cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NGF modulates sympathetic innervation of lymphoid tissues

Immune tissues are known to be innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, but little is known of what directs the innervation to specific tissue compartments. This report examines the sympathetic innervation of immune tissues in transgenic mice that overexpress nerve growth factor (NGF) in skin and other epithelial structures. NGF transgenic mice exhibited dramatic hyperinnervation in the splenic marginal zone, and the medulla and capsule of peripheral lymph nodes. In contrast, the transgenic mesenteric lymph nodes showed no hyperinnervation. This difference correlated with the location of these nodes; peripheral lymph nodes drain skin where the transgene was expressed while mesenteric lymph nodes drain non-transgene-expressing structures. In addition, the level of innervation correlated with the level of NGF peptide content as assayed by ELISA (3- and 13-fold increase in transgenic spleen and axillary lymph nodes, respectively; no increase in mesenteric nodes) and immunocytochemistry. RT-PCR showed that the NGF transgene was not being expressed in the immune tissues, suggesting that immune tissues can concentrate transgene-produced NGF. It was also demonstrated that the change in innervation had functional consequences. The mitogen response to concanavalin A (ConA) by spleen cells was decreased in the transgenics suggesting that elevated catecholamines or NGF can modulate the proliferative response of these cells. These mice demonstrate that NGF can modulate the sympathetic innervation and function of the immune system.
G159.6-18.5: A possible high galactic latitude supernova remnant

We report infrared and CO observations of the B4/LI470 region in Perseus, which we suggest may be a supernova remnant. The grey-scale image in Figure i was obtained from the IRAS i00 ~m database, and shows a remarkable ring of emission just west of IC348. The ring, which has a diameter of about 75', is centered at h m 3 36.8 , and & 31~ ' or 1 159.6 ~ b -18.5 ~ We have mapped a 195
Law & Capitalism: What Corporate Crises Reveal about Legal Systems and Economic Development around the World

Recent high-profile corporate scandals - such as those involving Enron in the United States, Yukos in Russia, and Liverdoor in Japan - demonstrate challenges to the legal regulation of business practices in capitalist economies. Setting forth a new analytic framework for understanding these problems, "Law and Capitalism" examines contemporary corporate governance crises in six countries. Using comparative case studies that address the United States, China, Germany, Japan, Korea, and Russia, Curtis J. Milhaupt and Katharina Pistor argue that a disparate blend of legal and nonlegal mechanisms have supported economic growth around the world.
INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM

Transportation has been a subject of importance in public policy since the founding of the U.S. Beginning in the 1980s, a number of factors emerged to produce new policies, and new debates, over the role of transportation in society and the responsibilities to be assigned to public and private organizations. This foreword discusses these factors, and provides an introduction to the Symposium on Intermodal Transportation.
Mapping Growth Patterns and Genetic Influences on Early Brain Development in Twins

Despite substantial progress in understanding the anatomical and functional development of the human brain, little is known on the spatial-temporal patterns and genetic influences on white matter maturation in twins. Neuroimaging data acquired from longitudinal twin studies provide a unique platform for scientists to investigate such issues. However, the interpretation of neuroimaging data from longitudinal twin studies is hindered by the lacking of appropriate image processing and statistical tools. In this study, we developed a statistical framework for analyzing longitudinal twin neuroimaging data, which is consisted of generalized estimating equation (GEE2) and a test procedure. The GEE2 method can jointly model imaging measures with genetic effect, environmental effect, and behavioral and clinical variables. The score test statistic is used to test linear hypothesis such as the association between brain structure and function with the covariates of interest. A resampling method is used to control the family-wise error rate to adjust for multiple comparisons. With diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), we demonstrate the application of our statistical methods in quantifying the spatiotemporal white matter maturation patterns and in detecting the genetic effects in a longitudinal neonatal twin study. The proposed approach can be easily applied to longitudinal twin data with multiple outcomes and accommodate incomplete and unbalanced data, i.e., subjects with different number of measurements.
Vestibular histopathology of the human temporal bone. What can we learn

Histologic sections of the human temporal bone display snapshots of the entire lifetime integrated into the moment the bone enters fixative. The bulk of the literature on vestibular histopathology is anecdotal and descriptive in nature, rather than quantitative. This is because the means of describing and measuring patients' vestibular symptoms are poorly developed, and the complex geometry of the vestibular labyrinth complicates efforts to study it in serial histologic sections. Histopathologic findings in the common peripheral vestibulopathies, including Meniere's syndrome, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, viral labyrinthitis, vestibular neuronitis, and ototoxicity, have all been described. A new quantitative method for assessment of vestibular otopathology using Nomarski optics has recently been reported. It has been successfully applied to create a normative database of age-related changes in the vestibular hair cell populations which, in turn, has been used to study the effects of aminoglycoside ototoxicity and Meniere's syndrome. These data provide the first meaningful opportunity to make structure-function correlations between vestibular function testing and temporal bone pathology in humans. Wider clinical application of vestibular function testing and postmortem temporal bone donation should be promoted by all investigators interested in accumulating the resources necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the human vestibular system in health and disease.
THE EFFECT OF BARIUM TEMPERATURE ON ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC MOTILITY IN DOGS

