cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Performance Variability in Accident Causation

The argument is presented that we too often label human acts which lead to accidents as idiosyncratic rather than as part of the normal variability in expected performance and that this tendency impedes progress in understanding causation. Some choice reaction time data is examined in terms of variability as related to skill, work session length, alcohol stress, sleep deprivation and compatibility. Analytic distributions are examined as to their possible applicability and properties of their far right tails. Language: en
Synthesis and Reactivity of a Transition Metal Complex Containing Exclusively TEMPO Ligands: Ni(η2-TEMPO)2

The reaction of Ni(COD)2 with two equivalents of the TEMPO radical at 68 °C affords the 16 e– “bow-tie” complex Ni(η2-TEMPO)2, 1, in 78% yield. Compound 1 reacts with tert-butyl isocyanide and phenylacetylene at room temperature to yield the 16 e– distorted square planar nickel complexes Ni(η2-TEMPO)(η1-TEMPO)(CNtBu), 2, and Ni(η2-TEMPO)(η1-TEMPOH)(CCPh), 4, respectively. The facile reactivity of 1 is aided by the transition of the TEMPO ligand from an η2 to η1 binding mode. Complex 4 is an unusual example of hydrogen atom transfer from phenylacetylene to a coordinated TEMPO ligand.
NF-κB activation in basal and HER2+ breast cancers occurs via different mechanisms

A35 The NF-κB transcription factor plays an active role in inflammatory response, cellular growth, and apoptosis and is active in several malignant diseases, including cancer. Inhibition of NF-κB is expected to block cell proliferation and tumor formation and thus genes that activate NF-κB are potential drug targets in the treatment of cancer. Our study aims to infer from mRNA gene expression data the status and the mechanism of activation of NF-κB in basal, HER2+ and luminal breast cancer subtypes recently discovered in (Alexe, Dalgin et al, CaRes 2007). Experiments to validate these findings will be conducted and presented in a separate study. Activation of NF-κB is known to be initiated via the canonical and the alternative pathways. In the canonical pathway the IκB kinase (IKK) complex activates NF-κB. The non-canonical pathway involves activation of NF-κB by IKKα and NIK. Two other kinases, the IKKϵ (IKBKE) oncogene and TBK1 have also been shown to activate NF-κB. Our analysis was performed on three breast cancer gene expression datasets available at GEO (GSE2034, GSE4922 and GSE7390). The presence of the NF-κB activity was evaluated based on up-stream and down-stream events for the canonical and the alternative pathway, and quantified through a consensus of several gene-set enrichment scores (Tamayo et al, PNAS 2005). We found that the upstream oncogene IKBKE and the NF-κB downstream target genes are upregulated only in the basal (BA) tumors and in the HER2+ tumors presenting a lymphocytic infiltrate (HER2+I). Two isoforms (AKT2 and AKT3) of the AKT kinase which activate NF-κB via the alternative pathway are overexpressed in BA, while another isoform (AKT1) is overexpressed in HER2+I. PI3K is overexpressed in BA, but not in HER2+I. PDK1, which phosphorylates and activates AKT, is over-expressed in HER2+I but not in BA. We also found that TNFα - an initiator of the canonical NF-κB activation pathway - is over-expressed in BA. In the HER2+I subtype, the overexpression of NIK, the absence of high expression of TRAF2/5, which recruits the IKK complex and also the low expression of IKKβ suggest that NF-κB is activated via the alternative pathway. In the BA subtype, the overexpression of TRAF3, a known inhibitor of the alternative pathway, suggests that the activation of NF-κB may occur via the canonical pathway. Boehm et al (Cell, 2007) shown that NF-κB can be inhibited by simultaneously targeting AKT and IKBKE. Their finding raises the interesting possibility of developing a targeted therapy for the BA and HER+ breast tumors.
Epidemiological analysis of virus hepatitis in Penglai city(1960—2009)

Objective To study epidemiological trend of virus hepatitis in Penglai for the disease control and prevention.Methods The data of the hepatitis were analyzed(1960-2009) by descriptive epidemiological method.Results There were 25 037 cases of the hepatitis in 50 years in Penglai,53 deaths.Annual morbidity and mortality rate(per 100,000) was 110.80 and 0.23.The morbidity shown decrasing trend,especially HAV.The morbidity for HBV was decreasing from 2004,and HEV shown increasing trend.Immunazation of HAV and HBV vaccines was important reason for the disease decreasing.Conclusion Vaccination for HAV and HBV is important measure for the disease control.The main population of HEV and HCV control should forcus on the farmer and worker in Penglai.
Correlation analysis between serum retinol level and antioxidant abilities under different vitamin A status

