cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dexamethasone increases superoxide dismutase activity in serum-free rat fetal lung organ cultures.

Dexamethasone (Dex) injected intraperitoneally to dams on gestational days 19 through 21 significantly enhances the normal late gestational rise of rat pulmonary superoxide dismutase activity. To study if Dex could act directly on lung cells to increase the activity of superoxide dismutase, rat fetal lung organ cultures were established from 21− or 22-day-old pups and maintained in serum free Waymouth 752/1 medium in 95% O2 for 72 h with and without 10 nM Dex in the medium. The cultures increased spontaneously in total superoxide dismutase activity from 17.5 ± 3.1 to 33.5 ± 6.2 U/mg DNA during this interval (+90%). The presence of 10 nM Dex caused an increase in enzyme activity to 40.1 ± 9.3 U/mg DNA (+130%) demonstrating this hormone can act directly on the lung independent of the systemic metabolic consequences of corticosteroid administration. Dex decreased the rate of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase synthesis (13.5 ± 3.4 nmol Phe incorporated/mg DNA/h control vs 7.2 ± 1.6, Dex) and seemed to also decrease the rate of enzyme degradation.
Direct-Sum Decompositions over Local Rings☆☆☆

Let (R, m) be a local ring (commutative and Noetherian). If R is complete (or, more generally, Henselian), one has the Krull–Schmidt uniqueness theorem for direct sums of indecomposable finitely generated R-modules. By passing to the m-adic completion R, we can get a measure of how badly the Krull–Schmidt theorem can fail for a more general local ring. We assign to each finitely generated R-module M a full submonoid Λ(M) of Nn, where n is the number of distinct indecomposable direct summands of R ⊗ RM. This monoid is naturally isomorphic to the monoid +(M) of isomorphism classes of modules that are direct summands of direct sums of finitely many copies of M. The main theorem of this paper states that every full submonoid of Nn arises in this fashion. Moreover, the local ring R realizing a given full submonoid can always be taken to be a two-dimensional unique factorization domain. The theorem has two non-commutative consequences: (1) a new proof of a recent theorem of Facchini and Herbera characterizing the monoid of isomorphism classes of finitely generated projective right modules over a non-commutative semilocal ring, and (2) a characterization of the monoids +(N), where N is an Artinian right module over an arbitrary ring.
Hunting for neutrinos under South Pole ice

The massive IceCube detector, filling a cubic kilometre of Antarctic ice, is hoping to pick up particles from distant corners of the universe
Behavioral effects of halothane in pigeons.

Abstract Pigeons were trained to peck a key to obtain intermittent access to food, and the effects of various concentrations of halothane on the steady rate of key pecking generated by the schedule of food presentation were determined. Concentrations of halothane as low as 0.1% decreased the rate of key pecking. Higher concentrations of halothane caused greater decreases in the rate of key pecking. Increases in the rate of key pecking were not observed during halothane administration under several schedules of food presentation. The effects of halothane also were determined on the gross behavior of the pigeon using a blind technique. Although only the presence or absence of changes in the gross behavior were recorded, these data were useful in interpreting the effects of halothane on key pecking.
Salary administration in the management systems of higher education

Faculty productivity and behavior are evaluated in this salary administration system through the use of objective and subjective performance standards. The utilization of control channels that are delineated by moral, legal and functional standards allow faculty to compete against their own records. The replacement of “dog eat dog” rivalry with self competition permits cooperation to be accentuated among faculty through teamwork, collaboration and group learning. The employment of control channels to monitor faculty productivity with computer technology helps toprotect academicians from coercive practices. In addition,it provides for their success through the use of standards of excellence to push them up to exemplary levels of performance over time.
Career salience, work values, and vocational indecision.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to relate vocational indecision to (a) the level of career salience or priority and (b) the importance attached to specific work values. One hundred fifty-three students participated in the study. It was found that low career salience was associated with a relatively high incidence of vocational indecision. In addition, students who were vocationally undecided tended to place less importance on intrinsic work values than did students who were committed to an occupation. The results suggest that there may be two sources of vocational indecision: high career-salience students who value intrinsic rewards and low career-salience students who do not value intrinsic rewards. Given the relatively small percentage of variance in vocational indecision accounted for in the present study, the need for future research was emphasized.
Glucocorticoids and Collagen Synthesis: Comparison of in vivo and Cell Culture Studies

