cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating Tuition Elasticity of Student Enrollment: The Case of a Regional Comprehensive Master's Institution

This study examines the tuition elasticity of student enrollment for a public regional comprehensive master’s university, Pittsburg State University in Kansas. Tuition elasticity is a measure of the responsiveness of student enrollment decisions due to changes in tuition over time. This measure is useful as it indicates how changes in tuition policy will affect revenue. Using 32 years of institutional, state, and national data, elasticity measures are estimated for various cohorts of students, including freshmen, transfers, undergraduates and graduate students. The model controls for factors other than tuition that are also likely to influence enrollment, such as: the availability of scholarships, household income, the relative cost of alternative schools, the economic environment, and the pool of recent high school graduates. The results indicate that freshman students are more sensitive to changes in tuition than other undergraduate students in general – a one percent increase in tuition and fees is expected to result in a decrease in freshman enrollment of between 1.19 and 1.29 percent, holding all else constant. Both undergraduate transfer students and graduate students are found to be insensitive to increases in tuition and fees. These and other results are discussed relative to their policy implications for similar institutions contemplating increases in tuition.
Effectiveness of a ketogenic diet and virtual coaching intervention for patients with diabetes: A difference-in-differences analysis.

Aim To test the effectiveness of a ketogenic diet and virtual coaching intervention in controlling markers of diabetes care and healthcare utilization. Materials and methods Using a difference-in-differences analysis with a waiting list control group-a quasi-experimental methodology-we estimated the 5-month change in HbA1c, body mass index, blood pressure, prescription medication use and costs, as well as healthcare utilization. The analysis included 590 patients with diabetes who were also overweight or obese, and who regularly utilize the Veterans Health Administration (VA) for healthcare. We used data from VA electronic health records from 2018 to 2020. Results The ketogenic diet and virtual coaching intervention was associated with significant reductions in HbA1c (-0.69 [95% CI -1.02, -0.36]), diabetes medication fills (-0.38, [-0.49, -0.26]), body mass index (-1.07, [-1.95, -0.19]), diastolic blood pressure levels (-1.43, [-2.72, -0.14]), outpatient visits (-0.36, [-0.70, -0.02]) and prescription drug costs (-34.54 [-48.56, -20.53]). We found no significant change in emergency department visits (-0.02 [-0.05, 0.01]) or inpatient admissions (-0.01 [-0.02, 0.01]). Conclusions This real-world assessment of a virtual coaching and diet programme shows that such an intervention offers short-term benefits on markers of diabetes care and healthcare utilization in patients with diabetes.
Oncogenes Activated in Radiation-Induced Rat Skin Tumors

Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed at four weeks of age to 0.8 MeV electron radiation in single or fractionated doses ranging from 800 to 1600 rads. A sample of 6 tumors was excised at 50 or 74 weeks of age. The DNA from three carcinomas produced transformed foci by transfection in NIH3T3 cells. In 4 transfectants a rat tumor derived K-ras Eco R1 fragment was seen by Southern blot analysis. The DNA of four cancers showed myc gene amplification in each case compared to normal rat liver DNA. Hybridization with an H-ras probe showed no significant amplification of this gene in any of the tumors. Northern blot analysis of poly A+ RNA demonstrated a major increase of myc gene expression in a tumor which was active in the transfection assay. Analogous experiment using the same mRNA samples showed no differences in H-ras gene expression between normal skin and any tumor. These data demonstrate simultaneous activation of oncogenes from myc and ras complementation groups in a single tumor.
Social Costs: The Career-Family Tradeoff

Are there career costs for family life? Are there social costs to career success? This chapter explores these two interrelated questions with an attention to gender issues. Women continue to find themselves before the unfair choice between family life and career success. In the first part of this chapter, there will be an emphasis on the prevalence of this problem. In the second part of the chapter, we discuss the roots of the problem, which we argue, rests in both the public and the private domains. Lastly, the chapter recommends a set of organizational, policy, and societal remedies to correct this imbalance between career and family, in hopes of improving the ability of US families to not “have-it-all”, but at least have the opportunity for more flexible choices.
Dark energy with fine redshift sampling

The cosmological constant and many other possible origins for acceleration of the cosmic expansion possess variations in the dark energy properties slow on the Hubble time scale. Given that models with more rapid variation, or even phase transitions, are possible though, we examine the fineness in redshift with which cosmological probes can realistically be employed, and what constraints this could impose on dark energy behavior. In particular, we discuss various aspects of baryon acoustic oscillations, and their use to measure the Hubble parameter H(z). We find that currently considered cosmological probes have an innate resolution no finer than {delta}z{approx_equal}0.2-0.3.
Transport Analysis in Fluid Flow Phenomena

