cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of spinal and systemic administration of indomethacin on zymosan-induced edema, mechanical hyperalgesia, and thermal hyperalgesia.

Abstract Pretreatment with intraperitoneal (IP) indomethacin was used to determine whether indomethacin preferentially affected the development of edema and hyperalgesia to thermal and mechanical stimuli produced by injection of zymosan in the ispsilateral hindpaw of the rat. Indomethacin also was delivered intrathecally (IT) either 30 minutes before or 4 hours after intraplantar zymosan to determine whether spinal prostaglandin production was important for the induction and/or maintenance of hyperalgesia. Zymosan alone produced a robust edema, a monophasic mechanical hyperalgesia, and a biphasic thermal hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral hindpaw. Systemic administration of indomethacin reduced zymosan-induced edema and increased thermal and mechanical response thresholds in the zymosan-injected paw. Systemic indomethacin did not affect thermal withdrawal response thresholds in the uninjected contralateral hindpaw of zymosan-treated rats, but significantly increased mechanical withdrawal thresholds of the uninjected contralateral paw of zymosan-treated rats. IT administration of indomethacin before the induction of hyperalgesia attenuated the development of zymosan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, but did not affect the development of either zymosan-induced edema or thermal hyperalgesia. Once hyperalgesia was established, IT indomethacin also attenuated the mechanical hyperalgesia whereas it had no effect on thermal hyperalgesia or edema. These data suggest that peripheral, but not spinal prostaglandins contribute to the edema and development of thermal hyperalgesia produced by zymosan. In contrast, spinal prostaglandins contribute to the development and maintenance of mechanical hyperalgesia.
How demonstrations connect with referential intentions

(1997). How demonstrations connect with referential intentions. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 190-200.
To Have and to Hold: Intelligible Possession and Kant's Idealism

While the debate about whether Kant's idealism requires a ‘Two Worlds’ or ‘Two Aspect’ interpretation has reached a seeming impasse, I argue that the account of intelligible possession found in the ‘Doctrine of Right’ provides novel and compelling evidence in favour of an epistemic ‘Two Aspect’ reading of Kant's position.
Effects of vitamin D3 metabolites on bone cell calcium transport.

The vitamin D3 metabolite, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, at concentrations of 0.01 to 10.0 μg/ml, decreased calcium uptake by isolated bone cells. The effect occurred within 1 min after the simultaneous addition of metabolite and45Ca. Lactic acid and ATP production by the cells was not affected. 24(R), 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol produced a similar decrease in calcium uptake. Vitamin D3 had no effect at concentrations from 0.01 to 10.0 μg/ml. No effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on calcium uptake was observed with concentrations from 0.1 to 100 ng/ml and various preincubation periods extending to 2 h. None of the agents had any effect on calcium efflux. The effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 24(R), 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on calcium uptake were not seen in isolated fetal rat skin cell preparations.
Differences in corrected QT intervals at minimal and maximal heart rate may identify patients at risk for torsades de pointes during treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs.

Change in QT Interval with HR May Predict Torsades. The mechanism of torsades de pointes as a proarrhythmic response to antiarrhythmic drugs is not clear. We hypothesized that the difference in the corrected QT interval (QTc, Bazett's formula) with varying autonomic tone and heart rate during 24-hour ambulatory ECG would help identify patients at risk. Ten patients with antiarrhythmic drug-induced torsades de pointes were compared with 28 controls. The QTc. at maximal and minimal heart rate during antiarrhythmic drug-free ambulatory ECGs were measured. The mean QTc, at minimal heart rates for patients was 0.413 ± (KI02 seconds and 0.420 ± 0.072 seconds for controls (P = 0.715). The mean QTc, at maximal heart rates for patients was 0.555 ± 0.022 seconds and for controls was 0.439 ± 0.011 seconds (P = 0.00l). Mean QTc, between minimal and maximal heart rates were significantly different for patients (P = 0.015) but were not for controls (P = 0.151). Using an arbitrary QT, difference cutoff of 0.075 seconds, this approach identified patients at risk for antiarrhythmic drug-induced torsades de pointes with a sensitivity of 70% (7 of 10) and a specificity of 89% (P < 0.003 by Chi-square analysis with Vales’ correction). In conclusion, patients with antiarrhythmic drug-induced torsades de pointes had a greater rise in QTc, from minimal to maximal heart rate during ambulatory ECG than controls. Further larger prospective trials will be required to establish the value of this approach to identify patients at risk for this type of proarrhythmia.
Modeling Lampricide Transport in the St. Marys River

