cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to Inhaled Metaproterenol and Isoproterenol in Asthmatic and Normal Subjects

Pulmonary function tests were performed before and after inhalation of 1.3 mg of metaproterenol sulfate or 150 μ g of isoproterenol hydrochloride by 40 asthmatic and 40 normal subjects. Physiologic measurements included spirometric testing, plethysmographic studies, and maximal expiratory flow-volume curves obtained after inhalation of air and a mixture of 80 percent helium and 20 percent oxygen. In the normal subjects, pulmonary function improved significantly after inhalation of both metaproterenol and isoproterenol. There was no significant difference in responsiveness to either bronchodilator drug. In the asthmatic subjects, pulmonary function also improved significantly after both bronchodilator agents. The sites of predominant bronchodilatation were similar in the asthmatic subjects after both metaproterenol and isoproterenol; however, bronchodilatation was better overall (P
Indications for Prognostic Gene Expression Profiling in Early Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. While breast cancer mortality has dropped substantially over the past three decades due to early detection and adjuvant systemic therapy (AST), the risk of recurrence is highly dependent upon numerous factors including tumor size, involvement of regional lymph nodes, histologic grade, expression of hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification. We use these factors to determine which early breast cancer (EBC) patients should be treated with AST, including endocrine therapy (ET), chemotherapy, and HER2-directed treatments. While these factors aid in this determination, it remains challenging to identify those patients unlikely to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, resulting in over-treatment of patients. Given this dilemma, there has been great interest in the development of prognostic and predictive gene expression profiles. The most extensively studied profile, the 21-gene recurrence score (Oncotype Dx®), estimates 10-year risk of breast cancer recurrence in patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative EBC and is likely predictive of chemotherapy benefit. This assay has established analytic validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility for this patient group and, therefore, is indicated in this patient population to help inform decisions regarding administration of adjuvant chemotherapy. Several other assays may have utility in this clinical context or perhaps to identify patients who do not require extended adjuvant ET. These assays include the following: PAM 50 Risk of Recurrence (ROR) Score (Prosigna™), Breast Cancer Index, and EndoPredict®.
Fluctuating asymmetry and behavior in the ultimatum game in Jamaica

Abstract The ultimatum game measures cooperative tendencies in humans under experimental conditions. One individual can split money between oneself and another, while the other has the option of accepting or rejecting the offer, with each player receiving the accepted split or nothing if the split is rejected. We studied the association of players' degree of symmetry [fluctuating asymmetry (FA)] with behavior in the ultimatum game. Symmetrical males were expected to be less cooperative and, thus, make lower offers (while being more likely to reject unfair offers). In a population of young adult Jamaicans, who are well-characterized for bodily symmetry, we found that symmetrical males made significantly lower offers than asymmetrical ones ( p p
Design issues in continuously programmed coherent transient processors

The design issues for the technique of continuously programming a coherent transient spatial-spectral optical signal processor are discussed. The repeated application of two spatially distinct optical programming pulses to a non- persistent hole-burning material writes an accumulated, spatial-spectral population grating with low intensity optical pulses as compared to single shot programing. An optical data stream is introduced on a third beam, resulting in a processor output signal spatially distinct from all the input pulses. Programming and processing take place simultaneously, asynchronously and continuously. For accumulated gratings, the frequency stability of the optical source is an important consideration. Assuming a sufficiently stable optical source, simulations show that an accumulated (and maintained) grating in steady state, for both storage of a true-time delay and/or pattern waveform, can be highly efficient using currently available materials, on the order of that predicted for a perfect photon-gated device. An experimental demonstration of the continuous programming concept for true time delays programmed with chirped pulses is presented, showing the accumulation of the grating with low area pulses over time until it reaches steady state, for times longer than the persistence of the material.
Human Cardiac Transplantation

Transplantation of the human heart may provide palliation for patients with end-stage cardiac disease for whom no other treatment is available. Cardiac transplantation was performed in 17 patients undergoing 18 heart transplants. Five early deaths occurred: three from acute cardiac rejection after one week and one each from pre-existing diseases and complications of immunosuppressive therapy. The transplanted heart provided effective cardiac function for each surviving patient. Two late deaths occurred from sepsis. Three patients died between five and nearly seven months after operation from chronic cardiac rejection. Clinical investigations of the role of histocompatibility testing, methods of immunosuppressive therapy, recognition and management of rejection, search for preformed anti-heart antibodies, physiological evaluation of the denervated transplanted heart, and causes of histological changes in the transplanted hearts are continuing. Further clinical trial is needed to determine the role of cardiac transplantation in palliating advanced myocardial insufficiency.
Toward a Purely Axiological Scientific Realism

