cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between travel distance and survival among women with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy

Objectives: Regionalization of care in which patients are selectively referred to specialized or high-volume centers has been associated with improved survival for many oncologic procedures. Given the increase in regionalization of cancer care, we sought to examine the effect of travel distance on outcomes of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer receiving radiation therapy. Methods: We used the National Cancer Database to identify women with stage IB2-IVA cervical cancer diagnosed from 2005-2016 who were treated with primary radiation. Patients who received 180 days after diagnosis were excluded. The linear distance from the centroid of each patient's zip code of residence to the radiation facility was calculated. Patients were divided based on travel distance into approximately four equal quartiles. Multivariable models were developed to determine factors associated with greater travel distance (fourth quartile). The association between travel distance and survival was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. A sensitivity analysis comparing patients treated at low volume, local hospitals to those who traveled to high volume hospitals was performed. Results: Among 12,576 patients identified, the median travel distance was 9.6 miles. Patients in the highest quartile traveled ≥23.0 miles. Factors associated with increased travel (the highest quartile) included younger age, White race, higher neighborhood socioeconomic status and educational attainment, and residence in a rural area (P Download : Download high-res image (88KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: Overall there was no association between distance travelled to receive radiation and survival for women with locally advanced cervical cancer. However, compared to patients who received care locally at a low volume center, survival is improved for women who travel a longer distance to a high-volume center.
Genetic Factors and Human Reactions to Alcohol

This chapter reviews the data and their interpretation in an attempt to characterize the range of reactions in humans to alcohol and, where possible, to consider the way genetic factors influence the form and/or patterns of such reaction. Most work in the area of genetic factors associated with tolerance of and dependence upon alcohol is found in reports of animal study. Studies of genetic factors in the natural history of the consequences of alcoholism should include evaluation of sex and psychopathology in the proband and history of alcoholism in the family. G.E. Barnes concluded that there were few findings to suggest a precursor alcoholic personality and that the personality pattern noted in clinical alcoholism is most likely a response to the process of addiction and the effects of prolonged alcohol use. Genetic factors contribute to metabolism, degradation, and elimination of alcohol but explain patterns of heavy drinking.
Feedback Control of Linear Continuous Systems by Pulse-Width Modulation

In this paper, we study pulse-width modulated (PWM) control systems without assuming an arbitrarily high switching frequency. Although we restrict our investigation to linear continuous open-loop dynamics, the PWM process introduces significant nonliearities into the corresponding sampled-data models. Both single-rate and multirate approaches to PWM control are considered, and the latter type of control is shown to be more useful from the point of view of establishing desired equilibrium points. Conditions are found under which the sampled-data models are feedback linearizable, and design techniques are described which can achieve asymptotic regulation or tracking, using either state or output feedback.
Recommended mass spectrometry-based strategies to identify botulinum neurotoxin-containing samples

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the disease called botulism, which can be lethal. BoNTs are proteins secreted by some species of clostridia and are known to cause paralysis by interfering with nerve impulse transmission. Although the human lethal dose of BoNT is not accurately known, it is estimated to be between 0.1 μg to 70 μg, so it is important to enable detection of small amounts of these toxins. Our laboratory previously reported on the development of Endopep-MS, a mass-spectrometric‑based endopeptidase method to detect, differentiate, and quantify BoNT immunoaffinity purified from complex matrices. In this work, we describe the application of Endopep-MS for the analysis of thirteen blinded samples supplied as part of the EQuATox proficiency test. This method successfully identified the presence or absence of BoNT in all thirteen samples and was able to successfully differentiate the serotype of BoNT present in the samples, which included matrices such as buffer, milk, meat extract, and serum. Furthermore, the method yielded quantitative results which had z-scores in the range of −3 to +3 for quantification of BoNT/A containing samples. These results indicate that Endopep-MS is an excellent technique for detection, differentiation, and quantification of BoNT in complex matrices.
INTERGROUP DIALOGUES: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO TEACHING ABOUT DIVERSITY AND JUSTICE IN SOCIAL WORK PROGRAMS

This article reports on intergroup dialogues, an innovative pedagogical method to address cultural diversity and social justice issues in social work curricula. Intergroup dialogues—facilitated face-to-face meetings of students from different social identity groups—are aimed at exploring cultural identities and differences, fostering deeper understanding about issues of oppression and privilege, and building alliances for social change. Intergroup dialogue can also serve as a foundation to prepare social workers for cultural ly competent and social justice-oriented practice. Results from a formative evaluation are included together with suggestions for social work programs interested in incorporating intergroup dialogues into their curricula.
Solar observations with a new earth-orbiting coronagraph

