cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The adenosine deaminases of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum exhibit surprising differences in ligand specificity

Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum cause malaria, so proteins essential for their survival in vivo are potential anti-malarial drug targets. Adenosine deaminases (ADA) catalyze the irreversible conversion of adenosine into inosine, and play a critical role in the purine salvage pathways of Plasmodia and their mammalian hosts. Currently, the number of selective inhibitors of Plasmodium ADAs is limited. One potent and widely used inhibitor of the human ADA (hADA), erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonly)adenine (EHNA), is a very weak inhibitor (K(i)=120 μM) of P. falciparum ADA (pfADA). EHNA-like compounds are thus excluded from consideration as potential inhibitors of Plasmodium ADA in general. However, EHNA activity in P. vivax ADA (pvADA) has not been reported. Here we applied computational molecular modeling to identify ligand recognition mechanisms unique to P. vivax and P. falciparum ADA. Our biochemical experiments show that EHNA is at least 60-fold more potent against pvADA (K(i)=1.9 μM) than against pfADA. The D172A pvADA mutant is bound even more tightly (K(i)=0.9 μM). These results improve our understanding of the mechanisms of ADA ligand recognition and species-selectivity, and facilitate the rational design of novel EHNA-based ADA inhibitors as anti-malarial drugs. To demonstrate a practical application of our findings we have computationally predicted a novel potential inhibitor of pvADA that will not interact with the human ADA.
Recycled dehydrated lithosphere observed in plume-influenced mid-ocean-ridge basalt

A substantial uncertainty in the Earth's global geochemical water cycle is the amount of water that enters the deep mantle through the subduction and recycling of hydrated oceanic lithosphere. Here we address the question of recycling of water into the deep mantle by characterizing the volatile contents of different mantle components as sampled by ocean island basalts and mid-ocean-ridge basalts. Although all mantle plume (ocean island) basalts seem to contain more water than mid-ocean-ridge basalts, we demonstrate that basalts associated with mantle plume components containing subducted lithosphere—‘enriched-mantle’ or ‘EM-type’ basalts—contain less water than those associated with a common mantle source. We interpret this depletion as indicating that water is extracted from the lithosphere during the subduction process, with greater than 92 per cent efficiency.
Combination antihypertensive treatment: is initiation order important?

n their recently released report, the Institute ofMedicine (IOM) states that nearly one of everythree adults in the United States has hypertension.In their ‘‘A Population-Based Policy and SystemsChange Approach to Prevent and Control Hyper-tension,’’ the IOM states that one third of heartattacks and almost one half of heart failures inthe United States each year are due to untreatedor poorly treated hypertension. Hypertension isregarded as simple to diagnose and relatively easyto treat, easy to prevent, and inexpensive to man-age; however, it remains the second leading causeof death among Americans. It has been labeledthe ‘‘neglected disease.’’
Photochemical and Electrochemical Oxidation Reactions of Surface-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

We have studied the oxidation reactions of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pyrene and anthracene, attached covalently to silica, indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), and gold surfaces. Attachment of the PAHs to the substrates was accomplished by established covalent coupling methods. For both pyrene and anthracene, we find that electrochemical and photochemical oxidation produces first a monohydroxy-PAH followed by the formation of dihydroxy/dione derivatives. We have used cyclic voltammetry and steady-state excitation and emission spectroscopy to identify the products of the surface reactions. The uniformity of our results for two chromophores and three different types of substrates demonstrates the generality of our findings and rules out the involvement of surface enhancement phenomena in these processes.
Roles for auxin during morphogenesis of the compound leaves of pea (Pisum sativum)

The goal of this study was to explore the impact of the plant growth regulator auxin on the development of compound leaves in pea. Wildtype (WT) plantlets, as well as those of two leaf mutants, acacia (tl) and tendrilled acacia (uni-tac) of pea (Pisum sativum L.), were grown on media containing the auxin-transport inhibitors 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), N-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid (NPA), or the auxin antagonist, p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB). The resulting plantlets were carefully analyzed morphologically, by scanning electron microscopy and for Uni gene expression using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Auxin transport was measured in WT leaf parts using [14C]indole-3-acetic acid. Relative Uni gene expression was determined in shoot tips of a range of leaf-form mutants. Morphological abnormalities were observed for all genotypes examined. The terminal tendrils on WT plants were converted to leaflets, stubs or were aborted. The number of pinna pairs produced on leaves was reduced, with the distal forms being eliminated before the proximal ones. Some leaves were converted to simple, including tri-and bilobed, forms. These treatments phenocopy the uni-tac and unifoliata (uni) mutants of pea. In the most extreme situations, leaf blades were completely lost leaving only a pair of stipules or scale leaves. Polar auxin transport was basipetal for all leaf parts. Uni gene expression in shoot tips was significantly reduced in 60 μM NPA and TIBA. Uni mRNA was more abundant in tl, af and af tl and reduced in the uni mutants compared to WT. These results indicate that an auxin gradient plays fundamental roles in controlling morphogenesis in the compound leaves of pea and specifically it: (i) is the driving force for leaf growth and pinna determination; (ii) is necessary for pinna initiation; and (iii) controls subsequent pinna development.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,3′-diindolylmethanes as agonists of aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Recent studies suggest that arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) may be a target for a number of diseases. Natural product malassezin is a AhR agonist with an interesting 2,3′-diindolylmethane skeleton. We have prepared a series of analogues of natural product malassezin using our recently developed method and tested the activity of these analogues against AhR in a cell-based assay. We found that a methyl substituent at 1′-N can significantly increase the activity and the 2-formyl group is not critical for some diindolylmethanes.
Sugarcane Postharvest Residue Management in a Temperate Climate

