cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing BGP instances in Maude

Analyzing Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) instances is a crucial step in the design and implementation of safe BGP systems. Today, the analysis is a manual and tedious process. Researchers study the instances by manually constructing execution sequences, hoping to either identify an oscillation or show that the instance is safe by exhaustively examining all possible sequences. We propose to automate the analysis by using Maude, a tool based on rewriting logic. We have developed a library specifying a generalized path vector protocol, and methods to instantiate the library with customized routing policies. Protocols can be analyzed automatically by Maude, once users provide specifications of the network topology and routing policies. Using our Maude library, protocols or policies can be easily specified and checked for problems. To validate our approach, we performed safety analysis of well-known BGP instances and actual routing configurations.
Accuracy of Deoxynucleotide Incorporation by Soybean Chloroplast DNA Polymerases Is Independent of the Presence of a 3[prime] to 5[prime] Exonuclease

DNA polymerase was purified from soybean (Glycine max) chloroplasts that were actively replicating DNA. The main form (form I) of the enzyme was associated with a low level of 3[prime] to 5[prime] exonuclease activity throughout purification, although the ratio of exonuclease to polymerase activity decreased with each successive purification step. A second form (form II) of DNA polymerase, which elutes from DEAE-cellulose at a higher salt concentration than form I, was devoid of any exonuclease activity. To assess the potential function of the 3[prime] to 5[prime] exonuclease in proofreading, the fidelity of deoxynucleotide incorporation was measured for form I DNA polymerase throughout purification. Despite the steadily decreasing ratio of 3[prime] to 5[prime] exonuclease to polymerase activity, the extent of misincorporation by form I enzyme remained unchanged during the final purification steps, suggesting that the exonuclease did not contribute to the accuracy of DNA synthesis by this polymerase. Fidelity of form I DNA polymerase, when compared with that of form II, revealed a higher level of misincorporation for form I enzyme, a finding that is consistent with the exonuclease playing little or no role in exonucleolytic proofreading.
Student Learning Outcomes for Biblical Studies in the Liberal Arts

What is the role of biblical studies in a liberal arts curriculum? At the 2009 North American Society of Biblical Literature conference, a panel of seven Bible scholars provided brief analyses and arguments about the appropriate goals of teaching biblical studies in undergraduate contexts in this historical moment. They consider and critique the notion of specific Student Learning Outcomes or Objectives (SLOs) for courses about the Bible. In the process they address questions such as: what is the relative importance of “coverage” (biblical literacy, disciplinary knowledge and methods, and the historical creation of the biblical texts) versus modern and historical reception and uses of these texts? In their contributions, the authors analyze ways that a biblical studies course can develop the critical reading and writing skills that are the hallmark of undergraduate education. Some authors find these skills furthered by not bracketing from study the normative truth claims in the texts and instead strategically and critically encouraging the identity work and religious seeking associated with religious uses of these texts. Others call attention to the institutional and classroom power dynamics which inform and are constituted by the current student learning outcomes movement.
Hispanic and African American Youth: Life after Foster Care Emancipation.

SUMMARY This exploratory, qualitative study of 28 (10 Hispanic and 18 African American) former foster care youth attempts to capture the essence of their quest for self-sufficiency. While research on former foster care youth continues to highlight the problems confronting them after they emancipate from care, the depth of their struggles is often lost in the aggregation of statistics. The numbers themselves often fail to capture the hardships, isolation, hope, and despair many of them may face as they attempt to adjust to life after foster care. Furthermore, existing research often regards emancipated youth as a homogeneous population. Interviews with these respondents of color were coded to determine the themes and stories they held. The themes emergent from these interviews were: the importance of people in the independent living programs; vagueness in recalling the content of the independent living programs; family conflict; housing instability; regrets, fears, and lessons learned; and future goals. Im...
The only solution to the decline in business ethics: Ethical managers

This paper defines business ethics as a seriesof behaviors that adhere to values held by theindividual manager, the manager's supervisorsand subordinates, general society and, mostimportantly, the manager's customers andclients. The concept of business ethics isexplored through several levels of businessorganizations and operating environments.
The relationship of arginine deprivation, argininosuccinate synthetase and cell death in melanoma.

