cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Ore-Type Theorem on Hamiltonian Square Cycles

The kth power of a cycle C is the graph obtained from C by joining every pair of vertices with distance at most k on C. The second power of a cycle is called a square cycle. Posa conjectured that every graph with minimum degree at least 2n/3 contains a hamiltonian square cycle. Later, Seymour proposed a more general conjecture that if G is a graph with minimum degree at least (kn)/(k + 1), then G contains the kth power of a hamiltonian cycle. Here we prove an Ore-type version of Posa's conjecture that if G is a graph in which deg(u) + deg(v) ? 4n/3 ? 1/3 for all non-adjacent vertices u and v, then for sufficiently large n, G contains a hamiltonian square cycle unless its minimum degree is exactly n/3 + 2 or n/3 + 5/3. A consequence of this result is an Ore-type analogue of a theorem of Aigner and Brandt.
Mother–infant and father–infant attachment among alcoholic families

This study examined the association between fathers' alcoholism and other risk factors such as parental depression, family conflict, infant temperament, and parent-infant attachment. The quality of parent-infant interactions was hypothesized to be a proximal mediator of the associations among alcoholism and other risk factors and attachment. The participants were 223 families (104 nonalcoholic families and 119 alcoholic families) with 12-month-old infants recruited through birth records. Infants in families with two parents with alcohol problem had significantly higher rates of insecure attachment with both parents. Structural Equations Modeling indicated that the fathers' alcohol problem was associated with lower paternal sensitivity (higher negative affect, lower positive engagement, and lower sensitive responding) during father-infant play interactions, and this in tum was associated with higher risk for infant attachment insecurity with fathers. The association between the fathers' alcohol problem and infant attachment security with the mother was mediated by matemal depression, and matemal alcohol problems and family conflict were associated with maternal sensitivity during play interactions. These results indicate that the fathers' alcoholism is associated with higher family risk including the quality of the parent-infant relationship; infant attachment develops in a family context; and this context has a significant association with attachment security.
A generalization of Burnside's combinatorial lemma

Abstract Let G be a finite group which acts on a set S. We present a method of computing the entire distribution of G-orbits of S (the number of k-element G-orbits of S for all k) in terms of the number of s ϵ S fixed by every σ ϵ H for subgroups H of G, and the Mobius function μ(·, ·) defined on the subgroup lattice of G. We deduce Burnside's lemma as a consequence of our result.
Price Improvement and Price Discovery on a Primary Market

This article analyzes the relationship between price improvement and price discovery on American Stock Exchange. The authors present empirical evidence based on October 1996 quote and transaction data on the magnitude and frequency of price improvement and on price improvement9s relationship to price discovery. Price improvement in the period was substantial, averaging 1.43 cents per share for orders delivered by the Amex9s electronic order delivery system (PER) and 6.81 cents per share for orders entered non-electronically. The empirical evidence presented suggests that buy an sell orders are selectively price-improved at the Amex, depending on current market conditions, and thus that price improvement is linked to price discovery. These findings have implications for order flow consolidation in a major market center.
The FLMP STMPed

Massaro and Chen (2008) offer a commentary ostensibly on a recent article by Galantucci, Fowler, and Turvey (2006). Our article provided an evaluation of Alvin Liberman’s motor theory of speech perception. We considered it timely to evaluate the motor theory’s different claims, and we hoped to understand why the theory has been better received outside the field of speech than within it. Accordingly, we evaluated its component claims and embedded our presentation of the theory within a wider scientific context, rather than restricting it to the field of speech. However, Massaro and Chen did not undertake to understand the motor theory or to evaluate the effort by Galantucci et al. Rather, they chose to evaluate a different theory of speech than the one on which Galantucci et al. focused. They evaluated direct-realist theory, erroneously referring to it as a motor theory. I take this opportunity to clarify the difference, staving off potential confusion, and to address other errors in their critique.
Increased delayed type hypersensitivity in rats subjected to unilateral mononeuropathy is mediated by neurokinin-1 receptors.

Abstract An animal model of peripheral mononeuropathy was utilized in the present study to investigate the potential role of substance P (SP) in modifying immune responses associated with chronic pain conditions. Animals subjected to unilateral sciatic ligation and sham-operated animals were sensitized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and subsequently challenged in the ipsilateral or contralateral hind paw to produce a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTK) response. Subcutaneous microdialysis and radioimmunoassay were used to measure interstitial fluid SP levels in the challenged tissue prior to and following immune challenge in control and neuropathic animals. Following immune challenge, there was a significant increase in the concentration of SP in tissue dialysate samples from the challenged paw of both sham-operated and neuropathic animals. However, tissue SP levels in neuropathic animals were more than two-fold higher than those obtained from sham-operated controls following challenge. SP concentration remained elevated for 2.5 h following immune challenge in neuropathic animals compared to 90 min in sham-operated animals. Compared with controls, neuropathic animals also exhibited an increased DTH response that was reversed, in a dose-related fashion, by the non-peptide NK-1 receptor blocker L-703,606. The same antagonist had no effect in sham-operated animals. These data suggest that the increased DTH response in animals subjected to unilateral mononeuropathy involves SP and NK-1 receptors present in the challenged tissue.
Training Police Officers About Persons with Disabilities A 50-State Policy Analysis

