cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Patterns in the Paleozoic Bivalvia: Documentation and Some Theoretical Considerations: Reply

The fossil record of the Paleozoic Bivalvia can be described in terms of directional and repetitive evolutionary trends. The directional aspect is reflected in long-term generic diversification, and in increased abundance and dominance of cosmopolitan genera. These changes are believed to have resulted from an increase in the degree of environmental variability in shallow-marine, continental margin regimes. Repetitive evolution is recorded in the temporal-geographic pattern of speciation and extinction; it appears that when shallow-marine environments were disrupted periodically, presumably by some major physical event, the bivalve populations responded in much the same way each time. Thus, given measurements of bivalve geographic and stratigraphic distribution, evolutionary hypotheses can be formulated: Hypothesis 1. Fluctuations in total standing generic diversity in an ecologically and phylogenetically coherent group of organisms undergoing long-term diversification describe a pattern in which numerical differences between the successive levels of high diversity are related by a constant multiplier. Hypothesis 2. Following a major extinction event, faunal replacement occurred in two distinct waves separated by a period of little faunal change—the second replacement wave immediately preceding the next extinction event. Hypothesis 3. Patterns of speciation and extinction are reflected in repetitious endemic-cosmopolitan interactions. Major extinction events, probably the result of a continual deterioration of the physical environment, progressively affect more widely distributed populations as the physical event approaches a climax. Thus populations with a history of cosmopolitanism have a high probability of surviving as stock populations that give rise to subsequent diversifications, the first of which also tends to be predominantly cosmopolitan. After this initial radiation, there is a period of low faunal turnover, followed by another radiation dominated by endemics, which, in turn, are susceptible to the factors responsible for the next extinction event. Hypothesis 4. Those higher taxa (for example, superfamilies, orders) whose earliest representatives (genera) tend to be highly endemic and which retain this endemism for a few epochs are less long-lived than higher taxa that initially have a cosmopolitan representation, albeit a numerically sparse one. Many paleontological studies have documented directional patterns in evolution—changes in size or in morphological complexity within a given taxon, or increase in biotic diversity throughout Phanerozoic time—but the recognition of repetitive patterns in the fossil record may stimulate the eventual development of predictive theories, especially regarding the times of the conditions for mass extinctions. Both types of evolutionary patterns require the development of hypotheses that can be tested and conditionalized utilizing data other than those presented herein.
Eta-products which are simultaneous eigenforms of Hecke operators

The Dedekind eta-function is defined for any τ in the upper half-plane bywhere x = exp(2πiτ) and x1/24 = exp(2πiτ/24). By an eta-product we shall mean a functionwhere N ≥ 1 and eachrδ ∈ ℤ. In addition, we shall always assume that is an integer. Using the Legendre-Jacobi symbol (—), we define a Dirichlet character ∈ bywhen a is odd. If p is a prime for which ∈(p) ≠ 0and if F is a function with a Fourier seriesthen we define a Hecke operator Tp bywhereand
Mathematical Aspects of NMR Tomography

Mathematical aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) tomography are discussed. Two main image formation schemes reviewed are the projection reconstruction and direct Fourier imaging techniques. Specific cases of two- and three-dimensional NMR imaging are also presented.
Irregular lattice models of fracture of multiphase particulate materials

Irregular lattice models are developed to simulate fracture of multiphase particulate materials, such as concrete. The models are composed of rigid-body-spring elements that break according to simple rules. A salient feature of the models is the use of Voronoi diagrams to define the lattice structure and assign the elastic and fracture properties of the elements. The material is discretized as a three-phase composite consisting of a matrix phase, coarse inclusions, and the matrix–inclusion interfacial zones. Aggregates are randomly positioned in the domain according to a target granulometric distribution. A procedure is outlined for the explicit representation of the surfaces of such heterogeneous features, including control over the thickness of the matrix–aggregate interfacial zones. Fracture simulations are conducted for notched, three-point bend specimens of concrete, where each phase is assigned locally brittle fracture properties. The simulation results show both pre- and post-peak behavior that agrees with experimental findings, at least in a qualitative sense. In particular, toughening mechanisms form through interaction of developing cracks with the evolving material structure. However, the post-peak toughness is largely underestimated due, in part, to the coarse discretization of the material and the lack of frictional effects in the model. For comparison, the same specimen is analyzed using a homogeneous material model and a cohesive crack approach, which lumps the various energy dissipation mechanisms active at finer scales into a cohesive traction versus separation law.
Suppression of penetration of aluminum into 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum via a thin oxide barrier

We report a direct observation of Al penetration into an organic film of 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq) in a Alq/Al bilayer, a common interface occurring in many organic light-emitting diode structures. The Al penetration has a strong correlation with Alq photoluminescence quenching. We also demonstrate that the penetration and luminescence quenching can be effectively suppressed by ∼20 A of an intervening layer of Al2O3 at the Alq/Al interface.
Illness of immune reconstitution: Recognition and management

