cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Rorschach Aggression Variables and Explicit Hostility

Objective;To explore the correlation between Rorschach aggression variables and BPRS hostility factor.Methods;According to CCMD-3 standard,a clinical sample of 30 inpatient and outpatient subjects with a diagnosis of multiple mental disorder were administered Rorschach Inkblot Method and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.The conceptual nature and clinical utility of the Rorschach aggression variables as well as the correlation between Rorschach aggression variables and BPRS hostility factor was discussed.Results;This study indicated that;①12 Rorschach aggression variables had good Cronbach α reliability coefficient(all above 0.77);②3 factors,revealed by factor analysis,accounted for 76% of the total variance;③Selected variables were found to be empirically related to a doctor-rating measure of BPRS hostility factor.Independent-sample T Test indicated variable AgC and total aggression score meant significant difference between the high group and low group of BPRS hostility factor.Conclusion;These findings partly support the use of the Rorschach variables in the assessment of certain aggression as well as contributing to a better conceptual understanding of aggression.
Epidemiological features of syphilis and gonorrhea in Beijing in 2004-2012

Objective To analyze the epidemiological features of syphilis and gonorrhea in Beijing from 2004 to 2012,and to provide scientific reference for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases(STDs).Methods A descriptive epidemiological analysis was applied to analyze data collected from patients with syphilis and gonorrhea reported by China information system for disease control and prevention during 2004 to 2012 in Beijing.Results A total of 33363 cases of syphilis and 23983 cases of gonorrhea were reported respectively with the annual incidence ranging from 12.26-25.13 and from 5.52-35.53 per 100000 population.The annual incidence of cases with gonorrhea showed down-ward trend from 2004 to 2012(χ2trend=48.53,P0.01).There were more male patients than females with gonorrhea and with every stage of syphilis except for latent one.The majority of patients with syphilis and gonorrhea were between the ages of 20 and 49 who were sexually more active which accounted for 64.59% and 88.43% of total cases.Latent syphilis was found to be the predominant type accounting for 53.77% of all syphilis cases.Most cases were from Fengtai,Haidian and Chaoyang districts and were housekeepers or unemployed individuals.Conclusions Syphilis has become the most common STD in Beijing,therefore,it is very important to educate people especially those migrating population with the prevention knowledge of syphilis and other STDs in order to control the endemic of STDs.
Selected hormonal changes with summer fescue toxicosis.

The effects of fescue endophyte content (low, 16 or high, 44% of tillers examined) and of N fertilization rate (low, 134 kg N.ha-1.yr-1 or high, 336 kg N.ha-1.yr-1) upon serum prolactin (PRL) in Angus steers were examined. Jugular blood samples for serum PRL determination were taken before (basal) and after thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administration (stimulated). Areas under both the basal and stimulated PRL curves were calculated. While areas under the PRL curves varied with length of photoperiod, high endophyte content resulted in a consistent PRL suppression during 1984. During four time periods in 1984 (May to October), areas under the PRL curves [basal and(or) TRH stimulated] were suppressed (P less than .05) with high endophyte on three dates. Although basal areas under the PRL curves in 1983 were nonsignificantly suppressed with high endophyte, there was a suppression (P less than .05) post-TRH in October with high endophyte. There was no effect of N on PRL areas in either year. No relationship was found to exist between basal PRL areas and average daily gains as computed to encompass a period 2 wk before and after a blood collection date. Mean basal growth hormone (GH) concentration as determined from one bleeding date were elevated (P less than .05) in steers on high compared with low endophyte (7.9 and 6.2 ng/ml +/- 1.1 overall SE, respectively). There was no effect of treatment on TRH-stimulated serum GH values. Mean basal serum insulin values ranged from 13.2 to 17.5 microU/ml (+/- 1.2 overall SE) and were not affected by treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Machine Translation: Mining Text for Social Theory

More of the social world lives within electronic text than ever before, from collective activity on the web, social media, and instant messaging to online transactions, government intelligence, and digitized libraries. This supply of text has elicited demand for natural language processing and machine learning tools to filter, search, and translate text into valuable data. We survey some of the most exciting computational approaches to text analysis, highlighting both supervised methods that extend old theories to new data and unsupervised techniques that discover hidden regularities worth theorizing. We then review recent research that uses these tools to develop social insight by exploring (a) collective attention and reasoning through the content of communication; (b) social relationships through the process of communication; and (c) social states, roles, and moves identified through heterogeneous signals within communication. We highlight social questions for which these advances could offer powerful ...
Investigating the role of biofilms in trihalomethane formation in water distribution systems with a multicomponent model

