cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methionine Requirement of the Finishing Pig

ABSTRACT Two pig experiments were conducted using a methionine (Met)-deficient feather meal- corn-soybean meal basal diet (13% CP; 3,400 kcal ME/kg diet, .126% Met, .456% cystine) supplemented with an amino acid mixture (lysine, tryptophan, histidine, threonine and phenylalanine) to determine the Met requirement of finishing pigs between 50 and 80 kg live weight. Using young chicks in a Met bioavailability growth assay and cecectomized adult cockerels in a Met digestibility assay, the Met-deficient basal diet was found to contain .115% bioavailable and. 110% digestible Met. These results gave a bioavailability estimate (relative to DL-Met set at 100%) of 91.3 + 2.5% and a true digestibility estimate of 87,0 + 2.2% for Met in the basal pig diet. In Exp. t, 2I crossbred pigs averaging 61 kg initially were individually fed diets containing. 115,. 165 or .215 % bioavailable Met for 21 d. Average daily gain and gain:feed ratio increased quadratically (P < .05) as level of Met increased. In Exp. 2, 30 crossbred pigs averaging 53 kg were individually fed diets containing .115, .135, .155, .175 or .195% bioavailable Met for 27 d. Daily gain and gain: feed ratio responded linearly (P < .01) as Met level increased. Based on the results of Exp. 2, the bioavailable Met requirement of finishing pigs in the weight range 50 to 80 kg was estimated to be .182% of the diet. Assuming an 88% bioavailability of Met in commercial diets based on corn and soybean meal, the total Met level needed in practice would be .207%. If 55% of the finishing pig's sulfur amino acid need can be furnished by cystine, the total sulfur amino acid requirement would be .45% of the diet. (Key Words: Pigs, Methionine, Requirements.) J. Anim. Sci. 1989. 67:2677-2683
Experts on their own experiences: the rise of patient-reported outcomes in oncology drug trials.

Historically, clinical trials in hematologic malignancies have not measured patients’ subjective experiences as part of their experimental design [1]. While primary trial outcomes should indeed foc...
Comprehensive Solution for Micro Bump Coplanarity Control

Chip-on-Wafer-on-Substrate (CoWoS®) technology is a promising candidate to enable most cutting edge applications. In CoWoS® architecture, enormous micro-bumps (uBumps) are adopted for interconnecting top-dies and interposer. Comparing to traditional flip chip bump, uBump encounters high risk for die-to-die joint failure (cold joint) due to limited solder volume. To improve die-to-die stacking quality, uBump coplanarity control is crucial. In this paper, a comprehensive solution is proposed for uBump coplanarity optimization. The solution includes "chip scale" and "uBump scale" approaches, which offers the design/ process flexibility for customized chip integration. Based on experiment results, more than 30% of uBump coplanarity reduction is determined. The comprehensive solution is proven as a successful path to mitigate cold joint risk and improve system integration quality.
Risky Business: Predicting Patient Mortality at a Glance:

Clinicians are constantly forecasting patient trajectories to make critical point of care decisions intended to influence clinical outcomes. Little is known, however, about how providers interpret ...
A Methodology for Characterizing Sparse Datasets and Its Application to SIMD Performance Prediction

Irregular computations are commonly seen in many scientific and engineering domains that use unstructured meshes or sparse matrices. The performance of an irregular application is very dependent upon the dataset. This paper poses the following question: "given an unstructured mesh or a graph, what method(s) can be used to sample it, such that the execution on the resulting sampled dataset can accurately reflect performance characteristics on the full dataset". Our first insight is that developing a universal sampling approach for all sparse matrices is unpractical. According to the non-zero distribution of the sparse matrix, we propose two novel sampling strategies: Stride Average sampling and Random Tile sampling, which are suitable for uniform and skewed sparse matrices respectively. To help categorize a sparse matrix as uniform or skewed, we introduce clustering coefficient as an important feature which can be propagated into the decision tree model. We also adapt Random Node Neighbor sampling approach for efficient estimation of clustering coefficient. We apply our unstructured dataset characterization approach to modeling the performance for SIMD irregular applications, where the sampled dataset obtained is used to predict cache miss rate and SIMD utilization ratio. We also build analytical models to estimate overheads incurred by load imbalance among threads. With knowledge of these factors, we adapt a code skeleton framework SKOPE to capture the workload behaviors and aggregate performance statistics for execution time prediction.
Autopsy Service Death Certificate Review.

Context.— Despite the importance of accurate death statistics for epidemiologic studies and public health initiatives, there remains a high frequency of errors in death certification. This deficien...
Prolactin control of receptor for estradiol in corpora lutea of pregnant rats.

