cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Atazanavir and Darunavir Interactions with Lipids for Developing pH-Responsive Anti-HIV Drug Combination Nanoparticles

We evaluated two human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors, atazanavir (ATV) and darunavir (DRV), for pH-dependent solubility, lipid binding, and drug release from lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Both ATV and DRV incorporated into LNPs composed of pegylated and non-pegylated phospholipids with nearly 100% efficiency, but only ATV-LNPs formed stable lipid–drug particles and exhibited pH-dependent drug release. DRV-LNPs were unstable and formed mixed micelles at low drug–lipid concentrations, and thus are not suitable for lipid–drug particle development. When ATV-LNPs were prepared with ritonavir (RTV), a metabolic and cellular membrane exporter inhibitor, and tenofovir (TFV), an HIV reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, stable, scalable, and reproducible anti-HIV drug combination LNPs were produced. Drug incorporation efficiencies of 85.5 ± 8.2, 85.1 ± 7.1, and 6.1 ± 0.8% for ATV, RTV, and TFV, respectively, were achieved. Preliminary primate pharmacokinetic studies with these pH-responsive anti-HIV drug combination LNPs administered subcutaneously produced detectable plasma concentrations that lasted for 7 days for all three drugs. These anti-HIV LNPs could be developed as a long-acting targeted antiretroviral therapy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:2520–2529, 2014
Is Relational Demography Relative? How Employment Status Influences Effects of Supervisor–Subordinate Demographic Similarity

Because diversity is vital to many businesses, it is important to understand how demographic differences between individuals in the workplace influence employee behavior. In this study, we focused on demographic similarity (i.e., sex, racioethnicity) with one’s supervisor as a predictor of employee withdrawal. Further, we examined employees’ employment status (i.e., part-time vs. full-time) as a moderator of the similarity–withdrawal relationships. Using two nationally representative U.S. surveys containing more than 2,000 combined respondents, we examined variability in employee withdrawal (i.e., tardiness, absenteeism, and intent to remain). The results indicated that having a supervisor belonging to one’s racioethnic group has a greater impact on withdrawal among part-time than full-time employees. Racioethnic similarity corresponded in less tardiness and absence, and higher intent to remain for part-timers. Similarly, sex similarity corresponded in lower levels of absence for part-timers. Employee withdrawal costs companies millions of dollars each fiscal year. If supervisor–subordinate dissimilarity corresponds in higher withdrawal among part-time employees, then it is imperative for researchers to determine how this might be remedied. Research utilizing relational demography theories has shed considerable light on our understanding of demographic differences in the workplace. A notable shortcoming of these frameworks, however, is their failure to fully consider boundary conditions influencing the potentially detrimental effects of demographic dissimilarity. We propose that the similarity effects described in previous research may vary as a function of employment status.
BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FROM PORCINE LUNG INITIATES CHANNEL FORMATION IN ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANES. 2320

We have observed that Survanta® - an organic extract of minced bovine lung - induces channel-mediated transport of Na+ in artificial lipid bilayers. Exosurf - a pulmonary surfactant (PS) lacking apoproteins - is ineffective. We hypothesize that natural PS, recovered from intact lungs in uni- or multilamellar form, initiates channel activity in artificial lipid bilayers. Methods: Natural PS was obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of juvenile porcine lungs. BAL was centrifuged at 500 g to remove intact cells and at 26,000 g to separate suspended components (BALsusp) from soluble components (BAL-BALsusp) Phosphatidylethanolamine: phosphatidylserine (3:1) planar bilayers were constructed between compartments of buffered (pH 7.0) Na+ gluconate. Holding potentials were applied across bilayers, currents measured, and slope conductance calculated in the absence or presence of 0.3% BAL. To quantify interlamellar aqueous volumes confined by the proposed BAL structure.3 H-glucose uptake by BAL was measured. Results: At applied holding potentials, trans-bilayer electrical currents were not observed in the absence of BAL or presence of (BAL-BALsusp) By contrast,(BALsusp) induced current flow characterized by: 1) multiple conductances with gating between open and closed states; 2) a cationic conductance of 165 pS for the smallest channels; and 3) variable inhibition by Na+ channel blocker, amiloride (1 mM). 3H-glucose uptake by(BALsusp) (20 mg lipid + 3 mg protein/ml) confirmed osmotically-sensitive, aqueous volumes of ≈0.5 μl/mg lipid.Conclusions: Natural PS induces channel-mediated transport of cations across artificial planar bilayers. 3H-glucose trapping by (BALsusp) suggests presence of spherical bilayers within natural PS. We speculate that channels derived from PS enter planar lipid bilayers via fusion with spherical bilayers and incorporated hydrophobic apoproteins. (Funded by Children's Health Foundation)
Coeditor's Introduction: Critical Literacy and Bilingual Education

In this issue of the Bilingual Research Journal we take on a view of critical literacy as an affirmative framework for talking about teaching and learning across grades—a notion that took hold seve...
Sorbitol dehydrogenase in the diagnosis of liver disease

