cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whole-body hyperthermia as an adjuvant to treatment with platinum complexes with or without etanidazole in mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma or the FSaLL fibrosarcoma.

The response of s.c. primary and metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma to five antitumour platinum complexes with or without tolerable whole-body hyperthermia (60 min to reach temperature then 60 min at 42 degrees C) was examined. The whole-body hyperthermia treatment produced about 2.8 days of tumour growth delay in the s.c. tumours. The addition of whole-body hyperthermia to treatment with each of the platinum complexes was well tolerated by the animals and increases of 1.6-2.0-fold in tumour growth delay resulted with the combined treatment compared with the platinum complexes alone. The combination of etanidazole (1 g/kg) and the platinum complexes followed by whole-body hyperthermia produced marked increases in tumour growth delay ranging from 2.5- to 3.6-fold over the growth delays obtained with the platinum complexes alone. FSaLLC tumour cell survival and bone marrow CFU-GM experiments indicated that local hyperthermia (43 degrees C, 30 min) produced greater potentiation of the cytotoxicity of three platinum complexes than did whole-body hyperthermia (42 degrees C, 60 min). Only the complete treatments including whole-body hyperthermia/etanidazole and the platinum complexes were effective in significantly reducing the numbers of lung metastases formed from s.c. primary tumours. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were monitored over a time-course post-treatment. Although some treatment combinations caused elevations in these normal tissue parameters by day 12 post-treatment both serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine returned to the levels of the untreated control animals.
Characteristics of engineering faculty engaged in the scholarship of teaching and learning

This research hypothesized that differences in the culture of engineering education as it is practiced a whole, as compared to the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) in engineering education, would manifest themselves through the characteristics of the faculty engaging in these activities. The research question examined was: To what extent are the faculty who engage in different areas of SoTL research within engineering similar to or different than the engineering faculty at U.S. institutions overall? The research utilized a data mining approach, assuming that the authors of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference papers would characterize engineering faculty engaged in SoTL. The demographic characteristics of the authors of ASEE papers published in 2012–2014 on the topics of Learning Through Service (LTS), engineering ethics, and design were determined, as well as the authors of papers in the civil engineering, environmental engineering, and electrical & computer engineering divisions. The demographic characteristics of engineering faculty nationally were mined from ASEE data sources. The primary differences between engineering faculty active in SoTL compared to overall U.S. engineering faculty were: a higher percentage of assistant professors, a lower percentage of full professors, a higher percentage of women, a higher percentage employed at Baccalaureate or Master's institutions, and a smaller percentage from institutions with very high research activity. Between different engineering education topics, the primary differences were in the engineering disciplines represented, the percentage of women among the authors, and collaboration patterns evident among the paper coauthors. These data indicate the ways in which engineering faculty active in SoTL are different than their engineering faculty peers overall, and also highlights differences among engineering education topics. Further exploration is needed to determine the extent to which these differences are the result of different cultural values within each group.
Three new genera and four new species of aleocharine staphylinids with unusually long mandibles from Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Homalotini)

This paper describes three distinctive, closely related, new genera and four species of Homalotini (Aleocharinae: Staphylinidae) characterized by extremely long slender, curved mandibles, very long slender and whip-like setae variously placed on the labrum, clypeus, or mentum; and similarities in the mouthparts, aedeagi and spermathecae. These new taxa are Eumecognathus new genus, type species E. tasmaniensis new species (type locality: SW Tasmania, Lower Gordon River); Siagotanyx new genus, type species S. rufa new species (type locality: Tasmania, Lake St. Claire National Park) and Drepanomastax new genus, type species D. splendida new species (type locality: Australian National Territory, Mt. Ainslie). Also described is D. nitida new species (type
E-cigarettes are losing ground among smokers and non-smokers.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to an additional letter from Dr. Alberto Donzelli which appears in the same issue of the journal and critiques a 2015 article about electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use that was written by the authors, and it mentions the attitudes of smokers.
An oligonucleotide-functionalized carbon nanotube chemiresistor for sensitive detection of mercury in saliva.

Divalent mercuric (Hg2+) ion and monomethyl mercury (CH3Hg+) are two forms of mercury that are known to be highly toxic to humans. In this work, we present a highly selective, sensitive and label-free chemiresistive biosensor for the detection of both, Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ ions using DNA-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The SWNTs were functionalized with the capture oligonucleotide, polyT, using a linker molecule. The polyT was hybridized with polyA to form a polyT:polyA duplex. Upon exposure to mercury ions, the polyT:polyA duplex dehybridizes and a T–Hg2+–T duplex is formed. This structure switch leads to the release of polyA from the SWNT surface and correspondingly a change in the resistance of the chemiresistive biosensor is observed, which is used to quantify the mercury ion concentration. The biosensor showed a wide dynamic range of 0.5 to 100 nM for the detection of CH3Hg+ ions in buffer solution with a sensitivity of 28.34% per log (nM) of CH3Hg+. Finally, real world application of the biosensor was demonstrated by the detection of Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ ions in simulated saliva samples spiked with a known concentration of mercury ions.
Pick Your Poisson: An Educational Primer for Luria and Delbrück’s Classic Paper