It has been shown that melanoma cells do not express argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and therefore are unable to synthesize arginine from citrulline. Depleting arginine using pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) results in cell death in melanoma but not normal cells. This concept was translated into clinical trial and responses were seen. However, induction of ASS expression does occur which results in resistance to ADI -PEG20. We have used 4 melanoma cell lines to study factors which may govern ASS expression. Although these 4 melanoma cell lines do not express ASS protein or mRNA as detected by both immunoblot and northernblot analysis, ASS protein can be induced after these cells are grown in the presence of ADI-PEG20, but again repressed after replenishing arginine in the media. The levels of induction are different and one cell line could not be induced. Interestingly, a melanoma cell line with the highest level of induction could also be made resistant to ADI-PEG20. This resistant line possesses high levels of ASS mRNA and protein expression which cannot be repressed with arginine. Our study indicates that ASS expression in melanoma cells is complex and governed by biochemical parameters which are different among melanoma cells.
Relationship of Patriotism Measures to Critical Thinking and Emphasis on Civil Liberties versus National Security

Students in a large undergraduate course (N = 236) at a major state university in the Southeastern United States took a standardized critical thinking test and four short sociopolitical scales (constructive patriotism, blind patriotism, respect for civil liberties, and emphasis on national security) at the beginning of the fall semester 2007. Although numerous published studies have addressed relationships between types of patriotism and various sociopolitical variables, these studies typically have not targeted respect for civil liberties and emphasis on national security. Also, negligible attention has been given to the relationships between types of patriotism and cognitive variables (e.g., critical thinking, problem solving). The current study found that both constructive and blind patriotism were significantly related to measures of critical thinking, respect for civil liberties, and emphasis on national security but in opposing directions. The article concludes with implications of the findings for public policy and practice.
Learning Recognition and Segmentation Using the Cresceptron

This paper presents a framework called Cresceptron for view-based learning, recognition and segmentation. Specifically, it recognizes and segments image patterns that are similar to those learned, using a stochastic distortion model and view-based interpolation, allowing other view points that are moderately different from those used in learning. The learning phase is interactive. The user trains the system using a collection of training images. For each training image, the user manually draws a polygon outlining the region of interest and types in the label of its class. Then, from the directional edges of each of the segmented regions, the Cresceptron uses a hierarchical self-organization scheme to grow a sparsely connected network automatically, adaptively and incrementally during the learning phase. At each level, the system detects new image structures that need to be learned and assigns a new neural plane for each new feature. The network grows by creating new nodes and connections which memorize the new image structures and their context as they are detected. Thus, the structure of the network is a function of the training exemplars. The Cresceptron incorporates both individual learning and class learning; with the former, each training example is treated as a different individual while with the latter, each example is a sample of a class. In the performance phase, segmentation and recognition are tightly coupled. No foreground extraction is necessary, which is achieved by backtracking the response of the network down the hierarchy to the image parts contributing to recognition. Several stochastic shape distortion models are analyzed to show why multilevel matching such as that in the Cresceptron can deal with more general stochastic distortions that a single-level matching scheme cannot. The system is demonstrated using images from broadcast television and other video segments to learn faces and other objects, and then later to locate and to recognize similar, but possibly distorted, views of the same objects.
Administrative and public verifiability: can we have both?

Administrative verifiability gives election officials the means to protect against certain kinds of errors and fraud. This is typically accomplished with tools like paper audit trails that enable manual recounts and spot checks. Public verifiability uses cryptographic and related tools to enable any member of the public to independently fully verify the accuracy of an election tally. Although public verifiability is technically a higher standard, its complexity makes it unappealing for many. This raises the question of whether it is possible to achieve public verifiability without sacrificing the traditional administrative verifiability tools in common use. This paper introducesverified optical scan -- a simple design wherein both administrative and public verifiability are possible and the two are tightly linked to achieve consistent results.
‘A jumping, joyous urban jumble’: Jane Jacobs’s Death and Life of Great American Cities as a phenomenology of urban place

In this forum report, I contend that Jane Jacobs’s Death and Life of Great American Cities can be interpreted as a phenomenology of the city and urban place (Jacobs, 1961/1993). I consider four aspects of the book as they relate to a phenomenological approach: (1) Jacobs’s mode of seeing and understanding as phenomenological method; (2) her claim that ‘citiness’ is a phenomenon in its own right and has the power to draw and hold people to particular urban places; (3) her portrait of urban experience and place as they are founded in environmental embodiment; and (4) her pointing toward a constellation of place relationships and processes that potentially strengthen or weaken urban robustness. I argue that much of Jacobs’s argument has parallels with the findings of space syntax research, including themes highlighted by Julienne Hanson in her 2000 article, ‘Urban Transformations’ (Hanson, 2000).
Education Reform for Social Justice: A Review of Professional Capital: Transforming Teaching in Every School by Andy Hargreaves and Michael Fullan

The need for transformation in education is great, and the stakes are high. Millions of young people look to their teachers to help save them from a world of poverty, violence, abuse, and struggle....
The Neuroeconomics of Food Selection and Purchase

