cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative population dynamics of microbial communities in plankton-fed microbial fuel cells

This study examines changes in diversity and abundance of bacteria recovered from the anodes of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in relation to anode potential, power production and geochemistry. MFCs were batch-fed with plankton, and two systems were maintained at different potentials whereas one was at open circuit for 56.8 days. Bacterial phylogenetic diversity during peak power was assessed from 16S rDNA clone libraries. Throughout the experiment, microbial community structure was examined using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. Changes in cell density of key phylotypes, including representatives of delta-, epsilon-, gamma-proteobacteria and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga-Bacteroides, were enumerated by quantitative PCR. Marked differences in phylogenetic diversity were observed during peak power versus the final time point, and changes in microbial community structure were strongly correlated to dissolved organic carbon and ammonium concentrations within the anode chambers. Community structure was notably different between the MFCs at different anode potentials during the onset of peak power. At the final time point, however, the anode-hosted communities in all MFCs were similar. These data demonstrate that differences in growth, succession and population dynamics of key phylotypes were due to anode potential, which may relate to their ability to exploit the anode as an electron acceptor. The geochemical milieu, however, governs overall community diversity and structure. These differences reflect the physiological capacity of specific phylotypes to catabolize plankton-derived organic matter and exploit the anode of an MFC for their metabolism directly or indirectly through syntrophy.
Perianesthetic morbidity and mortality in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery

Abstract Objective To evaluate and compare perioperative morbidity and mortality in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery. Study design Prospective case series. Animals 157 dogs undergoing cervical or thoracolumbar spinal surgery. Methods Data were collected sequentially on canine cases presented from the Neurology Section of the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for anesthesia and surgery for cervical spinal cord disease. Simultaneously, data were collected on all thoracolumbar spinal surgery cases during the same time period. Data included signalment, drugs administered, surgical approach, disease process, cardiac arrhythmias during anesthesia, and outcome. Results Data were collected from 164 surgical events in 157 dogs. There were 52 cervical approaches; four dorsal and 48 ventral. All thoracolumbar surgeries were approached dorsolaterally. Four dogs 4/52 (7.6%) undergoing a cervical approach did not survive to discharge. Two dogs (2/8; 25%) underwent atlanto-axial (AA) stabilization and suffered cardiovascular arrest and two dogs (2/38; 5.2%) undergoing cervical ventral slot procedures were euthanized following anesthesia and surgery due to signs of aspiration pneumonia. All dogs undergoing thoracolumbar surgery survived until discharge (112/112). Mortality in dogs undergoing cervical spinal surgery was greater compared with dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery (p = 0.009), however, in dogs undergoing decompressive disc surgery, intraoperative death rates were not different between dogs undergoing a cervical compared with thoracolumbar approaches (p = 0.32) nor was there a significant difference in overall mortality (p = 0.07). Conclusion and clinical relevance Overall, dogs undergoing cervical spinal surgery were less likely to survive until discharge compared with dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery. Mortality in dogs undergoing cervical intervertebral disc decompression surgery was no different than for dogs undergoing thoracolumbar intervertebral disc decompression surgery. However, dogs undergoing cervical intervertebral disc decompression surgery should be considered at risk for aspiration pneumonia.
ASIC packaging challenges with high speed interfaces

Networking speed is exploding as demanded with technology advancements and industry chip technology is evolving with rapidly increasing serial link data rates with high link integration for higher aggregate bandwidth and shrinking chip area and interface dimensions of devices. However, a large development speed gap between chip technologies and package technologies places great packaging challenges for high speed link applications where package wireability is driven by high frequency performance requirements. This paper discusses packaging challenges of high speed link applications with cost-performance tradeoffs in the technology trend.
A progressive approach to handling message-dependent deadlock in parallel computer systems

Handling deadlocks is essential for providing reliable communication paths between processing nodes in parallel computer systems. The existence of multiple message types and associated inter-message dependencies may cause message-dependent deadlocks in networks that are designed to be free of routing deadlock. Most methods currently used for dealing with message-dependent deadlocks require more system resources than are necessary and/or do not use system resources efficiently. This may have an adverse effect on system performance if resources are scarce. In this paper, we characterize the frequency of message-dependent deadlocks in multiprocessor/multicomputer systems. We also propose a handling technique for message-dependent deadlocks based on progressive deadlock recovery and evaluate its performance with other approaches. Results show that message-dependent deadlocks occur very infrequently under typical circumstances thus, rendering approaches based on avoiding them overly restrictive in the common case. The proposed technique relaxes restrictions considerably, allowing the routing of packets and the handling of message-dependent deadlocks to be much more efficient-particularly when network resources are scarce.
Emergent autoimmunity in graft-versus-host disease.

