cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rock type affects settlement, recruitment, and zonation of the barnacle Chthamalus anisopoma Pilsbury

Abstract The settlement, recruitment, and zonation of the barnacle Chthamalus anisopoma (Pilsbury) on two shores were investigated in the northern Gulf of California. Its upper vertical limit is, on average, 25 cm lower on a basalt shore than on a nearby granite shore, probably because of greater post-settlement mortality on basalt than on granite near the upper limit of its distribution. This difference in mortality may be related to the thermal capacity of each rock type. Results of a reciprocal transplant experiment showed that: 1. (1) there was consistently greater settlement and recruitment on granite stones than on basalt stones at both shores, suggesting that larvae select granite over basalt substrata for settlement; 2. (2) overall, there was more settlement and recruitment to experimental stones at the basalt shore than at the granite shore, suggesting a larger pool of potential settlers at the basalt shore; and, 3. (3) there was no difference between recruitment on granite stones at the granite shore and that on basalt stones at the basalt shore. That is, there was no difference in recruitment between shores on surfaces natural to each shore. These results demonstrate the importance of effects specific to different shores and substrata to intertidal community structure.
Overcoming misconceptions via analogical reasoning : Abstract transfer versus explanatory model construction

In most work investigating factors influencing the success of analogies in instruction, an underlying assumption is that students have little or no knowledge of the target situation (the situation to be explained by analogy). It is interesting to ask what influences the success of analogies when students believe they understand the target situation. If this understanding is not normative, instruction must aim at conceptual change rather than simply conceptual growth. Through the analysis of four case studies of tutoring interviews (two of which achieved some noticeable conceptual change and two of which did not) we propose a preliminary list of factors important for success in overcoming misconceptions via analogical reasoning. First, there must be a usable anchoring conception. Second, the analogical connection between an anchoring example and the target situation may need to be developed explicitly through processes such as the use of intermediate, “bridging” analogies. Third, it may be necessary to engage the student in a process of analogical reasoning in an interactive teaching environment, rather than simply presenting the analogy in tetext or lecture. Finally, the result of this process may need to be more than analogical transfer of abstract relational structure. The analogies may need to be used to enrich the target situation, leading to the student's construction of a new explanatory model.
Methylene-2-ethynylcyclopropanes : synthesis and biological activity of (Z)-and (E)-9-{[2-ethynyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropylidene]methyl}adenine and -guanine

Abstract Synthesis of methylene-2-ethynylcyclopropane analogues of nucleosides 12a , 12b , 13a , and 13b is described. Ethyl methylenecyclopropane carboxylate 14 was hydroxymethylated to give alcohol 15 , which was reduced to diol 16 . Selective protection with tert -butyldimethylsilyl group gave derivative 17 , which was oxidized to aldehyde 18 . Wittig reaction with CBr 4 gave dibromoalkene 19 . Elimination of both bromine atoms afforded methylene-2-ethynylcyclopropane 20 . Bromoselenenylation using N -bromosuccinimide and diphenyldiselenide gave intermediate 21 . Alkylation of adenine and 2-amino-6-chloropurine with 21 provided the Z , E -isomeric mixtures 22a and 22c . Oxidation afforded selenoxides 23a and 23c . Mild thermolysis furnished methylenecyclopropanes Z -24a , E -24a , and 24c . Deprotection and separation of Z , E -isomers gave adenine analogues 12a and 13a , and 2-amino-6-chloropurine intermediates 12c and 13c . Hydrolytic dechlorination of 12c and 13c afforded guanine analogues 12b and 13b . Adenine Z -isomer 12a inhibits replication of Epstein-Barr virus through its cytotoxicity. The E -isomer 13a is a substrate for adenosine deaminase.
Mediation of Trypanosoma cruzi invasion by sialic acid on the host cell and trans-sialidase on the trypanosome.

Abstract Trypanosoma cruzi attaches and invades a large variety of mammalian cells. The nature of the cell receptors and of the corresponding parasite counter-receptors that mediate T. cruzi -host cell interaction are not known. Three sialic acid-deficient mutants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were used to probe the role of host sialyl residues in T. cruzi infection. All three mutants supported adhesion and infection to a much lower extent than the parental CHO cells. One of the mutants, Lec2, contains sugar chains terminating in non-reducing βGal residues, which are acceptors for sialylation by the T. cruzi transsialidase. Re-sialylation of Lec2 cells restored T. cruzi adhesion and invasion to about the same extent as wild-type cells. Digestion of wild-type cells with bacterial sialidase reduced T. cruzi interaction but after re-sialylation, the cells were almost as good as control, naturally sialylated parental cells. These results suggest that T. cruzi recognizes sialyl residues on the surface of host cells during invasion. On the other hand, affinity-purified trans-sialidase blocked T. cruzi adherence and invasion of sialylated cells, and had no effect on parasite interaction with sialic acid-deficient Lec2 mutant. Furthermore, 2,3-sialyllactose, a substrate for the trans-sialidase, competitively inhibited T. cruzi invasion of sialylated parental K1 cells, but 2,6-sialyllactose, which does not react with the trans-sialidase, was without effect, as were other sugars that do not contain α2,3 sialyl residues. These results suggest that the trans-sialidase functions as a counter-receptor for trypomastigote binding to α2,3-sialyl receptors on host cells as a prelude to T. cruzi invasion.
The Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Marriage and Divorce: Evidence from Flow Data

