cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iodoacetic acid affects estrous cyclicity, ovarian gene expression, and hormone levels in mice†.

Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is a water disinfection byproduct that is an ovarian toxicant in vitro. However, information on the effects of IAA on ovarian function in vivo was limited. Thus, we determined whether IAA exposure affects estrous cyclicity, steroidogenesis, and ovarian gene expression in mice. Adult CD-1 mice were dosed with water or IAA (0.5–500 mg/L) in the drinking water for 35–40 days during which estrous cyclicity was monitored for 14 days. Ovaries were analyzed for expression of apoptotic factors, cell cycle regulators, steroidogenic factors, estrogen receptors, oxidative stress markers, and a proliferation marker. Sera were collected to measure pregnenolone, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, inhibin B, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. IAA exposure decreased the time that the mice spent in proestrus compared to control. IAA exposure decreased expression of the proapoptotic factor Bok and the cell cycle regulator Ccnd2 compared to control. IAA exposure increased expression of the proapoptotic factors Bax and Aimf1, the antiapoptotic factor Bcl2l10, the cell cycle regulators Ccna2, Ccnb1, Ccne1, and Cdk4, and estrogen receptor Esr1 compared to control. IAA exposure decreased expression of Sod1 and increased expression of Cat, Gpx and Nrf2. IAA exposure did not affect expression of Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Hsd17b1, Hsd3b1, Esr2, or Ki67 compared to control. IAA exposure decreased estradiol levels, but did not alter other hormone levels compared to control. In conclusion, IAA exposure alters estrous cyclicity, ovarian gene expression, and estradiol levels in mice. Summary sentence IAA exposure alters estrous cyclicity, ovarian gene expression, and estradiol levels in mice. Graphical Abstract
It's complicated: Heterogeneous patterns of genetic structure in five fish species from a fragmented river suggest multiple processes can drive differentiation.

Fragmentation of river systems by dams can have substantial genetic impacts on fish populations. However, genetic structure can exist naturally at small scales through processes other than isolation by physical barriers. We sampled individuals from five native fish species with varying life histories above and below a dam in the lower Boardman River, Michigan, USA, and used RADseq to investigate processes influencing genetic structure in this system. Species assessed were white sucker Catostomus commersonii, yellow perch Perca flavescens, walleye Sander vitreus, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, and rock bass Ambloplites rupestris. We detected significant differentiation within each species, but patterns of population structure varied substantially. Interestingly, genetic structure did not appear to be solely the result of fragmentation by the dam. While genetic structure in yellow perch and walleye generally coincided with "above dam" and "below dam" sampling locations, samples from our other three species did not. Specifically, samples from rock bass, smallmouth bass, and, to a much lesser extent, white sucker, aligned with a putative Great Lakes (GL) group that contained mostly individuals sampled below the dam and a putative Boardman River (BR) group that contained individuals sampled both above and below the dam, with some evidence of admixture among groups. We hypothesize that the GL and BR groups formed prior to dam construction and our samples largely represent a mixed stock that was sampled sympatrically outside of the spawning season. Support for this hypothesis is especially strong in smallmouth bass, where GL fish were 151 mm smaller than BR fish on average, suggesting a potential ontogenetic habitat shift of young GL fish into the lower river for feeding and/or refuge. Our study illuminates the complex dynamics shaping genetic structure in fragmented river systems and indicates that conclusions drawn for a single species cannot be generalized.
OAuthShield: Efficient Security Checking for OAuth Service Provider Implementations.

OAuth protocols have been widely adopted to simplify user authentication and service authorization for third-party applications. However, little effort has been devoted to automatically checking the security of libraries that are widely used by service providers. In this paper, we formalize the OAuth specifications and security best practices, and design OAuthShield, an automated static analyzer, to find logical flaws and identify vulnerabilities in the implementation of OAuth authorization server libraries. To efficiently detect OAuth violations in a large codebase, OAuthShield employs a demand-driven algorithm for answering queries about OAuth specifications. To demonstrate the effectiveness of OAuthShield, we evaluate it on ten popular OAuth libraries that have millions of downloads. Among these high-profile libraries, OAuthShield has identified 47 vulnerabilities from ten classes of logical flaws, 24 of which were previously unknown. We got acknowledged by the developers of six libraries and had three accepted CVEs.
Functional outcomes after resection of middle frontal gyrus diffuse gliomas.