The axiological tenet of scientific realism, “science seeks true theories,” is generally taken to rest on a corollary epistemological tenet, “we can justifiably believe that our successful theories achieve (or approximate) that aim.” While important debates have centered on, and have led to the refinement of, the epistemological tenet, the axiological tenet has suffered from neglect. I offer what I consider to be needed refinements to the axiological postulate. After showing an intimate relation between the refined postulate and ten theoretical desiderata, I argue that the axiological postulate does not depend on its epistemological counterpart; epistemic humility can accompany us in the quest for truth. Upon contrasting my axiological postulate against the two dominant non-realist alternatives and the standard realist postulate, I contend that its explanatory and justificatory virtues render it, among the axiologies considered, the richest account of the scientific enterprise.
Harvard Community Health Plan's Mental Health Redesign Project: a managerial and clinical partnership.

Harvard Community Health Plan, founded in 1969 as a staff model HMO, is currently a staff and group model HMO with 521,000 members, 19 health centers and 12 independently owned group practices with 26 locations. In 1987, the Plan initiated a review of its mental health benefit and program because its costs were rising, member and clinician dissatisfaction was increasing and many believed the problem was the nature and scope of the benefit. After two years of study, surveys, interviews, cost and utilization analysis, the Plan identified its professional staff as its key asset but recognized many problem areas, including problems with access, variation from site to site, inconsistent service delivery, lack of consistent utilization management and the need for greater diversity along the spectrum of care available to members. From 1989 to 1990, more than 200 clinicians and support staff were engaged in the process of developing a variety of components to the “mental health redesign program.” Three simultaneous efforts included developing a method of categorizing patients, restructuring the delivery system and redesigning the benefit. A Mental Health Patient Assessment Tool was created which assists clinicians in performing comprehensive evaluations, administers the benefit, measures progress and supports outcomes research. Delivery system changes included the implementation of self-referral, access standards, intake triage functions by non-clinical staff, program development and an outpatient utilization management function.
Synthesis and hydrogen permeation properties of ultrathin palladium-silver alloy membranes

Abstract The present work focuses on the synthesis and gas permeation properties of ceramic supported ultrathin palladium-silver alloy membranes. PdAg films with a thickness ranging from 250 to 500 nm are coated on the surface of 3 nm pore sol-gel derived γ-alumina support using an RF magnetron sputtering equipment. The coated PdAg membranes exhibit the same composition and phase structure as those of the PdAg foil used as the target in sputter deposition. The hydrogen to nitrogen separation factor of the ultrathin PdAg membrane is 5.7 at 250°C and increases with increasing temperature. Under proper preparation conditions, use of a pinhole-free γ-alumina support is the key to ensure the gas-tightness and high-selectivity of the coated PdAg membranes. A method is demonstrated for studying hydrogen permeation through ultrathin metallic films. Hydrogen permeation data at different hydrogen pressures and temperatures (100–250°C) are reported to examine the mechanism of hydrogen permeation through the ultrathin metallic membranes. The experimental results clearly indicate the dominant role of surface reactions for hydrogen permeation through ultrathin metallic films at low temperatures.
International trade and technical progress: the role of capital good imports in Portugal>

This paper develops an empirical analysis of the relationship between sectoral openness to capital good imports and technological sophistication. Input-output data from Portugal are used to demonstrate a strong relation between capital imports and sectoral technological levels as measured by vertically integrated labour coefficients. Both regression and non-parametric analyses are used. Such a relationship demonstrates the necessity of breaking out of the long-held focus on one-time exchange gains by trade theorists. It is argued that productivity gains from trade resulting from transfers of technology are primary gains of great importance and must be incorporated into theoretical work on trade. The paper also demonstrates a strong connection between a sector's capital imports and the technical training of the workforce of the sector. This suggests a relation between a sector's level of technology and its ability to make further advances through capital imports embodying advanced foreign technology. Secto...
Non‐Markovian electron diffusion in the auroral ionosphere at high Langmuir‐wave intensities

A generalized non-Markovian diffusion model which describes the interaction of Langmuir waves with field-aligned electrons in the auroral ionosphere is found to be relevant to the large amplitude Langmuir waves measured by UC Berkeley sounding rockets and by the Freja satellite. This model is valid for any ordering of the diffusion time and the autocorrelation time (the standard quasilinear diffusion model requires the diffusion time to be much longer than the autocorrelation time). We demonstrate that, while the quasilinear diffusion approximation is valid for the lower altitudes studied by the Berkeley sounding rockets, the non-Markovian model is needed for the intense waves observed at the higher altitudes probed by Freja. A test particle simulation is employed to quantify our estimates of the relevant timescales.
A delay model for priority classes of FDDI based on M/G/1 with vacations