Abstract In 1949 Hench and co-workers reported beneficial effects of cortisone treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The results of these clinical trials were so dramatic that clinicians soon used glucocorticoids to treat other diseases. Symptomatic improvement was reported only in certain cases. Some other conditions in which glucocorticoid therapy is now used are adrenal insufficiency, rheumatic carditis, nephrotic syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosis, bronchial asthma, dermatitis, psoriasis, chronic ulcerative colitis and leukemia. The clinical use of glucocorticoids resulted in the development of synthetic glucocorticoids which possessed more of the anti-inflammatory activity of cortisone and less of the salt retaining property of this corticosteroid. These new synthetic glucocorticoids, especially the fluorinated ones, unfortunately possessed many untoward side effects observed with cortisone. The purpose of this review is to discuss studies which demonstrate that glucocorticoids decrease collagen synthesis in vivo and in cell culture and which may explain the adverse effect these steroids have on connective tissues. Furthermore, some of the studies presented indicate that glucocorticoids selectively decrease collagen synthesis.
THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTIES OF THE QUATERNARY SALTS OF HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE II. THE RELATION BETWEEN CONSTITUTION AND BACTERICIDAL ACTION IN THE SUBSTITUTED BENZYLHEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINIUM SALTS.

By the addition of substituted benzyl halides to hexamethylenetetramine, a series of quaternary salts of this base was obtained. These salts represent a new group of organic bactericides. The results obtained in the tests with these substances upon Bacillus typhosus have demonstrated the existence of direct relationships between chemical constitution and bactericidal action within the series. The bactericidal character is directly attributable to the presence of the hexamethylenetetramine nucleus. The degree of the bactericidal action, however, is determined by the position, character, and number of the groups substituted in the benzene nucleus. By the introduction of the methyl, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, and nitro groups into the benzene nucleus of the parent benzyl hexamethylenetetraminium salt, the bactericidal power of this compound was notably enhanced. The substitution of these groups in the ortho position almost invariably resulted in substances which were more active than their meta or para isomers. The introduction of the methoxy group was without marked effect. Several substances in which two hexamethylenetetraminium side-chains occurred were found to be the most active of the substances of this series when tested against Bacillus typhosus. Comparative tests with other bacterial types demonstrated that these compounds possessed a marked degree of specificity for Bacillus typhosus.
Incoherent optical processing: a tristimulus-based method

Optical systems which make use of incoherent illumination provide potential benefits in noise immunity over systems using coherent illumination. Because incoherent systems are linear with respect to intensity, however, complex number representations and operations are not readily obtainable. This paper proposes using the tristimulus (three-color) system as found in color television to establish a vector space, which then permits the complex number operations of polar-form multiplication and rectangular-form addition to be achieved with incoherent illumination. When these operations are combined in a hybrid (optical-electronic) processor using color television equipment, discrete approximations of the general 1-D and 2-D linear complex superposition integrals may be obtained.
Laser damage performance of fused silica optical components measured on the beamlet laser at 351 nm

A statistics-based model is being developed to predict the laser-damage-limited lifetime of UV optical components on the NIF laser. In order to provide data for the model, laser damage experiments were performed on the Beamlet laser system at LLNL (aperture: 34 cm x 34 cm). Three prototype NIF focus lenses were exposed to 351 nm pulses (1.5 ns or 3 ns) during four experimental campaigns, each consisting of 23 to 38 pulses at NIF relevant fluences. Each lens was sol-gel AR coated and all laser exposures were performed in a vacuum environment. Through inspections of the lens before, during and after the campaigns, pulse-to-pulse damage growth rates were measured for damage initiating both on the surfaces and at bulk inclusions. Radial growth rates measured for rear surface damage was typically 10x higher than that measured in the bulk or at the front surface. No significant correlation of growth rate to precursor type was indicated. For 5 J/cm², 3 ns pulses the typical radial growth rate was nominally 20 µm/pulse. Average growth rates measured on three lenses made by two manufacturers were in good agreement. While the growth rate clearly increased with fluence, the data obtained was insufficient to quantify the dependence. The growth rates reported here were 20x-50x higher than values predicted from off-line studies of bare surfaces in air.
Application of Volatile Chelate Sampling to Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry in Low Temperature Flames

Abstract A simple method for the determination of ultra-trace levels of iron in aqueous solution is based upon volatilization of the analyte as the trifluoroacetylacetonate. The volatile chelate is purged directly from the aqueous sample into a laminar argon-hydrogen-entrained air flame. The atomic fluorescence signal of iron is enhanced by a factor of about 250, with respect to pneumatic nebulization into a sheathed premixed air-acetylene flame. The noise level of the diffusion flame is about 6 times lower than that of the premixed flame. The practical detection limit is 0.1 ppb Fe and is limited by reagent blank. The detection limit based on system noise alone is 0.012 ppb. Analysis of high salt matrices is shown to be possible.
REVERSAL OF DOPING INDUCED ENERGY LEVEL SHIFT IN ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS

We have investigated the electronic structure of the interface formed by depositing Au on Cs-doped and Na-doped tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq) film using ultraviolet and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (UPS and XPS). The initial Au deposition quenches the Alq gap state caused by the alkali metal doping. Further Au depositions shift gradually the energy levels opposite to that induced by Cs doping, especially the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) that shows approximately full recovery to the pristine Alq position. However, the recovery is only partial for other levels, most noticeably the C 1s core level. The results indicate that the gap state and energy level positions can be decoupled in the organic semiconductors, and that it is possible to fine tune the electronic structure by selective doping in the interface region.
PWM Synchronization for Intelligent Agent Scarce Resource Auction

