cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parsing differences in amygdala volume among individuals with and without social and generalized anxiety disorders across the lifespan.

Abstract Structural differences in the amygdala (AMG) are implicated in anxiety and observed among individuals with generalized (GAD) and social anxiety (SAD) disorders. Findings have been mixed, perhaps because studies rarely examine differences between GAD and SAD, test comorbidity, or examine age-related differences. We tested AMG volume differences among a sample of adults and youth with/without SAD and GAD. Participants (N = 242; ages 7–60 years) completed an MRI scan, diagnostic interviews, and anxiety symptom measures. Groups were formed from diagnostic interviews: 1) Typically developing (TD; n = 91); 2) GAD (n = 53); 3) SAD (n = 35); and 4) comorbid SAD/GAD (n = 63). We used analysis of covariance with a bonferroni correction to examine group differences in AMG volume. The SAD and comorbid SAD/GAD groups exhibited increased bilateral AMG volume compared to the TD group. GAD and TD groups did not differ from each other in AMG size. The SAD, but not the comorbid SAD/GAD group, displayed greater right AMG size relative to the GAD group. SAD and comorbid SAD/GAD groups did not differ from the GAD group in left AMG volume. SAD and SAD/GAD groups did not exhibit different bilateral AMG size. Linear regression analyses demonstrated that greater social anxiety but not generalized anxiety symptom severity was associated with enlarged AMG volume. Age was not associated with AMG volume and nor did age moderate any group or symptom effects. Future longitudinal studies should examine whether larger AMG volume is a unique biomarker for SAD across the lifespan.
Strain-level epidemiology of microbial communities and the human microbiome.

The biological importance and varied metabolic capabilities of specific microbial strains have long been established in the scientific community. Strains have, in the past, been largely defined and characterized based on microbial isolates. However, the emergence of new technologies and techniques has enabled assessments of their ecology and phenotypes within microbial communities and the human microbiome. While it is now more obvious how pathogenic strain variants are detrimental to human health, the consequences of subtle genetic variation in the microbiome have only recently been exposed. Here, we review the operational definitions of strains (e.g., genetic and structural variants) as they can now be identified from microbial communities using different high-throughput, often culture-independent techniques. We summarize the distribution and diversity of strains across the human body and their emerging links to health maintenance, disease risk and progression, and biochemical responses to perturbations, such as diet or drugs. We list methods for identifying, quantifying, and tracking strains, utilizing high-throughput sequencing along with other molecular and “culturomics” technologies. Finally, we discuss implications of population studies in bridging experimental gaps and leading to a better understanding of the health effects of strains in the human microbiome.
Understanding Legislation, Health Insurance, and Disparities in Service Provision in Autism Early Intervention

In this chapter, we (a) briefly outline federal legislation stipulating service provision for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the United States, (b) summarize insurance mandates aiming to increase service access while decreasing out of pocket expenses for families, and (c) describe regional, ethnic, and racial disparities in diagnosis and service provision. In the United States, the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) provides for early intervention services and special education services for young children with ASD who qualify. The type and intensity of services are specified in each child’s Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP; birth—age 3) or Individualized Education Program (IEP; age 3–22). Some service costs are covered by insurance providers, but as with early intervention services more generally, coverage mandates vary from state to state. In the United States, ethnic and racial minorities experience barriers to both diagnostic and early intervention services. There are also regional variations in service availability with rural families experiencing more restrictions in this regard. Federal guidelines, along with other recommendations, should be implemented by healthcare and intervention delivery systems to reduce these disparities.
Towards Infant Kick Quality Detection to Support Physical Therapy and Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study

The kicking patterns of infants can provide markers that may predict the trajectory of their future development. Atypical kicking patterns may predict the possibility of developmental disorders like Cerebral Palsy (CP). Early intervention and physical therapy that encourages the practice of proper kicking motions can help to improve the outcomes in these scenarios. The kicking motions of an infant are usually evaluated by a trained health professional and subsequent physical therapy is also conducted by a licensed professional. The automation of the evaluation of kicking motions and the administration of physical therapy is desirable for standardizing these processes. In this work, we attempt to develop a method to quantify metrics that can provide insight into the quality of baby kicking actions. We utilize a computer vision system to analyze infant kicking stimulated by parent-infant play and a robotic infant mobile. We utilize statistical techniques to estimate kick type (synchronous and non-synchronous), kick amplitude, kick frequency, and kick deviation. These parameters can prove helpful in determining an infant's kick quality and also measure improvements in physical therapy over time. In this paper, we detail the design of the system and discuss the statistical results.
The Extended Mind: Physical Tools to Expand Cognition in the Collegiate Modern Dance Class

This article connects the Theory of Extended Mind with the use of three-dimensional, physical objects in dance pedagogy. The theory of the extended mind supposes that cognition is an activity that ...
Simple Statistics for Complex Feature Spaces

