cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'Fundamental Postulate' Sovereign Immunity, State Separation of Powers, and the Prerogative of Waiver

This article studies the often-overlooked historical and structural differences between the two forms of state sovereign immunity: (1) Eleventh Amendment immunity and (2) the state sovereign immunity described in Alden v. Maine as derived from “the federal structure of the original Constitution” and whose scope is defined by “fundamental postulates implicit in the constitutional design” (what I refer to as “fundamental postulate” immunity). I argue that - although courts and scholars often blur the two doctrines - the distinction is meaningful, affecting to whom the sovereign immunity belongs, and, by implication, who controls the immunity, how it is relinquished or waived, and to whom the prerogative for that waiver falls. The article notes that, because the Eleventh Amendment is a limit on federal court jurisdiction, states are not the sole arbiter of the rules for waiver of that immunity; indeed, the Supreme Court has made clear that a state may waive its immunity against federal court actions only by “the most express language” or the equivalent. The article argues that, because fundamental postulate immunity is a prerogative of the states - not a limit on federal court jurisdiction - states waive it at their pleasure, using whatever device they please. As a result, I conclude that an “express” or “unambiguous” state legislative statement is not required for waiver; rather, a state judicial or executive agency statement, for example, is sufficient to waive fundamental postulate immunity.
Comprehensive management of full-thickness luminal defects: The next frontier of gastrointestinal endoscopy

Full thickness gastrointestinal defects such as perforations, leaks, and fistulae are a relatively common result of many of the endoscopic and surgical procedures performed in modern health care. As the number of these procedures increases, so too will the number of resultant defects. Historically, these were all treated by open surgical means with the associated morbidity and mortality. With the recent advent of advanced endoscopic techniques, these defects can be treated definitively while avoiding an open surgical procedure. Here we explore the various techniques and tools that are currently available for the treatment of gastrointestinal defects including through the scope clips, endoscopic suturing devices, over the scope clips, sealants, endoluminal stents, endoscopic suction devices, and fistula plugs. As fistulae represent the most recalcitrant of defects, we focus this editorial on a multimodal approach of treatment. This includes optimization of nutrition, treatment of infection, ablation of tracts, removal of foreign bodies, and treatment of distal obstructions. We believe that by addressing all of these factors at the time of attempted closure, the patient is optimized and has the best chance at long-term closure. However, even with all of these factors addressed, failure does occur and in those cases, endoscopic therapies may still play a role in that they allow the patient to avoid a definitive surgical therapy for a time while nutrition is optimized, and infections are addressed.
Clinical Characteristics of Dysphagia in Children with Down Syndrome

Aspiration is an often unrecognized comorbidity in children with Down syndrome with serious medical consequences. This retrospective chart review of swallow study reports characterizes oral and pharyngeal phase dysphagia and diet modifications on videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) in a large cohort of children with Down syndrome. A total of 158 pediatric patients (male = 95; female = 63; mean age 2.10 years, SD 3.17 years) received an initial VFSS at a pediatric teaching hospital as part of their medical care. A total of 56.3 % (n = 89) children had pharyngeal phase dysphagia with aspiration and deep laryngeal penetration occurring most frequently. Of the 61 patients who aspirated, 90.2 % (n = 55) did so silently with no cough or overt clinical symptoms. In 76.7 % of cases of pharyngeal phase dysphagia, a functional feeding plan, with use of thickened liquids or change in feeding system to control flow rate and/or bolus size, was able to be established, which allowed children to continue eating by mouth. Thickened liquids (76.7 %, n = 46) were the most effective adaptation, with change in feeding system alone effective in only 8.3 % (n = 5) cases. Oral phase dysphagia was reported in the majority of patients (63.8 %, n = 88/138); however, this was not predictive of pharyngeal phase dysphagia. Age, sex, and reason for referral, including prior clinical symptoms, did not have a statistically significant impact on the presence of dysphagia. This comprehensive review has application to clinical understanding and management of dysphagia in children with Down syndrome.
Outpatient Medications in Atrial Fibrillation

The three outpatient principles for managing patients with atrial fibrillation are (1) risk stratification and appropriate stroke prevention, (2) rate control to prevent symptomatic tachycardia and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, and (3) rhythm control for patients who have symptomatic atrial fibrillation despite rate control. In this chapter, we will focus on the outpatient use of medications for rate and rhythm control.
The All-Chemical Approach: A Solution for Converting Fibroblasts Into Myocytes.

