cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of prolonged hypoxia on Na+ channel mRNA subtypes in the developing rat cortex

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are regulated in response to oxygen deprivation in the mammalian cortex. Past investigations have demonstrated that Na+ channel protein expression is up-regulated in the immature brain exposed to prolonged hypoxia. Since it is unknown as to which Na+ channel subtype(s) is involved in this regulation, we used RT-PCR to assess the effect of hypoxia on Na+ channel I, II and III alpha-subunit mRNA expression in the developing rat cortex. Na+ channel II mRNA tended to increase during early development, whereas Na+ channel I and III did not change or slightly decreased with age. Hypoxic exposure for 1-day had no effect on Na+ channel expression, while 5-day hypoxia significantly increased Na+ channel III density, with a slight increase in Na+ channel I and no appreciable change in Na+ channel II. These results suggest that Na+ channel subtype expression in the developing cortex is differentially regulated in response to prolonged hypoxic exposure.
Integrating evolutionary and social exchange perspectives on relationships: Effects of gender, self-appraisal, and involvement level on mate selection criteria.

Two studies examined which traits males and females desire in partners at various levels of relationship development in an attempt to integrate evolutionary models (which emphasize sex differences) and social exchange models (which emphasize self-appraisals). In Study 1, male and female students specified their minimum criteria on 24 traits for a date, sexual partner, exclusive dating partner, marriage partner, and 1-night sexual liaison. They also rated themselves on the same dimensions. Sex differences were greatest for casual sexual liaisons, with mens criteria being consistently lower than women's. Men's self-ratings were generally less correlated with their criteria for a 1-night stand, as well
Outcomes for live donor renal transplantation using kidneys with medial fibroplasia

Abstract Objectives To review the outcomes for live donor renal transplantation using kidneys with fibromuscular dysplasia. Methods We performed a retrospective review and searched a departmental database to identify all renal donors with fibromuscular dysplasia from 1995 through 2001. These donors were then paired with the recipient using the institution's renal transplant database. A single radiologist reviewed the original arteriographic studies. Mild disease was defined as mild irregularity of the artery without significant stenosis. Moderate disease was defined as arterial irregularity with less than 50% stenosis. Severe disease was defined as irregularity with greater than 50% stenosis or with aneurysms. Results Thirty-six donor/recipient pairs were identified. Twenty-six donors had unilateral and 10 bilateral disease. Twenty-eight had mild and eight moderate disease. Four grafts were lost during the follow-up period (three acute rejection and one chronic rejection) for an overall graft survival rate of 89%. The median graft survival/follow-up was 37.1 months (range 0.5 to 82). The median serum creatinine was 1.6 mg/dL. The median systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 155 and 82 mm Hg, respectively. Six recipients required no antihypertensive agents. All but 9 of the remaining patients required two or fewer antihypertensive agents. Conclusions Selected patients with medial fibroplasia can be used as renal donors, and satisfactory functional outcomes can be achieved. Renal donors with mild anatomic abnormalities such as medial fibroplasia could be used to increase the potential donor pool and decrease the waiting time for renal transplantation.
Effect of bisphosphonates on vascular calcification and bone metabolism in experimental renal failure

Although it is known that bisphosphonates prevent medial vascular calcification in vivo, their mechanism of action remains unknown and, in particular, whether they act directly on the blood vessels or indirectly through inhibition of bone resorption. To determine this, we studied the effects of two bisphosphonates on calcification of rat aortas in vitro and on in vivo aortic calcification and bone metabolism in rats with renal failure. We produced vascular calcification in rats with adenine-induced renal failure fed a high-phosphate diet. Daily treatment with either etidronate or pamidronate prevented aortic calcification, with the latter being 100-fold more potent. Both aortic calcification and bone formation were reduced in parallel; however, bone resorption was not significantly affected. In all uremic rats, aortic calcium content correlated with bone formation but not with bone resorption. Bisphosphonates also inhibited calcification of rat aortas in culture and arrested further calcification of precalcified vessels but did not reverse their calcification. Expression of osteogenic factors or calcification inhibitors was not altered by etidronate in vitro. Hence, these studies show that bisphosphonates can directly inhibit uremic vascular calcification independent of bone resorption. The correlation between inhibition of aortic calcification and bone mineralization is consistent with a common mechanism such as the prevention of hydroxyapatite formation and suggests that bisphosphonates may not be able to prevent vascular calcification without inhibiting bone formation in uremic rats.
An Improved C.A.T. Filter

In tomographic reconstruction the "filter function" technique is frequently employed. A new filter, differing somewhat from that of Shepp and Logan is presented. Its derivation from an exact formulation of Radon, John, and Cormack is sketched. Some results of its use are compared to reconstructions using the Shepp-Logan filter.
A purified serum glycopeptide from controls and cystic fibrosis patients. II. Comparison of their immunologic properties using monoclonal antibodies.

