cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of an Improved Flaw Model on a Pressurized Thermal Shock Evaluation

The current regulations for pressurized thermal shock (PTS) were derived from computational models that were developed in the early-mid 1980s. The computational models utilized in the 1980s conservatively postulated that all fabrication flaws in reactor pressure vessels (RPVs) were inner-surface breaking flaws. It was recognized at that time that flaw-related data had the greatest level of uncertainty of the inputs required for the probabilistic-based PTS evaluations. To reduce this uncertainty, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) has in the past few years supported research at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to perform extensive nondestructive and destructive examination of actual RPV materials. Such measurements have been used to characterize the number, size, and location of flaws in various types of welds and the base metal used to fabricate RPVs. The USNRC initiated a comprehensive project in 1999 to re-evaluate the current PTS regulations. The objective of the PTS Re-evaluation program has been to incorporate advancements and refinements in relevant technologies (associated with the physics of PTS events) that have been developed since the current regulations were derived. There have been significant improvements in the computational models for thermal hydraulics, probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), human reliability analysis (HRA), materials embrittlement effects on fracture toughness, and fracture mechanics methodology. However, the single largest advancement has been the development of a technical basis for the characterization of fabrication-induced flaws. The USNRC PTS-Revaluation program is ongoing and is expected to be completed in 2002. As part of the PTS Re-evaluation program, the updated risk-informed computational methodology as implemented into the FAVOR (F racture A nalysis of V essels: O ak R idge) computer code, including the improved PNNL flaw characterization, was recently applied to a domestic commercial pressurized water reactor (PWR). The objective of this paper is to apply the same updated computational methodology to the same PWR, except utilizing the 1980s flaw model, to isolate the impact of the improved PNNL flaw characterization on the PTS analysis results. For this particular PWR, the improved PNNL flaw characterization significantly reduced the frequency of RPV failure, i.e., by between one and two orders of magnitude.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
X-ray resonant magnetic scattering from structurally and magnetically rough interfaces in multilayered systems. I. Specular reflectivity

The theoretical formulation of x-ray resonant magnetic scattering from rough surfaces and interfaces is given for specular reflectivity. A general expression is derived for both structurally and magnetically rough interfaces in the distorted-wave Born approximation as the framework of the theory. For this purpose, we have defined a ``structural'' and a ``magnetic'' interface to represent the actual interfaces. A generalization of the well-known Nevot-Croce formula for specular reflectivity is obtained for the case of a single rough magnetic interface using the self-consistent method. Finally, the results are generalized to the case of multiple interfaces, as in the case of thin films or multilayers. Theoretical calculations for each of the cases are illustrated with numerical examples and compared with experimental results of magnetic reflectivity from a Gd/Fe multilayer.
Controlling alginate gel degradation utilizing partial oxidation and bimodal molecular weight distribution

Degradability is often a critical property of materials utilized in tissue engineering. Although alginate, a naturally derived polysaccharide, is an attractive material due to its biocompatibility and ability to form hydrogels, its slow and uncontrollable degradation can be an undesirable feature. In this study, we characterized gels formed using a combination of partial oxidation of polymer chains and a bimodal molecular weight distribution of polymer. Specifically, alginates were partially oxidized to a theoretical extent of 1% with sodium periodate, which created acetal groups susceptible to hydrolysis. The ratio of low MW to high MW alginates used to form gels was also varied, while maintaining the gel forming ability of the polymer. The rate of degradation was found to be controlled by both the oxidation and the ratio of high to low MW alginates, as monitored by the reduction of mechanical properties and corresponding number of crosslinks, dry weight loss, and molecular weight decrease. It was subsequently examined whether these modifications would lead to reduced biocompatibility by culturing C2C12 myoblast on these gels. Myoblasts adhered, proliferated, and differentiated on the modified gels at a comparable rate as those cultured on the unmodified gels. Altogether, this data indicates these hydrogels exhibit tunable degradation rates and provide a powerful material system for tissue engineering.
Convex algebraic geometry and semidefinite optimization

In the past decade there has been a surge of interest in algebraic approaches to optimization problems defined by multivariate polynomials. Fundamental mathematical challenges that arise in this area include understanding the structure of nonnegative polynomials, the interplay between efficiency and complexity of different representations of algebraic sets, and the development of effective algorithms. Remarkably, and perhaps unexpectedly, convexity provides a new viewpoint and a powerful framework for addressing these questions. This naturally brings us to the intersection of algebraic geometry, optimization, and convex geometry, with an emphasis on algorithms and computation. This emerging area has become known as convex algebraic geometry.This tutorial will focus on basic and recent developments in convex algebraic geometry, and the associated computational methods based on semidefinite programming for optimization problems involving polynomial equations and inequalities. There has been much recent progress, by combining theoretical results in real algebraic geometry with semidefinite programming to develop effective computational approaches to these problems. We will make particular emphasis on sum of squares decompositions, general duality properties, infeasibility certificates, approximation/inapproximability results, as well as survey the many exciting developments that have taken place in the last few years.
Recent Research in Chronicles

