cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructural characteristics of post-shear localization in cold-rolled 316L stainless steel

The microstructural evolution in a cold-rolled 316L stainless steel during shear localization was comprehensively studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM results indicate that the main substructure inside a shear band consists of elongated lath, fine rectangular and equiaxed subgrains. The substructure at an early stage of shear banding was found to strongly depend upon existing defects, especially deformation twin patterns. These twin structures determine the initial dimensions of the elongated subgrains inside the shear bands. The coexistence of both rectangular and equiaxed subgrains suggests that no melting occurred though the predicted temperature was much higher than the bulk melting temperature. Dynamic/static recovery and continuous dynamic recrystallization are thought to be the main mechanisms by which these substructures form inside the shear bands. A new mechanism for nanostructure deformation of subgrains within shear bands is proposed to explain the temperature divergence between the experimental and calculated results.
Tie Strength Skewness and Research Performance

Literature on the network effect of tie strength typically investigates the overall tie strength of an ego’s network at the aggregated level with little attention paid to the differences between ties in the network, but this paper instead focuses on the heterogeneity of ties in collaboration networks and its effects on research productivity and impact. We argue that weak and strong ties can coexist in unbounded collaboration networks and a composition of weak and strong ties is beneficial to creativity because it allows taking advantage of the respective strengths of weak and strong ties. The Tie Strength Gini indicator is developed to measure the skewness of tie strength distribution in collaboration networks. We analyze co-authorship networks of 589 American scientists across five research fields, and the empirical findings suggest that a collaboration network with some very strong ties and meanwhile a number of weak ties, namely with highly skewed tie strength distribution, is beneficial to both produc...
Experience with gabapentin for neuropathic pain in the head and neck: report of ten cases.

Background and Objectives Gabapentin is an oral antiepileptic agent with an unknown mechanism of action. Recent case reports have suggested that gabapentin may be effective in the treatment of a variety of neuropathic pain states. This report presents baseline and follow-up data on ten patients who were treated with gabapentin when other pharmacologic interventions failed to relieve their neuropathic pain. Methods Ten patients referred for treatment of unrelieved neuropathic pain in the head and neck region were included in this study. Baseline and follow-up information included measures of pain intensity and pain quality. All of the patients were started on 300 mg gabapentin three times per day, though daily doses of up to 2400 mg were required for pain relief. Results Eight of the ten patients had no neuropathic pain on follow-up, whereas the remaining 2 patients reported only partial relief at follow-up. None of the patients complained of side effects. Gabapentin was effective in alleviating steady burning pain as well as lancinating pain and allodynia. Conclusions The results suggest that gabapentin may be effective in the management of some cases of neuropathic pain in the head and neck. However, controlled, double-blind longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate this possibility.
Development and Measurement Through Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Young Adult Social Behavior Scale (YASB): An Assessment of Relational Aggression in Adolescence and Young Adulthood

The Young Adult Social Behavior Scale was developed for the purpose of measuring self-reported relational and social aggression and behaviors of interpersonal maturity in adolescents and young adul...
Direct Biomolecule Binding on Nonfouling Surfaces via Newly Discovered Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Lysozyme under Physiological Conditions

A major challenge in the development of low cost and practical strategies for biomolecules immobilization on solid supports is that the multi-step chemical/physical activating and following deactivating procedures on nonfouling substrates often increase the cost and complexity of surface functional group types as well as deteriorate the surface integrity. Herein, we show a novel phase transition of lysozyme could be used to constitute a major step to address the above problem. It is found that when lysozyme is dissolved in a neutral buffer solution of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES, pH 7.4) with 1–50 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) added, a fast phase transition process occurs and the resulting novel fibra-like hierarchical supramolecular assemblies made by primary spherical particles aggregation would function as a “superglue” that strongly and quickly bind onto non-fouling coatings. This binding is highly selective towards lysozyme, and excludes completely tedious synthetical, chemical/physical activation/deactivation (blocking) steps. When biotin is conjugated with lysozyme, such phase transition quickly constructs a perfect biotinylated surface on nonfouling surface for avidin binding, showing great potential for the development of low-cost and practical biochips.
TAB4 Stimulates TAK1-TAB1 Phosphorylation and Binds Polyubiquitin to Direct Signaling to NF-κB