Donor T-cell recognition of host alloantigens presented by host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is necessary for the induction of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but whether direct alloreactivity is sufficient for the propagation of GVHD is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that GVHD cannot be effectively propagated through the direct pathway of allorecognition. Rather, donor T-cell recognition of antigens through the indirect pathway is necessary for the perpetuation of GVHD. Furthermore, GVHD results in the breaking of self tolerance, resulting in the emergence of donor T cells that can cause autoimmune disease in syngeneic recipients. Notably, GVHD-induced autoreactivity is donor APC dependent, transferable into secondary hosts, and involves cells of the innate immune system. These results indicate that donor T-cell--mediated pathologic damage during GVHD becomes donor APC dependent and provide a mechanistic explanation for the long-standing observation that GVHD is associated with autoimmune clinical manifestations. (Blood. 2005;105:4885-4891)
'Zigzag motion' goes in unexpected directions

In a novel ‘zigzag motion’ display, random dots made alternate long and short jumps, 10 mm downward and 1 mm to theright. The zigs and zags were either at right angles (differing by 90-) or in opposite directions (180-). Result: The perceiveddirection of motion varied with the viewing distance or spatial scale. During close-up [or distant] viewing the displayappeared to move in the direction of the short [or long] jumps. When the motion was stopped after 30 s, a motion aftereffect(MAE) was seen, driven by the short jumps but not the long jumps. Therefore, the perceived direction of motion wasdissociated from its aftereffect. A picture rotated alternately 5- clockwise (CW) and 1- counterclockwise (CCW) andappeared to rotate jerkily CW. When stopped, a clockwise MAE was seen, appropriate to the small 1- jumps. If the test ﬁeldcontained blurred, dynamic visual noise, the MAE was now CCW, appropriate to the large 5- jumps; the large jumps drovethe perceived motion direction and dynamic MAE, but the small jumps drove the static MAE. Conclusion: Winner-take-allcompetition between pathways tuned to fast and slow movements. Their independent adaptation gave opposite static anddynamic MAEs.Keywords: motion perception, global motion, visual illusion, motion coherence, motion aftereffectCitation: Anstis, S. (2009). ‘Zigzag motion’ goes in unexpected directions. Journal of Vision, 9(4):17, 1–13,http://journalofvision.org/9/4/17/, doi:10.1167/9.4.17.
Lipids of human meibum: mass-spectrometric analysis and structural elucidation

The purpose of this study was to structurally characterize the major lipid species present in human meibomian gland secretions (MGS) of individual subjects by means of ion trap atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry analysis (API MS(n)). The samples of MGS and authentic lipid standards were analyzed in direct infusion and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiments with API MS(n) detection of the analytes (HPLC API MS(n)). The major precursor ions were isolated and subjected to further sequential fragmentation in MS(n) experiments, and their fragmentation patterns were compared with those of authentic lipid standards. Multiple precursor ions were observed in the positive-ion mode. Among those, previously identified cholesterol (Chl; m/z 369; [M - H(2)O + H](+)) and oleic acid (OA; m/z 283; [M + H](+)) were found. The other major compounds of the general molecular formula C(n)H(2n-2)O(2) were consistent with wax esters (WEs), with OA as fatty acyl component. Accompanying them were two homologous series of compounds that fit the molecular formulas C(n)H(2n-4)O(2) and C(n)H(2n)O(2). Subset 2 was found to be a homolog series of linoleic acid-based WEs, whereas subset 3 was, apparently, a mixture of stearic acid-based WEs. HPLC API MS(n) analysis revealed the presence of large quantities of cholesteryl esters (Chl-Es) in all of the tested samples. Less than 0.1% (w/w) of oleamide was detected in human MGS. In the negative-ion mode, three major compounds with m/z values of 729, 757, and 785 that were apparently related to anionogenic lipids of the diacylglyceryl family were found in all of the samples. Common phospholipids and ceramides (Cers) were not present among the major MGS lipids. Phosphocholine-based lipids were found in MGS in quantities less than 0.01% (w/w), if at all. This ratio is two orders of magnitude lower than reported previously. These observations suggest that MGS are a major source of nonpolar lipids of the WE and Chl-E families for the tear film lipid layer, but not of its previously reported (phospho)lipid, Cer, and fatty acid amide components.
Evaluation on Semantic Differential Equals Abstraction Plus Error

