cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pricing Options in Incomplete Equity Markets via the Instantaneous Sharpe Ratio

We use a continuous version of the standard deviation premium principle for pricing in incomplete equity markets by assuming that the investor issuing an unhedgeable derivative security requires compensation for this risk in the form of a pre-specified instantaneous Sharpe ratio. First, we apply our method to price options on non-traded assets for which there is a traded asset that is correlated to the non-traded asset. Our main contribution to this particular problem is to show that our seller/buyer prices are the upper/lower good deal bounds of Cochrane and Saa-Requejo (J Polit Econ 108:79–119, 2000) and of Bjork and Slinko (Rev Finance 10:221–260, 2006) and to determine the analytical properties of these prices. Second, we apply our method to price options in the presence of stochastic volatility. Our main contribution to this problem is to show that the instantaneous Sharpe ratio, an integral ingredient in our methodology, is the negative of the market price of volatility risk, as defined in Fouque et al. (Derivatives in financial markets with stochastic volatility. Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Field Ionization of Cold Atoms Near the Wall of a Single Carbon Nanotube

We observe the capture and field ionization of individual atoms near the side wall of a single suspended nanotube. Extremely large cross sections for ionization from an atomic beam are observed at modest voltages due to the nanotube's small radius and extended length. The effects of the field strength on both the atomic capture and the ionization process are clearly distinguished in the data, as are prompt and delayed ionizations related to the locations at which they occur. Efficient and sensitive neutral atom detectors can be based on the nanotube capture and wall ionization processes.
High gain free electron laser oscillators

Abstract We have carried out a fully relativistic, nonlinear analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution of multiple modes within a free electron laser oscillator. The analysis is both analytical and numerical, and is conducted self-consistently within the framework of the Maxwell-Vlasov system of equations, including the collective effects produced by the longitudinal space-charge wave potential. The analytical calculation of the small signal gain yields a dispersion relation for the moderate to high gain ( ΓL > 1) operation of the free electron laser. The numerical simulations verify the analytical results for the linear gain regime and predict high efficiencies for the nonlinear saturated state of the radiation fields.
SUCCESS FACTORS IN TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Universities in the U.S. have a significant impact on business through the transfer of technology. This paper describes goals and philosophy of the Technology Licensing Office at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This paper also relates the critical factors for susscessful technology transfer, particularly relating to new business formation. These critical factors include the quality of the technology, the quality of the management, the quality of the investor, the passion for success, and the image of the company. Descriptions of three different levels of investment are also given and the most successful level of investment for starting a new company is reviewed. Licensing to large companies is also briefly reviewed, as this type of licensing requires some different strategies than that of licensing to start‐up companies. High quality critical factors and intelligent investment create rewards for the parties and successful ventures.
The compilation of natural language text into teaching machine programs

Programmed instruction, via digital computers, must be made as painless as possible, both in the writing and the changing of programs, for the author of the programmed text. Otherwise we will only slowly accumulate a body of expensive programs that we will never succeed in testing adequately. It is crucial, given that we are investigating programmed instruction at all, that it become easy to write and rewrite the programs.
Forms of Foreign Investment Liberalization and Risk in Emerging Stock Markets

I examine the effect of different forms of foreign investment liberalization on risk in emerging equity markets, including international cross-listings and closed-end country funds, and in the domestic equity market as foreign investment restrictions are eliminated. I find that in Latin American markets volatility declines significantly with different forms of foreign investment liberalization, and in Asian markets volatility does not increase significantly. Volatility is driven by domestic factors in South America, but the transmission of volatility from the United States to Mexico increases after liberalization. The market risk exposure increases in Argentina after liberalization, in Chile with an index of American Depositary Receipts, and in Thailand with greater foreign ownership, reducing the diversification benefits of these markets.
The role of interstitial H2 in hydrogen diffusion in light metal borohydrides

First principles calculations suggest that mobility of H in solid borohydrides is dominated by neutral interstitial H2, not charged defects.
Immobilized receptor- and transporter-based liquid chromatographic phases for on-line pharmacological and biochemical studies: a mini-review

This review addresses the synthesis and characterization of two different types of receptor-based liquid chromatographic supports, one based upon a trans-membrane ligand gated ion channel receptor (the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) and the other a soluble nuclear receptor (the estrogen receptor). In addition, studies with the P-glycoprotein transporter are also reported. The nicotinic receptor was immobilized via hydrophobic insertion into the interstitial spaces of an immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) stationary phase. the estrogen receptor was tethered to a hydrophilic stationary phase and the membranes containing the Pgp transporter were coated on the surface of the IAM stationary phase. The stationary phases were characterized using known ligands and substrates for the respective non-immobilized proteins. The results from zonal and frontal chromatographic experiments demonstrated that the stationary phases could be used to determine binding affinities (expressed as dissociation constants, Kd,'s) and to resolve mixtures of ligands according to their relative affinities. In addition. competitive ligand binding studies on the P-glycoprotein-based stationary phase have established that this phase can be used to identify and characterize competitive displacement and allosteric interactions. These studies demonstrate that immobilized-receptor phases can be used for on-line pharmacological studies and as rapid screens for the isolation and identification of lead drug candidates from complex biological or chemical mixtures.
A Simulation Model for a Hardwood Sawmill Decision Support System

