cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A prognostics enhanced reconfigurable control architecture

This paper introduces a control architecture incorporating prognostic information to extend the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of a system while ensuring stability and performance requirements. A Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework is chosen to utilize the existing production controller by adjusting its reference points, thereby lowering its impact on the system. The MPC arrives at a control law by minimizing a quadratic cost function of control effort and tracking error while enforcing hard and soft constraints. Prognostic information is included in the cost function through the use of soft constraints whereas absolute boundary conditions (eg. input limits, tracking error) are incorporated as hard constraints. A relationship is provided between the terminal cost associated with the prognostic constraints and the quadratic costs. Asymptotic stability of the control architecture is demonstrated for the case of nominal system dynamics. The proposed fault-tolerant control design is applicable to a variety of application domains. An EMA is used to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Note on rent-seeking and committees using a proportionate-sharing rule

The paper examines how the effort expended in pursuit of rents may be affected by having the rents awarded by either an individual or a committee, under differing allocation rules. Congleton (1984) found that rent-seeking efforts should be markedly lower when rents are awarded by committees rather than by a single administrator. This paper reexamines the proportionate-sharing rule, and finds that, depending on decision-making norms followed by committee members, allocation by committee may result in rent-seeking expenditures that are less than, equal to, or greater than those where rents are proportionately divided by a single administrator.
The Active Form of Chlamydia trachomatis Ribonucleotide Reductase R2 Protein Contains a Heterodinuclear Mn(IV)/Fe(III) Cluster with S = 1 Ground State

The class I ribonucleotide reductase from Chlamydia trachomatis uses a stable MnIV/FeIII cofactor to initiate nucleotide reduction by a free-radical mechanism. The enzyme provides the first example both of a Mn-dependent ribonucleotide reductase and of a Mn/Fe redox cofactor. In this work, we have used variable-field Mossbauer spectroscopy to demonstrate that the active cofactor has an S = 1 ground state due to antiferromagnetic coupling between the MnIV (SMn = 3/2) and high-spin FeIII (SFe = 5/2) sites.
Just in Time, Total Quality Management, and Supply Chain Management: Understanding Their Linkages and Impact on Business Performance

In recent years, numerous approaches have been proposed to improve operations performance. Three in particular, just in time, supply chain management, and quality management, have received considerable attention. While the three are sometimes viewed and implemented as if they were independent and distinct, they can also be used as three prongs of an integrated operations strategy. This study empirically examines the extent to which just in time, supply chain management, and quality management are correlated, and how they impact business performance. Results demonstrate that at both strategic and operational levels, linkages exist between how just in time, total quality management, and supply chain management are viewed by organizations as part of their operations strategy. Results also indicate that a commitment to quality and an understanding of supply chain dynamics have the greatest effect on performance.
Use of EM analysis to study shielding effects in microstrip circuits

This paper describes results obtained using electromagnetic (EM) analysis to investigate shielding effects in microstrip circuits. Questions considered include the following: 1) under what circumstances do the effects of a package with metallic top and side walls significantly affect the behavior of microstrip transmission line characteristics and discontinuity behavior?; and 2) are currently used "rules of thumb" sufficient for avoiding shielding effects? Shielding effects are not yet adequately accounted for in the linear nodal analyses of widely used microwave CAD software such as HP-EESOF Software's Libra or Compact Software's Microwave Harmonica. The common approach by designers is to try to avoid shielding effects by making sure that the package's cover and side walls are distanced from the circuit by three to five substrate thicknesses. The approach taken in this paper is to use the electromagnetic analysis software package "em" (available from Sonnet Software) as a tool in an attempt to answer the questions posed above. Confidence in em is gained by comparing em results to measured and independently obtained numerical data for an edge coupled bandpass four resonator filter. Shielding effects are then examined in selected microstrip examples.
The lateral hypothalamic area revisited: Ingestive behavior

This article discusses the role of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in feeding and drinking and draws on data obtained from lesion and stimulation studies and neurochemical and electrophysiological manipulations of the area. The LHA is involved in catecholaminergic and serotonergic feeding systems and plays a role in circadian feeding, sex differences in feeding and spontaneous activity. This article discusses the LHA regarding dietary self-selection, responses to high-protein diets, amino acid imbalances, liquid and cafeteria diets, placentophagia, "stress eating," finickiness, diet texture, consistency and taste, aversion learning, olfaction and the effects of post-operative period manipulations by hormonal and other means. Glucose-sensitive neurons have been identified in the LHA and their manipulation by insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose is discussed. The effects on feeding of numerous transmitters, hormones and appetite depressants are described, as is the role of the LHA in salivation, lacrimation, gastric motility and secretion, and sensorimotor deficits. The LHA is also illuminated as regards temperature and feeding, circumventricular organs and thirst and electrolyte dynamics. A discussion of its role in the ischymetric hypothesis as an integrative Gestalt concept concludes the review.
The Escherichia coli phage‐shock‐protein (psp) operon

