cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcardial perfusion is not required to accurately measure cytokines within the brain.

Abstract Background Cytokines are key signaling molecules within the immune system that regulate a host’s response to pathogens and neuronal damage. Aberrant cytokine signaling has been implicated in many neurological diseases. Therefore, accurately measuring cytokine concentrations within the brain is crucial. New method This study demonstrates that removing blood within brain vasculature via saline perfusion does not alter brain parenchymal cytokine protein concentrations or mRNA expression. Results Hippocampal protein and mRNA data demonstrate that brain parenchymal cytokine concentrations do not significantly differ based on the method of euthanasia (i.e., perfusion or no perfusion). These results are consistent within naive and immune challenged mice. Comparison with existing method Due to the potential of cytokine contamination from circulating blood, it is believed that transcardial perfusion is required for accurate measurement of cytokine concentrations and gene expression within the brain. However, our data indicate that cytokine concentrations are unaffected by not perfusing mice with saline prior to tissue collection. Conclusions Brain cytokine concentrations are unaffected by perfusing with saline prior to tissue collection; this holds true regardless of immune status (homeostatic or immune challenged), suggesting that this time-consuming step may be unnecessary.
NeuroWav: Toward Real-Time Waveform Design for VANETs using Neural Networks

Vehicular Ad-Hoc networks depend on clear communication between vehicles using radio frequency in order to operate effectively. Interference from existing technologies using the RF spectrum, e.g. IoT devices, UAV, mobile systems, calls into question the feasibility of future VANET systems without an ability to cut through the noise. One approach to overcome interference is to use waveform design to provide this capability. Regrettably, most traditional algorithms are too computationally complex to perform efficiently in real-time. In this paper, we present early work on NeuroWav: a neural network based approach to waveform design to combat the effects of interference at low latency. NeuroWav is low size, weight, and power, executes 10X faster than the fastest extant waveform design algorithms, and provides performance results comparable with a high fidelity waveform design algorithm. Simulation results are provided that corroborate the theoretical expectations.
Sleep moderates the relationship between stress and craving in individuals with opioid use disorder.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a national public health concern. Craving, stress, and exposure to conditioned drug cues are implicated in risk of relapse to opioids. Although impaired sleep has been implicated in risk of relapse to other substances of misuse, little research to date has examined the relationship between sleep and craving in individuals with OUD. The present study examined sleep as a moderator of the relationship between craving and stress in a randomized controlled human laboratory study. Individuals with current OUD (N = 39) completed a 1-night hospital stay to control for factors that may affect craving, stress, and sleep. Sleep was monitored via an actigraphy watch and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The next morning, participants were randomized to a 15-min laboratory stress task or a no-stress condition. All participants were then exposed to a 15-min opioid cue paradigm, and craving was measured via self-report. Moderation models were conducted to evaluate whether the sleep indices moderated the relationship between stress condition (independent variable) and craving (dependent variable). Average self-reported nightly sleep duration moderated the relationship between stress condition and craving for participants in the no-stress condition (b = 0.95, p < .05). Specifically, participants in the no-stress condition with lower average nightly sleep duration exhibited significantly greater craving following the opioid cue paradigm. Although preliminary, the findings add to the literature on craving, stress, and sleep among individuals with OUD. Sleep impairment may be an important target of a comprehensive, long-term treatment plan for some patients with OUD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Aerosolization Box: Design Modifications for Patient Safety.

Author(s): Girgis, Alexander M; Aziz, Merna N; Gopesh, Tilvawala C; Friend, James; Grant, Alex M; Sandubrae, Jeffrey A; Banks, Dalia A
Regional heterogeneity of cerebral hemodynamics in mild neonatal encephalopathy measured with multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy.

Background Neuromonitoring at the bedside is the key to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of brain injury associated with neonatal encephalopathy. The current practice is to monitor the forehead using a noninvasive cerebral oximetry-it remains unknown to what extent cerebral hemodynamics in other brain regions is different to the frontal region. Method A multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system was used to monitor neonates (n = 14) with fetal acidosis and mild neonatal encephalopathy at four brain regions (the frontal, posterior, left temporal, and right temporal lobes). The data were compared to delineate the regional difference in (1) cerebral hemodynamics and (2) pressure autoregulation. For both analyses, wavelet transform coherence was applied. Results We observed frontal-posterior heterogeneity as indicated by significantly lower coherence between these two regions (p = 0.02). Furthermore, areas with regional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected lesions showed greater hemodynamic variations compared to non-affected areas (p = 0.03), while cerebral autoregulation was not affected and showed no difference. Conclusion Cerebral hemodynamics in mild neonatal encephalopathy is heterogeneous across different brain regions, while cerebral autoregulation remains intact. These findings indicate the robustness of the wavelet measure of cerebral autoregulation in this population, but need to be further investigated in the presence of severe injury. Impact This proof-of-concept study is the first to investigate the regional difference of cerebral hemodynamics and autoregulation in mild neonatal encephalopathy. Study findings confirm that brain functions are complex in the developing neonatal brain and that cerebral hemodynamics are region specific in newborns with frontal-posterior heterogeneity among brain regions probed by multichannel NIRS. Regional MRI lesions were associated with differences across NIRS regional channels among the affected side. Cerebral autoregulation with multichannel NIRS is not affected by regional MRI abnormalities.
Scalable Coordination of Hierarchical Parallelism