AIM: To explore the effects of different vitamin A status on the serum retinol level and antioxidant abilities of rats and to discuss the correlation between serum retinol level and antioxidant abilities under different vitamin A status.METHODS: Nine Female Wistar rats(160-220 g) were used.From 3 weeks before coitus,3 rats were continually fed the standard diet,which comprised the basic diet supplemented with retinol(6500 U/kg).And other 6 rats received the vitamin A deficient diet,containing the basic diet and retinol(400 U/kg).Pups of the rats receiving the standard diet were fed the standard diet and designated as normal control group.The rats fed vitamin A deficient diet were randomly divided into vitamin A deficient(VAD) group and vitamin A supplement(VAS) group.The rats in VAD group received vitamin A deficient diet after birth and the rats in VAS group were fed the standard diet supplemented with retinol(50 000 U/kg·d) from birth for 7 days followed by standard diet.Each group comprised 8 pups selected randomly.All rats were executed at week 8 after birth.Serum retinol was collected and retinol level was monitored by HPLC.The total SOD activity,GSH-Px activity and MDA level were measured.RESULTS: The lower retinol level in serum was observed in the VAD group compared to the control and VAS group at week 8(P0.05).But no significant difference in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus retinol level was observed between these 3 groups(P0.05).The SOD and GSH-Px activity in serum was lower in AVD group than in control group,while the MDA level was higher,which both recovered by the vitamin A supplementation(P0.05).The serum retinol concentration was positively correlated with the serum SOD activity(r=0.4574)and negatively correlated with the MDA level(r=-0.4870).No correlation between the GSH-Px activity and retinol level was observed.CONCLUSION: Serum retinol concentration has significant correlation with SOD activity and MDA level,which suggests that the vitamin A nutrition status can influence the antioxidant system through regulating the antioxidase activities and lipid peroxidation.
Butylated hydroxytoluene enediyne: access to diradical and electrophilic quinone methide intermediates

A theoretical study was carried out on the unimolecular reaction of an enediyne with a fused butylated hydroxytoluene to internally scavenge the p-benzyne diradical sites formed after the Bergman cyclization. The calculations revealed that the conversion of the p-benzyne diradical (2-tert-butyl-4-methyl-5,8-didehydro-1-naphthalenol) to p-quinone methide is favored over the conversion to a phenoxy/benzene diradical 4 in an approximate 95:5 ratio. Based on this model, the Bergman cyclization leads in a bifunctional manner to intermediates for competing reactivity with intermolecular H-atom abstraction. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Safety of Acupuncture in Patients with Cancer Therapy–Related Thrombocytopenia

Background: Acceptance of acupuncture as an efficacious integrative modality for oncology-related side-effect management is rapidly expanding. It is imperative that guidelines regarding safe treatment supported by clinical experience are established. Oncology patients frequently experience thrombocytopenia as a side-effect of chemotherapy or radiation. However, safety data for acupuncture in adult patients with cancer who are thrombocytopenic is lacking. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 684 patients who received acupuncture treatments in an established acupuncture program at a private cancer treatment hospital were reviewed for adverse events occurring within the context of thrombocytopenia. Results: Of 2135 visits eligible for evaluation, 98 individual acupuncture visits occurred in patients with platelet counts <100,000/μL, including nine visits in which platelet counts were <50,000/μL. No adverse events of increased bruising or bleeding were noted. Medications and nutritional supplements or botanicals that may influence coagulation were also tabulated, with no apparent adverse events in this patient population. Conclusions: Discrepancies in the literature highlight the need to create cohesive safety guidelines backed by clinical research, specifically for groups at higher risk for adverse events. The preliminary evidence put forth in this study lays the foundation that supports the notion that acupuncture can be used safely with a high-need oncology population within an integrated model of care. In this descriptive retrospective case series of adult oncology patients with thrombocytopenia, no adverse events of increased bruising or bleeding were documented. Prospective trials are needed to confirm these initial observations.
The Endocannabinoid System and the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids

Much has been written about the history of the medical uses of cannabis (1). In the past two centuries, there have been numerous references to the use of cannabis extracts for a wide range of disorders (2). In the early part of the 20th century, a standardized cannabis elixir was marketed in the United States. Following the introduction of synthetic drugs such as barbiturates and opioids into medicine, interest in cannabis elixir declined. The discovery of the primary active constitutent in marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), in 1964 (3) rekindled interest in the area. However, the emphasis shifted to synthetic cannabinoids rather than the plant or plant extracts. For example, in the 1970s, clinical studies were conducted in an effort to determine the efficacy of THC as an analgesic (4), antiemetic (5), antidepressant (6,7), appetite stimulant (7), and for treatment of glaucoma (8). These efforts resulted in the approval of THC (dronabinol, Marinol™) for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in 1985 and for appetite stimulation in 1992.
Do the Right Thing! Developing Ethical Behavior in Financial Institutions