Since March 28, 1979, the Solwind coronagraph has been observing the Sun’s white light corona (2.6 – 10.0 Rq) routinely with a spatial resolution of approximately 1.25 arc min and a repetition rate of 10 minutes during the one-hour sunlit portion of each 97-minute satellite orbital period. These are the first satellite observations of the outer corona near the peak of a sunspot cycle when coronal transients and high-latitude streamers are common.
Ray and Wave Propagation Through Optical Media

Before beginning a detailed discussion on optical resonators, which is to be the subject of the next Chapter, we introduce in this Chapter a few topics from geometrical and wave optics. The aim is to introduce some subjects that are not usually covered in elementary optics texts and that constitute a very useful background for the topics to be considered in next chapter. Thus, in particular, the matrix formulation of geometrical optics within the paraxial-ray approximation and wave propagation within the paraxial-wave approximation, leading to the ideas of Gaussian beam propagation, will be discussed here. Situations involving multiple interference such as in a multilayer dielectric coating or in a Fabry-Perot interferometer will also be considered.
VS predictors revisited

Abstract Various shear-velocity (VS) predictors differ from one another, and this difference affects a synthetic AVO gather produced at a well or for a synthetic earth model. The difference between gathers produced by using different predictors might be well within the noise level of field data and will not necessarily affect site-specific seismic-based hydrocarbon indicators.
Time Use, Rehearsal Activity, and Student Off-Task Behavior during the Initial Minutes of High School Choral Rehearsals:

In this study, the use of rehearsal time during the initial minutes (i.e., the warm-up time) of 33 high school choral rehearsals was examined. Student attentiveness was also investigated during initial rehearsal activities. Trained observers used interval observation techniques in collecting attentiveness, rehearsal activity, and time usage data. Interobserver agreement averaged .93 for off-task, .88 for activity coding, and .85 for rehearsal timing. Conductors averaged 43.45 elapsed seconds prior to the first verbal statement to begin and 14 minutes 19 seconds prior to rehearsal of literature. Time allotted to rehearsal activities was the following: sight-reading, 22.23%; vocal warm-up, 9.63%; getting ready, 6.75%; physical warm-up, 3.37%; literature instruction, 1.84%; and other activity, 1.46%. Off-task percentages were: getting ready, 26.14%; physical warm-up, 18.48%; other, 16.53%; literature instruction, 16.27%; vocal warm-up, 15.07%; and sight-reading, 9.22%. Results indicated that the highest perc...
Food reward functions as affected by obesity and bariatric surgery.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) remains to be the most effective long-term treatment for obesity and its associated comorbidities, but the specific mechanisms involved remain elusive. Because RYGB patients appear to no longer be preoccupied with thoughts about food and are satisfied with much smaller meals and calorically dilute foods, brain reward mechanisms could be involved. Just as obesity can produce maladaptive alterations in reward functions, reversal of obesity by RYGB could normalize these changes or even further reset the food reward system through changes in gut hormone secretion, aversive conditioning and/or secondary effects of weight loss. Future studies with longitudinal assessments of reward behaviors and their underlying neural circuits before and after surgery will be necessary to uncover the specific mechanisms involved. Such new insights could be the base for future ‘knifeless’ pharmacological and behavioral approaches to obesity.
RIS defines risk

In this issue of Blood , Cattoglio and colleagues examine retroviral integration site (RIS) preferences in CD34+ cells and conclude that gamma-retroviruses carry a higher risk for insertional mutation than lentiviruses. To date, 4 out of 10 patients treated with Necker Hospital's gene-therapy
Arms Control: Proposal for a Special Surveillance Force

This article proposes that there be discussed with the Russians the establishment (for each of us, separately, and perhaps for other countries) of a Special Surveillance Force . Its function would be to observe the enemy's behavior, at the enemy's invitation, and to report home instantly through authentic channels. The purpose is to help tranquilize crises that threaten to erupt into general war, particularly crises aggravated by the instability of strategic deterrence—by the urgency, if general war seems imminent, of starting it before the enemy does.
On the theory of Banach space valued multifunctions. 2. Set valued martingales and set valued measures

Abstract This second part of the work on Banach space valued multifunctions begins with a detailed study of set valued martingales, which have their values in a Banach space. Several new convergence theorems are established for different modes of convergence. The profile of a multifunction in connection with set valued martingales is also studied. The notion of weak convergence of multifunctions is introduced and used to obtain additional convergence theorems for set valued martingales. In the last two sections of the paper set valued measures dealt with and an integral with respect to a set valued measure is introduced.
Fluoroscopy-induced radiodermatitis after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is a nonsurgical procedure used to manage the complications of portal hypertension. This report describes three cases of fluoroscopy-induced radiodermatitis after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and reviews the characteristics and treatment of radiation-induced skin reactions.
TRANSLOCATION IN SPOROPHORES OF LENTINUS TIGRINUS

to short, densely packed hyphae in the cortical zone of the stipes where little translocation occurred. More P32 was translocated in a high-transpiration environment than in a low-transpiration environment. Nearly all translocation was stopped by killing the sporophores with propylene oxide, even though high-transpiration conditions were maintained. The respiratory rate of hyphae in the central zone of the stipe was greater than that of hyphae in the cortical zone.
Emergence of sperm from female storage sites has egg-influenced and egg-independent phases in Drosophila melanogaster

