cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Comparison of Two Methods for Testing the Significance of a Correlation Matrix

The present paper reports on a "Monte Carlo" comparison of two methods of testing the significance of a correlation matrix to determine the suitability and appropriateness of factor analysis. Bartlett's (1950) chi-square test of sphericity and Steiger's (1980) chi-square test are evaluated using 320 computer-generated correlation matrices from samples of N = 20 and N = 200, having actual population correlation coefficients ranging from .01 to .64. A recommendation is made to use Steiger's test prior to factor analysis due to its increased power and computational simplicity relative to Bartlett's test.
Transfer reactions on pseudonium isotopes

Abstract One and two particle transfer reactions on the pseudonium isotopes are considered. It is shown that selected one particle transfer transitions and the ratio of J=0 and J=2 two particle transitions are sensitive to core excitations.
Detecting hyperphotons in kaon decays.

It is shown that the decay mode ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\mathrm{missing}\mathrm{neutrals}$ may provide an almost model-independent limit on the parameters of the quantum ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{Y}$ of the putative fifth force. This would reduce theoretical ambiguities which arise in previous analyses of data from ${K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+\mathrm{missing}\mathrm{neutrals}$.
GABAB receptor stimulation phase-shifts the mammalian circadian clock in vitro

The mammalian circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) generates 24-h rhythms in vitro. Here we show that the GABAB agonist baclofen resets the SCN pacemaker in vitro in a phase-dependent manner: advances were induced at zeitgeber time (ZT) 6, and delays were induced at ZT 22. Both effects were blocked the GABAB antagonist, 2-hydroxysaclofen, while the GABAA antagonist, bicuculline was ineffective. Thus, the SCN pacemaker is sensitive to resetting by GABAB stimulation.
Neuropsychiatric Features of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction in Autopsy-Confirmed Patients with Lewy Bodies and “Pure” Alzheimer Disease

Objective To compare patients with autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) on the frequency of behaviors related to frontal system dysfunction and the association of these behaviors with dementia severity. Methods We performed a cross-sectional survey of a longitudinal cohort at a university research center for AD on a volunteer sample of 19 DLB and 38 AD participants with autopsy-confirmed diagnoses, similar in age (DLB: 77.3, AD: 77.5), education (DLB: 15.2, AD: 14.7), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score (DLB: 20.6, AD: 20.5), with impairment ranging from mild deficits to moderate dementia. The Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe)-Family Rating Form assessing patient apathy, disinhibition, and executive dysfunction by a knowledgeable informant was used. Results A two-way analysis of variance with the FrSBe total as the dependent variable revealed a significant MMSE by diagnosis interaction (F(1,53) = 9.34, p = 0.004). Mean FrSBe total for AD patients showed significant impairment across the range of dementia severity, whereas it was relatively preserved for DLB patients in the early stage of disease. The interaction term showed the same pattern for the executive dysfunction (F(1,53) = 7.62, p = 0.008), disinhibition (F(1,53) = 4.90, p = 0.031), and apathy (F(1,53) = 9.77, p = 0.003) subscales. Conclusion Although frontal behavioral symptoms in AD patients were present regardless of stage of dementia, DLB patients showed significant frontal dysfunction only in later stages. Results suggest that frontal subcortical circuits associated with behaviors assessed by the FrSBe are affected early in AD but not until later stages in DLB. Assessing specific behaviors related to frontal systems, coupled with stage of cognitive decline, may aid in clinical differentiation of AD and DLB.
Adopting a Contingency Approach to One's Leadership Style: From Cognitive Awareness to Actual Practice—As Easy as it Appears?:

Implied in the contingency approach to leadership is the need for leaders to be flexible in their choice of leadership style based on the situation. Thus, if the leader's initial attempt to influence a group is unsuccessful, one suggested course of action available to the leader is to adopt an alternative style of leadership more compatible with elements of the situation. This article examines the likelihood that awareness by the leader that the present leadership style "is not working" is sufficient to result in the leader's changing his or her style. It is contended that once a leader encounters resistance to his or her attempts to influence a group, a more likely response of many leaders is to rely even further on the approach to leadership that he or she is most comfortable with. Leadership style(s) used by an organizational behavior (OB) instructor in relating to several OB classes that varied greatly in terms of performance and classroom participation are examined.
The utility of scientific papers

This article investigates the function of scientific papers in the production of scientific knowledge. For this production, the citations made of these papers in the scientific literature can be considered as economic utilities. The work of the scientist is described as the production of citations by means of citations. The number of citations received by a given paper can be used to measure the paper's formal utility. The formal utility of scientific papers is studied empirically. It is concluded that the references contained in a scientific paper are a major determinant of its future utility.
Power and stability limitations of resonant tunneling diodes

