cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linoleate Enrichment of Diet and Prostaglandin Metabolism in Rats

Evidence that biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PG) in tissues of animals deficient in essential fatty acids is dependent on the availability of their precursors has been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to determine the following: ( 1 ) ef fects of dietary linoleate enrichment on PG biosynthesis in rats; (2) effects of exogenous PGE2 and dietary linoleate on plasma free fatty acids and serum cholesterol in fed and fasted rats. Rats were fed three different concentrations of dietary linoleate as beef tallow, hydrogenated vegetable fat, or corn oil. The concentrations of PGEi and PGF2Â« measured by radioimmunoassay were higher in rats fed the corn oil diet than those fed the beef tallow diet independent of energy status. A decrease in the concentration of PG between fasted and fed rats receiving hydrogenated vegetable fat is discussed in respect to the possible influence of trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids on the bio synthesis of PG. There were significant effects of fasting on serum cholesterol concen tration regardless of diet and significant interactions among effects of PGE2, fasting, and diet, suggesting regulatory effects of PGE2 on serum cholesterol concentration. The increase in plasma free fatty acids associated with fasting was prevented by PGEa for all diets, but had the most marked effect on rats fed hydrogenated vegetable fat. J. Nutr. 105: 995-1002, 1975.
The Concordance of Gene Trees and Species Trees at Two Linked Loci

The gene genealogies of two linked loci in three species are analyzed using a series of Markov chain models. We calculate the probability that the gene tree of one locus is concordant with the species tree, given that the gene tree of the other locus is concordant. We define a threshold value of the recombination rate, r*, to be the rate for which the difference between the conditional probability of concordance and its asymptotic value is reduced to 5% of the initial difference. We find that, although r* depends in a complicated way on the times of speciation and effective population sizes, it is always relatively small, ,10/N4, where N4 is the effective size of the species represented by the internal branch of the species tree. Consequently, the concordance of gene trees of neutral loci with the species tree is expected to be on roughly the same length scale on the chromosome as the extent of significant linkage disequilibrium within species unless the effective size of contemporary populations is very different from the effective sizes of their ancestral populations. Both balancing selection and selective sweeps can result in much longer genomic regions having concordant gene trees.
OLED Device Operational Lifetime: Insights and Challenges

This paper discusses some of the most important intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect the organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) stability. OLEDs lifetime can be greatly improved through materials design by improving the redox properties, thermal properties, and charge transporting properties. Extrinsic factors, such as materials purity, are also discussed.
Efficacy of low-energy t wave shocks for induction of ventricular fibrillation in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators

Abstract The efficacy of low-energy T wave shocks for induction of ventricular fibrillation (VF) was evaluated in 33 patients undergoing implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation (33 sessions) or predischarge ICD testing (20 sessions). To induce VF, the ventricle was paced for eight cycles at a 400-ms cycle length (S 1 -S 1 ), and the T wave was scanned with a monophasic shock (S 2 ) delivered via the defibrillating lead system. Of 294 attempts, the T wave shocks induced VF in 65%, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 10%, and less than five ventricular beats in 25%. As compared with the failed T shocks, the mean energy of successful T wave shocks was higher and the S 1 -S 2 coupling interval was shorter. When the S 2 timing was examined in relation to the T wave peak, the VF induction efficacy was 37% for shocks delivered more than 70 ms before the T wave peak, 82% for shocks delivered 30–70 ms before the T wave peak, and 50% for shocks delivered less than 30 ms before or just after the T wave peak ( P
UtahPOET: Disorder Mention Identification and Context Slot Filling with Cognitive Inspiration

We describe the performance of UtahPOET on SemEval 2015 Task 14. UtahPOET is a cognitively inspired system designed to extract semantic content from general clinical texts. We find that our system performs much better on the context slot-filling aspects of Tasks 2A and 2B than the disorder CUI mapping of Tasks 1 and 2B or the body location CUI mapping of Task 2B. Our problems with CUI mapping suggested several possible system improvements. An alteration in the correspondence between the system architecture and psycholinguistic findings is also indicated.
Prediction of protein interdomain linker regions by a hidden Markov model

Motivation: Our aim was to predict protein interdomain linker regions using sequence alone, without requiring known homology. Identifying linker regions will delineate domain boundaries, and can be used to computationally dissect proteins into domains prior to clustering them into families. We developed a hidden Markov model of linker/non-linker sequence regions using a linker index derived from amino acid propensity. We employed an efficient Bayesian estimation of the model using Markov Chain Monte Carlo, Gibbs sampling in particular, to simulate parameters from the posteriors. Our model recognizes sequence data to be continuous rather than categorical, and generates a probabilistic output. Results: We applied our method to a dataset of protein sequences in which domains and interdomain linkers had been delineated using the Pfam-A database. The prediction results are superior to a simpler method that also uses linker index. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: http://racerx00.tamu.edu/kbae
How collection methods and e-commerce impact product arrival rates to electronics return, reuse, and recycling centers

