cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diapers in war zones: ethnomedical factors in acute childhood gastroenteritis in Peshawar, Pakistan.

This article considers ethnomedical knowledge and practices among parents related to contraction of acute gastroenteritis among children in Peshawar, Pakistan. Research methods included analysis of the Emergency Pediatric Services’ admission register, a structured interview administered to 47 parents of patients seen in the Khyber Medical College Teaching Hospital, semi-structured interviews of 12 staff, and four home visits among families with children treated at the hospital. The use of native research assistants and participant observation contributed to the reliability of the findings, though the ethnographic, home-visit sample is small. Our research indicated that infection rates are exacerbated in homes through two culturally salient practices and one socioeconomic condition. Various misconceptions propagate the recurrence or perserverance of acute gastroenteritis including assumptions about teething leading to poor knowledge of disease etiology, rehydration solutions leading to increased severity of disease, and diaper usage leading to the spread of disease. In our Discussion, we suggest how hospital structures of authority and gender hierarchy may impact hospital interactions, the flow of information, and its respective importance to the patient’s parents leading to possible propagation of disease. These ethnographic data offer a relatively brief but targeted course of action to improve the effectiveness of prevention and treatment efforts.
Condensed-matter physics: magnetic frustration squeezed out.

Atomic spins in a 'frustrated' magnet cannot simultaneously minimize the energies of their local interactions: they fluctuate continuously, even at very low temperatures. But under pressure, they line up in an ordered way.
Transverse envelope dynamics of a 28.5-GeV electron beam in a long plasma.

The transverse dynamics of a 28.5 GeV electron beam propagating in a 1.4 m long, 0-2 x 10{sup 14} cm{sup -3} plasma are studied experimentally in the underdense or blow-out regime. The transverse component of the wake field excited by the short electron bunch focuses the bunch, which experiences multiple betatron oscillations as the plasma density is increased. The spot size variations are observed using optical transition radiation and Cherenkov radiation. In this regime, the behavior of the spot size as a function of the plasma density is well described by a simple beam envelope model. Dynamic changes of the beam envelope are observed by time resolving the Cherenkov light.
Modulation of Th1 and Th2 Cytokine Profiles and Their Association with Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Objective Plasma cytokine concentrations from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were measured to determine whether the potential modulation of host Th1 vs Th2 immune responses are associated with advanced clinical disease. Study design and setting The concentrations of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 were measured in the plasma of 58 patients with histologically proven HNSCC. These data were examined with respect to the histologic size (T-stage) of the primary tumor, and presence of nodal metastasis. Results The concentrations of IL-12 were greater from patients without nodal metastasis, and with T1/T2-stage tumors. IL-10 levels were greater from patients with nodal metastasis, and with T3/T4-stage tumors. The concentrations of IL-6 were greater from patients with T3/T4-stage tumors. Conclusions Using parameters of primary tumor size and presence of nodal metastasis, patients with advanced HNSCC have significantly less plasma IL-12 levels, and greater plasma IL-10 and IL-6 levels. Significance Patients with advanced HNSCC have a potentially diminished Th1 immune response, and a stronger potential Th2 immune response when compared to that of patients with less advanced disease. EBM rating: D-5.
Robotic Radical Prostatectomy for Elderly Patients: Probability of Achieving Continence and Potency 1 Year After Surgery

Purpose: We assessed the probability of achieving continence and potency after robotic radical prostatectomy in elderly patients.Materials and Methods: The cohort included 1,436 robotic radical prostatectomy cases performed at our institution between 2003 and 2008. Continence (pad-free) and potency (erection sufficient for intercourse) at baseline and 1 year after surgery were evaluated by the UCLA-PCI questionnaire. Point estimates of the predicted probabilities of continence and potency for age 65, 70 and 75 years were calculated from multivariate logistic regression models adjusting for age, nerve sparing status, baseline International Prostate Symptom Score and baseline Sexual Health Inventory for Men score. Patients who were impotent before surgery or those who received hormones or radiation within 1 year after surgery were censored.Results: Mean patient age was 60 years (range 38 to 85) with 25% older than 65 years and 77 (5%) 70 years old or older. Age (OR 0.97, p = 0.002), baseline I-PSS (OR 0.98,...
“Romantic Realism/Victorian Romance”: An Introduction to Four Provocations

Might we, Romanticists and Victorianists, be or become one people? This cluster of essays, by Ian Duncan, Mary Favret, Catherine Robson, and Herbert Tucker, addresses longstanding and emergent cruxes in our collective scholarship, including questions of periodization, mediality, trans/nationality, genre, and mode. “Romance” and “realism” provide two provoking terms for thought. An introduction, by Elaine Freedgood and N. Maureen McLane, lays out axes of categorization, questions for pedagogy and the profession as well as intellectual and disciplinary genealogies. Duncan notes the insufficiency of such terms as “long nineteenth century” and proposes Walter Scott as one figure who teaches us how to think period as well as realism and romance; Favret addresses the romantic lecture and its current resonance in the age of MOOCs; Robson explores the nature of Victorian reading, and directions for Victorianist readings; Tucker meditates on the status of desire and marriage plots—Romantic and Victorian “conjugalities.”
Relationship of inferior gluteal nerves and vessels: target for application of stimulation devices for the prevention of pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury

A study was carried out to determine whether the location of the inferior gluteal nerve could be reliably predicted using external anatomy or vascular imaging. This study was motivated by our group's development of an electrical stimulation system to provide direct gluteal stimulation in paralyzed individuals, in particular those with spinal cord injury (SCI). Pressure ulcers are a common complication for many individuals with reduced mobility. Numerous approaches have been employed to treat and prevent pressure ulcers; however no procedure or nursing care regimen has been successful in eradicating them completely. Our group seeks to prevent skin breakdown in susceptible patients by direct electrical stimulation of the paralyzed gluteal muscle, leading to improved circulation and increased muscle mass (hypertrophy) in the treated area. Currently, percutaneous electrodes are placed through an extensive probing process to select the motor point of the target muscle. We examined 15 cadaver gluteal regions to identify the relationship between the internal anatomy of the inferior gluteal artery and nerve as well as the relationship to external anatomic landmarks. The cadavers displayed variability with regard to the morphology of the branches of both nerve and artery. Furthermore, there did not appear to be any relationship between the relative positions of the nerve and artery. However, the potential target area of the proximal origin of the inferior gluteal nerve could reliably be predicted from the external bony anatomy of the lower pelvis.
Second-trimester maternal serum CA-125 versus estriol in the multiple-marker screening test for down syndrome

Objective: To determine the ability of second-trimester maternal serum CA-125 levels to detect fetal Down syndrome. Methods: From stored, second-trimester maternal serum analyzed previously with the multiple-marker screening test for fetal Down syndrome, we selected 306 samples from euploid pregnancies and 22 samples from Down syndrome pregnancies at 14–20 weeks' gestation. CA-125 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and converted to gestational week-specific multiples of the median (MoM). Results: The mean maternal age (± standard deviation) of the study population was 35.5 ± 5.3 years. The Down syndrome group CA-125 mean MoM was significantly higher than the euploid group mean MoM (1.47 ± 0.51 MoM versus 1.05 ± 0.44 MoM; P Conclusions: Down syndrome pregnancies have higher second-trimester maternal serum CA-125 levels than euploid pregnancies. CA-125 may be superior to E3 in the multiple-marker screening test for fetal Down syndrome.
El aumento de las intervenciones endovasculares disminuye la tasa de derivaciones arteriales en la extremidad inferior sin incremento de la tasa de amputaciones mayores

La progresion de la vasculopatia periferica puede dar lugar a amputaciones mayores. Tratamos de dilucidar si la mayor frecuencia de angioplastia e implantacion de stents endovasculares, en pacientes con isquemia que amenazaba la extremidad, afectaria al numero de amputaciones mayores. Revisamos retrospectivamente los efectos de la implementacion de intervenciones endovasculares mas frecuentes durante 4 anos fiscales desde 2003 a 2006 en el Veterans Affairs Medical Center de Long Beach, California. Durante este intervalo, la angioplastia se convirtio en el metodo de eleccion para el tratamiento de la vasculopatia infrainguinal. Se efectuaron procedimientos de derivacion abierta para pacientes con isquemia que amenazaba la extremidad y lesiones extensas que no pudieron tratarse mediante angioplastia. Los pacientes tenian una edad media de 68 ± 1 anos y el 96% eran hombres. El 45% eran fumadores activos y un 43%, diabeticos. Durante los 4 anos, la mortalidad a los 30 dias fue del 0% para ambos grupos. Para los anos fiscales 2003, 2004, 2005 y 2006, el numero de amputaciones infrageniculadas, suprageniculadas y transmetatarsianas fue de 42, 50, 62 y 41, respectivamente. Al mismo tiempo, se observo una reduccion de las derivaciones abiertas femoro-popliteas o en la trifurcacion con 37, 43, 28 y 14 procedimientos para 2003, 2004, 2005 y 2006, respectivamente. La angioplastia e implantacion de stents aumento desde 12, 12, 24 a 59 durante el mismo periodo. Los pacientes que se sometieron a una derivacion femoro-distal tuvieron mas probabilidades de sufrir una amputacion que los sometidos a angioplastia (odds ratio = 4,2, intervalo de confianza del 95% 1,6-11,5) para aquellos con, al menos, un ano de seguimiento, probablemente porque en estos pacientes la arteriopatia era de mayor gravedad. El aumento de la frecuencia de procedimientos de angioplastia para lesiones vasculares infrainguinales no incremento el numero de amputaciones mayores de la extremidad inferior en esta poblacion de pacientes estables.
A note on the Berber head in London

