cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Beyond the Pale to the Pale Riders: The Emerging Association of Bacteria with Oral Cancer:

Oral cancer, predominantly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is the eighth-most common cancer worldwide, with a 5-y survival rate <50%. There are numerous risk factors for oral cancer, among which periodontal disease is gaining increasing recognition. The creation of a sustained dysbiotic proinflammatory environment by periodontal bacteria may serve to functionally link periodontal disease and oral cancer. Moreover, traditional periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Treponema denticola, are among the species most frequently identified as being enriched in OSCC, and they possess a number of oncogenic properties. These organisms share the ability to attach and invade oral epithelial cells, and from there each undergoes its own unique molecular dialogue with the host epithelium, which ultimately converges on acquired phenotypes associated with cancer, including inhibition of apoptosis, increased proliferation, and activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition leading to increased migration of epithelial cells. Additionally, emerging properties of structured bacterial communities may increase oncogenic potential, and consortia of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum are synergistically pathogenic within in vivo oral cancer models. Interestingly, however, some species of oral streptococci can antagonize the phenotypes induced by P. gingivalis, indicating functionally specialized roles for bacteria in oncogenic communities. Transcriptomic data support the concept that functional, rather than compositional, properties of oral bacterial communities have more relevance to cancer development. Collectively, the evidence is consistent with a modified polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model for bacterial involvement in OSCC, with driver mutations generating a conducive microenvironment on the epithelial boundary, which becomes further dysbiotic by the synergistic action of bacterial communities.
Recruiting and Retaining Asian American and Pacific Islander Teachers

The lack of Teachers of Color in the United States raises questions about their recruitment and retention and the responsiveness of schools to racial and linguistic diversity. This article examines these issues with a focus on Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) teachers. We conducted a systematic review of the research on AAPI teacher experiences and synthesized 50 peer-reviewed publications to understand the scope of previous research and challenges to AAPI recruitment and retention. The results show AAPI teachers (1) negotiating their identities as Asian or Pacific Islander and American and (2) facing racialization as foreigners and non-native English speakers. Policy implications include supporting more cultural and linguistic diversity in teacher education programs and schools and also opportunities for all teachers to engage in critical praxis regarding their racial identities and issues of equity.
Does Alcohol Initiation in Early‐To‐Middle Adolescence Predict Changes in Reward Motivation? Evidence of Sex Differences

BACKGROUND Reward motivation has been cross-sectionally correlated with adolescent alcohol use, but the temporal nature of this relationship remains unclear. This project sought to determine whether adolescent alcohol initiation longitudinally predicted changes in reward motivation and behavioral inhibition from early to middle adolescence, and explored the role of adolescent sex in this prediction. METHODS A total of 180 11- to 14-year-olds were recruited and then followed for 3 years to age 14 to 17. Participants self-reported their alcohol use at all time points. We selected participants who were alcohol-naive at Baseline (early adolescence) and then grouped them based on whether or not they reported alcohol initiation by Year 3 (Y3: middle adolescence). Adolescents completed self-report and experimental (delay discounting) measures of reward motivation and self-report measures of behavioral inhibition at Baseline and Y3. RESULTS Adolescents' alcohol initiation significantly predicted higher Y3 self-reported reward motivation on one measure. Additionally, a significant sex × alcohol initiation interaction was found predicting Y3 task-based reward motivation (delay discounting), with boys' alcohol initiation predicting increased bias toward immediate reward at Y3. There was also a sex × alcohol initiation interaction predicting behavioral inhibition, with girls' alcohol initiation predicting higher behavioral inhibition at Y3. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that alcohol initiation among adolescents might precede changes in reward motivation, and the effects of alcohol on reward and behavioral inhibition may differ by adolescent sex.
The combined influence of viscoelasticity and adhesive cues on fibroblast spreading and focal adhesion formation

Tissue fibrosis is characterized by progressive extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening and loss of viscoelasticity that ultimately results in reduced organ functionality. Cells bind to the ECM through integrins, where av integrin engagement in particular has been correlated with fibroblast activation into contractile myofibroblasts that drive fibrosis progression. There is a significant unmet need for in vitro hydrogel systems that deconstruct the complexity of native tissues to better understand the individual and combined effects of stiffness, viscoelasticity, and integrin engagement on fibroblast behavior. Here, we developed hyaluronic acid hydrogels with independently tunable cell-instructive properties (stiffness, viscoelasticity, ligand presentation) to address this challenge. Hydrogels with mechanics matching normal or fibrotic lung tissue were synthesized using a combination of covalent crosslinks and supramolecular interactions to tune viscoelasticity. Cell adhesion was mediated through incorporation of either RGD peptide or engineered fibronectin fragments promoting preferential integrin engagement via v{beta}3 or 5{beta}1. We showed that preferential v{beta}3 engagement enabled human lung fibroblasts to assume a myofibroblast-like phenotype on fibrosis-mimicking stiff elastic hydrogels with increased spreading, actin stress fiber organization, and focal adhesion maturation as indicated by paxillin organization. In contrast, preferential 5{beta}1 binding suppressed these metrics. Viscoelasticity, mimicking the mechanics of healthy tissue, largely curtailed fibroblast spreading and focal adhesion organization independent of adhesive ligand type, highlighting its role in preventing fibroblast activation. Together these results provide new insights into how mechanical and adhesive cues collectively guide disease-relevant cell behaviors.
Visual Landmark Endocrine Trials: A Justification for an Online Learning Resource

