cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of colchicine and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) on the biliary excretion of sucrose, mannitol and horseradish peroxidase in the rat.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of colchicine and S , S , S -tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) on vesicular transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into bile at the same time that permeability changes occur in the canalicular membrane. Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically prepared with a bile duct cannulae. Four hours after colchicine pretreatment (10 mg/kg, i.p.), biliary excretion of intravenously injected sucrose and mannitol was increased, while that of HRP was decreased. Administration of these marker compounds from the bile side by segmented retrograde intrabiliary injection (SRII) (40 μl washed in with 110 μl saline) resulted in decreased biliary excretion of all three markers in colchicine-pretreated rats. Twenty minutes after DEF pretreatment by intrabiliary administration (40 μl of DEF washed in with 31 μl of saline and held in place for 0.5 min), the biliary excretion of intravenously injected sucrose and mannitol was decreased but that of HRP was increased; when administered by SRII, the biliary excretion of all three marker compounds was increased. These results demonstrate that colchicine, in addition to having blocked vesicular transport (HRP), also increased canalicular permeability to sucrose and mannitol. DEF, on the other hand, decreased canalicular permeability to sucrose and mannitol and enhanced vesicular transport of HRP.
Characterization of β-globin haplotypes using blood spots from a population-based cohort of newborns with homozygous HbS

Purpose: A population-based cohort from three state newborn screening programs was used to describe β-globin gene cluster variation. Methods: Blood spots from newborns homozygous for HbS were genotyped for five restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) to construct β-globin haplotypes. Haplotype distributions were compared by race/ethnicity and sex. Expected heterozygosities were calculated and compared with observed heterozygosities. Results: Haplotype distributions did not differ between sexes for either blacks or Hispanics. Neither racial/ethnic group deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; however, Hispanics had higher heterozygosity at two RFLPs compared with blacks. Conclusion: The differences between populations probably reflect recent migration and admixture rather than selection.
Working memory for color in honeybees

Honeybees were tested in delayed conditional discrimination procedures (matching-to-sample and nonmatching-to-sample), using color stimuli presented on a video monitor. A small but reliable tendency to choose the color presented as the conditional cue was found, regardless of whether the contingencies reinforced or discouraged this tendency. The perseverative tendency occurred even with a delay of up to 1–2 min between the conditional cue and the choice. The tendency cannot be explained by changes in the associative value of the colors. Explanation of the results requires some form of working memory for color.
The genetics of primary Sjögren's syndrome.

Primary Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized clinically by dryness of the eyes and mouth. The use of different classification criteria for primary Sjogren's syndrome has led to dramatically different estimates of prevalence and incidence. Despite this, several genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in the susceptibility to primary Sjogren's syndrome, as is the current conceptual formulation of the pathogenesis of many other autoimmune maladies. Primary Sjogren's syndrome appears a complicated polygenic disorder with many genes interacting with environmental factors. Similar to many other polygenic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, human leukocyte antigen associations have been reported and confirmed. Additionally, other non-human leukocyte antigen candidate genes have been reported to reveal association with primary Sjogren's syndrome, but, in general, these effects are not confirmed. The authors review the human leukocyte antigen and non-human leukocyte antigen genetic associations herewith, knowing that new technologies are providing access to the entire genome for association studies. No doubt a much more comprehensive description of the genetics of this disorder will soon emerge.
Is Bureaucracy No Longer the Technically Superior Form of Organization

(2011). Is Bureaucracy No Longer the Technically Superior Form of Organization? Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 447-452.
Recycle and multimembrane permeators for gas separations

Abstract The extent of gas separation achievable in a permeator module can be substantially increased by (a) recycling a fraction of the permeated stream, and (b) using more than one type of membrane for a given separation process. The present paper discusses the development and operation of recycle and multimembrane permeator systems and summarizes the results of parametric calculations.
Mineral concentrations in four tropical forages as affected by increasing daylength. II. Microminerals

Pure stands of the Florakirk and Tifton 85 bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers.], Florona stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst), and Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) were established in central Florida during the summer of 1997. Individual grass plots were exposed to an artificial light, which extended the daylength. There were two daylength treatments, extended (artificial light used to maintain daylength at 15 h) and normal daylength conducted over a two-year period. Samples were harvested at distances of 4.0 m ‘behind’ the light and 1.0 m ‘in front’ of the light. Samples were collected and analyzed for iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and selenium (Se) at six sample dates from the late fall to early spring for two consecutive years, but only one year for Se. There was no difference between normal and extended daylength for Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn. Forage Cu concentrations increased with extended daylength for Florona stargrass (from 20.3 to 23.1 ppm). Florona stargra...
Grain boundary dislocation spirals in high-angle (001) twist boundaries in gold

Abstract Bardeen–Herring type grain boundary dislocation source (or sink) spirals were found in high-angle (001) twist boundaries in gold by transmission electron microscopy. The possible roles that these configurations could play in supporting grain boundary point-defect source (or sink) action and boundary migration were pointed out.
Collective control: strategies for survival in the workplace.

