cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence and bioassay for diuretic factors in the nervous system of larvalHeliothis virescens

Diuretic factors were studied in the central nervous system of larvae of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens, using [14C]urea as a sensitive indicator for water movement through isolated Malpighian tubules. The assay required Na+ and a pH of 6.0–6.2 for maximum activity. Malpighian tubules had high secretory activity in feeding larvae of the fifth instar, but the activity declined during the burrowing-digging stage that preceded pupation. Malpighian tubules from starved larvae showed a greater response to extracts of nervous tissues than did tubules from feeding larvae, and extracts showed a dose-response relationship with fluid secretion. Diuretic activity was distributed throughout all parts of the central nervous system with the brain having the most activity. Brain extracts increased fluid secretion by in vitro Malpighian tubules by more than 3-fold and doubled the rate of dye clearance from the hemolymph in vivo. Diuretic activity in nervous tissue extracts was unaffected by boiling but sensitive to proteases. Fluid secretion by in vitro tubules was increased by cAMP, dbcAMP, theophylline, octopamine and dopa. These studies provide evidence for the presence of diuretic factors in the central nervous system ofH. virescens larvae and describe a sensitive bioassay for these factors.
Decreased lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats after preoperative administration of cyclosporine and tacrolimus

Abstract Objectives: Calcineurin inhibitors reduce experimental reperfusion injury in the liver, brain, heart, kidney, and small bowel. These studies were undertaken to determine whether these agents are similarly protective against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods: Left lungs of male rats were rendered ischemic for 90 minutes and reperfused for as long as 4 hours. Treated animals received cyclosporine A (INN: ciclosporin; 1 or 5 mg/kg) or tacrolimus (0.2 mg/kg) 6 hours before ischemia, at reperfusion, or 2 hours after reperfusion. Injury was quantitated in terms of tissue polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation (myeloperoxidase content), vascular permeability (iodine 125-labeled bovine serum albumin extravasation), and bronchoalveolar lavage leukocyte content. Separate tissue samples were processed for nuclear protein and cytokine messenger RNA. Results: Treatment with cyclosporine (5 mg/kg) or tacrolimus (0.2 mg/kg) 6 hours before reperfusion reduced lung vascular permeability by 54% and 56% relative to control animals ( P P P Conclusion: Cyclosporine and tacrolimus treatment before reperfusion was protective against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. The mechanism of these protective effects may involve the inhibition of nuclear factor κB, a central transcription factor mediating inflammatory injury. The decreased expression of cytokine messenger RNA indicates that both cyclosporine and tacrolimus may exert their protective effects at the pretranscriptional level. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:756-67
Interferometric measurement of phase change on reflection

We show an interferometric method for measuring phase change with known uncertainty. Because this measurement uses the backreflection from a sample, the height is intrinsically removed, and only the phase change is measured. The uncertainty in the phase change measurement is +/-3.8 degrees and is dominated by the background subtraction method. We also investigate the effect of the phase change on the interferometric radius measurement. The theoretical worst-case error in the interferometric radius measurement due to the phase change is 30 nm.
Structure and reorientation kinetics of hydrogen passivated shallow impurities in silicon from vibrational spectroscopy

Abstract A survey is presented of what has been learned from vibrational spectroscopy and theory about the structure and reorientation kinetics of hydrogen-passivated shallow impurities in Si.
Helicity modulus as renormalized coupling in the O(3) σ-model

Abstract For the family of O( n ) invariant nonlinear σ -models we consider boundary conditions that are periodic up to an O( n ) rotation. The helicity modulus is related to the change in free energy under variations of the corresponding angle. It defines a nonperturbative finite volume running coupling similar to the Schrodinger functional for QCD. For the two-dimensional O(3)-model we investigate this quantity by analytical and numerical techniques. We establish its universal continuum relation to the finite volume massgap coupling at all scales and coupling strengths.
Visual and statistical analysis of clinical time series data

A procedure combining visual analysis and ordinary least squares regression provides a straightforward approach for evaluating clinical interventions using time series data.
CD-NP: An Innovative Designer Natriuretic Peptide Activator of Particulate Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors for Cardiorenal Disease

The natriuretic peptide (NP) family consists of structurally similar, although physiologically distinct, peptides that play an important role in cardiorenal homeostasis. CD-NP is a novel chimeric natriuretic peptide developed by the Mayo Clinic, in which the 15-amino acid COOH-terminus of dendroaspis NP is fused to C-type NP. CD-NP is a dual activator of NP receptors A and B, and therefore, possesses the strong antiproliferative and antifibrotic properties of C-type NP with the potent natriuretic, diuretic, and aldosterone-inhibiting properties of dendroaspis NP. CD-NP has favorable cardiorenal properties when compared to recombinant B-type NP (nesiritide), including preservation of glomerular filtration rate with minimal blood pressure-lowering effects. Thus, CD-NP has emerged as an appealing novel therapeutic strategy for heart failure. The endogenous NP system, the development rationale for CD-NP, as well as in vitro, animal, and human studies and future directions will be reviewed.
The Stochastic Flamelet Model of turbulent premixed combustion