We study the constraints that govern the distribution of symbolic patterns (letters, numerals, and other glyphs used for communication) and natural patterns in high-dimensional feature spaces, with a view to gaining insight into the complexity of classification tasks. Pattern vectors from several data sets of printed and hand-printed digits are standardized to identity covariance matrix variables via principal component analysis, shifting to zero mean and scaling. The probability density of the radius of the set of patterns (their distance from the origin) is computed and shown to predict accurately the observed average radius for a wide range of features and dimensionality. We predict further that the class centroids of symbolic patterns will form the vertices of a regular simplex (i.e., a d-dimensional tetrahedron). The observed pairwise distances of the 45 class centroids in ten-class problems are shown to be almost equal to the value predicted from the average radius of the class centroids. The class-conditional distributions of the patterns are compared using two measures of divergence. The difference between the distributions of the same class with different feature sets is found to be larger than the difference between the distributions of different classes with the same feature set. This suggests that the correlation among features of patterns of one class can predict the correlation among features of patterns in another class. The amount of within-source consistency in a data set is quantified using an entropy measure that takes into account small-sample effects. The statistical dependence between the features of same-source patterns of different classes is measured by mutual information applied to the discrete distributions resulting from quantization of the style assignments. If these observations are supported by further studies of symbolic and natural patterns with diverse data sets, they may eventually lead to improved classification methods for same-source ensembles of symbolic patterns.
Controlled Impedance Test Apparatus for Studying Human Interpretation of Kinesthetic Feedback

Many feedback control systems, especially those for complex applications, involve humans in the control loop. Visual information traditionally has been presented to human controllers who make manual responses (i.e., via keyboard, joystick, or other interfaces). To expand system bandwidth, other information channels can be presented so human operators. Kinesthesis, the perception of body positions and forces, represents an attractive supplementary form of human-machine communication, since the limbs (e.g., an operator's hand) can be used both for input and output of information in the control loop. Although psychophysical studies have measured perception of isolated mechanical properties, limited work has been conducted to study human kinesthetic abilities in the context of control. The research described here assesses judgement of coupled properties, including the superposition of linear stiffness, damping, and inertia. Quantitative perception of these properties may depend upon correct models of the mechanical system with which a user interacts. Similarly, perception of fundamental mechanical properties may be influenced by system delays (on the order of magnitude of human reaction time). This paper describes both an apparatus for understanding kinesthetic interaction with mechanical systems and an approach for studying human perception of mechanical properties.
Pyridine catalyzed polymerization of maleimide in water solution

By action of pyridine, maleimide undergoes polymerization in water at room temperature. The polymers formed have low molecular weights (Mn between 500 and 1000) and their structure seems to involve predominantly succinimide type units. Unter dem Einflus von Pyridin kann Maleimid in wasriger Losung bei Zimmertemperatur zur Polymerisation gebracht werden. Die entstehenden Polymeren haben niedrige Molekulargewichte (Mn zwischen 500 und 1000). Ihre Struktur besteht vorwiegend aus Succinimid-Bausteinen.
Coercive type isomorphism

There is a variety of situations in programming in which it is useful to think of two distinct types as representations of the same abstract structure. However, language features which allow such relations to be effectively expressed at an abstract level are lacking. We propose a generalization of ML-style type inference to deal effectively with this problem. Under the generalization, the (normally free) algebra of type expressions is subjected to an equational theory generated by a finite set of user-specified equations that express interconvertibility relations between objects of “equivalent” types. Each type equation is accompanied by a pair of conversion functions that are (at least partial) inverses. We show that so long as the equational theory satisfies a reasonably permissive syntactic constraint, the resulting type system admits a complete type inference algorithm that produces unique principal types. The main innovation required in type inference is the replacement of ordinary free unification by unification in the userspecified equational theory. The syntactic constraint ensures that the latter is unitary, i.e., yields unique most general unifiers. The proposed constraint is of independent interest as the first known syntactic characterization for a class of unitary theories. Some of the applications of the system are similar to those of Wadler's views [Wad87]. However, our system is considerably more general, and more orthogonal to the underlying language.
Three Surface Layer Homology Domains at the N Terminus of the Clostridium cellulovorans Major Cellulosomal Subunit EngE

