cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
XRay: enhancing the web's transparency with differential correlation

Today's Web services - such as Google, Amazon, and Facebook - leverage user data for varied purposes, including personalizing recommendations, targeting advertisements, and adjusting prices. At present, users have little insight into how their data is being used. Hence, they cannot make informed choices about the services they choose. To increase transparency, we developed XRay, the first fine-grained, robust, and scalable personal data tracking system for the Web. XRay predicts which data in an arbitrary Web account (such as emails, searches, or viewed products) is being used to target which outputs (such as ads, recommended products, or prices). XRay's core functions are service agnostic and easy to instantiate for new services, and they can track data within and across services. To make predictions independent of the audited service, XRay relies on the following insight: by comparing outputs from different accounts with similar, but not identical, subsets of data, one can pinpoint targeting through correlation. We show both theoretically, and through experiments on Gmail, Amazon, and YouTube, that XRay achieves high precision and recall by correlating data from a surprisingly small number of extra accounts.
A Hybrid AMR Application for Cosmology and Astrophysics

We describe an application of Berger and Colella’s [BC89] structured adaptive mesh refinement algorithm to the field of cosmological astrophysics. Simulations in this area must include not just a gaseous component which follows the hyperbolic equations of compressible gas dynamics, but also a collisionless component (such as dark matter or stars) described by the Newtonian dynamical equations. The two fluids in teract via gravity which requires an elliptic solver. The challenge for AMR is twofold. First, the collisionless material is most easily modeled by following trajectories of indi vidual objects, a method often referred to as an N-body scheme. The introduction of particles poses a number of difficulties, both physical (how do they interact accurately with the fluid in the mesh) and algorithmic (how to efficiently add a new data structure). The second challenge is to incorporate the gravitational interaction between the two components. We discuss our solutions to both of these issues and briefly present very encouraging results.
Enhancement of the anti-damping spin torque efficacy of platinum by interface modification

We report a strong enhancement of the efficacy of the spin Hall effect (SHE) of Pt for exerting anti-damping spin torque on an adjacent ferromagnetic layer by the insertion of ≈0.5 nm layer of Hf between a Pt film and a thin, ≤2 nm, Fe60Co20B20 ferromagnetic layer. This enhancement is quantified by measurement of the switching current density when the ferromagnetic layer is the free electrode in a magnetic tunnel junction. The results are explained as the suppression of spin pumping through a substantial decrease in the effective spin-mixing conductance of the interface, but without a concomitant reduction of the ferromagnet's absorption of the SHE generated spin current.
The Solar Wind: Then and Now

In the original formulation of the solar wind, the electron pressure gradient was the principal accelerating force. This was soon recognized to be insufficient to drive the observed flow speeds, especially of the high-speed streams. The discovery of Alfven waves in the solar wind led to a long series of models in which wave pressure provided additional acceleration, but these wave-driven models ultimately failed to explain the rapid acceleration of the fast wind close to the Sun. An alternate view was that the pressure of hot protons close to the Sun could explain the rapid acceleration, with the proton (and ion) heating coming from the cyclotron resonance. SOHO has provided remarkable data which have verified some of the predictions of this view, and given impetus to ongoing studies of the ion cyclotron resonance in the fast wind. After a historical review, we discuss the basic ideas behind current research, emphasizing the particle kinetics.
Topology and Chiral Symmetry in QCD with Overlap Fermions

The authors briefly review the overlap formalism for chiral gauge theories, the overlap Dirac operator for massless fermions and its connection to domain wall fermions. They describe properties of the overlap Dirac operator, and methods to implement it numerically. Finally, they give some examples of quenched calculations of chiral symmetry breaking and topology with overlap fermions.
Some Asymptotic Results on q-Binomial Coefficients

We look at the asymptotic behavior of the coefficients of the q-binomial coefficients (or Gaussian polynomials) \({\left(\begin{array}{c}{a+k}\\{k}\end{array}\right)_{q}}\), when k is fixed. We give a number of results in this direction, some of which involve Eulerian polynomials and their generalizations.
An improved approximation algorithm for the column subset selection problem

We consider the problem of selecting the "best" subset of exactly k columns from an m x n matrix A. In particular, we present and analyze a novel two-stage algorithm that runs in O(min{mn2, m2n}) time and returns as output an m x k matrix C consisting of exactly k columns of A. In the first stage (the randomized stage), the algorithm randomly selects O(k log k) columns according to a judiciously-chosen probability distribution that depends on information in the top-k right singular subspace of A. In the second stage (the deterministic stage), the algorithm applies a deterministic column-selection procedure to select and return exactly k columns from the set of columns selected in the first stage. Let C be the m x k matrix containing those k columns, let PC denote the projection matrix onto the span of those columns, and let Ak denote the "best" rank-k approximation to the matrix A as computed with the singular value decomposition. Then, we prove that[EQUATION]with probability at least 0.7. This spectral norm bound improves upon the best previously-existing result (of Gu and Eisenstat [21]) for the spectral norm version of this Column Subset Selection Problem. We also prove that[EQUATION]with the same probability. This Frobenius norm bound is only a factor of √k log k worse than the best previously existing existential result and is roughly O(√k!) better than the best previous algorithmic result (both of Deshpande et al. [11]) for the Frobenius norm version of this Column Subset Selection Problem.
Free-living activity energy expenditure in women successful and unsuccessful at maintaining a normal body weight.

