cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Traction Forces of Human Neutrophil Adhesion

The focus of our presentation will be the mechanics of human neutrophil adhesion and the associated role of the cell cytoskeleton during this process. The principle tool we employ to measure adhesive forces is microfabricated-Post-Array-Detectors (mPADs). We achieve high spatial and temporal resolution of neutrophil adhesion to arrays of sub-micron diameter vertical pillars functionalized with the adhesive ligand fibronectin (FN). Additionally, we will present adherent cell profiles (vertical contours) of neutrophils on pillars via confocal microscopy. The adhesion event is stimulated by haptokinetic interaction with FN alone, consistent with our previous work on continuous fields of FN (Henry et al. 2014. Integr Biol. 6:348). Our preliminary data shows the adhesion event is initially a fast (38 ± 8 s, mean ± sd, n = 7 cells) protrusive front that spreads radially outwards with an average per-pillar force of 32 ± 17 pN (mean ± sd, n = 7 cells). Over the next 2-5 min the cell transitions from a protrusive phenotype to a contractile phenotype with the peripheral pillars being deflected inwards towards the cell center and having an average per-pillar force of −43 ± 26 pN (mean ± sd, n = 7 cells). Pillar behavior can be dichotomized according to the position of the pillar relative to the cell's geometric centroid. Peripheral pillars (those residing at the edge of the cell footprint) are highly contractile and persistent in their contractility, core pillars are less so. Pretreatment of quiescent neutrophils with a variety of small molecule inhibitors of the cell cytoskeleton alter the long-time (i.e. minutes) contractile phase of adhesion but have little effect on the short-time (i.e. seconds) protrusive signature. A notable exception is pretreatment with Jasplakinolide which rigidifies the quiescent cortical actin shell and abrogates adhesion completely.
Selections from Drumbeat by Mohamed El-Bisatie

by Mohamed El-Bisatie, Cairo, American University Press, 2006, English edition, March 2010, 128 pp., ISBN 978 977 416 339 5 (hbk) In this 2006 novel, the national team of an ‘Emirate’ qualifies for...
Experimental Hydrothermal Dedolomitization: ABSTRACT

Hydrothermal replacement of dolomite by calcite has been examined through experimental reactions carried out in teflon-lined stainless steel bombs, at temperatures ranging from 50° to 200°C (122° to 392°F), at End_Page 456------------------------------ equilibrium vapor pressure, and for durations of days to months. Solution compositions were varied to examine the effects of ionic strength, Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio, and SO42- concentration on the direction and/or rate of reaction. The starting solid for these experiments was a stoichiometric and well-ordered synthetic dolomite; several experiments were also seeded with solid reagent-grade calcium carbonate (calcite). In pure CaCl2 solution (0.1 M) replacement was complete in less than one week at temperatures of 100°C (212°F) and greater. Replacement was minor after several weeks at 50°C (122°F). Longer term experiments at 50° are still underway. A series of experiments established that dedolomitization only occurs at Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios of less than 1/10 (total ionic strength = 0.1) at all temperatures from 100° to 200°C (212° to 392°F). Because this reaction proceeds far faster than the reverse reaction (dolomitization), we believe this result establishes the most precise calcite/dolomite phase boundary to date. The presence of SO42- was found to strongly inhibit the dedolomitization reaction, even a concentrations far less than in seawater. Seeding the reaction with a small amount of calcite had little effect on the rate of reaction, suggesting that nucleation is not rate-limiting in dedolomitization. Finally, increasing ionic strength from 0.01 up to 0.5 increased the rate of reaction. End_of_Article - Last_Page 457------------
Basis of melengestrol acetate action as a progestin

To provide insight into potential mechanisms contributing to the various biological responses of cattle to treatment with progesterone, norgestomet, and melengestrol acetate (MGA), MCF-7 cells were utilized to determine the relative binding affinity of the progesterone receptor for MGA, norgestomet, progesterone, and a progesterone agonist (R5020), and to determine if progesterone, MGA, or norgestomet have estrogenic and/or anti-estrogenic activities. The progesterone receptor had greater affinity (P<0.05) for MGA, R5020, and norgestomet than for progesterone; and the affinity for norgestomet exceeded (P<0.05) that of MGA and R5020. Estrogen stimulates proliferation of MCF-7 cells; therefore these cells have been utilized as a bioassay to detect estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity. Progesterone (10(-11) to 10(-5)M) did not promote cellular proliferation. However, MGA (10(-8), 10(-7), and 10(-6)M) increased (P<0.05) cell proliferation compared to the control group (10(-11) to 10(-9) and 10(-5)M MGA did not stimulate cell proliferation), and MGA-induced cell proliferation (10(-8)M) was reduced (P=0.095) by an estradiol antagonist (ICI 182,780; ICI). Cellular proliferation increased (P<0.05) with norgestomet (10(-5)M) compared to the control group (10(-11) to 10(-6)M norgestomet did not stimulate cell proliferation) and the increased proliferation was decreased (P<0.05) by ICI. Neither progesterone nor MGA demonstrated anti-estrogenic activity. Norgestomet (10(-10) to 10(-6)M) did reduce (P<0.05) maximal estrogen-stimulated cell proliferation, but not to basal levels. In summary, the affinities of the progesterone receptor for norgestomet, MGA, and progesterone are consistent with their effective dose to inhibit ovulation in vivo, but their progestin and their estrogenic/anti-estrogenic activities cannot fully explain why progesterone and norgestomet are more capable of reprogramming the reproductive axis in anestrous postpartum cows compared to MGA.
A NOTE ON DECISION‐MAKING CRITERIA FOR ALGORITHM SELECTION: REDUCING GOAL PROGRAMMING COMPUTATIONAL EFFORT

