cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic, bidirectional influences of children's emotions and maternal regulatory strategies.

The current study examined temporal associations between child emotion and maternal regulatory strategies in mother-child dyads. One hundred and 30 mothers and their 5-year-old children (46.1% boys) completed a challenging puzzle task, which was videotaped. Child positive and negative emotion as well as mothers' regulatory strategies including problem solving, providing approval, and comforting, were coded on a second-by-second basis from the videos. Multilevel modeling analyses were conducted to examine how maternal behaviors at a given time predicted the within-dyad variations of child positive and negative emotion 2 seconds later, controlling for the child's own prior emotion, as well as child emotion predicting subsequent maternal behaviors 2 seconds later, controlling for mothers' prior behaviors. In all models, child sex and negative emotionality as well as maternal depressive symptoms were included as between-dyad predictors, whereas maternal race and education were included as covariates. Results suggested that maternal approval and problem solving predicted within-dyad variation in subsequent child positive emotion. Both child positive and negative emotion was predictive of the within-dyad variation in mothers' subsequent use of strategies. Maternal depressive symptoms moderated the relations between prior and subsequent strategy uses for all three maternal behaviors. Our findings indicated that child emotion regulates, and is regulated by, maternal regulatory strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Property-driven Automatic Generation of Reduced-ISA Hardware

As the diversity of computing workloads and customers continues to increase, so does the need to customize hardware at low cost for different computing needs. This work focuses on automatic customization of a given hardware, available as a soft or firm IP, through eliminating unneeded or undesired instruction set architecture (ISA) instructions. We present a property-based framework for automatically generating reduced-ISA hardware. Our framework directly operates on a given arbitrary RTL or gate-level netlist, uses property checking to identify gates that are guaranteed to not toggle if only a reduced ISA needs to be supported, and automatically eliminates these untoggleable gates to generate a new design. We show a 14% gate count reduction when the Ibex [19] core is optimized using our framework for the instructions required by a set of embedded (MiBench) workloads. Reduced-ISA versions generated by our framework that support a limited set of ISA extensions and which cannot be generated using Ibex’s parameterization options provide 10%47% gate count reduction. For an obfuscated Cortex M0 netlist optimized to support the instructions in the MiBench benchmarks, we observe a 20% area reduction and 18% gate count reduction compared to the baseline core, demonstrating applicability of our framework to obfuscated designs. We demonstrate the scalability of our approach by applying our framework to a 100,000-gate RIDECORE [21] design, showing a 14%17% gate count reduction.
SU-E-T-87: A TG-100 Approach for Quality Improvement of Associated Dosimetry Equipment

Purpose: Dosimetry protocols devote so much time to the discussion of ionization chamber choice, use and performance that is easy to forget about the importance of the associated dosimetry equipment (ADE) in radiation dosimetry - barometer, thermometer, electrometer, phantoms, triaxial cables, etc. Improper use and inaccuracy of these devices may significantly affect the accuracy of radiation dosimetry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk factors in the monthly output dosimetry procedure and recommend corrective actions using a TG-100 approach. Methods: A failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) of the monthly linac output check procedure was performed to determine which steps and failure modes carried the greatest risk. In addition, a fault tree analysis (FTA) was performed to expand the initial list of failure modes making sure that none were overlooked. After determining the failure modes with the highest risk priority numbers (RPNs), 11 physicists were asked to score corrective actions based on their ease of implementation and potential impact. The results were aggregated into an impact map to determine the implementable corrective actions. Results: Three of the top five failure modes were related to the thermometer and barometer. The two highest RPN-ranked failure modes were related to barometric pressure inaccuracy due to their high lack-of-detectability scores. Six corrective actions were proposed to address barometric pressure inaccuracy, and the survey results found the following two corrective actions to be implementable: 1) send the barometer for recalibration at a calibration laboratory and 2) check the barometer accuracy against the local airport and correct for elevation. Conclusion: An FMEA on monthly output measurements displayed the importance of ADE for accurate radiation dosimetry. When brainstorming for corrective actions, an impact map is helpful for visualizing the overall impact versus the ease of implementation.
Measures of information content for computerized ionospheric tomography

Computerized ionospheric tomography (CIT) is an emerging technique that produces two-dimensional images of electron distributions in the ionosphere. The limiting factor for the reconstruction of these images using computerized tomographic techniques is the inability to accurately estimate their vertical profiles. This is due to the geometry of CIT systems which limits the amount of information detected at large projection satellite angles. A relationship exists between the amount of orbit information that is gathered at a particular projection angle, and the positions of the ground station receivers. Therefore, the proper placement of the ground station ionosphere receivers can increase the information content of the dataset, and consequently increase the resolution of resulting images. In order to measure the effect of varying the placement of the ground station receivers, a resolution metric is needed. This paper presents a resolution measure based on projections that enables observation of information content as a function of ray path angle. This resolution measure enables the development of optimal systems as well as evaluation of existing system configurations.
Design-Space Exploration for Block-Processing Based TemporalPartitioning of Run-Time Reconfigurable Systems

