cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breeding salt-tolerant crop plants.

To date there has been a moderate amount of work done on the development of salt tolerant crop plants. Fuchs (1955) speculated that breeding for salt tolerance should be quite similar to breeding for drought tolerance. In the 1960’s, Dewey (1962) developed a program for breeding salt tolerant crested wheatgrass, Epstein and Jefferies (1964) wrote on the genetic control of ion absorption and salt tolerance, Hunt (1965) demonstrated heritability of salt tolerance in intermediate wheatgrass, Ramage (personal communication) began his studies of developing salt tolerant barley in Arizona, and there were others, but not many. By now, there are programs under way for the improvement of the salt tolerance of several crops including alfalfa, barley, corn, grapes, and even walnuts. In the United States Department of Agriculture/Current Research Information System (USDA/CRIS) data base, there are about 30 active projects and 17 recently completed ones that include the topic of improving the salt tolerance of crops in some form of breeding program.
Charged Σ Hyperons from 1001 K - Meson Stars

1001 ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-meson stars were found by area-scanning in four successive stacks of emulsion pellicles exposed to momentum-analyzed negative channels at the Berkeley Bevatron. Systematic following of the prongs showed that there emerged from these stars 319 charged $\ensuremath{\pi}$ mesons, 46 hyperfragments, and 158 identified charged hyperons. There were 26 ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ decays at rest; 20 ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+n$ decays at rest; 14 ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ decays in flight; 26 ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+n$ decays in flight; 50 ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ stars at rest, and 22 ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ zero-prong stars with Auger electrons.
175-P: ACUTE HEART TRANSPLANT REJECTION IN THE PRESENCE OF APPARENTLY WEAK, NON-COMPLEMENT-FIXING DONOR-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES DETECTED AT THE TIME OF TRANSPLANT

Aim A 66 year old female with an end-stage NYHA class IV inotrope-dependent, ischemic cardiomyopathy received a heart transplant on 9-12 from a donor having antigens B13 and DR7. Pre-transplant antibody testing indicated only weakly positive, non-complement-fixing donor-specific antibodies. The patient suffered a cardiac arrest on POD#6 and was resuscitated. She was in cardiogenic shock from allograft failure and subsequently expired on POD#9 of multiorgan failure due to “acute humoral rejection”. These antibodies were investigated further. Methods Antibodies were evaluated using both Labscreen PRA (One Lambda) and Labscreen Single Antigen (One Lambda) beads, and crossmatching was performed using standard T and B cell CDC and flow cytometry methods. Results Pre-transplant antibody studies (Labscreen PRA) had shown the presence of clearly defined antibodies to B27, DR4 and a possible weak anti-DR7. Retrospective Labscreen Single Antigen(SA) (One Lambda) testing revealed antibodies to B13 and DR7, both donor-specific antibodies. MFI values were 2000 for B13 and 5000 for DR7. The pre-transplant crossmatches (CDC and flow cytometry) were negative except for a positive B cell CDC. The patient received blood products on POD#3. Crossmatching on POD# 3 showed only a weakly positive T flow crossmatch and negative DSA. However, SA antibody studies on POD#6 showed high MFI values of 19,000 (B13) and 23,000 (DR7), and strongly positive T and B CDC and flow crossmatches. C1q studies of sera from POD#0 and #3 showed the DSA were non-complement fixing. However, by POD#6, the DS antibodies were now clearly complement-fixing. The patient expired on POD#9. Myocardium tissue from the left ventricle taken at autopsy showed positive staining for C4d. Conclusions DSA with relatively weak MFI values can be a significant risk to both organ and patient survival. Non-complement fixing DSAs also pose a risk and can become expressed as complement-fixing antibodies in an acute immune response to mismatched donor antigens.
Quantifying vertical axis rotation in curved orogens: Correlating multiple data sets with a refined weighted least squares strike test

[1] Map-scale curvature is a fundamental feature of most contractional orogenic belts and is central to understanding the kinematic and dynamic evolution of mountain systems. Paleomagnetic analysis, combined with detailed structural studies, is the most robust means of quantifying vertical axis rotations that produce curvature over a range of temporal and spatial scales. This paper explores how vertical axis rotations can best be evaluated for multiple data sets by applying a weighted least squares method to the classic strike test. This refined method provides measures of best fit slope, confidence interval, and goodness of fit between map-scale structural trend, paleomagnetic rotations, and deformation fabric orientations. Structural trend is estimated by averaging fold axial trace, formation contact, and bed strike data over kilometer-scale areas. Paleomagnetic and deformation fabric site-mean orientations and measurement uncertainties are estimated using vector and bootstrap statistics. Weighting factors are estimated from combined measurement uncertainty, structural noise related to small-scale block rotation and stress/strain refraction, and variations in restoration paths. The number of sites needed to obtain a significant confidence interval in strike test slope is a function of combined uncertainty in paleomagnetic or deformation fabric directions and the total range in structural trend around a curved orogen. Improved estimates of strike test slope and rotation thus require systematic sampling with a wide distribution of sites, evaluation of appropriate weighting factors, and statistical analysis. A case study is presented that highlights application of this refined method to paleomagnetic and deformation fabric data sets from the Wyoming salient of the Sevier thrust belt. Paleomagnetic data yield a strike test slope of 0.76 ± 0.11, indicating that the Wyoming salient is a progressive arc, with ∼3/4 secondary curvature related to vertical axis rotation synchronous with large-scale thrusting and ∼1/4 initial curvature. Finite strain, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, and mesoscopic structural orientations, which are related to early layer-parallel shortening, all yield strike test slopes of ∼0.9 ± 0.1. Comparing these slopes with paleomagnetic results indicates that deformation fabrics had initial curvature and thus cannot be used alone to accurately estimate rotations. By integrating systematic paleomagnetic and structural data using statistical analysis, curvature models for the Wyoming salient are closely constrained.
Elastic Strips: A Framework for Integrated Planning and Execution