Publisher Summary From a behavioral economics perspective, a food purchase (or any other type of purchase) can be broken down into processes involved in appraising the value and costs of available items and selecting between items with competing valuations and associated costs. On the surface, this is a simple formulation that can be used to understand factors influencing food choice. This formulation is also amenable to examination at the neural level. In the past decade, electrophysiological studies in non-human primates and functional neuroimaging studies in humans have made significant inroads into elucidating the neural substrates involved in valuation and selection processes. This chapter reviews the key neural substrates involved in positive valuation, negative valuation (i.e., costs, potential losses), and selection. An understanding of factors that influence these three processes helps reveal some of the difficulties (and perhaps some solutions) in directing individuals towards healthier food purchases. The chapter particularly focuses on processing within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate, and insula, as these regions appear critical for aspects of positive and negative valuation and selection.
New diagnostic developments for intense ion beam measurements on PBFA II

A news diagnostic package has been developed for the Sandia National Laboratories' PBFA-II accelerator. The package --- which emphasizes off-axis Rutherford-scattering measurements --- includes the following: off- and on-axis multi-frame dE/dx ion pinhole cameras, an off-axis energy-resolved ion movie camera, an on-axis time-resolved ion movie camera, an off- or on-axis time-resolved Rutherford magnetic spectrograph which has a one-dimensional imaging capability, time-integrated and time-resolved K{alpha} x-ray pinhole cameras, a plasma visible spectroscopy diagnostic, an elliptical crystal spectrograph, and a high bandwidth transient data recording system based on fiber-optic and streak camera technology. Additionally, several other new diagnostic systems are currently under development. These consist of an ultra-fast x-ray framing camera based on sealed MCP imaging tubes, a time-resolved K{alpha} x-ray pinhole camera that has a film/scintillator image plane coupled to a 14 {times} 18 element array of 100-{mu}m-diameter fiber optics, a large-radius Rutherford beam diagnostic, a proposed flash radiography system, and a Doppler neutron time-of-flight diagnostic. 12 refs., 4 figs.
Entering Politics: General Self‐Efficacy and Voting Behavior Among Young People

Political science traditionally conceptualizes efficacy only in relation to politics and government. In this article, we look beyond political efficacy and examine the effect of general self-efficacy on young adults' voting behavior. General self-efficacy, an individual's estimation of capacity to operate successfully across a variety of domains, is often important to the behavioral decisions of individuals entering a new domain of activity. With data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, we examine the effect of general self-efficacy on voting behavior among young, first-time voters. We find that general self-efficacy has a positive effect on voter turnout, and this effect is strongest for young people from low socioeconomic-status families.
Total synthesis of the mixed peptide-polypropionate based cyclodepsipeptide (+)-geodiamolide b

Abstract The first total synthesis of the mixed peptide-polypropionate based cyclodepsipeptide (+)-geodiamolide B ( 1 ) has been realized via coupling of the polypropionate fragment 4 with the tripeptide unit 3 possessing the unique (R)-3-bromo- N -methyltyrosine.
Eigenphase sum in electron scattering by polar molecules

The eigenphase sum for electron---polar-molecule scattering admits separation into a part which is wholly dependent on the long-range field and a part which reflects other interactions. Closed-form expressions are given for the zero-energy eigenphase sum for diatomic molecules and simple polyatomic molecules in the fixed-nuclei approximation. A general framework for performing bodyframe scattering calculations is presented.
On the maximum induced forests of a connected cubic graph without triangles

Let t(G) denote cardinality of a maximum induced forest of a graph G with n vertices. For connected simple cubic graphs G without triangles, it is shown that t(G)?2n3 except for two particular graphs. This lower bound is sharp and it improves a result due to J.A. Bondy, et al. 1]. Using this result, we show that Ewald Speckenmeyer's Conjecture, i.e. t(G)?2n3 for all biconnected cubic graphs G with girth 4, is true, except for two particular graphs, which we describe.
Importance of hydro generation response resulting from the new thermal modeling -and required hydro modeling improvements

The improved modeling of thermal plant governor response results in reduced overall contribution of thermal plants to the correction of frequency and a corresponding increase in the contribution from hydro plants. This is especially critical in the WECC (western electricity coordinating council) because thermal plants are predominantly in the South, and most of the hydro generation is in the North. As a result of the new and improved thermal governor modeling, the accurate modeling of hydro governors in simulations assumes a greater importance.
Eph family receptors and their ligands distribute in opposing gradients in the developing mouse retina.