The classical M/G/1 system with vacations has been used to estimate the mean waiting time of individual priority classes of homogeneous FDDI networks. To faithfully model the FDDI network using M/G/1 system, the vacation interval of the server (token) as seen by individual priority classes must be evaluated. The expressions for the mean waiting time of individual priority classes are functions of first and second moments of the vacation intervals of that class. It can be shown that the expression derived for the first and second moments of the vacation intervals of the respective classes are functions of the mean and variance of number of messages transmitted by each priority class per token rotation. These expressions are evaluated using an iterative procedure that utilizes the prior knowledge of the throughput characteristics of the FDDI network. Simulation results show that the model provides accurate estimates for the mean waiting time of individual priority classes of a homogeneous FDDI network.
EFFECTS OF IMAGING ON SIGNAL‐TO‐NOISE RATIO, WITH VARYING SIGNAL CONDITIONS

Perky's finding, that an observer confuses his internal imagery with a normally supraliminal stimulus, has been reinterpreted in signal detection language. Two experiments compared a task where the subject was asked concurrently to image items and discriminate signals from noise to a task where the subject only discriminated signals. The subject's criterion was slightly higher in the imaging task and sensitivity (d′) was significantly lower, whether the imaging task was given before or after the discrimination task. As d′ measures signal-to-noise ratio, it was suggested that imaging alters d′ because it is a source of neural activity. This activity can be conceptualized as internal noise or as another signal. For some subjects, stimuli were gradually brightened; for others, they were presented briefly at full brightness. Mode of onset did not affect d′, rather d′ depended on brightness summed over time.
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS AND CASE STUDIES: The Town's Abuzz: Collaborative Opportunities for Environmental Professionals in the Slow City Movement

The global Slow Movement, a response to negative effects of speed on everyday life, seeks to reconnect people and their social and ecological environments. Slow Food and Cittaslow (Slow Cities) are allied Slow Movement networks operating in over 150 countries, including the United States (US). These two networks involve the interrelationship of numerous place-based factors important to social-ecological resilience: local and regional food markets, recovery and protection of biodiversity and local ecologies, support for cultural traditions, agricultural policy reform, climate adaptation planning, economic development, social inclusion, quality of life in the built environment, and the politics of land development. This article presents the philosophical underpinnings of Slow Food and the associated membership requirements of Cittaslow by using the example of Sonoma Valley, California, the first certified Cittaslow in the US (2009). The article then describes Sonoma Valley's Cittaslow Pollinator Stewardship...
Introduction: Queer migration, asylum, and displacement:

This special issue of Sexualities emerges in response to the growing visibility of LGBTQI immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers within global gay rights advocacy. Despite the increasing prominence of LGBTQI issues on the international human rights agenda, there has been relatively little discussion of the relationship between queer migration and LGBTQI human rights activism in the field of sexuality studies. This special issue seeks to bring queer migration and sexual citizenship studies into critical conversation with current literature in the area of gender, sexuality and human rights.
IP delivery for FPGAs using applets and JHDL

This paper introduces an FPGA IP evaluation and delivery system that operates within Java applets. The use of such applets allows designers to create, evaluate, test, and obtain FPGA circuits directly within a web browser. Based on the JHDL design tool, these applets allow structural viewing, circuit simulation, and netlist generation of application-specific circuits. Applets can be customized to provide varying levels of IP visibility and functionality as needed by both customer and vendor.
Features for melody spotting using hidden Markov models

The amount of digitized music stored on personal computers and available on the Internet is growing at a rapid rate. To address the access problem that this creates, we explore adapting HMM-based wordspotting techniques from speech recognition to create a system for melody-based retrieval of songs from a database of digitized music stored in a musically-unstructured format. In this paper, we present the construction of this melody spotter and evaluate its performance when trained under different feature vectors including a musical scale-based subset of the FFT and two Mel-scale based features. The results show the success of this system under the scale-based features when presented with both perfect melody queries and queries perturbed by minor errors.
The diverse effects of histopathology on manifestations and outcome of lung cancer.

The manifestations and outcome of lung cancer in 449 patients have been correlated with the new WHO histologic classifications. The six main histologic groupings were: well-differentiated epidermoid, poorly-differentiated epidermoid, well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma, large cell undifferentiated, and small cell undifferentiated. The biologic behavior of the well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated groups seemed relatively similar for epidermoid carcinomas, but was substantially different for adenocarcinomas. Adenocarcinomas occurred most commonly among women, and were most likely to be detected either while asymptomatic or after manifest metastasis. Epidermoid carcinomas were most likely to present with a bronchoscopically visible mass, with the "primary" symptom of cough or hemoptysis, and with positive tests for sputum cytology. The mean age at diagnostic detection was similar in all six histologic subgroups, but the mean duration of pretherapeutic symptoms was longer in the epidermoid group than in the others. The epidermoid cancers had the lowest rates of pretherapeutic metastasis, the highest rates of operability and resectability, and the highest overall survival rates. The lowest rates of operability, resectability, and overall survival were in small cell undifferentiated cancers and in poorly-differentiated adenocarcinomas. A striking finding among inoperable patients was that six-month survival rates depended much more on symptom-anatomic stage than on histologic type.
Effect of food concentration on digestion and vacuole passage time in the heterotrichous marine ciliateFibrea salina

