cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the importance of within-canopy spatial temperature variation on transpiration predictions

Models seldom consider the effect of leaf-level biochemical acclimation to temperature when scaling forest water use. Therefore, the dependence of transpiration on temperature acclimation was investigated at the within-crown scale in climatically contrasting genotypes of Acer rubrum L., cv. October Glory (OG) and Summer Red (SR). The effects of temperature acclimation on intracanopy gradients in transpiration over a range of realistic forest growth temperatures were also assessed by simulation. Physiological parameters were applied, with or without adjustment for temperature acclimation, to account for transpiration responses to growth temperature. Both types of parameterization were scaled up to stand transpiration (expressed per unit leaf area) with an individual tree model (MAESTRA) to assess how transpiration might be affected by spatial and temporal distributions of foliage properties. The MAESTRA model performed well, but its reproducibility was dependent on physiological parameters acclimated to daytime temperature. Concordance correlation coefficients between measured and predicted transpiration were higher (0.95 and 0.98 versus 0.87 and 0.96) when model parameters reflected acclimated growth temperature. In response to temperature increases, the southern genotype (SR) transpiration responded more than the northern (OG). Conditions of elevated long-term temperature acclimation further separate their transpiration differences. Results demonstrate the importance of accounting for leaf-level physiological adjustments that are sensitive to microclimate changes and the use of provenance-, ecotype-, and/or genotype-specific parameter sets, two components likely to improve the accuracy of site-level and ecosystem-level estimates of transpiration flux.
Original-Acquisition Justifications of Private Property

My aim in this essay is to explore the nature and force of “original-acquisition” justifications of private property. By “original-acquisition” justifications, I mean those arguments which purport to establish or importantly contribute to the moral defense of private property by: (a) offering a moral/historical account of how legitimate private property rights for persons first arose (i.e., at a time prior to which no such rights existed); (b) offering a hypothetical or conjectural account of how justified private property could arise (or have arisen) from a propertyless condition; or (c) simply defending an account of how an individual can (or did) make private property in some previously unowned thing (where “things” might include not only land, natural resources, and artifacts, but also, e.g., ideas or other individuals). The “original acquisition” to which such justifications centrally refer, then, may be either the first instance(s) of legitimate private property in human history (typically assumed to have been many centuries ago on earth), or only the first legitimate acquisition of some particular thing (which might, for instance, have occurred yesterday or occur in the future on Mars). But in either case, the justification will involve or entail the defense of one or more moral principles specifying how unowned (or collectively owned) things can become privately owned — that is, the defense of the kind of principles Robert Nozick has called “principles of justice in acquisition.”
Electrocardiographic changes after cervical laminectomy

Abstract Striking T-wave inversions were observed in the postoperative electrocardiograms of a 64-yr-old woman following an extensive cervical laminectomy. Except for the presence of a trace amount of CK-MB in a single serum specimen all her enzyme and isoenzyme studies were negative, and her clinical course was not suggestive of myocardial ischemia. Coronary angiography, including an ergonovine study, done 6 mth following the laminectomy were normal. Because of the nature of this patient's surgery and the paucity of evidence for the presence of organic heart disease a neurogenic origin of these T-wave changes is suspected.
Prasugrel is effective and safe for neurointerventional procedures

Background Clopidogrel bisulfate and aspirin are routinely administered as dual antiplatelet agents for many neurointerventional procedures, especially for intravascular stent placement. Many patients are non-responsive to clopidogrel, either secondary to drug interactions or from variations of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Prasugrel (brand name Effient, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA) is a new antiplatelet agent that has been utilized extensively in patients undergoing cardiovascular procedures but its safety and efficacy during neurointerventional procedures have not been evaluated. Objective To examine whether prasugrel is a safe and effective alternative to clopidogrel for neurointerventional procedures, especially in those patients who are either non-responders or allergic to clopidogrel. Methods The medical records of all patients undergoing neurointerventional procedures at our institution who received prasugrel between January 2009 and July 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. A systematic chart review was performed and the following data were recorded: demographics, aneurysm location, endovascular techniques, peri- and post-procedural complications, hemorrhagic complications, clinical outcome and angiographic outcome. Results 16 patients undergoing neurointerventional procedures received prasugrel over a 2 year interval. All patients who had follow-up studies of P2Y12 inhibition had immediate therapeutic response to prasugrel. There were no complications related to ischemic or intracranial hemorrhage. Conclusion Prasugrel is a viable alternative to clopidogrel for patients undergoing neurointerventional procedures who are non-responders to clopidogrel. Further study is needed to evaluate the safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness of prasugrel compared with clopidogrel for patients undergoing neurointerventional procedures.
Constructing a Useful Theory of Knowledge

