cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring employer perceptions of pharmacy technician certification in the community pharmacy setting.

Abstract Background With the evolving roles of pharmacy technicians in the United States, the profession has attempted to define a national standard. Community pharmacy employers to-date have preferred on-the-job training to formal, accredited training programs or credentialing, however, limited evidence exists on the perceived needs of pharmacy technicians in the United States compared to those of community pharmacy employers. Objectives The aims of this study were to explore: 1) community pharmacy employer perceptions of associated benefits and perceived value of pharmacy technician certification and 2) needs of employers related to pharmacy technician attitudes and knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs). Methods Using a semi-structured interview guide, researchers interviewed 7 community pharmacy employers within top management teams in a variety of community pharmacy settings. The data were analyzed for themes using the human capital vs. signal theory. Results Employers and managers generally saw both attitude and KSAs as vital to success. However, given a choice between experience and attitude, attitude was preferred. There was general agreement that certified technicians offered more value to their organization, however gaps in certified technician KSAs were noted (i.e., lack of day-to-day practical skills, vaccination screening, motivating patients to change behaviors, patient communication and workflow management). Conclusions New emerging directions for certification now exist due to the rapidly shifting pharmacy landscape, which is revolves around new and expanded clinical patient care services. This shifting landscape has exposed gaps, reinforced strengths, and uncovered potential new opportunities and needs related to technician certification.
Revisiting the Presence of Women in Political Science Journal Editorial Positions

In 2010, an analysis of the top 50 political science journals showed that women were reasonably well represented as editors, associate editors, and board members compared to their numbers as senior faculty at PhD-granting institutions. As the presence of women in the profession has increased, have women kept up in these editorial positions? Overall, the data from 2018 suggest that they have. Although women are still significantly underrepresented as editors and associate editors at journals with small editorial staffs, they are well represented at those with medium-sized and large staffs. The proportion of women as board members also has kept pace with the proportion of female senior faculty at PhD-granting institutions, especially at the top five journals in the profession. There is still significant variation among journals but little change in their rankings: journals with the highest proportion of women as editors, associate editors, and board members in 2010 continued to lead the way in 2018.
Comparison of ROW, ESDIRK, and BDF2 for Unsteady Flows with the High-Order Flux Reconstruction Formulation

We conduct a comparative study of the Jacobian-free linearly implicit Rosenbrock–Wanner (ROW) methods, the explicit first stage, singly diagonally implicit Runge–Kutta (ESDIRK) methods, and the second-order backward differentiation formula (BDF2) for the high-order flux reconstruction/correction procedure via reconstruction solution of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. Pseudo-transient continuation is employed to solve the nonlinear equation at each stage of ESDIRK (excluding the first stage) and each step of BDF2. A Jacobian-free implementation of the restarted generalized minimal residual method solver is employed with a low storage element-Jacobi preconditioner to solve the linear system at each stage of ROW and each pseudo time iteration of ESDIRK and BDF2. Several numerical experiments, including both laminar and turbulent flow simulations, are conducted to carry out the comparison. We observe that the multistage ROW2 and ESDIRK2 are more efficient than the multistep BDF2, and higher-order implicit time integrators are more efficient than lower-order ones. In general, the ESDIRK method allows a larger physical time step size for unsteady flow simulation than the ROW method when the element-Jacobi preconditioner is employed, especially for wall-bounded flows; and the ROW method can be more efficient than the ESDIRK method when the time step size is refined.
Study on the etiological characteristics of viral diarrhea of infants under 5 years in Beijing

Objective To investigate the main pathogens in recent two years that resulted in viral diarrhea in infants under 5 years in Xi-cheng district of Beijing in order to provide the scientific basis for the prevention and control of viral diarrhea.Methods The 196 feces specimens of infants with diarrhea were collected from April 2011 to March 2012.ELISA was used to detect Rotavirus (RV),PCR was used to detect Human Caliciviruses (HuCV),Human Astrovirus (HAstV) and Enteric Adenovirus (EAdv).Results Among the 196 specimens,77 specimens were positive and total positive rate was 39.3％.38 specimens were positive for RV (positive rate was 19.4％),33 specimens were positive for HuCV(positive rate was 16.8％),8 specimens were positive for HAstV (4.1％),and 9 specimens were positive for EAdv (4.6％),whieh accounted for 49.4％,42.7％,11.7％ and 10.4％ of all the positive specimens,respectively.Among all the positive specimens,11 specimens (14.3％) were co-infection.There was no significant difference in the incidence of viral diarrhea between male and female (x2 =0.42,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The pathogens of viral diarrhea in Beijing shows diversity,and the four kinds of viruses can be detected.RV and HuCV are the dominant pathogens.The invasion peak is from October to January of next year,the second peak was from February to May,the third peak was from June to September. Key words: Viral diarrhea; Rotavirus; Human caliciviruses; Human astrovirus; Enteric adenovirus
High-Resolution Imaging of Cellulose Organization in Cell Walls by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy

Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) is a powerful tool for analyzing surface structures of biological and nonbiological samples. However, when it is used to study fine structures of nanometer-sized microfibrils of epidermal cell walls, one often encounters tremendous challenges to acquire clear and undistorted images because of two major issues: (1) Preparation of samples suitable for high resolution imaging; due to the delicateness of some plant materials, such as onion epidermal cell walls, many things can happen during sample processing, which subsequently result in damaged samples or introduce artifacts. (2) Difficulties to acquire clear images of samples which are electron-beam sensitive and prone to charging artifacts at magnifications over 100,000×. In this chapter we described detailed procedures for sample preparation and conditions for high-resolution FESEM imaging of onion epidermal cell walls. The methods can be readily adapted for other wall materials.
The Misinterpretation of eBay v. MercExchange and Why: An Analysis of the Case History, Precedent, and Parties

eBay v. MercExchange, 547 U.S. 388 (2006) is approaching a decade of citation and, in that time, the landscape for injunctions in patent infringement cases has changed dramatically. Can revisiting the case give us a better understanding of how the standards for injunctions should be understood post-eBay, perhaps in contrast to how they are understood? The purpose of this article is to extract that detail regarding the eBay injunction denial from primary sources. This research focuses solely on the injunction issue post-trial to case settlement. The article next assesses the impact of eBay on district courts, inventors, news stories, intellectual property investors, and others over the last decade. Finally, based in part on a review of court opinions considering permanent injunctions since eBay, and court citations to eBay’s concurring opinions by Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Kennedy, the article argues that the case has largely been misinterpreted by district courts and others for various reasons including: improper reliance on Justice Kennedy’s concurrence; misleading media coverage; eBay’s public relations efforts to spin media attention in its favor; a district court judge generally biased against patent owners and uniquely concerned with the wide disparities between the parties, the motives of MercExchange, and the vast consequences an injunction may bring against the world’s largest auction marketplace; and the fact that the case settled after the district court’s second denial of an injunction but before the Federal Circuit could revisit the issues. The article concludes by emphasizing that eBay should be cited for what the Court actually held, and not for how the case has been (mis)interpreted these last ten years.
The net worth of networks and extraversion: Examining personality structure through network models

Abstract Examining personality structure is a mainstay of psychologists; ever-developing statistical technology makes understanding the structure more tenable. Within the Five Factor Model (FFM), personality is thought to stem from five underlying dimensions. However, recent FFM literature has suggested that personality results from a direct interplay between behavioral, cognitive, and affective components. Mapping out the exact nature of these direct relationships between personality indicators (i.e., observable aspects of personality) is necessary to better explain personality broadly. Network models attempt to explain how variables within a system connect and influence one another. We sought to better understand how indicators of extraversion affect one another by creating network models utilizing extraversion personality data. Exploratory results showed strong indicator relationships within socialization indicators (e.g., “I am the life of the party” and “I talk to a lot of different people at parties”). Results from exploratory networks showed similar edge weight replication in addition to both main centrality measures replicating (i.e., Strength and Closeness). Confirmatory results provided additional fit indices and compared networks across samples, showing similar relationships found within exploratory analyses (e.g., socialization indicators of extraversion). Measurement invariance testing results showed replication with strict model constraints. Implications are discussed.
Regular Healthcare Provider Status Does Not Moderate Racial/Ethnic Differences in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV Vaccine Knowledge

Background: Racial/ethnic minorities generally have a lower knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the HPV vaccine than non-Hispanic Whites. They are also less likely to have a regular healthcare provider (HCP). Given the role of HCPs in disseminating health information, we evaluated whether racial/ethnic disparities in HPV knowledge are moderated by regular HCP status. Methods: Data from the Health Information National Trends Survey Five (HINTS 5) Cycles One and Two (2017–2018) were analyzed. HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge were compared by regular HCP status across race/ethnicities. Independent partially-adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between race/ethnicity and knowledge after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. The resulting adjusted odds ratios were compared to those from fully-adjusted models that included HCP status. Results: After adjusting for regular HCP status, differences in knowledge persisted between racial/ethnic groups. Compared to Whites, Hispanics and Other race/ethnicities had significantly lower odds of having heard of HPV. Blacks, Hispanics, and Other race/ethnicities had significantly lower odds of having heard of the HPV vaccine. Conclusion: Racial/ethnic minorities had significantly lower levels of knowledge despite HCP status. These data suggest the need to address disparities in health information and strengthen provider–patient communication regarding HPV and the HPV vaccine.
Inferring dark matter substructure with astrometric lensing beyond the power spectrum.

