cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transracial adoption of Koreans: A preliminary study of adjustment

Because of the increased incidence of transracial adoption, we explored psychological issues of self-concept and acculturation for a sample of 175 Korean adoptees who completed the following instruments: Self-Description Questionnaire-III, Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale, and the Asian American Cultural Identity Seale. Significant differences were found between our sample and the normative sample on the SDQ-III, with our sample scoring higher in Religion, Honesty, Relations with Opposite Sex, Physical Appearance, and General self-concept and lower in Math, Emotional Stability, and Relations with Parents. The later the age at which Korean adoptees were placed, the higher their Math and Honesty self-concept subscores were. The Verbal self-concept score, however, was negatively related with age of placement of Korean adoptees. In general, our findings suggested that certain aspects of self-concept were influenced by early or later placement of Korean adoptees. Implications of findings are discussed.
TH-A-BRB-01: Low Dose Rate Prostate Brachytherapy Quality Assurance and Treatment Evaluation

Most medical events in prostate seed brachytherapy may be attributed to physician or physicist error, but human failures resulting in patient harm often can be attributed to inadequate mechanisms to prevent failures from propagating to the patient. Quality assurance (QA) of permanent seed brachytherapy is particularly important because this modality, unique to radiotherapy, leaves a permanent record of the implant quality within the patient. This symposium aims to review the properties of permanent LDR brachytherapy that have made it so successful and the challenges that have prevented the full realization of its theoretical advantages. The temporal interplay between radioactive decay, resolution rate of procedure‐induced edema, and cellular processes will be discussed along with their effect on the design and evaluation of LDR prostate brachytherapy. Recent recommendations of AAPM TG‐137 on prostate brachytherapytreatment planning and dose reporting will be reviewed. An analysis of actual medical events and typical errors, for example seed strength in the plan versus the strength ordered versus the strength implanted, will help focus on critical components of the process map. A methodology to score failure modes and effects via the product of Likelihood × Severity × Undetectability will allow users to score procedural steps dynamically. Quality control steps such as second checks or calibrations will be seen as vital in keeping the scores below a level of concern. Finally, the physicist has a responsibility to offer suggestions to improve dosimetry when systematic trends are evident and to identify and report errors. Learning objectives: 1. Discuss recent developments and insights in LDR prostate brachytherapy 2. Identify critical physics components and their impact on QA and treatment evaluation 3. Highlight factors that require special attention in the planning and execution of implants 4. Demonstrate implementation of QA practices in an LDR prostate brachytherapy program
Welcome to Makerland: a first cultural immersion into open source communities (abstract only)

Participating in free and open source (FOSS) software communities provides students with authentic learning while supplying instructors with a wide variety of educational opportunities including coding, testing, documentation, professionalism and more. However, instructors may be unfamiliar with how FOSS communities work and therefore may be reluctant to involve students in such communities. This workshop is a subset of material used in Red Hat's Professors' Open Source Summer Experience (http://communityleadershipteam.org/posse) workshop, now in its third year of successfully providing a ramp to FOSS projects for instructors. These instructors have demonstrated success in involving their students in FOSS communities where students have contributed code, interface design, and more. Intended audience: Computing educators at the college or high school level interested in involving students in open source software projects in any capacity (testing, coding, documentation, design, project management, observational shadowing of a large-scale project, etc). The workshop may also be of interest to pre-high school computing educators and members of the open source community. No experience with open source communities or contribution is necessary.
Nonlinear parabolic equations with singular coefficient and critical exponent

We are concerned with the absence of positive solutions of the following nonlinear problems, Here Ω is a bounded domain in with smooth boundary, 0<m<1, 1<p<2.
Contingent tolerance to carbamazepine : alterations in TRH mRNA and TRH receptor binding in limbic structures

Abstract Tolerance to carbamazepine's anticonvulsant effects on amygdala kindled seizures occurs contingently, that is, only when carbamazepine is given prior to, but not after the seizure occurs. Biological correlates of contingent tolerance were examined using in situ hybridization and receptor binding techniques for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA and TRH receptor binding. Rats were fully kindled and given daily injections of carbamazepine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) either 15 min before (CBZ-before) or after (CBZ-after) amygdala stimulation until the CBZ-before rats became tolerant. Kindled rats were matched so that the two groups had an equal number of seizures and doses of CBZ. Three other groups were also used for comparison: kindled rats that received vehicle injections, and sham-kindled animals treated with either vehicle or CBZ. Rats were sacrificed 4 h after the last seizure or sham stimulation. Both sham-kindled rat groups had barely detectable levels of TRM mRNA. In the CBZ-after (non-tolerant) and vehicle-kindled rats, TRH mRNA levels were increased in the dentate gyrus, pyriform, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortices. In contrast to the other kindled animals, the CBZ-before rats (tolerant) had dramatically diminished TRH mRNA levels bilaterally in the dentate gyrus and pyriform cortex, and ipsilateral to the stimulation in the entorhinal cortex. Decreases in TRH receptor binding were demonstrated autoradiographically in the dentate gyrus and perirhinal cortex in all of the kindled groups with no differences between tolerant and non-tolerant rats. The reported TRH mRNA alterations are, thus, specifically associated with the development of contingent tolerance and are not attributable to either the occurence of seizures or repeated drug exposure alone. The role of TRH inn carbamazepine's anticonvulsant effects and the functional consequences of the failure of CBZ-tolerant animals to show seizure-induced increases in TRH mRNA warrants further investigation.
Effectiveness of Interactive Computer-Based Instruction: A Review of Studies Published Between 1995 and 2007

