cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statewide Gerontology Education, Training, and Information Technology Transfer

Abstract The Geriatric Education Center of Pennsylvania (GEC/ PA)-a Collaborative among Temple University, Pennsylvania State University and the University of Pittsburgh-and the Pennsylvania Health Care Association (PHCA) formed a partnership to provide education and training in geriatrics and gerontology for students in the health care disciplines, faculty who teach the curricula, and practicing health care professionals, and to provide information about aging to the general population in Pennsylvania. To meet this goal, the development of an educational CD-ROM and on-line educational modules, the initiation of the Pennsylvania Aging Information System (PAIS), and the installation of computer videoconferencing systems were proposed to the Pennsylvania Department of Education in response to a request for proposal (Link2Learn Infrastructure Investment Program) issued in the fall of 1997. Training was proposed to be available to geographically remote providers on a regular basis, with follow-up consultation...
United States Adherence to the Berne Convention and Copyright Protection of Information-Based Technologies

The Berne Convention, which governs the international aspects of copyright protection in its signatory countries, has been in existence for over one hundred years. During that period, numerous attempts have been made to reform United States copyright law to permit our entry into the Convention, but while the reasons for our not joining may have varied with time, the United States has never acceded to its terms. Nevertheless, the differences between United States law and the requirements of the Berne Convention have steadily narrowed over the years, most particularly with the adoption of the Copyright Act of 1976. With increasing concerns about international piracy of the creative works of American authors, a major groundswell of support for United States entry into Berne has recently developed and seems to be gaining momentum. Three bills to amend United States copyright law to permit our joining the Convention were introduced in 1987. The movement toward Berne is not without opponents, but the debate has focused on the historical issue of the desirability of maintaining our traditional differences from the requirements of the Convention, such as the United States preference for certain formalities like a notice of copyright on published works and the Convention demand that its members provide for moral rights of authorship. This article raises the neglected issue of the effect of United States entry into the Berne convention and the protection of information-based technology like computer programs and databases under American copyright law.
Variances of additive and dominance genetic effects for ovulation and twinning rates in a population selected for twinning.

Estimates of variances due to additive and dominance genetic effects and permanent and temporary environmental effects were obtained for ovulation and twinning rates from a composite population selected for twinning rate. Measures of ovulation rate after 11 mo of age on 2,317 heifers with a total of 19,209 measures were used. Twinning measures were on 1,522 first-parity cows, 1,311 later-parity cows with a total of 3,571 measures, and 1,704 all-parity cows with 5,100 measures. Models included fixed effects of year-season-age at calving for twinning, and year-season of birth, age in months, and calendar month of measurement for ovulation rate. Four analyses were performed for each sample: combinations of models with and without dominance effects and with and without covariates for fractions of inheritance from the seven foundation groups. Variance components as fractions of phenotypic variance for analysis of all ovulation rate measures were .076, .000, and .045 for additive, dominance, and permanent environmental effects with no foundation groups in the model and .069, .000, and .050 with foundation groups in the model. For sums of eight measures, the estimates were .287 and .000 for relative variances of additive and dominance effects with groups in the model and .316 and .000 with groups ignored. For twinning rate for first parity, estimates were .126 and .209 for relative variances of additive and dominance effects; for later parities, estimates were .045 and .035 for models including foundation group effects. The results suggest lack of dominance effects in expression of ovulation rate and the possibility of dominance effects for embryo and(or) fetal survival or conception rate because twinning rate is a function of ovulation, conception, and embryo and(or) fetal survival rates.
Skirts, trousers, or hanbok?

Abstract This paper explores the significance of the dress styles in creating an acceptable image of a public woman by delineating the clothing behavior of Korean women legislators. Because there is no Korean role precedent for women politicians, they have had to rely on their own ingenuity and instinct to negotiate their entry into the male bastion of politics. The three variations in the dress styles (Western, Korean, and cross-dressing) represent a mosaic of Korean women's strategies to win political positions amidst the dialectic of the systems of dual dress styles and of contradictory dual gender-role ideologies. Although there is a continuity in each dress style from the pioneer- to the second-generation women legislators, its symbolic and political significance has changed. This relates, I argue, to the social and political contexts of women's participation in national politics in Korea and to the complex differences in personal backgrounds and experiences of individual women legislators.
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) in muscle development. Expression of IGF-I, the IGF-I receptor, and an IGF binding protein during myoblast differentiation.