Astrometry -- the precise measurement of positions and motions of celestial objects -- has emerged as a promising avenue for characterizing the dark matter population in our Galaxy. By leveraging recent advances in simulation-based inference and neural network architectures, we introduce a novel method to search for global dark matter-induced gravitational lensing signatures in astrometric datasets. Our method based on neural likelihood-ratio estimation shows significantly enhanced sensitivity to a cold dark matter population and more favorable scaling with measurement noise compared to existing approaches based on two-point correlation statistics, establishing machine learning as a powerful tool for characterizing dark matter using astrometric data.
Enhanced Ecosystem Services Provided by Silvopastures

Silvopasture management increases agricultural intensification by intentionally integrating livestock with forestry or non-timber forest products on the same land unit. A growing body of literature indicates that such integrations can create positive outcomes for the environment, land productivity, and societal perception of land use. Principles of ecology can be used as a basis for developing silvopasture systems that optimize these outcomes. Well-managed silvopastures can improve overall land productivity, and growing awareness of the practice and greater availability of incentive payments are beginning to drive an increase in implementation. Adoption has been of particular interest to land managers seeking to minimize environmental degradation and improve animal welfare. Silvopastoral land management will likely become more prevalent in the coming years as land managers recognize the potential contributions this practice may provide to their land and production systems.
Meeting the World’s Need for Maintenance Dialysis

Recent decades have witnessed remarkable changes in the treatment of ESRD, particularly in the large-scale provision of maintenance dialysis. Initially, nephrology’s main dialysis–related challenge, corresponding roughly to the period from the 1960s to the 1980s, was to transform dialysis from
The Reasons for Japanese Imperialism (1895-1910)

In 1850, since Japan was an economically backward feudal society, it was an easy prey for the imperialist aspirations of powerful world powers, such as Britain and the United States, which placed legal and commercial disabilities on Japan in order to fulfill their own needs. This subordinate position was enforced upon Japan by the United States in 1854 with the treaty port system that obliged her to open her ports for foreign trade and residence. Other Western nations, such as Britain and Russia, were soon to follow in this semi-colonial approach. This was important for the development of imperialism within Japan because not only did it condition the Japanese to emulate the Western set model as well as give rise to Japan’s own international ambitions, but it also provided a context for action. The Japanese reaction took form under the Meiji Restoration of 1868 which saw a group of leaders emerge in power.
The perils of meta-regression to identify clinical decision support system success factors

Display Omitted Meta-regression can be used to identify important features of CDS interventions.However, this approach can lead to misleading conclusions.This paper provides a case study on this issue in the area of CDS success factors.Recommendations for addressing this issue are provided. Clinical decision support interventions are typically heterogeneous in nature, making it difficult to identify why some interventions succeed while others do not. One approach to identify factors important to the success of health information systems is the use of meta-regression techniques, in which potential explanatory factors are correlated with the outcome of interest. This approach, however, can result in misleading conclusions due to several issues. In this manuscript, we present a cautionary case study in the context of clinical decision support systems to illustrate the limitations of this type of analysis. We then discuss implications and recommendations for future work aimed at identifying success factors of medical informatics interventions. In particular, we identify the need for head-to-head trials in which the importance of system features is directly evaluated in a prospective manner.
Writing Bad Briefs: How to Lose a Case in 100 Pages or More

This article, reprinted from the New York State Bar Journal, explains how to lose a case through poor legal writing.
Time after Feeding and Dietary Arginine Deficiency Alter Splanchnic and Hepatic Amino Acid Flux in Rats

The effect of an arginine-deficient diet containing 3.4% glutamate on net flux of amino acids across the portal-drained viscera and liver was studied in rats at 0, 1 or 2 h after a meal and compared with that in arginine-fed controls. Net portal-drained viscera flux for most amino acids was greater in the fed state compared with the postabsorptive state except for glycine and cystine, which did not change, and methionine, which declined. Net amino acid recovery in portal blood 2 h after feeding compared with amounts consumed was highest for alanine (17.3%); recovery of other amino acids ranged from 5.6 to 15.3%. No net portal-drained viscera recovery of consumed cystine was observed. For the branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, methionine, threonine, histidine and lysine, net hepatic uptake was nearly equal to net portal-drained viscera absorption (range 77-127% of portal-drained viscera flux). Correlation coefficients between net hepatic and portal-drained viscera fluxes for leucine, valine, isoleucine, methionine and phenylalanine were 0.84 to 0.93. Postabsorptive hepatic extraction for most amino acids was zero, but after a meal, ranged from 13.3 to 22.9% for the branched-chain and aromatic amino acids. Net hepatic production of ornithine and proline occurred in arginine-fed control rats. This value was near zero for ornithine in rats fed the arginine-deficient diet. Models of interorgan amino acid metabolism in the food-deprived and fed state are presented.
Do antibiotics reduce the frequency of surgical site infections after impacted mandibular third molar surgery

Surgical removal of impacted third molars remains the most common procedure performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Given the abundance of host bacteria within the operative sites, surgical site infections are among the most common complications of third molar removal, with an estimated frequency of 1% to 30%. In this setting, significant controversy has surrounded the use of prophylactic antibiotics in the surgical management of impacted third molars. This article provides a comprehensive review of the available data on antibiotic prophylaxis in impacted third molar surgery and offers specific recommendations on antibiotic use.
Structure of a complex of the ATPase SecA and the protein-translocation channel.

