cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrologic modeling methodology

Complex hydrological models are employed to mimic real world behavior and, if integrated with other hydrological complex models from different domains, may lead to a new powerful hydrological model that will provide answers to ever more sophisticated queries. However, integration will be a slow process since each hydrological model may be self-contained, with different timescales and simulation speeds. Electronic Design Automation (EDA) methodologies have evolved for chip design for precisely such situations, but in a different domain. Integration of hydrological models can benefit with such EDA techniques; there, however, is also an added advantage. A complete detailed model can take days to simulate and yield useful information to the end user. However, trading off precision in some sub models with overall system response time may be acceptable, thus returning useful information much sooner. We will present methodology, model, and simulation results for a hydrologic model that is based on concepts, languages, and tools used in EDA. This results in multiple models that can trade-off precision with response time. We hope this helps open many new lines of inquiries and potential practical uses.
The influence of HgII, CdII and Cl− on the formation and dissociation rates of FeNCS2+

Abstract The influence of CdII, HgII and Cl− on the rates of formation and dissociation of FeNCS2+ has beeb examined in 0·5 M HClO4, 0·05 M M(ClO4)2. 0·05 M Cd2+ exhibits no direct kinetic effect but inhibits the rate of formation of FeNCS2+ by sequestering NCS− in an unreactive form. Fe3+ reacts readily with Hg(SCN)2 and Hg(SCN)3−, water loss from the primary coordination sphere of Fe3+ comprising the rate determining step. The reaction FeNCS2++HgSCN+ → Fe3+ + Hg(SCN)2 exhibits a high second order rate constant which appears to arise from a very favorable pre-equilibrium reaction forming a dinuclear complex, FeNCSHgSCN3+, followed by a slow rate of FeNCS splitting. Cl acceleration appears to procede via the formation of a ternary complex, Fe(NCS)Cl+. Rate constants are given and their implication discussed.
Supercharacters and superclasses for algebra groups

We study certain sums of irreducible characters and compatible unions of conjugacy classes in finite algebra groups. These groups generalize the unimodular upper triangular groups over a finite field, and the supercharacter theory we develop extends results of Carlos Andre and Ning Yan that were originally proved in the upper triangular case. This theory sometimes allows explicit computations in situations where it would be impractical to work with the full character table. We discuss connections with the Kirillov orbit method and with Gelfand pairs, and we give conditions for a supercharacter or a superclass to be an ordinary irreducible character or conjugacy class, respectively. We also show that products of supercharacters are positive integer combinations of supercharacters.
Pathogenesis: immunogenetic factors

The occurrence, albeit infrequent, of systemic vasculitis in closely related family members suggests that both environmental and genetic factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Malfunction of immune regulation in the systemic vasculitides may indicate a role for genes that encode molecules critical to the immune responses. The extremely polymorphic sequences of MHC molecules may provide a structural basis for associations of MHC genes and systemic vasculitis. This review summarizes recent reports of MHC associations, mechanisms by which MHC may play a role in certain vasculitides, and also examines the role for genes encoding non-MHC molecules, such as Fcγ receptors, cytokines and T cell co-stimulators. Data suggest that the pathogenesis of systemic vasculitides such as giant-cell arteritis, Takayasu's arteritis and Wegener's granulomatosis might be governed by multiple genes encoding host defence molecules, in conjunction with environmental factors.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability of Manganese(II) C-Substituted 1,4,7,10,13-Pentaazacyclopentadecane Complexes Exhibiting Superoxide Dismutase Activity

Superoxide radical anion has been demonstrated to be a mediator of many disease states, including inflammatory, autoimmune, and cancerous diseases. As a consequence, we have developed a program to design, synthesize, and test synthetic low-molecular weight superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics as potential pharmaceutical agents. A critical feature of the design of metal-based drugs is not only high activity as an enzyme mimic but also chemical stability. In this report we describe the synthesis and characterization of a series of C-substituted 1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclopentadecane, [15]aneN5, ligands, 1, and their corresponding Mn(II) complexes, 2 and 3, as their dichloro complexes, [Mn([15]aneN5)Cl2]. The purpose of the work is to probe the role that substituent (methyl and fused cycloalkyl) groups exert on the catalytic activity and stability of the complexes. All of the 18 new complexes described here are catalysts for the dismutation of superoxide, and substantial substituent effects are observed with kcat...
Sustained viral response to interferon and ribavirin in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C