In this chapter velocity profiles and volumetric flow rate equations are developed from the equations of motion introduced in Chapter 3. From these equations a discussion of macroscopic flow phenomena is presented, including an analysis of friction factors in laminar and turbulent flow. Then non-Newtonian fluid behavior is discussed, from the point of view of Reynolds number-friction factor plots. Some examples of viscoelastic properties are then briefly presented, along with two-phase solid-liquid suspension flow. The chapter concludes with an analysis of some fluid flow phenomena by boundary layer theory.
Analysis of Multi-Dimensional Space-Filling Curves

A space-filling curve is a way of mapping the multi-dimensional space into the 1-D space. It acts like a thread that passes through every cell element (or pixel) in the D-dimensional space so that every cell is visited exactly once. There are numerous kinds of space-filling curves. The difference between such curves is in their way of mapping to the 1-D space. Selecting the appropriate curve for any application requires knowledge of the mapping scheme provided by each space-filling curve. A space-filling curve consists of a set of segments. Each segment connects two consecutive multi-dimensional points. Five different types of segments are distinguished, namely, Jump, Contiguity, Reverse, Forward, and Still. A description vector Ve(J, C, R, F, S), where J, C, R, F, and S are the percentages of Jump, Contiguity, Reverse, Forward, and Still segments in the space-filling curve, encapsulates all the properties of a space-filling curve. The knowledge of V facilitates the process of selecting the appropriate space-filling curve for different applications. Closed formulas are developed to compute the description vector V for any D-dimensional space and grid size N for different space-filling curves. A comparative study of different space-filling curves with respect to the description vector is conducted and results are presented and discussed.
Using mobile phones and short message service to deliver self-management interventions for chronic conditions: a meta-review.

Background The worldwide burden of chronic disease is widespread and growing. This shift from acute to chronic care requires rethinking how resources are invested in managing these conditions. One response has been to create programs and interventions that have the goal of helping patients better manage their own conditions. Over time, these self-management interventions and strategies have increasingly relied on various technologies for their implementation, with the newest technology being mobile phones and short message service (SMS). Aim The objective of this meta-review was to evaluate the current evidence on the use of mobile phones and SMS to deliver self-management interventions for chronic conditions. Methods A meta-review was conducted of the 11 systematic reviews (SRs) that were identified and retrieved after an extensive search of electronic databases covering the years 2000–2012. Relevant information was abstracted from each systematic review and a quality assessment carried out using the AMSTAR (“A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews”) criteria. Findings The number and types of included studies and total number of subjects varied significantly across the systematic reviews. Mobile phone text messaging was reported to significantly improve adherence to appointments and antiretroviral therapy, short-term smoking quit rates, and selected clinical and behavioral outcomes. AMSTAR scores ranged from 11 to 3, reflecting substantial variation in SR quality. Linking Evidence to Action Mobile phones and SMS show promise as a technology to deliver self-management interventions to improve outcomes of chronic care management. However, the quality of future studies and systematic reviews needs to be improved. There also are unresolved issues about the technology itself.
The Evolution of Last-Resort Operations in the Global Credit Crisis

The financial crisis that began in 2007 took place in the context of a secular shift from a bank-loan financial system to a capital-markets financial system — that is, from one based on nontradable financial assets, with banks playing the key intermediary role, to one based on tradable securities, with dealers playing the key intermediary role. We argue that the system’s response to the crisis can be viewed as moving from a private lender of last resort, through a public lender of last resort, to a dealer of last resort. It was the last that was finally able to stabilize the system, because it is the response suited to a liquidity crisis in the capital-markets financial system where the problem arose. We use a balance-sheet approach to trace out the breakdown of the so-called shadow banking system and the measures taken first in the private money markets and then by the Federal Reserve to restore liquidity to the financial system.
Governance of the University: Rules, Rights, and Responsibilities

T HE REGULATION and control of the behavior of the members of the university community through the exercise of administrative rulemaking authority is beset with unusual difficulties that seem to inhere in the nature of the institution. The characteristic individualism and cherished independence of the faculty combined with the assertiveness, exuberance, and idealism of large numbers of students eager to challenge the contemporary adult world make up a population of high and unpredictable volatility. Although the history of higher education both here and abroad is filled with illustrative examples of conflict between town and gown that reach back to the middle ages,' every new occasion is greeted by the nonuniversity world with fresh surprise, dismay, and insistent demands that the university's administrative officials take prompt action to suppress not only the more traditional outbreaks of student rowdiness but also the demonstrations, parades, and sit-ins which have proven to be so effective today in expressing campus protest and dissent.
Unusual value for protein-bound iodine in the serum of the opossum.

In addition, the fruits of the high-pigment selections exhibit a high degree of firmness. Whether this is because of a close association of independent genetic factors or because of a pleiotropic effect of one or both of the high-pigment genes has not yet been determined. References 1. J. P. McCollum, Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 61, 431 (1953). 2. J. A. Jenkins and G. Mackinney, Genetics 38, 107 (1953) M. L. Tomes et al., ibid. 38, 117 (1953).
H-RAS mutation is a key molecular feature of pediatric urothelial bladder cancer. A detailed report of three cases.