Biofilms are ubiquitous in the pipes of drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), and recent experimental studies revealed that the chlorination of the microbial carbon associated with the biofilm contributes to the total disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation with distinct mechanisms from those formed from precursors derived from natural organic matter (NOM). A multiple species reactive-transport model was developed to explain the role of biofilms in DBPs formation by accounting for the simultaneous transport and interactions of disinfectants, organic compounds, and biomass. Using parameter values from experimental studies in the literature, the model equations were solved to predict chlorine decay and microbial regrowth dynamics in an actual DWDS, and trihalomethanes (THMs) formation in a pilot-scale distribution system simulator. The model's capability of reproducing the measured concentrations of free chlorine, suspended biomass, and THMs under different hydrodynamic and temperature conditions was demonstrated. The contribution of bacteria-derived precursors to the total THMs production was found to have a significant dependence on the system's hydraulics, seasonal variables, and the quality of the treated drinking water. Under system conditions that promoted fast bacterial re-growth, the transformation of non-microbial into microbial carbon DBP precursors by the biofilms showed a noticeable effect on the kinetics of THMs formation, especially when a high initial chlorine dose was applied. These conditions included elevated water temperature and high concentrations of nutrients in the influent water. The fraction of THMs formed from microbial sources was found to reach a peak of 12% of the total produced THMs under the investigated scenarios. The results demonstrated the importance of integrating bacterial regrowth dynamics in predictive DBPs formation models.
The Markov–Kakutani Theorem

Consider the unit circle, the set \(\mathbb{T}\) of complex numbers of modulus one. Complex multiplication makes \(\mathbb{T}\) into a group, and the topology inherited from the complex plane makes it into a compact metric space. Here topology and algebra complement each other in that the group operations of multiplication \(\mathbb{T} \times \mathbb{T} \rightarrow \mathbb{T}\) and inversion \(\mathbb{T} \rightarrow \mathbb{T}\) are continuous. Tied up with the topology and algebra of \(\mathbb{T}\) is arc-length measure defined on the Borel subsets of \(\mathbb{T}\), the salient property of which is its rotation invariance: \(\sigma (\gamma E) =\sigma (E)\) for each \(\gamma \in \mathbb{T}\) and Borel subset E of \(\mathbb{T}\).
Language and Culture in Northern Ireland: the Background to the Irish Language Revival Movement

Before embarking on a study of nationalism and related phenomena such as ethnic revival movements, it is important to take note of the significant overlap between the ideologies of nationalism and the theories of the social scientists who study them. Social science inquiry and nationalist ideology grew out of the same social and historical contexts, and share many of the same concepts and assumptions about the world. Anthropologists in particular have in the past contributed to a view of the world as made up of discrete cultural groups, instead of emphasizing the fluidity of culture and the lack of discrete boundaries (Handler 1984, 1988).
249 – Carboxypeptidase Z

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the activity, specificity and structural chemistry of carboxypeptidase Z (CPZ). CPZ is a single-chain protein of approximately 71 kDa. Different splice variants have been detected, with the major form of human CPZ 641 amino acids in length. The crystal structure of CPZ has not been determined, but predictions of the structure have been made based on amino acid sequence similarities to other proteins. As with all members of the metallocarboxypeptidase family, CPZ contains a 300 residue domain that has approximately 20%–50% amino acid sequence identity with other family members. Following this, carboxypeptidase domain is an 80 residue region that has 40–50% amino acid sequence identity with the corresponding region of metallocarboxypeptidase D; this region of metallocarboxypeptidase D has been found to fold into a β sheet-rich structure that has homology with transthyretin. Based on the amino acid sequence similarity between CPZ and this region of metallocarboxypeptidase D, it is likely that the corresponding domain on CPZ also folds into a transthyretin-like domain.Upstream of the carboxypeptidase domain is a 120 residue Cys-rich region that has approximately 20%–30% amino acid sequence identity with a Cys-rich domain present in a number of proteins that bind Wnts.
Constraint Programming in Community-Based Gene Regulatory Network Inference

Gene Regulatory Network GRN inference is a major objective of Systems Biology. The complexity of biological systems and the lack of adequate data have posed many challenges to the inference problem. Community networks integrate predictions from individual methods in a "meta predictor", in order to compose the advantages of different methods and soften individual limitations. This paper proposes a novel methodology to integrate prediction ensembles using Constraint Programming, a declarative modeling paradigm, which allows the formulation of dependencies among components of the problem, enabling the integration of diverse forms of knowledge. The paper experimentally shows the potential of this method: the addition of biological constraints can offer improvements in the prediction accuracy, and the method shows promising results in assessing biological hypothesis using constraints.
A Comparison of Black and White Racial Differences in Health Lifestyles and Cardiovascular Disease.