Full retention of sugarcane (interspecifi c hybrids of Saccharum spp.) postharvest residue may reduce ratoon crop yields. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different residue removal timings and methods on sugarcane yield. A two-factor (timing and method) experiment was conducted on both clay and silt loam soils in southeastern Louisiana. Removal timings consisted of the following physiological stages: predormancy, complete dormancy, intermediate dormancy, and postdormancy. Removal methods consisted of partial removal from the row top by mechanical means, complete removal by burning, and no removal (control) applied to fi rst, second, and third ratoons. Sugar yields following burning at predormancy (6800 kg ha –1 ), complete dormancy (6610 kg ha –1 ), and mechanical removal at predormancy (6500 kg ha –1 ) were greater than the control (6190 kg ha –1 ) for all ratoons. Burning at postdormancy decreased sugar yields by 440 kg ha –1 relative to the control. Ratoons responded similarly to the residue management practices evaluated, and effects were consistent on both clay and silt loam soils. Results show that the residue generated during the green-cane harvesting of sugarcane in Louisiana should be removed from harvested fi elds as soon after harvest as possible to ensure optimum yields of subsequent ratoon crops.
Measurement of total gas scattering cross‐section

Experimental measurements are presented of the total scattering cross-section of four gases: He, Air, CH 4 , and Argon as a function of electron beam energy. The method used was that of Gauvin. A comparison of theoretical estimates of the total scattering cross-section with the experimental data indicates that the model used gives generally reliable results. The data confirm that the gases tend to be molecular rather than atomic in nature in this pressure range (1-300 Pascal). The factors affecting the accuracy of these results are examined.
Vocal stability and vocal tract configuration: An acoustic and electroglottographic investigation*

Summary Previous studies have reported differences in vocal fundamental frequency perturbation (jitter) and amplitude perturbation (shimmer) measures as a function of vowel type. However, it is not clear from those studies whether these effects derive from modifications in the shape of the vocal tract or from intrinsic vowel differences in mean fundamental frequency and vocal amplitude. The present study sought to address this issue using simultaneously obtained acoustic and electroglottographic (EGG) signals. Ten normal adult men and 10 normal adult women prolonged three maximally stable productions of the vowels /i/, /e/, /˦/, /∧/, /α/, /⊃/, /o/, and /u. Vocal sound pressure level was maintained at 74 ± 4 dB, while mean fundamental frequency was maintained at 110 and 220 Hz ± 0.5 st for the male and female subjects, respectively. Results indicated that when vocal frequency and intensity are controlled, acoustic and EGG measures of mean jitter and shimmer do not show a significant vowel effect.
Inter-area real-time data exchange to improve static security analysis

This paper investigates the impact of real-time data exchange between neighboring areas in an interconnected power system. It illustrates that accuracy of the internal state estimation as well as the subsequent contingency analysis will improve when a limited set of real-time data is optimally identified and made available from the external system. Selection of this set is accomplished by formulating and solving the problem as a mixed integer programming problem. The results are validated by simulating various scenarios using the IEEE 118 bus system as the test system.
Bradykinin analogues: differential agonist and antagonist activities suggesting multiple receptors

Bradykinin analogues with specific antagonist activity in several bioassays were evaluated for effects on [3H]-bradykinin receptor binding sites and inositol phosphate production in neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells. The analogues varied in their affinities for bradykinin receptors in guinea-pig ileum and N1E-115 cell membranes, in their effects on uterine and ileal contractions and in their agonist or antagonist activity on phosphoinositide turnover in N1E-115 cells. These tissue specific effects suggest the presence of multiple bradykinin receptor subtypes.
Autonomous Formation Flight Control System Using In-Flight Sweet-Spot Estimation

A formation flight control system that addresses the unique environment encountered by aircraft flying in formation and in the upwash of the leading aircraft that leads to a scenario with minimum i...
Electronic surface properties of group V semimetals