This article surveys trends in Chronicles scholarship from 1994 to 2007. Most of the trends established by 1993 have continued with more depth and focus, although with a few challenges. These trends include: refining the distinctions between Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemia as coming from separate authors/editors; recognizing the integral role of the genealogies; and examining the literary artistry of the Chronicler. Newer trends include: pursuing the interplay between orality, on the one hand, and textuality and literacy, on the other; and bringing insights from an increasing sociological understanding of the Persian and Hellenistic periods in general. Recent years have also seen a wealth of new commentaries.
Molecular Definition of the Multiorgan Dysfunction Syndrome in Mechanical Circulatory Therapy for Advanced Heart Failure

Purpose While Multiorgan Dysfunction (MOD) constitutes a major cause of mortality after left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), the potential to develop and limit an exaggerated immunologic response is difficult to assess. We hypothezised that combined immunophenotype related gene expression markers identify the risk of MOD. Methods and Materials We analyzed an existing microarray LVAD dataset associated with different degrees of MOD quantified by the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (n=34). We used weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and immunophenotype guided gene discovery. Candidate genes obtained from these analyses were incorporated into a classification algorithm and tested in an independent sample set. Results Network-based discovery identified a highly correlated module ( Figure , black) of 169 genes that best explained MOD variation. Out of 43 genes related to immunophentype biomarker panel, 23 differentially expressed genes were highly correlated with a set of 77 genes in the array study. We applied a classification algorithm to the resulting 269 genes to predict the MOD score in an independent set of samples. Forty four gene transcripts best performed to classify increasing risk groups of SOFA score (training error Conclusions Highly sensitive an specific molecular biomarkers can be developed to define MOD after LVAD and sought to early identify patients with AdHF at risk of developing severe inflammatory response before underoging LVAD implantation.
HIV transmission, healthcare workers and media hype.

Early in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) caring for AIDS patients recognized the potential for transmission of AIDS in the workplace. Discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the development and application of serologic testing for HIV caused many HCWs to breathe a sigh of relief. A. few were not so fortunate. The plethora of information related to HIV transmission published thus far has relieved most HCWs, for in fact the risk of nosocomial infection appears "low" and is seemingly related to direct exposure to blood. However, recent events suggest a growing concern among HCWs related to their risk of occupational exposure and infection. Notably, a surgeon from San Francisco, California recently appeared on ABC's "Nightline" and CBS' "60 Minutes" and suggested that the occupational risk of HIV infection is underestimated by AIDS experts. The two programs alluded to or directly accused several AIDS researchers and agencies of obscuring data and misleading HCWs with regard to HIV transmission in the workplace. This national media attention properly jars HCWs into examining the facts and figures behind the statement that there is a "low risk" of becoming infected in the workplace. This editorial attempts to summarize the approaches employed to determine occupational risk. of HIV and to put occupational risk and risk prevention in perspective. Although several retrospective cases of occupational HIV infection have been reported, these reports provide little insight into the degree of risk per exposure. The best data related to HIV transmis-
Understanding book search behavior on the web

With the increased availability of e-books and digitized book collections, more users are searching the web for information about books. There are many online digital libraries containing book, author and subject data, which are accessed via internal search services as well as external web sites, such as Google. Although this is a common yet complex information-seeking behavior involving multiple search systems with different characteristics, little is known about how users find information in this scenario. In this work, we analyze web-based book search behavior using three months of logs from the Open Library, a globally accessible digital library. Our study encompasses the user behavior on web search engines and the digital library, unlike previous work which focused on institution-level digital libraries. Among our findings are (1) query characteristics and session-level behaviors are drastically different between internal and external searchers; (2) the field usage is different based on the modes of interaction---keyword search, advanced search interface and faceted filtering; (3) users go through with more iterations of faceted filtering than query reformulation. To facilitate future research on book search, we also create a book search test collection based on the log data. We then perform an evaluation of several retrieval methods, finding that field-based retrieval models have advantages over document-based models.
The Role of Procedural Justice in Public Personnel Management: Empirical Results from the Department of Defense

This article examines the relationship between federal employee perceptions of procedural justice and work satisfaction rates, turnover intentions, and the degree to which employees trust their managers. As the federal government considers reforming the civil service system, including changes to the procedures used to discipline employees and resolve grievances, understanding these relationships becomes particularly important. Analysis of Department of Defense data from the 2002 Federal Human Capital Survey indicates a significant, positive relationship between procedural justice perceptions, satisfaction rates, and trust in management. Likewise, a significant and negative relationship exists between procedural justice perceptions and turnover intentions. Interestingly, given similar levels of procedural justice perceptions, managers exhibit lower levels of satisfaction and trust and higher turnover intentions. This study provides an important benchmark for Defense and other agencies that are redesigning personnel systems and serves as a caution against implementing systems that employees may not view as either legitimate or just.
Sport across cultures: applications of the human capital model in refugee communities.

