cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticlericalism in the Mexican Constitutional Convention of 1916-1917.

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS of the Mexican Revolution was the Constitutional Convention that met at Queretaro from December, 1916, to February, 1917. To a Mexico that had been racked since 1910 by the forces of revolution, counterrevolution, and defection, the Constituent Congress called into session by Venustiano Carranza was the fulfillment of numerous promises that had been made in various declarations and decrees issued since the promulgation of the Plan de Guadalupe.
Health plan requirements for mental health and substance use screening in primary care.

BACKGROUND Screening for substance abuse and mental health in primary care can improve detection. One way to advance screening is for health plans to require it.
Effect of response-independent candy on responding maintained by candy using a novel model of commodity acquisition and consumption in nonhuman primates.

Abstract Ingestive behavior consists of appetitive or foraging behavior, i.e., “acquisition,” followed by consummatory behavior. Responding of six adult rhesus monkeys, living in three-chambered enclosures, was studied under an operant chain schedule that simulated commodity acquisition and commodity consumption. Responding during the initial acquisition component was reinforced by stimuli paired with that commodity, while responding during the following consumption component was reinforced with that commodity. Throughout the 10-h experimental day, monkeys experienced multiple candy (plain M & Ms) and fruit-drink (Kool-Aid) sessions in different end chambers. The effects of response-independent candy reinforcement, in the context of extinction, were examined when monkeys received a daily food ration of 8 or 20 chow. Response-independent candy increased responding during the acquisition components of candy sessions when monkeys received a daily food ration of 8 chow but not when the food ration was 20 chow. Furthermore, response-independent candy increased candy choice over fruit-drink during choice opportunities and increased the length of time spent in the candy chamber when the candy stimulus lights were illuminated under both food ration conditions, i.e., location preference. The present procedure, which combines operant and place preference measures of commodity acquisition, when used in combination with methods of studying reinstatement of responding, may prove useful in analyzing factors affecting relapse.
A “knockdown” mutation created by cis-element gene targeting reveals the dependence of erythroid cell maturation on the level of transcription factor GATA-1

The hematopoietic-restricted transcription factor GATA-1 is required for both mammalian erythroid cell and megakaryocyte differentiation. To define the mechanisms governing its transcriptional regulation, we replaced upstream sequences including a DNase I hypersensitive (HS) region with a neomycin-resistance cassette by homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells and generated mice either harboring this mutation (neoΔHS) or lacking the selection cassette (ΔneoΔHS). Studies of the consequences of these targeted mutations provide novel insights into GATA-1 function in erythroid cells. First, the neoΔHS mutation leads to a marked impairment in the rate or efficiency of erythroid cell maturation due to a modest (4- to 5-fold) decrease in GATA-1 expression. Hence, erythroid differentiation is dose-dependent with respect to GATA-1. Second, since expression of GATA-1 from the ΔneoΔHS allele in erythroid cells is largely restored, transcription interference imposed by the introduced cassette must account for the “knockdown” effect of the mutation. Finally, despite the potency of the upstream sequences in conferring high-level, developmentally appropriate expression of transgenes in mice, other cis-regulatory elements within the GATA-1 compensate for its absence in erythroid cells. Our work illustrates the usefulness of targeted mutations to create knockdown mutations that may uncover important quantitative contributions of gene function not revealed by conventional knockouts.
Effect of ion irradiation on the thermal conductivity of UO2 and U3O8 epitaxial layers

Abstract The effect of 2 MeV Ar + -ion irradiation on the thermal conductivity of epitaxial layers of UO 2 and U 3 O 8 was studied with time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) at temperatures between 323 and 658 K. The thermal conductivity of unirradiated UO 2 is 10.2 W m −1 K −1 at 323 K and scales with temperature like 1/T. Upon irradiation with doses >0.7 × 10 15 Ar + cm −2 , the thermal conductivity decreases to a nearly constant value −1 K. By comparing the data to an analytic model, we report the point-scattering strength of irradiation induced defects in UO 2 . Unirradiated U 3 O 8 has a thermal conductivity of 1.6 W m −1 K −1 at 333 K. Low and medium doses of Ar-ion irradiation decrease the thermal conductivity of U 3 O 8 to −1 K −1 . Unexpectedly, it is found that higher doses of Ar + irradiation increased the conductivity of U 3 O 8 to ∼2.0 W m −1 K −1 .
Mapping Perfect and Imperfect Duties onto Hierarchically and Partially Restrictive Trait Dimensions

