cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of tough, low-density titanium-based bulk metallic glass matrix composites with tensile ductility

The mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) and their composites have been under intense investigation for many years, owing to their unique combination of high strength and elastic limit. However, because of their highly localized deformation mechanism, BMGs are typically considered to be brittle materials and are not suitable for structural applications. Recently, highly-toughened BMG composites have been created in a Zr–Ti-based system with mechanical properties comparable with high-performance crystalline alloys. In this work, we present a series of low-density, Ti-based BMG composites with combinations of high strength, tensile ductility, and excellent fracture toughness.
A Dedicated Wnt Secretion Factor

The Wnt family of signaling proteins mediates cell-cell communication during development. In this issue of Cell, Banziger et al. (2006) and Bartscherer et al. (2006) identify Wntless/Evi, a multipass transmembrane protein in the secretory pathway of Wnt-producing cells that promotes Wnt secretion.
Intimacy and Personal Space: A Classroom Demonstration:

The concept of personal space is intuitively straightforward for most students of psychology. However, some of the functions personal space serve in regulating intimacy among individuals are not so readily apparent. The demonstration described in this article allows students to see that personal space is one of a number of interacting nonverbal cues used by people to regulate intimacy, and it encourages discussion of these nonverbal mechanisms.
Use of magnetization transfer for improved contrast on gradient-echo MR images of the cervical spine.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether magnetization transfer (MT) can improve image contrast on gradient-recalled echo (GRE) magnetic resonance (MR) images of the cervical spine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sagittal and axial two-dimensional conventional GRE and MT GRE images were obtained in 103 patients with degenerative disk disease or intrinsic cord lesions. The contrast-to-noise ratios (C/Ns) for the cervical spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were compared for images obtained at various MT power level and section-select flip angle combinations. Axial three-dimensional GRE images were also obtained with application of MT and C/N evaluated in 10 additional patients. RESULTS: Tailored two-dimensional MT GRE images, obtained with a moderate MT power level and a section-select flip angle similar to the Ernst angle for CSF, provided an average of 2.2-2.4-fold improvement in spinal cord-CSF C/N than conventional GRE images (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The MT GRE images demonstrated superior delineation of disk herniat...
Benthal stabilization, a low-cost process for the stabilization of waste activated sludge solids

Abstract The benthal process is described and a procedure is developed for the rational design of the process for the stabilization of waste activated sludge solids. Kinetic data from another study are used in the application of the procedure to a design example. A benthal stabilization system is compared with two types of aerobic stabilization systems with respect to construction costs and power usage. The economic advantage of benthal stabilization is shown to be dramatic.
P-55: Colorimetric Image Splitting for High-Dynamic-Range Displays

In dual layer high dynamic range displays, images are formed through the optical modulation of a front panel image by a backlight image. We present a colorimetric method for calculating the backlight image that maximizes gamut utilization while minimizing quantization errors, producing displayed images with deeper, more saturated colors.
A mathematical model for nonlinear stress analysis of sandwich plate units

A mathematical model is developed for the large deflection analysis of sandwich plates that consist of two face plates and an inner core. The face plates can have different thicknesses and they are capable of resisting both membrane and bending forces. The core is compressible due to lateral forces, and capable of resisting transverse shear deformations, but is not capable of resisting bending moments. The mathematical model consists of three nonlinear differential equations.
Toward an Integrative Model of Strategic International Human Resource Management

This article builds on previous work in international human resource management by drawing on concepts from the resource-based view of the firm and resource dependence to develop a theoretical model of the determinants at strategic international human resource management (SIHRM) systems in multinational corporations. The article then offers propositions concerning the relationships between a number of key determinants and the multinational corporation's overall SIHRM approach, the design of a particular affiliate's HRM system, and the HRM system for critical groups of employees within the affiliate.
Turbulent Phase Screen for the Study of Imaging System Performance

Abstract We introduce a nonlinear optical technique for the creation of small-scale phase distortions in coherent optical systems. This technique uses the nonlinear response of a liquid-crystal light valve placed in a two-dimensional optical feedback system to produce a controllable spatially and temporally varying chaotic intensity distribution. The intensity pattern is converted into a spatially varying thin phase screen using a second liquid-crystal light valve. A chaotic phase distortion is then introduced into the output image of a coherent imaging system by propagation through the phase screen.
Expression of mRNAs that encode D2 dopamine receptor subtypes: Anatomical, developmental, and pharmacological studies.