While considerable research focuses on the anti-poverty and labor supply effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), relatively little is known about the program’s influence on marriage and divorce decisions. Furthermore, nearly all work in this area uses stock measures of marital status derived from survey data. In this paper, I draw upon Vital Statistics data between 1977 and 2004 to construct a transition-based measure of marriage and divorce rates. Flows into and out of marriage are advantageous because they are more likely to capture the immediate impact of policy changes. Controlling for state-level characteristics and sources of unobserved heterogeneity, I find that increases in the EITC are associated with reductions in new marriages, although the estimated effect is economically small. I find no relationship between the EITC and new divorces. These results are robust to alternative estimation strategies, data restrictions, and the inclusion of additional policy and demographic controls.
Constraint preserving integrators for general nonlinear higher index DAEs

In the last few years there has been considerable research on numerical methods for differential algebraic equations (DAEs) $f(x', x, t) = 0$ where $f_{x'}$ is identically singular. The index provides one measure of the singularity of a DAE. Most of the numerical analysis literature on DAEs to date has dealt with DAEs with indices no larger than three. Even in this case, the systems were often assumed to have a special structure. Recently a numerical method was proposed that could, in principle, be used to integrate general unstructured higher index solvable DAEs. However, that method did not preserve constraints. This paper will discuss a modification of that approach which can be used to design constraint preserving integrators for general nonlinear higher index DAEs.
Loved, Valued, and Included: Some Implications of Neurobiological, Systems, and Psychotherapeutic Research for Social Welfare

The authors of the primary articles in this special edition provide early and promising evidence that developmentally sensitive psychotherapeutic interventions and integrated care systems improve the lives of children who have been exposed to abuse or neglect. Why, then, do so many children in the social welfare system receive care that is not fostering their potential? This response highlights other perspectives about where we stand today in regard to the care of children that enter out of home placements, highlighting some of our grand achievements and our current failures. Even as the debates about government debt and fiscal responsibility mount, what is clearly required is the transcendence of our current system to one that is developmentally sensitive, integrated, evidence-based, and sustainable.
Fluoro-norchloroepibatidine: preclinical assessment of acute toxicity.

Abstract 18 Fluoro-norchloroepibatidine (exo-2-(6-fluoro-3-pyridyl)-7-azabicyclo-[2.2.1]heptane [NFEP]), a labeled derivative of epibatidine, has shown promise for imaging brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with PET. We determined the dose-dependent effects of NFEP in conscious rats. NFEP (1.5 μg/kg; administered intravenously) resulted in 30% mortality. Neither 0.5 μg/kg or 0.25 μg/kg NFEP resulted in any significant changes in cardiorespiratory parameters, but plasma catecholamines increased (2- to 3-fold). Further studies are needed to determine the safety of NFEP that are specifically designed to assess the catecholamine response. Our results suggest that it is not advisable to initiate human PET studies with [ 18 F]-NFEP without further evidence supporting its safety.
Petiole nitrate content of Maine-grown Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes in response to varying nitrogen rate

Russet Burbank and Shepody potatoes were grown with at-planting nitrogen fertilizer rates varying from 0 to 270 kg ha−1 following small grains and red clover. Petiole samples were collected from the 4th and 5th leaflets at four to six dates each during the 1986 to 1989 growing seasons. The samples were dried and analyzed for NO 3 − N content. Petiole NO 3 − N levels were strongly related to nitrogen rate regardless of cultivar, growing season, and cropping system. Differences among treatments and NO 3 − N content varied substantially as the growing season progressed with petiole NO 3 − N levels declining rapidly in underfertilized plots as the plants aged. Petiole NO 3 − N levels were higher at midseason following red clover than following small grains. Sampling 50 to 60 days after planting (DAP) is most appropriate as a tool for scheduling supplemental nitrogen applications. At 50 DAP, critical petiole NO 3 − N levels were 1.6 and 1.7% for Russet Burbank and Shepody, respectively. Petiole NO 3 − N levels above 2.2% at 50 DAP resulted in lower yields of Russet Burbank than when petiole NO 3 − N levels were in the 1.6 to 2.2% range. Petiole NO 3 − N testing should be particularly useful as a diagnostic tool in management strategies which make maximum use of previous crop residues, organic amendments, and soil reserves as nitrogen sources.
Damage Resistant Plastics: Widened Application Possibilities