Most proteins are secreted from bacteria by the interaction of the cytoplasmic SecA ATPase with a membrane channel, formed by the heterotrimeric SecY complex. Here we report the crystal structure of SecA bound to the SecY complex, with a maximum resolution of 4.5 angstrom (A), obtained for components from Thermotoga maritima. One copy of SecA in an intermediate state of ATP hydrolysis is bound to one molecule of the SecY complex. Both partners undergo important conformational changes on interaction. The polypeptide-cross-linking domain of SecA makes a large conformational change that could capture the translocation substrate in a ‘clamp’. Polypeptide movement through the SecY channel could be achieved by the motion of a ‘two-helix finger’ of SecA inside the cytoplasmic funnel of SecY, and by the coordinated tightening and widening of SecA’s clamp above the SecY pore. SecA binding generates a ‘window’ at the lateral gate of the SecY channel and it displaces the plug domain, preparing the channel for signal sequence binding and channel opening. Newly synthesized proteins are translocated across the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum membrane or the prokaryotic plasma membrane through an evolutionarily conserved protein conducting channel or translocon known as Sec61 in eukaryotes and SecY in prokaryotes. In bacteria, the SecA ATPase is thought to be the motor for translocation through the SecY channel. Two papers by Tom Rapoport and colleagues report the long-awaited structure of the SecA–SecY complex from bacteria. The structure, reveals major conformational changes between both partners and suggests that SecA uses a two-helix finger to push translocating proteins into SecY's cytoplasmic funnel. Crosslinking studies provide further experimental support for this mechanism. In a third paper, Osamu Nureki and colleagues present a crystal structure of SecY bound to an anti-SecY Fab fragment revealing a pre-open state of the channel. Together these three papers provide novel insights into the path taken by a translocating protein. In News and Views, Anastassios Economou takes stock of where this work leaves current knowledge of this 'astonishing cellular nanomachine'. This study reports the structure of the SecA–SecY complex from bacteria. The structure reveals major conformational changes between both partners and provides novel insights into the path taken by a translocating protein.
Generation of competent virus in the REV helper cell line C3

We have studied the generation of replication-competent virus in cultures of the helper cell line C3, which harbors a packaging-defective provirus derived from reticuloendotheliosis virus. We transfected the C3 line with a defective provirus encoding the chicken growth hormone gene and carrying the HSV-1 tk gene. The appearance of competent virus was assayed by infection of Spafas C/E CEF, monitoring reverse transcriptase activity, and rescue of the TKTU assayed on BRLtk- cells. Our results indicate that cultures of C3 producing TKTU can release viruses which have variable growth characteristics and which can remain latent in culture for extended periods of time.
Effect of chordwise forces and deformations and deformations due to steady lift on wing flutter

This investigation explores the effects of chordwise forces and deformations and steady-state deformation due to lift on the static and dynamic aeroelastic stability of a uniform cantilever wing. Results of this analysis are believed to have practical applications for high-performance sailplanes and certain RPV's. The airfoil cross section is assumed to be symmetric and camber bending is neglected. Motions in vertical bending, fore-and-aft bending, and torsion are considered. A differential equation model is developed, which included the nonlinear elastic bending-torsion coupling that accompanies even moderate deflections. A linearized expansion in small time-dependent deflections is made about a steady flight condition. The stability determinant of the linearized system then contains coefficients that depend on steady displacements. Loads derived from two-dimensional incompressible aerodynamic theory are used to obtain the majority of the results, but cases using three-dimensional subsonic compressible theory are also studied. The stability analysis is carried out in terms of the dynamically uncoupled natural modes of vibration of the uniform cantilever.
Outgassing from and deuterium retention in beryllium and Be/C mixed-material plasma-facing components

Abstract Thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS) is used to examine the outgassing characteristics of as-received beryllium samples and the deuterium retention and desorption behavior of beryllium following plasma exposure. The samples consist of a hot-pressed powder metallurgy product and a plasma-sprayed product. The number of molecules outgassed from a plasma-sprayed sample is ten times that outgassed from a press-sintered sample and a higher desorption temperature is necessary to outgas a plasma-sprayed sample. The majority of the molecules outgassed from each sample type are in the form of hydrogen molecules and water vapor. In addition, the post-plasma-exposure desorption of deuterium from both products are compared. Following identical plasma exposures at close to room temperature, a factor of ten less deuterium is retained in plasma-sprayed samples, presumably due to the columnar structure of the resultant sprayed material that would have enhanced pathways to the sample surface. After higher surface temperature exposure (≈500°C), the retention in the plasma-sprayed material is a factor of three less than the retention in the pressed-powder material. Finally, the impact on deuterium retention of carbon-containing surface layers formed during the plasma exposure is evaluated.
Treatment and Controversies in Paraesophageal Hernia Repair