The phage-shock-protein (psp) operon helps to ensure survival of Escherichia coli in late stationary phase at alkaline pH, and protects the cell against dissipation of its proton-motive force against challenge. It is strongly induced by filamentous phage pIV and its bacterial homologues, and by mutant porins that don't localize properly, as well as by a number of other stresses. Transcription of the operon is dependent on sigma54 and a constitutively active, autogenously controlled activator. psp-operon expression is controlled by one negatively and several positively acting regulators, none of which is a DNA-binding protein. The major product of the operon, PspA, may also serve as a negative regulator of an unusual porin, OmpG.
A New Voice or a Waste of Time? Wage Premiums from Using Computers for Communication in the UK Workplace

The paper uses the Workplace Employee Relations Survey data on workers to investigate the wage premium from using e‐mail in the workplace against other more traditional forms of communication. I try to discern whether the existence of a premium from using e‐mail is the product of the workplace encouraging worker productivity through voice, or represents unobserved worker skills in using new technology. Results indicate that any observed premium from using e‐mail is likely to arise from unobserved worker skills, and that any premium associated with voice in the workplace is likely to result from management choosing to reward such worker involvement.
Trace elements and vitamins in maintenance dialysis patients

Although protein-energy malnutrition occurs commonly in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis treatment, it is not the only form of malnutrition that may exist in these individuals. They may also suffer from deficiencies of micronutrients, particularly trace elements and vitamins. More commonly occurring vitamin deficiencies in maintenance dialysis patients include those for vitamin C (ascorbate), folate, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol). Among trace elements, deficiencies may occur more commonly for iron, zinc, and possibly selenium, whereas toxicities are more common with aluminum and possibly copper. Evidence suggests that there is an abnormally high prevalence of antioxidant deficiency in maintenance dialysis patients, especially because a low intake of protein and energy may be associated with inadequate ingestion of antioxidant vitamins (ie, vitamins E and C and carotenoids). Thus, some micronutrient deficiencies in maintenance dialysis patients may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Dietary requirements for vitamins and trace elements in maintenance dialysis patients are reviewed and the recommended daily intakes are discussed.
Immunomodulators, Immunostimulants, and Immunotherapies in Small Animal Veterinary Medicine

Immunomodulators, immunostimulants, and immunotherapies are important tools used by veterinary practitioners and researchers to control and direct the immune system of small animals. This article is an overview and summary of some of the most common immunomodulatory agents used in companion animals emphasizing steroidal and nonsteroidal agents, T-cell inhibitors, cytotoxic drugs, immunostimulators and biologic response modifying agents, and neoplasia chemotherapeutic agents.
Changes in phrenic, mylohyoid, and hypoglossal nerve activities that follow intravenous infusions of aminophylline

Abstract We determined whether or not administrations of aminophylline would produce differential changes in activities of the hypoglossal nerve and the mylohyoid branch of the trigeminal nerve, compared with phrenic nerve activity. The former two nerves innervate muscles influencing the upper airway, whereas the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm, a major muscle of the ventilatory pump. Neural activities were recorded in decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed, and ventilated cats. Peak integrate phrenic activity generally increased with intravenous infusions of cumulative doses of aminophylline ranging from 1.0 to 64 mg/kg. The concomitant changes in trigeminal and hypoglossal activities were extremely variable. In some animals, peak integrated trigeminal and/or hypoglossal activities rose progressively with increasing doses of aminophylline. For other animals, maximum levels of neural activities were attained at intermediate doses and declined at higher dose levels. Results were similar in animals having bilateral sections of the carotid sinus nerves. The variable changes in neural activities may reflect the multiple sites of action of aminophylline in the brain stem.
The woven gender: made for a woman, but stronger for a man

This paper will analyze the construction of gender in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election for the two primary candidates—Ann Richards and George W. Bush. This analysis invites two conclusions: The gender identities constructed for both Ann Richards and George W. Bush entailed a combination of traditionally masculine and feminine images and themes, as well as an articulation of particularly “feminist” issues. The result was the construction of a woven gender both rhetorically useful and increasingly utilized by both sexes in mediated politics.
Measurement of Burst Pressure of Capillary Burst Valve

Capillary burst valve (CBV), a counterpart to an elastomeric diaphragm microvalve, handles fluid in microchannels by capillarity. Thus, it avoids integration of mechanical components. We experimentally estimated the burst pressure, beyond which CBV cannot hold fluid, using fluids with distinct surface tensions in CBVs grafted with distinct surface constitutions in microchannels. We found that both the fluid surface tension and the solid surface constitution influence the burst pressure. The burst pressure reduces more significantly under the influence of the fluid surface tension.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Terror and Collateral Damage: Are they Permissible?*

