cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the return to university quality differ for transfer students and direct attendees

This paper examines the return to university quality for a sample of students drawn from the High School and Beyond survey. This analysis extends previous work by: (1) controlling for the fact that students are free to transfer between different quality institutions while pursuing their degrees and (2) allowing the return to quality to vary across different ranges of institutional quality. The results suggest that the return to university quality differs dramatically across both educational paths and university quality ranges. A large, positive return to graduation quality is observed for university and community college transfers graduating from the highest quality universities, while an insignificant return is observed for all other students. Additionally, the length of time spent at initial institutions has a significant negative effect on university transfers. These findings suggest that it is important to consider a student’s educational path when examining the return to higher education. [JEL J31] © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Description and significance of the Microtus (Rodentia: Arvicolinae) from the type Irvington fauna, Alameda County, California

Abstract The arvicoline rodent Microtus is represented in the Irvington fauna by 72 specimens. The majority of these are isolated molars. Lower first molars are diagnostic and clearly identifiable as Microtus specimens with five closed triangles. No other arvicolines are present in the fauna. Morphological variation in the sample is present, but not extensive. Morphological features permitting species-level identification are lacking, and no species assignation can be supported with the available data. Changing perspectives on Pleistocene biochronology and reinterpretation of several purported early records of Microtus indicate that the Irvington specimens of Microtus with five closed triangles are among the oldest recorded in North America. Chronological control is limited to paleomagnetic data that reveal that the Irvington fauna dates to somewhere between 0.78 Ma and somewhat older than 1.21 Ma. The uncertainty cannot be reduced based on current understanding of the taxonomic affinity and known tempora...
ORGANIZATIONAL GENESIS IN THE NONPROFIT SECTOR: AN ANALYSIS OF DEMAND, SUPPLY, AND COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS

Scholarly knowledge of organizational founding in the nonprofit sector has grown not from macro-level analyses but rather from the aggregation of in-depth and focused studies of particular geographical regions or service fields. Employing logistic regression techniques, this paper examines the formation of nonprofits in one key but overlooked site of the voluntary sector: workplace charity. Testing competing theories, the paper analyzes the effect of demand-side, supply-side, and community-level characteristics on the presence of rival federated fundraisers in the largest 123 MSAs in 2000. The results indicate that these nonprofit organizations are formed in large cities with a sizeable and stable nonprofit sector, regardless of ease of access to charitable contributions and the level of available funding.
Adaptive control system techniques

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews some of the most interesting and challenging control theory and its applications and results obtained within the framework of automated highway traffic and moving vehicle control problems. The first step in the design of automatic controllers for moving vehicles is to develop the appropriate mathematical models for the longitudinal and lateral dynamics of vehicles. Adaptive control is a promising technique that can be used to solve some of the problems that appear in automatic control of highways and moving vehicles. The chapter also presents an overview of the main adaptive control techniques that can potentially be used for solving control problems of automated highways and moving vehicles. Adaptive control techniques are mostly used for adaptive control of a vehicle's longitudinal motion, adaptive cruise control, and real-time control of a convoy of vehicles.
Introduction to Formal Language Theory

In this chapter we review concepts from formal language theory which form a basis for the supervisory control theory initiated by Ramadge and Wonham, and subsequently extended by other researchers. A familiarity with basic set theoretic notions is assumed.
Separating spike count correlation from firing rate correlation

Populations of cortical neurons exhibit shared fluctuations in spiking activity over time. When measured for a pair of neurons over multiple repetitions of an identical stimulus, this phenomenon emerges as correlated trial-to-trial response variability via spike count correlation SCC. However, spike counts can be viewed as noisy versions of firing rates, which can vary from trial to trial. From this perspective, the SCC for a pair of neurons becomes a noisy version of the corresponding firing rate correlation FRC. Furthermore, the magnitude of the SCC is generally smaller than that of the FRC and is likely to be less sensitive to experimental manipulation. We provide statistical methods for disambiguating time-averaged drive from within-trial noise, thereby separating FRC from SCC. We study these methods to document their reliability, and we apply them to neurons recorded in vivo from area V4 in an alert animal. We show how the various effects we describe are reflected in the data: within-trial effects are largely negligible, while attenuation due to trial-to-trial variation dominates and frequently produces comparisons in SCC that, because of noise, do not accurately reflect those based on the underlying FRC.
Torsional waves in an infinite elastic rod of elliptical cross section

A perturbation method is developed to describe the far-field structure of torsional waves in a linearly elastic rod of elliptical cross section with semi-axes of lengthsa andb. The highest order problem, comparable to what is known, leads to a wave propagating along the axis with a speedc = [2ab/(a2+b2)](μ/ϱ)1/2. A higher order approximation is obtained, uniformly valid for large time; a representation of its solution in terms of Airy integral brings out the dispersive nature of the wave.
Quantitative analysis of the ecological dominance of benthic disaster taxa in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction

The end-Permian mass extinction, the largest extinction of the Phanerozoic, led to a severe reduction in both taxonomic richness and ecological complexity of marine communities, eventually culminating in a dramatic ecological restructuring of communities. During the Early Triassic recovery interval, disaster taxa proliferated and numerically dominated many marine benthic invertebrate assemblages. These disaster taxa include the bivalve genera Claraia, Unionites, Eumorphotis, and Promyalina, and the inarticulate brachiopod Lingularia. The exact nature and extent of their dominance remains uncertain. Here, a quantitative analysis of the dominance of these taxa within the fossil communities of Panthalassa and Tethys benthic realms is undertaken for the stages of the Early Triassic to examine temporal and regional changes in disaster-taxon dominance as recovery progresses. Community dominance and disaster-taxon abundance is markedly different between Panthalassic and Tethyan communities. In Panthalassa, community evenness is low in the Induan stage but increases significantly in the Smithian and Spathian. This is coincident with a significant decrease in the relative abundance and occurrence frequency of the disaster taxa, most notably of the low-oxygen-affinity taxa Claraia and Lingularia. While the disaster taxa are present in post-Induan assemblages, other taxa, including two articulate brachiopod genera, outrank the disaster taxa in relative abundance. In the Tethys, assemblages are generally more even than contemporaneous Panthalassic assemblages. We observe an averaged trend toward more even communities with fewer disaster taxa in both Panthalassic and Tethyan assemblages over time.
Photoproduction of N 2 2 + from threshold to 400 eV

We have measured the relative probability for the production of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}{}^{2+}$ using monochromatized synchrotron radiation in the range of 38 to 400 eV. We find the energy dependence of the ratio ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}{}^{2+}/{\mathrm{N}}_{2}{}^{+}$ to be very similar to that of the ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}/{\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ratio, which indicates a similarity in the double-photoionization mechanism. This may allow us to predict the relative dication production for other simple molecules, such as ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, without the need to measure an extended photon-energy range. We obtain a threshold for the production of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}{}^{2+}$ ions of 42.97(10) eV.
Authority, disciplinary intimacy & parenting in middle-class America

AbstractChildren learn about authority first from their parents. A shift in orientation to authority occurred during middle-class formation in the mid-nineteenth century U.S., a style of parenting described as ‘disciplinary intimacy.’ A century later disciplinary intimacy, or ‘child-centered’ parenting characterized childrearing advice across American society. Simultaneously, distrust of all institutions in the liberal democratic state accelerated, causing questioning and confusion at every level of society. In family life, disciplinary practices once considered necessary, such as corporal punishment, came to be regarded as harsh and responsible for authoritarianism. Child-centered parenting, while discouraging ‘restrictive’ childrearing practices, gave little direction about constructive correctives, which fueled parental anxiety even as developmentalists temporarily resolved the decades-long controversy about restrictive vs. ‘permissive’ parenting. By the 1990s a debate formerly contrasting working- and...
Quixotic Equines: Beyond Rocinante

Cervantes portrays animals as individuals with a certain measure of autonomy, agency, voice and character. This article focuses on Sancho Panza's rucio, Dapple, tracing how donkeys were perceived, utilized, represented and valued in early modern Spain. Rather than depicting Sancho's ass as a conventional emblem of stupidity and ridicule, Cervantes treats this historically downtrodden creature with sympathy and respect, dignifying him as a hardy and resilient worker and companion. Dapple provides a positive example of interspecies devotion and friendship, and an authentic view of the centrality of Equus asinus to rural life at the time.
Commercializing academic knowledge and reputation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: photography and beyond

AbstractThis article argues that Hermann Vogel (1834–1898), the head of the photochemical laboratory of the Technische Hochschule Berlin-Charlottenburg, was not exceptional in pursuing business undertakings throughout his academic career. After highlighting the involvement of higher education employees of various disciplines and institutions in the photographic industry as consultants, patentees, and entrepreneurs, I more closely examine the commercial activities of Vogel and those of Adolf Miethe (1862–1927), Vogel’s successor in Berlin. This analysis points to a notable continuity through time. It shows that these scientists’ decades-long engagement in commercial work was not materially affected by (1) their salary levels, (2) the emergence of industrial research in the photographic and optical industries, and (3) changes in the amount of government funding for scientific research. In addition, it reveals that the Prussian education ministry maintained a strong focus on reputational risks in handling co...
Environmental Effects of the January 2, 1988, Diesel Oil Spill Into the Monongahela River—Progress Report

An investigation is being conducted into the environmental effects resulting from the January 2, 1988, storage tank collapse that spilled over 700,000 gallons of diesel oil into the Monongahela River near Pittsburgh. The study includes an analysis of the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the spill to assess shortand long-term environmental impacts. Work has involved analyzing the spill event to determine the rate of oil discharge into the river, compiling available water quality data from the spill to determine the progress and fate of the oil during the event, a mass balance, and gathering of field data to assess potential impacts on sediment, fish and wildlife. Results indicate the spill created only small to moderate environmental effects over the first 185 miles downriver. The majority of the spill was initially deposited over this region. Subsequently, heavy rains resuspended and carried away much of the oil, except in localized areas. The possibility of more subtle environmental effects is being considered for further studies.
Impact of Regular Cannabis Use on Biomarkers of Lower Urinary Tract Function.