Abstract This paper describes use of an integrated chemical/oil spill computer model to study lampricide transport in the St. Marys River. The model is developed based on a depth-averaged two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation using a Lagrangian discrete parcel method. The hydrodynamics in the model is computed using a depth-averaged two-dimensional finite element model. The model is used to analyze the effectiveness of alternative lampricide application strategies. This analysis showed that releasing TFM from both the Great Lakes Power Plant and the Edison Sault Power Station is more effective than releasing from the Great Lakes Power Plant only, in terms of kill-per-dollar. However, the total cost for two-site releases are higher than single-site releases. The simulations also showed that the optimum duration of TFM release is between 14 and 16 hours. Simulations of bottom velocity distribution showed that the area over which the granular Bayluscide application could cover 70 to 90% of the sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ) population in the St. Marys River, depending on the total river discharge.
Differentiation of homologous forms of hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase. II. Characterization of the bilirubin conjugating form

Abstract The glucuronidation of bilirubin by UDPglucuronyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) was investigated using a kinetic assay. The role of albumin in the assay was studied at concentrations of bilirubin both above and below its limit of solubility. In assays saturated with respect to bilirubin, albumin was almost without affect on initial rates. At concentrations of bilirubin below its limit of solubility, albumin was inhibitory. Thus, the bilirubin-albumin complex is not a substrate for the enzyme. In assays containing saturating concentrations of bilirubin, the rate of glucuronidation was influenced by conditions which “salt in” bilirubin. Using a bisubstrate kinetic analysis, the dissociation constant for the enzyme bilirubin complex was determined to be 12–18 μM. The enzyme was shown to be stimulated by the allosteric effector UDP-N-acetylglucosamine which caused an increase in the apparent affinity of the enzyme for UPDglucuronic acid. The bilirubin conjugating form of UDPglucuronyl-transferase showed the same general behavior toward sulfhydryl reagents and perturbers of the lipid environment as previously studied forms. However, because of differences in the response of the rate of conjugation of bilirubin to metals, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, and sulfhydryl reagents, it has been concluded that the bilirubin conjugating enzyme differs from the p-nitrophenol, o-aminophenol and o-aminobenzoate forms of UDPglucuronyltransferase.
Congenital cardiovascular malformations in children of HIV-infected mothers

Abstract The effects of maternal HIV infection and mother-infant HIV transmission on the prevalence and distribution of congenital cardiovascular malformations in the children of HIV-infected mothers are reviewed. Only two studies have prospectively examined the prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations in children of HIV-infected mothers. The Italian Multicenter Study demonstrated a trend toward a higher prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations in HIV-infected children as compared to general population-based data, but the number of cases identified was small (4165, 2.4%). The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute P 2 C 2 HIV Study, using routine screening echocardiograms as the method of case identification, preliminary reported a congenital cardiovascular malformation prevalence of 12.3% (68555) in children of HIV-infected mothers. The prevalence and distribution of congenital cardiovascular malformations were not significantly different from populations of normal infants similarly screened in other studies. Mother-infant HIV transmission did not appear to significantly affect congenital cardiovascular malformation prevalence. Certain issues regarding the treatment for children of HIV-infected women remain undecided. With the information currently available, decisions regarding cardiac surgery for HIV-infected children should be based on standard clinical parameters and indications. The exposure of a neonate to maternal HIV infection should not delay or significantly alter the management of a life-threatening congenital cardiovascular malformation.
Effects of a 12-Month Pedometer Walking Program on Gait, Body Mass Index, and Lower Extremity Function in Obese Women

Summary This study evaluated the effects of a self-reported pedometer-walking program on gait, lower extremity function, and Body Mass Index for 33 obese women, ages 31-65 years (M = 48.0, SD = 8.0) and whose initial average Body Mass Index was 40.30 ± 9.60 kg/m2. During the 12-mo. intervention participants wore pedometers and reported the number of daily steps walked. Body Mass Index, three gait parameters, steps/day, and lower extremity function were taken over 3-mo. intervals. All participants increased in gait velocity, % single-leg support, and lower extremity function, and decreased in Body Mass Index over time. Those whose steps/day increased by 2,000 over 6 mo. had significantly faster velocities and longer step lengths than those whose steps/day did not increase. The 1-yr. walking program stimulated changes in gait, Body Mass Index, and lower extremity function for these obese women. Ultimately, these changes may reduce the risk of falls for this group of women.
Word-addressable holographic memory using symbolic substitution and SLRs

A heteroassociative memory is proposed that allows a key word in a dictionary of key words to be used to recall an associated holographic image in a database of images. Symbolic substitution search finds the word sought in a dictionary of key words and generates a beam that selects the corresponding holographic image from a directory of images. In this case, symbolic substitution is used to orthogonalize the key words. Spatial light rebroadcasters are proposed for the key word database. Experimental results demonstrate that symbolic substitution will enable a holographic image to be selected and reconstructed. In the case considered, a holographic image having over 40,000-bits is selected out of eight by using a key word from a dictionary of eight words.
Identification techniques for the renal function

