cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
User Instruction for Distance Students: Texas Tech University System’s Main Campus Library Reaches Out To Students at Satellite Campuses

Abstract Texas Tech University recently established satellite campuses in the Texas Hill Country area northwest of San Antonio. Basic library support for students was in place when the Hill Country campuses began enrolling students in distance courses in June, 2002. In July, Texas Tech Library's Distance Learning Team assisted Hill Country staff in preparing for a Southern Association of Colleges and Schools accreditation review. After visiting the campuses, the Team wrote a report that addressed the SACS criteria related to library support. The recommendations made in that report served as the basis for developing a comprehensive library support program for the Texas Tech Hill Country campuses. Among other things, the report emphasized encouraging Hill Country students to take the University's Web-based course, “Introduction to Library Research.” This paper discusses the SACS review experience and, in particular, the efforts made to develop, advertise, and implement the Web-based course for students at t...
Effectiveness of evening phototherapy for insomnia is reduced by bright daytime light exposure

Abstract Objective To examine the effect of ambulatory daytime light exposure on phase delays and on the advances produced by timed exposure to bright evening or morning light. Methods As a subset of a larger study, 32 older (63.0±6.43years) adults with primary insomnia were randomized to an at-home, single-blind, 12-week, parallel-group study entailing daily exposure to 45min of scheduled evening or morning bright (∼4000lux) light. Light exposure patterns during the baseline and the last week of treatment were monitored using actigraphs with built-in illuminance detectors. Circadian phase was determined through analysis of in-laboratory collected plasma melatonin. Results Less daytime light exposure during the last week of treatment was significantly associated with larger phase delays in response to evening light ( r 's>0.78). Less daytime light exposure during the last week of treatment was also associated with a significant delay in wake time ( r 's>−0.75). There were no such relationships between light exposure history and phase advances in response to morning light. Conclusions Greater light exposure during the daytime may decrease the ability of evening light, but not morning light, exposure to engender meaningful changes of circadian phase.
ePortfolios and Technology: Customized for Careers

An effective tool for business students eager to introduce themselves into the professional work world is an ePortfolio electronic portfolio, used to supplement the rather sparse chronological or thematic listing typically found on a resume. The career portfolio is a showcase of work focused on documenting the diverse items displayed to enhance opportunities for employment. This type of portfolio is totally dedicated to highlighting achievements, relevant work samples, and one's accomplishments. This article will focus on the career portfolio, the one most appropriate for the business professional and for those just beginning their careers. It will describe ideas for both the process of developing an ePortfolio along with dealing with the topics relevant to the final product. It will address questions such as "Why create a career portfolio?", "What should be in it?", "Using some available new technologies such as Web 2.0, how are portfolios created, stored, and disseminated?"
Time series-based damage detection and localization algorithm with application to the ASCE benchmark structure

Abstract In this paper, a time series algorithm is presented for damage identification and localization. The vibration signals obtained from sensors are modeled as autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time series. A new damage-sensitive feature, DSF, is defined as a function of the first three auto regressive (AR) components. It is found that the mean values of the DSF for the damaged and undamaged signals are different. Thus, a hypothesis test involving the t -test is used to obtain a damage decision. Two damage localization indices LI 1 and LI 2 , are introduced based on the AR coefficients. At the sensor locations where damage is introduced, the values of LI 1 and LI 2 appear to increase from their values obtained at the undamaged baseline state. The damage detection and localization algorithms are valid for stationary signals obtained from linear systems. To test the efficacy of the damage detection and localization methodologies, the algorithm has been tested on the analytical and experimental results of the ASCE benchmark structure. In contrast to prior pattern classification and statistical signal processing algorithms that have been able to identify primarily severe damage and have not been able to localize the damage effectively, the proposed algorithm is able to identify and localize minor to severe damage as defined for the benchmark structure.
The parent therapist program: a new approach to foster care of difficult adolescents

The Parent Therapist Program, an innovative concept in foster care, was created to serve a specialized population of hard-toplace, “difficult,” mostly black or hispanic adolescents. Foster parents met with a trainer for group support, problem-solving and special skills training; the goal was for trained foster parents to become paraprofessionals. The parents were specially trained to rehabilitate, remotivate and redirect the children.
Spell It out: The Need for Detailed Spelling Assessment to Inform Instruction.

