cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid Metabolism in Pregnancy: V. Interactions of Diabetes, Body Weight, Age, and High Carbohydrate Diet

Plasma triglycerides increase two-to-three-fold in normal pregnancy. If mechanistically similar to the atherosclerosis-associated hypertriglyceridemias, hypertrigiyceridemia in pregnancy should be exaggerated by diabetes, obesity, and high carbohydrate feeding. A failure to exaggerate would point to a different physiologic mechanism. To study this matter, we measured fasting plasma triglyceride and cholesterol in 38 normal, 22 gestational-diabetic, and 27 overtly diabetic women in the third trimester, measuring the concomitant effects of age and body weight and, in four subjects, high carbohydrate feeding. Compared with controls, fasting plasma triglyceride and cholesterol were unchanged in gestational diabetics and in 10 of the 27 overtly diabetic pregnant women treated with insulin and diet. However, 17 of 27 diabetic women treated with an estrogen-progestin supplement during gestation had a 36 per cent higher triglyceride and a 15 per cent higher cholesterol than control. Body weight, age, duration of diabetes, or length of gestation could not account for the observations. In non-hormone-treated subjects, regression analysis showed a positive correlation of triglycerides with age but not with body weight. High carbohydrate feeding in pregnancy produced a triglyceride increase (mean±S.D.) of 9±19 per cent in whole plasma and 17±13 per cent in very-low-density Upoprotein. Respective postpartum increases were 41 and 68 per cent, similar to the responses reported in nonpregnant individuals. Conclusion: Lack of a major effect of diabetes, body weight, and high carbohydrate feeding on blood lipids in gestation distinguishes pregnancy from the atherosclerosis-associated hypertriglyceridemias and points to a different physiologic control mechanism.
A 200-MS/s 98-dB SNR track-and-hold in 0.25-um GaN HEMT

In order to overcome the design challenges of GaN HEMT leakage and Schottky diode turn-on, a GaN track-and-hold (T/H) circuit with 20-V pseudo-differential input swing consists of an asymmetric gate device followed by a symmetric gate device. The GaN T/H provides 98-dB SNR at 200 MS/s while drawing 195 mA.
Influence of SiC grain boundary character on fission product transport in irradiated TRISO fuel

Abstract In this study, the fission product precipitates at silicon carbide grain boundaries from an irradiated TRISO particle were identified and correlated with the associated grain boundary characteristics. Precession electron diffraction in the transmission electron microscope provided the crystallographic information needed to identify grain boundary misorientation and boundary type (i.e., low angle, random high angle or coincident site lattice (CSL)-related). The silicon carbide layer was found to be composed mainly of twin boundaries and small fractions of random high angle and low angle grain boundaries. Most fission products were found at random, high-angle grain boundaries, with small fractions at low-angle and CSL-related grain boundaries. Palladium (Pd) was found at all types of grain boundaries while Pd-uranium and Pd-silver precipitates were only associated with CSL-related and random, high-angle grain boundaries. Precipitates containing only Ag were found only at random, high-angle grain boundaries, but not at low angle or CSL-related grain boundaries.
Phenotypic Markers and BCL-1 Gene Rearrangements in B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study

The markers, CD11b, CD11c, CD14, CD21, CD23, CD25, CD38, and FMC7 were correlated with morphologic and other laboratory and clinical characteristics of 127 patients with untreated CD5+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Only CD38 and CD21 were significantly associated with atypical CLL morphology. The integrin associated markers CD11b and CD11c were associated with lower leukocyte count (white blood cell count [WBC]) and lower Rai stage. By contrast, the activation antigen CD23 was associated with a higher WBC, higher Rai stage, younger age group, and the presence of lymphadenopathy. Therefore, we conclude that CD23 positivity may reflect a more aggressive form of CLL, and CD11b and CD11c positivity a less aggressive form. The BCL-1 gene rearrangement was present in 5 of 84 (6%) CLL cases examined and was associated with atypical morphology and surface expression of CD11b. Patients with a BCL-1 gene rearrangement may represent a CLL subset or possibly a different B-cell disease.
Estimation of the Mean Particle Strength of a Single Particle by a Powder Compression Test

For the compression process with deformation of a particle, a new compression equation has been derived by combining Rumpf's equation and Hiramatsu's equation. The Rempf's equation can estimate the relationship between compressive stress and the force acting on a contact point between particles. Hiramatsu's equation gives the relationship between the compressive force and the tensile strength of a particle. The newly derived compression equation contains a tensile strength term for each particle that the bed consists of. When this equation is applied to the compression process, the tensile strength of a particle can be estimated, but the strain of a single particle during compressing should previously be estimated or measured.It was shown that the Kawakita's equation was derived from the new compression equation with some assumptions. A constant, 1/b, in the Kawakita's equation has been considered to be correlated with the tensile strength of a particle.It was shown in this investigation that the tensile strength of a particle was proportional to the constant, 1/b, under the condition that the strain was constant during the compression process.
Grain Boundary Structure and Properties of High-Tc Superconductors

