cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries: The Children

THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION estimates that approximately 1,600 children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) every day or approximately 600,000 new infections annually in children throughout the world, 90% of which occur in developing countries. Most children become HIV infected in utero, at the time of birth, or by breastfeeding. In some urban centers in Africa, acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS) is a major cause of infant deaths. By the year 2010, the U.S. Bureau of the Census estimates that the infant mortality rate will more than double from an expected 30 per 1,000 without AIDS to 71 per 1,000 in Zimbabwe and from 26 to 66 per 1,000 in Botswana. In Kenya, the infant mortality rate was projected to be 70% higher, in Zambia 60% higher, and in Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda, 40% higher.1 Despite therapeutic and educational prevention efforts, infants and children continue to become infected with HIV. Thus, attention to the epidemiology of pediatric HIV infection in developing countries cannot be allowed to wane. The geographic distribution of children infected with HIV in relation to health care services, the incidence and prevalence of orphanhood, estimates of life expectancy, and the interactions of poverty and the social and physical environment on the HIV epidemic remain significant epidemiologic issues. There exist several epidemiologic patterns of HIV infection, thus, data from one particular population or country often cannot be extrapolated to other populations. For example, the majority of pediatric cases in Romania were due to nosocomial infection among orphans and hospitalized children.2 Africa is not uniformly affected by HIV/AIDS. In a community-based study near Lusaka, Zambia, 6% of girls ages 15–16 were found to be HIV infected, a rate far higher than in boys of the same age. We must continue to investigate the epidemiology of pediatric HIV/AIDS throughout the developing world to focus the next steps toward prevention of pediatric HIV infection and child health promotion. Epidemiologic and clinical research priorities were proposed in 1997 by The International Working Group on Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV.3 Priorities included (1) description of mortality and AIDS in long-term prospective observational cohorts and (2) prognostic cohort studies. These priorities can be addressed with epidemiologic research. A MEDLINE search of the English language literature was conducted using the keywords “human immunodeficiency virus,” “AIDS,” “child, pediatrics,” and “developing country.” Proceedings and abstracts were not included in
Assembly of finite element methods on graphics processors

Recently, graphics processing units (GPUs) have had great success in accelerating many numerical computations. We present their application to computations on unstructured meshes such as those in finite element methods. Multiple approaches in assembling and solving sparse linear systems with NVIDIA GPUs and the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) are created and analyzed. Multiple strategies for efficient use of global, shared, and local memory, methods to achieve memory coalescing, and optimal choice of parameters are introduced. We find that with appropriate preprocessing and arrangement of support data, the GPU coprocessor using single-precision arithmetic achieves speedups of 30 or more in comparison to a well optimized double-precision single core implementation. We also find that the optimal assembly strategy depends on the order of polynomials used in the finite element discretization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning the optimal discriminant function through genetic learning algorithm

The problem of learning correct decision rules to minimize the probability of misclassification is a problem of supervised learning in pattern recognition. The problem of learning such optimal discriminant function is considered for the class of problems where little is known about the statistical properties of the pattern classes. This paper describes the application of a machine learning technique called the genetic learning algorithm to the problem of learning the optimal discriminant function. Several variations of the algorithm are investigated to determine which generates the best solution. Simulation results and examples are presented. The main advantages offered by the genetic algorithm are generality and fast learning.
Unique alterations of neuropeptide content in median eminence, amygdala, and dorsal vagal complex of 3- and 6-week-old diabetes mutant mice

Abstract The nature of the genetic defects which define the obese (ob) and diabetes (db) loci in mice remain unknown, but both produce similar syndromes when maintained in the same strain of mice. There is some evidence suggesting a lesion in the central nervous system (CNS) in db db mice, while ob ob mice appear to have a primary lesion outside the CNS. In a search for further evidence of a unique central lesion in db db mice, we have examined neuropeptide content in selected, microdissected brain areas in both of these mutants and lean controls. In order to rule out possible interactions of the db mutation with the genetic background, diabetes mice of both C57BL KsJ and C57BL 6J strains were studied. When concentrations of nine neuropeptide immunoreactivities were examined in up to seven microdissected areas of the brain, C57BL 6J ob ob mice showed only one reproducible alteration, a lower content of β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (LI) in the preoptic area at both 3 and 6 weeks of age as compared with lean littermates. In contrast, db db mice of both C57BL 6J and C57BL KsJ strains exhibited alterations in a total of four peptides in three brain areas: lower concentration of somatostatin-LI in median eminence, higher Met-enkephalin-LI in dorsal vagal complex of the medulla oblongata, higher substance P-LI and lower vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-LI in amygdala. The concentrations of the peptides studied in medial basal hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus, substantia nigra, and preoptic area were not reproducibly altered in db db mice. These data provide preliminary evidence for unique brain abnormalities in db db mice in specific areas that are involved in processing of neural signals that can affect the islets of Langerhans, gonadotropin secretory patterns, and many other visceral functions. The observations suggest that selected neurons or fibers in the amygdala, dorsal vagal complex (DVC), and/or median eminence may be directly affected by the genetic defect in db db mice, ultimately resulting in obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia, as well as associated endocrine abnormalities. The very different findings in brain areas of ob ob mice are consistent with the hypothesis that a somewhat different mechanism, or possibly a defect in a different component of the same neuroendocrine pathway, is primarily involved in producing the similar syndrome in ob ob mice of the same strain.
Phylogenetic influences on hormone levels across the primate order