Spelling is an important, but often overlooked, component of literacy instruction and development. Although it is related to other aspects of literacy, there are independent theories of spelling development as well as assessment and instructional strategies that align with these theories. This article summarizes the rationale for linking assessment and instruction within the domain of spelling and provides an overview of this special series on spelling assessment and instruction.
Suppression of the paternal IgA-f and IgA-g allotypes in heterozygous rabbits suppressed for the paternal IgM allotype☆

Abstract The injection of neonatal rabbits of genotype a1n8 1g7 4/a2n8 2f71g75with anti-n81 antiserum suppressess the expression of the paternal f73 and g74 IgA allotypes; the expression of the maternal 171 IgA allotype is enhanced but the expression of the g75 allotype is not significantly enhanced. The concentrations of these allotypes in serum correlated with the immunofluorescent analyses of cellular ratios in gut sections. Allotype suppression of IgA with an anti-IgM reagent supports the concept that the IgM bearing cells are the precursors of the IgA secreting cells.
The role of deviant sexual arousal in juvenile sexual offending: etiology, evaluation, and treatment

This article reviews the construct of deviant sexual arousal and its application to understanding juvenile sexual offending. In contrast to the relatively extensive investigation of deviant sexual ...
Carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies on methyl aldofuranosides and their O-alkyl derivatives

Abstract The effect of O -alkylation on the carbon-13 n.m.r. spectra of methyl pentofuranosides has been determined. O -Alkylation of an OH group displaced the signal of the appended. 13 C nucleus downfield, whereas the adjacent 13 C nuclei were, in most instances, shifted upfield to a smaller extent. The effect of O -methylation was appreciably larger than O -isopropylation or O -glycosylation, but either O -methyl or O -isopropyl derivatives may be used as models for interpreting the spectra of furanoid oligo- and poly-saccharides, including the galactomannan of Penicillium charlesii . The signal displacements are, to a large extent, comparable to those observed in the conformationally more stable mannopyranose series, so that they are insensitive to effects of steric distortion and population (or both). These effects occurred on 3- O -alkylation of methyl pentofuranosides, as appreciable changes in J 1,2 values in their p.m.r. spectra were observed.
Genetics of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders

This article reviews the familiality, linkage, candidate gene, and genomewide association studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other anxiety disorders (ie, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and specific phobia). Studies involving children and adolescents are highlighted. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Provo City Library: Building across a Century

The public library in Provo City, Utah, has undergone significant changes since the founding of the original 1906 building that was funded by Andrew Carnegie. The library has changed according to the needs of the community as it has adapted from its pioneer heritage to a modern service-information organization. As it has adapted, however, the Provo Library has maintained its focus on community service with its physical facilities, collection development, community outreach, and quality staffing.
Leukemia stem cells: Old concepts and new perspectives

Myeloid leukemias are heterogeneous malignancies in morphology, immunophenotype, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and response to therapy. This heterogeneity is thought to depend on the accumulation of secondary mutations enhancing proliferation/survival and/or blocking differentiation in a small subset of leukemia-initiating cells capable of self-renewal. This model of clonal evolution is based on xenotransplantation studies demonstrating that leukemia can be initiated and maintained in immunodeficient mice by a small subset of purified leukemic cells immunophenotypically similar to normal hematopoietic stem cells and is known as the leukemia stem cell model. Since its original formulation, many studies have validated the main conclusion of this model. However, recent data from xenotransplantation studies in more severely immunodeficient mice suggest that imunophenotype and behavior of leukemic stem cells is more heterogeneous and "plastic" than originally thought. We will discuss here the evolution of the leukemia stem cell model and its impact for the therapy of patients with myeloid malignancies.
Why do cells have multiple error‐prone DNA polymerases?

Recent years have witnessed the emergence of a plethora of so-called novel DNA polymerases in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Many of these DNA polymerases are characterized by poor replicational fidelity and low processivity, and are devoid of 3′ 5′ exonuclease activity. This article describes the discovery of these error-prone polymerases and what is known about their biological function. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:105–110, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multi-user diversity in single-radio OFDMA ad hoc networks based on Gibbs sampling

Multiuser Diversity Medium Access or MDMA is a new cross-layer channel allocation scheme that exploits channel fading diversity and attains concurrency utilizing OFDMA in single-radio ad hoc networks. Channel throughput is enhanced by enabling concurrent transmissions from multiple nodes to the same receiver or from a single transmitter to multiple receivers over orthogonal Subchannels. Also, concurrency is attained when two hop away neighbors can utilize the same subchannel to transmit data to nodes not neighboring the other two hop neighbor. Each subchannel uses a portion of the available bandwidth and contains a grouping of subcarriers or tones which are orthogonal carriers of lower-rate input data streams. A new subchannel assignment algorithm based on Gibbs sampling is presented. This algorithm operates alongside the proposed MAC signaling to distribute subchannels among nodes to exploit channel fading condition on each communication link and to minimize hidden terminal interference. The new MAC addresses the synchronization requirements of OFDMA and the needs of the subchannel assignment algorithm. We present simulation results on the throughput gains obtained with our design compared to traditional channel assignment techniques for multi-channel networks.
A small molecule p75NTR ligand prevents cognitive deficits and neurite degeneration in an Alzheimer's mouse model