Infographics are increasingly being utilized to disseminate medical knowledge to both the scientific and non-scientific communities. Landmark clinical trials are traditionally presented in either purely text-based complete or abstract formats that might inadvertently discourage trainees from perusing them. Educational theories that highlight the dual principle of sensory input can improve short-term memory and, as a result, translate into the consolidation of newly acquired knowledge into long-term memory. In this paper, educational theories applied in developing an infographic-based online learning resource about landmark clinical trials in endocrinology will be described. Accordingly, various learning theories, including cognitivist, behaviorist, and the cognitivist model of multimedia learning, were implemented during the design process. The instructional design framework adopted for this educational resource was the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) model. This paper aims to show the process of setting up an infographic-based clinical trial education resource with emphasis on both design pitfalls and advantages.
Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm.

Background While ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the setting of postmyocardial infarction left ventricular aneurysms (LVA) is not uncommonly encountered, there is a scarcity of data regarding the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of ablation of VT in this subset of patients. Methods Our study included consecutive patients aged 18 years or older with postmyocardial infarction LVA who presented to Mayo Clinic for catheter ablation of VT between 2002 and 2018. Results Of 34 patients, the mean age was 70.4 ± 9.1 years; 91% were male. Mean LVEF was 29 ± 9.7% and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was 64.9 ± 6.6 mm. The site of the LVA was apical in 21 patients (62%). Fifteen patients (44%) presented with electrical storm or incessant VT. Nine patients (26%) had a history of intracardiac thrombus. All except for one patient had at least one VT originating from the aneurysm. The mean number of VTs was 2.9 ± 1.7. All patients underwent ablation at the site of the aneurysm. Ablation outside the aneurysm was performed in 13 patients (38%). Low-voltage fractionated potentials and/or late potentials at the aneurysmal site were present in all cases. Complete elimination of all VTs was achieved in 18 (53%), while the elimination of the clinical VT with continued inducibility of nonclinical VTs was achieved in a further 11 patients (32%). Two patients developed cardiac tamponade requiring pericardiocentesis. During a mean follow-up period of 2.3 ± 2.4 years, 11 patients (32%) experienced VT recurrence. Freedom from all-cause mortality at 1-year follow-up was 94%. Conclusion Radiofrequency catheter ablation targeting the aneurysmal site is a feasible and reasonably effective management strategy for clinical VTs in patients with postinfarction LVA.
Contingency and its two indices within conditional probability analysis.

Four theoretical bases for detecting a contingency between behavior and consequent stimuli are considered: contiguity, correlation, conditional probability, and logical implication. It is argued that conditional probability analysis is statistically the most powerful of these options, in part due to its provision of two indices of contingency: a forward time probability that reinforcement follows behavior and a backward time probability that behavior precedes reinforcement. Evidence is cited that both indices appear to bear on the learning of a variety of animals, although they are unequally salient to human adults and to artificial neural networks designed to solve time-series functions. It is hypothesized that humans may acquire the capacity to detect contingency in the progressive sequence: contiguity, correlation, forward time conditional probability, backward time conditional probability, and ultimately logical implication.
Information Systems Education in the USA

Fast changing information technology (IT) has posed tremendous challenges to information systems (IS) educational programmes. One question frequently asked by IS educators has been: ’Are we doing the right thing?‘ This article presents information about the current state of IS educational programmes in the USA based on a survey of 193 higher education institutions conducted at the end of 1996. The results indicate that IS educational programmes are prevalent in the higher educational institutions. These programmes have a highly qualified faculty: 92% or more holding terminal degrees, more than twohthirds having tenure, with evidence of an increasing amount of time being devoted to research activities. It is also found that the most popular programming languages taught in both graduate and undergraduate programmes are C/C++, SQL and COBOL, and dominant operating systems are Windows/OS2 and UNIX. The most profound change over the last five years in the content of IS programmes has been the transition from texthbased and centralized mainframe environment to the graphical and decentralized network based client–server architecture. This survey provides a snapshot of IS programmes, serving both to improve our understanding of current programmes and to provide a frame of reference for future studies.
The natural history of symptomatic androgen deficiency in men: onset, progression, and spontaneous remission.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the onset, progression, and remission of symptomatic androgen deficiency (SAD) using longitudinal data from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS). DESIGN: A prospective, population-based study of men living in Boston, Massachusetts. Data were collected in three waves: T1 (1987/89), T2 (1995/97), T3 (2002/04). Onset, progression, and remission were defined in terms of transitions in SAD status from one wave to the next. SETTING: In-person, in-home interviews. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred sixty-six community-dwelling men aged 40 to 70 at baseline (T1) contributed data from T1 to T2 and 391 from T2 to T3. MEASUREMENTS: SAD was defined in terms of serum total and free testosterone (T) levels and symptoms associated with low circulating androgens. Total T and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) were measured using radioimmunoassay. Free T was calculated from total T and SHBG measurements. RESULTS: At T2 or T3, the likelihood of SAD was markedly greater for subjects who had exhibited SAD at the previous wave (odds ratio=3.8, 95% confidence interval=1.9–7.4), overall 55% of subjects who exhibited SAD experienced remission by the next study wave. The probability of SAD was greater with older age and greater body mass index. Multivariate models demonstrated that the likelihood of remission was at least 50% for most subpopulations. CONCLUSION: Over approximately 15 years of follow-up, SAD did not represent a stable health state. The likelihood of SAD would remit exceeded the likelihood that it would not, particularly among younger and leaner men.
APPLICATIONS OF SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY ANALYTICAL ULTRACENTRIFUGATION