Objective To evaluate the differences in the composition and quantities of urine peptides in regular cannabis users and nonusers by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Materials and Methods Urine specimens from healthy control subjects and cannabis users were utilized to identify the differences in the number and quantity of urine proteins by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Significantly altered proteins were determined by a permutation testing statistical method. Heat map, dendrogram, pathway, and network analyses were performed to assess the degree of expression and the potential relationships between proteins in both groups. Results A total of 1337 proteins were detected in both groups with 19 proteins being significantly altered in cannabis users. Innate immunity and carbohydrate metabolic pathways were highly linked with upregulated proteins in the cannabis group. Additionally, 91 proteins were present and 46 proteins were absent only in cannabis users in comparison with the control cohort. Our results suggest that regular use of cannabis is associated with significant alterations in a number of urinary peptides, with a large number of proteins present or absent only in cannabis users. Pathway analyses demonstrated an increased immune response in cannabis users compared with controls. Conclusion Our observations potentially indicate activation (or inhibition) of specific signaling pathways in the lower urinary tract during chronic exposure to exogenous cannabinoids. Our study provides initial proteomic knowledge for future investigations on the potential role of exocannabinoids in the development of intravesical therapies to treat lower urinary tract disorders.
Molecular Profiling in Colon Cancer: Where Are We Now?

Despite intense investigation, colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both men and women in the USA. With the advent of biologics and targeted therapies in oncology, molecular characterization of tumors has become of critical importance. This review seeks to outline the recent advances in the molecular profiling of CRC by highlighting the basic science background that has led to the diagnostic ability to portend prognosis and alter therapy. Building on existing knowledge of driver mutations has led to a better understanding of the molecular phenotypes of CRC and a transition from cytotoxic chemotherapy alone to targeting one aberration and now to considering multiple distinct targets for concerted therapy. Utilizing genomic and epigenomic alterations, collectively grouped into distinct transcriptomic subtypes, now plays a vital role from initial diagnosis to continued treatment of virtually all colorectal carcinomas.
Role of Precursor-Conversion Chemistry in the Crystal-Phase Control of Catalytically Grown Colloidal Semiconductor Quantum Wires

Crystal-phase control is one of the most challenging problems in nanowire growth. We demonstrate that, in the solution-phase catalyzed growth of colloidal cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum wires (QWs), the crystal phase can be controlled by manipulating the reaction chemistry of the Cd precursors and tri-n-octylphosphine telluride (TOPTe) to favor the production of either a CdTe solute or Te, which consequently determines the composition and (liquid or solid) state of the BixCdyTez catalyst nanoparticles. Growth of single-phase (e.g., wurtzite) QWs is achieved only from solid catalysts (y ≪ z) that enable the solution–solid–solid growth of the QWs, whereas the liquid catalysts (y ≈ z) fulfill the solution–liquid–solid growth of the polytypic QWs. Factors that affect the precursor-conversion chemistry are systematically accounted for, which are correlated with a kinetic study of the composition and state of the catalyst nanoparticles to understand the mechanism. This work reveals the role of the precursor-r...
Explaining the “anomalous” transient hot wire-based thermal conductivity measurements near solid-liquid phase change in terms of solid-solid transition

Abstract Performance of the commonly-used transient hot wire method for measuring the thermal conductivity of fusible materials near solid-liquid phase change is reported with the focus placed on explaining the observed “anomalous” increase of thermal conductivity in relation to the solid-solid transition. Utilizing a 1-D transient formulation and considering a one-step thermal conductivity model, the improved computational methodology captured the monotonic dependence of the predicted thermal conductivity value on the initial temperature of the solid medium more effectively. Hypothesizing that the reported measurements of increase of the thermal conductivity near the solid-liquid phase change temperature are linked to the solid-solid transition, a two-step thermal conductivity model was adopted. This model featured a higher thermal conductivity over a narrow temperature range before a sharp drop upon melting. The predicted values of the thermal conductivity in relation to the initial solid-state temperature were discussed. A rising trend for the predicted thermal conductivity values was observed followed by a smooth decline once the initial solid-state temperature was increased. This predicted trend based on the piecewise thermal conductivity vs. temperature model closely resembled the reported “anomalous” thermal conductivity measurements observed in experimental studies utilizing transient techniques.
The Tragic Queen: Dynastic Loyalty and the ‘Queenships’ of Mary Queen of Scots