OBJECTIVE The clinical outcomes for patients undergoing resection of diffuse glioma within the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) are understudied. Anatomically, the MFG is richly interconnected to known language areas, and nearby subcortical fibers are at risk during resection. The goal of this study was to determine the functional outcomes and intraoperative mapping results related to resection of MFG gliomas. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate if subcortical tract disruption on imaging correlated with functional outcomes. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of 39 patients with WHO grade II-IV diffuse gliomas restricted to only the MFG and underlying subcortical region that were treated with resection and had no prior treatment. Intraoperative mapping results and postoperative neurological deficits by discharge and 90 days were assessed. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography was used to assess subcortical tract integrity on pre- and postoperative imaging. RESULTS The mean age of the cohort was 37.9 years at surgery, and the median follow-up was 5.1 years. The mean extent of resection was 98.9% for the cohort. Of the 39 tumors, 24 were left sided (61.5%). Thirty-six patients (92.3%) underwent intraoperative mapping, with 59% of patients undergoing an awake craniotomy. No patients had positive cortical mapping sites overlying the tumor, and 12 patients (33.3%) had positive subcortical stimulation sites. By discharge, 8 patients had language dysfunction, and 5 patients had mild weakness. By 90 days, 2 patients (5.1%) had persistent mild hand weakness only. There were no persistent language deficits by 90 days. On univariate analysis, preoperative tumor size (p = 0.0001), positive subcortical mapping (p = 0.03), preoperative tumor invasion of neighboring subcortical tracts on DTI tractography (p = 0.0003), and resection cavity interruption of subcortical tracts on DTI tractography (p < 0.0001) were associated with an increased risk of having a postoperative deficit by discharge. There were no instances of complete subcortical tract transections in the cohort. CONCLUSIONS MFG diffuse gliomas may undergo extensive resection with minimal risk for long-term morbidity. Partial subcortical tract interruption may lead to transient but not permanent deficits. Subcortical mapping is essential to reduce permanent morbidity during resection of MFG tumors by avoiding complete transection of critical subcortical tracts.
Functional Roles of Phospholipids of Synaptosomal Membrane

Synaptosomal plasma membrane (SPM) is not merely a stable boundary structure separating the cytoplasmic materials from their surrounding, it is also functionally active through proper arrangement and interactions with its component molecules, mainly proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides. Located within the matrix of SPM, there are cellular enzymes, such as (Na + K)-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase as well as other types of proteins which are constantly engaged in trans-membrane transport. Thus SPM is an important type of membrane in brain since it can provide a unique system for studying the relationship between membrane structure and function.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLIMATE OF THE USSR WITH A DIRECT BEARING ON HUMAN ACTIVITY

Much of the adverse climate of the Soviet Union can be traced to a few basic controls such as high latitude, continentality and the presence of mountains along the southern rim shutting out warm moist air masses from subtropical latitudes. High latitude makes for very long winters and short, peaked summers, with summer frosts a possibility through most of the Soviet agricultural land. High latitude also accounts for lags in summer rainfall maxima so that the rains come just when the harvest season approaches. The shortness and wetness of the harvest season require annual crash programs in which labor and equipment must be moved, often by air, to follow the harvest from the southwest to the east. Pressure gradients are slight in the interior, but strong on the Arctic coast, causing extraordinarily high wind chill in northern resource areas. The author views heat deficit as a more serious constraint than moisture deficit in view of the possibilities of water diversion and irrigation in the arid south. (Rese...
Predicting land use voting behavior: expanding our understanding of the influence of attitudes and social norms

Voting to tax oneself in the current economic climate seems improbable. Framed in theories of normative influence and behavior change, this study tests the factors that predict voting for a county-level millage (i.e., tax) to fund land preservation. Behavioral beliefs that contribute to people's attitudes toward the millage are identified and a model is tested with an expanded normative component. Results indicate that attitudes and subjective norms significantly predict voting intentions, and injunctive norms (i.e., people's perceptions of others' approval of taking an action) add significantly to the model's predictive power. Findings are reinforced by election results in which the millage proposal passed and can contribute to the applied literature by identifying social-psychological factors that can be targeted with campaign messages.
Extending the Soar Cognitive Architecture

One approach in pursuit of general intelligent agents has been to concentrate on the underlying cognitive architecture, of which Soar is a prime example. In the past, Soar has relied on a minimal number of architectural modules together with purely symbolic representations of knowledge. This paper presents the cognitive architecture approach to general intelligence and the traditional, symbolic Soar architecture. This is followed by major additions to Soar: non-symbolic representations, new learning mechanisms, and long-term memories.
Can Markets Save Lives? An Experimental Investigation of a Market for Organ Donations

Many people die while waiting for organ transplants even though the number of usable organs is far larger than the number needed for transplant. Governments have devised many policies aimed at increasing available transplant organs with variable success. However, with few exceptions, policy makers are reluctant to establish markets for organs despite the potential for mutually beneficial exchanges. We ask whether organ markets could save lives. Controlled laboratory methods are ideal for this inquiry because human lives would be involved when implementing field trials. Our results suggest that markets can increase the supply of organs available for transplant, but that the specific institutional design of such markets must be carefully considered. However, the increased supply of transplantable organs derives disproportionately from the poor. We also find that exogenously reducing incentives to keep one’s organs has a similar effect to creating a market, but with equitable donation rates across income levels.
Role of pectin methylesterase in tomato fruit ripening and quality attributes of processed tomato juice

