cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Nitrogen Mustard Formamidopyrimidine Adduct Formation of Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine with Calf Thymus DNA and a Human Mammary Cancer Cell Line

A robust, quantitative ultraperformance liquid chromatography ion trap multistage scanning mass spectrometric (UPLC/MS(3)) method was established to characterize and measure five guanine adducts formed by reaction of the chemotherapeutic nitrogen mustard (NM) bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine with calf thymus (CT) DNA. In addition to the known N7-guanine (NM-G) adduct and its cross-link (G-NM-G), the ring-opened formamidopyrimidine (FapyG) monoadduct (NM-FapyG) and cross-links in which one (FapyG-NM-G) or both (FapyG-NM-FapyG) guanines underwent ring-opening to FapyG units were identified. Authentic standards of all adducts were synthesized and characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry. These adducts were quantified in CT DNA treated with NM (1 μM) as their deglycosylated bases. A two-stage neutral thermal hydrolysis was developed to mitigate the artifactual formation of ring-opened FapyG adducts involving hydrolysis of the cationic adduct at 37 °C, followed by hydrolysis of the FapyG adducts at 95 °C. The limit of quantification values ranged between 0.3 and 1.6 adducts per 10(7) DNA bases when the equivalent of 5 μg of DNA hydrolysate was assayed on column. The principal adduct formed was the G-NM-G cross-link, followed by the NM-G monoadduct; the FapyG-NM-G cross-link adduct; and the FapyG-NM-FapyG was below the limit of detection. The NM-FapyG adducts were formed in CT DNA at a level ∼20% that of the NM-G adduct. NM-FapyG has not been previously quanitified, and the FapyG-NM-G and FapyG-NM-FapyG adducts have not been previously characterized. Our validated analytical method was then applied to measure DNA adduct formation in the MDA-MB-231 mammary tumor cell line exposed to NM (100 μM) for 24 h. The major adduct formed was NM-G (970 adducts per 10(7) bases), followed by G-NM-G (240 adducts per 10(7) bases), NM-FapyG (180 adducts per 10(7) bases), and, last, the FapyG-NM-G cross-link adduct (6.0 adducts per 10(7) bases). These lesions are expected to contribute to NM-mediated toxicity and genotoxicity in vivo.
FLUOROMETRIC BILIRUBIN BINDING ASSAY |[lpar]|FBBA|[rpar]| AND TRANSCUTANEOUS BILIRUBINOMETRY |[lpar]|TcB|[rpar]| IN TERM NEWBORNS

Fifty-four white full term newborns (gestational age 40.0±1.2 wks; birth wt 3447±440 gms), not under phototherapy, were studied. FBBA including reserve bilirubin binding capacity (RBBC) and saturation index (SI) were determined, as well as the bilirubin levels by TcB and modified diazo method. There is a significant linear relationship between serum bilirubin levels and values obtained by TcB (figure). This study differs from other published works on TcB by demonstrating the RBBC and SI levels of infants who belong to Area AB (RBBC=11.75±3.18, SI=1.75±0.5) and Area CD (RBBC=13.23±1.6, SI=2.86±0.79). These FBBA values including the RBBC (12.12±1.97) and SI (3.55±1.62) of the infants outside these areas are normal, demonstrating that this group of infants are not in danger of Kernicterus regardless of the TcB and serum bilirubin values at 3 days of life.
Analyses of Large Oligonucleotide Fragments Obtained from a Yeast Alanine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid by Partial Digestion with Ribonuclease T1

Abstract Procedures are described for the isolation of large oligonucleotide fragments after partial digestion of a yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid with Taka-Diastase ribonuclease T1. Quantitative analyses of the large fragments are presented. This paper completes the description of experimental methods used in the determination of the nucleotide sequence of this alanine transfer ribonucleic acid.
Detection of precursor wear debris in lubrication systems

On-line health monitoring of aircraft propulsion systems may realize substantial cost savings through implementation of condition-based maintenance programs. Currently, aircraft engine and gearbox oils are monitored using chip detectors that warn the pilot of excessive wear conditions. However, they can only detect large (>200 /spl mu/m) ferrous metal particles. Oil samples are also taken for laboratory spectrographic analysis; however, this procedure is time-consuming and manpower intensive. Several new technologies have emerged. Inductive sensors can now detect both ferrous and non-ferrous metallic particles in the oil, down to about 100 /spl mu/m in size. Vibration monitors have also been developed to detect damage conditions. We report on an alternative method using acoustics for detecting precursor wear debris particles as small as 3 /spl mu/m. By monitoring the size and generation rate of these very small particles, wear trend analysis can predict accelerated wear conditions before significant or catastrophic damage occurs. The acoustic method works by insonifying the oil with a high-frequency acoustic impulse and analyzing the reflected signals. The detection algorithm discriminates between particles and entrained air bubbles on the basis of differences in acoustic signature. Next, the algorithm estimates particle size and computes a statistical history of the particle size distribution and generation rate which is used to determine the wear status of the engine or gearbox. This paper describes the operation of an acoustic sensor and presents test data acquired in a lubrication system simulator.
Connective tissue: XIV. Preparation and amino acid composition of soluble collagen from human uterus