Collection methods and e-commerce impact the relationship between input and output customers and the electronics recycling center operations. We explore how collection options and e-commerce affect the arrival rates of returned products and the implications for strategic and operational decisions at electronics recycling centers.
Thermal history of the Earth and its petrological expression

article i nfo Non-arc basalts of Archean and Proterozoic age have model primary magmas that exhibit mantle potential temperatures TP that increase from 1350 °C at the present to a maximum of ∼1500-1600 °C at 2.5-3.0 Ga. The overall trend of these temperatures converges smoothly to that of the present-day MORB source, supporting the interpretation that the non-arc basalts formed by the melting of hot ambient mantle, not mantle plumes, and that they can constrain the thermal history of the Earth. These petrological results are very similar to those predicted by thermal models characterized by a low Urey ratio and more sluggish mantle convection in the past. We infer that the mantle was warming in deep Archean-Hadean time because internal heating exceeded surface heat loss, and it has been cooling from 2.5 to 3.0 Ga to the present. Non-arc Precambrian basalts are likely to be similar to those that formed oceanic crust and erupted on continents. It is estimated that ∼25-35 km of oceanic crust formed in the ancient Earth by about 30% melting of hot ambient mantle. In contrast, komatiite parental magmas reveal TP that are higher than those of non-arc basalts, consistent with the hot plume model. However, the associated excess magmatism was minor and oceanic plateaus, if they existed, would have had subtle bathymetric variations, unlike those of Phanerozoic oceanic plateaus. Primary magmas of Precambrian ambient mantle had 18-24% MgO, and they left behind residues of harzburgite that are now found as xenoliths of cratonic mantle. We infer that primary basaltic partial melts having 10-13% MgO are a feature of Phanerozoic magmatism, not of the early Earth, which may be why modern-day analogs of oceanic crust have not been reported in Archean greenstone belts.
Occurrence and Detection of the DMI Resistance-Associated Genetic Element 'Mona' in Monilinia fructicola.

Luo, C.-X., Cox, K. D., Amiri, A., and Schnabel, G. 2008. Occurrence and detection of the DMI resistance-associated genetic element ‘Mona’ in Monilinia fructicola. Plant Dis. 92:1099-1103. Sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide resistance in isolates of Monilinia fructicola from Georgia has been linked to overexpression of the MfCYP51 gene and a corresponding 65bp genetic element ‘Mona’ inserted in the upstream region of MfCYP51. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was developed to detect the Mona element. Fourteen DMI fungicide-resistant (DMI-R) and six DMI fungicide-sensitive (DMI-S) isolates from Georgia, six DMI-R and 11 DMI-S isolates from South Carolina, seven DMI-R and nine DMI-S isolates from New York, and two DMI-R and three DMI-S isolates from Ohio were used in this study. The isolates from the southeastern United States and Ohio were collected from peach, whereas isolates from New York were collected from cherry. A 376-bp fragment containing the Mona element was consistently amplified with primer pair INS65-F and INS65-R from DMI-R isolates, and either a 311-bp or 1,815-bp fragment was amplified from DMI-S isolates. The primer pair did not amplify DNA fragments of similar sizes from isolates of five other common fruit rot pathogens of peach, including Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum acutatum, Gilbertella persicaria, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Gel electrophoresis of the PCR amplicon can distinguish between DMI-R and DMI-S isolates based on the 65-bp size difference of the amplicon; however, the restriction digestion assay can verify questionable results, especially in the absence of a positive control. Only the 376-bp fragment containing the Mona element was digestable with endonuclease BsrBI, resulting in two restriction fragments of 236 and 140 bp in size. In this study, a protocol for Mona detection from aerial fungal structures was developed that can yield results within a few hours of sampling. This study confirms that the Mona element is strongly linked to the DMI-resistance phenotype and reveals that overexpression of the MfCYP51 gene is a common DMI fungicide resistance mechanism in M. fructicola, not only in Georgia but throughout the eastern United States.
Some economic factors in the political development of the Gold Coast

Is it possible for an underdeveloped area to construct democratic parliamentary organs as the means of allocating central political authority in a society, simultaneously widi the pursuit of rapid economic development? This is what we shall examine in the following discussion. That the problem is of significance can perhaps readily be conceded. It has implications for the colonial policy of those Western nations that still have large territorial holdings in many diverse parts of the globe. It assumes more crucial significance as colonial empires disintegrate under the combined pressures of economic and political demands by nationalists and as competing ideologies find service in the cause of independence.
Translating Koch's postulates to identify matrix metalloproteinase roles in postmyocardial infarction remodeling: cardiac metalloproteinase actions (CarMA) postulates

The first matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was described in 1962; and since the 1990s, cardiovascular research has focused on understanding how MMPs regulate many aspects of cardiovascular pathology from atherosclerosis formation to myocardial infarction and stroke. Although much information has been gleaned by these past reports, to a large degree MMP cardiovascular biology remains observational, with few studies homing in on cause and effect relationships. Koch's postulates were first developed in the 19th century as a way to establish microorganism function and were modified in the 20th century to include methods to establish molecular causality. In this review, we outline the concept for establishing a similar approach to determine causality in terms of MMP functions. We use left ventricular remodeling postmyocardial infarction as an example, but this approach will have broad applicability across both the cardiovascular and the MMP fields.
Cyberethics, Cybersafety, and Cybersecurity: Preservice Teacher Knowledge, Preparedness, and the Need for Teacher Education to Make a Difference.