Recurrent hepatitis C infection is an important cause of progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and graft loss following orthotopic liver transplantation. Treatment for posttransplant recurrence of hepatitis C with interferon-based therapy is difficult but results in loss of detectable virus in up to 30% of patients. However, the durability of viral clearance and the associated histologic response in this setting is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether viral loss in response to antiviral therapy is durable and associated with improvement in liver histology. All liver transplant recipients who received interferon-based treatment for recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) at the University of Florida from 1991 to 2002 were included in this study. Patients who lost detectable HCV after treatment with interferon alone or in combination with ribavirin were followed to assess the durability of viral response and its impact on liver histology. One hundred nineteen transplant recipients were treated with interferon or combination therapy. Twenty-nine (20 men, 9 women; mean age, 54 yrs [range, 42-74 yrs]) lost detectable HCV RNA and remained virus negative for at least 6 months after discontinuing therapy (sustained viral response[SVR]). The mean follow-up after discontinuing therapy was 24.7 months (range, 6-70 mos). Our study cohort included one patient with SVR following interferon monotherapy and 28 patients with SVR following combination therapy with interferon plus ribavirin. All patients remained HCV RNA negative (assessed by polymerase chain reaction or branched-DNA assay) during follow-up of up to 5 years. Liver histology assessed 2 years after treatment showed less inflammation compared with before treatment in 50% and showed no change in 38%. By 3 to 5 years post-treatment (n = 15 recipients), inflammation was reduced in 60% and remained unchanged in 33%. Fibrosis stage at 2 years improved by > or = 1 stage in 27 %, remained unchanged in 38 %, and worsened in 35% despite viral clearance. At 3 to 5 years, the fibrosis stage had improved in 67%, remained unchanged in 13%, and worsened in 20%. Both grade of inflammation and fibrosis stage improved by 3 to 5 years posttreatment compared with baseline histology (p < 0.05). In conclusion, loss of HCV after treatment of recurrent chronic hepatitis C with interferon and ribavirin is durable, and the durability of the SVR is associated with improvement in hepatic inflammation and regression of fibrosis.
Healthcare system use by risky alcohol drinkers: A secondary data analysis

Purpose: To examine the effects of at-risk alcohol use on patterns of healthcare use and health outcomes. Data sources: Using the National Health Interview Survey and the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey, a total sample of 4449 adults, mean age 45 (SD 15), were grouped according to responses to the question: “In the past year, on how many days did you have 5 or more drinks of any alcoholic beverage?” Conclusions: Three categories of respondents were grouped as follows: not at-risk group = 0 days of 5+ drinks/day (n = 2991, 67%); the low at-risk group = 1–11 days of 5+ drinks/day (n = 796, 18%); and the high at-risk group = 12–365 days of 5+ drinks/day (n = 662, 15%). The level of risky alcohol use did not predict healthcare use or healthcare outcomes; high at-risk alcohol drinkers were less likely to use the healthcare system than other drinkers. When divided by rural versus urban living, rural high at-risk alcohol drinkers reported more emergency department visits and all rural living groups reported poorer physical and mental health than their urban counterparts. Implications for practice: Risky alcohol use, defined as drinking above low-risk guidelines, affects 3 out of 10 adults, and risky drinking plays a role in over 60 chronic health conditions. Nurse practitioners encounter risky alcohol users in multiple practice settings. It may be difficult to identify the underlying alcohol issues, particularly in those living in rural settings; however, identification of at-risk drinkers is essential for prompt intervention in the potential progression from risky alcohol use to an alcohol use disorder.
Naturalized Epistemology, Connectionism and Biology1

Dans le cadre d'une interrogation en philosophie des sciences, l'A. accepte que le modele computationnel pour le cerveau soit depasse, et examine les profits de la naturalisation d'un modele connexionniste pour les comparer avec ceux tires de l'utilisation d'un modele edelmannien
Material properties of reinforced plastics

The moduli of elasticity of reinforced plastics with uni-directional filaments either parallel or normal to an applied force are evaluated in terms of the material composition. Expressions are then derived which relate its moduli of elasticity and Poisson's ratios for an arbitrary filament orientation with its material properties in the direction of and normal to the unifilament orientation with its material properties in the direction of and normal to the unidirectional filaments. Filaments. The stress-strain relations of filament reinforced plastics are also derived.
Nonprescription Medication Use by Infants and Children: Product Labeling Versus Evidence-Based Medicine

Nonprescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medication use has been an increasing market over the past years. In addition to adult use of these medications, children also account for this trend. Although relatively safe when used according to package labeling and professional direction, serious adverse drug events and toxicity associated withOTC use among infants and children are becoming more common. The purpose of this review is to help the health care practitioner select and counsel on pediatric OTC products based on labeling and efficacy data in 3 main areas: cough and cold, analgesics, and treatment of gastroenteritis.
Microwave activated combustion synthesis of bulk cobalt silicides

Abstract CoSi and CoSi 2 bulk intermetallic compounds have generated some interest as potential electronic and structural materials. Combustion synthesis has been shown to be an effective method for the preparation of many intermetallic compounds, but requires a high adiabatic temperature to propagate. Thermodynamic calculations show that cobalt silicides require activation. Microwave activation is attractive for combustion synthesis reactions, allowing rapid heating and cooling rates, volumetric heating, and direct absorption of energy by the reaction zone. In this study, a microwave activated combustion synthesis process was used to produce CoSi and CoSi 2 bulk cobalt silicides. Thermal activation and conventional combustion synthesis were also attempted, and the results of the three processes are compared.
Chemical communication in adult schistosomes.