Abstract We used oligonucleotide probes to isolate cDNAs that encode two subtypes of D2 dopamine receptors (“D2 long ” and “D2 short ”). In situ hybridization histochemistry with cRNA probes derived from these cDNAs revealed relatively high concentrations of D2 receptor mRNA in brain regions associated with the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine systems. D2 receptor mRNA was also present in several other regions including the oculomotor nucleus and areas of the pons and medulla. Hybridizations with a probe specifically recognizing D2 long mRNA indicated that the fraction of total D2 receptor mRNA that encodes D2 long receptors is higher in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine systems than in the dorsal tegmental nucleus (of Gudden). Northern blot analysis revealed that developmental changes in D2 receptor mRNA concentrations in whole brain roughly parallel previously documented changes in D2 binding site concentrations. In contrast, Northern blot analysis indicated that D2 mRNA concentrations are unaffected by subchronic administration of the D2 receptor antagonist, haloperidol.
Race, Rights and Rebellion in the Custodial State: A Post-Los Angeles Marxian Reconstruction

America’s new race/class contradictions erupted in the 1992 Los Angeles rebellion, providing an impetus to think through the dialectic of political and human emancipation the young Marx articulated...
Religion as an identifiable traditional behavior subject to natural selection

Abstract This article puts forth a definition of religion that refers only to identifiable elements. Previous definitions typically refer to beliefs in supernatural—i.e., unidentifiable—phenomena. These definitions neglect the fact that beliefs in general may be just as difficult to identify with the senses as the content of religious beliefs, i.e., alleged supernatural beings and powers. This article thus argues that the only thing identifiable that is distinctly religious is a certain type of behavior; more specifically, a certain type of talk. Further, although a statement about the existence of something supernatural is necessary for talk to be considered religious, such a claim by itself is not identifiably religious. Religious behavior can rather be defined as the communicated acceptance of a supernatural claim, a claim whose accuracy cannot be demonstrated by the senses. The accuracy of this definition can be tested by examining whether it is consistent with the way the words “religion” and “religious” are actually used. If this definition is found to be consistent with the use of these words, the study of religion becomes subject to the scientific principles used to study other forms of behavior. These principles include the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Photon-plasmon-photon interaction

A theory of photon-plasmon-photon three-wave interaction is presented. An electromagnetic wave launched into the plasma turbulence interacts through the wave-particle interaction resulting in the emission of an electromagnetic wave with frequency up-shifted. The theory is based on the Dirac relativistic wave equation, where the interaction of plasma particles with electromagnetic waves is described. It is shown that the frequency up-shifting of the electromagnetic wave can take place in a current carrying plasma.
End Points and United States Food and Drug Administration Approval of Oncology Drugs

Purpose: To summarize the end points used by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to approve new cancer drug applications over the last 13 years. Materials and Methods: The FDA granted marketing approval to 71 oncology drug applications between January 1, 1990, and November 1, 2002. The end points used as the approval basis for each application are presented, and the rationale for each end point is discussed. Results: The FDA grants either regular marketing approval or accelerated marketing approval for oncology drug applications. Regular approval is based on end points that demonstrate that the drug provides a longer life, a better life, or a favorable effect on an established surrogate for a longer life or a better life. Accelerated approval (AA) is based on a surrogate end point that is less well established but that is reasonably likely to predict a longer or a better life. Tumor response was the approval basis in 26 of 57 regular approvals, supported by relief of tumor-specific sympto...
Massey brackets and deformations

Abstract A generalisation of Massey products in the cohomology of differential graded Lie algebras is constructed. An application to formal deformations of Lie algebras is given. A similar construction for the associative case is considered.
Retrospective analysis of protein kinase C-beta (PKC-β) expression in lymphoid malignancies and its association with survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas

Both mechanistic features and recent correlative findings suggest a potential role for protein kinase C-beta (PKC-β) in tumor pathogenesis, particularly in B-cell malignancies. To evaluate the role of this gene in lymphoid malignancies, we analyzed global gene expression data to quantify PKC-β expression across diagnostic groups and, when possible, determined correlations between PKC-β expression and survival. Our analysis showed that the level of PKC-β expression was highest in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma. Within diffuse large-B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), PKC-β expression was significantly higher in activated B-cell- like subtype than germinal center B-cell- like subtype (P < 0.0001). Elevated PKC-β appeared to be associated with worse survival in both of these subtypes. When analyzed within clinically defined risk groups established by the International Prognostic Index (IPI), PKC-β expression was lowest in patients with low IPI scores (0–1). Within intermediate- and high-risk IPI groups, elevated PKC-β expression was associated with worse survival, suggesting that PKC-β may expand the prognostic value of the IPI. Results of global gene expression analyses of DLBCL samples corroborate previous observations that anti-apoptosis, cell proliferation, and B-cell proliferation signaling pathways are functionally related to PKC-β. We present a first detailed pharmacogenomics report comparing PKC-β mRNA expression across different lymphoid malignancies and evaluating it as an outcome predictor. Our findings suggest that DLBCL patients with elevated PKC-β have a worse prognosis, indicating that further evaluation of PKC-β as a chemotherapeutic target for lymphoid malignancies is warranted. This article was reviewed by Dr. Pierre Pontarotti, Dr. Kateryna Makova, and Dr. Matthew Coleman (nominated by Dr. Sandrine Dudoit).
A secure group key management framework: design and rekey issues