The origin of beneficial mutations is fundamentally important in understanding the processes by which natural selection works. Using phage-resistant mutants in Escherichia coli as their model for identifying the origin of beneficial mutations, Luria and Delbruck distinguished between two different hypotheses. Under the first hypothesis, which they termed “acquired immunity,” the phages induced bacteria to mutate to immunity; this predicts that none of the resistant mutants were present before infection by the phages. Under the second hypothesis, termed “mutation to immunity,” resistant bacteria arose from random mutations independent of the presence of the phages; this predicts that resistant bacteria were present in the population before infection by the phages. These two hypotheses could be distinguished by calculating the frequencies at which resistant mutants arose in separate cultures infected at the same time and comparing these frequencies to the theoretical results under each model. The data clearly show that mutations arise at a frequency that is independent of the presence of the phages. By inference, natural selection reveals the genetic variation that is present in a population rather than inducing or causing this variation.
Acetylation preserves retinal ganglion cell structure and function in a chronic model of ocular hypertension.

Purpose The current studies investigate if the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), can limit retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in an ocular-hypertensive rat model. Methods Intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated unilaterally in Brown Norway rats by hypertonic saline injection. Rats received either vehicle or VPA (100 mg/kg) treatment for 28 days. Retinal ganglion cell function and number were assessed by pattern electroretinogram (pERG) and retrograde FluoroGold labeling. Western blotting and a fluorescence assay were used for determination of histone H3 acetylation and HDAC activity, respectively, at 3-day, 1-week, and 2-week time points. Results Hypertonic saline injections increased IOPs by 7 to 14 mm Hg. In vehicle-treated animals, ocular hypertension resulted in a 29.1% and 39.4% decrease in pERG amplitudes at 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, and a 42.9% decrease in mean RGC density at 4 weeks. In comparison, VPA treatment yielded significant amplitude preservation at 2 and 4 weeks and showed significant RGC density preservation at 4 weeks. No significant difference in RGC densities or IOPs was measured between control eyes of vehicle- and VPA-treated rats. In ocular-hypertensive eyes, class I HDAC activity was significantly elevated within 1 week (13.3 ± 2.2%) and histone H3 acetylation was significantly reduced within 2 weeks following the induction of ocular hypertension. Conclusions Increase in HDAC activity is a relatively early retinal event induced by elevated IOP, and suppressing HDAC activity can protect RGCs from ocular-hypertensive stress. Together these data provide a basis for developing HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of optic neuropathies.
Reduction of enhanced mammary carcinogenesis in LA/N-cp (Corpulent) rats by energy restriction

Restriction of energy intake significantly reduces mammary tumorigenesis in normal rats exposed to carcinogens. Genetically obese LA/N-cp (corpulent) female rats were given 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and fed purified diets ad libitum or restricted to 60% of the ad libitum caloric intake. Phenotypically lean littermates were also fed ad libitum. Obese animals developed large mammary tumors more rapidly than genetically normal rats so that 100% of the animals had tumors in less than 16 weeks. Only 21% of the lean animals developed tumors; the energy restricted obese animals had a tumor incidence of 27%. Although obese rats fed the restricted diet weighed significantly less than those fed ad libitum, percent body fat was not reduced, indicating that lean tissue was affected more. Obese animals were markedly hyperinsulinemic (1003 +/- 193 microunits/ml) and energy restriction reduced this to 328 +/- 41; the lean animals had insulin levels of 12 +/- 2. Tumor-bearing rats had higher insulin levels than rats without tumors. These data suggest that body fatness is not directly associated with risk of carcinogenesis. Lean body mass, adipose tissue mass, and their interaction with insulin in its capacity as a growth factor rather than body fatness per se may be determinants of tumor promotion.
Observations on striatal connections following total destruction of the nucleus medialis dorsalis in the cat.

SummaryComplete unilateral destruction of the nucleus medialis dorsalis was achieved in 4 cats. Terminal degeneration was found in the caudate nucleus, in contrast to its absence in animals that had only partial destruction of the same structure. Minimal connections with the globus pallidus and putamen were reconfirmed and a definitive connection with the claustrum was also noted.
Introduction: treatment of malignancies poorly responsive to currently available antineoplastic therapy.

