cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Counter-terrorism & the intelligence network in Europe

Abstract The European intelligence space is reaching a new level of maturity because of an increasingly consolidated transgovernmental network of intelligence professionals. What explains the change in this key security network, especially given the challenges inherent in intelligence sharing? The overall strengthening of the European transgovernmental intelligence network is a product of both informal, bottom-up networking and formal, top-down policies to enhance intelligence sharing. Yet, it is clear that the informal side is of utmost importance given the difficulties inherent in trusting outsiders with valuable information. It is through informality that the transgovernmental network shares best practices and knowhow, strengthening the backbone of the European intelligence space. At the same time, there is a realm of intelligence sharing that is still subject to deep secrecy, the dynamics of which are very difficult to truly know. As a result, there is a disjuncture between expert-level intelligence sharing and community governance practices.
Spinal Cord Stimulator Paddle Lead Surgery Complicated by Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak and Fistula Formation.

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) paddle leads placed via laminectomy procedures have become common as more data accumulates with regards to their clinical efficacy. In this paper, we describe a case of a 72-year-old male patient with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) who underwent a thoracic laminectomy for permanent paddle lead placement. He went on to develop a complication that resulted in a large cerebrospinal fluid leak with a cerebrospinal fluid fistula formation.
Incidence, Characteristics, and Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction among Patients Admitted with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

The frequency, characteristics and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are unknown. Adult patients hospitalized with a ...
Multi-institutional Implementation of the National Clinical Assessment Tool in Emergency Medicine: Data From the First Year of Use.

Objectives Uniformly training physicians to provide safe, high-quality care requires reliable assessment tools to ensure learner competency. The consensus-derived National Clinical Assessment Tool in Emergency Medicine (NCAT-EM) has been adopted by clerkships across the country. Analysis of large-scale deidentified data from a consortium of users is reported. Methods Thirteen sites entered data into a Web-based platform resulting in over 6,400 discrete NCAT-EM assessments from 748 students and 704 assessors. Reliability, internal consistency analysis, and factorial analysis of variance for hypothesis generation were performed. Results All categories on the NCAT-EM rating scales and professionalism subdomains were used. Clinical rating scale and global assessment scores were positively skewed, similar to other assessments commonly used in emergency medicine (EM). Professionalism lapses were noted in 0.8 for each site; however, interinstitutional variability was significant. M4 students scored higher than M3 students, and EM-bound students scored higher than non-EM-bound students. There were site-specific differences based on number of prior EM rotations, but no overall association. There were differences in scores based on assessor faculty rank and resident training year, but not by years in practice. There were site-specific differences based on student sex, but overall no difference. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale multi-institutional implementation of a single clinical assessment tool. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a unified approach to clinical assessment across multiple diverse sites. Challenges remain in determining appropriate score distributions and improving consistency in scoring between sites.
Using Carbon Dioxide as a Tracer Gas to Determine Air Changes Per Hour in Ambulances

Background Emergency Medical Services often transport patients with suspected/confirmed airborne diseases such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These pathogens are contagious and have potential to remain suspended in the air for extended periods of time. The timeframe for pathogen removal by airing out ambulances is not well defined. This study evaluates the time required to effectively remove these airborne pathogens from ambulances by determining the air changes per hour (ACH). Methods We measured the ACH in twenty ambulances of various models using the concentration decay method with carbon dioxide (CO2) as a tracer gas. Individually, we evaluated the relationship between temperature, humidity, volume, and air exhaust velocity with ACH. Linear regression was used to measure the line of best-fit for CO2 concentration over time, where the gradient of the line represented ACH for each ambulance tested. Environmental factor influence was examined by correlation coefficients with an alphaapt-ent-b 202F apt-ent-e apt-ent-uapt-ent-b 003D apt-ent-e = apt-ent-uapt-ent-b 202F apt-ent-e apt-ent-u0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using R version 3.6.1. Results Under the conditions studied, the measured air change per hour ranged from 14.62 to 40.9 ACH. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for airborne contaminant removal by 99.9apt-ent-b 0025 apt-ent-e % apt-ent-u efficiency, the amount of time required to air out ambulances based on maximum and minimum measured ACH is 21 and 35 minutes respectively. Changes in humidity, volume, temperature, and exhaust velocity all demonstrated significantly weak relationships with ACH (r Conclusions This study found that the CO2 concentration decay method can be used to determine ACH, which is necessary to determine the amount of time required to effectively remove airborne pathogens in an ambulance. This study shows that 21-35 minutes is an effective timeframe to air out the ambulances. Environmental factors have a weak relationship with ACH and therefore is a relatively unimportant factor in air out timeframe.
A Preliminary Forensic Entomological Study of Beetles (Coleoptera) in Interior Alaska, USA*