The paper describes a sawmill simulation model developed as a component of an integrated decision support system for hardwood sawmills. Discussions focus primarily on some of the essential features of the simulator and how it can be used as a tool for designing sawmill facilities and in the evaluation of sawing policies and production plans. Further discussed are some of the discrete-event simulation modeling techniques used in developing the simulator.
A Sociopsychiatric Nursing Approach to Intervention in a Problem of Mutual Withdrawal on a Mental Hospital Ward

(1952). A Sociopsychiatric Nursing Approach to Intervention in a Problem of Mutual Withdrawal on a Mental Hospital Ward. Psychiatry: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 193-217.
A robust adaptive nonlinear control design

Abstract An adaptive control design procedure for a class of nonlinear systems with both parametric uncertainty and unknown nonlinearities is presented. The unknown nonlinearities lie within some ‘bounding functions’, which are assumed to be partially known. The key assumption is that the uncertain terms satisfy a ‘triangularity condition’. As illustrated by examples, the proposed design procedure expands the class of nonlinear systems for which global adaptive stabilization methods can be applied. The overall adaptive scheme is shown to guarantee global uniform ultimate boundedness.
Recent advances in transition metal-catalyzed N-atom transfer reactions of azides

Transition metal-catalyzed N-atom transfer reactions of azides provide efficient ways to construct new carbon–nitrogen and sulfur–nitrogen bonds. These reactions are inherently green: no additive besides catalyst is needed to form the nitrenoid reactive intermediate, and the by-product of the reaction is environmentally benign N2 gas. As such, azides can be useful precursors for transition metal-catalyzed N-atom transfer to sulfides, olefins and C–H bonds. These methods offer competitive selectivities and comparable substrate scope as alternative processes to generate metal nitrenoids.
Specialization of Zero Cycles

The paper has two parts. First we prove that the specialization maps on R-equivalence and on the Chow group of zero cycles are isomorphisms for families over a local, Henselian, Dedekind ring when the special fiber is smooth and separably rationally connected. This is pretty much the best one can hope for. The second part contains examples of unirational quartic hypersurfaces whith infinitely many R-equivalence classes. There are also examples of quartics with points in a large odd degree field extension but no points in any smaller odd degree extension.
Organocatalysis in Conjugate Amine Additions. Synthesis of β-Amino Acid Derivatives

Conjugate addition of O-protected hydroxylamines to pyrazole-derived enoates proceeds with high efficiency and enantioselectivity when chiral thioureas are used as activators. A wide variety of substrates undergo conjugate amine addition providing access to enantioenriched β-amino acid derivatives. Structural requirements for the optimal thiourea catalyst have been established, and the results suggest that it operates as a bifunctional catalyst.
PP Is Closed under Truth-Table Reductions

Beigel, Reingold, and Spielman (J. Comput. System Sci.50, 191?202 (1995)) showed that PP is closed under intersection and a variety of special cases of polynomial-time truth-table closure. We extend their techniques to show that PP is closed under general polynomial-time truth-table reductions. We also show that PP is closed under constant-round truth-table reductions.
Structural Analysis of an Optimally Designed Spherical Tokamak Centerpost

The realization of commercialized fusion power will involve the development of new materials that can withstand the uniquely harsh nuclear fusion environment. Of particular interest are those materials that are closest to the plasma. The combination of thermal loading, neutron damage, material sputtering, and redeposition provides uniquely hostile conditions under which no material testing has yet occurred. An experimental Fusion Nuclear Science Facility is required that will create the environment that simultaneously achieves high-energy neutrons and high ion fluence necessary in order to bridge the gaps from ITER to the realization of a fusion nuclear power plant. One concept for achieving this is a high-duty-cycle spherical tokamak (ST). The centerpost is a critical component of the ST design, as it controls the size of the entire reactor. The centerpost will experience significant thermal loading and thermal gradients from ohmic heating, nuclear heating, and water cooling. Nuclear heating will also produce embrittlement and swelling in the centerpost. In addition to thermal loads, the centerpost must be designed to carry mechanical loads produced from the various magnetic fields (TF, PF, and plasma currents), both steady state and transient. The centerpost temperature must remain low enough to permit water cooling, and stresses must remain low enough so that the centerpost remains structurally sound. This study will focus on the stress analysis of a centerpost optimized to reduce the thermal gradients in the cross section.
Distribution of mutual information

