cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decrease in thallium-201 image defect size after permanent coronary occlusion

In the 24 hours after coronary occlusion, some defects on thallium-201 images decrease in size. This study examined the mechanism of the decrease in defect size in dogs with experimental coronary occlusion. The left anterior descending coronary artery was permanently occluded in chronically instrumented awake dogs. Myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres immediately before occlusion, 30 minutes, and 24 hours after occlusion. Thallium-201 was injected and imaging was performed 2 to 6 days before occlusion, 30 minutes, and 24 hours after occlusion. Two dogs, in which less than 1% of the left ventricle was infarcted, had no defects on the 30-minute postocclusion images. In four dogs the thallium-201 images did not change appreciably over 24 hours (group 1), while in three dogs the image defect size decreased (group 2). In groups 1 and 2 respectively the percent increase in blood flow to the hypoperfused area was: subendocardium 9 +/- 7% vs 31 +/- 15%; subepicardium 26 +/- 6% vs 47 +/- 2% (p less than 0.05). Therefore a decrease in the size of thallium-201 image defects occurred if a sufficient increase in collateral flow to the hypoperfused area took place in the first 24 hours after coronary occlusion. The defects appeared to decrease in size even in the absence of a detectable change in the lateral borders of the hypoperfused area.
Radio frequency (RF) heated supersonic flow laboratory

A unique supersonic flow apparatus which employs an inductively-coupled, radio frequency (RF) torch to supply high enthalpy source gas to the nozzle inlet is described. The main features of this system are the plasma tube, a cooled nozzle assembly, and a combustion/expansion chamber with a heat exchanger. A description of these components with current test data is presented. In addition, a discussion of anticipated experiments utilizing this system is included.
HIGHLY SPECIFIC AND QUANTITATIVE ACTIVATION OF STATS IN 3T3-L1 ADIPOCYTES

Abstract We have recently demonstrated that STATs 1, 3, 5A, 5B, and 6 are expressed in adipocytes. Using the 3T3-L1 cell line, we have examined the activation of all adipocyte expressed STATs by 23 different factors which are either potent regulators of adipocyte gene expression or known STAT activators in other cell types. STAT activation was assessed by examining nuclear translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation in serum deprived, fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Unlike other adipocyte-expressed STATs, STAT 5A was present in the nucleus under basal conditions. Of all the activators examined, only growth hormone was capable of causing STATs 5A and 5B to translocate to the nucleus. None of the activators were capable of affecting the cellular distribution of STAT 6. Furthermore, our results indicate that there is a quantitative activation of STATs 1 and 3 by LIF, OSM, and IFN-γ as measured by both nuclear translocation and tyrosine phosphorylation in whole cell extracts. IFN-γ is a potent activator of STAT 1 and a weaker activator of STAT 3, whereas LIF and OSM are potent activators of STAT 3 and weaker activators of STAT 1. These studies demonstrate that STAT activation in adipocytes is highly specific, quantitative, and distinct.
An informal exposition of proofs of gödel's theorems and church's theorem

This paper is an attempt to explain as non-technically as possible the principles and devices used in the various proofs of Godel's Theorems and Church's Theorem.Roman numerals in references shall refer to the papers in the bibliography. In the statements of Godel's Theorems and Church's Theorem, we will employ the phrase “for suitable L.” The hidden assumptions which we denote by this phrase have never been put down explicitly in a form intelligible to the average reader. The necessity for thus formulating them has commonly been avoided by proving the theorems for special logics and then remarking that the proofs can be extended to other logics. Hence the conditions necessary for the proofs of Godel's Theorems and Church's Theorem are at present very indefinite as far as the average reader is concerned. To partly clarify this situation, we will now mention the more prominent of these assumptions.I. In any proof of Godel's Theorems or Church's Theorem, two logics are concerned. One serves as the “logic of ordinary discourse” in which the proof is carried out, and the other is a formal logic, L, about which the theorem is proved. The first logic may or may not be formal. However L must be formal. Among other things, this implies that the propositions of L are formulas built according to certain rules of structure.
Ferrocene-Substituted Amidinate Derivatives: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Lithium, Iron(II), and Cobalt(II) Complexes

The ferrocene-containing amidinate anion [FcC(NCy)2]- (Fc = ferrocenyl) is obtained by the reaction of N,N‘-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide with FcLi in THF/hexanes. The lithium derivative reacts with 1/2 equiv of FeCl2 or CoBr2 to afford the trimetallic derivatives [FcC(NCy)2]2M·nEt2O. X-ray crystal structures of the Li, Fe(II), and Co(II) derivatives are reported.
High speed, high analog bandwidth buck converter using GaN HEMTs for envelope tracking power amplifier applications

We report a DC/DC converter based on GaN HEMTs with a switching frequency above 200 MHz that can be used to generate envelope-modulated power supply voltages for use in envelope tracking power amplifiers. The converter consists of switching circuits using 0.7-um GaN HEMTs, inductor, and low pass filter, and can provide output voltages above 20V. Generation of envelope power supply voltages for 20 MHz LTE signals was demonstrated using 200 MHz switching rates with efficiency of 64% (including dissipation in final and drivers stages; final stage efficiency was 90%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of high speed dc/dc converters for envelope amplifiers using GaN HEMTs.
Cell biology: The sensation of stretch.

