cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a surgeon's checklist.

Understanding and translating results from the highly regulated and uniform environment of therapeutic trials to everyday patient care are one of the most challenging aspects of maintaining a clinical breast cancer practice. Careful interpretation of study results is of utmost importance when determining whether or not to adopt a new therapy or treatment sequence. Randomized clinical trials investigating neoadjuvant chemotherapy approaches to breast cancer management deserve special attention from surgeons and all members of the multidisciplinary team to obtain the best result and focus patient goals and expectations. Each patient for whom neoadjuvant chemotherapy is contemplated should undergo a careful physical exam focused on clinical tumor size, tumor mobility, or fixation with respect to skin and chest wall, axillary lymph node status, and a thorough exam of the contralateral breast. As with any newly diagnosed breast cancer, imaging is intended to characterize the index cancer, detect multifocal and multicentric disease in the ipsilateral breast, and screen the contralateral breast for abnormalities. Diagnostic mammography and ultrasound are the primary modalities for determining tumor size, identifying subclinical breast lesions, and evaluating the axillary lymph nodes. In some scenarios, magnetic resonance imaging may play a role in determining tumor extent and monitoring response to therapy. While the precise timing of axillary nodal staging in the setting of neoadjuvant chemotherapy remains controversial, it is clear that nodal status helps to define the role of chemotherapy and postmastectomy radiotherapy. Evaluation for distant metastatic disease should be performed based on clinical stage and patient symptoms. After thorough clinical evaluation, the multidisciplinary team should ask the following questions before proceeding with neoadjuvant chemotherapy:
Decision moving window: using interactive eye tracking to examine decision processes

It has become increasingly more important for researchers to better capture the complexities of making a decision. To better measure cognitive processes such as attention during decision making, we introduce a new methodology: the decision moving window, which capitalizes on both mouse-tracing and eye-tracking methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology in a probabilistic inferential decision task where we reliably measure attentional processing during decision making while allowing the person to determine how information is acquired. We outline the advantages of this methodological paradigm and how it can advance both decision-making research and the development of new metrics to capture cognitive processes in complex tasks.
Persistent disparities in liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States, 1998 through 2007

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have demonstrated that among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), African Americans (AAs) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (APIs) are substantially less likely to undergo liver transplantation (LT) compared with whites. The authors examined whether disparities in the receipt of LT among LT-eligible HCC patients changed over a 10-year time period, and whether the disparities might be explained by sociodemographic or clinical factors. METHODS: The National Cancer Data Base, a national hospital-based cancer registry, was used to study 7707 adults with small (≤ 5 cm), nonmetastatic HCC diagnosed between 1998 and 2007. Racial/ethnic patterns in the use of LT were compared during 2 periods of 5 years each: 1998 through 2002 (n = 2412 patients) and 2003 through 2007 (n = 5295 patients). Data regarding comorbid medical conditions were only available during the later time period. RESULTS: Large and persistent racial/ethnic differences in the probability of receiving LT were observed. Compared with whites, hazard ratios (HRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for receiving LT from 1998 through 2002 were 0.64 (95% CI, 0.46-0.89) for AA patients, 1.01 (95% CI, 0.79-1.29) for Hispanic patients, and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.39-0.68) for API patients. Analogous results for 2003 through 2007 were 0.64 (95% CI, 0.54-0.76) for AA patients, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75-0.99) for Hispanic patients, and 0.58 (95% CI, 0.49-0.69) for API patients. AA patients were less likely than whites to undergo any form of surgery, and API patients were more likely than whites to undergo surgical resection. Adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical factors produced only small changes in these HRs. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1998 and 2007, there were large and persistent racial/ethnic disparities noted in the receipt of LT among patients with HCC. These disparities were not explained by sociodemographic or clinical factors. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Piezoelectric RF MEMS switches and phase shifters

Piezoelectric thin films were utilized to actuate cantilevers for a radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switches. Using lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films, an RF MEMS series switch was designed and fabricated. The switch operates from ?25°C to 100°C with no change in actuation voltage of 9V. The switch isolation is better than ?20 dB and the insertion loss (?S21) less than 0.5 dB from DC to 40 GHz. In addition to improvements in switch performance, a 17 GHz, 2-bit reflection phase shifter has been demonstrated using PZT shunt switches operating at 15 V. Each of the 4 phase states are demonstrated with minimal phase error and an average insertion loss of 6.8 dB with a high of 8 dB for the longest phase state (limited by substrate losses highlighted in our previous work). Correcting the substrate loss reduces the insertion loss of the long phase state to less than 2 dB.
Carbon-13 nmr spectra of the tRNA “wobble” nucleosides 5-carboxymethyl-, 5-carbomethoxymethyl-, and 5-carbamoylmethyluridine