Conversion of Human Fibroblasts Into Functional Cardiomyocytes by Small Molecules Cao et al Science . 2016;352:1216–1220. Converting cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes has been considered as a regenerative strategy for myocardial infarction and other disorders. Recently, Cao et al1 defined a cocktail of 9 chemical compounds with this capability, increasing the likelihood of clinical success. It has taken a while, but the concept that the terminally differentiated state is immutably stable no longer dominates modern biology. In 1938, Hans Spemann contemplated a fantastical experiment in which transfer of an egg nucleus could redirect a recipient somatic cell to become pluripotent, and Gurdon2 made this a reality in 1958 by converting gut epithelial cells into whole frogs. Inspired by Gurdon et al,2 Takahashi and Yamanaka3 developed the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology where 4 transcription factors sufficed in generating PSCs. The last decade has witnessed an explosion in cell fate manipulations. Many somatic cell types were interconverted by the means of transcription factors and epigenetic and cellular pathway modulators. As one of the most difficult cells to regenerate, cardiomyocyte was successfully generated from fibroblasts by introducing cocktails of transcriptions factors.4–7 In a recent article in Science , Cao et al1 reported the successful reprograming of functional cardiomyocytes by small molecules and growth factors. Cao et al1 devised a 3-step protocol. Human foreskin fibroblasts or human …
Automatic Generation of Cloze Items for Prepositions

Fill-in-the-blank questions, or cloze items, are commonly used in language learning applications. The benefits of personalized items, tailored to the user’s interest and proficiency, have motivated research on automatic generation of cloze items. This paper is concerned with generating cloze items for prepositions, whose usage often poses problems for non-native speakers of English. The quality of a cloze item depends on the choice of distractors. We propose two methods, based on collocations and on non-native English corpora, to generate distractors for prepositions. Both methods are found to be more successful in attracting users than a baseline that relies only on word frequency, a common criterion in past research. Index Terms: computer-assisted language learning, natural language generation
Redox reactions of selenium as catalyzed by magnetite: Lessons learned from using electrochemistry and spectroscopic methods

Abstract Although previous studies have demonstrated redox transformations of selenium (Se) in the presence of Fe-bearing minerals, the specific mechanism of magnetite-mediated Se electron transfer reactions are poorly understood. In this study, the redox chemistry of Se on magnetite is investigated over an environmentally relevant range of Eh and pH conditions (+0.85 to −1.0 V vs . Ag/AgCl; pH 4.0–9.5). Se redox peaks are found via cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments at pH conditions of 4.0–8.0. A broad reduction peak centered at −0.5 V represents a multi-electron transfer process involving the transformation of selenite to Se(0) and Se(−II) and the comproportionation reaction between Se(−II) and Se(IV). Upon anodic scans, the oxidation peak centered at −0.25 V is observed and is attributed to the oxidation of Se(−II) to higher oxidation states. Deposited Se(0) may be oxidized at +0.2 V when pH is below 7.0. Over a pH range of 4.0–8.0, the pH dependence of peak potentials is less pronounced than predicted from equilibrium redox potentials. This is attributed to pH gradients in the microporous media of the cavity where the rate of proton consumption by the selenite reduction is faster relative to mass transfer from the solution. In chronoamperometry measurements at potentials ⩾−0.6 V, the current–time transients show good linearity between the current and time in a log–log scale. In contrast, deviation from the linear trend is observed at more negative potentials. Such a trend is indicative of Se(0) nucleation and growth on the magnetite surface, which can be theoretically explained by the progressive nucleation model. XPS analysis reveals the dominance of elemental selenium at potentials ⩽−0.5 V, in good agreement with the peak assignment on the cyclic voltammograms and the nucleation kinetic results.
Proceedings against Greece under The European Convention of Human Rights

On September 20, 1967, the Governments of Denmark, Norway and Sweden instituted an action against Greece before the European Commission of Human Rights. The Netherlands took the same step on September 27, 1967. These proceedings were brought in response to a resolution adopted on June 23, 1967, by the Standing Committee of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe which, on behalf of the Assembly, expressed “the wish that the Governments of the Contracting Parties to the European Convention on Human Rights refer the Greek case, either separately or jointly, to the European Commission of Human Rights in accordance with Article 24 of the Convention.”
Prognostic significance of cystic lymph nodal metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of cystic lymph nodal metastasis (CLNM) and its prognostic value in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods A retrospective review was conducted on 257 patients with NPC, analyzing the presence of CLNM on MRI or CT scans. Oncologic outcomes were performed using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results One hundred eleven patients (43.2%) had CLNM at diagnosis. Overall, patients with CLNM had a poorer disease-specific survival (DSS; P < .001) and overall survival (OS; P < .001) compared with patients without CLNM. When analyzed according to nodal status, CLNM was associated with a higher rate of distant metastasis recurrence (P = .007), a poorer DSS (P < .001), and a poorer OS (P < .001) among patients with N2 disease. Conclusion The prevalence of CLNM was 43.2%. In patients with N2 disease, the presence of CLNM was significantly associated with a poorer DSS, OS, and increased risk of distant metastasis recurrence.
Degradation and metabolite formation of estrogen conjugates in an agricultural soil.