Abstract A method which uses compartmental modeling and parameter identification to obtain a measure of the renal function indirectly and simply is presented. The method involves the single injection of a labeled tracer into the blood plasma. Blood plasma samples are taken at intervals following the injection and used with a compartmental model of the renal function. The compartmental model is presented for use with a digital computer to permit the routine fitting of data in the least squares sense in order to determine unknown parameters of the model. The unknown parameters are the rate constants of interchange between the two compartments and the rate constant of renal excretion. Identifiability of the parameters of the model using data from only one compartment is shown, using the concepts of observability and controllability, and results from a parameter identification algorithm are presented.
The information environment of electronic commerce: information imperatives for the firm:

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is an activity which takes place in a social context called the ‘digital information environment’. The advantage of using this concept is its emphasis on the inform...
Extended‐enterprise systems' impact on enterprise risk management

Purpose – This article aims to focus on raising awareness of the limitations of traditional “enterprise‐centric” views of enterprise risk management that ignore the risks that are inherited from key business and supply chain partners. In essence, enterprise systems implementations have allowed organizations to couple their operations more tightly with other business partners, particularly in the area of supply chain management, and in the process enterprise systems applications are redefining the boundaries of the entity in terms of risk management concerns and the scope of financial audits. Design/methodology/approach – The prior literature that has begun to explore aspects of assessing key risk components in these relationships is reviewed with an eye to highlighting the limitations of what is understood about risk in interorganizational relationships. This analysis of the prior research establishes the basis for the logical formation of a framework for future enterprise risk management research in the area of e‐commerce relationships. Findings – Conclusions focus on the overall framework of risks that should be considered when interorganizational relationships are critical to an enterprise's operations and advocate an “extended‐enterprise” view of enterprise risk management. Research limitations/implications – The framework introduced in this paper provides guidance for future research in the area of interorganizational systems control and risk assessment. Practical implications – The framework further highlights areas of risk that auditors and corporate risk managers should consider in assessing the risk inherited through interorganizational relationships. Originality/value – The paper highlights the need to shift from an enterprise‐centric view of risk management to an extended‐enterprise risk management view.
Viscoelastic properties of alkyd ceramers

The viscoelastic behavior of three alkyd ceramers was studied using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). A commercial product was compared to model alkyds. The model alkyds were prepared from phthalic anhydride, glycerol, and linseed or sunflower seed oil. Three sol–gel precursors, titanium tetra-i-propoxide, titanium di-i-propoxide diacetylacetonate, and zirconium tera-n-propoxide were investigated. The alkyd ceramers were evaluated as a function of both alkyd type and a sol–gel precursor content. The viscoelastic data showed that both E′ and Tg were affected by sol–gel precursor content. Both the crosslink density and Tg demonstrated a minimum at low sol–gel precursor contents. After this minimum, both the crosslink density and the Tg increased substantially. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 2017–2028, 1999
The Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

This review describes the various aspects of the diagnosis of myocardial infarction coexisting with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In this situation, the diagnosis of myocardial infarction is frequently difficult because the delta wave may obliterate the Q wave of infarction or may itself simulate infarction. ST-T wave abnormalities are notoriously unreliable in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia or infarction during preexcitation, although serial electrocardiograms showing evolution of primary changes occasionally provide important clues. The diagnosis of myocardial infarction becomes simple when normal conduction resumes and thus an attempt, including the use of drugs, should be made to abolish preexcitation. During preexcitation, left ventricular extrasystoles may unmask an infarcted area by restoring the initial negativity of the left ventricular cavity. The recognition of bundle branch or fascicular block in suspected myocardial infarction complicated by preexcitation is of more than academic interest since the anomalous bundle cannot be depended on to provide reliable A-V conduction should high grade A-V block develop in the normal pathway. Exercise stress testing has generally been considered unreliable in the evaluation of patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
Recovery of S. cerevisiae a cells from G1 arrest by α factor pheromone requires endopeptidase action

Abstract Radioactive α factor is degraded to discrete biologically inactive fragments by the target a cells of S. cerevisiae, but not by α cells which make the pheromone. The pattern of cleavage products and sequence analysis of one fragment indicated that the first scission occurred between leucine 6 and lysine 7. The protease inhibitors tosyl- L -argininyl-methyl ester (TAME), tosyl- L -lysyl-chloromethylketone (TLCK) and N-acetyl- L -leucyl- L -leucyl- L -argininal (leupeptin) markedly prolonged the period of G1 arrest in a cells exposed to α factor, while other standard protease inhibitors had little or no effect. The presence of TAME and leupeptin, or TLCK, reduced the rate of degradation of radioactively labeled α factor by a cells. Intact yeast cells have apparent esterase and amidase activities that are blocked by the same spectrum of inhibitors that potentiate α factor action. Purified α factor is a competitive inhibitor of these hydrolytic activities. The activities are present in yeast mutants which have greatly reduced levels of the three major vacuole-associated proteases (A, B and C) or which carry an ochre mutation in the major neutral protease (B). These observations indicate that the inactivation of α factor is due to endoproteolytic cleavage, that destruction of the pheromone is required to overcome its effects on growth and that degradation of the molecule may involve surface-bound endopeptidase(s).
Expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 (SDF-1) in human prostate cancers (PCa) in vivo.

