cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Systematic, One-stage Approach in the Treatment of Tuberous Breast Deformity

During a 2-year period, we performed a single-stage procedure on 7 patients with unilateral “tuberous” breasts after thorough analysis of the deformity and the contralateral breast. Deficient breast envelope skin was replaced by use of a laterally based random inframammary cutaneous flap. Breast tissue rearrangement with or without augmentation was required to address the parenchymal maldistribution and volume abnormalities. Associated tuberous breast ptosis was adequately corrected by tissue rearrangement, augmentation, and circumareolar mastopexy. Areola herniation and size were adjusted by performing a circumareolar mastopexy. Relocation of the inframammary crease was necessary to achieve symmetry. There were two complications in two patients: In one patient a staphylococcal infection developed in the breast pocket after a traumatic hematoma that occurred 2 weeks after surgery. Another patient required implant exchange for a smaller one to achieve better symmetry. Nipple sensation was not affected adversely by the surgery. Ultimately, all patients achieved acceptable symmetry and were satisfied with the results.
Announcing new Chapman Conference procedures

AGU has convened Chapman Conferences since 1976 as a means of conducting organized, in-depth exploration of specialized topics in a manner seldom possible at large meetings. During these two decades, however, the face of science has changed significantly. The increased wealth of intellectual and technical talent available within the community, the ever tightening budgetary constraints within the federal funding agencies, and the refocusing of agency missions have significantly affected the way we conduct science. The current times require a fundamental change in the way we develop, propose, and conduct scientific research in this country. To an extent, we must now consider ourselves and our laboratory capabilities as techniques in search of questions and our scientific hypotheses as questions in search of techniques.
Ozone concentration characteristics at a high-elevation forest site

Atmospheric ozone concentrations have been monitored at a subalpine forest ecosystem site, 3180m above mean sea level (msl), and at a 2680m msl forest-steppe ecotone site 15km to the southeast. Ozone concentrations were monitored at three heights above the ground on a 30m tower at the higher elevation site, and on a 10m tower in a large meadow downwind of this site.
Differential expression and localization of neuronal intermediate filament proteins within newly developing neurites in dissociated cultures of Xenopus laevis embryonic spinal cord.

The molecular subunit composition of neurofilaments (NFs) progressively changes during axon development. In developing Xenopus laevis spinal cord, peripherin emerges at the earliest stages of neurite outgrowth. NF-M and XNIF (an α-internexin-like protein) appear later, as axons continue to elongate, and NF-L is expressed after axons contact muscle. Because NFs are the most abundant component of the vertebrate axonal cytoskeleton, we must understand why these changes occur before we can fully comprehend how the cytoskeleton regulates axon growth and morphology. Knowing where these proteins are localized within developing neurites and how their expression changes with cell contact is essential for this understanding. Thus, we examined by immunofluorescence the expression and localization of these NF subunits within dissociated cultures of newly differentiating spinal cord neurons. In young neurites, peripherin was most abundant in distal neuritic segments, especially near branch points and extending into the central domain of the growth cone. In contrast, XNIF and NF-M were usually either absent from very young neurites or exhibited a proximal to distal gradient of decreasing intensity. In older neurites, XNIF and NF-M expression increased, whereas that of peripherin declined. All three of these proteins became more evenly distributed along the neurites, with some branches staining more intensely than others. At 24 h, NF-L appeared, and in 48-h cultures, its expression, along with that of NF-M, was greater in neurites contacting muscle cells, arguing that the upregulation of these two subunits is dependent on contact with target cells. Moreover, this contact had no effect on XNIF or peripherin expression. Our findings are consistent with a model in which peripherin plays an important structural role in growth cones, XNIF and NF-M help consolidate the intermediate filament cytoskeleton beginning in the proximal neurite, and increased levels of NF-L and NF-M help further solidify the cytoskeleton of axons that successfully reach their targets. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 49:16–32, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Revisiting NASA as a High Reliability Organization

The implementation and sustainment of High Reliability Organization (HRO) operations for large organizations, such as NASA, is problematic. Using NASA as a case study, the consistency of the intrinsic objectives of large public organizations is assessed with respect to HROs. A novel HRO model is described in terms of ten characteristic dimensions. The intrinsic public organizational objectives are found to be consistent with the HRO model only with respect to effectiveness. Additionally, NASA exhibits characteristics of a HRO only with respect to the degree of complexity and risk involved in operations.
Approximate formulas for dynamic stiffnesses of rigid foundations