Background: Historically all paraesophageal hernias were repaired surgically, today intervention is reserved for symptomatic paraesophageal hernias. In this review, we describe the indications for repair and explore the controversies in paraesophageal hernia repair, which include a comparison of open to laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair, the necessity of complete sac excision, the routine performance of fundoplication, and the use of mesh for hernia repair. Methods: We searched Pubmed for papers published between 1980 and 2015 using the following keywords: hiatal hernias, paraesophageal hernias, regurgitation, dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, aspiration, GERD, endoscopy, manometry, pH monitoring, proton pump inhibitors, anemia, iron deficiency anemia, Nissen fundoplication, sac excision, mesh, mesh repair. Results: Indications for paraesophageal hernia repair have changed, and currently symptomatic paraesophageal hernias are recommended for repair. In addition, it is important not to overlook iron-deficiency anemia and pulmonary complaints, which tend to improve with repair. Current practice favors a laparoscopic approach, complete sac excision, primary crural repair with or without use of mesh, and a routine fundoplication.
Cenozoic crustal extension in southeastern Arizona and implications for models of core-complex development

Abstract In conventional models of Cordilleran-style metamorphic core-complex development, initial extension occurs along a breakaway fault, which subsequently is deformed into a synform and abandoned in response to isostatic rebound and new faults breaking forward in the dominant transport direction. The Catalina core complex and associated geology in southeastern Arizona have been pointed to as a type example of this model. From southwest to northeast, the region is characterized by the NW–SE trending Tucson basin, the Catalina core complex, the San Pedro trough and the Galiuro Mountains. The Catalina core complex is bounded by the top-to-the-southwest Catalina detachment fault along its southwestern flank and the low-angle, northeast-dipping San Pedro fault along its northeastern flank. The Galiuro Mountains expose non-mylonitic rocks and are separated from the San Pedro trough to the southwest by a system of low- to moderate-angle southwest-dipping normal faults. This Galiuro fault system is widely interpreted to be the breakaway zone for the Catalina core complex. It is inferred to be folded into a synform beneath the San Pedro trough, to resurface to the southwest as the San Pedro fault, and to have been abandoned during slip along the younger Catalina detachment. This study aimed to test this model through analysis of field relations and geochronological age constraints, and reprocessing and interpretation of 2-D seismic reflection data from the Catalina core complex and San Pedro trough. In contrast to predictions of the conventional breakaway zone model, we raise the possibility of a moderate-angle, southwest-dipping detachment fault beneath the San Pedro trough that could extend to mid-crustal depths beneath the eastern flank of the Catalina Mountains. We present an alternative kinematic model in which extension was accommodated by a pair of top-to-the-southwest normal-fault systems (the Catalina and Galiuro detachment faults), with the only major difference between the two being the magnitude of displacement, which was greater for the Catalina detachment.
Comparing the use of 4.6 μm lasers versus 10.6 μm lasers for mitigating damage site growth on fused silica surfaces

The advantage of using mid-infrared (IR) 4.6 {micro}m lasers, versus far-infrared 10.6 {micro}m lasers, for mitigating damage growth on fused silica is investigated. In contrast to fused silica's high absorption at 10.6 {micro}m, silica absorption at 4.6 {micro}m is two orders of magnitude less. The much reduced absorption at 4.6 {micro}m enables deep heat penetration into fused silica when it is heated using the mid-IR laser, which in turn leads to more effective mitigation of damage sites with deep cracks. The advantage of using mid-IR versus far-IR laser for damage growth mitigation under non-evaporative condition is quantified by defining a figure of merit (FOM) that relates the crack healing depth to laser power required. Based on our FOM, we show that for damage cracks up to at least 500 {micro}m in depth, mitigation using a 4.6 {micro}m mid-IR laser is more efficient than mitigation using a 10.6 {micro}m far-IR laser.
Conversion of N-hydroxyamphetamine to phenylacetone oxime by rat liver microsomes

Abstract These in vitro studies indicate that N -oxidation of N -hydroxyamphetamine (NOHA) by rat liver homogenates yields phenylacetone oxime (PAOx) as the major metabolite. This oxidation was NADPH and oxygen dependent but was not appreciably increased in microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated animals. The addition to microsomal incubations of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), azide or mannitol did not alter the rate of oxidation, suggesting that O 2 su−. H 2 O 2 , or OH . are not involved in this process. The reaction was minimally inhibited by a 2:1 ratio of CO/O 2 , and there was no significant reduction in the formation of product by the presence of diethylaminoethyl diphenylvalerate (SKF-525A) or 2,4-dichloro-6-phenylphenoxyethylamine (DPEA) in micromolar concentrations. Thus, although this NADPH-dependent N -oxidation pathway was catalyzed by rat hepatic microsomes, the data suggest that it was not a cytochrome P-450 mediated monooxygenase reaction.
Imaging of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Amblyopia by Positron Emission Tomography