This paper is focuses on modulating a shared resource, power demand on the electricity grid, among intelligent agents charged with modulating residential HVAC systems. We discuss the use of synchronized control actuation signals (PWM) to simplify scarce resource auctions for control of a network of intelligent home agents. By synchronizing the actuation signal with the auction times, identification and prediction becomes simpler, and modulation of the shared resource is as easy as adjusting the saturation limits of the controller. We show results through simulation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Use of corn root protoplasts in herbicide absorption studies

Abstract Intact and viable protoplasts were enzymatically isolated from corn ( Zea mays L.) seedling roots and collected for herbicide absorption studies by differential centrifugation and flotation through a Ficoll density gradient. A method was developed for terminating herbicide absorption by rapid centrifugation of protoplasts out of solutions without washing the protoplasts. Within 10 sec, atrazine [2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine] accumulated in protoplasts to a concentration 36% greater than the external concentration; no further absorption occurred through 30 min. However, 2,4-D [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid] accumulated to twice and 16 times the external concentration at pH 6.5 and 4.5, respectively. Calculations of theoretical 2,4-D concentrations in protoplasts also predicted greater accumulation at pH 4.5 than at pH 6.5. Both atrazine and 2,4-D absorption were consistent with previous measurements of absorption by plant tissues. Thus, corn root protoplasts are feasible experimental material for studying absorption of herbicides at the cellular level.
Total shoulder arthroplasty after attempted shoulder arthrodesis: report of three cases.

The results of joint arthroplasty after attempted hip and knee arthrodesis are well described in the literature.1-6,8-10 However, there is no information available concerning the results of shoulder arthroplasty after attempted shoulder arthrodesis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the results of shoulder arthroplasty after attempted shoulder arthrodesis. Between 1975 and 1987, three patients underwent conversion of an attempted shoulder arthrodesis to a shoulder arthroplasty. Patients were identified with the use of a total joint registry that has prospectively followed the cases of all patients who have undergone a total joint arthroplasty at our institution since 1969. Clinical records were reviewed to determine the results of the arthroplasty. The preoperative, initial postoperative, and most recent radiographs were reviewed to determine the presence of glenohumeral subluxation, periprosthetic radiolucency, and change in component position.
Chlorine Sources, Sinks, and Impacts in WTE Power Plants

The principal sources of chlorine in the MSW feed to WTE power plants are food wastes (e.g., wheat, green vegetables, melon, pineapple), yard wastes (leaves, grass, etc.), salt (NaCl), and chlorinated plastics (mostly polyvinyl chloride). Chlorine has important impacts on the WTE operation in terms of higher corrosion rate than in coal-fired power plants, formation of hydrochloric gas that must be controlled in the stack gas to less than the U.S. EPA standard (29 ppm by volume), and potential for formation of dioxins and furans. Past Columbia studies have shown that the chlorine content in MSW is in the order of 0.5%. In comparison, chlorine concentration in coal is about 0.1%; this results in much lower HCl concentration in the combustion gases and allows coal-fired power plants to be operated at higher superheater tube temperatures and thus higher thermal efficiencies. Most of the chlorine output from a WTE is in the fly ash collected in the fabric filter baghouse of the Air Pollution Control system. This study examined in detail the sources and sinks of chlorine in a WTE unit. It is concluded that on the average MSW contains about 0.5% chlorine, which results in hydrogen chloride concentration in the WTE combustion gases of up to 600 parts per million by volume. About 45% of the chlorine content in MSW derives from chlorinated plastics, mainly polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and 55% from salt (NaCl) and chlorine-containing food and yard wastes. An estimated 97–98% of the chlorine input is converted to calcium chloride in the dry scrubber of the Air Pollution Control (APC) system and captured in the fly ash collected in the baghouse; the remainder is in the stack gas at a concentration that is one half of the U.S. EPA standard. Reducing the input of PVC in the MSW stream would have no effect on dioxin formation but would reduce the corrosion rate in the WTE boiler.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Racial Differences in Employment Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Arango-Lasprilla JC, Ketchum JM, Williams K, Kreutzer JS, Marquez de la Plata CD, O'Neil-Pirozzi TM, Wehman P. Racial differences in employment outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Objective To examine racial differences in employment status and occupational status 1 year after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Retrospective study. Setting Longitudinal dataset of the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems national database. Participants Subjects with primarily moderate to severe TBI (3468 whites vs 1791 minorities) hospitalized between 1989 and 2005. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Employment status (competitively employed or unemployed) and occupational status (professional/managerial, skilled, or manual labor) at 1 year postinjury. Results Race and/or ethnicity has a significant effect on employment status at 1 year postinjury ( χ 1 2 =58.23, P Conclusions With this empirical evidence supporting racial differences in employment outcomes between minorities and whites at 1 year postinjury, priority should be given to tailoring interventions to maximize minority survivors' work-related productivity.
Help seeking in a support group for recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillators and their support persons.

