cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water-Protein Interactions: Theory and Experiment

CONTENTS PERSPECTIVES AND OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS OF PROTEIN-WATER STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Protein Force Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Water Models ........ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... . . . . . ... 58 1 Energy-Minimization Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 Molecular Dynamics Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Limitation s and Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR PROTEIN-WATER INTERACTIONS .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Water from X-ray and Neutron-Diff raction Experiments .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . . 589 Internal Waters in Protein Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Water at Hydrophobic Surfaces. . . . . . . . . ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Emer.qing Water-Hydrogen Bonding Patterns/rom Diff raction Analysis ... ... .. ........ . 593 NM R Studies of Water: Correspondence with X-ray Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 CONCLUSIONS ... .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .... 598
Strategic Inventory Placement in Supply Chains: Nonstationary Demand

The life cycle of new products is becoming shorter and shorter in all markets. For electronic products, life cycles are measured in units of months, with 6-to 12-month life cycles being common. Given these short product life cycles, product demand is increasingly difficult to forecast. Furthermore, demand is never really stationary because the demand rate evolves over the life of the product. In this paper, we consider the problem of where in a supply chain to place strategic safety stocks to provide a high level of service to the final customer with minimum cost. We extend our model for stationary demand to the case of nonstationary demand, as might occur for products with short life cycles. We assume that we can model the supply chain as a network, that each stage in the supply chain operates with a periodic review base-stock policy, that demand is bounded, and that there is a guaranteed service time between every stage and its customers. We consider a constant service time (CST) policy for which the safety stock locations are stationary; the actual safety stock levels change as the demand process changes. We show that the optimization algorithm for the case of stationary demand extends directly to determining the safety stocks when demand is nonstationary for a CST policy. We then examine with an illustrative example how well the CST policy performs relative to a dynamic policy that dynamically modifies the service times. In addition, we report on numerical tests that demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed solution and how it would be deployed.
Finite element calculations of very high Rayleigh number thermal convection

Summary. A finite element method with uniform and variable resolution meshes is used to model very high Rayleigh number Ra thermal convection in a square box of infinite Prandtl number, Boussinesq fluid with constant viscosity and thermodynamic properties. Heating is either entirely from below or mostly from within and the boundaries are stress free. The variable mesh is coarse in the interior of the convection cell and it is fine in the very thin boundary layers and plumes surrounding the core. The highest resolution variable mesh has a dimensionless grid spacing of 0.027 in the core and 0.0017 in the boundary layers. The boundary layers contain about 10 mesh points even at the highest values of Ra considered and are thus highly resolved. The variable mesh approach is shown to yield reliable simulations of convection as long as the aspect ratio of the most elongated boundary layer elements is not too large; values of about 4 to 6 work well. This aspect ratio also measures the increase in resolution in the boundary layers as compared with the central core. Steady single-cell rolls are computed for bottom heating and Ra up to 5 × 105 times the marginal instability value of the Rayleigh number Racr. One and two-cell roll solutions are calculated for f= 1, 0.8 and 0.6, where f is the fraction of the heat escaping through the top of the box that is generated internally. The values of Racr for f= 1, 0.8 and 0.6 are 1296, 1024 and 864, respectively. The largest of Ra/Racr at which unicellular convection is stable (steady) are approximately 390, 610 and 970, for f= 1, 0.8 and 0.6.
Causal Effects of Single-Sex Schools on College Entrance Exams and College Attendance: Random Assignment in Seoul High Schools

Despite the voluminous literature on the potentials of single-sex schools, there is no consensus on the effects of single-sex schools because of student selection of school types. We exploit a unique feature of schooling in Seoul—the random assignment of students into single-sex versus coeducational high schools—to assess causal effects of single-sex schools on college entrance exam scores and college attendance. Our validation of the random assignment shows comparable socioeconomic backgrounds and prior academic achievement of students attending single-sex schools and coeducational schools, which increases the credibility of our causal estimates of single-sex school effects. The three-level hierarchical model shows that attending all-boys schools or all-girls schools, rather than coeducational schools, is significantly associated with higher average scores on Korean and English test scores. Applying the school district fixed-effects models, we find that single-sex schools produce a higher percentage of graduates who attended four-year colleges and a lower percentage of graduates who attended two-year junior colleges than do coeducational schools. The positive effects of single-sex schools remain substantial, even after we take into account various school-level variables, such as teacher quality, the student-teacher ratio, the proportion of students receiving lunch support, and whether the schools are public or private.
AERODYNAMIC BUGS: CAN CFD SPRAY THEM AWAY?

