cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reverse-engineering ecological theory from data.

Ecologists have long sought to understand the dynamics of populations and communities by deriving mathematical theory from first principles. Theoretical models often take the form of dynamical equations that comprise the ecological processes (e.g. competition, predation) believed to govern system dynamics. The inverse of this approach—inferring which processes and ecological interactions drive observed dynamics—remains an open problem in ecology. Here, we propose a way to attack this problem using a machine learning method known as symbolic regression, which seeks to discover relationships in time-series data and to express those relationships using dynamical equations. We found that this method could rapidly discover models that explained most of the variance in three classic demographic time series. More importantly, it reverse-engineered the models previously proposed by theoretical ecologists to describe these time series, capturing the core ecological processes these models describe and their functional forms. Our findings suggest a potentially powerful new way to merge theory development and data analysis.
IgE, allergic diseases, and omalizumab

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays a central role in the development of allergic diseases. In sensitized individuals, IgE antibodies bind to receptors on mast cell and basophil surfaces, releasing preformed and newly generated mediators that initiate an immunologic cascade and inflammatory symptoms. Omalizumab (Xolair) is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed to bind specifically to IgE. It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2003 for the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma that is inadequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and who have a positive skin test or in vitro reactivity to a perennial aeroallergen. In clinical trials in such patients, omalizumab reduced the incidence of asthma exacerbations, severe exacerbations, the use of rescue medication, and improved both symptoms and quality of life (QOL).
Surgical Management of the Acutely Ruptured Posterior Circulation Aneurysm

This chapter analyzes surgical management of the acutely ruptured posterior circulation aneurysm. Advances in the medical management of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients have contributed significantly to improved outcome in patients undergoing aneurysm surgery. Technological advances have led to improved clip design, the availability of temporary arterial clips, and the use of operating microscopes. The design of aneurysm clips has evolved to achieve maximal obliteration of the lesion while maintaining the integrity of major arteries and perforating vessels. Endovascular techniques have been developed to obliterate intracranial aneurysms that are difficult to obliterate surgically, especially those in the cavernous sinus and basilar tip regions. Techniques employed include foreign-body induced endovascular thrombosis using minicoils or balloons as well as coil-mediated electrothrombosis. Early intervention is indicated in patients without vasospasm and brain swelling, and emergent intervention may be necessary for intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation or treatment of acute hydrocephalus. Early surgery affords the benefits of eliminating the risk of rebleeding and allowing for aggressive treatment of vasospasm.
Economic and Adaptive Change among the Lake Superior Chippewa of the Nineteenth Century

Logically, the fundamental problem for understanding the process of cultural change, that resulted from contact between Native Americans and Euro-Americans centers on the trade that was their most important nexus of interaction. Because trade relationships were desired by both the Indian and non-Indian participants, the trade directly or indirectly motivated many other kinds of social, political, and ideological interactions. It would thus seem that these “economic” relationships are crucial to examining not only the rate and direction of cultural change but also the process by which it occurred.
The Design of Microkernel Support for the Sr Concurrent Programming Language

In general, networked and distributed operating systems are still programmed using a sequential language like C, even though the underlying programming model is that of multithreaded programs that communicate using some form of message passing. In a distributed environment it is more natural to program using a distributed programming language. In addition, distributed languages do not map well to traditional operating systems. The new, minimal kernel, or micro-kernel, operating systems provide an opportunity to efficiently support distributed languages. This paper explores different ways to provide support for the SR concurrent programming language on the Mach microkemel.
Cooperative failure detection in overlay multicast

Node failures and ungraceful departures are important issues to be dealt with in overlay multicast. Fast detection is key to minimizing the disruption of service to the affected nodes participating in the multicast session. In this paper, we propose a cooperative failure detection mechanism that can greatly reduce the failure detection time. A significant contribution of the paper is that we quantify three important measures, i.e., the expected detection time, the probability of false failure detection, and the overhead. This allows us to study the fundamental tradeoff among them in the failure detection mechanisms. The analysis and simulations show that the proposed cooperative failure detection mechanism can significantly reduce the failure detection time while maintaining the probability of false positive at the same level, at the cost of slightly increased overhead.
A Randomized Trial of a Group-Based Integrative Medicine Approach Compared to Waitlist Control on Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms in Adults

Introduction Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic debilitating functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects a large proportion of the general population. Dietary and mind-body approaches have shown some effectiveness in reducing IBS symptoms. Objectives The purpose of this project was to test the feasibility of a low cost, group-oriented integrative medicine approach to IBS, and to explore whether such an approach improves participant outcomes. Methods This was a randomized-controlled trial involving a 4-week group-oriented treatment intervention combining dietary intervention and mind-body therapies followed by 8-weeks of telephonic health coaching. Differences between the intervention and control groups on IBS-specific measures were examined at baseline, 4, 8, and 12-week. Results Fifty-two participants completed the study, 30 in the control group and 22 in the intervention group. On the IBS Symptom Severity Score, at 4 weeks the intervention group showed statistically significant improvement compared to the control group (p Conclusions This low-cost, group-oriented intervention approach offers a strategy to address the challenge of access to this type of integrative approach for patients of low socioeconomic status or limited means.
Four decades since the ban, old urban wastewater treatment plant remains a dominant source of PCBs to the environment.