The reconfiguration capability of modern FPGA devices can be utilized to execute an application by partitioning it into multiple segments such that each segment is executed one after the other on the device. This division of an application into multiple reconfigurable segments is called temporal partitioning. We present an automated temporal partitioning technique for acyclic behavior level task graphs. To be effective, any behavior-level partitioning method should ensure that each temporal partition meets the underlying resource constraints. For this, a knowledge of the implementation cost of each task on the hardware should be known. Since multiple implementations of a task that differ in area and delay are possible, we perform design-space exploration to choose the best implementation of a task from among the available implementations. To overcome the high reconfiguration overhead of the current day FPGA devices, we propose integration of the temporal partitioning and design space exploration methodology with block-processing. Block-processing is used to process multiple blocks of data on each temporal partition so as to amortize the reconfiguration time. We focus on applications that can be represented as task graphs that have to be executed many times over a large set of input data. We have integrated block-processing in the temporal partitioning framework so that it also influences the design point selection for each task. However, this does not exclude usage of our system for designs for which block-processing is not possible. For both block-processing and non block-processing designs our algorithm selects the best possible design point to minimize the execution time of the design. We present an ILP-based methodology for the integrated temporal partitioning, design space exploration and block-processing technique that is solved to optimality for small sized design problems and in an iterative constraint satisfaction approach for large sized design problems. We demonstrate with extensive experimental results for the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and random graphs the validity of our approach.
High prevalence of HPV59 in cytologically abnormal cervical samples.

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is the second most common form of cancer among women. There are over 100 different types of human papillomavirus (HPV), 40 of which are frequently detected in anogenital mucosa. HPV is the primary etiological agent of cervical cancer and is present predominantly in cervical cancers. Thirteen commonly recognized high-risk genotypes have oncogenic potential. The most common high-risk HPV (hrHPV) genotypes in cervical cancer are HPV16 and HPV18, which have the greatest malignancies. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of hrHPV types in patient samples received at the Mount Sinai Medical Center for routine cytology and HPV testing. In addition, the study compared the sensitivity of the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) and Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping assays. Methods Cytology specimens with abnormal diagnoses were tested for HPV by the Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping and Digene Hybrid Capture 2 molecular systems. Results The Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping Assay was more sensitive than HC2. Additionally, specimens exhibited higher rates of HPV16, HPV51, and HPV59 infections than HPV16 and HPV18 infections. Conclusion The results demonstrate that geographical distribution of HPV genotypes may play an important role in clinical management of HPV infection, particularly when treating cervical dysplasia and recommending HPV vaccination.
Sterol and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis during a growth cycle of tobacco cell suspension cultures.

The accumulation and biosynthesis of sterols and fungal elicitor-inducible sesquiterpenoids by tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell suspension cultures were examined as a function of a 10 day culture cycle. Sterols accumulated concomitantly with fresh weight gain. The rate of sterol biosynthesis, measured as the incorporation rate of [14C]acetate and [3H]mevalonate, was maximal when the cultures entered into their rapid phase of growth. Changes in squalene synthetase enzyme activity correlated more closely with thein vivo synthesis rate and accumulation of sterols than 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR) enzyme activity. Cell cultures entering into the rapid phase of growth also responded maximally to fungal elicitor as measured by the production of capsidiol, an extracellular sesquiterpenoid. However, the rate of sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, measured as the incorporation rate of [14C]acetate and [3H]mevalonate, could not be correlated with elicitor-inducible HMGR or sesquiterpene cyclase enzyme activities, nor elicitor-suppressible squalene synthetase enzyme activity.
Maximum-Likelihood Deconvolution in the Spatial and Spatial-Energy Domain for Events With Any Number of Interactions

In previous works, maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization deconvolution for two-interaction events within a single CdZnTe detector with dimensions of was implemented. This deconvolution method is capable of estimating the source image for each energy range as well as the incident spectrum for each direction around the detector. To improve the detection efficiency and the image resolution, we have built a four-detector array system; each detector has dimensions of . Using this detector-array system, from a Co-60 measurement, 41.5% of recorded events in the energy window from 1100 keV to 1200 keV are two-interaction events. The goal of this work is to increase the efficiency of this deconvolution algorithm by extending the calculation of the system response functions to events with other number of interactions. We first analytically extend the system response function calculation to three-interaction events by deriving the probability density function, considering the measurement noise, and integrating over the digitization and pixelation volume. The system response function is then simplified, modularized, and extrapolated to events with other numbers of interactions from an array system. By including events with any number of interactions in the system model, imaging makes use of all recorded events, and the angular resolution is improved. This deconvolution algorithm is applicable to any gamma-ray detector system that has the capability of recording 3D interaction location and energy deposition for each interaction.
Complications of heroin injections of the neck