Forensic entomology uses knowledge of arthropod ecology to help solve crimes. There has been no published forensic entomological research in Alaska. We used one piglet carcass split in half to create two carcass plots in Fairbanks (~64.8°N, subarctic) that were sampled over a period of 59 days in 2019. Four pitfall traps were placed around each carcass, and four similarly arranged pitfall traps were placed 40 m distant as controls. Traps were emptied approximately weekly covering the first four stages of decomposition. We focused on adults of the larger-bodied (>9 mm) families and subfamilies of Coleoptera: Staphylinidae (subfamily Staphylininae), Carabidae, and Silphidae. A total of 621 specimens were collected and processed: 29 staphylinines, 210 carabids, and 382 silphids. A one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference between the mean numbers of staphylinines or carabids caught in carcass versus control traps. Silphids showed significantly greater mean number of beetles caught in carcass traps relative to control traps. Four species of Silphidae were documented, but contrary to similar studies, the vast majority of specimens belonged to two species of Nicrophorus (N. vespilloides Herbst and N. investigator Zetterstedt). Each of the three target taxa showed a peak in the number of specimens collected during the bloat stage of decomposition despite the carabid peak being driven by a phytophagous species.
E-Mails to Clients: Avoiding Missteps

In this column for Kentucky Bar Association's magazine (B&B - Bench & Bar), Professor Hazelwood addresses the ethical implications of emailing with a client. Practitioners are provided a series of questions to ask before emailing a client.
DIETARY RESCUE OF ADULT BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS IN THE FMR1 KNOCKOUT MOUSE

ABSTRACT The current study aimed to further address important questions regarding the therapeutic efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids for various behavioral and neuroimmune aspects of the Fmr1 phenotype. To address these questions, our experimental design utilized two different omega-3 fatty acid administration timepoints, compared to both standard laboratory chow controls (“Standard”) and a diet controlling for the increase in fat content (“Control Fat”). In the first paradigm, post-weaning supplementation (after postnatal day 21) with the omega-3 fatty acid diet (“Omega-3”) reversed deficits in startle threshold, but not deficits in prepulse inhibition, and the effect on startle threshold was not specific to the Omega-3 diet. However, post-weaning supplementation with both experimental diets also impaired acquisition of a fear response, recall of the fear memory and contextual fear conditioning compared to the Standard diet. The post-weaning Omega-3 diet reduced hippocampal expression of IL-6 and this reduction of IL-6 was significantly associated with diminished performance in the fear conditioning task. In the prenatal experimental paradigm, the Omega-3 diet attenuated hyperactivity and acquisition of a fear response. Additionally, prenatal exposure to the Control Fat diet (similar to a “Western” diet) further diminished nonsocial anxiety in the Fmr1 knockout. This study provides significant evidence that dietary fatty acids throughout the lifespan can significantly impact the behavioral and neuroimmune phenotype of the Fmr1 knockout model.
Moral Responsibility for Racial Oppression

In his recent monograph, (Re-)defining Racism: A Philosophical Analysis (2020), Alberto G. Urquidez invites the reader to take a fresh look at the confused and complicated concept of racism. Drawing on Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language, Urquidez argues that debates over racism are not about discovering what racism really refers to in the world but the appropriate rule of representation— the standard of the correct use of the term (p. 25–26). Discovering racism is a normative endeavor and, he argues, a prescriptive one (Urquidez, p. 26). My comments here are not intended as a critique of Urquidez’ account so much as an opportunity to reflect on where he might go from here in developing his account. In particular, I focus on lingering questions over the relationship between the critique of structures and practices licensed by political morality and that of individual behaviors. I explore how Urquidez grounds claims of individual moral responsibility for racism.
Increased Use of Prehospital Tourniquet and Patient Survival: Los Angeles Countywide Study.

BACKGROUND Recent trends in prehospital tourniquet use remain underreported. In addition, the impact of prehospital tourniquet use on patient survival has not been evaluated in a population-level study. We hypothesized that prehospital tourniquets were used more frequently in Los Angeles County and their use was associated with improved patient survival. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study using a database maintained by the Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency. We included patients who sustained extremity vascular injuries between October 2015 and July 2019. Patients were divided into the following study groups: prehospital tourniquet and no-tourniquet group. Our primary end point was in-hospital mortality. The secondary outcomes included 4- and 24-hour transfusion requirements and delayed amputation. RESULTS A total of 944 patients met our inclusion criteria. Of those, 97 patients (10.3%) had prehospital tourniquets placed. The rate of tourniquet use increased linearly throughout our study period (goodness of fit, p = 0.014). In multivariable analysis, prehospital tourniquet use was significantly associated with improved mortality (adjusted odds ratio 0.32; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.85; p = 0.032). Similarly, transfusion requirements were significantly lower within 4 hours (regression coefficient -547.76; 95% CI, -762.73 to -283.49; p < 0.001) and 24 hours (regression coefficient -1,389.82; 95% CI, -1,824.88 to -920.97; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in delayed amputation rates (adjusted odds ratio 1.07; 95% CI, 0.21 to 10.88; p < 0.097). CONCLUSIONS Prehospital tourniquet use has been on the rise in Los Angeles County. Our results suggest that the use of prehospital tourniquets for extremity vascular injuries is associated with improved patient survival and decreased blood transfusion requirements, without an increase in delayed amputations.
Dynamic Alterations in Neural Networks Supporting Aversive Learning in Children Exposed to Trauma: Neural Mechanisms Underlying Psychopathology

