cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Temperature on Orthophosphate Absorption by Excised Corn Roots

The uptake of orthophosphate (32P) by excised corn roots, Zea mays L. was studied using roots grown on 0.2 mm CaSO4. Nine concentrations of KH2PO4 from 1 to 256 μm were used at temperatures of 20°, 30°, and 40°. Enzyme kinetic analysis was applied to the data obtained. Two apparent mechanisms (sites) of phosphate uptake were observed, 1 dominating at high P concentrations and 1 at low P concentrations. A Km of 1.36 × 10−4 and a Vmax of 177 × 10−9 moles per gram of roots per hour at 30° was calculated for the mechanism dominating at high P concentrations. Similar calculations gave a Km of 6.09 × 10−6 and a Vmax of 162 × 10−9 moles per gram of roots per hour at 30° for the mechanism dominating at low P concentrations. The Q10 for both mechanisms was approximately 2. Calculation of thermodynamic values from the data gave ΔF of − 5200 cal, ΔH of − 950 to − 1400 cal, and a enthalpy of activation (A) of 10,300 to 13,800 cal per mole for the mechanism dominating at high P concentrations. Similar calculations from the data for the mechanism dominating at low P concentrations gave a ΔF of − 7300 cal, ΔH of − 10,700 to − 8200 cal, and a A of 9300 to 18,900 cal per mole. If the dual mechanism interpretation of this kind of data adequately describes this system, then both mechanisms of P absorption by corn roots involve chemical reactions.
Stacking sequence changes in topologically close-packed phases

Abstract We demonstrate that the seemingly complex stacking sequence changes observed in topologically close-packed phases can be interpreted in terms of the ground state phases derived from a simple one-dimensional stacking model involving only a few interplanar interactions. We also show that the energetics of creating various possible stacking defects in such phases can be assessed from this model.
Raman amplification of matter waves

We demonstrate a Raman amplifier for matter waves, where the amplified atoms and the gain medium are in two different hyperfine states. This amplifier is based on a form of superradiance that arises from self-stimulated Raman scattering in a Bose-Einstein condensate.
Reactive scheduling using parametric programming

To address the various disruptive events that occur during process operations, reactive scheduling is commonly used. However, a major limitation of the existing reactive scheduling techniques is the response time, which might cause significant delay while the generation of a new schedule takes place. In this article, a novel approach is proposed to improve the efficiency of reactive scheduling and to avoid the resolution of a complex optimization problem when uncertain event occurs during the scheduling period. In the proposed method, reactive schedule is obtained from the solution of multiparametric programming problem, which is solved ahead of time and covers all possible outcomes of future uncertainty. The multiparametric programming problem is derived from a new reactive scheduling formulation, which integrates disruptive events (rush order and machine breakdown) as uncertain parameters in the process modeling. Several examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 54: 2610–2623, 2008
Isomorphic hamiltonian of a polyatomic system oscillating near a collinear reaction surface

Abstract The quantum mechanical isomorphic Hamiltonian of an N -atom system simulated by a linear semirigtd model is derived. Use of an extraneous angle allows one to avoid singularities in linear configurations, still taking advantage of the standard angular momentum technique.
Phaeomycotic cysts caused by Phoma species

Phoma species are primarily phytopathogens which have been reported to sporadically cause human disease. We report a patient with phaeohyphomycotic cysts caused by Phoma species, which were initially mistaken for ganglions.
SIRTF and NASA's origins program

Abstract This short paper summarizes the plans for NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) mission and provides a brief overview of NASA's Origins program. SIRTF is a key element of the Origins program, which is a scientific initiative aimed at understanding the origins of galaxies, stars, planets, and - ultimately - of life.
Optics of Light-Scattering Films. Study of Effects of Pigment Size and Concentration

Optimization of enamel formulations to achieve desired optical film properties at minimum cost is a subject which has received considerable attention and made but little progress in the paint industry. Inquiries have not progressed as far as might be expected because of the cost of the extensive and precise laboratory work required presently. An extension of theory to practice was undertaken in this work. When thoroughly investigated, the new concepts developed should permit computation of film optics rapidly and with low investment.In beginning the project, suitably reproducible laboratory techniques were developed and their precisions were estimated. It was then determined that pigment size distribution, pigment concentration, and distribution of wavelength of light interact to produce situations that have apparently not previously been recognized. Magnitudes of these effects are reported for a system of anatase-pigmented alkyd enamels, and the exploratory experimental procedures are outlined. Further work along these lines is encouraged, since the mathematical functions involved have not yet been completely defined for the general case.
Thermal Modeling of Spray Cooling: Gravitational Effect on Droplet and Bubble Dynamics

