cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research Commentary---Long Tails vs. Superstars: The Effect of Information Technology on Product Variety and Sales Concentration Patterns

The Internet and related information technologies are transforming the distribution of product sales across products, and these effects are likely to grow in coming years. Both the Long Tail and the Superstar effect are manifestations of these changes, yet researchers lack consistent metrics or models for integrating and extending their insights and predictions. In this paper, we begin with a taxonomy of the technological and nontechnological drivers of both Long Tails and Superstars and then define and compare the key metrics for analyzing these phenomena. The core of the paper describes a large and promising set of questions forming a research agenda. Important opportunities exist for understanding future changes in sales concentration patterns; the impact on supply chains (including cross-channel competition, competition within the Internet channel, implications for the growth of firms, and the balance of power within the supply chain); implications for pricing, promotion, and product design; and, ultimately, the potential effects on society in general. Our approach provides an introduction to some of the relevant research findings and allows us to identify opportunities for cross-pollination of methods and insights from related research topics.
A services perspective for text message coupon customization

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that text message mobile coupons are marketing communications that are becoming more service‐like in nature. As such, mobile coupons will benefit from firm‐generated service customization strategies.Design/methodology/approach – An experiment compared a mobile coupon with a customized versus non‐customized delivery time. A sample of 244 undergraduate students from a large southeastern US university completed an online questionnaire. The between‐subject design randomly assigned participants to the custom or non‐custom condition. Results were assessed with MANCOVA.Findings – Customizing the delivery time of a mobile coupon improved attitude toward and intention to use the coupon, as well as attitude toward and purchase intent with the firm.Research limitations/implications – The paper focuses on only one mobile coupon campaign in one product category, while measuring attitudes and intentions, not actual purchase behavior. The sample is also limited by hav...
Cultural Consequences on Excellence in Public Diplomacy

The purpose of this study is to advance the contextual study of public diplomacy—the inquiry into the influences of a government's contextual variables on its practice and management of public diplomacy. To meet this aim, this study investigated the empirical associations between Hofstede's cultural dimensions and Excellence in public diplomacy, a conception of excellence in public diplomacy developed from the Excellence study, based on survey data from 52 embassies in Washington, DC. The findings suggest that the uncertainty avoidance dimension has substantial and significant empirical associations with Excellence in public diplomacy. Additionally, not only low uncertainty avoidance cultures but also individualist and low power distance cultures are more conducive to the Excellence than are their counterparts. Nonetheless, the findings have an implication that, in terms of associational magnitude, the overall contextual effects of societal culture on the Excellence may not be strong.
Comparison of acute hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin versus diltiazem and combined acute effects of both drugs in angina pectoris

Fifteen patients with exertional angina underwent hemodynamic monitoring and measurement of cardiac output during a control treadmill exercise test. They were then randomized to receive sustained-release nitroglycerin, 13 mg (group I) or placebo (group II). Repeat exercise testing revealed that in group I, both maximal oxygen consumption and cardiac output increased significantly. In group II neither maximal oxygen consumption nor cardiac output increased significantly. All patients then received diltiazem, 60 mg, and repeat testing was carried out 1 hour later. In group I maximal oxygen consumption and cardiac output were higher than control, but were no higher than after nitroglycerin. In group II, maximal oxygen consumption increased significantly, but the increase in cardiac output was not significant. Thus, sustained-release nitroglycerin, 13 mg, or diltiazem, 60 mg, both improve exercise performance, but the combination does not improve exercise performance to an extent greater than either drug alone.
ELECTRON PROPAGATOR THEORY OF BONDING IN SATURATED SILICON CHAINS

Abstract Ab initio electron propagator calculations produce accurate electron binding energies and Feynman-Dyson amplitudes for oligosilanes as a function of bond angle and dihedral angle distortions. Ground state energies are also calculated for equilibrium and distorted structures. While the ground state energies are fairly insensitive to the distortions, changes in electron binding energies can be much larger. Examination of the Feynman-Dyson amplitudes leads to an electronic structure model that is based on phase relationships between bond orbital and antibond orbitals that are localized in SiSi bond regions. This model is successful in explaining the calculated shifts in electron binding energies and changes in polymer absorption spectra.
Have we Forgotten the Fundamental it Enabler: Ease of Use

Abstract “I asked for a glass of water and got a hose in the face.” That's how one IT customer explained to his IS manager the latest and greatest e-mail system that their company installed. the system simply overwhelmed users with its myriad of functions. It seems that as computers and software grow more powerful, they are also growing too complex for most IT customers to use. This article is a reminder that using information technology should help people accomplish tasks and not be a task itself.
Development rates and habitat shifts in the Antarctic neritic euphausiid Euphausia crystallorophias, 1986–87