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II exert pleiotropic effects on diverse cell types through interaction with specific high affinity cell surface receptors and with locally produced binding proteins. In skeletal muscle and in myoblast cell lines, the functions of IGF-I and -II are complex. Both growth factors appear capable of stimulating cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as exerting insulin-like effects on intermediary metabolism. We have demonstrated recently that the expression of IGF-II and its receptor is induced during the terminal differentiation of the myoblast cell line, C2, and have suggested that IGF-II may be an autocrine growth factor in these cells (Tollefsen, S.E., Sadow, J.L., and Rotwein, P. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 1543–1547). We now have examined this cell line for expression of other components involved in IGF signaling. The synthesis of IGF-I is low during myoblast proliferation; IGF-I mRNA can be detected only through use of a sensitive solution hybridization assay. Typical IGF-I receptors can be measured in myoblasts, whereas IGF binding proteins cannot be detected in proliferating cells or in conditioned culture medium. During myogenic differentiation, IGF-I mRNA levels increase transiently by 6–10-fold within 48–72 h. The expression of IGF-I mRNA is accompanied by a 2.5-fold accumulation of IGF-I in the culture medium. IGF-I receptors also increase transiently, doubling by 48 h after the onset of differentiation. By contrast, secretion of a Mr 29,000 IGF binding protein is induced 30-fold to 100 ng/ml within 16 h and continues to increase throughout differentiation. These studies demonstrate that several components critical to IGF action are produced in a fusing skeletal muscle cell line in a differentiation-dependent manner and suggest that both IGF-I and IGF-II may be autocrine factors for muscle.
Supergravity Inflation by Right‐handed Sneutrino

After a brief discussion on the problems in constructing inflation models in supergravity, we shall discuss for illustration a concrete example where an inflaton field is identified as a right‐handed sneutrino in a D‐term dominated potential.
Review: After coronary DES placement, longer vs shorter DAPT increases major bleeding and death and reduces MI.

Source Citation Spencer FA, Prasad M, Vandvik PO, et al. Longer versus shorter duration dual-antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stent placement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Inte...
Diversity in Business: Is It Still a White (Heterosexual, Christian, Western-Educated) Man’s World?

This chapter explores the demographics and diversity of business schools: students, faculty members, authors, and course materials.
Why a true account of human development requires exemplar research.

This chapter uses moral psychology to illustrate why exemplar methods are essential for building a valid, complete understanding of key domains of human development. Social psychological, economic, and biological-evolutionary paradigms for studying morality rely on samples drawn from the general population. This research reveals a bleak picture of morality, highlighting its irrational, self-interested, externally controlled aspects. If the subjects in these studies are confused, pliable, or profit-maximizing, these studies conclude that people in general are morally irrational and self-interested. In contrast, studies that investigate morally exceptional individuals reveal a more thoughtful, ideal-driven, self-reflective, creative version of moral functioning. Any account that neglects this high-functioning segment of the range is seriously misleading and cannot provide the basis for aspiration or education. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The cost of injury.

The public health problem of injury has an enormous impact on individuals and society, both as a health and economic issue. Prior to the last decade, little attention has been paid to the costs generated by injury, much of which is preventable. By looking at aggregate economic costs for different injuries and population groups, the physician can understand where the problems occur that need to be addressed to curb this staggering burden on society.
The coordinate system for force control

The primary objective of this study was to establish the coordinate frame for force control by observing how parameters of force that are not explicitly specified by a motor task vary across the workspace. We asked subjects to apply a force of a specific magnitude with their hand. Subjects could complete the task by applying forces in any direction of their choice in the transverse plane. They were tested with the arm in seven different configurations. To estimate whether contact forces are represented in extrinsic or intrinsic coordinates, we applied the parallel transport method of differential geometry to the net joint torques applied during the task. This approach allowed us to compare the force variability observed at different arm configurations with the force variability that would be expected if the control system were applying an invariant pattern of joint torques at the tested configurations. The results indicate that for the majority of the subjects, the predominant pattern was consistent with an invariant representation in joint coordinates. However, two out of eleven subjects also demonstrated a preference for extrinsic representation. These findings suggest that the central nervous system can represent contact forces in both coordinate frames, with a prevalence toward intrinsic representations.
Male breast cancer: a review of the literature

Although breast cancer is uncommon in men, it can cause significant morbidity and mortality. The current review was undertaken to determine whether strategies applied for the evaluation and treatment of breast cancer in females are appropriate in male breast cancer. Male breast cancer has biological differences compared with female breast cancer, including a high prevalence in certain parts of Africa, a higher incidence of oestrogen receptor positivity and more aggressive clinical behaviour. It responds to hormonal manipulation and chemotherapy, but optimal treatment regimens in males are unknown. Male breast cancer remains an uncommon disease. Most of our current knowledge regarding its biology, natural history and treatment strategies has been extrapolated from its female counterpart. Much research is needed to further characterise the molecular biological properties of male breast tumours and their prognostic significance, and to devise treatment strategies, including optimal chemotherapy regimens.
Chronic meralgia paresthetica and neurectomy: a clinical pathologic study.