Given continually increasing core counts, multiprocessor software scaling is critical. One set of applications that is especially difficult to parallelize efficiently are those that operate on hierarchical data. In such applications, correct execution relies on all threads coordinating their accesses within the hierarchy. At the same time, high-performance execution requires that this coordination be efficient and that it maximize parallelism. In this paper, we identify two key scalability bottlenecks in the coordination of hierarchical parallelism by studying the hierarchical data partitioning framework within the NetApp® WAFL® file system. We first observe that the global synchronization required to enforce the hierarchical constraints limits performance on increased core counts. We thus propose a distributed architecture, called Scheduler Pools, that divides the hierarchy into disjoint subhierarchies that can be managed independently in the common case, thereby reducing coordination overhead. We next observe that periodically draining all in-flight operations in order to facilitate the execution of coarse-grained operations in the hierarchy results in an excess of idle CPU cycles. To address this issue, we propose a new scheme, called Hierarchy-Aware Draining, that minimizes wasted CPU cycles by draining only those regions of the hierarchy that are required to execute the desired operation. When implemented together in the context of WAFL, Scheduler Pools and Hierarchy-Aware Draining overcome the observed scalability bottlenecks. Our evaluation with a range of benchmarks on high-end storage systems shows throughput gains of up to 33% and reductions in latency of up to 64%.
The Relationship between %BML, Urine Color, Thirst Level and Urine Indices of Hydration Status.

Introduction Dehydration is known to impair health, quality of daily life, and exercise performance [ 1 ]. While several methods are utilized to assess fluid balance, there is no gold standard to assess hydration status [ 2 ]. Cheuvront and Kenefick [ 3 ] suggested the use of a Venn diagram, which consists of % body mass weight (BML), urine color, and thirst level (WUT) to measure hydration status and fluid needs. However, no study to date has examined the relationship between the WUT criteria and hydration status measured by urine indices. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between urine-specific gravity (USG), urine osmolality (UOSM), and the WUT criteria. Methods Twenty-two females (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 1 year; weight, 65.4 ± 12.6 kg) and twenty-one males (age, 21 ± 1 year; body mass, 78.7 ± 14.6 kg) participated in this study. First-morning body mass, urine color, USG, UOSM, and thirst level were collected for 10 consecutive days. First 3 days were utilized to establish a euhydrated baseline body weight. %BML >1%, urine color >5, and thirst level ≥5 were used as the dehydration thresholds. The number of markers that indicated dehydration levels was summed when each variable met each threshold. One-way ANOVA with Tukey pairwise comparison was used to assess the differences in USG and UOSM, followed by a calculation of effect size (ES). Results Figure 1 indicates the differences of UOSM based on the WUT criteria. For UOSM, "2 markers indicated" (mean [M] ± SD [ES], 705 ± 253 mOsmol [0.43], p = 0.018) was significantly higher than "1 marker indicated" (M ± SD, 597 ± 253 mOsmol). Additionally, "zero marker indicated" (509 ± 249 mOsmol) was significantly lower than "3 markers indicated" (M ± SD [ES], 761 ± 250 mOsmol, [1.01], p = 0.02) and "2 markers indicated" ([ES], [0.78], p = 0.004). However, there was no statistical difference between "3 markers indicated" ([ES], [0.65], p = 0.13) and "1 marker indicated." For USG, "3 markers indicated" (M ± SD [ES], 1.021 ± 0.007 [0.57], p = 0.025) and "2 markers indicated" (M ± SD [ES], 1.019 ± 0.010 [0.31], p = 0.026) were significantly higher than "1 marker indicated" (M ± SD, 1.016 ± 0.009). Additionally, "zero marker indicated" (1.014 ± 0.005) was significantly lower than "3 markers indicated" ([ES], [1.21], p = 0.005) and "2 markers indicated" ([ES], [0.54], p = 0.009). Conclusion When 3 markers indicated dehydration levels, UOSM and USG were greater than euhydrated cut points. When 2 markers indicated dehydration levels, USG was higher than the euhydrated cut point. Additionally, UOSM and USG were significantly lower when zero or 1 marker indicated dehydration levels. Thus, the WUT criteria are a useful tool to assess hydration status. Athletes, coaches, sports scientists, and medical professions can use this strategy in the field settings to optimize their performance and health without consuming money and time.
Melt pool imaging using a configurable architecture additive testbed system