Abstract Dynamics of distribution and growth were studied in the coastal Antarctic euphausiid Euphausia crystallorophias in the western Bransfield Strait region during the 1986–1987 summer. The life phases showed differences in distribution. After the start of reproduction, which was well underway in December across shelf and open waters of the straits, the January distribution of larvae expanded with concentrations near the Peninsula, along the main Bransfield Current, and, to a lesser extent, around the South Shetlands. In February the distribution retracted toward the Peninsula as abundance diminished greatly. By March, larvae were found only north of the South Shetlands and in Gerlache Strait area where highest numbers had been observed through the season. Juveniles, believed to be 1 year old, and subadults, 2 years old, appeared to be randomly dispersed across the region at all times. Our few specimens of the adult class were from within or near embayments. Most December larvae were nauplii, metanauplii and Calyptosis 1. In January, older calyptopis stages were dominant. Latest observed eggs and nauplii were in January inside the Deception Island caldera. During February to March, development progressed from the calyptosis phase to the furcilia phase, and mean abundance of larvae declined from the >100 m −2 level of January to −2 . Most late March larvae were furcilia stages 2 and 3, averaging one stage less than the more rapidly growing E. superba which had begun reproduction about a month later than E. crystallorophias . The Year-1 cohort was recognized in December as 12–16 mm juveniles, dispersed across the strait at mean abundances like those of the Year-0 larval class in March. The juveniles were about 15–21 mm by February, and there was no apparent growth through March. Subadults and adults were sparse in these open waters. Based on earlier year-round data an older E. crystallorophias from Poland's research station at Admiralty Bay, there seem to be two post-juvenile year classes. Our subadults fit into that pattern and are considered Year-2. Late in Year-2 and during Year-3 (maturity), females grew to a larger size than males and were more numerous.
Natural killer cells weakly resist engraftment of allogeneic, long-term, multilineage-repopulating hematopoietic stem cells

Natural killer (NK) cells effect hybrid resistance, in which parental hematopoietic cell grafts are rejected by F1 recipients. NK cells can also resist engraftment of fully MHC-mismatched allogeneic marrow. However, studies of NK cell-mediated alloresistance have relied on short-term proliferation, colony, or survival assays; therefore, their results may not reflect effects of NK cells on the engraftment of allogeneic pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC). We have now addressed the role of NK cells in resisting engraftment of these most primitive hematopoietic cells, which provide long-term repopulation of multiple hematopoietic lineages. We took advantage of a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen that permits allogeneic marrow engraftment and induction of mixed chimerism in mice to evaluate the effect of host NK cell depletion with mAb PK136 on long-term competitive repopulating ability of allogeneic marrow. Mice were pretreated with depleting anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 mAbs, then received 3 Gy of whole body irradiation and 7 Gy of thymic irradiation prior to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Depending on the strain combination used, statistically significant increases in long-term allogeneic repopulation of both myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages were observed in recipients depleted of NK cells before bone marrow transplantation compared with controls. Depletion of host NK cells alone was sufficient to enhance donor PHSC engraftment. However, a statistically significant increase in allogeneic reconstitution in NK cell-depleted chimeras compared with control chimeras was not observed in every experiment, and differences were most readily apparent in a strain combination in which recipient NK cells have been shown to have high resistance to engraftment of donor short-term repopulating cells. Chronic (16 weeks) anti-NK1.1 treatment resulted in higher levels of donor-type repopulation than that in animals receiving only pretransplant NK cell depletion. Our studies demonstrate for the first time that host NK cells resist engraftment of allogeneic long-term repopulating PHSC, and provide a model for studying the elements that determine what is regarded as "self" and "non-self" by newly developing NK cells.
Using Inquiry to Enhance the Learning and Appreciation of Geography.

Abstract To meet national geography standards, instructional materials using issues-based inquiry are needed. This paper reports on national classroom trials of drafts of Geographic Inquiry into Global Issues (GIGI), a set of inquiry modules for secondary geography. The analysis focuses on three modules about environmental issues, tried by 480 students in 18 schools. Students made significant gains in learning the modules' cognitive and skills objectives, but they showed no change in interest toward studying geography or these environmental issues. Student comments about the modules underscored the necessity of connecting classroom materials about global issues more closely to local experiences. These findings support current models in environmental education. Reflecting this analysis, the published modules now include activities emphasizing inquiry into local issues, to complement the study of global environmental problems. The improved GIGI materials can better meet the goals of both geography and envir...
EVOLUTION OF DAMAGED ARMOR LAYER PROFILE

A probabilistic hydrodynamic model for the wet and dry zone on a permeable structure is developed to predict irregular wave action on the structure above the still water level. The model is based on the time-averaged continuity and momentum equations for nonlinear shallow-water waves coupled with the exponential probability distribution of the water depth. The model predicts the cross-shore variations of the mean and standard deviation of the water depth and horizontal velocity. Damage progression of a stone armor layer is predicted by modifying a formula for bed load on beaches with input from the hydrodynamic model. The damage progression model is compared with three tests by Melby and Kobayashi (1998) that lasted up to 28.5 hours. The model predicts the temporal progression of the eroded area quite well. The numerical model is very efficient and suited for a risk-based design of rubble mound structures.
Myocardial Bridging in a Man With Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