The topic of this article is the mechanisms by which groups of workers either formally or informally participate in shaping the nature of their work experience. It is proposed that control over the...
Perspective on Afterglows: Numerically Computed Views, Light Curves, and the Analysis of Homogeneous and Structured Jets with Lateral Expansion

Herein I present numerical calculations of light curves of homogeneous and structured afterglows with various lateral expansion rates as seen from any vantage point. Such calculations allow for direct simulation of observable quantities for complex afterglows with arbitrary energy distributions and lateral expansion paradigms. A simple, causal model is suggested for lateral expansion of the jet as it evolves: namely, that the lateral expansion kinetic energy derives from the forward kinetic energy. As such, the homogeneous jet model shows that lateral expansion is important at all times in the afterglow evolution and that analytical scaling laws do a poor job at describing the afterglow decay before and after the break. In particular, I find that lateral expansion does not cause a break in the light curve as had been predicted. A primary purpose of this paper is to study structured afterglows, which do a good job of reproducing global relationships and correlations in the data and thus suggest the possibility of a universal afterglow model. Simulations of structured jets show a general trend in which jet breaks become more pronounced with increasing viewing angle with respect to the jet axis. In fact, under certain conditions a bump can occur in the light curve at the jet-break time. I derive scaling relations for this bump and suggest that it may be a source of some bumps in observed light curves such as that of GRB 000301C. A couple of lateral expansion models are tested over a range of efficiencies and viewing angles, and it is found that lateral expansion can, in some cases, substantially sharpen the jet break. I show flux surface contour maps and simulated images of the afterglows that give insight into how they evolve and determine their light curves.
Geriatric herpes zoster.

A retrospective study was made of the 243 geriatric patients with herpes zoster and post-zoster complications referred to Duke University Medical Center during the years 1939 through 1968. The factors of age, race, sex, distribution, laterality, duration, severity, complications, and associated disorders were evaluated. There was an absolute increase in the frequency of trigeminal nerve involvement among geriatric zoster patients compared with zoster patients of all ages. The commonly-held belief that the duration is longer and the disease more severe in geriatric patients was confirmed. The incidence of complications also was significantly increased in the 243 geriatric zoster patients. Suggestions concerning the management of both uncomplicated and complicated cases of herpes zoster are made. The use of large systemic dosages of corticosteroids is discussed in terms of the benefits versus the risks.
SPIN-ONE PARTICLE IN AN EXTERNAL ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD*

In this paper the electrodynamics of a spin-one particleantiparticle is developed using a (1, 0) 0 (0, 1) six-component wave function. Anomalous magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole effects are included. The wave equation is manifestly covariant and has no auxiliary conditions. The invariant integral for the system is derived and the nonrelativistic limit is discussed.
To Whom Do College Women Confide Following Sexual Assault? A Prospective Study of Predictors of Sexual Assault Disclosure and Social Reactions

A prospective methodology was used to explore predictors of sexual assault disclosure among college women, identify who women tell about sexual victimization, and examine the responses of informal support providers (N = 374). Women most often confided in a female peer. Increased coping via seeking emotional support, strong attachments, and high tendency to disclose stressful information predicted adolescent sexual assault disclosure and disclosure over the 7-month interim. Less acquaintance with the perpetrator predicted disclosure over the follow-up, including experiences of revictimization. Victim and perpetrator alcohol use at the time of the assault also predicted disclosure over the follow-up. Implications are presented.
High Power Motor Drives Based On Hybrid Multilevel Converters and Direct Torque Control

A new control set of the single dc source hybrid (cascaded) multilevel converter topologies for high power motor drives is proposed in the paper. First, it guarantees that the main and auxiliary converters switch at the pure fundamental frequency (IGCT) and PWM frequencies (IGBT), respectively. Compared to the previous research, the new control set has much less computational burden and offers more straightforward and robust capacitor voltage control for the hybrid (cascaded) inverter cell without dc sources. At the same time, it tracks the fast changing motor drive reference voltage magnitude and frequency instantaneously. Therefore, it is readily integrated into the motor drive controls with fast dynamics, such as direct torque control as used in this work. Several practical issues in its implementation, such as capacitor voltage ripple, capacitor precharging and initial stator flux buildup, are analyzed in detail. Finally, detailed simulation results and lab data verify the proposed control.
Blocking polysynaptic inhibition via opioid receptor activation isolates excitatory synaptic currents without triggering epileptiform activity in organotypic hippocampal slices