The gene engE, coding for endoglucanase E, one of the three major subunits of the Clostridium cellulovorans cellulosome, has been isolated and sequenced. engE is comprised of an open reading frame (ORF) of 3,090 bp and encodes a protein of 1,030 amino acids with a molecular weight of 111,796. The amino acid sequence derived from engE revealed a structure consisting of catalytic and noncatalytic domains. The N-terminal-half region of EngE consisted of a signal peptide of 31 amino acid residues and three repeated surface layer homology (SLH) domains, which were highly conserved and homologous to an S-layer protein from the gram-negative bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. The C-terminal-half region, which is necessary for the enzymatic function of EngE and for binding of EngE to the scaffolding protein CbpA, consisted of a catalytic domain homologous to that of family 5 of the glycosyl hydrolases, a domain of unknown function, and a duplicated sequence (DS or dockerin) at its C terminus. engE is located downstream of an ORF, ORF1, that is homologous to the Bacillus subtilis phosphomethylpyrimidine kinase (pmk) gene. The unique presence of three SLH domains and a DS suggests that EngE is capable of binding both to CbpA to form a CbpA-EngE cellulosome complex and to the surface layer of C. cellulovorans.
Spatial-temporal modes observed in the aps storage ring using Mia

Singular-value decomposition of the data matrix containing beam position histories yields a spatial-temporal mode analysis of beam motion by effectively accomplishing the statistical principal component analysis. Similar to the Fourier analysis, this mode analysis decomposes the spatial-temporal variation of the beam centroid into a superposition of orthogonal modes that are informative. We briefly review this mode analysis technique and show some interesting modes observed at the APS storage ring
Moral Pluralism and Sex Education.

How should common schools in a liberal pluralist society approach sex education in the face of deep disagreement about sexual morality? Should they eschew sex education altogether? Should they narrow its focus to facts about biology, reproduction, and disease prevention? Should they, in addition to providing a broad palette of information about sex, attempt to cover a range of alternative views about sexual morality in a “value-neutral” manner? Should they seek to impart a “thick” conception of sexual morality, which precisely articulates how individuals should lead their sexual lives? In this essay, Josh Corngold cautions against the adoption of each of these various approaches. He argues that schools should instead adopt an “autonomy-promoting” approach, which will aim to empower students, cognitively and emotionally, to exercise sovereignty over their own sexuality.
A multi-signal bus architecture for FIR filters with single bit coefficients

An architecture for FIR filter with binary coefficients based on partitioning the filter transfer function is investigated. Two computational complexity measures, corresponding to VLSI implementation and to the number of adders are minimized with respect to a partition parameter. One of the optimal architectures is shown to require O(N/\logN) adders instead of N . This is attributed to the fact that the proposed architecture removes, in an optimal fashion, redundancies shown to inherently exist in the filter structure. This is achieved by precomputing from the input signal other signals that are most commonly needed through the filter structure in what might be called a multisignal bus architecture.
Recent work using volterra series as a methodology to analyze nonlinear aircraft dynamic properties

Preliminary results are discussed which demonstrate the accuracy of the Volterra series approach and its potential for defining nonlinear flying quality parameters. Simulations are presented which show that two-term Volterra submodels predict nonlinear responses, such as limit cycles, that are not predicted using piecewise linear techniques. Incorporating higher order terms in the approximation is shown to result in more accurate predictions.
Abnormal hemodynamic response to forepaw stimulation in rat brain after cocaine injection

Simultaneous measurement of hemodynamics is of great importance to evaluate the brain functional changes induced by brain diseases such as drug addiction. Previously, we developed a multimodal-imaging platform (OFI) which combined laser speckle contrast imaging with multi-wavelength imaging to simultaneously characterize the changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygenated- and deoxygenated- hemoglobin (HbO and HbR) from animal brain. Recently, we upgraded our OFI system that enables detection of hemodynamic changes in response to forepaw electrical stimulation to study potential brain activity changes elicited by cocaine. The improvement includes 1) high sensitivity to detect the cortical response to single forepaw electrical stimulation; 2) high temporal resolution (i.e., 16Hz/channel) to resolve dynamic variations in drug-delivery study; 3) high spatial resolution to separate the stimulation-evoked hemodynamic changes in vascular compartments from those in tissue. The system was validated by imaging the hemodynamic responses to the forepaw-stimulations in the somatosensory cortex of cocaine-treated rats. The stimulations and acquisitions were conducted every 2min over 40min, i.e., from 10min before (baseline) to 30min after cocaine challenge. Our results show that the HbO response decreased first (at ~4min) followed by the decrease of HbR response (at ~6min) after cocaine, and both did not fully recovered for over 30min. Interestingly, while CBF decreased at 4min, it partially recovered at 18min after cocaine administration. The results indicate the heterogeneity of cocaine’s effects on vasculature and tissue metabolism, demonstrating the unique capability of optical imaging for brain functional studies.
The mechanism of protein secretion across membranes

Many secreted proteins are synthesised as a large precursor with an additional hydrophobic N-terminal signal sequence that is cleaved by a membrane-bound enzyme. The proteins are secreted as nascent chains. The work leading to the current models of protein secretion is reviewed and the value of bacterial systems in the study of protein transfer across membranes is stressed.
Design of Photoacid Generating Systems