This article begins by comparing terror and death and then focuses on whether killing combatants and noncombatants as a mere means to create terror, that is in turn a means to winning a war, is ever permissible. The role of intentions and alternative acts one might have done is examined in this regard. The second part of the article begins by criticizing a standard justification for causing collateral (side effect) deaths in war and offers an alternative justification that makes use of the idea of group liability.
Some Observations of Double- and Triple-Quantum Transitions

Data are presented which show that it is possible to observe transitions for which $\ensuremath{\Delta}J=0$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{J}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 or \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3$ in a molecule characterized by a total angular $J$. It is also possible to observe transitions for which $\ensuremath{\Delta}F=0$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{F}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 or \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3$ in an atom characterized by a total angular momentum $F$. In each case the process occurs by the absorption or stimulated emission of two or three equienergetic quanta.
One-impulse targeting strategy for longitudinal drift control of geosynchronous spacecraft subject to tesseral harmonics and luni-solar gravity perturbations

Kamel's (1973) East-West Stationkeeping Analysis is extended and an algorithm is presented that targets the geosynchronous spacecraft to the ideal initial conditions starting from any given relative longitude deviation within a given tolerance deadband in order to repeat the ideal longitudinal drift cycle that results in the longest possible period of time between maneuvers. The motion description takes into account the perturbations introduced by earth's tesseral harmonics and by the luni-solar gravity, assuming a near-circular orbit that requires only the control of orbital energy to repeat the ideal drift cycle via a single impulsive velocity change. The location of the maneuver along the orbit is such that the post-Delta-V eccentricity is always minimized.
Action of Certain Germicides on Meningococcus

ConclusionsMeningococci are more resistant to the lethal action of certain chemicals than the gram-negative organisms usually employed in germicidal tests.
Diminished actin polymerization by neutrophils from newborn infants

ABSTRACT: During the newborn period, abnormalities of neutrophil (PMN) function predispose infants to serious bacterial disease. Actin is a major contributor to PMN shape change and motile behavior. To determine the mechanism underlying defects in newborn granulocyte polarity and chemotaxis, we investigated actin polymerization by cord blood PMN from healthy term infants and adult controls. F-actin (filamentous) content was quantified in the resting state and after stimulation by fluorescence-activated cell-sorter analysis of nitrobenzoxadiazole-phallacidin-stained cells. PMN from newborn infants demonstrated similar basal F-actin levels when compared with adults. N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine induced a marked increase in actin polymerization that was maximal at 30 s in both neonates and adults and that then declined slowly (depolymerization) over the following 10 min. However, the F-actin content of PMN from newborn infants was significantly diminished when compared with adults at 30 and 60 s after N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine stimulation (p < 0.05). Both the rate and dose response of N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine-induced actin polymerization were similar for adult and neonatal PMN. PMN from newborn infants also demonstrated significantly diminished actin polymerization when compared with adults 60 s after stimulation with platelet-activating factor (p < 0.05). Decreased concentrations of F-actin may help explain the observed abnormalities of PMN polarity and chemotaxis in healthy newborn infants.
Spontaneously occurring anticoagulant against antihemophilic globulin in a previously normal subject

Abstract The occurrence in an apparently normal man of a circulating AHG anticoagulan; associated with an increase in a specific gamma globulin is recorded. Treatment has been ineffective, and crippling bleeding continues. The demonstration, locus of action and characterization of the anticoagulant is described.
Time-dependent shrinkage of polymeric micelles of amphiphilic block copolymers containing semirigid oligocholate hydrophobes.

Abstract Alkyne-derivatized poly(ethylene glycol) (M.W. 5000) was coupled to several azide-terminated oligocholates by the click reaction to form amphiphilic block copolymers. A copolymer with a cholate hexamer as the hydrophobic block formed polymeric micelles that shrank by ∼50% over a period of 10 h at 25 °C. Shrinkage was faster and more dramatic at 35 °C. Shortening the oligocholate by two units or inserting a 4-aminobutyroyl spacer in the hexacholate eliminated or diminished the shrinkage. Metastable aggregates were proposed to form when the block copolymers began to aggregate in water. The large hydrophobic surface, awkward shape, rigidity, and facial amphiphilicity of the cholate repeat unit and the long chain made it difficult for the oligocholates to adjust within the micellar core. As the oligocholates rearranged to maximize hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen-bonding while minimizing conformational strain, the polymeric micelles became more compact over time.
Some matrix minimization problems

