cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Democratizing CRISPR? Stories, practices, and politics of science and governance on the agricultural gene editing frontier

Many trends in agricultural biotechnology have extended fluidly from the first era of genetic modification using recombinant DNA techniques to the era of gene editing. But the high-profile, explicit, and assertive discourse of democratization with gene editing — especially CRISPR-Cas9 — is something new. In this paper, I draw on semi-structured interviews with gene editors, policy analysts, and communications experts as well as with critical academic and civil society experts. I use Science and Technology Studies and political ecology lenses to unpack democratization in three main parts. First is democratizing discourses: On what grounds is CRISPR said to be democratic? Who is saying so? How do dissident communities respond to these narratives? Second is agricultural applications, with a focus on the Innovative Genomics Institute’s work in developing gene-edited food crops, including a case of saveable clonal hybrid rice. Third is governance, where I contrast US Department of Agriculture regulations and the CRISPRcon conference as “closed” and “invited” spaces, respectively, for democratic participation. Next, I argue that “created spaces,” in which power is held by typically delegitimized actors and ideas, offer an opening for working out democracy on the terrain of biotechnology. I conclude with a set of principles and practices for CRISPR governance based on the idea that democratization of biotechnology requires epistemic justice. By gathering multiple, partial knowledges together, we move beyond narrow risk-benefit framings to better evaluate not just what CRISPR is and does, but what democracy means and whom it serves.
Acting like an algorithm: digital farming platforms and the trajectories they (need not) lock-in

This paper contributes to our understanding of farm data value chains with assistance from 54 semi-structured interviews and field notes from participant observations. Methodologically, it includes individuals, such as farmers, who hold well-known positionalities within digital agriculture spaces—platforms that include precision farming techniques, farm equipment built on machine learning architecture and algorithms, and robotics—while also including less visible elements and practices. The actors interviewed and materialities and performances observed thus came from spaces and places inhabited by, for example, farmers, crop scientists, statisticians, programmers, and senior leadership in firms located in the U.S. and Canada. The stability of “the” artifacts followed for this project proved challenging, which led to me rethinking how to approach the subject conceptually. The paper is animated by a posthumanist commitment, drawing heavily from assemblage thinking and critical data scholarship coming out of Science and Technology Studies. The argument’s understanding of “chains” therefore lies on an alternative conceptual plane relative to most commodity chain scholarship. To speak of a data value chain is to foreground an orchestrating set of relations among humans, non-humans, products, spaces, places, and practices. The paper’s principle contribution involves interrogating lock-in tendencies at different “points” along the digital farm platform assemblage while pushing for a varied understanding of governance depending on the roles of the actors and actants involved.
The closet and the cul-de-sac: the politics of sexual privacy in Northern California: by Clayton Howard, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019, 392 pp., $45.00 (hardcover).

In Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States, Kenneth T. Jackson wagers that ‘suburbia is both a planning type and a state of mind’.1 In Clayton Howard’s ambitious and impressive...
Vintage postcards from the African world: in the dignity of their work and the joy of their play

Some years ago, I was in Woods Hole and hopped on the ferry to Martha’s Vineyard to visit Jessica Harris at her cottage in the historic African-American community at Oak Bluffs. I knew her as the d...
Comparative Sensitivity and Specificity of Static and Dynamic High-Resolution Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Small Gaps in Repaired Flexor Tendons: A Cadaveric Study

Purpose To compare the sensitivity and specificity of high-resolution static and dynamic ultrasound (US) for diagnosing intact repairs and small, clinically relevant gaps (≥4 mm) in repaired flexor digitorum profundus tendons within zone 2 and, secondarily, to evaluate the effect of suture artifact from 3 commonly used suture types. Methods Eighty-eight fresh-frozen cadaveric digits (thumbs excluded) were randomized to either an intact repair (0-mm gap) or repairs using a locked 4-strand suture repair with either 4-0 Prolene, Ethibond, or FiberWire and gaps of 2, 4, or 6 mm and no suture in which 2-, 4-, or 6-mm gaps were created without a suture crossing the repair site. Gap widths were estimated by a blinded musculoskeletal ultrasonographer in static and dynamic modes. Results Both static and dynamic modalities tended to overestimate actual gap sizes. For the suture gaps, both modalities had poor sensitivity (29% static; 42% dynamic) for accurately diagnosing a clinically intact repair ( Conclusions Static and dynamic US have poor sensitivity for diagnosing clinically intact repairs (gaps Clinical relevance Based on a receiver operating characteristic analysis cutoff of 5 mm, if a gap of 5 mm or larger is identified with US when evaluating a zone 2 flexor digitorum profundus tendon repair, a failed repair is likely in about 80% of cases. A gap measurement of less than 5 mm may miss a high percentage of repairs that are clinically failed.
Fitting Fully Observed Recursive Mixed-process Models with cmp:

At the heart of many econometric models are a linear function and a normal error. Examples include the classical small-sample linear regression model and the probit, ordered probit, multinomial pro...
International Capital Mobility in the Presence of Unemployment Insurance

The paper develops a general–equilibrium model with layoff unemployment to examine the effect of different unemployment insurance policies on international capital mobility. Conditions are derived under which capital will flow to the high–benefit country. Incentives for international capital movements are unaffected by how the burden of financing unemployment benefits is distributed between workers and firms. It is shown that capital outflows might have positive welfare effects for workers. This contrasts with results from standard models of international factor movements.
Spending and Out-of-Pocket Prices for Brand-Name Drugs Among Commercially Insured Individuals in Massachusetts, 2015-2017.