Human prostate cancers (PCa) express great variability in their ability to metastasize to bone. The identification of molecules associated with aggressive phenotypes will help to define PCa subsets and will ultimately lead to better treatment strategies. The chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 are now known to modulate the migration and survival of an increasing array of normal and malignant cell types including breast, pancreatic cancers, glioblastomas, and others. The present investigation extends our previous investigations by determining the expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 in humans using high-density tissue microarrays constructed from clinical samples obtained from a cohort of over 600 patients. These data demonstrate that CXCR4 protein expression is significantly elevated in localized and metastastic cancers. At the RNA level, human PCa tumors also express CXCR4 and message, but overall, they were not significantly different suggesting post-transcriptional regulation of the receptor plays a major role in regulating protein expression. Similar observations were made for CXCL12 message, but in this case more CXCL12 message was expressed by metastastic lesions as compared to normal tissues. PCa cell lines also express CXCL12 mRNA, and regulate mRNA expression in response to CXCL12 and secrete biologically active protein. Furthermore, neutralizing antibody to CXCL12 decreased the proliferation of bone homing LNCaP C4-2B and PC3 metastastic tumor cells. These investigations provide important new information pertaining to the molecular basis of how tumors may 'home' to bone, and the mechanisms that may account for their growth in selected end organs.
H- Formation Processes of Interest to Ion Source Development

In this short paper, we would like to summarize the results of several cross section calculations on systems that are of interest to ion source development. Since we are so restricted on the size of this paper and because the details of the calculations will be published elsewhere, the descriptions of the theoretical procedures used will be extremely limited. This paper will be divided into three sections; the first is concerned with a series of H + Cs reactions, the second discusses H(2s) + Ar, Kr, Xe cross sections, and the third pertains to some H+ + Mg calculations.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT TARGET PROTEIN FKBP12 IS REQUIRED FOR P-GLYCOPROTEIN FUNCTION IN YEAST

The mammalian P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is a approximately 170-kDa membrane protein that mediates multidrug resistance in many chemotherapy-resistant tumors by effluxing toxic compounds from the cell. Pgp homologs are expressed in many organisms, from bacteria to yeast and mammals. Previous studies established a model system to analyze the function of murine, human, and Plasmodium falciparum Pgp by heterologous expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, such studies have been hampered by the inherent resistance of yeast cells to chemotherapeutic agents. We find that an erg6 mutation, which blocks the final synthetic step of the membrane sterol ergosterol, renders yeast sensitive to anthracyclines and dactinomycin, clinically relevant Pgp substrates. We demonstrate that expression of the murine mdr3 gene confers dactinomycin resistance in both the erg6 mutant yeast strain and in an erg6 rad52 DNA repair mutant yeast strain. Similarly, murine mdr3 expression confers resistance to the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 in a CsA-FK506-sensitive vph6 mutant yeast strain. CsA and FK506 are known to partially overcome Pgp-mediated drug resistance, suggesting the targets of these drugs might regulate Pgp function. We find that both murine mdr3 and the yeast Pgp homolog STE6 function in yeast mutants lacking the CsA target proteins cyclophilin A and calcineurin. In contrast, murine mdr3 function was severely compromised in yeast mutants lacking the FK506/rapamycin target protein FKBP12. Both wild-type FKBP12 and an F43Y FKBP12 mutant with reduced prolyl isomerase activity supported mdr3 function. Our results support the model that immunosuppressants reverse multidrug resistance by competing with other Pgp substrates but reveal that inhibition of FKBP12-dependent Pgp function may also contribute to reversal of multidrug resistance by FK506 and rapamycin.
Comparison of acid-detergent lignin, alkaline-peroxide lignin, and acid-detergent insoluble ash as internal markers for predicting fecal output and digestibility by cattle offered bermudagrass hays of varying nutrient composition