Abstract The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is associated with multiple mechanisms linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD); hence, modulating its function might confer therapeutic effects. In previous in vitro work, we developed small molecule p75NTR ligands that inhibited amyloid-β-induced degenerative signaling and prevented neurite degeneration. In the present study, a prototype p75NTR ligand, LM11A-31, was administered orally to the Thy-1 hAPPLond/Swe (APPL/S) AD mouse model. LM11A-31 reached brain concentrations known to inhibit degenerative signaling without toxicity or induction of hyperalgesia. It prevented deficits in novel object recognition after 2.5 months and, in a separate cohort, deficits in Y-maze performance after 3 months of treatment. Stereology studies found that the number and size of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, which are normal in APPL/S mice, were unaffected. Neuritic dystrophy, however, was readily apparent in the basal forebrain, hippocampus and cortex, and was significantly reduced by LM11A-31, with no effect on amyloid levels. These studies reveal that p75NTR is an important and tractable in vivo drug target for AD, with LM11A-31 representing a novel class of therapeutic candidates.
Microsomal incubation test of potentially hemolytic drugs for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.

The in vitro metabolizing method was modified and its ability to correctly identify eight known hemolytic and nine known nonhemolytic drugs of glucose-6-phosphate (G6PD)–deficient erythrocytes was evaluated. The technique is based on inducing in vitro drug metabolism by incubation of red cells and drug with a reduced NADP–generating system in the presence of phenobarbital-induced mouse liver microsomes. Thus, this system provides a model for in vivo metabolic function. The hemolytic potential of tested drugs is indicated by the extent of loss of reduced glutathione of G6PD-deficient erythrocytes during 60-min incubations. Complete agreement between the test and literature for nonhemolytic compounds was observed. The test also correctly identified six of the eight known hemolytic drugs and failed to identify two known hemolytic drugs (acetanilide and sulfacetamide). The test was also applied to 14 drugs about which there is uncertainty regarding hemolytic potential. Of the latter, DL-α-methyldopa; α-naphthol; β-naphthol; 2,3, dimercaptopropanol; phenacetin; and menadione were found to react positively. We conclude that this in vitro assay system will be useful in predicting which new drugs will be hemolytic in G6PD-deficient patients. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 33, 403–409; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.54
An Information Processing Approach to Functional Skills Training with Older Adults

Functional activities training is a major focus of occupational therapy (OT) for older adults with disabilities. Though this training involves therapist teaching and client learning, authors in the OT and rehabilitation literature do not routinely talk about functional training from a learning theory perspective. Focusing on the learning aspects of treatment is particularly important for this population since older adults frequently have difficulty with learning due to diagnostic and age-related changes in their sensory and central nervous system processing abilities. This paper presents a learning, information processing approach to functional activity evaluation and training that can help therapists increase the effectiveness of their functional skills training for older adults.
Phylogeny of Eastern North American Coreopsis (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae): insights from nuclear and plastid sequences, and comments on character evolution

A molecular phylogenetic study of eastern North American Coreopsis and representatives of other genera of tribe Coreopsideae was conducted using combined sequences from nuclear ITS and two plastid regions (matK, rpl16). A total of 25-30 species has been recognized in five sections of Coreopsis in eastern North America. Based on morphological characters, these taxa have generally been considered a monophyletic group. Our well-resolved phylogeny supports the monophyly of sections that have been recognized in Coreopsis, but the sections collectively do not comprise a monophyletic group because species of north temperate Bidens occur within one of the two major Coreopsis clades. The most notable departure of present results from prior views of relationships among sections is the lack of a sister group relationship between sections Calliopsis and Eublepharis; the shared presence of four-lobed disk floret corollas had been used to support a close relationship between these two sections. Relationships within sections show both similarities and differences with the results of previous studies based primarily on morphological characters. Mapping of morphological characters used taxonomically in Coreopsis and related genera onto the phylogeny indicates that the evolution of these characters has been complex, and this compromises their value for defining monophyletic groups. Examples include the annual habit, alternate leaves, winged fruits, red or brown basal spots on the yellow ligules, and four-lobed disk floret corollas.
Optimization-Based Analysis of Modulation Instability in Resonant Cavities

We present an optimization-based method for the analysis of modulation instability effects in a resonant cavity. This method allows for varying levels of approximation in the solution and for the inclusion of effects such as loss or gain, if significant. The method is then demonstrated with examples showing the effects of the cavity modes on the gain curves.
Long-term origination rates are reset only at mass extinctions

