cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Details of SERCA Regulation by Phospholamban Revealed by Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancements and Solid-State NMR

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) ia a 110 kDa membrane protein that regulates cardiomyocyte relaxation by transporting Ca2+ into the SR. SERCA is regulated by PLN, a 52-resdiue membrane protein consisting of a helical, inhibitory transmembrane domain and a regulatory cytoplasmic domain. The cytoplasmic domain is in equilibrium between a folded T state and an unfoled R state. Phosphorylation of PLN at S16 relieves the inhibition of SERCA and, based on studies in animal models, mimicking the effects of PLN phosphorylation is a promising path for the development of therapeutics against heart failure.Here we co-reconstituted SERCA and PLN in lipid bilayers under fully functional conditions and utilized solid state NMR to probe the molecular mechanisms of SERCA regulation. Asymmetric spin labeling and isotopic labeling of SERCA, PLN and lipids in combination with magic angle spinning experiments provided paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs) that mapped the structure of the membrane protein complex. PREs were combined with oriented restraints from separated local field experiments, chemical shift perturbations and torsion angles from backbone chemical shifts to determine a structural model of the PLN/SERCA complex. The transmembrane domain of PLN remains anchored to the ATPase, while the cytoplasmic domain is membrane-associated in the T state and interacts transiently with the phosphorylation and nucleotide domains of SERCA in the R state. Phosphorylation increases the R state population and the affinity of the R state for SERCA. These results explain the non-inhibitory character of PLN mutants with increased R state population and provide crucial information for future design of therapeutics to increase SERCA function. In addition, the methodological advances described here further open the landscape to conducting structural studies of membrane protein complexes of molecular weights beyond 100 kDa.
Identification of epithelial label-retaining cells at the transition between the anal canal and the rectum in mice

In certain regions of the body, transition zones exist where stratified squamous epithelia directly abut against other types of epithelia. Certain transition zones are especially prone to tumorigenesis an example being the anorectal junction, although the reason for this is not known. One possibility is that the abrupt transition of the simple columnar epithelium of the colon to the stratified squamous epithelium of the proximal portion of the anal canal may contain a unique stem cell niche. We investigated whether the anorectal region contained cells with stem cell properties relative to the adjacent epithelium. We utilized a tetracycline-regulatable histone H2B-GFP transgenic mice model, previously used to identify hair follicle stem cells, to fluorescently label slow-cycling anal epithelial cells (e.g., prospective stem cells) in combination with a panel of putative stem cell markers. We identified a population of long-term GFP label-retaining cells concentrated at the junction between the anal canal and the rectum. These cells are BrdU-retaining cells and expressed the stem cell marker CD34. Moreover, tracking the fate of the anal label-retaining cells in vivo revealed that the slow-cycling cells only gave rise to progeny of the anal epithelium. In conclusion, we identified a unique population of cells at the anorectal junction which can be separated from the other basal anal epithelial cells based upon the expression of the stem cell marker CD34 and integrin α6, and thus represent a putative anal stem cell population.
Avian corneal innervation: Inhibition of nerve ring formation by 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine

Abstract Normal innervation of embryonic avian cornea is achieved in two distinct phases. During phase I, nerves extend from the ventrotemporal region both dorsally and ventrally around the cornea, but not into it, ultimately encircling the 10th-day cornea. Phase II commences as nerves extend radially from the ring into the corneal stroma and from there into the epithelium. The effect of the glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-oxo- l -norleucine (DON), on this normal sequence of events has been examined. In ovo administration of 5 μg DON on the 5th day of development inhibits the incorporation of [35S]sulfate in sulfated glycosaminoglycans in both the cornea and control tissues and inhibits the completion of phase I. Phase II of corneal innervation appears to be affected only indirectly and extension of nerves into the cornea does occur. However, the number of nerves entering the DON-treated cornea is dramatically reduced. Administration of DON on the 7th or 9th days of development does not affect corneal innervation, but does demonstrate a clear effect on [35S]sulfate incorporation in sulfated glycosaminoglycans by the cornea and control tissues. These data suggest that nerve ring completion is not a prerequisite for extension of nerves into the cornea and suggest an integral role for glycosaminoglycans in facilitating phase I, but not phase II, of corneal innervation.
Preparing to Capture Carbon

Carbon sequestration from large sources of fossil fuel combustion, particularly coal, is an essential component of any serious plan to avoid catastrophic impacts of human-induced climate change. Scientific and economic challenges still exist, but none are serious enough to suggest that carbon capture and storage will not work at the scale required to offset trillions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions over the next century. The challenge is whether the technology will be ready when society decides that it is time to get going.
Viability of Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum Conidia on Exoskeletons of Three Coleopteran Species.

