cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical, chemical, and biological transformations of dissolved organic carbon and its effect on alkalinity production in acidified lakes Ji

We evaluated the significance of photochemical and biological degradation of allochthonous dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on in-lake H 1 budgets by laboratory experiments and with a mass budget study for major ions in three atmospherically acidified forest lakes in the Bohemian Forest. In the experiments, photodegradation of DOC from a lake tributary resulted in (1) a liberation of organically bound Al and Fe, which consumed an equivalent amount of H 1 , (2) a minor decrease in concentrations of organic acid anions (A 2 ) despite a major decrease in DOC concentrations, and (3) the production of biologically available DOC. Biological degradation of the photochemically transformed DOC resulted in a lesser decrease in DOC concentrations than during photodegradation (28‐45% of the total decline) but in a pronounced decrease in A 2 concentrations (64‐85% of the total decline), leading to a significant pH increase. Hydrolysis of photoliberated metals under increasing pH partly reduced net H 1 consumption within the whole process. Watersheds of the lakes studied exported more SO , NO , and H 1 than they received 2 22 43 by throughfall, and the lakes were the dominant acidity-consuming parts of the whole ecosystems, neutralizing 50‐ 58% of H 1 input. In-lake photochemical, biological, and chemical changes in A 2 fluxes consumed 56‐190 meq m 22 yr 21 of H 1 and were the third major internal alkalinity-producing mechanism after the biochemical reduction of NO and SO (333‐396 and 143‐214 meq m 22 yr 21 , respectively). In contrast, the hydrolysis of inorganic Al 2 22 34 was the dominant in-lake H 1 -producing process (144‐340 meq m 22 yr 21 ). The in-lake A 2 removal was positively related to the DOC loading. Consequently, changes in DOC and A 2 fluxes should not be omitted in alkalinity budgets in lakes with low or no bicarbonate concentration and elevated DOC input.
Transformation Invariant On-Line Target Recognition

Transformation invariant automatic target recognition (ATR) has been an active research area due to its widespread applications in defense, robotics, medical imaging and geographic scene analysis. The primary goal for this paper is to obtain an on-line ATR system for targets in presence of image transformations, such as rotation, translation, scale and occlusion as well as resolution changes. We investigate biologically inspired adaptive critic design (ACD) neural network (NN) models for on-line learning of such transformations. We further exploit reinforcement learning (RL) in ACD framework to obtain transformation invariant ATR. We exploit two ACD designs, such as heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) and dual heuristic dynamic programming (DHP) to obtain transformation invariant ATR. We obtain extensive statistical evaluations of proposed on-line ATR networks using both simulated image transformations and real benchmark facial image database, UMIST, with pose variations. Our simulations show promising results for learning transformations in simulated images and authenticating out-of plane rotated face images. Comparing the two on-line ATR designs, HDP outperforms DHP in learning capability and robustness and is more tolerant to noise. The computational time involved in HDP is also less than that of DHP. On the other hand, DHP achieves a 100% success rate more frequently than HDP for individual targets, and the residual critic error in DHP is generally smaller than that of HDP. Mathematical analyses of both our RL-based on-line ATR designs are also obtained to provide a sufficient condition for asymptotic convergence in a statistical average sense.
Spill code minimization by spill code motion

This paper aims at minimizing the spill costs. Spill cost minimization heuristics that have been researched sometimes work in unexpected ways due to the lack of precise knowledge of registers availability, which can be obtained only after register allocation is all finished. Different from previous techniques, our approach, called spill code motion, tries to eliminate redundancy among spill code. This works as a variation of commonly used code motion techniques. After Chaitin-style graph coloring with naive live range splitting, spill-in instructions are first hoisted as long as registers are available and until they reach spillout instructions. Unnecessarily hoisted spill-in instructions are then sunk. The experimental results show our approach yields up to a 10% performance increase compared to the latest spill code minimization technique in the case of using small number of registers.
CHRNA4 and Tobacco Dependence From Gene Regulation to Treatment Outcome

Context Given the probable importance of the α4 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, the gene that codes for this subunit ( CHRNA4 ) represents an excellent starting point for a genetic investigation of smoking behavior. Objective To achieve a better understanding of the role of this gene in the cause and treatment of tobacco dependence, we adopted a transdisciplinary pharmacogenetic approach. Design Study at the behavioral and clinical levels of analysis. Setting Academic research. Participants Smokers (n = 316) between the ages of 18 and 50 years were recruited from the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area. Main Outcome Measures Bioinformatics analyses, cell culture experiments, and analyses of CHRNA4 expression and nicotine binding in postmortem human brain tissue advanced 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( rs6122429 and rs2236196 ). Results Both single-nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with subjective responses to smoking in the laboratory among 316 smokers. Likewise, among 353 participants in a clinical trial, rs2236196 was associated with smoking cessation outcomes. Conclusions Results of analyses ranging from basic biological approaches to clinical outcome data provide consistent evidence that 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CHRNA4 are functional at a biological level and are associated with nicotine dependence phenotypes. This interdisciplinary approach to the genetics of nicotine dependence provides a model for testing how functional genetic variation is translated from changes in messenger RNA and protein to individual differences in behavior and treatment outcome.
Landscape-based population viability models demonstrate importance of strategic conservation planning for birds