Piezo proteins have been shown to form large ion channels that serve a sensory function in fruitflies. The findings help to explain how Piezos convert mechanical force into biological signals. See Article p.176 & Letter p.209
Interaction between diapirism and sediment loading at the shelf-slope boundary, northwest Gulf of Mexico

During the last low stand of sea level, rivers and streams drained across the present northwestern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf depositing sediments in several shallow-water deltas near the present shelf-slope boundary. The weight of these wedges of prograded sediments triggered or augmented both subsidence of local depositional basins and upward movement of diapiric material around the basin edges. A depositional basin off the southwestern Louisiana coast records migration of the basinal axis during late Pleistocene and Holocene time indicating relative growth of diapirs along the basin margin throughout the most recent geological record.
Nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: a meta-analytical review

The generalizability of the apparent decreased risk of miscarriage and perinatal mortality associated with early pregnancy nausea and vomiting was investigated by examining data available from 11 previous studies. Statistical reanalyses of these studies indicated a strong significant association of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with decreased risk of miscarriage, and no consistent associations with perinatal mortality. A statistical meta-analysis confirmed the decreased risk of miscarriage associated with gestational nausea and vomiting (common odds ratio = 0.36, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.42) and indicated that the association with decreased fetal mortality was restricted to the first 20 weeks gestation. The meta-analysis also revealed that over 150 additional possibly unreported studies with contradictory evidence would be required to refute this observed association.
Implementing decision and communication aids to facilitate patient-centered care in breast cancer: a case study.

Abstract Objective Decision Services (DS) provide support for breast cancer patients at the University of California, San Francisco to help ensure patient-centered care. Methods We examined a case study to explore whether our program practices matched our program theory, and what the patient in the case thought was effective and ineffective about our decision support interventions. Results The patient relied on a decision aid to educate her husband about her condition; felt that her question list contributed to a productive and efficient consultation with her oncologist; credited an audio-recording with helping her remember to follow-up with a genetic counselor; and reviewed the consultation summary 30 days into treatment in order to reflect on her decision. The patient rated the interventions highly on surveys, and experienced desirable reductions in decisional conflict, and improvements in knowledge. However, the question-prompting intervention was associated with a small decrease in self-efficacy, and the patient criticized the decision aid for omitting mention of a prognostic test. Conclusion This case illustrates how decision support interventions can be deployed to promote patient-centered care. Practice implications Breast care centers should consider distributing decision aids and assisting patients in listing questions, recording consultations, and obtaining written consultation summaries.
Long-term functional group recovery of lotic macroinvertebrates from logging disturbance.

Clear-cut logging rapidly affects stream macroinvertebrates through substantial alteration of terrestrial–aquatic resource linkages; however, lesser known are the long-term influences of forest suc...
The research and publication programs of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Inc.

Abstract In 1973, the Board for International Broadcasting assumed responsibility for the operation of the joint corporate entity, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Inc. Broadcasting news, entertainment, and public affairs programs to Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union since 1950 and 1953 respectively, RFE/RL, Inc. has also maintained the largest research and analysis activity on these countries in the Free World. This information has been made widely available through serial and monographic publications, notably in the two weeklies Radio Free Europe Research (Eastern Europe) and Radio Liberty Research Bulletin (Soviet Union). Contract and independent researchers make use of rich archival and current affairs library research facilities in New York and Munich. As Federal funding has been maintained and expanded in recent years, facilities and capabilities have been greatly extended.
Cache-oblivious string B-trees

B-trees are the data structure of choice for maintaining searchable data on disk. However, B-trees perform suboptimally when keys are long or of variable length,when keys are compressed, even when using front compression, the standard B-tree compression scheme,for range queries, andwith respect to memory effects such as disk prefetching.This paper presents a cache-oblivious string B-tree (COSB-tree) data structure that is efficient in all these ways: The COSB-tree searches asymptotically optimally and inserts and deletes nearly optimally.It maintains an index whose size is proportional to the front-compressed size of the dictionary. Furthermore, unlike standard front-compressed strings, keys can be decompressed in a memory-efficient manner.It performs range queries with no extra disk seeks; in contrast, B-trees incur disk seeks when skipping from leaf block to leaf block.It utilizes all levels of a memory hierarchy efficiently and makes good use of disk locality by using cache-oblivious layout strategies.
Teaching Poultry Biology at the College Freshman Level