Over the course of her tumultuous and ultimately tragic career, many of the momentous decisions made by Mary Queen of Scots (1542–1587) were motivated by dynastic concerns. A direct descendant of Henry VII of England, Mary was born regnant Queen of Scotland. After spending her childhood in France, where she became queen consort, Mary went to Scotland in 1561, after her first husband’s death, to rule Scotland and entangle herself into the succession of the English crown, as Elizabeth I, the last of the Tudors, did not marry and bear heirs, making the Catholic Mary Elizabeth’s closest dynastic heir. Beem argues that Mary’s marriage choices and flight to England in 1568 were motivated primarily by her quest to realize her English inheritance.
Warthin-like tumor of the thyroid gland: an uncommon variant of papillary thyroid cancer.

Several variants of papillary thyroid cancer have been described, including, most recently, Warthin-like tumor of the thyroid gland. To bring attention to this uncommon variant, we review previous reports on this entity and we add 5 new cases to the literature. We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients who had undergone thyroidectomy at our institution during a 7-year period. Among these cases, we identified 5 patients who had had ' a Warthin-like tumor of the thyroid. From their charts, we compiled data on age, sex, lymphadenopathy, distant spread, and treatment. Pathologic specimens were reviewed for tumor size, capsular invasion, and vascular invasion. All 5 patients were women (mean age: 51.6 yr). Tumor size ranged from 0.9 to 2.0 cm. Multifocality was seen in 1 of the 5 patients; this patient was also the only one who experienced capsular and vascular invasion. No patient had lymph node spread or distant metastasis. Because the follow-up period among these patients was still short, we were unable to analyze long-term survival data.
Whether, when, and why Skinner published on biological participation in behavior.

This paper brings some data to bear on the criticisms, claims, and arguments that Skinner (a) denied or dismissed biological participation in behavior, (b) addressed it only late in his career or more often later than earlier, or (c) addressed it only because of the overwhelming evidence for it or the criticisms that he had overlooked it. For this, we coded Skinner’s every primary-source publication for three content categories (i.e., genetics, physiology, and evolution) and for the extent to which he addressed them (i.e., in publication titles, substantively, or in passing). Our findings are that Skinner addressed biological participation in over a third of his publications throughout his career, albeit more often later than earlier. The latter, however, is accounted for by an increase in his base rate of publication and in general conditions and specific events in his career, psychology, and science. The discussion addresses our research methods; the reasons for and refutations of the criticisms, claims, and arguments; and their sources.
Molecular identity of arteries, veins, and lymphatics

Abstract Background Arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels are distinguished by structural differences that correspond to their different functions. Each of these vessels is also defined by specific molecular markers that persist throughout adult life; these markers are some of the molecular determinants that control the differentiation of embryonic undifferentiated cells into arteries, veins, or lymphatics. Methods This is a review of experimental literature. Results The Eph-B4 receptor and its ligand, ephrin-B2, are critical molecular determinants of vessel identity, arising on endothelial cells early in embryonic development. Eph-B4 and ephrin-B2 continue to be expressed on adult vessels and mark vessel identity. However, after vascular surgery, vessel identity can change and is marked by altered Eph-B4 and ephrin-B2 expression. Vein grafts show loss of venous identity, with less Eph-B4 expression. Arteriovenous fistulas show gain of dual arterial-venous identity, with both Eph-B4 and ephrin-B2 expression, and manipulation of Eph-B4 improves arteriovenous fistula patency. Patches used to close arteries and veins exhibit context-dependent gain of identity, that is, patches in the arterial environment gain arterial identity, whereas patches in the venous environment gain venous identity; these results show the importance of the host infiltrating cells in determining vascular identity after vascular surgery. Conclusions Changes in the vessel's molecular identity after vascular surgery correspond to structural changes that depend on the host's postsurgical environment. Regulation of vascular identity and the underlying molecular mechanisms may allow new therapeutic approaches to improve vascular surgical procedures.
Agency Participants in Multicountry Advertising: A Preliminary Examination of Affiliate Characteristics and Environments:

While much attention in the international advertising field has been given to message standardization-adaptation, the scope of multicountry campaigns has been a neglected area. In this 15-agency/34...
An order-based method for robust queue inference with stochastic arrival and departure times

Abstract The internal structure and parameters of a queue are completely unobservable in some military and competitive commercial applications. Furthermore, arrival and departure times may be observable but subject to substantial uncertainty due to measurement error in an adversarial environment. This analysis estimates the number of servers in an internally unobservable, first-come, first-served GI/G/c queue using a novel, order-based approach. This new approach provides a lower bound and converges in probability to the correct value. Compared to the standard variance minimization method, the order-based approach has improved performance for small samples. The order-based method is robust to noise in arrival and departure time measurements, while the variance minimization approach exhibits poor performance with noisy data. An extension to last-come, first-served GI/G/c queues is also considered. The last-come, first-served order-based approach also provides a lower bound that converges in probability to the correct value. The empirical performance of the last-come, first-served order-based approach is statistically similar to the performance of the last-come, first-served variance minimization approach with respect to the number of observations required for approximate convergence.
Advanced Nanoclay-Based Nanocomposite Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries.

