cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A turn in the right direction: simulation of erect spiral growth in the bryozoans Archimedes and Bugula

Colonies of the fossil bryozoan Archimedes and erect, spiralled species of the living bryozoan Bugula consist of wedge-shaped systems of radially diverging, bifurcated branches that extend from a helical axial margin. Morphology of these colonies may be simulated using few growth rules. These include 1) radius of the central helical margin (RAD), 2) rate of climb of central helical margin (ELEV), 3) radial angle between successive branches that originate from the central helical margin (ANG), 4) radial growth of all branches, 5) angle between branches and axis of central helical margin (BWANG), 6) distance between three adjacent, radially diverging branches at which the central branch bifurcates into two branches equally spaced between the two side branches (XMIN), and 7) placement of a spacing bar at base of newly bifurcated branches. In addition, size constraints on the simulations must be stipulated. Simulations are begun at a proximal point along the central helix where a radial branch originates and are "grown" in repetitive steps by extending the central helical margin a distance distally, determined by ANG, then censusing established branches for XMIN in order to bifurcate appropriate branches and extend others in several short growth increments, etc. Growth of branches ceases at stipulated maximum width, and growth of the entire simulation ceases at stipulated maximum height. The presence of a helical inner margin marked by uniformly spaced bifurcations generates the spiralled shape, i.e. ELEV must be a positive number. Values of RAD, ELEV (not zero), ANG and BWANG determine form of the spiral; the other growth rules apply to bifurcated unilaminate branch systems in general. The range of observed colony forms and hypothetical morphospace of Archimedes may be simulated by varying BWANG, XMIN, and ELEV. RAD was kept constant, as its variation would be redundant with XMIN and ELEV. Variation in ANG affects near-helix morphology, but its influence is undetectable beyond this zone. Variability within colonies may be simulated by assigning to each variable a standard deviation with mean-centered randomly chosen values for each decision.
Traditional regulation’s role in greenhouse gas abatement

This book chapter addresses the use of traditional regulation to ameliorate climate disruption, revealing that traditional regulation has played a significant role. It defines traditional regulation as encompassing performance standards, work practice standards, and phase-outs of dangerous substances. It then shows that traditional regulation has encouraged greater energy efficiency, promoted renewable energy, addressed ancillary risks associated with climate-friendly technological change, and applied to non-carbon greenhouse gases. Finally, it explains that in spite of its cost ineffectiveness, factors such as monitoring difficulties, institutional capacity problems, the need for innovation, and demand to address risk/risk problems help explain the persistence of traditional regulation in an era enamored of “market-based mechanisms,” such as emissions trading.
Constraint, cognition, and written numeration

The world’s diverse written numeral systems are affected by human cognition; in turn, written numeral systems affect mathematical cognition in social environments. The present study investigates the constraints on graphic numerical notation, treating it neither as a byproduct of lexical numeration, nor a mere adjunct to writing, but as a specific written modality with its own cognitive properties. Constraints do not refute the notion of infinite cultural variability; rather, they recognize the infinity of variability within defined limits, thus transcending the universalist/particularist dichotomy. In place of strictly innatist perspectives on mathematical cognition, a model is proposed that invokes domain-specific and notationally-specific constraints to explain patterns in numerical notations. The analysis of exceptions to cross-cultural generalizations makes the study of near-universals highly productive theoretically. The cross-cultural study of patterns in written numbers thus provides a rich complement to the cognitive analysis of writing systems.
Hamdan, Lebanon, and the Regulation of Armed Hostilities: The Need to Recognize a Hybrid Category of Armed Conflict

For more than fifty years following the 1949 revision of the Geneva Conventions, the articles that defined when the protections of these treaties came into force - Common Articles 2 and 3 - were understood as the exclusive standard for determining application of the laws of war. From these two articles emerged an "either/or" law-applicability paradigm: inter-state, or international, armed conflicts triggered the full corpus of the laws of war; intra-state, or internal, armed conflicts triggered the limited humanitarian protection reflected in the terms of Common Article 3. The military response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 threw this paradigm into disarray. These events exposed the gap in legal regulation of armed conflict. Although the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld rejected the Bush administration's reliance on this "either/or" law-triggering paradigm as a basis to deny the applicability of the humane treatment mandate to captured al Qaeda personnel, that decision did not address regulation of hostilities. It was, instead, the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah that exposed the unacceptable consequences of this gap in legal regulation. While numerous voices from the international community invoked law of war as a basis to condemn both parties, there was virtually no consideration of the reality that, like the global war on terror, the conflict defied traditional categorization under the Common Article 2/3 paradigm. This Article asserts that the changing nature of warfare necessitates recognition of a hybrid category of "transnational armed conflict." This category is based on the de facto existence of armed conflict, regardless of geographic scope. The such armed conflicts trigger for application of the foundational principles of the laws of war, and how such application is derived from the history of regulating warfare, the purposes of the Geneva Conventions, and the pragmatic logic that animated the adoption of national military policies mandating application of these principles to all military operations.
Графский титул в контексте Петровской карнавальной культуры