In an attempt to find a more useful clinical test for the diagnosis of liver disease, serum levels of the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) were measured in patients with liver disease and patients with nonhepatic diseases. The majority of patients in both groups had concomitantly elevated serum levels of SGOT and SGPT. In the patients tested, SDH elevations were found to be specific for liver involvement, but much less sensitive than the transaminases. The serum sorbitol dehydrogenase test, in its present form, does not appear to offer any special advantages over the transaminase studies presently employed to detect hepatocellular disease. Certain conclusions can be drawn from the data: (1) SDH was found to be organ-specific but not disease-specific in the patients tested; (2) it was seen to be less sensitive than the transaminases; and (3) SDH levels remained elevated for much shorter periods of time than the transaminases.
Protein synthesis in lobster walking leg nerves

Abstract 1. 1. When isolated bundles of nerve fibers from the walking legs of lobster were incubated in a mixture of C14-labeled amino acids (C14-aa) radioactivity was found in both the trichloroacetic acid soluble part and in the TCA precipitate. 2. 2. Chloramphenicol and cycloheximide inhibited the incorporation of radioactivity into the TCA precipitate. 3. 3. Pretreatment of nerves for 30 min prior to incubation in the C14-aa with a variety of drugs inhibiting cholinesterase did not change the amount of radio-activity in the TCA soluble fraction but increased the rate of incorporation into the TCA precipitate by at least 90%. 4. 4. If paraoxon was present in the C14-aa during the incubation, the amount of radioactivity in the TCA soluble fraction decreased and inhibition of C14-aa incorporation into the TCA precipitate was almost complete.
Improved computer simulation of the detection process in NE-102 and NE-213 scintillators for 0 to 4.8 MeV neutrons☆

Abstract A description is given of a FORTRAN subroutine which, in conjunction with a Monte-Carlo main program, accurately simulates the experimentally observed variation of detector efficiency with neutron energy throughout the discriminator cut-off region. With absolute C(n, n) and H(n, n) cross sections supplied, the program permits determination of the absolute detection efficiency from measurements of relative detection efficiency in this cut-off region. Variations of detector efficiency with incident neutron entry point and direction are also obtainable.
Plasma interleukin‐1α and β, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and lipopolysaccharide concentrations during pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis

Earlier studies have reported the presence of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), but the results have been inconsistent. To investigate the relationships among plasma IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TNF, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and clinical status, measurements were made before and after 14 days of intravenous antibiotic therapy in 13 patients with CF. In addition, whole blood cytokine production rates were measured in 18 hr cultures stimulated with 10 micrograms/mL LPS or sterile saline (control). On admission, patients with CF had significantly greater plasma levels of LPS and IL-1 alpha compared with 20 healthy adult controls. In response to antibiotic therapy, the patients had statistically significant increases in weight, oxygen saturation, chest radiograph score, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second. They had significant decreases in pulse rate, residual volume/total lung capacity ratio, white blood count, neutrophil count, LPS concentration, and resting energy expenditure per kg body weight. There were no significant changes in the plasma concentrations of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, or TNF and no significant changes in the basal or stimulated whole blood production rates of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, or TNF. The immunological variables did not correlate significantly with clinical measurements of severity or the presence of fever. It is likely that in CF local pulmonary effects of cytokines are of more pathophysiologic significance than systemic effects.
The Acute Effects of Nasal Positive Pressure Ventilation in Patients With Advanced Cystic Fibrosis

Objective To evaluate the acute effects of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in patients with stable chronic respiratory failure secondary to cystic fibrosis. Patients Eight patients (29±5 years of age) with severe airflow limitation (mean FEV 1? 24±3% predicted) and chronic respiratory failure (PaO 2 =67±15 mmHg and PaCO 2 =50±4 mmHg) were evaluated. Methods Tidal volume, respiratory rate, minute ventilation, oxygen saturation, and transcutaneous CO 2 (TcCO 2 ) measurements were made over a 20-min period before and after the application of NPPV (inspiratory pressure of 10 to 12 cm H 2 O and expiratory pressure of 4 to 6 cm H 2 O). Results NPPV increased saturation from 88±2% to 90±1% (p 2 from 51 ±3 mm Hg to 50±2 mm Hg (p 2 O to −11 ±2 cm H 2 O and −14±1 cm H 2 O to −7±1 cm H 2 O. Conclusions In patients with stable, severe cystic fibrosis, NPPV (1) acutely improves gas exchange, (2) decreases minute ventilation, suggesting either a reduction in CO 2 production or an increase in alveolar ventilation, and (3) reduces work of breathing.
An Efficient Superconducting Transformer Design for SQUID Magnetometry

We describe a novel superconducting transformer design for the efficient transfer of magnetic flux from a macroscopic pickup coil to a low-inductance SQUID. A large number of highly-efficient one-to-one transformer elements are wired in series and in parallel, for the primary and secondary of the transformer, respectively. This transformer coupling allows us to isolate the SQUID from the microwave resonances inherent in high-inductance coils.
Catecholamine metabolism and in vitro induction of premature cuticle melanization in wild type and pigmentation mutants of Drosophila melanogaster