The decision whether to treat patients with malignancies that are poorly responsive to antineoplastic agents must be based on a number of important considerations, including the patients' performance status, co-morbid medical conditions, and the anticipated adverse effects of therapy. In appropriate patients, participation in experimental trials should be encouraged. In such circumstances, patients and their families must be given a realistic assessment of the limited or unknown benefits of treatment.
Context-Limited Simulation and Metaphor

The traditional theories of metaphor discussed in Chapter 2, like the theories of language and cognition on which they draw, reflect the influence of propositional logic and computer programming (Barsalou, 1999a; Brandt, 2005; Gibbs, 2006). These approaches assume that thought is accomplished by algorithms, similar to programs that run on digital computers. Perceptions are translated into signals that are transmitted to the brain, where they are translated again into an abstract, code-like, non-representational ‘language of the brain’, and processed by rule-governed algorithms, based on formal logic. The output of these algorithms is then translated into signals that are transmitted to the motor-control system for further translation into actions. In these models, cognitive processing is separate from both perception and action, and emotion is antithetical to reasoning (Barsalou, 1999a; Clark, 1997; Brandt, 2005). Categories are likewise well-defined and organized in a neat hierarchy, with precise rules (truth-conditions) for determining category membership.
A historical review of the development of verification and validation theories for simulation models

Modeling and simulation (M&S) play a critical role in both engineering and basic research processes. Computer-based models have existed since the 1950s, and those early models have given way to the more complex computational and physics-based simulations used today. As such, a great deal of research has been done to establish what level of trust should be given to simulation outputs and how to verify and validate the models used in these simulations. This paper presents an overview of the theoretical work done to date defining formal definitions for, and methods of, verification and validation (V&V) of computer models. Simulation models are broken down into three broad categories: analytical and simulation models, computational and physics-based models, and simulations of autonomous systems, and the unique theories and methods developed to address V&V of these models are presented. This paper also presents the current problems in the theoretical field of V&V for models as simulations move from single system models and simulations to more complex simulation tools. In particular, this paper highlights the lack of agreed-upon methods for V&V of simulations of autonomous systems, such as an autonomous unmanned vehicles, and proposes some next steps needed to address this problem.
A Practical Guide to Experimental Advertising Research

Experiments are conducted to help establish cause-and-effect relationships, and they can be powerful tools for doing so. We review fundamental concepts for conducting experimental advertising research. Good experimental research involves careful consideration of independent and dependent variables, and what they are supposed to represent. To this end, we review threats to construct validity as well as offer some suggestions on how to think about external and ecological validity in ad research. We review three quasi-experimental research designs and three simple, randomized experimental designs, along with more complex factorial design experiments. Finally, we discuss ethical considerations and the crucial role researchers play in maintaining research integrity.
Can attempts to delight customers with surprise gains boomerang? A test using low-price guarantees

Despite cautionary advice against it, delighting consumers by offering them pleasant surprises is widely advocated. In this paper, using a low-price guarantee context, we show that retailers’ attempts to use surprise gains to delight consumers might lead to subpar outcomes, if a countervailing cognition such as suspicion of retailer opportunism dominates consumers’ thinking. In a low-price guarantee, retailers promise consumers refunds if consumers discover a lower price for a purchased product. We propose that providing a surprise component in the refund over and above the promised refund might boomerang, by increasing the likelihood of countervailing cognitions related to opportunistic signaling, in turn decreasing future purchase intentions. Over multiple studies, we provide evidence for this proposition, illustrate the underlying process, and identify boundary conditions.
Sam Moyo and the Struggle for Intellectual Decolonization

Sam Moyo’s insurgent intelligence and discipline made him a compelling and controversial intellectual leader. This article examines his life and work as part of the transnational production of inte...
Don’t Mention It? Analyzing User-Generated Content Signals for Early Adverse Event Warnings

With greater impetus on broad postmarket surveillance, the Voice of the Customer (VoC) has emerged as an important source of information for understanding consumer experiences and identifying poten...
Towards numerical benchmark for half-precision floating point arithmetic

With NVIDA Tegra Jetson X1 and Pascal P100 GPUs, NVIDIA introduced hardware-based computation on FP16 numbers also called half-precision arithmetic. In this talk, we will introduce the steps required to build a viable benchmark for this new arithmetic format. This will include the connections to established IEEE floating point standards and existing HPC benchmarks. The discussion will focus on performance and numerical stability issues that are important for this kind of benchmarking and how they relate to NVIDIA platforms.
Analysis of ISSP Environment II Survey Data Using Variable Clustering

Social informatics, as a sub-field of the general field of informatics, deals with processing and analysis of data for social studies. One of the social data repositories is the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) the provides crossnational surveys on various social topic. Previous studies of this data often used a subset of available variables and sometimes a reduced number of records, and most of these analyses have focused on predictive techniques such as regression. In this paper, we analyze the Environment II module of this data set using variable clustering to produce meaningful clusters related to questionnaire sections and provide information to reduce the number of demographic variables considered in further analysis. Case level clustering was attempted, but did not produce adequate results.
Anisotropic upper critical field of LuNi2B2C

