cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autonomicity of NASA Missions

NASA increasingly relies on autonomous systems concepts, not only in the mission control centers on the ground, but also on spacecraft, on rovers and other assets on extraterrestrial bodies. Space missions lacking autonomy will be unable to achieve the full range of advanced mission objectives, given that human control under dynamic environmental conditions will not be feasible, due in part, to the unavoidably high signal propagation latency and constrained data rates of mission communications links. While autonomy cost-effectively supports mission goals, autonomicity supports survivability of remote missions, especially when human tending is not feasible. As such, not only are Autonomous concepts but also Autonomicity concepts required to be brought to bear on future space missions - self-governance and self-management
Improving Access to Digitized Historical Newspapers with Text Mining, Coordinated Models, and Formative User Interface Design

Most tools for accessing digitized historical newspapers emphasize relatively simple search; but, as increasing numbers of digitized historical newspapers and other historical resources become available we can consider much richer modes of interaction with these collections. For instance, users might use exploratory search for looking at larger issues and events such as elections and campaigns or to get a sense of "the texture of the city" or "what the city was thinking". To take full advantage of rich interface tools, the content of the newspapers needs to be described systematically and accurately. Moreover, collections of multiple newspapers need to be richly cross-indexed across titles and even with historical resources beyond the newspapers.
Determining the temperature-dependent Flory interaction parameter for strongly immiscible polymers from block copolymer segregation measurements

Abstract We have determined the segregation of diblock copolymers of deuterated polystyrene (dPS) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PVP) to a planar interface between the homopolymers using forward recoil spectrometry. The segregation isotherms, namely the interfacial excess versus its volume fraction in the homopolymer phase far from the interface, for the diblock copolymers were measured at several temperatures. Using a self-consistent mean field (SCMF) theory, one can fit the segregation data accurately if the Flory interaction parameter χ is treated as a fitting parameter. Using this scheme, the temperature-dependent Flory interaction parameter χ between PS and PVP was determined to be −0.033+ 63 T( K . In contrast to this evaluation of χ which depends heavily on a model, we have shown that the isosteric heat of segregation qseg can be directly extracted from the experimental data. We demonstrate that the enthalpic portion of the Flory interaction parameter χH can be estimated directly from qseg, without recourse to a model of the segregation layer, and the χH from this direct method is in good agreement with that determined using the SCMF theory. These two methods provide a new approach for determining χ for strongly immiscible polymers.
The Efficacy of a Multimedia Educational Campaign to Increase the Use of Eye Care Services

Purpose: Effective eye care, both preventive and problem-directed, requires that patients actually see trained eye care providers. The authors examined the impact of a multimedia campaign on patient behavior in using eye care. Methods: The authors surveyed 2000 individuals 1 year after they mailed in a contrast sensitivity screening card during a focused multimedia educational campaign. The response rate was 39%, allowing precision of estimates to ±4%. Findings: Those who failed the screening test were much more likely to have had an eye examination in the year after the campaign and were much more likely to have seen an ophthalmologist for their care. Other important factors significantly related to using eye care services were: having had prior examinations, having a non-ophthalmologist physician, and having a history of cancer or macular degeneration. Importantly, 22% of those who failed the screening test thought they had had normal results when asked 1 year later. Conclusions: A focused multimedia campaign combined with interactive patient involvement can directly increase the use of eye care services. In addition, such care is much more likely to be delivered by ophthalmologists as opposed to other providers.
Taking circuits seriously

The teaching of introductory circuit theory provides a context for comparing electrical engineering (EE) education of the 1950s and the present. It is argued that the classic introductory circuits course no longer serves anyone well and that revising it requires rethinking undergraduate EE education. It is proposed that the present course be reevaluated with respect to the principal goals of explaining the interrelationships among circuit concepts and providing students with an understanding of the field as a cohesive set of basic principles from which many useful results can be deduced. >
THE BLUE NILE: POTENTIAL FOR CONFLICT AND ALTERNATIVES FOR MEETING FUTURE DEMANDS

ABSTRACT Despite nearly a century of water regulation projects on the Nile Basin, today Egypt faces a genuine crisis with respect to water supply. The crisis has been brought on by a combination of drought and greatly increased usage by all riparian nations along the Nile. It is highly probable that Egypt will need to search for new sources of water, reallocate existing water supply and reduce demand simultaneously in order to stave off major water shortfalls. It is unlikely that these measures can be accomplished without both internal and external conflict. This paper describes the current state of water supply and usage in Egypt. Further we examine potential sources of conflict over water allocation decisions. Finally, the paper presents a method for evaluating alternative strategies that could be implemented by Egypt to avoid future conflict.
A unique nitric oxide-binding complex formed by denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Summary Extracts of denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells showed difference absorption maxima at 542 nm and 573 nm after exposure to nitric oxide. The 573 nm maximum decreased in intensity with time and nitrous oxide was concomitantly released in a linear manner. The rate of decrease in light absorbance at 573 nm was enhanced by the addition of L -malate. These results suggest that this complex represents a nitric oxide-cytochrome 573 intermediate in the enzymatic conversion of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide.
Electromagnetic Navigation to Aid Radiofrequency Ablation and Biopsy of Lung Tumors