Abstract Despite the ban on new manufacture and commercial use of PCBs, municipal sewer systems continue to serve as ongoing secondary sources for contamination in receiving water bodies. Ongoing PCB sources have made it difficult to achieve desired recovery after implementation of sediment cleanup efforts. We report on a 16-month surveillance to determine the inputs, fate, and export of PCBs within a municipal waste collection/treatment system by strategic sampling of the freely-dissolved and biosolids-associated PCBs. The total PCBs entering the treatment plant was found to be 170 g/day of which 100 g/day exited the plant associated with the biosolids and 5.2 g/day was discharged in the form of freely-dissolved PCBs in the effluent. A net loss of 68 g/day was calculated for the plant, attributable to volatilization and biodegradation. Freely dissolved PCBs in the treated effluent was an order of magnitude higher than the water quality criteria for the protection of human health through fish consumption and found to be a major contributor to the dissolved concentration in the receiving river. Predicted bioaccumulation in fish from dissolved PCBs in the effluent exceeded the threshold for human consumption. The biosolids, currently land-applied as fertilizer, contained an average PCB concentration of 760 μg/kg. The sludge produced in this treatment plant is processed in large anaerobic digesters and changes to the homolog distribution point to some microbial dechlorination. Application of biosolids to clean agricultural soil resulted in a 6-fold increase in PCB levels in the earthworm E. fetida which could be eliminated by the amendment of 1% by weight of activated carbon.
IAC: On the Feasibility of Utilizing Neural Signals for Access Control

Access control is the core security mechanism of an operating system (OS). Ideally, the access control system should enforce context integrity, i.e., an application can only access security and privacy sensitive resources expected by users. Unfortunately, existing access control systems, including the permission systems in modern OS like iOS and Android, all fail to enforce context integrity thus allow apps to abuse their permissions. A naive approach to enforce context integrity is to prompt users every time a sensitive resource is accessed, but this will quickly lead to habituation. The state-of-art solutions include (1) user-driven access control, which binds a predefined context to protected GUI elements and (2) predicting users' authorization decision based on their previous behaviors and privacy preferences. However, previous studies have shown that the first approach is vulnerable to attacks (e.g., clickjacking) and the second approach i challenging to implement as it is difficult to infer the context. In this work, we explore the feasibility of a novel approach to enforce the context integrity---by inferring what task users want to do under the given context from their neural signals; then automatically authorizes access to a predefined set of sensitive resources that are necessary for that task. We conducted a comprehensive user study including 41 participants where we collected their neural signals when they were performing tasks that required access to sensitive resources. After preprocessing and features extraction, we trained machine learning classifier to infer what kind of tasks a user wants to perform. The experiment results show that the classifier was able to infer the high-level intents like take a photo with a weighted average precision of 88%.
Complete Genome Sequence of an Influenza D Virus Strain Identified in a Pig with Subclinical Infection in the United States

Influenza D virus was first described in 2011 from a pig with respiratory disease; however, recent evidence indicates that cattle are the major viral reservoir. Here, we describe the genome sequence of the eighth complete swine-origin influenza D virus deposited into GenBank, D/swine/Kentucky/17TOSU1262/2017, which was collected at a 2017 swine exhibition.
A Scalable Multi-TeraOPS Core for AI Training and Inference

This letter presents a multi-TOPS AI accelerator core for deep learning training and inference. With a programmable architecture and custom ISA, this engine achieves >90% sustained utilization across the range of neural network topologies by employing a dataflow architecture to provide high throughput and an on-chip scratchpad hierarchy to meet the bandwidth demands of the compute units. A custom 16b floating point (fp16) representation with 1 sign bit, 6 exponent bits, and 9 mantissa bits has also been developed for high model accuracy in training and inference as well as 1b/2b (binary/ternary) integer for aggressive inference performance. At 1.5 GHz, the AI core prototype achieves 1.5 TFLOPS fp16, 12 TOPS ternary, or 24 TOPS binary peak performance in 14-nm CMOS.
A review of thixotropy and its rheological modeling

