cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phencyclidine receptor ligands attenuate cortical neuronal injury after N-methyl-D-aspartate exposure or hypoxia

Phencyclidine (PCP) and related noncompetitive antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor neuroexcitation were tested for their ability to attenuate either NMDA- or hypoxia-induced neuronal loss in dissociated cell cultures prepared from mouse neocortex. 10 microM PCP or MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate] selectively blocked the neurotoxicity produced by application of NMDA or the endogenous NMDA agonist quinolinate, without altering kainate or quisqualate neurotoxicity. Blockade of NMDA toxicity was concentration-dependent in the submicromolar and micromolar range, with a potency order (MK-801 greater than PCP greater than SKF 10,047 greater than pentazocine) consistent with primary mediation at PCP sites rather than at sigma sites. PCP reduced the toxicity of high NMDA concentrations, consistent with a noncompetitive mechanism of antagonism. PCP ligands also potently attenuated neuronal injury after exposure of the cultures to hypoxia. The effective concentrations and drug potency order for blockade of hypoxic injury were quantitatively similar to results obtained against the application of exogenous NMDA. These observations provide further support for the hypothesis that excessive activation of NMDA receptors may participate importantly in the pathogenesis of hypoxic brain injury.
Powerful warm infrared sources in early-type galaxies

IRAS far-infrared sources have been identified with 129 S0, Sa, Sb, and Sc galaxies in a statistically complete sample of 738 galaxies brighter than 14.5 mag and smaller than 4.0 arcmin. In most cases, the far-IR colors and the ratios of far-IR flux to radio flux density are those of normal galactic disks and/or starbursts. The most powerful far-IR sources in S0 and Sa galaxies are just as powerful as the strongest far-IR sources in Sb and Sc galaxies. Bright-IR sources in S0 and Sa galaxies are warm; those in Sc galaxies are cool. Sb galaxies have both warm and cool IR sources. Bright warm IR sources occur much more frequently in barred galaxies than in galaxies without bars for types S0, Sa, and Sb. Bright, cool IR sources are found with increasing frequency along the Hubble sequence, regardless of the presence or absence of a bar. At least some 'S0' galaxies with warm, bright IR sources have peculiar morphologies and ambiguous classifications.
The effect of demineralized bone matrix gel on bone ingrowth and fixation of porous implants

The presence of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) gel did not enhance or accelerate attachment strength or bone ingrowth and resulted in a significant decrease in implant interface attachment strength at 3 weeks. Hydroxyapatite (HA) coating resulted in significant increases in interface shear strength and bone ingrowth compared with non-HA-coated porous implants at all time periods. The HA-coated implants achieved greater attachment strength and bone ingrowth at earlier time periods and maintained greater attachment strength at long-term periods. The results of this study indicate that in the presence of a good bone-implant interference fit, there is no beneficial effect in applying DBM gel to a porous-coated or HA-coated porous implant surface. The small amount that can be applied and the degree of osteoinductivity of DBM seem to preclude it from having a significant biologic effect.
Field test of an air-to-ground communication link using a bare optical fiber

Results of a field demonstration of an air-to-ground communication link using an airborne bare optical fiber are presented. The demonstration was conducted by the Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory at the TCOM, L.P. Test Facility in Elizabeth City, NC in May 2006 using a 38 m, tethered aerostat raised to an altitude of 2100 ft. A bare, single mode optical fiber attached between the aerostat and its mooring station was evaluated as an optical link for several hours. Wavelength Division Multiplexed channels operating in the 1550 nm band with data rates of 1 and 10 Gbps were tested to achieve error free data transfers. A separate, continuous wave channel was also multiplexed for performance monitoring. BER vs. link power measurements and eye diagrams will be analyzed for data transfer performance over the airborne bare optical fiber.
Multiple Paths to Mathematics Practice in Al-Kashi’s Key to Arithmetic

In this paper, I discuss one of the most distinguishing features of Jamshid al-Kashi’s pedagogy from his Key to Arithmetic, a well-known Arabic mathematics textbook from the fifteenth century. This feature is the multiple paths that he includes to find a desired result. In the first section light is shed on al-Kashi’s life and his contributions to mathematics and astronomy. Section 2 starts with a brief discussion of the contents and pedagogy of the Key to Arithmetic. Al-Kashi’s multiple approaches are discussed through four different examples of his versatility in presenting a topic from multiple perspectives. These examples are multiple definitions, multiple algorithms, multiple formulas, and multiple methods for solving word problems. Section 3 is devoted to some benefits that can be gained by implementing al-Kashi’s multiple paths approach in modern curricula. For this discussion, examples from two teaching modules taken from the Key to Arithmetic and implemented in Pre-Calculus and mathematics courses for preservice teachers are discussed. Also, the conclusions are supported by some aspects of these modules. This paper is an attempt to help mathematics educators explore more benefits from reading from original sources.
Synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3‐b]azepine‐4,7‐dione derivatives

The Dieckmann reaction has been successfully applied for the first time in the synthesis of pvrrolo[2,3-b)]azepines.
Dosimetry system for the irradiation of thin biological samples with therapeutic proton beams.