Studying law provided me a useful set of materials to think about. To make use of this hard-won experience, throughout this paper I am going to connect Science Studies to the legal world I so recently emerged from. My point is not to say that any of these theoretical positions or approaches are the correct ones, but rather to explore the utility of forcing them to serve different ends. This is emblematic of how I approach theories: Not as the end of the inquiry, but rather as tools that can be used on many different kinds of materials. Through unanticipated uses, both the tool and the material can be (to mix metaphors) illuminated in unique and interesting ways. Theory is not about finding final explanations, but rather about opening up new lines of inquiry and suggesting different approaches to problems. Theory must be applied to be useful, and usefulness is a theme of this paper.
Large-Scale Integrated Photonics for High-Performance Computer Networks

We describe Si-compatible photonic interconnect components that could precipitate an “optical Moore’s Law” and allow exponential performance gains until the transistors themselves become the bottleneck in datacenter-scale communications.
Laser-Induced Reactive Evaporation and Condensation

A study of laser-induced reactive evaporation-condensation is presented. This considers coevaporation of metallic, and non-metallic species, by a cw carbon dioxide laser beam, within a reducing environment (98.5% hydrogen, 1.5% methane). A heated W filament placed in proximity of the laser beam-substrate interaction zone produces W for deposition via chemical vapor transport reactions. Composite thin films of a W matrix containing amorphous silica fibers have been deposited on nickel alloy substrates. These films form at rates of about 1 micron/sec, and are found to be adherent to the substrates. The diameter of the fibers is between 25 nm and 120 nm, depending on the interaction time. Various analytical techniques have been employed to characterize as-synthesized layers. Mechanisms of this process are discussed.
Founding Foreclosures: Violence and Rhetorical Ownership in Philosophical Discourse on the Body

Drawing inspiration from Susan Sontag’s notion of ‘rhetorical ownership’—applied not only to illness but also to the body more generally—this essay argues that philosophy, like medicine, has privileged a metaphorics of war and violence in its own discourses on embodiment. Drawing inspiration from Barbara Christian’s seminal essay ‘The Race for Theory,’ as well as literary theorist Eve Sedgwick’s account of what she calls ‘paranoid’ forms of inquiry in her book Touching Feeling, this essay explores the status of violence as an especially resonant trope in discourses on materiality. One worry is that the omnipresence of violent metaphors in contemporary philosophy of the body may be narrowing the space for the elaboration of nonviolent understanding of corporeality that would imagine the body otherwise than as a battlefield or a site of violence.
Mechanical Ventilation in the Operating Room

During the provision of general anesthesia, some type of support of ventilatory function is generally necessary given the depressant effects of the various anesthetic and opioid agents that are administered to provide amnesia and analgesia. Furthermore, for major thoracic or abdominal procedures, neuromuscular blocking agents are frequently administered, thereby necessitating full control of ventilation. As with ventilation outside of the operating room (OR), variation options exist for respiratory support during the provision of general anesthesia including volume- or pressure-limited modalities or more recently the use of pressure support ventilation to augment spontaneous ventilation. Given the limitations of commercially available OR ventilators, critically ill patients may require the use of sophisticated ICU ventilators in the OR setting. In such instances, as the inhalational anesthetic agents cannot generally and easily be administered through such ventilators, general anesthesia is provided by intravenous anesthetic agents (total intravenous anesthesia or TIVA). This chapter reviews the basics of anesthesia breathing systems, options for ventilator support during anesthetic care, and special situations in the operating including the administration of adjunctive agents (helium, nitric oxide, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide) as well as the use of one-lung ventilation (OLV) during thoracic surgical procedures.
A quantitative evaluation of the flipped classroom in a large lecture principles of economics course

This research provides evidence that the flipped classroom instructional format increases student final exam performance, relative to the traditional instructional format, in a large lecture principles of economics course. The authors find that the flipped classroom directly improves performance by 0.2 to 0.7 standardized deviations, depending on the type of learning objective (i.e., knowledge, comprehension, application, or analysis). They also show that the flipped classroom improves effort during the semester, measured by in-class polling participation, and find some evidence of a heterogeneous, yet positive, effect of the flipped classroom by observable student characteristics and by level of performance.
Other Bacterial Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell or Solid Organ Transplantation

This chapter describes the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of infections caused by a diverse group of bacterial pathogens. These include classic opportunistic infections, such as listeriosis or nocardiosis, and also infections that are common in immunocompetent patients but particularly prevalent or morbid in transplant populations, such as Legionella pneumonia and Clostridium difficile infection. Some uncommon bacterial pathogens that have a predilection for patients with impaired immunity such as Mycoplasma hominis and Rhodococcus equi are also discussed. Finally, the chapter touches on some miscellaneous bacterial infections that are important because they may be unanticipated in transplant recipients or present diagnostic or therapeutic challenges.
Accommodation and pupil behaviour of binocularly viewing early presbyopes.

