cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social categorization and behavioral episodes: A cognitive analysis of the effects of intergroup contact.

The effects of intergroup contact on stereotypic beliefs, it is argued, depend upon (1) the potential susceptibility of those beliefs to disconfirming information and the degree to which the contact setting “allows” for disconfirming events, and (2) the degree to which disconfirming events are generalized from specific group members to the group as a whole. To account for the generalization of attributes from a sample to a population, we present a cognitive-processing model. The model assumes that impressions of groups are most heavily influenced by the attributes of those members most strongly associated with the group label. In order for group stereotypes to change, then, disconfirming information must be associated with the group labels. However, a number of powerful cognitive processes work against this association. As a consequence, we predict that stereotype change will be relatively rare under “normal” circumstances but may occur when disconfirming information is encountered under circumstances that activate the group label (e.g., when disconfirming attributes are associated with otherwise typical group members).
A thermal study of some lanthanide trifluoromethyl sulfonates

Abstract Lanthanide trifluoromethyl sulfonates, M(SO 3 CF 3 ) 3 · 9H 2 O, have been prepared and characterized by analysis, optical properties and thermal behaviour. Dehydration proceeded in two steps for the lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium salts and in three steps for other members of the lanthanide series. Thermal decomposition to lanthanide fluoride, carbonyl fluoride and sulfur dioxide occurred at temperatures greater than 400°C. This decomposition has been shown to be a two step process.
Measured and predicted properties of laminar premixed methane/air flames at various pressures

Abstract Effects of positive flame stretch on the laminar burning velocities of methane/air flames were studied both experimentally and computationally, considering freely (outwardly) propagating spherical laminar premixed flames. Measurements based on motion picture shadowgraphs, and numerical simulations based on typical contemporary chemical reaction mechanisms, were used to find the sensitivities of the laminar burning velocities to flame stretch, characterized as Markstein numbers, and the fundamental laminar burning velocities of unstretched flames. Reactant conditions included methane/air mixtures having fuel-equivalence ratios of 0.60–1.35 and pressures of 0.5–4.0 atm, at normal temperatures. Both measured and predicted ratios of unstretched-to-stretched laminar burning velocities varied significantly from unity (in the range 0.6–2.3) even though present stretch levels did not approach quenching conditions. Absolute values of Markstein numbers increased with increasing pressure, while the transition from unstable to stable preferential-diffusion conditions with increasing fuel-equivalence ratio shifted from an equivalence ratio of 0.6 at 0.5 atm to 1.2 at 4.0 atm, suggesting increased unstable flame behavior due to preferential-diffusion effects at the elevated pressures of interest for many practical applications. Finally, predictions using two contemporary chemical reaction mechanisms were in reasonably good agreement with present measurements of both Markstein numbers and unstretched laminar burning velocities.
Dynamic arm exercise during cardiac catheterization in the assessment of stenotic valvular disease

Assessment of hemodynamic responses during some form of exertion or stress during cardiac catheterization is useful among patients suspected of having valvular stenosis who demonstrate normal or borderline valve gradients at rest. Leg raising exercise and drug administration are commonly used for this purpose, but each has inherent limitations. To evaluate the usefulness of dynamic arm raising exercise as a means of altering hemodynamics during cardiac catheterization, 23 such patients were studied. Measurements obtained during arm raising exercise were compared with those at rest. Heart rate rose by 34 +/- 4 beats/min (p less than 0.001), while cardiac output increased by 1.4 +/- 0.2 l/min (p less than 0.001). Stroke volume decreased slightly, although left ventricular filling pressures and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures rose in nearly all subjects. The change in valvular gradients was variable. These data were compared with those obtained in 11 similar patients receiving either dopamine or isoproterenol as an intervention. The changes in heart rate and cardiac output from the resting state were similar between the groups, with fewer side effects occurring during arm exercise. Dynamic arm exercise is a safe and effective maneuver which can be performed during cardiac catheterization in patients undergoing diagnostic evaluation of stenotic valvular disease.
Intestinal Uptake of Polymer Microspheres in the Rabbit Studied with Confocal Microscopy

This study characterizes the ability of several polymer formulations to penetrate the absorptive epithelium and lymphoid-associated tissue of the gastrointestinal tract. Using phase inversion nano encapsulation and solvent diffusion, formulations with variable size ranges consisting of either poly(fumaric-co-sebacic)anhydride, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), polystyrene, or polycaprolactone were fabricated and administered to an isolated loop in the small intestine of rabbits. Particles were loaded with a fluorescent dye for detection. Following a period of incubation, animals were sacrificed and the tissue was explanted and processed for histology. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to track the microspheres and two separate emission detectors were used to isolate the dye from background. Particles that possess bioadhesiveness in the micron size range could be localized to the absorptive epithelium while larger particles and formulations with low bioadhesiveness failed to penetrate enterocyte...
Deformation of metal-matrix composites with continuous fibers: geometrical effects of fiber distribution and shape