BACKGROUND Although physical inactivity is believed to contribute to the rising prevalence of obesity, the role and magnitude of its contribution to weight gain are unknown. OBJECTIVE We compared total free-living activity energy expenditure (AEE) and physical activity level in women successful and unsuccessful at maintaining a normal body weight. DESIGN Premenopausal, generally sedentary women were studied at their normal weight and 1 y later after no intervention. Two groups were identified on the basis of extreme weight changes: maintainers (n = 27) had a weight gain of less-than-or-equal 3% of their initial body weight ( less-than-or-equal 2 kg/y) and gainers (n = 20) had a weight gain of >10% (>6 kg/y). At baseline and follow-up, evaluations were conducted during 4 wk of diet-controlled, energy-balance conditions. Free-living AEE and physical activity were assessed with the use of doubly labeled water, exercise energy economy and muscle strength with the use of standardized exercise tests, and sleeping EE and substrate utilization with the use of chamber calorimetry. RESULTS Maintainers lost a mean (plus minusSD) of 0.5 plus minus 2.2 kg/y and gainers gained 9.5 plus minus 2.1 kg/y. Gainers had a lower AEE (P < 0.02), a lower physical activity level (P < 0.01), and less muscle strength (P < 0.001); these differences between groups remained significant from baseline to follow-up. Sleeping EE, exercise economy, and sleeping or 24-h substrate utilization were not significantly different between the 2 groups. A lower AEE in the gainers explained approximately 77% of their greater weight gain after 1 y. CONCLUSION The general US population should increase their daily physical activity levels to decrease the rising prevalence of obesity.
NaK--nitrogen liquid metal MHD converter tests at 30 kw

The feasibility of electrical power generation with an ambient temperature liquid-metal MHD separator cycle is demonstrated by tests in which a NaK-nitrogen LM-MHD converter was operated at nozzle inlet pressures ranging from 100 to 165 N/sq cm, NaK flow rates from 46 to 72 kg/sec, and nitrogen flow rates from 2.4 to 3.8 kg/sec. The generator was operated as an eight-phase linear induction generator, with two of the eight phases providing magnetic field compensation to minimized electrical end losses at the generator channel inlet and exit.
Low‐Pass Filters

A lowpass filter suppresses the high-frequency components of a signal, leaving intact the low-frequency ones. An approach to design a circuit (a lowpass filter) whose frequency response satisfies the lowpass requirements consists of two steps: approximation of the requirements by a transfer function and synthesis of the transfer function. There are several approximation methods, for instance, Butterworth, Chebyshev, inverse Chebyshev, and Cauer approximations. A transfer function obtained by one method is different from those obtained by the others, and has different properties. However, the frequency response of each of the transfer functions satisfies the lowpass requirements. Keywords: lowpass filter; Sallen-Key lowpass circuit; Butterworth approximation; Chebyshev approximations; transition band
Effects of long-term drainage on microbial community composition vary between peatland types

Abstract Peatlands represent an important reservoir of carbon, but their functioning can be threatened by water level drawdown caused by climate or land use change. Knowledge of how microbial communities respond to long-term drainage in different peatland types could help improve predictions of the effect of climate change on these ecosystems. We investigated the effect of long-term drainage on microbial community composition in bog, fen and spruce swamp forests (SSF) in the Sumava Mountains (Czech Republic), using high-throughput barcoded sequencing, in relation to peat biochemical properties. Long-term drainage had substantial effects, which depended strongly on peatland type, on peat biochemical properties and microbial community composition. The effect of drainage was most apparent on fen, followed by SSF, and lowest on bog. Long-term drainage led to lower pH, reduced peat decomposability and increased bulk density, which was reflected by reduced microbial activity. Bacterial diversity decreased and Acidobacteria became the dominant phylum on drained sites, reflecting a convergence in bacterial community composition across peatlands after long-term drainage. The archaeal communities changed very strongly and became similar across drained peatlands. Overall, the characteristic differences between distinct peatland types under natural conditions were diminished by long-term drainage. Bog represented a relatively resilient system while fen seemed to be very sensitive to environmental changes.
A skein action of the symmetric group on noncrossing partitions