Directors of police academies in the 50 states were contacted regarding training policies for new officers. Only Massachusetts and New Hampshire failed to provide any information. Thirty-Six states require instruction on persons with disabilities as part of initial police training; another four states provide some training but do not require it. An analysis of training topics reveals a wide variety of content, but most academies provide training about mental illness. Few academies include training about learning disabilities, mental retardation, or physical impairments (see note 1).
A Note in Defense of “The Partridge” (Exeter Book 97v)

It has been argued in the pages of Neophilologus that the fragmentary third poem of the Old English Physiologus series in the Exeter Book is not about the partridge but about the phoenix. The grounds for this argument are speculative, and the case for the partridge is presented as one weaker than it actually is. Throughout the vast Physiologus tradition, the panther-whale-partridge sequence is widespread, occurring in the first Greek redaction and translations into Ethiopic, Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Latin, Old French, and Old Icelandic. This tradition should not be overlooked in attempts to identify the theme of the Old English fragment.
What Is Known about Human Nutritional Needs

I have seldom been faced with a more formidable challenge than to give a short review of this topic. The field is immense, the literature overwhelming, public interest is intense, and demands to "do something" about nutrition come from all segments of society. In the simplest terms, we are talking about the requirement of the human machine for fuel-partly an energy problem. Unfortunately man cannot utilize coal or petroleum or solar energy directly but depends instead on plants and on animals that also utilize plants. The chemistry and biochemistry involved in the nutrition of animals (including man) have become understandable only in the last few decades. Primarily we need proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and, in smaller amounts, vitamins and minerals. But these categories can be broken down to fifty or sixty separate items necessary for optimal nutrition. We do not know what "optimal" means for man. Goal choices are: fast growth, athletic ability, resistance to disease and toxins, mental health, and longevity, all reasonable goals; but we simply do not know if they require the same relative nutrient intakes. Table 1 lists the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for some nutrients about which most nutritionists agree. These tentative recommendations, as of 1974, were revised from a previous list, published in 1968, and are again being revised for release in 1979. Individuals require differing amounts of nutrients as they mature from infancy to childhood, through puberty to adulthood and old age; pregnancy and lactation changes demand. In addition, the requirements will vary with size and, in amounts not yet understood but with considerable variability, from individual to individual. The RDAs are for healthy individuals. Groups suffering from various ills have different requirements. Hence the table can be used for the barest approximation, especially as we continue to learn that there may be additional factors not yet identified. The listing of required nutrients has led some to the thought that if a little is good, more will be better; so we must consider both the upper and lower limits for each amount. Some vita-
Rotational and Cover Crop Determinants of Soil Structural Stability and Carbon in a Potato System

Understanding processes that ameliorate structural degradation in sandy soils is particularly important in intensively managed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) systems. Seven 2-yr potato rotation systems were evaluated over 3 yr in an irrigated field trial comparing winter management systems bare (B) and cover crops: rye (Secale cereale L.; R), rye-hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth; RV) mixture and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.; C). Crops rotated with potatoes (P) were snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris (L.); SB), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; W) and sweet corn (Zea mays L.; SC). The systems consisted of: S1 PBSBB; S2 PRSBR; S3 PRSCB; S4 PWWR; S5 PWWCC; S6 PRVSBRV; and S7 PRVSCRV, both entry points evaluated each year. Carbon inputs above- and belowground were measured and systems grouped as low (S1 and S4), medium (S2 and S6), and high (S5, S3 and S7): 1.2, 2.0, and 2.8 Mg C ha -1 , respectively. Response variables included water stable aggregate (WSA) size fractions, macroaggregates (≥0.25 mm) and microaggregates (<0.25 mm), mean weight diameter (MWD), soil C, nitrogen mineralization potential (NMP), and potato tuber yield. Systems with SC contributed twofold higher biomass than rotations with W or SB, and the presence of RC contributed higher amounts of carbon (1.2 Mg ha -1 ) compared to R (0.7 Mg ha -1 ). Only the entry year influenced macroaggregates in 2001; both entry year and cropping system influenced aggregate size classes in 2004. Over 3 yr the macro-WSAs declined by 13%, except for high carbon input systems. Residue C input was a moderate predictor of total soil C (31% of variability explained), whereas macro- and micro-WSAs were predictors of soil C, accounting for 58 and 72% of observed variability, respectively. Low levels of aggregation were observed in this sandy soil and the modest amounts ofC inputs from winter cover crops posed a challenge to detecting treatment effects, which was in part overcome by georeferencing, to improve precision of sampling over time.
Germline BRCA mutation evaluation in a prospective triple-negative breast cancer registry: implications for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome testing