The major pathway leading to adult cuticle melanization in Drosophila melanogaster has been investigated by a combination of biochemical and genetic approaches. By comparing catecholamine pools in newly emerged flies and in frass (excreta) collected 1 to 4 days after eclosion from wild type with those obtained from several pigmentation mutants, the major flow of catecholamines through the pathway to an unidentified final catabolite was determined. We also demonstrate that incubation with dopamine in vitro induces premature melanization in wild type unpigmented pharate adults several hours before the developmentally programmed onset of melanization, supporting the hypothesis that the availability of catecholamines may be the limiting factor determining the onset of melanization and that the major enzymatic activities that act downstream of dopa decarboxylase in the pathway are deposited into the cuticle before pigmentation begins. In vitro melanization studies with various pigmentation mutants that are associated with critical enzymatic steps in Drosophila catecholamine metabolism are consistent with their proposed function and suggest a central role of N-beta-alanyldopamine in adult cuticle pigmentation.
The effect of 17 β-estradiol on intracellular calcium homeostasis in human endothelial cells

Abstract The cardiovascular effects of estrogen are mediated in part by augmenting the function of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity is dependent on many cofactors including Ca 2+ . Hence, we investigated the effect of chronic 17 β-estradiol treatment on the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration and endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein expression in the human endothelial cell line, EA.hy926, using spectrofluorometry and Western blot, respectively. Inhibiting the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase with thapsigargin caused an increase in the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration, which was higher in chronically 17 β-estradiol-treated (1 μM, 24 h) cells loaded with Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester compared to vehicle-treated cells, suggesting a higher endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ content in 17 β-estradiol-treated cells. An enhanced Ca 2+ influx pathway in chronically 17 β-estradiol-treated cells was also observed. In addition, 17 β-estradiol-treated cells expressed higher levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein in comparison to vehicle-treated cells. The chronic effect of 17 β-estradiol on Ca 2+ homeostasis and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression was attenuated with the nonselective estrogen receptor inhibitor, ICI 182,780 (10 μM, 7α, 17β-[9-[(4,4,5,5,5-Pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl]nonyl] estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol). Furthermore, analysis of the thapsigargin-evoked Ca 2+ response in chronically 17 β-estradiol-treated estrogen receptor α-knockdown cells showed no significant difference in Ca 2+ response compared to vehicle-treated estrogen receptor α-knockdown cells, indicating that the regulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis by 17 β-estradiol is mediated through an estrogen receptor α-dependent pathway. These data revealed an estrogen receptor α-dependent modulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis accompanying the enhancement of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in 17 β-estradiol-treated human endothelial cells.
US Ideology and the War in Iraq

(2ifek 1989, 1994). Yet, apart from a few incursions in matters of national identity, postcommunism, and postdemocratic transition (hizek 1993), 2izek's philosophical reflections were never directly about international relations. To say that ZiZek reverses this trend in Iraq: The Borrowed Kettle would be an overstatement given that this book starts with current geopolitical issues (the war in Iraq and US imperialism since September 11), but it quickly moves on to more traditional Zizekian problematiques-such as the conceptualization of the subject in Lacan's psychoanalysis and the place of ideology in twentieth-century political practice. Still, in this collection of discontinuous but often spontaneous thoughts prompted by the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003 (p. 7), Ziiek covers many issues of central importance to contemporary international relations-from the making of US foreign policy after September 11 and the reconstruction of security discourses to the place of Europe in twenty-first century geopolitics and worldwide reactions to economic
Effect of 50 milliliters of 50% dextrose in water administration on the blood sugar of euglycemic volunteers.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of administration of 1 ampule of 50% dextrose in water solution (D50W) on serum glucose levels in healthy adult volunteers, the authors set out to determine whether a pre-D50W serum glucose level can be predicted from the ED sample. METHODS This was a prospective, interventional study conducted from the ED of an urban, university-affiliated hospital. All subjects were healthy employee volunteers between 25 and 40 years of age. Baseline serum glucose levels were determined and all subjects were given an i.v. bolus of 25 grams of 50% dextrose solution. The main outcome measures were post-D50W serum glucose levels (observed) at 5 predetermined time intervals (5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hr, and 2 hr). An expected change in serum glucose was calculated using the volume of distribution formula for glucose. RESULTS Twenty-five volunteers (17 males and 8 females) participated in the study. The mean baseline serum glucose was 82.3 +/- 13.5 mg/dL. The mean post-infusion levels were: 244.4 +/- 44.6 mg/dL (5 min), 145.8 +/- 52.3 mg/dL (15 min), 88.1 +/- 28.8 mg/dL (30 min), 77.6 +/- 13.6 mg/dL (60 min), and 83.2 +/- 11.4 mg/dL (120 min). Using a mixed-effect regression model, statistically significant increases in serum glucose levels were found at 5 minutes (p < 0.001) and 15 minutes (p < 00001) following administration of D50W. There was a return to baseline serum glucose by 30 minutes. The expected change based on the volume of distribution formula (53.7 +/- 34.9) did not correlate with the observed changes at any measured time interval. CONCLUSION Without pre-intervention blood drawing by emergency medical services, it is not possible to accurately predict pre-D50W serum glucose levels based on post-D50W glucose levels. The diagnosis of hypoglycemia as the etiology of altered mental status must therefore remain a diagnosis of exclusion. In addition, the return of serum glucose to baseline after 30 minutes suggests the duration of the effect of 1 ampule of D50W. Frequent re-evaluation of the serum glucose levels of suspected or proven hypoglycemic patients after administration of D50W should be considered.
Agreement between survey and interview measures of weight control practices in adolescents