Summary: The immunogenic and antigenic properties of the cystic fibrosis glycopeptide and its normal counterpart were compared. BALB/c mice were immunized with either the cystic fibrosis glycopeptide or its normal counterpart and their spleen cells fused with X63NS1/1-Ag-4 (NS1) mouse myeloma cells. Four hybridization experiments (two with each glycopeptide) were performed in which different plating methods and screening assays were evaluated. Although an identical immunization procedure was used, 51 hybridoma cultures producing specific antibodies to the control glycopeptide and only 11 producing antibodies to the cystic fibrosis glycopeptide were obtained. Many of the monoclonal antibody preparations showed specificity toward the carbohydrate moiety of the glycopeptides and crossreacted immunologically with various glycoprotein preparations, whereas some were specific to the glycopeptides. The antibodies from the cloned hybridomas specific to the glycopeptide were used to compare serum fractions from controls and cystic fibrosis patients (10 samples in each group). Indistinguishable immunologic reactivity (antigenicity) between the controls and cystic fibrosis patients was demonstrated with the various monoclonal antibodies so far evaluated. Speculation: Although these findings indicate that the cystic fibrosis glycopeptide and its normal counterpart differed markedly in their ciliary dyskinetic activity and in their immunogenicity, they revealed both structural and antigenic similarity.
In vivo fMRI demonstration of hypothalamic function following intraperitoneal glucose administration in a rat model

The hypothalamic functional MRI (fMRI) response in an animal model was studied following energy intake. Six fasted (12 h) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administered an intraperitoneal injection of glucose (0.72 grams/kg body weight), while a mid-sagittal slice through the hypothalamus was continuously imaged for 60 min using a conventional T2*-weighted gradient-echo sequence. All rats demonstrated a significant acute transient decrease in the fMRI signal intensity (mean: 3.4%) in the hypothalamic region within 12-16 min after intraperitoneal glucose injection. The SD rat may be a suitable model for future fMRI studies of the hypothalamus involving the administration of exogenous nutrients and medications.
Traction of Lubricated Rolling Contacts Between Thin Film Coatings and Steel

Tribological thin-film coatings can enhance the performance of mechanical components such as bearings and gears. Although a lubricant is present in most applications, the interactions of the lubricant with the coated surfaces are not always well understood. In the present study, Stribeck curves (i.e., traction coefficient vs. dimensionless film thickness λ) were generated for lubricated rolling contact between coated and uncoated surfaces. Chromium nitride, tungsten carbide‐reinforced amorphous hydrocarbon, and silicon-incorporated diamondlike carbon coatings were evaluated. Compositions, hydrogen concentrations, Raman spectra, and surface energies are reported for the films. A ball-on-flat test configuration was used in 5%, 50%, and 100% slide-to-roll conditions. The test lubricant was a polyalphaolefin containing rust and oxidation inhibitor additives only. Differences in traction performance were observed for different coating types. Traction coefficients decreased at high λ with increased hydrocarbon content in the coating. Coating micro-texture and composition were believed to influence traction as λ became small.
Posterior cortical lesions and specific crossmodal transfer in the rat

The present study investigated the neural substrate of specific crossmodal transfer (CMT) in rats, using a direct vs. reversal transfer paradigm. Animals with posterior cortical ablations or sham operations were first trained to criterion on a visual intensity discrimination. Following completion of visual training, they received an auditory intensity discrimination (transfer). A factorial design was used, involving operated groups, intensity of visual S+, and intensity of auditory S+. Among sham operates, both direct transfer subgroups showed performance superior to their corresponding reversal transfer subgroups early in the auditory modality, indicating the presence of specific CMT. Among cortical operates, no direct-reversal differences were found. The results demonstrate the importance of the functional integrity of posterior neocortex of the rat to specific CMT involving the modalities of vision and audition.
A sensory-based robotic safety system

The rapid introduction of the industrial robot into the manufacturing environment has created a need for new safety technology. Most companies using robots have embarked on safety programmes depending on personnel training, preventive maintenance and perimeter barriers, but these methods do not address the issue of personnel required to be close to a robot during teach-mode programming, maintenance and trouble-shooting. The paper discusses results of a research project underway at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute to develop a computer-controlled sensor system that will monitor the working envelope of a robot; and, if a dangerous situation occurs, will cause the robot to take corrective action to avoid personnel injury or damage to the robot or equipment. The sensor technologies investigated include microwave, ultrasound, infra-red and capacitive.
The effect of age on the nucleic acid content of slow- and fast-twitch muscle in normal and dystrophic mice and their litter mates