Approximate formulas are proposed to describe the variation with frequency of the dynamic stiffnesses of rigid embedded foundations. These formulas are obtained by fitting mathematical expressions to accurate numerical solutions. Because of the restricted data available at the present time, only cylindrical and rectangular embedded foundations are analysed herein; this is not a serious restriction, since these are the more common shapes used in practice. The imaginary part of the stiffnesses are approximated, for high frequencies, by their asymptotic values, which give excellent results in that range. These asymptotic values are computed assuming simple one-dimensional wave propagation theory. The approximate formulas provide a good approximation of the foundation stiffnesses and their use is very simple. Although the soil is assumed to have no internal damping, it can be incorporated by using the Correspondence Principle, if so desired.
Reclaiming lost opportunities: Applying public health models in juvenile justice

Abstract This paper frames juvenile justice as a public health concern and articulates a public health approach to intervention with incarcerated youth. The authors review the founding principles of juvenile justice and examine current practices through the lens of public health concepts. Although the knowledge base is incomplete, existing literature suggests dismal outcomes including high recidivism and low productivity; it also reveals promising evidence-based practices that require ongoing scrutiny and continuing elaboration. The authors' main recommendation concerns the application of a three-tiered prevention logic model that encompasses appropriate, evidence-based interventions, national implementation, and empirical validation. We advocate comprehensive, coordinated planning models that focus on outcomes, operate under shared infrastructure, and incorporate data analysis. The transformation of the juvenile justice system will require careful coordination, improved data systems, and multiple levels of focus. We assert that, despite the numerous challenges facing today's juvenile justice system, incarceration presents an opportunity for youth rehabilitation through effective interventions. Systemic reform has the potential both to improve outcomes for youth and to accrue public benefit through crime reduction and cost efficiencies.
An Analysis of the Potential for Extreme Temperature Change Based on Observations and Model Simulations

Abstract The study analyzes observational climate data for June–August 1977–2004 and simulations of current and future climate scenarios from a nested GCM/regional climate model system to assess the potential for extreme temperature change over the eastern United States. Observational evidence indicates that anomalously warm summers in the eastern United States coincide with anomalously cool eastern Pacific sea surface temperatures, conditions that are conducive to geopotential ridging over the east, less frequent precipitation, and lower accumulated rainfall. The study also found that days following nighttime rain are warmer on average than daytime rain events, emphasizing the importance of the timing of precipitation on the radiation balance. Precipitation frequency and eastern Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies together account for 57% of the 28-yr variance in maximum surface temperature anomalies. Simulation results show the sensitivity of maximum surface air temperature to the moist convection...
Microscratci I Test on Carbon Films as Thin as 20 nm

The capabilities to monitor tangential force and acoustic emission have been added to the microscratch mode of the IBM microindenter. These two new monitoring devices combined with the existing normal loadcell enhance the ability of the microscratch test to measure mechanical properties of thin film materials. As a demonstration of the upgraded microindenter, scratch tests were performed on 11 0nm and 20nm thick carbon films deposited on Si substrates. The scratch morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy to correlate the mechanical data to corresponding failure mechanisms. In the case of the 110nm film, a brittle type fracture was taking place as the applied normal load exceeded a critical value. All three monitored outputs detected the first occurrence of the spallation ofthe film. In contrast to the thicker film, large scale spallation was not observed for thle 20nm film, and the acoustic emission detector did not show any significant output. An apparent friction coefficient(FR) is defined as the ratio ofthe tangential force to the normal load. FR is determined to be a useful parameter for monitoring the indenter's transition through the coating into the substrate, particularly in the case of small scale fracturing or simple ploughing through types of failure.
Entangled mixtures of poly(methacrylates) made from polymer‐monomer slurries

Polymerisation redox ou radiochimique de melanges de methacrylate d'ethyle et de polymethacrylate de methyle donnant un melange a une seule Tg. Resultat identique en ajoutant le dimethacrylate de triethyleneglycol comme reticulant; dans ce cas, l'extraction totale du PMMA par an solvant est possible. La methode de preparation sans agitation produit un melange intime dans lequel la separation de microphase est empechee par les enchevetrements moleculaires; les produits sont metastables et subissent une separation de microphase au-dessus de Tg
The Proliferative Effect of “Anti-Androgens” on the Androgen-Sensitive Human Prostate Tumor Cell Line LNCaP

