cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dependence of plasma α-tocopherol flux on very low-density triglyceride clearance in humans

To evaluate the effect of dietary fat-induced alterations in triglyceride (TG) metabolism on plasma and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-α-tocopherol, nine healthy males (mean ± SEM, age: 36 ± 3 years, BMI: 24.7 ± 1.1) consumed a 35%-fat diet (control) for one week followed by a 15% low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet for 5 weeks. After each dietary phase, the subjects ingested an evening meal along with a 50 mg capsule of 2H6-RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate; blood samples were drawn over a 24 h period while the subjects remained fasted. Low-fat feeding increased fasting plasma TG concentrations by 53% (116 ± 27 to 178 ± 32, mg/dl, p < 0.0001) primarily by reducing VLDL-TG clearance. Total plasma α-tocopherol concentrations (labeled + unlabeled) were unchanged (25.8 ± 2.3 vs. 26.4 ± 3.0 nmol/ml plasma) and no differences between the diets were observed for plasma 2H6-α-tocopherol concentration (4.8 ± 0.6 nmol/ml, for both diets) or enrichments (18.1 ± 1.8% average for both diets). However, low-fat feeding significantly increased the amount of α-tocopherol in the VLDL fraction (43%, p = 0.04) in concert with elevations in VLDL-apoB and TG. The α-tocopherol and TG content of VLDL varied in parallel in individual subjects and fractional replacement rates and clearance of α-tocopherol and TG in VLDL were closely correlated. Kinetic parameters were decreased by 32–39% from high-fat to low-fat. These data suggest that vitamin E bioavailability is similar between a 15 and 35% fat diet, with a redistribution of α-tocopherol in lipoproteins occurring during low-fat feeding (increased in the VLDL fraction, reduced in the other lipoproteins), and transfer of α-tocopherol from VLDL depends upon TG removal from the particle, consistent with previous observations in vitro and in animal studies.
Hydromagnetic waves and instabilities associated with cometary ion pickup: ICE observations

The hydromagnetic turbulence surrounding comet Giacobini-Zinner is characterized by two dominant components: large amplitude, linearly polarized waves with periods near 100 s and circularly polarized wave packets with periods near 3 s. The latter appear in association with variations in field magnitude produced by the long period waves. A third, commonly observed feature is identified, consisting of a partial rotation of the magnetic field (a hook-like structure) which also appears to be triggered by the long period waves. The possibility that the long period waves are generated by the pickup of freshly ionized cometary neutrals has been investigated. A resonant instability identified by Wu and Davidson (1972) appears able to account for the long period waves in terms of the pickup of cometary ions of the water group. Application of the theory also indicates that the growth rate of proton cyclotron waves, as a consequence of hydrogen ion pickup, is somewhat lower, due to both higher neutral velocities and longer ionization times.
Multi-Period Contests: Handicapping and Reverse Handicapping

Should a firm favor weaker or stronger players in a contest? Despite a widespread emphasis on rewarding the best employees, managers continue to tolerate and even favor poor performers. Yet contest theory reveals that evenly matched contests are the most intense, which implies that a contest designer can maximize each player's effort by artificially boosting the underdog's chances. This study applies this type of "handicapping" to a two-period sequential contest between employees, in which the only information available about their abilities is their performance in the first-period. If these abilities are sufficiently different, favoring the first-period loser in the second period increases total effort over both periods. However, if abilities are sufficiently similar, the opposite result occurs: Total effort increases most in response to a "reverse handicapping" strategy that favors the first-period winner.
A Review of “Academic Archives: Managing the Next Generation of College and University Archives, Records, and Special Collections”

Aaron D. Purcell's Academic Archives: Managing the Next Generation of College and University Archives, Records, and Special Collections is a work that looks at the world of academic archives in a t...
Targeting Nonsquamous Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer via the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter with 6-Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-d]Pyrimidine Thienoyl Antifolates

Pemetrexed (PMX) is a 5-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolate used for therapy of nonsquamous nonsmall cell lung cancer (NS-NSCLC). PMX is transported by the reduced folate carrier (RFC) and proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). Unlike RFC, PCFT is active at acidic pH levels characterizing the tumor microenvironment. By real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, PCFT transcripts and proteins were detected in primary NS-NSCLC specimens. In six NS-NSCLC cell lines (A549, H1437, H460, H1299, H1650, and H2030), PCFT transcripts and proteins were detected by real-time RT-PCR and western blots, respectively. 6-Substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates related to PMX [compound 1 (C1) and compound 2 (C2), respectively] are selective substrates for PCFT over RFC. In the NS-NSCLC cell lines, both [(3)H]PMX and [(3)H]C2 were transported by PCFT. C1 and C2 inhibited proliferation of the NS-NSCLC cell lines; A549, H460, and H2030 cells were more sensitive to C1 than to PMX. C1 and C2 inhibited glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase in de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. When treated at pH 6.8, which favors PCFT uptake, C1 and C2 inhibited clonogenicity of H460 cells greater than PMX; PMX inhibited clonogenicity more than C1 or C2 at pH 7.2, which favors RFC transport over PCFT. Knockdown of PCFT in H460 cells resulted in decreased [(3)H]PMX and [(3)H]C2 transport and decreased growth inhibition by C1 and C2, and to a lesser extent by PMX. In vivo efficacy of C1 was seen toward H460 tumor xenografts in severe-combined immunodeficient mice. Our results suggest that 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates offer significant promise for treating NS-NSCLC by selective uptake by PCFT.
The Craft of Life Course Research, by Glen H. Elder, Jr. and Janet Z. Giele (Editors)