Abstract Numerical results are presented on the effects of fiber distribution and of fiber cross-sectional geometry on the deformation of a metal-matrix composite reinforced with continuous fibers. The geometrical variables analyzed include several periodic and random distributions of uni-directional cylindrical fibers with circular, hexagonal and square shapes. The model system chosen for the finite element analysis is a 6061-O aluminum alloy reinforced with boron fibers. It is shown that, for a reinforcement level of 46 vol.% boron fibers, tensile and shear deformation in orientations transverse to the fiber axes are markedly influenced by both the packing of fibers and their cross-sectional shape, although the deformation of the composite is insensitive to such geometrical effects for tensile loading in the direction of fiber alignment. The effect of fiber distribution on the constitutive response is relatively stronger than that of fiber shape. The geometrical effects of fiber distribution on deformation are significantly less pronounced for the 6061 aluminum-matrix composite with 20 vol.% boron fibers. Details of the evolution of plastic strains and hydrostatic stresses in the constrained matrix during far-field loading are discussed, and the influence of such constraint on the geometry dependence of deformation is examined. The scientific and practical implications of the results are also pinpointed.
Mating of Rigid Parts by a Manipulator With Its Own Compliance

In most assembly tasks involving mating of parts, industrial robots are not equipped with special compliant devices such as a remote center compliant hand. It is useful to know how the mating force and part movement are affected by assembly compliance, which depends upon robot configuration, and by other assembly parameters such as initial position errors, clearance between mating parts, etc. Such knowledge is helpful to the design of the layout of an assembly cell, specification of robot accuracy, specification of manufacturing tolerance, and so on. This paper derives the mating force and part movement in the mating of rigid cylindrical parts by an industrial manipulator with its own compliance, using a planar peg-in-hole insertion model. The derived mathematical relations are experimentally verified by performing insertion tests with a SCARA-type robot.
Gas-Liquid Stratified-Wavy Flow in Horizontal Pipelines

Gas-liquid stratified-wavy flow with low liquid loading is common in natural gas transmission pipelines and offshore gas pipelines. This specific case of two-phase pipe flow has been studied experimentally and theoretically in the present paper. The interfacial behavior during air-kerosene stratified-wavy flow in a 77.9-mm-dia 420-m-long pipeline was observed carefully. The gas-liquid interface usually exhibits a concave downward curved configuration. The liquid film-wetted wall fraction, liquid holdup, and pressure drop were also measured. A mechanistic double-circle model and a correlation for interfacial friction factor, required as a closure relationship in the model, have been developed. The new model gives significantly improved predictions for both liquid holdup and pressure drop during gas-liquid stratified-wavy flow in horizontal pipelines.
Assessing the effect of Measurement-Based Care depression treatment on HIV medication adherence and health outcomes: Rationale and design of the SLAM DUNC Study

Depression affects 20–30% of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in the US and predicts greater sexual risk behaviors, lower antiretroviral (ARV) medication adherence, and worse clinical outcomes. Yet little experimental evidence addresses the critical clinical question of whether depression treatment improves ARV adherence and clinical outcomes in PLWHA with depression. The Strategies to Link Antidepressant and Antiretroviral Management at Duke, UAB, and UNC (SLAM DUNC) Study is a randomized clinical effectiveness trial funded by the National Institute for Mental Health. The objective of SLAM DUNC is to test whether a depression treatment program integrated into routine HIV clinical care affects ARV adherence. PLWHA with depression (n=390) are randomized to enhanced usual care or a depression treatment model called Measurement-Based Care (MBC). MBC deploys a clinically supervised Depression Care Manager (DCM) to provide evidence-based antidepressant treatment recommendations to a non-psychiatric prescribing provider, guided by systematic and ongoing measures of depressive symptoms and side effects. MBC has limited time requirements and the DCM role can be effectively filled by a range of personnel given appropriate training and supervision, enhancing replicability. In SLAM DUNC, MBC is integrated into HIV care to support HIV providers in antidepressant prescription and management. The primary endpoint is ARV adherence measured by unannounced telephone-based pill counts at 6 months with follow-up to 12 months and secondary endpoints including viral load, health care utilization, and depressive severity. Important outcomes of this study will be evidence of the effectiveness of MBC in treating depression in PLWHA and improving HIV-related outcomes.
Overexpression and Characterization of a Recombinant Form of Rat Calcineurin A

Overexpression of rat recombinant calcineurin A catalytic subunit in E. coli was achieved using a system under control of the T7 promoter. The specific activity of the purified catalytic subunit was suppressed relative to native bovine calcineurin, with the extent of suppression depending upon the choice of substrate. Addition of calcineurin B subunit stimulated phosphatase activity to one third that of native calcineurin. The metal activators Mn2+ and Ni2+ as well as several anion inhibitors affected both native calcineurin and recombinant calcineurin A activity to the same extent. In addition, calcineurin B was required for inhibition by the immunosuppressive complex FK506-FK506-binding protein.
Tilted angle CZT detector for photon counting/energy weighting x-ray and CT imaging