Computer-based instruction (CBI) has been growing rapidly as a training tool in organizational settings, but close attention to behavioral factors has often been neglected. CBI represents a promising instructional advancement over current training methods. This review article summarizes 12 years of comparative research in interactive computer-based instruction relevant to employee training techniques. The results demonstrate that CBI is an effective and viable training technique, and several areas in need of further examination are detailed.
Quantitative determination of the ratio of mutated to normal ras genes in the blood of leukemia patients by allele-specific PCR

By combining allele-specific PCR amplification and a PCR-based quantitation approach, a method has been developed to estimate the mutated K-ras gene content in the blood of AML patients as a percentage of total K-ras. One PCR primer set was designed not to discriminate between mutant K-ras and wild-type K-ras and thus amplified the total K-ras gene. The other PCR primer set was designed to be allele-specific for K-ras gene containing a G to C mutation at codon 12. This primer set could discriminate the mutant and wild-type genes when the proportion of the mutated sequence was 0.2% of the total K-ras gene. To test the method on biological specimens, genomic DNA samples were analyzed from the peripheral blood of a patient who had secondary AML with the same codon 12 K-ras mutation. Two samples taken from this patient 2 months apart during follow-up had myeloblast cell contents of 67 and 80%. However, the percentage of mutated K-ras was 50% in both samples, suggesting that this patient may be inherently heterozygotic in this particular mutation. This ratio of mutated to normal K-ras in the patient's cells was confirmed by RNA-SSCP analysis and RNA sequencing. This quantitation method can provide a sensitive and specific estimation of the content of mutated K-ras alleles in patient samples.
Optimal control for linear time-invariant plants with time, fuel, and energy constraints

The structure of optimum control systems and the form of the optimal control signals are discussed for minimum time, minimum fuel, and minimum energy control of linear time-invariant plants. If the control variables are bounded by 1 in magnitude, then the control signals must have the values +1 or ?1 for minimum time response; +1, 0, or ?1 for minimum fuel operation; +1, ?1 or be linearly related to the state of the plant, between these limits, for minimum energy operation.
Carbon and nitrogen cycling during old-field succession: Constraints on plant and microbial biomass

Soil C and N dynamics were studied in a sequence of old fields of increasing age to determine how these biogeochemical cycles change during secondary succession. In addition, three different late-successional forests were studied to represent possible "steady state" conditions. Surface soil samples collected from the fields and forests were analyzed for total C, H2O-soluble C, total N, potential net N mineralization, potential net nitrification, and microbial biomass. Above-and belowground plant biomass was estimated within each of the old field sites. Temporal changes in soil organic C, total N and total plant biomass were best described by a gamma function [y =at b e ctd +f] whereas a simple exponential model [y =a(l − e−bt ) + c] provided the best fit to changes in H2O-soluble C, C:N ratio, microbial C, and microbial N. Potential N mineralization and nitrification linearly increased with field age; however, rates were variable among the fields. Microbial biomass was highly correlated to soil C and N pools and well correlated to the standing crop of plant biomass. In turn, plant biomass was highly correlated to pools and rates of N cycling. Patterns of C and N cycling within the old field sites were different from those in a northern hardwood forest and a xeric oak forest; however, nutrient dynamics within an oak savanna were similar to those found in a 60-yr old field. Results suggest that patterns in C and N cycling within the old-field chronosequence were predictable and highly correlated to the accrual of plant and microbial biomass.
Taste transduction: a diversity of mechanisms.

Abstract The sensation of taste is initiated by small populations of specialized receptor cells found primarily in the lingual epithelium of the tongue. Recent studies, especially those using patch-clamp recordings from isolated taste cells, have begun to unravel the diverse physiological mechanisms used by these cells. Sensory transduction depends on several unique features: an apically restricted distribution of voltage-sensitive K + channels for sour taste, apical amiloride-sensitive Na + channels for Na + salt taste and a cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of voltage-insensitive basolateral K + channels, possibly for sweet taste. Thus, taste transduction involves a diversity of mechanisms that appear to relate to the different taste modalities.
The Reemergence of Mycobacterial Infections