Both prolactin and a prolactin-like hormone from the placenta, rat placental lactogen, appear to be required for the luteotropic effect of estrogen in corpora lutea of pregnant rats (1–3). However, the specific synergistic role of these two hormones with estrogen has not been defined. Because receptors for both estradiol and prolactin have been identified and characterized in corpora lutea of pregnant rats, the luteotropic effects of these two hormones are presumed to be direct (4,5). The following studies were designed to determine if the synergistic role of prolactin in maintaining luteal cell progesterone production might involve, at least in part, maintenance of luteal cell receptors for estradiol. To examine the roles of pituitary and placental hormones during early pregnancy two approaches were taken. In the first, pituitary prolactin surges (6) were selectively inhibited by the administration of 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine (ECO; CB-154; 7–10). In the second, both the pituitary and placenta were surgically removed.
Pain resilience, pain catastrophizing, and executive functioning: performance on a short-term memory task during simultaneous ischemic pain

Among pain researchers there is a growing interest in the relationship between psychological resilience and pain experience. Whereas much of this work has focused on individual differences in pain perception or sensitivity, an equally important dimension of resilience is the capacity to persist with goal-directed activity despite experiencing pain. Consistent with this latter focus, the current study examined how pain resilience and pain catastrophizing combine to moderate the effects of ischemic pain on short-term memory task performance. Using a within-subjects design, 121 healthy participants completed four trials of a Corsi block-tapping task with pain exposure during the second and fourth trials. Results indicated that a combination of high pain resilience and low pain catastrophizing was associated with better task performance during the second pain exposure. These findings confirm existing evidence that resilience can moderate performance during pain, and offer new evidence that resilience and catastrophizing interact to shape this effect.
One Dimensional Long Range Surface Plasmon Polariton Topological Insulator in Telecomm Wavelength

We present a platform that implements the topological Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model using long range surface plasmon polaritons on a gold strip at telecomm wavelength. We provide a theoretical model and simulations showing a topological edge mode.
A novel 4-DOF wide-range tunable frequency selective surface using an origami “eggbox” structure

Shape-changing mechanical metamaterials have drawn the attention of researchers toward the development of continuous-range tunable frequency selective surfaces (FSSs). In this paper, a novel tunable FSS utilizing an origami-inspired “eggbox” structure is presented featuring four-degrees of freedom that can change the frequency response of two orthogonal linear polarizations. The centrosymmetric “eggbox” structure can be folded or rotated along two axes that lead to unprecedented reconfigurability compared to traditional Miura-Ori-based structures which have fewer degrees of control. The utilized cross-shaped dipole FSS element shows enhanced bandwidth, support for orthogonal linear polarization, and ease of fabrication. The prototype is fabricated using a low-cost fully additive inkjet printing process with silver nanoparticle conductive ink. The outcome of this study shows a 25% frequency tunable range over two polarization directions. The design can be an ideal spatial filtering candidate for advanced ultra-wideband terrestrial and space applications.
Dual Laser Indium Phosphide Photonic Integrated Circuit for Integrated Path Differential Absorption Lidar

An indium phosphide photonic integrated circuit (PIC) was demonstrated for integrated path differential absorption lidar of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The PIC consists of two widely tunable sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector (SGDBR) lasers, directional couplers, a phase modulator, a photodiode, and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). One SGDBR laser, the leader, is locked to the center of an absorption line at 1572.335 nm using the on-chip phase modulator and a bench-top CO2 Herriott reference cell. The other SGDBR laser, the follower, is stepped in frequency over ±15 GHz around 1572.335 nm to scan the target CO2 absorption line. The follower laser is offset locked to the leader laser with an optical phase lock loop. An SOA after the follower laser generates a pulse at each frequency step to create a train of pulses that samples the target CO2 absorption line. The PIC components and subsystem are characterized and evaluated based on target performance requirements. The leader laser demonstrated a 236-fold improvement in frequency stability standard deviation when locked compared to free running and the follower laser frequency stability standard deviation compared to the leader laser was 37.6 KHz at a 2 GHz programmed offset.
Small Nominals

This paper investigates Small Nominals, that is nominals that lack the DP projection. It is shown that Small Nominals can appear in argument positions, but even in argument positions they are non-referential. Thus, it is proposed that thematic relations underpinning argumenthood, on the one hand, and referentiality, on the other hand, do not rely on the same mechanism (e.g., referential indices). The analysis developed in this paper makes use of φ;-features instead of referential indices; specifically, referentiality is said to be encoded by means of φ;-feature values, which are unavailable until D° is merged. Finally, it is argued that the differences between languages without overt articles (e.g., Russian) and those with overt articles (e.g., Norwegian) are purely morphological rather than syntactic; both types of languages are shown to have both DPs and Small Nominals.
The Persistent Predicament of Nigeria's Power Sector Privatization Scheme: Is Deprivatization an Alternative Step to Take?