Abstract Purpose: To understand shared meanings of help-seeking experiences in support groups of people with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and their support persons. Setting: ICD support group at an urban medical center. Sample: Fifteen individuals with ICD and 9 support persons. Results: Six related themes and 1 constitutive pattern emerged. Themes included hearing and telling stories, help seeking encouraged by triggers, seeking meaningful information, forming a therapeutic friendship through group camaraderie, gaining assistance from the facilitator, and the sharing of a similar view by support persons. The constitutive pattern is coping with the possibility of death. Implications: Health care providers may recommend storytelling as the central mechanism of interactions in support groups that assist in coping with daily anxieties of living with an ICD. Nurses would be appropriate facilitators to guide discussion, to provide technical information, and to promote anticipatory guidance in coping with potential firing events. (Heart Lung® 2000;29:87-96.)
Isotopic Fractionation of Carbon and Chlorine by Microbial Degradation of Dichloromethane

Abstract Microbial culture experiments were performed at 22°C to investigate isotopic fractionation of carbon (C) and chlorine (Cl) during aerobic degradation of dichloromethane (DCM) by MC8b, a gram-negative methylotrophic organism closely related to the genera Methylobacterium or Ochrobactrum. Values of the isotopic fractionation factor, α, were estimated from the experimental results. These values are 0.9576±0.0015 for C and 0.9962±0.0003 for Cl, corresponding to kinetic isotope effects (KIE) of 1.0424 for C and 1.0038 for Cl. The C isotope effect accompanying aerobic degradation of DCM by MC8b is roughly twice that resulting from microbial oxidation of CH4. Further studies of this type, for a variety of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) under a range of biogeochemical conditions, may find important applications in the characterization and remediation of sites contaminated with CAHs.
Sweet oil imports in the USA — the continuing dependence

Abstract The boom in US refinery construction which occurred in the 1970s was accompanied by growth in the imports of sweet (low sulphur) oil and an increase in the proportion of refining capacity designed for this type of oil. These trends were encouraged by the lifting of the crude oil quota system and implementation of the entitlements programme. Although major oil companies have recently invested in desulphurization technology, such investment has not been attractive to smaller refineries and in inland regions. US refinery capacity is still heavily geared to sweet oil. Here Leslie Hiraoka examines the background to this dependence and the factors which are discouraging investment in refining capacity for oil with higher sulphur content.
Commentary on Wang and Zender—MODIS snow albedo bias at high solar zenith angles relative to theory and to in situ observations in Greenland

Abstract The recent paper by Wang and Zender [Wang, X., & Zender, C. S. (2010). MODIS snow albedo bias at high solar zenith angles relative to theory and to in situ observations in Greenland. Remote Sensing of Environment.] draws erroneous conclusions about solar zenith angle biases at high latitudes by not making appropriate use of the extensive quality flags available with the MODIS BRDF/Albedo. Coarse resolution MODIS white-sky albedo data are compared with actual blue-sky field albedometer measurements from the Greenland GC-Net. By utilizing large area averages of the MODIS data product that combine both high quality and poor quality data indiscriminately, the authors erroneously conclude that the accuracy deteriorates for solar zenith angle (SZA) > 55° and often becomes physically unrealistic for SZA > 65°. Once the quality flags are considered, however, the comparisons demonstrate that the MODIS product performs quite well out to the recommended limit for product use of 70° SZA. This verifies the conclusions of an earlier more rigorous evaluation performed by Stroeve et al. [Stroeve, J., Box, J. E., Gao, F., Liang, S., Nolin, A., & Schaaf, C. B. (2005). Accuracy assessment of the MODIS 16-day albedo product for snow: comparisons with Greenland in situ measurements. Remote Sensing of Environment.]. With over a decade of observations and products now available from the MODIS instrument, these data are increasingly being used to evaluate and tune climate and biogeochemical models. However, such use should take into account the documented quality and limitations of the satellite-derived product.
Leukotrienes as Mediators of Airway Obstruction

The cysteinyl leukotrienes are potent mediators of airway narrowing derived from the lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid and the adduction of glutathione to this eicosanoid backbone. In lower animals and humans, the cysteinyl leukotrienes are among the most potent airway contractile substances ever identified. Furthermore, these moieties can be recovered from the urine during induced or spontaneous asthma attacks. Most important, inhibition of the synthesis of the leukotrienes or prevention of their action at the CysLT 1 receptor is associated with an improvement in the airway dysfunction that occurs in both induced and spontaneous asthma. These data indicate that the cysteinyl leukotrienes have a clinically significant role in the airway obstruction that characterizes asthma. Drazen JM. Leukotrienes as mediators of airway obstruction.
Endocytosis of liposomes and intracellular fate of encapsulated molecules: Encounter with a low pH compartment after internalization in coated vesicles