Summary Introduction Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder is a rare entity in the pediatric population, with an incidence of less than 0.4% in patients younger than 20 years. These patients overwhelmingly present with non-muscle-invasive low-grade disease and an indolent behavior. Objective The aim was to determine the source of the different natural history between pediatric population and adults; we hypothesized that pediatric bladder cancer may stem from different molecular pathways. Our objective with this descriptive case series was to study the main genes involved in pediatric urothelial bladder carcinoma using immunohistochemical (IHC) and mutational analysis. By studying the genetic alterations and immunophenotype of the most commonly altered genes in bladder urothelial cancer in three pediatric tumors we could gain better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis in this rare disease. Study design Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue slides of urothelial bladder tumors from three pediatric patients were retrospectively identified at Columbia University pathology archives (1990–2011) and re-evaluated. FGFR3, H-RAS, and PI3K hotspots mutational analyses were conducted by polymerase chain reaction amplification and Sanger sequencing from the FFPE tissue blocks. IHC analysis was conducted using antibodies against p53, PTEN, RB, EGFR, and HER2. Proliferative rate was assessed by Ki-67 expression. Results Two patients had low-grade Ta disease, whereas the other tumor was classified as a papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential. None of the lesions recurred. Notably, all specimens showed H-RAS G12V mutation, whereas they were characterized by wild-type FGFR3 and PI3K. Nuclear p53 was not detected, whereas PTEN and RB expression were maintained. EGFR was expressed in the three cases and HER2 was negative. The proliferation rate was very low in all cases. Discussion It is difficult to draw strong conclusions from the study of three tumors treated at the same institution and from the same referral population, and a multicentric study should be performed to confirm these preliminary results. However, we propose that H-RAS mutation analysis could be performed on urothelial bladder tumors of pediatric patients. The knowledge in the molecular basis of urothelial bladder tumors in children opens a promising field which could lead us to establish different guidelines for surveillance and follow-up of pediatric urothelial bladder cancer patients. Conclusion Pediatric tumors are characterized by a consistent H-RAS mutation status, whereas FGFR3 and p53 pathways are not involved in this tumor initiation. These results may explain the few recurrences seen in this population.
SO CALLED RENAL RICKETS: REPORT OF A CASE

A case is described in which marked bony deformity, of the type of osteomalacia, is associated with definite renal insufficiency in a boy of eighteen years. An attempt is made to show the comparative rarity of the condition by consideration of all the known reported cases. Differential diagnosis of so called renal rickets, from hyperparathyroidism, late rickets, juvenile Paget's disease, and early osteomalacia is considered. A question of etiology is still left open although a theory of causation is advanced.
The role of arginine 120 of human prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 in the interaction with fatty acid substrates and inhibitors.

Arg-120 is located near the mouth of the hydrophobic channel that forms the cyclooxygenase active site of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (PGHSs)-1 and -2. Replacement of Arg-120 of ovine PGHS-1 with a glutamine increases the apparentK m of PGHS-1 for arachidonate by 1,000-fold (Bhattacharyya, D. K., Lecomte, M., Rieke, C. J., Garavito, R. M., and Smith, W. L. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 2179–2184). This and other evidence indicate that the guanido group of Arg-120 forms an ionic bond with the carboxylate group of arachidonate and that this interaction is an important contributor to the overall strength of arachidonate binding to PGHS-1. In contrast, we report here that R120Q human PGHS-2 (hPGHS-2) and native hPGHS-2 have very similar kinetic properties, but R120L hPGHS-2 catalyzes the oxygenation of arachidonate inefficiently. Our data indicate that the guanido group of Arg-120 of hPGHS-2 interacts with arachidonate through a hydrogen bond rather than an ionic bond and that this interaction is much less important for arachidonate binding to PGHS-2 than to PGHS-1. The K m values of PGHS-1 and -2 for arachidonate are the same, and all but one of the core residues of the active sites of the two isozymes are identical. Thus, the results of our studies of Arg-120 of PGHS-1 and -2 imply that interactions involved in the binding of arachidonate to PGHS-1 and -2 are quite different and that residues within the hydrophobic cyclooxygenase channel must contribute more significantly to arachidonate binding to PGHS-2 than to PGHS-1. As observed previously with R120Q PGHS-1, flurbiprofen was an ineffective inhibitor of R120Q hPGHS-2. PGHS-2-specific inhibitors including NS398, DuP-697, and SC58125 had IC50 values for the R120Q mutant that were up to 1,000-fold less than those observed for native hPGHS-2; thus, the positively charged guanido group of Arg-120 interferes with the binding of these compounds. NS398 did not cause time-dependent inhibition of R120Q hPGHS-2, whereas DuP-697 and SC58125 were time-dependent inhibitors. Thus, Arg-120 is important for the time-dependent inhibition of hPGHS-2 by NS398 but not by DuP-697 or SC58125.
Development and distribution of elastic fibers in the mandibular joint of the mouse. A comparison of fetal, suckling, juvenile and adult stages