Organizational culture and employee conduct in financial institutions are coming under increasing scrutiny by regulators who seek to identify the underlying sources of unethical behavior. The literature on ethics in the workplace has often emphasized the importance of the alignment of systems and processes with organizational values and the role of the leader in creating an ethical culture. Less is known about how individual employees experience the ethical decision-making process, especially in complex and high-risk business environments where there are discrepancies between an organization’s formal ethical standards and its informal practices. This article combines ethical decision-making models with key concepts from organization and adult learning theories to develop a deeper and more nuanced view of how individuals in financial institutions deal with ethical issues that arise in their daily work. Eight practical ideas are formulated to help financial institutions narrow the gap between formal ethical standards and actual practices and develop a culture that promotes ethical behavior: challenging authority, creating opportunities for discourse, valuing positive emotion, making time for reflection, rewarding ethical behavior, strengthening escalation processes, eliciting feedback, and establishing a learning culture.
Pain Management in the Individual with Serious Illness and Comorbid Substance Use Disorder

Pain is a common occurrence in individuals with serious illnesses. Effective pain management can be complicated when the individual has a comorbid substance use disorder. Comprehensive pain assessment includes opioid risk screening to provide safe and effective pain management. An appropriate, safe treatment plan includes the use of "universal precautions" commonly used in managing chronic pain.
Pharmacokinetic Profile and Palatability of Atomoxetine Oral Solution in Healthy Japanese Male Adults

There is a clinical need for a liquid formulation of atomoxetine. We assessed the safety and bioequivalence of an atomoxetine oral solution. This was an open-label, randomized, crossover study. Healthy adult male Japanese subjects (n = 42) with a cytochrome P450 2D6 extensive (including intermediate and ultrarapid) metabolizer genotype were administered atomoxetine 50 mg as oral solution and capsules once each, with a washout period >5 days between doses. Blood samples were used to analyze pharmacokinetic parameters, particularly maximum observed drug concentration (C max) and area under the concentration vs. time curve from time zero to the last time point with a measurable concentration (AUC0-last). Bioequivalence was concluded if the 90 % confidence interval of the ratio of geometric means between formulations for both C max and AUC0-last were within the interval of 0.8–1.25. Safety assessments included determination of adverse events. Taste was evaluated via a five-item questionnaire immediately and 10 min after taking atomoxetine oral solution. Forty subjects completed the study. Plasma concentration–time profiles of atomoxetine oral solution and capsules were similar, and the statistical analysis of systemic exposure showed that the two formulations were bioequivalent. Adverse events were mild and similar in type and frequency between the formulations. For taste acceptability, only 7.1 % of subjects responded that the oral solution would be difficult to take every day. Atomoxetine oral solution is bioequivalent to atomoxetine capsules and potentially fulfills the need for an oral solution atomoxetine formulation that will facilitate treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Major Issues in Insect Resistance Management

This chapter discusses some of the most challenging aspects of pest management, namely the dynamics of society's competition and struggles with arthropods over evolutionary time. In this case, evolutionary time is not the millions of years required for macro-evolution and speciation, but the tens of years that are required for pest populations to evolve the ability to withstand or overcome control. Entomologists, acarologists, and practitioners of integrated pest management (IPM) know that arthropods can evolve resistance to chemicals, host-plant defenses, and cultural practices such as crop rotation. Insect resistance is a general term representing heritable traits selected by management. These traits typically permit an arthropod to overcome pest management due to changes in behavior, maturation, or biochemical processes. Insect resistance is similar to the term host-plant resistance, which means that the plant has defenses against and is resistant to an arthropod. Throughout the book, the term insect resistance will be used, even though other arthropods, such as mites and ticks, are also frequent targets of pest management. The greater the effectiveness and success of arthropod pest management, the greater the likelihood of the pest evolving resistance to that management tactic. As the goals or tactics involve significant pest population reduction, one likely will need to manage the evolution of resistance to the management tactics that are wished to be effective. Insect resistance management (IRM) is the scientific approach to managing pests over the long run so that resistance does not interfere with our ability to accomplish our goals.
Cloning and Expression of the Toxa Gene in Pyrenophora Triticirepentis

A major goal of our research program is a molecular description of factors that regulate the Pyrenophora tritici-repentis/wheat interaction. This goal includes identification and characterization of the gene(s) involved in pathogenicity and host specificity and of the mechanisms of susceptibility and resistance. P. tritici-repentis, causal agent of tan spot of wheat, is pathogenic because it produces a host-selective toxin(s) (HSTs). Unlike other known HSTs, the major toxin(s) produced by this fungus is a protein. The protein nature of the toxin provided an experimental advantage to the cloning of a gene responsible for toxin biosynthesis and subsequently a direct molecular genetical analysis of the role of this HST in the development of tan spot of wheat. With the ToxA gene cloned, we have initiated studies to elucidate the site- and mode-of-action of this proteinaceous host-selective toxin. Our objectives toward this goal encompass a diversity of approaches including an immunological, biochemical, and genetical approach.
Mobilizing the Wealthy: Doing “Privilege Work” and Challenging the Roots of Inequality:

Wealthy individuals stand to gain materially from economic inequality and, moreover, have shaped many organizational and societal practices that perpetuate economic inequality. Thus, they are unlikely allies in the effort to remedy economic inequality. In this article, however, we study the mobilization of a small group of wealthy activists who join underprivileged allies to expose and contest the root causes of wealth consolidation; they offer an instructive alternative to “philanthrocapitalism,” whereby the wealthy give after extreme accumulation. Our study contributes to the growing literature on inequality and organizations by recognizing how inequality is reproduced through organizations, cognizant that efforts to halt this reproduction will likely be contested by the wealthy. Our study examines how advocacy by the wealthy may be challenging, but it may garner attention because it is unexpected. We derive the concept of “privilege work” from our observations of an often awkward and fraught process th...
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy with Photobleaching Correction in Slowly Diffusing Systems

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a powerful tool to quantitatively study the diffusion of fluorescently labeled molecules. It allows in principle important questions of macromolecular transport and supramolecular aggregation in living cells to be addressed. However, the crowded environment inside the cells slows diffusion and limits the reservoir of labeled molecules, causing artifacts that arise especially from photobleaching and limit the utility of FCS in these applications. We present a method to compute the time correlation function from weighted photon arrival times, which compensates computationally during the data analysis for the effect of photobleaching. We demonstrate the performance of this method using numerical simulations and experimental data from model solutions. Using this technique, we obtain correlation functions in which the effect of photobleaching has been removed and in turn recover quantitatively accurate mean-square displacements of the fluorophores, especially when deviations from an ideal Gaussian excitation volume are accounted for by using a reference calibration correlation function. This allows quantitative FCS studies of transport processes in challenging environments with substantial photobleaching like in living cells in the future.
Orthopedic Knowledge and Need in the Provincial Philippines: Pilot Study of a Population-Based Survey.

IntroductionInterventions to reduce disability from acute orthopedic injuries require a primary assessment of knowledge and need. There are no previous studies to assess this need in the remote provincial islands of the Philippines, an area recurrently affected by natural disaster.ProblemA preliminary assessment of orthopedic knowledge and need was performed to be expanded for regional or national implementation. METHODS Two independent surveys were conducted of households and mid-level providers who represent the first contact of care. The goal of the survey was to describe the local health care system, to identify barriers to care, and to assess gaps in knowledge for acute traumatic orthopedic injuries. Both surveys were conducted in June of 2015.Population proportional sampling assessed a total of 100 households from 25 local Barangay communities. Questions focused on existing knowledge of acute traumatic orthopedic injuries and barriers to care.The mid-level provider survey focused on knowledge and barriers to care regarding acute traumatic orthopedic injuries. A total of 10 school nurses and Barangay midwives representing 25 local Barangay were surveyed. RESULTS In the household population survey, 84% of respondents reported cost was either always or sometimes a barrier to care; 73% cited transportation as a barrier to care. A total of 68% of respondents reported that they would seek care at the provincial hospital for a suspected broken bone; 28% percent of respondents did not believe broken bones making an arm or leg crooked could be corrected without surgery. Only 55% percent believed care should be sought within six hours of injury, and 37% stated that more than three days after an injury was an appropriate timeframe to seek care.Of the mid-level providers surveyed, 90% reported that they would refer possible broken bones to a higher level of care. Aggregate ranking of barriers to care from greatest to least were: cost, transportation, knowledge of time sensitive nature of treatment, religious beliefs, and other (not specified). In all, 100% reported that an education initiative regarding acute orthopedic injuries would increase the number of patients seeking care within 12 hours. CONCLUSION The survey describes perceived barriers to care and gaps in knowledge for acute orthopedic injuries. With some modification, this survey tool could be expanded and utilized on a regional or national level to assess gaps in knowledge and barriers to acute orthopedic care. CourtneyCS, KirschTD. Orthopedic knowledge and need in the Provincial Philippines: pilot study of a population-based survey. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(3):293-298.
Examining the role of social support and spirituality on the general health perceptions of Hispanic cancer survivors.

Objective Although cancer survival rates continue to improve, overall disparities persist for ethnic minority survivors, who have a disproportionately high risk of experiencing poor quality of life, despite documented higher levels of self-reported spirituality. Yet little is known about the relationship between spirituality and social support and health outcomes among Hispanic survivors. This study examined (1) differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white survivors on health, social support, and spirituality and (2) the potential mediating roles of mental health and emotional distress on general health perceptions. Methods We analyzed data (N = 7778) from the American Cancer Society's Study of Cancer Survivors-II, a national cross-sectional study of adult cancer survivors. Preliminary analysis compared sociodemographic and medical characteristics between the 2 groups to identify significant covariates. Structural equation modeling assessed whether mental health and emotional distress mediate the impact of social support and spirituality on Hispanics' general health perceptions. Results Overall, 693 survivors were Hispanic and 7085 were non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics reported poorer health and were more likely to have comorbid conditions such as diabetes and depression compared with non-Hispanic whites. Structural equation modeling indicated that the impact of spirituality on general health perceptions was fully mediated through mental health. Emotional distress did not have a direct effect on general health perceptions nor did it mediate effects of spirituality and social support and on general health perceptions. There was a mediated effect of social support on general health perceptions. Conclusions Spirituality is an important factor in the health of Hispanic survivors. Future studies should explore the impact and effectiveness of spiritual interventions and the beneficial effect for mental health on general health perceptions.
Profiles of Language and Behavior in Students With Emotional Disturbance