Adrenal and gonadal hormone levels were evaluated in representative species from Prosimii, Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, and Hominoidea to determine if endocrine activity was influenced by phylogenetic factors. Most small-bodied New World primates had extremely high levels of cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone when compared with Old World primates. In contrast to the high hormone levels and diversity found in Ceboidea, Old World primates showed a more similar pattern of hormone secretion. Thus, this survey supports earlier reports indicating that the callitricids and smaller cebid monkeys have a distinctive hormone profile. Although higher hormone levels tended to be associated with lower body weight, this effect was not evident in all taxa, and there were many notable exceptions. When species differ from their predicted hormone levels based on phylogenetic heritage and body weight (e.g., titi monkeys), we must look for other biological factors that influence endocrine activity. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fusion of Omnidirectional and PTZ Cameras for Accurate Cooperative Tracking

Dual camera systems (omnidirectional and slaved PTZ cameras) are widely used in public area monitoring and target tracking. However, due to their low and non-uniform resolution, omnidirectional cameras are only able to provide moderate accuracy in both motion/target detection and tracking. To overcome this disadvantage, two methods are proposed: geometry mapping based on a polynomial imaging model and closed loop cooperative tracking. Using a unified polynomial approximation [1], the geometry relationship between the omnidirectional and PTZ cameras can be formulated in a general solution from camera calibration with a fully automated model selection. Distributed Kalman filters are developed to exchange estimated trajectories among cameras forming closed loop sub-systems for individual cameras. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is illustrated via experiments and comparisons with existing systems.
Selective anion exchange with nanogated isoreticular positive metal-organic frameworks

Crystalline porous materials, especially inorganic porous solids such as zeolites, usually have negative frameworks with extra-framework mobile cations and are widely used for cation exchange. It is highly desirable to develop new materials with positive frameworks for selective anion exchange and separation or storage and delivery. Recent advances in metal-organic framework synthesis have created new opportunities in this direction. Here we report the synthesis of a series of positive indium metal-organic frameworks and their utilization as a platform for the anion exchange-based separation process. This process is capable of size- or charge-selective ion-exchange of organic dyes and may form the basis for size-selective ion chromatography. Ion-exchange dynamics of a series of organic dyes and their selective encapsulation and release are also studied, highlighting the advantages of metal-organic framework compositions for designing host materials tailored for applications in anion separation and purification.
Yeast model system for study of mammalian phosphodiesterases.

Facile manipulation and rapid regeneration have helped to establish the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaeas a genetic workhorse. More recently, these simple eukaryotes have been used for the biochemical analysis of mammalian proteins. This article describes the use of a yeast expression system for bothin vitroandin vivoassays of mammalian phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity using yeast cells devoid of endogenous PDEs. It also presents simple methodologies for the analysis of the pharmacological properties of mammalian PDEs and describes the use of a powerful genetic selection for mutant forms of PDEs with altered biochemical and pharmacological characteristics.
Resin-core and buried-bag estimates of nitrogen transformations in Costa Rican lowland rainforests

We compared the resin-core and buried-bag incubation methods for estimating nitrogen (N) transformation rates using the 15N pool dilution technique in alluvial soils of an early successional forest (ESF) and an old-growth forest (OGF) at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. Soil cores (38×100-mm) from both forests were incubated in situ for 7 days. The two methods gave generally similar estimates of net N mineralization rates for the two forests. Estimates of ammonium production by the resin-core method were higher than those by the buried-bag method in ESF, but did not differ significantly in OGF (p<0.05). Estimates of nitrate production by the two methods did not differ significantly. Nitrate averaged 74% and 81% of the total inorganic N production in ESF and OGF, respectively. Net N mineralization in ESF (6.6 mmol m-2d-1) did not differ significantly from that in OGF (5.0 mmol m-2d-1). Fluxes of ammonium and nitrate were high for both forests, but the OGF tended to have higher gross mineralization and nitrification rates than ESF. Approximately 60% of the gross nitrate production and less than 30% of the ammonium were immobilized by microorganisms.
Coplanar-waveguide aperture-coupled microstrip patch antenna

The performance characteristics of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) aperture-coupled microstrip patch antenna were investigated experimentally. A grounded CPW with a series gap in the center strip conductor was used to couple microwave power to the antenna through an aperture in the common ground plane. Results indicate good coupling efficiency and confirm the feasibility of this feeding technique. >
Unknown caller: can we effectively manage the announcement of discovery of extraterrestrial life?