Introduction This study examines the health lifestyles of a cohort of blacks and whites in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD). The link between health lifestyles and CVD is well established, but most of the focus has been on SES and more research is needed on racial differences. Methods Data were from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study of black ( n =2,451) and white ( n =2,351) men and women. Data were analyzed from baseline examinations in 1985–1986 when the participants were aged 18–30 years and any fatal or nonfatal CVD event that occurred over approximately the next 28 years (until August 2013). The first stage of the analysis used latent class models to identify distinct health lifestyles on the basis of race. The second stage used multinomial logit regression models to analyze specific characteristics in relation to the health lifestyles classes, followed by the third stage in which Cox proportional hazards models analyzed associations of the lifestyle classes with CVD risk. Results Four separate health lifestyle patterns for blacks and four for whites were identified, with the “unhealthy” lifestyle among blacks (hazard ratio, 1.60) and “most unhealthy” lifestyle among whites (hazard ratio, 3.12) showing an elevated risk of CVD. An important difference is that, in every lifestyle class, blacks showed a higher probability of excessive energy intake than whites—indicative of the potential for obesity. Conclusions Health lifestyles differ by race and support the exploratory hypothesis that distinct classes of healthy–unhealthy lifestyles exist within each racial group.
Sharia Law and Muslim Ethical Imaginaries in Modern Indonesia

The understanding of sharia is always sociologically and epistemologically contingent, because it is mediated through a complex and variable array of religious authorities, popular ethical imaginaries, and media of preservation and transmission. This chapter discusses trends in sharia imaginaries in modern Indonesia, beginning in the early twentieth century but ultimately focusing on developments in post-Soeharto (i.e. post May 1998) Indonesia. The central current of modern Indonesian sharia imaginaries has shown the distinctive imprint of two organizational and epistemic contingencies. These are the history and content of Muslim education in this Southeast Asian country, and the growth and pervasiveness of Islamic social welfare associations. These two ordinary-looking circumstances have had an extraordinary influence on the expectations mainstream Indonesian Muslims bring to the task of understanding God’s commands.
Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania

Abstract The Kapalagulu layered ultramafic and mafic intrusion is emplaced between the Paleoproterozoic Ubendian basement and overlying Neoproterozoic Itiaso Group metasedimentary rocks, located near the western shore of Lake Tanganyika. High-grade platinum group element (PGE) mineralization (1–6 g/t Pt + Pd + Au) is associated with chromitite and sulfide-bearing harzburgite within the southeastern extension of the intrusion, known as the Lubalisi Zone, which is covered by a layer of nickel-rich (0.2–2%Ni) laterite regolith that contains linear areas of PGE mineralization. In the Lubalisi Zone, the mineralization may be divided into several significant geometallurgical domains: (a) high-grade PGE mineralization (1–6 g/t Pt + Pd + Au) associated with stratiform PGE reefs and chromitite seams within a harzburgite unit; (b) high-grade PGE mineralization (up to 12 g/t Pt + Pd + Au) associated with small bodies and veins of nickel massive sulfide within harzburgite below PGE-bearing reefs and chromitite seams; (c) low-grade PGE mineralization (0.1–0.5 g/t Pt + Pd + Au) associated with a sulfide-mineralized harzburgite unit above the PGE-bearing reefs; (d) laterite style residual PGE mineralization (0.2–4 g/t Pt + Pd + Au) associated with chromite concentrations in the saprolite and overlying red clay horizons of the laterite regolith; and (e) supergene Ni associated with the saprock and overlying saprolite clay. Mineralogical study of three samples from the PGE reef consisting of high grade PGE chromitite and harzburgite indicate that this mineralization will give a good metallurgical response to conventional grinding and floatation due to the relatively coarse-grained nature of the PGM (P80 from ∼37 to 52 µm), association with base metal sulfides, and unaltered gangue minerals (Wilhelmij and Cabri, 2016). In contrast, mineralogical and metallurgical study of the Ni and PGE mineralized laterite indicate that it cannot be processed using conventional mineral processing techniques but that a hydrometallurgical route should be used to recover the base and precious metals. Because any process is very much deposit-controlled, significant metallurgical and geometallurgical testing of mineralized samples, as well as pilot plant testing, will be required to arrive at feasibility studies.
On information divergence measures, surrogate loss functions and decentralized hypothesis testing

We establish a general correspondence between two classes of statistical functions: AliSilvey distances (also known as f -divergences) and surrogate loss functions. Ali-Silvey distances play an important role in signal processing and information theory, for instance as error exponents in hypothesis testing problems. Surrogate loss functions (e.g., hinge loss, exponential loss) are the basis of recent advances in statistical learning methods for classi£cation (e.g., the support vector machine, AdaBoost). We provide a connection between these two lines of research, showing how to determine the unique f -divergence induced by a given surrogate loss, and characterizing all surrogate loss functions that realize a given f -divergence. The correspondence between f -divergences and surrogate loss functions has applications to the problem of designing quantization rules for decentralized hypothesis testing in the framework of statistical learning (i.e., when the underlying distributions are unknown, but the learner has access to labeled samples).
Evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of dystonia.

