cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of glycemic control with clinical pharmacy specialist management of veterans with type 2 diabetes

Abstract Background Improved control of glycemic control likely lowers the risk of diabetes complications and clinical pharmacy specialist (CPS) services can improve glycemic control. Though the pattern of control may also matter in terms of outcomes. Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the longitudinal trajectories of HbA1c among a large population of Veterans with type 2 diabetes who received CPS-led diabetes management. Methods This is an observational, multicenter cohort study of Veterans with type-2 diabetes managed by CPSs between 7/1/2013 and 7/1/2017 with baseline glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level ≥8%. Two years of HbA1c measurements were used to group patients into distinct patterns of HbA1c trajectories over time using group-based trajectory modeling. Characteristics associated with successful HbA1c trajectories and association of assigned trajectories with all-cause and diabetes-related hospitalizations were analyzed using logistic regression. Results A total of 4119 Veterans were included and able to be successfully segmented into six distinct HbA1c trajectory groups over time: High Gradually Decreasing (n = 325, 7.9%), Moderate Early Decline (n = 1692, 41.1%), Large Early Decline (n = 231, 5.6%), Uncontrolled Stable (n = 1468, 35.6%), Early Decline/Subsequent Increase (n = 266, 6.5%), and Very Uncontrolled Stable (n = 137, 3.3%). The distinguishing factor between successful and less successful trajectories appears to be the progress made within the first six months of pharmacist management. Conclusions Significant variability exists in the pattern of glycemic control over time of type 2 diabetes patients managed by clinical pharmacy specialists. Limited resources should be first prioritized to managing patients with very elevated HbA1c and into the first six months of CPS management.
The Surge in Deceased Liver Donors Due to the Opioid Epidemic: Is It Time to Split the Difference?

BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare trends in use of drug overdose (DO) donors in adult versus pediatric liver transplants and the utilization of split liver transplantation in this donor population. METHODS The United Network for Organ Sharing database was reviewed for deceased donor liver transplants from March 2002 to December 2017. Recipients were categorized by donor mechanism of death. Donor splitting criteria was defined as age 3 times the normal limit, and body mass index ≤ 28 kg/m2. RESULTS Adult liver transplants from DO donors increased from 2% in 2002 to 15% in 2017, while pediatric liver transplants from DO donors only increased from <1% to 3% in the same time. While 28% of DO donors met splitting criteria, only 3% of those meeting splitting criteria were used as a split graft. Both pediatric and adult recipients of DO donor livers achieved excellent patient and graft survival. CONCLUSIONS DO donors are underutilized in pediatric liver transplantation. Increased splitting of DO donor livers could significantly decrease, if not eliminate, the pediatric liver waiting list.
Rent-Seeking through collective bargaining: Teachers unions and education production☆

Abstract We explore how teachers unions affect education production by comparing outcomes between districts allocating new tax revenue amidst collective bargaining negotiations and districts allocating tax revenue well before. Districts facing union pressure increase teacher salaries and benefits, spend down reserves, and experience no student achievement gains. Conversely, districts facing less pressure hire more teachers (instead of increasing compensation) and realize significant student achievement gains. We interpret these results as causal evidence of the negative impact of teacher rent seeking on education production, as the timing of district tax elections relative to collective bargaining appears to be as good as random.
Review Article: Searching for Feasible and Viable Marxian Alternatives to Capitalism

This article reviews Peter Hudis and Richard Wolff's recent contributions to feasible and viable Marxian alternatives to both capitalism and historical socialism. Both Hudis’ reinterpretation of Marx’s major writings and Wolff’s proposal for building a WSDE-based economy are important attempts at answering various questions surrounding Marxian post-capitalist visions. However, Hudis’ textual analysis fails to make sense of Marx’s contradictory positions toward the Proudhonian utopian project and to fully discuss the importance of worker cooperatives. Wolff’s WSDE-based economy also left many important issues untouched, especially in explaining the relationship between WSDEs and other corporate ownerships and the proper relationship between the state’s planning and the market. This article attempts to address these problems in order to contribute to our collective endeavor for searching for feasible and viable alternatives to existing systems.
Diagnostic utility of computed tomography in patients presenting to the emergency department with unintended weight loss.