Objective: The present study examined agreement between survey and interview measures of weight control practices in a nonclinical sample of adolescents. Method: Surveys were administered in three school health classes. Clinical interviews were conducted in a student subsample (N = 43). Results: Survey-based prevalences for eating behaviors in the past month were: trying to lose weight, 44%; binge eating, 41%; vomiting, 4.7%; laxative use, 0%; and fasting, 14%. Interview-based prevalences were 30%, 11.6%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Sensitivity was high for all behaviors assessed. However, positive predictive values were low. Discussion: Surveys may be useful as preliminary screening tools for prevention programs, but may yield inflated estimates of unhealthy weight control practices in nonclinical adolescent populations. Research is needed to examine whether adolescents overreport weight control practices on surveys or whether they are less willing to disclose such practices in a private interview.
Simultaneous fracture of the scaphoid and capitate in a child

An 11-year-old boy had an ipsilateral scaphoid fracture and a capitate fracture, a rare combination of injuries that has not been previously reported. The importance of identification by xray film of the fracture pattern is emphasized. A fall on the palm forcing the wrist in extreme extension is the most likely mechanism of injury in this patient. Bony union and normal painless wrist motion were obtained in these nondisplaced fractures with immobilization for 6 weeks.
Teenage childbearing in the United States, 1960-1997.

Teenage childbearing in the United States has declined significantly in the 1990s. Still the U.S. teen birth rate is higher than in other developed countries; in 1997 it was 52.3 births per 1000 women aged 15 to 19. A steep rise in teen birth rates in the late 1980s generated a great deal of public concern and a variety of initiatives targeted to reducing teen births. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics' National Vital Statistics System are used to review and describe trends and variations in births and birth rates for teenagers for the period 1960-1997. Teen birth rates were much higher in the early 1960s than at present; in fact, rates for 18- to 19-year-olds were double what they are currently. In the 1990s, birth rates for teenagers dropped for younger and older teenagers, with greater declines recorded for younger teens. While rates have fallen in all population groups, the greatest declines have been experienced by black teenagers, whose rates have dropped 24% on average. %Trends in teen births and birth rates since 1960 have been affected by a variety of factors. These include wide swings in the number of female teenagers, substantial declines in marriage among older teens, falling birth rates for married teens concurrent with rapidly rising birth rates for unmarried teens, and sharp increases in sexual activity among teens that have abated only recently, according to the National Center for Health Statistics' National Survey of Family Growth. This review article also tracks changes in contraceptive practice and abortion rates.
A broad-host-range in vivo pop-out and amplification system for generating large quantities of 50-to 100-kb genomic fragments for direct DNA sequencing

A prerequisite for sequencing large genomes is to obtain 30- to 150-kb genomic DNA fragments in adequate quantity. Previously, we developed a system which enables one to excise and amplify in vivo such segments directly from the Escherichia coli genome. This system, which employed the yeast Flp/FRT elements for excision and the plasmid R6K-based replication machinery for DNA amplification, permits one to bypass conventional cloning [Posfai et al. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 2392-2398]. To extend the applicability of such a system to many species, we describe here a broad-host-range (bhr) system in which the amplification of the excised DNA fragment depends on the oriV element and the Rep (TrfA) protein from the promiscuous RK2/RP4 plasmid. We have constructed insertion plasmids which carry the FRT and oriV sites. To introduce such plasmids into the appropriate position in the host genome, a short genomic sequence homologous to this position was cloned into the multiple cloning site (MCS) of the FRT/oriV insertion plasmid and then recombined into this position in the genome by RecA-mediated recombination. In such a manner, many strains with single FRT/oriV insertions at various positions could be generated. Subsequent genetic crosses or phage transduction allow two neighboring FRT/oriV sites (less than 150 kb apart) to be brought into a single genome. In the present report, the lacZ and phoB sites, which are 51 kb apart in the E. coli genome, were used for the introduction of the FRT/oriV sites. To deliver the Flp (excision) and Rep (amplification) functions in trans, the yeast FLP and RK2 plasmid trfA genes were placed under the control of the Ptet promoter/operator which is tightly regulated by the TetR repressor. The addition of heated chlortetracycline (cTc) inactivates TetR, turning on the synthesis of Flp and TrfA, which respectively, execute (i) excision of the 51-kb genomic segment between the two FRT sites (in lacZ and in phoB), and (ii) its amplification.
Polarization potentials in heavy ion scattering and fusion

Abstract A search is made for a polarization potential fully satisfying the dispersion relation, by carrying out simultaneous χ2-analyses of elastic scattering and fusion data for the 16 O + 208 Pb system near the Coulomb barrier energy. The imaginary part, W, of the potential is assumed to consist of a volume-type fusion and a surface-derivative-type direct reaction potential, while the real part has the corresponding polarization parts along with an energy-independent bare potential. Characteristic features of the potential thus obtained are discussed.
COLORIMETRY OF FOODS. 3. Carrot Puree