The total yield of salt-soluble and acetic acid-soluble collagens of human uterus, prepared in purified states, is approximately 0.06% by wet weight of tissue. After heat denaturation, the β- and α-components were separated on Sephadex G-200 columns. The separation of β11 and β12 and α1 and α2 was accomplished on carboxymethyl cellulose columns. The amino acid composition of each component, so separated, was determined. In comparison with salt-soluble collagen of skin, uterine salt-soluble collagen contains less α-component and more β-component. Amino acid analysis revealed that uterine collagen contained a somewhat higher level of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine than dermal collagen. Cysteic acid, not seen in collagen from other mammalian tissues, was consistently present in all preparations at levels approximating 1 residue/1000 residues.
Logic Programming with Multiple Context Management Schemes

Two years experience with programming in Linear Logic has shown that while some problems require the full power of linear context management, for many this much control is too much. In such cases a restriction on either weakening or contraction, but not both, is most appropriate. In this article we introduce a refinement of the system proposed by Hodas and Miller in which each of these constraints is independently available. This enables programs to be more succinct, understandable, and efficient.
Ticket Servers for Network Traffic Prioritization

For broadband packet networks to be widely useful to society, they must dynamically recognize some network flows, like those that deal with disaster response, military operations, or emergencies as having greater importance than others. This paper proposes an architecture of geographically distributed ticket servers that issue importance tickets that indicate the priority that a flow should be given in the current dynamic network context. Any type of user or flow can be given priority, depending on the user needs and the context. User agents contact ticket servers using an agent communication languages then a ticket server intelligent agent determines how valuable of a ticket to issue. Use of ticket servers and agent communication enables quick adaptation to dynamic context changes and provides user feedback so that high priority communication activities can be conducted effectively.
Allen reference atlas : a digital color brain atlas of the C57Black/6J male mouse

"...this atlas acts not only as a key companion to the Allen Reference Atlas but also as a harbinger of things to come." -Genes, Brain and Behavior, 2010 The best resource available for brain research! The Allen Reference Atlas is available for the first time in this lavishly produced, full-color print edition. This exciting new resource provides users with a meticulously selected and compiled collection of key information from the highly successful web-based Allen Brain Atlas, the now-famous online mouse brain anatomical atlas and gene expression database (www.brain-map.org). Including both coronal and sagittal mouse brain sectional views, these finely detailed brain map images have been carefully chosen for maximum utility and information content, and are presented as full-color plates on pages with corresponding text labels and lists of selected genetic markers. Every brain structure annotated in the Atlas is assigned a distinct color based on its hierarchical position in the brain, which not only provides stunning visual effects to emphasize brain organization, but also facilitates unique definition and segmentation, which is critical to informatics processing and computer-generated 3D reconstruction in the online Allen Brain Atlas. In addition, more than eighty genes showing unique expression patterns in the brain were carefully selected and are presented with the brain map images as molecular markers, for substantially increasing the accuracy of brain structure delineations. The brain map images are the heart and soul of the Allen Reference Atlas, but also included are extremely useful text materials such as thoughtfully annotated nomenclature tables, comprehensive indices, lists of abbreviations, and a thorough and up-to-date bibliography. A free accompanying CD-ROM contains all of the Atlas images in a black-and-white format, perfect for quick reference and use in presentations. The Allen Reference Atlas is a valuable addition to the reference libraries of millions of neuro-scientists, molecular biologists, genomicists, genomics researchers, informaticians, informatics researchers, and many other scientists for whom beautifully developed and perfectly accurate brain reference images are an indispensable tool. The Allen Institute for Brain Science is an independent, 501(c)(3) non-profit medical research organization dedicated to performing innovative basic research on the brain and distributing its discoveries to researchers around the world. Through its efforts, the Institute aims to advance understanding of the brain in health and disease and have a positive, long-lasting impact on brain science. The Institute was established by philanthropist Paul G. Allen and Jody Allen Patton. Available in print format (with CD-ROM), as DVD edition, and as comprehensive reference set.
The molecular architecture of QdtA, a sugar 3,4‐ketoisomerase from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum

Unusual di- and trideoxysugars are often found on the O-antigens of Gram-negative bacteria, on the S-layers of Gram-positive bacteria, and on various natural products. One such sugar is 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose. A key step in its biosynthesis, catalyzed by a 3,4-ketoisomerase, is the conversion of thymidine diphosphate (dTDP)−4-keto-6-deoxyglucose to dTDP-3-keto-6-deoxyglucose. Here we report an X-ray analysis of a 3,4-ketoisomerase from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum. For this investigation, the wild-type enzyme, referred to as QdtA, was crystallized in the presence of dTDP and its structure solved to 2.0-A resolution. The dimeric enzyme adopts a three-dimensional architecture that is characteristic for proteins belonging to the cupin superfamily. In order to trap the dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose substrate into the active site, a mutant protein, H51N, was subsequently constructed, and the structure of this protein in complex with the dTDP–sugar ligand was solved to 1.9-A resolution. Taken together, the structures suggest that His 51 serves as a catalytic base, that Tyr 37 likely functions as a catalytic acid, and that His 53 provides a proton shuttle between the C-3′ hydroxyl and the C-4′ keto group of the hexose. This study reports the first three-dimensional structure of a 3,4-ketoisomerase in complex with its dTDP–sugar substrate and thus sheds new molecular insight into this fascinating class of enzymes.
Constraining the Equation of State of Superhadronic Matter from Heavy-Ion Collisions.