High-performance solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have long been desired for the next generation of lithium batteries. One of the most promising ways to improve the morphological and electrochemic...
Perioperative blood transfusion in anemic patients undergoing elective endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair.

Abstract Objective Although blood transfusion can be lifesaving in active hemorrhage or severe anemia, it is also associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Several trials have established this risk and therefore defined a restrictive standard for transfusion, but this threshold and the risk of transfusions have not been specifically examined in vascular surgery patients. We therefore sought to assess transfusion practices and outcomes of anemic patients undergoing elective endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods The Vascular Quality Initiative database was queried for patients undergoing EVAR between the years 2008 and 2017. Anemic patients were included in the study and were further stratified into mild anemia, defined by a hemoglobin level of 10 to 13 g/dL in men or 10 to 12 g/dL in women, and moderate to severe anemia, defined by a hemoglobin level Results Among 27,777 EVAR patients, one-third (n = 9232) were anemic and included in the study. One-fifth (n = 1866) of anemic patients received a perioperative transfusion. Transfused patients were more likely to have a history of cardiovascular disease. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher for anemic patients who received transfusions, both in mild anemia (mortality, 3.6% vs 0.4% in no transfusion; P Conclusions Among anemic patients undergoing elective EVAR, transfusion is associated with an increased risk of death and in-hospital complications, even after controlling for patients' comorbidities and operative factors. These data suggest that the restrictive use of blood transfusions might be safer in vascular surgery EVAR patients. Medical management of anemia may be warranted in these patients to reduce morbidity and mortality; however, further studies are needed to evaluate effectiveness.
Anticonvulsants in the Treatment of Pain

Anticonvulsants are a class of medication FDA approved for the treatment of epilepsy but also used as first-line (sometimes FDA approved) treatments of neuropathic pain, trigeminal neuralgia, migraine headache, and myofascial pain. They act on a wide range of presynaptic and postsynaptic channels, ultimately decreasing neuronal excitability. Gabapentinoids are the primary first-line agents for neuropathic pain treatment with numerous studies supporting their efficacy and FDA approval for post-herpetic neuralgia (gabapentin and pregabalin) and painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (pregabalin). Pregabalin is also FDA approved for the treatment of fibromyalgia and central neuropathic pain. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are considered first-line treatments for trigeminal neuralgia. Data supporting the efficacy of other anticonvulsants in pain management is more limited. Despite their evidence of efficacy, anticonvulsants are underutilized and should be considered in combination with other medical and interventional therapeutic options to safely and effectively treat a patient’s pain.
Trends in polymer physics and theory

Abstract We present our personal appraisal of a few recent trends in polymer physics and theory. The four main themes discussed are crystallization and melting of polymers, memory in polymer systems, topologically frustrated polymer dynamics, and phase behavior of polyelectrolyte solutions.
Digital subtraction cerebral angiography after negative computed tomography angiography findings in non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background CT angiography (CTA) is widely used for the detection of vascular lesions in patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (ntSAH); however, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the gold standard for diagnosis. Our aim was to analyze the diagnostic yield of DSA after negative high-resolution CTA findings. Methods Records of patients with a CTA-negative ntSAH at a single institution from 2014 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. ntSAH patterns were categorized as cortical, perimesencephalic, or diffuse. Subsequent DSA findings were compared across the three cohorts. Results A total of 186 patients had CTA-negative ntSAH. The ntSAH pattern was identified as cortical (n=77, 41.4%), diffuse (n=60, 32.3%), or perimesencephalic (n=49, 26.3%). In eight patients (4%), DSA revealed a vascular lesion (one cervical arteriovenous fistula and seven atypical aneurysms) after negative CTA findings. All eight patients with positive DSA findings had diffuse SAH (13% of patients with a diffuse pattern). The seven aneurysms included four blister or dissecting (two basilar artery, one superior cerebellar artery, and one dorsal wall internal carotid artery), two fusiform (one posterior communicating artery and one anterior spinal artery), and one saccular aneurysm (middle cerebral artery). Conclusion DSA identified a causative lesion in 4% of patients with CTA-negative ntSAH, but only in patients with diffuse ntSAH. Most of the lesions detected were atypical aneurysms and were found on delayed angiograms. These results suggest that DSA can help to diagnose CTA-negative ntSAH caused by unusual aneurysms, and repeat DSA may be needed only for patients with diffuse ntSAH.
Happiness and Voting: Evidence from Four Decades of Elections in Europe