The influence of barium temperature on canine esophageal transit time and gastric motility were studied fluoroscopically. Micropulverized barium sulfate (30% wt/vol) at 35°F, 70°F, and 100°F was given orally to each of five dogs with a minimum of two hours between each temperature. Esophageal transit times ranged from 4 to 9.67 seconds, and gastric contractions average four per minute. Barium temperature had no significant effect on either esophageal transit time or gastric motility.
A Survey of Steelhead Age and Iteroparity Rates from a Volunteer Angler Program in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon

AbstractThe iteroparous life history of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss can provide genetic variability and increase recruitment, thereby sustaining populations. Steelhead are difficult to survey given that (1) they spawn during high river flows, which can flush carcasses away; (2) they spend a short time on the spawning grounds; (3) nonspawning fish are elusive; and (4) adults that do not die after spawning can evade surveyors. An angler volunteer program was implemented in Oregon to monitor steelhead populations. Recreational anglers collected scales from 2,216 steelhead in the Willamette River basin during 1981–1994; the scales were used to estimate ages and iteroparity rates. A freshwater age of 2 and a saltwater age of 2 were the most common, followed by saltwater ages 3 and 4. The incidence of iteroparity was greater among female steelhead than among males and was greater for winter-run steelhead than for summer-run fish. Wild fish had a higher incidence of repeat spawning than hatchery fish, which ma...
The Social Context of Depression Symptomology in Sexual Minority Male Youth: Determinants of Depression in a Sample of Grindr Users

The purpose of this study was to understand which social context factors most influence depression symptomology among sexual minority male youth (SMMY). In 2011, 195 SMMY who use Grindr were recrui...
Distribution channels in Japan

Uncovers the facts and fallacies of the Japanese distribution channel and presents proactive distribution strategies with their managerial benefits, for the successful penetration of the Japanese market. Frustrated US policy makers and business representatives have been crying “foul” for years over the difficulties in penetrating the Japanese market. They believe that a web of formal and informal Japanese trade barriers prevent US companies from getting a fair chance to sell their products in Japan. The Japanese distribution channel is often symbolic of such barriers. In general, it is characterized as closed and complex with multiple layers of middlemen leading to a large number of small‐scale “mom‐and‐pop” retail stores. Due to its non‐conventional structure, the Japanese distribution channel often has been misunderstood by many Westerners and subsequently such misunderstanding has led to unnecessary trade disputes with the Japanese government.
The Sudan: Domestic Politics and Foreign Relations Under Nimiery

RELATIONS BETWEEN THE Sudan and the international community since Gaafar Mohammed el Nimiery and his military colleagues assumed power in 1969 can be divided into two phases. First is the short-lived era of 'rhetorical radicalism' preceding the abortive July 1971 coup-a period characterized by an ideological attachment to the nebulous concept of 'Arab socialism' and a flirtation with the Soviet Union and East European states. Second is the post July 1971 and still prevailing period of 'neo-conservatism' or so-called 'pragmatic' orientation which has been distinguished by a pro-western inclination punctuated by flexibility, and yet not entirely without adventurism.1 The continued absence of a substantive internal ideology has discouraged the emergence of a well-reasoned foreign policy.2 Undoubtedly, the Sudan under Nimiery has stated its positions on international issues from the perspective of its presumed 'national self interest'. By eschewing ideological commitments, the Nimiery regime has kept aid flowing from diverse foreign sources. However, the interplay of political forces on the domestic level has hindered progress toward achievement of a relevant development ideology. The efforts aimed at defining a programme of governmental actions premised on certain agreed precepts remain far from success. More often than not, the country's foreign policy pronouncements have reflected: (a) President Nimiery's personal preferences which are influenced and punctuated by the array of shifting ideological fortunes of the administering elites at the ministerial level; (b) assessment of what can be domestically supported; (c) objective outcome of Sudan's national priorities and (d) external constraints. Domestic pressures and conflicting priorities have hitherto produced a zigzag in Sudan's foreign policy.3 It will therefore be in order to examine briefly the Sudan's domestic structure, for it is in the context of understanding its internal politics that we will discuss its relations with the international community.4
The role of finite boson number and axial asymmetry in IBA-1; Evidence for multi-j supersymmetries in odd nuclei