The potential for acid-detergent insoluble ash (ADIA), alkaline-peroxide lignin (APL), and acid-detergent lignin (ADL) to predict fecal output (FO) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) by cattle offered bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] hays of different qualities was evaluated. Eight ruminally cannulated cows (594 ± 35.5 kg) were allocated randomly to 4 hay diets: low (L), medium low (ML), medium high (MH), and high (H) crude protein (CP) concentration (79, 111, 131, and 164 g CP/kg on a DM basis, respectively). Diets were offered in 3 periods with 2 diet replicates per period and were rotated across cows between periods. Cows were individually fed 20 g DM/kg of body weight in equal feedings at 08:00 and 16:00 h for a 10-d adaptation followed by a 5-d total fecal collection. Actual DM intake (DMI), DMD, and FO were determined based on hay offered, ort, and feces excreted. These components were then analyzed for ADL, APL, and ADIA concentration to determine marker recovery and marker-based estimates of FO and DMD. Forage DMI was affected by diet (P = 0.02), and DMI from MH and H was greater (P < 0.05) than from L. Apparent DMD tended (P = 0.08) to differ among diets while FO (P = 0.20) was not affected by diet treatments. Average ADL recovery (1.16) was greater (P < 0.05) than that of ADIA (1.03) and APL (1.06), but ADIA and APL did not differ (P = 0.42). Estimates of FO and DMD derived using APL and ADIA were not different (P ≥ 0.05) from total fecal collection while those using ADL differed (P < 0.05). There was no diet by marker interaction (P ≥ 0.22) for either FO or DMD. Acid-detergent insoluble ash and APL accurately predicted FO and DMD of cattle fed bermudagrass hay of varying nutrient composition. These internal markers may facilitate studies involving large numbers of animals and forages. Results from such studies may be used to develop improved equations to predict energy values of forages based on the relationship of dietary components to digestibility across a wide range of forages.
Attitudes toward the police: a critique and recommendations

A substantial body of research has examined citizens’ attitudes toward the police (ATP). For the most part, this research is rarely guided by theory of attitudes. ATP research tends to assume that research on citizens’ views of the police present a portrait of police practices, failing to recognize that attitudinal research is fundamentally reflexive – it tells researchers primarily about the person with the attitudes. The current paper reviews seven theoretical perspectives on ATP, describes their central elements, discusses the way in which they are used in police research, identifies their limitations, and assesses their implications for police policy. It concludes with a discussion of central problems and recommendations for future directions for ATP research.
Time-delay optical neural network

An efficient optical architecture for implementing a time delay optical neural network utilizing acoustooptic devices, scrolling CCD detector arrays, and photorefractive weight storage is presented.
Competence, paternalism, and public policy for mentally retarded people

This article examines two currently disputed issues regarding public policy for mentally retarded people. First, questions are raised about the legal tradition of viewing mental competence as an all-or-nothing attribute. It is argued that recently developed limited competence and limited guardianship laws can provide greater freedom for retarded people without sacrificing needed protection. Second, the question of who should act paternalistically for retarded people incapable of acting for themselves is examined. Rothman's claim that special formal advocates are the best representatives for retarded people is discussed and criticized. It is argued that parents, professionals and legal advocates should share decision-making authority on behalf of those who are incompetent.
Access to SNAP-Authorized Food Stores and Nutrition Outcomes of SNAP-Participating Adolescents

The environments in which people make food decisions can affect their diet quality and health. This study evaluates how access to food stores authorized to access benefits of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is related to food security, body weight, and food consumption outcomes among SNAP-participating adolescents. The analysis is based on 2007 data on eighth-grade students in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999 (ECLS-K) and US Department of Agriculture administrative data on all SNAP-authorized food stores in 40 states (n = 151 155). Access is assessed based on the proximity to and density of SNAP retailers within a buffer of the participants' residences. There is substantial variation across states in the availability of SNAP-authorized food stores. Access to such retailers plays a different role in affecting nutrition outcomes of SNAP-participating adolescents depending on their residence in urban, suburban, or rural areas.
Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (CHESS) for people with HIV infection

We investigated the utility and the pattern of use of the Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (CHESS), an Internet based consumer health informatics system for people living with HIV/AIDS. Eight patients utilized CHESS for 4 months. The total number of log-ins ranged between 1 and 93 (median 21), with a median of 4.6 per month (0.2–21.8). Discussions Group was the service most frequently accessed; the Referral Directory and Fat Assessment services were requested the least. The barriers to using CHESS were difficulty in using the laptop, being too busy, and the discussion group size being too small. Most participants agreed that CHESS was easy to use and helped them cope with and understand more about their disease. They also felt comfortable asking questions and felt more involved in their health care.
Characterization of Scale-Free Properties of Human Electrocorticography in Awake and Slow Wave Sleep States

