5 to 3 ml of assay medium in which the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) was generated as a function of isoenzyme activity. NADPH was detected by serial determinations of fluorescence in the medium. The assay was linear with respect to time and isoenzyme activity (0.010 to 1.2 ID/ml, no . = 100) and recovery averaged 83 ± 1.8 percent (standard deviation). Reproducibility was within 2 percent. Accuracy of the method was validated with selected mixtures of BB and MM isoenzymes. Serum MB CPK activity averaged only 0.002 ± 0.001 lU/ml in normal persons ( no . = 27), compared to 0.064 ± 0.043 lU/ml in 30 patients with myocardial infarction. Serum MB CPK activity was not increased in 23 patients after intramuscular injections or abdominal surgery. The procedure described permits quantitative determination of activity of individual CPK isoenzymes in serum samples with or without increased total CPK activity and thus is of potential value in the quantitative assessment of myocardial infarction by serum enzyme analysis.
Potential application of p53 as an intermediate biomarker in Barrett's esophagus

Diagnosis of the neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus using the histologic classification of dysplasia is frequently difficult. The tumor suppressor protein p53, when mutated, confers a promoter effect on cell growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of p53 as an intermediate biomarker of malignancy in Barrett's esophagus. Archival analysis of 100 biopsy specimens of Barrett's esophagus and 10 esophageal adenocarcinomas were compared with 35 chronic esophagitis biopsy specimens. Immunocytochemistry using an anti-p53 monoclonal antibody was performed and elevated immunoreactivity quantitated microscopically. Data were analyzed using a logistic regression model. Significant p53 immunoreactivity occurred as follows: chronic esophagitis (0%), Barrett's esophagus without dysplasia (10%), with low-grade dysplasia (60%), with high-grade dysplasia (100%), and adenocarcinoma (70%). All cases of Barrett's esophagus were significantly immunoreactive when compared with the chronic esophagitis cases (p = 0.001). There was an increase in p53 immunoreactivity as the histologic classification progressed toward adenocarcinoma (p = 0.001). Progression to high-grade dysplasia may be predicted based on p53 immunoreactivity. These findings suggest a role for p53 as an intermediate biomarker in Barrett's esophagus.
Dendrimer enhanced ultrafiltration. 1. Recovery of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions using PAMAM dendrimers with ethylene diamine core and terminal NH2 groups.

