cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for predicting frequencies of random events

This paper presents a new technique for forecasting frequencies of events over time for individuals. The technique bases future occurrences on an estimation procedure based on historical data. The ...
Use of Automatic Position Reporting System Data for Enhancing Transportation Planning Operations

Highway speed and travel times are generally the standard for evaluating highway network performance. Yet these data are often costly or difficult to obtain. As such, recent research has focused on exploiting new technologies (e.g., cell phones) as cost-effective sources of speed and travel time information. Consistent with this work, a new source of data and an acquisition approach that provides both vehicle speed and travel time measurements from ad hoc probe vehicles at modest cost are presented. In this system, probe vehicles collect Global Positioning System speed, heading, and position data and transmit them over amateur radio frequencies. Frequencies are monitored by personal computers, which are used to receive and process the probe data. System output consists of records containing traveler location, speed, and the time at which data were transmitted. Moreover, these data are managed and maintained as layers of points in a geographic information system and lend themselves to use in several applications. Contrasted with the system described, most traditional speed measurement systems (e.g., loop sensors) are restricted to collecting data at fixed points along major highways where sensors are installed. However, probe data facilitate regional analysis since acquiring information from probe vehicles does not depend on fixed observation points. Some of these applications and advantages of the data are discussed, and a detailed comparison of speed data retrieved from the presented probe system and data collected by traffic loop sensors is provided. The analysis demonstrates that the described probe vehicle system is an effective transportation data source.
Some simple homeomorphism groups having nonsolvable outer automorphism groups

Let B(ℝ) be the group of homeomcrphisms of the real line having bounded support. Higman has shown that (ℝ) is simple. Schreier conjectured in 1928 that for any simple group, the outer automorphism groiftp is solvable. But it turns out that not only is Outer(ℝ) non-sol table, but its derived series stabilizes after one step. Thus, although the counterexample is infinite, solvability fails as it must in finite groups (rather than because the derived series descends ad infinitum). For another (new) simple group G, Outer(G) is its own derived group. A countable counterexample is also given. Most important among the new simple groups is the group of diffeomorphisms (differentiable, but not necessarily C1) of the real line having bounded support.
Screening for lung cancer: what have we learned?

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to briefly review the history of lung cancer screening, discuss the results and implications of the National Lung Screening Trial, and address some of the questions that remain since the publication of this landmark study. CONCLUSION. Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States and the world. The National Lung Screening Trial showed a 20% reduction in lung cancer mortality among individuals at high risk undergoing low-dose CT. The findings opened the door for clinical lung cancer screening and publication of lung cancer screening guidelines. However, many questions remain, including whom to screen, how often, and for how long. Furthermore, costs and effects on the health care system remain unclear.
Creation of degraded wiretap channel through deliberate noise in block ciphered systems

In this paper we propose an encoding-encryption approach to take advantage of intentional noise introduced in ciphertexts for DES based block ciphers working in CFB mode. Despite Eve's efforts in modifying her linear crytanalysis given the intercepted noisy ciphertexts, there is still a non-negligible probability of having either a crypto-analysis failure or a misdetected key under her limited resources. Consequently, we essentially create a wiretap channel in application layer that is a degraded version of the main channel, whose secrecy rate depends on the deliberately introduced bit error rate. In addition, Alice can accordingly adjust that cross over probability of the channel to maximize the secrecy rate. This secrecy rate can be achieved by wiretap channel coding over multiple frames in application layer if the delay in system is bearable.
The use of a modified administrative procedure (MAP) for the bender-gestalt test with schizophrenic patients and normals

Advocated a modified procedure for administering the Bender Gestalt Test that involves administering the BG in a conventional way and, after a brief intervening period, a second administration with specific instructions to copy the BG designs exactly. Three subtypes of schizophrenia and a normal control group were studied: 25 paranoids, 25 chronic undifferentiated, 25 schizoaffectives, and 25 controls. Each schizophrenic subgroup demonstrated significant improvement in performance on the BG when the modified administrative procedure was employed. Some implications of the findings are discussed.
High-grade dysplastic adenoma-like mass lesions are not an indication for colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Objective. The management of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) in polypoid lesions in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) is not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical course of patients with HGD in adenoma-like dysplasia-associated lesion or masses (DALMs) in the absence of any synchronous flat dysplasia. We hypothesize that colectomy is not warranted in patients who undergo complete excision of adenoma-like DALMs with HGD in UC. Material and methods. Pathology and clinical databases were systematically searched for the presence of dysplastic lesions in inflammatory bowel disease from 1997 to 2004. Patients with UC who had adenoma-like DALMs were identified, and a subset with HGD lesions was defined as our study cohort. Results. A total of 102 patients with UC were identified. Thirty of them (29%) had adenoma-like DALMs without synchronous flat dysplasia; 9 of these patients (30%) had HGD in these lesions. Thirty-two surveillance colonoscopies were performed in this coh...
The use of quadratic residue research