We use the Hoffman-Wielandt inequalities to solve several minimum norm problems and a matrix minimization problem that arises in determining the maximum power transfer in an electric circuit.
Establishing the Synergy of Forces Governing TIM3 Binding to Lipid Membranes

T cell/transmembrane immunoglobulin mucin protein 3 (TIM3) is an integral membrane protein on the plasma membranes of phagocytes and other cells that participates in the recognition of surface-marked cells by the innate immune system. It recognizes its targets by specifically binding phosphatidylserine (PS) on their surfaces. Thus, a detailed characterization of the TIM3/lipid interaction is key to understanding its function. Our group has recently identified the binding orientation of TIM3 to lipid membranes, leading us to hypothesize a synergy of different forces in play in the TIM3/lipid interaction. Here we established hydrophobic insertion and electrostatic attraction as two other forces, in addition to the well-known calcium-mediated binding to PS at a pocket on the protein surface. We have further quantified these three forces in terms of dissociation constants in different large unilamellar vesicle systems, using fluorescence spectral shift as the tool. Our quantitative analysis has led to the surprising discovery of a three- to four- fold affinity enhancement effect of minute amounts of the negatively charged phosphatidic acid (PA) are present in the membrane. Study of this PA enhancement effect has been extended to TIM1 and TIM4, two other members of the TIM protein family, and the results will be discussed.
Milk Fat and Total Solids Composition of Purchased Vanilla Ice Cream Samples

Abstract Fat and total solids content of 233 vanilla ice cream samples were measured in duplicate by Mojonnier procedures in 1982 and 1983. Over 16% of the samples were below the minimum of 10.0% milk fat. One half of the samples were between 10.0 and 12.0% milk fat, and the remaining samples contained more than 12.0% milk fat. The total solids content of two-thirds of the samples was between 37.0 and 40.0%. Although 18% of the samples had more than 40% total solids, 15.0% of the samples contained less than 37.0% total solids. During 1983, 18.2% of the 99 samples contained less than the minimum required 2.25 lb of ice cream per half gallon. Manufacturers should check the milk fat and total solids content of each batch of mix prior to freezing. Packaged weight should be checked more closely while freezing to assure that minimum requirements are met.
TRANSFUSION-ACQUIRED HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION IN NEONATES

Eleven neonates received blood from two HIV infected donors. All developed laboratory and/or clinical evidence of HIV infection, usually in the first year of life. Nine of 11 had serum antibody to HIV when tested between 9 and 16 months of age; two seronegative infants were severely hypogammaglobulinemic when tested. Nine patients developed a variety of illnesses characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, and thrombocytopenia. Infections, including pneumonia, mucocutaneous candidiasis, and sepsis were a major source of morbidity and mortality. Two children have remained continuously asymptomatic. In follow-up ranging from two to four years, five patients have died, four others had HIV associated illnesses, but recovered and are now healthy. All patients had immunologie abnormalities; the most consistent finding was a decreased proportion of T-helper cells. Three patients had panhypogammaglobulinemia. These infants had significantly lower numbers of T-helper cells compared to patients with normal or increased serum immunoglobulin concentrations (P=0.012). We conclude that exposure to HIV via transfusion in the neonatal period results in an extremely high rate of infection with substantial mortality and morbidity, but clinical recovery occurs in some patients. Second, hypogammaglobulinemia may be more common in infants with HIV infection than previously appreciated.
On the spectral picture of an irreducible subnormal operator

In this paper we show that the spectral picture of an irreducible subnormal operator may be arbitrarily prescribed subject only to certain natural necessary conditions. This completes work begun by the second author.
The geometric minimum action method for computing minimum energy paths

An algorithm is proposed to calculate the minimum energy path (MEP). The algorithm is based on a variational formulation in which the MEP is characterized as the curve minimizing a certain functional. The algorithm performs this minimization using a preconditioned steepest-descent scheme with a reparametrization step to enforce a constraint on the curve parametrization.
A Model for Predicting Average Fire Engine Travel Times

We propose, motivate, and test a model for predicting ET, the expected fire engine travel time in a region, given the region's area, A; the number of fire engines stationed there, n; the alarm rate, λ; and the expected total service time per alarm, ES. The model is ET = α + β [A/n-λES]γ. Estimates of the values of parameters α, β, and γ are given for New York City, where the model has been validated, and used in analyzing fire engine deployment problems. Recent changes in the number and location of fire engines in New York City were based partially on this analysis.
Comparative study of ozone (O3) uptake in three strains of rats and in the guinea pig.