When working with the world’s most vulnerable populations there are questions surrounding the salience of physical activity promotion programs given the multitude of basic needs that must first be met. Indeed, physical activity may be a low priority for individuals seeking safety, reunification with loved ones, and food for their families, as a subsistence lifestyle makes excess weight gain, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease irrelevant. Yet, when working with people from a refugee background for whom these challenges all too frequently apply, opportunities for sport and activity have repeatedly surfaced as desirable and needed, yet are utterly deficient. If we conceptualize physical activity purely as a chronic disease prevention tool, its significance within under-resourced communities is most assuredly lost; however, if we harness the power of physical activity to serve as an agent of positive social change, then it instantly becomes more meaningful and necessary.
The Organizational Strategies of Political Parties: An Integrative Typology

The manner by which politicians attempt to mobilize support helps determine the character and quality of democracy, as well as the possibility for democratic consolidation. This article argues that the mobilization strategies politicians pursue as they attempt to win elections are affected by their access to secondary organizations, patronage, mass media outlets, and the electoral system. The results suggest that in cases where only one of these resources is available, the model performs as expected. In cases where multiple options are available, the politicians seem to prefer indirect methods of mobilization to direct ones, as well as using state patronage to support their efforts.
Assembly of erodible, DNA-containing thin films on the surfaces of polymer microparticles: Toward a layer-by-layer approach to the delivery of DNA to antigen-presenting cells

We report a layer-by-layer approach to the assembly of ultrathin and erodible DNA-containing films on the surfaces of polymer microparticles. DNA-containing multilayered films were fabricated layer-by-layer on the surfaces of polystyrene microspheres (approximately 6 microm) by iterative and alternating cycles of particle suspension, centrifugation and resuspension in solutions of plasmid DNA and a hydrolytically degradable polyamine. Film growth occurred in a stepwise manner, as demonstrated by characterization of the zeta potentials and fluorescence intensities of film-coated particles during film assembly. Characterization of film-coated particles by confocal fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed the multilayered particle coatings to be smooth, uniform and free of large-scale physical defects. Film-coated microparticles sustained the release of transcriptionally active DNA into solution for approximately three days when incubated in physiologically relevant media. Previous studies have demonstrated that the adsorption of DNA onto the surfaces of cationic microparticles can be used to target the delivery of DNA to antigen-presenting cells. As a first step toward the application of this layer-by-layer approach to the development of methods for the delivery of DNA to antigen-presenting cells, we demonstrated that film-coated microparticles could be used to transport DNA into macrophage cells in vitro using a model mouse macrophage cell line. Our results suggest the basis of a general approach that could, with further development, prove useful for the delivery of DNA-encoded antigens to macrophages, or other antigen-presenting cells, and provide new materials-based methods for the formulation and delivery of DNA vaccines.
Distribution of components of 3H-noradrenaline uptake in the wall of the rabbit aorta

Abstract An analysis of the distribution of tritiated noradrenaline (3H-NA) in the wall of the rabbit thoracic aorta has been studied by a frozen-section technique. Some of the components of this uptake were defined by relating tritium distribution to histological structure and by determining the effect of tissue washing, electrical stimulation of the intramural nerves and pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) in a concentration that inhibits maximally 3H-NA binding. 5 components of 3H-NA distribution in the vessel wall were defined; that (i) in the extracellular space, (ii) loosely bound to all tissues, (iii) specifically bound to sympathetic nerves, (iv) bound to non-nervous tissues at sites sensitive to PBZ, (v) bound to all tissues at sites insensitive to PBZ.
Melting and dynamics of two-dimensional Coulomb systems in the presence of a magnetic field

We have done extensive molecular-dynamics simulations for a two-dimensional, classical Coulomb system in the presence of an applied magnetic field $B$. Our simulation results show that the melting transition temperature ${T}_{m}$ is almost independent of the magnetic field when this field is sufficiently strong. This is in agreement with experimental results. This is consistent with the fact that the kinetic energy dominates the potential energy in the strong magnetic field limit. We have also determined the critical exponents for the bond orientational order parameter and the angular susceptibility associated with it.
Ideals and Solutions of Nonlinear Field Equations

