cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diminishing Returns in View of Progress in Agricultural Production

Although the State of Iowa was fully settled by 1890, it has since then doubled its crop production, notwithstanding a 20 per cent decline in farm population.2 The increased productivity of the farm people of Iowa is, I believe, an instance of general significance for undoubtedly what has taken place in Iowa is to a degree characteristic of the development of much of the agriculture of the United States. In this paper I want to give the results of a study of Iowa crop production and as the subject indicates, to comment upon certain aspects of the phenomenon of diminishing returns. Because of the nature of the study the discussion will be restricted to its secular interpretation which is, in the opinion of many economists, the most important phase of the law of diminishing returns." We might ask is it reasonable to look upon agriculture as being peculiarly subject to diminishing returns in view of the greater efficiency of farm people, the technical developments in farm production and the resultant food surpluses which have for some time depressed the agriculture of the world? When we consider the changes that time has wrought in farming methods and note the increase in the area of land that has become submarginal and observe the decline that has taken place in the purchasing power of land values, do we not have to conclude that these are prima facie evidences of increasing instead of diminishing returns? More specifically, however, I should like to raise the question whether or not the experience of agriculture, since the appearance of the first edition of Marshall's Principles, which is the period covered by the crop statistics of this study, tends to invalidate the admirable and well qualified interpretation which
Spelling Correction using Context

This paper describes a spelling correction system that functions as part of an intelligent tutor that carries on a natural language dialogue with its users. The process that searches the lexicon is adaptive as is the system filter, to speed up the process. The basis of our approach is the interaction between the parser and the spelling corrector. Alternative correction targets are fed back to the parser, which does a series of syntactic and semantic checks, based on the dialogue context, the sentence context, and the phrase context.
Artificial Patterns

This paper deals with obtaining a data base for test and evaluation of large software systems, when at most, only a few typical pattern instances are available. Data structure variation is proposed and demonstrated for some simple images. Relationships to fundamental concepts in computer science methodology are discussed.
Simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) mobile testbed

Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (STAR) systems typically utilize multiple cancellation layers to improve system isolation and avoid self-interference. The design of these different layers must be evaluated both individually and as a whole to determine their effectiveness in various environments. A flexible and reusable mobile testbed was constructed to aid in the development and assessment of these different STAR technologies for both stationary and non-stationary applications. The usefulness of this platform was confirmed during the integration of an example STAR system that measured greater than 100 dB of total system isolation over a 30 MHz bandwidth centered at 2.45 GHz.
Four-dimensional electron microscopy: Ultrafast imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy in materials science and biology

Understanding the ultrafast evolution of atomic and electronic rearrangements under nonequilibrium conditions in organic, inorganic and biological materials plays a fundamental role in deciphering the mechanism governing chemical and biological functions. With direct visualization, the technological development of future innovative devices on the nanoscale becomes feasible. Although an enormous effort has been devoted to the comprehension and improvement of these materials and devices, the capability of investigating their dynamic behavior is hindered by the difficulty of simultaneously studying their evolution in space and time at the appropriate scales. The traditional characterization techniques and the steady-state theoretical models are both not adequate for describing their nonequilibrium behavior. Instead, a novel approach for visualization of matter with high temporal and spatial resolutions, together with energy and momentum selection, is indispensable to fully exploit their potential. Four-dimensional electron microscopy (4D-EM) has been developed with the capability of performing time-resolved imaging, diffraction and electron-spectroscopy. The acquired and sufficient spatial, temporal, energy and momentum resolution, provide the real-time access to the dynamic behavior of surfaces, interfaces and nanosystems. In this review, after outlining the 4D-EM approach, which enables sub-nanometer spatial resolution and temporal speed of 10 orders of magnitude faster than previously possible, we address several recent applications in materials science and biology, highlighting for each case the challenges that had to be overcome, the main scientific contributions, and future trends in the field. The highly inter- and multi-disciplinary approach presented here will pave the way for an unprecedented insight into the nonequilibrium phenomena of advanced materials, and should play a decisive role in the rational design and engineering of future applications.
Influence of environmental factors on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa in Xinlicheng Reservoir.