We review thixotropy, its attributes, and accompanying rheological phenomena, such as yielding, hysteresis in shear-rate ramps, the influence of rest time and viscosity bifurcation, and the prevalence and importance of thixotropy in common fluids. While older work is reviewed in brief, the major emphasis is on recent developments, including nonmonotonic responses of stress to changes in strain rate, viscosity bifurcation, shear banding, and kinematic hardening. The major categories of phenomenological constitutive models are reviewed; these can include viscoelasticity and aging, plasticity, kinematic hardening, and thixotropy; and distinctions between these phenomena and thixotropy are discussed. A few available microstructural models are also reviewed, including population balance models and mesoscopic simulations. We end by highlighting important future work that is needed, including further development of microscopic models and their connection to phenomenological constitutive equations, detailed measurements of microstructures and flow fields with bands, and the investigation of flows other than simple shear.
Alzheimer's disease: future drug development and the blood-brain barrier.

In 2019, there is not a single biologic that is FDA approved for brain disorders wherein the drug crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Bevacizumab is approved for brain cancer, but bevacizumab do...
Are Climate-friendly Diets Healthier? A Method to Estimate the Correlation Between Nutritional Quality and Carbon Footprints of Usual Diets (OR20-02-19)

Objectives Recent research indicates that climate-friendly diets are healthier, but much of this evidence is based on aggregate consumption data or on individuals' dietary intake data from just one observation day. Analysis of individuals' self-selected diets is important for applying dietary guidance, but usual intake over time is needed to better assess relationships with human health and environmental outcomes. To address this gap, we developed a method to estimate the association of dietary carbon footprints with nutritional quality for usual intake based on multiple observation days.
Creating a CAR-T Cell Presentation Tool for the Emergency Room

Topic Significance & Study Purpose/Background/Rationale Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy has become a promising treatment for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and Immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) are well-documented serious side-effects of CAR-T cell therapy, and early recognition, intervention and aggressive supportive therapy is paramount. Tociluzimab is the mainstay of treatment for moderate to severe CRS, with early administration essential. Corticosteroids should be reserved for life-threatening CRS or ICANS as their use may negate CAR-T cell activity. Emergency rooms (ER) are frontline in the assessment, escalation and treatment of CAR-T cell side effects. In establishing our CAR-T cell program, we have established a robust multi-disciplinary education approach and identified key a visual tool for prompt identification of these patients on presenting to the ER. Methods, Intervention, & Analysis Alongside multi-disciplinary training, we have devised a credit card sized tool for parents/carers to present to the ER triage on arrival, creating a visual prompt for their care. The card details that the child has recently received CAR-T cells and outlines the risk of CRS and ICANS. It highlights the location of guidelines on the hospital electronic information system and most importantly alerts ER staff against the administration of corticosteroids, unless previously discussed with the transplant and cellular therapy (TCT) team. The card is orange in color depicting the ‘triage level' of half an hour for medical review. It will be given to all parents/carers once their child has received CAR-T cells. Findings & Interpretation We hope to present preliminary results soon, relating to the ER staff experience, patient's journey and outcomes. Discussion & Implications It is vital that children with CRS and ICANS are triaged efficiently and treated promptly on admission to hospital. We have devised a tool to help expedite their journey through the ER in a safe manner. Alongside electronic medical record alerts, we foresee this tool will assist in the provision of high-quality, targeted therapy to minimize potentially reversible, life-threatening toxicities.
Hypothermic Ex Situ Perfusion of Human Limbs With Acellular Solution for 24 Hours.

BACKGROUND Machine perfusion (MP) has evolved as a promising approach for the ex situ preservation in organ transplantation. However, the literature on the use of MP in human vascularized composite allografts is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hypothermic MP with an acellular perfusate in human upper extremities and compare with the current gold standard of static cold storage (SCS). METHODS Six upper extremities were assigned to either MP (n = 3) or SCS (n = 3) conditions for 24 h. MP-extremities were perfused with oxygenated Steen solution at a constant pressure of 30 mm Hg and 10°C. RESULTS Median total ischemia time was 213 min (range, 127-222 min). Myoglobin, creatine-kinase (CK) showed increased levels at the start of MP (medians: myoglobin: 4377 ng/mL, CK: 1442 U/L), peaking 6 h after perfusate exchange (medians: myoglobin: 9206 ng/mL, CK: 3995 U/L) at timepoint 24. Lactate levels decreased from a median of 6.9-2.8 mmol/L over time. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha peaked in the SCS-group after 8 h, followed by a decrease. Increased hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha expression in the MP group was delayed until 20 h. Perfusion pressure, temperature, and circuit flow were maintained at median of 30.88 mm Hg, 9.77°C, and 31.13 mL/min, respectively. Weight increased 1.4% in the SCS group and 4.3% in the MP group over 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Hypothermic ex situ perfusion with an oxygenated acellular Steen solution may extend the allowable extracorporeal preservation time by a factor of 4-6 compared to SCS and holds promise to be beneficial for vascularized composite allograft recipients and victims of traumatic major limb amputation.
Abstract 242: Evaluating the Impact and Barriers to a Collaborative Physician-pharmacist Care Model to Control Hypertension in a Low-income Population

Objectives: Physician-pharmacist collaborative practice models have emerged as an effective model for managing hypertension (HTN). We implemented this model in a low-income, hospital-based cardiolo...
Multiplexed endoscopic imaging of Barrett's neoplasia using targeted fluorescent heptapeptides in a phase 1 proof-of-concept study.