Unintended weight loss (UWL) is a common presenting symptom in the emergency department (ED) with several etiologies. Our study looks to evaluate the diagnostic utility of computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of UWL in the ED. We identified all patients who underwent CT of the chest, abdomen, or pelvis in the ED at our institution for the diagnosis of UWL from 2004 to 2020 and retrospectively reviewed their clinical history and imaging. CT findings were organized into 4 types: (1) definite cause for UWL identified, (2) possible findings for UWL, (3) incidental findings unrelated to UWL, and (4) normal scan. Associations between clinical and laboratory findings with positive CT scans were also examined. One hundred seventy-three eligible patients were identified; 40 patients were excluded due to history of malignancy or inadequate follow-up. One hundred thirty-three patients were included in the final cohort. Overall, the most common causes of UWL were non-malignant gastrointestinal (GI) conditions (n = 41, 30%) and cancer (n = 30, 23%). True-positive CT findings were identified in 48.8% of patients (65/133). Elevated white blood cell counts (p = <0.0001) and physical exam abnormalities (p = 0.02) were both significantly associated with CT abnormalities. The use of CT scanning in the evaluation of UWL in the ED yielded a diagnosis in approximately half of all cases, indicating good diagnostic value. The most common causes of UWL were non-malignant GI conditions and cancer in this cohort.
Skeletal editing through direct nitrogen deletion of secondary amines

Synthetic chemistry aims to build up molecular complexity from simple feedstocks1. However, the ability to exert precise changes that manipulate the connectivity of the molecular skeleton itself remains limited, despite possessing substantial potential to expand the accessible chemical space2,3. Here we report a reaction that 'deletes' nitrogen from organic molecules. We show that N-pivaloyloxy-N-alkoxyamides, a subclass of anomeric amides, promote the intermolecular activation of secondary aliphatic amines to yield intramolecular carbon-carbon coupling products. Mechanistic experiments indicate that the reactions proceed via isodiazene intermediates that extrude the nitrogen atom as dinitrogen, producing short-lived diradicals that rapidly couple to form the new carbon-carbon bond. The reaction shows broad functional-group tolerance, which enables the translation of routine amine synthesis protocols into a strategy for carbon-carbon bond constructions and ring syntheses. This is highlighted by the use of this reaction in the syntheses and skeletal editing of bioactive compounds.
Exchange Rate Shocks in the United Kingdom and Switzerland

This case follows as the protagonist sets out to refresh his knowledge of large changes in exchange rates by analyzing two specific episodes: George Soros against the Bank of England (BOE) in 1992 and Switzerland's Francogeddon in 2015. The episodes were in one sense very different one led to a sharp depreciation and the other to a sharp appreciation but understanding them could serve him well when assessing future potential large exchange rate movements. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0172 Jan. 6, 2021 Exchange Rate Shocks in the United Kingdom and Switzerland As Arturo Rodrigo was riding the early morning Metro-North train from Manhattan, New York, to Greenwich, Connecticut, in December 2019, his thoughts turned to large changes in exchange rates. During this quiet holiday season, Rodrigo wanted to take advantage of the luxury of thinking through issues in relative calm. In another week or so, his days would be too full for proper thinking. Rodrigo set out to refresh his knowledge of large changes in exchange rates by analyzing two specific episodes: George Soros against the Bank of England (BOE) in 1992 and Switzerland's Francogeddon in 2015. The episodes were in one sense very different one led to a sharp depreciation and the other to a sharp appreciation but understanding them could serve him well when assessing future potential large exchange rate movements. Soros versus the Bank of England . . .
The electoral origin of government spending shocks

Abstract In this paper, I develop a theoretical framework for analysing the economic and political origins of government spending variations both across countries and time. I first build a model where economic and electoral outcomes are determined simultaneously and in which choices of government spending and taxation vary according to the ideology of the ruling party along a left-right spectrum. The model introduces heterogenous voters, parties, and repeated elections into a neoclassical macroeconomic framework. I then exploit the large variations in the domestic political environment, the business cycle, and fiscal policy stance since 1945 to identify the country-specific parameters of the model for twelve OECD countries. The model shows that an important part of the variance in government spending can be linked to the political sector for most countries studied (59% on average), and in particular for countries like the United States and the United Kingdom with (i) more political polarization and (ii) a high persistence in government ideology.
Development and Validation of the Perceived Introversion Mistreatment Scale

Perceived introversion mistreatment (PIM) has been discussed extensively in the popular press and online community, but has yet to be studied empirically, despite negative implications of PIM for employees and organizations. To assist fellow researchers who are interested in conducting research on this topic, the purpose of the present study was to develop and provide initial validation evidence for a measure of PIM. This study incorporated five independent samples, 974 participants, and multiwave (three months between administrations) and multisource data (social network individuals and work peers). The results indicate that the 10-item Perceived Introversion Mistreatment Scale (PIMS) is a reliable, unidimensional measure whose measurement is not biased by affect and is related to but discriminant from age, gender, and ethnic discrimination in addition to incivility, bullying, perceived organizational support, and leader member exchange. Further, PIM predicted CWB-O, symptoms of poor physical health, anxiety, depression, job satisfaction, and affective commitment above and beyond several mistreatment measures. Overall, the PIMS displays satisfactory psychometric properties and can offer valuable insight into workplace mistreatment beyond the topics currently studied in the mistreatment literature. Directions for future research and limitations are discussed.
Acute Respiratory Failure in the Patient with Chronic Airflow Obstruction