Some of the problems of simulating discrete event systems, particularly computer systems, on a conventional digital computer are dealt with. The systems are assumed to be described as a network of interconnected sequential processes. Briefly reviewed are the common techniques used to handle such simulations when simultaneous events do not occur, can be ignored, or can be handled by simple priority rules. Following this, the problem of dealing with simultaneous events in separate processes is introduced. An abstraction of this problem is developed which admits solution for a majority of commonly encountered problems. The technique will either find a method of simulating the parallel events or report that none can be found. In some of the latter cases it is shown to be possible to find a solution by extending the information available to the solution technique, but in many cases the technique becomes computationally unfeasible when the additional information is provided.
Assembly of chloroplast cytochromes b and c.

The synthesis of holocytochromes in plastids is a catalyzed process. Several proteins, including plastid CcsA, Ccs1, possibly CcdA and a thioredoxin, plus at least two additional Ccs factors, are required in sub-stoichiometric amounts for the conversion of apocytochromes f and c6 to their respective holoforms. CcsA, proposed to be a heme delivery factor, and Ccs1, an apoprotein chaperone, are speculated to interact physically in vivo. The formation of holocytochrome b6 is a multi-step pathway in which at least four, as yet unidentified, Ccb factors are required for association of the bH heme. The specific requirement of reduced heme for in vitro synthesis of a cytochrome b559-derived holo-� 2 suggests that cytochrome b synthesis in PSII might also be catalyzed in vivo. © 2000 Societe francaise de biochimie et biologie moleculaire / Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS heme / cytochrome b / cytochrome c / assembly / chloroplast
The CCK-A receptor antagonist devazepide but not the CCK-B receptor antagonist L-365,260 reverses the effects of chronic clozapine and haloperidol on midbrain dopamine neurons.

In this study, we examined the effects of the cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) antagonist devazepide (MK 329) and the CCK-B antagonist L-365,260 to reverse the decrease in the number of spontaneously active dopamine (DA) cells in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta after chronic haloperidol (HAL) or clozapine (CLOZ) treatment. The intravenous administration of devazepide (2 μg/kg) but not L-365,260 (2 μg/kg) reversed the reduction in the number of spontaneously active A9 and A10 DA cells produced by chronic HAL. Furthermore, devazepide also reversed the decrease in the number of spontaneously active A10 DA cells produced by chronic CLOZ administration. Overall, these results suggest that CCK-A but not CCK-B receptors play an important role in mediating or maintaining the chronic antipsychotic drug-induced effect on midbrain DA cells.
A light and electron microscope study of epitheliocystis in juvenile steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

. Ultrastructural analysis of epitheliocystis organisms from gills of anadromous juvenile steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, revealed the presence of several distinct forms. Two oval infectious organisms resembled previously described agents and had chlamydia-like characteristics. One form had a distinct oval head region from which a tail-like structure projected. These prokaryotic forms have an ultrastructural appearance which has not been described in previous reports of epitheliocystis. Morphological analyses of gill epithelial cells of S. gairdneri suggest that each cyst remains contained within the cytoplasm of a single host cell.
In Situ Tissue Analysis of Neuropeptides by MALDI FTMS In-Cell Accumulation

Herein we report the first application of Fourier transform mass spectrometry for the analysis of neuropeptides directly from neuronal tissues. Sample preparation protocols and instrumentation conditions are developed to allow in situ neuropeptide analysis of the neuroendocrine organs freshly isolated from a marine organism Cancer borealis. The utility of a previously developed in-cell accumulation (ICA) technique is extended for peptide analysis in complex tissue samples. With the ICA procedure, ion signals from multiple laser shots are accumulated in the analyzer cell prior to detection. This procedure allows the accumulation of ion signals without accumulating noise, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio and enhancing the sensitivity for the detection of trace-level endogenous neuropeptides. De novo sequencing of peptides directly from tissue samples becomes more feasible through this improvement. Additionally, an integrated pulse sequence is constructed to cover a wide mass range from m/z 215 to 9000 by centering quadrupole collection of ions at different masses for successive laser shots. Finally, improved mass measurement accuracy (2 ppm) for tissue peptide analysis is achieved using ICA by incorporating calibrants on a separate spot from the sample of interest without premixing calibration standards with the analytes.
The What and how of Medical Device Design Validation: A Human Factors Methodology

To meet the FDA's Quality System Regulation, medical device manufacturers must include design validation as part of their design and development activities. However, the regulation does not specify which product requirements must be validated or what methods satisfy a proper design validation process. This paper outlines an approach that device manufacturers can follow to determine which product requirements should undergo design validation testing and what types of testing methods should be used.
In-Hospital Neurologic Deterioration Following Fractures of the Ankylosed Spine: A Single-Institution Experience