Summary.-To test for a possible relation between the concreteness of stimuli and their loadings on Evaluation in the semantic differential, 2 groups of Ss were given from the semantic differential the 13 adjective pairs having the highest loadings on Evaluation and the 13 adjective pairs with the lowest loadings on Evaluation in the Osgood, et al. (1957) studies, and were asked to rate a series of 12 stimuli-3 objects, 3 pictures, and 6 words. The ratios of the variance of the ratings of rhe adjective pairs with the highest loading on Evaluation (variance on E) to rhe variance of ratings of pairs with the lowest loading on Evaluation (variance on N) for each of the stimuli were compared with Ss' rankings of the same stimuli on an abstraction-concreteness continuum. r was ,645 (p < .05 for 10 df); a second study yielded a comparable value. When variance due to individual differences in abstraction rankings was removed, so that the basis of comparison was the ratio of variance on E to variance on N of the stimulus which S ranked 1 and repeated for each of the ranks 2 to 12, summated over Ss, the obtained s rose to ,953 (p < .001 for 10 dl). It was concluded that Paivio and Osgood are probably measuring the same phenomenon and calling ir by different names. Implications for merhodology and SD-based semantic structure theory are drawn. Paivio (1969) from his review of the literature and from the results of his experimentation infers a nonverbal mediation mechanism. This mechanism translates stimuli into nonverbal symbols. He points out that stimuli which have image-evoking potential (I) by means of this mechanism are not considered in semantic differential (SD) research. These statements implied to us that 1 as it pertains to an abstraction-concreteness continuum ought to be a crucial variable for SD studies. This study was so directed. We first need to review the research and the thinking about the research from which our approach to this problem developed. Osgood, Suci, and Tannenbaum ( 1957) infer a primarily verbal mediation mechanism in their SD research as opposed to Paivio's nonverbal mechanism. These researchers construe their semantic strucnlre to reflect a significant part of a person's total imaginal, mental thought processes, i.e., they suggest that a large portion of an individual's experience is accessible through the words he uses. To the degree that this semantic 'The work reported herein was performed, in part, pursuant to a grant from the U.S. Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare at the Un~vers~n, of Texas at Austin. assistance of R. V. Kidd in the revision of the original manuscript is grarehlly acknowledged. "801 Lavaca Street, 11-E, Austin, Texas 78701.
Paying Attention to Attention in Recognition Memory Insights From Models and Electrophysiology

Reliance on remembered facts or events requires memory for their sources, that is, the contexts in which those facts or events were embedded. Understanding of source retrieval has been stymied by the fact that uncontrolled fluctuations of attention during encoding can cloud results of key importance to theoretical development. To address this issue, we combined electrophysiology (high-density electroencephalogram, EEG, recordings) with computational modeling of behavioral results. We manipulated subjects' attention to an auditory attribute, whether the source of individual study words was a male or female speaker. Posterior alpha-band (8-14 Hz) power in subjects' EEG increased after a cue to ignore the voice of the person who was about to speak. Receiver-operating-characteristic analysis validated our interpretation of oscillatory dynamics as a marker of attention to source information. With attention under experimental control, computational modeling showed unequivocally that memory for source (male or female speaker) reflected a continuous signal detection process rather than a threshold recollection process.
Melatonin treatment restores mitochondrial function in Alzheimer’s mice: a mitochondrial protective role of melatonin membrane receptor signaling

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is observed in mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mouse models of familial AD. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant, can prevent toxic aggregation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and, when taken long term, can protect against cognitive deficits in APP transgenic mice. To study the effects of melatonin on brain mitochondrial function in an AD model, APP/PS1 transgenic mice were treated for 1 month with melatonin. Analysis of isolated brain mitochondria from mice indicated that melatonin treatment decreased mitochondrial Aβ levels by two- to fourfold in different brain regions. This was accompanied by a near complete restoration of mitochondrial respiratory rates, membrane potential, and ATP levels in isolated mitochondria from the hippocampus, cortex, or striatum. When isolated mitochondria from untreated young mice were given melatonin, a slight increase in respiratory rate was observed. No such effect was observed in mitochondria from aged mice. In APP-expressing neuroblastoma cells in culture, mitochondrial function was restored by melatonin or by the structurally related compounds indole-3-propionic acid or N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine. This restoration was partially blocked by melatonin receptor antagonists indicating melatonin receptor signaling is required for the full effect. Therefore, treatments that stimulate melatonin receptor signaling may be beneficial for restoring mitochondrial function in AD, and preservation of mitochondrial function may an important mechanism by which long term melatonin treatment delays cognitive dysfunction in AD mice.
Safety of full-dose intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator followed by multimodal endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke.

Background and purpose The optimal management of stroke patients who fail treatment with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) remains unknown. A study was undertaken to establish whether treatment with a standard intravenous t-PA dose (0.9 mg/kg) followed by multimodal endovascular therapy would have a similar safety profile to reduced dose (0.6 mg/kg) bridging therapy. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of a prospectively collected database. All patients treated with full-dose t-PA and endovascular therapy were included. The primary safety endpoints included ECASS-III symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and ECASS parenchymal hematomas (PH). Secondary safety endpoints included severe systemic bleeding and 90-day mortality. Clinical efficacy endpoints included rates of recanalization (TICI 2–3), ambulation at hospital discharge and 90-day independent outcomes (mRS 0–2). Results 106 consecutive patients (mean age 69±17 years; mean baseline NIH Stroke Scale 17.8±4.8; 55% women; occlusion sites: MCA-M1 60.4%; MCA-M2 6.6%; ICA-T 19.8%; tandem cervical ICA+MCA-M1 7.5%; basilar artery 5.7%) were identified over a 10-year period. The sICH rate was 8.5% and the PH-1, PH-2 and subarachnoid hemorrhage rates were 2.8%, 8.5% and 2.8%, respectively. There were two (1.9%) severe groin hematomas. The recanalization rate was 66%. At hospital discharge, 41.4% of the patients were ambulatory. The rate of independent functional outcomes at 90 days was 24%; however, this sample is biased since nearly all deaths were captured but detailed 90-day functional outcomes were missing in 27 patients. The 90-day death rate was 32.4%. Conclusion Combined treatment with full-dose intravenous rt-PA followed by multimodal endovascular therapy seems to be associated with similar rates of sICH to that of bridging therapy with reduced rt-PA dosage.
Lazy Versus Eager Conflict Detection in Software Transactional Memory: A Real-Time Schedulability Perspective