This study investigated the influence of temperature,illumination and N/P on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa in pure cultivatable system.The results indicated that the growth of the Microcystis aeruginosa in 28℃ was better,and cell density reached the maximum.In this research,the growth of the Microcystis aeruginosa in 3 000 lx was better,and cell density reached the maximum. The growth of the Microcystis aeruginosa was better when TN/TP reached 15∶1.
In Vitro and in Vivo Activity of Two Second Generation Platinum Analogs in Murine Bladder Cancer

Abstract The activity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) was compared to two second generation platinum analogs, cis-diammine-1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylate platinum(II) and cis-dichloro-transdihydroxybisisopropylamine platinum(IV) in the N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide-induced murine bladder tumor model and a tumor colony assay. Murine drug testing revealed that all three drugs were active against the MBT-2 tumor line, although cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) was more active than its analogs. All drugs produced enhanced inhibition of clonal growth with increasing drug exposure times. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) was more active against MBT-2 cells in the plateau growth phase versus the log growth phase after a one hour drug exposure. Similar differential activity depending upon the proliferative state of MBT-2 was not seen with the two platinum analogs. These two platinum analogs have somewhat less activity in vivo and in vitro than cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and would be predicted to be less effective clinically in human bladder cancer than the parent compound
Statistically steady states of forced isotropic turbulence in thermal equilibrium and non-equilibrium

We investigate statistically steady states of turbulent flows when molecular degrees of freedom, in particular vibration, are taken into account. Unlike laminar flows initially in thermal non-equilibrium which asymptotically relax towards thermal equilibrium, turbulent flows present persistent departures from thermal equilibrium. This is due to fluctuations in temperature and other thermodynamic variables, which are known to increase with turbulent Mach number. Analytical results are compared to direct numerical simulations at a range of Reynolds and Mach numbers as well as molecular parameters such as relaxation times. Turbulent fluctuations are also shown to disrupt the distribution of energy between translational–rotational–vibrational modes even if thermal equilibrium is attained instantaneously relative to turbulence time scales, an effect that increases with characteristic relaxation times. Because of the nonlinear relation between temperature and vibrational energy in equilibrium, the fluctuation of the latter could be strongly positively skewed with long tails in its probability density function. This effect is stronger in flows with strong temperature fluctuations and when vibrational modes are partially excited. Because of the finite-time relaxation of vibration, departures from equilibrium result in very strong transfers of energy from the translational–rotational mode to the vibrational mode. A simple spectral model can explain the stronger departures from thermal equilibrium observed at the small scales. The spectral behaviour of the instantaneous vibrational energy can be described by classical phenomenology for passive scalars.
Uptake of oestradiol by the rabbit hypothalamus. Specificity of binding by nuclei in vitro

The binding of [6,7-3H]oestradiol-17β to subcellular fractions of the hypothalamus and the cerebellum of the rabbit was studied in vitro. Uptake of steroid was higher in hypothalamic nuclei than in cerebellar nuclei. Lower binding was observed in other fractions of both tissues. After dialysis of the fractions, hypothalamic nuclei retained a high percentage of oestradiol whereas cerebellar nuclei lost most of the bound steroid. Supernatant fractions of both tissues retained a significant proportion of label after dialysis and after gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. No specific binding was observed in these fractions when subjected to sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Purification of nuclei followed by incubation with labelled oestradiol in the absence of the supernatant fraction resulted in loss of binding of steroid by hypothalamic nuclei. Incubation of the purified hypothalamic nuclei with supernatant fraction maintained the binding specificity of hormone retention.
Delivering Rural Health in a Changing Health Model: A Qualitative Study Involving Four Hospitals

Objectives:An exploratory examination of rural hospital staff experiences to determine whether the physical state of rural healthcare facilities influence the healthcare experience and perception o...
An Extended Role for the Rural Physician

I find my role here a vital, challenging one with many satisfactions that I doubt are enjoyed by my urban superspecialist classmates....
Crustal structure at Regional Seismic Test Network stations determined from inversion of broadband teleseismic P waveforms

Abstract The site structure beneath the five broadband stations of the Regional Seismic Test Network (RSTN) has been determined utilizing teleseismic P waveforms. Our teleseismic waveform modeling technique involves inverting the radial component of stacked source-equalized receiver functions in the time domain to estimate the vertical shear velocity structure at the site. The receiver functions at RSNY (Adirondacks, New York), RSON (Red Lake, Ontario), and RSNT (Yellowknife, Northwest Territory) are quite simple compared to previously published RSCP (Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee) data, largely due to the absence of sedimentary surface rocks at these sites. At RSNY, a high-velocity layer at mid-crustal depths (18 to 26 km) in our southeast backazimuth results correlates in depth with a zone of high-amplitude reflections found on COCORP profiles 60 km south of RSNY. A gradational crust-mantle boundary is observed at RSCP and RSNY. The RSON and RSNT sites are characterized by simple crusts with fairly abrupt crust-mantle boundaries. The crust beneath RSON appears to have a clear division between the upper and lower crust at about 18 km depth while this boundary is not well-developed at RSNT. Pronounced azimuthal variations in crustal structure at RSSD (Black Hills, South Dakota) prohibit the determination of velocity using a layered earth model. The crustal thicknesses at each of these sites are: RSCP, 40 to 50 km; RSSD, 47 to 50 km; RSNY, 45 to 50 km; RSNT, 38 km; and RSON, 42 km.
Psychometrics of an original measure of barriers to providing family planning information: Implications for social service providers