A 75-year-old man with hyperlipidemia was admitted with substernal chest tightness associated with an elevated cardiac-specific troponin. He had experienced symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection with fever, cough, and decreased oral intake over the previous 2 weeks. He presented ≈4 hours after symptom onset with an initial troponin-T concentration of 0.29 ng/mL, eventually peaking at 0.31 ng/mL before downtrending. The ECG showed T-wave flattening in aVL with no previous ECG for comparison. Appropriate medical therapy for non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction was initiated, and the patient was taken to the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Coronary angiography was performed from the right radial artery approach. There were no significant lesions in the right coronary or left circumflex arteries. There was a 40% lesion in the midportion of the left anterior descending artery associated with myocardial bridging (Figure 1 and Movie I in the online-only Data Supplement), which became more prominent with the intracoronary administration of 200 μg of nitroglycerin. A coronary pressure wire (RADI Medical Systems, Uppsala, Sweden) was introduced across the segment of myocardial bridging. The distal-to-proximal pressure ratio at baseline was 0.86, and the fractional flow reserve (FFR) obtained after the intravenous administration of adenosine at 180 μg·kg–1·min–1 was 0.76 (Figure 2 …
A Human Suppressor of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1 Activation by Tumor Necrosis Factor α *

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) has pleiotropic effects on cellular metabolism. One of the signaling paths from the TNFα receptor induces a stress-activated protein kinase cascade. Components within this TNFα kinase cascade include mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1) and stress-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (SEK), which regulate the activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1). Currently, molecules upstream of MEKK1 that link TNFα receptor to downstream kinases are not well understood. Besides TNFα, many other stimuli including several oncoproteins can activate JNK1. In most cases, the signaling cascade(s) leading from oncoproteins to JNK1 is poorly elucidated. We report here that the human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, type I (HTLV-I) oncoprotein, Tax, can activate JNK1. We isolated a novel human cell factor, G-protein pathway suppressor 2 (GPS2), by its ability to bind the HTLV-I oncoprotein, and we show that this factor can potently suppress Tax activation of JNK1. In trying to understand the mechanism of GPS2 activity, we found that it also suppressed TNFα activation of JNK1 but not TNFα activation of p38 kinase nor phorbol activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2. Because GPS2 has minimal effect on MEKK1- or SEK-regulated JNK1 activity, it could act at a point between the TNFα receptor and MEKK1 in the initial step(s) of this kinase cascade. Alternatively, it is not excluded that GPS2 could work in a parallel pathway that leads from TNFα to JNK1. GPS2 represents a new molecule that could contribute important insights toward how cytokine- and oncoprotein-mediated signal transduction might converge.
Optimizing Scientific Validity Toward an Interdisciplinary Science Studies

In his lead article for this series, Campbell discusses the role of a "disputatious and mutually reinforcing community of truth seekers" in promoting a sociology of scientific validity. Situating his work in the broader context of the sociology of science, we first raise a number of questions about the conceptual and empirical warrant for his recommendations, local factors that might affect their implementation, and temporal and "level of analysis "issues which could influence the optimal form that a scientific community might take. In general, however, these considerations do not vitiate Campbell's prescriptions so much as point up the need for conceptually informed empirical research on the outcome of varymg social structures for science. We then survey some of the potential contributions to science studies that are being made by psychologists of diverse specialties, ranging from a relatively mdividualistic focus on creativity and cognitive processes to a broader view of scientific behavior in a social ...
Effects of oxidation-reduction heat treatments on the optical absorption in Cu2-xS

Abstract Optical properties of Cu 2−x S films 0.4 μm thick were determined in the wavelength range 0.5–1.6 μm after a series of oxidation-reduction heat treatments. The films were prepared by the complete conversion of thin CdS layers by the solid state ion exchange method. With increasing off-stoichiometry a decrease in the absorption coefficient was observed for hv > 1.2 eV . Possible mechanisms responsible for the change in the optical absorption are discussed. Direct and indirect optical gaps were found to be relatively constant with increasing off-stoichiometry, indicating the absence of a measurable Burnstein-Moss shift. The change in the absorption coefficient is shown to be too small to account for the changes observed in the light-generated current in front-wall Cu 2−x S/CdS solar cells during oxidation-reduction heat treatments.
SU-FF-T-193: Dosimetric Responses at Different Gantry and Collimator Angles in Dynamic MLC Beam Delivery