NCCN guidelines recommend genetic testing for all triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients aged ≤60 years. However, due to the lack of prospective information in unselected patients, these guidelines are not uniformly adopted by clinicians and insurance carriers. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of BRCA mutations and evaluate the utility of NCCN guidelines in unselected TNBC population. Stage I–IV TNBC patients were enrolled on a prospective registry at academic and community practices. All patients underwent BRCA1/2 testing. Significant family history (SFH) was defined >1 relative with breast cancer at age ≤50 or ≥1 relative with ovarian cancer. Mutation prevalence in the entire cohort and subgroups was calculated. 207 TNBC patients were enrolled between 2011 and 2013. Racial/ethnic distribution: Caucasian (80 %), African–American (14 %), Ashkenazi (1 %). Deleterious BRCA1/2 mutations were identified in 15.4 % (32/207) of patients (BRCA1:11.1 %, BRCA2:4.3 %). SFH reported by 36 % of patients. Mutation prevalence in patients with and without SFH was 31.6 and 6.1 %, respectively. When assessed by age at TNBC diagnosis, the mutation prevalences were 27.6 % (≤50 years), 11.4 % (51–60 years), and 4.9 % (≥61 years). Using SFH or age ≤50 as criteria, 25 and 34 % of mutations, respectively, were missed. Mutation prevalence in patients meeting NCCN guidelines was 18.3 % (32/175) and 0 % (0/32) in patients who did not meet guidelines (p = .0059). In this unselected academic and community population with negligible Ashkenazi representation, we observed an overall BRCA mutation prevalence rate of 15.4 %. BRCA testing based on NCCN guidelines identified all carriers supporting its routine application in clinical practice for TNBC.
Hepatitis C–induced hepatic allograft injury is associated with a pretransplantation elevated viral replication rate

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) allograft infection after liver transplantation follows a variable but accelerated course compared with the nontransplantation population. Predictors of outcome and mechanisms of reinfection remain elusive. The accelerated HCV-induced allograft injury associated with a 10- to 20-fold increase in serum viral quantity posttransplantation was hypothesized to be the result of elevated intrahepatic viral replication rates. Patients (N = 23) with HCV-induced end-stage liver disease who underwent liver transplantation between October 1995 and December 1998 were prospectively studied. HCV-induced allograft injury was defined by posttransplantation persistent biochemical hepatitis or allograft fibrosis not explained by other diagnoses. Liver biopsies (N = 92) were obtained by protocol and when clinically indicated. Negative-strand HCV RNA (putative intermediate for replication) was detected by a strand-specific reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and semiquantatively compared with constitutively expressed 18S rRNA. Recipients with increased pretransplantation replication were at increased risk for the development of posttransplantation biochemical hepatitis (P = .03), an increased rate of allograft fibrosis (P = .006), and increased mortality rate (40.0% vs. 0.0%; P = .02). There was no correlation with quantities of genomic HCV RNA in the serum with relative intrahepatic viral replication either before or after liver transplantation. The relative rate of HCV replication within the allograft was not elevated in the posttransplantation period compared with that seen within the explanted liver. Accelerated allograft injury caused by HCV may be predicted by viral replication rates within the explanted liver. The stable intrahepatic replication rate after transplantation suggests that elevated serum viral loads are the result of decreased viral clearance, possibly secondary to immunosuppressive therapy.
Assessing the Effect of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 on the Growth of Mice Teeth

Dentin and bone are formed when odontoblasts and osteoblasts synthesize and secrete collagen type I-rich extracellular matrix that mineralizes in a highly controlled manner. A wide spectrum of mouse and human disorders affecting tooth and bone biomineralization shows that dentin and bone formation are under strict genetic control. Although the controlling mechanisms of dentinogenesis and osteogenesis require further study, a large body of evidence points to the importance of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate in a wide variety of extracellular matrix degradation. Detailed knowledge of MMPs may be important for understanding the pathogenesis of tooth development. Some researchers have pointed MMP-9 is an extracelluar proteinase that is highly expressed in osteoclasts and has been postulated to play an important role in their resorptive activity. Although MMP-9 has been reported to play a role in bone resorption, the association of this enzyme during deciduous tooth resorption has not yet been clarified. Based on accumulating evidence, we hypothesized that MMP-9 should play a role in teeth attrition. In this study, we have applied NMR relaxation technique to assess age-related MMP-9 KO tooth quality in vitro by quantifying changes in dentin and pulp simultaneously. The major hypothesis in this paper was that whether noninvasive NMR relaxation time measurements could be used to characterize MMP-9 KO changes in dentin and pulp, and to predict tooth quality. Specifically, we tested that age-related MMP-9 KO tooth changes result in an alteration of the NMR spin-spin (T2) relaxation time signal due to the structural changes in the tooth matrix. This signal can be further processed to produce a T2 relaxation distribution spectrum related to dentin and pulp, and their derived parameters can be used as descriptors of age-related MMP-9 KO tooth changes. In this study, the proton liquid-like NMR spin-spin (T2) relaxation decay signal was obtained from the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) NMR spin echo train method [1,2], then the relaxation decay signal was converted to T2 relaxation distribution spectra describing the size domain of dentin and pulp. Therefore, we can calibrate the intensities in NMR inversion T2 relaxation distribution spectra corresponding to the amount of dentin and pulp related to the structural changes. Here, we propose an NMR calibration method “NMR standard estimation” — the ratio of the amount of pulp to the amount of dentin obtained from NMR T2 distribution spectra that can be used to measure the age-related MMP-9 KO structural changes in teeth [3]. We are cognizant of the biological and physiological variability manifest in teeth size variations, but feel that this kind of NMR standard estimation — the ratio of amount of dentin to amount of pulp from the NMR T2 inversion spectrum can be used to determine age-related MMP-9 KO structural changes in teeth and eliminate any variations in size of teeth.© 2011 ASME
Spontaneous expulsive choroidal hemorrhage.