ABSTRACTSocial service professionals can face challenges in the course of providing family planning information to their clients. This article reports findings from a study that developed an original 27-item measure, the Reproductive Counseling Obstacle Scale (RCOS) designed to measure such obstacles based conceptually on Bandura’s social cognitive theory (1986). We examine the reliability and factor structure of the RCOS using a sample of licensed social workers (N = 197). A 20-item revised version of the RCOS was derived using principal component factor analysis. Results indicate that barriers to discussing family planning, as measured by the RCOS, appear to be best represented by a two-factor solution, reflecting self-efficacy/interest and perceived professional obligation/moral concerns. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Abstract IA30: Targeting hormone receptors for degradation: Nuclear receptor downregulation as a therapeutic approach in cancer

Durable clinical responses to endocrine therapies in breast cancer are limited by the development of resistance that can occur as a consequence of estrogen receptor–alpha (ERα) mutations, the production of non-canonical ER ligands, or to the reprogramming of ER signaling pathways. This contemporary view of resistance has driven the search for Selective Estrogen Receptor Degraders (SERDs), compounds that target the receptor for proteasomal degradation. The clinical activity of fulvestrant, the first drug in this class, confirmed the utility of SERDs in late stage disease; however the poor pharmaceutical properties of this drug have limited its use. Previously, we reported the discovery and early clinical development of the first orally bioavailable SERD (GW5638) and although its development was discontinued, the early positive signals from clinical studies of this drug provided others with the impetus to develop additional molecules that function using the same mechanism of action (GDC810 and AZ9694). These latter drugs, if approved, will be significant additions to the breast cancer armamentarium. Anticipating that acquired resistance is likely to be a response to SERD treatment, we have recently embarked on an effort to identify targets/pathways that are required for the maintenance of the receptor expression. It is anticipated that combined treatment with SERDs and agents that inhibit ERα expression would result in more durable clinical responses. These efforts have led to the discovery that the AGR2/LYPD3 signaling axis within cancer cells is required for ERα expression and that its inhibition achieves a quantitative downregulation of this receptor in tumor models. The impact of targeting ERα expression, directly (SERDs) and/or indirectly (AGR2 blocking antibodies) in breast cancer will be the focus of this presentation. Citation Format: Donald McDonnell, Kimberly Cocce, Suzanne Wardell, John Norris. Targeting hormone receptors for degradation: Nuclear receptor downregulation as a therapeutic approach in cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA30.
Fault Detection in a Continuous Pulp Digester

Abstract Diagnostic strategies for Fault Detection and Isolation in a continuous pulp digester are presented. Several methodologies for Fault Detection and Isolation are compared for accuracy and real-time implementation potential. A Gross Error Detection methodology for biased and noisy measurements is initially examined. Next, a Gaussian Radial Basis Function neural network approach for detection of product quality related changes is also used. Changes in feedstock composition using an additional neural network approach is also developed. The efficiency and limitations of all methods are demonstrated using a first principles model.
L-band high-Q tunable quasi-absorptive bandstop-to-all-pass filter

This paper presents a high-Q tunable quasi-absorptive bandstop-to-all-pass filter in the 1.1 to 2 GHz frequency range. The filter can continuously tune from an all-pass response to an absorptive bandstop response with high isolation (70 dB) across its entire frequency range. The insertion loss in its all-pass state varies from 2.27 to 3.14 dB. The filter topology requires only one tuning element per resonator. The filter topology is implemented with evanescent-mode cavity resonators and tuned with low-power piezoelectric actuators. The extracted unloaded resonator Q-factor is 400.
Failure analysis methodology on center patch issue due to salicidation in wafer fab

Failure Analysis (FA) consists of fault verification, isolation, defect tracing, characterization and physical (elemental) analysis. It helps wafer fab to understand the root causes of low yield cases, drive the yield improvement activities. Due to the complexity of modern Integrated Circuits (ICs), defects causing the failure need more effort, a variety of FA tools to be identified. In this case, a case of wafer center patch failure was studied. First of all, failure mode was identified through datalog study, which identified the majority of the center dies failed in leakage bin. The subsequent electrical fault isolation was performed by IV measurement and Thermal Induced Voltage Alteration (TIVA). The defect signal was found at unique structure for different failure dies, which was known to be poly resistor structure after layout study. After that, top-down physical analysis was then carried out using several FA techniques such as delayering, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) inspection, Passive Voltage Contrast (PVC), Atomic Force Probing (AFP), cross-sectional approach was also carried out using Focus Ion Beam (FIB) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). In the end the defect was found to be unwanted salicadation at the side wall of the poly resistor, due to process-related issue. With the help of FA findings, Fab was beneficial in identifying the related process causing this faiure.
Analysis of biases in dynamic margins of stability introduced by the use of simplified center of mass estimates during walking and turning