Abstract In Part I, the consistent Q formalism of the IBA is outlined and a number of characteristic and systematic predictions compared with data from deformed and transitional nuclei. The extreme simplicity of the formalism (with only one important parameter) is exploited to isolate particular features of the IBA such as the role of finite boson number effects. These are shown to be substantially more important than heretofore thought and for reasons that relate to the basic structure of the IBA and to the ways in which the limiting symmetries are broken in calculations for realistic nuclei. The consistent Q formalism is also utilized to establish that there is an effective, dynamical axial asymmetry even in IBA-1, and to derive a correlation between IBA-1 calculations and an effective asymmetry parameter, γ. The relation between this effective asymmetry, in which the classical potential minimum is still at γ=0°, and true triaxial shapes arising from the introduction of cubic terms is discussed. In part II, the question of supersymmetries in the IBA is addressed, with emphasis on realistic multi-j cases. The study of such schemes requires an experimental probe which can disclose all states of certain Jπ values within a given excitation energy range. The non-selective (n, γ) reaction is such a tool and its principal features are outlined. The evidence for and against the validity of a supersymmetry scheme in the odd Pt isotopes is summarized, including a discussion of two alternate group chain decompositions. Finally, the wave functions for the lowest levels of these two chains are examined, both relative to each other and, via a simple transformation, in terms of a set of basis states corresponding to an odd j = 1 2 , 3 2 or 5 2 fermion coupled to 0(6) core states.
Some thoughts on the structural basis of internal imagery

Apparently, anti-idiotypic antibodies can mimic (almost?) any molecule in an organism or in its environment. If the molecule is a polypeptide, must the variable region of the antibody contain peptide sequences homologous or identical to sequences in the polypeptide it is mimicking? In this article, Bernard Erlanger says ‘No’, drawing his conclusion mainly, but not solely, from the hemoglobin-myoglobin family of proteins, in which X-ray and sequence data show that identical, functional conformations can be assumed by proteins that differ by as many as 137 of 141 amino acids.
Expression and inheritance of foreign genes in transgenic peanut plants generated byAgrobacterium-mediated transformation.

To evaluate and characterize the stability of traits transferred viaAgrobacterium transformation, foreign gene expression must be examined in sexually derived progeny. The objective of this study was to analyze three transgenic peanut plants, 1-10, 12-1, and 17-1, for the inheritance and expression of their foreign genes. Segregation ratios for the introduced genes in T2 plants gave either 100% or 3:1 expression of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene, demonstrating recovery of both homozygous and heterozygous T1 plants. Fluorometric GUS assay in T1 and T2 generations of all three plants showed that the GUS gene was stably expressed in the progeny. DNA analyses showed 100% concordance between the presence of the foreign gene and enzyme activity. Our results demonstrate that transgenes in peanut introduced byAgrobacterium can be inherited in a Mendelian manner.
Loss of HNF6 expression correlates with human pancreatic cancer progression

Normal pancreatic epithelium progresses through various stages of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Transcriptional regulation of this progression is poorly understood. In mouse, the hepatic nuclear factor 6 (Hnf6) transcription factor is expressed in ductal cells and at lower levels in acinar cells of the adult pancreas, but not in mature endocrine cells. Hnf6 is critical for terminal differentiation of the ductal epithelium during embryonic development and for pancreatic endocrine cell specification. We previously showed that, in mice, loss of Hnf6 from the pancreatic epithelium during organogenesis results in increased duct proliferation and altered duct architecture, increased periductal fibrosis and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Here we show that decreased expression of HNF6 is strongly correlated with increased severity of PanIN lesions in samples of human pancreata and is absent from >90% of PDAC. Mouse models in which cancer progression can be analyzed from the earliest stages that are seldom accessible in humans support a role for Hnf6 loss in progression from early- to late-stage PanIN and PDAC. In addition, gene expression analyses of human pancreatic cancer reveal decreased expression of HNF6 and its direct and indirect target genes compared with normal tissue and upregulation of genes that act in opposition to HNF6 and its targets. The negative correlation between HNF6 expression and pancreatic cancer progression suggests that HNF6 maintains pancreatic epithelial homeostasis in humans, and that its loss contributes to the progression from PanIN to ductal adenocarcinoma. Insight on the role of HNF6 in pancreatic cancer development could lead to its use as a biomarker for early detection and prognosis.
Marketing to the marginalised: tobacco industry targeting of the homeless and mentally ill

Objectives: To describe the tobacco industry’s relationships with and influence on homeless and mentally ill smokers and organisations providing services to them. Methods: Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents and journal articles. Results: The tobacco industry has marketed cigarettes to the homeless and seriously mentally ill, part of its “downscale” market, and has developed relationships with homeless shelters and advocacy groups, gaining positive media coverage and political support. Discussion: Tobacco control advocates and public health organisations should consider how to target programmes to homeless and seriously mentally ill individuals. Education of service providers about tobacco industry efforts to cultivate this market may help in reducing smoking in these populations.
Can we really leave gender out of it? Individual differences and the Simulation of Smiles model

Gender differences in face-based emotion recognition, notably differential use of mimicry, may compromise the extent to which the Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model can be generalized to populations besides the adult females on which it has been tested. Much work indicates sex differences in face-based emotion recognition, including smile recognition.
The effects of finite dielectric layers in multilevel microstrip interconnects