We have modelled the grain boundaries in high-T c superconducting oxides and determined the critical current density. The tunneling of superconducting pairs across the coalesced regions is used to determine the boundary effects. The length of the coalesced regions, with continuity of the Cu-O planes maintained by relaxation of the atom positions, is determined by minimization of the energy of the configuration. The depression of the order parameter is evaluated using the continuity conditions at the boundary in the proximity effect formulation. The excess charge distribution at the core of the boundary, determined from the solution to the Poisson's equation, is used to determine the scattering of the superconducting pairs. The width of the boundary, evaluated from modelling, determines the transmission coefficient for tunnelingof superconducting pairs. The critical current density is expressed in terms of these four important factors associated with the grain boundary. All the experimental results are explained by the present modelling of the grain boundary effects.
Estimation of risk ratios in cohort studies with common outcomes: a Bayesian approach

In cohort studies with common outcomes, the odds ratio estimated from a logistic regression analysis is often interpreted as an indirect estimate of the risk ratio. In such settings, the odds ratio will be farther from the null than the risk ratio. Direct and unbiased estimates of the risk ratio may be obtained from a log binomial model fit by maximum likelihood. When the maximum likelihood log binomial model fails to converge (as is common) or provides predicted probability estimates or upper confidence limits greater than 1.0, various approaches have been suggested, but each has drawbacks, as we describe. We propose a novel Bayesian approach for the estimation of the risk ratio from the log binomial model that addresses drawbacks of existing approaches. Posterior computation can be accomplished easily using the WinBUGs code provided.
Monitoring report of accidental death among residents in Gaomi city 2008-2009

[Objective]To study the level of accidental death among residents in Gaomi city,analyze the occurrence frequency and distribution law of accidental death,provide the scientific basis for developing feasible prevention and control measures.[Methods]The data of accidental death among residents were collected from the injury mortality surveillance system,and ICD-10 was applied for classification and coding.[Results]There were 762 cases of accidental death in Gaomi city during 2008-2009,which accounted for 6.98% of total deaths.The mortality rate was 46.03/lakh,which ranked in the fourth place among all causes.The mortality rate in males was significantly higher than that in females.[Conclusion]The main causes of accidental death among residents in Gaomi city include traffic accidents,suicide and drowning.It is necessary to develop and carry out the relevant prevention strategy and control measures according to distribution law and main influence factors of accidental death.
Bovine pericardium duraplasty: Epidural abscess as a rare complication

Abstract The following case of a posterior fossa decompression with duraplasty illustrates the occurrence of a rare complication of the procedure. The percentage of these procedures that develop complications vary greatly, ranging from 3–40% as is reported in the literature on the topic. Differences in complication rates between different types of grafts vary in the literature as well, with meta-analyses showing few significant differences between different graft types. Epidural abscess however, is rarely if ever sited as a complication for either synthetic or biological origin grafts. Additionally, the type of damage to the original bovine pericardium dural graft is rare as complications of CSF leaks are almost always reported as stemming from the suture line of the graft, not from damage to the center of the graft itself. Whether the complication was due to an inherent characteristic of the bovine pericardium itself or an outlying factor of the procedure is unknown, but it is important to note that this rare complication of an epidural abscess as well as the type of damage that caused the CSF leak is a possibility when performing posterior fossa decompression with duraplasty.
What Is a Virus

Viruses are built from short sequences of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein shell. Until the invention of the electron microscope, it was impossible to visualize a virus. The first viruses to be visualized were bacteriophage, which appeared to have a head and tail-like structure. Only the nucleic acid entered the bacterial cell through the tail. Animal viruses were described as spherical or rod-shaped; they were bound to receptors and were taken up by the cell. After the crystallization of the tobacco mosaic virus, there was much discussion as to whether viruses were “living” organisms; the controversy continues to this day. Although viruses were defined in part on the basis of size and filterability, viruses much larger than the traditional viruses have recently been isolated. Studies of viral replication indicate that most viruses self-assemble as a result of interactions between the viral proteins to form a viral capsid that interacts with the nucleic acid to form the whole. The viral replication cycle and synthesis is presented in this chapter. Viral classification into a Linnaean scheme has been proposed, but newer methods using nucleic acid homologies are changing classification. Viruses are spread in the human population by various means, including airborne particles, fecal-oral contact, clothing, insects, and contact with other animals (zoonosis).
Effects of “Natural” Water and “Added” Water on Prediction of Moisture Content and Bulk Density of Shelled Corn from Microwave Dielectric Properties

AbstractDielectric properties of samples of shelled corn of “natural” water content and those prepared by adding water were measured in free space at microwave frequencies and 23°C. Results of measurements of attenuation, phase shift and dielectric constant and loss factor at 9 GHz show no difference between the samples with “natural” water and those in which water was added artificially. Bulk densities and moisture contents predicted from calibration equations expressed in terms of dielectric properties of both natural and added water samples agreed closely, and standard errors were less than 1% for moisture content and relative error for bulk density was less than 5%.
Nurse and Physician Involvement in Health Risk Appraisals An Integrative Review

Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors continue to be a strong contributor to chronic illness and death in the United States. Despite the health care system's efforts to refocus on prevention, primary care visits remain acute care focused. Health risk appraisals are tools that can be used by primary care providers to enhance lifestyle behavior change and prevention efforts. The purpose of this integrative review is to examine nurse and physician use of health risk appraisals in primary care. A total of 26 national and international papers, selected through an electronic database and ancestry search, were reviewed. Identified nurse and physician interventions in addition to other programming included helping participants understand and interpret feedback, behavioral counseling, and development of plans to address unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. The most common intervention was provision of telephonic nurse advice lines. Overall outcomes were positive. The use of these tools could be key to enhancing primary care prevention.
Persulfide Formation Mediates Cysteine and Homocysteine Biosynthesis in Methanosarcina acetivorans.

The mechanisms of sulfur uptake and trafficking in methanogens inhabiting sulfidic environments are highly distinctive. In aerobes, sulfur transfers between proteins occur via persulfide relay, but direct evidence for persulfides in methanogens has been lacking. Here, we use mass spectrometry to analyze tryptic peptides of the Methanosarcina acetivorans SepCysS and MA1821 proteins purified anaerobically from methanogen cells. These enzymes insert sulfide into phosphoseryl(Sep)-tRNACys and aspartate semialdehyde, respectively, to form Cys-tRNACys and homocysteine. A high frequency of persulfidation at conserved cysteines of each protein was identified, while the substantial presence of persulfides in peptides from other cellular proteins suggests that this modification plays a general physiological role in the organism. Purified native SepCysS containing persulfide at conserved Cys260 generates Cys-tRNACys in anaerobic single-turnover reactions without exogenously added sulfur, directly linking active-site...
Cross-sectional comparisons of patient-reported disease control, disease severity and symptom frequency in children with atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that commonly affects children. Research in AD has utilized an increasing variety of scoring measures to monitor disease, and this lack of standardization has been cited as an obstacle to evidence-based decision making. The Harmonizing Outcome Measures for Eczema (HOME) initiative aims to establish consensus on a core set of outcome measures for AD and currently recommends the Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) for recording patient-reported outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Monitoring of Applied Stress in Concrete Using Ultrasonic Full-Waveform Comparison Techniques

Ultrasonic testing is a non-destructive approach commonly used to evaluate concrete structures. A challenge with concrete is that it is heterogeneous, which causes multiple wave scattering resulting in longer and more complex wave paths. The recorded ultrasonic waveform can be divided into two portions: the coherent (or early) and the diffuse (or Coda) portion. While conventional methods only use the coherent portion, e.g. the first wave arrival to determine the wave velocity, we are interested in the entire waveform, i.e. until the wave amplitude is completely dampened out. The objective of this study was to determine what portion of the signal is most sensitive to applied stress and the associated formation and propagation of cracks. For this purpose, the squared Pearson correlation coefficient, R 2 was used, which provides a measure for the strength of the linear relationship (or similarity) between a reference waveform under no stress and a waveform recorded at a certain level of applied stress. Additionally, a signal energy-based filter was developed and used to detect signals that captured acoustic emissions generated during the loading process. The experimental work for this study consisted of an active monitoring approach by employing a pitch-catch setup with two ultrasonic transducers, one transmitter and one receiver, that were attached to (nullset) 152 x 305 mm concrete cylinder specimens, which were loaded monotonically to failure. Our results show that applied stress correlates well with the R 2 with remarkable sensitivity to small applied stresses. Also, the relationship between R 2 and applied stress is linear for an applied stress that is less than 50% of the ultimate stress.
Cross sections and reaction rates for Na 23 ( p , n ) Mg 23 , Al 27 ( p , n ) Si 27 , Al 27 ( α , n ) P 30 , Si 29 ( α , n ) S 32 , and Si 30 ( α , n ) S 33