The execution of robotic tasks in dynamic, unstructured environments requires the generation of motion plans that respect global constraints imposed by the task while avoiding collisions with stationary, moving, and unforeseen obstacles. This paper presents the elastic strip framework, which addresses this problem by integrating global motion planning methods with a reactive motion execution approach. To maintain a collision-free trajectory, a given motion plan is incrementally modified to reflect changes in the environment. This modification can be performed without suspending task behavior. The elastic strip framework is computationally efficient and can be applied to robots with many degrees of freedom. The paper also presents experimental results obtained by the implementation of this framework on the the Stanford Mobile Manipulator.
Telomeres and Telomerase in Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Telomeres are the outer ends of chromosomes and consist of noncoding hexameric repeats of DNA (TTAGGG). There are two main challenges inherently connected to these structures. First, they need to be protected by special mechanisms to prevent their recognition as DNA breaks by DNA surveillance mechanisms and potential processing by the DNA repair machinery. Second, due to the semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication using RNA primers, small stretches of telomeric sequences are lost with each cell division. This is referred to as the “end-replication problem”. The first challenge is met by a specialized structure of the telomere and its association with protein factors that prevent its recognition as damaged DNA and regulate the access of the DNA repair machinery. In the absence of mechanisms to overcome the end-replication problem, the ongoing loss of telomere sequences in somatic cells ultimately leads to critically short and dysfunctional telomeres that will lead to signaling events, resulting in the removal of these cells from the pool of proliferating cells by mechanisms such as senescence, crisis, or potentially apoptosis. These mechanisms prevent the accumulation of telomere dysfunction-induced genomic aberrations.
Online Passive-Aggressive Algorithms on a Budget

In this paper a kernel-based online learning algorithm, which has both constant space and update time, is proposed. The approach is based on the popular online PassiveAggressive (PA) algorithm. When used in conjunction with kernel function, the number of support vectors in PA grows without bounds when learning from noisy data streams. This implies unlimited memory and ever increasing model update and prediction time. To address this issue, the proposed budgeted PA algorithm maintains only a fixed number of support vectors. By introducing an additional constraint to the original PA optimization problem, a closed-form solution was derived for the support vector removal and model update. Using the hinge loss we developed several budgeted PA algorithms that can trade between accuracy and update cost. We also developed the ramp loss versions of both original and budgeted PA and showed that the resulting algorithms can be interpreted as the combination of active learning and hinge loss PA. All proposed algorithms were comprehensively tested on 7 benchmark data sets. The experiments showed that they are superior to the existing budgeted online algorithms. Even with modest budgets, the budgeted PA achieved very competitive accuracies to the non-budgeted PA and kernel perceptron algorithms. Appearing in Proceedings of the 13 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS) 2010, Chia Laguna Resort, Sardinia, Italy. Volume 9 of JMLR: W&CP 9. Copyright 2010 by the authors.
Augmentation of inhibitory effects of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists in patients with diabetes.

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) derive enhanced benefit from treatment with glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa inhibitors. To determine mechanisms potentially responsible we characterized the binding of fibrinogen to platelets from patients with and without diabetes in the presence and absence of GP IIb-IIIa antagonists. Methods: GP IIb-IIIa antagonists (tirofiban, eptifibatide, and abciximab) were added in vitro to blood from patients with and without diabetes. Binding of fibrinogen to activated GP IIb-IIIa was assessed with the use of flow cytometry. The kinetics of binding of I125-abciximab and I125-fibrinogen to washed platelets from subjects with and without diabetes mellitus were determined. Glycation of platelet membrane proteins was measured with the fructosamine assay. Results: In the presence of GP IIb-IIIa antagonists, activation-induced binding of fibrinogen to platelets was reduced to a greater extent (p<0.02) in blood from patients with diabetes. The greater inhibition in blood from patients with diabetes was seen with pharmacologic concentrations of tirofiban (50 ng/ml, by 27%), eptifibatide (1.5 μg/ml, by 24%), and abciximab (2 mg/ml, by 12%). Whereas the binding of I125-abciximab was similar to platelets from patients with diabetes and those without, the rate of binding of I125-fibrinogen was decreased with platelets from patients with diabetes. Binding after 5 min was reduced by 46% in those with diabetes (p<0.05). Platelet membrane proteins from patients with diabetes were glycated to a greater extent compared with those without diabetes. Conclusion: GP IIb-IIIa antagonists inhibit platelet activation to a greater extent in blood from patients with diabetes. The decreased rate of binding of fibrinogen early after activation of platelets appears to be a consequence of glycation and may promote inhibition by GP IIb-IIIa antagonists.
The hemostatic derangement produced by T-2 toxin in guinea pigs.