Purpose:IMRT uses Dynamic Multi‐Leaf Collimator (DMLC). This study is to investigate the DMLC performance at different gantry and collimator angles based on dosimetric measurements. Conformity index and symmetry index were introduced to quantify the performance. Method and Materials: We developed a technique to measure the dosimetric impact of DMLC delivery at different gantry and collimator angles. Various DMLC patterns were designed to observe the discrepancies of the DMLC delivery at different gantry collimator angles. The discrepancies were quantified by acquiring dosimetric information under the corresponding radiation delivery conditions. The designed dynamic fields were delivered using 6 MV photon beams to a Solid Water TM phantom with an ion chamber at the isocenter. Phantom was carefully set up so that both the phantom and the chamber remained the same, geometrically,with respect to the beam's coordinates when the gantry angle was changed. The measurements were carried out for two Varian's 23Ex Liancs. Conformity index was defined to measure the output ratios at different gantry angles for a same DMLC pattern. Symmetry index was defined to assess the dosimetric discrepancies of the same pattern with opposite collimator setting at a same gantry angle. Results: The same measurements were performed for each machine for five consecutive days. It was observed that conformity index varied within between 98% and 100%. And the results varied on daily basis, which may imply the slight instability of DMLC performance. A consistent value less than 100% for the conformity index may indicate a gravity effect on the DMLC performance. In the meantime at a fixed gantry angle and at different collimator angle with a same DMCL pattern, the symmetry index varied randomly from 97.5% to 102.2%. Conclusion: The gravity may affect the DMLC dosimetric performance. This impact on IMRT dynamic delivery warrants further investigation.
Nutrition knowledge as influenced by source of nutrition information

Abstract A telephone survey (n=1560) was conducted to assess sources of nutrition information and the ability to correctly identify false statements regarding nutrition. The use of media and, to a lesser degree, physicians for nutrition information were reported with the greatest frequency. Gender, marital status, age, and income significantly influenced choice of information source (p
Speech breathing in women

Thirty healthy women representing three age groups (25, 50, and 75 years) were studied with respect to general respiratory function and speech breathing. Certain subdivisions of the lung volume differed with age: vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Speech breathing also differed with age and was characterized by differences in lung volume excursion, rib cage volume excursion, lung volume initiation, rib cage volume initiation, and lung volume expended per syllable. Age-related differences in general respiratory function and speech breathing are discussed in relation to possible underlying mechanisms. In addition, patterns of function observed in women are compared to those observed in men in an earlier investigation (Hoit & Hixon, 1987). Clinical implications are drawn regarding the evaluation and management of speech breathing disorders.
Utilization and expansion of vehicular radio Communications

Mr. Chairman, fellow members of the Institute of Radio Engineers, and guests: Several weeks ago I attended a Police Communications Officers Convention in Miami, and while there I had occasion to observe the operation of experimental police radio communications on the newly developed 400-mc band. During this demonstration at the base station, I talked to specially equipped police car cruising on the outskirts of the city. At one point in the conversation the occupant of the car asked me if I would address this IRE group at Chicago on October 25. Being the modest type, you know, I naturally hesitated, but not long enough to give him the opportunity to withdraw the invitation, then I accepted. I haven't yet been able to figure out why he took out his knife and cut his tongue off, but, in any event, I am here tonight as a result of a conversation had over land mobile radio system.
Auricular Surface Aging: Comparing Two Methods that Assess Morphological Change in the Ilium with Bayesian Analyses

Modern standards in forensic anthropology require rigorous testing and evaluation of methods used for aging skeletal remains. Age estimation has been criticized for bias, inaccuracy, and population specificity; issues which are minimized by the application of Bayesian methodology. Using Bayesian statistics, we compare the Lovejoy et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol, 68, 1985, 15) (original) and Buckberry and Chamberlain (Am J Phys Anthropol, 119, 2002, 231) (revised) auricular surface aging methods. Transition analysis parameters derived from American males (n = 372), in combination with a Thai male (N = 37) informative prior, statistically model age in Portuguese males (n = 221). Cumulative binomial tests assess the accuracy of the generated age ranges. Overall, the application of transition analysis and Bayesian statistics significantly improved age estimation with both methods (also outperforming Suchey-Brooks pubic symphysis aging). Moreover, the accuracy of the original method was low without statistical modeling, whereas the revised method can be applied accurately without further statistical analysis. Additionally, reference tables for aging Portuguese males are provided.
Hospital violence: site, severity, and nurses' preventive training