We introduce and study a new action of the symmetric group $${\mathfrak {S}}_n$$Sn on the vector space spanned by noncrossing partitions of $$\{1, 2,\ldots , n\}$${1,2,ź,n} in which the adjacent transpositions $$(i, i+1) \in {\mathfrak {S}}_n$$(i,i+1)źSn act on noncrossing partitions by means of skein relations. We characterize the isomorphism type of the resulting module and use it to obtain new representation-theoretic proofs of cyclic sieving results due to Reiner---Stanton---White and Pechenik for the action of rotation on various classes of noncrossing partitions and the action of K-promotion on two-row rectangular increasing tableaux. Our skein relations generalize the Kauffman bracket (or Ptolemy relation) and can be used to resolve any set partition as a linear combination of noncrossing partitions in a $${\mathfrak {S}}_n$$Sn-equivariant way.
Ultralight gravitons with tiny electric dipole moment are seeping from the vacuum

Mass and electric dipole moment (EDM) of graviton, which is identified as dark matter particle (DMP), are estimated. This change the concept of dark matter and can help to explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe. The calculations are based on quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger) with two additional terms in the Einstein equations, which takes into account production/absorption of gravitons. In this theory, there are no Big Bang in the beginning (some local bangs during the evolution of the universe are probable), no critical density of the universe, no dark energy (no need in cosmological constant) and no inflation. The theory (without fitting) is in good quantitative agreement with cosmic data.
An algebraic approach to finite projective planes

A finite projective plane, or more generally a finite linear space, has an associated incidence complex that gives rise to two natural algebras: the Stanley---Reisner ring $$R/I_\Lambda $$R/I? and the inverse system algebra $$R/I_\Delta $$R/IΔ. We give a careful study of both of these algebras. Our main results are a full description of the graded Betti numbers of both algebras in the more general setting of linear spaces (giving the result for the projective planes as a special case), and a classification of the characteristics in which the inverse system algebra associated to a finite projective plane has the weak or strong Lefschetz Property.
On the Link Between Electron Shadowing And Charging Damage

Charging and topography evolution simulations during plasma etching of high aspect ratio line-and-space patterns reveal that electron shadowing of the sidewalls critically affects charging damage. Decreasing the degree of electron shadowing by using thinner masks decreases the potentials of the etched features with a concomitant reduction in catastrophic tunneling currents through underlying thin gate oxides. Simultaneously, the potential distribution in the trench changes, significantly perturbing the local ion dynamics which, in turn, cause the notching effect to worsen. Since the latter can be reduced independently by selecting an appropriate etch chemistry, the use of thinner (hard) masks is predicted to be advantageous for the prevention of gate oxide failure.
Phosphine-Catalyzed Diastereoselective Synthesis of β-Lactones from Disubstituted Ketenes and α-Chiral Oxyaldehydes

In this article we describe a catalytic procedure for the diastereoselective synthesis of β-lactones bearing two stereogenic centers, from disubstituted ketenes and α-chiral oxyaldehydes. Tri-n-butylphosphine was found to be the optimal catalyst in terms of effecting both good yield and diastereoselectivity (dr from 3:1 to 32:1 for 8 examples) in β-lactone formation. The major isomer of the β-lactone products was determined to be the anti-diastereomer, and its formation was rationalized by a polar Felkin–Anh model. Involvement of phosphonium enolate intermediates in the reaction mechanism was indicated through reaction monitoring by 31P NMR spectroscopy. The utility of the methodology is demonstrated by a short synthesis of a (+)-peloruside A synthon.
Externalities in rural development evidence for China

The author tests for external effects of local economic activity on consumption and income growth at the farm-household level using panel data from four provinces of post-reform rural China. The tests allow for non-stationary fixed effects in the consumption growth process. Evidence is found of geographic externalities, stemming from spillover effects of the level and composition of local economic activity and private returns to local human and physical infrastructure endowments. The results suggest an explanation for rural underdevelopment arising from under-investment in certain externality-generating activities, of which agricultural development emerges as the most important.
Resonant relaxation and the warp of the stellar disc in the Galactic Centre

Observations of the spatial distribution and kinematics of young stars in the Galactic centre can be interpreted as showing that the stars occupy one, or possibly two, discs of radii � 0:05–0.5 pc. The most prominent (‘clockwise’) disc exhibits a strong warp: the normals to the mean orbital planes in the inner and outer third of the disc differ by � 60 � . Using an analytical model based on Laplace-Lagrange theory, we show that such warps arise naturally and inevitably through vector resonant relaxation between the disc and the surrounding old stellar cluster.
The field theory of intersecting D3-branes

We examine the defect gauge theory on two perpendicular D3-branes with a 1+1 dimensional intersection, consisting of U(1) fields on the D3-branes and charged hypermultiplets on the intersection. We argue that this gauge theory must have a magnetically charged soliton corresponding to the D-string stretched between the branes. We show that the hypermultiplets actually source magnetic as well as electric fields. The magnetic charges are confined if the hypermultiplet action is canonical, but considerations of periodicity of the hypermultiplet space in string theory imply a nontrivial Gibbons-Hawking metric, and we show that there is then the expected magnetic kink solution. The hypermultiplet metric has a singularity, which we argue must be resolved by embedding in the full string theory. Another interesting feature is that the classical field equations have logarithmic divergences at the intersection, which lead to a classical renormalization group flow in the action.
Improving international students’ understanding of local culture and financial institutions: A service learning application