Diversification during recovery intervals is rapid relative to background rates, but the impact of recovery dynamics on long-term evolutionary patterns is poorly understood. The age distributions for cohorts of marine bivalves show that intrinsic origination rates tend to remain constant, shifting only during intervals of high biotic turnover, particularly mass extinction events. Genera originating in high-turnover intervals have longer stratigraphic durations than genera arising at other intervals, and drive the magnitude of the shift following the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction. Species richness and geographic range promote survivorship and potentially control rates through ecospace utilization, and both richness and range have been observed to expand more rapidly in recovery versus background states. Post-Paleozoic origination rates, then, are directly tied to recovery dynamics following each mass extinction event.
Raman channel temperature measurement of SiC MESFET as a function of ambient temperature and DC power

Raman spectroscopy is used to measure the junction temperature of a Cree SiC MESFET as a function of the ambient temperature and DC power. The carrier temperature, which is approximately equal to the ambient temperature, is varied from 25 °C to 450 °C, and the transistor is biased with V DS =10V and I DS of 50 mA and 100 mA. It is shown that the junction temperature is approximately 52 and 100 °C higher than the ambient temperature for the DC power of 500 and 1000 mW, respectively.
The Case of "Ben": A Flexible, Holistic Application of Multimodal Therapy

"Ben," a white, male executive who was 50 years old at the beginning of therapy, presented with anxiety, depressive mood, anger, and relationship and career problems. The case, involving therapy in a private practice setting, illustrates some of the diverse individual client needs, life complexities, and accompanying twists and turns that can emerge in treatment. While grounded in a cognitive-behavioral framework, the "Multimodal Therapy" model employed in Ben's case is designed to be responsive to such challenges by drawing procedures from other traditions, when necessary, within the framework of a "technical eclecticism." In addition, the case illustrates attempts within the multimodal model to balance science versus artistry, and planned structure vs. creativity and flexibility.
Observations of pP in the Short-Period Phases of NTS Explosions Recorded at Norway

Summary P waves from 11 Nevada Test Site explosions, recorded digitally at Norway, are examined for pP phases. Rather than using spectral techniques, the combined effect of the short-period displacement response of the seismometers and Earth attenuation for t*= 0.25 is deconvolved in the time domain from the observed P waves. Each reduced seismogram is interpreted directly as the effective far-field displacement source for each explosion. The P and pP phases are sharpened by the deconvolution so that pP–P times are more easily picked. These delay times are combined with another set of delay times computed by Kulhanek using spectral methods. Average overburden compressional velocities from the combined set of data shown an increase from 1.5 to 2.5 km s-1 from depths of 600 to 1400 m at Pahute Mesa. Data from Yucca Flat and Hot Creek Valley are not complete enough to detect a trend. Calculated velocities are most likely lower than expected due to the fracturing of the overburden section by the explosions. The reduced seismograms show that pP is often smaller in amplitude than P and less rich in high frequencies. A later pulse, possibly due to the slapdown of surface rocks after the spall, is observed to have the same polarity as P. Such effects require more complicated explosion source models than currently being used for short-period data.
Controlling Nuisance Variables by Using a Matched-Groups Design:

In this article, the authors provide an introduction to the use of a matched-groups design as a strategy for controlling nuisance variables. Building on the insightful comments of Campbell and Kenny and of Meehl, the authors utilized Monte Carlo simulations to highlight three major limitations of this control strategy (i.e., regression toward different means, systematic unmatching, and the generalizability of results) that they believe have received insufficient attention by researchers. Particular attention is given to how the effect of regression toward different means can result in researchers' drawing erroneous conclusions from their data. Recommendations for researchers considering the use of a matched-groups design are provided.
Morphological study of the desert heteromyid kidney with emphasis on the genus perognathus

The renal morphology of three species of desert dwelling Perognathus rodents were compared to Dipodomys and two species of sympatric cricetid rodents. Perognathus has a highly adapted unipolar kidney capable of urine concentration up to 7,500 mOsm/KgH2O. Two major modifications were observed in these kidneys. (1) There is elongation of both the inner and outer medulla. When the thickness of the regions in P. penicillatus are factored by kidney weight it is found that the outer medulla is 3.8 and the inner medulla is 2.2 times greater in length than the extensively studied Dipodomys merriami. (2) There is great variance in glomerular size with approximately 20% of the glomeruli being very large and located in the juxta medullary region. These glomeruli are 1.5--1.6 times greater in diameter than the more numerous superficial glomeruli. These structural modifications are quantitated and the functional implications are discussed particularly in relation to urine concentrating ability in these desert inhabitants.
Effects of dexmedetomidine on oxygenation during one-lung ventilation for thoracic surgery in adults.