Objective To determine the rate and severity of in-hospital neurologic deterioration following vertebral fractures of spinal hyperostosis. Methods A retrospective review of 92 fractures in 81 patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (42%) or ankylosing spondylitis (58%) was performed. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and fracture and treatment characteristics were recorded. Neurologic presentation and outcomes were categorized using American Spinal Injury Association grades and the modified Rankin Scale. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors for neurologic deterioration or poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale 4–6). Results Most fractures (66%) occurred after falls of standing height or less. Presentation was delayed in 41% of patients (median 7 days), and diagnosis was delayed in 21% (median 8 days). Most fractures were extension (60%) or distraction (78%) injuries involving all 3 spinal columns. Median Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification and Thoracolumbar Injury Severity Scale scores were 6 (interquartile range 5–7) and 7 (interquartile range 6–8), respectively. Of patients, 62% underwent open operative fusion either as initial therapy or after failed conservative treatment, 20% had percutaneous instrumentation, and 27% were treated in an external orthosis (52% required open fusion). Neurologic deterioration after presentation occurred in 7 patients (8.6%); 5 of these patients deteriorated after surgical treatment, constituting a 7.6% surgical risk. The presenting American Spinal Injury Association grade and patient age predicted poor outcome at 1-year outcome ( P Conclusions Neurologic deterioration during the initial hospitalization after spinal fractures in the setting of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis or ankylosing spondylitis is common, and 1-year mortality is high.
MIRA-seq for DNA methylation analysis of CpG islands

Aim: To develop a reliable method for whole genome analysis of DNA methylation. Materials & methods: Genome-scale analysis of DNA methylation includes affinity-based approaches such as enrichment using methyl-CpG-binding proteins. One of these methods, the methylated-CpG island recovery assay (MIRA), is based on the high affinity of the MBD2b-MBD3L1 complex for CpG-methylated DNA. Here we provide a detailed description of MIRA and combine it with next generation sequencing platforms (MIRA-seq). Results: We assessed the performance of MIRA-seq and compared the data with whole genome bisulfite sequencing. Conclusion: MIRA-seq is a reliable, genome-scale DNA methylation analysis platform for scoring DNA methylation differences at CpG-rich genomic regions. The method is not limited by primer or probe design and is cost effective.
Comparative Study of Hydrogen Diffusion in Hot-Wire and Glow-Discharge-Deposited a-Si:H

Long-range atomic H motion in hot-wire deposited (HW) a-Si:H is compared directly to that in glow-discharge deposited (GD) a-Si:H by monitoring the deuterium secondary ion mass spectrometry (DSIMS) profiles in [GD a-Si:H]/[GD a-Si:(H,D)]/[HW a-Si:H] multilayers vs annealing temperature and time. While the profiles in the GD layer are in excellent agreement with complenetary error-function behavior and previous studies, the profiles in the HW layer suggest that the multiple-trapping motion of the H and D atoms is much slower, possibly due to an interface layer of defects. However, an exponential tail of D atoms extends deep into the HW layer, probably due to a long diffusion length of mobile D atoms, consistent with the established release times of H and D from the GD layer and H loss typical during growth of HW films. The results are also discussed in terms of the H exchange model and compared to previous NMR studies of HW a-Si:H, which suggest that most of the hydrogen in the HW layer is concentrated in H-rich clusters dispersed in a network of very low H content.
ON CONNECTING RED AND BLUE RECTILINEAR POLYGONAL OBSTACLES WITH NONINTERSECTING MONOTONE RECTILINEAR PATHS

We present efficient algorithms for the problems of matching red and blue disjoint geometric obstacles in the plane and connecting the matched obstacle pairs with mutually nonintersecting paths tha...
Non-Gaussian belief space planning: Correctness and complexity

We consider the partially observable control problem where it is potentially necessary to perform complex information-gathering operations in order to localize state. One approach to solving these problems is to create plans in belief-space, the space of probability distributions over the underlying state of the system. The belief-space plan encodes a strategy for performing a task while gaining information as necessary. Unlike most approaches in the literature which rely upon representing belief state as a Gaussian distribution, we have recently proposed an approach to non-Gaussian belief space planning based on solving a non-linear optimization problem defined in terms of a set of state samples [1]. In this paper, we show that even though our approach makes optimistic assumptions about the content of future observations for planning purposes, all low-cost plans are guaranteed to gain information in a specific way under certain conditions. We show that eventually, the algorithm is guaranteed to localize the true state of the system and to reach a goal region with high probability. Although the computational complexity of the algorithm is dominated by the number of samples used to define the optimization problem, our convergence guarantee holds with as few as two samples. Moreover, we show empirically that it is unnecessary to use large numbers of samples in order to obtain good performance.
Ultra-high energy cosmic rays: Setting the stage