AbstractIn teacher education programs, preservice teachers learn about strategies to appropriately integrate computer-related and Internet-capable technologies into instructional settings to improve student learning. Many presume that preservice teachers have the knowledge to competently model and teach issues of safety when working with these devices as well. This study investigated the current knowledge and understandings preservice teachers have about cyberethics, cyber-safety, and cybersecurity (C3) topics and their beliefs about their ability to teach them. The researchers conducted a survey with 318 preservice teachers asking them to rate their ability to model or teach 75 C3 topics. The results indicated that the respondents were not prepared to model or teach C3 topics
INTRODUCTION: Point–Counterpoint: Measuring Proficiency Outcomes in Online Foreign Language Education

An introduction is presented to a pair of point-counterpoint articles on the evaluation of online foreign-language learning programs, noting this was the topic of the "Perspectives" section in the Summer 2015 issue of the publication and citing computerized language-study program Rosetta Stone.
Moral Maturation and Moral Conation: A Capacity Approach to Explaining Moral Thought and Action

We set out to address a gap in the management literature by proposing a framework specifying the component capacities organizational actors require to think and act morally. We examine how moral maturation (i.e., moral identity, complexity, and metacognitive ability) and moral conation (i.e., moral courage, efficacy, and ownership) enhance an individual's moral cognition and propensity to take ethical action. We offer propositions to guide future research and discuss the implications of the proposed model for management theory and practice.
Prediction of Passive Intermodulation From Coaxial Connectors in Microwave Networks

Coaxial connectors are frequently the dominant contributors to passive intermodulation (PIM) distortion in high-frequency networks. This paper reports on a circuit model enabling estimation of PIM distortion by coaxial connectors in the design of high-frequency networks. A method of modeling the effect of multiple point sources of PIM is applied to coaxial connectors, allowing the prediction of the PIM of networks with several connectors. Typical ranges of PIM produced by common connectors in a two-tone test are reported. The stability and repeatability of PIM produced by a single connector is examined. Nonlinear current-voltage curves for coaxial connectors are given that predict the PIM distortion output by coaxial connectors over a broad range of input powers. An experimental verification is given showing that PIM of a system can be predicted if the characteristics of the individual components are known.
Argumentation in an online mathematics course.

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. December 2009. Major: Education, Curriculum and Instruction. Advisors: Dr. Kathleen Cramer, Dr. Terrence Wyberg. 1 computer file (PDF); viii, 124 pages, appendices A-F. Ill. (some col)
Nitric Oxide Signaling in Health and Disease

Nitric oxide has become one of the most studied molecules in medical history. Almost 30 years after the discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor as nitric oxide, there are now over 150,000 published papers on the chemistry and biology of nitric oxide. Over the past 30 years, we have learned much more about the production and regulation of NO as a ubiquitous signaling molecule in humans and other life forms. The first signaling pathway discovered from the oxidation of l-arginine and subsequent activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase by NO may only represent a fraction of the biological effects of NO. Understanding all the signaling aspects of NO will allow for better development of diagnostics and therapeutics.
HACKED! Lessons learned from an URL injection

Starting in the year 2014, people've seen an increasing number of cyber attacks targeting all sorts of organizations. These have cost the US economy billions of dollars and exposed the private data of millions of individuals. While most of them are designed to steal trade secrets, credit card information, or even celebrities' personal information, there are still other attacks targeting individuals and small organizations with the sole goal of spreading malware and promoting shady businesses. This is URL injection. The big lesson they learned from this experience is the need for a healthy cross-departmental collaboration. Teaming up with the main IT and security departments should have been requested from the beginning, even if it meant delaying the project a few more weeks or even months. But thanks to their alertness and expertise, we avoided the worst. One month after the incident, they had the Web site running and secure again. Another lesson learned is the necessity to ensure that the test environment reflects the live environment.
Phenotypic variation in sensorimotor performance among eleven inbred rat strains.

