cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Afrocentric Paradigm in Health-Related Physical Activity

Two separate government documents have established a link between physical activity and health, and both documents provided bleak statistics for African Americans. Although the health statistics are not questionable, the physical activity data are debatable because the role of culture in physical activity has not been adequately explored. This article examines the role that culture potentially plays in health-related physical activity participation. In so doing, the kinesiology profession, which teaches the science of human movement, is discussed, and results from a health-related physical activity study are reported. A recommendation is made for the inclusion of an Afrocentric paradigm in the kinesiology curriculum, and Schiele's Afrocentric paradigm for the human services is employed.
Laryngotracheobronchitis as a complication of measles during an urban epidemic

Objective: To evaluate demographic and clinical correlates of laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) as a complication of measles during a community-wide epidemic. Design: Retrospective review of medical records. Setting: Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, a large urban pediatric facility, during a regional epidemic of measles studied January through June 1990. Patients: All patients identified at our hospital who met Centers for Disease Control criteria for measles. Measurements and results: Of 440 patients with measles, 82 also had LTB (18.6%). Patients in whom LTB developed were significantly younger (mean ± SD: 14.7±8.2 months) than the cohort (24.8±30.1 months) (p Conclusion: Laryngotracheobronchitis was a frequent and often severe complication of measles. The likelihood that LTB would develop was inversely related to age, generally required inpatient care, and necessitated endotracheal intubation in severely affected patients.
Maternal attributions to a handicapped and a non-handicapped twin: a longitudinal study

This study was designed to explore a mother's attributions toward her twins from 11 to 32 months. One twin was developing normally while the other was extremely handicapped. Results suggest that the mother fine-tuned her attributions in response to the children's developmental level of communicative development but not in other areas. Several hypotheses are explored for this lack of reflection of the children's developmental level. One possible explanation is the possibility that the mother needed to feel that she was interacting with a competent infant and thus overinterpreted the handicapped infant's behaviour in order to interact effectively.
Model-guided empirical tuning of loop fusion

Loop fusion is recognised as an effective transformation for improving memory hierarchy performance. However, unconstrained loop fusion can lead to poor performance because of increased register pressure and cache conflict misses. In this paper, we present a cache-conscious analytical model for profitable loop fusion. We use this model to tune fusion parameters for different architectures through empirical search. Experiments on four different platforms for a set of applications show significant speedup over fully optimised code generated by state-of-the-art commercial compilers.
Determinants of Bacteriophage ϕ29 Head Morphology

Bacteriophage phi29 requires scaffolding protein to assemble the 450 x 540 A prolate prohead with T = 3 symmetry end caps. In infections with a temperature-sensitive mutant scaffolding protein, capsids assemble predominantly into 370 A diameter isometric particles with T = 3 symmetry that lack a head-tail connector. However, a few larger, 430 A diameter, particles are also assembled. Cryo-electron microscopy shows that these larger particles are icosahedral with T = 4 symmetry. The prolate prohead, as well as the two isometric capsids with T = 3 and T = 4 symmetry, are composed of similar pentamers and differently skewed hexamers. The skewing of the hexamers in the equatorial region of proheads and in the T = 4 isometric particles reflects their different environments. One of the functions of the scaffolding protein, present in the prohead, may be to stabilize skewed hexamers during assembly.
Effects of Parasitism by Microplitis kewleyi on the Tissues and Organs of Its Host, Agrotis ipsilon,,

Larvae of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagle), parasitized by Microplitis kewleyi Muesebeck, could live more than 50 days after parasite emergence under laboratory conditions. The only vital organ directly affected by parasitism was the fat body, which did not accumulate protein granules. Growth of testes and ovaries of parasitized larvae was partly inhibited. The gut, nerve ganglia, and Malpighian tubules remained in the immature form even after the corresponding nonparasitized larvae had entered the pupal stage or even several days after parasite emergence. No indication of recovery of these tissues was observed in the host larvae after parasite emergence.
Multimedia for Teaching Statistics: Promises and Pitfalls

Abstract In this department The American Statistician publishes articles, reviews, and notes of interest to teachers of the first mathematical statistics course and of applied statistics courses. The department includes the Accent on Teaching Materials section; suitable contents for the section are described under the section heading. Articles and notes for the department, but not intended specifically for the section, should be useful to a substantial number of teachers of the indicated types of courses or should have the potential for fundamentally affecting the way in which a course is taught. This article examines the usefulness of multimedia technology for teaching statistics, with attention to both promises and pitfalls. We suggest some principles for the design and use of multimedia, and we offer opinions on the role of human teachers in a multimedia educational environment.
Potassium-evoked efflux of transmitter amino acids and purines from rat cerebral cortex