SUMMARY– A series of 10 carrot purees was prepared with added FD&C Green No. 1 food color in increments of 0.015 ppm. The samples were evaluated visually for color differences under illumination of 7400°K and measured with a G.E. spectrophotometer with D&H tristimulus integrator and a Hun terlab D25 colorimeter in cells varying from 2–8 mm in thickness against both a white and black background. The instrumental data were calculated in conventional and K/S ratios and correlated with visual and theoretical rankings. The panelists could reasonably well rank samples differing by 0.10–0.15 delta E units, calculated as [(delta L)2+ (delta a)2+ (delta b)2 1/2. Highest correlations with the theoretical order were obtained with a black background and sample thicknesses of 6 mm or more. Adequate rankings with either instrument required a multiple correlation with all 3 color parameters (X Y Z or L a b). Optimum separation of samples with the G.E. spectrophotometer was obtained with a white background and a sample thickness of 5 mm or more. The Hunterlab D25 colorimeter was superior to the G.E. spectrophotometer for separation of samples. Optimum separation was with a 2-in.-diameter aperture and a cell 4 mm or more in thickness against a white background. Correlations of Hunter data with theoretical order were higher than those with visual vs. theoretical ranking. Individual K and S values may be useful in characterizing purees for colorimetry.
Adjustment to disability: A cognitive-behavioral model for analysis and clinical management

Profound psychological reactions are frequently seen following the onset of severe disability. “Stage” models of adjustment, although limiting when used dogmatically, can serve as a helpful guideline for intervention when integrated within a framework that also addresses the sequence of associated irrational beliefs. This article proposes a three phase model for analyzing and facilitating the adjustment process which follows disability. Adjustment is analyzed along cognitive, emotional, and environmental dimensions.
Depletion of esterified cholesterol in mouse testes and leydig cell tumors by luteinizing hormone.

LH (50 μg) given sc to normal mice and Leydig cell tumor bearing mice promoted a decrease in the content of esterified cholesterol in the testes of normal mice and in the tumor. The observation that LH promoted a change in the tumor ester cholesterol levels was interpreted to mean that its action on testicular ester levels was probably on the interstitial cells. (Endocrinology 91: 323, 1972
Reconstructing primordial density fluctuations – I. Method

Observed large-scale structure may have developed by gravitational instability from small inhomogeneities of the early universe. A method is described for recovering primordial fluctuations from the present-day galaxy distribution, on the assumption that these fluctuations were Gaussian. The key element of the method is Gaussianization, a monotonic transformation of the smoothed galaxy distribution, which exploits the fact that gravitational evolution and biased galaxy formation tend to preserve the rank order of the initial density field
Dosimetric comparison of bolus and continuous injections of CC49 monoclonal antibody in a colon cancer xenograft model

BACKGROUND Improved understanding of dose and effective dose calculations may contribute to the optimization of fractionated radioimmunotherapy. METHODS Comparison three-dimensional tumor dosimetry was performed on athymic nude mice bearing established LS174T human colon carcinoma xenografts. Mice were given bolus intraperitoneal injections of 300 μCi 131I-labeled CC49 monoclonal antibody once (Day 0) or three times (Days 0, 3, and 7) or continuous intraperitoneal infusion with miniosmotic pumps over 7 days. Serial section autoradiography was used to reconstruct tumor activity density distributions for Days 3, 4, 7, 10, and 11 (single injection); Days 3, 4, 7, 8, and 11 (3 injections); and Days 4, 7, 10, and 13 (pump). At least three tumors were reconstructed at each time point. Uptakes in blood and tumor were measured up to 14 days (single injection), 11 days (3 injections), or 16 days (pump) after injection. RESULTS Average dose values calculated from total activity uptake data only (assuming no energy loss external to the tumor) yielded 102 Gy (single injection), 158 Gy (three injections), and 47 Gy (pump). Average doses using three-dimensional dose calculations were 88 Gy, 139 Gy, and 40 Gy, respectively. The nonuniformity of dose deposition affects treatment outcome, because cell loss is an exponential function of dose. Using the linear quadratic model with fractional cell survival to define an effective dose, Deff were calculated to be 20 Gy, 23 Gy, and 14 Gy, respectively. Cell proliferation affects outcome for variable dose-rate treatments. With cell proliferation parameters set to reproduce single-fraction 60Co recurrence results, Deff (for local control endpoint) were 8.9 Gy, 12.8 Gy, and 3.9 Gy, respectively. Three bolus injections compared with a single bolus injection were relatively less efficient in tumor uptake. However, three bolus injections resulted in a more uniform dose rate over a longer period, resulting in a 50% improvement in Deff. The slower dose delivery for pump infusion resulted in a significantly lower Deff, although dose-rate distributions were more uniform compared with the single bolus injection. CONCLUSIONS Improvement in dose-rate nonuniformities was observed for fractionated and continuous radiolabeled monoclonal antibody injections. Fractionated injections produced superior dosimetric results compared with single bolus or continuous injections. Cancer 1997; 80:2567-75. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Structurally Integrated, Damage-Tolerant, Thermal Spray Coatings