Abstract We have created transgenic tomato fruits with over a 10-fold reduction in pectin methylesterase (PME) activity by expressing a PME antisense gene. Reduction in PME activity does not interfere with the fruit ripening and vegetative growth of plants, but is associated with increases in soluble and total solids, mol. wt. and methyl esterification of pectins, and modifies accumulation and partitioning of cations between soluble and bound forms. The processed juice from transgenic fruits shows increases in serum and efflux viscosity and precipitate weight ratio. Ketchup prepared from transgenic fruits has a significant lower Botswick value, reduced serum separation and higher serum viscosity than control. Collectively, a marked improvement in fruit processing attributes results from lower PME activity in fruits.
The Cognitive Perspective in Entrepreneurship: An Agenda for Future Research

Despite its many achievements, scholarship at the intersection of entrepreneurship and cognition has focused primarily on the consequences of what happens when an entrepreneur benefits from various cognitive characteristics, resources, or other dispositions. As such, cognitive research in entrepreneurship continues to suffer from narrow theoretical articulations and weak conceptual foundations that lessen its contribution to the managerial sciences. To address these issues, we draw from extant work on the nature and practice of cognitive research to develop a systematic approach to study entrepreneurship cognition. To further articulate this agenda, we assess the state of the field by content-analysing entrepreneurship cognition articles published between 1976 and 2008. We find that, although it has investigated many relevant variables, research on entrepreneurship cognition has failed to fully articulate key conceptual features of the cognitive perspective. Building on these observations, we propose concrete strategies and research questions to augment the contribution of entrepreneurship cognition research, and advance this research beyond its current focus on ‘cognitive consequences’. In particular, we illustrate the scholarly potential of disentangling the various antecedents of entrepreneurship cognition, of studying the process interactions between cognitive resources and mental representations, and of exploring the operation of entrepreneurship cognition across levels of analysis.
Studies of vibrational surface modes in ionic crystals: III. Vibrational contributions to the surface thermodynamic functions for the (001) face of LiF, MgO, NaF, NaCl, Nal, RbF, and RbCl

Abstract The temperature dependence of the vibrational contributions to surface specific heat, surface entropy, surface energy, and surface Helmholtz free energy have been calculated for the (001) face of seven crystals having the rocksalt structure. The calculations assume a perfect, unrelaxed surface and make use of shell models fitted to bulk phonon spectra determined from inelastic neutron scattering. In terms of the bulk zero-temperature Debye temperature θ 0 , the surface specific heat C v s exhibits an effective power law behavior, T α , from at least T = 0.02 θ 0 up to 0.05 θ 0 in most cases (and up to 0.07 θ 0 for NaF), with α ≈ 2.5 in most cases — in contrast with the result of α = 2 in a Debye-like model. (Below 0.02 θ 0 , results derived for our 15-layer films depart significantly from intrinsic surface effects because of the finite thickness.) C v s attains a maximum at a temperature T ( C max s ) ranging from 0.14 θ 0 to 0.20 θ 0 , in contrast with the result T ( C max s ) = 0.21 θ 0 for the Debye-like model. The peak value C max s ranges from 0.34 k B A SUC to 0.41 k B A SUC , where A SUC is the area of the surface unit cell. The shap the peak in C v s differs characteristically between that class of crystals in which there is some overlap of the acoustical and optical bulk bands and that class in which there is an appreciable absolute gap between the acoustical and optical bulk bands; in the latter class the peak is flattened on the low side of the maximum, with the maximum pushed to somewhat higher temperature. On those points of comparison with the rather sparse existing data for surface-excess heat capacity in which the value of specific surface area is not required (e.g., the value of T ( C s max )), the agreement ranges from encouraging to equivocal. On those comparisons which require the surface area of the experimental samples (e.g., the magnitude of C s max ) the agreement ranges from only fair to bad. Further experimental work is needed, and great care in surface area determinations is necessary.
Nutrient inputs versus piscivore biomass as the primary driver of reservoir food webs

We used an ecosystem-based modeling approach, Ecopath with Ecosim, to explore the relative importance of a top-down biotic management lever (top predator introduction) versus a bottom-up abiotic management lever (alteration of nutrient inputs) in regulating biomass in reservoir food webs. To do so, we modeled three Ohio reservoirs that varied in ecosystem productivity. For each, we simulated five hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) (introduced top predator) biomass levels at three nutrient input levels (n = 15 simulations per reservoir). Nutrient inputs influenced the food web more than introduced predators within each reservoir. Further, across all three reservoirs, the impact of stocked hybrid striped bass on the equilibrium biomass of phytoplankton, prey fish (gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum), and native top predators (e.g., largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides) was <3%, <14%, and <20%, respectively, of the maximum impact of changes in nutrient inputs on these components. Thus,...
Studies on beta-glucuronidase from E. coli.