Estrogen conjugates are precursors of free estrogens such as 17s-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), which cause potent endocrine disrupting effects on aquatic organisms. In this study, microcosm laboratory experiments were conducted at 25°C in an agricultural soil to investigate the aerobic degradation and metabolite formation kinetics of 17s-estradiol-3-glucuronide (E2-3G) and 17s-estradiol-3-sulfate (E2-3S). The aerobic degradation of E2-3G and E2-3S followed first-order kinetics and the degradation rates were inversely related to their initial concentrations. The degradation of E2-3G and E2-3S was extraordinarily rapid with half of mass lost within hours. Considerable quantities of E2-3G (7.68ng/g) and E2-3S (4.84ng/g) were detected at the end of the 20-d experiment, particularly for high initial concentrations. The major degradation pathway of E2-3G and E2-3S was oxidation, yielding the primary metabolites 17s-estrone-3-glucuronide and 17s-estrone-3-sulfate, respectively. Common metabolites were E2, the second primary metabolite, and E1, the secondary metabolite. Additionally, ring B unsaturated estrogens and their sulfate conjugates were tentatively proposed as minor metabolites. The persistence of E2-3G and E2-3S (up to 20 d) suggests that the high rate of application of conjugated estrogen-containing substances could be responsible for the frequent detection of free estrogens in surface and subsurface water.
Interactive sensing and path-planning with incremental 3D path repair for a quadrotor UAV in cluttered and partially known environments

We address 3D path- and motion-planning in cluttered environments for a quadrotor UAV using a 3D depth sensor with limited range and field-of-view. The 3D elevation map of obstacles in the environment is assumed a priori unknown, but a 2D projection of this map onto a horizontal plane is assumed a priori fully known. We specifically address path-planning to discover and traverse “3D shortcuts,” namely, to achieve reductions in path costs using 3D depth sensor information, as compared to planning using the 2D projection map alone. We propose a 3D path-planning algorithm based on incremental repair of a constant-altitude seed path computed from the 2D map. Two strategies are employed to expedite the discovery of such repairs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm via a high-fidelity numerical simulation, which includes the proposed path-planning algorithm, dynamically feasible trajectory generation, trajectory tracking, and simulation of the depth sensor.
Half-lives of 101Rhg and 108Agm.

Using long-term gamma-ray spectroscopy with high resolution germanium detectors and a ratio method, the half-lives of 101Rhg and 108Agm have been determined to be 4.07 ± 0.05 years and 448 ± 27 years, respectively. These results are compared with previously reported values.
Racializing Gendered Interactions

At this point, extensive research and data document the myriad ways that gender shapes social interactions. Yet while sociologists have devoted a great deal of attention to understanding how gender informs interactions, most of this work has yet to incorporate an intersectional approach that examines how these interactions are racialized in ways that produce specific outcomes. In this entry, we briefly review the literature that highlights the multiple ways social interactions are gendered. We then consider different approaches that seek to racialize these interactions, and end our paper with discussion of areas for future research.
Wear Testing—Correlation with End-Use Performance

The failure modes of a plastic involved in sliding motion are presented. The mechanisms ot loss of plastic material by wear are discussed. These mechanisms include adhesive wear. in which the transfer-back transfer process occurs, abrasive wear in which loose debris particles are produced directly from the shding action. fatigue wear which is often the mechanism by which transferred films wear and degradation wear which results from interface temperatures high enough to decompose the plastic Common tests such as the abrasive wear test (ASTM D 1242-69) and the Pressure Velocity (PV) test are described, and the limitations in correlation with end use are noted. Suggestions are made which will improve the correlation between tests and end use.
Transcriptional control regions: nucleotide sequence requirements for initiation by RNA polymerase II and III.

Until recently, the nucleotide sequences involved in the initiation of transcription within eukaryotic cells remained a mystery. Now, thanks to a variety of technological advances, it is possible to identify these sequences and appreciate their functions in the transcription process. Cloning technology enables one to isolate and study genes individually. Rapid DNA and RNA sequencing procedures facilitate nucleotide sequence analysis of both the genes and the RNAs they encode. A variety of in vitro mutagenesis protocols makes it possible to direct deletions and single base-pair changes to specific nucleotide sequences. Selection procedures are available to return genes which have been manipulated in vitro to cells for analysis. And, finally, in vitro systems have been developed which accurately transcribe either RNA polymerase II- or polymerase Ill-type genes. Genes can now be isolated, sequenced, mutated, and their transcription studied both in vivo and in vitro. As a result, specific functions in the transcription process can be related to specific nucleotide sequences.
Perceptions and Usage of Communication Tools by Nebraska Cattle Producers