“The Title of Count in the Context of Petrine Carnival Culture” The europeanization of Russia under Peter I had a conspicuously carnival form. Characteristically, the reforms of Peter I, which were intended to turn Russia into a European country, in many cases began with carnival sport. Carnavalization, re-naming—all this manifested a general cultural program, which reveals the artificial character of the modernization of Russia. Russian official life turned out to be extremely carnivalesque. Carnival became an element of Russian court life; participation in carnivals was obligatory. Together with new clothing, new language and new habits, new aristoricratic titles were adopted, such as count or baron. In the context of carnival ceremonies such titles had an ambiguous character. The author attempts to demonstrate that the title of count could be understood as buffonesque in the Petrine epoch.
Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism

The treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which consists of pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep vein thrombosis (DVT), can be complex. In recent years the introduction of novel pharmacologic treatments, as well as, increased use of catheter-directed thrombolysis, systemic intravenous thrombolysis, and surgical embolectomy interventions have been utilized either instead of or in addition to traditional VTE treatment with the hopes to improve outcomes. Traditional treatment options for VTE continue to be unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), and oral vitamin K antagonists (warfarin).
Anti-norovirus therapeutics: a patent review (2010-2015)

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Human noroviruses are the primary causative agents of acute gastroenteritis and are a pressing public health burden worldwide. There are currently no vaccines or small molecule therapeutics available for the treatment or prophylaxis of norovirus infections. An improved understanding of norovirus biology, as well as the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the disease, has provided the impetus for a range of intense exploratory drug discovery efforts targeting viral and host factors.Areas covered: An overview of norovirus inhibitors disclosed in the patent literature (2010-present) and Clinicaltrials.gov is presented. The review is further enriched and supplemented by recent literature reports.Expert opinion: Seminal discoveries made in recent years, including a better understanding of the pathobiology and life cycle of norovirus, the identification and targeting of multiple viral and host factors, the advent of a replicon system and a small animal model for the preclinical evaluation of ...
Biomechanical comparison of the modified Bristow procedure with and without capsular repair

The Bristow procedure has become an effective surgical option for recurrent anterior instability of the shoulder; however, there is no consensus on whether a capsule repair following a Bristow procedure is necessary to restore glenohumeral stability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether capsular repair with a modified Bristow procedure affects rotational range of motion and glenohumeral stability. Rotational range of motion, glenohumeral translation and kinematics were measured in eight cadaveric shoulders in 90° shoulder abduction in the scapular and coronal planes for four conditions: intact, 20 % bony Bankart lesion, modified Bristow without capsular repair and modified Bristow with capsular repair. Creation of the bony Bankart led to a significant increase in total range of motion and anterior–inferior translation compared to the intact shoulder. The modified Bristow procedure significantly decreased anterior–inferior translation compared to the bony Bankart but did not decrease total range of motion. Capsular repair decreased total range of motion in the scapular and coronal planes and altered normal glenohumeral kinematics in external rotation positions. Repairing the capsule in a Bristow procedure decreases rotational range of motion yet does not offer any added anterior–inferior translational stability. Capsular repair also significantly alters normal glenohumeral kinematics. Capsule repair with a Bristow procedure may not add additional glenohumeral stability in positions of apprehension and may potentially over constrain the joint and cause altered kinematics.
Outcome of Hemispherectomy in Sturge-Weber Syndrome

A questionnaire was mailed to the parents of 70 patients identified by the Sturge-Weber Foundation as recipients of hemispherectomy between 1979 and 2001, and responses obtained from 32 (46%) were analysed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD.
Larval Diets from Different Protein Sources for Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The effects of larval diets with different protein sources were investigated on the development of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Casein, corn hydrolysate, soy protein, soy hydrolysate, yeast hydrolysate, lactoalbumin, lactoalbumin hydrolysate, and wheat gluten were tested as replacements for torula yeast. Flies raised on soy hydrolysate had the highest pupation (63%), pupal weight (11.2 mg), days to pupation (9.1 days), and least percentage eclosion (92.8%). Larvae failed to pupate when fed the corn hydrolysate diet. Pupal weight increased with protein levels, fitting to the regression model y = 5.5(ln x)0.5; after a rapid increase, pupal weight leveled off with further increases beyond 5% dietary protein. Protein source and protein concentration affected pupal color; anomalous white pupae resulted from larvae reared on diets containing casein, soy protein, and lactoalbumin at a protein concentration of 3.6%. Increasing the dietary levels of casein, soy protein, and lactoalbumin above 3.6% resulted in normal brown pupae.
Participation in risk sharing under ambiguity