As the need for thermal management of high-power density electronic systems on space-based platforms (i.e., laser diode arrays, multichip modules, etc.) grows, interest in spray cooling as a thermal management solution is also increasing. The present study investigates numerically the effects of microgravity and macrogravity on spray cooling heat transfer as well as the effect of droplet impact on vapor bubble growth and development in a liquid film at the heater surface. A two-dimensional, multiphase flow computer model has been developed that includes the effects of surface tension, viscosity, phase change, and gravity. The liquid-vapor interface is modeled using the level set method. Initially, vapor bubble growth is simulated as pool boiling in the film's macroregion (1 to 10 mm normal to the heated wall) for purposes of model verification. Then, bubble merger in a thin film is simulated under microgravity and macrogravity conditions. Finally, droplet impingement is included in the thin-film model, and gravitational effects on the transport properties are discussed. For the thin-film bubble merger and droplet impingement simulation studies, the liquid film adjacent to the heated wall has been approximated as 70 μm thick. Wall heat transfer during droplet impingement was computed in terms of the nondimensional Nusselt number for gravitational constants ranging from 0.0001 to 2g. Computed Nusselt number versus time is presented and explained using spatial velocity vector diagrams for each simulation case. All of the computational studies were performed using FC-72 as the simulated fluid.
Assessing Psychological Characteristics at a Distance: Symposium Lessons and Future Research Directions

The symposium papers show that differences in sources and context clearly matter in the "at-a-distance" assessment ofa leader's psychological characteristics. The stability ofboth cognitive and personality attributes decreases as observations focus on shorter time frames, more specific policy domains, and private rather than public arenas. Despite these qualifications on the use of texts to profile individual leaders, the indices of social cognition and personality do discriminate individual differences between leaders. Because the results reveal significant differences in assessing individual leaders over time with multiple sources and at different levels of analysis, it becomes more worthwhile to investigate research questions that would be moot in the absence of important source, context, or aggregation effects. With the use of automated content analysis and greater access to datafrom electronic sources, it is now easier to carry out quantitative content analyses of psychological characteristics and to confirm or qualify the insights generated in this symposium.
Hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in children with sickle cell anemia

Blood oxygenation level- dependent (BOLD) and cerebral blood flow (CBF)-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were used to measure primary visual cortex responses to photic stimulation in 23 children (12.4 ± 0.7 years old) with sickle cell anemia (SCA) and 21 clinical controls (11 ± 1.0 years old). The objectives were to investigate the effect of SCA on detection of brain activation with fMRI and to explore the relationship between fMRI responses and global cognitive function. The BOLD responses were diminished in children with SCA. Clinical indicators of disease severity were greatest in patients without detectable visual cortex activation, but blood hemoglobin concentration and resting CBF were not predictive of BOLD signal amplitude in the SCA patients. Unexpectedly, the BOLD signal amplitude was positively associated (rs≥0.8, p≤0.05) with Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence scores, suggesting that fMRI may help clarify medical, hemodynamic, and neural factors that mediate adverse effects of SCA on neurocognitive function.
Obesity and capsular incision at the time of open retropubic radical prostatectomy.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The goal of radical prostatectomy (RP) is complete removal of the intact prostate. Obese men can represent a technical challenge. However, to our knowledge objective data linking obesity with technically inferior surgery are lacking. Therefore, we examined the association between body mass index (BMI) and capsular incision at RP as a surrogate of a poor technical operation in men treated for prostate cancer by several high volume surgeons at a center of excellence. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 7,027 men treated with anatomical retropubic RP between 1996 and 2004 by 7 high volume surgeons. We evaluated the association between BMI and capsular incision using logistic regression, adjusting for clinical and pathological variables, and for the surgeon. Results: Overall capsular incision was noted in 4.6% of all RP specimens. After adjustment for preoperative prostate specific antigen, patient race, height, year of surgery, clinical stage, pathological Gleason sum, prostate weight, extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion increased BMI was associated with increased odds of capsular incision (p trend = 0.005). After further adjustment for surgeon mild obesity was associated with 30% increased odds of capsular incision (OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.83), while moderate and severe obesity was associated with 57% increased odds of capsular incision (OR 1.57, 95% CI 0.82 to 3.00) relative to normal weight men (p trend = 0.06). Conclusions: In a study of more than 7,000 men treated by 7 experienced surgeons BMI was positively related to capsular incision. This suggests that open retropubic RP is technically more difficult in obese men, which results in a greater likelihood of a less than technically ideal operation. Although this may be predicted to have a negative impact on disease-free survival outcomes in obese men, it is unlikely to alone explain the worse outcomes in obese men noted in previous RP series.
Exchange rate determination and asset prices in a stochastic small open economy

Abstract This paper constructs a stochastic general equilibrium model of a small open economy consisting of risk-averse optimizing agents. The stochastic processes describing the rate of monetary growth, government expenditure, private production, and the foreign price level are taken to be exogenous, determining all asset risks and returns, and the equilibrium stochastic process describing the domestic inflation rate and the exchange rate. The model is used to examine the effects of the means and variances of policy shocks on the equilibrium and the determinants of the foreign exchange risk premium.
RNA enzymes: Putting together a large ribozyme

The crystal structure of a 160-nucleotide domain of a ribozyme provides the first detailed view of an RNA large enough to show side-by-side packing of helices. Several new structural motifs are found: ribose zippers, adenosine platforms and a tetraloop receptor.
On the use of thiol-modifying agents to determine channel topology.