Abstract Ozone uptake was assessed in awake, spontaneously breathing Fischer-344 Sprague-Dawley, and Long-Evans rats and Hartley guinea pigs to provide data on the dosimetry of O3 in small laboratory animals. This information is needed for extrapolation of O3 toxicity data from experimental animals to man. Breathing measurements and O3 exposure data were obtained using a head-out body plethysmograph connected to a noseonly exposure system. The fractional uptake of O3 was computed by measuring flow and O3 concentration both upstream and downstream from the nose. The quantity of O3 removed by the animal, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and tidal breathing measurements were automatically recorded once each minute. All animal types were exposed for 1 hr to 0.3 ppm O3. Other Fischer-344 rats were also exposed for 1 hr to 0.0 or to 0.6 ppm O3. Exposure concentrations of O3 had no significant effect on percentage O3 uptake in Fischer-344 rats. Results showed that percentage O3 uptake (47%) did not differ significantly among the three strains of rats nor between the rats and the guinea pigs. Similarly, percentage O3 uptake was independent of animal age, lung weight, and lung volume as well as normal variations encountered in the resting breathing measures. However, species-specific ventilation and O3 concentration were the primary determinants of the accumulated lung dose of O3 during the exposures.
"Just because we can doesn't mean we should": Views of nurses on deactivation of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators

Purpose This study aims to identify nurses’ concerns about the clinical, ethical, and legal aspects of deactivating cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs).
Comparing two diverse methods for generating perceptual maps: Multidimensional scaling versus the hand-drawn technique

Abstract Multidimensional scaling techniques have lately been subjected to criticism because of a supposed lack of reliability and validity. Yet, no alternative cognitive map-producing techniques have been suggested. The present research describes a graphic technique for developing cognitive maps and compares this technique to multidimensional scaling in terms of reliability and validity. The two techniques are also compared in terms of perceived subject difficulty in completing the tasks and the ability of each technique to predict future brand behavior.
Report on blind subjects' tactile and auditory recognition for environmental stimuli.

In two related experiments on recognition—on touch and audition—accuracy rates were obtained from congenitally blind subjects and compared with those for normally sighted subjects. In Exp. 1, 5 blind subjects inspected, i.e., handled, 150 common objects and were tested after a delay of 7 days. In Exp. 2, 9 blind subjects listened to 194 naturalistic sounds and were also rested after a 7-day delay. Accuracy of tactile recognition for the blind was 89.4% while it was 87.9% for the normally sighted. Sound recognition by blind subjects was 76.6% and for the normally sighted it was 78.4%. Neither difference was statistically significant.
3-D motion estimation using a sequence of noisy stereo images: models, estimation, and uniqueness results

A kinematic model-based approach for the estimation of 3-D motion parameters from a sequence of noisy stereo images is discussed. The approach is based on representing the constant acceleration translational motion and constant precession rotational motion in the form of a bilinear state-space model using standard rectilinear states for translation and quaternions for rotation. Closed-form solutions of the state transition equations are obtained to propagate the quaternions. The measurements are noisy perturbations of 3-D feature points represented in an inertial coordinate system. It is assumed that the 3-D feature points are extracted from the stereo images and matched over the frames. Owing to the nonlinearity in the state model, nonlinear filters are designed for the estimation of motion parameters. Simulation results are included. The Cramer-Rao performance bounds for motion parameter estimates are computed. A constructive proof for the uniqueness of motion parameters is given. It is shown that with uniform sampling in time, three noncollinear feature points in five consecutive binocular image pairs contain all the spatial and temporal information. Both nondegenerate and degenerate motions are analyzed. A deterministic algorithm to recover motion parameters from a stereo image sequence is summarized from the constructive proof. >
Practical reconstruction method for bioluminescence tomography

Bioluminescence tomography (BLT) is used to localize and quantify bioluminescent sources in a small living animal. By advancing bioluminescent imaging to a tomographic framework, it helps to diagnose diseases, monitor therapies and facilitate drug development. In this paper, we establish a direct linear relationship between measured surface photon density and an unknown bioluminescence source distribution by using a finite-element method based on the diffusion approximation to the photon propagation in biological tissue. We develop a novel reconstruction algorithm to recover the source distribution. This algorithm incorporates a priori knowledge to define the permissible source region in order to enhance numerical stability and efficiency. Simulations with a numerical mouse chest phantom demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed BLT algorithm and reveal its performance in terms of source location, density, and robustness against noise. Lastly, BLT experiments are performed to identify the location and power of two light sources in a physical mouse chest phantom.
Photoresist characterization for lithography simulation: IV. Processing effects on resist parameters

In the past, resist parameters (exposure and development parameters) were typically only available for a single set of processing conditions. Therefore, it has been impossible to explore the effect of processing conditions on resist performance using simulation. In this work, a statistical experimental design and response surface analysis technique was used in conjunction with our improved parameter extraction techniques to investigate the effect of processing conditions on the exposure and development parameters for a commercial i- line resist. The effect of soft bake time and temperature on the exposure parameters and the effect of soft bake temperature, soft bake time, post-exposure bake temperature, and post-exposure bake time on development parameters is discussed. Using this information, it is possible for the first time to consider optimizing resist processing conditions using lithographic simulations.
Joint Computing and Network Resource Scheduling in a Lambda Grid Network

