cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Look at the Living Arrangements of Older Americans Using Multistate Life Tables

Objectives We extend existing research on the living arrangements of older Americans by focusing on geographic proximity to children, examining transitions in living arrangements across older ages, and describing differences by both race/ethnicity and educational attainment. Method We use data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) over a period of 10 years (2000-2010) to construct multistate life tables. These analyses allow us to describe the lives of older Americans between ages 65 and 90 in terms of the number of expected years of life in different living arrangements, reflecting both mortality and living arrangement transitions. Results Americans spend a substantial proportion of later life living near, but not with, adult children. There is a good deal of change in living arrangements at older ages and living arrangement-specific life expectancy differs markedly by race/ethnicity and educational attainment. However, overall life expectancy is not strongly related to living arrangements at age 65. Discussion Multistate life tables, constructed separately by sex, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment, provide a comprehensive description of sociodemographic differences in living arrangements across older ages in the United States. We discuss the potential implications of these differences for access to support and the exacerbation or mitigation of inequalities at older ages.
Fabrication and Characterization of Multiband Polarization Independent 3-D-Printed Frequency Selective Structures With UltraWide Fields of View

Recently, a robust and versatile multiobjective lazy ant colony optimization technique was introduced for inverse design of 3-D frequency selective structures (FSSs) with remarkable polarization independent filtering performance for incidence angles up to 80°. However, fabricating and characterizing these elements present many challenges that have yet to be addressed. For example, conventional free-space measurement techniques require intractably large arrays to uniformly illuminate the sample and mitigate edge diffraction at extreme incidence angles. To mitigate these effects, a broadband focused beam measurement technique is proposed to characterize a finite $24 \times 48$ element 3-D FSS array optimized for C-band operation. Elements are fabricated using PolyJet 3-D printing, metallized, and encapsulated in a Sylgard-527 substrate over a polymethylmethacrylate lattice resulting in a low-loss, low-cost, low-profile, and lightweight array that is suitable for conformal surfaces and can be easily repaired. A comparison of simulated and measured results is presented, and a discussion of the implications of the array and measurement system is offered. The fully fabricated 3-D FSS array achieves a 6.25% −10 dB rejection band and 8.26% 3 dB passband at 5.6 and 7.75 GHz, respectively, for both TE and TM polarizations and incidence angles up to 72°.
The Impact of Race, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status on School Counselors’ Alternative Learning Program Placement Decisions: An Experimental Study

As a form of exclusionary discipline, student placement into an alternative learning program (ALP) may lead to negative outcomes for students (e.g., lower academic achievement, attrition, involvement in the juvenile justice system; Anderson and Ritter in Educ Policy Anal Arch 25(49):1–33, 2017). School counselors are called to address inequitable policies, procedures, and conditions that may limit students’ personal/social and academic development, college access, and career readiness (ASCA, The ASCA national model: a framework for school counseling programs, 3rd edn. American School Counselor Association, Alexandria, VA, 2012). Additionally, school counselors should be unbiased in their decision-making (ASCA, Ethical standards for school counselors. American School Counselor Association, Alexandria, VA, 2016). The researchers utilized a true experimental design to examine the impact of student race (African American or White), gender (male or female), and socioeconomic status (SES; economically advantaged or disadvantaged) on practicing school counselors’ (N = 334) decisions to place students in ALPs for disciplinary reasons. A factorial analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences in school counselors’ likelihood of placing students in ALPs for disciplinary reasons based these student demographic factors. The study also revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between school counselors’ belief in a just world, as measured by the Global Belief in a Just World Scale (GBJWS; Lipkus in Personal Individ Differ, 12(11): 1171–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90081-L, 1991), and likelihood of referring students to ALPs for disciplinary reasons. Implications for school counselors and educational stakeholders are discussed.
Restructuring the Principle of Medical Futility

This essay surveys the need for a clear and objective definition of medical futility. It is urged that once agreement is obtained for structuring operational guidelines for determining futility, a three-tier decisional structure can be developed for testing whether a given treatment falls within the scope of these guidelines. Under the first tier, the treating physician would be given the primary responsibility for making the determination to withhold treatment on the grounds of futility. While the physician would be under a duty not to prescribe treatment deemed futile, he would be obliged to inform the patient and his family of this decision, including the reasons for it, in order to allow, under the second tier, for an appeal to be taken by the patient or family to the hospital ethics committee. The third tier recognizes a right of limited appeal to the courts.
Synthesis of Boron Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Castings Through Mechanical Stir Casting

Nuclear energy is the leading clean energy source in the United States with 99 nuclear power plants generating approximately 20% of the country’s electricity. While the growth of the industry helps...
The Effects of Popular Diets on Type 2 Diabetes Management.