This article discusses the feasibility of using dendrimer enhanced ultrafiltration (DEUF) to recover Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. Building upon the results of fundamental investigations of Cu(II) binding to PAMAM dendrimers with ethylenediamine (EDA) core and terminal NH_2 groups, we combine (i) dead-end ultrafiltration (UF) experiments with (ii) atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization of membrane fouling to assess the feasibility of using DEUF to recover Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. On a mass basis, the Cu(II) binding capacities of the EDA core PAMAM dendrimers are much larger and more sensitive to solution pH than those of linear polymers with amine groups. The dendrimer−Cu(II) complexes can be efficiently separated from aqueous solutions by ultrafiltration. The metal ion laden dendrimers can be regenerated by decreasing the solution pH to 4.0; thus enabling the recovery of the bound Cu(II) ions and recycling of the dendrimers. The UF measurements and AFM characterization studies show that EDA core PAMAM dendrimers with terminal NH_2 groups have very low tendency to foul the commercially available regenerated cellulose (RC) membranes evaluated in this study. The overall results of these experiments suggest that DEUF is a promising process for recovering metal ions such as Cu(II) from aqueous solutions.
Clinical relevance of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most important respiratory tract pathogen in otitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia. Over the past decades, there has been an increase in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to penicillin. Decreased susceptibility to penicillin is not the same as penicillin resistance. Decreased susceptibility to penicillin has occurred worldwide from dissemination of several resistant pneumococcal clones, and, to a lesser extent, from excessive use of ciprofloxacin, macrolides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Currently, penicillin resistance is defined by using a breakpoint of 2 microg/mL or more. Intermediately resistant strains (MIC 1-2 microg/mL) are also relatively sensitive depending on antibiotic concentration. Intermediate antibiotic susceptibility is concentration dependent. Antibiotic concentration at various body sites is determined by pharmacokinetic considerations. Except for very highly resistant strains, the treatment of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae causing bacteremia, sinusitis, otitis, bronchitis, or community-acquired pneumonia remains penicillin or any beta-lactam. Only in pneumococcal meningitis caused by penicillin-resistant pneumococci does the clinician have to use care in selecting an antipneumococcal antibiotic with adequate cerebrospinal fluid penetration and favorable kill ratios. Clinicians should be selective in antibiotic selection to minimize further decreases in penicillin susceptibility to S. pneumoniae. This is best achieved by using low-resistance potential antibiotics oral/intravenous mono-therapy at the full recommended dose. Therapeutic failure may occur in using lower doses at certain body sites. Macro-lides as monotherapy or as part of combination therapy should be minimized. Optimal therapy for non-central nervous system pneumococcal infection is with a respiratory quinolone (eg, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin), clindamycin, doxycycline, third-generation cephalosporins. For highly resistant pneumococci, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, cefepime, meropenem, vancomycin, or linezolid may be used.
Health Insurance in Transition: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 (PL. 104-191) brings the federal governmentfully into insurance regulation for thefirst time. Despite the Republican majority's rhetoric about state control, election-year politics trumped federalism. HIPAA's immediate impact on coverage may be modest, but its ultimate significance is great because it creates a template for more farreachingfederal involvement in regulating insurance. HIPAA amends the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), the Public Health Service Act, and the Internal Revenue Code, creating a complicated structure dictated by efforts to avoid an unfunded mandate. The history of insurance regulation and the activity surrounding the enactment ofPEL. 104-191 suggest that HIPAA continues an incremental process of transition between state insurance regulation and federal oversight driven by recent and accelerating changes in the structure of the health-care marketplace.
A forty-three year museum study of northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) abnormalities in Arkansas: upward trends and distributions.

The northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) is a resident of streams, rivers, and wet-lands of eastern North America. We documented abnormalities in A. crepitans housed in the Arkansas State University Museum of Zoology Herpetology Collection. Abnormality frequency increased from 1957 to 2000 (χ2=43.76, df=3, P<0.001). From 1957 through 1979 only 3.33% of specimens were unusual. This rate was 6.87% during the 1990s, and in 2000 it was 8.48%. High frequencies of abnormalities were identified in the following Ozark highland counties: Sharp, Lawrence, and Randolph. We observed 104 abnormalities among 1,464 frogs (7.10%). The differential abnormality frequencies observed between the Arkansas lowlands and highlands are striking. The Ozarks had significantly higher frequencies of abnormalities than other Arkansas regions (χ2=59.76, df=4, P<0.001). The Ouachita Mountains had significantly higher frequencies than the Gulf Coastal Plain, Delta, or Arkansas River Valley (χ2=13.172, df=3, P<0.01). There was no diffe...
Trp53R172H and KrasG12D cooperate to promote chromosomal instability and widely metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in mice

To define the genetic requirements for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), we have targeted concomitant endogenous expression of Trp53(R172H) and Kras(G12D) to the mouse pancreas, revealing the cooperative development of invasive and widely metastatic carcinoma that recapitulates the human disease. The primary carcinomas and metastases demonstrate a high degree of genomic instability manifested by nonreciprocal translocations without obvious telomere erosion-hallmarks of human carcinomas not typically observed in mice. No mutations were discovered in other cardinal tumor suppressor gene pathways, which, together with previous results, suggests that there are distinct genetic pathways to PDA with different biological behaviors. These findings have clear implications for understanding mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, and for the development of detection and targeted treatment strategies.
Extended cytoreduction of tumor at the porta hepatis by an interdisciplinary team approach in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to describe the development and experience in resection of tumor at the porta hepatis in patients with ovarian cancer by an interdisciplinary team approach. Methods From August 2007 to June 2009, 11 women (2 primary and 9 recurrent ovarian cancers) underwent extended cytoreductive surgery including resection of tumor at the porta hepatis by hepatobiliary surgeons. Results Tumor resection at the porta hepatis was required in 7.1% of the patients (11/155) during the study period. The median tumor size of the porta hepatis was 2.0cm (range, 0.7–4cm). All visible tumors at the porta hepatis were completely resected with co-operation of hepatobiliary surgeons. Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in all patients. There was no significant morbidity related to tumor resection of the porta hepatis and mortality associated with surgery. Five of 11 patients had recurrent disease at median 8months (range, 1–13) after the surgery with a median follow-up of 8months (range, 3–21months). Conclusion Tumor resection at the porta hepatis is feasible with acceptable morbidities in patients with ovarian cancer by an interdisciplinary team approach with hepatobiliary surgeons. Long term follow up is needed to know the impact on survival.
Accelerators with a general magnetic field