Transactional memory is a mechanism of controlling access to shared resources in concurrent programs. Though originally implemented in hardware, software implementations of transactional memory are now available as library extensions in all major programming language. Lately, variants of software transactional memory (STM) with real-time support have been presented. The conflict detection policy used in STM, which can be of lazy or eager type, determines the point at which transactions are aborted. The conflict detection policy can have a significant effect on the schedulability of tasks sharing common resources. Using an abstract model, we present a real-time scheduling perspective analysis of lazy and eager conflict detection policies used in STM.
Biologic activity of anti‐thyrotropin anti‐idiotypic antibody

We raised an antihuman thyrotropin anti-idiotypic antibody and showed that it was active at the thyrotropin receptor. Thus this antibody inhibited 125I b-TSH binding to thyroid plasma membranes, stimulated adenylate cyclase activity through a guanyl nucleotide-dependent mechanism, increased radioiodide entry rate into isolated porcine thyroid follicular cells, and induced such cultured cells to organize into follicles. All these parameters are typical of thyrotropin action. This work raises the possibility that thyroid stimulating antibodies that cause the hyperthyroidism of Graves disease may be, at least in some patients, anti-thyrotropin anti-idiotypic antibodies. It also offers a novel method whereby antireceptor antibodies used in the isolation and characterization of the receptor may be raised from ligands.
Intestinal neoplasia in horses.

Background:Intestinal neoplasia of horses is inadequately described. Hypothesis:Intestinal neoplasia of horses has characteristic clinicopathologic features. Animals:Thirty-four horses with intestinal neoplasia. Methods:Retrospective study. Results:Anamnesis, clinical signs, clinicopathologic and pathologic findings in 34 adult horses diagnosed histologically with intestinal neoplasia were reviewed. The horses ranged in age from 2 to 30 years (mean 16.6 years at presentation). The Arabian breed was most represented and there was no sex predisposition. The most common presenting complaints were weight loss, colic, anorexia, and fever. The most consistent clinical signs were poor body condition, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, and diarrhea. Useful diagnostic tools included rectal examination, routine blood analyses, abdominocentesis, ultrasonographic examination, rectal biopsy, and exploratory laparotomy. Alimentary lymphoma was the most common intestinal neoplasia identified, followed by adenocarcinoma and smooth muscle tumors. The small intestine was the most common segment of intestine affected for all neoplasms. Intestinal neoplasia was diagnosed antemortem in 13 of 34 (38%) horses. The median time from onset of clinical signs to death or euthanasia was 1.9 months. The discharge rate was 15%. Although the longest survival was observed in horses with jejunal adenocarcinoma, all horses were eventually euthanized because of intestinal neoplasia. Conclusions: Arabian horses were 4.5 times more likely to have intestinal neoplasia diagnosed than were other breeds.
LINE-1: A Human Transposable Element

Among the 10(5) LINE-1 sequences (L1Hs) in the human genome are one or more 6-kb segments that are active retrotransposons. Expression of these retrotransposons appears to be favored in cells of germ line origin, as well as in some other tumor cells of epithelial origin. In such cells, the product of the first L1Hs open reading frame (ORF), a protein called p40, is detectable; p40 has no apparent similarity to gag proteins, but contains a leucine zipper region which may be responsible for the occurrence of p40 multimers. Transcription of L1Hs initiates at residue 1 although the transcriptional regulatory regions are downstream in the first 670 bp of the 5' untranslated region; deletion of a YY1-binding site in the first 20 bp reduces transcription by fivefold. Translation of the second ORF, which encodes reverse transcriptase, is independent of the translation of the frame encoding p40.
RESPONSE STRENGTH IN MULTIPLE SCHEDULES1