For over 75 years, analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) has proved to be a powerful method for characterizing solutions of macromolecules and an indispensable tool for the quantitative analysis of macromolecular interactions [1–8]. It can be used to analyze the solution behavior of a variety of molecules in a wide range of solvents and over a wide range of solute concentrations. During analytical ultracentrifugation, samples are characterized in their native state under biologically relevant solution conditions, and in the absence of a matrix. Because AUC is nondestructive, samples may be recovered for further tests following the AUC procedure. Two complementary views of solution behavior are available from AUC. Sedimentation velocity provides first-principle, hydrodynamic information about the size and shape of molecules [1,4,6], while sedimentation equilibrium provides first-principle, thermodynamic information about the solution molar masses, stoichiometries, association constants, and solution nonideality [3,6,8]. Different experimental protocols are used to conduct these two types of analysis. This chapter covers the fundamentals of sedimentation velocity.
Why the Water

The river, because an aging father and his toddling daughter negotiate the crisis of brush along its oblivious ballad, their voices, low incantations and high, compose the song of the muddy bank. Because the woods' felled oaks barrel the once mill-fed channel, the commerce of noon merely a polite skyward greeting now?trees flagging their weary cousins on the far side, tired light winking on the water's measured glide. Here, behind neighborhoods, strolling an Indian path perhaps, we farm our flux of secrets, and the river yields passage in its furrow so our hearts won't crack? in autumn it ferries the confusions of
Dissociation of heart rate variability from parasympathetic tone

Time and frequency domain measurements of heart rate variability have been used as indexes of parasympathetic tone. This study evaluates the effects of parasympathetic stimulation on these indexes. Ten normal subjects (5 females, 5 males; age 27.4 +/- 5.1 yr) were evaluated in the Clinical Research Center. Five-minute electrocardiographic recordings were obtained at baseline and during 1) combined alpha-adrenergic stimulation with baroreflex-increased cardiac parasympathetic activity produced by phenylephrine infusion; 2) parasympathetic blockade (atropine 0.04 mg/kg); and 3) isolated alpha-adrenergic stimulation produced by phenylephrine infusion after parasympathetic blockade. The infusion rate of phenylephrine was titrated to increase the systolic blood pressure by 20-30 mmHg. Heart rate variability analysis was performed using standard time and frequency domain parameters. Phenylephrine infusion resulted in a decrease in the time domain measures and in the high-frequency power. After parasympathetic blockade, alpha-adrenergic stimulation had no significant effect on the heart rate variability parameters. These findings suggest that the heart rate variability parameters traditionally associated with parasympathetic tone do not always reliably measure parasympathetic tone, since they decrease with baroreflex parasympathetic stimulation.
Gene expression profiling leads to discovery of correlation of matrix metalloproteinase 11 and heparanase 2 in breast cancer progression

In order to identify biomarkers involved in breast cancer, gene expression profiling was conducted using human breast cancer tissues. Total RNAs were extracted from 150 clinical patient tissues covering three breast cancer subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, and Triple negative) as well as normal tissues. The expression profiles of a total of 50,739 genes were established from a training set of 32 samples using the Agilent Sure Print G3 Human Gene Expression Microarray technology. Data were analyzed using Agilent Gene Spring GX 12.6 software. The expression of several genes was validated using real-time RT-qPCR. Data analysis with Agilent GeneSpring GX 12.6 software showed distinct expression patterns between cancer and normal tissue samples. A group of 28 promising genes were identified with ≥ 10-fold changes of expression level and p-values < 0.05. In particular, MMP11 and HPSE2 were closely examined due to the important roles they play in cancer cell growth and migration. Real-time RT-qPCR analyses of both training and testing sets validated the gene expression profiles of MMP11 and HPSE2. Our findings identified these 2 genes as a novel breast cancer biomarker gene set, which may facilitate the diagnosis and treatment in breast cancer clinical therapies.
New Approaches to Bourgeois Resistance in Germany and Austria, 1933–1945

Middle class Protestants and Catholics constituted the largest single constituency in the Third Reich, inclusive of Austria. Yet few historians in recent years have examined the role of bourgeois resistance. Rather, contemporary scholarship tends to emphasize the willingness of the German middle classes to accommodate National Socialism (Anpassung), focusing almost exclusively on working class, women's and minority opposition (Resistenz or Verweigerung). The purpose of this article is to offer some fruitful lines of inquiry that might help us to reassess the role of the German and Austrian middle classes in resisting the Third Reich.
Lamprey neurofilaments combine in one subunit the features of each mammalian NF triplet protein but are highly phosphorylated only in large axons.