This paper documents recent progress in the development of efficient onium salt PAGs and discusses their implementation in a number of imaging and non-imaging applications. Discussed herein is the synthesis of novel onium salt PAGs and their tailored modification to achieve good solubility and thermal stability. Two methods for spectral broadening to achieve long wavelength UV and visible light sensitivity by electron-transfer photosensitization and free radical promoted sensitivity are described. The development of cationically polymerizable epoxy, oxetane and vinyl ether monomers is discussed. Lastly, the use of optical pyrometry as a new method for the monitoring of the photoresponse of various PAGs and the reactivity of photopolymer is described.
The synthesis and characterization of cationic molybdenum-mercury complexes of the type [L′HgMo(CO)2L(η-C5H5)][BF4]. X-ray crystal structure of η-cyclopentadienyl(tricarbonyl)(triphenylphosphinemercuro) molybdenum(II) tetrafluoroborate

Abstract The reaction of trimetallic complexes of the type [Mo(CO)2L(η-C5H5)]2Hg (L = CO, PPh3, PMePh2 or PMe2Ph) with Hg(BF4)2 in the presence of suitable ligands, L′ = PPh3 or PCy3, has been shown to generate cationic bimetallic complexes of the type [L′HgMO(CO)2L(η-C5H5)][BF4]. Several of these compounds have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The structure of the complex [Ph3PHgMO(CO)3(η-CH5)][BF4] (1) has been determined by X-ray crystallography. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with two molecules per asymmetric unit (Z = 4). The compound assumes the usual “four-legged piano stool” geometry about the molybdenum atom. The average MoC(ring) distance is 2.31(2) A with the mean MoHg = 2.686(1) A and MoHgP = 160.5(1) and 169.7(1)°. Other averaged important bond distances and angles are: HgP = 2.483(7); MoC(sp) = 1.963(21); CO = 1.153(12) A; and MoCO = 175.5(17)°.
Framing and Organizational Misconduct: A Symbolic Interactionist Study

This study expands theoretical understanding of organizational misconduct through qualitative analysis of widespread deceptive sales practices at a large U.S. life insurance company. Adopting a symbolic interactionist perspective, this research describes how a set of taken-for-granted interpretive frames located in the organization’s culture created a worldview through which deceptive sales practices were seen as normal, acceptable, routine operating procedure. The findings from this study extend and modify the dominant theoretical ‘pressure/opportunity’ model of organizational misconduct by proposing that the process engine driving misconduct is not amorally rational organization members, but rather is organizational members acting on socially constructed views of the organization that normalize misconduct.
Enzyme inhibitiors: Ground‐state/transition‐state analogs

Compactin and related compounds are highly effective inhibitors of HMG-CoA (Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA) reductase. These compounds consist of two major structural components: (1) a component resembling hydroxymethyl glutarate and (2) a hydrophobic region. It is concluded that the hydroxymethyl glutarate moiety of these inhibitors interacts with the hydroxymethyl glutarate-binding domain of the active site. It is postulated that the hydrophobic moiety of these inhibitors interacts with a hydrophobic area of the enzyme that is not part of the active site. Strong binding is the consequence of this two-point interation. Peptidyl tri-fluoroketones are effective inhibitors of chymotrypsin and elastase and are probably transition-state analogs. These inhibitors form an adduct with the activesite serine as determined by X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Maximum inhibition is obtained if inhibitors interact with the S and S′ binding domains. The structure of ovomucoids, protein inhibitors of serine proteases, serves as a good model for the determination of the amino acid sequence to be used in that portion of the inhibitor which interacts with the S′ domain. The best amino-acid sequence to be used in that area of the inhibitor which interacts with the S-binding domain corresponds to the amino-acid sequence found in substrates with the highest V/K.
Hocus-pocus, the focus isn't strictly on locus: Rotter's social learning theory modified for health

This paper shows how the author's original modification of Rotter's social learning theory (SLT) highlighting the construct of health locus of control beliefs is no longer adequate. It develops a new modification of SLT where the internal health locus of control beliefs moderate but do not mediate health-promoting behavior. It discusses the development and utility of global indicators of perceived control over health in preference to a strict focus on the locus of the control.
Current epidemiology of KSHV infection in American men who have sex with men

calendar time, the prevalence was 52.9% (95% CI: 51.254.6%) in the untreated era, 67.5% (95% CI: 59.3-75.1%) in the pre-HAART era, 52.7% (95% CI: 35.4-69.9%) in the HAART era, and 59.7% (56.0-63.4%) in the current era. Conclusions The overall prevalence of KSHV in MSM enrolled in the MACS did not vary significantly from 1984 through 2009, indicating that the decline in incidence of KS seen over the same calendar periods in this population is not associated with a decline in KSHV prevalence. The observation is significant because of the potential excess morbidity risk associated with KSHV in an aging population, particularly among HIV/ KSHV co-infected individuals, notwithstanding effective anti-HIV treatment. To elucidate the mechanisms sustaining the high prevalence of KSHV amongst MSM, KHSV incidence in time and risk factors associated with KSHV infection are being investigated.
The effect of wave current interactions on the storm surge and inundation in Charleston Harbor during Hurricane Hugo 1989

