cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimum Assignment of Test Links for Hypercubes with Lower Fault Bounds

In ann-dimensional hypercube multiprocessor system, to correctly diagnose faulty processors among themselves, the maximum allowed number of faulty processors isnunder the well-known PMC diagnostic model. When thenfault bound is adopted, all links between processors will be used in the diagnosis. However, if the fault bound is lower thann, many links can be freed from the task of performing diagnosis. In this paper, we show that each drop of the fault bound by 1 will free 2n-1links from diagnosis. We will present an algorithm that selects, in a symmetric manner, the to-be-freed links, so that only a minimum number of links will be used to perform diagnosis. A rigorous proof for the algorithm's correctness is given. The freed links will never be used for the purpose of diagnosis, so that the diagnosis and some conventional computations may be carried out simultaneously, improving the performance of the system as a whole.
Is evidence for late selection due to automatic or attentional processing of stimulus identities

This study determined whether evidence for late selection is due to attention processing or to processing by an automatic system that is separate from attention (two systems framework; Eriksen, Webb, & Fournier, 1990). The task was a two-choice discrimination of a target that appeared in one of two sequentially cued locations in an eight-letter visual display. Attention was directed to the first cued location (cue 1), and whether identification processing occurred at a different location before the second cue (cue 2) directed attention there was determined. Cue validity varied across two experiments, and critical trials were those in which the target appeared at cue 2. For these trials, the target was preceded by a letter (either identical, neutral, or incompatible) that changed to the target at various time intervals following cue 2. Automatic identification was assumed if the incompatible letter interfered with response to the target when it appeared only before cue 2 onset and independent of cue validity. The incompatible letter appearing only before cue 2 onset interfered with the target when the target occurred equally often at cue 1 and cue 2, but not when the target occurred at cue 1 70% and at cue 2 30% of the time. This disconfirms the two systems framework and suggests that attention is required for spatial form processing and response competition.
Magnetostrictive Actuation of a Bone Loading Composite for Accelerated Tissue Formation

When bone is dynamically loaded it adapts its shape to better support the load. We have developed a magnetostrictive composite consisting of Terfenol-D particles encapsulated in an epoxy resin that changes length when exposed to magnetic fields. When bonded to the surface of a porcine tibia ex vitro, the composite produces surface strains greater than 900 μe at a frequency of 30 Hz and magnetic field of 170 kA/m. This is more than sufficient strain magnitude and frequency to promote cortical bone growth in both rats and turkeys and to maintain cortical bone structure in humans. Key advantages of the composite over conventional electromechanical or thermomechanical actuators are its simplicity, compact size, and remote actuation. A mathematical model describing the strains and stresses in the bone is presented.
The Effect of Phonemic Awareness on the Literacy Development of First Grade Children in a Traditional or a Whole Language Classroom

Abstract This study examined the acquisition of decoding and spelling skills and writing fluency of children with various levels of beginning-of-the-year phonemic awareness. First grade children who began school high and low in phonemic awareness received either whole language or traditional basal instruction. The whole language curriculum included the shared-book experience and extensive writing activities; the traditional basal curriculum included explicit phonics instruction, but very little writing. Beginning-of-the-year level of phonemic awareness was more important than method of instruction in literacy acquisition. High phonemic awareness children outperformed low phonemic awareness children on all of the literacy measures. The role that writing using invented spelling may play in helping low phonemic awareness children understand the alphabetic principle is discussed.
Central banking, free banking, and financial crises

In the Keynesian view, the central bank is a part of an extramarket remedy to a market malady. Investment markets are inherently unstable; government control of the economy's money supply is an important element in macroeconomic stabilization policy. The case against central banking—and for free banking—reverses the characterization of both remedy and malady. Free banking is a part of a market remedy to an extramarket malady. Even this stark reversal understates the case for free banking. It would remain valid even if we take the dramatic and chronic fiscal irresponsibility of the Treasury as given. Periodic crises that will inevitably occur in such a debt-ridden economic environment would be more ably countered by the market forces of free banking than by the policy moves of a central bank. But the extent of the Treasury's fiscal irresponsibility is itself dependent upon whether the Treasury can count on an accommodating central bank. Free banking limits the scope of this potential source of instability while at the same time enhancing the market's ability to deal with whatever instabilities that may persist.
HER-2/neu Expression in Primary Breast Cancer With Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis

Amplification of the protein product of the HER-2/neu oncogene in primary breast cancer specimens is associated with an adverse prognosis. We hypothesized that overexpression of HER-2/neu would predict metastases to the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). A retrospective review of a prospective nonrandomized evaluation of 1055 clinically node-negative breast cancer patients undergoing 1063 SLN biopsies was performed. HER-2/neu analysis was performed by immunohistochemistry and, in selected cases, by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Clinical, demographic, surgical, radiological, and pathologic data were analyzed by using generalized estimating equations logistic regression models. Two hundred thirty-two (23.6%) of 985 operations in which the SLN was found at operation resulted in positive nodes. In a multivariate analysis, size (P < .0001) and HER-2/neu overexpression (P = .026) were independent predictors of SLN metastasis. Size is a known predictor of SLN metastasis in the modern SLN era, as it was in the pre-SLN eras. HER-2/neu was found to be significantly predictive of SLN metastasis in our study. We anticipate a future when even the relatively minor procedure of SLN biopsy might be avoided with the predictive information gained from studying the pathology and molecular markers of primary breast cancers.
Belarus and the “Belarusian Irredenta” in Lithuania*

On 24 February 1992, Belarusian foreign minister Piotr Kraǔchanka told a visiting European Community delegation in Minsk that he wanted to record his country's claim to Lithuanian border territory in the presence of an international audience. When asked whether the claims extended to Vilnius, Kraǔchanka said “yes,” but added that the border areas were really the ones at issue. In the late 1980s and early 1990s many Lithuanian officials expected Poland to make such claims on their country, to regain territory lost in 1939. By contrast Lithuanians paid little attention to what Belarusians were saying about the role of Vilnius in Belarusian history and the national identity of the 258,000 Slavs in the Vilnius region.
Meta-analysis of fixed partial denture survival: Prostheses and abutments

Abstract Statement of problem. Few estimates of the probability of various outcomes associated with replacement of missing teeth with fixed partial dentures have been reported. Existing longitudinal studies have reported widely disparate results for the survival of fixed partial dentures, but these studies have used different definitions of failure and varying periods of follow-up. Purpose. This study used meta-analysis to formulate annual probability estimates for three categories of fixed partial denture or abutment survival. Methods. A systematic review of the English language literature since 1960 identified eight studies that met the preset inclusion criteria. Estimated annual survival proportions were back-calculated based on the Kaplan-Meier model and these proportions were combined through a fixed effects model meta-analysis. The probabilities and corresponding 95% confidence intervals at 5, 10, and 15 years for the three categories of survival are reported. Results. For the aggregate population represented by the limited longitudinal studies available, this meta-analysis indicated that less than 15% of fixed partial dentures were removed or in need of replacement at 10 years; whereas, nearly one third were removed or in need of replacement at 15 years. Less than 5% of abutments were removed at 10 years. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:459-64.)
Diet: from food to stone

Dietary factors have been shown to influence urine composition and modulate the risk of kidney stone disease. With the rising prevalence of stone disease in many industrialized nations, dietary modification as therapy to improve lithogenic risk factors and prevent stone recurrence has gained appeal, as it is both relatively inexpensive and safe. While some dietary measures, such as a high fluid intake, have been shown in long-term randomized clinical trials to have durable effectiveness, other dietary factors have been subjected to only short-term clinical or metabolic studies and their efficacy has been inferred. Herein, we review the current literature regarding the role of diet in stone formation, focusing on both the effect on urinary stone risk factors and the effect on stone recurrence.
DETERS, PING. Identity, Agency and the Acquisition of Professional Language and Culture. London: Continuum, 2011. Pp. x, 257. $140.00, cloth. ISBN 978–1–4411–0544–8.

The article reviews the book "Identity, Agency and the Acquisition of Professional Language and Culture" by Ping Deters.
Perturbation of tunneling processes by mechanical degrees of freedom in mesoscopic junctions.