In many secure group communication models, there exists a group manager that creates the group key and distributes it to every group member. Such group manager is responsible for changing and re-distributing (rekeying) the group key whenever it deems necessary. Many applications will require very fast rekeying so that it is not disruptive to their performance. In this paper, we present a generic software model for secure group key management. We present the main components along with their functionality and interactions. With emphasis on the rekey manager, we discuss two issues that critically impact the rekey time: establishment and maintenance of the logical key hierarchy (LKH), and the key packet construction for a changed key. We show that our novel idea of maintaining balanced LKH as B/sup +/ search tree greatly reduces the number of changed keys compared to an unbalanced LKH. In addition, we show that a rekey packet construction using simple XOR operations between keys instead of the usual encryption technique substantially reduces rekey time. We preformed experiments that demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of our approaches.
The business passenger niche: Comparing legacy carriers and southwest during a national recession

We examine how legacy and low-cost air carriers’ roles in serving business passengers in the US changed during the global economic recession from 2007. Quarterly data is examined to test the impact of a recession on the air travel behavior. We find that since 2007 business passengers represent a declining proportion of legacy carriers’ passenger volume, while they represent an increasing proportion of Southwest’s passengers. This trend suggests that Southwest’s market niche has shifted, and that the airline now plays a role similar to that of legacy carriers.
A Lei de Lotka na bibliometria brasileira

Lotka's law, previously applied to Brazilian national literature on ten different areas, were replicated. Minimum square and maximum likelihood estimators were used. From those ten national literatures analyzed, only literatures in medicine, iron & steel, jackfruit, and library science did fit the generalized inverse power model when the method of minimum squared were used. All of them but two literatures (Veterinary and Getulio Vargas' private letters) did not fit the inverse power model when the maximum likelihood estimator were used. For these literatures different models were tested. Veterinary literature did fit better to the negative binomial distribution, and Getulio Vargas' private letters did fit better to the Gaussian-Poisson Inverse Generalized distribution.
The sequence of the tms transcript 2 locus of the A. tumefaciens plasmid pTiA6 and characterization of the mutation in pTiA66 that is responsible for auxin attenuation

Abstract The incorporation of Ti plasmid sequences, the T-DNA, into the genomes of dicotyledenous plants causes the formation of tumors. Here we report the nucleotide sequence of one of the T-DNA "oncogenes", the transcript 2 gene of pTiA6 and we further characterize the 2.7 Kb element that has spontaneously inserted into this gene in plasmid pTiA66. The results indicate that the transcript 2 portion of the T-DNA has an open reading frame that could encode a polypeptide of 49.8 Kd. The open reading frame is surrounded by sequences that typically have roles in eucaryotic gene expression. Nucleotide sequence and Southern blot analysis also indicates that the 2.7 Kb insert in the transcript 2 gene of pTiA66 is located within the coding sequence of the gene and suggests that the element is an insertion sequence. We designate this element, IS66.
Reduced vagal control of the heart in high‐fat diet mice: a potential role of increased butyrylcholinesterase

Suppressed parasympathetic function is commonly present in cardiovascular diseases, aging, obesity, and various other health conditions. Impaired parasympathetic action is known as a detrimental factor and contributes to the adverse outcomes in these conditions. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully addressed. In this study, using high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice as a model, the potential peripheral mechanisms underlying the impaired parasympathetic vagal control of the heart was examined. The HFD induced obesity and metabolic disorder in mice. These obese mice exhibited an attenuated response in heart rate to vagal stimulation, indicating impairment of peripheral parasympathetic activity in the heart. In cholinergic function-related proteins in the atria, protein levels of choline transporter and vesicular acetylcholine transporter were not decreased but increased, and type 2 muscarinic receptors showed a trend toward a reduction in HFD mice atria as compared with regular diet (RD) mice controls. While the protein level of acetylcholinesterase was not different, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) protein level showed a twofold increase in HFD mice atria as compared with RD mice. Functionally, inhibition of BChE activity partially and significantly improved the attenuated response in heart rate to vagal stimulation in HFD mice. Collectively, these data suggest that increased BChE activity in the atria may contribute to the decreased parasympathetic function in HFD-induced obese mice.
Biological Observations of Typhlodromus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on Hops

Longevity, fecundity, and prey consumption of Typhlodromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) were determined at 18.5, 25, and 30°C. At these temperatures, females laid an average of 33.8, 35.2, and 28.2 eggs, respectively. The average female life, span at these temperatures was 27.1, 14.3, and 10.9 days. The number of eggs laid per female per day was 1.21, 2.51, and 2.58. The peak of egg production shifted from a poorly defined peak between 10 and 17 days at 18.5°C to 9 days at 25°C to 6 days at 30°C. Tetranychus urticae Koch reared on beans were used as prey. The number of prey consumed at 18.5, 25, and 30°C were: eggs, 6.2, 9.8, and 11; larvae or protonymphs, 5.8, 8.3, and 8.2; deutonymphs, 2.5, 5.1, and 5.8; and adults, 1.9, 2.5, and 3.6. Overwintering female T. occidentalis emerge about mid-April in Washington hop yards, and are present about 6 weeks. The population then declines to a low level until the prey population develops. Later, T. occidentalis are found on hop foliage feeding on T. urticae from July until harvest in late August or early September. During the years 1969-71, 28 pesticides in 72 combinations were tested for control of hop pests. Phosalone permitted greatest selective survival of T. occidentalis .
The effects of training procedure, response availability, and response meaningfulness in multiple-choice paired-associate learning