Respiratory failure occurs when gas exchange is impaired. Mild degrees of respiratory failure with hypoxemia or hypercarbia may be present for many years without apparent serious physiologic consequences because of the body’s normal compensatory mechanisms. The severity of respiratory failure and the need for urgent therapeutic intervention depend on the rate and degree of deterioration in gas exchange as reflected in the arterial blood gases (ABG). Life-threatening, acute respiratory failure occurs when gas exchange is deteriorating rapidly, with accelerated alterations in acid-base chemistry. Abrupt alterations in gas exchange (occurring over minutes to several days) that lower the PaO2 below 55 mm Hg or lower the pH below 7.30 (by raising the PaCO2 above 50 mm Hg) require rapid and aggressive therapy.
Housing Segregation in Suburban America since 1960: Separate Worlds, Separate Lives

Urban and suburban neighborhoods in America are often profoundly different. They vary according to wealth, business and commercial development, employment opportunities, educational quality, health care, recreational facilities, and a variety of other important characteristics. Yet perhaps the most visible difference is their racial composition: black cities and white suburbs. This condition, a product of decades of housing segregation, is explained in large part by discrimination. Although white attitudes toward housing integration have grown more tolerant over time, and African Americans are moving to the suburbs in small but increasing numbers, race still significantly affects residential patterns. A substantial body of research has explored the complexities of urban segregation in the United States since World War II, with African Americans constituting the group most segregated in the nation's cities. Much less scholarly attention has been paid to racial segregation in the suburbs, though its existence is common knowledge. After decades of suburbanization, with whites fleeing urban problems, American society remains divided along racial lines. Today, the United States is primarily a suburban nation. A high percentage of whites reside in the suburbs, whereas African Americans and other minorities, especially the less affluent, mainly occupy urban areas left behind by white flight. The racial composition of suburban America changed very gradually between 1960 and 2000 (see the Appendix). However, African American suburbanization rarely results in housing integration.
Androgen-deprivation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) suppress Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) metastasis suppressor gene (MSG) expression.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 3423 RKIP is a MSG whose expression is down-regulated through unknown mechanisms in prostate cancer (CaP) metastases. CaP cancer is often treated with androgen deprivation, which has been shown to increase expression of IL-6, a cytokine known to activate the androgen receptor. The goal of this study was to determine if androgen or IL-6 regulate RKIP expression. Androgen-responsive LNCaP cells were initially treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) 5nM or vehicle (V) for 24 or 48 h. Real time RT-PCR was performed to measure PSA and RKIP which were normalized to β-microglobulin levels. DHT induced RKIP expression by approximately 32% and 46% compared to V at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Then LNCaP cells were treated with V or IL-6 (50ng) for 2, 6 or 24 h and RKIP expression was measured and normalized to GAPDH. IL-6 decreased RKIP expression compared to V by approximately 63%, 45%, 48% at 2, 6 and 24 h, respectively. To determine the in vivo relevance of these findings, mice were orchiectomized and RKIP expression in various tissues was measured by RT-PCR over five days. Orchiectomy suppressed RKIP expression in prostate, muscle and lung and had no effect on RKIP expression in brain, stomach and spleen. These data demonstrate that androgen-deprivation and IL-6 suppress RKIP expression. These data are consistent with the possibility that androgen ablation therapy in men with CaP cancer decreases RKIP expression in prostate tissue, perhaps through IL-6. The lowered RKIP expression secondary to androgen-deprivation may then promote development of metastasis due to loss of RKIP’s metastasis suppressor properties.
Regulation of yolk protein synthesis in amphibian liver. I. Induction of lipovitellin synthesis by estrogen.

Abstract Synthesis of the yolk protein, lipovitellin, in the livers of estrogen-treated Xenopus laevis males was followed by isotopic-immunochemical techniques. Synthesis of this protein begins between 9 and 12 h after estrogen administration, following a general stimulation of liver protein synthesis that begins between 3 and 6 h after hormone treatment.Both the general and specific effects of estradiol were sensitive to actinomycin D.
Development of Adolescent Problem Behavior

The developmental model of adolescent antisocial behavior advanced by Patterson and colleagues (e.g., Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992) appears to generalize the development of a diverse set of problem behaviors. Structural equation modeling methods were applied to 18-month longitudinal data from 523 adolescents. The problem behavior construct included substance use, antisocial behavior, academic failure, and risky sexual behavior. Families with high levels of conflict were less likely to have high levels of parent–child involvement. Such family conditions resulted in less adequate parental monitoring of adolescent behavior, making associations with deviant peers more likely. Poor parental monitoring and associations with deviant peers were strong predictors of engagement in problem behavior. These constructs accounted for 46% of the variance in problem behavior. Although association with deviant peers was the most proximal social influence on problem behavior, parental monitoring and family factors (conflict and involvement) were key parenting practices that influenced this developmental process.
The oil price increase and the alleviation of poverty: Income distribution in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1966 and 1975