Microstrip with finite-width substrate and ground plane and coupled multilevel microstrip with a finite-width intermediate dielectric layer are examined with an integral equation-mode matching method. The effects of varying the distance of a microstrip from the edge of a finite-width substrate and ground plane are studied in the frequency and time domains. Coupled multilevel microstrip with a finite-width and homogeneous intermediate layer are also characterized in the frequency and time domains, and the coupling between the two lines is found to be much greater when the intermediate layer is finite. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Business cycles in Italy: A statistical investigation

Abstract This paper conducts a statistical analysis of post-war economic fluctuations in Italy. It is argued that business cycles in this country qualitatively conform to the general character of the phenomenon, a result which confirms existing evidence. A temporal stability analysis of stylized facts shows that some statistically significant changes in the empirical regularities occurred after 1973, but they did not alter the main qualitative features of the business cycle. The evidence thus supports interpretative models of the Italian business cycle which incorporate a stable propagation mechanism.
Tritium and deuterium in atmospheric hydrogen

After correcting the tritium content of atmospheric molecular hydrogen samples for contamination by industrial hydrogen, the increases in the tritium content of atmospheric hydrogen over the past ten years are discussed. It is found that the increases in the tritium concentration occur in steps about 2 to 2.5 years after major thermonuclear test series. It is concluded that most of the HT formed by thermonuclear explosions is injected into upper stratospheric levels and subsequently follows the mixing pattern observed for the high altitude tracer rhodium-102. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00233.x
Polymers in the lab

Experimental methods in Polymer Chemistry. By J. F. Rabek. Pp.861. ISBN 0-4712-7604-9. (Wiley: 1980.) £52.80, $145.20.
Reflective and electrically conductive palladium surface‐metallized polyimide nanocomposite membranes

A previous article (Southward and Thompson, Chem Mater 2004, 16, 2091) focused on the characterization of surface metallized palladium-BTDA/4,4′-ODA (3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride-4,4′-oxydianiline) hybrid membranes formed by in situ reduction of Pd2+ to Pd○ during thermal imidization of the poly(amic acid) via the protocol of St. Clair et al. (J Am Chem Soc 1980, 102, 876). The present work extended the Pd-polyimide metallization synthesis to the BPDA/4,4′-ODA (3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride-4,4′-ODA) polymer. The effects of the Pd2+ ligand on the reductive metallization of BTDA/4,4′-ODA were also examined for the PdCl2(SMe2)2, PdBr2(SMe2)2, and Pd(CF3COO)2 complexes. The hybrid films were characterized by specular and diffuse reflectivity and by conductivity measurement. Maximum specular reflectivity was in the range of 35%–55%, and conductivity was in the range of 1–10 Ω/square. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the initial Pd metal particles formed within the films were in the 3–8 nm range in size. These particles increased in size with irregular shapes at the surface as the metallic exterior emerged. A fraction of the nanometer-sized Pd particles remained uniformly distributed throughout the bulk of the film. The mechanism for the formation of a metallic surface required selective oxidative degradation of the polyimide at the polyimide–air interface. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2708–2716, 2006
Soybean Cyst Nematode Reproduction in the North Central United States

An experiment was conducted in Heterodera glycines-infested fields in 40 north central U.S. environments (21 sites in 1994 and 19 sites in 1995) to assess reproduction of this nematode. Two resistant and two susceptible soybean cultivars from each of the maturity groups (MG) I through IV were grown at each site in 6.1 m by 4 row plots. Soil samples were collected from each plot at planting and harvest and processed at Iowa State University to determine H. glycines initial (Pi) and final (Pf) population densities as eggs per 100 cm3 of soil. Overall, reproduction (Pf/Pi) of H. glycines on susceptible cultivars in all MG was similar. Reproduction was higher on MG III and IV susceptible cultivars than on those in MG I and II. Resistant MG I and II cultivars reduced nematode population densities more consistently than those in MG III and IV. Reproduction of the nematode was similar among sites within the same maturity zone (MZ), defined as the areas of best adaptation of the corresponding MG. Nonetheless, careful monitoring of nematode population densities is necessary to assess changes that occur over time in individual fields.
Perioperative management of patients on oral anticoagulants: a decision analysis.

Background. To better inform clinicians on the optimal management of patients on oral anticoagulation who need to undergo surgery or invasive procedures, the authors performed a decision analysis examining whether a perioperative aggressive or minimalist strategy results in greater quality-adjusted survival.Methods. A decision analysis model was created comparing withholding warfarin (minimalist strategy) to withholding warfarin and administering treatment-dose subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or intravenous heparin perioperatively (aggressive strategy). The base-case analysis examined a hypothetical 60-year-old hypertensive individual with mechanical aortic valve replacement undergoing major abdominal surgery. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation with quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) as the outcome. Secondary analyses examined patients with a mechanical mitral valve and atrial fibrillation. Sensitivity analyses were performed for each va...
Low-Temperature Oxide Wafer Bonding for 3-D Integration: Chemistry of Bulk Oxide Matters