Development and distribution of elastic fibers were studied in mandibular joints of white Swiss mice which ranged from 15 days insemination age to three months postnatal. Paraffin sections were stained with Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin and Verhoeff's elastic tissue stain. Elastogenesis does not begin until the major elements of the mandibular joint are present. The first distinct elastic elements appear as granules at the nineteenth to twentieth day insemination age. Early sites of elastogenesis occur in the peripheral portions of the articular disk, at the transition and continuation of fibrous disk tissue with the periarticular tissues, and with the periosteum around the neck of the mandible. The concentration, length and caliber of fibers is increased markedly during the suckling stage, especially in the walls of the medial and lateral recesses of the synovial cavities, and in the posterior continuation of the disk to form a fibroelastic band of attachment to the squamosal bone. Prominent bands of long elastic fibers appear in the epimysium of the lateral pterygoid and masseter muscles in the young adult. The central portion of the disk and the articular surfaces of the mandibular condyle and fossa contain no elastic fibers, confirming the contention that these surfaces are not particularly stress-bearing. Stretch and shearing stresses are created, however, which require extensive elastic fiber development in other joint tissues.
Gibbs measures for Axiom A flows

We study Axiom A flows and introduce a new definition of Gibbs states which is modeled after a current one for diffeomorphisms and by which Gibbs states are locally characterized by their transformation when pulled back by conjugating homeomorphisms. We show that Gibbs states are equilibrium states and vice versa. We also show that for subshifts this equivalence can be strengthened.
Are nitrate levels in groundwater stable over time

Epidemiologists often use a retrospective study design to examine for associations between an exposure and the occurrence of adverse health effects. Several of these studies used this approach to examine for an association between elevated levels of nitrate in drinking water and related health effects such as methemoglobinemia, cancer, neural tube effects, or spontaneous abortions. Often, data on exposures that occurred before these health outcomes were not available. Consequently, researchers use measurements of exposures at the time of the study to represent exposures that occurred before people developed these conditions. An opportunity to examine the stability of nitrate in water occurred during a survey of private water wells in nine Midwestern states. In this survey, water samples from 853 homes with drilled wells were collected in May 1994 and in September 1995 and nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate-N) was measured by the colorimetric cadmium reduction method. Nitrate-N levels from the same well over time were assessed by a mixed-effects analysis of variance. Analysis showed no significant difference in between the initial level and those measured 16 months later. Furthermore, analysis showed that most of the variance in the nitrate concentrations in well water was due to well-to-well variation (89%) rather than to residual error (12%). This observation showed that a single measurement of nitrate in water from drilled wells could represent longer periods of exposure.
Does provocative discography cause clinically important injury to the lumbar intervertebral disc? A 10-year matched cohort study.

Abstract Background context Provocative discography, an invasive diagnostic procedure involving disc puncture with pressurization, is a test for presumptive discogenic pain in the lumbar spine. The clinical validity of this test is unproven. Data from multiple animal studies confirm that disc puncture causes early disc degeneration. A recent study identified radiographic disc degeneration on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 10 years later in human subjects exposed to provocative discography. The clinical effect of this disc degeneration after provocative discography is unknown. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of lumbar provocative discography on patients subjected to this evaluation method. Study design/setting A prospective, 10-year matched cohort study. Patient sample Subjects (n=75) without current low back pain (LBP) problems were recruited to participate in a study of provocative discography at the L3–S1 discs. A closely matched control cohort was simultaneously recruited to undergo a similar evaluation except for discography injections. Outcome measures The primary outcome variables were diagnostic imaging events and lumbar disc surgery events. The secondary outcome variables were serious LBP events, disability events, and medical visits. Methods The discography subjects and control subjects were followed by serial protocol evaluations at 1, 2, 5, and 10 years after enrollment. The lumbar disc surgery events and diagnostic imaging (computed tomography (CT) or MRI) events were recorded. In addition, the interval and cumulative lumbar spine events were recorded. Results Of the 150 subjects enrolled, 71 discography subjects and 72 control subjects completed the baseline evaluation. At 10-year follow-up, 57 discography and 53 control subjects completed all interval surveillance evaluations. There were 16 lumbar surgeries in the discography group, compared with four in the control group. Medical visits, CT/MRI examinations, work loss, and prolonged back pain episodes were all more frequent in the discography group compared with control subjects. Conclusion The disc puncture and pressurized injection performed during provocative discography can increase the risk of clinical disc problems in exposed patients.
Laminar circuit organization and response modulation in mouse visual cortex