The definitive discovery of another form of life from beyond Earth will answer one of our most fundamental questions: Are we alone in the Universe? This announcement will be the most significant in history. It will have impact on every facet of our lives and affect everyone on Earth. Ensuring the announcement is handled properly represents an opportunity to unify government, industrial, and scientific resources to work together on a global scale issue. The purpose of the present paper is to understand whether we have the overall strategy, management structures and process disciplines in place on a global scale to handle an announcement of this magnitude. The research methodology included review and analysis of peer-reviewed work on the topic, publications from appropriate scientific and policy organizations, and public statements from several acknowledged experts in the field of astrobiology and extraterrestrial communications. The 1996 case of the announcement of possible life from Martian meteorite ALH84001 was also analysed. The findings of the paper are multiple deficiencies exist in the ability to manage this problem globally in an integrated fashion across borders, institutional boundaries, and through the media. High-level recommendations are offered to address major identified gaps.
Expression profiling of interindividual variability following xenobiotic exposures in primary human hepatocyte cultures

To examine the magnitude of human variability across the entire transcriptome after chemical challenge, we profiled gene expression responses to three different prototypic chemical inducers in primary human hepatocyte cultures from ten independent donors. Correlation between basal expression in any two hepatocyte donors ranged from r(2) values of 0.967 to 0.857, and chemical treatment tended to negatively impact correlation between donors. Including anticipated target genes, 10,812, 8373, and 7847 genes were changed in at least one donor by Aroclor 1254 (A1254), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and phenobarbital (PB), respectively. A subset of these gene targets (n=41) were altered with a high level of reproducibility in at least 9 donors, gene responses that correlated well with literature-reported mechanism of action. Filtering responses to the level of gene subsets clarified the biological impact associated with the respective chemical effectors, in lieu of substantial interindividual variation among donor responses. In these respects, the use of hierarchical clustering methods successfully grouped seven of the ten donors into chemical-specific rather than donor-specific clusters. However, at the whole-genome level, the magnitude of conserved gene expression changes among donors was surprisingly small, with fewer than 50% of the gene responses altered by a single chemical conserved in more than one donor. The use of higher level descriptors, such as those defined by the PANTHER classification system, may enable more consistent categorization of gene expression changes across individuals, as increased reproducibility was identified using this method.
Baroclinic and barotropic tides in the Ross Sea

The barotropic and baroclinic tides in the Ross Sea were simulated using a primitive equation, sigma-coordinate model, the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS), for four tidal constituents, M 2 , S 2 , K 1 , and O 1 . Small elevation amplitudes were predicted over most of the basin, with a combined standard deviation of 30-50 cm. Larger amplitudes, with standard deviations ranging from 50-70 cm, occurred deep within the ice shelf cavity, over the continental slope, and over Iselin Bank. Most of the elevation response was associated with the diurnal constituents (K 1 and O 1 ), as was most of the depth-independent (barotropic) velocity response. Baroclinic tides were generated at locations of steep topography for the semidiurnal constituents, but not the diurnal. Diurnal continental shelf waves were generated by the diurnal tides and found to amplify the semidiurnal elevations and baroclinic tidal velocities over the continental slope. Comparisons with observations in both elevation and velocities showed very good agreement for the semidiurnal constituents (M 2 and S 2 ) and moderate agreement for the diurnal constituents (K 1 and O 1 ). The disagreement for the diurnal constituents was associated with diurnal frequency continental shelf waves, which were overexcited along the shelf break. The baroclinic tides induced both small-scale horizontal and vertical shear in the velocity fields in the Ross Sea.
School‐Choice Stories: The Role of Culture

This article uses data from in-depth interviews conducted with the parents of a sample of 88 ninth-grade students from public, private, Catholic, and Christian high schools in two different suburban communities. This research investigates the ways in which parents understand education and how they make sense of schooling options for their children. It shows both how families who choose schools make the selection among various alternatives and why some families seem not to choose schools. This research finds that the financial and information resources of families are not enough in and of themselves to explain school-choice behavior. While these resources are indeed used by families as they make school choices, such measures do not capture the cultural dimension of school choice. In this context culture is understood as the lens through which people make sense of the social world. The decision to activate resources and the direction in which those resources will be activated are mediated by culture. In particular, as these school-choice stories show, the school-choice decision is influenced by the past educational experiences of the parents and by their religious faith.
Beware of Storming: Research Implications for Interpreting Group Climate Questionnaire Scores Over Time