The purpose of The Craft of Life Course Research is to offer both broad and in-depth explanations of current methodological issues, concepts, and associated explanatory factors underlying life cour...
Infectivity of Avian Reoviruses for Day-Old Chicks Under Germ-free and Isolation Conditions

There has been considerable difficulty in associating reoviruses with human and animal infections. They have been isolated from healthy children, as well as children with mild febrile upper respiratory and intestinal infections, and from a number of animal species. The known pathological manifestations of reovirus infections in animals are as follows: Reovirus 2 is said to have been etiologically associated with an epidemic of coryza among chimpanzees in a laboratory and a strain of this type was isolated from the lung of a cynomolgus monkey which died of pneumonia. The prototype strain of reovirus type 1, and simian strains of types 1 and 2 produced a meningitis and necrosis of the choroid plexus when inoculated intracerebrally in monkeys. Some human strains of all these serotypes were pathogenic for suckling mice when inoculated parenterally in large doses, lesions occurred in organs including the brain, heart, and liver. Adult guinea pigs or calves inoculated intranasally with strains of human origin did not show any illness.
Using Microsoft Word's Readability Program

Word's readability software program makes document readability testing easy. But some of its scores are not completely trustworthy. This article explains what the scores mean and how to work around the program's flaws.
Influence of cholinergic and anti-cholinergic drugs on plasma luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels in male and female rats.

AbstractThe cholinergic agonist, pilocarpine, significantly reduced serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) in gonadectomized male and female rats 15, 30, and 60 min after drug administration. Similar effects on serum LH were observed after administration of another cholinergic agonist, physostigmine. The inhibitory effects of the two cholinergic agonists on serum levels of LH and PRL were counteracted by administering the cholinergic blocker, atropine. No effects on serum hormone levels of LH or PRL were observed 15, 30, and 60 min after administration of atropine alone. Administration of atropine or scopolamine (another anticholinergic drug) every 6 hr significantly elevated serum levels of LH in castrated male rats. These results indicate that the cholinergic system exerts an inhibitory influence on LH and PRL secretion after castration.
Allethrin as a Protectant of Woolen Fabric Against Black Carpet Beetle Larval Damage

Allethrin applied to woolen cloth in emulsion baths at application temperatures of 54.4 and 100 satisfactorily protected the cloth against feeding damage by larvae of Attagentus megatoma (F.). The allethrin residues were highly resistant to removal by washing or drycleaning when applied at a calculated deposit of 0.5% by weight of the cloth at 100. The residues persisted through aging for a minimum of 12 months. The allethrin protected the cloth primarily by repelling the insects.
A Qualitative Framework for Collecting and Analyzing Data in Focus Group Research

Despite the abundance of published material on conducting focus groups, scant specific information exists on how to analyze focus group data in social science research. Thus, the authors provide a ...
The protective effect of Yangjing Zhongzi decoction on reproductive function injury in hypoxia male rats

Objective To study the effects of Yangjing Zhongzi decoction(YJZZD) on reproductive function injury in hypoxia male rats.Methods 45 Sprague-Dawley(SD) male rats were randomly divided into normal group,hypoxic group,WZYZD group,high-dose YJZZD group and low-dose YJZZD group.The hypoxic group,WZYZD group,and large-dose YJZZD group and low-dose YJZZD group were raised in a hypobaric chamber simulating 5000 m altitude for four weeks respectively,and then observed the improvement of general seminal parameters and sex hormones.Results Compared to normal group,hypoxic group had significantly decreased in the sperm density,motility and viability(P0.01),and a significant increase in sperm deformity(P0.01),a significant decrease in LH and T(P0.01).Compared to hypoxic group,WZYZD group,large-dose YJZZD group,low-dose YJZZD group had significantly increase in the sperm density,motility and viability(P0.01),a significant decrease in sperm deformity(P0.05),and a significant increase in LH and T(P0.01).There was statistic significance(P0.01)in high-dose YJZZD group compared with WZYZD group.Conclusions YJZZD and WZYZD might all ameliorate reproduction in hypoxia male rats,and YJZZD had better effect.
Legal problems in organ donation.