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a standard design tool for modem sophisticated aircraft. This paper reviews design methods that were used for some existing jet transport aircraft at a time when the theoretical tools had very limited capability. Early designers combined available theory and empirical data with sufficient skill to develop highly succeeaful aircraft. They also overcame serious problems that sometimes arose only after first flight, problems due to aerodynamic phenomena that were not predicted. Some of these problems are discussed in detail in this paper. The question of whether modern CFD would have warned of these problems and provided the necessary solutions is addressed. It is concluded that in many cases the answer is negative. Comparisons between two dimensional CFD airfoil compressibility drag rise, converted to finite wing drag rise using simple sweep theory, and flight test results show good agreement. A rapid method of compressibility drag rise prediction based on two dimensional CFD results is suggested. The method will define the drag that can be expected if the wing designers do a proper job, thereby allowing early performance prediction. The actual design of the wing is a task for a three dimensional wing and body CFD code including viscous and shock wave effects.
Economic Stagnation in the Early Roman Empire

That the later Roman empire was a period of stagnation, not to say X of decline and total collapse, in the economic as in other spheres has long been recognized. But it has been the contribution of such modern scholars as Frank, Rostovtzeff, and Heichelheim to show that the symptoms and causes of this stagnation are not to be sought solely in the anarchy of the third century A.D. They may be detected earlier, behind the facade of peace and prosperity in the second century, and have roots which reach back into the very beginnings of the Roman domination over the Mediterranean world. In order to avoid too great extension in time, as well as in space, the present discussion will be limited to the symptoms and causes of economic stagnation that may be detected throughout the Mediterranean world during the early Roman empire, the two hundred and fifty odd years that elapsed from the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C., which left Augustus master of the Mediterranean world, to the assassination of Severus Alexander in 235 A.D., which ushered in a half century of anarchy and eventually the totalitarian state of Diocletian and Constantine.
The shear fracture toughness, KIIc, of graphite

In this study, the critical shear stress intensity factor, KIIc, here-in referred to as the shear fracture toughness, KIIc (MPa m), of two grades of graphite are reported. The range of specimen volumes was selected to elucidate any specimen size effect, but smaller volume specimen tests were largely unsuccessful, shear failure did not occur between the notches as expected. This was probably due to the specimen geometry causing the shear fracture stress to exceed the compressive failure stress. In subsequent testing the specimen geometry was altered to reduce the compressive footprint and the notches (slits) made deeper to reduce the specimen's ligament length. Additionally, we added the collection of Acoustic Emission (AE) during testing to assist with the identification of the shear fracture load. The means of KIIc from large specimens for PCEA and NBG-18 are 2.26 MPa m with an SD of 0.37 MPa m and 2.20 MPa m with an SD of 0.53 MPa m, respectively. The value of KIIc for both graphite grades was similar, although the scatter was large. In this work we found the ratio of KIIc/KIc ≈ 1.6. .
Detection of Nonesterified (Free) Fatty Acids in Bovine Serum: Comparative Evaluation of Two Methods

A method comparison study for the determination and quantitation of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) in serum, using the commercial ''NEFA C'' enzymatic test kit, was performed using the spectropho- tometric method recommended by the manufacturer and a modified procedure optimized for the use of a microplate reader, a 96-well microtiter plate, and small sample volumes (10 ml). Linearity, sensitivity, and precision using the test kit were determined for each method of detection. The assay was linear from 0 to 1.97 mEq/liter for both procedures, and the limits of detection were determined to be 0.22 (60.074) and 0.05 (60.002) mEq/liter for the spectrophotometer and microplate reader, respectively. Pairs of measurements for bovine serum samples were compared and evaluated by a mean difference plot method and not regression analysis, a method that has been shown to be inappropriate for method comparison studies. The difference plot was used to evaluate the systematic bias between the 2 methods. Random error is reported on the basis of SD differences, and ''limits of agreement'' are used to describe the maximum differences likely to occur between the 2 methods. Results suggest that the microplate reader method can be used reliably in place of the recom- mended spectrophotometric method. The microplate reader method is preferred because of its high throughput capabilities, simultaneous analysis of all the standards and samples, use of small sample and reagent volumes, and reduction in labor requirements and costs. The measurement of nonesterified fatty acids (NE- FAs) in dairy cows can be used to assess dry cow nutritional management and, in conjunction with cho- lesterol determination, serves as an indictor of post- partum disease risk. 6,11,13,20 Increased energy demand during late gestation and early lactation, combined with a decline in dry matter intake before parturition, make dairy cows uniquely susceptible to negative en- ergy balance (NEB). Plasma NEFA concentrations can be used as a measure of adequate energy intake, with increased concentrations associated with a NEB. Sev- eral studies have shown a positive association between increased plasma NEFA concentrations during the last 2-3 weeks of gestation and the occurrence of postpar- tum diseases such as ketosis, fatty liver, displaced abomasums, retained placentas, and metritis. 6,11,13,20
Developmental origins of motor coordination: Leg movements in human infants