Most linear goal programming (LPG) algorithms are based on a simplex-type solution method that begins with an initial simplex tableau with solution-set variables (basic variables) consisting of all-negative deviational variables or all-positive deviational variables. This note (1) demonstrates how computational solution effort can be reduced by selecting the appropriate all-negative or all-positive deviational variable algorithm and (2) describes a procedure that can be used to aid decision makers in selecting the appropriate algorithm for all types of applied goal programming (GP) models. Results of this study reveal the procedure as accurate and providing computational time savings when applied to a large sample of GP problems.
DFT and time-resolved IR investigation of electron transfer between photogenerated 17- and 19-electron organometallic radicals

The photochemical disproportionation mechanism of [CpW(CO){sub 3}]{sub 2} in the presence of Lewis bases PR{sub 3} was investigated on the nano- and microsecond time-scales with Step-Scan FTIR time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. 532 nm laser excitation was used to homolytically cleave the W-W bond, forming the 17-electron radicals CpW(CO){sub 3} and initiating the reaction. With the Lewis base PPh{sub 3}, disproportionation to form the ionic products CpW(CO){sub 3}PPh{sub 3}{sup +} and CpW(CO){sub 3}{sup -} was directly monitored on the microsecond time-scale. Detailed examination of the kinetics and concentration dependence of this reaction indicates that disproportionation proceeds by electron transfer from the 19-electron species CpW(CO){sub 3}PPh{sub 3} to the 17-electron species CpW(CO){sub 3}. This result is contrary to the currently accepted disproportionation mechanism which predicts electron transfer from the 19-electron species to the dimer [CpW(CO){sub 3}]{sub 2}. With the Lewis base P(OMe){sub 3} on the other hand, ligand substitution to form the product [CpW(CO){sub 2}P(OMe){sub 3}]{sub 2} is the primary reaction on the microsecond time-scale. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations support the experimental results and suggest that the differences in the reactivity between P(OMe){sub 3} and PPh{sub 3} are due to steric effects. The results indicate that radical-to-radical electron transfer is a previouslymore » unknown but important process for the formation of ionic products with the organometallic dimer [CpW(CO){sub 3}]{sub 2} and may also be applicable to the entire class of organometallic dimers containing a single metal-metal bond.« less
Ischemia preconditioning does not confer resilience to warm ischemia in a solitary porcine kidney model

Objectives To determine whether ischemia preconditioning (IPC) confers resilience to subsequent renal warm ischemia (WI) in a single-kidney porcine model. Methods After right nephrectomy was performed, 20 female pigs were randomized to 5 groups: group 1: 60 minutes IPC followed by 90 minutes WI; group 2: 25 minutes IPC followed by 90 minutes WI; group 3: no IPC and 90 minutes WI; group 4: 60 minutes IPC, no WI; and group 5: no IPC, no WI (sham control procedure). Ischemia preconditioning was performed for 60 minutes (4 minutes clamping followed by 11 minutes reperfusion) or 25 minutes (10 minutes clamping followed by 15 minutes reperfusion). Serum creatinine values were obtained preoperatively and on postoperative day (POD) 1, 3, 8, and 15. Results Mean serum creatinine values were comparable between groups on POD 1, with the exception of group 1, which was significantly worse than group 5 (control). On POD 3, renal function was similar between groups 1 and 2, and both were significantly worse than groups 4 and 5. On POD 8, renal dysfunction in group 1 was significantly worse than in group 3. All four animals from group 1 were killed after POD 8 because of overwhelming renal insufficiency. Conclusions Ischemia preconditioning did not suggest increased renal resilience to the kidney after subsequent prolonged WI. Our results further suggest that the protection provided by IPC in smaller animals is not appreciated in a larger-animal, single-kidney model. The additive effect of further ischemic insults was more deleterious to the remaining renal unit.
Recent Advances In FTIR Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