As a first step toward identifying the genes that determine sensorimotor ability (motor coordination) we subjected 11 inbred strains of rats to three different tests for this trait. Rats were tested at 13 wk of age to determine how long they could remain on 1 ) a rotating cylinder as the velocity of rotation increased every 5 s (1-direction rotation test), 2 ) a rotating cylinder that reversed direction every 5 s and increased velocity every 10 s (2-direction rotation test), and 3 ) a platform that was tilted 2° every 5 s from 22 to 47° (tilt test). On all three tests, rats of the PVG strain demonstrated the greatest sensorimotor ability. In contrast, rats of the MNS strain were most often represented among the group of strains that demonstrated the lowest performance on all tests. Considering all three tests, there was a 3- to 13-fold range in sensorimotor performance between the highest and lowest strains. This large divergence between the highest and lowest strains provides a genetic model that can be used to identify intermediate phenotypes and quantitative trait loci that contribute to sensorimotor ability.
Using Data Known at the Time of Admission to Predict First-Generation College Student Success.

The authors use data known at the time of initial enrollment to explore the first-year GPAs and second-year retention of first-generation (FGCS) and non-first-generation (non-FGCS) college students. The setting was a diverse, public, urban doctoral institution (approximately 50% FGCS and 30% minority). Multiple linear and logistic regressions run separately for FGCSs and non-FGCSs, included variables related to financial, academic, integration, and demographic factors. While FGCSs had lower retention and significantly lower GPAs than non-FGCSs, the pattern of predictive factors varied by group. Greater academic preparation was significant in all analyses. Minority students were more likely to persist than White students. Out-of-state residency was a predictor of higher GPA, but also a predictor of FGCS attrition. The authors discuss the value of using data known upon admission and suggest future research to explore how institutional composition may influence FGCS success.
Carlo Tresca and the Sacco-Vanzetti Case

Although more than half a century has passed since the execution of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti at Charlestown State Prison on the night of August 23, 1927, the famous case involving the two Italian anarchists still retains an exceptional ability to stir passions and generate controversy. This was amply demonstrated when Massachusetts Governor Michael S. Dukakis commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the execution with an official proclamation stating in effect that Sacco and Vanzetti had been convicted and executed primarily because they were Italians and anarchists. 1 The belief that racial bigotry and political intolerance sealed the fate of Sacco and Vanzetti has been shared by most students of the case since 1927, when Felix Frankfurter wrote his brilliant analysis of the trial and appeals.2 For more than thirty years, in fact, the liberal or pro-Sacco-and-Vanzetti interpretation went unchallenged. Then, beginning in 1960, a number of revisionist studies appeared, asserting the guilt of one or both defendants and the fairness of the trial and appeals.3 Unfortunately, professional historians have made little effort to evaluate these opposing interpretations, and the revisionists and traditionalists continue to confront each other as belligerents
Evaluating tradeoffs between sanctuary for migrating waterbirds and recreational opportunities in a restored wetland complex

Wetland restoration in highly modified landscapes involves balancing target ecosystem functions and values with constraints of landscape and stakeholder context. Often, a restored wetland complex cannot meet all target conditions simultaneously, and tradeoffs must be understood, evaluated, and quantified. We examined the tradeoff between providing migratory bird sanctuary and increasing public recreational opportunities within a restored floodplain wetland complex along the Illinois River. We surveyed the distribution and behavior of waterbirds in response to a gradient of spatial and temporal disturbances from waterbird hunting activities. Using ArcMap and spatial interpolation of waterbird densities as a novel approach to quantify sanctuary area, we estimated that approximately 42% of Emiquon Preserve functioned as sanctuary across disturbance intensities, hunter distribution, and time periods during autumn migration. Waterbird abundance did not increase with short-term temporal sanctuary or decreased hunting intensity. Disturbance distance around hunting locations was 752.1 m, overall, and increased 38.4 m for each additional hunting party. Exclusion distance around hunting locations was greater in areas with greater mean disturbance frequency. We question the effectiveness of short-term temporal sanctuary for waterbirds at the expense of recreational opportunities and advocate our analytical approach to quantify sanctuary area and disturbance buffers without experimentally causing disturbances.
Restoring Traditional Tobacco Knowledge: Health Implications and Risk Factors of Tobacco Use and Nicotine Addiction

The use of tobacco (Nicotiana sp.) and other smoking plants has been a feature of Native American traditions for thousands of years, or since “time immemorial” according to some oral histories. These powerful plants have served in social, spiritual, and economic roles that have made them central to cultures around the world. However, the abuse of tobacco has led to disease epidemics that have killed millions around the world and represents an extremely damaging health risk that disproportionately effects Native American populations. This chapter will discuss the implications of tobacco use on contemporary physical, mental, and community health and the impact of traditional cultural knowledge loss around tobacco use. Furthermore, I will discuss current efforts to mitigate the harmful effects of tobacco abuse and why archaeological pipe, tobacco, and smoking research is an important element of efforts to address the epidemic of tobacco-related illness being experienced by Native Americans today.
Primary Process Communication