Abstract The effects of wave–current interactions on the storm surge and inundation induced by Hurricane Hugo in and around the Charleston Harbor and its adjacent coastal regions are examined by using a three-dimensional (3-D) wave–current coupled modeling system. The 3-D storm surge and inundation modeling component of the coupled system is based on the Princeton ocean model (POM), whereas the wave modeling component is based on the third-generation wave model, simulating waves nearshore (SWAN). The results indicate that the effects of wave-induced surface, bottom, and radiation stresses can separately or in combination produce significant changes in storm surge and inundation. The effects of waves vary spatially. In some areas, the contribution of waves to peak storm surge during Hurricane Hugo reached as high as 0.76 m which led to substantial changes in the inundation and drying areas simulated by the storm surge model.
Dissociations Among Structural-Perceptual, Lexical-Semantic, and Event-Fact Memory Systems in Alzheimer, Amnesic, and Normal Subjects

Abstract Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), patients with global amnesia (AMN), and nornal control (NC) subjects received tests of recall and recognition, word-completion priming, ind incomplete-picture priming. The AD and AMN patients had impaired recall and recoglition. The AD patients, but not the AMN patients, had impaired word-completion priming. In contrast, the AD patients had intact incomplete-picture priming, a form of priming shown to be perceptual in normal subjects. These results provide neuropsychological evidence for a dissociation between two components of repetition priming, perceptual priming as measured with identification tasks and nonperceptual priming as measured with generation tasks. Preserverd perceptual priming in AD may be mediated by the occipital regions that are relatively spared in AD; compromised nonperceptual priming may be mediated by temporal regions that show dense neuropathological changes early in AD.
Fifteenth and sixteenth century arithmetic texts: What can we learn from them?

Fifteenth and sixteenth century European arithmetic texts set new standards and procedures for the learning and teaching of mathematics. Commercial problem solving situations both directed and reinforced the mathematical concepts presented. A new dynamic, active problem solving, now became the central feature of mathematics learning and teaching. This article surveys the format and contents of fifteenth and sixteenth century arithmetic books. It discusses the types of problems that were most popular in these early texts and briefly analyzes problem contents. The residual educational influence of fifteenth and sixteenth century arithmetical and instructional practices is noted.
A mechanistic study of the synthesis of meso-tetraphenylporphin

In continuation of an earlier preliminary study, some further physical and synthetic studies on the homogenous phase condensation of pyrrole and benzaldehyde to ms-tetraphenylporphin in acidic media were undertaken. The role of atmospheric oxygen in the reaction was studied in some detail. The effects of acidity, solvent, concentration, and other constraints on both the rate and yield of the reaction were also investigated. Details of the mechanism, including possible intermediate structures, have been clarified and a reaction scheme accounting for the data is presented.
Direct observation of search behavior in the purchase of two nondurable products

This study examines external information search for nondurable products using a relatively unobtrusive measurement technique in an effort to minimize the demand bias inherent in many previous search studies. An attempt is made to explain differences in search behavior using five groups of predictive variables: decision task, shopping lifestyles, general shopping behavior, personality, and demographics. The findings support the notion of very limited search in the purchase of common, inexpensive, low involvement goods. Variables related to the decision task appear to be the best predictors of external information search behavior.
Cue and incentive motivational properties of reinforcers in children's discrimination learning

Abstract Two sources of interference in children's discrimination learning were investigated: reinforcer cue properties, such as size, shape, and texture, and reinforcer incentive properties, linked to preference value. The effect of the former was studied by comparing a condition in which S received the same type of reinforcer for all correct responses with two multiple reward conditions, like those used by Shepp (1962) , in which the reward varied from trial to trial between reinforcers differing in their cue properties. Incentive properties were investigated under multiple reward conditions by comparing reinforcers of equal preference value with those of unequal value. Results indicated that variation in both the cue and the incentive properties of rewards influences discrimination performance. The conditions in which reinforcer cue properties were varied, the multiple reward groups, produced poorer performance than the single reinforcer condition. In addition, where the occurrence of multiple rewards was correlated with irrelevant position cues, rewards of unequal, but not equal, preference value induced an interfering response strategy related to reinforcer-position contingencies.
Novel polyimide ionomers: CO2 plasticization, morphology, and ion distribution