Abstract THE poultry industry is based upon two fundamental biological principles; namely, growth and reproduction. In chickens, the egg production phase of reproduction has major economic importance with growth taking second place. With turkeys, ducks and geese, however, growth takes first place in importance and differences in the egg and reproduction are secondary in economic returns. For these reasons all classwork which deals with poultry production must emphasize the biology of the bird and the way it reacts to such environmental factors as feeding, management and housing. To a limited extent, biological reactions may be classified by rules of good husbandry without specifying how these rules satisfy the innate peculiarities of the bird. Another approach is to study the specific effect of the husbandry practice on the known, or postulated, physical and physiological interactions which characterize the living organism. It is probable that both methods may be so integrated as to . . .
Intracranial Dual-Mode IVUS and Hyperthermia Using Circular Arrays: Preliminary Experiments

In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using 3.5-Fr (3 Fr = 1 mm) circular phased-array intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) catheters for minimally invasive, image-guided hyperthermia treatment of tumors in the brain. Feasibility was demonstrated in two ways: (1) by inserting a 3.5-Fr IVUS catheter through skull burr holes, for 20 MHz brain imaging in the pig model, and (2) by testing a modified circular array for therapy potential with 18.5-MHz and 9-MHz continuous wave (CW) excitation. The imaging transducer's performance was superior to our previous 9-MHz mechanical IVUS prototype. The therapy catheter transducer was driven by CW electrical power at 18.5 MHz, achieving temperature changes reaching +8°C at a depth of 2 mm in a human glioblastoma grown on the flank of a mouse with minimal transducer resistive heating of +2°C. Further hyperthermia trials showed that 9-MHz CW excitation produced temperature changes of +4.5°C at a depth of 12 mm-a sufficient temperature rise for our long-term goal of targeted, controlled drug release via thermosensitive liposomes for therapeutic treatment of 1-cm-diameter glioblastomas.
Technology Tackles Safety, Eavesdropping, and Student Life

This installment of Notes from the Community covers technology focused on personal and data safety, including a necklace pendant with an active alarm and home sensing devices that alert you to troublesome sounds while you are away. Also, learn about smartphones capturing everything from college life to cosmic rays and about new conductive ink and a futuristic gaming environment.
Deposition of Ceramic Films by A Novel Pulsed-Gas MOCVD Technique

Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) is a versatile technique for the deposition of thin films of metals, semiconductors and ceramics. Commonly used hot wall flow-reactor designs suffer from a number of limitations. Chemical processes occurring in these reactors typically include a combination of homogeneous (gas-phase) and heterogeneous (gas-surface) reactions. These complex conditions are difficult to model and are poorly understood. In addition, flow reactors use large quantities of expensive precursor materials and are not well suited to the formation of abrupt interfaces. We report here a novel MOCVD technique which addresses these problems and enables a more thorough mechanistic understanding of the heterogeneous decomposition pathways of metal-organic compounds. This technique, the low-pressure pulsed gas method, has been demonstrated to provide high deposition rates with excellent control over film thickness. The deposition conditions effectively eliminate homogeneous processes allowing surface-mediated reactions to dominate. This decoupling of gas-phase chemistry from film deposition allows a better understanding of reaction mechanisms and provides better control over film growth. Both single metal oxides and binary oxide systems have been investigated on a variety of substrate materials. Effects of precursor chemistry, substrate surface, temperature and pressure on film composition and morphology will be discussed.
Larval movement and its potential impact on the management of the obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)

The rate at which obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), larvae vacated feeding sites in apple, Malus domestica Borkhauser (Rosaceae), trees was determined by monitoring infested terminal foliage under field conditions. The overwintering and summer generations of C. rosaceana were monitored in two orchards in 1997 and 1998. Larvae vacated terminal feeding sites relatively frequently because 50% of the sites during the overwintering and summer generations were vacant 34 ± 6 °d (threshold = 6 °C) and 53 ± 10°d, respectively, after sites had been marked. Vacancy rates increased from the beginning to the end of the summer generation in 1997 but remained relatively constant throughout the summer generation in 1998. The differences between the 2 years were probably because of less precipitation and lower availability of actively growing terminal foliage at the end of the summer in 1997 than in 1998. Differences in larval development did not seem to contribute to differences in vacancy rate. Recolonization of growing terminals was also studied in the field by removing C. rosaceana larvae from terminals only (1997) and the entire tree (1998). In 1997 and 1998, larval recolonization of terminals and trees occurred, because 6–8 d after larvae were removed populations in removal and adjacent control trees were not significantly different. Frequent larval movement to actively growing terminal foliage with sublethal insecticide residues may increase larval survival and could slow resistance development by providing a refuge for susceptible insects.
A Model of Balanced Choice Behavior

In some product categories, consumers appear to alternate among items in a consistent and purposeful, though not entirely deterministic, fashion. Such alternation occurs even in the absence of any apparent external influences on choice. To explain such balanced choice behavior, we present a model based upon the premise that past consumption influences the utility of items on subsequent choice occasions. Individuals may seek variety on certain product attributes and exhibit loyalty toward others. The model specification yields a logit choice model which may be calibrated using consumption diary panel data at the individual or cross-sectional level.
Linear feedback control of a von Kármán street by cylinder rotation