An unorthodox view of the function of primary process is presented with a view to enlarge, rather than diminish Freudian assumptions. One of the basic tenets of Freudian hypothesis was the supposed lack of influence of outside experience upon primary process functions. Yet we see demonstrated on a daily basis that primary process cognition is at work in any human interaction or experience. The mental structures of the self in interaction with the nonself is constantly monitored, added to, or subtracted from during contact with others. It is a prereflective mode that does not immediately rise into awareness. We give meaning to all interactions without necessarily reflecting upon them or even clarifying them to ourselves. Without allowing for such meaning to be integrated, we would lose or misinterpret large portions of our daily interactions. Flaws in communication occur every day and are demonstrable particularly in therapy when therapists are not attuned to their patients' emotional needs. It is demonstr...
What is Information? Tiptoeing Towards The Philosophy of Information Systems

The Philosophy of Information Systems should define the components of the field and how knowledge is developed, advanced and justified. This is a bold undertaking but begins with establishing a definition for information which can provide a foundation for further definition of the field. This paper addresses the question – What is Information – and, in doing so attempts to define a core component of the field. In order to do this, we must pull away from an established definition provided by Claude Shannon and see information in a broader context as anything which ‘informs’ us, or more specifically, helps form our internal conceptual models of reality. .
Deployment of a Multi-Agent System on a Desired Formation

In this chapter, a decentralized control approach for deployment of an arbitrary distribution of a multi-agent system (MAS) on a desired formation in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) (n = 1, 2, 3) is proposed, where avoidance of interagent collision is addressed. For this purpose, the motion of an MAS in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) is decoupled into n separate 1-D motion problems. For evolution of the q th (q = 1, 2, 3) components of the agents’ positions, two q-leaders are considered, where they guide the q th components of the MAS evolution. The remaining agents are considered as q-followers, where they update the q th components of their positions through local communication with the communication weights that are consistent with the q th components of the agents’ positions in the final configuration.
Policy and the Publicly Minded Professor

In recent years, there has been a vigorous effort within the disciplines of political science and strategic studies to encourage scholars to become what is termed ‘policy relevant.’ These initiativ...
Bard: A unified framework for managing soft timing and power constraints

Embedded systems are subject to timing and power constraints. To support both, software currently must integrate multiple tools, resulting in additional complexity. We address this problem with a unified, portable framework called Bard which uses control theory to meet the primary constraint and linear programming to optimize the other. We evaluate Bard on two embedded platforms that exhibit different performance and power/energy characteristics and show that it achieves less than 2% error in meeting power constraints while maintaining nearly 95% of optimal performance. Additionally, Bard supports changing the primary constraint type at runtime while still achieving similar results.
Numericware i: Identical by State Matrix Calculator

We introduce software, Numericware i, to compute identical by state (IBS) matrix based on genotypic data. Calculating an IBS matrix with a large dataset requires large computer memory and takes lengthy processing time. Numericware i addresses these challenges with 2 algorithmic methods: multithreading and forward chopping. The multithreading allows computational routines to concurrently run on multiple central processing unit (CPU) processors. The forward chopping addresses memory limitation by dividing a dataset into appropriately sized subsets. Numericware i allows calculation of the IBS matrix for a large genotypic dataset using a laptop or a desktop computer. For comparison with different software, we calculated genetic relationship matrices using Numericware i, SPAGeDi, and TASSEL with the same genotypic dataset. Numericware i calculates IBS coefficients between 0 and 2, whereas SPAGeDi and TASSEL produce different ranges of values including negative values. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the matrices from Numericware i and TASSEL was high at .9972, whereas SPAGeDi showed low correlation with Numericware i (.0505) and TASSEL (.0587). With a high-dimensional dataset of 500 entities by 10 000 000 SNPs, Numericware i spent 382 minutes using 19 CPU threads and 64 GB memory by dividing the dataset into 3 pieces, whereas SPAGeDi and TASSEL failed with the same dataset. Numericware i is freely available for Windows and Linux under CC-BY 4.0 license at https://figshare.com/s/f100f33a8857131eb2db.
Incorporating Companion Dogs into Cancer Rehab: Practical Tips for Adding a Dog into the Home During Cancer Treatment and Recovery

The responsibility of caring for a companion dog owned by a cancer patient often must be shared by other family members during treatment. Adult, medium–large, easy-to-train breeds are often better choices for individuals with health problems. Cancer patients who are not able to have a companion dog may benefit from scheduled therapy dog visits.
The Current Landscape of PARP Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer

The aim of this study is to discuss the background of PARP inhibitors and to provide an overview of the utility of these drugs for treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Numerous phase I–III trials are presented within the manuscript that outline the safety and efficacy of several PARP inhibitors in women with primary and recurrent ovarian cancer. There are now three FDA-approved PARP inhibitors for use in ovarian cancer patients in the USA: olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib. These drugs have activity both alone and in combination with other agents, including chemotherapy and targeted anti-cancer drugs. Although PARP inhibitor toxicities often overlap with chemotherapy including myelosuppression, fatigue, and gastrointestinal distress, there are idiosyncratic differences in adverse event profiles and peculiar aspects of each drug. Additionally, the indications for use differ with respect to line of chemotherapy, whether a germline or somatic BRCA mutation is required, and maintenance versus active treatment intention. Although these were initially thought to be only applicable to patients with germline BRCA mutations, we now know that other patients benefit from these agents alone and in combination. The first PARP inhibitor was approved for use in the USA less than 3 years ago, but we are rapidly gaining knowledge about when and in which settings to use these drugs. Continued focused study with clinical trials will enable us to identify the optimal patient populations for prescription of these agents.
A Friendly Introduction to “Knowledge in Pieces”: Modeling Types of Knowledge and Their Roles in Learning