Abstract Repeated applications of elevated K+ (50 or 75 mM) in cerebral cortical cup superfusates was used to evoke an efflux of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, aspartate, glycine, adenosine, and inosine from the in vivo rat cerebral cortex. K+ (50 mM) significantly elevated GABA levels in cup superfusates but had little effect on the efflux of glutamate, aspartate, glycine, adenosine, or inosine. K+ (75 mM) significantly enhanced the efflux of GABA, aspartate, adenosine, and inosine and caused nonsignificant increases in glutamate and glycine efflux. The adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), applied in cup superfusates at a concentration of 10−10 M had no effect on either basal or K+-evoked release of any of the amino acids or purines measured. At 10−6 M CPA significantly enhanced aspartate release, and depressed GABA efflux. The selective A2 adenosine receptor agonist 2-p(2-carboxyethyl) phenethylamino-5′-N-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680) (10−8 M) was without effect on either basal, or K+-evoked, efflux of amino acids or purines. The enhancement of aspartate (an excitotoxic amino acid) efflux by higher concentrations of CPA is likely due to activation of adenosine A2b receptors. This observation may be of relevance when selecting adenosinergic agents to treat ischemic or traumatic brain injuries. Overall, the results suggest that effects of adenosine receptor agonists on K+-evoked efflux of transmitter amino acids from the in vivo rat cerebral cortex may not be comparable to those observed with in vitro preparations.
Life History Patterns and Correlations in Sharks

ABSTRACT This study examines life history patterns and correlations between traits related to body size, reproduction, age, and growth in sharks, using data from 230 populations representing 164 species, 19 families, and 7 orders. The analysis focused on interspecific life history variability, but intraspecific and intrapopulation variation were also considered. Interspecifically, body size correlated positively with litter size and offspring size, and a tradeoff between litter size and offspring size was found after factoring out the effects of body size. Offspring size correlated negatively with growth completion rate (K), but the correlation became positive after correcting for the effects of body size. Parental size for males and females was negatively correlated with K. Parental size and size at maturity exhibited a strong positive correlation, with sexual maturity occurring at about 75% of maximum size in both sexes. Males were 10% smaller than females and reached their maximum length 34% faster tha...
Bone Graft Substitutes for Periodontal Use Available in the United States

A comprehensive search was conducted to identify all the bone substitute products marketed in the United States for periodontal and oral implant applications. Different sources were searched to obtain information regarding the original manufacturer, source, sterilization process, product presentation details, and composition. A detailed report of the results is presented. A total of 144 different bone substitutes were identified. Of those, 93 were allografts, 30 were alloplastic materials, and 21 were xenografts.A multitude of bone graft substitutes are currently available in the United States for periodontal and oral implant applications and the majority are allografts produced by well-established tissue banks or manufacturers.
Shoot removal and potassium fertilization effects on growth, nodulation and dinitrogen fixation of red clover and birdsfoot trefoil under greenhouse conditions

Abstract Potassium and cutting effects on growth, nodulation and N 2 -fixation by red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) and birdsfoot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus L.) were investigated in a greenhouse experiment with four replications. One year old plants were collected from field stands and transplanted into Plano silt loam soil (Typic Argiudoll) mixed 4:1 with quartz sand. Forty-one days later shoots were removed and K was added at 250 kg/ha equivalent or not added. After one growth cycle, the shoots were removed again. Shoot yield, N 2 -fixation rate, and nodule number per plant were measured after 8, 16, 24 and 32 days of regrowth. Shoot yield after 32 days of regrowth averaged 1.37, 1.65, 0.84 and 1.06 g per plant for red clover with 0 and 250 kg/ha of K added and birdsfoot trefoil with 0 and 250 kg/ha of K added, respectively. Potassium fertilization rate did not influence nodule numbers of either species and red clover had more nodules per plant (636) than birdsfoot trefoil (313) by the last harvest. N 2 -fixation, as estimated by the acetylene reduction technique, was low 8 days after cutting and increased until 24 days after cutting. Potassium addition increased the four-date average N 2 -fixation by both species. Results of this study indicate that K addition increased shoot yield and N 2 -fixation rate but not nodule number per plant for red clover and birdsfoot trefoil.
P21-Activated Kinase (Pak1) is a Negative Regulator of ROS Generation in Ventricular Myocytes