Purpose To study accommodation behaviour of early presbyopes with the full suite of accommodative stimuli, and to monitor changes in spherical aberration, pupil size and image quality that accompany the accommodative response. Methods Using a high resolution Shack–Hartmann aberrometer, we measured refractive state as a binocularly viewed 0.30 logMAR (6/12 or 20/40) letter E was moved from 2 m to 20 cm and simultaneously monitored pupil diameter and spherical aberration for 19 subjects (mean age: 42 ± 7.18 years). Refractive state was defined using three standard criteria: minRMS, paraxial, and optimum image quality using the Visual Strehl ratio metric (VSOTF). Results Because of changes in spherical aberration, accommodative gain measured with the paraxial criterion is generally greater (on average by 34%) than the minRMS gain in early presbyopes. The slope of stimulus/response curve is relatively stable up to age 41 and then declines progressively in spite of a full binocular set of accommodative cues. Reduced accommodative gain appears once accommodative amplitude has dropped to below 3D, and gain drops to <0.5 as amplitude drops to 1.5D. This decline happens at different ages in different presbyopes. Conclusion Prior to the early 40s, changes in accommodation are restricted to a reduction in amplitude, but during the 40s the continued loss of accommodative amplitude is accompanied by a concurrent drop in accommodative gain. Therefore, reduced near image quality in early presbyopes is caused by lower accommodative amplitudes and gains, which may explain the apparent acceleration in symptoms and near add prescriptions during the mid to late 40s.
Abstract 401: Prostaglandin E2 Stimulates Renin Synthesis in Mouse Collecting Duct M-1 Cells via Ep1 Receptor Through Pkc/camp/creb Pathway

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a major role in regulating renin expression and release by the renal juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. Recently it has been demonstrated that PGE2-dependent upregulation of renin in JG cells is mediated by activation of E prostaoind receptor type 4 (EP4) via cAMP accumulation. Renin is also produced by the principal cells of the collecting ducts (CD) and is upregulated during angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. However, the effects of PGE2 on CD renin remain unknown. Four types of receptors have been described in rat and mouse CD, EP1, EP3 and EP4. Here, we tested the hypothesis that renin is upregulated by PGE2 via activation of EP receptors in mouse CD M-1 cells. By immunostaining we confirmed the presence of EP1, EP3 and EP4 receptors, while EP2 was not detected. A dose response treatment with PGE2 showed increased levels of renin mRNA and protein with a maximum response at 1 μmol/L (mRNA: 19.3 ± 3.0; P
Resilience in Complex Systems: An Agent-Based Approach

This paper presents results from a research project on the behavior of complex systems after they experience disruptive events that impact their performance. As systems become more complex, the probability increases that they will exhibit emergent behavior that could lead to system failures or widespread and prolonged service interruptions. A complex adaptive system CAS approach is used to conceptualize a complex network system that has been impacted by disruptions and perturbations. A combination of network analysis and agent-based modeling is used to measure the performance of the system as it responds to disruptive events and restoration efforts. This system-level behavior is an emergent property of the complex network and represents system resilience. Various resilience measures are used to quantify system resilience and assess the effectiveness of strategies system owners employ to restore the system. We illustrate our techniques by characterizing a critical infrastructure system network as a CAS, and applying an agent-based simulation with an adaptive algorithm.
Planktonic Foraminifera and Biostratigraphy of Some Neogene Formations, Northern Florida and Atlantic Coastal Plain

Planktonic foraminifera are identified and illustrated (by scanning electron photomicrographs) from the Chipola, Yellow River, Red Bay, and Jackson Bluff formations of northwestern Florida. Similar studies of material from Yorktown and Waccamaw localities on the coastal plains of the eastern United States, the Moin Formation of Costa Rica, and the Encanto and Agueguexquite formations of Mexico indicate stratigraphic relationships, which are different from the ages and correlations previously proposed for some of these strata based on other criteria. The calcareous nannofossil genera Discoaster, Catinaster, and Sphenolithus, were also included in the present studies. Comparative ranges of these microfossils indicate a Burdigalian age for the Chipola Formation, a late Langhian age for the Encanto and Yellow River formations, a Tortonian to Messinian age for the Red Bay Formation, and an early to middle Pliocene age for the Jackson Bluff, Yorktown, and Agueguexquite formations. Material from several localities assigned to the Waccamaw Formation are correlated with the Main Formation of Costa Rica for which an early Pleistocene age is indicated. A total of 52 species and subspecies of planktonic foraminifera were identified from these Neogene formations. One of these species, Globorotalia (Globorotalia) praeoscitans is new. This report is intended primarily as documentation of planktonic foraminifera from some American formations which long have been neglected by specialists on this group of fossils.
ROAD TRAFFIC, DETERMINATION OF FITNESS TO DRIVE | General

This chapter reviews medical conditions and medications that may impair a driver’s performance to operate a motor vehicle. The role of the physician in assessing the driver’s fitness, and methods of assessing and screening in the United States and other countries are also reviewed in this chapter. This chapter also provides an overview of the US population aged 65 and over, the causes of mortality among the elderly, and an analysis of elderly drivers.
Implementation of prospective, surgeon-driven, risk-based pathway for pancreatoduodenectomy results in improved clinical outcomes and first year cost savings of $1 million.