Like many complex dynamic systems, the brain exhibits scale-free dynamics that follow power law scaling. Broadband power spectral density (PSD) of brain electrical activity exhibits state-dependent power law scaling with a log frequency exponent that varies across frequency ranges. Widely divergent naturally occurring neural states, awake and slow wave sleep (SWS) periods, were used evaluate the nature of changes in scale-free indices. We demonstrate two analytic approaches to characterizing electrocorticographic (ECoG) data obtained during Awake and SWS states. A data driven approach was used, characterizing all available frequency ranges. Using an Equal Error State Discriminator (EESD), a single frequency range did not best characterize state across data from all six subjects, though the ability to distinguish awake and SWS states in individual subjects was excellent. Multisegment piecewise linear fits were used to characterize scale-free slopes across the entire frequency range (0.2-200 Hz). These scale-free slopes differed between Awake and SWS states across subjects, particularly at frequencies below 10 Hz and showed little difference at frequencies above 70 Hz. A Multivariate Maximum Likelihood Analysis (MMLA) method using the multisegment slope indices successfully categorized ECoG data in most subjects, though individual variation was seen. The ECoG spectrum is not well characterized by a single linear fit across a defined set of frequencies, but is best described by a set of discrete linear fits across the full range of available frequencies. With increasing computational tractability, the use of scale-free slope values to characterize EEG data will have practical value in clinical and research EEG studies.
In vivo evaluation of microcirculation by coherent light scattering.

THE microcirculation plays a central role in the regulation of the metabolic, haemodynamic and thermal state of the individual. Its physiological state varies over both long and short time periods and reflects the state of health of the individual; in particular it is the ultimatearbiter of the adequacy of tissue perfusion in the presence of vascular disease or injury. For these reasons it is of interest to both the physiologist and the clinician to be able to monitor the state of flow and distribution of flow in the compartments of the microvasculature rapidly, conveniently and with minimal interference with the many local and central reflex controls. At present such measurements depend on direct observation, plethysmography thermal or radioisotope techniques1, which are slow or cumbersome or grossly disturb the normal state of the subject. We report here the first stages in development of a noninvasive method for acquiring such information which has a rapid response and the potential ability to distinguish flow in the different microvascular compartments by the differences in flow velocities.
Comparison of dot-blot and northern blot hybridizations in the determination of genetic relatedness of United States bluetongue virus serotypes

Dot-blot and Northern blot hybridization methods to determine the genetic relatedness of United States bluetongue virus serotypes 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17 were compared. Both plasmid and insert DNA probes from cloned BTV-17 dsRNA segments 2, 5, 6, and 8 were hybridized to dsRNA from the BTV serotypes and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Stringencies of hybridization were kept identical, and experiments differed only in the method in which dsRNA was applied to the membranes (dot-blot or Northern blot). The Northern blot hybridization method yielded more consistent results, and it was visually and unequivocally shown to which dsRNA segment a cDNA probe bound, since the dsRNA segments were separated by PAGE prior to blotting and hybridization. In contrast, the dot-blot hybridization method gave less consistent results. Identical results for plasmid and insert probes were obtained for Northern blot hybridizations but not for dot-blot hybridizations. At least two probes could be used simultaneously in Northern blot hybridizations.
Diagnostic Criteria of Myofascial Pain Caused by Trigger Points

Objectives: To summarize the newly recognized pathophysiology of myofascial trigger points [MTrPs], to note three new and promising techniques for identifying TrPs, and to consider possible clinica...
Stability in the Absence of Treatment

When subjects are measured twice, once at each of two symmetrical locations or times, stability of responses in the absence of treatment within subjects, together with comparability of untreated responses between subjects, is often viewed as supporting a conclusion that differences between treated and control responses reflect effects actually caused by the treatment. The degree to which this intuitive argument is formally correct is explored in several related models: a multivariate Normal model, a nonparametric model defined by symmetries, an analogous randomized experiment, and a sensitivity analysis model for observational studies in which treatments are not randomly assigned to subjects, nor to locations within subjects. Card and Kreuger's study of the employment effects of the minimum wage is used to illustrate the methods.
`Top-of-the-Head' Descriptions of Baby and Self: Links to Reported Health Behaviors and Social Context in Early Pregnancy

This research investigated pregnant women's spontaneous descriptions of their babies and themselves as mothers early in pregnancy as related to prenatal health behaviors, family background characteristics and women's work status. In semi-structured interviews, 59 married women in their 4th month of pregnancy described the fetus, the baby after birth, and themselves as mothers to the expected child. Consistent with construct accessibility theory and recent representation based models of parenting, the amount and kinds of content that women used to describe their babies and themselves as mothers varied systematically as a function of women's prenatal health behaviors, parity and marital adjustment. Suggestive evidence also was found for a relationship between the content of women's descriptions of themselves as mothers and women's work status. The authors discuss clinical and methodological implications of the findings.
Participative Management and Worker Control in China

While Chinese experiments with participative management practices in industry comprise perhaps the most radical and massive such effort in the modern world, they are still among the least understoo...
Contribution of nitric oxide to brachial artery vasodilation during progressive handgrip exercise in the elderly

The reduction in nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vascular function with age has largely been determined by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). However, in light of recent uncertainty surrounding the NO depend...
Authorization constraint enforcement for information system security