Although global associations between language and behavioral development are well established, relations among components and subgroups within these disorders remain unclear. The primary aim of thi...
Child maltreatment and psychosis

This paper reviews the literature on the association between experiences of child abuse and neglect and the development of psychoses. It then explores the premise that psychotic patients with a history of maltreatment may comprise a clinically and biological distinct subgroup. The review demonstrates that there is a growing consensus in the field that experiences of child maltreatment contribute to the onset of psychotic symptoms and psychotic disorders. There is also strong support for the premise that patients with psychotic disorders and histories of child maltreatment have distinct clinical characteristics and unique treatment needs, and emerging preliminary data to suggest psychotic patients with a history of maltreatment may comprise a distinct neurobiological subgroup. The mechanisms by which experiences of child maltreatment confers risk for psychotic disorders remains unknown, and the review highlights the value of incorporating translational research perspectives to advance knowledge in this area.
Evolving Global Studies

This chapter focuses on how the new field of global studies has evolved and Manfred Steger’s role in it. It identifies the key aspects: transnationality, interdisciplinarity, trans-temporality, and critical perspectives. It looks at the area of religion as one example of increased globalization, and ends with a discussion of issues of tension that confront this evolving field.
Winning the Game: How Sexual Narcissism Relates to Adversarial Sexual Beliefs and Pick-Up Techniques

Sexual entitlement is a belief that one has a right to sex and has the right to demand it. Previous research has shown that sexual entitlement, or sexual narcissism, can predict negative sexual outcomes, such as infidelity and sexual aggression. This study (N = 217) investigated whether sexual narcissism might be related to dating beliefs and techniques that could be precursors to sexual aggression. We found that sexual narcissism predicted participants’ adversarial sexual beliefs and use of manipulative dating techniques, such as those publicized by the pick-up artist community. Exploratory analyses revealed gender differences among the correlations between study variables. We suggest that individuals who hold problematic beliefs about sex and dating are especially likely to use techniques to manipulate potential sexual partners.
Joint Multi-Leaf Segmentation, Alignment, and Tracking for Fluorescence Plant Videos

This paper proposes a novel framework for fluorescence plant video processing. The plant research community is interested in the leaf-level photosynthetic analysis within a plant. A prerequisite for such analysis is to segment all leaves, estimate their structures, and track them over time. We identify this as a joint multi-leaf segmentation, alignment, and tracking problem. First, leaf segmentation and alignment are applied on the last frame of a plant video to find a number of well-aligned leaf candidates. Second, leaf tracking is applied on the remaining frames with leaf candidate transformation from the previous frame. We form two optimization problems with shared terms in their objective functions for leaf alignment and tracking respectively. A quantitative evaluation framework is formulated to evaluate the performance of our algorithm with four metrics. Two models are learned to predict the alignment accuracy and detect tracking failure respectively in order to provide guidance for subsequent plant biology analysis. The limitation of our algorithm is also studied. Experimental results show the effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness of the proposed method.
Smoking abstinence effects on emotion dysregulation in adult cigarette smokers with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Background Cigarette smoking is robustly associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but little is known about psychological mechanisms accounting for this comorbid relationship. This study examined difficulties in emotion regulation, or emotion dysregulation, among adult cigarette smokers with and without ADHD. Emotion dysregulation was predicted to be higher in an ADHD group at screening and after 24 -h smoking abstinence compared to a non-ADHD group. Methods Cigarette smokers with (n = 19) and without (n = 20) ADHD completed a screening visit, baseline visit, and two experimental visits: smoking as usual (i.e., smoking satiated) and after biochemically-verified 24 -h smoking abstinence (i.e., smoking abstinent). Three emotion dysregulation rating scales (two self-report and one clinician rated) were administered at the screening visit and experimental sessions. Experimental sessions also included two emotion dysregulation behavioral tasks. Results The ADHD group scored higher on all three rating scales at screening (p’s Conclusions Emotion dysregulation was higher among adult smokers with ADHD and during smoking abstinence across diagnostic groups, suggesting that this malleable psychological mechanism plays a role in smoking both for those with and without ADHD—such findings can inform treatment and prevention efforts.
Osimertinib-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Retrospective Review of the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS)