SummaryPotent culture fluid preparations of β-glucuronidase are obtained when E. coli is grown at 25°C and pH 7.3 in a simple medium containing menthyl-β-glucuronide. The optimum incubation time is 8 days when continuous agitation is employed. The optimum pH for the hydrolysis of phenolphthalein mono-β-glucuronidei is 6.2, while that for estriol-4bT-glucuronide is 4.5-7.0. Bacterial β-glucuronidase is readily inhibited by ammonium ion. Dialysis markedly decreases the enzymatic activity of our preparations. The culture fluid contains phosphatase but no sulfatase activity.
Spectral effects of space weathering on Mercury: The role of composition and environment

[1] The unique composition and space environment of Mercury provides an opportunity to test models of space weathering and can potentially provide constraints on the relative importance of physical and chemical processes involved in space weathering. In this work we apply a space weathering model to multispectral images of Mercury and incorporate the geologic context of spectra into the interpretation of the model results. We find that albedo variations on Mercury's surface cannot be explained by the addition of an opaque mineral alone. Instead, differential accumulation of space weathering products, related to composition, contributes significantly to albedo variations on Mercury's surface. Even relatively immature crater ejecta on Mercury have several times more space weathering derived iron than mature lunar soils, complicating interpretations of Mercury's surface composition.
Antenatal Detection of Skeletal Dysplasias

Objective To assess the accuracy of the prenatal diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias. Methods All antenatally detected anomalies are coded in our ultrasound database, which is linked with a genetics database that includes outcomes. A final diagnosis is sought on the basis of radiographic studies, molecular testing, or both. Our ultrasound and genetics databases were queried for "skeletal dysplasias." All cases were reviewed specifically for the degree of bone shortening and other distinguishing characteristics on antenatal sonography. Results Thirty-seven cases of skeletal dysplasia were antenatally diagnosed over an 8-year period. Complete follow-up was available in 31 cases. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 22.7 weeks (range, 14-32.3 weeks). Twenty-one cases were diagnosed before 24 weeks. A final diagnosis was obtained in 80% of cases. The antenatal diagnosis was correct in 20 (65%) of 31 cases. There were 2 false-positive diagnoses. Specific final diagnoses included thanatophoric dysplasia (8), osteogenesis imperfecta (6), Roberts syndrome (2), achondroplasia (3), Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (1), metaphyseal dysplasia (1), spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (1), distal arthrogryposis (1), caudal regression (1), and glycogen storage disorder (1). The condition was correctly thought to be lethal in 16 of the fetuses on the basis of early severe long bone shortening (13), femur length-abdominal circumference ratio of less than 0.16 (12), hypoplastic thorax (10), marked bowing or fractures (4), short ribs (4), caudal regression (1), and cloverleaf skull (1). The ability to predict lethality was 100%. There were no false-positive findings with respect to lethality. Conclusions Accurate antenatal diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias is problematic; in this series, only 20 of 31 cases were correctly diagnosed. However, the antenatal prediction of lethality was highly accurate. The most common predictors of lethal skeletal dysplasias included early and severe shortening of the long bones, femur length-abdominal circumference ratio of less than 0.16, hypoplastic thorax, and certain distinguishing characteristics.
On Time-Sequential Point Estimation of the Mean of an Exponential Distribution

In the context of a life testing problem, a time-sequential procedure for estimating the mean of an exponential distribution is proposed and is shown to be asymptotically risk-efficient. Asymptotic properties of the stopping number, stopping time and the total life under testing are also studied.
Understanding homophobic behavior and its implications for policy and practice

In this article, we consider recent advances in scholarship on homophobic bullying, and implications for policy and practice. We first consider toward whom homophobic behavior is directed, drawing attention to the nuances among LGBT youth, and the realities of homophobic bullying for heterosexual or straight youth. We review the correlates or predictors of homophobic behavior in youth, and then discuss developmental trends in homophobic attitudes and prejudice and how those collide with younger ages of coming out among contemporary LGBT youth. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of implications for policies and programs.
Tea blocks potassium current in squid axon

Abstract 1. 1. Internal perfusion of squid axon with an infusion of tea (orange pekoe and pekoe) caused an irreversible loss of voltage-activated potassium conductance ( g K ) in squid axon. 2. 2. Internal application of tannic acid similarly reduced g K , while theophylline had little effect on potassium currents. 3. 3. Both tea and tannic acid reduced sodium inactivation.
Continuous and Long-Term Volume Measurements with a Commercial Coulter Counter