Improved methods for early cancer detection arising from Barrett’s oesophagus (BE) are still needed. Imaging molecular expression patterns in BE patients can target neoplasia. We demonstrate a multiplexed fluorescence imaging approach to detect premalignant lesions with two fluorescently labeled heptapeptides specific for EGFR and ErbB2. Twenty-two BE patients underwent endoscopic imaging with a multimodal scanning fiber endoscope (mmSFE). In this pilot study, 92% of neoplastic lesions could be imaged by comparison with pathology, with only 11% false positives. This first-in-human study demonstrates feasibility to concurrently detect multiple targets in vivo and potential for early detection of cancers that are molecularly heterogeneous. ### Background Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a deadly disease that has increased dramatically in incidence over the past several decades.1 2 Endoscopic screening with white light illumination and random biopsy is limited by sampling error.3 Dysplasia often presents with flat architecture and patchy distribution.4 EGFR and ErbB2 are transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors that stimulate epithelial cell growth, proliferation and differentiation.5 Overexpression of these targets reflects a higher risk for cancer progression.6–8 Multiplexed imaging methods take advantage of the broad spectrum of light over the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regimen. We aim to demonstrate clinical feasibility to visualise EGFR and ErbB2 expression simultaneously in vivo to detect Barrett’s neoplasia. ### Methods Consecutive patients referred for either evaluation or therapy of Barrett’s neoplasia were recruited for the study (NCT03589443). An mmSFE was designed to collect multiplexed fluorescence images concurrently. Target/background (T/B) ratios were calculated for each fluorescence image. More details on the methods and the multiplexed imaging technology can be found in the online supplemental file. ### Supplementary data [gutjnl-2020-322945supp001.pdf] ### Results The peptide QRHKPRE specific for EGFR was labelled with Cy5 via a GGGSK linker, (figure 1A).9 KSPNPRF, specific for ErbB2, was labelled with IRDye800 via a GGGSC linker (figure 1B). …
Dynamically improved bounds bidirectional search

Abstract This paper presents a bidirectional search algorithm that dynamically improves the bounds during its execution. It has the property that it always terminates on or before the forward search meets the backward search. Computational experiments on the pancake problem, the sliding tile puzzle, and the topspin problem demonstrate that it is capable of solving problems using significantly fewer node expansions than A⁎ or state-of-the-art bidirectional algorithms such as MMϵ and GBFHS.
Daratumumab as Salvage Therapy in Pediatric Thoracic Organ Transplantation: An Addition to the Antibody Mediated Rejection Toolbox?

Purpose Antibody mediated rejection (AMR) is difficult to treat and often results in death or graft loss. Therapies targeted at antibodies or B cells are inadequate for decreasing donor specific antibodies (DSA), particularly to MHC class II. Bortezomib, a small molecule proteasome inhibitor targets plasma cells, but has many side effects and unsatisfactory results. Alternatively, we used Daratumumab (DAR), an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, in two pediatric transplant (Tx) recipients. Methods Chart review. Results An 18-year-old female with cystic fibrosis had a lung-liver Tx at 12-years-old. Twenty months post-Tx she developed severe AMR and Acute cellular rejection (ACR) treated with ATG, rituximab, TPE, photopheresis, and steroids. She ultimately required redo lung Tx. She did well for three years, but then developed AMR. She again received TPE, ATG, photopheresis, and rituximab. She was not considered a candidate for third lung Tx so all attempts were made to salvage her graft. She had no B cells, but continued to make DSA, so a plasma cell targeted therapy was desired. She received three doses of DAR 16 mg/kg on days 0, 7 and 21 with no infusion reactions. She developed neutropenia 2 months later which resolved with 3 weeks of GCSF. Both total PRA and DSA significantly decreased after DAR and have not returned 7 months later. PRA class I dropped from peak of 96% to 0, class II from peak 34% to 3%. She is maintained on subcutaneous IgG replacement for secondary hypogammaglobulinemia. Her graft function is poor, but has stabilized since DAR. She had one episode of presumed line associated sepsis and MSSA pneumonia without sequalae. A 3-year-old girl two years post heart Tx developed refractory AMR (by C4d and elevated DSA) despite ATG, TPE, IVIG, eculizumab, and ofatumumab. She then received two doses of DAR, 16 mg/kg each on days 0 and 14. She tolerated the infusions without any initial side effects. Not enough time has elapsed to follow up antibody levels or graft function. Conclusion Treatment for AMR remains challenging, especially when due to class II HLA antibodies. We safely administered DAR to two pediatric patients without infusion reactions or significant infectious complications to date. One patient had a decline in antibodies, while the other is too soon to determine. While more studies are needed, DAR may be a promising addition to the AMR toolbox.
Improving detection of Hill-Sachs fractures on radiographs