Families of horizontal ideals of contact manifolds of finite order are studied. Each horizontal ideal is shown to admit ann-dimensional module of Cauchy characteristic vectors that is also a module of annihilators (in the sense of Cartan) of the contact ideal. Since horizontal ideals are generated by 1-forms, any completely integrable horizontal ideal in the family leads to a foliation of the contact manifold by submanifolds of dimensionn on which the horizontal ideal vanishes. Explicit conditions are obtained under which an open subset of a leaf of this foliation is the graph of a solution map of the fundamental ideal that characterizes a given system of partial differential equations of finite order withn independent variables. The solution maps are obtained by sequential integration of systems of autonomous ordinary differential equations that are determined by the Cauchy characteristic vector fields for the problem. We show that every smooth solution map can be obtained in this manner. Let {Vi¦1≤i≤n} be a basis for the module of Cauchy characteristic vector fields that are in Jacobi normal form. If a subsidiary balance ideal admits each of then vector fieldsVi as a smooth isovector field, then certain leaves of the foliation generated by the corresponding closed horizontal ideal are shown to be graphs of solution maps of the fundamental ideal. A subclass of these constructions agree with those of the Cartan-Kahler theorem. Conditions are also obtained under which every leaf of the foliation is the graph of a solution map. Solving a given system ofr partial differential equations withn independent variables on a first-order contact manifold is shown to be equivalent to the problem of constructing a complete system of independent first integrals. Properties of systems of first integrals are analyzed by studying the collection ISO[Aijα] of all isovectors of the horizontal ideal. We show that ISO[Aijα] admits the direct sum decomposition ℋ*[Aijα]⊕W[Aijα] as a vector space, where ℋ*[Aijα] is the module of Cauchy characteristics of the horizontal ideal. ISO[Aijα] also forms a Lie algebra under the standard Lie product,ℋ*[Aijα] andW[Aijα] are Lie subalgebras of ISO[Aijα], and ℋα[Aijα] is an ideal. A change of coordinates that resolves (straightens out) the canonical basis for ℋ*[Aijα] is constructed. This change of coordinates is used to reduce the problem of solving the given system of PDE to the problem of root extraction of a system ofr functions ofn variables, and to establish the existence of solutions to a second-order system of overdetermined PDE that generate the subspaceW[Aijα]. Similar results are obtained for second-order contact manifolds. Extended canonical transformations are studied. They are shown to provide algorithms for calculating large classes of closed horizontal ideals and a partial analog of classical Hamilton-Jacobi theory.
Stationary probabilities for a simple immigration-birth-death process under the influence of total catastrophes

Abstract In this note a simple immigration—birth—death process is considered, which is influenced by total catastrophes that are introduced with constant rate. The stationary probabilities are derived using a renewal argument.
The Jacobian conjecture: Reduction of degree and formal expansion of the inverse

Introduction I. The Jacobian Conjecture 1. Statement of the Jacobian Problem; first observations 2. Some history of the Jacobian Conjecture 3. Faulty proofs 4. The use of stabilization and of formal methods II. The Reduction Theorem 1. Notation 2. Statement of the Reduction Theorem 3. Reduction to degree 3 4. Proof of the Reduction Theorem 5. r-linearization and unipotent reduction 6. Nilpotent rank 1 Jacobians III. The Formal Inverse 1. Notation 2. Abhyankar's Inversion Formula 3. The terms Gj 4. The tree expansion G\ = lT(\/a(T))lfPTf 5. Calculations References
ON THE INTERPRETATION OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS IN ECOLOGICAL CONTEXTS

Principal components analysis is well suited for many data analysis problems in ecology, particularly for data reduction and hypothesis generation; but the structure of PCA is poorly suited for indirect gradient analysis. Whatever the intended application of PCA, the user must exercise special care in selecting data transformations to prevent the analysis from being overwhelmed by the purely numerical effects in the variance structure of the data.
Electromyographic Analysis of an Intrinsic Wing Muscle in Antrozous pallidus

ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF AN INTRINSIC WING MUSCLE IN ANTROZOUS PALLIDUS KATI ARGANBRIGHT Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Present address: Laboratory for Environmental Biology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 At present, little is known about the function of the intrinsic wing musculature of bats during flight. I studied the activity of one wing muscle, the M. coraco-cutaneus, during the wing beat cycle of Antrozous pallidus with a simultaneous cinematographic-electromyographic technique described by Altenbach (1972,
Molecular gas radiation in the thermal entrance region of a duct

The effect of molecular gas radiation upon the thermal development downstream from a step change in wall temperature is examined for both laminar and turbulent flow in a black-walled flat-plate duct. The exponential-tailed band model is used to represent spectral variations in gas absorption and emission. Values of total and radiative Nusselt numbers, cold-wall-layer transmission factors, and dimensionless bulk temperatures are reported for several dimensionless axial locations and for various sets of the dimensionless controlling parameters. Even in the entrance region, self absorption by wall layer gas blocks significantly the radiation exchange between the gas core and wall. An approximate correlation is proposed for both plane-duct and pipe turbulent entrance flows.
Confocal and two-photon imaging in cartilage: expression patterns of Filamin A and B