Managing access authorities is critical to the security of information systems. To prevent fraud or abuse due to conflict of interests, a well-known authorization constraint called separation of duty (SoD) is commonly applied. SoD ensures that no single user receives too many authorities. Enforcement of authorization constraints such as SoD in large organizations can be difficult due to the large number of information system users, the variety of assets involved, and tasks that require roles that may be shared or delegated at multiple levels. Most existing work in this area focuses on specifications of SoD constraints and assumes that constraints can be enforced by logical inference mechanisms at run-time. A drawback of this approach is that when violations occur, finding alternative role activations at run-time may not be feasible. This can result in delays or even failure for critical service transactions. Moreover, logic-based systems are difficult to understand and do not scale easily. This paper presents an algorithmic set-based approach that automatically checks for SoD compliance prior to run-time by searching for a set of valid role activations. The paper discusses details of this approach and illustrates its use in managing access authorizations in a health insurance claim processing system.
Practical scan test generation and application for embedded FIFOs

This paper describes a method for testing non-scanned embedded latch-based FIFOs on an otherwise full-scan chip by using the scan registers that surround the FIFO and sharing the test application time with the other ASIC scan tests. The technique of excising the FIFOs from the ASIC to allow separate and effective test generation for each is explained, as is the process used to merge the two tests back together for efficient test application. Results are presented for three example ASICs which indicate that the method is both efficient and thorough.
Joint Scheduling of Rate-Guaranteed and Best-Effort Users over a Wireless Fading Channel

We address multi-user scheduling over the downlink channel in wireless data systems. Specifically, we consider a time-slotted system with a single transmitter serving multiple users, where the channel condition of each user is time varying. Based on the throughput requirements, the user set is divided into two classes (i) throughput guaranteed (QoS) users, and, (ii) best effort (BE) users. For this system we obtain the optimal policy that serves the QoS users with the minimum time-slot utilization and maximizes the total fraction of time-slots allocated to the BE users. We show that the optimal policy has a simple geometric structure that can be easily visualized graphically. In the special case of Rayleigh fading, we obtain closed-form formulas that relate the achievable throughput-rate guarantee of the QoS users as a function of other system parameters, thus, providing closed-from relationships to understand the various system tradeoffs. Analytical comparison between the optimal and the random-scheduling policy shows that gains on the order of ln(N) can be achieved, where N is the number of QoS users. Finally, we present simulation results comparing the optimal policy under Rayleigh and Nakagami fading with other heuristic policies including a well known opportunistic-scheduling policy.
Methanol, past, present, and speculation on the future

Methanol is overviewed from the standpoint of history: how the history relates to the present and how it could relate to the future. The overview includes ingredients (fuels, catalysts, etc.), synthesis gas generating procedures, processing techniques, and equipment and other considerations for the present and the near and more distant term future.
Blend Response and Stability and Cultivar Blending Ability in Oat

buffering capacity, that is, its ability to adapt to variable weather, insect, disease, weed, and soil conditions. Ways Genetic diversity in cropping systems can provide buffering against to improve a crop’s buffering capacity include intravarying environmental conditions. Therefore, cultivar blends may have greater and more stable yields than their pure-line components. population interplant buffering through mixing cultiOptimization of cultivar blend development requires knowledge of vars or genotypes, and individual intraplant buffering the relative importance of pure-line yield potential, blend response, through maintenance of heterozygosity (Allard and and cultivar interactions to blend yield. Grain yield and volume weight Bradshaw, 1964). A cultivar blend can capitalize on of oat (Avena sativa L.) pure-line cultivars and cultivar blends were the principle of intra-population buffering, because a measured in eight Iowa environments in order to compare their pro- mixture of genetically different plants may have a ductivity and stability and to estimate genetic components of blend greater chance of successful adaptation across a range yields. In one experiment, five early-maturing cultivars were grown of environments than a genetically homogeneous popuas pure lines and as all possible two- and three-way cultivar blends. lation. In a second experiment, ten midseason-maturing cultivars were grown Smithson and Lenne ´ (1996) reviewed the literature as pure lines and as all possible two-way blends. Grain yield was 3% greater (P 0.05) and volume weight was 1% greater (P 0.05) in on cultivar blends in many crops and concluded that blends than in pure lines in the early-maturity experiment; however, blends generally yield slightly more than pure lines, but pure line and blends did not differ in the midseason-maturity experi- their true benefits lie in disease control and stability. ment. Blends had more stable (P 0.05) yields than pure lines in Blending can have significant positive effects on disease the early-maturity experiment only. Modified diallel analysis was used control (Mundt et al., 1995; Finkh and Mundt, 1992; to partition the variation among two-way blends into general yielding Power, 1991), and can reduce yield losses caused by ability (GYA) and true general competitive ability (TGCA) of each variability in soil quality (Trimble and Fehr, 1983). The component genotype, and specific competing ability (SCA) interac- usefulness of cultivar blends in oat, however, has not tion between blend components. General yielding ability variation been established definitively. Pfahler (1965) reported was significant, whereas variation for neither TGCA nor SCA was
A Novel, Split-Domain Iteration Scheme for Solution of Electromagnetic Diffusion Problems Modeled by the Hybrid Finite Element-Boundary Element Formulation