The equation of state of QCD matter for temperatures near and above the quark-hadron transition ($\ensuremath{\sim}165\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$) is inferred within a Bayesian framework through the comparison of data from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and from the Large Hadron Collider to theoretical models. State-of-the-art statistical techniques are applied to simultaneously analyze multiple classes of observables while varying 14 independent model parameters. The resulting posterior distribution over possible equations of state is consistent with results from lattice gauge theory.
Reaktion 1‐phosphorylsubstituierter Thiosemicarbazide mit α‐Halogenketonen

Die Umsetzung von 1-Diphenoxyphosphoryl-4-alkyl- oder -aralkyl-thiosemicarbaziden 3a–d, die aus Phosphorsaurediphenylesterhydrazid und Senfolen gewonnen werden, mit Phenacylbromid 1a fuhrt erwartungsgemas zu 3-Alkyl-bzw. Aralkyl-4-phenylthiazolon-(2)-diphenoxyphosphoryl-hydrazonen 6. Analog reagieren 1-Diphenylphosphinyl-4-alkyl- bzw.-aralkylthiosemicarbazide 2c–e mit α-Halogenketonen 1 nur zu 4-substituierten 3-alkyl- bzw. Aralkylthiazolon-(2)-diphenylphosphinylhydrazonen 5. Dagegen entstehen aus 1-Diphenylphosphinyl-4-arylthiosemicarbaziden 2a,b mit 1 sowohl 4-substituierte 3-Arylthiazolon-(2)-diphenylphosphinylhydrazone 5a–d als auch 4-substituierte 2-Arylimino-3-diphenylphosphinylaminothiazoline 4a–d.
Comparison of Imagery Styles and Past Experience in Skills Performance

This study assessed the effects of three types of imagery techniques on the performance of basketball foul shooting. A sample of 93 university students, not currently participating in any type of basketball program, were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 conditions including: control, physical practice only, passive imagery, active imagery, and imagery with physical practice. Results indicated that two of the imagery groups performed better than the traditional physical practice group. Mean scores were then adjusted for years of prior basketball experience. The analysis indicated that the two groups with the least prior basketball experience demonstrated a greater improvement in performance from pre- to posttest than did the traditional physical practice group. Implications for future avenues of research integrating imagery, prior experience, knowledge of results, and attentional focus are discussed.
Formulating physicalism: Two suggestions

Two ways are considered of formulating a version of retentive physicalism, the view that in some important sense everything is physical, even though there do exist properties, e.g. higher-level scientific ones, which cannot be type-identified with physical properties. The first way makes use of disjunction, but is rejected on the grounds that the results yield claims that are either false or insufficiently materialist. The second way, realisation physicalism, appeals to the correlative notions of a functional property and its realisation, and states, roughly, that any actual property whatsoever is either itself a physical property or else is, ultimately, realised by instances of physical properties. Realisation physicalism is distinctive since it makes no claims of identity whatsoever, and involves no appeal to the dubious concept of supervenience. After an attempt to formulate realisation physicalism more precisely, I explore a way in which, in principle, we could obtain evidence of its truth.
Patients large and small: role of the pharmacist in veterinary medicine.

Courtney is a guardian in a group home. If you ask, she (and many others in the same situation) would insist her home’s residents are family. Today, Preston, who is 4, has diarrhea. She calls the clinic, and pleads, “I know it’s Friday evening, but Preston has had diarrhea all afternoon. Can I bring him?” The office manager agrees readily, suggesting she bring a stool sample. When Courtney and Preston arrive, everyone greets him by name or with a friendly pat. The doctor sees Preston quickly, and tells Courtney to keep him on clear fluids for the night. He also calculates an appropriate dose of Pepto-Bismol, and they head for home. Saturday morning, the clinic doctor calls to report that he’s called in a prescription for an antibiotic. As always, Courtney is very pleased with her encounter. This doctor cares for almost everyone in the household. Ginger, who has some age-related dementia, joined the family 2 years ago. She’s done well recently on a new drug. Allie, a 2-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic, is scheduled next week for dental hygiene and a simultaneous umbilical repair. This full-service clinic offers preventive and ongoing care, emergency service, imaging…. Courtney herself would trust this doctor with her life. Courtney thinks it’s species discrimination that she can’t be seen there; Preston is a Heinz 57 mutt, Ginger is a golden retriever, and Allie is a gray tiger-striped cat. Courtney’s good experience ends at the pharmacy. When she picks up Preston’s prescription and asks for counseling, the pharmacist is dumbfounded. Is this an appropriate dose? Can it be mixed with food? What adverse effects should they watch for?
Synthesis of the vitelline and chorionic membranes of an ichneumonid parasitoid