We have compared the intracellular fate of several fluorescent probes and colloidal gold entrapped in negatively charged liposomes. Weakly acidic molecules (carboxyfluorescein) appear in the cytoplasm of CV-1 cells in 30 min; agents that raise lysosomal pH block this process. Highly charged molecules (calcein) and large molecules (FITC-dextran: 18 kd) remain confined to extra-or intracellular vesicles. Thin section electron micrographs show gold-containing liposomes bound to coated pits, in intracellular coated and uncoated vesicles, and in secondary lysosomes, including dense bodies. Free gold was not observed in the cytoplasm. We conclude that negatively charged liposomes are endocytosed and processed intracellularly by the coated vesicle pathway, and acidification of the endocytic vesicle, rather than liposome fusion, permits escape of certain molecules to the cytoplasm.
The electronic servomechanism simulator

A LARGE-SCALE analogue computer, capable of solving the general equations of motion of an aircraft, to be used primarily in the development of aircraft control systems is being developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The electronic servomechanism simulator is included as a portion of the computer to represent electrically the dynamic behavior of the servomechanisms which position the aircraft control surfaces. These servomechanisms usually are designed to operate linearly. However, a servomechanism which is small enough to be practical occasionally will be required to operate at the extreme limits of its physical capacity — beyond its linear range.
Is ADHD a Disinhibitory Disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is widely theorized to stem from dysfunctional inhibitory processes. However, the definition of inhibition is imprecisely distinguished across theories. To clarify the evidence for this conception, the author relies on a heuristic distinction between inhibition that is under executive control and inhibition that is under motivational control (anxiety or fear), It is argued that ADHD is unlikely to be due to a motivational inhibitory control deficit, although suggestions are made for additional studies that could overturn that conclusion. Evidence for a deficit in an executive motor inhibition process for the ADHD combined type is more compelling but is not equally strong for all forms of executive inhibitory control. Remaining issues include specificity to ADHD, whether inhibitory problems are primary or secondary in causing ADHD, role of comorbid anxiety and conduct disorder, and functional deficits in the inattentive ADHD subtype.
Productivity improvement in a purchasing division: The impact of a performance contingent reward system

Abstract A performance contingent reward system was developed for small purchase buyers and supply clerks in a purchase division of a naval shipyard. The rewards were financial incentives provided to individual civil service employees who performed above standard. A description of the system and an evaluation of its effectiveness in increasing productivity and saving costs are provided. Results show that the system increased productivity and reduced costs substantially.
Parallel shear flows of fluids with a pressure-dependent viscosity

Abstract We consider parallel shear flows of an incompressible Newtonian fluid with a pressure-dependent viscosity. It is proved that pressure driven parallel flow in the plane is possible only if the dependence of the viscosity on the pressure is linear. In this case, a parallel flow exists for a pipe of arbitrary cross-section. For the special case of axisymmetric flow, we identify three cases for which pressure driven parallel flow exists.
Shape and crossing properties of mean residual life functions

In addition to the CDF or density function, the failure rate and mean residual life functions are the other important functions that can be used to characterize a lifetime. In the literature, much work on the properties of these quantities has been done. This paper points out and corrects some errors in the literature by giving a counterexample and new proofs. Moreover, it gives a more complete discussion on the shape of the mean residual life function when the associated failure rate function has a roller-coaster shape. It also discusses the crossing properties of two mean residual life functions in detail, when the associated failure rate functions have several crossing points.
Stagnation-point radiative heating relations for earth and Mars entries

Stagnation-point radiative heating rate expressions are presented for use in air and an approximate Martian atmosphere consisting of 97 percent CO2 and 3 percent N2. Thermochemical equilibrium is assumed throughout. The flight conditions and body dimensions that are modeled are representative of both manned and unmanned missions to Mars and return to earth. Comparisons between the heating rates computed using the expressions presented here and independent computations yielded maximum differences of about 20 to 30 percent.
The big bad wolf: masculinity and genetics in popular culture.