BACKGROUND Morbidity and costs after pancreatoduodenectomy remain increased, driven by postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). A risk-based pathway for pancreatoduodenectomy (RBP-PD) was implemented and the clinical and cost outcomes compared with that of our historic practice. METHODS Prospective clinical and cost outcomes for our RBP-PD cohort treated from September 2014 to September 2015 were compared with a previously published cohort of pancreatoduodenectomies from January 2007 to February 2014. RESULTS A total of 128 RBP-PD cases were compared with 808 historic controls. Apart from less blood loss, there were no significant clinical differences between the 2 groups. Overall POPF rate did not change. Average duration of stay decreased to 10 days from 12 (P < .001) despite similar readmission rates. Postsurgical interventional radiology procedures decreased to 18.0% from 26.4% (P = .048). Utilization of and duration of stay in monitored care decreased to 23.4% from 35.6% (P < .01) and to 1 day from 3 (P < .01). On multivariable analysis RBP-PD was independently associated with decreased odds of higher postoperative pancreatic fistula grade, monitored care, and prolonged duration of stay. Inpatient cost of care decreased $6,387 per patient (-11.1%, P = .016), and total 30-day costs decreased $8,565 per patient (-13.7%, P = .01), representing a total 30-day cost savings of $1.1 million. CONCLUSION RBP-PD significantly improved patient outcomes, decreased costs of care, and likely has applicability for surgical care beyond pancreatoduodenectomy.
Coronary Heart Disease in Women: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Preventive Therapy

Coronary heart disease, traditionally considered a problem predominantly for men, is currently the leading cause of mortality in adult women in the United States, responsible for about 250,000 deaths annually. The substantial age dependency of coronary heart disease in women is important in that one of eight or nine women aged 45 to 64 years has clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease, in contrast to one of three women older than 65 years. Despite these data, until very recently, most information used to guide preventive strategies, clinical recognition, and therapy of coronary heart disease in women was extrapolated from studies conducted predominantly or exclusively in middle-aged men.
Circular stapled transabdominal technique

Since the first description of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in 1994, surgeons have performed the gastrojejunal anastomosis using a circular end-to-end anastomosis (EEA) stapled technique. The circular stapled method may be favored as it allows for construction of a very small gastric pouch and represents a safe, consistent, and relatively simple method of anastomosis.
Trophic Hypothesis of Neuronal Cell Death and Survival

Recovery of some components of function generally occurs following damage to the brain. Depending on the extent and location of the damage and the age of the organism at the time of the damage, several different mechanisms have been proposed for the observed recovery. These mechanisms include regeneration, collateral sprouting, receptor supersensitivity, and enzymatic hyperactivity (Aguayo, 1985; Marshall, 1984; Cotman and Nieto-Sampedro, 1984). Conceptually, the recovery will occur if there is sufficient residual system to subserve the function—compensation—or if a similar anatomically intact system substitutes its functional activity for that of the damaged system—substitution. In many instances, however, there is no or little functional recovery because the system underlying the lost function is sufficiently destroyed to have no recuperative mechanisms on which to fall back and no other anatomic system is available to take over the lost function. Under these circumstances large numbers of neurons die. A major cause of the loss of function following brain damage is attributed to the death or loss of neurons. Protection of damaged neurons from death, or revitalization of damaged neurons, can be most rationally attempted or planned with a more complete understanding of the basic principles involved in normal survival of neurons during development and aging.
Compliance tensors of ellipsoidal inclusions

Fourth rank H-tensors that determine the contribution of an inclusion into the overall strain under given loads were calculated earlier for a number of two- and three-dimensional "empty" cavities of various shapes by Kachanov et al. (1994). Shafiro and Kachanov (1997) found H-tensors for cavities containing compressible fluid. Here, we extend these results to the ellipsoidal inclusion having arbitrary elastic constants.
MVII Scores for Two-Year College Students in Four Vocational Curriculums: A Concurrent Validity Study

A study of the Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory (MVII) was conducted to assess its validity for use with students in a new vocational education program at a two-year college. The sample cons...
Observation of fermion-mediated interactions between bosonic atoms