This cross-sectional study analyzes data on aggregate utilization and aggregate spending by patients and by pharmacy benefit managers to pharmacies for every brand-name drug prescription dispensed to all fully insured patients and some self-insured patients with commercial insurance in Massachusetts from 2015 to 2017.
Metabolic preconditioning in CD4+ T cells restores inducible immune tolerance in lupus-prone mice

Autoimmune disease has presented an insurmountable barrier to restoration of durable immune tolerance. Previous studies indicate that chronic therapy with metabolic inhibitors can reduce autoimmune inflammation, but it remains unknown whether acute metabolic modulation enables permanent immune tolerance to be established. In an animal model of lupus, we determined that targeting glucose metabolism with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) and mitochondrial metabolism with metformin enables endogenous immune tolerance mechanisms to respond to tolerance induction. A 2-week course of 2DG and metformin, when combined with tolerance-inducing therapy anti-CD45RB, prevented renal deposition of autoantibodies for 6 months after initial treatment and also restored tolerance induction to allografts in lupus-prone mice. The restoration of durable immune tolerance was linked to changes in T cell surface glycosylation patterns, illustrating a role for glycoregulation in immune tolerance. These findings indicate that metabolic therapy may be applied as a powerful preconditioning to reinvigorate tolerance mechanisms in autoimmune and transplant settings that resist current immune therapies.
Molecular diagnostic strategies: a role in the practice of dermatology

Molecular diagnostic strategies are gaining wider acceptance and use in dermatology and dermatopathology as more practitioners in this field develop an understanding of the principles and applications of genomic technologies. Molecular testing is facilitating more accurate diagnosis, staging, and prognostication, in addition to guiding the selection of appropriate treatment, monitoring of therapy, and identification of novel therapeutic targets, for a wide variety of skin diseases.
Protein expression of targets of the FMRP regulon is altered in brains of subjects with schizophrenia and mood disorders

Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an RNA binding protein with 842 target mRNAs in mammalian brain. Silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene leads to loss of expression of FMRP and upregulated metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) signaling resulting in the multiple physical and cognitive deficits associated with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Reduced FMRP expression has been identified in subjects with autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression who do not carry the mutation for FMR1. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated altered expression of four downstream targets of FMRP-mGluR5 signaling in brains of subjects with autism: homer 1, amyloid beta A4 precursor protein (APP), ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1), and striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP). In the current study we investigated the expression of the same four proteins in lateral cerebella of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression and in frontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In frontal cortex we observed: 1) reduced expression of 120 kDa form of APP in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; 2) reduced expression of 61 kDa and 33 kDa forms of STEP in subjects with schizophrenia; 3) reduced expression of 88 kDa form of APP in subjects with bipolar disorder; and 3) trends for reduced expression of 88 kDa form of APP and homer 1 in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively. In lateral cerebella there was no group difference, however we observed increased expression of RAC1 in subjects with bipolar disorder, and trends for increased RAC1 in subjects with schizophrenia and major depression. Our results provide further evidence that proteins involved in the FMRP-mGluR5 signaling pathway are altered in schizophrenia and mood disorders.
Developments in Screening Tests and Strategies for Colorectal Cancer.

Background. Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and second most common in women. It is the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality. In the United States, CRC is the third most common cause of cancer and second most common cause of cancer mortality. Incidence and mortality rates have steadily fallen, primarily due to widespread screening. Methods. We conducted keyword searches on PubMed in four categories of CRC screening: stool, endoscopic, radiologic, and serum, as well as news searches in Medscape and Google News. Results. Colonoscopy is the gold standard for CRC screening and the most common method in the United States. Technological improvements continue to be made, including the promising “third-eye retroscope.” Fecal occult blood remains widely used, particularly outside the United States. The first at-home screen, a fecal DNA screen, has also recently been approved. Radiological methods are effective but seldom used due to cost and other factors. Serum tests are largely experimental, although at least one is moving closer to market. Conclusions. Colonoscopy is likely to remain the most popular screening modality for the immediate future, although its shortcomings will continue to spur innovation in a variety of modalities.
Arterial inflow via an axillary artery graft for the severely atheromatous aorta.

