cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of a Collagen-Like Polypeptide Fragmentation after Mid-IR Free-Electron Laser Ablation

Tissue ablation with mid-infrared irradiation tuned to collagen vibrational modes results in minimal collateral damage. The hypothesis for this effect includes selective scission of protein molecules and excitation of surrounding water molecules, with the scission process currently favored. In this article, we describe the postablation infrared spectral decay kinetics in a model collagen-like peptide (Pro-Pro-Gly)10. We find that the decay is exponential with different decay times for other, simpler dipeptides. Furthermore, we find that collagen-like polypeptides, such as (Pro-Pro-Gly)10, show multiple decay times, indicating multiple scission locations and cross-linking to form longer chain molecules. In combination with data from high-resolution mass spectrometry, we interpret these products to result from the generation of reactive intermediates, such as free radicals, cyanate ions, and isocyanic acid, which can form cross-links and protein adducts. Our results lead to a more complete explanation of the reduced collateral damage resulting from infrared laser irradiation through a mechanism involving cross-linking in which collagen-like molecules form a network of cross-linked fibers.
Delayed surgery in displaced paediatric supracondylar fractures: a safe approach? Results from a large UK tertiary paediatric trauma centre

Background Displaced paediatric supracondylar humeral fractures pose a significant risk of neurovascular injury and consequently have traditionally been treated as a surgical emergency. Recently, the need for emergency surgery has been questioned. We wished to analyse our experience at a large UK tertiary paediatric trauma centre.
Single axioms for groups and Abelian groups with various operations

This paper summarizes the results of an investigation into single axioms for groups, both ordinary and Abelian, with each of following six sets of operations: {product, inverse}, {division}, {double division, identity}, {double division, inverse}, {division, identity}, and {division, inverse}. In all but two of the twelve corresponding theories, we present either the first single axioms known to us or single axioms shorter than those previously known to us. The automated theorem-proving program OTTER was used extensively to construct sets of candidate axioms and to search for and find proofs that given candidate axioms are in fact single axioms.
Inside RISKS: risks in medical electronics

The RISKS Forum has had many accounts of annoying errors, expensive breakdowns, privacy abuses, security breaches, and potential safety hazards. However, postings describing documented serious injuries or deaths that scan be unequivocally attributed to deficiencies in the design or implementation of computer-controlled systems are very rare. A tragic exception was a series of accidents which occurred between 1985 and 1987 involving a computer-controlled radiation therapy machine.
Measurement of ϵ′/ϵ at Fermilab

Abstract The current status of the measurement of “direct” CP violation parameters ϵ′/ϵ in the Fermilab experiment E731 is reviewed. Preliminary results on upper limit for the decays KL → π0e+e− and π0 → e+e− (from 20% of the data taken in 1987–1988) are also reported.
Derivation of a parallel algorithm for balancing binary trees

A recent trend in program methodologies is to derive efficient parallel programs from sequential programs. This study explores the question of transforming a sequential algorithm into an efficient parallel algorithm by considering the problem of balancing binary search trees. The derivation of the parallel algorithm makes use of stepwise refinement. The authors first derive a new iterative balancing algorithm that exploits the similarity of point restructuring required at all the nodes at the same level. From this they derive a parallel algorithm that has time complexity O(1) on an N-processor configuration. This achieves the theoretical limit of speedup possible in a multiprocessor configuration.
Effect of purified gonadotropins upon release of spermatozoa in the frog, Rana pipiens.

SummaryRelease of spermatozoa by the frog, Rana pipiens, after administration of “purified” FSH, LH, prolactin and HCG has been studied. The minimal doses of these hormones which produced a response in over 75% of the animals in each group were: 5 mg of FSH, 0.05 mg of LH and 25 LIT. of HCG. Prolactin did not elicit a response. Our data indicate that the release of spermatozoa in the frog can be induced by LH or a substance with an LH-like activity (HCG). The positive response to FSH is attributed by us to the contamination of the preparation with LH (2 to 3% by manufacturer's assay). It is suggested that this rapid and sensitive response to LH might be utilized to assay the purity of FSH preparations.
Aberrant Type I Interferon Regulation in Autoimmunity: Opposite Directions in MS and SLE, Shaped by Evolution and Body Ecology.