Abstract The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands can be divided into two specificity subclasses: the Eck-related receptors and their GPI-anchored ligands, and the Elk-related receptors and their transmembrane ligands. Previous reports demonstrated that Eck- and Elk-related receptors in the retina distribute in high temporal–low nasal and high ventral–low dorsal gradients, respectively. While others have focused on complementary ligand gradients in the retinal axon target, the tectum, we report that ligands from each subclass also distribute in gradients opposing those of their corresponding receptors within the retina itself. Moreover, ligand gradients in the retina precede ganglion cell genesis. These results support an intraretinal role for Eph family members in addition to their previously proposed role in the development of retinotectal topography. The distinct distributions of Eph family members suggest that each subclass specifies positional information along independent retinal axes.
Transmission, Virulence, and Recovery Coefficients of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) Infections in Kona Stock Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract We used an experimental procedure based on a mathematical epidemiology model to compare the transmission, virulence, and recovery coefficients of Litopenaeus vannamei (Kona stock) exposed to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Taura syndrome virus (TSV). The procedure involved exposing 12 susceptible shrimp to a single WSSV- or TSV-infected shrimp cadaver for 14 h and then isolating the exposed shrimp individually for 5 d to determine the number of infections and deaths. The L. vannamei used in the experiments were from the original unselected, highly susceptible population of shrimp maintained by the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program. Two experiments were conducted, the results from which were similar. The estimated transmission coefficients were 0.61 for the TSV exposures and 0.41 for the WSSV exposures. The estimated virulence coefficient was higher for the WSSV exposures (0.37) than for the TSV exposures (0.12). In contrast, the estimated recovery coefficient was higher for the TSV exposures...
Within-year temporal variation and life-cycle seasonality affect stream macroinvertebrate community structure and biotic metrics

Abstract Seasonal changes in macroinvertebrate taxon abundances that are related to life history introduce temporal variation into macroinvertebrate community structure that can potentially confound bioassessments. In this study, macroinvertebrates from three rural and three urban streams were sampled monthly to assess temporal variability in community structure, determine how taxon life-cycle seasonality affects this variability, and determine if this temporal variability confounds biotic index interpretations. Temporal variation in taxon abundances was higher in the rural streams than in the urban streams, and 17 of 23 indicator taxa from rural streams exhibited, or are known to exhibit, either fast- or slow-seasonal life cycles. Conversely, five taxa were identified as indicators for urban streams, but only two of these taxa exhibited seasonal life cycles. Further, the life-cycle seasonality of many rural stream indicator taxa appeared to be linked to the seasonality of environmental conditions such as hydrologic permanence and benthic leaf detritus availability. Macroinvertebrate bioassessment index (MBI) scores were higher in the rural streams than in the urban streams during all months except June, July, and October when no difference was detected. We attribute the reduced discriminatory power of the MBI in the summer and early autumn to the life-cycle of a single taxon ( Stenelmis sp.), and its effects on % Clingers – a component metric of the MBI. Stenelmis sp. exhibited a non-seasonal life cycle with a larval development time of approximately 12 months with considerable overlapping of cohorts present during the summer and early autumn when an extended first instar recruitment period was evident. During this overlap period, urban stream MBI values increased resulting in no statistical difference in the MBI between urban and rural streams in June, July, and October. Analyses of temporal variability in taxon abundances and life-history characteristics, as completed in this study, can greatly contribute to the creation and/or validation of bioassessment protocols.
Photoreactivity of iron(III)-aerobactin: photoproduct structure and iron(III) coordination.

UV photolysis of the ferric aerobactin complex results in decarboxylation of the α-hydroxy carboxylic acid group of the central citrate moiety of aerobactin. The structure determination of the photooxidized ligand shows that decarboxylation occurs at the citrate moiety forming a 3-ketoglutarate moiety. Proton and carbon-13 NMR establish the presence of keto and enol tautomers of the apo-photoproduct, with the enol form prevailing in water. The photoproduct retains the ability to coordinate iron(III). The values of the ligand protonation constants, the pKa of the Fe(III)−ligand complex, and the Fe(III) stability constant of the photoproduct of aerobactin are all close to those of aerobactin. CD spectroscopy suggests that the chirality of the ferric complexes of aerobactin and its photoproduct are similar. Like aerobactin, the photoproduct promotes iron acquisition by the source bacterium, Vibrio sp. DS40M5.
High biological activity of the synthetic replicates of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-25

Abstract We have isolated from extracts of ovine hypothalami two molecules characterized as somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-4–28 (referred to as somatostatin-25). They were reproduced by solid phase synthesis. In equimolar ratio and depending upon the experimental conditions, synthetic somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-25 are 3–14 times more potent than somatostatin-14 to inhibit the basal in vitro secretion of growth hormone or as stimulated by prostaglandin (PGE 2 ). In early studies in vivo, somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-25 are also more potent than somatostatin-14 in inhibiting the secretion of growth hormone acutely stimulated in the rat by injection of morphine; somatostatin-28 is also longer-acting than somatostatin-14. These results suggest that somatostatin-14, as originally isolated, is a biologically active fragment of a larger molecule of greater specific activity; it should be considered as another form of somatostatin with high biological activity present in some tissues and likely secreted by the tissues along with somatostatin-14 and possibly other somatostatin-peptides of diverse sizes.
The turbidimetric determination of peptic activity.