Compared with heteropolymeric assemblies of neurofilament (NF) triplet proteins in mammalian NFs, lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) NFs are homopolymers of 180 kDa subunits (NF180). We describe unique features of lamprey NF180 that distinguish it as a prototype of vertebrate NF subunits. These features may underlie key functions subserved by the earliest vertebrate NFs. Lamprey NF180 displays properties common to all intermediate filament (IF) proteins, but it also exhibits features that distinguish the mammalian triplet of NF subunits from all other IF proteins. For example, digestion of lamprey NF180 with chymotrypsin produces an insoluble 40 kDa core unit and releases a soluble fragment intermediate in size (140 kDa) to the carboxy-terminal (sidearm) extensions of the 2 high-molecular-weight (Mr) mammalian NF subunits. The core unit contains epitopes similar to those in the core of each mammalian NF triplet protein, while the soluble fragment contains other determinants similar to those in the sidearms of the 2 high-Mr mammalian NF polypeptides. Like these polypeptides, the immunological properties of some NF180 peripheral determinants were strongly affected by their phosphorylation state. Indeed, NF180 shares immunological similarities with the multiphosphorylation repeat domains in the high- Mr mammalian NF subunits. Further similarities with mammalian NF proteins include the preferential expression of poorly phosphorylated NF180 isoforms and of phosphate-dependent NF180 epitopes in axons of all sizes, and the restriction of nonphosphorylated NF180 isoforms to neuronal perikarya. In marked contrast to mammals, however, the most heavily phosphorylated isoforms of NF180 were expressed exclusively in large-diameter axons. We conclude that the single subunit forming lamprey NFs exhibits the essential features of mammalian NFs, i.e., a filament-forming core and a carboxy-terminal extension with a multiphosphorylation site. Further, the sharp restriction of heavily phosphorylated NF180 to large axons suggests that multiphosphorylation domains were acquired during evolution to permit larger axon diameters and faster conduction velocities.
Helix TWT's for 10 to 25 KW peak power over octave erequency bands

In designing a unifilar helix traveling wave tube for high peak output power a major constraint has been the necessity for keeping the beam current and voltage below the point at which backward wave oscillations occur. This has made it very difficult to design for more than a few kilowatts peak output power.
Psychological consequences of sexual inequality.

It is suggested that psychiatric theory is too limiting in its application to women's present situation; therapists have an obligation to understand that women's condition of social and sexual inequality is real and that the striving for liberation is valid, though fraught with conflict. The social and psychological meaning of conflict is explored, and it is concluded that the values are positive provided the conflict is exposed and examined in the therapeutic situation (or wherever it occurs). In this way, the goal is clarified and alternative means sought for an open and mutual struggle for equality.
The Association Between Receptive Nonverbal Processing Abilities and Internalizing/Externalizing Problems in Girls and Boys

Social adjustment correlates of individual differences in receptive nonverbal processing abilities in boys and girls were investigated. Participants were 26 boys and 13 girls, mean age 12.04 years, who were in a custodial care institution for the treatment of a wide range of psychological difficulties. They completed the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy (DANVA; Nowicki & Duke, 1994), a standardized test of receptive nonverbal processing abilities. Trained raters used institutional records to assess the number and type of problems (internalizing or externalizing) experienced by each child. Teachers completed a social adjustment scale for each child. Girls' scores on the DANVA tests of child facial expression, child and adult facial expression combined, posture, and total DANVA accuracy as well as teacher ratings of social adjustment were significantly related to the number of externalizing problems they had. No other relations were significant. The findings suggest that receptive nonverbal processing skills may be more important for social adjustment for girls than for boys.
Human placental Fc receptors and the trapping of immune complexes.