Pak1 a downstream target of Rac1 was implicated in the regulation of NADPH-oxidase (NOX2) activity. To determine the role of Pak1 in NOX2 dependent ROS generation isolated,DCF (10 μM) loaded, ventricular myocytes (VMs) were used and ROS measured during angiotensin II (AngII: 100 nM) stimulation. Decreased Pak1 activity in VMs treated with IPA-3 (10 μM) or in Pak1-/- VMs resulted in significantly increased ROS under basal conditions and during stimulation with AngII. The relevance of this increased ROS production was determined with an in vitro model of ischemia/reperfusion recording stimulation induced Ca transients in WT and Pak1-/- VMs with Fluo-4/AM. WT VMs exhibited an increase in diastolic [Ca]i (F/F0: 0.98 ± 0.04 to 1.28 ± 0.12, n=6, p< 0.05) during ischemia (15 min: 20 mM lactose, pH = 6.8, [K]o = 8 mM, gassed with 95% N2) but no arrhythmic activity. In Pak1-/- VMs the increase in diastolic Ca was significantly enhanced compared to WT VMs (F/F0: 1.95 ± 0.14, n=8 p<0.05) and Ca-induced arrhythmia were determined. The decay time constant of the caffeine induced calcium transient that reflects Na/Ca exchange (NCX) activity was significantly increased in Pak1-/- (WT: 3.28 ± 0.14 s, n=10; Pak1-/-: 2.32 ± 0.24 s, n=7 p< 0.05) while NCX protein level was unchanged. Treatment of Pak1-/- VMs with the NCX reverse-mode blocker KBR-7943 (5 μM) (F/F0: 1.13 ± 0.06, n=4 p<0.05), the ROS scavenger TEMPOL (F/F0: 1.31 ± 0.04, n=4 p<0.05) or the NOX2 inhibitor apocynin (200 μM) (F/F0: 1.19 ± 0.05, n=4 p<0.05) attenuated ischemia induced Ca overload and arrhythmia in Pak1-/-. Our results suggest that Pak1 negatively regulates ROS production through NOX2 and that a NOX2/ROS dependent increase in NCX activity is a source for arrhythmia under pathophysiological conditions.
Outside Structures: Smithian Sentiments and Tardian Monads

Despite their groundbreaking explanations of social phenomena, Adam Smith’s The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and Gabriel Tarde’s Monadology and Sociology (1893) still occupy a peripheral position in the sociological tradition. This article analyzes Smith’s and Tarde’s efforts to present sentiments and monads as foundations of social phenomena. Unlike contemporary contributions, more concerned with structuralist accounts of the social, the singularity of their works was to frame sentiments and monads as tangible units of analysis that permitted to find the source of individual action outside the self. Smith and Tarde argued so not by linking social causality to abstract and collective structures but rather to human interdependence and interaction. Along with contributing to a less teleological approach to the sociological tradition, this article argues that engaging with works outside the structuralist tradition provides researchers with a much-needed space for sociological innovation to explain social phenomena in an increasingly globalized and hyper-connected world.
Roemer's “General” Theory of Exploitation Is a Special Case: The Limits of Walrasian Marxism

In a series of recent writings, John Roemer (1982a, 1982b, 1985, 1988) has made a provocative claim: exploitation and class are merely second-order concepts within Marxian theory, because both phenomena derive directly from differential ownership of productive assets (DOPA); indeed, exploitation remains a consistent index of economic injustice only if a “property relations” conception of exploitation replaces the common “labor-value” view. In sum, property relations, not the labor exchange, the labor proces, labor values, or even capitalist accumlation should be the central concern of Marxian theory.
Transforming growth factor beta 1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death.

Abstract To delineate specific developmental roles of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) we have disrupted its cognate gene in mouse embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination to generate TGF-beta 1 null mice. These mice do not produce detectable amounts of either TGF-beta 1 RNA or protein. After normal growth for the first 2 weeks they develop a rapid wasting syndrome and die by 3-4 weeks of age. Pathological examination revealed an excessive inflammatory response with massive infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages in many organs, but primarily in heart and lungs. Many lesions resembled those found in autoimmune disorders, graft-vs.-host disease, or certain viral diseases. This phenotype suggests a prominent role for TGF-beta 1 in homeostatic regulation of immune cell proliferation and extravasation into tissues.
Impact of pharmacy student interventions in an urban family medicine clinic.

Objectives. To determine the number of interventions made by pharmacy students at an urban family medicine clinic and the acceptance rate of these recommendations by the healthcare providers. The secondary objective was to investigate the cost avoidance value of the interventions. Methods. A prospective, unblinded study was conducted to determine the number and cost avoidance value of clinical interventions made by pharmacy students completing advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) in an urban family medicine clinic. Results. Eighteen students completed this experience in the 8 months studied. Of the 718 interventions performed, 77% were accepted by physicians, including 58% of the 200 interventions that required immediate action. Projected avoidance was estimated at $61,855. Conclusion. The clinical interventions by pharmacy students were generally well received by healthcare providers and resulted in significant cost savings. Pharmacy students can play an important role in a family medicine clinic.
Effects of copper source and concentration on copper status and immune function in growing and finishing steers

Abstract Forty-eight individually fed purebred Angus steers (7±1.1 mo of age, 218±9.1 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of copper (Cu) source and concentration on Cu status and immune function. Steers were stratified by weight and initial liver Cu concentration and randomly assigned to one of five treatments. Treatments were: (1) control (no supplemental Cu), (2) 10 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM) from Cu sulfate (CuSO 4 ), (3) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from a Cu-amino acid complex (Availa Cu; Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA), (4) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from CuSO 4 , and (5) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu. Steers were housed in individual pens and fed an alfalfa-corn based growing diet (7.1 mg Cu/kg DM) for 56 d then gradually switched to a high concentrate diet (6.1 mg Cu/kg DM) for 144 d. On d 56 of the growing phase and d 112 of the finishing phase, liver Cu concentrations were higher ( P P P 4 . Cell mediated immune response to phytohemagglutinin was higher ( P P 4 than steers supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM from Availa Cu. During the finishing phase, IgG concentrations specific to PRBC were higher ( P P P P 4 . Results indicate that the immune response to an antigen varies depending on the type of antigen administered as well as the concentration and source of Cu supplemented.
Finite-size rounding of a first-order phase transition