X-ray imaging with a photon counting/energy weighting detector can provide the highest signal to noise ratio (SNR). Scanning slit/multi-slit x-ray image acquisition can provide a dose-efficient scatter rejection, which increases SNR. Use of a photon counting/energy weighting detector in a scanning slit/multi-slit acquisition geometry could provide highest possible dose efficiency in x-ray and CT imaging. Currently, the most advanced photon counting detector is the cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector, which, however, is suboptimal for energy resolved x-ray imaging. A tilted angle CZT detector is proposed in this work for applications in photon counting/energy weighting x-ray and CT imaging. In tilted angle configuration, the x-ray beam hits the surface of the linear array of CZT crystals at a small angle. This allows the use of CZT crystals of a small thickness while maintaining the high photon absorption. Small thickness CZT detectors allow for a significant decrease in the polarization effect in the CZT volume and an increase in count rate. The tilted angle CZT with a small thickness also provides higher spatial and energy resolution, and shorter charge collection time, which potentially enables fast energy resolving x-ray image acquisition. In this work, the major performance parameters of the tilted angle CZT detector, including its count rate, spatial resolution and energy resolution, were evaluated. It was shown that for a CZT detector with a 0.7 mm thickness and 13 degrees tilting angle, the maximum count rate can be increased by 10.7 times, while photon absorption remains >90% at photon energies up to 120 keV. Photon counting/energy weighting x-ray imaging using a tilted angle CZT detector was simulated. SNR improvement due to optimal photon energy weighting was 23% and 14% when adipose contrast element, inserted in soft tissue with 10 cm and 20 cm thickness, respectively, was imaged using 5 energy bins and weighting factors optimized for the adipose. SNR improvement was 42% and 31% when CaCO(3) contrast element, inserted in soft tissue with 10 cm and 20 cm thickness, respectively, was imaged using 5 energy bins and weighting factors optimized for CaCO(3). The SNRs of the photon counting single-kVp dual-energy subtracted images of CaCO(3) and adipose were higher by 2.04 and 2.74 times, respectively, as compared to currently used dual-kVp dual-energy subtracted images. Experiments with a CZT crystal with 2 mm thickness have shown significant decrease in the tailing effect of the CZT pulse spectrum at 59 keV and 122 keV photon energies, when the tilting angle configuration was used. Finally, feasibility of the tilted angle CZT detector for photon counting cone beam breast CT imaging was demonstrated.
The effects of thionyl chloride on the properties of graphene and graphene–carbon nanotube composites

Anionic dopants have been used to reduce the overall sheet resistance of carbon nanotube and graphene films for transparent conductor applications. These enhanced electronic properties are attributed to an increased number of p-type charge carriers. While there have been many reports of its use, there is little reported insight into the chemical interactions of a commonly used dopant, thionyl chloride (SOCl2), with pristine graphene and its chemically converted derivatives. Here, we explore the effects of thionyl chloride on the physical and chemical properties of graphene and hybrid graphene–carbon nanotube films, focusing on how the changes in conductivity correlate to the morphology of chemically converted graphene and carbon nanotube composites.
L p − L q Decay Estimates for the Wave Equations with Exponentially Growing Speed of Propagation

We find L p m L q decay estimates for a model hyperbolic equation with coefficient depending on time and having exponential growth as t M X . The approach in the article is based on a representation of a fundamental solution by means of confluent hypergeometric functions.
The effects of adrenergic and cholinergic agents upon eating and drinking in deprived rats

The effects of cholinergic and adrenergic agents on feeding and drinking behavior in deprived rats was investigated. Both scopolamine hydrobromide and scopolamine methylbromide reduced food intake, while decrements in water consumption were caused only by scopolamine hydrobromide. Dextroamphetamine sulfate reduced food intake but did not affect water consumption. Finally, both pilocarpine nitrate and DL-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine had no effects on either measure. These results confirm Stein’s (1963) suggestion that anticholinergic agents decrease eating via their peripheral effects while blocking drinking through their central activity. It was suggested that the motivational effects of these agents should be considered whenever these drugs are administered to animals that are under the control of appetitively motivated schedules of reinforcement.
Research issues in databases for ARCS: Active Rapidly Changing data Systems

We identify an emergent class of database systems that has not been dealt with extensively in the literature that we call ARCS (Active, Rapidly Changing data Systems) databases. These systems impose certain unique requirements on databases that monitor and control them. These requirements are such that traditional data and transaction management models appear inadequate. We present an analysis of data and transaction characteristics in ARCS systems and identify relevant research issues.
Parallel changes in genital morphology delineate cryptic diversification of planktonic nudibranchs