Purpose We evaluated an electromagnetic (EM) navigation system (Veran Medical Technologies Inc, St. Louis, MO) to determine its potential to reduce the number of skin punctures and instrument adjustments during computed tomographic-guided percutaneous ablation and biopsy of lung nodules. Description Ten patients undergoing lung percutaneous ablation were prospectively enrolled. The mean age was 70 years. Positioning of the needle device was verified with computed tomographic fluoroscopy prior to the execution of any biopsy or ablation. Each EM navigation-guided procedure was defined as an EM-intervention. Evaluation Nineteen EM interventions were performed. When an EM-guided biopsy was performed, the intervention was done immediately prior to ablation. For all 19 EM interventions, only one skin-puncture was required. The mean number of instrument adjustments required was 1.2 (range, 0 to 2). The mean time for each EM intervention was 5.2 minutes (range, 1 to 20 minutes). Pneumothorax occurred in 5 patients (50%). Only the number of instrument adjustments was significantly related to the pneumothorax rate (p = 0.005). Conclusions The EM navigation is feasible and seems to be a useful aid for image-guided procedures. Early experience suggests a low number of skin-puncture and instrument adjustments using the EM navigation system. Instrument adjustments were a key factor in pneumothorax development.
Effect of Surface Hydrophobicity on the Hydrodynamic Detachment of Particles from Surfaces

Experiments were performed to evaluate the hydrodynamic force required to detach colloidal particles from substrates by fluids in simple shear flow. The role of DLVO and acid−base interactions on the process of adhesion and removal of colloidal particles, from model surfaces, in various fluid environments was investigated. Particles and substrates with varying degrees of hydrophobicity were used. The free energy of interaction between these surfaces in a number of fluid media was calculated using the acid−base approach. Good qualitative agreement was obtained between calculated values of free energy of interaction using the acid−base approach and the critical hydrodynamic force required to detach the particles if long range electrostatic repulsion is properly accounted for. Results for a range of particles and substrates of varying hydrophobicity and for a range of solvents can be consistently explained using this approach.
Measuring Family HRQoL Spillover Effects Using Direct Health Utility Assessment

Background. Applications of cost-effectiveness analysis do not typically incorporate effects on caregiver quality of life despite increasing evidence that these effects are measurable. Methods. Using a national sample of US adults, we conducted 2 cross-sectional surveys during December 2011 and January 2012. One version asked respondents to value their own experience as the family member of a person with a chronic illness (experienced sample), and the other version asked respondents to value hypothetical scenarios describing the experience of having a family member with a chronic illness (community sample). Conditions included Alzheimer’s disease/dementia, arthritis, cancer, and depression. Using standard gamble questions, respondents were asked to value the spillover effects of a family member’s illness. We used regression analysis to evaluate the disutility (loss in health-related quality of life) of having a family member with a chronic illness by condition and relationship type, controlling for the respondent’s own conditions and sociodemographic characteristics. Results. For the experienced sample (n = 1389), regression analyses suggested that greater spillover was associated with certain conditions (arthritis, depression) compared with other conditions (Alzheimer’s disease, cancer). For the community sample (n = 1205), regression analyses indicated that lower spillover was associated with condition (cancer) but not the type of relationship with the ill family member (parent, child, spouse). Conclusions. The effects of illness extend beyond the individual patient to include effects on caregivers of patients, parents of ill children, spouses, and other close family and household members. Cost-effectiveness analyses should consider the inclusion of health-related quality of life spillover effects in addition to caregiving time costs incurred by family members of ill individuals.
Adaptive Control of Robot Manipulators in Constrained Motion—Controller Design

Adaptive motion and force control of manipulators in constrained motion in the presence of parametric uncertainties both in the robot and contact surfaces are considered in this paper. A new constrained dynamic model is obtained to account for the effect of contact surface friction. An adaptive law is suggested with unknown parameters updated by both the motion and force tracking errors to guarantee asymptotic motion and force tracking without any persistent excitation conditions to be satisfied. The suggested controller has the expected PI type force feedback control structure with a low proportional (P) force feedback gain. Detailed simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Results from clinical trials of a selective ionotropic glutamate receptor 5 (iGluR5) antagonist, LY5454694 tosylate, in 2 chronic pain conditions.