ABSTRACT Background Altered aversive learning represents a potential mechanism through which childhood trauma (CT) might influence risk for psychopathology. This study examines the temporal dynamics of neural activation and patterns of functional connectivity during aversive learning in children with and without exposure to CT involving interpersonal violence, and evaluates whether these neural patterns mediate the association of CT with psychopathology in a longitudinal design. Methods 147 children (aged 8-16 years, 77 with CT) completed a fear conditioning procedure during an fMRI scan. Dynamic patterns of neural activation were examined, and functional connectivity was assessed with generalized psychophysiological interaction analyses. We evaluated whether the associations between CT and psychopathology symptoms at baseline and two-year follow-up were mediated by neural activation and connectivity during aversive learning. Results Children exposed to trauma displayed blunted patterns of neural activation over time to CS+>CS- in right amygdala. Additionally, trauma was associated with reduced functional connectivity of right amygdala with hippocampus, posterior parahippocampal gyrus, and posterior cingulate cortex and elevated connectivity with anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to CS+>CS-. The longitudinal association between CT and later externalizing symptoms was mediated by blunted activation in right amygdala. Reduced amygdala-hippocampal connectivity mediated the association of CT with transdiagnostic anxiety symptoms, and elevated amygdala-ACC connectivity mediated the association of CT with generalized anxiety symptoms. Conclusions Childhood trauma is associated with poor threat-safety discrimination and altered functional coupling between salience and default mode network regions during aversive learning. These altered dynamics may be key mechanisms linking CT with distinct forms of psychopathology.
Nutrient stoichiometry of fishes and invertebrates in coastal marine Caribbean ecosystems.

The importance of animals for mediating ecosystem processes has long been recognized by ecologists. Traditionally, consumer-mediated dynamics have been considered through consumptive pathways such as predation and herbivory. Yet, consumers also play critical roles in mediating "bottom-up" pathways associated with nutrient dynamics. Foundational research demonstrated the importance of these dynamics in terrestrial, freshwater, and pelagic marine ecosystems, and introduced novel perspectives on the role of animals such as wildebeest, lacustrine fishes, and zooplankton, respectively, for providing an important source of nutrients that limit primary production. This research inspired a substantial body of research on the importance of consumer-mediated nutrient dynamics for ecosystem function. Despite this, only recently have ecologists begun to extend this line of thinking toward coastal marine ecosystems. The data presented herein is a comprehensive study of consumer nutrient dynamics from invertebrates and fishes that live in subtropical and tropical Caribbean coastal marine waters, including mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs. This data set represents the largest, to my knowledge, published nutrient stoichiometry data set from a single system, including estimates of excretion rates (n = 900 individuals total; n = 667 individual fish, size range 0.14-2,597 g [2-107 cm]; n = 233 invertebrates, size range 0.04-487 g), and somatic nutrient content analyses (n = 658 individuals total, n = 494 vertebrates, n = 164 invertebrates). These data also include δ13 C and δ15 N stable isotopes of whole body, body mass (wet mass), taxonomic identification to class-level, and functional group classification. These data have been used to test basic ecological theory, to scale individual-level processes to coral reef, mangrove, and seagrass ecosystems, and to understand the role of human impacts for mitigating consumer-mediated nutrient dynamics. While these findings have helped improve our understanding of nutrient dynamics in tropical coastal ecosystems, these data offer a wealth of additional promise for advancing ecological theory and applied science in tropical marine ecosystems and beyond. Users are free to use and analyze the data. Attribution should be given to this presentation of the data.
Applications of camera-based physiological measurement beyond healthcare

Abstract Camera-based measurement of vital signals has been touted for its great potential. Capturing important physiological processes happening “inside” the body, which are often “hidden” to the unaided eye, could have many applications. To most, the immediate applications that come to mind are in health and wellness tracking; however, there are many other areas in which unobtrusive physiological sensing could help advance the vision of ubiquitous computing, including affective computing and mixed reality. We review the current state of the art in camera-based measurement of physiological signals in real-world settings and discover there are many challenges that remain to be overcome.
Druckverhalten der Laminatschichten

Wenn faserverstarkte Verbunde in Faserrichtung Druckbelastet werden, ist die dominante Versagensform lokales Ausbeulen oder Knicken der Fasern in einem kleinen Bereich der Pruflange. Fig. 6.1 illustriert schematisch wie Faserinstabilitat in der Probe zu der Formation von Knickzonen und eventuellem Faserbruch fuhren [ROS 65, EVA 78, WHI 86]. Druckbelastung in transversaler Richtung ergibt ein Scherversagen (Fig. 6.2). Um die innere Druckspannung eines Verbundes zu bestimmen, sind folgende Kriterien zu berucksichtigen: Festigkeitsverringerung durch Spannungskonzentrationen sollten vermieden werden. Versagen durch globale Instabilitat der Probe sollte vermieden werden. Instabilitaten der Fasern im Verbund, welche als Merkmal des Druckverhaltens des Materials angesehen werden mussen, sollten nicht behindert werden.
Representations of Semisimple Lie Algebras in the BGG Category O