In high-energy and condensed-matter physics, particle exchange has an essential role in the understanding of long-range interactions and correlations. For example, the exchange of massive bosons leads to the Yukawa potential1,2, and phonon exchange between electrons gives rise to Cooper pairing in superconductors3. Here we show that, when a Bose–Einstein condensate of caesium atoms is embedded in a degenerate Fermi gas of lithium atoms, interspecies interactions can give rise to an effective trapping potential, damping, and attractive boson–boson interactions mediated by fermions. The latter, which is related to the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida mechanism4, results from a coherent three-body scattering process. Such mediated interactions are expected to form new magnetic phases5 and supersolids6. We show that under suitable conditions, the mediated interactions can convert a stable Bose–Einstein condensate into a train of ‘Bose–Fermi solitons’7,8. The predicted long-range nature of the mediated interactions opens up the possibility of correlating distant atoms and preparing new quantum phases. Embedding a Bose–Einstein condensate of caesium atoms in a degenerate Fermi gas of lithium atoms gives rise to fermion-mediated attractive boson–boson interactions, which can lead to the formation of a train of Bose–Fermi solitons.
The Impact of Law on the State Pension Crisis

While some state and municipal pension plans have funds sufficient to meet obligations to retirees without imposing onerous obligations on current and future taxpayers, underfunding of plans in other states has reached crisis proportions, raising the possibility of default on pension obligations, cuts in public services, steep tax increases, or some combination of the three. The substantial differential in pension funding might be attributed to divergent political pressures, different responses to uncertainty about investment returns, or other factors. This article examines the role of law and legal structures in the adequacy of pension funding. Our examination of pension funding law in 10 states – five with the best funded plans and five with the worst funded plans – highlights the role of legal structures in the financial health of state pension plans. First, the timing of the state law commitment to actuarial principles correlates with the current level of plan funding; those states that made pension promises before considering the actuarial implications of those promises continue to face an uphill struggle decades later. Second, state constitutional mandates – if enforced by the state judiciary -- correlate positively with adequate pension funding. Third, pension funding is generally better in states whose statutes provide non-constitutional institutional buffers between pensions and the rough-and tumble of ordinary politics. Fourth, the provision of statutory mechanisms for retirement systems to enforce government obligations to contribution is strongly correlated with the health of state pension plans.
CD47 suppresses phagocytosis by repositioning SIRPA and preventing integrin activation

Summary Macrophages must engulf dead cells, debris, and pathogens, while selecting against healthy cells to prevent autoimmunity. Healthy cells express CD47 on their surface, which activates the SIRPA receptor on macrophages to suppress engulfment. Cancer cells overexpress CD47 to evade clearance by the innate immune system, making the CD47-SIRPA signaling axis an appealing therapeutic target. However, the mechanism by which CD47-SIRPA inhibits engulfment remains poorly understood. Here, we dissect SIRPA signaling using a reconstituted target with varying concentrations of activating and inhibitor ligands. We find that SIRPA is excluded from the phagocytic synapse between the macrophage and its target unless CD47 is present. Artificially directing SIRPA to the kinase-rich synapse in the absence of CD47 activates SIRPA and suppresses engulfment, indicating that the localization of the receptor is critical for inhibitory signaling. CD47-SIRPA inhibits integrin activation in the macrophage, reducing macrophage-target contact and suppressing phagocytosis. Chemical activation of integrins can override this effect and drive engulfment of CD47-positive targets, including cancer cells. These results suggest new strategies for overcoming CD47-SIRPA inhibition of phagocytosis with potential applications in cancer immunotherapy.
When will the Bruce effect evolve? The roles of infanticide, feticide and maternal death

In many mammalian species, males are selected to kill unrelated infants and/or fetuses in order to cause lactating and pregnant females to begin cycling sooner than they otherwise would. As a result, females have evolved numerous counterstrategies to prevent infanticide and feticide. One such proposed counterstrategy is the Bruce effect, an apparently costly strategy in which inseminated or pregnant females cease reproductive investment in a developing embryo or fetus following exposure to nonsire males. Here I present a quantitative model that seeks to explain under what conditions females will be selected to exhibit the Bruce effect (i.e. to block or terminate pregnancy) rather than risking future infanticide or feticide. I first present an analytical model of the costs of the Bruce effect relative to the costs of potential feticide or infanticide. I then test the resulting predictions using an individual-based model operating under ecologically relevant conditions. The individual-based model predicts that moderate and high, but not low, levels of infanticide can produce selection for the Bruce effect. In contrast, feticide risk alone is unlikely to lead to selection for the Bruce effect, although feticide risk coupled with a substantial risk of female mortality following feticidal attack can. The model correctly predicts the evolution of the Bruce effect in geladas, Theropithecus gelada, and correctly predicts the absence of a Bruce effect in chacma baboons, Papio ursinus, and yellow baboons, Papio cynocephalus. Finally, I present a framework by which researchers can predict whether they expect to find infanticide, feticide and/or the Bruce effect in their study species.
Dietary Intake, Physical Activity and Metabolic Syndrome in African Americans, Hispanics and Whites.