Abstract Aluminum crosslinked 6FDA-6FpDA:DABA 2:1 and 1:2 copolyimide membranes were synthesized and their CO2-induced plasticization was investigated. The membranes are unstable against CO2 plasticization in long-term permeation tests at 40 atm CO2 feed pressure at 35 °C. To correlate the plasticization with the polymer morphology, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) was used to image the ionomers. STEM shows Al-rich aggregates in both ionomers, but the aggregate size and shape distribution in the 1:2 film is much more heterogeneous than in the 2:1. The 1:2 ionomer contains spherical aggregates with diameters from ∼5 to 25 nm, chainlike assemblies of small spherical aggregates, vesicular aggregates, large distorted vesicular aggregates, and long band-like structures that extend up to 1000 nm in one dimension. The 2:1 ionomer only contains a few approximately spherical aggregates. Large fractions of both ionomers do not exhibit visible aggregates on the STEM length scale. IR spectroscopy reveals a neutralization level of the acid groups above 60% and transmission electron microscopy detects unreacted neutralizing agent in the polymer. Small angle and wide angle X-ray scattering patterns show scattering patterns that can be linked to the solid-state structure of the polymer backbone rather than the ionic aggregates.
EFFECTS OF MODELING ON CHILDREN'S PERFORMANCE OF A PENCIL MAZE

Summary.-School children in Grades 1, 3, 5, 9, and 12 were introduced to a novel learning task, a pencil maze, and given two models to observe. The exact sequence of responses the female model used was not observable, only the model's speed through the maze. Observing the speed of the model significantly affected speed of he S. There were no significant interactions between speed and grade, sex, or trials.
ON DETERMINISTIC DEVELOPMENTS OF TRAFFIC STREAM MODELS

Abstract Classical deterministic (or “mechanical”) developments of traffic stream models from car-following models are criticized on the following basis. The evaluation of the constant of integration for initial conditions corresponding to speed zero and headway equal to the reciprocal of jam density ignores large numbers of possibly relevant solutions of the underlying car-following model. Some undesirable consequences, particularly the restriction to temporally and spatially constant flow conditions, of viewing traffic stream models as being deterministic consequences of car-following models are also noted. It is suggested that an approach to traffic stream models via kinetic models possibly would be more appropriate and useful.
Air turbine drives: Performance and limitations

THE practice in modern jet aircraft of using axial-flow jet engine compressors has decreased the number of engine pads available for driving accessories. This, coupled with the presence of a high-pressure air supply as a source of power, has brought about the introduction of the air turbine as a prime mover. Since the energy level of the jet engine bleed air is dependent upon the engine setting, which is in turn dependent upon the airplane flight condition, the design of the turbine drive will be dictated by, first, the flight condition which results in a minimum energy supply to the prime mover and, second, the power that must be developed by the prime mover. These factors will influence the performance of the unit at the airplane cruise condition where air consumption is most critical. The first section of this discussion is concerned with the imposed requirements at the design point, and the penalty involved from the standpoint of performance, at the cruise condition. Subsequent sections will deal with the turbine configuration and the turbine control system response rate.
Massive Hemoptysis during Catheterization of the Internal Jugular Vein

Percutaneous cannulation of the internal jugular vein is commonly performed to obtain central venous access. We report the first case of massive hemoptysis occurring during cannulation of the internal jugular vein.
The Effect of Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Fate of PCBs in Two Vegetated Systems

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal infection on vegetative uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls. Feltleaf willow (Salix alaxensis) and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) were grown in soil spiked with 6 mg/kg 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl-(UL-14C). The fungicide Daconil2787® was employed to suppress indigenous mycorrhizal infection. After 100 days of greenhouse incubation in semienclosed phytoreactors, mycorrhizal infection was found to be approximately threefold higher in the untreated willows vs. the fungicide-amended willows. Radio-label uptake was found to correlate most highly with mycorrhizal infection in the willow roots (R = 0.83). Over the same time period, mycorrhizal infection in the poplars was not significantly affected by fungicide addition. In the poplar phytoreactors, radiolabel uptake was most highly correlated with water use (R = 0.70). The overall vegetative radiolabel uptake was low (≈ 1%), but the limited uptake was attributed to soil so...
Molecular second- and third-order polarizabilities from measurements of second-harmonic generation in gases

The temperature dependence of dc electric-field-induced optical second-harmonic generation has been measured for C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$, C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$F, C${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, CH${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$, C${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$, CCl${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$, and CBr${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$. For each molecule, experiments yield the second-order polarizability $\overline{\ensuremath{\chi}}(\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{\omega}; \ensuremath{\omega}, \ensuremath{\omega})$ and the third-order polarizability $\overline{\ensuremath{\chi}}(\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{\omega}; 0, \ensuremath{\omega}, \ensuremath{\omega})$. Both independent nonzero spatial components of each are measured. The bond-additivity model is shown to work well (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15%) for third-order polarizabilities but poorly (discrepancies of about a factor of two) for second-order polarizabilities.
A Procedure for Target Market Selection in Tourism