The effect of bulk chemistry of deposited oxide materials on the eventual wafer bonding energy was fundamentally studied. Although low-temperature silicon oxide (LTO) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) exhibited the same bulk density, and nitrogen plasma generated a higher degree of surface activation for TEOS than LTO, using LTO as the bonding oxide resulted in a much higher bonding energy than TEOS. This was attributed to the relatively high percentage of hydrogen-bonded silanol groups in LTO, which pointed to the existence of fine defect areas in LTO that would better accommodate the water molecules generated later by the interfacial condensation reactions. A pre-bonding baking step was found favorable for LTO wafer bonding.
Research Note: Ethoxyquin and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid for the Prevention of Rancidity in Rice Bran Stored at Elevated Temperature and Humidity for Various Lengths of Time

Abstract The susceptibility of rice bran to oxidative rancidity during storage and the detrimental effects of rancid rice bran on broiler performance have been documented. The addition of antioxidant or metal chelator or both would be a plausible approach in preserving the nutritive quality of stored rice bran. Ethoxyquin and EDTA were each added at levels of 0, 250, 500, or 1,000 parts per million (ppm) in a factorial arrangement to 1-kg aliquots of fresh rice bran and maintained at 35 to 38 C with 80 to 90% relative humidity for 4 wk. Samples were taken at 7-day intervals and placed in a freezer (–30 C) before the fat was extracted. Fats were analyzed for peroxide values using the initial peroxide value (IPV) and 20-h active oxygen method (AOM). The addition of 250 ppm ethoxyquin proved effective in significantly (P
Effects of oxycodone on brain responses to emotional images

Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that opiate drugs decrease emotional responses to negative stimuli and increase responses to positive stimuli. Such emotional effects may motivate misuse of oxycodone (OXY), a widely abused opiate. Yet, we know little about how OXY affects neural circuits underlying emotional processing in humans. We examined effects of OXY on brain activity during presentation of positive and negative visual emotional stimuli. We predicted that OXY would decrease amygdala activity to negative stimuli and increase ventral striatum (VS) activity to positive stimuli. Secondarily, we examined the effects of OXY on other emotional network regions on an exploratory basis. In a three-session study, healthy adults (N = 17) received placebo, 10 and 20 mg OXY under counterbalanced, double-blind conditions. At each session, participants completed subjective and cardiovascular measures and underwent functional MRI (fMRI) scanning while completing two emotional response tasks. Our emotional tasks reliably activated emotional network areas. OXY produced subjective effects but did not alter either behavioral responses to emotional stimuli or activity in our primary areas of interest. OXY did decrease right medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC) responses to happy faces. Contrary to our expectations, OXY did not affect behavioral or neural responses to emotional stimuli in our primary areas of interest. Further, the effects of OXY in the MOFC would be more consistent with a decrease in value for happy faces. This may indicate that healthy adults do not receive emotional benefits from opiates, or the pharmacological actions of OXY differ from other opiates.
Geometry of halo formation

The formation of many ice crystal halos can be visualized in an appropriate coordinate system on the sphere. A given crystal orientation is first represented by a point on the sphere. When the same sphere is regarded as the celestial sphere, it is easy to find the point of light on the sphere that results from the given crystal orientation. The analysis gives crude information on intensities of halos, not just along the caustic curve but for the entire sky.
The social psychology of project management conflict

Abstract Project management conflict is examined in terms of role theory. Four types of role conflict - intersender, intrasender, interrole and person-role - are examined in light of four organizational sources: bifurcation of authority, technical complexity, internal politics, and project life cycle. Remedies are then proposed for reducing role conflict.
The Coronary-Subclavian Steal Syndrome: Report of a Case and Recommendations for Prevention and Management

