cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical and photocatalytic studies of fluorophosphine-bridged iron and cobalt dimers

Abstract Irradiation (254, 300, 355 nm) of [CH 3 N(PF 2 ) 2 ] 3 Co 2 (CO) 2 , 1 , [CH 3 N(PF 2 ) 2 ] 3 Co 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 , 2 , and [CH 3 N(PF 2 ) 2 ] 2 Fe 2 (CO) 5 , 3 , at room temperature in the presence of acetophenone and triethylsilane leads to photoassisted hydrosilation with moderate quantum yields (0.037, 0.004, and 0.07 at 355 nm, respectively). The quantum yields (Φ) vary as a function of the irradiation wavelength (Φ300 > Φ254 > Φ355) and are drastically reduced when the reaction is conducted in the presence of either CO or PPh 3 . The wavelength dependence and external ligand quenching is consistent with dissociative CO loss from an upper excited state. UV spectral analyses suggest that the σ → σ ∗ electronic transition is responsible for the observed quantum yield trends. Photocatalyzed 1-pentene isomerization was observed with 1 but not with 2 or 3 at 355 nm. Variable temperature studies of the photocatalyzed 1 -pentene isomerization catalyzed by 1 show that a thermally active catalytic species is present. Photocatalyzed hydrogenation of 1-pentene was achieved with 1 , but only at high hydrogen pressure (100 psi). Attempted 1-pentene hydrosilation with triethylsilane, catalyzed by 1 , led only to olefin isomerization. UV irradiation of 1 in the presence of trichlorosilane led to the oxidative addition of silane to one cobalt atom, to afford [CH 3 N(PF 2 ) 2 ] 3 Co 2 (CO)H(SiCl 3 ). Dimer fragmentation was not observed with [CH 3 N(PF 2 ) 2 ] 3 Co 2 (CO) 2 or [CH 3 N(PF 2 ) 2 ] 3 Co 2 -(PPh 3 ) 2 due to the geometrical constraints imposed by the three bridging ligands. Plausible catalytic mechanisms are presented herein, based on experimental data.
Neonatal Encephalopathy: Association of Cytokines with MR Spectroscopy and Outcome

In term neonatal encephalopathy, little is known about the relationship between early inflammatory markers, neonatal brain injury, and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. Our goal was to determine whether neonatal serum cytokine levels are associated with cerebral metabolism assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities, and with neurodevelopmental outcome at 30 mo of age. Levels of seven cytokines [IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-12, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] were measured in dried neonatal blood by immunoaffinity chromatography in a prospective cohort of 62 term newborns at risk of neonatal encephalopathy. MR images (n = 61) were scored and lactate/choline and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA)/choline were measured by MRS (n = 42) on median day of life 6 in the deep gray nuclei (DGN) and in the watershed/cortical zone (WS). Neurodevelopmental outcome (n = 54) was considered abnormal if the infant died or if cognitive delay and/or functional motor deficit were detected at 30 mo. IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha were significantly associated with lactate/choline in the DGN (p = 0.03, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.01 respectively), but not in the WS (all p > 0.1). Cytokines were not associated with NAA/choline in any region or with MRI scores. Children with abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome had higher neonatal levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and lower levels of IL-12 (p = 0.04, 0.03, 0.01, 0.03 respectively). Elevated inflammatory cytokines were associated with impaired cerebral oxidative metabolism, but not with detectable MRI changes in the neonatal period. Understanding the link between elevated cytokines and outcome would inform novel strategies of cerebral protection.
Applying the algorithm "assessing quality using image registration circuits" (AQUIRC) to multi-atlas segmentation

Multi-atlas registration-based segmentation is a popular technique in the medical imaging community, used to transform anatomical and functional information from a set of atlases onto a new patient that lacks this information. The accuracy of the projected information on the target image is dependent on the quality of the registrations between the atlas images and the target image. Recently, we have developed a technique called AQUIRC that aims at estimating the error of a non-rigid registration at the local level and was shown to correlate to error in a simulated case. Herein, we extend upon this work by applying AQUIRC to atlas selection at the local level across multiple structures in cases in which non-rigid registration is difficult. AQUIRC is applied to 6 structures, the brainstem, optic chiasm, left and right optic nerves, and the left and right eyes. We compare the results of AQUIRC to that of popular techniques, including Majority Vote, STAPLE, Non-Local STAPLE, and Locally-Weighted Vote. We show that AQUIRC can be used as a method to combine multiple segmentations and increase the accuracy of the projected information on a target image, and is comparable to cutting edge methods in the multi-atlas segmentation field.
Reasons Young Children Are Referred for Psychological Services.