Abstract The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the attractiveness of travel activity segments to assist with target market selection. Prior studies evaluating segment attractiveness have used ranking systems to determine the best markets. However, due to a lack of precision in these ranking procedures, they have not effectively reflected the degree to which one segment is more attractive than the others. This research attempted to provide more quantifiable and sophisticated evaluation criteria. Using mean expenditure, expenditure risk, segment size, and segment size risk as the evaluation criteria, the resulting segments were assessed and compared. Three risk-adjusted indexes were also introduced to simultaneously consider expenditure level, market segment size, market potential, and risk in the process of segment attractiveness evaluation. The target market selection procedure suggested should be helpful to marketers who are most concerned with the market and economic potential of availa...
Competition and Strategic Partnership between Intermediary Platforms in the Presence of Heterogeneous Technologies

Should platform based market intermediaries collaborate with their competitors? If so, should they share their technologies, their member networks, or both? These are the questions we seek to answer using a simple two-sided network model where the members' utilities are driven by both network size and the level of technology provided by the platforms. Consistent with the literature, we find that these network markets are characterized by extremely asymmetric outcomes. Under open competition, the superior-technology platform completely dominates the market and, surprisingly, this extreme asymmetry persists even as the technology gap between the leading and the competing platforms vanishes. Our analysis on the possibility of strategic partnership reveals that platforms would not want to share technologies alone with rivals, however, sharing their networks, with or without side payments, can be pareto optimal. The likelihood of partnership is influenced by platforms' relative strengths in technology and the cross-platform technology experience.
Expectations of recruiters and applicants in large cities of China

Purpose – This paper has three purposes. First, it aims to explore important factors in the Chinese employment market. Second, it aims to find whether recruiters and applicants understand each other's expectations. Third, it aims to find whether applicants with different Hukou (locals vs non‐locals) have different expectations on position/organization characteristics and whether recruiters from organizations of different ownerships (foreign vs state‐owned) have different expectations on applicant qualifications.Design/methodology/approach – A list of 15 applicant qualifications items and 15 position/organization characteristics items that are relevant in the Chinese context were generated by interviewing ten applicants and recruiters. Then 141 college graduates and 44 recruiters were surveyed in four job fairs in Beijing, and asked them to rank the importance of position/organization characteristics and applicant qualifications.Findings – The study found that recruiters overestimated applicants' expectati...
Accumulation of 14C by ventral horn and dorsal root ganglion neurons after intravenous injection of (14C)GABA.

For several years it has been believed that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), like many other compounds, was so restricted in its entry into the brain from the vascular system that it could be said to be effectively blocked by the “blood-brain barrier”. Experiments by Woodet al. wherein large intra-peritoneal doses of GABA provided some protection against high pressure oxygen (HPO)-induced seizures led to the supposition that some GABA may succeed in by-passing the various restrictive (morphologic or metabolic) aspects of such a barrier. It was subsequently observed that [14C]GABA injected intravenously was accumulated in ventral horn motor neurons and dorsal root ganglion cells in relatively high concentrations, exceeding plasma and liver levels. However, this could be detected only if the uptake was measured directly in neurons dissected from the spinal cords or dorsal root ganglia rather than in blocks of tissue. The curves reflecting the rate of accumulation of GABA by ventral horn motor neurons and dorsal root ganglion cells were sufficiently different to suggest different metabolic utilization rates of GABA in the two nerve cell types. However, the total accumulation levels in the 2 types of neurons were sufficiently similar to suggest that there is no real difference in total amino acid accumulation by neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. HPO was not observed to have any effect on neuronal accumulation of GABA.
No-Test, No-Maintenance Economics

Study of the effects of maintenance on missile reliability is facilitated by the development of an analytical model of the maintenance cycle. Variation of the model parameters determines how inspection, test, and repair actions of the maintenance process modify the lot reliability of a missile collection.
Nurses' oral health assessments of nursing home residents pre‐ and post‐training: A pilot study

The purpose of this study was to determine if instruction in how to perform the MDS (Minimum Data Set) oral health assessment and RAP (Resident Assessment Protocol) Summary required by federal regulations will improve nurses' accuracy of the assessments. Fifty residents, admitted within 90 days before a training lecture, were assessed by 18 nurses. A 30-minute training session demonstrated how to perform an oral examination, including hands-on practice under a dentist's supervision. Seven to ten days after the lecture, the nurses re-examined the same residents. These assessments were compared with the admission assessments and a dentist's findings (reference). The results of this study indicate that a 30-minute training session made a significant difference in improving nurses' accuracy in completing the assessments with regard to oral health status and treatment need.
Share contracting for California Gold