Abstract Objective The objective of the study was to compare the dietary intakes and physical activity levels among Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS). Design The study was based on secondary analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2012. Setting The NHANES's target population is the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Subjects The sample was made up of 2,449 subjects aged 40 years or more, of both genders, and of three ethnic groups (African Americans, Whites and Hispanics). Results Mean intakes of food energy, total fat, total saturated fatty acids, total monounsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, lycopene, selenium and sodium were significantly higher in Whites with MetS. African-Americans with MetS had significantly lower dietary intakes of beta-carotene and total sugars. Also, mean vitamin A and beta-carotene intakes were significantly lower in the Hispanic subjects with MetS. Vigorous and moderate physical activity levels were significantly lower in African Americans and Hispanics with MetS. Computer use was significantly higher in Whites with MetS. Conclusions Variables significantly predictive of MetS were age, male gender, African-American ethnicity, BMI, and lycopene intake.
Demonstration of FETs with 3D Dirac Semimetal, Cd 3 As 2

Recent development of topological materials has opened up a new paradigm of material research. Unique electronics properties make these materials interesting to study new physics of materials. Thin film epitaxial growth gives an additional control parameter to design different experiments. For example, even though Cd 3 As 2 is a 3D Dirac semimetal, thin film Cd 3 As 2 shows 2D transport with quantum hall effect with surface Dirac node. Along with interesting physics, unique properties of this material can be exploited for a new class of electronics materials. High mobility $(\sim 20,000\ \mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{Vs})$ and high Fermi velocity $(2\times 10^{6}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s})$ make Cd 3 As 2 a suitable candidate for RF devices. In this abstract, we report the first demonstration of field effect transistors (FETs) with Cd 3 As 2 channel.
Disconnected in the Mecca? Black social media usage and levels of engagement in Atlanta

Atlanta’s reputation as a “Black Mecca” is partly due to African Americans’ continued attraction to Atlanta neighborhoods. However, given the widespread usage of social media, we examine whether Bl...
Resilience engineering in practice: Reflecting on a pediatric hospital’s preparation for unknown coronavirus outbreak

At the start of 2020, hospitals around the world were trying to adapt during the COVID-19 pandemic. From the resilience engineering perspective, this outbreak would be a significant test as healthcare institutions try to tolerate and manage this major disruption. This paper shares insights on what a stand-alone paediatric hospital in Singapore had done to stay ahead since the beginning of the outbreak. Observations were conducted from 25-Jan-20 to 25-Mar-20 to capture evidence of resilient behavior, notably in the form of improvisations. Findings revealed adaptations made across various organization levels: at the macrosystem to create capacity to isolate safely, at the mesosystem to facilitate teamwork, and at the microsystem to manage compromises at the frontlines. Juxtaposing this episode with other examples of organizational resilience, this paper maps out common resilience engineering themes in the hospital’s response to COVID-19, but also questions what defines an organization’s success in being resilient.
Energy-efficient sorption-based gas clothes dryer systems

Abstract Standard electric resistance and fuel-driven dehydration technologies exhibit a maximum coefficient of performance of well below 1 mainly due to enthalpy losses associated with the air leaving the dehydration system. To improve energy efficiency, condensing dryer systems condense the moisture captured from a product in a closed-loop air circulation cycle. Existing condensing dehydration systems including heat pump dryers, however, need to significantly cool the air to achieve dehumidification. The added cooling and subsequent heating to return the air to a desired drying temperature consume substantial energy and thus reduce drying performance. Here, an innovative sorption-based gas dehydration system is proposed to overcome barriers deteriorating energy efficiency in existing gas, electric, or heat pump dryer systems. Decoupling latent and sensible loads, the system employs a liquid-desiccant solution to directly capture air humidity, thereby allowing circulation of the air in a closed loop to achieve high drying energy efficiency. In other words, the system captures waste latent heat from the moisture produced during the dehydration process and reuses it to improve energy efficiency. This study focuses on a comprehensive quasi-steady-state thermodynamic modeling of the proposed sorption-based dehydration concept employed for a gas clothes dryer application to predict transient response and overall drying performance (i.e., time and energy metrics). The analysis indicates the proposed sorption-based gas clothes dryer system can deliver a specific moisture extraction rate of 1.71 kg of water per kWh (i.e., a combined energy factor of 3.167 kg (6.98 lbm) of dry cloth per kWh) with a drying time of 44 min. This is a 112% energy improvement compared with state-of-the-art gas clothes dryers exhibiting a combined energy factor of 1.50 kg (3.3 lbm) of dry cloth per kWh. The technology pursued here can potentially be employed as a platform for many fuel-driven equipment to take advantage of available waste thermal energy in the environment instead of simply burning a fuel.
Cuando el gas pasó de moda: la elite de Valparaíso y la tecnología urbana, 1843-1863