Responses to transforming growth factor β and multiple cytokines involve activation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) kinase, which activates kinases IκB kinase (IKK) and MKK3/6, leading to the parallel activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK. Activation of TAK1 by autophosphorylation is known to involve three different TAK1-binding proteins (TABs). Here we report a protein phosphatase subunit known as type 2A phosphatase-interacting protein (TIP) that also acts as a TAB because it co-precipitates with and directly binds to TAK1, enhances TAK1 autophosphorylation at unique sites, and promotes TAK1 phosphorylation of IKKβ and signaling to NF-κB. Mass spectrometry demonstrated that co-expression of TAB4 protein significantly increased phosphorylation of four sites in TAK1, in a linker region between the kinase and TAB2/3 binding domains, and two sites in TAB1. Recombinant GST-TAB4 bound in an overlay assay directly to inactive TAK1 and activated TAK1 but not TAK1 phosphorylated in the linker sites, suggesting a bind and release mechanism. In kinase assays using TAK1 immune complexes, added GST-TAB4 selectively stimulated IKK phosphorylation. TAB4 co-precipitated polyubiquitinated proteins dependent on a Phe-Pro motif that was required to enhance phosphorylation of TAK1. TAB4 mutated at Phe-Pro dominantly interfered with IL-1β activation of NF-κB involving IKK-dependent but not p38 MAPK-dependent signaling. The results show that TAB4 binds TAK1 and polyubiquitin chains to promote specific sites of phosphorylation in TAK1-TAB1, which activates IKK signaling to NF-κB.
Cell-adhesive motif in region II of malarial circumsporozoite protein

The segment of the malarial circumsporozoite (CS) protein designated Region II is highly conserved among different malarial species. A similar sequence is also present in several other proteins, including thrombospondin, properdin, and a blood-stage antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. By means of peptides synthesized from sequences of the Plasmodium vivax CS protein in the vicinity of Region II, it was found that two overlapping 18- to 20-amino acid peptides promoted the adhesion of a variety of human hematopoietic cell lines. The amino acid sequence valine-threonine-cysteineglycine (VTCG), contained within this common motif, was shown to be the critical sequence for the observed cell-adhesive properties.
Classical and quantum theories of radiation damping in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic resonance

Abstract Both classical and quantum theories of radiation damping in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic resonance relaxation are given. Effects of demagnetization and anisotropy, that is, of elliptical classical precession, are included. In the classical theory a phenomenological approach to ferromagnetic resonance relaxation by means of the Landau-Lifshitz equation is also presented. In the quantum theory, the magnon-photon interaction Hamiltonian is derived, and the radiation-damped linewidth is obtained by computing the transition matrix element and also the one-magnon self energy. As noted long ago by Einstein, each photon is emitted in a random but specific direction, and only on average does the quantum radiation pattern reproduce the classical. To first order, however, this reproduction is shown to be exact, correcting a recent calculation by Shrivastava.
Biosystematics of the genus Piperia Rydb. (Orchidaceae)

Piperia is a North American segregate of Habenaria consisting of 5 taxa (4 species and 1 subspecies). The genus is defined and differentiated from other North American genera of the Habenaria alliance by its morphology and pollination mechanism. All taxa have n = 21 chromosomes. Thin-layer chromatography of fresh leaf extracts and a morphological assessment revealed discrete, but variable, taxa. All species are partially interfertile; however, a high degree of sympatry suggests these species are reproductively isolated. One new combination is proposed: P. elongata subsp. michaelii.
Dynamic mechanical and creep properties of a 23% cellulose nitrate solution; Andrade creep in polymeric systems

Abstract The time-dependent mechanical properties of a 23% solution of cellulose nitrate in diethyl phthalate have been extensively investigated. The nitrogen content of the polymer was 12.6% and its number-average molecular weight was 94,000. Dynamic mechanical measurements were made at 14 temperatures from −47° to 35°C. within a frequency range of 0.06 to 2800 cycles per second. Creep runs were made at 10 temperatures extending from −33° to 25°C. Accompanying recovery measurements indicated that the system adhered to the Boltzmann superposition principle. The melting point of the solution was deduced to be in the neighborhood of 10°C., but temperature reduction was successful to −10°C. At −10°C. and below, deviations from the master curves were attributed to the presence of crystallinity. It was found that the creep compliance, J ( t ), could be described by a modified form of the Andrade expression J(t) = J g + J 0 ψ(t) + βt 1 3 + t η , where J g , the glassy compliance, J 0 , β, and η, the viscosity, serve as characterizing constants of the material; ψ ( t ) is a normalized retarded elasticity function. The limiting expressions required by this equation for the distribution function of retardation times and the components of the complex dynamic compliance are given. Measurements on the National Bureau of Standards polyisobutylene sample are re-examined in the light of the above equation.
A Disconfirmation of the Quantitative Identity- Quantitative Equivalence Sequence