Advances in FTIR photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy have significantly extended the scope and utility of the PA technique in the areas of: microparticle spectroscopy, compositional determinations via factor analysis, coal surface oxidation measurements, spectroscopy of highly opaque samples, and PA detector technology. A method is reported for measuring FTIR spectra of single particles in the tens of Am size range which uses a tungsten needle to pick up particles and hold them in the sample chamber of the PA detector. The tungsten needle is initially mounted on a micromanipulator and particle pick-up is performed under a microscope. The needle and sample are then transferred directly to the PA detector sample holder which positions the particle in the IR beam. No sample alignment or thinning are necessary. Compositional determinations of kaolinite and quartz in coal have been performed using the Perkin-Elmer CIRCOM factor analysis program. The IR spectra were collected by DRIFTS and PA methods using synthesized samples of known compositions for the learning set and unknown test samples. The PA spectra yielded slightly better correlations. Coal surface oxidation was studied using a calibrated UV irradiation of coal to generate carbonyl species, thereby gauging the freshness of coal surfaces by how much carbonyl is formed by the UV exposure. FT-IR-PA difference spectra are used to measure the increase in carbonyl. UV generated carbonyl is found to increase with surface freshness. This method avoids the need of a "fresh coal standard" which is difficult to reproduce. The method's probe depth is based on the decay length of UV rather than IR photons in coal resulting in an increase in surface specificity. The linearity of FT-IR-PA spectra as a function of absorbance has traditionally not been maintained at the peaks of strong bands in opaque samples. This leads to peak truncation and reduced spectral contrast. A method to extend linearity using the magnitude and phase information of the PA signal is reported based on the Rosencwaig-Gersho Theory of PA signal generations. Spectra of polymer slabs demonstrate the utility of this approach for enhancing spectral contrast. Developments are reported in PA detector technology which increase the scope of applications that commercial PA detectors can be used for. The new MTEC Photoacoustics Model 200 PA detector operates in diffuse reflectance, photoacoustic, and transmission measuring modes and handles both macro- and microsamples. The Model 200 has a simplified purging system and electronics designed for both fast scan and step scan FT-IR instruments. Spectra from a variety of applications are presented to demonstrate the Model 200 performance.
The Formation and Fate of a River Plume: A Numerical Model

Abstract A mathematical model that describes the formation and dilution of a frontally bounded river plume is presented. Such features were first studied at the mouth of the Connecticut River during periods of high discharge and have subsequently been reported elsewhere. The model incorporates the effects of nonlinear advection, Coriolis acceleration, time dependency, mixing, friction, and a free frontal boundary. A numerical solution technique is employed to obtain approximate solutions to several problems which are interpreted to yield new insights to the dynamics of these phenomena. In particular, computed solutions for the growth of a plume discharged from a radial source into a steady crossflow are presented for a variety of crossflow velocities and physical scales. These demonstrate that the stability of the layer to vertical shear in the horizontal velocity is sensitive to the relative directions of the crossflow current and that of a free Kelvin wave. The effect of a reversing crossflow, represent...
Cyclodialysis cleft secondary to removal of an anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens

We present a patient who had decreased visual acuity and hypotony in the left eye 2 months after removal of an anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (pIOL). Gonioscopy demonstrated a cyclodialysis cleft at the 6 o'clock position in the region of the IOL footplate, which was confirmed by ultrasound biomicroscopy. A cyclodialysis cleft formation is one possible complication of pIOL removal. Careful gonioscopy evaluation before removal of pIOLs should be mandatory to assess the amount of fibrosis and the presence of synechia between the IOL and the surrounding tissues.
Predicting long-term survival in multiple myeloma patients following autotransplants.

Multiple myeloma is a B-cell malignancy with a highly variable outcome. Despite the marked recent improvements in its management, especially due to the widespread application of high-dose treatment and autologous stem cell transplantation, relapses eventually occur in the majority of patients. Systematic research at University of Arkansas over the last 10 years, has revealed that the absence of unfavorable cytogenetic abnormalities (deletion of chromosome 13 and hypodiploidy), low β -2 microglobulin levels prior to transplant, a normal lactate dehydrogenase level at diagnosis and early application of high-dose treatment ( 5 years) event-free survival; a sizable minority of these patients may be considered cured. Recognition of the importance of these prognostic factors should lead to routine cytogenetic evaluation of all patients and early referral to specialized transplant centers. Furthermor...
Qualitative nondestructive evaluation research at CIMSS

A brief overview of the qualitative nondestructive evaluation techniques developed at the Center for Intelligent Material Systems and Structures is presented. The principal goal of the three techniques (impedance-based, laser Doppler vibrometer-based, and particle tagging) is to detect, on-line, incipient damage before the structural integrity is affected. By providing a better assessment of the structure, these real-time health monitoring will significantly reduce maintenance costs.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ruling in and ruling out ‘caseness’ in the bipolar spectrum: implications for initial screening

Goldberg JF. Ruling in and ruling out ‘caseness’ in the bipolar spectrum: implications for initial screening. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 539–540. © 2010 The Author. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Numerical studies on the globally convergent convexification algorithm in 2D

The computational feasibility of the globally convergent convexification algorithm recently introduced and developed by the authors for solving coefficient inverse problems is demonstrated in numerical experiments with an inverse model problem of microwave imaging in 2D.
Measuring the personal burden of eye disease and vision impairment.