Study Objective : To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and oxygenation during one-lung ventilation (OLV) in adults undergoing thoracic surgery. Design : Prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. Setting : Tertiary care, University-based hospital. Patients : Nineteen adult patients undergoing thoracic surgery requiring OLV. Interventions : During inhalational anesthesia with desflurane, patients were randomized to receive either dexmedetomidine (bolus dose of 0.3 μg/kg followed by an infusion of 0.3 μg/kg/hr) or saline placebo. Measurements : Three arterial blood gas samples (ABG) were obtained to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on oxygenation. Secondary outcomes included differences in hemodynamic parameters (heart rate and mean arterial pressure), end-tidal desflurane concentration required to maintain the bispectral index (BIS) at 40-60, supplemental fentanyl to maintain hemodynamic stability, and phenylephrine to keep the mean arterial pressure (MAP) within 10% of baseline values. Main Results : Oxygenation during OLV did not change following the administration of dexmedetomidine (PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 188 ± 115 in dexmedetomidine patients versus 135 ± 70 mmHg in placebo patients). There were no differences in hemodynamic variables or depth of anaesthesia between the two groups. With the administration of dexmedetomidine, there was a decrease in the expired concentration of desflurane required to maintain the BIS at 40-60 when compared with the control group (4.5 ± 0.8% versus 5.1 ± 0.8%). In patients receiving dexmedetomidine, fentanyl requirements were decreased when compared to placebo (2.7 μg/kg/patient versus 3.1 μg/kg/patient). However, more patients receiving dexmedetomidine required phenylephrine to maintain hemodynamic stability (6 of 9 patients versus 3 of 10 patients) and the total dose of phenylephrine was greater in patients receiving dexmedetomidine when compared with placebo 10.3 μg/kg/patient versus 1.1 μg/kg/patient). Conclusion : Dexmedetomidine does not adversely affect oxygenation during OLV in adults undergoing thoracic surgical procedures. The improvement in oxygenation in the dexmedetomidine patients may be related to a decrease in the requirements for inhalational anaesthetic agents thereby limiting its effects on HPV.
Optimal multicast with packetization and network interface support

Modern networks typically limit the size of the largest packet for efficient communication. Thus, long messages are packetized and transmitted. Such networks also provide network interface support for nodes, which typically includes a coprocessor and memory, to implement the lower layers of the communication protocol. This paper presents a concept of smart network interface support for packetization and an optimal multicast algorithm for systems with such support. Two implementations of smart network interface, First-Child-First-Served (FCFS) and First-Packet-First-Served (FPFS), are studied and compared. It is shown that the FPFS network interface support is more practical and efficient Next, the components of multicast latency under FPFS implementation are analyzed by using a pipelined model. A concept of k-binomial tree is introduced, and proved to be optimal for multicasting under the FPFS scheme. A method to construct contention-free k-binomial trees on contention-free orderings of the nodes is presented. For a 64-node system with irregular network, simulation results indicate that the optimal k-binomial tree is up to 2 times better than the conventional binomial tree for a range of multicast set sizes and message lengths. Thus, these results demonstrate significant potential to be applied to current and future generation high performance systems including MPPs and NOWs, where network interface support for multicast is provided.
Diet Regimes for Growing Guineas as Meat Birds

Abstract Growing guineas were fed three diet regimes with the control regime based on reports of French studies. The experimental diets were either 10% above or below the control diet in protein, lysine, and total sulfur containing amino acids. Keets fed the higher nutrient density diet weighed significantly more at 12 weeks of age (1084 g) than those on the control diet (1041 g) but there were no significant differences in feed conversion. These data suggest that the starter diet for keets should contain at least 21% protein and the finisher diet should contain at least 17% protein.
Integration Alone Does Not Reduce Health Care Disparities

integrated system they studied, an accompanying editorial 2 identifies it as Kaiser Permanente. The authors conclude that the differences in care processes and outcomes were likely the result of the integrated nature of the system, and the editorial emphasizes the advantages of integrated systems for coordinated care and its potential role in the reported outcomes. We do not disagree with the findings concerning colon cancer care at Kaiser Permanente. However, the data do not support the conclusion that the better outcomes resulted from the integrated nature of the Kaiser Permanente health system. The study compared a single integrated health system and multiple nonintegrated systems; any conclusions that improved outcomes and reduced racial disparities occurred as a result of health system integration are likely to be confounded by differences between Kaiser Permanente and other health systems that the study design does not account for. Forexample,thecurrentperformanceofKaiserPermanente’s HealthcareEffectivenessDataandInformationSet(HEDIS)iswell above that of other generally nonintegrated health plans. Yet, KaiserPermanentehasbeenintegratedsincethe1940s,anditsperformance has not always been as good as it currently is. Between 2005 and 2011, we implemented a transformative model of care called Complete Care, and Kaiser Permanente Southern California performance on 51 HEDIS measures improved by an average of 13.3%, compared with an average improvement of 5.5% in the national HEDIS 50th percentile. 3 Over the same time period, integration within Kaiser Permanente was unchanged, suggesting that other factors are responsible for care improvements. Therefore, the absence of disparities identified by Rhoads et al 1 mayreflectotherfactors,includingengagingcareteams,empowering health care providers to work at the full level of their training, and providing aggressive outreach and case management for individual patients. 4 For example, hundreds of thousands of fecal immunochemical test kits are mailed to members each year, and dedicated teams remind patients to return them. An outpatient safety net ensures that patients with abnormal results are seen by specialists without delay. 5
Calcium requirements: new estimations for men and women by cross-sectional statistical analyses of calcium balance data from metabolic studies