The design and performance of a dosimetric system for the irradiation of thin biological samples with therapeutic proton beams is reported. Protons with initial energies between 40 MeV and 250 MeV are degraded with polystyrene blocks of variable thickness in order to place the sample, an aqueous layer of 10 μm thickness, at various locations on the proton depth–dose curve. The dosimetric system comprises a secondary emission monitor, a Faraday cup and thin ionization chambers, which are located upstream of the sample, and a calcium fluoride scintillator located downstream of the sample for monitoring the position of the sample relative to the Bragg peak. Transverse dose profiles were measured with radiochromic films. System performance was studied and optimized by simulating primary radiation transport through detectors, degrader and sample using the Monte Carlo simulation tool GEANT 3.21. Calculated detector responses and beam profiles agreed well with the measured data. Monte Carlo simulation was also used to evaluate mean values and spectra of linear energy transfer in the sample as a function of initial proton energy and degrader thickness. Long-term experience has shown that the system performance was unchanged after accumulated doses of 105 Gy.
The validity of subjective probability of success forecasts by R & D project managers

Models and techniques to aid management in planning and controlling R&D projects frequently use subjective probability of success forecasts as one of the major inputs. An experiment was conducted at the research laboratories of Monsanto Company to measure the predictive validity and consistency of such forecasts. The results indicate that the eventual success or failure of certain types of R&D projects can be predicted by measuring the time shape of polled probability of success forecasts. Probability of success forecasts appear to yield more valid advance warning indicators than several commonly used project status measures. These results tend to support the hypothesis that R&D planning and control models that are based on subjective probability estimates may realiably be used by management to aid in early identification of eventually failing projects, as well as to aid in project selection and project funding.
MdmX Inhibits Smad Transactivation

Mdm2 overexpression confers a growth promoting activity upon cells primarily by downregulating the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Nevertheless, Mdm2 deregulation has also been implicated in inhibiting TGF-β growth repression in a p53 independent manner. Our goal in this study was to examine whether overexpression of Mdm2 or MdmX, a Mdm2-related protein, could affect Smad-induced transactivation. As downstream signaling elements of the TGF-β pathway, Smads represent one potential target for Mdm2 and MdmX. Here we show that MdmX but not Mdm2 is capable of inhibiting Smad induced transactivation. Based on deletion mutant analysis, MdmX inhibition of Smad transactivation was independent of the p53 and Mdm2 interaction domains, yet required amino acid residues 128–444. Using TGF-β sensitive HepG2 cells, MdmX overexpression was shown to inhibit TGF-β induced Smad transactivation. Additionally, mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking p53 and MdmX showed enhanced Smad transactivation when compared to MEFs lacking either p53 or p53 and Mdm2. Interestingly, the inhibition of Smad transactivation by MdmX could be reversed by p300, a functional co-activator of Smads and a necessary factor for Mdm2 nuclear export and did not result from altered Smad localization. In vitro studies demonstrate that MdmX binds to p300 as well as Smad3 and Smad4. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition of Smad-induced transactivation by MdmX occurs by altering Smad interaction with its coactivator p300.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents and Cognitive Decline in a Bi-Racial Population

In a prospective study among 4,409 subjects aged 65+ years, we assessed the relation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) to cognition. The main outcome was decline in global cognitive function, determined by average performance across four cognitive tests, over up to four interviews. We found similar rates of cognitive decline among recent users of aspirin and of other NSAIDs (largely ibuprofen) compared to those who did not use these NSAIDs. For lifetime duration of aspirin use, we failed to find an association with cognitive decline. However, for other NSAIDs, increasing duration of lifetime use was related to slower rates of cognitive decline, relative to no use of other NSAIDs (5+ years vs. no use: mean difference = 0.12; p trend = 0.03). Overall, we found no relation between regular aspirin use and cognitive decline, but long-term use of ibuprofen may be related to decreased rates of cognitive decline in older persons.
Human liver GTP cyclohydrolase I: purification and some properties

Abstract Human liver guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I has been purified more than 1,700-fold to what appears to be homogeneity. The active enzyme complex has an estimated molecular weight of 453,000±11,500 by gel filtration chromatography. It consists of a polypeptide of 149,000±4,000 mol wt by SDS-polycrylamide gel electrophoresis. The activity of the enyzme is heat stable and is inhibited by di- and trivalent cations. The enzyme has an optimum pH of 7.7 in sodium phosphate buffer. It uses GTP as a sole substrate, with a K m of 116 μM.
Partial Deoxygenation of 1,2-Propanediol Catalyzed by Iridium Pincer Complexes