Lipids released bySchistosoma mansoni adult males attract females in vitro. Lipid release is modulated by the presence of other worms. AlthoughS. mansoni males release lipid when paired with females, the release is enhanced when they are separated.S. japonicum adults release more free sterols when incubated individually than when incubated together. Similarly, individually incubatedS. haematobium males release more free sterols than when incubated in groups. However,S. haematobium females incubated in groups release more free fatty acids than do equal numbers of males or pairs incubated in groups. There is evidence thatS. mansoni adult females concomitantly accumulate and release cholesterol in the absence of an exogenous supply, although de novo synthesis of cholesterol in schistosomes has not yet been demonstrated. Schistosomula and adult schistosomes incorporate exogenous lipids. Lipids are incorporated chiefly through the tegument. Cholesterol is transferred between males and females.
Effects of Locus of Control, Sex, and Failure on Causal Attribution

Subjects (23 men and 20 women) attributed causality for performance on a dot-estimation task to internal and external sources. A significant interaction of locus of control × gender indicated that causal attribution to internal sources is related to scoring as internal when a male or as external when a female.
When will a pulsar in supernova 1987a be seen

The means by which a pulsar might be detected in the remnant of supernova 1987a in the Large Magelanic Cloud is examined. One possibility is that the slower-than-radioactive decay typically seen in the type II light curves is itself the sign of powering by the underlying pulsar, with the decline representing not the spinning down of the pulsar but rather the declining nebular opacity that would allow increasing amounts of the energy to escape as gamma rays. The test of this hypothesis (if the supernova conforms to type II expectations) would be to look for the "missing" energy in the form of those gamma rays that escape from the remnant instead of powering it.
Healing the caregiver.

When treating seriously ill patients, those working in the healing professions may be particularly vulnerable to their own stress symptoms. Left unattended, these professionals may go down the dark...
Optimization of photocatalytic performance of TiO2 coated glass microspheres using response surface methodology and the application for degradation of dimethyl phthalate

Abstract Hollow glass microspheres coated with photocatalytic TiO2 (HGM-TiO2), recently became commercially available and have the distinct advantages of easy separation and recovery after treatment. With this in mind, we determined the optimum conditions for hydroxyl radical generation from HGM-TiO2 photocatalysis using response surface methodology (RSM). The hydroxyl radical yield and its average generation rate are critical parameters for practical applications of TiO2 photocatalysis. In this study, terephthalic acid was used as a hydroxyl radical trap because of the selective formation of the readily detectable hydroxyl radical adduct, 2-hydroxy terephthalic acid. Three independent variables, including loading of HGM-TiO2, concentration of terephthalic acid and irradiation time, were investigated. The 3D response surface graphs of hydroxyl radical yield and average hydroxyl radical generation rate indicated that optimum conditions of loading of HGM-TiO2, concentration of terephthalate acid and irradiation time were 8.0 g/L, 4.0 mM, and 20 min, respectively. Under these optimized conditions, we measured the photocatalysis employing HGM-TiO2 for the remediation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), as a representative compound for problematic phthalate acid esters. HGM-TiO2 photocatalysis leads to the rapid destruction of DMP and there is a linear correlation between the DMP destruction and hydroxyl radical production. The results of our study demonstrate RSM can be used to readily determine the optimal conditions for hydroxyl radical production and the subsequent treatment of target compounds may be correlated to the hydroxyl radical production during HGM-TiO2 photocatalysis.
Detection of multiply deuterated methane in the atmosphere

Measurements of the isotopic composition of methane in the Antarctic atmosphere have indicated the presence of either /sup 12/CD/sub 4/ or /sup 12/CHD/sub 3/. The concentration is about 1.3/times/10/sup /minus/16/(v/v). This concentration is at least 500 times higher than expected from the statistical combination of the natural isotopic abundances of H, D, /sup 12/C and /sup 13/C. There are no known sources of these species large enough to explain these concentrations. It is possible that these species have accumulated in the atmosphere by virtue of having atmosphere residence times that are substantially longer than the residence time of CH/sub 4/. /copyright/ American Geophysical Union 1989
Remark on the Lotka-Volterra model

The Lotka-Volterra equations for the population growth of a system of interacting species are linearized around equilibrium. The linear equations are solved for a special choice of the coefficients. It is shown that, in the limit of a large number of species, each one of them obeys a Langevin equation without memory. Subsequently, following Zwanzig, one species is added that is treated without linearization. The character of the equation governing its population is materially dependent on the special choice of the interaction coefficients. It is concluded that no general statement can be made concerning the stochastic behavior of the solutions of the Lotka-Volterra equations without being more specific about the coefficients than has been customary so far.
Spontaneous radiative coupling of atomic energy levels

Density-matrix equations of motion derived from Heisenberg picture source-field quantum electrodynamics contain damping constants and frequency shifts which are not associated with a single radiative transition but which instead couple two separate transitions together. In the absence of degeneracies in the atomic levels, these coupling terms are normally neglected when the rotating-wave approximation is invoked. These terms cannot be neglected when there are degeneracies or near degeneracies. In this paper, we interpret the generalized frequency shifts, show how they can be renormalized and included in shifts of atomic energy levels and altered damping constants, and discuss their experimental significance.
Longitudinal imaging pattern analysis (SPARE-CD index) detects early structural and functional changes before cognitive decline in healthy older adults.