A case of spontaneous expulsive choroidal hemorrhage is discussed clinically and histopathologically. Literature review reveals that the ten previously reported cases show similarities to the present case in that at least seven of the subjects and probably nine had glaucoma and all ten subjects had a corneal perforation. A mechanism is proposed for spontaneous expulsiva choroidal hemorrhage that emphasizes glaucoma as the pivotal mechanism because it accounts for the following: (1) bullous keratopathy that may become infected secondarily, culminating in a corneal perforation; (2) a greater decompressive force at the time of corneal perforation with resultant anterior displacement of retina and choroid; and (3) focal ischemia of the posterior ciliary arteries at the point where they enter the glove, weakening the arterial wall and making rupture more likely at the time of sudden decompression.
Electron spin resonance and spectral studies of bovine serum albumin-methylglyoxal complexes

Electron spin resonance and spectrophotometric measurements are reported for complexes of bovine serum albumin with methylglyoxal. The optical absorbance at 318 nm was found to be proportional to the unpaired spin concentration of the protein complexes. The constant of proportionality, however, was found to be a sensitive function of the exposure of samples to molecular oxygen, the color of the complexes remaining roughly constant while the spin concentration increased. The relevance of these observations to the previously reported electronic activity of the protein-methylglyoxal complexes is discussed, and a possible mechanism for the electronic decoupling that gives rise to the observed electron spin resonance signal is proposed.
Retention of paired associates as a function of percentage of occurrence of response members.

(1962). Retention of Paired Associates as a Function of Percentage of Occurrence of Response Members. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 203-211.
Activation of gene expression by a novel DNA structural transmission mechanism that requires supercoiling-induced DNA duplex destabilization in an upstream activating sequence.

We have previously demonstrated that integration host factor (IHF)-mediated activation of transcription from theilvPG promoter of Escherichia colirequires a supercoiled DNA template and occurs in the absence of specific interactions between IHF and RNA polymerase. In this report, we describe a novel, supercoiling-dependent, DNA structural transmission mechanism for this activation. We provide theoretical evidence for a supercoiling-induced DNA duplex destabilized (SIDD) structure in the A + T-rich, ilvPG regulatory region between base pair positions +1 and −160. We show that the region of this SIDD sequence immediately upstream of an IHF binding site centered at base pair position −92 is, in fact, destabilized by superhelical stress and that this duplex destabilization is inhibited by IHF binding. Thus, in the presence of IHF, the negative superhelical twist normally absorbed by this DNA structure in the promoter distal half of the SIDD sequence is transferred to the downstream portion of the SIDD sequence containing the ilvPG promoter site. This IHF-mediated translocation of superhelical energy facilitates duplex destabilization in the −10 region of the downstream ilvPG promoter and activates transcription by increasing the rate of open complex formation.
Thermal Chemistry of Chlorine on Si/Cu(100)

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) studies investigated the chemistry of Cl2 on Si/Cu(100). Si deposition was carried out by exposing Cu(100) to SiH4 at 420 K. PES showed that the exposure of this Si-saturated surface to Cl2 resulted in the formation of SiCl, SiCl2, and SiCl3 species at 120 K, with the latter species becoming more prevalent at higher Cl coverages. Heating of the chlorinated surface between 120 and 500 K increased the concentration of SiCl3 species. TPD studies of Cl2/Si/Cu(100) as a function of Si coverage showed primarily SiCl3 (and probably SiCl2) desorption at the lower Si coverages and SiCl4 at the highest Si coverage. The majority of the Si was not removed from the surface as chlorosilane product, but instead diffused into the Cu bulk at temperatures above 500 K.
Incorporation of 35SO42− into sediments of three New York lakes