The coordinated introduction of sperm and eggs is a prerequisite of high fertilization efficiency. In Drosophila melanogaster, as in most internally fertilizing animals, mated females store sperm prior to fertilization. Yet the regulation of sperm exit from these storage sites is poorly understood. To test one likely factor that could coordinate gamete availability, we quantified sperm exit from storage in three types of female: genetically matched females that were normal or eggless, and an additional wild-type control. Long-term depletion of sperm stores in normal females and eggless females occurs at similar rates. However, soon after mating, egg presence appears to accelerate the transition from one storage stage to the next. Since male ejaculate components and female factors contribute to sperm depletion, opportunities exist for both cooperation and conflict between the sexes in sperm storage dynamics.
Mineralization of biphenyl and PCBs by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is unique in its ability to totally degrade a wide variety of recalcitrant pollutants. We have investigated the degradation of biphenyl and two model chlorinated biphenyls, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2-chlorobiphenyl by suspended cultures of P. chrysosporium grown under conditions that maximize the synthesis of lignin-oxidizing enzymes. Radiolabeled biphenyl and 2′-chlorobiphenyl added to cultures at concentrations in the range 260 nM to 8.8 μM were degraded extensively to CO2 within 30 days. In addition, from 40% to 60% of the recovered radioactivity was found in water-soluble compounds. A correlation between the rate of degradation and the synthesis of ligninases or Mn-dependent peroxidases could not be observed, indicating that yet unknown enzymatic system may be resonsible for the initial oxidation of PCBs. The more heavily chlorinated PCB congener, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl was converted to CO2 less readily; approximately 9% and 0.9% mineralization was observed in cultures incubated with 40 nM and 5.3 μM, respectively. Overall, our results indicate that P. chrysosporium is a promising organism for the treatment of wastes contaminatd with lightly and moderately chlorinated PCBs. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sequence of rat alpha- and gamma-casein mRNAs: evolutionary comparison of the calcium-dependent rat casein multigene family.

Abstract The complete sequences of rat alpha- and gamma-casein mRNAs have been determined. The 1402-nucleotide alpha- and 864-nucleotide gamma-casein mRNAs both encode 15 amino acid signal peptides and mature proteins of 269 and 164 residues, respectively. Considerable homology between the 5' non-coding regions, and the regions encoding the signal peptides and the phosphorylation sites, in these mRNAs as compared to several other rodent casein mRNAs, was observed. Significant homology was also detected between rat alpha- and bovine alpha s1-casein. Comparison of the rodent and bovine sequences suggests that the caseins evolved at about the time of the appearance of the primitive mammals. This may have occurred by intragenic duplication of a nucleotide sequence encoding a primitive phosphorylation site, -(Ser)n-Glu-Glu-, and intergenic duplication resulting in the small casein multigene family. A unique feature of the rat alpha-casein sequence is an insertion in the coding region containing 10 repeated elements of 18 nucleotides each. This insertion appears to have occurred 7-12 million years ago, just prior to the divergence of rat and mouse.
A Method of Measuring Poisson's Ratio of Fibers1

An apparatus is described whereby Poisson's ratio may be measured for fibers whose diameter is approximately 250μ. The apparatus is used in conjunction with an Instron Testing Machine so that stress vs. strain measurements can be made at the same time Poisson's ratio vs. strain measurements are made. The measurements can be made statically or on fibers undergoing a constant rate of extension.Measurements on four different tilaments of drawn nylon 66 gave (above 1% strain) a constant value of 0.392 ± 0.025 for Poisson's ratio. (An extension rate of 0.02 in min. and an initial gauge length of about 40 cm. were used.) In general there is an increase of Poisson's ratio starting with about 0.34 at low strains and increasing to a final value of 0.392 at about 1% strain. Concurrent with the change in Poisson's ratio there is a change in the tangent modulus of the stress-strain curve.
The potentials of the gauged N = 8 supergravity theories

Abstract The potentials of the SO( p , q ) gaugings of N = 8 supergravity are investigated for critical points. The SO(7,1) gauging has no G 2 -invariant critical points, the SO(6,2) theory has no SU(3) invariant critical points and the SO(5,3) gauging has only one SO(5)-invariant critical point, with positive cosmological constant, SO(5)×SO(3) symmetry and no supersymmetry.
Rat glutathione S-transferase M4-4: An isoenzyme with unique structural features including a redox-reactive cysteine-115 residue that forms mixed disulphides with glutathione