A reduction in free ribosomes and increases in rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes in follicle cells during oogenesis suggest their involvement in supplying precursor material for synthesis of the vitelline and chorionic membranes of the ichneumonid parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis. The inner region of the vitelline membrane is composed of a narrow band of electron-opaque material; an outer region adjacent to the chorion consists of overlapping, irregularly shaped laminae. The fully developed chorion can be divided morphologically into three distinct regions. Its inner region adjacent to the lamellar plates of the vitelline membrane is composed of a lamellar membrane exhibiting a regular periodicity of crossbands. The middle section is composed of longitudinal chambers, some of which contain particulate matter. The outer region consists of slender projections which extend perpendicularly from the chorion surface. A fine layer of fibrous material adheres to the projections. The possibility of a relationship between the presence of fibrous material on the surface of parasitoid eggs and the inactivation or inhibition of host immune systems is mentioned.
Feasibility of Guided Entry for a Crewed Lifting Body Without Angle-of-Attack Control

The feasibility of flying a crewed lifting body, such as the HL-20, during entry from low Earth orbit without the steady-state body flap deflections required for angle-of-attack control was evaluated. This entry strategy mitigates the severity of the aerothermal environment on the vehicle’s body flaps and reserves control power for transient steering maneuvers. A real-time numeric predictor–corrector entry guidance algorithm was developed to accommodate the range of vehicle trim angle-of-attack profiles possible in the absence of angle-of-attack control. Results show that it is feasible to steer the vehicle from low Earth orbit to a desired target with real-time guidance while satisfying a reasonable suite of trajectory constraints, including limits on peak heat rate, peak sensed deceleration, and integrated heat load. Uncertainty analyses confirm this result and show that the vehicle maintains significant performance robustness to expected day-of-flight uncertainties. Additionally, parametric scans over ...
Polyprotein Processing in Echovirus 22 (EV22): A First Assessment

The major steps of the polyprotein processing of Echovirus 22 (EV22), a highly unusual member of the picornavirus family, have been characterized for the first time by employing in vitro assay systems. Cell-free expression of a P1-2ABC precursor as well as VP1-2A yielded autoproteolytically inactive proteins, suggesting that the 2A region of the EV22 polyprotein does not contain a proteolytic activity. The intra- and intermolecular cleavage specificity of proteinase 3C, the major proteolytic enzyme in picornaviruses, was studied by expressing the enzyme of EV22 in a bacterial system as well as in the framework of precursor molecules generated by in vitro transcription/translation in a cell-free system. A VP1-2A precursor could very efficiently be cleaved in trans by the recombinant 3C, whereas the junction between P2 and P3 remained uncleaved. Expression of the complete P3-region in the cell-free system led to the autocatalytic release of large amounts of p22, a protein of the predicted molecular weight of the EV22 proteinase 3C that nas recognized by an antibody raised against the recombinant enzyme.
Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in treatment of pancreatic and bile duct malignancies: toxicity and clinical outcome

Abstract Purpose To assess the efficacy and toxicity of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in pancreatic and bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma) malignancies. Methods and materials Twenty-five patients with pancreatic and bile duct cancer were treated with IMRT. Twenty-three received concurrent 5-fluoruracil. One patient with a pancreatic primitive neuroectodermal tumor received concurrent etoposide and ifosfamide. Eight patients had resected tumors, and 17 had unresectable primary ( n = 14) or recurrent ( n = 3) tumors. Six patients underwent treatment planning with conventional three-dimensional four-field techniques for dosimetric comparison with IMRT. Results Compared with conventional RT, IMRT reduced the mean dose to the liver, kidneys, stomach, and small bowel. IMRT was well tolerated, with 80% experiencing Grade 2 or less acute upper GI toxicity. At a median follow-up of 10.2 months, no resected patients had local failure, and only 1 of 10 assessable patients with unresectable cancer had local progression. The median survival and distant metastasis-free survival of the 24 patients with adenocarcinoma was 13.4 and 7.3 months, respectively. Grade 4 late liver toxicity occurred in 1 patient surviving >5 years. The remainder of the assessable patients experienced no ( n = 9) or Grade 1 ( n = 4) late toxicity. Conclusion In this hypothesis-generating analysis, the acute and chronic toxicity profile with IMRT in the treatment of pancreatic and bile duct cancer was encouraging. Local control was not compromised, despite efforts to increase conformality and avoid doses to normal structures. Distant failure remains a major obstacle in pancreatic cancer.
Public opinion and the mental health parity debate: lessons from the survey literature.