Abstract A powerful tool in the study of cloned ion channels is the combined use of site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification. Site-directed mutagenesis is used to introduce new cysteine residues at specific positions in a channel protein, and chemical modification by thiol-specific reagents is then used to assess the exposure of the introduced cysteines. This method has been used to assess secondary structure, membrane topology and conformational changes. We report that one commonly used, charged reagent (MTSEA; aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate) can cross the membrane quite readily. We also find that other reagents that are quite membrane-impermeant can cross the membrane when patches are electrically leaky. Both of these undesired effects can be controlled by the use of a thiol scavenger. These findings argue for caution in the use of modifying reagents to determine the membrane topology of channels and other membrane proteins. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Protein folding from a combinatorial perspective

Combinatorial mutagenesis experiments show the existence of many different solutions to the problem of complementary packing of non-polar sidechains in the protein core. They suggest that a significant amount of structural information is carried by the simple pattern of polar and non-polar residues along the polypeptide chain, indicate that the formation of buried polar interactions may be a fundamentally slow step in protein folding and show that proteins with many native properties occur at reasonable frequencies in random sequence libraries.
Ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) studies of morphological trends in high energy milled NaAlH4 powders

Abstract Transition metal dopants added to complex metal hydrides, specifically to sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH 4 ), by high energy ball milling enhances dehydrogenation kinetics and induces dehydrogenation reaction reversibility. This study uses the power-law scattering parameter, p , gained from ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) data to elucidate differences in NaAlH 4 particle morphology as dopant type and mill time is varied. Four dopant types were used. Two dopant types were used to represent the best kinetic enhancements having high desorption rates (e.g. TiCl 2 , TiCl 3 ) and were compared with two dopant types which do not perform as well (e.g. ZrCl 3 and VCl 3 ). USAXS data for the doped hydrides were compared with undoped and milled NaAlH 4 powders. Mill times used were 0 min (blended), 1, 5, and 25 min. As indicated by the USAXS power-law scattering data, the undoped NaAlH 4 powders are comprised of primary particles each having a high surface area. The high particle surface area in the undoped NaAlH 4 particle system persists as mill time increases—with only the 25 min sample undergoing a marked a decrease in primary particle surface area. Alternatively, the doped powders milled for 1, 5, and 25 min show uniformly decreasing hydride particle surface area. These decreases in particle surface area may be explained by either the colloidal particles increasing in surface smoothness or decreasing internal void space. TiCl 3 -doped NaAlH 4 powders show the trend of maintaining particles having a morphology comprised of higher particle surface area during the high energy milling stage of powder processing compared with other dopants.
Mystery to mastery: the CSU Information Competence Project

Abstract This paper highlights major aspects of the California State University (CSU) Information Competence Project which were demonstrated at the ACRL President's Program Showcase of Ideas. Efforts to infuse information competence into the curriculum and to develop interactive instructional materials to facilitate the teaching and learning of information skills will be described. The background and context of the project will be reviewed and the three major project components presented at the Showcase will be discussed.
A phase II study of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in metastatic or locally advanced, unresectable breast cancer

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an attractive target for breast cancer treatment, as it is required for the proper folding and stabilization of several proteins known to be involved in breast cancer growth and development. These proteins include the epidermal growth factor receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and src. 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) is an intravenous Hsp90 inhibitor in development for breast cancer treatment. We conducted a phase II study of 17-AAG 220 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 every 21 days in patients with metastatic and locally advanced breast cancer. Since we expected the molecular effects of Hsp90 inhibition to extend beyond just ER, PR, and HER2 down regulation and to impact a variety of other cellular proteins, patients were not selected based on ER, PR, or HER2 status. Eleven patients, including 6 patients with triple negative breast cancer, were enrolled and treated. There were no responses and 3 patients had stable disease as their best response. Five patients developed grade 3/4 toxicities, which were primarily hepatic and pulmonary. Based on these results, we do not recommend further study of 17-AAG at this dosing schedule or in unselected breast cancer patients.
The approach to individualized prediction of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection persistence/clearance in HIV-1-positive adolescent girls based on dynamics of CD4+ counts, viral load, and HAART