Efforts to conserve regional biodiversity in the face of global climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation will depend on approaches that consider population processes at multiple scales. By combining habitat and demographic modeling, landscape-based population viability models effectively relate smallscale habitat and landscape patterns to regional population viability. We demonstrate the power of landscape-based population viability models to inform conservation planning by using these models to evaluate responses of prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor) and wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) populations in the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region to simulated conservation scenarios. We assessed the relative effectiveness of habitat restoration, afforestation, and increased survival and differed placement and levels of effort for implementing those approaches. Population projections of the two species confirmed the potential for large-scale conservation to sustain regional populations. For example, abundances of prairie warblers and wood thrush tripled under afforestation and increased survival scenarios, respectively. Furthermore, responses to conservation actions were driven by interacting local and large-scale population processes such as source–sink interactions and dispersal. Relying on randomly placed habitat conservation was ineffective and potentially counterproductive whereas strategic placements resulted in greater populations and viability of prairie warbler and wood thrush. These models offer a valuable advance in conservation planning because they allow an understanding of the effects of local actions on regional growth, which is necessary for translating regional goals into local actions. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Theory-Based Influence of Map Features on Risk Beliefs: Self-Reports of What Is Seen and Understood for Maps Depicting an Environmental Health Hazard

Theory-based research is needed to understand how maps of environmental health risk information influence risk beliefs and protective behavior. Using theoretical concepts from multiple fields of study including visual cognition, semiotics, health behavior, and learning and memory supports a comprehensive assessment of this influence. The authors report results from 13 cognitive interviews that provide theory-based insights into how visual features influenced what participants saw and the meaning of what they saw as they viewed 3 formats of water test results for private wells (choropleth map, dot map, and a table). The unit of perception, color, proximity to hazards, geographic distribution, and visual salience had substantial influences on what participants saw and their resulting risk beliefs. These influences are explained by theoretical factors that shape what is seen, properties of features that shape cognition (preattentive, symbolic, visual salience), information processing (top-down and bottom-up), and the strength of concrete compared with abstract information. Personal relevance guided top-down attention to proximal and larger hazards that shaped stronger risk beliefs. Meaning was more local for small perceptual units and global for large units. Three aspects of color were important: preattentive "incremental risk" meaning of sequential shading, symbolic safety meaning of stoplight colors, and visual salience that drew attention. The lack of imagery, geographic information, and color diminished interest in table information. Numeracy and prior beliefs influenced comprehension for some participants. Results guided the creation of an integrated conceptual framework for application to future studies. Ethics should guide the selection of map features that support appropriate communication goals.
The enhancer of trithorax and polycomb gene Caf1/p55 is essential for cell survival and patterning in Drosophila development

In vitro data suggest that the human RbAp46 and RbAp48 genes encode proteins involved in multiple chromatin remodeling complexes and are likely to play important roles in development and tumor suppression. However, to date, our understanding of the role of RbAp46/RbAp48 and its homologs in metazoan development and disease has been hampered by a lack of insect and mammalian mutant models, as well as redundancy due to multiple orthologs in most organisms studied. Here, we report the first mutations in the single Drosophila RbAp46/RbAp48 homolog Caf1, identified as strong suppressors of a senseless overexpression phenotype. Reduced levels of Caf1 expression result in flies with phenotypes reminiscent of Hox gene misregulation. Additionally, analysis of Caf1 mutant tissue suggests that Caf1 plays important roles in cell survival and segment identity, and loss of Caf1 is associated with a reduction in the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2)-specific histone methylation mark H3K27me3. Taken together, our results suggest suppression of senseless overexpression by mutations in Caf1 is mediated by participation of Caf1 in PRC2-mediated silencing. More importantly, our mutant phenotypes confirm that Caf1-mediated silencing is vital to Drosophila development. These studies underscore the importance of Caf1 and its mammalian homologs in development and disease.
Lipids of potato tubers. 1. Lipid and fatty acid composition of tubers from different varieties of potato

Tubers from 23 varieties of potato were obtained at harvest and analysed for total lipid content, lipid composition and distribution of component fatty acids. The total lipid content was similar for all varieties (approx. 0.1% of the fresh weight) and no significant differences were observed between varieties in the individual lipid components. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, i.e. linoleic and linolenic acids, represented 51 to 60 and 13 to 24%, respectively, of the total fatty acids. An inverse relationship between linoleic acid and linolenic acid was observed resulting in a very similar proportion of the combined polyunsaturated fatty acids for all varieties (70 to 76% of total fatty acids). The results are discussed in relation to the role of lipids in the potato tuber.
The effects of non-compliance on intent-to-treat analysis of equivalence trials.