Optical imaging in cartilage is challenging due to the high levels of intra- and inter-cellular autofluorescence. We report here on high-resolution confocal and two-photon imaging of endogenous fluorescence of cartilage and of exogenous fluorescence of filamin A and B protein markers. Confocal laser scanning microscopy offers the advantage of quasi-theoretical spatial resolution and minimizes the autofluorescence contribution by eliminating the out-of-focus light. In non-labeled cartilage, we observe mostly intracellular autofluorescence that, due to the uniform distribution within the cell, can be further effectively minimized by careful choice of experimental parameters. The fluorescence of the exogenous markers AlexaFluor 488 and AlexaFluor 568 labeling Filamins A and B, respectively, could also be detected and quantitated using this procedure, revealing topologically different expression levels of filamin A and B proteins in the cartilage growth plate. Two-photon excited fluorescence imaging yielded further resolution improvements and structural and functional information.
Computer Design of a Class of Multiple-Output SCR AC--DC Systems

A primary-controlled multiple-output silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) system is presented which requires only one output unit to be contained within the control loop; all others are slave to it. Design equations based upon a new theoretical model for SCRs are derived which provide the designer with both the static and dynamic response of the individual output units to steps in line and/or load. A computerized algorithm for the design of these output units is suggested and illustrated with an actual example.
Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Cloudy Planetary Atmospheres

Abstract This study is restricted to an assessment of the degree to which non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) is important in cloudy planetary atmospheres, although the formalism is developed in a fashion general enough to serve as a guide for similar studies involving various low-density systems of astrophysical interest. The atmosphere is assumed to be plane-parallel, semi-infinite and vertically homogeneous, and is considered to consist of conceptually separate but spatially coexistent cloud and gas subsystems. Certain physical requirements are imposed: 1) the cloud subsystem opacity is made consistent with the Mie theory; 2) the gas subsystem opacity is restricted to be gray over the visible spectrum and to obey a modified picket fence model in the thermal infrared; and 3) the restriction of LTE is relaxed. Various microscale heating and cooling mechanisms are then considered. Radiative and conductive heat transfer processes are examined in detail, whereas heat transfer processes by convecti...
Ethics and public health emergencies: encouraging responsibility

The three primary ethical challenges in preparing for public health emergencies - addressing questions of rationing, restrictions and responsibilities - all entail confronting uncertainty. But the third, considering whether people and institutions will live up to their responsibilities in a crisis, is perhaps the hardest to predict and therefore plan for. The quintessential example of a responsibility during a public health emergency is that of health care professionals' obligation to continue caring for patients during epidemics. Historically, this 'duty to treat' has sometimes gone unrecognized or ignored, but it has also famously been adhered to, including during the recent SARS epidemic. And non-crisis examples of health professionals working in the face of personal risk are very common. The duty to treat should be circumscribed by several considerations, including the levels or risk and benefit at issue, the degree of public reliance on health professional action, and the nature of the individual health professional's acceptance of greater than usual risk. Examining the professional duty to treat and the legitimate questions it raises can provide insight into other actors' responsibilities. Public health ethics as well as professional ethics can help frame answers to some key questions: How strong are ethical responsibilities during crises? To whom do they apply? Should they be more explicit - and hence more circumscribed - or less explicit and hence largely aspirational? And how can public health policies encourage responsible actions?
Quantitative Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Soybean Root Hairs Inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Root hairs are single hair-forming cells on roots that function to increase root surface area, enhancing water and nutrient uptake. In leguminous plants, root hairs also play a critical role as the site of infection by symbiotic nitrogen fixing rhizobia, leading to the formation of a novel organ, the nodule. The initial steps in the rhizobia-root hair infection process are known to involve specific receptor kinases and subsequent kinase cascades. Here, we characterize the phosphoproteome of the root hairs and the corresponding stripped roots (i.e. roots from which root hairs were removed) during rhizobial colonization and infection to gain insight into the molecular mechanism of root hair cell biology. We chose soybean (Glycine max L.), one of the most important crop plants in the legume family, for this study because of its larger root size, which permits isolation of sufficient root hair material for phosphoproteomic analysis. Phosphopeptides derived from root hairs and stripped roots, mock inoculated or inoculated with the soybean-specific rhizobium Bradyrhizobium japonicum, were labeled with the isobaric tag eight-plex iTRAQ, enriched using Ni-NTA magnetic beads and subjected to nanoRPLC-MS/MS1 analysis using HCD and decision tree guided CID/ETD strategy. A total of 1625 unique phosphopeptides, spanning 1659 nonredundant phosphorylation sites, were detected from 1126 soybean phosphoproteins. Among them, 273 phosphopeptides corresponding to 240 phosphoproteins were found to be significantly regulated (>1.5-fold abundance change) in response to inoculation with B. japonicum. The data reveal unique features of the soybean root hair phosphoproteome, including root hair and stripped root-specific phosphorylation suggesting a complex network of kinase-substrate and phosphatase-substrate interactions in response to rhizobial inoculation.
Vasculitis with allopurinol therapy.