In several different experiments, pigeons were trained with one schedule or condition of food reinforcement for pecking in the presence of one key color, and a different schedule or condition in the presence of a second key color. After responding in both of these multiple schedule components stabilized, response-independent food was presented during dark-key periods between components, and the rates of pecking in both schedule components decreased. The decrease in responding relative to baseline depended on the frequency, magnitude, delay, or response-rate contingencies of reinforcement prevailing in that component. When reinforcement was terminated, decreases in responding relative to baseline rates were ordered in the same way as with response-independent food. The relations between component response rates were power functions. Internal consistencies in the data, in conjunction with parallel findings in the literature, suggest that the concept of response strength summarizes the effects of diverse procedures, where response strength is identified with relative resistance to change. The exponent of the power function relating response rates may provide the basis for scaling response strength.
Technique for correlating radiated noise with individual spark events in an automotive ignition system

A technique is described for obtaining synchronization signals from an engine's ignition system without significantly modifying the far field radio frequency interference (RFI) produced by the engine. These signals are used to view the output of an RFI receiver as a function of time, allowing for a correlation between RFI and individual arcing events in the ignition sequence. Examples of real time and statistical data obtained with the technique are given.
DKAL: Distributed-Knowledge Authorization Language

DKAL is a new declarative authorization language for distributed systems. It is based on existential fixed-point logic and is considerably more expressive than existing authorization languages in the literature. Yet its query algorithm is within the same bounds of computational complexity as e.g. that of SecPAL. DKAL's communication is targeted which is beneficial for security and for liability protection. DKAL enables flexible use of functions; in particular principals can quote (to other principals) whatever has been said to them. DKAL strengthens the trust delegation mechanism of SecPAL. A novel information order contributes to succinctness. DKAL introduces a semantic safety condition that guarantees the termination of the query algorithm.
Diagnosis and Management of Functional Heartburn.

Heartburn is among the most common gastrointestinal symptoms presenting to both generalist physicians and gastroenterologists. Heartburn that does not respond to traditional acid suppression is a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. In the era of high utilization of proton pump inhibitors, a substant
Performance Tuning of Fock Matrix and Two-Electron Integral Calculations for NWChem on Leading HPC Platforms

Attaining performance in the evaluation of two-electron repulsion integrals and constructing the Fock matrix is of considerable importance to the computational chemistry community. Due to its numerical complexity improving the performance behavior across a variety of leading supercomputing platforms is an increasing challenge due to the significant diversity in high-performance computing architectures. In this paper, we present our successful tuning methodology for these important numerical methods on the Cray XE6, the Cray XC30, the IBM BG/Q, as well as the Intel Xeon Phi. Our optimization schemes leverage key architectural features including vectorization and simultaneous multithreading, and results in speedups of up to 2.5x compared with the original implementation.
Electromagnetic induction

The flux linking law, ∊ = − dφ/dt, and the flux cutting law, ∊ = Bvl, often erroneously are considered as merely different ways of expressing the same phenomena. This article attempts to dispel the confusion surrounding the subject of electromagnetic induction.
Chromosomal evolution inEpilobium sect.Epilobium (Onagraceae), II.

A cytological analysis of 37 experimental interspecific hybrids withinEpilobium sect.Epilobium, involving 23 taxa, has indicated that the CC chromosome arrangement differs from BB by a single reciprocal translocation and was probably, like AA and DD, derived from it. Preliminary results suggest that the CC arrangement may characterize the AsianE. cephalostigma andE. platystigmatosum, which do not closely resemble the species in which it had earlier been detected. The BB arrangement is shown to occur in all North American species of theE. palustre group, includingE. oregonense. Direct evidence on chromosome arrangement is now available for some 85 of the approximately 185 species of the section, and may be inferred for at least 25 more.
How well do fossil assemblages of the Ediacara Biota tell time?: COMMENT

[Gehling and Droser’s (2013)][1] conclusion that Ediacaran fossils are not useful for biostratigraphy is an artifact of their lumping of all frond fossils into one indeterminate category, because there are potential biostratigraphic zones based on successive appearance of fronds of Trepassia ,
Toxicity of β -Nitropropionic Acid to Trichoplusia ni

β -nitropropionic acid (BNPA) added to a pinto bean diet and fed to cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), increased the mortality of 1st instar larvae, the length of the larval and pupal periods, and the life span of male moths, but reduced pupal weights and fecundity. A mixture of glucose triesters, (coronillin and karakin) was less toxic than BNPA. A diester (cibarian) was the least toxic of the materials tested. All 3 compounds were isolated from leaves of crown vetch, Coronilla varia L., and are toxic to nonruminant animals. BNPA and its glucose esters may have adaptive significance as a feeding deterrent to insects that attempt to feed on crownvetch. Plant breeding programs designed to eliminate BNPA from crown vetch to make the forage nontoxic to nonruminants may accidentally produce an insect-susceptible cultivar.
Pupal Diapause in Battus philenor (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Environmental factors involved in the induction, maintenance, and termination of the pupal diapause of Battus philenor (L.) were examined. Induction is strongly temperature dependent. Higher temperatures promoted continuous development, although significant numbers of diapause pupae occurred at all temperatures studied. Photoperiod had little effect on diapause induction, but once in diapause, pupae were responsive to both temperature and photoperiod. Warm temperatures and long photoperiods were most effective in promoting diapause development. Pupae were sensitive to both length and directional change of photoperiod. Age influenced the effect of chilling on diapause pupae. Diapause intensity was relatively weak the first 3 weeks after pupation, peaked in 5- to 7-week-old pupae, and then gradually declined. Under controlled laboratory conditions, males were less likely to enter diapause than females. Male pupae had a less intense diapause than females and emerged sooner under all photoperiods tested.
Adrenal involvement in cryptococcosis.