Intact sediment cores were obtained from three New York lakes in May, July, and October 1981. Radioactive S (as 35SO 4 2− ) was added to the overlying water and cores were incubated without atmospheric exchange for one week near lake bottom temperatures. Headspace flux of 02 as an index of sediment respiration rates varied among lakes and seasonally within lakes. Acidic South Lake had the lowest respiration rate at all seasons and also the smallest net incorporation of the 35SO 4 2− . Summer net isotope transformation into ester sulfate and non-HI reducible S (pyrite and C-bonded S) constituents was 88.6%, 89.4%, and 59.7% of total sediment isotope for Oneida, Deer, and South, respectively. Seasonal variation of net isotope incorporation was observed in each lake as were differences in 35SO 4 2− partitioning into major S pools. Of the S constituents analyzed, HCl digestible S (volatile sulfides) was the smallest pool, while ester sulfate and non-HI reducible S together accounted for greater than 50% of S isotope transformation in all lakes. In addition, ester sulfate is the major product of dissolved SO 4 2− transformation and its formation results in less alkalinity generation than the formation of non-HI reducible S constituents. Thus ester sulfate transformation processes must be considered in calculating alkalinity generation by lake sediments.
A sequential adder using recurrent networks

D.E. Rumelhart et al.'s proposal (1986) of how symbolic processing is achieved in PDP (parallel distributed processing) networks is tested by training two types of recurrent networks to learn to add two numbers of arbitrary lengths. A method of combining old and new training sets is developed which enables the network to learn and generalize with very large training sets. Through this model of addition, these networks demonstrated capability to do simple conditional branching, while loops, and sequences, mechanisms essential for a universal computer. Differences between the two types of recurrent networks are discussed, as well as implications for human learning. >
THE RISING COST OF PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION

The report illustrates the informational and analytical basis on which one high-cost institution—Yale University—sets its annual tuition levels and long-term pricing policies. The rising cost of private higher education in general, and of a Yale education in particular, is examined in a context that takes into account historical trends, economic data (price and income inflation), the financial condition of the institution, comparative cost data from other schools, and studies of the impact of cost on enrollment. The results suggest that current educational costs, despite their recent rapid increases, are not significantly above historical levels (after adjusting for inflation), are not unfair to students, are affordable to most families, and are in line with the costs of other private institutions. No serious impact on the quality or diversity of the student body was discovered.
The novel estrogen-induced gene EIG121 regulates autophagy and promotes cell survival under stress

We previously identified a novel estrogen-induced gene, EIG121, as being differentially regulated in endometrioid and nonendometrioid endometrial carcinoma. The function of EIG121 was unknown. Using a tetracycline-inducible system, we found that overexpression of EIG121, but not of LacZ, caused a profound suppression of cell growth. Subcellular fractionation and immunofluroscent labeling indicated that EIG121 was a transmembrane protein localized in the plasma membrane-late endosome–lysosome compartments. Deletion of the putative transmembrane domain abolished the membrane association. In cells overexpressing EIG121, cytoplasmic vacuoles accumulated after EIG121 induction, and the autophagosome marker LC3 translocated into punctuate, dot-like structures. Electron microscopy revealed that in cells overexpressing EIG121, autophagosomes were markedly increased. Overexpression of EIG121 also increased the cells containing acidic vesicles and induced lysosomal degradation of long-lived proteins. In MCF-7 cells, both EIG121 and LC3 were rapidly degraded by a lysosomal mechanism after starvation. Knockdown of EIG121 blocked starvation-induced LC3 degradation. By itself, knockdown of EIG121 did not affect cell survival. When combined with starvation or cytotoxic agents, EIG121 knockdown greatly increased apoptosis. Our results suggest that EIG121 is associated with the endosome–lysosome compartments and may have an important role in autophagy. Under unfavorable conditions such as starvation and exposure to cytotoxic agents, EIG121 may protect cells from cell death by upregulating the autophagy pathway.
An integrated energy planning model for Hawaii

Abstract The State of Hawaii, importing over 90% of its energy requirements, is unique in the USA. In this paper, a Hawaii energy flow matrix is constructed. The 1977 Hawaii input-output table is used to assess each sector's direct energy intensity and total (direct and indirect) energy intensities, and to formulate as a linear programming problem for evaluating the impacts of energy shortages.
Continuous exposure to low amplitude extremely low frequency electrical fields characterizing the vascular streaming potential alters elastin accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells.

In normal development and pathology, the vascular system depends on complex interactions between cellular elements, biochemical molecules, and physical forces. The electrokinetic vascular streaming potential (EVSP) is an endogenous extremely low frequency (ELF) electrical field resulting from blood flowing past the vessel wall. While generally unrecognized, it is a ubiquitous electrical biophysical force to which the vascular tree is exposed. Extracellular matrix elastin plays a central role in normal blood vessel function and in the development of atherosclerosis. It was hypothesized that ELF fields of low amplitude would alter elastin accumulation, supporting a link between the EVSP and the biology of vascular smooth muscle cells. Neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cell cultures were exposed chronically to electrical fields characteristic of the EVSP. Extracellular protein accumulation, DNA content, and electron microscopic (EM) evaluation were performed after 2 weeks of exposure. Stimulated cultures showed no significant change in cellular proliferation as measured by the DNA concentration. The per-DNA normalized protein in the extracellular matrix was unchanged while extracellular elastin accumulation decreased 38% on average. EM analysis showed that the stimulated cells had a 2.85-fold increase in mitochondrial number. These results support the formulation that ELF fields are a potential factor in both normal vessel biology and in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic diseases including heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Bioelectromagnetics 34:358–365, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Canonical Gauge- and Lorentz-Invariant Quantization of the Yang-Mills Field