This paper is about (non) participation in efficient risk sharing among agents who have ambiguous beliefs about uncertain states of nature. The question we ask is whether and how can ambiguous beliefs give rise to some agents not participating in efficient risk sharing. Ambiguity of beliefs is described by the multiple-prior expected utility of Gilboa and Schmeidler (J Math Econ 18:141–153, 1989), or the variational preferences of Maccheroni et al. (Econometrica 74(6):1447–1498, 2006). The main result says that if the aggregate risk is relatively small, then the agents whose beliefs are the most ambiguous do not participate in risk sharing. The higher the ambiguity of those agents’ beliefs, the more likely is their non-participation. Another factor making non-participation more likely is low risk aversion of agents whose beliefs are less ambiguous. We discuss implications of our results on agents’ participation in trade in equilibrium in assets markets.
Viral Hepatitis: Current Concepts

As Australia antigen is related to the hepatitis virus that causes type B hepatitis, it is currently proposed that the antigen be called hepatitis B antigen (HBAg). About 5 percent of patients with acute HBAg-positive hepatitis become carriers of HBAg. When cirrhosis develops following acute viral hepatitis, in most instances it appears to evolve from type B hepatitis. There are numerous reports of frequent HBAg positivity among patients with hepatic carcinoma, raising the possibility that the hepatitis B virus itself may be oncogenic.
Historical Oppression and Indigenous Families: Uncovering Potential Risk Factors for Indigenous Families Touched by Violence

Violence against Indigenous women in the United States is higher than for any other racial group. Indigenous women tend to rely on families for support and recovery, yet the risk factors related to Indigenous families affected by violence are unknown. Therefore, interviews from a critical ethnography were used to uncover the perspectives of Indigenous women who have experienced intimate partner violence, along with the professionals who serve them, to understand potential risk factors that create vulnerability to and impair recovery from violence. Several themes emerged from pragmatic horizon analysis of interviews with 49 Indigenous women and professionals who work with tribal members affected by violence, including family divisions and parental impairments (i.e., intergenerational patterns of absent parental figures, parental alcohol abuse, and impaired bonding). Future research should examine these potential risk factors related to families affected by violence and their connections with historical oppression.
Experience with 60 consecutive hypospadias repairs using the Horton-Devine techniques.

Abstract Sixty consecutive patients with hypospadias were operated on by a single surgeon using the techniques of Horton and Devine. The over-all complication rate was 48.3 per cent, with 28 per cent of the patients requiring a second procedure to correct either a fistula or meatal stenosis. Second procedures were short and uncomplicated. Excellent functional and cosmetic results can be expected with these techniques.
The role of anxiety sensitivity in the relation between anxious arousal and cannabis and alcohol use problems among low-income inner city racial/ethnic minorities

Abstract The current study explored anxiety sensitivity as a factor accounting for the association between anxious arousal and problems related to use of cannabis and alcohol among a health disparity sample (low income minorities). Specifically, participants were 130 low-income racial/ethnic minorities who reported daily cannabis use (Mage = 37.7 SD = 10.0; 28.5% female). There were significant indirect associations of anxious arousal via anxiety sensitivity in relation to: cannabis use problems, cannabis withdrawal symptoms, use of cannabis to cope, as well as hazardous drinking, alcohol use problems, and alcohol consumption. These data indicate anxiety sensitivity is a possible mechanism underlying the relation between anxious arousal and substance use problems among low-income racial/ethnic minorities. Future work could evaluate the efficacy of cannabis and alcohol use treatments incorporating anxiety sensitivity reduction techniques to facilitate amelioration of anxiety and substance use and offset mental health inequalities for this population.
EM analysis of smart shelf RFID antenna with reconfigurable interrogation zone

This paper presents the design and EM analysis of a near-field RFID antenna for the smart shelf applications where spatially-reconfigurable interrogation zone is required. Antenna operation is based on the EM coupling between the open-ended or shorted microstrip (MS) feed line and parallel planar metal strips printed on top of a dielectric layer. The novelty of the proposed design corresponds to utilizing the RF switches altering the length of meander MS line and thus changing the phase distribution of the radiating antenna elements. Near-field distributions calculated in the planes parallel and normal to the antenna surface illustrate the mechanism of extending an area of strong E-field necessary to activate multiple RFID tags.
A Collaborative Training Algorithm for Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing

In this paper, we discuss a local message passing algorithm for collaboratively training networks of kernel-linear least-squares regression estimators. The algorithm is constructed to solve a relaxation of the classical centralized kernel- linear least-squares regression problem. A statistical analysis shows that the generalization error afforded agents by the collaborative training algorithm can be bounded in terms of the relationship between the network topology and the representational capacity of the relevant reproducing kernel Hilbert space; this is in contrast to related approaches which relate the similarity structure encoded in the kernel and the network topology. The algorithm is relevant to the problem of distributed learning in wireless sensor networks by virtue of its exploitation of local communication.
Seeing Work: Constructing Visions of Work in and through Data