The low energy laser damage resistance of plastics, especially low energy multiple-shot damage threshold, has been a significant barrier to its applications for pulsed lasers. Applications of plastics include bulk material for optics (e.g., lenses and windows), hosts for Q-switches, and blast shields in laser fusion experiments. We review recent work evaluating the damage threshold of commercial and specially fabricated plastics. Our former work has concentrated on PMMA. We also review some of the other literature reporting damage resistance better than glass! The commercial grade PMMA demonstrated a damage threshold of 41 J/sq. cm. for a 1.06 micrometer wavelength pulse of 8 nsec duration. Improvement in PMMA has been small for single-shot damage but significant for multi-shot damage. For example, the 1,000 shot at 1 pulse per second rate threshold was reached at 75% of single shot threshold for our fabricated PMMA. We never reached a 1,000 shot threshold for commercial PMMA even though we illuminated at 6% of single-shot damage threshold. We also report our recent results of the benefits of distillation (both vacuum and atmospheric) and/or filtration of the starting monomers and uv and thermal polymerization methods of fabricating PMMA. Copolymer and plasticized polymer considerations will also be discussed. In addition, polymers other than PMMA are being investigated.
From an Agrarian to an Environmental, Food, and Natural Resource Base for Agricultural Policy: Some Reflections on the Case of the EC

The agriculture of the European Community (EC) has experienced significant changes in the last decade. From a situation of deficiency in agricultural and food production, the twelve-nation community has shifted to a situation of food overproduction. This change has also been characterized by a rapid decrease in the agricultural labor force and a decrease of its importance in the employment structure which has manifested itself in fewer, more efficient farms. This alteration of structural conditions has led to the emergence of a new set of agricultural issues. This article discusses these changes by underscoring the decline of agrarian-based issues and the emergence of environmental, food, and natural resource-based issues. It is maintained that EC agricultural policies have been instrumental in both the resolution of agrarian-based issues and in the creation of new problems embodied in the environmental, food, and natural resource-based policies. The combination of the demise of agrarian-based policies and the emergence of environmental, food, and natural resource-based policies is also employed as a theoretical perspective from which the evolution of the agricultural sector in the EC can be interpreted.
Transcriptomic responses to darkness stress point to common coral bleaching mechanisms

Coral bleaching occurs in response to numerous abiotic stressors, the ecologically most relevant of which is hyperthermic stress due to increasing seawater temperatures. Bleaching events can span large geographic areas and are currently a salient threat to coral reefs worldwide. Much effort has been focused on understanding the molecular and cellular events underlying bleaching, and these studies have mainly utilized heat and light stress regimes. In an effort to determine whether different stressors share common bleaching mechanisms, we used complementary DNA (cDNA) microarrays for the corals Acropora palmata and Montastraea faveolata (containing (10,000 features) to measure differential gene expression during darkness stress. Our results reveal a striking transcriptomic response to darkness in A. palmata involving chaperone and antioxidant up-regulation, growth arrest, and metabolic modifications. As these responses were previously measured during thermal stress, our results suggest that different stressors may share common bleaching mechanisms. Furthermore, our results point to hypoxia and endoplasmic reticulum stress as critical cellular events involved in molecular bleaching mecha- nisms. On the other hand, we identified a meager transcrip- tomic response to darkness in M. faveolata where gene expression differences between host colonies and sampling locations were greater than differences between control and stressed fragments. This and previous coral microarray studies reveal the immense range of transcriptomic respon- ses that are possible when studying two coral species that differ greatly in their ecophysiology, thus pointing to the importance of comparative approaches in forecasting how corals will respond to future environmental change.
Landscape analysis — A technique for ecosystem assessment and land use planning

Abstract Rodiek, J.E., 1978. Landscape analysis — a technique for ecosystem assessment and land use planning. Landscape Plann., 5: 27–44. The development of human ecosystem within the western world is directed to an extent by the operational systems called planning and management. It is evident that these systems as they are assessed through an analysis of land use conversions, demonstrate a diminishing concern for our dependencies upon the general environment. A fundamental purpose of landscape analysis is to examine the various ways man impacts the environment of which he is a part and those aspects of his behavior that direct impacting activities. Landscape analysis is a procedure which assesses the end products of our natural and cultural systems. The procedure standardizes the products of these two systems into three dimensional units or functional landscapes. These units can then be qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated in ecological terms. An analysis of these units can reveal where and how we compromise our ecosystems and what planning options are left open to us.
Use of interleukin 7 receptor-α knockout donor cells demonstrates the lymphoid independence of dendritic cells

The precise lineage of dendritic cells (DCs), including skin Langerhans cells (LCs), is unclear. Interleukin 7 (IL-7) and its receptor (IL-7Rα) are known to mediate lymphopoiesis, and IL-7 is also known to be essential for the generation of DCs from lymphoid-committed precursors in vitro. Thus, to determine the developmental lymphoid (or IL-7Rα) dependency of various DCs and to examine the importance of IL-7/IL-7Rα for DC development in vivo, we used IL-7Rα knockout (KO) donor cells to reconstitute DCs/LCs in sublethally irradiated recipients and compared the results to those obtained using wild-type (WT) donor cells. We found that lymphoid lineage cells (except natural killer [NK] cells), including thymocytes, were less efficiently reconstituted by IL-7Rα KO donor cells, whereas myeloid lineage cells and DCs/LCs were equally well reconstituted by both the IL-7Rα KO and WT donor cells. Overall, we conclude that IL-7Rα is not required for the development of DCs/LC in vivo.
Oxygenated fatty acid constituents of soybean phosphatidylcholines