This article investigates longitudinal imaging characteristics of early cognitive decline during normal aging, leveraging on high-dimensional imaging pattern classification methods for the development of early biomarkers of cognitive decline. By combining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting positron emission tomography (PET) cerebral blood flow (CBF) images, an individualized score is generated using high-dimensional pattern classification, which predicts subsequent cognitive decline in cognitively normal older adults of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. The resulting score, termed SPARE-CD (Spatial Pattern of Abnormality for Recognition of Early Cognitive Decline), analyzed longitudinally for 143 cognitively normal subjects over 8 years, shows functional and structural changes well before (2.3–2.9 years) changes in neurocognitive testing (California Verbal Learning Test [CVLT] scores) can be measured. Additionally, this score is found to be correlated to the [11C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) PET mean distribution volume ratio at a later time. This work indicates that MRI and PET images, combined with advanced pattern recognition methods, may be useful for very early detection of cognitive decline.
Osteosclerosis, osteomalacia, and bone marrow aplasia: A combined late complication of thorotrast administration

A 37-year-old female with thrombocytopenia since childhood developed diffuse osteosclerosis followed by bone marrow aplasia 23 years after Thorotrast administration. Tissue deposition of Thorotrast was documented by radiospectroscopy (liver, bone) and autoradiography (bone). Bone marrow failure in this patient was clinically ascribed to diffuse myelofibrosis, but at autopsy marrow fibrosis was only focal. An unsuspected bone mineralization defect was manifested by thick osteoid seams. It is suggested that osteosclerosis, osteomalacia, and bone marrow aplasia represent a combined experession of Thorotrast cytotoxicity.
Sensitivity of Escherichia coli to proline analogues during osmotic stress and anaerobiosis.

L.M. REESE, K.O. CUTLER AND C.E. DEUTCH. 1996. The sensitivity of wild-type Escherichia coli K-12 to a series of proline analogues was determined in cultures containing increasing concentrations of NaCl under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The bacteria were most sensitive to L-azetidine-2–carboxylate and L-thiazolidine-4–carboxylate. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for these compounds decreased progressively during osmotic stress, but the bacteria were much more sensitive to these proline analogues under aerobic conditions than during anaerobiosis. The reduced sensitivity under anaerobic conditions did not reflect degradation of the compounds in the culture medium. Since both urine and medullary renal tissue contain relatively low oxygen concentrations, these results raise doubts about the potential use of proline or glycine betaine analogues in treating urinary tract infections.
A rapid method for isolation of human hemoglobin benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide derived adducts using high performance liquid chromatography

A method is described to isolate rapidly human hemoglobin-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide adducts. A combination of 300 A pore size C4 reversed phase HPLC to effect separation of adducted protein from native protein, and mu-bore C18 reversed phase HPLC to isolate and partially characterize proteolytic peptide adducts (by UV), was used.
Volume estimates of trees with complex architecture from terrestrial laser scanning

Research on urban forest carbon storage requires new allometric equations that relate easily measured aspects of tree form to total tree volume. Existing methods for creating these equations are time consuming and can require destructive sampling. In this study we used a terrestrial lidar sensor; data produced by this system consists of the three-dimensional locations of points that lay on object surfaces (in this case the trunk, branches, twigs, etc.). The challenge in calculating tree volume was the aggregation of these individual points into objects whose dimensions could be reliably estimated. We converted the lidar observations into 3-dimensional voxels, identified narrow ( 98%) and unbiased. The processing algorithm was applied to lidar data from 179 trees of 11 species; the accuracy of results was dependant on tree volume, species and tree form.
Historical solar variability derived from sunspot areas using a FIR model

[1] We present new historical reconstructions since 1875 of several parameters of solar variability of interest for climate modeling, including spectral solar irradiance at ultraviolet wavelengths and average magnetic field. The reconstructions are based on our Finite Impulse Response (FIR) model, presented in previous work, which establishes the detailed relationship between observed solar variability and sunspots. This model predicts very little long-term secular trend in the level of solar minimum for any of the reconstructed solar parameters. Cycle-averaged spectral solar irradiance at ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths increases by about 3% and 20%, respectively, during the first half of the twentieth century. The corresponding cycle-averaged change in the average magnetic field is about 50%. We estimate that from the Maunder Minimum to the present, the cycle-averaged increase is about 4% for the irradiance at 200 nm, 30% for the irradiance at 121.6 nm and 100% for the average magnetic field.
Distribution of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in testicular germinal tumors