Knowledge in Pieces (KiP) is an epistemological perspective that has had significant success in explaining learning phenomena in science education, notably the phenomenon of students’ prior conceptions and their roles in emerging competence. KiP is much less used in mathematics. However, I conjecture that the reasons for relative disuse mostly concern historical differences in traditions rather than in-principle distinctions in the ways mathematics and science are learned. This chapter aims to explain KiP in a relatively non-technical way to mathematics educators. I explain the general principles and distinguishing characteristics of KiP. I use a range of examples, including from mathematics, to show how KiP works in practice and what one might expect to gain from using it. My hope is to encourage and help guide a greater use of KiP in mathematics education.
ADVANCES AND REDIRECTIONS IN UNDERSTANDING EFFECTS OF FETAL DRUG EXPOSURE.

Although the massive crack-cocaine epidemic ofthe late 1980s and early 90shas subsided, its effects persist in the large numbers of children, estimated in thehundreds of thousands (U,S, Department of Health Services 1993), vi'ho werebom with prenatal exposure and are now at preschool or school age. Recent (U.S.Department of Health Services 1996) survey data indicate that, although theepidemic has subsided, it has not vanished. The percentages of women ofchildbearing age indicating cocaine use in urban areas for the previous year were4,3 percent and 2,8 percent for white and black women, respectively, from 25 to29 years of age, and 1,8 percent and 4,9 percent, respectively, for white and blackwomen ages 30 to 44, Determination ofthe extent and nature ofthe sequelae offetal cocaine exposure is the focus of the large scale, longitudinal studiespresented in this special section ofthe Journal of Drug Issues. Their importancelies not only in what these studies will tell us about the outcomes of the firstgenerations of affected children, but also in how their fmdings will help shapefuture research, public policy, prevention, and intervention efforts. Moreover,fmdings from the reports highlighted in this special section are useful ininforming the design of studies ofother drugs, such as heroin and methamphet-amine, which may supplant cocaine as drug trends fluctuate.Both Richardson's and Carmichael Olson's studies illustrate the necessity ofcontrolling, either by design or statistical analysis, for the large number ofconfounding variables which plague longitudinal developmental studies (SeeSinger 1998), Their studies and many others have by now established the clustersof risk factors linked to matemal cocaine use. These risks include older matemalage, single marital status, poverty, lower educational level, greater exposure toviolence, larger numbers of siblings, higher matemal psychological distress,infant placement out of home, prematurity, and low birthweight. Given this
Calcineurin as a Pivotal Ca2+-Sensitive Switching Element in Biological Responses: Implications for the Regulation of Tau Phosphorylation in Alzheimer’s Disease

Reversible protein phosphorylation provides a key strategy for biological control, as it allows the informational status of a cell to be modified dynamically en route to changes in cellular response. A hallmark feature of Alzheimer’s disease is the presence of “hyperphosphorylated” forms of the microtubule-associated protein, tau, in paired helical filaments. Although the relationship of this biochemical abnormality to disease etiology and pathology is unknown, it may reflect aberrant cytoskeletal regulation. One hypothesis to explain tau hyperphosphorylation is a dysregulation of phosphoprotein phosphatases. Consistent with this idea, incubation of human brain tissue slices with the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acids leads to production of the characteristic tau epitope (Harris et al. 1993). Studies in vitro have shown that each of the three major serine-threonine phosphatases inhibited by okadaic acid (PP-1, PP-2A, PP-2B) can dephosphorylate tau, with PP-2A having the highest activity. Recently, studies carried out with cerebellar macroneuron model cultures showed that the protein phosphatase, calcineurin (PP-2B), is intimately associated with developing microtubule/ microfilament structures; thus, calcineurin may have “privileged access” to substrates that modulate the cytoskeleton. Provocatively in this study, specific calcineurin inhibitors blocked elements of neuronal “decision-making” (axonal determination) while, at the same time, causing tau hyperphosphorylation (Ferreira et al. 1993). These data suggest that this Ca2+-sensitive phosphatase may play a role in regulating tau function in vivo.
First Results from Petra

PETRA1,2 is a e+e− storage ring located in Hamburg, Germany. It has a circumference of 2.3 km (see Table 1 and Figure 1). The bending radius of 256 m, and it has 8 straight sections. Four of the straight sections are already occupied by detectors; two others, the north and the south, are used for rf halls; the remaining two will be used for future experiments. The injection energy is 6.5 GeV, and the maximum design energy is 19 GeV per beam.
Towards smart self-clearing glaucoma drainage device.