Although the existence of the rat glutathione S-transferase (GST) M4 (rGSTM4) gene has been known for some time, the corresponding protein has not as yet been purified from tissue. A recombinant rGSTM4-4 was thus expressed in Escherichia coli from a chemically synthesized rGSTM4 gene. The catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of rGSTM4-4 for the 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) conjugation reaction was 50-180-fold less than that of the well-characterized homologous rGSTM1-1, and the pH optimum for the same reaction was 8.5 for rGSTM4-4 as opposed to 6.5 for rGSTM1-1. Molecular-modelling studies predict that key substitutions in the helix alpha4 region of rGSTM4-4 account for this pK(a) difference. A notable structural feature of rGSTM4-4 is the Cys-115 residue in place of the Tyr-115 of other Mu-class GSTs. The thiol group of Cys-115 is redox-reactive and readily forms a mixed disulphide even with GSH; the S-glutathiolated form of the enzyme is catalytically active. A mutated rGSTM4-4 (C115Y) had 6-10-fold greater catalytic efficiency than the wild-type rGSTM4-4. Trp-45, a conserved residue among Mu-class GSTs, is essential in rGSTM4-4 for both enzyme activity and binding to glutathione affinity matrices. Antibodies directed against either the unique C-terminal undecapeptide or tridecapeptide of rGSTM4 reacted with rat and mouse liver GSTs to reveal an orthologous mouse GSTM4-4 present at low basal levels but which is inducible in mouse liver. This subclass of rodent Mu GSTs with redox-active Cys-115 residues could have specialized physiological functions in response to oxidative stress.
Religious Service Attendance Among Immigrants Evidence From the New Immigrant Survey-Pilot

A growing body of research by scholars of religion and immigration analyzes the religious organizations started by post-1965 immigrants to the United States. Little research, however, focuses on patterns in religious service attendance. The authors use pilot data from the New Immigrant Survey, a nationally representative sample of new legal immigrants to the United States, to systematically consider, for the first time, how demographic, familial, employment, household language, and migration factors influence regular religious service attendance for new immigrants from different religious traditions. Findings lend some support to the theory that immigrants who are less integrated into American society are more likely than others to regularly attend religious services. These preliminary conclusions generate broader hypotheses and potential theories about ways in which the norms of different religious traditions, the availability of religious centers, and the extent of immigrants’ ties to their ethnic communities influence their regular religious service attendance.
Update on Aspirin Desensitization for Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Polyps in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (AERD)

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a clinical condition which results in adverse upper and lower respiratory symptoms, particularly rhinitis, conjunctivitis, bronchospasm, and/or laryngospasm, following exposure to cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibiting drugs, namely aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A provocative aspirin challenge is the gold standard for diagnosis of AERD. Aspirin desensitization and continuous aspirin therapy has been highly efficacious in those patients with suboptimal control of their disease on current available pharmacotherapy or those with other underlying conditions (i.e., cardiovascular disease) who may require frequent treatment with aspirin or NSAIDs. This review article focuses on aspirin desensitization and the management of patients with AERD with a particular emphasis on outcomes in those patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis.
Uptake of magnesium and calcium by mitochondria in exchange for hydrogen ions

Abstract 1. 1. Rat-liver mitochondria take up Mg 2+ in exchange for H + . 2. 2. Inorganic orthophosphate is not essential for Mg 2+ uptake. 3. 3. Inorganic orthophosphate uptake can take place in the absence of Mg 2+ . 4. 4. Rat-liver mitochondria take up Ca 2+ , in part at least, by the same route as Mg 2+ . H + is exchanged for Ca 2+ . 5. 5. The divalent cations appear to share a common transport mechanism with K + . 6. 6. It is concluded that mitochondrial cation-transport mechanism is a system which extrudes H + . Any one of several cations may be taken up in exchange. 7. 7. An explanation is advanced for the opposing effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol and Ca 2+ on mitochondrial swelling. 8. 8. The sensitivity and specificity of atomic absorption spectrophometry facilitated analysis of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ .
Comment on the Characteristic Time of Spontaneous Decay in Jaynes's Semiclassical Radiation Theory

We examine the implication in the fact that, in a semiclassical theory of atomic structure proposed by Jaynes and Crisp, the initial state of an atom plays a critical role in determining its average lifetime in an excited state.
Lake ice growth and decay in central Alaska, USA: observations and computer simulations compared

The Canadian Lake Ice Model (CLIMo), a one-dimensional, thermodynamic model with unsteady heat conduction and penetrating solar radiation, is used to simulate ice growth and decay on shallow ponds in and near Fairbanks, central Alaska, USA. Simulations are compared with observations of ice thickness and composition (snow ice, congelation ice), freeze-up, break-up and duration. Simulations run using US National Weather Service meteorological data as input variables do not agree well with ice-thickness measurements. The simulations improve significantly when the model is run with more representative, locally measured data for air temperature and depth of snow on the ice. The causes of some discrepancies between simulations and observations are discussed and some suggestions for model improvements are made.
A semiprime morita context related to finite automorphism groups of rings