My dissertation research explores the role technologies play in shaping how work practices are seen, imagined, and valued. I focus on how data remnants and traces, the technological residue left in the wake of human-computer interactions, become anchors that orient the construction of seeing work within an organization. To examine this, I draw on ethnographic fieldwork at a high tech firm and focus on efforts to reinvent an email client. I explore how seeing work in and through trace data paints increasingly narrow and modular portraits of work, reframing the contours and potential of vision and visibility in the workplace.
Distributive Outcomes in Contested Maritime Areas: The Role of Inside Options in Settling Competing Claims

Outside options can induce bargaining asymmetries that influence the outcome of international negotiations. This article focuses, however, on the impact of a regime-provided inside option on the wi...
Cloud IT and Tax IT: A Suggested Framework for the Taxation of Cloud Computing

The risk of corporate income tax erosion in the wake of the Information Technology (IT) Revolution was, until the latter part of the 20th century, a minor issue. The IT Revolution that began in the previous century is continuing to make advances that affect the global economy. Cloud Computing technology, otherwise known as The Cloud, is a subset of IT. The Cloud is currently disrupting the business industry, since corporations and customers can be located in multiple jurisdictions. This imposes very serious challenges to the principles laid out in the international tax regime, both in the U.S tax code and in international tax treaties. Cloud computing allows an organization to decentralize its IT infrastructure by distributing its network servers around the world, while keeping the command and control of these servers easily accessible from any Internet-connected device using a standard browser. Today, cloud computing technology is forcing decision-makers to determine how to deal with the critical taxation challenges resulting from a problem that has not been addressed for many years. The international tax system was designed to conform to the business environment of the early 20th century, when all taxation was based on physical objects, and the location of the parties was crystal clear. Founded on principles of simplicity, it could be presumed that in the eyes of the law “what you saw was what you got”. This presumption was already proved wrong in 1942 , during a case involving a radio station broadcasting American advertisements from Mexico to a U.S audience, where neither the type of income nor the location was clear. Yet, for decades, the United States and other countries continued to ignore the jurisdiction problems, which only intensified over time. The time has come to modify the outdated rules that have dominated the tax system since the beginning of the 20th century, and to establish new principles to maintain the international consensus for taxation. The question of whether the international tax system can continue to operate in its current form takes center stage in this discussion. While this article provides an analysis for the taxation of cloud computing, it also provides principles that will be helpful for the taxation of digital activities in general. In addition, we will study optional frameworks and propose suggestions for the taxation of cloud computing under the U.S. Code, coupled with a discussion of the taxation of cloud computing under international conventions.
A Programed Method of Reading Instruction for Use With Kindergarten Children

This experiment investigates a programed method of reading instruction for use with kindergarten children. The Ss were taught 14 words within the context of the story, Goldilocks and the Three Bears. Correct reading responses were overdetermined in the beginning by using echoic, tactual, intraverbal, and textual stimuli. The supplementary stimuli were gradually faded until the reading responses came under control of only the textual stimuli. There were three different procedures. Procedure I was as described above. The echoic stimuli were deleted in Procedure II, and the tactual stimuli were deleted in Procedure III. Most Ss in all three procedures completed the program and showed significant improvement in ability to read the 14 words. The apparent lack of effectiveness of the echoic and tactual stimuli was discussed in terms of the strong intraverbal control which most children demonstrate for Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
Effect of growing media and fertilization on sugarcane flowering under artificial photoperiod.

The USDA-ARS Sugarcane Variety Development Program in Houma, LA aims to maximize the number of panicles available for crossing through artificial manipulation of the environment. In a three-year study, the effect of growing media, fertilizer treatment, and their interaction on sugarcane flowering (% of panicles emerged), and number of days to flowering (DTF) under an artificial photoperiod treatment were assessed. The commercially-available sugarcane cultivar, ‘HoCP 96–540’ was planted in 2.8-L pots and subjected to the standard local photoperiod treatment. The cultivar was planted in four growing media (RediEarth Seedling and Germination Mix, Fafard, Metro-Mix®902, and Metro-Mix®900) and subjected to three different fertilizer applications. In the control treatment, fertilizer application was stopped prior to the commencement of the photoperiod treatment as practiced in some sugarcane breeding programs. The continuous treatment consisted of an application of a 10 ml solution of a NPK three times a week between June and October. The partial treatment consisted of applications of the same NPK solution applied post-initiation between September and October. Nitrogen starvation prior to the commencement of the photoperiod treatment is generally accepted to improve flower initiation; thus the standard practice is to cease nitrogen application two weeks prior to beginning a photoperiod regime. The growing media used in this study did not have a significant effect on days to flowering or percent panicle emergence. In our study, the control fertilizer treatment showed a flowering percentage across all growing media types of 21.2% less than a continuous fertilization regime. Furthermore, a significant trend was observed between fertilization treatments and days to flowering, with the continuous treatment producing panicles, on average across growing media, four days earlier than the control treatment, and six days earlier than the partial treatment. Evidence across this three-year experiment indicates that we should consider modifying plant nutrition management as soil fertility was found to be inadequate.
Overview of Tumor Progression in Melanoma