The present study investigated the effectiveness of prompting and confirmation training procedures in a multiple-choice paired-associate task in which response availability and response meaningfulness also were manipulated. There were no overall differences in learning due to the training variable, but several significant interaction effects were found which indicated that the effectiveness of a particular training procedure may depend upon the nature of the learning materials.
Chemically Selective Reactions in Confined Spaces in Hybrid Aerogels

By employing novel hybrid silica/functional polymer aerogels, control of the course of chemical reactions between reactants confined inside of the aerogels with reactants whose access to the confinement domain is controlled by diffusion has been explored. Thus, monolithic silica/biopolymer hybrid aerogels have been synthesized with coordinated metal ions that can react with amino acids, such as L-cysteine, that are provided externally in a surrounding solution. Metal ions, such as Au(III), that can react in solution with the amino acid to produce one set of products under a given set of stoichiometric or concentration conditions, and a different set of products under a second set of conditions, were selected for incorporation into the aerogel. It was discovered that the course of the reaction can be changed by spatial confinement of the reaction domain in the aerogel. For example, in the case of Au(III) and L-cysteine, the Au(III) ions are confined in nanoscale domains, and when they are reacted with the amino acid, the nature of the reaction products is controlled by diffusion of the L-cysteine into the domains. Exploration of these and related phenomena will be presented.
The effect of cutaneous vibration on weight loss

The local administration of 1 hr. of cutaneous vibration through the locomotion surface contact extremities of 10 white rats produced a marked loss (over 2%) in gross body weight. The weight losses which were significantly greater (p <.01) than two control groups could not be accounted for by an increase in activity. After examining several alternate views, the author postulates a facilitating effect on the catabolism of fatty tissue to explain the effect.
Radioautographs in which the tissue is mounted directly on the photographic plate.

SummaryThe tissue section containing radioactive material is mounted directly on the photographic emulsion in the dark room. After suitable exposure, the plate is developed, and the tissue stained etc. The preparation may be studied microscopically as the autographic image is in place just below the tissue.
Effect of total-body x-irradiation on relative turnover of nucleic acid phosphorus.

SummaryThe incorporation of P32 into DNA; nuclear PNA (nPNA), and cytoplasmic PNA (cPNA) of liver was measured in rats which had been exposed to 2500r total body X-irradiation and in mice which had been exposed to 600r total body X-irradiation. It was found that the incorporation of P32 into cPNA was increased in all cases, while into DNA and nPNA it was depressed. In the Sprague-Dawley rats an increase in the weights of the liver was observed concurrent with the increase in cPNA specific activity. A possible interrelationship between protein and cPNA synthesis has been discussed.
Forensic Experts and Attorneys: Communication Process

As we have seen in this book, mental health professionals speak different languages and approach situations differently from attorneys and judges. As we have written this book from the perspective of both the forensic expert and the lawyer, we need to spend some time learning how to communicate effectively with each other. In this chapter we begin by suggesting a communication strategy that begins at the time the contract to perform services begins and goes up through the expert submitting a report and testifying in a legal proceeding. We summarize the steps in Table 21-1 and provide some description in the text that follows. In the second section of the chapter, we present discussion of practical solutions to difficulties when an expert and attorney work together during the actual testimony itself.
Detection status of intestinal Salmonella among employees in Nanning City

[Objective]To explore the carrying rate and epidemic trend of Salmonella among employees in Nanning urban area,provide scientific basis for strengthening the health management,and controlling the food poisoning and intestinal infectious diseases.[Methods]The results of Salmonella detection in anus swab samples from162 353 employees in Nanning City from 2008-2012 were analyzed.[Results]A total of 333 strains of Salmonella were found,and the total detection rate was 0.21%.The annual detection rate was respectively 0.31%,0.35%,0.25%,0.12% and 0.10% from 2008-2012.The detection rate of Salmonella in summer and autumn was significantly higher than that in winter and spring( P 0.01).The ages of Salmonella carriers were 18-57 years old,and the constituent ratio of 21-30 year-old age group was the highest,accounting for 57.96%,while the detection rate in over 51 year-old age group was the lowest,which was 2.70%.Moreover,the detection rate in females was significantly higher than that in males( P 0.01).There were 8 serogroups among 333 strains of Salmonella,which were dominated by B,C,and E groups,while 108 strains of B group accounted for 32.43%,and 2 strains of D group accounted for 0.60%.[Conclusion]The detection rate of Salmonella among employees in Nanning has decreased year by year,but the positive rate is still high.It is necessary to strengthen the health awareness and Salmonella monitoring in high-risk population,find out the positive carriers as early as possible,and implement the appropriate measures duly.Particularly,the summer and autumn are the important season for prevention and control of Salmonella.
Cerebrovascular defects in Foxc1 mutants correlate with aberrant WNT and VEGF—A pathways downstream of retinoic acid from the meninges