Stability criteria for resonant tunneling diodes are investigated. Details of how extrinsic elements, such as series inductance and parallel capacitance, affect the stability are presented. A GaAs/AlAs/InGaAs/AlAs/GaAs double-barrier diode is investigated, showing the effect of different modes of low-frequency oscillation and the extrinsic circuit required for stabilization. The effect of device stabilization on high-frequency power generation is described. The main conclusions of the paper are: (1) stable resonant tunneling diode operation is difficult to obtain, and (2) the circuit and device conditions required for stable operation greatly reduce the amount of power that can be produced by these devices. >
Materials aspects of Cu2S for CdS/Cu2S solar cells☆

Abstract Renewed interest in CdS/Cu 2 S solar cells has led to significant improvements in conversion efficiency and theoretical understanding. These developments are discussed from the viewpoint of the materials properties of the copper sulfide necessary for efficient thin film polycrystalline devices. Both the bulk electronic properties and the structural aspects are shown to play a role in the device operation. A clearer understanding of the role these properties play in device operation may lead to even further improvements in efficiency or processing compromises for cost reduction.
A Network Biology Approach to Predicting Drug Cardiotoxicity

Although modern drugs are designed to regulate the functions of specific target proteins called "drug targets", there can be un-designed "off-target" side effects that make a drug fail to reach the market. Recently, network biology approaches have been to establish a network-pharmacology based drug development paradigm. However, few studies show how to predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) based on this paradigm. Other approaches to predicting ADRs lack in performances, particularly in prediction specificity. In this study, we present a network biology approach based on support vector machines and logistic regressions to predict drug cardio toxicity by integrating publicly-available ADR, drug target, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) data. Our approach not only shows better prediction performances (median AUC = 0.771, Accuracy = 0.675, Sensitivity = 0.632, and Specificity = 0.789) with a new in silico model, but also illustrate the significance of incorporating prior knowledge for future ADR assessments.
Stretch-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation in rat uterus.

Abstract Stretching of rat uterine strips induced phosphorylation of the 20,000-Da light chain of myosin to the same extent as was observed in strips contracted by carbachol or oxytocin. Stretching also reversed the partial dephosphorylation of light chain caused by treatment with ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) for 1 min. However, complete dephosphorylation of the light chain with 50-min EGTA-treatment could not be reversed by stretch. When stretched uterine strips containing light chain with a phosphate content greater than 0.75 mol/mol were quick-released, active force developed. On the other hand, when the phosphate content of light chain was reduced to less than 0.25 mol/mol, quick-release of the stretched strips did not produce active force. It is shown that Ca2+ mobilized from intracellular sources is involved in stretch-induced phosphorylation. The data indicate that myosin light chain phosphorylation is a prerequisite for active force development in smooth muscle.
Brownian Motion of DNA Confined Within a Two-Dimensional Array

Linear DNA molecules are visualized while undergoing Brownian motion inside media patterned with molecular-sized spatial constraints. The media, prepared by colloidal templating, trap the macromolecules within a two-dimensional array of spherical cavities interconnected by circular holes. Across a broad DNA size range, diffusion does not proceed by the familiar mechanisms of reptation or sieving. Rather, because of their inherent flexibility, DNA molecules strongly localize in cavities and only sporadically “jump” through holes. Jumping closely follows Poisson statistics. By reducing DNA9s configurational freedom, the holes act as molecular weight–dependent entropic barriers. Sterically constrained macromolecular diffusion underlies many separation methods and assumes an important role in intracellular and extracellular transport.
Improving data utilization: the case-wise alternative

Both research and practical experience suggest that alternative forms of data analysis and presentation may affect their use in the policy arena. The variable-wise alternative produces estimates of population parameters through conventional statistical techniques. The case-wise alternative defines and identifies qualitatively distinct types of cases through techniques of numerical taxonomy. In the experiment reported here, variable-wise and case-wise presentations of Census data on poverty were used to compare the effects of the alternatives on policy makers in a priority-setting task. The results show that the case-wise alternative can improve utilization, assimilation, recall, and recognition of the data. Under the circumstances examined here, the case-wise alternative is a practical means of increasing the return on the public's investment in data resources to improve policy decisions.
Patterns of disjunction frequencies in heterozygous reciprocal translocations from the German cockroach.