Abstract Two Caracas household budget surveys are used to compare household and individual income distributions. Real 1975 incomes are derived from income-specific price indexes. Minimum food budgets define destitution and poverty levels. During 1966–1975 mean real income rose substantially, especially among the rich. The fraction poor declined markedly, but mean income did not rise for those remaining poor. The poor's share of income growth came entirely from reduction in the number of poor, and exceeded their 1966 income share. The poverty gap expanded with population growth but shrank in per capita terms and relative to total income.
Ion damage studies in GaAs/Al0.6Ga0.4As/GaAs heterostructures

The development of the damage structure produced in (100) GaAs/Al0.6Ga0.4As/GaAs by 1 MeV Kr+ ion irradiation at 77 and 293 K has been investigated by RBS channeling and cross-sectional high-resolution TEM techniques. Following an implantation to a dose of 1014 ions cm−2 at 77 K, RBS channeling spectra indicate that the Al0.6Ga0.4As layer contained a high defect density and was possibly amorphous. Warming to room temperature resulted in a change in the channeling spectrum, which indicated that the damage in the Al0.6Ga0.4As layer had partially recovered. The degree of recovery was greatest at the GaAl0.6Ga0.4As interface, and decreased with increasing depth. TEM observations show the damage in the Al0.6Ga0.4As to be comprised of planar defects, the density of which increases with depth, and an amorphous layer at the bottom interface. This difference in the damage distribution is consistent with the asymmetry in the channeling spectrum. A model based on the depth variation of cascade density is proposed to account for the observations.
For Collection Development Officers: An Introduction to Government Publications

There is very likely a place in your library that is far outside your control as a collection development librarian. From all appearances, the materials in this place are relatively unused, contain a great deal of obsolete or ephemeral material in need of weeding, and worst of all are probably growing in such an unchecked manner that they may outnumber the volumes in your monograph collection. The librarians that work there may even seem a little different—discussing agencies of the federal government with startling familiarity and incomprehensible glee. This place, of course, is your government publications department.
COPII and secretory cargo capture into transport vesicles

Yeast cylosolic coat proteins (COPII) direct the formation of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum. The vesicles selectively capture both cargo molecules and the secretory machinery that is necessary for the fusion of the vesicle with the recipient compartment, the Golgi apparatus. Recent efforts have aimed to understand how proteins are selected for inclusion into these vesicles. A variety of cargo adaptors may concentrate and sort secretory and membrane proteins by direct or indirect interaction with a subset of coat protein subunits.
Effect of neutron irradiation on tensile properties of V-Cr-Ti alloys

Abstract The tensile properties of V-4Cr-4Ti, V-9Cr-5Ti, V-14Cr-5Ti, V-3Ti-1Si, V-5Ti, and V-18Ti alloys were determined at 25, 420, 520, and 600°C after neutron irradiation to 28–46 dpa at 420, 520, and 600°C. The yield strength of the unirradiated alloys increased significantly (~ 50%) upon neutron irradiation. Irradiation hardening of the alloys at 25°C after irradiation at 420°C was in the order of V-18Ti
An ancient metasomatic source for the Walvis Ridge basalts

Abstract The proposed origins for the Enriched Mantle I component are many and various and some require an arbitrary addition of an exotic component, be it pure sediment or an enriched melt from the subcontinental lithosphere. With Pitcairn, Walvis Ridge is the ‘type-locality’ for the Enriched Mantle I (EMI) component. We analyzed basalts from DSDP Site 525A, Site 527 and Site 528 on the Walvis Ridge with the aim to constrain the history of its source. The isotopic compositions we measured for the three sites overlap with the values obtained by Richardson et al. (1982a) and extend towards less radiogenic Sr and more radiogenic Pb and Nd isotopic compositions. We used our new trace element and radiogenic isotope (Hf, Nd, Pb and Sr) characterization in combination with the literature data to produce the simplest possible model that satisfies the trace element and isotopic constraints. Although the elevated 207Pb/204Pb with respect to 206Pb/204Pb predicts an ancient origin for EMI, none of the proposed origins had modeled it as such. The data is consistent with the EMI composition being formed by the addition of a melt to a mantle with bulk Earth-like composition followed by melt extraction of a low degree melt. The timing of these two events is such that the metasomatism has to have taken place prior to 4 Ga and the subsequent melt removal before 3.5 Ga. This confirms the expectation of an ancient character for the EMI component. The Walvis Ridge data shows two distinct two component mixing trends: one formed by the less enriched Site 527 and Site 528 basalts and one formed by the Site 525A basalts. The two trends have the EMI endmember in common. The less depleted end of the Site 527–Site 528 basalts is FOZO-like and can be explained by the addition of a recycled component (basaltic oceanic crust plus sediment). This recycled component was altered during subduction. The sense and magnitude of the chemical fractionation resulting from the subduction alteration are in agreement with dehydration experiments on basalts and sediment. Compared to other EMI like basalts the Walvis Ridge basalts have flatter REE patterns and show less fractionation between large ion lithophile and heavy REE elements. Using the isotopic compositions as constrains for the parent–daughter ratios we were able to model the trace element patterns of the basalts as melting between 5 and 10% for Site 525A and between 10 and 15% for the depleted end of the Site 528–Site 527 array. In all cases a significant portion of melting takes place in the garnet stability field.
Online learning for wireless video transmission with limited information