Abstract Hypersensitive vascular reactions have been described with a large number of drugs. A case of the hypersensitivity type of vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis and eosinophilic reaction, involving multiple organs, especially the kidney, marked by generalized maculopapular body rash, resulting in uremia and death, has been reported. The only possible drug to be implicated was allopurinol (4-hydroxypyrazolo-[3,4- d ]pyrimidine), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor currently used in the treatment of disorders of uric acid metabolism. The literature concerning hypersensitivity angiitis and the periarteritis-polyarteritis entities have been reviewed. No previous instances of this type of hypersensitivity angiitis connected with the administration of allopurinol have been reported. It is our feeling that the reported case represents hypersensitivity angiitis of the type involving the small arterioles especially of the lung, spleen, and kidney, and that this was secondary to the administration of allopurinol.
Calcium entry induces mitochondrial oxidant stress in vagal neurons at risk in Parkinson's disease

Mitochondrial oxidant stress is widely viewed as being critical to pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease. But the origins of this stress are poorly defined. One possibility is that it arises from the metabolic demands associated with regenerative activity. To test this hypothesis, we characterized neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), a population of cholinergic neurons that show signs of pathology in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, in mouse brain slices. DMV neurons were slow, autonomous pacemakers with broad spikes, leading to calcium entry that was weakly buffered. Using a transgenic mouse expressing a redox-sensitive optical probe targeted to the mitochondrial matrix, we found that calcium entry during pacemaking created a basal mitochondrial oxidant stress. Knocking out DJ-1 (also known as PARK7), a gene associated with early-onset Parkinson's disease, exacerbated this stress. These results point to a common mechanism underlying mitochondrial oxidant stress in Parkinson's disease and a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate it.
Structural and Energetic Effects in the Molecular Recognition of Acetylated Amino Acids by 18-Crown-6

Absolute 18-crown-6 (18C6) binding affinities of four protonated acetylated amino acids (AcAAs) are determined using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry techniques. The AcAAs examined in this work include: N-terminal acetylated lysine (Nα–AcLys), histidine (Nα–AcHis), and arginine (Nα–AcArg) as well as side chain acetylated lysine (Ne–AcLys). The kinetic-energy-dependent cross sections for collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the (AcAA)H+(18C6) complexes are analyzed using an empirical threshold law to extract absolute 0 and 298 K (AcAA)H+−18C6 bond dissociation energies (BDEs) after accounting for the effects of multiple collisions, kinetic and internal energy distributions of the reactants, and unimolecular dissociation lifetimes. Theoretical electronic structure calculations are performed to determine stable geometries and energetics for neutral and protonated 18C6 and the AcAAs as well as the proton bound complexes of these species, (AcAA)H+(18C6), at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-31 G* and M06/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G* levels of theory. For all four (AcAA)H+(18C6) complexes, loss of neutral 18C6 corresponds to the most favorable dissociation pathway. At elevated energies, products arising from sequential dissociation of the primary CID product, H+(AcAA), are also observed. Protonated Nα–AcLys exhibits a greater 18C6 binding affinity than other protonated Nα–AcAAs, suggesting that the side chains of Lys residues are the preferred binding sites for 18C6 complexation to peptides and proteins. Nα–AcLys exhibits a greater 18C6 binding affinity than Ne–AcLys, suggesting that binding of 18C6 to the side chain of Lys residues is more favorable than to the N-terminal amino group of Lys.
Electrochemical Assay to Detect Influenza Viruses and Measure Drug Susceptibility

An electrochemical assay has been designed to rapidly diagnose influenza viruses. Exposure of a glucose-bearing substrate to influenza viruses or its enzyme, neuraminidase (NA), releases glucose, which was detected amperometrically. Two methods were used to detect released glucose. First, we used a standard glucose blood meter to detect two viral NAs and three influenza strains. We also demonstrated drug susceptibility of two antivirals, Zanamivir and Oseltamivir, using the assay. Finally, we used disposable test strips to detect nineteen H1N1 and H3N2 influenza strains using this assay in one hour. The limit and range of detection of this first generation assay is 10(2) and 10(2)-10(8) plaque forming units (pfu), respectively. Current user-friendly glucose meters can be repurposed to detect influenza viruses.
Intestinal Transplantation under Tacrolimus Monotherapy after Perioperative Lymphoid Depletion with Rabbit Anti‐Thymocyte Globulin (Thymoglobulin®)