Abstract Background . Strategy for severe aortic atheromatous disease identified by intraoperative epiaortic ultrasound remains to be determined. We used axillary artery inflow through graft interposition in an attempt to avoid potential embolization. Methods . Between July 1995 and June 1997, axillary artery inflow was used in 29 patients. Procedures performed were coronary artery bypass in 21 patients (3 with combined carotid endarterectomy), aortic valve replacement in 2, valve replacement plus coronary artery bypass in 4, atrial septal defect repair in 1, and arch replacement in 1 patient. Fibrillatory arrest was used in 16 patients and circulatory arrest was used in 16 patients for excision of mobile atheroma or arch reconstruction. Antegrade cerebral perfusion through the axillary artery graft was carried out in 11 patients. Results . There were no brachial neurovascular complications. Two operative deaths occurred. Two patients had operative strokes and 2 more had postoperative stroke, all with resolution at late follow-up. There were no strokes in the subset of patients who had antegrade cerebral perfusion during circulatory arrest. Conclusions . The axillary artery is an excellent site for arterial inflow. Furthermore, antegrade cerebral perfusion is easily accomplished during periods of circulatory arrest. Finally, graft placement avoids potential local neurovascular complications.
Learning-based linguistic indexing of pictures with 2--d MHMMs

Automatic linguistic indexing of pictures is an important but highly challenging problem for researchers in computer vision and content-based image retrieval. In this paper, we introduce a statistical modeling approach to this problem. Categorized images are used to train a dictionary of hundreds of concepts automatically based on statistical modeling. Images of any given concept category are regarded as instances of a stochastic process that characterizes the category. To measure the extent of association between an image and the textual description of a category of images, the likelihood of the occurrence of the image based on the stochastic process derived from the category is computed. A high likelihood indicates a strong association. In our experimental implementation, the ALIP (Automatic Linguistic Indexing of Pictures) system, we focus on a particular group of stochastic processes for describing images, that is, the two-dimensional multiresolution hidden Markov models (2-D MHMMs). We implemented and tested the system on a photographic image database of 600 different semantic cat- egories, each with about 40 training images. Tested using 3,000 images outside the training database, the system has demonstrated good accuracy and high potential in linguistic indexing of these test images.
Ulcerative eosinophilic granuloma: a report of five new cases

Five new cases of ulcerative eosinophilic granuloma were diagnosed at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1982 and 1993. In all cases the site was the tongue. They were unifocal, did not recur, and had a benign course. This report illustrates their benign nature despite the occasional aggressive presentation, and outlines possible aetiology.
Temperature dependence of the threshold energy for Frenkel pair production in copper

Resolvable interstitial Frank loops were grown in (110) foils of high purity copper in the HVEM. At 575/sup 0/K loops were grown at accelerating voltages as low as 275 kV, corresponding to an energy transfer of 12 eV. The considerable reduction in threshold energy from values measured at room temperature or below(e;g; 18 to 20 eV) is thought to be related to thermally activated escape from correlated recombination.
Prenatal Thyroid Function Abnormalities in Infants with Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Prenatal Thyroid Function Abnormalities in Infants with Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Nephrotoxicity of uranyl fluoride in uninephrectomized and sham-operated rats.

The aim of the present study was to determine whether the nephrotoxicity of the uranium-containing compound uranyl fluoride (UO/sub 2/F/sub 2/) is enhanced after unilateral nephrectomy. Unilaterally nephrectomized (NPX) and sham-operated (SO) rats were given single intravenous injections of UO/sub 2/F/sub 2/ at doses delivering 100 or 250 micrograms U/kg 16 days after surgery. Between the second and third day after the administration of either dose of UO/sub 2/F/sub 2/, the urinary excretion of the cellular enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and the plasma solute albumin began to increase significantly in both the NPX and SO rats. The urinary excretion of the plasma solute glucose did not begin to increase significantly in the NPX and SO rats until 4 days after the administration of either dose of UO/sub 2/F/sub 2/. During the fifth day following the administration of either dose of UO/sub 2/F/sub 2/ (which was also the last day that urinary data were collected) the urinary excretion of LDH, AST, and glucose in the NPX and SO rats was greater than that during any previous day. The urinary excretion of these three compounds during this fifth day was greater in the SO rats than in themore » NPX rats. Also during the fifth day following the injection of either dose of UO/sub 2/F/sub 2/, the fractional excretion of glucose was higher in the SO rats than in the NPX rats. By the end of the fifth day, the level of histologically demonstrable cellular necrosis in the pars recta of proximal tubules in the renal cortex and outer medulla of the NPX and SO rats was statistically similar. Therefore, the nephropathy in rats induced by UO/sub 2/F/sub 2/ is not made more severe as a result of unilateral nephrectomy.« less
Analysis and visualization of market power in electric power systems

Abstract This paper discusses the assessment and visualization of market power in bulk electricity markets, with the explicit consideration of transmission system constraints. In general, market power is the ability of a particular seller or group of sellers to maintain prices profitably above competitive levels for a significant period of time. When an entity has and exercises market power, it ceases to be a price-taker and becomes a price-maker. The restructuring of the electric industry in many parts of the world has encouraged competitive markets with the objective of reaping the benefits of lower prices and innovation that competition can provide. Such benefits are not attainable when a player utilizing the electric transmission system may exert market power. This paper describes the procedures for analyzing and visualizing such situations.
Photoelectrochemical studies of vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc) thin film electrodes