The mouse has become an increasingly important animal model for visual system studies, but few studies have investigated local functional circuit organization of mouse visual cortex. Here we used our newly developed mapping technique combining laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) with fast voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging to examine the spatial organization and temporal dynamics of laminar circuit responses in living slice preparations of mouse primary visual cortex (V1). During experiments, LSPS using caged glutamate provided spatially restricted neuronal activation in a specific cortical layer, and evoked responses from the stimulated layer to its functionally connected regions were detected by VSD imaging. In this study, we first provided a detailed analysis of spatiotemporal activation patterns at specific V1 laminar locations and measured local circuit connectivity. Then we examined the role of cortical inhibition in the propagation of evoked cortical responses by comparing circuit activity patterns in control and in the presence of GABAa receptor antagonists. We found that GABAergic inhibition was critical in restricting layer-specific excitatory activity spread and maintaining topographical projections. In addition, we investigated how AMPA and NMDA receptors influenced cortical responses and found that blocking AMPA receptors abolished interlaminar functional projections, and the NMDA receptor activity was important in controlling visual cortical circuit excitability and modulating activity propagation. The NMDA receptor antagonist reduced neuronal population activity in time-dependent and laminar-specific manners. Finally, we used the quantitative information derived from the mapping experiments and presented computational modeling analysis of V1 circuit organization. Taken together, the present study has provided important new information about mouse V1 circuit organization and response modulation.
Urinary dehydroisoandrosterone in hyperadrenocorticism: influence of cortisone, hydrocortisone and ACTH.

INTRODUCTION THIS paper deals with a comparison of studies made on 4 patients with adrenocortical tumors, 6 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and 1 patient with postnatal adrenal hyperplasia. The observations include a) spectrophotometric curves of a colorimetric reaction for dehydroisoandrosterone performed on urinary extracts (1), b) measurement of the total amounts of 17-ketosteroids and dehydroisoandrosterone-like steroids (DHIA steroids) excreted, and c) effects of cortisone and ACTH on the excretion of the various groups of urinary steroids which were measured. In 1936 Callow isolated dehydroisoandrosterone as the prominent urinary steroid in a ase of virilizing adrenocortial tumor (2). Talbot, Butler and MacLachlan in 1940 found by digitonin precipitation that urinary excretion of the 3-beta-hydroxy-17-ketosteroids was abnormally inreased in children with virilizing adrenocortical tumor (3). These studies have since been repeatedly confirmed (4–7). There appeared to be no simple, colorim...
Low-Temperature Study of Photoinduced Energy Transfer from Tryptophan Residues of Escherichia coli Alkaline Phosphatase to Bound Terbium

Low-temperature phosphorescence (LTP) decay measurements have been carried out in wild-type Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP), metal-depleted AP (apoAP), and terbium-substituted AP (TbAP) at 77, 4.2, and 1.2 K. Over this temperature range, Tb emission monitored at 542.4 nm decays with two apparent lifetime components of 16−20 ms and 130−170 ms when TbAP is excited at 280 nm where Tb absorbs negligibly. These lifetimes are orders of magnitude greater than exhibited by TbCl3 at low temperature and by TbAP at room temperature; we attribute this Tb luminescence in TbAP largely to energy transfer from the triplet state of initially excited tryptophan. LTP and ODMR at 1.2 K suggest that Trp109 and Trp220 have similar environments in AP and in apoAP. Trp109 is found to occupy two distinct sites in both AP and apo AP that exhibit resolved ODMR transitions. Comparison of the phosphorescence spectra of AP and TbAP shows clearly that the sensitized Tb emission observed in TbAP is due selectively to energy t...
Optimization of grid-connected wind and battery energy storage system

This paper implements optimal control strategies in the scenario of a battery energy storage system connected to the electric grid together with a wind turbine. A simplified model for a battery is first developed, along with a state equation model of the system. Optimal control is used to minimize the difference between the actual battery power and the given reference power. The battery is connected to the grid through a buck converter, and the optimal control solution is used to calculate the necessary duty cycle to achieve the desired results. Inequality constraints are added to ensure that the simulation is a realistic model of the behavior of a battery. The control strategy is also demonstrated experimentally with a battery and sample grid system.
Use of Trill Vocalizations To Coordinate Troop Movement Among White-Faced Capuchins: a Second Field Test