The use of crystallized egg albumen as a new substrate is described in a rapid method for the determination of peptic activity. The over-all time consumed in the assay of a series of pepsin samples represents approximately one-third of the time that is required for the officially described N. F. procedure. The accuracy is improved by this method and the variations in the substrate that have been so frequently observed are practically eliminated.
How round is a protein? Exploring protein structures for globularity using conformal mapping.

We present a new algorithm that automatically computes a measure of the geometric difference between the surface of a protein and a round sphere. The algorithm takes as input two triangulated genus zero surfaces representing the protein and the round sphere, respectively, and constructs a discrete conformal map between these surfaces. The conformal map is chosen to minimize a symmetric elastic energy that measures the distance of the constructed conformal map from an isometry. We illustrate our approach on a set of basic sample problems and then on a dataset of diverse protein structures. We show first that the symmetric elastic energy is able to quantify the roundness of the Platonic solids and that for these surfaces it replicates well traditional measures of roundness such as the sphericity. We then demonstrate that the symmetric elastic energy captures both global and local differences between two surfaces, showing that our method identifies the presence of protruding regions in protein structures and quantifies how these regions make the shape of a protein deviate from globularity. Based on these results, we show that the symmetric elastic energy serves as a probe of the limits of the application of conformal mappings to parametrize protein shapes. We identify limitations of the method and discuss its extension to achieving automatic registration of protein structures based on their surface geometry.
Couples who smoke: A comparison of couples training versus individual training for smoking cessation

Forty smoking couples were randomly assigned to either a nonaversive therapist-administered or to a self-administered/minimal contact smoking cessation program, or to an effort-only control. Both therapist-administered and self-administered/minimal contact treatment conditions were conducted with either a couples training approach or an individual training approach. Although abstinence by posttreatment was more frequent among couples in therapist-administered treatment, no significant differences between couples and individual training approaches were obtained. Partner support efforts may need to be continued during the maintenance period, particularly in light of findings in the present study of transient marital strain occurring during treatment.
Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Revised Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire

Abstract The recently revised version of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2) was created to assess both neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain. The current study extends prior research by testing the reliability and validity of the SF-MPQ-2 in a sample of U.S. veteran patients with a range of chronic pain diagnoses. Participants (N = 186) completed the SF-MPQ-2, a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, and self-report pain and psychiatric measures. Pain diagnoses were extracted from the electronic medical record. The SF-MPQ-2 total and scale scores demonstrated good-to-excellent internal consistency. Convergent and discriminant validity were supported, and SF-MPQ-2 total and scale scores increased with number of pain diagnoses and pain severity. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a 4-factor model fit the data better than a single-factor model. However, high intercorrelations among the 4 latent constructs were observed, and a second-order global pain construct also emerged. Overall, the SF-MPQ-2 demonstrated excellent reliability and validity in a sample of U.S. veteran patients with chronic neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain. Future psychometric studies of the SF-MPQ-2 should employ longitudinal data to evaluate the ability of scale scores to uniquely predict clinical and health service outcomes. Perspective This article presents the psychometric properties of a revised version of the SF-MPQ-2. This measure may have great utility as a screening tool in clinical practice and as an outcome measure in clinical trials.
A goal/plan analysis of buggy pascal programs

In this paper, we present a descriptive theory of buggy novice programs and a bug categorization scheme that is based on this theory. Central to this theory is the cognitively plausible knowledge--goals and plans--that underlies programming. The bug categorization scheme makes explicit problem-dependent goal and plan knowledge at many different levels of detail. We provide several examples of how the scheme permits us to focus on bugs in a way that facilitates generating plausible accounts of why the bugs may have arisen. In particular, our approach has led us to one explanation of why some novice programs are buggier than others. A basic part of this explanation is the notion of merged goals and merged plans in which a single integrated plan is used to achieve multiple goals.
Urinary tract calculi and nephrocalcinosis in infants and children

Summary 1. Clinical experience with a group of 24 patients showing urinary tract calcium deposits is described. Fifteen had stones in the upper urinary tract, 6 had bladder calculi, and 3 had nephrocalcinosis. 2. Although the etiological basis for the origin of calculi is unknown, the presence of stasis and infection appear to be significant factors in the development of calculi of clinically significant size.
Mal Managerium: A Field Guide: I have seen the enemy, and he is me.