Communication is an important aspect of agriculture. Beef producers have access to a number of communication tools. It is important to study beef producers perceptions and usage of communication tools so that beef industries can effectively communicate with beef producers. This study examines the perceptions regarding the importance and frequencies of communication tools used by beef producers. Results indicate that beef producers, specifically Nebraska Cattlemen board of directors, prefer print and electronic media sources over social media sources for both general and beef industry information. Since social media was the least important communication tool used in this study one could imply that the Nebraska board of directors has not yet formed and attitude toward social media. Further research is needed to determine if demographics play an important role in the uses of social media.
Security Risk Assessment: Towards a Justification for the Security Risk Factor Table Model

One of the widely used methods to gauge risk is the Security Risk Factor Table (SRFT) model. While this model has been empirically successful, its use is limited by the fact that its formulas do not have a theoretical explanation – and thus, there is no guarantee that these formulas will work in other situations as well. In this paper, we provide a theoretical explanation for the SFRT formulas. 1 Formulation of the Problem Security Risk Factor Table (SRFT) model: a brief description. Many systems face security risks. To properly protect these systems, it is important to gauge relative security risk of different systems, so that more resources will be used to protect systems with higher risk. One of the widely used techniques for gauging risk is the Security Risk Factor Table (SRFT) model; see, e.g., [1, 2, 3, 4]. In this model, important factors affecting risk are listed, such as location, visibility, inventory, etc. For each factor, experts estimate the risk corresponding to this factor by selecting a number from 0 to 5, 0 meaning lowest risk and 5 meaning highest risk. Numbers corresponding to different factors are then added into a single risk score. Based on the value of the risk score, the system’s risk is then classified into low, moderate, high, and extreme. For example, for 15 factors: • scores below 15 indicate low risk; • scores from 16 to 30 indicate moderate risk; • scores from 31 to 45 indicate high risk, and
Determining the Roles that Club Drugs, Marijuana, and Heavy Drinking Play in PrEP Medication Adherence Among Gay and Bisexual Men: Implications for Treatment and Research.

Researchers have established that substance use interferes with anti-retroviral medication adherence among gay and bisexual men (GBM) living with HIV. There is limited parallel examination of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence among HIV-negative GBM. We conducted retrospective 30-day timeline follow-back interviews and prospective semi-weekly diary data for 10 weeks with 104 PrEP-using GBM, half of whom engaged in club drug use (ketamine, ecstasy, GHB, cocaine, or methamphetamine)—generating 9532 days of data. Participants reported their day-by-day PrEP, club drug, marijuana, and heavy alcohol use (5 + drinks in one sitting). On average, club drug users were no more likely to miss a dose of PrEP than non-club drug users (M = 1.6 doses, SD = 3.0, past 30 days). However, we found that club drug use (at the event level) increased the odds of missing a dose on the same day by 55% and the next day (e.g., a “carryover effect”) by 60%. Further, missing a dose on one day increased the odds of missing a dose the following day by eightfold. We did not identify an event-level effect of marijuana use or heavy drinking on PrEP adherence. Our data suggest club drug users could have greater protective effects from daily oral or long-acting injectable PrEP compared to a time-driven PrEP regimen because of the concurrence of club drug use and PrEP non-adherence.
Wikipedia, socialpedia, and randompedia: How could I play by the rules when there aren’t any?

This article documents a cataloging librarian’s personal narrative that reflects his experience of organizing Wikipedia-Edit-thon. This experience leads to a journey of self-education about Wikipedia, a divergence to preconceived notions about it, and an embrace for a change in the future.
Intruder structures observed in Te 122 through inelastic neutron scattering

The excited levels of $^{122}\mathrm{Te}$ to $3.3\ensuremath{-}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$ excitation have been studied using $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectroscopy following inelastic neutron scattering. The decay characteristics of these levels have been determined from $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray excitation functions, angular distributions at ${E}_{n}\ensuremath{-}1.72,2.80$, and $3.35\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{MeV}$, Doppler shifts, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidences. Electromagnetic transition rates were deduced for many levels, as were multipole-mixing and branching ratios. Level energies and electromagnetic transition rates were compared to interacting boson model (IBM) calculations, both with and without intruder-state mixing, and to particle-core coupling model calculations. The energies of low-lying levels of $^{122}\mathrm{Te}$ are well described by the IBM with intruder-state mixing calculations, and observed transition rates support emerging intruder bands built on ${0}^{+}$ levels. The other models considered do not produce enough low-lying positive parity states; however, U(5) energies to the four quadrupole-phonon level agree very well with observations when states with large intruder configurations are ignored. Mixed-symmetry and quadrupole-octupole excitations have been investigated, but mixing with other configurations and fragmentation of strength prohibit a clear identification of these states.
Assessing for Chemical Thinking