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to compare the risk of cardiotoxicity with osimertinib versus all other drugs and versus epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (erlotinib, afatinib, and gefitinib) in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS), a pharmacovigilance database. Background Osimertinib has been shown to improve outcomes in T790M-positive non–small cell lung cancer patients who progress on EGFR-TKI therapy and in the frontline setting in EGFR mutated non–small cell lung cancer. In pivotal trials, osimertinib was associated with higher rates of cardiotoxicity compared with the control arm. Methods FAERS was queried for “Cardiac failure,” “Electrocardiogram QT-prolonged,” “Atrial Fibrillation (AF),” “Myocardial Infarction (MI),” and “Pericardial Effusion” secondary to “Osimertinib,” “Erlotinib,” “Afatinib,” “Gefitinib,” and all other drugs from 2016 to 2018. Disproportionality signal analysis was performed by calculating the reporting odds ratio (ROR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI). The ROR was considered significant when the lower limit of the 95% CI was >1.0. Results The ROR (95% CI) for cardiac failure, atrial fibrillation (AF), QT prolongation, myocardial infarction, and pericardial effusion due to osimertinib versus all other drugs in FAERS was 5.4 (4.2 to 7.1), 4.0 (2.8 to 5.8), 11.2 (7.9 to 15.8), 1.6 (0.9 to 2.6), and 8.2 (4.8 to 14), respectively. The ROR (95% CI) for cardiac failure, AF, QT prolongation, myocardial infarction, and pericardial effusion in comparing osimertinib versus other EGFR-TKIs was 2.2 (1.5 to 3.2), 2.1 (1.3 to 3.5), 6.6 (3.4 to 12.8), 1.2 (0.6 to 2.3), and 1.6 (0.8 to 3.3). Conclusions The RORs for cardiac failure, AF, and QT prolongation were higher due to osimertinib compared with other TKIs. Electrocardiographic monitoring for QT prolongation and monitoring for signs and symptoms of heart failure should be considered in patients taking osimertinib.
Clinical laboratory studies of smokeless tobacco use

Abstract Nicotine is the primary addictive constituent of tobacco products. The purpose of the chapter is to review the findings of clinical smokeless tobacco (ST) laboratory studies of use characteristics, user preferences, and additive content. Assessment tools such as the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence-Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST), the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC), and the Product Evaluation Scale (PES) are discussed and their strengths and limitations noted. The absorption of nicotine from ST products is contingent upon both user behaviors and product characteristics. Particular emphasis is placed on characteristics that affect nicotine bioavailability and thus addiction liability. Some other factors that affect use, such as format, are mentioned. Projections and suggestions are offered for the future of clinical laboratory studies.
Ontology of Powers

An account of powers situated within a substance–property ontology is sketched according to which substance and property are correlative notions: substances are various ways, properties are ways substances are; every substance is some way or other, every way is a way some substance is. What substances do or would do depends on their properties and properties of substances with which they interact. Properties, on such a view, are powers, powerful ways substances are. Properties are not purely powers, however: properties are powerful qualities. Properties are qualities the identity of which depends on how they would manifest themselves with particular kinds of reciprocal partner. A conception of this kind provides sufficient resources to make sense of modality and causation in a decidedly non-Humean manner. Powers can serve as truthmakers for various modal truths. Causation, understood as the mutual manifestation of powers, is revealed to be a kind of internal relation. With this ontological picture in play, it is possible to provide systematic answers to questions most often posed concerning the nature of powers.
'But for Wuhan?': Do Law Schools Operating in Authoritarian Regimes Have Human Rights Obligations?

American law schools and universities are globalizing as never before. This academic form of globalization ranges from modest student and faculty exchanges with foreign counterparts to joint degree programs to full campuses abroad. International initiatives by U.S. academic institutions are numerous and only likely to grow. Yet what happens when a U.S. acad-emy reaches out to do business with, or in, an authoritarian regime? The results to date are not encouraging. Scholarly interaction in theory pro-motes such mutual benefits as understanding, dialogue, and exposure to fresh ideas. Two recent, high-profile examples, however, suggest potential costs. Yale, joining with the National University of Singapore, has for the first time lent its name to a campus outside New Haven. Aside from working with a regime that poses significant human rights concerns, the Yale-NUS initiative has gone further to ban student political protests and organizations from its grounds. Along similar lines, a number of deans from self-proclaimed leading U.S. law schools recently held a “summit” meeting in China with their Chinese counterparts. They did so, however, in the midst of a most brutal crackdown on lawyers and law professors that included disappearances, detention, and torture. None of these leading deans indicated any awareness of the situation, commented on it, or took up sub-sequent NGO efforts to involve them in addressing the problem. These lapses suggest that U.S. law schools and universities can and should do better. International human rights law does not directly address this problem, but industry efforts at self-regulation do suggest ways forward. These include a need for institutions to (1) educate themselves about the human rights record of a host or partner regime; (2) consider alternative partners where feasible; (3) refrain from actions that contribute to human rights violations; (4) deliberately promote the rule of law and fundamental rights; and (5) constructively engage a government when it commits serious hu-man rights abuses, especially as it affects those persecuted for exercising academic freedom or providing legal representation for unpopular causes. Whatever the precise solutions, academic leaders in the United States must at least begin by acknowledging that doing business with authoritarian regimes creates problems that can no longer be ignored.
Co-Occurring Health Risk Behaviors and Their Association with Self-Rated Health among Female College Students