In an effort to understand the reasons that young children might be referred for psychological services, ratings provided by mothers who had contacted a psychology clinic were compared to those provided by mothers who were college students. Results of this study suggest that children who were referred for psychological services were rated as having significantly higher levels of internalizing, externalizing, and total behavior problems as well as significantly lower levels of competence. Mothers of referred children rated themselves as having significantly lower levels of positive perceptions and higher levels of negative perceptions toward their children. These mothers also endorsed significantly lower levels of limit setting and higher levels of parenting stress. Mothers did not differ in their own characteristics. These findings suggest that interventions for young children and their families should be designed to address the emotional and behavioral functioning of the children as well as the parent-child relationship.
Synoptic-Scale Flow and Valley Cold Pool Evolution in the Western United States

Abstract Valley cold pools (VCPs), which are trapped, cold layers of air at the bottoms of basins or valleys, pose a significant problem for forecasters because they can lead to several forms of difficult-to-forecast and hazardous weather such as fog, freezing rain, or poor air quality. Numerical models have historically failed to routinely provide accurate guidance on the formation and demise of VCPs, making the forecast problem more challenging. In some case studies of persistent wintertime VCPs, there is a connection between the movement of upper-level waves and the timing of VCP formation and decay. Herein, a 3-yr climatology of persistent wintertime VCPs for five valleys and basins in the western United States is performed to see how often VCP formation and decay coincides with synoptic-scale (∼200–2000 km) wave motions. Valley cold pools are found to form most frequently as an upper-level ridge approaches the western United States and in response to strong midlevel warming. The VCPs usually last as ...
Explaining regime change in the Soviet Union

(1994). Explaining regime change in the Soviet Union. Europe-Asia Studies: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 29-45.
The effect of bisphenol monomer structure on the gas permeability of aromatic polycarbonates

Permeability measurements for oxygen and, to a lesser extent, carbon dioxide were carried out on a series of 24 structurally different aromatic polycarbonates. Polymers were prepared from bisphenols bearing substituents on the aromatic rings and/or the central aliphatic carbon atom. A strong correlation between monomer structure and polymer permeability was found, with gas transport rates varying by over two orders of magnitude between the most and the least permeable materials. In addition, a semilogarithmic relationship was found between oxygen transmission rates and monomer composition for two series of copolycarbonates. Of several methods explored, an excess free volume model was found best able to relate the experimental permeability values to the polymer molecular structure.
The effects of K2O on the compositions of near-solidus melts of garnet peridotite at 3 GPa and the origin of basalts from enriched mantle

Enrichment in K2O in oceanic island basalts (OIB) is correlated with high SiO2, low CaO/Al2O3, and radiogenic isotopic signatures indicative of enriched mantle sources (EM1 and EM2). These are also chemical characteristics of the petit-spot lavas, which are highly enriched in K2O (3–4 wt%) compared to other primitive oceanic basalts. We present experimentally derived liquids with varying concentrations of K2O in equilibrium with a garnet lherzolite residue at 3 GPa to test the hypothesis that the major element characteristics of EM-type basalts are related to their enrichment in K2O. SiO2 is known to increase with K2O at pressures less than 3 GPa, but it was previously unknown if this effect was significant at the high pressures associated with partial melting at the base of the lithosphere. We find that at 3 GPa for each 1 wt% increase in the K2O content of a garnet lherzolite saturated melt, SiO2 increases by ~0.5 wt% and CaO decreases by ~0.5 wt%. MgO and $$K_{D}^{{{\text{Fe}} - {\text{Mg}}}}$$ each decrease slightly with K2O concentration, as do Na2O and Cr2O3. The effect of K2O alone is not strong enough to account for the SiO2 and CaO signatures associated with high-K2O OIB. The SiO2, CaO, and K2O concentrations of experimentally derived partial melts presented here resemble those of petit-spot lavas, but the Al2O3 concentrations from the experimental melts are greater. Partitioning of K2O between peridotite and melt suggests that petit spots, previously considered to sample ambient asthenosphere, require a source more enriched in K2O than the MORB source.
Relations between instrumental and expressive personality characteristics and behaviors: A test of spence and Helmreich's theory ☆

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test J. T. Spence and R. L. Helmreich's hypothesis that socially desirable instrumental and expressive personality characteristics are predictive of behaviors that call directly upon instrumental and expressive skills. An initial ( N = 400) and a cross-validation sample ( N = 288) of undergraduates completed a 92-item self-report instrument (Instrumental and Expressive Behavior Inventory; IEBI) designed to assess instrumental and expressive behaviors. The four multiple-act behavioral scales of the IEBI were empirically derived; three tapped instrumental behaviors and one tapped expressive behaviors. As was expected, correlational and regression results indicated that, for males and females, the Masculinity and Femininity scales of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) and the short Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) were related to instrumental and expressive behaviors, respectively. The results lend construct validity to Spence and Helmreich's PAQ and Bem's short BSRI as measures of instrumental and expressive attributes. The findings are discussed in terms of some of the cognitive processes involved in responding to trait and behavioral measures and in terms of the person-situation controversy.
Effect of Isoproterenol, l-Norepinephrine, and Intraaortic Counterpulsation on Hemodynamics and Myocardial Metabolism in Shock following Acute Myocardial Infarction