The relative roles of geographical and non-geographical barriers in the genesis of genetic isolation are highly debated in evolutionary biology, yet knowing how speciation occurs is essential to our understanding of biodiversity. In the open ocean, differentiating between the two is particularly difficult, because of the high levels of gene flow found in pelagic communities. Here, we use molecular phylogenetics to test the hypothesis that geography is the primary isolating mechanism in a clade of pelagic nudibranchs, Glaucinae. Our results contradict allopatric expectations: the cosmopolitan Glaucus atlanticus is panmictic, whereas the Indo-Pacific Glaucus marginatus contains two pairs of cryptic species with overlapping distributions. Within the G. marginatus species complex, a parallel reproductive change has occurred in each cryptic species pair: the loss of a bursa copulatrix. Available G. marginatus data are most consistent with non-geographical speciation events, but we cannot rule out the possibility of allopatric speciation, followed by iterative range extension and secondary overlap. Irrespective of ancestral range distributions, our results implicate a central role for reproductive character differentiation in glaucinin speciation—a novel result in a planktonic system.
Studies on the Electrical Potential Profile across Rabbit Ileum Effects of sugars and amino acids on transmural and transmucosal electrical potential differences

When isolated strips of mucosal rabbit ileum are bathed by physiological electrolyte solution the electrical potential difference (PD) across the brush border (ψmc) averages 36 mv, cell interior negative. Rapid replacement of Na in the mucosal solution with less permeant cations, Tris or choline, results in an immediate hyperpolarization of ψmc. Conversely, replacement of choline in the mucosal solution with Na results in an abrupt depolarization of ψmc. These findings indicate that Na contributes to the conductance across the brush border. The presence of actively transported sugars or amino acids in the mucosal solution brings about a marked depolarization of ψmc and a smaller increase in the transmural PD (Δψms). It appears that the Na influx that is coupled to the influxes of amino acids and sugars is electrogenic and responsible for the depolarization of ψmc. Under control conditions Δψms can be attributed to the depolarization of ψmc together with the presence of a low resistance transepithelial shunt, possibly the lateral intercellular spaces. However, quantitatively similar effects of amino acids on ψmc are also seen in tissues poisoned with metabolic inhibitors or ouabain. Under these conditions Δψmc is much smaller than under control conditions. Thus, the depolarization of ψmc might not account for the entire Δψms, observed in nonpoisoned tissue. An additional electromotive force which is directly coupled to metabolic processes might contribute to the normal Δψms.
The Linkage between the Ionosphere and the Plasma Sheet

The mapping of field lines by the Tsyganenko 1987 model suggests that the footpoints of field lines from the plasma sheet lie along the auroral oval: midnight maps to midnight in the oval, and as one progresses towards the flanks of the tail the footpoints advance towards the cusps. The oval also matches or parallels regions of Birkeland currents, the major electrodynamic link between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere. Region 2 currents are due to the interaction of the electric field E and trapped plasma, and are fairly well understood, but the primary system is that of region 1 and its theory is still incomplete. Near noon region 1 currents may extend to the solar wind or to boundary layers adjoining the magnetopause, but at night they map to the plasma sheet. A simple mechanism accounts for the latter currents: if the sheet contains a dawn-to-dusk E, it will try to impose its potentials on the ionosphere, a process which requires currents. The removal of such currents from the tail, however, must leave charge neutrality intact, and must also satisfy the Vasyliunas equation. The latter requires the pressure p2 in the midnight sector of the plasma sheet to be less than the pressure p1 near the flanks. A mechanism for establishing such a pressure profile is discussed, but the problem is essentially still unsolved.
Statistics-related and reliability-physics-related failure processes in electronics devices and products

The well known and widely used experimental reliability "passport" of a mass manufactured electronic or a photonic product — the bathtub curve — reflects the combined contribution of the statistics-related and reliability-physics (physics-of-failure)-related processes. When time progresses, the first process results in a decreasing failure rate, while the second process associated with the material aging and degradation leads to an increased failure rate. An attempt has been made in this analysis to assess the level of the reliability physics-related aging process from the available bathtub curve (diagram). It is assumed that the products of interest underwent the burn-in testing and therefore the obtained bathtub curve does not contain the infant mortality portion. It has been also assumed that the two random processes in question are statistically independent, and that the failure rate of the physical process can be obtained by deducting the theoretically assessed statistical failure rate from the bathtub curve ordinates. In the carried out numerical example, the Raleigh distribution for the statistical failure rate was used, for the sake of a relatively simple illustration. The developed methodology can be used in reliability physics evaluations, when there is a need to better understand the roles of the statistics-related and reliability-physics-related irreversible random processes in reliability evaluations. The future work should include investigations on how powerful and flexible methods and approaches of the statistical mechanics can be effectively employed, in addition to reliability physics techniques, to model the operational reliability of electronic and photonic products.
Processual indices of segregation: some preliminary comments.