Iridium pincer complex (POCOP)IrH2 (1; POCOP = κ3-C6H3-1,3-[OP(tBu)2]2) catalyzes hydrogenolysis of 1,2-propanediol to n-propanol in good yield under mild conditions (acidic aqueous dioxane, 50–125 °C, 100–600 psi H2). Studies of catalyst speciation revealed that the catalyst reservoir species is (POCOP)Ir(CO) (2), formed by decarbonylation of the substrate. Complex 2 is a superior catalyst precursor, since it is air-stable and readily prepared by treating complex 1 with CO.
A Surprising Mechanistic "Switch" in Lewis Acid Activation: A Bifunctional, Asymmetric Approach to α-Hydroxy Acid Derivatives

We report a detailed synthetic and mechanistic study of an unusual bifunctional, sequential hetero-Diels−Alder/ring-opening reaction in which chiral, metal complexed ketene enolates react with o-quinones to afford highly enantioenriched, α-hydroxylated carbonyl derivatives in excellent yield. A number of Lewis acids were screened in tandem with cinchona alkaloid derivatives; surprisingly, trans-(Ph3P)2PdCl2 was found to afford the most dramatic increase in yield and rate of reaction. A series of Lewis acid binding motifs were explored through molecular modeling, as well as IR, UV, and NMR spectroscopy. Our observations document a fundamental mechanistic “switch”, namely the formation of a tandem Lewis base/Lewis acid activated metal enolate in preference to a metal-coordinated quinone species (as observed in other reactions of o-quinone derivatives). This new method was applied to the syntheses of several pharmaceutical targets, each of which was obtained in high yield and enantioselectivity.
Food specificity in predacious insects: a comparative ecophysiological and genetic study

Comparative ecological, physiological and genetic data from two hybridizable predacious species (Chrysopa quadripunctata andC. slossonae) illustrate that host (prey) specificity is based on a broad variety of genetically controlled traits. The array of traits parallels that found in host specific herbivores, and it includes: (i) female choice of oviposition site, (ii) adult dietary requirements for mating, (iii) large egg size, (iv) specialized larval behavior, (v) enhanced larval development, and (vi) univoltinism.
An economic evaluation of sonographic examination of children with suspected appendicitis

Abstract Background/Purpose: Appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency presenting in the pediatric population. Approximately one third of these patients present with equivocal signs and symptoms frequently resulting in inpatient observation or additional diagnostic investigation. Although sonographic examination of patients with suspected appendicitis has been shown to be a highly accurate diagnostic modality, the cost effectiveness of this technology in the pediatric population has not been addressed. The economic value of this examination can be evaluated using a structured decision analysis. Methods: The authors constructed a decision analysis model of treatment strategies for 2 groups of patients with a suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Patients were categorized as either presenting with a "definitive acute abdomen" or "equivocal examination." Data drawn from published literature reports of the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound, institution-specific cost data, and expert judgment were used to construct 2 decision trees. These data were used to determine the least costly diagnostic strategy for each group of patients, and sensitivity analysis performed to assess the robustness of the conclusions. Results: The use of ultrasonography in patients with "an acute abdomen" is not cost efficient and results in average additional cost of $234 per patient. In patients with equivocal diagnoses who are discharged from the emergency room after a negative ultrasound examination finding results in an average cost savings of $260 when compared with admission and observation. Patients who are discharged without examination incur an average additional cost of $373 as a result of the high cost of a missed diagnosis resulting in a perforated appendix. Conclusion: The use of ultrasonography can be recommended for children with suspected appendicitis and equivocal examinations who are discharged from the emergency room after a negative examination result. J Pediatr Surg 35:1236-1241. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Rapid water oxidation electrocatalysis by a ruthenium complex of the tripodal ligand tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxide

The tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxide (Py3PO) complex [Ru(Py3PO)(bpy)(OH2)]2+ (bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine) is a pH-dependent water oxidation electrocatalyst that accelerates dramatically with increasing pH—up to 780 s−1 at pH 10 (∼1 V overpotential). Despite retaining the pentakis(pyridine) ligand arrangement common to previously reported catalysts, the tripodal Py3PO ligand framework supports much faster electrocatalysis. The early stages of the catalytic cycle are proposed to follow the typical pattern of single-site ruthenium catalysts, with two sequential 1H+/1e− proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) oxidations, but the pH-dependent onset of catalysis and rapid rates are distinguishing features of the present system.
V-Y island flaps for repair of large perianal defects

Abstract Background: Some perianal diseases such as Paget disease and Bowen disease are extensive and require a wide circumferential excision including the entire anoderm of the anal canal. Methods: We describe a technique of V-Y island flaps to cover the large perianal defects and the denuded anal canal. It is important to excise the base of the flaps in order to fit them into the anal canal. Results: There were 10 women and 5 men with an average age of 54 years (range 32 to 77). The mean follow-up was 45 months (range 6 to 92). The underlying pathology included various kinds of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases. There were no major complications such as flap loss or infection. Most complications were minor, including superficial wound separation, flap hematoma, and anal stricture. Although initially all patients had some degree of incontinence for gas and liquid stool or discharge, none of them had significant fecal incontinence at the time of last follow-up. A diverting ileostomy or colostomy was created in 5 patients. Its role was not clear but it did help in the management of the wounds and minimized the pain.
Coordination between head and hindlimb motions during the cat scratch response.