Bitter-tasting phosphatidylcholines from hexane-defatted soybean flakes were chromatographically separable from ordinary soy phosphatidylcholines (SPC). The bitter-tasting SPC contain 32% oxygenated fatty acids in addition to palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Identification of these oxygenated acids was based on infrared, ultraviolet, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral characteristics of methyl ester derivatives which were separated and purified by column and thin layer chromatography. The fatty acid methyl esters identified were (a) 15, 16-epoxy-9, 12-octadecadienoate, (b) 12, 13-epoxy-9-octadecenoate, both with double bonds and epoxide groups predominantly ofcis configuration; (c) 13-oxo-9,11-and 9-oxo-10, 12-octadecadienoates; (d) 13-hydroxy-9, 11- and 9-hydroxy-10, 12-octadecadienoates; (e) 9, 10, 13-trihydroxy-11- and 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoates. In addition, trace amounts of (f) 11-hydroxy-9,10-epoxy-12-and 11-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoates; (g) 13-oxo-9-hydroxy-10-and 9-oxo-13-hydroxy-11-octadecenoates; (h) 9,10-dihydroxy-12- and 12, 13-dihydroxy-9-octadecenoates; and (i) 9,12,13-dihydroxyethoxy-10- and 9,10,13-dihydroxyethoxy-11-octadecenoates were indicated by mass spectrometry. Dihydroxyethoxy compounds (i) were possibly formed upon extraction of the SPC from flakes by 80% ethanol. Except for the first two epoxy compounds, labelled a and b, the oxygenated fatty acids are similar to the products formed by homolytic decomposition of linoleic acid hydroperoxide. The first two compounds with predominantlycis configuration may occur by action of fatty acid hydroperoxides on an unsaturated fatty acid.
HIV-1 infection and AIDS.

Since the initial descriptions of AIDS in the late 1970s, much has been learned about the biology of HIV-1 and the cells it infects. Much has also been learned about mother-to-infant viral transmission and the natural history of HIV-1 infection. Key studies led to strategies for interrupting mother-to-infant transmission, resulting in a significant decline in neonatal HIV-1 infection. More proficient diagnostic techniques made early diagnosis of HIV-1-infected neonates and infants possible during asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic disease stages. Major advances in treatment led to the control of viral replication and thereby altered the course of disease progression. HIV-1/AIDS-associated neurologic disorders declined in parallel. In countries where these therapies are readily available, a dramatic decline in the number of infants born HIV-1 infected has been realized as has a markedly improved survival rate of those infected. Many questions remain, however. The long-term effects of prenatal exposure to antiretroviral agents are not yet known and continue to be studied. Just exactly how HAART therapy may affect early signs of pediatric HIV-1/AIDS-associated CNS disease, should they develop, is unclear. As new anti-retroviral agents are developed and new combination drug regimens are instituted, the potential for neurologic complications, toxicities, and adverse drug interactions (e.g., with antiepileptic drugs (AEDS)) exists and needs to be identified and monitored.
Effect of hyoscine N‐butylbromide on adenoma detection rate: Meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials

Background and Aim Anti-spasmodic drugs may facilitate mucosal inspection during colonoscopy. The impact of hyoscine N-butylbromide (HBB) on polyp detection rate (PDR) and adenoma detection rate (ADR) is unclear. Methods We conducted a reproducible literature search of multiple databases. Two reviewers independently compared manuscripts for PDR, ADR, advanced adenoma detection rate (AADR), and rates of complications. Pooling was conducted by fixed-effects and random-effects models. Relative risk (RR) estimates were calculated (95% confidence interval). I2 index assessed heterogeneity. Results Patient demographics were comparable. The pooled analysis showed a trend toward improving PDR and ADR among the HBB group compared with the placebo group but failed to reach statistical significance, (46% vs 43%, RR = 1.08 [0.94, 1.25], P = 0.27), (31% vs 28%, RR = 1.12 [0.97, 1.29], P = 0.11) respectively. Conclusion HBB during colonoscopy may provide marginal improvements in ADR and PDR. However, heterogeneity in the available data precludes firm conclusions at this time.
Resident award essay: Effect of temperature on blood flow and hypoxic fraction in a murine fibrosarcoma

Abstract The effect of hypo to hyperthermic temperatures on tumor blood flow and hypoxic cell fractions was studied in a murine fibrosarcoma transplanted in the hind leg of anesthetized mice. The blood flow to the tumor was assessed by the determination of the uptake of Thallium-201; the hypoxic cell fraction was estimated from cell survival curves derived from data based on lung colony assay. Over a temperature range of 18° to 46°C, the maximal blood flow occurred at 35°C which was approximately two times greater than that at room temperature (24°C) or at 39°C. The hypoxic cell fraction at 35°C was 11%, and was significantly less than that at 24°C or at 39°C. The hypoxic cell fractions at 24°C and at 39°C were 45% and 32°10, respectively. These results suggest that the optimal radiation sensitivity of peripherally located tumors can be obtained by warming the tumors to temperatures where maximal blood flow and minimal hypoxic cell fraction occur.
Multiphysics modeling of an IPMC microfluidic control device