Studying the action of mechanisms of type I IFN provides the insight to elucidate the cause and therapy for autoimmune diseases. There are high IFN responses in some diseases such as connective tissue diseases, but low responses in multiple sclerosis. Distinct IFN features lead us to understand pathology of a spectrum of autoimmune diseases and help us to search genetic changes, gene expression, and biomarkers for diagnosis, disease progression, and treatment response.
Locally homogenized and de-noised vector fields for cardiac fiber tracking in DT-MRI images

In this study we develop a methodology to accurately extract and visualize cardiac microstructure from experimental Diffusion Tensor (DT) data. First, a test model was constructed using an image-based model generation technique on Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DT-MRI) data. These images were derived from a dataset having 122x122x500 um 3 voxel resolution. De-noising and image enhancement was applied to this high-resolution dataset to clearly define anatomical boundaries within the images. The myocardial tissue was segmented from structural images using edge detection, region growing, and level set thresholding. The primary eigenvector of the diffusion tensor for each voxel, which represents the longitudinal direction of the fiber, was calculated to generate a vector field. Then an advanced locally regularizing nonlinear anisotropic filter, termed Perona-Malik (PEM), was used to regularize this vector field to eliminate imaging artifacts inherent to DT-MRI from volume averaging of the tissue with the surrounding medium. Finally, the vector field was streamlined to visualize fibers within the segmented myocardial tissue to compare the results with unfiltered data. With this technique, we were able to recover locally regularized (homogenized) fibers with a high accuracy by applying the PEM regularization technique, particularly on anatomical surfaces where imaging artifacts were most apparent. This approach not only aides in the visualization of noisy complex 3D vector fields obtained from DT-MRI, but also eliminates volume averaging artifacts to provide a realistic cardiac microstructure for use in electrophysiological modeling studies.
Economics, cognitive science and social cognition

I discuss the role of economics in the study of social cognition. A currently popular view is that microeconomics should collapse into psychology partly because cognitive science has shown that valuation is constitutively social, whereas non-psychological economics insists that it is not. In the paper I resist this view, partly by reference to the relevant history of economic theory, and partly by reference to an alternative model of the way in which that theory complements, without reducing to, psychological accounts of social cognition.
Novel gas distributors and optimization for high power density in fuel cells

A novel gas distributor for fuel cells is proposed. It has three-dimensional current-collecting elements distributed in gas-delivery fields for effective current collection and heat/mass transfer enhancement. An analysis model has been developed in order to understand the performance of the output power density when the dimensions and distributive arrangement of the current collectors are different. Optimization analysis for a planar-type SOFC was conducted in order to outline the approach in optimizing a gas-delivery field when adopting three-dimensional current-collecting elements in a fuel cell. Experimental test of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell adopting the novel gas distributor was conducted for verification of the new approach. Significant improvement of power output was obtained for the proposed new PEM fuel cells compared to the conventional ones under the same conditions except for the different gas distributors. Both the experimental results and modeling analysis are of great significance to the design of fuel cells of high power density.
Analysis of junctional diversity during B lymphocyte development

Immunoglobulin rearrangement is central to generating antibody diversity because of heterogeneity generated during recombination by deletion or addition of nucleotides at coding joints by the recombinase machinery. Examination of these junctional modifications revealed that the addition of nongermline-encoded nucleotides was more prevalent in adult versus fetal B cells, thus partially limiting the fetal antibody repertoire. In contrast, deletion of nucleotides occurs equivalently in B cells at different stages of development and at different points in B cell ontogeny. Finally, the bias in murine immunoglobulins for one DH segment reading frame occurs at the DHJH intermediate.
Crystal growth and characterization of thick GaN layers grown by oxide vapor transport technique

Abstract Single-crystal GaN layers of 20–40 μm thickness were grown in an oxide transport process using a mixture of commercially available Ga 2 O 3 powder and graphite powder as precursors. Ammonia was used as the source of nitrogen in these experiments. A two-flow design was used to perform these experiments, in which, the nitrogen carrier gas was passed through the powder to transport the resulting gallium suboxide (Ga 2 O) towards the seed crystal. The GaN layers thus obtained from the processes were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and reciprocal space mappings. XRD patterns showed that the grown GaN layers are single crystals oriented along c -direction with wurtzite structure.
Onset of Finger Convection in a Horizontal Porous Layer Underlying a Fluid Layer

The problem of the onset of finger convection in a porous layer underlying a fluid layer is considered using linear stability analysis. The linear stability equations for the porous layer are formulated for temperature and salinity gradients existing in both layers. The eigenvalue problem is solved by a shooting method. The solution method and associated computer program are validated by comparison with the results of Sun (1973) for the thermal convection case. Results are also presented for the onset of salt-finger convection.
Vector and tensor analyzing-power measurements for 3 H(d-->,d) 3 H elastic scattering at 11.4 and 14.4 MeV

Angular distribution of the vector and tensor analyzing powers ${A}_{y}$, ${A}_{\mathrm{xz}}$, $\frac{1}{2}({A}_{\mathrm{xx}}\ensuremath{-}{A}_{\mathrm{yy}})$, and ${A}_{\mathrm{zz}}$ have been measured at 11.4 and 14.4 MeV for $d+^{3}\mathrm{H}$ elastic scattering. Mass identification techniques were used in detecting the scattered deuteron and the recoil triton at most angles. Measurements were made for the 33 to 140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} center-of-mass angular range. The angular distributions of the various analyzing powers are very similar at both energies and additionally are similar to the $d+^{3}\mathrm{He}$ analyzing-power data of K\"onig et al. at 11.5 MeV.
EFFECT OF PARTIAL. LASER BEAM COVERAGE ON POINT-WISE FILTERING OF SPECKLEGRAMS