In addition to static indices of residential racial segregation (measured by racial homogeneity of neighborhoods), the segregation process can be examined by noting the transition probabilities with which a neighborhood passes from biracial to uniracial state.
A numerical simulation of residual circulation in Tampa Bay. Part I: Low-frequency temporal variations

The residual (time-average) salinity and circulation in a numerical ocean model of the Tampa Bay estuary are shown to experience significant temporal variation under realistic forcing conditions. A version of the Estuarine Coastal Ocean Model developed for Tampa Bay with 70 by 100 horizontal grid points and 11 sigma levels is examined for the years 2001–2003. Model output variables are averaged over the entire time of the simulation to generate long-term residual fields. The residual axial current is found to be dominated by the buoyancy-driven baroclinic circulation with an outflow (southwestward) at the surface and to the sides of the shipping channel, and an inflow (northeastward) usually occurring subsurface within or above the shipping channel. Averages over 30 d are used to examine variations in the residual fields. During the simulation the average surface salinity near the head of Tampa Bay varies with the freshwater inflow, from 12‰ to 33%. At the bay mouth salinity varies from 30%. to 36%.. A localized measure of the baroclinic circulation in the shipping channel indicates the residual circulation can vary strongly, attaining a magnitude triple the long-term mean value. The baroclinic circulation can be disrupted, going to near zero or even reversing, when the buoyancy-driven flow is weak and the surface winds are to the northeast. Three time periods, representing different environmental conditions, are chosen to examine these results in detail. A scaling argument indicates the relative strength of buoyancy versus wind as ΔρgH2(LC Dω2)−1, where δρ is head-to-mouth density difference across the bay,g is gravitational acceleration,H is depth,L is bay length,C D is the surface wind drag coefficient, andw is wind speed. Tampa Bay is usually in the buoyancy dominated regime. The importance of winds in the weak-buoyancy case is demonstrated in an additional simulation without wind stress.
Seasonal Variation in Use of Torpor by Pallid Kangaroo Mice, Microdipodops pallidus

Les M.p. semblent etre capables de maintenir leur poids en modifiant la profondeur et la duree de leur torpeur mais elles peuvent egalement amasser de la nourriture sous des regimes energetiques tres restrictifs. La nature saisonniere de ce phenomene est etudiee
Emotional security as a regulatory process in normal development and the development of psychopathology

Emotional security is a central concept in many accounts of normal development and the development of psychopathology. However, the construct has rarely been subject to precise explication, and the conceptualization of emotional security as deriving from qualities of family functioning as a whole requires development. Emotional security as a regulatory system is defined and related to current approaches to emotions as regulatory processes. Although our model is built upon attachment theory, the emphasis is shifted from the evolutionary/ethological origins of attachment theory to the regulation of emotional well being and security as a goal in itself. Emotional security is conceptualized from a contextualistic perspective, emphasizing the interplay between socioemotional and biological processes. Felt-security as a goal is defined from an organizational perspective, reflecting the entire pattern of the individual's reactions to events in relation to emotional security as a goal, as opposed to simply those reactions that are “conscious” or reported as “feelings.” Component regulatory systems are specified (e.g., processes of emotion regulation, regulation of exposure to family affect), with illustrations centering on the impact of marital and parent-child relations on children's security.
Dorsolateral funiculus-lesions unmask inhibitory or disfacilitatory mechanisms which modulate the effects of innocuous mechanical stimulation on spinal Fos expression after inflammation.

To examine the contribution of low threshold mechanoreceptive afferent input to the development of allodynia and the involvement of descending pathways, we investigated the effects of repeated innocuous brush on inflammation-induced spinal Fos protein expression in dorsolateral funiculus-lesioned (DLFX) rats following hindpaw inflammation. In DLF sham-operated animals, brush stimuli induced a significant increase in the number of Fos-labeled neurons in ipsilateral laminae I-IV, and a slight suppression of Fos expression in ipsilateral laminae V-VI when compared to sham-lesioned rats without brushing. In rats receiving DLFX, the brush-induced increase in Fos expression in laminae I-IV was significantly reduced. The DLFX also unmasked a brush-induced suppression of laminae VII-VIII neurons. These results suggest that innocuous mechanical stimulation of an inflamed hindpaw gives rise to further facilitation of neuronal activity in laminae I-IV and inhibition of neuronal activity in laminae V-VIII. We propose that there is an unmasking of inhibitory mechanisms or a reduction in descending facilitatory effects after DLFX that alter Fos protein expression produced by innocuous mechanical stimulation.
A tephrochronologic method based on apatite trace-element chemistry