Review of semisimple Lie algebras Highest weight modules: Category $\mathcal{O}$: Basics Characters of finite dimensional modules Category $\mathcal{O}$: Methods Highest weight modules I Highest weight modules II Extensions and resolutions Translation functors Kazhdan-Lusztig theory Further developments: Parabolic versions of category $\mathcal{O}$ Projective functors and principal series Tilting modules Twisting and completion functors Complements Bibliography Frequently used symbols Index.
Decision-Making Groups and Teams: An Information Exchange Perspective

1. Introduction: Information Exchange in Decision-Making Groups and Teams 2. Background and Framework 3. Group and Team Members as "Dual Motive Agents" in Information Exchange 4. Judging the Consequences of Evaluation by Others in Status Heterogeneous Groups and Teams: Biases in Micro Level Heuristics of Information Exchange 5A. Idea Generation in Interactive Teams: Conceptual Model 5B. Idea Generation in Interactive Teams: Empirical Studies 6A. Negative Evaluation as Information and Affect in Interactive Groups and Teams: Dynamic Model 6B. Negative Evaluation as Information and Affect in Interactive Groups and Teams: Empirical Studies 7. Silence Events as Mediators of Idea Generation and Information Exchange in Interactive Teams: Teams Structure and What Members Say and Don't Say 8A. An Inter-Organizational Decision-Making Teams and its Sub-Teams: Status Differentiation and Information Exchange 8B. Frames and Scripts in the Information Exchange of Inter-Organizational Teams and its Sub-Teams 9. Virtual Teams as Decision-Making Units: The Social Mediator of Trust 10A. Information Exchange in Interactive Teams: An Integrative System 10B. Dynamics of Information Exchange in Interactive Teams: Computational Exercises 11. Implementing Technology for Managing Interactive Teams in Ill-Structured Decision Making 12. Summary and Discussion
The Political Economy of Terrorism: Statistical Studies and Terrorist Behavior

Our eyes are wonderful at detecting associations in data because our brains are wired to simplify complicated patterns and relationships. Within a few seconds, you should be able to figure out that 25 is the next number in the sequence 1, 4, 9, 16. A computer program may need to make millions of calculations just to detect a pattern in the chess pieces that is readily visible to an accomplished player. The problem is that the patterns we perceive in the data may not meaningfully characterize its actual behavior. In the same way that our brains are able to “see” elaborate paintings in the clouds, we are sometimes able to “recognize” what are spurious relationships in economic data. This chapter will present the time plots of various types of terrorist incidents, including bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, and skyjackings. Some features of the data will be clear even to the casual observer; for example, there is no decidedly upward trend in any of the incident series. However, many other features of the data may not be readily apparent, so that statistical analysis is required to draw inferences about the data. Toward this end, the chapter uses the basic tools of spectral analysis and intervention analysis to formally analyze data about terrorist incidents. Spectral analysis enables us to estimate the cyclical patterns in the various terrorist incident series, while intervention analysis allows us to measure the effects of important structural changes on the incident series.
Ureterovaginal Fistula Secondary to a High Forceps Delivery

7 p. Reprinted from: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol. 18, No.3, p. 361, September, 1929
Modular Reconfigurable Robots in Space Applications

Robots used for tasks in space have strict requirements. Modular reconfigurable robots have a variety of attributes that are well suited to these conditions, including: serving as many different tools at once (saving weight), packing into compressed forms (saving space) and having high levels of redundancy (increasing robustness). In addition, self-reconfigurable systems can self-repair and adapt to changing or unanticipated conditions. This paper will describe such a self-reconfigurable modular robot: PolyBot. PolyBot has significant potential in the space manipulation and surface mobility class of applications for space.
Compiling high-level languages for vector architectures

In this paper, we investigate the issues of compiling high-level languages for vector architectures. Vector architectures have regained popularity in recent years, from simple desktop computers with small vector units motivated by multimedia applications to large-scale vector multiprocessing machines motivated by ever-growing computational demands. We show that generating code for various types of vector architectures can be done using several idioms, and that the best idiom is not what a programmer would normally do. Using a set of benchmark programs, we also show that the benefits of vectorization can be significant and must not be ignored. Our results show that high-level languages are an attractive means of programming vector architectures since their compilers can generate code using the specific idioms that are most effective for the low-level vectorizing compiler. This leads to source code that is clearer and more maintainable, has excellent performance across the full spectrum of vector architectures, and therefore improves programmer productivity.
Magnetic insulation of dielectric surfaces for the space environment