The well-known ?Berber Head? in the British Museum, found at Kyrene in 1861, has long defied exact stylistic analysis. Its findspot provides no precise date, and ever since the excavators suggested that it was a piece from the fourth century bc, this dating has been sustained, generally through inertia. Yet recent scholars have become increasingly aware of the weakness of this date without offering specific alternatives other than a gradual down-dating. Its North African features indicate that it is a portrait of an indigenous ruler, and thus attribution must be based on the likelihood of such a person being honoured in Kyrene. It is herein suggested that it is a portrait of the Numidian prince Mastanabal, son of Massinissa, and that it dates to the time that Massinissa was a close associate of the king of Kyrene, the future Ptolemaios VIII of Egypt, or 163?148 bc. Mastanabal was a noted athlete and thus the piece may be a commemoration of one of his victories. Its commissioning would fit into his father?s vigorous hellenization policy. Although the style remains difficult of analysis, certain features, especially the beard under the chin, support a second-century bc date.
Peroxidase-catalyzed synthesis of lignin–phenol copolymers

Horseradish peroxidase catalyzes the copolymerization of phenols with kraft lignin in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures. Nearly all of the lignin and over one-third of the phenol (either p-cresol or p-phenylphenol) is incorporated into the copolymer which is highly insoluble in dimethylformamide (DMF), presumably because of crosslinking of lignin molecules via polyphenol bridges. The copolymer consists of 80% lignin, by weight. In the absence of a phenol, lignin is polymerized into a noncrosslinked, DMF-soluble material. Thermal analysis shows that the copolymerization of phenols with lignin results in a material with markedly lower glass transition temperatures and higher (and more uniform) curing exotherms. The materials appear to act as thermosets and may have application as replacements of conventional phenolic resins. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the external probability structure of finite-state channels

The structure of p(v | u) , the probability that sequence v is received if sequence u is transmitted, is investigated for Shannon's finite-state communication channel model. In general, such channels have infinite memory; nevertheless (Theorems 1 and 2) for any channel with c states p ( υ υ ' | u u ' ) = ∑ i = 1 r a i ( υ | u ) p ( υ i υ ' ) | υ i υ ' ) where r ≦ c and u i , v i , a i are functions only of p(v″ | u″) for all u″ and v″ of length ≦2 c − 1. Using (*) recursively, the probability p(v | u) for sequences u and v of arbitrary length can be calculated (Theorem 3) using only the values of p for sequences of length 2 c − 1 (the actual channel input-output-state transition law is assumed to be entirely unknown). Such results place in evidence some of the constraints imposed upon externally observable behavior (when only finitely many internal states are permitted) and suggest consequences relevant to channel identification problems. In particular (Theorem 5), for channels satisfying c = r in (*), every distinct internal structural representation can be obtained from the numbers a j (v i y | u i x) (for all i, j and all input-output symbol pairs ( x, y )).
An early abridgement of Fibonacci’s De practica geometrie

Abstract In this article I will show that sometime before the end of the 14th century a now lost abridgement of Fibonacci’s De practica geometrie (1220) was made, and that three closely related Italian treatises on geometry from the 14th and 15th centuries were copied from this abridgement. The contents of the three manuscripts are compared closely with those of De pratica geometrie. Rather than being a chapter-by-chapter description of the treatises, my comparison is organized under the headings Basic Definitions , Pisan Measurements , Figures to be Measured , Tools for Measuring , and Examples of Measurements .
Resection of the bronchial and the tracheal mucosa

Summary Proper treatment for independent carcinoma in situ of the bronchus or trachea has not been established. Bronchotomy or tracheotomy and mucosal resection might be one approach. In dogs, resection of the bronchial mucosa—complete circumferential rings 1 cm. wide—and tracheal mucosa—complete and incomplete circumferential rings 1 cm. wide—was followed by significant stricture and stenosis at the site of resection in every instance.
Content-based image retrieval for brain MRI: an image-searching engine and population-based analysis to utilize past clinical data for future diagnosis

Radiological diagnosis is based on subjective judgment by radiologists. The reasoning behind this process is difficult to document and share, which is a major obstacle in adopting evidence-based medicine in radiology. We report our attempt to use a comprehensive brain parcellation tool to systematically capture image features and use them to record, search, and evaluate anatomical phenotypes. Anatomical images (T1-weighted MRI) were converted to a standardized index by using a high-dimensional image transformation method followed by atlas-based parcellation of the entire brain. We investigated how the indexed anatomical data captured the anatomical features of healthy controls and a population with Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA). PPA was chosen because patients have apparent atrophy at different degrees and locations, thus the automated quantitative results can be compared with trained clinicians' qualitative evaluations. We explored and tested the power of individual classifications and of performing a search for images with similar anatomical features in a database using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The agreement between the automated z-score and the averaged visual scores for atrophy (r = 0.8) was virtually the same as the inter-evaluator agreement. The PCA plot distribution correlated with the anatomical phenotypes and the PLS-DA resulted in a model with an accuracy of 88% for distinguishing PPA variants. The quantitative indices captured the main anatomical features. The indexing of image data has a potential to be an effective, comprehensive, and easily translatable tool for clinical practice, providing new opportunities to mine clinical databases for medical decision support.
Carbon monoxide gasing leads to alcohol production and butyrate uptake without acetone formation in continuous cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum

When continuous, steady-state, glucose-limited cultures ofClostridium acetobutylicum were sparged with CO, the completely or almost completely acidogenic fermentations became solventogenic. Alcohol (butanol and ethanol) and lactate production at very high specific production rates were initiated and sustained without acetone, and little or no acetate and butyrate formation. In one fermentation, strong butyrate uptake without acetone formation was observed. Growth could be sustained even with 100% inhibition of H2 formation. Although CO gasing inhibited growth up to 50%, and H2 formation up to 100%, it enhanced the rate of glucose uptake up to 300%. TheYATP was strongly affected and mostly reduced with respect to its steady-state value. The results support the hypothesis that solvent formation is triggered by an altered electron flow.
Serum chemistries for dentists

Serum chemistry is becoming more complex as newer and more sophisticated diagnostic machinery is used by an increasing number of health care centers. Many automated clinical analyzers can test for more than 20 substances from a small sample of serum. The dentist, as part of the health care team, must keep informed of current developments.
Effect of pressure on the reentrant superconductor-normal-metal phase boundaries of the (La1-nCen)Al2 and (La1-xThx)1-nCen Kondo systems.

Measurements of the superconducting critical temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$(n,P) as a function of Ce concentration n and pressure P\ensuremath{\le}20 kbar are reported for the superconducting Kondo systems (${\mathrm{La}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{n}}$)${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$ and (${\mathrm{La}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Th}}_{\mathit{x}}$${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{n}}$ (0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.25). Data for the (${\mathrm{La}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{n}}$)${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$ system are partially consistent with the theory of M\"uller-Hartmann and Zittartz (MHZ), assuming an increase of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{K}}$/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}0}$ with P, where ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{K}}$ is the Kondo temperature and ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}0}$ is the critical temperature of the pure host superconductor. However, the pressure evolution of the reentrant superconducting-normal phase boundaries for the (${\mathrm{La}}_{0.8}$${\mathrm{Th}}_{0.2}$${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{n}}$ system is unexpected, and inconsistent with the MHZ theory. We find no evidence for the existence of a third transition (predicted by MHZ) back to the superconducting state for either the (${\mathrm{La}}_{0.8}$${\mathrm{Th}}_{0.2}$${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{n}}$ or (${\mathrm{La}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{n}}$)${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$ systems. Recent Monte Carlo calculations by Jarrell may explain our data for both alloy systems, provided strong electron-phonon coupling effects are taken into account, although the effects of interimpurity interactions on the data remain uncertain.
Comparison of interpretability of 1080p30 and 720p60 motion imagery: trade-offs in resolution and frame rate

We have conducted an evaluation comparing the interpretability potential of two standardized HD video formats, 1080p30 and 720p60. Despite the lack of an existing motion imagery (MI) quality scale akin to the NIIRS scale, we have exploited previous work on MI scale development in measuring critical imagery parameters affecting interpretability. We developed a collection of MI clips that covers a wide parameter range. These well-characterized clips provide the basis for relating perceived imagery interpretability to MI parameters, including resolution (related to ground sample distance, GSD) and frame rate, and to target parameters such as motion and scene complexity. This report presents key findings about the impact of resolution and frame rate on interpretability. Neither format is uniformly preferred, but the analysis quantifies the interpretability difference between the formats and finds there are significant effects of target motion and target size on the format preferences of the imagery analysts. The findings have implications for sensor system design, systems architecture, and mission planning.
Torah and Taboo: Containing Jewish Relics and Jewish Identity at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

Is museum space religious space? Do strategies of display, i.e., the ways certain objects such as human remains and ritual items are presented and/or experienced, make them into sacred objects? Who or what determines whether or not a particular object may be appropriately displayed in a museum context? In focusing on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and on a series of staged encounters there with spaces, objects, and other people, this article considers the possibility that the USHMM serves as a contemporary Jewish reliquary as well as the implications of such a notion, especially in relation to the performance of different types of Jewish identity at the museum. Using archival sources, it examines the debates over the treatment and display of selected artifacts and how those decisions impact the Museum's Jewish character.
Effect of barbiturate sedation on food intake in the anorexic dog

Abstract It is suggested that anorexia caused by factors such as pain, anxiety, distemper, or even anorexic drugs can be diminished by means of barbiturate sedation, with restoration of eating behavior. It is thought that encouragement of nutritional balance of this means may help reduce the high mortality rate of distemper or postoperative sepsis.
Performance of concrete columns strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer composite sheets