The Senate President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on 9th December 2019 reportedly called on the Nigerian executive arm of government to declare a state of emergency in the nation’s power sector. The third figure in Nigeria’s helm of power described the power sector privatisation as a fraud and called for a review of the scheme. Although the National Assembly is yet to take a courageous stand, the current opinion of the Senate President suggests that the Nigerian government is seriously faced with the challenge of taking a major decision of revisiting the power sector privatisation scheme. This is more so because the power sector is currently in shambles and the private investors managing the sector seem to be overwhelmed by the onerous task which they signed to perform since 2013. This research work carefully juxtaposes the arguments for and against the option of “deprivatising” the power sector and finds that deprivatisation may not provide a lasting solution. The researcher, however, recommends that more efforts should be channeled towards investing in the nation’s rich renewable energy resources as the surest way of solving the quagmire presently trailing the nation's power sector.
Thermal field emission behavior of single walled carbon nanotubes

Due to their unique electronic and structural properties, carbon nanotubes have attracted substantial attention as field emitters in vacuum microelectronics. Field emission from carbon nanotubes with high current densities at low applied electric fields has been demonstrated by several groups. The mechanism behind the field emission remains unclear. Not only are most samples mixtures of single-walled and multi-walled nanotubes with widely varying electrical properties, but the emission behavior reported for nanotubes varies widely. To get a better perspective on these basic issues, we studied the thermal field emission characteristics of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) using a atomic resolution field emission microscope (FEM).
Control knowledge to improve plan quality

Generating production-quality plans is an essential element in transforming planners from research tools into real-world applications. However most of the work to date on learning planning control knowledge has been aimed at improving the efficiency of planning; this work has been termed "speed-up teaming". This paper focuses on teaming control knowledge to guide a planner towards better solutions, i.e. to improve the quality of the plans produced by the planner, as its problem solving experience increases. We motivate the use. of quality-enhancing search control knowledge and its automated acquisition from problem solving experience. We introduce an implemented mechanism for learning such control knowledge and some of our preliminary results in a process planning domain.
Boyan Jovanovic and Peter L. Rousseau

We model merger waves as reallocation waves, and argue that mergers spread new technology in a way that is similar to that of entry and exit of firms. We focus on two periods: 1890-1930 during which electricity and the internal combustion engine spread through the U.S. economy, and 1971-2001 the Information Age.
Do National Economic Shocks Influence European Central Bank Interest-Rate Setting? The Impact of the Financial and Sovereign Debt Crises

This article examines the relevance of national economic conditions for European Central Bank (ECB) interest rate setting and whether the financial and sovereign debt crises have made national divergences more relevant. Officially, the ECB sets policy for the eurozone and considers only eurozone data. However, economic shocks in one or more countries may warrant a deviation from this rule. Using real-time, forecast data, the authors estimate a modified Taylor rule incorporating two macroeconomic ‘national influence’ measures: first the difference between the median and the eurozone measures of inflation and real gross domestic product (GDP) growth, and then deviations of the measures of inflation and real GDP growth for the ‘core’ and ‘periphery’ countries from eurozone averages. Using rolling-window analysis to test the stability of parameter estimates, evidence is found that divergences in national data – notably developments in the periphery – from eurozone averages play an increasingly important role during the financial and sovereign debt crises.
The Gradient, the Del Operator, Covariant Differentiation, and the Divergence Theorem

Suppose that you had a topographical map of a piece of land and wanted to indicate at a spot P on the map the slope m of the land in a direction t. This could be done by drawing a vector m t from P, as indicated in Fig. 4.1. Obviously, if the terrain is smooth but not level, there is one direction from P in which the slope is a maximum. This is called the direction of steepest ascent.1 The associated vector is called the gradient of the elevation at P. If you draw a contour line through P, you will realize that the gradient at P must be ⊥ to this contour.
Neonatal urine insulin excretion and its relationship to infant hypoglycemia

Abstract An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed on 110 women during the third trimester of pregnancy in order to determine the status of their carbohydrate metabolism. The neonates from these women were followed closely in the nursery. Their urine was collected and the insulin/creatinine (I/C) level was measured on 332 daily urine samples. In addition, the neonates' fasting blood glucose levels were measured and the total daily caloric intake was determined. It was found that in the normal neonate there is a statistically significant positive correlation between the urine I/C level and the age of the neonate (r = 0.31; p
Honesty and Integrity in Econometrics

When looked at individually there is little reason to think that economists lack integrity and are dishonest. Yet, when we look at academic papers written by economists we can see biases. This paper tries to reconcile these two observations by arguing that the constraints the profession sets on permitted practices are loose enough to allow economists to maintain their biases while conforming to the mores of their profession. There is little reason to think that economics is worse in this respect than some other fields.
SOCIAL CLASS AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR

The apparent refutation by self-report studies of social class-related theories of juvenile delinquency is critically reviewed. Improper conceptualization and operationalization of “social class” are considered to be primary causes of inconsistent findings. A more appropriate “underclasslearning class” model of stratification is suggested. Although no empirical support is found for a relationship between self-reported delinquent behavior and socioeconomic status of father's occupation. indications are that social class is somewhat more related to self-reported delinquency using the underclass/earning class model. However, there is no reason to expect social class to emerge as a major correlate of delinquent behavior no matter how it is measured.
Simulating smoke transport from wildland fires with a regional-scale air quality model: Sensitivity to uncertain wind fields

