cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Adhesion and Fracture Energy of Nano-Particle Silver in Electronics Packaging Applications

Nano-particle silver (NPS) conductors are increasingly being investigated for package level electronics applications. Unlike traditional thick film materials and conductive inks, nano-particle conductors often do not incorporate compounds to promote interfacial adhesion such as binders used in thick films and polymer adhesives used in conductive inks as these adhesion promoters can degrade the electrical performance. The NPS is concerned with low adhesion to most of processed polymer surface such as liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polyimide, and benzocyclobutene (BCB). Moreover, the adhesion mechanism of NPS has not been identified yet. Thus, as a first step to identify NPS adhesion mechanism and thus, to improve NPS adhesion, quantitative measurement of the adhesion strength of NPS is necessary. Since conventional adhesion test methods are not directly applicable to thin (~ 2 ?m) NPS film adhesion test, a new adhesion test method is developed in this paper to estimate the adhesion strength of NPS films. The newly developed adhesion test method is called modified button shear test (MBST) because it modifies the conventional button shear test and integrates the generally known die shear test. The MBST is used for measuring not only interfacial bond strength, but also interfacial fracture energy. The interfacial bond strength in tension and the interfacial fracture energy of NPS with LCP substrate measured by MBST are 24.4 MPa and 17.2 J/m2, respectively. The MBST is generic in nature and can be extended to other thin films adhesion test for measuring interfacial bond strength and interfacial fracture energy.
The Corporate Officer And The Law Of Agency

HE OFFICERS of a corporation, like the mythical Janus, face in two directions. On the one hand they function as a part of the internal organizational structure of a corporation. In that capacity they operate plants or departments by supervising subordinate officers and employees. As supervising officers in the internal chain of command they do not deal with persons outside the corporation. On the other hand, officers often have duties with regard to the world beyond the corporation. They purchase material for the corporation, negotiate for the purchase or sale of real property, hire and fire, borrow money, and enter into all the various kinds of contracts essential to corporate existence. Internal management may be the sole duty of some officers. Other officers may have few internal responsibilities, since their primary function is to deal with third persons outside the corporation. Between these two extremes a given officer may have some internal and some external duties. Considerable confusion of thought has resulted from the intermittent failure of courts and writers to separate these two entirely different and distinct functions of corporate officers. This omission is understandable because the term "officer" relates strictly to the internal management of a corporation, and of itself does not necessarily bestow agency power to deal with third persons. But the fact remains that many officers do deal with third persons. In these cases their agency powers do not derive from the fact that they are officers, but from specific agency power given them to deal with persons outside the corporation. For purposes of analysis it may be well to adopt the terminology used in Rosenzblum v. Neow York Central R.R. Co.' which referred to the agent-
Combining space-time codes and interference suppression in asynchronous DS-CDMA

A simple transmit diversity method for asynchronous direct-sequence CDMA systems is proposed. In addition, a receiver structure that can effectively suppress multiple-access interference and exploit transmit diversity is examined. The proposed system is shown to perform well even when there are severe impairments to the desired user from high-power interferers. Finally, an adaptive implementation of the receiver is proposed, and its performance is evaluated with simulations.
Texture classification using optimized support vector machines

Support vector machines (SVMs) have been developed during the last two decades and recently acknowledged as very effective methods for general purpose pattern recognition. The important key in using a SVM is to select the appropriate parameters of its kernel function. In this paper, we present techniques on adjusting kernel parameters of SVMs to improve their performances with two remote sensing texture classification problems.
THE ORETICAL MODELING OF SPRITES AND JETS

An overview of the recent modeling efforts directed on interpretation of ob- served features of transient luminous events (TLEs) termed sprites, blue jets, blue starters and gigantic jets is presented. The primary emphasis is placed on discussion of similarity properties of gas discharges and interpretation and classification of the observed features of TLEs in the context of previous exper- imental and theoretical studies of gas discharges of various types. Some of the currently unsolved problems in the theory of TLEs are also discussed.
Radiation effects on creep rupture and fatigue strength of pure aluminum.

Paper describes an experimental investigation on the effect of nuclear radiation on the creep rupture and fatigue strength of pure aluminum for the ratios of alternating stress to mean stress ranging from zero to infinity. It was found that not only was the strength of the material tested affected by radiation over a range of ratios of stresses, but also the brittle-ductile transition was influenced. Based upon the experimental results obtained, an analytical model was developed to correlate creep rupture, fatigue strength and radiation effect for various ratios of stresses. This information may prove to be valuable in dealing with the stress analysis of nuclear reactors.
An ultra high speed microcomputer-based system for tissue differentiation

The design and construction of a 50-MHz microcomputer-based data acquisition and analysis system is discussed. The primary application of this system is to measure the power spectrum of the backscattered ultrasound signal from soft tissues. This measurement is used to differentiate between normal and abnormal soft tissue. The system will be coupled to an ultrasound sector scanner and it is expected to give the physician an effective tool for diagnosis of soft tissue abnormalities without the need for a biopsy examination. The system is described, and some results from a bench test are reported. >
Economic status, family anomie, and adolescent suicide potential.