The performance of concrete columns externally wrapped with carbon, glass, and aramid fiber reinforced polymer composite sheets is presented in this paper. The confined and unconfined (control) spe...
Flagellar regeneration in Chlamydomonas: A model system for studying organelle assembly

How do the many different components of an organelle assemble into a functional structure at an appropriate place and time? Flagellar regeneration by the biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas is one experimental system in which genetics, biochemistry and ultrastructural analysis are being combined to investigate the assembly of a microtubule-containing organelle. Recent advances in the molecular biology of this 'green yeast' have made possible several new approaches to the problem of flagellar assembly; insights from these new approaches are the focus of this review.
Recent developments in rapid thermal processing

Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) with a short dwell time at maximum temperature is used with ion implantation to form shallow junctions and polycrystalline-Si gate electrodes in complementary, metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) Si processing. Wafers are heated by electric lamps or steady heat sources with rapid wafer transfer. Advanced methods use "spike anneals," wherein high-temperature ramp rates are used for both heating and cooling while also minimizing the dwell time at peak temperature to nominally zero. The fast thermal cycles are required to reduce the undesirable effects of transient-enhanced diffusion (TED) and thermal deactivation of the dopants. Because junction profiles are sensitive to annealing temperature, the challenge in spike annealing is to maintain temperature uniformity across the wafer and repeatability from wafer to wafer. Multiple lamp systems use arrayed temperature sensors for individual control zones. Other methods rely on process chambers that are designed for uniform wafer heating. Generally, sophisticated techniques for accurate temperature measurement and control by emissivity-compensated infrared pyrometry are required because processed Si wafers exhibit appreciable variation in emissivity.
Size of Place and Community Attachment: A Reconsideration.

The literature on community attachment is briefly reviewed, and the dichotomization of theoretical perspectives into ‘linear development’ and ‘systemic’ approaches is brought into question. It is argued that recent evidence on the deterioration of U.S. metropolitan areas and the emergence of net urban-to-rural migration casts doubt on the exhaustiveness of the ‘linear development’ and ‘systemic’ perspectives and warrants an empirical reconsideration of the relationship between size of place and community attachment. Rural residence proves to be positively related to dependent measures of community attachment in a 1974 statewide Wisconsin survey. Measures of ‘participatory’ attachment to the community, however, are not strongly correlated with community attachment.
Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function in presence of hidden stations under non-saturated conditions with infinite buffer in radio-over-fiber wireless LANs

We present an analytical model to evaluate the performance of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) with and without the RTS/CTS handshake in radio-over-fiber (RoF) wireless LANs. The model captures the effects of contending nodes as well as hidden terminals under non-saturated traffic conditions assuming large buffer sizes. The effect of fiber propagation delay is considered. The proposed models are validated using computer simulations. Comprehensive performance evaluations of RoF networks obtained from the proposed model as well as simulations are presented.
Mindfulness-Based Treatment to Prevent Addictive Behavior Relapse: Theoretical Models and Hypothesized Mechanisms of Change

Mindfulness-based treatments are growing in popularity among addiction treatment providers, and several studies suggest the efficacy of incorporating mindfulness practices into the treatment of addiction, including the treatment of substance use disorders and behavioral addictions (i.e., gambling). The current paper provides a review of theoretical models of mindfulness in the treatment of addiction and several hypothesized mechanisms of change. We provide an overview of mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP), including session content, treatment targets, and client feedback from participants who have received MBRP in the context of empirical studies. Future research directions regarding operationalization and measurement, identifying factors that moderate treatment effects, and protocol adaptations for specific populations are discussed.
Optimizing UHF quartz MEMs resonators for high thermal stability

A 1 GHz AT-cut quartz thickness shear mode resonator is modeled for the first time with thermally induced bonding stresses and their effect on the device frequency-temperature (f-T) characteristic. Without the details of the bonding configuration, modeling indicates the f-T characteristic slightly rotates as a function of the change in stiffness of a simplified absorbing mount. However, if details of the bonding configuration are included, our modeling predicts the potential for a significant distortion in the f-T curve. High or varying stress over temperature in the device active region is found to lead to an undesirable increase in the f-T slope. The origin of the active region stress can be varied, but in practice it frequently originates from a temperature dependent bonding stress, or from fabrication steps such as metal depositions. In this paper we highlight the magnitude of the thermal stress effect on the f-T curve, and offer design methods that mitigate the thermally induced bonding stress by de-coupling the active resonator area from high stress regions of the quartz device.
Session 8: Logistical considerations