The ability to control the body's center of mass (CoM) is critical for preventing falls, which are a major health concern in aging populations. Control of the CoM has been assessed by characterizing dynamic margins of stability (MoS) which capture the dynamic relationship between the CoM and the base of support. Accurate estimation of CoM dynamics is best accomplished using a full-body marker set. However, a number of simplified estimates have been used throughout literature. Here, we determined the biases and sources of bias when computing MoS using four simplified CoM models, and we characterized how these biases varied in straight walking versus turning. CoM kinematics were characterized using a full-body marker set, the lower extremities and trunk, lower extremities only, an average of four pelvic markers, and one pelvic marker alone. Significant bias was demonstrated for most methods and was larger during turning tasks compared to straight walking. In the fore-aft direction, only overestimates in the MoS were observed, and these ranged from 15 to 110% larger than the true MoS value. In the mediolateral direction, both under- and over-estimates were observed and ranged from -175 to 225%. Across tasks, bias was smallest when using the lower extremity plus trunk (-23 to 62%) and pelvis average methods (-71 to 43%). Sources of bias were attributed to misestimates of CoM height, velocity, and position. Together, our findings suggest that the 1) lower extremity and trunk model and 2) pelvis average model should be considered in future studies to minimize bias when simplified models of CoM dynamics are desired.
Extracting the potential-well of a near-field optical trap using the Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition

The non-conservative nature of the force field generated by a near-field optical trap is analyzed. A plasmonic C-shaped engraving on a gold film is considered as the trap. The force field is calculated using the Maxwell stress tensor method. The Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition is used to extract the conservative and the non-conservative component of the force. Due to the non-negligible non-conservative component, it is found that the conventional approach of extracting the potential by direct integration of the force is not accurate. Despite the non-conservative nature of the force field, it is found that the statistical properties of a trapped nanoparticle can be estimated from the conservative component of the force field alone. Experimental and numerical results are presented to support the claims.
The psychopath in South African criminal and mental health law, Part 1*; Part 2**

Quite apart from conviction of crime, a psychopath under the South African Mental Health Act of 1 973, may be civilly committed and held until the danger he is presumed to present is past. This model follows similar legislation in other countries which is based on the assumption that a treatment approach to the repetitive offender is more enlightened and will produce better results for the protection of society and even for the offender than the traditional penal paradigm.
Computing Order Statistics in the Farey Sequence

We study the problem of computing the k-th term of the Farey sequence of order n, for given n and k. Several methods for generating the entire Farey sequence are known. However, these algorithms require at least quadratic time, since the Farey sequence has Θ(n 2) elements. For the problem of finding the k-th element, we obtain an algorithm that runs in time O(n lg n) and uses space \(O(\sqrt{n})\) . The same bounds hold for the problem of determining the rank in the Farey sequence of a given fraction. A more complicated solution can reduce the space to O(n 1/3(lg lg n)2/3) , and, for the problem of determining the rank of a fraction, reduce the time to O(n). We also argue that an algorithm with running time O(poly(lg n)) is unlikely to exist, since that would give a polynomial-time algorithm for integer factorization.
See one, do one, teach one: A randomized controlled study evaluating the benefit of autonomy in surgical education.

Abstract Introduction "See one, do one, teach one" has represented the model for surgical education for over a century, however recent changes in education have reduced autonomy in training. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of autonomy on learning a procedural skill. Methods Senior medical students were randomized and trained to performance a vascular anastomosis utilizing progressive autonomy vs. constant supervision. Performance was tested using videotaped technical grading and anastomotic pressure testing. Results Mean baseline performance times and technical ratings were similar in both groups. Final completion times was faster in the autonomy group, 14:03min vs. 19:09min (p = 0.02). Final technical ratings were similar, 40.0 vs. 39.2points (max = 50), for each group and both demonstrated similar improvement in leak test against a standardized sample. Conclusion Teaching a procedure, as a final step in graded autonomy, results in superior performance in timing while maintaining equal technical performance compared to trainees with less autonomy.
Synthesis and investigation of phthalocyanine-biotin conjugates

An isothiocyanato-functionalized phthalocyanine (Pc) was synthesized in good yield from the corresponding amine-substituted Pc. This Pc reacted with ethanolamine, biotin hydrazine, and biotin diethylamine under mild conditions (room temperature in DMF or DMSO in the presence of TEA) to produce the corresponding thiourea products in 60-75% yields. All Pcs showed intense Q absorptions in DMF around 677 nm, emissions centered at 683 nm, and fluorescence quantum yields in the range 0.18-0.27. The Pcs were phototoxic to human carcinoma HEp2 cells (IC50 ~ 7 at 1.5 J/cm2) and localized in multiple organelles, including the lysosomes, Golgi and ER. One biotin-Pc conjugate was injected via tail vein into nude mice bearing HT-29 tumors and demonstrated selective localization in the tumor tissue.
Taste manipulation during a food cue-reactivity task: Effects on cue-elicited food craving and subsequent food intake among individuals with overweight and obesity.