Metaphase I cells from heterozygotes in eight reciprocal chromosome translocation stocks of Blattella germanica (L.) have been examined and counted. The data show that three stocks have random disjunction (adjacent and alternate orientations are equally frequent), but the cell types adjacent-1, alternate-1, adjacent-2, and alternate-2 are present in a ratio of 2∶1∶1∶2. Four stocks with directed disjunction have similar patterns, except for a heavy preponderance of alternate-2 cells. This difference is reflected in the finding that 60–65% of all cells in these interchanges are type II cells (alternate-2 plus adjacent-2), and the individual percentages agree closely with the percent directed disjunction in each case. One inter-change with directed disjunction is distinctly different in that the frequencies of both alternate-1 and alternate-2 cells are elevated and contribute to directed disjunction. It has also been demonstrated with two stocks that changes in disjunction frequencies can be brought about by genetic manipulation. These observations provide a better understanding of the differences between random and directed disjunction.
Comparison of Defense Mechanisms Utilized in Perception by Congenitally Blind and Sighted Respondents

Summary.-The present study examined specific defense mechanisms involved in perceptions of congenitally blind and sighted respondents. The Defense Mechanism Inventory was given 30 blind and 30 sighted subjects, randomly selected. One-way analyses of variance on specific defenses indicated nonsignificant differences between the groups who tended to show comparable patterns of ego defenses. Findings suggest any discrepancics in perception becween such groups are not likely based on differences in the use of various defense mechanisms as measured by the Defense Mechanism Inventory. It is generally accepted that the sense of vision is important in perception of the external world (Monbeck, 1973). Similarly, it is also believed that individuals afflicted with a loss of this predominant sense modality, i.e., blind persons, have difficulty in perceiving reality accurately (Chevigny & Braverman, 1950). Despite these observations, a number of investigations suggest that blind persons perform comparably well, if not better, than sighted persons id various non-visual discrimination experiments. Deffenbacher and Patterson (1972) noted blind persons' tactile perception of the Mueller-Lyer illusion was of comparable accuracy to the visual perception 'of sighted subjects. MacDonald and Nelson (1973) observed that non-sighted subjects perform as well as sighted subjects in using tactile cues. Tsai (1967) has shown that blind adults display less tactile distortion than sighted subjects on the MuellerLyer illusion. In a related finding, Eaves and Klonoff (1970) reported that non-sighted subjects out-performed blindfolded sighted participants in fitting shapes into various recesses as measured by speed, memory, and localization. In other research comparing cognitive and linguistic behavior of blind and sighted respondents, Blackhurst and Tisdall (1971) noted high creativiry of the blind was related to a compensatory use of language. Related to these findings, Singer and Streiner (1966) observed, for blind and sighted children, that while visual input may improve the richness of imaginativeness, compensatory language development may be responsible for the over-all content. Further, Halpin and Torrance (1973), examining creative thinking of blind and sighted subjects, described the non-sighted as more proficient in verbal fluency, flexibility, and originality.
Plant root response to heterogeneity of soil resources: Effects of nutrient patches, AM symbiosis, and species composition

Response of the underground parts of a whole grassland community to heterogeneity in soil resources was studied under field conditions. The increased availability of nutrients (N, P) in patches was combined with suppression of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (by fungicide benomyl) and with modification of substrate structure (sieved soil, sieved soil mixed with coarse or fine sand). Three experimental runs were established in 1999, each with seven replicate blocks. Root and rhizome biomass was determined before the experimental treatment and after 53 days of the experiment. Plant community composition in neighbourhood of patches was recorded. Nutrient application had the most pronounced effect on the root biomass grown into the patches (the root biomass increased 1.64 times). The root biomass in patches with fungicide application was 1.17 times higher than in the untreated patches. The modification of substrate structure had no effect on the root biomass in patches but it did modify the effect of benomyl. The amount of root biomass proliferating into the patches was not related to species composition of vegetation near the patches. However, higher frequency of grass tillers in the patch neighbourhood and the mycorrhizal status of neighbouring species correlated significantly with the amount of root biomass in the experimental patches. In the pre-treatment community, amount of root biomass was significantly related to the abundance of grasses and mycorrhizal forbs surrounding the sampling points.
A robust, air-stable, reusable ruthenium catalyst for dehydrogenation of ammonia borane.

We describe an efficient homogeneous ruthenium catalyst for the dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB). This catalyst liberates more than 2 equiv of H2 and up to 4.6 system wt % H2 from concentrated AB suspensions under air. Importantly, this catalyst is robust, delivering several cycles of dehydrogenation at high [AB] without loss of catalytic activity, even with exposure to air and water.
Seismic Performance of a Base-Isolated Demonstration Building

Abstract This paper presents the dynamic analyses and seismic performance of a base-isolated demonstration building (BIDB). This building was designed and built in Indonesia in accordance with the Indonesian Seismic Code (ISC) and the Uniform Building Code (UBC) provisions for isolated buildings. The building is a four-story reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill walls supported on 16 high damping natural rubber (HDNR) isolators attached to the superstructure using recessed connections. The building superstructure was modeled using both three-dimensional (3-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) frame models. The isolators were modeled as a combination of linear springs and viscous dampers, whose properties were determined from testing. Time-history (TH) and response-spectra (RS) analyses performed on this building demonstrated that this newly developed isolation system, designed specially for low axial pressure applications, was effective in protecting the building superstructure from earthquake forces for ...
Modeling the Charter School Landscape