In this paper, we address the problem of joint packet scheduling at the application layer as well as power and rate allocation at the physical layer for delay-sensitive video streaming over slow-varying flat-fading wireless channels. Our goal is to find the optimal cross-layer policy that maximizes the cumulative received video quality, while minimizing the total transmission energy. We first formulate the cross-layer optimization using a systematic layered Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework and then propose a layered real-time dynamic programming (RTDP) algorithm for solving this cross-layer optimization problem by combining together the policy update and real-time decision making. This approach reduces the high complexity of the conventionally used offline dynamic programming methods. Moreover, to accommodate the cases when the network environment dynamics (e.g. state transition probabilities) are unknown or non-stationary (e.g. state transition probabilities are changed over time), we further improve our RTDP method by collecting the required network information and estimating the dynamics online, using a model-free approach. Based on this information, a user (a transmitter-receiver pair) can adaptively change its policy to cope in real-time with the experienced environment dynamics. We also prove the convergence of this RTDP method (which complies with the layered architecture of the OSI stack). Finally, our numerical experiments show that the proposed RTDP solutions outperform the conventional offline DP methods for real-time video streaming.
An explicit matrix formulation of the dynamical equations for flexible multibody systems: A recursive approach

Abstract The dynamic simulation of complex rigid/flexible multibody systems relies greatly on the presentation and development of the equations of motion. To achieve computational speed in the execution and to further develop the control algorithms, the expressions involved in the kinematics and the subsequent coefficients associated with the equations of motion must be clearly denned. The intention of this paper is to develop a recursive formulation based on finite element method where all terms are presented in a matrix form. The methodology permits one to identify the coupling between rigid and flexible body motion, and build the necessary arrays for the application at hand. The equations of motion are based on Kane's equation and the general matrix representation for n bodies of its partial velocities and partial angular velocities. The algorithm developed is applied to a single two-link robot manipulator and the subsequent explicit equations of motion are presented.
A heuristic control strategy for non-linear reaction-diffusion equations

A heuristic control strategy is proposed to control the speed of a wave front that is governed by a one-dimensional advection-diffusion-reaction equation. The strategy employs the time-dependent temperatures measured by two sensors located at different positions. These temperatures are used to vary the wave speed in such a manner that the wave front is located between the two sensors. Results are presented for different sensor locations and time constants arid show that the control strategy drives the wave front to its analytic solution.
Estimation of continuous solar spectral distributions from discrete filter measurements: II. A demonstration of practicability

Abstract In the first paper, two techniques for estimating a solar spectrum from a small number of well-positioned samples of that spectrum were described. The techniques produced estimated spectra from simulated measurements whose integrated spectral irradiances agreed to better than 1% with each other and the given spectrum. We examine the reliability and applicability of the methods in this paper using actual data. Estimated spectra from filter measurements are compared to modeled data based on the independently measured aerosol and water vapor content of the atmosphere, and the solar geometry during the measurement. Estimated spectra are also compared to absolutely calibrated spectroradiometric measurements. In this latter case, the integrated spectral irradiances agree to within 1%, but the detailed agreement throughout the spectrum is not quite as good as for the simulation. The integrated modeled data is 5% lower than the spectroradiometric data and the estimated data, but the results are within the stated error of 7% in the absolute spectroradiometry. Better agreement is spectral detail is demonstrated for simulated measurements by improving the filter selection. The practical value of estimated spectra is demonstrated with an example from photovoltaics.
Vectia, Man-Made Censorship, and the Drama of Marie Stopes

In the 1920s, the Royal Court Theatre still enjoyed the reputation earned earlier in the century by Harley Granville Barker and John Vedrenne, yet its daily fare was not remarkably distinctive from other West End theatres. In that context, an aspiring playwright was contracted to write a play for the Court's 1923 season. The playwright happened to be Marie Stopes, (in)famous author of the best-selling sex-education and birth-control manual Married Love. “Contracted” is the word Stopes uses. It could also be speculated that, in a year when the Court's five main undertakings had as many as five different producers and three different managers, the theatre was made available to Stopes, a celebrity on the London scene who had her own backing.
Discontinuous thermotropic response of Tetrahymena membrane lipids correlated with specific lipid compositional changes.