A microfluidic control device that uses an electroactive polymer for actuation has been recently proposed. This design has potential to control temperature sensitive particle-laden liquids. The electro-mechanical characteristics of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators have been studied both theoretically and empirically. However, very little data has been published on the thermal behavior of IPMC actuators. To realize the proposed fluidic control device, it is essential to understand the thermal properties of the device under actuation conditions. This paper discusses the theoretical basis for developing a multiphysics model describing electroactive polymer actuation. In addition, experimental results are presented that give insight to the thermal characteristics of IPMC actuation.
The Egyptian Origin of the Ark of the Covenant

The best non-Israelite parallel to the Ark of the Covenant comes not from Mesopotamia or Arabia, but from Egypt. The sacred bark was a ritual object deeply embedded in the Egyptian ritual and mythological landscapes. It was carried aloft in processions or pulled in a sledge or a wagon; its purpose was to transport a god or a mummy and sometimes to dispense oracles. The Israelite conception of the Ark probably originated under Egyptian influence in the Late Bronze Age.
Judging the Behaviors of Friends and Unfamiliar Peers:: Patterns Associated with Age and Gender

This research was designed to examine age-related and gender-related patterns in the judgments of children and early adolescents about hypothetical behaviors of friends and unfamiliar peers. Thirty-eight children, 43 younger early adolescents, and 31 older early adolescents were presented with eight scenarios that portray an actor whose behavior affects the respondent. Scenarios varied according to the status (friend or unfamiliar peer) and intention (good or neutral) of the actor and the outcome (good or bad) of the actor’s behavior for the respondent. Participants were asked to recall each scenario and to rate the appropriateness of the actor’s behavior in each. Recall both of intentions and of outcomes was associated with ratings. Significant differences in ratings related to actors’status and intentions were found for girls but not for boys. The strongest positive bias toward friends was found in the ratings of younger early adolescent girls.
Characterization of the Protective Borreliacidal Antibody Response in Humans and Hamsters after Vaccination with a Borrelia burgdorferi Outer Surface Protein A Vaccine

Significant borreliacidal antibody was induced in volunteers and hamsters 60 days after primary and secondary vaccination with high concentrations of recombinant outer surface protein A (rOspA). However, the borreliacidal antibody response waned rapidly. Only 1 person had detectable cidal activity 180 days after vaccination. Similarly, the borreliacidal antibody response waned rapidly in hamsters by week 10 of vaccination. By contrast, the total anti-rOspA antibody response remained elevated in volunteers and hamsters. When isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were incubated in sera from vaccinated humans or hamsters, only the vaccine-specific isolate was killed. These results were confirmed by challenging rOspA-vaccinated hamsters with different isolates of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. The results showed that monitoring total rOspA antibody is inappropriate for evaluating the efficacy of an rOspA vaccine. The rOspA vaccine must be improved to yield comprehensive protection and maintain sustained levels of protective borreliacidal antibodies.
Constraint and diversification of developmental trajectories in cichlid facial morphologies

A major goal of evolutionary biology is to understand the origins of phenotypic diversity. Changes in development, for instance heterochrony, can be a potent source of phenotypic variation. On the other hand, development can also constrain the spectrum of phenotypes that can be produced. In order to understand these dual roles of development in evolution, we examined the developmental trajectory of a trait central to the extensive adaptive radiation of East African cichlid fishes: craniofacial adaptations that allow optimal exploitation of ecological niches. Specifically, we use geometric morphometric analysis to compare morphological ontogenies among six species of Lake Malawi cichlids (n > 500 individuals) that span a major ecomorphological axis. We further evaluate how modulation of Wnt signaling impacts the long-term developmental trajectory of facial development. We find that, despite drastic differences in adult craniofacial morphologies, there are general similarities in the path of craniofacial ontogeny among species, suggesting that natural selection is working within a conserved developmental program. However, we also detect species-specific differences in the timing, direction, and/or duration of particular developmental trajectories, including evidence of heterochrony. Previous work in cichlids and other systems suggests that species-specific differences in adult morphology are due to changes in molecular signaling pathways that regulate early craniofacial development. In support of this, we demonstrate that modulation of Wnt signaling at early stages can shift a developmental trajectory into morphospace normally occupied by another species. However, without sustained modulation, craniofacial shape can recover by juvenile stages. This underscores the idea that craniofacial development is robust and that adult head shapes are the product of many molecular changes acting over extended periods of development. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that development acts to both constrain and promote morphological diversity. They also illustrate the modular nature of the craniofacial skeleton and hence the ability of selection to act upon distinct anatomical features in an independent manner. We propose that trophic diversity among cichlids has been achieved via shifts in both specific (e.g., stage-specific changes in gene expression) and global (e.g., heterochrony) ontogenetic processes acting within a conserved developmental program.
Recruiting Latino and Non-Latino Families in Pediatric Research: Considerations from a Study on Childhood Disability