The upper critical field, ${H}_{c2}$, of LuN${\mathrm{i}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C has been determined from the temperature dependence of the magnetization. A temperature dependent anisotropy within the basal plane which decreases from a value of 1.1 at 4.5 K to a value of 1.0 at ${T}_{c}$ and an almost temperature independent out-of-plane anisotropy have been observed. Near ${T}_{c}$ the upper critical field along all directions shows a strong upward curvature. These features of ${H}_{c2}$ can be explained quantitatively using a nonlocal extension of the Ginzburg-Landau equations. The Fermi velocity averages determined from these measurements and those obtained in band structure calculations are in good agreement.
Phylogenetic Tree Estimation

The construction of phylogenetic trees is of interest in its own right in evolutionary studies. It is also useful in many other ways, for example in the prediction of gene function; aspects of this area of the emerging field of phylogenomics are discussed by Eisen (1998).
Explaining program execution in deductive systems

Programs in deductive database and programming systems have a natural meaning that is based upon their mathematical reading as logical rules. High-level ‘explanations’ of a program evaluation/execution can be constructed to provide added functionality: (1) To debug a program by following a chain of deductions leading to an unexpected (and possibly incorrect) conclusion; (2) To follow the derivation of certain correct conclusions to determine why and how they are reached; (3) To identify consequences of a (typically, incorrect or unexpected) fact. This functionality can be utilized either to perform post-mortem analysis of a session, or to interactively develop programs by running queries and viewing their deductions simultaneously.
Initial experience with uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery esophagectomy.

Background: Multiportal thoracoscopic approach is already a well standardized procedure for minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE); conversely very few reports have been published about uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) technique till now. We present our preliminary experience with uniportal VATS esophagectomy, evaluating short-term outcomes as perioperative mortality, complications, oncological radicality, postoperative pain and cosmetic results. Methods: From December 2016 to November 2017, the prospectively collected clinical data of 12 patients, who underwent uniportal VATS esophagectomy and reconstruction with a stomach conduit, according to McKeown technique, were reviewed and outcomes evaluated. Results: The mean age of population was 60.67±8.61 years. Ten (83.3%) patients were males. The main histological type was a squamous cell carcinoma in six patients (50%). No patient had a local recurrence. After 4.33±3.31 months 10 patients (83.3%) were alive with no evidence of disease; 2 (16.7%) patients died of other causes. Two (16.7%) patients developed an anastomotic leak (treated conservatively) and one (8.3%) patient a chylothorax (which required a surgical treatment). The mean operative time of uniportal VATS esophagectomy was 104.67±20.66 min. Mean number of thoracic nodes removed was 10.44±3.94. Post-operative hospitalization was 15.73±14.29 days (median of 9 days). The mean level of pain was 1.92±0.90 in first postoperative day with a duration of 2.25±1.54 days. Cosmetic result was 2.42±0.79 on a 3-point scale. Conclusions: Uniportal VATS esophagectomy seems to be a safe, feasible and effective alternative to multiportal VATS in terms of operative time, postoperative mortality, hospital stay and oncological outcomes. Less postoperative pain and better cosmetic results seem to be some advantages in favor of Uniportal VATS, however further studies with longer follow-up are claimed.
Scaling Deep Learning for Cancer with Advanced Workflow Storage Integration

Cancer Deep Learning Environment (CANDLE) benchmarks and workflows will combine the power of exascale computing with neural network-based machine learning to address a range of loosely connected problems in cancer research. This application area poses unique challenges to the exascale computing environment. Here, we identify one challenge in CANDLE workflows, namely, saving neural network model representations to persistent storage. In this paper, we provide background on this problem, describe our solution, the Model Cache, and present performance results from running the system on a test cluster, ANL/LCRC Blues, and the petascale supercomputer NERSC Cori. We also sketch next steps for this promising workflow storage solution.
Acetazolamide-Induced Aseptic Meningitis in a Female Adolescent with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Case Report

Drug-induced aseptic meningitis (DIAM) has been documented for many years and is considered a diagnostic and patient management challenge. Associated medications include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and monoclonal antibodies, but no cases associated with acetazolamide have been reported. We briefly review a case of a 15-year-old female patient with history of idiopathic intracranial hypertension whose symptoms of aseptic meningitis associated with the use and increase of acetazolamide. DIAM should be considered a possibility in any patient with meningeal symptoms, pleocytosis, and negative cerebrospinal fluid culture. This is the first known case linking acetazolamide to DIAM.
Negotiation competence: Improving student negotiation self-efficacy