Introduction The dystonias are a group of disorders defined by over-contraction of muscles leading to abnormal movements and postures. In recent years, enormous advances have been made in elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for many types of dystonia.
Trends in and correlates of medical marijuana use among adults in the United States.

Abstract Background Trends in and correlates of medical marijuana use are important to inform ongoing clinical, research, policy, and programmatic efforts. This study assessed trends in and correlates of medical marijuana use among U.S. adults. Methods We analyzed data from approximately 147,200 U.S. civilians aged 18 or older who participated in the 2013-2015 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Descriptive analyses, multivariable logistic regressions, and zero-truncated native binomial regressions were applied. Results Among U.S. adults, the prevalence of medical marijuana use increased from 1.2% in 2013 to 1.6% in 2015 (p = 0.0007). After adjusting for covariates, adults residing in medical marijuana states (states with legalized medical marijuana use) were 1.3 times more likely to use marijuana medically in 2015 than in 2013 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-1.61), and adults in nonmedical marijuana states were 1.4 times more likely to report medical marijuana use in 2015 than in 2013 (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.05-1.90). Among adults who used marijuana exclusively for medical purposes in the past 12 months, trends in 12-month cannabis use disorders, daily or near daily use, and the number of days of marijuana use remained unchanged during 2013-2015. We identified how correlates of medical marijuana use among adults in medical marijuana states differed from their counterparts in nonmedical marijuana states. Conclusions Adults were more likely to use marijuana medically in 2015 than in 2013 in both medical and nonmedical marijuana states. Clinicians need to learn about and address evolving patterns of medical marijuana use in patients.
Family ethnic socialization predicts better academic outcomes via proactive coping with discrimination and increased self-efficacy.

Abstract As the U.S. Latino youth population grows, understanding how family and individual resources may promote Latino adolescents' academic outcomes is important. The current investigation examined whether family ethnic socialization predicted adolescents' use of proactive strategies for coping with ethnic-racial discrimination and examined a potential pathway through which these contextual and individual resources may relate to educational outcomes. Drawing on data from a sample of Latino adolescents (n = 321; Mage = 15.31 years, SD = .76; 49.5% female), results of a cross-sectional structural equation model showed a double mediation of the relation between family ethnic socialization and GPA by proactive coping strategies and self-efficacy. Alternate models, limitations of the current investigation, and implications for future research are discussed.
“What's Newt Doing in People Magazine?” The Changing Effect of National Prominence in Congressional Elections

It is conventional wisdom in politics to believe that press coverage is beneficial. However, forms of press coverage are not created equal. Specifically, we argue that national media prominence is not inherently beneficial and can be detrimental to members of Congress. Using a measure of national prominence based on the number of national television appearances of House incumbents, this study finds national prominence was generally not a significant positive factor in incumbent popularity from 1982 to 1988. Moreover, after the anti-Washington, anti-incumbent mood burgeoned in the interim, national prominence became an important factor for incumbents, such that those who were more prominent in the elections of 1990–1996 were penalized.
Targeting CXCR4-induced desmoplasia to improve checkpoint inhibition in breast cancer

T lymphocyte checkpoint inhibition-based therapy represents the great therapeutic advance for cancer in the current decade. Beginning in 2012 with the initial presentation of a phase 3 trial in metastatic melanoma demonstrating the value of CTLA-4–directed therapy, every year has seen the expansion of this therapeutic modality in terms of targets, drugs, and tumors. This has led to improved outcomes for patients with melanoma, lung cancer, bladder cancer, Merkel cell cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, and Hodgkin disease. Initially a therapy for metastatic cancers, checkpoint inhibitor therapy is now moving to the early-disease setting in select high-risk populations. Metastatic breast cancer has been a latecomer to the immuno-oncology party. Partly this represented a bias among drug developers that breast cancer was a less promising target than many other human cancers. Breast cancer is a disease with many available targeted therapeutics [for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive disease] as well as a broad array of chemotherapeutic agents, all with established therapeutic benefit. In addition, breast cancer is a less heavily mutated cancer than other cancers for which checkpoint inhibition has proved successful. This changed recently with the results of the IMpassion130 trial (NCT02425891), a randomized controlled trial in first-line metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (1). In this trial, patients received nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab)-paclitaxel (a microtubule-targeting chemotherapeutic agent) alone or in combination with atezolizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). While ineffective in PD-L1–negative cancers, the addition of atezolizumab improved progression-free survival from 5.0 to 7.5 mo and overall survival from 15.5 to 25 mo in patients with PD-L1–positive tumors. Checkpoint inhibition has arrived in metastatic breast cancer. Despite these positive results, much remains to be done to render this therapeutic approach successful for the majority of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Most … [↵][1]1Email: gsledge{at}stanford.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Alcohol-Dependent Veterans: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study.