Current educational reform efforts emphasize the importance of developing students’ abilities to engage in a variety of science practices, including creating and using models, generating arguments, and building explanations. To achieve these goals, we need to change more than our instructional methods. It is also critical that we carefully reflect on how to modify our assessment tools to better elicit the types of understandings that we value. In this chapter, I describe a strategy we are using to develop formal formative assessments and summative assessment in a general chemistry course for science and engineering majors in the USA. These assessments seek to evaluate the extent to which students can integrate central ideas, crosscutting ways of reasoning, and core practices in making sense of relevant phenomena and in finding reasonable solutions to real problems. The benefits and challenges of our approach to the assessment of student understanding are highlighted in this chapter.
Framework for Identifying Preferred Sustainable Management Actions with Application to Forest Fuel Treatment

A conceptual framework is presented for identifying preferred feasible and sustainable management actions for a coupled human and natural system. The framework involves: (1) determining operationally and financially feasible management actions; (2) selecting and estimating management objectives for those actions; (3) using the weak or strong sustainability criterion to identify feasible management actions that are sustainable; (4) assigning weights to management objectives; and (5) ranking feasible and sustainable management actions. Management actions, objectives, and weights are selected by the manager. Management actions are ranked using a multiple objective evaluation method and utility values estimated with the utility function U(\( {\sum}_{i=1}^n{w}_i{V}_{ij} \)), where i designates management objective, j designates management action, wi is the weight assigned to the ith management objective, Vij is the estimated value of the ith management objective for the jth management action, and \( {\sum}_{i=1}^n{w}_i\,{=}\,1 \). Management objectives are simulated or estimated using biophysical and economic data and models. An empirical application of the framework is presented that uses the Stochastic Efficiency with Respect to a Function method and utility values to rank three preselected fuel treatment strategies and determines preferred treatment strategies for U.S. Forest Service land in Flathead County, Montana for two risk attitudes (i.e., almost risk neutral and strongly risk averse).
The scope of the kinematic effects of prominence in Greek

It is well established that speech units under prominence present longer, larger, and faster constriction gestures than their non-prominent counterparts. However, little is known about the scope of these kinematic effects and how their scope interacts with prosodic boundaries. Previous research has mainly focused on the durational dimension (lengthening) and contrastive focus. The current study uses electromagnetic articulography (EMA) to investigate the scope of the kinematic effects of prominence related to non-contrastive focus as a function of stress position (word-initial, word-medial, word-final) and boundary type (phrase versus word boundary) in Greek. The kinematic dimensions examined are duration, position, velocity, and stiffness. Results from five speakers indicate that all kinematic dimensions affect the stressed syllable but also present both anticipatory and spillover effects. The strongest effect of the dimensions of duration and position is found within the stressed syllable, while the maximum of the velocity and stiffness effects is within the syllable that immediately follows the stressed one. Interestingly, when stress is final, the velocity and stiffness effects extend across prosodic boundaries, regardless of the boundary type, affecting the formation constriction of the first post-boundary consonant. A model of prominence is proposed within the framework of Articulatory Phonology. [Work supported by NIH.]It is well established that speech units under prominence present longer, larger, and faster constriction gestures than their non-prominent counterparts. However, little is known about the scope of these kinematic effects and how their scope interacts with prosodic boundaries. Previous research has mainly focused on the durational dimension (lengthening) and contrastive focus. The current study uses electromagnetic articulography (EMA) to investigate the scope of the kinematic effects of prominence related to non-contrastive focus as a function of stress position (word-initial, word-medial, word-final) and boundary type (phrase versus word boundary) in Greek. The kinematic dimensions examined are duration, position, velocity, and stiffness. Results from five speakers indicate that all kinematic dimensions affect the stressed syllable but also present both anticipatory and spillover effects. The strongest effect of the dimensions of duration and position is found within the stressed syllable, while the max...
Via resistance and reliability trends in copper interconnects with ultra-scaled barrier layers

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of via resistance modulation in Cu interconnects with ultra-scaled diffusion barriers and wetting layers. In particular, we demonstrate that reducing the thickness of the TaN-based diffusion barrier below 1 nm results in a decrease in the measured via resistance, while reducing the thickness of the Co wetting layer below 1 nm has virtually no impact on via resistance. These results are explained using first-principles transport calculations, which show that a 1 nm thick TaN layer is more effective in blocking electrons than a 1 nm thick Co layer. Measurements of time-dependent dielectric breakdown indicate that scaling either TaN or Co layers below 1 nm in thickness results in degraded reliability. These results suggest that there is minimal value in scaling the thickness of Co wetting layers below 1 nm, while scaling TaN diffusion barriers below 1 nm results in a trade-off between performance and reliability.
AKAP12 Signaling Complex: Impacts of Compartmentalizing cAMP‐Dependent Signaling Pathways in the Heart and Various Signaling Systems