Summary This study attempts to ascertain the existence and economic characteristics of the anomic family as a determinant of high suicide lethality among adolescents. An inverse relationship was hypothesized between economic status, family norm consensus, family power, and adolescent suicide risk. Fifty-five Ss of at least moderate suicide risk—and their families—were obtained from a total sample of 194 adolescents, 13 to 18 years old, who attempted suicide during a three month period. A summary of the descriptive demographic data is as follows: 32.7% of the sample were male and 67.3% female; their mean age was 16.3 years; race was categorized into 81.9% white and 18.1% nonwhite. Correlation coefficients were used to test the hypothesis. Statistically significant differences in the degree of family normlessness and powerlessness were found for suicidal and non-suicidal adolescents and their families.
XIII*-Theory facades

Many common approximation methods in physics practice ‘causal process avoidance’ in their operative procedures and such methodologies weave densely throughout the usual fabric of ‘classical mechanics’. It is observed that Hume was unable to find any grounding for a robust conception of ‘cause’ largely because he unwittingly looked in those regions of mechanics where genuine causal processes had already been tacitly expunged.
Algorithmic Design of a Fuzzy-Neural Method

This article presents an algorithmic approach to a fuzzy-neural method and shows how to couple fuzzy logic and neural networks to provide an efficient, adaptive transform method. The whole process is adaptive, and the neural network responds to fuzzy-logic input and logistics.
Heat Shock Protein–Peptide Complexes, Reconstituted In Vitro, Elicit Peptide-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response and Tumor Immunity

Heat shock protein (HSP) preparations derived from cancer cells and virus-infected cells have been shown previously to elicit cancer-specific or virus-specific immunity. The immunogenicity of HSP preparations has been attributed to peptides associated with the HSPs. The studies reported here demonstrate that immunogenic HSP-peptide complexes can also be reconstituted in vitro. The studies show that (a) complexes of hsp70 or gp96 HSP molecules with a variety of synthetic peptides can be generated in vitro; (b) the binding of HSPs with peptides is specific in that a number of other proteins tested do not bind synthetic peptides under the conditions in which gp96 molecules do; (c) HSP-peptide complexes reconstituted in vitro are immunologically active, as tested by their ability to elicit antitumor immunity and specific CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte response; and (d) synthetic peptides reconstituted in vitro with gp96 are capable of being taken up and re-presented by macrophage in the same manner as gp96- peptides complexes generated in vivo. These observations demonstrate that HSPs are CD8+ T cell response-eliciting adjuvants.
Clustering on the Unit Hypersphere using von Mises-Fisher Distributions

Several large scale data mining applications, such as text categorization and gene expression analysis, involve high-dimensional data that is also inherently directional in nature. Often such data is L2 normalized so that it lies on the surface of a unit hypersphere. Popular models such as (mixtures of) multi-variate Gaussians are inadequate for characterizing such data. This paper proposes a generative mixture-model approach to clustering directional data based on the von Mises-Fisher (vMF) distribution, which arises naturally for data distributed on the unit hypersphere. In particular, we derive and analyze two variants of the Expectation Maximization (EM) framework for estimating the mean and concentration parameters of this mixture. Numerical estimation of the concentration parameters is non-trivial in high dimensions since it involves functional inversion of ratios of Bessel functions. We also formulate two clustering algorithms corresponding to the variants of EM that we derive. Our approach provides a theoretical basis for the use of cosine similarity that has been widely employed by the information retrieval community, and obtains the spherical kmeans algorithm (kmeans with cosine similarity) as a special case of both variants. Empirical results on clustering of high-dimensional text and gene-expression data based on a mixture of vMF distributions show that the ability to estimate the concentration parameter for each vMF component, which is not present in existing approaches, yields superior results, especially for difficult clustering tasks in high-dimensional spaces.
Convergence properties of a decentralized Kalman filter

We consider the problem of decentralized Kalman filtering in a sensor network. Each sensor node implements a local Kalman filter based on its own measurements and the information exchanged with its neighbors. It combines the information received from other sensors through using a consensus filter as proposed in [14]. For a time-invariant process and measurement model, we show that this algorithm guarantees that the local estimates of the error covariance matrix converge to the centralized error covariance matrix and that the local estimates of the state converge in mean to the centralized Kalman filter estimates. However, due to the use of the consensus filter, the local estimates of the state do not converge to the least-squares estimate that would be obtained from a centralized Kalman filter.
The optimum design of small nonuniformly spaced arrays