Abstract The coronary-subclavian steal syndrome involves the siphoning of blood from the myocardium through an internal mammary artery graft because of a proximal subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion, and results in myocardial ischemia. With the increased use of the internal mammary artery for myocardial revascularization, the potential exists for recurrence of angina pectoris in patients who have or in whom develops high-grade stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian artery, because of the coronary-subclavian steal syndrome. The coronary-subclavian steal syndrome can be prevented by the identification of patients with or at risk to develop subclavian artery occlusive disease. All patients undergoing cardiac catheterization prior to coronary artery bypass grafting in which use of the internal mammary artery is anticipated should be evaluated for the presence of upper extremity and cerebrovascular ischemia, the presence of cervical or supraclavicular bruits, and an upper extremity blood pressure differential of 20 mm Hg or greater. Patients with these findings or with evidence of diffuse atherosclerotic vascular disease should have brachiocephalic arteriography at the time of coronary arteriography to identify significant subclavian artery occlusive disease. When this is demonstrated, use of the internal mammary artery as a free graft instead of an in situ graft or use of saphenous vein grafts is indicated. Patients in whom recurrent angina develops following coronary artery bypass grafting that included an internal mammary artery graft should have coronary arteriography to evaluate the presence of coronary-subclavian steal syndrome, and brachiocephalic arteriography. Carotid-subclavian bypass grafting, probably best done with a prosthetic conduit, is the procedure of choice for management of the coronary-subclavian steal syndrome.
Focal expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in developing mouse limb bud.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is known to support the survival of motoneurons in vitro and in vivo, as well as subpopulations of sensory neurons in vitro. To clarify the mechanisms by which GDNF supports these neurons, we examined the patterns of GDNF mRNA expression in relation to motor and sensory axons during early stages of mouse development. Between embryonic days (E) 10 and 12, a time when motor and sensory axons are entering the periphery, GDNF mRNA is expressed at high levels in a restricted region in proximal limb buds where axons converge and enter the limb. At later ages (E14–16), GDNF mRNA was detected in non-neuronal cells along peripheral nerve, in dermis, and in some muscles. To characterize cells that express GDNF in the proximal limb, GDNF expression in the forelimb was compared to expression patterns of two markers of muscle, Pax 3 and myogenin, as well as with the pan neurotrophin receptor (p75) which is expressed by Schwann cell precursors. We show that expression of GDNF in the proximal limb bud at E11–12 does not correlate with markers of muscle or Schwann cell precursors, which supports the idea that GDNF is expressed by mesenchymal cells in this region. Our results suggest that GDNF expression in proximal limb buds may function as a transient survival factor, particularly for motor neurons, before they reach their final targets. GDNF expression in muscle and dermis at later stages suggests that GDNF may have additional functions as motor and sensory neurons mature.
Quantum Theory of the Dielectric Constant in Real Solids

The quantum theory of the frequency- and wave-number-dependent dielectric constant in solids is extended in order to study the full dielectric constant tensor and to include local-field effects. Within the framework of the band theory, an explicit expression for the dielectric constant tensor, neglecting local-field effects, is derived. In addition to components which are the ordinary longitudinal and transverse dielectric constants, there are components which couple transverse and longitudinal electromagnetic disturbances. A formalism for calculating the local-field corrections to the dielectric constant is developed in detail for the case of the longitudinal dielectric constant of a cubic insulating solid. In the coarsest (dipole) approximation, the theory gives a Lorenz-Lorentz formula modified by self-polarization corrections arising from the polarization of the charge in a unit cell by its own field.
Functionalized Single Walled and Double Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal Enhancement

Our investigation in this study focuses on the chemical and thermal characteristics of Single Walled Nanotubes (SWNTs) in comparison with Double Walled Nanotubes (DWNTs) for their potential to extend the heat flux in the boiling regime. SWNTs and DWNTs were successfully dispersed in an aqueous medium by reducing the surface tension, i.e. adsorption of anionic surfactant (NaDDBS). Two mechanisms of stabilization have been adopted: electrosteric and steric stabilization, and the suspensions were seen to be stable for longer periods. DWNTs have better heat transfer performance in the pool boiling experiment due to their unique structure. Functionalization and surfactant coating of SWNTs may reduce the heat flow because of modification of the structure. The burnout heat flux of the immersed Nichrome wire in water under pool boiling conditions was increased by up to 170% over that for the pure base liquid for DWNT nanofluid. In contrast, SWNT nanofluid enhanced burnout heat flux by 30%. The nature of the deposition on the heating element affects the surface wetting and therefore the pool boiling curve. DWNT coating on the wire is much thinner than SWNT coating; however, it is more porous and enhances CHF.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Ear-Fill Effects on Yield and Quality of Silage Corn

The relationship between yield and forage quality of corn (Zea mays L.) is influenced by maturity and strength of reproductive sink. Our objective was to isolate the effect of ear fill alone on stover and whole-plant quality. Three hybrids (Pioneer Brand 3394, 3417, and 3504) were evaluated in Wisconsin during 1992 and 1993. Developing ear shoots were covered, partially covered, or left uncovered before pollen shed to create three levels of ear fill: 0, 50, and 100%. Whole-plant and stover samples were collected from plants harvested at approximately 300 g kg -1 dry matter concentration and evaluated for dry matter yield, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD). As ear fill increased from 0 to 100%, whole-plant CP decreased by 10 g kg -1 , NDF decreased by 86 g kg -1 , ADF decreased by 42 g kg -1 , ADL decreased by 1 g kg -l , and IVTD increased by 37 g kg -1 . For stover, CP decreased by 18 g kg -1 , NDF increased by 136 g k -1 ADF increased by 94 g kg -1 , ADL increased by 6 g k -1 , and IVTD decreased by 55 g k -1 . Digestibility of stover NDF increased by 15 g k -1 . An effective ear was clearly necessary to realize maximum total dry matter yield and quality.
Disruption of sensory gating by the α2 selective noradrenergic antagonist yohimbine