We demonstrate a method to enhance the time resolution of a commercial Coulter counter and enable continuous and long-term cell size measurements for growth rate analyses essential to understanding basic cellular processes, such as cell size regulation and cell cycle progression. Our simple modifications to a commercial Coulter counter create controllable cell culture conditions within the sample compartment and combine temperature control with necessary adaptations to achieve measurement stability over several hours. We also wrote custom software, detailed here, to analyze instrument data files collected by either this continuous method or standard, periodic sampling. We use the continuous method to measure the growth rate of yeast in G1 during a prolonged arrest and, in different samples, the dependency of growth rate on cell size and cell cycle position in arrested and proliferating cells. We also quantify with high time resolution the response of mouse lymphoblast cell culture to drug treatment. This method provides a technique for continuous measurement of cell size that is applicable to a large variety of cell types and greatly expands the set of analysis tools available for the Coulter counter.
Preparing Pediatric Nurses: The Role of Simulation-Based Learning

Simulation-based learning is increasingly being integrated into pediatric nursing education for students as well as novice nurses in practice. Various levels of technology in simulation provide for a range of cognitive, psychomotor, and affective skills acquisition within the controlled setting provided by this teaching strategy. This article provides an overview of simulation, the emergence of simulation in nursing education with an emphasis on pediatric nursing, a description of one baccalaureate program's experience in developing a state-of-the-art maternal child-simulation skills laboratory, and the role of simulation-based learning in continuing education.
The diagnostic process in primary care: A comparison of general internists and family physicians

This investigation examined the formulation of diagnostic hypotheses by general internists and family physicians in response to three patient cases (dyspnea, abdominal pain and syncope). The investigation was conducted in the United States. Physician responses to sequentially presented written clinical information were audiotaped. Each transcribed protocol was scored to enumerate and characterize the hypotheses considered by physicians in each specialty. Results of the analyses of variance of hypothesis measures revealed that internists generated more hypotheses than family physicians and that the internist's hypotheses were more specific and were less likely to be generated by other physicians. In addition, internists tended to consider hypotheses more closely related to the final diagnosis sooner in the case presentation than did family physicians. The findings of increased number, specificity, and uniqueness of hypothesis considered by internists are consistent with previously demonstrated differences in the amount and nature of diagnostic information collected by family physicians and internists.
Probing Shapes of Bichromophoric Metal−Organic Complexes Using Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry

Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) was used to probe the structures of several metal complexes carrying pendant chromophores. The three complexes investigated were the copper(II) complex Cu(DAC)2+ (DAC = 1,8-bis(9-methylanthracyl)cyclam, cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), the N-nitrosylated ligand DAC-NO, and the Roussin's red salt ester (μ-S,μ-S‘)-protoporphyrin-IX-bis(2-thioethyl ester)tetranitrosyldiiron (PPIX-RSE). From the IM-MS data coupled with theoretical calculations, it was found that [CuII(DAC − H)]+ exists as a single conformer, with one anthracenyl group above the cyclam and the other below, similar to the crystal structure of CuII(DAC)2+. The metal-free N-nitrosylated ligand (DAC-NO + H)+ has two conformations: one family of structures has one anthracenyl group above the cyclam and one below, while the other has both anthracenyl groups on the same side of the cyclam. These observations are consistent with 1H NMR data for the neutral DAC-NO complex that indicate the presence of...
Sindbis virus induces transport processes and alters expression of innate immunity pathway genes in the midgut of the disease vector, Aedes aegypti.

Abstract The midgut of hematophagous insects is the initial site of infection by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) and plays a crucial role in vector competence. To further understand processes that occur in the midgut in response to infection by an arbovirus, DNA microarrays were used to analyze gene expression changes following infection by the alphavirus, Sindbis (MRE16 Malaysian strain). Midgut transcription profiles from mosquitoes fed blood containing 108 pfu/ml of virus were compared with those from mosquitoes ingesting blood meals having no virus. Transcription profiles from both experimental groups were analyzed at 1, 4, and 8 days post-feeding. Among the many transcription changes observed by microarray analysis, the most dramatic involved three genes that had 25–40-fold increases in transcript levels in virus infected mosquitoes at 4 days post-infection. These genes were synaptic vesicle protein-2 (SV2), potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger (NCKX), and a homologue of Caenorhabditis elegans Unc-93, a putative component of a two-pore potassium channel. We speculate that these changes represent changes in vesicle transport processes. In addition to these observations, transcript changes were observed in infected mosquitoes that suggested involvement of Toll and c-jun amino terminal kinase immune cascades as a response to viral infection
Defect energy levels in electron-irradiated and deuterium-implanted 6 H silicon carbide