Sixty-four kindergarten children received tests of quantitative identity and quantitative equivalence for the conservations of number and continuous quantity. Two types of identity trials were included: a standard version using a single stimulus, and a modified version which paralleled the equivalence task in its use of two stimuli. In addition, half of the children were asked two questions on each trial (one preceding and one following the transformation), whereas half were asked only the post-transformation question. Neither the number of stimuli used nor the number of questions asked had any effect on performance. In contrast to some previous reports, tests of quantitative identity were no easier than tests of quantitative equivalence. It was concluded that the identity-equivalence decalage. if it exists at all, is less important than previous authors have claimed. In a typical conservation-of-number task (e.g., Piaget. 1952). the child is shown two rows with equal numbers of objects, lined up in one-to-one correspondence. After the child has agreed to the equality. one of the rows is spread out, creating the appearance of unequal numbers. The child is then asked whether the rows still contain the same number of objects. Elkind (1967) was the first to note that this task actually taps two somewhat distinct kinds of knowledge. The child who answers correctly has presumably realized that the number of objects in the transformed row has not been altered by the change in perceptual appearance. This understanding, labeled quuntitati~r ide~ity. is the ability stressed in Piaget’s theory. In the typical test, however, the child is never asked directly about the identity of the transformed row: instead. the question concerns the relati\~e number of objects in the two rows. The realization that the two rows still contain equal numbers is referred to as quantituti~~e
Magnetic field variations of the SI in the magnetosphere and correlated effects in interplanetary space

Abstract Explorer 26 magnetic field data in the magnetospheric region of L =3−6 and LT 1100–1500 hr with geomagnetic latitude range −6° to 27° have been analyzed for studying nineteen SI and SC events. Most of the SI events observed in the magnetosphere at less than 15° geomagnetic latitude are compressional with magnetic perturbations along the ambient field. Elliptic polarizations with magnetic field variations in all three components have been observed between 10° and 27° geomagnetic latitude. Polarization directions have been shown to have similar patterns to those observed in the surface magnetic field data. Afternoon LT zone data in the magnetosphere indicate polarization patterns in general agreement with the results of Wilson and Sugiura (1961) obtained earlier from surface observations. The SI/SC perturbations are also qualitatively shown to be related to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field observed beyond 1 a.u.
Immunoassay of Plasma Low-Density Lipoproteins

An immunoassay was developed for determining the concentration of the protein moiety of the low-density lipoproteins of human plasma. The concentration of this protein in the plasma was variable; it was higher than normal on the average in patients with familial hyperbetalipoproteinemia (type II) and endogenous hyperlipemia (type IV) and lower than normal in patients with fat-induced (type I) and mixed (type V) hyperlipemia. Patients with endogenous hyperlipemia were separable by the immunoassay into those with normal and those with supernormal low-density lipoprotein protein concentration.
Status report on the generalized likelihood ratio failure detection technique, with application to the F-8 aircraft

The generalized likelihood ratio technique, a scheme for detecting and identifying abrupt changes in dynamic systems, is described in detail. Attention is given to distinguishability, detectability, and sensitivity to modeling errors. This failure detection technique is applied to a two-dimensional model of the F-8, flying at Mach .6 at 20,000 ft. in cumulus clouds.
Household Extension and Fragmentation: Investigating the Socio-Environmental Dynamics of Mossi Domestic Transitions

Recent studies in West Africa and other parts of the world suggest that globalization and modernization make extended forms of domestic organization untenable in the face of modern economic and ecological circumstances. Unlike the large and extended domestic groups of pre-industrial and pre-colonial periods, households today tend to be small and nuclear. Thirty years ago, a series of case studies conducted on the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso documented this nucleation process among Mossi rural communities and predicted the decline and demise of Mossi extended households. This article tests the degree to which these predictions were correct based on ethnographic fieldwork in three villages in 2004. The results indicate that extended households indeed persist. Their persistence is explained by analyzing the roles of environmental and social change on the twin processes of household extension and fragmentation. Regional desiccation, off-farm income-generating opportunities, and agricultural intensification have created conditions that equally promote both household extension and fragmentation.
PREFERENCE IN PIGEONS GIVEN A CHOICE BETWEEN SEQUENCES OF FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULES: EFFECTS OF RATIO VALUES AND DURATION OF FOOD DELIVERY

Pigeons were exposed to schedules that consisted of two sequential fixed ratios, the completion of each followed by food delivery. When each alternative provided two food deliveries per 100 responses, the schedule with the shorter initial fixed-ratio value was consistently preferred. Subsequent attempts were made to shift this established preference by (1) increasing the ratio requirement in the second fixed ratio of the preferred schedule; (2) increasing the duration of food delivery in the second fixed ratio of the nonpreferred schedule; (3) decreasing the duration of food delivery in the first fixed ratio of the preferred schedule; and (4) shortening the second fixed ratio of the nonpreferred schedule. Preference shifted from the schedule with the shorter initial fixed ratio only when the duration of food delivery associated with the first fixed ratio of that schedule was too brief to allow eating. Under all other conditions, pigeons strongly preferred the schedule with the shorter initial fixed ratio even when, overall, that schedule yielded briefer access to food or required more responses to obtain equivalent access.
Moderate hypothermia and unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion: a contemporary cerebral protection strategy for aortic arch surgery.

