cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Throughput Proteomics Processing of Proteins in Polyacrylamide in a Multiwell Format

Processing multiple protein samples from polyacrylamide at significant sensitivity represents a major chokepoint for raising the success rate in high-volume protein identification projects. A multiwell filterplate method for processing proteins in polyacrylamide was optimized for sensitivity using a protein standard. The results demonstrate this process to be a reliable and reproducible method over a range of gel loadings and suitable for the identification of proteins near the threshold of silver stain. This high-throughput manual method requires a minimum of specialized equipment, and can be performed disconnected from a proteomics infrastructure for the preparation of mass spectrometry-ready samples.
On a convex function useful in determination of linear discriminant functions

Abstract The problem of determining a linear discriminant function to minimize probability of error in distinguishing between two measurement classes may, as is well known, often be approximated by a problem of minimizing some convex function. Many particular convex functions have been proposed for this purpose. While the relations between the real problem and the approximation are of critical importance, such relations are frequently unclear or even unsatisfactory. Here we examine a particular choice and show that it has a collection of desirable attributes, relating to the real problem, which are not known to be possessed by any other choice.
Task force #3—what is the spectrum of current and emerging techniques for the noninvasive measurement of atherosclerosis?

This task force reviews the technical status and strength of evidence for the use of carotid ultrasonography, coronary computed tomography (CT), cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), brachial artery reactivity testing (BART), and the ankle-brachial index (ABI) in the noninvasive
Enriching partially-specified representations for text realization using an attribute grammar

We present a new approach to enriching under-specified representations of content to be realized as text. Our approach uses an attribute grammar to propagate missing information where needed in a tree that represents the text to be realized. This declaratively-specified grammar mediates between application-produced output and the input to a generation system and, as a consequence, can easily augment an existing generation system. End-applications that use this approach can produce high quality text without a fine-grained specification of the text to be realized, thereby reducing the burden to the application. Additionally, representations used by the generator are compact, because values that can be constructed from the constraints encoded by the grammar will be propagated where necessary. This approach is more flexible than defaulting or making a statistically good choice because it can deal with long-distance dependencies (such as gaps and reflexive pronouns). Our approach differs from other approaches that use attribute grammars in that we use the grammar to enrich the representations of the content to be realized, rather than to generate the text itself. We illustrate the approach with examples from our template-based text-realizer, YAG.
Estimation of parameter n of the binomial distribution

Let S1, …, Sk be a random sample of size k from a binomial distribution with parameters n and θ, the success probability. We are interested in estimating n when both θ and n are unknown. We use a Bayesian approach to estimating n. Even though, from the Bayesian viewpoint, the number of trials is a discrete random variable N, we take a continuous prior distribution for N. A justification for using this continuous prior distribution is given. Assuming the quadratic loss function, the mean of the posterior distribution of N is the Bayes estimator of n. The Bayes estimator does not possess a closed form. It is evaluated by using the Laguerre-Gauss quadrature. A Monte Carlo study of the Bayes, the stable versions of the method of moments and the maximum likelihood (Olkin, Petkau and Zidek, 1981) and the Carroll-Lombard (1985) estimators are made. The numerical work indicates that the Bayes estimator is a stable estimator and, in some cases, is superior to other n estimators in terms of the mean squared error a...
Nancy Drew: Girls' Literature, Women's Reading Groups, and the Transmission of Literacy:

This study focused on a women's reading group that organized for the purpose of discussing popular books from the Nancy Drew collection. Audiotapes of discussions, interviews, and questionnaires provided information that led to an in-depth analysis to address two research questions: How did the participants become engaged in the specific genre of Nancy Drew mysteries? and What can be learned from interactions that were part of the group discussions (in a noninstructional setting) that can inform the field of literacy about the processes and values of such discussions for adult participants' literary engagement? Key findings of the study are that (a) “literacy agents,” such as mothers and aunts, were influential in persuading participants to read Nancy Drew as a child and (b) the discourse patterns of the group, although they were similar in some ways to typical school literature discussions, departed from these patterns at key points. When the participants were collaborative rather than hierarchical in th...
Environmental Indicators in Morrison Formation, New Mexico: ABSTRACT