The standard approach for analysing a randomized clinical trial is based on intent-to-treat (ITT) where subjects are analysed according to their assigned treatment group regardless of actual adherence to the treatment protocol. For therapeutic equivalence trials, it is a common concern that an ITT analysis increases the chance of erroneously concluding equivalence. In this paper, we formally investigate the impact of non-compliance on an ITT analysis of equivalence trials with a binary outcome. We assume ‘all-or-none’ compliance and independence between compliance and the outcome. Our results indicate that non-compliance does not always make it easier to demonstrate equivalence. The direction and magnitude of changes in the type I error rate and power of the study depend on the patterns of non-compliance, event probabilities, the margin of equivalence and other factors. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
National Drug Stockout Risks in Africa: Analysis of the Global Fund Disbursement Process for Procurement from 2002 to 2013

Despite substantial financial aid from international donors for procurement of health products, stockouts of life-saving drugs related to prevalent infectious diseases are still widespread in Africa. Addressing the lack of research on why these stockouts occur, we study the relationship between The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and its grant recipients. Specifically, we leverage extensive historical fund disbursement and drug procurement data to build a discrete-event simulation model predicting the joint impact of procurement and grant disbursement processes on national drug availability for the Global Fund's recipient countries in Africa. This model is validated against cumulative stockout levels inferred from historical grant implementation lengths, and used to evaluate potential high-level modifications of disbursement or procurement processes. Results show the existence of substantial intrinsic stockout risks in many countries, due to the unpredictability of fund disbursements and the frequency of grant performance monitoring performed by the Global Fund. Interventions increasing fund disbursement levels to protect against disbursement timing uncertainty are predicted to be more effective than others that include regional buffer stocks and bridge financing.
On quantum versions of record-breaking algorithms for SAT

It is well known that a straightforward application of Grover's quantum search algorithm enables to solve SAT in O(2n/2) steps. Ambainis (SIGACT News, 2004) observed that it is possible to use Grover's technique to similarly speed up a sophisticated algorithm for solving 3-SAT. In this note, we show that a similar speed up can be obtained for all major record-breaking algorithms for satisfiability. We also show that if we use Grover's technique only, then we cannot do better than quadratic speed up.
Familial eosinophilic cellulitis, dysmorphic habitus, and mental retardation

Abstract Background: Eosinophilic cellulitis is a polymorphous, chronic disease characterized by eosinophil infiltration and granulomatous inflammation. Objective: Our purpose was to describe the clinical, histologic, and immunohistologic findings in three family members who have had eosinophilic cellulitis since childhood associated with mental retardation and abnormal body habitus. Methods: Family members were evaluated. Multiple skin biopsy specimens were obtained and examined after hematoxylin-and-eosin staining, by immunofluorescence and by electron microscopy. Blood specimens were analyzed by immunoassays for eosinophil granule proteins and eosinophil active cytokines. Results: Three short-statured, mentally retarded family members with abnormal body habitus in at least two generations had recurrent eosinophilic cellulitis. Peripheral blood and bone marrow eosinophilia was present. Plasma eosinophil granule major basic protein and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin levels were elevated with normal plasma eosinophil cationic protein levels. Eosinophil survival in culture was increased by patients' plasma and was blocked with monoclonal interleukin-5 antibody. The level of plasma interleukin-5 was elevated. Lesional skin biopsy specimens showed massive staining for three eosinophil granule proteins. Electron microscopy showed eosinophil disruption. Conclusion: Eosinophilic cellulitis, mental retardation, and abnormal body habitus were likely inherited as a dominant syndrome in this family in which eosinophil involvement was striking. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:919-28.)
CO Adsorption on Au(110)−(1 × 2): An IRAS Investigation

IRAS studies of CO adsorption on the Au(110)−(1 × 2) surface were performed as a function of CO pressure and sample temperature. It was found that with increasing coverage, the CO IRAS absorption s...
ANTIGENIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATT HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI AND THEIR GLOSSY VARIANTS

The matt and the glossy forms of four strains of hemolytic streptococci were used to immunize rabbits. Precipitin tests showed that rabbit sera prepared against matt organisms, whether virulent or avirulent for mice, contained type-specific antibody while sera prepared against completely degraded glossy organisms contained no type-specific antibody. Type-specific antibody was removed from the sera by absorption with homologous matt organisms but was unaffected by absorption with homologous glossy organisms. Passive protection experiments on mice showed that anti-matt sera were protective and anti-glossy sera non-protective against infection with homologous virulent organisms. Vaccination of mice with matt organisms rendered them immune to subsequent infection with homologous virulent cultures; but vaccination with glossy organisms established no active immunity.
Minimax-optimal classification with dyadic decision trees