A new stochastic model is presented and used to calculate the properties of turbulent premixed flames in the flame-sheet regime. The flame sheet is represented statistically by infinitestimal flamelets, each characterized by its position, its unit normal vector, and its (in finitesimal) area. The evolution of the position and normal are completely determined by the fluid velocity and its spatial derivatives following the flamelet, which are modeled by stochastic processes. The flamelet area changes by stretching caused by velocity gradients, by the propagation of cusps, and because of curvature. An additional model is developed to account for the latter two mechanisms. The stochastic Flamelet Model is used in conjunction with the joint pdf approach to make calculations of non-stationary, statistically plane turbulent premixed flames. These calculations demonstrate the practicality of the method and illustrate its attributes Because it contains a natural and comprehensive statistical description of the flame sheet, the model allows the essential physical processes to be incorporated in a straigtforward manner.
Mussels: The forgotten fauna of regulated rivers. A case study of the Caney Fork River

During the past century freshwater mussel populations have declined precipitously throughout North America. Much of this loss has resulted from the construction of dams. In the Cumberland River system, 23% (22 species) of the historic mussel fauna is extinct or listed as endangered. Several additional species have either been extirpated from the Cumberland River or exist only in small, non-reproducing populations. Mussels of headwater streams have been severely affected by coal mining and poor land use practices. An intensive survey was conducted in the Caney Fork River, a major tributary to the Cumberland River, to determine the historic and extant mussel fauna. The results indicate that at least 37 species of mussels have been extirpated from the Caney Fork River, mainly as a result of the construction and operation of the Center Hill Dam. Among the species extirpated, two are now extinct, five are endangered and five are candidates for listing as threatened or endangered. Effects associated with this dam include the inundation of 102 km of riverine habitat, the discharge of hypolimnetic water (which limits mussel reproduction) and an alternating pattern of stream bed scouring and dewatering. The recognition of mussel life history requirements during preconstruction could have reduced many of these effects.
Recombinant prolylcarboxypeptidase activates plasma prekallikrein.

The serine protease prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP), isolated from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), is a plasma prekallikrein (PK) activator. PRCP cDNA was cloned in pMT/BIP/V5-HIS-C, transfected into Schneider insect (S2) cells, and purified from serum-free media. Full-length recombinant PRCP (rPRCP) activates PK when bound to high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK). Recombinant PRCP is inhibited by leupeptin, angiotensin II, bradykinin, anti-PRCP, diisopropyl-fluorophosphonate (DFP), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and Z-Pro-Proaldehyde-dimethyl acetate, but not by 1 mM EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), bradykinin 1-5, or angiotensin 1-7. Corn trypsin inhibitor binds to prekallikrein to prevent rPRCP activation, but it does not directly inhibit the active site of either enzyme. Unlike factor XIIa, the ability of rPRCP to activate PK is blocked by angiotensin II, not by neutralizing antibody to factor XIIa. PRCP antigen is detected on HUVEC membranes using flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy. PRCP antigen does not colocalize with LAMP1 on nonpermeabilized HUVECs, but it partially colocalizes in permeabilized cells. PRCP colocalizes with all the HK receptors, gC1qR, uPAR, and cytokeratin 1 antigen, on nonpermeabilized HUVECs. PRCP activity and antigen expression on cultured HUVECs are blocked by a morpholino antisense oligonucleotide. These investigations indicate that rPRCP is functionally identical to isolated HUVEC PRCP and is a major HUVEC membrane-expressed, PK-activating enzyme detected in the intravascular compartment. (Blood. 2004;103:4554-4561)
Tissue and plasma peptidase activity is altered during hypothermic hibernation in the 13 lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus).

Abstract Adult 13 lined ground squirrels were monitored for entry into a state of hypothermic hibernation or arousal in a cold room on a photoperiod LD 2:22. Once animals developed predictable hibernation patterns, animals were killed at the mid point of hypothermic hibernation or arousal for determination of plasma and tissue: angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (Kininase II) activity. Enzyme was extracted from plasma, lung, kidney, liver, forebrain and brainstem and assayed in vitro. During hypothermic hibernation enzyme activity is significantly decreased in all tissues examined. These data suggest that the activity of tissue and plasma peptidases are altered during the cyclic torporous periods characteristic of hibernation in this species.
Arena of technological policy

Directing Technology. Edited by R. Johnston and P. Gummett. Pp. 271. (Groom Helm: London, 1979.) £10.95.
Chronic Vitamin A Intake Affects the Expression of mRNA for Apolipoprotein A-I, but Not for Nuclear Retinoid Receptors, in Liver of Young and Aging Lewis Rats