The white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus, employed a specialized vocalization, the trill, to coordinate troop movement at La Selva, an Atlantic wet-forest study site in Costa Rica. We analyse the contexts in which this intra-group vocalization was emitted, including responses elicited from other group members. A cumulative 26.6 hours of continuous samples and 3,314 spectrograms (including 1,295 trills) were analysed from a study troop with 16 focal subjects. These results generally corroboratc the conclusions of a comparable field study of white-faced capuchins at Santa Rosa, a Pacific coast dry-forest site in Costa Rica (BOINSKI, 1993, Amer. J. Primatol. 30, p. 85-100). At both sites, (I) trills were closely associated with the initiation of movement by a stationary troop in a specific direction. (2) Trills were emitted at a much higher rate in the leading edge of a travelling troop than in following positions. (3) Individuals often reinforced the efforts of other troop members to coordinate troop movement. (4) Lack of consensus among troop members over the travel route was evident. (5) In rare instances trills were employed in tactical maneuvers suggestive of intentionality and the ability to anticipate behavioural effects. Differences in the usage of trills at these two sites were also detected. (1) At La Selva all troop members, with the exception of infants, used trills in the coordination of troop movement, whereas at Santa Rosa marked age, sex and rank distinctions in the extent of participation were apparent. (2) Capuchins at Santa Rosa altered the trajectory of travelling troops with trills, even reversing directions, but not at La Selva. These disparities may follow from differences between the sites in the extent of visual and auditory contact typical among troop members, social structure, susceptibility to predation, and possible genetic variation.
Medication nonadherence: a diagnosable and treatable medical condition.

Medication nonadherence is widely recognized as a common and costly problem.1 Approximately 30% to 50% of US adults are not adherent to long-term medications leading to an estimated $100 billion in preventable costs annually.1 The barriers to medication adherence are similar to other complex health behaviors, such as weight loss, which have multiple contributing factors. Despite the widespread prevalence and cost of medication nonadherence, it is undetected and undertreated in a significant proportion of adults across care settings. According to the World Health Organization, �increasing the effectiveness of adherence interventions may have far greater impact on the health of the population than any improvement in specific medical treatments.� How can adherence be improved? We propose that the first step is to view medication nonadherence as a diagnosable and treatable medical condition.
New Structural Motif in Hexagonally Ordered Cylindrical Ternary (ABC) Block Copolymer Microdomains

The morphologies of a polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) triblock copolymer (SBM) with polybutadiene as the majority component as they are cast from different solvents and solvent mixtures are determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. Besides a lamellar morphology and microphase separated structures of poor long-range order, a morphology is identified in which both A (polystyrene, PS) and C (poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA) chains form separate cylindrical microdomains. In contrast to the square (p4mm) symmetry for the cylinder arrangement which has been discussed in the case of ABC triblock copolymers with B being the matrix forming component, we now report the formation of a new morphological motif of hexagonal (p6mm) symmetry, where A and C form two kinds of cylindrical microdomains in a B matrix.
Laparoscopic surgery in obese women.

Abstract Objective: To assess the feasibility and complications of operative laparoscopy in women with high body mass indices (BMIs). Methods: Forty-seven consecutive patients with BMIs exceeding 30 who underwent operative laparoscopy were compared with 160 consecutive patients with BMIs of 30 or less who underwent the same procedure. Patient characteristics, ultrasound features of adnexal masses, and details of operative procedures were compared. Operative and postoperative complications, the percentage of failed laparoscopies, and length of hospital stay were compared between groups. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in terms of age, parity, menopausal status, history of laparotomy, ultrasound features of adnexal masses, complexity of laparoscopic procedures, and the presence and degree of adhesions at the time of laparoscopy. Estimated blood loss, operative times, operative and major postoperative complications, and lengths of hospital stay also did not differ significantly between women with high BMIs and those with low BMIs (180.3 versus 151.4 mL, P = .41; 150.5 versus 146.5 minutes, P = .78; 2.1 versus 1.9%, P = .90; 2.1 versus 1.9%, P = .91; and 2.3 versus 1.9 days, P = .51, respectively). However, women with BMIs exceeding 30 had a significantly higher incidence of procedure conversion to laparotomy (14.9 versus 5.6%, P = .04). Conclusion: Operative laparoscopy is safe and feasible in women with high BMIs. Although there is an increased chance of procedure conversion to laparotomy in these women, the morbidity and length of hospitalization associated with the procedure are similar to those among women with low BMIs.
The imaging of paediatric thoracic trauma

Trauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children and radiological investigations are almost always used in its management. This article reviews the radiological findings in thoracic trauma, in relation to their effects on lung parenchyma, the airways, the pleura, the great vessels, the diaphragms and the bony skeleton. Particular emphasis is given to plain radiographical and computed tomography findings, since these are the commonest imaging modalities used.
A program to simulate drug elimination interactions: warfarin and BSP - an illustrative example.