Abstract This article reports results of 2 studies investigating LY545694 in pain due to osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP). Study I randomized patients to either of 2 doses of LY545694 or to placebo, and study II randomized patients to either of 3 doses of LY545694, to pregabalin, or to placebo. No significant differences between LY545694 groups and placebo were observed on the primary (average pain severity) or secondary efficacy measures in either study. Notably, study I lacked an active control, and, in study II, pregabalin, did not separate from placebo. Treatment-emergent nausea, vomiting, and dizziness were significantly more frequent in the LY545694 groups in both trials ( P ⩽ .05), and significantly more LY545694-treated patients discontinued because of adverse events ( P
Infants’ Perception of Affordances of Slopes Under High and Low Friction Conditions

Three experiments investigated whether 14- and 15-month-old infants use information for both friction and slant for prospective control of locomotion down slopes. In Experiment 1, high- and low-friction conditions were interleaved on a range of shallow and steep slopes. In Experiment 2, friction conditions were blocked. In Experiment 3, the low-friction surface was visually distinct from the surrounding high-friction surface. In all three experiments, infants could walk down steeper slopes in the high-friction condition than they could in the low-friction condition. Infants detected affordances for walking down slopes in the high-friction condition, but in the low-friction condition, they attempted impossibly slippery slopes and fell repeatedly. In both friction conditions, when infants paused to explore slopes, they were less likely to attempt slopes beyond their ability. Exploration was elicited by visual information for slant (Experiments 1 and 2) or by a visually distinct surface that marked the change in friction (Experiment 3).
Double jeopardy: schizophrenia and substance use.

Objective: Although the clinical reality of substance dependence and/or abuse among schizophrenia patients is widely acknowledged, the interaction of these diagnoses is not well understood. Perhaps the largest study documenting the comorbidity of substance abuse is the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study, which found the rate to be 47% in schizophrenia patients . The present study examined substance use and compared the broad categories of substance users versus nonusers vis-a-vis schizophrenic symptomatology, hospitalizations, compliance, and demographic variables. We further examined the two subcategories of alcohol versus other substances of abuse (hereafter called “drugs”) to determine differences. Methods: Data were collected by the same person retrospectively from the charts of schizophrenia outpatients in a public inner city mental health center. Patients must have had at least 10 outpatient visits within a 2-year period for data to be used. Results: Data were compiled from 262 charts. Of the ...
Late results of telescopic internal mammary-coronary artery anastomosis.

Abstract Seven dogs had telescopic anastomosis of the IMA to the LAD or CCA. Twenty-two to twenty-eight months later all anastomoses were patent, but one was severely stenotic and three were moderately stenotic. Of the six dogs that were studied by right-heart bypass four demonstrated deterioration of LV function with IMA occlusion. Metabolic data were combined from six dogs and revealed changes similar to those observed in normal dogs with occlusion of the LAD, but with a blunted reactive hyperemia response.
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and Sodium Hyaluronate: A Comparison of Particulate and Fibre Content

2% Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose has been reported to be safe and effective in anterior segment surgery. However, there have been reports regarding particulate contamination of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. A comparison of 19 samples of Occucoat R (2% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose manufactured by Storz Coburn) and 19 samples of sodium hyaluronate (Healon R ), both intended for clinical use, was made. Particulate and fibre content present in both substances was quantified microscopically. No statistically significant difference was seen in the quantity of particulate and fibre content. Both Occucoat and Healon appeared similar in terms of purity and were generally contaminant free.
Geriatric, Ethics, and Palliative Care: Tending to the Mind & Spirit

The purpose of this paper was to examine the outcomes from the William Randolph Hearst Scholars Program (HSP) conducted at Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine from September 2005 to September 2006. The HSP was an interdisciplinary (nursing, rehabilitation therapies, social work, clergy, pharmacy, physicians, respiratory therapy, physician's assistant) educational opportunity (12 months, 50 hours of education) with the goal of improving the quality of care for older adults in an acute care medical setting. The focus group participants (21 out of 39 Hearst Scholars) participated in a 1.5-hour focus group immediately following completion of the program. After analyzing the data, the results revealed an overarching theme of empowerment in four specific topical areas: knowledge, connection, barriers, and hopeful trends, with specific themes emerging from each topic. This demonstrated the importance of the HSP for the participants.
Approach to management.