RNA, DNA, and NCP content were measured in fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle of normal and dystrophic mice (HDM) and their littermates at ages 4 through 29 weeks. In normal and litter mate mice RNA and DNA content were far greater in the soleus than in the gastrocnemius while the RNA/DNA ratio and NCP content were greater in the gastrocnemius. In dystrophic mice, however, the differences between nuleic acid content of the 2 muscles were far less, apparently due to a proportionately higher content in the dystrophic gastrocnemius. Due to a proportionately lower ratio in the gastrocnemius, dystrophic RNA/DNA ratios for the 2 muscles were essentially the same. Age had a marked effect on the nucleic acid content of both muscles in all 3 mice types but to varying degrees. In the soleus, RNA and DNA content rapidly decreased until 9 to 10 weeks of age followed by a gradual decline. Soleus RNA/DNA ratios showed little change with age except in the HDM mice in which there was a significant overall decline. In the gastrocnemius, RNA content followed the same pattern but with a smaller decline in the younger ages. Age had no affect on DNA content in the normal gastrocnemius, but there was significant decline in the HDM gastrocnemius. RNA/DNA gastrocnemius ratios showed marked fluctuations in both normal and dystrophic mice but did not appear to be affected by age.
Negative effects of recency in recall and recognition

Following the immediate probe recall of each of 40 five-pair lists, Ss were retested for retention of previously tested and previously untested pairs by cued recall, noncued recall, or recognition tests of either stimulus or response items. Negative effects of recency were obtained in all conditions: items in the final input position of the originally presented lists were recalled and recognized at significantly lower levels than were items from earlier input positions. Neither the individual items in a pair or any long-term association or unitized form of the items seemed to have been well registered in memory at the time they were presented.
University Isotope Separator at Oak Ridge: The UNISOR Consortium

The UNISOR cooperative project, envisioned more than 3 years ago, is now successfully working. Research problems that involve a full range of experiments on nuclei far from beta stability are being investigated jointly by groups of scientists from several institutions. Some of the first work reported (16) included the identification, half-lives, and decay schemes of three new isotopes, 186T1, 188T1, and 116I; the first or new decay schemes of 189T1, 190T1, 117Xe, and 117I; and the results of the perturbed gamma-gamma directional correlation work in 126Xe. UNISOR is already stimulating international interest. A report (1) on the new research being planned with an isotope separator on-line to ORIC was presented at a Soviet Academy of Sciences meeting on nuclear structure in 1971. At an international nuclear physics conference in Munich in August 1973, Academician G. N. Flerov, director of the heavy-ion laboratory in Dubna, said the UNISOR project had inspired his laboratory to secure funds for a new, much improved isotope separator which is now installed on-line to their heavy-ion cyclotron to be used for detailed studies of nuclei far from stability. The UNISOR model for research has inspired a second such project, the Atomic Physics Consortium at Oak Ridge (APCOR). After an exploratory conference at Oak Ridge, scientists from ten institutions met in November 1973 to form an organizing committee for APCOR. As with UNISOR, the universities and the AEC will each provide a significant portion of the capital and operating costs. Heavy ions have opened up much new research in atomic physics, but such accelerator-based research represents a real "shift from traditional approaches concerning how, where, and on what time scale atomic physics experiments should be done" (17).
Dynamic Optimization of Drivetrain Gear Ratio to Maximize Wind Turbine Power Generation—Part 2: Control Design

The cost of electrical power produced by small wind turbines impedes the use of this technology, which can otherwise provide power to millions of homes in rural regions worldwide. To encourage their use, small wind turbines must capture wind energy more effectively while avoiding increased equipment costs. A variable ratio gearbox (VRG) can provide this capability to the simple fixed-speed wind turbine through discrete operating speeds. This is the second of a two-part publication that focuses on the control of a VRG-enabled wind turbine. The first part presented a 100 kW fixed speed, wind turbine model, and a method for manipulating the VRG and mechanical brake to achieve full load operation. In this study, an optimal control algorithm is developed to maximize the power production in light of the limited brake pad life. Recorded wind data are used to develop a customized control design that is specific to a given site. Three decision-making modules interact with the wind turbine model developed in Part 1 to create possible VRG gear ratio (GR) combinations. Dynamic programming is applied to select the optimal combination and establish the operating protocol. The technique is performed on 20 different wind profiles. The results suggest an increase in wind energy production of nearly 10%.
The effect of [125I]thyroglobulin tracer heterogeneity on serum Tg RIA measurement.

