cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bourdieu and Foucault: A Conceptual Integration Toward an Empirical Sociology of Prisons

Although the similarities between them are under analyzed, Pierre Bourdieu’s and Michel Foucault’s theories of culture and power are interrelated in some compelling ways. Outline of a Theory of Practice (1977) and Discipline and Punish (1979) are two of the most influential contributions in post-structural and postmodern theory. Yet, far more attention is paid to Foucault’s contributions in criminology than to Bourdieu’s. This essay brings together the work of these influential theorists to argue for a critical examination of the sociology of prisons. Bourdieu’s concepts of: (1) habitus, (2) ethos, (3) doxa, and (4) the theory of practice are related to Foucault’s ideas about (1) discipline, (2) docile bodies, (3) panopticism, and (4) history of the present by comparing specific examples from the original works. Then, the combination of those primary concepts is used to address specific methodological concerns researchers should consider when doing empirical research in prison.
Attentional origins of the Simon effect : Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence

An electrophysiological analysis of classification in the Garner paradigm was performed to investigate processing origins of the Simon effect. This effect is faster responding when stimulus location, though irrelevant to the task, is congruent with the response to the relevant stimulus dimension than when it is not. Participants used lateral keys to classify the timbre of tones presented to left or right headphones. Differences between S-R congruent and S-R incongruent trials were observed initially in the N2 ERP component (250 ms after stimulus onset), after the N1 component (100 ms after stimulus onset) showed evidence of a failure of selective attention to stimulus location. Reaction times to congruent and incongruent stimuli were strongly associated with the peak latency of the P3 decisional component. The results are consistent with models that attribute the Simon effect to the evidentiary weight attention assigns to spatial location when classifying the stimulus as signaling left or right.
Oligomer distribution in concentrated lactic acid solutions

Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid) is a significant platform chemical for the biorenewable economy. Concentrated aqueous solutions of lactic acid (>30 wt.%) contain a distribution of oligomers that arise via intermolecular esterification. As a result, the titratable acidity changes non-linearly with acid concentration. In this work, the oligomer distribution of lactic acid is characterized using GC, GC/MS, and HPLC to extend existing literature data, and titratable acidity is measured via titration with NaOH. A thermodynamic model with a single parameter is proposed that accurately represents oligomer distribution and titratable acidity over the full range of lactic acid concentrations.
Integrated miRNA and mRNA analysis of time series microarray data

The dynamic temporal regulatory effects of microRNA are not well known. We introduce a technique for integrating miRNA and mRNA time series microarray data with known disease pathology. The integrated analysis includes identifying both mRNA and miRNA that are significantly similar to the quantitative pathology. Potential regulatory miRNA/mRNA target pairs are identified through databases of both predicted and validated pairs. Finally, potential target pairs are filtered by examining the second derivatives of the fold changes over time. Our system was used on genome-wide microarray expression data of mouse lungs (n = 160) following aspiration of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. This system shows promise of readily identifying miRNA for further study as potential biomarker use.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION INDEX OF DEVELOPMENT1

Second language (L2) acquisition researchers have acknowledged the need for an index of development (Hakuta 1975), comparable to the MLU (Mean Length of Utterance) of first language acquisition research, with which L2 researchers could compare populations with similar target language proficiencies. In an attempt to delineate a L2 index of development, 48 compositions written by non-native speakers of English were examined. On an impressionistic basis two researchers independently assigned each composition to one of five levels of proficiency. The compositions at each proficiency level were then analyzed in order to identify the features that made each level unique. The features considered included: writing mechanics, clarity, organization, grammar, lexical choice, number of words, number of T-units (Hunt 1965), average length of T-units, number of error-free T-units, sentence construction, and content. The measures which seemed most suitable as a basis for an index of development were the average length of the T-unit and the total number of error-free T-units per composition. Results, though incomplete, are encouraging. If the successful identification of stages in L2 development can be accomplished, much of the controversy resulting from conflicting claims about learning could be resolved since researchers would be making claims about learners at comparable stages of acquisition of the target language.
1-D Transforms for the Motion Compensation Residual

Transforms used in image coding are also commonly used to compress prediction residuals in video coding. Prediction residuals have different spatial characteristics from images, and it is useful to develop transforms that are adapted to prediction residuals. In this paper, we explore the differences between the characteristics of images and motion compensated prediction residuals by analyzing their local anisotropic characteristics and develop transforms adapted to the local anisotropic characteristics of these residuals. The analysis indicates that many regions of motion compensated prediction residuals have 1-D anisotropic characteristics and we propose to use 1-D directional transforms for these regions. We present experimental results with one example set of such transforms within the H.264/AVC codec and the results indicate that the proposed transforms can improve the compression efficiency of motion compensated prediction residuals over conventional transforms.
Experimental procedures that modify light response frequency of regenerated planaria

