cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DnaX complex of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Central role of tau in initiation complex assembly and in determining the functional asymmetry of holoenzyme.

The alternative forms of the DnaX protein found in Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, τ and γ, were purified from extracts of strains carrying overexpressing plasmids mutated in their frameshifting sequences such that they produced only one subunit or the other. The purified subunits were used to reconstitute the τ andγ complexes which were characterized by functional assays. The γ complex-reconstituted holoenzyme required a stoichiometric excess of DNA polymerase III core, beyond physiological levels, for activity. The τ subunit stimulated theγ complex 2-fold, but could not be used to reconstitute a holoenzyme with γ complex and stoichiometric quantities of core. In the presence of adenosine 5′-O-(3′-thiotriphospate) (ATPγ S), the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme behaves as an asymmetric dimer; it can form only initiation complexes with primed DNA in one-half of the enzyme (Johanson, K. O., and McHenry, C. S.(1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 4589-4595). An asymmetric distribution of two products of the dnaX gene, γ and τ, has been postulated to underlie the asymmetry of holoenzyme. To provide a direct test for this hypothesis, we reconstituted holoenzyme containing only the γ or τ DnaX proteins. We observed that, although γ could function in the presence of ATPγ and high concentrations of DNA polymerase III core, it was nearly inert in the presence of ATPγ S. In contrast, τ -containing holoenzyme behaved exactly like native holoenzyme in the presence of ATPγ S. These results implicate τ as a key component required to reconstitute holoenzyme with native behavior and show that τ plays a key role in initiation complex formation. These results also show that γ is not a necessary component, since all of the known properties of native holoenzyme can be reproduced with a 9-subunit τ -holoenzyme.
Selective Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression by 15-Deoxy-Δ12,1412,14-prostaglandin J2 in Activated Human Astrocytes, But Not in Human Brain Macrophages

Overexpression of the inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in activated brain macrophages (microglia) and astrocytes appears central to many neuroinflammatory conditions. 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) is a ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma. It has been proposed as an inhibitor of microglial activation, based on the study of iNOS down-regulation in rodent microglia. Because iNOS induction after cytokine activation remains controversial in human microglia, we examined the effect of 15d-PGJ(2) and other PPAR agonists on human microglia and astrocytes, using COX-2 induction as an index of activation. We found that PPAR alpha ligands (clofibrate and WY14643) enhanced IL-1 beta-induced COX-2 expression in human astrocytes and microglia, while inhibiting IL-1 beta plus IFN-gamma induction of iNOS in astrocytes. This is the first description of an inhibition of iNOS uncoupled from that of COX-2. 15d-PGJ(2) suppressed COX-2 induction in human astrocytes. It prevented NF-kappa B binding to the COX-2 promoter through a new pathway that is the repression of NF-kappa Bp50 induction by IL-1 beta. In contrast, 15d-PGJ(2) increased c-Jun and c-Fos DNA-binding activity in astrocytes, which may result in the activation of other inflammatory pathways. In human microglia, no effect of 15d-PGJ(2) on COX-2 and NF-kappa Bp65/p50 induction was observed. However, the entry of 15d-PGJ(2) occurred in microglia because STAT-1 and c-Jun expression was modulated. Our data suggest the existence of novel pathways mediated by 15d-PGJ(2) in human astrocytes. They also demonstrate that, unlike astrocytes and peripheral macrophages or rodent brain macrophages, human microglia are not subject to the anti-inflammatory effect of 15d-PGJ(2) in terms of COX-2 inhibition.
A Note on Extended Quasi-Likelihood

Abstract : We study the method of extended quasi-likelihood estimation and inference of a variance function recently proposed by Nelder & Pregibon (1987). The estimates are inconsistent in general, and the test levels can be biased, but in many cases such as the exponential family the inconsistency and bias will not be a major concern. Extended quasi-likelihood is compared with Carroll & Ruppert's (1982) pseudo-likelihood method, which gives consistent estimates and, when slightly modified, asymptotically unbiased tests. We quantify the showing in this instance that the two estimates are closely related and may be asymptotically equivalent in many important cases. However, in some cases outside the exponential family, an asymptotic bias can persist. Heteroscedastic regression model.
Low-Power Near-Threshold Design: Techniques to Improve Energy Efficiency Energy-efficient near-threshold design has been proposed to increase energy efficiency across a wid

i»?Energy-efficient near-threshold design has been proposed to increase energy efficiency across a wide range of applications. This article first provides a background motivating near-threshold and how it differs from super-threshold and subthreshold operation. Next, state-of-the-art near-threshold techniques are summarized that help overcome barriers to near-threshold adoption, namely high variation at low voltage. Last, example industrial and academic wide-voltage scaling systems are discussed.
Formal Logic for Informal Logicians