Abstract In the analysis of time series from nonlinear sources, mutual information (MI) is used as a nonlinear statistical criterion for the selection of an appropriate time delay in time delay reconstruction of the state space. MI is a statistic over the sets of sequences associated with the dynamical source, and we examine here the distribution of MI, thus going beyond the familiar analysis of its average alone. We give for the first time the distribution of MI for a standard, classical communications channel with Gaussian, additive white noise. For time series analysis of a dynamical system, we show how to determine the distribution of MI and discuss the implications for the use of average mutual information (AMI) in selecting time delays in phase space reconstruction.
Flight test results of an integrated wideband airport pseudolite for the local Area Augmentation System

ABSTRACT: This paper details the first real-time integration of a wideband airport pseudolite (WBAPL) into the Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) and illustrates the benefits accrued from this integration. Flight test results obtained using two pulsing formats (1/11th and a modified RTCA pulsing format), a full GPS satellite vehicle (SV) constellation, and a reduced SV set are presented. While WBAPL bias-value (B-value) averages were generally higher than those obtained for GPS SVs (the standard deviations were comparable), inclusion of the WBAPL still provided an improvement in performance for a reduced GPS SV constellation set. With a healthy constellation (11 SVs), integration of the WBAPL into the differential solution resulted in little difference in the final solution over the last 2.5 to 0.2 nmi of the approaches. However, with a reduced constellation available (˜4–5 SVs), inclusion of the WBAPL resulted in a significant improvement in the LAAS system performance in terms of an increase in availability, decrease in vertical dilution of precision (VDOP), and increase in position accuracy over the differential GPS (DGPS)-only case.
Computer graphics with hidden surfaces—GRAPHS

Abstract The general subject of computer graphics output display and the hidden-surface representation of a three-dimensional group of objects has been approached from a variety of mathematical and software techniques over the past several years. The overall goal of the GRAPHS development effort is to provide a comprehensive, user-oriented, digital computer graphics capability which addresses 3-D models consisting of linear, planar, space curve and contoured surface patch elements. The perceptual benefits of pictorial and engineering layout display of geometric data sets is directly applicable to a wide variety of computer-aided design and analysis activities. The key to this analytic approach is a highly-accelerated sorting algorithm which applies the principles of object independence, depth priority zoning and edge coherence in a generalized perspective coordinate transformation. Both orthographic and point perspective scope display and hardcopy output capabilities are provided in the current model.
Cyclopentanone Ring Expansion Leading to Functionalized δ-Lactams: Short Synthesis of Simple Sedum Alkaloids†

Monosubstituted epoxides react with (cyclopentenyloxy)trimethylsilane to afford, after subsequent oxidative fragmentation, a pair of diastereomeric 8-membered iodolactones. When these lactones are separately treated with sodium azide, followed by reduction over Lindlar's catalyst, lactone ring contraction yields 6-membered monosubstituted lactams. When (R)-1,2-epoxypentane is used in this 5 + 3 - 2 overall ring expansion sequence, one final step involving delta-lactam to piperidine reduction yields natural (-)-halosaline and (-)-epihalosaline in five steps and 12% and 23% overall yields, respectively.
THE DISCOVERY OF TIME VARIABILITY IN OH MEGAMASERS

We report the discovery of variability in the OH megamaser in IRAS 21272+2514 at z = 0.15. This is the first OH megamaser observed to vary in time. The variation is broadband, spanning 0.5-1.5 MHz or 100-300 km s-1 in the rest frame, and strong, showing rms modulations of 10%-15% while the largest change in flux density between extremal epochs is 34%. Timescales sampled range from 39 to 821 days, and the characteristic modulation timescale is likely to be less than the shortest time baseline. The source of modulation is currently ambiguous, although we favor interstellar scintillation. Best estimates of the size scales of the 1667 MHz OH line features obtained from refractive interstellar scintillation models constrain variable features to be smaller than 2 pc and quiescent features to be larger than a few parsecs. Compact masers account for roughly 27%-58% of the total OH emission in this source. Accelerations in spectral lines are generally constrained to be less than 3 km s-1 yr-1, but acceleration of this magnitude is suggested in one of the quiescent spectral components and merits further study.
Sensitive dependence on initial conditions and chaotic group actions

A continuous action of a group G on a compact metric space has sensitive dependence on initial conditions if there is a number e > 0 such that for any open set U we can find g ∈ G such that g.U has diameter greater than e. We prove that if a countable G acts transitively on a compact metric space, preserving a probability measure of full support, then the system either is minimal and equicontinuous or has sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Assuming ergodicity, we get the same conclusion without countability. These theorems extend the invertible case of a theorem of Glasner and Weiss. We prove that when a finitely generated, solvable group acts transitively and certain cyclic subactions have dense sets of minimal points, the system has sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Additionally, we show how to construct examples of non-compact monothetic groups and transitive, non-minimal, almost equicontinuous, recurrent G-actions.
Abstract Requirement Analysis in Multiagent System Design

Good, fast, or cheap, pick two. What drives designers to make decisions on how to architect a system? The stake-holder has certain abstract qualities in mind: efficiency, quality, reliability, and so forth. How do we make sure our system is guided by these qualities? What happens when the system cannot always provide all the qualities? We describe a framework for analyzing a design allowing decisions about what qualities are more important to be made at design-time.
Demographic diversity for building an effective entrepreneurial team: is it important?