A Morita context relating the fixed ring and the skew group ring introduced by M. Cohen is studied. If the skew group ring is semiprime andR G satisfied a PI, thenR satisfies a PI of degree ≦|G|d. We also discuss the Galois correspondence for the maximal quotient ring of a free algebra.
Comparison of Workability Test Methods for Self-Consolidating Concrete

Data from two research projects were analyzed to evaluate the suitability of seven empirical workability test methods for self-consolidating concrete (SCC)—namely, the column segregation test, J-ring test, L-box test, penetration apparatus test, sieve stability test, slump flow test, and V-funnel test. The results of these empirical tests were compared to rheometer measurements. Test methods were evaluated based on (1) the extent to which each method independently indicated filling ability, passing ability, or segregation resistance and (2) the ease and simplicity with which each test method can be used on a routine basis in the laboratory or the field. The data set consisted of 286 SCC mixtures incorporating a range of materials, mixture proportions, and workability characteristics. It was determined that the slump flow test should be used for filling ability, the J-ring test for passing ability, and the column segregation test or sieve stability test for segregation resistance.
Crowell et al. reply.

We assume that the s[minus]band configuration has K equal to zero on the average, but exhibits larger fluctuations in K than those present in the g band.
Oxygen-Related Defects in High Purity Movpe Aigaas

The near-infrared photoluminescence of high purity, nominally undoped MOVPE AlGaAs was investigated as a function of growth temperature, aluminum content and hydrostatic pressure. Two PL bands, observed at ˜1.1 eV and ˜0.8 eV independent of aluminum content, were attributed to oxygen-related defects based on the correlation of emission intensity and oxygen concentration. Hydrostatic pressure experiments, along with the measurement temperature dependence, suggest that the ˜0.8 eV band is due to emission from an oxygen-related mid-gap level to a shallow acceptor or the valence band, depending on temperature. A tentative defect model based on the off-center OA, defect in bulk Ga As and variations in the number of nearest neighbor aluminum atoms is proposed to explain the two PL bands and the dependence of their relative intensity on aluminum content.
Caught in the middle: faculty and institutional status and quality in state comprehensive universities

Faculty members at state-related comprehensive universities (SCUs) are ‘caught in the middle,’ caught between the demands of a research university model of higher education and other models such as that of the liberal arts or community colleges. They are caught in the ambiguity of not having determined their own identity. The SCUs are a major force in higher education that resulted from historical trends and the demands of parents, students, and state legislators for services. But the emerging form of these institutions has yet to complete its metamorphosis. During their transformation, the SCUs have emulated the high-status research universities as their own low status forced a search for an identity different from their origins, commonly as teachers colleges. The unfortunate consequence of the SCUs' quest for status has been low faculty satisfaction and additional loss of institutional self-esteem. Furthermore, an emphasis on published research has led to a disparagement of scholarship as it is manifested in teaching and service. As faculty members focus more on disciplinary research, their involvement with students and in university governance and other campus affairs diminishes. What can SCUs do? Five alternative approaches that SCUs could use to develop distinct identities appropriate to their constituencies are examined. The concept that connects these different approaches is ‘scholarship,’ in its traditional sense. A broader definition of scholarship could enable the SCUs to achieve excellence in ways not dictated by the research university model. There is some reason to hope that there is increasingly effective internal and external pressures for SCUs to develop and enact such distinctive identities.
A Field-Based Professional Development Complex: One Approach to Future Preservice-Inservice Teacher Preparation.

Recently, the terms symbiosis and synergy have occurred in discussions among faculties and administrators in colleges, schools and departments of education, and local education agencies. Both concepts, borrowed from the realm of science, interrelate in the arena of teacher education. A symbiotic relationship can refer to close kinship between two or more different preparation/training elements, institutions, or agencies that may, but not necessarily, benefit each other. Synergy we might view in a teacher education context as the action or product resulting from the amalgamation of two or more preparation/training elements, institutions, or agencies which have the potential to achieve an effect or result of which each is individually incapable. Owing in part to the newness of these concepts to teacher education and to the present limited trial and error development of experimental or experiential designs, we know little about where to start, how to proceed, what to observe, how to validate, and how to refine. Many discussions and ample literature support a symbiotic relationship between preservice and inservice education and potential synergistic effects resulting from close collaborative relationships of institutions of higher education and local education agencies in the form of professional development centers, teacher centers, renewal centers, site clusters, etc. On the horizon appear again those hovering clouds of educational reform. These billowing mists assume the form of federal legislation calling for establishment of local teacher centers. As of yet, no agency has poured vast sums of federal dollars into development of and research on such centers. To date, Congress has appropriated few funds; however, the time might be right to capture some early relevant fallout from these hovering clouds for some discussion and constructive analysis.
Evidence against the universality of a tyrosyl residue at antibody combining sites.