Purpose: To describe research methods for assessing the personal burden of eye disease and vision impairment on health and functional well-being. Methods: Three methods are described, which are largely complementary of each other. (1) Questionnaires are patient-centered in that they provide the person's own self-reported perspective on difficulty in engaging in everyday activities, psychological well-being, and/or health status. Examples are generic and vision-targeted health-related quality of life instruments, domain-specific questionnaires, and instruments that screen for psychological comorbidities. (2) Direct assessment of actual behavior provides information about the functional competences the patient has. Examples are mobility performance and reading speed. (3) Administrative records maintained by government, healthcare, and other agencies provide information relevant to the existence of adverse or detrimental circumstances that engender decreased health and well-being. Examples are healthcare uti...
Influence of cultural and physiochemical factors on ascorbate stability in plant tissue culture media

Ascorbic acid rapidly decays in plant tissue culture media. Within 50 min to 3 h after preparing 100 mM solutions, ascorbic acid was destroyed. Autoclaving, shaking flasks, high light intensity and increasing pH over a range from 4.5–7 accelerated decay. Ascorbic acid was oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid which also underwent decay. Within 11 h and 15 min after adding ascorbic acid both ascorbic acid and its oxidation product, dehydroascorbic acid, disappeared from medium. Since ascorbic acid is rapidly destroyed in plant tissue culture media it may not exert its effect as an intact molecule. Instead its antioxidant/antibrowning role in plant cell, tissue and organ cultures may be mediated by some product of further oxidation.
National Ignition Facility wavefront requirements and optical architecture

With the first four of its eventual 192 beams now executing shots, the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is already the world's largest and most energetic laser. The optical system performance requirements that are in place for NIF are derived from the goals of the missions it is designed to serve. These missions include inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research and the study of matter at extreme energy densities and pressures. These mission requirements have led to a design strategy for achieving high quality focusable energy and power from the laser and to specifications on optics that are important for an ICF laser. The design of NIF utilizes a multipass architecture with a single large amplifier type that provides high gain, high extraction efficiency and high packing density. We have taken a systems engineering approach to the practical implementation of this design that specifies the wavefront parameters of individual optics in order to achieve the desired cumulative performance of the laser beamline. This presentation provides a detailed look at the causes and effects of performance degradation in large laser systems and how NIF has been designed to overcome these effects. We will also present results of spot size performance measurements that have validated many of the early design decisions that have been incorporated in the NIF laser architecture.
Lewy Bodies in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Represent an Independent Disease Process

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative tauopathy characterized by Parkinsonism, vertical gaze palsy, and early falls. Lewy bodies (LBs) are detected in approximately 10% of PSP cases, but there is little information on the relationship of LBs to tau pathology. We determined the frequency of LBs in a large series of autopsy-confirmed cases of PSP and studied the density and distribution of LBs, including Parkinson disease stage, in cases with LBs (PSP/LBD). PSP/LBD was compared with pure LB disease (LBD), including assessment of neuronal loss in key brainstem nuclei. Immunohistochemistry for α-synuclein revealed LBs in 31 of 290 PSP cases (11%). One case had multiple system atrophy in addition to PSP and was excluded from further study along with 2 PSP/LBD cases with concurrent Alzheimer disease. The 29 cases of PSP/LBD were compared with 30 cases of PSP and 24 cases of LBD. The age, sex, brain weight, Braak neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) stage, as well as counts of NFTs and senile plaques were not different among PSP, LBD, and PSP/LBD, but disease duration was longer in LBD. The Parkinson disease stage was similar, but the density of LBs in most subcortical nuclei tended to be greater in LBD than in PSP/LBD. In contrast, substantia nigra neuronal loss was greater in PSP/LBD than both PSP and LBD. Double immunostaining demonstrated α-synuclein and tau in different neurons with few exceptions. The findings suggest that LBs in PSP are similar in distribution to those in LBD and independent of tau pathology. The greater density of LBs in LBD compared with PSP/LBD may be the result of longer disease duration in LBD, whereas greater neuronal loss in the substantia nigra in PSP/LBD may be the result of vulnerability of this brain region to both disease processes.
Is Claviculo Pro Humeri of Value for Limb Salvage of Pediatric Proximal Humerus Sarcomas

Background There are several options for proximal humerus reconstruction in young children after resection of a malignant tumor and no one technique has been definitively shown to be superior to others, leaving the decision to surgeon and patient choice. Claviculo pro humeri (CPH) is a biologic reconstruction of the proximal humerus using the patient’s ipsilateral clavicle as a rotational osseous flap. CPH represents a potential option for this complicated clinical problem in very young children, but little is known about it because the indications for its use are so uncommon.
Interfacial behavior in a Ni3Al/TiB2 intermetallic matrix composite