The approach to individualized prediction of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection persistence/clearance in HIV-1-positive adolescent girls based on dynamics of CD4+ counts, viral load, and HAART Julia Kravchenko, Staci Sudenga, Igor Akushevich, Craig M Wilson, Sadeep Shrestha From 12 International Conference on Malignancies in AIDS and Other Acquired Immunodeficiencies (ICMAOI) Bethesda, MD, USA. 26-27 April, 2010
Relation of glomerular neuronal activity to glomerular transmission attenuation

Abstract Paired shock electrical stimulation of the primary olfactory nerve (PON) has revealed long-lasting attenuation of subsequent input through the PON by an afferent volley. Input through the LOT does not induce the process and is unaffected by it. The attenuation rises to a peak at paired shock intervals of 25–50 msec and decays exponentially at a rate ranging from less than 3/sec to over 20/se. The magnitude and decay rate increase with increasing stimulus intensity and are extrapolated to zero at threshold. The spatial distribution of the process approximates that of unit activity induced in the glomerular layer by PON axon terminals. Evoked unit activity in the glomerular layer is maximal during the rising phase of the attenuation process, but the decay rate of induced firing probability of glomerular units as shown in PST histograms in an order of magnitude faster than that for the attenuation process. The attenuation process resembles a running time-integral of the intensity of glomerular unit activity. The clearest electrical correlate of the process is localized, long-lasting intraglomerular depolarization (reported by others). It is concluded that glomerular neurons probably participate in the process but not by direct synaptic action. The attenuation appears to occur as a side-effect of synaptic transmission, which is accentuated by the structure of the glomeruli, particularly the glial capsules. Its main function is inferred to be generalized automatic input control similar to the process subserving light adaptation in the retina, but with faster recovery.
"You know" as an information status enhancing device: Arguments from grammar and interaction

This article addresses the usage of "you know" in naturally occurring interactional data from a functional-linguistic and conversationanalytic perspective. We suggest that "you know" is more than a lexical choice made by the speaker to express his/her unilateral communicative desires. It is a locally occasioned, emergent resource that both the speaker and the hearer draw upon to jointly structure information and to structure interaction. Our study differs from previous research in that we emphasize the importance of lexico-grammatical contexts and topical and conversational-sequential environments in which "you know" is used. Specifically, we argue that participants use "you know" to enhance the status of information in terms of saliency, importance, and newness, which in turn structures interactional participation in specific ways.
An Examination of Overlap Between Reading Curricula and Standardized Achievement Tests

The overlap between reading subtests of four individual achievement tests and five basal reading curricula was examined. Raw scores, grade equivalents, percentiles, and standard scores were reported that would be obtained if all words appearing in each grade level of the curriculum were mastered. Results showed that little overlap exists between what is taught and what is tested. Additionally, the degree of overlap varied considerably across tests and curricula. Implications for interpretation of individual standardized achievement test results were discussed.
SarA Represses agr Operon Expression in a Purified In Vitro Staphylococcus aureus Transcription System

Mutation and genetic complementation studies suggested that two chromosomal loci, agr and sar, are involved in the upregulation of several exotoxin genes and the downregulation of a number of surface protein genes in a growth phase-dependent manner in Staphylococcus aureus. We purified recombinant T7-tagged SarA from Escherichia coli and determined its effect on transcription from several S. aureus promoters by using purified RNA polymerase reconstituted with either sigma(A) or sigma(B) from S. aureus. Of the seven sigma(A)-dependent promoters that we tested, SarA repressed transcription from agrP2, agrP3, cna, sarP1, and sea promoters and did not affect sec and znt promoters. Furthermore, SarA had no effect on transcription from the sigma(B)-dependent sarP3 promoter. In vitro experimental data presented in this report suggest that SarA expression is autoregulated.
Mechanisms involved in the development of tolerance to DFP toxicity.

Rats treated daily with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) (0.5 mg/kg, sc), an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, exhibited the symptoms of cholinergic hyperactivity between Days 3 and 5 similar to those observed 15 min after a single acute dosage (1.5 mg/kg, sc). A significant (p 80%) occurred in muscles and in brain regions and of aliesterases in liver (>92%) at this time. Further administration of DFP (0.5 mg/kg, for 7–14 days) led to behavioral tolerance, where symptoms of toxicity disappeared such as muscle fasciculations, tremors, and muscle necrosis. The activity of aliesterases in liver and AChE in muscles significantly (p < 0.01) recovered, while no such recovery was seen in brain AChE. DFP toxicity was potentiated in rats that were pretreated with BuChE inhibitors, such as iso-OMPA (3 mg/kg, sc) or mipafox (0.05 mg/kg, sc), 30 min prior to DFP (0.5 mg/kg, sc). The severity of cholinergic hyperactivity and inhibition of aliesterase in liver, AChE and BuChE activity in brain and muscles was greater when compared to the effects of DFP alone. Both iso-OMPA and mipafox completely abolished the tolerance development to DFP, since no animal survived more than 5 days of combined treatment. The observed adaptation to DFP toxicity appears to be due to recovery of aliesterase, BuChE, and AChE activity as well as decreased nicotinic binding sites at the neuromuscular junction, as previously reported.
Phorbol ester markedly increases the sensitivity of intestinal epithelial cells to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