This paper describes the inline (coaxial to laser) near infrared (NIR) camera sensor on the Configurable Architecture Additive Testbed (CAAT). The CAAT is an instrument that provides the capability to investigate laser based additive manufacturing (AM) processes and is configured for the metal powder bed fusion process. A low cost NIR camera is radiometrically calibrated to obtain coaxial, inline, imagery of laser generated melt pools. The camera capabilities, system optical path, and the uncertainty in the temperature measurement from NIR surface area scans on a bare titanium alloy plate are presented and discussed. The surface radiance measurements are compared to optical microscopy images of the melt pool width and depth. A metallic additive manufacturing process thermal model is developed in order to predict thermal distributions during laser scanning. The predicted thermal distributions by the model for different configurations are compared to the coaxial NIR measurements and discussed.
A variable Eddington factor method with different spatial discretizations for the radiative transfer equation and the hydrodynamics/radiation-moment equations

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a High-Order/Low-Order radiation-hydrodynamics method that is second-order accurate in both space and time and uses the Variable Eddington Factor (VEF) method to couple a high-order set of 1-D slab-geometry grey Sn radiation transport equations with a low-order set of radiation moment and hydrodynamics equations. The Sn equations are spatially discretized with a lumped linear-discontinuous Galerkin scheme, while the low-order radiation-hydrodynamics equations are spatially discretized with a constant-linear mixed finite-element scheme. Both the high-order and low-order equations are discretized in time using a trapezoidal BDF-2 method. One manufactured solution is used to demonstrate that the scheme is second-order accurate for smooth solutions, and another one is used to demonstrate that the scheme is asymptotic-preserving in the equilibrium-diffusion limit. Calculations are performed for radiative shock problems and compared with semi-analytic solutions. In a previous paper it was shown that the pure radiative transfer scheme (the Sn equations coupled to the radiation moment equations and a material temperature equation rather than the hydrodynamics equations) is asymptotic-preserving in the equilibrium-diffusion limit, is well-behaved with unresolved spatial boundary layers in that limit, and yields accurate Marshak wave speeds even with strongly temperature-dependent opacities and relatively coarse meshes. These same properties carry over to our radiation-hydrodynamics scheme.
A predictive modeling tool for damage analysis and design of hydrogen storage composite pressure vessels

Abstract In this paper, a predictive modeling tool is developed for damage analysis and design of hydrogen (H2) storage composite pressure vessels. It integrates micromechanics of matrix cracking into a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) description for damage evolution, and three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) modeling of the vessel structural response. At the scale of the composite layer (mesoscale), the temperature-dependent stiffness reduction law in terms of the damage variable for transverse matrix cracking is computed using an Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka approach (EMTA) for the initial composite thermoelastic properties and a self-consistent model for the stiffness reduction as a function of the damage variable. While transverse matrix cracking obeying a damage evolution relation can progressively evolve from an initiation to a saturation state, fiber failure is predicted by a micromechanical fiber rupture criterion that accounts for the fiber strength and matrix stress that can be computed within EMTA. The implementation of this integrated multiscale modeling model into a 3D FE formulation enables damage analysis and design of H2 storage composite pressure vessels. The developed tool is illustrated through 3D damage analyses of a cryogenically compressed H2 storage vessel model subjected to thermomechanical loadings to investigate effects of the helical layer fiber orientation and loading scenario on damage development, vessel integrity and burst pressure.
Precision medicine testing in ovarian cancer: The growing inequity between patients with commercial vs medicaid insurance.

Abstract Introduction Precision medicine technologies have significant impact in the care of patients with ovarian cancer. Compared to affluent patients, socioeconomically vulnerable patients are less likely to have access to this testing. There is little data that demonstrate this inequity over time. Methods We used the IBM Truven Health MarketScan Research Database to identify patients in the United States who underwent surgery for ovarian cancer between 2011 and 2017. The presence of claims for precision medicine testing within six months of surgery was assessed for each patient. Precision medicine testing included both molecular genetic testing (BRCA limited or full sequencing, somatic and germline testing) as well as ancillary pathology tests (immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability). Demographic data was extracted. Results We identified 27,181 patients who met eligibility. Of these, 88.6% had commercial insurance, and 11.4% had Medicaid. While the proportion of patients who underwent precision medicine testing increased over time for both cohorts (47.0% to 66.6% for commercially insured, 41.4% to 57.6% for Medicaid insured, p Conclusions There is widening inequity in precision medicine testing rates between commercially insured and Medicaid insured poate patients with ovarian cancer.
“Strange Fruit”: Teaching the Present and Past of Racial Violence in the Rural South

Drawing from data from a multicase study, I examined how teachers teach current racial violence and for racial justice in rural school spaces in the U.S. South. Using abolitionist teaching and trau...
A DNN Compression Framework for SOT-MRAM-based Processing-In-Memory Engine