Abstract Food cue-reactivity tasks are used to induce and evaluate food cravings. Extant research has implicated the role of tasting foods in heightening cue-elicited food craving. The present study was the first to evaluate a taste manipulation during a food cue-reactivity task to optimize cue-elicited craving and predict food intake. Participants with overweight/obesity (N = 35; M age = 33.46 years [SD = 13.27]; M BMI = 32.91 kg/m2 [SD = 5.34]) engaged in one laboratory session and were randomized to a ‘No Taste’ or ‘Taste’ condition. All participants reported baseline food craving and observed two types of high-calorie food cues during a cue-reactivity task: photographic and real foods. The Taste group tasted real food cues and the No Taste group did not. Cue-elicited craving was assessed after the presentation of each food cue. Calorie intake of palatable foods was subsequently measured during a bogus taste test. Results indicated that cue-elicited craving to high-calorie foods was greater for the No Taste relative to the Taste group and that calorie intake was greater for the Taste relative to the No Taste group; both effects were nonsignificant, but of medium-size. Cue-elicited craving was significantly greater following exposure to high-calorie real food cues compared to photographic food cues. Results provide initial evidence that presenting high-calorie real (vs. photographic) food cues and forgoing taste manipulation during a food cue-reactivity task may optimize cue-elicited craving, and that taste manipulation could increase subsequent food intake. Future research should be conducted to replicate findings in larger samples with greater power to detect significant effects.
Some Perspectives on the Practice of Sharing Collection Data

This paper explores diverse areas of considerations regarding sharing data relating to Holocaust collections, from institutional, motivational, ethical, and technical points of view.
What is Mixed Reality

What is Mixed Reality (MR)? To revisit this question given the many recent developments, we conducted interviews with ten AR/VR experts from academia and industry, as well as a literature survey of 68 papers. We find that, while there are prominent examples, there is no universally agreed on, one-size-fits-all definition of MR. Rather, we identified six partially competing notions from the literature and experts' responses. We then started to isolate the different aspects of reality relevant for MR experiences, going beyond the primarily visual notions and extending to audio, motion, haptics, taste, and smell. We distill our findings into a conceptual framework with seven dimensions to characterize MR applications in terms of the number of environments, number of users, level of immersion, level of virtuality, degree of interaction, input, and output. Our goal with this paper is to support classification and discussion of MR applications' design and provide a better means to researchers to contextualize their work within the increasingly fragmented MR landscape.
Exploiting polarization of very low frequency scattered fields to localize objects

Most scatterers of very low frequency electromagnetic waves can be treated as equivalent dipoles. When the incident field is a plane wave, polarization of the scattered field can be exploited. In this preliminary report we assume multiple receivers lie in a plane orthogonal to the incident electric field. Receivers are positioned around the circumference of a five-meter radius circle enclosing the region of interest (ROI). Receivers are in the near field and phase of the measurements varies slowly with position, particularly for highly conductive scatterers. From noise-free (simulated) data, coordinates of a single scatterer can be recovered from nulls of the measured data. Accuracy is limited by the density of the receiver positions around the ROI. When multiple scatterers are present, some coordinates can be approximated from amplitude measurements. Additive white noise reduces accuracy of single-scatterer localization by as much as 10% when SNR=10 dB.
Inherent problems in force measurement

A force sensor is ordinarily used as a part of a larger system such as a testing machine, test stand, weighing system or process-control system. When a force sensor is calibrated in a standards laboratory and then installed and used in a different system, there may be a significant shift in sensor response due to differences in many factors such as machine-sensor mechanical interaction, loading sequence, loading rate and environmental conditions. NBS research is directed toward establishing the magnitude of the errors due to these factors and developing methods for controlling these errors. Some initial results in the study of machinesensor interaction, hysteresis, thermoelastic effect and creep are discussed here. A long range objective is to enable users to make informed judgments about the adequacy of their own force measurements, based on an understanding of their own measurement process rather than a routine calibration at a standards laboratory.
Magnesia and Magnesium Aluminate Catalyst Substrates for Carbon Nanotube Carpet Growth