The development of coordination of leg movements of human infants is discussed from the perspective of dynamic motor theory. Even in the newborn period, leg movements have topographical and temporal organization, but it is global and inflexible. During the first year, limb segments become both disassociated from these global synergies and reintegrated into more complex coalitions. Growth-related changes in the biodynamic properties of the body segments may be as important as neurological maturation in determining the movement outcomes and may help explain the spurts, regressions, and asymmetries seen in early infancy.
Direct-Write Thermocapillary Dewetting of Polymer Thin Films by a Laser-Induced Thermal Gradient

Prof. L. C. Kimerling Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials Processing Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA Dr. J. Michel Materials Processing Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA Prof. E. L. Thomas Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Rice University 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA E-mail: elt@rice.edu
Pseudorabies virus glycoprotein gIII is a major target antigen for murine and swine virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Pseudorabies virus (PrV) is the etiological agent of Aujeszky's disease, a disease that causes heavy economic losses in the swine industry. A rational approach to the generation of an effective vaccine against this virus requires an understanding of the immune response induced by it and of the role of the various viral antigens in inducing such a response. We have constructed mutants of PrV [strain PrV (Ka)] that differ from each other only in expression of the viral nonessential glycoproteins gI, gp63, gX, and gIII (i.e., are otherwise isogenic). These mutants were used to ascertain the importance of each of the nonessential glycoproteins in eliciting a PrV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response in mice and pigs. Immunization of DBA/2 mice and pigs with a thymidine kinase-deficient (TK-) mutant of PrV elicits the formation of cytotoxic cells that specifically lyse syngeneic infected target cells. These PrV-specific cytolytic cells have the phenotype of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen-restricted CTLs. The relative number of CTLs specific for glycoproteins gI, gp63, gX, and gIII induced in mice vaccinated with a TK- mutant of PrV was ascertained by comparing their levels of cytotoxicity against syngeneic cells infected with either wild-type virus or gI-/gp63-, gX-, or gIII- virus deletion mutants. The PrV-specific CLTs were significantly less effective in lysing gIII(-)-infected targets than in lysing gI-/gp63-, gX-, or wild-type-infected targets. The in vitro secondary CTL response of lymphocytes obtained from either mice or pigs 6 or more weeks after immunization with a TK- mutant of PrV was also tested. Lymphocytes obtained from these animals were cultured with different glycoprotein-deficient mutants of PrV, and their cytolytic activities against wild-type-infected targets were ascertained. The importance of each of the nonessential viral glycoproteins in eliciting CTLs was assessed from the effectiveness of each of the virus mutants to stimulate the secondary anti-PrV CTL response. Cultures of both murine or swine lymphocytes that had been stimulated with gIII- virus contained only approximately half as many lytic units as did those stimulated with either wild-type virus, a gX- virus mutant, or a gI-/gp63- virus mutant. Thus, a large proportion of the PrV-specific CTLs that are induced by immunization with PrV of both mice and pigs are directed against gIII. Furthermore, glycoproteins gI, gp63, and gX play at most a minor role in the CTL response of these animals to PrV.
A phonological exploration of oral reading errors

Younger readers, mean age 6;11, and older readers, mean age 8;7, matched on IQ and SES, read 18 consonant phonemes embedded in nonsense CVCs. Results indicated that (a) within groups, younger readers made significantly more errors on digraphs than graphs; (b) younger readers made significantly more errors on graphs in the final position; (c) there was no position effect for either group in reading digraphs. Analysis of errors based on the number of distinctive features shared within stimulus-response pairs revealed that (a) on graphs, both groups made significantly more errors that shared two distinctive features; (b) on digraphs, the majority of errors for younger readers shared one distinctive feature; (c) the predominant strategy on digraphs for both groups was to read one letter. These findings demonstrate that most oral reading errors produced by beginning readers are not random, but rather are systematically related to the stimulus.
Frames and Actions: Middle Managers’ Sensegiving of Change Readiness Sentiments

Sensegiving is one of the key responsibilities of middle managers while implementing organizational change. In this qualitative study, we examine how middle managers frame their sensegiving efforts...
Serine 302 Phosphorylation of Mouse Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (IRS1) Is Dispensable for Normal Insulin Signaling and Feedback Regulation by Hepatic S6 Kinase