Objective To improve representation of minorities in research, we examined recruitment methods from our study of Latino and non-Latino families of children with Intellectual Disability (ID). Method We compared recruitment strategies that yielded the enrollment target of 200 matched Latino and nonLatino families of children with ID and controls. Active recruitment strategies involved direct contact with potential participants; passive strategies included disseminating study information. Results Effective outreach focused on community agencies where children had ongoing involvement and utilizing bilingual/bicultural staff. Latino families were significantly more likely to be recruited by an active strategy than non-Latino families. Active and passive strategies were both effective with non-Latino ID families. Asking research participants to inform other families about the study and sharing consent to contact lists with other investigators was productive with control families. Conclusions Bilingual staff and active recruitment through familiar community services were successful in recruiting Latino families for research.
A good investment? Race, philanthrocapitalism and professionalism in a New York City small school of choice

Incorporating data from two years of ethnographic teacher-research, this article explores how a curriculum of “professionalism” resonates with teachers and students in a small New York City school of choice. Using the literature on Critical Whiteness Studies and philanthrocapitalism in the context of New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s education reforms, the paper critiques the ways that the increasing privatization and corporatization of schools in the US reinforces racism and inequality. The discussion concludes by outlining instances where students and teachers resist market-based pedagogies of professionalism, and discusses the importance of critical intellectualism and humanizing pedagogy in a climate of market-based reforms in education.
Formal Measures in Informal Management: Can a Balanced Scorecard Change a Culture?

Abstract We extend traditional agency theory by exploring the roles for formal measures when managerial behavior is not governed by rules, formulas, or contracts. Part I describes relational incentive contracts with informal weights on formal performance measures. More importantly, it also explores how formal measures could be used in models of informal management, such as adaptation and coordination, politics and influence, leadership, and informal authority. Part II considers the benefits from allowing key stakeholders to develop their own, potentially inferior, performance measures. The collaboration to create a “balanced scorecard” of performance measures can help change an organization's culture.
The Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Undergoes Direct Low-pH-Dependent Fusion Activation during Entry into Host Cells

Coronaviruses are the causative agents of respiratory disease in humans and animals, including severe acute respiratory syndrome. Fusion of coronaviruses is generally thought to occur at neutral pH, although there is also evidence for a role of acidic endosomes during entry of a variety of coronaviruses. Therefore, the molecular basis of coronavirus fusion during entry into host cells remains incompletely defined. Here, we examined coronavirus-cell fusion and entry employing the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Virus entry into cells was inhibited by acidotropic bases and by other inhibitors of pH-dependent endocytosis. We carried out fluorescence-dequenching fusion assays of R18-labeled virions and show that for IBV, coronavirus-cell fusion occurs in a low-pH-dependent manner, with a half-maximal rate of fusion occurring at pH 5.5. Fusion was reduced, but still occurred, at lower temperatures (20°C). We observed no effect of inhibitors of endosomal proteases on the fusion event. These data are the first direct measure of virus-cell fusion for any coronavirus and demonstrate that the coronavirus IBV employs a direct, low-pH-dependent virus-cell fusion activation reaction. We further show that IBV was not inactivated, and fusion was unaffected, by prior exposure to pH 5.0 buffer. Virions also showed evidence of reversible conformational changes in their surface proteins, indicating that aspects of the fusion reaction may be reversible in nature.
The phenotype of murine wound macrophages

The phenotype of wound macrophages has not been studied by direct examination of these cells, yet macrophages recruited to sites of injury are described as alternatively activated macrophages, requiring IL-4 or IL-13 for phenotypic expression. This study characterized wound macrophage phenotype in the PVA sponge wound model in mice. Eighty-five percent of wound macrophages isolated 1 day after injury expressed Gr-1, but only 20% of those isolated at 7 days expressed this antigen. Macrophages from 1-, 3-, and 7-day wounds expressed markers of alternative activation, including mannose receptor, dectin-1, arginase 1, and Ym1, but did not contain iNOS. Day 1 wound macrophages produced more TNF-α, more IL-6, and less TGF-β than Day 7 wound macrophages. Wound macrophages did not produce IL-10. The cytokines considered necessary for alternative activation of macrophages, IL-4 and IL-13, were not detected in the wound environment and were not produced by wound cells. Wound macrophages did not contain PStat6. Wound fluids inhibited IL-13-dependent phosphorylation of Stat6 and contained IL-13Rα2, a soluble decoy receptor for IL-13. The phenotype of wound macrophages was not altered in mice lacking IL-4Rα, which is required for Stat6-dependent signaling of IL-4 and IL-13. Wound macrophages exhibit a complex phenotype, which includes traits associated with alternative and classical activation and changes as the wound matures. The wound macrophage phenotype does not require IL-4 or IL-13.
Theoretical evidence for “bent bonds” in the co2 molecule

Abstract Ab initio correlated wavefunction results for the CO 2 molecule are presented, which strongly suggest that the carbon-oxygen double bonds in the molecule are better represented in terms of a pair of “bent bonds” than by a combination of a σ-bond and a π-bond.
Effect of MobileASL on communication among deaf users