This paper considers the problem of controlling a von Karman vortex street (periodic shedding) behind a circular cylinder using cylinder rotation as the actuation. The approach is to linearize the Navier-Stokes equations about the desired (unstable) steady-state flow and design the control for the regulator problem using distributed parameter control theory. The Oseen equations are discretized using finite element methods and the resulting LQR control problem requires the solution to algebraic Riccati equations with very high rank. The feedback gains are computed using model reduction in a “control-then-reduce” framework. Model reduction is used to efficiently solve both Chandrasekhar and Lyapunov equations. The reduced Chandrasekhar equations are used to produce a stable initial guess for a Kleinman-Newton iteration. The high-rank Lyapunov equations associated with Kleinman-Newton iterations are solved by applying a novel model reduction strategy. This “control-then-reduce” methodology has a significant computational cost, but does not suffer many of the “reduce-then-control” setbacks, such as ensuring the unknown feedback functional gains are well represented in the reduced-basis. Numerical results for a 2-D cylinder wake problem at a Reynolds number of 100 demonstrate that this approach works when perturbations from the steady-state solution are small enough. When this feedback control is applied to a flow where vortex shedding has already occurred, the feedback control in the nonlinear problem stabilizes a nontrivial limit cycle. This limit cycle does have reduced lift forces and showcases the promise of the linear feedback control approach.
Testing technology and research on power quality for large-scale photovoltaic power station connected to the grid

For large-scale photovoltaic power station connected to medium-voltage grid, it is not proper to evaluate its power quality by traditional limitation in China. In this paper, it proposes testing technology and research in order to evaluate the power quality for large-scale photovoltaic power station according to latest photovoltaic standards. The tests will focus on flicker, harmonics, inter-harmonics and high frequency components. For voltage flicker under either continuous operation or switching operation, it gives one method which simulates the voltage fluctuation imposed by photovoltaic power station and calculates flicker emission on a fictitious grid, thereby avoiding the direct influence of the real voltage fluctuation of the grid at the measurement point on flicker. For current harmonics, interharmonics and high frequency components over continuous operation, it specifies the individual current components as sub grouped values in accordance with IEC 61000-4-7][1]. For the purpose of including the effect of voltage fluctuations during actual measurement, the choice of sub grouping method is applied.
Thermoluminescence of L-tyrosine under U.V. irradiation.

Abstract : The thermoluminescence of polycrystalline L-tyrosine kept at 77K during irradiation by u.v. light has been investigated. On the basis of action spectra, emission spectra, and decay kinetics, a phenomenological model is proposed in which the final radiative transition is from the lowest triplet to the ground singlet state of the molecule. The role of metal ions in trace amounts, various gases in contact with the sample, and a bleaching effect by white light were also studied. (Author)
Facing the facts

Human Facial Expression: An Evolutionary View. By Alan J. Fridlund. Academic Press: 1994. Pp. 369. £45, $59.
Purification, characterization and activation of fish muscle prokallikrein.

Abstract Fish prokallikrein was isolated and characterized from skeletal muscle of the black sea bass, Centropristis striata . The prokallikrein was purified to apparent homogeneity by anion exchange perfusion chromatography and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Initial identification was by its weak immunoreactivity with human tissue kallikrein antiserum. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting identified the protein as 36 kDa with a pI of 4.95–5.15. The prokallikrein was trypsin-activated to produce an approximately 36 kDa active enzyme as identified on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel overlayed with a membrane impregnated with the fluorogenic tripeptidyl substrate d -Val-Leu-Arg-7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin. A potential dimer at 72 kDa was also enzymatically active. Bass kallikrein cleaved low molecular weight dog kininogen to release kinin peptide as determined by radioimmunoassay. The enzyme's amidolytic activity, with a pH optimum at 9.0, was inhibited by aprotinin, benzamidine, and phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride, but not by elastatinal, soybean trypsin inhibitor, or limabean trypsin inhibitor. Polyclonal antiserum raised against the purified bass muscle prokallikrein recognized 36 kDa and 72 kDa proteins in bass heart, skeletal muscle, spleen, swimbladder, gill, and kidney by Western blot analyses. The wide distribution of immunoreactive proteins in the tissues suggests a potential physiological role for fish kallikreins in muscle contraction and/or relaxation, the regulation of local blood flow, and in osmoregulation. The detection of fish prokallikrein and its activation leads the way for an evaluation of the impact of kallikreins in fish health and disease processes and for studying the evolution of kallikreins and related serine proteinases.
Intraseptal injection of GABA and benzodiazepine receptor ligands alters high-affinity choline transport in the hippocampus.