The transplant surgeon must scrupulously observe existing laws, statutes, cases, and regulations covering transplantation. The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, problems in obtaining informed consent, limitations on capacity of certain donors, and professional practice requirements are some of the aspects discussed.
Investigating Preservice STEM Teacher Conceptions of STEM Education

Surrounding the national emphasis on improving STEM education, effective STEM educators are required. Connected, yet often overlooked, is the need for effective preservice STEM teaching instruction for incoming educators. At a basic level, preservice STEM teacher education should include STEM content, pedagogy, and conceptualization. However, the literature suggests no leading conception of STEM education, and little is known about how preservice STEM teachers are conceptualizing STEM education. In order to explore preservice STEM teacher conceptions of STEM education, preservice teachers at a large, Midwestern research university were given an open-ended survey eliciting both textual and visual responses. Here, we report and discuss the results of employing this instrument in relation with the current STEM conceptualization literature.
SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG WOMEN

Physicians' attitudes are important in dealing with issues of substance abuse in women. The primary care physician is in a unique position to take advantage of the doctor-patient relationship and initiate diagnosis and treatment of substance abuse. When the primary care physician is supportive of the patient, both begin from a position of strength. Patients are no more to blame for contracting the disease state than for getting other medical conditions for which they are at risk. Treatment of substance abuse in women must acknowledge that significant differences exist between men and women patients. Most treatment programs have been based on research studies in men. Current efforts are under way to update the information necessary to deal effectively with the problem of substance abuse among women.
Drinking Behavior and Drinking Problems in the United States

Anyone interested in assessing drinking practices and the epidemiology of drinking problems must take into account the values and attitudes prevailing among major subgroups in America, for such values and attitudes play a very large role in determining the direction and persistence of drinking behavior. As just one of many possible illustrations, Jews in America have a very high proportion of persons who drink at least a little but a very low proportion who get into trouble over their drinking, while the Irish-Americans have a lower proportion of drinkers but a fairly high proportion who get into trouble (Glad, 1947). Such subgroup differences in drinking practices seem to be due not so much to stress as to deep-seated cultural and environmental influences. Thus, the history and present state of American values and attitudes about drinking are not merely of antiquarian or humanistic interest, but are central to understanding the dynamics of American drinking behavior and current social and health problems related to alcohol.
Single-Beam Acoustic Trapping of Red Blood Cells and Polystyrene Microspheres in Flowing Red Blood Cell Saline and Plasma Suspensions.

Single-beam acoustic tweezers (SBATs) represent a new technology for particle and cell trapping. The advantages of SBATs are their deep penetration into tissues, reduction of tissue damage and ease of application to in vivo studies. The use of these tools for applications in drug delivery in vivo must meet the following conditions: large penetration depth, strong trapping force and tissue safety. A reasonable penetration depth for SBATs in the development of in vivo applications was established in a previous study conducted in water with zero velocity. However, capturing objects in flowing fluid can provide more meaningful results. In this study, we investigated the capability of SBATs to trap red blood cells (RBCs) and polystyrene microspheres in flowing RBC suspensions. Two different types of RBC suspension were prepared in this work: an RBC phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) suspension and an RBC plasma suspension. The results indicated that SBATs successfully trapped RBCs and polystyrene microspheres in a flowing RBC PBS suspension with an average steady velocity of 1.6 cm/s in a 2-mm-diameter polyimide. Furthermore, SBATs were found able to trap RBCs in a flowing RBC PBS suspension at speeds as high as 7.9 cm/s in a polyimide tube, which is higher than the velocity in capillaries (0.03 cm/s) and approaches the velocity in arterioles and venules. Moreover, the results also indicated that polystyrene microspheres can be trapped in an RBC plasma suspension, where aggregation is observed. This work represents a step forward in using this tool in actual in vivo experimentation.
Spatial profiling of stapled α–helical peptide ATSP-7041 in mouse whole-body thin tissue sections using droplet-based liquid microjunction surface sampling-HPLC-ESI–MS/MS

Abstract The application of a fully automated autosampler/HPLC-ESI–MS/MS system for spatially resolved quantitative droplet-based liquid extraction surface sampling/profiling of stapled α–helical peptide ATSP-7041 in mouse whole-body thin tissue sections is reported. 20-μm-thick serial tissue sections of an ATSP-7041 dosed mouse were prepared and the absolute concentration of the targeted peptide was first determined in different organs using 2.3-mm diameter tissue punches, standard bulk tissue extraction protocols, and subsequent HPLC separation and tandem mass spectrometric analysis. The same organs/locations were then analyzed in neighboring tissue sections using the droplet-based surface sampling approach. The observed ATSP-7041 concentration using this method was always significantly lower than that measured by the tissue punch workflow at the same tissue location of a serial section. Calculated extraction efficiencies were 10.7 ± 0.5% (brain), 11.0 ± 3.2% (liver spot 1), 10.7 ± 2.6% (liver spot 2), 15.0 ± 0.6% (lung) and 12.9 ± 0.7% (blood). While these extraction efficiency values were low, they were reproducible within a given organ. This suggests that once the extraction efficiency is established for a given tissue type and drug, the reproducibility of the droplet-based approach could provide a non-labor intensive and high-throughput means to acquire spatially resolved quantitative analysis of multiple samples of the same type.
Media Content Analysis of Marijuana's Health Effects in News Coverage.