Vacuole passage time (VPT) and digestion time (DT) in the heterotrichous marine ciliateFabrea salina (Henneguy) (from cultures) were measured in 1986 under different food concentrations, using epifluorescence microscopy, and employing fluorescent particles andRhodomonas lens as tracers. Both VPT and DT were unaffected by food concentrations ranging form 0 to 106 cells ml−1 and can be treated as constants (120.0 and 71.2 min, respectively). Vacuole life expectancy may be related to the ingestion-rate-determining need forde novo membrane synthesis and “old” vacuole membrane recycling which feeds new endocytotic vacuole production. Both processes are enzyme-controlled, which would explain the observations of other investigators that at least in certain ciliates digestion time is responsive to changes in temperature.
The Effects of Flooding on Residential Property Values in Three New Zealand Communities

Research on the effects of natural events on property values has focused primarily on experiences in the United States and has shown that these impacts must be evaluated in the context of both the hydrologic regime and local urban economic situations. It remains unclear if these relationships exist with different flood regimes and under different institutional arrangements. The research reported here analyzes the impacts of flooding on property values in Paeroa, Te Aroha, and Thames, New Zealand. The results indicate different experiences in the three communities, but suggest several common trends. Each community has distinct housing submarkets that exhibit different housing value characteristics, independent of hazardousness, which may either mask or exaggerate flood-related impacts. In addition, initial local impacts of events vary, but eventually differences in flooded and non-flooded properties decrease. Thus, at least over the long term, hazardousness is not a factor in housing value differentials.
Partition and task migration on k-extra-stage omega networks

In a large-scale parallel computing system the interconnection network is its key component. Partitionability of such a network is an important feature which allow multiple tasks to be run independently on different subsystems. Partitionable networks also provide fault-tolerant ability by localizing and disabling the minimal faulty subsystem so the entire system can gracefully sustain the normal computation. A task run on a subsystem may need to be migrated to another subsystem if the subsystem is faulty, or load balance is needed, or subsystem restructuring desired. Siegel et al. (1990) discussed the migration problem for Omega-equivalent networks. This paper studies the partitionability and presents an optimal task migration algorithm for k-extra-stage Omega networks.
Graphic Organizers Applied to Secondary Algebra Instruction for Students with Learning Disorders

Students who have particular difficulty in mathematics are a growing concern for educators. Graphic organizers have been shown to improve reading comprehension and may be applied to upper level secondary mathematics content. In two systematic replications, one randomly assigned group was taught to solve systems of linear equations through direct instruction and strategy instruction. The other group was taught with the same methods with the addition of a graphic organizer. Students who received instruction with the graphic organizers outperformed those who received instruction without the organizers. They also better understood the related concepts as measured by immediate posttests in both replications. The difference in understanding concepts was maintained on a 2–3 week posttest.
The Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: protocol design, methodology and feasibility report

Abstract OBJECTIVES The Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) is a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute–sponsored, four-center study designed to: 1) optimize symptom evaluation and diagnostic testing for ischemic heart disease; 2) explore mechanisms for symptoms and myocardial ischemia in the absence of epicardial coronary artery stenoses, and 3) evaluate the influence of reproductive hormones on symptoms and diagnostic test response. BACKGROUND Accurate diagnosis of ischemic heart disease in women is a major challenge to physicians, and the role reproductive hormones play in this diagnostic uncertainty is unexplored. Moreover, the significance and pathophysiology of ischemia in the absence of significant epicardial coronary stenoses is unknown. METHODS The WISE common core data include demographic and clinical data, symptom and psychosocial variables, coronary angiographic and ventriculographic data, brachial artery reactivity testing, resting/ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and a variety of blood determinations. Site-specific complementary methods include physiologic and functional cardiovascular assessments of myocardial perfusion and metabolism, ventriculography, endothelial vascular function and coronary angiography. Women are followed for at least 1 year to assess clinical events and symptom status. RESULTS In Phase I (1996–1997), a pilot phase, 256 women were studied. These data indicate that the WISE protocol is safe and feasible for identifying symptomatic women with and without significant epicardial coronary artery stenoses. CONCLUSIONS The WISE study will define contemporary diagnostic testing to evaluate women with suspected ischemic heart disease. Phase II (1997–1999) is ongoing and will study an additional 680 women, for a total WISE enrollment of 936 women. Phase III (2000) will include patient follow-up, data analysis and a National Institutes of Health WISE workshop.
Pseudodihedrals: Simplified protein backbone representation with knowledge‐based energy