Classical logic yields counterintuitive results for numerous propositional argument forms. The usual alternatives (modal logic, relevance logic, etc.) generate counterintuitive results of their own. The counterintuitive results create problems—especially pedagogical problems—for informal logicians who wish to use formal logic to analyze ordinary argumentation. This paper presents a system, PL– (propositional logic minus the funny business), based on the idea that paradigmatic valid argument forms arise from justificatory or explanatory discourse. PL– avoids the pedagogical difficulties without sacrificing insight into argument.
Toxin-insensitive Ca current in dorsal raphe neurons

About 54% of the whole-cell Ca current recorded in dorsal raphe neurons cannot be categorized as N-, L-, or P-type Ca current. This current, ICa-Raphe, was not blocked by a combination of nimodipine, omega-CgTx-GVIA, and omega-AGA-IVA. Differences in toxin sensitivity and voltage dependence suggest that ICa-Raphe is distinct from Q- or R-type Ca currents. In raphe neurons activation of 5-HT1A receptors by 5-HT inhibits approximately 50% of the Ca current and slows activation. 5-HT inhibits both N-type Ca channels and ICa-Raphe channels by approximately 50% and slows the activation of both currents to a similar extent. Other similarities between ICa-Raphe and N-type Ca current were observed; they are both blocked to a similar extent by Ni2+, their activation properties, their current kinetics and channel availability as a function of holding potential are almost identical. Thus, ICa-Raphe represents a current that is not sensitive to known antagonists, but which is similar to N-type Ca current. Although it is possible that ICa-Raphe belongs to a heretofore undiscovered family of Ca channels it is also possible that it represents an omega-CgTx GVIA-insensitive isoform of the N-type Ca channel family.
Revealing Critical Loads and Hidden Data Locality in GPGPU Applications

In graphics processing units (GPUs), memory access latency is one of the most critical performance hurdles. Several warp schedulers and memory prefetching algorithms have been proposed to avoid the long memory access latency. Prior application characterization studies shed light on the interaction between applications, GPU micro architecture and memory subsystem behavior. Most of these studies, however, only present aggregate statistics on how memory system behaves over the entire application run. In particular, they do not consider how individual load instructions in a program contribute to the aggregate memory system behavior. The analysis presented in this paper shows that there are two distinct classes of load instructions, categorized as deterministic and non-deterministic loads. Using a combination of profiling data from a real GPU card and cycle accurate simulation data we show that there is a significant performance impact disparity when executing these two types of loads. We discuss and suggest several approaches to treat these two load categories differently within the GPU micro architecture for optimizing memory system performance.
Orthotopic Neobladder Versus Indiana Pouch in Women: A Comparison of Health Related Quality of Life Outcomes

Purpose: Little is known about the health related quality of life of women who have undergone continent urinary diversion. We compared health related quality of life outcomes for women who underwent radical cystectomy with an orthotopic neobladder or Indiana pouch.Materials and Methods: From 1995 to June 2008 a single surgeon (GDS) performed radical cystectomy with an orthotopic neobladder in 47 women and radical cystectomy with an Indiana pouch in 45. A comprehensive database provided clinical, pathological and outcomes data. The validated Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Vanderbilt Cystectomy Index was mailed to 92 patients.Results: Complete data were available for 87% of patients treated with radical cystectomy with an orthotopic neobladder and 93% of those treated with radical cystectomy with an Indiana pouch, with a median followup of 34 and 24 months, respectively (p = 0.8). Median (IQR) age was 65 (58, 71) and 61.5 (51, 67) years for patients with an orthotopic neobladder and Indiana pouch, ...
Raman multiplexers for alternative gene splicing.

Nonfluorescent labels were used for an array-format multiplex detection of alternative splice junctions of breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). A four-plex detection scheme using nonfluorescent labels was demonstrated for DNA sequences specific to four BRCA1 alternative splice variants: Δ(11q) (the last 3309 nt deleted from exon 11), Δ(9, 10) (exon 9 and 10 deleted), Δ(5) (exon 5 deleted), and Δ(5q, 6) (the last 22 nt of exon 5 and the entire exon 6 is deleted). This is the first proof-of-concept study to apply SERS-based detection using nonfluorescent labels to investigate alternative gene splicing. Detection sensitivity of up to 1 fM was demonstrated for the Raman labels chosen to clearly discriminate the splice junctions via specific target identification. The proposed approach has the potential to become a highly sensitive and selective tool for comprehensive alternative splicing profiling of BRCA1 or other genes relevant to specific diseases.
Compact upwind schemes on adaptive octrees

Compact high-order upwind schemes using reconstruction from cell-averages are derived for application with the compressible three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. An adaptive-octree mesh, combined with the Adams-Bashforth-Moulton family of predictor-corrector schemes, provides a conservative high-order time-integration platform supporting localized h-refinement and timestep sub-cycling. Numerical examples for smooth flows demonstrate the improvement over explicit upwind schemes and formal accuracy of the schemes, as well as the behavior in wall-bounded regions, and the resolution of a broad wavenumber spectrum.
A Study of High School Economic Literacy in Orange County, California