The prevalence of marijuana use has doubled in the past decade. One in eight US adults now reports use of marijuana in the past year.1 Despite increasing use, our understanding of the risks and benefits of marijuana use is limited.1–3 The National Academy of Sciences, editorials, and numerous systematic reviews have called for more research.1–3 Despite concerns within the scientific community, only 33% of the public perceive “great risk” from weekly marijuana use compared to 50% in 2002.1 The public appears to believe that recreational marijuana use is safe and even has health benefits.1 The media contributes greatly to the national perspective on health 4 but may provide incomplete information.4 We examined a cross-section of news media coverage to better understand how the media may influence the public’s view of marijuana.
Incompressible Biventricular Model Construction and Heart Segmentation of 4D Tagged MRI

Most automated methods for cardiac segmentation are not directly applicable to tagged MRI (tMRI) because they do not handle all of the analysis challenges: tags obscure heart boundaries, low contrast, image artifacts, and radial image planes. Other methods do not process all acquired tMRI data or do not ensure tissue incompressibility. In this chapter, we present a cardiac segmentation method for tMRI which requires no user input, suppresses image artifacts, extracts heart features using 3D grayscale morphology, and constructs a biventricular model from the data that ensures the near incompressibility of heart tissue. We project landmarks of 3D features along curves in the solution to a PDE, and embed biomechanical constraints using the finite element method. Testing on normal and diseased subjects yields an RMS segmentation accuracy of ∼ 2 mm, comparing favorably with manual segmentation, interexpert variability and segmentation methods for nontagged cine MRI.
Environmental adaptation by annual plants (an optimal control/games viewpoint)

As with all living things, annual plants have different ways of adapting to the environment. Adaptation may occur via: (1) physiological versatility, (2) developmental flexibility and (3) genetic evolution. Adaptation (1) is associated with a rapid response to short term changes in the environment, such as the opening or closing of the stomata in the leaves of plants with a change in the ambient temperature or humidity. Adaptation (2) is associated with response due to a more long term conditioning by the environment, such as limited flowering of a plant due to a dry season. Adaptation (3) is the genetic adaptation in response to particular semi-permanent conditions in the environment. If these conditions should change, then it may take several seasons to produce a new genetic adaptation.
Uncommon congenital abnormalities and PET-CT imaging

1030 Learning Objectives There has been increasing utilization of PET-CT in patient management due to the increased diagnostic accuracy that hardware fused PET-CT affords compared to CT or PET alone. Some of these studies uncover unexpected findings. We present several cases of uncommon congenital anomalies discovered incidentally on PET-CT. Correct identification of these congenital anomalies is important to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary diagnostic studies and to alert the surgeon when the findings could alter the surgical approach. Summary: Review of these cases will help the nuclear physician increase his level of diagnostic confidence when encountering unexpected congenital anomalies on PET-CT.
Mouse Models of Acute Lung Injury and ARDS

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating illness characterized by severe hypoxemia and diffuse alveolar damage. Direct lung infection is the leading cause of ARDS and can be modeled in mice using sterile models of inflammation or live pathogens. In this chapter, two mouse models for ARDS are defined. These include an infectious model of ARDS driven by direct administration of Streptococcus pneumoniae and a sterile inflammatory model mediated by intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide. Methods for growth and preparation of Streptococcus pneumoniae are provided as methods to assess lung inflammation and injury.
Laser Produced Nuclear Fusion

In these lectures I will try to give a coordinated view of the overall field of fusion with special emphasis on laser produced fusion, with which I have been associated on a part time basis, since 1972.
Examining the Learning Curve of Robotic Surgery

The learning curve is can be generally defined as the number of cases a surgeon must complete to gain proficiency at a procedure, at which point further training would not lead to any more improvement in technique or outcome. As the popularity of robotic surgery increases there is an increased emphasis on how to best translate traditional operative teaching to the realm of robotic surgery in order to lessen the burden of this learning curve. The use of surgical simulators, dual console systems, and mentor programs have all been implemented to help overcome steep aspects of the learning curve. Large series have demonstrate improved surgical and oncologic outcomes than smaller reports, which is indicative of a learning curve. However, without standardization, cutoffs to define what that learning curve is cannot be made
Effects of Irradiation on Cured Ham

The effects of irradiation treatment at several different steps in the ham curing process were compared.Irradiation prior to the final cooking step of the ham process produced less off-odor quality change than irradiation after cooking. This means that irradiation to inactivate pathogens on ham products will have less quality effects if administered prior to the cooking step of the ham process.
Choroid Plexus Tumors