[1] Uncertainties associated with meteorological inputs which are propagated through atmospheric chemical transport models may constrain their ability to replicate the effects of wildland fires on air quality. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of predicted fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels to uncertain wind fields by simulating the air quality impacts of two fires on an urban area with the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ). Brute-force sensitivity analyses show that modeled concentrations at receptors downwind from the fires are highly sensitive to variations in wind speed and direction. Additionally, uncertainty in wind fields produced with the Weather Research and Forecasting model was assessed by evaluating meteorological predictions against surface and upper air observations. Significant differences between predicted and observed wind fields were identified. Simulated PM2.5 concentrations at urban sites displayed large sensitivities to wind perturbations within the error range of meteorological inputs. The analyses demonstrate that normalized errors in CMAQ predictions attempting to model the regional impacts of fires on PM2.5 levels could be as high as 100% due to inaccuracies in wind data. Meteorological drivers may largely account for the considerable discrepancies between monitoring site observations and predicted concentrations. The results of this study demonstrate that limitations in fire-related air quality simulations cannot be overcome by solely improving emission rates.
Ultrastructural morphology, synaptic relationships, and CGRP immunoreactivity of physiologically identified C-fiber terminals in the monkey spinal cord.

The spinal cord terminations of two electrophysiologically identified single C-fibers (one identified as a C-nociceptor) were intraaxonally labeled with horseradish peroxidase and analyzed with both light and electron microscopy. Serial section ultrastructural analysis and postembedding immunocytochemical techniques for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and GABA were used to study the synaptology, and neuropeptide content. All C-terminal synapses were in laminae I and II. The terminals sampled (n = 73) from these two C-fibers rarely established glomerular synaptic complexes, but rather, simple terminals, usually measuring 1–4 μm in length and 1–3 μm in diameter. They most often established 1 or 2 (range 1 to 5) quite large asymmetric axodendritic synaptic contacts. Postsynaptic structures included dendritic spines and shafts with and without vesicles. C-terminals were filled with small round synaptic vesicles (45–60 nm) and also contained variable numbers of large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs, 80–110 nm). LDCVs inside identified C-terminals frequently displayed CGRP immunoreactivity. We were unable to detect SP immunoreactivity inside our sample of C-fiber LDCVs. C-terminals were never found postsynaptic to other profiles. Thus, the C-fiber terminals sampled in this study have simple synaptology, do not receive presynaptic control and contain CGRP immunoreactivity. They differ greatly from the terminals of Aδ nociceptors studied previously by our group that had glomerular endings, often received presynaptic input and did not contain CGRP immunoreactivity. This suggests the existence of different processing mechanisms, at the level of the first synapse, for nociceptive inputs arriving to lamina I and II through different types of primary afferents. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Repolarization of reversed, regenerating lenses in adult newts, Notophthalmus viridescens

Abstract Following removal of the lens from eyes of adult newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, lens regeneration from the dorsal iris was allowed to proceed for 20–30 days. Then a circular disc of iris and the attached regenerating lens was excised, turned inside out, and replaced in the eye so that the lens fiber pole faced the cornea. Eyes were fixed from 1 to 30 days after the second operation. The lens epithelium, facing the vitreous body and neural retina, differentiated into new lens fibers which were laid down on the surface of the fibers present at the time of rotation. The remainder of the lens epithelium grew over the old lens fiber pole and covered the surface facing the cornea. In this way, normal polarity was re-established in the reversed, regenerating lens.
Does Organizational Forgetting Affect Vendor Quality Performance? An Empirical Investigation

The development of organizational knowledge and the depreciation of knowledge within organizations are processes that invariably occur concurrently. In the quality domain, many researchers have examined how the development of organizational knowledge organizational learning enhances quality performance. We build on this literature and investigate how the depreciation of organizational knowledge organizational forgetting affects quality performance. We analyze information on 2,732 quality improvement initiatives implemented by 295 vendors of a car manufacturer and find that organizational forgetting affects quality gains obtained from both learning-by-doing autonomous learning and quality improvement initiatives induced learning; more than 16% of quality gains from autonomous learning and 13% of quality gains from induced learning depreciate every year. Furthermore, the impact of organizational forgetting i differs across the types of quality improvement efforts quality gains from process improvement initiatives depreciate, whereas those from quality assurance initiatives do not, and ii depends on where quality knowledge was embedded depreciation is lower for knowledge embedded in technology than for knowledge embedded in organizational routines or organizational members. Our results highlight the ubiquity of organizational forgetting and suggest the need for continued attention to sustain and enhance quality performance in supply chains.
Relationship between second-hand tobacco smoke exposure and chronic rhinosinusitis: Evidence for causality

Evaluation of: Tammemagi CM, Davis RM, Benninger MS, Holm AL, Krajenta R. Secondhand smoke as a potential cause of chronic rhinosinusitis: a case–control study. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 136(4), 327–334 (2010).Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory condition with a significant health and economic impact worldwide. Environmental factors, including second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS), may contribute to the etiology of CRS. A recent case–control study evaluated the association between SHS exposure during the past 5 years and CRS in a US population. This study, together with another recent case–control study, supports the role of SHS in the development of CRS. In this review, we evaluate the methods, results and implications of both case–control studies side by side. Taking into account available experimental evidence and the need for prospective epidemiologic evidence, we conclude that the current evidence is highly suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship between SHS exposu...
Exercise may decrease further destruction in the adult haemophilic joint.