There is a growing interest among policy makers in the use of subjective well‐being (or “happiness”) data to measure societal progress, as well as to inform and evaluate public policy. Yet despite a sharp rise in the supply of well‐being‐based policymaking, it remains unclear whether there is any electoral demand for it. In this article, I study a long‐run panel of general elections in Europe and find that well‐being is a strong predictor of election results. National measures of subjective well‐being are able to explain more of the variance in governing party vote share than standard macroeconomic indicators typically used in the economic voting literature. Consistent results are found at the individual level when considering subjective well‐being and voting intentions, both in cross‐sectional and panel analyses.
Optimal discovery? Siri, Alexa, and other virtual personal assistants in libraries

Should libraries use virtual personal assistants (VPAs), such as Siri and Alexa, within the physical library? VPAs are interfaces that support users with information retrieval and task performance....
Changes in Length and Complexity of Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, 1996-2019.

This cross-sectional study calculates the increase in clinical cancer knowledge represented in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines from 1996 to 2019.
Features, roles and chiral analyses of proteinogenic amino acids

Amino acids (AAs) are important biomolecules responsible for plethora of functions in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. There are 22 naturally occurring amino acids, among which 20 common amino acids appear in the genetic code and known as proteinogenic amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Proteinogenic amino acids exist in two isomeric forms (except glycine) and the biological activity is often attributed to a specific stereoisomer. Most of the amino acids found in protein is predominantly L-AAs. A few D-amino acids can be found in bacterial cell wall, some marine invertebrates and higher organisms including frog, snail, spider, rat, chicken and human. Besides their role in protein synthesis, different proteinogenic amino acid stereoisomers have found to perform important biological roles either by functioning as precursors of a myriad of other bioactive molecules or by indicating several biological phenomena i.e. acting as markers for different physiological conditions. Given the biological importance of L- and D-amino acids (AAs), improved analytical methods for their resolution and accurate quantification remain of keen interest. Chiral analysis of amino acids in complex biological matrices poses numerous analytical challenges that are exacerbated by broad differences in polarity and ionization efficiencies of the proteinogenic amino acid stereoisomers. To date, various analytical methods are reported for chiral amino acid analysis including chromatographic, spectrometric, enzymatic, fluidic, electrophoretic and microbiological techniques. Advances in stationary phase, derivatization chemistry and instrumentation contributed to achieving baseline separation and accurate detection of trace levels of proteinogenic amino acids stereoisomers in different matrices. However, liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry based analytical methods remain the most popular platform in chiral amino acid analysis in terms of feasibility and performance. This review discusses different physicochemical and biological features and functions of proteinogenic amino acid stereoisomers and lists a variety of established chromatography and mass spectrometry based analytical methods for their analysis reported to date.
A Population-Based Feasibility Study of Occupation and Thoracic Malignancies in New Mexico.

Background Occupational exposures in mining and oil/gas extraction are known risk factors for thoracic malignancies (TMs). Given the relatively high proportion of these industries in New Mexico (NM), we conducted a feasibility study of adult lifetime occupational history among TM cases. We hypothesized a higher proportion of occupational TM in NM relative to the estimated national average of 10-14%. Methods We identified incident TM cases through the population-based New Mexico Tumor Registry (NMTR), from 2017-2018. Cases completed a telephone interview. An adjudication panel reviewed case histories and classified cancers as probable, possible, or non-occupational related, taking into account the presence, duration, and latency of exposures. We characterized recruitment and describe job titles and exposures among those with occupational TMs. We also compared the distributions of industry between those with and without occupational TM. Results The NMTR identified 400 eligible TM cases, 290 of which were available to be recruited (n=285 lung/bronchial cancer; n=5 mesotheliomas). Of the latter, 60% refused and 18% were deceased, 9% had invalid addresses, 11% were unable to be reached by telephone, and 3% were too ill to participate. The 43 cases who completed an interview held 236 jobs. A total of 33% of cases were classified as probable occupational TM and 5% as possible occupational TM. Conclusions High rates of early mortality and refusals were significant barriers to study participation. Nonetheless, the proportion of probable occupational TMs greatly exceeded the estimated national average, highlighting the need for further study of occupational TM in the state.
Towards a New Austrian Macroeconomics

Austrian macroeconomists of the interwar period saw the economy as a complex adaptive system, in which macroeconomic variables emerge from the interaction between millions of purposefully acting agents. Recent advances in computation technology allow us to build empirically salient synthetic economies in silico, and thereby formalize many Austrian insights. We present a workhorse model with firms on an input-output network. Macroeconomic variables evolve through the interaction between micro-economic decisions. We use the model to explain an effect of monetary shocks on the price distribution and provide a sketch of other potential applications.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 3,4,5-trisubstituted-1,2,4-triazoles: high affinity and selective somatostatin receptor-4 agonists for Alzheimer's disease treatment.