This paper describes a physio logic approach to diabetes management called pattern therapy and compares it with the sliding scale or "catch-up" type of management. Pattern therapy differs from the sliding scale approach in that it anticipates rather than reflects insulin needs, and it relies heavily on intensive patient education and intelligent self-management. Frequent blood glucose monitoring is also a key aspect of pattern therapy.
Substance P in the vagal sensory ganglia: Localization in cell bodies and pericellular arborizations

The distribution of Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the jugular and nodose ganglia of rabbits and pigeons has been studied using immunocytochemical staining techniques. Substance P-like immunoreactivity is localized to neuronal cell bodies and processes in the jugular and nodose ganglia, and to pericellular fiber plexi in the nodose ganglia of both species. The numbers and sizes of cells which exhibited Substance P-like immunoreactivity in each ganglion were determined using quantitative morphometric techniques. The distribution of Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the rabbit and pigeon vagal sensory ganglia is characterized by several general features. In most of the ganglia, immunoreactive neurons factor into discrete types which can be distinguished from one another, and from non-immunoreactive neurons, by size. In addition, immunoreactive nodose and jugular ganglion cells, respectively, are distinguishable on the basis of size. Finally, a considerably higher percentage of immunoreactive neurons is found in the jugular ganglion than in the nodose ganglion. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was also seen in pericellular fiber plexi which encircle individual neurons in the nodose ganglion of rabbits and pigeons. These plexi are composed of varicose fibers which appear to terminate as boutons on the surfaces of the cells which they encircle. The distribution of Substance P-like immunoreactivity within the vagal sensory ganglia is discussed with respect to the possible peripheral targets and functions of Substance P-containing vagal afferents. Our findings suggest that Substance P-containing vagal sensory neurons are involved in a variety of visceral and somatic afferent functions.
Candidate selection and voting behavior in France

As a measure of the component of electoral change resulting from candidate selection variables, the foregoing regression analysis suggested that about 3% of all voters in the districts considered change their votes as a consequence of candidate selection policies. In competitive elections, these 3% are a highly significant proportion. Since this change largely favors the Gaullists, one can suggest that the French Left (Communist and Non-Communist) has not manipulated candidate selections as successfully as the Gaullists.
Binding of Aβ peptide creates lipid density depression in DMPC bilayer

Abstract Using isobaric–isothermal replica exchange molecular dynamics and all-atom explicit water model we study the impact of A β monomer binding on the equilibrium properties of DMPC bilayer. We found that partial insertion of A β peptide into the bilayer reduces the density of lipids in the binding “footprint” and indents the bilayer thus creating a lipid density depression. Our simulations also reveal thinning of the bilayer and a decrease in the area per lipid in the proximity of A β . Although structural analysis of lipid hydrophobic core detects disordering in the orientations of lipid tails, it also shows surprisingly minor structural perturbations in the tail conformations. Finally, partial insertion of A β monomer does not enhance water permeation through the DMPC bilayer and even causes considerable dehydration of the lipid–water interface. Therefore, we conclude that A β monomer bound to the DMPC bilayer fails to perturb the bilayer structure in both leaflets. Limited scope of structural perturbations in the DMPC bilayer caused by A β monomer may constitute the molecular basis of its low cytotoxicity.
The Impact of Fluorodeoxyglucose–Positron Emission Tomography in Primary Staging and Patient Management in Lymphoma Patients

Fully diagnostic positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scans acquired during oral and intravenous contrast can be provided to patients and referring physicians in a single imaging session. Although FDG uptake varies, most low-grade lymphomas exhibit sufficient FDG avidity to also be staged reliably with FDG PET/CT. PET/CT imaging is more accurate for lymphoma staging than PET or CT alone and has substantial impact on patient management. This accurate whole-body glucose metabolic survey should serve as the baseline for subsequent treatment response evaluations. PET/CT has evolved to become the modality of choice for staging of nodal and extranodal lymphoma, for assessing therapeutic response, and for establishing patient prognosis.
The catalytic cycle of P-glycoprotein

Abstract P-glycoprotein is a plasma-membrane glycoprotein which confers multidrug-resistance on cells and displays ATP-driven drug-pumping in vitro. It contains two nucleotide-binding domains, and its structure places it in the ‘ABC transporter’ family. We review recent evidence that both nucleotide-sites bind and hydrolyse Mg-ATP. The two catalytic sites interact strongly. A minimal scheme for the MgATP hydrolysis reaction is presented. An alternating catalytic sites scheme is proposed, in which drug transport is coupled to relaxation of a high-energy catalytic site conformation generated by the hydrolysis step. Other ABC transporters may show similar catalytic features.
Expanding the Concept of the Toddler's Fracture

Fracture of the tibia is a well-known, often occult cause of limping and leg pain in young children. This fracture is typically a hairline, oblique fracture of the shaft of the tibia, and in some cases the fracture can be so subtle that bone scintigraphy or follow-up radiography may be required for its detection. In addition, a variety of other fractures that are less well known and just as difficult to detect can occur in the tibia and the foot in young children. These fractures include plastic bowing and buckle-type fractures, especially of the fibula; impaction, compression, or stress (fatigue) fractures of the tibia and fibula; and fractures of the metatarsal and tarsal bones. All of these fractures can be remarkably similar to the non-displaced spiral tibial fracture in their clinical appearance and should be included under the rubric of "toddler's fracture."
CT dose reduction strategy: to modulate dose or not in certain patients?