An efficient computational algorithm for determining the optimum design of small nonuniformly spaced arrays is developed. The resulting design is optimum in the sense that the location of the antenna elements is such that the radiation pattern function P(u) has the smallest possible sidelobe level. Optimum designs obtained via this technique provides a definitive basis for evaluating other design algorithms.
High-level synthesis and optimization strategies in Hercules and Hebe

Presents an approach to automated synthesis of digital circuits from behavioral specifications. The system, called Hercules and Hebe, offers many advantages to the designer. First, the system supports constraint-driven synthesis where timing and resource constraints are applied to guide the synthesis decisions. Second, systematic design space exploration is possible, where the designer explores the tradeoff between area and performance to meet the design objectives. Third, logic synthesis techniques are uniformly incorporated within the synthesis framework to provide estimates to guide high-level decisions. Along with a synthesis oriented hardware description language called HardwareC, Hercules/Hebe provides an environment for the design of general synchronous digital circuits, with specific attention to the requirements of ASIC designs. The system has been applied to complex ASIC designs, including the Digital Audio I/O, MAMA, and Bi-Dimensional DCT chips. >
Blind prediction performance of RosettaAntibody 3.0: Grafting, relaxation, kinematic loop modeling, and full CDR optimization

Antibody Modeling Assessment II (AMA-II) provided an opportunity to benchmark RosettaAntibody on a set of 11 unpublished antibody structures. RosettaAntibody produced accurate, physically realistic models, with all framework regions and 42 of the 55 non-H3 CDR loops predicted to under an Angstrom. The performance is notable when modeling H3 on a homology framework, where RosettaAntibody produced the best model among all participants for four of the 11 targets, two of which were predicted with sub-Angstrom accuracy. To improve RosettaAntibody, we pursued the causes of model errors. The most common limitation was template unavailability, underscoring the need for more antibody structures and/or better de novo loop methods. In some cases, better templates could have been found by considering residues outside of the CDRs. De novo CDR H3 modeling remains challenging at long loop lengths, but constraining the C-terminal end of H3 to a kinked conformation allows near-native conformations to be sampled more frequently. We also found that incorrect VL -VH orientations caused models with low H3 RMSDs to score poorly, suggesting that correct VL -VH orientations will improve discrimination between near-native and incorrect conformations. These observations will guide the future development of RosettaAntibody.
Perturbation of beam energy due to steering and pretzel orbit

The energy calibration of the beam directly effects the precision of the mass measurement of particles produced in collision. The beam path length changes due to the pretzel orbit, steering, bumps and quadrupole survey. To provide reasonable extrapolation of energy measurement, this path length change needs to be included in the energy calculation.
Shock-induced deformation twinning in tantalum

Abstract Shock-wave deformation of tantalum to a pressure of 45 GPa and duration of 1.8 μs generates profuse twinning. The post-shock mechanical response is significantly affected, with shock hardening exceeding the expected hardening due to the transient shock strain ϵ s = ( 4 3 ) ln ( V V 0 ) ; this enhanced hardening, and other alterations in response, are attributed to the barriers presented to plastic deformation by the deformation twins. A constitutive model is proposed that predicts the threshold shock stress for mechanical twinning; it is based on the application of the Swegle-Grady relationship between shock stress and strain rate to constitutive equations describing the critical stress for slip and twinning. This constitutive model incorporates grain-size effects and predicts a threshold twinning stress that is a function of temperature and grain size; predictions of the model are in qualitative agreement with experimental results.
Preclinical Kinetic Analysis of the Caspase-3/7 PET Tracer 18F-C-SNAT: Quantifying the Changes in Blood Flow and Tumor Retention After Chemotherapy

Early detection of tumor response to therapy is crucial to the timely identification of the most efficacious treatments. We recently developed a novel apoptosis imaging tracer, 18F-C-SNAT (C-SNAT is caspase-sensitive nanoaggregation tracer), that undergoes an intramolecular cyclization reaction after cleavage by caspase-3/7, a biomarker of apoptosis. This caspase-3/7–dependent reaction leads to an enhanced accumulation and retention of 18F activity in apoptotic tumors. This study aimed to fully examine in vivo pharmacokinetics of the tracer through PET imaging and kinetic modeling in a preclinical mouse model of tumor response to systemic anticancer chemotherapy. Methods: Tumor-bearing nude mice were treated 3 times with intravenous injections of doxorubicin before undergoing a 120-min dynamic 18F-C-SNAT PET/CT scan. Time–activity curves were extracted from the tumor and selected organs. A 2-tissue-compartment model was fitted to the time–activity curves from tumor and muscle, using the left ventricle of the heart as input function, and the pharmacokinetic rate constants were calculated. Results: Both tumor uptake (percentage injected dose per gram) and the tumor-to-muscle activity ratio were significantly higher in the treated mice than untreated mice. Pharmacokinetic rate constants calculated by the 2-tissue-compartment model showed a significant increase in delivery and accumulation of the tracer after the systemic chemotherapeutic treatment. Delivery of 18F-C-SNAT to the tumor tissue, quantified as K1, increased from 0.31 g⋅(mL⋅min)−1 in untreated mice to 1.03 g⋅(mL⋅min)−1 in treated mice, a measurement closely related to changes in blood flow. Accumulation of 18F-C-SNAT, quantified as k3, increased from 0.03 to 0.12 min−1, proving a higher retention of 18F-C-SNAT in treated tumors independent from changes in blood flow. An increase in delivery was also found in the muscular tissue of treated mice without increasing accumulation. Conclusion:18F-C-SNAT has significantly increased tumor uptake and significantly increased tumor-to-muscle ratio in a preclinical mouse model of tumor therapy. Furthermore, our kinetic modeling of 18F-C-SNAT shows that chemotherapeutic treatment increased accumulation (k3) in the treated tumors, independent of increased delivery (K1).
Competition and control of smellmelon (Cucumis melo var. dudaim Naud.) in cotton