Abstract Injection of GABA and benzodiazepine (BDZ) agonists and antagonists into the medial septum produced bidirectional alterations in hippocampal high-affinity choline transport (HAChT). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected in the medial septum with either drug vehicle, a BDZ agonist, antagonist, or inverse agonist, or with a GABA-A or GABA-B agonist or antagonist and sacrificed l h later for assessment of HAChT in hippocampal synaptosomes. The GABA-A agonist muscimol, the GABA-B agonist baclofen, and the BDZ agonist chlordiazepoxide (CDP) produced dose-related decreases in HAChT 1 h following injection into the septum. The muscimol-induced decrease in HAChT was prevented by prior intraseptal injection of the GABA-A antagonist, bicuculline. Intraseptal injection of GABA-A (bicuculline) or GABA-B (2-hydroxysaclofen) antagonists did not alter HAChT, whereas the BDZ antagonist flumazenil (RO15,1788) and the BDZ inverse agonist methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (gb-CCM) increased this measure up to 30% in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that cholinergic neurons in the medial septum can be modulated in a bidirectional way through the pharmacological manipulation of GABA-A, GABA-B, and BDZ receptors. The potential functional and therapeutic consequences of these interactions are discussed.
α‐Helix‐forming propensities in peptides and proteins

Much effort has been invested in seeking to understand the thermodynamic basis of helix stability in both peptides and proteins. Recently, several groups have measured the helix-forming propensities of individual residues (Lyu, P.C., Liff, M.I., Marky, L.A., Kallenbach, N.R. Science 250:669-673, 1990; O'Neil, K.T., DeGrado, W.F. Science 250:646-651, 1990; Padmanabhan, S., Marqusee, S., Ridgeway, T., Laue, T.M., Baldwin, R.L. Nature (London) 344:268-270, 1990). Using Monte Carlo computer simulations, we tested the hypothesis that these differences in measured helix-forming propensity are due primarily to loss of side chain conformational entropy upon helix formation (Creamer, T.P., Rose, G.D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:5937-5941, 1992). Our previous study employed a rigid helix backbone, which is here generalized to a completely flexible helix model in order to ensure that earlier results were not a methodological artifact. Using this flexible model, side chain rotamer distributions and entropy losses are calculated and shown to agree with those obtained earlier. We note that the side chain conformational entropy calculated for Trp in our previous study was in error; a corrected value is presented. Extending earlier work, calculated entropy losses are found to correlate strongly with recent helix propensity scales derived from substitutions made within protein helices (Horovitz, A., Matthews, J.M., Fersht, A.R. J. Mol. Biol. 227:560-568, 1992; Blaber, M., Zhang, X.-J., Matthews, B.M. Science 260:1637-1640, 1993). In contrast, little correlation is found between these helix propensity scales and the accessible surface area buried upon formation of a model polyalanyl alpha-helix. Taken in sum, our results indicate that loss of side chain entropy is a major determinant of the helix-forming tendency of residues in both peptide and protein helices.
Whole-body 18F FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography evaluation of patients with uveal metastasis.

Purpose To investigate the value of whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) as a screening tool for patients with uveal metastasis. Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods setting: Clinical practice. study population: Eighteen patients with uveal metastatic tumors were evaluated. Patients had no history of malignancy or a past medical history of malignancy without known active metastasis or known systemic cancer. intervention: Whole-body PET/CT was used as a screening tool to evaluate the intraocular tumor, to evaluate for multi-organ metastatic disease, and for cancer staging. main outcome measures: Detection and PET/CT uptake of primary tumors and metastatic disease. Results PET/CT imaging uncovered previously occult primary nonocular cancers (11/18, 61%), revealed progression of known primary systemic cancer (7/18, 39%), and confirmed multi-organ metastases in all cases (18/18, 100%). PET/CT findings were used to direct nonocular, confirmatory biopsy in 67% of cases (12/18). No uveal biopsies were required. PET/CT revealed lymph nodes and bone as the most common metastatic sites. The intraocular tumor was detectable in 28% of cases. Small, non-avid tumors and those within the hypermetabolic, PET-avid brain were falsely negative. Conclusion This study suggests that whole-body PET/CT can be useful for clinical evaluation of patients with uveal metastases. It allowed for screening of the entire body and directed extraocular biopsy. Commonly used for tumor staging, PET/CT aided in the detection of the primary cancer in patients with metastatic uveal tumors.
Handling Battering Men Police Action in Wife Abuse Cases

This study considers the factors contributing to a range of police actions in domestic violence cases: doing nothing, mediating the couple, providing transportation to the victim, forcing the batte...
Pipe flow measurements over a wide range of Reynolds numbers using liquid helium and various gases

We demonstrate that an unusually small pipe flow apparatus using both liquid helium and room temperature gases can span an enormous range of Reynolds numbers. This paper describes the construction and operation of the apparatus in some detail. A wide range of Reynolds numbers is an advantage in any experiment seeking to establish scaling laws. This experiment also adds to evidence already in hand that the normal phase of liquid helium is a Navier–Stokes fluid. Finally, we explore recent questions concerning the influence of molecular motions on the transition to turbulence (Muriel 1998) and are unable to observe any influence.
Organization design—computational methods under vagueness