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of heroin injections in the neck as an etiology of superficial and deep neck infections and to familiarize the otolaryngologist with the problems in the diagnosis and management of such infections. This study represents the first series to be reported in the world literature of patients with neck infections secondary to heroin injections. Fifty-seven patients with neck infections related to injection of heroin in the neck (main-lining) were studied. These patients were admitted to Detroit General Hospital during the three-year period between January 1974 and December 1976. The clinical signs and symptoms, location of the abscesses, soft tissue radiographs of the neck, arteriograms and ultrasound examinations of the neck are discussed. The diagnostic evaluation and the treatment of the heroin addict who presents with an inflammatory neck mass are outlined, emphasizing the difficulty and the importance of differentiating between cellulitis, abscess, and pseudoaneurysms of the carotid and subclavian arteries.
Countering exclusion: the ‘St. Pats for all’ parade

The St. Patrick's Day parade in New York City has historically been a crucial site for annually reproducing narratives of Irishness through a very public performative ritual taking place on Fifth Avenue. However, in recent years controversy has surrounded this event, associated with the organizers' decision to ban self-identifying Irish homosexuals, a decision supported by the US Supreme Court. In response, a ‘counter-parade’ now takes place in the neighboring borough of Queens, which is beginning to mount a serious challenge to the more established ritual. Billed as the first all-inclusive St. Patrick's Day parade in the city's history, this ‘St. Pats for All’ parade articulates a very different narrative of Irishness than that paraded on Fifth Avenue. In this article I seek to examine this alternative event and the contested identity politics associated with Irishness in New York City, focusing primarily on the axes of nationalism and sexuality, and the role played by public space.
Use of failure case studies in a construction management course

Reasons for including failure case studies within the undergraduate engineering curriculum have been made by various authors, which has led to the inclusion of structural failure cases into some analysis and design courses. However, there is also a need for Civil Engineers to understand project management issues. This paper deals with the integration of failure case studies into a construction management course. In addition to catastrophic failure case studies, such as the Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse (Kansas City, Missouri) and the L’Ambiance Plaza Collapse (Bridgeport, Connecticut), the course makes extensive use of the Montreal Olympic Facility design and construction to demonstrate how deficiencies in the design and construction process can lead to extreme constructability problems and exorbitant cost overruns. The author also shows how the inclusion of the case studies addresses some of the more difficult areas to address in the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) evaluation criteria.
Studies on Hydrogen Phosphide as a Fumigant

Hydrogen phosphide evolved from aluminum phosphide has been used for the fumigation of stored grain in Germany for many years. Experimental data indicate that hydrogen phosphide (Phostoxin) is effective as a fumigant against Tribolium confusum Duv., Sitophilus granarius (L.), S. oryza (L.), Trogoderma granarium Everts, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and readily penetrates flour or wheat. No effect on seed germination has been observed, and preliminary results indicate no effect on baking quality.
Transitory Tales: Writing the Omnibus in Nineteenth-Century Paris

This essay examines a number of works of urban observation written from the mid to late 1800s that take omnibus travel through Paris as their prime subject. These texts deploy the trope of omnibus travel in order to give coherence and structure to the chaos of modern Paris. The first part of this essay considers the power structures set in place through the figure of the omnibus narrator. The second part explores the omnibus narrator’s key obsession: the female passenger. The works analysed in this section focus on a wide array of female types from all social classes. They both reveal anxieties about woman’s power of locomotion in a modern city, and seek to circumscribe this power. Ultimately these texts refract ongoing attempts to redefine femininity and bourgeois respectability and to renegotiate shifting concepts of the public and the private spheres in the context of emerging modern urban culture.
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation and follow-up of children treated for coarctation of the aorta

Electrocardiographic-gated nuclear magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate 10 patients, aged 2.5 to 18 years, with coarctation of the aorta. Six patients had balloon dilation angioplasty, one had surgical repair and three are awaiting treatment. Imaging studies were performed before and after therapy in three patients. In all pretreatment studies, the sagittal and 60° left anterior oblique imaging planes adequately revealed the anatomy of the coarctation. Post-treatment imaging studies demonstrated effective relief of the coarctation in all cases. In three of the six patients who had balloon angioplasty, there was a variable degree of dilation of the aorta at the site of the previous coarctation. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging is an effective noninvasive imaging method for visualizing coarctation of the aorta and for follow-up after treatment.
Evaporative heat transfer characteristics of a water spray on micro-structured silicon surfaces