Some individuals who initiate highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) develop new or worsening opportunistic infections or malignancies despite improvements in surrogate markers of HIV-1 infection. These events of paradoxical clinical worsening, also known as immune reconstitution syndromes (IRS), are increased in individuals with prior opportunistic infections or low CD4+ T-cell nadirs. They are thought to result from reconstitution of the immune system’s ability to recognize pathogens or tumor antigens that were previously present, but clinically asymptomatic. There is no consensus regarding the diagnostic criteria or pathogenesis of IRS. Knowledge of their presentation and treatment is largely based on case reports. With the introduction of HAART into resource-limited settings, it is likely that significantly more and distinct forms of IRS will be observed. Prospective studies of the incidence and treatment of IRS in multiple settings are critical to better understand their pathogenesis and optimal management.
Clock synchronization in a rotating frame

Special- and general-relativistic synchronization are compared and experimental tests are discussed.
Location theory of the firm under price uncertainty

Abstract This paper presents a theory of location under price uncertainty employing a general utility and production function. The analysis is also conducted by incorporating a homogeneous production function. Risk preferences of the firm are treated as an integral part of the model.
(±)-3-ethyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid: catemeric hydrogen bonding in a cyclic δ-keto acid

In the title compound, C(10)H(16)O(3), the two molecules of the asymmetric unit form acid-to-ketone hydrogen-bonded chains. The two species differ only very slightly and are related by a pseudo-center, so that the apparent translational relationship among the units of the hydrogen-bonded chain is actually a pseudo-translation, with the molecules alternating in type. Two counterdirectional pairs of chains proceed through each cell [O.O = 2.743 (2) and 2.683 (2) A, and O-H.O = 171 (3) and 157 (3) degrees ]. Three intermolecular C-H.O close contacts were found, involving all three O atoms of one of the molecules.
Consequences of alcohol consumption on host defence

This communication reviews recent literature and summarizes current views on the immunomodulatory effects of acute and chronic alcohol consumption. Chronic and even acute, moderate alcohol use can increase host susceptibility to infections caused by bacterial and viral pathogens. Impaired host defence after alcohol exposure appears to be linked to a combination of decreased inflammatory response, altered cytokine production, and abnormal reactive oxygen intermediate generation. Furthermore, cellular immunity, particularly antigen-specific immune response, is impaired by both acute and chronic alcohol use. Although T lymphocyte functions can be directly affected by ethanol, decreased antigen presenting cell function appears to be a key element in the ethanol-induced decrease in cell-mediated immunity. In addition, a preferential induction of Th2 vs Th1 immune response has been suggested, based on the increased immunoglobulin levels seen in chronic alcoholics. The effects of chronic and acute alcohol consumption in humans, animal models and in vitro systems on host defence and immunity are discussed in the context of the functional abnormalities of T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and monocytes/macrophages resulting in the altered immune response seen after alcohol use.
Primary production on the continental shelf off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina

Abstract Distributions of primary production and chlorophyll size structure were examined in relationship to hydrographic properties during March and July 1996 in continental shelf waters off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Chlorophyll concentrations ranged highest (>10 mg m −3 ) during March. Peak values were associated with subsurface maxima near the shelf edge, which were dominated by larger (>8 μm) phytoplankton. In July, chlorophyll concentrations were generally lower with higher proportions associated with the 2.0 g C m −2 d −1 ) in association with the shelf–slope front. In contrast, highest values in July (>3.0 g C m −2 d −1 ) were associated with an intrusion of high-salinity, high-nutrient water into the southern portion of the study region. Average shelf-wide productivities were 1.3 g C m −2 d −1 in March and 2.1 g C m −2 d −1 in July. Contemporaneous Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer sea-surface temperature imagery revealed that regions of high productivity were proximal to Gulf Stream circulation features. In March, cross-shelf sections of hydrographic properties and nutrients provided evidence for onshore displacement of the shelf–slope front, apparently related to the combined effects of the strong winds prior to the cruise and the offshore presence of energetic Gulf Stream processes. We speculate that variable forcing, related to the dynamics of the Gulf Stream and wind, resulted in significant frontal displacement and frontal velocity fluctuations leading to enhanced mixing and injection of nutrients across the frontal boundary. In July, Gulf Stream circulation, in conjunction with upwelling favorable conditions, resulted in a subsurface intrusion of high-nutrient water onto the shelf analogous to similar phenomena observed in the South Atlantic Bight. Localized regions of enhanced productivity appear to be quantitatively important in the overall carbon/nitrogen budget of the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf.
Thin position for knots and 3-manifolds

Abstract We prove that for 2-bridge knots and 3-bridge knots in thin position the double branched cover inherits a manifold decomposition in thin position. We also argue that one should not expect this sort of correspondence to hold in general.
Rigid disk slider micromachining challenges to meet microtribology needs