The effects of isoproterenol, l-norepinephrine, and intraaortic counterpulsation on hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism were evaluated in shock due to acute myocardial infarction. Before treatment, the cardiac index was markedly reduced, averaging 1.35 liters/min/m2. Mean aortic pressures ranged from 40 to 65 mm Hg. Decreases in coronary blood flow (mean, 68 ml/100 g/min) and in myocardial oxygen consumption (mean, 8.11 ml/100 g/min) were associated with abnormally high myocardial oxygen extractions (mean, 78%) and with lactate production (mean, 9%). Isoproterenol increased cardiac index 63% and heart rate 26%. Coronary blood flow rose an average of 12 ml/100 g/min in the face of decreased diastolic aortic pressure. Rate of myocardial lactate production increased. l-Norepinephrine increased mean aortic pressure and coronary blood flow an average of 21 mm Hg and 27 ml/100 g/min. Mean myocardial oxygen consumption rose 2.24 ml/100 g/min. While myocardial lactate production shifted to extraction (mean, 12...
Characterization of photorefractive materials based on LiF color center crystals for mid-IR volumetric Bragg gratings

A stable mid-IR photorefractive material was proposed based on LiF crystals with color centers (LiF:CCCs). The phase gratings in LiF:CCCs were fabricated and characterized in visible and IR spectral ranges.
Quantitation of retinal ablation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Purpose We studied 294 eyes of 182 patients, to quantitate the amount of retinal ablation required for regression of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods Eyes included in the study had two or more proliferative diabetic retinopathy risk factors, received panretinal photocoagulation, and had a minimum follow-up of one year. Laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy was given to eyes that failed to regress or had progression of retinopathy. Eyes treated by other physicians, treated with xenon arc photocoagulation, or undergoing laser treatment or vitrectomy for other retinal conditions were excluded. The total area of retina ablated was calculated and used as a quantitative measure of treatment. Results Regression was observed in 275 eyes (93%); 19 eyes (7%) failed to regress and eventually required vitrectomy. Panretinal photocoagulation alone successfully led to regression in 229 eyes (77%), whereas 46 eyes (15.6%) required both photocoagulation and peripheral anterior retinal cryotherapy. An average of 1.7 treatments per eye led to regression. Eyes were bimodally distributed by requirement for treatment, into low and high treatment groups. Low treatment eyes received an average of 510 mm 2 of retinal ablation (2,600 500-μm burns), and high treatment eyes, 1,280 mm 2 (6,500 500-μm burns). More extensive treatment was required with more retinopathy risk factors (P = .002 for four vs three risk factors and P=.0007 for four vs two risk factors); duration of diabetes mellitus longer than 15 years (P = .004), and onset of diabetes mellitus before 30 years of age (P = .0008). Conclusion Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy should be treated aggressively with panretinal photocoagulation, cryotherapy, or both. The amount of initial treatment required for regression may be considerably more than that recommended by the Diabetic Retinopathy Study.
Gliogenesis in the embryonic avian optic tectum: neuronal-glial interactions influence astroglial phenotype maturation.

Abstract We have analyzed the development of neuroglial cells in the chick optic tectum under 3 sets of developmental conditions to assess the role of heterotypic cell-cell interactions in gliogenesis. Immunochemical and biochemical methods were employed to measure and localize the expression of the glial markers glutamine synthetase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein, carbonic anhydrase-C and myelin basic protein as functions of development in situ and in aggregation and monolayer cultures of dissociated embryonic tissue. The results showed that certain astroglial cells can be recognized as early as day 9 of development in situ. Oligodendroglial development manifests several days later and the full range of glial subtypes are not evident until nearly the time of hatching. Culture of 7-day embryonic tectum cells either in aggregates or in monolayer cultures failed to yield definitive oligodendroglia. Fibrous astroglia, as defined by glutamine synthetase and glial fibrillary acidic protein, developed well in both culturing systems. However, as previously noted in the embryonic neural retina system, glutamine synthetase expression was markedly dependent on neuronal-glial associations.
Balloon septostomy in tricuspid atresia after infancy

Abstract An atrial septostomy was performed by the balloon catheter technique in a 21 month old child who had tricuspid atresia with a small foramen ovale and severe congestive heart failure after two systemic artery to pulmonary artery shunts. This technique has previously been reported in infancy but not in a child of this age. An immediate decrease in the mean pressure between the atria was demonstrated, and further improvement in the hemodynamic status was evidenced on another catheterization 2 weeks later. Changes in left ventricular function were also noted. This improvement in function was noted on follow-up examination 21 months later.
Direct measurement of the lifetime of 1Δ oxygen in solution

Abstract Direct measurement by a laser pulse technique provides a value for the lifetime of 1 Δ molecular oxygen in methanol of τ = 7 ± 1 μsec. Absolute reaction rate constants of k A = 7 ± 1 × 10 8 M −1 sec −1 and 4 ± 1 × 10 7 M −1 sec −1 are obtained for the singlet oxygen acceptors, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran and tetramethylethylene respectively. Additional acceptor rate constants may be calculated by reference to published β values.
Synthesis, characterization and magnetic studies of some metal complexes of a novel binucleating ligand (III): sodium 1,2,4,5 tetra(5-sulfosalicylidene)aminobenzene