Abstract A Ni3Al/TiB2 composite was processed utilizing a spray atomization and co-deposition methodology, and the interfacial reaction behavior between the Ni3Al matrix and TiB2 particulates was investigated. Following elevated temperature annealing, a distinct interfacial reaction zone formed between Ni3Al and TiB2 in Ni3Al/TiB2 composite. Scanning electron microscopy studies, in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses, indicated that the interfacial reaction product consisted of a η-Ni3Ti phase (Ni3Ti solid solution with aluminum substituting for titanium). After extended exposure at elevated temperatures, the interfacial reaction zone grew and consumed the TiB2 particulate, resulting in the formation of a NiTi phase. The parabolic relationship between the thickness of the interfacial reaction zone and the annealing time suggested that diffusion of nickel through the interfacial reaction zone was the rate-limiting step for the growth of this reaction zone. A low reaction activation energy, 61.5 kJ mol−1, was calculated, indicating fast growth of this interfacial reaction zone, which could be described by x(t, T) = 12.8 exp (−7400/T)t 1 2 .
Identification of a noncanonical signal for transcription of a novel subgenomic mRNA of mouse hepatitis virus: implication for the mechanism of coronavirus RNA transcription.

Subgenomic RNA transcription of coronaviruses involves the interaction between the leader (or antileader) and the intergenic (IG) sequences. However, it is not clear how these two sequences interact with each other. In this report, a previously unrecognized minor species of subgenomic mRNA, termed mRNA5-1, was identified in cells infected with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains JHM2c, JHM(2), JHM(3), A59, and MHV-1. Sequence analysis revealed that the leader-body fusion site of the mRNA is located at approximately 150 nucleotides (nt) downstream of the consensus IG sequence for mRNA 5 and did not have sequence homology with any known IG consensus sequences. To determine whether this sequence functions independently as a promoter, we cloned a 140-nt sequence (from approximately 70 nt upstream to approximately 70 nt downstream of the fusion site) from viral genomic RNA and placed it in front of a reporter gene in the defective-interfering (DI) RNA-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter vector. Transfection of the reporter RNA into MHV-infected cells resulted in synthesis of a CAT-specific subgenomic mRNA detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The strength of this promoter was similar to that of the IG7 (for mRNA 7) as measured by the CAT activity. Deletion analysis showed that the sequence as few as 13 nt was sufficient to initiate mRNA transcription, while mutations within the 13-nt abolished mRNA transcription. In vitro translation study confirmed that the envelope (E) protein was translated from mRNA5-1, which encodes the open reading frame (ORF) 5b at its 5'-end, indicating that mRNA5-1 is a functional message. Furthermore, when the ORF5b was replaced with the CAT gene and placed in the DI in the context of viral mini-genome, CAT was expressed not only from the first ORF of mRNA5-1 but also from the second and third ORF of mRNA5 and genomic DI RNA, respectively, suggesting that more than one mechanism is involved in regulation of ORF5b expression. Our findings thus support the notion that base-pairing between the leader (or antileader) and the IG is not the sole mechanism in subgenomic RNA transcription.
Efficient inverse compensation for hysteresis via homogenized energy models

Ferroelectric and magnetic transducers are utilized in large number of applications, including nanopositioning, fluid pumps, high-speed milling, and vibration control/suppression. However, the physical mechanisms which make these materials highly effective transducers inherently introduce nonlinear, hysteretic behavior that must be incorporated in models and control designs. This significantly complicates control designs and limits the effectiveness of linear control algorithms when directly applied to the system. One solution is to employ an exact or approximate inverse model which converts a desired output to the corresponding input. This alleviates the complex input-output relation, allowing a linear control to be applied. Linearization of the actuator dynamics in this manner permits subsequent use of linear control designs to achieve high accuracy, high speed tracking as well as vibration attenuation and positioning objectives.
Optical MEMS-based arrays

Industrial Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) developers are rapidly bringing to demonstration inertial radio frequency, and optical MEMS devices and components. The Army has a requirement for compact, highly reliable, and inexpensive laser beam steering components for missile seekers and unmanned aerial vehicles remote sensing components to provide a fast scanning capability for pointing, acquisition, tracking, and data communication. The coupling of this requirement with recent developments in the micro-optics area, has led scientists and engineers at the Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) to consider optical MEMS-based phased arrays, which have potential applications in the commercial industry as well as in the military, as a replacement for gimbals. Laser beam steering in commercial applications such as free space communicataion, scanning display, bar-code reading, and gimbaled seekers; require relatively large monolithic micro-mirrors to accomplish the required optical resolution. The Army will benefit from phased arrays composed of relatively small micro-mirrors that can be actuated through large deflection angles with substantially reduced volume times. The AMCOM Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) has initiated a research project to develop MEMS-based phased arrays for use in a small volume, inexpensive Laser Detection and Ranging (LADAR) seeker that is particularly attractive because of its ability to provide large field-of-regard and autonomous target acquisition for reconnaissance mission applications. The primary objective of the collaborative project with the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is to develop a rugged, MEMS-based phased arrays for incorporation into the 2-D scanner of a LADAR seeker. Design challenges and approach to achieving performance requirements will be discussed.
Optimal Efficiency-Power Tradeoff for an Air Motor/Compressor With Volume Varying Heat Transfer Capability