Background Insomnia is highly prevalent in individuals recovering from alcohol dependence (AD) and increases their risk of relapse. Two studies evaluating cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) have demonstrated its efficacy in non-Veterans recovering from AD. The aim of this study was to extend these findings in an 8-week trial of CBT-I in Veterans. Methods Veterans recovering from AD were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of treatment with CBT-I (N = 11) or a Monitor-Only (MO; N = 11) condition and were evaluated 3 (N = 21/22) and 6 months posttreatment (N = 18/22). The primary outcome measure was the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score. Secondary outcome measures were sleep diary measures, percent days abstinent (PDA), and scores on the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep Scale (DBAS), Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI), Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait (STAI-T) scale, and Short Form 12-item (SF-12). Mixed-effects regression models, adjusted for race, evaluated differences in outcomes between the groups over a 6-month period (clinicaltrials.gov identifier = NCT01603381). Results Subjects were male, aged 54.5 (SD = 6.9) years, and had 26.4 (SD = 26.3) days of abstinence before their baseline evaluation. CBT-I produced a significantly greater improvement in model-based estimates than MO (mean change at 6 months compared to their baseline) for ISI, sleep latency from a daily sleep diary, DBAS mean score, and SHI total score. PDA and QIDS improved over time, but there was no difference between the groups. PACS, STAI-T, or SF-12 scale did not show any improvement from their baseline scores. Conclusions CBT-I treatment demonstrated substantial efficacy in reducing insomnia, associated negative cognitions, and improving sleep hygiene in Veterans during early recovery, though it did not reduce drinking behavior.
Emerging Biomarkers During Clinical Development of Anti-CTLA4 Antibody Therapy

Ipilimumab, an antibody that blocks cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for advanced melanoma. However, only a subset of patients benefit, often with delayed radiographic response and at the expense of immune-related toxicity. Biomarker studies provide a platform to analyze pharmacodynamic changes during ipilimumab treatment, elucidating potential mechanisms of action and identifying patients who are more likely to benefit and/or are at greatest risk of developing immune-related toxicities. A variety of immunological assays are currently available to monitor phenotypic changes in different immune cell populations (activated T cells, regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells) and assess antigen-specific responses, as well as to assess the functionality and gene expression profile of antigen-specific T cell populations. New tools and directions include the use of protein arrays, the evaluation of other inhibitory molecules like programmed death 1 (PD-1), lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (Tim-3), and the evaluation of immune response at the tumor site. Any promising biomarker will ultimately require validation in prospective clinical trials. In this chapter, we describe the progress of biomarker assay development in anti-CTLA4 trials and review putative biomarkers. We provide a forward-looking perspective on immune monitoring of anti-CTLA4 immunotherapy in the context of increasingly complex and effective combination therapies.
Horizontal Instability of the Acromioclavicular Joint: A Systematic Review:

Background:Injuries to the acromioclavicular (AC) joint are common and should be suspected in patients who have shoulder pain in the region of the acromion and clavicle. Injuries to the AC ligament...
Complaining While Black: Racial Disparities in the Adjudication of Complaints against the Police:

Reports of citizen complaints of police misconduct often note that officers are rarely disciplined for alleged misconduct. The perception of little officer accountability contributes to widespread ...
Facile preparation of porous manganese oxide foams, sponges, and merged spherical networks, using Polydopamine/Dextran for catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane

Abstract The application of biological materials such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or nucleic acids along with intermediates from biochemical processes in the human body and in nature has become a significant area of research for the chemical industry, environmental science, and biochemical innovation. Moreover, these metabolites, small molecules produced and consumed in living systems, have utility in the economical preparation or catalysis of inorganic, porous nanomaterials. The present study consists of two parts in which a synthesis involving the homopolymer Dextran, exhibiting viscoelasticity was investigated by varying the amount used for the preparation of porous foams and sponges. The preparation to obtain the foams (with monomodal pore size distribution in the mesopore range) was then used to study the effect of incorporating a more economical polymeric (oligomer) material, Polydopamine (PDA) based on Mussel Foot Proteins (MFPs). The effects of morphological, porous, and crystal structures were examined in which merged spherical particle networks were observed. The prepared sponge and particle networks were demonstrated towards their utility in the catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane (~30% conversion with selectivity towards cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone), an important industrial process in the production of polymeric and organic materials.
Bifurcations of Equilibrium

In this chapter, the hyperbolic bifurcations of equilibriums on the eigenvectors in nonlinear dynamical systems are discussed, and the Hopf bifurcation of an equilibrium on a specific eigenvector plane is presented. Based on the Fourier series base, the transformation for the spiral stability is introduced for the Hopf bifurcation of equilibriums. The Hopf bifurcation of equilibriums in the second-order nonlinear dynamical systems is discussed from the Fourier series transformation.
Empirical Evidence of Upward Social Comparison in a Prisoner’s Dilemma Game