Please allow me the pleasure of leading you on an “office safari,” so to speak. On today’s journey we’ll travel the corridors of computerdom in search of the widespread but elusive mal managerium, or bad manager, in common parlance. They will be difficult to spot because we will be in a sense looking for that most elusive creature of all: ourselves. That is to say, it’s quite possible that many of us will share some of the qualities with the various types of bad managers we shall encounter. Qualities that we are loath to admit we possess, I might add.
Health facility characteristics and the decision to seek care

Utilisation of healthcare facilities is low in many developing areas. One possible explanation is that treatment costs, in time or money, are high. Another is that parents perceive treatment benefits to be low. We combine Philippines DHS data with a subsequent facilities survey in order to examine these issues with respect to treatment for respiratory infections and diarrhoea in young children. Controlling statistically for the selectivity of the initiating illness, we find that the staffing level of nearby health facilities is a determinant of the probability that parents take their ill children for curative care.
Colloid‐enhanced transport of chemicals in subsurface environments: A review

Abstract Ample published evidence demonstrates that colloidal particles can act as carriers to enhance the transport of contaminants in subsurface environments. Conventionally, soil and aquifer porous media are considered to have two phases: an immobile solid matrix and a mobile liquid. Published reports indicate that biocolloids, aluminosilicate clay minerals, and organic colloids can migrate to considerable distances during water flow in soils and aquifers. In the presence of such carriers, the system should be perceived as consisting of three phases: a stationary solid matrix phase, a carrier phase, and an aqueous phase. Particle transport through porous media has been clearly demonstrated in filtration studies, but a need exists to investigate the role of colloidal carriers upon contaminant transport in porous media and to model carrier‐enhanced migration of contaminants accurately. In order to assess the potential role of colloidal carriers in facilitating chemical transport in porous media, this rev...
When Less is More: Law and Commandment in Sūrat al-Anʿām

In this article I argue that the passage at Q. 6:136–53 exhibits a minimalist attitude towards law. This passage offers extensive criticisms of norms, rites and practices that are in force in another community (or communities), and then concludes with a list of commandments that are portrayed as a simpler alternative to the matters described and denounced in the preceding ayas. The ‘minimalist attitude’ towards law in this passage expresses itself as an ambivalence towards norms as such and as a suggestion that the Qur'anic dispensation seeks to unburden the Qur'anic community from needless legislative restrictions. The phenomenon of legislative minimalism in the Qur'an is of interest for two reasons. First, it has the potential to provide a perspective on the subsequent rise of Islamic law, which could fairly be described as a legislatively ‘maximalist’ enterprise. Second, the identification of tendencies in the Qur'an – in this case its attitudes towards law and its means of expressing those attitudes –...
Solution of an Ising model with two- and four-spin interactions☆

Abstract The Ising model on a hexagonal lattice with nearest-neighbor and certain four-spin interactions is solved exactly. The critical behaviors are the same as those of the nearest-neighbor Ising models.
Effect of NaOH treatment on surface properties of coal

Abstract Surface properties of sub-bituminous Wyodak and bituminous Illinois coals were examined using sorption and immersion techniques, to elucidate the effects of aqueous NaOH treatment. Sorption of non-polar gases such as CO 2 and N 2 decreased significantly after the alkali treatment for the Wyodak coal; however, similar tests with the Illinois coal did not produce such dramatic results. Water sorption and heats of immersion into liquid water increased considerably for both coals following the NaOH treatment. It is concluded that treatment with aqueous NaOH affects the chemical and physical structure of the coal surface.
Vibrational relaxation of I−2 in water and ethanol: molecular dynamics simulation

Abstract The vibrational relaxation of I − 2 in water and ethanol using molecular dynamics simulations. In both solvents, the relaxation rate is ≈0.6–0.7 ps, in qualitative agreement with the experiments of Barbara and co-workers. A Landau-Teller model for the relaxation rate is in good agreement with the full molecular dynamics calculations. Simulations of the neutral I 2 molecule vibrational relaxation in the same solvents are used to sort out the effects of solute charge and vibrational frequency. We show that the fast relaxation of the I − 2 molecule is due to both its low vibrational frequency and the long-range solvent-solute Coulombic interactions.
Physiological Basis for Swimming Endurance Differences Between LDH-B Genotypes of Fundulus heteroclitus

Adenosine triphosphate levels in erythrocytes are correlated with LDH-B genotype in Fundulus heteroclitus. Adenosine triphosphate is the fish's allosteric modifier of hemoglobin oxygen affinity. Since oxygen delivery to muscle affects swimming performance, fish of each homozygous LDH-B phenotype were swum to exhaustion at 10 degrees or 25 degrees C to determine whether in vitro differences attributed to the LDH-B allelic isozymes were manifest in vivo. At 10 degrees C, the critical swimming speed of the LDH-BaBa phenotype was 3.6 body lengths per second, whereas that of the LDH-BbBb phenotype was 4.3 body lengths per second. At 25 degrees C there were no differences between LDH-B phenotypes in erythrocyte adenosine triphosphate levels, blood oxygen affinity, or swimming performance.
Lattice Points and Generalized Diophantine Conditions