Primary melanomas may arise in precursor nevi, and may evolve through two stages, the rapid growth phase (RGP) and the vertical growth phase (VGP). The RGP may be in situ or microinvasive but is nontumorigenic, whereas the VGP is tumorigenic and/or mitogenic. The prognosis in RGP is excellent regardless of thickness or other variables, whereas the prognosis in VGP depends on multiple attributes, including thickness and ulceration, which are the major variables used in the currently standard American Joint Committee on Cancer prognostic model and staging system for melanoma. In addition, the mitotic rate and the presence of lymphocytic infiltrates within the VGP are powerful predictors of survival. In thin (i.e., good prognosis) melanomas, three simple variables—the presence of any dermal mitoses, the presence or absence of tumorigenicity, and the patient gender—can divide patients into groups at very low or quite high risk of metastatic disease. These clinical findings based on tumor progression can be used to generate biological hypotheses suitable for testing in basic science laboratories and in clinical trials.
BASIC PHYSICS OF ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS

A description is made of the basic physics and characteristics of erbium-doped fibers amplifiers (EDFA’s). The spectroscopic features and laser properties of erbium-doped silica glass are outlined first,followed by a description of the gain and saturation characteristics of infrared-pumped EDPA devices. Various theoretical models based on both accurate analytical and numerical integration methods are detailed next,with a discussion of different amplification regimes and fiber designs.
Back-Calculation of Material Properties of Asphalt Concrete using the APA Test

Improving the rutting resistance of asphalt concrete (AC) is one of the most important topics in pavement engineering. Simulative tests including Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) tests have been increasingly used to evaluate the rutting potential of AC. However, they usually cannot give fundamental properties of AC due to the complex stress and strain fields. In this study, a computational simulation method for the APA test was developed to predict the rutting potential of AC through a viscoplasticity model and three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element Method (FEM). The model parameters were obtained through an inverse method. The back-calculation of material parameters usually requires repetitive computation to improve the results in an iterative manner. It is very time consuming. In order to improve the computation efficiency, a modified trial-and-error method which was based on sensitivity analysis of the model parameters was developed to obtain the model parameters. The comparison between APA test results and the model simulation was used to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the developed method.
Progress in Quantum Physics Since the Late Forties

What is functional integration? Answer: It is a theory of integration over function spaces. Functional integrals were introduced in quantum physics by Richard P. Feynman in his Ph.D. dissertation “The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics” (Princeton, 1942).
The Practical Impact of Underenforced Professional Rules: Legal Advertising Regulation and Beyond

This partly empirical and partly analytic Article explores the ramifications of maintaining unenforced, or underenforced, rules in legal ethics codes. In essence, the Article asks the basic question "what do lawyers do when nobody is watching?" The Article takes as its paradigm legal advertising rules. Using the Yellow Pages from San Diego and other California jurisdictions as examples, the Article first establishes two facts: lawyers routinely violate advertising rules, and professional regulators almost never impose discipline in a way that is publicly reported. The Article then illustrates both that California is typical of American jurisdictions and that advertising regulation is simply one of many underenforced aspects of the legal ethics codes. Having made its empirical points, the Article next uses the legal advertising rules to make a series of analytic points. The Article first identifies explanations for the decisions of the regulators not to enforce the rules fully. The Article then considers the ramifications of underenforcement, including the effects on (1) lawyers considering whether to violate an underenforced rule, (2) lawyers more generally, (3) clients and observers of the bar, and (4) rulemakers and regulators. Finally, the Article draws a series of more general conclusions concerning the impact of unenforced and underenforced professional rules. It considers whether all underenforced provisions have similar effects. It then identifies lessons we can learn from the advertising paradigm about the professional codes, code-drafting, and the way disciplinary decisionmaking should be structured.
A Profile of State Appellate Court Decision Making: Rape Shield and Conviction Appeals

This paper offers a profile of state appellate court interpretation of rape shield provisions from the 50 states. Studying the corpus of appeals of rape convictions where the shield provision was challenged, we examine about 500 decisions of intermediate appellated decisions and courts of last resort. This preliminary analysis provides a profile of the nature of the conviction offense, characteristics of the court's opinion, and particular treatment of shield provisions. In the process, the research sheds light on the significance of statutory variation, state appellate court decision making, and the instrumental and symbolic dimensions of the more general rape law reform efforts.
Alkaloids Derived from Both Tyrosine and Phenylalanine