(2013). Beware of Storming: Research Implications for Interpreting Group Climate Questionnaire Scores Over Time. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 433-446.
The early Russell on the metaphysics of substance in Leibniz and Bradley

While considerable ink has been spilt over the rejection of idealism by Bertrand Russell and G.E. Moore at the end of the 19th Century, relatively little attention has been directed at Russell’s A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, a work written in the early stages of Russell’s philosophical struggles with the metaphysics of Bradley, Bosanquet, and others. Though a sustained investigation of that work would be one of considerable scope, here I reconstruct and develop a two-pronged argument from the Philosophy of Leibniz that Russell fancied—as late as 1907—to be the downfall of the traditional category of substance. Here, I suggest, one can begin to see Russell’s own reasons—arguments largely independent of Moore—for the abandonment of idealism. Leibniz, no less than Bradley, adhered to an antiquated variety of logic: what Russell refers to as the subject-predicate doctrine of logic. Uniting this doctrine with a metaphysical principle of independence—that a substance is prior to and distinct from its properties—Russell is able to demonstrate that neither a substance pluralism nor a substance monism can be consistently maintained. As a result, Russell alleges that the metaphysics of both Leibniz and Bradley has been undermined as ultimately incoherent. Russell’s remedy for this incoherence is the postulation of a bundle theory of substance, such that the category of “substance” reduces to the most basic entities—properties.
Miniaturized magnetoelastic tags using frame-suspended hexagonal resonators

Magnetoelastic tags - also referred to as acousto-magnetic or magnetomechanical tags - are used in wireless detection systems that electromagnetically query the resonant response of the tags. This paper presents miniaturized magnetoelastic tags using hexagonal resonators with an overall size of about o1.3 mm × 27 μm and a resonant frequency as high as 2.13 MHz. The tags are 100X smaller than typical commercial tags. A unique feature is the frame-suspension, which results in ≈75X improvement in signal amplitude compared to that of non-suspended disc tags with similar size and frequency. This paper also demonstrates that the signal amplitude can be boosted by utilizing signal superposition of an ensemble of tags.
The roots of interprovincial inequality in education and health services in China.

This study of the determinants of variations among the provinces of China in the provision of health and education services hypothesizes the following: interprovincial variations in the provision of educational and health services can be explained largely by economic and ecological factors; and specific levels of education and various types of medical services are responsive in different ways to changes in particular variables. 5 important and variably performing provinces (accounting for about 28% of Chinas population) were extensively examined: Anhwei; Hunan; Kwangtung: Shansi; and Shantung. The analysis is organized by program dealing sequentially with factors affecting the availability of primary education secondary education hospital beds and cooperative health programs in the 5 provinces. The hypotheses were suported. Economic variables were the principal determinants of the pattern of interprovincial performance for any given program but leadership choices relating to program financing investment strategies and program priorities markedly affected the way in which the economy interacted with the program. Agricultural growth was a precondition to success in cooperative health care but not particularly helpful in obtaining high levels of primary or middle school enrollments or hospital facilities. The critical political choices to be made are those concerning investment priorities funding strategies and program priorities and these decisions are invariably made in Peking. The provincial leaders are left with the responsibility for implementing and refining policy. Leaders can never eliminate economic constraints but their political choices to shape the longterm structure of those constraints and in the short run determine how those economic variables will manifest themselves through concrete programs. In addition to knowing that the provision of education and health services in China is shaped by economic variables policy makers must understand which program is affected by which sector of the economy and how.
SEO3: A new model of olivine electrical conductivity

SUMMARY Standard Electrical Olivine 3 (SEO3) is a new model of electrical conductivity for olivine as a function of temperature and oxygen fugacity, and is based on a previous study of point defect behaviour in a dunite. That study produced quantitative estimates of mobility and concentration for small polarons and magnesium vacancies as a function of temperature and oxygen fucacity. Unlike earlier SO1 and SO2 models of olivine conductivity, the dunite sample was buffered by pyroxene, and avoided alteration at high temperature. The low-temperature extrapolation produced by SEO3 is in good agreement with SO2, while the high-temperature extrapolation is significantly more conductive, which is in general agreement with many field studies that show the Earth’s upper mantle to be more conductive than predicted by SO2 for reasonable temperatures. Plausible variations in mantle oxygen fugacity correspond to about half an order of magnitude variation in electrical conductivity, equivalent to about 100 degrees in temperature.
How Incremental Is Language Production? Evidence from the Production of Utterances Requiring the Computation of Arithmetic Sums