Four experiments were performed to test a proposal that hierarchically restrictive and partially restrictive trait dimensions (Reeder & Brewer, 1979) pertaining to morality can be understood in terms of Immanuel Kant's distinction between perfect and imperfect duties. In Experiment 1, subjects simply rated the number of contrary behaviors they would have to observe in order to change a prior expectancy that a target person had particular morality traits. Their responses indicated that positive partially restrictive traits were more difficult to disconfirm than positive hierarchically restrictive traits. In Experiment 2, subjects were presented with scenarios where the type of person, the type of situation, the type of behavior, and the trait of concern were manipulated. Behavior had a greater, and the situation had a lesser, effect on trait attributions for hierarchically than partially restrictive morality dimensions. Experiment 3 demonstrated that differences in trait attributions for the two types of trait dimensions were not due to the implications of contrary behaviors for the frequency with which these behaviors could be expected to be repeated in the future. Finally, Experiment 4 further supported the prediction that situational factors affect trait attributions less for hierarchically than partially restrictive trait dimensions pertaining to morality.
Network Target Coordination for Optimal Design of Decomposed Systems With Consensus Optimization

The complexity of managing multidisciplinary engineering systems offers an unprecedented opportunity to investigate decomposition methods, which separate a system into a number of smaller subsystems that can be designed in multiple physical locations and coordinate the design of the subsystems to collaboratively achieve the original system design. This paper studies a network target coordination model for optimizing subsystems that are distributed as multiple agents in a network. To solve these coupled subsystems concurrently, we consider the “consensus optimization” approach by incorporating subgradient algorithms so that the master problem or auxiliary design variables required by most distributed coordination methods are not needed. The method allows each agent to conduct its optimization by locally solving for coupling variables with the information obtained from other agents in the network in an iteratively improving process. The convergence results of a geometric programming problem that satisfies the convexity assumption is provided. Moreover, two non-convex examples are tested to investigate the convergence characteristics of the proposed methods.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Effect of the Hydrophobic Surfactant Proteins on HII-Curvature Depends on the Cylindrical Radius

Several small hydrophobic peptides can promote the fusion of lipid bilayers. The stalk model proposes that fusion proceeds via a negatively curved intermediate, and suggests that the peptides might achieve their fusogenic effect by enhancing negative spontaneous curvature of the individual lipid leaflets. Direct measurements on the unpaired monolayers of the inverse hexagonal (HII) phase have shown that the peptides can induce more negative curvature, but to a limited extent. The hydrophobic surfactant proteins, SP-B and SP-C, show similar behavior. They promote the adsorption of vesicles to an air/water interface by a process analogous to fusion. They enhance the negative spontaneous curvature of HII monolayers formed by dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE):dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (9:1, mol:mol), but only by 8%. The studies here tested whether the limited response might reflect the size of the HII cylinder and the restricted space available for incorporation of the proteins. Small angle x-ray scattering showed that different ratios of DOPE with dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) produced HII cylinders with different radii. The effects of the proteins depended on the cylindrical size. Up to 3% (w:w) of the proteins produced no change in the smallest cylinders, formed by DOPE alone. With larger cylinders, the proteins reduced the radius. The magnitude of the change increased with cylindrical size. At 80% (mol:mol) DOPC, 5% (wt:wt) protein reduced the outer cylindrical radius by 78%. This change represented a 90% increase in the estimated magnitude of negative spontaneous curvature. These results show that demonstrating the ability of the hydrophobic surfactant proteins to promote negative curvature requires HII cylinders above a minimum size. Our findings raise the possibility that the effects on HII-curvature of other fusogenic peptides might also depend on the cylindrical radius. Acknowledgements: NIH; SSRL.
Excitation of the 0.908 MeV level in 89Y by inelastic scattering of 61.2 MeV protons

Abstract The differential cross section for excitation of the 0.908 MeV level in 89Y by 61.2 MeV protons was measured over the angular range from 17° to 120°. The results are compared with calculations using the microscopic description of the inelastic scattering process.
Magnetophotoselection of the triplet state of reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26.

Abstract Reaction centers of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26, give rise to large triplet state EPR signals upon illumination at low temperature (11 K). Utilizing monochromatic polarized light to generate the EPR spectra (magnetophotoselection) we have shown that the intensities of the observed triplet signals are strongly dependent upon the wavelength and polarization direction of the excitation. These data can be used to calculate the orientations of the excited transition moments with respect to each other and with respect to the triplet state principal magnetic axes system. Our quantitative approach is to follow the procedure outlined in a previous publication (Frank, H.A., Friesner, R., Nairn, J.A., Dismukes, G.C. and Sauer, K. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 547, 484–501) where computer simulations of the observed triplet state spectra were employed. The results presented in the present work indicate that the transition moment at 870 nm which is associated with the bacteriochlorophyll ‘special pair’ lies almost entirely along one of the principal magnetic axes of the triplet state. Also, the 870 nm transition moment makes an angle of approx. 60° with the 546 nm transition moment which is associated with a bacteriopheophytin. This latter result is in agreement with previous photoselection studies on the same bacterial species (Vermeglio, A., Breton, J., Paillotin, G. and Cogdell, R. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 501, 514–530).
Electron Beam Stimulated Oxidation of Carbon (EBSOC)

The patterning of carbon nanostructures by electron beam stimulated oxidation is described. Sputter deposited carbon thin films and carbon nanotubes are locally oxidized in a scanning electron microscope using injected water vapor. The resulting structures are examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrical resistance obtained post-processing is comparable to as-deposited values. Etched linewidths on the order of 20nm are demonstrated along with sub-2nm wide carbon wires.
Bayesian inference for a stratified categorical variable allowing all possible category choices