The air bearing surface (ABS) of a rigid disk drive recording head has to satisfy two tribological needs. For a head in transition during spin up or shut down the ABS has to allow either contact start stop (CSS) or ramp load/unload (LUL). The ABS also has to provide a stable flight attitude when a head is in operation. These tribological challenges translate into two sets of fabrication tasks: an ABS plane with a given surface geometry needs to be created as well as an ABS contour and depth profile. In slider fabrication these challenges are met by a combination of mechanical and physical micromachining processes.
Differential diagnosis of retinitis and choroiditis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Abstract Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are at high risk for developing retinitis. The most common forms of retinitis in such patients are those caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Toxoplasma ; however, retinitis or choroiditis can also be caused by other viral, protozoal, bacterial, and fungal agents. Differential diagnosis of these infections is based on a number of factors, including opthalmoscopic appearance, underlying disease, clinical history, and severity of underlying immunosuppression. Rapid an accurate diagnosis is essential in preserving functional vision, as some forms of retinitis are rapidly progressive and since appropriate treatment varies by diagnosis.
Some remarks on proto-semitic phonology

Abstract Research carried out over the past century has revealed that Proto-Semitic (=*S) phonology has changed very little during this period. The aim of this paper is to present a history of some of the important work in this area as well as to discuss, perhaps, the four most intriguing problems in the entire field: (1) Were the *S emphatics pharyngealized-velarized or glottalized? (2) How many *S sibilants can be reconstructed with certainty? (3) Can one reconstruct *S vowels other than a , i , and u , both long and short, i.e., o¯ and e¯ ? (4) Have newly-discovered languages, such as Ugaritic, changed the picture concerning *S segments? The state of the art of this area is assessed and conclusions are offered for future research endeavors, such as internal reconstruction of the individual languages, further graphemic studies of languages like Akkadian, and new information from investigation of unknown Arabic dialects and of Ethiopic languages and dialects.
Force-feedback improves performance for steering and combined steering-targeting tasks

The introduction of a force-feedback mouse, which provides high fidelity tactile cues via force output, may represent a long-awaited technological breakthrough in pointing device designs. However, there have been few studies examining the benefits of force-feedback for the desktop computer human interface. Ten adults performed eighty steering tasks, where the participants moved the cursor through a small tunnel with varying indices of difficulty using a conventional and force-feedback mouse. For the force-feedback condition, the mouse displayed force that pulled the cursor to the center of the tunnel. The tasks required both horizontal and vertical screen movements of the cursor. Movement times were on average 52 percent faster during the force-feedback condition when compared to the conventional mouse. Furthermore, for the conventional mouse vertical movements required more time to complete than horizontal screen movements. Another ten adults completed a combined steering and targeting task, where the participants navigated through a tunnel and then clicked a small box at the end of the tunnel. Again, force-feedback improved times to complete the task. Although movement times were slower than the pure steering task, the steering index of difficulty dominated the steering-targeting relationship. These results further support that human computer interfaces benefit from the additional sensory input of tactile cues to the human user.
Landscape heterogeneity—a quantitative criterion for landscape reconstruction

Abstract The North Bohemian brown coal basin is located near to the frontier between the Czech Republic and Germany. It is a part of wider region known as the Black Triangle. Open-cast coal mining has caused total destruction of original ecosystems, as well as changes of relief and also land-use changes in the surrounding areas. Specialists call this situation landscape memory loss. Reconstruction of a landscape or creation of a new landscape is very difficult in areas where mining has come to an end. One of the most difficult issue is the reintroduction of target species. Recent studies suggest that large inhospitable patches are avoided by animals, and that many species need more than one landscape element in proximity. Generally, species diversity is greater in heterogeneous landscapes. Greater landscape heterogeneity also provides better conditions for fast reintroduction of target species into the wasteland. This paper presents a case study on land use—the recultivation of landscape in the Chabarovice area (1400 ha). Landscape heterogeneity is the quantitative criterion for the final proposal of a new landscape mosaic. Three comparative areas were analyzed—two of them adjacent to the study area (present state), while the other analyzed the historical state of the study area in 1842. The information gained from the studies of adjacent areas, and from the historic study of the study area itself, was not used in order to reconstruct the area as it had once been, nor even in order to reproduce a situation similar to that in nearby areas. The aim was to take advantage of the opportunity to improve the environment in the study area considerably, and to do so a way that will benefit biodiversity throughout the whole region.
Research Note: Evaluation of a Suggested Method for Crude Measurement of Ash in Feedstuffs

Abstract A study was conducted to determine a possible relationship between two methods of ash measurement in feedstuffs: 1) an adiabatic bomb calorimeter (Parr Instrument Co., Moline, IL) as part of proximate analysis, and 2) the standard method of ash determination as described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Ten replicates of 11 feed ingredients were analyzed by both methods. A significant (P
PATTERN FORMATIONS IN CHEMICAL SYSTEMS

The formation of complex patterns in chemical systems is discussed in the following cases: relations of pattern formation to thermodynamics theories; unusually complex pattern formation in very simple experimental chemical systems; and numerical simulation of patterns that develop in multicellular chemical systems. The paper concludes with a discussion on future technological applications.
Metastatic malignant tumors to the bronchus found in bronchial biopsy and secretions.