To investigate factors which affect radiographic diagnosis of Hill-Sachs fractures, and find criteria which improve detection. Retrospective search was made for the term “Hill Sachs” within MRI reports in our local PACS system, and cases with post-reduction radiographs were included in the study. Prospective diagnoses and subspecialty MSK training of the interpreting radiologist of record were recorded. Images were then retrospectively reviewed by two observers and statistical analysis was performed. Our retrospective study included 181 cases, of which 35% had prospective radiographic diagnosis of Hill-Sachs fracture. Retrospective review found that 73% of the radiograph series had at least 1 sign of a Hill-Sachs fracture. The internal rotation view showed a Hill-Sachs lesion in 59% of cases, but did not detect it in 14% of cases, where the lesion was instead visible on axillary, external rotation, and/or scapular Y view. Odds ratio of prospective Hill-Sachs detection on radiographs was 2.68 for musculoskeletal fellowship-trained radiologists versus non-musculoskeletal-trained radiologists. Hill-Sachs fractures are often not recognized on post-reduction radiographs. Diagnosis of Hill-Sachs lesion can be significantly increased if radiologists are aware that the internal rotation view may fail to show the injury, and if all 4 views of a shoulder series are scrutinized.
Abduction, the Logic of Scientific Creativity, and Scientific Realism

A fundamental question for philosophy of science asks, How is knowledge of the world created? A pragmatist approach is constructed to show how discovery and justification are tightly related during the creation of scientific knowledge. Procedural abduction, at the scientific level of Strict Abduction and higher, integrates the learnable (postulations undergoing conceptual development) and the logical (hypotheses undergoing rational scrutiny) quite thoroughly. Discovery and justification are functionally fused together within the organized process of procedural abduction by scientific communities. Four questions posed at the start are answered by this pragmatist philosophy of science as follows. (1) Is scientific creativity methodologically related to scientific justification? Answer: scientific creativity is integral to abductive procedures yielding scientific justification. (2) Can a distinction between genuine science and pseudo-science be clearly defined? Answer: genuine science is distinguished by the application of procedural abduction at the level of Strict Abduction or higher. (3) Does scientific knowledge achieve the legitimacy of scientific realism? Answer: procedural abduction legitimates the credibility of highly-confirmed hypotheses and hence justifies scientific realism. (4) How are scientific communities responsible for establishing scientific knowledge? Answer: scientific communities using procedural abduction realize (in both cognitive and constructive senses) scientific knowledge.
More than treatment refusal: an NCDB analysis of the impact of endometrial cancer treatment refusal on racial survival disparities

Objectives: Disparities in adjuvant treatment between Black and White women with endometrial cancer (EC) are well documented and contribute to worse outcomes among Black women. However, factors leading to disparate treatment patterns are understudied. We examined whether patient refusal of adjuvant treatment (chemotherapy or radiation) differed between Black and White women and whether refusal differences mediate racial disparities in EC survival. Methods: We used the National Cancer Database (NCDB), a hospital-based registry covering ~70% of U.S. cancer diagnoses, to identify non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) women diagnosed with EC from 2004 to 2015 who either received or refused chemotherapy or radiation. NCDB data are abstracted from medical records by tumor registrars. We used logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of patient refusal of treatment associated with race, and accelerated failure time models to estimate differences in overall survival (OS) by race. We used causal mediation analysis to estimate how much of the difference in OS by race could be attributed to racial differences in treatment refusal. We considered the overall study populations as well as strata defined by histology, and adjusted for factors assessed at diagnosis, including age, comorbidity burden, insurance, hospital characteristics, stage, histology, and zip code-level income and education. Results: We identified 49,518 women (83% NHW, 17% NHB) who received adjuvant chemotherapy and 12,710 women with documented refusal (90% NHW, 10% NHB). After adjusting for covariates, NHB women were more likely to refuse chemotherapy than NHW women (aOR=1.12, p=0.005), particularly among those with low-grade endometrioid (aOR = 1.22, p=0.02) or serous (aOR = 1.38, p Conclusions: We observed differences in treatment refusal by race, and those differences may be responsible for up to 1 month of the OS disparity between NHW and NHB women. This represents a small fraction of the dramatic racial disparity in EC survival. While a better understanding of the reasons for patient treatment refusal and subsequent intervention may help improve outcomes for some women, other causes of disparate outcomes warrant further investigation.
Microplane triad model for simple and accurate prediction of orthotropic elastic constants of woven fabric composites