Thermal spray coatings are used extensively for the protection and life extension of engineering components exposed to harsh wear and/or corrosion during service in aerospace, energy, and heavy machinery sectors. Cermet coatings applied via high-velocity thermal spray are used in aggressive wear situations almost always coupled with corrosive environments. In several instances (e.g., landing gear), coatings are considered as part of the structure requiring system-level considerations. Despite their widespread use, the technology has lacked generalized scientific principles for robust coating design, manufacturing, and performance analysis. Advances in process and in situ diagnostics have provided significant insights into the process–structure–property–performance correlations providing a framework-enhanced design. In this overview, critical aspects of materials, process, parametrics, and performance are discussed through exemplary studies on relevant compositions. The underlying connective theme is understanding and controlling residual stresses generation, which not only addresses process dynamics but also provides linkage for process-property relationship for both the system (e.g., fatigue) and the surface (wear and corrosion). The anisotropic microstructure also invokes the need for damage-tolerant material design to meet future goals.
Correlates of hepatitis B vaccination in a high-risk population: an Internet sample.

Abstract PURPOSE: We sought to identify factors associated with hepatitis B virus vaccination, including knowledge and attitudes about hepatitis vaccination, and sexual and nonsexual risk behaviors among at-risk homosexual and bisexual men. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Internet electronic communications were used to collect data from homosexual and bisexual men from the United States, using a 31-item online questionnaire accessible for 1 month. RESULTS: The mean (± SD) age of the 336 respondents was 38 ± 11 years. Nearly 42% (142) reported at least one dose of vaccine; the remainder were completely unvaccinated. About 21% (n = 71) reported having no information about hepatitis. Approximately 72% (242) of respondents reported never using condoms during oral intercourse, and 26% (n = 87) reported using condoms during less than half of their episodes of anal intercourse. In multivariate analysis, variables associated with vaccination were younger age (odds ratio [OR] 0.7 per 10-year increase in age; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59 to 0.84, P = 0.002), high level of knowledge about the vaccine (OR 1.4; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.83, P = 0.007), communication with a health-care provider about hepatitis (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.31 to 2.98, P = 0.006), and professional training that included hepatitis education (OR 2.77; 95% CI 1.7 to 4.5, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings underscore the need for health care providers to emphasize vaccine efficacy and safety, and to encourage high-risk patients to receive vaccination, particularly among men at high risk based on sexual and drug use behaviors.
Editorial Comment on “Can the Occurrence of GI Bleeding in Non-Pulsatile LVAD Patients Provide Clues for the Reversal of Arteriosclerosis?”

The authors of “Can the Occurrence of GI Bleeding in Non-Pulsatile LVAD Patients Provide Clues for the Reversal of Arteriosclerosis?” (Drs John A. Elefteriades and Louis H. Stein) make the point that arterial morphology is highly dependent on mechanical loading, especially the pulse pressure of the arterial waveform. With nonpulsatile flow of axial LVADs, the mechanical loading is light and the arterial wall involutes, thinning and losing smooth muscle cells. This observation may provide a mechanism for stopping or
Advanced renal mass imaging: diffusion and perfusion MRI.

Computed tomography (CT) is considered the imaging modality of choice in evaluation of renal lesions. The advantages of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared to CT include superior soft tissue contrast, avoidance of ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast media, and the possibility of performing functional and advanced imaging techniques such as diffusion-weighted (DWI) and perfusion–weighted imaging (PWI). Although the traditional role of MRI in the evaluation of renal mass is primarily that of a problem-solving tool, DWI and PWI are expanding the role of MRI in management of renal cell cancers. DWI and PWI have shown considerable promise not only in renal lesion detection and characterization as benign or malignant, but also in assessment of renal cell cancer subtype and nuclear grade. Furthermore, these techniques have the potential to assist with tailoring patient- and disease-specific management by providing surgical planning in patients with localized renal cell cancer and assessing treatment response in patients with advanced renal cell cancer undergoing targeted chemotherapy.
FURTHER STUDIES CONCERNING THE FILTRABLE VIRUS PRESENT IN THE SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS OF GUINEA PIGS

1. It has been shown that the guinea pig virus localizes in the submaxillary glands of young guinea pigs following subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous injection of active material, and that the specific lesion is demonstrable in the glands in 12 to 15 days. When an active infection of the gland has been produced in this way, the guinea pigs are refractory to intracerebral inoculation of the virus. 2. No lesion develops in the submaxillary glands of young guinea pigs injected subcutaneously with guinea pig virus which has been inactivated by heat. Young guinea pigs which have received injections of heat-killed virus do not become refractory to intracerebral inoculation of the virus. 3. When young guinea pigs from which both submaxillary glands have been removed are injected subcutaneously with active virus, the virus localizes in the parotid gland, and the animals become refractory to intracerebral inoculation. 4. It has been impossible to demonstrate virucidal properties in the sera of adult guinea pigs which have become spontaneously infected with the virus, or in the sera of young guinea pigs which have been artificially rendered refractory to intracerebral inoculation. 5. It has been possible to transmit the virus from guinea pig to guinea pig continuously in series through seven animals by direct inoculation from submaxillary gland to submaxillary gland. 6. The fact that the virus regularly localizes in the submaxillary glands following subcutaneous inoculation has been utilized in passing the virus from guinea pig to guinea pig. 2 weeks after the subcutaneous inoculation of the virus into young guinea pigs, the active agent was present in the submaxillary glands. Emulsions of the submaxillary glands of these animals were then used for the subcutaneous injection of another group of young guinea pigs. In this way the virus was transmitted continuously from skin to submaxillary gland through a series of seven animals.
Orientation of Ru(pyridine)6(BF4)2 at silver electrodes