Abstract Although traditional entrepreneurship literature often views entrepreneurship as an economic battle of a “lonely hero”, the prevalence of entrepreneurial teams is an emerging economic reality. This study examines the influences of demographic diversity variables in terms of age, gender, and functional background and team process variables in terms of team-level cognitive comprehensiveness and team commitment on entrepreneurial team effectiveness. With field interview data from 174 entrepreneurs representing 79 entrepreneurial teams, this study suggests that demographic diversity is not important for entrepreneurial team effectiveness, whereas the team process variables positively influence team effectiveness. The findings also suggest that the diversity in terms of gender, age and functional background does not contribute to the team-level cognitive comprehensiveness and team commitment. Finally, the study explores implications of the findings for practice and future research.
The first tridentate ligand for catalytic enantioselective aza-Claisen rearrangement of allylic imidates

Abstract Chiral tridentate ligand ph-ambox ( 1 ) can form a cationic Pd(II) catalyst for the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of allylic imidates to allylic amides with ees up to 83% for one substrate.
Effect of carbon-doping in bulk superconducting MgB2 samples

Abstract Bulk superconducting samples of MgB 2 were prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric quantities of Mg turnings and B in a sealed Ta cylinder at 890°C for 2 h. The “as-synthesized” MgB 2 samples had a T c of 39 K, as defined as the onset of diamagnetism. The crystal symmetry was found to be hexagonal with lattice parameters, a =3.0856 A, and c =3.5199 A, similar to the literature values. To study the effect of carbon-doping in MgB 2 , various C-containing samples of x varying from 0 to 1.00 in MgB 2− x C x were prepared. Magnetic characterizations indicate that the T c onset is same for pure and C-doped samples for x =0.05 and 0.10. However, the shielding signal decreased monotonically with C content, apparently due to the presence of carbon on the grain boundaries that isolates grains and prevents flow of supercurrents on the perimeter.
The Phomactin Natural Products from Isolation to Total Synthesis: A Review

Since the isolation of phomactin A in 1991, the phomactin natural products have intrigued synthetic chemists. Their complex framework accompanied by their interesting biological activity has invoke...
Theoretical evidence for the major isomers of fullerene C84 based on 13C NMR chemical shifts

Geometry optimizations for three isomers of fullerene C84, 21, 22 and 23, have been performed by density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. 13C NMR chemical shifts were evaluated by the GIAO method employing 6-31G* and 6-311G** basis sets. Isomers 22 and 23 are predicted to have essentially equal energies and isomer 21 to be 16 kcal mol−1 less stable. The calculated 13C NMR chemical shifts of isomers 22 and 23 agree nicely with experimental data while the results of isomer 21 show large differences, indicating that isomer 22 is the experimentally observed D2 isomer.
A Contracting, Turbulent, Starless Core in the Serpens Cluster

We present combined single-dish and interferometric CS (2-1) and N2H+ (1-0) observations of a compact core in the northwest region of the Serpens molecular cloud. The core is starless according to observations from optical to millimeter wavelengths, but its lines have turbulent widths and "infall asymmetry." Line profile modeling indicates supersonic inward motions vin 0.34 km s-1 over an extended region L > 12,000 AU. The high infall speed and large extent exceeds the predictions of most thermal ambipolar diffusion models and points to a more dynamical process for core formation. A short (dynamic) timescale, ~105 yr L/vin, is also suggested by the low N2H+ abundance, ~1 × 10−10.
(2-Aryl-2-cyanoethenyl)ketenes---annulated cyanophenols from azidoquinones

Abstract Annulated cyanophenols are the products derived from the thermolysis of 3,6-diaryl-2,5-diazido-1,4-benzoquinones in the presence of an alkyne. The transformation is envisaged to involve the following steps: 1)thermal fragmentation of the azidoquinones to arylcyanoketenes, 2) cycloaddition of the ketenes to an alkyne to give 4-aryl-4-cyanocyclobutenones, 3) electrocyclic ring opening of the cyclobutenone to generate (2-aryl-2-cyanoethenyl)ketenes, and 4) ring closure of the conjugated ketenes to give the annulated cyanophenol products. Similarly, analogous products are obtained from the thermolysis of 4-aryl-3-azido-6-chloro-5-ethoxy-1,2-benzoquinones.
GALAXIES PROBING GALAXIES: COOL HALO GAS FROM A z = 0.47 POST-STARBURST GALAXY*