We have used a clonal intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-18) to study the mechanism of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) in vitro. 1,25(OH)2D (10−7 M) elevated by over 10-fold the mRNA levels for the cytochrome P450 component (P450cc24) of the 1,25(OH)2D-24-hydroxylase. Increased P450cc24 mRNA levels were detectable at 6 h and peaked at 36 h. Below a concentration of 10−7 M, 1,25(OH)2D had almost no effect. However, addition of phorbol ester for 2 h made the intestine responsive to 1,25(OH)2D concentrations as low as 10−9 M.
Auxin at the Evo-Devo Intersection

“Alles ist Blatt.” With this simple but profound assertion (“All is leaf ”), Johann Wolfgang von Goethe launched the modern age of comparative biology ( 1 – 3 ). By articulating the concept that plants can be broken down into modular and iterative variants of an archetypal structure (the leaf, in the form of bud scales, spines, petals, stamens and so forth), Goethe propelled the analysis of plant and animal structure ( 4 ) for the next two centuries and beyond. The idea that variant forms of a basic organ “type” are homologous (morphologically equivalent) within an organism and between organisms has emerged as a central conceptual (and testable) framework in the burgeoning field of comparative molecular analyses of development. On page 1684 of this issue, a study by Pagnussat et al. ( 5 ) brings together a remarkable set of experiments that bear on the developmental biology and modular construction of the microscopic egg-producing structure (female gametophyte or embryo sac) buried deep within a flowering plant's reproductive tissues. The findings have great importance for understanding and further examining the evolutionary developmental history of flowering plants.
Enolase isozymes in Coho salmon.

Abstract 1. 1. Analysis of the enolase isozymic distribution has been performed in tissues of the Coho salmon, using electrophoretic separation on cellulose acetate strips followed by localization of enzymatic activity. 2. 2. A total of six electrophoretically distinct forms are seen in Coho salmon in patterns that differ both qualitatively and quantitatively from one tissue to another. 3. 3. The isozymes in skeletal muscle and liver are sufficiently similar to one another that a purification procedure previously developed for trout muscle enolase by Cory & Wold (1966) can be used to partially purify enolase from either of the above-mentioned Coho tissues. The main form of enolase in Coho muscle has an isoelectric point of 7.57. 4. 4. Both liver and skeletal muscle enolases can be reversibly denatured in guanidine HCl and subsequently renatured. Liver enolase appeared to renature somewhat faster than muscle enolase under the same conditions. 5. 5. While polyploidy among salmonids may contribute to the complexity of enolase patterns in fish, the differences in isozymic patterns seen from one tissue to another indicate the presence of distinct, nonallelic genes, probably arising through gene duplication.
Variational chemical data assimilation with approximate adjoints

Data assimilation obtains improved estimates of the state of a physical system by combining imperfect model results with sparse and noisy observations of reality. In the four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) framework, data assimilation is formulated as an optimization problem, which is solved using gradient-based optimization methods. The 4D-Var gradient is obtained by forcing the adjoint model with observation increments. The construction of the adjoint model requires considerable development effort. Moreover, the computation time associated with the adjoint model is significant (typically, a multiple of the time needed to run the forward model). In this paper we investigate the use of approximate gradients in variational data assimilation. The approximate gradients need to be sufficiently accurate to ensure that the numerical optimization algorithm makes progress toward the maximum likelihood solution. The approximate gradients are obtained through simplified adjoint models; this decreases the adjoint development effort, and reduces the CPU time and the storage requirements associated with the computation of the 4D-Var gradient. The resulting approach, named quasi-4D-Var (Q4D-Var), is illustrated on a global chemical data assimilation problem using satellite observations and the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model.
High-Order Total Variation-Based Image Restoration

The total variation (TV) denoising method is a PDE-based technique that preserves edges well but has the sometimes undesirable staircase effect, namely, the transformation of smooth regions ( ramps) into piecewise constant regions ( stairs). In this paper we present an improved model, constructed by adding a nonlinear fourth order diffusive term to the Euler--Lagrange equations of the variational TV model. Our technique substantially reduces the staircase effect, while preserving sharp jump discontinuities (edges). We show numerical evidence of the power of resolution of this novel model with respect to the TV model in some 1D and 2D numerical examples.
Mie scattering measurements of probability density functions in compressible mixing layers