Summary The challenges of EMS trauma care that emergency physicians face revolve around the role of the physician in the trauma care chain and the ability of the physician to effect changes in a system that may not meet the needs of the patient. Coupled with this is documentation of the influence of field care and transport systems on patient outcome. Data are accumulating that demonstrate the benefits of medically accountable ALS systems. Our future will be determined by our ability to prove what we do, change what does not work, and contribute to medical science and the trauma literature.
The Standard of Care: An Ethical Responsibility of Public Health Dentistry

Wide variation in the diagnosis and treatment of dental problems is indicative of the lack of a standard of care to guide the practitioner and to protect the public. Examples of questionable dental practices are described to illustrate how the public may be overtreated, overcharged, and put at risk of iatrogenic injury, practices that are no longer valid in light of current knowledge of dental diseases and their treatment. Public health dentistry traditionally concerns itself with community preventive, educational, and curative programs. It also has the ethical responsibility—the moral duty and obligation—to recognize and contend with paternalistic professional behavior that, intentionally or otherwise, violates the public trust, and to promote systems that will improve access, quality, and financing of dentistry for everyone.
Linen Most Useful: Perspectives on Structure, Chemistry, and Enzymes for Retting Flax

The components of flax (Linum usitatissimum) stems are described and illustrated, with reference to the anatomy and chemical makeup and to applications in processing and products. Bast fiber, which is a major economic product of flax along with linseed and linseed oil, is described with particular reference to its application in textiles, composites, and specialty papers. A short history of retting methods, which is the separation of bast fiber from nonfiber components, is presented with emphasis on water retting, field retting (dew retting), and experimental methods. Past research on enzyme retting, particularly by the use of pectinases as a potential replacement for the current commercial practice of field retting, is reviewed. The importance and mechanism of Ca2+ chelators with pectinases in retting are described. Protocols are provided for retting of both fiber-type and linseed-type flax stems with different types of pectinases. Current and future applications are listed for use of a wide array of enzymes to improve processed fibers and blended yarns. Finally, potential lipid and aromatic coproducts derived from the dust and shive waste streams of fiber processing are indicated.
Evaluating sand and clay models: do rheological differences matter?

Abstract Dry sand and wet clay are the most frequently used materials for physical modeling of brittle deformation. We present a series of experiments that shows when the two materials can be used interchangeably, document the differences in deformation patterns and discuss how best to evaluate and apply results of physical models. Extension and shortening produce similar large-scale deformation patterns in dry sand and wet clay models, indicating that the two materials can be used interchangeably for analysis of gross deformation geometries. There are subtle deformation features that are significantly different: (1) fault propagation and fault linkage; (2) fault width, spacing and displacement; (3) extent of deformation zone; and (4) amount of folding vs. faulting. These differences are primarily due to the lower cohesion of sand and its larger grain size. If these features are of interest, the best practice would be to repeat the experiments with more than one material to ensure that rheological differences are not biasing results. Dry sand and wet clay produce very different results in inversion models; almost all faults are reactivated in wet clay, and few, if any, are significantly reactivated in sand models. Fault reactivation is attributed to high fluid pressure along the fault zone in the wet clay, a situation that may be analogous to many rocks. Sand inversion models may be best applied to areas where most faults experience little to no reactivation, while clay models best fit areas where most pre-existing normal faults are reactivated.
Infant Mortality and the Risk of Small Size for Gestational Age in the Subsequent Pregnancy: A Retrospective Cohort Study

To examine the association between prior infant mortality and subsequent risk for small for gestational age (SGA). This population-based, retrospective cohort study used the Missouri maternally linked, longitudinal dataset (1989–2005). Analyses were restricted to women who had two singleton pregnancies during the study period. Logistic regression was conducted to obtain adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for the association between infant mortality in the first pregnancy and SGA in the second pregnancy. Women with a prior occurrence of infant death were more likely to be black and obese and had lower educational levels and had higher rates of pregnancy-related complications (p < 0.01). White women with previous infant mortality were at 1.46 times greater risk for SGA in the subsequent pregnancy (AOR = 1.46, 95 % CI = 1.24–1.71). For black women with prior infant death, the risk for SGA increased to 2.77 times (AOR = 2.77, 95 % CI = 2.19–3.51). White mothers who experienced infant mortality coupled with SGA in the first pregnancy had a nearly threefold heightened risk for SGA in the second pregnancy (AOR = 2.89, 95 % CI = 2.21–3.78), whereas black women with this history were more than four times as likely to have an infant with SGA (AOR = 4.60 95 % CI = 3.05–6.96). Prior occurrence of infant mortality is associated with increased risk for subsequent SGA. This finding has important implications for health professionals, as targeted inter-conception strategies for women who have experienced infant death, as well as SGA, may be warranted.
The Corrective Feedback Instrument-Revised

Results of an exploratory factor analysis study designed to examine and refine the Corrective Feedback Instrument are reported. The Corrective Feedback Instrument-Revised replaces the Corrective Feedback Instrument and consists of 30 items that can be used to encourage conversations about giving, receiving, and clarifying corrective feedback in group settings.
Low-Dose β-Agonist Continuous Nebulization Therapy for Status Asthmaticus in Children