BACKGROUND Low intakes of calcium are associated with an increased risk of both osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE To provide new estimates of the average calcium requirement for men and women, we determined the dietary calcium intake required to maintain neutral calcium balance. DESIGN Calcium balance data [calcium intake -(fecal calcium + urinary calcium)] were collected from 155 subjects [women: n = 73; weight: 77.1 +/- 18.5 kg; age: 47.0 +/- 18.5 y (range: 20-75 y); men: n = 82; weight: 76.6 +/- 12.5 kg; age: 28.2 +/- 7.7 y (range: 19-64 y)] who participated in 19 feeding studies conducted in a metabolic unit. Balance data from the final 6-12 d of each dietary period (minimum length:18 d) of each study (1-9 observations per subject) were analyzed. Data were excluded if individual intakes of magnesium, copper, iron, phosphorus, or zinc fell below the estimated average requirements or exceeded the 99 th percentile of usual intakes from the 1994 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (for iron, above the upper limit). Daily intakes of calcium ranged between 415 and 1740 mg. The relation between intake and output was examined by fitting random coefficient models. Coefficients were included to test for sex and age differences. RESULTS The models predicted a neutral calcium balance [defined as calcium output (Y) equal to calcium intake (C)] at intakes of 741 mg/d [95% prediction interval (PI): 507, 1035; Y = 148.29 + 0.80C], 9.4 mg kg body wt(-1) d(-1) [95% PI: 6.4, 12.9; Y = 1.44 + 0.85C], or 0.28 mg kcal(-1) d(-1) [95% PI: 0.19, 0.38; Y = 0.051 + 0.816C]. Neither age nor sex affected the estimates when calcium intakes were expressed as mg/d or as mg kg body wt(-1) d(-1). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that the calcium requirement for men and women is lower than previously estimated.
Washington and Wall Street: The New Deal and Investment Bankers, 1933–1940

Professor Carosso analyzes the impact of New Deal legislation upon the nation's investment banking community. Although some adjustments in banking methods resulted, the reforms did not effect any fundamental changes in the position of investment bankers in the American economy.
Estimating hourly incoming solar radiation from limited meteorological data

22 . These results compare favorably to other developed empirical solar radiation models but with the advantage of predicting hourly solar radiation for the entire year based on limited climatic data and no site-specific calibration requirement. This solar radiation prediction tool can be integrated into dormancy, germination, and growth models to improve microclimate-based simulation of development of weeds and other plants.
Analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis screening result and current treatment on the detained population in a women prison of Wuhan

Objective To investigate the pulmonary tuberculosis epidemic and therapeutic status among the detained population in a women prison of Wuhan, so as to provide scientific bases for the targeted pulmonary tuberculosis prevention and control strategies and measures. Methods All detained person in the women prison were selected for pulmonary tuberculosis screening and patients were treated. Results 2326 cases accepted chest X-ray, and 48 of them accepted sputum smear and sputum culture, then 22 cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis were identified with the prevalence rate of 945.83/100, 000, and the prevalence of sputum-only culture positive was 42.99/100, 000. Except special cases that could not accept the chemotherapy treatment, the rest had begun to accept individual treatment plan. Conclusion Pulmonary tuberculosis epidemic in the women prison of this district faces a serious situation and it is necessary to carry out regular screening, timely treatment and powerful propaganda and education for female prisoners.
Schools suck, but they're supposed to: Schooling, incarceration and the future of education

...urban schools are producing academic failure at alarming rates; at the same time they are doing this inside a systematic structural design that essentially predetermines their failure.… Urban sc...
A new real-time algorithm to extend DL assertional formalism to represent and deduce entities in robotic Soccer