Research on public opinion has seldom been incorporated into the debate about appropriate coverage of mental health and substance abuse treatment services in health insurance plans. However, several surveys have been conducted to probe for voters' awareness of and attitudes toward persons with mental illness and insurance coverage of their treatment needs. Given the current debate over mandating parity for coverage of mental health and substance abuse treatment services, these data promise to be particularly useful to politicians and health policy analysts. The author reviews reports of survey research conducted between 1989 and 1994 to assess American voters' support for expansions of mental health and substance abuse treatment coverage, including their knowledge about the origins and implications of mental illness and their willingness to pay for more generous benefits. The results suggest widespread support for such benefit expansions, but voters express concern about potential increases in their taxes...
Epidemiology and clinical profiles of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in hospitalized infants younger than one year

Summary Background Mycoplasma pneumoniae ( M. pneumoniae ) is an important pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia in children, but the epidemiology and clinical features of M. pneumoniae infection in infants are reported in only a few studies. This study aims to evaluate possible age-related differences in the presenting clinical features in infants with M. pneumoniae infection. Methods 24-month longitudinal study on lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) caused by M. pneumoniae , confirmed by both serology and polymerase chain reaction, was performed. Medical records of patients were reviewed for demographic, clinical and microbiological characteristics. Results Out of 2174 infants with LRTI admitted to the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University in Jiangsu Province, 80 were diagnosed with M. pneumoniae infection. We found that 15 were aged 1 to M. pneumoniae infection mainly occurred in August to October. The presence of fever with a maximum temperature of >39.0 °C for ≥3 days was more common in the 9 to P P = 0.035) and neutrophil ( P = 0.015) count and a higher CRP level ( P = 0.041). Moreover, the median length of hospitalization for infants aged 1 to Conclusion Our work provides important clinical information about infants with M. pneumoniae infection and highlights that younger infants with M. pneumoniae infection may have a milder clinical course than older infants.
Climatological contingency analysis and seasonal forecast skill in the United States

Des tables des contingences des terciles ont ete calculees en utilisant 75 annees (1895-1969) de donnees mensuelles de t et de precipitations, ponderees par Etats pour reduire le biais spatial. Ces donnees ont ete groupees en saisons trimestrielles et rangees, pour chaque Etat, en 3 terciles egalement probables. En comparant chaque saison avec la precedente, on a mesure puis porte sur la carte des Etats-Unis la magnitude de la persistance intersaisonniere (ou bien du renversement) qui a depasse la probabilite. La configuration des tendances intersaisonnieres a ete trouvee variee et a montre qu'il existe des regions a persistance significative des anomalies climatiques d'une saison a l'autre. Il y a aussi des regions a tendance au renversement (par exemple, un printemps humide suivant un hiver sec). La tendance a l'exces moyen par rapport a la valeur probable constitue 9%. Les previsions saisonnieres ont ensuite ete generees (donnees 1970-1978) en utilisant seulement les relations de contingence. Il a ete trouve que les tendances climatologiques intersaisonnieres ne peuvent pas fournir a elles seules des previsions saisonnieres excedant la probabilite
Covert suicide among elderly Japanese females: questioning unintentional drownings.

Abstract A hypothesis is generated that despite high reported rates, suicide among elderly Japanese females is substantially underestimated due to misclassification of drowning suicides (ICD-9 E954) as unintensional drownings (ICD-9 E910). Data are adapted from 1979–1981 age-, sex- and cause-specific mortality tabulations for Japan, the United States, Australia, France, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Between ages 55 and 74 years, unintensional drowning rates for males and females in Japan begin to diverge sharply from those of comparison countries. By ages 75 and older, the rate for Japanese females is 13.5 per 100,000, which exceeds comparison rates by 7- to 15-fold. Although drowning suicide rates in this population are also high, its ratio of drowning suicides to unintensional drownings declines precipitously beyond ages 35–44. Excess drowning suicide underestimation among Japanese females is suggested by the absence of a similar change among the males and evidence of both a lack of drowning witnesses and sex differentials in life expectancy, living arrangements and suicide methods. A preliminary test of the drowning suicide hypothesis is proposed which incorporates psychological autopsies.
HB @ MSU: When and why?

The need to better understand the process of student academic and career decision making is evident given that the number of colleges offering degree programs in hospitality management in the United States has increased substantially in recent decades. To address this need, a survey which provided measures of criteria and timing of academic and career choices was administered to a sample of 414 students at Michigan State University. The results indicated that most students selected the university before solidifying their career orientation or academic program decision. These findings underscore the importance of understanding when and why students choose hospitality management programs as limited recruiting and admissions resources are allocated in the midst of competitive and economically uncertain circumstances.
Bridging social and technical interfaces in organizations: An interpretive analysis of time-space distanciation