Geochemical correlation of ash-fall beds with conventional tephrochronologic methods is not feasible when original glass composition is altered. Thus, alternative correlation methods may be required. Initial studies of heavily altered Paleozoic tephra (K-bentonites) have suggested the potential for employing trace-element concentrations in apatite as ash-fall bed discriminators. To further test the utility of apatite trace-element tephrochronology, we analyzed apatite phenocrysts from unaltered volcanic rocks with an electron microprobe: nine samples from rocks erupted during the Quaternary and one sample from a rock erupted during the Paleogene. The resulting apatite trace-element data provide unique bed discriminators despite within-crystal variability. Each of the volcanic rocks studied possesses unique trends in Mg, Cl, Mn, Fe, Ce and Y concentrations in apatite. The results from this study establish an important tephrochronologic method that can be applied to nearly all portions of the Phanerozoic stratigraphic record and greatly assist development of an advanced timescale. In addition to establishing a fingerprint for a particular eruption, apatite chemistry provides useful information about the source magma.
Selected Historical Chronologies

There are a number of reference works that present man's past — or certain periods of it — in outline, tabular or sequential form, arranged chronologically to show the continuity and relationships among historical events in different parts of the world. An historical chronology can show, for example, what happened around the world in 1783, 1309 or 41 B.C. Some historical chronologies focus on a few centuries, while others try to record the major (and often minor) accomplishments of men and women from earliest times to the present day. Some chronologies focus on political and military affairs, other emphasize cultural developments, while still others attempt to combine both political and cultural events into a single panoramic timeline of human history. This review will look at some of the better‐known historical chronologies that focus on more than one country. For each, the scope, format, strengths, special features, and any recognizable bias will be examined, in the hope that the reader will gain a better understanding of these chronologies and their possible applications in reference work.
Posthitis xerotica obliterans in circumcision specimens.

Abstract Histologic examination of foreskins submitted from circumcisions in patients with phimosis revealed 22 cases of posthitis xerotica obliterans from 1956 to mid-1973. From 1970 to 1973 a tabulation of all specimens showed the exact incidence of this entity to be 3.6 per cent. Fifteen of 22 cases found were in children less than thirteen years of age, the youngest being four years. There was a correlation of the histologic severity of the changes of posthitis xerotica obliterans with the severity of clinical symptoms. A 32 per cent incidence of urinary obstructive changes was noted.
Infrared Intensity Measurements of Cryodeposited Thin Films of NH 3 , NH 4 HS, H 2 S, and Assignments of Absorption Bands

Interferometric infrared spectral transmission measurements from 60 to 10 000 cm−1 were made for thin films of NH3, NH4HS, and H2S cryodeposits, and recorded as a function of thickness and temperature from 88 K to evaporation points. Integrated band intensities were measured and are reported for all major absorptions. Assignments for lattice and internal fundamental modes are discussed. Particular attention is devoted to the various reported phases of solid NH3, and it is concluded that three phases are supported by experimental evidence: the stable cubic phase, a low temperature amorphous phase, and an intermediate temperature metastable phase. Results and changes of the spectra as a function of temperature will be summarized. Intercomparisons of the spectra obtained for the three cryodeposits are made.
Automated fingerprint recognition using structural matching

Abstract Automated fingerprint recognition has received considerable attention over the past decade. Progress has been made on models of the structure of fingerprints, techniques for the acquisition of prints, and the development of commercial automated fingerprint recognition systems. Despite these advances, there remain considerable opportunities for improvement. The speed of retrieval, and the ability to recognize partial or distorted prints are prominent among those areas that require improvement. This study will describe a structural model of fingerprints, based on local structural relations among features, and an associated automated recognition system which addresses the limitations of existing fingerprint models.
Synthesis of a radiolabeled type A cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, (R)-N-pentyl-N-(4,5-di[3H]pentyl) Nα-(3-quinolinoyl)glutamic acid amide

A method for the preparation of a radiolabeled CCKA-specific antagonist,(R)-N-pentyl-N-(4,5-di[3H]pentyl) Nα-(3-quinolinoyl)glutamic acid amide, [3H]-A-65186, is described. (R)-γ-Benzyl-N-BOC-glutamic acid was coupled with N-(4-pentenyl)-N-pentylamine using BOPCl and TEA in dichloromethane to provide the corresponding amide. Deprotection of the α-amino moiety followed by coupling with 3-quinolinecarboxylic acid in the presence of EDCI, TEA, and HOBt in dichloromethane resulted in (R)-N-(4-pentenyl)-N-pentyl γ-benzyl-Nα-(3-quinolinoyl)glutamic acid amide. Tritiation with concomitant hydrogenolysis of the benzyl ester proceeds smoothly to provide [3H]-A-65186. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Frostbite Patients and Presentation of a Treatment Protocol for Frostbite Patients