Abstract Experimental variables that affect the response of planaria to light (a measure of planaria “learning”) were investigated. Planaria length and conditioned stimulus illuminance were found to have an effect on light response frequency. The origin of regenerated planaria along the central axis of the original worm also had an effect on response frequency. At a moderate level of CS illuminance (500 ft-c) the light response frequency of planaria regenerated from head segments was greater than that of tail segments. When the illuminance was 1000 ft-c, the performances of head and tail segments were indistinguishable. These findings are relevant to past studies which reported that planaria learning survives regeneration because they provide plausible alternative explanations for their behavior.
Uptake of HNO3 on ice under upper tropospheric conditions

The uptake of HNO3 on thin ice films was investigated under upper tropospheric temperature and pressure conditions using a Knudsen cell reactor and FTIR reflection-absorption spectroscopy. Two different HNO3 uptake regimes were noted with the critical threshold being the supercooled H2O/HNO3 liquid isotherm at a specific temperature. For H2O/HNO3 partial pressures below the supercooled H2O/HNO3 liquid isotherm, a time-dependent uptake of HNO3 was observed until the HNO3 surface coverage reached approximately one monolayer. The initial uptake coefficient of HNO3 on the ice film was γ ≥ 0.005 which became progressively smaller until a steady-state uptake coefficient of γ=0.0002±0.0001 was obtained after monolayer coverage of HNO3. In contrast, when H2O and HNO3 partial pressures were greater than the supercooled H2O/HNO3 isotherm, unlimited uptake of HNO3 was observed with an uptake coefficient γ > 0.005. Under these conditions, the infrared spectra showed the formation and continual growth of a supercooled H2O/HNO3 liquid. By using the best estimates of HNO3 mixing ratios and ice surface area densities in the upper troposphere, two limiting cases of HNO3 uptake are discussed in the context of upper tropospheric chemistry.
SO2 absorption cross-section measurements from 320 to 405 NM

Abstract Absorption cross-sections for sulfur dioxide are reported for wavelengths in the range 320–405 nm at a temperature of 298 K and a resolution of 0.10 nm. The results are compared to previous cross-section measurements in this region of the spectrum, and help resolve discrepancies in previous results.
Effects of I/Q mismatch on measurement of periodic movement using a Doppler radar sensor

In this paper, the effect of I/Q mismatch in a 5.8 GHz direct-conversion quadrature Doppler radar sensor detecting periodic movement is studied. The measured movement amplitude under specific I/Q amplitude or phase mismatch is affected by the residual phase, which is determined by the nominal distance from the target to the antenna. It was found that there exist optimal residual phases minimizing the degradation of detection accuracy caused by amplitude and phase mismatches. Experiments were conducted to verify the theory.
Personality changes as a function of minimum competency test success or failure

The present study was conducted to assess the psychological effects of success/failure on the North Carolina Minimum Competency Test (MCT). Measures of self-esteem decreased and neuroticism and apprehension increased following knowledge of MCT failure. However, when high-academic-risk students passed the MCT, indices of dominance/assertiveness increased without corresponding changes in self-esteem, neuroticism, or apprehension. These data were discussed in terms of their relationship to current educational policies as they impact on high school students.
Is it T1me for tissue characterization in myocarditis

One of the major strengths of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is its ability to characterize tissue noninvasively and quantitatively [(1)][1], which facilitates the differential diagnosis of various cardiac conditions, especially the cardiomyopathies. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is the
Drying shrinkage of expansive cements

Drying shrinkage behaviour of expansive cement pastes were studied and compared with those of portland cements. Results indicate that the shrinkage behaviour of these two cements is significantly different from each other. Generally, expansive cements shrink more than portland cements, and especially more so if they have not been adequately cured, i.e. curing period of at least 7 days is necessary to ensure good performance against shrinkage. Internal damage caused by large amounts of expansion leads to a large magnitude of shrinkage. In that event curing does not seem to have any beneficial impact on shrinkage performance. Steel reinforcement also seems to decrease shrinkage magnitude, but it has no effect on the shrinkage characteristic. Much of the research on expansive cements has so far been focused on the expansion behaviour rather than on the shrinkage behaviour. More research on shrinkage is needed to improve its field performance.
Concentrations of arsenic, antimony, and boron in steam and steam condensate at The Geysers, California

Abstract Studies at The Geysers Geothermal Field, California indicate that under some circumstances elements that are transported in the vapor phase can become enriched in the liquid phase. Waters from two condensate traps (steam traps) on steam lines at The Geysers are enriched with arsenic, antimony, and boron compared to the concentrations of these elements in coexisting steam. Concentrations of boron in condensate-trap waters were as high as 160 mg/L, arsenic as high as 35 mg/L, and antimony as high as 200 μg/L. Enrichment of arsenic, antimony, and boron is at least partially controlled by the partitioning of these elements into the liquid phase, according to their vapor-liquid distribution coefficients, after they are transported in steam. Several of the elements that are most soluble in steam, including arsenic and antimony, are part of the trace-element suite that characterizes precious-metal epithermal ore deposits.
The metabolism of the herbicide diphenamid in rats.