A case of complete adrenal gland destruction by cryptococcosis is presented. In addition, cryptococcal lesions in the adrenal glands were found in 11 of 41 autopsied cases of cryptococcosis. These observations indicate that adrenal involvement in disseminated cryptococcal infection is frequent. Tests of adrenal function should be performed during the course of cryptococcosis and after recovery, particularly in patients who have received steroid therapy.
Configuration Principle of Last Breaker Trip Equipment in Inverter Station of HVDC

The last breaker trip equipment in inverter station of HVDC system is a very important control device in converter station of DC system, whose main function is to prevent overvoltages at the AC side in converter station and other parts, which are caused by sudden trip-out of all AC loads in inverter station while the DC system is being operated, and the insulation damage of AC and DC equipments caused by the overvoltages. Taking the Lingbao back-to-back HVDC project for example, which is the first fully home-produced HVDC project in China, the configuration principle of last breaker trip equipment is analyzed . Combining with practical commissioning of this project, the control functions of last breaker trip equipment are optimized and perfected, and the design principle and commissioning experiences of this equipment are summarized. These experiences are suitable to other HVDC projects and are also helpful for improving the design, commissioning and operation level of HVDC projects in China.
New Zealand revisited

The Pharmacy Abroad section of AJHP features brief informal, and topical communications related to pharmacy in other countries. Contributions are welcomed from pharmacists abroad or from pharmacists who have traveled abroad. AJHP also encourages pharmacists from outside of the United States to submit traditional manuscripts (e.g., scientific studies, descriptions of practice innovations), which are evaluated for publication in the primary sections of the journal.
Learning from Imbalanced Data: Evaluation Matters

Datasets having a highly imbalanced class distribution present a fundamental challenge in machine learning, not only for training a classifier, but also for evaluation. There are also several different evaluation measures used in the class imbalance literature, each with its own bias. Compounded with this, there are different cross-validation strategies. However, the behavior of different evaluation measures and their relative sensitivities—not only to the classifier but also to the sample size and the chosen cross-validation method—is not well understood. Papers generally choose one evaluation measure and show the dominance of one method over another. We posit that this common methodology is myopic, especially for imbalanced data. Another fundamental issue that is not sufficiently considered is the sensitivity of classifiers both to class imbalance as well as to having only a small number of samples of the minority class. We consider such questions in this paper.
Population Normative Data for the CERAD Word List and Victoria Stroop Test in Younger- and Middle-Aged Adults: Cross-Sectional Analyses from the Framingham Heart Study.

Background/Study Context: To provide baseline normative data on tests of verbal memory and executive function for nondemented younger- and middle-aged adults.Methods: The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease word list memory task (CERAD-WL) and Victoria Stroop Test (VST) were administered to 3362 Framingham Heart Study (FHS) volunteer participants aged 24–78 years. Analyses of the effects of age, gender, and education were conducted. Normative data on traditional measures and error responses are reported for each test.Results: Traditional measures were significantly associated with both age and education in this cohort. Error responses also evidenced significant age and education effects.Conclusion: These data provide a normative comparison for assessment of verbal memory and executive functioning capabilities in younger- and middle-aged adults and may be utilized as a tool for preclinical studies of disease in this population.
Discovery of an autoimmunity-associated IL2RA enhancer by unbiased targeting of transcriptional activation

The majority of genetic variants associated with common human diseases map to enhancers, non-coding elements that shape cell type-specific transcriptional programs and responses to specific extracellular cues1-3. In order to understand the mechanisms by which non-coding genetic variation contributes to disease, systematic mapping of functional enhancers and their biological contexts is required. Here, we develop an unbiased discovery platform that can identify enhancers for a target gene without prior knowledge of their native functional context. We used tiled CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) to synthetically recruit transcription factors to sites across large genomic regions (>100 kilobases) surrounding two key autoimmunity risk loci, CD69 and IL2RA (interleukin-2 receptor alpha; CD25). We identified several CRISPRa responsive elements (CaREs) with stimulation-dependent enhancer activity, including an IL2RA enhancer that harbors an autoimmunity risk variant. Using engineered mouse models and genome editing of human primary T cells, we found that sequence perturbation of the disease-associated IL2RA enhancer does not block IL2RA expression, but rather delays the timing of gene activation in response to specific extracellular signals. This work develops an approach to rapidly identify functional enhancers within non-coding regions, decodes a key human autoimmunity association, and suggests a general mechanism by which genetic variation can cause immune dysfunction.
AN UNRESTRAINED PROINFLAMMATORY M1 MACROPHAGE POPULATION INDUCED BY IRON NANOCRYSTALS IMPAIRS MYOCARDIAL HEALING AFTER HEMORRHAGIC INFARCTION