Summary. The effect of exercise on adult haemophilic joints was investigated. Forty-six subjects with existing joint disease were evaluated and range of motion (ROM) in joints was measured. The effect of exercise of large joint ROM in haemophilia was evaluated by comparing the ranges of motion in subjects who exercised at least three times weekly against those subjects who did not exercise. The exercise group showed improvement in the majority of joint ranges of motion compared with the non-exercise group (P = 0.003). Thus regular exercise may help reduce further destruction in haemophilic joints by strengthening muscle ligaments and tendons surrounding the joint thereby protecting them from damage caused by recurrent haemarthrotic events.
Papaya fruit softening, endoxylanase gene expression, protein and activity

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) cell wall matrix polysaccharides are modified as the fruit starts to soften during ripening and an endoxylanase is expressed that may play a role in the softening process. Endoxylanase gene expression, protein amount and activity were determined in papaya cultivars that differ in softening pattern and in one cultivar where softening was modified by the ethylene receptor inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Antibodies to the endoxylanase catalytic domain were used to determine protein accumulation. The three papaya varieties used in the study, 'Line 8', 'Sunset', and 'Line 4-16', differed in softening pattern, respiration rate, ethylene production and showed similar parallel relationships during ripening and softening in endoxylanase expression, protein level and activity. When fruit of the three papaya varieties showed the respiratory climacteric and started to soften, the level of endoxylanase gene expression increased and this increase was related to the amount of endoxylanase protein at 32 kDa and its activity. Fruit when treated at less than 10% skin yellow stage with 1-MCP showed a significant delay in the respiratory climacteric and softening, and reduced ethylene production, and when ripe was firmer and had a 'rubbery' texture. The 1 -MCP-treated fruit that had the 'rubbery' texture showed suppressed endoxylanase gene expression, protein and enzymatic activity. Little or no delay occurred between endoxylanase gene expression and the appearance of activity during post-translational processing from 65 to 32 kDa. The close relationship between endoxylanase gene expression, protein accumulation and activity in different varieties and the failure of the 1-MCP-treated fruit to fully soften, supported de novo synthesis of endoxylanase, rapid posttranslation processing and a role in papaya fruit softening.
Smoking prevalence: A comparison of two American surveys

Summary Objectives To compare smoking prevalence estimates from two nationally representative surveys in the USA. Study design: Smoking prevalence estimates derived from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) for the period 1998–2005. Methods Comparisons according to age (18–34 or 35+ years) and according to smoking frequency (every day or some days). Results In 1998, the prevalence of smoking in both surveys was nearly identical at 24%. From 1999 to 2005, a divergence occurred in smoking prevalence found by the NSDUH and the NHIS. By 2005, NHIS prevalence had declined to 20.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 20.3–21.5], but the NSDUH estimate was 25.4% (95%CI 24.6–26.2), amounting to 9.1 million more smokers. In 1999, prevalence among 18–34 year olds in the NSDUH was only 18% (95%CI 13–22) higher than that in the NHIS, but that difference had doubled by 2005, when smoking prevalence among 18–34 year olds was 36% (95%CI 30–41) higher in the NSDUH than in the NHIS. NSDUH and NHIS prevalence among 35+ year olds were similar in 1999 and 2001, but the difference was 13% (95%CI 9–18) in 2005. Higher smoking prevalence estimates in the NSDUH were largely due to much higher estimates for some-day smoking in that survey, although every-day smoking prevalence among 18–34 year-olds was also higher in the NSDUH than in the NHIS. Conclusions These results raise doubt about the recent decline in smoking prevalence described by the NHIS. Further investigation of the NSDUH/NHIS discrepancy may lead to better surveys and to a clearer picture of smoking trends in the USA.
Co-localization of cortactin and phosphotyrosine identifies active invadopodia in human breast cancer cells