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a case study of a service learning project focusing on financial literacy. In response to the global financial crisis there has been increasing emphasis on improving financial literacy skills and education. In this paper, the author argues for service learning as a means of integrating the finance curricula with real-world applications. Design/methodology/approach – Initially, the author surveys the growing importance of a financial literacy education as well as integrating service learning with a business education. The author then describes the implementation of a service-learning program at a private university that provides financial literacy workshops to community partners. Findings – The paper concludes with a discussion of the effectiveness of the financial literacy workshops and reflections of the service-learning experience. Research limitations/implications – It is an opportunity for learning among culturally diverse groups and has also helped in...
Hypersensitivity: Anaphylactic (Type I)

First page of article Keywords: hypersensitivity - anaphylactic (type I); sympathomimetic drug adrenaline
Green marketing in Europe and the United States: An evolving business and society interface

Abstract Concern for the environment has become one of the most important issues of the 1990s. Both in Europe and the United States, companies have discovered that consumers will buy products, or avoid their purchase, based upon environmental considerations. This phenomena, referred to as Green Marketing, involves the marketing response to the design, production, packaging, use and disposal of products. This article traces the evolution of green business, and the societal catalysts and pressures that have resulted in green marketing. Next, key green marketing issues and activities, both in Europe and the United States, are discussed. Finally, key implications and implementation strategies are suggested.
Some implications of the WP-Bailey tree

We consider a special case of a WP-Bailey chain of George Andrews, and use it to derive a number of curious transformations of basic hypergeometric series. We also derive two new WP-Bailey pairs, and use them to derive some additional new transformations for basic hypergeometric series. Finally, we briefly consider the implications of WP-Bailey pairs (@a"n(a,k),@b"n(a,k)), in which @a"n(a,k) is independent of k, for generalizations of identities of the Rogers-Ramanujan type.
Formability Enhancement for Tailor-Welded Blanks Using Blank Holding Force Control

Tailor-welded blanks (TWB) are widely used for stamped auto body panels because of their great benefits in weight and cost reduction. However, the weld line in a tailor-welded blank causes serious concerns in formability because of material discontinuity and additional inhomogeneous stress/strain distribution. This paper proposes a blank holding force (BHF) control strategy to control the weld line movement, distribute the deformation more uniformly and thereby improve TWB formability. The control methodology is developed based on a simplified 2-D sectional analytical model that estimates the stress/strain distribution and the BHFs required for each side of the flange with dissimilar materials. The model can be further extended to 3-D analysis by superimposing the 2-D sectional analysis results around the entire binder ring and thus determining the required BHF for the whole panel. Finite element simulations are performed to study the effects of forming parameters on the weld line movement. Experiments have been conducted to verify the analytical model and partial finite element simulations. Both analysis and experiments demonstrated that a lower BHF should be applied on the thicker blank side to allow more metal to flow-in for obtaining more uniform strain distribution. The proposed BHF control is proven to be a good approach to enhancing TWB formability.
Diiron oxidation state control of substrate access to the active site of soluble methane monooxygenase mediated by the regulatory component.

The regulatory component (MMOB) of soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) has a unique N-terminal tail not found in regulatory proteins of other bacterial multicomponent monooxygenases. This N-terminal tail is indispensable for proper function, yet its solution structure and role in catalysis remain elusive. Here, by using double electron–electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy, we show that the oxidation state of the hydroxylase component, MMOH, modulates the conformation of the N-terminal tail in the MMOH–2MMOB complex, which in turn facilitates catalysis. The results reveal that the N-terminal tail switches from a relaxed, flexible conformational state to an ordered state upon MMOH reduction from the diiron(III) to the diiron(II) state. This observation suggests that some of the crystallographically observed allosteric effects that result in the connection of substrate ingress cavities in the MMOH–2MMOB complex may not occur in solution in the diiron(III) state. Thus, O2 may not have easy access to the ac...
Conservation laws in the quantum Hall Liouvillian theory and its generalizations

Abstract It is known that the localization length scaling of noninteracting electrons near the quantum Hall plateau transition can be described in a theory of the bosonic density operators, with no reference to the underlying fermions. The resulting “Liouvillian” theory has a U (1|1) global supersymmetry as well as a hierarchy of geometric conservation laws related to the noncommutative geometry of the lowest Landau level (LLL). Approximations to the Liouvillian theory contain quite different physics from standard approximations to the underlying fermionic theory. Mean-field and large- N generalizations of the Liouvillian are shown to describe problems of noninteracting bosons that enlarge the U (1|1) supersymmetry to U (1|1)× SO ( N ) or U (1|1)× SU ( N ). These noninteracting bosonic problems are studied numerically for 2⩽ N ⩽8 by Monte Carlo simulation and compared to the original N =1 Liouvillian theory. The N >1 generalizations preserve the first two of the hierarchy of geometric conservation laws, leading to logarithmic corrections at order 1/ N to the diffusive large- N limit, but do not preserve the remaining conservation laws. The emergence of nontrivial scaling at the plateau transition, in the Liouvillian approach, is shown to depend sensitively on the unusual geometry of Landau levels.
The Regio- and Stereoselective One-Pot Catalytic Preparation of β-Selenyl Acrylamides