Abstract T-2 toxin produced significant coagulation abnormalities when administered parenterally to Hartley strain guinea pigs. The animals developed depressed activity of all coagulation factors except fibrinogen. Platelet aggregation in whole blood was depressed in response to ADP and collagen. The animals also exhibited an initial rise followed by a fall in hematocrit level, leukocytosis, and a decrease in platelet count. These changes were detectable within hours of toxin administration, reached a maximum at 24 hr, and returned to normal over the next 2 days. Pretreatment of animals with vitamin K1 had no effect on the activity of coagulation factors. The activated partial thromboplastin time of dilutions of plasma from animals given T-2 toxin with plasma from control animals revealed a pattern which pointed to a deficiency of coagulation factors as the principal cause of prolonged clotting times in treated animals. The presence of a weak circulating anticoagulant could not be ruled out. The addition of T-2 to plasma and blood of normal animals in a concentration of 1 μg/ml had no effect on clotting times or platelet aggregation.
The parental support networks of mothers and fathers: A multidimensional approach

This paper argues for a multidimensional approach to the study of the social support networks of mothers and fathers of young children. Network structure (e. g. size, density, member characteristics), support content (e. g. emotional, informational, economic and child care) and support quality (e. g. helpfulness, satisfaction with support, conflict associated with support and willingness to access support in future need) are distinguished. The goals of the study were: (1) to empirically test the multidimensionality of parental support networks; (2) to assess the relations among these three dimensions for mothers and for fathers; and (3) to examine how couples' support networks are interrelated. Individual at-home interviews were conducted with 100 parents to derive measures of parental support structure, content and quality. Fathers (N = 31) were compared to their spouses (N = 31) and to a comparison group of demographically similar married mothers (N = 38). For all three groups, the same three predicted dimensions emerged in the factor structure of their networks; in general, few gender differences were found. However, relations among structure, content and quality differed by gender, with network structure predicting support content and quality only for mothers. The network structure of couples was positively correlated, and overlap in network members was related to own and spouse's network helpfulness, satisfaction and child care support.
Tracking Oxytetracyline Mobility Across Environmental Interfaces by Second Harmonic Generation

This work examines the binding behavior of the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) to mineral oxide/water interfaces in the presence and absence of organic functional groups using the interface-specific technique second harmonic generation (SHG). Studies show that OTC binding to fused quartz, methyl ester, carboxylic acid, and alkyl interfaces is fully reversible and highly dependent on solution pH, with appreciable adsorption occurring only at pH 8. Relative surface coverage at pH 8 is highest for the polar organic-functionalized surfaces, and surface saturation occurs for the methyl ester-functionalized fused quartz/water interface at 2 × 10-5 M. Adsorption isotherm measurements indicate that the binding process is controlled by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, with free energies of adsorption on the order of −40 kJ/mol for all interfaces studied. The results indicate that OTC transport in the environment will depend heavily on soil pH and composition and have implications for the development...
Resistance to american foulbrood in honey bees VIII. Effects of injecting Bacillus larvae spores into adults

Abstract The pathological consequences of artificially introducing Bacillus larvae spores into the hemolymph of adult bees were investigated by injecting the spores into the thorax of worker bees with a 30-gauge needle and microsyringe apparatus. Viable spore doses ranged from 1.5 × 10 2 to 1.04 × 10 6 per bee. A majority of the spore-injected adults died in less than 61 hr, whereas most water-injected bees lived 142 hr or longer. A statistical analysis of longevity data demonstrated not only a significant difference between spore- and water-injected groups but also that the pathogen reduced the life span in three genetic stocks of bees to an equal level even though stock differences in longevity exist. Following dissection of the dead bees, single vegetative rods and long chains of rods were observed in spore-inoculated bees, thus demonstrating not only spore germination but also bacterial multiplication in the hemolymph. Water-injected bees remained pathogen-free. When spores were injected into the abdominal hemolymph above the dorsal diaphragm, vegetative rods were observed in samples of thoracic hemolymph. Cells of this pathogen were transported via the circulatory system of adult bees from one region of the body to another. Both abdominal and thoracic injections of B. larvae spores produced a general septicemic type disease in adult bees. Endospores were observed in the hemolymph of only one adult bee out of 115 bees given thoracic and abdominal injections of spores.
A multiplexed vectored interface logic system for control of behavioral experiments