An organization network, or organization chart, describes the structure of the corresponding organization. Organization networks also indicate the interrelationships among the components of the organization. Many of such interrelationships are related to somewhat vague concepts, such as experience and motivation. We study organization networks with fuzzy attributes. With the increasing use of computers in manufacturing, many manual and mental tasks previously performed by operators are being automated. Consequently, each operator is asked to attend to multiple work stations, supervising a number of automated tasks. Such automated tasks range from simple mechanical movements to very complicated algorithmic computations. Moreover, the operator is often asked to assist a mixture of mental and manual tasks. Thus, the general empirical rules concerning span of supervision must be refined and improved to allow for more precision.
Synthesis of mesoporous zirconia using an amphoteric surfactant

An amphoteric surfactant, cocamidopropyl betaine, was used for the synthesis of mesoporous zirconia. The carboxylate functionality of the surfactant permitted strong bonding with soluble zirconium species, while the quaternary ammonium group ensured large headgroup area and high solubility under acidic conditions. An amphoteric co-template [betaine, or (carboxymethyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide] improved uniformity of the hexagonal mesophase. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the as-synthesized zirconium sulfate mesophase indicated hexagonal mesostructure, and low-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a 41 A primary d-spacing and two higher order reflections of a hexagonal lattice. High surface area zirconia was produced by controlled base treatment of the hexagonal mesophase with sodium hydroxide, followed by calcination. TEM and XRD indicated that the mesostructure was stable to 350°C.
RIG-I is cleaved during picornavirus infection

The innate immune system senses RNA virus infections through membrane-bound Toll-like receptors or the cytoplasmic proteins RIG-I and MDA-5. RIG-I is believed to recognize the 5′-triphosphate present on many viral RNAs, and hence is important for sensing infections by paramyxoviruses, influenza viruses, rhabdoviruses, and flaviviruses. MDA-5 recognizes dsRNA, and senses infection with picornaviruses, whose RNA 5′-ends are linked to a viral protein, VPg, not a 5′-triphosphate. We previously showed that MDA-5 is degraded in cells infected with different picornaviruses, and suggested that such cleavage might be a mechanism to antagonize production of type I IFN in response to viral infection. Here we examined the state of RIG-I during picornavirus infection. RIG-I is degraded in cells infected with poliovirus, rhinoviruses, echovirus, and encephalomyocarditis virus. In contrast to MDA-5, cleavage of RIG-I is not accomplished by cellular caspases or the proteasome. Rather, the viral proteinase 3Cpro cleaves RIG-I, both in vitro and in cells. Cleavage of RIG-I during picornavirus infection may constitute another mechanism for attenuating the innate response to viral infection.
Complete nucleotide sequence of rose yellow vein virus, a member of the family Caulimoviridae having a novel genome organization

This report describes the complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of rose yellow vein virus (RYVV), a proposed new member of the family Caulimoviridae. The RYVV genome is 9314 bp in size and contains eight open reading frames (ORFs). ORFs 1, 2, and 3 have 22–38 % amino acid sequence similarity to known members of the family Caulimoviridae. The remaining ORFs have no significant amino acid sequence similarity to known viruses. Based on differences in its genome organization, its low sequence similarity to known members of the family Caulimoviridae, and the results of phylogenetic analysis, RYVV appears to be a distinct new member of this family.
Input–Output and Hybrid Techniques for Real-Time Prediction of Delay and Maximum Queue Length at Signalized Intersections

Vehicle delay and queue length are quantitative measures of intersection performance. The technological advancement in the field of vehicle sensors and traffic controllers has reached a point where it has enabled efficient measurement of these performance measures. Two techniques are presented for real-time measurement of vehicle delay and queue length at a signalized intersection, and these automated delay and queue estimates are compared with manually ground-truthed measurement. These techniques were evaluated at an instrumented intersection in Noblesville, Indiana. The root-mean-square error by both techniques was below 0.7 veh-s for estimation of average delay and less than 0.15 vehicle for estimation of average maximum queue length, both on a cycle-by-cycle basis.
Exploring the dimensions of personal epistemology in differing classroom contexts: Student interpretations during the first year of college

Abstract The study of personal epistemology has typically addressed the theories and beliefs that individuals hold about knowledge and knowing, and the way in which such epistemological perspectives are related to academic learning. This qualitative, exploratory case study focuses on the epistemology of instructional practices as interpreted by students in two versions of introductory-level college chemistry, each with different underlying epistemological assumptions. Classroom observations and interviews of 25 first-year students provide a contextualized perspective on the dimensionality of beliefs as identified in the literature: certainty of knowledge, simplicity of knowledge, source of knowledge, and justification for knowing. This research suggests that students’ perceptions of instructional practices are interpreted through the lens of their epistemological assumptions, but that such perspectives are evolving and instructors may influence them in multiple ways.
Role of Cr and V on the stability of potassium-promoted iron oxides used as catalysts in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation

Abstract Potassium-promoted iron oxides are the most widely used catalysts for catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. Besides potassium, other minor promoters are also added into the catalyst for different purposes, either enhancing catalyst stability or activity/selectivity. Chromium (Cr) and vanadium (V) are two historically used promoters. Cr is widely accepted to be a structure stabilizer and V can increase the selectivity to styrene but with detrimental effect on stability and activity of the catalysts. Since the effects of these two promoters are known and opposite, the effects of Cr and V on the solid state phase behavior of K-promoted iron oxide were investigated. Gas environments consisting of H 2 , CO 2 , ethylbenzene and steam were used to explore the interaction between the gas composition and the phase behavior of the doped iron oxides. The experiments were performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer under various gas environments and X-ray powder diffraction was used to quantitatively characterize the phase changes. The Cr and V promoted K–promoted iron oxide had very different responses to the different gas phase environments, but in the presence of steam and ethylbenzene Cr stabilized the iron oxide against reduction whereas V destabilized the iron oxide. These data support the idea that the promoters influence K-promoted iron oxide stability under low steam-to-ethylbenzene operation via modifying the phase behavior of the iron oxide.
William Philpott, Bloody victory: the sacrifice on the Somme and the making of the twentieth century: the battle, the myth, the legacy

Bloody victory: the sacrifice on the Somme and the making of the twentieth century: the battle, the myth, the legacy, by William Philpott, London, Little, Brown, 2009, xi + 721 pp. + maps and illus...
Prior History of Back Pain in Patients with Compensable and Non-Compensable Injuries.

Data were collected retrospectively from insurance information forms and histories of 111 patients (ages 14-84) referred to physical therapy for evaluation of back and/or neck pain. Analysis indicated that patients with compensable (work-related or motor vehicle accident) injuries infrequently acknowledged prior episodes of back or neck pain. Language: en
Eggshell thinning in Japanese quail fed mercuric chloride

The eggs produced by developing Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed 1 to 8 parts of mercury per million as mercuric chloride for 10 weeks have thinned shells. Total amounts of mercury in tissues were quite proportional to the dosage and were higher in males than in females. Methylation of mercury was not observed.
Atmospheric odd oxygen production due to the photodissociation of ordinary and isotopic molecular oxygen

Abstract Through a line by line calculation, the contributions of the Schumann-Runge bands of the ordinary and isotopic oxygen to the photodissociation of these molecules at different altitudes have been calculated. The photodissociation rates are expressed analytically. Contribution of the satellite lines has been taken into account. Due to the broadening of the SR lines, this contribution is insignificant. Similarly, it is shown that the first and higher vibrational states of the initial molecular states contribute insignificantly to the dissociation rates. It is also shown that the main contribution to the odd oxygen production in the important ozone producing altitudes is from the low vibrational and high rotational quantum numbers. The effect of the temperature on dissociation rates has similarly been studied. Due to its selective absorption, the isotopic oxygen 16O18O produces at 70 km 10 times as much odd oxygen as would be produced if the isotope did not have selective absorption. At this altitude 6% of the odd oxygen produced is due to this isotope. Also, 1.45% of the odd oxygen produced per second in an atmospheric column is due to 16O18O. However, the excess odd oxygen produced is not enough to explain the excess amount of ozone observed in the atmosphere which cannot be accounted for in the photochemical models. The calculated dissociation rates for the isotope are in moderate agreement with similar rates obtained by Blake et al. (1984, J. geophys. Res.89, 7277), but are by an order of magnitude smaller than similar rates given by Cicerone and McCrumb (1980, Geophys. Res. Lett.7, 251).
Gollagenolytic Activity of Mammalian Pancreas.

SummaryAlkaline extracts of the whole pancreas were found to be capable of rendering about one-half the hydroxyproline content of native soluble collagen into a dialyzable form. These extracts could also solubilize small amounts of dialyzable hydroxyproline from washed insoluble collagen. This apparent collagenolytic activity of pancreas extracts was not inhibited by EDTA, soybean trypsin inhibitor or mercurobenzoate. These fractions did not demonstrate any proteolytic activity upon denatured hemoglobin.
Characteristics of patients completing referrals from an emergency department to a psychiatric outpatient clinic

Abstract Many patients referred from emergency departments for psychiatric outpatient treatment fail to make contact with the facilities to which they have been referred. 1–4 Completion rates in the range of 7.1%–63% have been typically reported. 2,3,5 While diverse explanations such as the method of referral 3 and characteristics of facilities 1 have been suggested as determinants of the low completion rate, research has focused largely on demographic characteristics of the patients referred. 3,5,6 For example, patient's sex, 2,5 socioeconomic status, 1 race, 5 and age 2,3 have been found to relate to the completion of referrals made in the emergency department. While the clinical characteristics of psychiatric emergency department patients have received some attention, studies have focused more on describing these patients 6–9 than on investigating the relationship between their characteristics and successful completion of referrals. Furthermore, studies which have attempted to relate clinical characteristics to completion rates, 2,4,10 along with those focusing on demographic characteristics, have tended to overlook the question of whether patients who failed to complete their referrals to a particular facility actually made contact with some other psychiatric facility. The purposes of the present study are (1) to investigate both the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who successfully complete referrals from a psychiatric emergency department to a psychiatric outpatient clinic and (2) to determine by means of a thorough follow-up the characteristics of patients who failed to complete the referral but sought treatment elsewhere in the community.
Pituitary hormone dysfunction after proton beam radiation therapy in children with brain tumors.