The total neutron production cross sections for the $^{23}\mathrm{Na}(p, n)^{23}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{27}\mathrm{Al}(p, n)^{27}\mathrm{Si}$, $^{27}\mathrm{Al}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)^{30}\mathrm{P}$, $^{29}\mathrm{Si}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)^{32}\mathrm{S}$, and $^{30}\mathrm{Si}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)^{33}\mathrm{S}$ reactions have been measured for bombarding energies from threshold to 6.3 MeV. The neutron detector was a 60-cm diameter sphere of polyethylene with eight $^{10}\mathrm{B}$${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ counters and was insensitive to the angle and energy of the emitted neutrons. Cross sections for inverse reactions have been obtained using the principle of detailed balance. The data have been used to determine parameters for statistical model calculations to facilitate extrapolation of cross sections to higher bombarding energies. These reactions are relevant to problems of nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution and to studies of radiation damage. Nucleosynthesis reaction rates, ${N}_{A}(\ensuremath{\sigma}v)$, were determined for the reactions studied and are tabulated for temperatures ranging from 0.4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{9}$ to 10.0 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{9}$ K.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$, $^{27}\mathrm{Al}(p, n)$, ${E}_{p}=5.0\ensuremath{-}6.5$ MeV; $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{29}\mathrm{Si}$, $^{30}\mathrm{Si}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)$, ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=2.8\ensuremath{-}6.8$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$. $^{27}\mathrm{Si}(n, {p}_{0})$, ${E}_{n}=0\ensuremath{-}0.55$ MeV; $^{30}\mathrm{P}(n, {\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0})$, ${E}_{n}=0.4\ensuremath{-}0.9$ MeV; $^{32}\mathrm{S}$, $^{33}\mathrm{S}(n, \ensuremath{\alpha})$, ${E}_{n}=0\ensuremath{-}2.3$ MeV; deduced $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$ from measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$ and detailed balance. $^{23}\mathrm{Mg}(n, p)$, ${E}_{n}=0\ensuremath{-}3$ MeV; calculated $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$. Deduced nucleosynthesis reaction rates.
Establishing benchmarks for the volume-outcome relationship for common lumbar spine surgical procedures.

Abstract Background Context The importance of surgeon volume as a quality measure has been defined for a number of surgical specialties. Meaningful procedural volume benchmarks have not been established, however, particularly with respect to lumbar spine surgery. Purpose We aimed to establish surgeon volume benchmarks for the performance of four common lumbar spine surgical procedures (discectomy, decompression, lumbar interbody fusion, and lumbar posterolateral fusion). Study Design A retrospective review of data in the Florida Statewide Inpatient Dataset (2011–2014) was carried out. Patient Sample Patients who underwent one of the four lumbar spine surgical procedures under study comprised the study sample. Outcome Measure The development of a complication or hospital readmission within 90 days of the surgical procedure was the surgical outcome. Methods For each specific procedure, individual surgeon volume was separately plotted against the number of complications and readmissions in a spline analysis that adjusted for co-variates. Spline cut-points were used to create a categorical variable of procedure volume for each individual procedure. Log-binomial regression analysis was then separately performed using the categorical volume-outcome metric for each individual procedure and for the outcomes of 90-day complications and 90-day readmissions. Results In all, 187,185 spine surgical procedures met inclusion criteria, performed by 5,514 different surgeons at 178 hospitals. Spline analysis determined that the procedure volume cut-point was 25 for decompressions, 40 for discectomy, 43 for interbody fusion, and 35 for posterolateral fusions. For surgeons who failed to meet the volume metric, there was a 63% increase in the risk of complications following decompressions, a 56% increase in the risk of complications following discectomy, a 15% increase in the risk of complications following lumbar interbody fusions, and a 47% increase in the risk of complications following posterolateral fusions. Findings were similar for readmission measures. Conclusions The results of this work allow us to identify meaningful volume-based benchmarks for the performance of common lumbar spine surgical procedures including decompression, discectomy, and fusion-based procedures. Based on our determinations, readily achievable goals for individual surgeons would approximate an average of four discectomy and lumbar interbody fusion procedures per month, three posterolateral lumbar fusions per month, and at least one decompression surgery every other week.
Investigating commercial in ovo technology as a strategy for introducing probiotic bacteria to broiler embryos.

Probiotics can improve broiler performance and reduce pathogens. Because the hatchery can be a source of contamination, delivering probiotics to the embryo before hatch is desirable. To date, probiotics have primarily been injected into eggs manually. Therefore, the objective of this study was to deliver various probiotic bacteria into broiler hatching eggs using an automated commercial in ovo injection system to evaluate hatchability of fertile eggs (HF). Three separate experiments were conducted using Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, or Bifidobacterium animalis. In each experiment, 7 treatments (non-injected control; dry punch control; diluent-injected control; and injections of 103 cfu, 104 cfu, 105 cfu, or 106 cfu of bacteria/50 μL of diluent) were evaluated using 10 replicates per treatment. For each experiment, 2,490 eggs were obtained from a commercial hatchery. Eggs were incubated under standard incubation conditions. At 10 d of incubation (doi), eggs were candled, and infertile eggs were removed. On 18 doi, all eggs were injected with the appropriate treatment using an automated in ovo injection system. Once all eggs were injected, they were transferred to hatching baskets and placed into the hatcher. On 21 doi, chicks were removed from the hatcher, counted, and weighed. Hatch residue analysis was conducted to determine infertile, early dead, mid dead, late dead, pipped, cracked, contaminated, and cull chick statuses of all unhatched eggs. Injecting L. acidophilus, even at a concentration as high as 106 cfu/50 μL, did not impact hatch residue analysis (P > 0.05). However, HF was significantly less for eggs treated with B. subtilis than for control eggs (P < 0.0001). For the non-injected control, HF was 91%, but as concentration of B. subtilis increased, HF decreased to as low as 1.67% for the 105 cfu treatment. Late deads, pipped, and contaminated egg percentages were higher, and chick BW was lower for B. subtilis treatment groups compared to controls. In conclusion, L. acidophilus and B. animalis but not B. subtilis, appear to be suitable candidates for in ovo injection as probiotics.
Astrophysical S factor of 12C( alpha, gamma )16O from the beta-delayed alpha-particle emission of 16N.