A detailed analysis of the retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in 283 patients with testicular germinal tumors undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is presented, and ipsilateral and contralateral metastasis are defined. The primary lymphatic drainage (ipsilateral metastasis) from the right testis is to interaorto-caval, precaval, pre-aortic, paracaval, right common iliac, and right external iliac nodes, in that order; subsequent drainage (contralateral metastasis) is to the para-aortic, left common iliac, and left external iliac nodes. The primary lymphatic drainage (ipsilateral metastasis) from the left testis is to the para-aortic, pre-aortic, left common iliac, and left external iliac nodes, in that order; subsequent drainage (contralateral metastasis) is to the interaorto-caval, precaval, paracaval, right common iliac, and right external iliac nodes. With right-sided tumors the metastases were to the ipsilateral nodes in 85%, to both ipsilateral and contralateral nodes in 13%, and to contralateral nodes only in 1.6%. With left sided tumors the ipsilateral nodes only were involved in 80%, and both ipsilateral and contralateral nodes in 20%. The presence of contralateral metastasis in the absence of ipsilateral metastasis was rare; none was observed with a left-sided tumor and only one with a right-sided tumor. In patients with resectable disease in the retroperitoneum, lymph node metastases outside the limits of a modified bilateral dissection were uncommon with right-sided tumors, and observed not at all with left-sided tumors.
Drafting poems: inverted potentialities

Drafting Poems: Inverted Potentialities challenges preconceived notions of intelligence, creativity, and authorship. In Drafting Poems, an artificially intelligent poet reacts to user stimuli creating meaningful verse. As users sketch on the surface of a glass drafting-table, the system gathers statistics on how the users are drawing. These statistics inform a probabilistic text generation system that creates original poetry. While this work builds on a rich tradition of algorithmic poetry, its focus on the creation of meaning represents a fundamentally different expressive goal and hence Drafting Poems signifies a new movement, the AI Aesthetic.
How health insurance inhibits trade in health care.

A range of health care services are tradable, in that consumers can travel abroad for treatment. In this paper we first estimate the gains from trade. An international price comparison of fifteen procedures reveals that there could be savings of around $1.4 billion annually even if only one in ten U.S. patients choose to undergo treatment abroad. We then identify a key impediment to realizing these gains: the nature of existing health insurance plans, which discriminate explicitly or implicitly against treatment abroad. We propose that coverage should be neutral to provider location and that reimbursement should include travel costs.
Malignant melanoma incidence at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Abstract In an analysis of melanoma incidence for 1969 to 1978 among 11 308 workers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico 6 cases were detected in the total cohort, in which 5·69 cases would be expected (standardised incidence ratio [SIR] = 105; 90% confidence interval [CI]=51,198) on the basis of incidence rates for the State of New Mexico, specific for age, sex, and ethnic origin. Among the White non-Hispanic men, 3 cases were detected, whereas 4·4 would be expected. The associated SIR of 68 (90% CI=23, 163) does not suggest excess melanoma incidence in this subcohort. A direct comparison with Statewide incidence rates gave similar results. These results do not agree with the threefold excess of malignant melanoma incidence found among White male employees at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Erratum to: Exploring Public Attitudes Towards Approaches to Discussing Costs in the Clinical Encounter

Erratum to: J Gen Intern Med DOI 10.1007/s11606-013-2543-9 In the initial publication of this manuscript, Greer Donley was inadvertently not listed as an author. The authors regret this error.
Counter-flow cooling of a transmission line by supercritical helium

Abstract The task of cooling a superconducting power transmission line in which the ‘go’ and ‘return’ streams of supercritical helium are in thermal contact through the cable dielectric is examined both analytically and using an exact numerical solution to the flow equations with real helium properties. Temperature and pressure distributions are given for level and inclined terrain, an acceptable range of dielectric thermal conductivity is established, and the theoretical minimum refrigerator power is computed; the latter is compared with power computed for a real refrigerator.
A reanalysis of the kinetics of neck growth during liquid phase sintering

During liquid phase sintering, solid particles make contact and can subsequently coalesce into one particle. This coalescence phenomena can affect the type of microstructure formed and its subsequent coarsening behavior during liquid phase sintering. The mechanism of particle coalescence is assumed to be the liquid state analog of the evaporation-condensation mechanism of sintering. In this work, a detailed study of the geometry appropriate for analysis of the coalescence phenomena during liquid phase sintering is made. It is found that in the early stages of particle coalescence, the neck between the particles acts as a geometrical barrier to diffusion and the neck between the particles grows approximately ast1/5,i.e., the same kinetics appropriate for solid state sintering are obtained. At longer times, the neck area no longer restricts diffusive flow and at1/6 dependency of neck growth is obtained. The use of numerical techniques also allows the analysis to be carried out with fewer geometrical restrictions than in the original analysis of the evaporation-condensation mechanism.
In vivo reactivation by pam of brain cholinesterase inhibited by paraoxon