We investigate the perturbation in the tunneling current caused by nonadiabatic mechanical motion in a mesoscopic tunnel junction. A theory introduced by Caroli et al. is used to evaluate second-order self-energy corrections for this nonequilibrium situation lacking translational invariance. Inelastic signatures of the mechanical degrees of freedom are found in the current-voltage I(V) characteristics. These give rise to sharp features in the derivative spectrum, d2I/dV2.
Making Kin of Historians and Anthropologists: Fictive Kinship in Fieldwork Methodology

In a way which is in no sense adventitious,the relationship between an anthropologist and hisinformant rests on a set of partial fictions half scen-through.[I]deally, communication between a fieldworkerand the communities he worked with should continue for longtime spans, so that it is possible to return for further information.Bebe (Malagasy for grandmother) arrived home in the late afternoon, holding a rope tied around the neck of a male goat. She had come from a market ten miles down the coast, away from the market at Androka Vaovao where the ethnographer had located his ethnographic research. Buying the goat at a different market was worth the effort to Bebe. She had avoided paying the white foreigners' price: the tripling or quadrupling of the locals' price charged to vazaba (white foreigner). The ethnographer was asked not to come along, not to make pointless the buying trip. Before she had left for market, he had given her money for the estimated price of a young mature goat. People in Androka would hear, eventually, of her purchase, which was fine to her. Going to a distant market indicated to her neighbors that she was not in the mood to be extorted with higher prices every time she bought something for her foreigner dependent “offspring.” Several months earlier, she had first referred to the ethnographer as her offspring, zanako, when he had given her a lump sum, a two-month advance, for room and board.
Numerical prediction of convective heat transfer in self-sustained oscillatory flows

Numerical investigations of the flow pattern and heat transfer enhancement in supercritical grooved-channel and communicating-channels flows are presented. For Reynolds numbers above the critical one, Rc =0(100), these flows exhibit laminar self-sustained oscillations at the plane channel Tollmien-Schlichting frequency. These ordered, very well-mixed flows require significantly less pumping power than the random fluctuating turbulent flows to achieve the same transport rates. Comparing different heat transfer augmentation schemes in grooved channels, it is shown that the best enhancement system regarding minimum power dissipation corresponds to passive flow modulation in the range of low Nusselt numbers. However, spontaneous supercritical flow destabilization becomes competitive as the Nusselt number is increased. It is found that on an equal pumping power basis, the heat transfer in communicating channels flows is up to 300% higher than the one in flat channel flow.
Restoration of ATP-induced contraction of pre-treated mitochondria by "contractile protein".

Abstract Ohnishi and Ohnishi (1962 a) have recently isolated from liver mitochondria a protein characterized by an ATPase activity and by physical properties similar to those of the actomyosin of muscle ( Ohnishi & Ohnishi 1962 b ). They suggested that this “contractile protein” constitutes part of a mechano-enzyme system in mitochondria which could be responsible for the swelling-contraction cycle occurring in these particles ( Lehninger, 1962 , Lehninger, 1962 ). It appeared desirable to repeat the experiments of Ohnishi and Ohnishi and to determine if the “contractile protein” possessed a specific activity in the mitochondrial swelling-contraction cycle. Experiments reported in this paper show that the protein fraction extracted from rabbit- or rat liver mitochondria according the procedure of Ohnishi and Ohnishi (1962 a) possesses some but not all of the properties of skeletal muscle actomyosin. However, this protein fraction was found to restore the ATP-induced contraction in mitochondria which had lost that property either after extraction by 0.6 M KCl or after ageing at 0° in isotonic sucrose.
Identification and mapping of the transcriptional and translational products of the yeast plasmid, 2μ circle

We have identified two major and approximately ten minor poly(A)-containing RNA species in S. cerevisiae which arise from in vivo transcription of the yeast plasmid, known as 2mu circle. The two major species, which are 1325 and 1275 bases in length, are transcribed from the two unique halves of the plasmid and extend into the inverted repeat sequences which separate the unique regions. The map positions of the minor transcripts, which range in length from 350 to 2600 bases, indicate that except for a small region of the genome in which no transcription is observed, both strands of the entire 2mu circle genome are transcribed. We also present evidence demonstrating that RNA transcribed from 2mu circular DNA is used to program the synthesis of specific proteins in yeast: that is, yeast RNA complementary to 2mu circle DNA can be translated in vitro to produce specific polypeptides of substantial size. Finally, the pattern of transcription of 2mu circle suggests the possibility that messenger RNA species are derived by cleavage of larger transcripts, and in addition, that the intramolecular recombination of 2mu circle which occurs in yeast functions as a genetic switch to allow separate expression of two sets of genes on the 2mu circle genome.
Variable-structure-system-based logic fuzzy control of bridge vibration using fail-safe magnetorheological fluid dampers