Frostbite can be a devastating and even debilitating injury. Early identification and proper treatment of frostbite is critical in saving digits and limbs. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been shown to be effective in reducing the number of digits amputated after severe frostbite injury. Nothing has been presented in the podiatric literature regarding the use of tPA in treating frostbite patients for preserving toes and feet. Intravenous tPA and IV heparin were used to treat severe frostbite injuries that did not show improvement after rapid rewarming, had absent Doppler pulses in the distal limb or digits, showed limited or no perfusion by Tc-99 3-phase bone scan, and had no contraindications to use of tPA. All 11 patients included in this study were treated at Hennepin County Medical Center between 2008 and 2010. A total of 73 digits (upper and lower extremity) were considered at risk for amputation after evaluation with Tc-99 bone scan. Of those digits that were affected, 43 were amputated. Intr...
Iodocyclization of allylic alcohol derivatives containing internal nucleophiles. Control of stereoselectivity by substituents in the acyclic precursors

La reaction d'acides hydroxy-3 alcene-4oiques avec l'iode en milieu biphasique neutre donne une cyclisation stereoselective habituellement en cis-hydroxy-3 iodo-4 lactone. Effet des substituants
Body mass index and GERD: Is the association that huge?

Body mass has been proposed as a modifiable risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Although this association makes intuitive sense, study results conflict. This article critically reviews the epidemiologic and mechanistic data surrounding the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and GERD, evaluates how the relationship may depend upon abdominal size, and explores potential alternative mechanisms through which body mass may influence the risk of GERD complications.
A systems model for commercialising emerging technology: wave energy farm system (WEFS) case study

This paper proposes a systems life cycle model that could be used to analyse the commercial feasibility of emerging technologies development. The model is based on a comprehensive review of the literature on the key factors impacting the success or failure in commercialising technology. The proposed systems model includes a technical, economic and operational domain and covers a project’s planning, project implementation and feedback, analysis and control phases. This model was applied to a case study, a wave energy technology, with a concentration on the economic domain. The economic domain includes an after tax analysis model, which a typical company uses to assess economic feasibility and a sensitivity analysis that identifies the most important attributes. The internal rate of return (IRR) and other figures of merit (FoMs) were used to show whether the project meets standard business criteria. This case shows how financial leverage significantly improves a project’s economic attractiveness.
Ultrasonic absorption and attenuation in mammalian tissues

Abstract The ultrasonic absorption was determined, by the transient thermoelectric method, for brain, heart, kidney, liver, tendon, and testis from cat, mouse, pig and beef. Comparison of these absorption (α) values with published values of attenuation ( A ) shows: (1) that the α and A coefficients have nearly the same frequency dependencies in the range 0.5–7 MHz, (2) that the magnitudes of α and A differ appreciably and that difference depends upon the method of measurement and tissue type, and (3) that there appears to be little species difference, at least as revealed by measurement of liver and tendon.
Microfluidic flow control using selective hydrophobic patterning

We have developed a method to pattern self assembled monolayer films of n-octadecyltrichlorosilane on silicon and glass substrates using a simple lift-off procedure. By defining hydrophobic regions at definite locations in microchannels and using an external pressure source, we can split off precise nanoliter volume liquid drops and control the motion of those drops through the microchannels. We have also constructed an on-chip pressure source for drop splitting and motion by heating air trapped in a micromachined chamber. Both techniques can produce and move drops on the order of 50 nl.
The transient response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climate

MODEL simulations suggest that at equilibrium, global warming driven by higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases will lead to increased terrestrial carbon storage1,2, implying a negative feedback between the global vegetation/soil system and the atmospheric CO2 concentration. But changes in vegetation and soil type that result in a net release of CO2 to the atmosphere (such as those caused by wildfires) could be more rapid than changes that result in a net increase in terrestrial carbon storage (such as species immigration and soil formation), so that in its transient response to climate change, the terrestrial vegetation/soil system could be a net source of carbon to the atmosphere. Here we use two general circulation models3,4 to estimate the transient response of the terrestrial surface to a step doubling of atmospheric CO2. We find that vegetation and soil changes could prove to be a significant source of CO2 in the first 50–100 years following a climate warming, increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentration by up to a third of the present level.
THE PROMOTION OF FLORAL INITIATION BY AUXIN