Abstract The effect of iodination on anti-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium antibody was determined from a correlation of iodine uptake with the loss in immunological activity and the modification of amino acid residues. Compared to anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibody, whose active site is known to contain tyrosine, both the binding sites and the binding affinity of anti-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium antibody were found to be very resistant to destruction by iodination. Even after the modification of essentially all the iodine-reactive residues, fifty-eight tyrosines, fourteen methionines, sixteen histidines and twenty tryptophans, the antibody retained 14·6 per cent of the binding capacity of the original preparation. Furthermore, the presence of the homologous hapten, p-nitrophenyltrimethylammonium ion, did not protect against the effects of iodination and no preferential uptake of iodine by the active sites was observed upon reiodination after removal of the hapten. These data establish that neither tyrosine nor any other iodine-reactive residue is present at the active center of anti-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium antibody and the gradual losses in immunological activity during extensive iodination are the result of nonspecific changes in the tertiary structure.
SIZE EFFECTS IN NANOSTRUCTURED FERROELECTRICS

The finite size effect in ferroelectrics results in structural instability, imposing a limitation of physical sizes and dimensions of materials in which electric dipoles can be sustained. To evaluate the ultimate limitation of physical sizes for a stable polar phase, the characteristic sizes, i.e., anisotropic correlation lengths of electric dipoles, in a ferroelectric have been examined by considering the surface effect. The size dependence on the Curie temperature in particular is calculated with consideration of crystallographic anisotropy. The mean-field theory shows that the limitation of transverse critical sizes is strongly dependent upon the thickness. In turn, the limitation of the critical thickness is also closely associated with the transverse critical sizes.
General Mapping Procedure for Variable Area Duct Acoustics

A general mapping procedure is described and applied to the study of noise propagation in variable area ducts. The mapping provides a boundary fitted co-ordinate system which is ideal for the finite difference solution of acoustic fields with irregular boundaries, without the burden of large matrices required by finite element methods. The procedure is first described in general and then applied to a particular two-dimensional geometry under current experimental investigation. This method should be ideally suited to the study of high frequency noise propagation in variable area ducts and in cases where the far field is included in the calculation procedure. Moreover, the current approach can be directly extended to three-dimensions, resulting in numerical calculation over a rectangular parallelepiped in the transformed plane.
Lateral interactions in the desorption kinetics of weakly adsorbed species: unexpected differences in the desorption of C4 alkenes and alkanes from Ag(110) due to oriented π-bonding of the alkenes

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) techniques were used to compare the desorption kinetics of butanes and butenes. Even though these molecules are weakly adsorbed and of similar molecular weight, alkane desorption shows evidence of weak attractive intermolecular interactions, whereas alkenes show clear evidence for moderately strong repulsive interactions in desorption. This behavior is contrary to the weak attractive intermolecular interactions expected for both the butanes and the butenes based on theories of physical adsorption, since the second virial coefficients for both in the gas phase are negative below 550 K. Adsorption of the alkenes clearly introduces repulsive intermolecular forces that are not present in the gas phase. The origin of these intermolecular forces is revealed by NEXAFS measurements for the alkenes, which show a strong orientation of the double bond axis parallel to the surface, indicative of weak directional bonding between the surface and the alkene. It appears that this preferred orientation caused by the surface alters the intermolecular forces between colliding pairs of alkenes, leading to the repulsive interactions that produce the decrease in the activation energy for desorption with increasing alkene coverage. This effect does not occur for butane, whose weak intermolecular interactions in the adsorbed layer are consistent with the predictions for physical adsorption.
'Better Childhoods' as Immigration Narrative (Not) Told through Food

This article explores the complex relationship between the American Dream and the lived experience of a group of Spanish-speaking immigrant families residing in one small city in the American South. The author focuses specifically on the women's narratives of migration and success as manifested in their children's increasing ill health, and demonstrates that, while they had a deep desire to give their children a 'better childhood' than was possible in Mexico, this better childhood was not reflected in these women's narratives about the food and eating habits of their American lives. The women spoke eloquently and clearly about their children's declining health through obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure. These mothers compared in detail the healthier foods and food habits children were exposed to in Mexico with their current American food practices, with special mention of the school cafeteria offerings. Though these women held varying levels of economic wealth, they spoke uniformly of their worry about their children's current health. Interestingly, what is significant in their narratives is what the American Dream has made accessible: full-time jobs for both parents, free or reduced-cost school meals, abundant and affordable fast-food restaurants, and cheap soft drinks and microwave meals. All these new possibilities have negatively influenced their children's access to healthy food options, and illustrate an interesting paradox of migration and economic success, in which seeking a better life for one's children could lead to a decline in their health.
Multimedia Knowledge and Culture Production: On the Possibility of a Critical and Ethical Pedagogy Resulting From the Current Push for Technology in the Classroom