Negotiation and conflict management skills have been identified as critical skills for students as part of their business education. In this paper, we have combined research on negotiation self-eff...
Dietary transitions of foragers in southern Africa

Over the past two millennia, dietary transitions among foragers in southern Africa have impacted their height, family size, disease rates, and nutrition. The shift to a sedentary life has brought with it a range of health and social issues. Yet, foraging remains important for food security and has unique cultural value.
Circumferential Viscodilation Ab Interno Combined with Phacoemulsification for Treatment of Open-Angle Glaucoma: 12-Month Outcomes

Purpose To evaluate reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) and medications for open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients 12 months post-ab﻿-interno circumferential viscodilation (VISCO360, Sight Sciences, Menlo Park, CA) in conjunction with cataract surgery. Setting Surgical center (New York, United States). Design Retrospective study of all OAG patients treated with 360-degree ab-interno viscodilation with cataract surgery by a single surgeon (NR) having 12 months of follow-up. Eyes were stratified by baseline IOP. Group 1: ≥18 mmHg (n=111). Group 2: Methods IOP was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry. Medications, the number of medication-free eyes in each group at 12 months, and adverse events (AE) are reported. Analysis includes descriptive statistics and t-tests evaluating change from baseline. Results Groups 1 and 2 had mean baseline IOP of 22 and 14.3 mmHg. Medication use was 0.9 and 1.1 for Groups 1 and 2. At 12 months IOP for Group 1 was reduced 22% to 17.2 mmHg (p 10 mmHg >30 days post-op 1.1%, mild inflammation Discussion Treatment goals for the two groups differed. Pressure reduction (Group 1) or medication reduction (Group 2). Viscodilation achieved significant IOP reduction in Group 1 and medication reduction in Group 2 with many patients (both groups) medication free at 12 months. AE were infrequent and transient. Conclusion Circumferential ab-interno viscodilation can be combined with cataract surgery and provide an IOP lowering and medication reduction benefit sustained for at least 12 months, for many patients with OAG.
Environmental impact comparison of new micro-milling and thin overlay and conventional milling for sustainable pavement preservation

Micro-milling and thin overlay, a new pavement preservation treatment developed and first implemented by the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) in 2007, as an alternative pavement preservation to conventional milling and resurfacing, is used to remove and replace a thin, deteriorated open-graded surface layer (2.2 cm) without disturbing the sound underlying layer. This paper focuses on quantifying micro-milling and thin overlay’s environmental impacts by comparing conventional milling and overlay with micro-milling and thin overlay to complement the previous economic impact study. The environmental impacts are quantified using a pavement construction decision tool entitled Pavement Life-Cycle Assessment Tool for Environmental and Economic Effects (PaLATE). The results show a 60% reduction in all environmental impacts assessed, including energy usage, water consumption, and CO2 emissions largely due to the savings in asphalt needed. Results have demonstrated that this new method is a promising pavement preservation alternative that is environmentally sustainable. This paper provides quantitative comparison information useful for transportation agencies in selecting sustainable pavement preservation alternatives.
Spectral Flow Cytometry to Distinguish Tamoxifen Resistant Breast Cancer Cells

A multi-color spectral flow cytometry panel targeting receptors on MCF-7 breast cancer cells is used to potentially identify a tamoxifen resistant subpopulation. Results using separate resistant and normal cells indicate detection and sorting is plausible.
Ignorance Is not Bliss: The Consequences of How Little We Know about COVID-19

An expensive endeavor, hospital disaster preparedness focuses on a rapid response to an unexpected event, designed to protect, stabilize, and bring calm to shaken communities following a disaster’s aftermath. The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has presented a different type of disaster necessitating just as novel a response. In pandemic’s early days, it moved in slow-motion as the health care community initiated disaster protocol over a period of weeks, not hours. While mobilizing any hospital to battle a pandemic is not easy, legally at least, hospitals benefitted from unprecedented support by practically every federal and state agency, the assistance from which eliminated most barriers overnight so hospitals could establish and maintain momentum in the face of an epic disaster that, over several months, has moved forward, backward, and forward again
Capital Projects and Building Assessment

The most significant personal expenditure we ever make, both in terms of absolute numbers and as ratios of total assets we hold, is building related. Housing makes up about 34% of the total expenditures, and this percentage has stayed consistently this high over the decades. The potential impact of capital projects on society and individuals is enormous. In addition, inefficient design, operations, and management of buildings have other tangible costs, such as wasteful energy use and harmful environmental consequences. Given the criticalities introduced by inherent expenditures seen in the AEC sector by individuals, societies, and the environment, it appears that evaluating and monitoring capital project delivery is a key function of this sector. This chapter introduces common building capital project evaluation techniques, including post-occupancy evaluation, facility performance evaluation, building feasibility analysis, and simulation-based evaluation. The gold standard of capital project evaluation is Building Commissioning (BCx) and Embedded Commissioning (ECx). Digital modeling such as building information models (BIM) and analysis tools enable interoperable data representation and transfer enables improved design added value analysis. This chapter also introduces these concepts and current challenges and opportunities in the AEC sector.
A Methodology for Determining and Validating Latent Factor Dimensionality of Complex Multi-Factor Science Constructs Measuring Knowledge-In-Use