The hybrid finite-element (FE)-boundary-element (BE) formulation for electromagnetic diffusion problems provides some advantages in modeling including the following: 1) no truncation error; 2) ease of model generation; and 3) ease in solving problems involving moving conductors. However, the resulting matrix from this formulation loses its symmetry and is not banded, unlike the FE method. This results in significantly lower convergence rates in iterative solution schemes. A novel split-domain iteration scheme was developed to reduce computation times. The new scheme splits the domain into FE and BE subdomains. Only the matrix associated with the FE subdomain is solved subject to initial guessed potentials along the interface of two subdomains. The BE equation is then used as the corrector to update the prescribed interface potentials. The iteration scheme proceeds with these newly corrected interface potentials until the solution converges within the required prescribed error tolerances. In this paper, detailed descriptions of the newly developed scheme and performance comparisons are presented with a sample railgun problem.
Evaluation of liquid crystal polymers for high performance SOP application

Electronic devices increasingly rely on new materials with improved properties such as lower coefficient of thermal expansion (preferably close to silicon), higher modulus, lower permittivity and dielectric loss, lower moisture absorption better thermal conductivity, higher dimensional stability, and most importantly reduced warpage particularly after the build-up process. Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) have led to increasing interest for the packaging community due to their superior thermal and electrical properties. The targeted applications areas for LCPs are RF packaging, due to their low loss and low dielectric constant over a wide frequency range (Fukutake and Inoue, 2002; Fukutake, 1998; Jayaraj et al, 1995; Lawrence, 2000; Jayaraj et al, 1996; Yue et al, 1999,), near hermitic plastic sealing due to superior moisture barrier properties (Jayaraj et al, 1997), flex circuits and microvia laminates for high density interconnection (Corbett et al, 2000; Yue and Chan, 1998). This paper is focused toward possible application of LCP as a dielectric material for lamination on PWB and other engineered organic substrates. Commercially available LCP samples were analyzed using a variety of thermal analysis techniques. Based on thermal properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), thermal degradation temperature and modulus, samples were selected for applications as a dielectric material. It is expected that a low CTE dielectric such as LCP will further reduce the dielectric film stress even when the CTE of the chip is matched with that of the substrate.
Binaural Audio Symbology for Urgency Displays

Five experiments were conducted to study the acoustic attributes that enable the accurate identification and localization of rudimentary spatial warning sounds. In each experiment, two sounds were played simultaneously over loudspeakers at various azimuths and elevations. The stimuli consisted of pure tone complexes with a 13 kHz bandwidth. The fundamental frequencies, the amplitude modulation rate of the complex, the harmonicity of the carrier and modulation frequencies, and the coherence of the carrier and modulation phase were varied in the experiments. The combination of all the cues provided the best localization and identification performance. When and only when all cues were used, the subjects were able to accurately localize and identify the target sound.
The beneficial effect of enhanced physical activity on the welfare of breast cancer survivors

SUMMARY Healthcare providers caring for breast cancer survivors can positively impact patients' quality of life by counseling them about lifestyle modifications such as physical activity and exercise. Based on a literature review of current available evidence, this article serves as a guide to primary care providers regarding the beneficial role of lifestyle modification and physical activity. Specific survivorship issues and beneficial impacts of physical activity that will be discussed in this article include the management of arthralgias, cancer related fatigue, lymphedema, pain, mental health conditions, weight management and reducing breast cancer recurrence. The timing and intensity of physical activity needs to be individualized based on patient symptoms, comorbidities and personal preferences. The goals of physical activity options for breast cancer survivors are to aid in the management of treatment-related side effects, improve fitness and maintain a healthy lifestyle.
The Dialogics of Southern Quechua Narrative

Southern Quechua conversational narratives are dialogical in four senses. First, at the formal level, the narrative is produced between interlocutors; second, narrative embeds discourse within discourse by means of quotations or indirect discourse; third, implicit or hidden dialogue between texts is brought out through the intertextual reference to other coexisting narratives; and, fourth, there is a complex pattern of participation through which dialogue takes place not only between actual speaking individuals but between distinct, intersecting participant roles that evoke multiple interactional frameworks. Rigorous attention to each level allows us to integrate narrative analysis more closely into ethnographic study, in terms of both the social tactics of specific narrative events and the broader discursive frameworks that they illuminate.