An interface was constructed which enabled a minicomputer to control operant conditioning experiments with a minimal amount of software recognition and input/output instructions. The hardware consisted of a real-time clock, logic to input a unique number with each change of state of digital input, and logic and solid state drivers to control standard, commercial 24 V behavioral stimuli.
The effect of ozone and sulphur dioxide singly and in combination on plant growth

Abstract Plants were exposed to ozone (O 3 ) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) singly or in combination to examine the effects of gas mixtures on plant growth. Chronic exposures of tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ) to these mixtures resulted in growth reductions from the mix treatment equal to the additive effect of the single gases. Chronic exposures of alfalfa ( Medicago sativus ) resulted in growth reductions from the mixed treatment that were less than the additive effects of the single gases. Single acute exposures of radish ( Raphanus sativus ) to O 3 and/or SO 2 resulted in growth reductions in the mix treatment no different from the effects of the individual gases. None of the gas mixtures caused a greater growth reduction than would be expected from the additive effects of the single gases. This is in contrast with foliar injury, where gas mixtures frequently cause more foliar injury than the sum of the individual pollutants.
An Experimental Course in Business Communications

The intent of the experimental course described here was to involve students actively in discussions of communication theory beyond the elementary level and to allow them to design and perform laboratory experiments to test their hypotheses.
Increased hypersensitivity induced in tobacco by systemic infection by potato virus Y.

Abstract A resistance, characterized by an enhanced capacity of the host to localize and restrict cell-to-cell movement of local lesion-inducing viruses, was induced in plants of Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Samsun NN by systemic infection by potato virus Y (PVY). Diameters of lesions induced by challenge inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) or with tobacco necrosis virus were consistently smaller in leaves systemically infected by PVY than in comparable leaves of PVY-free plants. The resistance appeared similar or identical to that induced by localized infections by TMV. The effects of the two types of resistance-inducing infections were not additive, except possibly under conditions such that neither type of infection induced its maximum effect. Brief immersion of leaves in hot water (50° for 45 seconds) 24 hours after inoculation with TMV retarded lesion development similarly in resistant and nonresistant leaves. This heat treatment applied 3 days after inoculation caused collapse (within 12 hours) of a narrow band of tissue surrounding each lesion in both resistant and nonresistant leaves. Lesions did not subsequently enlarge beyond the collapsed areas. The response to heat treatment of lesions in PVY-infected leaves was the same as that of lesions in leaves with TMV-induced resistance. Inclusion of potato virus X (PVX) in challenge inocula, or application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to leaves 24 hours after challenge inoculation, increased the size of TMV lesions in both normal leaves and PVY-infected leaves. The results suggest that the mechanisms for localization of TMV in resistant leaves, whether the resistance is induced by PVY infection or by localized TMV infections, are similar to those in normal leaves; thus, the induced resistance appears to constitute an enhancement of natural host hypersensitivity.
Have robot, will travel

Abstract My professional career has largely revolved around developing and operating Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) for ocean science. It has proven immensely gratifying; there are very few other enterprises that offer a similar combination of interesting people, tough intellectual problems, opportunity to work in the most remote and beautiful parts of the planet, and the satisfaction of contributing to an important endeavor. This article tracks my research and development activity, starting with early technology exploration when research funding was thin, to my first field programs, to leadership of larger enterprises where AUVs became elements of integrated observation-modeling systems. Not all of the activity was in the laboratory; as the platforms matured, and applications become better defined, commercialization activity became the dominant vector of AUV capability to the larger community. Most recently, my AUV work has focused on a new generation of long-range AUVs and the biological investigations they are designed to enable. Today AUVs are accepted oceanographic tools, and science users are increasingly sophisticated. However, in the late 80s, when I started, it was not at all clear how oceanographers would employ AUVs, or what operational AUVs would look like.
An evaluation of some tristimulus weights

Tristimulus values were calculated for the 1964 observer and illuminant D65 for four theoretical specimens, with radiance factor data of 1-nm bandpass width, by the CIE recommended procedure and used as accurate references. Tristimulus values were then calculated for the same four theoretical specimens with six sets of published weights, with radiance factors assumed to have a bandwidth equal to the measurement interval and the bandpass profile to be triangular. The difference of the wide bandwidth calculated tristimulus values from the reference tristimulus values was considered to be an error and was expressed as CIE L*a*b* color difference.
Global T-wave inversion: limited QT dispersion despite QTc prolongation--a correlate of benignity in patients with strikingly abnormal electrocardiograms.