Comparison of Raman spectra of octahedral Ru(pyridine)6(BF4)2 with those of Ru(bipyridine)(pyridine)4(ClO4)2 provides an opportunity to analyse the orientation of Ru(pyridine)6 at silver over a wide potential range. At the more positive potentials, the Ru(pyridine)6 appears to be bonded through two pyridine ligands, while at more negative potentials, the orientation is probably C4ν, indicating bonding through one pyridine. Previously reported potential dependences of Raman scattering intensities show mobility of the complex on the electrode surface and probable conversion between these two orientations. Possibilities for further orientation changes at more positive and more negative potentials are obscured by electrode oxidation and complex desorption, respectively.
Investigating the relationship between dialogue structure and tutoring effectiveness: a hidden Markov modeling approach

Identifying effective tutorial dialogue strategies is a key issue for intelligent tutoring systems research. Human-human tutoring offers a valuable model tbr identifying effective tutorial strategies, but extracting them is a challenge because of the richness of human dialogue. This article addresses that challenge through a machine learning approach that 1) learns tutorial modes from a corpus of human tutoring, and 2) identifies the statistical relationships between student outcomes and the learned modes. The modeling approach utilizes hidden Markov models (HMMs) to capture the unobservable stochastic structure that is thought to influence the observations, in this case dialogue acts and task actions, that are generated by task-oriented tutorial dialogue. We refer to this unobservable layer as the hidden dialogue state, and interpret it as representing the tutor and students' collaborative intentions. We have applied HMMs to a corpus of annotated task-oriented tutorial dialogue to learn one model for each of two effective human tutors. Significant correlations emerged between the automatically extracted tutoring modes and student learning outcomes. Broadly, the results suggest that HMMs can learn meaningful hidden tutorial dialogue structure. More specifically, the findings point to specific mechanisms within task-oriented tutorial dialogue that are associated with increased student learning. This work has direct applications in authoring data-driven tutorial dialogue system behavior and in investigating the effectiveness of human tutoring.
EXIT chart analysis of BICM-ID with imperfect channel state information

We analyze the convergence of iteratively decoded bit-interleaved coded modulation with imperfect channel state information using the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart. A canonical analysis model is adopted, where the power correlation coefficient between the fading and its estimate becomes the key parameter affecting the extrinsic transfer characteristics of the demapper and hence the convergence of iterative decoding. We further illustrate that decoding convergence can be triggered by tradeoff between the quality of channel estimation and code rate.
Numerical operations on a relational database

The problem is discussed of defining numerical operations on a relational database to accommodate the statistical analyses associated with a bivariate frequency table. An attempt has been made to extend Codd's relational algebra to include simple bivariate statistical operations preserving the closure of Codd's algebra. This extended algebra is applied to bivariate relational data structures needed for real-time automatic statistical quality control of a manufacturing process. Also discussed are some new category-numeric operations on relational tables. >
Magnetohydrodynamic Power Plants

The sections in this article are 1 The Mhd Topping Cycle 2 The Steam Bottoming Cycle
Fate of wastewater-borne nutrients under low discharge conditions in the subsurface of the Florida Keys, USA

We designed experiments to evaluate the fate of the addition of wastewater-borne nutrients injected into the shallow subsurface in the Florida Keys. During three different experiments, either bulk unlabeled phosphate, radio-labeled phosphate 32 3y . 14 1y . PO , or bulk unlabeled nitrate NO was added simultaneously with conservative tracers sulfur hexafluoride and 43 . I-131 into a wastewater injection well on Long Key. Relative concentration changes monitored over time indicated that both phosphate and nitrate acted non-conservatively in the subsurface. Phosphate showed an initial rapid uptake followed by a slower removal, possibly caused by adsorption-desorption reactions. Based on our observations, we estimate that approximately 95% of the phosphate injected into the subsurface could be removed in 20 to 50 h. There was also evidence for some removal of nitrate, possibly due to denitrification. Approximately 65% of the nitrate was removed over several days, suggesting a denitrification rate of 2700 mmol m y3 groundwater h y1 , comparable to estimates of denitrification in other groundwater systems. Collectively, our results suggest that nutrients injected in the subsurface are removed rapidly from solution and thus may not have a significant impact on surface waters. However, these experiments were conducted at 3 . 3
Ebola Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Display Late Cell Entry Kinetics: Evidence that Transport to NPC1+ Endolysosomes Is a Rate-Defining Step