In many sample surveys, there are items that require respondents to make at least one choice. For example, in the Kansas Farm Survey (conducted by the Department of Animal Sciences at Kansas State University), livestock farmers in Kansas were asked ‘What are your primary sources of veterinary information?’. According to the level of education, the sources are professional consultant, veterinarian, state or local extension service, magazines, and feed companies and representatives, and the farmers were allowed to pick as many sources that apply. We assume that each farmer made all his/her choices (i.e., there are no nonrespondents) and the number of farmers with none of these choices is unknown. The proportions of individuals with each of the choices are of interest because these proportions can give information about which source is mostly used by the farmers. However, the analyses of such survey data are complex because an individual is allowed to make at least one choice, the number of individuals with ...
ALTERED SUPPRESSOR-CELL ACTIVITIES IN UVEITIS

Abstract Suppressor-cell function was evaluated by two in-vitro assay systems in forty patients with intraocular inflammatory disease (uveitis) and in sixteen healthy age-matched controls. A concanavalin-A (Con A)-induced suppressor-cell assay showed that patients with posterior uveitic conditions had greater suppressor activity than did the anterior uveitic group or the control group (p
Petroleum Gas Oil―Ethanol Blends Used as Feeds: Increased Production of Ethylene and Propylene over Catalytic Steam-Cracking (CSC) Hybrid Catalysts. Different Behavior of Methanol in Blends with Petroleum Gas Oil

Hybrid catalysts that contain Zn−Pd-based cocatalyst show a higher and more positive sensitivity to ethanol than catalysts that contain supported Ni−Ru cocatalyst. In fact, with the former catalysts, the use of “gas oil−ethanol” blends significantly increases the product yields of light olefins and particularly ethylene. This appears to be actually a good approach for the partial replacement of petroleum feedstocks by bioderived chemicals (particularly, bioethanol). Another advantage of the CSC process is that it can make use of simply concentrated ethanol in aqueous solution as obtained by enzymatic conversion of biomass. This is maybe the first example of the beneficial effect of bioethanol on the performance of the CSC catalysts, suggesting that the integration of a small “biorefinery” to a petrochemical production plant is now possible. On the other hand, over our hybrid catalysts methanol used as coreactant behaves very differently from ethanol. In fact, while ethanol undergoes predominantly dehydrat...
Diffuse-Reflectance Mid-infrared Spectral Properties of Soils under Alternative Crop Rotations in a Semi-arid Climate

We carried out mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral interpretation of soils 0–5 and 5–15 cm deep in selected alternative crop rotations (ACR) treatments and an adjacent native prairie soil. Ashing and spectral subtraction shows that absorbance at 3700–2850 and 1700–1550 cm−1 indicates organic absorbance. Prairie soils, with their greater carbon (C) content, have different spectral properties from the cropped soils. Prairie soils have greater absorbance at the 2950–2870 cm−1 and the 1230 cm−1 CH bands. The soils from the different depths had different spectral properties, with the soils 0–5 cm deep having stronger absorbance at the 1055 cm−1 carbohydrate band, at 1270–1460 cm−1, and at the 1730 cm−1 ester band. The soils 5–15 cm deep are characterized by greater absorbance at the clay band. Soil C and nitrogen (N) correlated negatively with the 3700 cm−1 clay band and the 1830 cm−1 quartz band and correlated positively with the 2920 cm−1 because of aliphatic CH absorbance.
SO2 adsorption on Rh(110) and Pt(110) surfaces

Abstract A study of SO2 adsorption from low pressure ambients (∼ × 10-8 Torr) onto Rh(110) and Pt(110) surfaces has been performed. The concentrations of sulfur and oxygen present on the SO2-saturated surfaces have been assessed by a number of techniques, including Auger electron spectroscopy, flash desorption and CO titration. Results show that the heats of desorption of SO2 (or of its dissociation products on these surfaces) lie above ∼225 kJ/mol, indicating strong adsorption of SO2 on both surfaces. On Rh, the oxygen associated with SO2 can be titrated quantitatively by means of CO. In contrast, only about 1 3 of the oxygen associated with SO2 on the Pt surface is accessible to CO titration. Possible origins for the latter difference in behavior are discussed.
Nonlinear Optical Films by Alternating Polyelectrolyte Deposition on Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Substrates