Background Cerebral protection techniques during aortic arch surgery include deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, retrograde cerebral perfusion, and (or) antegrade cerebral perfusion. It is unclear whether unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (uSACP) in the setting of moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest (MHCA) constitutes an effective cerebral protective strategy during aortic arch reconstruction. Methods A retrospective review was performed for all aortic arch cases involving uSACP between January 2004 and December 2009. Of these 412 patients, 97 (24%) were treated emergently. Adverse outcomes included operative mortality, permanent neurologic dysfunction, temporary neurologic dysfunction, and renal failure requiring dialysis. Potential selection bias was controlled by the inclusion of 11 covariates. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model adverse outcome as a function of MHCA and the covariates. Adjusted odds ratios were formulated along with 95% confidence intervals. Results Three hundred forty-four patients underwent hemiarch reconstruction and 68 patients underwent total arch replacement. The mean core body temperature at the initiation of uSACP was 25.7°C ± 2.8°C with a uSACP time of 30 ± 15 minutes. Overall operative mortality occurred in 29 (7.0%) patients. The incidence of permanent neurologic dysfunction and temporary neurologic dysfunction were 3.6% and 5.1%, respectively. Nineteen (4.6%) patients suffered postoperative renal failure requiring dialysis. In the adjusted analysis, MHCA was not found to be an independent predictor of mortality, permanent neurologic dysfunction, temporary neurologic dysfunction, or renal failure requiring dialysis. Conclusions The MHCA with adjunctive uSACP is not an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes after aortic arch surgery. These data suggest that MHCA combined with uSACP represents an effective cerebral protective strategy in patients undergoing arch reconstruction in both the elective and emergent settings.
Should lawyers listen to philosophers about legal ethics

In the recent spate of philosophers' writing on legal ethics, most contend that lawyers' professional role exposes them to great risk of moral wrongdoing; and some even conclude that the role's demands inevitably corrupt lawyers' characters. In assessing their arguments, I take up three questions: (1) whether philosophers' training and experience give them authority to scold lawyers; (2) whether anything substantive has emerged in the scolding that lawyers are morally bound to take to heart; and (3) whether lawyers ought to defer to philosophers' claims about moral principle. I return a negative answer to each.
Interaction of electromagnetic fields and atomic clusters

In the framework of real-time real-space time-dependent density functional theory complemented with Ehrenfest molecular dynamics we have studied the response of nanostructures to intense femtosecond laser pulses. Examples of applications include laser desorption of hydrogen from graphene and Coulomb explosion of hydrocarbon molecules.
The evolution of modern human childbirth

Human birth follows a pattern which is unique among mammals. Distinctions include the orientation of the fetus as it passes through the birth canal, the way the fetus emerges from the birth canal, difficulty during labor, and behavior by the mother and/or other individuals around the time of birth. Birth has important implications for the morphology of the pelvis, for sex differences in the pelvis, for such aspects of human biology as size (and maturity) at birth, and for behavior (including cooperative behavior). This paper reviews the fossil and comparative evidence for when and how the modern pattern of birth evolved. The modern human pattern of birth evolved in a mosaic manner with some unique features appearing early in human evolution and others quite late. A human-like entry of the fetal head into the birth canal was already present among australopithecines as a result of their wide pelvic apertures. Other aspects of modern human birth such as the rotation of the head and body within the birth canal and the emergence of the fetal head in an occiput anterior position probably evolved later, when encephalization had placed increasing selection on both the form of the pelvis and the timing of birth. Cooperative behavior during and after birth accompanied the origin of the fully modern human mechanism of birth. The unique phenomenon of modern human birth did not evolve in response to a single “obstetrical dilemma” but as part of a complex interplay between changes in a number of aspects of human biology. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Exercise induces behavioral recovery and attenuates neurochemical deficits in rodent models of Parkinson's disease

Exercise is thought to improve motor function and emotional well-being in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is not clear if the improvements are due to neurochemical alterations within the affected nigrostriatal region or result from a more general effect of exercise on affect and motivation. In this study we show that motorized treadmill running improves the neurochemical and behavioral outcomes in two rodent models of PD: the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model and bilateral 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model in aged C57bl mice. Exposure to the dopamine (DA) toxins 6-OHDA or MPTP resulted in permanent behavioral and neurochemical loss. In contrast, when lesioned animals were exposed to treadmill activity two times a day for the first 10 days post-lesion they displayed no behavioral deficits across testing days and had significant sparing of striatal DA, its metabolites, tyrosine hydroxylase, vesicular monoamine transporter, and DA transporter levels compared to lesion sedentary animals. These results demonstrate that exercise following nigrostriatal damage ameliorates related motor symptoms and neurochemical deficits in rodent models of PD.
Management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the pediatric population is a sign that warrants further investigation. Diagnostic evaluation should start with a thorough physical examination and medical history. Depending on the severity of bleeding resuscitative therapy is initiated and further diagnostic studies are performed. Etiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is broad and includes mucosal and vascular disorders. Endoscopy is an invaluable technique allowing for both diagnosis and specific therapy. Most commonly used endoscopic methods include coagulation therapy, injection therapy, and ligation techniques. These methods require state-of-the-art equipment and a considerable level of expertise to achieve best possible outcome of this potentially life-threatening condition.
CALCIFICATION OF THE ASCENDING AND DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA IDENTIFIES TWO DISTINCT PHENOTYPES IN TYPE 2 DIABETES