Monomeric maternal antibodies are transmitted to the fetus, but most immune complexes are trapped in the placental stroma. The receptors responsible for trapping immune complexes appear to be FcγRIa, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIa on stromal macrophages, and FcγRII on fetal capillary endothelial cells.
Osmolytes in salinity-stressed Iris hexagona

We characterize the salinity stress response of Iris hexagona, a freshwater species, by measuring three putative osmolytes, betaine, proline, and dimethylsulphonio-propionate (DMSP) in plants after short (3 days) and long-term (4–5 months) exposure to NaCl. HPLC analyses show that untreated control leaves contained 2.1, 0.2 and 3.2 mg g−1 DW of betaine, proline, and DMSP, respectively, and establish the presence of these compounds in the Iridaceae. Within 4 days of salinity stress (200 mM NaCl) betaine, proline and DMSP increased significantly. Among vegetative tissues, the highest level of proline occurred in roots; betaine and DMSP were highest in leaves. Analyses of generative tissue (flowers and flower stalks) after long-term exposure showed the highest levels (>10 mg g−1 DW) of all examined compounds in petals but only proline and betaine increased with salinity. All three substances showed a basipetal gradient in flower stalks. Although the examined compounds responded to salinity, the osmometry of the sap indicated that they comprise less than 10% of the osmotically active solutes. The temporal and spatial changes in the distribution of the analyzed compounds indicate complex responses to salinity.
Non-stable laws with all projections stable

is the characterist ic function of a probabi l i ty law on IR 2. We then show that for 0 4. Define functions on IR 2 as follows:
Absence of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I on Neural Stem Cells Does Not Permit Natural Killer Cell Killing and Prevents Recognition by Alloreactive Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes In Vitro

Potential applications of neural stem cells (NSCs) for transplantation requires understanding myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression and the ability of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells to recognize this progenitor population. Cells from the cortices of day-13 embryonic (E13) B6 (H-2(b)) mice were explanted and cultured to expand NSCs. Analysis of P2-P17-cultured cells using anti-MHC class I/II monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) showed marginal expression of both products. Although recombinant murine interferon-gamma (rmIFN gamma) exposure did not alter the multipotential capacity of these stem cells, titration of mrIFN gamma NSC cultures demonstrated that MHC molecules could be strongly upregulated after addition of 3 ng/ml rmIFN gamma for 60 hours. To assess the susceptibility of NSCs with low or absent versus high levels of MHC expression to lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and NK populations, untreated and rmIFN gamma-treated NSC target cells were examined. Untreated NSCs were not recognized by BALB/c (H-2(d)) allospecific anti-H-2(b) CTL, consistent with the mAb findings; however, upregulation of MHC products on both early and later passaged NSCs resulted in their efficient lysis by CTL. NK cells were prepared from syngeneic B6 or allogeneic BALB/c mice. Although NK cells effectively killed control YAC-1 target cells, these effectors did not kill MHC-deficient (or expressing) NSC targets. Thus, similar to hematopoietic, embryonic, and mesenchymal stem cell populations, unmanipulated NSCs are not readily killed by T and NK cells. These findings suggest that following transplant into syngeneic or allogeneic recipients, NSCs may exhibit diminished susceptibility to clearance by host T- and NK-cell populations.
Tuning the DNA conformational perturbations induced by cytotoxic platinum-acridine bisintercalators: effect of metal cis/trans isomerism and DNA threading groups.

Four highly charged, water soluble platinum−acridine bisintercalating agents have been synthesized. Depending on the cis/trans isomerism of the metal and the nature of the acridine side chains, bisintercalation induces/stabilizes the classical Watson−Crick B-form or a non-B-form. Circular dichroism spectra and chemical footprinting experiments suggest that 4, the most active derivative in HL-60 cells, produces a structurally severely perturbed DNA with features of a Hoogsteen base-paired biopolymer.
Migration of thiolthiocarbonyl groups of methyl α-d-glucopyranoside xanthates☆

Abstract If similar reactant ratios are used, the xanthation of methyl α- d -glucopyranoside parallels the xanthation of starch. Degrees of substitution in the range of 0.3–0.4 were achieved, and changes in distribution from secondary to primary positions were observed. Synthesis of the individual, isomeric, xanthate salts of methyl α- d -glucopyranoside, and treatment of each with 18% sodium hydroxide, showed that the 2-, 3-, and 6-xanthate salts rearranged to mixtures in each of which the 6-isomer preponderated. Evidence is presented suggesting that the 2-isomer migrates intramolecularly to the 6-isomer by way of the 3-isomer. However, observation of the presence of minor proportions of polyxanthates in these mixtures suggests that intermolecular migration of thiolthiocarbonyl groups also occurs.
Measuring author contributions to the Wikipedia

We consider the problem of measuring user contributions to versioned, collaborative bodies of information, such as wikis. Measuring the contributions of individual authors can be used to divide revenue, to recognize merit, to award status promotions, and to choose the order of authors when citing the content. In the context of the Wikipedia, previous works on author contribution estimation have focused on two criteria: the total text created, and the total number of edits performed. We show that neither of these criteria work well: both techniques are vulnerable to manipulation, and the total-text criterion fails to reward people who polish or re-arrange the content.We consider and compare various alternative criteria that take into account the quality of a contribution, in addition to the quantity, and we analyze how the criteria differ in the way they rank authors according to their contributions. As an outcome of this study, we propose to adopt total edit longevity as a measure of author contribution. Edit longevity is resistant to simple attacks, since edits are counted towards an author's contribution only if other authors accept the contribution. Edit longevity equally rewards people who create content, and people who rearrange or polish the content. Finally, edit longevity distinguishes the people who contribute little (who have contribution close to zero) from spammers or vandals, whose contribution quickly grows negative.
Effects of Age and Syntactic Complexity on Speech Motor Performance