We have investigated the effects of chronic retinoid status and age on the steady-state levels in rat liver of the mRNAs for the retinoid-responsive gene apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), and for three nuclear retinoid receptors, RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, and RXR-alpha. Weanling male Lewis rats (five per age-diet group) were fed a semi-synthetic diet with vitamin A at marginal, control, or supplemented levels until they were 2 or 8 months of age. The relative abundance of apo A-I mRNA (compared to beta-actin which did not differ among treatments) was about 50% lower in aging versus young rats, regardless of their vitamin A status. For both ages, apo A-I mRNA was approximately 40-50% higher (P 0.05) for the vitamin A-supplemented groups than the controls. Neither chronic diet nor age affected the levels of mRNA for RAR-alpha or RXR-alpha, two major retinoid receptors in liver, or for RAR-beta, a receptor known to be autoregulated by RA. Although vitamin A did not have a significant effect on the mRNA levels of the receptors examined in this study, they are still likely to be involved in regulating apo A-I gene expression because in vitro studies have shown that both RAR-alpha and RXR-alpha bind to the regulatory region of the apo A-I gene.
Mechanisms of recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: T cell deletion and immune deviation in myelin basic protein T cell receptor transgenic mice.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a Th1-type cell-mediated autoimmune disease directed against central nervous system (CNS) myelin antigens such as myelin basic protein (MBP). EaE is usually characterized by spontaneous remission of clinical disease and immune pathology despite the persistence of self myelin antigens in the central nervous system. Following induction of an acute episode of EAE, spontaneous remission also occurs in MBP T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice even through most T cells express a TCT specific for MBP. To investigate the mechanisms of recovery associated with EAE, we examined the behavior of MBP-specific T cells in the MBP TCR transgenic mouse model during disease progression and recovery. We found that recovery from EAE was associated with three major immunologic changes: (1) deletion of encephalitogenic T cells in the brain; (2) deviation of MBP-specific transgenic (Tg+) T cells both in the periphery and in the central nervous system from INF- gamma secretin Th1 type cells to cells that secrete IL-4, IL-10, and TGF- beta ; and (3) deletion of Tg+ T cells in the thymus through apoptosis. Thus spontaneous recovery from a classic Th1 type organ specific autoimmune disease is associated with two mechanisms of immune tolerance, deletion of autoreactive cells and immune deviation of autoreactive cells to a non-pathogenic phenotype.
The antihemorrhagic factor of the Mexican ground squirrel, (Spermophilus mexicanus)

The Mexican ground squirrel (Spermophilus mexicanus) has a natural resistance to western diamondback rattlesnake venom (Crotalus atrox). The LD50 for the Mexican ground squirrel is 53 mg/kg body weight, which is 13 times higher than that of BALB/c mice. An antihemorrhagic factor from serum of the Mexican ground squirrel was isolated using Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, ion exchange A-50, G-75 gel filtration and HPLC DEAE 5PW ion exchange chromatography. The purified factor neutralized proteolytic and hemorrhagic activity of crude C. atrox venom. The results of this research suggest that the antihemorrhagic factor in the serum of the Mexican ground squirrel is not an antibody and neutralizes hemorrhagic activity of C. atrox venom.
Fatigue and fracture mechanics

Abstract The application of methods of fracture mechanics to the prediction of fatigue life presupposes the existence of a single flaw of ‘critical’ size the slow propagation of which, under repeated cyclic loading, represents the relevant damage mechanism that governs ‘fatigur’ until the flaw has grown to unstable size. The conditions under which this approach to fatigue provides a reasonable model of real behavior are, however, exactly the conditions that should be avoided by adequate fatigue design. Thus the merit of fracture mechanics with respect to fatigue is not in the realistic modeling of the fatigue process in its various aspects, but in the delimitation of the conditions under which this process approaches the model too closely for purposes of design. The paper discusses the different aspects of the fatigue process in relation to the basic concepts of fracture mechanics.
Molecular-beam study of the adsorption and desorption of hydrogen sulfide on Ag?111?

Abstract The adsorption and desorption of hydrogen sulfide on Ag{111} has been studied with molecular-beam methods and temperature-programmed desorption. Precursor adsorption kinetics were observed for H2S on the Ag{111} at 80 K. The initial sticking probability for H2S on Ag{111} is so=0.95±0.05, below 110 K. The results showed that, at 80 K, the H2S adsorbs reversibly into a physisorbed state, which desorbs at ∼97 K. Dissociative chemisorption was not observed for H2S on the clean Ag{111} substrate at below 100 K, in contrast with results obtained on transition metals. The desorption kinetics showed marked dependence on substrate pre-treatment.
The influence of additive molecular weight and ionic nature on the pool boiling performance of aqueous surfactant solutions