The evidence regarding thoracic aortic calcification (TAC) as a potential independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality is mixed. However, many studies consider TAC as a single anatomic entity, when in fact the ascending and descending aorta are subject to different
Foil excitation mechanisms

Abstract Some mechanisms related to the excitation of atoms passing through foils are discussed. Simple models simulating these mechanisms are constructed and calculations performed in an attempt to gain qualitative understanding of the excitation process. Though no single model has been found to provide a reasonable guide to this complex problem, some qualitative relationships not in disagreement with experiment emerge. The energy dependence of electron capture by protons in a foil follows a E p −3 law at higher energies, consistent with recombbination in streaming plasmas. The role of inner-shell processes is also discussed.
Voluntary program to reduce soot

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced on 17 January that it has formulated a voluntary clean air program, Particulate Matter (PM) Advance, to help communities develop strategies to reduce fine-particle emissions, often called soot or particulate matter, that can be harmful to human health.
Bio-Assay Procedures for the Evaluation of Fish Toxicants with Particular Reference to Rotenone

Abstract The effects of variations in volume of solution of toxicant, aggregation, temperature, and change in condition of test animals during time of holding in the laboratory were investigated with regard to possible influences on bio-assay results. The western gambusia, Gambusia affinis affinis (Baird and Girard) was used as the test animal. In spite of relatively favorable experimental conditions, it seems that estimates of relative toxicity are affected by uncontrolled variations which greatly limit dependability. The relative stability of toxicity indices based on simultaneous comparisons of a standard with test materials was demonstrated. Although the advantages and possible limitations of the toxicity index were not fully explored, the procedure appeared to produce a consistency of results not previously encountered. Factors which may affect toxicity index values remain to be evaluated in bio-assay procedures with fish. However, some indication has already been given of the usefulness of this concept.
The relationship between corporate social responsibility and shareholder value: an empirical test of the risk management hypothesis

Do shareholders gain when managers disperse corporate resources through activities classified as corporate social responsibility (CSR)? Strategy scholars have recently developed a theoretical model that links such activities to shareholder value when a firm suffers a negative event; we test key portions of this theory of the ‘insurance-like’ property of CSR activity. We posit that such activity leads to positive attributions from stakeholders, who then temper their negative judgments and sanctions toward firms because of this goodwill. We extend the risk management model by theorizing that some types of CSR activities will be more likely to create goodwill and offer insurance-like protection than other types. We delineate several firm and event specific characteristics that we expect to influence the link between CSR activities and an insurance effect. We then test our model using an event study of 178 negative legal/regulatory actions against firms throughout the 11 years from 1993–2003. We find that participation in institutional CSR activities—those aimed at a firm's secondary stakeholders or society at large—provides an ‘insurance-like’ benefit, while participation in technical CSRs—those activities targeting a firm's trading partners—yields no such benefits. We conclude by considering the implications of our findings for future theorizing and research into the economic value of CSR engagement. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AN ADAPTIVELY REFINED QUADTREE GRID METHOD FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS

An adoptively refined quadtree grid method for the numerical solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented. A pressure-based scheme with allocated primitive variables is used as the solution algorithm. A process of grid refinement and flow solution is repeated until a sufficiently resolved solution is obtained. The present method has been applied to a variety of test cases. The results show that an adoptively refined quadtree grid can yield a better grid distribution over the flow, therefore yielding a more accurate solution as well as an improved convergence rate than a structured grid with a similar number of grid points.
Ferromanganoan sediments in the equatorial East Pacific

Abstract Ferromanganoan sediments containing little or no CaCO3 have been found to occur extensively throughout the region between the East Pacific Rise and the Galapagos Rise. Concentrations of Fe and Mn of up to 18 and 6.5%, respectively, accompany low concentrations of Al and Ti. The concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn are also high relative to more typical pelagic sediments. While chemically similar to the non-carbonate fraction of metalliferous sediments previously described from the East Pacific Rise, the mineralogy is markedly different. A non-detrital smectite makes up the bulk of sediment (70 to 90%) and is the most important iron bearing phase. Fe and Mn oxides, occurring primarily as micro-nodules, comprise 10 to 20% of the sediment. Detrital material is relatively rare, amounting to less than 10% in all samples.
The fundamental plan of the retina