Pairwise contact energies do not explicitly take protein secondary structure into account, and so provide an incomplete description of conformational energy. In order to construct a Hamiltonian that specifically relates to protein backbone conformations, a simplified backbone angle is used. The pseudodihedral angle (the torsion angle between planes defined by 4 consecutive alpha-carbon atoms) provides a simplified backbone representation and continues to manifest information about secondary-structure elements: the pseudo-Ramachandran plot contains helical and sheetlike regions. The distribution of pseudodihedral angles is highly sensitive to the identity of the central pair of amino acids. Therefore, a sequence-dependent, knowledge-based potential energy was found according to a quasichemical approximation. These functions form complementary additions to the contact potentials currently in use. This pseudodihedral potential greatly enhances the ability to design sequences that are specific to a given conformation and also improves the ability to discriminate a native conformation from many other conformations.
Preparation and characterization of fast dissolving pullulan films containing BCS class II drug nanoparticles for bioavailability enhancement.

The aim of this study is to assess pullulan as a novel steric stabilizer during the wet-stirred media milling (WSMM) of griseofulvin, a model poorly water-soluble drug, and as a film-former in the preparation of strip films via casting-drying the wet-milled drug suspensions for dissolution and bioavailability enhancement. To this end, pullulan films, with xanthan gum (XG) as thickening agent and glycerin as plasticizer, were loaded with griseofulvin nanoparticles prepared by WSMM using pullulan in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an ionic stabilizer. The effects of drug loading and milling time on the particle size and suspension stability were investigated, as well as XG concentration and casting thickness on film properties and dissolution rate. The nanosuspensions prepared with pullulan-SDS combination were relatively stable over 7 days; hence, this combination was used for the film preparation. All pullulan-based strip films exhibited excellent content uniformity (most 5000 cP viscosity. USP IV dissolution tests revealed fast/immediate drug release (t80 < 30 min) from films <120 μm thick. Thinner films, films with lower XG loading, or smaller drug particles led to faster drug dissolution, while drug loading had no discernible effect. Overall, these results suggest that pullulan may serve as an acceptable stabilizer for media milling in combination with surfactant as well as a fast-dissolving film former for the fast release of poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles.
Examining the Relationship between Adventure Program Offerings and Proximity to Mountain Adventure Sites

The proximity to mountain sites is examined as a predictor of mountain adventure offerings. A priori hypotheses emphasized three concerns: (1) the relationship between participation in mountain adv...
Improve Road Extraction by Bayesian Data Fusion and Mean Shift Segmentation in Urban Area

Automatic road extraction is a critical aspect for an effective use of remote-sensing imagery in most contexts. This paper proposes a robust approach based on an existing road extraction method, to provide a better result in urban road extraction. In this contribution, we integrate spectral information from the multispectral image with spatial information from the panchromatic image, to benefit from the spatial properties of high resolution satellite images, using Bayesian data fusion. The pan-sharpened image is then segmented with mean shift technique to weaken the appearance of objects and artifacts on the fused images, while keeping a good image quality to improve road extraction. The quality assessments in the studied urban area show that the completeness and correctness of the extracted major roads in the sense of their lengths were increased by more than 50%, using the Bayesian data fusion method and mean shift filtering. The results of the road extraction are vectorized for GIS integration and for a better interaction with experts.
Bactericidal Property of Whole Blood of Women Infected with the Gonococcus

The diagnosis of gonoccocal infection in women may be difficult especially when the disease is manifestly in the subacute or chronic state. The abundance of the vaginal microorganisms is always a handicap in the examination of smears and, in salpingitis, apparently but few gonococci appear at the cervix in the characteristic intracellular arrangement. Cultures are unreliable for the same reasons.
EFFECT OF NITRIC OXIDE INHIBITION ON SKELETAL MUSCLE MICROVASCULAR FLOW IN ACUTE PERIPHERAL ARTERY THROMBOEMBOLISM TREATED WITH HIGH MECHANICAL INDEX PULSES AND SYSTEMIC MICROBUBBLES

Although ultrasound induced inertial cavitation (IC) of microbubbles has dissolved microvascular thrombi in the setting of upstream arterial thromboembolism, it has also been shown to stimulate endogenous nitric oxide (NO) release, which may also improve blood flow in this setting. The purpose of
Confinement-Induced Polymerization of Ethylene

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show changes in geometric and electronic properties of an ethylene molecule confined between two metal surfaces and its conversion into a radical anion ...
Crisis Decision-Making During Hurricane Sandy: An Analysis of Established and Emergent Disaster Response Behaviors in the New York Metro Area