Abstract The in vivo metabolism of the herbicide diphenamid (N.N-dimethyldiphenyl-acetamide) was studied in rats. The compound appeared to be well absorbed and relatively easily metabolized to excretable metabolites. The main route of metabolism was found to be N-dealkylation to nordiphenamid which in turn was excreted as an N-glucuronide. The most interesting metabolite found in urine was the O-glucuronide of N-methyl-N-hydroxymethyl diphenylacetamide. The N-hydroxymethyl compound, often suggested as an unstable intermediate in the N-demethylation reaction, was in this case stabilized by glucuronide formation and excreted in urine. A minor pathway of metabolism of diphenamid was found to be p-hydroxylation.
The kinetics of methotrexate distribution in spontaneous canine lymphosarcoma.

A mathematical model is presented to simulate the time-dependent uptake of methotrexate in spontaneous canine lymphosarcomas in vivo.Blood flow rates in these tumors are high so that transport to the tumor is limited by cell membrane resistance. A significant amount of rapidly exchangeable methotrexate appears to exist in extracellular space loosely bound to proteins or cell membranes. Transmembrane drug transport follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with the maximum facilitated transport ranging from 0.002 to 0.007 μg/min/ml for the separate tumors studied and a Michaelis constant for transport equal to 0.2 μg/ml. This is in the range of Michaelis constants reported for normal tissues in rats in vivoand in several cell lines in vitro.
The relationship between the use and effectiveness of imagery: an exploratory investigation

The major purposes of the present investigation were (a) to enhance the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ) by adding an effectiveness component to the already existing frequency component; (b) to assess when, and under what conditions, imagery is being employed by athletes; and (c) to conduct an exploratory analysis of the impact of gender and type of sport on imagery use. Participants were 523 athletes from both individual and team sports at two NCAA Division I universities. They all completed the SIQ, Imagery Use Questionnaire (IUQ) and an open-ended questionnaire assessing their imagery use. Results revealed that both the revised SIQ and IUQ had high internal consistency reliability. Results from the IUQ as well as the open-ended questionnaire, revealed that athletes used imagery predominantly before competition. Open-ended findings revealed that athletes also used imagery in tough/difficult situations where pressure was high. Results are discussed in terms of previous imagery and socialization literature, and practical implications as well as future research directions are offered.
CpG island methylator phenotypes in aging and cancer.

CpG islands are short stretches of CpG rich regions that are frequently associated with the promoter region of genes. Aberrant methylation of CpG islands is one mechanism of inactivating tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in neoplasia, and there is growing evidence that altered cytosine methylation play important roles in cancer development. However, the differences in global CpG island methylation patterns between normal and cancer cells remain poorly understood. By examining a large number of loci in a series of cancers, global methylation profiles can be constructed. Such studies revealed that in colorectal cancer, there appears to be two types of methylation that are associated with cancer progression: type A (for age-related) methylation, and type C (for cancer-specific) methylation. Initially, type A methylation arises as a function of age in normal colorectal epithelial cells. By affecting genes that regulate the growth and/or differentiation of these cells, such methylation may result in a predisposition state that precedes tumor formation in the colon. Type C methylation, by contrast, was found exclusively in a subset of cancers, which display a CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). CIMP is a novel molecular instability pathway that appears to be responsible for most cases of aberrant TSG methylation in colorectal cancer, and which has important interactions with genetic pathways as well. In fact, CIMP+ tumors account for the majority of sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability, through methylation of the mismatch repair gene hMLH1. This model whereby age-related methylation increases cell-susceptibility to transformation and cancer-specific methylation results in neoplastic progression in a subset of cases may be applicable to many human neoplasms.
High-resolution numerical simulation and analysis of Mach reflection structures in detonation waves in low-pressure H2 - O2 - Ar mixtures: a summary of results obtained with the adaptive mesh refinement framework AMROC

Numerical simulation can be key to the understanding of the multidimensional nature of transient detonation waves. However, the accurate approximation of realistic detonations is demanding as a wide range of scales needs to be resolved. This paper describes a successful solution strategy that utilizes logically rectangular dynamically adaptive meshes. The hydrodynamic transport scheme and the treatment of the nonequilibrium reaction terms are sketched. A ghost fluid approach is integrated into the method to allow for embedded geometrically complex boundaries. Large-scale parallel simulations of unstable detonation structures of Chapman-Jouguet detonations in low-pressure hydrogen-oxygen-argon mixtures demonstrate the efficiency of the described techniques in practice. In particular, computations of regular cellular structures in two and three space dimensions and their development under transient conditions, that is, under diffraction and for propagation through bends are presented. Some of the observed patterns are classified by shock polar analysis, and a diagram of the transition boundaries between possible Mach reflection structures is constructed.
The normal spectral emissivity of isotropic and anisotropic materials