The biosynthesis of several types of alkaloids involves both phenylalanine and tyrosine. These alkaloids occur in the closely related families Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae and in the Cephalotaxaceae and Mesembryanthemaceae. The last two families are not closely related to each other, nor to the first two families.
Adsorption on Quartz Single Crystals

Preliminary measurements of the effect of the adsorption of gases on the resonant frequencies of quartz crystals have been made. Approximate adsorption isotherms for hexane and water vapor on Y-cut quartz crystals are reported.
Remodeling dual language programs: Teachers enact agency as critically conscious language policy makers

ABSTRACTDual language (DL) programs experience many tensions stemming from English hegemony in its curriculum, instruction, and assessment. These tensions often work in concert to usurp the three goals of DL programs to develop bilingualism, biliteracy, and bicultural competence while achieving grade level standards for its students. Subsequently, there is need to understand how DL teachers can and do enact agency as language policymakers to create DL programs that truly accomplishes its three-fold goals. Using a case study method with two DL programs within different schools, the researchers explore how 13 Spanish- and English-medium DL teachers a) perceive their agency and display critical consciousness, by b) acknowledging program tensions and c) acting to remodel their programs. Interviews, surveys, and focus group data from teachers and administrators reveal that DL teachers report a lack of perceived agency in their role as language policymakers. Simultaneously, these DL teachers demonstrate a keen ...
Panel of three loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays differentiates Rathayibacter toxicus populations RT-I, RT-II, RT-III, RT-IV and RT-V

Rathayibacter toxicus is a nematode-vectored (Anguina sp.) plant-pathogenic (Poaceae; grasses) bacterium that secretes a toxin, which can cause fatalities in livestock and horses that ingest diseased plant material. The lethal toxicoses associated with R. toxicus are annual ryegrass toxicity and flood plain staggers. Currently, this bacterium is confined to certain areas of Australia and South Africa. Previous studies have shown that populations from Western Australia (RT-III) are genetically distinct from populations from South Australia (RT-II). A recent study discovered a newly emerged population in South Australia (RT-I), distinct from both Western and South Australian populations studied previously. In this study, a six-gene MLST delineated five distinct genetic populations. Phenotypic significance of these different populations is not yet known. A set of molecular-based assays for the specific detection of R. toxicus has been developed. Described here are loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for rapid identification and differentiation of R. toxicus populations in the field or laboratory. These assays can be used subsequent to an R. toxicus-specific field assay, allowing on-site determination of population type. This will allow informed field sampling to collect populations of interest, as well as track the movement of populations to new areas.
Thin Film Poly-Si Solar Cell on Glass Substrate Fabricated at Low Temperature

The performances of thin-film poly-Si solar cells with a thickness of less than 5 μm on a glass substrate have been investigated. The cell of glass/back reflector/n-i-p type Si/ITO is well characterized by the structure of naturally surface texture and enhanced absorption with a back reflector (STAR), where the active i-type poly-Si layer was fabricated by plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at low temperature. The cell with a thickness of 2.0 μm demonstrated an intrinsic efficiency of 10.7% (aperture 10.1%), an open-circuit voltage of 0.539 V and a short-current density of 25.8 mA/cm2 as independently confirmed by Japan Quality Assurance. No light-induced degradation is observed. The optical and transport properties of poly-Si cells are summarized.
An investigation of the curl-down test as a measure of abdominal strength.

Abstract Sixty freshmen college women were given the 30-second and 60-second curl-down tests and two trials on the Elgin Multiple Angle testing unit. Standing and sitting height and weight measurements were also recorded. Analysis of the data showed (a) no significant relationship of the curl-down scores to the physical dimensions, (b) a .78 reliability coefficient on the 30-second tests, (c) dynamometer scores positively related (r=.44 and r=.32) to the 30-second and 60-second scores respectively. A test between the correlated r's resulted in a significant t of 3.46 and a significant t (8.47) between correlated means on the split halves of the 60-second test. The 60-second test was given to another 72 subjects with scores recorded each 10 seconds. After the fourth 10-seconds interval, the scores radically decreased, therefore a 40-second curl-down test is recommended.
Traumatic brain injury and creative divergent thinking.