Experiments were performed to evaluate the evaporative heat transfer characteristics of spray cooling of water on plain and micro-structured silicon surfaces at very low spray mass fluxes. The textured surface is made of an array of square micro-studs. It was found that the Bond number of the microstructures is the primary factor responsible for the heat transfer enhancement of evaporative spray cooling on micro-structured silicon surface in the present study. A qualitative study of evaporation of a single water droplet on plain and textured silicon surface shows that the capillary force within the microstructures is effective in spreading the deposited liquid film, thus increasing the evaporation rates. Four distinct heat transfer regimes, which are the flooded, thin film, partial dryout, and dryout regimes, were identified for evaporative spray cooling on micro-structured silicon surfaces. The microstructures provided better cooling performance in the thin film and partial dryout regime and higher liquid film breakup heat flux, because more water was retained on the heat transfer surface due to the capillary force. Heat transfer coefficient and temperature stability deteriorated greatly once the liquid film breakup occurred. The liquid film breakup heat flux increases with the Bond number. Effects of surface material, system orientation and spray mass flux were also addressed in this study.
Wind-tunnel studies of ground-wind loads on Saturn launch vehicles.

Transonic wind tunnel studies of ground-wind loads on aeroelastic models of Saturn launch vehicle, investigating structural damping, wind velocity and azimuth angle
Alpha Rhythms in the Hyperkinetic Child

HYPERKINESIS is a poorly understood but common disorder of childhood the main features of which are excessive motor activity, a short span of attention, low tolerance of frustration and hyperexcitability, often resulting in learning difficulties and a poor motor performance even where intelligence is normal. The neurophysiological substrate of this disorder remains undefined and emotional factors have often been invoked as its sole basis. Some children with this syndrome improve when given central nervous system stimulant drugs; We have attempted to distinguish those children who are likely to improve from those who may not.
Evaluation and determination of the proper time to remove third molars

The early removal of third molars is recommended. Removal should probably take place when the patient is between 17 and 20 years of age. Although dental age and chronologic age may not always be equivalent, the dentist should use all available information to determine the best time for surgical intervention.
Impact of a multidisciplinary day program on disease and healthcare costs in children and adolescents with severe asthma: a two-year follow-up study.

For patients whose asthma remains in poor control necessitating high utilization of medical services, a referral to a specialized "center of excellence" is often considered. A decade ago, we evaluated our pediatric asthma program of long-term hospitalization (median stay of 75 days) and found significant decreases in subjects' medical utilization following this intervention. In an effort to contain treatment costs, the former program was markedly altered to one of abbreviated stay with emphasis on family management of asthma. The purpose of the present study was to determine the outcome of children treated in the revised program with regard to disease severity, quality of life, and subsequent utilization of medical resources. Children with severe asthma who were admitted to the program and fulfilled study criteria were consecutively enrolled. Data was obtained concerning disease characteristics, treatment, and quality of life at admission, and at 1 and 2 years following discharge. Medical records for the year prior to program admission and for the 2 years following discharge were coded for medical care encounters. Ninety-eight children, aged 9 months to 18 years (mean age, 10.9 years), were enrolled. They participated in the program for a mean of 15.6 ( +/- 8 SD), median of 15.0, and range of 2-51 treatment days. The group showed significant improvement (P < 0.0001) from admission to 1- and 2-year follow-up in median corticosteroid use, asthma functional severity, perceived competence in asthma management, and quality of life for both caregiver and child. Medical record data showed significant improvement (P < 0.0001) at both 1- and 2-year follow-up in median number of corticosteroid bursts, emergency department visits, hospital days, and overall utilization of medical care encounters. A median total medical encounter cost/patient of $16,250 ($6,972-$25,714 interquartile range (IQR)) for the year prior to program participation was reduced to $1,902 ($505-$6,524 IQR) at 1-year and $690 ($185-$3,550 IQR) at 2- year follow-up (P < 0.0001). We conclude that multidisciplinary care in a short-term, outpatient, day treatment program can significantly contribute to improvement in asthma severity, quality of life, and reduction in healthcare costs.
Space Station overview

This paper presents an overview of the Space Station, including program guidelines, international involvement, current baseline configuration, and utilization for science and application missions. Space Station configuration and capabilities, plus methods of utilizing the Space Station for scientific and engineering investigations, are described. The Space Station is being designed as a multipurpose facility to support a number of functions, such as a laboratory in space, a transportation node, an assembly facility, a staging base, etc. The description includes the baseline configuration, location of the pressurized modules, servicing and assembly facilities, and the work package structure for Space Station management. The Space Station will accommodate a wide variety of user requirements in laboratory modules and as attached payloads. To show the utility of the Space Station, a variety of science and application missions currently being studied for NASA at the Marshall Space Flight Center are discussed.
Converting a binding protein into a biosensing conformational switch using protein fragment exchange.