CT utilization has increased at a double-digit rate and more moderately at a single-digit rate over the past 10 years. Accompanying this growth is the attention to radiation burden from CT scans, and increased scrutiny of the way CT scans are performed has resulted in a variety of CT dose reduction strategies. These strategies include not only technological advances to reduce dose but also review of CT protocols (including undergoing accreditation), better selection of scan parameters to match patients,
Intravital microscopy: A practical guide on imaging intracellular structures in live animals

Intravital microscopy is an extremely powerful tool that enables imaging several biological processes in live animals. Recently, the ability to image subcellular structures in several organs combined with the development of sophisticated genetic tools has made possible extending this approach to investigate several aspects of cell biology. Here we provide a general overview of intravital microscopy with the goal of highlighting its potential and challenges. Specifically, this review is geared toward researchers that are new to intravital microscopy and focuses on practical aspects of carrying out imaging in live animals. Here we share the know-how that comes from first-hand experience, including topics such as choosing the right imaging platform and modality, surgery and stabilization techniques, anesthesia and temperature control. Moreover, we highlight some of the approaches that facilitate subcellular imaging in live animals by providing numerous examples of imaging selected organelles and the actin cy...
Investigation of the Lieb–Thirring lower bound to the electronic kinetic energy via an energy–density functional approach

Lieb and Thirring derived a lower bound to the electronic kinetic energy of an N particle system. Using an energy–density functional approach, and the Ne atom as an example, the present work investigates the tightness of the bound both in its original form and in its modified forms.
Adaptation to prismatically induced curvature with nonvisible arm movements

Subjects, wearing prism spectacles to induce curvature, shot a pistol at a target moving in an apparently horizontal path. The Ss were able to hit the target without having to view their arms, hands, or the pistol Adaptation occurred only in a condition requiring the learning of new afferent-efferent associations. The results are consistent with those of a prior shooting gallery study and were interpreted as supporting the efferent readiness theory of perception.
Soluble proteins: Size, shape and function

Why are proteins so big? Why do cells build oligomeric proteins? A visual survey of the protein structures available in the Protein Data Bank sheds new light on these questions.
Antenna Based Signal Processor Using Reconfigurable Receiver

A reconfigurable receiver structure is demonstrated in this paper, where the receiver could be tuned for the optimum reception or rejection of the radio wave with any form of polarization. Such a receiver is enabled by digital or analog processing on the outputs of a dual polarized antenna. A closed form expression of the down-conversion matrix is presented for the received signal processing. Demonstration of this receiver for various polarized waves is also presented using RFIC components. The experimental results demonstrate cross polarization rejection of at least 14 dB for linearly polarized and 18 dB for circularly polarized waves over 500 MHz at 2.45 GHz.
Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans: “I told you so” is not enough

There has not been a major natural-hazard-related disaster in modern times that wasn't preceded by warnings from scientists about the potential consequences of the intersection of populations, infrastructure, and extreme natural events. We have taken our understanding of the frequency of these events and the processes associated with them to the table as earthquake-prone cities have contemplated zoning regulations and building standards, floodplain communities and government agencies have sought to improve flood insurance programs, and settlement has moved into wildland fire danger zones. We have celebrated when we were heeded, but more often we have been frustrated when the impacts of a natural hazard were as we predicted and the opportunity for scientific understanding to have reduced consequences of the event was missed by decision-makers.
Advances in surgical management of malignancies of the cranial base: the extended transbasal approach.

The extended transbasal approach combines a bifrontal craniotomy with an orbital nasal and potentially a sphenoethmoidal osteotomy to provide excellent access to malignancies of the anterior, middle and posterior skull base. The approach enables the en bloc resection of tumors within the frontal lobes, orbits, paranasal sinuses and sphenoclival corridors without brain retraction and may obviate the need for transfacial access. We present our 7-year experience during which 29 patients underwent surgery with the extended transbasal exposure. In 25 patients the extended transbasal approach was used alone; in the remaining four it was combined with additional approaches. With exception of two patients, all lesions were removed en bloc. Reconstruction was accomplished with the use of pericranium and in some instances a temporalis muscle pedicle or a gracilis microvascular free flap. There were no mortalities associated with this approach. Seven patients experienced infections, four patients experienced cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) leakage, two patients who had received adjuvant radiation experienced scalp necrosis, three patients experienced pneumocephalus, and 29 patients experienced cranial neuropathies, the majority of which were loss of olfaction. The average follow-up for our patients was 34 months with a range of 2–62 months.
Ideological Polarization on the Supreme Court: Trends in the Court’s Institutional Environment and Across Regimes, 1937-2008