Abstract Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome, represented as an impairment in ventricular filling and myocardial blood ejection. As such, heart failure is one of the leading causes of deat...
Commander–community ties after civil war:

Ex-rebel military commanders play a central role in peacebuilding after civil war. Yet the influence and mobilization power of these actors is not uniform: in some areas commanders retain strong ti...
A large-scale spectroscopic survey of methanol and oh line emission from the galactic center: Observations and data

Class I methanol masers are collisionally pumped and are generally correlated with outflows in star-forming sites in the Galaxy. Using the Very Large Array in its A-array configuration, we present a spectral line survey to identify methanol emission at 36.169 GHz. Over 900 pointings were used to cover a region 66' × 13' along the inner Galactic plane. A shallow survey of OH at 1612, 1665, 1667, and 1720 MHz was also carried out over the area covered by our methanol survey. We provide a catalog of 2240 methanol masers with narrow line-widths of ~1 km s−1, spatial resolutions of , and rms noises ~20 mJy beam−1 per channel. Lower limits on the brightness temperature range from 27,000 to 10,000,000 K, showing that the emission is of non-thermal origin. We also provide a list of 23 OH (1612), 14 OH (1665), 5 OH (1667), and 5 OH (1720 MHz) masers. The origin of such a large number of methanol masers is not clear. Many methanol masers appear to be associated with infrared dark clouds, though it appears unlikely that the entire population of these masers traces the early phase of star formation in the Galactic center.
Office-Based Sinus Surgery for Cystic Fibrosis Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

OBJECTIVE Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is nearly ubiquitous in the cystic fibrosis (CF) population, and many patients require multiple endoscopic sinus surgeries throughout their lifetime. Recent studies have demonstrated the profound pulmonary and systemic health benefits of comprehensive CRS treatment. Both endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation and inpatient hospital care represent significant risks for CF patients. The goal of this study is to evaluate the safety and feasibility of performing revision endoscopic sinus surgery for CF patients in the outpatient office setting using only local anesthesia to decrease the need for mechanical ventilation and inpatient hospitalization. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary care academic medical center with a CF Foundation-accredited care center. Patients with CF and refractory CRS despite prior surgery and medical therapy were eligible for inclusion. Comprehensive revision ESS was performed in the office using only local anesthesia. RESULTS Five patients were enrolled and underwent revision endoscopic sinus surgery without complication. The average preoperative Sinonasal-Outcome Test-22 score was 52.0 ± 12.1 and the average preoperative Lund-Mackay score was 15.2 ± 3.8. No patients requested aborting the procedure early due to pain, discomfort, or any other reason. No subjects required prolonged observation or postoperative hospital admission. CONCLUSION This prospective pilot study is the first to demonstrate the safety and feasibility of performing comprehensive revision endoscopic sinus surgery for CF patients in the outpatient office setting using only local anesthesia.
Fruit and vegetables: prevention and cure?

Abstract There are several controversies in the field of nutrition and what constitutes the healthiest diet, but one point nutritional researchers do agree upon is that vegetables and fruits are good for humans. This chapter discusses the current consumption trends of fruit and vegetables throughout the world and considers the optimal amount that should be eaten. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease, can reduce blood pressure, reduces the risk of developing certain types of cancer and can have a positive effect upon blood sugar levels, therefore reducing the risk of diabetes. Furthermore, the consumption of non-starchy vegetables and fruits may promote weight loss. Organic produce may be a superior choice for cancer risk reduction, but the evidence to support this is currently inconclusive.
Bat responses to silviculture treatments: Activity over 13 years of regeneration

Abstract Using silviculture treatments as a tool to create habitat for wildlife is a common practice in wildlife conservation and natural resource management. Although diverse forest age structures and composition benefit many wildlife species, relatively little is known about bat response to young forest habitat. Understanding how the activity of bats changes as young forests age, and the influence of landscape level, stand level, and biologically relevant variables on bat activity, can improve effectiveness of forest management actions designed to benefit bat populations. We measured activity of bats in young forests regenerating from harvests implemented 2007–2018. We selected 26 sites, each of which consisted of a regenerating stand and paired control stand in adjacent interior forest, and used acoustic monitors to record bat activity from 5 May – 9 September 2019 and 2020, with a break from 1 July – 14 July so that monitoring fell into pre- or post-volant timeframes. We used an information theoretic approach to assess support for landscape level, stand level, and biologically relevant variables on bat activity in regenerating stands. Through our research we found (i) bats were more active in young forest stands than natural canopy gaps in interior forests, (ii) bat activity was highest in the first few years post treatment and decreased as young forests continued to age, and (iii) bat activity was highly dependent on biological factors, not landscape or stand level factors. Collectively, these findings suggest that forest management for young forest habitat may benefit forest-associated bats, at least in predominantly forested landscapes where young forest habitat is under-represented.
A MANFIS-based geometric deviation prediction and optimal parameter selection for SPIF geometric accuracy improvement