Data-intensive Grid applications require huge data transfers between grid computing nodes. These computing nodes, where computing jobs are executed, are usually geographically separated. A grid network that employs optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology and optical switches to interconnect computing resources with dynamically provisioned multigigabit rate bandwidth lightpath is called a Lambda Grid network. A computing task may be executed on any one of several computing nodes which possesses the necessary resources. In order to reflect the reality in job scheduling, allocation of network resources for data transfer should be taken into consideration. However, few scheduling methods consider the communication contention on Lambda Grids. In this paper, we investigate the joint scheduling problem while considering both optical network and computing resources in a Lambda Grid network. The objective of our work is to maximize the total number of jobs that can be scheduled in a Lambda Grid network. An adaptive routing algorithm is proposed and implemented for accomplishing the communication tasks for every job submitted in the network. Four heuristics (FIFO, ESTF, LJF, RS) are implemented for job scheduling of the computational tasks. Simulation results prove the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed solution.
Antenatal risk screening and scoring: a new look

At the individual level, risk assessment is fundamental to antenatal care. But at the program level, there are real difficulties associated with it, of which the most important is the false negatives - women with no (or few) risk factors who experience complications. This paper evaluates several commonly used indicators of risk in terms of both maternal (cephalopelvic disproportion) and fetal (low birthweight/prematurity) outcomes. The literature shows that obstetric history is a better measure of risk than so-called demographic variables like age and parity. When assessing the utility of a risk factor, Us sensitivity must be evaluated against the likelihood of false negatives. If risk assessment is practiced effectively, it must include a means of ensuring prompt treatment for low risk women with (unexpected) complications.
Connective tissue metabolism including cytokines in scleroderma.

A growing body of evidence is shedding light on how vascular injury, tissue mononuclear cell infiltrates, and fibrogenesis are related in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Recent evidence points to a role for adhesion molecules in the binding of mononuclear leukocytes to endothelium and transvascular migration of these cells to connective tissue sites. Further interaction of mononuclear leukocyte integrins with connective tissue components at these sites leads to cytokine and growth factor release, resulting in upregulation of matrix production by fibroblasts and alterations of the fibroblast phenotype, leading to fibrogenesis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 1993, 5:766-772
Traversing planes of learning

Learning, cognition and knowledge building can be analyzed at multiple units of analysis. For instance, analyses of CSCL are often conducted on one of three levels: individual learning, small-group cognition or community knowledge building. One can identify and analyze important processes taking place at each of these levels of description. This tripartite distinction is grounded in the practices of CSCL. With its focus on collaborative learning, CSCL naturally emphasizes providing support for dyads and small groups working together. In practice, CSCL small-group activities are often orchestrated within a classroom context by providing some initial time for individual activities (such as background reading or homework drill), followed by the small-group work, and then culminating in whole-class sharing of group findings. Thus, the typical classroom practices tend to create three distinguishable levels of activity. Often, the teacher sees the group work as a warm-up or stimulation and preparation for the whole-class discussion, facilitated directly by the teacher. Conversely, the importance of testing individual performance and valuing individual learning positions the group work as a training ground for the individual participants, who are then assessed on their own, outside of the collaborative context. In both of these ways, group cognition tends to be treated as secondary to either individual or community goals. By contrast, the role of intersubjective learning is foundational in Vygotsky (1930/1978), the seminal theoretical source for CSCL. Regardless of which is taken as primary, the three planes are actualized in CSCL practice, and the matter of their relative roles and connections becomes subsequently problematic for CSCL theory (Dillenbourg et al. 1996; Rogoff 1995; Stahl 2006). While these different units, levels, dimensions or planes are intrinsically intertwined, research efforts generally focus on only one of them and current analytic methodologies are designed for only one. Furthermore, there is little theoretical understanding of how the different planes are connected. To the extent that researchers discuss the connections among levels, they rely upon commonsensical notions of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (2012) 7:467–473 DOI 10.1007/s11412-012-9159-7
Toward the Reduction of Entrapment