Pd(PPh3)4 is found to catalytically assemble sulfenamides, terminal aliphatic alkynes, carbon monoxide, and diphenyl diselenides regio- and stereoselectively in a single-pot reaction to produce good yields of β-selenyl acrylamides.
Factors behind cross-industry differences in technical progress

Abstract This paper argues that while both technological opportunity and appropriability positively affect industry R and D intensity, technological opportunity positively affects the rate of technical advance in an industry, but appropriability does not. The empirical tests presented, which use data drawn for the Yale Questionnaire on Industrial Research and Development to provide measures of these variables, are consistent with these hypotheses. The finding that both variables influence R and D intensity is consistent with earlier studies. The dependence of technological advance on opportunities alone is, we believe, a new analytic argument, and the empirical support of that argument is new.
X-ray spectral and timing evolution during the decay of the 1998 outburst from the recurrent x-ray transient 4u 1630-47

We report on the X-ray spectral and timing behavior of the recurrent X-ray transient 4U 1630-47 for 51 Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations made during the decay of its 1998 outburst. The observations began when the source was still relatively bright, and during one of the early observations, a quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) with a non-Lorentzian profile occurred near 6 Hz. As the source decayed, the X-ray flux dropped exponentially with an e-folding time of 14.4 days. The exponential decay was interrupted by an increase in the X-ray flux, and a secondary maximum occurred 89 days after the onset of the outburst. A transition marked by significant changes in the timing and spectral properties of the source occurred 104 days after the start of the outburst. The transition is similar to soft-to-hard state transitions observed in other black hole candidate X-ray binaries. Most of the changes associated with the transition occurred in less than 2 days. The timing changes include an increase in the continuum noise level from less than 4% rms to greater than 10% rms and the appearance of a QPO at 3.4 Hz with an rms amplitude of 7.3% in the 2-21 keV energy band. At the transition, the energy spectrum also changed with an abrupt drop in the soft component flux in the RXTE bandpass. A change in the power-law photon index from 2.3 to 1.8, also associated with the transition, occurred over a time period of 8 days. After the transition, the source flux continued to decrease, and the QPO frequency decayed gradually from 3.4 Hz to about 0.2 Hz.
Ordered vs. disordered states of the random-field model in three dimensions

We report numerical investigation of the glassy behavior of random-field exchange models in three dimensions. Correlation of energy with the magnetization for different numbers of spin components has been studied. There is a profound difference between the models with two and three spin components with respect to the stability of the magnetized state due to the different kinds of singularities: vortex loops and hedgehogs, respectively. Memory effects pertinent to such states have been investigated. Insight into the mechanism of the large-scale disordering is provided by numerically implementing the Imry-Ma argument in which the spins follow the random field averaged over correlated volumes. Thermal stability of the magnetized states is investigated by the Monte Carlo method.
On the quantum product of Schubert classes

We give a formula for the smallest powers of the quantum parameters q that occur in a product of Schubert classes in the (small) quantum cohomology of general flag varieties G/P. We also include a complete proof of Peterson's quantum version of Chevalley's formula, also for general G/P's.
Tight‐binding theory of heterojunction band lineups and interface dipoles

A tight-binding theory of semiconductor heterojunction band lineups is presented. Interface dipoles are shown to play a crucial role in determining lineups, so that lineups obtained by using the vacuum level as a reference (e.g., the electron affinity rule) are not reliable. Instead, the self-consistent lineup can be obtained approximately by aligning the average sp 3 hybrid energies in the respective semiconductors. Numerical results are provided and compared with experiment, and the approximations and accuracy in this approach are discussed. The application of these ideas to Schottky barriers is also considered.
Synthesis and characterization of 1,9-difluoro-5-methyl-5-phenyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]silepin

Abstract The synthesis of 2,2′-difluoro-6,6′-dichlorobibenzyl, a precursor to dibenzometallepins, has been accomplished from bromination of 2-chloro-6-toluene followed by coupling of the benzyl bromide produced with PhLi. A variety of conditions were studied for conversion to a diGrignard reagent the most successful of which involved activated magnetism (Mg ∗ ) produced from reduction of MgBr 2 and K. Reaction of the diGrignard with PhMeSiCl 2 produced 1,9-difluoro-5-methyl-5-phenyl-10,11-dihydro-5 H -dibenzo[b,f]silepin ( 3a ). The silepin was characterized by an X-ray crystal structure in the solid state and in solution by 1 H, 13 C, 29 Si and 19 F NMR spectroscopy. The solid structure reveals a folded boat conformation for the central seven-membered ring and a butterfly angle for the tricyclic framework of 124°. The 1 H NMR data in solution exhibits a complex, unsymmetrical multiplet associated with the ethano-bridge protons. The conformations of 3a were generated by MM2 calculations and the results demonstrated that there were four enantiomeric pairs of similar energy. The configuration with an axially oriented phenyl group corresponded closely to the configuration observed in the solid state. energy. The configuration with an axially oriented phenyl group corresponded closely to the configuration observed in the solid state.
NODAS: the network-oriented data acquisition system for the medical environment