An accurate prediction of the orthotropic elastic constants of woven composites from the constituent properties can be achieved if the representative unit cell is subdivided into a large number of finite elements. But this would be prohibitive for microplane analysis of structures consisting of many representative unit cells when material damage alters the elastic constants in each time step in every element. This study shows that predictions almost as accurate and sufficient for practical purposes can be achieved in a much simpler and more efficient manner by adapting to woven composites the well-established microplane model, in a partly similar way as recently shown for braided composites. The undulating fill and warp yarns are subdivided into segments of different inclinations and, in the center of each segment, one microplane is placed normal to the yarn. As a new idea, a microplane triad is formed by adding two orthogonal microplanes parallel to the yarn, one of which is normal to the plane of the laminate. The benefit of the microplane approach is that it is easily extendable to damage and fracture. The model is shown to give realistic predictions of the full range of the orthotropic elastic constants for plain, twill, and satin weaves and is extendable to hybrid weaves and braids.
Personal Reflections on Emergency Preparedness and the Response to A Major Natural Disaster: Hurricane Katrina

The aftermath/response of a disaster can be divided into four phases. The importance of each depends on the length of time and the resources required. This in turn depends on the length of the disaster, the area involved, the number of the population affected, the re-supply available, the extent of the devastation, and the size of the evacuation. The four phases are discussed using Hurricane Katrina as an example. The phases are: 1. Immediate: The initial time period when the facility has to exist, function, care for patients and staff, utilizing only supplies on hand prior to the emergency 2. Outside response: Plans developed to take advantage of outside resources brought in for the evacuation 3. Backfill: The time period when additional resources to manage the short term conditions become available to the institution 4. Restoration: Long term rebuilding of the medical community to restore the pre-emergency capabilities and function. This last phase is usually the longest and requires the most resources.
Depression and the risk of psoriasis in US women

Background Depression is a common mental health condition that has been associated with psoriasis. In the absence of prospective data, it remains unclear whether depression precedes psoriasis as a risk factor. Objectives To examine the association between depression and the risk of new-onset psoriasis. Methods A prospective cohort of 86 880 US female nurses, The Nurses’ Health Study II, was followed up from 1993 to 2005. Participants reported anti-depressant use and completed the Mental Health Index (MHI), a subscale of the Short-Form 36 in 1993. The MHI assessed for depression and scores was categorized into four strata: 0–52, 53–75, 76–85 and 86–100, with lower scores associated with increasing depressive symptoms. We excluded participants with a history of psoriasis prior to 1993. A self-report of incident physician-diagnosed psoriasis constituted the main outcome measure. For a sensitivity analysis, we had a subset of confirmed psoriasis cases. Results Depression was associated with an increased risk of incident psoriasis. Compared to women in the non-depressed group (MHI 86–100), women who reported either having high depressive symptomatology (MHI scores <52) or who were on anti-depressants had a multivariate relative risk (RR) of 1.59 for developing subsequent psoriasis (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21–2.08). These associations became stronger among confirmed psoriasis cases. Conclusions We found that depression was independently associated with an increased risk of psoriasis in this population of US women.
Super Monaco: Its Portable and Efficient Parallel Runtime System

“Super Monaco” is the successor to Monaco, a shared-memory multiprocessor implementation of a flat concurrent logic programming language. While the system retains, by-and-large, the older Monaco compiler and intermediate abstract machine, the intermediate code translator and the runtime system have been completely replaced, incorporating a number of new features intended to improve robustness, flexibility, maintainability, and performance. There are currently two native-code backends for 80×86-based and MIPS-based multiprocessors. The runtime system, written in C, improves upon its predecessor with better memory utilization and garbage collection, and includes new features such as an efficient termination scheme and a novel variable binding and hooking mechanism. The result of this organization is a portable system which is robust, extensible, and has performance competitive with C-based systems. This paper describes the design choices made in building the system and the interfaces between the components.
Symmetric Connectivity with Minimum Power Consumption in Radio Networks

We study the problem of assigning transmission ranges to the nodes of a multi-hop packet radio network (also known as static ad hoc wireless network) so as to minimize the total power consumed under the constraint that enough power is provided to the nodes to ensure that the network is connected. Precisely, we require that the bidirectional links established by the transmission range of every node form a connected graph. We call this problem Min-Power Symmetric Connectivity.
Structural Gaiatsu International Finance and Political Change in Japan

This article contends that key structural changes in Japan's political economy have been the result of Japan's new interactions with world capital markets. A once closed system is now substantially...
Ocular Immune Privilege and Ocular Melanoma: Parallel Universes or Immunological Plagiarism?