Abstract We have studied the electronic surface properties of the (111) surface of group V semimetals (As, Sb, Bi) using a Green's function formalism in the tight-binding representation. We find that no surface states appear unless the surface layer relaxes, but any relaxation is enough to produce bona fide surface states.
Endovascular platinum coil embolization of incompletely surgically clipped cerebral aneurysms

The natural history of incompletely clipped intracranial aneurysms is largely unknown. The authors present two cases of residual aneurysm filling after surgical clipping which were successfully managed by intravascular placement of platinum coils. Management of residual aneurysms and possible future role of transcatheter therapy are discussed.
Cost-Effectiveness of Statins for Primary Cardiovascular Prevention in Chronic Kidney Disease

Objectives The authors sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of statins for primary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Background Patients with CKD have an elevated risk of MI and stroke. Although HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors (“statins”) may prevent cardiovascular events in patients with non–dialysis-requiring CKD, adverse drug effects and competing risks could materially influence net effects and clinical decision-making. Methods We developed a decision-analytic model of CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) to determine the cost-effectiveness of low-cost generic statins for primary CVD prevention in men and women with hypertension and mild-to-moderate CKD. Outcomes included MI and stroke rates, discounted quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and lifetime costs (2010 USD), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results For 65-year-old men with moderate hypertension and mild-to-moderate CKD, statins reduced the combined rate of MI and stroke, yielded 0.10 QALYs, and increased costs by $1,800 ($18,000 per QALY gained). For patients with lower baseline cardiovascular risks, health and economic benefits were smaller; for 65-year-old women, statins yielded 0.06 QALYs and increased costs by $1,900 ($33,400 per QALY gained). Results were sensitive to rates of rhabdomyolysis and drug costs. Statins are less cost-effective when obtained at average retail prices, particularly in patients at lower CVD risk. Conclusions Although statins reduce absolute CVD risk in patients with CKD, the increased risk of rhabdomyolysis, and competing risks associated with progressive CKD, partly offset these gains. Low-cost generic statins appear cost-effective for primary prevention of CVD in patients with mild-to-moderate CKD and hypertension.
Effect of wheel-running during abstinence on subsequent nicotine-seeking in rats

Rationale Exercise appears to be a promising non-pharmacological treatment for nicotine addiction that may be useful for the vulnerable adolescent population.
Melt‐spinning dynamics and rheological properties of nylon 6

Basic studies of the melt-spinning dynamics and rheological properties of a nylon 6 polymer are described. The magnitude of the force components on the spinline has been analyzed with special reference to the drag and rheological forces. Spinline deformation has been investigated for spinning through ambient air and through an isothermal chamber. Both sets of experiments are interpreted using an elongational viscosity. Non-Newtonian viscosity was measured at 230°, 250°, and 270°C in a Weissenberg rheogoniometer and an Instron capillary rheometer. The principal normal stress difference was measured in the former instrument. The rheological properties are interpreted in terms of the theory of viscoelastic fluid behavior. The isothermal melt-spinning experiments were also interpreted in terms of the theory of viscoelastic fluids, and attempts were made to understand the spinning results in terms of basic rheological properties.
Cross-sectional analysis of glucose metabolism in Friedreich Ataxia

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the relationship between disease features in Friedreich ataxia and aberrant glucose metabolism. Methods Fasting glucose, fasting insulin and random HbA1C were obtained in 158 patients with Friedreich ataxia. Regression analysis evaluated glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance (IR) and beta-cell function (s) in relation to age, BMI, sex, and genetic severity. Categorical glucose values were analyzed in relation to other FRDA-associated disease characteristics. Results In the FRDA cohort, age and GAA repeat length predicted fasting glucose and HbA1c levels (accounting for sex and BMI), while insulin and HOMA-IR were not predicted by these parameters. Within the cohort, average BMI was consistently lower than the national average by age and was marginally associated with insulin levels and HOMA-IR. Within juvenile subjects, insulin and HOMA-IR were predicted by age. Controlling for age and genetic severity, diabetes-related measures were not independent predictors of any quantitative measure of disease severity in FRDA. Glucose handling properties were also predicted by the presence of a point mutation, with 40% of individuals heterozygous for point mutations having diabetes, compared to 4.3% of subjects who carried two expanded GAA repeats. Interpretation In FRDA, aberrant glucose metabolism is linked to increasing age, longer GAA repeat length on the shorter allele, frataxin point mutations, and increasing BMI. The effect of age to some degree may be mediated through changes in BMI, with increasing age associated with increases in BMI, and with HOMA-IR and insulin increases in children.
Characterization of a β1 → 3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase associated with synthesis of type 1 and type 2 lacto-series tumor-associated antigens from the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line SW403