Abstract Saturated nucleate pool boiling on a horizontal cylindrical heater in aqueous solutions of surfactants, which have different molecular weights and ionic character, has been experimentally investigated. Two anionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), and two nonionic surfactants, Triton X-100 and Triton X-305, were used; their molecular weights are 288.3, 422, 624 and 1526, respectively. The boiling performance, characterized by an early onset of nucleate boiling, is significantly enhanced, and the maximum enhancement increases with decreasing surfactant molecular weight. Also, the heat transfer coefficient, normalized by dynamic σ (at 50 ms, 80°C), scales as h∝Mn with n=−0.5 and 0 for anionics and nonionics, respectively. This scaling follows from the postulation that the solution's dynamic surface tension is determined by the surfactant concentration and its interfacial activity in the sublayer around the growing bubble. Correspondingly, boiling of these solutions is directly influenced by the ionic character and molecular makeup of this sublayer.
Nature lovers and other villains

Nature's Keepers: The New Science of Nature Management. By Stephen Budiansky. Free Press/Weidenfeld and Nicolson: 1995. Pp. 310. $25, £18.99.
Proprioception of the shoulder joint in healthy, unstable, and surgically repaired shoulders

Shoulder proprioception was measured in 90 subjects who were assigned to three experimental groups: group 1 (n = 40), healthy college-age subjects; group 2 (n = 30), patients with anterior instability; and group 3 (n = 20), patients who have had surgical reconstruction. Kinesthesia and joint position sense were measured with a specially designed proprioception testing device. The results revealed no significant differences in proprioception between dominant and nondominont shoulders in group 1 for any test condition. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were revealed between the unstable and uninvolved shoulder for both kinesthesia and joint position sense in group 2. No significant mean differences were revealed between the surgical and contralaterol shoulder in group 3 under any test condition. This series of studies provides evidence that proprioceptive deficits caused by partial deafferentiation result when copsuloligomentous structures are damaged. Reconstructive surgery appears to restore some of these proprioception characteristics.
Design of transonic airfoil sections using a similarity theory

A study of the available methods for transonic airfoil and wing design indicates that the most powerful technique is the numerical optimization procedure. However, the computer time for this method is relatively large because of the amount of computation required in the searches during optimization. The optimization method requires that base and calibration solutions be computed to determine a minimum drag direction. The design space is then computationally searched in this direction; it is these searches that dominate the computation time. A recent similarity theory allows certain transonic flows to be calculated rapidly from the base and calibration solutions. In this paper the application of the similarity theory to design problems is examined with the object of at least partially eliminating the costly searches of the design optimization method. An example of an airfoil design is presented.
Group representations in certain lattices of propositions

Preparatory to a possible in-depth study of dynamical symmetries in quantal systems, this paper establishes the fundamental aspects of group representations in complete orthocomplemented weakly modular lattices (CROC's). Several related results, pertaining to the structure, direct sum decomposition, and invariance of CROC's, are also found.
Ultrasound evaluation of renal parenchymal disease and hydronephrosis.

The ultrasonic findings in renal disease are reviewed and a differential diagnosis is formulated for each sonographic abnormality. Lesions can be characterized by their location and sonographic texture. The sonographic findings combined with the clinical history may lead to a specific diagnosis or be useful in determining the next imaging study that should be obtained.
Myocardial Dysfunction in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury Relieved by Surgical Decompression

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health issue and is a leading cause of death in North America. After a primary TBI, secondary brain insults can predispose patients to a worse outcome. One of the earliest secondary insults encountered during the perioperative period is hypotension, which has been directly linked to both mortality and poor disposition after TBI. Despite this, it has been shown that hypotension commonly occurs during surgery for TBI. We present a case of intraoperative hypotension during surgery for TBI, where the use of transthoracic echocardiography had significant diagnostic and therapeutic implications for the management of our patient. We then discuss the issue of cardiac dysfunction after brain injury and the implications that echocardiography may have in the management of this vulnerable patient population.
Intracellular Plasma Protein : a Manifestation of Cell Injury in Myocardial Ischaemia

THE recognition of early cell injury poses an important problem in the study of disease, namely, the certain diagnosis of early myocardial infarcts. A variety of chemical and histochemical techniques have been tested for use in the identification of early myocardial ischaemia in experimental animals as well as in man1,2. The search has been only partially successful.
Morphological evidence for a substance P projection from medial septum to hippocampus.

Abstract The medial septal nucleus provides one of the major afferents to the hippocampal formation. The two major types of neurons present in the medial septum are cholinergic and GABAergic, but other types of neurons are also present. A small population of substance P-containing neurons is present along the border between the medial and lateral septum, but it is unclear whether these project to the hippocampus. The present study, by employing both anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques, combined with immunocytochemistry for substance P, provides direct morphological evidence for a substance P projection from the lateral region of medial septum to a portion of CA2/3a, which is restricted to the midseptotemporal portion of the hippocampus.
Political Institutions and Human Rights: Why Dictatorships Enter into the United Nations Convention Against Torture