La primera ola de innovacion y centralizacion tecnologica llego a los servicios urbanos de Valparaiso en las decadas de 1850 y 1860. La experimentacion con nuevos modos de organizar negocios acompano a la nueva tecnologia: una empresa mixta publica-privada construyo la primera red de gas, y una sociedad anonima construyo el ferrocarril urbano. Ambas companias pertenecian y estaban controladas por personas de Valparaiso, y ayudaron a establecer patrones de servicio que sobrevivieron aun despues de la inclusion de capitalistas extranjeros y agencias estatales al final del siglo XIX. La retorica acerca de los dos proyectos muestra los cambios en las ideas sobre la tecnologia y los servicios necesarios en una ciudad. Los conflictos entre las companias, los concejos municipales y los funcionarios publicos muestran lo dificil que es planificar en tiempos de cambio tecnologico, y los problemas que podia causar la falta de planificacion adecuada.
Heavy Truck Splash and Spray Suppression: Near and Long Term Solutions

Truck splash and spray has been thoroughly researched over the past 20-25 years, but only recently (5-7 years) have concerted efforts been made to develop and market products which are both practical in the rugged trucking environment and yet effective at reducing spray. Achievement of these dual objectives is obviously difficult and involves numerous tradeoffs. This paper describes the mechanisms involved in generating vision obscuring spray and relates them to vehicle design considerations. It describes an assortment of vehicle design modifications and component additions which can be made to the present generation of truck designs to materially reduce their spray generation properties. It also outlines points to consider as the next generation of more aerodynamically-shaped, fuel efficient trucks are being designed.
SAMIS - A simulation of the solar array manufacturing industry

SAMIS is a continuing activity of the Project Analysis and Integration Task of the Low-cost Silicon Solar Array Project (LSSA). It provides a standardized procedure for producing reliable estimates of the cost of manufacturing solar arrays or their components. These estimates are based on descriptions of the manufacturing processes which are being studied and developed by LSSA subcontractors and will be used to assess the commercial viability of those processes and to set research priorities.
Chapter 5 InP Substrates: Production and Quality Control

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on the production and quality control of indium phosphide (InP) substrates. It describes the techniques related to InP single crystal materials and their characterization. The applications of InP crystals and the requirements for their quality is described in the chapter. The chapter reviews the details of crystal growth techniques, including recent developments obtained in laboratories. The techniques used in the evaluation, quality control, and wafer processing are also described in the chapter. InP single crystals have been used exclusively as conductive substrates for infrared optical devices. They are also under development as semi-insulating substrates usable in higher frequency microwave devices, such as metal–insulator–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MISFETs) and optoelectronic integrated circuits. There is a great demand for the development of higher quality indium phosphide single crystals. For this purpose, the technologies reviewed in the chapter, especially those concerning both the crystal growth and the processing of this material, are very important for future developments. Etch-pit density (EPD) is one of the best indicators of the quality of II–-V semiconductor crystals.
Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, by Don Tapscott and Anthony Williams

A study of management literature found that new theories in the field are greeted enthusiastically and only much later treated skeptically. 1 The arc runs from “why didn't we think of that?” to “wh...
Form[e]s of transnationhood: the case of John Wolfe's trilingual Courtier

This article treats the importance of printing and translation, and of printing as a kind of translation, in John Wolfe's 1588 trilingual edition of the Courtier. At a signal moment in England's international relations, this book brings not a new word to English readers: the included Hoby, Chappuys, and Castiglione versions were widely available in England (previous editions in English and Latin, and the bilingual French editions on which Wolfe probably based the concept of this work, are noted here). But Wolfe's mise-en-page establishes and encourages a newly internationalized English courtiership, and his choices of previous paratexts are also strategic and significant in the new moment. The edition does much more than multiply by three Hoby's appropriative impulses. Wolfe's page strategies, together with his selected paratexts, inculcate an engagement with alterity that offers a new answer to England's old predicament of wanting – and not wanting – what the continent had to offer.
Peptides and the enzymes that release or inactivate them: A short history of my life and work entwined

Publisher Summary Ervin Erdos was born in the 1920s in Budapest, Hungary. He worked at the Institute of Pathophysiology in the late 1940s and his job was to do bioassays using isolated strips of guinea pig ileum. He measured isotonic contractions in response to added stimulating agents. Many of his discoveries were made in Werle's laboratory based on just paper chromatography, bioassays in vitro, and measurements of blood pressure in laboratory animals. The enzymatic metabolism of oxytocin or methylation of histamine and many other subjects were among them. Werle and Ervin Erdos published a paper in 1954 that described an oxytocic material in human urine that contracted smooth-muscle preparations. In 1954, Ervin Erdos studied the in vitro hydrolysis of local anesthetics such as procaine by a plasma enzyme, which was called then “pseudocholinesterase.”
Ice Nucleation of Bare and Sulfuric Acid-coated Mineral Dust Particles and Implication for Cloud Properties