Abstract Steady-state fluorescence polarization measurements of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in microsomal lipids from Tetrahymena pyriformis cells grown at 39 or 15°C revealed discrete slope discontinuities in plots of polarization vs. temperature. Two well-defined ‘break points’ were present in the 0–40°C temperature range examined and their precise location was dependent upon the growth temperature of the cells. By mixing phospholipids from cells grown at different temperatures, the break points at 17.5 and 32°C in 39°C-lipid multilayer preparations were shown to correlate with the breaks at 12 and 27°C, respectively, in similar preparations from 15°C-grown cells. The discrete break points were also present, but at slightly different characteristic temperatures, in a phosphatidylcholine fraction and a phosphatidylethanolamine plus 2-aminoethylphosphonolipid fraction purified from the phospholipids and in total microsomal lipids (phospholipids plus the sterol-like triterpenoid, tetrahymanol). However, catalytic hydrogenation of the phospholipid fatty acids or mixing the non-hydrogenated phospholipids with increasing proportions of synthetic dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine eliminated the break points. We interpret this discontinuous thermotropic response in microsomal lipids as signalling a lipid phase separation of importance in regulating physiological events.
On the Analysis of Molecular II 3 States with Application to AlH, O H + , and BH

The molecular constants $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, $B$, $D$ for the $^{3}\mathrm{II}$ states of BH, AlH, and O${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ have been calculated by the method of Gilbert, based on Van Vleck's solution of the case of intermediate coupling, but including a more accurate consideration of the rotational $D$ terms. A graphical method of obtaining $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ has also been developed based on Bud\'o's series expansion solution of the Hill and Van Vleck energy equation for the intermediate $^{3}\mathrm{II}$ state. A graph shows, for a given $K$, the variation in multiplet splitting as the coupling constant $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is varied from -8 to +10. Graphs are plotted for $K=2,3,4,5$, and application is made to the $^{3}\mathrm{II}$ states of BH, AlH, O${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and NH. New data for AlH for lines with $K$ less than 6 are given. A comparison of corresponding electronic $\mathrm{ls}$ coupling coefficients in molecule and atom is made.
Correcting the frenal pull and increasing the width of keratinized mucosa around endosseous implants using denudation procedure

The frenum exerts a pull upon the tissue and can lead to the continuation of the lesion, and the keratinized tissue provides increased resistance to the periodontium. Various techniques have been used to deepen the vestibule and increase the keratinized mucosa. However, there is no case report on correcting the frenal pull and increasing the keratinized mucosa around dental implant using denudation procedure. This article presents a case of frenal pull that was corrected with denudation procedure with the incision line within the keratinized tissue.
READY FOR A TIME GUARANTEE

Marketing Myopia—misperceiving markets—is a well‐known marketing management problem, and most marketing executives are alert to it. However, the problem seems now to be reasserting itself concerning the guarantees that are offered with products or services. This is the conclusion of one hypothetical consumer, Jim Reed, a marketing executive, as he reports on the time it took to get a new suit properly altered. Jim's story ends as he was walking out of the store, and the store manager was apologizing for the difficulties. “We are sorry that it took four fittings, but we have been having trouble in our alterations room—our head tailor has been going through a divorce. The next time you come in, I am sure that we will have the tailoring right on the first try. We always give our customers what they want, no matter how difficult the request.” Jim just muttered, “But you have stolen my time!” The comment meant nothing to the perplexed manager. However, Jim was angered over the loss of the business and personal time involved with the additional fittings.
Greek dialectal evidence for the role of the paradigm in inflectional change

Several dialectal variants of the inflectional ending for person, number, tense, and voice in the Modern Greek past imperfective nonactive paradigm are presented here by way of showing the relevance of dialect material for linguistic theory. In this case, the endings underwent reshapings based on other related endings (e.g., 3PL based on 1/2PL), providing a basis for understanding the nature of interactions among different “cells” within a paradigm and the constructs that can be employed to model them. As a result, both rules of referral and O–O correspondence relations are shown to have to take sub-word similarities into consideration, and various constraints on such interactions are considered and rejected in favor of a liberal view that allows for any cell to relate to any other cell. Finally, a distinction is motivated, based on cell-to-cell influences, between adventitious and significant syncretism of form.
Age and distance from the surface but not menopause reduce osteocyte density in human cancellous bone.