Abstract Pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide (PAM) injected in amounts of from 25 to 150 mg/kg from 0.5 to 1.5 hr after 0.15 mg/kg paraoxon caused a significant increase in the cholinesterase levels of cerebral cortex, pons, cerebellum, region of area postrema in medulla, and the remainder of the medulla of rabbits killed 3 hr after the injection of paraoxon. Reactivation seemed most marked in the pons, region of area postrema and the remainder of the medulla. Similar results were obtained when rabbits were killed 24 hr after paraoxon, and there appeared to be no difference whether the first dose of PAM was given 1 or 5 hr after the inhibitor. A chloroform extraction procedure was used which appears capable of removing at least some of the extracellular paraoxon present in the brain tissue and uncombined with the enzyme at the time of sacrifice of the rabbits. It is concluded that sufficient amounts of PAM are able to penetrate into the brain to cause marked reactivation of inhibited cholinesterase. Possible reasons are discussed why other workers have not observed in vivo reactivation of brain cholinesterase by PAM.
CAUSES OF WHITE‐COLLAR CRIME*

This paper begins with a conceptual analysis of the idea of white-collar crime. It considers data relevant to popular images of white-collar crime and outlines a general theory of crime explicitly applicable to both ordinary and white-collar crime. This theory is compared with traditional explanations of white-collar crime, and several explicit empirical tests of rival views are described.
H Ly-alpha transmittance of thin foils of C, Si/C, and Al/C for keV particle detectors

A class of instruments designed for remote sensing of space plasmas by measuring energetic neutral atoms (ENA) uses a thin foil as both a signal generator and a light shield. An ENA imager must look directly at the ENA source region, which is also usually an intense source of H Ly-alpha (1216 A) photons. It is desirable to minimize the energy threshold for ENA detectors, at the same time maximizing the blocking of H Ly-alpha. Optimizing filter design to meet these two contrary requirements has led us to measure the transmittance of thin C, Si/C, and Al/C foils at H Ly-alpha. Our results indicate that (1) transmittance of less than 0.0007 can be achieved with 7 micro-g/sq cm Si on 1.7 micro-g/sq cm C; (2) an Si/C composite foil with a thin carbon layer is more effective in blocking UV radiation while having the lowest energy threshold of all the foils measured; and (3) transmittance of Si/C foils of known Si and C thicknesses cannot be accurately predicted, but must be measured.
Percolation Phenomena in Higher Dimensions: Approach to the Mean-Field Limit

Percolation thresholds in two to six dimensions are studied by Monte Carlo methods in order to test Toulouse's recent conjecture that at six dimensions the Bethe lattice description of the threshold becomes exact. The results verify the existence of this critical dimensionality, but are only qualitatively in agreement with the predictions of expansions to $6\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimensions.
Visualization of the tip vortices in a wind turbine wake

In the present study, an experimental study was conducted to characterize the formation and the evolution of the helical tip vortices and turbulent flow structures in the wake of a horizontal axis wind turbine model placed in an atmospheric boundary layer wind. A high-resolution particle image velocimetry system was used to make detailed flow field measurements to quantify the time evolution of the helical tip vortices in relation to the position of the rotating turbine blades in order to elucidate the underlying physics associated with turbine power generation and fatigue loads acting on the wind turbines.
Automatic recognition of falls in gait-slip training: Harness load cell based criteria

Over-head-harness systems, equipped with load cell sensors, are essential to the participants' safety and to the outcome assessment in perturbation training. The purpose of this study was to first develop an automatic outcome recognition criterion among young adults for gait-slip training and then verify such criterion among older adults. Each of 39 young and 71 older subjects, all protected by safety harness, experienced 8 unannounced, repeated slips, while walking on a 7 m walkway. Each trial was monitored with a motion capture system, bilateral ground reaction force (GRF), harness force, and video recording. The fall trials were first unambiguously indentified with careful visual inspection of all video records. The recoveries without balance loss (in which subjects' trailing foot landed anteriorly to the slipping foot) were also first fully recognized from motion and GRF analyses. These analyses then set the gold standard for the outcome recognition with load cell measurements. Logistic regression analyses based on young subjects' data revealed that the peak load cell force was the best predictor of falls (with 100% accuracy) at the threshold of 30% body weight. On the other hand, the peak moving average force of load cell across 1 s period, was the best predictor (with 100% accuracy) separating recoveries with backward balance loss (in which the recovery step landed posterior to slipping foot) from harness assistance at the threshold of 4.5% body weight. These threshold values were fully verified using the data from older adults (100% accuracy in recognizing falls). Because of the increasing popularity in the perturbation training coupling with the protective over-head-harness system, this new criterion could have far reaching implications in automatic outcome recognition during the movement therapy.
Electronic versus traditional storybooks: Relative influence on preschool children’s engagement and communication