For patients who are unresponsive to pharmacological treatments of glaucoma, an implantable glaucoma drainage devices (GDD) are often used to manage the intraocular pressure. However, the microscale channel that removes excess aqueous humor from the anterior chamber often gets obstructed due to biofouling, which necessitates additional surgical intervention. Here we demonstrate the proof-of-concept for smart self-clearing GDD by integrating magnetic microactuators inside the drainage tube of GDD. The magnetic microactuators can be controlled using externally applied magnetic fields to mechanically clear biofouling-based obstruction, thereby eliminating the need for surgical intervention. In this work, our prototype magnetic microactuators were fabricated using low-cost maskless photolithography to expedite design iteration. The fabricated devices were evaluated for their static and dynamic mechanical responses. Using transient numerical analysis, the fluid–structure interaction of our microactuator inside a microtube was characterized to better understand the amount of shear force generated by the device motion. Finally, the anti-biofouling performance of our device was evaluated using fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled bovine serum albumin. The microactuators were effective in removing proteinaceous film deposited on device surface as well as on the inner surface of the microchannel, which supports our hypothesis that a smart self-clearing GDD may be possible by integrating microfabricated magnetic actuators in chronically implanted microtubes.
“How was Your Stay?”: Exploring the Use of Robots for Gathering Customer Feedback in the Hospitality Industry

This paper presents four exploratory studies of the potential use of robots for gathering customer feedback in the hospitality industry. To account for the viewpoints of both hotels and guests, we administered need finding interviews at five hotels and an online survey concerning hotel guest experiences with 60 participants. We then conducted the two deployment studies based on deploying software prototypes for Savioke Relay robots we designed to collect customer feedback: (i) a hotel deployment study (three hotels over three months) to explore the feasibility of robot use for gathering customer feedback as well as issues such deployment might pose and (ii) a hotel kitchen deployment study (at Savioke headquarters over three weeks) to explore the role of different robot behaviors (mobility and social attributes) in gathering feedback and understand the customers' thought process in the context that they experience a service. We found that hotels want to collect customer feedback in real-time to disseminate positive feedback immediately and to respond to unhappy customers while they are still on-site. Guests want to inform the hotel staff about their experiences without compromising their convenience and privacy. We also found that the robot users, e.g. hotel staff, use their domain knowledge to increase the response rate to customer feedback surveys at the hotels. Finally, environmental factors, such as robot's location in the building influenced customer response rates more than altering the behaviors of the robot collecting the feedback.
UC Davis at SemEval-2019 Task 1: DAG Semantic Parsing with Attention-based Decoder

We present an encoder-decoder model for semantic parsing with UCCA SemEval 2019 Task 1. The encoder is a Bi-LSTM and the decoder uses recursive self-attention. The proposed model alleviates challenges and feature engineering in traditional transition-based and graph-based parsers. The resulting parser is simple and proved to effective on the semantic parsing task.
Scaling Up: The Logic of Perverse Incentives at the Subnational Level

When the government is faced with institutional obstacles that do not allow it to operate that is not a Peronist libretto, but a script by Francis Ford Coppola, and the result is not a manual for political conduct, but The Godfather . Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner When at the start of her political campaign for a senate seat in Buenos Aires, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner compared Eduardo Duhalde, president and former governor of the province of Buenos Aires, with the Godfather, she decided to publicly burn the ships. After her husband, Nestor Kirchner, won the presidency in 2003, in large part because of Duhalde's support, the 2005 midterm elections presented the Kirchners with an important choice: they could either run with Duhalde, which would hand the reins of real power back to the former president and governor, or they could run against him, fracturing the close alliance that had propelled Nestor Kirchner to the presidency in 2003. Although it was a midterm election, the national election of October 2005 was the turning point that defined the electoral results for the presidential election two years later. President Nestor Kirchner needed an electoral victory in the province of Buenos Aires to secure his place against Duhalde as the leader of the Peronist Party. Kirchner had won the 2003 election with only 22 percent of the vote after former President Carlos Menem decided to abandon the runoff election, and Duhalde had supplied him with the key electoral support of the voters of the province of Buenos Aires. Kirchner needed to use the midterms to show that he was a real president – not someone just occupying the office until the Peronist Party resolved its internal disputes. Nestor Kirchner knew that as long as Duhalde was the boss in the province of Buenos Aires, his presidency was tied to Duhalde's policies. Hence, Kirchner's only chance for independence was to challenge 106Duhalde, his Godfather, in his own political territory. Using the race for a seat in the senate from the province of Buenos Aires as an opportunity, Kirchner placed his wife, Cristina Fernandez, at the top of the FPV senatorial ballot for Buenos Aires. Duhalde responded by replicating Kirchner's strategy and placing his wife, Chiche Duhalde, at the top of the PJ ballot.
Motion and Noise Artifact Detection in Smartphone Photoplethysmograph Signals Using Personalized Classifier