Previous studies have indicated that activation of a normally unexpressed beta 1----3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase is responsible for the accumulation of a wide diversity of both type 1 and 2 lacto-series antigens in human colonic adenocarcinomas. A beta 1----3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase has been solubilized from the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line SW403 by 0.2% Triton X-100 and some of its properties have been studied. The enzyme was active over a broad pH range from 5.8 to 7.5 and had a strict requirement for Mn2+ as a divalent metal ion. Transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to lactosylceramide was optimal when assayed in the presence of a final concentration of Triton CF-54 of 0.3%. Inclusion of CDPcholine in the reaction mixture stimulated the activity by protecting the UDP[14C]GlcNAc from hydrolysis by endogenous enzymes. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme were studied. Km values for acceptors nLc4 and nLc6 were determined to be 0.19 mM for each. However, the Vmax values calculated for these acceptors were 150 and 110 pmol/h/mg protein for nLc4 and nLc6, respectively, suggesting reduced potential for further elongation as the chain length increases. The Km for UDPGlcNAc was determined to be 0.17 mM. Studies of the acceptor specificity have indicated transfer of GlcNAc occurs mainly to type 2 chain nonfucosylated structures. However, elongation of the type 1 chain structure Lc4 was also detected.
Stereo CT Image Compositing Methods for Lung Nodule Detection and Characterization1

Rationale and Objectives Stereographic display has been proposed as a possible method of improving performance in reading computed tomographic (CT) examinations acquired for lung cancer screening. Optimizing such displays is important given the large volume of image data that must be evaluated for each of these examinations. This study is designed to explore certain tradeoffs between rendering methods designed for the stereo display of CT images. Materials and Methods Stereo CT image compositing methods, including distance-weighted averaging, distance-weighted maximum intensity projection (MIP), and conventional MIP, were applied to lung CT images and compared for lung nodule detection and characterization. Results Using the Jonckheere test indicated a statistically significant (P .05). Conventional MIP compositing provided the highest image contrast, but produced ambiguities in local geometric detail and texture, whereas averaging resulted in the lowest contrast, but preserved geometric detail. Distance-weighted MIP partially recovered geometric information, which was lost in images composited by means of conventional MIP. Conclusion Our results indicate that distance-weighted MIP may be a better choice for nodule detection in stereo lung CT images for its high local contrast and partial preservation of geometric information, whereas compositing by means of distance-weighted averaging is preferable for nodule characterization. The relative clinical value of these compositing methods needs to be evaluated further.
Fluidity of alloys under high pressure die casting conditions

The fluidity length is generally inversely proportional to the solidification interval of an alloy. We report that, under high pressure die casting conditions, this relationship does not hold. Rather, the fluidity length increases with decreasing solidus temperature of an alloy.
Gravidity, blood pressure, and hypertension among white women in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Gravidity and parity have been hypothesized as possible protective factors for hypertension in women, but results of previous studies have been conflicting; none of three U.S. studies has clearly demonstrated this relation. We studied the association of number of pregnancies to blood pressure and hy
Blockade of histamine-mediated increases in microvascular permeability by H1- and H2-receptor antagonists

Abstract The receptor mechanisms by which histamine increases microvascular fluid and protein efflux were studied in the canine forelimb perfused at constant flow. Skin lymph flow, protein concentration, and protein transport (flow × concentration) were examined during the intraarterial infusion of histamine alone and during the simultaneous infusion of histamine and the histamine antagonists tripelennamine or cimetidine. The infusion of histamine alone at 1.4 μg base/min resulted in a significant decrease in forelimb perfusion pressure and skin small-artery pressure and a small but significant increase in skin small-vein pressure. Histamine produced a 2 1 2 - fold increase in lymph flow, a 2-fold increase in lymph protein concentration, and a 5-fold increase in lymph protein transport. Infusion of this same dose of histamine during the simultaneous infusion of the H 1 -receptor antagonist tripelennamine (10 μg/min) produced essentially the same changes in forelimb vascular pressures but failed to produce significant changes in lymph flow, lymph protein concentration, or lymph protein transport. Similarly, the infusion of cimetidine (250 μg/min), an H 2 -receptor antagonist, concurrent with the infusion of histamine elicited no significant changes in lymph parameters but the fall in arterial pressures was attenuated. Since either an H 1 - or an H 2 -receptor antagonist is capable of blocking histamine-mediated increases in lymph flow and protein concentration, these data indicate a role for both H 1 and H 2 receptors in histamine-mediated increases in microvascular permeability.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antihypertensives