Invadopodia are filopodia-like projections possessing protease activity that participate in tumor cell invasion. We demonstrate that co-localization of cortactin and phosphotyrosine identifies a subset of cortactin puncta termed "invadopodial complexes" that we find to be closely associated with the plasma membrane at active sites of focal degradation of the extracellular matrix in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Manipulation of c-Src activity in cells by transfection with kinase activated c-Src(527) or kinase inactive c-Src(295) results in a dramatic increase or decrease, respectively, in the number of these structures associated with changes in the number of sites of active matrix degradation. Overexpression of kinase-inactive c-Src(295) does not prevent localization of cortactin at the membrane; however, co-localized phosphotyrosine staining is decreased. Thus, elevated phosphotyrosine at invadopodial complexes is specifically associated with the proteolytic activity of invadopodia. Further, invadopodial complexes are spatially, morphologically and compositionally distinct from focal adhesions as determined by localization of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which is not present in invadopodial complexes. Expression of kinase-inactive c-Src(295) blocks invadopodia activity, but does not block filopodia formation. Thus, invadopodia, but not filopodia, are highly correlated with matrix invasion, and sites of invadopodial activity can be identified by the formation of invadopodial complexes.
Regulation of mitochondrial nutrient and energy metabolism by BCL-2 family proteins

Cells have evolved a highly integrated network of mechanisms to coordinate cellular survival/death, proliferation, differentiation, and repair with metabolic states. It is therefore not surprising that proteins with canonical roles in cell death/survival also modulate nutrient and energy metabolism and vice versa. The finding that many BCL-2 (B cell lymphoma 2) proteins reside at mitochondria or can translocate to this organelle has long motivated investigation into their involvement in normal mitochondrial physiology and metabolism. These endeavors have led to the discovery of homeostatic roles for BCL-2 proteins beyond apoptosis. We predominantly focus on recent findings that link select BCL-2 proteins to carbon substrate utilization at the level of mitochondrial fuel choice, electron transport, and metabolite import independent of their cell death regulatory function.
Tunable high-energy soliton pulse generation from a large-mode-area fiber pumped by a picosecond time-lens source

We demonstrate high-energy soliton pulse generation from a large mode area fiber, tunable from 1560 nm up to 1700 nm, pumped with a 10 MHz, 1.5-ps time lens source at 1544 nm.
Bone mineral status during and after therapy of childhood cancer: an increasing population with multiple risk factors for impaired bone health.

WITH SURVIVAL RATES for childhood cancers now approaching 70%, there is an urgent need to assess the nature, prevalence, and risk factors for long-term treatment sequelae. Survival rates for pediatric malignancies increased from 20% in 1965 to 66% in 1995. As a result, it is anticipated that by the year 2000, 1 in every 900 individuals between the ages of 15 and 45 years will be a survivor of childhood cancer. This growing population of long-term childhood cancer survivors represents a new group at risk for early onset osteoporosis. Adverse late effects resulting from impaired bone mineral density (BMD) (i.e., increased risk of early onset osteoporosis, fracture, and other bone defects) have been observed in cohorts of childhood cancer survivors of several primary tumor types. The frequency of diminished lumbar spine BMD has ranged from 8–23% of survivors who received chemotherapy prior to physeal closure. The wide range of reported frequencies probably reflects the study of relatively small numbers of patients with diverse primary tumor types and treatments. The imprecise information about the prevalence, risk factors for, and treatment approaches for diminished BMD in pediatric patients further emphasizes the need for prospective study in these patients.
Membrane-bound (MUC1) and secretory (MUC2, MUC3, and MUC4) mucin gene expression in human lung cancer

Abnormalities of mucin-type glycoproteins have been described in lung cancers, but their molecular basis is unknown. In this study, mucin-core-peptide-specific antibodies and cDNA probes were used to determine the relative expression of mucin genes corresponding to one membrane-bound mucin (MUC1), two intestinal mucins (MUC2 and MUC3), and one tracheobronchial mucin (MUC4) in normal (nonneoplastic) lung, and in lung neoplasms. Normal lung tissues exhibited a distinct pattern of mucin gene expression, with high levels of MUC1 and MUC4 mRNA and low to absent levels of MUC2 and MUC3 mucin immunoreactivity and mRNA. In contrast, lung adenocarcinomas, especially well-differentiated cancers, exhibited increased MUC1, MUC3, and MUC4 mRNA levels. Lung squamous-cell, adenosquamous, and large-cell carcinomas were characterized by increased levels of MUC4 mucin only. We conclude that the expression of one membrane-bound and several secretory-type mucins is independently regulated and markedly altered in lung neoplasms. The frequent occurrence of increased MUC4 transcripts in a variety of non-small-cell lung cancers indicates the potential importance of this type of mucin in lung cancer biology.
DEPENDENCE OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY ON INSTANTANEOUS HEART RATE IN SLEEP