The influence of magnetic fields on dielectric surface breakdown is investigated for space conditions (presence of background plasma and gas, outgassing materials, and UV illumination), both for DC and pulsed electric and magnetic fields. DC conditions are susceptible to corona-type discharges with major influence of magnetic fields on discharge path and geometry. For pulsed voltages, insulation effects of the DC magnetic fields start at field amplitudes of 0.2 Tesla, dependent on the direction of the magnetic field with respect to the surface and the electric field. At 0.35 Tesla, an increase of breakdown voltage of more than 50% is observed (magnetic field parallel to the surface, material G-10 epoxy). Experimental results with DC field amplitudes of up to 0.8 Tesla are compared with the prediction of the saturated-surface-avalanche model for dielectric breakdown. In a second experimental setup, the insulating properties of pulsed magnetic fields produced by currents of up to 350 kA is studied, including conditions for magnetic self-insulation, vacuum gaps, and dielectric surface breakdowns. >
Expert Tutors Feedback Is Immediate, Direct, and Discriminating

Feedback is critical in both human and computer tutoring because it has directive, facilitative, and motivational functions. An understanding of the feedback strategies of expert human tutors is essential for ITSs that aspire to model such tutors. Although previous research suggests that expert tutors provide indirect and delayed feedback, methodological concerns limit the generalizability of these findings. In order to alleviate some of these methodological concerns, we conducted a fine-grained analysis of the feedback strategies of 10 expert tutors across 50 sessions. We analyzed the likelihood that tutors provide positive, negative, and neutral feedback immediately following students’ correct, partially-correct, error-ridden, vague, or no answers. Our results support the conclusion that expert tutors feedback is direct, immediate, discriminating, and largely domain independent. We discuss the implication of our results for the development of an ITS that aspires to model expert tutors.
B2b: How To Build A Profitable E-commerce Strategy

Real paths to profit in the fastest-growing online opportunity yet--business-to-business e-commerce.. Companies on the Internet fast track are all abuzz about the unquestionable potential of B2B e-commerce. Reliable estimates suggest that a trillion dollars will be transacted over the Web in the next few years--and the bulk of that will occur in the business-to-business space. For all of the discussion, however, this vast frontier of Internet commerce is still unexplored by most companies with the potential to profit. They simply don't know how to get started. B2B provides the first definitive blueprint for creating a profitable business-to-business Web strategy. It describes huge B2B success stories such as Cisco Systems and Dell Computer, and smaller trailblazers including VerticalNet and eCredit.com, to illustrate how any company can navigate this space. Written by a frontrunner in the field, B2B breaks down a previously cryptic topic into easy-to-understand steps, and provides a how-to game plan for succeeding at the greatest opportunity yet in online commerce. }In B2B, its not a matter of winning or losingits getting into the game that matters.Companies on the Internet fast track are buzzing about the unquestionable potential of B2B e-commerce. And why not? Reliable estimates suggest that trillions of dollars will be transacted over the Web in the next few yearsand the bulk of that will occur in the business-to-business space. For all of the discussion, however, this vast frontier of Internet commerce is still unexplored by most companies with the potential to profit. They simply dont know how to move beyond the hype to get started. B2B provides the first definitive blueprint for creating a profitable business-to-business Web strategy. It describes phenomenal B2B success strategies such as those used by VerticalNet, Travelocity, and Cisco, and details smaller operations moving into the B2B market to illustrate how any company can navigate this space. Michael Cunningham, a leading expert in B2B strategy and technology, breaks this previously cryptic topic down into actionable steps. B2B, Cunningham explains, is as old as business itselfwhat is new is the speed at which new and more efficient business connections and services can be made. He describes specific ways B2B cuts transaction expenses, aggregates buying power, and exploits the efficiencies of single and specialized markets. Not to be missed, B2B is the first book to provide a how-to game plan for succeeding at the greatest opportunity yet in online business. }
Study of antineutrino oscillations using accelerator and atmospheric data in MINOS