Although the use of sharecropping has long attracted the attention of historians and economists, very little research has focused on the use of share contracting in areas other than agriculture. This paper reports on 150 share and rent contracts which were used to lease gold claims in Placer County, California over the period 1870-1900. Part I describes the wide variety of leases used and the setting in which they were used. It was found that the choice of contract terms was related to the mining technology to be used on the leased property. In particular, quartz and drift claims requiring substantial claim-specific investment by the tenant were leased by share contracts. Simpler rent contracts were used to lease exposed placers and tailings which required very little claim-specific prospecting and development. In part II findings are discussed with specific reference to theories developed in the sharecropping literature.
Determinating the influence of different PM10 sources on air quality in Ljubljana basin with CALPUFF dispersion model

Ljubljana has an unfavourable geographical location in the basin, almost entirely surrounded by high hills. Winds in the basin are often weak and situations with temperature inversion are very frequent, therefore, many PM10 daily limit value exceedances were observed in 2011. The Directive 2008/50/EC (EU, 2008) requires member states to adjust or provide new air quality plans in order to comply with air quality standards for over-polluted area in near future. This is why it is necessary to provide the action plan for PM10 pollution reduction in Ljubljana. Firstly, it is important to determine the sources of PM10 particles and its spatial distribution. In the present study traffic emissions as the major local emission source were estimated with the NEMO pollution model. The map of important point sources in Ljubljana was prepared as well as emissions from these sources were estimated. This detailed emissions database was then introduced into the CALPUFF/CALMET modelling system coupled with the meso-scale meteorological model ALADIN.
Elastic Properties of Monoclinic Hafnium Oxide at Room Temperature

The Young's and shear moduli of polycrystalline monoclinic hafnium oxide were determined by the sonic resonance method at room temperature as a function of volume fraction porosity. The Spriggs equation empirically described the data and the zero porosity moduli as 283.6 GN/m/sup 2/ and 109.2 GN/m/sup 2/ for Young's and shear moduli, respectively. The Debye temperature calculated from the elastic constants was 484/sup 0/K. Several specimens had anomalously low moduli values, attributed to microcracking. Grain size and internal friction measurements showed that the microcracking occurred in specimens with grain sizes >2 to 3 ..mu..m and was characterized by high internal friction.
The Ernest Witebsky memorial lecture. Red but not dead: not a hapless sac of hemoglobin.

The purpose of this presentation was to demonstrate that the red blood cell is not a hapless sac of hemoglobin and that much research is still needed for better understanding of its complexities. After a brief historical introduction the following subjects are presented: 1). Phosphofructokinase is the rate limiting step in the anaerobic glycolytic pathway. Ribose-5-phosphate, a metabolite of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is essential for the generation of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate which in turn is needed for the synthesis of adenosine monophosphate from adenine by the action of adenine phosphoribosyl transferase. 2). There are at least 17 blood group systems with more than 400 epitopes expressed on the red cell membrane. The Rh null and the McLeod phenotypes associated with abnormally shaped red cells and hemolytic anemia are briefly described as is the present understanding of the nature of the Rh complex. 3). The structure of the cytoskeleton and the composition and behavior of the lipid bil...
From engineering crystals to engineering molecules: emergent consequences of controlling reactivity in the solid state using linear templates

Molecules that function as linear templates provide a means to organize two molecules, using the principles of molecular recognition and self-assembly, for a bimolecular reaction. The design and application of linear templates in order to direct reactivity in organic solids, particularly [2 + 2] photoreactivity, is outlined. The linear templates provide control of solid-state reactivity such that it is possible, in a similar way to the liquid phase, to conduct molecular synthesis by design.
A note on latent heat release from disequilibrium phase transformations and deep seismogenesis

Latent heat release by equilibrium mineralogical transformations in an adiabatically subducting slab reversibly perturbs temperatures and pressures so as to conserve entropy. However, latent heats of metastable transformations in such a slab yield irreversible isobaric temperature changes which increase entropy despite adiabatic constraints. As a result, latent heat release by metastable exothermic transformations can yield local superheating above the background adiabat, with the degree of potential superheating increasing with extent of metastable overstep. In real slabs, however, regions of metastably persisting low-pressure phases should undergo conductive warming from surrounding transformed material. Such warming should proceed more rapidly than warming of the bulk slab from the surrounding mantle, and the resulting decrease in metastable transition pressures will slightly decrease the degree of local superheating. Nonetheless, such local temperature increases may trigger seismic release of accumulated strain energy via a number of proposed mechanisms of shear instability. Adiabatic instability, in the form of shear localization in material with temperature-dependent rheology, is one mechanism which may be triggered by such latent heat release in metastable regions yet produce rupture that extends beyond the boundaries of such regions.