Type 2 diabetes can be managed with the use of diabetes self-management skills. Diet and exercise are essential segments of the lifestyle changes necessary for diabetes management. However, diet recommendations can be complicated in a world full of different diets. This review aims to evaluate the evidence on the effects of three popular diets geared towards diabetes management: low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diet, vegan diet, and the Mediterranean diet. While all three diets have been shown to assist in improving glycaemic control and weight loss, patient adherence, acceptability, and long-term manageability play essential roles in the efficacy of each diet.
Immediate digital implant scanning workflow for posterior single implant-supported crowns: A case series

This case series presents an innovative technique for fabricating single implant crowns in which a digital scan was recorded immediately after the placement of the dental implant. This technique has been used over several years (January 2015 to April 2018) in 34 patients. The detailed workflow of 2 clinical treatments with successful clinical outcomes and short treatment time is described. The immediate digital implant scan workflow concept reduces treatment time for posterior single implant-supported crowns.
Worry as a mediator between psychosocial stressors and emotional sequelae: Moderation by contrast avoidance.

Abstract Background Worry is the core feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), which is prevalent among emerging adults. The contrast avoidance model proposes that individuals with GAD use worry to avoid negative emotional contrasts by maintaining a state of negative affect. Research suggests worry in response to stressors increases anxiety, but more research is needed to examine depression as an outcome and the predictions of contrast avoidance in the context of multiple stressor subtypes. The current study examined whether worry may be associated with increased symptoms of anxiety and depression, regardless of stressors, due to the use of worry as an avoidance strategy, moderating these associations. Methods 367 undergraduate college students from a medium-sized, public university completed self-report questionnaires online. Results Worry significantly mediated the associations from academic stressors and social stressors to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Contrast avoidance significantly moderated associations between academic stressors and worry as well as worry and anxiety. For those high in contrast avoidance, worry was relatively high regardless of academic stressors; for those low in contrast avoidance, students with fewer academic stressors reported less worry. Limitations The present study relied on self-report. In addition, the cross-sectional design limits the ability to draw conclusions about temporal relations. Conclusions Contrast avoidance elevated worry regardless of academic stressors, and strengthened the association between worry and anxiety but not worry and depression. Individuals who experience high levels of contrast avoidance may benefit from cognitive interventions focusing on reducing beliefs about the perceived benefits of worry.
Violence Exposure and Mental Health Among Resettled Refugees: A Systematic Review:

Refugee populations are often characterized by their high exposure to violence, which are tied to various challenges upon resettlement. This systematic review synthesizes the empirical literature related to violence exposure for refugees resettled in high-income countries and the impact of that exposure on mental health symptoms. The authors reviewed quantitative studies published from 2000 to 2018 and found 12 studies met criteria for inclusion. Studies were excluded if the study did not include a measured mental health outcome, if violence exposure was not measured and reported on distinctly from nonviolent exposures, if the sample did not include a refugee population, or if the relationship between violence exposure and mental health of refugees was not empirically examined. Overall, studies found that resettled refugee populations were more likely to have higher rates of violence exposure than comparison groups. This violence exposure was significantly related to higher mental health symptoms, including symptoms of depression, anxiety, and, most commonly reported, posttraumatic stress disorder. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in measurement of violence exposure, particularly in the use of author-created scales. The vast majority of included studies examined only exposure to violence prior to resettlement. The review shows significant evidence for the effect of violence prior to resettlement on mental health after resettlement and reveals a need for improved measurement and definitions of violence exposure at different time points for resettled refugee populations. Assessing current exposure to violence is an important step for effective intervention related to mental health dilemmas for refugee populations.
Tunneling-recombination luminescence between Ag 0 and Ag 2 + in KCl:AgCl

Appropriate treatment of a KCl:AgCl crystal results in the trapping of electrons as silver atoms, ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{0}$, and positive holes as Ag$\mathrm{Cl}_{4}^{}{}_{}{}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{2+}$, centers. Optical excitation of ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{0}$ in such a crystal at $Tl90$ K produces a luminescence which lasts for many hours after the excitation. Evidence is presented which indicates that this afterglow results from electron-hole tunneling recombination between nearby ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{0}$ and ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{2+}$ pairs, similar to the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{0}$-$\mathrm{Cl}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ tunneling-recombination studies we previously reported. We have shown that ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{2+}$ centers are involved in the emission process by preferentially orienting the anisotropic ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{2+}$ at 6 K by excitation with polarized light and observing that the afterglow is polarized. Upon warming to 50 K, where the preferentially oriented ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{2+}$ can change orientation, a strong reversal in the degree of polarization occurs which finally decays to zero. The characteristics of this luminescence can be understood if we assume: (i) a tunneling-recombination mechanism in which the orientation of the electric vector of the emitted radiation depends on the position of the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{0}$ relative to the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{2+}$ and (ii) the tunneling is anisotropic and depends on the location of the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{0}$ relative to the anisotropic ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{2+}$. The latter assumption is based on the tetragonal ($d$-like) symmetry of the ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{2+}$ complex. Good quantitative agreement between theory and experiment has been obtained on the decay kinetics, the degree of polarization, and the polarization reversal.
Tamar says #MeToo: Reading Genesis 38 through the lens of gender justice:

The Genesis 38 story of Judah’s engagement with his daughter-in-law Tamar, who had disguised herself as a common prostitute (zonah), speaks to the opaque nature of patriarchal oppression of women t...
Where are the female experts? Perceptions about the absence of female presenters at a Digital Health Conference in Bolivia

Background Gender disparities exist worldwide related to female representation in digital health initiatives especially in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Upstream approaches and policy implementation has been effective in some countries to reduce the gender gap in the areas of political and sector leadership. At an international digital health conference in Bolivia, all-male expert panels presented their research and innovations to audiences from the Bolivian national and regional health departments and private and non-governmental organization heath leaders. Methods An in-depth qualitative analysis of participant perspectives related to the absence of female presenters at this digital health conference in Bolivia was performed. Using a cross-sectional research design, the questionnaire rated the respondents' satisfaction using Likert scales and their perspectives using open-ended questions. A multidisciplinary team of coders reviewed the respondents' responses in detail and developed general themes. Results The sample consisted of 80 respondents who completed the questionnaire from the 115 people attending the conference, giving a 70% response rate (80/115). Respondents were broadly represented in terms of gender, age, occupation and experience using digital health tools. The code structure contained five primary codes each reflecting sets of ideas and possible solutions for gender equality in science and health technology in Bolivia. The five recurrent themes, ranked from the most common mentioned to the least common, were: (I) opportunities and incentives (38%); (II) indifference (23%); (III) role models (18%); (IV) capacity strengthening and empowerment (15%); (V) norms and policies (7%). Conclusions The results of this study can be useful for preparing a more representative digital health field in Bolivia overtime. Conference respondents provide key recommendations to reduce gender inequality at digital health conferences and in the field. This study provides evidence from Bolivian health workers and officials on their perspectives related to the absence of female presenters at an international digital health conference and their suggestions for optimizing female participation and leadership at conferences and in the digital health field going forward.
CHAPTER 21 – Iterative Image Reconstruction

This chapter describes iterative methods, mostly based on statistical estimation, which are becoming widely used alternatives to filtered backprojection (FBP). The principal trade-off between iterative techniques and FBP is one of accuracy versus efficiency. Iterative algorithms invariably require repeated calculations of projection and backprojection operations. Thus, they can require substantially greater computation time than FBP. This chapter presents the general principles of iterative image reconstruction and is intended to provide the reader with a starting point for further study. This chapter classifies iterative methods into a few major types and provides details on some prominent examples of these major categories. It is noted that there are many variations on each theme in addition to the examples given. This chapter begins with a formulation of the tomography problem as a linear inverse problem and defines the statistical characteristics of the measured data, then describes the two main components of any iterative method, that is, the criterion for selecting the best image solution and the algorithm for finding that solution.
Automated Filtering of Eye Movements Using Dynamic AOI in Multiple Granularity Levels

Eye-tracking experiments involve areas of interest (AOIs) for the analysis of eye gaze data. While there are tools to delineate AOIs to extract eye movement data, they may require users to manually draw boundaries of AOIs on eye tracking stimuli or use markers to define AOIs. This paper introduces two novel techniques to dynamically filter eye movement data from AOIs for the analysis of eye metrics from multiple levels of granularity. The authors incorporate pre-trained object detectors and object instance segmentation models for offline detection of dynamic AOIs in video streams. This research presents the implementation and evaluation of object detectors and object instance segmentation models to find the best model to be integrated in a real-time eye movement analysis pipeline. The authors filter gaze data that falls within the polygonal boundaries of detected dynamic AOIs and apply object detector to find bounding-boxes in a public dataset. The results indicate that the dynamic AOIs generated by object detectors capture 60% of eye movements & object instance segmentation models capture 30% of eye movements.
Mechanisms involved in the inhibitory effect of retinoids on a murine mammary cell line (LM38 LP) composed by luminal and myoepithelial subpopulations