Planar Mie scattering visualizations in compressible mixing layers are used to compute the probability density function of a passive scalar. Mixing layer flows with relative Mach numbers of 0.63 and 1.49 are studied. Ethanol condensation is used to generate both scalar transport seeding and product formation seeding. All PDFs exhibit a marching behavior. The condensation process in the product formation seeding is modeled to provide an estimate of the error embedded in the scalar transport PDFs. The mixing efficiency is found to be 0.56 in the product formation experiments, and the overprediction of mixing efficiency by the scalar PDFs is estimated to be 11% based on results from the ethanol condensation model.
Fault alignment exclusion for memory using address permutation

A significant improvement in memory fault tolerance, beyond what is already provided by the use of an appropriate error-correcting code (ECC), can be achieved by electronic chip swapping, without any compromise of data integrity as large numbers of faults are allowed to accumulate. Since most large and medium-sized semiconductor memories are organized so that each bit position of the system word (ECC codeword) is fed from a different chip, and quite often from a different array card, or at least from distinct partitions of an array card, the various bit positions have separate address circuitry on the array cards. This fact is important, and can be exploited to provide effective address permutation capability, which allows the realignment of faults which would otherwise have caused an uncorrectable multiple error in an ECC codeword. When faults occur in a codeword to produce an uncorrectable error (UE), the addressing within one of the error bit position array cards can be altered using simple EX-OR circuitry and storage latches. The content of the latches is computed using a fault map of the memory together with an algorithm. These techniques are referred to as Fault Alignment Exclusion (FAE) using address permutation. Practical considerations as to the complexity of the fault map, the number of storage latches per bit position, and the overall effectiveness of the permutation to disperse the expected numbers of errors are presented in this paper.
Diagnosis and management of progressive supranuclear palsy

SUMMARY Progressive supranuclear palsy is one of the rare ‘atypical parkinsonian’ disorders. It is distinguished by its disproportionate postural instability and multiple supranuclear gaze defects emphasizing downgaze limitation. Frontal dementia, bradykinesia, greater rigidity in axial compared with limb muscles, dysarthria and dysphagia also produce major disability, with death after an average of 7 years post-onset. Focal midbrain atrophy, basal ganglia gliosis and iron deposition on MRI assist diagnosis, but present formal diagnostic criteria rely on the history and physical examination of the patient. Experimental biomarkers utilizing cerebrospinal fluid, tau and novel imaging techniques are promising but remain unproven. Unlike Parkinson’s disease, supranuclear palsy usually responds poorly to dopaminergic medication. However, a trial of up to 1200 mg of levodopa per day (with carbidopa) is justified in patients with rigidity and bradykinesia. Amantadine and coenzyme Q-10 may also provide minor symp...
Cognition and Evolution: Learning and the Evolution of Sex Traits

The evolution of gender characteristics is an outcome of mate choice, which has been assumed to be genetically mediated. Recent research suggests that learning also has a role to play as an agent of sexual selection.
Ethical and logical analysis as human sciences

Almost two years ago, Richard Zaner addressed an evening session of the Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences meet? ing on the topic of his activities as an "ethicist" on the faculty of a medical school. Afterwards, he joined a group of sociologists and philosophers who had been among his audience for a discus? sion which lasted well into the night. In my mind, perhaps the most memorable theme from that long and lively session was the debate as to just what Zaner was doing as he ran around the hospi? tal in a white coat (literal) with at least a figurative copy of The Way of Phenomenology tucked into his pocket. Some proposed that he was doing Ethnomethodology; others, Medical Ethics; others, Counseling. My own proposal was that he was doing Critical Thinking, and doing that from an unusual basis phe? nomenology ? rather than from its usual basis, which is Formal Logic. Furthermore, I suggested that the skepticism which greeted my proposal might be occasioned by our conventional categoriza? tion of Critical Thinking as a branch or derivative of Logic, and thus as part of the Formal Sciences. Zaner's approach from phe? nomenology, however, places Critical Thinking among the Human Sciences. Since this is a rather unconventional categorization, I realized that I would have to make a case for it, as a precondi? tion to gaining a hearing for my original proposal. We now have Zaner's talk in pubUshed form (1984); thus, the discussion instigated by his discourse can be renewed on the basis of the text and with a larger audience. In Section 2, I begin by
‘Priestesses’, Playboy, and the Prehistory of Feminist Scholarship in Christianity and Crisis Magazine, 1945–1965