The formation of acentric films using alternating polyelectrolyte deposition (APD) has been achieved on hydrophobic and hydrophilic glass substrates. APD is a layer-by-layer technique for the formation of polymer films by alternately immersing a substrate in aqueous solutions of a polyanion and a polycation. APD provides precise control of the overall film thickness that through automated processing may exceed a thousand layers. In this study, APD films were made of an NLO-active polycation, stilbazolium-substituted polyepichlorohydrin (SPECH), and NLO-inactive polyanions. The peak maximum UV-Visible absorbance in transmission through the films was linear as a function of the number of bilayers. Second harmonic generation (SHG) was used as a tool to indicate acentric order of polarizable sidechain chromophores within the APD films. The SHG exhibited the expected quadratic intensity increase with film thickness.
Clinical aspects of lung involvement: lessons from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and the scleroderma lung study.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) occurs frequently among patients with systemic slcerosis (SSc) and accounts for significant morbidity and mortality. SSc-ILD resembles idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in many respects; each is characterized by a restrictive ventilatory defect that results from an active fibrosing process in the lung interstitium, and each is characterized by ground glass opacification on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Differences in the classification of lung histopathology are noted frequently and may account for some of the difference in outcome for patients with SSc-ILD and IPF. Optimal treatment of SSc-ILD remains to be determined, but cyclophosphamide has been reported to be effective in a number of case series. A randomized controlled trial, the Scleroderma Lung Study (SLS), will be completed in 2005; the outcome of the SLS should define the efficacy of daily oral cyclophosphamide for SSc-ILD patients with alveolitis defined by BALF and HRCT.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE EPITHELIUM OF MAMMARY GLAND AS INFLUENCED BY OVARIAN HORMONES.

Summary1. The technique of autoradiography with tritiated thymidine has been used to measure the proliferative response of mouse mammary epithelium to hormonal treatment. 2. Estradiol-17β administered alone promoted proliferation of the mammary epithelial components but little differentiation was observed. 3. Progesterone administered alone promoted lobule-alveolar differentiation and epithelial proliferation. 4. Combinations of estradiol-17β and progesterone had, in general, an additive effect on cell proliferation, but greatly augmented lobule-alveolar differentiation.
Morphological and functional effects of induced laser retinal fibrosis

Human laser accident exposure cases may involve severe macula retinal injury resulting in long term visual acuity and spatial vision deficit. In order to investigate this problem, we have chosen to model the effects of such long term exposure in the monkey retina for parafoveal Q- switched exposure produced at two parafoveal exposure sites. Our results suggest significant loss of retinal function in and adjacent to the scar region. Recovery occurs in regions with less scar formation, the foveal region, although long term changes in foveal receptor mechanisms are apparent even after 1 year post-exposure, they do not correlate completely with recent human investigations of severe accidental exposure nor with brain enzyme analysis in our monkey model.
Bringing neurosurgical and neurological care to the world.

As an online journal, Surgical Neurology focuses upon being “International” in its circulation and outreach. Since first launched just over 3 years ago, it has become the most circulated, widely read online neurosurgical journal in the world. It is unique not only through the manner in which it is available to physicians and surgeons worldwide, but also in being available to anyone who can access the internet, and at no cost.
The Origins of Molecular Biology: A Pedagogical Tool for the Professional Development of Pre-college Science Teachers

We examine the science and pedagogy behind a historical approach to the professional development of pre-college science (primarily biology) teachers. Our intention is to reach professional scientists, who, as a group, are uniquely qualified to provide experience and insights essential to this approach. The underlying research for this article has been carried out during an 8-week summer course for selected rural high school science teachers at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Now configured as part of the broader Oklahoma Science Project, the Summer Course has been held during each of the past 10 years. The result of our experiences is a learning model that incorporates a research dynamic based on peer interactions and Robert K. Merton's concept of specified ignorance. This dynamic is organized around carefully chosen research topics based on simple, quantitative assays that played important roles in the development of our current understanding of genetic chemistry. These assays are starting points for rationally conceived research projects developed by the teachers themselves. We illustrate this approach with the plaque assay for bacterial viruses.
Carbohydrate loading in preparation for childbirth

Abstract The similarity between endurance sports and childbirth suggests that an elevation of maternal glycogen stores through a moderate increase in dietary carbohydrates during the last few weeks of pregnancy may benefit both mother and child.
Synthesis of Norbornenyl Polymers with Bioactive Oligopeptides by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

Synthetic norbornenyl polymers with pendent cell adhesive sequences glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (GRGD) and serine-arginine-asparagine (SRN) were synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using newly developed ruthenium initiators. Initially, simpler polymers with pendent glycine, alanine, or penta(ethylene glycol) (EO_5) units attached directly or through ethyl and propyl spacers to various norbornenyl backbones were synthesized using Ru CHPh(Cl)_2(PCy_3)_2 (1) as the initiator. The molecular weights, PDI's, polymerization times, yields, and glass transition temperatures were compared for these polymers. As a result of this comparison, poly(5-norbornene-2-carboxyl) was chosen as the backbone for the more complex oligopeptide containing polymers, and norbornene monomers with pendent EO_5 (21), GRGD (24), and SRN (25) units were made. Monomers 21 and 24 were copolymerized to form a poly(norbornene) containing 9.2 mol % GRGD (26a) using 1 as the initiator. However, incorporating larger amounts of GRGD resulted in extremely low yields of polymers that exhibited bimodal molecular weight distributions. Homopolymers and copolymers with larger amounts of GRGD and SRN were synthesized in good yields (32−92%) with monomodal molecular weight distributions using the newly developed, more active, 2,3-dihydroimidazolylidene initiators, Ru CHPh(Cl)_2(PCy_3)(DHIMes) (2) and Ru CH−CH C(CH_3)_2(Cl)_2(PCp_3)(DHIMes) (3). In this way, EO_5 containing copolymers with 49 mol % GRGD (26b), 53 mol % SRN (27b), or 32 mol % GRGD and 21 mol % SRN (28a) were synthesized, as well as copolymer 28b with 53 mol % GRGD and 47 mol % SRN. To alter the presentation of the GRGD, an EO_5 containing copolymer with a propyl spacer between the GRGD and the backbone (30) was also synthesized.
Hyphal-mediated transfer of nitrate, arsenic, cesium, rubidium, and strontium between arbuscular mycorrhizal forbs and grasses from a California oak woodland