Coordination between motions of the head and the hindlimb paw ipsilateral to the stimulated pinna were assessed during the scratch cycle in freely moving cats. Motor patterns were determined by electromyographic (EMG) recordings made from epimysial-patch electrodes surgically implanted on the biventer cervicis (BC), complexus (CM), obliquus capitis inferior (OC), and splenius (SP) muscles and by fine-wire EMG electrodes implanted in two ankle muscles, medial gastrocnemius (MG), and tibialis anterior (TA). To assess head motions during the three phases of the scratch cycle (precontact, contact, postcontact), several responses were filmed, and in some cats an in vivo force transducer was implanted on an ankle extensor muscle (MG or plantaris, PL) to determine the tension profile during the scratch cycle. During the scratch cycle, the head's trajectory was usually characterized by a small oscillation in which the head was pushed away during paw contact (as hindlimb joints extended) and then repositioned during the noncontact phases (as hindlimb joints flexed). Neck muscle activity did not occur during all responses or during all cycles of a single multicycle scratch response, and when it occurred, neck muscle EMG was characterized as phasic (a single burst during the cycle) or tonic (low-level activity during the entire cycle). Neck muscles ipsilateral (i) to the scratching limb exhibited phasic bursts more than contralateral (c) muscles, and phasic activity was most frequently observed in the iBC, iSP, iOC, and cOC muscles. The cOC was reciprocally active with the ipsilateral muscles, and its burst coincided with the postcontact phase and the ankle flexor (TA) burst. The ipsilateral muscles (iOC, iSP, iBC) were active during paw contact, and the termination of all three bursts occurred synchronously just after peak tension of the ankle extensor was reached. The iBC was active before the onset of paw contact and may have been responsible for repositioning the head, along with the cOC, during the precontact phase. The iOC became active after the onset of paw contact (22 ms) and was recruited more often when the peak extensor tendon force was high (10–16 N). The iSP, in contrast, was active during the contact phase of most scratch cycles examined and its recruitment appeared to be unrelated to tendon forces. Our data suggest that phasic neck muscle activity is not obligatory during the cat scratch response, but is related to certain conditions such as a higher than average tendon force of an ankle extensor during contact and the need to reposition the head during the noncontact phases of the cycle. During contact it is possible that active muscle contraction helps to minimize head motion to provide a stable contact surface for the paw, thereby maximizing the possibility of the scratch stimulus being dislodged from the pinna. Possible neural mechanisms, both reflexes and central commands, responsible for coordinating motions of the head and hindlimb during the scratch cycle are discussed.
In vivo mitochondrial import. A comparison of leader sequence charge and structural relationships with the in vitro model resulting in evidence for co-translational import

The positive charges and structural properties of the mitochondrial leader sequence of aldehyde dehydrogenase have been extensively studied in vitro. The results of these studies showed that increasing the helicity of this leader would compensate for reduced import from positive charge substitutions of arginine with glutamine or the insertion of negative charged residues made in the native leader. In this in vivo study, utilizing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a passenger protein, import results showed the opposite effect with respect to helicity, but the results from mutations made within the native leader sequence were consistent between the in vitro and in vivo experiments. Leader mutations that reduced the efficiency of import resulted in a cytosolic accumulation of a truncated GFP chimera that was fluorescent but devoid of a mitochondrial leader. The native leader efficiently imported before GFP could achieve a stable, import-incompetent structure, suggesting that import was coupled with translation. As a test for a co-translational mechanism, a chimera of GFP that contained the native leader of aldehyde dehydrogenase attached at the N terminus and a C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum targeting signal attached to the C terminus of GFP was constructed. This chimera was localized exclusively to mitochondria. The import result with the dual signal chimera provides support for a co-translational mitochondrial import pathway.
Characterization of fatty acid modifying enzyme activity in staphylococcal mastitis isolates and other bacteria

Fatty acid modifying enzyme (FAME) has been shown to modify free fatty acids to alleviate their bactericidal effect by esterifying fatty acids to cholesterol or alcohols. Although it has been shown in previous studies that FAME is required for Staphylococcus aureus survival in skin abscesses, FAME is poorly studied compared to other virulence factors. FAME activity had also been detected in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). However, FAME activity was only surveyed after a bacterial culture was grown for 24 h. Therefore if FAME activity was earlier in the growth phase, it would not have been detected by the assay and those strains would have been labeled as FAME negative. Fifty CNS bovine mastitis isolates and several S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus uberis strains were assayed for FAME activity over 24 h. FAME activity was detected in 54% of CNS and 80% S. aureus strains surveyed but none in E. coli or S. uberis. While some CNS strains produced FAME activity comparable to the lab strain of S. aureus, the pattern of FAME activity varied among strains and across species of staphylococci. All CNS that produced FAME activity also exhibited lipase activity. Lipase activity relative to colony forming units of these CNS decreased over the 24 h growth period. No relationship was observed between somatic cell count in the milk and FAME activity in CNS. Some staphylococcal species surveyed produced FAME activity, but E. coli and S. uberis strains did not. All FAME producing CNS exhibited lipase activity which may indicate that both these enzymes work in concert to alter fatty acids in the bacterial environment.
Estimation of inverse mean: An orthogonal series approach