The retina, like many other central nervous system structures, contains a huge diversity of neuronal types. Mammalian retinas contain approximately 55 distinct cell types, each with a different function. The census of cell types is nearing completion, as the development of quantitative methods makes it possible to be reasonably confident that few additional types exist. Although much remains to be learned, the fundamental structural principles are now becoming clear. They give a bottom-up view of the strategies used in the retina’s processing of visual information and suggest new questions for physiological experiments and modeling.
Harvest and storage costs for bales of switchgrass in the southeastern United States

Abstract A simulation was done to compare harvest costs for large round bales (1·8 m diameter × 1·5 m wide) vs large square bales (1 m high × 1·2 m wide × 2·4 m long). Assumptions were made to give each system an idealized opportunity to harvest switchgrass yields of 4·5, 9 and 18 dry Mg/ha. Using the round bale, total harvest costs (mow-condition, rake, bale and move to an on-farm storage location) were $17·00, $15·90 and $19·15/dry Mg, respectively. For the square bale, they were $13·40, $12·25 and $11·95/dry Mg, respectively. Density of hay in the windrow affected the performance of the round baler; heavier windrows produced lower density bales, thus harvest cost increased as yield doubled from 9 to 18 dry Mg/ha. Comparing at 9 Mg/ha yield, harvest cost was 23% less for the square bale. The square bales must be stored in covered storage ($14·16/dry-Mg-delivered annual storage cost to achieve 3% storage/handling loss), while net-wrapped round bales can be stored outside on crushed rock ($3·20/dry-Mg-delivered annual storage cost to achieve 5% storage/handling loss). Total harvest plus storage costs, per-dry-Mg delivered basis, were $20 for the round bale and $27 for the square bale. Because of the requirement for covered storage, the square bale will have more difficulty competing economically with the round bale in the southeastern United States. However, as yield increases above 9 dry Mg/ha and storage losses for round bales stored outside increase above 5%, the difference in cost decreases.
This Doesn't Look Familiar!: A Supervisor's Guide for Observing Co-Teachers

Among the challenges of delivering services to students with disabilities via a co-teaching model (the pairing of special and general education teachers in a general education classroom) is the dilemma of how to observe teachers in such a setting. Collaboration between a university and a large school district with special and general education supervisors investigated how the two disciplines looked at a co-taught lesson at the secondary level. Then, through a series of interactive workshops, special and general education supervisors developed a common lens for viewing a co-taught lesson, resulting in a guided format for observing co-teachers.
Optimal In Situ Bioremediation Design by Hybrid Genetic Algorithm-Simulated Annealing

Presented is a simulation/optimization (S/O) model combining optimization with BIOPLUME II for optimizing in situ bioremediation system design. The S/O model uses a new hybrid method combining genetic algorithms and simulated annealing to search for an optimal design and applies the BIOPLUME II model to simulate aquifer hydraulics and bioremediation. This new hybrid method is parallel recombinative simulated annealing, which is a general-purpose optimization approach that has the good convergence of simulated annealing and the efficient parallelization of a genetic algorithm. We propose a two-stage management approach. The first-stage design goal is to minimize total system cost (pumping/treatment, well installation, and facility capital costs). The second-stage design goal is to minimize the cost of a time-varying pumping strategy using the optimal system chosen by the first-stage optimization. Optimization results show that parallel recombinative simulated annealing performs better than simulated anneal...
A functional analysis of collateral behavior under differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedules

The collateral behavior of pigeons under differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedules was evaluated for its role in controlling DRL performance. Two of three pigeons engaged in high rates of collateral keypecking under schedules up to DRL 28 sec. Rate of collateral pecking was positively correlated with DRL efficiency. Topographical features of the collateral behavior were inconsistent with the notion that collateral behavior mediates DRL performance through response-produced stimuli. Rather, the collateral behavior appeared to interfere with the operant response, delaying it long enough to meet the DRL requirement.
Educational psychology and all is well 1

Educational psychologists are perennially concerned about the status of their discipline and their professional organization, Division 15 of the American Psychological Association. This paper reviews the scholarly and historical development of the discipline and the Division. It is concluded that educational psychology as a discipline has built upon sound bases, has emerged as a strong independent discipline, and has an effective professional organization.
Axonal transport in serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe.