Abstract The Cu(11) and Ni(II) complexes of the binucleating ligand 1,2,4,5-tetra(5-sulfosalicylidene)aminobenzene have been prepared and characterized by the use of elemental analyses, melting points, infrared spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, and molar conductivities. Magnetic studies have been performed on Cu 2 (TSAB), Cu 2 (iPr-TSAB) and Cu 2 (SO 3 -TSAB)· 4H 2 O. The 2J interaction coupling parameter shows a small amount of antiferromagnetic coupling of the complexes which varies according to the substituent group on the phenyl rings.
The value of views and open space: estimates from a hedonic pricing model for Ramsey County, Minnesota, USA.

We examined how environmental amenities, particularly views and open space access, impact residential home sales prices in Ramsey County, MN using a hedonic pricing model. Home sale prices increase with closer proximity to parks, trails, lakes, and streams. Proximity to lakes produced the greatest impact on home sale value of these distance variables, followed by parks, trails, and streams. Increasing view areal extents as well as increasing the amount of water and grassy land covers in views also resulted in increased sale prices. Increased view richness in terms of the number of different land cover types in a view reduced home sale prices. These results illustrate the importance of these environmental amenities to single-family homeowners and can be used to inform land use planning and policy decisions aimed at their preservation.
Options for treatment of hepatitis C in HIV-infected persons.

Irrespective of whether a patient has HIV infection, the optimal treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is peginterferon alpha and ribavirin. In both HIV-infected and uninfected persons, sustained virologic response (SVR) rates are higher for genotype 2 and genotype 3 HCV infection and for patients with lower pre-treatment HCV RNA levels. HIV-infection does not alter either the reality that persons who fail to achieve a 2log 10 reduction in HCV RNA level after 12 weeks of therapy rarely achieve a SVR, or the theoretical benefits of maintenance therapy in those without viral responses. The same adverse treatment effects can occur in HIV-infected and uninfected persons, but treatment of HIV-infected persons is complicated by interactions between ribavirin and antiretroviral medications and effects of HCV treatment on the course of HIV. The optimal treatment doses and durations are not known for HIV-infected persons, who are also less likely to achieve a SVR. A final difference is that the benefits of HCV treatment breakthroughs are usually realized in patients without HIV years before those with HIV. Future research must focus both on improving outcomes with currently available medications and rapidly evaluating the safety and efficacy of forthcoming antiviral compounds in HIV/HCV coinfected persons.
Mushroom Tyrosinase Oxidizes Tyrosine-Rich Sequences to Allow Selective Protein Functionalization

We show that mushroom tyrosinase catalyzes the formation of reactive o-quinones on unstructured, tyrosine-rich sequences such as hemagglutinin (HA) tags (YPYDVPDYA). In the absence of exogenous nucleophiles and at low protein concentrations, the o-quinone decomposes with fragmentation of the HA tag. At higher protein concentrations (>5 mg mL−1), crosslinking is observed. Besthorn's reagent intercepts the o-quinone to give a characteristic pink complex that can be observed directly on a denaturing SDS-PAGE gel. Similar labeled species can be formed by using other nucleophiles such as Cy5-hydrazide. These reactions are selective for proteins bearing HA and other unstructured poly-tyrosine-containing tags and can be performed in lysates to create specifically tagged proteins.
Comparative Effectiveness Research in Radiation Oncology: Assessing Technology

Technological advances are a major contributor to rising costs in health care, including radiation oncology. Despite the large amount spent on new technologies, technology assessment remains inadequate, leading to potentially costly and unnecessary use of new technologies. Comparative effectiveness studies have an important role to play in evaluating the benefits and harms of new technologies compared with older technologies and have been identified as a priority area for research by the Radiation Oncology Institute. This article outlines the elements of effective technology assessment, identifies key challenges to comparative effectiveness studies of new radiation oncology technologies, and reviews several examples of comparative effectiveness studies in radiation oncology, including studies on conformal radiation, IMRT, proton therapy, and other concurrent new technologies.
Energy and air quality

Many coal, oil shale, and geothermal energy sources are located in areas where atmospheric transport and dispersion processes are dominated by the complexity of the terrain. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), responsible for developing new energy technologies that meet air-quality regulations, developed a program aimed specifically at Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) in 1978. The program uses theoretical atmospheric physics research, mathematical models, field experiments, and physical models. The goal is to develop a modeling and measurement methodology to (1) improve fundamental knowledge of transport and dispersion processes in complex terrain and (2) build on this improvement to provide a methodology for performing air quality assessments. The ASCOT team, managed by Marvin Dickerson and Paul Gudiksen of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., is composed of scientists from DOE supported research laboratories and university programs.
Ion chromatographic determination of perchlorate in foods by on-line enrichment and suppressed conductivity detection.