Demands for standardization and accountability as systemic cures for perceived ills in the education system are paralleled by a public and private sector promotion of technology integration as one pedagogical solution. The general critique of education and of technology in society has developed as two related yet separate threads in critical inquiry and discussion. As electronic forms of media and communication are becoming pervasive in society in general, solutions to long-standing educational dilemmas that mirror problems in society at large need to develop from grounded theories for educational practice that embrace technological forms of information, knowledge, and culture production. This needs to be done to reverse the historical trend of education as an institution first adopting and then adapting technological forms to purposes of replicating status quo culture and social relationships. Despite the claims of many to the contrary, new technology may not make any difference in education. Individual ...
T'an-Tz'u andT'an-Tz'u nArratives

This study represents a first attempt to draw attention to the existence of two distinct genres within the corpus of texts commonly labelled t'an-tz'u. It is a call for detailed research into the largely overlooked genre of t'an-tz'u narrative. Evidence has been given that formidable confusion concerning these works in verse and prose clouds even present-day scholarship and literary criticism. Clear distinctions exist between the development of t'an-tz'u scripts as they have come down to us within the art of Chinese storytelling, and the narratives by known authors whose conscious embrace of t'an-tz'u form imbued literary works having much in common with Chinese novels with a Dickensian mass-appeal.
Tryptophan availability modulates serotonin release from rat hypothalamic slices

The relationship between the tryptophan availability and serononin release from rat hypothalamus was investigated using a new in vitro technique for estimating rates at which endogenous serotonin is released spontaneously or upon electrical depolarization from hypothalamic slices superfused with a solution containing various amounts of tryptophan. It was found that the spontaneous, as well as electrically induced, release of serotonin from the brain slices exhibited a dose-dependent relationship with the tryptophan concentration of the superfusion medium.
Atrophy of cholinergic neurons within the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis following intracortical AF64A infusion.

Abstract The rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nBM) was morphometrically analyzed following multiple intracortical AF64A infusions. At 3 weeks post-infusion, brains were histochemically double-stained for acetylcholinesterase and Nissl substance following diisopropylfluorophosphate pretreatment. Intracortical AF64A induced significant atrophy, but not degeneration, of nucleus basalis cholinergic cell bodies. These results suggest that retrograde cellular atrophy is associated with inhibition of presynaptic high-affinity choline transport on cortical terminals of nBM cholinergic neurons.
HIV-1 pathogenesis

Despite considerable advances in HIV science in the past 20 years, the reason why HIV-1 infection is pathogenic is still debated and the goal of eradicating HIV-1 infection remains elusive. A deeper understanding of the interplay between HIV-1 and its host and why simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is nonpathogenic in some natural hosts may provide a few answers.
The interaction of mechanically generated turbulence and interfacial films with a liquid phase controlled gaslliquid transport process

The liquid phase rate-controlled transport of C0 2 across a gas/liquid interface into water was studied using a non-invasive laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. Turbulence in the liquid layer was generated by a vertically-oscillating grid. The CO 2 /water interface was cleaned by removal of surface water with additive-free lens paper, or 100% rayon cloth followed by surface vacuuming with a glass Pasteur pipette. The liquid phase mass transfer coefficient k L was measured under conditions of varying turbulence intensity and scale for each surface cleaning procedure. Transport rates were also measured for an uncleaned surface and in the presence of a deliberately created organic monolayer. All of the results were used to test the surface renewal models of Fortescue and Pearson and Lamont and Scott. A model for wind-dominated gasiliquid transfer developed by Cohen was used to relate the present data to k L measurements for gas exchange in wind tunnels. This comparison indicates that wind tunnel results may be related to stirred-tank experiments using the turbulent dissipation rate Ԑ and a surface renewal model. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00256.x
Rate-distortion characteristics of MPEG-2 and H.264

Recent advances in digital video coding tools have led to the introduction of the H.264 video coding standard, which promises increased visual quality and reduced bandwidth. In this paper, we analyze and compare MPEG-2 and H.264 video compression methods. Although H.264 is similar to MPEG-2 in that both are hybrid coders that use motion compensation, H.264 also includes advanced features such as improved entropy encoding, in-loop filtering of reference frames, flexible macroblock sizing, and multiple reference frame capability. Many experiments were performed to illustrate the coding gains of each feature in H.264 as well as to compare H.264 to MPEG-2. Quality was measured using two different objective video metrics: peak signal-to-noise ratio and the Structural Similarity Index. A variety of natural video test sequences were used with varying resolutions and data rates. TM5 and JM reference software were used to create MPEG-2 and H.264 compressed bitstreams. Results for all experiments show significant coding gain with H.264 versus MPEG-2 when compressing natural video sequences, especially at low data rates.
A comparison of some effects of dimethyl sulphoxide and dimethyl sulphone on rat liver microsomal enzymes.