ABSTRACT To date, few studies have quantitatively examined within-group differences among charter schools. This is largely due to the lack of a workable typology with which to describe and classify schools. This study fills that gap with a two dimensional typology constructed from a sample of 1182 charter schools in five states-Arizona, California, Florida, Michigan, and Texas.
Postpneumonectomy syndrome after left pneumonectomy

Postpneumonectomy syndrome, a late complication of pneumonectomy, is secondary to shift of the mediastinum and remaining lung toward the pneumonectomy side, leading to tracheobronchial compression between the vertebral body and the aorta or pulmonary artery. Obstructive airway symptoms are usually due to tracheobronchial tree compression, however, secondary airway malacia may develop. We report herein a case of postpneumonectomy syndrome with secondary bronchomalacia after left pneumonectomy in a patient with normal mediastinal vascular anatomy.
Participation in a Gendered Environment: The Case of Community Forestry in India

Women are important stakeholders in natural resource policies since rural women in developing countries are responsible for most of the collection of food, fuel, and firewood for commercial and domestic use. When it comes to the management of these natural resources, gender inequality due to societal traditions could limit the ability of women to participate in policy-making, even when they are not formally excluded. This paper analyzes the effect of gender stratification on women's participation by undertaking an empirical study of a participatory environmental policy program in Indian villages. It endeavors to answer the question of how gender stratification affects participatory environmental policy-making. Using the case study of a community forestry program, it finds that women are still marginalized in decision-making, even in participatory environmental policies. Gender stratification continues to impinge upon forms of democratic decision-making in developing societies. Using facilitating policy tools that seek to empower such marginalized groups would be one way of making participation meaningful for all groups in society.
Four New Recent Genera of Foraminiferida

SYNOPSIS. Four new genera of Foraminiferida are described. Phlegeria, type species P. hyalina sp. nov. and Tomaculoides, type species T. lucidum sp. nov. belong to the family Glandulinidae, and both were obtained from the Gulf of Mexico. Francesita, type species Virgulina ? advena Cusbman is found in the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, and belongs to the Caucasinidae. Montfortella, type species M. bramlettei sp. nov. occurs in Pleistocene strata and is living on the coast of California, and belongs to the Cibicididae.
Does Education Influence Pediatricians' Perceptions of Physician-Specific Barriers for Maternal Depression?

Pediatric residency reforms have increased emphasis on psychosocial issues, but we do not know whether this has changed pediatricians' perceptions of barriers to addressing maternal depression. A survey of 1600 members of the American Academy of Pediatrics investigated whether training in adult mental health issues and perceived barriers to addressing maternal depression differed for current pediatric residents, pediatricians in practice <5 years, and those in practice ≥5 years. Training did not differ for respondents who were currently in training, in practice <5 years, or in practice ≥5 years. Those in practice ≥5 years reported more barriers to addressing maternal depression compared with current residents. Current residents with training in adult mental techniques reported fewer barriers to the care of maternal depression. However, in spite of residency reforms, 81% of current residents reported no training in adult mental health issues.
A Scalable Heterogeneous Parallelization Framework for Iterative Local Searches

This paper describes and evaluates a highly-scalable framework for running iterative local searches on heterogeneous HPC platforms. The user only needs to provide serial CPU or single-GPU code that implements a simple interface. The framework then executes this code in parallel using MPI between compute nodes and OpenMP and multi-GPU support within nodes. It handles all parallelization aspects, seed distribution and program termination, and it regularly records the currently best solution. We evaluate our framework on three supercomputers using a heuristic iterative hill-climbing TSP solver as well as a search for good finite-state machines. The framework scales to 2048 nodes (32,768 cores) on Ranger with less than a 5% drop in efficiency, searches over 12.2 trillion TSP tours per second on Stampede using 1024 nodes, and evaluates over 21.5 trillion FSM transitions per second using 256 CPUs and 384 GPUs on Keeneland.
The nature of the ligand-binding pocket of estrogen receptor alpha and beta: The search for subtype-selective ligands and implications for the prediction of estrogenic activity

The ligand-binding pockets of estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) ap- pear to have subpockets of different size and flexibility. To find ligands that will discriminate between the two ER subtypes on the basis of affinity or efficacy, we have prepared com- pounds of varying size, shape, and structure. We have evaluated the binding affinity of these compounds and their potency and efficacy as transcriptional activators through ERα and ERβ. In this manner, we have identified a number of ligands that show pronounced ER sub- type selectivity. These studies also highlight the eclectic structure-activity relationships of estrogens and the challenges inherent in developing computational methods for the predic- tion of estrogenic activity.
Acetylation of the human DNA glycosylase NEIL2 and inhibition of its activity