The computing wall and data movement challenges of deep neural networks (DNNs) have exposed the limitations of conventional CMOS-based DNN accelerators. Furthermore, the deep structure and large model size will make DNNs prohibitive to embedded systems and IoT devices, where low power consumption is required. To address these challenges, spin-orbit torque magnetic random-access memory (SOT-MRAM) and SOT-MRAM based Processing-In-Memory (PIM) engines have been used to reduce the power consumption of DNNs since SOT-MRAM has the characteristic of near-zero standby power, high density, non-volatile. However, the drawbacks of SOT-MRAM based PIM engines such as high writing latency and requiring low bit-width data decrease its popularity as a favorable energy-efficient DNN accelerator. To mitigate these drawbacks, we propose an ultra-energy-efficient framework by using model compression techniques including weight pruning and quantization from the software level considering the architecture of SOT-MRAM PIM. And we incorporate the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) into the training phase to further guarantee the solution feasibility and satisfy SOT-MRAM hardware constraints. Thus, the footprint and power consumption of SOT-MRAM PIM can be reduced, while increasing the overall system performance rate (frame per second) in the meantime, making our proposed ADMM-based SOT-MRAM PIM more energy efficient and suitable for embedded systems or IoT devices. Our experimental results show the accuracy and compression rate of our proposed framework is consistently outperforming the reference works, while the efficiency (area & power) and performance rate of SOT-MRAM PIM engine is significantly improved.
Two kinds of sudden gains in brief psychotherapy

OBJECTIVE Sudden gains (SGs) are known to predispose to good outcome in psychotherapy, especially in brief treatment. However, some SGs may be illusory, in the sense that they arise from measurement error in the context of gradual change. We examined change before, during, and after SGs that were either true or illusory. METHOD In a sample of 1,867 university students treated with brief psychotherapy, we simulated session data as gradually changing score sequences, identified artifactual SGs therein, and utilized the simulated data to categorize actual participant SGs as either illusory or true. RESULTS During treatment, participants with illusory SGs (N = 42) improved as much as did participants with true SGs (N = 67). Moreover, late in treatment participants with SGs and their matched controls improved at similar rates. True SGs were preceded by more distress and were larger than illusory SGs. Among participants with true SGs, very large SGs were more likely to reverse later in treatment. CONCLUSIONS Relatively small SGs may reflect measurement error. When brief psychotherapy patients deteriorate early in treatment but then suddenly experience substantial improvement, little further change is to be expected.
Protest Structures: Responses From Nigerians in the United States to Police Brutality and #BlackLivesMatter Protests

This study examined how Nigerian immigrants communicated about, and got involved in, #BlackLivesMatter protests and/or advocacy due to racialized violence against Blacks in the United States during...
Psychology, Poverty, and the End of Social Exclusion: Putting Our Practice to Work

Laura Smith argues that if there is any segment of society that should be concerned with the impact of classism and poverty, it is those within the helping professionspeople who have built their careers around understanding and facilitating human emoti
Government Regulation of Irrationality: Moral and Cognitive Hazards

Behavioral law and economics scholars who advance paternalistic policy proposals typically employ static models of decision-making behavior, despite the dynamic effects of paternalistic policies. In this article, we consider how paternalistic policies fare under a dynamic account of decision-making that incorporates learning and motivation effects. This approach brings out two important limitations on the efficiency effects of paternalistic regulations. First, if preferences and biases are endogenous to institutional forces, paternalistic government regulations may perpetuate and even magnify a given bias and cause other adverse psychological effects. Second, for some biases, it will be more efficient to invest resources in debiasing than to change legal rights and remedies or, in some cases, to do nothing in light of the natural variation in irrational propensities. We propose dynamic models for determining ex ante and ex post when accommodation of bias will be second-best efficient. These models direct decision-makers to consider (1) the efficiency cost of the bias; (2) the extent to which accommodation worsens the bias or, alternatively, the extent to which non-accommodation improves the bias or has other benefits; and (3) the potential for education or other mechanisms to debias an individual. We argue that the concept of "cognitive hazard" - the potential for the costs of a bias to increase as individuals are insulated from the adverse effects of the bias - should be added to the concept of moral hazard as important qualifications to paternalistic proposals.
Prostaglandins as Mediators of Bone Cell Metabolism

Prostaglandins are unsaturated, hydroxylated, 20-carbon fatty acids consisting of a five- membered ring and two aliphatic side chains. They are formed from essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and appear to be ubiquitous throughout the body [28]. Most of the prostaglandin biosynthetic activity occurs within or adjacent to the cellular membrane. The prostaglandins synthesized are not stored in the cells but appear to be released immediately after synthesis.
MULTIPLE ROLES OF THE EYES ABSENT GENE IN DROSOPHILA

Theeyes absent(eya) gene plays an essential role in the events that lead to formation of theDrosophilaeye; without expression ofeyain retinal progenitor cells, they undergo programmed cell death just prior to the morphogenetic furrow, leading to an eyeless or reduced eye phenotype. Theeyagene has recently been found to be highly conserved to humans, defining a new gene family. Insights into the gene's function in the fly, therefore, are likely to be relevant to the role of its homologs in vertebrates. Detailed studies at the subcellular level indicate that the Eya protein is localized to the nucleoplasm, suggesting a role in control of nuclear events. Theeyagene shows expression and roles in tissues other than the eye, including subsets of cells of the adult visual system, brain, and ovary, as well as an elaborate expression pattern in the embryo. Various mutations in theeyagene cause loss of ocelli, female sterility, or lethality. Analysis of the embryonic lethal phenotype indicates that mutant alleles show defects in head morphogenesis. These data indicate thateyahas critical roles in morphogenesis of a number of tissues in the animal, in addition to its role in early eye formation. Despite multiple roles at multiple stages of development of the fly, both the type I and type II forms of the protein, when expressed ectopically during larval development, can direct eye formation.
The Political Economy of Youngstown