Modifications in the timing and dosage of immunosuppression can ameliorate the morbidity and mortality that has prevented widespread use of intestinal transplantation (ITx) in children. Thirty-six patients receiving ITx, aged 5 months to 20 years were given 2-3 mg(kg of rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG, thymoglobulin) just before ITx, and 2-3 mg(kg postoperatively (total 5 mg(kg). Twice daily doses of tacrolimus (TAC) were begun enterally within 24 h after graft reperfusion with reduction of dose quantity or frequency after 3 months. Prednisone or other agents were given to treat breakthrough rejection. After 8-28 months follow-up (mean 15.8 +/- 5.3), 1- and 2-year patient and graft survival is 100% and 94%, respectively. Despite a 44% incidence of acute rejection in the first month, 16 of the 34 (47%) survivors are on TAC (n = 14) or sirolimus (n = 2) monotherapy; 15 receive TAC plus low dose prednisone; one each receive TAC plus sirolimus, TAC plus azathioprine and TAC plus sirolimus and prednisone. There was a low incidence of immunosuppression-related complications. This strategy of immunosuppression minimized maintenance TAC exposure, facilitated the long-term control of rejection, decreased the incidence of opportunistic infections, and resulted in a high rate of patient and graft survival.
Management Science Process---Methods for Managerial Problem Cause Analysis

The important managerial processes of problem identification, formulation, and solution are often approached experientially. There are, however, several formalized approaches which have been developed and are currently the subject of many management development programs. These approaches attempt to structure the establishment of a cause and effect relationship between a problem and its causes for purposes of taking corrective action. This paper summarily presents the cause and effect methods, critically evaluates them, explores their differences, similarities, and the kind of problems for which each method is appropriate.
Calibration method for four-terminal-pair capacitance standards: Progress report

The paper titled "A New Universal Calibration Method for Four-Terminal-Pair Admittance Standards" (1991) described briefly a calibration method for commercially available four-terminal-pair capacitance standards (4TP C STDs). Since we established an accurate calibration method for the 4TP C STDs using a network analyzer and a 1 kHz capacitance bridge, this paper describes the method for a 1000 pF air dielectric 4TP C STD at 10 MHz.
Imagination and Interpretation: An Empirical Study of Graphic Novels in the High School Social Studies Classroom

High school students today acquire information in ways that are not always valued in schools. They often seek visual or multimedia alternatives to traditional written texts. Information acquisition is one click away, yet young people struggle to interpret and critique the vast array of sources from which they are receiving information. Furthermore, in this digital age, young people have more opportunities than ever to publicly compose critiques and interpretations of the visual images they consume. They also have more opportunities to access forums that allow them to produce and present imaginative media of their own. High school students are eager to practice these skills, but teachers often struggle to weave them into the curriculum. Throughout this past academic school year I have been exploring ways to meet this challenge. Drawing on experiences in my high school social studies classroom, I evaluate the effectiveness of using the images in graphic novels to teach social studies to a group of thirty-three eleventh-graders. My research involves an empirical study of a World War I unit I completed with my students. After learning about World War I through an assortment of primary and secondary sources, students completed an end of unit assessment that required them to engage with Joe Sacco’s graphic novel, The Great War, in a variety of ways. Using Sacco’s highly detailed illustrations of the Battle of the Somme, students made predictions, investigated the author’s methods and sources, critiqued, interpreted, and corroborated the work. Additionally, they created their own written narratives and graphic representations of this battle. I conclude that graphic novels can be an effective resource in the modern social studies classroom. Graphic novels can be used to validate students’ background knowledge and experience with new media, teach visual literacy, and require students to practice sophisticated historical thinking skills. Nina Hoey was born and raised in Taunton, MA and currently lives in Worcester, MA where she is a graduate student at Clark and a teaching intern at South High Community School. After graduating with Phi Beta Kappa honors from Clark in 2014 with a B.A. in History and a minor in Music, she began pursuing her lifelong dream of becoming a teacher The diverse group of high school students in her three U.S. History classes inspired her research on the use of graphic novels in Social Studies classrooms to inspire creativity, teach visual literacy, and practice historical thinking skills with today’s modern learnings. Imagination and Interpretation is Nina’s first publication and she is thrilled to be a part of Clark’s SURJ.
On and off the wagon. Reasons for drinking and abstaining by alcoholics.