Carbon nanotube (CNT) carpet growth behavior is systematically investigated on a pristine and ion beam-bombarded family of basic catalyst substrates: MgAl2O4 (100), MgAl2O4 (110), MgAl2O4 (111), an...
Third-Party Reimbursement of Vision Rehabilitation Services: A Historical Overview:

This article describes the various components of vision rehabilitation services, examines funding mechanisms for reimbursement of the services, reviews legislative activities over the past 20 years...
Mobile Systems and Corresponding Intractable Security Issues

In the previous two chapters, 18 and 19, we dealt with wireless communication but restricted our discussion to sensor networks, wireless communication networks, and cellular networks. We discussed a good number of communication devices and their communication protocols. We also discussed the security problems and we propose solutions in some cases. What we did not do is actually put all these devices and technologies together to create the current phenomenal mobile communication devices, and the technology is currently driving computing and communication. We are going to do this in this chapter and more. The last two decades have witnessed a revolution of sorts in communication spearheaded by the rapidly evolving technologies in both software and hardware. A mobile communication system consists of two or more of the following devices, running specifically developed software to sustain, for a period of time, a wireless communication link between them: mobile telephone, broadly construed here to include devices based on code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and wireless personal digital assistant (WPDA) digital technologies and follow-ons, as well as satellite telephones and e-mail appliances. Mobile communication systems are revolutionizing the world today, shrinking the world to between two or more small handheld mobile devices. The rapid changes in communication technologies, the revolutionary changes in software, and the growth of large powerful communication network technologies all have eased communication and brought it to large swaths of the globe. The high-end competition between the mobile telecommunication operators resulting in plummeting device prices, the quickly developing smartphone technology, and the growing number of undersea cables and cheaper satellite technologies are bringing Internet access to almost every one of the global rural poor faster than many had anticipated.
How Does the Perceived Value of a Medium of Exchange Depend on its Set of Possible Uses

Abstract The normative value of a medium of exchange is derived from the best consumption that it permits. Adding potential uses can increase the normative value of a medium of exchange but not decrease it. In two large preregistered experiments (total N = 2205), including one with incentive-compatible measures, we find that the perceived value of a medium of exchange systematically lies below this normative benchmark, such that adding a less-attractive set of potential uses decreases a medium of exchange’s perceived value. Moreover, the extent of undervaluation depends on the difference in value between the potential uses, and there is no evidence of undervaluation when preferences among potential uses are articulated in advance. More generally, these findings reveal that the perceived value of a medium of exchange depends not only on the expected value of the best alternative but also on the set of alternatives.
Abstract 12826: Age-related Sestrin2 Maintains OXPHOS Integrity to Modulate Cardiac Substrate Metabolism During Ischemia and Reperfusion

Introduction: Sestrin2 (Sesn2) is a stress-inducible protein that declines with aging in the heart. We have reported that rescue Sesn2 levels of aged mouse hearts through gene therapy improves the ...
Stable Crawling Policy for Wearable SuperLimbs Attached to a Human with Tuned Impedance

A control algorithm that allows a human model to crawl using a pair of supernumerary robotic limbs (SuperLimbs) is presented. The human model and SuperLimbs are coupled by a compliant harness. This work is inspired by the need for wearable robotic systems that can support workers engaged in fatiguing tasks. The walking policy is developed based on Lyapunov analysis. The volume of the region of attraction (ROA) of the system is used to quantify robustness and identify the optimal harness compliance. Simulation experiments are used to verify the performance of the algorithm. The presented formulation allows us to guarantee stable locomotion under nominal conditions and define robustness against modeling error and perturbations. This study is also the first, that the authors are aware of, to address cooperative crawling between a human and a wearable robotic system with state feedback.
Real-Time Digital Baseband System for Ultra-Broadband THz Communication

The research in communications at sub-THz and THz frequencies is currently confined to static wireless links due to the bottlenecks in interfacing with the real-time digital backends. A software defined radio platform to support real-time ultra-broadband communications over multi-GHz bandwidths at THz frequencies is proposed. A prototype for the transmit-side is implemented and experimentally demonstrated.
Development and Qualitative Pretesting of Child Feeding and Obesity Prevention Messages for Parents of Infants and Toddlers.