Ripple marks and cross-bedding have been studied at more than 160 localities in the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Jurassic), Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. The cross-bedding represents running water, and hence ground slope, during the time of Morrison deposition. As during the times of Chinle (Triassic) and Entrada (Jurassic) deposition, the ground slope was down toward the west-northwest. (A check of cross-bedding higher in the Morrison Formation, and in overlying Dakota sandstones, showed a slope toward the northeast.) Average ripple-mark spacing in the lower Morrison sandstones was 3.43 cm (maximum, 7.0 cm; minimum, 0.7 cm). Approximately 60 percent of the examples exhibited perfect symmetry. With four exceptions, ripple indices were in the range, RI = 5.0 to RI = 15.0. A study of ripple-mark straightness and parallelism also was made. All of the computed parameters indicate a wave origin, except for the 40 percent of the examples having slight-to-moderate asymmetry. This latter observation cannot be used, despite other evidence, to deny a wave origin. Modern ripple marks of this type commonly appear in water less than 2 or 3 m deep. Wave-tank observations indicate that similar ripple marks are formed by waves having heights of less than 5 cm and lengths (between crests) of 2 or 3 m or less. The fetch necessary to generate such waves can be measured in hundreds of meters. The lower Morrison ripple mark fields are, therefore, assigned to a shallow lake or pond origin. Ripple-mark crest orientations are approximately north-south, and the direction of transport, deduced from asymmetry, was toward the west-northwest; hence a current bias (down the regional slope) may have been important in providing asymmetry to these wave-formed features. The orientation requires, however, that the wind blew from either east or west. This is not in agreement with wind direction deduced from eolian cross-bedding and eolian ripple marks in the Entrada Formation in the same area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 552------------
Clinical psychological testing in Tourette's syndrome.

Summary On the basis of the psychologists' ratings of the WAIS or WISC, Bender-Gestalt, and Rorschach, 76.7% of 30 Tourette patients had signs of “mild” or “moderate” organicity. Fifty percent had organic abnormalities on psychiatric evaluation, 58.3% on neurological evaluation, and 50% on electroencephalographic evaluation. It was concluded that patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome had significantly greater organic impairment than found in a normal population.
Suprahepatic interposition of the colon in association with Down's syndrome: Report of a case

A patient in whom suprahepatic interposition of the colon was found with primary trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) is described. While both syndromes are rare, their coincidental occurrence in the same patient has not been previously reported. The possibility that a chromosomal abnormality may exist in patients who have suprahepatic interposition of the colon is entertained.
Flocculation of latex by water-soluble polymers: Experimental confirmation of a nonbridging, nonadsorptive, volume-restriction mechanism

Abstract The reversible flocculation of polymeric latices by a water-soluble polymer such as hydroxyethyl cellulose thickener does not necessarily occur by the oft-invoked adsorptive or “bridging” mechanism. On the contrary, a mechanism wherein attractive forces between latex particles are induced by nonadsorbed soluble polymer appears most applicable to the systems examined. The critical experimental result is that very low levels of surfactant not only displace adsorbed soluble polymer from the latex particle surface, but simultaneously reduce the concentration of soluble polymer required to effect flocculation. Effects of latex polymer composition, latex concentration, soluble polymer molecular weight, and serum electrolyte are explored. Rheological implications of the flocculation model are briefly considered.
Interest in complexity in brittle and granular systems grows

In recent years both physicists and geophysicists have become increasingly interested in macroscopic patterns and features that spontaneously form in space and time during the deformation of brittle and granular media. Such features include faults and shear bands in the shearing of brittle and ductile solids and in the deformation of granular media, spontaneous grain size segregation during flow, and a variety of other patterns formed during oscillatory motion. Often these features exhibit self-similarity, and their populations have fractal-size distributions. These spontaneous formation—or self-organizing—phenomena are hallmarks of what has become known as the physics of complexity. The study of complexity is in its exploratory phase, past its infancy, but nowhere near the point where a general understanding of these phenomena has been achieved. The youth of this topic makes it one of the hottest topics in both geophysics and condensed-matter physics.
Cytokine control of nutrition and metabolism during critical illness

During the last two decades, major advances in technology and in our fundamental understanding of the biologic aspects of sepsis and cancer cachexia have dramatically affected the therapeutic strategies available to the surgeon to care for critically ill patients. It is clear, however, that cytokines affect whole body nutrition and metabolism and are responsible for many of the clinically observed nutritional effects of injury, infection, and cancer, including fever, hypermetabolism, anorexia, protein catabolism, cachexia, and altered fat, glucose, and trace mineral metabolism. These metabolic and nutritional effects of cytokines are influenced by the nutritional status of the host, which is generally altered during the course of the critical illness. In the future, the use of specialized diets and the use of selective cytokine blockade are likely to be important components of the overall care of the catabolic patient.
Late outcomes following open and endovascular repair of blunt thoracic aortic injury