In the early half of this century, infections due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis were quite common and were frequent causes of death and morbidity among the world population. Surgeons in the 1930s were quite sensitive to making the diagnosis of tuberculosis. All surgeons had considerable experience with thoracic surgical procedures for pulmonary tuberculosis. Moreover, tuberculosis was a significant cause of occupational infection among surgeons and other physicians. Thus, being able to diagnose the disease quickly and accurately was not only in the patient's best interest, but also allowed appropriate precautions to be exercised so that occupational infections of the health care team could be minimized.
Growth kinetics in self-assembling monolayers: a unique adsorption mechanism

The adsorption kinetics of decanethiol (CH3(CH2)9SH) self-assembled from vapor on single crystal Au(111) surfaces have been investigated using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. These in situ studies demonstrate the existence of two distinct adsorption mechanisms, including a unique associative mechanism in which the growth rate increases quadratically with the molecular impingement rate. These observations indicate that the self-assembly kinetics in these membrane-like films are more complex than previous studies have suggested.
Factors regulating gastric emptying in preterm infants.

Objectives To determine whether osmolality, volume, or energy density affects gastric emptying rate (GE); whether simultaneously decreasing osmolality and increasing volume accelerates GE; and whether GE is related to any clinical and/or demographic characteristics. Study design GE was measured using the 13 C-octanoic acid breath test in 17 infants of 25 to 30 weeks gestation in a tertiary care children's hospital. In study 1, the independent effects of osmolality, volume, and nutrient density were evaluated in 10 infants. In study 2, the combined effects of decreasing osmolality and increasing volume were evaluated in 7 infants. Results from all infants were used to investigate the relationships between clinical and demographic characteristics and GE. The statistical analysis comprised analysis of covariance, the (paired) Student t -test, the 1-sample Wilcoxon test, and regression analysis. Results Mean (± standard deviation) age was 27.7 ± 14.6 days in study 1 and 34.1 ± 14.0 days in study 2. Altering osmolality, volume, or energy density did not change GE, but simultaneously decreasing osmolality and increasing feeding volume accelerated GE by 18% versus standard feeding. GE correlated with gestational age at birth. Conclusions Unlike in adults, in preterm infants osmolality, volume, or energy density individually do not affect GE. Reducing osmolality and increasing feeding volume increases GE. GE is related to gestational age at birth even at age 1 month.
Contrast properties of reflective liquid crystal light valves in projection displays

Projectors that use reflective light valves must employ beam splitters or analogous components to separate bright-state light from dark-state light, since both states must propagate in the space above the light valve. Polarization ray tracing shows that such beam splitters will not usually achieve high rejection of dark-state light when the beam has the typical angular divergence of about ±10°. At such propagation angles, different rays in the beam will have appreciably different planes of incidence at tilted optical coatings in the system (because of the compound angles involved). If the light valve is mirrorlike in dark state, we show that to correct the depolarization resulting from compound incidence angles, it is necessary that the optics introduce no rotation in the illuminating polarization. To a reasonable approximation, such a rotation in polarization will double in the return pass through the optics. To the same approximation, induced ellipticity in the illuminating polarization will cancel in double pass, and pure rotation can be converted to pure ellipticity with a quarterwave retarder. An important qualification, however, is that a light valve can only be exactly mirrorlike in restricted cases [i.e., if linearly polarized input light remains exactly linearly polarized (though possibly rotated) at all wavelengths when it reaches the mirror backplane of the light valve, independent of small manufacturing errors]. We calculate contrast loss in the more realistic case of a reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal (TNLC) light valve interacting with tilted coatings in the projection optics over finite numerical aperture (NA), and discuss the impact on LC thickness tolerances and spectral bandwidth Δλ. We extend our results to apply to more general light valves and more general projection optics configurations. Dark-state background is found to scale as NA2 (or in some cases as ∼NA2Δλ2). Because of this interaction, the complete system almost always shows a lower contrast than the light valve alone.
SCENEDESMUS MORPHOLOGY AND FLOTATION1

SUMMARY Various flotation studies were conducted on several strains of Scenedesmus. Inverted microscope flotation experiments run on culture 614 with bristles, culture 614 centrifuged to remove bristles, and bristle-less strain 76 revealed that bristles aid in flotation. Cultures grown in NH4NO3-Bristol's compared to cultures grown in Bristol's medium exhibited a positive buoyancy as do cells transferred, to fresh media. Differential centrifugation procedures demonstrate that colonies with bristles and spines exhibit a greater buoyancy than spineless and bristle less colonies, and furthermore that unicells and newly released colonies exhibit greater buoyancy than older cultures and large, granular, dividing cells.
Inhibition of arenavirus by A3, a pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitor

Arenaviruses merit significant interest as important human pathogens, since several of them cause severe hemorrhagic fever disease that is associated with high morbidity and significant mortality. Currently, there are no FDA-licensed arenavirus vaccines available, and current antiarenaviral therapy is limited to an off-labeled use of the nucleoside analog ribavirin, which has limited prophylactic efficacy. The pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitor A3, which was identified in a high-throughput screen for compounds that blocked influenza virus replication, exhibits a broad-spectrum antiviral activity against negative- and positive-sense RNA viruses, retroviruses, and DNA viruses. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of A3 against representative Old World (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) and New World (Junin virus) arenaviruses in rodent, monkey, and human cell lines. We show that A3 is significantly more efficient than ribavirin in controlling arenavirus multiplication and that the A3 inhibitory effect is in part due to its ability to interfere with viral RNA replication and transcription. We document an additive antiarenavirus effect of A3 and ribavirin, supporting the potential combination therapy of ribavirin and pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors for the treatment of arenavirus infections.
Physiological carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and pH sensing.