Summary The projections of serotonin-containing neurons of the midbrain raphe nuclei (nucleus raphe dorsalis, nucleus centralis superior) are studied by analysis of axonal transport of labeled amino acids. These results are correlated with regional alterations of serotonin content following midbrain raphe lesions which produce significant serotonin depletion in nearly all regions of the central nervous system. Twenty-four hours following injection of 100 μCi [ 3 H]proline, raphe neurons have taken up labeled material and transported it, presumably as protein, to telencephalon, diencephalon, brain stem, the cerebellum and the spinal cord. This transport appears to take place predominantly in serotonin neurons. After injection of 100 μCi [ 3 H]5-HTP into nucleus raphe dorsalis or nucleus centralis superior, the pattern of regional distribution of transported material is very similar to that obtained with tritiated proline. Selective lesions of serotonin terminals with 5,6-DHT result in greatly diminished axonal transport of proteins to all telencephalic, diencephalic and mesencephalic areas as well as to cerebellum, pons-medulla and spinal cord. Unilateral destruction of the medial forebrain bundle results in significant reduction in axonal transport of labeled material to ipsilateral telencephalon and thalamus. These results provide further support for the view that serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe nuclei project widely throughout the neuraxis to telencephalon, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord.
Dynamic growth of an edge crack in a half space

Abstract The problem of an edge crack, propagating with constant velocity perpendicular to the boundary of a linear elastic half space, is solved numerically for typical self-similar loading cases. A limiting case of uniform pressure on the crack faces is shown to have a stress intensity factor close to that for the equivalent static problem, which serves as a check on the method. The effect of stress gradients is demonstrated and for impact loading, it is shown that cracks can only initiate under the center of the load if friction is present, and then only at very low crack tip speeds.
Two-photon excitation of the 5 (2)D states of rubidium.

We calculate the excitation rates of the 5 [sup 2][ital D][sub 3/2] and 5 [sup 2][ital D][sub 5/2] states of rubidium through the simultaneous absorption of two photons of different frequencies by the ground 5 [sup 2][ital S][sub 1/2] state. We include spin-orbit effects in the contribution of the 5[ital P] and 6[ital P] states, situated between the initial and final states, which give rise to the resonance structure in the two-photon spectrum. We indicate how our results can be used for the case in which the transition takes place between states with specified total angular momenta [ital F], for both [sup 85]Rb and [sup 87]Rb. For the case of counterpropagating photons with the same frequency, our results are compared with existing experimental data.
Calcineurin immunoreactivity in striatonigral degeneration

The basal ganglia (including substantia nigra) of two patients with striatonigral degeneration, who had clinical histories of Parkinson's disease, were studied immunohistochemically using a purified antibody to calcineurin (CaN). Marked loss of CaN-immunoreactive neurons in the putamen and neuromelanin-pigmented neurons in the zona compacta of the substantia nigra was seen in both cases. A small number of CaN-immunoreactive neurons remained dispersed in “clusters” or “islands” in the medial portion of the putamen. In one case there was loss of CaN-immunoreactive neurons in the caudate nucleus to a lesser degree than that in the putamen. In addition, both cases showed marked depletion of CaN-immunoreactive afferent nerve fibers in the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus and the zona reticulata of the substantia nigra. This report emphasizes the usefulness of the CaN-immunostaining technique for assessing the striatal efferents in human basal ganglia, and shows the neuropathological changes in the basal ganglia with striatonigral degeneration which were not possible to ascertain with previous techniques.
The Production of Possession: Spirits and the Multinational Corporation in Malaysia

The sanitized environments maintained by multinational corporations in Malaysian “free trade zones”1 are not immune to sudden spirit attacks on young female workers. Ordinarily quiescent, Malay factory women who are seized by vengeful spirits explode into demonic screaming and rage on the shop floor. Management responses to such unnerving episodes include isolating the possessed workers, pumping them with Valium, and sending them home. Yet a Singapore2 doctor notes that “a local medicine man can do more good than tranquilizers” (Chew 1978:51). Whatever healing technique used, the cure is never certain, for the Malays consider spirit possession an illness that afflicts the soul (jiwa). This essay will explore how the reconstitution of illness, bodies, and consciousness is involved in the deployment of healing; practices in multinational factories.
Staphylococcus epidermidis Meningitis and an Intraspinal Abscess Associated with a Midthoracic Dermal Sinus Tract

Congenital neuroectodermal defects are associated with meningitis that is unresponsive to conventional antibiotic therapy, recurrent bacterial meningitis, or meningitis due to an organism that is not usually the cause of this disease. Midthoracic dermoid and epidermoid cysts occur rarely and are easily overlooked. We report the case of a 13-month-old boy with meningitis that was unresponsive to antimicrobial therapy. We subsequently identified an intraspinal abscess, an infection due to Staphylococcus epidermidis, and a midthoracic dermoid cyst. We emphasize the need for clinicians to have a high index of suspicion and to make a careful physical examination when antibiotic treatment fails in patients with meningitis. We also provide a detailed anatomy of a midthoracic dermoid cyst and illustrate the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative diagnosis of congenital neuroectodermal defects.
High-Level Synthesis of Fault-Secure Microarchitectures

Advances in VLSI technology are making it feasible to pack millions of transistors on a single chip. A consequent increase in the number of on-chip faults as well as the growing import of quality metrics such as reliability and fault-tolerance are necessitating on-chip fault-tolerance. On-chip realization of a computation is fault-secure if no fault in the computation goes undetected. In this paper, we present high-level synthesis of fault-secure microarchitectures which require less than proportional increase in hardware. The proposed strategy selects intermediate computations for additional voting. The resulting class of fault-secure microarchitectures supplants the enormous hardware requirements of naive fault-secure strategies with enhanced hardware utilization afforded by securing the intermediate computations.
The effect of sodium meclofenamate in premenstrual asthma: a controlled clinical trial.