Abstract Background Consistent, evidence-based child feeding guidance targeted to parents of children ages birth to 24 months (B-24) is needed for early childhood obesity prevention. Objective The aim was to develop and pretest a comprehensive set of child feeding and obesity prevention messages for parents of children ages B-24. Design A qualitative, 2-phase protocol, grounded in social and behavior change, was used as a conceptual interview framework to pilot test early childhood feeding messages with parents. Participants/setting Participants were parents (n = 23) of children ages B-24. Methods A core set of 12 messages and supporting materials were developed for parents of children ages B-24 based on previous research findings, current research evidence, and feeding guidance. Parents were individually interviewed using a semistructured script along with additional questions to rank perceptions of message qualities. Main outcome measures Overall comprehension, importance, believability, ease of implementation, and likelihood of use of messages were assessed. Statistical analysis performed Data analysis included qualitative thematic analysis and descriptive statistics for Likert-scaled responses. Results Participants were primarily female, non-Hispanic White, with a mean age of 33.3 ± 6.8 years and at least a bachelor’s degree. Overall, most messages were understood, believable, perceived as important, and feasible by parents. Messages related to starting solid foods, encouraging child control of intake and self-feeding, and food allergen guidance were perceived as more difficult and less likely to be implemented by parents. Conclusions Additional research is needed to evaluate actual implementation of messages by diverse parents and resulting outcomes including impact on child weight.
Effect of leg lift on stroke volume index in children 11-17 years old before and after induction of general anesthesia.

Background Fluid administration in ERAS is one component which anesthesiologists have control. Change in stroke volume index (SVI) is used to assess fluid responsiveness. This study sought the effect of perioperative fluid responsiveness in pediatric patients. The Cheetah NICOM™ (noninvasive CO monitor) was employed because of correlation with other CO monitors. Aims The Cheetah NICOM™ is an FDA-approved device in adults. Its indications in children are unknown. 24 enrolled patients (age 11-17) were ASA 1 or 2 without cardiopulmonary disease. The study examined changes in SVI, HR, SBP, and DBP between the semi-recumbent and legs lifted positions, both awake and after anesthesia. Methods Each patient had baseline vital signs measured and fluid responsiveness determined with the Cheetah NICOM™ monitor. Stroke volume index (SVI) was measured in both the semi-recumbent position and after passive leg lift. Measurements were repeated immediately after induction of general anesthesia. Twenty-one of 24 patients received inhalation induction with sevoflurane and three patients received intravenous propofol followed by sevoflurane. Airway management included intubation in 19 of 24 and a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in five of 24 patients. Results There was a 25% increase in SVI after leg lift from 54.8 ml/m2 to 68.0 ml/m2 in awake patients (p l 0.001). Diastolic pressure decreased by 15.4% from 67.9 mm Hg to 58.2 mm Hg from semi-recumbent position and leg lift, respectively (p = .004). No significant change in heart rate or SBP was found. Following induction, patient SVI increased with leg lift by 25.6% from 42.6 ml/m2 to 53.5 ml/m2 after leg lift (p = .003). Heart rate decreased by 9.3% and SBP increased 2.8% with leg lift. Conclusions 96% of normal 11-17-year-old children were fluid responsive while awake and 79% after induction of general anesthesia.
Becoming after College: Agency and Structure in Transitions to Engineering Work

Engineering education and engineering studies research has clearly articulated a need for educational reform to help new engineers understand social dimensions of their work and act as change agent...
What Is “Philosophy of Education”?

Philosophy of education refers to the systematic process of understanding and explicating key concepts related to educational practice. Analytic philosophy of education is a contemporary approach to this task and is the technique used in this book to explain key educational concepts.
Isolation and characterization of a cDNA that encodes the peptide core of the secretory granule proteoglycan of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells.

A cDNA that encodes the peptide core of the secretory granule proteoglycan of the human promyelocytic leukemic cell line, HL-60, has been isolated and analyzed. When human genomic DNA was digested and probed under conditions of low stringency with a rat cDNA that encodes a Mr = 18,600 serine/glycine-rich proteoglycan peptide core in L2 yolk sac tumor cells (Bourdon, M. A., Oldberg, A., Pierschbacher, M., and Ruoslahti, E. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 1321-1325) and basophilic leukemia-1 cells (Avraham, S., Stevens, R. L., Gartner, M. C., Austen, K. F., Lalley, P. A., and Weis, J. H. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 7292-7296), a number of DNA fragments were identified. A HL-60 cell-derived cDNA library was therefore screened under conditions of low stringency with the rat probe to identify and isolate a human homologue of this rat proteoglycan peptide core. Analysis of the resulting human cDNA clones indicated that the proteoglycan peptide core that is expressed in HL-60 cells is Mr = 17,600 and contains an 18-amino acid glycosaminoglycan attachment region that consists primarily of alternating serin and glycine. Northern blot analysis of total RNA probed with the human cDNA revealed that the major message for this proteoglycan peptide core in HL-60 cells is approximately 1.3 kilobase pairs in size. When a Southern blot of digested human genomic DNA was probed with the human cDNA, three bands of approximately 6, 9, and 12 kilobase pairs were detected. However, when the Southern blot was probed with the XmnI----3' fragment of this human cDNA, one prominent band was detected, indicating that a single gene encodes this protein in the human. Analysis of the DNA from human/mouse and human/hamster somatic cell hybrids probed with the human cDNA demonstrated that the gene that encodes this molecule resides on human chromosome 10. Because the proteoglycans that are present in the secretory granules of different types of rat and mouse mast cells possess small peptide cores that are rich in serine and glycine, we propose that this HL-60 cell-3 derived cDNA encodes the peptide core of the proteoglycan that is expressed in the secretory granules of this human promyelocytic cell.
Semantics of Database Transformations