This article addresses a puzzle: dictatorships that practice torture are more likely to accede to the UN Convention Against Torture (CAT) than dictatorships that do not practice torture. I argue the reason has to do with the logic of torture. Torture is more likely to occur where power is shared. In one-party or no-party dictatorships, few individuals defect against the regime. Consequently, less torture occurs. But dictatorships are protorture regimes; they have little interest in making gestures against torture, such as signing the CAT. There is more torture where power is shared, such as where dictatorships allow multiple political parties. Alternative political points of view are endorsed, but some individuals go too far. More acts of defection against the regime occur, and torture rates are higher. Because political parties exert some power, however, they pressure the regime to make concessions. One small concession is acceding to the CAT.For detailed suggestions, I thank Rodwan Abouharb, Emanuel Adler, Lawrence Broz, Jose Cheibub, David Cingranelli, Jennifer Gandhi, Geoff Garrett, Valerie Frey, Stephan Haggard, Oona Hathaway, Darren Hawkins, Stathis Kalyvas, Judith Kelley, Paul Lagunes, Jeffrey Lewis, Ellen Lust-Okar, Nikolay Marinov, Lisa Martin, Covadonga Meseguer, Layna Mosley, Louis Pauly, Daniel Posner, Kal Raustiala, Dan Reiter, Darius Rejali, Ronald Rogowski, Peter Rosendorff, Mike Tomz, Jana Von Stein, Christine Wotipka, and especially the two anonymous reviewers. I am also grateful for comments from participants at the Kellogg Institute International Political Economy Seminar at Notre Dame; the UCLA International Institute Global Fellows Seminar; the University of Southern California Center for International Studies Workshop; the UCSD Project on International Affairs Seminar; and the Emory University Globalization, Institutions, and Conflict Seminar. For support, I thank the UCLA International Institute, the ETH Zurich, and the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras.
Benazir Bhutto: Feminist voice for democracy in Pakistan

This study examines the political discourse of Benazir Bhutto from a rhetorical and historical perspective. It also questions how Bhutto perceives peace and social and cultural goals, and whether the language of Bhutto supports her perceptions.
The intrinsic stability of Class I molar relationship: A longitudinal study of untreated cases

Abstract Attainment of a Class I molar relationship (Angle) is often a prime treatment objective. In addition to considerations of improved function and skeletodental harmonies, a Class I relationship often is deemed the "correct" and stable situation. This study assessed the relative stability of the sagittal molar relationship in orthodontically untreated persons with full dentitions who were followed longitudinally from young (approximately 20 years) to older (approximately 55 years) adulthood. The Class I relationship is indeed most stable; none of 69 cases (sides) starting in a Class I cusp-in-groove relationship moved from that condition. In contrast, Class II relationships naturally became significantly "more" Class II (that is, greater distoclusion), and Class III cases shifted significantly to greater mesioclusion.
Pre-stack reverse-time migration for elastic waves with application to synthetic offset vertical seismic profiles

A pre-stack migration algorithm for elastic waves in two-dimensional variable-velocity media is developed, implemented, and tested. The algorithm operates in the time-space domain and is based on reverse-time finite-difference extrapolation of elastic waves. The algorithm is explained and demonstrated in the context of imaging of elastic vertical seismic profile data, but is applicable to any source-recorder geometry. Synthetic test examples include a point diffractor, laterally homogeneous layers, and the flank of a salt dome.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF METALLIC MULTILAYERS AND SUPERLATTICES

Abstract Metallic superlattices composed of magnetic and non-magnetic constituents have been of recent interest both for the fundamental physical phenomena they exhibit, as well as for potential technological applications. Modern deposition and characterization techniques provide well-controlled material systems that display a variety of phenomena such as two-dimensional behavior, interface-induced magnetic anisotropy, enhanced magnetization, and long-range coupling effects. Although the critical temperature of the magnetic constituents in these superlattices can be very high in their bulk form, large reductions in the Curie point often occur for systems composed of a few atomic layers. These dimensionality effects frequently require the use of cryogenic temperatures to reveal their limiting behavior. Recent studies of single-crystal magnetic superlattices grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) are discussed.
The Good Guys: McCarthy's The Road as Post – 9/11 Male Sentimental Novel

The trauma of 9/11 ushered in a new age of male-centered sentimentality. With its focus on a father's sacrificial love for his young son in a postapocalyptic setting, Cormac McCarthy's The Road reflects this shift to male-centered sentimentality. In The Road, McCarthy appropriates the sentimental novel as space for unembarrassed male tenderness by nullifying nation as a structuring force of masculinity, excluding the mother from the plot, and rendering sheltered domesticity as unheimlich. McCarthy's good-guy sentimental thereby undoes an implicitly matriarchal domestic power structure and confers upon the father the affective power traditionally ascribed to feminine or feminized sentimental subjects.
Routing with nonlinear multiattribute cost functions

Abstract The paper first points out the connection between the problem of finding a set of Pareto-optimal paths in the presence of multiple criteria and the problem of finding the optimal path in the presence of a single multiattribute criterion. A survey of literature indicates that the former problem has received much attention and several exact (but nonpolynomial) and approximate algorithms are available for finding all and nearly all Pareto-optimal paths, respectively. The latter problem of finding the optimal path that minimizes a nonlinear cost function of multiple attributes has received less attention. The paper examines the properties of the optimal path when the cost function is monotonic and concave in the attributes, especially how it relates to the set of “efficient” paths within the nondominated set. When the cost function in convex in two attributes, a line-search algorithm is developed that finds a good, if not optimal, path without using any assumptions or information on the derivatives of the cost function.
Early Radar Echoes from Ultragiant Aerosol in a Cumulus Congestus: Modeling and Observations