Biosensors can be used in applications ranging from identifying disease biomarkers to detecting spatial and temporal distributions of specific molecules in living cells. A major challenge facing biosensor development is how to functionally couple a biological recognition domain to an output module so that the binding event can be transduced to a visible and quantifiable signal [e.g., Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)]. Most designs achieve coupling by means of a binding protein that changes conformation upon interacting with its target. This approach is limited by the fact that few proteins possess such natural allosteric mechanisms, and for those that do, the conformational change is frequently not extensive enough to produce a large change in distance between FRET donor and acceptor groups. Here, we introduce protein fragment exchange (FREX) to address both problems. FREX employs two components: a folded binding protein and a fragment duplicated from it, the latter of which can be chosen from man...
Symbolic Analysis of Concurrency Errors in OpenMP Programs

In this paper we present the OpenMP Analysis Toolkit (OAT), which uses Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solver based symbolic analysis to detect data races and deadlocks in OpenMP codes. Our approach approximately simulates real executions of an OpenMP program through schedule permutation. We conducted experiments on real-world OpenMP benchmarks and student homework assignments by comparing our OAT tool with two commercial dynamic analysis tools: Intel Thread Checker and Sun Thread Analyzer, and one commercial static analysis tool: Viva64 PVS Studio. The experiments show that our symbolic analysis approach is more accurate than static analysis and more efficient and scalable than dynamic analysis tools with less false positives and negatives.
Interpopulational differences in the use of the Tit-For-Tat strategy during predator inspection in the guppy,Poecilia reticulata

Prior work (Dugatkin, 1991a) has argued that guppies, originating from an area of high predation pressure, employ the Tit-For-Tat strategy during predator inspection visits. Guppies from the high predation site show all three characteristics associated with Tit-For-Tat; nice, retaliatory and forgiving behaviour. Since predation is the major selective force favouring Tit-For-Tat during predator inspection, we predicted fish from an area of low predation would not display the Tit-For-Tat strategy. Our results confirm this prediction; males display retaliatory, but not nice and forgiving behaviour, while females display none of the three characteristics. Thus as predation pressure changes, so too does the conditional nature of the cooperative strategy used during predator inspection.
The interpretation and attainment of reliability in industrial data systems

The first self-sequenced digital computer was a relay device conceived for the purpose of relieving man of the tedium of involved computation. It was a docile slave, content (for the most part) to work a 24-hour day doing arithmetic faster, cheaper, and with fewer errors, than had theretofore been possible. Even before the incorporation of electronics, these capabilities were being utilized on problems which were entirely unreasonable for manual solution. The modern digital computer represents a considerably faster, more versatile, and more reliable instrument than its predecessor, but the advances in capability have been hard pressed to keep pace with the advances in application. It may truly be said at this writing that there is no foreseeable limit to either the speed or the reliability which can be profitably utilized.
Analysis of primary containment response using an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method

Abstract This paper describes an advanced arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method and its associated computer program, ALICE-II, for calculating the response of liquid metal reactor containment to core energetics. It is a versatile numerical algorithm with more flexibility and efficiency than other methods used to treat reactor containment with complex internals such as internal thin shells, upper internal structures, perforated plates, core-support diagrid, shield baffles, and deflector plates. The algorithm uses a two-dimensional, hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian finite-difference technique to calculate the hydrodynamics and fluid-structure interactions, together with a purely Eulerian finite-difference approach to analyze the free-surface and material interface motions. It has significant advantages in treating complex phenomena such as flow through perforated structures, large material distortions, multi-dimensional sliding interfaces, flow around corners, highly contorted fluid boundaries, outflow boundary conditions, and coolant spillage. Numerical calculations for the hydrodynamic solutions are separated into three phases. The first phase consists of an explicit Lagrangian calculation. The second phase, which is options, contains an implicit iteration. The third phase, which is also optional, rezones the mesh vertices to prescribed positions. The structural response is computed by a library of elastic-plastic elements formulated in corotational coordinates in conjunction with an explicit time-integration scheme. Interaction between fluid and structure is accounted for by rigorously enforcing the interface boundary conditions. Many sample problems are given to illustrate the code effectiveness. Results demonstrate that these complex fluid-structure interaction problems can be analyzed with the ALICE-II code in a relatively natural and straightforward manner.
Common eigenvectors and quasicommutativity of sets of simultaneously triangularizable matrices