Abstract The correlation of structural anisotropy with the normal spectral emissivity of pyrolytic graphite is discussed relative to polycrystalline graphite and to isotropic single crystal nickel. Results reported include data in the near infrared (1.5–13μ) at temperatures between 800 and 1200°C in a hydrogen atmosphere. Photomicrographs (up to 1000×), interference photographs, and X-ray orientation patterns were taken of all surfaces before and after the experiments to insure that no surface changes had taken place. The pyrolytic graphite C -face ( c -axis perpendicular to the surface) exhibits a spectral dispersion similar to that predicted theoretically for the same orientation of single crystal graphite. The normal spectral emissivity of the C -face is on the average a factor of 2 to 3 lower than the A -face ( c -axis parallel to the surface) and similar to a metal in its variation with wavelength. The Hagen-Rubens relation developed for metals in the infrared appears to hold qualitatively for pyrolytic graphite in that the lower emissivity face corresponds to the lower electrical resistivity direction. Normal spectral measurements on a series of cross-sections between the two major orientations of pyrolytic graphite have been made and shown to have similar trends as calculated and observed from visible reflectivity data for single crystal graphite. High purity and dense polycrystalline graphite shows a spectral dispersion similar to the A -face pyrolytic graphite, but with generally higher emissivity values due to the effect of the pores invariably present. The emissivity of pyrolytic and polycrystalline graphites are essentially temperature independent in contrast to the observed orientation dependence of the former.
Running in Three Dimensions: Analysis of a Point-mass Sprung-leg Model

We analyze a simple model for running: a three-dimensional spring-loaded inverted pendulum carrying a point mass (3D-SLIP). Our formulation reduces to the sagittal plane SLIP and horizontal plane lateral leg spring (LLS) models in the appropriate limits. Using the intrinsic geometry and symmetries and appealing to the case of stiff springs, in which gravity may be neglected during stance, we derive an explicit approximate mapping describing stride-to-stride behavior. We thereby show that all left-right symmetric periodic gaits are unstable, deriving a particularly simple mapping for sagittal plane dynamics. Continuation to fixed points for the "exact" mapping confirms instability of these gaits, and we describe a simple feedback stabilization scheme for leg placement at touchdown.
The imaging and neuropathological effects of Bevacizumab (Avastin) in patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.

Bevacizumab (Avastin, Genetech/Roche) is an anti-angiogenic drug approved for treating patients with malignant gliomas that reduces edema and mass effect, but has been suggested to promote multifocal tumor spread within the brain. Patients with systemic malignancies are also treated with bevacizumab, but there is limited information regarding effects of the drug on the neuroimaging or neuropathological features of metastatic CNS disease. We report 2 patients with non-small cell lung carcinomas who had received bevacizumab for their systemic cancers and then developed cognitive deficits consistent with white matter dementia. Diagnosis of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) was confounded and delayed by the finding of atypical neuroimaging features, including minimal to absent leptomeningeal enhancement and unusual perivascular and punctate hemorrhagic lesions and multifocal subgyral signal abnormalities suspicious for vasculitis or small vessel vasculopathy. Neuropathological assessment confirmed LC but, in the autopsy case also disclosed extraordinary perivascular spread of individual metastatic tumor cells to the depth of capillaries. The pattern was reminiscent of vascular “cooption” by tumor seen in experimental animals in preclinical trials of bevacizumab. Small infarctions were associated with perivascular tumor and vasculopathy, unusual features of LC in patients who do not receive bevacizumab. In the biopsied patient, multiple perivascular tumor nodules were identified in superficial cortex. In these two patients, bevacizumab appeared to alter neuroimaging characteristics of LC, confounded diagnosis and possibly also influenced the pattern of tumor spread of LC. More cases will need to be studied to confirm this latter finding.
Tensor triangular Chow groups

Abstract We propose a definition of the Chow group of a rigid tensor triangulated category. The basic idea is to allow “generalized” cycles, with non-integral coefficients. The precise choice of relations is open to some fine-tuning.
Transcription Is Required to Establish Maternal Imprinting at the Prader-Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome Locus

The Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS [MIM 17620]) and Angelman syndrome (AS [MIM 105830]) locus is controlled by a bipartite imprinting center (IC) consisting of the PWS-IC and the AS-IC. The most widely accepted model of IC function proposes that the PWS-IC activates gene expression from the paternal allele, while the AS-IC acts to epigenetically inactivate the PWS-IC on the maternal allele, thus silencing the paternally expressed genes. Gene order and imprinting patterns at the PWS/AS locus are well conserved from human to mouse; however, a murine AS-IC has yet to be identified. We investigated a potential regulatory role for transcription from the Snrpn alternative upstream exons in silencing the maternal allele using a murine transgene containing Snrpn and three upstream exons. This transgene displayed appropriate imprinted expression and epigenetic marks, demonstrating the presence of a functional AS-IC. Transcription of the upstream exons from the endogenous locus correlates with imprint establishment in oocytes, and this upstream exon expression pattern was conserved on the transgene. A transgene bearing targeted deletions of each of the three upstream exons exhibited loss of imprinting upon maternal transmission. These results support a model in which transcription from the Snrpn upstream exons directs the maternal imprint at the PWS-IC.
Intermediacy of α-chloro amides in the basic hydrolysis of α-chloro nitriles to ketones

Abstract Isolable α-chloro amides are intermediates in the formation of ketones by basic hydrolysis of α-chloro nitriles. Possible mechanisms for the generation of ketones from α-chloro amides are discussed.
Synoptic climatology and recent climate trends at Lake El'gygytgyn

Abstract. We developed a synoptic climatology for Lake El'gygytgyn, Chukotka Russia, and explored modern climate trends affecting air temperatures there to aid in paleoclimate reconstructions of a 3.6 million-year-old sediment core taken from the lake. Our self-organized mapping (SOM) approach identified 35 synoptic weather patterns, based on sea level pressure, that span the range of synoptic patterns influencing the study domain over the 1961–2009 NCEP/NCAR analysis period. We found strong seasonality in modern weather patterns, with summer weather primarily characterized by weak low pressure systems over the Arctic Ocean or Siberia and winter weather primarily characterized by strong high pressure over the Arctic Ocean and strong low pressure in the Pacific Ocean. In general, the primary source of variation in air temperatures came from the dominant patterns in each season, which we identify in the text, and nearly all of the dominant weather patterns here have shown increasing temperatures. We found that nearly all of the warming in mean annual temperature over the past 50 yr (about 3 °C) occurred during sub-freezing conditions on either side of summer (that is, spring and fall). Here we found that the most summer-like weather patterns (low pressures to the north) in the shoulder seasons were responsible for much of the change. Finally, we compared the warmest 15 yr of the record (1995–2009) to the coolest (1961–1975) and found that changes in thermodynamics of weather were about 3 to 300 times more important than changes in frequency of weather patterns in controlling temperature variations during spring and fall, respectively. That is, in the modern record, general warming (local or advected) is more important by orders of magnitude than changes in storm tracks in controlling air temperature at Lake El'gygytgyn. We conclude with a discussion of how these results may be relevant to the paleoclimate reconstruction efforts and how this relevancy could be tested further.
Widely-tunable optical bandpass filter based on long-range surface plasmon polaritons

We report that unique properties of long-range surface plasmon polaritons (LR SPP) allow one to produce optical components with very wide tuning range using small variations in the refractive index of the dielectric layer. Our filter is based on integration of a thin metal film between two dielectrics with dissimilar refractive index dispersion. In this configuration, the filter only has low insertion loss at a wavelength for which the refractive indices of the top and bottom dielectrics are the same, leading to a bandpass filter. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we present operation of LR-SPP- based bandpass optical filters with refractive index matching fluids on an Au/SiO 2 surface in which a 0.004 variation in the refractive index of the top dielectric translates into 210nm of bandpass tuning at telecom wavelengths. To make a more practical solid-state device, thermo-optic polymer can be used as a top dielectric and we expect that only 8°C of temperature variation translates into 200nm. The tuning mechanism proposed here may be used to create monolithic filters with tuning range spanning over more than an optical octave, compact and widely-tunable laser systems, multi-spectral imagers, and other plasmonic components with broadly-tunable optical response.
A case of hook effect in the serum free light chain assay using the Olympus AU400e

We describe a case where a woman with an IgG lambda monoclonal gammopathy had an undetectable serum free lambda light chain due to antigen excess. The patient had a three year history of multiple myeloma and initially presented with an elevated serum free lambda light chain. The serum free lambda light chain concentration increased over the course of several months to >4000 mg/L (reference interval 5.7-26.3 mg/L) and then suddenly dropped to <3.0 mg/L. Paradoxically, during this time the monoclonal IgG lambda concentration measured using serum protein electrophoresis increased from 44 to 59 g/dL. Serial dilution of the patient's serum specimen revealed that the serum free lambda light chain was actually 3130 mg/L. This case represents an example of antigen excess or 'hook effect' using the serum free light chain assay.
Measurement of the piezoelectric effect in bone using quasiheterodyne holographic interferometry