A network-oriented distributed computing system designed for the medical, multi-laboratory environment is described. The development of this network was motivated by the need for a real-time computing system which offers the speed and responsiveness of a dedicated processor and the convenience and cost-effectiveness of resource sharing. The system, a star configured network, utilizes a DECsystem-10 time-sharing system as its host and small memory-only PDP-11 processors as satellites. Program development for the satellite processors can be performed on the host in a higher-level language developed especially for the network. Also present are such network capabilities as downline loading and remote file manipulation.
On a conformal Gauss-Bonnet-Chern inequality for LCF manifolds and related topics

We establish a Gauss-Bonnet-Chern inequality for a class of complete locally conformally flat (LCF) manifolds. We also prove a finiteness theorem for a class of complete LCF four-folds with integrable Pfaffian curvature, extending the classical results of Cohn-Vossen and Huber in dimension two. This result can be viewed as a fully non-linear analogue of the Chang-Qing-Yang theorem in dimension four.
The reaction of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol and the isomeric chloronitrobenzenes with LDA under aryne-forming conditions

Abstract The unprecedented base-initiated generation of a nitrobenzyne and subsequent addition of preformed arylacetonitrile anion nucleophiles is reported. In all cases, 2-amino-5-nitro-3-benzo[b]furans are obtained as major product with small amounts of 3-arylmethyl-2-cyano-4-nitrophenols. A mechanism involving ring closure of phenoxide and nitrile groups of the initial aryne-nitrile anion adduct is proposed to account for the formation of the benzofurans. The three isomeric chloronitrobenzynes, however, do not give aryne products when treated with LDA, but rather are reduced to the corresponding bis-dichloroazoxybenzenes.
Synthesis and endothelin receptor binding activity of synthetic analogues of RES-1149-2

A direct synthesis of analogues 6 and 7 is described. The key transformations are the addition of dibromomethyl lithium to a ketone and the subsequent mild hydrolysis to a hemiacetal.
Blind recovery of spatially varying reflectance from a single image

We propose a new technique for estimating spatially varying parametric materials from a single image of an object with unknown shape in unknown illumination. Our method uses a low-order parametric reflectance model, and incorporates strong assumptions about lighting and shape. We develop new priors about how materials mix over space, and jointly infer all of these properties from a single image. This produces a decomposition of an image which corresponds, in one sense, to microscopic features (material reflectance) and macroscopic features (weights defining the mixing properties of materials over space). We have built a large dataset of real objects rendered with different material models under different illumination fields for training and ground truth evaluation. Extensive experiments on both our synthetic dataset images as well as real images show that (a) our method recovers parameters with reasonable accuracy; (b) material parameters recovered by our method give accurate predictions of new renderings of the object; and (c) our low-order reflectance model still provides a good fit to many real-world reflectances.
Review of Tevatron results: Top quark physics

We present results on top quark physics from the CDF and D0 collaborations at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. These include legacy results from Run II that were published or submitted for publication before mid-2014, as well as a summary of Run I results. The historical perspective of the discovery of the top quark in Run I is also described.
Blunt thoracic aortic injuries: an autopsy study.

OBJECTIVE: : The objective of this study was to identify the incidence and patterns of thoracic aortic injuries in a series of blunt traumatic deaths and describe their associated injuries. METHODS: : All autopsies performed by the Los Angeles County Department of Coroner for blunt traumatic deaths in 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who had a traumatic thoracic aortic (TTA) injury were compared with the victims who did not have this injury for differences in baseline characteristics and patterns of associated injuries. RESULTS: : During the study period, 304 (35%) of 881 fatal victims of blunt trauma received by the Los Angeles County Department of Coroner underwent a full autopsy and were included in the analysis. The patients were on average aged 43 years ±21 years, 71% were men, and 39% had a positive blood alcohol screen. Motor vehicle collision was the most common mechanism of injury (50%), followed by pedestrian struck by auto (37%). A TTA injury was identified in 102 (34%) of the victims. The most common site of TTA injury was the isthmus and descending thoracic aorta, occurring in 67 fatalities (66% of the patients with TTA injuries). Patients with TTA injuries were significantly more likely to have other associated injuries: cardiac injury (44% vs. 25%, p = 0.001), hemothorax (86% vs. 56%, p Language: en
The Conley conjecture for the cotangent bundle