The time is ripe for a non-doctrinal assessment of Justice Jackson’s famous three-category framework for challenges to presidential action, elaborated in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (also known as the Steel Seizure Case). Recent national security controversies have given the Youngstown framework a whole new lease on life, and its relevance for courts, Congress, and executive branch officials has never been higher. During the same period, empirical and analytical studies of presidential policymaking have advanced beyond personality-driven accounts of particular administrations. Together, these developments offer a terrific opportunity to assess how well the Youngstown framework fulfills its objective of advancing congressional interests and constraining presidential power.A political economy approach better explains the problem to which Justice Jackson was responding - the capacity of presidential unilateralism to establish policy that can withstand statutory correction, regardless of whether it has a legal basis - and also explains more formally how Youngstown’s categories offer a practical, if legally unorthodox, constraint. The assessment becomes more negative, though, once those categories are treated endogenously - that is, once the political branches are modeled as behaving dynamically and reacting to the framework itself. For example, both empirical surveys of executive orders and case studies suggest that the President may react to the risk of legislative disapproval (which under Youngstown will likely result in judicial disapproval as well) by avoiding Congress altogether or by seeking only its indirect blessing. Because these and other results disserve the framework’s objectives, this Article proposes several more benign alternatives - and, in general, advocates re-seizing Steel Seizure.
Age Preservation of the Syntactic Processor in Production

Two experiments are reported on the influence of cognitive aging on grammatical choice in language production. In both experiments, participants from two age-groups (young and old) produced sentences in a formulation task (V. Ferreira, 1996) that contrasted conditions allowing a choice between alternative sentence arrangements (i.e., double object or prepositional dative) or that permitted no choice (i.e., prepositional dative only). Experiment 1 showed that older adults were able to formulate the alternative sentence arrangements with the same speed and fluency as young adults. Experiment 2 showed that cueing attention to one of the two object nouns to be included in the sentence resulted in the earlier expression of the cued noun in choice conditions, but with little evidence of a response time or dysfluency cost in the no-choice condition. As in Experiment 1, there were no substantive age differences in latencies or dysfluencies. These results support existing models for the mechanisms that choose between grammatical alternatives and bind phrases to available argument positions and provide evidence that older adults are not impaired in their use of these mechanisms.
Ulcerative colitis and total alopecia in a mother and her son

Extraintestinal autoimmune disorders are associated with ulcerative colitis in selected patients and lend support to the theory of immune-mediated injury in inflammatory bowel disease. Rarely, alopecia areata has been associated with ulcerative colitis, and familial aggregation and an HLA association have been reported for both disorders. The occurrence of both alopecia and ulcerative colitis in a mother and son are reported with a detailed investigation of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and HLA alleles in this family. Treatment with the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine proved beneficial in the child leading to remission of the ulcerative colitis and nascent growth of scalp and body hair.
Simulating the Euclidean Time — Schrödinger Equation Using an Intel iPSC/860 Hypercube: Application to the t — J Model of High-Tc Superconductivity

We describe a Monte Carlo simulation of a dynamical fermion problem in two spatial dimensions on an Intel iPSC/860 hypercube. The problem studied is the determination of the dispersion relation of a dynamical hole in the t-J model of the high temperature superconductors. Since this problem involves the motion of many fermions in more than one spatial dimensions, it is representative of the class of systems that suffer from the “minus sign problem” of dynamical fermions which has made Monte Carlo simulation very difficult. We demonstrate that for small values of the hole hopping parameter one can extract the entire hole dispersion relation using the GRW Monte Carlo algorithm, which is a simulation of the Euclidean time Schrodinger equation, and present results on 4 x 4 and 6 x 6 lattices. Generalization to physical hopping parameter values will only require use of an improved trial wavefunction for importance sampling.
Betaine lipids in chlorarachniophytes

SUMMARY Evolving from the endosymbiosis of a green algal cell by a filose amoeba or amoeboflagellate, the chimearic chlorarachniophytes combine unique features retained from both of their ancestral units. They have preserved from the endosymbiont only the nucleomorph and chloroplast. Four strains from three genera of this algal class were studied to identify a set of non-phosphorous-containing polar lipids and their associated fatty acids using the techniques of positive-ion electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS). Fourteen non-phosphorous-containing polar lipids, classified as betaine lipids were primarily identified as forms of diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) and its structural isomer diaclyglycerylhydroxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-β-alanine (DGTA). Though the number of forms of DGTA and DGTA were roughly equal, DGTS composed more of the polar lipid portion present in three of the strains tested, while the fourth, Lotharella globosa, was dominated by forms of DGTA. In addition, a lipid tentatively identified as diacylglycerylcarboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC) was observed twice in minor amounts. The polar lipid-associated fatty acids of the aforementioned algal strains generally included dodecanoic acid (12:0), tetradecanoic acid (14:0), hexadecanoic acid (16:0), octadecanoic acid (18:0), octadecenoic acid (18:1), and eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n-3)]. The differences in betaine lipid content among the species studied may allow for further conclusions to be drawn regarding the taxonomy of chlorarachniophytes.
The Development of Improved Forgings for Modern Steam Turbines