The piezoelectric properties in bone have been recognized for nearly three decades. Most investigations concerning this effect have focused on strain induced potentials. In this paper, the authors describe a quasi-heterodyne holographic system used to measure the piezoelectric effect in bone. Data are acquired at video rates using four phase shifts and the phase is reconstructed at discrete locations over the surface of the bone. Phase changes can be measured to a precision of at least 4 degrees. The interference fringes are observed in real-time by producing a hologram of dry, bovine tibia held in a vice. A voltage is applied to electrodes on the surface of the bone and a single component of surface displacement is measured. Because the piezoelectric coefficients in bone are extremely small, approximately a picometer per volt, it is useful to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the technique. The method the authors have pursued is to average over repeatedly acquired data sets. The presence of air turbulence, however, requires that compensation for spurious phase changes be applied to the data before averaging. We have developed a technique which compensates for low spatial frequency phase changes, allowing averaging over temporally separated data sets. The basis of the technique is to surround the object by a stationary control. The phase over this control is used to correct for the phase over the object. The corrected phase images are averaged together to improve the background signal-to-noise. The concept was evaluated on an aluminum blade and was shown to improve the phase estimate. Preliminary results on bone indicate cantilever bending due to an applied voltage with a piezoelectric constant of 0.6 pm/V.
Oncogenic Ras-mediated Cell Growth Arrest and Apoptosis are Associated with Increased Ubiquitin-dependent Cyclin D1 Degradation

The cellular responses to activated Ras vary depending on cell type. Normal cells are often induced into pathways that lead to cell growth arrest, senescence, and/or apoptosis in response to activated Ras expression. These are important protective anti-tumorigenic responses that restrict the propagation of cells bearing activated oncogenes. Here we show that induction of Ha-Ras(Val-12) in Rat-1 fibroblasts resulted in G(1) growth arrest and apoptosis with loss of viable cells that is accompanied by a marked decrease in cyclin D1 levels via increased ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent cyclin D1 turnover. This is in contrast with a rat intestinal epithelial cell line in which induction of Ha-Ras(Val-12) results in transformation associated with sustained proliferation and increased levels of cyclin D1, that is not accompanied by anoikis or apoptosis. Expression of the cyclin D1 mutant (T286A) that contains an alanine for threonine 286 substitution and is resistant to ubiquitin-proteasome degradation in the Ha-Ras(Val-12) expressing Rat-1 cells resulted in a sustained transformed phenotype with no accumulation of cells in G(1). Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK1/2) pathway partially reversed the Ras-mediated decrease in cyclin D1. Induction of Ha-Ras(Val-12) resulted in activation of Akt kinase and inactivation of glycogen-synthase-3beta kinase that are associated with reduction of cyclin D1 protein. These results suggest that Ras-mediated cyclin D1 degradation in Rat-1 cells appears to be partially dependent on activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and independent of glycogen-synthase-3beta kinase pathway.
Rayleigh scattering limits for low-level bidirectional reflectance distribution function measurements: corrigendum

In previous research [ C. C. Asmail Appl. Opt.33, 6084–6091 (1994)] an estimate was given of the low-level bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) limit due to Rayleigh scattering from the air molecules within the detector field of view. Although the underlying model was correct, a fault in the derivation led to a conclusion that contains an erroneous angular factor. A cosine factor in the equivalent BRDF derived by Asmail [Appl. Opt.33, 6084–6091 (1994)], which was considered unphysical in that treatment, is incorrect and can obscure the correction in certain circumstances. The treatment below calculates the scattered flux from the gas molecules in the field of view and compares it with the flux scattered from a sample in the same incident beam.
Real-time analysis for short-term prognosis in intensive care

There is a tremendous amount of data available to physicians at the point of care in intensive care environments; however, physicians do not have the tools to extract relevant clinical information in a timely manner. They mostly rely on manual inspection of the data to make diagnosis and prognosis. New software technologies make it possible to automatically generate meaningful information in real-time from the physiological data streams of patients. These real-time monitoring software technologies can support multiple concurrent patients and have been developed mainly to be applied in a reactive way, for the detection of patient complications. This paper proposes ways to extend these real-time monitoring technologies to help intensive care become more proactive. We present a system design and algorithms for a prototype system that produces in real-time short-term predictions of patient physiological data from live and historical patient data. One technique is based solely on the patient's own live data streams. The other technique is based on comparing the patient's physiological data streams with data streams of similar patients that have been monitored in the past. An extensive experimental study of this system is proposed to evaluate its predictive ability.
540 A KERATAN AND HEPARAN SULFATURIA - A NEW MUCOPOLYSAC- CHARIDOSIS WITH N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE 6− SULFATASE DEFICIENCY