Creating, maintaining, and deducing accurate world knowledge in a dynamic, complex, adversarial, and stochastic environment such as the RoboCup environment is a demanding task. Knowledge should be represented in real-time (i.e., within ms) and deduction from knowledge should be inferred within the same time constraints. We propose an extended assertional formalism for an expressive \(\mathcal {SROIQ}(\mathcal {D})\) Description Logic to represent asserted entities in a lattice structure. This structure can represent temporal-like information. Since the computational complexity of the classes of description logic increases with its expressivity, the problem demands either a restriction in the expressivity or an empirical upper bound on the maximum number of axioms in the knowledge base. We assume that the terminological/relational knowledge changes significantly slower than the assertional knowledge. Henceforth, using a fixed terminological and relational formalisms and the proposed lattice structure, we empirically bound the size of the knowledge bases to find the best trade-off in order to achieve deduction capabilities of an existing description logic reasoner in real-time. The queries deduce instances using the equivalent class expressions defined in the terminology. We have conducted all our experiments in the RoboCup 3D Soccer Simulation League environment and provide justifications of the usefulness of the proposed assertional extension. We show the feasibility of our new approach under real-time constraints and conclude that a modified FaCT++ reasoner empirically outperforms other reasoners within the given class of complexity.
The Dual Role of Senescence in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

The role of senescence as a tumor suppressor is well established; however, recent evidence has revealed novel paracrine functions for senescent cells in relation to their microenvironment, most notably protumorigenic roles in certain contexts. Senescent cells are capable of altering the inflammatory microenvironment through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, which could have important consequences for tumorigenesis. The role of senescent cells in a highly inflammatory cancer like pancreatic cancer is still largely undefined, apart from the fact that senescence abrogation increases tumorigenesis in vivo. This review will summarize our current knowledge of the phenomenon of cellular senescence in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, its overlapping link with inflammation, and some urgent unanswered questions in the field.
Do impacts of an invasive nitrogen-fixing shrub on Douglas-fir and its ectomycorrhizal mutualism change over time following invasion?

Summary Impacts of invasive species may change in magnitude and even direction with invasion age. Impacts could increase as the population increases, individuals grow in size and ecological changes accumulate. We used a chronosequence approach to characterize the development of soil impacts over time following the invasion of Cytisus scoparius, a widespread nitrogen-fixing shrub thought to limit reforestation success. In a greenhouse experiment, we evaluated how abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi, Douglas-fir performance and leaf nitrogen changed across a 3- to 31-year chronosequence of invasion. Each of the chronosequence sites were clearcuts where reforestation efforts were unsuccessful and where C. scoparius invaded. To estimate the contributions of the invasion separately from contributions of the accompanying disturbance, i.e. deforestation, we included soils from both invaded and uninvaded patches in each site of the chronosequence. In a complementary soil conditioning experiment, we examined the separate effects of host absence and invader presence on the mycorrhizal mutualism, leaf nitrogen and seedling growth. Ectomycorrhizal colonization was lower in invaded soil, but this effect did not intensify with time. Despite the suppression of the mutualism, Douglas-fir grew larger in invaded soils. This positive response is likely due to nitrogen fertilization, a conclusion supported by higher concentrations of leaf nitrogen of Douglas-fir grown in invaded soils. While leaf N concentration increased with invasion duration, Douglas-fir survival and growth did not. Synthesis. Our findings suggest that soil impacts of an invader can develop rapidly and can be surprisingly stable over time. In such systems, recently invaded areas may be as difficult to restore as long-invaded areas, especially where ectomycorrhizal fungi are important drivers of reforestation success. More chronosequence studies or long time series are needed to evaluate whether this is a general pattern.
Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Atmospheric Pollutant Dispersion

This work presents a mathematical modeling and numerical solution of dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. The equations of conservation of mass, amount of movement, energy and a chemical species are solved by the Finite Volume Method in Cartesian coordinates and the turbulence closure is based on the Reynolds averages (RANS models), using the model k-e for the determination of the fields of velocity, temperature and, in a specific case, concentration of pollutant. The numerical results are compared with data from the classic Prairie Grass experiment, showing excellent agreement.
Memristor crossbar-based ultra-efficient next-generation baseband processors

As one of the most promising future fundamental devices, memristor has its unique advantage on implementing low-power high-speed matrix multiplication. Taking advantage of the high performance on basic matrix operation and flexibilitys of memristor crossbars, in this paper, we investigate both discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) and miltiple-input and multi-output (MIMO) detection unit in baseband processor. We reformulate the signal processing algorithms and model structures into a matrix-based framework, and present a memristor crossbar based DFT module design and MIMO detector module design. For both designs, experimental results demonstrate significant gains in speed and power efficiency compared with traditional CMOS-based designs.
The Role of Generational Communication Differences in the Development of a Positive Gay Midlife Identity

This study draws upon interviews and thematic analysis to explore the role of gay midlife men’s perceived communication differences from their younger counterparts in the formation of a positive ag...
Discovery of Hypocretin/Orexin Ushers in a New Era of Sleep Research