Growth and maturation of the cerebrovasculature is a vital event in neocortical development however mechanisms that control cerebrovascular development remain poorly understood. Mutations in or deletions that include the FOXC1 gene are associated with congenital cerebrovascular anomalies and increased stroke risk in patients. Foxc1 mutant mice display severe cerebrovascular hemorrhage at late gestational ages. While these data demonstrate Foxc1 is required for cerebrovascular development, its broad expression in the brain vasculature combined with Foxc1 mutant's complex developmental defects have made it difficult to pinpoint its function(s). Using global and conditional Foxc1 mutants, we find 1) significant cerebrovascular growth defects precede cerebral hemorrhage and 2) expression of Foxc1 in neural crest-derived meninges and brain pericytes, though not endothelial cells, is required for normal cerebrovascular development. We provide evidence that reduced levels of meninges-derived retinoic acid (RA), caused by defects in meninges formation in Foxc1 mutants, is a major contributing factor to the cerebrovascular growth defects in Foxc1 mutants. We provide data that suggests that meninges-derived RA ensures adequate growth of the neocortical vasculature via regulating expression of WNT pathway proteins and neural progenitor derived-VEGF-A. Our findings offer the first evidence for a role of the meninges in brain vascular development and provide new insight into potential causes of cerebrovascular defects in patients with FOXC1 mutations.
Late Triassic Ammonoids: Distribution, Biostratigraphy and Biotic Events

Late Triassic ammonoids have been studied for nearly 200 years. Their most extensive fossil records come from Canada (British Columbia), the USA (Nevada), Mexico (Sonora), the Alpine regions of southern Europe (especially Austria and northern Italy), the Himalayas and Russia (Siberia). At least two provinces (Tethyan and Boreal) can be identified using Late Triassic ammonoids, but the cosmopolitanism of selected genera allows Late Triassic ammonoid correlations between provinces. The official definition of the base of the Carnian stage is based on a GSSP (global stratotype section and point) in northern Italy with its primary signal the lowest occurrence of the ammonoid Daxatina canadensis (Whiteaves). Ammonoids are also used (less formally) to define the bases of the Carnian and Norian substages, the (ascending order) Julian, Tuvalian, Lacian, Alaunian and Sevatian. The LO of the ammonoid Psiloceras spelae Guex is the primary signal for the GSSP of the base of the Hettangian (base of Jurassic = top of Triassic) in Austria. The Late Triassic evolutionary history of the Ammonoidea was punctuated by a series of events: (1) the near extinction of the trachyceratids at the beginning of the Tuvalian, followed by the diversification of the Tropitidae; (2) the extinction of the Tropitidae at the beginning of the Norian followed by the diversification of the Thisbitidae and Juvavitinae; (3) a drop in diversity and the appearance of heteromorphs during the Sevatian; (4) a substantial extinction across the Norian-Rhaetian boundary; (5) a final extinction of most of the remaining Rhaetian ammonoids followed by their Early Jurassic recovery. The Late Triassic ammonoid extinction thus was stepwise, with the most substantial drop in diversity at the end of the Norian, not at the end of the Triassic.
Focusing on the Needs: Experiences of Developing a Data Science Program

ABSTRACTDonoho’s article “50 Years of Data Science” is a well-thought explanation of a newly developed discipline called “data science.” In this article, we examine his explanations and suggestions about data science, follow-up on some of the issues he mentioned, and share our experiences in developing a data science curriculum and the teaching of related courses.
Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cancer-associated proteins.

It is generally accepted that cancer development is a multistage process involving a variety of cell types (Farber and Cameron 1980). Over the last 20 years considerable effort has been made to define the genetic events involved in the etiology of cancer development. Indeed, molecular genetics has been highly successful in the demonstration that development of certain forms of human cancers, in particular, colorectal, lung, and breast, may arise following a series of four to six distinct genetic alterations in specific target tissues (Fearon and Vogelstein 1990). These mutations may involve either the activation of one or more cellular protooncogene(s) and/or inactivation of one or more tumor suppressor gene(s) and are thought to initiate a cascade of biochemical events that culminate in the dysregulation of normal control mechanisms governing cellular growth and differentiation (Weinberg 1989; Hunter 1991). Regardless of the nature of the oncogenic agent, the observed phenotypic effects on the host cells are remarkably similar. These include characteristic alterations in cellular morphology, adhesiveness and motility, and cell-to-cell communication, as well as dysregulation of cellular growth and differentiation, including loss of contact growth inhibition in vitro, acquisition of anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, and tumorigenicity in susceptible animals.
Making Manufacturing Changes Less Disruptive: Agent-Driven Integration