Abstract Comparative serum Tg RIA studies were used to evaluate the contamination of 125I-19S Tg (B) (670000 Da) with a smaller partially immunoactive degradation product (C) (530000 Da). B and C tracers prepared either by enzymic (GO), chloramine T (CT) or Bolton Hunter (BH) iodination methods were tested. B tracers, (either GO or CT), gave consistently higher Tg values vs C tracers at serum Tg levels > 30 ng/ml. No difference in values was seen with C tracers of either GO, CT or BH origin. The immunological nonidentity between B and C tracers was shown by nonparallelism between diluted high Tg sera and the Tg RIA standards. Nonparallelism existed above 30 ng/ml with all C tracers irrespective of iodination method and was, in addition, present with CT-B tracers from 3 4 Tg preparations. Only B tracers, prepared by GO or BH, consistently showed adequate parallelism. The ubiquitous nature of C contamination of B tracers prompted a comparative study of serum Tg RIA values between four different laboratories. Good interlaboratory agreement was shown for Tg values 100 ng/ml). The observed/expected ratio of values, in serial dilutions of a high Tg sera, measured in two of the laboratories, suggested that nonparallelism accounted for some interlaboratory differences. Contamination of 125I-19S Tg (B) by its breakdown product C, has potential to lower absolute serum Tg values and produce non-parallelism in diluted high Tg sera which results in aberrantly low Tg RIA values. This problem potentially limits the clinical application and relevance of serum Tg measurements in thyroid cancer patients, especially those with metastases associated with high serum Tg levels.
EXTENSION OF TWO-NUCLEON TRANSFER THEORY TO INCLUDE INELASTIC PROCESSES

The theory of two-nucleon transfer reactions is extended to include higher-order transitions going through intermediate nuclear states produced by inelastic scattering of the ingoing or outgoing particle. The reaction, as is usual, is treated to first order, but the inelastic processes are treated to all orders among the retained channels. The theory is formulated so that it is very easily applied to any microscopic structure calculation, since the relevant content of such calculations appear in the theory only through the values of the matrix elements of the pair-creation ${[{d}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}{d}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}]}_{J}$ and scattering ${[{d}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{d}]}_{J}$ operators.
A study of the structure and dynamics of the hydronium ion by high resolution infrared laser spectroscopy. II. The ν4 perpendicular bending mode of H3 16O

Sixty‐six lines in the ν4 band of H3O+ have been measured using diode laser velocity modulation spectroscopy. 36 have been assigned to the a–a component of the spectrum and 30 to the s–s component. The observed spectra were fit to a standard symmetric top Hamiltonian including the effects of l‐type doubling. The band origin of the s–s transitions is at 1625.947(5) cm−1, whereas that of the a–a component lies at 1638.533(3) cm−1. The effect of the asymmetric bending vibration on the inversion splitting is in qualitative agreement with previous theoretical results, but the experimental band origins deviate by about 60 cm−1 from calculated values. Coriolis perturbations are found to have an important effect on the rotational constants of the ν4 and ν2 levels.
Influence of Leak Path Friction on Labyrinth Seal Inlet Swirl

Labyrinth seals in various kinds of rotating machinery often generate driving force components that may increase the unstable vibration of the rotor. The evaluation of labyrinth seal forces has been documented by CFD analysis but the leak path geometry influence on the resulting entry and reverse pumping flow prior to the labyrinth seal geometry has only recently been studied in detail. The labyrinth seal driving forces are known to increase with an increase of the inlet swirl velocity ratio. In a previous work, a commercial CFD program was used to simulate leak path and labyrinth seal flows of various centrifugal compressor eye seal leak flow geometries. For each case, 3D models with an eccentric rotor were solved to obtain the leakage flow, velocity vector, chamber pressure, and the average chamber swirl entering the seal. The current article will present the bulk flow analysis predicted entry swirl ratio for the same geometries and sealing conditions. The influence of the effective disk friction will b...
Augmentation rhinoplasty with silicone prostheses

Augmentation rhinoplasty using silicone prostheses is a procedure that has gained wide acceptance, particularly in Asia, but has been met with resistance among Western surgeons. Much of the reluctance to employ this method is related to misconceptions regarding planning and executation of the operation. The basic principles of nasal augmentation stressing operative philosophy as well as technical principles that contribute to safe and esthetically pleasing results are presented.
Forced Migration and Psychotic Symptoms: An Analysis of the National Latino and Asian American Study

Immigrants report more psychotic symptoms than native-born populations. This study used data from the U.S.-based, nationally representative and culturally validated National Latino and Asian American Study to investigate whether refugees are at higher risk of psychotic symptoms than voluntary migrants. In this study, refugee status predicted more psychotic symptoms. Effects remained significant in most models after controlling for demographic covariates and traumatic experiences, however the direction of the effect differed for pre- versus post-migration periods. The study concludes that refugees are at higher risk for developing psychotic symptoms, which arise among refugees more often in the pre-migration period and less often post-migration.
The irony of manganese superoxide dismutase