Abstract A set of simultaneously triangularizable square matrices over an arbitrary field is considered. If the matrices are also quasicommutative, then they have a common eigenvector for every distinct set of corresponding eigenvalues. Conversely, if the set of matrices has this common eigenvector property hereditarily (i.e., for every set of corresponding blocks in every simultaneous block triangularization), then the matrices are quasicommutative.
The Uptake of Inorganic Nutrients by Heterotrophic Bacteria

It is now well known that heterotrophic bacteria account for a large portion of total uptake of both phosphate (60% median) and ammonium (30% median) in freshwaters and marine environments. Less clear are the factors controlling relative uptake by bacteria, and the consequences of this uptake on the plankton community and biogeochemical processes, e.g., new production. Some of the variation in reported inorganic nutrient uptake by bacteria is undoubtedly due to methodological problems, but even so, uptake would be expected to vary because of variation in several parameters, perhaps the most interesting being dissolved organic matter. Uptake of ammonium by bacteria is very low whereas uptake of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) is high in eutrophic estuaries (the Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay). The concentrations and turnover of DFAA are insufficient, however, in oligotrophic oceans where bacteria turn to ammonium and nitrate, although the latter only as a last resort. I argue here that high uptake of dissolved organic carbon, which has been questioned, is necessary to balance the measured uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in seawater culture experiments. What is problematic is that this DIN uptake exceeds bacterial biomass production. One possibility is that bacteria excrete dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). A recent study offers some support for this hypothesis. Lysis by viruses would also release DON.
A spark chamber with improved time resolution

Abstract We describe a new type of particle detector, similar in construction and spatial resolution to a conventional spark chamber, but with a time resolution ability which is approximately five times better than that of a conventional spark chamber.
A variational solution to the taylor stability problem based upon non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Abstract The recent papers of Glansdorff, Prigogine and Schechter have shown that a time dependent local potential exists in which the macroscopic time evolution corresponds to an extremum. Schechter and Himmelblau [19]solved the well-known Benard problem using a restricted variational formulation. In this paper the works of Glansdorff, Prigogine and Schechter are modified and extended to obtain a variational solution to the Taylor stability problem for a viscous fluid contained between rotating coaxial cylinders with and without a radial temperature gradient. The results obtained are in excellent agreement with the analytical results of Chandrasekhar[9], Chandrasekhar and Elbert [10], Diprima, Walowit and Tsao [4], Yih [5], Lai [25], and Becker and Kaye [7]and with the experimental results of Becker and Kaye [8], Bjork-lund and Kays [12], Haas and Nissan [13]and Ho, Nardacci and Nissan [15].
Stock exchanges in low and middle income countries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe and critique the swing in international policy from encouraging lower income countries to erect local stock exchanges in the 1990s to discouraging them on efficiency grounds after the US securities markets collapsed in 2001.Design/methodology/approach – Surveys existing literature and data about stock exchanges in emerging market countries for evidence justifying a supportive policy approach to local exchanges in lower income countries.Findings – Basic indicators of stock exchange performance in lower income countries from the World Development Indicators database reveal positive trends alongside the less auspicious indicators emphasized by international organizations opposed to stock exchange development in lower income countries. A survey of finance and development literature generally, and work on capital markets specifically, provides evidence of and rationale for the public benefits of stock exchange development, particularly in emerging market count...
Adaptive Design Models Considering Lifespan of Buildings

A new design procedure is proposed which integrates system identification procedures and fuzzy set mathematics with damage and degradation models to formulate an adaptive design model capable of considering the changes a structure experiences dur ing its lifespan. Using this design model, the original finite element model can adapt to the assumptions inherent in finite element analysis and to the structural degradation that takes place as the system ages.
Glycosphingolipid patterns in human promyelocytic HL-60 leukemia cells susceptible or resistant to differentiation induction by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

The patterns of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) were analyzed in an HL-60 cell variant, HL-205, which is susceptible to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced monocyte/macrophage differentiation, and in an HL-60 cell variant, HL-525, which is resistant to such differentiation. The amounts and types of the GSLs were similar in both the HL-205 and HL-525 cells and they resemble those of granulocytes. Treatment with 3 nM PMA caused the susceptible HL-205 cells (but not the resistant cells) to acquire a new GSL pattern which resembles that of monocytes. This new pattern was characterized by increases in the level of a neutral GSL, Gb3Cer, from trace levels to 0.05 mg/10(9) cells and of an acidic GSL, GM3 ganglioside, from 0.03 to 0.33 mg/10(9) cells. The increases in the level of this ganglioside were found to be due to an increase in CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid:lactosylceramide sialyltransferase activity. These results indicate an association between PMA-induced terminal differentiation along the monocyte/macrophage cell lineage and PMA-evoked increases in specific GSLs, GM3 in particular, which is due to a rise in the activity of its synthetic enzyme.
Promoting Positive Academic Dispositions Using a Web-Based PBL Environment: The GlobalEd 2 Project.