The 13C nmr chemical shifts have been measured for 5-carboxymethyluracil 2, 5-carbo-methoxymethyluracil 3, their 2-thio derivatives 4 and 5, respectively, as well as of the three β-D-ribonucleosides, 5-carboxymethyluridine 7, 5-carbomethoxymethyluridine 8, and 5-carbamoyl-methyluridine 9. In addition, the 13C-1H coupling constants for 2 and 7 have, also been obtained.
Selected bibliography on integrated injection logic (I2L)/merged transistor logic (MTL) technology

A selected bibliography is presented detailing the relevant technical literature describing the technology development and applications for integrated injection logic (I2L) and merged transistor logic (MTL).The period covered is, in effect, from 1971 to July 1977.
The time-series behavior of Brazilian real gross domestic product, 1947–87: An analysis of interventions

Abstract The evolution of Brazilian real gross domestic product in the post-World War II period has been far from stable. Some of this instability is almost certainly due to the impact of external shocks. In this paper we examine three such shocks, or interventions, which seem to have had particularly pronounced impacts on the Brazilian economy. These are the political upheavals and attendant economic reforms of the early 1960s, and the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979. We build a time-series model, which permits the analysis of interventions, for annual Brazilian real gross domestic product, and use this model to estimate the impact of these interventions.
A dynamical model for kordylewski cloud satellites

cation within 0.001 sec for accurate viscoelastic transformations was indicated. During this investigation, the stress relation functions were evaluated. The results of these determinations were used satisfactorily to describe the time dependency of the propellant. This enabled an accurate prediction of the dynamic shear modulus to be made, as is evidenced by the comparison of the calculated and the experimentally determined values.
Data Challenges in ATLAS computing

Abstract ATLAS computing is steadily progressing towards a highly functional software suite, plus a World Wide computing model which gives all ATLAS equal and equal quality of access to ATLAS data. A key component in the period before the LHC is a series of Data Challenges of increasing scope and complexity. The goals of the ATLAS Data Challenges are the validation of the computing model, of the complete software suite, of the data model, and to ensure the correctness of the technical choices to be made. We are committed to ‘common solutions’ and look forward to the LHC Computing Grid being the vehicle for providing these in an effective way. In close collaboration between the Grid and Data Challenge communities ATLAS is testing large-scale testbed prototypes around the world, deploying prototype components to integrate and test Grid software in a production environment, and running DC1 production at 39 ‘tier’ centers in 18 countries on four continents.
Electron Beam Lithography And Resist Processing For The Fabrication Of T-Gate Structures

This paper will discuss direct-write electron beam lithography and multilayer resist processing for the fabrication of T-shaped gates. Gates whose length at the bottom of the "T" are less than 100 nm have been fabricated by this method using a multilayer of polynethylnethacrylate and lift-off. Because of the large cross-section of the T-gate, the resistance is reduced. The end-to-end resistance of the 100 nm T-shaped lines was less than 25) Ohninin as compered to 2000 Ohm/nin for a 100 nm conventional gate, i.e., an eight-fold decrease. In order to facilitate the fabrication of these gates a series of computer programs were written to simulate the development process in a multilayer of electron resists. These programs are based on a string development model of resist development. They allowed rapid prediction of the resist profiles. As a demonstration of the increased device performance made possible by this prociss, modulation-doped field effect transistors (HOLEY) have been fabricated using these T-gate structures . The extrapolated unity current gain frequency (ft) of these transistors is 113 Gilz.
Offshore controls on nearshore rip currents

[1] The rip current field resulting from the transformation of surface gravity waves over offshore submarine canyons is studied. Employing a wave transformation model and a wave-induced circulation model over observed bathymetry we find that wave height variations associated with undulations in the canyon contours cause rip current circulation cells with alongshore spacing of O(100m) even though the nearshore bathymetry displays no variations at these length scales. Further, the predicted rips correspond to observed rip currents during the Nearshore Canyon Experiment (NCEX). Motivated by these results we study the relationship between O(100 m) scale variations in offshore bathymetric contours and the resulting rip current field in the nearshore. To isolate the roles of possible bathymetric features, we construct a series of idealized case studies that include site characteristics found at NCEX that are conducive of rip current development, such as a curved shoreline, an offshore submarine canyon and undulations in the canyon contours. Our results show that the first two components are unable to produce the observed short-scale circulation systems, while wave refraction over undulations in the canyon walls at length scales of O(100 m) provides a sufficient disturbance to generate alongshore wave height variations that drive multiple rip currents for a variety of incident wave conditions. Rips are not generated when the wave period is short, or when the angle of incidence is large. Analysis of the alongshore momentum balances further demonstrates that the rip current locations are also strongly influenced by inertial effects. Hence, nonlinear processes are important within the rip current circulation cell and we find that nonlinear advective acceleration terms balance a large portion of the driving alongshore gradient in the mean water surface elevation in the vicinity of the rip currents with bottom friction accounting for the remainder. Away from the rips, the balance is between the wave forcing and the pressure gradient outside the surf zone and wave forcing and bottom friction inside the surf zone, as expected.
The pyroxene pallasites, Vermillion and Yamato 8451: Not quite a couple