The history of ultra-high energy cosmic ray physics is reviewed from the post-war era of arrays such as Volcano Ranch, Haverah Park and Akeno to the development of air-fluorescence and current hybrid arrays. The aim of this paper is to present the background information needed for a better understanding of the current issues in this field that are discussed in much greater depth in the rest of this conference. a. Pre-history: the discovery of cosmic radiation and the study of its penetrating power. This led to great debates between Millikan and Compton about the kinds of particles that composed it. The discovery of the latitude effect followed by the East-West effect conclusively proved that the majority of the cosmic ray particles were positively charged (protons and nuclei). b. Ancient history: the discovery that high energy cosmic radiation produced extensive air showers and that much of the cosmic radiation on the surface was the result of secondary processes in the atmosphere. This was also the era when the presence of very high energy particles in the primary radiation was clearly demonstrated (by B. Rossi, P. Auger and others). c. Middle Ages: the post-war development of large area surface detectors covering areas up to 10km 2 coming from the pioneering work of B. Rossi., J. Linsley and others. d. Renaissance: the development of fully calorimetric techniques based on air-fluorescence (by the Fly's Eye group, based on earlier work of J. Keuffel, K. Greisen and others) and the extension of ground arrays to 100km 2 (AGASA). e. Modern times: the refinement of air-fluorescence techniques (HiRes) and the construction of hybrid air-fluorescence/surface array detectors of unprecedented scale (Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO), Telescope Array (TA)). 2. POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS
Troubleshooting the diabetic small animal patient

Effective troubleshooting for a diabetic small animal patient starts with the initial diagnosis of diabetes. Preempting trouble with a thorough and complete history, physical examination, laboratory assessment, and extensive and thoughtful client education before discharge, are crucial first steps toward avoiding trouble altogether. As problems arise, careful consideration of the many variables that contribute to effective diabetic control is necessary. As monitoring strategies evolve and treatment options expand, the clinician's ability to accurately assess and adjust the glycemic control in his or her troubled diabetic patient improves. Common causes of trouble in diabetic patients are reviewed and various strategies for the diagnosis and management of these disorders are discussed in this article. Every effort was made to draw from recently published reports of clinical cases. Few diseases will tie together owner, patient, and therapy as intimately as diabetes mellitus, and few problems will be solved without fully considering all potential factors.
Semidefinite programming duality and linear time-invariant systems

Several important problems in control theory can be reformulated as semidefinite programming problems, i.e., minimization of a linear objective subject to linear matrix inequality (LMI) constraints. From convex optimization duality theory, conditions for infeasibility of the LMIs, as well as dual optimization problems, can be formulated. These can in turn be reinterpreted in control or system theoretic terms, often yielding new results or new proofs for existing results from control theory. We explore such connections for a few problems associated with linear time-invariant systems.
The mTOR Signaling Network: Insights from Its Role During Embryonic Development

Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling, originally discovered as the pathway affected by an antifungal macrolide, exemplifies the potential of medicinal chemistry as a discovery tool. Three decades from its identification, signaling involving the TOR kinase has evolved into a complex network with a crucial role in vertebrate growth control. Specifically, it integrates signals to coordinate cell growth (i.e., enhanced mass and size) and cell cycle progression with sufficiency of nutrients, energy, and growth factors. In this review, we discuss multiple aspects of TOR signaling, including cellular regulators and mediators, human diseases related to TOR dysregulation such as cancer, and signaling nodes in the pathway amenable to targeted drug inhibition. The functions and mechanisms of TOR during embryonic development highlight the dynamic role of TOR signaling and reveal additional functions beyond cell growth control. Embryonic TOR signaling has differential tissue-specific and temporal effects, and is involved in organogenesis, sexual differentiation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signaling. Molecular mechanisms that may contribute to embryonic-specific TOR functions are also examined here. Finally, this review discusses the complex signaling of mTOR in cancer and the development of mTOR inhibitors for cancer therapy.
Plagiarism detection in software designs

Detecting plagiarism in software is a computationally complex process. At the same time it is critical, for the lack of a deterrent through detection may result in various losses. Several systems to detect plagiarism have been proposed. However, their lexically-based analysis is not powerfull enough and can be foiled with minimal efforts. To address their shortcomings, we have devised a detection framework with the following salient features: (1) designs, instead of code, are compared; (2) multi--level abstractions of the design are generated; and (3) comparison follows a stepwise process according to the abstraction levels. A comparison with existing systems shows that this strategy results in simpler algorithms and more accurate analyses.
Classification of multiple M-ary frequency-shift keying signals over a Rayleigh fading channel