Abstract Smellmelon is becoming a problem weed in southern Texas and Louisiana cotton-producing areas. Experiments evaluating the density and duration of smellmelon competition are necessary for the recommendation of appropriate control practices to minimize yield loss. In 1999 and 2000, field experiments were initiated to determine the density, critical period of competition, and potential control measures for smellmelon in cotton. Although the degree of competition differed between the years, similar trends were observed with respect to smellmelon density. As few as 2 or 3 smellmelon plants 10 m−1 row reduced yield at least 17% each year. When densities were increased to 5 or 10 plants 10 m−1 row, yield reductions increased to at least 34%. Results from the duration of smellmelon competition in 1999 and 2000 indicated that cotton should remain smellmelon free for 1 to 7 wk after planting (WAP) and 2.5 to 6 WAP, respectively. Results from the control studies indicate that smellmelon size at application i...
2D measurements of turbulence & mixing driven by internal waves impinging on a slope

Fluxes in stratified water bodies such as lakes and oceans are often controlled by turbulence and mixing at sloping boundaries. One mechanism of boundary mixing is the reflection of internal waves from slopes; when the angle  that the internal wave ray makes with the horizontal is equal to the slope angle —that is, when the ratio  = sin/sin = 1, critical reflection occurs. Critical reflection is thought to increase vertical mixing in lakes and contribute to the shaping of continental shelves in the ocean. Experiments were conducted to measure in detail the turbulence generated by near-critical and supercritical internal waves impinging on a slope. Velocity fields were measured with particle image velocimetry (PIV) and used to derive two-dimensional fields of dissipation. Harmonics were observed in the velocity fields in some cases with   1, and the angle of the harmonics agreed with theoretical predictions of others. The highest dissipation was patchily distributed near the slope, and it formed a layer whose thickness was within 20-25% of the values predicted by previous researchers. For supercritical waves (  >1), high values of dissipation were not confined solely in a layer near the slope. The high dissipation also appeared in regions with reflecting waves, harmonics, and—in some cases—the incident waves. Regions of high turbulent kinetic energy coincided with regions of high dissipation for all cases. Values of /νN were small near the slope. Maximum values were O(1), while values based on cycleaveraged dissipation were less than 0.2. In these cases, the patchy nature of the dissipation suggests that little mixing will occur.
Investigational biomarkers for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: where do we stand?

Although the outcomes for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain disappointing, there has been considerable improvement in the 5-year survival rate of patients with resectable disease. As such, an R0 surgical resection (microscopic tumor clearance) offers patients with PDAC the greatest survival benefit. Carbohydrate antigen 19-9, the only US Food and Drug AdministrationYapproved biomarker for PDAC, is a poor screening tool and is most informative after PDAC resection. Con- sequently, there has been a tremendous initiative to discover novel bio- markers that may aid in detecting the disease earlier, improving prognosis, and predicting response to available chemotherapy. The number of im- plicated biomarkers in PDAC is indeed staggering, with 92500 proposed candidates presented in the recent literature. A vast majority of these biomarkers, however, remain in the investigational phase. This review categorizes the most promising biomarkersVthose closest to potential clinical applicationVinto diagnostic and prognostic/predictive groups. The greatest challenge likely lies in the search for an effective diagnostic biomarker that can accurately discriminate between malignant and benign disease, and thereby facilitate earlier identification of those patients with PDAC who may benefit most from surgical resection.
Versioning Architectures for Local and Global Memory

Future supercomputer systems will face serious reliability challenges. Among failure scenarios, latent errors are some of the most serious and concerning. Preserving multiple versions of critical data is a promising approach to deal with such errors. We are developing the Global View Resilience (GVR) library, with multi-version global arrays as one of the key features. This paper presents three array versioning architectures: flat array, flat array with change tracking, and log-structured array. We use a synthetic workload that mimics the memory access patterns of radix sort, N-body simulation, and matrix multiplication, comparing the three array architectures in terms of runtime performance, memory requirements, and version restoration costs. The experiments show that the flat array with change tracking is the best architecture in terms of runtime performance, for versioning frequencies of 10-5 opsm1 or higher matching the second best architecture or beating it by up to 23 times, whereas the log-structured array is preferable for low memory usage, since it saves up to 98% of memory compared with a flat array.
MODELING MUSICAL EMOTION DYNAMICS WITH CONDITIONAL RANDOM FIELDS