A study of the reasons alcoholics give for resuming or stopping drinking after discharge from a hospital showed such broad diversity that no unitary hypothesis could be confirmed—particularly the c...
An experimental investigation of IGV-rotor interactions in a transonic axial-flow compressor

Experiments are performed in an advanced design multistage axial-flow compressor to investigate IGVrotor unsteady aerodynamic blade row interaction phenomena at both transonic and subsonic rotor operating conditions. Nonlinear interaction effects were significant at the transonic design speed, with very high levels of unsteady loading occurring in the vane trailing edge region due to interactions with the rotor generated shock waves. The impact of these shocks with the upstream vane row caused the periodic formation and collapse of a separation bubble on the airfoil pressure surface and also resulted in the generation of upstream propagating pressure waves in the vane passage. Increasing the IGV-rotor axial spacing did not significantly reduce this unsteady loading, with harmonics as high as SxBPF still present in the vane response. These nonlinear interactions did not occur at the part-speed operating condition in which the rotor flow was subsonic, with both the forcing function and vane response predominantly first harmonic.
Cognate identification methods: Impacts on the cognate advantage in adult and child Spanish-English bilinguals:

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine whether four different cognate identification methods resulted in notably different classifications of cognate status for Peabody Picture Vocab...
Transcription of lncRNA prt, clustered prt RNA sites for Mmi1 binding, and RNA polymerase II CTD phospho-sites govern the repression of pho1 gene expression under phosphate-replete conditions in fission yeast

Expression of fission yeast Pho1 acid phosphatase is repressed during growth in phosphate-rich medium. Repression is mediated by transcription of the prt locus upstream of pho1 to produce a long noncoding (lnc) prt RNA. Repression is also governed by RNA polymerase II CTD phosphorylation status, whereby inability to place a Ser7-PO4 mark (as in S7A) derepresses Pho1 expression, and inability to place a Thr4-PO4 mark (as in T4A) hyper-represses Pho1 in phosphate replete cells. Here we find that basal pho1 expression from the prt-pho1 locus is inversely correlated with the activity of the prt promoter, which resides in a 110-nucleotide DNA segment preceding the prt transcription start site. CTD mutations S7A and T4A had no effect on the activity of the prt promoter or the pho1 promoter, suggesting that S7A and T4A affect post-initiation events in prt lncRNA synthesis that make it less and more repressive of pho1, respectively. prt lncRNA contains clusters of DSR (determinant of selective removal) sequences recognized by the YTH-domain-containing protein Mmi1. Altering the nucleobase sequence of two DSR clusters in the prt lncRNA caused hyper-repression of pho1 in phosphate replete cells, concomitant with increased levels of the prt transcript. The isolated Mmi1 YTH domain binds to RNAs with single or tandem DSR elements, to the latter in a noncooperative fashion. We report the 1.75 A crystal structure of the Mmi1 YTH domain and provide evidence that Mmi1 recognizes DSR RNA via a binding mode distinct from that of structurally homologous YTH proteins that recognize m(6)A-modified RNA.
Measures for Beijing Power Network to improve power supply reliability

Beijing is a nationl-wide political and economic cultural center and modern metropolis, the requirements of power supply reliability for Beijing are very high. Facing 2008 Olympic Game in Beijing, the power supply reliability for Beijing has the higher requirements. According to the characteristics of power supply in Beijing during Olympic Game, and the international metropolis experiences of improving power supply reliability, as well as the domestic experiences and measures of improving power supply reliability during the large scale sports meeting and important international meeting, this paper puts forward the specific scheme to improve the power supply reliability for Beijing Power Network all-roundly, which will further improve the reliability of power supply for Beijing Power Network and ensure to offer the reliable power supply for conducting the most successful Olympic Game in Beijing.
Whole-Mount Skeletal Staining

The first step in almost every investigation of skeletal phenotypes is analysis of whole-mount skeletal preparations. Whole-mount skeletal staining permits evaluation of the shapes and sizes of skeletal elements in their appropriate locations. The technique is thus the major method for detecting changes in skeletal patterning. Because cartilage and bone can be distinguished by differential staining, this technique is also a powerful means to assess the pace of skeletal maturation. This protocol covers staining of the pre- and postnatal mouse skeleton using Alcian blue and Alizarin red to identify cartilage and bone, respectively.
Impedances for Design of Microfluidic Systems

System analysis is essential for accurate design of complex microfluidic systems. For instance, lumped-parameter system models of micropumps with no-moving-parts (NMP) valves need fluid elements that represent the separated, oscillating, laminar flow that occurs in these valves. No experimental or analytical method is currently available to determine the impedance of this type of flow. A numerical method for deriving NMP valve impedance has been developed, based on an extension of analytical methods for channels of non-varying cross-section. The resistance and inertance calculated are 20% lower than for a straight rectangular channel of equivalent length.