Abstract The linear motion of a particle moving in an accelerator having a general magnetic field is investigated. A solution is found which is valid for a wide class of accelerators, which includes the AG synchrotron, FFAG accelerators and the fixed-frequency cyclotron. Results are given for the equilibrium orbit, the betatron oscillation frequencies, the betatron oscillations and other linear orbit properties.
Carbohydrate metabolism of lymphocytes: Modified methodology and comparisons of diabetics with non-diabetics

Changes in the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) and Krebs cycle activity during lymphocyte blast transformation are reported in 50 patients with diabetes mellitus and 50 non-diabetics. A modified technique using 12 × 75 mm sterile tubes and micropipette tips stuffed with filter paper was used. The filter paper, soaked with hyamine hydroxide, absorbed radioactively labeled CO2 produced from [14C]-labeled glucose incorporated by cells. [14C]CO2 from glucose labeled at the C-1 position measured the activity of the HMPS. [14C]CO2 from glucose labeled at the C-2 position measured the HMPS activity associated with the feedback of pentose sugars. [14C]-labeled CO2 from glucose labeled at the C-6 position was used to measure Krebs cycle activity. A statistically significant decrease in HMPS activity was found in diabetic cells exposed to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), concanavalin-A (CON-A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) (P < 0.01). This decrease in HMPS activity and its relation to lymphocyte blast transformation may be related to the increased incidence of infection known to occur in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Estimating influenza attack rates in the United States using a participatory cohort

We considered how participatory syndromic surveillance data can be used to estimate influenza attack rates during the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 seasons in the United States. Our inference is based on assessing the difference in the rates of self-reported influenza-like illness (ILI, defined as presence of fever and cough/sore throat) among the survey participants during periods of active vs. low influenza circulation as well as estimating the probability of self-reported ILI for influenza cases. Here, we combined Flu Near You data with additional sources (Hong Kong household studies of symptoms of influenza cases and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates of vaccine coverage and effectiveness) to estimate influenza attack rates. The estimated influenza attack rate for the early vaccinated Flu Near You members (vaccination reported by week 45) aged 20–64 between calendar weeks 47–12 was 14.7%(95% CI(5.9%,24.1%)) for the 2012–2013 season and 3.6%(−3.3%,10.3%) for the 2013–2014 season. The corresponding rates for the US population aged 20–64 were 30.5% (4.4%, 49.3%) in 2012–2013 and 7.1%(−5.1%, 32.5%) in 2013–2014. The attack rates in women and men were similar each season. Our findings demonstrate that participatory syndromic surveillance data can be used to gauge influenza attack rates during future influenza seasons.
Partial scan design of register-transfer level circuits

Register-transfer level designs that are derived from high-level synthesis systems generally consist of functional blocks and registers that are interconnected by multiplexers and buses to maximize resource sharing These multiplexer and bus structures have the unique ability to behave asswitches, i.e., to logically partition the circuit when their control inputs are manipulated in different ways. The presence of switches, the selection of scan registers can be influenced. This leads to an efficient partial scan methodology presented in this paper. Second, switches help set up data transfer paths calledI-paths. By employingI-paths to transport test data, the functional logic in the circuit can be separated from the switching logic for the purpose of test generation. This can lead to a reduction in test generation costs for a partial scan design. Thus the techniques presented in this paper help to minimize both testability overhead and test generation cost in bus-based circuits. This methodology is implemented in the SIESTA system for serial scan design.
Design and performance analysis of consecutive-k-out-of-n structure