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonize most plant species in the savannah/oak woodland ecosystem of the California Sierra Foothills. These fungi may form belowground linkages between plant root systems, potentially altering nutrient transfers. In a laboratory experiment with two-chambered pots where only AM fungal hyphae connected the chambers, we examined nutrient transfer between native plant species of grasses and forbs. Two separate chambers with plants were separated by a set of two stainless steel screens (25 μm mesh) separated by a 1 cm air gap. These screens successfully restricted root growth but allowed hyphal coverage (15–100% of the area) of the screens. Nutrient transfers were monitored by applying nitrogen (15N), arsenic (P analog), strontium (Ca analog), and cesium and rubidium (K analogs). The analogs and 15N were applied to leaves of donor plants for 48 h. We observed transfer of 15N, As, Cs, and Rb from donor shoots to receiver shoots. Element transfers were not correlated with receiver biomass or donor concentrations. Transfers varied among the elements and plant combinations. Both Rb and Cs (K analogs) had the same pattern of transfer. Nitrogen was transferred in greatest amounts and between forbs and grasses, and grasses acted as a stronger sink for N. Forbs were generally the stronger sink for As. Fungal hyphae facilitated transfer among forbs and grasses, suggesting that they have a key role in nutrient transfer in California oak woodlands.
Estimates of Formation Sound Speed From Ultrasonic Reflections

This paper presents preliminary results from experimental research concerning the ultrasonic reflectivity of rock samples. The goal is to determine whether meaningful petrophysical properties can be obtained through the analysis of reflected acoustic signals of the type produced with the new generation of ultrasonic borehole televiewers. Present emphasis is on analysis of the sub-reflected waveform. Time-domain samples of the transmitted and reflected signals are transformed into the frequency domain by means of digital Fourier methods to determine the complex reflection coefficient of the rock. A simplified viscoelastic wave-propagation model converts the reflection coefficient estimates into wave velocity estimates. Sound speed estimates in reasonable agreement with those determined by use of standard experimental techniques have been obtained for a variety of sandstone samples. Signal-processing techniques for the analysis of waveforms recorded in attenuating mud-filled borehole have been developed and tested in the laboratory.
A finishing cutter selection algorithm for additive/subtractive rapid pattern manufacturing

The additive/subtractive rapid pattern manufacturing (RPM) process sequentially deposits thick material slabs and then machines them into desired geometries in a layer-by-layer manner. Although most rapid manufacturing systems mainly intend to increase flexibility in manufacturing rather than to reduce processing speed, it is still practical to choose the optimized sets of cutters and machining parameters specifically for each layer to improve both the machining quality and efficiency. This paper presents an algorithm to automatically select finishing cutter geometry, diameter, and calculate machining parameters for the RPM process. Inputs to this algorithm are StereoLithography file from a computer-aided design model and a cutter library. Finishing cutter selection is based on geometry accessibility and machining process efficiency analysis. The algorithm has been implemented in RPM automatic process planning software and the experimental result on a sample part is presented to show the efficacy of this algorithm.
Photoelastic Amplification of Light and the Generation of Hypersound by the Stimulated Brillouin Process

The hypersonic wave generated by the stimulated Brillouin scattering of intense laser light in fused quartz has been detected and measured, and an estimate of the attenuation constant of the 24-GHz sound wave in fused quartz at room temperature is obtained on the basis of the measured characteristics of the Stokes light generated in the stimulated scattering process.
Separation and characterization of cationic, anionic, and nonionic water‐soluble polymers by flow FFF: Sample recovery, overloading, and ionic strength effects