ABSTRACT Butternut canker, caused by Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, is the primary cause of decline of butternut (Juglans cinerea). Conidia of the fungus have been isolated from several insect species. The vector potential of three species of Coleoptera, Astylopsis macula, Eubulus parochus, and Glischrochilus sanguinolentus, was studied during 2001 and 2002. Beetles were collected, rinsed, and artificially inoculated with conidia. All three species carried viable conidia up to 16 days. The mean number of conidia carried per beetle in 2001 was as follows: 3.21 million at 0 h to 11,371 at 384 h for A. macula; 3.91 million at 0 h to 57 at 384 h for E. parochus; and 355,742 at 0 h to 314 at 384 h for G. sanguinolentus. In 2002, the numbers were: 1.42 million at 0 h to 2,814 at 384 h for A. macula; 1.29 million at 0 h to 85 at 384 h for E. parochus; and 72,342 at 0 h to 0 at 192 h for G. sanguinolentus. Using scanning electron microscopy, conidia were observed on the abdomen, thorax, and legs of arti...
Rare Presentation of Metastatic Prostate Adenocarcinoma as a Meningioma Mimic

Background Dural lesions in the anterior skull base may occur secondary to benign or malignant pathology that may be difficult to differentiate on imaging. Detailed clinical evaluation in many cases will narrow the differential diagnosis. In spite of using all the available information, in certain cases the underlying etiology of a lesion remains unclear. Participant We report a rare case of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma to a meningioma in a 67-year-old-man who presented with progressive confusion and mental status alterations with no prior history of malignancy. Neuroimaging revealed a large anterior skull base lesion. Results The lesion was surgically resected, and histopathology revealed a collision tumor, in which prostate adenocarcinoma was found admixed with a World Health Organization grade I meningioma. Conclusion Anterior dural skull base lesions can be either benign or malignant. Although infrequently reported, a benign-appearing dural-based lesion may be a manifestation of an underlying malignancy, and a thorough clinical, radiologic, and pathologic examination may be necessary, especially in the elderly.
Coherence of a Josephson phase qubit under partial-collapse measurement

We discuss quantum evolution of a decaying state in relation to a recent experiment of Katz et al. Based on exact analytical and numerical solutions of a simple model, we identify a regime where the qubit retains coherence over a finite time interval independently of the rates of the three competing decoherence processes. In this regime, the quantum decay process can be continuously monitored via a ``weak'' measurement without affecting the qubit coherence.
Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics∗: A Neurosurgical Perspective on the International Randomized Trial of Extracranial to Intracranial Arterial Bypass Surgery

The abrupt occurrence of a devastating stroke has been referred to as "super death." It has long been realized that ischemic cerebral vascular disease may become symptomatic with a wide variety of clinical patterns. A robust circle of Willis has been recognized for its major protective function in many cases. When it became possible to actually create new collateral circulation to the brain by microsurgical techniques, significant enthusiasm arose. This enthusiasm was interrupted by the negative results of the international randomized trial. Further analysis of the trial raised serious questions regarding incomplete randomization by contributors to the study, and there remains uncertainty about important potential benefits for some individuals. Long-term follow-up of 3 patients having different and complex circumstances is described to emphasize this concern. After the creation of reliable collateral circulation to the brain, none has experienced new ischemic deficit during the subsequent follow-up of 27, 25, and 12 years, respectively.
Lung cancer patients' autoimmune responses to thomsen-friedenreich (T) antigen: Diagnostic utility

The usefulness of T antigen in the diagnosis of lung cancer (LCA), including early, was assessed by determining the in vitro delayed type hypersensitivity response to T(DTHR-T), and by measuring with a solid phase immunofluorescent assay the serum anti-T IgM response. Sensitivity of DTHR-T was 89% for 73 patients with LCA including 8/9 with Stage T1N0M0 disease, overall specificity was 95% for 212 healthy persons and those with non-CA disease. The humoral immune assay detected 31/35 (89%) LCA patients including 4/5 Stage T1N0M0 patients. Overall specificity was >90% among 116 persons without CA.
Observability analysis of inertial navigation systems during in-flight alignment

In this work the observability of an Inertial Navigation System (INS) during In-Flight Alignment (IFA) is investigated. A systematic approach to the observability analysis of a piece-wise constant system is presented and its use is justified mathematically. As a tool for the investigation a Stepped Observability Matrix (SOM) is constructed and a corresponding Stepped Space is defined. The INS error model is transformed into the Stepped Space during a specially chosen IFA trajectory and a full observability is carried out. The results of the mathematical analysis are checked against the results of covariance simulation and a full agreement is found between the two. Finally, the practical implications of this analysis are outlined.
Measurement of Cardiac Mechanical Function in Isolated Ventricular Myocytes from Rats and Mice by Computerized Video-Based Imaging.