Previous studies of osteocyte density in human cancellous bone have relied mainly on autopsy samples and have demonstrated an age-related decline in men, but there are insufficient data in women. Using previously obtained transiliac bone biopsies from 94 healthy white women, aged 20–73 years, 38 premenopausal and 56 postmenopausal, we measured osteocytes and lacunae in ten randomly selected areas using 5-μm-thick sections stained with Goldner trichrome. For each subject, the number of osteocytes (Ot.N/B.Ar), empty lacunae (EL.N/B.Ar), and total lacunae (Tt.L.N/B.Ar) per bone area, and the proportion of occupied lacunae (Ot.N/Tt.L.N), were calculated. In 92 cases the measurements were made separately in superficial bone ( 45 μm from the surface). Mean values and differences between extreme values (DEV) for each variable were computed from the ten measured areas. In addition, confocal microscopic examination was performed on 100 μm sections. We found that Ot.N/B.Ar, Tt.L.N/B.Ar, and Ot.N/Tt.L.N decreased, but EL.N/B.Ar increased significantly with age (p < 0.001). The rates of decline were most rapid initially, falling exponentially with increasing age; the linear regressions for all four variables were significant in premenopausal, but not postmenopausal, women. At all ages, there were significantly more osteocytes in superficial than in deep bone; there was no significant decline with age in superficial bone, but a steeper exponential decline in deep bone than in whole trabeculae. DEV did not change with age for any variable. Confocal images revealed that the morphology of the osteocyte network was heterogeneous in different regions and trabeculae. The trabeculae with lower osteocyte density contained acellular areas, especially in interstitial bone. We conclude: (1) osteocyte density declines with age in women as it does in men; (2) the decline occurs exclusively in deep bone, not in superficial bone, suggesting that it is the age of the bone rather than the age of the subject that is important; (3) the rate of age-related decline falls exponentially with age and is not significant in postmenopausal women alone; (4) except for the differences between superficial and deep bone, the pattern of osteocyte distribution within and between trabeculae was not affected by age or menopause; and (5) the data raise the possibility that one function of remodeling in iliac cancellous bone is to maintain osteocyte viability.
The metric projection on C2 manifolds in Banach spaces

Abstract We study the best approximation of a point x in a Banach space B from a C2 manifold. We derive a formula for the radius of curvature at points on the manifold and we use it to obtain a formula for the Frechet derivative of the metric projection onto the manifold.
Effects of soil organic matter on the kinetics and mechanisms of Pb(II) sorption and desorption in soil

To improve predictions of the toxicity and threat from Pb contaminated soil, it is critical that time-dependent sorption and desorption behavior be understood. In this paper, the sorption and desorption behavior of Pb in a Matapeake silt loam soil (Typic Hapludult) were studied by stirred-flow and batch experiments. In addition, the authors studied the effects of soil organic matter (SOM) on sorption and desorption behavior by treating the soil with sodium hypochlorite to remove the SOM fraction, and using a soil with six times as much SOM (St. Johns loamy sand [Typic Haplaquods]) as the Matapeake soil. Lead sorption consisted of a fast initial reaction in which all of the Pb added to the stirred-flow chamber was sorbed. Following this initial fast reaction, sorption continued and appears to be rate limited. The total amount of Pb sorbed was 102, 44, and 27 mmol kg{sup {minus}1} for the St. Johns soil and the untreated and treated Matapeake soils, respectively. Desorption experiments were conducted on the soils with the background electrolyte as the eluent in the stirred-flow chamber. In the St. Johns soil only, 32% of the total sorbed Pb was desorbed, while 47 and 76% of the sorbed Pb was releasedmore » from the untreated and treated Matapeake soil, respectively. The correlation between SOM in the soils, and the percentage Pb desorbed from the soils suggests that SOM plays an important role in slow desorption reactions of Pb from soil materials. Aging experiments in which sorbed Pb was incubated for 1, 10, and 32 d showed that sorption incubation time had no effect on Pb desorption behavior. Analysis of the treated and untreated Matapeake soils by x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy revealed that the local atomic structure of sorbed Pb is distinctly different in the two samples. In the soil treated to remove SOM, the data were well represented by theoretical models using O, Si, and Pb backscattering atoms. In the untreated soil, the XAFS data were best described by O and C backscatterers. These XAFS results confirm that the sorption mechanisms in the two systems are different.« less
Influence of gradient strength and composition profile on the onset of the cloud point transition in hydroxyethyl methacrylate/dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate gradient copolymers

Abstract We examined the onset of the cloud point in dilute aqueous solutions of gradient copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and transmittance measurements both indicate that the copolymer solution cloud point decreases with increasing copolymer gradient strength, defined as the largest difference in the instantaneous composition along the copolymer. While transmittance measurements suggest that macroscopic clouding does not set in until 30% of the polymer chain becomes insoluble, DLS experiments, which are more sensitive to the onset of aggregation, indicate that the onset of aggregation occurs at the point where the least soluble polymer chain end becomes insoluble. Collectively, our data indicate that the macroscopic cloud point transition is highly sensitive to co-monomer sequence distribution of the copolymers, with its onset and transition breadth tunable through copolymer gradient strength.
The Anderson model in the limit of large degeneracy N

Abstract It is shown by means of the equation of motion technique that the (periodic) Anderson model is exactly solvable in the limit of a large spin orbit degeneracy N. At zero temperature the f-electron spectral function consists only of a delta function-like Kondo peak in the limit N → ∞. Including 1/N corrections one gets, in the Kondo limit, the more physical result of a broad peak at the f-level position E0 and a narrow Kondo peak above the Fermi energy.
Stimulation of CD8+ T cell responses to MAGE-3 and Melan A/MART-1 by immunization to a polyvalent melanoma vaccine.