The effect of partial beam coverage of specklegrams was studied. In this, fringes were found to be observable for very minimal beam coverage. This result may be used advantageously in the application of a pin specimen subjected to sliding wear, where displacement information is sought for points very close to the sliding edge.4 Accordingly, instead of using a very narrow beam (focused) in the filtering process, a portion of an ordinary unexpanded laser beam of a typical diameter (e.g., 1.2 mm) can be used to cover the point of interest near the edge of the specklegram.
Variant sandwich pairs

Since the development of the calculus of variations there has been interest in finding critical points of functionals. This was intensified by the fact that for many equations arising in practice, the solutions are critical points. In searching for such points, there is a distinct advantage if the functional G is semibounded. In this case one can find a Palais-Smale (PS) sequence G (uk) c, G ′(uk) 0 or even a Cerami sequence G (uk) c, (1 + ‖uk ‖)G ′(uk) 0. These sequences produce critical points if they have convergent subsequences. However, there is no clear method of finding critical points of functionals which are not semibounded. Linking subsets do provide such a method. They can produce a PS sequence provided they separate the functional. In previous papers we have shown that there are pairs of subsets that can produce Cerami-like sequences even though they do not separate the functional. We call such sets sandwich pairs. All that is required is that the functional be bounded from above on one ofthe sets and bounded from below on the other, with no relationship needed between the bounds. This provides a distinct advantage in applications. The present paper discusses the situation in which one cannot find linking subsets which separate the functional or sandwich pairs for which the functional is bounded below on one set and bounded above on the other. We develop a method which can deal with such situations. We apply the method to problems in partial differential equations (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Aortic intimal sarcoma: Report of two cases with immunohistochemical analysis for pathogenesis

Primary vascular neoplasms are rare entities. They were first described as arising spontaneously in the aorta and other vessels. However, in the past several decades, a number of systemic artery-derived vascular neoplasms, mostly sarcomas, have been reported as arising in intimate association with synthetic grafts. We describe two additional cases of intimal sarcoma seen at our institution. The first is an invasive intimal sarcoma detected in a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm at the time of surgical intervention. The second is a superficial spreading intimal sarcoma associated with a Dacron-coated graft, in place for 9 years, detected when the graft was replaced. When the patient died 3 months later, a metastatic subcutaneous sarcomatous lesion was detected at autopsy. In these cases, we studied selective molecular pathways that may be involved in the transformation of benign endothelium to malignant endothelium, with implications for possible therapeutic targets. These cases are presented in order to contribute additional data to the literature involving these vascular neoplasms and to potentially provide a spectrum of disease seen in the vasculature tissues that may arise spontaneously or after placement of a synthetic graft.
817: Indications for primary cesarean delivery and peripartum maternal and neonatal complications

816 Impact of obesity on cesarean Shayna Norman, Methodius Tuuli, Ryan Longman, Anthony Odibo, Alison Cahill Washington University in St. Louis, Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Louis, MO OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the length of time from cesarean skin incision to infant delivery time and total operating time for women with increasing body mass index (BMI), and the possible effects of increased time from skin incision to delivery of the infant on neonatal acidosis. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all cesarean deliveries occurring at one institution from 2004-2008. Four comparison groups were defined by body mass index (BMI) 30 (n 768), 30-39.9 (n 1134), 40-49.9 (n 436), or 50 (n 205). Primary outcomes were time from skin incision to delivery and time from skin incision to skin closure. Secondary outcomes included umbilical arterial pH and base excess. RESULTS: Increasing BMI was associated with significantly increased time from skin incision to infant delivery and total operating time when compared to non-obese patients. Time from skin incision to delivery of the infant was 9.4 5.8 minutes for patients with BMI 30 vs. 15.9 11.2 minutes for patients with BMI 50, with a p-value 0.01. Neonatal umbilical arterial pH was lower and base excess was greater in obese patients undergoing cesarean. (Table) CONCLUSION: Increasing BMI is associated with a significantly increased time from skin incision to infant delivery, and the increased time may be associated with measures of neonatal acidosis. Cesarean technique remains to be optimized for obese women.
Determination of equilibrium points in non-zero sum non-cooperative games†

Abstract Equilibrium points provide a method of solution to non-zero sum non-cooperative games. In this work, after initially considering solution concepts associated with such games, a variant of the method of fictitious play has been used for determining equilibrium points. This method is simple and easy to implement computationally. Two-player, three-player and higher order examples illustrate the effectiveness of the method. Stability of solution is achieved rather rapidly in most examples, except for a set of non-convergent examples reported by Shapley (1964). liven in these eases stabilization of the solution is sometimes possible by modifying the algorithm. Solutions to team games where team members do not coordinate their strategies but try to play the game on an individual basis are obtained by fictitious play and compared to the team equilibrium points.
Complex Nasal Reconstruction: A Case Study: Composite Defect

A woman presents after Mohs excision of a basal cell carcinoma within the right alar. A composite defect of her right upper lip, cheek, and ala is present. Although distressed, her concerns are somewhat alleviated by the prior successful reconstruction of a full-thickness defect of her left ala, some years previously. This content presents the principles of the repair, the surgical plan, and details of the multiple procedures performed for successful reconstruction.
A dose of Camp Dost: meeting the psychosocial needs of children with cancer.