- tacked by a wolf. Soon after, he comes to suspect that he may be changing, physically and psychologically. The hero must grapple with the three deadly questions faced by the tormented heroes of almost every werewolf film: Could he actually be transforming into a were - wolf? In this form, is he a murderer? Worse still, will this ruin his love life? Traditionally, Hollywood horror films have answered all these questions with a resounding "yes." Wolf, however, takes a new turn. Yes, the hero has indeed become a lycanthrope; however, this is not a tragedy but a makeover. Unleashing the hero's inner beast has finally made a man out of him. Wolf is one of many examples of popular culture's rehabilitation of the werewolf in the past fifteen years, and it demonstrates not so much a shift in horror as a new ideal of mascu - linity. Evolutionary psychology has popularized the notion that men's everyday behavior can be better understood by comparison to the habits of large mammals—most especially the more aggressive of the primates—living in patriarchal, aggressive societies. What links us to these other animals is our genes, which carry the atavistic behavioral impulses of our remote ancestors, also patriarchal, aggressive, and so - cial. Our cultural fictions have embraced this narrative wholeheartedly but changed the comparison to more charismatic megafauna: dogs and
The precarious visibility politics of self‐stigmatization: The case of HIV/AIDS tattoos

One of the ethical issues that emerges in discussions about HIV and AIDS is disclosure of serostatus‐who should know if an individual is HIV‐antibody positive, when, and by what means? For seropositive individuals, day‐to‐day existence is characterized by strategies of concealment and reveal‐ment about their seropositivity. Some seropositive individuals have chosen to disclose their serostatus rather indiscriminately by non‐verbal, rather than verbal, means through the acquisition of an HIV/AIDS tattoo. These tattoos‐indelible marks inked upon the skin‐textualize the body by rendering the surface of the skin communicative about the interior (seropositive) status of the blood, tissues, and organs. Asymptomatic tattoo wearers render the invisible visible. This phenomenon is politically precarious, functioning critically to problematize assumptions about space and appearances of health while simultaneously raising the specter of repressive or violent surveillance.
Establishing causality for dopamine in neural function and behavior with optogenetics

Dopamine (DA) is known to play essential roles in neural function and behavior. Accordingly, DA neurons have been the focus of intense experimental investigation that has led to many important advances in our understanding of how DA influences these processes. However, it is becoming increasingly appreciated that delineating the precise contributions of DA neurons to cellular, circuit, and systems-level phenomena will require more sophisticated control over their patterns of activity than conventional techniques can provide. Specifically, the roles played by DA neurons are likely to depend on their afferent and efferent connectivity, the timing and length of their neural activation, and the nature of the behavior under investigation. Recently developed optogenetic tools hold great promise for disentangling these complex issues. Here we discuss the use of light-sensitive microbial opsins in the context of outstanding questions in DA research. A major technical advance offered by these proteins is the ability to bidirectionally modulate DA neuron activity in in vitro and in vivo preparations on a time scale that more closely approximates those of neural, perceptual and behavioral events. In addition, continued advances in rodent genetics and viral-mediated gene delivery have contributed to the ability to selectively target DA neurons or their individual afferent and efferent connections. Further, these tools are suitable for use in experimental subjects engaged in complex behaviors. After reviewing the strengths and limitations of optogenetic methodologies, we conclude by describing early efforts in the application of this valuable new approach that demonstrate its potential to improve our understanding of the neural and behavioral functions of DA. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Optogenetics (7th BRES).
Treatment of aspiration or tracheostomy-associated pneumonia in neurologically impaired children: effect of antimicrobials effective against anaerobic bacteria

The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively review the antibiotic therapy of aspiration or tracheostomy-associated pneumonia in 57 neurologically impaired children (NIC). The antimicrobials used were either ticarcillin-clavulanate or clindamycin, which are effective against penicillin-resistant anaerobic bacteria, or ceftriaxone, which is less effective against these organisms. In those with aspiration pneumonia, a satisfactory clinical and microbiological response was observed in 8/9 (89%) patients who received ticarcillin-clavulanate, and 10/11 (91%) who received clindamycin with or without ceftazidime, as compared to 7/14 (50%) who received ceftriaxone (P < 0.05). For those who experienced tracheostomy-associated pneumonia, a positive response to therapy was observed in 5/6 (83%) who received ticarcillin-clavulanate, and 7/7 (100%) who received clindamycin with or without ceftazidime, as opposed to 4/10 (40%) who were treated with ceftriaxone (P < 0.05). The duration of fever was longer in both cases for those who received ceftriaxone. To summarize, this study illustrates the superiority of antimicrobials effective against penicillin-resistant anaerobic bacteria, as compared to an antibiotic without such coverage, in the therapy of aspiration or tracheostomy-associated pneumonia in NIC.
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin: More Indications for Use

The initial studies of low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of deep-vein thrombosis excluded pregnant women and patients with acute pulmonary embolism or a known hypercoagulable disorder. However, none of these needs to be a contraindication, and outpatient treatment is possible, provided that proper patient selection and follow-up are implemented.
High temperature creep of ordered and disordered beta brass—II. Internal stress

Abstract The internal stress σi was measured with strain transient dip tests in ordered and disordered beta brass during high temperature steady state creep. The normalized internal stress σ i σ , where σ is the applied stress, in both ordered and disordered beta brass is small at the larger stress levels. This result agrees well with our theory of internal stress for class I alloys. The Cottrell-Jaswon microcreep mechanism and the antiphase boundary microcreep mechanism are most likely to control the viscous glide of dislocations in ordered beta brass. In disordered beta brass the Cottrell-Jaswon microcreep mechanism most likely controls the glide motion of the dislocations.
Change of Shift

Abstract [Plosay JJ III: Merry Christmas, Doctor. Ann Emerg Med December 1998;32:751-752.]
Nitrofurans: sperm-immobilizing agents. Their tissue toxicity and clinical application.