Human emotion responses to music are dynamic processes that evolve naturally over time in synchrony with the music. It is because of this dynamic nature that systems which seek to predict emotion in music must necessarily analyze such processes on short-time intervals, modeling not just the relationships between acoustic data and emotion parameters, but how those relationships evolve over time. In this work we seek to model such relationships using a conditional random field (CRF), a powerful graphical model which is trained to predict the conditional probability p(y|x) for a sequence of labels y given a sequence of features x. Treating our features as deterministic, we retain the rich local subtleties present in the data, which is especially applicable to contentbased audio analysis, given the abundance of data in these problems. We train our graphical model on the emotional responses of individual annotators in an 11◊11 quantized representation of the arousal-valence (A-V) space. Our model is fully connected, and can produce estimates of the conditional probability for each A-V bin, allowing us to easily model complex emotion-space distributions (e.g. multimodal) as an A-V heatmap.
On the Properties of Oxidatively Polymerized Fractions in Foaming Oils

1. The object of this study is to elucidate the foam-forming properties and the chemical properties of oxidative-polymerized fractions in foaming oils, the contents of which caused durable foaming of oil by frying.2. 100g of linseed oil, soybean oil and olive oil were heated at 200°C for about 4, 8 and 13hrs. in 300cc beakers respectively. At intervals of 30 minutes, a piece of potato was dipped in the oil to observe the oil foaming. Thus we could obtain (1) samples, one half part of the surface was covered by foams when a piece of potato was dipped in them and (2) samples, whole surface of which covered by foams, for each of the oils. We defined them as “the half-foaming oils” for the former and as “whole-foaming oils” for the latter.These foaming oils were fractionated by the column chromatographic methods into 3 fractions. Silicagel treated with n-hexane containing 5% of i-propyl ether served as the absorbent. Foaming oil samples were eluted with 15% i-propyl ether in hexane to yield the first fraction (F1); with 60% i-propyl ether in n-hexane to yield the 2nd fraction (F2) and ethyl ether to yield the third fraction (F3).The chemical properties such as the carbonyl value, acid value, hydroxyl value and mean molecular weight of F1, F2 and F3 were measured for various oils. The F2 and F3 thus fractionated from thermally oxidized linseed oil and olive oil were added to the original oils in various contents, then the foaming properties of these oils were measured. The measurement of foaming tendencies was carried out by gas pumping method, as reported in our former paper.3. Experimental data showed that there was small variation in the foam-forming properties and in chemical properties of F3 fractionated from either of “half-foaming oil” and “whole-foaming oil” originated from the same oil.The properties of F2 fractionated from various oils also resembled to each other. And foam-forming properties of F2 were weaker than that of F3. The F1 fractionated from various oils showed no forming property.
Musical Analysis and Synthesis in Matlab

This article presents musical examples and computer tools that could be used in an introductory pde and Fourier Series class, where students work with the heat and wave equations. The study of Fourier series from a musical perspective offers great in- sight into basic mathematical concepts and the physics of musical instruments. Tools available in Matlab allow students to easily analyze the wave forms and harmonics of recorded sounds and to synthesize their own. These experiments are a thought pro- voking way to understand how a wave form is composed of a summation of Fourier Series basis functions and how this relates to the frequency domain. Many students I have worked with have special musical interests and go on to conduct experiments with their own instruments. The plucked string. One of the standard problems in an introductory pde course is the wave equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions,
Examining vulnerability to smokeless tobacco use among adolescents and adults with major depressive disorder

Aims: Integration of behavioral health including substance use problems into primary care is an essential benefit that federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) will offer as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This study explores FQHC primary care clinicians’ beliefs and behaviors in integrating drug use assessment and treatment into their practices with a screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) protocol. Methods: We administered a 10-min questionnaire to 68 primary care clinicians of 5 FQHCs in Los Angeles. Results: Clinicians expressed limited confidence in their ability to deal with illicit drug use of their patients, scoring on average 3.31 on a five point Likert scale. Two-thirds reported assessing for drug use regularly ‘at every visit’ and/or ‘at annual visits’. Median response for how often they counsel regarding drug use (on a five point Likert Scale from ‘Never’ to ‘Always’), was 4 (‘Usually’). Regarding their perspectives on the best practical resource for addressing drug use in their clinics, 45.6% named primary care clinicians. A minority (29.4%) of clinicians had completed a clinical rotation dealing with substance use, and 27.2% reported that more than 10h of their trainingwas devoted to substance use problems. Having a substance use rotation was associated with greater confidence in SBIRT (p<0.01). More hours of substance use training was associated with greater confidence (p=0.01) and routinely addressing substance use in their patients (p=0.04). Conclusions:Our findings suggest that clinician confidence and practices in substance use care are not optimal, but are associated with increased substance use education. Further work should examine whether improving clinicians’ education/training at community health centers, improves substance use care practices. Financial support: This study is part of the UCLA Quit Using Drugs Intervention Trial (QUIT),which has been funded byNational Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA022445). Dr. Anjani Reddy is a National Research Service Award Fellow.
Shape Correction of Thin Mirrors