Approximately 60 million people in the United States have hypertension (BP greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg), 40 million have arthritis clinically suitable for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy, and millions take NSAIDs for nonarthritic conditions, creating considerable potential for concomitant administration of NSAIDs and antihypertensive agents. It is estimated that more than 20 million people are on concurrent therapy. Most NSAIDs produce mild elevations of normal blood pressure levels and can partially or completely antagonize the effects of many antihypertensive drugs. The effect on blood pressure can vary from no effect to hypertensive crisis. In pooled studies, the average increase in mean arterial pressure was 10 mm Hg, and duration was short-lived or chronic. Significant interactions occur in about 1% of patients per year. The risk is greatest in the elderly, blacks, and patients with low-renin hypertension. NSAIDs may block the antihypertensive effects of thiazide and loop diuretics, beta-adrenergic blockers, alpha-adrenergic blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. No interactions have been reported with centrally acting alpha agonists or the calcium channel blockers. The mechanism of the hypertensive effects of NSAIDs seem primarily related to their ability to block the cyclo-oxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, with a resultant decrease in prostaglandin formation. The prostaglandins are important in normal modulation of renal and systemic vascular dilatation, glomerular filtration, tubular secretion of salt and water, adrenergic neurotransmission, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Blockade of salutary effects of prostaglandins by NSAIDs results in a complex series of events culminating in attenuation of the effects of many antihypertensive agents. High-risk patients treated with NSAIDs should be identified and have blood pressure, renal function, and serum potassium frequently monitored.
Voriconazole Serum Concentrations in Obese and Overweight Immunocompromised Patients: A Retrospective Review

Study Objective To evaluate the relationship between voriconazole dose and corresponding serum concentrations in obese and overweight immunocompromised patients. Design Retrospective medical record review. Setting National Cancer Institute–designated comprehensive cancer center. Patients A total of 92 patients with hematologic malignancies and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplants who received voriconazole and had reported steady-state serum concentrations (peak, random, or trough) during 2005–2010; 124 serum concentrations were available for analysis. Measurements and Main Results Data on patient demographics, voriconazole concentrations, and other clinical and safety data were collected. Patients were stratified based on body mass index (BMI). Patients with higher BMIs tended to have significantly higher median random voriconazole concentrations with intravenous administration (6.4 mg/L for BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 vs 2.8 mg/L for BMI < 25 kg/m2, p=0.04). This trend was more notable with the intravenous than the oral formulations. With the oral formulation, patients with a BMI of 25 kg/m2 or greater had a median random concentration of 2.8 mg/L compared with 2.0 mg/L in patients with a BMI less than 25 kg/m2 (p=0.18). Patients with a BMI of 25 kg/m2 or greater also had a higher median daily voriconazole dose (640 vs 400 mg, p<0.001). No significant differences were noted in factors that would affect oral absorption of voriconazole (e.g., graft-versus-host disease) among BMI groups. When comparing all voriconazole concentrations, higher concentrations were associated with a greater percentage of patients who had alanine aminotransferase levels of more than 3 times the upper limit of normal. Patients with voriconazole random concentrations of 2 mg/L or greater had higher response rates (50%) than patients with concentrations lower than 2 mg/L (33%). Conclusion Standard voriconazole dosing using actual body weight in obese and overweight patients resulted in higher associated serum concentrations. Dosing using adjusted body weight may be necessary in this population in order to achieve optimal concentrations while preventing the potential for increased toxicity.
Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy in Umbilical Hernia Patients: University of California, Irvine, Technique for Port Placement and Repair

Objective To discuss a technique currently used at our institution for the management of umbilical hernias during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. As more patients undergo robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, there will be an increase in patients who qualify for robotic surgery with comorbidities. Material and Methods This technique has been utilized in clinically localized prostate cancer patients with umbilical hernias using the da Vinci Surgical System and standard laparoscopic instrumentation. Port placements and closures were performed by a resident assistant and a nurse at the operating table. The prostatectomy was performed by a single experienced surgeon at the console. Results Currently, no data are available regarding patients with umbilical hernias undergoing robotic prostatectomy. We reviewed our technique of port placement for patients with a pre-existing umbilical hernia undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Conclusion This technique allows for a reduction of the umbilical hernia, the use of the fascial defect as a robotic port, and the removal of the prostate by way of transverse incision and transverse repair. In our experience, this technique is feasible and reproducible for any small or large umbilical hernia.
Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella on Cantaloupes Using Hot Water

The inactivation of Salmonella on cantaloupes using hot water was investigated. Whole melons, inoculated with a cocktail of Salmonella isolates, were subjected to thermal treatments of various lengths in water at 65 °C, 75 °C, and 85 °C. Treatment with water at 85 °C for 60 and 90 s resulted in reductions of up to 4.7 log colony forming units (CFU) per square centimeter of rind. However, the rind of melons treated at 85 °C for 90 s were noticeably softer than the rind of melons treated for 60 s. Thermal penetration profiles were measured and computer simulations were conducted to verify the effect of hot water treatment conditions on the internal temperatures of cantaloupe melons. Experimental and simulation data indicated that the internal temperature of melons treated with hot water did not increase rapidly compared with the rind temperature. Regardless of the process temperature used, the temperature of the edible flesh, 10 mm from the surface of the rind, remained at least 40 °C cooler than the surface temperature of cantaloupe melons. These results demonstrate the utility of hot water for the inactivation of Salmonella on cantaloupes and provide a framework to producers of fresh-cut melon for the potential use of hot water as an intervention treatment.
DNA sequence analysis of the C4 antigen WH: evidence for two mechanisms of expression.