We study the cool gas around a galaxy at z = 0.4729 using Keck/LRIS spectroscopy of a bright (B = 21.7) background galaxy at z = 0.6942 at a transverse distance of 16.5h {sup -1}{sub 70} kpc. The background galaxy spectrum reveals strong Fe II, Mg II, Mg I, and Ca II absorption at the redshift of the foreground galaxy, with an Mg II lambda2796 rest equivalent width of 3.93 +- 0.08 A, indicative of a velocity width exceeding 400 km s{sup -1}. Because the background galaxy is large (>4h {sup -1}{sub 70} kpc), the high covering fraction of the absorbing gas suggests that it arises in a spatially extended complex of cool clouds with large velocity dispersion. Spectroscopy of the massive (log M{sub *}/M{sub sun} = 11.15 +- 0.08) host galaxy reveals that it experienced a burst of star formation about 1 Gyr ago and that it harbors a weak active galactic nucleus. We discuss the possible origins of the cool gas in its halo, including multiphase cooling of hot halo gas, cold inflow, tidal interactions, and galactic winds. We conclude that the absorbing gas was most likely ejected or tidally stripped from the interstellar medium of the hostmore » galaxy or its progenitors during the past starburst event. Adopting the latter interpretation, these results place one of only a few constraints on the radial extent of cool gas driven or stripped from a galaxy in the distant universe. Future studies with {integral} field unit spectroscopy of spatially extended background galaxies will provide multiple sight lines through foreground absorbers and permit analysis of the morphology and kinematics of the gas surrounding galaxies with a diverse set of properties and environments.« less
Cloud Formation in the Plumes of Solar Chimney Power Generation Facilities: A Modeling Study

The solar chimney power facility has the potential to become a valuable technology for renewable energy production. Its financial viability depends on a thorough understanding of the processes affecting its performance, particularly because of the large startup costs associated with facility design and construction. This paper describes the potential impacts on plant capacity resulting from cloud formation within or downwind of the solar chimney. Several proposed modifications to the basic concept of the solar chimney power facility have the potential to cause significant additions of water vapor to the air passing through the collector. As the air continues up through and out of the chimney, this excess water can condense to form cloud. This possibility is explored using a cloud parcel model initialized to simulate the range of expected operating conditions for a proposed solar chimney facility in southwestern Australia. A range of temperatures and updraft velocities is simulated for each of four seasonal representations and three levels of water vapor enhancement. Both adiabatic environments and the effects of entrainment are considered. The results indicate that for very high levels of water vapor, enhancement cloud formation within the chimney is likely; at more moderate levels of water vapor enhancement, the likelihood of plume formation is difficult to fully assess as the results depend strongly on the choice of entrainment rate. Finally, the impacts of these outcomes on facility capacity are estimated.
India's structural transformation and role in the world economy

Abstract This paper employs (1) a three-sector structuralist model of development with informal and formal activities and (2) a global one-sector model with demand determined outputs and bargained distribution to investigate whether India's growth performance can be sustained, where the country might face constraints to growth, and how India's growth matters in the global economy.
Addressing patterns and memory handling algorithms

One of the principal problems facing the designer of a high performance computer system is the efficient handling of memory. In arranging a memory system the designer, lacking knowledge of the programs to be run, usually selects "worst case" assumptions concerning addressing patterns. This paper is an attempt to compare a set of selected disparate programs and analyze their actual addressing traces with respect to the various memory algorithms.
Weak quantum ergodicity

Abstract We examine the consequences of classical ergodicity for the localization properties of individual quantum eigenstates in the classical limit. We note that the well-known Schnirelman result is a weaker form of quantum ergodicity than the one implied by random matrix theory. This suggests the possibility of systems with non-gaussian random eigenstates which are nonetheless ergodic in the sense of Schnirelman and lead to ergodic transport in the classical limit. These we call “weakly quantum ergodic”. Indeed for a class of “slow ergodic” classical systems, it is found that each eigenstate becomes localized to an ever decreasing fraction of the available state space, in the semiclassical limit. Nevertheless, each eigenstate in this limit covers phase space evenly on any classical scale, and long-time transport properties between individual quantum states remain ergodic due to the diffractive effects which dominate quantum phase space exploration.
The Kauffman bracket skein module of a twist knot exterior

We compute the Kauffman bracket skein module of the comple- ment of a twist knot, finding that it is free and infinite dimensional. The basis consists of cables of a two-component link, one component of which is a meridian of the knot. The cabling of the meridian can be arbitrarily large while the cabling of the other component is limited to the number of twists. AMS Classification 57M27; 57M99
New H2 Jets in Monoceros R2

We present a wide-field image of the Mon R2 star-forming region obtained with the Wide-Field Camera on UKIRT in the 2.12 μm filter centered on the H2 1-0 S(1) emission line. We report the discovery of 15 new H2 jets in Mon R2 and 2 in L1646 and confirm most of these discoveries using archival Spitzer IRAC 4.5 and 8.0 μm images. We find that many of these protostellar jets are found in projection against the outflow cavities of the huge CO outflow in Mon R2, suggesting that the jets may be associated with an episode of star formation in Mon R2 triggered by this large, but now fossil, outflow. We also study the spatial distribution of small, localized reflection nebulae and find that these are distributed in the same way as photometrically identified Class I sources.
Single and double BFKL pomeron exchange and a dipole picture of high energy hard processes