Using deep-level transient spectroscopy, we studied defect energy levels and their annealing behavior in nitrogen-doped $6H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC}$ epitaxial layers irradiated with 2-MeV electrons and implanted with 300-KeV deuterium or hydrogen at room temperature. Five levels located at ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.34,$ ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.41,$ ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.51,$ ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.62,$ and ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.64\mathrm{eV}$ consistently appear in various samples grown by chemical vapor deposition, showing they are characteristic defects in n-type $6H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC}$ epitaxial layers. It is suggested that the ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.51\mathrm{eV}$ level originates from a carbon vacancy, and that the two levels at ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.34$ and ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.41\mathrm{eV},$ which likely arise from the occupation of inequivalent lattice sites, and the level at ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.51\mathrm{eV}$ are different charge states of the carbon vacancy. The annealing kinetics of the ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.51\mathrm{eV}$ level are first order with an activation energy of 1.45 eV, and a level at ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.87\mathrm{eV}$ growing upon its decay arises most likely from a vacancy-impurity complex. The results for the ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.62\mathrm{eV}$ and ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.64\mathrm{eV}$ levels are consistent with a defect model involving a silicon vacancy on inequivalent sites in the $6H$ lattice. Furthermore, the present results show that at hydrogen doses of ${10}^{11}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ no interaction between hydrogen and the irradiation-induced silicon vacancy takes place even after annealing at temperatures up to 800 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, in contrast to the results reported for n-type silicon.
Safety and Security Monitoring of Dams using Nano- Micromachined based Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors

Concerns about the safety of concrete dams have increased during recent years, partly because the population at risk in locations downstream of major dams continues to expand and also because these old dams are experiencing long-term damage and the seismic design concepts used to build them were inadequate. Reliable techniques for continuous monitoring of certain key parameters affecting the dams' integrity are currently nonexistent and this is because of the lack of sensing technology capable to function in a hostile environment such as low temperatures and high moisture level. This paper presents new low cost, passive and wireless micro-machined SAW-based sensors to monitor the safety and security of dams. These SAW sensors are composed of MEMS transducers, Nano-polymer actuators and an antenna, and are deposited on a thin film substrate. The sensors are passive, do not require power on-board and can be interrogated wireless using a radar. When embedded into concrete dams, the devices will be able to detect and locate internal cracks and measure certain key parameters affecting the durability of dams such as temperature, moisture, pH, chloride and carbon dioxide.
The Balloon Experimental Twin Telescope for Infrared Interferometry (BETTII)

Astronomical studies at infrared wavelengths have dramatically improved our understanding of the universe. The relatively low angular resolution of these missions, however, is insufficient to resolve the physical scale on which mid-to far-infrared emission arises. We will build the Balloon Experimental Twin Telescope for Infrared Interferometry (BETTII), an eight-meter Michelson interferometer to fly on a high-altitude balloon. BETTII's spectral-spatial capability, provided by an instrument using double-Fourier techniques, will address key questions about the nature of disks in young star clusters and active galactic nuclei and the envelopes of evolved stars. BETTII will also lay the technological groundwork for future space interferometers.
Estimation of Uncertainty Bounds From Cross Correlation Peak Ratio for Individual PIV Measurements

Numerous studies have established firmly that particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a robust method for non-invasive, quantitative measurements of fluid velocity, and that when carefully conducted, typical measurements can accurately detect displacements in digital images with a resolution well below a single pixel (in some cases well below a hundredth of a pixel). However, previously these estimates have only been able to provide guidance on the expected error for an average measurement under specific image quality and flow conditions. This paper demonstrates a new method for estimating the uncertainty bounds to within a given confidence interval for a specific, individual measurement. Here, the ratio of primary to secondary peak heights in a phase-only generalized cross-correlation is shown to correlate strongly with the range of observed error values for a given measurement, regardless of flow condition or image quality. Using an analytical model of the relationship derived from synthetic data sets, the uncertainty bounds at a 95% confidence interval are then computed for several artificial and experimental flow fields, and the resulting errors are shown to match closely to the predicted uncertainties. While this method stops short of being able to predict the true error for a given measurement, knowledge of the uncertainty level for a PIV experiment should provide great benefits when applying the results of PIV analysis to engineering design studies and CFD (computational fluid dynamics) validation efforts.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Spectral and Total Radiation Properties of Turbulent Hydrogen/Air Diffusion Flames

Presentation et discussion de resultats de mesures de vitesse, temperature, concentration et rayonnement. Mise en evidence de correlations et d'interactions turbulence/rayonnement
A noninvasive tissue reflectance oximeter. An instrument for measurement of tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation in vivo.

A newly developed noninvasive tissue reflectance oximeter utilizes 5 light emitting diodes operating at the wavelengths of 0.635, 0.665, 0.795, 0.910, and 0.955 μ, and photodiodes to sample the tissue reflectance spectra. Since the tissue reflectance is affected by changes in both hemoglobin content (Hb T) and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (OS T),Hb T is first determined using the reflectance at 0.795 μ. The hemoglobinOS T is then estimated using the reflectances at the 5 wavelengths in conjunction with the diffuse reflectance equation which has previously been verified applicable to tissue reflectance oximetry. A quantitative estimation of bothHb T andOS T in intestinal mucosa of dogs obtained using this instrument showed thatHb T values agreed fairly well with those of others and that the standard errors ofOS T were around 5.0% inOS as compared with theOS values of blood samples for minimized arterial-venousOS differences. The continuous on-line measurement ofHb T andOS T should be possible using the reflectance technique and should be valuable for clinical evaluation of the patients.
The cell migration protein Grb7 associates with transcriptional regulator FHL2 in a Grb7 phosphorylation-dependent manner.