Amino acid and protein analyses have allowed the construction of a model for the C4-based Rodgers and Chido blood group antigens. The single low-frequency allele (WH) in this blood group system, however, has not been characterized at the molecular level. Two WH+ donors were studied by C4 agarose gel electrophoreses, immunoblot studies using monoclonal anti-Rg: 1 or anti-Ch: 1, serological phenotyping, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of theirC4 genes, and DNA sequencing of theWH allele. The first donor had the C4A1, A3 phenotype; the C4A1 carried Ch: 1, 3, 6 (thus exhibiting reversed antigenicity) and the C4A3 carried the WH antigen. The amino acid sequence of theWH allele was PCPVLD at positions 1101–1106, S at position 1157, and VDLL at positions 1188–1191. A second donor typed as C4A2, A4, B1 and was also WH+. Immunoblot analysis showed that a C4B1 protein expressed Rg: 1. Sequence analysis of theC4B genes showed the amino acids LSPVIH at positions 1101–1106, S at position 1157, and ADLR at positions 1188–1191. Thus, the WH antigen is a conformational epitope that can arise through different mechanisms on either aC4A orC4B gene.
SuperLFV: An SLHA tool for lepton flavor violating observables in supersymmetric models

Abstract We introduce SuperLFV , a numerical tool for calculating low-energy observables that exhibit charged lepton flavor violation (LFV) in the context of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). As the Large Hadron Collider and MEG, a dedicated μ + → e + γ experiment, are presently acquiring data, there is need for tools that provide rapid discrimination of models that exhibit LFV. SuperLFV accepts a spectrum file compliant with the SUSY Les Houches Accord (SLHA), containing the MSSM couplings and masses with complex phases at the supersymmetry breaking scale. In this manner, SuperLFV is compatible with but divorced from existing SLHA spectrum calculators that provide the low energy spectrum. Hence, input spectra are not confined to the LFV sources provided by established SLHA spectrum calculators. Input spectra may be generated by personal code or by hand, allowing for arbitrary models not supported by existing spectrum calculators. Program summary Program title: SuperLFV Catalogue identifier: AERD_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AERD_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 12508 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 1510093 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: Java. Computer: Any computer with a Java Virtual Machine. Operating system: Unix, including OS X; Linux, Windows. RAM: Classification: 11.6. External routines: Apache Commons, JAMA Nature of problem: In the era of the Large Hadron Collider, the ability to automate rapid model discrimination is needed. Dedicated experimental searches for charged lepton flavor violation (LFV) are currently operational with next generation experiments on the horizon. Generically, extensions of the standard model, including supersymmetric models, will induce LFV, such as rare muon (tau) decay. No single tool should bear the burden of providing all conceivable calculations within a certain model. Hence, it is warranted that numerical tools interoperate together and be developed as independent components, each providing defined tasks. Solution method: The Supersymmetry Les Houches Accord (SLHA) provides a standardized protocol for the interoperation of tools that provide the calculation of mass spectra in supersymmetric models, the calculation of observables, and the calculation of event generation. SuperLFV is an SLHA compliant observables calculator, with a dedicated focus on lepton flavor violation. Running time: 1 s on modern systems.
Hybrid computation in the university

One of the primary goals of the Carnegie-Mellon University Hybrid Computation Laboratory has been to study hybrid computation per se, from both an application and automation viewpoint. To date, the work has concentrated on automation of hybrid computer programming and on methods for solving partial differential equations.During the course of the design, installation, and operation of its hybrid computation laboratory, CMU has obtained a wealth of experience (both objective and subjective) with the use of hybrid computation in the university environment. In light of growing univer sity interest in hybrid computation, this article describes the experience of CMU and presents certain conclusions concerning the appropri ateness of university use of hybrid computation.
The stability of tropospheric OH during ice ages, inter‐glacial epochs and modern times

Hydroxyl (OH) radicals remove many man-made and natural gases from the atmosphere and therefore play a key role in global tropospheric chemistry. Recent increases in CH 4 and CO have caused concern that the levels of OH may decrease, thus reducing the capacity of the atmosphere to remove and control man-made pollutants. We have calculated OH concentrations over a wide range of climatic conditions to examine its long term stability and to determine the major factors that may cause changes in its levels. We used a one-dimensional photochemical model, the concentrations of CH 4 and N 2 O from polar ice cores and the current understanding of the sources and sinks of CO, NO y and other gases involved in OH chemistry. We find that mean OH concentrations are stabilized against changes even though the climatic conditions and atmospheric trace gas composition change considerably between ice-ages, inter-glacial periods and the present. In these transitions, the more rapid destruction of OH from increased CH 4 and CO is compensated by increases in the production processes. Our calculations indicate that only a small part of the 5-fold increase of methane between the present and the peak of the last ice age, is due to changes in OH levels. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1991.t01-2-00001.x
The Impact of a National Poverty Reduction Program on the Characteristics of Sex Partners Among Kenyan Adolescents