Objective: To understand the pathologic and clinical correlates of patients with chronic meralgia paresthetica (MP) undergoing lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) neurectomy. Methods: A retrospective cohort approach was utilized to identify 7 patients undergoing LFCN neurectomy for intractable pain. Control autopsied LFCN was obtained. Clinical, radiologic, and electrophysiologic features were reviewed. Results: In identified cases, preoperative symptoms included severe lateral thigh pain and numbness. The duration of symptoms prior to surgery ranged from 2 to 15 years. Body mass index (BMI) varied from 20 kg/m 2 to 44.8 kg/m 2 (normal–morbidly obese), with 6 out of 7 patients being obese. No patients were diabetic. Focal nerve indentation at the inguinal ligament was seen intraoperatively and on gross pathology in 4 of 7 cases. Multifocal fiber loss, selective loss of large myelinated fibers, thinly myelinated profiles, regenerating nerve clusters, perineurial thickening, and subperineurial edema were seen. None of these features were observed in control nerve. Morphometric analysis confirmed loss of large myelinated fibers with small and intermediate size fiber predominance. Five patients had varying degrees of intraneural and epineurial inflammation. Six of 7 reported improved pain after neurectomy, sometimes dramatic. Conclusions: Patients with chronic MP and intractable pain have an LFCN mononeuropathy with loss of nerve fibers. Pathologic and clinical study supports a compressive pathogenesis as the primary mechanism. Abnormal nerve inflammation coexists and may play a role in pathogenesis. These selected patients typically benefited from neurectomy at a site of inguinal ligament compression. Classification of Evidence: This study provides Class IV evidence that patients with chronic MP LFCN neurectomy experience improvement in MP-related pain.
Race, Aging, and Functional Health

This article presents evidence of a Black/White crossover in functional health. Its existence supports the hypothesis, based on selective survival, that older members of socially disadvantaged populations are relatively more physiologically robust and thus exhibit relatively favorable functional capacities. Longitudinal data on 5,150 persons 70 years of age and older shows that within young-old age groups, Blacks are more likely to experience functional status decline over a 6-year period than Whites, whereas within oldest-old age groups, Blacks are less likely to experience decline. The authors also provide confirmation or modification of several hypotheses implicit in the literature on aging, race, and functional health. They find support for the hypothesis that racial differences in age-related changes in mean levels of functional health (i.e., self-care capacity and physical functioning) are age dependent, but do not find support for the hypothesis that social class fully accounts for racial differenc...
A Mathematical Model to Utilize the Logistic Function in Germination and Seedling Growth

Several models have been proposed to describe germination rates, but most are limited in statistical analysis and biological meaning of indices. Therefore, a mathematical model is proposed to utilize the logistic function. The function was defined as an overall response including time, temperature, and the interaction between time and temperature. Cumulative germination percentages over time were used to develop the model. Germination tests were conducted on indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash) strain TG-2CF,' at constant temperatures of 9,12,15, 20,25, and 30 °C. The function fitted the observed data over six temperatures at r2 = 0-99. Time to reach 10% of final germination (Gim) increased from 2-5 d at 30 °C to 44-0 d at 9 °C, and Gt50 (time to reach 50% of final germination) increased from 3-6 d at 30 °C to 53-8 d at 9°C. True germination rate (% d~ ') for each temperature was maximum at Gt50. A linear model of 1/Gt50 versus temperature was used to estimate the base temperature of 8-3 °C for germination. An Arrhenius plot indicated a change occurred between 20 °C and 25 °C for temperature response of germination. Published data on hypocotyl growth of Cucumis melo L. were recalculated using the model. Absolute growth rates showed a temperature response similar to the published weighted-mean elongation rates. Base temperature for hypocotyl growth of C. melo was estimated as 8-8 °C. The proposed model proved to be useful in calculating and interpreting germination and growth kinetics.
Increased incidence of lymphomas in thymectomized Mice - evidence for an immunological theory of aging

Bei einem Mausestamm mit hoher Rate spontaner Retikulosarkome wird gezeigt, dass die Tumoren bei neonatal thymektomierten Tieren signifikant rascher und haufiger auftreten.
Hydration of Enzyme in Nonaqueous Media Is Consistent with Solvent Dependence of Its Activity

Water plays an important role in enzyme structure and function in aqueous media. That role becomes even more important when one focuses on enzymes in low water media. Here we present results from molecular dynamics simulations of surfactant-solubilized subtilisin BPN′ in three organic solvents (octane, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile) and in pure water. Trajectories from simulations are analyzed with a focus on enzyme structure, flexibility, and the details of enzyme hydration. The overall enzyme and backbone structures, as well as individual residue flexibility, do not show significant differences between water and the three organic solvents over a timescale of several nanoseconds currently accessible to large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. The key factor that distinguishes molecular-level details in different media is the partitioning of hydration water between the enzyme and the bulk solvent. The enzyme surface and the active site region are well hydrated in aqueous medium, whereas with increasing polarity of the organic solvent (octane → tetrahydrofuran → acetonitrile) the hydration water is stripped from the enzyme surface. Water stripping is accompanied by the penetration of tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile molecules into crevices on the enzyme surface and especially into the active site. More polar organic solvents (tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile) replace mobile and weakly bound water molecules in the active site and leave primarily the tightly bound water in that region. In contrast, the lack of water stripping in octane allows efficient hydration of the active site uniformly by mobile and weakly bound water and some structural water similar to that in aqueous solution. These differences in the active site hydration are consistent with the inverse dependence of enzymatic activity on organic solvent polarity and indicate that the behavior of hydration water on the enzyme surface and in the active site is an important determinant of biological function especially in low water media.
Pharmacokinetics of Teniposide (VM26) and etoposide (VP16-213) in children with cancer.