OBJECTIVE: This collective case study examined how and why specific organizational decision-making processes transpired at 2 large suburban county health departments in lower New York State during their response to Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The study also examined the relationships that the agencies developed with other emerging and established organizations within their respective health systems. METHODS: In investigating these themes, the authors conducted in-depth, one-on-one interviews with 30 senior-level public health staff and first responders; reviewed documentation; and moderated 2 focus group discussions with 17 participants. RESULTS: Although a natural hazard such as a hurricane was not an unexpected event for these health departments, they nevertheless confronted a number of unforeseen challenges during the response phase: prolonged loss of power and fuel, limited situational awareness of the depth and breadth of the storm's impact among disaster-exposed populations, and coordination problems with a number of organizations that emerged in response to the disaster. CONCLUSIONS: Public health staff had few plans or protocols to guide them and often found themselves improvising and problem-solving with new organizations in the context of an overburdened health care system (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 7). Language: en
Harm Degree Assessment Method of Network Behaviors Based on Dynamic Interval Distance

The harm degree assessment of network behaviors is a measure of network security management.It provides key reference for formulating security policy,creating information system and safe running system.It also guarantees the security of network and information to the utmost.Present a method of calculating the harm degree of network behaviors which is based on dynamic interval distance of quantitative analysis,and provide relevant calculating methods to various assessment factors through utilizing extension assessment,at last,analysis with actual data validation.This method can get a more accurate assessment result under the conditions of the values of the network behavior parameters are not precise enough.It provides a basis for the network management systems automatically process appropriate policy based on the specific harm degree and efficient automatic management.
Influence Factors on Roasting Process for K-bearing Shale

The roasting process of K-bearing shale with alkalic roasting additives was discussed in this paper. And the roasting temperature played a greater role in the roasting process,followed by roasting time and ratio of raw materials to KOH. Such the optimal roasting process conditions as temperature of 680 ~ 700 ℃,roasting time of 60min,the particle size of 95% passing 74 μm and the ratio of KOH to shale for 1 were determined to produce the qualified acid-leaching precursors, and then the acid-leaching product with leaching rate of more than 90% was obtained. Furthermore,the basic flowsheet for comprehensive utilization of K-bearing shale by the method of KOH-roasting and acid-leaching and the carbon black and K2SO4to meet the national standard and agricultural standard respectively.
LOS ALAMOS PROGRESS TOWARD ACHIEVING DT BURN ON THE NATIONAL IGNITION FACILITY

Focusing on beryllium capsules, Los Alamos works toward ignition on the NIF, a first step to fusion power. Theory and experiments are giving us a greater understanding of laser plasma instabilities...
Barriers and motivators to reducing secondhand smoke exposure in African American families of head start children: a qualitative study

Objective To identify barriers and motivators for reducing secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) for families of African-American, low-income, urban children. Method Audiotaped intervention sessions of 52 African-American caregivers of Head Start children who reported being a smoker and/or had at least one smoker in the home were randomly sampled from a larger trial examining the effectiveness of a motivational-interviewing intervention in reducing child's SHSe. Counseling sessions were qualitatively coded to identify barriers and motivators to implementing a home smoking ban or quitting smoking. Results African-American families identified several themes that were either or both barriers and motivators for SHSe reduction, including: asking others not to smoke, other family living in the home, neighborhood safety, absence of childcare, cost/availability of cessation tools, physician support and prevention of health problems. Discussion Urban, low-income African-American families face numerous barriers to reducing SHSe. Families were able to identify many motivators for reducing SHSe, suggesting an awareness of the importance for SHSe reduction but uncertainty in their confidence to change behaviors. Counseling should include tailoring to be most effective in supporting health behavior change. Greater emphasis on motivators is needed, such as low-cost/free cessation tools, engagement from physicians and greater involvement of extended family members.
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters and Hemodialysis Outcomes

Background and objectives Use of peripherally inserted central catheters has expanded rapidly, but the consequences for patients who eventually require hemodialysis are undefined. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Our national, population–based analysis included 33,918 adult Medicare beneficiaries from the US Renal Data System who initiated hemodialysis with central venous catheters as their sole vascular access in 2010 and 2011. We used linked Medicare claims to identify peripherally inserted central catheter exposures and evaluate the associations of peripherally inserted central catheter placement with transition to working arteriovenous fistulas or grafts and patient survival using a Cox model with time-dependent variables. Results Among 33,918 individuals initiating hemodialysis with a catheter as sole access, 12.6% had received at least one peripherally inserted central catheter. Median follow-up was 404 days (interquartile range, 103–680 days). Among 6487 peripherally inserted central catheters placed, 3435 (53%) were placed within the 2 years before hemodialysis initiation, and 3052 (47%) were placed afterward. Multiple peripherally inserted central catheters were placed in 30% of patients exposed to peripherally inserted central catheters. Recipients of peripherally inserted central catheters were more likely to be women and have comorbid diagnoses and less likely to have received predialysis nephrology care. After adjustment for clinical and demographic factors, peripherally inserted central catheters placed before or after hemodialysis initiation were independently associated with lower likelihoods of transition to any working fistula or graft (hazard ratio for prehemodialysis peripherally inserted central catheter, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.79 to 0.91; hazard ratio for posthemodialysis peripherally inserted central catheter, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.73 to 0.89). Conclusions Peripherally inserted central catheter placement was common and associated with adverse vascular access outcomes. Recognition of potential long–term adverse consequences of peripherally inserted central catheters is essential for clinicians caring for patients with CKD.
Heat Treatment of Alibates Chalcedony