This paper presents the pressure-volume trajectories that yield the optimal tradeoff between efficiency and power during the compression and expansion of air. These results could benefit applications such as compressed air energy storage where both high efficiency and power density are required. Earlier work established solutions for the simple case in which hA, the product of the heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer surface area, is constant. This paper extends that analysis by allowing hA to vary with air volume. Solutions to the constrained, non-linear optimization problem are developed utilizing the method of Lagrange multipliers and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. It is found that the optimal trajectory takes the form “fast-slow-fast” where the fast stages are adiabatic and the temperature change during the slow stage is proportional to the inverse root of the hA product. A case study predicts a 60% improvement in power over the constant-hA solution when both trajectories are run at 90% efficiency and hA = hA(V). Compared to linear- and sinusoidal-shaped trajectories, also at 90% efficiency, power gains are expected to be in the range of 500–1500%.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
THE CRYSTAL GROWTH OF CALCIUM SULFATE DIHYDRATE IN THE PRESENCE OF ADDITIVES.

The kinetics of crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate seed crystals in supersaturated solution has been studied at 25°C in the presence of a variety of additives. Substances such as sodium benzoate, EDTA, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, which inhibit the growth of other sparingly soluble salts are almost without effect whereas ENTMP, [N,N,N′,N′-ethylenediaminetetra (methylene phosphonic acid)] and TENTMP [N,N,N′,N′-triethylenediaminetetra (methylene phosphonic acid)] markedly retard the rate of crystallization. The effect of added gelatin upon the rate constant for crystal growth can be interpreted in terms of its adsorption, following the Langmuir isotherm at the available crystal growth sites. Microscopic evidence indicates that some of the more effective phosphonate additives also modify the crystal habit of the calcium sulfate.
The Scientist-Practitioner Model: Now More Than Ever

The scientist-practitioner model has been fundamental to the field of professional psychology for over 50 years. Although other training models have been offered in an attempt to improve training or meet other needs, we view many of the changes suggested by these models as consistent with the original intent of scientist-practitioner training. We argue that the reciprocal effects of science and practice within this model, if appropriately integrated, remain an excellent fit for integrating science and practice and enhancing the quality of both the practice and science of psychology. We address some of the problems with how the model has been implemented and offer recommendations for ways to enhance science and practice integration. Finally, we describe some of the mechanisms we have used to put these principles into practice in our counseling psychology training program.
Structure of the nitrosoguanidine complexes of nickel(II) and copper(II) by X-ray crystallography and computational analysis

Using the X-ray structure of solid nitrosoguanidine (ngH), potential structures of its complex with aqueous nickel(II) were surmised. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction determination of the Ni(II) complex confirmed one of these configurations. The X-ray structural parameters were compared with the most stable gaseous configurations derived from ab initio-MO calculations. The lowest energy calculated configuration of the nickel(II) complex and the X-ray crystal structure are in excellent agreement. The neutral diamagnetic, planar, red-colored [bis(nitrosoguanidate)nickel(II)] complex, [Ni(ng)2]°, is nitrogen coordinated in the trans configuration. It is highly insoluble in all solvents investigated, and has essentially the same crystal symmetry and unit-cell dimensions as the free ligand. In ligand crystals, two molecules have four nitrogen atoms aligned in a plane such that they are suitable for coordination to a nickel ion (1.945, 2.064 A), when it is at the 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 unit-cell position. Furthermore,...
Two Decades of Marijuana Attitudes: The More It Changes, the More It Is the Same

(1988). Two Decades of Marijuana Attitudes: The More It Changes, the More It Is the Same. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 20, Marijuana—An Update, pp. 67-70.
HLA-B27 and genetic predisposing factors in spondyloarthropathies.

Abstract With the mapping of the human genome having been completed, our ability to investigate and ideally better understand the genetic basis of rheumatic diseases is advancing at a rapid pace. Substantial evidence strongly favors a direct role for HLA-B27 in genetic susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthropathies, although the underlying molecular basis has yet to be identified. HLA-B27 contributes only 16 to 50% of the total genetic risk for the disease, clearly indicating that other genes must be involved. However, no other putative disease genes have yet been absolutely proven. Potential genes include MHC (HLA class II, low molecular weight proteasome [LMP], transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, and major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA), as well as non-MHC genes (IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10, and CYP2D6). Genome-wide screens have identified other chromosomal areas of interest: 1p, 2q, 6p, 9q, 10q, 16q, and 19q. However, different studies have given conflicting results. HLA-B27 itself is a serologic specificity, which encompasses 25 different alleles that encode 23 different products (proteins): HLA-B*2701 to B*2723. These alleles may have evolved from the most widespread subtype, B*2705, and two of them, B*2706 in Southeast Asia and B*2709 in Sardinia, seem not to be associated with ankylosing spondylitis. The distinction between the disease associated and nonassociated subtypes may provide clues to the actual role of B27 in disease pathogenesis.
ELECTROCHEMICALLY ADSORBED Pb ON Ag (111) STUDIED WITH GRAZING-INCIDENCE X-RAY SCATTERING

Grazing-incidence x-ray scattering studies of the evolution of electrochemically deposited layers of lead on silver (111) as a function of applied electrochemical potential are presented. Measurements were made with the adsorbed layers in contact with solution in a specially designed sample cell. The observed lead structures are a function of the applied potential and range from an incommensurate monolayer, resulting from underpotential deposition, to randomly oriented polycrystalline bulk lead, resulting from lower deposition potentials. These early experiments demonstrate the ability of in situ x-ray diffraction measurements to determine structures associated with electrochemical deposition. 6 refs., 4 figs.
Utility of liver biopsy in bone marrow transplant patients.