The effect of steroidal and nonsteroidal "anti-androgens" on the proliferative capacity of androgen-sensitive LNCaP-FGC human prostate tumor cells in culture was studied using charcoal-dextran stripped human serum-supplemented media. Cyproterone and medroxyprogesterone acetates, flutamide, hydroxyflutamide, and anandron (R23908) were administered alone at concentrations between 3 X 10(-12) and 3 X 10(-6) M. Results indicated that although medroxyprogesterone induced maximal proliferation at 3 X 10(-9) M, the other "anti-androgens" (with the exception of flutamide that was ineffective) were effective at 3 X 10(-8) M and higher concentrations; the amplitude of the proliferative response by these compounds was comparable to that elicited by estradiol-17 beta (3 to 5-fold over control). None of the anti-androgens tested triggered the shutoff effect characteristic of androgen action. When 3 X 10(-10) M DHT and the above mentioned anti-androgens were administered simultaneously, a synergistic pattern was seen; on the contrary, 3 X 10(-8) M DHT cancelled the proliferative effect of each of the anti-androgens when administered simultaneously. The relative binding affinity of these anti-androgens to androgen receptors present in LNCaP-FGC cells did not correlate well with their proliferative efficiency. The data collected were interpreted within the premises of the negative control hypotheses for the regulation of cell proliferation in metazoans. Within those premises, results became compatible with the notion that first, "anti-androgens" elicited the proliferation of androgen-sensitive cells by neutralizing the effect of a serum-borne inhibitor (androcolyone-I); this event seems not to be mediated by androgens receptors. Second, anti-androgens did not trigger a proliferative shutoff response like androgens do, i.e. the proliferative pattern induced by anti-androgens was comparable to that elicited by estrogens and progestins. Third, when administered simultaneously with 3 X 10(-10) M DHT, anti-androgens behaved synergistically. Fourth, the DHT-induced shutoff effect consistently overrode the proliferative effect generated by anti-androgens and estrogens when added alone. Finally, taken together these results raise important questions regarding the therapeutic role of anti-androgens in prostate cancer.
Stability of planar biped models by simultaneous pole assignment and decoupling

Abstract Equations of motion are derived for a planar linkage system of arbitrary length with an actuator at every joint. The system is stabilized by simultaneous pole assignment and decoupling. Estimates of the region of stability are obtained by computation of Lyapunov functions. These methods are applied to obtain numerical results for two biped models.
Equity in Veterans Affairs Disability Claims Adjudication in a National Sample of Veterans

ABSTRACTObjectives: To address potential equity concerns about the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA) process for adjudicating military service-related disability claims. Methods: Participants were a nationally representative sample of 20,048 veterans completing the 2001 National Survey of Veterans. Sociodemographic, access, and illness correlates of both the award and rate of general disability benefits awarded by the VA were examined using an established theoretical framework. Results: Sociodemographic, access, and illness variables were associated with both the award (“yes/no”) and rate of benefits (0–100%) awarded, with combat exposure, unemployment, and physical impairment accounting for the strongest model effects. Conclusions: Veterans’ needs were not overshadowed by factors related to demographic background or access (e.g., race, gender, insurance), reducing concerns about disparities in general VA disability disbursements. These data are timely as disability claims/payments will likely inc...
Introduction to the Symposium on Sports Economics

Over the past decade or so, the field of sports economics has grown from an obscure niche to a widely accepted area of study in mainstream economics. Obviously, public interest in sports dates back many centuries to at least the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans, and even Smith (1776) briefly discusses the economics of recreation in The Wealth of Nations; however, sports was a relatively late entrant into the regular academic discourse in economics. Rottenberg’s (1956) paper in the Journal of Political Economy, “The Baseball Players’ Labor Market,” is generally considered the first scholarly paper in sports economics followed by Neale’s (1964) “The peculiar economics of professional sports,” in the Quarterly Journal of Economics (QJE). Of course, this means that despite the emergence of professional sports almost a century earlier, it took QJE, the oldest English language journal in economics, 78 years to publish its first sports economics paper.
New Image Orthicons

The use of video tape recording equipment has increased the requirements for higher quality performance from image orthicons. The GL-8093 and its characteristics are described as a 3-inch image orthicon to meet this need. The GL-8092, a field-mesh version of the high sensitivity image orthicon, is described for color applications.
High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun balloon-borne telescope: Astrophysical pointing

On September 21st, 2013, the High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun, or HEROES, balloon-borne x-ray telescope launched from the Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility's site in Ft. Sumner, NM. The flight lasted for ∼27 hours and the observational targets included the Sun and astrophysical sources GRS 1915+105 and the Crab Nebula. Over the past year, the HEROES team upgraded the existing High Energy Replicated Optics (HERO) balloon-borne telescope to make unique scientific measurements of the Sun and astrophysical targets during the same flight. The HEROES Project is a multi-NASA Center effort with team members at both Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and is led by Co-PIs (one at each Center). The HEROES payload consists of the hard X-ray telescope HERO, developed at MSFC, combined with several new systems. To allow the HEROES telescope to make observations of the Sun, a new solar aspect system was added to supplement the existing star camera for fine pointing during both the day and night. A mechanical shutter was added to the star camera to protect it during solar observations and two alignment monitoring systems were added for improved pointing and post-flight data reconstruction. This mission was funded by the NASA HOPE (Hands-On Project Experience) Training Opportunity awarded by the NASA Academy of Program/Project and Engineering Leadership, in partnership with NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Office of the Chief Engineer and Office of the Chief Technologist.
Searching for a Resource to Teach Strategy? Try Looking Here