The spectrum of low energy beta-delayed alpha-particle emission of [sup 16]N was measured with high sensitivity; e.g., at [ital E][sub [alpha]][sup [ital L]][approx]1 MeV, a sensitivity for a beta-decay branching ratio in the range of 10[sup [minus]9] (to 10[sup [minus]10]) was achieved. We used previous theoretical work of Ji, Filippone, Humblet, and Koonin to extract from these data the astrophysical [ital p]-wave [ital S] factor for the [sup 12]C ([alpha],[gamma])[sup 16]O capture reaction, and find [ital S][sub [ital E]1](300)=95[plus minus]6(stat)[plus minus]28(syst) keV b. This result is crucial, for example, for understanding the last stages of a massive star before a supernova.
The health consequences of adverse childhood experiences: role of the family physician.

Addressing adverse childhood experiences has been called the ultimate health promotion and preventive medicine intervention. Family physicians have an opportunity to prevent and intervene in children's exposure to these experiences by focusing on safe, stable, and nurturing relationships between parents and children.
Treatment of Narcolepsy with Methamphetamine

Eight pairs of subjects (each consisting of a narcoleptic and a control matched on the basis of age, sex, educational background and job) were evaluated under the following double-blind, randomized treatment conditions: baseline, placebo, low dose and high dose methamphetamine. Subjects were drug-free for 2 weeks prior to beginning the protocol. Methamphetamine was the only drug taken during the protocol and was given in a single morning dose of 0, 20 or 40-60 mg to narcoleptics and 0, 5 or 10 mg to controls. The protocol was 28 days long, with each of the four treatment conditions lasting 4 days followed by 3 days of washout. Nighttime polysomnography and daytime testing were done during the last 24 hours of each treatment condition. Daytime sleep tendency was assessed with the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). Daytime performance was assessed with performance tests including a simple, computer-based driving task. Narcoleptics' mean MSLT sleep latency increased from 4.3 minutes on placebo to 9.3 minutes on high dose, compared with an increase from 10.4 to 17.1 minutes for controls. Narcoleptics' error rate on the driving task decreased from 2.53% on placebo to 0.33% on high dose, compared with a decrease from 0.22% to 0.16% for controls. The effects of methamphetamine on nocturnal sleep were generally dose-dependent and affected sleep continuity and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Elimination half life was estimated to be between 15.9 and 22.0 hours. Mild side effects emerged in a dose-dependent fashion and most often involved the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. We concluded that methamphetamine caused a dose-dependent decrease in daytime sleep tendency and improvement in performance in both narcoleptics and controls. Methamphetamine at doses of 40-60 mg allowed narcoleptics to function at levels comparable to those of unmedicated controls.
Rhinoplasty: Clinical categorization as a practical preoperative guide

As progressively more individuals desire rhinoplasty, facial surgeons are experiencing a wider spectrum of potential patients. The young woman in her late teens and 20s once made up the majority of the rhinoplasty case load. Now, the patients desiring aesthetic and reconstructive nasal surgery represent all stages of life. We have divided the patient population into five categories based principally on the special requirements of inherent chronologic differences. This typing system guides rhinoplastic surgeons in dealing with a variety of age groups of both sexes. These categories are useful in defining differences in technique and as an adjunct to preoperative evaluation.
Adenosine nucleotides in bile

Activation of purinergic receptors by ATP stimulates Cl- efflux in biliary epithelial cells. To determine whether purinergic agonists are present under physiological conditions, we have assayed mammalian bile for nucleotides and assessed whether hepatoma and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines are capable of nucleotide release. Bile samples were collected from human, rat, and pig donors and assayed for nucleotide concentrations by luminometry. ATP, ADP, and AMP were present in bile from each species, and the average total nucleotide concentration in human bile was 5.21 +/- 0.91 microM (n = 16). In an in vitro model of HTC rat hepatoma cells or Mz-ChA-1 cholangiocarcinoma cells on a superfused column, nucleotides were present in the effluent from each cell type. Addition of alpha, beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate (50 microM) to inhibit 5'-nucleotidase activity increased AMP concentrations two- to threefold. Exposure to forskolin (100 microM) or ionomycin (2 microM) stimulated nucleotide release from cholangiocarcinoma but not hepatoma cells. These studies indicate that adenosine nucleotides are present in bile in concentrations sufficient to activate purinergic receptors. Purinergic receptor activation by local nucleotide release might constitute an autocrine and/or paracrine mechanism for modulation of biliary secretion.
Phytochemicals for Pest Management: Current Advances and Future Opportunities