— Two pallasites, Vermillion and Yamato (Y)-8451, have been studied to obtain petrologic, trace element, and O-isotopic data. Both meteorites contain low-Ca and high-Ca pyroxenes (<2% by volume) and have been dubbed “pyroxene pallasites.” Pyroxene occurs as large individual grains, as inclusions in olivine and in other pyroxene, and as grains along the edges of olivine. Symplectic overgrowths, sometimes found in Main Group and Eagle Station pallasites, are not seen in the pyroxene pallasites. Olivine compositions are Fa10–12, similar to those of Main Group pallasites. Siderophile trace element data show that metal in the two meteorites have significantly differing compositions that are, for many elements, outside the range of the Main Group and Eagle Station pallasites. These compositions also differ from those of IAB and IIIAB iron meteorites. Rare earth element (REE) patterns in merrillite are similar to those seen in other pallasites, indicating formation by subsolidus reaction between metal and silicate, with the merrillite inheriting its pattern from the surrounding silicates. The O-isotopic compositions of Vermillion and Y-8451 are similar but differ from Main Group or Eagle Station pallasites, as well as other achondrite and primitive achondrite groups. Although Vermillion and Y-8451 have similar mineralogy, pyroxene compositions, REE patterns, and O-isotopic compositions, there is sufficient evidence to resist formally grouping these two meteorites. This evidence includes the texture of Vermillion, siderophile trace element data, and the presence of cohenite in Vermillion.
Backward production of ϱ0 and f0 mesons in π+n interactions at 6 GeV/c

Abstract Backward production of ϱ 0 and f 0 mesons in π + n interactions at 6 GeV/ c is presented. Total and differential cross sections are reported along with spin density matrix elements.
High-Frequency Limits of Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistors (HFETs)

This paper present a simplified theoretical basis for an understanding of the high frequency limits of the HFETs, and compares the performance of InP based short gate-length devices reported by various groups. For this comparison, the average velocity (Vav) in each device is extracted using the effective gate-length that includes the laterally extended gate-to-drain depletion length. The results indicate that Vav increases approximately from 2.46 x 107 to 3.0 x 107 cm/sec when the gate-length is reduced from 0.15 μm to 0.05 μm. This comparison clearly suggests that although reduction of the gate-length can increase the unity current-gain frequency (fτ), it does not necessarily lead to a high unity power-gain frequency (fmax). The latter requires a low gate series resistance (rgg'), a low source series resistance (rss'), and a very low drain-to-gate feedback capacitance cdg. Since all these parameters are adversely affected by the reduction of the gate-length, the challenge of realizing practical HFETs wit...
Electrocardiogram in a 35-Year-Old Man

The most striking feature of this electrocardiogram (ECG) is a markedly wide QRS complex with an S wave that merges with a peaked T wave without an isoelectric ST segment (Figure 1). This is best seen in leads I and V4 to V6. No definite P waves are seen, although a long PR interval and fusion of Ps with the preceding T waves cannot be excluded in leads II and V2. This is the ECG of severe hyperkalemia; it belongs to a 35-year-old man with renal failure and a serum potassium level of 8.7 mEq/L. As the serum potassium level rises above the upper limit of normal (5.0 mEq/L), the first electrocardiographic change noted usually is a peaked symmetrical T wave with a narrow base. With ever higher levels of serum potassium, conduction slows resulting in a wide, low Pwave, a long PR interval, and a wide QRS complex with slurring of the S wave into a rapidly ascending limb of the T wave. Eventually P waves disappear, and the QRS comes to resemble a sine wave. Death may result from asystole or ventricular fibrillation. Although the ECG of hyperkalemia may resemble right or left bundle branch block or myocardial infarction, it is usually the absence of typical features of those conditions in someone with the electrocardiographic features described previously and a reason for hyperkalemia that alert the physician to the correct diagnosis. The commonest cause of hyperkalemia is renal failure, and the patient’s ECGmay also reflect hypocalcemia or left ventricular hypertrophy before the ECG is severely distorted as in this case.
Bisulfite (sulfur dioxide) is a comutagen in E. coli and in Chinese hamster cells