We used positron emission tomography to study monocular visual activation of various brain regions in four amblyopic and two normally sighted adults. Imaging of relative cerebral blood flow using the tracer H 2 15 O showed reduced activation of primary visual cortex by the amblyopic as compared with the sound eye. Imaging of relative cerebral glucose metabolism using the tracer [ 18 F]-2-deoxyglucose showed equal activation of primary visual cortex by either eye in the control subject, but reduced activation of primary and accessory visual cortex by the amblyopic as compared with the sound eye in two amblyopic subjects. Relative glucose metabolism was consistently higher in the frontal and temporal lobes contralateral to the viewing eye, both in normal and amblyopic subjects.
A comparison of the ventilatory responses to exercise in pregnant, postpartum, and nonpregnant women

To evaluate the influence of pregnancy on resting and exercise pulmonary function, we studied 16 nonpregnant and 26 pregnant females in a two-phase study. During phase I, all pregnant subjects (P1) (mean gestational age=29.5±7 weeks [X±SD]) were compared with 16 control (C) subjects. In phase II, 8 of the pregnant subjects (P2) (mean gestational age=32.6±6 weeks) were evaluated again at 12.5±7 weeks' postpartum (PP). Exercise respiratory function was measured during work on a cycle ergometer during rest and at three submaximal work levels (25, 50, and 75 W), during the last minute of 5 to 7 minutes of steady-level power output. Ventilatory parameters [ventilation (Ve), ventilatory frequency (VF), tidal volume (TV), ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (Ve/VO 2 ) and ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (Ve/Vco 2 )] and metabolic parameters [oxygen consumption (Vo 2 ), oxygen pulse, carbon dioxide production (Vco 2 ), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and plasma lactate (HLA)] were measured during the submaximal tests and throughout the progressive increase in work after the 75 W work load, until peak Vo 2 was achieved. The results from the phase I comparison indicated (as expected) higher resting ventilation, tidal volume, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and respiratory exchange ratio associated with pregnancy, and these findings were similar when the pregnant subjects were compared with their postpartum values. Plasma lactate levels, although similar in the phase I comparison, were significantly higher during pregnancy when compared with postpartum values. No resting differences were observed for VF, O 2 pulse, Ve/Vo 2 , or Ve/Vco 2 in either phase of the study. The results of the submaximal exercise tests indicated higher submaximal levels of Ve, VF, Ve/Vo 2 , Ve/Vco 2 in P1 versus C; however, P2 had significantly higher Ve, TV, Vo 2 , Ve/Vco 2 , when compared with PP. The influence of pregnancy on Vco 2 and RER differed by workload in both sets of comparisons. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between P1 and C and P2 and PP for plasma lactate levels. These findings suggest that pregnancy/control versus pregnancy/postpartum studies yield different results in both ventilatory and metabolic comparisons. Consideration must be given to the type of study when discussing and applying the findings.
Monomolecular Films at Saline/Fluorocarbon Interfaces

Biologists concerned with the structure and function of cellular membranes have often obtained useful ideas and pertinent information by studying the analogous physical and chemical properties of phosphatide and lipoprotein films. Generally, the properties of films at aqueous/air interfaces are investigated, while very few parallel experiments are carried out at aqueous/oil interfaces. In the former case the van der Waals interactions between the fatty acid chains of the phosphatides are considerable; in the latter case, these interactions are markedly reduced. As indicated by Davieis and Rideal [1] additional information concerning the inter-molecular forces among molecules comprising monomolecular films can be obtained by studying both experimental situations. This preliminary report summarizes some measurements on pure and mixed films of phosphatides spread at aqueous/air and aqueous/fluorocarbon interfaces. The latter system has the ‘additional advantage in that the behaviour of living ceils in contact with the monomolecular films can be observed.
Wind-tunnel investigation of the separation maneuver of equal-size bodies

Two separation maneuvers, an abort and normal staging, were investigated experimentally for a configuration consisting of two equal-size, fully reusable, lifting-entry vehicles mounted in parallel. Three types of tests were performed for the situation of one body separating from the other; 1) single element, to provide basic single-body data 2) traverse, to provide interference data between the two bodies, and 3) captive trajectory, to simulate the actual separation maneuvers. The data indicates that for the abort maneuver, aerodynamic interference effects change the trim angle of attack without affecting stability and increase the normal and axial forces. Aerodynamic forces and moments alone are sufficient to allow recovery from the maneuver. For the normal staging maneuver, aerodynamic interference effects increase the stability of the body as well as the normal and axial forces.
Geometry and Static Flow Effects on Acoustic Radiation from Ducts