In biological systems, carbon dioxide exists in equilibrium with bicarbonate and protons. The individual components of this equilibrium (i.e., CO2, HCO3−, and H+), which must be sensed to be able to maintain cellular and organismal pH, also function as signals to modulate multiple physiological functions. Yet, the molecular sensors for CO2/HCO3−/pH remained unknown until recently. Here, we review recent progress in delineating molecular and cellular mechanisms for sensing CO2, HCO3−, and pH.
Low-energy ion-assisted control of interfacial structures in metallic multilayers

A molecular dynamics method has been used to simulate the argon ion-assisted deposition of Cu/Co/Cu multilayers and to explore ion beam assistance strategies that can be used during or after the growth of each layer to control interfacial structures. A low-argon ion energy of 5–10 eV was found to minimize a combination of interfacial roughness and interlayer mixing (alloying) during the ion-assisted deposition of multilayers. However, complete flattening with simultaneous ion assistance could not be achieved without some mixing between the layers when a constant ion energy approach was used. It was found that multilayers with lower interfacial roughness and intermixing could be grown either by modulating the ion energy during the growth of each metal layer or by utilizing ion assistance only after the completion of each layers deposition. In these latter approaches, relatively high-energy ions could be used since the interface is buried and less susceptible to intermixing. The interlayer mixing dependence upon the thickness of the over layer has been determined as a function of ion energy.
PLASMA RENIN AND "PRORENIN" IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION DURING SODIUM DEPLETION, BETA-BLOCKADE, AND REDUCED ARTERIAL PRESSURE

Abstract An inactive form of renin is activated by incubating human plasma at -5°C. The relative proportions of active renin and this cryoactivatable "prorenin" in plasmas of untreated hypertensive patients varied widely. However, prorenin increased in parallel with active renin after sodium deprivation or diuretic therapy in 36 patients; the increases were similar whether or not blood-pressure fell. In contrast, propranolol administration in 22 patients lowered active renin in all, but it increased prorenin by 98% in 15 in whom systolic pressure fell. In the other 7 blood-pressure did not change, and β-blockade produced a fall in total renin (active renin plus prorenin) while prorenin was unchanged. For all 22 there was an inverse relationship between propranolol-induced changes in plasmaprorenin and systolic pressure ( r =-0·77, p
Privacy Rights Management: Implementation Scenarios

Managing privacy is important because organizations must meet legislative and organizational requirements. Some countries, such as the United States of America, have a patchwork of legislation, making it difficult to understand technical requirements. Other countries, such as Canada and the European Union, have well-established and understood privacy laws. As well, many different technologies that may be applied to provide compliance with those laws exist, but there are no established technological solutions suited for handling all of the challenging requirements expressed by privacy regulations. The question remains: how can a citizen's privacy rights be managed or enforced? This article describes extensions to a privacy architecture that employs digital rights management technologies to manage individual data privacy. Several scenarios related to the management of personally identifiable information are described, illustrating how the system operates in support of the requirements expressed in the European Union privacy principles.
Spontaneous bladder perforation unrelated to trauma or surgery.

Urinary bladder ruptures (UBR) typically result from either blunt or penetrating trauma, or from iatrogenic surgical injuries. Patients typically present with symptoms including lower abdominal pain, haematuria, dysuria and anuria. Here, we report on a rare case of spontaneous bladder perforation. A 60-year-old, Caucasian woman initially presented with lower abdominal pain and diarrhoea, and was subsequently found to have an elevated serum creatinine level. A CT cystogram revealed a leak from the bladder. The patient consented to exploratory laparotomy and repair of the non-traumatic bladder perforation. At the time of the last follow-up, given the fact that the patient’s urodynamics were unremarkable and that she was emptying her bladder well (repeat postvoid residual was zero), the patient was informed that she did not require future urological follow-up unless difficulties arise.
ATOMIC EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A PREMIXED ACETYLENE--NITROUS OXIDE, TOTAL CONSUMPTION FLAME.