Judicial polarization is an important but underexplored aspect of judicial behavior. This analysis uses a gamut of measures to assess polarization on the Supreme Court across chief justice and juri...
House Price Dynamics and Market Fundamentals: The Parisian Housing Market

The paper compares two methods to evaluate the effect of market fundamentals on housing price dynamics. The first method follows the traditional two-step procedures found in the literature in which...
Self-organizing maps with dynamic learning for signal reconstruction

Wireless Brain Machine Interface (BMI) communication protocols are faced with the challenge of transmitting the activity of hundreds of neurons which requires large bandwidth. Previously a data compression scheme for neural activity was introduced based on Self Organizing Maps (SOM). In this paper we propose a dynamic learning rule for improved training of the SOM on signals with sparse events which allows for more representative prototype vectors to be found, and consequently better signal reconstruction. This work was developed with BMI applications in mind and therefore our examples are geared towards this type of signals. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy outperforms conventional vector quantization methods for spike reconstruction.
Alcohol Deterpenation of Orange Oil

Sesquiterpeneless essential oils were prepared by extracting commercial cold-pressed Valencia orange oils with aqueous ethyl alcohol. Two levels of alcohol, 60 and 70%, were used to extract the oils in three different oil-solvent ratios. Quantitative and qualitative composition of the individual components of the extracts was established by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and confirmed using standard compounds. The ratio 1:3 oil:solvent resulted in Sesquiterpeneless oils with the lowest terpene content. However, this ratio also gave the lowest oil recoveries. The highest oil recoveries were obtained with the ratio 1:15, but d-limonene was present in high concentration. The process produced a terpeneless and Sesquiterpeneless orange oil which should have unique flavor applications.
Quality, originality, and significance of the 1939 “Tobacco consumption and lung carcinoma” article by Mueller, including translation of a section of the paper

Background The 1939 article “Tobacco consumption and lung carcinoma” by Mueller has been praised for its quality and its originality but is still not available in English.
Neonatal duodenal obstruction: a review of 30 consecutive cases

Delayed return of normal duodenal function necessitating a prolonged hospital stay may often follow operative treatment of neonatal duodenal obstruction (NDO). Previously suggested ways to improve the operative result include variations in the anastomic technique, duodenal tapering, and the omission of gastrostomy. We have analysed the experience at the Prince of Wales Children's Hospital of 30 consecutive cases of NDO treated over a 7-year period (1984–1990) in order to define factors in the treatment that might influence the establishment of oral feeding and duration of hospital stay. There were 19 males and 11 females, with duodenal atresia occurring in 10 and extrinsic or intrinsic causes of duodenal stenosis in the remaining 20. Two patients died without operation. Corrective procedures included 17 duodenoduodenostomies, 9 duodenoplasties, and 2 patients had lysis of Ladd's bands that produced duodenal obstruction from the time of birth. Only 1 patient underwent duodenal tapering. There were 20 gastrostomies performed according to the preferences of the primary-care surgeons. It was shown that the duration of establishing oral feeding and hospital stay were not influenced by the type of corrective procedure, although Ladd's bands duodenal obstruction was associated with the shortest hospital stay. The use of a gastrostomy was related to higher morbidity, a longer period to establish oral feeding, and a prolonged hospital stay. Prenatal diagnosis has also emerged as an important influencing factor. It is concluded that gastrostomy should be omitted in the treatment of NDO. The various types of corrective procedures were similar in final outcome in terms of morbidity and total hospitalisation time.
Embryonic Mortality in the Fowl VII. On the Relation of Malpositions to the Size and Shape of Eggs

Abstract MALPOSITION III (head under left wing) is probably the most important malposition because of its frequency, which may range up to 5 percent of the embryos still alive after 18 days of incubation, and the fact that it is almost always lethal. Its cause is quite unknown, except that it is more frequent in eggs incubated with the large end up than in those incubated horizontally (Byerly and Olsen, 1936). During examination of some 40,000 unhatched eggs it appeared to the writer that malposition III was more frequent in the larger eggs, and, since definite information on this point was lacking, an investigation was undertaken to determine the relationships, if any, between the frequencies of various malpositions of the embryo and the size and shape of eggs. MATERIAL AND METHODS During 1933 and 1934 all eggs incubated in the regular hatches at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station were utilized. The . . .
A characterization of the distributions that imply mean—Variance utility functions☆

If there is a riskless asset, then the distribution of every portfolio is determined by its mean and variance if and only if the random returns are a linear transformation of a spherically distributed random vector. If there is no riskless asset, then the spherically distributed random vector is replaced by a random vector in which the last n − 1 components are spherically distributed conditional on the first component, which has an arbitrary distribution. If the number of assets is infinite, then there must exist random variables m, v, y, where the distribution of y conditional on m and v is standard normal, such that every portfolio is distributed as some linear combination of m and vy. If there is a riskless asset, then m has zero variance. These distributions exhibit two-fund separability even if the utility function is not concave.
Terahertz Micromachined On-Wafer Probes: Repeatability and Reliability