Abstract We speculated that changes in endogenous prostaglandin synthesis might be responsible for the syndrome of premenstrual asthma (worsening of asthma in relation to menstruation). To test our hypothesis, we compared the effects of sodium meclofenamate, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, and placebo on premenstrual asthma in a 4-month, double-blind, crossover study of 17 women with asthma. Day-by-day evaluation revealed that peak expiratory flow reached a nadir during menstruation on both meclofenamate and placebo therapy and varied inversely with menstrual symptoms and asthma symptoms. Meclofenamate therapy resulted in significant improvement in peak expiratory flow during the early premenstrual period but had no treatment effect on the exacerbation of asthma during the late premenstrual period and early menstruation. The overall improvement in pulmonary function caused by meclofenamate therapy was correlated with the treatment effect on menstrual symptoms. Meclofenamate caused a small, nonsignificant decrease in use of theophyllin and oral β-agonist agents, whereas corticosteroid use increased slightly but not significantly. This study demonstrates the temporal relationship between menstrual symptoms and asthma. The study also demonstrates that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis does not prevent exacerbation of asthma in relation to menstruation.
Counterstories of college persistence by undocumented Mexicana students: navigating race, class, gender, and legal status

This paper draws from four sets of four in‐depth interviews and one subsequent focus group to examine how undocumented Mexicana students navigate identities and the meanings of race, gender, class, and legal status. We mobilize a critical race theory framework to center and explore the content of students’ counterstories. While majoritarian stories perpetuate stereotypical narratives that portray communities of color as culturally deficient, counterstorytelling creates a space for exposing and resisting hegemonic narratives in the home, community, and college settings. We argue that, through counterstories, Mexicana students are able to develop a positive self‐image that allows them to hang on to their academic aspirations, to persist in college, and to envision and pursue the possibility of success. We look at how undocumented Mexicana students’ narratives also reproduce and/or reinscribe elements of oppressive discourses of race, class, and gender in the contemporary USA. We consider some implications o...
Performance-driven evaluation of bipolar analog layouts

An approach is described for evaluating the effect of an analog bipolar circuit's layout on its performance. The approach uses a combination of sensitivity analysis to determine the sensitivity of circuit performance on parametric component variations and parasitic elements. Rules of thumb are then used to detect whether the layout attempts to minimize these sensitivities. The approach has been implemented in a tool which has been integrated into the Berkeley OCT/VEM environment and tested using examples from industry. >
Countering ambiguity in exterior intrusion detection

Reliance on sensors for exterior intrusion detection is inherently uncertain because neither the occurrence nor the absence of an alarm has a unique cause. Does ldquoalarmrdquo status indicate that an intruder has been detected, or that current site conditions have satisfied the sensorpsilas alarm criteria, resulting in a nuisance alarm? Does ldquono alarmrdquo mean no intruder is present or non-detection of an intruder? The consequence is ambiguity in interpreting the alarm status of an intrusion detection system. Two formulations, consistent with Dempster-Shafer theory, are presented that assist the security operator in distinguishing detections from nuisance alarms each time an alarm occurs, and distinguishing no activity from non-detection in the absence of any alarm. The first representation fuses multiple values of probability of detection or nuisance alarm likelihood, while retaining the dependence on factors (e.g., weather, terrain, intruder activity) that influence detection capability and nuisance alarm occurrence. The second representation associates a level of belief for an alarm occurrence being a detection, a nuisance alarm, or a false alarm, or for the absence of an alarm indicating no intruder present versus non-detection of an intruder.
Winning Isn't Everything: Competition, Achievement Orientation, and Intrinsic Motivation

Abstract To test Harackiewicz and Sansone's (1991) process model of intrinsic motivation in a competitive context, we examined the effects of competition and achievement orientation on intrinsic motivation. In Study 1, participants received positive or negative feedback regarding their performance in competitive and noncompetitive conditions, and we found that achievement orientation moderated the effects of competition. Individuals high in achievement orientation enjoyed a word game more in competition than those low in achievement orientation across conditions of positive and negative feedback. We also examined the effects of performance feedback and found positive effects of interpersonal (outcome) and intrapersonal feedback that were independent of competitive context. In Study 2, we found that achievement orientation moderated the effects of competition, even in the absence of outcome feedback. Mediational analyses identified competence valuation, perceived challenge, eagerness, and positive affect as mediators of competition and feedback effects on intrinsic motivation.