Abstract Nitrofurantoin sodium and nitrofurazone in certain critical concentrations have the ability to cause sperm immobilization. Intraoperative vas irrigation with these solutions in 24 patients has produced sterility in the immediate postoperative period. This irrigation procedure adds little time to the standard vasectomy and can easily be performed as an in-office procedure. This minimizes time-consuming postoperative sperm analyses. Moreover, in underdeveloped countries where postoperative follow-up is more difficult to obtain, this procedure would provide an additional positive factor in an attempt to insure sterility.
Eye contact, a fundamental building block of social behavior, engages single unit activity in the monkey amygdala

In primates, the meaningful use of facial signals and eye contact is a prerequisite for normal social behavior. Just by looking at the face of another monkey, an individual can determine its age, sex, dominance status, health, etc. Facial expressions are useful to determine the emotional state and possible intentions of others. Eye contact facilitates affiliative behaviors such as facial mimicry in the context of mother-infant interactions, but also conveys threats and dominance status in adult-adult interactions. The neural circuitry that underlies these behaviors is largely unknown. One goal of our research is to determine the role of the primate amygdala in basic aspects of social communication that involve looking at the eyes of other individuals. To achieve this goal we developed an experimental paradigm that elicits reliably and reproducibly several aspects of social behavior including eye contact, facial mimicry, and gaze following [1]. Additionally, we recordeded single unit activity from the monkey amygdala to determine which of these social components (if any) reliably induce neural responses. Species-specific and socially meaningful behaviors were elicited using naturalistic videos that depicted unknown monkeys displaying neutral, agonistic, or affiliative behaviors. Each video contained segments of displays when the movie monkey's eye gaze was directed toward the viewer monkey. The eye movements of the viewer monkey were co-registered with each movie frame and with multiple channels of single unit activity recorded from the amygdala. We found that 23/123 (19%) of neurons in the amygdala discharged selectively or exclusively when the viewer monkey looked at the eyes of the movie monkey (Figure ​(Figure1).1). These neurons had a response latency of 100-150ms from the start of fixation on the movie monkey’s eyes. They exhibited either excitatory (13/23, 57%) or inhibitory responses to looking at the eyes, and either no response (or a polar opposite response) to looking at other parts of the face or body. Higher responses occurred when the movie monkey's eye gaze was directed at the viewer (eye contact) than for averted gaze. A subset of neurons showed phasic responses indicating that eye contact had been established, whereas others showed tonic, sustained changes in firing for the entire duration of the fixation. We conclude that the amygdala is likely an important center for the elaboration of a fundamental building block of social behavior: looking at the eyes of others and establishing eye contact. Figure 1 Rasterplot and peristimulus time histogram of a single unit recorded from the monkey amygdala. This neuron had an increased firing rate that was maintained for the entire duration that the viewer monkey fixated on the eyes of the movie monkey (left panel). ...
Fever after shockwave lithotripsy: risk factors and indications for prophylactic antimicrobial treatment

J Endourol. 2010; 24: 277-81.Purpose: To identify risk factors for fever after shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) and suggest guidelines for pro-phylactic antimicrobial treatment. Patients and Methods: Between 1985 and 2007, a total of 15,324 SWL procedures were performed in our institution using the Dornier HM3 lithotripter. Because stone analyses were not available in the majority of patients, management of stones larger than 2 cm in diameter were excluded from this analysis to minimize the ratio of struvite stones as a possible cause for postprocedural fever. In this analysis, 11,500 SWL treatments were included. Clinical parameters before, during, and after treatments were prospectively registered using a computerized database. Potential risk factors for fever after SWL were evaluated. Results: Fever >38.0 degrees C developed in 161 (1.4%) patients. The risk factors for fever after SWL were: A positive urine culture (P 38.0 degrees C) develops in only 1.4% of the patients undergoing SWL. Therefore, pro-phylactic antibiotic treatment is not indicated in all patients. Selective prophylactic treatment is recommended in patients who present with UTI, kidney or upper ureteral stones, and those for whom a nephrostomy tube or stent is necessary.
Experimental investigation of the reversible collapse of a capped amphiphile Langmuir monolayer