Schizophrenia is a disease marked by abnormalities in sensory processing that are thought to be involved in the development of the disease. Specifically, it has been suggested that schizophrenics are unable to adequately filter incoming stimuli, which leads to sensory overload or "flooding," and thence to disorganization and decompensation (Venebles 1964). Central filtering mechanisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory in both humans (Fruhstorfer et al 1970) and animals (Knight et al 1985). Additionally, it has been shown that these filtering mechanisms are aberrant in schizophrenics (Adler et al 1982; Braff and Geyer 1990) and in amphetamine-treated or phencyclidine-treated laboratory rats (Adler et al 1986; Stevens et al 1991). Sensory filtering, or "gating," is easily demonstrated using a condition-test auditory paradigm (Braff and Geyer 1990). In this paradigm, click pairs are delivered at a 0.5-sec interval. Normal humans and unmedicated rats show a reduced auditory evoked potential to the second of these closely paired stimuli (Freedman et al 1987; Adler et al 1982; Stevens et al 1991). Previous work has indicated that central noradrenergic pathways are important in the gating process (Adler et al 1988; Stevens et al 1991). To more directly examine the noradrenergic contribution to sensory gating, we have employed the selective or2 antagonist, yohimbine, to enhance noradrenergic tone via the blockade of inhibitory feedback autoreceptors (Fludder and Leonard 1979). Our results demonstrate that this treatment can disrupt sensory gating.
The Khmer Adolescent Project: III. A study of trauma from Thailand's Site II refugee camp.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in a sample of 99 Cambodian youths, aged 18 to 25 years, living in the Site II refugee camps along the Thai-Cambodian border; to compare these rates to data collected in a similarly aged sample of Cambodian refugees living in the United States; and to illustrate the findings with case vignettes and a brief description of the refugee camp at Site II. Method The senior author describes the main features of life in the Site II camp while being employed in one of its medical clinics. A Khmer translated version of the depression section of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic Version and the PTSD section of Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children and Adolescents were used in interview format by trained bilingual research assistants. Khmer versions of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Impact of Events Scale were also administered. Results The enduring nature of PTSD was evident in this sample of Khmer youths who had survived the Pol Pot regime as children. Similar rates of Pol Pot-related PTSD were found when compared to rates from the US sample. Subclinical forms of PTSD were found in those who reported their worst trauma during life in the camp, while the full PTSD syndrome was associated with those who reported trauma occurring during the earlier Pol Pot regime. Extremely high rates of depressive disorder were found which were interpreted as related to the repatriation back to Cambodia as this study was undertaken. Conclusion PTSD in this sample appears to be specifically related to earlier war trauma, while depressive symptoms appear more related to recent stressors. As with other findings from the Khmer adolescent project, this study reaffirms the strong connection between the diagnosis of current PTSD and earlier war trauma in an additional sample of youths at Site II, Thailand. Depressive symptoms, on the other hand, appear to be related to the vicissitudes of recent stressful events in this refugee population. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1996, 35(3):384–391.
High-risk populations as targets for breast cancer prevention trials☆

Breast cancer risk factors include age; a family history of the disease in first-degree relatives (particularly if premenopausal with bilateral disease); proliferative benign breast disease with or without atypia; mammographic parenchymal pattern showing glandular, dense, dysplastic, or Wolfe P2 changes; and obesity. Women in these risk groups have annual breast cancer incidence rates 2 to 10 times higher than baseline. Using data from the National Cancer Institute SEER Program, the U.S. 1987 census estimates, and published prevalence and incidence estimates for breast cancer risk factors, estimates were made for the number of women in the white female population who are at increased risk for breast cancer and who might serve as suitable subjects for an antiestrogen chemoprevention intervention trial. More than 30 million white women are older than 50 years. Two million women older than 50 years have at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer. Six million women over age 50 have undergone breast biopsy for benign disease; one-fourth of these women have proliferative changes, and 11% also have a family history of breast cancer. More than 8 million women older than 50 years are obese, and at least a million older women have high-risk mammographic parenchymal patterns. Thus, there are at least 12 million women at increased risk for breast cancer in the United States, and each year 200,000 additional women enter the high-risk pool. These data indicate that sufficient numbers of women at increased risk for breast cancer are present in the population to justify a chemoprevention trial. The optimal recruitment strategy is yet to be identified.
Versuche zur Synthese von 2H-Pyran, I Synthese und Ringschluß von 5-Dimethylamino-cis-3-penten-1-al

Um 5-Dimethylamino-cis-3-penten-1-al (6) zu synthetisieren, wurde sein Dimethylacetal 14 aus 4-Methoxy-3-buten-1-in (11) uber die Verbindungen 12 und 13 dargestellt. Der Aminoaldehyd 6 sollte dann mit Bromcyan uber das Cyanammoniumsalz 7 in das bisher unbekannte 2H-Pyran ubergefuhrt werden. Das Hydrobromid von 6 erleidet unerwartet einen Ringschlus zu 2-Hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridiniumbromid (15). Die Struktur von 15 wurde durch IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektren gesichert. Studies on the Synthesis of 2H-Pyran, I. – Synthesis and Ring Closure of 5-Dimethylamino-cis-3-penten-1-al 5-Dimethylamino-cis-3-penten-1-al dimethyl acetal (14) was synthesized from 4-methoxy-3-buten-1-yne (11), via the compounds 12 and 13, in order to prepare 5-dimethylamino-cis-3-penten-1-al (6) which, in turn, with cyanogen bromide, should be converted via the cyanoammonium salt 7 into the hitherto unknown 2H-pyran (1). The hydrobromide of 6 undergoes an unexpected ring closure to 2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinium bromide (15). The structure of 15 was established by IR and NMR spectroscopy.
Algebraic K-theory over virtually abelian groups☆