Background Previous studies have focused on early outcomes of open (descending thoracic aortic repair [DTAR]) and endovascular (thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair [TEVAR]) repair of blunt aortic injury (blunt thoracic aortic injury [BTAI]). Late results remain ill-defined and are the focus of this study. Methods One hundred nine patients (1992-2010) underwent repair for BTAI. Mean age was 39.0 years (73.4% male). DTAR was performed in 90, with left heart bypass (85) or hypothermic arrest (5). TEVAR was used in 19 of 45 patients treated since 2002. A strategy of selective delayed repair has been used since 1997, with 54 of 75 patients treated with delayed repair in this interval. The primary outcome was vital status (100% follow-up; mean, 103.9 months). Results Mean Injury Severity Score was 39.5. Thirty-day mortality was 4.6% (n = 5). Early morbidity included permanent spinal cord ischemia (SCI, 1.8%), stroke (2.8%), and need for permanent dialysis (1.8%). Independent predictors of a composite outcome of early mortality and these morbidities included age >60 years (odds ratio [OR], 8.4; P = .015), increasing preoperative creatinine (OR, 7.9; P = .017), and occurrence of postoperative sepsis (OR, 9.6; P = .021). Fifteen-year Kaplan-Meier survival was 81.3%. Independent predictors of late mortality included age >60 years (Cox hazard ratio [HR], 4.1; P = .01), increasing creatinine (HR, 9.1; P Conclusions With careful selection, open or endovascular repair of BTAI has excellent early and late results. Although TEVAR has an increased risk for reintervention, factors other than treatment strategy impact late survival. These data support the growing role of an endoluminal approach for BTAI in anatomically appropriate patients.
Temporal stability of node-based internal bone adaptation simulations

Jacobs et al. (1995, J. Biomechanics 28, 449-459) introduced a new implementation of the remodeling theory developed by Beaupre et al. (1990, J. Orthop. Res. 8, 651-661) that eliminates certain spurious spatial instabilities of previous implementations. Due to the highly nonlinear, coupled nature of multi-dimensional adaptation simulations, direct stability analyses of this method are not practical. In this manuscript, a linearized stability analysis was used to derive an expression for the critical time step for the stability of a simple model problem. In addition to accurately predicting the temporal response of the single degree-of-freedom problem, the analysis provided a conservative estimate of the critical time step for a more realistic, multiple degree-of-freedom adaptation simulation.
Polarization and Angular Distributions in Elastic pp Scattering at 100 and 300 GeV

Measurements of the polarization parameter and angular distributions in $\mathrm{pp}$ elastic scattering at incident energies of 100 and 300 GeV are reported. The data cover the kinematic range $0.18l\ensuremath{-}tl2.0$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. They are found to be consistent with absorption-model predictions.
Characteristics of rapidly thermally annealed RuO2 films on SiO2

Abstract RuO2 films have been fabricated on oxidized silicon wafer by reactive sputtering of ruthenium. The sheet resistivity of as-deposited film was 10Ω □ for a film thickness of 1500 A. The as-deposited films were annealed in oxygen, nitrogen and argon atmospheres. The sheet resistivity of the film was found to decrease with increase in annealing temperature and the lowest sheet resistivity obtained was 2Ω □ . The surface morphologies of the ruthenium dioxide films were found to be smooth and did not change significantly as a result of the annealing process. Auger depth profiling shows loss of oxygen at the surface for films annealed in nitrogen atmosphere and negligible out-diffusion of silicon into RuO2 for annealing temperatures in the range 300–900 °C.
Infrared Spectroscopy Study of CO and CO2on Ce- and La-promoted Pt/ZrO2 Catalysts

The adsorption of CO and CO2 on Pt supported on ZrO2 and Ce/La-promoted ZrO2 was studied using DRIFTS. The presence of both La and Ce resulted in a decrease in the adsorption of CO at room temperature after reduction at 350 °C. The reduction in the CO adsorption is ascribed to an increase in the support reducibility when La and Ce are both present. Reduction at 350 °C leads to the formation of oxygen defects in the dual promoted support which have been probed using DRIFTS to monitor CO2 dissociation. Hydrogen assisted dissociation is demonstrated on the ZrO2, CeZrO2, and LaZrO2 supports. In the absence of hydrogen, the presence of oxygen vacancies is shown to be necessary for CO2 dissociation.
OFF stage leakage analysis from Power Gating application in deep sub-micron technology

It is ubiquitous that high performance integrated circuits designs are commonly suffers from total chip power consumption. Moreover, when we are marching towards deeper sub-micron technology from process scaling, the transistor leakage it self had became more and more dominant to the total component power which is unavoidable. Clever employment of power gating / sleep transistor / MTCMOS technology can help to shut off leakage power from un-use blocks. However at high temperature and fast skew, OFF stage leakage current will still be very significant if wrong implementation strategy was employed. This paper described the circuit analysis, optimization strategies and design methodology to tackle this issue head on. Details break down on the circuit modeling and design trade off on Power Gating FETs was described in this paper including simulation results and equations to aid the illustrations. The OFF stage power saving using MTCMOS was re-evaluated for total leakage minimization.
Adaptive Immunity, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pandemics that affects more than 170 million people worldwide, associated with increased mortality and morbidity due to coronary artery disease (CAD). In type 1 (T1) DM, the main pathogenic mechanism seems to be the destruction of pancreatic β-cells mediated by autoreactive T-cells resulting in chronic insulitis, while in type 2 (T2) DM primary insulin resistance, rather than defective insulin production due to β-cell destruction, seems to be the triggering alteration. In our study, we investigated the role of systemic inflammation and T-cell subsets in T1- and T2DM and the possible mechanisms underlying the increased cardiovascular risk associated with these diseases.
THYROID CELL INJURY IS AN INITIAL EVENT IN THE INDUCTION OF AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS BY IODINE IN OBESE STRAIN CHICKENS