In the manufacturing sector, the section that has attained the most demand is metal forming. Most traditional methods in the manufacturing industry are not flexible, thus opted for the single point incremental forming (SPIF) method. However, it encompasses a geometric deviation issue. The prediction of geometric deviation and optimal parameter selection is more tedious in the existing works. In order to trounce these issues, this paper proposes a modified adaptive neuro-fuzzy inferences system (MANFIS)-centred geometric deviation prediction and enhanced squirrel search algorithm (ESSA)-centred optimal parameter selection for SPIF in AA2024-O aluminium alloy sheets. The proposed methodology encompasses '3' sections. Initially, the SPIF designing is performed in which truncated cone shape is chosen and inputted into Computer-Aided Designs/Computer-Aided Manufacturing software. Next, the designed shape is constructed and coordinate-measuring machines gauges the geometric metrics. Therefore, to envisage the geometric deviations, the measured geometric values are rendered as the input to the MANFIS. If the deviation is presented, then the ESSA algorithm chooses the optimal initial parameters, and that selected parameters are suggested to the SPIF design. The minimum roundness deviation together with the position deviation is fixed as the Fitness Function in ESSA. The AA2024-O aluminium alloy sheet is taken for the experimental investigation. In addition, the proposed method's performance is contrasted with prevailing methods centred on statistical metrics and MSE, which exhibits that the proposed methods outweigh the prevailing methods. A better result is attained by the proposed works when analogized to the existent methods by obtaining values of 97.90%, 96.78%, 95.84%, 96.23%, and 0.017% for accuracy, precision, recall, F-measure along with mean error.
Informational and Causal Architecture of Continuous-time Renewal Processes

We introduce the minimal maximally predictive models ( $$\epsilon \text{-machines }$$ ) of processes generated by certain hidden semi-Markov models. Their causal states are either discrete, mixed, or continuous random variables and causal-state transitions are described by partial differential equations. As an application, we present a complete analysis of the $$\epsilon \text{-machines }$$ of continuous-time renewal processes. This leads to closed-form expressions for their entropy rate, statistical complexity, excess entropy, and differential information anatomy rates.
Constipation: Common Side Effect.

For constipation, standards of care are based on established evidence-based practice.nConstipationnis the decreased passage of stool characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stool, a sensation of abdominal bloating or cramping, straining with bowel movements, and the feeling of incomplete evacuation.nConstipation occurs in 43%-58% of people with a diagnosis of cancer.
A Place for Individual Differences in What Everyone Knows About What Everyone Does: Positive Affect, Cognitive Processes, and Cognitive Experiential Self Theory

Individual differences are often incorporated into experimental research to elucidate inconsistent effects. We argue that the inclusion of such differences into established and seemingly straightforward findings is imperative to the goal of reaching a more complete understanding about the processes of interest. Drawing on research on the cognitive effects of positive affect, we illustrate how integrating individual differences in cognitive processing styles to this literature might lead to a more nuanced understanding of the impact of affect on cognitive processes. The addition of individual differences to psychological research should be seen as a means to a thorough scientific comprehension of a topic rather than as burdensome caveats to otherwise straightforward findings.
Intraocular route of AAV2 vector administration defines humoral immune response and therapeutic potential.

Purpose Safety and efficiency are critical for successful gene therapy. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are commonly used for gene transfer in both human and animal studies. However, administration of AAV vectors can lead to development of neutralizing antibodies against the vector capsid, thus decreasing the efficiency of therapeutic gene transfer and preventing effective vector readministration. We investigated immune responses to different routes of ocular administration and readministration of AAV vectors, and the effect of previous exposure of AAV vector in one eye on the transduction efficacy of subsequent intraocular AAV-mediated gene delivery to the partner eye.
Focus on Family: Family Involvement in Quality Early Child Care Centers

Family involvement in early care and education is essential for young children's cognitive and social development. Family involvement means that families work together with caregivers to create an ...
Risky Trust: How Multi-entity Teams Develop Trust in a High Risk Endeavor

This paper explicates the challenge of risky trust, which we define as trust that exists between parties vulnerable to high economic, legal or reputational risks at individual or organizational levels. Drawing from analyses of data collected in a grounded case study of a multi-million dollar construction project, we identify dimensions, antecedents and behavioral consequences of risky trust. Undertaken in the United States construction industry, a context known for its lack of trust, our study offers insights for trust repair.
The New Plantation: Black Athletes, College Sports, and Predominantly White NCAA Institutions