This study identifies invariant optimal designs for linear and circular consecutive-k-out-of-n systems and completes the theories on invariant optimal design of consecutive-k-out-of-n systems. The component reliability importance patterns of consecutive-2-out-of-n systems with i.i.d. components is identified. A heuristic method is developed for optimal design of a general linear consecutive-k-ou-of-n system using the concept of component reliability importance. A binary search method is presented to find optimal designs of a linear consecutive-k-out-of-n:F system with n≤2k
Making sense of Kafka: Structural biases induce early sense commitment for metonyms

Abstract Prior research suggests that the language processor initially activates an underspecified representation of a metonym consistent with all its senses, potentially selecting a specific sense if supported by contextual and lexical information. We explored whether a structural heuristic, the Subject as Agent Principle, which provisionally assigns an agent theta role to canonical subjects, would prompt immediate sense selection. In Experiment 1, we found initial evidence that this principle is active during offline and online processing of metonymic names like Kafka. Reading time results from Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that previous context biasing towards the metonymic sense of the name reduced, but did not remove, the agent preference, consistent with Frazier’s (1999) proposal that the processor may avoid selecting a specific sense, unless grammatically required.
The fibrinogen Aα R16C mutation results in fibrinolytic resistance

The fibrinogen Aalpha R16C mutation is a common cause of dysfibrinogenaemia and has been previously associated with both bleeding and thrombosis. However, the mechanism underlying the thrombotic phenotype has not yet been elucidated. This report characterises the defect in fibrinolysis seen as a result of the Aalpha R16C mutation. A young patient with dysfibrinogenaemia (fibrinogen Hershey III) was found to be heterozygous for the Aalpha R16C mutation. Functional assays were performed on the purified fibrinogen to characterise clot formation and lysis with plasmin and trypsin. Consistent with previous results, clot formation was diminished. Unexpectedly, fibrinolysis was also delayed. Plasminogen activation was normal, ruling out decreased plasmin generation as the mechanism behind the fibrinolytic resistance. Western blot analysis showed no difference in the amount of bound alpha2-antiplasmin or albumin. When clot lysis was assayed with trypsin substituted for plasminogen, a significant delay was also observed, indicating that defective binding to plasminogen could not explain the fibrinolytic resistance. These results suggest that the defective fibrinolysis is due to increased proteolytic resistance, most likely reflecting changes in clot structure.
The effect of vincular injury on the results of flexor tendon surgery in zone 2

From a consecutive series of 82 fingers (69 patients) that sustained flexor tendon lacerations in zone 2, 47 fingers (39 patients) had the status of the vincular system determined during primary repair. The vincula were intact in 22 fingers and not intact in 25. Total active motion (TAM) after rehabilitation and before a reconstructive procedure, such as repair of a rupture, tenolysis, or grafting of a tendon, was the end point of the study. The overall mean TAM was 196°. The mean TAM was 222° for fingers with intact vincula and 176° for fingers with vincula not intact ( p
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice

The spike protein (S), a membrane component of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is anticipated to be an important component of candidate vaccines. We constructed recombinant forms of the highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) containing the gene encoding full-length SARS-CoV S with and without a C-terminal epitope tag called MVA/S-HA and MVA/S, respectively. Cells infected with MVA/Sor MVA/S-HA synthesized a 200-kDa protein, which was recognized by antibody raised against a synthetic peptide of SARS-CoV S or the epitope tag in Western blot analyses. Further studies indicated that S was N-glycosylated and migrated in SDS polyacrylamide gels with an apparent mass of ≈160 kDa after treatment with peptide N-glycosidase F. The acquisition of resistance to endoglycosidase H indicated trafficking of S to the medial Golgi compartment, and confocal microscopy showed that S was transported to the cell surface. Intranasal or intramuscular inoculations of BALB/c mice with MVA/S produced serum antibodies that recognized the SARS S in ELISA and neutralized SARS-CoV in vitro. Moreover, MVA/S administered by either route elicited protective immunity, as shown by reduced titers of SARS-CoV in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of mice after challenge. Passive transfer of serum from mice immunized with MVA/S to naive mice also reduced the replication of SARS-CoV in the respiratory tract after challenge, demonstrating a role for antibody to S in protection. The attenuated nature of MVA and the ability of MVA/S to induce neutralizing antibody that protects mice support further development of this candidate vaccine.
Strong electronic perturbation of the Cu{111} surface by 7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinonedimethane

Abstract We have imaged 7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinonedimethane (TCNQ) on the Cu{111} surface at 77 K using scanning tunneling microscopy. TCNQ forms molecular chains along the steps at extremely low surface coverages. Oriented adsorption of TCNQ occurs along both the top and the bottom of the Cu steps in which the long molecular axis is parallel to the steps. Monolayer films on the terraces nucleate from TCNQ adsorbed at the steps. Ordered domains of TCNQ coexist with regions of disorder within the monolayer. We find that TCNQ strongly and anisotropically perturbs the local density of electronic states on the Cu{111} surface. These molecular perturbations of the surface determine the ordering of TCNQ on the Cu terraces.
Predator-prey interactions: egg-eating predators

Abstract This manuscript is intended to provide further insight into the dynamics of predator-prey interactions in which the predator population feeds on the eggs of the prey population. Reasons are provided for the results shown in a previous article. It is further shown that, by making a slight change in the predator harvesting function of the previous model, a more realistic model is developed which has the advantages of a stable steady state point and an unstable extinction point. Comments are also made regarding the special case of this model for which the predator population is constant with respect to the harvest of the prey's eggs. Lastly, a proposition is set forth by which the results of this work could be tested.
El Curriculum Escolar y su Abordaje desde la Teoría de la Sociedad Mundial: Revisión y Prospectiva

The purpose of this article is to provide a review of key literature on school curricula framed by sociological neo-institutional thought, also known as world society. In addition, the paper provides ideas and direction for future research intended to enhance knowledge and understanding of emerging global models of school curricula.
Sexual Orientation and Psychiatric Diagnosis: Issues to Consider for DSM-V and Beyond

The author identifies ways to think about homosexuality in the context of psychiatry without pathologizing it. These include sexual orientation as a risk factor for mental illness and sexual orientation as a cultural factor relating to diagnosis and treatment. Recommendations for the DSM-V and future diagnostic manuals are given, including suggestions for further research.
Instability Induced by Near-substrate Electric Field

This paper reports experimental work using an electric field close to a substrate to induce morphological patterns in a thin polymer film. The film was spin-coated onto a glass wafer, and subsequently heated to above its glass transition temperature to allow viscous flow. An electric field was applied by two parallel electrodes spacing 10 mm apart. The initially flat polymer/air interface lost stability and formed islands. The self-assembled islands exhibited a narrow size distribution and demonstrated spatial ordering. We attribute the pattern formation to the minimization of combined interface energy and electrostatic energy.
Intensive nutritional supplementation improved functional outcome after stroke.

Does an intensive nutritional supplement improve functional outcome in undernourished patients in a stroke rehabilitation unit? ### Design: randomised controlled trial. ### Allocation: concealed. ### Blinding: blinded (patients, healthcare providers, therapists, data collectors, and outcome assessors). ### Follow-up period: to discharge (mean 26 d). ### Setting: stroke rehabilitation unit in New York, USA. ### Patients: 116 patients (mean age 74 y, 59% men) who had had a first stroke <4 weeks before admission to the unit, had ⩾2.5% weight loss within 2 weeks after the stroke, were medically stable, and were able to ingest food orally. Exclusion criteria were dementia, alcohol abuse, renal or liver disease, malabsorption, and terminal illness. ### Intervention: intensive nutritional supplement (240 calories, 11 g of protein) (n = 58) or standard nutritional supplement (127 calories, 5 g of protein) (n = 58), 120 …
Experimental study of friction reducer flows in microfracture