1) Metastatic pulmonary tumors which erode bronchi and extend into lumens may be detected by bronchial biopsy and cytologic examination of secretions. 2) Two such cases are reported: first, an adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon which had metastasized to the lung as a solitary nodule, and had eroded through the bronchus of the lower lobe of the right lung; and second, a malignant melanoma which had metastasized as multiple nodules to both lungs. In both, malignant cells were detected in the bronchial biopsies and secretions. The second case is also of interest because it presented metastatic calcification. 3) A third case of intrabronchial polypoid tumor, metastatic from a rhabdomyosarcoma of the kidney, was encountered at necropsy. 4) To the bronchoscopist, a polypoid intrabronchial lesion should suggest a metastatic tumor or bronchial adenoma, since bronchogenic carcinomas in the majority of instances tend to grow into the lung parenchyma rather than into the lumen. Bronchogenic carcinomas encircle the bronchial wall and cause rigidity and stenosis of the bronchus, rather than project into bronchial lumens as polypoid masses. 5) Care must be taken in evaluating positive bronchial biopsies or aspirates in order to avoid designating metastatic lesions as primary bronchogenic neoplasms.
H.264 visually lossless compressibility index: Psychophysics and algorithm design

Although the term ‘visually lossless’ (VL) has been used liberally in the video compression literature, there does not seem to be a systematic evaluation of what it means for a video to be compressed visually lossless-ly. Here, we undertake a psychovisual study to infer the visually lossless threshold for H.264 compression of videos spanning a wide range of contents. Based on results from this study, we then propose a compressibility index which provides a measure of the appropriate bit-rate for VL H.264 compression of a video given texture (i.e., spatial activity) and motion (i.e., temporal activity) information. This compressibility index has been made available online at [1] in order to facilitate practical application of the research presented here and to further research in the area of VL compression.
When Studying the Effects of Light on Herbivory, Should One Consider Temperature? The Case of Epimecis hortaria F. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) Feeding on Lindera benzoin L. (Lauraceae)

Light and temperature are ecological factors that are known to influence leaf quality and herbivory. Because temperature is likely to vary with light environment, the effects that each factor has on herbivore performance and seasonal herbivory rates are likely to be confounded. We studied how light and thermal environment influenced consumption and conversion of Lindera benzoin L. (Lauraceae) leaf material by Epimecis hortaria F. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in field and laboratory settings. Ambient and leaf surface temperatures were higher in the sun than in the shade. Experimental enclosures increased feeding temperatures by <1°C. Larvae of E. hortaria feeding at warmer temperatures consumed more leaf material than their counterparts in cooler conditions in the laboratory. However, in the field, herbivores tended to remove less leaf material from plants in warm, sunlit habitats where seasonal herbivory is lower. Conversion of leaf area eaten into biomass was higher in larvae feeding on L. benzoin leaves from sun habitats for all field and laboratory treatments and was independent of temperature, suggesting that sun leaves are more nutritious for E. hortaria than shade leaves. While elevations in ambient temperature play a significant role in laboratory-based settings, the effects of ambient temperature on herbivory rates in the natural environment seem to be muted by differences in leaf quality and antiherbivore defenses in sun and shade populations of L. benzoin.
ZMM proteins during meiosis: Crossover artists at work

Faithful segregation of homologous chromosomes (homologs) during meiosis depends on chiasmata which correspond to crossovers between parental DNA strands. Crossover forming homologous recombination takes place in the context of the synaptonemal complex (SC), a proteinaceous structure that juxtaposes homologs. The coordination between molecular recombination events and assembly of the SC as a structure that provides global connectivity between homologs represents one of the remarkable features of meiosis. ZMM proteins (also known as the synapsis initiation complex = SIC) play crucial roles in both processes providing a link between recombination and SC assembly. The ZMM group includes at least seven functionally collaborating, yet structurally diverse proteins: The transverse filament protein Zip1 establishes stable homolog juxtaposition by polymerizing as an integral component of the SC. Zip2, Zip3, and Zip4 likely mediate protein–protein interactions, while Mer3, Msh4, and Msh5 directly promote steps in DNA recombination. This review focuses on recent insights into ZMM functions in yeast meiosis and draws comparisons to ZMM-related proteins in other model organisms.
A computer-aided test for the absence of limit cycles in fixed-point digital filters