Grb7 is an adaptor molecule that can mediate signal transduction from multiple cell surface receptors to various downstream signaling pathways. Grb7, along with Grb10 and Grb14, make up the Grb7 protein family. This protein family has been shown to be overexpressed in certain cancers and cancer cell lines. Grb7 and a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), erbB2, are overexpressed in 20–30% of breast cancers. Grb7 overexpression has been linked to enhanced cell migration and metastasis, though the participants in these pathways have not been determined. In this study, we report that Grb7 interacts with four and half lim domains isoform 2 (FHL2), a transcription regulator with an important role in oncogenesis, including breast cancer. Additionally, in yeast 2-hybrid (Y2H) assays, we show that the interaction is specific to the Grb7 RA and PH domains. We have also demonstrated that full-length (FL) Grb7 and FHL2 interact in mammalian cells and that Grb7 must be tyrosine phosphorylated for this interaction to occur. Immunofluorescent microscopy demonstrates possible co-localization of Grb7 and FHL2. A model with supporting NMR evidence of Grb7 autoinhibition is proposed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serosurveillance for Anaplasma phagocytophilum Antibodies in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Iowa, USA

Cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis have increased in number and are being identified in new geographic areas since its discovery in 1994. White-tailed deer (WTD) become infected with the causative agent, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and serve as natural sentinels for this organism. In order to determine if A. phagocytophilum is present in the state of Iowa, sera collected from 628 WTD in 2004 from 13 sites and from 282 WTD in 1999 from a single, common site were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western immunoblotting. A seroprevalence of 9.1% was found among the 2004 samples, and there was no change in seropositivity rates from 1999 to 2004 at the single, common site. As A. phagocytophilum is another tick-borne human pathogen to be identified in the state of Iowa, this study has important implications for health care providers.
Evaluating priority effects in free recall

A randomization model appropriate for evaluating priority effects in free recall (i.e. whether ‘new’ items are recalled prior to ‘old’ items) is discussed and related to well-known non-parametric significance tests. In particular, the bases for the measures that have been suggested in the psychological literature may be interpreted either in terms of Wilcoxon's rank sum statistic or through a specific entry in a 2 × 2 contingency table. The mean and variance formulas for a general correlational statistic are provided that specialize to the moments for the two measures already in common use.
Injections of an opioid antagonist into the locus coeruleus and periaqueductal gray but not the amygdala precipitates morphine withdrawal in the 7-day-old rat.

Opiate withdrawal behaviors in the infant differ from those of the adult. The neural circuitry underlying opioid withdrawal in the adult rat is well defined and includes the locus coeruleus (LC) and periaqueductal gray (PAG), with a minor role of the amygdala. Because the different behaviors that constitute the infant syndrome may be mediated by different neural circuits, we tested the hypothesis that these three sites are involved in opiate withdrawal. Pups were injected with morphine from day 1- 6 after birth (b.i.d.) and on the morning of the seventh day. Withdrawal was then elicited by local injection of the opioid antagonist methylnaloxonium into the LC, PAG, or amyg- dala. Withdrawal signs were precipitated in a dose-dependent manner following injec- tion into the LC or PAG, but not the amygdala. The withdrawal behaviors elicited from the LC and PAG included both the same and different behaviors. The results support the hypothesis that the neural circuitry mediating opiate withdrawal behaviors is similar in infant and adult animals, but the behaviors expressed are age-specific. Synapse 39: 139 -151, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Self-Healing Polyurethanes with Shape Recovery

Two new thermoresponsive self-healing polyurethanes (1DA1T and 1.5DA1T) based on the Diels–Alder (DA) reaction between furan and maleimide moieties are developed that use the shape-memory effect to bring crack faces into intimate contact such that healing can take place. Unlike other self-healing polymers, these polymers do not require external forces to close cracks but rather they use the shape-memory effect to autonomously close the crack. Both polyurethanes have a stable polymer structure and comparable mechanical properties to commercial epoxies. A differential scanning calorimeter is employed to check the glass transition temperature of the polymers as well as the DA and retro-DA (rDA) reaction temperatures. These DA and rDA reactions are confirmed with variable-temperature proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Healing efficiency is calculated using a measurement of the failure load from compact tension testing. The results show that the shape-memory effect can replace external forces to close two crack surfaces and the DA reaction can be repeatedly employed to heal the cracks.
Hartree−Fock and Møller−Plesset (MP2) Treatment of Oxygen-Containing Phosphorus Compounds

Ab initio calculations were carried out in order to obtain conformational, structural, and vibrational data for a set of small oxygen-containing phosphorus compounds. Many of these molecules are fundamentally important since they are analogous to macrostructures that play a central role in biological processes. It is anticipated that the chemical and physical properties of these phosphorus compounds will provide valuable insight into problems in structural biology. These calculations involved the use of the standard 6-31G** basis set at both the Hartree−Fock and Moller−Plesset levels of theory for the determination of rotational profiles, molecular geometries, and vibrational frequencies. Comparisons to experimental results are made when possible.
Superlinear elliptic boundary value problems