Abstract The abundance of synaptic connectivity in the cultured hippocampal slice preparation allows measurements of the unitary excitatory connection between pairs of pyramidal neurons using simultaneous presynaptic and postysynaptic intracellular recordings. However, the useful yield of these recordings can be greatly reduced by the presence of polysynaptic inhibition that occludes the measurement of the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC). We have found that the traditional method of eliminating contaminating synaptic inhibition with GABA receptor antagonists is of limited usefulness because the recurrent excitatory connections in organotypic slices cause epileptiform bursting in the absence of inhibitory function. This bursting obscures EPSCs to an even greater extent than the normally occurring polysynaptic inhibitory transmission. Here, we report a new method for isolating monosynaptic EPSCs using the mu-opioid agonist peptide DAMGO to reduce polysynaptic inhibition during these recordings. Activation of mu-opioid receptors is known to hyperpolarize inhibitory neurons. We found that DAMGO application reduces the amplitude and frequency of polysynaptic inhibition, allowing isolation of the excitatory connection between the two neurons being recorded. Furthermore, because inhibitory function is not completely eliminated by DAMGO application, epileptiform bursting very rarely develops. Therefore, the use of DAMGO to prevent polysynaptic inhibition without causing epileptiform bursting provides a useful tool to substantially increase the yield of experiments measuring the unitary excitatory connection between pyramidal neurons in the cultured hippocampal slice preparation.
Abundance of an Herbivorous Beetle: Factors Affecting Dispersal and Local Reproduction

A current challenge for ecologists is identifying the relative effect of factors affecting abundance in spatially segregated populations. I investigated the effects of variables affecting dispersal (current patch size, interpatch distance and patch quality) and reproduction (previous female abundance, previous patch size and their interaction) on the local abundance of an herbivorous beetle, Tetraopes tetrophthalmus. Mark-release-recapture methods were used to monitor beetle populations in a 40 ha landscape containing numerous patches of the beetles' host plant, Asclepias syriaca. Factors affecting dispersal and reproduction were compared using statistical models, and the relative effects of each factor were evaluated by examining the joint and unique deviance explained. Over 3 y, 3952 individuals were captured 10,715 times. The models explained over 80% of the deviance in beetle abundance with significant contributions from factors affecting both dispersal and reproduction. Current patch size and number of females in a patch the previous generation had the largest effects on abundance. Immigration exceeds emigration in larger patches resulting in higher abundance in larger patches, but a large effect of current patch size was also due to confounding with factors affecting reproduction. Abundance also increased with habitat quality and connectivity through their effects on dispersal. The abundance of females in the previous generation affected current abundance directly and via interactions with resources. In a low density year (1995) there was a positive interaction between female abundance and patch size (resources) such that large patches with an abundance of females had high abundances the next generation (1996). In a higher density year (1996) abundance the next generation increased with female abundance, but showed either a negative interaction with patch size (male beetle abundance) or a negative effect of patch size in 1996 (female). For patchy populations a combination of landscape and population factors are needed to understand local abundance.
Intra- and inter-rater agreement in the assessment of occupational exposure to metals

Background Among the methods of retrospective occupational exposure assessment, expert review is considered the most accurate. Although expert review provides a more objective measure of exposure, depending on the exposure of interest it may still result in a significant degree of misclassification. Methods To evaluate the reliability in occupational metal exposure assessment by expert review, we analysed job history data from a case-control study of a neurological disease. First, one industrial hygienist (IH) did an initial exposure assessment of the metals copper, iron and lead, blinded to case-control status, for 608 subjects who had 3033 total jobs. We then compared exposure assessments from the original review with a second blinded review of 60 job histories (306 jobs) by the same IH (intra-rater) and of 64 job histories (361 jobs) by a different IH (inter-rater). Results The per cent agreements for the intra-IH comparisons were 89.6 for copper, 87.9 for iron and 94.6 for lead, whereas the inter-IH per cent agreements were 86.4 for copper, 81.1 for iron and 76.2 for lead. Based on the assumption that reliability is related to validity, we calculated an estimate of misclassification of metal exposure by one IH. Our exposure misclassification estimates show a sizable attenuation of the odds ratio, with the expected bias similar for copper and iron when using either intra- or inter-reliability results to estimate misclassification. Conclusion Our results suggest that variation in the expert assessment of metal exposure is due mainly to the difficulties involved in transforming an occupational history into an estimate of exposure.
An adaptive algorithm for sensor activation in renewable energy based sensor systems