Abstract Tight formations with extremely low matrix permeabilities, such as gas shale, can produce at economical rates is due to the inborn fissures and fractures introduced during hydraulic stimulation. These microfractures have much more contact area with the matrix and therefore hold the majority of the productivity potential of shale gas. Slickwater fracturing has been proved to be an effective method by which to increase the recovery of shale gas reservoirs. And friction reducer is the primary component of this fluid. However, the flow characteristics of this solution in microfractures are not clear. Micro-sized fluidic chip was used to represent the microfracture. Friction reducer solution is a shear thinning fluid. Rather than reducing flowing friction, with 0.075 vol% of this fluid flowing in a 1000 μm height, 50 μm width and 4.14 cm length microfracture, the injection pressure increased more than 50%. The impact of the solution concentration was found to be more obvious at low velocities. If a flowback additive is considered for slickwater fracturing, its performance at low velocity or low shear rate would be critical. At the same shear rate, the apparent viscosity is higher in large microfractures. At the same velocity, large microfractures display higher residual resistance factors. Through the analysis of fluid emulsion particle size and gas shale matrix pore size, this friction reducer solution will not go into the matrix pores easily, but can block the pore entrance on fracture face to prevent the fluid from leak off and help pressure build up during slickwater fracturing.
Phylogeny and evolution of male genitalia within the praying mantis genus Tenodera (Mantodea:Mantidae)

The mantis genus Tenodera is composed of several species distributed across Africa, Asia and Australasia, along with recent human introductions to North America. Species of the genus are morphologically similar and utilise equivalent habitats across their distribution. Relationships among these species and the morphological characters used to diagnose them have never been formally tested, leaving authors to disagree as to the species composition of Tenodera. With DNA sequence data from five molecular loci and morphological characters from male genitalia, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Tenodera using multiple optimality criteria. All included species were found to be monophyletic in analyses of the combined data. Tenodera sinensis and T. bokiana were both supported as distinct species recovered in separate clades, resolving confusion as to their placement and classification. Our analysis identified a previously undescribed species of Tenodera collected in India, recovered as sister to T. aridifolia and T. sinensis, and exhibiting distinct male genital morphology. In light of the phylogeny, we characterise for the first time, and investigate the evolution of, the male genitalia, which allowed us to discover several transitions in structural forms. We also consider the connection of these transitions to sexual cannibalism and how this behaviour may have led to rapid evolution of the male genitalia.
The energetics of mercury adsorption on Cu(100)

Abstract We have investigated the adsorption of mercury overlayers on Cu(100) by atom beam scattering, low energy electron diffraction and angle resolved photoemission. From our data we have calculated the isosteric heats in the adsorbed Hg layer on Cu(100) and compared these with results obtained for mercury on Fe(100), W(100) and Ni(100). We observe changes in the isosteric heat of adsorption that can be associated with the ordering of a c(2 × 2) Hg overlayer phase and the transition from a c(2 × 2) overlayer to a c(4 × 4) overlayer. The isosteric heat of adsorption is 0.50 ± 0.07 eV/atom (48 ± 7 kJ/mol) at zero coverage and reaches a maximum of 0.73 ± 0.04 eV/atom (70 ± 4 kJ/mol). From a combination of ABS and LEED, the structures of the two equilibrium ordered phases of Hg on Cu(100) have been identified, as well as the structures of several non-equilibrium phases.
Radon-induced cancer: a cell-based model of tumorigenesis due to protracted exposures.