We prove the Conley conjecture for cotangent bundles of oriented, closed manifolds, and Hamiltonians which are quadratic at infinity, i.e., we show that such Hamiltonians have infinitely many periodic orbits. For the conservative systems, similar results have been proven by Lu and Mazzucchelli using convex Hamiltonians and Lagrangian methods. Our proof uses Floer homological methods from Ginzburg’s proof of the Conley conjecture for closed symplectically aspherical manifolds.
Comparison of maternal sera, cord blood, and neonatal sera for detecting presumptive congenital syphilis: Relationship with maternal treatment

The incidence of congenital syphilis has increased rapidly over the past few years. Most infected mothers and their newborns are asymptomatic at birth and diagnosis depends on serologic testing during pregnancy and at delivery. This study was initiated to compare maternal sera, cord blood, and neonatal sera for detecting presumptive congenital syphilis and to assess the role of maternal treatment (administration of penicillin to the mother at least 1 month before delivery) on the serologic results at the time of delivery. The serologic results from all live deliveries complicated by a positive maternal and/or neonatal test for syphilis during a 12-month period were compared using chi 2 analysis and multiple comparisons for proportions. Of 3306 livebirths, 73 (2.2%) were complicated by a positive maternal or neonatal serology. At delivery, the serologic test was positive in 68 (94%) of 72 maternal sera, 30 (50%) of 60 cord sera, and 43 (63%) of 68 neonatal sera. In the absence of maternal treatment, 95% of the maternal sera, 66% of the cord blood samples, and 86% of the neonatal sera were positive. If the mother had been treated, 94% of maternal sera, 36% of cord sera, and 39% of neonatal sera were positive. Cord blood and neonatal sera appear to be inferior to maternal sera for detecting prenatal exposure to syphilis. Cord serology is also inferior to neonatal serology at 2 to 3 days of age. The most effective way to identify newborns at risk for congenital syphilis is to obtain a maternal serologic diagnosis during pregnancy and to test maternal and neonatal sera at delivery.
One-dimensional gas of bosons with Feshbach-resonant interactions

We present a study of a gas of bosons confined in one dimension with Feshbach-resonant interactions, at zero temperature. Unlike the gas of one-dimensional bosons with non resonant interactions, which is known to be equivalent to a system of interacting spinless fermions and can be described using the Luttinger liquid formalism, the resonant gas possesses additional features. Depending on its parameters, the gas can be in one of three possible regimes. In the simplest of those, it can still be described by the Luttinger liquid theory, but its Fermi momentum cannot be larger than a certain cutoff momentum dependent on the details of the interactions. In the other two regimes, it is equivalent to a Luttinger liquid at low density only. At higher densities its excitation spectrum develops a minimum, similar to the roton minimum in helium, at momenta where the excitations are in resonance with the Fermi sea. As the density of the gas is increased further, the minimum dips below the Fermi energy, thus making the ground state unstable. At this point the standard ground state gets replaced by a more complicated one, where not only the states with momentum below the Fermi points, but also the ones with momentum close to that minimum, get filled, and the excitation spectrum develops several branches. We are unable so far to study this regime in detail due to the lack of the appropriate formalism.
Electoral Contests, Incumbency Advantages, and Campaign Finance

Most campaigns do not revolve around policy commitments; instead, we think of campaigns as contests in which candidates spend time, energy, and money to win. This paper develops models of electoral competition in which candidates select levels of effort. The analysis offers insights about which causes of the incumbency advantage are consistent with the empirical record. Marginal asymmetries in costs or technology can explain the advantage; asymmetries in voter preferences cannot. The analysis also speaks to the consequences of campaign finance reform. Reforms can be interpreted as shocks to the cost of influencing voters’ perceptions; limits generally increase the likelihood that advantaged incumbents win, and even limits that target incumbents do not improve the welfare of disadvantaged challengers. Alternatively, caps on the amount of effort can either increase or decrease the probability that the disadvantaged candidate wins. Ironically, with very tight caps, the advantaged candidate wins for sure.
Completeness in Photometric and Spectroscopic Searches for Clusters

We investigate, using simulated galaxy catalogs, the completeness of searches for massive clusters of galaxies in redshift surveys or imaging surveys with photometric redshift estimates, i.e., what fraction of clusters (M > 1014 h-1 M☉) are found in such surveys. We demonstrate that the matched filter method provides an efficient and reliable means of identifying massive clusters even when the redshift estimates are crude. In true redshift surveys the method works extremely well. We demonstrate that it is possible to construct catalogs with high completeness and low contamination, where both vary little with redshift.
The Chandra Deep Field-North survey. VIII. X-ray constraints on spiral galaxies from 0.4 < z < 1.5

We present a statistical X-ray study of spiral galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field-North and its flanking fields using the Chandra Deep Field-North 1 Ms data set. We find that ≈L* galaxies with 0.4 z 1.5 have X-ray luminosity and ratios of X-ray to B-band luminosity similar to those in the local universe. The data, however, are consistent with an increase in both by a factor of ≈2-3. We have also determined that typical spiral galaxies at 0.4 z 1.5 should be detected in the 0.5-2 keV band in the flux range (3-6) × 10-18 erg cm-2 s-1.
Toward the Total Synthesis of Variecolin