We use a new form of the mountain pass lemma to extend results on superlinear boundary value problems.
Thermodynamic Damage Model for Composite Under Severe Loading

A damage model for a dynamically loaded composite structure under severe loading conditions is presented. The model is based on a thermodynamic micromechanic approach making use of the conservation laws and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It makes use of an irreversible thermodynamics concept where damage is introduced as an internal variable. The model characterizes micromechanical damages in an average sense where three modes of damage for composites are used: tensile, shear, and interphase damage. A homogenization or an averaging technique is implemented to simplify the representation of the nonhomogeneous material. The composite materials are modeled as being inelastic where the Maxwell viscoelastic constitutive relation is incorporated. The initiation of microcracks in the continuum is predicted based on a dissipation function. The coalescing of these microcracks and the onset of macrocracks is modeled where the macrocracks are assumed to initiate when the computed power of dissipation reaches a critical value. Verification analysis and numerical results to demonstrate the model’s damage characteristics are also presented.
Ambient airborne particle concentration and soiling of PV cover plates

Soiling of PV panels can be a significant source of energy loss in a system, however prediction of these losses is still in its infancy. In this study ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM) smaller than 10µm in diameter are collected at the same time as naturally accumulated dust on PV cover plates. Results show that PM 10 is related to the mass of dust accumulated on a PV cover plate, with deposition velocity values in the range of 5 – 0.5 cm/sec. This result, along with previous work, will allow for more site-specific predictions of soiling, and energy loss.
Steady State Instability and Oscillation in Simplified Models of Tropospheric Chemistry

Three components have been identified as being common to oscillation in five related but increasingly complex models of tropospheric chemistry. The first of these components is an NOx-empty/refill cycle in which [NOx] grows or declines, depending upon the relative source rates of NOx and HOx, the latter being generally proportional to the rate of photolysis of [O3]. The second component is a complex O3-production/loss cycle dependent upon [NOx], [HOx], [CO], and [O3]. The third component is nonlinear coupling (both direct and indirect) of the first two, which allows each of the two cycles to affect the other. This coupling also introduces a positive feedback that autocatalytically accelerates O3 production at high [CO] and [O3] when [NOx] and [NO]/[NO2] are simultaneously low, thus destabilizing the steady state. A schematic model is provided that illustrates the interaction of these three components and indicates that the positive feedback indeed is necessary for oscillation to occur. The major features ...
Pregnancy and puppies — the Veterinary Nurse's role

ABSTRACT:Veterinary nurses are at the forefront of giving nutritional advice to new puppy owners and novice breeders. They need to understand the key role diet plays in ensuring optimum health and development of puppies and breeding bitches. This is an area where there has been considerable research in recent years and so nurses need to stay up to date with the latest developments. Dietary innovations include large-breed puppy foods, essential fatty-acid supplementation for enhanced neurological development leading to improved trainability, and the addition of live probiotics to reduce gastrointestinal upsets caused by environmental stress.
An expeditious synthesis of the C(1)-C(14) subunit of halichondrin B

Abstract The synthesis of the C(1)-C(14) segment 1 of halichondrin B was achieved efficiently. Featured are the pinacol rearrangement of α-hydroxymesylate 9 , the intramolecular Michael addition of 11 , and the one-pot multistep conversion of 13 to 1 .
Influence of dye and protein location on photosensitization of the plasma membrane.

Two membrane-photosensitizing dyes were used to investigate whether selected sites in the plasma membrane vary in their sensitivity to damage by singlet oxygen (1O2∗) and, if so, what factors are responsible for the variation. The relative ability of Rose bengal (RB) and merocyanine 540 (MC540), both of which localize in the plasma membrane and produce 1O2∗, to photosensitize five plasma membrane functions in P388D1 cells was evaluated. The five membrane functions assessed were: plasma membrane potential, proline transport, facilitated glucose diffusion, 5′-nucleotidase activity, and dye exclusion. Photosensitization efficiency by RB varied by a factor of 188 for these membrane functions, whereas for MC540 a range of only 24 was found. RB was a more efficient photosensitizer than MC540 but the relative efficiencies varied with the membrane function. The wide range of P50 values for RB suggests that it binds selectively to membrane sites where it causes damage with high efficiency; possibly a non-1O2∗ mechanism is involved. In contrast, MC540 photosensitized the three membrane functions involving integral membrane proteins about equally suggesting that differences are due to small variations in the distribution of MC540 in the plasma membrane and/or variations in the inherent reactivity of the membrane targets with 1O2∗. The results indicate that the lability of membrane sites to photosensitization depends both on their inherent reactivity with 1O2∗ and the relative location of specific protein and dye molecules.