Health parameters such as heart rhythm, blood pressure, and the level of oxygen saturation in the blood could be measured with photoplethysmography (PPG) signal. The advent of smartphone camera sensors has enabled the extraction of PPG signals from smartphones. PPG signals are weak at motion and noise artifacts (MNA) which could generate unreliable heart rate measurement. Smartphone PPG signals are more prone to MNA since they are not designed for clinical applications. PPG signals are known as biometric signals since they have unique behaviors for each individual. However, in previous MNA detection studies this personalized characteristic has not been considered. In this paper, we propose a novel personalized MNA detection method by applying a probabilistic neural network as a classifier. The performance of our personalized method is evaluated with 25 volunteered subjects in terms of accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity and compared with the generalized method. The average accuracy of our personalized method is 97.96% while it is 92.94% in the generalized one. The average values of personalized specificity and sensitivity are 99.69% and 93.91% while the generalized classifier gives 95.38% and 87.4%.
Haemoconcentration, not decreased blood temperature, increases blood viscosity during cold water immersion.

INTRODUCTION Prolonged cold-water immersion (CWI) has the potential to cause significant hypothermia and haemoconcentration; both of which have previously been shown to independently increase blood viscosity in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of CWI on blood viscosity and examine the relative contribution of decreased blood temperature and haemoconcentration. METHODS Ten healthy volunteers were immersed to mid-sternum in 10°C water for 90 minutes. Gastrointestinal (GI) temperature, haematocrit (Hct), and blood viscosity were measured pre- and post-CWI. RESULTS CWI caused mean (SD) GI temperature to decrease from 37.5 (0.3)°C to 36.2 (0.7)°C (P < 0.05). CWI also caused mean Hct to increase from 40.0 (3.5)% to 45.0 (2.9)% (P < 0.05). As a result of the haemoconcentration and decreased GI temperature during CWI the mean blood viscosity increased by 19% from 2.80 (0.28) mPa·s⁻¹ to 3.33 (0.42) mPa·s⁻¹ (P < 0.05). However, when the pre-CWI blood sample was measured at the post-CWI GI temperature (36.2°C) there was no significant difference in the blood viscosity when compared to the pre-CWI (37.5°C) blood sample (2.82 (0.20) mPa·s-1 and 2.80 (0.28) mPa·s-1 respectively). Furthermore, the changes in Hct and blood viscosity during CWI were significantly correlated with an r = 0.84. CONCLUSION The results of the current study show that prolonged, severe CWI causes a significant 19% increase in blood viscosity. In addition, the results strongly suggest that almost all of the increased blood viscosity seen following CWI is the result of haemoconcentration, not decreased blood temperature.
On Cultural Boundaries and Languages in Western Iran: The Case of the Zagros Gates

This study examines the nature and history of the cultural, political and linguistic boundary that runs along the western side of the Iranian region, through the Zagros mountains. A long-term evaluation of that boundary, from antiquity through the modern era, shows how the boundary between the Zagrosian and Assyro-Babylonian worlds, and between later states, such as Safavid and Qajar Iran, and the Ottoman empire, has undergone change, such that sites and towns commonly thought of as being in one cultural sphere were, at times, in another. The significance of boundary zones, as opposed to clear-cut boundary lines, is examined.
The removal of ammonia, arsenic, iron and manganese by biological treatment from a small Iowa drinking water system

Although not regulated in United States drinking water, ammonia has the potential to increase chlorine consumption and cause nitrification problems in the distribution system. Many groundwaters with elevated ammonia are also contaminated with other inorganic analytes such as arsenic, iron, and manganese, all of which have primary or secondary maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). The objective of this work was to demonstrate the effectiveness of an innovative biological treatment process to simultaneously remove ammonia (2.9 mg N per L), arsenic (23 μg L−1), iron (2.9 mg L−1) and manganese (80 μg L−1) from a groundwater source in Iowa. The biological treatment system consisted of an “aeration contactor” followed by a conventional granular media filter. Orthophosphate was also added, as a biological nutrient, at 0.3 mg PO4 per L. Ammonia, manganese, and iron were consistently reduced through the pilot system by 98 to 99%. Complete oxidation of ammonia to nitrate was observed (i.e., no nitrite was released) and arsenic was consistently removed to below the 10 μg L−1 MCL. Ammonia was oxidized by ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria and arsenic by bacteria which converted As(III) in the source water to more readily removable As(V). Iron was presumably oxidized by oxygen during aeration although some biologically assisted oxidation could not be ruled out. As(V) bound iron particles were removed in the filter resulting in effective arsenic (and iron) reduction. A surprising treatment benefit was the effective manganese reduction, the mechanism of which was not so clear, but was attributed to biologically assisted oxidation of Mn(II). While some system acclimation time was necessary to achieve desired ammonia and manganese reductions, acceptable arsenic and iron reductions were observed shortly after start-up.