Database transformations arise in many different settings including database integration, evolution of database systems, and implementing user views and data-entry tools. This paper surveys approaches that have been taken to problems in these settings, assesses their strengths and weaknesses, and develops requirements on a formal model for specifying and implementing database transformations.
Absorbing Random Walks and the NAE2SAT Problem

In this paper, we propose a simple, randomized algorithm for the NAE2SAT problem; the analysis of the algorithm uses the theory of symmetric, absorbing random walks. NAESAT (Not-All-Equal SAT) is the variant of the Satisfiability problem (SAT), in which we are interested in an assignment that satisfies all the clauses, but falsifies at least one literal in each clause. We show that the NAE2SAT problem admits an extremely simple literal-flipping algorithm, in precisely the same way that 2SAT does. On a satisfiable instance involving nvariables, our algorithm finds a satisfying assignment using at most $\frac{9}{4}n^{2}$ verification calls with probability at least $\frac{5}{6}$. The randomized algorithm takes O(1) extra space, in the presence of a verifier and provides an interesting insight into checking whether a graph is bipartite. It must be noted that the bounds we derive are much sharper than the ones in [1].
Genetic variants and monoallelic expression of surfactant protein-D in inflammatory bowel disease.

Summary Surfactant protein-D (SP-D) is expressed on mucosal surfaces and functions in the innate immune response to microorganisms. We studied the genetic association of the two nonsynonymous SP-D single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs721917 and rs2243639 in 256 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cases (123 CD and 133 UC) and 376 unrelated healthy individuals from an IBD population from Central Pennsylvania. Case-control analysis revealed a significant association of rs2243639 with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease (CD) (p = 0.0036), but not ulcerative colitis (UC) (p = 0.883), and no association of rs721917 with CD (p = 0.328) or UC (p = 0.218). Using intestinal tissues from 19 individuals heterozygous for each SNP, we compared allelic expression of these two SNPs between diseased and matched normal tissues. rs2243639 exhibited balanced biallelic (BB) expression; while rs721917 exhibited differential allelic expression (BB 37%, imbalanced biallelic [IB] 45%, and dominant monoallelic [DM] 18%). Comparison of allelic expression pattern between diseased and matched normal tissues, 13 of 19 individuals (14 UC, 5 CD) showed a similar pattern. The six patients exhibiting a different pattern were all UC patients. The results suggest that differential allelic expression may affect penetrance of the SNP rs721917 disease-susceptibility allele in IBD. The potential impact of SP-D monoallelic expression on incomplete penetrance is discussed.
Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of Proteoglycan Gene Expression

Proteoglycans are among the most complex and sophisticated molecules of mammalian systems in terms of their protein and carbohydrate moieties. These macromolecules are in a continuous interplay with each other and the cell surface signal-transducing pathways, some of which are beginning to be elucidated. Because of their domain structure, catalytic potential, and diversity, these molecules appear to be designed for integrating numerous signaling events. For example, some proteoglycans interact with hyaluronan and lectins, thereby linking cell surfaces and distant matrix molecules. Some interact with collagen during the complex process of fibrillogenesis and regulate this biological process fundamental to animal life. Others interact with growth factors and serve as depot available during growth or tissue remodeling. In this review, we center on the most recent developments of proteoglycan biology, focusing primarily on genomic organization and transcriptional and posttranscriptional control. We discuss only those proteoglycans whose gene and promoter elements have been characterized and proved to be functional. When possible, we correlate the effects of growth factors and cytokines on proteoglycan gene expression with the topology of cis-acting elements in their genomic control regions. The analysis leads to a comprehensive critical appraisal of the principles that underlie the regulation of proteoglycan gene expression and to the delineation of common regulatory mechanisms.
Vibration and Buckling of Shells under Initial Stresses

A new technique for designing a phase lead compensator on the S-plane has been presented in this work. This technique eliminates the need for trial and error cycles which are a feature of the present technique." It can be carried out in part through a graphical construction or in an entirely analytical way. A digital computer program which implements the new technique can be written using the algorithm given by Eqs. (39-44).