An experimental study of the effects of geometry, flow, frequency, and source structure on the radiation and reflection of sound from duct inlets has been conducted. This work extends a previous study by comparing two inlet shapes typical of static and flight testing and by considering higher-order radial modes. Measurements of the internal and radiated acoustic fields are presented in terms of modal reflection coefficients and absolute radiated pressure directivity. Results indicate that geometry effects associated with these practical inlet shapes become less important for a fixed cutoff ratio as the mode order and frequency are increased. Also, static inflow, while reducing the reflected wave amplitude, is shown to have little effect on radiation directivity regardless of inlet geometry. Nomenclature complex modal amplitude coefficient, Eq. (3) radius of uniform duct sections, 0.15 m ambient speed of sound Bessel function of first kind and order m J k = free space wavenumber, w/c0
The emergence of post‐independence modern Nigerian and Indian poetry

(1986). The emergence of post‐independence modern Nigerian and Indian poetry. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 331-340.
Solute-induced perturbations of solvent-shell molecules observed using multivariate Raman curve resolution.

Raman spectral features associated with the reorganization of solvent molecules around a solute are obtained using multivariate curve resolution. Spectra collected from solutions of variable concentration are resolved into unperturbed and perturbed components assuming only that the spectra and concentrations of each component are non-negative (with no peak-fitting or constraints on the shapes of either the perturbed or unperturbed spectral features). The capabilities of the method are demonstrated using solutions of acetonitrile, acetone, and pyridine in water as well as acetonitrile and cyclohexane in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE). The results reveal vibrational spectra of solvation-shell molecules that are perturbed by each solute. The perturbed solvent-shell water molecules are found to have different OH stretch bands (of higher frequency and narrower width than bulk water), and the gauche−trans equilibrium of solvent-shell DCE molecules are perturbed in opposite directions by the polar and nonpolar solutes.
Relating Morphologic and RAPD Marker Varlation to Collection Site Environment in wild Populations of Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense L.)

Although genotypic and phenotypic markers are used to describe genetic diversity, describing patterns of variationattributable to geographic differentiation is complex.We examined concordance between morphologic and RAPDmarker classification of 33 wild red clover populations collected from the Caucasus Mountains, Russia andcompared how morphologic and RAPD markers differed in their correspondence to collection site attributes.Wealso examined if wild red clover populations collected from sites located in areas more conducive to gene flow (i.e.adjacent to roads, or drainage systems) had the same concordance between morphologic and RAPD markers aspopulations collected from sites less conducive to gene flow.We measured 15 morphologic traits in a commongarden and carried out a Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. There was a significantdifference among the 33 populations for 14 out of 15 morphological traits. Morphology clustered the populationsinto classes that corresponded to three climate regimes. Classification schemes generated by morphologic andRAPD data did not coincide. Morphologic data corresponded with site data for populations collected at all sites.RAPD data corresponded to site data for only those populations collected at sites not conducive to gene flow. Apopulation's adaptation to collection site needs to be considered in using neutral markers to effectivelydiscriminating geographic differentiation.We discuss the practical lessons of this study on the effective collection,conservation and use of plant genetic resources.
A class of random control systems: Monotonicity and the convergent-input convergent-state property

This paper introduces a new formalism for the study of random control systems. It develops the basic axiomatic framework and provides several basic definitions and results on equilibria and convergence. It also presents a convergent-input convergent-state (CICS) result, a key concept in the analysis of stability of feedback interconnections, for monotone systems.
The effect of neuroleptics on serum prolactin in schizophrenic patients.

• Serum prolactin levels were studied before and during longterm administration of phenothiazines on a twice daily schedule to 27 newly admitted schizophrenic patients. An increase in serum prolactin is believed to be a reflection of inhibition of dopamine receptors in the hypothalamopituitary axis. By 72 hours after the initiation of treatment, all 27 patients had persistently elevated serum prolactin levels averaging 3.2-fold and 3.8-fold in men and women, respectively. There was a lag between clinical response and dopamine blockade, as indicated by serum prolactin levels in most patients. Serum prolactin levels remained elevated during the one- to three-month period subjects were studied, suggesting there was no tolerance to this effect of phenothiazines. Serum prolactin levels tended to be higher with thioridazine than on equivalent doses of chlorpromazine or trifluoperazine hydrochloride. There was some evidence that the magnitude of the serum prolactin elevation correlated with clinical response. After cessation of phenothiazines, serum prolactin levels rapidly reverted to normal within 48 to 96 hours.
Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoles and behavior after l-tryptophan and pyridoxine administration to psychiatric patients

L-Tryptophan(2–8 g/day) and vitamin B6 (100 mg/day) were administered for 1–3 weeks to 15 newly-admitted psychiatric inpatients who were diagnosed as depressive or schizophrenic and who had taken no other psychotropic medications for at least a week. Measurements for cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoles, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and sleep were made before and at the termination of the l-tryptophan regimen. For the patient group as a whole, increases in cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoles correlated significantly with decreases in certain individual BPRS items, with the total sickness score, and with the total items score. In depressives, neither depressive symptoms nor insomnia were remarkably ameliorated by these doses of l-tryptophan and B6. Schizophrenic patients as a group seemed more responsive to the l-tryptophan regimen than depressives.
Connectivity in Semi-algebraic Sets