Derived from choroid plexus epithelium and vascularized by choroidal arteries, choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are primary intraventricular brain tumors of neuroectodermal origin with a papillary pattern resembling nonneoplastic choroid plexus. CPTs include both benign choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) and malignant choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC), as well as an intermediate-grade CPT called atypical choroid plexus papilloma (APP).
A general theory of purely sequential minimum risk point estimation (MRPE) of a function of the mean in a normal distribution

A purely sequential minimum risk point estimation (MRPE) methodology with associated stopping time N is designed to come up with a useful estimation strategy. We work under an appropriately formula...
Structural and magnetic properties of sputtered FePd thin films grown on MgO single-crystal substrates with oblique and normal substrate orientation

Materials such as L10 Fe-based alloys with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy derived from crystal structure have the potential to deliver superior scaling of magnetic memory elements than materials whose anisotropy is derived from surfaces and interfaces. A number of processing parameters enable control of the quality and texture of L10 FePd among them, including substrate, deposition temperature, pressure and seed and buffer layer. The angle of inclination between the substrate and the sputtering target can also impact the texture of L10 crystallization of sputtered Fe-Pd and magnetic properties of the derived thin films. This study examines the difference between FePd layers that have been magnetron sputter deposited on Cr(15 nm)/Pt, Ir, or Ru(4 nm)/FePd (8 nm)/Ru(2 nm)/Ta(3 nm) substrate layers at an oblique angle (30 tilt from the sputtering target) versus normal incidence (target facing the substrate). X-ray diffraction, ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry were used to compare the degree of L10 order and static and dynamic properties of films deposited under both conditions. The films grown using the oblique orientation exhibit superior properties, including a stronger degree of L10 orientation, a larger perpendicular magnetic anisotropy field and a lower Gilbert damping, on all three buffer layers.
Single-Cell Profiling of AKI in a Murine Model Reveals Novel Transcriptional Signatures, Profibrotic Phenotype, and Epithelial-to-Stromal Crosstalk.

Background Current management of AKI, a potentially fatal disorder that can also initiate or exacerbate CKD, is merely supportive. Therefore, deeper understanding of the molecular pathways perturbed in AKI is needed to identify targets with potential to lead to improved treatment. Methods We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) with the clinically relevant unilateral ischemia-reperfusion murine model of AKI at days 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, and 14 after AKI onset. Using real-time quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and both chromogenic and single-molecule in situ hybridizations, we validated AKI signatures in multiple experiments. Results Our findings show the time course of changing gene expression patterns for multiple AKI stages and all renal cell types. We observed elevated expression of crucial injury response factors-including kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim1), lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), and keratin 8 (Krt8)-and of several novel genes (Ahnak, Sh3bgrl3, and Col18a1) not previously examined in kidney pathologies. AKI induced proximal tubule dedifferentiation, with a pronounced nephrogenic signature represented by Sox4 and Cd24a. Moreover, AKI caused the formation of "mixed-identity cells" (expressing markers of different renal cell types) that are normally seen only during early kidney development. The injured tubules acquired a proinflammatory and profibrotic phenotype; moreover, AKI dramatically modified ligand-receptor crosstalk, with potential pathologic epithelial-to-stromal interactions. Advancing age in AKI onset was associated with maladaptive response and kidney fibrosis. Conclusions The scRNA-seq, comprehensive, cell-specific profiles provide a valuable resource for examining molecular pathways that are perturbed in AKI. The results fully define AKI-associated dedifferentiation programs, potential pathologic ligand-receptor crosstalk, novel genes, and the improved injury response in younger mice, and highlight potential targets of kidney injury.
Speeding up Monte Carlo simulations for the adaptive sum of powered score test with importance sampling.

A central but challenging problem in genetic studies is to test for (usually weak) associations between a complex trait (e.g. a disease status) and sets of multiple genetic variants. Due to the lack of a uniformly most powerful test, data-adaptive tests, such as the adaptive sum of powered score (aSPU) test, are advantageous in maintaining high power against a wide range of alternatives. However, there is often no closed-form to accurately and analytically calculate the p-values of many adaptive tests like aSPU, thus Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are often used, which can be time-consuming to achieve a stringent significance level (e.g. 5e-8) used in GWAS. To estimate such a small p-value, we need a huge number of MC simulations (e.g. 1e+10). As an alternative, we propose using importance sampling to speed up such calculations. We develop some theory to motivate a proposed algorithm for the aSPU test, and show that the proposed method is computationally more efficient than the standard MC simulations. Using both simulated and real data, we demonstrate the superior performance of the new method over the standard MC simulations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Spatial Dynamics of Electricity Usage in India