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation is to assist lithic analysts in identifying prehistorically heat treated Alibates lithic material, and to provide flintknappers with some guidelines for heat treating this material. A series of experiments were conducted to identify the optimal temperature for heat treating Alibates chalcedony. The resulting physical changes in cortex color, translucency, flake scar luster, workability, and compression ring formation were monitored An archaeological collection from the Antelope Creek Focus of the Panhandle Aspect was analyzed and compared to the experimental sample for evidence of aboriginal heat treatment.
What Determines Whether the Great Arteries Are Normally or Abnormally Related

The situs, or pattern of anatomic organization, of the subarterial infundibulum and of the great arteries and the degree of development of the subarterial infundibulum largely determine whether the great arteries are normally or abnormally related. There are 2 types of situs: solitus (normal) and inversus (a mirror image of solitus). Situs ambiguus means that the pattern of anatomic organization is uncertain or unknown. Infundibular development varies from absent, to atretic, to severely stenotic, to mildly or moderately stenotic; great arteries are solitus normally related or inversus normally related, respectively. When the situs of the subarterial infundibulum and the situs of the great arteries are discordant (different), then the great arteries are abnormally related. Equations indicating the situs of the infundibulum and the situs of the great arteries show whether infundibuloarterial (IA) situs concordance or discordance is present. Many types of IA anomalies typically have IA situs discordance, including transposition of the great arteries, double-outlet right ventricle, double-outlet left ventricle, and anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries. However, tetralogy of Fallot and truncus arteriosus typically have IA situs concordance, with hypoplasia or atresia of the subpulmonary infundibulum. The relation between the great arteries in tetralogy of Fallot and in truncus arteriosus is almost normal. The IA equations demonstrate the infundibular situs, the great arterial situs, the IA situs concordance or discordance, and the degree of development of the infundibulum. The infundibular situs and the great arterial situs are the formulas or "recipes" for each of the abnormal types of conotruncal malformation.
Structural Determinants for Antitoxin Identity and Insulation of Cross Talk between Homologous Toxin-Antitoxin Systems.

ABSTRACT Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous in bacteria and archaea, where they play a pivotal role in the establishment and maintenance of dormancy. Under normal growth conditions, the antitoxin neutralizes the toxin. However, under conditions of stress, such as nutrient starvation or antibiotic treatment, cellular proteases degrade the antitoxin, and the toxin functions to arrest bacterial growth. We characterized the specificity determinants of the interactions between VapB antitoxins and VapC toxins from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in an effort to gain a better understanding of how antitoxins control toxin activity and bacterial persistence. We studied truncated and full-length antitoxins with single amino acid mutations in the toxin-binding domain. Coexpressing the toxin and antitoxin in Escherichia coli and measuring bacterial growth by dilution plating assayed the ability of the mutant antitoxins to neutralize the toxin. Our results identified two single amino acid residues (W48 and F52) in the C-terminal region of the VapB2 antitoxin necessary for its ability to neutralize its cognate VapC2 toxin. Additionally, we attempted to alter the specificity of VapB1 by making a mutation that would allow it to neutralize its noncognate toxin. A mutation in VapB1 to contain the tryptophan residue identified herein as important in the VapB2-VapC2 interaction resulted in a VapB1 mutant (the T47W mutant) that binds to and neutralizes both its cognate VapC1 and noncognate VapC2 toxins. This represents the first example of a single mutation causing relaxed specificity in a type II antitoxin. IMPORTANCE Toxin-antitoxin systems are of particular concern in pathogenic organisms, such as nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, as they can elicit dormancy and persistence, leading to chronic infections and failure of antibiotic treatment. Despite the importance of the TA interaction, the specificity determinants for VapB-VapC complex formation remain uncharacterized. Thus, our understanding of how antitoxins control toxin-induced dormancy and bacterial persistence requires thorough investigation of antitoxin specificity for its cognate toxin. This study characterizes the crucial residues of the VapB2 antitoxin from NTHi necessary for its interaction with VapC2 and provides the first example of a single amino acid change altering the toxin specificity of an antitoxin.
Cookeina cremeirosea, a new species of cup fungus from the South Pacific