The current study examined how creative divergent thinking (i.e., the ability to produce varied and original solutions to a problem) is impacted by moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). ...
Frequency Distribution Shifts in Micellar Kinetics

A modified mass-action distribution model, the so-called shell model for micellar systems, has been recently published by the author. This model simulates the critical micelle concentration behavior of such systems. An internally self-consistent closed form solution for the relaxation kinetics of the initial process immediately following perturbation, in micellar systems following this model, has been published by the author during the year of this Symposium. This has also for the first time fit the relaxation time behavior down to infinite dilution. With the aid of this equilibrium distribution and application of the standard rate equations of chemical kinetics for the interaction of a monomer molecule with another monomer and each oligomer unit, the instantaneous rate of change of the molar and equivalent concentration of every oligomer throughout the distribution has been computed numerically with a digital computer.
Quantum Computation and Spin Physics

A brief review is given of the physical implementation of quantum computation within spin systems or other two-state quantum systems. The importance of the controlled-NOT or quantum XOR gate as the fundamental primitive operation of quantum logic is emphasized. Recent developments in the use of quantum entanglement to built error-robust quantum states, and the simplest protocol for quantum error correction, are discussed.
Monticello Motor Club: Straights and Corners

This case has been taught successfully in a second-year MBA elective, "Management of Service Operations," in a module on service system design. The material works well to unfold with Frances Frei's service model framework. Ari Straus, a former customer of Monticello Motor Club (MMC), brought that customer perspective with him to take on the roles of CEO and president. MMC was a high-end service business with an exclusive clientele. As much as the asphalt track, racecars, and clubhouse facilities attracted members and guests, the staff's professionalism and personal touch kept them coming back and kept them recommending the club to their acquaintances. Excerpt UVA-OM-1511 Rev. Sept. 8, 2015 Monticello Motor Club: Straights and Corners The fundamentals of business and racing strategies are analogous: focus on where you're going, keep competitors in your mirrors, and plan for ever-changing conditions. —Ari Straus With over four miles of smooth black asphalt winding through the countryside within 90miles of New York City, Ari Straus, CEO and president of Monticello Motor Club (MMC), knew how enjoyable it was to step on the accelerator and leave all your problems behind in the rearview mirror. In 2007, he signed up as an early member before MMC had opened as the Drive and Race Club in 2008. Later, Straus joined the small group of private investors as a partner. In 2011, when the managing partner left to start a new business, Straus was invited to take over as president. . . .
Synthesizing evidence in sustainability science through harmonized experiments: Community monitoring in common pool resources.

Over 30 y ago, Elinor Ostrom published Governing the Commons (1), a demonstration by counterexample that the successful management of common pool resources requires neither individual private property rights nor central government control. Her contribution and subsequent research identify more than a dozen institutional features, or “design principles,” purported to make successful community-based, common pool resource management more likely (2, 3). Examples of these features include clearly defined group and resource boundaries, graduated sanctions, conflict-resolution mechanisms, enabling policy environments, and accountable monitoring systems. But after decades of theoretical and empirical studies, little is known about whether external interventions can enhance these features where they are weak or absent, or whether enhancing these features individually—rather than collectively—causes resource conditions to improve (4). These questions have long been identified as important for advancing sustainability science and practice (5). In this Special Feature on “Sustaining the Commons,” the authors try to answer these questions by developing and testing mechanism-based theories of institutions in complex socio-ecological systems. The Special Feature makes three contributions to advancing sustainability science. It offers an exemplar of multiteam, harmonized research to accelerate the accumulation of generalizable knowledge in sustainability science. In addition, it sheds light on the causal relationship between community monitoring and common pool resource outcomes, a relationship that has long been of interest in the sustainability science literature (1, 6, 7). Finally, it offers a theoretically informed approach to guide synthesis of research findings from diverse contexts. Through these contributions, the Special Feature aims to stimulate discussion and debate among different communities of scholarship and practice in sustainability science. These communities include researchers and practitioners interested in common pool resource governance, adaptive management, comanagement and decentralization, citizen science, and democratic accountability, as well as those interested in applying new approaches for empirical research … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: pferraro{at}jhu.edu or arunagra{at}umich.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Histological Clues in Interpreting Vulvar Inflammatory and Autoimmune Dermatoses

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a few diagnostic pearls that may be helpful in directing the pathologist towards a particular set of diseases or to establish a preliminary differential diagnosis. It is meant to serve as an overview of histopathologic changes in vulvar pathology. The resolution of the differential diagnosis and the more in depth analysis of any given lesion will require reference to the appropriate chapters that form the remainder of this volume.
Overweight Predicts Poorer Exercise Capacity in Congenital Heart Disease Patients