EVIDENCE CONCERNING the influence of auxin on flowering indicates that auxins can either promote or inhibit floral initiation in some plants. Inhibitions have been reported for a wide diversity of -species, including Xanthium, Kalanchoe, soybean, Helianthus tubero,sus, Eutchlaena, pineapple, barley, Calendula officinalis, Phalaenopsis schilleriana and others (cf. reviews by Lang, 1952; Liverman, 1955). Auxins have been shown to induce flowering in pineapple (Clark and Kerns, 1942; van Overbeek, 1946). Promotive effects of auxin on flowering have been reported only occasionally, and principally with long-day species, including Wintex barley (Leopold and Thimann, 1949) and Hyoscyamuis niger (Claes, 1952; Liverman and Lang, 1952). Only one short-day species has been reported to be promoted by auxin, the soybean (Leopold and Guernsey, 1953), and only at rather low temperatures. It is interesting to note that promotions of flowering have been obtained for short-day species so rarely, and in fact considerable importance has sometimes been attached to the concept that auxins apparently only inhibit floral initiation in these species. I Inhibitions of various growth functions occur generally with relatively high auxin concentrations, whereas promotive effects are obtained with low to very low auxin concentrations. If we are to seek promotive effects it would seem important to apply quite small amounts of auxin. In addition the question arises as to whether studies of the influence of auxin applied just during the flower-inducing treatment is sufficeient. It is reasonable to assume that a series of events is involved in the processes leading to floral initiation, and auxin may influence more than one of these events. Therefore, it seems attractive to apply the auxin not only during photoinduction, but alternatively before or immediately after photoinduction. The present work concerns the influence of the time and concentration of auxin application on flowering of two short-day species, cocklebur and Biloxi soybean. Evidence is brought forth that low auxin concentrations, applied before the short-day treatment, have a large promolive effect on flowering.
Developing guidelines that identify patients who would benefit from palliative care services in the surgical intensive care unit.

Objective:The convergence of end-of-life care and surgical practice often occurs in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). Because many patients who encounter difficult end-of-life issues in the SICU do not receive palliative care services, there is a need to educate surgeons on how to better iden
Phonetically motivated parallels between child phonology and historical sound change

Abstract There is a long history of speculation in linguistic about the role of children, i.e., first language learners, in sound change. Many assume that the child is the initiator of sound change. More recently, however, important differences have been brought to light between child language phonology and diachronic phonology, thus calling into question the role of the child language learner in sound change. In this paper, we document several cross-language parallels between phonological processes exhibited by children learning their language and in “adult” phonology, i.e., allophonic variation, diachronic processes, dialect variation, etc. All are processes which can be explained phonetically by reference to acoustic-auditory factors. We argue, however, not that the “adult” sound patterns originated in child phonology, but that both stem from the same underlying physical phonetic causes, i.e., that both child and adult create such sound patterns independently, because they both possess the same phonetic apparatus. The question “who initiates sound change?” cannot, therefore, be answered by citing parallels, or lack of them, between child and adult phonology. Rather, we need to know who is it, child or adult, that is more likely to have his/her pronunciation mistakes copoied by others, in this way leading to a pronunciation change characteristic of a whole linguistic community?
Reproductive and no reproductive responsiveness to photoperiod in laboratory rats

Laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) have been traditionally considered nonphotoperiodic because reproductive function is unaffected by day length. However, at least three experimental manipulations of rats--perinatal androgen injection, peripubertal androgen implants, and peripubertal olfactory bulbectomy--have been reported to unmask reproductive responsiveness to photoperiod. The physiological means by which early testosterone treatment or olfactory bulbectomy affect the expression of photoperiodism were hypothesized to operate through similar underlying mechanism(s) that involved gonadotropin and prolactin blood levels. Short day lengths reduce blood levels of gonadotropins in so-called photoperiodic rodent species. Reduced prolactin levels result in virtually all reproductively photoperiodic species housed in short day lengths. In Experiment 1, male weanling rats either were olfactory-bulbectomized or received a sham-procedure and housed for 10 weeks in long (LD 16:8) or short (LD 8:16) days. Short-day rats reduced body mass, testicular sperm counts, and the size of their reproductive systems; olfactory bulbectomy amplified this inhibitory effect for some parameters including testicular and epididymal sperm counts. However, neither short days nor olfactory bulbectomy affected blood titers of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or prolactin. Pelage density was also unaffected by photoperiod, but rats retained their juvenile fur color; i.e., short-day rats remained white, but long-day rats became yellowish. In Experiment 2, male rats were injected with testosterone at 3 days of age, then housed in long or short days until 10 weeks of age. Day length alone did not affect any experimental parameter measured in Experiment 2 except fur color; again, short-day rats retained their juvenile fur color.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Networks and Conetworks of PIB-Based Cyanoacrylate-Telechelic Prepolymers : Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties

Novel networks and conetworks were prepared by the instantaneous polymerization of cyanoacrylate-telechelic three-arm star polyisobutylene [O(PIB-CA)3] and the copolymerization of O(PIB-CA)3/2,4,4-trimethylpentane cyanoacrylate (TMP-CA) mixtures, respectively, by means of strong nucleophiles, such as NEt2-telechleic linear or three-arm star PIBs [O(PIB-NEt2)2 or 3]. The reactants were combined in the bulk in double-barrel syringes by reaction injection molding (RIM). The chemical and mechanical properties of products prepared in the bulk and by conventional solution techniques were characterized by various techniques (swelling, extractables, FTIR and NMR spectroscopies, Instron, microhardness, oxidative resistance, DSC, DMTA). Conditions for the preparation of rubbery materials for possible biomedical applications were developed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2612–2623, 2008