Constitutive activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and S6 kinase (mTORC1→ S6K) attenuates insulin-stimulated Akt activity in certain tumors in part through "feedback" phosphorylation of the upstream insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). However, the significance of this mechanism for regulating insulin sensitivity in normal tissue remains unclear. We investigated the function of Ser-302 in mouse IRS1, the major site of its phosphorylation by S6K in vitro, through genetic knock-in of a serine-to-alanine mutation (A302). Although insulin rapidly stimulated feedback phosphorylation of Ser-302 in mouse liver and muscle, homozygous A302 mice (A/A) and their knock-in controls (S/S) exhibited similar glucose homeostasis and muscle insulin signaling. Furthermore, both A302 and control primary hepatocytes from which Irs2 was deleted showed marked inhibition of insulin-stimulated IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation and PI3K binding after emetine treatment to raise intracellular amino acids and activate mTORC1 → S6K signaling. To specifically activate mTORC1 in mouse tissue, we deleted hepatic Tsc1 using Cre adenovirus. Although it moderately decreased IRS1/PI3K association and Akt phosphorylation in liver, Tsc1 deletion failed to cause glucose intolerance or promote hyperinsulinemia in mixed background A/A or S/S mice. Moreover, Tsc1 deletion failed to stimulate phospho-Ser-302 or other putative S6K sites within IRS1, whereas ribosomal S6 protein was constitutively phosphorylated. Following acute Tsc1 deletion from hepatocytes, Akt phosphorylation, but not IRS1/PI3K association, was rapidly restored by treatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. Thus, within the hepatic compartment, mTORC1 → S6K signaling regulates Akt largely through IRS-independent means with little effect upon physiologic insulin sensitivity.
Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigations of ThS and ThS

Gas-phase ThS has been produced via the reaction of laser ablated Th with H2S. Rotationally resolved electronic spectra were recorded by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) over the range 17500–24000 cm–1. Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization was used in conjunction with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer to confirm the assignments of nine LIF bands to ThS. Using excitation of a ThS band centered at 22118 cm–1, a dispersed fluorescence spectrum revealed a vibrational progression of the X1Σ+ ground electronic state and the term energies of two low-lying excited states (3Δ1 and 3Δ2). Two-color photoionization spectroscopy was used to study ThS+. An accurate ionization energy for ThS was obtained (54425(3) cm–1); ThS+ vibronic term energies up to v = 7 in the X2Σ+ ground state and v = 3 in the 2Δ3/2 first excited state were recorded. High-level electronic structure calculations, with inclusion of the spin–orbit interactions yielded predictions that were in good agreement with the experimental data for ThS ...
Ethics and Nonprofits

Nonprofit organizations have a public mission. Therefore, their leaders and their workers are arguably held to higher ethical standards than the standards applicable to for-profit companies. Governments likewise have a public mission, but their records and meetings are open to public view, so they are more transparent than nonprofits. The opaqueness of nonprofits provides fertile ground for unethical behavior. Moreover, the need to solicit donations and the tax advantages associated with most nonprofits create entire classes of temptations that are unknown in the business sector and incidental to the government sector. This article first explores ethics within nonprofits and then the ethics of nonprofits themselves. Finally, it identifies three trends that are shaping ethical standards for the next generation of nonprofit leaders.
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS REACTION PROCESS

Research development of methanol synthesis reaction process both abroad and home has been introduced in this article. It includes: progress in direct conversion of methane to methanol in liquid phase, unsteady - state in fixed bed reactor process under flow reversal mode, fluidized - bed process, membrane reaction, carbon dioxide hydrogenation, super critical synthesize methanol reactor, advance in direct conversion of methane to methanol etc. And merits and defects of each one have been briefly reviewed. The importance of research on methanol synthesize process has been put forward in order to lower production cost of methanol equipment in our country and boost up international competing ability.
AuRal: A Mobile Interactive System for Geo-Locative Audio Synthesis.

Aural of or relateing to the ear or hearing Aura an invisible breath, emanation, or radiation AR Augmented Reality AuRal is an environmental audio system in which individual participants form ad hoc ensembles based on geolocation and affect the overall sound of the music associated with the location that they are in. The AuRal environment binds physical location and the choices of multiple, simultaneous performers to act as the generative force of music tied to the region. Through a mobile device interface, musical participants, or agents, have a degree of input into the generated music essentially defining the sound of a given region. The audio landscape is superimposed onto the physical one. The resultant musical experience is not tied simply to the passage of time, but through the incorporation of participants over time and spatial proximity, it becomes an aural location as much as a piece of music. As a result, walking through the same location at different times results in unique collaborative listening experiences.
Regulation of endothelin-mediated calcium mobilization in vascular smooth muscle cells by isoproterenol.