This study is an assessment of economic knowledge among students who receive formal economic instruction in their senior year of high school. Our sample was drawn from seven high schools in two large school districts in Orange County, California. Students were enrolled in the compulsory, semester-long economics course, a state requirement for high school graduation. Our key performance measure is the Test of Economic Literacy (TEL). Using a pretest–post-test design, we find that initial knowledge of economics is not strong among the students. After one semester of formal economics instruction, TEL examination scores improve by 12.3 percentage points on average.
The dynamics of the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature forcing of Sahel drought

Given the pronounced warming in the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) during the second half of the twentieth century and the empirical relationship between the Indian Ocean SST and Sahel summer precipitation, we investigate the mechanisms underlying this relationship using the GFDL atmospheric model AM2.0 to simulate the equilibrium and transient response to the warming of the Indian Ocean. Equatorial wave dynamics, in particular the westward propagating equatorial Rossby waves, communicates the signal of tropospheric warming and stabilization from the Indian Ocean to the African continent. The stabilization associated with the Rossby wave front acts to suppress the convection. Feedbacks with local precipitation and depletion of moisture amplify the dynamically induced subsidence. While this stabilization mechanism is expected to operate in climate change response, the future prospects for the Sahelian climate under global warming are complicated by the intricate sensitivities to the SSTs from different ocean basins and to the direct radiative forcing of greenhouse gases.
Pustular eruption after drug exposure : is it pustular psoriasis or a pustular drug eruption ?

Summary Generalized pustular eruptions with fever present a diagnostic challenge. A history of preceding drug exposure, and rapid disappearance of the eruption after the drug is stopped, suggest a drug-induced aetiology rather than pustular psoriasis. We describe and evaluate the clinical and histological features of four patients who developed a generalized pustular eruption following drug administration. The history of preceding drug exposure and the presence of a variable number of eosinophils in the inflammatory infiltrate in the lesions of these cases suggested that the generalized pustular eruptions were drug-induced.
Dispersion of particles on liquid surfaces

In a recent study we have shown that when small particles, e.g., flour, pollen, glass, etc., contact an air-liquid interface, they disperse rapidly as if they were in an explosion. The rapid dispersion is due to the fact that the capillary force pulls particles into the interface causing them to accelerate to a large velocity. The vertical motion of a particle during its adsorption causes a radially-outward lateral (secondary) flow on the interface that causes nearby particles to move away. We present direct numerical simulation results for the adsorption of particles and show that the inertia of a particle plays an important role in its motion in the direction normal to a fluid-liquid interface. Although the importance of inertia diminishes with decreasing particle size, on an air-water interface the inertia continues to be important even when the size is as small as a few nanometers.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Some Constraints for Models of Timing: A Temporal Coding Hypothesis Perspective

Abstract Most contemporary models of timing in animals were developed to account for the measurement of temporal intervals as they increase. Here we review growing evidence of timing in backward conditioning, which suggests that subjects exposed to Stimulus S1 followed by Stimulus S2 store information allowing the representation of S2 to retrieve both the occurrence and specific temporal location of S1. Such phenomena provide new and challenging constraints for models of timing.
Forward and adjoint sensitivity analysis with continuous explicit Runge-Kutta schemes

Abstract We study the numerical solution of tangent linear, first and second order adjoint models with high-order explicit, continuous Runge–Kutta pairs. The approaches currently implemented in popular packages such as SUNDIALS or DASPKADJOINT are based on linear multistep methods. For adaptive time integration of nonlinear models, interpolation of the forward model solution is required during the adjoint model simulation. We propose to use the dense output mechanism built in the continuous Runge–Kutta schemes as a highly accurate and cost-efficient interpolation method in the inverse problem run. We implement our approach in a Fortran library called DENSERKS , which is found to compare well to other similar software on a number of test problems.
Seasonality and size effects: The case of real-estate-related investment

This article documents that the well-known size-related seasonality effects exist in real-estate-related investments. The average return on REITs in January is higher than that in any other month during the year, and the abnormally high return in January tends to disappear for large REITs, both equity and mortgage REITs. The January effect for mortgage REITs appears to be larger than that for equity REITs. Some more puzzles emerge in this article concerning seasonality, including a reverse small firm effect in certain other months.
VARIATION OF THE SOLAR NEUTRINO FLUX WITH THE SUN'S ACTIVITY

The detection rate of 37Ar at the Homestake solar neutrino experiment is strongly correlated with the monthly sunspot number. The strength of the correlation rises when a semiannual variation is included. These results support the hypothesis that precession of a neutrino magnetic moment in the solar magnetic field is responsible for the variation of the Homestake data.
Responding maintained by primary reinforcing visual stimuli is increased by nicotine administration in rats