Deep science understanding is reflected in students’ ability to use content and skills when making sense of the world. Assessing deep understanding requires measuring complex constructs that combin...
The Application of Structural Modeling to Metabolic Mapping of Functional Neural Systems

Metabolic mapping techniques have the capability of providing information about functional interactions within entire brain systems. Large quantities of data can be obtained from mapping studies, but an analytic technique to make sense of the complex interactions that take place in the brain has not been available. Structural modeling provides such a technique by combining the anatomical connectivity with the covariation in the activity between brain regions. Functional strengths of anatomical connections between the structures that form a neural system are quantified by assigning numerical values to the links. Changes in these values are used as indices of how information is processed and modified within the brain in a given situation. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how structural modeling is used with mapping data in the context of its application to auditory and visual systems in two different 2-deoxyglucose experiments. Each application demonstrates how the interactions among parallel neural subsystems change as a result of different experimental manipulations. Other statistical techniques that can provide information similar to structural modeling are discussed. With the combined use of metabolic mapping techniques and structural modeling, it is now possible to extend the scope of research from the examination of single neural structures to the operations of entire systems during different behavioral tasks.
A comparative study of thermochemistry models for oxy-coal combustion simulation

Abstract In this work, the One-Dimensional Turbulence (ODT) model is used to evaluate various thermochemistry models for capturing flame stand-off distance in oxy-coal combustion. In the gas phase, calculations made with detailed chemical kinetics are compared with results using an infinitely-fast (flame-sheet) chemistry model. Models for vaporization, devolatilization and char oxidation/gasification are incorporated for each Lagrangian coal particle. Two coal devolatilization models, namely a simple two-step Arrhenius and Chemical Percolation Devolatilization (CPD), are compared. The governing equations (mass, momentum and energy) are fully coupled between the particle and the gas phase. Flame stand-off distance determined by the simulation is compared with experimental results. Results show that the flame stand-off distance predicted by the infinitely-fast chemistry model is shorter than the prediction obtained by the detailed chemical kinetics model and that flame stand-off distance using two-step model is longer than the CPD model. Furthermore, it was observed that the minimum flame stand-off distance is determined by the devolatilization model and does not show sensitivity to the gas phase model. However, the shape of flame stand-off PDF is significantly altered by changing the gas-phase kinetic model.
Achieving a Pan-European Service Infrastructure

This paper presents a view on what still is to be achieved in the Pan-European Service Infrastructure in order for Europe to have in place an integrated broadband information and communication system. The problems and issues discussed are considered as being of two types: technology and construction. Important technology issues are that the service infrastructure should assure that services are able to be introduced as easily and efficiently as possible, that services are able to cooperate with other services, and that services are not able to interfere with other services. Important construction issues are to provide a support infrastructure, and to assure that a sufficient set of services are created and offered, that the set is well integrated with the different services able to cooperate when desired, that the set is well managed, that the services are usable and able to be accessed, and, finally, that the system can provide value to the users and profit to the service providers. The papers in this book show that most problems and issues dealing with technology are solved. Building the software still presents a formidable challenge, however. It is proposed that a way to ease the challenge is to divide and conquer — to reduce to the minimum the building of universal architectures, but to build services and associated architectures within individual subsets of services, each subset having some community of common interests and characteristics.
Morphometric study of phylogenetic and ecologic signals in procyonid (mammalia: carnivora) endocasts.

HEATHER E. AHRENS*Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns HopkinsUniversity School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USAABSTRACTEndocasts provide a proxy for brain morphology but are rarely incor-porated in phylogenetic analyses despite the potential for new suites ofcharacters. The phylogeny of Procyonidae, a carnivoran family with rela-tively limited taxonomic diversity, is not well resolved because morpholog-ical and molecular data yield conflicting topologies. The presence ofphylogenetic and ecologic signals in the endocasts of procyonids will bedetermined using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Endocastsof seven ingroup species and four outgroup species were digitally ren-dered and 21 landmarks were collected from the endocast surface. Twophylogenetic hypotheses of Procyonidae will be examined using methodstesting for phylogenetic signal in morphometric data. In analyses of alltaxa, there is significant phylogenetic signal in brain shape for both themorphological and molecular topologies. However, the analyses of ingrouptaxa recover a significant phylogenetic signal for the morphological topol-ogy only. These results indicate support for the molecular outgroup topol-ogy, but not the ingroup topology given the brain shape data. Furtherexamination of brain shape using principal components analysis andwireframe comparisons suggests procyonids possess more developed areasof the brain associated with motor control, spatial perception, and balancerelative to the basal musteloid condition. Within Procyonidae, similar pat-terns of variation are present, and may be associated with increasedarboreality in certain taxa. Thus, brain shape derived from endocastsmay be used to test for phylogenetic signal and preliminary analyses sug-gest an association with behavior and ecology. Anat Rec, 297:2318–2330,2014.
Auditory System: Central Pathways