The problem of determining the existence of limit cycles in direct form digital filters with quantization nonlinearities is considered. A method based on an exhaustive search is introduced. It is applicable to all direct form digital filters regardless of the type of quantization arithmetic, the number of quantizers, and the order of the filter. The equivalence between the concept of global asymptotic stability and the exclusion of limit cycles is proved for linearly stable finite-wordlength digital filters. The robustness of this test with respect to coefficient perturbation in the digital filter is presented. The computational aspects of the algorithm are also discussed. The algorithm is shown to be capable of always determining the global asymptotic stability of the tested realization. >
Representing spatial relations between arbitrarily oriented objects

A representation is developed for modeling the spatial relations between any two objects along with a set of transitivity relations for inferring indirect spatial knowledge. This logic provides the ability to make bounded inferences based on uncertain knowledge. Other advantages are that: (a) much spatial knowledge is relative, and it is often not possible to describe this knowledge in terms of absolute references; (b) local references are less prone to error accumulation; and (c) the relevant spatial information is abstracted in a qualitative form. The development proceeds in two stages: first, the relations are modeled in an orthogonal world where all edges are aligned to a set of axes. Next, several possible models for representing angular relations are considered, and a compact algebra is derived to describe arbitrary angular relations. >
The Architecture of Globalization: A Network Approach to International Economic Integration

We combine data on international trade linkages with network methods to examine the global trading system as an interdependent complex network. We map the topology of the international trade network and suggest new network based measures of international economic integration, at both a global system-wide level and a local country-level. We develop network based measures that incorporate not only the volume of trade but also the influence that a country has on the international trading system. These measures incorporate the structure and function of the network and may provide a more meaningful approach to globalization than current measures based on trade volumes. We find that in terms of participation and influence in the network, global trade is hierarchical with a core-periphery structure at meaningful levels of trade, though integration of smaller countries into the network increased considerably over the 1990's. The network is strongly "balkanized" according to geography of trading partners but not as strongly by income or legal origin. Using these new measures we find that a country's position in the network has substantial implications for economic growth and that network position is a substitute for physical capital but a complement to human capital. We therefore suggest that a network approach to international economic integration has potential for useful applications in international business, finance and development.
Extreme Helicity and Intense Convective Towers in Hurricane Bonnie

Helicity was calculated in Hurricane Bonnie (1998) using tropospheric-deep dropsonde soundings from the NASA Convection and Moisture Experiment. Large helicity existed downshear of the storm center with respect to the ambient vertical wind shear. It was associated with veering, semicircular hodographs created by strong, vortex-scale, radial-vertical flow induced by the shear. The most extreme values of helicity, among the largest ever reported in the literature, occurred in the vicinity of deep convective cells in the downshear-left quadrant. These cells reached as high as 17.5 km and displayed the temporal and spatial scales of supercells. Convective available potential energy (CAPE) averaged 861 J/kg downshear, but only about one-third as large upshear. The soundings nearest the deep cells were evaluated using two empirical supercell parameters that make use of CAPE, helicity, and/or shear. These parameters supported the possible existence of supercells as a consequence of the exceptional helicity combined with moderate but sufficient CAPE. Ambient vertical wind shear exceeded 12 m/s for 30 h, yet the hurricane maintained 50 m/s maximum winds. It is hypothesized that the long-lived convective cells enabled the storm to resist the negative impact of the shear. Supercells in large-helicity, curved-hodograph environments appear to provide a useful conceptual model for intense convection in the hurricane core. Helicity calculations might also give some insight into the behavior of vortical hot towers, which share some characteristics with supercells.
Living the Multiracial Experience Shifting Racial Expressions, Resisting Race, and Seeking Community

The growing presence and visibility of mixed race persons in the US demands that social workers critically examine and understand the complexity of multiracial identity. This qualitative investigation examined the narratives of ten multiracial adults about their identity experiences living as multiracial persons. Utilizing paradigmatic analysis of narratives, five major themes emerged. Four of these themes correspond to categories found in existing multiracial scholarship, and include: (1) Shifting racial/ethnic expressions; (2) Racial/ethnic ambiguity; (3) Feeling like an outsider; and (4) Seeking community. The final theme, (5) Racial resistance, contributes new knowledge to our understanding of how multiracial individuals respond to societal pressures to conform to traditional means of categorizing others by race. Findings from this study confirm a collective multiracial experience; one with direct ties to the social and environmental pressures associated with having a multifaceted identity in a color-...
Finding gender advantage and disadvantage: Systematic research integration is the solution.