The Yang-Mills field, interacting with itself but not with other fields, is quantized using canonical equal-time commutation relations that do not involve the time component of the Yang-Mills potentials or the conjugate operator. Instead of decomposing the field into physical components and gauge variables, all three spatial components of the Yang-Mills potentials are retained. This keeps the equal-time commutators simple and provides, in the Schr\"odinger representation, a simple solution of the problem of constraints: "Good states, i.e., states satisfying all constraints, are represented by gauge-invariant functionals of the spatial Yang-Mills potentials. A finite scalar product for good states is given as a functional integral over a "tube" in configuration space, i.e., the space of the spatial Yang-Mills potentials over all of three-dimensional space. This tube is constructed in a certain manner around a manifold $\ensuremath{\Xi}$ of representatives for the gauge-invariant manifolds. It is shown that this scalar product does not depend on the choice of $\ensuremath{\Xi}$. For the purpose of proving Lorentz and gauge invariance of the theory, a modified Hamiltonian is considered which does not give rise to any constraints by itself, and which results in field equations which reduce to the Yang-Mills equations when applied to good states. The conventional primary and secondary constraints show up as conditions selecting the subspace of good states. Gauge invariance is proven for the complete theory, applied to good states. Lorentz invariance is proven for the equal-time commutation relations, using the method of Heisenberg and Pauli, for the conditions selecting the subspace of good states, and for the equations of motion applied to good states. Lorentz invariance of the scalar product of good states is shown by proving self-adjointness of the energy-momentum density operators, relative to the scalar product. The self-adjointness of these operators is assured by the particular construction of the tube in configuration space, over which the functional integral is taken. One may take the limit of the scalar product, letting the tube thickness go to zero, and arrive at a functional integral over $\ensuremath{\Xi}$.
playful deviance as an urban leisure activity: secret selves, self-validation, and entertaining performances

Framed by Erving Goffman's (1963) concept of backspaces, this article interprets the accounts people provide for participating in playful deviance during Mardi Gras in New Orleans. Backspaces provide a liminal license for people to transgress norms, participate in playful deviance, and present their secret self in urban settings. The major findings are that playful deviance is an urban tourist attraction that provides self-validation and enjoyment for participants. Examples of playful deviance include flashing the breasts, penises, buttocks; masturbating; performing or receiving oral sex; orhaving penetrative sex in public with strangers onBourbon Street during Mardi Gras.
Quantum dynamical phase transition in the soliton nucleation model of density wave transport

In the sine-Gordon model of a pinned density wave (DW), the electrostatic energy generated by charged solitons (S) and antisolitons (?) leads to a Coulomb blockade threshold field ET for quantum S-? pair creation. This field can be far smaller than the classical depinning field, since the quantum instability occurs as soon as the formerly lowest energy potential well rises to become a metastable well, or false vacuum. The analogy to time-correlated single electron tunnelling, as well as broader implications of the proposed tunnelling process, are briefly discussed.
Simple dynamics of automorphisms

Abstract Let F be a free group of rank two or more. Aut(F) acts on the Gromov boundary ∂F as a group of homeomorphisms. The maximal subgroups G containing Inn(F) that act as discrete convergence groups on ∂F are finite extensions of Inn(F) .
Structure and mechanical properties of Cu-X (X = Nb,Cr,Ni) nanolayered composites

Sputtered Cu/Cr and Cu/Nb multilayers have polycrystalline microstructures with nanometer scale grain sizes, while Cu/Ni multilayers evaporated on single crystal Cu or NaCl were single crystalline. The hardness of the multilayers for layer thicknesses (h) > 50 nm is explained by Hall-Petch model with grain boundaries and interfaces as barriers. At h < 50 nm, a deviation from the Hall-Petch behavior is observed for all three composites. In this regime, plastic flow is believed to occur by single dislocations gliding on closely spaced planes with flow stress proportional to (1/h)ln(h/b). High hardnesses in nanolayered composites result from a combination of increased yield strength and increased work hardening rate at low h.
First experimental demonstration of combined multicast and unicast video streaming over an optical-label switching network

This paper experimentally demonstrates, for the first time to our knowledge, the combined multicast and unicast video streaming applications over an optical-label switching network, with edge routers connecting the end-to-end multicast server and clients.
Growth of (FexMg1−x)2SiO4 single crystals by the double pass floating zone method

Abstract Good quality olivine single crystals,(Fe x Mg 1 − x ) 2 SiO 4 , have been successfully grown by the floating zone method using an image furnace. The double pass floating zone method was utilized to grow crystals with uniform composition along the growth axis. Chemical analyses by electron microprobe confirmed that the crystals were homogeneous in composition along the growth direction over the entire length of the boule. The primary crystal defects observed were bubbles. Precipitates, such as iron oxide and silica-rich phases were only occasionally found in iron-rich olivine crystals. An after-heater, either active or passive, was placed just below the freezing interface to control the interface shape and reduce the thermal gradient, enabling the growth of crack-free single crystals.
Markov-Chain Monte Carlo Reconstruction of Emission Measure Distributions: Application to Solar Extreme-Ultraviolet Spectra