The finite-size broadening of a first-order phase transition is estimated to be proportional to the inverse of the product of the system size and the latent entropy of the transition. The relation to the usual second-order-transition case is discussed. The limit of a small first-order transition is shown to be consistent with a second-order one. These results are relevant both for real and computer experiments on systems that are quite small but larger than microscopic sizes.
ALKALOID SECRETION BY TRICHOMES OF NICOTIANA SPECIES AND RESISTANCE TO APHIDS

Alkaloids are secreted by trichomes of the seven Nicotiana species tested. Nicotine, the major alkaloid constituent, was identified in the secretions from all species and anabasine, and probably nornicotine, from two species. Aphids are killed by contact with these secretions, and resistance to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, results from this mortality. Zusammenfassung ALKALOID-SEKRETION DURCH TRICHOME VON NICOTIANA-ARTEN UND DIE RESISTENZ GEGEN APHIDEN Verschiedene Nicotiana-Arten sind hochresistent gegen die Grune Pfirsichlaus, Myzus persicae. Diese Resistenz beruht auf der Beruhrung der Blattlause mit giftigen Alkaloiden, die von den Trichomen dieser Pflanzen abgesondert werden. Zur Identifizierung dieser Alkaloide wurden Papier- und Dunnschichtchromatographie sowie Ultraviolett-Absorptionsspektra benutzt. In den Trichom-Sekreten aller gepruften Arten wurde Nikotin nachgewiesen, auch bei resistenten und anfalligen Tabakzuchtsorten. In den Sekreten zweier hochresistenter Arten lies sich Anabasin und mit Wahrscheinlichkeit auch Nornikotin nachweisen. Es bestanden zwar grose quantitative Unterschiede zwischen den Alkaloidkonzentrationen in den Sekreten von Wildarten und den Sekreten von staarker anfalligen Tabakpflanzen, aber es konnten keine klaren Korrelationen zwischen den Alkaloidkonzentrationen und der Resistenz bei anfalligen und resistenten Tabakzuchtlinien nachgewiesen werden. Jedoch konnten geringe, aber signifikante Unterschiede bestehen, die aber infolge der angewandten Sekret-Sammelmethodik nicht erfast werden konnten. In Perioden besonderer Beanspruchung der Aphiden (stress) konnten sie zur Wirkung kommen und zu grosen Unterschieden im Uberleben der Blattlause fuhren.
Intercomparison of sensible heat flux from large aperture scintillometer and eddy covariance methods: Field experiment over a homogeneous semi-arid region

Scintillometers are becoming increasingly popular for the validation of satellite remote sensing sensible heat-flux estimates due to the comparable spatial resolutions. However, it is important to gain confidence in the accuracy of the sensible heat-flux measurements obtained by the scintillometer. Large aperture scintillometer (LAS) and eddy-covariance (EC) measurements were collected over a homogeneous, dry and semi-arid region near Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA, where the homogeneity allowed direct comparison of the two instruments despite their differences in footprint sizes. The differences between the sensible heat-flux measured by both LAS and EC systems fall within the differences between two EC systems. We conclude that the large aperture scintillometer is a reliable system for measuring sensible heat flux in a dry semiarid region.
Vertical motion detectors and their synaptic relations in the third optic lobe of the fly.

The synaptic relations of the giant vertical cells in the lobula plate of the fly were investigated using electron microscopical procedures and Lucifer yellow dye backfill and injection techniques. Histological features of the giant vertical cells are described. The giant vertical cells are exclusively postsynaptic in the lobula plate. They function to integrate input from dense arrays of chemical synapses and have a wide spatial input from the lobula plate. The giant vertical cells are postsynaptic to perpendicularly occurring cells. There are two classes of cells presynaptic to the vertical cells, one of which contains large dense-core vesicles. The giant vertical cells are not the only cells postsynaptic to these two classes of perpendicualr cells. A second group of smaller tangential cells, the twin vertical cells, were also found postsynaptic to many of the same cells that synapsed with the giant vertical cells. The twin vertical cells and the giant vertical cells are therefore integrating some of the same information in the lobula plate.
A 20-Msample/s switched-capacitor finite-impulse-response filter using a transposed structure

A programmable four-tap analog finite-impulse-response filter for use in a decision-feedback equalizer has been realized in a 2-/spl mu/m double-poly CMOS process. It uses a modified transposed structure and double sampling to minimize power dissipation. Also, it uses programmable-gain sample-and-hold amplifiers with a constant feedback factor, input capacitance, and load to reduce the performance variation as a function of programming. The filter is fully differential, occupies an active area of 11.8 mm/sup 2/, and dissipates 56.5 mW.
An Evolutionary Algorithm for the Design of Different Degrees of Secondary Structure in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs)