Post-translational modifications of proteins, including acetylation, modulate their cellular functions. Several human DNA replication and repair enzymes have recently been shown to be acetylated, leading to their inactivation in some cases. Here we show that the transcriptional coactivator p300 stably interacts with, and acetylates, the recently discovered human DNA glycosylase NEIL2, involved in the repair of oxidized bases both in vivo and in vitro. Lys49 and Lys153 were identified as the major acetylation sites in NEIL2. Acetylation of Lys49, conserved among Nei orthologs, or its mutation to Arg inactivates both base excision and AP lyase activities, while acetylation of Lys153 has no effect. Reversible acetylation of Lys49 could thus regulate the repair activity of NEIL2 in vivo.
The Transactions Demand for Cash: An Inventory Theoretic Approach

Introduction, 545. — I. A simple model, 545. — II. Some consequences of the analysis, 549. — III. The simple model and reality, 552.
Sampling locality is more detectable than taxonomy or ecology in the gut microbiota of the brood-parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)

Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) are the most widespread avian brood parasite in North America, laying their eggs in the nests of approximately 250 host species that raise the cowbird nestlings as their own. It is currently unknown how these heterospecific hosts influence the cowbird gut microbiota relative to other factors, such as the local environment and genetics. We test a Nature Hypothesis (positing the importance of cowbird genetics) and a Nurture Hypothesis (where the host parents are most influential to cowbird gut microbiota) using the V6 region of 16S rRNA as a microbial fingerprint of the gut from 32 cowbird samples and 16 potential hosts from nine species. We test additional hypotheses regarding the influence of the local environment and age of the birds. We found no evidence for the Nature Hypothesis and little support for the Nurture Hypothesis. Cowbird gut microbiota did not form a clade, but neither did members of the host species. Rather, the physical location, diet and age of the bird, whether cowbird or host, were the most significant categorical variables. Thus, passerine gut microbiota may be most strongly influenced by environmental factors. To put this variation in a broader context, we compared the bird data to a fecal microbiota dataset of 38 mammal species and 22 insect species. Insects were always the most variable; on some axes, we found more variation within cowbirds than across all mammals. Taken together, passerine gut microbiota may be more variable and environmentally determined than other taxonomic groups examined to date.
On Optimizing Non-Asymptotic Throughput of Wireless Mesh Networks

In this paper, throughput performance of WMNs is studied. In our model, a regular grid backbone network overlays on a random ad hoc network. We propose a framework to calculate non-asymptotic throughput, which can be obtained by computing several deterministic parameters. Two problems are investigated. In Maximum Throughput Partition (MTP) problem, the ideal throughput is achieved by optimally partitioning the network with a proper number of backbone nodes. In Maximum Throughput Partition with Hops' number Constraint (MTPHC) problem, a similar problem is studied but with constraint on the average number of hops in the backbone network. The results show that it is critical to find an appropriate size of the backbone network for a WMN, especially when the hops' number constraint is imposed Our solution of MTPHC problem can be also used to obtain the ideal transmission range when less-than-optimal number of backbone nodes is deployed. Comparing with the minimum transmission range, the ideal one can achieve the same optimal throughput but effectively reduce the average number of hops in mesh backbone communications.
Reconstruction of the src-SH3 Protein Domain Transition State Ensemble using Multiscale Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We use an integrated computational approach to reconstruct accurately the transition state ensemble (TSE) for folding of the src-SH3 protein domain. We first identify putative TSE conformations from free energy surfaces generated by importance sampling molecular dynamics for a fully atomic, solvated model of the src-SH3 protein domain. These putative TSE conformations are then subjected to a folding analysis using a coarse-grained representation of the protein and rapid discrete molecular dynamics simulations. Those conformations that fold to the native conformation with a probability (Pfold) of approximately 0.5, constitute the true transition state. Approximately 20% of the putative TSE structures were found to have a Pfold near 0.5, indicating that, although correct TSE conformations are populated at the free energy barrier, there is a critical need to refine this ensemble. Our simulations indicate that the true TSE conformations are compact, with a well-defined central β sheet, in good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical studies. A structured central β sheet was found to be present in a number of pre-TSE conformations, however, indicating that this element, although required in the transition state, does not define it uniquely. An additional tight cluster of contacts between highly conserved residues belonging to the diverging turn and second β-sheet of the protein emerged as being critical elements of the folding nucleus. A number of commonly used order parameters to identify the transition state for folding were investigated, with the number of native Cβ contacts displaying the most satisfactory correlation with Pfold values.
Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton Is Coordinately Regulated by Protein Kinase C and the ADP-Ribosylation Factor Nucleotide Exchange Factor ARNO