The manganese and iron SODs (superoxide dismutases) form a superfamily of closely related antioxidant defence metalloenzymes. MnSOD requires Mn (not Fe) for activity. However, when MnSOD is expressed in Escherichia coli grown in medium supplemented with ferrous salts, Fe substitutes for Mn in the active site, reflecting relatively indiscriminate uptake of either Mn or Fe and a surprisingly low selectivity for the identity of the bound metal ion. X-ray crystallographic studies on Fe-substituted MnSOD show that the substrate access channel is blocked by solvent (hydroxide), providing a structural explanation for the observed metal specificity of the catalytic activity. The mechanism of metal binding has been investigated in vitro using recombinant thermophilic SODs. The thermophilic Thermus thermophilus MnSOD expressed in E. coli was isolated as the metal-free apoprotein when heat treatment was eliminated from the purification procedure. While incubation of the purified MnSOD apoprotein with metal salts at ambient temperatures did not restore SOD activity, re-activation could be achieved by heating the protein with Mn salts at elevated temperatures. This in vitro thermally triggered metal uptake is non-specific for the metal ion; both Mn and Fe bind, but only Mn restores catalytic activity. Formation of the metal complex is essentially irreversible under these conditions. The metallation process is strongly temperature-dependent, suggesting that there are substantial activation barriers to metal uptake at ambient temperatures that are overcome by a transition in the apoprotein structure under physiological conditions. Two mechanisms may be proposed for SOD metallation: one involving subunit dissociation and another involving domain separation. Thermally triggered metal binding by thermophilic SODs is providing new insight into the metallation mechanism of the SOD apoprotein, which is likely to be conserved over this family of enzymes.
Trust, Uncertainty, and Profit

Abstract This article explores the role of trust in establishing a profit seeking enterprise. We first make explicit the nature of trust implicit in theories of profit. Then we look at the practical side—whose trust, in fact, is critical in the development of a business enterprise, and how is it secured? Here we summarize our preliminary findings from interviews with Inc . 500 founders. Our article suggests that: (1) Theories of profit imply the existence of a broad fiduciary type of trust rather than the narrow, well-specified trust that is sufficient for profitless or perfect competition. (2) In practice, successful startups in the United States appear to rely most on the trust that entrepreneurs gradually build up in their own and in their customers' minds. The trust of investors, lenders, employees, and suppliers appears to play a relatively less important role. (3) The trust required is often not based on attitudes of long-term risk-taking. Rather, trust is based on expectations of quick payoffs and the disregard of long-term risks.
Tachyon condensation on a nonBPS D-brane

We extend the recent computation of the tachyon potential by Berkovits, Sen and Zwiebach by including level two fields and keeping up to level four terms in the action. We find 90.5% of the expected result.
An Inverse Model for Near-Surface Velocity from Infrared Images

Abstract An inverse model to infer the near-surface velocity from the heat equation was applied to a series of six infrared satellite images from northern California. The inversion used a two-dimensional nondiffusive heat equation with a simple representation of surface heat fluxes and vertical entrainment. The along-isotherm component of the velocity was in the null space of this problem. An overdetermined problem was defined by adding weighted constraints on the energy, divergence and curl of the velocity and representative solutions were chosen from the family of solutions corresponding to a designated misfit level for the heat equation. A series of solutions with an average energy of 250 km2 d−2 and a divergence of 0.36 d−1 compared well with simultaneous Doppler acoustic log (DAL) measurements in regions with strong temperature gradients. The decorrelation time for the solutions was about one day. Horizontal advection accounted for about 40% of the variance of the temporal temperature derivative. The...
AN HEURISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF STUTTERING

It is the purpose of this paper to present an heuristic classification of stuttering based on the etiology of the disorder rather than its observable manifestations. Studying the literame on stuttering, one is struck by three salient points: one, there are few, if any, undisputed studies that indicate stuttering is biological in origin; two, there is a bewildering number of contradictory studies and theories; three, there is no agreement on therapy, nor is there any therapeutic technique for which its advocates would claim universal success. Medical doctors, psychologists, and speech pathologists have sought for years to find some physiological or anatomical factor that would be unique to stutterers, but their efforts thus far have been fruitless. Most authorities now agree that the basis for stuttering is primarily psychological, but a few make the reservation of some undefined physical predisposition. If we find rather general agreement on the psychological nature of stuttering, we are soon faced with the fact that this is the only point on which there is an approach to unanimity of thinking among the leaders in the field. The literature is voluminous, but chaotic in its contradictions, the large variety of theories proposed, and the number of therapies advocated. The writer can recall few major projects that have been repeated with similar results. A few researchers in their frustration have not only questioned the methodology, but also (at least by innuendo) the training and honesty of their colleagues. If we accept the competence and integrity of the researchers, we must seek another variable to account for the contradictory results. We are forced to the conclusion that the samples were not drawn from a homogeneous population. That is, stuttering is not a disease entity. Further support for this position is found in the fact thac every treatment, no matter how bizarre, has laid claim to some cures, but no plan of therapy has proven universally successful. Nor have we made adequate investigation of the many instances of spontaneous remissions. Again, we must consider the possibility that we are not dealing with a single disorder, but with a phenomenon which may result from diverse causes. The goal of recent research has been largely definitive on the dimensions of severity, frequency, and other observable manifestations. Psychologists have been lured into seeking and defining thac will-o'-the-wisp, the stuttering personality. But we have had little exploration of the etiology of stuttering. In fact, some leaders in the field have plainly intimated thac they are not interested in the causes but only in a cure for the disorder, perhaps due to the influence of
Insulin induction ofpip 92, CL-6, and novel mRNAs in rat hepatoma cells