A sample of 663 nurses was surveyed about exposure to violence at the work site; 243 (37%) had faced violence. Hospitals with low response rates to the questionnaire reported less assault, yet the violence admitted to was described as more deadly. More nurses at public than private hospitals had obtained some training to handle potentially violent situations. Serious assault was negatively related to amount of training. At the public psychiatric hospital, violent acts were most frequent, but the rate of deadly violence (e.g., rape, use of knives or guns, etc.) was lowest. The need to train staffs at general as well as psychiatric hospitals was discussed.
Predictors of operative outcome in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Background: Plasma viral load has recently been associated with clinical outcome in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We hypothetized that, in addition to CD4 lymphocytes, plasma HIV-1 RNA counts are predictive of postoperative outcome. Methods: HIV-infected and AIDS patients admitted to a major teaching hospital requiring invasive or surgical procedures were retrospectively analyzed for postoperative outcome. Preoperative and postoperative immune cell counts including plasma HIV-1 RNA counts were recorded. Chi-square analysis, Fisher’s exact test, and multivariate regression were performed with statistical significance P ≤0.05. Results: Fifty-five consecutive patients between 14 and 62 years of age were admitted in a 1-year period and underwent 64 diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Fourteen (22%) postoperative infections and 18 (28%) complications other than infection, with an overall mortality of 11%, were documented. Total preoperative white blood cell count ([WBC] P <0.01), preoperative percent lymphocyte count (P <0.01), absolute postoperative CD4 lymphocyte count (P <0.01), and postoperative plasma viral load (P <0.0001) are associated with mortality. Multivariate regression indicated that postoperative percent CD4 lymphocyte count is an independent predictor of both postoperative infection and other complications (P <0.05, R = 0.848, power = 0.9911), while the decrement in percent CD4 lymphocyte count is an independent predictor of postoperative complications other than infection (P <0.05, R = 0.596, power = 0.7838). Conclusions: In accordance with the medical literature for clinical outcome in HIV-infected and AIDS patients, both immune cell counts and HIV-1 RNA counts were found to associate with postoperative mortality. However, the postoperative and decrement in percent CD4 lymphocyte proved to be the independent predictors of postoperative complications.
“Should i Have an Affair?”: A Case Study

Forced to face the possibility of dying of cancer soon, a patient may question previous values and practices. A medical practitioner can learn a lot from such patients about fear, guilt, depression, and hope.
Kinetics of collagenase and neutral protease release by neutrophils exposed to microcrystalline sodium urate.

The rates of release of the various enzymes from PMN leukocytes exposed to MSU crystals were measured. Lysozyme and neutral protease appeared to be released simultaneously and release appeared to be essentially complete by 60 minutes. In contrast, collagenase was detected only after 30 minutes incubation, reached peak concentration at 90 minutes and dropped noticeably by 180 minutes. The presence of these enzymes was not due to cell lysis since only 10% of the total cellular LDH was present in the supernates.The levels of total and active collagenase in the supernatants were measured. In contrast to latent collagenase, active collagenase levels increased continually throughout the incubation period. The gradual increase in level of active collagenase may explain the corresponding drop of latent collagenase in the longer incubation (90 minutes or more) as the latter apparently is converted to active form. The effects of collagenase on Type I collagen were examined by SDS gel electrophoresis.
The interaction between the yeast telomerase RNA and the Est1 protein requires three structural elements

In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the telomerase enzyme is composed of a 1.3-kb TLC1 RNA that forms a complex with Est2 (the catalytic subunit) and two regulatory proteins, Est1 and Est3. Previous work has identified a conserved 5-nt bulge, present in a long helical arm of TLC1, which mediates binding of Est1 to TLC1. However, increased expression of Est1 can bypass the consequences of removal of this RNA bulge, indicating that there are additional binding site(s) for Est1 on TLC1. We report here that a conserved single-stranded internal loop immediately adjacent to the bulge is also required for the Est1–RNA interaction; furthermore, a TLC1 variant that lacks this internal loop but retains the bulge cannot be suppressed by Est1 overexpression, arguing that the internal loop may be a more critical element for Est1 binding. An additional structural feature consisting of a single-stranded region at the base of the helix containing the bulge and internal loop also contributes to recognition of TLC1 by Est1, potentially by providing flexibility to this helical arm. Association of Est1 with each of these TLC1 motifs was assessed using a highly sensitive biochemical assay that simultaneously monitors the relative levels of the Est1 and Est2 proteins in the telomerase complex. The identification of three elements of TLC1 that are required for Est1 association provides a detailed view of this particular protein–RNA interaction.
Pulsed-Laser Annealing of Ion-Implanted GaAs: Theory and Exeriment

It is shown that, in the pulsed-laser irradiation of crystalline or lightly damaged GaAs, good agreement is obtained between measured and calculated thresholds for melting, for catastrophic damage due to vaporization, and for the duration of surface melting at various energy densities. Good agreement between theory and experiment is also obtained for dopant profile spreading during pulsed-laser annealing.
Foraging in a variable environment: Weather patterns and the behavioral ecology of baboons