Medical advances in the treatment of cancer in children have exacted a high psychological cost. It is necessary for all health-care professionals to explore different means of meeting the adjustment demands of this population. This paper briefly discusses one such intervention–a summer camp experience–while outlining the camp's psychosocial objectives.
A dry-release method based on polymer columns for microstructure fabrication

A fabrication process that eliminates the adhesion of surface-micromachined suspended mechanical structures to the underlying substrate during a sacrificial-etch release is presented. The method is based on the construction of a periodic array of polymer columns or rubber feet that stiffen the structure during the sacrificial etch. Flat polycrystalline silicon plates measuring 3000*3000*1- mu m suspended 1 mu m above the substrate are easily fabricated by this method. This process has applications in the fabrication of micromachined plates used in devices such as accelerometers and pressure sensors. >
The impact of race and postoperative atrial fibrillation on operative mortality after elective coronary artery bypass grafting.

OBJECTIVE: Black patients are less likely to develop postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) than whites. However, the influence of race and POAF on operative mortality has not been examined. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of race and POAF on operative mortality after CABG. METHODS: Patients undergoing elective CABG between 1992 and 2011 were included. Operative mortality was compared between patients with and those without new-onset POAF by race. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using Poisson (robust variance estimates) and log-binomial regression models. RESULTS: A total of 1215 (23%) patients developed POAF (white n= 1060; black n= 155) following CABG (N= 5387). Operative mortality differed by POAF status within race category (white POAF: adjusted RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.86–2.2; black POAF: adjusted RR = 5.0, 95% CI = 1.9–13; Pinteraction = 0.0016). Black POAF patients had a 2-fold increased risk of operative death compared with white POAF patients (Padjusted = 0.052). CONCLUSION: POAF was observed to be a stronger predictor of operative mortality in black compared with white patients undergoing elective CABG.
Mediators and Moderators in the Evaluation of Programs for Children: Current Practice and Agenda for Improvement

The author examines the role of mediators and moderators in the evaluation of programs for children. The terms are defined and examples of each are presented. Using bibliometric analysis, the author examines how evaluators use mediators and moderators in treatment studies in education, juvenile justice, health care, child protection, and mental health. The use of mediators and moderators is sporadic and vague at best. An agenda for improvement is outlined that includes greater use of program theory and intensive case studies to find out why researchers in prevention and health promotion incorporate mediators and moderators more effectively in their evaluations.
Optimization schemas for parallel implementation of nondeterministic languages and systems

Naive parallel implementation of nondeterministic systems (such as a theorem proving system) and languages (such as a logic, constraint, or a concurrent constraint language) can result in poor performance. We present three optimization schemas based on flattening of the computation tree, procrastination of overheads, and sequentialization of computations that can be systematically applied to parallel implementations of nondeterministic systems/languages to reduce the parallel overhead and to obtain improved efficiency of parallel execution. The effectiveness of these schemas is illustrated by applying them to the ACE parallel logic programming system. Performance data presented shows that considerable improvement in performance can result.
Evolutionary task assignment in distributed multi-agent networks with local interactions

In distributed multi-agent networks with local interactions, effective resource allocation to attain multiple tasks is a key system performance. In this paper, a dynamic evolutionary task assignment approach for such networks is introduced. According to this novel approach, every agent will allocate resources according to its individuallyassigned task prioritization as well as local interactions with neighboring agents. The effects of different parameters used in the approach are studied and tested by simulations. Relevant applications to robot networks are discussed. A comprehensive simulation-based study is provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach.
Regional restoration across the Kwanza Basin, Angola: Salt tectonics triggered by repeated uplift of a metastable passive margin

Restoration of a 375-km (230-mi)-long section across the Kwanza Basin, Angola, shows three stages of deformation detaching on Aptian salt, each caused by basement tectonics. First, tilting related to postrift thermal subsidence initiated early Albian deformation, shortly after salt deposition ended. Deformation waned in the late Albian, probably because of thinning of salt lubricant beneath the extensional province. The second phase of deformation was triggered by hitherto unrecognized crustal uplift beneath the continental rise around 75 Ma (Campanian). Uplift led to salt extrusion and seaward advance of the Angola salt nappe over the abyssal plain. Exposure of the nappe toe removed the buttress provided by abyssal-plain cover, which rejuvenated seaward translation. Third, Miocene basement uplift below the shelf steepened the bathymetric slope and greatly accelerated downslope translation. This deformation is now slowing because accelerated sedimentation on the abyssal plain reduced the relief of the system and blocked salt-nappe advance.
Mining software repositories for traceability links