We have investigated the effect of isoproterenol on endothelin-induced Ca2+ mobilization in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells. Endothelin (ET) stimulates a rapid and sustained elevation of intracell...
Introduction to the Symposium: Parasites and Pests in Motion: Biology, Biodiversity and Climate Change

Although climate change can cause extreme alterations to ecosystems, only limited research has investigated how altered physical conditions (e.g., warming, extreme temperature events, sea level rise, ocean acidification, and altered precipitation) influence species interactions. In particular, the interplay between host and parasites in such a changing world is in need of study. Our objective in organizing this symposium was to bring together researchers working on a wide variety of natural enemies (parasites, pathogens, and pests), to exchange knowledge on how aspects of global climate change may alter the distribution and ecology of these organisms and their hosts. It is our intention that the symposium and the resulting articles will foster more accurate modeling of and predictions about the impacts of climate change on the biology and ecology of natural enemies and their hosts.
Condensation Sequences and the Geochemical Classification of the Elements

The Concept of Geochemical Classification The Norwegian geochemist Victor Goldschmidt is the father of the notion of geochemical classifications of the chemical elements. Goldschmidt's (1954) posthumous work Geochemistry is still of great value. His basic aim was to divide the elements into groups which might be identified with the major divisions of the earth during its cooling history. He thought there might be three separate liquid phases, one metal, one silicate, and one primarily iron sulfide. These would be surrounded by a gaseous phase. He classified the elements from their association with, or preference for one or the other of these phases. Let us begin with a consideration of the chemistry of meteorites and the earth. The earth may be divided into a core, a mantle and a crust. The chemistry of the core must be largely inferred, and this is essentially true for most of the mantle (Ringwood 1975, Pasteris 1984). The upper continental crust is relatively well sampled (Taylor and McLennan 1985), but it is not representative. Meteorites, on the other hand, have been repeatedly and thoroughly analyzed in the laboratory. Moreover, they are thought to be pieces of a broken-up planet, not unlike the earth (see, e.g., McSween 1987). Because of this they have been used to infer the chemistry of the earth as well as of much of the cosmos.
Profits, Scale Economies, and the Gains from Trade and Industrial Policy

Trade taxes are often used as (a) a first-best instrument to manipulate the terms-of-trade, or (b) a second-best instrument to correct pre-existing market distortions. We analyze the (in)effectiveness of trade taxes at achieving these two policy goals. To this end, we derive sufficient statistics formulas for first-best and second-best trade/domestic taxes in an important class of multi-industry quantitative trade models featuring market distortions. Guided by these formulas, we estimate the key parameters that govern the gains from policy in these frameworks. Our estimates indicate that (i) the gains from terms-of-trade manipulation are relatively small; (ii) trade taxes are remarkably ineffective at correcting domestic distortions; (iii) unilateral domestic policies are also ineffective as they worsen the terms-of-trade; but (iv) deep trade agreements that prohibit trade taxation and encourage a multilateral adoption of corrective policies, deliver welfare gains that are larger than any non-cooperative policy alternative.
Transnational Learning and Chinese Sayings.

Chinese sayings within the context of transnational education have not been extensively explored within higher education. In this qualitative study, which utilized semi-structured interviews, data were collected from 24 participants to explore their transnational study experience. Chinese sayings, framed within a rich Confucian history, provide a culturally appropriate way for participants to understand their transnational learning experience. By using Chinese sayings and metaphors, the participants found meaning in their transnational education experience for personal growth and to strengthen their communities. The article provides a discussion of implications for higher education contexts and recommendations.
A Call To Arms for Tackling the Unexpected Implications of SDN Controller Enhancements

The last few years have seen a massive and organic transformation of the Software Defined Networking ecosystem with the development of enhancements, e.g., Statesman, ESPRES, PANE, and Athens, to provide better composability, better utilization of TCAM, consistent network updates, or congestion free updates. The end-result of this organic evolution is a disconnect between the SDN applications and the dataplane. A disconnect which can impact an SDN application's performance or correctness.In this paper, we present the first systematic study of the interactions between enhancements and SDN applications -- we show that an application's performance can be significantly impacted by these enhancements: with the efficiency of a traffic engineering App reduced by 24.8%. Motivated by these insights, we argue for a redesign of the SDN controller centered around mitigating and reducing the impact of these enhancements. We demonstrate through an initial prototype and with experiments that our abstractions require minimal changes and can restore an SDN application's performance and efficiency.
A novel weighted sum method to measure particle geometric surface area in real-time