Evidence of immune privilege in the eye was recorded almost 140 years ago, yet interest in immune privilege languished for almost a century. However, the past 35 years have witnessed a plethora of research and a rekindled interest in the mechanisms responsible for immune privilege in the anterior chamber of the eye. This research has demonstrated that multiple anatomical, structural, physiological, and immunoregulatory processes contribute to immune privilege and remind us of the enormous complexity of this phenomenon. It is widely accepted that immune privilege is an adaptation for reducing the risk of immune-mediated inflammation in organs such as the eye and brain whose tissues have a limited capacity to regenerate. Recent findings suggest that immune privilege also occurs in sites where stem cells reside and raise the possibility that immune privilege is also designed to prevent the unwitting elimination of stem cells by immune-mediated inflammation at these sites. Uveal melanoma arises within the eye and as such, benefits from ocular immune privilege. A significant body of research reveals an intriguing parallel between the mechanisms that contribute to immune privilege in the eye and those strategies used by uveal melanoma cells to evade immune elimination once they have disseminated from the eye and establish metastatic foci in the liver. Uveal melanoma metastases seem to have “plagiarized” the blueprints used for ocular immune privilege to create “ad hoc immune privileged sites” in the liver.
The management of science and the mismanagement of the world

The truth of a scientific proposition, finding, or an abstract ethical principle is not a static property inherent in it. Truth happens as the result of the management of human affairs. It becomes true, is discovered and made true by actions. Its verity is in fact a series of actions, a process: the process of its implementation. Its validity is gained through what may generally be called “the management of truth: (C. West Churchman and Ian I. Mitroff).
Mechanics and regulation of cytokinesis

Recent advances are revealing quantitative aspects of cytokinesis. Further, genetic analyses and cell imaging are providing insights into the molecular dynamics of cleavage furrow ingression as well as further refining our knowledge of the zones of the mitotic spindle that regulate the contractile properties of the overlying cortex. Ultimately, however, cortical mechanics are the result of signals that emanate from the mitotic spindle. A genuine quantitative understanding of cytokinesis must include a thorough analysis of the mechanical properties of the cortex and how signals modify these properties to dictate a well-controlled, error-free cytokinesis.
Preparation of polyamides via the phosphorylation reaction. VIII

Preparation de poly (p-benzamide) et poly(p-phenyleneterephtalamide) dans les conditions de Yamazaki ou Higashi
Specification of Economic Time Series Models Using Akaike's Criterion

In this article we use the procedures introduced by Akaike (1974, 1976) and Schwarz (1978) to investigate the optimal specification of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models for a group of major economic time series (see also Fine and Hwang 1979; Sawa 1978; Kashyap 1977; Leamer 1979; Chow 1979). The basic question we ask is whether the "short" AR representations that are estimated on an ad hoc basis in economics are validated by these more objective criteria. The article also compares the results given by Akaike and Schwarz procedures and studies the sensitivity of these results to the preliminary transformations used to reach stationarity. The main conclusion is that the two procedures designate significantly different models as "optimal," the Schwarz procedure in general favoring low-order AR specifications. The reasons for this difference are mentioned and the crucial role played by the initial transformations is emphasized. In particular, we show that optimal specification designated by Schwarz criteria is sensitive to the initial transformation selected to reach stationarity. The ad hoc nature of these prefilters is probably the most inadequate aspect of the article-although our transformations are widely used (see, e.g., Pierce 1977).
Hemoptysis and Recurrent Pneumonias in a 62-Year-Old Man

La fibroscopie bronchique et la radiographie thoracique ont montre une lithiase bronchique avec pneumonie du segment superieur gauche
STRATEGIC TRADE POLICY WITH INTERNATIONALLY OWNED FIRMS

The consequences of international firm ownership for strategic trade policy are examined both in a general and in a simple linear model of an international duopoly with two governments using production subsidies as policy instruments. At first sight, the case for strategic trade policy seems to be weakened, because international ownership reduces a government's incentive for rent-shifting. Closer inspection shows, however, that there are ownership structures leading to optimal policies which induce the duopolists to behave more collusively. This tends to resolve the conflict between national and international rationality in a policy game with retaliation and makes strategic trade policy look more attractive.
Phalloidin binds and stabilizes pea root actin

Previous reports about phalloidin binding to plant actins have been indirect. We present here evidence showing that phalloidin does bind and stabilize filaments of actin extracted from pea roots. Criteria for the presence of actin included stabilization as a polymer in the presence of phalloidin, cross-reaction with antibody against chicken actin, affinity binding to DNase I, and ability to be decorated by the S1 fragment of rabbit muscle myosin. Phalloidin was able to stabilize polymers in pea root extracts against dissociation during SDS gel electrophoresis, and these polymers were shown to be composed exclusively of actin. Pea root actin isolated by affinity chromatography on a DNase I column was incubated with rhodamine phalloidin and electrophoresed on a native gel. The rhodamine fluorescence remained with the stabilized filaments, indicating clearly that phalloidin does bind to actin from a plant source. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Using Graphical Displays for Evaluation Data.