It is well known that most of the burners presently used to produce high temperature, premixed flames have the tendency to be discouragingly wasteful of the sample solution, often bringing only a small fraction of the amount used into the flame. This paper reports on the construction and performance of a highly efficient total consumption burner that produces a nonturbulent acetylene–nitrous oxide flame from premixed gases. The eighteen flame emission detection limits tabulated for a select group of elements compare favorably with the best values heretofore reported in the literature, and the apparent freedom of alkaline earth emission from phosphate interference indicates the total consumption flame here described to be less subject to chemical interference than is the conventional diffusion flame. The relatively low cost burner that has been developed is convenient to operate and can be quickly assembled from commercially available components.
Association Between ‘Wind-Test’ Findings and Resting Endoscopic Assessment of Laryngeal Function at Thoroughbred Public Auction in the UK

Reasons for performing study Despite ongoing advances in diagnostic imaging, ‘wind-testing’ remains the most common screening test for upper respiratory tract obstructions and is an important condition of sale at Thoroughbred public auctions in UK/Europe. Correlations between abnormal respiratory noise and resting laryngeal function have been incompletely investigated to date. Objectives To determine whether associations exist between respiratory noise at lunge and subsequent diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN). Study design Retrospective analysis of records for all post sale wind-testing undertaken by a single veterinary practice at Tattersalls Newmarket yearling, breeze-up and horse-in-training sales between 2009 and 2013. Methods Descriptions of abnormal respiratory noise were categorised as ‘inspiratory whistle’, ‘inspiratory harsh’ or ‘pan-respiratory harsh’, and included lunge direction during which noise was evident. Concurrent examination by 2 veterinary surgeons was a criterion for inclusion of cases. All horses making abnormal respiratory noises underwent resting endoscopy with a consensus score (Lane scale) given for laryngeal function. Results 2972 horses underwent post sale wind-testing and 418 horses (14.1%) underwent resting endoscopic examination due to abnormal respiratory noise. Likelihood of making an abnormal respiratory noise differed significantly between groups (yearlings 10.8%, ‘breeze-up’ 2-year-olds 20.6%, horses-in-training 30.1%). Yearlings were significantly more likely (P<0.0001, Chi-squared/Bonferroni test) to make a ‘harsh’ respiratory noise than horses-in-training. Type of noise (whistle) was significantly associated with resting endoscopic evidence of RLN in yearlings (P = 0.009); specificity of ‘whistle’ for RLN in this group was 38.6%. There was no association between lunge direction noise (left, right or both) and RLN. Conclusions These results support the widespread belief that harsh respiratory noise when lunged of presumed ‘palatal/pharyngeal’ origin is more likely in yearlings than horses-in-training, possibly due to upper respiratory inflammation or immaturity. Inspiratory whistle in both lunge directions is no stronger an indicator of RLN than unidirectional whistle. Ethical animal research: Ethical committee oversight not currently required by this congress: retrospective study of clinical records. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
A 3-MV Injector for the Superhilac

Author(s): Spence, D.A.; Gavin, B.F.; Peters, R.; Reginato, L.L.; Smith, B.H.; Wolgast, R.C.
The Simulated Impact of Climate on the Drying Times of a Wetted Low-Slope Roof System:

The 1991 National Roofing Contractors Association Annual Roof ing Survey predicts increases in recover, the reroofing practice of installing a new roof over an existing failed roof. For 1992, the survey estimates that $5¼ billion will be spent on recover. Market trends suggest that recover will become an increasingly more popular option in reroofing. The most controversial aspect of recover pertains to the presence of water in the failed roof. For recover to be a viable reroofing option, this water must have a means of escaping the roof system; entrapped water in the roof would lead to the eventual mechanical failure of the deck and fasteners The rate that water can be driven from a roof system will dictate whether recover can be con sidered as a reroofing option for that system
Finding Faults in the Charleston Area, South Carolina: 1. Seismological Data

Macroscopic observations following the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake and analyses of instrumentally recorded seismicity between 1974 and 2004 suggest the presence of two or more active faults. In order to more clearly define the active faults and determine their seismotectonic framework, instrumentally located hypocenters were relocated using the double-difference algorithm HypoDD. The revised hypocentral locations were associated with different faults based on the first motions recorded at different locations. The result is a plausible framework that shows several important changes from earlier interpretations. This framework defines a localized stressed volume, which consists of the ∼50-km-long ∼N30°E striking, NW dipping Woodstock fault associated with oblique right-lateral strike-slip motion with a ∼6-km-long antidilatational left step near Middleton Place. Three ∼NW-SE striking reverse faults, two NE dipping and one SW dipping, were recognized within this left step; of these, the NE dipping Sawmill Branch fault zone lying between Middleton Place and Summerville is the most active. Minor activity was observed on the NE dipping Lincolnville and the SW dipping Charleston faults. The southernmost Sawmill Branch fault zone also shows evidence of left-lateral strike-slip motion. The ∼N55°W trending Ashley River fault lying between Middleton Place and the Magnolia Plantation appears to be currently inactive.
High-transconductance n-type Si/SiGe modulation-doped field-effect transistors

The authors report on the fabrication and the resultant device characteristics of the first 0.25- mu m gate-length field-effect transistor based on n-type modulation-doped Si/SiGe. Prepared using ultrahigh vacuum/chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD), the mobility and electron sheet charge density in the strained Si channel are 1500 (9500) cm/sup 2//V-s and 2.5*10/sup 12/ (1.5*10/sup 12/) cm/sup -2/ at 300 K (77 K). At 77 K, the devices have a current and transconductance of 325 mA/mm and 600 mS/mm, respectively. These values far exceed those found in Si MESFETs and are comparable to the best results achieved in GaAs/AlGaAs modulation-doped transistors. >
Liposomal Anthracyclines: Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer

Conventional anthracyclines, particularly doxorubicin, have played an important role in the treatment of patients with breast cancer for many decades. Conventional doxorubicin has shown excellent antitumor activity in the metastatic, neoadjuvant, and adjuvant settings. However, its clinical utility is limited due to acute and chronic toxicities, particularly cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, nausea and vomiting, and alopecia. Liposomal doxorubicin formulations (liposomal doxorubicin [D-99] and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin) currently under investigation for the treatment of breast cancer have demonstrated similar efficacies and favorable toxicity profiles compared with conventional doxorubicin in patients with metastatic breast cancer. These agents have also shown efficacy and tolerability in several small studies as neoadjuvant therapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. While there are currently no studies with liposomal doxorubicin or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin as adjuvant therapy, their demonstrated activities and tolerabilities in the metastatic and neoadjuvant settings provide the rationale for the future study of these agents in adjuvant therapy for patients with early-stage breast cancer.
Patterns of hand and mouth lateral biases in bamboo leaf shoot feeding and simple food reaching in the gentle lemur (Hapalemur griseus)

Lateralized feeding behaviors of 7 wild-born and 6 captive-born Hapalemur griseus sp. were evaluated in two conditions, simple food reaching and species-typical bamboo foraging. Gentle lemurs were found to have the strongest lateral hand preference in simple food reaching of any prosimian species yet studied. However in this small sample, population-level lateralization was not found: 5 preferred the right hand and 8 the left. The movement pattern used by hapalemurs when feeding on bamboo leaf shoots was categorized into four components: PULL IN, COUNTERFORCE, TURN, and FEED IN. Lateral hand bias was scored for all four components and lateral mouth preference was scored for the two components that involved the mouth (COUNTERFORCE and FEED IN). Strong positive correlations were found between hand preference in the most lateralized components of shoot eating (TURN and FEED IN) and simple food reaching. This suggests that the gentle lemurs' species-typical bamboo feeding behavior may contribute to the exceptionally strong hand preference for simple food reaching seen in this species. There were negative correlations between the component measure of shoot feeding that required strength (COUNTERFORCE) and the components that required manipulation (TURN and FEED IN). Within the COUNTERFORCE and FEED IN components, mouth preference and hand preference were positively associated in a manner that suggested one side of the mouth was preferred for removing the shoot and the other side for mastication. Asymmetrical dental wear may provide a means of dating behavioral lateralization in ancestral species. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Evolution of Gene Regulation Underlies a Morphological Difference between Two Drosophila Sister Species

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the morphological divergence of species is one of the central goals of evolutionary biology. Here, we analyze the genetic and molecular bases of the divergence of body pigmentation patterns between Drosophila yakuba and its sister species Drosophila santomea. We found that loss of pigmentation in D. santomea involved the selective loss of expression of the tan and yellow pigmentation genes. We demonstrate that tan gene expression was eliminated through the mutational inactivation of one specific tan cis-regulatory element (CRE) whereas the Tan protein sequence remained unchanged. Surprisingly, we identify three independent loss-of-function alleles of the tan CRE in the young D. santomea lineage. We submit that there is sufficient empirical evidence to support the general prediction that functional evolutionary changes at pleiotropic loci will most often involve mutations in their discrete, modular cis-regulatory elements.
Expression and function of a scavenger lipoprotein pathway in porcine luteal cells.