A large body of work has offered compelling evidence of the influence of social context on individual decision-making, but the reasons why individuals tend to cooperate with others remain elusive. The prisoner’s dilemma constitutes a powerful, yet elementary, social game to study the drivers underlying cooperation. Here, we empirically examined a prisoner’s dilemma game where small groups of participants played with controlled, virtual players over a series of rounds. Toward investigating how individual decisions on cooperation are influenced by others, the virtual players were engineered so that they would have a higher cumulative score than some participants and a lower cumulative score than others. Our results corroborate upward social comparison theory, whereby only participants who had a lower cumulative score than cooperating virtual players displayed an increased tendency to cooperate. Overall, our experimental findings indicate that the players’ cumulative score plays a critical role within the prisoner’s dilemma game, thereby offering a mean for increasing cooperation. For practitioners, this finding sheds light on how players’ cumulative score alone modulates decision-making processes toward choices that are suboptimal for the individual, but optimal for the entire group.
Arsenic Risk Assessment

Inorganic arsenic is a natural contaminant but is also released into the environment from anthropogenic uses. Arsenic exposure is a major environmental and occupational public health concern worldwide. Of primary concern for arsenic exposure are drinking water, food, and inhalation. Arsenic affects multiple biological systems and causes cancer in skin, lung, bladder, and other tissues. It is also associated with noncancer health effects such as skin lesions (one of the earlier recognized health effects), cardiovascular disease, diabetes, pulmonary effects, neurological impairment, and developmental and reproductive toxic effects. Inorganic arsenic is metabolized to mono- and dimethylated arsenic compounds before excretion in urine. During metabolism of inorganic arsenic, trivalent mono- and dimethylated arsenicals are produced, which are more toxic than the pentavalent forms. This chapter summarizes the risk assessment conclusions for inorganic arsenic and related compounds from the state, federal, and international health agencies.
Status of Simulation-Based Training in Departments of Surgery in the United States.

Abstract Background Surgical simulation is particularly attractive because it allows training in a safe, controlled, and standardized environment. However, the status of surgical simulation among Departments of Surgery (DoS) in the United States is unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize the status of simulation-based training in DoS in the United States. Materials and methods A Qualtrics online survey was sent to 177 chairs of DoS in the United States in March 2018 regarding the utilization of surgical simulation in their department. Questions in the survey were focused on simulation capacities and activities as well as chairs' perception of the value and purpose of simulation. Results A total of 87 of 177 chairs responded to the survey (49% response rate). Most programs had either 20-50 trainees (42 of 87; 48%) or more than 50 trainees (37 of 87; 43%). Most chairs reported having a simulation center in their institution (85 of 87; 98%) or department (60 of 86; 70%) with a formal simulation curriculum for their trainees (83 of 87; 95%). Ninety percent (78 of 87) of DoS had protected time for simulation education for their residents, with most residents engaging in activities weekly or monthly (65 of 85; 76%). Although most chairs felt simulation improves patient safety (72 of 84; 86%) and is useful for practicing surgeons (68 of 84; 81%), only 40% reported that faculty use simulation to maintain technical skills and only 17% reported that faculty use simulation to address high complication rates. Conclusions The vast majority of the DoS in the United States have established simulation activities for their trainees. However, engagement of faculty in simulation to maintain or improve their skills remains low.
Lateropulsion: An Overlooked Driver of Balance and Gait Deficits in Stroke?

Lateropulsion after stroke limits a person's ability to sit, stand, and walk and delays or interferes with functional recovery.1,2 Beyond contributing to significant disability in the individual, it creates safety challenges during rehabilitation and greater burden on caregivers and family. The neuroanatomic characterization of lateropulsion is in its early stages,3 and thus, effective treatments are lacking.4 This issue of Neurology ® presents an elegant study5 investigating a clinically important and underexamined question: what is the functional prognosis of patients who present with lateropulsion after subacute stroke?
SLIM: a system for ASIC library management

SLIM provides an integrated environment for managing ASIC library development flows and data at various levels of abstraction such as functional, physical, generic, and workstation specific. The salient features of the system include parallel distributed flow execution; multilayered, hierarchical configuration management; dynamic status tracking; and multi-user environment. These, along with the data and project management capabilities, help in improving the library quality and reducing the cycle time. Implementation details are presented in terms of an innovative architecture and a systems engineering approach using DSEE (Domain Software Engineering Environment), a CASE (computer-aided software engineering) tool from Apollo-HP. Two library development flows for which SLIM has been successfully used are also described. >
Stochastic steiner trees without a root