Abstract Problem-based learning (PBL) is an instructional design approach for promoting student learning, understanding and knowledge development in context rich settings. Previous PBL research has primarily focused on face-to-face learning environments, but current technologies afford PBL designers the opportunities to create online, virtual, PBL envi-ronments. The GlobalEd 2 Project is an example of a PBL environment that combines the positive characteristics of both face-to-face and online environments in a 14-week simu -lation of international negotiations of science advisors on global water resource issues. The GlobalEd 2 PBL environment is described examining the impact it has had on middle school students’ interest in future science education experiences, self-efficacy related to writing in science and self-efficacy related to technology use for academic purposes using a pre-test post-test design. Analyses using ANOVAs of gain scores and ANCOVAs of sub-group differences demonstrate a positive impact on the science interest and self-efficacy of 208 middle-grade students from urban and suburban schools.Keywords: problem-based learning, self-efficacy, writing, science interest, global education
Invited Review: Clinical Applications of Enteral Nutrition

Clinical and experimental evidence confirms that delivery of nutrients via the gastrointestinal tract reduces septic morbidity in critically injured patients. Early enteral feeding seems to maintain mucosal integrity and to support the gut as an important immunologic organ that may affect other areas of the body. There is increasing evidence to suggest that specific nutrients are especially beneficial in maintaining intestinal host-defense function in times of critical illness and injury.
Amlodipine attenuates oxidative stress-induced hypertension.

Background Dihydropyridine Ca 2+ -blockers, frequently used as antihypertensive and antianginal agents, have been found to exert potent antioxidant and cytoprotective activities against free radical-mediated vascular injury. Methods In the current study we examined the effect of amlodipine (AMLOD) on oxidative stress-induced hypertension in Sprague-Dawley rats administered buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione (GSH) synthase inhibitor, in the drinking water. The control animals received drug-free water. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography. Plasma levels of total 8-isoprostane, thromboxane A 2 , prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and aortic cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Plasma, kidney, and heart GSH were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Administration of BSO significantly increased BP, isoprostane, and thromboxane A 2 , whereas GSH, PGI 2 , and cAMP were reduced. When given alone, AMLOD alone reduced BP and the plasma levels of isoprostane and thromboxane A 2 , and elevated prostacyclin, nitric oxide, cGMP, and cAMP. When administered with BSO, AMLOD reversed the BSO-induced elevation of BP, isoprostane, and thromboxane A 2 as well as the reduction in prostacyclin, cAMP, and cardiac GSH levels. Conclusions The antihypertensive effect of amlodipine involves a reduction in oxidative stress, which appears to be mediated in part by the prostanoid endothelium-derived factors and nitric oxide.
A Graph-Theoretic Approach to Goodness-of-Fit in Complete-Link Hierarchical Clustering

Abstract The complete-link hierarchical clustering strategy is reinterpreted as a heuristic procedure for coloring the nodes of a graph. Using this framework, the problem of assessing goodness-of-fit in complete-link clustering is approached through the number of “extraneous” edges in the fit of the constructed partitions to a sequence of graphs obtained from the basic proximity data. Several simple numerical examples that illustrate the suggested paradigm are given and some Monte Carlo results presented.
Molecular Structure of Galactokinase

Galactokinase plays a key role in normal galactose metabolism by catalyzing the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of alpha-D-galactose to galactose 1-phosphate. In humans, mutations in the galactokinase gene can lead to the diseased state referred to as Type II galactosemia. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of galactokinase from Lactococcus lactis determined to 2.1-A resolution. As expected from amino acid sequence alignments, galactokinase adopts a similar topology to that observed for members of the GHMP superfamily. The N-terminal domain is characterized by a five-stranded mixed beta-sheet while the C-terminal motif is dominated by two distinct four-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheets. The structure was solved in the presence of alpha-D-galactose and inorganic phosphate. These ligands are wedged between the N- and C-terminal domains. Amino acid side chains responsible for anchoring the sugar ligand to the protein include Arg36, Glu42, Asp45, Asp183, and Tyr233. Both Arg36 and Asp183 are strictly conserved in the amino acid sequences available in the literature thus far for galactokinases. Interestingly, the carboxylate side chain of Asp183 is positioned within 3.5 A of the C-1 hydroxyl group of galactose, whereas the guanidinium group of Arg36 is situated between both the C-1 hydroxyl group and the inorganic phosphate. Most likely these residues play key roles in catalysis. The structure of galactokinase described here serves as a model for understanding the functional consequences of point mutations known to result in Type II galactosemia in humans.
Levetiracetam for seizures in children with brain tumors and other cancers