Abstract The kinetics of drug elimination in interactive drug systems is simulated by a set of differential equations based on mass balances, the mass of organs and blood flow rates. Experimentally determined concentration profiles of the drugs in the plasma and bile are used to evaluate clearance rate parameters. An example is shown in which the clearance of the anticoagulant warfarin is reduced to less than 50% of its normal rate due to the interference by BSP.
Ecocentric Management for a Risk Society

A central feature of postindustrial modernization is the proliferation of technological and environmental risks and crises. These risks and crises emanate from corporate industrial activities. The traditional management paradigm is limited in several ways for responding to demands of the risk society and should be abandoned. I propose an alternative “ecocentric” paradigm for management in the risk society context, which advocates an ecologically centered conception of interorganizational relations and internal management activities. Thus, organizations are viewed as situated within bioregionally sustainable industrial ecosystems, relating to each other through a logic of ecological interdependence. Within this context, ecocentric management seeks to minimize the environmental impact of organizational vision, inputs, throughputs, and outputs. Implications of this paradigm for management practice and research are examined.
The evolution of strategic marketing

Abstract This article examines the evolution of the concept of strategic marketing. Strategic marketing does not replace traditional marketing management. Rather it adds new dimensions to the field of marketing, enhancing its role in the determination of corporate strategy.
Embodied Experiences in Virtual Worlds Role-Play as a Conduit for Novice Teacher Identity Exploration: A Case Study

This article presents a descriptive case study of teacher embodiment during a role-play parent-teacher conference in a collaborative virtual world. Using a single novice teacher as the primary unit of analysis, the article describes the nature of teacher embodiment by deconstructing the teacher's various Discourses using Gee's Building Tasks as an analytical tool and reconstructing them using embodiment literature as a synthesis tool. The findings indicate that well-designed experiences in collaborative virtual worlds coupled with meaningful reflection of those experiences have the potential to allow novice teachers to feel and act like a teacher, a phenomenon that is called embodiment in this article. The study provides theoretical and empirical basis for continued examination of the use of collaborative virtual worlds for clinical practice.
Determination of Porphyrins by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Chemiluminescence Detection

Abstract The peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reaction, based on the oxidation of bis (2, 4 dinitrophenyl) oxalate with hydrogen peroxide, was developed as a new detection method for the determination of porphyrins after separation by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. To optimize signal to noise ratio, experimental parameters such as design of the detection flow-cell and the effects of pH and organic solvents were investigated. Significant enhancements in detectability, selectivity and linearity were demonstrated for the determination of various hydrophilic and hydrophobic porphyrins when compared to absorbance and fluorescence methods (e.g., the detection limits (S/N = 3) for uroporphyrin and coprophorphyrin were about 40 and 5 fmol, respectively). Application of this method for the sensitive and selective determination of urinary porphyrins was also demonstrated.
Simulation of solid lubricants and contact spots between Bridgman anvils Part I. A new high pressure apparatus

Abstract Present gaps in our knowledge regarding the plastic behavior of solid lubricants and in the surface layers of contact spots during dry sliding include the following. 1. (i) By which mechanisms does the deformation occur? 2. (ii) Does there exist a limiting plastic strain beyond which further shearing is impossible so as to result in lubricant breakdown, fracture or delamination? 3. (iii) Can solid lubricants be permanently retained during sliding? 4. (iv) What is the theoretical value of the friction coefficient through solid lubrication, and how does it depend on the hardness of the lubricated material? 5. (v) On the basis of answers to (i)–(iv), can unlubricated sliding conditions and/or solid lubrication be optimized? Since the requisite information can be obtained through shearing experiments under superimposed high normal pressures, a study of the stress-strain behavior of ductile metals in a Bridgman anvil type of apparatus has been initiated. For the first time ever, the sample thickness has been monitored and thus shear stress vs. strain curves have been obtained in such an apparatus.
Surface tension considerations for membrane casting systems

Surface energy considerations in the context of membrane preparation are examined. The viability of a membrane-casting system can be successfully assessed with pertinent surface tension data. It is illustrated how surface tension data for multicomponent casting solutions can be used to resolve the surface structure of asymmetric reverse osmosis membranes.
A Methodological Overview of Network Vulnerability Analysis

Evaluating network infrastructures for potential vulnerabilities is an important component of strategic planning, particularly in the context of managing and mitigating service disruptions. Many methods have been proposed to facilitate such analysis, providing different interpretations of infrastructure vulnerability. The primary approaches that have been employed for network vulnerability analysis can be broadly classified as scenario-specific, strategy-specific, simulation, and mathematical modeling methodologies. Research on network vulnerability assessment has traditionally focused on one of these methodologies without consideration of the others. This article highlights the important implications of methodology for both infrastructure planning and policy development. To better understand the theoretical and practical trade-offs associated with methodology selection, this article provides a review of these categories of analysis, examining benefits and shortcomings with regard to practical planning issues and policy interpretation.
Teaching Motivational Interviewing Skills to Psychiatry Trainees: Findings of a National Survey

Objective The authors report on the current status of motivational interviewing education and training director attitudes about providing it to psychiatry residents.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FETAL MORTALITY AND RURAL RESIDENCE. † 615