Existing research focuses on the co-occurrence of lifestyle-related health risk behaviors among college students. Although students’ self-reported health risk behaviors have been examined, students...
Investigating the relationship between environmental quality, socio-spatial segregation and the social dimension of sustainability in US urban areas

Abstract This work is intended to assess the relationship between the three dimensions of sustainability (environmental, economic, and social) and residential segregation broadly across US urban areas. Multivariate indices of segregation and sustainability are created using data aggregated to 933 US Census Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs). The relationship between segregation and sustainability (and dimensions, independently) is analyzed across the CBSAs using correlation and spatial analyses. Results show an inverse relationship between segregation and sustainability, where increasing urban segregation corresponds to decreases in sustainability. Social and economic dimensions of sustainability are negatively correlated with segregation while the environmental dimension is positively correlated. Spatial analysis reveals regional associations between the measures with most of the lower sustainability scores and higher segregation scores occuring mainly in the South. The findings demonstrate an inverse relationship between segregation and sustainability as well as between the environmental and social dimensions. These correlations indicate a need to consider inequalities, and the social dimension of sustainability more broadly, when planning urban revitalization efforts. Spatial scale is also imperative to understanding and improving the social outcomes for all members of the community.
Arsenic: Source, Distribution, Toxicity and Bioremediation

Arsenic is ubiquitous in nature and a well-known toxic metalloid. There are four oxidation states (−3, 0, +3 and + 5) of arsenic found in nature and most common forms are +3 and + 5. The main sources of arsenic in nature are anthropogenic and natural activities. The natural sources include rocks, soils, seawater, arsenic-bearing minerals, volcanic emission and river originating from Himalaya. The anthropogenic activities include mining, smelting, use in herbicides and combustion of fossil fuels. The exposure to arsenic occurs mainly by consumption of arsenic contaminated drinking water or food. Arsenic is distributed all around the world beyond permissible limits in drinking water. Such type of contamination was reported in India, Thailand, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, China, Taiwan, USA Hungary and Bangladesh. The arsenic toxicity largely depends on its physical state and chemical form of the arsenic compound. Arsenic toxicity causes bladder, prostate, lung and skin cancer, rhagades, skin lesions, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and may interfere with the DNA methylation or DNA repair system. The ubiquitous nature of arsenic leads microorganism to evolve several plan of action for their survival in stressed environments. These strategies include arsenic oxidation, reduction, intracellular bioaccumulation and methylation. These strategies can be used in mitigation of the environmental arsenic from contaminated sites. In bacteria, the uptake of As(III) is mediated by GlpF whereas the A(V) uptake is facilitated by Pst and Pit membrane proteins. The oxidation of arsenic occurs in the periplasm of the bacteria and is regulated by arsenite oxidase (AoxAB) enzyme. The arsenate As(V) reduction occurs either in cytoplasm or in periplasm of the bacteria by arsenate reductase, ArsC or by arrA and arrB, respectively. The bioremediation is a low-cost and eco-friendly technique for the treatment of arsenic contaminated sites.
“Don’t Label Them as Addicts!” Student Pharmacists’ Views on the Stigma Associated with Opioid use Disorder

Background Student pharmacists represent an important potential population for targeted educational interventions focused on skill and confidence development in order to improve interactions with opioid users and to decrease stigma. The objective of this study was to understand student pharmacists' perceptions of opioid users. Methods Focus groups were conducted with student pharmacists across Tennessee over two months in 2020. Concepts from the Transtheoretical Mode, Social Cognitive Theory, stigma, and results from a survey sent to student pharmacists were used to develop the open-ended questions. Thematic analysis was conducted to inductively identify main themes. The recruitment of student pharmacists continued until thematic saturation was obtained. Results Three focus groups were conducted with a total of 16 student pharmacists in second, third, and fourth professional years. Thematic analysis revealed two themes: Don't label them as addicts, Student Insight into OUD-Associated Stigma and five sub-themes: developing a judgment-free environment; unconscious bias; a possible connection between physical appearance and addiction; socio-cultural factors, addiction, and isolation; and motivators to decrease stigma. This study not only presents the pharmacy students experiences and their significance, but also reports their recommendations for addressing the stigma associated with OUD in the pharmacy curriculum. Conclusions These ﬁndings highlight the need to normalize appropriate language when describing patients with OUD and avoid negative labels such as "addict." The ﬁndings also indicate where the roots of stigma lie and provide some of the tools to fight stigma on different fronts. Future research should explore and address potential implicit biases throughout pharmacy curriculum.
Factors associated with Noninvasive ventilation compliance in patients with ALS/MND