Abstract This paper reports the development of a novel method to measure the aerosol geometric surface area (GSA) concentration with a time resolution of a few seconds. In the method, the commercialized nanoparticle surface area monitor was used and slightly modified. The instrument responses under two different conditions were combined in a weighted sum (WS) fashion to correlate with the aerosol GSA concentration. We present the GSA concentration results and comparisons with well-known SMPS data in both laboratory testing and field measurement. For the laboratory testing, the two methods have a good agreement with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.9961; for the field measurements including the indoor and outdoor samplings, both methods agree well with each other. In addition, the new WS method is more stable in the clean indoor air and suitable for outdoor environmental sampling with a slight overestimation (125% of SMPS).
An Investigation of Computer-Mediated Instructional Immediacy in Online Education: A Comparison of Graduate and Undergraduate Students’ Motivation to Learn:

For more than 30 years, instructors have relied on instructional immediacy to inspire motivation for learning in students. However, the introduction of online classes has eliminated the utility of ...
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part XXXVI — Motions to Reargue and Renew

This article, which discusses motions to reargue and renew, is part of a continuing series on how to draft litigation documents in civil cases in New York.
Is vertebrate phototransduction solved? New insights into the molecular mechanism of phototransduction.

helices) appear as four well-defined transmembrane helices oriented nearly perpendicular to the membrane and to an elongated arc-shaped feature, which probably represents the three tilted helices. It is not possible to determine which helix corresponds to which electron density from these data; however, this study provides a framework for experiments underway in several laboratories to understand the transition from the inactive to the active form of the receptor, and it clearly demonstrates that the helical rhodopsin arrangement differs from that of an unrelated but better-studied protein, bacteriorhodopsin. This new model of rhodopsin will allow us to determine more accurately which amino acids may interact with the chromophore.
The Role of Everyday Events in Depressive Symptoms for Older Adults

Research efforts to date show there is no simple explanation for depressive symptoms among the elderly (Gatz & Hurwicz, 1990). A review of the current literature on the relationship between aging and depression consistently implicates a third variable, functional disability; persons with more disability tend to be more depressed, and functional disability tends to increase with age (Lewinsohn, Rohde, Fischer, & Seeley, 1991; Zeiss, Lewinsohn, Rohde, & Seeley, 1996). In fact, when the level of physical disability is controlled, illness per se does not predict degree of depression (Williamson & Schulz, 1992; also see Williamson & Shaffer, Chapter 9, in this volume). Any understanding of the relationship between aging and depression, therefore, should incorporate disability and functional limitation variables. Given these parameters, the question then becomes how to determine what other factors are responsible for depression in older adults. We present in this chapter one approach to identifying those other factors related to depression among the elderly. The approach taken here is "event-based'' in that it systematically assesses the everyday lives of older adults. In a very broad sense, physically disabling illnesses and injuries may be considered a major life event, provoking a lasting change in functional capacity. If event assessments of everyday life are comprehensive, as they should be, the empirical yield from analyses of those assessments can be useful in a number of ways. Events can be found to be related to depression, or they can be unrelated, and both types of information are useful for setting the parameters of interventions for helping older adults cope with advancing age and possible in-
A Case of Synchronous Bone Marrow Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML) and Nodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma (NMZL)

BACKGROUND Leukemias and lymphomas can arise from myeloid or lymphoid stem cells. Combined myeloid leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), either synchronous or metachronous, rarely occur in the same patient. This report is of a 67-year-old man with a synchronous diagnosis of both bone marrow chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL), which a peripheral low-grade B-cell NHL. CASE REPORT A 67-year-old Caucasian man, who was a long-term cigarette smoker, presented with a five-year history of leukocytosis and cervical lymphadenopathy. He had no symptoms of night sweats, fever, or weight loss. Review of his medical records showed a progressively increasing leukocytosis with a peak of 58×109/L. Computed tomography (CT) imaging of the chest and abdomen showed lymphadenopathy, including enlarged cervical, axillary, mediastinal, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Bone marrow biopsy and histology showed CMML. Lymph node biopsy and histology showed NMZL. The patient was treated for NMZL with weekly intravenous rituximab infusions. Although his CMML was stable, the patient requested an evaluation for treatment with hematopoietic allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). At the time of this report, the patient remains asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS The synchronous occurrence of bone marrow CMML and NMZL in a single patient is rare and may be attributed to a genetic mutation common to both. There are no current treatment guidelines for this group of patients, and treatment strategies should be individualized to provide an optimum outcome or symptomatic improvement.
Physical Activity of Osteopathic Medical Students