Background and Aim: Hepatic dysfunction is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in bone marrow transplant recipients. During the complex clinical management of these patients, liver biopsies may be obtained during evaluation of abnormal liver tests. The purpose of our study was to assess the safety and use of liver biopsy in this patient population. Methods: In total, 1700 bone marrow transplants were performed at our institution from June 1982 to December 2002. Data from patients who underwent liver biopsy after their transplant were reviewed once they were identified through a computerized medical index system. Impact of the histological diagnosis on subsequent patient management was obtained from clinical records. The histological diagnosis made by dedicated hepatopathologists was used as the ‘gold standard’ to assess the reliability of clinical diagnosis. Results: Sixty-one patients, comprising 39 males and 22 females, had a liver biopsy performed (27 transjugular, 29 percutaneous, four laparoscopic, one not specified). As a result of liver biopsy, management was changed in 37% of patients and included addition of medical therapy in 11 and cessation of therapy in five patients. Complications from the liver biopsy were observed in 15 (25%) patients and involved 10 cases of pain or bleeding at the biopsy site, four subcapsular hemorrhages, and one arrhythmia leading to death. Conclusion: Liver biopsy, although infrequently obtained during the assessment of hepatic dysfunction in the bone marrow transplant population, can serve as an important diagnostic tool with a significant impact on the clinical management of these patients. Although we observed a higher complication rate, the majority of them were minor.
Plasma Homovanillic Acid and Performance on Motor and Cognitive Tasks in Community-Dwelling Elderly: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging

To investigate the dopaminergic correlates of the aging-related motor and cognitive deficits, the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) in plasma was studied in a community-dwelling elderly cohort (n = 141). The results showed that hand-signature time (HST), a measure of bradykinesia, correlated negatively with plasma HVA (r = -0.24, p < .007). Similarities task performance showed a trend-level positive correlation with plasma HVA (r = 0.15, p = .08). Because plasma HVA is derived from several sources including central dopaminergic neurons and both central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons, the noradrenergic metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in plasma was also measured to indirectly estimate the relationships, with HVA originating from noradrenergic metabolism. Plasma MHPG significantly correlated with similarities scores (r = 0.34, p < .001) but not with HST. The results suggested that the association of HVA with prolonged HST may be related to central dopamine metabolism, but its association with similarities scores may be due to noradrenergic metabolism. The results raise the possibility that prolonged HST may be an indicator of preclinical brain dopamine loss in the elderly.
Measures for Control of Influenza

Influenza viruses cause recurring illnesses among individuals and recurring epidemics among populations. The major effective control measure for preventing infection and illness is inactivated vaccine, which can prevent influenza illnesses and their complications when given before exposure to the virus. While inactivated vaccine is effective for preventing influenza in most individuals, recommendations for its use focus on the prevention of severe disease and death among those who are at high risk of complications. Live attenuated cold-adapted influenza vaccines are nearing availability. They are given by nasal spray and are particularly effective for preventing influenza among young children, but also for preventing influenza among young adults, and enhancing protection against influenza when given with inactivated vaccine to elderly persons.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE: XIV, (1) ROLE OF COBALT OXIDE IN METAL AND OXIDE PRECIPITATION DURING GROUND‐COAT FIRING CYCLE AND (2) DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME INTERVALS OF PRECIPITATION

The role of cobalt oxide in metal precipitation is explained on the basis of the influence of cobalt oxide on the reaction 4FeO ↔ Fe + Fe3O4. The temperature intervals during the firing cycle at which precipitation takes place and the relative rates of precipitation in ground coats of varying composition have been determined by a method of electrical conductivity at high temperatures.
Invited research overview: end-user programming

In the past few decades there has been considerable work on empowering end users to be able to write their own programs, and as a result, users are indeed doing so. In fact, we estimate that over 12 million people in American workplaces would say that they "do programming" at work, and almost 50 million people use spreadsheets or databases (and therefore may potentially program), compared to only 3 million professional programmers. The "programming" systems used by these end users include spreadsheet systems, web authoring tools, business process authoring tools such as Visual Basic, graphical languages for demonstrating the desired behavior of educational simulations, and even professional languages such as Java. The motivation for end-user programming is to have the computer be useful for each person's specific individual needs. While the empirical study of programming has been an HCI topic since the beginning the field, it is only recently that there has been a focus on the End-User Programmer as a separate class from novices who are assumed to be studying to be professional programmers. Another recent focus is on making end-user programming more reliable, using "End-User Software Engineering." This paper gives a brief summary of some current and past research in the area of End-User Programming.
Reaction of nitric oxide with iron bleomycin bound to DNA: properties of the nitrosyl adduct and its reaction with O2