The article introduces a series of articles reviewing books and information resources related to teaching. The publications include books such as “Strategy Synthesis”, “Exploring Corporate Strategy...
A NEW DERIVATION OF THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION MATRIX FOR VIBRATING NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS

Abstract Frequency response function matrices relate the inputs and the outputs of structural dynamic systems. If a system is linear the frequency response function matrix is the same for any combination or types of inputs over the entire operating range. Furthermore, the frequency response matrix of a linear vibrating system is a simple combination of temporal and spatial characteristics, the modal frequencies, modal vectors and modal scale factors. When a system is non-linear, the inputs interact through an exchange of energy between the linear and non-linear elements in the system. No general combination of the temporal and spatial non-linear characteristics has to date been proposed to describe these linear–non-linear interactions. This article introduces a unifying perspective of non-linearities as internal feedback forces that act together with the external forces to generate the response of the non-linear system. This perspective of the non-linearities is spatial in nature and leads to two simple but conceptually powerful relationships between the frequency response function matrix of a non-linear multiple-degree-of-freedom system and its linear counterpart. Several single- and multiple-degree-of-freedom systems are used to demonstrate the use and interpretation of these relationships. The broad implication of the new input–output frequency response representation for both linear and non-linear systems are also addressed. In particular, the merits of the spatial perspective of non-linear systems and the new frequency response relationships are stated in the context of linear and non-linear system characterization and identification. One implication is that these relationships suggest there is an input–output-dependent temporal-spatial (modal) decomposition of the frequency response function matrix for non-linear systems.
Urinary TGFs1 in neoplasia: immunoreactive TGF-α in the urine of patients with disseminated breast carcinoma

A tumor-associated growth factor was identified in a 22-liter pool of urine from patients with disseminated breast cancer using an isolation scheme which separates transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) from the high level of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) normally present in urine. Concentration of urinary proteins by adsorption onto methyl bonded microparticulate silica, selective elution by acetonitrile, and subsequent gel permeation, cation exchange, and high performance liquid chromatography, resolved an EGF-related growth factor which generated a competitive binding curve similiar to that of synthetic rat TGF-α in radioimunoassay. A 26-liter pool of urine from normal subjects, evaluated in the same manner as a part of another study, did not contain measureable quantities of this factor.
Relative contributions of aggression and reproduction to behavioral endocrinology

Reproductive activity has been the behavior of choice for research in behavioral endocrinology. Why this is so and the consequences to the study of aggression and to behavioral endocrinology in general are explored.
What Bakke Leaves to the States: Preliminary Thoughts

Justice Powell's leading opinion in the Bakke case stressed educational diversity over state responsibility. However, even when “diversification” fails as a goal, the desire to overcome the effects of past discrimination may nonetheless avail.
Decision Analysis and Strategic Management of Research and Development: A comparison between applications in electronics and ethical pharmaceuticals

The process of strategic management of research and development is contrasted through the application of decision analysis in the evaluation of R&D projects—one in an electronics company, and one in a pharmaceutical company. Issues considered include the different character of applied R&D in each industry resulting from, for example, the shorter product lifecycles that apply to the electronics industry compared to the much longer lifecycles in the pharmaceutical industry. The difference of time horizon between the two industries suggests that different decision criteria might be adopted in project evaluation. Decision-makers in both industries express a need for flexible decision and performance criteria in relation to strategy dialogue about alternative project-options. Implementation problems encountered include: long term discounting, the nature of the preference function for long-term cash flow streams, issues in making assessments of uncertainty in relation to long-term future time horizons, and the management of research portfolios.
Choice response times as functions of inter-item similarity, anchor level, and stimulus type

Stimuli drawn from response-defined interval scales of size dimension, lightness dimension, and the two dimensions combined were used to investigate effects of visual similarity, stimulus type, anchor level and practice upon two-choice response time (RT). Results indicated the following: (a) Mean RT was independent of the physical dimension(s) upon which alternative stimuli differed; and (b) although mean RT decreased ISO msec (19%) across the range of similarities investigated, error rate never approached the 10% limit considered tolerable in choice R T research.
The Color Glass Condensate and RHIC

Abstract I discuss the theoretical motivation for the Color Glass Condensate. I also present experimental evidence which suggests that such matter has been produced at RHIC.
Study position and item differences in the short- and long-term retention of paired associates learned by imagery

Twenty-four Ss studied a list of 96 concrete noun paired associates with instructions to image each pair in an interactive scene. Recall tests were administered immediately following study, and one week later. Recall on the initial test improved as the position of the nounpair in the study list increased, but recall a week later was inversely related to study position. Analyses of item differences suggested that if an image is not immediately remembered during test, information derivable from the stimulus cue can serve to facilitate recall.
Psychophysiological Detection of Deception