A 3½-year old child with severe skeletal dysplasia similar to Morquio syndrome, but with mental retardation had increased urinary mucopolysaccharides with unusual composition of 20% heparan sulfate and 75% keratan sulfate. Extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts from the patient contained normal levels of aryl sulfatases A, B and C, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase and β-galactosidase. Fibroblast extracts were incubated with (35S) N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate as substrate and were found to have normal activity of the enzyme hydrolyzing this substrate. This finding is in contrast to Morquio syndrome where a deficiency of this enzyme is characteristic. A disaccharide containing (35S) N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate was prepared from chick embryo keratan sulfate. A profound deficiency in the hydrolysis of 35SO4 (1%) from this substrate was observed, while extracts of Morquio and normal fibroblasts readily hydrolyze (25%) 35SO4 from this substrate. On the basis of these data a new mucopoly-saccharidosis, distinct from Morquio syndrome, with a different sulfatase deficiency (N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase) is described. The deficiency in Morquio syndrome is that of N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose 6-sulfatase. DiFerrante et al. (Science, in press) have reported similar findings in another patient. Supported by Nat'l Foundation Grant 244-39-66-321.
The Dynamic Topology Of Sexually Transmitted Disease Epidemics: Implications For Prevention Strategies

Each sexually transmitted disease (STD) epidemic evolves through predictable phases, shaped by a dynamic interplay among the pathogen, the behaviors of the subpopulations in which it emerges, and the prevention efforts that are developed to limit its impact. As STD epidemics move through these phases, the sexual and social networks that fuel them become located in subpopulations characterized by progressively higher rates of sex partner change and less contact with the health care system. As a result, phase-appropriate prevention strategies and research issues are essential to reducing STDs and their consequences.
Incorporating heterogeneous distance metrics within block layout design

This paper focuses on optimal design of block layouts when using more than one distance metric within a single facility. Previous work in block layout has assumed a single distance metric, usually the shortest rectilinear distance between department centroids, during the design step. However, most facilities have more than one method of material handling and alternative material handling systems can imply alternative distance metrics and cost structures. Specifically, up to three distance metrics within a single facility are considered--the shortest rectilinear distance between centroids (appropriate for automated guided vehicles and forklift trucks), the Tchebychev (maximum) distance (appropriate for overhead cranes) and the shortest Euclidean distance between centroids (appropriate for conveyor lines). Optimal block layouts using each of these distance metrics individually and then collectively are compared and contrasted. This approach can also be used to compare layouts when the choice of material han...
An advanced nonlinear switched heat exchanger model for vapor compression cycles using the moving-boundary method

Simulation is commonly used to develop control and diagnostic algorithms. Because vapor compression cycles are essentially heat management devices, transient and steady-state heat exchanger performance must be predicted accurately. However, for hardware- and software-in-the-loop purposes, the simulation must run in real-time. To reconcile these competing needs, a new lumped parameter or moving-boundary heat exchanger model was created. Accuracy concerns are addressed by including finned surfaces, nonlinear air temperature distributions, and non-circular passages. In its current form, the model is applicable to single pass, cross-flow heat exchangers. The mathematical basis of the model is given and shown to be consistent with integral forms of the energy and continuity equations. Although known to be more computationally efficient than finite volume models, moving-boundary models become singular and fail under certain conditions. To address this shortcoming, particular attention was focused on algorithms for switching between different representations and rezoning wall temperatures. Robustness to changing flow regimes is demonstrated through simulation test cases, and model application to a chiller system is shown. As such, the model provides improved accuracy, robustness, and operating range while maintaining real-time capability.
THE INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF LANGUAGE AND QUESTION FORMAT ON ACCOUNTING STUDENTS' PERFORMANCE

This article reports the results of research to determine if a significant interactive effect exists between students' lingual background (English as a primary language [EPL] versus English as a secondary language [ESL]) and question format on students' examination scores. Students were administered examinations made up of four subtests covering the same subject matter. The subtests were composed of four question formats: multiple choice quantitative, multiple choice theoretical, open-ended quantitative, and open-ended essay questions. Based on analysis of variance and analysis of covariance, significant differences were observed between EPL and ESL students depending on the type of question on the examination.
Equilibrium polymerization of α‐methylstyrene. Part I. Initiation by means of sodium naphthalene and sodium diphenylacetylene at 0°C.

The equilibrium polymerization of α-methylstyrene at 0°C. has been investigated, sodium naphthalene and sodium diphenylacetylene being used as initiators. With both initiators, the extrapolated equilibrium monomer concentration has been found to be equal to 0.89 mole/kg. This value remained unchanged when the sodium counterion accompanying the initiator was replaced by cesium. When sodium naphthalene is used for the polymerization, the initiator step consists of an equilibrium electron transfer reaction, where the equilibrium constant has a high value. In the sodium diphenylacetylene system, the initiation consists of an equilibrium step involving bond formation between the monomer and initiator, and the equilibrium constant has a sufficiently low value to be determined practically. Spectroscopic evidence for the presence of an initiator fragment in the polymer chain has been presented. The general equilibrium theory of polymerization has been applied to the present system and equations have been derived correlating degree of polymerization with the initial monomer and initiator concentration as well as with the equilibrium constants. Good agreement has been obtained between the theoretical calculations and experimental results.
Early detection of dental caries using photoacoustics