We have developed a new method for the reconstruction of differential emission measure distributions based on a Metropolis Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC[M]) method. This technique allows us to (1) relax nonphysical smoothness constraints generally imposed on DEMs, (2) determine confidence bounds on the computed values, and (3) include extra information in the form of upper limits. Using the MCMC[M] algorithm, we reanalyze extreme ultraviolet spectral line fluxes obtained from Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Rocket Telescope and Spectrograph observations by Brosius et al. to obtain differential emission measure (DEM) distributions for active and quiet regions on the Sun. Both active- and quiet-region DEMs show a probable minimum near log T ≈ 5.6; the quiet-region DEM drops off beyond log T = 6.4, while the active-region DEM does not show evidence of a significant downturn even at log T = 7. The most striking aspect of our results is that the latter also shows several sharp peaks (of width ~0.1 dex), notably at log T = 6 and 6.3, and a broad feature, beyond log T = 6.5. We also explore the limitations on DEM reconstruction imposed by imperfect atomic data, choice of spectral lines, uncertainties in abundances, and other systematic errors. Within these limitations, we discuss the derived emission measure distribution and comment on its implications to coronal structure. We conclude that calculation of uncertainties on the DEM are crucial in the interpretation of structure seen in reconstructions. Further, a careful selection of the spectral lines used to infer the DEM is needed in order to avoid "artificially" generating structure in the DEM.
Technical Pitfalls of Shoulder Hemiarthroplasty for Fracture Management

Although most proximal humerus fractures can be treated nonoperatively, 4-part fractures and 3-part fractures/dislocations in elderly patients often require management with prosthetic arthroplasty. Reverse arthroplasty is gaining in popularity, but hemiarthroplasty still has a role in the management of 4-part and some 3-part fractures and dislocations. The 2 most important technical factors influencing functional outcome in hemiarthroplasty patients are the restoration of the patient's correct humeral head height and version, and healing of the greater and lesser tuberosities in an anatomic position. Hemiarthroplasty for proximal humerus fracture provides predictable pain relief, but functional recovery is much less predictable.
Lessons from the Field: Using the Work of a Department Research Committee to Facilitate Nursing Faculty Research and Scholarship

The work of faculty on department committees is instrumental in accomplishing the goals of a school of nursing. Using the Boyer Model of Scholarship as a backdrop, the Faculty Research and Professional Affairs Committee at Jefferson School of Nursing, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA, identified three activities, journal clubs, department funding of research, and the sponsorship of a visiting scholarly annually, to support faculty scholarship. Outcomes of implementing scholarship activities are discussed.
Gonadotropin receptors in rat ovarian tissue. I. Localization of LH binding sites by fractionation of subcellular organelles.

The subcellular distribution of LH (hCG) receptor and evidence regarding the possible entrance of 125I-hCG into target cells were studied in pseudopregnant rat ovarian tissue by subjecting ovarian homogenates containing bound l25I-hCG to differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The distribution of radioactivity among and within different fractions was analyzed at two different time intervals and compared with the distribution of enzyme markers characteristic for identifiable cell organelles. Specific ovarian radioactivity after in vivo injection of 125I-hCG was found to be 8.8-fold greater than in kidney tissue and 26.1-fold greater than in liver tissue. Simultaneous administration of excess unlabeled hCG (150 µg) inhibited ovarian uptake of l25I-hCG by 68%, but had no effect on uptake in liver and kidney. Autoradiographs indicated that the ovarian receptor for LH (hCG) was located predominantly in luteal cells. The analysis of total and specific radioactivity in fractions obtained by differentia...
The effects of blood glucose changes on frequency-domain measures of HRV signal in type 1 diabetes

The analysis of time duration between consecutive R waves of electrocardiogram (ECG) is a standard method to evaluate the variations in heart rate. The physiological literature reveals that blood glucose levels modulate the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and heart rate variability (HRV) is representative of the cardiovascular autonomic function. In the research described here, a pilot investigation was carried out to investigate the relationship between HRV signal measures derived from ECG and arterial blood glucose changes in a female subject with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) subject during normoglycemic and mildly hyperglycemic conditions. A CleveLabs BioCapture wireless device was used to acquire ECG signals from a 160 Kg, 59.6 year old female volunteer with type 1 diabetes. The PhysioToolkit Software was used to extract the HRV signal and the Kubios software package was deployed to perform comprehensive HRV signal analysis. This software has an easy-to-use graphical user interface that displays the HRV signal and provides three options to calculate: Time-domain, Frequency-domain and Nonlinear Dynamics parameters from raw HRV signals. In its Frequency-domain analysis section, it provides frequency bands such as VLF (Hz), LF (Hz), and HF (Hz), with LF/HF as an index that reflects the sympathovagal balance of the ANS. ECG data were acquired for 30 minutes during normoglycemic condition and for another 30 minutes during mildly hyperglycemic conditions, while blood glucose levels were measured manually by the subject using a glucometer every 5 minutes. ECG signal segments of 5 minute durations were then processed to extract HRV signals and these in turn were analyzed to provide frequency-domain measures. The results indicated that blood glucose changes were inversely related to LF/HF. For this dataset, it was observed that mean ± std of the LF/HF decreased from 6.0 ± 1.04 to 0.91 ± 0.17 when blood glucose levels increased from 156 ± 22 mg/dl to 202 ± 29 mg/dl. Further investigation is underway to recruit more diabetic subjects to acquire a large dataset and explore the relationships between different HRV signal parameters and blood glucose changes under different gylcemic conditions in a comprehensive way.
Genetic control of sex determination in the germ line of Caenorhabditis elegans.