The central auditory system consists of interconnected processing stations at brain stem, midbrain, thalamic, and cortical levels. The topographical representation of frequency established in the cochlea is maintained at all levels of the auditory pathways. Among the many tasks performed by the central auditory system are analysis of spectral, intensive, and temporal aspects of sounds; efferent control of the cochlea; sound localization; and analysis of complex auditory scenes. Central auditory processing is accomplished by parallel processes involving anatomically discrete, physiologically specialized pathways. In some cases, one can identify a particular pathway that performs a specific task. In other cases, functions are carried out in multiple parallel pathways, and the results of a specific auditory function are distributed widely across multiple areas of the auditory and multimodal cortex.
Social Welfare Students and AIDS

Social workers in a variety of fields have been called upon to respond to AIDS, one of the most pressing public health problems confronting our country. Yet few materials describe how social work students are being prepared to handle AIDS-related issues. To investigate educational needs, a survey was conducted of second-year social welfare master's students. Knowledge scores were variable, while attitude measures suggest the success of social work education in socializing students to the values of the profession. The findings illustrate the need for incorporating AIDS information in social work education and highlight the central role of curricula in professional preparation.
Abertura e distúrbios externos em um pequeno país em desenvolvimento

Este artigo usa um modelo simples para analisar a relacao entre disturbios externos, abertura e variabIlidade da renda numa pequena economia em desenvolvimento. O artigo centra-se no caso de taxas de câmbio fixas e considera o grau de abertura da balanca comercial e da conta de capital. Os efeitos dos choques externos sobre as exportacoes liquidas e sobre a taxa de juros internacional sao analisados. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, independentemente da natureza do dis­ turbio externo, um maior grau de abertura da balanca comerclllI reduzira o impacto dos choques externos sobre o nivel de equihbrio da atividade economica. Obser­ vando o grau de abertura da conta de capital, o modelo indica que se os disturbios sao provenientes de choques nas exportacoes liquidas, um maior grau de abertura reduzira a variabIlidade da renda, enquanto que, se os choques forem provenientes da taxa de juros internacional, um maior grau de abertura aumentara a instabilida­ de.
Comparative ecophysiology of Encelia farinosa and Encelia frutescens : I. energy balance considerations.

Encelia farinosa and Encelia frutescens are drought-decidous shrubs whose distributions overlap throughout much of the Sonoran Desert. During hot and dry periods, leaves of E. farinosa utilize increased leaf reflectance to reduce leaf temperature, whereas leaves of E. frutescens have substantially higher leaf conductances and rely on increased transpirational cooling to reduce leaf temperature. E. farinosa is common on the dry slope microhabitats, whereas E. frutescens occurs only in wash microhabitats where greater soil moisture is available to provide the water necessary for transpirational cooling. E. farinosa tends not to persist in wash microhabitats because of its greater susceptibility to flashfloods. The consequences and significance of increased leaf reflectance versus increased transpirational cooling to leaf temperature regulation are discussed.
Racial variations in ischemic stroke-related physical and functional impairments.

We sought to determine whether there are racial differences in physical and functional impairments resulting from an initial ischemic stroke.We conducted a prospective, county-wide, multisite cohort study including a university hospital, a community hospital, and a Veterans Affairs hospital. The study population was an inception cohort of 145 patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke. Physical and functional impairments were measured using a modified form of the Fugl-Meyer test and the Barthel Index, respectively. Nurses trained to use these tests made assessments at admission and 5, 30, 90, and 180 days after admission. Patient and disease-specific data along with treatment data and vital status were collected.Forty-one patients (28%) were black. Compared with whites, black stroke patients were more likely to be widowed (51% versus 26%) and hypertensive (83% versus 63%) but less likely to be male (42% versus 69%) and alert on admission (66% versus 76%). There were no racial differences in mortality. Phys...
The hospital water supply as a source of nosocomial infections: a plea for action.