Future sensor networks would comprise of sensing devices with energy harvesting capabilities from renewable energy sources such as solar power. A key research question in such sensor systems is to maximize the asymptotic event detection probability achieved in the system, in the presence of energy constraints and uncertainties. This paper focuses on the design of adaptive algorithms for sensor activation in the presence of uncertainty in the event phenomena. We borrow ideas from increase/decrease algorithms used in TCP congestion avoidance, and design an online and adaptive activation algorithm, that varies the subsequent sleep interval according to additive increase and multiplicative decrease based upon the sensor's current energy level. In addition, the proposed algorithm does not depend on global system parameters, or on the degree of event correlations, and hence can easily be deployed in practical scenarios. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed algorithm not only achieves near-optimal performance, but also exhibits more stability with respect to sensor's energy level and sleep interval variations.
Quantitative Measurement of Porphobilinogen in Urine by Stable-Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Background: Measurement of porphobilinogen (PBG) is useful in the diagnosis of the acute neurologic porphyrias. Currently used colorimetric assays lack analytical and clinical sensitivity and specificity. Methods: We developed a liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the measurement of PBG in 1 mL of urine, using 5-(aminoethyl)-4-(carboxymethyl) 1 H -2,4-[13C]pyrolle-3-propanoic acid ([2,4-13C]PBG; 2.75 μg) as internal standard. After solid-phase extraction, LC-MS/MS analysis was performed in the selected-reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. PBG and [2,4-13C]PBG were monitored through their own precursor and product ion settings ( m/z 227 to 210 and m/z 229 to 212, respectively). The retention time of PBG and [2,4-13C]PBG was 1.0 min in a 2.3-min analysis. Results: Daily calibrations (n = 6) between 0.1 and 2.0 mg/L were linear and reproducible. Inter- and intraassay CVs were 3.2–3.5% and 2.6–3.1%, respectively, at mean concentrations of 0.24, 1.18, and 2.15 mg/L. The regression equation for the comparison between an anion-exchange column method ( y ) and the LC-MS/MS method ( x ) was: y = 0.84 x + 0.74 ( S y|x = 5.8 mg/24 h; r = 0.85; n = 100). In 47 volunteers, PBG excretion was 0.02–0.42 mg/24 h, lower than reported reference intervals (up to 2.0 mg/24 h) based on colorimetric methods. In 85 samples with PBG ≤0.5 by LC-MS/MS, 8 (9.4%) had values ≥2.0 mg/24 h by the anion-exchange method (mean ± SD, 4.3 ± 1.8 mg/24 h). In 11 patients with confirmed diagnoses of acute porphyria and increased PBG by LC-MS/MS, 2 had values within the reported reference intervals by a quantitative anion-exchange method. Conclusions: The quantitative LC-MS/MS method for PBG measurement exhibits greater analytical specificity and improved clinical sensitivity and specificity than currently available methods.
Independent roles of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic communities in soil organic matter decomposition

The relative roles of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and saprotrophic communities in controlling the decomposition of soil organic matter remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that ECM community structure and activity influences the breakdown of nutrient-rich biopolymers in soils, while saprotrophic communities primarily regulate the breakdown of carbon-rich biopolymers. To test this hypothesis, we used high-throughput techniques to measure ECM and saprotrophic community structure, soil resource availability, and extracellular enzyme activity in whole soils and on ECM root tips in a coastal pine forest. We found that ECM and saprotroph richness did not show spatial structure and did not co-vary with any soil resource. However, species richness of ECM fungi explained variation in the activity of enzymes targeting recalcitrant N sources (protease and peroxidase) in bulk soil. Activity of carbohydrate- and organic P- targeting enzymes (e.g. cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase, α-glucosidase, hemicellulases, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase) was correlated with saprotroph community structure and soil resource abundance (total soil C, N, and moisture), both of which varied along the soil profile. These observations suggest independent roles of ECM fungi and saprotrophic fungi in the cycling of N-rich, C-rich, and P-rich molecules through soil organic matter. Enzymatic activity on ECM root tips taken from the same soil cores used for bulk enzyme analysis did not correlate with the activity of any enzyme measured in the bulk soil, suggesting that ECM contributions to larger-scale soil C and nutrient cycling may occur primarily via extramatrical hyphae outside the rhizosphere.
Prospective Study of Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women

In 1976, 118,273 female nurses 30-55 years of age with no history of cancer completed a questionnaire regarding possible risk factors. By 1986, after 1,137,415 person-years of follow-up, we had documented 1,799 newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer. Compared with the risk of breast cancer for nonusers of oral contraceptives, the multivariate relative risks were 1.07 (95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.19) for all users, 1.06 (95% confidence interval, 0.96-1.18) for past users, and 1.53 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.19) for current users--women who used oral contraceptives up to 2 years before diagnosis of breast cancer. We conclude that overall past use of oral contraceptives is not associated with a substantial increase in the risk of breast cancer. Although we did not find women who used oral contraceptives before the first pregnancy to have an increased risk of breast cancer, the number of women who used oral contraceptives for a long duration in early reproductive life was too small to permit firm conclusions regarding the risk in this subgroup.
The development of a motivational interviewing intervention to promote medication adherence among inner-city, African-American adolescents with asthma