Context: Physical inactivity has been identified as one of the greatest current health burdens worldwide. In addition to physical activity’s primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention benefits related to many diseases, physical activity has been shown to be associated with improvements in concentration, memory, and performance on standardized tests. Studies on physical activity and medical education have suggested that given the scholastic demands required to become a physician, medical trainees may find it challenging to meet the recommended amounts of physical activity. Objective: To determine the extent to which osteopathic medical students (OMS) in the United States are meeting minimum recommendations for physical activity. Methods: Utilizing a cross-sectional design, in partnership with the Student Osteopathic Medical Association (SOMA) and Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine (NSU-KPCOM), we conducted an online survey of third and fourth year OMS across USA, from August through December 2015. The survey collected self-reported data on frequency and duration of vigorous and moderate physical activity per week. Results: Most participants (60.7%) met or exceeded the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) physical activity guidelines of at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity per week. The OMS respondents’ mean of 215 minutes of physical activity per week significantly exceeded the ACSM recommendation (p = .000). Conclusions: OMS are well positioned to become physically active physicians and, in turn, promote physical activity in their patients. Future studies may look at barriers to physical activity in medical students and attempt to increase participation in active lifestyles in this population.
The evolution of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Development of mid-ventricular obstruction and apical aneurysm 11 years after initial diagnosis.

Asian hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM) is a rare variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) that is more prevalent in the Asian population. There is significant overlap between AHCM, mid-cavitary obstruction, and apical aneurysms. Although more benign compared to HCM, the course of AHCM is not clearly defined. We present an interesting case of an African American male with known AHCM who develops symptomatic mid-cavitary obstruction and apical aneurysm 11 years after initial diagnosis.
On zeroes in sign and signed rank tests

When zeroes (or ties within pairs) occur in data being analyzed with a sign test or a signed rank test, nonparametric methods textbooks and software consistently recommend that the zeroes be deleted and the data analyzed as though zeroes did not exist. This advice is not consistent with the objectives of the majority of applications. In most settings a better approach would be to view the tests as testing hypotheses about a population median. There are relatively simple p-values available that are consistent with this viewpoint of the tests. These methods produce tests with good properties for testing a different (often more appropriate) set of hypotheses than those addressed by tests that delete the zeroes.
An Argument for the Principle of Indifference and Against the Wide Interval View

The principle of indifference has fallen from grace in contemporary philosophy, yet some papers have recently sought to vindicate its plausibility. This paper follows suit. In it, I articulate a version of the principle and provide what appears to be a novel argument in favour of it. The argument relies on a thought experiment where, intuitively, an agent’s confidence in any particular outcome being true should decrease with the addition of outcomes to the relevant space of possible outcomes. Put simply: the greater the number of outcomes, the weaker your confidence should be in any one of those outcomes. The argument holds that this intuition favours the principle of indifference. I point out that, in contrast, the intuition is also incompatible with a major alternative to the principle which prescribes imprecise credences: the so-called wide interval view. Consequently, the argument may also be seen as an argument against the wide interval view.
Cell patterning by surface tension pinning in microfluidic channels

We present a simple method to pattern multiple cell populations inside a microfluidic channel. The microchannel is partially filled with a cell suspension, and the position of the liquid boundary remains pinned by surface tension. Cells then adhere only in the filled portion of the channel, producing a very sharp boundary. The process can be performed in an unmodified microfluidic channel with only a manual syringe and can be repeated multiple times to pattern cocultures or tricultures. We demonstrate the patterning method with two different mammalian cell types, 3T3 fibroblasts and NMuMG epithelial cells, and channel heights of 1.5 mm and 0.5 mm. We anticipate that this method will be useful for studies of cell–cell interactions where precise control of the fluidic microenvironment is required.
Using correlated stochastic differential equations to forecast cryptocurrency rates and social media activities

The growing interconnectivity of socio-economic systems requires one to treat multiple relevant social and economic variables simultaneously as parts of a strongly interacting complex system. Here, we analyze and exploit correlations between the price fluctuations of selected cryptocurrencies and social media activities, and develop a predictive framework using noise-correlated stochastic differential equations. We employ the standard Geometric Brownian Motion to model cryptocurrency rates, while for social media activities and trading volume of cryptocurrencies we use the Geometric Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. In our model, correlations between the different stochastic variables are introduced through the noise in the respective stochastic differential equation. Using a Maximum Likelihood Estimation on historical data of the corresponding cryptocurrencies and social media activities we estimate parameters, and using the observed correlations, forecast selected time series. We successfully analyze and predict cryptocurrency related social media and the cryptocurrency market itself with a reasonable degree of accuracy. In particular, we show that our method has impressive accuracy in predicting whether a cryptocurrency market will increase or decrease a day in the future, a significant result with regards to investing and trading cryptocurrencies.
Flood Detection Framework Fusing The Physical Sensing & Social Sensing