Abstract Onium-onium scattering at high energy is used to illustrate a dipole picture of high energy hard scattering in the large Nc limit. Single and double BFKL pomeron exchanges are calculated in the leading logarithmic approximation. An expression is given for the triple pomeron coupling when one of the pomerons' momenta is zero while the other two have momentum transfer, t. This expression is explicit and could be evaluated numerically. It has a (−t) − 1 2 singularity at t=0.
Development of electrocardiographic teaching materials using an MC68000-based, interactive graphics microcomputer.

Abstract Interactive computer-graphics methods of computer-aided design (CAD) have been applied to problems in physical science and industry for several years; however, at the present time CAD methods have not been widely used to solve similar problems in medical education. Electrocardiogram waveform fabrication for the production of teaching materials seemed to be a well-defined area for CAD application. The availability of inexpensive, 16/32 bit word, MC68000-based microcomputers (e.g. Apple©, Macintosh™) and interactive graphics software (e.g. MacPaint© and MacDraw©) seemed to provide the necessary tools to make this application. This paper describes the authors' initial experience (from June 1984 to March 1985) in developing and employing an interactive computer graphics routine to produce ECG teaching materials.
Noetherian Skew Inverse Power Series Rings

We study skew inverse power series extensions R[[y− 1; τ, δ]], where R is a noetherian ring equipped with an automorphism τ and a τ-derivation δ. We find that these extensions share many of the well known features of commutative power series rings. As an application of our analysis, we see that the iterated skew inverse power series rings corresponding to nth Weyl algebras are complete, local, noetherian, Auslander regular domains whose right Krull dimension, global dimension, and classical Krull dimension are all equal to 2n.
The Isolation from Wheat Germ Oil of an Alcohol, α-Tocopherol, Having the Properties of Vitamin E

We have prepared from the non-saponifiable matter of wheat germ oil thress aflophanates: 1. M.p. 250°. This is a possibly the allophante of β-amyrin. The alcohol regenrated from the allopohante has no vitamin E potency. 2. M.p. 138°, readily crystallizing in long needles. The analysis agree with values required by monollophantes of an alcohol, C39H50O2. The alcohol from this allophante apparenelly has some vitamin E potency, but less than that from the third allophanate. 3. M.p. 158-160°. From this allophanate, the alcohol—for which we propose the name α-tocopherol—when given in a single dose of 3 mg. always enables vitamin E-deficient rats to bear young. α-Tocopherol shows a characteristic absoption band at 2980 A., E1 per cent1 cm. = 90 ca. Treatment with methyl alcoholic silver nitrate converts it to a substance which has absorption bands at 2710 and 2620 A respectively, E1 per centcm. = 480 ca., and possesses and some vitamin E activity. α-Tocopherol yields a crystaline p-nitrophenylurethane melting at 120-131°. Analyses of both the urethane and the allophanate indicate a provisional formula for α-tocopherol of C29H50O2
Reversal of stereochemistry in diethylzinc addition to aldehydes by a simple change of the backbone substituent in L-serine derived ligands

Abstract A change in the backbone substituent from phenyl to butyl group in L-serine-derived ligands provides a simple way to prepare enantiomeric products in diethylzinc addition to aldehydes. A change in the backbone substituent from phenyl ( 4 ) to butyl group ( 10 ) in L -serine-derived ligands provides a simple way to prepare enantiomeric products in diethylzinc addition to aldehydes. Download full-size image
SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE ENVIRONMENTS OF GRADUATE STUDENTS AND FACULTY

This paper considers some important psychological aspects of the academic experience for male and female graduate faculty members and students. Drawing on data collected in a recent national study of doctoral program quality, information pertaining to the graduate department's environment for learning, the extent of faculty members' concern for students, graduate student assistantship experiences, and faculty members' satisfactions and views about various departmental practices and policies are examined. Gender differences in both student and faculty member perceptions of their environments were found to be generally slight and to vary by discipline.
Careers and clusters: analyzing the career network dynamic of biotechnology clusters

Abstract Access to a pool of talented employees is an important element of entrepreneurial firms’ ability to build innovative capabilities. Through an empirical examination of two European biotechnology clusters – Cambridge, UK, and Munich, Germany – we investigate the degree to which macro-labor market institutions shape the micro-dynamics of career affiliation networks between scientific employees. Using bibliometric methods to trace careers and a series of social network analysis methods, we examine similarities and differences in career network dynamics across the two clusters. In particular, we investigate whether patterns of long-term employment within most German large firms, as opposed to more short-term employment in the United Kingdom, affects network structure, network performance and network composition in the two clusters. We show that contrary to the expectations of comparative institutional theory, network structures are grossly similar across the two clusters and, moreover, the performance of these networks as measured by “small-world” methods are similar; career affiliation networks in the two regions are formed through social interactions that appear largely unrelated to macro-institutional factors. Where the macro-institutional forces are effective is as a gatekeeper to network composition: the Cambridge network contains a roughly equal mix of scientists with recent industry and scientific experience, whereas the Munich network is populated almost entirely by academic scientists with no prior industrial experience.
Neodymium random laser with external mirrors