Abstract The growth of ultragiant aerosol (UGA) in a Lagrangian framework within a simulated three-dimensional cloud is analyzed and compared with radar and aircraft observations of a cumulus congestus collected during the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study (SCMS). UGA are ingested into the simulated cloud and grow by continuous collection; the resulting radar reflectivity factor and raindrop concentrations are evaluated at 1-min intervals. The calculations produce a substantial echo (>30 dBZ) within a short time (18 min), containing few raindrops (0.3 L−1). The calculated radar echo is very sensitive to the amount of UGA ingested into the modeled cloud and its liquid water content. The modeled radar echo and raindrop concentrations are consistent with the observations in that the differences fall within the modeling and measurement limitations and uncertainties.
Nutritional Status Potential Impact on Survival in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract The prognosis of children with ALL has significantly improved in the past two decades due to advances in antineoplastic therapy. Poor nutritional status has been suggested to adversely affect survival in patients with various cancers. To determine if WT/HT at diagnosis could be utilized as a prognostic factor in childhood ALL we conducted a retrospective analysis of 1839 patients newly diagnosed between 1962 to 1992. The US National Center for Health Statistics Growth Charts were used to determine ideal weight for height values, with individual values calculated as the weight at the fiftieth percentile for the corresponding height. A cut-off point of
Hydraulic studies of fire hose

Based on a series of experiments using fire hose and nozzles in stock at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, simple pressure loss versus flow equations have been developed. The pressure losses are found to be noticeably lower than those given in fire stream tables currently in use.
Synovial fluid levels of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1: relationship to joint inflammation in children with chronic arthritis

E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 are crucial to the inflammatory response in chronic inflammatory arthritis. Soluble (s) levels of these molecules in sera and synovial fluid (SF) correlate with some clinical parameters and synovial tissue expression of the same molecules in rheumatoid arthritis. Studies of sera from children with chronic inflammatory arthritis corroborate this information; corresponding SF data are relatively lacking. We thus studied SF sE-selectin and sICAM-1 in 28 children with active juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or a spondyloarthropathy. Levels were correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), SF leukocyte counts, duration of disease, and duration of response to concomitant intra-articular corticosteroid injection. Levels were compared according to use of methotrexate and/or sulfasalazine. Synovial fluid sE-selectin correlated with ESR and SF leukocyte counts. There was a trend toward lower sICAM-1 in patients treated with sulfasalazine and/or methotrexate. We conclude that SF levels of sE-selectin accurately reflect intra-synovial inflammation. Soluble ICAM-1 levels may reflect the effects of disease-modifying agents.
Minimax D-Optimal Designs for the Logistic Model

Summary. We propose an algorithm for constructing minimax D-optimal designs for the logistic model when only the ranges of the values for both parameters are assumed known. Properties of these designs are studied and compared with optimal Bayesian designs and Sitter's (1992, Biometrics, 48, 1145–1155) minimax D-optimal kk-designs. Examples of minimax D-optimal designs are presented for the logistic and power logistic models, including a dose-response design for rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean

Primary production in the oceans results from allochthonous nutrient inputs to the euphotic zone (new production) and from nutrient recycling in the surface waters (regenerated production). Global new production is of the order of 3.4−4.7 × 109 tons of carbon per year and approximates the sinking flux of paniculate organic matter to the deep ocean.
Student Loans: Do College Students Borrow Too Much--Or Not Enough?

Total student loan debt rose to over $800 billion in June 2010, overtaking total credit card debt outstanding for the first time. By the time this article sees print, the continually updated Student Loan Debt Clock will show an accumulated total of roughly $1 trillion. Borrowing to finance educational expenditures has been increasing - more than quadrupling in real dollars since the early 1990s. The sheer magnitude of these figures has led to increased public commentary on the level of student borrowing. [The authors] move the discussion of student loans away from anecdote by establishing a framework for considering the use of student loans in the optimal financing of collegiate investments. From a financial perspective, enrolling in college is equivalent to signing up for a lottery with large expected gains - indeed, the figures presented here suggest that college is, on average, a better investment today than it was a generation ago - but it is also a lottery with significant probabilities of both larger positive, and smaller or even negative, returns. [The authors] look to available - albeit limited - evidence to assess which types of students are likely to be borrowing too much or too little.
Transcriptional profiling avian beta-defensins in chicken oviduct epithelial cells before and after infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis.