Isolated adult cardiac ventricular myocytes have been a useful model for cardiovascular research for more than 20 years. With the recent advances in cellular physiology and transgenic techniques, direct measurement of isolated ventricular myocyte mechanics is becoming an increasingly important technique in cardiac physiology that provides fundamental information on excitation-contraction coupling of the heart, either in drug intervention or pathological states. The goal of this article is to describe the isolation of ventricular myocytes from both rats and mice, and the use of real-time beat-to-beat simultaneous recording of both myocyte contraction and intracellular Ca2+ transients.
The p38 MAPK pathway mediates interleukin-1-induced Sertoli cell proliferation

Abstract We have reported earlier that interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a potent growth factor for immature Sertoli cells (somatic cells in the testis required for testicular development and later spermatogenesis) and that this effect is synergistic with the mitogenic effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The aim of the present study was to determine whether MAPK pathways are involved in mediating the mitogenic effect of IL-1 on Sertoli cells. Western blotting revealed that IL-1α activated p38 MAPK and JNK/SAPK, but not ERK, in Sertoli cells from 8- or 9-day-old rat. The inhibitor of p38 MAPK SB203580 attenuated the IL-1α-induced proliferation of Sertoli cells, as assessed by 3 H-thymidine incorporation and supravital staining as well as by direct cell counting. We conclude that the p38 MAPK pathway mediates the proliferative effect of IL-1α on immature Sertoli cells in vitro. Since the mitogenic effect of FSH is mediated via ERK, the synergistic action of IL-1α and FSH may be explained by their different intracellular signalling pathways. Induction of IL-1 by inflammation, infection or other tissue injuries may result in testicular damage by interfering with normal Sertoli cell development and thus future spermatogenesis.
Schooling and other human capital investments: Can the effects be identified?

Abstract Schooling is but one important human capital investment. Maximizing allocations of all investments may make difficult the identification of the effect of schooling. Relative price variations across individuals may be inadequate, even if the nonschooling investments are observed (as often is not the case in samples used to estimate the impact of schooling). Therefore the impact of schooling usually is overestimated.
Interleukin-1 α alters the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and collagen degradation by pulp fibroblasts

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) have been suggested to play a role in dental pulp destruction. This study examined the effects of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha on pulp fibroblasts. The ability of these cells to degrade collagen was determined with or without IL-1 alpha utilizing a cell-mediated collagen degradation assay. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was utilized to examine the mRNA expression of multiple MMPs and TIMPs with and without IL-1 alpha, while Western blot analyses and zymography were utilized to examine their protein expression. The collagen degradation mediated by these cells was stimulated by IL-1 alpha and inhibited by MMP inhibitors. IL-1 alpha increased the mRNA expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, as well as induced MMP-7. Western blot analyses confirmed these results. IL-1 alpha increased the secreted protein level of TIMP-1, while only slightly affected the level of TIMP-2. These results suggest that IL-1 alpha can induce pulp destruction by differentially regulating MMPs and TIMPs.
The Obama Presidency: Hope, Change, and Reality ∗

Objectives. ThepurposeofthisarticleistoassessspecificallywhetherPresidentBarak Obama has been a transformational leader and, more generally, the utility of the concept of transformational leadership. Methods. The article explores the differences between the aspirations of leaders, their rhetoric, and the hopes of leaders’ passionate partisan followers and the much harsher contextual constraints influencing what leaders, and especially U.S. presidents, can hope to achieve. Results. The Obama presidency, in particular, has shown significant sensitivity to its contextual opportunities. In general, it has seized the opportunities it did have to achieve outcomes that it defined as important but these opportunities have been sharply constricted as well. Conclusions. The notion of transformational leadership, and the rhetoric that accompanies it, is massively asymmetric. Leadership takes place when strategic opportunities arise, and these more frequently than not are rare. In a familiar pattern of modern American presidencies, save perhaps that of George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama campaigned in 2008 as a potentially transformative leader. He charged up his audiences with glib oratory about “changeyoucancounton.”Mostnonincumbentsdo,indeed,ifvaguely,trumpet a new era that will be heralded by their arrival in the White House. They almost inevitably overstate their case, and, for sure, overstate their prospects for achievement. Depending upon whether one sees the Obama presidential cup as half full or half empty, a case for achievement may be made. Achievement, however, is typically less than what was aspired to. Alternatively, one may make a case for disappointment. Which of these conclusions one arrives at depends on what one expects a president can do and on the opportunitiesor constraints that this particular president has faced during his first term—and those likely to be faced by him in the event of a second term. In this article, I want to make four main points. The first is that the distinction between transformational and transactional leadership, deriving from James MacGregor Burns (1978), creates a dichotomy that seems blind to political institutions and to the opportunities given thereby to political opponents to stymie leaders. It is not surprising that transformational leaders typicallyledrevolutionarymovements,andsomeweredistinctlyauthoritarian. By emphasizing the moral authority of the leader as teacher, the notion of
Acceleration of the rate of deoxyhemoglobin S polymerization by the erythrocyte membrane.