We prove that (∫2π0 (|Nθ(t)−|D| t2|)2 dθ)1/2=O(t2/3), where Dθ is a rotation of a convex domain in R2 and Nθ(t)=#{Z2∩tDθ}. It follows that for any δ>0, there exists a set of θ's of measure 2π−δ, such that for t∈Λ, where Λ is any lacunary sequence, |Nθ(t)−|D| t2|⩽CΛt2/3 log(t). Moreover, we prove, under some additional assumptions, that for almost every θ,Nθ(t)−|D|t2=O(t2/3), (*)up to a small logarithmic transgression. We also prove that if D is convex and finite type, and also in some infinite type situations, Nτ(t)=#{Z2∩tD+τ}, τ∈T2, the two-dimensional torus, and‖Nτ(t)−t2|D|‖L2(T2)⩽Ct1/2, (**)the optimal bound, then N(0, 0)(t)=t2 |D|+O(t2/3). We conclude that (**) cannot in general hold if the boundary of D has order of contact ⩾4 with one of its tangent lines.
Raman study of lattice modes in the high-critical-temperature superconductor Y-Ba-Cu-O.

Raman spectra of high-temperature superconducting materials composed of Y-Ba-Cu-O compounds are reported for the first time. These spectra show numerous lattice modes which are attributed both to the superconducting phase YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ and also to the impurity phases of BaCuO/sub 2/ and Y/sub 2/BaCuO/sub 5/. Raman spectroscopy is shown to be a sensitive probe of both the phonon structure of the superconductor and of the impurity phases in the material.
Optical high harmonic generation in C60.

High harmonic generation (HHG) requires a strong laser field, but in ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ a relatively weak laser field is sufficient. Numerical results presented here show that, while its low order harmonics result from the laser field, its high order ones are mainly from the multiple excitations. Since high order harmonics directly correlate with electronic transitions, the HHG spectrum accurately measures transition energies. Therefore, ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ is not only a promising material for HHG, but may also present an opportunity to develop HHG into an electronic structure probing tool.
THE DYNAMIC PRESSURE RESPONSE OF PHASE ERUPTION IN MICRO CHANNELS

New results are presented in this paper quantifying the dynamic pressure response that is produced as a result of the phase eruption phenomenon in micro channels at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The experimentally measured time-varying pressure change from phase eruption is profiled for water and conclusions are drawn which will help guide the design and operation of an intake manifold for a micro engine. Employing the method of discrete Fourier transform, the amplitude and frequency of the pressure response is characterized for a variety of flow conditions detailing the sensitivity of the system to external changes. Relationships are established between the temperature and Reynolds number of the flow and the pressure in the channel for non-boiling flows. The governing equations for flow in micro channels are presented and conclusions on modeling phase change are discussed. The single-phase relationships discussed are deviated from once phase eruption begins and future modeling directions are proposed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Vibration of monolithic grid-stiffened plates

The steady-state frequencies of vibration of grid-stiffened rectangular plates are formulated. The plate and the grid are assumed to have a monolithic connection at the node points. The solution is appropriate only for the simply supported case with equal grid spacing.
THE EFFECT OF MEASUREMENT ERRORS ON THE ESTIMATION OF DEMAND SYSTEMS

Statistical inference in complete demand systems is usually based on imperfect data. This letter explores some of the implications of these imperfections, in particular for the estimates of income elasticities.
Comparative tryptophan metabolism in cats and rats: differences in adaptation of tryptophan oxygenase and in vivo metabolism of tryptophan, kynurenine and hydroxykynurenine

Abstract 1. 1. Comparative studies of tryptophan metabolism in cats and rats showed that tryptophan oxygenase was not induced by cortisol administration in cats, but was readily induced in rats. 2. 2. Induction of this enzyme by tryptophan was observed in cats but the response was less than in rats. 3. 3. Following oral loading doses of tryptophan, l -kynurenine or 3-hydroxy- dl -kynurenine, urinary excretion of metabolites was much greater in rats than in cats. 4. 4. Differences were also found in the excretion of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of hydroxykynurenine. 5. 5. The unusual metabolism of tryptophan in cats was discussed in relation to previous enzyme studies and the unusually low spontaneous incidence of bladder cancer in cats.
A Phenomenological Model for Transient Deformation Based on State Variables

The state variable theory of Hart, while providing a unified description of plasticity-dominated deformation, exhibits deficiencies when it is applied to transient deformation phenomena at stresses below yield. It appears that the description of stored anelastic strain is oversimplified. Consideration of a simple physical picture based on continuum dislocation pileups suggests that the neglect of weak barriers to dislocation motion is the source of these inadequacies. An appropriately modified description incorporating such barriers then allows the construction of a macroscopic model including transient effects. Although the flow relations for the microplastic element required in the new theory are not known, tentative assignments may be made for such functions. The model then exhibits qualitatively correct behavior when tensile, loading-unloading, reverse loading, and load relaxation tests are simulated. Experimental procedures are described for determining the unknown parameters and functions in the new model.
Development of vegetation indices for identifying insect infestations in soybean