In recent experimental studies of coupled folding and binding of IDPs investigators have adapted methods from the protein folding literature whereby point mutations are used to identify the degree to which different regions are pre-folded prior to the rate limiting step in binding and folding. These approaches assume a one-to-one correspondence between coarse-grained readouts of structure such as alpha helicity and the degree of foldedness. Our previous work demonstrated a lack of correlation between alpha-helicity and the degree of disorder within unbound IDPs. Therefore, an important first step toward mutagenesis based approaches for dissecting the mechanisms of coupled folding and binding is the design of sequences that (a) have a target alpha helicity (b) have a prescribed degree of disorder and (c) retain the residues corresponding to the binding interface. We report results from an evolution algorithm (EA) that designs sequences to meet the specified criteria. We coupled this sequence design algorithm to atomistic simulations based on the ABSINTH model to quantify residue-specific helicities for each sequence. We demonstrate our approach using the sequence of PUMA, which folds upon binding to its target protein MCL-1. In the unbound ensemble, PUMA forms two uncorrelated helical segments that partition the sequence into two halves. In the bound complex, PUMA forms a single long helix. Our design strategy successfully generates sequences that span the spectrum of conformational options for the unbound PUMA that includes sequences with uncorrelated helical segments N- and C-terminal and sequences with a single helix that spans the entire sequence length. Our approach is well suited to the design of sequences for use in experiments geared toward dissecting the mechanisms of coupled folding and binding of IDPs.
A two-receptor model for salmon gonadotropins (GTH I and GTH II).

The possible existence of distinct receptors for salmon gonadotropins (GTH I and GTh II) and the distribution of the receptor(s) were studied through examination of the binding of coho salmon (Oncorbynchus kistuch) GTh I and GTH II to membranes from thecal layers and granulosa cells of salmon ovaries. Purified coho salmon gonadotropins were iodinated by the lactoperoxidase method. Crude membrane preparations were obtained from thecal layers, granulosa cells, and whole ovaries of coho salmon in the postvitdllogenic/preovulatory phase. Binding of “5I-GTH I to membranes from thecal layers, granulosa cells, and whole ovaries, and binding of “51-GTh II to thecal layer cell membranes could be inhibited by both GTHs, but GTh I was more potent than GTh II. In contrast, GTh II was more potent than GTh I in inhibiting “5I.GTH II binding to membranes from granulosa cells and whole ovaries, but the inhibition curves were not parallel. Scatchard plot analysis suggested that there was a single type of receptor in the thecal layers for both GTHs, whereas in the granulosa cells there was more than one type of receptor for both GTHs. Based on these results, a two-receptor model for the postvitdllogenic/preovulatory salmon ovary is proposed with the following features: 1) there are two types of gonadotropin receptors in the salmon ovary, type I and type IL; 2) the type I receptor binds both GTHs, but with higher affinity for GTh I, whereas the type II receptor is highly specific for GTh II and may have only limited interaction with GTh I; and 3) the type I receptor is present in both thecal cells and granulosa cells, whereas the type II receptor is present in granulosa cells.
Cholesterol carriers in human bile: Are “lamellae” involved?

Cholesterol, a highly insoluble molecule, is transported in bile by specialized lipid aggregates. On the basis of extensive correlations between laboratory-prepared model biles and surgically harvested native biles, it has become generally accepted that biliary cholesterol is solubilized by simple and mixed micelles, single bilayered (unilamellar) vesicles and, under certain conditions, multilamellar vesicles (liposomes or liquid crystals) all composed of bile salts, lecithin and cholesterol in different proportions. Current concepts suggest that in lithogenic biles multilamellar vesicles result from aggregation and fusion of unilamellar vesicles and are a principal source from which cholesterol precipitates to form gallstones. Recent reports now challenge the prevailing paradigm by proposing that the principal cholesterol-carrying particles in human biles are not micelles but are "lamellae" composed of stacked membrane-like bilayers of lipids. In this article, we provide a critical overview of the experiments that led to the established views of biliary cholesterol transport and to the newer lamellae hypothesis. The principal evidence for lamellae stems from negative-stain electron microscopy, an artifactprone technique when used to study lipid-rich fluids such as bile. We show that lamellar structures represent both the electron microscopic analog of multilamellar vesicles in supersaturated biles that presage the nucleation of cholesterol crystals and an electron microscopic artifact of fossilized mixed micelles that are in fact very tiny (2 to 4 nm in radius) by state-of-the-art noninvasive techniques. We argue further that the lamellae nomenclature improperly equates two fundamentally distinct physical-chemical mechanisms for cholesterol solubilization and dispersion in bile on the basis of identically appearing electron microscopic images.
Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Dana Medal for 2005 to William D. Carlson

The Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America recognizes “…continued outstanding scientific contributions through original research in the mineralogical sciences by an individual in the midst of their career.” This year’s recipient, Bill Carlson, joins the prestigious group of previous medalists: George Rossman, Mike Hochella, Mark Ghiorso, and Jim Kirkpatrick. He is in the same intellectual league with these giants, and is a natural addition to that exclusive group on all accounts. Of course, Bill had the benefit of a first-class education at storied NCAA powerhouses—B.S at Stanford (1974) and Ph.D. at UCLA (1980). Immediately recruited to the University of Texas (Hook ‘em, ‘Horns!), …
Life as a Nurse Researcher

The connection between theory and research is vital. In this paper, Dr. Fawcett presents her views of her life as a researcher. The importance of early mentoring is addressed as is the impact of her research on nursing science.
Milligram-scale high-voltage power electronics for piezoelectric microrobots

Piezoelectric actuators can achieve high efficiency and power density in very small geometries, which shows promise for microrobotic applications, such as flapping-wing robotic insects. From the perspective of power electronics, such actuators present two challenges: high operating voltages, ranging from tens to thousands of volts, and a low electromechanical coupling factor, which necessitates the recovery of unused electrical energy. This paper explores the power electronics design problem by establishing the drive requirements of piezoelectric actuators, presenting circuit topologies and control methods suitable for driving different types of piezoelectric actuators in microrobotic applications, and demonstrating experimental realizations of sub-100mg power electronics circuits.
Morphometric Sex Determination of North American Golden Eagles

We made up to 12 measurements of 79 captured Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos canadensis )t o evaluate best metrics for noninvasive, morphometric determination of sex. Sex of 43 male and 36 female Golden Eagles was confirmed post-release: 60 by DNA analysis and 19 by position during copulation. Eagles in adult plumage made up 57% of eagles of confirmed sex. All male and female morphometric means differed (P , 0.01) but most (n 5 10) metric ranges overlapped .10% between sexes. There was no overlap between sexes for the hallux claw (HAL) and head length (HEAD) metrics, regardless of age class. All male HAL and HEAD measurements were #51.7 mm and 119.5 mm, respectively. All female HAL and HEAD metrics were $51.6 mm and 119.8 mm, respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated HAL and HEAD metrics were best of 12 morphometrics as indicators of sex (P , 0.04). Factorial ANOVAs showed no effect of age class and age class-by-sex interaction on dependent variables HAL and HEAD (P. 0.05). Sex assignments by plotting HAL and HEAD metrics of known-sex eagles relative to bivariate normal probability distribution (BNPD) percentile curves were 100% correct. Discriminate score (DS) derived from discrim- inate function analysis (DFA) incorporating HAL and HEAD metrics classified our sample eagles with 100% accuracy. Confirmatory analyses were 100% accurate. We also evaluated Bortolotti's (1984, Journal of Field Ornithology 55:54-66) methods of sex assignment using eagles we captured: culmen length (CL) and HAL correctly identified 89% of our known-sex eagles. Six of seven (86%) incorrect designations using his age- class dependent models were males classified as females, likely due to the variable effects of overgrown CLs or shrinkage in the museum specimens Bortolotti used. We propose using empirical data-driven BNPD plots first and then DS models if needed to assign sex to Golden Eagles .3.5 mo old in the field. Magnitude of the species' sexual dimorphism may mask clinal differences in intrasex HAL and HEAD metrics through- out the species' latitudinal range and these metrics may be accurate indicators of sex, regardless of age or region of origin in western North America.
Real-time optical monitoring of gas phase dynamics for the growth of InN at elevated pressures

The request for increased performance in high-power / high-frequency optoelectronic devices requires new methods for the fabrication of high quality III nitride alloys that exhibit large thermal decomposition pressure such as InN and related materials. To extend the process and growth window towards elevated pressures, a high-pressure CVD system with integrated real time optical characterization techniques has been constructed. The built-in real-time monitoring techniques allow the characterization of gas flow dynamics, precursor decomposition kinetics, as well as the monitoring of the crucial steps of nucleation and film formation. The gas flow dynamics has been characterized and the process parameter are obtained under which the thin film growth process can be maintained under laminar flow condition. Laser light scattering (LLS) has been proven as the most robust optical tool to characterize the onset of turbulence.
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation modulates glioma cell migration

Stable transfection of U251.3 glioma cells with cDNA encoding MT-MMP-1 resulted in increased cell surface expression of MT-MMP-1 and TIMP-2, constitutive activation of MMP-2 proenzyme and increased collagen degradation. In tumor spheroid outgrowth assays, cell migration of MT-MMP-1 transfectants relative to control was enhanced on collagen and decreased on vitronectin and fibronectin. These effects were reversed by TIMP-2 and were not associated with any substantial changes in cell adhesion. Binding of U251.3 cells to the C-terminal domain of MMP-2 was specifically inhibited by anti-(alpha)vss3 integrin blocking antibody indicating that MMP-2 interacts with (alpha)vss3 through the enzyme's C-terminal portion at or near the integrin's matrix adhesion sites. We propose that these mechanisms could govern directed matrix degradation in the tumor cells' microenvironment by sequestration of active MMP-2 on the cell surface. Our data suggest that activation of MMP-2 and its proteolytic activity localized to the cell surface could differentially modulate tumor cell migration in response to particular matrix proteins by altering both composition of the extracellular matrix and expression of adhesion receptors on the cell surface.
GUANOSINE 3′,5′-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE: A TAPEWORM-SECRETED SIGNAL MOLECULE COMMUNICATING WITH THE RAT HOST'S SMALL INTESTINE