This paper presents some results of our recent investigation on how to address changes in manufacturing environments. The results presented here are based on our recent visits to manufacturing plants (in order to understand current industria practice) and a comprehensive literature review. It has become apparent that agents and multi-agents based technologies have the power and flexibility to deal with the shop dynamics. This paper also discusses research opportunities and challenges in this area, presents our recent research work in developing agent-based technologies to streamline and coordinate design and production activities within a manufacturing enterprise, and between the enterprise and its suppliers.
Proactive Behaviors in Engineering: The Role of Pre-College Characteristics, Resources, and Experiences

The purpose of this Research Full Paper is to investigate the role of pre-college characteristics, resources, and experiences in shaping engineering students’ experiences in college. Previous research has shown that students’ pre-college characteristics (e.g., socioeconomic indicators, race/ethnicity, gender) inform their experiences in college, as well as their academic and social outcomes. For example, research suggests that students from low-socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds participate in co-curricular activities at lower rates than their high-SES counterparts. In this study, we hypothesize that precollege characteristics (e.g., race, gender, legacy status), resources (e.g., access to college counselors or private tutors), and experiences (e.g., participation in pre-college engineering programs) combine to inform how students are socialized into college broadly, and into engineering specifically. Using survey data collected from 998 undergraduate engineering students, we conducted a set of nested multiple regression models to investigate the relationships between students’ pre-college characteristics and both their college experiences and outcomes. Results offer some support for our hypotheses that some precollege characteristics, resources, and experiences, such as gender and college course taking in high school, are significant predictors of undergraduate engineering students’ college experiences, such as students’ general socializing experiences and feedback seeking behaviors. However counterintuitive findings suggest a need to further investigate how some characteristics, resources, and experiences inform students’ experiences and outcomes in college.
CO Coupling Chemistry of a Terminal Mo Carbide: Sequential Addition of Proton, Hydride, and CO Releases Ethenone.

The mechanism originally proposed by Fischer and Tropsch for carbon monoxide (CO) hydrogenative catenation involves C–C coupling from a carbide-derived surface methylidene. A single molecular system capable of capturing these complex chemical steps is hitherto unknown. Herein, we demonstrate the sequential addition of proton and hydride to a terminal Mo carbide derived from CO. The resulting anionic methylidene couples with CO (1 atm) at low temperature (−78 °C) to release ethenone. Importantly, the synchronized delivery of two reducing equivalents and an electrophile, in the form of a hydride (H– = 2e– + H+), promotes alkylidene formation from the carbyne precursor and enables coupling chemistry, under conditions milder than those previously described with strong one-electron reductants and electrophiles. Thermodynamic measurements bracket the hydricity and acidity requirements for promoting methylidene formation from carbide as energetically viable relative to the heterolytic cleavage of H2. Methylidene...
Micro- and Nanoplastic Exposure Effects in Microalgae: A Meta-Analysis of Standard Growth Inhibition Tests

Background: Ecological impacts of micro- and nanoplastics particles (MNP) are among the most discussed environmental concerns. In algae, MNP are commonly hypothesized to reduce growth, which is a standard ecotoxicological endpoint. However, the reported test outcomes vary, with both growth inhibition and stimulation being observed. Due to this conflict of information, a data synthesis for MNP potential to cause growth inhibition in toxicity testing is needed. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis study to assess the effect of MNP exposure on algal growth. Twenty studies published between 2010 and 2020 and representing 16 algal species and five polymer materials administered as particles in size range 0.04 to 3000 µm were included in this meta-analysis. A random-effect model was used to estimate the effect size in three datasets: (1) Low concentration range (< 100 mg/L), (2) High concentration range (≥ 100 mg/L), and (3) Full range model (0.004 to 1100 mg/L), which encompassed all studies using the combination of experimental settings (test species, MNP concentration, polymer material, and particle size) yielding the highest effect size within a study. Results: The exposure to MNP was not significantly associated with growth inhibition in any of the models tested. However, a high heterogeneity between the studies was found in all three models. Neither MNP concentration nor polymer material contributed significantly to the heterogeneity, whereas polymer density had a significant moderating effect, with a higher risk of growth inhibition at lower densities. We also identified a publication bias, with small studies that reported significant inhibition being overrepresented in our dataset. Conclusions: The meta-analysis found limited evidence for MNP effect on microalgal growth in the standard algal growth inhibition test. The heterogeneity and varying methodological quality of studies limited the interpretation and the confidence in the findings. For hazard assessment, standardization and controlled exposure are needed as well as more sensitive endpoints that can inform us about the effect mechanisms. Finally, using particle-free controls in such tests cannot account for the presence of inert particulates in the test system, and, hence, does not allow to attribute observed effects to the test polymers.
Effect of Organic Matter on Index Swell Properties of a Conventional and Bentonite–Polymer GCL