Purpose This study investigated the effect of age on articulatory movement and stability in young, middle-age, and older adults. It also examined the potential influence of linguistic complexity on speech motor control across utterances that differed in their length and grammatical complexity. Method There were 60 participants in 3 age groups: 20–30 years, 40–50 years, and 60–70 years, with equal numbers of men and women in each group. The speakers produced 10 repetitions of 5 different stimuli—each of which included the same bilabial-loaded phrase in different grammatical contexts—while their lip movements were recorded. Results Participants from the 60-year-old group had significantly longer utterance durations, whereas those from the 20-year-old group had the highest jaw spatiotemporal index (STI) values. There were significant differences in the upper lip STI, displacement, and velocity as well as in vocal intensity for the longer, complex conditions compared with the shorter, phrase-only task. Overal...
157 EFFECTS OF ACUTE HYPOXIA ON THE CELLULAR ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF NEONATAL AND ADULT PURKINJE FIBERS (PF)

We previously described that action potential (AP) parameters from neonatal (N) ventricular myocardium are more resistant than adult (A) APs to acute hypoxia (H). In this study, we used standard microelectrode techniques to evaluate the effects of acute H (pO2=30 torr) on A (n=10) and N (3-12 days old)(n=11) canine PF APs and PF arrhythmogenesis. PFs were paced at 1 Hz. Compared to A, control AP from N PF had significantly (s)(p<0.05) lower values for AP amplitude (APA), Vmax, AP duration at 50% repolarization (APD50), APD90 and effective refractory period (ERP). After 30 min. of acute hypoxic superfusion, N PF showed s greater reductions than A PF in Vmax (-20% vs -9%), APD50 (-18% vs -8%) and APD90 (-13% vs -4%). Changes in APA, maximum diastolic potential (MDP) and ERP did not differ. All N AP parameters (except MDP) were s reduced after H. Reoxygenation for 30 min. partially restored N AP indices. When pacing was stopped during control, no A or N PF had spontaneous activity (sa) for 15 sec. H produced sa in 0 of 10 A and 2 of 11 N PF. The sa increased during early reoxygenation (1 of 10 in A; 4 of 11 in N) but was abolished in all after 30 min. The H and reoxygenation related ectopic sa was due to both enhanced automaticity and reentry, the latter probably induced by the decreases in Vmax (conduction velocity), APD and ERP. In summary, N PF have an enhanced sensitivity to acute H. The arrhythmogenic effects of H in-vitro may explain the H and reperfusion related arrhythmias seen clinically in some children.
Concepts are not icons

Carey speculates that the representations of core cognition are entirely iconic. However, this idea is undercut by her contention that core cognition includes concepts such as object and agency , which are employed in thought as predicates. If Carey had taken on board her claim that core cognition is iconic, very different hypotheses might have come into view.
Nuclear expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α protein is heterogeneous in human malignant cells under normoxic conditions

Abstract Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of α and β subunits, which plays an essential role in cancer cell hypoxia adaptation, glycolysis, and angiogenesis. Normally, HIF-1α protein, the dominant subunit of HIF-1, is accumulated in nuclei when cells are exposed to hypoxia (1% O2) and rapidly degraded when cells are re-oxygenated. Here, we found that constitutive nuclear expression of HIF-1α protein was a general phenomenon in vitro under normoxic conditions in human malignant cells including those derived from the hematopoietic system, such as lymphoma and leukemia cells. In addition, the constitutive expression and induction of HIF-1α protein were more heterogeneous and dynamic compared with other transcription factors tested. HIF-2α and HIF-1β proteins showed a limited range of varieties among different cell lines and different extracellular stimuli. Mechanisms involved in sustaining constitutive expression of HIF-1α protein in malignant cells at normal oxygen tension warrant further investigation.
Resistance of copper nanowires and comparison with carbon nanotube bundles for interconnect applications using first principles calculations

We have studied the electronic properties and the band structure of copper nanowires for various diameters using first principles density functional methods and a supercell approach. The resistances of copper nanowires were computed on the basis of the Landauer formalism and compared with those obtained from an empirical approach. The fundamental resistances of small copper nanowires (~60?nm diameter) are found to be larger than those predicted by Ohm's law. In parallel, we have computed the fundamental resistances for bundles of single walled carbon nanotubes and compared them with that of a single copper wire of similar dimensions. We find that the resistance of carbon nanotube bundles is smaller than that of the copper wires for dimensions below 60?nm. Our results are discussed in light of recent experiments.
Vibrational spectra of acrylyl chloride