Cash transfer programs have the potential to prevent the spread of HIV, particularly among adolescents. One mechanism through which these programs may work is by influencing the characteristics of the people adolescents choose as sex partners. We examined the four-year impact of a Kenyan cash transfer program on partner age, partner enrollment in school, and transactional sex-based relationships among 684 adolescents. We found no significant impact of the program on partner characteristics overall, though estimates varied widely by gender, age, schooling, and economic status. Results highlight the importance of context in exploring the potential HIV preventive effects of cash transfers.
The effect of surface roughness on the performance of InP MOSFETs

Results of a Monte Carlo simulation of inversion layer transport in InP devices at both high and low fields are presented. They show that the low-field mobility and the peak electron velocity decrease with increasing surface roughness and interface charge. However, at high fields the average electron velocity for the different surfaces converge and become nearly independent of the surface condition. This suggests that as the MOSFET is scaled down, the device performance will become independent of interface quality. Velocity-field, transit-time-channel-length, and transit-time-surface-roughness curves for InP MIS structures are presented. From these, qualitative estimates of device performance are obtained in terms of the surface roughness. >
Crystal structure at −35°C of (2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)(triphenylphosphine)gold(I)

Abstract The crystal structure of (2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques using three-dimensional data gathered at −35°C by counter methods. Colorless crystals form as thin plates in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a 13.040(2), b 19.268(3), c 9.0153(8) », β 96.98(1)°. A measured density (19°C) of 1.73 g cm−3 agrees with the calculated value (−35°C) of 1.769(1) g cm−3, assuming four molecules of (C6H3(OCH3)2)Au(P(C6H5)3) per unit cell. Full-matrix least-squares refinement of the structure has converged with a conventional R index (on ¦F¦) of 0.030 using the 5052 symmetry-independent reflections with 4 2σ(Io). The molecule consists of AuI ion bonded to the P atom of a triphenylphosphine ligand and to the C(1) atom of a 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl group. The PAuC(1) angle of 172.7(1)° is significantly different from linearity, probably as a result of a weak bonding interaction between Au and one of the two methoxy oxygen atoms (Au. … O = 2.961(4) and 3.231(4) »).
In human salivary gland cells, overexpression of E2F1 overcomes an interferon-gamma- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced growth arrest but does not result in complete mitosis

Increased levels of cytokines in the salivary glands have been associated with the loss of secretory cells and reduced salivary function. It has been demonstrated that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) treatment of a human submandibular gland (HSG) cell line causes growth arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, followed by apoptosis. To stimulate DNA synthesis and reverse this growth arrest, we used an adenovirus vector to overexpress the transcription factor E2F1 in HSG cells. Initially, cells were synchronized by a double thymidine block and then infected with recombinant adenovirus (AdE2F1) expressing E2F1. Cells were harvested at intervals and analyzed by flow cytometry. Greater than 50% of synchronized cells infected with AdE2F1 were in S phase by 18 hours postinfection (hpi) compared to 12% of uninfected cells. Similarly, AdE2F1 infection of HSG cells arrested by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha treatment caused a fivefold increase in S-phase cells by 48 hpi. However, by 72 hpi, AdE2F1-infected cells showed increases in the subdiploid cell population. Forty-one percent of AdE2F1-infected cells labeled positive by TUNEL, compared to fewer than 6% for controls. Additionally, AdE2F1-infected cells (84 hpi) had low forward-angle and high side scatter light characteristics, similar to apoptotic lymphocytes. These results suggest that E2F1 accumulation in growth-arrested salivary gland cells can stimulate DNA synthesis and overcome a G0/G1 block in the cell cycle. However, E2F1 overexpression did not lead to complete mitosis in HSG cells but, rather, diverted cells into an apoptotic pathway.
Explaining US unilateral military intervention in civil conflicts: A review of the literature

Recent third-party use of force in hastening the exit of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi illustrates that third-party military intervention is one foreign policy tool among many that leaders may use to achieve desired ends. Numerous works from international relations and foreign policy scholars explain third-party intervention using a variety of approaches and methods, and examining multiple levels of analysis. The survey of the literature provided here contributes to our understanding of US unilateral intervention by examining this phenomenon using both general theories of third-party intervention, as well as more refined foreign policy theories explaining US intervention in particular. As such, the survey includes works employing various approaches and levels of analysis, and thus serves two purposes: (a) to assist in the cumulation of knowledge pertaining to US unilateral intervention through consolidation of theory and empirical findings; (b) to serve as a source from which scholars can identify contradictions and future avenues of research pertaining to third-party intervention.
Impression Formation and Danger Recognition in Experienced Police Officers

Summary Police officers of varying seniority were interviewed to investigate cue preferences utilized in interpreting citizen behavior. Cues were generally classified as being either dispositional or situational in origin. Attributional processes were recorded and compared across two types of interaction situations, one involving personal danger, the other being relatively nondangerous. It was found that for all officers, contextual-situational cues were utilized significantly more than dispositional characteristics to infer the presence of danger, with the opposite being true of danger-free settings. Implications for research on attribution processes and nonverbal communication are discussed. Various effects of experience upon impression formation processes are also discussed.
Protective effect of hypoxia against irradiation injury of the rat bone marrow and spleen.