Systemic uptake of perchlorate anion, a rocket fuel component and potential thyroid function disruptor, by leafy vegetables and other crops grown in contaminated waters is a public health concern. A column-switching anion-exchange chromatographic method with suppressed conductivity detection, described in this paper, achieved a 3−6 μg/kg method limit of quantitation in analysis of the wet weight edible portion of cantaloupe, carrots, lettuce, and spinach samples with field-incurred perchlorate. A test portion was blended with dilute nitric acid, and the extract was filtered under vacuum. A portion of the measured filtrate was acidified to pH ∼2 by addition of cation-exchange resin, 4 mL was passed through a graphitized carbon cleanup column, and an aliquot of a collected fraction was pushed through a short precolumn for anion extraction, enrichment, and injection onto the analytical column. Statistical comparison with determination by tandem mass spectrometry−ion chromatography analysis of untreated filtr...
Framework for formal implementation of the business understanding phase of data mining projects

Various data mining methodologies have been proposed in the literature to provide guidance towards the process of implementing data mining projects. The methodologies describe a data mining project as comprised of a sequence of phases and highlight the particular tasks and their corresponding activities to be performed during each of the phases. It seems that the large number of tasks and activities, often presented in a checklist manner, are cumbersome to implement and may explain why all the recommended tasks are not always formally implemented. Additionally, there is often little guidance provided towards how to implement a particular task. These issues seem to be especially dominant in case of the business understanding phase which is the foundational phase of any data mining project. In this paper, we present an organizationally grounded framework to formally implement the business understanding phase of data mining projects. The framework serves to highlight the dependencies between the various tasks of this phase and proposes how and when each task can be implemented. An illustrative example of a credit scoring application from the financial sector is used to exemplify the tasks discussed in the proposed framework.
"This Has Been Quite a Year for Heads Falling": Institutional Autonomy in the Civil Rights Era.

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and their students played a pivotal part in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and early 1960s. Private HBCUs, in particular, provided foot soldiers, intellectual leadership, and safe places to meet and plan civil disobedience. Their economic and political autonomy from the state enabled the institutions and their students to participate in activism without the constant fear of legislative retribution. Their private status did not shield them completely from the state's wrath, however, particularly when college aims collided with state interests. Some constituents argued that HBCUs should agitate for constitutionally protected freedoms; others maintained that HBCUs should shun politics and focus on purely educational concerns. Debates over the role of HBCUs raged on and off campuses. Those with the greatest degree of commitment to the movement faced severe penalties.
Cubically convergent method for locating a nearby vertex in linear programming

Abstract : Given a point sufficiently close to a nondegenerate basic feasible solution x* of a linear program, we show how to generate a sequence {p-superscript-k} that converges to the 0-1 vector sign(x*) at a Q-cubic rate. This extremely fast convergence enables us to determine, with a high degree of certainty, which variables will be zero and which will be nonzero at optimality and then construct x* from this information.
Criteria and Motion Generation for Multi-Segmental Legged Balancing

This paper investigates the effect of upper body on balancing by comparing balanced state domain in the phase space. Biped mechanism is simplified to multi-segment model which consists of one stance foot, leg, and upper body in sagittal plane. System parameters such as link mass and link length are chosen appropriately based on human anthropometry data. In addition to the system parameters, the necessary and sufficient conditions for balancing are implemented as constraints. Proposed algorithm iteratively solves nonlinear constrained optimization problem to find velocity extrema for a given set of joint variables and a maximum actuation torque. The balanced state domain of an actively controlled swinging arm demonstrates larger domain compared to the domain without swinging arm. While similar results are shown by other various approaches, the proposed algorithm demonstrates identification of the balanced state domain in a deterministic scheme using numerical optimization.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
TNFα Cooperates with the Protein Kinase A Pathway to Synergistically Increase HIV-1 LTR Transcription via Downstream TRE-like cAMP Response Elements

Abstract Activating protein-1 (AP-1) binding TPA responsive elements (TRE) are located downstream of the transcription initiation site in the U5 region of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). These downstream sequence elements, termed DSE, can bind both AP-1 and CREB/ATF transcription factors. Recently, we demonstrated that the DSE are also cAMP-responsive elements (CRE), since they mediated activation signals elicited by cholera toxin (Ctx), a potent activator of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signal transduction pathway. In the present study, we demonstrate that the HIV-1 DSE can mediate the transcriptional synergy elicited by the combination of Ctx and TNFα. Ctx combined with TNFα or IL-1β to produce a synergistic increase in p24 antigen production in U1 promonocytic cells. Transfection studies of LTR reporter constructs indicated that mutation of the DSE sites abrogated the LTR-mediated synergy induced by Ctx and TNFα, whereas the synergy induced by Ctx and IL-1β was unaffected, suggesting TNFα and IL-1β cooperate differently with the cAMP/PKA activation pathway to induce HIV-1 expression in U1 cells. Because the DSE are also TRE sites, we assessed the effect of the agonist combinations on AP-1-dependent transcription. TNFα as well as IL-1β cooperated with Ctx to produce a synergistic activation of AP-1-mediated transcription. These data indicate that the TRE-like cAMP-responsive DSE sites within the 5′-untranslated leader can mediate the transcriptional cooperativity between TNFα and the cAMP/PKA pathway. Since the DSE and TRE sites cannot bind CREB/ATF homodimers, we propose a mechanism in which the HIV-1 DSE bind heterodimers composed of both AP-1 and CREB/ATF proteins.
Arundo donax infection with Barley yellow dwarf virus has implications for biofuel production and non-managed habitats