The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) is a long baseline experiment that was built for studying the neutrino oscillation phenomena. The MINOS experiment uses high intensity muon neutrino and antineutrino beams created by Neutrinos at the Main Injector facility (NuMI) at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). Neutrino interactions are recorded by two sampling steel-scintillator tracking calorimeters: 0.98\,kton Near Detector at Fermilab, IL and 5.4\,kton Far Detector at the Soudan Underground Laboratory, MN. These two detectors are functionally identical, which helps to reduce the systematic uncertainties in the muon neutrino and antineutrino disappearance measurements. The Near Detector, located 1.04\,km from the neutrino production target, is used to measure the initial beam composition and neutrino energy proximal to the neutrino source. The collected data at the Near Detector is then used to predict energy spectrum in the Far Detector. By comparing this prediction to collected data at the Far Detector, which is 735\,km away from the target, it enables a measurement of a set of parameters that govern the neutrino oscillation phenomenon. \\ \indent The flexibility of the NuMI beam configuration and the magnetization of the MINOS detectors facilitate the identification of $$\nu_{\mu}$$ and $$\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$$ charged-current interactions on an event-by-event basis. This enables one to measure neutrino and antineutrino oscillation parameters independently and therefore allows us to test the CPT symmetry in the lepton sector. To enhance the sensitivity of the oscillation parameters measurement, a number of techniques have been implemented. Event classification, shower energy estimation and energy resolution bin fitting, which are described in this dissertation, are three of these techniques. Moreover, the most stringent constraints on oscillation parameters can be achieved by combining multiple data sets. \\ \indent This dissertation reports the measurement of antineutrino oscill! ation parameters using the complete MINOS accelerator and atmospheric data set of charged-current $$\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$$ events. This set comprises exposures of (i) 3.36\times 10^{20} proton-on-target (POT) in the \bar{\nu}_{\mu}-beam mode, (ii) 10.71\times 10^{20} POT in the \nu_{\mu}-beam mode, and (iii) 37.88 kton yr of atmospheric antineutrinos. The data analysis provides the world's most precise measurement to date on the antineutrino oscillation parameters: $$|\Delta \overline{m}^2|=\left( 2.50^{+0.23}_{-0.29}\right) \times 10^{-3} \,eV^2$$ and $$\sin^2(2\bar{\theta})=0.97^{+0.03}_{-0.08}$$. This result is consistent with neutrino oscillation parameters independently measured by MINOS and by others. The difference between antineutrino and neutrino mass-squared splittings is computed to be $$|\Delta \overline{m}^2|-|\Delta m^2|=\left(0.13^{+0.23}_{-0.25}\right) \times 10^{-3} \, eV^2$$.
Factors Associated With No or Delayed Linkage to Care in Newly Diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐1–Infected Patients Identified by Emergency Department–based Rapid HIV Screening Programs in Two Urban EDs

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19: 497–503 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: The objective was to describe the proportions of successful linkage to care (LTC) and identify factors associated with LTC among newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients, from two urban emergency department (ED) rapid HIV screening programs. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of programmatic data from two established urban ED rapid HIV screening programs between November 2005 and October 2009. Trained HIV program assistants interviewed all patients tested to gather risk behavior data using a structured data collection instrument. Reactive results were confirmed by Western blot testing. Patients were provided with scheduled appointments at HIV specialty clinics at the institutions where they tested positive within 30 days of their ED visit. “Successful” LTC was defined as attendance at the HIV outpatient clinic within 30 days after HIV diagnosis, in accordance with the ED National HIV Testing Consortium metric. “Any” LTC was defined as attendance at the outpatient HIV clinic within 1 year of initial HIV diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine factors associated with any LTC or successful LTC. Results: Of the 15,640 tests administered, 108 (0.7%) were newly identified HIV-positive cases. Nearly half (47.2%) of the patients had been previously tested for HIV. Successful LTC occurred in 54% of cases; any LTC occurred in 83% of cases. In multivariate analysis, having public medical insurance and being self-pay were negatively associated with successful LTC (odds ratio [OR] = 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12 to 0.96; OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.13 to 0.89, respectively); being female and having previously tested for HIV was negatively associated with any LTC (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.93; OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.77, respectively). Conclusions: In spite of dedicated resources for arranging LTC in the ED HIV testing programs, nearly 50% of patients did not have successful LTC (i.e., LTC occurred at >30 days), although >80% of patients were LTC within 1 year of initial diagnosis. Further evaluation of the barriers associated with successful LTC for those with public insurance and self-pay is warranted.
Board level reliability of CSP

Companies are pushing the development of CSP (chip size package or chip scale package), which has almost no limit to LSI chip size. Sharp has developed a CSP, which can be manufactured using existing equipment, and commenced mass production in August 1996. The CSP, a face-up structure on single-sided wiring polyimide substrate, was developed using wire bonding and transfer molding technology, which are proven packaging technologies. Further, the external connection terminals are an area array structure using solder balls, with a pitch of 0.8-1.0 mm. The area array package, which has a structure using solder balls or "bumps" as external connection terminals similar to Sharp's CSP, is different from current flat type plastic packages (SOP (small outline package), QFP (quad flat package), etc.) in that the mechanism of stress on the solder connectors being reduced due to the lead frame does not operate. For that reason, after mounting on the motherboard, heat or mechanical stress can be expected to concentrate in the solder connections, and there is some concern that this reduces the post-mounting reliability. The factors that are believed to affect CSP reliability after mounting are the CSP's outline size, structure, and material, the motherboard's material, design, and manufacturing methods, etc. Sharp conducted a temperature cycle test similar to those currently performed to evaluate resistance to heat stress. For resistance to mechanical stress. Sharp also conducted bending and drop impact tests on a mounted motherboard under various conditions.
Analytic determination of the hyperfine-assisted Zeeman shift for the deuterium atom.