Future large space observatories will require large apertures to provide better resolution and greater light gathering power; thin mirror technologies provide one possible route for addressing this need. This paper presents a study of a 10 m diameter sparse aperture based on a collection of thin, active mirror segments with identical initial shapes. A preliminary design for a 1 m diameter mirror segment is proposed and an investigation into the performance of this design is carried out utilizing nite element modeling tools. The results indicate that it is possible to adapt the generic segment shapes to t the local mirror shape, and achieve near diraction-limite d performance through the use of lightweight, surface-parallel actuators. These actuators may also be used for thermal compensation. Additionally, a design for a scaled 10 cm diameter prototype mirror to test and validate the envisioned scheme is presented.
Infrared warship target detection based on SUSAN algorithm and segmentation algorithm using the mean of image rows and columns

In this paper,a method for detecting infrared warship target in the complex background of sea-sky based on SUSAN detection and segmentation algorithm using the mean of image rows and columns.First,a simple model of warship contour was built.And the ROI can be decided subsequently,combine with SUSAN detection.Besides,the model of warship contour can control the size of the ROI in a way.Then,an improved segmentation algorithm based on the mean of image rows and columns was proposed.After the image segmentation,ship target was extracted.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is successful and can extract the infrared warship target.
Studies on the relationship between the effects of various substances on absorption spectrum of cytochrome P-450 and the reduction of p-nitrobenzoate by mouse liver microsomes.

The reduction of p-nitrobenzoate by an NADPH-dependent enzyme in liver microsomes is presumably mediated by cytochrome P-450. The reaction is inhibited by substances which cause type II spectral changes in liver microsomes, but not by those which cause type I spectral changes. Type II substances inhibit only about 50% of the nitroreductase activity in liver microsomes. The apparent Ki values for the inhibition of p-nitrobenzoate reduction are approximately double the K[unknown], values of the various type II substances studied. The evidence suggests that type II substances inhibit p-nitrobenzoate reduction by slowing the rate of cytochrome P-450 reduction.
Wonky worlds: Listeners revise world knowledge when utterances are odd.

World knowledge enters into pragmatic utterance interpretation in complex ways, and may be defeasible in light of speakers’ utterances. Yet there is to date a surprising lack of systematic investigation into the role of world knowledge in pragmatic inference. In this paper, we show that a state-of-the-art model of pragmatic interpretation greatly overestimates the influence of world knowledge on the interpretation of utterances like Some of the marbles sank. We extend the model to capture the idea that the listener is uncertain about the background knowledge the speaker is bringing to the conversation. This extension greatly improves model predictions of listeners’ interpretation and also makes good qualitative predictions about listeners’ judgments of how ‘normal’ the world is in light of a speaker’s statement. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.
Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Spirulina platensis in Macrophages Is Beneficial for Adipocyte Differentiation and Maturation by Inhibiting Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

We previously showed that the organic extract of a blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis (SPE), had potent anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. As the interplay between macrophages and adipocytes is critical for adipocyte functions, we investigated the contribution of the anti-inflammatory effects of SPE in macrophages to adipogenesis/lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with 10% conditioned medium from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages (CMC) or LPS-stimulated, but SPE-pretreated, macrophages (CMS) at different stages of adipocyte differentiation. The expression of adipocyte differentiation markers, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and perilipin, was significantly repressed by CMC when added on day 3, while the repression was attenuated by CMS. Oil Red O staining confirmed that adipocyte maturation in CMS-treated cells, but not in CMC-treated cells, was equivalent to that of control cells. Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 was decreased by CMS compared to CMC. In lipid-laden adipocytes, CMC promoted the loss of lipid droplets, while CMS had minimal effects. Histone deacetylase 9 mRNA and protein levels were increased during adipocyte maturation, which were decreased by CMC. In conclusion, by cross-talking with adipocytes, the anti-inflammatory effects of SPE in macrophages promoted adipocyte differentiation/maturation, at least in part, by repressing the activation of NF-κB inflammatory pathways, which otherwise can be compromised in inflammatory conditions.
Neural Bases of the Short-term Retention of Visual Information