2665 Retinoids regulate growth, differentiation and apoptosis of many cell types by binding to RAR/RXR nuclear receptors. These receptors up regulate expression of target genes by binding to their retinoic acid response elements (RARE) in their promoters or by repressing other genes by inhibiting the action of transcription factors like AP1. Previously, we demonstrated that LM38 LP, composed by luminal (LEP) and myoepithelial (MEP) cells, express the main RAR/RXR, and that ATRA inhibited its growth and metastatic dissemination. Now we studied the mechanisms involved in retinoids inhibitory effect with the aim to analyze the interaction between LEP and MEP cells in this response. The retinoic acid pathway activation was confirmed by RARE-Luc assays and by monitoring the increased levels of RAR target genes, RARb2 and CRBP by RT PCR / western blot (WB). Retinoids inhibited LM38 LP in vitro cell growth, this effect was reversed by RARa antagonist Ro415253 (Ro). Confocal microscopy of LM38 LP 3D cultures showed, that ATRA increased the expression of activated caspase 3 and promoted p27 nuclear translocation in the colony center, indicating that both arrest and apoptosis were taking place. In 2D control cultures, half of MEP cells were positive for p27 while LEP islets expressed P-RB. Three days after treatment with retinoids we observed an increase in the number of p27 stained arrested MEP while LEP islets became negative for P-RB acquiring p27 expression, except for a single cell layer around the islets that kept cycling. Cell cycle analysis by FACS of LM38 LP cells treated with ATRA showed G1 arrest. Similar results were observed in vivo, where immunohistochemistry of tumors grown in mice treated with ATRA twice a week for 15 days, showed increased staining for p27 and extense areas of apoptotic and necrotic cells with some activated caspase 3 positive cells. Besides arrest and apoptosis, retinoids induced senescence mainly in MEP cells (β Gal activity). Interestingly retinoids did not affect LM38 LP clonogenic capacity. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were confirmed by WB showing a decrease in D1 / B1 cyclins, P-ERK and activated caspase 3, after 30 minutes of stress conditions. Both retinoids inhibited LM38 LP secreted MMPs and uPA, but contrarily to its effect on proliferation, Ro mimicked ATRA. Conclusion: RARs activation by retinoids inhibit LM38 LP mammary tumors growth affecting in a differential fashion their LEP and MEP cellular compartments by induction of cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis, suggesting the presence of a retinoid-resistant clonogenic subpopulation. Physical interaction between these cellular compartments seems to generate survival stimuli strong enough to overcome the retinoids antitumoral effects. The lack of modulation by Ro on the proteolytic activity is an indication that this antagonist is not involved in the transrepression RAR and AP1
Climate variability and irregular migration to the European Union

Abstract The so-called ‘European Migrant Crisis’ has been blamed on armed conflict and economic misery, particularly in the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Some have suggested that this process has been exacerbated by climate change and weather events. In this paper, we evaluate these claims, focusing on the role of droughts in influencing irregular migration flows to the European Union. Drawing on temporally disaggregated data on the detection of unauthorized migrants at EU external borders, we examine how weather shocks affect irregular migration. We show that weather events may indeed influence migration. Yet, in contradiction to the findings from recent research, we find no evidence that a drought in a sending country increases unauthorized migration to the EU. If anything, and while not entirely conclusive, the incidence of drought seems rather to exert a negative, albeit moderate, impact on the size of migration flows, in particular for countries dependent on agriculture. Conversely, higher levels of rainfall increase migration. We interpret this as evidence that international migration is cost-prohibitive, and that adverse weather shocks reinforce existing financial barriers to migration.
Basic Needs Initiatives at Texas Community College Hispanic-Serving Institutions: Changes in Service Offerings during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, there were high rates of food and housing insecurity and unmet childcare, clothing, and physical and mental health needs among community college students. There was ...
Additional Topics in Complex Geometry

Before turning to our main topics we first discuss partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms and holomorphic Anosov flows as introduced by Etienne Ghys [1995]. In Section 13.2 we discuss the geometry of the projectivized holomorphic tangent and cotangent bundles. The study of the projectivized holomorphic tangent bundle naturally raises the question of a complex geodesic flow, which we discuss in Section 13.3. In Section 13.4 we return to the projectivized holomorphic tangent bundle and develop its complex almost contact metric structure. In Section 13.5 we first discuss special directions on complex contact manifolds analogous to our treatment in the real case in Chapter 11 and then discuss complex contact structures on the Lie group SL(2, \( C\!\!\!\!C \)) in detail.
Bacteriophages of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: Isolation and Characterization of a Rhodopseudomonas spheroides Bacteriophage

A DNA-containing bacteriophage, designated RS1, infecting Rhodopseudomonas spheroides 2.4.1, has been isolated from sewage. The buoyant density of RS1 in CsCl equilibrium centrifugation is 1.50 g/cm3, and the buoyant density of RS1 DNA is 1.706. The phage possesses a polyhedral head, approximately 65 nm in diameter, and a tail 60 nm long. When grown on aerobic cells, RS1 has a latent period of 120 min and an average burst size of 20. When grown on anaerobic cells, RS1 has a latent period of 150 min, and a burst size similar to that observed during aerobic infection. The adsorption rate constant of RS1 to aerobic cells is 1.2 × 10−9 ml/min, and 0.58 × 10−9 ml/min to anaerobic cells. Adsorption of RS1 to R. spheroides requires the presence of divalent cations.
Reduced hierarchical models with application to estimating health effects of simultaneous exposure to multiple pollutants