We investigated the long-standing premise in behavioral ecology that the environment affects behavior and demography. We did this by evaluating the extent to which year-to-year variability in the behavioral ecology of a nonhuman primate population could be modeled from meteorological patterns. Data on activity profiles and home range use for baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in Amboseli, Kenya, were obtained over a 10-year period for three social groups: two completely wild-foraging ones, and a third that supplemented its diet with refuse from a nearby tourist lodge. The relationships across years among activity budgeting, travel distance, group size, and measures of temperature and rainfall patterns differed among the social groups. Although meteorological variation generally correlated with behavioral variation in the completely wild-foraging groups, different weather variables and direction of relationships resulted for each group. In addition, different relationships among variables were found before and after home-range shifts. The food-enhanced group spent half as much time foraging as did the other groups and therefore could be used to evaluate the relative extent to which foraging time was a limiting factor for resting and social time. Under their relaxed ecological conditions, the food-enhanced animals increased resting time much more than social time. These findings, combined with supplementary information on the population, lead us to suggest that baboons use a suite of interrelated responses to ecological variability that includes not only changes in activity budgets, but also home-range shifts, changes in the length of the active period, and changes in group size through fissions. Moreover, our results imply that group differences as well as interpopulational and interspecific differences in behavioral ecology provide significant sources of variability. Therefore, social groups rather than populations may be the appropriate unit of analysis for understanding the behavioral ecology of baboons and other highly social primates. The different patterns we observed among groups may have fitness consequences for the individuals in those groups and thereby affect population structure over time.
From the Woman's Viewpoint: Ethical Dilemmas Confronted by Women as Informal Caregivers of Frail Elders

Women as informal caregivers face complex ethical dilemmas in caring for a frail elder. Through indepth interviews with 13 ethnically diverse caregivers, this qualitative study explored women's ethical decision-making. Focus group interviews of home health staff, key informant caregivers, and interviewees provided guidance for research design, reflection on findings and development of implications. Findings are integrated into an ethical decision-making model that includes types of ethical dilemmas (e.g., protection of life vs. autonomy); feelings that permeate decision making (e.g., fear); processes for addressing ethical dilemmas (e.g., family collaboration); and supportive services. Implications include (a) expansion of services to meet caregivers' ongoing needs, (b) research that acknowledges multiple decision-making components, and (c) the use of caregiving vignettes in the classroom.
The relationship of impulse control to cognition and adjustment among institutionalized aged women.

Several dimensions of impulse control (i.e., delay of gratification, reflectivity, and motor control) were related to intelligence, mental status, and adjustment among 91 institutionalized aged women. Four different types of impulse control measures were used: Self reports of impulse control, staff ratings, interviewer's ratings, and tests of impulse control. Impulse control measures yielded statistically significant multiple correlations with all outcome measures except life satisfaction. The findings suggest that impulse control in its various forms has a consistent and significant relationship with indices of adaptation. Utilizing stepwise regression analyses, the best predictors of outcome among impulse control measures are presented.
Part 3: examination of the newborn with closed spinal dysraphism

Spinal dysraphism, an incomplete closure of the neural tube, can be open, exposing the neural elements to the environment, or can be closed, covered with skin. Abnormal development of the spine occurs early in life and also interferes with usual development of the skin. This often creates cutaneous markers or stigmata over the area. Cutaneous markers may include a subcutaneous mass, abnormal hair growth, skin dimple, tag or sinus, or unusual pigmentation. Recognizing these markers is important because, although many closed spinal dysraphisms are asymptomatic at birth, neurological sequelae can occur. The sequelae are insidious and often permanent. This article, Part 3 in a series of articles devoted to spinal assessment, reviews closed spinal dysraphisms. The article emphasizes identification of various cutaneous markers associated with closed spinal dysraphisms. Early detection and follow-up may prevent neurologic sequelae for the infant later in life.
Phasor measurement unit placement Algorithm

The importance of having phasor measurement units or PMUs in an electric grid is widely recognized. However, the number of PMUs on a large system is limited by cost and the placement of PMUs must be addressed. The main objective of this research is to create an algorithm to identify buses that are the best candidates for PMU placement based on certain requirements. The monitoring of certain grid events like transmission line failure or generator failure must be possible from the selected PMU locations. In addition, the PMUs must be distributed evenly so that critical parts of the grid are visible. At the same time, there should be no or little redundancy in the PMU readings unless it is intentional to provide additional data reliability. The algorithm, once developed, is then applied to the electric network directed and operated by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). After analyzing the results, clusters or group of buses are identified in each operational area in the ERCOT gird, where the PMUs should be located. The PMU can be located at any of the bus in the cluster. In future it is desirable to expand the algorithm to consider the geographical divisions in the ERCOT grid along with the commercial divisions.
CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Treatment Enhances Innate Resistance and Acquired Immunity to African Trypanosomes