An improved micromachined on-wafer probe covering frequencies 500-750 GHz is demonstrated in this paper to address sub-millimeter-wave integrated-circuit testing. Measurements of a prototype WR-1.5 micromachined on-wafer probe exhibit a return loss better than 12 dB and a mean insertion loss of 6.5 dB from 500 to 750 GHz. The repeatability of on-wafer measurements with the micromachined probe is investigated. Monte Carlo simulations are used to identify the dominant error source of on-wafer measurement and to estimate the measurement accuracy. The dominant error source is positioning error, which results in phase uncertainty. Reliability tests show the probe is robust and can sustain over 20 000 contacts.
A DIFFERENTIAL VOLUMETER FOR MICRO-RESPIRATION MEASUREMENTS

A modified micro-respirometer employing the differential volumeter principle, and mechanical accessories for the same, are described. The apparatus enables addition of solutions to be made to the biological material during the experiment. It is of a high sensitivity, a drop movement of 1.0 mm. indicating a volume change of about 0.06 c.mm. It may be used with very small amounts of biological material, provides for convenience in manipulation) and allows readings to be made at 1 minute intervals. Typical results on plant tissue and protozoa are given.
Primary cultures of human prostatic epithelial cells from transurethral resection specimens

The objective of this work was to design a simple and reproducible method of culturing human prostatic epithelial cells from attainable tissue. This type of system is essential for in vitro studies of prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The most readily available source of prostatic tissue is the transurethral prostatic resection (TURP). This tissue can be obtained at surgery and processed immediately in the laboratory using standard cell culture techniques. By detailed sectioning and careful histologic examination of the tissue which represented the mirror image of each explant that was cultured, we found that tissue containing viable glandular structure yielded epithelial outgrowths. Pieces of tissue that did not yield epithelial outgrowth were composed only of fibromuscular stroma or contained acini which were damaged (usually cauterized). We concluded that this type of system can be used routinely to study prostatic disease on an individual basis.
Cognitive involvement in the mood response system

There is currently common agreement that moods are organized responses that affect many psychological subsystems, including the cognitive subsystem. The pleasant versus unpleasant quality of an individual's mood was the dependent measure in this study, which examined cognitive correlates of mood level. A set of tasks hypothesized to change with mood, an adjective scale measuring present mood state, and four personality scales were administered to 194 students. Results indicate that three tasks—giving advice to others, estimating the probability of events, and subjective ratings of associations to words—are correlated with mood state and mood-related traits (e.g., emotional distress). Because of the measurement of mood along a pleasant-unpleasant continuum, the present findings of cognitive change can be generalized to any mood that is mostly pleasant or unpleasant. Results also indicate that individuals low in neuroticism had greater correspondence between self-reported mood and performance on affect-sensitive tasks. The changes in cognition are discussed in the context of a spreading-activation view of mood effects and a depressive-schema theory of information processing. More generally, the results suggest that moods lead to broad influences on cognitive responses over considerable portions of an individual's life-span.
Current results from therapy of testicular tumors.

Four hundred and fourteen cases of testicular germinal tumors treated at Roswell Park between 1920 and 1965 were reviewed. Seminoma was found to occur more often in older age groups than embryonal carcinoma or terato-carcinoma. The incidence of prior trauma and history of maldescent were noted. The 2 most important prognostic factors were found to be histology and clinical stage. Other less significant factors were age, duration of symptoms, and positive chorionic gonadotrophin. The current different conventional modalities of therapy played only a subsidiary role in overall survival of testicular tumors.
Three-Year-Olds Express Suspense when an Agent Approaches a Scene with a False Belief.

Research on early false belief understanding has entirely relied on affect-neutral measures such as judgments (standard tasks), attentional allocation (looking duration, preferential looking, anticipatory looking), or active intervention. We used a novel, affective measure to test whether preschoolers affectively anticipate another's misguided acts. In two experiments, 3-year-olds showed more expressions of suspense (by, e.g. brow furrowing or lip biting) when they saw an agent approach a scene with a false as opposed to a true belief (Experiment 1) or ignorance (Experiment 2). This shows that the children anticipated the agent's surprise and disappointment when encountering reality. The findings suggest that early implicit knowledge of false beliefs includes anticipations of the affective implications of erring. This vital dimension of beliefs should no longer be ignored in research on early theory of mind.
Genomic and Metabolic Disposition of Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Rats to Increased Myocardial Fatty Acid Metabolism