Summary. Hierarchical models (HMs) have been used extensively in multisite time series studies of air pollution and health to estimate health effects of a single pollutant adjusted for other pollutants and other time varying factors. Recently, the US Environmental Protection Agency has called for research quantifying health effects of simultaneous exposure to many air pollutants. However, straightforward application of HMs in this context is challenged by the need to specify a random-effect distribution on a high dimensional vector of nuisance parameters. Here we introduce the reduced HM as a general statistical approach for analysing correlated data with many nuisance parameters. For reduced HMs we first calculate the integrated likelihood of the parameter of interest (e.g. the excess number of deaths attributed to simultaneous exposure to high levels of many pollutants), and we then specify a flexible random-effect distribution directly on this parameter. Simulation studies show that the reduced HM performs comparably with the full HM in many scenarios and even performs better in some cases, particularly when the multivariate random-effect distribution of the full HM is misspecified. Methods are applied to estimate relative risks of cardio-vascular hospital admissions associated with simultaneous exposure to elevated levels of particulate matter and ozone in 51 US counties during 1999–2005.
Using GenMAPP and MAPPFinder to view microarray data on biological pathways and identify global trends in the data.

GenMAPP (Gene MicroArray Pathway Profiler) is a free, stand-alone computer program designed for viewing and analyzing gene expression data on MAPPs representing biological pathways or any other functional grouping of genes. A MAPP is a special file format produced with the graphics tools in GenMAPP that depicts the biological relationship between genes or gene products. When a MAPP is linked to an expression dataset, GenMAPP automatically and dynamically color-codes the genes on the MAPP according to criteria supplied by the user. MAPPFinder is an accessory program that works with GenMAPP and the annotations from the Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium to identify global biological trends in gene expression data. MAPPFinder relates the microarray dataset to the GO hierarchy and calculates a percentage and statistical score for genes meeting the user's criterion for a meaningful gene expression change for each GO biological process, cellular component, and molecular function term. Keywords: GenMAPP; MAPPFinder; microarray; pathways; Gene Ontology; gene expression profile
Inner-shell photoionization and core-hole decay of Xe and XeF2

Photoionization cross sections and partial ion yields of Xe and XeF2 from Xe 3d5/2, Xe 3d3/2, and F 1s subshells in the 660–740 eV range are compared to explore effects of the F ligands. The Xe 3d-ϵf continuum shape resonances dominate the photoionization cross sections of both the atom and molecule, but prominent resonances appear in the XeF2 cross section due to nominal excitation of Xe 3d and F 1s electrons to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), a delocalized anti-bonding MO. Comparisons of the ion products from the atom and molecule following Xe 3d photoionization show that the charge-state distribution of Xe ions is shifted to lower charge states in the molecule along with production of energetic F+ and F2+ ions. This suggests that, in decay of a Xe 3d core hole, charge is redistributed to the F ligands and the system dissociates due to Coulomb repulsion. The ion products from excitation of the F 1s-LUMO resonance are different and show strong increases in the yields of Xe+ and F+ ions. The subshell ionization thresholds, the LUMO resonanceenergies, and their oscillator strengths are calculated by relativistic coupled-cluster methods and agree well with measurements.
Consumer Rules and Orientations Toward Corporate Websites

Abstract This exploratory analysis identifies rules consumers use to evaluate corporate websites and furthers work by W. S. Z. Ford (2001) by applying concepts from customer service relationship orientations to consumer perceptions of orientations to websites. Data are from a questionnaire administered to 147 undergraduate volunteers. Factor analysis revealed six rule domains that differ in prescriptive force: public relations information, customer rights information, e-commerce services, empowerment information, trust cues, and product information. Results from nonparametric sign tests and paired t-tests illustrate that relational expectations differ for e-commerce/service and information websites. Implications suggest that personalization and two-way communication are distinguishing consumer expectations of e-commerce/service sites, whereas respondents expect to visit information websites frequently and view them as replaceable.
Lamotrigine as a promising approach to borderline personality: an open case series without concurrent DSM-IV major mood disorder.