The following stories recently appeared in the Business Section of The New York Times.* The first, dated December 7, 1981, read as follows: Lockhead to Halt Output of Tristar (13-Year Loss Near $2.5 Billion)—“Lack of Orders” Blamed The Lockheed Corporation announced today that it had decided to halt production of its L-1011 Tristar jumbo jetliner and write of losses of $400 million. The company said it had lost $2.5 billion on the L-1011 program since it began 13 years ago in a trans-Atlantic partnership with Rolls-Royce. With the Tristar, Lockheed was hoping to recapture the commerical airliner business that it had abandoned … By taking a $400 million write-off in phasing out the L-1011, Lockheed has plenty of company. In 1979 the United States Steel Corporation wrote off 14 steelmaking and fabricating facilities at a total charge of $809 million. In the same year International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, as a result of closing its Rayonier pulp mill in Quebec, wrote off $320 million … The Chairman (of Lockheed) said, “Despite an intensive marketing effort the existing backlog of orders is not enough to sustain continued production at an economically justifiable level.”
Empirical methods of subsidence prediction—a case study from Illinois

Abstract Subsidence profiles above two adjacent panels in Illinois are compared with profiles predicting subsidence behaviour obtained using the (i) National Coal Board (NCB) [1] method, (ii) the profile function method and (iii) the influence function method. The NCB method predicts the maximum subsidence values at the centre of the troughs accurately but the overall shapes of these predicted profiles do not match the profiles from the measured data well. Consistent values for the angles of draw were measured by these angles were different in the transverse (average values 43°) and in the longitudinal (average value 17.5°) directions. Time dependent subsidence effects are shown to be small but measurable. These displacements continue at a linear rate for at least a 12 month period. A comparison of measured horizontal distances, interpreted as horizontal strain, and the NCB predictions for strain shows that the peak measured strains are greater by a factor of about four than the predicted strains. The relationship between surface curvature and strain is investigated. Problems associated with calculation of surface curvatures from vertical displacement data are highlighted and a recommendation is made for future studies to consider direct measurement of this parameter. Surface curvatures above a moving face are found to be about three times less than the curvatures at the stationary end of the panel. On the other hand, a hyperbolic tangent profile function is shown to serve as an accurate predictive tool for subsidence behaviour in two adjacent longwall panels at Old Ben Number 24 mine in Illinois. This function predicts not only the vertical displacements but also the surface curvatures above both panels. Influence functions are shown to be more problematic, although potentially more flexible, in their application than the profile functions.
Estimating Local Welfare Generated by an NFL Team under Credible Threat of Relocation

This study offers the opportunity to examine the welfare contribution of the Minnesota Vikings to Minnesota households in the context of a credible threat of team relocation. We find the credibility of the threat of relocation is essential to providing unbiased estimates of welfare. This study utilizes contingent valuation methodology (CVM) and a random utility model (RUM) to analyze Minnesotans' decision-making mechanisms for supporting a new stadium initiative. While previous studies have attempted to measure the welfare associated with a sports franchise, we develop and discuss bias that may be imparted to estimates when the researcher fails to calculate a “choke price.” Further, we develop an unbiased approach to identify welfare when respondents perceive a risk of losing the franchise. The range of welfare contribution by the Vikings to households in Minnesota is $;445.3 million to $;1,571.3 million according to a 95% confidence interval based on our study.
Improved Probe-Sample Signal Based Modeling of Scanning Probe Microscopes

In this paper, we present significant improvements to a scanning probe microscope (SPM) modeling technique that uses the SPM’s probe-surface interaction signal to model the lateral dynamics of the SPM. The fundamental idea behind this modeling method is to use the topography signal resulting from a sinusoidal scan of a known calibration surface to develop a transfer function model of the AFM dynamics. This method is useful in situations where sensors are either unavailable, insufficient, or require independent calibration. The method is experimentally implemented to model a commercial atomic force microscope system (AFM).Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Glycoprotein D actively induces rapid internalization of two nectin-1 isoforms during herpes simplex virus entry

Entry of herpes simplex virus (HSV) occurs either by fusion at the plasma membrane or by endocytosis and fusion with an endosome. Binding of glycoprotein D (gD) to a receptor such as nectin-1 is essential in both cases. We show that virion gD triggered the rapid down-regulation of nectin-1 with kinetics similar to those of virus entry. In contrast, nectin-1 was not constitutively recycled from the surface of uninfected cells. Both the nectin-1alpha and beta isoforms were internalized in response to gD despite having different cytoplasmic tails. However, deletion of the nectin-1 cytoplasmic tail slowed down-regulation of nectin-1 and internalization of virions. These data suggest that nectin-1 interaction with a cytoplasmic protein is not required for its down-regulation. Overall, this study shows that gD binding actively induces the rapid internalization of various forms of nectin-1. We suggest that HSV activates a nectin-1 internalization pathway to use for endocytic entry.
Existence, relatedness, or growth? Examining turnover intention of public child welfare caseworkers from a human needs approach