Somatostatin receptor-4 (SST4) is highly expressed in brain regions affiliated with learning and memory. SST4 agonist treatment may act to mitigate Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. An integrated approach to SST4 agonist lead optimization is presented herein. High affinity and selective agonists with biological efficacy were identified through iterative cycles of a structure-based design strategy encompassing computational methods, chemistry, and preclinical pharmacology. 1,2,4-Triazole derivatives of our previously reported hit (4) showed enhanced SST4 binding affinity, activity, and selectivity. Thirty-five compounds showed low nanomolar range SST4 binding affinity, 12 having a Ki 500-fold affinity for SST4 as compared to SST2A. SST4 activities were consistent with the respective SST4 binding affinities (EC50 600-fold selectivity over SST2A) display a favorable physiochemical profile, and was advanced to learning and memory behavior evaluations in the senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 model of AD-related cognitive decline. Chronic administration enhanced learning with i.p. dosing (1 mg kg−1) compared to vehicle. Chronic administration enhanced memory with both i.p. (0.01, 0.1, 1 mg kg−1) and oral (0.01, 10 mg kg−1) dosing compared to vehicle. This study identified a novel series of SST4 agonists with high affinity, selectivity, and biological activity that may be useful in the treatment of AD.
Dark Lepton Superfluid in Proto-Neutron Stars

We find that sub-GeV neutrino portal bosons that carry lepton number can condense inside a proto-neutron star (newly born neutron star). These bosons are produced copiously and form a Bose-Einstein condensate for a range of as yet unconstrained coupling strengths to neutrinos. The condensate is a lepton number superfluid with transport properties that differ dramatically from those encountered in ordinary dense baryonic matter. We discuss how this phase could alter the evolution of proto-neutron stars and comment on the implications for neutrino signals and nucleosynthesis.
A Multivariate Analysis to Predict Total Hip Arthroplasty Dislocation With Preoperative Diagnosis, Surgical Approach, Spinal Pathology, Cup Orientation, and Head Size.

Abstract Background There are several risk factors for dislocation after total hip arthroplasty (THA), but few studies include radiographic assessment of implants, with spine pathology and patient characteristics. This study estimates the rate of dislocation by patient gender, age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, Charlson Comorbidity Index, spine pathology, prior spine fusion, levels affected, radiographic Kellgren-Lawrence score of spine osteoarthritis, THA indication, surgical approach, and femoral head size. Methods Seventy-six primary THA patients between January 2007 and 2020 with a dislocation were matched on age and gender to subjects without a known history of dislocation using a 2:1 allocation. Univariable and multivariable survival models that account for matched strata were used to estimate the rate of dislocation. Results Median follow-up of patients at risk for dislocation was 26.48 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 23.75-36.40). On multivariable analysis, patients with an indication other than primary osteoarthritis were 3.69 (95% CI 2.22-6.13, P Conclusion Patients with THA indication other than primary osteoarthritis and receiving a posterior surgical approach, and to a lesser degree spinal pathology, were identified as affecting the rate of dislocation. After correcting for other variables, femoral head size, cup orientation, and patient factors were not predictive. Level of Evidence Level IV, case-control study.
Environmental Influences on Galaxy Morphology

Populations of galaxies show systematic variations with environment, which reach an extreme in the cores of rich clusters. This review describes the nature of these variations and attempts to identify those factors in the galaxies environment which are responsible for them. There is evidence that the environment exerts its effect over the entire history of the galaxy, rather than just at the time of formation, but which of many candidate processes are most important is not yet clear.
INELASTIC BUCKLING OF AXISYMMETRIC SHELLS.

Abstract : An incremental variational method is presented for the determination of the inelastic load-deformation relationship, as well as the buckling or collapse load for a shell of revolution which is made of a work hardening material and subjected to axisymmetric loadings. A variational principle involving the Kirchhoff stress tensor, the Green strain tensor, and their rates is employed. The isothermal stress-strain relationship based on a modified J2 incremental theory of plasticity is used. A seven sheet sandwich shell idealization and the finite difference method of variational calculus are utilized in a numerical procedure in order to determine discrete velocities and a subsequent deformation process. The buckling loads of a number of elastic and inelastic cylindrical and truncated conical shells as well as inelastic spherical shell caps are determined. The results of the present analysis, obtained numerically by a Univac 1107 digital computer, compare favorably with available experimental data. (Author)
Population inversion and giant bandgap renormalization in atomically thin WS2 layers

Atomically thin layers of transition metal dichalcogenides are shown to exhibit a disappearance of strong excitonic absorption along with population inversion at the direct gap over a spectral range of hundreds of meV after pulsed photoexcitation.
Acetate metabolism in Penicillium griseofulvum. Incorporation of 1-C14-2-H3-acetate into 6-methylsalicylic acid and fatty acids.