For decades, visual, tactile and radiographic examinations have been the standard for diagnosing caries. Nonetheless, the extent of variation in the diagnosis of dental caries is substantial among dental practitioners using these traditional techniques. Therefore, a more reliable standard for detecting incipient caries would be desirable. Using photoacoustics, near-infrared (NIR) optical contrast between sound and carious dental tissues can be relatively easily and accurately detected at ultrasound resolution. In this paper, a pulsed laser (Nd:YAG, Quanta-Ray) was used to probe extracted human molars at different disease stages determined from periapical radiographs. Both fundamental (1064nm) and first harmonic (532nm) pulses (15ns pulse length, 100mJ at fundamental and 9mJ at first harmonic , 10Hz pulse repetition rate) were used to illuminate the occlusal surface of tooth samples placed in a water tank. The photoacoustic signal was recorded with an unfocused wideband single-element piezoelectric transducer (centered at 12 MHz, bandwidth 15 MHz) positioned at small angle (less than 30 degrees) to the laser beam close to the occlusal surface. At the fundamental wavelength, total photoacoustic energy increases from normal to incipient stage disease by as much as a factor of 10. Differences between photoacoustic energy at the fundamental and first harmonic wavelength further indicate spectral absorption changes of the underlying structure with disease progression. Using a focused laser beam, an extracted molar with suspected incipient caries was scanned along the occulusal surface to help localize the caries inside enamel and dentin. The significantly increasing photoacoustic signal at a specific scan line both at fundamental and first harmonic indicates the local development of the incipient caries. The photoacoustic results compare well with visual inspection after layer by layer dissection. Preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting incipient occlusal and proximal caries. This technique may ultimately allow for continuous monitoring of caries before and during treatment.
Management of prostatic abscess with community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after straddle injury to the urethra.

Management of Prostatic Abscess with Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus after Straddle Injury to the Urethra Alan Shindel;Michael Darcy;Steven Brandes; The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care
Interventions for Improving Leadership Effectiveness

The task of intervening to increase leadership effectiveness is to help learners become aware of counterproductive reasoning (defensive reasoning occasioned by threat, as opposed to productive reasoning) and to educate them in additional methods of reasoning and action. Two cases which have been utilised worldwide illustrate how focusing on generic competences can aid leaders in solving complex and threatening issues. The end result is to increase organisations' capacity to learn how to learn, so that intentions can be successfully implemented and individual or organisational capacity controlled.
Measurement of Moisture Boundary Layers and Leaf Transpiration with a Microwave Refractometer

Measurement of Moisture Boundary Layers and Leaf Transpiration with a Microwave Refractometer
Transmission Schemes for Multicarrier Broadcast and Unicast Hybrid Systems

Wireless infrastructures can be conveniently categorized into two types: those that provide point-to-point dasiaunicastpsila connectivity (e.g., cellular) and others that are dasiabroadcastpsila in nature (such as TV and radio) and are inherently point-to-multipoint. This paper introduces a transmission scheme for multicarrier hybrid system that supports both broadcasting and unicasting on a single-frequency platform. In particular, we present a dirty-paper coding (DPC) based overlay architecture to enable interference-free reception of unicast signals. The fundamental limits of hybrid communications are investigated, along with power allocation algorithms that approach the hybrid capacity. Our results show that OFDMA for unicast offers the best hybrid performance and considerable gains over orthogonal multiplexing (e.g., TDM/FDM) can be achieved through interference-free overlay. In addition, we describe approaches to further improve the spectral efficiency and the broadcast coverage through multicell collaboration.
5. Autoreducibility of Complete Languages

This chapter looks at another property of complete languages that allows us to separate complexity classes, namely their redundancy. We will investigate a very general notion of redundancy, known as autoreducibility.
Measuring Need to Achieve by n Ach-n Aff Scale—A Forced-Choice Questionnaire:

To measure the need to achieve (n Ach), a questionnaire was constructed which required the subject to make a forced choice on each of 30 pairs of adjectives. Half the adjectives were based on the Need for Achievement scale and the other half on the Need for Affiliation scale of Gough's Adjective Check List. When the questionnaire was scored in the n Ach direction, differences between sex and age groupings of college students were negligible and nonsignificant, but scores for males were positively and significantly correlated with grades on midterms and GPA, whereas correlations for female students were low, positive, and significant only at the 10% level. Bank tellers' n Ach scores correlated positively with supervisors' ratings and were significantly lower than those of college students. Expectant mothers were the lowest scoring group on n Ach, while male Chinese-speaking immigrants under 30 scored the highest. Results were considered to be consistent with previous research and with expectations based on...