Contemporary organizations increasingly rely upon information technologies as platforms for their core work processes. The Internet age has witnessed the creation of new business models based almost entirely on electronically-mediated business processes involving multiple organizations. Information systems link suppliers, manufacturers, logistics companies, and other partners, allowing organizations to add value using smaller investments in physical assets. The creation of these linkages establishes both technical and social interfaces between organizations and their business partners. We apply Giddens' concept of time-space distanciation to analyze the interfaces in iTalk, an organization in Silicon Valley hosting Internet voicemail services. iTalk achieved initial success in bridging external social and technical interfaces with the major regional telephone companies in US, allowing their voicemail service to attract millions of subscribers. In effect, iTalk used information technologies to dis-embed social and technical elements from global systems (the telephone companies) and re-embed them as part of iTalk's local organizational presence. However, iTalk was unable to provide a sufficiently reliable service to customers as volume increased. Ironically, bridging external interfaces created internal interfaces within iTalk, which in turn produced technical problems and social conflicts that were not satisfactorily resolved by the time iTalk was acquired by a larger media company in 2001. The study provides theoretical understanding of the challenges associated with creating and sustaining social and technical interfaces in organizations that rely heavily upon electronically-mediated business processes that cross organizational boundaries.
Diastereofacial selectivity in azomethine ylide cycloaddition reactions derived from chiral α-cyanoaminosilanes

Abstract A series of α-cyanoaminosilanes has been found to act as azomethine ylide equivalents. Treatment of these compounds with silver fluoride in the presence of electron deficient olefins gives substituted pyrrolidines in high yield. The extent ofdiastereoselectivity associated with the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of chiral azomethine ylides with several dipolarophiles has been studied. Reasonable levels of such diastereoselectivity have been found when optically active α-cyanoaminosilanes are employed as azomethine ylide equivalents. These compounds can be prepared in multigram quantities by treating the appropriate chiral amine with chlorotrimethylsilane followed by reaction of the resulting secondary amine with formaldehyde in the presence of potassium cyanide. It was found that N-benzyl-N-cyanomethyl-N-trimethylsilylmethylamine undergoes stereospecific cycloaddition with dimethyl fumarate and maleate. The stereospecificity of the reaction is consistent with a concerted cycloaddition reaction.
Hot-Lot Equivalent of Publishing—The Immersion Special Section

This PDF file contains the editorial “Hot-Lot Equivalent of Publishing—The Immersion Special Section” for JM3 Vol. 3 Issue 01
Risk Factors Not Addressed in Antihypertensive Therapy Based Solely on Blood Pressure Control

There has been a considerable revolution in the field of hypertension therapy. We have gone through an era in which patients with severe hypertension and those with accelerated hypertension had a very short life expectancy. Currently blood pressure can be readily controlled with a marked improvement in longevity. We have gone from an era in which stroke was common due to hypertensive cardiovascular disease to an era in which patients are effectively treated and there has been a marked reduction in the incidence of stroke. The challenge is whether we can reduce the very high mortality due to coronary artery disease in patients with hypertension as we have done with stroke. New groups of drugs that may have a more favorable effect on metabolic and hemodynamic risk considerations have been developed over the last decade. These agents may reduce the risk for coronary heart disease to a greater extent than previously employed therapy. While there are no randomized placebo-controlled studies demonstration this, a theoretical basis does exist to give the physician reason to think about prioritizing therapies and tailoring them to the needs of the individual patient.
The Case for a Kilometer-Scale High Energy Neutrino Detector

Doing astronomy with photons of energies in excess of a GeV has turned out to be extremely challenging. Efforts are underway to develop instruments that may push astronomy to wavelengths smaller than 10 −14 cm by mapping the sky in high energy neutrinos instead. Neutrino astronomy, born with the identification of thermonuclear fusion in the sun and the particle processes controlling the faith of a nearby supernova, will reach outside the galaxy and make measurements relevant to cosmology. The field is immersed in technology in the domain of particle physics to which many of its research goals are intellectually connected. To mind come the search for neutrino mass, cold dark matter (supersymmetric particles?) and the monopoles of the Standard Model. While a variety of collaborations are pioneering complementary methods by building telescopes with effective area in excess of 0.01 km 2 , we show here that the natural scale of a high energy neutrino telescope is 1 km 2 . With several thousand optical modules and a price tag unlikely to exceed 100 million dollars, the scope of a kilometer-scale instrument is similar to that of experiments presently being commissioned such as the SNO neutrino observatory in Canada and the Superkamiokande experiment in Japan.
Secretagogue-induced Ca2+ oscillations in isolated canine gastric chief cells

Abstract Agonist-induced changes in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration (|Ca2+|i) of isolated canine gastric chief cells were evaluated by microspectrofluorometry of superfused fura-2 loaded cells. Application of high concentrations of carbachol (CCh, 10−5 M) or cholecystokinin octapeptide (10−8 M) resulted in biphasic Ca2+ mobilization comprising an initial large transient followed by a small sustained evaluation above the prestimulation level. Submaximal concentrations of CCh (10−6 M) or cholecystokinin (10−9 M) led to either a transient series of large amplitude Ca2+ spike(s) or a higher frequency of sustained Ca2+ oscillations of smaller amplitude. Cholecystokinin at 10−10 M induced only sustained Ca2+ oscillations. Elimination of Ca2+ from the medium had no immediate effect on oscillations indicating an intracellular source of Ca2+. Thus the Ca2+ signalling mode in chief cells is dependent on agonist concentrations.
March 11, 2011 Tohoku-Japan tsunami: lessons from forecast assessment