The flow field-flow fractionation (FFF) separation, characterization, and molecular weight distribution of a wide variety of synthetic water-soluble polymers is reported. Cationic polyvinylpyridine (PVP) anionic polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), and neutral polyacrylamide (PAAm) polymers of molecular weight from a few thousands to several millions were separated by flow FFF and their molecular weight distribution evaluated by software. The good correspondence of the molecular weight distribution curves extrapolated from two different FFF techniques, flow FFF and thermal FFF, either for narrow PVP samples with molecular weight 28,000, 110,000, and 240,000 or for the broad-disperse component of nominal molecular weight above one million demonstrates consistency with theory. Some critical issues in the separation and characterization of polyelectrolytes by flow FFF, such as the recovery of the polymer sample, and the effect of the injected load and of ionic strength on the retention parameters, are also discussed here. Study of the recovery of sample shows that under the experimental conditions used, the absolute recovery of the PVP polymers of molecular weight 240,000 is close to 100%, and the proportionate recovery of either polystyrene sulfonate or polyacryalmide samples is always obtained. The change in retention time (and the parameters derived from it) with injected mass for polyelectrolytes is related to intermolecular electrostatic interactions. The changes are found to be suppressed with an increase of ionic strength. The polymer equivalent Stokes diameter measured by flow FFF for polyelectrolytes at ionic strength from 10−7 to 0.15 M shows a dependence expected for charged polymers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep9: 479–495, 1997
HOW JOB DISSATISFACTION LEADS TO EMPLOYEE TURNOVER

This study replicated a test of Mobley's (1977) model of how job dissatisfaction leads to employee turnover when all of the theory's components were included in the analysis. This study extended the Mobley model by examining whether the theory also applies to organizational commitment and job involvement when substituted for job satisfaction. Results generally supported the model and the extensions to organizational commitment and job involvement. Theoretical and business implications are discussed.
Experimental and theoretical comparison of fuel temperature and bulk coolant characteristics in the Oregon State TRIGA ® reactor during steady state operation

Abstract In September of 2008 Oregon State University (OSU) completed its core conversion analysis as part of the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors (RERTR) Program. Experimental bulk coolant temperatures were collected in various locations throughout the Oregon State TRIGA® Reactor (OSTR) core in order to supplement the validity of the numerical thermal hydraulic results produced in RELAP5-3D Version 2.4.2. Axial bulk coolant temperature distributions were collected by acquiring discrete thermocouple measurements in individual subchannel locations during steady state operation at 1.0 MWth. The experimental axial temperature distribution collected was compared to one-channel, two-channel, and eight-channel RELAP5-3D models and found to match within 11.94%, 11.69%, and 8.78%, respectively, on average. Comparisons to similar studies were made based on a dimensional analysis of fluid body forces in the discrete core locations, indicating that the chosen approach produces conservative results for use in the OSTR safety analysis.
Oxidant inhibition of epithelial active sodium transport.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of extracellularly generated partially reduced oxygen species on active sodium (NA + ) transport across the ventral toad skin, a well-studied epithelium. Sections of skin from decapitated toads were mounted in an Ussing chamber, bathed on both sides with electrolyte solution containing 500 μM xanthine and bubbled continuously with room air. The tissues were short-circuited, and short circuit current (Isc) and tissue resistance ( R t were monitored continuously with an automatic voltage clamp apparatus. Fifteen mU/ml of xanthine oxidase (XO), either purchased from Calbiochem or purified from cream, were instilled in either the apical (mucosal) or basolateral (serosal) baths at t = 0 and t = 10 min. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) concentrations increased to 200 μM within the first 20 min and then decreased, reaching a value of 40 μM by 60 min. Mean [H 2 O 2 ] was 90 μM. Instillation of XO in the apical bath resulted in a large decrease in Isc and an increase in R t , their values being 43% and 160% of their corresponding controls 85 min after the first instillation. Addition of superoxide dismutase and catalase completely prevented these changes. Instillation of XO in the basolateral bath had no effect. Similar physiological responses were obtained using the Calbiochem XO or the purified XO, which contained no measurable protease activity. It was concluded that extracellularly generated partially reduced oxygen species may interfere with active Na + transport by possibly damaging apical Na + channel proteins.
Postural dynamics as a function of skill level and task constraints

Abstract An experiment is reported that was set up to examine the interactive effects of the base of support (number of feet; sole versus toes), visual information and skill level on the stability of adults in certain postural balance tasks. The findings showed that the role of vision in decreasing the motion of the centre of pressure becomes more significant as the base of support is reduced and the lower the skill level of the performer. The skilled subjects more systematically used a smaller set of compensatory movement strategies to regain or maintain balance in theimporished physical and informational support conditions. The findings are consistent with the proposition that there are interactive effects of environmental, organismic and task constraints on postural performance and they suggest that learned compensatory search strategies are used to maintain balance in the face of reduced stability regions of postural support.
Formation of 1 ∶ 1 complexes of ferrocene-containing salen ligands with Mg, Ti and Zr

Condensation of 1,1′-diaminoferrocene with a range of salicylaldehydes resulted in the formation of the corresponding salen-type ligands in high yields. The ability of these compounds to serve as ligands was demonstrated by the formation of several 1 ∶ 1 Zr and Ti complexes, one of which was structurally characterized and was found to feature a t-BuSalfen2− ligand in a square-planar conformation. In addition, a related Schiff-base ligand was synthesized by condensing diaminoferrocene with 2,4-petanedione and a Zr complex of this ligand was isolated.
Release of stored thermochemical energy from dehydrated salts