Relative resistance to African trypanosomiasis is based on the development of a type I cytokine response, which is partially dependent on innate immune responses generated through MyD88 and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Therefore, we asked whether enhancement of the immune response by artificial stimulation with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), a TLR9 agonist, would result in enhanced protection against trypanosomes. In susceptible BALB/c mice, relative resistance to infection was significantly enhanced by CpG ODN treatment and was associated with decreased parasite burden, increased cytokine production, and elevated parasite-specific B- and T-cell responses. In relatively resistant C57BL/6 mice, survival was not enhanced but early parasitemia levels were reduced 100-fold and the majority of the parasites were nondividing, short stumpy (SS) forms. CpG ODN treatment of lymphocyte-deficient C57BL/6-scid and BALB/cByJ-scid mice also enhanced survival and reduced parasitemia, indicating that innate resistance to trypanosome infection can be enhanced. In C57BL/6-scid and BALB/cByJ-scid mice, the parasites were also predominantly SS forms during the outgrowth of parasitemia. However, the effect of CpG ODN treatment on parasite morphology was not as marked in gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-knockout mice, suggesting that downstream effects of IFN-γ production may play a discrete role in parasite cell differentiation. Overall, these studies provide the first evidence that enhancement of resistance to African trypanosomes can be induced in susceptible animals in a TLR9-dependent manner and that CpG ODN treatment may influence the developmental life cycle of the parasites.
Cryoablation: an idea with origins worth remembering.

G.Wallace@Dartmouth.EDU. . Gaba D, Kittusamy P, Ho RT, Pavri B, Greenspon AJ. Permanent pacing from a left ventricular vein in a patient with persistent left superior vena cava and absent right superior vena cava: use of an over-the-wire system. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2003;9:357–360. . Hanna-Moussa S, Johnson V, Raina A. Implantation of a dual-chamber pacemaker in a patient with persistent left superior vena cava using a steerable stylet. J Invasive Cardiol 2002;14:192–193. . Konstantino Y, Kusniec J, Shohat-Zabarski R, Battler A, Strasberg B. Cardiac defibrillator implantation via persistent left superior vena cava facilitated by a coronary sinus delivery system. Europace 2009;11:119–120. . Cagin C, Barsness GW, Friedman PA, Cha YM. Coronary venoplasty-assisted implantation of cardiac resynchronization device in a patient with persistent left superior vena cava. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:141–142.
Long-run and Short-run Co-movements in Energy Prices and the Prices of Agricultural Feedstocks for Biofuel

Recent expansions in biofuel production have led to concerns about an emerging "new relationship" between energy prices and the prices of agricultural feedstock for biofuel. We provide new econometric evidence on this relationship using common trend-common cycle decompositions to estimate long-run and short-run co-movement across various energy and agricultural prices. We also test for the presence of regime changes that may alter the relationship between energy and agricultural feedstock prices under certain conditions. We find that co-movements between energy and agricultural feedstock prices tend to dissipate in the long-run, which has important implications for biofuel and food policy.
Psychopathology in adults with congenital heart disease: the attribution of longitudinal cohort studies

In accordance with the comment of Tayebjee and Lip on our article concerning psychosocial functioning in a cohort of adults with congenital heart disease,1we agree with the importance of assessing psychopathological symptoms and development of optimal psychological treatment. About a decade ago, our research group investigated a broad range of psychiatric problems in children, adolescents and young adults in the first follow-up of this same cohort.2–4A broad range of psychiatric problems was investigated. Besides symptoms of depression and anxiety, somatic complaints (without medical cause), withdrawn behaviour, delinquent behaviour, aggressive behaviour, social problems, thought …
Reflections on Communication and Sport: On Men and Masculinities

In this essay, Michael Messner focuses on a key part of a broader research agenda on gender and sport and reflects on the context and meanings of media characterizations of men and masculinities in the sport setting. The first part of the essay focuses on how one’s core identity as a male who grew up experiencing understandings of sport through the lens of media continues to be influenced by sensibilities that can conflict with revised beliefs about gender. The second part of the essay reflects on the author’s scholarly journey in focusing on gender and televised sport and the importance of extending one’s work beyond academia and into the public sphere. The focus section of the essay on “Men and Masculinities” examines four clusters of research on: (1) scandals and fallen heroes, (2) consumption of sports media as a male preserve, (3) sports, masculinities, politics, and war, and (4) female athletes as visible cultural icons. The essay closes with observations for future directions in research on gender,...
Tongue Structure and Function

The mammalian tongue is essential for normal respiration, swallowing, oral transport, emesis, coughing and, in humans, speech production. To achieve these behaviors, tongue musculature produces myriad changes in tongue shape and in concert with other head and neck structures a wide range of tongue movement speeds. Head and neck muscles are often described as having unconventional kinematic and mechanical demands. They may be required to apply prolonged, continuous force, as the activation of genioglossus to maintain airway patency, and they may be required to change force very rapidly, as the extraocular muscles during saccade. In this chapter, we describe the neuromuscular specialization that facilitates tongue behavior, and contrast this with typical limb function, in which the muscles undergo cyclical motion during relatively infrequent behaviors.
A Deadly Path: Bacterial Spread During Bubonic Plague