Abstract Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has long defied definitive treatment. Such failure is reflected in repeated suicidal crises, often associated with dysphoric symptoms of a chronic fluctuating nature, whose labile intermittent character does suggest a subthreshold bipolar depressive mixed state. For all these reasons, we hypothesized that the anticonvulsant lamotrigine, touted to be a mood stabilizer with antidepressant properties, might be uniquely beneficial for these patients. Methods: From a base rate of about 300 patients in a community mental health center, we identified eight patients meeting seven or more of the DSM-IV criteria for BPD without concurrent major mood disorders. All patients presented with history of severe suicidal behavior, hostile depression and/or labile moods, stimulant and alcohol abuse, as well as multiple unprotected sexual encounters; one patient was actually HIV positive. All had failed previous trials with different antidepressants and mood stabilizers. All current medications were gradually withdrawn – and when necessary – patients kept on a low dose of a conventional neuroleptics for a few weeks, while lamotrigine was being gradually introduced in 25-mg weekly increments until the patient responded (up to 300 mg/day maximum). Results: Consistent with previous work by us and others, bipolar family history could be documented in three of eight BPD patients, and worsening on antidepressants in four of eight, providing indirect support to our conceptualization of BPD as a bipolar variant. One patient developed a rash on 25 mg and was dropped from the lamotrigine trial, while another patient was noncompliant. Three who failed lamotrigine, subsequently responded, respectively, to sertraline, lithium–thioridazine combination, and valproate. The remaining three patients showed a robust response to lamotrigine, ranging from 75 to 300 mg/day: their functioning jumped from a mean baseline DSM-IV GAF score in the 40’s to the 80’s during 3–4 months. Among all responders impulsive sexual, drug-taking and suicidal behaviors disappeared and no longer met the criteria for BPD. At an average follow-up of 1 year, they no longer meet criteria for BPD. Limitations: Open uncontrolled results on a small number of patients in a tertiary care center may not generalize to BPD patients at large. Conclusions: Overall, the BPD response to pharmacotherapy in the present case series was 75%. The fact that five of six pharmacotherapy responders required mood stabilizers, argues against the prevalent view that the depressions of borderline patients belong to unipolarity. Of BPD patients who completed the trial, 50% achieved sustained remission from their personality disorder with lamotrigine monotherapy. The dramatic nature of the response in patients refractory to all previous medication trials and maintenance of a robust response over 1 year, argue against a placebo effect. Controlled systematic investigation of lamotrigine in BPD is indicated.
Can near or mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy be used to determine soil carbon pools?

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare mid‐infrared (MIR) an near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (MIRS and NIRS, respectively) not only to measure soil carbon content, but also to measure key soil organic C (SOC) fractions and the δ13C in a highly diverse set of soils while also assessing the feasibility of establishing regional diffuse reflectance calibrations for these fractions. Two hundred and thirty‐seven soil samples were collected from 14 sites in 10 western states (CO, IA, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NM, OK, TX). Two subsets of these were examined for a variety of C measures by conventional assays and NIRS and MIRS. Biomass C and N, soil inorganic C (SIC), SOC, total C, identifiable plant material (IPM) (20× magnifying glass), the ratio of SOC to the silt+clay content, and total N were available for 185 samples. Mineral‐associated C fraction, δ13C of the mineral associated C, δ13C of SOC, percentage C in the mineral‐associated C fraction, particulate organic matter, and percentage C in the parti...
Early Developmental Responses of White Clover Roothair Lengths to Calcium, Protons, and Aluminum in Solution and Soil Cultures

development also involve Ca. Early events in nodule formulation are similar to those of secondary root forAcidic soils tend to limit the nodulation of forage legumes and mation and are accompanied by changes in intracellular roothairs are important for Rhizobia binding and the initiation of nodule formation. This study examined the effects of Ca, pH, and Al Ca concentrations (Gresshoff, 1993). on the length of roothairs in nutrient solutions and soils with white HighAl andlowpH areoftentheother majorcompoclover (Trifolium repens L., cultivar Huia) seedlings. The lengths of nents of the acidic soil complex. With mineral soils, roothairs of 1- to 2-d-old seedlings was not affected by increases in plant available Al is controlled primarily by soil pH, solution Al up to 24 M in nutrient solution experiments, but showed i.e., available Al increases with decreases in soil pH a pronounced optimum at a predicted root surface pH of 3.8. Roothair below 5.5 to 5.0 (Thomas and Hargrove, 1984). Rootlengths of white clover seedlings 2 to 10 d after planting were also hairs are known to have an important role in the attachassessed in a Gilpin series silt loam collected from New, WV, and ment of rhizobia and thus the development of nodules. amended with various levels of lime. Soils ranged in pH from 4.6 to As noted above, the formation, growth, and physiology 5.3 and soil base saturation of Al from 46 to 8%. No significant of roothair cells appears to require Ca. Therefore, the differences in roothair lengths as a function of soil pH and/or soil available Al were observed. Previous results conducted under similar growth and physiology of roothairs may be sensitive to experimental conditions demonstrated that soil pH–soil-available Al highavailableAl–lowsoilpH,sinceAltendstointerfere adversely affected on root elongation and nodulation. When results with Ca dependent processes (Foy, 1984). Only limited from this and the previous reports are considered together, the com- research results are available on the effects of Al on bined results suggest that root elongation and nodulation were more roothair growth and development. With soybeans [Glysensitive than roothair length to acidic soil conditions. cine max (L.) Merr.] seedlings growing in nutrient solutions, the addition of Al decreased the length of the root occupied by roothairs and the length and density I
Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction

A high degree of heart rate (HR) variability is found in compensated hearts with good function, whereas HR variability can be decreased with severe coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, aging and diabetic neuropathy. To test the hypothesis that HR variability is a predictor of long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the Holter tapes of 808 patients who survived AMI were analyzed. Heart rate variability was defined as the standard deviation of all normal RR intervals in a 24-hour continuous electrocardiogram recording made 11 +/- 3 days after AMI. In all patients demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were measured at baseline. Mean follow-up time was 31 months. Of all Holter variables measured, HR variability had the strongest univariate correlation with mortality. The relative risk of mortality was 5.3 times higher in the group with HR variability of less than 50 ms than the group with HR variability of more than 100 ms. HR variability remained a significant predictor of mortality after adjusting for clinical, demographic, other Holter features and ejection fraction. A hypothesis to explain this finding is that decreased HR variability correlates with increased sympathetic or decreased vagal tone, which may predispose to ventricular fibrillation.
Political Discussion Frequency, Network Size, and “Heterogeneity” of Discussion as Predictors of Political Knowledge and Participation

In this study, we examine the influence of discussion frequency, network size, and 3 variables that together entangle the often misunderstood concept of network heterogeneity: discussion frequency with like-minded individuals ("safe" discussion), discussion frequency with nonlike-minded individuals ("dangerous" discussion), and diversity of discussion based on the proportion of safe and dangerous discussion. Data were gathered via a postelection random-digit dial telephone survey of residents of a battleground state (N = 600) in November 2004. Three central dependent variables were measured: factual political knowledge, political knowledge structure density, and political participation. The results support the argument that different aspects of political discussion have different implications for different democratic outcomes-and that different conceptualizations and measures of discussion "heterogeneity" produce different results.
Long-term ageing characteristics of Hastelloy alloy X

Transmission electron microscopy and diffraction were used to characterize the microstructural changes which occur in Hastelloy alloy X after long-term ageing (up to 16 000 h) at various temperatures in the range 540 to 870° C. The corresponding effects on mechanical properties were determined. It was found that the alloy age hardens at temperatures in the range of 650 to 870° C. Overageing occurred at 760 and 870° C. Marked reductions in room-temperature tensile elongation were observed after ageing at all the temperatures investigated. However, in no case was the elongation reduced to less than 15 to 30%. Also, the tensile elongation at temperatures corresponding to the respective ageing temperatures was unaffected by 16 000 h ageing at a temperature. It was concluded that the above effects were associated with precipitation of various phases, such as carbides, sigma- and mu-phases, in the matrix and at the grain boundaries.
Theoretical Investigation of Small Polyatomic Ions Observed in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: HxCO+ and HxN2+ (x = 1, 2, 3)

Two series of small polyatomic ions, HxCO+ and HxN2+ (x = 1, 2, 3), were systematically characterized using three correlated theoretical techniques: density functional theory using the B3LYP functional, spin-restricted second-order perturbation theory, and singles + doubles coupled cluster theory with perturbative triples. On the basis of thermodynamic data, the existence of these ions in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) experiments is not surprising since the ions are predicted to be considerably more stable than their corresponding dissociation products (by 30−170 kcal/mol). While each pair of isoelectronic ions exhibit very similar thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics, there are significant differences within each series. While the mechanism for dissociation of the larger ions occurs through hydrogen abstraction, the triatomic ions (HCO+ and HN2+) appear to dissociate by proton abstraction. These differing mechanisms help to explain large differences in the abundances of HN2+...
The Effect of Ownership Structure on Corporate Social Responsibility: Empirical Evidence from Korea

Relatively little research has examined the effects of ownership on the firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR). In addition, most of it has been conducted in the Western context such as the U.S. and Europe. Using a sample of 118 large Korean firms, we hypothesize that different types of shareholders will have distinct motivations toward the firm’s CSR engagement. We break down ownership into different groups of shareholders: institutional, managerial, and foreign ownerships. Results indicate a significant, positive relationship between CSR ratings and ownership by institutions and foreign investors. In contrast, shareholding by top managers is negatively associated with firm’s CSR rating while outside director ownership is not significant. We conclude that different owners have differential impacts on the firm’s CSR engagement.
Structure of carbon