This study was designed to assess: the ontogenesis of autonomic innervation in the intact embryonic and neonatal rat heart and the development of innervation of rat heart cells in primary tissue culture. Choline acetyltransferase activity (CAT), a marker for acetyl choline synthesis, was determined by radloimmunological assay in intact hearts. CAT was first detectable on the 18th gestational day (atria/ventricles = 8/2 pM/mg of protein) and reached plateau levels on the 14th postnatal day (atria/ventricles = 36/12 pM/mg of protein). Functional innervation, evidenced by cardioinhibitory vagal response, appeared at birth. Fluorescent staining demonstrated the absence of adrenergic innervation at birth. In culture preparations of newborn rats, CAT activity was not present, indicating the loss of cholinergic neurons during tissue culture preparation. Sympathetic neurons were added to rat heart cell cultures, which were free of demonstrable cholinergic and adrenergic neurons. Scanning electron microscopic, time lapse photographic, and glyoxic acid fluorescent staining indicated the development of innervation in these cultures. Conclusions: In the newborn rat heart cholinergic, but no adrenergic neuroeffector transmission is present. The trophic influence of innervation upon myocardial growth and sensitivity can be assessed with the addition of sympathetic neurons in vitro.
Preverbal, Early Verbal Pediatric Pain Scale (PEPPS): Development and early psychometric testing

The Pre-Verbal, Early Verbal Pediatric Pain Scale (PEPPS) is conceptualized to measure the established pain response in toddlers, a pediatric group void of pain assessment scales. It consists of seven categories, each with weighted indicators. Scores can range from 0 to 26. Using a blinded, cross-sectional design, 40 children, aged 12 to 24 months, were videotaped throughout their postoperative stay in the postanesthesia care unit. Vignettes were randomly selected and viewed by four experienced pediatric nurses. Results indicated that the PEPPS was easy to use and demonstrated acceptable inter-rater and intrarater reliability. Early evidence of construct validity was established by statistically significant differences in premedication and postmedication pain scores.
Synoptic climatology of transient tropical intraseasonal convection anomalies: 1975?1985

Pentad mean anomaly maps were used to study the climatology of tropical intraseasonal convection anomaly (TICA) as a dynamic system. One hundred and twenty-two events were identified and classified into three categories: eastward (77), independent northward (27), and westward (18) propagation. The eastward propagation is more active in boreal winter than in summer, while the independent northward propagation, which is not associated with equatorial eastward propagation, occurs in boreal summer from May to October. The eastward moving TICA exhibits three major paths: 1) eastward along the equator from Africa to the mid-Pacific, 2) first eastward along the equator, then either turning north-east to the northwest Pacific or turning southeast to the southwest Pacific at the maritime continent, and 3) the main anomaly moves eastward along the equator with split center(s) moving northward over the Indian and/or western Pacific Oceans. The equatorial Indian Ocean and the western Pacific intertropical convergence zone are preferred geographic locations for their development, while the maritime continent and central Pacific are regions of dissipation. Independent northward propagation is confined to the Indian and western Pacific monsoon regions. Its existence suggests that the mechanism responsible for meridional propagation may differ from that for eastward propagation. The dynamic effect of the equator and the thermodynamic effect of the underlying warm ocean water are basic factors in trapping TICA in the deep tropics, while the annual march of maximum SST (thermal equator) and the monsoon circulation have profound influences on the annual variation and meridional movement of TICA.
Epidermal growth factor receptor induced Erk phosphorylation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A significant functional role for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is suggested by the confluence of several recent findings: (1) EGFR is highly expressed in the SCN, (2) the EGFR ligand TGFalpha is expressed and apparently locally released in the SCN, and (3) EGFR activation local to the 3rd ventricle suppresses circadian locomotor behavior and drinking/feeding activities. However, it has not yet been shown that binding of EGFR in the SCN can activate the key signaling pathways associated with its function. Here, we report that EGF treatment induced Erk1/2 phosphorylation in the rat SCN cells. The observation indicates functional EGFR in the SCN and motivates further investigation of the functional role of these receptors.
Historical changes in inflation-output dynamics: A cross-country study

Abstract This paper explores the stylized facts concerning output-inflation interactions over time. Data for seven countries from the pre-World War I period and the post-World War II period are examined using alternative detrending methods. Three findings appear to be robust across the variety of experiences across countries. First, the volatility of inflation and output shocks appear to diminish over time. Second, inflation has become more persistent in the postwar era. Finally, output shocks consistently lead to hump-shaped inflation responses in the postwar era. These findings suggest that similar structural adjustments have occurred over time in a variety of countries.
Increased Levels of Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins Result in Resistance to R5-Tropic HIV-1 in a Subset of Elite Controllers