Yersinia pestis causes bubonic plague, a fulminant disease where host immune responses are abrogated. Recently developed in vivo models of plague have resulted in new ideas regarding bacterial spread in the body. Deciphering bacterial spread is key to understanding Y. pestis and the immune responses it encounters during infection.
Fair 1-Factorizations and Fair Holey 1-Factorizations of Complete Multipartite Graphs

A k-factor of a graph G is a k-regular spanning subgraph of G. A k-factorization is a partition of E(G) into k-factors. Let K(n, p) be the complete multipartite graph with p parts, each of size n. If $$V_{1},\ldots , V_{p}$$V1,?,Vp are the p parts of V(K(n, p)), then a holeyk-factor of deficiency $$V_{i}$$Vi of K(n, p) is a k-factor of $$K(n,p)-V_{i}$$K(n,p)-Vi for some i satisfying $$1\le i \le p$$1≤i≤p. Hence a holeyk-factorization is a set of holey k-factors whose edges partition E(K(n, p)). Representing each (holey) k-factor as a color class in an edge-coloring, a (holey) k-factorization of K(n, p) is said to be fair if between each pair of parts the color classes have size within one of each other (so the edges are shared "evenly" among the permitted (holey) factors). In this paper the existence of fair 1-factorizations of K(n, p) is completely settled, as is the existence of fair holey 1-factorizations of K(n, p). The latter result can be used to provide a new construction for symmetric quasigroups of order np with holes of size n. Such quasigroups have the additional property that the permitted symbols are shared as evenly as possible among the cells in each $$n \times n$$n×n "box". These quasigroups are in some sense as far from frames produced by direct products as possible.
The Retroactivity Roadmap

In Miller v. Alabama, the Supreme Court held that imposing a mandatory life-without-parole (“LWOP”) sentence on a juvenile offender constituted a cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Three years later, the question remains whether the holding in Miller applies retroactively. As explained below, the applicable exception to the Teague presumption of prospective application of new criminal rules concerns whether the new rule is substantive or procedural. Generally, if the rule is substantive, its application is retroactive; if the rule is procedural, its application is prospective. This term, the Court will take up that question in Montgomery v. Louisiana. This short essay argues that the new rule articulated in Miller possesses both substantive and procedural characteristics. This essay then explains why, for purposes of retroactivity, the substantive content of Miller matters more than the procedural content. As a result, Miller should apply retroactively. Finally, the essay suggests that the argument in Montgomery provides a roadmap for future Eighth Amendment challenges. Specifically, each characterization of Miller — substantive and procedural — has novel implications for the scope of the Eighth Amendment, and offers intriguing opportunities for future petitioners to challenge the constitutionality of mandatory sentences and LWOP sentences.
Beneath Interpretation: Against Hermeneutic Holism

Kohelet, that ancient postmodern who already remarked that all is vanity and there is nothing new under the sun, also insisted that there is a time for everything: a time to be born and a time to die, a time to break down and a time to build up, a time to embrace and a time to refrain from embracing. There is no mention of a time for interpretation, but surely there is one; and just as surely that time is now. Our age is even more hermeneutic than it is postmodern, and the only meaningful question to be raised at this stage is whether there is ever a time when we refrain from in terpreting. To answer affirmatively by citing dreamless sleep is to dodge the real issue, which is whether we can ever refrain from interpreting without thereby refraining from intelligent activity altogether. There is a host of holist hermeneuts who answer this firmly in the negative, maintaining that simply to perceive, read, understand or behave intelligently at all is already, and must always be, to interpret. They hold that whenever we experience anything with meaning, such meaningful experience always must be a case and product of interpretation. This position of hermeneutic holism dominates most current inter pretive theory. Loss of faith in foundationalist and realist objectivity has made it the current dogma. Having abandoned the ideal of reaching a na ked, rock-bottom, unmediated God's-eye view of reality, we seem impelled to embrace the opposite position?that we see everything through an inter pretive veil or angle. Indeed, on a pragmatist account of meaning, one might further assert that since the terms "veil" and "angle" inappropriate ly suggest that we can even make sense of the idea of a naked, perspectiveless reality, we do not merely see everything through interpretation but everything is in fact constituted by interpretation. In other words, there is nothing real (and certainly nothing real for us) that is not interpreted. This theory can, of course, be traced back to Nietzsche's famous remark that "Facts are precisely what there is not, only interpretations";1 and it is not surprising that today's hermeneutic holists have resurrected Nietzsche as a major philosopher and as a precursor of the postmodern. Alexander