The clinical pharmacokinetics of VM26 and VP16-213 were assessed in 15 children (median age 10 years) with acute leukemia, using a new high-performance liquid chromatography—electrochemical assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by both model-dependent and compartment model-independent methods. These studies demonstrated substantial differences in the central volumes of distribution (VDc), steady-state volumes of distribution (VDss) and systemic clearances (Cls) of VM26 and VP16-213; with the VDc, VDss, and Cls all being smaller for VM26. Systemic clearances determined by model-independent methods were 5.2±1.0 ml/min/m2 (mean±SD) for VM26 and 17.8±11.2 ml/min/m2 for VP16-213. The major metabolites detected in serum and urine were the hydroxy acids. Low levels of the picro-lactone isomers were detected in some patients while the aglycones were not detected in the serum or urine of any patients.
Putative receptor for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate similar to ryanodine receptor

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) serves as an intracellular second messenger for several neurotransmitters, hormones and growth factors by initiating calcium release from intracellular stores. A cerebellar Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor has been characterized biochemically and shown by immunocytochemistry to be present in intracellular membranes in Purkinje cells. We show that a previously described Purkinje-cell messenger RNA encodes a protein of relative molecular mass 260,000 (260 K) with the same properties as the cerebellar Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor. Its sequence is partially homologous to the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. By immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy the protein is shown to be present in all parts of the endoplasmic reticulum, including those that extend into axon terminals and dendritic spines. Our results indicate that gated calcium release from intracellular stores in muscle and Purkinje cells uses similar calcium-channel proteins localized in analogous intracellular compartments. This implies that the intracellular calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum of neurons extend into presynaptic terminals and dendritic spines where they may play a direct role in regulating the efficacy of neurotransmission.
Optimal Trajectories of Open-Chain Robot Systems: A New Solution Procedure Without Lagrange Multipliers

For an n d.o.f. robot system, optimal trajectories using Lagrange multipliers are characterized by 4n first-order nonlinear differential equations with 4n boundary conditions at the two end time. Numerical solution of such two-point boundary value problems with shooting techniques is hard since Lagrange multipliers can not be guessed. In this paper, a new procedure is proposed where the dynamic equations are embedded into the cost functional. It is shown that the optimal solution satisfies n fourth-order differential equations. Due to absence of Lagrange multipliers, the two-point boundary-value problem can be solved efficiently and accurately using classical weighted residual methods.
A proposed technique for identification of unconfined aquifer parameters

Abstract The technique of quasilinearization is applied to the problem of identifying the parameters in an unconfined aquifer system. This new technique is shown to be a very effective way of converting field observations based upon pumping tests into the desired aquifer parameters. The procedure is straightforward as it requires neither curve plotting nor graphical matching. The parameters to be identified are the hydraulic conductivity and specific storage in an extensive unconfined aquifer system. Results and numerical experiments are presented.
Unemployment, immigration, and NAFTA: a panel study of ten major U.S. industries.

We conduct a pooled cross-section and time-series analysis of the unemployment rates across ten major industries in the U.S. from 1983 to 1994 to assess the effect of NAFTA and immigration. Our results indicate that the output produced by the industry, unemployment benefit coverage, and interest rates are significant determinants of industry unemployment rates, but union presence does not affect industry unemployment. Both Canadian and Mexican immigrants appear to be complements to the U.S. labor force, with Canadian immigrants highly complementary to American labor. Finally, the Chow test provides no evidence that NAFTA has changed the structure of unemployment determination in these industries.
Effects of dietary methylmercury on reproductive endocrinology of fathead minnows.