This paper describes the developments that have taken place during the past 40 years in the manufacture of the large rotor forgings that are required for the turbine and generator sets in electric utility, central stationapplications. Modifications in steelmaking practices-such as the changes from open hearth to the electric practice, the introduction of vacuum pouring, and changes in ingot mold design-are discussed, as well as evaluations of newer remelt techniques such as vacuum consumable electrode melting, electroslag remelting, and electroslag hot topping. Changes in alloy content and heat-treating practices and the improvements that have resulted in the mechanical properties and fracture toughness are illustrated. The progress that has been made in reducing the incidence of internal flaws and the improvements that have been made in nondestructive testing and evaluation to quantitatively appraise the effect of such flaws on the probable performance are discussed. It is concluded that in low-pressure rotors, as a result of the improved cleanliness, detection methods, and fracture toughness, the probability of an undetected critical size defect has been decreased by several orders of magnitude. In the case of the high-temperature rotors, the improvements in properties, together with improved designs and operating procedures, have substantially improved the life expectancy of these rotors in spite of increases in forging size and unit ratings. The important contributions that ASTM committees have made to this progress are described and acknowledged.
Evaluation of vapor deposited Nb/Nb5Si3 microlaminates

Abstract Alternating layers of Nb and amorphous Nb–Si were sputter deposited at room temperature and then annealed at elevated temperatures to produce microlaminates with flat, discrete layering and an equiaxed grain structure. The amorphous Nb–Si layers crystallize at temperatures between 740 and 800°C depending upon whether the silicide was co-deposited from elemental targets, or directly deposited from a single composite target. The first phase to form on crystallization is Nb5Si3, but upon heating to 1000°C for 3 h a second phase, metastable Nb3Si, forms. Annealing at 1200°C for 3 h though, eliminates the Nb3Si phase. The microstructural stability of the microlaminates was examined by annealing samples at temperatures up to 1400°C. In all cases very limited grooving was observed and there was no pinch-off of the layering. There was also no evidence of silicide precipitates in the Nb grains after high temperature anneals. The mechanical properties of the microlaminates were examined using room temperature tensile tests. The ultimate tensile strength of the microlaminates is 590–640 MPa. Examination of fracture surfaces from the samples reveals that the Nb layers blunt cracks in the silicide layers and contribute significantly to the observed room temperature strength of these microlaminates.
Myeloid Dendritic Cells Stimulate Both Th1 and Th2 Immune Responses Depending on the Nature of the Antigen

It has been shown that different types of pathogens induce different immune responses. Recovery from intracellular bacterial and viral infection is dependent on the secretion of Th1 cytokines, such...
Where Does the Sup Norm of a Weighted Polynomial Live? (A Generalization of Incomplete Polynomials)

A characterization is given of the sets supporting the uniform norms of weighted polynomials (w(x))nPn(x), where Pn is any polynomial of degree at most n. The (closed) support r, of w(x) may be bounded or unbounded; of special interest is the case when w(x) has a nonempty zero set Z. The treatment of weighted polynomials consists of associating each admissible weight with a certain functional defined on subsets of r~ - Z. One main result of this paper states that there is a unique compact set (in- dependent of n and P,) maximizing this functional that contains the points where the norms of weighted polynomials are attained. The distribution of the zeros of Chebyshev polynomials corresponding to the weights (w(x))" is also studied. The main theorems give a unified method of investigating many particular examples. Applications to weighted approximation on the real line with respect to a fixed weight are included.
Student Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Digital Textbooks

The purpose of this article is to add to the collective body of knowledge on student behavior and attitudes relative to the adoption of digital textbooks. The article summarizes an ongoing research project that examines past, current and evolving behavior in the classroom related to digital textbooks and school. It includes students, faculty and administrative attitudes behaviors and perceptions. This research was undertaken at the Sawyer Business School of Suffolk University in Boston, Massachusetts. Student attitudes and behavior toward their use of digital textbooks (eTextbooks) in higher education was examined in an ongoing longitudinal study over two years at Sawyer Business School, Suffolk University. Students in the class were divided into six teams. Five of the teams were assigned an eTextbook device and the sixth team was given a paper textbook for use through the semester. The digital technologies examined were: Amazon Kindle, Sony eReader Touch, Apple iPad, enTourage eDGe, and CourseSmart. Student attitudes and behaviors were examined pre and post class by survey each semester, and during the semesters through quizzes, journals and classroom discussion. Differential learning was measured between the six teams. Student attitudes and behaviors are becoming more receptive to and accepting of using digital textbooks each year. There was no significant difference in learning between the eTextbook devices teams or between them and the paper textbook team.
Further studies of the reactions of ditungsten hexa-t- butoxide with acetylenes. Isolation and characterization of WO(OCMe3)4(THF), [W3(OCMe3)5(μ-O)(μ-CC3H7)O]2 and W(CPh)(OCMe3)3