Abstract Infrared spectra of acrylyl chloride have been measured in argon and nitrogen matrices, in a heated vapor cell, and in a long path vapor cell. The results reaffirm the earlier conclusion of Katon and Feairheller ( J. Chem. Phys. 47 , 1248 (1967)) that vapor phase acrylyl chloride exists as a mixture of two rotational conformers. The new information leads to an assignment of the 18 fundamental modes of the s- trans rotamer and to many of those of the second (s- cis ) rotamer. Several frequencies appear to be insensitive to isomerization. The potential energy difference between the two rotamers appears to be small in the vapor phase and the potential energy barrier separating the two minima is sufficiently high that direct matrix isolation of both rotamers is possible before relaxation to the low energy form can occur.
Minimum-uncertainty states of systems with many degrees of freedom

The minimum-uncertainty states for systems with many degrees of freedom are investigated. The limiting situation, relevant to the electromagnetic field, is discussed and it is pointed out that the states that minimize Δp Δq do not tend to the coherent states. These latter, including the vacuum state, are minimum-uncertainty states for the transverse electric and magnetic fields. In an appendix a direct method to obtain the wave functional for the vacuum is presented.
Identification of a soluble intermediate during synthesis of elastin by embryonic chick aortae.

In vertebrates, the protein elastin is a vital component of major blood vessels, imparting to them their elastic, rubber-like quality. Purified elastin appears as an interlacing network of fibers and fibrils when examined in the electron microscope; and its unusual physical properties are reflected in a peculiar, and in some respects unique, amino acid composition. Glycine composes 33% of its residues, and the apolar amino acids proline, alanine and valine constitute approx. another 47% [l] . Elastin is very inert and completely insoluble in all solvents which do not break covalent bonds. Partridge and coworkers demonstrated that the polypeptide chains of elastin are linked together by the desmosines, amino acids unique to elastin [2]. They and Miller et al, [3,4] showed that these cross-linkages were derived from the oxidation of lysine by a copper requiring enzyme which was inhibited by /I-aminopropionitrile. Franzblau et al. [5] have discovered another crosslink in elastin, lysinonorleucine, which is also derived from lysine. Because of its insolubility, comparatively little was known concerning the chemical and physical structure of the elastin molecule. Recently Sandberg et al. [6] extracted aortae from copper-deficient pigs with 0.02 M formic acid and isolated a protein whose amino acid composition closely resembled that of insoluble elastin except for the absence of the desmosines. They esti-
Beyond testimonials: Learning from a quality circles programme

SUMMARY Quality circles programmes are based on the assumptions that employee participation leads to valued outcomes such as intrinsic satisfaction and recognition, and that it also results in the implementation of changes which enhance productivity and satisfaction. An in-depth case study of one such programme finds that generally favourable testimonials by participants may be misleading. This programme yielded a few minor changes but little impact on productivity and attitudes in the unit as a whole. Causes for its demise are discussed.
Endoscopic Forehead Lifting

The aging process of the face is often most drastic in the upper third of the face, with the development of forehead rhytides and brow prolapse. Traditionally, an open approach to addressing aging of the forehead has been used. The introduction of endoscopic technology to surgical correction of forehead aging has resulted in comparable results without the significant disadvantages inherent in the open approach. The success of the endoscopic technique for forehead lifting has been reflected by its immense popularity and demand by the public. The aging process, relevant surgical anatomy, patient selection and planning, surgical technique, and current controversies in fixation are reviewed.
Building Relationships Between Universities and Businesses: The Case at Columbia Business School

The outreach programs of the Deming Center at Columbia Business School take much more time and effort than originally anticipated, and patience and persistence are key ingredients for success.
Evolving 3D objects with a generative encoding inspired by developmental biology

This paper introduces an algorithm for evolving 3D objects with a generative encoding that abstracts how biological morphologies are produced. Evolving interesting 3D objects is useful in many disciplines, including artistic design (e.g. sculpture), engineering (e.g. robotics, architecture, or product design), and biology (e.g. for investigating morphological evolution). A critical element in evolving 3D objects is the representation, which strongly influences the types of objects produced. In 2007 a representation was introduced called Compositional Pattern Producing Networks (CPPN), which abstracts how natural phenotypes are generated. To date, however, the ability of CPPNs to create 3D objects has barely been explored. Here we present a new way to create 3D objects with CPPNs. Experiments with both interactive and target-based evolution demonstrate that CPPNs show potential in generating interesting, complex, 3D objects. We further show that changing the information provided to CPPNs and the functions allowed in their genomes biases the types of objects produced. Finally, we validate that the objects transfer well from simulation to the real-world by printing them with a 3D printer. Overall, this paper shows that evolving objects with encodings based on concepts from biological development can be a powerful way to evolve complex, interesting objects, which should be of use in fields as diverse as art, engineering, and biology.
SU‐E‐T‐677: The Effects of Respiratory Motion in RapidArc Spinal Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Purpose: Spinal radiosurgery is planned to strict tolerances. Unaccounted for dosimetric changes resulting from respiratory motion might lead to delivery of a sub‐optimal plan. We examine these effects for RapidArc spine radiosurgery. Methods: Plans were created for three patients that received 4D‐CT scans in a spinal radiosurgery set‐up. A target covering a single vertebral body and pedicles was defined and the spinal canal was contoured for each patient. Plans that delivered 18 Gy to the targets were created on the free breathing scans (FB). The maximum inspiration and expiration 4D‐CT phases were fused to the FB based on target and spinal canal position. The FB plans were copied onto these images and doses were calculated. Point doses, DVHs, and plan subtractions were used to evaluate plan differences. Motion was measured at fixed points on the 4D‐CTs. Results: The target for case 1 was defined at T4, case two at T7, and case three at T9. For all cases the target and the spinal canal moved = 18 Gy were approximately 5% for the T7 and T9 plans. Conclusion: Respiratory motion may alter the dosimetry of spinal radiosurgery plans. The clinical impact of these changes appears to be small.
A variant to Naismith's problem with application to path planning