A pathway(s) for uptake of modified (e.g., acetylated, oxidized) low-density lipoprotein (LDL) moieties has been recently discovered on luteal cells of certain species. The expression and function of this pathway during the life span of the corpus luteum (CL) have not been investigated. Aims of the present study were the following: 1) to determine whether porcine small and large luteal cells take up modified LDL; if so, 2) to compare uptake of native and modified LDL by luteal cell subpopulations during the luteal life span and 3) to compare effects of native and modified LDL on luteal steroidogenesis during the estrous cycle. Collagenase-dispersed luteal cells were prepared from porcine ovaries at various stages of the estrous cycle: early (E, Days 4-6), mid (M, Days 8-10), mid-late (ML, Day 13-14), or late (L, Day 16-17) (estrus = Day 0). Cells were incubated with fluorescent-tagged LDL (Dil-LDL; 0-10 microg/ml) or acetylated LDL (Dil-AC-LDL; 0-10 microg/ml). Fluorescence was analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry in each of three subpopulations of cells: small (SLC) and large (LLC) luteal cells and nonsteroidogenic cells. The percentage of LLC taking up Dil-LDL remained relatively constant (65-75%) from E to ML cycle and then declined (13.3 +/- 4.1%; p < 0.05); these findings were consistent with previous data. In contrast, the percentage of LLC taking up Dil-AC-LDL gradually increased from E (29.8 +/- 8.5%) to ML (68.3 +/- 5.9%) stage and then declined (17.1 +/- 2.3%; p < 0.05). Similarly, Dil-LDL uptake by SLC was relatively constant (15-20%) from E to M cycle, declining to 2.9 +/- 0.5% at L cycle. Dil-AC-LDL uptake by SLC progressively increased from E (5.4 +/- 2.6%) to ML (24.3 +/- 6.9%) and then fell somewhat (12.9 +/- 6.7%) in L cycle. Few (< 2%) nonsteroidogenic cells labeled for Dil-LDL at all stages, whereas Dil-AC-LDL uptake by nonsteroidogenic cells was similar to that by SLC. Dual-uptake experiments revealed subtypes of LLC that took up either native LDL only or both native and modified LDL. Progesterone (P4) production by E and M luteal cell cultures was dose-dependently increased (p < 0.05) by both native and modified LDL. In contrast, modified LDL suppressed (up to 40-50%, p < 0.05) steroidogenesis by ML and L cultures, whereas LDL had no significant effect. Only native LDL stimulated P4 production by isolated SLC, although both native and modified LDL similarly increased P4 production by LLC. In conclusion, expression of one or more scavenger LDL pathways on porcine luteal cell subtypes is dynamic. Moreover, modified LDL can exert both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on luteal steroidogenesis in vitro. Differential expression and function of a scavenger LDL pathway by subpopulations of cells within the CL may play a novel role in luteal development, function, and/or regression.
Treatment of Rhizobium radiobacter Bacteremia in a Critically Ill Trauma Patient

Objective: To report the first case of Rhizobium radiobacter bacteremia in a critically ill trauma patient. Case Summary: A 36-year-old female trauma patient hospitalized at The Regional Medical Center at Memphis developed bacteremia due to Rhizobium radiobacter on hospital day 9. The central line catheter tip culture from the same hospital day was negative. No source for the R radiobacter bacteremia was identified. Empirical and definitive antibiotic therapy consisted of cefepime 2 g intravenously every 8 hours for at total of 8 days. On completion of antibiotics, the patient demonstrated clinical resolution by immediate defervescence and gradual normalization of her white blood cell count. She demonstrated microbiologic success of therapy with negative blood cultures on hospital days 22, 34, 45, and 61. She was discharged on hospital day 80. Discussion:Rhizobium species are common soil and plant pathogens that rarely cause infections in humans. Previous reports of Rhizobium infections have been in immun...
Perceptions of Police and Policing in a Rural County of England

Crime and disorder audits provide the opportunity to identify and address the concerns local people express about local policing. This paper discusses the findings of the 2001 and 2004 Cornwall Crime Surveys (CCSs) and identifies public perceptions of police and policing in the county. The 2004 survey is used to compare those holding more favourable views with those who are critical of the police. The findings are then used to test the hypothesis that those who are more critical of the public police will be more positive about plural policing alternatives. The findings indicate that rural residents' concerns over public safety are accentuated by their concerns that the police in Cornwall are less accessible than those in urban areas and they are generally supportive of increasing the policing mix. However, they clearly see improvements to the public police as the preferred solution.
The construction and implementation of metamodels

This paper suggests a computationally economical alternative to the common method of using simulation for sensitivity studies, i.e., by making repeated simulation runs with incrementally changed inputs and then observing the magnitudes of the resulting changes in the outputs of interest. Although no theory now exists for constructing the requisite "metamodels" for direct sensitivity analysis, it is possible to construct them, as is illustrated by three examples in the field of operations research.
Application of artificial intelligence techniques in uninhabited aerial vehicle flight

This paper describes the development of an application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) control. The project was done as part of the requirements for a class in AI at NOVA Southeastern University and a beginning project at NASA Wallops Flight Facility for a resilient, robust, and intelligent UAV flight control system. A method is outlined which allows a base level application for applying an Artificial Intelligence method, Fuzzy Logic, to aspects of Control Logic for UAV flight. One element of UAV flight, automated altitude hold, has been implemented and preliminary results displayed.
Corn tolerance as affected by the timing of foramsulfuron applications

Two corn hybrids were evaluated to determine tolerance to foramsulfuron applications with and without the safener, isoxadifen-ethyl at five application timings. The corn hybrid N58D1 was more sensitive to foramsulfuron applications than N59Q9. Averaged across all application timings, the addition of isoxadifen-ethyl decreased corn injury of the more sensitive corn hybrid, N58D1. Foramsulfuron application timing had a significant effect on corn tolerance. The greatest corn injury generally occurred from foramsulfuron applications to V6 and V8 corn (visible collars). Foramsulfuron injury ranged between 9 and 37% from these two application timings, 7 d after treatment (DAT). By 21 DAT, corn generally recovered from foramsulfuron injury, and there were a few cases of reduced corn yield at the end of the season. Yield reductions and ear malformations were greatest at the Urbana location with both hybrids when foramsulfuron was applied to V12 corn. The addition of isoxadifen-ethyl alleviated ear malformations a...
Formal Methods in Air Traffic Management: The Case of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Invited Lecture