Abstract Photoactive vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc) thin films have been prepared by vacuum deposition on gold metallized plastic optically transparent electrode (MPOTE) substrates. The morphology of the film as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the existence of two types of crystallites at the surface. Photoelectrochemical studies of these thin films were undertaken using different redox couples in aqueous solution. For redox couples with standard electrochemical potentials negative of +0.33 V vs. Ag/AgCl, positive photopotentials were observed (i.e., the films behave as photocathodes). Those redox couples with E°'s situated positive of +0.33 V exhibited reversible electrochemical behavior independent of illumination at the VOPc electrode. These results suggest a clear p-type semiconducting nature for the VOPc system. Mott—Schottky capacitance data revealed an acceptor density of 6×1018 cm−3 which is speculated to be attributed to the inclusion of dioxygen within the VOPc lattice as supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A power conversion efficiency of 0.1% was observed for the photoassisted evolution of hydrogen which did not require the addition of micro-islands of platinum to the VOPc surface.
Inflation and large internal dimensions

We consider some aspects of inflation in models with large internal dimensions. If inflation occurs on a 3D wall after the stabilization of internal dimensions in the models with low unification scale $(M\ensuremath{\sim}1 \mathrm{TeV}),$ the inflaton field must be extremely light. This problem may disappear in models with an intermediate $(M\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{11} \mathrm{GeV})$ to high $(M\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{16} \mathrm{GeV})$ unification scale. However, in all of these cases the wall inflation does not provide a complete solution to the horizon and flatness problems. To solve them, there must be a stage of inflation in the bulk before the compactification of internal dimensions.
On the regularity of weak solutions of a one-dimensional two-phase degenerate Stefan problem with convection

We shall be concerned with the following one-dimensional two-phase Stefan problem. Let T> 0 and Q,= (0, 1) x (0, T]. Find a pair of functions u(x, t), s(t), which are defined on QT and [0, T], respectively, and which satisfy al(u)& = uxx +f(u)u, in {(x,t):O<x<s(l),O<t<T}, (l.la) az(ub4 = u.xx in {(x,t):s(t)<x<l,O<tdT), (l.lb) u(s(t), r) = 0, O<t<T, (l.lc) i(t) = -u,(s(t)-, t) + u,(s(t)+, t), O<t<T, (Lid) u(0, t) = 1, 06t<T, (l.le) U(1, t) = -1, Obt<T, (l.lf) u(x, 0) = u,(x), O<x<l, (1.k) s(0) = so E (0, 1). (l.lh) Here so is a given number and the ar, a*, f, and u. are known functions of their arguments. Problem ( 1.1) may be viewed as a model of heat conduction in a region involving phase change. An example situation is an ice-water mix in which circulation of the water is present. Then the term f(u)u, represents the contribution of the field velocity generated by the water flow in the liquid phase. A more detailed discussion on the formulation of (1.1) can be found elsewhere (see, e.g., [S]).
On generalized Dedekind sums

Abstract In this paper we give a simple proof for the reciprocity formula for the generalized Dedekind sums and derive an explicit expression for these sums.
Coupling of CFTR Cl− channel gating to an ATP hydrolysis cycle

For cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channels to open, they must be phosphorylated by protein kinase A and then exposed to a hydrolyzable nucleoside triphosphate, such as ATP. To test whether channel opening is linked to ATP hydrolysis, we applied VO4 and BeF3 to CFTR channels in inside-out patches excised from cardiac myocytes. These inorganic phosphate analogs interrupt ATP hydrolysis cycles by binding tightly in place of the released hydrolysis product, inorganic phosphate. The analogs acted only on CFTR channels opened by ATP and locked them open, increasing their mean open time by 2-3 orders of magnitude. These findings establish that opening and closing of CFTR channels are coupled to an ATP hydrolysis cycle.
S100A1 AND CALMODULIN REGULATION OF RYANODINE RECEPTOR IN STRIATED MUSCLE

Abstract The release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptor calcium release channels represents the critical step linking electrical excitation to muscular contraction in the heart and skeletal muscle (excitation–contraction coupling). Two small Ca2+ binding proteins, S100A1 and calmodulin, have been demonstrated to bind and regulate ryanodine receptor in vitro. This review focuses on recent work that has revealed new information about the endogenous roles of S100A1 and calmodulin in regulating skeletal muscle excitation–contraction coupling. S100A1 and calmodulin bind to an overlapping domain on the ryanodine receptor type 1 to tune the Ca2+ release process, and thereby regulate skeletal muscle function. We also discuss past, current and future work surrounding the regulation of ryanodine receptors by calmodulin and S100A1 in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, and the implications for excitation–contraction coupling.
Ecological Studies and Mathematical Modeling of Cladophora in Lake Huron: 3. The Dependence of Growth Rates on Internal Phosphorus Pool Size