Small extra Zeeman shifts measured in the ground states of $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ have previously been shown to be due to the hyperfine interaction to second order coupled with the Zeeman interaction to first order. Approximate theoretical calculations yielded effective frequencies for the two isotopes of 0.016 Hz/T and 0.18 Hz/T, respectively, in good agreement with experiments. We calculate exactly the same shift for the 1s and 2s states of $^{2}\mathrm{H}$ by perturbation differential equations. For the 1s and 2s states the respective frequencies are 2.61\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ Hz/T and 2.56\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ Hz/T.
An adhesive bone marrow scaffold and bone morphogenetic-2 protein carrier for cartilage tissue engineering.

A chondroitin sulfate–bone marrow (CS-BM) adhesive hydrogel was used to localize rhBMP-2 to enhance articular cartilage tissue formation. Chondrocyte pellet culture revealed that 0.1 and 1 μg/mL of rhBMP-2 enhanced sulfated-GAG content. rhBMP-2 localization within the hydrogels was investigated, and it was found that BM, CS-NHS, and rhBMP-2 levels and time affected rhBMP-2 retention. Retention was modulated from 82 to 99% over a 3-week period for the material formulations investigated. To evaluate carrier efficacy, rhBMP-2 and bovine articular chondrocytes were encapsulated within CS-BM, and biochemical evaluation revealed significant increases in total collagen production with rhBMP-2. Histological analysis revealed more robust tissue formation and greater type-II collagen production with encapsulated rhBMP-2. Subsequently, a subcutaneous culture of hydrogels revealed increased total collagen, type-II to type-I collagen ratio, and sulfated GAG in samples carrying rhBMP-2. These findings indicate the deve...
Construction of a system for single-cell transgene induction in Caenorhabditis elegans using a pulsed infrared laser.

The spatial and temporal control of transgene expression is an important tool in Caenorhabditis elegans biology. We previously described a method for evoking gene expression in arbitrary cells by using a focused pulsed infrared laser to induce a heat shock response (Churgin et al., 2013) [1]. Here we describe detailed methods for building and testing a system for performing single-cell heat shock. Steps include setting up the laser and associated components, coupling the laser beam to a microscope, and testing heat shock protocols. All steps can be carried out using readily available off-the-shelf components.
Effect of organic vehicles on the pharmacokinetics of aminophylline administered intravenously to goats

Davis, L.E., Neff-Davis, C.A., Koritz, G.D., Bevill, R.F., Sharma, G.C., Langston, V.C. & Munsiff, I.J. Effect of organic vehicles on the pharmacokinetics of aminophylline administered intravenously to goats.J, vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 10, 144–149. Aminophylline dissolved in water, propylene glycol, or dimethyl sulfoxide was administered intravenously to goats in a randomized cross-over experiment. Model-dependent and model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters for theophylline were compared on the basis of the solvent used in the dosage form administered. No difference was found in any pharmacokinetic parameter. Thus, we found no evidence for the possibility that the organic solvents studied would confound pharmacokinetic investigations of theophylline and similar lipophilic drugs.
Early Administration of Clopidogrel Is Safe After Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Background Patients who undergo off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OPCAB) may be hypercoagulable with an increased risk of graft thrombosis due to the lack of platelet dysfunction that accompanies "on-pump" surgery. Clopidogrel may be indicated in these patients to prevent recurrent ischemic events. The purpose of this observational study was to determine the safety of early clopidogrel administration after OPCAB. Methods Thirty-day follow-up of 364 consecutive OPCAB patients (January to June, 2002) was determined from a computerized database. One hundred ninety-three patients received clopidogrel 4 hours postoperatively if chest tube output was less than 100 cc/h for 4 hours, then daily for 4 weeks. Aspirin was administered preoperatively and postoperatively to all patients. Telephone follow-up was made 6 to 12 months after OPCAB. Results None of the patients who received clopidogrel in the early postoperative period required reoperation for mediastinal hemorrhage. Mean chest tube drainage at 24 hours was 1,024 ± 563 mL in patients who received clopidogrel and 942 ± 501 mL in patients who did not receive clopidogrel. The total number of blood units transfused and the number of patients receiving blood transfusions were similar between groups. In-hospital mortality was 1.6% in patients who received clopidogrel and 3.5% in patients who did not receive clopidogrel. No group differences in mortality or adverse cardiac events were observed at 6 months. Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 2.2% clopidogrel patients versus 0.7% of patients who did not receive clopidogrel. Conclusions When administered according to our postoperative protocol, OPCAB patients can safely receive clopidogrel in the early postoperative period without increased risk for mediastinal hemorrhage.
Inferred dependence coverage to support fault contextualization