Abstract The mutagenic and comutagenic effects of bisulfite were investigated. Under moderate exposure conditions (high survival) it was found that bisulfite is not mutagenic to either eukaryotic cells (Chinese hamster V79), or prokaryotic cells ( Escherichia coli ). However, bisulfite does act as a comutagen with UV irradiation. Bisulfite approximately doubles the mutation frequency in UV-irradiated Chinese hamster V79 cells, and it causes a greater than 8-fold increase in Trp + revertants in UV-irradiated E. coli . The comutagenic effect occurs whether cells are exposed to bisulfite during or immediately after UV irradiation. Kinetic studies of the comutagenic effect in E. coli shows that it decays in a biphasic manner, with an apparent half-life of 15 min and a persistence of the comutagenic effect for up to 120 min after UV irradiation. Experiments with several strains of E. coli of varying DNA-repair capacities indicate that excision repair is necessary for a comutagenic effect by bisulfite. It is thought that bisulfite acts to inhibit excision repair, perhaps by effects on DNA polymerase I, or DNA ligase.
O atom transfer from nitric oxide catalyzed by Fe(TPP).

The reaction of NO-Fe(TPP) with low pressures of NO gas proceeds through three distinct transformations, the first of which we suggest is the formation of an N−N-coupled, (NO)2 adduct intermediate....
Electrostatic micromirrors for subaperturing in an adaptive optics system

An electrostatic digital mirror device has been used to replace the lenslet array in a simple adaptive optics system. Clusters of binary pixels define the subapertures of the image plane and direct a small portion of the image onto a detector. The detector measures position shifts in the focused subaperture image caused by optical aberrations. Measurements on a digital mirror-based system and a similar lenslet-based system compare favorably to within a simple scaling factor. A subaperture system designed around a digital mirror device could aid in the development of a sequential subaperturing method that would replace the more complex schemes used in traditional adaptive optics.
Amyloid fibril formation and protein misassembly: a structural quest for insights into amyloid and prion diseases

The assembly and misassembly of normally soluble proteins into fibrilar structures is thought to be a causative agent in a variety of human amyloid and prion diseases. Structural and mechanistic studies of this process are beginning to elucidate the conformational changes required for the conversion of a normally soluble and functional protein into a defined quaternary structure.
Shape, volume, and content of the deglutitive pharyngeal chamber imaged by ultrafast computerized tomography

Abstract Background: Conventional radiographic techniques image only the silhouettes of the deglutitive pharyngeal chamber. This study aimed to accurately image the horizontal plane shape and content of the pharynx during swallowing. Methods: Dynamic computerized tomography images of the pharynx were obtained at the rate of 17 per second during swallowing. Multiple adjacent levels were imaged in eight subjects and a single level was scanned in four subjects during swallows of varied volume. Images were analyzed for area, volume, and the bolus fraction of the deglutitive pharyngeal chamber. Results: The deglutitive chamber enlarged to approximately 24 mL (during tongue loading) compared with a preswallow pharyngeal volume averaging 15 mL. Throughout the 10 mL swallows, the bolus occupied less than 30% of the lumen regardless of axial level. The bolus fraction of the deglutitive chamber increased with swallow volume, as did the dimensions of the upper esophageal sphincter and the bolus velocity through the upper esophageal sphincter. Conclusions: The deglutitive pharyngeal chamber was typically approximately 15 mL > the bolus volume, implying that an obligatory 15 mL of air was swallowed under these test conditions. Most swallowed air originated as air trapped within the pharynx and larynx as the oropharynx was sealed from above and below.
Stressed liquid crystals (Invited Paper)

The recently discovered stressed liquid crystals (SLCs) are of a great interest because they provide the largest phase retardation shift achievable within the shortest time interval. This was accomplished by decoupling the speed of a liquid crystal layer from its thickness. SLCs easily switch 5 microns of phase retardation at sub-millisecond speeds. We have produced phase shifts as large 50 microns in several milliseconds. SLCs are therefore able to modulate IR light with response frequencies higher than 10 kHz. The SLCs are polymer/liquid crystal composites; however, their electro-optic properties differ significantly from previously developed polymer dispersed liquid crystals and polymer network/stabilized liquid crystals. An applied mechanical stress aligns the liquid crystal domains, eliminating scattering and hysteresis at the same time. The phase shift is highly linear with the applied voltage, greatly simplifying the drive electronics. The SLCs pose intriguing basic scientific questions and may be used in a host of new electro-optical applications (micro-displays, diffractive optical elements, beam steering devices).
Differential requirement of EGF receptor and its tyrosine kinase for AP-1 transactivation induced by EGF and TPA

The transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) has been implicated in a large variety of biological processes including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and oncogenic transformation. It is thought that the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced AP-1 activity is because of the activation of the PKC/MAPK/AP-1 pathway, although the detailed molecular mechanism has not been fully characterized. The tyrosine kinases of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) lie at the head of a complex of signal transduction cascade that modulates cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration and differentiation. Currently, little is known about whether EGFR or its tyrosine kinase is necessary for TPA-induced AP-1 activation. In the present study, we investigated this issue using a well-characterized mouse fibroblast B82 cell line, which is devoid of the EGFR, and its stable transfectants with either wild-type EGFR (B82L) or tyrosine kinase-deficient EGFR (mutation at Lys-721) (B82M721). We demonstrated that the TPA or epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced AP-1 activation in the B82L cells that express wild-type EGFR, but not in the B82 cell, whereas autophosphorylation at tyrosine(1173) of EGFR in B82L cells was only induced by EGF, but not TPA. The expression of tyrosine kinase-deficient EGFR (mutation at Lys-721) (B82M721) resulted in deficiency of AP-1 induction in cellular response to EGF, while TPA treatment led to fully AP-1 activation. Furthermore, the mutation at Lys-721 of EGFR resulted in impairing of EGFR autophosphorylation at tyrosine(1173) induced by EGF. Based on these results, we conclude that TPA-induced AP-1 activation requires the basal level-EGFR protein, but not EGFR tyrosine kinase and EGFR autophosphorylation at tyrosine(1173), whereas both EGFR tyrosine kinase and EGFR autophosphorylation at Y(1173) play a critical role in EGF-induced AP-1 activation.
Amosite chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos are mutagenic in chinese hamster lung cells

Abstract Chinese hamster lung cells cultured in the presence of amosite, chrysotile or crocidolite displayed inhibition of cell growth. Phagocytosis of asbestos by cells was observed. Amosite and chrysotile appeared to be twice as toxic as crocidolite based on an equal weight/volume basis. Induction of 6-thioguanine resistance was studied. After treatment at 10 μg/cm2 for 24 h, and with a 48-h expression time numerically the cells did not change significantly from 6-thioguanine-sensitive to 6-thioguanine-resistant for each pair of control and experimental mutation frequencies. When all data points were considered as a whole, use of Student's t-test on paired samples showed that all 3 types of asbestos were mutagenic in Chinese hamster lung cells. It was reported that benzo[a]anthracene was an organic contaminant of abestos. Used as a positive control compound, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was metabolized by rat-liver microsomes and was found mutagenic in Chinese hamster lung cells. Microsome activation did not increase the mutagenic potential of asbestos. These findings point to the weak mutagenic potential of asbestos. Chinese hamster lung cells phagocytize particles and are ideal materials to study mutagenesis of environmental agents that exist in a particulate form.
Morphological image processing for locating minelike objects from side-scan sonar images

A morphological image-processing algorithm was developed to facilitate the rapid identification of bottom minelike objects in side scan sonar acoustic backscatter images. Because large numbers of images are being processed, the emphasis is on rapid computation. The algorithm achieves computational efficiency by dividing the image into bins of a pre-chosen size and performing a binary opening operation for each bin with a 2 X 2 structuring element on each bin having sufficient pixels within the threshold range. Thresholding can be either above a high backscatter level to highlight bright proud objects or below a low backscatter level to highlight low backscatter shade-like objects. The morphological operating highlights continuous pixels within the threshold range without distortion and eliminates objects smaller than the structuring element. A connected component algorithm was used to locate all identified contiguous pixels and to tabulate their centroids and sizes. The identified objects were then screened as possible targets by checking the proximity of bright and dark objects within some threshold radius and chosen direction of each other. The chosen targets were either graphed or archived. Algorithm performance was evaluated by comparison with other target identification algorithms and was found to be compatible. An advanced interactive mode allows using different structuring elements and different morphological operations for possible improvement of the batch mode algorithm. The algorithm, while potentially effective for target identification, is primarily useful for false target identification. By operating on standard survey images the algorithm can isolate areas of potential false target proliferation. Spatial statistical methods, based on k- nearest neighbor distributions and hierarchical and k-means clustering were used to delineate regions of high false target density within the survey area.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Scanning Probe Lithography. 3. Nanometer-Scale Electrochemical Patterning of Au and Organic Resists in the Absence of Intentionally Added Solvents or Electrolytes

Here we provide evidence that the principal mechanism responsible for scanning tunneling microscope (STM)-induced removal (or deposition) of material from organic thin films in air is electrochemical in nature. In experiments conducted in high-humidity (>∼70% relative humidity) ambients, patterning proceeds at biases above ∼+2.3 V because a thin layer of water adsorbed to the tip and surface establishes an ultra-thin-layer electrochemical cell. The low-energy self-assembled monolayer (SAM) restricts the dimensions of the highly resistive solution in the tip−sample gap and confines the patterning to the immediate vicinity of the tip, passivates unetched regions of the Au(111) substrate, and retards the surface mobility of Au atoms thereby stabilizing the patterns. In the absence of SAMs, patterns in nominally naked Au(111) are irreproducible and rapidly anneal to their pre-etch form. In low-humidity (<∼25% relative humidity) ambients there is insufficient water on the SAM surface to support Faradaic electr...
RF heating and temperature oscillations due to a small gap in a PEP-II vacuum chamber