The relationship between growth rate and internal phosphorus pool size was examined using field populations of Cladophora glomerata from Lake Huron. Algal samples, representing a range of internal phosphorus concentrations, were harvested from the lake and used for laboratory measurements of growth. Rates of net photosynthesis and respiration were measured under controlled conditions of light and temperature using a dissolved oxygen (light/dark bottle) technique. The net specific growth rate and respiration rate were calculated from photosynthesis and respiration measurements using a fixed stoichiometric relationship and the measured carbon content of the algae. The maximum rates for net specific growth rate, gross specific growth rate, and specific respiration rate were 0.77, 1.08, and 0.44 day−1, respectively. Management decisions may be importantly influenced by the relationships derived from these data. A non-linear response by growth to reductions in phosphorus loading is suggested from the results of these experiments. The internal nutrient status of algal populations (e.g. Cladophora) must be considered in predictions of the impact of phosphorus management strategies on aquatic systems.
Digital oral photography for pediatric tonsillar hypertrophy grading

Abstract Background Tonsillar hypertrophy contributes to pediatric disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea. The goal was to determine the utility of digital photographs for pediatric tonsillar grading. Methods Using Brodsky's grading scale, 41 children (3.0–14.6 years) had in-person tonsil grading during a routine pediatric ENT physical examination. Oral photographs were obtained with a standard single-lens reflex digital camera and graded by the same ENT physician and by an independent Pediatrician. Results In-person and photograph gradings were highly correlated, but also differed significantly. Yet photograph gradings did not differ between physicians, suggesting that photographs provide unique, consistent information to different clinicians. Discrepancies between in-person and photograph gradings were not explained by child age. Conclusion Static images may provide experts more time for mental calculations and may therefore provide a superior estimation of tonsil size. Photographs should be considered for remote use, as well as a potentially better alternative to current in vivo estimates.
The phase transition in phospholipid vesicles probed by the positron annihilation lifetime technique

Abstract We have measured the phase transition in phosphatidyl choline multilamellar vesicles composed of saturated carbon chains. At the fluid-order phase transition temperature, the positron lifetime increases and the intensity decreases for the long-lived (ortho-) positronium. These data are interpreted in terms of the free volume model for positron annihilation.
The incidence of maternal fever during labor is less with intermittent than with continuous epidural analgesia: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background This prospective, randomized study was performed to see if intermittent labor epidural analgesia was protective against maternal intrapartum fever, compared to continuous epidural infusion. Methods Ninety-two healthy, term, nulliparous women in spontaneous labor were assigned to either intermittent (ILEA) or continuous labor epidural analgesia (CLEA), 46 in each group. In both groups, epidural analgesia was established with fentanyl 100 μ g, and 8 mL of either 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl 0.0002%, or 0.1% ropivacaine with fentanyl 0.0002%. Maintenance in the CLEA group was with the same bupivacaine/fentanyl or ropivacaine/fentanyl solutions at 10-15 mL/h. In the ILEA group, additional boluses of the same solution were given as needed. Maternal tympanic temperature was measured before epidural insertion, 4-hourly during labor and 4 h post partum. Fever was defined as a temperature of ⩾38 °C. Newborn temperature was noted within 60 min of birth. Results The incidence of fever in ILEA was significantly lower at four hours (2/42, vs. 10/44 in CLEA, P =0.036). No significant differences were detected at other time periods. Mean maternal temperatures did not differ between groups at any time. There were no differences in neonatal temperature or neonatal sepsis evaluation rate (CLEA vs. ILEA 0/46 vs. 2/43, P =0.45). Conclusions Intermittent epidural injections appear to protect against intrapartum fever in the first 4 hours of labor analgesia, compared to continuous infusion. This may be due to intermittent partial recovery of heat loss mechanisms between injections. Neonatal sepsis evaluation rates were similar in the two groups.
Polymer functionalization and solubilization of carbon nanosheets

Few-layer graphene materials or “carbon nanosheets” were covalently functionalized with poly(vinyl alcohol)viaester linkages, and the resulting functionalized sample became soluble, allowing solution-phase processing for various purposes such as the fabrication of polymer–carbon nanosheets composites containing no dispersion agents or any other foreign substances.
Electronic drift mobilities and space-charge-limited currents in lithium-doped zinc oxide