An approach to recover/discover traceability links between software artifacts via the examination of a software system's version history is presented. A heuristic-based approach that uses sequential-pattern mining is applied to the commits in software repositories for uncovering highly frequent co-changing sets of artifacts (e.g., source code and documentation). If different types of files are committed together with high frequency then there is a high probability that they have a traceability link between them. The approach is evaluated on a number of versions of the open source system KDE. As a validation step, the discovered links are used to predict similar changes in the newer versions of the same system. The results show highly precision predictions of certain types of traceability links.
The asymptotics of the determinant function for a class of operators

Let A be an elliptic pseudodifferential operator on a closed manifold M and ord A > dim M. We derive the asymptotics of log det( 1 + eAl) when e e oo . The constant term of this asymptotics equals log det A. INTRODUCTION Let A be an elliptic pseudodifferential operator on a closed manifold M and n = ordA > dimM = d. Suppose that arg(A(p,ep) d/n. The c-function 4(s) = TrA S is holomorphic in the half-plane Res > d/n and admits analytic continuation to a meromorphic function in the whole complex plane. The poles of this function are located in the points (d j)/n; j = 0, 1, 2, . The point 0 is not really a pole of 4(s) . If the operator A is differential or it is a power of a differential operator some other poles drop. The residues of 4C(s) and the numbers 4C(0), 4C(1), . . . can be calculated if one knows the complete symbol of the operator A [1-3]. Particularly the point s = 0 is a regular point of the C-function and one can define (1) W(A) = logdetA = -c (0) It is easy to check that this definition gives us the generalization of a finite dimensional operator's determinant. On the other hand the inverse operator A-' belongs to the trace class and the determinants
What Are You Feeling? Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Assess the Modulation of Sensory and Affective Responses during Empathy for Pain

Background. Recent neuroscientific evidence suggests that empathy for pain activates similar neural representations as the first-hand experience of pain. However, empathy is not an all-or-none phenomenon but it is strongly malleable by interpersonal, intrapersonal and situational factors. This study investigated how two different top-down mechanisms – attention and cognitive appraisal - affect the perception of pain in others and its neural underpinnings. Methodology/ Principal Findings. We performed one behavioral (N=23) and two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments (N=18). In the first fMRI experiment, participants watched photographs displaying painful needle injections, and were asked to evaluate either the sensory or the affective consequences of these injections. The role of cognitive appraisal was examined in a second fMRI experiment in which participants watched injections that only appeared to be painful as they were performed on an anesthetized hand. Perceiving pain in others activated the affective-motivational and sensory-discriminative aspects of the pain matrix. Activity in the somatosensory areas was specifically enhanced when participants evaluated the sensory consequences of pain. Perceiving non-painful injections into the anesthetized hand also led to signal increase in large parts of the pain matrix, suggesting an automatic affective response to the putatively harmful stimulus. This automatic response was modulated by areas involved in self/other distinction and valence attribution – including the temporo-parietal junction and medial orbitofrontal cortex. Conclusions/Significance. Our findings elucidate how top-down control mechanisms and automatic bottom-up processes interact to generate and modulate other-oriented responses. They stress the role of cognitive processing in empathy, and shed light on how emotional and bodily awareness enable us to evaluate the sensory and affective states of others.
High-speed 1.3-&#181;m LED transmitter using GaAs driver IC

For an application to a high-speed LED driver, a shunt drive circuit which is eminently suitable for GaAs IC's has been developed. This circuit has been embodied in a monolithic GaAs IC. A compact hybrid IC of an LED transmitter, i.e., a combination of this GaAs IC and a high-speed LED, has been fabricated. A high bit rate (NRZ 4000 M bit/s) transmission was demonstrated by using this LED transmitter.
THE ODOROUS ATTRACTANT OF THE AMERICAN COCKROACH, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (L.) II. A BIOASSAY METHOD FOR THE ATTRACTANT

A method has been developed for the assay of the odorous attractant of the cockroach, P. americana. The method, called the counterpoint test, employs two matched groups of roaches and provides for a simultaneous titration of standard and unknown. It has a statistical error of ±40 per cent at a level of significance of 95 per cent.
Characterization and Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia and Rhizoctonia-Like spp. From Pea Crops in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington.