1. Introduction One rationale for the difference between the frequently severe clinical course observed in indi- viduals with sickle cell anemia and the benign clinical course observed in individuals with sickle cell trait may be found in the profound difference in the rate of deoxyhemoglobin S polymerization between the two states [ 11. The kinetic properties of this polym- erization process have been shown to be altered by both pH and the degree of oxygenation of hemo- globin S (HbS) [2]. However, the influence of the erythrocyte membrane on the kinetics of polym- erization has not been investigated. It might be clinically significant if polymerization could be delayed during the time period required for an ery- throcyte to traverse the circulation back to the lungs where reoxygenation of the hemoglobin would occur [3]. For this reason the effect of the erythrocyte membrane on the kinetics of deoxy HbS has been studied by measurement of transverse water proton relaxation times (T,) [4-61. The rate of polymeri- zation in erythrocytes having a normal hemoglobin concentration is too fast to be measured by available techniques. However, in studies with S/S erythrocytes containing a reduced hemoglobin concentration, the rate of polymerization is much more rapid than in solutions of hemoglobin S at the same hemoglobin concentration. Addition of erythrocyte membrane fragments to hemoglobin S solutions also results in a decreased delay time and a more rapid rate of polym- erization. These results show that the erythrocyte membrane accelerates the rate of deoxyhemoglobin S * Present
Perioperative complications of lumbar instrumentation and fusion in patients with diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background context Prior studies have documented an increased complication rate in diabetics treated by lumbar decompression. Despite the assumption that this risk would be exacerbated in larger fusion procedures, a recent study found no such increased risk. Purpose To clarify the perioperative risk for patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing instrumented lumbar fusion as compared with controls. To identify differences, if any exist, between patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non–insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM). Study design/setting This is a retrospective case-control study designed to examine the risk of perioperative complications in patients with diabetes mellitus treated by lumbar instrumentation and fusion. This study analyzed 94 diabetic patients and 43 controls treated by posterior lumbar instrumentation and fusion. Outcome was assessed based on the occurrence of perioperative complications. Complications were classified as major or minor. Methods Hospital and office records were reviewed for 94 diabetics (51 NIDDM, 43 IDDM) and 43 controls matched for age, sex and procedure with the IDDM group. The groups were compared for demographic characteristics, surgical data, perioperative complications and fusion rate. Results The NIDDM, IDDM and control groups were equivalent with regard to age, gender, nicotine use, fusion levels, operative time and estimated blood loss. There was a significant difference in complication rate between the NIDDM (53%) and IDDM (56%) groups versus controls (21%). There was a significant increase in complications with multilevel fusion in all groups and with increased operative time in the IDDM group. There was a significantly greater nonunion rate in the NIDDM (22%) and IDDM (26%) groups as compared with controls (5%). Conclusions Patients with both IDDM and NIDDM have a significantly increased risk of perioperative complications as compared with controls when treated by lumbar instrumentation and fusion.
Hot electron distributions by direct integration of the boltzmann equation

Abstract A new method is described for rapid and accurate calculation of the time evolution of non-equilibrium electron distributions by application of high-order integration procedures directly to the Boltzmann equation in a transformed and discretized representation. The method has been checked for a soluble model and detailed results are given for a model of p-Ge .
Animal models of human immunodeficiency virus infection

The search for a model of HIV infection continues. While much of the initial work focussed on animal models of AIDS, more recent efforts have sought animal models of HIV infection in which one or more signs of AIDS may be reproduced. Most initial small animal modelling efforts were negative and many such efforts remain unpublished. In 1988, the Public Health Service (PHS) AIDS Animal Model Committee conducted a survey among PHS agencies to identify published and unpublished data on animal models of HIV. To date, the chimpanzee is the only animal to be reliably infected with HIV albeit without development of signs and symptoms normally associated with human AIDS. One recent study has shown the gibbon to be similarly susceptible to infection with HIV. Mice carrying a chimera of elements of the human immune system have been shown to support the growth of HIV and F1 progeny of transgenic mice containing intact copies of HIV proviral DNA, have developed a disease that resembles some aspects of human AIDS. Rabbits, baboons and rhesus monkeys have also been shown to be infected under certain conditions and/or with selected strains of HIV but again without the development of AIDS symptomatology. This report briefly summarizes published and available unpublished data on these efforts to develop an animal model of HIV infection.
What narrative competence is for.

(2001). What Narrative Competence is For. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 62-63.
Effect of repeated sampling on concentrations of testosterone, LH and prolactin in blood of yearling Angus bulls.

Abstract Blood was collected at intervals of 29 to 31 min for 5 hr from six Angus bulls (15 mo of age) unaccustomed to capture, restraint and jugular venipuncture (stress) to evaluate temporal changes in certain hormones. Concentrations of testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) but not prolactin were decreased significantly after the first hour. Testosterone in plasma decreased (P
Explanation of recent observations of very large electromagnetic dissociation cross sections.