The present study examines the role of thyroid cell injury in the initiation of autoimmune thyroiditis by iodine in Obese strain (OS) chickens, a strain genetically susceptible to spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. OS and normal strain chickens were placed on an iodine depletion regimen started in ovo. This regimen is known to prevent thyroiditis in OS chickens. The chickens were injected with NaI every 24 h for up to 7 days starting at 3 weeks of age. Both strains showed evidence of mild thyrocyte injury 12 h after NaI. However, significant and sustained infiltration, beginning 24 h after NaI, was seen only in the OS. The infiltrating cells were primarily mononuclear. Polymorphonuclear cells were not observed. Immunohistological analysis showed the infiltrate to be composed of CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells, B cells, and macrophages in the ratio 40:20:22:17. The infiltration was sustained and progressive for at least 7 days. Thyroid infiltration after NaI repletion was significantly reduced in OS chickens tol...
ICU nurses’ preparation of families for death of patients following withdrawal of ventilator support

Abstract Intensive care unit nurses were asked how they prepared families for the death of their patient following withdrawal of mechanical ventilation. Forty-three descriptors were identified, of which 67.5% (n = 29) were “physical sensations and symptoms.” Less frequently mentioned features of Self-Regulation Theory were temporal characteristics, environmental features, and causes of these signs. Eight descriptors mentioned by more than 50% of nurses were skin color changes (74%), skin temperature changes (74%), varying levels of consciousness (74%), effort with breathing (71%), variable timeframe to death (68%), breathing pattern (65%), sound during breathing (61%), and loss of bowel control/incontinence (52%).
Effect of colchicine ond estrogend action I. Inhibition of 17β-estradiol-induced water and potassium uptake in the immature rat uterus

Abstract The effects of colchicine on 17 β -estradiol-induced water and electrolyte uptake in the uterus of the immature rat have been examined 6 h after treatment with this estrogen. Estradiol stimulates in increase in total uterine Na + , K + and water while intracellular Na + and K + concentrations remain relatively unchanged. Assuming the sodium space is equivalent to the extracellular space, the extracellular fluid compartment increases about 84% in response to estradiol Similarly, the intracellular compartment increases by about 62%. The uptake of water into the cellular compartment may be a direct response to a stimulation of K + accumulation by uterine cells. Colchicine inhibits both estradiol- induced rise in intracellular potassium and both intra- and extracellular water.
Block copolymers with low surface energy segments: siloxane- and perfluoroalkane-modified blocks

Abstract In this paper we describe the preparation and preliminary characterization of diblock copolymers with a low surface energy block. These polymers were prepared by modifying the isoprene block in styreneisoprene-based block copolymers with either short perfluoroalkyl or dimethyl siloxy ‘fingers’. Specifically, the diene block of a styrene-isoprene block copolymer containing a large proportion of pendent vinyl groups (1,2- and 3,4-isoprene) was reacted with the appropriate hydrosilane in the presence of non-acidic Pt catalyst. The degree of attachment of hydrosilane was as high as 50% of the pendent unsaturations. Pendent vinyl groups were converted more efficiently than pendent methyl vinyl groups. These block copolymers, when mixed with the styrene homopolymer, exhibited surface segregation behaviour which depended on both polymer molecular weight and processing conditions. The surface segregation properties of the resulting block copolymers were studied by a variety of techniques which include contact angle measurements, and either X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy or Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Contact angles as high as 110° were measured for both the siloxane- and perfluoroalkane-modified materials.
Structural biology of redox partner interactions in P450cam monooxygenase: A fresh look at an old system