Abstract Twelve-day cultures of Penicillium griseofulvum (ATCC 11885) were supplied with a pulse of 1-C14-2-H3 acetate for 6 hours. The fatty acids were isolated from the mycelium and their methyl esters were separated by combining silicic acid chromatography of mercuric acetate adducts with gas-liquid chromatography. The unsaturated methyl esters were degraded by permanganate-periodate oxidation, and the oxidation products were isolated. 6-Methylsalicylic acid was isolated from the growth medium, diluted with carrier, and degraded by bromination and by Kuhn-Roth oxidation. Specific activities and H 3 C 14 ratios in the isolated compounds and their degraded products provide information on the distribution of isotope in the molecules. Of the three equivalents of tritium present in the starting acetate, 0.75 equivalent appears to be retained at the even carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain, and 0.68 equivalent appears to be retained in the corresponding ring positions of the 6-methylsalicylic acid molecule.
Histopathology of Porphyria Cutanea Tarda12

We wish to report the results of the histopathologic examination of the skin in 11 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda who were examined between 1946 and 1954. The microscopic findings in two patients (numbers 1 and 2) have been reported previously by Brunsting and Mason (1). A preliminary report of the histopathologic findings in the first 10 patients has been given by Brunsting (2).
A review of flux considerations for in vivo neurochemical measurements

The mass transport or flux of neurochemicals in the brain and how this flux affects chemical measurements and their interpretation is reviewed. For all endogenous neurochemicals found in the brain, the flux of each of these neurochemicals exists between sources that produce them and the sites that consume them all within μm distances. Principles of convective-diffusion are reviewed with a significant emphasis on the tortuous paths and discrete point sources and sinks. The fundamentals of the primary methods of detection, microelectrodes and microdialysis sampling of brain neurochemicals are included in the review. Special attention is paid to the change in the natural flux of the neurochemicals caused by implantation and consumption at microelectrodes and uptake by microdialysis. The detection of oxygen, nitric oxide, glucose, lactate, and glutamate, and catecholamines by both methods are examined and where possible the two techniques (electrochemical vs. microdialysis) are compared. Non-invasive imaging methods: magnetic resonance, isotopic fluorine MRI, electron paramagnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography are also used for different measurements of the above-mentioned solutes and these are briefly reviewed. Although more sophisticated, the imaging techniques are unable to track neurochemical flux on short time scales, and lack spatial resolution. Where possible, determinations of flux using imaging are compared to the more classical techniques of microdialysis and microelectrodes.
Migration of sea urchin primordial germ cells.

Background: Small micromeres are produced at the fifth cleavage of sea urchin development. They express markers of primordial germ cells (PGCs), and are required for the production of gametes. In most animals, PGCs migrate from sites of formation to the somatic gonad. Here, we investigated whether they also exhibit similar migratory behaviors using live-cell imaging of small micromere plasma membranes. Results: Early in gastrulation, small micromeres transition from non-motile epithelial cells, to motile quasi-mesenchymal cells. Late in gastrulation, at 43 hr post fertilization (HPF), they are embedded in the tip of the archenteron, but remain motile. From 43–49 HPF, they project numerous cortical blebs into the blastocoel, and filopodia that contact ectoderm. By 54 HPF, they begin moving in the plane of the blastoderm, often in a directed fashion, towards the coelomic pouches. Isolated small micromeres also produced blebs and filopodia. Conclusions: Previous work suggested that passive translocation governs some of the movement of small micromeres during gastrulation. Here we show that small micromeres are motile cells that can traverse the archenteron, change position along the left-right axis, and migrate to coelomic pouches. These motility mechanisms are likely to play an important role in their left-right segregation. Developmental Dynamics 243:917–927, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular ion collision chemistry using particle accelerators

Abstract A spectroscopy for molecular ions is reported which is based upon the two-dimensional analysis of the time of flight and the ion's final state using a dispersive electrostatic analyzer. These ions are produced in a recoil ion source by a pulsed fast F4+ pump beam. Two-dimensional recoil ion spectra for CH4 source gas at pressures of 0.5 mTorr and 4.0 mTorr are reported. Model calculations for spectral distributions provide the identifications of various processes involving specified molecular ion species. The first direct observations of metastable CH[su2+], CH32+, CH43+, and CH23+ molecular ions are reported and limits on the lifetimes for these ion species are deduced.
Integral conditions for right disfocality of a linear differential equation

On considere l'equation differentielle lineaire d'ordre n: y (n) +Σ i=1 n p i (t)y (n―i) =0. On donne des conditions integrales suffisantes pour la disfocalite a droite de cette equation