The sensory-recruitment hypothesis holds that the short-term retention of visual information is accomplished by the same networks responsible for the real-time perceptual analysis of such information. A corollary of this view is that the elevated delay-period activity in the frontal and parietal cortex that are often observed during tests of short-term and working memory may not correspond to the information storage, per se, of information. Recent studies applying multivariate analyses to functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalograph data from humans, and to extracellular recordings from monkeys, have generated findings consistent with both of these ideas. At the level of mechanism, some of these studies have also called into question the long-standing assumption that sustained activity is the basis for the short-term retention of information. In view of this, alternative ideas based on transient synaptic weight-based mechanisms for neural representation are considered. We are at the precipice of exciting, potentially revolutionary breakthroughs in our understanding of how the brain supports short-term and working-memory behaviors.
Protein kinases: mechanisms and downstream targets in inflammation-mediated obesity and insulin resistance

Obesity-induced low-grade inflammation (metaflammation) impairs insulin receptor signaling. This has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance. Insulin signaling in the target tissues is mediated by stress kinases such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, inhibitor of NF-kB kinase complex β (IKKβ), AMP-activated protein kinase, protein kinase C, Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase, and RNA-activated protein kinase. Most of these kinases phosphorylate several key regulators in glucose homeostasis. The phosphorylation of serine residues in the insulin receptor and IRS-1 molecule results in diminished enzymatic activity in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. This has been one of the key mechanisms observed in the tissues that are implicated in insulin resistance especially in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2-DM). Identifying the specific protein kinases involved in obesity-induced chronic inflammation may help in developing the targeted drug therapies to minimize the insulin resistance. This review is focused on the protein kinases involved in the inflammatory cascade and molecular mechanisms and their downstream targets with special reference to obesity-induced T2-DM.
Challenges in the Delivery of Therapies to Melanoma Brain Metastases

Brain metastases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced melanoma. Recent approval of several molecularly-targeted agents and biologics has brought hope to patients with this previously untreatable disease. However, patients with symptomatic melanoma brain metastases have often been excluded from pivotal clinical trials. This may be in part attributed to the fact that several of the approved small molecule molecularly-targeted agents are substrates for active efflux at the blood-brain barrier, limiting their effective delivery to brain metastases. We believe that successful treatment of melanoma brain metastases will depend on the ability of these agents to traverse the blood-brain barrier and reach micrometastases that are often not clinically detectable. Moreover, overcoming the emergence of a unique pattern of resistance, possibly through adequate delivery of combination targeted therapies in brain metastases will be important in achieving a durable response. These concepts, and the current challenges in the delivery of new treatments to melanoma brain metastases, are discussed in this review.
Afterword: A Living Tapestry of Peace and Reconciliation

This chapter is a postscript to the International Handbook on Peace and Reconciliation, a product of the Group on International Perspectives on Governmental Aggression and Peace (GIPGAP). Beginning with a simple poem by Rainer Maria Rilke, calling people “to say the names of things,” it invites readers to “see the voices” both of renowned peace activists and of respondents to the Personal and Institutional Rights to Aggression and Peace Survey (PAIRTAPS) who shared their views on peace and reconciliation in this book. Leaving aside the objective academic voice, this chapter takes readers on a journey designed to remind readers that the respondents are human beings who have suffered from the wars and conflicts pervading our world, and asks readers to put faces on the respondents and connect with them. The author envisions the stories of the respondents as part of a tapestry of peace, a tapestry that could be displayed in a meditative gathering in which we can envision Ghandi, Aung San Suu Kyi, Thich Nhat Hanh, and Nelson Mandela, our brothers and sisters in our own journey toward peace.
Reprise to the Second Law. Mathematical Proof of the Caratheodory's Theorem and Resulting Interpretations

A rigorous proof for the existence of the second law of thermodynamics added as an appendix because of the distracting complexity of the mathematical developments. Again, this is not usually included in standard monographs.
EFFECT OF MAINTENANCE OF SINUS RHYTHM AFTER CATHETER ABLATION ON BODY WEIGHT IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

It is not clear whether maintenance of sinus rhythm after catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an improvement in activity levels and exercise tolerance and a subsequent decrease in body weight. We included 987 patients (mean age=61±10 years) with paroxysmal (n=605
Characterizing Sexual Violence Victimization in Youth: 2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey.

Introduction Youth sexual violence victimization is an urgent public health concern that can lead to a variety of health problems and increased risk for victimization during adulthood. Examining the characteristics of early victimization and their association with subsequent victimization during adulthood may help strengthen primary prevention efforts. Methods Data are from the 2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. Prevalence estimates were computed in 2017 for rape and made to sexually penetrate, their subtypes, as well as proportions among victims by type of perpetrator. Chi-square tests of association were conducted between youth sexual violence victimization and the same experiences in adulthood. Results Approximately 10 million U.S. females (8.4%) experienced completed or attempted rape and 1.9 million U.S. males (1.6%) were made to penetrate someone during youth. Most victims knew their perpetrators. Being raped or made to penetrate during youth was associated with increased likelihood of such victimization in adulthood. Conclusions Females and males experience youth sexual violence victimization at alarming rates. Primary prevention efforts with youth are critical to prevent early victimization, subsequent victimization in adulthood, and the mental and physical health consequences associated with sexual violence victimization.
Rapid Rebalancing of Excitation and Inhibition by Cortical Circuitry