ABSTRACT Ebola virus (EBOV) causes hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality rates. During cellular entry, the virus is internalized by macropinocytosis and trafficked through endosomes until fusion between the viral and an endosomal membrane is triggered, releasing the RNA genome into the cytoplasm. We found that while macropinocytotic uptake of filamentous EBOV viruslike particles (VLPs) expressing the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) occurs relatively quickly, VLPs only begin to enter the cytoplasm after a 30-min lag, considerably later than particles bearing the influenza hemagglutinin or GP from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, which enter through late endosomes (LE). For EBOV, the long lag is not due to the large size or unusual shape of EBOV filaments, the need to prime EBOV GP to the 19-kDa receptor-binding species, or a need for unusually low endosomal pH. In contrast, since we observed that EBOV entry occurs upon arrival in Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1)-positive endolysosomes (LE/Lys), we propose that trafficking to LE/Lys is a key rate-defining step. Additional experiments revealed, unexpectedly, that severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) S-mediated entry also begins only after a 30-min lag. Furthermore, although SARS does not require NPC1 for entry, SARS entry also begins after colocalization with NPC1. Since the only endosomal requirement for SARS entry is cathepsin L activity, we tested and provide evidence that NPC1 + LE/Lys have higher cathepsin L activity than LE, with no detectable activity in earlier endosomes. Our findings suggest that both EBOV and SARS traffic deep into the endocytic pathway for entry and that they do so to access higher cathepsin activity. IMPORTANCE Ebola virus is a hemorrhagic fever virus that causes high fatality rates when it spreads from zoonotic vectors into the human population. Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causes severe respiratory distress in infected patients. A devastating outbreak of EBOV occurred in West Africa in 2014, and there was a significant outbreak of SARS in 2003. No effective vaccine or treatment has yet been approved for either virus. We present evidence that both viruses traffic late into the endocytic pathway, to NPC1 + LE/Lys, in order to enter host cells, and that they do so to access high levels of cathepsin activity, which both viruses use in their fusion-triggering mechanisms. This unexpected similarity suggests an unexplored vulnerability, trafficking to NPC1 + LE/Lys, as a therapeutic target for SARS and EBOV.
Proton pickup from 27Al via the (n, d) reaction at 56.3 MeV☆

Abstract Energy spectra of deuterons from the 27 Al(n, d) 26 Mg reaction due to 56.3 MeV neutrons incident have been measured for 10° ≦ θ c.m. ≦ 55°. The angular distributions for the excitations observed at 0.0, 1.81, and 4.33 MeV are quite well described by DWBA calculations and yield spectroscopic factors in agreement with shell model calculations; but with calculations based on the rotational model, the agreement is less satisfactory particularly for the 4.33 MeV level. For the states at 7.86 and 9.16 MeV the fits, assuming p-shell pick-up, are only fair. Comparison with 27 Al(d, 3 He) 26 Mg measurements shows that the deduced spectroscopic factors for the two reactions agree quite well.
Melatonin Metabolite Excretion Among Cellular Telephone Users

Purpose : The relationship between cellular telephone use and excretion of the melatonin metabolite 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) was evaluated in two populations of male electric utility workers (Study 1, n =149; Study 2, n =77). Materials and methods : Participants collected urine samples and recorded cellular telephone use over 3 consecutive workdays. Personal 60-Hz magnetic field (MF) and ambient light exposures were characterized on the same days using EMDEX II meters. A repeated measures analysis was used to assess the effects of cellular telephone use, alone and combined with MF exposures, after adjustment for age, participation month and light exposure. Results : No change in 6-OHMS excretion was observed among those with daily cellular telephone use >25 min in Study 1 (5 worker-days). Study 2 workers with >25 min cellular telephone use per day (13 worker-days) had lower creatinine-adjusted mean nocturnal 6-OHMS concentrations (p =0.05) and overnight 6-OHMS excretion (p =0.03) compared with ...
TCR Revision Generates Functional CD4+ T Cells

CD4(+)Vβ5(+) peripheral T cells in C57BL/6 mice respond to encounter with a peripherally expressed endogenous superantigen by undergoing either deletion or TCR revision. In this latter process, cells lose surface Vβ5 expression and undergo RAG-dependent rearrangement of endogenous TCRβ genes, driving surface expression of novel TCRs. Although postrevision CD4(+)Vβ5(-)TCRβ(+) T cells accumulate with age in Vβ5 transgenic mice and bear a diverse TCR Vβ repertoire, it is unknown whether they respond to homeostatic and antigenic stimuli and thus may benefit the host. We demonstrate in this study that postrevision cells are functional. These cells have a high rate of steady-state homeostatic proliferation in situ, and they undergo extensive MHC class II-dependent lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Importantly, postrevision cells do not proliferate in response to the tolerizing superantigen, implicating TCR revision as a mechanism of tolerance induction and demonstrating that TCR-dependent activation of postrevision cells is not driven by the transgene-encoded receptor. Postrevision cells proliferate extensively to commensal bacterial Ags and can generate I-A(b)-restricted responses to Ag by producing IFN-γ following Listeria monocytogenes challenge. These data show that rescued postrevision T cells are responsive to homeostatic signals and recognize self- and foreign peptides in the context of self-MHC and are thus useful to the host.