The P450cam monooxygenase system consists of three separate proteins: the FAD-containing, NADH-dependent oxidoreductase (putidaredoxin reductase or Pdr), cytochrome P450cam and the 2Fe2S ferredoxin (putidaredoxin or Pdx), which transfers electrons from Pdr to P450cam. Over the past few years our lab has focused on the interaction between these redox components. It has been known for some time that Pdx can serve as an effector in addition to its electron shuttle role. The binding of Pdx to P450cam is thought to induce structural changes in the P450cam active site that couple electron transfer to substrate hydroxylation. The nature of these structural changes has remained unclear until a particular mutant of P450cam (Leu358Pro) was found to exhibit spectral perturbations similar to those observed in wild type P450cam bound to Pdx. The crystal structure of the L358P variant has provided some important insights on what might be happening when Pdx docks. In addition to these studies, many Pdx mutants have been analyzed to identify regions important for electron transfer. Somewhat surprisingly, we found that Pdx residues predicted to be at the P450cam-Pdx interface play different roles in the reduction of ferric P450cam and the ferrous P450-O(2) complex. More recently we have succeeded in obtaining the structure of a chemically cross-linked Pdr-Pdx complex. This fusion protein represents a valid model for the noncovalent Pdr-Pdx complex as it retains the redox activities of native Pdr and Pdx and supports monooxygenase reactions catalyzed by P450cam. The insights gained from these studies will be summarized in this review.
Retailing in perspective: the past is a prologue to the future

Retailing institutions and practices are evolutionary in nature, and much can be learned by studying the history of retailing. Events are not as discontinuous or unique as they sometimes seem, as noted in the title of the article: ‘The past is a prologue to the future’. Building on the February 2010 special issue of the International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, the present article takes a longer time frame and a more global (rather than regional) perspective. Modern retailing is the accumulation of incremental steps over time. The state of retailing at any given point is not only dependent on the cyclical nature of the overall economy in a country or region, but also on specific factors endemic to retailing. The theories of the retail life cycle, the wheel of retailing, and scrambled merchandising/retail accordion remain as valid and useful today as in the past, even though not always fully appreciated by retailers. As modern retailing institutions and practices move toward great...
Paramagnetic metalloporphyrins as potential contrast agents in NMR imaging

Several water-soluble paramagnetic metalloporphyrins were found to increase significantly the relaxation rate (1/T1) of water. Such compounds are known to be selectively retained by tumors in animals, and consequently we identify them as potential contrast agents for tumors in NMR imaging.
Evidence that biological activity of NGF is mediated through a novel subclass of high affinity receptors

Trophic factors, such as NGF, regulate survival and differentiation of many classes of neurons by binding specific receptors. Two types of NGF receptors have been identified, which bind NGF with low and high affinity. The latter mediates the major biological actions of NGF. To determine the relationship between these two receptor types, polyclonal antibodies to the low affinity receptor have been prepared and used in ligand-binding, ligand-cross-linking, and biological assays. These antibodies eliminated binding of NGF to low affinity receptors and to one class of high affinity receptors, but did not prevent binding to a second class of high affinity receptors. The same antibodies did not inhibit NGF-stimulated neuronal survival or neurite outgrowth. Thus, a biologically important class of high affinity NGF receptors is antigenically distinct from the low affinity receptor and may be encoded by a novel gene.
Nanoscale Twinning and Martensitic Transformation in Shock-Deformed Bcc Metals

Shock-induced twinning and martensitic transformation in BCC-based polycrystalline metals (Ta and U-6wt%Nb) have been observed and studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The length-scale of domain thickness for both twin lamella and martensite phase is found to be smaller than 100 nm. While deformation twinning of {112} -type is found in Ta when shock-deformed at 15 GPa, both twinning and martensitic transformation are found in Ta when shock-deformed at 45 GPa. Similar phenomena of nanoscale twinning and martensitic transformation are also found in U6Nb shock-deformed at 30 GPa. Since both deformation twinning and martensitic transformation occurred along the {211}b planes associated with high resolved shear stresses, it is suggested that both can be regarded as alternative paths for shear transformations to occur in shock-deformed BCC metals. Heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms for shock-induced twinning and martensitic transformation are proposed and discussed.
Substance P modulates glutamate-induced currents in acutely isolated rat spinal dorsal horn neurones