Abstract Arundo donax , a perennial grass, is being considered as a renewable-fuel feedstock. A. donax reproduces vegetatively and can produce over 30 Mg ha −1 of biomass, making it an ideal candidate for biofuel. There is limited information on the susceptibility of A. donax to pests and pathogens and the implications for biofuel production. This study examined the ability of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-PAV) to infect A. donax under controlled conditions using the aphid vector Rhopalosiphum padi , and the impact of BYDV-PAV on A. donax growth. Virus systemicity and the potential for A. donax to serve as a BYDV-PAV inoculum source were also examined. Immunological techniques confirmed BYDV-PAV infection of A. donax , but there were no significant differences in height, number of leaves and number of shoots per rhizome between infected and healthy plants, suggesting A. donax is tolerant to BYDV-PAV. BYDV-PAV infection was determined to be systemic within the host, resulting in virus detection in multiple shoots of the same rhizome. Transmission from infected A. donax to susceptible barley plants was demonstrated using the vector R. padi . These results demonstrate that A. donax is an alternative host to BYDV-PAV. Large A. donax monocultures may provide a perennial inoculum source to neighboring small grain crops, like wheat and barley, as well as turf and forage grasses. Field studies are needed to examine the movement of insect vectors between A. donax , susceptible crops and non-managed ecosystems to assess the ecological and epidemiological implications of these findings.
Evolution of sex differences in spatial cognition

Psychological research has now clearly demonstrated that there is a significant difference between men and women in their performance on certain spatial tasks. Evidence further suggests that this difference has a neurological basis. This hypothesis is well enough established to have inspired several additional hypotheses concerning the evolutionary origin of the difference, including hypotheses emphasizing male hunting, female foraging, and male reproductive strategy. In this article we examine these hypotheses by placing them against the evidence for the neurological basis for the sex difference and the archaeological evidence for the evolution of spatial thinking in general. Given the probable source of the neurological difference in the timing of fetal testosterone, hypotheses that emphasize selection for female cognitive abilities are handicapped from the start. The hypotheses favoring male hunting and male reproductive strategy stumble when evaluated in light of the timing of the evolution of spatial cognition; archaeological evidence for the proposed selective behaviors and for the spatial abilities in question (e.g., mental rotation) do not correspond in a way that would permit a link between them. We conclude that none of the proposed adaptationist hypotheses fit the evidence as it currently exists, and that the modern sex difference in spatial cognition is almost certainly an evolutionary by-product of selection for optimal rates of fetal development. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pharmacokinetics and disposition of clenbuterol in the horse

The pharmacokinetics of clenbuterol (CLB) following a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration twice daily for 7 days were investigated in thoroughbred horses. The plasma concentrations of CLB following i.v. administration declined mono-exponentially with a median elimination half life (t 1 / 2 k ) of 9.2 h, area under the time-concentration curve (AUC) of 12.4 ng.h/mL, and a zero-time concentration of 1.04 ng/mL. Volume of distribution (V d ) was 1616.0 mL/kg and plasma clearance (Cl) was 120.0 mL/h/kg. The terminal portion of the plasma curve following multiple p.o. administrations also declined mono-exponentially with a median elimination half-life (t 1 / 2 k ) of 12.9 h, a Cl of 94.0 mL/h/kg and V d of 1574.7 mL/kg. Following the last p.o. administration the baseline plasma concentration was 537.5 ′ 268.4 and increased to 1302.6 ′ 925.0 pg/mL at 0.25 h, and declined to 18.9 ′ 7.4 pg/mL at 96 h. CLB was still quantifiable in urine at 288 h following the last administration (210.0 ′ 110 pg/mL). The difference between plasma and urinary concentrations of CLB was 100-fold irrespective of the route of administration. This 100-fold urine/plasma difference should be considered when the presence of CLB in urine is reported by equine forensic laboratories.
A Note on the Variability of Timing Control

Analyses of duration data measured from connected-speech signals for three "slow" and three "fast" adult talkers produced, for various sound categories and talkers, mean values and standard deviati...
Optimal treatment timing to attenuate neuronal apoptosis via Bcl-2 gene transfer in vitro and in vivo.