Abstract Controlled K -theory is used to show that algebraic K -theory of a group mapping to a virtually abelian group is described by an assembly map defined using hyperelementary subgroups (possibly infinite) of the target group. These subgroups are virtually cyclic, so the result is a refinement of the (fibered) Farrell–Jones conjecture that K -theory comes from virtually cyclic groups. A corollary is that for any group, the Farrell–Jones conjecture is equivalent to this refined version.
Child Abuse Prevention During Infancy: Intervention Implications for Caregivers' Attitudes Toward Emotion Regulation

Increasing numbers of states are in the process of passing laws requiring all new parents to receive educational materials to prevent shaken baby syndrome (SBS). These laws create powerful opportunities to reach large numbers of families with an important prevention effort. Results from the effort to raise SBS awareness described here indicate that not only is the content of SBS prevention (e.g., consequences of shaking; emotion regulation/coping skills; safety planning) an important consideration; so too is the approach any given prevention program utilizes. By incorporating social work theory on family-centered practice, social workers, home visitors, and other prevention professionals strengthen the likelihood of having a meaningful impact on caregivers' safe strategies for coping with the frustrations of caring for an infant.
The effects of different methods of emotional disclosure: Differentiating post-traumatic growth from stress symptoms

Research on emotional disclosure should test the effects of different disclosure methods and whether symptoms are affected differently than post-traumatic growth. We randomized 214 participants with unresolved stressful experiences to four disclosure conditions (written, private spoken, talking to a passive listener, talking to an active facilitator) or two control conditions. All groups had one 30-minute session. After 6 weeks, disclosure groups reported more post-traumatic growth than controls, and disclosure conditions were similar in this effect. All groups decreased in stress symptoms (intrusions, avoidance, psychological and physical symptoms), but disclosure did not differ from control. We conclude that 30 minutes of disclosure leads to post-traumatic growth but not necessarily symptom reduction, and various disclosure methods have similar effects. Research on the effects of disclosure should focus on the benefits of growth as well as symptom reduction.
Benign tumors of the esophagus: radiologic evaluation.

Benign tumors of the esophagus can be classified as mucosal or submucosal in origin. The most common mucosal lesions include squamous papillomas, adenomas arising in Barrett's mucosa, inflammatory esophagogastric polyps, and glycogenic acanthosis. These benign mucosal lesions can often be diagnosed on double-contrast esophagrams based on their characteristic radiographic findings. Major submucosal or intramural lesions include leiomyomas, leiomyomatosis, fibrovascular polyps, granular cell tumors, and duplication cysts. Despite their infrequency, these lesions also can often be diagnosed on esophagography and/or CT based on their characteristic radiographic findings. The purpose of this article is to review in some detail the radiographic features of these various benign tumors of the esophagus.
The role of founder effects on the evolution of reproductive isolation.

Several theories argue that large changes in allele frequencies through genetic drift after a small founding population becomes allopatrically isolated can lead to significant changes in reproductive isolation and thus trigger the origin of new species. For this reason, founder speciation has been proposed as a potent force in the generation of new species. Nonetheless, the relative importance of such ‘founder effects’ remains largely untested. In this report, I used experimental evolution to create one thousand replicates that underwent an extreme bottleneck and to study whether founder effects can lead to an increase in reproductive isolation in Drosophila yakuba. Even though the most common outcome of inbreeding is extinction, founder effects can lead to increased premating reproductive isolation in a very small proportion of cases. Changes in reproductive isolation after a founding population bottleneck are similar to changes in other phenotypic traits, in which inbreeding might displace the mean phenotypic value and substantially increase the phenotypic variance. This increase in phenotypic variance does not confer an increase in the response to selection for reproductive isolation in artificial selection experiments, indicating that the increased phenotypic variance is not caused by increases in additive genetic variance. These results also demonstrate that, similar to morphological and life-history traits, behavioural traits can be affected by inbreeding and genetic drift.
Shear-strain contours from moire interferometry

The development of whole-field contour maps of shear strains gamma (xy), derived from displacement fields obtained by moire interferometry with 2400 lines/mm, is described. The use of mechanical differentiation to obtain cross-derivatives of displacements and the use of graphical additive moire to sum the cross-derivatives are explained. Quantitative analysis in the small-strain domain is possible because of the high sensitivity of moire interferometry. The applicability of this technique is shown by the testing of a short epoxy beam under three-point bending.