Abstract Objective To develop and assess the feasibility of a motivational interviewing (MI) based asthma self-management program for inner-city, African-American, adolescents with asthma. Methods 37 African-American adolescents (age 10–15 years) recently seen in an inner-city emergency department for asthma and prescribed an asthma controller medication participated in the newly developed program consisting of 5 home visits. Adolescents and their caregivers completed phone-based surveys before and after the intervention. Results 95% of the adolescents completed all 5 sessions; 89% of caregivers and 76% of adolescents believed other families would benefit from the intervention. Caregivers were more likely to report 100% adherence post-intervention compared to pre-intervention and reported a trend for adolescents taking greater responsibility for their asthma. There were no pre-post-differences in adolescent-reported medication adherence, but adolescents did reported increased motivation and readiness to adhere to treatment. Caregivers and adolescents each reported statistically significant increases in their asthma quality of life. Conclusions The findings from this pilot study suggest that MI is a feasible and promising approach for increasing medication adherence among inner-city adolescents with asthma and is worthy of further evaluation in a randomized trial. Practice Implications Incorporating MI into disease management programs may enhance their effectiveness.
The role of modern imaging modalities on deep brain stimulation targeting for mental illness

Introduction The reversible nature of deep brain stimulation (DBS) brought renewed interest on surgery to medically intractable mental illnesses. The explosion of anatomical and functional imaging has allowed the development of new potential targets and the understanding of historical targets.
A State Apparel Industry Needs Assessment: Special Concerns for Rural Economies:

This study examined the importance of apparel manufacturing to rural areas in Missouri experiencing economic difficulties as a result of the farm crisis. Investigators anticipated that apparel manufacturing often represented the only source or one of a few sources of off-farm employment in these communitites. Seventy percent of Missouri's population of apparel manufacturers responded to a survey designed to assess apparel manufacturers' perceived needs in making their firms more viable and competitive. This assessment was made in light of an examination of the importance of apparel manufacturing companies to the local and state economies, particularly regarding employment in rural areas. Results indicated that 64.5 % of the respondents' firms were in small towns, and 69.4% said their towns had been hurt by the farm crisis. Manufacturers identified primary needs in improving competitiveness as marketing and increased productivity. Manufacturers' needs were found to vary by locale (rural or urban) as well a...
Interspecies Transformation of Acinetobacter: Genetic Evidence for a Ubiquitous Genus

The availability of a strain of Acinetobacter competent for transformation has made it possible to demonstrate the genetic relatedness of a large variety of gram-negative, oxidase-negative, nonmotile, and aerobic coccobacilli originally classified into eleven different genera. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) species from 265 such strains are capable of transforming stable auxotrophs of the competent Acinetobacter to prototrophy. The compositions of these DNA species vary from 40 to 46.8% guanine plus cytosine. Strains with widely differing phenotypic properties are also included in this collection of acinetobacters. DNA species from all oxidase-positive strains of Moraxella and from a variety of common bacteria are unable to transform the competent Acinetobacter. Although acinetobacters are usually considered to be unable to reduce nitrate to nitrite, six strains known to carry out this reduction have been shown to be authentic acinetobacters since their DNA species readily transform the competent Acinetobacter auxotrophs to prototrophy. In contrast to previous findings that acinetobacters rarely grow with glucose as a sole carbon source, the results of the present study show that 17 of the 265 strains grow readily in a glucosemineral medium, and 48 other strains can mutate spontaneously to grow in such a medium. A second competent strain of Acinetobacter, originally unable to use glucose, d-xylose, or d-ribose as carbon sources, has been transformed for ability to dissimilate these compounds using DNA species from strains that normally grow on these sugars. Although most of the 265 Acinetobacter strains studied were originally grown on complex media when isolated from human sources, only nine of these strains require growth factors in order to grow in a mineral medium containing a single carbon and energy source. A simple transformation assay has been devised for rapid examination of large numbers of strains to determine whether or not they are acinetobacters. This assay, which is suitable for routine diagnostic work, includes a procedure for preparation of crude transforming DNA from a small quantity of bacterial paste. Samples of DNA prepared from Acinetobacter cultures that had died on slants and plates were still able to effect transformation of the competent auxotrophs to prototrophy.
Uncertainty in Aspiration Efficiency Estimates from Torso Simplifications in Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used to report particle inhalability in low velocity freestreams, where realistic faces but simplified, truncated, and cylindrical human torsos were used. When compared to wind tunnel velocity studies, the truncated models were found to underestimate the air’s upward velocity near the humans, raising questions about aspiration estimation. This work compares aspiration efficiencies for particles ranging from 7 to 116 µm using three torso geometries: (i) a simplified truncated cylinder, (ii) a non-truncated cylinder, and (iii) an anthropometrically realistic humanoid body. The primary aim of this work is to (i) quantify the errors introduced by using a simplified geometry and (ii) determine the required level of detail to adequately represent a human form in CFD studies of aspiration efficiency. Fluid simulations used the standard k-epsilon turbulence models, with freestream velocities at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 m s−1 and breathing velocities at 1.81 and 12.11 m s−1 to represent at-rest and heavy breathing rates, respectively. Laminar particle trajectory simulations were used to determine the upstream area, also known as the critical area, where particles would be inhaled. These areas were used to compute aspiration efficiencies for facing the wind. Significant differences were found in both vertical velocity estimates and the location of the critical area between the three models. However, differences in aspiration efficiencies between the three forms were <8.8% over all particle sizes, indicating that there is little difference in aspiration efficiency between torso models.
Determining the resonance wood provenance of stringed instruments from the Cherubini Conservatory Collection in Florence, Italy