Abstract The incremental approach to language production assumes that the production system interleaves planning and articulation processes. Two experiments examined this assumption. In the first, participants stated the sums of two two-digit numbers in one of three different kinds of utterances, the sum by itself, the sum followed by the sequence “is the answer,” or the frame “The answer is” followed by the sum. Problem difficulty was manipulated as well, so that in some conditions, speakers could (in principle) state the tens component of the sum while planning the ones. Latencies to begin to speak were the same for all three utterance types and were affected by the difficulty of the problem as a whole. Utterance durations were unaffected by problem difficulty. In the second experiment, participants were induced to speak incrementally through the use of a deadline procedure. Both latencies and utterance durations were influenced by the difficulty of the problem. This latter finding supports a basic premise of the incremental approach: Speakers sometimes speak and plan simultaneously. Nevertheless, the language production system appears not to be architecturally incremental; instead, the extent to which people speak incrementally is under strategic control.
Mechanism and preclinical prevention of increased breast cancer risk caused by pregnancy

Pregnancy changes the probability that a woman will later develop breast cancer. If a woman’s first pregnancy occurs before her 22nd birthday, the chances of developing breast cancer are reduced. However, if the first pregnancy occurs after her 35th birthday, there is an increased risk of breast cancer. It is not clear why this age-related difference exists, but as more women wait until their 30s to start a family, there is greater urgency to understand this difference. Breasts undergo extensive changes during pregnancy. This remodeling makes their cells less likely to multiply, and also less likely to develop tumors, which could explain the protective effect of pregnancy for younger women. But why would older women not reap the same benefits? One hypothesis is that older first-time mothers are more likely than younger first-time mothers to already have breast tissue with cells carrying cancer-causing mutations, or to have clusters of abnormal precancerous cells. Now, Haricharan et al. have tested this hypothesis by inserting two cancer-causing genes into female mice. Half of the mice were then made pregnant and allowed to nurse their young, whilst the other half were never mated. Although, both groups of mice later developed tumors, the mice that had been pregnant developed more tumors and did so faster. The increased cancer levels in the mice that had been pregnant were not due to them having more precancerous cells at the early stages of pregnancy than the unmated mice of the same age. Further, the precancerous cells in the impregnated mice did not proliferate faster than those in the mice that were never pregnant. Instead, pregnancy weakened the protective process that culls pre-existing precancerous cells. These cells evaded destruction by activating a signaling pathway called the STAT5 pathway in response to pregnancy hormones. Haricharan et al. also examined tissue samples from women with a very early form of breast cancer and found elevated levels of STAT5 in tumors from women who had been pregnant compared to those who had not been pregnant. The good news is that precancerous cells do not always become cancerous. However, for those women with a high risk of developing breast cancer, Haricharan et al. suggest that temporarily reducing STAT5 activity after pregnancy with medication might reduce this risk. Treating mice with anti-STAT5 drugs for a few weeks after they finished nursing their young lessened the elevated cancer risk, and so the next challenge is to see if this approach will also be effective in human clinical trials.
Perceptual content and relations

At the core of his view is the idea that inperception we are acquainted with our environment and that in virtue of being soacquainted our experience has phenomenal character. There are many radical ideasin the book, but perhaps the most radical is the idea that when we hallucinate, wehave an experience that does not have phenomenal character: we mistake it to havephenomenal character and in virtue of this mistake a hallucination can besubjectively indistinguishable from a perception. The idea that hallucinations do nothave phenomenal character is hard to swallow but as Fish argues, it follows fromtwo ideas:(1) the nai¨ve realist idea that phenomenal character is determined by thevery scene we are acquainted with.(2) the idea that in hallucination we are by deﬁnition not perceptually relatedto the scene we seem to be perceiving and so not acquainted with thatscene.Fish understands the phenomenal character of an experience as its property ofacquainting the subject with particular mind-independent elements of theenvironment.A second radical idea of Fish’s book is the idea that experience does not havecontent. I will focus on this thesis. I will start by getting clearer on what the thesis isthat Fish rejects. Let us call the Content Thesis, the thesis that perceptual experienceis fundamentally a matter of representing the world as being a certain way. With fewinterludes, this thesis has been orthodoxy in philosophical views about perceptual
A high gain CMOS operational amplifier with negative conductance gain enhancement

A fully differential CMOS operational amplifier using a negative conductance gain enhancement technique is presented. The amplifier was fabricated in an AMI 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process with an active area of 0.17 mm/sup 2/. With a 3 V supply, a DC gain of more than 80 dB was measured. The gain exceeded 60 dB for a 240 mV output swing.
Mallomonas connensis sp. nov., a new species of Synurophyceae from a small New England lake, U.S.A.