The very large electromagnetic dissociation (EMD) cross section recently observed by Hill, Wohn, Schwellenbach, and Smith do not agree with Weizsacker-Williams (WW) theory or any simple modification thereof. Calculations are presented for the reaction probabilities for this experiment and the entire single and double nucleon removal EMD data set. It is found that for those few reactions where theory and experiment disagree, the probabilities are exceptionally large. This indicates that WW theory is not valid for these reactions and that one must consider higher order corrections and perhaps even a nonperturbative approach to quantum electrodynamics.
Clinical Utility of Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization: Uncovering Tumor Susceptibility in Individuals with Developmental Delay

Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization can determine genome-wide copy number alterations at the kilobase level. We highlight the clinical utility of microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization in determining tumor susceptibility in 3 patients with dysmorphic features and developmental delay, likely decreasing both morbidity and mortality in these patients.
Inhibitory effects of tannic acid and benzophenone on soybean lipoxygenase and ram seminal vesicle cyclooxygenase.

Abstract Soybean lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase from ram seminal vesicles were inhibited by tannic acid and the apparent ID50's were 7.5 × 10−7 M and 6 × 10−6 M, respectively. The inhibition of lipoxygenase by tannic acid was noncompetitive. Benzophenone inhibited cyclooxygenase, and the ID50 was 8 × 10−7 M. The inhibition constant, Ki values of both tannic acid and benzophenone are presented.
Nutrient uptake estimates for woody species as described by the NST 3.0, SSAND, and PCATS mechanistic nutrient uptake models

Minimalist mechanistic nutrient uptake models based on the fundamentals of nutrient movement in the soil, nutrient uptake kinetics, and root growth and morphology, have become important tools for research. Because different approaches to solution may lead to different simulation results, it would be useful to evaluate the SSAND, and PCATS mechanistic models along with the very successful crop model NST 3.0 using common data sets and by conducting both one dimensional and multiple dimensional sensitivity analyses. The predictions of nutrient uptake by the three models using the same data set were diverse, indicating a need to reexamine model structure. Both types of sensitivity analyses suggested that the effect of soil moisture on simulation can be influential when nutrient concentration in the soil solution is low. One dimensional sensitivity analysis also revealed that Imax negatively influenced estimates of nutrient uptake in the SSAND and PCATS models. Further analysis indicated that this phenomenon was also related to the low nutrient supplying ability typically found in forest soils. The predictions of SSAND under low-nutrient-supply scenarios are generally lower than these of NST 3.0. We suspect that both results are artifacts of the steady state models.
Apolipoprotein B stimulates formation of monocyte-macrophage surface-connected compartments and mediates uptake of low density lipoprotein-derived liposomes into these compartments.

Next Section Abstract Much of the cholesterol that accumulates in atherosclerotic plaques is found within monocyte-macrophages transforming these cells into “foam cells.” Native low density lipoprotein (LDL) does not cause foam cell formation. Treatment of LDL with cholesterol esterase converts LDL into cholesterol-rich liposomes having >90% cholesterol in unesterified form. Similar cholesterol-rich liposomes are found in early developing atherosclerotic plaques surrounding foam cells. We now show that cholesterol-rich liposomes produced from cholesterol esterase-treated LDL can cause human monocyte-macrophage foam cell formation inducing a 3–5-fold increase in macrophage cholesterol content of which >60% is esterified. Although cytochalasin D inhibited LDL liposome-induced macrophage cholesteryl ester accumulation, LDL liposomes did not enter macrophages by phagocytosis. Rather, the LDL liposomes induced and entered surface-connected compartments within the macrophages, a unique endocytic pathway in these cells that we call patocytosis. LDL liposome apoB rather than LDL liposome lipid mediated LDL liposome uptake by macrophages. This was shown by the findings that: 1) protease treatment of the LDL liposomes prevented macrophage cholesterol accumulation; 2) liposomes prepared from LDL lipid extracts did not cause macrophage cholesterol accumulation; and 3) purified apoB induced and accumulated within macrophage surface-connected compartments. Although apoB mediated the macrophage uptake of LDL liposomes, this uptake did not occur through LDL, LDL receptor-related protein, or scavenger receptors. Also, LDL liposome uptake was not sensitive to treatment of macrophages with trypsin or heparinase. Cholesterol esterase-mediated transformation of LDL into cholesterol-rich liposomes is an LDL modification that: 1) stimulates uptake of LDL cholesterol by apoB-dependent endocytosis into surface-connected compartments, and 2) causes human monocyte-macrophage foam cell formation.
Nano-Scale Forces, Stresses, and Tip Geometry Evolution of Amplitude Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy Probes

Atomic-scale wear is one of the main factors that hinders the performance of probes for atomic force microscopy (AFM) [1–6], including for the widely-used amplitude modulation (AM-AFM) mode. To conduct consistent and quantitative AM-AFM wear experiments, we have developed a protocol that involves controlling the tip-sample interaction regime, calculating the maximum contact force and normal stress over the course of the wear test, and quantifying the wear volume using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging (HR-TEM). The tip-sample interaction forces are estimated from a closed-form equation that uses the Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov interaction model (DMT) accompanied by a tip radius measurement algorithm known as blind tip reconstruction. The applicability of this new protocol is demonstrated experimentally by scanning silicon probes against ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) samples. The wear process for the Si tip involved blunting of the tip due to tip fragmentation and plastic deformation. In addition, previous studies on the relative contributions of energy dissipation processes to AFM tip wear are reviewed, and initial steps are taken towards applying this concept to AM-AFM.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
2011 Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Dallas B. Phemister Physician in Training Award: Can musculoskeletal tumors be diagnosed with ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy?