Background: Although noninvasive ventilation (NIV) improves survival and quality of life (QOL) in ALS, use of NIV is suboptimal. Objective: To determine compliance with “early” NIV initiation, requ...
The Influence of Automated Praise on Behavior and Performance

Positive feedback has known benefits for improving task performance, but it is not clear why. On the one hand, positive feedback may direct attention to the task and one’s motivations for having performed the task. On the other hand, positive feedback may direct attention to the task’s value for achieving a future goal. This ambiguity presents a challenge for the design of automated feedback interventions. Specifically, it is unclear whether positive feedback will more effectively influence behavior when it praises the recipient for having performed an action, or when it highlights the action’s value toward a goal. In the present study, we test these competing approaches in a large-scale field experiment (n = 1,766). Using a mobile app, we assigned college students to receive occasional notifications immediately upon submitting online assignments that either praised them for having submitted their coursework, or that highlighted the value of submitting coursework for academic success, or to a no-treatment control group. We find that only praise messages improved submission rates and course performance, suggesting that drawing attention to the feedback-eliciting task is necessary and sufficient for influencing behavior at scale.
Toxicological and pharmacologic sex differences in unintentional or undetermined opioid overdose death.

INTRO Understanding sex differences in toxicological etiologies of opioid-related drug overdose death could inform future sex- and gender-specific approaches to prevention and treatment. METHODS A retrospective review of accidental or undetermined opioid-involved overdose deaths in Rhode Island 2016-2019 was performed using the Rhode Island Department of Health State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System (SUDORS) database. Decedent toxicology data was linked with state Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) records. RESULTS Of 766 cases in the analytical sample, 568 cases were in men (74.2%) and 198 cases were in women (25.6%). Median age was 40.0 years for males and 42.0 years for females. Statistically significant sex-differences in drug exposures were found. Compared to men, women were more likely have exposure to benzodiazepine, antipsychotic, and antidepressant drug classes and less likely to have fentanyl and alcohol co-exposure. No sex differences were found in cocaine and amphetamine exposure. Female decedents were more likely than male decedents to have a prescription for benzodiazepines or opioids in the 30 days before death (40% vs 21%). The proportion of decedents with a benzodiazepine on post-mortem toxicology testing in combination with a benzodiazepine prescription (p < 0.001) or an opioid prescription (p = 0.005) was over two times higher in women than men. CONCLUSION Higher rates of controlled substance prescription prior to death and prescription drug co-exposures suggest that female opioid-involved drug overdose decedents are often in contact with the health care system immediately preceding their death, presenting the opportunity to create patient-centric approaches for prevention, harm reduction, and substance use treatment.
Cfi1 prevents premature exit from mitosis by anchoring Cdc14 phosphatase in the nucleolus

In eukaryotes, the activation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) induces mitosis, and their inactivation causes cells to leave mitosis1. In budding yeast, two redundant mechanisms induce the inactivation of mitotic CDKs. In one mechanism, a specialized ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system (called the APC-dependent proteolysis machinery) degrades the mitotic (Clb) cyclin subunit. In the other, the kinase-inhibitor Sic1 binds to mitotic CDKs and inhibits their kinase activity1,2. The highly conserved protein phosphatase Cdc14 promotes both Clb degradation and Sic1 accumulation. Cdc14 promotes SIC1 transcription and the stabilization of Sic1 protein by dephosphorylating Sic1 and its transcription factor Swi5. Cdc14 activates the degradation of Clb cyclins by dephosphorylating the APC-specificity factor Cdh1 (refs 3, 4). So how is Cdc14 regulated? Here we show that Cdc14 is sequestered in the nucleolus for most of the cell cycle. During nuclear division, Cdc14 is released from the nucleolus, allowing it to reach its targets. A highly conserved signalling cascade, critical for the exit from mitosis, is required for this movement of Cdc14 during anaphase. Furthermore, we have identified a negative regulator of Cdc14, Cfi1, that anchors Cdc14 in the nucleolus.
The Clinical Significance of Placental Villous Edema

A study was undertaken to determine why there is such variability in morbidity and mortality in neonates exposed to antenatal chorioamnionitis. Villous edema provides a clue. It was present in 72/83 placentas with chorioamnionitis. The extent and severity of the edema had a strong, positive correlation with cord arterial blood pH values, low Apgar scores, the need to resuscitate vigorously at birth, the subsequent need for assisted ventilation, the frequency of hyaline membrane disease, and neonatal mortality. Most of the difference in morbidity and mortality between preterm and full-term infants was related to the greater severity and extent of villous edema in those born prematurely.