Elite controllers (ECs) are a rare group of HIV seropositive individuals who are able to control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy. The mechanisms responsible for this phenotype, however, have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined CD4+ T cell resistance to HIV in a cohort of elite controllers and explored transcriptional signatures associated with cellular resistance. We demonstrate that a subgroup of elite controllers possess CD4+ T cells that are specifically resistant to R5-tropic HIV while remaining fully susceptible to X4-tropic and vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G)-pseudotyped viruses. Transcriptome analysis revealed 17 genes that were differentially regulated in resistant elite controllers relative to healthy controls. Notably, the genes encoding macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), CCL3 and CCL3L1, were found to be upregulated. The MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES chemokines are natural ligands of CCR5 and are known to interfere with HIV replication. For three elite controllers, we observed increased production of MIP-1α and/or MIP-1β at the protein level. The supernatant from resistant EC cells contained MIP-1α and MIP-1β and was sufficient to confer R5-tropic resistance to susceptible CD4+ T cells. Additionally, this effect was reversed by using inhibitory anti-MIP antibodies. These results suggest that the T cells of these particular elite controllers may be naturally resistant to HIV infection by blocking R5-tropic viral entry. IMPORTANCE HIV is a pandemic health problem, and the majority of seropositive individuals will eventually progress to AIDS unless antiretroviral therapy (ART) is administered. However, rare patients, termed elite controllers, have a natural ability to control HIV infection in the absence of ART, but the mechanisms by which they achieve this phenotype have not been fully explored. This paper identifies one mechanism that may contribute to this natural resistance: some elite controllers have CD4+ T cells that produce high levels of MIP chemokines, which block R5-tropic HIV entry. This mechanism could potentially be exploited to achieve a therapeutic effect in other HIV-seropositive individuals.
The British Movement for Industrial Reconstruction and the Control of Competitive Activity

I. The movement toward the control of competitive activity in Great Britain and its relation to industrial reconstruction. — II. The extent and mechanism of control, 211. — III. Price-fixing, 218.—IV. Control of productive activity, 221. — V. The retirement of redundant and obsolete equipment, 228. — VI. Conclusions, 232.
The Long-Term Effects of Oophorectomy on Cognitive and Motor Aging Are Age Dependent

Background: The evidence for a neuroprotective effect of estrogen in women remains controversial. Objective: We studied the long-term risk of parkinsonism and of
SU‐FF‐T‐286: Dosimetric Differences in Dynamic MLC Performance as a Result of Alignment and Software Configuration

Purpose: During commissioning of a new linear accelerator (Varian Clinac 21iX), differences were found in dynamic MLC (sliding window) delivery of 2.5–5.5% when compared to an existing matched linear accelerator (Varian Trilogy). An investigation was done to determine the causes of these differences. Method and Materials:Ion chamber and film measurements were done on several accelerators while varying MLC alignment parameters. Test deliveries, including open fields, MLC fields, “sweeping gap”, and dynamic MLC fields were made using a central ion chamber and film. A difference in the software configuration of the MLC (“SureTouch”) resulted in a significant dosimetric effect and measurements were performed to ascertain its impact. Results: Except for dynamic MLC delivery, the accelerators were well matched, with all differences less than 0.5%. Differences in delivery of dynamic IMRT treatments were found in three areas: 1) Calibration of the MLC alignment can introduce up to 2% variation in dMLC performance; 2) A variation of 1.5% appears to be inherent in the mechanical performance of MLCs; 3) A 1% difference appears to be a result of the software configuration of the MLC by service engineers. This configuration can be optionally introduced in cases where poor performance of the MLC is noted during patient deliveries. Conclusion: With proper configuration and calibration of an MLC, machine‐to‐machine performance should be within 2%. As noted in several previous publications, careful calibration and testing of MLC leaf position and alignment are critical to proper delivery of dynamic MLC treatments. Software configuration of the MLC by service engineers can affect dosimetric performance for IMRT deliveries. Medical physicists should monitor MLC configuration changes installed by service personnel carefully, as these changes may require alterations in treatment planning system models.
Growth and physiological responses of yellow-poplar seedlings exposed to ozone and simulated acidic rain.

Abstract Nine-week-old, yellow-poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedlings were exposed to ozone (O 3 ) 4 h day −1 , 5 days week −1 , in combination with simulated rain (pH 3·0, 4·3, or 5·6, 1 h day −1 , 2 days week −1 , at 0·75 cm h −1 ) for 6 weeks, under controlled laboratory conditions. There was no main treatment effect of O 3 ( μ l litre −1 ) on height growth or total plant biomass. However, specific leaf area increased linearly (P = 0·05) with exposure of plants to increasing O 3 concentrations. Exposure of seedlings to 0·10 μl litre −1 O 3 reduced the leaf area ratio and the stomatal conductance (S c ), but increased the mean unit leaf rate compared to control plants. This O 3 concentration also caused S c to decrease more rapidly, relative to non-fumigated plants, in response to increasing vapor pressure deficit. The only main treatment effect caused by simulated rain was a linear decrease in S c with increasing acidity. For combined pollutant effects, O 3 applied at 0·05 or 0·10 μl litre −1 resulted in significant (P = 0·05) linear decreases in dry weights and relative growth rates ( RGR ) of stems and leaves, and in cumulative leaf area (LAI), as the solution pH decreased. Root to shoot ratio (RSR) decreased linearly, whereas stem RGR and LAI increased linearly in response to decreasing pH for seedlings exposed to 0·15 μl litre −1 O 3 . Seedlings treated with a pH 5·6 solution exhibited a linear decrease (P = 0·05) in leaf dry weight and RGR and a linear increase (P = 0·05) in RSR as O 3 concentrations increased.