Abstract Electron drift mobilities and lifetimes were measured from 250 to 400°K in oriented single crystals of high-resistivity, Li-doped ZnO by determining the transit time across a plane-parallel specimen for electrons which had been photoinjected at one surface by light pulses of about 10 sec duration. Drift mobilities at 300°K ranged from 2–8 cm 2 V −1 sec −1 for the specimens investigated with no orientational dependence being apparent. The observed exponential temperature dependence of the mobility indicated that the electron drift mobility is primarily controlled by thermal release from trapping states, of estimated density 10 16 cm −3 , lying in a 0·29 eV region below the conduction band. Electron lifetimes, estimated from low-field data, showed some orientation dependence and ranged from 30−100μ sec at room temperature, while electron ranges were (1−10) × 10 −4 cm 2 V −1 and were temperature independent. Ohmic electrodes of indium were used to inject electrons into plane-parallel monocrystals of Li-doped ZnO, producing space-charge-limited currents at high fields. The observed current-voltage and current-temperature relations indicated that discrete or narrow bands of electron traps existed in the 0·4 eV and in the 0·72−0·80 eV regions below the conduction band edge with densities of 4 × 10 13 and 10 17 cm −3 , respectively.
A test and modification of zipf’s hypothesis for predicting interstate migration

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the accuracy of Zipf’s hypothesis in estimating interstate migration streams in the United States, and then to determine whether the predictive power of Zipf’s hypothesis can be improved by adding additional variables. The three independent variables in Zipf’s hypothesis accounted for 57 percent of the variation in interstate migration streams in 1935–1940, 61 percent in 1949–1950, and 68 percent in 1955–1960. The addition of per capita personal income of the states of origin and of destination increased the explained variance by only four percentage points in 1935–1940 and by less than one percentage point in 1949–1950 and 1955–1960. Then, the Petersen-Greenwood hypothesis that interstate migration streams in any period are a function of previous flows was tested by adding cumulative lifetime migration as an independent variable. Over 80 percent of the variation in interstate migration streams was explained by cumulative lifetime mobility, as reflected by state of birth data. The conclusion of the study is that the Petersen-Greenwood hypothesis provides a better estimate of interstate migration streams than does Zipf’s hypothesis. Nevertheless, the Petersen Greenwood hypothesis requires further evaluation to determine whether cumulative lifetime mobility is simply a proxy for some other underlying variable and whether it provides accurate estimates of migration streams for other geographic areas.
Age group differences in healthcare access for people with disabilities: are young adults at increased risk?

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to quantify and describe the population of young adults with disability in Florida and to assess correlates of healthcare access in this population in contrast with adults belonging to middle and older age groups. Methods This study analyzed data of 36,704 respondents obtained from the 2007 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. A test for homogeneity of the risk difference across the three age groups was conducted using inverse weighting to adjust for confounding and selection bias. Results The adjusted model for risk difference of not being able to see a doctor in the past 12 months because of cost was significantly heterogeneous across age groups ( χ 2 2df F value=12.40, p Conclusions This article quantifies the differences in risk and access to health care between young adults with and without disability, using population-based data. It provides indirect evidence of the widely held belief that there is a problem in healthcare transition in the United States warranting continued investigation and intervention.
Loss of antigenic epitopes as the result of env gene recombination in retrovirus-induced leukemia in immunocompetent mice.

The murine leukemia virus, E-55+ virus, induces a thymic lymphoma/leukemia in 100% of BALB.K mice infected as adults after a latent period of 4 months or more (Pozsgay et al., Virology 173, 330-334, 1989). Two molecular clones of virus designated E-55+ and E-55- based on their ability to encode the E-55 epitope detected by the monoclonal antibody 55 (mAb 55) were isolated from a leukemic BALB.K mouse inoculated with a biologically cloned E-55+ virus (Chesebro et al., Virology 112, 131-144, 1981). Env gene sequence analysis of E-55+ and E-55- clones showed that the E-55- virus was generated from the E-55+ virus as the result of a recombination between E-55+ virus and the endogenous ecotropic virus, emv-1, carried in the genome of the BALB.K mouse strain. The recombinant E-55- virus is replication competent. This recombination event and the consequential expression of E-55- virus consistently occur in immunocompetent BALB.K mice inoculated with the E-55+ virus and appear to play a role in the loss of epitopes recognized by virus neutralizing antibodies. The loss of these epitopes apparently allows the virus to evade the host immune response.
Preparing Managers for Foreign Assignment: The Expatriate Profile Program

Managers often have little knowledge concerning the cross‐cultural and organizational changes they can expect to encounter when they are sent abroad. Describes a personal computer program designed to make managers more sensitive to the adjustments that are needed due to the cultural distance distinguishing the new and their home country. It also explores contrasts between characteristics of their previous assignment and their new assignment, emphasizing how differences in organizational centrality, influence and size may require them to develop a different managerial approach.
Anthropogenic Impacts on the Corner Rise Seamounts, North-West Atlantic Ocean

Here we report the first direct underwater observations of extensive human-caused impacts on two remote seamounts in the Corner Rise complex (north-western Atlantic). This note documents evidence of anthropogenic damage on the summits of Kukenthal peak (on Corner Seamount) and Yakutat Seamount, likely resulting from a limited Russian fishery from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s, highlighting how bottom trawling can have long-term detrimental effects on deep-water benthic fauna.
A proposed mechanism for the germination of microsporidian (Protozoa: Microspora) spores