Insulin directly affects many aspects of cellular metabolism. An additional, poorly studied effect of insulin is the regulation of multiple genes whose products are important in many cellular functions. Using differential screening techniques, we identified insulin-regulated genes induced in insulin-treated rat H4IIE (H4) hepatoma cells. Two of the mRNAs identified were homologous to the previously characterized mousepip 92 and ratCL-6 immediate-early genes. Thepip 92 clone was initially isolated from mitogen-stimulated mouse Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts, whereas theCL-6 clone was first isolated from regenerating rat liver. In this article, we demonstrated that in rat H4 cells, the transcription rates of bothpip 92 andCL-6 are induced by insulin alone. Additionally, we showed that the transcription rates of two other genes, whose sequences are not homologous to any other sequences in gene bank (“novel genes”), were rapidly and transiently induced by insulin. These results demonstrate that insulin regulates the expression of several novel genes with a time-course similar to members of the immediate-early response gene family.
Self‐Immolative Poly(4,5‐dichlorophthalaldehyde) and its Applications in Multi‐Stimuli‐Responsive Macroscopic Plastics

End-capped poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde) (PCl2PA), which is a new self-immolative CD(r) polymer with the unique capability of depolymerizing continuously and completely in the solid state when an end cap is cleaved from the polymer by reaction with a specific molecular signal, is described. End-capped poly(4,5-dichlorophthalaldehyde) is sufficiently stable to enable patterning of three-dimensional macroscopic polymeric materials by selective laser sintering. These unique materials are capable of 1) autonomously amplifying macroscopic changes in the material in response to specific molecular inputs, and 2) altering their responses depending on the identity of the applied signal. Thus, not only does end-capped PCl2PA provide new and unique capabilities compared to the small subset of existing CD(r) polymers, but it also provides access to a new class of stimuli-responsive materials.
The Effect of Si Additions on the Epitaxial Growth of Gel−x Cx Alloys on Si(100)

We report on the differences in the epitaxial growth mechanisms between Ge1−xCx (O<x<0.1) and Ge1−x−ySixCy (x=0.2, 0<y<0.05) alloys grown on Si(100) using low temperature( 200°C) molecular beam epitaxy. Thin films (50∼65nm) were characterizedin situ by RHEED andex situ by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. With increasing C concentration, the microstructure of both Ge and GeSi alloys changes from 2D layer growth to 3D islanding. The d400 spacing of the relaxed alloys decreases marginally, with a maximum of 1at.% C being substitutionally incorporated. Ge-C films with higher C content have a high density of planar defects, typically twins and stacking faults. The addition of 20% Si does not appear to increase the amount of substitutional C in the films. Rather, the additions of 20% Si to Ge-C alloys somehow seems to enhance the tendency for the formation of planar defects.
Excited-state absorption spectra and gain measurements of CaF 2 :Sm 2+

We have measured the pump-probe spectrum for CaF2:Sm2+ over a wide (360–1020 nm) spectral range. We observed gain throughout most of the 730-nm emission band, although there is some evidence of excited-state absorption (ESA) in this region. A much stronger ESA was observed near 500 nm. The temperature dependence of the ESA signal clearly indicates that the absorption is associated with divalent samarium. Because of the width and strength of this transition, we assign the ESA to a 4f55d → conduction band transition. We calculated the oscillator strength for this ESA band to be 0.10 and rationalized its magnitude based on an intensity-borrowing mechanism that involves the transition from the valence band to the conduction band.
Effect of the western pearlshell mussel Margaritifera falcata on Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata and ecosystem processes

Suspension feeders concentrate organic material from the water column and enhance deposition to the surrounding benthos. On the South Fork of the Eel River (Mendocino, California) two suspension feeders, the freshwater mussel Margaritifera falcata and Pacific lamprey larvae Lampetra tridentata, co-occur in areas with low flow velocities and boundary sheer stresses. We investigated mussel/lamprey larvae interactions, and their impacts on nutrient and organic matter cycling, in flow-through enclosures placed where lamprey larvae and mussels naturally occurred. Over the 80-day study, lamprey larvae grew faster in the presence of mussels and in food addition treatments. Our results suggest that lamprey larvae benefit from native mussels, and that lamprey populations and organic matter retention in rivers may decrease with the rapid decline of native freshwater mussels.
Landau Fermi-liquid picture of spin density functional theory: Strutinsky approach to quantum dots

We analyze the ground-state energy and spin of quantum dots obtained from spin density functional theory (SDFT) calculations. First, we introduce a Strutinsky-type approximation, in which quantum interference is treated as a correction to a smooth Thomas-Fermi description. For large irregular dots, we find that the second-order Strutinsky expressions have an accuracy of about 5% of a mean level spacing compared to the full SDFT and capture all the qualitative features. Second, we perform a random matrix-theory/random-plane wave analysis of the Strutinsky SDFT expressions. The results are statistically similar to the SDFT quantum dot statistics. Finally, we note that the second-order Strutinsky approximation provides, in essence, a Landau Fermi-liquid picture of spin density functional theory. For instance, the leading term in the spin channel is simply the familiar exchange constant. A direct comparison between SDFT and the perturbation theory derived ``universal Hamiltonian'' is thus made possible.
Chronobiology and obesity: Interactions between circadian rhythms and energy regulation.

Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular, genetic, neural, and physiologic basis for the generation and organization of circadian clocks in mammals have revealed profound bidirectional interactions between the circadian clock system and pathways critical for the regulation of metabolism and energy balance. The discovery that mice harboring a mutation in the core circadian gene circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock) develop obesity and evidence of the metabolic syndrome represented a seminal moment for the field, clearly establishing a link between circadian rhythms, energy balance, and metabolism at the genetic level. Subsequent studies have characterized in great detail the depth and magnitude of the circadian clock’s crucial role in regulating body weight and other metabolic processes. Dietary nutrients have been shown to influence circadian rhythms at both molecular and behavioral levels; and many nuclear hormone receptors, which bind nutrients as well as other circulating ligands, have been observed to exhibit robust circadian rhythms of expression in peripheral metabolic tissues. Furthermore, the daily timing of food intake has itself been shown to affect body weight regulation in mammals, likely through, at least in part, regulation of the temporal expression patterns of metabolic genes. Taken together, these and other related findings have transformed our understanding of the important role of time, on a 24-h scale, in the complex physiologic processes of energy balance and coordinated regulation of metabolism. This research has implications for human metabolic disease and may provide unique and novel insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies to control and combat the epidemic of obesity.
Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: The role of prostacyclin and prostaglandin analogs

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive, fatal disease characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure ≥25 mm Hg and normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≤ 5 mm Hg. Physiological features of pulmonary arterial hypertension are characterized clinically by the presence of pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension not caused by other conditions such as lung diseases or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. There are several therapies currently available that have been shown to improve hemodynamics and improve outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. These therapies include synthetic prostacyclin and prostaglandin analogs, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Multiple prostacyclin and prostaglandin analog formulations are currently in use (both branded and generic), available for parenteral, inhaled, or oral administration. This review discusses the pharmacology, clinical effects, and routes of administration of prostacyclin and prostaglandin analogs, emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages of each from the clinical perspective.
The Effect of Posture and of Congestion of the Head on Sodium Excretion in Normal Subjects

In healthy young subjects the sodium excretion is decidedly less in the sitting than in the recumbent posture. The difference can be partially overcome by compression of the neck in the sitting position. Some possible implications of these observations will be considered in the subsequent communications.
Voltage and Current Unbalance Compensation Using a Parallel Active Filter

A three-phase insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based parallel active filter is used for current and/or voltage unbalance compensation. An instantaneous power theory is adopted for real-time calculation and control. Three control schemes, current control, voltage control, and integrated control are proposed to compensate the unbalance of current, voltage, or both. The compensation results of the different control schemes in unbalance cases (load unbalance or voltage source unbalance) are compared and analyzed. The simulation and experimental results show that the control schemes can compensate the unbalance in load current or in the voltage source. Different compensation objectives can be achieved, i.e., balanced and unity power factor source current, balanced and regulated voltage, or both, by choosing appropriate control schemes.
The C. elegans glycopeptide hormone receptor ortholog, FSHR-1, regulates germline differentiation and survival.

Summary Background The mammalian glycopeptide hormone receptors (GPHRs) are key regulators of reproductive development, and their homologs are widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. The C. elegans genome encodes a single GPHR family member, FSHR-1, which shares equal identity to the FSH, LH, and TSH receptors from mammals. Results Because loss of fshr-1 function does not produce a visible phenotype in C. elegans , we conducted a genome-wide RNAi-feeding screen to identify genes that perform functions that overlap with those of fshr-1 . This approach led to the identification of the PUF family members fbf-1 and fbf-2 (the fbfs ). Whereas a weak reduction in fbf activity caused little or no discernable effect in the wild-type, an equivalent loss in the fshr-1(0) mutant background resulted in a highly penetrant germline-masculinization phenotype. Furthermore, many fshr-1(0);fbf(RNAi) animals failed to maintain a germline stem cell niche. We also show that fshr-1 and the fbfs promote germline survival and prevent apoptosis with fog-1 and fog-3 and that simultaneous loss of fshr-1 and the fbfs can override the canonical requirement for fog-1 and fog-3 in the execution of the male-germline fate. Finally, we provide evidence that FSHR-1 controls germline processes nonautonomously via the soma and that FSHR-1 acts through a canonical signaling pathway involving Gα s and adenyl cyclase. Conclusions Our results indicate a conserved role for GPHR family receptors in controlling germline development and fertility. Our data suggest a model whereby FSHR-1 signaling acts in parallel to the known sex-determination pathway to control multiple aspects of germline development.
Studying Those Who Study Us: An Anthropologist in the World of Artificial Intelligence.