Dimethyl sulphone, while inactive as a hepatic microsomal enzyme stimulator when injected into rats, caused a significant increase in the enzymic formation of paraaminophenol when added in vitro to incubation systems containing microsomes plus cofactors plus aniline. This response, which was associated with changes in Km and Vmax for aniline metabolism in vitro, was similar to that obtained after treating rats with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). However at least 106 times as much dimethyl sulphone had to be added in vitro to give a comparable response to that found after injection of effective doses of 14C labeled DMSO. The DMSO treatment of rats was found to change the pH optimum of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase from 7.1 to 6.7, and to increase the microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity. Neither of these results were found after in vitro addition of dimethyl sulphone to hepatic microsomes. The apparent additive effect on microsomal aniline para-hydroxylase of DMSO pretreatment of rats and dimethyl sulphone addition in vitro to microsomes also suggests that these two chemicals stimulate this enzyme by different mechanisms.
Value of Linseed Meal in Dairy Rations

Summary Two experiments are reported comparing linseed meal with soybean meal, combinations of linseed meal and urea, or a combination of several other protein-rich feeds. In previous studies, milk production has tended to be slightly lower in reversal-type experiments when either urea or linseed meal served as the only supplement, in comparison with soybean meal or corn distillers dried grains. In one experiment cows produced an average of 46.7 lb of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) per day on a supplement of linseed meal plus urea, compared with 45.4 lb on soybean meal plus linseed meal and 45.6 lb on soybean meal as the only supplement. These values were not significantly different. In a second study the daily FCM production averaged 42.1 lb on soybean meal, 41.3 lb on a supplement of soybean meal plus linseed meal plus corn distillers grains, and 40.8 lb on soybean meal plus linseed meal plus corn distillers grains plus corn gluten feed. The differences between these means were not significant. Likewise, there were no measurable differences in weight gains, or in general condition and health of the various groups of cows.
Cosmetic surgery: the psychiatric perspective.

Abstract Increased use of cosmetic surgery has led to a growing concern with its psychiatric aspects. This paper reviews psychiatric evaluation of candidates for surgery; considers the rhinoplasty patient as a prototype; examines psychiatric complications of the surgery; and summarizes the outcome in these cases.
Increased Open Field Locomotion and Decreased Striatal GABAA Binding After Activity Wheel Running

Abstract Open-field behavior has been used to model reductions in anxiety-related behaviors in the rat after chronic physical activity. Plausible mechanisms for the increased open field locomotion observed after physical activity have not been studied. Open field locomotion is decreased by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its agonists, and increased by GABA antagonists, in the ventral striatum. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that increased open field locomotion following chronic physical activity would be accompanied by a decrease in the number of GABAA receptors in the corpus striatum. Young (∼ 55 days) male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 24) were randomly assigned to three conditions: 24-h access to an activity wheel (AW ), running for 1 h without shock 6 days/week on a motorized treadmill (TM), or sedentary control (C). Open field locomotion (total and center squares traversed), defecation, and urination were assessed on each of 3 consecutive days prior to and again after 8 weeks of physical activity. Open field locomotion (total and center squares) increased after activity wheel running, decreased after treadmill training, and did not change for control animals. GABAA receptor density indicated by [3H]-bicuculline binding (fmol/mg) was lower for activity wheel animals compared with treadmill animals and controls. GABA concentration (pmol/g) was not different between activity wheel and treadmill groups but was higher for both groups contrasted with controls. Our findings of decreased GABAA density in the corpus striatum concomitant with an increase in open field locomotion are consistent with an anxiolytic effect of chronic activity wheel running.
Oxidative N-Dealkylation: A Mannich Intermediate in the Formation of a New Metabolite of Lidocaine in Man

Evidence is presented for a new metabolite of lidocaine. Its structure, N(1)-ethyl-2-methyl-N(3)-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-imidazolidinone, suggests reactive electrophilic intermediates for the oxidative removal of N-alkyl groups in general.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1997 GENERATIVE APPROACHES TO SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION CONFERENCE.Silvina Montrul and Roumyana Slabakova (Eds.). Montreal: Special Issue of the McGill Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 13: 1–2, 1998. Pp. 240. $25.00 paper.

This collection includes 19 of the 27 papers presented at the Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference held at McGill University in 1997. Also included are the plenary presentations by Margaret Thomas and Claire Lefebvre. After a short preface, the papers are presented in alphabetical order, each preceded by an abstract. French translations of the abstracts are given at the end of the volume.