This is a case study of how feminist discourse emerged in a key part of the U.S. Protestant academy, It analyzes how Christianity and Crisis, a leading Protestant journal of opinion, addressed gender and sexuality fron the 1940s to the mid-1960s. It relates this discussion to CC defense of the bourgeois family against perceived challenges, and controversies about sexual representation in the media. Although C&C's overt attention to gender and its sympathy with feminism were limited, its self-image was based or supporting underdogs against unjust forms of power. As C&C embraced 'contextual' approaches in the 1960s and debated sexual ethics, it began to conceptualize 'contexts' partly in terms of gender systems. All this was pre-feminist, but was in the background when feminism began to force itself on C&C during the late 1960s from inside and outside its core constituencies. It meant that C&C was relatively well prepared (compared with most journals of its kind) to incorporate female personnel, define 'contexts' from the standpoint of previously neglected female underdogs, and begin rethinking gender and sexuality.
Types of Lipid Clustering in Phospholipid Membranes as Classified by Nearest-Neighbor Recognition Analysis

The nearest-neighbor recognition method is applied to the problem of phospholipid clustering in bilayers composed of di[1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanol(3‘-thio)propionamide] (I), di[1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanol(3‘-thio)propionamide] (II), and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanol(3‘-thio)propionamide−1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanol(3‘-thio)propionamide (III). The value and the composition dependency of the apparent equilibrium constant, K, defined by the equilibrium concentrations of homodimers (I and II) and the corresponding heterodimer (III), allow one to distinguish among three fundamentally different classes of clustering: (i) random clustering, (ii) cooperative clustering, and (iii) nonrandom−noncooperative clustering. Experimental results indicate that random clustering of these phospholipids is pervasive in fluid bilayers, whereas cooperative clustering exists in the gel−fluid coexistence region. In the physiologically relevant fluid phase, these same li...
Importance of initial ionospheric conductivity on substorm onset

Abstract A substorm after a prolonged quiet period may differ from the typical one, as reported recently by Pellinen et al . (1982). The present knowledge on imperfect coupling between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere can explain qualitatively such a difference in terms of the role played by the initial conductivity of the ionosphere on substorm onset.
First principles simulations of the electrochemical lithiation and delithiation of faceted crystalline silicon

Silicon is of significant interest as a next-generation anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its extremely high capacity. The reaction of lithium with crystalline silicon is known to present a rich range of phenomena, including electrochemical solid state amorphization, crystallization at full lithiation of a Li(15)Si(4) phase, hysteresis in the first lithiation-delithiation cycle, and highly anisotropic lithiation in crystalline samples. Very little is known about these processes at an atomistic level, however. To provide fundamental insights into these issues, we develop and apply a first principles, history-dependent, lithium insertion and removal algorithm to model the process of lithiation and subsequent delithiation of crystalline Si. The simulations give a realistic atomistic picture of lithiation demonstrating, for the first time, the amorphization process and hinting at the formation of the Li(15)Si(4) phase. Voltages obtained from the simulations show that lithiation of the (110) surface is thermodynamically more favorable than lithiation of the (100) or (111) surfaces, providing an explanation for the drastic lithiation anisotropy seen in experiments on Si micro- and nanostructures. Analysis of the delithiation and relithiation processes also provides insights into the underlying physics of the lithiation-delithiation hysteresis, thus providing firm conceptual foundations for future design of improved Si-based anodes for Li ion battery applications.
Theory of Friction between Neutral Polymer Brushes

A type of static friction between two polymer brush coated surfaces resulting from fluctuations from mean-field theory is found, but with creeplike motion for forces below the force of static frict...
High-Quality Fe and γ-Fe2O3 Magnetic Thin Films from an Epoxide-Catalyzed Sol−Gel Process

High-quality amorphous Fe3+ oxide/hydroxide thin films were fabricated through an epoxide-catalyzed sol−gel process in which hexaaquo Fe3+ salts were condensed in an alcoholic medium with propylene oxide. After addition of the propylene oxide, but prior to gelation, the solution was spin-coated onto quartz disks. The Fe3+ oxide/hydroxide films that formed were extremely uniform and homogeneous with a film thickness of ∼0.1 μm. Processing of these films under either oxidizing or reducing conditions allows them to be converted into magnetic iron or iron oxide phases. Calcination under an inert atmosphere at 600 °C cleanly converts the Fe3+ oxide/hydroxide gel to hematite (α-Fe2O3), while reduction of either the Fe3+ gel films directly or the hematite films in a dilute H2 flow produces metallic iron. The iron films produced from either of these methods are characterized by a distribution of submicrometer particles on the surface. The metallic iron particles can ultimately be converted to well-formed maghemit...
What's So Good About Problem-Based Learning?