A hypothesis for the mechanism of microsporidian spore germination is presented which is consistent with the experimental evidence available. Based upon concentrations of the disaccharide, trehalose, in germinated and ungerminated spores, stimulation by anions and cations and the high osmotic pressures involved in germinating spores, the following explanation is proposed: monovalent ions diffuse passively into the spores, stimulating changes which cause trehalase to come into contact with trehalose, possibly through an intermediary calcium exchange or release. As trehalose is degraded into higher concentrations of smaller molecules, the osmotic pressure increases until the filament begins its emergence. Once started, expulsion is completed by the osmotic movement of water into the spore, maintaining the pressure as the filament and sporoplasm are forced out. This hypothesis is discussed in light of existing data and hypotheses on microsporidian spore germination and the role of trehalose in the germination of fungal spores. Methods for testing some predictions arising from this hypothesis are suggested.
Developmental expression of hexokinase 1 and 3 in rats

Mammalian hexokinase types one and three (HK1 and HK3) are 100 kDa isozymes that phosphorylate glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. HK1 is present in most tissues but is especially prominent in brain and kidney. HK3 is less well studied, but may be most prominent in the spleen and lymphocytes. In this study, we determined the ontogeny of the expression of these isoforms in the rat. Using immunohistochemistry, we identified HK1 and HK3 immunoreactivity in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, skeletal muscle and spleen from gestational day 14 (E14) to 45 days after birth (P45). With the exception of the liver and spleen, we observed a similar age- and cell-dependent staining pattern for both isoforms in all organs studied. The brain and spleen were analyzed in more detail to identify specific regions of immunoreactivity during maturation. A transient expression of HK1 and HK3 was noted in the cell bodies of mature neurons, including layers V and VI of the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar Purkinje cells followed by localization to the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum. In the spleen, HK3 immunoreactivity was detected postnatally and appeared to track with the infiltration of B cells. Our demonstration of changing patterns of immunoreactivity for HK1 and HK3 in fetal and postnatal organs suggests that these HK isoforms are involved the process of development. We speculate that HK1 and HK3 share a complex interaction during development of these organs and regulate glucose metabolism at multiple levels during development.
Advanced fuel cycle scenarios for High Temperature Gas Reactors

Abstract This study evaluates nuclear fuel cycle scenarios which are based on recycling spent nuclear fuel for the sustainability of nuclear energy. Three fuel cycle scenarios, the Light Water Reactor (LWR)–Advanced Recycling Reactor (ARR) recycle, the LWR–High Temperature Gas Reactor (HTGR)–ARR recycle, and the HTGR partial recycling fuel cycle, are assessed for their mass flow and electricity generation costs and the results are compared to those of the LWR once-through fuel cycle. The spent fuels are recycled in both the Consolidated Fuel Treatment Center and the Actinide Management Island, which are capable of reprocessing spent fuels by Uranium Extraction and Pyrochemical processes, respectively. The mass flow calculations show that the Transuranics (TRU) which have a long-term radiation effect can be completely burned in the recycling fuel cycles, resulting in 350, 450 and 6 times reduction of TRU inventory for the LWR–ARR, LWR–HTGR–ARR and HTGR partial recycling fuel cycles, respectively, when compared to the once-through fuel cycle. The electricity generation costs of these fuel cycle scenarios were estimated to be 39.1, 34.9 and 25.7 USD/MW h(e), which are comparable to or smaller than that of the once-through fuel cycle. Although the candidate fuel cycles adopt reprocessing options which raise fuel cycle cost, increase in uranium cost and the advanced design of the HTGR can further reduce the advanced fuel cycle costs of the HTGR.
Artificial adjustment of element stiffness with a particular reference to plate bending

A finite element may satisfy all convergence requirements and work well except for being too stiff or too flexible when the mesh is coarse. Here we discuss a technique for softening or stiffening such elements, provided that they have internal degrees-of-freedom. The technique is applied to a previously derived plate element, and the element is found to be much improved.
Prehistoric diet and socioeconomic relationships within the Osmore Valley of southern Peru

The Chiribaya culture of southern Peru is located in the coastal and middle portions of the Osmore River Valley. Scholarly debate during the last two decades has focused on population organization and access to resources within the lower Osmore Valley. In this study, I examine Chiribaya human paleodiet using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in bone collagen and of carbon in bone apatite. Dietary variation is used to assess socioeconomic relationships at four Chiribaya sites with respect to two interpretative models of resource utilization (the horizontal model and the verticality model). Given that resource zones in the Andes are sharply delimited, variation in stable isotope data offers a quantifiable means to assess resource distribution and consumption. Isotopic results reveal dietary distinctions between the study sites related in part to geographic location. Additionally, isotopic variation supports the presence of economically specialized Chiribaya communities, such as fishermen and farmers. These communities appear to have been united into a larger political structure, where trade relations were established. Isotopic data from this study best support the horizontal model, yet it is expected that vertical interactions also played some role among the Chiribaya.
Commentary on “Lectures on Morse theory, old and new”