Although Bcl-2 gene transfer can rescue cells from neuronal apoptosis, the temporal relationship between treatment initiation time and effectiveness is unknown. The purpose of present study is to i...
The largest cartesian closed category of stable domains

Abstract Berry's category of dI-domains with stable functions is a relatively intricate, yet elegant, framework for semantics of programming languages. Despite over 15 years of work in the area, the exact reasons for distributivity (Axiom d) and finitariness (Axiom I) have not been fully explicated. This paper shows that Axiom d and Axiom I are important when one works within the realm of Scott-domains. In particular, it has been shown that (i) if [D →s D] has a countable basis, then D must be finitary, for any Scott-domain D; (ii) if [D →s D] is bounded complete, then D must be distributive, for any finitary Scott-domain D. Therefore, the category of dI-domains is the largest cartesian closed category within omega-algebraic, bounded complete domains, with the exponential being the stable function space.
Marine bivalves, particularly mussels, Mytilus sp., for assessment of environmental quality

Abstract Biological effects studies can be used to complement well-established chemical-monitoring programs for determining the healthfulness of environments. Marine bivalves such as Mytilus sp. are widely distributed, vigorous, relatively large, and a dominant species in coastal habitats. In addition their filter-feeding, and sessile adult behavior facilitate sampling of marine environments in studies of the distribution of heavy metals, radionuclides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Studies have begun to determine whether total body water can be used as an indicator of stress. Antipyrine is a useful indicator for such studies since it is well tolerated and rapidly cleared by the mussels. This body water measurement represents a noninvasive condition index which may be valuable in long-term studies. Studies of the uptake, metabolism, and elimination of antipyrine and the chlorinated insecticide aldrin have shown that mussels have oxidative metabolic capability. This result contrasts with findings of previous investigators and suggests that metabolism should be given careful evaluation in both chemical and biological studies of effects of persistent environmental pollutants.
Gastroesophageal reflux: comparison of barium studies with 24-h pH monitoring

Abstract Objective: To determine the correlation between massive gastroesophageal reflux (GER) on barium studies and pathologic acid reflux on 24-h pH monitoring. Methods: A search of hospital records from January 1997 to January 2001 revealed 28 patients who underwent both barium studies and 24-h pH monitoring. The radiologic reports were reviewed to determine the presence and degree of GER. Patients with reflux to or above the thoracic inlet either spontaneously or with provocative maneuvers in the recumbent position were classified as having massive reflux, whereas the remaining patients with reflux below the thoracic inlet or no reflux comprised the control group. The pH monitoring reports were also reviewed to determine if pathologic acid reflux was present in the recumbent position. The findings on these studies were then compared to determine the frequency of pathologic acid reflux in the recumbent position on pH monitoring in patients with massive reflux on barium studies compared with the control group. Results: Massive GER was observed on barium studies in 11 (39%) of the 28 patients and reflux below the thoracic inlet or no reflux in the remaining 17 patients (61%) who comprised the control group. All 11 patients (100%) with massive reflux on barium studies had pathologic acid reflux on pH monitoring in the recumbent position compared with six (35%) of 17 patients in the control group ( P =0.0009). The pH in the distal esophagus on pH monitoring was less than 4.0 for 13.1% of the recumbent period for patients with massive GER on barium studies compared with 6.2% of the recumbent period for the control group ( P =0.0076). Conclusion: Although 24-h pH monitoring remains the gold standard for the detection of GER, our experience suggests that patients with massive reflux on barium studies are so likely to have pathologic acid reflux in the recumbent position that these individuals can be further evaluated and treated for their gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) without need for pH monitoring.
Implications of persuasive communication research for the modification of self-statements

One of the fundamental therapeutic goals of cognitive behavior therapy is to change maladaptive beliefs that a client holds about him/herself, a procedure often designated as cognitive restructuring, cognitive relabeling, or self-statement modification. The purpose of this paper is to propose that the persuasive communication research offers heuristic suggestions regarding factors that might be taken into account by the cognitive behavioral scientist/clinician concerned with the modification of self-statements. Source, message, and audience variables have all been shown to affect the degree of attitude change obtained through persuasive communications. In the present analogy the therapist is considered the source, the client is the audience, and the content of the message is the adaptive set of self-statements the therapist would like to persuade the client to come to believe. The latter are proposed therapeutic self-statements rather than the naturally occurring, internal cognitive responses/thoughts that the clients will make both prior to and after receiving such a communication. Relevant issues and factors that might affect the content and perceived credibility of these proposed self-statements are discussed as they relate to cognitive behavior therapy.
A catadioptric projector system with application to pseudo HDR display

It has been shown in computer vision that combining reflective components (e.g. mirrors) with refractive components (e.g. lenses) can greatly increase the flexibility and functionality of an optic imaging system, such as increased field of view and reconstruction from a single image. Cameras with both lenses and mirrors are typically referred to as catadioptric systems. A projector, as the dual of a camera, can also benefit from catadioptric optics. For example, it is possible to bend the light rays to optically compensate for distortions caused by projection [Swaminathan et al. 2004]. However, different mirror shapes have to be used for different setups.
Attenuation of Solitary Waves and Localization of Breathers in 1D Granular Crystals Visualized via High Speed Photography