Background: The global T-inversion (GTI) electrocardiogram (ECG) is strikingly abnormal with major QTc prolongation, but with a surprisingly good prognosis by Kaplan-Meier curve. This contrasts with most significant QTc prolongations. Hypothesis: This study was undertaken to ascertain QT interval dispersion (QTd) in global T wave inversion, a clinically benign long QTc ECG. Methods: Longest and shortest QT intervals in all 12 leads in 35 consecutive patients with GTI were determined by two mutually blinded observers. QTd was determined by subtraction (maximum – minimum) and QTc was calculated using the Bazett formula. Results: There was a 2:1 female preponderance. QTc was prolonged and equal for men (0.471) and women (0.469). Observer variability of under 2% permitted averaging of QT measurements. Composite mean QTd was 55 ms. The literature revealed a range of QTd in normal subjects of 39 to 59 ms (mostly 49 to 59 ms). Patient series with abnormal QTd were well above this level. Conclusion: Despite a strikingly abnormal ECG with marked QTc prolongation, QT dispersion was limited in global T inversion, consistent with its previously demonstrated benignity.
Feeding, growth and bioluminescence of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Protoperidinium huberi

Feeding, growth and bioluminescence of the thecate heterotrophic dinoflagellate Protoperidinium huberi were measured as a function of food concentration for laboratory cultures grown on the diatom Ditylum brightwellii. Ingestion of food increased with food concentration. Maximum ingestion rates were measured at food concentrations of ∼600 μg C l-1 and were ∼0.7 μg C individual-1 h-1 (1.8 D. brightwelli cells individual-1 h-1). Clearance rates decreased asymptotically with increasing food concentration. Maximum clearance rates at low food concentration were ca. 23 μl ind-1 h-1, which corresponds to a volume-specific clearance rate of 5.9x105 h-1. Cell size of P huberi was highly variable, with a mean diameter of 42 μm, but no clear relationship between cell size and food concentration was evident. Specific growth rates increased with food concentration until maximum growth rates of ∼0.7 d-1 were reached at a food concentration of 400 μg C l-1 (∼1000 cells ml-1). Food concentrations as low as 10 μg C l-1 of D. brightwellii (∼25 cells ml-1) were able to support growth of P. huberi. The bioluminescence of P. huberi varied with its nutritional condition and growth rate. Cells held without food lost their bioluminescence capacity in a matter of days. P. huberi raised at different food concentrations showed increased bioluminescence capacity, up to food concentration that supported maximum growth rates. The bioluminescence of P. huberi varied over a diel cycle, and these rhythmic changes persisted during 48 h of continuous darkness, indicating that the rhythm was under endogenous control.
PRODUCT RETURNS PROCESSING: AN EXAMINATION OF PRACTICES OF MANUFACTURERS, WHOLESALERS/DISTRIBUTORS, AND RETAILERS

Few research studies have published specific empirical data regarding the reverse logistics practices of companies. This multi-stage study employed interviews, site visits, and a mail survey to collect responses from 230 members of the Warehousing Education and Research Council (WERC) regarding their reverse logistics practices. Results suggest that in spite of the growing importance of reverse logistics, few executives have product return processing as their primary responsibility and often undertake this activity along with other job responsibilities. Most firms handle the product returns process themselves and typically within the same facilities that handle forward logistics. Returning items directly to stock, repackaging and returning to stock, and selling as scrap, were the three top disposition options employed by firms. Results indicate that, contrary to general understanding, the majority of retailers and wholesalers reported a recovery rate of over 75% of product cost. Several hypotheses developed from the published literature on reverse logistics were tested. In many instances, these hypotheses were formulated on anecdotal information or single case studies and had not been empirically tested prior to this research being conducted.
How do aerosol histories affect solar “dimming” and “brightening” over Europe?: IPCC‐AR4 models versus observations

[1] A multidecadal decrease in downward surface solar radiation (solar “dimming”) followed by a multidecadal increase in surface radiation (solar “brightening”) have been reported over Europe. The trends mainly occur under cloud-free skies, and they are primarily caused by the direct aerosol radiative effect. The present study compares observed cloud-free solar “dimming” and “brightening” trends with corresponding output from IPCC-AR4 20th century simulations and furthermore examines how sulfate and black carbon aerosol histories, used as model input, affect simulated surface radiation trends. Outputs from 14 models are compared to observed cloud-free surface radiation fluxes derived from a combination of (1) satellite cloud observations, synoptic cloud reports, and surface solar irradiance measurements and (2) sunshine duration measurements and variability of the atmospheric transmittance derived from solar irradiance measurements. Most models display a transition from decreasing to increasing solar irradiance, but the timing of the reversal varies by about 25 years. Consequently, large discrepancies in sign and magnitude occur between modeled and observed “dimming” and “brightening” trends (up to 4.5 Wm−2 per decade for Europe). Considering all models with identical aerosol histories, differences in cloud-free radiation trends are in all but one case less than 0.7 Wm−2 per decade. Thirteen of the fourteen models produce a transition from “dimming” to “brightening” that is consistent with the timing of the reversal from increasing to decreasing aerosol emissions in the input aerosol history. Consequently, the poor agreement between modeled and observed “dimming” and “brightening” is due to incorrect aerosol emission histories rather than other factors.
Luminescence Spectra of Dental Porcelains