We develop and analyze classifiers for multiple M-ary frequency-shift keying (MFSK) signals traveled over a static frequency nonselective Rayleigh fading channel. The classifier is based on approximating the likelihood function (LF) of the frequency modulated digital signals and is derived for both synchronous and asynchronous waveforms. Two cases are considered; the first one is concerned with the signals that have identical modulation type [for example, binary FSK (BFSK) or quaternary FSK (QFSK)]. The second case deals with the signals with different modulation type. We use complex envelope representation of the signals and noise to derive the LF. Simulation experiments are illustrated to validate the theoretical developments.
Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization

Diagnostic cardiac catheterization is the process of introducing, under local anesthesia, hollow plastic tubes 2 to 3 mm in diameter called catheters (Figure 1) into veins and/or arteries in the neck, leg, or arm, from which they are advanced to the right and/or left sides of the heart (Figure 2). Once the catheters are positioned in the various heart chambers or blood vessels, the pressure of the blood in various chambers of the heart can be measured, blood samples can be taken, and dye (radiographic contrast material) can be injected (a process called angiography) to allow x-ray visualization. Unlike bones, which are easily seen on x-ray, the heart and blood vessels cannot be visualized by x-ray unless they are filled with contrast dye. Figure 1. Typical catheters used for pressure measurements and angiography. The catheters are approximately 100 to 110 cm (40 to 45 inches) in length and 2 mm (1/10 inches) in diameter. Figure 2. The arterial (red) and venous (blue) systems are depicted. In the venous system, a catheter (depicted in light blue) is seen coming from a vein in the neck and entering the right-sided heart chambers. In the arterial system, a catheter (also depicted in light blue) is seen coming from an artery in the leg and entering the left-sided heart chambers. This left-sided catheter is curled at its …
Funding A Warranty Reserve With Contributions After Each Sale

We consider funding an interest-bearing warranty reserve with contributions after each sale. The problem for the manufacturer is to determine the initial level of the reserve fund and the amount to be put in after each sale, so as to ensure that the reserve fund covers all of the warranty liabilities with a prespecified probability over a fixed period of time. We assume a nonhomogeneous Poisson sales process, random warranty periods, and a constant failure rate for items under warranty. We derive the mean and variance of the reserve level as a function of time and provide a robust heuristic to aid the manufacturer in its decision.
Growth rate of second-harmonic generation in glass

We study the growth rate of the light-induced second-order nonlinearity in germanium-doped optical fiber preforms. We seed the glass with both infrared light and green light (Nd:YAG and doubled Nd:YAG) to create the second-order nonlinearity and measure its formation rate while varying the intensity of either the fundamental or the second-harmonic seeding beams. We find that the formation rate varies as a power law of the intensities, but with an exponent larger than predicted by recent models.
Predicted changes in subyearling fall Chinook salmon rearing and migratory habitat under two drawdown scenarios for John Day Reservoir, Columbia River

Abstract We evaluated the potential effects of two different drawdown scenarios on rearing and migration habitat of subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in John Day Reservoir on the Columbia River. We compared habitats at normal operating pool elevation with habitats at drawdown to spillway crest elevation and drawdown to the historical natural river elevation for two flows (4,417 and 8,495 m3/s). Using two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling and a predictive habitat model, we determined the quantity and spatial distribution of rearing habitat and predicted water velocities. We predicted that the most habitat area would occur under normal pool elevation, but 93% of habitat was located in the upper third of the reservoir. Although less habitat area was predicted under drawdown to the spillway crest and the natural river, it was distributed more homogeneously throughout the study area. Habitat connectivity, patch size, and percent of suitable shoreline were greatest under drawdown to the n...
Rising Inequality and the Case for Coalition Politics

Income and wage inequalities in the United States have increased significantly since 1973. This article documents these changes and argues that an organized national multiracial political constituency is needed for the development and implementation of policies that will help reverse the trends of the rising inequality and ease the burdens of ordinary families. However, a vision of American society that highlights racial differences rather than commonalities makes it difficult for Americans to see the need for and appreciate the potential of mutual political support across racial lines. Accordingly, this article explains why the idea of a national multiracial coalition should be seriously considered. It also spells out the theoretical conditions that facilitate the formation of such a coalition. Finally, it discusses a current network of community grassroots organizations—the Industrial Areas Foundation—that demonstrates how obstacles to sustained interracial cooperation can be overcome.
Hierarchical Decomposition Synthesis in Optimal Systems Design

Optimal design of large systems is easier if the optimization model can be decomposed and solved as a set of smaller, coordinated subproblems. Casting a given design problem into a particular optimization model by selecting objectives and constraints is generally a subjective task. In system models where hierarchical decomposition is possible, a formal process for selecting objective functions can be made, so that the resulting optimal design model has an appropriate decomposed form and also possesses desirable properties for the scalar substitute functions used in multicriteria optimization. Such a process is often followed intuitively during the development of a system optimization model by summing selected objectives from each subsystem into a single overall system objective. The more formal process presented in this article is simple to implement and amenable to automation.
Graph Cut Segmentation with Nonlinear Shape Priors