Background Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) colonizes the ovary and oviduct of chickens without causing overt clinical signs which can lead to SE-contamination of the content and membrane of shell-eggs as well as hatchery eggs. The organism utilizes the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 encoded type III secretion system (T3SS-2) to promote persistence in the oviduct of laying hens. In this study, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out to determine the expression profiles of 14 known avian beta defensins (AvBDs) in primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells (COEC) before and after infections with a wild type SE strain and T3SS mutant SE strains carrying an inactivated sipA or pipB gene.
Effective diffusivities in cylindrical capillary-spherical-cavity pore structures

Abstract Effective Knudsen diffusion coefficients in pore structures consisting of random assemblages of spheres overlapping with networks of cylindrical capillaries are computed in this study using Monte Carlo simulation methods developed by the authors in previous publications. Extensive computations are carried out for pore structures consisting of populations of uniformly sized spheres and uniformly sized cylinders. The simulation results show that introducing spherical cavities in a pore structure leads to effective diffusivities that are, in general, considerably lower than those of capillary structures of the same porosity. The effective Knudsen diffusivity based on the average pore radius fails to provide a satisfactory approximation to the numerically computed effective diffusion coefficients, but it performs considerably better when the average pore radius based on the accessible values of porosity and internal surface area are used for its estimation.
Preparation of l-Nα-Fmoc-4-[di-(tert-butyl)phosphonomethyl]phenylalanine from l-tyrosine

Abstract The unnatural amino acid analogue, 4-(phosphonomethyl)phenylalanine (Pmp, 2 ), has proven to be a valuable tool for studying protein-tyrosine kinase dependent signal transduction, where it is most often incorporated into peptides or peptide mimetics as a phosphatase-stable phosphotyrosyl mimetic. Although Pmp has been prepared previously bearing a number of protection strategies, the N α -Fmoc 4-[di-( tert -butyl)phosphonomethyl] phenylalanine form [( N α -Fmoc- l -Pmp( t Bu 2 )-OH, 3 ] is particularly attractive since it can be cleanly introduced into peptides using standard Fmoc protocols. Synthesis of 3 was first reported as its ( d / l )-racemate, and subsequently as its l - 3 enantiomer, with the latter synthesis having relied on induction of chirality using a camphor sultam auxillary. Reported herein is an alternate enantioselective synthesis of l - 3 in high enantiomeric purity by procedures which derive the stereochemistry of the final product directly from the starting amino acid, without the need for chiral induction. A key feature of the route is the racemization-free nucleophilic substitution of lithium di- tert -butyl phosphite onto protected 4-bromomethylphenylalanine ( 17 ).
Comment on “Free–free opacity in warm aluminum”

Abstract It is noted that inverse bremsstrahlung calculations for solid density aluminum by Vinko et al. [ HEDP 5(2009), 124–131] contain an inconsistent implementation of the empirical pseudo-potential method. Furthermore, it is shown that this inconsistency may adversely impact the reported improved agreement of their model including particle–hole interactions with the cold aluminum experimental data.
The relationship between the interfacial curvatures and phase behavior in bicontinuous microemulsions — a SANS study

We introduce a new technique using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to measure the average Gaussian curvature and the average square-mean curvature of the oil-water interface in a threecomponent, nearly isometric (equal volume fractions of water and oil) ionic microemulsion system. The microemulsion is composed of AOT/brine/decane. SANS measurements are made as a function of both the volume fraction of surfactant and salinity at a constant temperature, 45 °C, within the one-phase channel. The temperature is chosen at the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) temperature for a salinity of 0.49%. The SANS data taken with an oil-water contrast are analyzed by using a random-wave model with an appropriate spectral function. The spectral function is an inverse eighth-order polynomial in wave number k, containing three length scales 1/a, 1/b, and 1/c, and has finite second and fourth moments. This three-parameter spectral function is then used in conjunction with Cahn's clipping scheme to obtain the Debye correlation function for the microphase-separated bicontinuous microemulsions. The model shows good agreement with the intensity data in an absolute scale. We then use the three parameters so obtained to calculate the average Gaussian curvature and the average square-mean curvature of the interface. We determine the variation of these curvatures as functions of the surfactant volume fraction and salinity and discuss their implication on the degree of local order of the bicontinuous structure. We also show a 3-D morphology of the microemulsion at the contact point of the three-phase and the one-phase region of the phase diagram generated by this model.
Designing for creativity: considerations for DSS development

Abstract Decision support systems (DSS) can be designed to support the creative and intuitive aspects of decision making. Our purpose is to provide a new perspective for the design of DSS by focusing on the important external factors that have been shown to influence creative activity. Design guidelines can then be developed by viewing a DSS as a special environment that incorporates these factors.
Breast Reconstruction with Expanders and Implants

The most common type of reconstruction done in the United States utilizes some form of prosthetic. The breast may undergo immediate reconstruction with a “direct-to-implant” reconstruction or may have a temporary expander inserted to relieve stress on the mastectomy flaps. Occasionally additional tissue is needed, and a combination of autologous tissue and implant is utilized. The advantages and disadvantages of this type of reconstruction are discussed. This method has a very high degree of acceptance by patients, although it is more difficult in certain circumstances.
Teaching neuroimages: Postoperative bifocal stroke of the pontine tegmentum: why don't you smile anymore?