India's manufacturing sector has undergone many spatial adjustments since 1989, including, for example, the organized sector's migration to rural locations, the powerful rise of informal manufacturing within cities, and the development of intermediate cities for manufacturing. This paper investigates the impact of these spatial adjustments for electricity usage in India?s manufacturing sector. Striking spatial differences in energy usage exist, and whether spatial adjustments exacerbate or alleviate energy consumption strains is important for issues ranging from reducing India's power blackouts to stemming rising pollution levels. Using detailed surveys for the organized and unorganized sectors, the analysis finds that electricity usage per unit of output in urban plants declined steadily during 1989-2010. In the rural areas, by contrast, electricity consumption per unit of output for organized sector plants peaked in 2000 and thereafter declined. Decomposing the observed trends in aggregate electricity usage from 2000 onwards, the paper finds that most reductions in electricity usage per unit of output came from reductions in existing sites of activity (defined through state-industry-urban/rural cells). The second biggest factor leading to reduced usage was lower usage in fast-growing sectors. By contrast, spatial movements of manufacturing activity across India did not significantly change usage levels and may have even increased them. This appears to have been in part because of the split nature of the mobility, with organized and unorganized sectors migrating in opposite directions.
Investigation of turbulent inflow specification in Euler–Lagrange simulations of mid-field spray

The process of atomization of a liquid jet by a parallel high-speed gas stream results in a spray, whose downstream development is of considerable interest to several applications. The round jet spray can be spatially divided into (i) a near-field (near-nozzle) region of liquid atomization and (ii) a downstream mid-field region of fully-dispersed droplets. In order to accurately model mid-field droplet dispersion, this work aims at developing a rigorous and robust injection model for Euler–Lagrange spray simulations. Results from experiments are used to obtain the relevant droplet number density, size distribution, and mean and standard deviation velocity distributions of the injection model, systematically in a step-by-step process. Two-phase large eddy simulations are performed by stochastically generating the Lagrangian droplets at the inlet of the mid-field region. Number flux, diameter distribution, mean velocity, and other time-averaged statistics at several downstream locations are shown to agree well with the corresponding experimental data.
INSIGHT: New Statement on Standard-Essential Patents Relies on Omissions, Strawmen, Generalities

In his time as head of the Department of Justice Antitrust Division, Makan Delrahim has staked out an aggressive position abandoning the previous bipartisan consensus on standards and “patent holdup,” by which owners of patents needed to use the standards have the power to hold up an industry by demanding excessive royalties or blocking products from the market. In December 2018, Delrahim unceremoniously withdrew from the 2013 joint statement with the Patent Office on standard essential patents. In December 2019, the agencies (now joined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology) promulgated a new statement. Given that the 2013 statement already offered a reasonable compromise, how could the 2019 statement be even more reasonable? That would be hard to do. As a result, the 2019 statement relies on omissions, straw-men, and generalities. First is omissions. The statement neglects the benefits of reasonable-licensing rules and references patent holdup just once, in a footnote mentioning not just holdup but also licensee-based holdout. And even though the statement hypothesizes licensees violating antitrust law, it neglects antitrust’s important role in policing anti-competitive behavior by patentees. Second, the statement sets up, and knocks down, a series of straw-men directed at antitrust law, the 2013 statement, and courts’ activity. Third, the statement is full of anodyne assertions that don’t add much to the existing analysis, with the generalities themselves often not achievable given the one-sided approach taken throughout the statement. In short, the statement’s generalities do not meaningfully assist courts and other policymakers. And a series of omissions and straw-men make the statement less balanced and reasonable than the document it replaced.
A generalized approach to real-time, non-intrusive instrumentation and monitoring of standards-based distributed middleware

Abstract Dynamic Binary Instrumentation (DBI) is one way to monitor a distributed system in real-time without modifying application source code. Previous work has shown it is possible to instrument distributed systems using standards-based distributed middleware. Existing work, however, only applies to a single middleware, such as CORBA. This article therefore presents a tool named the Standards-based Distributed Middleware Monitor (SDMM), which generalizes two modern standards-based distributed middleware, the Data Distribution Service (DDS) and gRemote Procedure Call (gRPC). SDMM uses DBI to extract values and other data relevant to monitoring a distributed system in real-time. Using dynamic instrumentation allows SDMM to capture information without a priori knowledge of the distributed application under instrumentation. We applied SDMM to applications written with two DDS vendors, RTI Connext DDS and OpenDDS, as well as gRPC which is a complete remote procedure call framework. Our results show that the data collection process contributes to less than 1% of the performance overhead in some tests.
Interaction of gases with monolayer WS2: an in situ spectroscopy study