Summary1. Rats irradiated in a hypoxic atmosphere show a slightly higher cellularity and much greater rate of DNA synthesis in the bone marrow and spleen after 96 hours than rats irradiated at ground level. 2. Thirty hours of intermittent hypoxia preceding irradiation at low oxygen tensions does not give additional protection. 3. A striking parallelism exists in the cellular reactions in the bone marrow and spleen following irradiation, both at normal atmospheric pressures and at low oxygen pressure. 4. Irradiation of animals at low oxygen pressures appears to reduce the biological effectiveness of 800 r on the bone marrow to 600 r.
Are germinal inclusion cysts markers of ovulation

Abstract Objectives Germinal inclusion cysts (GICs) of the ovary are possible precursor lesions for epithelial ovarian cancer. These cysts have been postulated to form as stigmata of ovulation. It is known that oral contraceptives, breastfeeding, and pregnancy, which decrease lifetime ovulations, confer protection against epithelial ovarian cancer. This study was undertaken to determine if ovarian density of epithelial inclusion cysts corresponds to a woman's frequency of ovulation. Methods One hundred two cases of women undergoing incidental oophorectomy at the time of surgery for benign gynecological conditions were interviewed for information relating to ovulation. Review of multiple sections of ovarian tissue was performed to count numbers of GICs. Results There was a modest correlation between the average number of germinal inclusion cysts and ovulatory age (Spearman's rho=0.2, P = 0.06). There were fewer GICs in current smokers and ever-users of oral contraceptives; however these associations were not significant ( P > 0.1). Conclusions This study showed increased numbers of GICs in women of greater ovulatory age, and those who were not current smokers or ever used oral contraceptives. This provides some evidence that GICs may be caused by ovulation. The small number of subjects limited our ability to evaluate associations.
International classification of diseases, tenth revison: Neurological adaptation (ICD‐10 NA): Extrapyramidal and movement disorders

A classification of diseases is important in epidemiologic studies, indexing of clinical disorders, communication, and education. Since the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) in 1992, a specialty-based neurological adaptation (ICD-10NA) has been developed to reflect the specific needs of individual subspecialties. Although the revision was constrained by the need to maintain compatibility with previous classifications, the new ICD-10NA of Extrapyramidal and Movement Disorders aims to provide an updated and comprehensive categorization of movement disorders.
Instructions For A Military Survey In 1779

The essay of Charles Vallancey advocates and prefigures modern developments of national survey, military reports to accompany maps, and topographic education for officers. It represents an important source for assessing contemporary attitudes about cartography as well as yielding insight into the reading matter of one ambitious officer. Vallancey's experience in mapping Ireland in the late-eighteenth century doubtless encouraged this contribution, and it remains the only theoretical effort of military cartography in English from this period. L'essai de Charles Vallancey preconise les leves nationaux, les rapports militaires pour accompagner les cartes, de meme que la formation des officiers en topographie; il prefigure d'ailleurs certaines techniques qui ont marque l'evolution dans ces domaines. Il constitue une source d'information importante, puisqu'il nous permet de sonder les opinions de ses contemportains au sujet de la certographie, et meme d'avoir une idee de ce que pouvait lire un officier ambitie...
Teaching principles of cardiovascular function in a medical student laboratory

We describe an animal laboratory using anesthetized swine to demonstrate the regulation of arterial blood pressure to second-year medical students at Saint Louis University School of Medicine (St. ...
Perceived Danger and Judged Likelihood of Restoration

The authors investigated the impact of perceived danger on judged likelihood of restoration. Participants imagined that they were in a state of directed attention fatigue and then that they were taking a walk in a potentially restorative setting. The authors varied two properties of the setting in a factorial design. The setting was either a nature trail or a busy urban street, and it contained either no obvious source of danger or an ominous stalker. Measures of perceived danger and of judged likelihood of restoration were obtained. For both types of measures, in the low-danger condition the two setting categories differed, with the natural setting seen as less dangerous and more likely to be restorative. In the high-danger condition, the difference between the setting categories was eliminated. The authors conclude that the presence of a serious and potentially uncontrollable source of danger can damage the perceived restorative potential of a setting.