Graph cut image segmentation with intensity information alone is prone to fail for objects with weak edges, in clutter, or under occlusion. Existing methods to incorporate shape are often too restrictive for highly varied shapes, use a single fixed shape which may be prone to misalignment, or are computationally intensive. In this note we show how highly variable nonlinear shape priors learned from training sets can be added to existing iterative graph cut methods for accurate and efficient segmentation of such objects. Using kernel principle component analysis, we demonstrate how a shape projection pre-image can induce an iteratively refined shape prior in a Bayesian manner. Examples of natural imagery show that both single-pass and iterative segmentation fail without such shape information.
Fine-Structure Mapping by Transformation in the Tryptophan Region of Bacillus subtilis

Carlton, Bruce C. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Fine-structure mapping by transformation in the tryptophan region of Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 91:1795-1803. 1966.-The arrangements of eight mutational sites within a segment of the tryptophan cluster of Bacillus subtilis have been determined by three-point reciprocal crosses with a mutation in the same gene cluster used as an outside marker. Estimates of distances between sites were made by two-point crosses and normalization to recombination values for an unlinked marker to correct for physiological variabilities between recipient strains. In general, the additivities of map distances determined by this procedure were reasonable, although some discrepancies were noted in reciprocal crosses between widely separated sites within the gene region examined. No definitive polarity effect on recombination was evident, and it appears that the variations observed in reciprocal crosses may be an effect of the probability of recovery of crossovers between exogenotic and endogenotic segments. It is concluded that fine-structure mapping is feasible for the transformation system in this organism and that a high degree of resolution can be attained.
Optimum structural design for simultaneous multicomponent static and dynamic inputs

The method of optimality criterion and recursion precedure is employed for the design of braced and unbraced structural systems subject to various static and dynamic forces. The dynamic excitations can be applied forces, ground motions, or the equivalent seismic forces of the Uniform building Code (UBC). By using a sophisticated computer program developed, it has been found that: (1) for a set of given loads and constraints, the optimum braced system is lighter than an unbraced system, (2) the use of the natural period recommended by the code in the design yields lighter structure than that based on the period of eigensolution, (3) for seismic structural design, three to five fundamental modes are needed for adequate accuracy, and the P-Δ effect, due to vertical ground motion and the gravity load, must be considerded because it demands heavier structural design, (4) the code does not provide an adequate structural design as the actual earthquake response spectrum requires, and (5) the interaction of three-dimensional earthquake motions can significantly influence an optimum design and is currently under investigation.
Steroid--protein interactions--XXXVIII. Influence of steroid structure on affinity to the progesterone-binding globulin.

Abstract The association constants, K A , of the complexes of more than a hundred steroids with the progesterone-binding globulin (PBG) were determined by fluorescence quenching titration and competitive binding equilibrium dialysis. By comparison of the K A values for individual steroids that differed only by one structural change, the effect of this change on the binding affinity and on the free energy of binding was assessed. The binding to PBG is provided predominantly by hydrophobic forces; hydrogen bonding also occurs, for example, at the 3-oxo group. The progesterone molecule appears to be in almost perfect contact with the binding site of PBG; introduction of most substituents decreases the binding affinity. Testosterone is more loosely associated with PBG, but the affinity constant approaches that of the progesterone complex when the 17β-hydroxy group is acetylated. Changing the steroid conformation to a more planar structure results in stronger binding; this is seen with 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione, with the 4,6-dienes, and with the 19-norsteroids. A synoptic interpretation of the effects of the various structural changes on binding affinity leads to a conceptual image of the binding site.
Efficient and equitable HIV prevention: A case study of male circumcision in South Africa

We determine efficient, equitable and mixed efficient-equitable allocations of a male circumcision (MC) intervention reducing female to male HIV transmission in South Africa (SA), as a case study of an efficiency-equity framework for resource allocation in HIV prevention. We present a mathematical model developed with epidemiological and cost data from the nine provinces of SA. The hypothetical one-year-long MC intervention with a budget of US$ 10 million targeted adult men 15–49 years of age in SA. The intervention was evaluated according to two criteria: an efficiency criterion, which focused on maximizing the number of HIV infections averted by the intervention, and an equity criterion (defined geographically), which focused on maximizing the chance that each male adult individual had access to the intervention regardless of his province. A purely efficient intervention would prevent 4,008 HIV infections over a year. In the meantime, a purely equitable intervention would avert 3,198 infections, which represents a 20% reduction in infection outcome as compared to the purely efficient scenario. A half efficient-half equitable scenario would prevent 3,749 infections, that is, a 6% reduction in infection outcome as compared to the purely efficient scenario. This paper provides a framework for resource allocation in the health sector which incorporates a simple equity metric in addition to efficiency. In the specific context of SA with a MC intervention for the prevention of HIV, incorporation of geographical equity only slightly reduces the overall efficiency of the intervention.
Viral detection using DNA functionalized gold filaments.