We have studied the influence of the front and the rear mirrors on the emission properties of neodymium random lasers at different thicknesses of the powder layer. Introduction of external mirrors drastically reduces the lasing threshold of the random laser, with the effect of the front mirror being more dominant. External mirrors also influence the location of the stimulated emission region within the powder volume. The experimental results are in a good agreement with the results of the Monte-Carlo simulation.
Brilliant Pebbles: A Method for Detection of Very Large Interstellar Grains

A photon of wavelength {lambda} {approx} 1 {mu}m interacting with a dust grain of radius a{sub p} {approx} 1 mm (a 'pebble') undergoes scattering in the forward direction, largely within a small characteristic diffraction angle {theta}{sub s} {approx} {lambda}/a{sub p} {approx} 100''. Though millimeter-size dust grains contribute negligibly to the interstellar medium's visual extinction, the signal they produce in scattered light may be detectable, especially for variable sources. Observations of light scattered at small angles allow for the direct measurement of the large grain population; variable sources can also yield tomographic information of the interstellar medium's mass distribution. The ability to detect brilliant pebble halos requires a careful understanding of the instrument point-spread function.
Asset prices and twin crises

Abstract Emerging market crises have been characterized by two key features: (i) banking crises generally precede currency crises, and (ii) asset prices decline in advance of currency crises. This paper argues that asset prices provide a key link between banking and currency crises. It is shown that a prospective currency crisis due to an unanticipated increase in the public debt triggers an asset price decline. Banks' exposure to asset prices in turn deteriorates their balance sheets and precipitates a banking crisis. Under the assumption of government bailout of banks, it is shown that the ‘twin’ crises are self-fulfilling and their time-line follows (i) and (ii) described above. The timing of currency crisis is decreasing in the ratio of government's bailout to banks' loss of capital.
Foundations of Bayesian theory

Abstract This paper states necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence, uniqueness, and updating according to Bayes’ rule, of subjective probabilities representing individuals’ beliefs. The approach is preference based, and the result is an axiomatic subjective expected utility model of Bayesian decision making under uncertainty with state-dependent preferences. The theory provides foundations for the existence of prior probabilities representing decision makers’ beliefs about the likely realization of events and for the updating of these probabilities according to Bayes’ rule.
Estimating traffic and anomaly maps via network tomography

Mapping origin-destination (OD) network traffic is pivotal for network management and proactive security tasks. However, lack of sufficient flow-level measurements as well as potential anomalies pose major challenges towards this goal. Leveraging the spatiotemporal correlation of nominal traffic, and the sparse nature of anomalies, this paper brings forth a novel framework to map out nominal and anomalous traffic, which treats jointly important network monitoring tasks including traffic estimation, anomaly detection, and traffic interpolation. To this end, a convex program is first formulated with nuclear and $\ell _{1}$ -norm regularization to effect sparsity and low rank for the nominal and anomalous traffic with only the link counts and a small subset of OD-flow counts. Analysis and simulations confirm that the proposed estimator can exactly recover sufficiently low-dimensional nominal traffic and sporadic anomalies so long as the routing paths are sufficiently “spread-out” across the network, and an adequate amount of flow counts are randomly sampled. The results offer valuable insights about data acquisition strategies and network scenaria giving rise to accurate traffic estimation. For practical networks where the aforementioned conditions are possibly violated, the inherent spatiotemporal traffic patterns are taken into account by adopting a Bayesian approach along with a bilinear characterization of the nuclear and $\ell _{1}$ norms. The resultant nonconvex program involves quadratic regularizers with correlation matrices, learned systematically from (cyclo)stationary historical data. Alternating-minimization based algorithms with provable convergence are also developed to procure the estimates. Insightful tests with synthetic and real Internet data corroborate the effectiveness of the novel schemes.
Late Wisconsin and early Holocene glacial history, inner Ross Embayment, Antarctica