Decision trees are among the most popular types of classifiers, with interpretability and ease of implementation being among their chief attributes. Despite the widespread use of decision trees, theoretical analysis of their performance has only begun to emerge in recent years. In this paper, it is shown that a new family of decision trees, dyadic decision trees (DDTs), attain nearly optimal (in a minimax sense) rates of convergence for a broad range of classification problems. Furthermore, DDTs are surprisingly adaptive in three important respects: they automatically 1) adapt to favorable conditions near the Bayes decision boundary; 2) focus on data distributed on lower dimensional manifolds; and 3) reject irrelevant features. DDTs are constructed by penalized empirical risk minimization using a new data-dependent penalty and may be computed exactly with computational complexity that is nearly linear in the training sample size. DDTs comprise the first classifiers known to achieve nearly optimal rates for the diverse class of distributions studied here while also being practical and implementable. This is also the first study (of which we are aware) to consider rates for adaptation to intrinsic data dimension and relevant features.
The Zooplankton Community of a Turbid Great Plains (USA) Reservoir in Response to a Biomanipulation with Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The effects of a biomanipulation with adult carp (Cyprinus carpio) removals on water quality and the abundance, composition, and body size of zooplankton were investigated in Bowman-Haley Reservoir, North Dakota in a two-year study. In both years, decreases in zooplankton abundance, Daphnia body size, and Daphnia clutch size in carpuneradicated areas coincided with the appearance and subsequent domination of the blue-green algae Aphanizomenon. Concurrently, in areas where carp were eradicated, water clarity increased, total suspended solids decreased, and prevalence of blue-green algae blooms decreased. As a result of these improved feeding conditions, zooplankton abundance, Daphnia size, and Daphnia clutch size increased. Because adult carp, which fed to a very limited extent on zooplankton in spring, represented over 95% of the fish removed, changes in the zooplankton community were not attributable to decreased predation by fish. Furthermore, it is unlikely that predation by fish significantly affected...
Mating affects reproductive investment into eggs, but not the timing of oogenesis in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis.

We examined the effects of mating on reproductive investment and the timing of oogenesis in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis by exposing females to males or not. All females exposed to males were mated within a few days and we found that mating affected reproductive investment. Virgin females not exposed to males produced a large clutch of eggs (∼91), but females exposed to males and mated produced 10% more. There was no effect of mating on egg length or mass. There was also no effect of mating on the timing of oogenesis. Females in both treatments provisioned their eggs at the same rate with yolk first becoming visible in the oocytes on day three of adulthood and complete provisioning of eggs occurring by the seventh day of adulthood. We examined the biochemical basis of egg provisioning by identifying the yolk proteins and quantifying their blood titer during the oogenic period in both, females exposed to males and mated and those not exposed to males. There was no difference in the timing of the first appearance, peak titer, or disappearance of yolk proteins in the blood between the two treatments. However, consistent with our observation of greater egg production in mated females, these females contained a greater peak yolk protein titer.
Net soil-atmosphere fluxes mask patterns in gross production and consumption of nitrous oxide and methane in a managed ecosystem

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are potent greenhouse gases that are both produced and consumed in soil. Production and consumption of these gases are driven by different processes, making it difficult to infer their controls when measuring only net fluxes. We used the trace gas pool dilution technique to simultaneously measure gross fluxes of N2O and CH4 throughout the growing season in a cornfield in northern California, USA. Net N2O fluxes ranged 0–4.5 mg N m−2 d−1 with the N2O yield averaging 0.68 ± 0.02. Gross N2O production was best predicted by net nitrogen (N) mineralization, soil moisture, and soil temperature (R2 = 0.60, n = 39, p
On Business Torts and the First Amendment

A gaping question in free speech law surrounds the application of the First Amendment defense in business torts. The pervasiveness of communication technologies, the flourishing of privacy law, and the mere passage of time have precipitated an escalation in tort cases in which communication, and what the defendant may allege is free speech, lies at the heart of the matter.
The Health Tracker: An Entrepreneur’s Journey

This case traces the exploits of a young wife and mother with lots of entrepreneurial ideas, and the challenges she faces as she attempts to market her business startups, but can’t seem to close on any of her proposed ventures. A chance occurrence in helping a friend organize numerous Health records, treatments, prescriptions, and appointments leads to the roll-out of a series of prototypes of a product that seems to fit her skill set. She tries a bit of everything, with moderate personal success and satisfaction, but with little financial success. The product is drifting aimlessly, and just a she is plans to shut it down and move in another direction, a series of events breathes potential new life into her concept. Now a new set of decisions needs to be made.
Statistical thermodynamics of strain hardening in polycrystalline solids