Prior to the 21st century, genetic mechanisms that regulate sleep were largely unknown. In 1998, de Lecea et al. and Sakurai et al. reported the discovery of a gene they named hypocretin and orexin, respectively, which led to a revolution in our understanding of genetic and neuronal mechanisms that regulate sleep.
Editing out five Serpina1 paralogs to create a mouse model of genetic emphysema

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affects 10% of the worldwide population, and the leading genetic cause is α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. Due to the complexity of the murine locus, which includes up to six Serpina1 paralogs, no genetic animal model of the disease has been successfully generated until now. Here we create a quintuple Serpina1a–e knockout using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. The phenotype recapitulates the human disease phenotype, i.e., absence of hepatic and circulating AAT translates functionally to a reduced capacity to inhibit neutrophil elastase. With age, Serpina1 null mice develop emphysema spontaneously, which can be induced in younger mice by a lipopolysaccharide challenge. This mouse models not only AAT deficiency but also emphysema and is a relevant genetic model and not one based on developmental impairment of alveolarization or elastase administration. We anticipate that this unique model will be highly relevant not only to the preclinical development of therapeutics for AAT deficiency, but also to emphysema and smoking research.
Differential models of twin correlations in skew for body-mass index (BMI).

Background Body Mass Index (BMI), like most human phenotypes, is substantially heritable. However, BMI is not normally distributed; the skew appears to be structural, and increases as a function of age. Moreover, twin correlations for BMI commonly violate the assumptions of the most common variety of the classical twin model, with the MZ twin correlation greater than twice the DZ correlation. This study aimed to decompose twin correlations for BMI using more general skew-t distributions. Methods Same sex MZ and DZ twin pairs (N = 7,086) from the community-based Washington State Twin Registry were included. We used latent profile analysis (LPA) to decompose twin correlations for BMI into multiple mixture distributions. LPA was performed using the default normal mixture distribution and the skew-t mixture distribution. Similar analyses were performed for height as a comparison. Our analyses are then replicated in an independent dataset. Results A two-class solution under the skew-t mixture distribution fits the BMI distribution for both genders. The first class consists of a relatively normally distributed, highly heritable BMI with a mean in the normal range. The second class is a positively skewed BMI in the overweight and obese range, with lower twin correlations. In contrast, height is normally distributed, highly heritable, and is well-fit by a single latent class. Results in the replication dataset were highly similar. Conclusions Our findings suggest that two distinct processes underlie the skew of the BMI distribution. The contrast between height and weight is in accord with subjective psychological experience: both are under obvious genetic influence, but BMI is also subject to behavioral control, whereas height is not.
Applying Natural Language Processing to Understand Motivational Profiles for Maintaining Physical Activity After a Mobile App and Accelerometer-Based Intervention: The mPED Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Regular physical activity is associated with reduced risk of chronic illnesses. Despite various types of successful physical activity interventions, maintenance of activity over the long term is extremely challenging. Objective: The aims of this original paper are to 1) describe physical activity engagement post intervention, 2) identify motivational profiles using natural language processing (NLP) and clustering techniques in a sample of women who completed the physical activity intervention, and 3) compare sociodemographic and clinical data among these identified cluster groups. Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis of 203 women completing a 12-month study exit (telephone) interview in the mobile phone-based physical activity education study were examined. The mobile phone-based physical activity education study was a randomized, controlled trial to test the efficacy of the app and accelerometer intervention and its sustainability over a 9-month period. All subjects returned the accelerometer and stopped accessing the app at the last 9-month research office visit. Physical engagement and motivational profiles were assessed by both closed and open-ended questions, such as “Since your 9-month study visit, has your physical activity been more, less, or about the same (compared to the first 9 months of the study)?” and, “What motivates you the most to be physically active?” NLP and cluster analysis were used to classify motivational profiles. Descriptive statistics were used to compare participants’ baseline characteristics among identified groups. Results: Approximately half of the 2 intervention groups (Regular and Plus) reported that they were still wearing an accelerometer and engaging in brisk walking as they were directed during the intervention phases. These numbers in the 2 intervention groups were much higher than the control group (overall P=.01 and P=.003, respectively). Three clusters were identified through NLP and named as the Weight Loss group (n=19), the Illness Prevention group (n=138), and the Health Promotion group (n=46). The Weight Loss group was significantly younger than the Illness Prevention and Health Promotion groups (overall P.05). Conclusions: The findings could be relevant to tailoring a physical activity maintenance intervention. Furthermore, the findings from NLP and cluster analysis are useful methods to analyze short free text to differentiate motivational profiles. As more sophisticated NL tools are developed in the future, the potential of NLP application in behavioral research will broaden. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01280812; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01280812 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/70IkGagAJ)