The role of continuous nebulization therapy (CNT) with low-dose beta (beta) agonist was retrospectively reviewed in 7 children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit for treatment of acute severe asthma. Clinical asthma score (CAS), alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A-aDO2), PaCO2, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded at 0, 12, and 24 hr of CNT. All patients had a decrease in CAS at 12 hr (p < 0.008) and decreased A-aDO2, PaCO2, respiratory rate, and heart rate at 24 hr (p < 0.008). No patient required escalation of dosage or additional intervention such as intravenous beta-agonist therapy or mechanical ventilation. No patient experienced significant cardiovascular toxicity or hypokalemia. We conclude that CNT with low-dose beta agonists should be considered in the initial approach to therapy in children with acute severe asthma.
Differential binding of concanavalin A by dissociated cells of Hydra attenuata

Living dissociated cells of hydra were exposed to fluorescein- and ferritin-conjugated concanavalin A (con A) and observed by light and electron microscopy. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that the isolated cells bound con A differentially; epidermal battery cells showed the greatest binding, whereas small cells belonging to the interstitial cell class displayed the lowest levels of binding. Mature nematocytes had strong localized con A binding at the opercular region. Electron microscopy permitted accurate identification of interstitial cells, early nematoblasts, and nerve cells. The use of ferritin-labeled con A allowed quantitative assessment of lectin binding on these cells. There were significantly fewer con A-binding sites on interstitial cells as compared to nematoblasts and nerve cells, and the amount of con A binding appeared to increase with the maturation of nematocysts from nematoblasts. The findings are discussed in relation to a likely role of cell surface glycoconjugates in the development of positional signals and intercellular junctions that govern final positioning of nematocytes and nerves in hydra.
The beginnings of enzyme suicide

TheE. Coli enzyme β-hydroxydecanoyl thioester dehydrase catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxydecanoyl-thioester to the corresponding 2,3 enoate and also the reversible isomerization of 2,3- and 3,4 enoates, 3-decynoyl thioesters inhibit all these reactions irreversibly. The mechanism responsible for these inhibitions involves enzyme-catalyzed conversion of 3-decynoyl thioester to 2,4 decadienoyl thioester followed by covalent interaction of the allene with an active site histidine. Enzyme inactivation results from the ability of the enzyme to convert a substrate analogue into a potent active site modifying reagent. A brief review is given of research on unsaturated fatty acid synthesis which inadvertently revealed the phenomenon of “Enzyme Suicide”.
Beautiful Dark Twisted Pedagogy: Kanye West and the Lessons of Participatory Culture

This article builds off of the author’s classroom experience as a high school teacher in South Central Los Angeles and looks at how cultural shifts with regards to media consumption and production impact liberatory pedagogical practice. Using media superstar Kanye West as a case study, this article argues that today’s classroom practices must expand in ways that reflect a more participatory culture. In particular, West’s marketing and engagement with his audience during the release of his 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy highlight how mainstream media practices offer pathways for renewing critical pedagogy in the 21st century.
Measurement of cochlear blood flow--new technique.

Abstract A newly-developed procedure which combines the microsphere method with surface preparation dissection was employed in an investigation of blood flow in cochleas of anesthetized gerbils. In these experiments, 10.1 ±0.9 μm carbon-coated microspheres were injected into the left auricle of the heart and a reference blood sample withdrawn at 0.165 ml/min from the iliac artery. The blood flow in the lateral portion (stria vascularis, ligamentum spirale, and suprastria) was calculated to be 337.20, 184.00 and 24.75 nl/min; in the spiral portion (basilar membrane, lamina spiralis ossea, and limbus spiralis) it was found to be 85.40, 39.55 and 6.10 nl/min; and in the central portion (modiolus) it was found to be 256.55, 43.60 and 2.45 nl/min in the first, second and third turns, respectively. The total blood flow in the left and right membranous cochleas was 1062.70 and 896.60 nl/min, respectively. Averaged total blood flow in both ears was 979.60 nl/min. This is a first attempt to measure blood flow in the very small, functionally different areas of the cochlea. This work has shown that it is possible to measure and compare blood flow between the turns and between different functional parts within the turns.
Minimum Detectable Radar Signal and Its Dependence upon Parameters of Radar Systems

This paper presents results of an early study of the influence of parameters of a pulse radar system on its sensitivity. More specifically, it describes an experimental determination of the absolute value of minimum pulse signal visually detectable through random noise with a probability of 50 per cent for a wide range of the following parameters: pulse-repetition rate r, pulse length t, intermediate-frequency bandwidth B, and video bandwidth b. The following empirical formula expresses the results of the investigation with considerable accuracy: 1/ 1 \/ 1670\ 1/ 6 Vmin =-E. B112I1 +-1 ) 2 \ tB/ r/ where V min is the minimum detectable pulse voltage and E n is the noise voltage per unit intermediate-frequency bandwidth of the receiver. The application of the results to the design of search radar systems is briefly discussed.
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome and placental anastomoses in a large unselected cohort of monochorionic twins