The psychophysiological detec tion of deception (PDD; also known as polygraphy or lie detection) has been, and remains, an important ap plication of psychology in the real world. These psychophysiological tests involve the recording of auto nomie nervous system indices (e.g., respiratory, electrodermal, cardio vascular, and vasomotor activity) while the subject is asked a series of questions about which his or her credibility is being evaluated. PDD tests are used extensively in the criminal justice system of the United States, and most police departments have a polygraph examiner to sup port their investigative divisions. Under some circumstances, the re sults of PDD tests are admissible as evidence in courts of law, and con fessions obtained from suspects sub sequent to PDD examinations are frequently offered as evidence.1 Fur thermore, despite the fact that many of the private-sector industrial uses of PDD tests were outlawed in 1988, these tests remain an important part of the American workplace.2 The use of PDD examinations for preem ployment screening of police offic ers is widespread at all levels of gov ernment, and PDD examinations are an important part of the process for obtaining and maintaining a security clearance in the U.S. government. All the applications of PDD ex aminations are controversial. Since the early 1970s, a polemic debate has persisted in the scientific litera ture concerning basic and applied questions about using psychophysi ological measures for the purpose of detecting deception. This contro versy has been particularly heated in discussions of the control question test (CQT), the most commonly ap plied PDD technique in the criminal justice system. Scientists are split both over the use of laboratory stud ies as a basis for estimating validity and over what criteria to use in de termining what an adequate field study is.3 The ins and outs of this extensive debate are beyond this re view. However, three new areas of research have recently provided ev idence that bears upon this debate, and I address them here. First, I con sider a series of studies and analyses that provide data concerning the va lidity of PDD tests used in the na tional security system. Second, I ad dress research on a new PDD technique, the directed-lie control test, that has been found to have high criterion validity, but avoids most of the conceptual criticisms of the CQT. Finally, I address research on the application of computer-based statistical decision making in the psy chophysiological detection of decep tion and consider the use of bootstrap ping as a decision-making technique.
Chronic cough in a child

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS An 11-year-old previously healthy boy presented to an allergist for evaluation of a persistent cough. The cough developed 2 years ago and occurred primarily during the months of May through July. He had episodes of throat clearing during the winter months, but this was distinct from the cough during the spring months. This year the cough started again in May but persisted into late August, which prompted the patient’s mother to take him to an allergist. The cough was nonproductive and occurred throughout the day but did not awaken the patient at night. There were no obvious precipitating factors for the cough. The patient complained of episodes of chest heaviness but denied wheezing. The patient’s mother noted that he was less active than his peers and that he fatigued more quickly than the other children. The patient had no complaints of weight loss, anorexia, fever, chills, or night sweats. The environmental history was significant for a wood-burning stove in the house, and there was a great deal of mulch around the house. The patient’s father had raised pheasants for several years, and the patient had actively participated in the care of the pheasants for the past 6 years. He cleaned the cages and fed the birds and generally spent at least one to two hours per day with them. The incubators for the birds were kept in the basement during the months of May through July, and the birds were then moved into cages in a garage located about 10 feet from the family’s home. The patient spent the greatest amount of time with the birds from May through July. The patient also had a rabbit and a dog, both of which were kept outside. There were no smokers in the household.
Passive control for discrete singular bilinear system with time-delay

The passive control problem for a class of singular bilinear systems with time-delay is investigated. By means of generalized Lyapunov function and generalized Riccati inequality and linear matrix inequality, a sufficient condition is derived such that a prescribed discrete singular bilinear systems with time-delay is passive and its zero solution is asymptotically stable. By making use of the method of Norm-bounded, the bilinear items was manipulated ingeniously. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the validity of the obtained results. Key Words: time-delay; bilinear; singular; passive; state feedback.
Pesticides in agricultural runoff and their effects on downstream water quality

Agricultural use of pesticides has remained high for economic reasons. Because aquatic species may bioaccumulate pesticides more readily than terrestrial organisms, there has been much concern about pesticides in agricultural runoff. Despite this concern, there presently is little relevant information for use in making accurate predictions of the impact of specific pesticide amounts in agricultural runoff on water quality at some point downstream. There is a compelling need for fundamental research on the physical, chemical, biological and hydrological processes that regulate pesticide behavior not only in agricultural and aquatic habitats, but also during transit between the two. Further, data are needed concerning pesticide toxicity potential as a function of the aquatic physical and chemical regime, and concerning population recovery dynamics as a function of pesticide concentration and species stress.
Perceived versus Actual Sedation Practices in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation

Background:With drug shortages, newer sedative medications, and updates in research, management of sedation and delirium in patients receiving mechanical ventilation continues to evolve.Objective:To compare perceived and actual sedation practices for adults receiving mechanical ventilation in intensive care units (ICUs).Methods:This was a multicenter, 2-part study conducted in adult ICUs in US hospitals, It included a sedation practice survey completed by ICU pharmacists and an observational study evaluating actual sedation practices over a 24-hour period.Results:Surveys were completed for 85 ICUs; observational data for 496 patients were collected. Preferred sedatives from the survey data were propofol (short-term); propofol, midazolam, or lorazepam (intermediate); and lorazepam (long-term). Propofol was the most commonly used agent overall during the observational period (primarily for short-term and intermediate-length sedation); midazolam was the most commonly used for long-term sedation. Fentanyl was...
Reward‐aversion circuitry in analgesia and pain: Implications for psychiatric disorders

Sensory and emotional systems normally interact in a manner that optimizes an organism's ability to survive using conscious and unconscious processing. Pain and analgesia are interpreted by the nervous system as aversive and rewarding processes that trigger specific behavioral responses. Under normal physiological conditions these processes are adaptive. However, under chronic pain conditions, functional alterations of the central nervous system frequently result in maladaptive behaviors. In this review, we examine: (a) the interactions between sensory and emotional systems involved in processing pain and analgesia in the physiological state; (b) the role of reward/aversion circuitry in pain and analgesia; and (c) the role of alterations in reward/aversion circuitry in the development of chronic pain and co-morbid psychiatric disorders. These underlying features have implications for understanding the neurobiology of functional illnesses such as depression and anxiety and for the development and evaluation of novel therapeutic interventions.
Providing tough intellectual challenges: The issue of quality training

Sociological training is not sufficiently demanding, at either the graduate or the undergraduate levels, and thus we do not attract high-quality students. We need to build more tough intellectual experiences into our graduate programs at several points, not merely at the dissertation stage. Six specific suggestions are made, most of which emphasize the importance of theoretical work, syntheses and careful analyses of existing theories, and advanced methodological work.
Reducing fertilization: a management tactic against western flower thrips on roses

Fertilization reduction could be a useful pest management tactic for floriculture crops if it reduced pest populations with minimal impact on crop yield and quality. We evaluated the response of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), to different fertilization levels for cut roses, Rosa hybrida L. cv. ‘Tropicana’, and quantified fertilization effects on (i) abundance of F. occidentalis on cut roses, (ii) biological control of F. occidentalis on cut roses and (iii) nutritional quality of the cut flower crop. We tested a commercially available fertilizer (Peters Excel 15-5-15 Cal-Mag; The Scotts Company, Marysville, OH) at 100% and 33% of the recommended nitrogen level (150 ppm N) for rose production using liquid-feeding and two control measures: no thrips control measure; release of a predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot). To maintain equivalent ratios of macro- and micronutrients for all our fertilizer treatments, we varied only the concentration of the fertilizer to the levels specified in our experiments. Lowering fertilization rate from 100% to 33% of the recommended level reduced mean F. occidentalis abundance on cut roses by 30%. Combinations of both bottom-up (fertilization) and top-down (biological control) tactics provided better F. occidentalis control than either tactic alone. Flower production was not compromised on plants fertilized with 33% of the recommended level. Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of the leaf tissue decreased at 33% of the recommended fertilization level, but all values were within optimal ranges for cut roses. We propose that fertility management may be an effective means of reducing thrips numbers on cut roses.
Dying for work: The magnitude of US mortality from selected causes of death associated with occupation.

Background Deaths due to occupational disease and injury place a heavy burden on society in terms of economic costs and human suffering. Methods We estimate the annual deaths due to selected diseases for which an occupational association is reasonably well established and quantifiable, by calculation of attributable fractions (AFs), with full documentation; the deaths due to occupational injury are then added to derive an estimated number of annual deaths due to occupation. Results Using 1997 US mortality data, the estimated annual burden of occupational disease mortality resulting from selected respiratory diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, and hepatitis is 49,000,with a range from 26,000 to 72,000. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates there are about 6,200 work-related injury deaths annually. Adding disease and injury data, we estimate that there are a total of 55,200 US deaths annually resulting from occupational disease or injury (range 32,200‐78,200). Conclusions Ourestimateisintherangereportedbypreviousinvestigators,althoughwe have restricted ourselves more than others to only those diseases with well-established occupational etiology, biasing our estimates conservatively. The underlying assumptions and data used to generate the estimates are well documented, so our estimates may be updatedasnewdataemergesonoccupationalrisksandexposedpopulations,providingan advantageover previous studies. We estimatethatoccupationaldeathsare the8th leading causeofdeathintheUS,afterdiabetes(64,751)butaheadofsuicide(30,575),andgreater than the annual number of motor vehicle deaths per year (43,501). Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:461–482, 2003. 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The pro α2(V) collagen gene is evolutionarily related to the major fibrillar-forming collagens