Abstract The wood provenance of what is considered today's most important collection of stringed instruments by Tuscan violin-makers, the Collection of the “Luigi Cherubini” Conservatory, at the Accademia Gallery in Florence, was analyzed dendrochronologically. On the basis of 95 geographically very widely distributed master chronologies, the most likely areas of origin of the Norway spruce wood used for the construction of 32 from a total of 37 instruments were determined. Consequently, the most important centres of wood supply were established. Finally, a location in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines was identified as the likely provenance of a considerable quantity of timber used in the construction of these instruments. The results provide a new prospect in studying the geographical origins of the wood from which stringed instruments were made in the past, by using dendrochronological analysis.
Reconstructing optimal phylogenetic trees: a challenge in experimental algorithmics

The benefits of experimental algorithmics and algorithm engineering need to be extended to applications in the computational sciences. In this paper, we present on one such application: the reconstruction of evolutionary histories (phylogenies) from molecular data such as DNA sequences. Our presentation is not a survey of past and current work in the area, but rather a discussion of what we see as some of the important challenges in experimental algorithmics that arise from computational phylogenetics. As motivational examples or examples of possible approaches, we briefly discuss two specific uses of algorithm engineering and of experimental algorithmics from our recent research. The first such use focused on speed: we reimplemented Sankoff and Blanchette's breakpoint analysis and obtained a 200, 000-fold speedup for serial code and 108-fold speedup on a 512-processor supercluster. We report here on the techniques used in obtaining such a speedup. The second use focused on experimentation: we conducted an extensive study of quartet-based reconstruction algorithms within a parameter-rich simulation space, using several hundred CPU-years of computation. We report here on the challenges involved in designing, conducting, and assessing such a study.
Deepening of Democracy: The Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva Administration

Argues that Brazil's conditional cash transfer Bolsa Familia fits squarely in the category of programatic social policy and is not an example of "pork" or clientelism and that this represents a deepening of democracy, both because it increases the rights of citizenship and because it means the poor have grown in their significance of political actors at the national level.
Auctioning Class Action and Derivative Lawsuits: A Critical Analysis

Numerous legal academics and practitioners have criticized the handling by plaintiffs' attorneys of large-scale class action and derivative lawsuits. These critiques point out attorneys' abuse of the legal system, ranging from purported collusion among plaintiffs and defendants.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND WAGES:A BARGAINING POWER APPROACH

This paper presents a cross-country empirical investigation of the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on manufacturing wages. Our results indicate that FDI-Flows have a negative impact on overall wages in the manufacturing sector and this impact is stronger for female wages. We argue that one possible explanation for such an impact may be a decrease in the bargaining power of labor due to new labor market arrangements in a global economy where capital is free to move across countries in search of more favorable conditions. This decline in labor power also tends to have a greater impact on the more vulnerable workers female workers whose bargainingpositions have been traditionally lower than male workers.
‘Terrible’ divine commands revisited: a response to Davis and Franks

If God commanded something that would ordinarily be classified as a terrible evil, would we have a moral obligation to obey? In two previous articles in this journal, I examined and evaluated several different ways in which a divine command theorist might answer this question. Richard Brian Davis and W. Paul Franks have now provided a vigorous rebuttal, in which they argue that my way of handling the relevant counterpossible conditionals is flawed, and that a divine command theorist who avails herself of the metaphysical platform of theistic activism can consistently say that if (per impossibile) God were to command some terrible evil, it would not be the case that we have a moral obligation to do it. In the present article, I clarify my own view and defend it against Davis and Franks's objections. I also argue that the core claim of theistic activism – that there would be nothing at all if there were no God – does not have all the dramatic implications that Davis and Franks claim for it.
Genetic and Molecular Analyses indicate independent effects of TGIFs on Nodal and Gli3 in neural tube patterning.