Naismith obtained a set of empirical rules for the time required to move through a terrain. In this paper we solve the problem of minimization the transit time between two points on a given terrain. We give an interpretation of Naismith's rule which leads to a very elegant geometric construction of the optimal solution. Indeed, there is some ambiguity in the interpretation of Naismith's rule. We first solve the problem for a conical mountain, then generalize for a terrain with arbitrary topography. We conclude with a discussion of the relative merit of our variant with respect to the known solution. In particular, we show that the difference of these interpretations amounts to less than 10% in the worst case, thus justifying the use of this simple solution. This problem is a paradigm for navigation of autonomous vehicles in heterogenous terrain. It may prove useful for path planning for robotic rovers as used for instance on the surface of Mars.
Batch-fabricated hydrogel/polymeric-magnet bilayer for wireless chemical sensing

This paper introduces a fabrication and wireless chemical sensing scheme using a hydrogel/polymeric-magnet bilayer. The swelling/deswelling of the hydrogel in response to chemical stimuli (e.g. pH, glucose etc.) results in vertical movement of the polymeric permanent magnet located on top of the hydrogel film. The hydrogel volume change is wirelessly detected by a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor. A pH-sensitive hydrogel magnet bilayer is fabricated and tested as proof of the concept. The sensor shows a sensitivity of 0.01 Oe/pH, a resolution of 0.05 pH unit between pH 4 and pH 6, and a response time of 30 minutes. The described device is the first integrated wireless hydrogel/polymeric-magnet transducer with potential applications in biomedical and environmental sensing areas.
Facial nerve monitoring in middle ear and mastoid surgery.

Hypothesis Intraoperative electromyographic facial nerve monitoring, long accepted as the standard of care in surgery for acoustic neuroma and other cerebellopontine angle tumors, may be of aid in middle ear and mastoid surgery. Study Design Retrospective series of 262 cases of middle ear/mastoid surgery in which monitoring was performed by a neurophysiologist. Methods Neurophysiological monitoring events were classified as mechanical or electrical. The voltages producing facial nerve stimulation were compiled and compared with observed facial nerve dehiscence. Results The most common use of monitoring was localization of the facial nerve by electrical stimulation (60%) or identification of mechanically evoked activity (39%). In 57 cases (36%), the first electrical stimulation event evoked a facial nerve response at less than 1 V threshold, indicating little or no bony covering. The minimum stimulation threshold throughout each of these cases was less than 1 V in 88 of the 159 cases (55%) in which stimulation was attempted. In contrast, the facial nerve was visibly dehiscent in only 35 cases (13%). Neurophysiological monitoring confirmed aberrant facial nerve course through the temporal bone in four cases resulting in cancellation of surgical treatment in two cases. Postoperative facial nerve function was preserved in all cases when present preoperatively. Conclusions An electrical stimulation threshold of less than 1 V is a more useful criterion of dehiscence than observation under the operating microscope. The absence of monitoring events allows safe dissection. Monitoring can help locate the facial nerve, guide the dissection and drilling, and confirm its integrity, thereby allowing more definitive surgical treatment while preserving neural function.
Ethical Decision-Making Differences Between American and Moroccan Managers

Our research’s aim is to assess the effect of cultural factors on business ethical decision-making process in a Western cultural context and in a non-Western cultural context. Specifically, this study investigates ethical perceptions, religiosity, personal moral philosophies, corporate ethical values, gender, and ethical intentions of U.S. and Moroccan business managers. The findings demonstrate that significant differences do exist between the two countries in idealism and relativism. Moroccan managers tend to be more idealistic than the U.S. managers. There is a strong positive relationship between religiosity and idealism. There were mixed findings in examining the correlates of religiosity and various components of ethical intentions. Moroccan managers were more homogenous in their corporate ethical values than were the U.S. managers. The results demonstrate that (in general) idealism is a good predictor of ethical intentions and behaviors. Additionally, managers from the two countries differed in the degree of relationship between perceptions and intentions in three of the four scenarios. This study’s results confirm other research findings that, in general, female business managers have higher ethical sensitivity in terms of their ethical judgment than their male counterparts. Managerial implications are also discussed.