Recent laboratory studies have demonstrated that environmentally realistic concentrations of dietary methylmercury can impair reproduction of fish. To evaluate relations between reproductive success and biomarkers of methylmercury exposure, we fed juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) one of three diets contaminated with methylmercury: 0.06 (control), 0.87 (low), and 3.93 (medium) μg of Hg g-1 dry weight. At sexual maturity, fish were paired, allowed to reproduce, and then analyzed for total mercury, plasma testosterone (T), and 17β-estradiol (E2). Diets did not affect survival or growth of fathead minnows. Methylmercury suppressed levels of T in males and E2 in females. Male fathead minnows fed the control diet had mean T concentrations 20% and 106% greater than those fed the low and medium diets; control females had mean E2 concentrations 149% and 402% greater than those fed the low and medium diets. Methylmercury also inhibited gonadal development of females; the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of ...
Rethinking eventual consistency

There has been a resurgence of work on replicated, distributed database systems to meet the demands of intermittently-connected clients and of disaster-tolerant databases that span data centers. Many systems weaken the criteria for replica-consistency or isolation, and in some cases add new mechanisms, to improve partition-tolerance, availability, and performance. We present a framework for comparing these criteria and mechanisms, to help architects navigate through this complex design space.
Serological activity of glycosphingolipids: effect of chain length of the fatty acid residue in cytolipin H.

Abstract Serological reactions (complement-fixation) of a series of synthetic lactosyl dihydroceramides containing fatty acid residues with 2 to 18 carbon atoms were studied with two antisera reacting well with naturally occurring cytolipin H. The chain length of the fatty acid residue played an important role in activity of the hapten: molecules with 6 carbon atoms or less were unreactive, whereas molecules with 10 or more carbon atoms were maximally reactive.
A fixed point theorem for local pseudo-contractions in uniformly convex spaces

It is proved that if D is a bounded open subset of a uniformly convex Banach space X and\(T:\bar D \to X\) is a continuous mapping which is a local pseudo-contraction (e.g., locally nonexpansive) on D, then T has a fixed point in D if there exists x∈D such that ‖z−Tz‖<‖x−Tx‖ for all x in the boundary of D.
The importance of importin

Abstract The accumulation of karyophilic proteins in the nucleus requires cytoplasmic factors. Cell-free systems that reconstitute nuclear protein import have been used to identify several of these factors and to define the biochemical requirements for the import process. Recently, one factor has been purified and cloned from Xenopus and identified as a homologue of the ‘suppressor of RNA polymerase l' (SRP1) gene originally described in yeast. This factor belongs to a closely related group of proteins that may share similar functions in nuclear protein transport.
An apparatus for the continuous generation of stock solutions of hydrophobic chemicals.

A major technical difficulty associated with testing the toxicity to aquatic organisms of chemicals having low water solubility is the production of a stock solution of the chemical without the use of exogenous solubilizers or carriers. For highly toxic hydrophobic chemicals this problem has been approached by passing water through a column of chemical adsorbed to inert supports (CHADWICK & KIIGIMAGI 1968) o While this technique is somewhat effective, channelization of water in the column may lead to variation in the concentration of toxicant produced during long term exposure studies. VEITH & COMSTOCK (1975) reduced this variation by continuously recirculating the toxicant solution through the bed of substrate with a submersible pump. For many hydrophobic chemicals of moderate or low toxicity, the difficulties of producing a satisfactory stock solution are compounded by the fact that water concentrations of the chemical that are acutely toxic to fish may be near their limits of solubility~ Toxicity testing of these chemicals through continuous flow bioassay methods thus requires large volumes of stock solution of relatively high concentration. In addition, many toxicants are liquids at test temperatures and not amenable to application from a substrate bed.
Structure of a Hyper-cleavable Monomeric Fragment of Phage λ Repressor Containing the Cleavage Site Region

The key event in the switch from lysogenic to lytic growth of phage lambda is the self-cleavage of lambda repressor, which is induced by the formation of a RecA-ssDNA-ATP filament at a site of DNA damage. Lambda repressor cleaves itself at the peptide bond between Ala111 and Gly112, but only when bound as a monomer to the RecA-ssDNA-ATP filament. Here we have designed a hyper-cleavable fragment of lambda repressor containing the hinge and C-terminal domain (residues 101-229), in which the monomer-monomer interface is disrupted by two point mutations and a deletion of seven residues at the C terminus. This fragment crystallizes as a monomer and its structure has been determined to 1.8 A resolution. The hinge region, which bears the cleavage site, is folded over the active site of the C-terminal oligomerization domain (CTD) but with the cleavage site flipped out and exposed to solvent. Thus, the structure represents a non-cleavable conformation of the repressor, but one that is poised for cleavage after modest rearrangements that are presumably stabilized by binding to RecA. The structure provides a unique snapshot of lambda repressor in a conformation that sheds light on how its self-cleavage is tempered in the absence of RecA, as well as a framework for interpreting previous genetic and biochemical data concerning the RecA-mediated cleavage reaction.
MARKOV PROCESS MODEL FOR FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

Crack propagation analysis is a major task in the design and life prediction of fatigue‐critical structures, yet experimental tests indicate that fatigue crack propagation involves a large amount of statistical variation and is not adequately modeled deterministically. A method of analysis based on Markov process theory is presented for the investigation of fatigue crack propagation. A new fracture mechanics based, lognormal random process model is developed, and without approximation, a boundary value problem is formulated for the statistical moments of the random time to reach a given crack size. A Petrov‐Galerkin finite element method is then used to obtain solutions to the boundary value problem. A parametric study of the power‐law fatigue crack growth model is conducted, and a numerical example is given in which excellent agreement is found between the finite element results and experimental data. The model and problem formulation are consistent with physical phenomena, overcome many objections to pr...
Multichannel noise cancellation: A seismic application