Background Percutaneous biopsy for musculoskeletal tumors commonly relies on imaging adjuncts including ultrasound (US), CT, or MRI. These modalities however have disadvantages (US) or are cumbersome, not universally available, and costly (CT and MRI). US fusion is a novel technique that fuses previously obtained CT or MRI data with real-time US, which allows biopsies to be performed in an US suite. It has proven useful in various body systems but musculoskeletal applications remain scarce. Our goal is to evaluate the fusion technology and determine its ability to diagnose musculoskeletal tumors.
Trapping a rainbow in a dielectric waveguide

We numerically demonstrate a “trapped rainbow” on a dielectric waveguide - based device. When excited by a broadband incidence, resonant modes of different frequencies are excited with the electromagnetic field of each frequency component stored at its respective location. We report a complete design of the device that does not depend on artificial media (such as metamaterials) whose realization is a problem itself. Different to the previous approaches with plasmonic materials, our device is completely made of dielectrics, thus is ideally immune of ohmic loss. The structure is of planar geometry compatible to the conventional microfabrication technology. This makes it easily integrated with solid state circuits on conventional semiconductor foundries.
Sialolithiasis of a labial gland

Abstract Minor salivary gland sialolithiasis, while not common, may occur more frequently than the number of published cases suggests. An awareness of the features of this entity may aid in the differential diagnosis of submucosal masses. Because of the range of histologic findings reported, a thorough history and clinical description of the lesion should be sent to the pathologist along with the calcified material.
SPONTANEOUS FACT VIOLATION

The classic Nambu-Goldstone mechanism associates massless modes to spontaneously broken symmetry. Here it is shown that spontaneous violation of a fact, such as the fact that translation generators in different directions commute, more generally implies the existence of a massless excitation. The mechanism is discussed in the context of anyon superconductivity, where it originated, and in more general contexts.
Fabrication of Metal Structures with Nanometer-Scale Lateral Dimensions by Sectioning Using a Microtome

This Communication describes the fabrication of planar structures comprising metallic features with nanometer-scale lateral dimensions in polymer prepared by sectioning a thin metallic film, embedded in a polymer matrix, in a plane perpendicular to the metallic film. This procedure converts a structure that is thin along the z-axis into a structure that is thin along the x-axis. The embedded thin metal film is still conductive and can be used as a nanoelectrode. The structure and composition of the exposed nanoedge can be easily tuned by changing the structure of the surface supporting the metal film, and the composition and the thickness of that film.
The ensemble of tropical cyclone track forecasting models in the north Atlantic basin (1976-2000)

The suite of tropical cyclone track forecast models in the Atlantic basin from the 1976 to 2000 hurricane seasons are treated as a forecast ensemble. The 12-h ensemble mean forecast, adjusted for forecast difficulty, has improved at a rate of just under 1% per year, and the improvement rate increases to almost 2.4% per year for the 72-h forecasts. The average size of the 72-h (48-h) error in 1976 is less than the average size of the 48-h (36-h) error in 2000. The average 36-h forecast error in 2000 is comparable to the 24-h forecast error in 1976. The ensemble currently spans the true path of the tropical cyclone in the cross-track direction more than 90% of the time and in the alongtrack direction between 60% and 90% of the time depending on the forecast lead time. The ensemble spread is unable to provide estimates of individual forecast reliability, likely making probabilistic landfall forecasts from this ensemble unreliable. The reliability of the spread in the cross-track direction suggests the possib...
Molecular classification of the inherited hamartoma polyposis syndromes: clearing the muddied waters.

The autosomal dominantly inherited hamartoma polyposis syndromes comprise juvenile polyposis syndrome or juvenile polyposis coli (JPS; OMIM 174900), Cowden syndrome (CS; OMIM 158350), Bannayan-Ruvalcaba-Riley syndrome (BRR; OMIM 153480), and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS; OMIM 174900). The molecular basis of these syndromes has remained elusive until recently, in part because of the often subtle clinical distinctions among them. Since the risk of organ-specific cancers in each syndrome is different, a more reliable and objective means of differentiating among these syndromes would be desirable, such as one based on molecular diagnosis.
Moral internalism and moral cognitivism in Hume's metaethics

Most naturalists think that the belief/desire model from Hume is the best framework for making sense of motivation. As Smith has argued, given that the cognitive state (belief) and the conative state (desire) are separate on this model, if a moral judgment is cognitive, it could not also be motivating by itself. So, it looks as though Hume and Humeans cannot hold that moral judgments are states of belief (moral cognitivism) and internally motivating (moral internalism). My chief claim is that the details of Hume’s naturalistic philosophy of mind actually allow for a conjunction of these allegedly incompatible views. This thesis is significant, since readers typically have thought that Hume’s view that motivation is not produced by representations, coupled with his view that moral judgments motivate on their own, imply that moral judgments could never take the form of beliefs about, or representations of, the moral (virtue and vice).
Issues of passion and power in E.M. Hull's the sheik

(1992). Issues of passion and power in E.M. Hull's the sheik. Women's Studies: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 119-128.
Intrathyroidal fetal microchimerism in pregnancy and postpartum.