In this article, we propose the use of orthogonal series to estimate the inverse mean space. Compared to the original slicing scheme, it significantly improves the estimation accuracy without losing computation efficiency, especially for the heteroscedastic models. Compared to the local smoothing approach, it is more computationally efficient. The new approach also has the advantage of robustness in selecting the tuning parameter. Permutation test is used to determine the structural dimension. Moreover, a variable selection procedure is incorporated into this new approach, which is particularly useful when the model is sparse. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulations and a real data analysis.
Effect of Prior Experience, Access to Information and Level of Performance on Individual and Group Performance Ratings

The effects of feedback, prior judging experience and the level of the performance being judged on individual and group ratings of the performances were determined. 36 experienced and 36 inexperienced gymnastic judges viewed a film containing 20 gymnastic performances of low, moderate and high caliber under conditions of complete, partial, and no feedback of information as to the ratings of the other judges in their respective groups. On the basis of conformity theory it was hypothesized that groups rating performances in an open system are more reliable and accurate in their ratings than are groups operating in partial or no-feedback conditions. Further, this tendency was hypothesized to become manifest more if performances are of low caliber as opposed to moderate or high caliber and if the observers are experienced at rating performances as opposed to inexperienced. While the data supported these hypotheses, only partial support was achieved for the hypothesis that intraindividual variability will be g...
Targeted proton delivery in the catalyzed reduction of oxygen to water by bimetallic pacman porphyrins.

A combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the role of proton delivery in determining O2 reduction pathways catalyzed by cofacial bisporphyrins is presented. A homologous family of dicobalt(II) Pacman porphyrins anchored by xanthene [Co2(DPX) (1) and Co2(DPXM) (3)] and dibenzofuran [Co2(DPD) (2) and Co2(DPDM) (4)] have been synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as catalysts for the direct four-proton, four-electron reduction of O2 to H2O. Structural analysis of the intramolecular diiron(III) μ-oxo complex Fe2O(DPXM) (5) and electrochemical measurements of 1−4 establish that Pacman derivatives bearing an aryl group trans to the spacer possess structural flexibilities and redox properties similar to those of their parent counterparts; however, these trans-aryl catalysts exhibit markedly reduced selectivities for the direct reduction of O2 to H2O over the two-proton, two-electron pathway to H2O2. Density functional theory calculations reveal that trans-aryl substitution results in inefficie...
Flat-coil probe for NMR spectroscopy of oriented membrane samples

A probe optimized for NMR studies of oriented lipid bilayer samples has been developed and demonstrated to be effective in singleand double-resonance experiments with a variety of nuclei. This probe is characterized by having a flat radiofrequency coil wrapped directly around a pair of square glass plates between which the actual sample is sandwiched. The very high efficiency of the probe results from the favorable filling factor, which in turn allows additional gains in efficiency through miniaturization of all capacitors, leads, and connectors. The square sample has a high ratio of area to circumference, reducing edge effects and improving the macroscopic orientation of the lipids. Neither lipid nor protein components of membranes are amenable to structural analysis by multidimensional solution NMR studies because of their slow overall reorientation rates. However, the structures of immobile peptides and proteins can be determined at atomic resolution by solid-state NMR methods when it is possible to orient the samples with respect to the magnetic field of the NMR spectrometer (I4). In favorable cases, spontaneous uniaxial orientation occurs due to interactions of the sample with the large external magnetic field. Magnetic alignment enabled the structure of the coat protein of the filamentous bacteriophage fd to be determined by solid-state NMR spectroscopy ( 1, 2). Some specific lipid mixtures and protein-containing membrane fragments have been found to orient in magnetic fields (5, 6). However, spontaneous sample alignment is exceptional and cannot be expected to work for most bilayer samples of interest. A commonly used and effective technique for aligning membranes involves the deposition of a mixture of lipids and proteins onto glass plates followed by application of pressure, shear, or centrifugal forces ( 7-1 I ) . A very high degree of orientation can be achieved when small amounts of lipids are placed between glass plates with relatively large overall surface area and the level of hydration subsequently reduced. Typically, a large number of rectangular glass plates are stacked in parallel so that a reasonable amount of material can be placed in the cylindrical coil of the probe (12-14). The preparation of large stacks of glass plates containing lipids has a number of serious limitations. It is laborious with difficulties arising from the lipid-containing material being extruded between the plates, the application of uniform pressure over the plates, and misalignment of the glass plates themselves. In addition, the overall filling factor of the coil is worse with a rectangular sample placed in a round coil.
Preadolescent methylphenidate versus cocaine treatment differ in the expression of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization during adolescence and adulthood.