Abstract The enclosed space detection problem is concerned with the detection of an individual or individuals present in an area that is not accessible visually, but only through sensors deployed about the perimeter under investigation. The design of a noise canceller coupled with model-based signal processing techniques to solve this problem using seismic measurements is discussed. We develop the model-based approach and show how it leads to a multichannel noise cancelling solution.
Media servers, broadcast servers: the same or different?

In the not too distant future, the role of video tape in broadcasting will be limited to acquisition and archiving. Most other functions from editing to playout will be disc based. To date, applications of disc drives in broadcasting have been limited to offline editing (compressed) or online at full quality in purpose designed post production systems. But as computer and networking technology advances the barriers between particular technologies and given applications are coming down bringing concepts such as computer servers into the arena of television broadcasting. Computer platforms being free of commitment to any particular application offer the possibility of dealing with the television sound and vision simply as data or at least one of many media. Computer servers offer the possibility of sharing media information between many users. Broadcast television and the well defined video formats, however, present their own specific demands and operational practices associated with editing, news, commercials playout sometimes conflict with the compromises associated with computer server and computer networks. The paper analyses the performance requirements of servers in general applications and in broadcast applications highlighting the areas of fundamental disc performance, networking techniques, control and management which are necessary for broadcast applications such as editing and transmission.
Effect of Intracellular Interactions on the Processing and Secretion of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-15 (BMP-15) and Growth and Differentiation Factor-9 IMPLICATION OF THE ABERRANT OVARIAN PHENOTYPE OF BMP-15 MUTANT SHEEP

Bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) and growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) are members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Both molecules are closely related in their primary structures and share a nearly identical spatiotemporal expression pattern in the oocyte during folliculogenesis in mammals. Here we have established a series of cell lines, which express recombinant BMP-15, GDF-9, or both, and investigated whether they form homodimers and/or heterodimers. We demonstrate the first evidence that both BMP-15 and GDF-9 can form non-covalent homodimers when expressed individually, while when both are co-expressed BMP-15/GDF-9 heterodimers are produced. Interestingly, when GDF-9 and BMP-15 are co-expressed the processing of both proproteins are significantly impaired as compared with that of the singly expressed proproteins, suggesting that the proprotein heterodimer is less susceptible to proteolytic cleavage than the individual homodimers. Since BMP-15 mutant sheep, called Inverdale, exhibit severe defects in ovarian function we have also established stable transformants expressing the mutant BMP-15 (InvBMP-15) alone or together with GDF-9. Although InvBMP-15 was previously predicted to be unable to form homodimers, we show here that it does form non-covalent dimers; however, the processing efficiency of InvBMP-15 proprotein is significantly lower than wild-type BMP-15. Surprisingly, when GDF-9 is co-expressed, the processing and secretion of InvBMP-15 is abolished, and the processing of GDF-9 is also severely impaired, suggesting that the heterodimers of InvBMP-15/GDF-9 proproteins are not susceptible to proteolytic cleavage and thus degrade in the cells. Based on these findings we propose a novel hypothesis that a decrease in GDF-9 secretion may be involved in causing infertility in homozygous Inverdale ewes.
Synthesis of geraniol‐7−14C

Geraniol-7−14C has been synthesized in an overall yield of 46%, starting with acetone-2−14C.
Publication quality 2D graphs with less manual effort due to explicit use of dual coordinate systems

Creating visually pleasing graphs in data visualization programs such as Matlab is surprisingly challenging. One common problem is that the positions and sizes of non-data elements such as textual annotations must typically be specified in either data coordinates or in absolute paper coordinates, whereas it would be more natural to specify them using a combination of these coordinate systems. I propose a framework in which it is easy to express, e.g., “this label should appear 2 mm to the right of the data point at (3, 2)” or “this arrow should point to the datum at (2, 1) and be 5 mm long.” I describe an algorithm for the correct layout of graphs of arbitrary complexity with automatic axis scaling within this framework. An implementation is provided in the form of a complete 2D plotting package that can be used to produce publication-quality graphs from within Matlab or Octave.
PARP-2 and PARP-3 are selectively activated by 5′ phosphorylated DNA breaks through an allosteric regulatory mechanism shared with PARP-1

PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARP-3 are DNA-dependent PARPs that localize to DNA damage, synthesize poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) covalently attached to target proteins including themselves, and thereby recruit repair factors to DNA breaks to increase repair efficiency. PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARP-3 have in common two C-terminal domains-Trp-Gly-Arg (WGR) and catalytic (CAT). In contrast, the N-terminal region (NTR) of PARP-1 is over 500 residues and includes four regulatory domains, whereas PARP-2 and PARP-3 have smaller NTRs (70 and 40 residues, respectively) of unknown structural composition and function. Here, we show that PARP-2 and PARP-3 are preferentially activated by DNA breaks harboring a 5' phosphate (5'P), suggesting selective activation in response to specific DNA repair intermediates, in particular structures that are competent for DNA ligation. In contrast to PARP-1, the NTRs of PARP-2 and PARP-3 are not strictly required for DNA binding or for DNA-dependent activation. Rather, the WGR domain is the central regulatory domain of PARP-2 and PARP-3. Finally, PARP-1, PARP-2 and PARP-3 share an allosteric regulatory mechanism of DNA-dependent catalytic activation through a local destabilization of the CAT. Collectively, our study provides new insights into the specialization of the DNA-dependent PARPs and their specific roles in DNA repair pathways.
Influence of pH, Type of Fat, and Pancreatic Extract upon Lipolysis in Homogenized Milk*

In a previous paper (2) results were presented on studies of tipolysis in homogenized milk and cream, which indicated that lipase activity in homogenized milk was not always affected to the same extent, if at all, by those factors which influence the enzymic action in unprocessed raw milk. The results presented herein constitute a continuation of these studies. The influence of pH on lipase action in homogenized milk has been studied only to a limited extent although Dorner and Widmer (1) observed that acidifying homogenized raw milk with tIC1 retarded or even completely prevented rancidity development. However, in studies on non-homogenized milk, Mattick and Kay (4) found fat hydrolysis to be greatest at pH 8.2-8.7 and Roahen and Sommer (7) secured a somewhat similar optimum range of pH 8.4--8.6. The non:specificity of milk lipase has been indicated by many workers in that certain specific fat acid esters have been utilized as the substrate for lipase action. Rogers, Berg and Davis (8) early used ethyl butyrate as a base for lipase action and more recently Mattick and Kay developed a method for measuring activity of the fat splitting enzyme in milk by its ability to hydrolyze tributyrin. Tarassuk and Palmer (9) indicate that milk lipase will hydrolyze the esters of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids. Later, Palmer and Hankinson (6) dispersed diglycol laurate, diglycol oleate, ethyl myristate and butyl stearate in raw skim milk by shaking, and secured hydrolysis in every case. Hydrolysis of butterfat may be produced by enzymes from other sources than milk. Palmer (5) used a glycerine extract of pigs pancreas and later commercial steapsin to produce lipolysis. Tarassuk and Richardson (10) produced lipolysis in pasteurized cream with steapsin.
New American Joint Commission on Cancer Staging System for Melanoma: Prognostic Impact and Future Directions

Accurate melanoma staging is critical in establishing management strategies and estimating disease relapse. Combined with assessment of comorbidities and understanding treatment toxicities, risk assessment is central to offering appropriate surgical or systemic therapies. The American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) melanoma staging system provides survival estimates within anatomically defined disease categories. Newer prognostic factors and methods of prognostic analyses can augment predictions for the presence of micro-metastatic disease and further define the risk for relapse. This article highlights relevant changes, evidence supporting future incorporation of more recently defined prognostic variables, novel approaches used as adjuncts to the current staging system, and future directions of the AJCC staging committee.
Continuous quinacrine treatment results in the formation of drug-resistant prions.

Quinacrine is a potent antiprion compound in cell culture models of prion disease but has failed to show efficacy in animal bioassays and human clinical trials. Previous studies demonstrated that quinacrine inefficiently penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which could contribute to its lack of efficacy in vivo. As quinacrine is known to be a substrate for P-glycoprotein multi-drug resistance (MDR) transporters, we circumvented its poor BBB permeability by utilizing MDR0/0 mice that are deficient in mdr1a and mdr1b genes. Mice treated with 40 mg/kg/day of quinacrine accumulated up to 100 µM of quinacrine in their brains without acute toxicity. PrPSc levels in the brains of prion-inoculated MDR0/0 mice diminished upon the initiation of quinacrine treatment. However, this reduction was transient and PrPSc levels recovered despite the continuous administration of quinacrine. Treatment with quinacrine did not prolong the survival times of prion-inoculated, wild-type or MDR0/0 mice compared to untreated mice. A similar phenomenon was observed in cultured differentiated prion-infected neuroblastoma cells: PrPSc levels initially decreased after quinacrine treatment then rapidly recovered after 3 d of continuous treatment. Biochemical characterization of PrPSc that persisted in the brains of quinacrine-treated mice had a lower conformational stability and different immunoaffinities compared to that found in the brains of untreated controls. These physical properties were not maintained upon passage in MDR0/0 mice. From these data, we propose that quinacrine eliminates a specific subset of PrPSc conformers, resulting in the survival of drug-resistant prion conformations. Transient accumulation of this drug-resistant prion population provides a possible explanation for the lack of in vivo efficacy of quinacrine and other antiprion drugs.
Using molecular fragments to estimate electron-phonon coupling and possible superconductivity in covalent materials