As the technological and operational capabilities of unmanned aircraft systems UAS continue to grow, so too does the need to introduce these systems into civil airspace. Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration in the National Airspace System is a NASA research project that addresses the integration of civil UAS into non-segregated airspace operations. One of the major challenges of this integration is the lack of an on-board pilot to comply with the legal requirement that pilots see and avoid other aircraft. The need to provide an equivalent to this requirement for UAS has motivated the development of a detect and avoid DAA capability to provide the appropriate situational awareness and maneuver guidance in avoiding and remaining well clear of traffic aircraft. Formal methods has played a fundamental role in the development of this capability. This talk reports on the formal methods work conducted under NASA's Safe Autonomous System Operations project in support of the development of DAA for UAS. This work includes specification of low-level and high-level functional requirements, formal verification of algorithms, and rigorous validation of software implementations. The talk also discusses technical challenges in formal methods research in the context of the development and safety analysis of advanced air traffic management concepts.
Differential susceptibility of transgenic mice expressing human surfactant protein B genetic variants to Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced pneumonia.

Abstract Surfactant protein B (SP-B) is essential for lung function. Previous studies have indicated that a SP-B 1580C/T polymorphism (SNP rs1130866) was associated with lung diseases including pneumonia. The SNP causes an altered N-linked glycosylation modification at Asn129 of proSP-B, e.g. the C allele with this glycosylation site but not in the T allele. This study aimed to generate humanized SP-B transgenic mice carrying either SP-B C or T allele without a mouse SP-B background and then examine functional susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia in vivo . A total of 18 transgenic mouse founders were generated by the DNA microinjection method. These founders were back-crossed with SP-B KO mice to eliminate mouse SP-B background. Four founder lines expressing similar SP-B levels to human lung were chosen for further investigation. After intratracheal infection with 50 μl of Pseudomonas aeruginosa solution (1 × 10 6 CFU/mouse) or saline in SP-B-C, SP-B-T mice the mice were sacrificed 24 h post-infection and tissues were harvested. Analysis of surfactant activity revealed differential susceptibility between SP-B-C and SP-B-T mice to bacterial infection, e.g. higher minimum surface tension in infected SP-B-C versus infected SP-B-T mice. These results demonstrate for the first time that human SP-B C allele is more susceptible to bacterial pneumonia than SP-B T allele in vivo .
Limitations of the Pragmatist Approach to Business Ethics

In this chapter I consider the role that the philosophical theory of pragmatism plays in business ethics. In the first section of the chapter I focus on the work of the best known twentieth century pragmatist Richard Rorty. Despite Rorty’s influence in philosophical circles, Rorty knew little about business ethics and was often unsympathetic to capitalism. In addition to providing the criticisms that a number of business ethicists have leveled against Rorty, I show that his choice of literature as the art form that chapters his philosophical pragmatism actually leads him astray. I argue that a focus on arts like ceramics or sculpture might have softened his relativism. The second section of the chapter focuses on the work of R Edward Freeman, by far the best known of the pragmatic business ethicists. In that section I point where Freeman’s pragmatism and Bowie’s Kantianism can find common ground. I conclude however by arguing that the values of freedom and solidarity that the pragmatists espouse need to be grounded in a broader ethical theory and that Kant’s ethical theory provides an appropriate grounding.
Metatranscriptomic insights on gene expression and regulatory controls in Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis

Previous studies on enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) have focused on reconstructing genomic blueprints for the model polyphosphate-accumulating organism Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis. Here, a time series metatranscriptome generated from enrichment cultures of Accumulibacter was used to gain insight into anerobic/aerobic metabolism and regulatory mechanisms within an EBPR cycle. Co-expressed gene clusters were identified displaying ecologically relevant trends consistent with batch cycle phases. Transcripts displaying increased abundance during anerobic acetate contact were functionally enriched in energy production and conversion, including upregulation of both cytoplasmic and membrane-bound hydrogenases demonstrating the importance of transcriptional regulation to manage energy and electron flux during anerobic acetate contact. We hypothesized and demonstrated hydrogen production after anerobic acetate contact, a previously unknown strategy for Accumulibacter to maintain redox balance. Genes involved in anerobic glycine utilization were identified and phosphorus release after anerobic glycine contact demonstrated, suggesting that Accumulibacter routes diverse carbon sources to acetyl-CoA formation via previously unrecognized pathways. A comparative genomics analysis of sequences upstream of co-expressed genes identified two statistically significant putative regulatory motifs. One palindromic motif was identified upstream of genes involved in PHA synthesis and acetate activation and is hypothesized to be a phaR binding site, hence representing a hypothetical PHA modulon. A second motif was identified ~35 base pairs (bp) upstream of a large and diverse array of genes and hence may represent a sigma factor binding site. This analysis provides a basis and framework for further investigations into Accumulibacter metabolism and the reconstruction of regulatory networks in uncultured organisms.