Background Methylphenidate (MPH), the most commonly prescribed medication for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), shares chemical and mechanistic similarities to cocaine which has stimulated research to address the addiction liability following treatment. Methods Utilizing locomotor sensitization we examined the consequences of recurrent MPH versus cocaine treatment during preadolescence in altering cocaine-induced locomotor behavior in adolescent and adult mice. Black Swiss Webster mice were treated with MPH, cocaine, or saline during preadolescence. To test whether MPH pretreatment during preadolescence contributed to an altered sensitivity to cocaine during adolescence, these mice were treated with recurrent cocaine or saline during adolescence. All mice were challenged with cocaine as adults. Results Recurrent MPH treatment, unlike cocaine treatment in preadolescent mice, had no effect on locomotor sensitization to cocaine during adolescence or adulthood, as compared with saline controls. Furthermore, unlike cocaine, administration of MPH in adolescence did not augment the response to cocaine challenge. Conclusions MPH treatment during preadolescence does not increase subsequent sensitivity to cocaine, whereas cocaine treatment does. Thus, MPH treatment during preadolescence does not appear to persistently induce long-term adaptations, which may underlie an enhanced liability for subsequent drug abuse.
Rhodium and iridium as deep impurities in silicon

Abstract Rh is found to have two levels—an acceptor at E c −0·353 eV and a donor at E c −0·591 eV. These are present in equal concentrations but may not correspond to the same site. The hole lifetime for n -type Si diffused with Rh at 1100° is found to be 4·8 × 10 −9 sec. For diffused and quenched Si, Ir produces two levels, a donor at E c −0·385 eV (with an unusually large electron capture cross section 10 −10 cm 2 ) and an acceptor at E c −0·629 eV. These two levels are inferred to be on different atomic sites. The lifetime for n -Si diffused with Ir at 1100°C is found to be 8·8 × −10 −9 sec.
Farmers' markets and the local community: Bridging the formal and informal economy

Farmers' markets are important but inadequately studied contributors to local economies. They allow individual entrepreneurs and their families to contribute to the economic life of local communities by providing goods and services that are not readily available through formal, mass markets, and they bring producers and consumers together to solidify bonds of local identity and solidarity. Using data collected from 115 farmers' market vendors in three regions of New York in 1993, we examined the characteristics and operations of three categories of vendors: full-time growers, part-time growers, and non-grower artisans and craftspeople. Drawing on theories of mass production and mass markets, we show how farmers' markets represent intermediate social structures that bridge the formal and informal sectors of the economy.
Perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices of the macaque monkey: Projections to the neocortex

We investigated the topographic and laminar organization of the efferent cortical projections of the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices. Area 36 of the perirhinal cortex projects preferentially to areas TE and TEO, whereas area TF of the parahippocampal cortex projects preferentially to the posterior parietal cortex and area V4. Area TF projects to many regions of the frontal lobe, whereas area 36 projects mainly to the orbital surface. The insular and cingulate cortices receive projections from areas 36 and TF, whereas only area TF projects to the retrosplenial cortex. Projections to the superior temporal gyrus, including the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus, arise predominantly from area TF. Area 36 projects only to rostral levels of the superior temporal gyrus. Area TF has, in general, reciprocal connections with the neocortex, whereas area 36 has more asymmetric connections. Area 36, for example, projects to more restricted regions of the frontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus than it receives inputs from. In contrast, it projects to larger portions of areas TE and TEO than it receives inputs from. The efferent projections of areas 36 and TF are primarily directed to the superficial layers of the neocortex, a laminar organization consistent with connections of the feedback type. Projections to unimodal visual areas terminate in large expanses of the cortex, but predominantly in layer I. Projections to other sensory and polymodal areas, in contrast, terminate in a columnar manner predominantly in layers II and III. In all areas receiving heavy projections, the projections extend throughout most cortical layers, largely avoiding layer IV. We discuss these findings in relation to current theories of memory consolidation.
An integrated circuit multiplex switch

Abstract A multiplex switch suitable for construction as an integrated circuit is described. Complete d.c. isolation is obtained without the use of a transformer. The circuit investigations leading to the choice of a final circuit for the network are described showing the optimum choices that were made to be able to fabricate the integrated circuit. Performance data for the components and the complete network are presented.
Phonons in GaP quantum dots