We investigate the propagation, attenuation, and localization of nonlinear elastic waves in a 1D granular crystal using high speed photography. We measure temporal displacement profiles of individual particles with a micrometer-scale resolution, and we reconstruct force profiles of propagating solitary waves and localized breathers by synchronizing and analyzing the acquired data. These investigations provide quantitative evidence for the transmission and attenuation trends of travelling solitary waves in a soft polymeric chain, which are significantly different from those in a hard metallic chain. We additionally study energy localization in a chain of hard particles embedded with a soft polymeric impurity. Specifically, we show that the proposed experimental technique is able to visualize the formation of localized breathers and quantify the energy highly concentrated in the vicinity of the impurity site—a phenomenon which can be exploited for harvesting vibrational energy in engineering applications. Finally, we compare, with good agreement, the experimental results with discrete element numerical simulations that account for dissipative effects due to viscoelasticity. The findings reported in this study imply that high speed photography can be an efficient and effective tool for non-contact measurements of nonlinear wave dynamics in granular lattices, despite their short characteristic times and minute displacements.
Daniel Levinson and his theory of adult development: A reminiscence and some clarification

I offer some reminiscences occasioned by the death of Daniel Levinson, a modern pioneer in the study of the human life cycle. I clarify three controversial aspects of Levinson's theory—its universality, the role of critical life events, and the place of relationships—as well as briefly foreshadow findings from his forthcoming book on women. I show that relationships to people, enterprises, and social institutions are the stuff out of which the individual life structure—Levinson's central concept—is formed. Levinson's dream was of a society in which the developmental needs of adults were better understood and met so that they could more generatively fill their roles in the institutions upon which the young depend. He thought this essential to the evolution of a society that would be both more competent and more humane. In this dream, which was a product of his own difficult mid-life transition and a measure of the success he achieved in integrating its polarities, Levinson united a warm, scientific interest in others with an affectionate curiosity about nature.
In vivo responses of cutaneous C-mechanosensitive neurons in mouse to punctate chemical stimuli that elicit itch and nociceptive sensations in humans

Native cowhage spicules, and heat-inactivated spicules containing histamine or capsaicin, evoke similar sensations of itch and nociceptive sensations in humans. In ongoing studies of the peripheral neural mechanisms of chemical itch and pain in the mouse, extracellular electrophysiological recordings were obtained, in vivo, from the cell bodies of mechanosensitive nociceptive neurons in response to spicule stimuli delivered to their cutaneous receptive fields (RFs) on the distal hindlimb. A total of 43 mechanosensitive, cutaneous, nociceptive neurons with axonal conduction velocities in the C-fiber range (C-nociceptors) were classified as CM if responsive to noxious mechanical stimuli, such as pinch, or CMH if responsive to noxious mechanical and heat stimuli (51°C, 5 s). The tips of native cowhage spicules, or heat-inactivated spicules containing histamine or capsaicin, were applied to the RF. Heat-inactivated spicules containing no chemical produced only a transient response occurring during insertion. Of the 43 mechanosensitive nociceptors recorded, 20 of the 25 CMHs responded to capsaicin, and of these, 13 also responded to cowhage and/or histamine. In contrast, none of the 18 CMs responded to any of the chemical stimuli. The time course of the mean discharge rate of CMHs was similar in response to each type of spicule and generally similar, although reaching a peak earlier, to the temporal profiles of itch and nociceptive sensations evoked by the same stimuli in humans. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the itch and nociceptive sensations evoked by these punctuate chemical stimuli are mediated at least in part by the activity of mechanoheat-sensitive C-nociceptors. In contrast, activity in mechanosensitive C-nociceptors that do not respond to heat or to pruritic chemicals is hypothesized as contributing to pain but not to itch.
General Synthesis of Di-μ-oxo Dimanganese Complexes as Functional Models for the Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photosystem II

A series of complexes with the formula [MnIII/IV2(μ-O)2(L)2(X)2]3+ have been prepared in situ from MnIILCl2 precursors by a general preparative method (L = terpy, Cl-terpy, Br-terpy, Ph-terpy, tolyl-terpy, mesityl-terpy, t Bu3-terpy, EtO-terpy, py-phen, dpya, Me2N-terpy, or HO-terpy, and X = a labile ligand such as water, chloride, or sulfate). The parent complex, where L = terpy and X = water, is a functional model for the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II (Limburg, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 423−430). Crystals of MnII(dpya)Cl2, MnII(Ph-terpy)Cl2, MnII(mesityl-terpy)Cl2, and an organic-soluble di-μ-oxo di-aqua dimanganese complex, [MnIII/IV2(μ-O)2(mesityl-terpy)2(OH2)2](NO3)3, were obtained and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Solutions of the in situ-formed di-μ-oxo dimanganese complexes were characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry, EPR spectroscopy, and UV−visible spectroscopy, and the rates of catalytic oxygen-evolving activity were assayed. The use of MnIILCl2 precurso...
ATLAS Status and First Results

The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN has been recording a rapidly growing data sample during the few months since proton–proton collisions at the LHC started in November 2009. This article summarizes the status of the experiment and highlights some of the first results achieved.