The optical and electronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials can be tuned through physical and chemical adsorption of gases. They are also ideal sensor platforms, where charge transfer from the adsorbate can induce a measurable change in the electrical resistance within a device configuration. While 2D materials-based gas sensors exhibit high sensitivity, questions exist regarding the direction of charge transfer and the role of lattice defects during sensing. Here we measured the dynamics of adsorption of NO2 and NH3 on monolayer WS2 using in situ photoluminescence (PL) and resonance Raman spectroscopy. Experiments were conducted across a temperature range of 25–250 °C and gas concentrations between 5–650 ppm. The PL emission energies blue- and red-shifted when exposed to NO2 and NH3, respectively, and the magnitude of the shift depended on the gas concentration as well as the temperature down to the lowest concentration of 5 ppm. Analysis of the adsorption kinetics revealed an exponential increase in the intensities of the trion peaks with temperature, with apparent activation energies similar to barriers for migration of sulfur vacancies in the WS2 lattice. The corresponding Resonance Raman spectra allowed the simultaneous measurement of the defect-induced LA mode. A positive correlation between the defect densities and the shifts in the PL emission energies establish lattice defects such as sulfur vacancies as the preferential sites for gas adsorption. Moreover, an increase in defect densities with temperature in the presence of NO2 and NH3 suggests that these gases may also play a role in the creation of lattice defects. Our study provides key mechanistic insights into gas adsorption on monolayer WS2, and highlights the potential for future development of spectroscopy-based gas sensors based on 2D materials.
The lived reality of public accounting interns

Abstract This study examines the lived reality of public accounting interns, including perceived benefits, costs, and competing frictions that are collectively relevant to the norms and social structures in this labor market. Our evidence suggests that benefits include knowledge acquisition for interns and readily available labor for firms. Costs include ethical dilemmas, pressures to conform, reality shocks, and shared suffering for interns, along with training investments and turnover for firms. Labor market frictions include variation in perceptions of success versus failure for interns, coupled with sustainability implications for the hiring model of firms. Reflecting on the mutuality of these labor market attributes, we present evidence on the consequences for both individuals and the profession. To do so, we collect survey evidence from 257 students who completed a ‘busy-season’ internship in the semester immediately prior to embarking on their Masters of Accountancy (MACC) program (January-April of 2014, 2015 and 2016). After reflecting on insights from that evidence, we then interviewed another 30 MACC students who had returned from their internships following the busy season of 2017 to gain in-depth qualitative evidence about the ‘lived reality’ of the internship experience, focusing on insights about anticipatory socialization, formative experiences and assimilation, along with differential expressions of both success and painful instances of failure. Our study provides details on a replicable internship model that has been sustainable for over 20 years at the University of Wisconsin – Madison, and represents a detailed example relevant to understanding the apprenticeship model of public accounting.
Are you ready for that interview

The types of jobs that one may need to interview for can range from pick-and-shovel labor to technical and business positions in major corporations. Interviews are also frequently used for evaluation and promotional positions within a company. We write from experience in all of these circumstances.
A pilot study of changes in Total Worker Health® policies and programs and associated changes in safety and health climates in small business.

BACKGROUND There is little longitudinal research on whether changes to Total Worker Health® (TWH) policies and programs are associated with changes in health climate and safety climate. We hypothesize that as TWH policies and programs change, employees will report changes in safety climate and health climate from baseline to 1 year. METHODS Twenty-five diverse small businesses and their employees participated in assessments completed approximately 1 year apart. The exposures of interest, TWH policies and programs, were measured using the business-level Healthy Workplace Assessment™ which collects information on six benchmarks. The outcomes of interest, employee perceptions of safety climate and health climate, were measured via an employee survey. We employed paired t-tests and simple linear regression to assess change over a 1-year period. RESULTS The mean Healthy Workplace Assessment overall score changed by 11.3 points (SD = 11.8) from baseline to Year 1. From baseline to Year 1, the mean scores of each benchmark changed in a positive direction within this sample. The mean safety climate score and health climate score changed by +0.1 points (SD = 0.2) and +0.1 points (SD = 6.4) from baseline to Year 1, respectively. The associations between changes in the overall Healthy Workplace Assessment score and health climate and safety climate scores were negligible [β = 0.01 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.002, 0.02), and β = 0.01 (95% CI: 0.002, 0.02), respectively]. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that when small businesses improve upon their TWH policies and programs they experience marginal measurable improvements in employee perceptions of their workplace safety climate and health climate.
Analytical and Experimental Investigations of Aerothermochemical Processes in Liquid Propellant Rocket Motors

Rapid increase in rocket performance level in the last 20 years was plagued by combustion instability. Investigators devoted considerable effort to solving this problem but no valid analysis exists for predicting stable operation of a new design. To fill this need, a non-linear approach was developed of liquid rocket design which is also useful for the investigation of oscillatory (unstable) combustion.
Abstract P4-05-10: PRKCQ, a novel protein kinase C preferentially expressed in triple negative breast cancer, drives oncogenic growth, survival and migration