OBJECTIVE To characterize endocrine dysfunction in pediatric patients with brain tumors who received proton beam (PB) radiation therapy and to compare those treated with PB radiotherapy only versus combined conventional and PB irradiation. METHODS A retrospective review of medical records of patients ≤18 years of age who received PB radiation therapy for a brain tumor between 2000 and 2008 was performed. Variables analyzed included patient demographics, tumor type, therapeutic modalities, radiation doses, and types and timing of endocrine dysfunction. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients were identified, of whom 31 (19 boys and 12 girls; mean age, 11.9 ± 3.3 years) had undergone endocrine evaluation. Of these patients, 19 received PB radiotherapy only and 12 received conventional plus PB irradiation. Before irradiation, a cranial surgical procedure was performed in 28 study subjects, and 22 received chemotherapy. The mean duration of follow-up after radiation therapy was 1.8 ± 0.8 years. Nine patients (47%) in the PB only group and 4 (33%) in the conventional plus PB group developed endocrine dysfunction (no significant difference) after cranial irradiation. Children with endocrine sequelae treated with PB irradiation alone received fewer cobalt gray equivalents than those treated with conventional plus PB irradiation (5,384 ± 268 versus 5,775 ± 226, respectively; P<.02), and pituitary hormone deficiencies were detected later during follow-up in those who received PB radiotherapy only versus conventional plus PB irradiation (1.17 ± 0.4 years versus 0.33 ± 0.11 year, respectively; P<.01). CONCLUSION A high rate of endocrine sequelae was seen in our study. Children with brain tumors treated with conventional plus PB irradiation developed endocrine dysfunction faster and received a higher radiation dose than those receiving PB radiotherapy only. Prior surgical treatment and chemotherapy were additional risk factors. Large prospective studies are needed to evaluate further the incidence of endocrine sequelae after PB irradiation in children.
Gender and prehistoric technology: On the social agency of technical strategies

Abstract Technological production is a materially grounded arena within which social identities can be defined, expressed and mediated. A focus on the microscale dynamics of social agency manifest in differentiated communities of people involved in material culture production and use draws attention to potential contexts accounting for the kinds of site‐specific technical variability often brushed aside as archaeological ‘noise’. This essay presents the outline of a conceptual framework and methodology for studying the social agency of prehistoric technology with the goal of understanding the dialectic of gendered practices and technical strategies. The main intent is to rethink the concept of technology so as to bring to prominence the artifice of technological activities as socially constituted. A case study considering late Ice Age (Magdalenian) bone and antler technologies practised in the French Midi‐Pyrenees provides grounding for the theoretical discussion.
Heat Budget of the Upper Ocean Under Light Winds

Abstract The heat budget of a small region (∼2 km×2 km) near the coast of northwest Africa was investigated during a 3-day period in March 1974 when light winds (∼2 m s−1) occurred. Horizontal advection and diffusion of heat were negligible, and the local change in heat content resulted from the net radiative and evaporative flux at the sea surface. Diurnal heating produced surface temperature ranges of 0.9, 1.1 and 1.4°C for each of the 3 days. The exponential decrease of the diurnal heat wave with depth was used to estimate the vertical eddy thermal conductivity of the upper 10 m; values of approximately 10−3 m−2 s−1 were obtained.
The gas phase reactions of hydroxyl radicals with a series of carboxylic acids over the temperature range 240–440 K

The temperature dependencies of the rate constants for the gas phase reactions of OH radicals with a series of carboxylic acids were measured in a flash photolysis resonance fluorescence apparatus over the temperature range 240–440 K. The data at total pressures (using Ar diluent gas) between 25–50 torr for acetic acid (k1), propionic acid (k2), and i-butyric acid (k3) were used to derive the Arrhenius expressions and At 298 K, the measured rate constants (in units of 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) were: k1 = (0.74 ± 0.06), k2 = (1.22 ± 0.12), and k3 = (2.00 ± 0.20). In addition a rate constant of (0.37 ± 0.04), in the above units, was determined for the reaction of OH with formic acid. The error limits cited above are 2σ from the linear least squares analyses. These results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms for these reactions and are compared to literature data.
High Rate Superplastic Deformation Mechanisms in IN90211 Mechanically Alloyed Aluminum

IN90211 has exhibited superplastic elongations above 500% at high homologous temperatures (0.76–0.82 Tm). A high strain rate and flow stress for optimum elongation was measured (1–5/sec, 20–60 MPa, 425–485 °C). The apparent strain rate sensitivity of m≈0.25 differs from the usual m≈0.5 observations of superplastic deformation. An analysis of the data at several strains indicates a highly temperature dependent threshold stress is present, with either a n=2 or n=3 assumption for the stress exponent. The magnitude of the threshold stresses in IN90211 are smaller than usually observed in a dispersion strengthened matrix (1–20% instead of ≈50% of the Orowan stress). Experimental evidence from creep experiments supports the n=3 deformation mechanism as the rate limiting step of deformation.