Tapeworms alter the physiological environment of the host's small intestinal lumen by contracting the intestinal smooth muscle, thereby slowing the transit of intestinal contents. We hypothesize that parasite-to-host molecular signaling is responsible for the specific patterns of small intestinal smooth muscle contraction observed both during tapeworm infection and after the infusion of tapeworm-secreted molecules into the intestinal lumen of unanesthetized rats. Of the tapeworm-secreted compounds tested, only lumenal infusion of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) induced contractile patterns that mimic those observed during tapeworm infection. The response to cGMP occurred in a concentration-dependent fashion. Our study clearly demonstrates that cGMP can serve as an extracellular signal molecule regulating small intestinal motility mechanisms in vivo.
Medium Access Control for 60 GHz Outdoor Mesh Networks with Highly Directional Links

We investigate an architecture for multi-Gigabit outdoor mesh networks operating in the unlicensed 60 GHz "millimeter (mm) wave" band. In this band, the use of narrow beams is essential for attaining the required link ranges in order to overcome the higher path loss at mm wave carrier frequencies. However, highly directional links make standard MAC methods for interference management, such as carrier sense multiple access, which rely on neighboring nodes hearing each other, become inapplicable. In this paper, we study the extent to which we can reduce, or even dispense with, interference management, by exploiting the reduction in interference due to the narrow beamwidths and the oxygen absorption characteristic of the 60 GHz band. We provide a probabilistic analysis of the interference incurred due to uncoordinated transmissions, and show that, for the parameters considered, the links in the network can be thought of as pseudo-wired. That is, interference can essentially be ignored in MAC design, and the challenge is to schedule half-duplex transmissions in the face of the "deafness" resulting from highly directional links. We provide preliminary simulation results to validate our approach.
Stress-induced leakage current due to charging damage: gate oxide thickness and gate poly-Si etching condition dependence

Stress-induced gate leakage current (SILC) was used to evaluate plasma process-induced damage to ultra-thin gate oxide transistors. Even though the leakage currents increase as the oxide thickness decreases, the reliability of ultra-thin gate oxide (2.2 nm) is superior to the thicker oxides. No SILC was observed for the thinnest films, while thicker oxides show large SILC variation due to process-induced charging damage. The effect of different gate poly-Si etching processes in a high density TCP (transformer-coupled plasma) system were also evaluated. Only the gate that was etched with an abnormally high bias power overetch process, and connected to large connection ratio antenna shows SILC.
2nd Tidal Flow Forum

On June 14, 1988, the 2nd Tidal Flow Forum was held at the VIIth International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources. The meeting took place in Boston, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with the participation of scientists and engineers from North America and Europe. Simulations of the tides in the English Channel and the southern bight of the North Sea (see figure) with two-dimensional state-of-the-art finite element and finite difference models were presented. By seeking to establish a benchmark computation, the conclusions reached at the Forum represent an important contribution to the understanding of our present-day numerical modeling capabilities in the area of tidal hydrodynamics.
Metabolism of Pralidoxime (2-PAM) in Man

The metabolic disposition of pralidoxime was investigated in man. A urinary metabolite was isolated which had properties consistent with those of 1-methyl-2-cyanopyrldinium ion. Isolation of the urinary metabolite was accomplished by adsorption charcoal column chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography. Characterization of the metabolite was accomplished by comparing the properties of the urinary metabolite with 1-methyl-2-cyanopyridinium ion and properties of its alkaline degradation products with cyanide ion, 1-mothyl-2-pyridone, and 1-methyl-2-carbamidopyridinium ion. Chemical, spectral, chromatographic, and electrophoretic studies indicated that the properties of the urinary metabolite were identical with those of a 1-methyl-2-cyanopyridinium ion. Pralidoxime is largely excreted unchanged in urine following intravenous administration to man.
Enterprise system implementation and employee: understanding the role of advice networks

The implementation of enterprise systems, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, alters business processes and associated workflows, and introduces new software applications that employees must use. Employees frequently find such technology-enabled organizational change to be a major challenge. Although many challenges related to such changes have been discussed in prior work, little research has focused on post-implementation job outcomes of employees affected by such change. We draw from social network theory-- specifically, advice networks--to understand a key post-implementation job outcome (i.e., job performance). We conducted a study among 87 employees, with data gathered before and after the implementation of an ERP system module in a business unit of a large organization. We found support for our hypotheses that workflow advice and software advice are associated with job performance. Further, as predicted, we found that the interactions of workflow and software get-advice, workflow and software give-advice, and software get- and give-advice were associated with job performance. This nuanced treatment of advice networks advances our understanding of post-implementation success of enterprise systems.
Functional polymers. XIV. Grafting of 2(2-hydroxy-5-vinylphenyl)2H-benzotriazole onto polymers with aliphatic groups†