In 1982, results with C3H mouse embryo cells showed that the frequency of neoplastic transformation was enhanced when exposures to fission-spectrum neutrons were protracted in time. This finding was unexpected because the opposite was found with low-LET radiations. Similar neutron enhancements were reported with normal life-span Syrian hamster embryo cells, and with human hybrid cells. Because other studies did not confirm the preceding, in 1990–at a conference convened by the US Armed Forces Radiobiological Research Institute—a biophysical model was proposed to explain the basis for the enhancement observed in some experiments but not in others. The model attributed special sensitivities, related to killing and neoplastic transformation, to cells in and around mitosis. Subsequently, it was shown that late G2/M phase cells constituted this window of sensitivity. In the instance of tumorigenesis, the model predicted that protracted exposures to a high-LET radiation would result in enhanced frequencies of t...
Chemotherapy with etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, bolus cyclophosphamide, and oral prednisone in patients with refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND This Phase II study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy with etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, bolus cyclophosphamide, and oral prednisone (EPOCH regimen) in patients with advanced, refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). METHODS Fifteen patients were treated with a 96-hour continuous infusion of etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, bolus cyclophosphamide, and oral prednisone, followed by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor support and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis. The median age of the patients was 53 years (range, 17–82 years). Six patients had Sezary syndrome (SS), four patients had visceral involvement, and four patients had anaplastic large cell morphology, three with Ki-1 (CD30) positivity. All patients had disease that was refractory to prior chemotherapy or electron beam irradiation and eight of these patients had received cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. Seven patients had received prior interferon therapy and nine patients had received fludarabine and/or 2-CDA. RESULTS After a median of 5 cycles (range, 1–9 cycles), 4 patients achieved a complete response (27%) and 8 patients achieved a partial response (53%) for an overall response rate of 80% (95% confidence interval, 52–96%). Three patients with visceral involvement, two of three patients with anaplastic large cell morphology, and one patient with human T-cell lymphoma virus leukemia/lymphoma did not respond. All 12 responders had improvement in skin disease; 2 of 6 patients with SS had complete disappearance of circulating Sezary cells. The median progression free survival was 8.0 months (range, 3–22 months). After a median follow-up of 11.4 months (range, 2–56+ months), the median patient survival was 13.5 months. Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity occurred in 8 patients (61%); 5 of these 8 patients had febrile neutropenia. Six patients developed staphylococcal bacteremia, two patients had disseminated herpes infection, and one patient had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Grade 3 neurotoxicity occurred in one patient. Two patients had a significant decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction and one patient had supraventricular tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS EPOCH chemotherapy has a high response rate with acceptable toxicity in patients with advanced and refractory CTCL. Cancer 1999;86:1368–76. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Introduction: The problem of bias in androcentric and feminist anthropology

(1983). Introduction: The problem of bias in androcentric and feminist anthropology. Women's Studies: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 109-116.
The effect of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on the synthesis of tryptophan peroxidase-oxidase.

Abstract The administration of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole to rats inhibited the hepatic porphyrin-containing enzymes tryptophan peroxidase-oxidase and catalase. The effect of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on tryptophan peroxidase-oxidase was shown to be due to decreased synthesis of the enzyme and not due to inhibition of a given amount of enzyme. This action on tryptophan peroxidase-oxidase is presumably due to the inhibition by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on one of the enzymes involved in porphyrin synthesis.
Chiral capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine: evidence for its enantioselective metabolism in PC-12 nerve cells.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) is formed by hydroxylation of phenylalanine or tyrosine as shown in Figure 1. L-DOPA (levodopa) is the precursor to neurotransmitters, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline) collectively known as catecholamines. In addition to its natural biological roles, L-DOPA is the most effective drug to treat Parkinson’s disease (PD) [1–2]. However, its antipode, D-DOPA, is inactive [3–4]. The biomedical significance has promoted the development of analytical methods for simultaneously quantifying stereoisomers of DOPA and its precursors. Many methods have been reported. These included high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [5–8], capillary electrophoresis (CE) [9–12], capillary electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) [13–14], and microchip electrophoresis (MCE) [15–16]. Most of these analytical methods deployed UV-detection which lacked sensitivity and the capability of peak identification. Fig. 1 Biosynthesis of DOPA. Chiral CE coupled with mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a powerful tool for analysis of enantiomers. On one hand, changing the chiral selector for separating a particular pair of enantiomers is easy to do in chiral CE. On the other hand, MS detection is a versatile detection technique allowing not only sensitive detection but also providing structural information for analytes. This information is very useful for the unambiguous identification and confirmation of components especially in real matrices [17–18]. However, only few chiral CE-MS methods have been developed for analysis of amino acids [19–21], and to the best of our knowledge there have been no reports on simultaneous quantification of DOPA, Phe, and Tyr enantiomers by using a CE-MS method. In this study, we aimed to develop a CE-MS method for enantiomeric determination of DOPA and its precursors with high separation efficiency, peak identification capability, and assay sensitivity. Sulfated β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was selected as the chiral selector since it was negatively charged and thus migrated away from the MS detector in a CE-MS separation. To avoid any potential contamination from the non-volatile chiral selector, the partial filling technique was deployed. The proposed method was preliminarily evaluated for the detection of trace D-DOPA present in bulk amounts of pharmaceutically active L-DOPA. In addition, the method was used to study DOPA metabolism in nerve cells.
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Precipitation at Phosphatidylglycerol Langmuir Monolayers

Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) has been crystallized beneath Langmuir monolayers of four different phosphatidylglycerol lipids, allowing investigation of the influence of the density of headgroup packing and monolayer compressibility on heterogeneous precipitation. The COM crystals were nucleated from metastable solutions at Langmuir monolayers of the phospholipids dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoyphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylglycerol (POPG), and dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG). Crystal formation was monitored at the air/water interface using Brewster angle microscopy, and in transferred films with scanning electron microscopy. For each Langmuir monolayer it was observed that precipitation is heterogeneous and is selective with respect to the orientation and morphology of the precipitated crystals, with a majority of crystals having the (101) face oriented toward the monolayer interface. When the phospholipid monolayers are held at the same pressure, mor...
HEALTH-RELATED CONCERNS OF ADOLESCENT MALES IN JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM: ADOLESCENT WORRY SCALE. † 28

Objective: To assess health-related concerns of youth in detention and to determine specific needs and priorities in health education/intervention in juvenile detention.
Protein lysine acylation and cysteine succination by intermediates of energy metabolism

In the past few years, several new protein post-translational modifications that use intermediates in metabolism have been discovered. These include various acyl lysine modifications (formylation, propionylation, butyrylation, crotonylation, malonylation, succinylation, myristoylation) and cysteine succination. Here, we review the discovery and the current understanding of these modifications. Several of these modifications are regulated by the deacylases, sirtuins, which use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an important metabolic small molecule. Interestingly, several of these modifications in turn regulate the activity of metabolic enzymes. These new modifications reveal interesting connections between metabolism and protein post-translational modifications and raise many questions for future investigations.
Demonstration of two mitochondrial populations by rate zonal centrifugation

Abstract A bimodal distribution of rat liver mitochondria was observed after rate zonal centrifugation in a Ficoll gradient. Addition of succinate and ATP to the gradient increased the sedimentation coefficient of both mitochondrial populations but did not affect the sedimentation of lysosomes. An uncoupler of oxidative phophorylation, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, reversed the effect of succinate.
The effect of concentration on hepatic transport of exogenous epidermal growth factor

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), taken up by rat liver hepatocytes, is primarily transported to the lysosomes and degraded. However, a small but significant percentage of endocytosed EGF is transported by a nonlysosomal pathway and is secreted intact into bile. There is no information as to the mechanisms that regulate the selection of transport pathway and thereby determine the different metabolic fates for EGF. The experiments reported here were undertaken to determine whether the amount of exogenous EGF administered to the liver (the transport load) might affect the selection of the transport pathway. If "excess" EGF, exceeding some as yet undetermined threshold, is preferentially transported by the lysosomal pathway, then the proportion of degraded EGF secreted into bile should increase as a function of the amount of EGF administered. 125I-EGF (3 to 175 ng) was injected into rat portal veins, and bile samples were collected via cannula. The radioactivity secreted into bile was measured, and the bile samples were immunoprecipitated with anti-EGF antiserum. The proportion of intact vs. degraded EGF in bile was determined by the percentage of immunoprecipitable radioactivity. Regardless of the amount of EGF injected, the pattern of its secretion was unaltered. The percentage of immunoprecipitable EGF in bile was the same for all doses. Therefore, the amount of EGF that was degraded did not change as a function of EGF concentration, implying that the lysosomal pathway was not preferentially utilized as the transport load increased. In conclusion, transport load does not appear to be a regulatory mechanism in the selection of transport pathway utilized by EGF.