Background/Rationale : PRKCQ, a member of the novel protein kinase C family, was identified in a functional genomic screen for regulators of anoikis resistance/anchorage-independent survival (Irie et al., 2010). Interestingly, it is preferentially expressed in the triple negative/basal subtype of breast tumors compared to Luminal or Her2+ tumors. We sought to determine the functional role of PRKCQ in triple negative breast cancer and evaluate PRKCQ as a candidate therapeutic target for this subtype. Materials and Methods . Consistent with its expression in triple negative patient breast tumors, PRKCQ is also highly expressed in several triple negative breast cancer cell lines. We utilized both gain- and loss-of-function approaches in these cell lines to determine the requirement for PRKCQ in oncogenic growth and survival using in vitro and in vivo models. Results . Isoform-specific downregulation of PRKCQ using shRNA vectors severely impaired growth of triple negative breast cancer cells in 2D monolayer and 3D Matrigel cultures. In 3D cultures, PRKCQ downregulation not only inhibited growth, but impaired the formation of invasive branching. PRKCQ downregulation also inhibited the growth of MDA231 primary tumor xenografts. All of these data support a requirement for PRKCQ expression in triple negative breast cancer cell growth. To determine if PRKCQ is sufficient to drive oncogenic phenotypes, we overexpressed PRKCQ in a non-transformed immortalized breast epithelial cell line, MCF-10A. PRKCQ expression conferred EGF-independent growth, migration and anoikis resistance. In PRKCQ-expressing MCF-10A cells, EGFR phosphorylation and activation were preserved in the absence of exogenous EGF ligand addition. We are currently elucidating the mechanisms responsible for PRKCQ-mediated, sustained activation of EGFR. Conclusions . PRKCQ is critically required for growth of triple negative breast cancer cells. Increased expression of PRKCQ is sufficient to drive oncogenic, growth factor-independent growth, survival and migration. Interestingly, PRKCQ could play a dual role in the development of triple negative breast cancer, as it may also function in the immune microenvironment to support the growth of these tumors. Therefore, PRKCQ is an attractive candidate therapeutic target for patients with triple negative breast cancer. Citation Format: Hanna Y Irie, Gwyneth Halstead-Nussloch, Koichi Ito. PRKCQ, a novel protein kinase C preferentially expressed in triple negative breast cancer, drives oncogenic growth, survival and migration [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-05-10.
Implementing Systems Toxicology in Drug Development for Regulatory Decision Making

The concept of integrating molecular and biochemical data from new technologies with more traditional endpoints to develop a more complete understanding of risks and benefits in drug development has gained wide acceptance as a reasonable way to advance human health. However, actual implementation of this systems approach is not straightforward. While technology keeps advancing, our ability to accurately interpret the complexity of human biology has not kept pace. Indeed, sometimes the case seems to be one of the deeper we investigate, the more we realize what we do not understand. Additionally, in developing ethical pharmaceuticals, a major issue is establishing the necessary level of confidence to extrapolate from a series of endpoint measurements to accurately predict beneficial and/or potentially adverse responses in the diverse population of patients. The evidentiary standard for acceptance of new models and biomarkers in clinical practice is necessarily high, although the concept of “fit-for-purpose” may help expedite the application of new knowledge in specific clinical situations. This chapter will present a view of both the progress and hurdles to applying systems toxicology to drug development in a regulated environment. Keywords: systems toxicology; drug development; biomarkers; clinical translation; pre-clinical; pathways; review; genomics; metabolomics; proteomics
Baseline Heart Rate, Sensation Seeking, and Aggression in Young Adult Women: A Two‐Sample Examination

Although substantial literature discusses sensation seeking as playing a role in the relationship between baseline heart rate and aggression, few published studies have tested the relationships among these variables. Furthermore, most prior studies have focused on risk factors of aggression in men and have largely ignored this issue in women. Two samples (n = 104; n = 99) of young adult women completed measures of resting heart rate, sensation seeking, and aggression. Across the two samples of females there was no evidence for the relationships of baseline heart rate with sensation seeking or with aggression that has been consistently shown in males. Boredom susceptibility and disinhibition subscales of sensation seeking were consistently significantly correlated with aggression. The lack of significance and the small effect sizes indicate that other mechanisms are also at work in affecting aggression in young adult women. Finally, it is important to consider the type of sensation seeking in relation to aggression, as only boredom susceptibility and disinhibition were consistently replicated across samples.
Diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation: the role of heparin therapy

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is caused by a variety of underlying disorders, and criteria for diagnosis are not well defined. However, the most helpful are a low platelet count, positive plasma protamine test, and fibrinogen and fibrin degradation product levels viewed in the context of the patient's underlying disease. The cornerstone of therapy is prompt treatment of the underlying disease and elimination of the trigger mechanism. Additional treatment must be individualized, and generalizations are difficult to make. However, if the patient has low hemostatic factors and is actively bleeding or requires an invasive procedure, then replacement with the appropriate hemostatic factors should be tried. Heparin is indicated in patients with purpura fulminans and venous thromboembolism, but there is little evidence that heparin reverses organ dysfunction associated with DIC. In addition, heparin is also probably indicated in patients with retained dead fetus and hypofibrinogenemia prior to induction of labor, excessive bleeding associated with a giant hemangioma, and neoplastic disease, particularly promyelocytic leukemia. Although the use of heparin in acute forms of DIC remains controversial, the majority of studies suggest that it is not helpful. The role of antithrombin III (AT-III) concentrates is unknown, but they theoretically may be helpful when DIC is associated with very low AT-III levels, as is seen in liver disease.