Wake fields excited in a small gap of a vacuum chamber by ampere beams can have enough amplitude to heat the chamber. The electric component of these fields can be above the arcing limit. Usually flange connections in a vacuum chamber contain a vacuum gasket and an inner RF gasket. If a small gap occurs between the RF gasket and flange surface, wake fields can heat the flanges. The flanges are usually made of stainless steel, which efficiently absorbs RF power. Some flanges consist of two parts (like a vacuum valve flange) and are mechanically connected but have poor thermal contact. A temperature rise can lengthen the inner part of the flange and make firmer the thermal contact to the outer part of the flange. The heat will then flow to the outer part of the flange, which is air and water-cooled. This cooling lowers the flange temperature and the thermal contact becomes poor again. This "quasi" periodic mechanism can explain the nature of temperature oscillations observed at several locations in PEP-II, the SLAC B-factory.
Remarks on computing coprime factors for distributed parameter systems

Presents an indirect method for computing coprime factors for a class of linear time-invariant distributed parameter systems. The method overcomes the numerical instability of an existing direct decomposition method. It is shown that coprime factorization can be reduced to constructing simultaneously stabilizing finite-dimensional controllers, for which an efficient iterative procedure is developed. >
Bipolar diffusion charging of high-aspect ratio aerosols

Abstract Recent studies have raised concerns over applicability of the conventional charging theories to non-spherical particles such as soot aggregates and single-walled carbon nanotube aerosols of complex shape and morphology. It is expected that the role of particle structure and shape on particle diffusion charging characteristics may be significant in the submicron size range for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanofibers (CNFs). In this study, we report experimental data on equilibrium charging characteristics of high-aspect ratio aerosol particles such as CNFs and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) when exposed to a bipolar ion atmosphere. A neutral fraction was measured, i.e., the fraction of particles carrying no electrical charge. A differential mobility analyzer (DMA) was used to classify aerosols, leaving a bipolar radioactive charger to infer the bipolar charging characteristics at different mobility diameters in the submicron size range. The measured neutral fractions for CNF aerosol particles were lower than the corresponding Boltzmann values by 24.4%, 42.0%, and 45.8% for mobility diameters of 400 nm, 600 nm, and 700 nm, respectively, while the neutral fractions for measured aerodynamic diameters of 221 nm, 242 nm, and 254 nm were much lower than those expected by Boltzmann charge distribution, by 43.8%, 63.1%, and 67.3%, respectively. Neutral fractions of spherical particles of polystyrene latex (PSL) and diethylhexyl sebacate (DEHS) particles, measured under identical experimental conditions and procedure, agreed well with the Boltzmann charge distribution. The measured neutral fractions for MWCNT aerosol particles were lower than the corresponding Boltzmann values by 22.3%–25.0% for mobility diameters in the size range from 279 nm to 594 nm. Charging-equivalent diameters of CNF particles correlated well with either mobility diameter or equal-area diameter, which were found to be larger than their mobility or equal-area diameters by up to a factor of 5 in the size range of 400 nm–700 nm, while those of MWCNT particles were larger than the corresponding diameters by a factor of 2 in the size range of 279 nm–594 nm.
Unipolar Sensing Abnormalities: Incidence and Clinical Significance of Skeletal Muscle Interference and Under sensing in 228 Patients

Compared to bipolar lead configurations, unipolar pacing systems presumably enhance sensing of cardiac electrical events but are ore susceptible to electrical interference, including skeletal myopotentials. The incidence and clinical significance of oversensing and of undersensing by unipolar R-wave inhibited pacemakers in 228 patients were assessed by 24-hour Holter monitoring and/or by pectoral muscle exercises. Overall, 38% of patients exhibited oversensing and false inhibition due to skeletal myopotentials. Symptoms due to oversensing occurred in 14% of patients and 58% of these required corrective intervention. The presence of silastic coating on the pulse generator had no effect on the sensing of myopotentials. In addition, the incidence of undersensing as assessed by Holter monitoring was 17% despite adequate implantation R wave amplitudes. Thus, oversensing remains a major clinical problem when using unipolar pacemaker systems and their use has not eliminated undersensing.
READFAST: Browsing large documents through unified famous objects (UFO)

While the problem to find needed information on the Web is being solved by the major search engines, access to the information in large text documents (e-books, conference proceedings, product manuals, etc) is still very rudimentary. Thus, keyword-search is often the only way to find the needle in the haystack. There is abundance of relevant research results in the Semantic Web research community that offers more robust access interfaces compared to keyword-search. Here we describe a new hybrid document browser that offers advanced user experience combining keyword-search with navigation over an automatically inferred hierarchical document index. The internal representation of the browsing index as a collection of UFOs [23] yields more relevant search results and improves user experience.
Pole to pole divergence of water vapor