The purpose of this study was to examine children’s reading engagement and communicative initiations when they were read storybooks in varying media and reading manners, with a focus on understanding the way electronic storybooks (e-storybooks) may affect young children’s shared reading experiences. The reading behaviors of 25 preschool-aged children were observed during three storybook reading conditions: adult led e-storybook, child led e-storybook, and adult led traditional storybook. Children’s level of reading engagement and type and quantity of communicative initiations were analyzed. Findings showed that when comparing media, children displayed higher levels of persistence during the adult led e-storybook compared to the adult led traditional storybook condition. However, children produced more communicative initiations during the adult led traditional storybook condition. When comparing the reading manner between adult and child led e-storybook conditions, more labelling references were observed d...
A voice from the silent masses: An exploratory and comparative analysis of noncomplainers

This study used a critical incident survey with both qualitative and quantitative sections to investigate noncomplainers. Noncomplainers are customers who experience service failures but do not voice complaints. The qualitative study (n=149) explored reasons why customers do not complain after experiencing service failures. In the quantitative study (n=530), two kinds of noncomplainers who either (a) received organization-initiated recoveries or(b) exited the encounters without recoveries were compared with three kinds of complaining customers who received (a) satisfactory recoveries, (b) dissatisfactory recoveries, or (c) no recoveries. The five customer groups were compared across repurchase intentions, negative affect, perceived regret, and intentions to engage in negative word of mouth. The results of the comparative analyses challenge existing views of noncomplainers’ repurchase intentions and negative outcome levels.
Long‐term follow‐up of 121 patients with benign fasciculations

Using the case records of Mayo Clinic patients, 121 patients with a diagnosis of benign fasciculations were identified. All had a normal neurological examination and normal electrophysiological studies, except for fasciculation potentials. Interviews by telephone were conducted 2 to 32 years after diagnosis. None of the patients developed symptomatic motor neuron disease. Forty individuals were in health care careers. A subset of 19 patients described acute onset of fasciculations following a viral infection. Benign fasciculations are not a preclude to progressive motor neuron disease.
On Very Large Scale Assignment Problems

In this paper we present computational testing results on very large scale random assignment problems. We consider a fully dense assignment problem with 2n nodes. Some conjectured or derived properties regarding fully dense assignment problems including the convergence of the optimal objective function value and the portion of nodes assigned with their kth best arc have been verified for networks up to n = 100,000 in size. Also we demonstrate the power of our approach in solving very large scale assignment problems by solving a one million node, one trillion arc random assignment problem.
Signaling resolve, democratization, and the first battle of Fallujah

Abstract Perceptions and efforts to signal resolve can play an important role in counterinsurgency. The Coalition offensive against Fallujah in April 2004 demonstrates the limitations of relying on military force to signal resolve. The offensive catalyzed insurgent violence in Iraq and generated popular support for the insurgency. The Coalition prematurely halted the offensive because the Iraqi Governing Council (IGC) could not maintain support for the Coalition in the face of popular outrage. Given the importance of democratizing Iraq and establishing a sovereign government, the objections of the IGC could not be ignored. Without Iraqi political support, military force ultimately signaled weakness instead of resolve.
Xenobiotic Metabolism, Disposition, and Regulation by Receptors: From Biochemical Phenomenon to Predictors of Major Toxicities

To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Society of Toxicology, this special edition article reviews the history and current scope of xenobiotic metabolism and transport, with special emphasis on the discoveries and impact of selected “xenobiotic receptors.” This overall research realm has witnessed dynamic development in the past 50 years, and several of the key milestone events that mark the impressive progress in these areas of toxicological sciences are highlighted. From the initial observations regarding aspects of drug metabolism dating from the mid- to late 1800’s, the area of biotransformation research witnessed seminal discoveries in the mid-1900’s and onward that are remarkable in retrospect, including the discovery and characterization of the phase I monooxygenases, the cytochrome P450s. Further research uncovered many aspects of the biochemistry of xenobiotic metabolism, expanding to phase II conjugation and phase III xenobiotic transport. This led to hallmark developments involving integration of genomic technologies to elucidate the basis for interindividual differences in response to xenobiotic exposures and discovery of nuclear and soluble receptor families that selectively “sense” the chemical milieu of the mammalian cell and orchestrate compensatory changes in gene expression programming to accommodate complex xenobiotic exposures. This review will briefly summarize these developments and investigate the expanding roles of xenobiotic receptor biology in the underlying basis of toxicological response to chemical agents.
Rate constants for the gas‐phase reactions of the OH radical with a series of monoterpenes at 294 ± 1 K