To investigate a possible relationship between fetal microchimerism and autoimmune thyroiditis, we looked for the presence of fetal cells in the maternal blood and thyroid gland in murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT). We used a quantitative PCR-ELISA for products of the SRY locus on the Y chromosome to detect fetal male cells during pregnancy and the postpartum period with a sensitivity of approximately 1 male cell/10 5 female cells. Within the thyroid glands, 12 of 26 (46%) Tg-immunized pregnant mice were SRY positive (range, 1–1700 cells), whereas, in contrast, few SRY transcripts were detected in control thyroids from nonimmunized pregnant mice (P < 0.05). At 5 wk postpartum, although SRY was still detected in the thyroids of 12 of 40 (30%) Tg-immunized mice, the number of male cells was markedly decreased (range, 1–30), and by 10 wk postpartum SRY had disappeared. Using allogeneic male mice heterozygous for green fluorescent protein expression, green fluorescent fetal cells were detected in the blood and bone marrow of pregnant mice. However, green cells were only found in thyroid glands from Tg-immunized pregnant mice that had green fluorescent protein-transgenic green fetuses and not in control nonimmunized pregnant mice. Cytologically, the fetal cells appeared to be of variable origin. Using antibody-mediated affinity purification of thyroid digests we showed this cell population to include fetal cells of T cell and dendritic cell lineage. Hence, fetal cells of immune origin were shown to accumulate within the thyroid glands of mice with EAT during pregnancy and the early postpartum. These data indicated that the inflamed thyroid gland was capable of accumulating fetal cells, including T cells and dendritic cells. Such active immune cells may have a profound regulatory influence on autoimmune thyroiditis in pregnancy and the postpartum period. (Endocrinology 143: 247–253, 2002)
Lupus erythematosus in neonates, children, and adolescents

Abstract Neonatal LE should be suspected in any infant with an erythematous or scaling dermatitis, especially if it is distributed on the head and neck or if there is a history of photosensitivity. It should also be suspected in any infant with congenital heart block. A biopsy, though helpful, is not necessary since the diagnostic abnormality is the presence of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies in infant's serum. When the disease is diagnosed, the infant can be effectively treated with a mild topical steroid and sun avoidance, with or without sunscreens, until the age of 12 months when the autoantibodies have presumably degraded. The child then should be observed periodically through adulthood for the onset of SLE. Mothers of infants with neonatal LE need to be checked for the presence of anti-Ro antibodies and SLE, Sjogren's syndrome, or thyroiditis. The recurrence of neonatal LE in some, but not all, future pregnancies must be anticipated. As more of these infants are followed into adulthood, we will learn how often neonatal LE is a marker for adult-onset SLE.
Release factor regulating termination of complete protein in a eukaryotic organism.

Abstract Polypeptide release reaction was studied using a protein release factor and a physiological substrate containing a complete polypeptide chain attached to monosomes of the insect Tenebrio molitor. The intermediate substrate used for the release reaction was synthesized using a cell-free protein synthesizing system from Tenebrio capable of polypeptide synthesis but not release of the completed chain. This system synthesized predominantly adult cuticular protein. The released product was characterized by chromatography after tryptic digestion; many of the tryptic peptides corresponded to those of cuticule labeled in vivo. The protein release factor was obtained as microsomal wash and was further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography. It released about 30% of the monosome-bound peptide in the absence of GTP. The remaining 70% of peptidyl-tRNA was released as peptidyl-puromycin in the absence of release factor, but required transferase II and GTP. The peptidyl-puromycin varied in size from dipeptide to almost complete protein. The puromycin reaction was inhibited by diphtheria toxin and NAD and was dependent on GTP, while the release of completed peptide was independent of GTP and not affected by diphtheria toxin and NAD. The release factor was capable of releasing formylmethionine as formylmethionine-puromycin from ribosomes in response to poly(A3,U). Hence it is suggested that the release factor is responding to UAA as terminating codon.
Repeated auctions for robust task execution by a robot team

We present empirical results of an auction-based algorithm for dynamic allocation of tasks to robots. The results have been obtained both in simulation and using real robots. A distinctive feature of our algorithm is its robustness to uncertainties and to robot malfunctions that happen during task execution, when unexpected obstacles, loss of communication, and other delays may prevent a robot from completing its allocated tasks. Therefore tasks not yet achieved are resubmitted for bids every time a task has been completed. This provides an opportunity to improve the allocation of the remaining tasks, enabling the robots to recover from failures and reducing the overall time for task completion.
Teens at Work