ARNO is a member of a family of guanine-nucleotide exchange factors with specificity for the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPases. ARNO possesses a central catalytic domain with homology to yeast Sec7p and an adjacent C-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. We have previously shown that ARNO localizes to the plasma membrane in vivo and efficiently catalyzes ARF6 nucleotide exchange in vitro. In addition to a role in endocytosis, ARF6 has also been shown to regulate assembly of the actin cytoskeleton. To determine whether ARNO is an upstream regulator of ARF6 in vivo, we examined the distribution of actin in HeLa cells overexpressing ARNO. We found that, while expression of ARNO leads to disassembly of actin stress fibers, it does not result in obvious changes in cell morphology. However, treatment of ARNO transfectants with the PKC agonist phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate results in the dramatic redistribution of ARNO, ARF6, and actin into membrane protrusions resembling lamellipodia. This process requires ARF activation, as actin rearrangement does not occur in cells expressing a catalytically inactive ARNO mutant. PKC phosphorylates ARNO at a site immediately C-terminal to its PH domain. However, mutation of this site had no effect on the ability of ARNO to regulate actin rearrangement, suggesting that phosphorylation of ARNO by PKC does not positively regulate its activity. Finally, we demonstrate that an ARNO mutant lacking the C-terminal PH domain no longer mediates cytoskeletal reorganization, indicating a role for this domain in appropriate membrane localization. Taken together, these data suggest that ARNO represents an important link between cell surface receptors, ARF6, and the actin cytoskeleton.
Acute Schistosoma mansoni Infection Increases Susceptibility to Systemic SHIV Clade C Infection in Rhesus Macaques after Mucosal Virus Exposure

Background: Individuals living in sub-Saharan Africa represent 10% of the world’s population but almost 2/3 of all HIV-1/ AIDS cases. The disproportionate HIV-1 infection rates in this region may be linked to helminthic parasite infections that affect many individuals in the developing world. However, the hypothesis that parasite infection increases an individual’s susceptibility to HIV-1 has never been prospectively tested in a relevant in vivo model. Methodology/Principal Findings: We measured whether pre-existing infection of rhesus monkeys with a parasitic worm would facilitate systemic infection after mucosal AIDS virus exposure. Two groups of animals, one consisting of normal monkeys and the other harboring Schistosoma mansoni, were challenged intrarectally with decreasing doses of R5-tropic clade C simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-C). Systemic infection occurred in parasitized monkeys at viral doses that remained sub-infectious in normal hosts. In fact, the 50% animal infectious (AID50) SHIV-C dose was 17-fold lower in parasitized animals compared to controls (P,0.001). Coinfected animals also had significantly higher peak viral RNA loads than controls (P,0.001), as well as increased viral replication in CD4 + central memory cells (P = 0.03). Conclusions/Significance: Our data provide the first direct evidence that acute schistosomiasis significantly increases the risk of de novo AIDS virus acquisition, and the magnitude of the effect suggests that control of helminth infections may be a useful public health intervention to help decrease the spread of HIV-1.
Analysis of continuous buried pipelines for seismic wave effects

An analysis procedure for seismic wave propagation effects on straight continuous buried pipelines is proposed. It shown that ground strain due to surface waves can be substantially larger than that due to body waves. An elastic model a buried pipeline surrounded by equivalent soil springs indicates that frictional slip between the pipeline and the surrounding soil springs is likely for high ground strains. A method for estimating ground strain due to surface waves, based on data from the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, reviewed. An analysis procedure, which utilizes frictional forces near the soil-pipeline interface, is proposed for surfae wave effects on straight buried continuous pipelines. The proposed procedure is illustrated with an example.
Optical Evaluation of the Effect of Curvature and Apparent Contact Angle in Droplet Condensate Removal

cial phenomena were studied. In particular, this paper concerns the movement of a condensed ethanol sessile drop into a concave liquid film in the corner. An improved image analyzing procedure was used to evaluate the curvatures and contact angles for both the drop and the concave corner meniscus at different condensation rates. The experimental results demonstrated that the condensate removal rate was a function of the curvature and contact angle, which self-adjust to give the necessary force field. The use of a dimensionless, shape dependent, force balance was demonstrated. For small drops, the intermolecular force was found to be much larger than the gravitational force and dominated droplet removal. Microscale pressure fields can be experimentally measured whereas interfacial temperature differences cannot. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1466460#
Space station Zero-Propellant Maneuver guidance trajectories compared to eigenaxis

The zero-propellant maneuver (ZPM) guidance concept has been used on November 5, 2006, and March 3, 2007 to reorient the International Space Station (ISS) 90 deg and 180 deg respectively with control moment gyroscopes (CMGs) without using any propellant. It will be shown that there are multiple ZPM trajectories that can perform the maneuver non- propulsively. Performing the same maneuver using an eigenaxis path would saturate the CMGs, requiring thrusters to regain attitude control. A condition is derived to explain why the CMGs saturate along the eigenaxis path. Flight results from the two ZPM demonstrations are presented.
Delayed auditory feedback effects during reading and conversation tasks: gender differences in fluent adults.

Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) impacts the speech fluency of normally fluent males more than that of normally fluent females. Understanding this gender difference may contribute to our understanding of gender differences in the prevalence of developmental stuttering. To characterize this gender difference in fluent people, DAF-induced dysfluency was measured in 20 male and 21 female young adults during oral reading and conversation tasks. Stutter-like dysfluencies (SLDs), articulation errors, interjections, reading errors, and speech rate were measured for both speech tasks as the participant spoke without feedback, with non-delayed feedback, and with DAF presented with 5 delay intervals (14 conditions total). DAF induced SLDs (but not other dysfluencies) more frequently during conversation than reading, and this effect was significantly greater for males than females (Gender × Task × Feedback interaction). Males also produced significantly more reading errors than females. DAF reduced speaking rate significantly more while reading than conversing (Task × Feedback interaction). DAF significantly decreased the frequency of interjections and increased the frequency of articulation errors; however, no Gender effects on these variables were observed. Although significant order effects indicated improved fluency across trials, covariance analysis suggested that order effects could not explain other results. Educational Objectives: After reading this article, the reader will be able to (1) Discuss developmental stuttering (DS) and gender differences in DS prevalence. (2) Define delayed auditory feedback (DAF). (3) Evaluate the evidence that gender is linked to DAF effects on fluent people. (4) Summarize the results of new research designed to assess sex differences in DAF effects on speech fluency in normally fluent adults. (5) Evaluate the degree to which evidence from the literature indicating that individual differences in attentional control may help us understand gender difference in DAF effects and possibly in DS prevalence as well.
Adolescent sexual behavior: estimates and trends from four nationally representative surveys.

Estimates from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) the National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM) the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were compared. While methodologies and populations varied by survey adolescents aged 15-17 who attend high school were a common subpopulation among all four. For each survey the prevalence of sexual intercourse contraceptive use and multiple sexual partners was measured in this population. Trend comparisons fell into four categories. First some similar significant trends were found across surveys. The proportion of all males and of White males who reported ever having had sexual intercourse decreased significantly while condom use rose significantly among males in both the NSAM and the YRBS. For such behaviors as ever having had sexual intercourse (among Hispanic males and Black females) using the pill and using the condom (among all females) and having four or more lifetime sexual partners (among White males) a significant trend was found in one survey while a similar but nonsignificant trend was found in another. Several trend comparisons were not significant in any survey. Finally having had intercourse in the past 3 months (among all males and all females) having had two or more partners in the past 3 months (for males) and having had four or more lifetime sexual partners (among White females and all males) showed a significant trend in one survey but lacked a parallel nonsignificant trend in another. Prevalence estimates in 1995 differed significantly in at least one comparison of surveys for all behaviors except having four or more lifetime sexual partners (both genders) and having two or more recent sexual partners (females). Gender differences within the YRBS and between the NSFG and the NSAM generally were consistent. Trends over time and gender differences were similar across surveys underscoring their value for tracking adolescent sexual behaviors. Differences in prevalence estimates across surveys probably result from differences in question wording diverse interview settings and modes of data collection and varying statistical power. These findings suggest a need to increase our understanding of how methodologies influence survey response in research on adolescents. (authors)
Depressive Symptoms during Adolescence and Young Adulthood and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Although depression symptoms have been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among adults, little is known about the association of adolescent-onset depression and development of T2DM in young adulthood and whether the association differs by sex. We examined the association between high levels of depressive symptoms in adolescence and T2DM in adulthood in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 12,657). Adolescents completed the 20-item version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale during wave 1 (mean age, 16 years) and the 10-item version during follow-up (mean age, 29 years). A high level of depressive symptoms was defined as a score of 16 or higher on the 20-item version or 11 or higher on the 10-item version. T2DM was identified 13 years after baseline on the basis of either a glycated hemoglobin concentration of at least 6.5% or use of hypoglycemic medication (with or without insulin). Participants who reported taking insulin alone were classified as having type 1 diabetes mellitus and excluded. In models adjusted for demographic characteristics, women were at a higher risk of developing T2DM if they experienced high levels of depressive symptoms during both adolescence and adulthood (odds ratio = 1.96, 95% confidence interval: 1.23, 3.11) than were those who did not experience a high level of symptoms at either time point. No statistically significant associations were noted among men (odds ratio = 0.46, 95% confidence interval: 0.20, 1.05).
Cyberbullying and Restorative Justice