We examine the electron-phonon coupling in a class of covalent materials by performing calculations on a set of molecular units from which they might be composed. By considering coupling to states at energies in the vicinity of the Fermi energy, we develop a picture of how couplings might be affected as these units are connected to form extended systems. Guided by this study of molecular fragments, we construct two examples of hypothetical covalent superconductors each with a transition temperature estimated to be $\ensuremath{\sim}380\text{ }\text{K}$ within Eliashberg theory. These hypothetical materials enter the regime of narrow-bandwidth metals where the superconducting state may be destabilized by one of several electronic instabilities and Eliashberg theory may no longer apply.
Behavioral group counseling for adolescent females with behavioral problems.

A community-based program for 29 adolescent females with behavioral problems offered an alternative education facility, a recreation unit, a creative arts experience, and a behavioral counseling service. It represented an integration and implementation of humanistic and behavioral methods. Seven of 10 t tests comparing change in test scores suggested the program's effect was positive and merits further exploration.
Novel Protein Kinase Signaling Systems Regulating Lifespan Identified by Small Molecule Library Screening Using Drosophila

Protein kinase signaling cascades control most aspects of cellular function. The ATP binding domains of signaling protein kinases are the targets of most available inhibitors. These domains are highly conserved from mammals to flies. Herein we describe screening of a library of small molecule inhibitors of protein kinases for their ability to increase Drosophila lifespan. We developed an assay system which allowed screening using the small amounts of materials normally present in commercial chemical libraries. The studies identified 17 inhibitors, the majority of which targeted tyrosine kinases associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), the insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGFI) receptors. Comparison of the protein kinase signaling effects of the inhibitors in vitro defined a consensus intracellular signaling profile which included decreased signaling by p38MAPK (p38), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and protein kinase C (PKC). If confirmed, many of these kinases will be novel additions to the signaling cascades known to regulate metazoan longevity.
DNA strand-specific mutations induced by (+/-)-3 alpha,4 beta-dihydroxy- 1 alpha,2 alpha-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[c]phenanthrene in the dihydrofolate reductase gene.

Abstract We previously showed that the preferred mutation induced by (+/-)-3 alpha,4 beta-dihydroxy-1 alpha,2 alpha-epoxy- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[c]phenanthrene (BcPHDE) in the dihydrofolate reductase gene in Chinese hamster ovary cells was a purine to thymine transversion on the nontranscribed strand at the sequence 5'-RRR-3' (R is a purine and the mutated base is underlined). To determine whether the observed mutational strand specificity was due to bias in the phenotypic selection, we designed a nonsense-codon reversion assay in which a triple purine target was present on both strands and all R----T transversion mutations yielded amino acid substitutions that were compatible with dihydrofolate reductase enzyme activity. From the size of the targets, a 2:1 ratio of mutations at the purines on the nontranscribed strand was expected if the DNA strands were mutationally equivalent. We isolated a total of 66 BcPHDE-induced revertants of two mutants that carry point mutations at either the 5' or the 3' end of the gene. All reversions at the 5' end arose by substitution on the nontranscribed strand; those at the 3' end showed a strand bias that favored this strand by 7:1. For both mutants, R----T transversions accounted for 88% of all the induced base changes. Thus, in this system, mutational strand bias is independent of the selection for phenotype. The results are consistent with the model of preferential repair of the transcribed strand as proposed by others. The involvement of RNA polymerase in the selective repair recruitment is discussed.
Epigenetic approaches to developmental psychopathology.

We evaluate the usefulness of 11 key epigenetic concepts from the behavior genetic research paradigm for advancing the field of developmental psychopathology. Key assumptions, empirical examples, and caveats in interpreting results are presented. We emphasize the usefulness of incorporating both dimensional (e.g., temperament trait) and categorical (e.g., diagnosis) variables, environmental measures, direct behavioral assessments, and multiple, theoretically relevant occasions of study into classic twin and family studies. We highlight contemporary techniques for identifying specific chromosomal regions associated with behavioral patterns, and the importance of considering nonmendelizing genetic influences when discerning the panorama of genetic influences on behavior.
A Comparison of Two Automated Block Placement Methods for Multi-Block Hexahedral Finite Element Meshing

Finite element analysis is a method of continuum mechanics that has been vital to the biomechanics community due to its ability to evaluate structures with complicated geometries. Generation of patient-specific finite element models from medical imaging data requires a series of steps including image segmentation, mesh generation, assignment of material properties, and definition of loading and boundary conditions. Each of these steps can be challenging and time-consuming. Here, we aim to address the challenge of automating the generation of hexahedral meshes.Copyright © 2010 by ASME