Abstract Nicotine has been shown to increase responding maintained by turning off a houselight. To examine whether this effect extends to other primary reinforcing visual stimuli, the present study assessed whether nicotine would increase responding maintained by the illumination, and not just the darkening, of a visual stimulus. One group of rats ( n = 4) was initially trained to press two levers, using food as a consequence, while a separate group of rats ( n = 4) was initially trained to press one lever. After training, all rats pressed an active lever to turn on or turn off a houselight for 10 s, while presses on an inactive lever had no programmed consequences. A third group of rats ( n = 4) were never trained to press either of the two levers and did not experience any programmed consequences for pressing. Although nicotine slightly increased lever pressing on both levers in the third group, nicotine resulted in much greater increases in responding maintained by the visual stimuli in the first two groups. Nicotine selectively increased responding maintained by visual stimuli, regardless of which levers were originally trained and regardless of whether those stimuli consisted of turning on or turning off a houselight, suggesting that nicotine enhances the value of primary reinforcing visual stimuli.
C-Group Chromosome Abnormality (? 10p-): Occurrence in a Child With Multiple Malformations

Observations in the form of case reports combined with detailed chromosome analyses have been responsible in recent years for the delineation of several chromosomal deletion syndromes. 1-3 It is for this reason that we should like to report an instance of a partial deletion of a C-group chromosome which, in accordance with the nomenclature of the Chicago Conference, 4 would be designated 46,XX,? 10p—. Report of a Case This female Negro infant, birth weight 1,780 gm (4 lb 1¼ ounces), length 43 cm (1 ft 5 inches), head circumference 25.5 cm, chest circumference 26.5 cm, was delivered at the 35th week of gestation by frank breech, following premature rupture of the membranes (Fig 1). A single umbilical artery was noticed at initial examination. The skull was narrow with a prominent occiput, shallow orbits, periorbital edema, depressed nasal bridge, wide everted nostrils, and elongation of the philtrum. There was an auricular
Role of X-Ray Imaging in the Development of Drugs

X-ray imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of pathology of virtually every organ system of the human body. It has provided a crucial insight into the pathogenesis and patho-physiology of many diseases. Radiological modalities have been used as a measure of drug efficacy and an objective means of comparing various drug regimens. This article describes the current role of X-ray imaging in the development of drugs and outlines the possibilities in the future.
Tuberculosis infection and anergy in hemodialysis patients

Patients on hemodialysis are at increased risk for developing active tuberculosis (TB) after primary infection. Although this increased risk is well documented, the prevalence of TB infection, as indicated by a positive tuberculin skin test (TST), is not well described. End-stage renal disease is also known to be a risk factor for skin test anergy, but the rate of anergy in hemodialysis patients is unclear. We sought to identify rates of anergy and TST positivity in patients at four hemodialysis units in St Louis, Missouri, from June 1996 through August 1996. Data obtained from patients and medical records included age, years on hemodialysis, medical history, and basic laboratory data. Patients without a history of TB or a positive TST had a TST with Tubersol, as well as candida and tetanus controls, placed by the Mantoux method. Tests were read 48 hours later. Of the patients enrolled at these units, 307 of 331 (93%) were evaluated. Patients had a mean age of 58 years (range, 19 to 91 years) and had been on hemodialysis for a mean of 3.7 years (range, 1 week to 18.7 years). Blacks made up 81% of the population. A history of a positive TST was obtained from 24 patients (8%), and an additional seven (2%) had a history of active TB. Of the 276 patients tested, 93 did not respond to either control antigen, but five of these patients had a positive TST, leaving 88 (32%) anergic. Anergy was related to age, immunosuppressive drug use, and the reagents used, but not to urea reduction ratio. Positive TSTs were found in 17 of 188 of nonanergic patients (9%) (6% of all tested patients). Overall, 48 of 307 patients (16%) had a positive TST or history of TB. TB or a positive TST was associated with liver disease and peptic ulcer disease, but not socioeconomic status. All 17 newly identified TST-positive patients received chest radiographs. No new cases of active TB were found. Only two of 17 of these patients (12%) were started on isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis. We identified high rates of TST positivity and anergy in the hemodialysis patients tested. Hemodialysis patients should receive regular TST screening, and INH prophylaxis needs to be more strongly encouraged. Studies are ongoing to define the rate of TST conversion over time.
The AIDS crisis: Unethical marketing leads to negligent homicide

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how condom manufacturers and their marketers have failed to adequately promote their product to the male homosexual population (gays). Inasmuch as the AIDS syndrome constitutes a major life-threatening danger and that gays appear to be particularly vulnerable, failure to aggressively promote a known preventive such as condoms to gays constitutes negligent homicide.
Exponential decontamination models for count data

Several models are developed for the estimation of the rate of exponential die-off from decontamination data. Calculations with illustrative data are reported which indicate that the estimation of this rate and its variance are sensitive to changes in modelling assumptions. Since extrapolation using this estimated rate is used in the specification of planetary quarantine standards, special care should be taken in the selection of an appropriate model and corresponding estimation procedure for the analysis of each set of decontamination data to be used for this purpose.
Synthesis and characterization of the aqueous solution chemistry of the food-derived carcinogen model N-acetoxy-N-(1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,5-b]indol-3-yl)acetamide and its N-pivaloyloxy analogue