A nonconcurrent prospective study of 273,454 sigleton deliveries in South Carolina from 1989-1993 was conducted to determine the relationship between fetal mortality and rural status of maternal residence. Four geographic areas were identified based on the population of the largest city in the county(rural [R], moderately rural [MR], moderately urban [MU], and urban [U]). The fetal mortality rate for the R, MR, MU, and U groups were 13.6, 12.1, 10.3, and 8.7, respectively. There were no geographic differences in gravidity. With increasing rurality, there was a linear increase in preterm deliveries, low birth weight, Black ethnicity, single marital status, low education, and teenage pregnancies. Late entry into prenatal care and delivery in large volume hospitals demonstrated `U-shaped' distributions. Controlling for population socio-demographic differences with logistic regression, rural groups remained at increased risk for fetal death (R:OR 1.4; MR:OR 1.3; MU:OR 1.2; U:OR 1.0 ref). The unadjusted fetal mortality rate was increased for deliveries in large volume hospitals in all geographic areas. This was directly related to a four fold increase in the percent of very low birth weight deliveries in these larger hospitals since the VLBW specific mortality was lower for larger hospitals (see figure). Hospital size, location of VLBW deliveries, and rurality appeared to be the most significant factors in differences in fetal mortality. Controlling for hospital size of delivery, there were no statistical differences in fetal mortality by rural status. The adjusted odds ratios were: R:OR 1.1 (0.9-1.3); MR: 0.8 (0.7-1.0); and MU: 0.9 (0.8-1.0). These data suggest that residential differences in birth weight and size of hospital of delivery are significantly associated with geographic differences in fetal mortality.
Alterations in HeLa cell metabolism resulting from poliovirus infection

Abstract Alterations in the cellular metabolism of the S3 strain of HeLa have been determined after simultaneous infection of log-phase suspension cultures with poliovirus. An early effect of virus infection is an inhibition of the net synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and protein, to the degree that there is no measurable increase in the first 6 hours after infection. This inhibition of synthesis is observed even though the cells are contained in a complete growth medium which permits optimal rates of growth of unin fected cells. Beginning 6 hours after infection there is a sharp loss of cellular material into the medium. Thirty per cent of the cellular RNA is lost between the sixty and ninth hours, and an additional 30–40 % between the ninth and twelfth hours. In contrast, there is no measurable loss of cellular DNA, whereas 20–30 % of the protein is released into the medium between the ninth and twelfth hours. Although there was no measurable net synthesis of RNA, DNA, and protein in polio-infected HeLa cells, there was a progressive increase in the acidsoluble nucleotide pool, beginning at the third hour after infection and continuing until the ninth hour. The rate of that increase significantly exceeds that observed in growing cultures. The possibility is suggested that an early effect of the virus infection is the release of a cellular ribonuclease. Despite the absence of net RNA synthesis, the incorporation of cytidine-2-C14 into RNA uracil was essentially the same in infected as in growing cultures, but its incorporation into cytosine was significantly depressed in the infected cultures. The same pattern of incorporation into uracil and cytosine was also observed when net RNA synthesis was prevented by some mechanism other than viral infection, such as the omission of an essential amino acid from the medium. This pattern of cytidine-2-C14 incorporation appears to be characteristic of cells under nongrowing conditions. It presumably reflects RNA turnover and is not specifically related to virus infection.
Distance measurements across randomly distributed nitroxide probes from the temperature dependence of the electron spin phase memory time at 240 GHz

Abstract At 8.5 T, the polarization of an ensemble of electron spins is essentially 100% at 2 K, and decreases to 30% at 20 K. The strong temperature dependence of the electron spin polarization between 2 and 20 K leads to the phenomenon of spin bath quenching: temporal fluctuations of the dipolar magnetic fields associated with the energy-conserving spin “flip-flop” process are quenched as the temperature of the spin bath is lowered to the point of nearly complete spin polarization. This work uses pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at 240 GHz to investigate the effects of spin bath quenching on the phase memory times (TM) of randomly-distributed ensembles of nitroxide molecules below 20 K at 8.5 T. For a given electron spin concentration, a characteristic, dipolar flip-flop rate (W) is extracted by fitting the temperature dependence of TM to a simple model of decoherence driven by the spin flip-flop process. In frozen solutions of 4-Amino-TEMPO, a stable nitroxide radical in a deuterated water–glass, a calibration is used to quantify average spin–spin distances as large as r ¯ = 6.6 nm from the dipolar flip-flop rate. For longer distances, nuclear spin fluctuations, which are not frozen out, begin to dominate over the electron spin flip-flop processes, placing an effective ceiling on this method for nitroxide molecules. For a bulk solution with a three-dimensional distribution of nitroxide molecules at concentration n, we find W ∝ n ∝ 1 / r ¯ 3 , which is consistent with magnetic dipolar spin interactions. Alternatively, we observe W ∝ n 3 2 for nitroxides tethered to a quasi two-dimensional surface of large (O ∼ 200 nm), unilamellar, lipid vesicles, demonstrating that the quantification of spin bath quenching can also be used to discern the geometry of molecular assembly or organization.