From my perspective, publication of the article "Teens at Work: A Statewide Study of Jobs, Hazards, and Injuries" (1) in this issue is an exciting and historic occasion. First, and most important, it represents a willingness to begin to bring the expertise and energy of the adolescent medicine community to bear on this important adolescent problem. Second, it embodies a transition occurring in the study of adolescent occupational injury. Such injuries have occurred for more than a century but were not systematically evaluated until relatively recently. The past decade was marked by the need to provide descriptive epidemiology, because none existed. Studies have examined the rates and nature of adolescent occupational injury in a number of states. Several of the groups involved in those studies are beginning to investigate the less obvious factors that contribute to those injuries, particularly what tasks youth actually perform as part of their work. This study embodies the shift in that direction, which should further improve our ability to devise specific preventive measures. Historically, adolescent medicine has not been involved in workplace issues (nor has occupational medicine had significant clinical involvement with adolescents). However, of the youth surveyed by Dunn et al., 96% had worked at some time (1). While some adolescent clinics serve youth in areas where the concern is lack of any job prospect, most assessments support the broad demographic involvement of teenagers in the workforce. According to 1988 Census data, half of all adolescents ages 16-17 had worked at some point that year; almost half had
Parallel Information Extraction on Shared Memory Multi-processor System

Text Mining is one of the best solutions for today and the future?s information explosion. With the development of modern processor technologies, it will be a mass market desktop application in the many-core era. In Text Mining system, Information Extraction is a representative module and is the most compute intensive part. In this paper, we study the performance of parallel Information Extraction on shared memory multi-processor systems in order to gain some insights of such applications on the future?s manycore architecture. In implementation, Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) algorithm is selected as the core of module Information Extraction. Based on the newest CRFs toolkit FlexCRFs, we make several serial optimizations and then parallelize it with MPI and System V. IPC/shm. We also conduct a detailed performance analysis of this parallel application on the target system.
Leadership: A Notion Come of Age:

This article sets forth the thesis that organizations can survive on the strength of their leaders but must recognize, nurture and cherish an expanded notion of leadership in order to thrive. The expanded notion of leadership is presented as "trailblazing" in a context where continuous improvement is everybody's business. To be out in front of others by trailblazing as individuals, as organizations, and as a society is the clarion call.Various realms of being out in front--of exhibiting leadership--are delineated. Individual, organizational and societal applications are discussed. Necessary personal commitments and actions are described.This article concludes that ultimately it is individual leadership, not individual leaders, that will significantly alter the level of human conduct, infuse human action with meaning, imbue human effort with value, and change the aspirations of mankind.
Dynamic and loaded impedance components in the maintenance of human arm posture

The postural stiffness of the human arm has previously been estimated by displacing the hand from a series of equilibrium positions and correlating the resultant displacements and restoring forces. We extend this experimental methodology to include measurement of dynamic components of impedance. The stiffness-damping-mass characteristics are represented numerically as matrices and graphically as ellipses characterized by size, shape, and orientation. The latter depict the predominant nonrotational component of the impedance force fields. The results suggest: (1) joint damping is related to both joint stiffness and joint inertia; and (2) two-joint impedances, i.e., impedances associated with muscles connected across both the elbow and shoulder joints, play a relatively smaller role in damping than in stiffness. The ability to modulate stiffness in the face of initial static bias forces, i.e., "loading", is also examined. We observe regular shifts in the human arm endpoint's "spring center" corresponding to the bias force directions and magnitudes. >
Pregnancy Complications as Markers for Subsequent Maternal Cardiovascular Disease: Validation of a Maternal Recall Questionnaire.

Abstract Background: We designed and tested the validity of a questionnaire to characterize maternal recall of pregnancy complications associated with increased future cardiovascular disease risk, based on the 2011 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines. Methods: A maternal recall questionnaire of pregnancy history was administered to 971 patients who had participated in a previous cohort study of 1,608 pregnant women. Medical records from the study pregnancy served as the gold standard. Prevalence, sensitivity (sens), specificity (spec), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and/or Spearman's correlation coefficients (r) were calculated for each question. Results: A total of 526 (54%) individuals recontacted responded. Respondents were more likely to be older, white, educated, and nulliparous and were less likely to deliver low-birthweight infants in the study pregnancy than were individuals who did not respond. Mean length of recall was 4.35 years (standard deviation [SD...
Radiation from bends in optical waveguides: the volume-current method

A new simple and direct method for the determination of radiation losses due to bends in the axes of open waveguides is presented. For weakly guiding dielectric waveguides, this analysis reduces to an integral of the transverse electric field of the incident wave over the volume of the bent waveguide core. A formula for the power attenuation coefficient for such optical fibres, valid for all dielectric profiles of the core, is presented.