Abstract In this article, we respond to Vecchio's [Leadersh. Q., 14 (2003)] critique of Eagly and Carli's [Leadersh. Q., 14 (2003)] arguments concerning female leaders' relative advantage and disadvantage. We support Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, and van Engen's [Psychol. Bull., 95 (2003) 569] conclusions about leadership style and show that the areas of leadership style in which women exceed men are associated with gains in leader effectiveness, whereas the areas in which men exceed women have negative or null relations to effectiveness. We point out flaws in Vecchio's understanding of the methodology by which researchers integrate research findings across studies and elucidate several essential principles of valid research integration. Our analysis strengthens Eagly and Carli's conclusion that female leaders, relative to male leaders, are correctly described as possessing both advantage and disadvantage.
Hepatocyte responses to in vitro freezing and β-adrenergic stimulation: Insights into the extreme freeze tolerance of subarctic Rana sylvatica.

The wood frog, Rana sylvatica LeConte 1825, is a freeze-tolerant amphibian widely distributed in North America. Subarctic populations of this species can survive experimental freezing to temperatures below � 16°C, whereas temperate populations tolerate freezing only at temper- atures above � 6°C. We investigated whether hepatocytes isolated from frogs indigenous to Interior Alaska (subarctic) or southern Ohio (temperate) had distinct characteristics that could contributetothisvariationinfreezetolerancecapacity.Followinginvitrofreezing,celldamage,as assessed from lactate dehydrogenase leakage, was similar between samples from Alaskan and Ohioan frogs. Preincubation of cells in media containing glucose or urea, the two primary cryoprotectants used by R. sylvatica, markedly reduced freezing damage to hepatocytes; however, results suggested that cells of the northern phenotype were comparatively more amenable to cryoprotection by urea. Stimulation of isolated hepatocytes with b-adrenergic agonists, which simulates the freezing-induced cryoprotectant mobilization response, gave rates of glucose production from endogenous glycogen reserves that were similar between the populations. Our findings suggest that extreme freeze tolerance in subarctic R. sylvatica does not require an enhancedabilityofthelivertoresistfreezingstressorrapidlymobilizecryoprotectant.J.Exp.Zool. 323A:89-96, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. How to cite this article: do Amaral MCF, Lee Jr. RE, Costanzo JP. 2015. Hepatocyte responses to in vitro freezing and b-adrenergic stimulation: insights into the extreme freeze tolerance of subarctic Rana sylvatica. J. Exp. Zool. 323A:89-96. J. Exp. Zool. 323A:89-96, 2015
Applications of hybrid analog-digital neural networks in signal processing: simple circuits for frequency and phase detection and shifting

Simple frequency and phase relation systems based on hybrid analog-digital processing elements (PEs) are examined. The systems utilize the temporal characteristics of the input signals and the systems themselves to produce fast low hardware solutions to problems commonly encountered in signal processing. Circuit level simulations of the systems were used to verify system functionality and demonstrate the basic waveforms produced by the hybrid processing element. It is shown that these PEs can be applied very naturally to temporal signal processing problems involving frequency and/or phase detection and shifting. >
Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation of Utah: biogeographic and paleoecologic implications

(2005). Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation of Utah: biogeographic and paleoecologic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 469-472.
Instructional Supervision: Applying Tools and Concepts

This essential text for prospective school leaders enrolled in instructional supervision and evaluation courses provides the knowledge and practical tools to improve teacher effectiveness. Melding theory and practice, this book is a definitive guide to successful classroom observations, pre- and post-observation conferences, and approaches such as action research, peer coaching, and mentoring. The fourth edition of this text has been thoroughly updated to meet the needs of school leaders in today’s educational climate. Features new to this edition include: Additional and updated tools to support school leaders in conducting effective classroom observations and assessing teachers’ professional learning needs; New case studies, suggested fieldwork, and extended reflections to outline practical applications for the strategies discussed; Suggested readings to supplement the information included in this book; Expanded discussions of professional learning communities and the topic of motivation; New chapters on teacher evaluation and instructional strategies that support personalization and learning technologies. This book offers strategies to work with teachers at all stages in their careers, laying a strong foundation for effective instructional supervision in PreK-12 schools. Many of the templates and tools in this book are also available as free eResource downloads from our website (www.routledge.com/9781138649347).
Perspectives: Statement of Cash Flows: Time for Change!

The statement of cash flows is one of the three basic financial statements required under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Recent financial reporting scandals have shown that this basic financial statement is in need of reform. The presentation of operating cash flow using the indirect method is confusing to many readers, including financial analysts. The terminology used in the statement is unclear and unhelpful. The misclassification of specific cash flows in the operating, financing, or investing sections can result in overstatement of operating cash flow. The direct method for reporting cash flow from operations is recommended, together with an improved reconciliation of operating cash flow to net income. Moreover, companies need better guidance on classifying individual cash flows; the statement itself needs improved descriptions and straightforward terminology.
Hypnotic Relaxation Therapy and Sexual Function in PostmenopausalWomen: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Sexual dysfunction is a common problem for postmenopausal women. This study, as part of a larger randomized controlled trial, examined the effect of hypnotic relaxation therapy on sexual dysfunction, a secondary study outcome, in postmenopausal women. Sexual function was assessed using the Sexual Activity Questionnaire (SAQ). Significant improvement in sexual pleasure and discomfort were reported following 5 weekly sessions of hypnotic relaxation therapy, compared with those receiving an attention control. Total SAQ scores showed significant improvement in the hypnotic relaxation therapy treatment group while holding baseline SAQ scores constant. Improvements showed a slight increase at the Week 12 follow-up. The results of this analysis provide initial support for the use of hypnotic relaxation therapy to improve sexual function in postmenopausal women.
ON THE ENERGY AVERAGING OF THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT

(1964). On the Energy Averaging of the Diffusion Coefficient. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 250-252.
Excretion of G14-Bilirubin in Newborn Guinea Pigs

SummaryBiliary excretion of injected unconjugated and conjugated C14-bilirubin was compared in one-day-old and in adult guinea pigs. In relation to adult animals, in the newborn elimination of unconjugated pigment was reduced by more than half and that of conjugated pigment, by one-third. This indicated that in addition to impaired conjugation, the liver of newborn animals exhibits an excretory defect, but the former represents the rate-limiting step in overall pigment metabolism.
Prediction of Soil Sorption Coefficients using Model Molecular Structures for Organic Matter and the Quantum Mechanical COSMO-SAC Model

The soil sorption coefficient, K(OC), is an important property affecting the environmental fate of organic molecules. Difficulties associated with measuring K(OC) have led to many attempts to predict this property, but most rely on empirical descriptors for the soil phase determined from correlations with measured K(OC) data, and are thereby limited by the data quality and diversity. A new method is presented to predict K(OC) for nonionic organic compounds that requires only molecular structures. No calibration is performed. Using model humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) molecular structures from the literature, the soil organic matter is modeled as an organic solvent composed of HA or FA molecules. K(OC) is predicted as an organic solvent-water partition coefficient using the quantum mechanics-based model COSMO-SAC. The log K(OC) values for a set of 440 diverse, environmentally relevant chemicals are predicted with a root-mean-square error of 0.84-1.08, depending on which model HA or FA is used.
Why Does "Brand Loyalty" Vary Over Products?

This paper tests hypotheses about why measured “brand loyalty” varies over product classes. Factor analysis is used to solve certain difficulties in the empirical testing. Brand switching in a prod...
Further studies on the effect of antimalarial drugs against erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium gallinaceum in vitro.

pounds, including certain 8-aminoquinolines, quinine, quinacrine, chloroquine and a naphthoquinone, were plasmodicidal at concentrations approximating those found in the blood of adequately treated hosts. Other compounds, namely, sulfadiazine, metachloridine, chlorguanide and two of its metabolites, a number of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines and a 2,4-diaminopteridine, were inactive. The most likely explanation for the failure of the latter compounds is that these compounds exert their effects on a late stage of the parasite and the system in which they were being tested was a nonreproducing one in which parasite growth was stopped at the stage of young schizonts. There is evidence that some of these compounds do attack late stages in the life cycle of
AB1093 Sonographic Scoring of the Shoulder Synovitis and its Surrogate Maker are Useful for Discriminating Polymyalgia Rheumatica from Elderly-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background New provisional classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) were published in 2012, and those criteria are the first to contain musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) in an additional algorithm. However, several studies validating the diagnostic ability of the criteria suggested that differentiation between PMR and elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis with PMR-like onset (polymyalgic-EORA) is difficult even though US criteria were included. Through the clinical experience, we noted that there seems to be differences not in the kind or the frequency but in the severity of synovial inflammation between the two diseases. Objectives To evaluate the discriminating ability of US scoring of shoulder synovitis and its surrogate maker to distinguish between PMR and polymyalgic-EORA. Methods We analyzed consecutive records of 15 PMR patients and 15 polymyalgic-EORA patients. All of them were underwent US examination before treatment-start. The severity of tenosynovitis of the long-head of the biceps, bursitis of shoulder including subdeltoid, subacrominal and subcoracoid bursitis, and joint synovitis of grenohumeral joint were subjectively scored for GS and PD on a four-point scale: 0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate or 3 = severe. Sum of the all scores of both shoulders was defined as “patient-shoulder synovitis score (PSSS)”, and the correlation between PSSS and serum markers was assessed. Indices contributing to discriminating between PMR and polymyalgic-EORA were explored. Results PSSS in PMR tended to be lower than that in polymyalgic-EORA (7.73±3.77 vs 12.3±8.57, p=0.072 [mean ± SD]). PSSS were positively correlated with serum MMP3 (|R|=0.707, p 4 to CRP (MMP3/CRP) was significantly lower in PMR than in polymyalgic-EORA (32.2±35.9 vs 101±87.1, p=0.006 [mean ± SD]). Sensitivity and specificity of 2012 PMR criteria scoring algorithm without US for PMR diagnosis in our patients were 93.3% and 40.0%, respectively. ROC analysis for PSSS/CRP and MMP3/CRP demonstrated areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.902 and 0.852, respectively. By adding 1 point to the points from 2012 PMR criteria scoring algorithm without US in cases where the ratio is lower than the threshold, the optimal cut point became 5. Adding the criterion of either PSSS/CRP or MMP3/CRP improved the specificity of the 2012 criteria in our patients (80.0% and 71.4%, respectively) without much influence on the sensitivity (86.7% and 86.7%, respectively). Conclusions Sonographic semi-quantitative assessment of shoulder synovitis provided useful information for discriminating PMR from polymyalgic-EORA. Serum MMP3 can be a surrogate maker for US-shoulder synovitis scoring. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Delayed nausea and vomiting from carboplatin doublet chemotherapy