This paper presents a semi-active vibration control of a scaled two-span bridge structure. Magneto-rheological fluid dampers are utilized as the semi-active energy absorbing deices and a bridge vibration control system is developed. Closed-loop control system based on fuzzy logic is used to suppress the bridge deck motion under random excitations. The sufficient condition for the closed-loop stability of the fuzzy control system is derived from the variable structure system theory. It is demonstrated that this stable fuzzy control system can significantly reduce the relative deck displacement using about 55 percent less power compared to passive-on state, while the absolute deck acceleration is relatively unaffected.
A rationale for the enhanceosome and other evolutionarily constrained enhancers

Summary Metazoan enhancers direct localized stripes, bands and cell-specific patterns of gene expression during development (for example [1]). A typical enhancer is a 500 base pair DNA segment that contains clustered binding sites for two or more sequence-specific transcription factors. Roughly half of all enhancers are located somewhere in the 5′ flanking region of the associated transcription unit, while the other half are distributed among introns, 3′ flanking regions or even protein-coding sequences (for example [2]). Bioinformatics studies suggest that enhancers usually contain a flexible arrangement of binding sites (for example [3]). Here, we present a model to explain why a special subset of enhancers contains a fixed organization.
Dirhenium Polyhydrides Containing Bridging 2-Mercaptoquinoline Ligands

The dirhenium polyhydride complex [Re2H6(μ-mq)2(PPh3)4](BF4)2 (1), where mq represents the 2-mercaptoquinoline ligand, can be deprotonated in two steps to afford the diamagnetic complexes [Re2H5(μ-...
In-Home Observations of Commercial Zapping Behavior

Abstract Channel-switching during commercials, known as “zapping,” may greatly reduce the audiences for commercials. Little data is available on the extent of zapping, and some advertisers have tended to ignore it. Electronic zapping (using the remote control) was recorded in viewers' homes to determine the extent of, and motivations for, this behavior. Observations indicate that as much as a third of program audiences may be lost to electronic zapping. There was a high probability that a commercial would be zapped if the one before it was zapped, a phenomenon the author calls “block zapping.” Most of the observed zapping is explained as habitual behavior to avoid all commercials; less than 20% of commercials were evaluated prior to being zapped. Forty percent of subjects did no zapping, but those who zapped avoided most or all commercials.
Managing adjustment costs, political authority, and the implementation of adjustment programs, with special reference to African countries

Abstract The degree to which a government implements a program, given no disruptive factors, depends critically on its legitimate authority to carry out the program and the degree to which management aspects (notably management costs) of the program were satisfactorily dealt with at the design stage. Program designers should understand the nature, dimensions, justification, and basis of legitimate authority. When the government's legitimate authority is inadequate, program designers must advise the government to obtain it. A properly designed program should also include measures to speed up entry, prevent inefficient exit, and minimize unemployment and underutilization of capacity; have a framework for ensuring competitive and open markets; and arm the program manager with tools to alleviate social tensions arising from certain distributional consequences and to respond to predictable nationalistic preferences.
Adult Voluntary Associations and Adolescent Socialization

The effect of participation in extracurricular activities in high school on membership in adult voluntary associations is examined using longitudinal data from a national sample of adolescents who were followed up in 1970 at about age 30. Independent of social origins, ability, and academic performance, participation in extracurricular school activities has a relatively strong direct effect on participation in adult secondary associations, plus positive indirect effects mediated through educational attainment, occupation and income. Membership in adult voluntary associations, in turn, increases voting behavior and decreases political alienation, thus demonstrating the very broad and long term effects of adolescent socialization in ultimately linking the individual to the political order. The results were similar for men and women.