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a prevalent craniofacial developmental disorder that has both genetic and environmental causes. The gene encoding TG-interacting factor 1 (TGIF1) is among those that are routinely screened in HPE patients. However, the mechanisms by which TGIF1 variants cause HPE are not fully understood. TGIF1 is a transcriptional repressor that limits the output of the Transforming Growth Factor s (TGFs)/Nodal signaling pathway, and HPE in patients with TGIF1 variants has been suggested to be due to increased Nodal signaling. Mice lacking both Tgif1 and its paralog, Tgif2, have HPE, and embryos lacking Tgif function do not survive past mid-gestation. Here, we show that in the presence of a Nodal heterozygous mutation, proliferation defects are rescued and a proportion of embryos lacking all Tgif function survive to late gestation. However, these embryos have a classic HPE phenotype, suggesting that this is a Nodal-independent effect of Tgif loss of function. Further, we show that the Gli3 gene is a direct target for repression by Tgifs, independent of TGFs/Nodal signaling, consistent with Tgif mutations causing HPE via Nodal-independent effects on the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway. Based on this work, we propose a model for distinct functions of Tgifs in the Nodal and Shh/Gli3 pathways during forebrain development.
It's OK to Fail: Individual and Dyadic Regulatory Antecedents of Mastery Motivation in Preschool.

Mastery motivation is closely related to children’s regulatory processes and is socialized by parents. However, we know little about how individual child and dyadic parent-child regulatory processes work together to foster the early development of mastery motivation in preschool. The present study examined dyadic persistence in parent-child interactions, children’s effortful control, and children’s successful vs. failed attempts in a challenging object mastery task at age 3.5 years and their prediction of teacher ratings of object-oriented and social mastery motivation in preschool at a 4-month follow-up (N = 100). Path analytic models revealed that greater dyadic persistence during parent-child interactions predicted children’s higher levels of social mastery. A greater rate of both successful and failed attempts at a challenging task predicted children’s higher levels of object mastery. However, failed attempts were positively related to concurrent individual and dyadic regulatory measures, whereas successful attempts were not. Findings suggest that parent-child coregulation makes a significant contribution to mastery motivation development and that there may be distinct antecedents for object-oriented vs. social forms of mastery motivation. Findings also suggest that a child’s early ability to persist in the face of failure may be an important predictor of mastery motivation in preschool.
Decomposition Analysis of Segregation

Although substantive studies on segregation, such as residential or school segregation by race and occupational segregation by gender, are many in sociology, the analytical methodology is almost ex...
Is enhanced energy utilization the answer to prevention of excessive adiposity

Excessive adiposity is the result of an imbalance in energy homeostasis whereby excessive food intake is not balanced by increased energy utilization. Much has been learned about the physiology of energy expenditure during resting, eating, and physical activity that allows optimal energy utilization that could reduce excessive adiposity. Resting metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis collectively contribute 75% of energy expenditure that is largely based on carbohydrate rather than fat metabolism. Conversely, physical activity, whether active (planned) or spontaneous (non-exercise activity thermogenesis), predominately utilizes fatty acids as sources of energy expenditure. Such enhanced fat-derived thermogenesis most optimally results in weight loss to achieve maintenance of balanced energy homeostasis. While decreased energy expenditure of 100-200 Kcal/day from sedentary activities can cause weight gain, unplanned spontaneous physical activity expenditure of 100-800 Kcal/day from routine activities such as walking and fidgeting is sufficient to prevent weight gain. Furthermore, planned physical activity can be enhanced up to 16-fold, such that additional fat thermogenesis can be optimized. Such physical activity also achieves adaptive conditioning for more efficient energy utilization and weight loss. It is, therefore, necessary that children as well as adults embrace all forms of non-exercise and planned active exercise activities to achieve optimal fat thermogenesis for optimal energy homeostasis including weight loss for either the overweight or obese. Such lifestyles need to be promoted through educational, environmental, and legislative changes that optimize healthy nutrition and physical activity.
“They’ll Go with the Lighter”: Tri-racial Aesthetic Labor in Clothing Retail:

The clothing retail industry demands the performance of aesthetic labor, whereby visible employees embody a store’s desired “look.” Scholars currently understand this labor process as focused on ex...
Odd cycles and perfect graphs

A simple proof (using theorems of Hajnal and Tutte) of a characterization of odd cycles due to Melnikov and Vising is given.
Optimal Control of Multi-Joint Arm Movements in Functional Electrical Stimulation