Early detection of pediatric viruses is critical to effective intervention. A successful clinical tool must have a low detection limit, be simple to use and report results quickly. No current method meets all three of these criteria. In this report, we describe an approach that combines simple, rapid processing and label free detection. The method detects viral RNA using DNA hairpin structures covalently attached to a gold filament. In this design, the gold filament serves both to simplify processing and enable fluorescence detection. The approach was evaluated by assaying for the presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) using the DNA hairpin probe 5′ [C6Thiol]TTTTTTTTTTCGACGAAAAATGGGGCAAATACGTCG[CAL] 3′ covalently attached to a 5 cm length of a 100 µm diameter gold-clad filament. This sequence was designed to target a portion of the gene end-intergenic gene start signals which is repeated multiple times within the negative-sense genome giving multiple targets for each strand of genomic viral RNA present. The filament functionalized with probes was immersed in a 200 µm capillary tube containing viral RNA, moved to subsequent capillary tubes for rinsing and then scanned for fluorescence. The response curve had a typical sigmoidal shape and plateaued at about 300 plaque forming units (PFU) of viral RNA in 20 µL. The lower limit of detection was determined to be 11.9 PFU. This lower limit of detection was ∼200 times better than a standard comparison ELISA. The simplicity of the core assay makes this approach attractive for further development as a viral detection platform in a clinical setting.
The Role of Microsimulation in Longitudinal Data Analysis

Microsimulation is well known as a tool for static analysis of tax and transfer policies, for the generation of programmatic cost estimates, and dynamic analyses of socio-economic and demographic systems. However, microsimulation also has the potential to contribute to longitudinal data analysis in several ways, including extending the range of outputs generated by a model, addressing several defective-data problems, and serving as a vehicle for missing-data imputation. This paper discusses microsimulation procedures suitable for several commonly-used statistical models applied to longitudinal data. It also addresses the unique role that can be played by microsimulation in longitudinal data analysis, and the problem of accounting for the several sources of variability associated with microsimulation procedures.
A discrete-time scheduling model for continuous power-intensive process networks with various power contracts

Abstract Increased volatility in electricity prices and new emerging demand side management opportunities call for efficient tools for the optimal operation of power-intensive processes. In this work, a general discrete-time model is proposed for the scheduling of power-intensive process networks with various power contracts. The proposed model consists of a network of processes represented by Convex Region Surrogate models that are incorporated in a mode-based scheduling formulation, for which a block contract model is considered that allows the modeling of a large variety of commonly used power contracts. The resulting mixed-integer linear programming model is applied to an illustrative example as well as to a real-world industrial test case. The results demonstrate the model's capability in representing the operational flexibility in a process network and different electricity pricing structures. Moreover, because of its computational efficiency, the model holds much promise for its use in a real industrial setting.
Editor's Note: JAESE's Initial Aim, Scope And Business Model

It is my professional privilege and personal pleasure to welcome you to the first issue of the new Journal of Astronomy & Earth Sciences Education. This journal is the direct result of the discipline-based science education research community coming together to explore new publishing options and business models to better connect theory, research, and practice of teaching and learning to improving Earth sciences science education at all levels, K-to-grey (kindergarten to senior citizens). Such action has taken tremendous courage by many parties to try something bold and new, as well as hold dear a commitment to honoring science education research traditions of the past. The initial direction and structure of JAESE has been guided by a highly-experienced editorial advisory and review board who have enthusiastically volunteered their time, expertise, and credibility to help this journal come to fruition.
Volume Overload Profiles in Patients With Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction Chronic Heart Failure: Are There Differences? A Pilot Study.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to characterize volume profiles and their differences in heart failure (HF) patients with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced (HFrEF) ventricular systolic function. Background The extent and distribution of volume overload and the associated implications for volume management have not been studied in decompensated HFpEF compared with HFrEF. Methods Total blood volume (TBV) was quantitated using a standardized computer-based radiolabeled albumin dilution technique. Results Twenty HFpEF and 35 HFrEF patients were evaluated at hospital admission. TBV was expanded by 27 ± 21% (range -5.2% to 77%; p = 0.002) and 37 ± 25% (0% to 107%; p Conclusions TBV profiles differ between HFpEF and HFrEF patients with DCHF. Quantitated volume analysis revealed both significant RBCM (polycythemia) and plasma volume excess in HFrEF, whereas a higher RBCM deficit (true anemia) was demonstrated in HFpEF. Diuresis produced only a modest reduction in intravascular volumes with persistent hypervolemia in both groups at discharge, but overall more total body fluid was lost in HFpEF. These profile differences have implications for individualizing volume management.
Inhibition of Melatonin-Induced Ascorbic Acid and LHRH Release by a Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclic GMP Inhibitor