A critical requirement for cancer vaccines is that they stimulate CD8+ T cell responses. In this study, we tested the ability of a polyvalent melanoma vaccine to induce CD8+ T cell responses to the melanoma associated antigens MAGE-3 and Melan A/MART-1. Fifteen HLA-A2+ patients with resected malignant melanoma were immunized with the vaccine s.c. every 2–3 weeks. CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood reacting to HLA-A2 restricted epitopes on MAGE-3 (FLWGPRALV) and Melan A/MART-1/(AAGIGILTV) were quantitated using a filter spot assay at baseline and following 4 immunizations. Vaccine immunization induced CD8+ T cells reacting to one or both of these peptides in 9 of the 15 (60%) patients. These cells were CD8+ and HLA-A2 restricted, as reactivity was abrogated by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to CD8 and class I HLA, but not by anti-CD4. All responding patients remained recurrence-free for at least 12 months (median 15 months, range 12 to >21 months), whereas melanoma recurred within 3–5 months in non-responders. The differences in outcome were unrelated to differences in disease severity or overall immunological competence between responders and non-responders. Our results demonstrate directly that MAGE-3 and Melan A/MART-1 can stimulate CD8+ T cell responses in humans, and suggest that these responses are protective and surrogate markers of vaccine efficacy. Int. J. Cancer 72:972–976, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design of a storage processing unit

Researchers showed that performing computation directly on storage devices improves system performance in terms of energy consumption and processing time. For example, Riedel et al. [2] proposed an active disk which performs computation using the processor in a hard disk drive (HDD). Their experimental results showed that the active disk-based system had a factor of 2x performance improvement [2]. However, because the performance gap between the HDDs and CPUs becomes larger and larger, the active disk-based improvement is quite limited. As the role of flash memory increases in storage architectures, solid-state drives (SSDs) have gradually displaced the HDDs with higher access performance and lower power consumption. Researchers also proposed an active flash, which performs computation using a controller in the SSD [1]. However, the SSD controller needs to implement a flash translation layer to make the SSD as an emulated HDD for most operating systems. It also needs to communicate with a host interface to transfer required data. The additional computation power can be utilized is quite limited. To maximize the computation power on the SSD, we propose a processor design called storage processing unit (SPU).
Infrared structure of N = 2 supersymmetric qcd

We study the infrared behavior of N = 2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills coupled to matter as an extended QCD model. We verify factorization at leading twist for q + q → γ∗, but show that the higher-twist behavior is different than in QCD. In particular, we find that at two loops an uncancelled infrared divergence appears at order m2 / s, with m the quark mass.
Estimation of ultimate switching speeds in hard magnetic recording media by ferromagnetic resonance linewidth measurements

Abstract Analytical solutions of the Gilbert equation show that the switching coefficient S w can be expressed as S w =(2A/γ)(α 2 +1)/α, where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio and A is a geometrical constant which depends, inter alia, on the initial and final directions of the magnetization vector. From published microstrip measurements of S w in a number of recording media, including γ-FeO 2 O 3 , CrO 2 , Co-doped γ-Fe 2 O 3 , and NiFe and from in-house measurements of FMR linewidth in the same materials at 34.4 GHz we find that the above equation agrees fairly well with experiment for an A value of about 0.5. On this basis, it appears that FMR linewidths can be used fairly reliably to predict ultimate switching speeds of intrinsically fast media such as BaFe and DAT.
An examination of the infra-red spectra of borate anions

Abstract A range of metal borate compounds has been studied, including a number with unknown structures. The orthoborate ion, BO33− has been identified in a number of compounds and some force constants have been calculated. The pyroborate ion, B2O54− has been found in further compounds, but no assignment of frequencies has been made. The spectra of numbers of metaborates and other compounds have also been obtained, and in some cases structural conclusions have been drawn by comparison with known compounds. It is concluded that in complex compounds inferences about structures and co-ordination must be made with reserve, but that the infra-red spectrum of an inorganic borate is a useful means of identification.
AN ETHICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AS A TOOL OF FOREIGN POLICY

This paper is the third in a series of articles that examines the shortcomings of economic sanctions. Drawing on Mill's utilitarianism, Kant's categorical imperative and Rawls's theory of justice, the conceptual frameworks of consequentialism, deontology and contractualism are used to demonstrate the unethical nature of this increasingly popular instrument of foreign policy.