Background: Reperfusion hemorrhage following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) leads to abnormal accumulation of iron deposits (IDs) within the infarcted territory. Given that these IDs drive a prolonged recruitment of macrophages into scar tissue, we investigated the physicochemical characteristics
The roles of valuation and reward processing in cognitive function and psychiatric disorders

In neuroeconomics, valuation refers to the process of assigning values to states and actions on the basis of the animal's current representation of the environment, while reward processing corresponds to processing the feedback received from the environment to update the values of states and actions. In this article, we review the brain circuits associated with valuation and reward processing and argue that these are fundamental processes critical to many cognitive functions. Specifically, we focus on the role of valuation and reward processing in attention, memory, decision making, and learning. Next, the extant neuroimaging literature on a number of psychiatric disorders is reviewed (i.e., addiction, pathological gambling, schizophrenia, and mood disorders), and an argument is made that associated deficits in cognitive functions can be explained in terms of abnormal valuation and reward processing. The review concludes with the impact of this framework in clinical settings and prescriptions for future research, in particular with regard to the conversions of qualitatively different valuation systems into a system of common currency.
Correcting the Scholarly Record in the Aftermath of Plagiarism: A Snapshot of Current‐Day Publishing Practices in Philosophy

Individuals discovered to have engaged in serial plagiarism in philosophy are few, but the academic publishers falling victim to them are many. Some of the most respected publishing houses in philosophy have recently dealt with the problem of having published plagiarized material. The various responses by these publishers to an instance of serial plagiarism, one that involves forty-three articles and book chapters, provides a real-time snapshot of the practices for correcting the scholarly record. The analysis offered in this article yields a twofold conclusion: first, there is relatively little uniformity among publishers in philosophy for responding to plagiarism; and second, in comparison with the natural sciences the discipline of philosophy often falls short of the accepted practices for correcting the scholarly record. The article considers only public, documented cases of academic plagiarism in philosophy and makes no new allegations of plagiarism.
DYNAMICAL METEOROLOGY | Vorticity

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 6, pp 2500–2504, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd.
The key particle and quark energy equality E W + E Z = E top

Precision Tevatron and Linear Hadron Collider measurements at Fermilab and CERN have revealed the numerically accurate mass equality W + Z = t. This equality between two gauge bosons (gb) and the top quark t is only valid if reinterpreted as an energy equality, where E = mc 2, since energy is a shared property of particles and quarks. The experimental data indicate that the LHC particle excitation energy is quantized in the form of gauge boson energy packets E gb , which are created by factor-of-137 proton-quark energy increases denoted as α-boosts, where α ~ 1/137 is the fine structure constant. These α-boosts occur during the rare head-on quark–quark collisions in the proton beams. The α-boost energy quantization mechanism also occurs in low-energy electron–positron boson and fermion particle production channels, where it generates E b and E f energy packets. These α-boost energy channels link together coherently, as demonstrated by the accurate top quark energy equation E top = (18/α2) E electron. Particle production energy equations are derived which combine to create an overall energy pattern that accurately reproduces the energies of the (u,d), s, c, b, t fermion constituent quarks, the µ and τ leptons, and the proton.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF MINING IN FAULTED GROUND.

This paper descriptionbes a numerical procedure for the computation of the displacements and stresses induced by the mining of a tabular ore deposit in faulted ground. The numerical procedure is based on the displacement discontinuity method, which can be regarded as an application of Salamon's 'face element principle' to cases in which the reef plane is faulted into several sections, or even folded in an arbitrary way. An element of a fault is modelled in the same manner as an element of the reef, except that a fault element is allowed to undergo permanent inelastic deformation (i.e., slip) if the stresses transmitted through the fault-filling material satisfy a Mohr-Coulomb yield condition. An iterative technique for the incorporation of a Mohr-Coulomb yield condition in the general displacement discontinuity method is explained. This technique is illustrated by means of a simple example involving the mining of a flat-lying reef intersected by a fault. The displacements and stresses at selected locations along the fault are examined as the reef is mined, element by element. A consideration of the energy changes reveals that the occurrence of slip along a fault leads to a sudden increase in the energy release rate due to mining as the excavation intersects the fault. The energy release rate then falls off abruptly to a value less than that which would occur in the absence of any slip, and gradually builds up to re-establish the conditions that would exist in unfaulted ground.
Statistical Models for Change