The phonon structure of GaP quantum dots is studied using an atomistic potential model. The dot eigenmodes are obtained from a direct diagonalization of the dynamical matrix and classified using an efficient dual-space analysis method. Our calculations provide a theoretical explanantion for several experimental observations. (1) Depending on the spatial localization, the phonon modes of dots are either dot-interior (bulklike) or surfacelike. (2) The frequencies of the dot-interior modes can be qualitatively described by the {open_quotes}truncated crystal method{close_quotes} using a single branch and a single wave vector of the bulk-phonon dispersion. In contrast, the surface modes cannot be described by this model. (3) The dot-interior modes have a dominant bulk parentage from a specific part of the Brillouin zone, while the surface modes do not. (4) The frequencies of the bulklike {Gamma}-derived longitudinal optical (LO) and transverse optical (TO) phonon modes are found to decrease with decreasing dot size. This decrease reflects the downward dispersion of the bulk optical-phonon branches away from the {Gamma} point. (5) The surface modes located between the bulk TO- and LO-phonon bands have a significant bulk {Gamma} character, and are thus Raman detectable. (6) The dot-interior modes exhibit only a slight LO/TO mode mixing, whilemore » the surfacelike modes show a strong mode mixing. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Diastolic Left‐to‐Right Shunting in Uncomplicated Ventricular Septal Defect

The systolic left-to-right shunt in patients with uncomplicated ventricular septal defect is associated with a classic loud murmur, and is well described. The additional diastolic left-to-right shunt, always silent, is less well recognized. Left-to-right diastolic shunt flow is directly related to the defect size, to the diastolic pressure gradient between the left and right ventricle, and to the duration of diastole. The purpose of this study was to evaluate by Doppler echocardiography the duration, magnitude, and flow velocity characteristics of the diastolic left-to-right shunt. There were 30 adult patients with uncomplicated ventricular septal defects studied by color, pulsed, and continuous wave Doppler echocardiography. In each patient, the uncomplicated ventricular septal defect was visualized by two-dimensional echocardiography and/or Doppler echocardiography, and the systolic and diastolic left-to-right shunt flow was identified by Doppler echocardiography. Accurate Doppler flow velocity peaks twice, in beginning and again at end diastole. The mean diastolic flow velocity was 0.5–1.5 msec (average 0.83 ± .22 msec). This flow velocity was markedly lower than the mean systolic shunt flow velocity (2.4–5.3 msec, average 3.8 ± .7 msec). The Doppler flow velocity integral was 0.17–0.64 m (average 0.36 ± 0.14), markedly smaller than the systolic flow velocity integral (0.8–1.8 m, average 1.3 ± 0.3). The diastolic left-to-right shunt flow was 12–41% (average 21 ± 8) of total (systolic and diastolic) shunt flow. In conclusion: Diastolic left-to-right shunts can be identified in all patients with uncomplicated ventricular septal defects, and analyzed in the majority of patients. A significant degree of the left to right shunting in uncomplicated ventricular septal defects occur during diastole.
Reduced Severity and Sequelae of ROP in ≤1000g BW Infants With Vitamin E Prophylaxis & Treatment - Need for a CCT 1035

Reduced Severity and Sequelae of ROP in ≤1000g BW Infants With Vitamin E Prophylaxis & Treatment - Need for a CCT 1035
Environmental and economic effects of reducing pesticide use in agriculture

Abstract Pesticides cause serious damage to agricultural and natural ecosystems. Thus, there is a need to curtail pesticide use and reduce the environmental impacts of pesticides. This study confirms that it should be possible to reduce pesticide use in the US by 50% without any decrease in crop yields or change in ‘cosmetic standards’. The estimated increase in food costs would be only 0.6%. This increased cost, however, does not take into account the environmental and public benefits of reducing pesticide use by 50%.
Ultraviolet photoelectron studies of methyl substituted crysenes

Abstract Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and CNDO S3 molecular orbital calculations have been employed to investigate the ground-state electronic structure of all six of the monomethyl-substituted crysenes including the highly carcinogenic 5-methylcrysene. The photoelectron results yield ionization potentials for the five highest occupied π orbitals in each of these molecules. The data has been employed to test whether the radical cation theory of hydrocarbon carcinogenicity applies to methyl substituted crysenes.
Effective and Organ Specific Radiation Doses from Videourodynamics in Children

Purpose: Effective and organ specific doses of ionizing radiation during videourodynamics are unknown. We estimated radiation exposure in children undergoing videourodynamics, and identified patient and examination factors that contribute to higher dosing.Materials and Methods: Fluoroscopy data were collected from consecutive patients undergoing videourodynamics. Documented dose metrics were used to calculate entrance skin dose after applying a series of correction factors. Effective doses and organ specific doses (ovaries/testes) were estimated from entrance skin dose using Monte Carlo methods on a mathematical anthropomorphic phantom (ages 0, 1, 5, 10 and 15 years). Regression analysis was performed to determine patient and procedural factors associated with higher dosing.Results: A total of 100 children (45% male, mean ± SD age 9.3 ± 5.7 years) were studied. Diagnoses included neurogenic bladder (73%), anatomical abnormality (14%) and functional/nonneurogenic disorder (13%). Mean fluoroscopy time was 0...
Promoting Reflective Teaching Conversations: Framing and reframing the problem