We investigate the practical challenge of localized flood detection in real smart city environment using the fusion of physical sensor and social sensing models to depict a reliable and accurate flood monitoring and detection framework. Our proposed framework efficiently utilize the physical and social sensing models to provide the flood-related updates to the city officials. We deployed our flood monitoring system in Ellicott City, Maryland, USA and connect it to the social sensing module to perform the flood-related sensor and social data integration and analysis. Our ground-based sensor network model record and performs the predictive data analytic by forecasting the rise in water level (RMSE=0.2) that demonstrates the severity of upcoming flash floods whereas, our social sensing model helps collect and track the flood-related feeds from Twitter. We employ a pre-trained model and inductive transfer learning based approach to classify the flood-related tweets with 90% accuracy in the use of unseen target flood events. Finally our flood detection framework categorizes the flood relevant localized contextual details into more meaningful classes in order to help the emergency services and local authorities for effective decision making.
Repressing the Protests through Law, Police and Discourse: the Example of the Yellow Vests’ Movement in France

The yellow vests movement dominated the French political debate and agenda from October 2018 and throughout 2019, exposing the difficult living conditions of many French people – especially those l...
Sitting Time, Type, and Context Among Long-Term Weight-Loss Maintainers.

Objective This study aimed to investigate sitting time, the home sedentary environment, and physical activity among weight-loss maintainers in WW (formerly Weight Watchers). Methods Participants were 4,305 weight-loss maintainers who had maintained ≥9.1 kg of weight loss (24.7 kg on average) for 3.3 years and had an average current BMI of 27.6 kg/m2 . A control group of weight-stable individuals with obesity (n = 619) had an average BMI of 38.9 kg/m2 . The Multicontext Sitting Time Questionnaire and Paffenbarger physical activity questionnaire were administered. Results Weight-loss maintainers versus controls spent 3 hours less per day sitting during the week (10.9 vs. 13.9; η p 2 = 0.039; P = 0.0001) and weekends (9.7 vs. 12.6; η p 2 = 0.038). Weight-loss maintainers versus controls spent 1 hour less per day in non-work-related sitting using a computer or video games during the week (1.4 vs. 2.3; η p 2 = 0.03; P = 0.0001) and weekends (1.5 vs. 2.5; η p 2 = 0.03; P = 0.0001). Weight-loss maintainers versus controls had similar numbers of sedentary-promoting devices (15.8 vs. 14.8) and expended significantly more calories per week in physical activity (1,835 vs. 785; η p 2 = 0.036; P = 0.0001). Conclusions Weight-loss maintainers reported less time sitting than weight-stable individuals with obesity. Future research should test the efficacy of targeting sitting time to help promote long-term weight-loss maintenance.
Predicting a reliable stock for mid and long term investment

Abstract For a regular investor, it is necessary to identify the stocks with the strong fundamentals that yield good returns. An individual can check few such stocks manually but cannot do so for whole of the stock market listing. Thus, it is desirable to devise a mechanism that is able to assess the intrinsic health of the stock, across the whole of stock market scenario, in an automated manner and provide credible advice(s). The proposed work is an effort in this direction wherein on the basis of expert advice; a regression based supervised learning model has been created using feature extraction from the raw data. The regressive output of the learning model provides a stock health index that has been classified into fuzzy sets. A fuzzy rule base was created that generates the requisite advice on the basis of stock health index. The paper concludes with the identification of some fundamentally good stocks and validates the results through their quantified performance.
Extra-Curricular Undergraduate Student Field Trips

Student field trips have a venerable history in business education that dates to early days of business schools. This essay shares the experience of a senior faculty member who has been a long-time advisor to his department’s undergraduate Economics Club. The “how-tos” of setting up, funding and executing meaningful field trips are presented. Networking with the school’s alumni base—especially those alumni who were former students of the faculty member—can be a key to success. Four examples of field trips ranging from afternoon trips to week long spring break excursions are described.
Hydrogen Retention in Lithium and Lithium Compounds

Lithium (Li) conditioning of plasma facing components (PFCs) in magnetic fusion devices has improved plasma performance and lowered hydrogen (H) recycling partially due to the efficiency of Li in binding H isotopes. In current fusion experiments [1], the presence of impurities inevitably creates Li-O and Li-C-O compounds. Unraveling the fundamental mechanisms for H retention, its post-exposure time dependence, and sputtering for these Li compounds is crucial for the application of Li as a PFC.
Maximization of the size of monic orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle corresponding to the measures in the Steklov class

We investigate the size of monic, orthogonal polynomials defined on the unit circle corresponding to a finite positive measure. We find an upper bound for the L∞ growth of these polynomials. Then we show, by example, that this upper bound can be achieved. Throughout these proofs, we use a method developed by Rahmanov to compute the polynomials in question. Finally, we find an explicit formula for a subsequence of the Verblunsky coefficients of the polynomials.