Children with brain tumors and other cancers can suffer from seizures. Unfortunately, most antiepileptic therapies are metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. Levetiracetam, a newer anticonvulsant, does not undergo CYP metabolism and does not alter the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy, antiemetics, and corticosteroids, which are metabolized by the liver. We studied 23 patients with cancer and seizures treated with levetiracetam. Over 95% of patients had fewer seizures, with 65.2% becoming seizure free; only one patient experienced an adverse reaction. Levetiracetam is effective and well tolerated in children with brain tumors and other cancers, who are often on multiple enzyme-inducing drugs. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:288–289. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Potential p-type doping in amorphous chalcogenide films

Sputtered amorphous films of stoichiometric (Cu2/3Se1/3)x(As2/5Se3/5)1-x were produced with compositions where the Se atoms should be tetrahedrally coordinated and the majority of the intrinsic defects transformed from negative to positive effective electron-electron correlation energies, Ueff. The incorporation of oxygen appears to produce, in large densities, acceptors that are responsible for a three orders of magnitude increase in conductivity with a corresponding decrease in electrical activation energy while maintaining a constant optical bandgap. The conduction process is a thermally activated, extended state mechanism and is determined to be p-type. We speculate that adding highly ionic oxygen atoms produces Cu “vacancies” (Se-Se nearest neighbor) by pulling the Cu atoms from their regular cation sites into interstitial sites near the oxygen atoms. These arguments are roughly analgous to a known doping process in II-VI semiconductors.
Electrolytic Coloration and Electrical Breakdown of MgO Single Crystals

Abstract A series of investigations of electrolytic coloration effects produced in MgO single crystals containing iron-group impurities has been carried out. The purpose of these investigations was to determine the identity and production mechanism of localized coloration or dark streaks that are frequently observed following the electrical breakdown of MgO crystals at temperatures in the range of 1000°C. A technique employing a point contact cathode was used to reproduce these coloration effects in a controlled systematic manner. Studies using a variety of techniques (MCD, EPR, SIMS, light scattering, etc.) establish that the formation of metallic precipitates by electrolytic reduction of impurities is primarily responsible for the observed localized dark coloration effects. In situ observations of the coloration process showed that it was initiated at the cathode and that the regions of coloration are coincident with those regions of the MgO crystal where the catastrophic failure in electrical insulating properties occurs. Electrical breakdown and coloration effects were observed in MgO crystals doped with each member of the entire 3d transition series except scandium. Crystals doped with different impurities did vary, however, in their tendency to fail electrically. Similar solid state chemical alterations were induced by more conventional reduction techniques which generally required higher temperatures to produce metallic colloids than electrolysis.
Is Plagiarism a Forerunner of Other Deviance? Imagined Futures of Academically Dishonest Students

This study explored the relationship of current incidences of academic dishonesty with future norm/rule-violating behavior. Data were collected from 154 college students enrolled in introductory and upper-level psychology students at a large Midwest public university who received credit for participating. The sample included students from many different majors and all years of study. Participants completed a self-report survey that included a measure of Academic Dishonesty (including three subscales: Self-Dishonest, Social Falsifying, and Plagiarism) and an Imagined Futures Scale (five subscales that included Norm/Rule Violating, Physically Threatening, Culturally Diverse, Emotionally Distressing, and Agentic Futures). Correlation analyses indicated a significant positive relationship between all three Academic Dishonesty subscales and an imagined norm/rule-violating future. Further, regression analyses revealed social falsifying as being significantly predictive of a norm/ rule-violating future. Suggesti...
Induction of antiviral genes by the tumor microenvironment confers resistance to virotherapy

Oncolytic viruses obliterate tumor cells in tissue culture but not against the same tumors in vivo. We report that macrophages can induce a powerfully protective antiviral state in ovarian and breast tumors, rendering them resistant to oncolytic virotherapy. These tumors have activated JAK/STAT pathways and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) is upregulated. Gene expression profiling (GEP) of human primary ovarian and breast tumors confirmed constitutive activation of ISGs. The tumors were heavily infiltrated with CD68+ macrophages. Exposure of OV-susceptible tumor cell lines to conditioned media from RAW264.7 or primary macrophages activated antiviral ISGs, JAK/STAT signaling and an antiviral state. Anti-IFN antibodies and shRNA knockdown studies show that this effect is mediated by an extremely low concentration of macrophage-derived IFNβ. JAK inhibitors reversed the macrophage-induced antiviral state. This study points to a new role for tumor-associated macrophages in the induction of a constitutive antiviral state that shields tumors from viral attack.