A study of the mean divergence of the water vapor transport on a planetary scale from pole to pole during the IGY is presented. The fields of the mean precipitable water content, of the total vertically integrated water vapor transport and of its divergence covering all the globe are included. Some implications of the water vapor divergence field in connection with the oceanography, hydrology and with the energetics of the general circulation of the atmosphere are discussed. The actual analysis is compared with the previous work obtained from aerological data and with studies of other authors obtained from a different and independent approach, such as the analyses based upon classic climatological procedures. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb01932.x
Providing deterministic delay guarantees in ATM networks

B-ISDN is expected to carry various types of traffic for which stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements must be met. In particular, per-packet (per-cell) delay guarantees are an important QoS requirement for real-time applications. Although several methods have been proposed to provide delay guarantees in packet-switching networks, they are either too complex for ATM networks which allow only very simple operations to achieve high bandwidths (hence, high-speed switching and routing), or too inefficient (in using network resources) to be cost effective. In this paper, we propose a cell-multiplexing scheme for the real-time communication service in ATM networks. The proposed scheme achieves an efficiency close to that of packet-by-packet generalized processor sharing, and incurs an implementation cost similar to that of rate controlled static priority queueing. It employs the leaky bucket model as the input traffic description model and regulates the input traffic at the user network interface to follow the input traffic specification. Inside the network, it consists of two components, traffic controller and scheduler. The function of the traffic controller is to shape real-time traffic to have the same input pattern at every switch along the path. The end-to-end delay is bounded by the scheduler which employs a nonpreemptive rate-monotonic priority scheduling policy at each switch on the path. The proposed scheme is compared to three other popular schemes with MPEG-coded movie clips. Finally, we present a hardware implementation of the proposed scheme based on a systolic array priority queue.
Guest editorial--novel insights into the pathology of Stachybotrys chartarum.

The adverse health effects of indoor mold exposure gained much public attention in recent years. Although many studies support the involvement of fungi in building-related illnesses and emphasize the importance of mold exposure as an emerging public health issue, the role of toxigenic species such as Stachybotrys chartarum (SC) remains highly controversial [1]. Widespread litigation is making it more contentious, and the existing scientific information does not offer sufficient evidence that could lead to a better understanding of the problem and development of comprehensive public health policies. The article by Nagayoshi et al. [2] published in this issue of Mycopathologia describing for the first time the remodeling of pulmonary arteries in mice as a result of inhalation exposure to the spores of S. chartarum significantly extends our knowledge of the pathologic effects of this fungus. The ability to produce potent trichothecene mycotoxins became a source of great concern about S. chartarum. Approximately one-third of the isolates from the United States and Europe represent a chemotype that synthesizes macrocyclic trichothecenes [3]. Macrocyclic trichothecenes are not found in SC isolates belonging to the second chemotype which produces atranones. However, both chemotypes can synthesize much less potent simple trichothecenes. Molds can affect human health through mycotoxicosis, infection, allergy, and inflammation. The first category is often disputed, especially in the context of residential indoor air exposure [1, 4]. Arguments against the role of S. chartarum in building-related diseases are mostly based on the projection that the relatively low concentrations of the SC spores found in most indoor environments are insufficient to cause severe systemic toxicoses. Such opinions do not take into account local toxic effects at the site of deposition of fungal particles where the toxins can reach millimolar concentrations. Reports focusing on mycotoxins tend to present the ‘‘toxic black mold,’’ as S. chartarum is known to the public, as a species with unique properties compared with other fungi. While its high toxigenic potential clearly sets it apart, the effects of different fungal compounds common to all fungi such as b-D-glucan, proteins including hemolysin and proteases or various low-molecular-weight metabolites are likely to play a significant role in pathophysiology of this species [5–9]. In recent years, a number of animal studies of pulmonary effects of S. chartarum have been published, utilizing different animals/strains, different fungal isolates, and experimental protocols. The common finding was lung injury and inflammation. Some of those effects were paralleled in the experiments conducted with pure trichothecene toxins or atranones but toxin-independent mechanisms were also postulated [1, 10, 11]. It is I. Yike (&) D. Dearborn Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Location Code 4940, Room WG19, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA e-mail: ixy@case.edu
Complex regional pain syndrome with associated chest wall dystonia: a case report

Patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) often suffer from an array of associated movement disorders, including dystonia of an affected limb. We present a case of a patient with long standing CRPS after a brachial plexus injury, who after displaying several features of the movement disorder previously, developed painful dystonia of chest wall musculature. Detailed neurologic examination found palpable sustained contractions of the pectoral and intercostal muscles in addition to surface allodynia. Needle electromyography of the intercostal and paraspinal muscles supported the diagnosis of dystonia. In addition, pulmonary function testing showed both restrictive and obstructive features in the absence of a clear cardiopulmonary etiology. Treatment was initiated with intrathecal baclofen and the patient had symptomatic relief and improvement of dystonia. This case illustrates a novel form of the movement disorder associated with CRPS with response to intrathecal baclofen treatment.
Cathepsin B Mediates Cleavage of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Origin Binding Protein (OBP) To Yield OBPC-1, and Cleavage Is Dependent upon Viral DNA Replication

Although the seven viral proteins required for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA replication have been identified, the mechanism by which viral DNA synthesis is regulated is unclear. HSV-1 DNA replication is thought to occur in two stages: origin-dependent DNA replication (stage I) mediated by the origin binding protein (OBP), followed by origin- and OBP-independent DNA replication (stage II). The mechanism that facilitates the switch from stage I to stage II is unknown; however, it must involve the loss of OBP function or OBP itself from the replication initiation complex. Previous studies from this laboratory identified a transcript (UL8.5) and protein (OBPC) that are in frame with and comprise the C terminus of the gene specifying OBP. Because of its DNA binding ability, OBPC has been hypothesized to mediate the switch from stage I to stage II. Here, we identify a second protein (OBPC-2) that is also in frame with the C terminus of OBP but comprises a smaller portion of the protein. We demonstrate that the protein originally identified (OBPC-1) is a cathepsin B-mediated cleavage product of OBP, while OBPC-2 may be the product of the UL8.5 transcript. We further demonstrate that the cleavage of OBP to yield OBPC-1 is dependent upon viral DNA replication. These results suggest that cleavage may be a mechanism by which OBP levels and/or activity are regulated during infection.
The Introductory Materials Science and Engineering Course

The introductory materials science and engineering course offered at the college/university level is, for many instructors, very difficult to design and to teach. This presentation discusses challenges for the course, as well as several problematic issues to include: course content, course organization, and course mechanics. The results of two surveys of engineering faculty are presented and discussed; these provide perspectives and lead to suggestions on how to manage these troublesome areas, and improve the quality of and student satisfaction in this course. Also discussed are commercially available software packages, and, in addition, a hybrid electronic-paper introductory materials textbook.
A Bayesian LDA-based model for semi-supervised part-of-speech tagging

We present a novel Bayesian model for semi-supervised part-of-speech tagging. Our model extends the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model and incorporates the intuition that words' distributions over tags, p(t|w), are sparse. In addition we introduce a model for determining the set of possible tags of a word which captures important dependencies in the ambiguity classes of words. Our model outperforms the best previously proposed model for this task on a standard dataset.
The promise of wolbachia-targeted chemotherapy as a public health intervention for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis.

After the initial observations by Kozek [1] and McLaren et al. [2] that filarial parasites are themselves host to endosymbiotic bacteria, nearly 20 years passed before the discovery that tetracycline and other drugs that target Wolbachia species interfere with worm molting and fertility [3]. This rediscovery led to an explosion of interest in the contribution of these bacteria to the pathogenesis of filarial disease, as well as interest in the potential utility of antibiotics for chemotherapy of filariasis [4]. Initial trials of doxycycline for the treatment of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) have shown that 6-8-week courses of doxycycline treatment reduce levels of both microfilaria and Wolbachia species [5-8]. More important, there is evidence that adult worm fertility is com-
What lies ahead for interconnects and devices

Predicting what lies ahead is fraught with peril as our ability to see is dependent on where and how we look. We are in a regime where nanometer advances can still deliver major performance increases. Our immediate directions are clear but many choices will need to be made in the next few years to be ready for technology in 2020 and beyond.
The Truth Behind the Lies: The Complex Motivations for False Allegations of Sexual Assault

The issue of false allegations is arguably the most controversial topic in the area of sexual violence. Portrayals of women who make false allegations are largely negative and leave little room for a comprehensive understanding of the complex motivations behind false complaints of sexual assault. The current study uses detailed qualitative data on 55 sexual assault cases that were reported to the Los Angeles Police Department in 2008 and that were subsequently unfounded. Our study focuses on identifying the factors that motivated complainants to file false allegations. Results reveal that motivations for false allegations fall into five overlapping categories: avoiding trouble/providing an alibi, anger or revenge, attention seeking, mental illness, and guilt/remorse. In addition, our findings more obviously suggest that motivations for filing false reports are varied and complex, often resulting from a need to alleviate social and personal distress. Given that we centered our study on motivations, this re...
Folate content of human milk during early lactational stages

Abstract In order to expand and update the nutritional information of human milk, the biotin content was determined in early transitional (three to eight days postpartum), transitional (10 to 14 days postpartum), and mature (30 to 47 days postpartum) human milk from 84 donors. The women ranged in age from 16 to 38 years. The biotin level increased significantly (P