Excitation is balanced by inhibition to cortical neurons across a wide range of conditions. To understand how this relationship is maintained, we broadly suppressed the activity of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) inhibitory neurons and asked how this affected the balance of excitation and inhibition throughout auditory cortex. Activating archaerhodopsin in PV+ neurons effectively suppressed them in layer 4. However, the resulting increase in excitation outweighed Arch suppression and produced a net increase in PV+ activity in downstream layers. Consequently, suppressing PV+ neurons did not reduce inhibition to principal neurons (PNs) but instead resulted in a tightly coordinated increase in both excitation and inhibition. The increase in inhibition constrained the magnitude of PN spiking responses to the increase in excitation and produced nonlinear changes in spike tuning. Excitatory-inhibitory rebalancing is mediated by strong PN-PV+ connectivity within and between layers and is likely engaged during normal cortical operation to ensure balance in downstream neurons.
Thymic Hyperplasia in Subadult Galapagos Tortoises, Geochelone nigra

ABSTRACT A group of five, related captive born juvenile Galapagos tortoises, Geochelone nigra, presented with cervical neck swellings (6 – 20 cm) of greater than one year of duration. Thyroid hormones, plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were normal range or slightly elevated. Surgical biopsy and histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation of the masses revealed thymic hyperplasia. Thymic hyperplasia should be included as a differential diagnosis, in addition to goiter, for neck swelling in tortoises.
Cognitive Processing and Models of Reading

Reading involves the orchestration of many information-processing stages; as the eyes move across the printed page, the visual features of the text are converted into orthographic and phonological patterns, which are then used to guide further language processing so that the content of the text can be understood. One can gain an appreciation of the complexity of these processes by examining the table of contents in a psychology of reading textbook; minimally, one finds chapters devoted to the topics of eye movement control, word recognition, semantic and syntactic analyses, and discourse processing (Just and Carpenter, 1987; Perfetti, 1985; Rayner and Pollatsek, 1989; Taylor and Taylor, 1983).
The Analytic Continuation of Bergman Kernels

This chapter is devoted to a theorem of FitzGerald concerning the sesquianalytic continuation of Bergman kernel functions. First, however, it is necessary to consider a certain reproducing kernel space.
The Functional Impact of HIV-Associated Neuropsychological Decline

Briefly, HIV infection is associated with neuropsychological deficits in attention/working memory, motor abilities, memory, and executive functioning (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), which are often attributed to disruptions in frontal-striatal circuitry (3, 6). These HIV-associated deficits generally worsen with infection staging (3) , and decline in psychomotor speed appears to be the most robust (5,7) . Although dementia occurs in a relatively small number of HIVinfected individuals, between 30 and 50% of those with HIV evidence milder neuropsychological deficits (3, 8). That said, the number of newly diagnosed cases of HIV, in tandem with increased life expectancies resulting from treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), is driving up the mean age of the HIV-infected population (9, 10); older HIV+ individuals have been shown to demonstrate disproportionately greater neuropsychological decline and are about three times more likely to develop HIV-related dementia than are their younger counterparts (11, 12) .
Escherichia coli dGTP triphosphohydrolase is inhibited by gene 1.2 protein of bacteriophage T7.

Escherichia coli has a unique enzyme, deoxyguanosine triphosphate triphosphohydrolase (dGTPase) that cleaves dGTP into deoxyguanosine and tripolyphosphate. An E. coli mutant, optA1, has a 50-fold increased level of the dGTPase (Beauchamp, B.B., and Richardson, C.C. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85, 2563-2567). Successful infection of E. coli optA1 by bacteriophage T7 is dependent on a 10-kDa protein encoded by gene 1.2 of the phage. In this report we show that the gene 1.2 protein is a specific inhibitor of the E. coli dGTPase. Gene 1.2 protein inhibits dGTPase activity by forming a complex with the dGTPase with an apparent stoichiometry of two monomers of gene 1.2 protein/tetramer of dGTPase. The interaction is reversible with a half-life of the complex of 30 min and an apparent binding constant Ki of 35 nM. The binding of inhibitor of dGTPase is cooperative, indicating allosteric interactions between dGTPase subunits with a Hill coefficient of 1.7. The interaction is modulated differentially by DNA, RNA, and deoxyguanosine mono-, di-, and triphosphate. Both the binding of the substrate dGTP and of the inhibitor gene 1.2 protein induce conformational changes in dGTPase. The conformation of the enzyme in the presence of saturating concentrations of dGTP virtually prevents the association with, and the dissociation from, gene 1.2 protein.