Successful grafting of 2(2-hydroxy-5-vinylphenyl)2H-benzotriazole onto saturated aliphatic CH groups of polymers has been accomplished. When the grafting reaction was carried out in chlorobenzene at 150–160°C with di-tertiary butylperoxide as the grafting initiator, grafts as high as 20–30% at grafting efficiencies of 50 and 80% have readily been obtained. It was very important to carry out the grafting reaction in tubes sealed under high vacuum since trace amounts of oxygen cause complete inhibition of the grafting reaction by the phenolic monomer. Grafting reactions were carried out on a variety of different polymers including atactic polypropylene, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(butyl acrylate), and polycarbonate.
Organic Acids Placed into the Cloaca to Reduce Campylobacter Contamination of Broiler Skin During Defeathering

Abstract Campylobacter numbers on broiler carcasses can increase dramatically during defeathering because of leakage of contaminated gut contents in the feather-picking machine. Food-grade organic acids have been shown to be effective in killing bacteria. Placement of organic acids into the cloaca prior to defeathering was tested to determine if such a treatment could lower the number of Campylobacter that escape and contaminate broiler breast skin during automated feather removal. Campylobacter numbers on the breast skin of treated carcasses increased during defeathering but resulted in numbers that were only about 2% of those observed on control carcasses. Placement of food-grade organic acids in the cloaca of broiler carcasses may be useful as a means to lessen the impact of automated defeathering on the microbiological quality of carcasses during processing.
The Solar Probe Mission Design Challenges

A probe flying into one of the last unexplored regions of the solar system, the Sun's corona, would revolutionize our knowledge of the physics of the origin and evolution of the solar wind. Many studies have been conducted to conceive such a mission and design a spacecraft and payload which could survive the harsh solar environment and still provide the necessary science measurements. This paper summarizes engineering work done over the past seven years in the development of the Solar Probe mission from a concept to a flight ready design.
Optimization of assay conditions for epoxide metabolizing enzymes in Trichoplusia ni

The optimization of assay conditions for glutathione S-transferase and epoxide hydrolase activities in the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni (Hiibner), Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) using trans and cis-stilbene oxides as substrates are reported. Glutathione S-transferase activity was predominantly cytosolic, and it was much greater in the fat body than the midgut. Differences in pH optima and rates of conjugation were seen between the trans and cis isomers of the substrate. In contrast, epoxide hydrolase activity was predominantly microsomal and was highest in the midgut. Patterns of substrate selectivity and pH optima differed between these two tissues. These data reflect the complexity of insect epoxide metabolism and suggest the involvement of multiple forms of these enzymes. Key Word Index: Insect, epoxide, epoxide hydrolase, glutathione S-transferase, trans-stilbene oxide, cis-stilbene oxide, Trichoplusia ni (Hiibner), Lepidoptera, Noctuidae
Does Meeting Expectations Matter? Evidence from Analyst Forecast Revisions and Share Prices

This paper investigates whether firms achieve greater share value, all else equal, by meeting analysts' expectations. We hypothesize that such firms may be rewarded with higher earnings forecasts that lead to higher share values, or with higher share prices controlling for analysts' forecasts. We find that analysts' forecasts are not higher for firms that meet expectations relative to those that do not, controlling for the level of the current year's earnings information. We also find that one or two years ahead earnings are higher for firms that consistently meet expectations relative to those that do not, controlling for the level of analysts' post-announcement earnings forecasts, although earnings three years ahead are not generally greater for such firms. These findings indicate firms meeting expectations are not "rewarded" by analysts with higher earnings forecasts than are warranted. However, consistent with the hypothesis that the market rewards firms for meeting expectations, we find that share prices are higher for firms that consistently meet expectations than for those that do not. These tests control for an estimate of fundamental value based on the book value of equity and analysts' estimates of the present value of abnormal earnings. For firms meeting expectations in one year, the magnitude of the share price difference can be explained by the higher present value of future abnormal earnings realized by these firms. However, for firms meeting expectations in at least two consequent years, the market reward is greater and the incremental future abnormal earnings realized by these firms are of insufficient magnitude to explain the market reward. Our findings therefore support a market reward for firms that consistently meet expectations. This market reward could reflect a lower cost of capital for these firms or a distinct market premium for firms that meet expectations. In addition to documenting a market reward for meeting expectations, we contribute to the literature on financial analysts' processing of accounting information by developing a methodology to compare how analysts weight information with the ex post predictive ability of that information. This approach can be applied to a broad class of questions related to how analysts process information. We contribute to the literature on accounting-based valuation by developing a methodology for testing whether the value-relevance of a given factor derives from its implications for future abnormal earnings. We show that analysts' forecasts do not fully reflect available information, and that failure to adjust for this in valuation analyses can lead to misleading inferences.