Abstract Further studies of the reactions of W 2 (OCMe 3 ) 6 with acetylenes at 70°C in toluene for up to 12 h are reported. All acetylenes of the type PhCCR afford (Me 3 CO) 2 W(μ-CPh) 2 W(OCMe 3 ) 2 ( 1 ) in high yield. Purely aliphatic acetylenes, RCCR, give complex products containing tritungsten cluster units, one example from the reaction with 4-octyne being the “dimer of trimers” [W 3 (OCMe 3 ) 5 (μ-O)(μ- CC 3 H 7 )O] 2 ( 3b ), whose structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography. It forms monoclinic crystals ( P 2 1 / n ) with unit cell dimensions of a 12.838(1), b 14.440(1), c 18.465(1) A, β 97.57(1)°, and Z = 2. One half of the centrosymmetric dimer is the crystallographic asymmetric unit and it contains an approximately isosceles triangle of metal atoms (WW 2.892(1), 2.901(1), 2.418(1) A) with one of the longer edges bridged by CC 3 H 7 , and the other by μ-O. There are then five terminal OCMe 3 groups and the two trinuclear units are united by a pair of bridging oxygen atoms. From the reaction of W 2 (OCMe 3 ) 6 with 4-octyne it was also possible to isolate the mononuclear complex WO(OCMe 3 ) 4 (THF) ( 4 ) as colorless or pale yellow crystals. The structure, which is disordered, was determined by X-ray crystallography and contains molecules with apparent C 4 symmetry. The four Me 3 CO groups form a planar set of WO bonds (1.905(8) A) and the WO and WOC 4 H 8 bond lengths are 1.77(3) and 2.38(3) A), respectively. The refinement was conducted in space group I 4 with Z = 2 and unit cell dimensions of a 11.707(1) and c 9.514(a) A. Aliphatic carbynes, (Me 3 CO) 3 WCR (R = Et, Pr), upon reactions with W 2 (OCMe 3 ) 6 in 1/1 ratio gave the dimer of trimers product ( 3 ), but the aromatic carbyne, (Me 3 CO) 3 WCPh, did not give the dinuclear species 1 . The structure of W(CPh)(OCMe 3 ) 3 ( 5 ) was determined by X-ray crystallography. It forms mono- clinic crystals ( P 2 1 / n ) with unit cell dimensions a 10.011(3), b 21.041(7), c 10.064(2) A, β 94.66(2)° and Z = 4. The tungsten atom has nearly regular tetrahedral coordination with WC 1.758(5), WO(mean) 1.865(4) A. OWC(mean) 107.8(11). WOC(mean 141(1) and WCC 175.8(4)°.
Fused s-triazino heterocycles. VIII. 1,3,4,6,9b-pentaazaphenalenes. Reactions of a methyl and bromomethyl side chain

Enhanced reactivity of the methyl group of 2-t-butyl-5-methyl-1,3,4,6,9b-pentaazaphenalene allowed acetic anhydride-catalyzed condensation reactions with several aromatic aldehydes, and base-catalyzed alkylation reactions with several alkyl halides to take place, albeit in low yields. Of the many nucleophiles tried, only salts of carboxylic acids, in the presence of 18-crown-6, were able to displace bromine from 2-(bromomethyl)-5-methyl-1,3,4,6,9b-pentaazaphenalene.
Florida after the furman decision: The effect of extralegal factors on the processing of capital offense cases

This study investigated the existence of discrimination in the imposition of the death penalty in Florida after the Furman decision of 1972. The purpose of the study was to examine the differential effect of the race and sex of the defendant and the victim on the trial outcome, conviction offense and imposition of the death penalty. Differential treatment was apparent in each of the legal events examined. The results indicate that Florida's post-Furman statute has been unsuccessful in eliminating differential treatment of offenders from the imposition of the death penalty. Language: en
Detecting and dealing with hovering maneuvers in vision-aided inertial navigation systems

In this paper, we study the problem of hovering (i.e., absence of translational motion) detection and compensation in Vision-aided Inertial Navigation Systems (VINS). We examine the system's unobservable directions for two common hovering conditions (with and without rotational motion) and propose a robust motion-classification algorithm, based on both visual and inertial measurements. By leveraging our observability analysis and the proposed motion classifier, we modify existing state-of-the-art filtering algorithms, so as to ensure that the number of the system's unobservable directions is minimized. Finally, we validate experimentally the proposed modified sliding window filter, by demonstrating its robustness on a quadrotor with rapid transitions between hovering and forward motions, within an indoor environment.
Chlorophyll and cytochrome b‐559 content of the photochemical reaction center of photosystem II