This paper starts with a systematic rederivation of the statistical thermodynamic equations of motion for dislocation-mediated plasticity proposed in 2010 by Langer, Bouchbinder, and Lookman [Acta Mat. 58, 3718 (2010)ACMAFD1359-645410.1016/j.actamat.2010.03.009]. It then uses that theory to explain the anomalous rate-hardening behavior reported in 1988 by Follansbee and Kocks and to explore the relation between hardening rate and grain size reported in 1995 by Meyers et al. A central theme is the need for physics-based, nonequilibrium analyses in developing predictive theories of the strength of polycrystalline materials.
A Behavioral Theory of Sustainable Supply Chain Management Decision Making in Non‐exemplar Firms

Empirical evidence shows that investments in sustainable supply chain management can improve economic-based performance. Thus, based on standard economic theory, rational business decision makers should and will implement sustainable supply chain management practices. However, through inductive research methods, we uncovered an intriguing theme that runs counter to both the existing empirical evidence and such economic-based assumptions. We find that managers operating in firms without exemplary sustainable supply chain management practices face immense hurdles in developing a business case for implementing sustainability initiatives. Despite the lack of such practices—and in tension with the prevailing empirical evidence and theory—the firms within which these managers operate were performing well on economic-based performance metrics. Departing from the neoclassical economic theory of the firm, we apply the Behavioral Theory of the Firm's theoretical assumptions to findings which suggest four segments of managers in non-exemplary firms who vary based primarily on how they perceive strategic vulnerability, evaluate choices, and utilize sustainability knowledge.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and the Regulation of Immune Cell Trafficking

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an extracellular sphingolipid signaling molecule that acts through a family of G-protein coupled receptors. The signaling pathways stimulated by S1P receptors profoundly affect the activities of lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Pharmacological and genetic experiments have clearly established the SIP-SIP receptor system as a dominant regulatory axis for the trafficking of lymphocytes. Manipulating this regulatory axis might lead to the development of therapies that target immune system dysfunctions.
Design of spectrally shaped binary sequences via randomized convex relaxations

In wideband communication one often aims to detect a weak signal received together with a strong interferer. One can design a spectrally shaped sequence to be convolved with the received signal featuring a bandpass for the message and a notch for the interferer. Unfortunately, when the sequence must be quantized, commonly used constrained optimization schemes (e.g., semidefinite programs) are not amenable due to the spectrum distortion from quantization. We explore an alternative method that applies random projections on the solution of the semidefinite program. Our experimental evidence shows that our proposed method succeeds in finding suitable spectrally shaped sequences.
Intramural Hematoma of the Small Intestine Presenting with Major Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: Case Report and Review of the Literature

We report a case of an anticoagulated patient presenting with a massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, abdominal pain, and a palpable abdominal mass, demonstrated to be an intramural hematoma of the jejunum. Approximately two-thirds of intramural hematomas of the small intestine are preceded by abdominal trauma with the remainder associated with pancreatic disease, alcoholism, unknown causes, or clotting defects. Spontaneous occurrence of intramural hemorrhage is uncommon. Of the varied clinical presentations, gastrointestinal bleeding, previously thought unusual, is seen in 300 of cases, although major hemorrhage is rare. Conversely, reports of intramural hematoma of the small intestine as a cause of major gastrointestinal bleeding has not been recognized. A review of the literature follows, and the authors stress that abdominal pain and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient taking anticoagulants or after recent abdominal trauma should raise the possibility of an intramural hematoma of the small bowel.
Lung Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Early-Stage NSCLC in Patients With Prior Pneumonectomy: A Case Report

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has become the standard of care for patients with medically inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A paucity of published data exists regarding the safety of SBRT use in patients with prior pneumonectomy. This report describes 2 patients with NSCLC and prior pneumonectomy who were treated with lung SBRT and experienced a favorable treatment response with no major adverse treatment effects. The data presented herein are promising and provide early evidence that lung SBRT is a safe and feasible option in this subset of patients.
A pilot study of universities' willingness to solicit whistleblowers for participation in a study

ABSTRACTBackground: It has been more than two decades since the only interview study of whistleblowers in academic research. There remains a need to appreciate whistleblower experience, role in scientific integrity, and whether policies provide adequate protection. Methods: We contacted the institutional official for research, the institutional review board (IRB) director, and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) director from a random sample of 25 of the highest 200 NIH funded institutions. We assessed the willingness of respondents to send a hypothetical solicitation letter to whistleblowers who had lodged complaints related to research. Results: The response rate was 41%. Despite a willingness to distribute a solicitation letter (68% respondents), most wanted further institutional approval before sending it (76%). Conclusion: Data from this pilot study suggest substantial obstacles to obtaining access to whistleblowers by way of anonymous solicitation letters distributed by institutions.
The clinical research of 110 cases with cytomegalovirus Infantile cytomegalovirus hepatitis