Abstract A dynamic optimization model is presented, which is suitable for the study of motor coordination for multi-joint arm movement control in functional electrical stimulation (FES). The structure of the model is depicted, and an example illustrates how this model can describe the control of the point-to-point, multi-joint arm movements.
Hooked on a feeling: The effect of music tempo on attitudes and the mediating role of consumers' affective responses

With today's high degree of advertising clutter, marketers might greatly focus on evoking emotion or creating hedonic (e.g., feeling) experiences for consumers in order to improve practice. These strategies minimize the effort needed to process a message and can influence consumers' decisions. In 4 studies, we examine the effects of music tempo on consumers' attitudes toward the brand while further considering the mediating role of evoked feelings. Study 1 and 2 supports that music tempo in commercials influences consumers' affective response to the music in advertising. Study 3 replicated this effect using a controlled experiment and extended the research by demonstrating that tempo also affects general mood states, in addition to feelings evoked by the music. Last, Study 4 demonstrates that need for emotion moderates the role of affect as information. This research contributes to theory in sensory marketing and consumer behavior and offers practical implications to improve marketing practice.
Demonstration of Cascaded Modulator-Chicane Microbunching of a Relativistic Electron Beam

We present results of an experiment showing the first successful demonstration of a cascaded microbunching scheme. Two modulator-chicane prebunchers arranged in series and a high power mid-IR laser seed are used to modulate a 52 MeV electron beam into a train of sharp microbunches phase locked to the external drive laser. This configuration is shown to greatly improve matching of the beam into the small longitudinal phase space acceptance of short-wavelength accelerators. We demonstrate trapping of nearly all (96%) of the electrons in a strongly tapered inverse free-electron laser accelerator, with an order-of-magnitude reduction in injection losses compared to the classical single-buncher scheme. These results represent a critical advance in laser-based longitudinal phase space manipulations and find application in high gradient advanced acceleration as well as in high peak and average power coherent radiation sources.
Changes in Site and Development of Quasi-Units

As the last chapter indicates, we found considerably more coherence to the de facto system of psychiatric inpatient care in general hospitals than anyone had anticipated. Before direct investigation of the care outside the “specialty mental health sector,” we had inferred that, because 37% of the total episodes occurred in psychiatric units (PUs), 61% must have occurred in scatter hospitals (in 1980). That is clearly not the case.
Engineering Fibrous Tissues and Their Interfaces with Bone

Tendons and ligaments facilitate movement and provide stability to joints in the human body. However, current surgical treatments for fibrous tissue injuries, such as tissue grafts, pose problems of donor site morbidity (autografts) or potential for pathogen transfer (allografts). Tissue engineering techniques are being investigated to overcome current clinical challenges to regenerate injured fibrous tissues and their interfaces. This chapter discusses the basic structure and function of fibrous tissues, as well as tissue engineering methods using cells, scaffolds, and exogenous factors, to recreate both tendons/ligaments and their interfaces with surrounding bone.
Summary of the Colloquium

I have rarely had the pleasure of attending a conference in which the sheer volume of information has been so impressive and the contributions have been so diversified. Ordinarily, an I.A.U. colloquium is quite specialized, but this one might easily have been sponsored by half a dozen commissions and several international scientific unions. Astronomers from many sub-disciplines, atomic physicists, plasma physicists, aerodynamicists and applied mathematicians have come together to unite solar and stellar physics and to learn one another’s scientific language. In principle, my task is to summarize more than 100 papers, which is clearly impossible even if I had had two evenings to prepare instead of one. The best I can do is to mention a few of the papers which seem to me to have conveyed the flavor of the conference and to ask the forgiveness of the remaining authors.
The Treatment of Race, Racial Differences, and Racism in Applied Psychology

This chapter discusses patterns that are often observed from the study of human differences that can be organized by racial groupings. Debates over the validity of the concept of race are divided into two camps called “race deniers” and “race acknowledgers.” This chapter reviews how concepts about race, racial differences, and racism are discussed within the social sciences, generally, and cultural competence advocacy, specifically.
Compact Directional and Frictional Hinges for Flat Folding Applications

Thick-rigid deployable origami structures make use of compliant mechanisms to create folds and hinging surfaces. This paper examines the potential types of compact directional and frictional hinges to supplement the usage of compliant mechanisms in flat-folding applications. Rigid motioncontrolling hinges offer many opportunities to deployable origami. Hinges, in the form of hard stops, ratchets, or spring detents can allow for complex shape generation through kinematic manipulation. Hinged origami lends itself well to the creation of origami robotics, deployable structures, and arrays. With the ability to offer a high packing factor and create a self-supporting deployable structure, further research should be conducted into the application and development of hinged origami.Copyright © 2018 by ASME