The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to examine the effect of substance P (SP) on glutamate-induced currents in freshly dissociated rat spinal dorsal horn neurons (LI-III). In 48% of examined cells SP (10(-10)-10(-6) M) at -70 mV, induced in inward current that desensitized in the continued presence of SP. When applied simultaneously with, or prior to L-glutamate, SP caused a potentiation of L-glutamate-induced current in 65% of the tested cells. Since glutamate activates both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors in rat dorsal horn neurons, selective agonists, kainate, quisqualate, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) and NMDA were used to determine which subtype of excitatory amino acid receptors interacted with SP. We found that the responses to quisqualate, kainate, and AMPA were not significantly affected by SP (less than 20% increase). In contrast, the inward currents induced by NMDA (30-300 microM) appear to be reduced and potentiated after the administration of 2-200 nM of SP. These results suggest that post-synaptic mechanisms of action of tachykinins may contribute to the regulation of the strength of glutamate-mediated excitatory transmission in the rat spinal dorsal horn.
RAISING COMMUTER PARKING PRICES. AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Recently, management of parking rates has been proposed as an effective policy option to ameliorate the adverse impacts of excessive commuter automobile use in urban areas. Parking price strategies have the potential for significantly altering travel behavior in favor of high occupancy vehicles, as well as reducing congestion, energy consumption and pollution. Unfortunately, however, a paucity of empirical evidence exists regarding the impacts of parking pricing policies on travel patterns. The recent attempt aimed at eliminating federal employee parking subsidies provided a unique opportunity to take a careful look at the impacts of commuter parking price increases. In November 1979, federal employees at many government facilities in Washington, DC, and other major cities began to pay one-half of nearby commercial parking rates for government-controlled parking spaces. This paper presents the impacts of the parking price increases on commuting behavior at a sample of 15 worksites in metropolitan Washington, DC, and discusses their short term planning and policy implications. A "before and after with control group" survey design monitored the effects on modal shifts, automobile occupancy, and parking behavior. The results showed that removing free parking and raising parking rates (from $10 to $32 per month) influenced some significant shifts to higher-occupancy modes, but that the shifts were not uniform in direction or magnitude across the sites. In addition, the study examined how locational, travel, and employee factors influenced the modal shifts.(a)
Graphene folding on flat substrates

We present a combined experimental-theoretical study of graphene folding on flat substrates. The structure and deformation of the folded graphene sheet are experimentally characterized by atomic force microscopy. The local graphene folding behaviors are interpreted based on nonlinear continuum mechanics modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. Our study on self-folding of a trilayer graphene sheet reports a bending stiffness of about 6.57 eV, which is about four times the reported values for monolayer graphene. Our results reveal that an intriguing free sliding phenomenon occurs at the interlayer van der Waals interfaces during the graphene folding process. This work demonstrates that it is a plausible venue to quantify the bending stiffness of graphene based on its self-folding conformation on flat substrates. The findings reported in this work are useful to a better understanding of the mechanical properties of graphene and in the pursuit of its applications.
Effect of carrier screening on InGaAs MSM detector

We report on temporal response measurements of InGaAs metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors (MSM-PDs) under high-illumination conditions. The peak current efficiency of the MSM-PDs decreases as the optical pulse energy increases due to space-charge-screening effects. The screening effects begin to occur at an optical pulse energy as low as 1.0 pJ/pulse, as predicted by a recent two-dimensional model. The fall time and full width at half maximum of the impulse response increase as the optical pulse energy increases and decrease as the bias voltage increases. For optical pulse energies between 1.0 pJ and 100 pJ, the rise time displays a U-shaped behavior as the bias voltage increases. This may be associated with the shape of the electron velocity-field characteristic in conjunction with screening of the dark field by optically generated carriers.
Granule cell dispersion in the dentate gyrus of humans with temporal lobe epilepsy

The distribution of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation was studied in control autopsy and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) specimens. In control tissue, the granule cell somata were closely approximated and formed a narrow lamina with a distinct, regular border with the molecular layer. In 11 of 15 TLE specimens, the granule cell somata were dispersed and formed a wider than normal granule cell layer. The granule cell somata extended into the molecular layer to varying extents, creating an irregular boundary between the lamina. The dispersed granule cells were frequently aligned in columns, and many of these neurons displayed elongated bipolar forms. The extent of granule cell dispersion appeared to be related to the amount of cell loss in the polymorph layer of the dentate gyrus. Granule cell dispersion was not consistently associated with granule cell loss although 5 of the 11 specimens with granule cell dispersion also showed moderate to marked granule cell loss. The most common features in the histories of the TLE cases with granule cell dispersion were severe febrile seizures or seizures associated with meningitis or encephalitis during the first 4 years of life. The dispersion of the granule cells suggests that there has been some alteration in the patterns of cell migration in a subpopulation of cases with severe TLE. The resultant ectopic positions of the granule cells could lead to changes in both the afferent and efferent connections of these neurons and, thus, contribute to the altered circuitry of the hippocampal formation in TLE.
Development of the quadratic Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker band theory method

A great deal of effort in recent years has been put into the development of a new band theory technique based on multiple-scattering theory. Some of the highlights of this development are described.
Intestinal disaccharidase activity in patients with autism Effect of age, gender, and intestinal inflammation

Intestinal disaccharidase activities were measured in 199 individuals with autism to determine the frequency of enzyme deficiency. All patients had duodenal biopsies that were evaluated morphologically and assayed for lactase, sucrase, and maltase activity. Frequency of lactase deficiency was 58% in autistic children ≤ 5 years old and 65% in older patients. As would be expected, patients with autism at age 5 > years demonstrated significant decline in lactase activity (24%, p = .02) in comparison with ≤ 5 years old autistic patients. Boys ≤ 5 years old with autism had 1.7 fold lower lactase activity than girls with autism (p = .02). Only 6% of autistic patients had intestinal inflammation. Lactase deficiency not associated with intestinal inflammation or injury is common in autistic children and may contribute to abdominal discomfort, pain and observed aberrant behavior. Most autistic children with lactose intolerance are not identified by clinical history.
Ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration in dermatology, underuse of minimally invasive, efficient diagnostic tools.