Objective: To discuss the detection method and clinical features in baby cytomegalovirus infantile cytomegalovirus hepatitis. Methods: collected 110 cases testing data and clinical data in baby patients for baby CMV ICH's, To compare the relationship between CMV-DNA quantitative detection in breast milk and baby jaundice.The standard is CMV-DNA quantitative detection in urine. To compare with CMV-DNA and CMV-Ig M quantitative in blood, CMV-DNA detection and serum specificity antibody have clinical significance. Results:The main expression for baby CMV ICH is jaundice, liver and spleen swelling, simultaneous phenomenon. Baby for CMV-DNA in breast milk positive, have the high TB and DB(P0.05).To compare with CMV-DNA in urine, quantitative for CMV-DNA and CMV-Ig M in blood have lower positive(P0.05).CMV-DNA and serum specificity antibody not have guiding significance to estimate this disease's severity. Conclusion:Clinical features for baby CMV ICH has no specific feature.The most common is jaundice.Diagnosis should combine clinic with a variety of laboratorial inspection results.
Healing of Human Intestinal Organoids

Organoids are millimeter-scale tissues that replicate the structure and function of naturally formed organs. These tissues are grown in the lab through the directed differentiation of stem cells and have potential uses in biotechnology. Human intestinal organoids (HIO's) serve as a model system for the small intestine and offer potential in regenerative medicine, drug formulation testing, and microbiome research. HIO's are roughly spherical in shape, with a closed-shell structure containing an inner aqueous liquid. HIO's exhibit healing when the tissue shell is compromised; in fact, a single HIO sliced in half can heal to form two closed, water-tight structures. Yet, the mechanism by which this occurs and the role that substrate mechanics plays in the healing process is not known. Here we describe the use of laser dissection, fluorescence and traction force microscopies to elucidate the mechanism by which three-dimensional tissue shells recover from damage and form closed surfaces. Our results could offer insight into the healing of surfaces on three dimensional tissues.
Serum leptin concentrations in women during gonadotropin stimulation cycles.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether elevated follicular steroid levels during gonadotropin stimulation cycles are associated with altered circulating leptin concentrations. STUDY DESIGN Sequential serum samples were collected from women (N = 37) undergoing luteal phase GnRH agonist + FSH treatment cycles prior to oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization. Leptin concentrations in serum were measured by radioimmunoassay and compared with serum estradiol, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels. RESULTS Serum leptin concentrations during stimulated cycles were variable between patients and correlated positively (r = .556, P < .01) with body mass index. Serum leptin levels correlated positively (r = .185, P < .05) with estradiol concentrations across all days. Mean serum leptin concentrations on the day gonadotropin treatment began (baseline, 12.9 +/- 2.0 ng/mL) were lower (P < .0001) than on the day peak estradiol levels were reached (18.4 +/- 2.3 ng/mL). Serum leptin concentrations also correlated with DHEAS levels (r = .214, P < .05) but did not correlate with testosterone or the estradiol:testosterone ratio. CONCLUSION Gonadotropin stimulation in women is associated with elevated leptin levels, consistent with an interaction between the reproductive axis and leptin secretion and/or clearance.
HIV Screening Practices in U.S. Hospitals, 2009-2010

OBJECTIVE A 2004 national survey of hospitals showed that 23.4% of hospitals screened for HIV in at least one department, most frequently in labor and delivery departments. However, less than 2% of these hospitals screened patients in inpatient units, urgent care clinics, or emergency departments. In 2006, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended HIV screening for all individuals 13-64 years of age in health-care settings. We determined the frequency of hospital adoption of these CDC recommendations. METHODS We surveyed hospital infection-control personnel at a randomly selected sample of U.S. general medical and surgical hospitals in 2009-2010. RESULTS Of the 1,476 hospitals selected for the survey, 754 (51.1%) responded to the survey; of those responding, 703 (93.2%) offered HIV tests for patients at the hospital and 206 (27.3%) screened for HIV in at least one department. Screening was most common in larger hospitals (45.7%), hospitals in large metropolitan areas (50.5%), and teaching hospitals (44.4%); it was least common in public hospitals (19.1%). By department, screening was most common in labor and delivery departments (34.6%) and substance abuse clinics (20.7%); it was least common in emergency departments (11.9%), inpatient units (9.6%), and psychiatry/mental health departments (9.4%). More than half of hospitals were not considering implementing CDC's recommendations within the next 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Since 2004, HIV screening in hospitals increased overall and by department. However, the majority of U.S. hospitals have not adopted the CDC recommendations.
On Equilibrium States and Periodic Vibrations of Thin Nonlinear Elastic Systems