As with pharmaceuticals, a significant proportion of commercial pesticides are natural molecules or are derived from natural compounds. This review describes some of the past commercial successes of phytochemicals as pesticides by pesticide class as well as current work and future prospects for development of pesticides from plant-derived natural compounds. For example, two compounds isolated by assay-guided fractionation of the essential oil of American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana L.) (Verbenaceae), callicarpenal and intermediol, were found to have very potent insect repellent properties. An analysis of the number of new phytochemicals being discovered yearly and the relatively few bioassays for potential pesticidal activity that most of the known phytochemicals have been subjected to, indicates that this area still has a bright future. Furthermore, chemical modification of these compounds and their use to discover new modes of action greatly expand the scope for future work. In addition, the use of transgene technology holds great promise, not only to protect crops from pests, by imparting production or manipulation of production of pest management phytochemicals, but also for crop/weed allelopathy, as success in this effort would greatly decrease the most used form of synthetic pesticides, herbicides.
Accurate Prediction of Congenital Heart Surgical Length of Stay Incorporating a Procedure-Based Categorical Variable.

Objectives:There is increasing demand for the limited resource of Cardiac ICU care. In this setting, there is an expectation to optimize hospital resource use without restricting care delivery. We developed methodology to predict extended cardiac ICU length of stay following surgery for congenital h
#Crime: The Theoretical Underpinnings

There is an extensive body of literature examining legacy media and crime, and over the past ten years scholars have begun to explore the impact of new media on crime. Traditional media theories were created at the time of broadcast culture and today’s culture is a digital one. Therefore, traditional theories may or may not hold weight with the advent of social media. This chapter begins by defining legacy media and new media, followed by a discussion of media consumption trends with particular attention to social media. Then, the chapter overviews a selection of key media theories—social construction, moral panics, and fear of crime/cultivation theory—on crime and examines the applicability of new media to each theory. The chapter concludes by discussing theories and concepts directly applicable to new media and crime such as theoretical work by Yar (2012) and other research regarding the impact of the internet, networking, and digital culture.
Locating Relocating World Christianity: Interdisciplinary Studies in Universal and Local Expressions of the Christian Faith:

This article reviews the book Relocating World Christianity by placing it in the context of the past twenty years of research, including reassessing the meaning of the term “World Christianity.” Cr...
Origins and Consequences of Divergent Private Sector Organization in Puebla and Querétaro

Organized business in Puebla and Queretaro exhibited systematic differences in their political and economic preferences beginning in the 1980s. This chapter provides evidence that business associations in Queretaro supported growth-enhancing policies such as economic integration and investments in education and infrastructure, while their counterparts in Puebla tended to demand protection from competition and industry-specific subsidies. Puebla’s peak business chambers also had strong partisan preferences against the PRI, while organized business in Queretaro was non-partisan. These differences arose because Queretaro’s business associations successfully incorporated large, foreign and domestic manufacturing firms into their ranks starting in the 1960s, while in Puebla, large firms opted out of business associations, ensuring these organizations continued to be dominated by local firms in traditional sectors. Differences in the organization and preferences of business associations had major consequences for the pattern of interaction between the public and private sectors in the two states.
Abstract 585: CDK8 Activity-dependent Regulation of Heart Disease

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy represents a major risk factor for heart failure (HF). The hypertrophic response is orchestrated in part through transcriptional alterations that ultimately modify ...
Degradation of nylon 6,6 fire-suppression casing from plutonium glove boxes under alpha and neutron irradiation

Nylon 6,6 tensile specimens, conforming to the casing for self-contained fire extinguisher systems, have been irradiated using both an accelerator He++ ion beam and a 5-Ci PuBe neutron source to mo...
Nucleon-nucleon scattering analyses. II. Neutron-proton scattering from 0 to 425 MeV and proton-proton scattering from 1 to 500 MeV

The first paper of this series reported on energy-dependent and energy-independent phase-shift analyses of proton-proton elastic scattering data between 1 and 500 MeV. The present paper extends the analysis to include neutron-proton elastic scattering data between 0 and 425 MeV. Although this analysis is similar to those of the Livermore series, it differs in a number of important respects. First, a charge-splitting prescription has been employed for the isovector phases which includes Coulomb barrier effects and takes into account the difference in the masses between charged and uncharged pions. Second, a $K$-matrix formalism has been used to impose the constraints of the deuteron pole and the peripheral interaction (one-pion-exchange contribution) on the energy-dependent representation. Third, the neutron-proton and proton-proton scattering data have been fitted simultaneously in the search. The energy-dependent solution obtained uses 46 phenomenological parameters to represent 2670 data, with ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}=2815$. A number of the neutron-proton phases have changed from the values obtained in Livermore $X$ at higher energies, but the low-energy behavior is largely unaltered. A notable exception is the mixing parameter ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ which has been strongly affected by the deuteron pole. The proton-proton phases are changed very slightly from the paper I values as a result of the additional $n\ensuremath{-}p$ constraints upon the $I=1$ phases. We feel that the net result of these alterations is a more compact and reliable representation of nucleon-nucleon scattering in the energy range considered.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Energy-dependent and energy-independent phase-shift combined analyses of 1-425 MeV $n\ensuremath{-}p$ and 1-500 MeV $p\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering data.
No more prostitutes, pimps, & pushers: deploying Hispanic panethnicity in media advocacy