In a systematically designed and controlled experiment conducted in a naturalistic instructional setting, we examined adult students' learning of two concepts. Two intact classes taught by the same instructor were assigned to 1 of 2 conditions. In 1 class, instruction was problem based for 1 concept. For a second concept, lecture/discussion was the exclusive method. In the other class, matching of concept and method (problem based or lecture/discussion) was reversed. Two forms of assessment of learning occurred 6 and 12 weeks following instruction. At the initial assessment, the lecture/discussion group showed superior learning for 1 concept and the groups performed equivalently for the other concept. At the later assessment, however, the 2 groups showed equivalent ability to access each of the concepts, but each group showed superior explanation of the concept for which they had experienced problem-based learning. Results support the hypothesis of integration of new information with existing knowledge st...
Impact of arterial remodeling on high sensitive C-reactive protein after a DES implantation

The inflammatory response after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent between coronary lesions with positive (PR) and negative remodeling (NR) might be different. In 68 patients, the changes of the hs-CRP from baseline to 24 h after PCI and the intimal hyperplasia (IH) volume at follow up were significantly higher in the PR. A positive correlation was noted between the changes of the hs-CRP from baseline to each stage (24 h and 72 h) and the IH volume. This prospective study showed that an increased IH in lesions with PR after PCI might be associated with an increased inflammatory response.
Gas-liquid chromatography of N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters of amino acids

Abstract The N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters of the protein amino acids have been separated by gas-liquid chromatography using a single column of 3% SE-30 on Gas-Chrom Q. The separation is superior to that of previous single-column methods and is particularly suitable for the analysis of plant seed proteins. The method is also applicable to glycoproteins.
Studies of the hemopoietic microenvironment. VIII andrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the murine spleen

Neurohistochemical techniques were used to confirm morphologically the distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves to the splenic microvasculature. The results form the basis of this report. Using these methods, adrenergic innervation was observed only in the adventitia of arteries and arterioles. No cholinergic innervation was found in this site. No adrenergic or cholinergic innervation could be demonstrated to the channels of the red pulp, venules or veins. These data provided morphological evidence that in the murine spleen only splenic arteries and arterioles are innervated; and these have only an adrenergic innervation.
A laser fluorescence study of the IBr B′0+-X1Σ+ system

Abstract Four fluorescence progression of the B′0+-X1Σ+ band system of IBr81 excited by a single-mode cw dye-laser have been observed and analyzed. The IBr79 data has been reanalyzed incorporating the accurate microwave data of Tiemann and Moller. Relative fluorescence intensity measurements have been made in the (20,1) band of the B′-X system of IBr79 and compared with linewidths calculated by Child using a quantitative description of the predissociation of the B′0+ state.
Concerns Over Participant Suicides Prematurely Abort a Clinical Trial of Potentially Significant Impact on Public Health: How Will We Make Progress in Timid Times?

Obesity, among the most common “preventable” causes of morbidity and premature mortality in developed societies, fundamentally arises from a mismatch between calories consumed (ie, feeding behavior, which in the rich world occurs in the setting of essentially unlimited availability of high-calorie foods) and calories expended (largely a function of how much or little a person uses weight-bearing musculature [ie, exercise behavior]). Thus, it is useful to view obesity and its adverse cardiovascular sequelae as behavioral disorders. The psychopharmacology of obesity is an important topic from the point of view of pharmacologic treatments aimed at influencing feeding behavior [1], as well as the myriad antipsychotic and antidepressant medications associated with changes in body weight [2, 3]. Antagonists at endocannabinoid type-1 receptors (CR1) have shown promise as potential anorexic agents useful in managing obesity. The current report, documenting the abrupt cessation by the sponsor of a large, multinational trial of the CR1 antagonist rimonabant for prevention of cardiovascular sequelae of obesity, is important to the field of psychiatry from a variety of perspectives and raises troubling questions about the willingness of our leaders to take reasoned risks in the service of public health.
Syncope with exertional dyspnea.

*Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, †Harvard Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, and ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Reprint Address: Leon D. Sanchez, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, One Deaconess Road, West CC2, Boston, MA 02215
Dynamic redistribution of mitigation resources during influenza pandemics

Abstract The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has pointed out that the existing pandemic mitigation models lack the dynamic decision support capability. In this paper, we present a simulation optimization model to generate dynamic strategies for distribution of limited mitigation resources, such as vaccines and antivirals, over a network of regional outbreaks. The model has the capability to redistribute the resources remaining from previous allocations in response to changes in the pandemic progress. The model strives to minimize the impact of ongoing outbreaks and the expected impact of potential outbreaks, considering measures of morbidity, mortality, and social distancing, translated into the societal and economic costs of lost productivity and medical services. The model is implemented on a simulated H5N1 outbreak involving four counties in the state of Florida, U.S. with over four million inhabitants. The performance of our strategy is compared to that of a myopic distribution strategy. Sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the impact of variability of some critical factors on policy performance. The methodology is intended to support public health policy on effective distribution of limited mitigation resources.