Abstract A number of overlapping cDNA clones, covering 5.2 kb of sequences which code for the human pro alpha 2(V) collagen chain, have been isolated. Analysis of the structural data have indicated a close evolutionary kinship between the pro alpha 2(V) chain and the major fibrillar collagen types. Isolation and analysis of an 8 kb genomic fragment has further supported this notion by revealing a homologous arrangement of nine triple-helical domain exons. These studies have therefore provided conclusive evidence which categorizes the Type V collagen as a member of the Group 1 molecules, or fibrillar-forming collagens.
Context and Test-Retest Reliability of Kolb's Learning Style Inventory

Two groups of students enrolled in a university physical activity course volunteered to complete Kolb's Learning Style Inventory at the beginning of and the end of a semester to estimate test-retest reliability. A control group (n = 129) completed the inventory in its original form while the experimental group (n = 124) completed the same test but with modified instructions providing a more specific focus. Test-retest reliability, assessed using a Pearson product-moment correlation, improved for the group given instructions which specified a contextual focus.
Effects of antenatal steroids on ischemic brain injury in near-term ovine fetuses

Abstract Background : Hypoxia/ischemia in utero can result in brain damage to the fetus and newborn. Antenatal steroids are a routine part of the management of women who develop premature labor. Pretreatment of young postnatal rats with dexamethasone before hypoxic/ischemic insults has been reported to attenuate brain injury. However, the effects of antenatal steroids on ischemic brain injury in fetuses have not been investigated. Objective : We examined the effects of maternally administered antenatal corticosteroids on ischemic brain injury in near-term ovine fetuses. Methods : Chronically instrumented fetuses at 122 days of gestation were studied 12 h after the last of four 4 mg dexamethasone, or placebo injections were given over 48 h to the ewes. Groups were dexamethasone/ischemic, placebo/ischemic and sham-treated control. Fetuses were exposed to 30 min of carotid occlusion (ischemia) or no occlusion (control) and 72 h of reperfusion. Whole brain coronal sections stained with Luxol fast blue-hematoxylin-eosin were scored for white matter and cerebral cortical lesions. Both areas received pathological scores of 0 to 5 reflecting the degree of injury (0=0%, 1=1–10%, 2=11–50%, 3=51–90%, 4=91–99% and 5=100%). Bilateral carotid blood flow also was measured before, during and after brain ischemia in the dexamethasone/ischemic and placebo/ischemic groups. Results : White matter (WM) and cerebral cortical scores did not differ between the dexamethasone/ischemic and placebo/ischemic (WM: 3.0±1.9 and 2.9±1.7; cortex: 3.1±1.7 and 2.6±1.8, mean±S.D.) groups. White matter and cerebral cortical scores were higher in the dexamethasone/ischemic (WM: 3.0±1.9, P P P P P Conclusions : We conclude that maternal pretreatment with antenatal dexamethasone did not attenuate ischemic brain injury in the fetus, and that carotid blood flow was higher during reperfusion in fetuses of dexamethasone than placebo-treated ewes, most likely secondary to decreases in arterial oxygen tension.
Transcriptional Paradigms in Mammalian Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function

Mitochondria contain their own genetic system and undergo a unique mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. Each organelle has multiple copies of a covalently closed circular DNA genome (mtDNA). The entire...
Making a Case for Narrative Competency in the Field of Fetal Cardiology

our lives are stories, and the narration of our stories is the essence of human interaction. narration involves relation with another person and requires both an active narrator and an active listener. Weaving events and emotions together to create a story, our narrating simultaneously weaves teller and listener together. our story may start simply and then expand to become more complicated. or it may begin complicated and then resolve, sometimes easily. pregnancy is one of health care’s most fundamental stories. often it is a story that ends happily, with a healthy baby. that healthy baby will, in turn, be the beginning of a new story for its family. Usually, the narrative of pregnancy is relatively uncomplicated. But what happens when that story takes an unexpected twist or a tragic turn? What happens if the story threatens to have an unplanned ending, when expectations for a normal, healthy birth are unfulfilled? How does the story of unfulfilled expectations lead to new and different narratives? Clinicians in many disciplines of health care have turned to narrative knowledge and practice to improve patient care. so far, the
Oxidative Metabolism of Foreign Compounds by Higher Plants

(1981). Oxidative Metabolism of Foreign Compounds by Higher Plants. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 119-157.
Validation of the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment in patients with battlefield-related extremity vascular injuries