A new species of Mallomonas, M. connensis sp. nov., is described from a eutrophic locality in Connecticut, U.S.A. with a relatively high pH and specific conductance. Cells are covered with bristles and have scales that are orientated with their longitudinal axes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cell. Each scale of the apical ring is highly asymmetrical with a forward projecting triangular shaped extension; collectively the extensions form an opening through which the flagellum emerges. Body scales possess a prominent Ushaped ridge that transverses the scale near the center and extends forward. A series of more or less concentric ribs cover the U-shaped ridge and dome, and circumscribe a more light and electron transparent region. The combination of characters of the bristles is unique among taxa of Mallomonas.
Perioperative complications following total joint replacement.

Total joint replacement (TJR) of the hip and knee is an effective procedure resulting in decreased pain and improved function in osteoarthritis patients. TJR is increasing at a significant rate, and increased awareness of potential complications following TJR is of paramount importance to all practitioners. The geriatric patient may be more susceptible to perioperative complications following TJR; therefore, careful preoperative planning, close perioperative monitoring, and the institution of appropriate preventative measures can minimize complications or dampen their impact. Complications to consider in the elderly patient following TJR include infection, thromboembolism, fracture, hip dislocation, and delirium, as well as cardiovascular complications.
A review of blood pressure measurement practice in paediatric units in North East England

Aim To measure the variation in practice of blood pressure measurement in paediatric units in a defined region. Methods All district general hospitals and the tertiary centre were contacted by telephone to identify what equipment is used; who measures; how is the data interpreted; do all children have blood pressure (BP) measurement in the in-patient (IP) and out-patient (OP) facilities. Results In one IP facility, children with kidney disease are measured using an auscultatory method and all other children measured using oscilometric technique (table 1 and 2). Assessing results (figure 1). Who gets measured IP ▶13 units: All children get a BP measure ▶In one unit: Children with renal, cardiac, endocrine or cerebral disease OP ▶One unit: All children ▶One unit: Children seen for UTIs, migraine, epilepsy or ADHD ▶One unit: Children with cardiac, renal, endocrine, cerebral disease ▶One unit: Routinely for UTIs or obesity ▶All the rest do not routinely measure unless requested by the pediatrician Tertiary centre - 11 different machines (9 oscillometric) in 8 facilities sampled. Conclusions The variation identified includes: type of equipment used; who measures; criteria for measuring; source of reference data. BP is not universally measured. Variation was found between units, within one hospital and within one ward. BP measurement with oscillometric equipment is unreliable, especially in children; uncertainty about the values obtained requires repeat measuring using the more accurate auscultatory technique. Units have made decisions about whether to measure, what equipment to use and generate BP data of uncertain value. Variation in practice occurs because there is no standard to adhere to, can not be adhered, or system assumptions about good practice or process. If measuring BP is a valid and necessary measure of physiology we should, based on existing evidence, be able to reach consensus as to what constitutes a good process.
Questions and Discussions

(1921). Questions and Discussions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 19-21.
Study on wind power grid-connection coordination control based on multi agent system

Large-scale wind farm grid scheduling and control is one of the most important problems that need to be solved in China's wind power development.In this paper,according to the characteristics of the power system in Shanxi province,using a distributed coordinated Multi-Agent System,a combined "wind power-thermal power-hydroelectric" scheduling mode is proposed.Based on the JADE platform,a control strategy with Multi-Agent System,in which scheduling agent arranges the wind-power agent,thermal-power agent and hydropower agent to make sure the output of each power supply in the power system to track load changes.Simulation results show that the "wind power-thermal power-hydroelectric" scheduling mode can not only effectively solve the large-scale wind power impact on power system,but also take into account the supply coal consumption in thermal power units in the scheduling process,and keeps system running more economically.
Adaptation planning for sea level rise: a study of US coastal cities

Sea level rise (SLR) is expected, even without greenhouse gas emissions. As SLR is inevitable, adapting to its impacts has received increasing attention, and local governments are the key actors in this emerging agenda. This study indicates that adaptation planning for SLR should be integrated into two local major planning mechanisms in the United States: the local comprehensive plans and hazard mitigation plans. By evaluating 36 plans from 15 US coastal cities that are considered at high risk and vulnerable to rising sea levels, the results demonstrate that SLR is widely identified, but the overall quality of the plans to address it requires significant improvement. A detailed table of selected plans' characteristics is also provided as a lens on how localities tackle this challenging issue. The paper concludes with planning suggestions for coastal communities to better adapt to SLR.
Limit Deterministic and Probabilistic Automata for LTL \ GU