Abstract Background Overweight (OW) and obesity (OB) are endemic in the United States and affect adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). Defining the burden of excess weight on the cardiovascular system in ACHD is the goal of this study. Limitation of exercise capacity due to overweight or obesity might be reversible with weight loss and improve quality of life for ACHD adults. Methods Exercise tests performed using a Bruce protocol and measurement of maximum oxygen consumption were retrospectively reviewed on 418 CHD patients. OW and OB were defined as the 85–95 or > 95 percentile respectively for age and gender or by adult criteria. Severity of CHD was assigned based on criteria published in standard guidelines. Results 63 patients had mild, 198 moderate, and 157 severe heart disease. Each ACHD group was 32 to 34% OW or OB. Measured exercise time (ET) of CHD patients with moderate or severe heart disease was less than that of controls in each weight categories. However, OB or OW people have shorter ET than their normal weight peers with CHD. Multiple regression using ET as the dependent variable finds that female sex, relative BMI, and VE/VCO2 at peak exercise are all associated with lesser ET with high significance. Peak heart rate is associated with greater ET, with borderline significance. Severity of heart disease is not independently associated with ET. Conclusions OW and OB are strongly associated with reduced ET in persons with congenital heart disease. Losing weight may improve exercise capacity in ACHD.
Respiratory volume-flow in the crying newborn infant.

Maximum inspiratory and expiratory volume-flow have been recorded in 14 crying infants during the first 3 days of their lives, by a method that will follow rapid changes accurately. Average maximum inspiratory volume-flow of 161 ml/sec and average maximum expiratory volume-flow of 106 ml/sec were observed. The relation of volume-flow to noise production was also studied. It is suggested that there is a certain maximal tracheal volume-flow measured by the maximum volume-flow recorded during the inspiration preceding a cry.
A PVSS as Hard as Discrete Log and Shareholder Separability

A Publicly Verifiable Secret Sharing (PVSS)sc heme allows a prover to verifiably prove that a value with specific properties is shared among a number of parties. This verification can be performed by anyone. Stadler introduced a PVSS for proving that the discrete log of an element is shared [S96], and based the PVSS on double-decker exponentiation. Schoenmakers recently presented a PVSS scheme that is as hard to break as deciding Diffie-Hellman (DDH)[Sc h99]. He further showed how a PVSS can be used to improve on a number of applications: fair electronic cash (with anonymity revocation), universally verifiable electronic voting, and software key escrow schemes. When the solution in [Sch99] is used for sharing a key corresponding to a given public key, the double-decker exponentiation method and specific assumptions are still required. Here we improve on [Sch99] and present a PVSS for sharing discrete logs that is as hard to break as the Discrete-Log problem itself, thus weakening the assumption of [Sch99]. Our solution differs in that it can be used directly to implement the sharing of private keys (avoiding the double decker methods). The scheme can therefore be implemented with any semantically secure encryption method (paying only by a moderate increase in proof length). A major property of our PVSS is that it provides an algebraic decoupling of the recovering participants (who can be simply represented by any set of public keys)from the sharing operation. Thus, our scheme diverts from the traditional polynomial-secret-sharing-based VSS. We call this concept Separable Shareholders.
Purification and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD1/RAD10 endonuclease.

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD1 and RAD10 genes are required for the incision step of excision repair, and in addition, they function in mitotic recombination. The RAD1 and RAD10 proteins are associated in a tight complex, and genetic studies have indicated that complex formation is essential for the RAD1/RAD10 controlled biological activities. We had previously purified the RAD10 protein to near homogeneity from yeast and shown that it is a DNA-binding protein with a strong preference for single-stranded DNA. In this study, we purify the RAD1 protein to near homogeneity from yeast and show that it also binds single-stranded DNA preferentially and that the RAD1/RAD10 complex possesses an endonuclease activity. We characterize the RAD1/RAD10 endonuclease activity on both single-stranded and double-stranded DNAs, using agarose gel electrophoresis and trichloroacetic acid precipitation. The RAD1/RAD10 nuclease exhibits a much higher level of activity on single-stranded DNA than double-stranded DNA. The susceptibility of double-stranded DNA to nicking by the RAD1/RAD10 enzyme is markedly dependent on the degree of negative superhelicity, such that a 15-fold increase in nicking rate is observed from superhelical state sigma = zero to sigma = -0.08. The enzyme produces 3'-hydroxyl and 5'-phosphate termini on both single- and double-stranded DNAs. We discuss the role of RAD1/RAD10 endonuclease in nucleotide excision repair and in mitotic recombination.
Molecular mechanisms of T‐cell tolerance

CD4(+) T cells are the master regulators of adaptive immune responses, and many autoimmune diseases arise due to a breakdown of self-tolerance in CD4(+) T cells. Activation of CD4(+) T cells is regulated by not only the binding of peptide-major histocompatibility complexes to T-cell receptor but also costimulatory signals from antigen-presenting cells. Recently, there has been progress in understanding the extracellular and intracellular mechanisms that are required for implementation and maintenance of T-cell tolerance. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying T-cell tolerance will lead to development of pharmacological approaches either to promote the tolerance state in terms of autoimmunity or to break tolerance in cancer.