MobileASL, a software program enabling sign-language video on mobile devices over conventional U.S. cellular networks, was evaluated in a three-week field study during the summer of 2010. Through a series of interviews, questionnaires, and a focus group, we asked participants about their behavior with and perceptions of MobileASL. In addition, we used on-device experience sampling and usage logging to observe how MobileASL was used. Initial results indicate that although participants felt that MobileASL's short battery life limited its use, participants took advantage of the mobility of the technology and used it for in-the-moment information gathering in places like buses, restaurants, and shopping areas.
Efficient pole zero sensitivity calculation in AWE

Asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) is a novel method to approximate the behavior of linear(ized) circuits in either the time or the frequency domain in terms of a dominant pole/zero approximation. An efficient method for calculating the sensitivities of the poles and zeros found by AWE has been developed. Using the adjoint sensitivity method, it is possible to inexpensively compute the sensitivities of the poles and zeros with respect to all circuit parameters, as well as to circuit parasitics. The sensitivities of the poles and zeros show excellent correlation with the perturbation response, and can provide valuable feedback to the circuit designer. >
Mozart's Art of Retransition

In recent years scholarly attention has become attuned to the notion of the ‘beautiful’ in Mozart: studies by Scott Burnham, Mary Hunter and Maynard Solomon have drawn attention to passages of sumptuous beauty, a hallmark of the composer's style. The present study amplifies this concern by focusing on a characteristic Mozartian gesture, noteworthy for being at once prosaically functional and conspicuously, richly (over-)composed: a type of retransition procedure involving a contrapuntally braided linear descent over a dominant pedal. One of a family of ‘standing on the dominant’ techniques, the gesture is most distinctively found in slow movements, whose pacing allows the descent's tiny harmonic and contrapuntal jolts to resonate and be fully absorbed. In the context of Mozart scholarship, these underexplored sections are particularly sensitive, for they lie at the seam between art and craft: some of the most dazzling, memorable passages in Mozart, they are nonetheless grounded in everyday compositional procedures, markers of quotidian expertise. Using examples from the Piano Concertos in D (K. 451) and C (K. 503), the Piano Trio in B♭ (K. 502) and other works, this study elucidates the basic technical features of these passages. The aim is to place any more effusive discussions of Mozart's artistry on the firmest possible footing.
Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice are resistant to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced toxicity

Acute exposure of mammals to the environmental pollutant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) results in a diverse set of toxicologic and pathologic effects. The mechanism of some of these effects has been studied extensively in vitro and correlative studies have indicated the involvement of a transcription factor known as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). However, a definitive association of the AHR with TCDD-mediated toxicity has been difficult to establish due to the diversity of effects and the ubiquitous expression of this receptor. In an effort to distinguish AHR-mediated TCDD toxicities from those resulting from alternative pathways, we have made use of the recently described AHR-deficient mouse that was generated by locus-specific homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Present studies demonstrate that AHR-deficient mice are relatively unaffected by doses of TCDD (2000 micrograms/kg) 10-fold higher than that found to induce severe toxic and pathologic effects in littermates expressing a functional AHR. Analyses of liver, thymus, heart, kidney, pancreas, spleen, lymph nodes, and uterus from AHR-deficient mice identified no significant TCDD-induced lesions. The resistance of AHR-deficient mice to TCDD-induced thymic atrophy appears restricted to processes involving AHR since the corticosteroid dexamethasone rapidly and efficiently induced cortical depletion in both AHR-deficient and normal littermate control mice. Taken together these results suggest that the pathological changes induced by TCDD in the liver and thymus are mediated entirely by the AHR. However, it is important to note that at high doses of TCDD, AHR-deficient mice displayed limited vasculitis and scattered single cell necrosis in their lungs and livers, respectively. The mechanism(s) responsible for these apparently receptor-independent processes remain unclear but may involve novel, alternative pathways for TCDD-induced toxicity.
Three Children with CD30+ Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas Bearing the t(2;5)(p23;q35) Translocation

Since its discovery in CD30(+) anaplastic large cell lymphomas, the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation has shown a high degree of association with nodal disease, younger patient age, and better prognosis. Furthermore, primary cutaneous CD30(+) anaplastic large cell lymphomas rarely manifests the t(2;5) translocation. We present three cases of this disease that occurred in children, bore the t(2;5) translocation, and had excellent outcomes, but presented cutaneously. Two of these lesions were primary skin lymphomas. Review of the available literature in conjunction with these three cases suggests that the t(2;5) translocation may be more strongly associated with younger patient age and favorable outcomes rather than nodal versus cutaneous site of presentation.
Who Are the Cuyonon? Ethnic Identity in the Modern Philippines