Abstract We report the synthesis of N-acetoxy-N-(1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,5-b]indol-3-yl)acetamide, 7 , its N-pivaloyloxy analogue, 9 , and improved synthesis of indole-2-acetonitrile, 3 (70% in five steps from indole-2-carboxylic acid), the carcinogenic amine Trp-P-2, 4 (40% from 3 ), and the nitro compound, 5 (40% from 4 by oxidation with H2O2 using Mo(CO)6 catalyst). In aqueous solution at neutral pH, 7 primarily undergoes C–O bond cleavage to yield the hydroxamic acid, 8 , but under the same conditions the sterically hindered 9 decomposes predominately by N–O bond cleavage with a pH independent rate constant that is 7.5-fold smaller than that for 7 . In the pH range 0.5–7.0 three different processes for the decomposition of 9 were detected by kinetics. Only the process that dominates at neutral pH generates a nitrenium species that can be trapped by N3−.
Role of freezing and fear in avoidance decrements following mammillothalamic tractotomy in cat: II. Appetitively motivated behavior

Although previous work (Krieckhaus, 1964a; Krieckhaus & Chi, 1966) suggests that it is unlikely that the avoidance decrements following lesions of the mammillothalamic tract (MTT) are attributable to increased freezing behavior, in each case evaluation of freezing was confounded with concomitant changes in avoidance behavior. In the present experiment, freezing following MTT lesions was evaluated independently of avoidance behavior by using either the conditioned emotional response (CER) or an appetitively motivated visual discrimination in which the incorrect response was punished. In neither case was there any indication of increases in freezing or other signs of fear following lesions of the MTT. We thus conclude that the reported increases in freezing behavior following MTT lesions are a result of rather than a cause of a primary decrement in avoidance behavior.
Generalised blurring mean-shift algorithms for nonparametric clustering

Gaussian blurring mean-shift (GBMS) is a nonparametric clustering algorithm, having a single bandwidth parameter that controls the number of clusters. The algorithm iteratively shrinks the data set under the application of a mean-shift update, stops in just a few iterations and yields excellent clusterings. We propose several families of generalised GBMS (GGBMS) algorithms based on explicit, implicit and exponential updates, and depending on a step-size parameter. We give conditions on the step size for the convergence of these algorithms and show that the convergence rate for Gaussian clusters ranges from sublinear to linear, cubic and even higher order depending on the update and step size. We show that the algorithms are related to spectral clustering if using a random-walk matrix with modified eigenvalues and updated after each iteration, and show the relation with methods developed for surface smoothing in the computer graphics literature. Detailed experiments in toy problems and image segmentation show that, while all the GGBMS algorithms can achieve essentially the same result (for appropriate settings of the bandwidth and step size), they significantly differ in runtime, with slightly over-relaxed explicit updates being fastest in practice.
Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase Regulates CCAAT Enhancer-binding Protein β Functions through Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3

The CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ) plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression during cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We previously showed that C/EBPβ participates in cGMP-regulated transcription of c-fos in osteoblasts (Chen, Y., Zhuang, S., Cassenaer, S., Casteel, D. E., Gudi, T., Boss, G. R., and Pilz, R. B. (2003) Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 4066–4082). In the present work, we show that cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) induced dephosphorylation and activation of C/EBPβ by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Phosphorylation of GSK-3β on Ser9 negatively regulates the enzyme activity, and we found that PKG phosphorylated this site both in vitro and in vivo; the in vivo phosphorylation occurred rapidly and preceded C/EBPβ dephosphorylation. Previous studies with GSK-3 inhibitors suggest that GSK-3β is a C/EBPβ kinase in resting cells. We determined that GSK-3β phosphorylated C/EBPβ in vitro on Thr189, Ser185, Ser181, and Ser177; C/EBPβ was phosphorylated on these same sites in intact, unstimulated osteoblasts, and phosphorylation was decreased in cGMP-treated cells. Mutation of the GSK-3 phosphorylation sites in C/EBPβ prevented C/EBPβ phosphorylation in resting cells, enhanced C/EBPβ DNA binding, and led to increased target gene transactivation, mimicking the stimulatory effects of cGMP on C/EBPβ. cGMP regulation of C/EBPβ was disrupted by a mutant GSK-3β(Ala9) resistant to cGMP/PKG phosphorylation and inhibition. We conclude that cGMP increases the DNA binding potential of C/EBPβ by preventing the negative effects of GSK-3 phosphorylation.
Novel synthesis of trans-tetrahydro diol diacetates precursors of carcinogenic aza-arene dihydro diols and diol epoxides

Abstract Selective dehydrogenation of trans -octahydro diol diacetates of dibenz(a,h)acridine by DDQ provides a convenient synthesis of trans-tetrahydro diol diacetates which are the valuable intermediates for the synthesis of proximate and ultimate carcinogens of dibenz(a,h)acridine.
Developmental networks and professional identity: a longitudinal study