Themes involving “change” recur in psychological research with great frequency. For example, the efficacy of social interventions and policy decisions is often measured in terms of whether change can be observed in whatever units are being assessed (e.g., people, classrooms, organizations; cf., Judd & Kenny, 1981). Lifespan developmental studies are often concerned with the “natural” or “historical” changes that occur either within or across individuals (e.g., Nesselroade, 1988). Finally, under some research circumstances, investigators are interested in differentiating change that occurs as a function of development from change that occurs as the result of some social intervention (e.g., research in developmental epidemiology; Kellam, 1990)
Forward bias operation of silicon photonic Mach Zehnder modulators for RF applications

In this paper, we demonstrate that forward bias (+0.9V) of a high-speed silicon (Si) optical Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) increases the radio-frequency (RF) link gain by 30 dB when compared to reverse bias operation (-8V). RF applications require tunable, narrowband electro-optic conversion with high gain to mitigate noise of the optical receiver and realize high RF spur-free dynamic range. Compared to reverse bias, the forward bias gain rolls off more rapidly but offers higher RF link gain improvement of more than 13.2 dB at 20 GHz. Furthermore, forward bias is shown to result in comparable spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR: 104.5 dB.Hz2/3). We demonstrate through an analytical dc transfer curve the existence of simultaneous high gain and OIP3 and verify the theoretical results with measurement under forward bias at a bias point of around +0.9 V.
Thermodynamics Analysis on the Process of Decarburization and Vanadium Protection by CO 2

Due to the high energy consumption, long technical process, low usage rate of vanadium during the traditional smelting vanadium steel process, a new method for decarburization by CO2 to directly smelt vanadium-containing steel in blast furnace was proposed. In this paper, the thermodynamics of CO2 decarburization in molten iron process was calculated out by FactSage. The thermodynamic calculations indicated that in standard state, the transformation temperature of C and V was 1357 °C; the oxidation order of element was Si, C, V, Mn and S when using CO2 as oxidant. The experiment of blowing CO2 temperature showed that decarburization reaction temperature was 1550 °C, carbon content could be decreased to 0.676%, the decarburization rate was 88%. There was no effect on vanadium content in molten iron during the decarburization process, vanadium content was 0.323%, which meets the request of vanadium mould steel.
Response to When Police Kill

The purpose of this short symposium Essay is to build on Professor Zimring’s important contributions in When Police Kill. It does this by expanding on two points from the book. First, this Essay builds on Zimring’s observations about the causes of the seemingly high levels of police killings in some jurisdictions in the United States, and the failure of many jurisdictions to respond to this phenomenon. Zimring persuasively links the high number of police killings to a number of different factors. But as I argue in Part I of this Essay, another factor may be worth adding to Zimring’s lengthy list: local police union contracts, law enforcement officer bills of rights, and other labor provisions that can prevent local authorities from adequately investigating or responding to police killings. Second, this Essay explores Zimring’s recommendation at the end of his book that Congress pass “legislation expanding the funding for the civil rights division of the Department of Justice for consent decrees and litigation concerning police departments and municipalities with high rates of lethal force and poor controls of officers who shoot.” Zimring goes on to argue that the Department of Justice should place a “stronger emphasis on lethal force” in its identification of police departments in need of federal assistance through either voluntary assistance via the Community Oriented Policing Services program or full scale intervention under 42 U.S.C. § 14141. As I illustrate, this proposal is both immediately feasible and normatively desirable. By drawing on prior research into the DOJ’s use of § 14141, I demonstrate how the DOJ could harness Zimring’s proposed federal database on police violence to improve its enforcement of § 14141 in a manner that directly fights police violence. Combined, these observations merely supplement Professor Zimring’s compelling and timely research in When Police Kill.
Agency Responses to the Abused Wife

Many factors influence the decision of an abused wife to leave or remain in an abusive situation; one common factor might be the response of the helping agencies from which these women seek assista...
Measurement of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in human lenses.

Purpose To determine the levels of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in normal and cataractous human lenses. Methods Concentrations of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 12 American normal lenses, 9 American cataractous lenses, and 10 Indian cataractous lenses. Results On a per gram wet weight of tissue basis, human lenses contained 11 to 25 ng xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin), 31 to 50 ng retinol, 21 to 25 ng retinyl palmitate, 1573 to 2550 ng alpha-tocopherol, and 257 to 501 ng gamma-tocopherol. Concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, and retinol were significantly higher in Indian cataractous lenses than in American normal or cataractous lenses. There were no differences in the lutein-zeaxanthin, retinoid, or alpha-tocopherol contents between American normal lenses and American cataractous lenses. The range of ratios of lutein to zeaxanthin in human lenses was 1.6 to 2.2. The mean age of the Indian lens donors was 20 years younger than the American lens donors. Comparisons using contralateral lenses indicated that there was significant interindividual variance in human lens concentrations of xanthophylls, retinoids, and tocopherols. beta-carotene and lycopene, major carotenoids in human serum and other tissues, were not detected in human lenses. Conclusions Xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) are the only carotenoids detected in human lens. Retinol, retinyl palmitate, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherols also are present in human lens. Determinants of lens concentration of nutrients are not defined, but dietary factors are likely to be important.