This paper considers the Steiner tree problem in the model of two-stage stochastic optimization with recourse. This model, the focus of much recent research [11, 16, 8, 18], tries to capture the fact that many infrastructure planning problems have to be solved in the presence of uncertainty, and that we have make decisions knowing merely market forecasts (and not the precise set of demands); by the time the actual demands arrive, the costs may be higher due to inflation. In the context of the Stochastic Steiner Tree problem on a graph G = (V,E), the model can be paraphrased thus: on Monday, we are given a probability distribution π on subsets of vertices, and can build some subset EM of edges. On Tuesday, a set of terminals D materializes (drawn from the same distribution π). We now have to buy edges ET so that the set EM ∪ ET forms a Steiner tree on D. The goal is to minimize the expected cost of the solution. We give the first constant-factor approximation algorithm for this problem. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first O(1)-approximation for the stochastic version of a non sub-additive problem. In fact, algorithms for the unrooted stochastic Steiner tree problem we consider are powerful enough to solve the Multicommodity Rent-or-Buy problem, itself a topic of recent interest [3, 7, 15].
Bovine Pyruvate Kinases I. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLE ISOZYME

Abstract Pyruvate kinase has been purified from bovine skeletal muscle by a procedure that includes only heat, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and chromatography on carboxymethyl Sephadex. Crystallization was accomplished by dialysis at 4° against 47% saturated ammonium sulfate. Since this simple purification scheme, with only slight modifications, has also been used to isolate turkey and rabbit muscle pyruvate kinases, it may be generally applicable to the isolation of muscle pyruvate kinase from birds and mammals. Bovine muscle pyruvate kinase prepared by the procedure described here was found to be homogeneous, as determined by disc gel electrophoresis at pH 9.5, gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium, isoelectric focusing, and immunodiffusion. It sediments at 9.9 S (s020,w) and has a maximum velocity of 400 µmoles per min per mg or more at 25°, or 2.4 times that value at 37°. The enzyme has maximal activity at pH 7.1, with an apparent Michaelis constant for phosphoenolpyruvate of 0.04 mm or less, and for ADP of 0.4 mm. Its isoelectric pH during electrofocusing is 8.9. Sedimentation equilibrium yielded a molecular weight of 230,000 with a range of ±3,000 in dilute phosphate buffer, and 57,000 ± 1,500 in 3.5 m guanidine hydrochloride, using a partial specific volume of 0.740 ml per g calculated from the amino acid composition. The molecular weight in guanidine hydrochloride, confirmed by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, indicates the presence of four polypeptide chains in the native enzyme. Binding studies suggest a total of four phosphoenolpyruvate binding sites, or one per subunit. Ion sensitivities and other chemical and physical parameters are very similar to those reported for rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase.
A heuristic approach to finding diverse short paths

We present an algorithm that seeks to find a set of diverse, short paths through a roadmap graph. The usefulness of a such a set is illustrated in robotic motion planning and routing applications wherein a precomputed roadmap of the environment is partially invalidated by some change, for example, relocation of obstacles or reconfiguration of the robot. Our algorithm employs the heuristic that nearby configurations are likely to be invalidated by the same change. To find diverse short paths, the algorithm finds the shortest detour avoiding a collection of balls imposed on the graph as simulated obstacles. Different collections yield different short paths. Paths may then be checked for validity as a cheap alternative to checking or reconstructing the entire roadmap. We describe a formal definition of path set diversity and several measures on which to evaluate our algorithm. We compare the speed and quality of our heuristic algorithm's results against an exact algorithm that computes the optimally shortest set of paths on the roadmap having a minimum diversity. We show that, with tolerable loss in shortness, we produce equally diverse path sets orders of magnitude more quickly.
Distributed testing with zero-rate compression

Motivated by distributed inference over big datasets problems, we study multi-terminal distributed hypothesis testing problems in which each terminal has data related to only one random variable. We consider a case of practical interest in which each terminal is allowed to send zero-rate messages to a decision maker. Subject to a constraint that the error exponent of the type 1 error probability is larger than a certain level, we characterize the best error exponent of the type 2 error probability using basic properties of the r-divergent sequences.
Novel Approaches to Pediatric Cancer: Immunotherapy

From the early 20 th century, immunotherapy has been studied as a treatment modality for cancers, including in children. Since then, developments in monoclonal antibodies and vaccine therapies have helped to usher in a new era of cancer immunotherapeutics. However, efficacy of these types of therapies has been limited, mostly in part due to low tumor immunogenicity, cancer escape pathways, and toxicities. As researchers investigate the cellular and molecular components of immunotherapies, mechanisms to improve tumor specificity and overcome immune escape have been identified. The goal of immunotherapy now has been to modulate tumor escape pathways while amplifying the immune response by combining innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Although several limiting factors have been identified, these recent advances in immunotherapy remain at the forefront of pediatric oncologic therapeutic trials. Immunotherapy is now coming to the forefront of precision treatment for a variety of cancers, with evidence that agents targeting immunosuppressive mechanisms for cancer progression can be effective therapy [1-3]. In this review, we review various types of immunotherapy, including the cellular biology, limitations, recent novel therapeutics, and the application of immunotherapy to pediatric oncology.
The Relevance of Abraham Maslow's Work to Health Education.