This paper describes a series of attempts by a novice teacher educator to foster reflective talk among interns in a weekly seminar. Drawing on Dewey's dilemma of bridging the child's inclinations with the demands of the curriculum, the paper explores the challenge of connecting interns' needs with teacher educators' goals. The paper advocates the importance of reflection by teacher educators, recommends that teacher educators be explicit about the content and process for discussions about teaching and raises questions about structures, sequencing and selection of content to promote reflection among pre‐service teachers.
Alcohol and Drug Use and Related Consequences among Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual College Students: Role of Experiencing Violence, Feeling Safe on Campus, and Perceived Stress

Objective To examine differences between gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) and non-GLB university students in alcohol and other drug use (AOD) and related consequences as well as the relevance of violence, perceived safety, and stress to any such differences in AOD use and related concerns.
Obama's America: A Transformative Vision of Our National Identity. By Ian Reifowitz. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2012. 251 pp.

Obama's America: A Transformative Vision of Our National Identity. By Ian Reifowitz. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2012. 251 pp. Ian Reifowitz's Obama's America is a thorough and carefully expounded study of President Barack Obama, inclusiveness, and national identity. The author effectively portrays the long-standing tension between liberals' embrace of multiculturalism and conservatives' defense of a unified nationalism. Decades of thinking and debate have gone into reconciling a nation that prizes both diversity and unity as much as the United States, and Obama's America explains well that political and intellectual history. Fittingly, the author positions Obama squarely in the middle of that debate. Drawing on speeches, books, newspaper columns, and media interviews from throughout the president's career, Reifowitz demonstrates great knowledge and understanding of his subject. He details how Obama emerged at the start of a new national narrative about an America guided by a unifying dedication to inclusiveness. That narrative necessarily includes both the nation's successes and its failures in protecting the interests of the diverse citizenry. Within this context, the book painstakingly documents Obama's personal journey from racial confusion to black nationalism to a liberal nationalism that embraced inclusiveness. The author makes a convincing argument that, as Obama entered state and national politics, his rhetoric and thinking on race drew inspiration from Martin Luther King, Jr. As with King, Obama emphasized economic issues and universal values to build appeal with whites and other minorities, knowing full well that those issues disproportionately affected African Americans. To his credit, Reifowitz acknowledges some of the strategic excesses of his subject's race rhetoric, dubbing Obama's exaggerated take on 1960s liberalism as a "straw man" and "one-sided caricature" (p. 81). Still, Obama's approach, which seeks to unify by addressing racial issues in nonracial terms and universal principles, generally supports the author's thesis about the president's contribution to negotiating the tension between national identity and inclusiveness in the United States. Although Obama eventually benefitted politically from this way of thinking, Reifowitz persuasively argues that his subject carried these ideas with him years before achieving national prominence. Given the author's overall argument, it would have been convenient for him to ignore or downplay those occasions that required Obama to address race head on. Reifowitz smartly resists that trap. In fact, he devotes an entire chapter to the Rev. Jeremiah Wright and the Henry Louis Gates controversies. …
Role of planned neck dissection for advanced metastatic disease in tongue base or tonsil squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy

Objective At the conclusion of this article, the reader should be able to discuss the need for planned neck dissection for advanced cervical diseases in the tongue base and tonsil cancer after treatment with radiotherapy. Background In the past 5 years, we have treated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil and tongue base with radiotherapy as the primary therapeutic modality. A planned complete neck dissection was performed on all patients with N2 or greater cervical disease regardless of response to radiotherapy. Composite resection was performed when there was persistent disease at the primary site. Although the “radiation-first” therapeutic approach for tongue base and tonsil cancer is widely accepted, the planned neck dissection for neck metastases remans controversial. The objective of the study was to determine the validity of planned neck dissection after radiotherapy for N2 disease. Methods Medical records of patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base and tonsil with neck metastasis staged N2 or greater were reviewed. Between 1994 and 1999, 36 such patients were treated with curative radiation therapy. Response was assessed 6 to 8 weeks after completion of treatment with clinical examination and CT imaging. All patients underwent planned neck dissection. We reviewed the clinical and radiographic response of neck disease to radiotherapy as it correlated with the histopathologic findings. Results Of the 36 patients, 17 had clinical and CT evidence of persistent disease. In this group, 65% had pathologically confirmed diseases at surgery. Of the 9 patients with no evidence of disease on clinical examination, negative biopsy at the primary site, and a negative CT scan, 33% (three of nine) still had residual disease in the neck dissection specimen. Conclusions Positive findings on clinical examination and CT can predict the presence of malignancy after radiation therapy. However, a negative CT and clinical examination are limited in predicting a complete response. These data lend support to the role of planned neck dissection after radiotherapy of N2 neck disease. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.