The luminescence spectra were obtained for a series of porcelain teeth and powders currently used in this country. Comparison was made between the spectra of these materials and the spectra of plastic teeth and natural tooth structures. It was found that many of the porcelain teeth and powders have strikingly different luminescence characteristics than those of natural teeth.
Label-free Raman microspectral analysis for comparison of cellular uptake and distribution between nontargeted and EGFR-targeted biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles

Active targeted delivery of nanoparticle-encapsulated agents to tumor cells in vivo is expected to enhance therapeutic effect with significantly less nonspecific toxicity. Active targeting is based on surface modification of nanoparticles with ligands that bind with extracellular targets and enhance payload delivery in the cells. In this study, we have used label-free Raman microspectral analysis and kinetic modeling to study cellular interactions and intracellular delivery of C6-ceramide using a nontargeted and an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted biodegradable polymeric nano-delivery system, in EGFR-expressing human ovarian adenocarcinoma (SKOV3) cells. The results show that EGFR peptide-modified nanoparticles were rapidly internalized in SKOV3 cells leading to significant intracellular accumulation as compared to nonspecific uptake by the nontargeted nanoparticles. Raman microspectral analysis enables visualization and quantification of the carrier system, drug load, and responses of the biological systems interrogated, without exogenous staining and labeling procedures.
Lake-Effect Cloud Bands as Seen From Weather Satellites

Abstract Satellite photographs of the TIROS and ESSA series were examined for the presence and dimensions of lake-effect clouds over the Great Lakes and Gulf of St. Lawrence. It was found that nearly all lake-effect clouds occurred when the 850-mb temperature was more than 13C colder than the lake surface temperature. The clouds were organized into parallel bands resembling but having larger dimensions than cloud streets. Enlarged cloud bands were found which were 2.5 times larger than normal lake-effect bands. These enlarged lake storms had preferred origins and appear to be generated by frictional differences between land and water, by the geometry of the body of warm water with respect to the prevailing wind, and by certain urban influences.
Parenteral control of gastric acid hypersecretion in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Parenteral control of gastric acid hypersecretion in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is increasingly required; however, existing methods of determining the required dose are cumbersome and not applicable in all centers. A previous study suggested that the required parenteral dose of histamine H2-receptor antagonists correlated with the previous oral dose. In the present study, in 31 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome we evaluated the hypothesis that an effective parenteral histamine H2-receptor antagonist dose could be predicted from the previous oral dose. Twenty-three patients were taking oral ranitidine (mean 1.3 g/day), six patients famotidine (152 mg/day), and two patients cimetidine (1.8 g/day). Each patient was treated with a continuous intravenous infusion of the equivalent dose of ranitidine (mean dose 1 mg/kg/hr with 35% requiring 0.5 mg/kg/hr, 49% 1 mg/kg/hr, 3% 1.5 mg/kg/hr, 10% 2 mg/kg/hr, and 3% 2.5 mg/kg/hr. This dose of ranitidine acutely controlled acid secretion ( 10 days. The predicted dose continued to control acid secretion in 95% of patients with one patient requiring one dose adjustment. No biochemical, clinical, or hematological toxicity was seen, although ranitidine was stopped in one patient because of skin rash. These results demonstrate that the parenteral dose of ranitidine required to control acid secretion in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can be predicted from the oral dose. This predicted dose will be acutely effective in all patients in reducing acid secretion to <10 meq/hr, the established level of control, will remain effective in 95% of patients for up to 11 days, and is safe. By utilizing the oral dose to predict the intravenous dose, repeated dose titrations will be avoided and thus this method should be generally useful in all settings.
Growth Promotion in Pea Stem Sections. III. By Alkyl Nitriles, Alkyl Acetylenes and Insect Juvenile Hormones

C(14), C(15), and C(16) alkyl nitriles, and C(16) and C(18) alkyl acetylenes at 10 to 105 micromolar concentrations promote the growth of stem sections from red-light-exposed seedlings of dwarf peas (Pisum sativum L. cv. Progress No. 9). Similar results were obtained with substances active as insect juvenile hormones, namely farnesol, the racemic ethyl ester of 1 of the natural hormones, and a "synthetic juvenile hormone" mixture, the latter 2 having as high an activity in the pea assay as any lipid reported previously. A sterically nearly identical compound, methyl-RS-10,11-epoxyfarnesoate, is a weak insect hormone and did not promote plant growth. Thus activity in peas and in insects is in some cases parallel. Other similarities and some differences are discussed. Peas appear to require molecules longer than 20A, while insect activity is maximal at that length. All active molecules are ineffective in promoting pea stem elongation by themselves, indole acetic acid must also be present. The lipid effect in plants and the juvenile hormone response in insects have much in common and the evidence suggests they could have a similar locus of action in a membrane controlling respiratory function.
Crystal growth and superconductivity of Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2CaCu208

Superconducting single crystals of Bi 1.7 Pb 0.3 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 with T c =92-96 K and ΔT c =2-4 K were grown by a self-flux and local cooling method. The crystals have a/b dimensions as large as 5-10 mm. The sample's quality was examined by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and DC susceptibility
Rough sea foam.