A LIVELY EXCHANGE OF IDEAS AMONG SOCIAL scientists and historians regarding issues of identity has greatly energized Asian studies in recent decades. Scholarly discussion of identity has taken many forms and has pursued many themes, but among Asianists two topics stand out. First, studies of national identity have explored the legacy of colonial frameworks for various nation-building projects and have focused attention on the role of state power in forging the markings of identity and belonging (see, for example, Keyes 2002). Second, a rich tradition of study of ethnic and other minority peoples has shown how traditional markers of difference are sometimes curtailed by national policies and are sometimes appropriated for celebrations of national unity, even as minority peoples may themselves contest or resist such statesponsored intrusions and appropriations in defense of traditional ethnic identities and attachments to place (see, for example, Jonsson 2001). By projecting ethnic diversity safely onto the hinterlands, states (wittingly or not) enhance the unmarked category of the national majority by making the homogeneity of that majority, as it were, more self-evident. And at least in Southeast Asia, social scientists interested in matters of identity have abetted this enterprise by fixing their gazes disproportionately on the uplands, in good part due to traditions of concern
Molecular genetic analysis of dormancy-related traits in poplars

Abstract We studied the molecular genetics of dormancy-related traits in an F2 family of poplar (Populus) hybrids derived from a cross between a northern genotype of black cottonwood and a southern genotype of eastern cottonwood by mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes. Dormancy-related traits included timing of vegetative bud set, fall frost damage, chilling response, timing of vegetative bud flush, and winter survival under field conditions, as well as photoperiodic responses (timing of bud set and number of new leaves) in a warm greenhouse under either a uniform 8-h photoperiod or a naturally shortening photoperiod in the fall. QTL analyses were conducted using a linkage map consisting of AFLP, microsatellite, and candidate gene markers. The candidate genes were chosen because of their potential roles in either photoperiodic perception (PHYB1, PHYB2) or abscisic acid signal transduction (ABI1B, ABI1D, ABI3). Significant QTLs were detected for all dormancy-related traits, except for...
A Numerical Study of Fog Clearing by Helicopter Downwash

Abstract A two-dimensional axially symmetric computer model was used to study downwash-induced fog clearings. In order to produce a clearing the helicopter downwash must reach the ground while the helicopter hovers at or above the top of the fog. The major factors affecting the size and penetration of the downwash are the strength of the helicopter and the buoyancy of the downwash. The clearing can be enlarged beyond the size of the primary downwash by surface-induced divergence and by mixing of dry air into the fog.
Sobre la democracia y un libro de Rafael Montoro

Las caracteristicas de la democracia representativa hoy en dia en paises donde esta se ha consolidado (Europa Occidental, Estados Unidos de America, Canada, Costa Rica, Nueva Zelanda, Australia y Japon) son similares a los terminos como se le define en Principios de educacion moral y civica (La Habana, 1902), texto del estadista cubano Rafael Montoro (1852-1933) en el cual este la precisa y plantea un programa de ensenanza de las actitudes y comportamientos necesarios en el ciudadano para ponerla en practica y lograr su consolidacion. Aunque esta obra de Montoro esta basada en nociones del Estado y los derechos y deberes del ciudadano desarrollados en 2000 anos de cultura occidental, tambien refleja el comportamiento de su autor como politico y su personalidad.
Predicting Falls in Parkinson Disease Patients

Background: Falls are a major risk for Parkinson disease patients (PD). Single falls, in older people may be related to the underlying disease or may be accidental. Recurrent falls are more likely to be related to the underlying disease. Objectives: To predict falls in patients with Parkinson disease. Patients and Methods: Between July 1, 2011 and June 30, 2012 we examined 452 persons with PD in the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Clinic during their outpatient visits. Results: We followed 401 persons with PD for a year, 205 of whom, 51.0% fell: 161 fell once and 44 fell more than once (recurrent fallers). Recurrent fallers had PD significantly longer, 12.6 + 7.0 versus 5.9 + 4.5 years, had significantly higher, worse, motor unified parkinson disease rating scale (UPDRS) scores” 31.2 + 12.7 versus 19.7 + 8.3. The major difference between recurrent and single fallers was an inability of recurrent fallers to stand on one leg for < 3 seconds: 95% versus 11%, odds ratio 178 CI 95% 39.5 - 801.2. Conclusions: Single fallers who are unable to stand on one foot for < 3 seconds may be at risk for recurrent falls. Gait and balance training focused on improving a patient’s ability to stand on one leg may decrease the risk of recurrent falls in PD.
Culinary Jurisprudence and National Identity: Penny Pether on the Taste of Country Cooking

The project of this Article, as part of a collection of articles from a symposium in memory of Penny Pether, is to prioritize her voice from this unpublished manuscript. By focusing on just two aspects of this complex and nuanced manuscript, this Article attempts to highlight the radical potential of the development of culinary jurisprudence and its links to national identity.
Literary Works as Case Studies for Teaching Human Experimentation Ethics

Case studies are widely used as a teaching strategy for a variety of topics in various disciplines. They are particularly valued as a teaching strategy in the teaching of ethics because they provide a context for understanding the complexities of situations involving ethical dilemmas. This article describes the successful use of two literary works as case studies in teaching master's students about the ethical issues in human experimentation. Pygmalion and Flowers for Algernon were selected to exemplify the ethical considerations important in the conduct of research with human subjects. Students found the assignment both personally and professionally stimulating and recommended continued use of the assignment in the course.