Photosystem II reaction centers comprised of the Dl, D2 and cytochrome b-559 polypeptides were isolated from welldefined oxygen-evolving reaction center preparations using either a combination of LiClO, and dodecyhnaltoside, or Triton X-100 alone. Yields of chlorophyll and cytochrome b-559 for both preparative methods were compared, and pigment contents were compared based on 2.0 b-559 per reaction center, a standard derived from photosystem II components found in the starting material. Results obtained with dodecylmaltoside suggest that the reaction center of photosystem II binds 10-12 Chl a along with 2 Cyt b-559 molecules. Reaction centers prepared with Triton X-100 bind about 8 Chl a per 2 Cyt b-559 molecules, a finding which indicates that Triton X-100 extracts pigments from the reaction center polypeptides. Our results contradict the widely held notion that the pigment binding properties of the photosystem II reaction center are similar to those of the bacterial reaction center. Photosystem II; Cytochrome b-599; Reaction center; Chlorophyll; Pheophytin
Conceptual transfer in preverbal children as a consequence of dimensional training

Abstract Combinations of three dimension-highlighting procedures—perceptual isolation (P), functional matching (F), and response contiguity (R)—were administered to 3-year-old, “no-label” S s as preliminary training for a highly abstract discrimination (angularity-curvature). There were four experimental groups (PFR, FR, F, and PR) and a no-highlighting control group (C). All S s were trained to criterion using five distinct geometric pairs, and were then (a) probed for generalization to new instances and (b) on a subsequent conditional discrimination, tested for the ability to select the correct dimensional value (angular or curved) when cued by spoken labels and, conversely, to emit the correct labels when cued by angular or curved instances. The PFR, FR, and PR groups were significantly superior to the C group on the probe, and the PFR and FR groups significantly outper-formed the C, F, and PR groups on the conditional discrimination. The results were interpreted as supporting a selective attention rather than a verbal-associative theory of conceptual transfer.
A Combined TIRF/AFM Approach to Investigate Nanomechanical Features at the Cytoplasmic Face of a Plasma Membrane

The cytoplasmic face of cell membranes has multiple features, such as cortical actin and tethered vesicles, the nanomechanical properties of which are largely unknown. To study these properties, we prepared plasma membrane sheets from a PC12 cell clone (Lang 2008 Meth.Mol.Biology, 440: 51-9) constitutively expressing ANF-EGFP, GFP-tagged proANF (atrial natriuretic factor) (Han et al 1999 PNAS 96:14577-82) as a secretory vesicle marker. The membrane sheets are firmly attached to the coverslip with their extracellular face while the cytoplasmic face is exposed. We combined a Nikon Ti-E/B total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscope with an Agilent PicoPlus atomic force microscope (AFM). Soft AFM cantilevers (Olympus Biolevers) were brought into contact with the exposed membrane face, binding spontaneously to the surface and to secretory vesicles. The membrane sheets and the motion of the cantilever tips were imaged by TIRF microscopy while forces of approximately 50pN or more were applied, pulling the tip away from the surface. At 50 ms time resolution, the noise level of the mechanical measurements was ∼1 pN and 0.5 nm (r.m.s.). Dynamic interactions associated with displacements in the 10-40 nm range were recorded. The role of secretory vesicles in this behavior will be investigated.
SAP FLUX OF CO-OCCURRING SPECIES IN A WESTERN SUBALPINE FOREST DURING SEASONAL SOIL DROUGHT

Co-occurring species may utilize vastly different strategies to cope with limited water resources, particularly in areas subjected to predictable and recurring drought. While these physiological responses have commonly been measured at the leaf level, in small seedlings, and integrated in fluxes of whole stands or watersheds, sap flux measure- ments in large trees have become a useful tool for monitoring transpiration of individual canopies over long time periods. In this study, sap flux ( JS) was measured with constant heat sap flow gauges for co-occurring species which have been previously evaluated at the leaf level. Measurements were taken in a subalpine stand containing most of the dominant species of the central Rocky Mountains (Pinus contorta, Abies lasiocarpa, Populus tre- muloides, and Pinus flexilis). Daily JS values were parabolically related to daytime average atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (D) in all species, with a broad range of maximum JS values occurring between 1.2 and 1.8 kPa. Populus tremuloides had the greatest increases in JS with increasing D, while Pinus contorta showed the lowest JS. A decrease in maximum JS was observed for all species later in the season when soil moisture declined from 0.35 to 0.24 m 3 /m 3 at 0-45 cm. Late-season JS in A. lasiocarpa decreased 50% due to stomatal closure in response to the soil moisture deficit, regardless of daily D. In contrast, the Pinus species were sensitive to D, showing larger late-season reductions in JS on high than on low D days. Populus tremuloides showed less sensitivity to soil moisture than the other species, with relatively high JS continuing late into the season and intermediate change in the response of JS to D with decreasing soil moisture. Stand-level estimates of transpiration by plots dominated by Pinus contorta and A. lasiocarpa (2.6 6 0.6 mm/d) were found to be similar to plots dominated by Populus tremuloides(2.7 6 0.6 mm/d) despite the nearly fourfold higher leaf area indices for the conifers.