Brief Historical Overview and the Experience of Black Athletes and Students at Predominantly White Institutions: A Mind is a Terrible Thing to Waste * The New Plantation Model: A Conceptual Framework for Diagnosing the Experiences of Black Athletes at Predominantly White NCAA Division I Institutions * Intellectually Inferior and Physically Superior: The Internal Colonial Relationship, Racist Ideologies, and the Black Athlete * Operating in the "black" Financially: On the Back of the Black Athletic Body * The Black Athlete's Racialized Experiences and the Predominantly White Intercollegiate Institution * The Socio-Cultural Environment of Predominantly White NCAA Institutions: The Black Athlete as Oscillating Migrant Laborers * Politics and the Black Athletic Experience * Friday Night Lights: A Dream Deferred or Delusions of Grandeur * Athletic Reform and the Decolonization of Intercollegiate Athletics
Product Line Design in Markets with Network Externalities

The extant economic and marketing literature on product line design mainly addresses firm's product decisions in conventional markets. However, many products demonstrate salient network externalities in their consumption, such as computers, software, telephone, telefax, and Internet routers. To our best knowledge, the role of network externalities in product line design has not been addressed. This paper fills the gap by investigating how the optimal structure and prices of a product line depend on the network externalities in the product market. A fundamental insight we obtain is that, in markets with network effects, the firm has a greater incentive to extend the length (as measured by the number of product varieties) of its product line. In our vertical model, market segmentation is sub-optimal in the absence of network externality. With externality, the monopolist offers two distinct products demonstrating maximum differentiation. The low-end product is used primarily to expand the product network, and is offered below marginal cost when externalities are sufficiently strong.
Two dimensional recursive fast Fourier transform

The paper presents a two-dimensional (2-D) recursive fast Fourier transform (RFFT) which consists of two recursive algorithms and a revised fast Fourier transform in the recursive process. This algorithm is applied to image processing as an example of 2-D signal processing. Compared with a standard FFT, the RFFT has the advantages of not requiring the number of input data points to be equal to the number of discrete frequencies and of being suitable for online processing. Compared with other recursive Fourier transforms, the RFFT has a shorter computation time.
Analytical development of the planetary disturbing function on a digital computer

Fortran II IBM 7094 computer program for analytical development of planetary disturbing function
Leader-to-leader splicing is required for efficient production and accumulation of polyomavirus late mRNAs

Polyomavirus late mRNA molecules contain multiple, tandem copies of a noncoding 57-base "late leader" exon at their 5' ends. This exon is encoded only once in the genome. Leader multiplicity arises from leader-leader splicing in giant primary transcripts, which are the result of multiple circuits of the viral genome by RNA polymerase II. We have been interested in learning more about the role of the leader exon in late viral gene expression. We recently showed that an abbreviated-leader mutant virus (ALM) with a 9-base leader exon is nonviable (G. R. Adami and G. G. Carmichael, Nucleic Acids Res. 15:2593-2610, 1987) and has a severe defect in both late pre-mRNA splicing and stability. However, a mutant virus with a different, substituted leader sequence of 51 nucleotides (SLM/MP8) is viable and has no apparent defects. Here we examined further the role of the late leader exon in late pre-mRNA processing. When the leader exon length was gradually reduced from 51 nucleotides to 9 nucleotides in a series of mutants, RNA splicing and stability defects were coupled. In this system there was a minimum exon size of between 33 and 27 nucleotides. Next, a number of mutations were introduced into the 3' splice site which precedes the late leader. Such mutations blocked leader-leader splicing. Surprisingly, they also interfered with leader-mVP1 body splicing and resulted in unstable primary transcripts. Thus, polyomavirus leader-leader splicing appears to be important for the efficient accumulation of late viral mRNA molecules.
Provenance-based refresh in data-oriented workflows

We consider a general workflow setting in which input data sets are processed by a graph of transformations to produce output results. Our goal is to perform efficient selective refresh of elements in the output data, i.e., compute the latest values of specific output elements when the input data may have changed. We explore how data provenance can be used to enable efficient refresh. Our approach is based on capturing one-level data provenance at each transformation when the workflow is run initially. Then at refresh time provenance is used to determine (transitively) which input elements are responsible for given output elements, and the workflow is rerun only on that portion of the data needed for refresh. Our contributions are to formalize the problem setting and the problem itself, to specify properties of transformations and provenance that are required for efficient refresh, and to provide algorithms that apply to a wide class of transformations and workflows. We have built a prototype system supporting the features and algorithms presented in the paper. We report preliminary experimental results on the overhead of provenance capture, and on the crossover point between selective refresh and full workflow recomputation.
Gyro precession and Mach's principle

The precession of a gyroscope is calculated in a nonrelativistic theory due to Harbour which satisfies Mach's principle. It is shown that the theory predicts both the geodetic and motional precession of general relativity to within factors of order 1. The significance of the gyro experiment is discussed from the point of view of metric theories of gravity and this is contrasted with its significance from the point of view of Mach's principle.