The tsunami generated by the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan has devastated local coastlines of Japan and impacted shorelines all over the Pacific. While the complete damage assessment for this event is still underway, the immense impact of this tsunami raises questions about mitigating the impact for such an event at different time scales, from real--time tsunami warning guidance to long--term hazard assessment. Lessons learned from the Japan tsunami will provide direction to research and emergency management communities on how to develop tools, models and methods for mitigating impact of such devastating event both locally and globally. Assessing the use of real--time tsunami forecasting tools during the Japan--Tohoku tsunami is an important part of this process.
Automated 3‐D montage synthesis from laser‐scanning confocal images: Application to quantitative tissue‐level cytological analysis

This paper presents a landmark based method for efEcient, robust, and automated computational synthesis of high-resolution, two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) wide-area images of a specimen from a series of overlapping partial views. The synthesized image is the set union of the areas or volumes covered by the partial views, and is called the “montage.” This technique is used not only to produce gray-level montages, but also to montage the results of automated image analysis, such as 3-D cell segmentation and counting, so as to generate large representations that are equivalent to processing the large wide-area image at high resolution. The method is based on computing a concise set of feature-tagged landmarks in each partial view, and establishing correspondences between the landmarks using a combinatorial point matching algorithm. This algorithm yields a spatial transformation linking the partial views that can be used to create the montage. Such processing can be a &st step towards high-resolution large-scale quantitative tissue studies. A detailed example using 3-D laser-scanning confocal microscope images of acriflavine-stained hippocampal sections of rat brain is presented to illustrate the method. 0 1996 wiley-us, hc.
Pulse-echo measurement of longitudinal sound velocity in nanometer thin films

We propose a method to measure the longitudinal sound velocity in thin films of a few nanometer thickness using laser-based picosecond ultrasonics. In periodic multilayer structures, picosecond pulse-echo techniques were used to measure the effective sound velocity, which is related to the velocities of individual constituents through the superlattice phonon dispersion relation. The individual sound velocities can then be extracted, provided two or more effective velocities are obtained from multilayers of different thickness ratios. Longitudinal sound velocities in ion-beam sputtered Mo and amorphous Si films of 2 to 5 nm thickness have been determined to be 98 and 94% of the bulk speed, respectively. We believe this technique has general applicability to sound velocity measurement in ultra-thin films.
Behavior of a Horizontal Fluid Filled Crack Under Moving Hertzian Load

Numerical analysis is presented for a fluid filled subsurface crack in an elastic half plane loaded by Hertzian contact stresses. The opening volume of the horizontal Griffith crack is fully occupied by an incompressible fluid. In the presence of friction, a moving Hertzian line contact load is applied at the surface of the half plane. The stress intensity factors at the tips of the fluid filled crack are analyzed on condition that the change of the opening crack volume vanishes due to the fluid incompressibility. The method used is that of replacing the crack by a continuous distribution of edge dislocations. As a cycle of rolling can be viewed as shifting the Hertzian contact stresses across the surface of the half plane, the results of this analysis may prove useful in the prediction of rolling fatigue of an elastic rolling body containing a soft inclusion.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Believing one’s reasons are good

Is it coherent to suppose that in order to hold a belief responsibly, one must recognize something else as a reason for it? This paper addresses this question by focusing on so-called “Inferential Internalist” principles, that is principles of the following form: in order for one to have positive epistemic status O in virtue of believing P on the basis of R, one must believe that R evidentially supports P, and one must have positive epistemic status O in relation to that latter belief as well. While such principles and their close relatives figure centrally in a wide variety of recent epistemological discussions, there is confusion in the literature about what, precisely, Inferential Internalism commits one to and whether it is so much as coherent. This paper (1) articulates a broader framework for understanding the notion of epistemic responsibility, (2) motivates Inferential Internalism on the basis of considerations about the basing relation, epistemic responsibility, and parallels with practical deliberation, (3) defends Inferential Internalism against charges of incoherence leveled by James Van Cleve and Paul Boghossian, and (4) shows that contrary to a currently widespread view, Inferential Internalism is coherent even if foundationalism and the a priori are rejected. The paper closes with a preliminary argument for an affirmative answer to the initiating question about the requirements of epistemic responsibility.
Abstract C43: Dasatinib resensitizes Kras mutant colorectal tumors to cetuximab