Objective Vascular extremity injuries can be a significant burden on a patient's long-term quality of life. Currently, no limb-specific surveys have been used to quantify the relation between injury pattern and the resultant physical or psychological impact. The objective of this study was to validate the use of the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) in the setting of extremity vascular injury. Methods The Joint Theater Trauma Registry was queried and filtered for U.S. troops with an extremity vascular injury isolated to a single limb. Injury and management data were obtained, and the SMFA was administered after patient contact and consent. Validity was analyzed by characterization of SMFA score distribution, correlation with 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores, and assessment of its discriminative capability to external measures of injury severity (ie, Injury Severity Score [ISS], Mangled Extremity Severity Score [MESS], and Medicare Part A disability qualification). Results At mean follow-up of 5 years, 164 patients (median age, 25 years; interquartile range, 22-31 years) completed both surveys. The overall SMFA Dysfunction Index was 24.8 ± 15.2 (range, 0-78; skewness, 0.60; floor/ceiling effect, 0%-1.2%; and nonresponse, 0%), and the overall Bother Index was 29.4 ± 20.2 (range, 0-96; skewness, 0.58; floor/ceiling effect, 0%-4.3%; and nonresponse, 0.6%). SF-36 physical component summary scores correlated inversely with the Dysfunction Index ( r = −0.64; P r = −0.59; P 15) and those not severely injured (ISS ≤ 15). However, those with mangled extremities (MESS ≥ 7) reported higher Dysfunction and Bother indices than those with lower scores ( P P Conclusions Use of the SMFA is validated in those with extremity vascular injuries, and it should be considered an adjunctive tool in evaluating long-term patient outcomes.
UNIFORM APPROXIMATION BY b{HARMONIC FUNCTIONS

Abstract The Mergelyan and Ahlfors–Beurling estimates for the Cauchy transform give quantitative information on uniform approximation by rational functions with poles off K. We will present an analogous result for an integral transform on the unit sphere in C 2 introduced by Henkin, and show how it can be used to study approximation by functions that are locally harmonic with respect to the Kohn Laplacian □ b .
Feasibility of separation processes in liquid‐liquid solid systems: Free energy and stability analysis

The feasibility of new solid/liquid separation processes, such as solids removal from oil and certain tertiary oil recovery techniques, can be evaluated by a thermodynamic stability analysis of possible liquid-liquid-particle configurations. The thermodynamic stability and hence feasibility of two possible liquid-liquid-particle separation process is predicted by use of a free energy analysis. Stability is shown to depend primarily on droplet/particle size ratio (n) and three phase contact angle (θ). Stability criteria are presented which can be applied to many particle and liquid separation processes.
Nanoporous-Carbon as a Potential Host Material for Reversible Mg Ion Intercalation

Here, we study nanoporous-carbon (NPC) grown via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) as an electrically conductive anode host material for Mg2+ intercalation. NPC has high surface area, and an open, accessible pore structure tunable via mass density that can improve diffusion. We fabricate 2032 coin cells using NPC coated stainless-steel disk anodes, metallic Mg cathodes, and a Grignard-based electrolyte. NPC mass density is controlled during growth, ranging from 0.06–1.3 g/cm3. The specific surface area of NPC increases linearly from 1,000 to 1,700 m2/g as mass density decreases from 1.3 to 0.26 g/cm3, however, the surface area falls off dramatically at lower mass densities, implying a lack of mechanical integrity in such nanostructures. These structural characterizations correlate directly with coin cell electrochemical measurements. In particular, cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans for NPC with density ~0.5 g/cm3 and BET surface area ~1500 m2/g infer the possibility of reversible Mg-ion intercalation. Higher density NPC yields capacitive behavior, most likely resulting from the smaller interplanar spacings between graphene sheet fragments and tighter domain boundaries; lower density NPC results in asymmetrical CV scans, consistent with the likely structural degradation resulting from mass transport through soft, low-density carbon materials.
Optimal Control Based Neural Network Adaptive Flight Control

In order to improve the robustness of the nonlinear dynamic inversion control law,a neurally augmented control scheme was designed via nonlinear dynamic inversion and optimal control theory.The basic control law was designed using the nonlinear dynamic inversion,and a sigma-pi neural network was used to compensate for inversion errors and changes in aircraft dynamics,including actuator failures.The necessary condition of optimality was used to derive an adaptive law using the gradient method.The adaptive law was proved to be convergent based on the Lyapunov stability theory.Numerical simulation results for an aircraft performed at actuator failures demonstrate that the robustness of the control law is increased.
A Critical Evaluation of PKU Screening

As the PKU experience has taught, screening of newborns for “inborn errors of metabolism” requires more than the development of a specific test: time is needed to establish both the value and limits of such tests. Moreover, screening of only susceptible populations may be necessary to balance testing costs against yield. Priority should be given to development of techniques of screening simultaneously for several defects.
Women's Attitudes toward Physical Education in the General Education Program at Northern Illinois University

Abstract A study using a Modified Wear Attitude Inventory (2) was made to determine the attitudes of freshmen and junior women toward the required physical education program at Northern Illinois University and to evaluate the physical education offerings in terms of student needs. The findings indicated a preference for individual sports, a highly favorable attitude toward physical education on the part of both freshmen and juniors, and a need for re-evaluation of methodology and interpretation of objectives in teaching the required program.