AbstractBackground: Delayed nausea and vomiting following administration of carboplatin containing chemotherapy regimen remains a clinically significant problem for patients with cancer despite administration of standard antiemetic prophylaxis comprising of a 5-HT3 antagonist and dexamethasone. We performed a prospective study to define the incidence and risk factors for delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).Methods: Previously untreated patients with newly diagnosed cancer scheduled to receive carboplatin containing chemotherapy (AUC 5 or above), but no prophylactic aprepitant were enrolled in the study. The primary endpoint was the incidence of delayed CINV after Cycle 1 of chemotherapy. Secondary endpoints included the incidence of CINV with the third chemotherapy cycle and gender differences in incidence of CINV. Patients completed the Functional Living Index Emesis (FLIE) questionnaires 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after receiving chemotherapy. Telephone interviews were conducted 24–48 h...
Study on over-voltage protection and insulation coordination for the ±800 kV DC power transmission project

The insulation coordination for the ±800 kV DC power transmission project was studied, combined with the results of the internal over-voltage calculation and the rated parameters of the AC and DC arresters of the ±800 kV DC power transmission project in China. The lightning over-voltage protection of the converter station and the lightning protection for the lines were studied, and the suggestions of the lightning protection were proposed.
Effect of dithiocarbanilates on some biological and biophysical properties of leukemia L1210 cell membranes.

This study was designed to seek correlations between membrane alterations detected by transport studies and those measured by two biophysical techniques. A group of substituted dithiocarbanilates was found to alter selectively different membrane properties related to permeability and transport. We found a correlation between disruption of a membrane permeability barrier to accumulation of actinomycin D and an enhanced fluorogenic interaction between cells and a dansyl cadaverine probe. Inhibition of facilitated diffusion of nucleosides across the cell membrane was correlated with a more "hydrophobic" cell surface, detected by two-phase aqueous polymer partitioning studies in an "uncharged" system. Inhibition of active transport of a model amino acid, cycloleucine, was correlated with reduced cell-surface and membrane charge, detected by two-phase partitioning studies in a "charged" system. Dithiocarbanilates that caused inhibition of amino acid transport also quenched the fluorogenic cell interaction with dansyl cadaverine, suggesting a more generalized chaotropic drug effect. These findings suggest loci of membrane processes regulating permeability, and of barriers to substrate movement within the cell membrane.
Aortic valve stenosis. Management in children and adults.

PreviewAlthough symptoms and signs of aortic stenosis may not appear until a patient is well into adulthood, the onset of angina pectoris, syncope, and cardiac failure may herald rapid decline and death. Dr Resnekov stresses the seriousness of these manifestations and describes clinical findings and recommended studies. Surgery for both children and adults is discussed, as is proper management of pregnancy in women with aortic stenosis.
2,8-Dihydroxyadenine Urolithiasis: Review of the Literature and Report of a Case in the United States

AbstractUrolithiasis resulting from inherited metabolic derangement is rare. Only 13 cases of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine stones resulting from a deficiency of the enzyme adenine phosphoribosyl transferase have been reported since 1974. Of these cases 9 have been in children with the homozygous trait. To date, 3 homozygous and 1 heterozygous adults with urolithiasis have been reported. This disease has not been associated with any other clinical or biochemical abnormalities. Treatment includes low purine diet and allopurinol. We herein report a case of complete adenine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency associated with 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis in the United States, bringing the total to 14 in the literature.
Preliminary study showing safety/efficacy of nanoss bioactive versus vitoss as bone graft expanders for lumbar noninstrumented fusions.

Background: The lateral fusion mass for multilevel lumbar laminectomies with noninstrumented posterolateral fusions now often utilizes lamina autograft and bone marrow aspirate (BMA) mixed with one of two bone graft expanders: either Vitoss (Orthovita, Malvern, PA, USA) or NanOss Bioactive (Regeneration Technologies Corporation: RTI, Alachua, FL, USA).
Recent Advances in Colorimetry-Based Digital Imaging

(1994). Recent Advances in Colorimetry-Based Digital Imaging. The Journal of Photographic Science: Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 74-74.