Purpose – This paper seeks to examine the relationship between individuals' developmental mentoring networks and a subjective career outcome, clarity of professional identity. How developmental network characteristics are related to professional identity over time is explored. Design/methodology/approach – This is a three‐wave, longitudinal survey study, covering a five‐year span (1996‐2001). The participants (n=136), full‐time MBA students at the inception of the study, provided complete developmental network data on each survey. The relationships between clarity of professional identity and three different measures of developmental network density were explored: early‐career density; general density; and density dynamics (e.g. the change in density over time). Findings – Developmental network density, which reflects the professional identity exploration process, is negatively related to clarity of professional identity. Research limitations/implications – The study is limited by the use of graduating MBA students from a single, top‐20 business school as participants. Practical implications – The findings suggest that people might be able to improve their careers through changing their developmental networks, particularly during their early‐career years. Originality/value – This paper provides novel insights to the mentoring, identity, and careers literatures. Given the previously uncharted territory of understanding the dynamics of developmental networks and its relationship to career outcomes, this study opens avenues for future research, while also answering questions about developmental networks and the ways they function over time.
Characterization of Interdigital Capacitive Strain Gauges by Direct Write Technology

Interdigitated capacitive strain gauges have several distinct advantages over resistive-based strain gauges, particularly for applications in harsh environments, such as high-temperature environments. In this work capacitive strain gauges have been fabricated using thermal spray technology. Gauges are fabricated using both a direct-write approach where the gauge is fabricated using a computer-controlled deposition system and by ultrafast laser micromachining in which blanket coatings sprayed onto a substrate are subsequently laser micrornachined. Silver coatings were sprayed onto plastic, polymer, composites, fiberglass and alumina to form the strain gauges. An ultrafast laser machining technique was used to fabricate capacitive strain gauges on copper coated printed circuit boards as well as NiCr coatings on alumina substrate. The typical capacitance of strain gauge was in the range of 5∼25 pF. Mechanical tests included gauge factor, linearity and zero shift. Temperature-based measurements include the temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) measurements and thermal cycling tests. The devices show promise for use in wireless strain monitoring applications.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Parents' behaviors, knowledge, and beliefs related to unintentional firearm injuries among children and youth in the southwest

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this research study was to describe parents' behaviors, knowledge, and beliefs related to unintentional firearm injuries among children and youth. METHOD: A convenience sample of 80 parents whose children were attending one of six Kindercare Learning Centers in a Southwestern city was surveyed during the summer of 1995 to learn about their behaviors, knowledge and beliefs about unintentional firearm injuries among children and youth. Data on demographic characteristics, behaviors, knowledge, and beliefs, were collected with a questionnaire. RESULTS: Men and parents who had grown up with a gun in the house were more likely to be gun owners. Forty-eight percent of parents kept at least one gun in the home. Twenty-six percent of gun owners reported that the gun was loaded at all times, and 18% reported that a gun was kept within reach of a child. The most common reason given by parents for having a gun was for protection (61%). Only 8% of parents reported having discussed firearm safety with a health care worker. None of the parents had discussed firearm safety with a pediatrician. A test of knowledge about firearm injuries revealed some gaps in knowledge, with no significant differences between men and women or gun owners and non-gun owners. DISCUSSION: Results suggest that firearms in the home continue to pose a significant risk to children. Anticipatory guidance from NPs and pediatricians is needed to protect children from unintentional firearm injuries.
Giving Up on “the Rest of the Language”

In this essay, the tension that Benacerraf identifies for theories of mathematical truth is used as the vehicle for arguing against a particular desideratum for semantic theories. More specifically, I place in question the desideratum that a semantic theory, provided for some area of discourse, should run in parallel with the semantic theory holding for the rest of the language. The importance of this desideratum is also made clear by means of tracing out the subtle (though significant) implications of its rejection.
Choice of General Anesthetics for Trauma Patients

The trauma anesthesiologist has multiple competing concerns when supporting the patient with major trauma, but the priority must be focused on adequate resuscitation to facilitate surgical hemostasis. A broad, evidence-informed knowledge of airway management, resuscitation, physiology, pharmacology, and critical care is required to address the unique pathophysiological processes encountered in trauma. Judicious selection of anesthetic agents is crucial to ensure optimal outcomes. In this review, we describe approaches for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia for the patient with major trauma. Considerations for ongoing resuscitation and hemodynamic instability will be explored and discussed with respect to the administration of anesthetic induction and maintenance agents. Practices at our institution are reviewed, including the administration of high-dose opioids as an integral part of both resuscitation and anesthesia for the patient with major trauma.
Oxygen Consumption of Whole Animal and Tissues in Temperature Acclimated Amphibians

SummaryTotal body metabolism of Rana pipiens and Triturus viridescens was determined in animals acclimated to cold and warm environments. Those animals adjusted to cold had a higher oxygen uptake when measurements were made at an intermediate temperature. Thyroidectomy had no effect on respiratory metabolism of Triturus. Tissue metabolism of skeletal muscle and stomach had higher oxygen consumption when taken from cold acclimated (5°C) animals than when obtained from warm adjusted (25°C).Liver showed no significant changes. Ventricle responded just the opposite from skeletal muscle and stomach. The wet/dry weight ratios of all 4 tissues did not change during acclimation.
Problems in carbon-13 NMR