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans normally exists as one of two sexes: self-fertilizing hermaphrodite or male. Development as hermaphrodite or male requires the differentiation of each tissue in a sex-specific way. In this review, I discuss the genetic control of sex determination in a single tissue of C. elegans : the germ line. Sex determination in the germ line depends on the action of two types of genes: - those that act globally in all tissues to direct male or female development and those that act only in the germ line to specify either spermatogenesis or oogenesis. First, I consider a tissue-specific sex-determining gene, fog-1 , which promotes spermatogenesis in the germ line. Second, I consider the regulation of the hermaphrodite pattern of germ ­ line gametogenesis where first sperm and then oocytes are produced.
Bias phenomenon and compensation in multiple target tracking algorithms

Bias phenomenon in multiple target tracking has been observed for a long time. This paper is devoted to a study of the bias resulting from the miscorrelation in data association. One result of this paper is a necessary condition for miscorrelation to cause bias. Relying on the necessary condition and a model for data association process, techniques are developed to give general directions for where and how to compensate the bias related to miscorrelation in general tracking algorithms. Case studies on the bias phenomenon in two tracking algorithms, i.e., global nearest neighborhood (GNN) and joint probabilistic data association (JPDA), are launched as a practice of the ideas and results presented in this paper. The outcome of the examples illustrates and strongly supports our results. A discussion of several statistical issues is given in the end of this paper, in which the behavior for the bias in GNN and JPDA is studied.
The Cellulose Space Lattice of Plant Fibres

Two different types of X-ray diffraction patterns and their interpretations, made from cellulose fibres, have appeared in the literature; one associated with a ‘point diagram,’ presented by R. O. Herzog,1 the other, with a ‘line diffraction pattern,’ by the writer.2
Nonorganic failure to thrive: an outpatient approach

This article reviews our experience, as well as the medical literature, regarding the treatment of failure to thrive (FTT) on an outpatient basis. Nonorganic FTT can be accidental, neglectful, or deliberate. Accidental FTT occurs with errors in formula preparation, diet selection, or feeding technique. These errors can usually be corrected by education and demonstration. Deliberate underfeeding is rare, and these children usually require placement in foster care. Neglectful FTT usually occurs because the mother is overwhelmed or psychologically disturbed. Children with neglectful FTT do not automatically require hospitalization. If the degree of FTT is mild to moderate, the mother-child interaction is positive, the mother is not severely disturbed, and the baby has no inflicted injuries or deprivational behavior, the baby can be safely and more economically managed as an outpatient. Management includes new feeding instructions, a stimulation program, social work intervention, home visits by a public health nurse, and weekly weight checks. Most infants respond to this one-month therapeutic trial with an appropriate weight gain. Even after normal weight is attained, many of these families require long-term follow-up to help them deal with multiple psychosocial issues.
Multi Layered Polycaprolactone-Elastin-Collagen Small Diameter Conduits for Vascular Tissue Engineering

The architecture of the vascular wall is highly intricate and requires unique biomechanical properties in order to function properly. Native artery is composed of a mix of collagens, elastin, endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMC), fibroblasts, and proteoglycans arranged into three distinct layers: the intima, media, and adventitia. Throughout artery, collagen and elastin play an important role, providing a mechanical backbone, preventing vessel rupture, and promoting recovery while undergoing pulsatile deformations [1]. The low-strain mechanical response of artery to blood flow is dominated by the elastic behavior, of elastin, which prevents pulsatile energy from being dissipated as heat [2]. A higher amount of energy loss indicates a decrease in recoverability, which could lead to eventual disruption of blood flow. An effective way to quantify recoverability is through hysteresis and compliance measurement. The hypothesis of this study was that the fabrication of a multi-layered electrospun tissue engineering scaffold composed of polycaprolactone (PCL), elastin, and collagen would demonstrate dynamic mechanical properties indicative of a highly elastic material, similar to the three distinct layers of native arterial tissue, while remaining conducive to tissue regeneration. PCL was chosen, in this case, to provide mechanical integrity and elasticity, while elastin and collagen would provide further elasticity and bioactivity [3,4].Copyright © 2008 by ASME