Because of greater efficiency relative to conventional methods, interest has developed for using vegetation indices in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] for identifying areas in a field experiencing injury by defoliating insects. Vegetation indices can indicate leaf area index (LAI) and light interception levels, canopy parameters affected by defoliating insects. Our objectives were to determine the relative accuracy of three vegetation indices for predicting LAI and light interception, and to outline a method for using vegetation indices for identifying areas in a field experiencing insect injury. Several commercial soybean cultivars were planted on a Commerce silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, nonacid, thermic Aeric Fluvaquent) near Baton Rouge, LA (USA) (30° N lat) in May 2004 and June 2005. In 2004, differences in LAI and light interception were created by manual defoliation, whereas in 2005, LAI/light interception differences occurred because of cultivars and planting dates. Results indicated that across canopies ranging from very low LAI to canopy closure (95% light interception), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) most accurately predicted LAI and light interception (r 2 = 0.93-0.97). Light interception and LAI were linked to NDVI by strong linear regression models, and did not show the quadratic response reported by others. A proposed method for adopting NDVI to identify insect-infested areas is presented.
Responsiveness of a Xenopus laevis cell line to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates the toxic effects of environmental contaminants, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Frogs are very insensitive to TCDD toxicity, and AHRs from Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) bind TCDD with >20-fold lower affinity than mouse AHR(b-1). Frog AHRs may nonetheless be highly responsive to structurally distinct compounds, especially putative endogenous ligands. We sought to determine the responsiveness of an X. laevis cell line, XLK-WG, to the candidate endogenous AHR ligand 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), a tryptophan photoproduct that exhibits high potency in mammalian systems. FICZ readily induced mRNAs for CYP1A6 and CYP1A7. Cells exposed to FICZ for 3h expressed up to 5-fold greater quantities of CYP1A6/7 mRNAs than those exposed for 24h, suggesting FICZ is metabolized following rapid enzyme induction. FICZ appeared more potent than TCDD. Following a 3-h exposure, the EC(50) for CYP1A6 mRNA induction by FICZ was approximately 6nM, while the TCDD response was greater than 174nM. These potencies were lower than those determined for mouse hepatoma cells (Hepa1c1c7; EC(50)= approximately 0.06nM each). The difference in ligand potency between cell lines was confirmed by induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity. mRNA from XLK-WG cells treated with 100nM FICZ, 100nM TCDD, or vehicle was also analyzed on expression microarrays. FICZ altered the expression of 105 more transcripts than TCDD, and common targets were altered more dramatically by FICZ. Overall, these studies demonstrate that although FICZ is a less potent CYP1A inducer in frog cells than in mouse cells, the reduction is much less than for TCDD. Relative conservation of the FICZ response in a TCDD-insensitive species suggests its physiological importance as an AHR ligand.
The Parable of the Storm: Instruction and Demonstration in Mark 4:1–41

Many analyses of Mark 1–4 sharply separate the Parables discourse (4:1–34) from the Storm pericope (4:35–41) and consider the latter to begin a new phase in Jesus’ ministry (4:35–8:26). However, ev...
Wear Testing of Bushings During the Cyclic Process

Excessively worn bushings and shafts lead to the destruction of machines and pose safety hazards. In particular, mining machines can have twenty or more articulating joints and are subject to extremely harsh conditions. It is desirable to use a bushing-shaft combination that will yield the longest life with minimal maintenance. This study provides accelerated test cases using different shaft and bushing materials subjected to a variety of environments typically seen in underground mining. Through the use of Design of Experiments (DOE), nine initial combinations of bushings, shafts, and environments were subjected to testing. The tests simulated the loads and articulation of a shear jack on a Joy 12CM miner. The DOE computer program predicted the results of many variables while at the same time decreasing the number of physical tests that had to be done. The goal of the physical testing was to find the bushing with the best wear characteristics to provide the longest life on a mining machine. This data can be used to facilitate maintenance and replace bushings before total failure. This will save wear and tear on machines and reduce downtime.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Depolarization and backscatter enhancement in light scattering from random rough surfaces: comparison of full-wave theory with experiment

The full-wave approach is used to interpret the recently observed depolarization and enhanced backscattering of light from random rough surfaces fabricated in photoresist with an aluminum overcoating [ MendezE. R.O’DonnellK. A., Opt. Commun.61, 91 ( 1987); O’DonnellK. A.MendezE. R., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A4, 1194 ( 1987)]. A second-order iterative solution based on the rigorous full-wave approach indicates that, contrary to the suggestions made by Mendez and O’Donnell (who performed the experiments and considered numerous other theories), the observed enhanced backscatter is a first-order effect that can be attributed to single scatter rather than to multiple scatter.