Carbon-13 NMR Based Organic Spectral Problems. By Philip L. Fuchs and Charles B. Bunnell. Pp.316. (Wiley: New York and Chichester, UK, 1979.) Paperback $14.97, £7.55.
Cerebrospinal fluid examination in symptom-free infants with risk factors for infection

nine tyrosyl ring deiodination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 198 I; 53:498-501. 25. Thorpe-Beeston JG, Nicolaides KH, Felton CV, Butler J, McGregor AM. Maturation of the secretion of thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the fetus. N Engl J Med 1991;324:532-6. 26. Abbassi V, Merchant K, Abramson D. Postnatal triiodothyronine concentrations in healthy preterm infants and in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Res 1977;11: 802-4. 27. Klein AH, Foley B, Kenney FM, Fisher DA. Thyroid hormone and thyrotropin responses to parturition in premature infants with and without the respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1979;63:380-5. 28. Snyder P J, Utiger RD. Repetitive administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone results in small elevations of serum thyroid hormones and in marked inhibition of thyrotropin response. J Clin Invest 1973;52:2305-12. 29. Staub J J, Girard J, Mueller-Brand J, et al. Blunting of TSH response after repeated oral administration of TRH in normal and hypothyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978;46: 260-6. 30. Ballard RA, Ballard PL, Creasy R, Gross I, Padbury JP. Prenatal thyrotropin-releasing hormone plus corticosteroid decreases chronic lung disease in very low birth weight infants [Abstract]. Clin Res 1990;38:192A. 31. Barkai G, Zarfin Y, Ben-Harari M, Reichman B, Sack J, Mashiaeh S. In utero thyroxine therapy for the induction of fetal lung maturity: long-term effects. J Perinat Med 1988; 16:145-8.
Singularities in auxetic elastic bimaterials

Abstract In this paper we study the effects of negative Poisson's ratios on elastic problems containing singularities. Materials with a negative Poisson's ratio are termed auxetic. We present a brief review of such materials. The elasticity problem of a bimateral wedge is presented, then two particular cases of this problem are investigated: the free-edge problem and the interface crack problem. We study the effect on the stress singularity due to one portion of the bimaterial becoming auxetic. We find that the auxetic material has a significant effect on the singularity order, even causing the singularity to vanish for certain values of the elastic constants.
Prehospital Management of Pediatric Trauma

A limited body of literature about pediatric prehospital trauma care exists to date. Topics that have been studied include delaying transport to initiate treatment on-scene, the use of advanced life support or basic life support resources, identifying high-risk pediatric trauma patients, optimal airway management, obtaining intravenous or intraosseous access, immobilization of the cervical spine, optimal management of traumatic brain injury, and the assessment and management of pain. Translating the best available evidence into clinical practice is important to providing quality prehospital pediatric trauma care. This article will review the literature regarding the risks and benefits of various aspects of pediatric trauma care in the prehospital setting.
Quantitative evaluation reveals taxonomic over-splitting in extinct marine invertebrates: implications in conserving biodiversity

Till date, morphology in general was characterized qualitatively to support the traditional classification system. This study for the first time uses an integrated approach to explore the appropriateness of traditional classification by superposing quantitative characters on qualitative classification using advanced mathematical techniques. Here, a quantitative method was applied that calculates changes in body shape by digitizing the inferred ecological niche and functional attributes of relevant morphological traits. Subsequently, absolute values were assigned to structural–functional traits of extinct atrypids to determine their taxonomy at a higher resolution. Investigating phenotypic diversity in these once abundant Paleozoic brachiopods from deep time is important for predicting future marine biodiversity of their closest living relatives and in conserving the marine ecosystem at large. Results show taxonomic over-splitting, a possible consequence of qualitative taxonomy. This study highlights the necessity of revisiting prior taxonomy by incorporating quantified traits and elicits the hazards of proposing classification based on qualitative traits alone. Perhaps, this study can be a starting point to improve the biological classification system in places where it must be based on morphology alone.
Partial Sequence of the Alpha-Tubulin Gene From Histomonas meleagridis Isolates From the United States

Abstract Histomonas meleagridis, the causative agent of histomoniasis, is a protozoan parasite classified in the Dientamoebidae (order Tritrichomonadida). The α-tubulin gene of 7 H. meleagridis isolates originating from either domestic chickens or turkeys from the United States was amplified by nested PCR and sequenced. A 91.4–99.8% nucleotide identity was shared among the 7 different sequences, and phylogenetic analysis disclosed that the 7 isolates were divided into at least 3 clades. These sequences had a 91–99% nucleotide identity and a 96–100% amino acid identity compared with 3 H. meleagridis α-tubulin sequences obtained from isolates originating from turkeys in Germany. Further α-tubulin gene analysis from species in the Dientamoebidae will be useful in elucidating the evolutionary relationship of these protozoans.
Adverse Effects of Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy

Proton pump inhibitors have an excellent safety profile and have become one of the most commonly prescribed class of drugs in primary and specialty care. Long-term, sometimes lifetime, use is becoming increasingly common, often without appropriate indications. This paper is a detailed review of the current evidence on this important topic, focusing on the potential adverse effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use that have generated the greatest concern: B12 deficiency; iron deficiency; hypomagnesemia; increased susceptibility to pneumonia, enteric infections, and fractures; hypergastrinemia and cancer; drug interactions; and birth defects. We explain the pathophysiological mechanisms that may underlie each of these relationships, review the existing evidence, and discuss implications for clinical management. The benefits of proton pump inhibitor use outweigh its risks in most patients. Elderly, malnourished, immune-compromised, chronically ill, and osteoporotic patients theoretically could be at increased risk from long-term therapy.
Two kinds of short-term storage

The hypothesis that same-order and natural serial-order recall of numbers use a common short-term storage was tested by requiring either same-order or serial-order recall on two successive presentations of the same sequence. The results show the use of two different short-term storages, retaining information which refers to appropriate responses in long-term storage.
Desulphurization of coal with ozone: an attempt

When coal was treated with ozone in oxygen, an increase in sulfur in the effluent gas was measured. Preliminary results of this study are reported. The process could not serve as a basis for a coal desulfurization process unless the amount of sulfur removed could be increased significantly. Since no nitrogen oxides were found in the effluent gas, it is doubtful that denitrification could be accomplished by ozonization.
Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol and Marijuana: Effects on Motor Development of Preschool Children

Gross motor development of preschool children prenatally exposed to alcohol and marijuana was assessed as part of a longitudinal study. Most mothers in the study were light to moderate users and discontinued or decreased use of alcohol and marijuana after the first trimester of pregnancy. The women were of lower socioeconomic status, half of the sample was African-American, and most were single. Gross motor development was evaluated with balance and ball-handling items at 3 years. Balance items included walking on a line, walking on a balance beam, standing on one foot, standing on tiptoes, and stair climbing and descent. Ball-handling items included catching, throwing, and kicking a ball. Refusal to perform items was also recorded. Prenatal alcohol and marijuana exposure did not negatively affect gross motor development. The composite score on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, age at assessment, gender, and examiner were significant predictors of gross motor performance and of refusal to participate in the balance items. The ponderal index, number of siblings, current income, examiner, current maternal use of tranquilizers, and first trimester exposure to amphetamines were also significant predictors of balance skills. Gender and number of hospitalizations predicted refusal to participate in balance items, whereas hearing and vision problems predicted refusal on ball-handling items. The components of timing, speed, and fine motor control have not been addressed in this study, and therefore it is premature to conclude that there is no impact of prenatal substance use on motor development.
2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic: Field and Epidemiologic Investigations in the United States at the Start of the First Pandemic of the 21st Century

In April, 2009, CDC identified a novel influenza A virus detected from 2 children with febrile respiratory illness in southern California. The virus quickly emerged and spread globally and by 5 May, confirmed cases had been reported from 41 US states and 21 countries worldwide. Since the virus had never been identified before, little was known about the characteristics of the virus and how the pandemic would progress-would it be severe, how efficient would viral transmission be, would transmission be sustainable, what would the spectrum of illness, factors associated with severe disease, and causes of death be, and what risk groups would be most affected? Field investigations and epidemiologic studies in the United States and elsewhere were critical in helping answer these questions and characterizing the virus and the pandemic. This supplement will report results from field and epidemiologic investigations conducted in the United States since April 2009.
Uptake and Metabolism of Sulfate by Chlorella. I. Sulfate Accumulation and Active Sulfate

The uptake and metabolism of sulfur has enjoyed relatively little attention as compared with other elements known to be -essential for plant nutrition. Considerable information has been developed on the metabolism of sulfur by microorganisms, but in chlorophyllaceous plants relatively little is known regarding the mechanisms of sulfur reduction and incorporation into organic forms following its absorption as the inorganic sulfate ion (15). The formation of "active" sulfate by animal and plant cells has recently become a subject of some
Communication: Comparing ab initio methods of obtaining effective U parameters for closed-shell materials

The density functional theory (DFT)+U method is an efficient and effective way to calculate the ground-state properties of strongly correlated transition metal compounds, with the effective U parameters typically determined empirically. Two ab initio methods have been developed to compute the U parameter based on either constrained DFT (CDFT) or unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) theory. Previous studies have demonstrated the success of both methods in typical open-shell materials such as FeO and NiO. In this Communication we report numerical instability issues that arise for the CDFT method when applied to closed-shell transition metals, by using ZnO and Cu2O as examples. By contrast, the UHF method behaves much more robustly for both closed- and open-shell materials, making it more suitable for treating closed-shell transition metals, as well as main group elements.