Like inorganic salts, organic matter is also a major component of leachate from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. This study uses humic substances (HS) to investigate the influence of organic matter on the swell index (SI) and liquid limit (LL), a conventional sodium bentonite (Na–B), and a dry mixture of Na–B and proprietary polymer (B–P), extracted from commercially available geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). The SI and LL tests were performed using 5–200 mM NaCl and CaCl2 solutions prepared either with or without 100 mg/L HS. Adding 100 mg/L HS to the NaCl solutions resulted in an increase in SI of Na–B for \({\text{Na}}^{ + }\) concentration ≥20 mM. However, with the \({\text{Ca}}^{2 + }\) solutions adding HS caused a slight decrease in SI of Na–B at low \({\text{Ca}}^{2 + }\) concentrations (≤20 mM) but had no effects on the SI of Na–B at \({\text{Ca}}^{2 + }\) concentrations ≥50 mM. On the other hand, the SI of B–P with \({\text{Na}}^{ + }\) solutions containing HS was consistently lower than with the pure NaCl solutions. But like the Na-B, HS had no effect on the SI observed for B–P with the \({\text{Ca}}^{2 + }\) solutions. Within the range of \({\text{Na}}^{ + }\) and \({\text{Ca}}^{2 + }\) concentrations used in this study, the addition of 100 mg/L HS did had no significant influence on the LL of Na–B. At similar \({\text{Na}}^{ + }\) and \({\text{Ca}}^{2 + }\) concentrations, LL of B–P with solution containing HS was significantly higher than with the pure salt solution. Hydraulic conductivity testing of the GCLs is currently ongoing using test solutions of interest selected based on the results of the SI and LL tests.
Narrative Identity and Personality Disorder: an Empirical and Conceptual Review

Identity is one of the key domains that is disturbed in people manifesting personality disorder (PD). Within the field of personality psychology, there is a robust approach to studying identity focused on narrative identity which has been largely overlooked in studying PD. In this paper, a systematic review was conducted of studies published in the past decade that focused on how individuals manifesting personality pathology craft their narrative identity. This review revealed disturbances related to several motivational/affective themes (e.g., negative valence/valence shifts and thwarted themes of agency and communion), autobiographical reasoning (negative self-inferences), and structural elements (e.g., low coherence and fewer life script events) within the narrative identity of people who manifest PD. Narrative identity is disturbed in people experiencing personality pathology and may have crucial implications for enhancing our conceptual understanding of PD and for PD interventions. This review also points to several research limitations and gaps that we encourage the field to pursue in the future.
Familial patterns of hematologic precursors.

In this issue of Blood, Slager et al report novel results from a large familial screening study including 1045 relatives from 310 families that include a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
Autonomous Landing of a UAV on a Moving Ground Vehicle in a GPS Denied Environment

Teams of autonomous air and ground agents can enable operations in search and rescue environments that are too remote or dangerous for humans but often require extensive positioning and communication infrastructure. A straightforward approach that maximizes the use of modern robotics tools is implemented to achieve a rotary wing unmanned air vehicle (UAV) landing on a moving unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) without the aid of GPS or other external positioning systems. Landing uses positioning information from a “fractal” visual fiducial marker that embeds smaller markers within larger ones that allows the estimation of a 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) pose at all altitudes during landing. All computations are performed onboard the vehicle using low cost sensors and computers and no communications are required between the UAV and UGV. Trials were conducted in both software-in-the-loop (SITL) simulations and outdoor experiments and demonstrated this algorithm to be effective at performing landing maneuvers. Landing was performed using a small custom-built quadrotor and a Clearpath Warthog UGV at speeds of up to 2.5 m/s.
Smart windows with nanoporous structures templated by liquid crystals

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning of buildings account for about 15% of the global energy consumption, but about 20% of this building-related energy is lost because of inefficient windows. Greenhouse emissions associated with producing and using this energy contribute substantially to climate change. Is there a solution to this challenging problem? Starting from the physical principles associated with energy loss through windows, I will describe our development of visibly transparent, infrared-reflecting, thermally super-insulating materials that may replace or retrofit the inefficient windowpanes of residential and commercial buildings. I will discuss how production of such unusual transparent porous materials is enabled by mesoscale templating of orderly porous structures using lyotropic surfactant-based liquid crystals. I will discuss how these metamaterials can boos energy efficiency of windows and buildings in general.
Propuesta Conceptual Terminal Oceánico del Pacifico: Puerto base de las Ciencias Oceánicas, del Turismo Azul y de la Exploración Oceánica del Pacífico