Lateral drift sheets of outlet glaciers that pass through the Transantarctic Mountains constrain past changes of the huge Ross ice drainage system of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Drift stratigraphy suggests correlation of Reedy III (Reedy Glacier), Beardmore (Beardmore Glacier), Britannia (Hatherton/Darwin Glaciers), Ross Sea (McMurdo Sound), and “younger” (Terra Nova Bay) drifts; radiocarbon dates place the outer limits of Ross Sea drift in late Wisconsin time at 24,000–13,000 yr B.P. Outlet-glacier profiles from these drifts constrain late Wisconsin ice-sheet surface elevations. Within these constraints, we give two extreme late Wisconsin reconstructions of the Ross ice drainage system. Both show little elevation change of the polar plateau coincident with extensive ice-shelf grounding along the inner Ross Embayment. However, in the central Ross Embayment one reconstruction shows floating shelf ice, whereas the other shows a grounded ice sheet. Massive late Wisconsin/Holocene recession of grounded ice from the western Ross Embayment, which was underway at 13,040 yr B.P. and completed by 6600-6020 yr B.P., was accompanied by little change in plateau ice levels inland of the Transantarctic Mountains. Sea level and basal melting probably controlled the extent of grounded ice in the Ross Embayment. The interplay between the precipitation (low late Wisconsin and high Holocene values) and the influence of grounding on outlet glaciers (late Wisconsin thickening and late Wisconsin/Holocene thinning, with effects dying out inland) probably controlled minor elevation changes of the polar plateau.
Philosophical Analysis and the Criminal Law

Philosophical analysis can be viewed as the attempt to clarify concepts by distinguishing their constitutive elements. This clarification seeks to identify the set of necessary and sufficient conditions for a given entity to be an instance of the concept being analyzed. As Anthony C. Grayling has eloquently put it: “philosophical analysis is best understood by analogy with analysis in chemistry, as being a process of investigation into the structure, functioning, and connections of a particular matter under scrutiny.” The slogan has it that in this sense of ‘analytic’, Anglo-American philosophy is analytic and that continental philosophy is non-analytic. But it is not the case that all Anglo-American philosophers do analysis, or that all continental philosophers shun it. Though perhaps infelicitous, the label ‘analytic philosophy’ has stuck, and it is not the goal of this paper to discuss the appropriateness of the label. I wish to show some advantages that the application of rigorous conceptual analysis holds for the understanding of the criminal law and for the drafting of penal codes. Analysis is useful for the discovery of the basic structure of a given concept (or set of concepts), and it is also useful in revealing problems with a given way in which a concept (or set of concepts) might have been structured. In drafting a penal code, philosophical analysis, in the sense just sketched above, should be of utmost importance. Although within philosophy it is commonly held that “continental philosophy” is not analytic, continental criminal law is more analytic than its Anglo-American counterpart. Continental criminal law
Effects of oblique wave propagation on the nonlinear plasma resonance in the two-dimensional channel of the Dyakonov–Shur detector

Abstract In the Dyakonov–Shur terahertz detector the conduction channel of a heterostructure High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) is used as a plasma wave resonator for density oscillations in electron gas. Nonlinearities in the plasma wave propagation lead to a constant source-to-drain voltage, providing the detector output. In this paper, we start with the quasi-classical Boltzmann equation and derive the hydrodynamic model with temperature dependent transport coefficients for a two-dimensional viscous flow. This derivation allows us to obtain the parameters for the hydrodynamic model from the band-structure of the HEMT channel. The treatment here also includes the energy balance equation into the analysis. By numerical solution of the hydrodynamic equations with a non-zero boundary current we evaluate the detector response function and obtain the temperature dependence of the plasma resonance. The present treatment extends the theory of Dyakonov–Shur plasma resonator and detector to account for the temperature dependence of viscosity, the effects of oblique wave propagation on detector response, and effects of boundary current in two-dimensional flow on quality of the plasma resonance. The numerical results are given for a GaN channel. We also investigated a stability of source to drain flow and formation of shock waves.
Intermittent Radio Galaxies and Source Statistics

We suggest that extragalactic radio sources are intermittent on timescales of ~104-105 yr. With the use of a simple spherical model of a cocoon/shock system, it is found that inactive sources fade rapidly in radio luminosity but that the shock in the ambient medium continues to expand supersonically, thereby keeping the whole source structure intact during the inactive phases. The fading of inactive sources, and the effect of the intermittency on the expansion velocity, can readily explain the observed overabundance of small radio sources. In particular, the plateau in the observed distribution of sizes found by O'Dea & Baum can be interpreted as being due to intermittency. The model predicts that very young sources will be particularly radio luminous, once the effects of absorption have been accounted for. Furthermore, it predicts the existence of a significant number of faint coasting sources. These might be detectable in deep, low-frequency radio maps or via the X-ray and optical emission-line properties of the shock front.
Structure detection and analysis of non-circular impinging jets in a semi-confined array configuration

The flow structure generated by circular and oblate shaped nozzles for an impinging confined 7-by-7 jet array is investigated. Instantaneous velocity fields, obtained from Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) along the crossflow direction are analyzed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). Also, a vortex detection algorithm is used to locate and quantify the nature of the instantaneous vortices within the flow. The results show that an oblate shaped nozzle when oriented with its major axis aligned with the exhaust flow has flow characteristics resulting in increased turbulent kinetic energy. This has potential for increased surface transport.