Background Ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) are common procedures used to evaluate and sample cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue. Although ultrasound and FNA have been explored for individual neoplasms, lymph node involvement, and metastases, their use in day-to-day dermatology is not well defined. Objective To investigate the use and utility of ultrasound and FNA in the dermatologic surgery division of a large academic institution. Methods Retrospective case review of all ultrasound and FNA procedures ordered by a dermatologic surgeon over a 3-year period. Results Metastatic disease was suspected in 11 of 21 (52.4%) cases. Cytology confirmed the presence of metastatic disease in two of the 11 cases, and metastatic disease was identified in one additional case in which the diagnosis was not suspected at clinical presentation. Cytology revealed leukemia or lymphoma in three (14.3%) cases, two of which were new diagnoses. Sonographic imaging and cytology revealed a benign diagnosis in 16 (76.2%) cases, five of which were reactive lymph nodes. Conclusions The results suggest that ultrasound and FNA are underused techniques that may play an important role in dermatology diagnostics and have the potential for expansion in day-to-day clinical practice.
Capturing native long-range contiguity by in situ library construction and optical sequencing

The relatively short read lengths associated with the most cost-effective DNA sequencing technologies have limited their use in de novo genome assembly, structural variation detection, and haplotype-resolved genome sequencing. Consequently, there is a strong need for methods that capture various scales of contiguity information at a throughput commensurate with the current scale of massively parallel sequencing. We propose in situ library construction and optical sequencing on the flow cells of currently available massively parallel sequencing platforms as an efficient means of capturing both contiguity information and primary sequence with a single technology. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate basic feasibility by generating >30,000 Escherichia coli paired-end reads separated by 1, 2, or 3 kb using in situ library construction on standard Illumina flow cells. We also show that it is possible to stretch single molecules ranging from 3 to 8 kb on the surface of a flow cell before in situ library construction, thereby enabling the production of clusters whose physical relationship to one another on the flow cell is related to genomic distance.
Control of linear dynamic systems with constraints: optimization issues and applications of nonquadratic functionals

This paper addresses to the constrained optimization problem for continuous-time dynamical systems. We extend and modify the existing results in constrained optimization to multi-input open-loop unstable systems, and the generalized nonquadratic cost is introduced. The paper elaborates a new procedure that exploits the beneficial advantages of an innovative design framework. Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality are embedded and a computationally tractable technique is developed for synthesizing the nonlinear control laws. The key theorem, two propositions and three lemmas are formulated and proved. The procedure is illustrated through an example. This example illustrates the application of the explored optimization methodology to design a bounded smooth controller for the AFTI/F-16 fighter. This control law ensures the optimality in an entire flight envelope and belongs to a specified admissible set that satisfies the bounds imposed on deflections of the control surfaces.
Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: A review of imaging

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy can result in permanent vision loss. In early stages of HCQ retinopathy, patients are usually asymptomatic with preservation of visual acuity. We aspire that our review, in conjunction with the American Academy of Ophthalmology screening guidelines, shall shed light on effective screening measures utilizing multimodal imaging techniques to detect early signs of HCQ retinopathy before advanced changes manifest clinically.
Th17 Cells Exhibit a Distinct Calcium Profile from Th1 and Th2 Cells and Have Th1-Like Motility and NF-AT Nuclear Localization

Helper T cell subsets have evolved to respond to different pathogens, and upon activation secrete distinct sets of cytokines. The discovery and identification of Th17 cells, which develop via a unique lineage from Th1 and Th2 cells, have provided new insights into aspects of immune regulation and host defense that were previously unclear. A key early signaling event upon Ag recognition is elevation of intracellular free Ca(2+), and cytokine expression can be differentially induced depending on the duration, amplitude, and pattern of Ca(2+) signaling. Th1 and Th2 cells can be distinguished by their Ca(2+) profiles, and we provide in this study the first report regarding Ca(2+) signaling in Th17 cells. Th17 cells have a distinct Ca(2+) signaling profile from Th1 and Th2 cells with intermediate sustained Ca(2+) levels and increased oscillations compared with Th2 cells. Elevated intracellular Ca(2+) has been shown to inhibit T cell motility, and we observed that Th17 cells, like Th1 cells, are less motile than Th2 cells. Analysis of NF-AT nuclear localization revealed that Th1 and Th17 cells have significantly higher levels at later time points compared with Th2 cells. Thus, these findings show that Th17 cells, in addition to their distinct cytokine response from Th1 and Th2 cells, display unique patterns of intracellular Ca(2+) signaling and Th1-like motility behavior and nuclear localization of NF-AT.
The roles of gender, age and cognitive development in children's pedestrian route selection.