Valparaiso. Puerto patrimonial, ciudad oceanica del Pacifico, debe ser destino cultural, patrimonial y de turismo azul y de cruceros. Debe transformarse en un sistema integrado en torno a las ciencias y tecnologias oceanicas, las actividades nauticas deportivas y profesionales, acoger veleros y yates de pequenas y grandes esloras, puerto base de escuelas de Buceo deportivo y tecnico, polo gastronomico, espacio para la implementacion de astilleros menores. Integrando ademas todos los servicios de soporte a estas actividades basado en un modelo de gestion cooperativo y no competitivo. Valparaiso, y particularmente Baron, debe ser el Puerto Base del Turismo Azul, Cientifico y de Exploracion Oceanica del Pacifico. La Region y la ciudad de Valparaiso se deben transformar en el punto de encuentro, coordinacion y soporte turistico y patrimonial de los territorios insulares oceanicos —Rapa Nui, archipielago de Juan Fernandez—, contribuyendo a potenciar nuestro oceano y su privilegiada posicion en el mayor de los oceanos del mundo, el Oceano Pacifico. Nuestra region cuenta con atractivos unicos en el mundo, reconocidos por la Unesco, la ciudad puede convertirse en el actor estrategico que integre y articule el turismo, el desarrollo cultural y de las industrias creativas, como un nodo tractor de un hub regional integrado desde la Cordillera de Los Andes hasta los territorios insulares oceanicos, unicos en el mundo. La propuesta conceptual —primer acercamiento de caracter teorico con el objetivo de poder visualizar y dimensionar las variables criticas para definir el proyecto final— del Terminal Oceanico del Pacifico es el hito estrategico para el desarrollo de una nueva industria de alto impacto socio economico para la ciudad, la region y el pais.
Ambiguous roles of intermediaries in social entrepreneurship: The case of social innovation system in South Korea

Abstract Social entrepreneurship and ventures play increasingly important roles in social innovation to tackle wicked problems. Given that social ventures not only have limited resources but are also a relatively new form of entrepreneurship, they often require help of intermediary organizations, actors in social entrepreneurship that aim to deliver some level of social innovation in the context they work in and assist social entrepreneurs to build their capabilities and diffuse innovative ideas. These intermediaries also play various roles in supporting the development and growth of social business ecosystems by linking and mediating different actors to build a community of social innovators. While some of these are typical roles of accelerators or incubators in technological entrepreneurial systems, other mediating and networking roles are closer to those of intermediary organizations in the social economy. Due to the fragmented nature of the studies that investigate these issues from a particular theoretical and practical perspective, there is a lack of systematic and comprehensive analysis of the diverse roles of intermediaries in broader innovation ecosystems. To address this gap, this study adopts the innovation systems approach and examines the various “ambiguous” roles of intermediary organizations in support of social entrepreneurship. By highlighting the particular functions attributable to the nature and characteristics of social business, this study also suggests how technology can facilitate the development of sustainable social innovation systems.
The Voltage Imaging Frontier

Methods for optically recording the electrical activity in neurons have existed for nearly half a century, and yet these techniques remain extremely limited in their practical application. During the last few years, new classes of genetically encoded voltage indicators and innovative new microscopy techniques have put us tantalizingly close to making voltage imaging—in large networks, with the temporal resolution and sensitivity of electrode-based recordings—commonplace. This chapter discusses the history of voltage imaging in neuroscience with a view to understanding the enormous technical barriers that have made this field slow to develop. It also identifies significant issues that remain to be dealt with, and considers how the specific demands posed by different biological questions weigh the relative advantages and disadvantages of optical voltage readouts versus calcium imaging and electrodes.
Homogeneous Fluid Bodies with Viscosity

In Chapter I we studied an important class of physical systems, homogeneous fluid bodies, employing concepts and methods already available to the pioneers of thermodynamics. The systems to be discussed here, called homogeneous fluid bodies with viscosity, are intended to provide, first of all, a more complete model of liquids and gases than do homogeneous fluid bodies and, second of all, a refinement of the notion of homogeneous viscous filaments introduced in Chapter VI. In contrast to the approach taken in Chapter I, we here shall avail ourselves of the modern conceptual framework developed in Chapters II through V. This will provide not only a review of that material, as it is applied to a specific class of physical systems, but also a useful comparison of the classical and modern approaches.
Joint beliefs in conflictual coordination games

The traditional solution concept for noncooperative game theory is the Nash equilibrium, which contains an implicit assumption that players’ probability distributions satisfy t probabilistic independence. However, in games with more than two players, relaxing this assumption results in a more general equilibrium concept based on joint beliefs (Vanderschraaf, 1995). This article explores the implications of this joint-beliefs equilibrium concept for two kinds of conflictual coordination games: crisis bargaining and public goods provision. We find that, using updating consistent with Bayes’ rule, players’ beliefs converge to equilibria in joint beliefs which do not satisfy probabilistic independence. In addition, joint beliefs greatly expand the set of mixed equilibria. On the face of it, allowing for joint beliefs might be expected to increase the prospects for coordination. However, we show that if players use joint beliefs, which may be more likely as the number of players increases, then the prospects for coordination in these games declines vis-a-vis independent beliefs.