Recent developments concerning the hexagonal polymorph of diamond and the orthorhombic, quinoid, structure of carbon proposed by Pauling are reviewed. Advancements in the analysis of paracrystalline carbon are analyzed critically. Atomic radial distribution functions indicate that graphite-like layers in some carbons are much larger than the profiles of the (hk) reflections indicate. Profile analyses of the (00l) reflections of a carbon black P33, indicate that a layer domain in the black has at least one adjacent domain parallel to it and that the fraction of carbon in stacks having n layers decreases exponentially with n. From comparative studies of graphitisable and non-graphitisable carbons it is concluded that graphitisable carbons contain large layers and their stacking is extensive. Layer growth and increase in stacking height with heat treatment is, to a great extent, the result of annealing of distortion and interstitials. Evidently linkages connecting small layer groups prevent their graphitisation.
Kinetic simulation of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) sources

Summary form only given, as follows. We have developed a new algorithm, the Darwin direct implicit particle-in-cell (DADIPIC) method, for particle simulation of low frequency, non-neutral phenomena in plasmas. One of the difficulties in simulating plasmas lies in the enormous disparity between the fundamental scale lengths of a plasma and the scale lengths of the phenomena of interest. We have chosen to combine two methods, Darwin and direct implicit, to eliminate the constraints c/spl Delta/x//spl Delta/t<1 and /spl omega//sub pe//spl Delta/t<2 on the temporal and spatial discretization of PIC codes. We believe the combination allows the methods to operate better than they have been shown to operate in the past. The code functions in a two dimensional cartesian region and has been implemented with all components of the particle velocities, the E-field, and the B-field. Internal structures, conductors or dielectrics, may be placed in the simulation region, can be set at desired potentials, and driven with specified currents. Plasma processing involves the use of plasmas in the treating of material surfaces for microelectronic and other industries. Inductive reactors excite the plasma with inductive fields. Since electron collisions are a main source of ionization and other chemical reactions in the chamber, the electron velocity distribution has a major impact on the reactor operation. Because the inductive fields cause heating through both resistive and collisionless processes, the distribution need not be Maxwellian. We will show DADIPIC results of collisionless heating in a 2-D idealized reactor.
Photofragment translational spectroscopy with state-selective “universal detection:” The ultraviolet photodissociation of CS2

We have investigated the photodissociation of CS2 at 193 nm using the technique of photofragment translational spectroscopy. The utilization of vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron radiation for product photoionization has permitted a determination of the vibrationally resolved translational energy distribution for the CS+S(1D) channel and the translational energy distribution for the CS+S(3P) channel. A simulation of the coincident S(1D) translational energy distribution is consistent with a CS vibrational distribution of 0.02:0.17:0.19:0.46:0.15 in ν=0:1:2:3:4 and an average rotational energy of ∼1–3 kcal/mol. We find that the S(3P)/S(1D) branching ratio is 3.0±0.2, in good agreement with previous reports. Both asymptotic channels exhibit similar velocity dependent anisotropy parameters that decrease with decreasing translational energy release. The results extend earlier reports and provide further insight into the dissociation dynamics at 193 nm.
Experiments in extensive mixing in laminar flow. I. Simple illustrations

Simple quantitative mixing experiments in well-defined deformations clearly demonstrate the validity of previously derived equations relating deformation and mixing. A simple mixture of black and white polyethylene is studied by direct measure of striation thickness. The well-known linear relationship in simple shear is demonstrated. By using a simple method for uniform reorientation, the second power relationship in shear once interrupted, the third power relationship in shear twice interrupted and the fourth power relationship in shear interrupted three times are demonstrated. In uniaxial elongational mixing of a silicone fluid, exponential dependence of mixing on strain is demonstrated.
Advantage of speaker as listener in a vowel identification task

Six talkers (two men, two women, and two children) listened to recordings of their own vowels, and to vowels produced by five other speakers both in isolation and pVp contexts. On the whole, subjects perceived their own vowel productions more accurately than those of the other speakers. Further, they perceived vowel tokens in a pVp context more accurately than in isolation even when they were presented with their own vowel tokens. Thus both speaker normalization and formant‐transition information can be considered important variables in determining vowel identification.
Distinguishing Provenance Equivalence of Earth Science Data

Reproducibility of scientific research relies on accurate and precise citation of data and the provenance of that data. Earth science data are often the result of applying complex data transformation and analysis workflows to vast quantities of data. Provenance information of data processing is used for a variety of purposes, including understanding the process and auditing as well as reproducibility. Certain provenance information is essential for producing scientifically equivalent data. Capturing and representing that provenance information and assigning identifiers suitable for precisely distinguishing data granules and datasets is needed for accurate comparisons. This paper discusses scientific equivalence and essential provenance for scientific reproducibility. We use the example of an operational earth science data processing system to illustrate the application of the technique of cascading digital signatures or hash chains to precisely identify sets of granules and as provenance equivalence identifiers to distinguish data made in an an equivalent manner.
The Mappilas during Mysorean rule: Agrarian conflict in eighteenth‐century Malabar

(1976). The Mappilas during Mysorean rule: Agrarian conflict in eighteenth‐century Malabar. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-13.