Abstract Thermochemical materials, particularly salt hydrates, have significant potential for use in thermal energy storage applications. When a salt hydrate is heated to a threshold temperature, a chemical reaction is initiated to dissociate it into its anhydrous form and water vapor. The anhydrous salt stores the sensible energy that was supplied for dehydration, which can be later extracted by allowing cooler water or water vapor to flow through the salt, transforming the stored energy into sensible heat. We model the heat release that occurs during a thermochemical hydration reaction using relations for mass and energy conservation, and for chemical kinetics and stoichiometry. A set of physically significant dimensionless parameters reduces the number of design variables. Through a robust sensitivity analysis, we identify those parameters from this group that more significantly influence the performance of the heat release process, namely a modified Damkohler number, the thermochemical heat capacity, and the heat flux and flowrate. There is a strong nonlinear relationship between these parameters and the process efficiency. The optimization of the efficiency with respect to the parameters provides guidance for designing engineering solutions in terms of material selection and system properties.
Solitary rossby waves over variable relief and their stability. Part II: numerical experiments

Abstract The barotropic, quasi-geostrophic vorticity equation describing large scale, rotating flows over zonal relief supports nonlinear permanent form solutions, namely nonlinear topographic Rossby waves. Through an analytical theory, these solutions have been shown to be neutrally stable to infinitesimal perturbations. Numerical algorithms, which necessarily truncate the infinite number of degrees of freedom of any continuum model to a finite number, are capable of reproducing the numerical equivalent of these form-preserving solutions. Moreover, these numerical solutions are shown to preserve their shape throughout the numerical experiment not only in the limit of small amplitude, but also for high amplitude (Rossby number → O(1)). Through numerical simulation, the stability analysis is carried far beyond the analytical limit of infinitesimal perturbations. The solutions maintain their stability in agreement with the analytical theory, up to perturbations having intensities almost of the same order as the solutions themselves. For higher-amplitude perturbations, the solutions break up and typical turbulent behavior ensues. The passage from wave-like to turbulent behavior, upon surpassing a critical perturbation value, can be observed in the sudden loss of phase locking of the permanent solution Fourier modes.
Host resistance factors in human milk

The host resistance factors in human milk are described, and their effects upon human infants are considered. The factors include a growth enhancer of lactobacilli, an antistaphylococcal agent, immunoglobulins, complement components, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Some transferred factors appear to persist in the infant's intestine and inhibit intestinal colonization by certain microorganisms. However, their effects upon the resistance of the recipients to infections are largely unknown.
Redundant Ubiquitin Ligase Activities Regulate Wee1 Degradation and Mitotic Entry

The irreversible nature of mitotic entry is due to the activation of mitosis specific kinases such as cdk1/cyclin B. Cdk1/cyclin B induces activation of mitosis by promoting phosphatases while suppressing inhibitory factors such as the tyrosine kinase wee1. Since wee1 keeps cdk1/cyclin B inactive during the S and G2 phases, its activity must be down-regulated for mitotic progression to occur. One mechanism of suppressing wee1 activity is ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Cdk1/cyclin B1 phosphorylates wee1, targeting it for recognition by ubiquitin ligases and subsequent proteasomal degradation. One of the ubiquitin ligases promoting wee1 destruction during mitosis is the SCFβ-trcp complex. We demonstrate that this complex, and a second SCF complex containing the F-box protein Tome-1, regulate wee1 degradation during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Therefore, redundant ubiquitin ligase activities promote efficient mitotic entry of eukaryotic cells.
DILEMMA OF GARDNERELLA VAGINITIS IN ADOLESCENTS

Although 50% of adult women are vaginally colonized with Gardnerella vaginitis (GV), its association in adults as well as teens with clinical infection has been unclear and confusing. We conducted a prospective 1 year study to determine the prevalence of GV vaginitis and associated risk factors in teens attending an adolescent medicine clinic. At their first visit during the study, 180 consecutive patients (79 Caucasians, 55 Blacks and 46 Mexican Americans), requiring a pelvic exam were evaluated for GV. Mean age was 16.9 ±2 years (range 12-21). Of those, 83% were sexually active (length sexually active X = 1.9 yrs) and 27% were pregnant. Diagnostic criteria for GV vaginitis in conjunction with ⊕ culture included: thin, homogenous vaginal discharge; ⊕ KOH odor test and ⊕ clue cells. Diagnostic studies included history, physical exam, vaginal smear and cultures and other tests as indicated. Overall, GV was recovered in 23%, of cultures; GV occured solely in 71%, with Candida in 24%, with trichomonas in 5%. Among GV patients, 85% had ⊕ clue cells, 76% had ⊕ KOH test, 78% had discharge; 54% were symptomatic. STD and 1 other vaginal infection correlated with GV (p <.01). Neither age, race, sexual activity, duration of OCP use nor pregnancy were risk factors. Our data in teens support observations reported in adults and reinforces correlating culture results with ⊕ clue cells, ⊕ KOH and physical manifestations when deciding to treat.
Determination of prey antigen half‐life in Polistes metricus using a monoclonal antibody‐based immunodot assay