Using a relative rate technique, rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of the OH radical with a series of monoterpenes have been determined in one atmosphere of air at 294 ± 1 K. Relative to a rate constant for the reaction of OH radicals with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene of 1.12 × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 sec−1, the rate constants obtained were (in units of 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 sec−1): α-Pinene, 5.45 ± 0.32; β-pinene, 7.95 ± 0.52; Δ3-carene, 8.70 ± 0.43; d-limonene, 16.9 ± 0.5; α-terpinene, 36.0 ± 4.0; γ-terpinene, 17.6 ± 1.8; α-phellandrene, 31.0 ± 7.1; myrcene, 21.3 ± 1.6; and ocimene (acis-, trans-mixture), 25.0 ± 1.9. These are the first quantitative kinetic data reported for many of these monoterpenes. The rate constants obtained are compared with the available literature data and with a priori estimates based on the number and configuration of substituents around the double bond(s). The tropospheric lifetimes of these monoterpenes with OH radicals, NO3 radicals and O3 are estimated and compared. Atmospheric lifetimes with respect to reaction with the OH radical are calculated to range from ∼0.75 hr for α-terpinene to ∼5 hr for α-pinene.
Inverse association between cancer and neurodegenerative disease: review of the epidemiologic and biological evidence

Growing evidence suggests an unusual epidemiologic association between cancer and certain neurological conditions, particularly age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Cancer survivors have a 20-50% lower risk of developing Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, and patients with these neurodegenerative conditions have a substantially lower incidence of cancer. We review the epidemiologic evidence for this inverse co-morbidity and show that it is not simply an artifact of survival bias or under-diagnosis. We then review the potential biological explanations for this association, which is intimately linked to the very different nature of dividing cells and neurons. The known genetic and metabolic connections between cancer and neurodegeneration generally fall within two categories. The first includes shared genes and pathways such as Pin1 and the ubiquitin proteasome system that are dysregulated in different directions to cause one disease or the other. The second includes common pathophysiological mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and DNA damage that drive both conditions, but with different cellular fates. We discuss examples of these biological links and their implications for developing new approaches to prevention and treatment of both diseases.
M2 protein from Influenza A: from multiple structures to biophysical and functional insights

The M2 protein from influenza A is a proton channel as a tetramer, with a single transmembrane helix from each monomer lining the pore. Val27 and Trp41 form gates at either end of the pore and His37 mediates the shuttling of protons across a central barrier between the N-terminal and C-terminal aqueous pore regions. Numerous structures of this transmembrane domain and of a longer construct that includes an amphipathic helix are now in the Protein Data Bank. Many structural differences are apparent from samples obtained in a variety of membrane mimetic environments. High-resolution structural results in lipid bilayers have provided novel insights into the functional mechanism of the unique HxxxW cluster in the M2 proton channel.
Regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis in Heliothis virescens by Manduca sexta allatotropin.

In Heliothis virescens, reproduction is strictly dependent on juvenile hormone (JH). In females, mating induces a sharp increase in JH titers, which stimulates increased vitellogenin biosynthesis and higher rates of egg production. JH biosynthesis is presumably stimulated by production and/or release of stimulatory neuropeptides such as allatotropins. There is evidence that allatotropin of H. virescens may be structurally related to Manduca sexta allatotropin (Manse-AT). In a radiochemical in vitro assay, synthetic Manse-AT stimulated JH biosynthesis by corpora allata (CA) of virgin H. virescens females in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on CA activity in H. virescens males. In females, the CA showed a transient increase in sensitivity to Manse-AT shortly after mating. Several structurally related peptides stimulated CA activity to a similar extent as Manse-AT. Corpora allata activity was stimulated by a Ca2+ ionophore, A23187. A membrane-permeable Ca2+ chelator, BAPTA/AM, antagonized the stimulatory effects of Manse-AT, suggesting that Manse-AT may enhance CA activity by increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 54:121–133, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measurement of atomic concentrations in reacting flows through the use of stimulated gain or loss

A pump laser at 226 nm was used to generate a population inversion between the 3p3P2 and 3s3S1 states of the oxygen atom in the postflame gases of a 7-torr H2/O2 flame by means of resonant two-photon absorption from the ground state. The inversion produced an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) signal at 845 nm. A probe laser tuned to this transition was crossed at a small angle with the pump beam. The probe beam experienced gain at the expense of the ASE signal. By analyzing the gain on the probe beam and the loss on the ASE signal, we have determined the density of oxygen atoms in the flame environment.
A tunable holistic resiliency approach for high-performance computing systems

In order to address anticipated high failure rates, resiliency characteristics have become an urgent priority for next-generation extreme-scale high-performance computing (HPC) systems. This poster describes our past and ongoing efforts in novel fault resilience technologies for HPC. Presented work includes proactive fault resilience techniques, system and application reliability models and analyses, failure prediction, transparent process- and virtual-machine-level migration, and trade-off models for combining preemptive migration with checkpoint/restart. This poster summarizes our work and puts all individual technologies into context with a proposed holistic fault resilience framework.