We consider the problem of deciding whether two given points in a semialgebraic set can be connected, that is, whether the two points lie in a same connected component. In particular, we consider a semialgebraic set consisting of points where a given polynomial is non-zero. We will describe a method based on gradient fields, eigenvectors and interval analysis
In vitro studies with miconazole and miconazole nitrate

The in vitro activity of miconazole and miconazole nitrate against a variety of pathogenic and saprophytic fungi was studied using an agar dilution procedure. 28 dimorphic pathogens were tested: Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis were the most susceptible with inhibition of all strains at 0.5 ug/ml of either compound. Coccidioides immitis was somewhat more resistant requiring 1 or 2 ug/ml for inhibition, while 4 isolates of Sporothrix schenckii required 2 to 4 ug/ml for complete inhibition. All strains of Cryptococcus neuformans were susceptible to 1 ug/ml or less. Most strains of Candida albicans were resistant to less than 16 ug/ml; other species of Candida were inhibited by 4 ug/ml or less. Torulopsis isolates gave a range of MIC’s from 0.5 ug/ml to 16 ug/ml for inhibition. Of 15 dematiaceous isolates tested, all but two were inhibited at 4 ug/ml or less. A brief discussion of the possible clinical usefulness of miconazole is given.
Carrier Multiplication in Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Influence of Size, Shape, and Composition

During carrier multiplication (CM), also known as multiexciton generation (MEG), absorption of a single photon produces multiple electron-hole pairs, or excitons. This process can appreciably increase the efficiency of photoconversion, which is especially beneficial in photocatalysis and photovoltaics.This Account reviews recent progress in understanding the CM process in semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), motivated by the challenge researchers face to quickly identify candidate nanomaterials with enhanced CM. We present a possible solution to this problem by showing that, using measured biexciton Auger lifetimes and intraband relaxation rates as surrogates for, respectively, CM time constants and non-CM energy-loss rates, we can predict relative changes in CM yields as a function of composition. Indeed, by studying PbS, PbSe, and PbTe NCs of a variety of sizes we determine that the significant difference in CM yields for these compounds comes from the dissimilarities in their non-CM relaxation channels, i...
L‐band microwave observations over land surface using a two‐dimensional synthetic aperture radiometer

[1] Antenna size is a major factor that has limited realization of the potential capabilities of L-band (1.4 GHz) microwave radiometry to estimate surface soil moisture from space. However, emerging interferometric technology, called aperture synthesis, has been developed to address this limitation. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission will apply the technique to monitor these parameters at a global-scale in the near future. The first airborne experiment using an aircraft prototype called the Two-Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Radiometer (2D-STAR) was performed during Soil Moisture Experiment in 2003 (SMEX03). To gain insight, the L-band brightness temperature data acquired by 2D-STAR in Alabama was compared with C-band data collected simultaneously by another aircraft instrument called the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR), and also compared with surface soil moisture measurements from in-situ observations sites. Results show that there was fairly good radiometric sensitivity of the synthetic aperture radiometer to the soil moisture both in pasture and also in forest areas. The overall performance of the L-band synthetic aperture radiometer in the presence of vegetation appears to be better than the C-band real aperture radiometer.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Pollutant Emission in a DOE-HAT Combustor

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent premixed reacting flow in a DOE-HAT gas turbine combustor has been carried out to evaluate the use of LES to study combustion dynamics and to predict pollutant emission as lean blowout (LBO) is approached. A model for the subgrid turbulent kinetic energy is used to close the subgrid stresses and heat flux in the LES equations. A thin-flame turbulent propagation model is combined with a mixture-fraction-based flamelet library to predict the turbulence-chemistry interactions. Production of pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and carbon monoxide (CO) is predicted using this model and compared to experimental data. Good agreement is obtained for CO and NO x emission as a function of equivalence ratio, and the simulations predict the observed increase in CO emission as LBO is approached. Simulations also show that the dynamical (unsteady) interactions increase in intensity as LBO is approached.
Conformal constraints and the evolution of the nonsinglet meson distribution amplitude.

Using conformal Ward identities, the influence of conformal symmetry breaking on the evolution of the flavor-nonsinglet quark-antiquark distribution amplitude is investigated in dimensional regularization and a minimal subtracted scheme. It is found that a conformal consistency relation provides some simplification for construction of the distribution amplitude. Both the evolution in the next-to-leading approximation and a closed expression for the $O({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s})$ correction to the eigenfunctions of the evolution kernel in the $\ensuremath{\beta}=0$ case can thus be determined analytically.