Abstract A new species in the Sarcoscyphaceae from the Samoan Islands, Cookeina cremeirosea, is described and illustrated. This species is morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from the other eight species that are currently accepted for the genus. It is closely related to the Asian species Cookeina indica from which it can be separated by color and spore morphology.
Recent hard probe measurements from STAR

High momentum transfer processes can be reliably calculated by perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD). Products of those hard processes, high transverse momentum particles, jets, and heavy quarks (hard probes), interact with the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Properties of the QGP can be studied by comparing hard probe measurements in heavy-ion collisions to those in p+p collisions or from pQCD calculations. I will present recent results from STAR on hard probe measurements, including a wide range of observables: heavy flavor, dijet transverse momentum imbalance, hadron-jet correlations, γ -jet correlations, and dihadron correlations. I will discuss what we have learned from these measurements.
Cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin ligase CUL9 controls cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis and genome integrity through p53.

CUL9 is a member of the cullin family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, and it localizes predominantly in the cytoplasm. Deletion of Cul9 in mice results in increased DNA damage, widespread aneuploidy, spontaneous tumor development, accelerated Eμ-Myc-induced lymphomagenesis and susceptibility to carcinogenesis. CUL9 binds to p53 and causes cell apoptosis when ectopically expressed. Whether the function of CUL9 in maintaining genomic integrity and suppressing tumorigenesis is linked to p53 has not been genetically tested. Here we report that deletion of CUL9 in human cells results in attenuated p21 induction and impaired cellular response to DNA damage. We show that disruption of Cul9-p53 binding in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) by a knock-in mutation in Cul9 (Δp53) increases S-phase cell population, accumulates DNA damage during DNA replication and decreases apoptosis to both endogenous and exogenous DNA-damaging agents. The extent of these alterations in Cul9Δp53 MEFs is indistinguishable to those seen in Cul9−/− MEFs and comparable to those seen in p53−/− MEFs. Deletion of CUL9 in p53 null cells does not lead to further increase of DNA damages. Both Cul9−/− and Cul9Δp53 MEFs proliferate faster and undergo spontaneous immortalization while retaining both Arf and p53. These results demonstrate that the functions of CUL9 in regulating cell proliferation and maintaining genomic integrity are mainly mediated by p53, and that CUL9 is a critical p53 activator.
Evaluativity across adjective and construction types: An experimental study

An adjectival construction is evaluative if and only if it conveys that the property associated with the adjective exceeds a relevant threshold. The questions of which adjectival constructions are evaluative and why have formed the foundation for semantic theories of these constructions and of adjectives themselves (Klein 1980, von Stechow 1984), although it has been alleged that these theories are based on an incomplete picture of the phenomenon of evaluativity (Bierwisch 1989, Rett 2008a). We present the first experimental tests of the scope and nature of evaluativity across adjectival constructions and adjective types. These studies confirm that evaluativity is conditioned by adjective type (relative or absolute, Kennedy & McNally 2005) and is not restricted to the positive construction. However, they also show several new and surprising aspects of evaluativity: that it is perhaps better characterized as a gradable property than a binary one; that the ways in which relative and absolute adjectives differ in their evaluativity vary across construction; and that, contrary to standard intuitions, subjects are willing to attribute evaluativity to the subject position of comparative constructions like Sue is taller than Bill. We show that this last particularly surprising result reveals a lot about how subjects interpret contextually sensitive constructions, and we discuss its consequences for experimental studies and semantic theories of adjectival evaluativity as well as context-sensitive phenomena more generally.
Fault prognosis of drivetrain gearbox based on a recurrent neural network

Prognostic health management is an effective approach to enhance the reliability and reduce downtime of rotating machines, such as wind turbines. To achieve effective health management, fault prognosis is indispensable. This paper proposes a fault prognostic method for drivetrain gearboxes, which are one of the most troublesome subassemblies in wind turbines. The proposed method consists of signal collection, health index extraction, health index prediction, and decision making for maintenance. The signal used for fault prognosis is a phase current measured from the generator connected with the gearbox. A health index called noise-to-signal ratio (NSR) of the current signal is proposed to reflect the health condition of the gearbox. A recurrent neural network (RNN) is designed to predict the health index online and maintenance is scheduled when the predicted health index reaches a predetermined threshold. The proposed fault prognostic method is validated by the data obtained from an accelerated gearbox run-to-failure experiment for an emulated wind turbine drivetrain consisting of a gearbox and a generator.
Time to Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment in a Prospective South African Cohort

This study examined time to treatment initiation by age among a prospective cohort with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). Participants aged 13 years or older nested within a cluster-randomized t...