Ice nucleation properties of atmospherically relevant dust minerals coated with soluble materials are not yet well understood. We determined ice nucleation ability of bare and sulfuric acid-coated mineral dust particles as a function of temperature (−25 to −35°C) and relative humidity with respect to water (RHw; 75 to 110%) for five different mineral dust types: (1) Arizona test dust, (2) illite, (3) montmorillonite, (4) K-feldspar, and (5) quartz. The particles were dry dispersed and size selected at 200 nm, and we determined the fraction of dust particles nucleating ice at various temperatures and RHw. Under water-subsaturated conditions, compared to bare dust particles, we found that coated particles showed a reduction in their ice nucleation ability. Under water-supersaturated conditions, however, we did not observe a significant coating effect (i.e., the bare and coated dust particles had nearly similar nucleating properties). X-ray diffraction patterns of the coated particles indicated that acid treatment altered the crystalline nature of the surface and caused structural disorder; thus, we concluded that the lack of such structured order reduced the ice nucleation efficiency of the coated particles in deposition ice nucleation mode. In addition, our single column model results show that coated particles significantly modify cloud properties such as ice crystal number concentration and ice water content compared to bare particles in water-subsaturated conditions. However, in water-supersaturated conditions, cloud properties differ only at warmer temperatures. These modeling results imply that future aged dust particle simulations should implement coating parameterizations to accurately predict cloud properties.
Spatial and Social Boundaries and the Paradox of Pastoral Land Tenure: A Case Study from Postsocialist Mongolia

Mobile pastoralists are subject to potentially conflicting needs for secure resource tenure and socially and spatially flexible patterns of resource use. This paradox of pastoral land tenure poses problems for the application of common property theory to the management of pastoral commons. The vagueness, permeability, and overlap of boundaries around pastoral resources and user groups complicate the implementation of formal tenure regimes designed to address insecure pastoral tenures and unsustainable land use patterns. A case-study from postsocialist Mongolia is used to illustrate the problem of spatial and social boundaries for managing pastoral commons. Three solutions to the paradox are evaluated: tenure formalization, rangeland comanagement, and regulation of herders' seasonal movements. An approach that develops and tests institutions to coordinate pastoral movements is recommended over formal tenure for pasturelands, which should be approached with caution in Mongolia.
Transport Coefficients in Some Stochastic Models of the Revised Enskog Equation

A stochastic model of the revised Enskog equation is considered. A choice of the smearing function suggested by the work of Leegwater is used to apply the model to the repulsive part of the Lennard-Jones potential and the inverse-power soft-sphere potential. The virial coefficients obtained from the equilibrium properties of the models are in excellent agreement with the known exact coefficients for these models. The transport coefficients for the repulsive Lennard-Jones (RLP) model are also computed and appear to be of comparable accuracy to the Enskog-theory coefficients applied directly to a hard-sphere system, although exact results for the RLP with which to make an extensive comparison are not yet available. The pressure and the transport coefficients obtained from the model (shear viscosity, thermal conductivity, and self-diffusion) are compared with the pressure and the corresponding transport coefficients predicted by the Enskog and square-well kinetic theories.
Molecular bases of proliferation of Francisella tularensis in arthropod vectors

Arthropod vectors are important vehicles for transmission of Francisella tularensis between mammals, but very little is known about the F. tularensis-arthropod vector interaction. Drosophila melanogaster has been recently developed as an arthropod vector model for F. tularensis. We have shown that intracellular trafficking of F. tularensis within human monocytes-derived macrophages and D. melanogaster-derived S2 cells is very similar. Within both evolutionarily distant host cells, the Francisella-containing phagosome matures to a late endosome-like phagosome with limited fusion to lysosomes followed by rapid bacterial escape into the cytosol where the bacterial proliferate. To decipher the molecular bases of intracellular proliferation of F. tularensis within arthropod-derived cells, we screened a comprehensive library of mutants of F. tularensis ssp. novicida for their defect in intracellular proliferation within D. melanogaster-derived S2 cells. Our data show that 394 genes, representing 22% of the genome, are required for intracellular proliferation within D. melanogaster-derived S2 cells, including many of the Francisella Pathogenicity Island (FPI) genes that are also required for proliferation within mammalian macrophages. Functional gene classes that exhibit growth defect include metabolic (25%), FPI (2%), type IV pili (1%), transport (16%) and DNA modification (5%). Among 168 most defective mutants in intracellular proliferation in S2 cells, 80 are defective in lethality and proliferation within adult D. melanogaster. The observation that only 135 of the 394 mutants that are defective in S2 cells are also defective in human macrophages indicates that F. tularensis utilize common as well as distinct mechanisms to proliferate within mammalian and arthropod cells. Our studies will facilitate deciphering the molecular aspects of F. tularensis-arthropod vector interaction and its patho-adaptation to infect mammals.