A simple theory is developed for rough seas in which the energy cascade towards small scales is too much for a surface tension dominated wrinkling of the surface to handle. We suggest that a new phase, consisting of an air-water foam, is created and becomes the principal medium for energy dissipation. The foam depth and droplet size are calculated and we suggest how the predicted dependence on energy flux and surface tension could be verified experimentally.
Histology of A Uniquely Organized Nervous System In The Salamander Neural Tissue-Limb Implant

A detailed histological investigation was undertaken of the neural tissue-limb implant of the axolotl during various stages of development. A complex, organized nervous system was found which resembled in many respects the normal spinal cord (from which the neural tissue was derived) but differed from it in other respects. There were essentially five distinct key areas of neural connection and organization: (1) primary neural area; (2) secondary neural area, (3) satellite neural area, (4) a fibrous neural outgrowth, and (5) the innervated limb. The satellite areas, which were located within the muscle masses of the limb, consisted of distinct aggregates of nerve cells resembling normal spinal ganglia. The various areas, which were connected by the fibrous outgrowth (a conglomerate of nerve fibers, Schwann cells, and neuroblasts), appear to represent different levels of neural organization and integration. Ontogeny, organizational similarities to the normal salamander nervous system, and the complex functi...
Implementing Instructional Computing and Computer Literacy in a School or College.

AbstractThis paper contains guidelines for setting up instructional computing and computer literacy programs in schools and colleges. Consideration will be given to typical problems. Decision making strategies with respect to planning, modes of computer use, hardware selection, hidden costs, conceptual and physical location of computers, and faculty development will be discussed.
Critical point of planar Potts models

The critical point of the Potts model is conjectured for the following planar lattices: (i) generalised (chequerboard) square lattice; (ii) Kagome lattice; (iii) triangular lattice with two- and three-site interactions. As a result, the critical probability for bond percolation on the Kagome lattice is determined to be pc=0.524430.
Acid-stable hemagglutinin proteins co-purifying with potato invertase inhibitor

Abstract An acid-stable hemagglutinin co-purified with potato invertase inhibitor after acid and ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydroxylapatite and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The activities were separated by eluting the protein mixture through a glycerol-propylsilane (GPS-) modified silica column in a Tricine buffer. Potato invertase inhibitor was found to have a pI of 5.1. Hemagglutinin activity was associated with a single band that had a pI of 5.6 on IEF-PAGE gels. A second hemagglutinin was isolated in the same preparation with a pI of 8.4. This hemagglutinin showed no affinity for either DEAE-Sephadex or hydroxylapatite. The 2 hemagglutinins were effective against erythrocytes of 4 different species but did not inhibit potato invertase in vitro. Active invertase inhibitor did not agglutinate erythrocytes in vitro. The separate activities of invertase inhibition and erythrocyte hemagglutination are mediated by 3 independent proteins of similar molecular weight (Mr) but different pI values.
Availability of corn stover as a sustainable feedstock for bioethanol production

Abstract The amount of corn stover that can be sustainably collected is estimated to be 80–100 million dry tonnes/yr (t/yr), a majority of which would be available to ethanol plants in the near term as only a small portion is currently used for other applications. Potential long-term demand for corn stover by non-fermentative applications in the United States is estimated to be about 20 million dry t/yr, assuming that corn stover-based products replace 50% of both hardwood pulp and wood-based particleboard, and that 50% of all furfural production is from corncobs. Hence, 60–80 million dry t/yr of corn stover should be available to fermentative routes. To achieve an ethanol production potential of 11 billion L (3 billion gal) per year (a target level for a non-niche feedstock), about 40% of the harvestable corn stover is needed. This amount should be available as long as the diversion of corn stover to non-ethanol fermentative products remains limited.
Western scrub-jay funerals: cacophonous aggregations in response to dead conspecifics

All organisms must contend with the risk of injury or death; many animals reduce this danger by assessing environmental cues to avoid areas of elevated risk. However, little is known about how organisms respond to one of the most salient visual cues of risk: a dead conspecific. Here we show that the sight of a dead conspecific is sufficient to induce alarm calling and subsequent risk-reducing behavioural modification in western scrub-jays, Aphelocoma californica, and is similar to the response to a predator (a great horned owl, Bubo virginianus, model). Discovery of a dead conspecific elicits vocalizations that are effective at attracting conspecifics, which then also vocalize, thereby resulting in a cacophonous aggregation. Presentations of prostrate dead conspecifics and predator mounts elicited aggregations and hundreds of long-range communication vocalizations, while novel objects did not. In contrast to presentations of prostrate dead conspecifics, presentations of a jay skin mounted in an upright, life-like pose elicited aggressive responses, suggesting the mounted scrub-jay was perceived to be alive and the prostrate jay was not. There was a decrease of foraging in the area during presentations of prostrate dead conspecifics and predator mounts, which was still detectable 24 h later. Foraging returned to baseline levels 48 h after presentations. Novel objects and mounted jays did not affect foraging. Our results show that without witnessing the struggle and manner of death, the sight of a dead conspecific is used as public information and that this information is actively shared with conspecifics and used to reduce exposure to risk.
Impact behavior of 9-Cr and 12-Cr ferritic steels after low-temperature irradiation