UNSELECTED COHORT OF MONOCHORIONIC TWINS ANDREA FICK, MARY NORTON, VICKIE FELDSTEIN, CHRISTINA WASSEL-FYR, GEOFFREY MACHIN, University of California, San Francisco, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, California, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, University of California, San Francisco, Radiology, San Francisco, California, The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California, Oakland, California OBJECTIVE: Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) occurs in 15-30% of monochorionic/diamniotic (mo/di) twin pregnancies. Mo/di placentas contain intertwin vascular anastomoses, and it is felt the type and number of anastomoses affect the risk of developing TTTS. We examined the relationship between vascular anastomoses and risk of TTTS in a large cohort of unselected mo/di twin pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN: All twin pregnancies delivered at Kaiser Permanente Hospitals in Northern CA between 1997-2003 had placentas referred to a single site for detailed pathologic examination. In 639 mo/di placentas, vascular dye injection studies were performed. The number and pattern of arterioarterial (AA), venovenous (VV) and arteriovenous (AV) anastomoses were correlated with outcome. Logistic regression was used to examine anastomoses as risk factors for TTTS. RESULTS: The incidence of TTTS was 8% for the entire cohort. Five percent of placentas had no anastomoses of any type. There were no placentas with only VV anastomoses. The frequency of pattern types and rate of TTTS were significant between groups by c, P ! .01. In a multivariate logistic model, placentas with AV only or AV+VV were more likely to develop TTTS. CONCLUSION: The incidence of TTTS in our cohort was less than previously reported, perhaps reflecting the general population of mono/di twins. An AV anastomosis is a significant risk factor for TTTS, while AA anastomoses appear to be protective. VV anastomoses were less common and, unlike AAs, do not appear to protect from TTTS in the presence of an AV.
Multiple-site trimethylation of ribosomal protein L11 by the PrmA methyltransferase.

Summary Ribosomal protein L11 is a universally conserved component of the large subunit, and plays a significant role during initiation, elongation, and termination of protein synthesis. In Escherichia coli , the lysine methyltransferase PrmA trimethylates the N-terminal α-amino group and the ɛ-amino groups of Lys3 and Lys39. Here, we report four PrmA-L11 complex structures in different orientations with respect to the PrmA active site. Two structures capture the L11 N-terminal α-amino group in the active site in a trimethylated postcatalytic state and in a dimethylated state with bound S -adenosyl- L -homocysteine. Two other structures show L11 in a catalytic orientation to modify Lys39 and in a noncatalytic orientation. The comparison of complex structures in different orientations with a minimal substrate recognition complex shows that the binding mode remains conserved in all L11 orientations, and that substrate orientation is brought about by the unusual interdomain flexibility of PrmA.
A complication of T-fasteners in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement

Two patients with sinus tracts from retained T-fasteners following PEG tube placement are reported. Both patients had the PEG tubes subsequently removed and presented with purulent discharge and granulations near well-healed gastrostomy sites. The management of this complication and a possible method of prevention are discussed.
Quantitative data on the inferior olivary nucleus in man, cat and vampire bat

A quantitative study of the inferior olivary nucleus in single specimens of man, cat and vampire bat has been made. The number of cells in the human is about 908,680 which is about one-fifteenth the number of Purkinje cells thought by others to be present in the human cerebellum. The estimated figure in the cat is about 140,520 while in the vampire it is 26,644. The relation of these figures to the total number of Purkinje cells in the last two species is still to be determined. The neuron density is highest in the vampire where the volume of the cell bodies represents one-eighth the total volume of the nucleus while in the cat the comparable ratio is one-sixteenth, and in the human one-twenty-fifth. This reflects the richer neuropils of afferent connections and dendrites in the more highly developed species. Unsolved problems and discrepancies concerning the number of olivary cells and Purkinje cells in the light of present concepts of the olivary origin of climbing fibers are discussed and areas of future study are suggested.
Acute and Short-Term Oral Toxicity Tests of Ferric Dimethyldithiocarbamate (Ferbam) and Zinc Dimethyldithiocarbamate (Ziram)*

The increasing use of the fungicides ferbam and ziram makes imperative the presentation of additional information on their toxicities. When given in single doses intraperitoneally or orally, neither compound is highly toxic. Ferbam has a much lower acute toxicity than ziram. In thirty-day feeding tests, weanling albino rats grew normally when diets contained 0.01 per cent of either compound. Mortality was marked in groups fed an 0.5 per cent diet of ferbam. Tissues taken at the end of the tests of both compounds were normal histologically. Dogs tolerated 25 mg./Kg./day for one month without injury.