ABSTRACTThis article explores the media advocacy strategies utilized by Hispanics in the 1980s through an examination of the National Hispanic Media Coalition’s (NHMC’s) campaign against KCBS-TV, L...
Fibrofog in daily life: An examination of ambulatory subjective and objective cognitive function in fibromyalgia

Objective Perceived cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia (FM), "fibrofog," is common. Prior laboratory-based studies have limited our understanding of cognitive function in FM in daily life. The objective of this study was to explore levels of subjective and objective cognitive functioning and the association between subjective and objective aspects of cognition in people with and without FM in the lived environment. Methods Participants (n = 50 adults with FM; n = 50 adults without FM, matched for age, sex, and education) completed baseline measures of subjective and objective cognitive functioning (NIH Toolbox). They also completed ecological momentary assessments of cognitive clarity and speed and tests of processing speed and working memory, via a smart phone app, 5×/day for 8 days. Results On baseline objective measures, the FM group demonstrated poorer cognitive functioning across 3 NIH Toolbox tests. There were no strong correlations between subjective and objective cognitive functioning in both the FM and control groups. In the lived environment, the FM group demonstrated poorer subjective cognition and objective working memory; groups did not differ on processing speed. Momentary ratings of subjective cognitive dysfunction were significantly related to changes in objective processing speed but not working memory, with no group differences. Conclusion Findings indicate worse laboratory-based and ambulatory subjective and objective cognitive function for those individuals with FM compared to those without FM. Similar associations between measures of subjective and objective cognitive functioning for the groups suggest that people with FM are not overstating cognitive difficulties. Future research examining contributors to ambulatory fibrofog is warranted.
Dynamic wavelet fingerprint for differentiation of tweet storm types

We describe a novel method for analyzing topics extracted from Twitter by utilizing the dynamic wavelet fingerprint technique (DWFT). Topics are derived from 7 different tweet storms analyzed in the study by using a dynamic topic model. Using the time series of each topic, we run DWFT analyses to get a two-dimensional, time-scale, binary image. Gaussian mixture model clustering is used to identify individual objects, or storm cells, that are characteristic to specific local behaviors commonly occurring in topics. The DWFT time series transformation is volume agnostic, meaning we can compare tweet storms of different intensities. We find that we can identify behavior, localized in time, that is characteristic to how different topics propagate through Twitter. The use of dynamic topic models and the DWFT create the basis for future applications as a real-time Twitter analysis system for flagging fake news.
Sensorless and sensor based adaptive optics for light sheet microscopy

Light Sheet Microscopy has developed rapidly over the past decade and is the ideal approach for imaging model organisms such as zebrafish and other thick tissue specimens. Despite the superior optical sectioning capability, high imaging speed, and large field of view, the performance of light sheet microscopy still suffers from optical aberrations. We have implemented a scene-based Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor for directly measuring the optical aberrations on the emission side of the light-sheet microscope. In this work, we show that our system is capable of AO correction using sensor based and sensorless based approaches. We demonstrate correction up-to one hundred microns deep in zebrafish and fruitfly embryos.
Assessment of Community-Level Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infections and Deaths in Large US Metropolitan Areas.

This cross-sectional study examines the association of neighborhood race/ethnicity and poverty with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections and related deaths in urban US counties.
Health Profession Students' Awareness, Knowledge, and Confidence Regarding Preexposure Prophylaxis: Results of a National, Multidisciplinary Survey.

BACKGROUND Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective, pharmacologic method of HIV prevention. Despite its safety and efficacy, PrEP prescription remains low in those patients who are at highest risk for HIV infection. One possible reason for this may be the lack of inclusion of PrEP and HIV prevention discussions within the curricula of health professions education. METHODS An online survey was administered to a cross-sectional sample of future prescribers (osteopathic/allopathic medical and physician assistant students), future nurses, and future pharmacists (n = 2085) in the United States between January and July 2019 to assess and compare awareness of PrEP, PrEP education, PrEP knowledge, and confidence in 2 areas related to PrEP. RESULTS We show that, overall, awareness of PrEP is high among future health care providers (81.6%), with the future pharmacists reporting the greatest awareness (92.2%; P < 0.001) and more commonly reporting PrEP education (71.0%). Students had mixed knowledge of PrEP, with future pharmacists reporting the highest knowledge of PrEP. Approximately 30% of students in all disciplines reported having low confidence counseling a patient about PrEP and low confidence educating a colleague about PrEP. Knowledge of PrEP was a significant predictor of confidence counseling a patient about PrEP (P < 0.001) and educating a colleague about PrEP (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study identifies opportunities to improve and incorporate evidence-based strategies for educating future health care providers about PrEP for HIV prevention within health professions curricula.
The estrogen receptor, MTA3, Snail pathway in breast cancer