Abstract Miniature Charpy impact specimens of 9Cr-1MoVNb and 12Cr-1MoVW steels and these steels with 1 and 2% Ni were irradiated in the High-Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at 50°C to displacement damage levels of up to 9 dpa. Nickel was added to study the effect of transmutation helium. Irradiation caused an increase in the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). The 9Cr-1MoVNb steels, with and without nickel, showed a larger shift than the 12Cr-1MoVW steels, with and without nickel. The results indicated that helium also increased the DBTT. The same steels were previously irradiated at higher temperatures. From the present and past tests, the effect of irradiation temperature on the DBTT behavior can be evaluated. For the 9Cr-1MoVNb steel, there is a continuous decrease in the magnitude of the DBTT increase up to an irradiation temperature of about 400°C, after which the shift drops rapidly to zero at about 450°C. The DBTT of the 12Cr-1MoVW steel shows a maximum increase at an irradiation temperature of about 400°C and less of an increase at either higher or lower irradiation temperatures.
Simulation of supercritical water–hydrocarbon mixing in a cylindrical tee at intermediate Reynolds number: Formulation, numerical method and laminar mixing

Abstract The objective of this work is to study the flow dynamics and mixing of supercritical water and a model hydrocarbon (n-decane), under fully miscible conditions, in a small scale cylindrical tee mixer (pipe ID = 2.4 mm), at an intermediate inlet Reynolds number of 500 using 3-D CFD simulations. A Peng–Robinson EoS with standard van der Waals mixing rules is employed to model the near-critical thermodynamics with the mixture binary interaction parameter obtained from a Predictive Peng–Robinson EoS using group contribution theory (PPR78). The n-decane stream is introduced at the colder temperature of 700 K to ensure operation above the Upper Critical Solution Temperature (UCST, 632 K) of the water n-decane system while the water stream enters at a higher temperature of 800 K. Under these conditions, the flow in the tee mixer remains laminar and steady-state is reached. Mixing occurs predominantly due to the circulating action of a counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP) in the body of the hydrocarbon jet entering from the top. This CVP is formed due to the reorientation of the streamwise vorticity pre-existing within the hydrocarbon jet as it flows down the vertical pipe of the tee junction. The advective transport is further assisted by a secondary flow of water from the bottom stream, around the hydrocarbon jet, toward the space vacated near the top of the downstream pipe section by the downward motion of the HC jet. The CVP becomes progressively weaker due to vorticity diffusion as it is advected downstream and beyond 10–12 diameter lengths downstream of the mixing joint, transport is mainly controlled by molecular diffusion. It was found that the variations of density and transport properties with temperature do not have a significant impact on the flow and mixing dynamics for a ΔT = 100 K between the two streams. Local cooling of the fluid mixture was also observed in the mixing of water and n-decane streams entering at the same temperature (initially isothermal). This cooling effect is due to the diffusion of species along a gradient in their partial enthalpy in the mixture. Such gradients in species partial enthalpies are non-zero under near-critical conditions even for initially isothermal flows due to the non-ideality of the fluid mixture under these conditions. This local heating/cooling effect at near-critical conditions could give rise to unexpected formation of phases when operating close to critical points.
Microprobing of functioning semiconductor devices for internal voltage and current distributions

Abstract A technique has been developed for mapping internal voltage and current distributions within functioning semiconductor devices. Thus, details of device operation which can be difficult to determine otherwise can now be determined experimentally. One example is the variation of transistor emitter current-density along the emitter with base current. Additionally, magnitudes of ohmic-contact resistances are obtained. Devices mapped include Si injection diodes, tunnel diodes in Ge and GaAs, and Ge and Si transistors. In this technique, devices are potted and sectioned to expose the internal active region, then polished and etched for a low-s surface. A fine-tipped tungsten carbide probe is lowered to the exposed surface in a rectangular pattern spaced 5–25 μ between co-ordinate points, and the probe-to-reference (reference being a device terminal) voltages are recorded for the bias conditions of interest using a low-duty-cycle source. Devices generally remain good functioning units after these operations. From these voltage measurements. equipotential overlays on the section photomicrograph are prepared for each bias condition from which the device information is obtained.
Molecular gymnastics: distortion of an RNA polymerase σ factor

A recent structure obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy shows that the binding of a small phage factor to the σ 70 subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase induces an unprecedented remodeling of a region of σ 70 , converting a DNA-binding helix-turn-helix into a continuous pseudohelix. This conformational change suggests how the phage factor can function both as an inhibitor and co-activator of transcription.