LTL i¾? GU is a fragment of linear temporal logic LTL, where negations appear only on propositions, and formulas are built using the temporal operators X next, F eventually, G always, and U until, with the restriction that no until operator occurs in the scope of an always operator. Our main result is the construction of Limit Deterministic Buchi automata for this logic that are exponential in the size of the formula. One consequence of our construction is a new, improved EXPTIME model checking algorithm as opposed to the previously known doubly exponential time for Markov Decision Processes and LTL i¾? GU formulae. Another consequence is that it gives us a way to construct exponential sized Probabilistic Buchi Automata for LTL i¾? GU.
Malacoplakia of the Ureter

Malacoplakia of the urinary tract affects primarily the bladder and secondarily the distal ureter. Characteristic gross and microscopic lesions have been well described. A case of malacoplakia is reported in a 55-year-old woman who presented with hydronephrosis in a solitary kidney. The only lesion in the urinary tract was an apple-core type mass of the distal ureter, which was resected. This represents a rare and unusual presentation of malacoplakia. The differential diagnosis and pertinent literature are discussed.
The Oskar Fehr Lecture

Purpose: The first Oskar Fehr lecture is given in honour of Professor Fehr, a well respected ophthalmologist, who was head physician of the Department of Eye Diseases at the Rudolf Virchow Hospital from 1918. He practiced there until 1938, when he was forbidden to enter the clinic because he was Jewish and subject to the anti-Semitic laws that were instituted after the rise of the Nazi party. Dr. Fehr escaped to Great Britain, where he practiced ophthalmology into his eighties. He was the first to distinguish between granular corneal dystrophy, lattice corneal dystrophy and macular corneal dystrophy. The topic of the first Oskar Fehr lecture is Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD), an autosomal dominantly inherited corneal dystrophy associated with abnormal cholesterol deposition in the cornea. Methods: The clinical, histopathologic and genetic findings of 115 individuals with SCD followed over 18 years are discussed. The impact of systemic cholesterol metabolism on other diseases is reviewed. Results: Corneal findings in SCD are predictable on the basis of patient age. All patients develop progressive corneal haze because of abnormal deposition of corneal lipid, but only half of patients with SCD have evidence of corneal crystals. The prior name for this disease, Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy, led me to create the International Committee for the Classification of Corneal Dystrophies, in order to create a more up-to-date and accurate nomenclature for SCD and other corneal dystrophies. The name was then changed to Schnyder corneal dystrophy. Histopathology of excised SCD corneas demonstrates abnormal deposition of only HDL cholesterol. Mutations in the UBIAD1 gene result in SCD. Three dimensional protein modeling shows that mutations result in impaired vitamin K synthesis, suggesting a common link between vitamin K and cholesterol metabolism. UBIAD1 mutations are associated with other diseases, such as bladder carcinoma and Parkinsonʼs disease like findings in Drosophila. Conclusions: Studies of the cause of SCD have led to the discovery of UBIAD1 gene mutations; further work has demonstrated the systemic importance of this gene. The association of vitamin K metabolism and cholesterol metabolism may give us insight into other diseases, so that SCD research may also have implications beyond ophthalmology.
Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics: Equations of Motion in the PPN Formalism

We derive the equations of motion for a variety of physical systems in the PPN formalism, including photons, fluid systems, and N-body systems consisting of well-separated self-gravitating objects. We also specialize to two-body systems and describe the framework for calculating perturbations of Keplerian orbit elements induced by post-Newtonian corrections in the equations of motion. For a class of theories based on an invariant action, we obtain the Lagrangian that describes the dynamics of an N-body system. We derive the locally-measured, or effective gravitational constant, as measured by a Cavendish experiment, within the PPN formalism. For spinning bodies, we obtain the equations of motion and the equations of spin precession.
Public Ethics and the Principles of Public Deliberation

Moral failures or ethical violations in business and government have most frequently been attributed to a lack of moral awareness or character, which are in turn considered to be the result of poor upbringing, a lack of courage in the face of peer pressures, or a failure of moral reasoning and judgment. Education in business and public ethics attempts to inform leaders of moral limits, alert them to negative consequences of moral failure, and strengthen their commitment to positive moral values. Such programs of moral education are not sufficient, however, to prepare leaders to address questions of justice in a democratic pluralistic society. Businesses and government are powerful institutions with great effects on matters of justice, social welfare, and the public good, quite apart from activities that break laws or violate commonly held moral values. Public leaders need education in ethical reflection and public deliberation in order to fulfill their responsibilities to manage and lead toward building the common good and a more just society. In designing education to prepare leaders for these responsibilities, the most critical elements will be public accountability, public reason, and a conceptual framework to distinguish matters of procedural justice, distributive justice, and public justice.
Educating the enemy: Chinese students and the Sino-American Cold War, 1948-1955