Cyberbullying is defined as bullying that utilizes technological devices and has many of the same harmful effects as traditional bullying. Traditional approaches of schools and lawmakers in addressing cyberbullying have run into a myriad of difficulties. Anti-bullying laws often run into trouble on constitutional grounds. Likewise, school zero-tolerance policies tend to make the problem worse by failing to correct the behavior or leading to similar misbehavior in adulthood. This chapter introduces a new approach to curbing cyberbullying by utilizing the basic principles of restorative justice. Restorative justice focuses on mending the broken relationship between the victim and offender. There are some limitations to restorative practices; they cannot be utilized where the person who caused the harm refuses to be accountable for his or her actions. However, restorative practices tend to produce the added benefits of higher victim satisfaction, better education of the offender, as well as involvement of bystanders and supporters. The chapter provides examples of restorative techniques being used in schools and other settings, which appear to make a positive contribution to addressing cyberbullying, despite their implementation challenges. Overall, restorative practices offer a viable alternative to anti-bullying laws and zero-tolerance policies that minimize the negative symptoms of those approaches and maximize the emotional health and relationships of both the victim and offender.
Analysis, Detection, and Location of Open-Switch Submodule Failures in a Modular Multilevel Converter

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has become one of the most promising converter topologies for medium/high-power applications. Since the MMC is structured based upon stacking up a number of series-connected identical submodules (SMs), to improve its fault tolerance and reliability, SM failure detection and location is of significant importance. In this paper, the impact of open-circuit switch failures of the SMs on the operation of the MMC is analyzed. Based on the analysis under SM failure conditions, two SM failure detection and location methods are proposed, that is, a clustering algorithm (CA)-based method and a calculated capacitance (CC)-based method. In the proposed CA-based method, a pattern-recognition-based fault diagnosis approach, which employs the clustering algorithm to detect and locate the faulty SMs with open-switch failures through identifying the pattern of 2-D trajectories of the SM characteristic variables, is developed. The proposed CC-based method is based on the calculation and comparison of a physical component parameter, that is, the nominal SM capacitance, and is capable of failure detection, location, and classification within one stage. The performance of the proposed failure detection methods for an MMC system is evaluated based on time-domain simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment. The reported study results demonstrate the capabilities of the two proposed methods in detecting and locating any SM failure under various conditions accurately and efficiently.
Similarity Classifications of Complex Matrices

(1961). Similarity Classifications of Complex Matrices. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 147-152.
High Precision Coulometric Titration of Uranium.

An improved method tor the coulometric assay of uranium and uranium oxide has been developed based on the electrogeneration of Ti(III) in H2SO4, using Fe(II) as a catalyst. The endpoint is determined amperometrically. Hydrogen peroxide is used as the oxidant in the dissolution of the uranium to avoid interferences from nitrate. The precision of the method as indicated by the standard deviation of an individual observation ranged from 0.008 weight percent for the analysis of the metal to 0.02 weight percent for the analysis of the oxides.
ATP content of spermatozoa, semen, and seminal plasma.

SummaryAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of spermatozoa, semen and seminal plasma was obtained using a modification of the firefly bioluminescence assay method. Washed sperm of 6 mammalian species showed an ATP content ranging from 1.3 to 10.1 while cock sperm contain less than 1 μg ATP per 108 sperm. Separate assay of whole semen and seminal plasma indicated that the plasma and sperm contents add up approximately to the semen content with indication of some loss from bull and dog seminal plasma.
Review on Spatial Temporal Change and Driving Forces of Cropping System in China

Cropping system is an important factor for food security. The research about spatial and temporal variation and driving forces of cropping system has a profound understanding of agricultural land use in the past and present and is significant for predicting possible future trends and assessing risk of food security. Throughout the recent research about the change and driving force factors of important elements in China cropping system such as cropping,planting structure,conducts a systematic analysis,summarizes the main drivers of change in cropping and planting structure adjustment,and also summarizes the current situation of the cropping change and the planting structure adjustment,the possible trends and the main issues should be noted,in order to provide reference to the cropping system adjustment.
Computation of the Closest Saddle-Node Bifurcation Point(CSNBP) in Power Injection Space of High Dimensional Power Flow Equations

In power system analysis, the normal vector of the critical manifold is usually used in the iteration procedure to determine the local closest saddle-node bifurcation point(CSNBP) of power flow equations. It requires high computational costs for high-dimensional nonlinear systems. With the asymptotic numerical method(ANM) and extended systems, a systematic approach, which can rapidly compute the CSNBP of power flow equations, is given. The ANM with adaptive step-lengths is used to fast approximate the saddle-node bifurcation point corresponding to the fixed generation and load change direction, and the normal vector of the critical manifold is obtained by solving the extended systems. Only sequences of linear equations with sparse power flow Jacobian matrix or the transposed matrix of the Jacobian as the coefficient matrix are to be solved in the computational procedure, and the second-order derivative terms of power flow equations can be conveniently computed by the bilinear functions. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach are validated by calculation results of the Polish 2383-bus power system and a certain actual power grids in China.