An annulative approach toward the total synthesis of the sesterterpenoid variecolin (1) is presented. Synthesis of the key hemiketal, containing the core ABC ring skeleton, has been achieved on a model system by an expeditious route utilizing samarium(II) iodide. Furthermore, enantioselective syntheses of component fragments for the total synthesis have been developed.
Information Markets, Product Markets and Vertical Merger

In many markets, firms have the option of advertising at price comparison sites to broaden their market reach. Such sites are often controlled by profit-maximizing “information gatekeepers” charging advertising fees. This paper considers vertical merger between such a monopoly information gatekeeper and a firm in the product market. We find that: (i) If the integrated firm can act as a price leader before independent firms make advertising and pricing decisions, then the merger is profitable. (ii) If the integrated firm cannot move first, then the merger is unprofitable, or divestiture is optimal in the case where the firm has already created the gatekeeper. As a result, the merged entity has an incentive to invest in technologies to support a price leader.
Intervention strategies and exchange rate volatility: a noise trading perspective

Abstract This paper estimates and explains the impacts of sterilized US intervention on exchange rate volatility. I find that intervention reduced both yen/dollar and DM/dollar exchange rate volatilities during 1985–1986, but increased them during 1987–1989. These results are explained in a noise trading framework where the effectiveness of sterilized intervention may depend critically on the design and implementation of intervention strategies. (JEL F31). © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Can Smart Defense work? A suggested approach to increasing risk- and burden-sharing within NATO

“Smart Defense” is NATO's new approach to risk- and burden-sharing, which has been a chronic problem within the alliance since the 1950s. Numerous solutions have been proposed, but initiatives resulting in more equitable burden-sharing have never been fully implemented. There are two driving forces influencing a county's willingness to support such initiatives – the economic theory of alliances and the risks posed by the implementation of capability sharing. The authors examine each of these and propose that rather than aiming for group consensus on the production of capabilities, NATO should focus on interoperability through support functions. This approach provides the most likely solution for connecting the forces, doctrine, procedures, standards and other factors of joint capability production such that country leaders find the risks of doing so to be politically and militarily acceptable.
Quantum integrals and anhomomorphic logics

The basic arena for a probabilistic structure is a set A of events. Corresponding to A is a dual structure A* of coevents. We call A* an anhomomorphic logic and the coevents are given by “truth functions” from A to the two-element Boolean algebra Z2=0,1. One of the main goals of a physical theory is to describe physical reality and a coevent φ:A→Z2 provides such a description in the sense that an event A∈A “actually occurs” if and only if ϕ(A) = 1. The quantum integral over an event A with respect to a coevent ϕ is defined and its properties are treated. Integrals with respect to various coevents are computed. Quantum systems are frequently described by a quantum measure μ which gives the propensity μ(A) that an event A occurs. For φ∈A*, if ϕ(A) = 0 whenever μ(A) = 0 we say that ϕ is preclusive. Preclusivity is a reality filter because it eliminates coevents that do not describe a possible reality for the system. A quantum measure that can be represented as a quantum integral with respect to a coevent ϕ i...
Investigation of Fracture in Transparent Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Using Photoelasticity

Fiber-reinforced plastic composite materials are being widely used in a variety of load bearing and high-performance structures. Reliable use and optimum design requires accurate methods for predicating their fracture behavior, among other things. Fiber reinforced plastic composites are generally opaque and hence experimental fracture mechanics studies utilize surface measurements or post-fracture analysis. Hence quality transparent glass cloth reinforced polyester composites have been fabricated and transmission photoelasticity used to investigate quasi-static Mode-I fracture. The isochromatic fringe patterns obtained were analyzed using orthotropic photoelasticity to determine Mode-I stress intensity factors. Opening mode stress field equations in conjunction with an orthotropic stress-optic law were utilized to regenerate the isochromatic fringe patterns. Good agreement was found between the regenerated fringe patterns and the experimentally obtained patterns.
Detection of Light: From the Ultraviolet to the Submillimeter

1. Introduction 2. Photography 3. Intrinsic photoconductors 4. Extrinsic semiconductors 5. Photodiodes 6. Amplifiers and readouts 7. Arrays 8. Photoemissive detectors 9. Bolometers 10. Visible and infrared coherent receivers 11. Submillimeter- and millimeter-wave heterodyne receivers 12. Summary.
Functional biomimetic models for the active site in the respiratory enzyme cytochrome c oxidase

A functional analog of the active site in the respiratory enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reproduces every feature in CcO's active site: a myoglobin-like heme (heme a3), a distal tridentate imidazole copper complex (CuB), a phenol (Tyr244), and a proximal imidazole. When covalently attached to a liquid-crystalline SAM film on an Au electrode, this functional model continuously catalyzes the selective four-electron reduction of dioxygen at physiological potential and pH, under rate-limiting electron flux (as occurs in CcO).