Surface isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), surface potential measurements, and ab initio calculations were used to examine Langmuir monolayer films of an amphiphile with a bulky group that caps the terminus of an alkanol chain. BAM images of the collapsed state differ significantly from those of long-chain paraffinic amphiphiles. The collapsed phase BAM images show that aggregates of these amphiphiles extrude to form a three-dimensional phase. These clusters are able to easily reform the pre-collapse monolayer upon release of the applied surface pressure to pre-collapse values. This system may be described over all accessible surface pressures as a two-dimensional liquid-crystal analog at temperatures near and above room temperature. The behavior of this amphiphile is suggested to be related to structural elements of the molecule, particularly the bulky capping group, that may define a class of such systems.
Optimizing rainwater harvesting systems for the dual purposes of water supply and runoff capture

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems recycle and reuse runoff to meet demand. RWH may also provide an additional benefit, runoff reduction or capture. Most studies of RWH have focused upon water supply exclusively. We evaluate decentralized RWH systems across a wide range of land uses and locations in Virginia for water supply and runoff capture, using the Rainwater Analysis and Simulation Program (RASP) model. RASP simulates an RWH system using storage volume, roof area, irrigated area, and indoor nonpotable demand as inputs. A lifecycle cost-benefit model of RWH was developed. Water supply and runoff capture reliability were assessed in each simulation. Near-optimal solutions were identified for each case and location using a nonlinear metaheuristic algorithm. While positive net benefits were not achieved in any of the land-use cases or locations, distinct differences were observed. A 20% reliability target was achieved, or nearly so, for commercial, office, and high density residential cases, which also had the lowest runoff capture unit costs. In all cases, water supply reliability was binding. Statistical analysis indicated that costs variability can be characterized by two locations in Virginia; for water supply or runoff capture, three locations are necessary, and within specific locations, some land-uses could be combined. Cost effectiveness analysis of each land use provided a means of identifying least cost solutions for water supply and runoff capture. Net benefits were found to be very sensitive to water and wastewater charges.
PASSAGE OF TESTOSTERONE, TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE AND TESTOSTERONE ENANTHATE FROM SILASTIC IMPLANTS AND THE RETENTION OF TESTOSTERONE ONCE IT ENTERS THE BLOOD OF EWES

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine the passage of testosterone, testosterone propionate and testosterone enanthate through silastic implants and to determine the retention of the three hormones once they enter the blood. In the first experimental, ovariectomized ewes with implants containing testosterone propionate and ewes with implants containing testosterone enanthate had higher levels of plasma testosterone than ewes with implants containing testosterone. Testosterone enanthate implants released more hormone during the 13-day period than the testosterone propionate and testosterone implants and testosterone propionate implants released more hormone than testosterone implants. In the second experiment, concentrations of plasma testosterone were elevated longer for ovariectomized ewes intravenously administered testosterone propionate, than ewes receiving testosterone or testosterone enanthate intravenously.
Growth of Prymnesium parvum in the dark; note on ichthyotoxin formation.

SYNOPSIS. For the first time the chrysomonad Prymnesium parvum was grown in the dark; glycerol was necessary and could not be replaced by any other metabolite tested. The dark-grown cultures, as compared to light-grown ones, atteined an almost 2-fold optical density per cell number, caused possibly by a partial pigment-bleaching in the light or a higher pigment formation in the dark. Ichthyotoxic activity of Prymnesium cultures was greater for the dark-grown cultures in which no photoinactivation of this toxin occurs. Therefore light is not required for synthesis of this toxin.
Effects of obesity on QT, RR, and QTc intervals.

In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that QTc interval duration is significantly associated with relative body mass and fatness. The underlying mechanisms and clinical significance of these findings remain unknown and are important topics for future investigation. Finally, obesity may be one of the most common causes of prolonged QTc intervals.
Brazil: reproductive health in the workplace.

In Brazil the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) in collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and in agreement with Servico Social da Industria (SESI) has been working on advocating promotional activities focused on reproductive health and family planning and on gender inequity in working environment of urban workers. A multipliers approach was used in order to augment the program which included company activities and activity centers. The most significant achievement the program s promotion of the interest of company workers and of young people in issues related to sexual and reproductive life self-esteem and better understanding and communication with their families and partners. The program experience was successfully reproduced in multiple states each using its own logistical and human resources. This was an institutional achievement. SESI s willingness to incorporate the educational and services program was the result of good advocacy.
Anote on second degree price discrimination and its implications

This paper develops the analytical solution to the standard problem of second degree discrimination and shows that, as the number of discrete prices increases, the market output approaches that of pure competition or perfect price discrimination in the same manner as Cournot oligopolies converge to competitive outcomes. This solution is subsequently compared with that of Third degree discrimination in light of recent contributions of Coase and Varian. This comparison reveals that-1-neither type of discrimination, in its pure form, is empirically likely;-2- actual price discrimination will involve elements of both types;-3- therefore, the analytical solution to second degree discrimination is, contrary to Pigouvian tradition, no less important than that of third degree discrimination.