During the ESR spectroscopic titration of nitrosyl-iron bleomycin, ONFe(II)Blm, with DNA, its metal domain undergoes a change in environment as the DNA base pair to drug ratio increases to 50 to 1. The 15NO stretching frequency of ONFe(II)Blm occurs at 1589 cm−1, similar to that for nitrosyl hemoglobin and myoglobin. Upon addition of DNA (3 base pairs per drug molecule), this vibration is substantially broadened. Injection of O2 into a solution of ONFe(II)BlmDNA converts the ESR signal of the nitrosyl species to low spin Fe(III) BlmDNA. NO is largely oxidized to NO2−. The combination of these products suggests that the initial reaction of ONFe(II)Blm with O2 generates Fe(III)Blm and peroxynitrite, O2NO−. If peroxynitrite is formed in the reaction, it does not cause detectable DNA damage. The structural integrity of a supercoiled DNA plasmid, pBR322, is not compromised and no base propenals are produced during this reaction.
The Use of Pelage Pigmentation in the Recognition of Mothers By Domestic Goat Kids (Capra Hircus)

Although it is known that the young play an active role in the formation of mother-young attachment in ruminants, there is scant knowledge of how neonates identify their mothers. This research investigated the use of visual cues, particularly pelage pigmentation, in maternal recognition by domestic goat kids. Observations on the use of auditory cues were carried out secondarily. The findings of this study were: (1) The analysis of error patterns revealed that goat kids performed phenotype matching on the basis of pelage pigmentation when seeking their mothers in two- and six-choice tests, at a distance of 10 m. Presenting the kids with a choice between two females of the same colour resulted in more vacillation, and fewer kids were able to go to their mother directly than when the adults were of different colours. The phenomenon was not evident when the kids were 3 days old. Because it occurred at all other ages, regardless of whether the mother was absent, covered, or fully visible, colour-matching seems to be an important aspect of maternal recognition. (2) Visual cues were important for recognition, as evidenced by the performance of kids when maternal cues were limited (i.e. the mother was covered). (3) The efficiency measures did not correlate strongly with maternal vocalizations when visual cues from the mother were not completely present or when pelage pigmentation was not a good cue for discrimination. On the contrary, kids unexpectedly vocalized more in the conditions in which they could discriminate on the basis of visual cues, that is, when the mother was bare rather than covered, and when she was paired with a doe of a different colour category rather than one of the same colour category. (4) Five-day-old domestic goat kids recognized their mothers efficiently, even within a group, and at a distance of at least 10 m. Most 3-day-kids were not able to find their mothers efficiently in the six-choice test. Errors were made at all ages. The observed performance is consistent with the abilities required of kids under natural conditions.
Materialization of single multicomposite nanowire: entrapment of ZnO nanoparticles in polyaniline nanowire

We present materialization of single multicomposite nanowire (SMNW)-entrapped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) via an electrochemical growth method, which is a newly developed fabrication method to grow a single nanowire between a pair of pre-patterned electrodes. Entrapment of ZnO NPs was controlled via different conditions of SMNW fabrication such as an applied potential and mixture ratio of NPs and aniline solution. The controlled concentration of ZnO NP results in changes in the physical properties of the SMNWs, as shown in transmission electron microscopy images. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity and elasticity of SMNWs show improvement over those of pure polyaniline nanowire. The new nano-multicomposite material showed synergistic effects on mechanical and electrical properties, with logarithmical change and saturation increasing ZnO NP concentration.
The measurement of time to first antibiotic dose for pneumonia in the emergency department: a white paper and position statement prepared for the American Academy of Emergency Medicine.

Abstract Background: Measurement of time to first antibiotic dose (TFAD) in the emergency department (ED) in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been controversial. Objective: To evaluate original articles reporting outcomes in CAP patients before and after TFAD measurement and assess whether it increases antibiotic overuse in non-CAP conditions. Methods: We performed searches using PubMed, addressing two questions: 1) Is the measurement of TFAD associated with improved outcomes in CAP? and 2) Is the measurement of TFAD associated with antibiotic overuse or interventions that could result in overuse in non-CAP conditions? Two independent reviewers assessed studies addressing these questions. Results: Eight studies were identified. All were Grade C or D and of “Adequate” quality: two studies supported TFAD by showing improved outcomes (improved survival in one study and no survival difference but shorter hospital length-of-stay in the second) in CAP patients after the implementation of TFAD; one neutral article reported no difference in survival with improved TFAD timing; five studies opposed TFAD either by showing increases in antibiotic overuse in non-CAP patients, or suggesting that TFAD measurement would promote antibiotic misuse. Conclusion: Given inconsistent evidence to demonstrate that improving TFAD in CAP improves outcomes or that TFAD is associated with antibiotic overuse, a Class C indication has been assigned (not acceptable/not appropriate) for ED TFAD measurement. The American Academy of Emergency Medicine recommends that measurement of TFAD in CAP be discontinued.