Abstract Research suggests pay and benefits are ineffective to sustain a stable workforce in public child welfare. It is important to know what other mechanisms would motivate caseworkers to stay at the job. However, the relation of factors contributing to the prevalent problem of turnover in public child welfare remains unclear in part due to a lack of theoretical base in research. This study therefore develops a conceptual framework based on the human needs theory of Alderfer (1969, 1972) to examine what motivates caseworkers' turnover intention. The three categories of needs are existence needs regarding pay and benefits, relatedness needs regarding at-work relationships and life-work balance, and growth needs regarding career development and fulfillment. With a secondary dataset of 289 caseworkers in a northeastern state, our structural equation modeling results show the dynamics between caseworkers' needs and their differential impact on turnover intention. The effect of existence needs on turnover intention is completely mediated by growth needs. Moreover, the variable of growth needs is found to have the strongest total effect among the three need categories. Administration and management may attenuate turnover intention by enhancing caseworkers' growth needs with respect to meaningfulness of daily practice, contingent rewards, and development of personal career goals.
Maternal behavior modulates X-linked inheritance of behavioral coping in the defensive burying test.

Background Complex behavioral traits such as coping strategies in response to stress are usually formed by genetic and environmental influences.
Asymptomatically Synchronous Esophageal Cancer Incidentally Detected by F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in a Prostate Cancer Patient

The emergence of a second primary cancer is usually one of the leading causes of therapeutic failure in patients with known malignancies. Detection of a second primary cancer may reduce the corresponding morbidity and mortality, especially in patients without the symptoms that are illustrative of a second primary malignancy. Here, we report a rare coincidence of an asymptomatically synchronous esophageal cancer incidentally detected by F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in a 65-year-old prostate cancer patient. The treatment strategy was accordingly changed to esophagectomy with colon interposition and jejunostomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
The effect of economic affluence and ecological degradation on Chinese environmental concern: a multilevel analysis

Despite being the world’s second largest economy and the single largest producer of carbon dioxide, few studies have analyzed the nature of the Chinese general public’s concern over environmental quality. This paper engages in the longstanding discussion of the postmaterialist values theory and the objective problems subjective values (OPSV) theory that might explain that concern. Specifically, I assess the impacts of economic affluence and ecologic degradation on the likelihood of environmental concern for over 3,000 individuals across 26 provinces in China. I initially use principal component factor analysis to identify three distinct dimensions of general environmental concern. I then employ correlation and regression methods to analyze the associations between these aspects of environmental concern and potential explanatory variables. Individual-level analysis and provincial-level analysis indicate that ecological degradation and economic affluence influence one’s overall environmental concern. By using empirical evidence in China to test theoretical frameworks that were originally proposed in the Western world, this paper contributes to the ongoing study of environmental concern. In addition, the formation of public environmental concern can serve as an important prerequisite to initiate collective protests and promote policy changes to improve the deteriorating environment.
A Probability Theory Based Intelligent QoS Multicast Routing Algorithm

In this paper, taking the characteristics of NGI (Next Generation Internet) into account, and base on its network model and mathematical model, a probability theory based intelligent QoS multicast routing algorithm is presented. Under inaccurate information of QoS parameters, using fast searching ability of DE (Differential Evolution), the proposed algorithm tries to find a multicast routing tree with the maximum probability of meeting with QoS requirement under the given cost. Simulation results have shown that the proposed algorithm is both feasible and effective.
The challenge to understanding 26Al emission from OB associations

Abstract From recent models of 26 Al synthesis in core-collapse (Type II and Ib/c) supernovae and Wolf-Rayet stars, we have calculated the expected 1.809 MeV line fluxes from the decay of 26 Al, produced in nearby OB associations. We find that 26 Al synthesis solely in Type II supernovae and Wolf-Rayet stars fails by factors ⩾3 to account for the observed 1.809 MeV line fluxes from the nearby OB associations, Cyg OB2, Vela OB1, and Ori OB1a. However, the expected line fluxes from the six other comparable OB associations are all consistent with the observed upper limits. Thus, we suggest that the line emission has a stochastic component resulting from the very limited number of massive stars in each of these OB associations. As one possible source of this component, we have suggested 26 Al synthesis from the previously ignored, binary SNIb/c supernovae, which seem to be able to account for the rarer but much more intense 1.809 MeV flux observed from the three OB associations.
THE CHEMISTRY OF 1,1′-THIOBIS-(2-CHLOROETHANE) (SULPHUR MUSTARD) PART I. SOME SIMPLE DERIVATIVES

Abstract Some derivatives of 1,1′-thiobis(2-chloroethane) (sulphur mustard) have been synthesised for use as reference compounds in a wide range of studies embracing analysis, metabolism, environmental degradation and decontamination. Compounds include products formed by hydrolysis, substitution and elimination reactions and their oxidised sulphoxide and sulphone analogues. A comprehensive series of methylthio, methylsulphinyl and methylsulphonyl derivatives has been synthesised in support of metabolic studies.