Isolates of Rhizoctonia and Rhizoctonia-like spp. (n = 179) were baited selectively from soil and plant samples collected from irrigated pea crops in the semiarid Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington from 2011 to 2013, and characterized to species, subspecies, and anastomosis groups (AG) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. Rhizoctonia solani comprised 76% of all isolates, and included isolates of AG 4 (31% of all isolates), AG 2-1 (18%), AG 3 (10%), AG 8 (8%), AG 5 (5%), AG 10 (3%), and AG 9 (1%). The isolates of Ceratobasidium spp. (20%) comprised four AGs: AG K (11%), AG A (6%), AG I (2%), and AG I-like (1%). Waitea circinata isolates (4%) comprised two subspecies: W. circinata var. circinata (approximately 4%) and W. circinata var. zeae (<1%). Repeated pathogenicity tests of isolates of the 10 most frequently detected AGs and subspecies on ‘Serge’ pea at 15°C revealed that R. solani AG 2-1 caused the greatest reduction in pea emergence, followed by R. solan...
Theoretical basis and measurement techniques for SSN (Simultaneous switching noise) on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) products

With the increase of data rate and clock speed, as well as the decrease of power supply voltage on todaypsilas technology, simultaneous switching noise (SSN) has become critical in order for the entire system to have an error free design. The difference in a few milli-volts may cause the system to fail. Therefore, it is very important to understand the characteristics of the SSN glitch of an active device for correct system-level performance. This paper quantifies the amount of SSN glitch launched from a FPGA into the near end of the printed circuit board (PCB) transmission line without being influenced by the response of the measurement system. It also analyzes practical measurement approaches with different probing methods and measurement methodologies to understand the characteristics of the SSN glitch. This paper is a guide to understand the SSN characteristics for system electronic system designers.
Assessing and Treating Work-Related Asthma

Work-related asthma is asthma that is caused or exacerbated by exposures at work. It is the most common form of occupational lung disease in developed countries. It has important impacts on the health and well-being of the affected individual, as well as consequences for society because of unemployment issues and workers' compensation claims. With ongoing exposure, occupational asthma can result in persistent airway hyperresponsiveness and, possibly, permanent disability for the individual. Thus, it is important for the clinician to be able to diagnose this disorder as quickly and accurately as possible. The evaluation of a patient with work-related asthma can be extensive. It includes obtaining a consistent history, identifying the cause in the workplace, and confirming the diagnosis with objective tests. After a diagnosis has been made, treatment must sometimes go beyond the medications used for nonoccupational asthma and include interventions to minimize or completely remove the individual from exposure to the causal agent if he or she has sensitizer-induced occupational asthma. In addition, once an individual has been identified with occupational asthma, steps should be taken to prevent the development of this disorder in other workers. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature and provide the clinician with a stepwise approach to the diagnosis and management of a patient with work-related asthma.
IRI-h, a Java-based distance education system: architecture and performance

We used our Original Interactive Remote Instruction (IRI) system to teach scores of university classes over the past years at sites up to 300 km apart. While this system is a prototype, its use in real classes allows us to deal with crucial issues in distributed education instruction systems. We describe our motivation and vision for a reimplementation of IRI that supports synchronous and asynchronous distance education. This new version, called IRI-h (h for hetergeneous), is coded in Java and executes on several different platforms. IRI-h extends IRI both to multiple platforms and heterogeneous network experiences with the developing prototype, including preliminary performance evaluation, and also unresolved issues still to be addressed.
Cancer screening in the USA

Once screening for cancer has been shown to be effective, reducing cancer morbidity and mortality in the population depends on the successful delivery of mass screening. Today, screening for cancer may be achieved through the organized delivery of services, or unsystematically, by individual referral for screening at intervals which are not necessarily optimal or regularly spaced. Organized screening is distinguished from unsystematic screening primarily on the basis of how the offer of screening occurs--whether by invitation, issued from centralized population registers or coincidently, depending on individuals seeking screening on their own, or having providers initiate screening during visits for care for other reasons. This manuscript describes cancer screening in the USA, which for most Americans is unsystematic. While this model can achieve many of the goals of screening, these goals are achieved at a greater cost, less efficiently, and without the assurance of full participation of the entire, eligible population. In order to achieve the fullest potential of cancer screening in the most cost-effective manner, screening should be organized, with attention to monitoring the fullest performance of the programme from recruitment to follow-up.
Option Pricing Bounds and Statistical Uncertainty: Using Econometrics to Find an Exit Strategy in Derivatives Trading

Publisher Summary The standard approach of options theory is to take as starting point the prices of a set of market-traded “primary” or “underlying” securities as well as of a money market bond. Prices of options on these primary securities are then based on self-financing trading strategies in the underlying securities. This chapter focuses on the statistical problem related to the option pricing bounds, seen from the perspective of a single actor in the market, who could be either an investor, or a regulator. The most standard approach, as practiced by many banks and many academics, is calibration. According to this approach, a suitable family of risk neutral distributions P∗ (normally corresponding to several actual P's) is picked, and then it is calibrated cross-sectionally to the current value of relevant market-traded options. The advantage of this approach is that it attempts to mark derivatives prices to market and the disadvantage is that a cross-section of today's prices do not provide much information about the behavior over time of price processes. The bounds can be used to determine reserve requirements that are consistent with an exit strategy and the bound-based reserves permit the investor to fall back on a model-free strategy in cases where the more specific model fails.
Antivirulence Isoquinolone Mannosides: Optimization of the Biaryl Aglycone for FimH Lectin Binding Affinity and Efficacy in the Treatment of Chronic UTI.

Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) employ the mannose-binding adhesin FimH to colonize the bladder epithelium during urinary tract infection (UTI). Previously reported FimH antagonists exhibit good potency and efficacy, but low bioavailability and a short half-life in vivo. In a rational design strategy, we obtained an X-ray structure of lead mannosides and then designed mannosides with improved drug-like properties. We show that cyclizing the carboxamide onto the biphenyl B-ring aglycone of biphenyl mannosides into a fused heterocyclic ring, generates new biaryl mannosides such as isoquinolone 22 (2-methyl-4-(1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-7-yl)phenyl α-d-mannopyranoside) with enhanced potency and in vivo efficacy resulting from increased oral bioavailability. N-Substitution of the isoquinolone aglycone with various functionalities produced a new potent subseries of FimH antagonists. All analogues of the subseries have higher FimH binding affinity than unsubstituted lead 22, as determined by thermal shift differential scanning fluorimetry assay. Mannosides with pyridyl substitution on the isoquinolone group inhibit bacteria-mediated hemagglutination and prevent biofilm formation by UPEC with single-digit nanomolar potency, which is unprecedented for any FimH antagonists or any other antivirulence compounds reported to date.
Health monitoring of Ceramic Matrix Composites from waveform-based analysis of Acoustic Emission

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) are anticipated for use in the hot section of aircraft engines. Their implementation requires the understanding of the various damage modes that are involved and their relation to life expectancy. Acoustic Emission (AE) has been shown to be an efficient technique for monitoring damage evolution in CMCs. However, only a waveform-based analysis of AE can offer the possibility to validate and precisely examine the recorded AE data with a view to damage localization and identification. The present work fully integrates wave initiation, propagation and acquisition in the analysis of Acoustic Emission waveforms recorded at various sensors, therefore providing more reliable information to assess the relation between Acoustic Emission and damage modes. The procedure allows selecting AE events originating from damage, accurate determination of their location as well as the characterization of effects of propagation on the recorded waveforms. This approach was developed using AE data recorded during tensile tests on carbon/carbon composites. It was then applied to melt- infiltrated SiC/SiC composites.
Differential Mitochondrial Requirements for Radially and Non-radially Migrating Cortical Neurons: Implications for Mitochondrial Disorders.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been increasingly linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, childhood epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder, conditions also associated with cortical GABAergic interneuron dysfunction. Although interneurons have some of the highest metabolic demands in the postnatal brain, the importance of mitochondria during interneuron development is unknown. We find that interneuron migration from the basal forebrain to the neocortex is highly sensitive to perturbations in oxidative phosphorylation. Both pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of adenine nucleotide transferase 1 (Ant1) disrupts the non-radial migration of interneurons, but not the radial migration of cortical projection neurons. The selective dependence of cortical interneuron migration on oxidative phosphorylation may be a mechanistic pathway upon which multiple developmental and metabolic pathologies converge.
Fate of Aryl/Amido Complexes of Rhodium(III) Supported by a POCOP Pincer Ligand: C–N Reductive Elimination, β-Hydrogen Elimination, and Relevance to Catalysis

Rhodium complexes supported by the aryl/bis(phosphinite) POCOP pincer ligand undergo reactions that constitute a RhI/RhIII synthetic cycle for C–N coupling analogous to the classical Pd0/PdII Buchwald–Hartwig chemistry. (POCOP)Rh(Ar)(X) complexes (X = Cl, Br) can be readily obtained by oxidative addition of ArX to the (POCOP)Rh fragment generated in situ from (POCOP)Rh(H)(Cl) (1) and NaOtBu. (POCOP)Rh(Ar)(X) complexes react with anilines and diphenylamine in the presence of an equimolar amount of NaOtBu to give RhIII aryl/amido complexes (POCOP)Rh(Ar)(NHAr′) and (POCOP)Rh(Ar)(NPh2). The intermediate (POCOP)Rh(p-F3CC6H4)(OtBu) (7) was isolated and shown to react irreversibly with p-MeC6H4NH2 to give (POCOP)Rh(p-F3CC6H4)(NHC6H4Me-p) (5). The latter undergoes reductive elimination of the diarylamine product p-F3CC6H4NHC6H4Me-p upon heating. The kinetics of this reaction point to a first-order process, and DFT calculations located a transition state for concerted C–N reductive elimination. Complex 1 effected ...
Syntheses and reactivity of naphthalenyl-substituted arenediynes.