In this article we hope to demonstrate the applicability of relatively new mathematical advances in the calculus of variations and nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations to concrete problems in nonlinear elasticity. We shall discuss two examples of the following general class of problems: Given an elastic body B acted on by forces λF and described by the potential energy function V(λ), determine in a, mathematically rigorous manner (i) the totality of equilibrium states of B for all possible values of λ and classify these states, (ii) the (in)stability of each state by both the energy criterion and the Liapunov criterion, (iii) the periodic motions in the neighbourhood of a given equilibrium state.
Introduction to symposium on ‘Patrick Suppes, economics, and economic methodology’

Patrick Suppes (1922–2014) was an extraordinarily wide-ranging scholar. Although best known as a philosopher of science, Suppes made substantial contributions to a remarkably wide range of differen...
One size does not fit all

Not every prediction model can be transferred from one context to another. I've learned this the hard way in my work on defect prediction. The good news is that while prediction models might not always be applicable to other contexts, the methods typically are.
Clustering protein-protein docking predictions

We describe a clustering algorithm for improving protein-protein docking predictions. The algorithm was applied to two sets of predictions for 36 test cases, one set generated with a rigid-body docking algorithm ZDOCK, and the other set with ZDOCK followed by a refinement algorithm RDOCK, and consistent improvement was observed.
Social Media or Personal Selling? Strategy for Successful Sales of Student Projects

The purpose of this project was to identify what method was most effective in converting potential customers into purchasers of student fashion products. It was student conducted research as a small part of a semester long class project.
CertiKOS: an extensible architecture for building certified concurrent OS kernels

Complete formal verification of a non-trivial concurrent OS kernel is widely considered a grand challenge. We present a novel compositional approach for building certified concurrent OS kernels. Concurrency allows interleaved execution of kernel/user modules across different layers of abstraction. Each such layer can have a different set of observable events. We insist on formally specifying these layers and their observable events, and then verifying each kernel module at its proper abstraction level. To support certified linking with other CPUs or threads, we prove a strong contextual refinement property for every kernel function, which states that the implementation of each such function will behave like its specification under any kernel/user context with any valid interleaving. We have successfully developed a practical concurrent OS kernel and verified its (contextual) functional correctness in Coq. Our certified kernel is written in 6500 lines of C and x86 assembly and runs on stock x86 multicore machines. To our knowledge, this is the first proof of functional correctness of a complete, general-purpose concurrent OS kernel with fine-grained locking.
Toward an awareness of the “colonial present” in education: Focusing on interdependence and inequity in the context of global migration

ABSTRACTAcross the world, the number of displaced people has risen to unprecedented levels. In the United States, rightwing politicians call for closing borders to Muslims, refugees, and immigrants. These conditions lead the authors to ask how to educate with and for immigrant students who are positioned as enemy aliens – “impossible subjects” – within their new nation? We take a comparative approach, looking across our studies with Palestinian immigrant and Cambodian refugee youth in the US to think about how their experiences in US schools can inform an education for justice. In looking across two ethnographies, done more than a decade apart from each other, we illustrate the remarkable similarities between discourses about these different groups of students. In this article, we focus on three stances toward immigrant incorporation that the young people in our research studies encountered – stances through which they learn about the meanings of and expectations for citizenship and belonging. Our argumen...
Studies of the isolated perfused human placenta. II. Progesterone content of perfusates.

Summary After 6 full-term placentas were perfused from 2 to 12 hours, the progesterone content of the perfusates was greater than could be accounted for by simple extraction of preformed steroid. It is suggested that the excess represents progesterone synthesized during perfusion.
Utility of PET/CT for surveillance of asymptomatic patients with resected stage III or IV melanoma.

9051 Background: Evidence-based guidelines for the use of surveillance imaging in melanoma patients are lacking. Here, we present a retrospective review of the Mayo Clinic experience using PET/CT (...
Hospital procedure volume does not predict acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting—a nationwide study

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and is associated with poor outcome. Increased hospital procedure volume has been associated with better outcomes. However, the impact of hospital CABG volume on AKI needing dialysis (AKI-D) is less clear. We designed this study to examine (i) the impact of number of annual CABG procedures per hospital (CABG-vol) on AKI-D and inpatient mortality and (ii) if it modifies the relationship between AKI-D and mortality. Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2000 to 2010, we identified admissions with CABG and those with AKI-D using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess the impact of CABG-vol on AKI-D and mortality. We used restricted cubic splines to account for the nonlinear relationship between CABG-vol and mortality. We also evaluated the a priori interaction term between CABG-vol and AKI-D in the model for mortality. Results Of 4 002 730 hospitalizations for CABG, 0.7% (24 126) had AKI-D. On adjusted analysis, CABG-vol did not correlate with odds of developing AKI-D [odds ratio (OR) 0.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99-1.00] but was associated with mortality, though the association was nonlinear. AKI-D was a significant predictor of mortality with OR 7.58 (95% CI 6.81-8.44). The interaction of CABG-vol and AKI-D was not significant (P = 0.8). Conclusions Lower annual CABG hospital procedure volume is significantly associated with higher mortality but not with a higher incidence of AKI-D. AKI-D is associated with higher mortality in those undergoing CABG. However, there is no differential effect of hospital volume on odds of mortality due to AKI-D.
Freedom, responsibility and product liability