Graphics are widely believed to be useful ways to communicate statistical information and stimulate data analysis. Yet we often use only the most simple graphics, bar and pie charts, or tables to p...
Diabetes disrupts copulatory behavior and neuroendocrine responses of male rats to female conspecifics.

Abstract Streptozotocin-induced diabetes disrupts copulatory behavior in the male rat. The increase in serum luteinzing hormone (LH) that occurs in the male rat in response to the presence of a receptive female is absent in most diabetic rats. A female-induced testosterone rise is not seen in diabetic male rats, including those showing an increase in LH. The female-induced LH rise appears to be secondary to increased hypothalamic norepinephrine metabolism, which is severely attenuated in diabetic rats not exhibiting an LH rise in response to a female.
Generalized Method of Moments and Macroeconomics

We consider the contribution to the analysis of economic time series of the generalized method-of-moments estimator introduced by Hansen. We outline the theoretical contribution, conduct a small-scale literature survey, and discuss some ongoing theoretical research.
Recovery of ambulation in motor-incomplete tetraplegia

Objective: To determine the effect of age and initial neurologic status on recovery of ambulation in patients with motor-incomplete tetraplegia. Study Design: Inception cohort study. Setting: Urban, tertiary care hospital with Regional Spinal Cord Injury Center. Patients: One hundred five patients with American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) C or D tetraplegia at admission or within 72 hours of injury. Main Outcome Measure: Ambulatory status at time of discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Results: Ninety-one percent (30/33) of ASIA C patients younger than 50 years of age became ambulatory by discharge, versus 42% (13/31) ASIA C patients age 50 or older (p < .0001). All (41/41) patients initially classified as ASIA D became ambulatory by discharge. Conclusion: For patients with ASIA D tetraplegia, prognosis for recovery of independent ambulation is excellent. For patients with ASIA C tetraplegia, recovery of ambulation is significantly less likely if age is 50 years or older.
A cancer-associated galactosyltransferase isoenzyme.

GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE has been studied in human serum, and early reports failed to demonstrate an elevation of total serum galactosyltransferase in malignant disease.1 , 2 Subsequent electrophoretic studies from this laboratory revealed that, although the majority of the serum enzyme runs as a single broad peak on polyacrylamide gels, serum specimens from patients with cancer contain a second and electrophoretically distinct isoenzyme, referred to as galactosyltransferase isoenzyme II (or GT-II).3 , 4 In this report these initial findings are extended, and we present results on 387 patients with malignant and nonmalignant disorders, confirming the correlation of GT-II with cancer. Materials and Methods Patient Material Serum . . .
The composition of the Trojan asteroids

Consideration is given to the composition of those Trojan asteroids, Hilda asteroids and 944 Hidalgo with very low albedos and spectral reddening between 0.4 and 1.1 microns with respect to the C asteroids, termed RD objects. It is proposed that the albedo and reddening of these objects can be explained by the presence of very opaque, very red, polymer-type organic compounds structurally similar to kerogen, presumably resulting from Fischer-Tropsch-type reactions in the early solar nebula. The spectra and various mixtures of powdered montmorillonite, magnetite, coal-tar residue containing kerogen substances and carbon black are shown to provide a good match to the RD asteroid spectral properties. It is suggested that the nonsoluble carbonaceous residue may have required lower temperatures for its formation and preservation than carbonaceous materials in the carbonaceous chondrites and C asteroids, and thus explain the absence of RD objects closer than 4 AU from the sun.
Evidence for Damped Hemoglobin Dynamics in a Room Temperature Trehalose Glass

Upon photodissociation of its ligand, COHbA exhibits a wide range of nonequilibrium relaxation phenomena that start within a fraction of a picosecond and extend out to tens of microseconds. In addition, equilibrium fluctuations of the protein result in conformational averaging. All of these dynamics can have an impact on ligand rebinding. In an effort to better understand the relationship between conformational dynamics and ligand-binding reactivity, COHbA was embedded in a room temperature trehalose sugar glass (Hagen et al. Science 1995, 269, 959) in order to uncouple solvent motions from protein dynamics as well as reduce the amplitude of large-scale protein conformational fluctuations. Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy and ligand-rebinding kinetics show that the trehalose glass does not impede the initial fast relaxation of the iron−histidine linkage, but does dramatically impede conformational averaging and completely eliminates ligand escape at all temperatures from 140 K to room temperatur...