A series of naphthalenyl-substituted arenediynes were prepared to examine photochemical reactivity. For naphthalen-1-ylethynyl arenediyne, 350 nm photolysis resulted in a tandem [2 + 2] photocycloaddition to afford cyclobutene adducts. For naphthalen-2-ylethynyl derivatives, electron-donating methoxy substituents were found to facilitate C1–C6 Bergman cyclization at 300 nm. Theoretical calculations provided further insight into thermal and photochemical reactivity.
Analysis of Nutritional Status in Primary and Secondary School Students of Jingkou District from 2003 to 2007

Objective To understand the nutritional status of primary and secondary school students in Jingkou District of Zhengjiang City,and to provide scientific evidences for constituting prevention and control strategy.Methods With a method of stratified cluster sampling and design of cross-sectional study,height and weight were investigated among students from 20 schools in Jingkou District on five successive years from 2003 to 2007.Weight for height index was used and the evaluation system from WHO was employed.Results The average prevalence of malnutrition was 25.89% with a decreasing trend yearly.The average prevalence of overweight and obesity was 4.37% and 3.41% with an increasing trend yearly.Male and female students showed different nutritional status.Conclusions The nutrition problem of primary and secondary school students in Jingkou District is still serious,and the relevant departments should pay special attention on it.
Effects of Internal and External Image Training on Penalty Mark and Free Kick of Different Level Football Players

Using questionary investigation,experiments and mathematical statistics,this article discusses the effects of internal and external image training on penalty mark and free kick of different level football players.The results show that the external image is good for the beginners'motor skill learning.As for the skilling players and the experienced players,the test results of internal image group are better than those of external image group.
Re-inspection and confirmation for 808 HIV antibody preliminary screening positive pregnant women,Guangzhou

Objective To understand the characteristics,inherent law and false-positive rate of HIV-antibody detection in pregnant women so as to provide reference for intervention strategies of mother-tochild transmission of HIV. Methods Retrospective analysis of re-inspection and confirmation was conducted for pregnant women who were HIV-antibody preliminary screening positive in Guangzhou City during2004 to 2013. Results Amongst 808 samples for re-inspection,the coincidence rate of preliminary screening and re-inspection was 66. 58%( 538 /808), the coincidence rate of confirmation test was59. 48%( 320 /538),and the uncertain rate was 11. 52%( 62 /538). Of 62 uncertain samples,45 were followed up and 3 of them were HIV-seroconversion with a conversion rate of 6. 67%( 3 /45). The samples with S / CO 4 were all confirmed negative. When the S / CO value was equal to or higher than 4,the samples turned to be positive. The positive rate increased with the increase of S / CO value. Conclusion The false positive rate was high in HIV antibody detection in pregnant women and the diagnoses of HIV infection should be considered with experiment results and epidemiological history information in maternal intervention.
Molecular cloning of the salamander red and blue cone visual pigments.

PURPOSE Salamander retinas are known to contain at least three cone pigments and two rod pigments. The purpose of this study was to clone and characterize the visual pigments from salamander cones. METHODS cDNA fragments of cone pigments were amplified from a salamander retina cDNA library by PCR using a pair of primers with consensus for visual pigments. These fragments were cloned and used as probes for library-screening. The full-length cDNAs were isolated from the retinal library using the cloned PCR products as probes. DNA sequences were determined by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. RESULTS Two pigment cDNAs were cloned and sequenced from the salamander library. The global GenBank search showed that they do not match any existing sequences but have significant sequence similarity to visual pigments. One of the pigment cDNAs showed a high sequence homology with red cone pigments from other species and thus, was designated as a red cone opsin. The other pigment was designated as a blue cone opsin as it is most homologous to the chicken and goldfish blue cone pigments. Both cDNAs contain a full-length coding region encoding 365 amino acids in the red and 363 amino acids in the blue cone pigment. Hydropathy analysis predicted that both pigments could form seven hydrophobic transmembrane helices. Both pigments retain the key amino acid residues critical for maintaining the structure and function of opsins and have similar G-protein interaction sequences which differ from that of rod opsin. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the red opsin belongs to the L group and the blue opsin belongs to the M1 group of visual pigments. CONCLUSIONS The salamander red and blue cone pigments share high sequence homology with the cone pigments of other species.
Planning New Community Nutrition Services. Comprehensive Care Programs for the Aging

Are we preparing to move out of familiar patterns of care to provide nutrition services in comprehensive care programs? Are we ready to cope with the differences in these new and emerging patterns of care? Are we planning new ways to establish and maintain continuity of nutrition services for patients as they move from an in-patient setting to the home or out-patient settings? Do we have the “know how” to define standards for nutrition services and the roles and responsibilities of the professional and non-professional worker in such programs?