In order to derive quantitative estimates of predation rate from serological gut analysis data, one must have an estimate of the interval during which a meal can be detected after feeding. In practice this has turned out to be ‘Dmax,’ defined as ‘…the time from finishing a meal until that meal could just no longer be detected in any individuals.’ However Dmax substitutes an absolute limit for what is really a continuous variable with significant variation. We examined this problem in a study of the detectability of Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instar remains in the guts of Polistes metricus Say (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Wasps were maintained on Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instars before being fed a single H. zea fifth instar. They were killed and frozen at 0, 24, 48 and 96 h intervals, with those held for more than 24 h fed a single T. ni fifth instar at 24 h intervals in order to simulate continued feeding. Wasp abdomens were assayed by immunodot, using a monoclonal antibody to H. zea arylphorin. There was a logarithmic decay in the proportion of P. metricus positive over time, a single H. zea fifth instar meal having a detectability half-life of 19.4 h at field temperatures. If prey antigen detectability decays exponentially, then a detectability half-life is a more appropriate unit of detectability than an absolute detectability period.
Kalman–Yakubovich lemma in general finite dimensional case

The most general finite dimensional case of the classical Kalman–Yakubovich (KY) lemma is considered. There are no assumptions on the parameters or functions of parameters of corresponding matrix equations. It is pointed out how to find out all the solutions of these equations. For the discrete time case an analogue of the KY lemma, which is used to be called Kalman–Szego lemma, is generalized to the case when there are no any assumptions on the parameters of matrix equations. Besides, the necessary and sufficient conditions for solvability the Lyapunov equations in general case are presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender Construction and Settler Colonialism in German Southwest Africa, 1894-1914

(2004). Gender Construction and Settler Colonialism in German Southwest Africa, 1894–1914. The Historian: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
Sinus arrhythmia in dogs after cardiac transplantation.

Abstract The recurrence of sinus arrhythmia after cardiac transplantation was studied in 17 dogs previously subjected to cardiac autotransplantation and in 2 dogs after homotransplantation. Sinus arrhythmia was demonstrated in 13 animals between 2 1 2 and 20 months after cardiac autotransplantation and in 1 dog 140 days after cardiac homotransplantation. In all animals sinus arrhythmia recurred after parasympathetic reinnervation of the heart. There was a variable lag between the first demonstration of parasympathetic reinnervation and the recurrence of sinus arrhythmia. Sinus arrhythmia was abolished after efferent parasympathetic blockade with intravenously administered atropine but was not affected by beta adrenergic blockade with propranolol. The recurrence of sinus arrhythmia after cardiac transplantation signifies the occurrence of parasympathetic reinnervation of the heart. Absence of sinus arrhythmia, however, does not exclude the presence of such reinnervation.
Current-based versus energy-based ventricular defibrillation: a prospective study.

Abstract Defibrillation is thought to be mediated by a depolarizing current; however, the present method of defibrillation is based on delivering an empiric dose of energy to all patients. The hypothesis of this study was that for equivalent efficacy rates, a current-based defibrillation method would result in delivering less energy and peak current than would the standard energy-based method. In a group of 86 consecutive patients with ventricular fibrillation, every other patient was prospectively assigned to receive shocks according to method 1 or method 2. Method 1 was current based and delivered successive shocks of 25, 25 and a maximum of 40 A; method 2 was energy based and delivered shocks of 200, 200 and 360 joules. Patients in both groups were similar with respect to age, gender, weight, cardiac diagnosis, ejection fraction, antiarrhythmic therapy, chest circumference, chest depth and transthoracic impedance. Each method had statistically equivalent first shock (79% current-based versus 81% energy-based) and cumulative shock success rates. The mean first shock energy was 120 ± 30 joules for patients receiving the current-based method and 200 joules for patients receiving energy-based shocks (p = 0.0001). The mean peak current was 24 ± 2.3 and 33 ± 5.0 A, respectively (p = 0.0001). Therefore, for equivalent first shock success rates, the energy-based method delivered 67% more energy and 38% more current than the current-based method. High transthoracic impedance (≥90 Ω) predicted first shock failure only in patients undergoing defibrillation by the energy-based method (p = 0.001). In a subset of 10 patients who underwent defibrillation by each method on alternate days, the energy-based method delivered 90% more energy and 44% more current (p = 0.0001). These findings suggest that the current-based method precludes transthoracic impedance as a major determinant of defibrillation success and delivers significantly less current and energy than the standard energy-based method for an equivalent success rate.
Disseminated coccidioidomycosis with rapid progression to effusive-constrictive pericarditis

This case reports coccidiomycosis presenting as pericarditis with tamponade rapidly progressing to effusive-constrictive pericarditis and death over 72 hours. Coccidiomycosis pericarditis is a rapidly progressing disease requiring early and complete pericardiectomy to avoid the hemodynamics of constriction. We illustrate the use of echocardiography in this case and demonstrate the histopathology. We review the literature and discuss therapy and management. Coccidiomycosis is often clinically unsuspected and unrecognized by the health care worker unfamiliar with the disease process.