This paper provides techniques for aiding developers' task of familiarizing themselves with the context of a fault. Many fault-localization techniques present the software developer with a subset of the program to inspect in order to aid in the search for faults that cause failures. However, typically, these techniques do not describe how the components of the subset relate to each other in a way that enables the developer to understand how these components interact to cause failures. These techniques also do not describe how the subset relates to the rest of the program in a way that enables the developer to understand the context of the subset. In this paper, we present techniques for providing static and dynamic relations among program elements that can be used as the basis for the exploration of a program when attempting to understand the nature of faults.
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in the blood of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Abstract Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) enzyme activity, associated with cell surface and soluble CD26, was measured in alligator plasma and whole blood. DPP4 activity was higher in whole blood than in the plasma, presumably due to the inclusion of both membrane-bound CD26 on the surface of T-cells and sCD26 in the plasma. The plasma DPP4 activity was measured within 5 min after the addition of the substrate, and maximal accumulation of product was reached at 120 min. Alligator whole blood DPP4 activity peaked at 120 min. In addition, the DPP4 activity in both plasma and whole blood was temperature-dependent, with moderate activities at lower temperatures (5–20 °C) and peak activity at 40 °C. Alligator plasma DPP4 displayed classical Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with a V max value of 267 ± 9 nmol/min, and a K m of 21.1 ± 1.9 μM, while these values were 286 ± 14 nmol/min and 57.1 ± 3.7 μM, respectively, for whole blood. The proteolytic activity was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by a specific DPP4 inhibitor, diprotin A, which indicates that the activity is probably due to the presence of DPP4. The significance of the presence of this activity in alligator blood is still unknown.
Simulation of continuous reactive distillation by a homotopy-continuation method

Abstract Reactive distillation was studied theoretically for the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol to produce ethyl acetate and water, using second-order reversible kinetics. Because of the high degree of interaction among the iteration variables, convergence was difticult-to-impossible to achieve with Newton's method. Consequently, a robust homotopy-continuation method was applied to solve the simultaneous nonlinear equations used to model the reactive-distillation system. Case studies for several different specifications were conducted to show how design variables affect the reactive-distillation system.
Predicted chemistry of the deep atmosphere of Uranus before the Voyager 2 encounter

The Voyager 2 spacecraft will encounter Uranus in January 1986,and will provide the first spacecraft observations of that planet.It carries an infrared interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) whichhas already detected a variety of infrared active gases in theatmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn and Titan1–4. Some of the detected gases are not in chemical equilibrium but have sources in the deep atmosphere. IRIS observations of these non-equilibrium gases, in particular PH3 (mixing ratio ≃6×10−7) and GeH4 ( ≃ 7×10−10) on Jupiter1 and PH3 ( ≃ 1×10−6) on Saturn3, can be used to deduce the strength of convective mixing in the deepatmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn5,6. Similar deductions could be made about convective mixing rates in the deep atmosphere of Uranus if models of the equilibrium chemistry and thermochemicalkinetics were available to help interpret IRIS observations of the visible Uranus atmosphere. We describe here the results of comprehensive thermochemical equilibrium and chemical kinetic calculations for Uranus. We predict that the most abundant non-equilibrium trace gas derived from the deep atmosphere of Uranus is N2; other important non-equilibrium species include HCl, HF, GeH4, C2H6, PH3, H2Se, CH3SH, CO, CH3NH2, CH3OH, and CO2. Some of these species are detectable potentially by the Voyager instruments.
Icosahedral ordering: a Microscopic view of the mass density wave descriptions

Abstract We show that recent mass density wave descriptions of three-dimensional icosahedral ordering yield radial distribution functions (RDFs) which are physically reasonable on a microscopic scale. Nelson and Sachdev considered three different icosahedral orderings involving “vertex”, “edge” and “face” stars or reciprocal lattice vectors and they showed that the vertex model displays a diffraction pattern most consistent with that observed for the icosahedral MnAl system. Similarly, we show the vertex model's RDF to be the most consistent with the observed RDF for aluminum-rich crystalline MnAl systems. The present results also suggest that the RDF for associated with such icosahedral ordering has manganese-like “interstitial” sites which may or may not be occupied and as a result such a system can readily accommodate a range of aluminum to transition metal compositions (as is probably the case in MnAl).
High-concentration band profiles and system peaks for a ternary solute system

High-concentration HPLC band profiles of single solutes and the individual band profiles of the components of binary and ternary mixtures are reported for benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, and 2-methylbenzyl alcohol. These solutes were eluted from a C 18 column by a binary mobile phase (MeOH:H 2 O = 1:1, v/v). High-concentration system peaks were obtained using mixtures of benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol at different relative concentrations as the feed and 2-methylbenzyl alcohol as the strong mobile phase additive. Band profiles and system peak profiles were calculated using the equilibrium-dispersive model of chromatography. The adsorption equilibrium in the multicomponent system was characterized by the competitive Langmuir model. Excellent quantitative agreement was found between the experimental and the calculated profiles. This work confirms that extremely unusual system peak profiles can be obtained even when the adsorption behavior is quite simple. Under certain circumstances, the use of a properly chosen additive could markedly increase the separation between bands and hence the production rate, the recovery yield, and/or the purity of the fractions.