This masterly exposition of Raoul Bott, written in 1981, stands at several crossroads. The problem of closed geodesics on smooth Riemannian manifolds dates back to the late 19th century. Morse transformed the subject in the 1930s, and it is his basic critical point theory and its application to closed geodesics which Bott recalls in the first half of these lectures. This is finite dimensional Morse theory, and while it extends in this form to infinite dimensions via work of Palais and Smale, its more radical evolution to infinite dimensions in the hands of Floer and others lay in the future in 1981. The geodesic problem may be formulated on the infinite dimensional space of loops, but Bott approximates it by a finite space of polygons— piecewise geodesics—and so stays within the finite dimensional Morse theory. The first crossroads, then, is between finite and infinite dimensions. Another crossroads concerns the role of symmetry groups. Prior to 1980 Morse theory was profitably studied on the underlying manifold of a Lie group. The most prominent example is Bott’s great discovery in the 1950s that the homotopy groups of classical Lie groups are periodic. In the last of these lectures Lie groups play an entirely new role. Namely, Bott considers the Morse theory of a function f on a manifold M with a Lie group G acting on M leaving f invariant. This is equivariant Morse theory. This Morse theory with symmetry was developed just at the time these lectures were written. The equivariant theory provides a beautiful coda to many results in the closed geodesic problem, as developed by Bott’s student Hingston. Finally, these lectures lie at the beginning of a period in geometry of strong influence from physics, a current which is very much alive today. Indeed, a year or so before these lectures were written, Witten had already seen how supersymmetric gauge theory sheds light on Morse theory and he links it in a beautiful way with the de Rham complex. Bott’s account of Witten’s ideas is not in these lectures, but rather appeared in his next expository article on Morse theory eight years later [B].
Field Tests of Petersen, Streamer, and Spaghetti Tags on Striped Bass, Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum)

Abstract Tagging experiments were conducted in northeastern North Carolina during 1955 and 1956 to select a tag suitable for use in brackish waters for studying population dynamics and movements of striped bass. The following tag comparisons were carried out: streamer and Petersen, streamer and soft spaghetti, and streamer and hard spaghetti. Observations were made on recovery of tags as related to size of fish, length of time tagged, selectivity of tagged fish by commercial gear, and durability of tags. The streamer tag was selected from those tested as the one best suited for future use.
Bicuspid aortic valve associated aortopathy: a genetic disease?

As the most common congenital heart defect, understanding the etiology and progression of aortopathy in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is imperative to management of patients with BAV. A reasonable hypothesis, based on the strength of evidence for both genetic and hemodynamic causes of BAV-associated thoracic aortic disease (TAD), is that BAV is caused by genetic variant(s) that also predispose to TAD by a common mechanism; presumably by cell-signaling resulting in an embryologic defect that causes BAV and a postnatal risk of TAD that is accentuated by hemodynamic stress of abnormal flow through the BAV valve. Clinical heterogeneity seen in BAVassociated TAD is likely due to individual genetic variation and the severity of hemodynamic alteration.
Taskmaster: An Interactive, Graphical Environment for Task Specification, Execution and Monitoring

Taskmaster is an interactive environment that employs a unique blend of graphic technologies and iconic images to support user task specification. In this environment, problem solving is based on the selection, specification, and composition of tools that correspond to natural sets of ordered operations. The Taskmaster environment is novel in that it:
Excitation of N2 and N+2 systems by electrons—I . Absolute transition probabilities

Abstract Quantitative optical measurements of the N21P,2P and N+21N and Meinel systems, excited by electrons, have allowed measurements of transition probabilities, excitation cross-sections, and afterglow effects. This work is reported in two parts. The experiment and observations are described in detail in this article. Absolute transition probabilities have been derived for the N21P and the N+2M systems. Tables of values for the N22P and N+21N systems, compiled from earlier measurements, are included to provide a complete set for the four systems.
Carbon Nanotube Electronics: Design of High-Performance and Low-Power Digital Circuits

Scaling of silicon transistors continue in the sub 100-nm regime amidst severe roadblocks. Increased short-channel effects, rising leakage currents, severe process parameter variations are only a few of the overwhelming challenges that the device and circuit designers are faced with. In an attempt to alleviate the problems associated with the scaling of silicon transistors, researchers have began a quest for novel alternate materials in a post-Si nanoelectronics era. Of the different materials investigated so far, carbon nanotubes with their superior transport properties, excellent thermal conductivities and high current handling capacities have proved to be a potential heir to Si. This paper reviews the promise of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors as future devices for high-performance as well as low-power electronics.
The Refinement and Validation of a Model of Family Functioning After Child's Disclosure as Lesbian, Gay, or Bisexual

The current study refined and validated an emergent theory of family functioning, finding partial support for the model. Results suggest it is important for “difficult” conversations to occur in families, specifically about family member experiences and reactions to the child's disclosure regarding sexual orientation. Additionally, results suggest more successful outcomes occur when parents seek support from spouses and the focus of family behavior centers around the needs of their child. Implications for clinical practice and future research are also suggested.