(1976). The Relevance of Abraham Maslow's Work to Health Education. Health Education: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 25-27.
From Random Walks to Chaotic Crashes: The Linear Genealogy of the Efficient Capital Market Hypothesis

This Article argues that chaos theory, noise theory and behavioral finance mandate opening a new chapter in a voluminous corporate and securities law debate revolving around the efficient capital market hypothesis (ECMH), which for decades has been the context for debating corporate and securities law and policy. The debate has been defined by interpretations of the semi-strong form of the ECMH - the claim that security prices fully reflect all publicly available information. As such, the debate has assumed as true and built upon the weak form of the ECMH - the claim that security prices fully reflect all information consisting of past security prices. This Article analyzes the historical development of the ECMH, showing that the weak and semi-strong forms of the ECMH are based on linear methodology and thought that have been rendered obsolete by chaos models applying nonlinear techniques. This obsolescence renders the ECMH false in all its forms, rendering it moot for purposes of policy formulation on topics ranging from such basic corporate and securities law doctrines as mandatory disclosure rules and mandatory fiduciary obligation, which neither the ECMH nor noise theory can do to the capital market circuit breakers and relational investing.
Modeling and Control of Electromechanical Valve Actuator

In this paper recent control developments for an electromechanical valve actuator will be presented. The model-based control methodology utilizes position feedback, a nonlinear observer that provides virtual sensing of the armature velocity and current, and cycleto-cycle learning. The controller is based on a nonlinear state-space description of the actuator that is derived based on physical principles and parameter identification. A bench-top experimental setup and a rapid control prototyping system are used to quantify the actuator performance. Experiments are conducted to measure valve release timing, transition times, and contact velocities for open- and closed-loop control schemes. Simulation results are presented for a feedforward cycle-to-cycle learning controller.
Green Archives: Applications of Green Construction to Archival Facilities

The Primary Source, published by the Society of Mississippi Archivists (http://www.msarchivists.org/theprimarysource/).
Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 Knock-Out and Wild Type Mouse Cervix Exhibit Time-Dependent Mechanical Properties

The cervix plays a critical role during pregnancy, acting as a mechanical barrier to keep the fetus inside the uterus until term. In a normal pregnancy, it is hypothesized that the cervix gradually softens until uterine contractions occur. At this point, the cervix dramatically ripens and dilates for delivery. Similar to other collagenous tissues, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is the load-bearing component of cervical tissue. It is composed mainly of a cross-linked network of fibril forming collagen, types I and III, embedded in a viscous proteoglycan ground substance. Studies conducted on animal models suggest that during normal maturation, a shift in ECM components facilitate cervical softening. However, quantitative cervical softness measurements (i.e. material properties) of these previous studies are ill-defined, limiting the comparative ability of the outcome values. Therefore, our goal is to quantify sensitive and specific time-dependent material properties utilizing mouse models of normal and abnormal pregnancy. Our aim is to discern the role of ECM maintenance in cervical softening.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Stem cells: iPS cells under attack

Induced pluripotent stem cells offer promise for patient-specific regenerative therapy. But a study now cautions that, even when immunologically matched, these cells can be rejected after transplantation. See Letter p.212 Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which are produced by reprogramming fully differentiated adult cells back to an embryonic-like state by expression of specific genes, have important therapeutic potential. As iPS cells are derived entirely from the patient, one hoped-for advantage of using them in therapy is that there should be no immune rejection. Now it seems this might not be the case. In experiments in which iPS cells were reprogrammed using a retroviral or non-integrative episomal approach and then transplanted into mice, teratoma cells derived from the iPS cells were rejected by the immune system, even in syngeneic recipients. This finding suggests that altered gene expression in some cells differentiated from iPS cells can induce T-cell-dependent immune responses. The authors suggest that the immunogenicity of therapeutically valuable cells derived from patient-specific iPS cells should be evaluated before they are used in any clinical applications.
Recognition and the Resurgence of Intentional Agency

Abstract By engaging Robert Pippin's Hegelian account of “rational agency as ethical life”, the essay explores the consequences of an intersubjectivist conception of ethical agency. Pippin's core project consists of showing that intentional agency must be conceived within the social context of reason-giving practices which provide the necessary sense-making background of action. This socially grounded meaningfulness of action requires us to redefine agency as a social achievement, as real only if socially recognized. For Pippin, this means that ethical agency essentially becomes the identifying expression of the situated agent with rationally acceptable and socially actualized modes of self-realization. In contrast, I argue that core features of agency such as intentional causality and reflexivity need to be more fully integrated into a social conception of agency. By drawing on a hermeneutic appropriation of G. H. Mead's intersubjective account, we come to see that the developing self emerges via process...