Background Microbiologically contaminated drinking water is a cause of community-acquired infection, and guidelines for prevention of such infections have been established. Microbes in hospital water can also cause nosocomial infection, yet guidelines for preventing such infections do not exist. The purpose of this review is to assess the magnitude of the problem caused by waterborne nosocomial infections and to plea for immediate action for their prevention. Methods We conducted a MEDLINE search of the literature published between January 1, 1966, and December 31, 2001. Study Selection and Data Extraction Investigations in which microorganisms (other than Legionella species) caused waterborne nosocomial infections and public health agency recommendations for drinking water. Results Forty-three outbreaks of waterborne nosocomial infections have been reported, and an estimated 1400 deaths occur each year in the United States as a result of waterborne nosocomial pneumonias caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa alone. Despite the availability of effective control measures, no clear guidelines exist for the prevention of these infections. By contrast, guidelines for the prevention of community-acquired waterborne infections are now routinely used. Hospitals caring for patients at high risk for infection do not enforce the standards of water quality recommended by US and United Kingdom public health agencies for the patients' community counterparts. Conclusion Because of the seriousness of these nosocomial waterborne infections and the availability, low cost, and proven effectiveness of sterile water, we recommend that hospitalized patients at high risk for infection avoid exposure to hospital water and use sterile water instead.
Investigation on Photorespiration With a Sensitive 14C-Assay

A leaf disk assay for photorespiration has been developed based on the rate of release of recently fixed (14)CO(2) in light in a rapid stream of CO(2)-free air at 30 degrees to 35 degrees . In tobacco leaves (Havana Seed) photorespiration with this assay is 3 to 5 times greater than the (14)CO(2) output in the dark. In maize, photorespiration is only 2% of that in tobacco.The importance of open leaf stomata, rapid flow rates of CO(2)-free air, elevated temperatures, and oxygen in the atmosphere in order to obtain release into the air of a larger portion of the (14)CO(2) evolved within the tissue in the light was established in tobacco. Photorespiration, but not dark respiration, was inhibited by alpha-hydroxy-2-pyridinemethanesulfonic acid, an inhibitor of glycolate oxidase, and by 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (CMU), an inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport, under conditions which did not affect the stomata. These experiments show that the substrates of photorespiration and dark respiration differ and also provide additional support for the role of glycolate as a major substrate of photorespiration. It was also shown that at 35 degrees the quantity of (14)CO(2) released in the assay may represent only 33% of the gross (14)CO(2) evolved in the light, the remainder being recycled within the tissue.It was concluded that maize does not evolve appreciable quantities of CO(2) in the light and that this largely accounts for the greater efficiency of net photosynthesis exhibited by maize. Hence low rates of photorespiration may be expected to be correlated with a high rate of CO(2) uptake at the normal concentrations of CO(2) found in air and at higher light intensities.
Little Heterosis between Alfalfa Populations Derived from the Midwestern and Southwestern United States

Increasing the yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a desirable breeding goal. The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that hybrids between nondormant-derived alfalfa germplasm selected for winter hardiness and semidormant germplasm will express heterosis for yield. Four semidormant cultivars and four nondormant-derived populations were handcrossed in a half-diallel mating design to form population hybrids. Both seeded and transplanted trials were grown in Iowa between 2003 and 2005. Total biomass yield was measured at four harvests each year. The non-dormant-derived germplasm produced lower yields than the semidormant cultivars. The hybrids between groups were intermediate to the parents with little evidence of heterosis in any environment or for any harvest during the year. Although particular crosses produced high yields in certain environments, no general heterotic pattern was observed between the two proposed groups. A Gardner and Eberhart Analysis III indicated the presence of variation for both general combining ability and specific combining ability effects of approximately equal magnitude among these eight populations. The nondormant germplasm sources used here do not form a new heterotic group for midwestern U.S. alfalfa breeding programs.
Systemic Inflammation in Non-Obese Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with increased systemic inflammatory responses that may contribute to an increased risk for end-organ morbidity. The changes in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 , and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, both of which play a major role in atherogenesis, a major consequence of OSA, have not specifically been assessed in pediatric patients.
Becoming Critical: Moving Toward a Critical Literacy Pedagogy An Argument for Critical Literacy

Abstract This article recounts what happened in “Literacy-Based Reading Programs in the Elementary School,” a graduate class at a major university in the Southwest as two university instructors introduced elementary classroom teachers to critical literacy as a lens for reading and responding to children's literature. The instructors created distinct spaces for the teachers to acquire and practice their role as text critics who analyze texts with the understanding that texts are not neutral but represent particular perspectives. The instructors believed that by demonstrating ways to critically analyze texts and by providing the critical tools to understand and interrogate invisible unquestioned social practices, the teachers would be able to draw upon these understandings and experiences to build a foundation for critical literacy in their own classrooms.
Symplectic integrators and the conservation of angular momentum

In this article we observe that generally symplectic integrators conserve angular momentum exactly, whereas nonsymplectic integrators do not. We show that this observation extends to multiple timesteps and to constrained dynamics. Both of these devices are important for efficient molecular dynamics simulations. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.