Melatonin (MEL), the principle secretory product of the pineal gland, has been shown to function as an antioxidant and free-radical scavenger. We previously showed that the release of ascorbic acid (AA) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) from medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) was mediated by nitric oxide (NO) that released cyclic guanosine 3′5′-monophosphate (cGMP). Therefore, it was of interest to evaluate the effect of MEL on AA and LHRH release and study the effect of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione (LY 83583), and a guanylyl cyclase (GC) inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (O.D.Q.), on the release process. Because NO has been shown to activate soluble guanylyl cyclase that elicited an elevation of cGMP in target cells, in the current investigation LY 83583, O.D.Q., or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA), a competitive inhibitor of NOS, were used to evaluate their effects on MEL-induced AA and LHRH release. Medial basal hypothalami wer...
Visualizing the Dynamics of Nanoparticles in Liquids by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Taking advantage of ionic liquid nonvolatility, the Brownian motions of nanospheres and nanorods in free-standing liquid films were visualized in situ by scanning electron microscopy. Despite the imaging environment’s high vacuum, a liquid cell was not needed. For suspensions that are dilute and films that are thick compared to the particle diameter, the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients determined by single-particle tracking agree with theoretical predictions. In thinner films, a striking dynamical pairing of nanospheres was observed, manifesting a balance of capillary and hydrodynamic interactions, the latter strongly accentuated by the two-dimensional film geometry. Nanospheres at high concentration displayed subdiffusive caged motion. Concentrated nanorods in the thinner films transiently assembled into finite stacks but did not achieve high tetratic order. The illustrated imaging protocol will broadly apply to the study of soft matter structure and dynamics with great potential impact.
Design and Implementation of Session Border Controller on IMS Access Side

With the development of 3G and 4G,IMS platform has become the core network of rich multimedia communication provided by the mainstream operating at home and abroad,User access side turn to IMS access and mobile Internet,also makes the originally closed user communication system open to Internet and mobile Internet,brings the convenience of communication but also brings the communication security problem. This paper proposes a kind of design method for IP communications application level firewalls of IMS access side namely enterprise session border controller,put forward the system structure of the separated signaling and media,and gives the main realized points of key functions such as the topology hiding,NAT crossing and agent registration. At last,through actual network test shows that this method can effectively isolate the enterprise communication system and ensure the safety of IP communications.
The Effects of Turner Syndrome, 45,X on Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Evaluation

Objective This study aims to evaluate the perinatal and neonatal outcomes associated with prenatal diagnosis of 45,X, both with and without fetal cardiac anomalies. Study Design A retrospective cohort of singleton pregnancies in California, 2005 to 2008, using vital statistics and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision data, identifying prenatally diagnosed 45,X. Outcomes included preterm delivery, preeclampsia, intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD), cesarean section, small for gestational age (SGA), neonatal death, and infant death. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare pregnancies and neonates with and without 45,X. Prenatally diagnosed cardiac anomalies were also considered. Results Of the 2,029,000 deliveries, 138 had prenatally diagnosed 45,X. Out of these 138 deliveries, 22 had a prenatally diagnosed cardiac anomaly. Compared with unaffected pregnancies, those with fetal 45,X had higher rates of preterm delivery (19.5 vs. 9.9%, p = 0.001), cesarean section (44.2 vs. 30.2%, p < 0.0001), and SGA (21.5 vs. 6.3%, p < 0.0001). The affected cohort had no IUFDs. Neonatal death was 14.5 times higher in the 45,X cohort (p < 0.0001). Of only infants with cardiac anomalies, neonatal death was significantly more likely in those with 45,X (p = 0.005). In adjusted analysis, risk of SGA (< 3rd percentile), neonatal death, and infant death remained increased for infants with 45,X while controlling for fetal cardiac anomalies. Conclusion Prenatally diagnosed 45,X was associated with increased risk of cesarean section, and adverse neonatal outcomes, including mortality.
A Summary Perspective

It may be well to set forth as guide lines a sort of summary perspective of what further ideas the reader may expect to meet in the following pages, not presented in the order in which he will encounter them but more compactly so that the chief features will be prominent. We have already seen in the last chapter that the framework of this entire theory of ethics is to be built around the conception of the moral integrative levels. But further orientations should be helpful, for there are some ideas to be advanced here which could not have been predicted from the naturalism of the moral integrative levels taken just by themselves.