In response to the People’s Republic of China’s intervention in the Korean War, the United States terminated education exchange programs and detained scientifically and technically trained Chinese students and intellectuals living in America. This response was partly an exigency of the war but was also reflective of the broader Sino-American Cold War. Utilizing archival material from the Truman and Eisenhower Presidential Archives, as well as published government documents, this paper traces the shifting patterns of American thought regarding education exchange and the utility of Chinese intellectuals and argues that the American government politicized Chinese students as early as the remission of the Boxer Indemnity Fund in 1905 but came to actively utilize them during the Cold War in an attempt to wage an intellectual war against the PRC. By retaining Chinese students, the United States hoped to deny China advanced scientific and technical information. It also finds that the pressures of constraining a large cohort of stateless individuals, whose technically illegal residence in the United States placed considerable administrative and financial burdens on the American government, led, in part, to enactment of immigration reforms during the early to mid-1950s.
Sources and Background of Werfel’s Novel Die vierzig Tage des Musa Dagh

(1951). Sources and Background of Werfel’s Novel Die vierzig Tage des Musa Dagh. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 111-123.
Radiologic evaluation of structure and function of the sphincter of Oddi

An array of functional and morphologic disorders occur in and around the sphincter of Oddi, and accurate diagnostic evaluation frequently uses a variety of radiographic imaging modalities. Although endoscopic manometry has become the cornerstone in diagnosing functional disorders of the sphincter of Oddi, imaging at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is used concurrently to evaluate sphincteric function and to exclude a variety of morphologic disorders that may occur in the sphincteric region as well. Imaging technique and interpretation at ERCP as it pertains to the sphincter of Oddi is emphasized. Cross-sectional imaging studies such as computed tomography and ultrasound may be performed in the initial screening of patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and are primarily useful in detecting or excluding morphologic pathology occurring near the sphincter of Oddi. Noninvasive functional evaluation of the sphincter of Oddi, including fatty meal sonography and quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy, has been described and may be used in the initial evaluation and screening of patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
“An Entry-Level Field:” A California Case Study on New Media in Youth Services Programming

ABSTRACTThis article presents findings from a case study evaluation of a library in Southern California, which received LSTA Funding to incorporate iPads and new media into its youth services programming. While an abundance of new media is available for young children, much remains to be known about children, screens, and new media formats. Youth services librarians, too, are in a challenging position, as there are virtually no guidelines or best practices to follow in terms of implementing such new formats into programming. As a result, on-going professional development is needed.
Abstract 479: Expression of ApoE-sendai by Macrophages Causes Lipoprotein Glomerulopathy While Suppressing Atherosclerosis

Renal disease is usually associated with lipoprotein abnormalities. Lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) is a unique disease characterized by intraglomerular lipoprotein thrombi, often in the absence of dyslipidemia. Macrophages are not involved in lipid accumulation in LPG. ApoESendai is an apoE variant known to cause LPG in heterozygous carriers. It carries the same charge as the apoE2 common variant, but is due to a proline-for-arginine substitution at position 145 in the apoE3 sequence. The effects of macrophage expression of apoESendai on LPG and atherosclerosis have not been studied.We have characterized renal and arterial responses in apoE-/- or apoE-/-/LDLR-/- (DKO) mice expressing apoESendai exclusively in macrophages. Bone marrow from apoE-/- mice was transduced with lentiviral constructs expressing either human apoE2 or apoESendai, and then transplanted into apoE-/- or DKO recipient mice.Compared to BMT controls, both apoESendai and apoE2 macrophages significantly decreased plasma cholesterol levels in apoE-/- recipients (22.6% and 19.4%, respectively). No changes in serum cholesterol levels were found in DKO recipients compared to controls. Macrophage expression of apoESendai and apoE2 was associated with plasma human apoE levels of 6.9±1.9 and 5.4±1.7 μg/ml, respectively, in apoE-/- recipients, and 18.9±2.8 and 18.4±3.8 μg/ml, respectively, in DKO recipients. All mice displayed extensive kidney tubular lesions, which correlated with the severity of dyslipidemia. While none of the apoE-/- recipients showed any additional kidney damage, DKO mice expressing apoESendai showed clear features of LPG, with lesions in the glomerular capillaries characterized by mesangial cell expansion. Macrophage apoE2 expression by apoE-/- BMT recipients reduced aortic lesion size by 22.7% compare to BMT controls (p