A 7-year-old boy underwent resection of a posterior fossa medulloblastoma. Two days later, he developed facial diplegia, left abducens nerve palsy, and mild hypalgesia below the neck. MRI documented 2 dot-like ischemic foci in the pons (figure). We diagnosed the unusual bilateral occurrence of Gasperini syndrome, a lesion of the sixth and seventh cranial nerve nuclei and the lateral spinothalamic tract that produces ipsilateral cranial nerve palsies with contralateral hemisensory deficits.1 We hypothesized a mechanism of postoperative spasm of long circumferential branches of the basilar artery. This mechanism should be considered in cases of postoperative neurologic deficits with delayed onset.2
The impact of opinion leadership on purchases through social networking websites

Social media is used as a platform to not only make connections and share user-generated content but also to advertise products. We study the role of opinion leadership on the social media networking website of Facebook for product advertisements through news feeds and wall postings. We found that perceived benevolence of the opinion leader posting advertisements was significantly associated with increased intentions to purchase and also increased purchase behavior. Also, although the Theory of Planned Behavior variables of increased attitudes, social norms, and behavioral control were significantly associated with increasing purchase intentions, only purchase intentions was significantly associated with purchase behavior. Type of friend was significantly associated with purchase intention but no relationship occurred for purchase behavior. Management information systems professionals involved with the development of social networking websites should consider perceived benevolence as an area of importance for interesting consumers to explore and use newly developed aspects of social networking websites. Marketers should ensure that their advertisements on social networking websites are perceived by consumers as benevolent.
Axonal transport of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in toad sciatic nerve.

—The presence of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.-) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.2.1) activities was demonstrated in the sciatic nerve of the toad, Bufo marinus. The rates of accumulation of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) proximal to a ligation of the sciatic nerve were studied. DBH accumulated proximal to the ligation at a more than 10-fold faster rate than PNMT. By measuring the rate of loss of enzyme activity distal to a ligation, an estimate of per cent clearance of each enzyme was made. Based on the per cent of enzyme activity free to move, the absolute transport rates for each enzyme were estimated to be: PNMT, 3.6 mm/24 h; DBH, 102 mm/24 h. PNMT activity (89 per cent) was recovered in the soluble fraction of sciatic nerve homogenates with no change occurring in the subcellular distribution of the enzyme proximal to ligations. In contrast, 43 per cent of DBH activity was found in the soluble fraction of sciatic nerve homogenates; but a disproportionate increase in paniculate DBH activity was found proximal to sciatic nerve ligations. Reduction of toad body temperature to 4°C resulted in a complete but totally reversible block of the axonal transport of both PNMT and DBH.
Infrared Spectral/Structural Investigation of the Heat Treatment of Tetramethoxysilane/Diethoxydimethylsilane-Derived Gels

Abstract Structural changes occurring during the heat treatment of gels that were prepared from binary tetramethoxysilane (TMOS)/diethoxydimethylsilane (DEDMS) mixtures were investigated using infrared spectra. Analysis of the spectral data indicated that the Si-O networks of the heat-treated gels increased their connectivity with increased dehydration due to increased treatment temperature or time. Four- and three-membered (Si-O)n rings were noted for appropriate heat-treated gel compositions. At higher heat-treatment temperatures, methyl groups were removed from the gel network.
Modeling of Jupiter's millimeter wave emission utilizing laboratory measurements of ammonia (NH3) opacity

The techniques used to make laboratory measurements of the millimeter wave opacity from gaseous ammonia under simulated Jovian conditions are described. The results are applied to a radiative transfer model, which is used to compute Jupiter's millimeter wavelength emission. The absorptivity of gaseous NH3 is measured to reduce one of the largest uncertainties in modeling Jupiter's millimeter wave emission. Several other millimeter wave opacity sources are examined. New expressions are given for computing the absorptivity of NH3, H2O, cloud condensates, and pressure-induced absorption. Jupiter's reliable millimeter wavelength observations are compared with synthetic emission spectra which utilize these new absorption expressions.
CONSEQUENCES OF DAMAGE ON THE UTILIZATION CHARACTERISTICS, YIELD, AND QUALITY OF PROCESSED TOMATOES

Tomatoes of VF145-7879 variety were commercially machineharvested at three levels of ripeness. The effects of commercial handling in 1/2-ton-bin units were measured in terms of damage and loss by weight. Tomato lots differing in damage and weight loss were made into concentrates which were remanufactured into standardized catsup. As the amount of tomatoes with visible locules and major damage increased, weight losses were higher, recovery of tomatoes suitable for peeling was lower, and less catsup was produced per ton of harvested tomatoes. Peeling losses increased from 15.1% on undamaged tomatoes to 50.7% on tomatoes with exposed seed locules. Damage influenced the final pH and acidity of the canned peeled tomatoes, and significantly related to changes in the solids, serum viscosity, microbiological quality, and yield of standardized catsup produced from the respective loads of tomatoes.