Studying Those Who Study Us: An Anthropologist in the World of Artificial Intelligence. Diana E. Forsythe. ed., with an introduction by David J. Hess. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. 240 pp.
American College of Radiology in-training examination for residents in radiation oncology (2004-2007).

Purpose To review the results of the recent American College of Radiology (ACR) in-training examinations in radiation oncology and to provide information regarding the examination changes in recent years. Methods and Materials A retrospective review of the 2004 to 2007 ACR in-training examination was undertaken. Results The number of residents taking the in-training examination increased from 2004 to 2007, compatible with the increase in the number of radiation oncology residents in the United States and Canada. The number of questions decreased from approximately 510 in 2004 and 2005, to 405 in 2006 and 360 in 2007, most of these changes were in the clinical oncology section. Although the in-training examination showed construct validity with resident performance improving with each year of additional clinical oncology training, it did so only until Level 3 for biology and physics. Several changes have been made to the examination process, including allowing residents to keep the examination booklet for self-study, posting of the answer key and rationales to questions on the ACR Website, and providing hard copies to residency training directors. In addition, all questions are now A type or multiple choice questions with one best answer, similar to the American Board of Radiology written examination for radiation oncology. Conclusion Several efforts by the ACR have been made in recent years to make the examination an educational tool for radiation oncology residents and residency directors.
Sudden Oak Death: Interactions of the Exotic Oomycete Phytophthora ramorum with Naïve North American Hosts

Ten years after a threatening and previously unknown disease of oaks and tanoaks appeared in coastal California, a significant amount of progress has been made toward the understanding of its causal agent Phytophthora ramorum and of the novel pathosystems associated with this exotic organism. However, a complete understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of this species still eludes us. In part, our inability to fully understand this organism is due to its phylogenetic, phylogeographic, phenotypic, and epidemiological complexities, all reviewed in this paper. Most lines of evidence suggest that the high degree of disease severity reported in California is not simply due to a generalized lack of resistance or tolerance in naive hosts but also to an innate ability of the pathogen to survive in unfavorable climatic conditions and to reproduce rapidly when conditions become once again favorable.
Efficient Inhibition of In-stent Restenosis by Controlled Stent-based Inhibition of Elastase: A Pilot Study

PURPOSE It is proposed that local elastase inhibition could suppress the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and subsequent smooth muscle cell migration and limit subsequent in-stent restenosis. This study evaluated the effect of stent-based controlled elastase inhibition on restenosis after stent implantation in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biodegradable microspheres containing the potent elastase inhibitor=-1-antitrypsin (AAT) were prepared. Daily release of AAT from the microspheres was confirmed in vitro. The microspheres were loaded into stents with an abluminal polymer reservoir. Implantation of the stent with AAT microspheres and blank microspheres (control) was performed in the abdominal aortae of six rabbits in each group. After stent deployment, all stents were overdilated to 125% diameter. Stent-implanted arteries were harvested after 7 days ( n n RESULTS Significant inhibition of elastase was confirmed in treated vessels versus controls at 7 days after stent implantation ( P P CONCLUSION Stent-based controlled release of elastase inhibitor may significantly reduce ECM degradation and might limit in-stent restenosis.
Personal and population genomics of human regulatory variation

The characteristics and evolutionary forces acting on regulatory variation in humans remains elusive because of the difficulty in defining functionally important noncoding DNA. Here, we combine genome-scale maps of regulatory DNA marked by DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) from 138 cell and tissue types with whole-genome sequences of 53 geographically diverse individuals in order to better delimit the patterns of regulatory variation in humans. We estimate that individuals likely harbor many more functionally important variants in regulatory DNA compared with protein-coding regions, although they are likely to have, on average, smaller effect sizes. Moreover, we demonstrate that there is significant heterogeneity in the level of functional constraint in regulatory DNA among different cell types. We also find marked variability in functional constraint among transcription factor motifs in regulatory DNA, with sequence motifs for major developmental regulators, such as HOX proteins, exhibiting levels of constraint comparable to protein-coding regions. Finally, we perform a genome-wide scan of recent positive selection and identify hundreds of novel substrates of adaptive regulatory evolution that are enriched for biologically interesting pathways such as melanogenesis and adipocytokine signaling. These data and results provide new insights into patterns of regulatory variation in individuals and populations and demonstrate that a large proportion of functionally important variation lies beyond the exome.
Quantum Hall effect today

Abstract I present a brief survey of important recent developments in the quantum Hall effect. The review covers both fractional and integer regimes, from an experimentalist's perspective. The topics include direct measurements of fractional charge, composite fermion Fermi surface, spin textures, and edge state (chiral Luttinger liquid) dynamics.