SY19-2 Estrogen receptor alpha is a key determinant of breast cancer cell phenotype. Many of the biological effects of ER are mediated by the biological actions of direct target genes. We have identified a genetic pathway in breast cancer cells that regulates cell phenotype. MTA3 is a cell-type specific subunit of the Mi-2/NuRD transcriptional co-repressor complex. Expression of MTA3 is directly regulated by ER-α and SP1 transcription factors. The MTA3-containing version of the Mi-2/NuRD complex participates in transcriptional repression at target loci, thus providing estrogen-dependent repression of specific genes. One critical target of repression by MTA3 is the transcription factor Snail. Repression of Snail by MTA3 occurs at the level of histone and chromatin modification. The MTA3 containing Mi-2/NuRD complex is localized on the Snail promoter. Its action leads to the assembly of a locally repressive chromatin architecture. Snail is also a transcriptional repressor, its actions promote epithelial to mesenchymal transitions. The phenotypic alterations promoted by Snail are mediated by repression of specific genes, including components of tight junctions critical for epithelial cells. Surprisingly, Snail also directly represses transcription of ER-α. Snail-dependent repression of the ESR1 locus is mediated through local changes in chromatin. Snail binds to conserved sequence elements located in the first exon of ESR1, resulting in the recruitment of chromatin modification enzymes. These enzymes alter the modification state of core histones over the core promoter, leading to assembly of locally repressive chromatin. Thus, the ER-MTA3-Snail regulatory network provides an example of regulation of cell phenotype and invasive growth properties in brreast cancer cells through local alterations in histone modification and chromatin architecture.
A Systematic Review of Behavioral Interventions to Reduce Restricted or Repetitive Behavior of Individuals with Visual Impairment

Restricted or repetitive behavior (RRB) is common for individuals with visual impairment (VI), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and intellectual disability. Previous reviews have suggested that VI may moderate the effectiveness of behavioral interventions to decrease RRB. A search of the single case literature resulted in 30 studies and 40 experiments involving participants with VI to test behavioral interventions to reduce RRBs. Nearly all participants had significant intellectual disability, half were deafblind, and only two had an ASD diagnosis. Success rates were higher for participants with low vision (88.9%) than for participants with blindness (68.4%) and to reduce non-self-injurious behavior (81%) than for self-injurious behavior (68.4%). Although most interventions in this review involved punishment and more research on reinforcement-based interventions is needed, multi-component interventions combining differential reinforcement with brief restraint or specific response contingent on RRB appear to hold the most promise for reducing RRBs for individuals with VI.
Peak-Current-Controlled Ganged Integrated High-Frequency Buck Voltage Regulators in 22nm CMOS for Robust Cross-Tile Current Sharing

High-performance many-core processors and GPUs demand 100s of Watts of power in a single voltage/power domain on chip, operating below 1V. High-frequency and highcurrent-density fully integrated voltage regulators (FIVRs) with in-package air core inductors (ACIs) [1] or on-package magnetic inductors can deliver power with high efficiency and low distribution losses in compact footprints. Multiple FIVR tiles must be “ganged” to support the large on-chip voltage/power domains while meeting the reliability constraints of the active and passive elements, and maintaining high overall efficiency.
Media Coverage of the North Korea Nuclear Controversy in the United States

This chapter examines media coverage in the United States regarding the North Korean nuclear issue. The chapter especially focuses on coverage reporting on the war of words between President Donald Trump and North Korean dictator Kim Jong-un and then the surprising turn toward warmer relations that led to attempts to resolve the crisis through diplomacy. The coverage is examined as a form of media diplomacy intended to influence domestic and international audiences.
Sporadic Paraganglioma

Paraganglioma are rare chromaffin cell tumors that develop from the neural crest cells. Parasympathetic ganglia-derived tumors are found almost exclusively in the neck and skull base and typically do not secrete catecholamines. In contrast, most sympathetic ganglia-derived tumors are found in the abdomen and produce an excess of catecholamines. Those grow within the adrenal medulla and are known as pheochromocytoma. Other sympathetic paragangliomas are also known as extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas. They arise outside of the adrenal gland and can be found anywhere along the sympathetic chain from the base of the skull and neck (5% of cases) to the bladder and prostate gland (10%). We use the term paraganglioma to refer to extra-adrenal tumors and pheochromocytoma to refer to intra-adrenal tumors. The majority of sympathetic paragangliomas are familial, commonly associated with the SDHB and SDHD gene mutations. Many are malignant. Medical management of catecholamine-secreting paraganglioma is the same as for pheochromocytoma. Favorably located abdominal paragangliomas can be safely resected laparoscopically, but the operation is technically more challenging than that for adrenalectomy.