Objective Thousands of American children under the age of 10 years are injured annually as pedestrians. Despite the scope of this public health problem, knowledge about behavioural control and developmental factors involved in the aetiology of child pedestrian safety is limited. The present study examined the roles of gender, age and two aspects of cognitive development (visual search and efficiency of processing) in children's safe pedestrian route selection. Methods Measures of cognitive functioning (visual search and efficiency) and selections of risky pedestrian routes were collected from 65 children aged 5-9 years. Results Boys, younger children and those with less developed cognitive functioning selected riskier pedestrian routes. Cognitive functioning also subsumed age as a predictor of risky route selections. Conclusions Our findings suggest developmental differences, specifically less developed cognitive functioning, play important roles in children's pedestrian decision making. Directions for future examination are discussed. Language: en
Improved stochastic process models for linear structure behavior

Linear mathematical models frequently provide good approximations to the input-output relations for real systems. However, ensembles of systems that are nominally identical cannot, usually, be adequately represented with a single model because real systems are stochastic. The randomness in real systems must be modeled if the randomness bears on critical behaviors of the system. The behavior of linear systems can be represented in parametric or non-parametric form; the latter framework is used, here. Among the frameworks available for characterization of system behavior, we choose the frequency response function (FRF). We choose to work with the FRF because many system attributes can be interpreted by inspection of the FRF, and it can be used directly for control design. This paper improves a previously developed Karhunen-Loeve expansion (KLE) representation for linear system behavior based on FRF data. The improvement yields a compact representation of the uncertainty inherent in an ensemble of systems and avoids the introduction of unwanted features in the system representation. This non-parametric, compact representation of the distribution of linear systems can then be used to characterize the performance and stability of a given feedback control law, as well as for control law design.
Weaning Initiates a Rapid and Powerful Anabolic Phase in the Rat Maternal Skeleton

Abstract Maternal skeletal mineral lost during lactation is rapidly restored after weaning. The purposes of this study were to determine when increases of bone formation occur after weaning, whether the expanding osteoblast population is derived from proliferating progenitors, and to relate these skeletal changes to known endocrine events at weaning. Female rats were allowed to complete one reproductive cycle. Half of these rats were mated a second time and allowed to lactate for 20 days. The other half served as an age-matched, normal estrus cycling comparison group. One day after weaning, the dams and their comparison group were given four injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) at 8-h intervals. Indices of bone formation and the kinetics of BrdU-labeled cells were measured in lumbar vertebral cancellous bone. At 2 days after weaning, cancellous bone formation rates were substantially greater than those in the nonmated rats. Indices of bone formation more than doubled from the second to seventh day after...
On Feeding Tubes

During the early spring of 2005, debates in the United States about the "right to die" centered on a single solitary figure in a Florida hospice-Terri Schiavo. Schiavo collapsed in 1990 from a potassium imbalance that her doctors believe resulted from an eating disorder; Schiavo lost consciousness, and blood flow to her brain was severely diminished for around five minutes. When she was revived, doctors found her significantly brain damaged, and declared her to be in a permanent vegetative state. Over the course of the next 15 years, Schiavo's husband and parents became involved in a bitter debate about whether or not she should be "allowed to die." After numerous attempts to adjudicate continuing lifesupport, in March 2005 Schiavo's parents finally lost their appeals to the Supreme Court. Within days, the feeding tube that provided water and nourishment to Schiavo was removed, and around 9:oo A.M. on 31 March, Terri Schiavo "died." In the period between the removal of Schiavo's feeding tube and the signing of her death certificate, the Florida hospice where Schiavo was housed became the geographical battleground where "pro-life" activists and "right to die" advocates staged their conflict. The scene was highly publicized in the national media, and the space outside the hospice was quickly converted into an outdoor theatre: a staging area was set for press releases and statements from family members and doctors; small tents were constructed where religious activists could publicly sing and pray; and an array of picket signs and enlarged photographs created by representatives from both camps circulated slogans and images pleading either for the reinsertion of the tube or for support of her husband's decision to remove it. Hundreds of cameras captured the scene and reproduced it for newspapers and TV. The rhetoric of morbidity was transposed onto the body of Terri Schiavo; translated through the various images of her released to the public; and transfixed on the question of what it could possibly mean, in Schiavo's case, to choose to die. The Schiavo case epitomizes the complicated nature of hunger as it functions at the very heart of mortality-or, in Freud's words, of the drive to die in one's own way (1961). The intensity of the question of hunger is especially strong at the site of the alternately lionized and demonized medical apparatus at the center of the controversy: the feeding tube. In standard medical practice, the feeding