Lipotoxicity of the heart has been implicated as a leading cause of morbidity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). While numerous reports have demonstrated increased myocardial fatty acid (FA) utilization in obese T2DM animal models, this diabetic phenotype has yet to be demonstrated in non-obese animal models of T2DM. Therefore, the present study investigates functional, metabolic, and genomic differences in myocardial FA metabolism in non-obese type 2 diabetic rats. The study utilized Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats at the age of 24 weeks. Each rat was imaged with small animal positron emission tomography (PET) to estimate myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial FA metabolism. Echocardiograms (ECHOs) were performed to assess cardiac function. Levels of triglycerides (TG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured in both plasma and cardiac tissues. Finally, expression profiles for 168 genes that have been implicated in diabetes and FA metabolism were measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR) arrays. GK rats exhibited increased NEFA and TG in both plasma and cardiac tissue. Quantitative PET imaging suggests that GK rats have increased FA metabolism. ECHO data indicates that GK rats have a significant increase in left ventricle mass index (LVMI) and decrease in peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E’) compared to Wistar rats, suggesting structural remodeling and impaired diastolic function. Of the 84 genes in each the diabetes and FA metabolism arrays, 17 genes in the diabetes array and 41 genes in the FA metabolism array were significantly up-regulated in GK rats. Our data suggest that GK rats’ exhibit increased genomic disposition to FA and TG metabolism independent of obesity.
The Mammalian Mog1 Protein Is a Guanine Nucleotide Release Factor for Ran

Ran is a Ras-related GTPase that is essential for the transport of protein and RNA between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Proteins that regulate the GTPase cycle and subcellular distribution of Ran include the cytoplasmic GTPase-activating protein (RanGAP) and its co-factors (RanBP1, RanBP2), the nuclear guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RanGEF), and the Ran import receptor (NTF2). The recent identification of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Mog1p as a suppressor of temperature-sensitive Ran mutations suggests that additional regulatory proteins remain to be characterized. Here, we describe the identification and biochemical characterization of murine Mog1, which, like its yeast orthologue, is a nuclear protein that binds specifically to RanGTP. We show that Mog1 stimulates the release of GTP from Ran, indicating that Mog1 functions as a guanine nucleotide release factor in vitro. Following GTP release, Mog1 remains bound to nucleotide-free Ran in a conformation that prevents rebinding of the guanine nucleotide. These properties distinguish Mog1 from the well characterized RanGEF and suggest an unanticipated mechanism for modulating nuclear levels of RanGTP.
Fundamental Research in Comprehensive Utilization of Bayan Obo Ore by Direct Reduction

With the problems of hard processing, low efficiency and heavy pollution in Bayan Obo ore, A new combination flowsheet of coal-based direct reduction - benificiation was proposed to deal with the ore. By adjusting the parameters of temperature, time and ratio of carbon, the procedure of direct reduction is optimized and the iron is enrichment effectively. Experimental results show that the with the conditions of reduction temperature is 1225°C, reduction time is 30 mins and ratio of carbon is 2, the grade, metallization rate and recovery of the iron powder are 93.33%, 94.18% and 88.93% respectively. The iron powder by this process can be used as the raw material of converter steel making.
Enhancement Of The Stokes Field By Amplitude Fluctuations

We have analyzed the build-up of the Stokes field when the Raman active medium is coupled to a laser field undergoing amplitude fluctuations. By means of the theory of multiplicative stochastic processes, we have obtained a rigorous solution for Gaussian fluctuations and have shown that fluctuations enhance the build-up of the Stokes field. Such an enhancement is not a universal occurrence in nonlinear optical processes. There are cases where optical processes are retarded by chaotic fluctuations. We have derived a general rule by means of which we can determine whether enhancement or retardation occurs in a particular situation.
Magnetism in bcc and fcc manganese

Density-functional theory is used to compute the ferromagnetic moment as a function of lattice constant for bcc and fcc Mn. For bcc Mn, a relatively small moment is found in the lattice-constant range 5.20lal6.025 a.u. and a large moment is found in the region ag5.90 a.u., with a discontinuous low-spin to high-spin transition occurring somewhere in the double-moment region 5.90lal6.025 a.u. For fcc Mn, the moment is found to be zero in the range 6.50lal\ensuremath{\sim}7.275 a.u. and large in the region ag\ensuremath{\sim}7.275 a.u., with a discontinuous zero-moment to high-moment transition occurring near a=7.275 a.u. Information obtained from magnetic susceptibility calculations is used to predict the magnetic order of the ground state in some of the lattice-constant ranges considered. The susceptibility calculations indicate that bcc Mn has a ferromagnetic ground state in the range 5.2lal5.4 a.u. and that fcc Mn has an antiferromagnetic ground state in the region ag6.8 a.u.