Several recent clinical trials have demonstrated a strong correlation between Kras mutational status and resistance to cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The work presented here sought to further understand the resistance of Kras mutant tumors to cetuximab and analyze dasatinib, a potent FDA approved SRC family kinase inhibitor, and its ability to overcome cetuximab resistance in this genetic setting. We analyzed 16 CRC lines for cetuximab growth response in vivo, expression of EGFR, SRC, and Kras mutational status. From this analysis we selected three Kras mutant lines (HCT116, LS180, LoVo), one Kras wild type line (SW48), and one EGFR negative line (Colo320DM) for further studies. Approximately two million cells from each line were inoculated in the dorsal flanks of athymic nude mice and allowed to grow to 100mm cubed. At that time mice were given 0.3mg of cetuximab twice weekly for 2 to 4 weeks. All Kras mutant lines were resistant to cetuximab in vivo, whereas the Kras wild type line showed significant tumor growth inhibition to cetuximab therapy. Each Kras mutant line was then analyzed for response to dasatinib alone. Mice were given 30mg/kg of dasatinib fives times weekly by oral gavage for 2 to 4 weeks. Results of these experiments indicated that Kras mutant tumors exhibited very little response to dasatinib monotherapy. However, dasatinib given in combination with cetuximab lead to significant tumor growth delay relative to vehicle controls. Collectively, these data suggest that Src and its family of kinases cooperate with the EGFR in the Kras mutant, mCRC setting and dual blockade has a distinct anti‐tumor effect. These studies strengthen the rationale for the design of clinical trials combining dasatinib and cetuximab in the Kras mutant mCRC setting. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C43.
Contractor safety practices and injury rates in construction of the Denver International Airport.

Background We sought to explain the variation in injury rates found for categories of companies and contracts involved in the construction of the Denver International Airport (DIA) by surveying contractors about company and contract-level safety practices. Methods We conducted 213 telephone interviews (83% response) with representatives of contracts with payrolls of more than $250,000. We investigated the bivariate relationship between safety actions reported in the survey and injury occurrence by calculating the aggregate injury rates (lost work-time (LWT) rates and non-LWT rates) for the group of respondent contracts reporting always taking the action and for the group not always taking the action. Using Poisson regression, we examined the association between contract injury rates and contract safety practices while controlling for variables previously shown to affect contract-level injury rates. Results In Poisson regression, two actions, 1) disciplinary action always resulting when safety rules were violated and 2) always considering experience modification ratings when selecting subcontractors, were associated with lower LWT injury rates. Three actions or contract characteristics resulted in lower non-LWT rates: management always establishing goals for safety for supervisors, conducting drug testing at times other than badging or after an accident, and completing the DIA contract on budget, rather than over budget. Reportedly consistent use of a number of accepted safety practices was associated with significantly higher injury rates in bivariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions The pattern of counterintuitive results found in this study suggests that questions reflecting agreed-upon safety practices, when asked of the person responsible for all on-site construction activities, are likely to elicit normative responses. Objective validation of reported safety practices is critical to evaluating their efficacy in reducing injury rates, along with measures of both time at risk and outcome and control for prevailing risk of the work performed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 35:175–185, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Divalent cation effects on lens conductance and stretch-activated cation channels.

Abstract In patch clamp studies of apical membrane from frog lens epithelium, the most frequently observed channel is ‘stretch-activated’, highly selective for cations over anions but showing little selectivity for Na− vs. K+. In normal physiological saline, the open channel conductance is 25–30 pS and quite linear over ±100 mV. In the absence of extracellular divalent ions, the open channel conductance for inward current flow increases to about 50 pS at the normal lens resting voltage of −75 mV, whereas the conductance for outward current flow is unaffected. In the intact lens, removal of extracellular divalents causes the input conductance approximately to double and the intracellular voltage to depolarize from −74 to −58 mV. A variety of divalent ions block this change in whole lens conductance and voltage in the same order in which they block the ‘stretch channels’. Single voltage-clamped epithelial cells also increase their conductance when Ca2+ is removed from their bathing medium. There are, therefore, some striking parallels between the open channel properties of the ‘stretch-activated’ cation channel and the response of the whole lens or single lens cells to removal of extracellular Ca2+. There are also inconsistencies. This channel is apparently not open in the normal resting lens so removal of extracellular Ca2+ must cause it to open if it is indeed responsible for the increase in lens conductance. However, we have not been able to demonstrate convincingly an increase in open probability at the single-channel level when external divalents are removed.
Economies of scale in the Mexican automotive sector

Recent growth of the Mexican motor vehicle industry has sparked a great deal of controversy on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border regarding the potential effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement. One of the key factors affecting the future competitiveness of the Mexican motor vehicle industry relative to U.S. producers is whether the Mexican firms can exploit economies of scale as their output expands. This article investigates that possibility as well as the direct and cross-price elasticities of demand for the inputs by estimating translog cost functions for the Mexican motor vehicle and autoparts industries. The results are consistent with the hypotheses that substantial economies of scale remain to be exploited by the Mexican motor vehicle industry, but that the autoparts industry is operating with diseconomies of scale. However, the lack of investment in new technology and X-inefficiency on the part of the autoparts firms may have been partially responsible for the latter finding.