Man is responsible for his actions and for the results of those actions. Responsibility is logically based on the social relations of man. Legal responsibility is a necessity so that members of a society can exercise their freedoms and understand their rights and obligations. All this is true in any society, but is particularly true in 'free' societies. Responsibility based on social relations provides a logical basis for legal responsibility. An equitable law of product liability would recognize the responsibilities of all parties: manufacturers, sellers, buyers, users and third parties.
Simulating nonlinear nano-to-micro scaled material properties and effects at the architectural scale

The problem of simulating atypical and nonlinear nano-to-micro scaled material properties at the architectural scale is untenable given the complexity of calculating such data using current rendering and simulation platforms. Though existing rendering engines enable the simulation of material optical properties such as angle dependence, transparency, translucency, and color, the unique behavior and scale of many nonlinear nano materials' angular dependence and wavelength filtering properties requires the development of new tooling methods and workflows. eSkin-a project to develop passively responsive building facade systems, frames the larger foundation for this paper, which is narrowly focused upon our catalogue of tools where desired optical properties of nano & micro array structures are first simulated in order to extract angle and wavelength dependent quantitative optical data. Once calculated, these optical properties are then redeployed at the architectural scale utilizing custom written software platforms and algorithms.
Broadband Epsilon Near Zero Conducting Oxide Absorbers Fabricated by Atomic Layer Deposition

We demonstrate an excitation of broadband epsilon-near-zero resonance in multi-layer conducting oxides grown by atomic layer deposition. Absorption bandwidth (>90%) of 214 nm for Berreman-mode and 294 nm for ENZ-mode in NIR region is realized.
Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling of Magnetization in Natural and Artificially Engineered Ferritin

Macroscopic quantum tunneling of the Neel vector in magnetic ferritin proteins is studied as a function of particle volume and concentration.Characterization of the particles at high magnetic fields (to 27 T) reveal a spin flop transition from which the anisotropy field can be extracted and compared with the value derived from tunneling measurements. Complementary magnetization measurements in the classical regime (2 - 300 K) shows that the anisotropy in the range of particles studied depends linearly on particle volume, not surface area. In the quantum regime of very low temperatures and fields, the resonant tunneling frequency is observed to depend exponentially on the particle volume, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Finally, the effect of interparticle interactions in the quantum regime is examined by dilution with apoferritin and is found to affect both the peak and width of the resonant frequency. Computer simulations of the dilution dependence also show an increase in the peak height and decrease in the width as the dilution is reduced.
Evaluation of retinal toxicity and liposome encapsulation of the anti-CMV drug 2'-nor-cyclic GMP.

Purpose Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important pathogen in the immunocompromised patient. CMV retinitis is a leading cause of blindness in patients with AIDS. Ganciclovir and foscarnet are currently the treatments being used for this retinitis, but they both have major toxicities when used systemically. Intravitreal therapy with ganciclovir has been used in some patients who cannot tolerate systemic treatment. The major problem with this modality is the necessity for administration of between 1 and 3 intravitreal injections per eye per week. 2'-nor-cyclic GMP is a nucleotide analog, a cyclic phosphate derivative of ganciclovir. Neutral salts of the compound are extremely water soluble, and the charged phosphate group at neutral pH make it an ideal candidate for encapsulation into a multivesicular liposome system. Methods The authors evaluated the retinal toxicity of the diethanolammonium salt 2'-nor-cyclic GMP by using electroretinographic, morphologic, and ophthalmoscopic techniques after intravitreal injections in rabbit eye. Results The intraocular therapeutic index for 2'-nor-cyclic GMP is 20. At the 10 micrograms dose, electroretinogram, ophthalmoscopic examination, and both light and electron microscopy revealed no abnormalities. Toxicity was evident at 50 micrograms and higher doses with ERG changes (loss of amplitude) and retinal pathology that varied from vacuolization of the retinal pigment epithelium and loss of height of the outer photoreceptor segment to loss of the entire outer retina. In addition, an in vitro drug release half-life of 1,000 hours (more than 75 times that of ganciclovir) was found for 2'-nor-cyclic GMP in liposome, which may be able to be exploited in the therapy of patients with CMV retinitis unable to tolerate toxic systemic therapy. Conclusion The anti-CMV drug, 2'-nor-cyclic GMP, may be promising for intravitreal injection, particularly if encapsulated into liposomes.