cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Effect on Invertebrate Decomposers of Carrion in Central Texas

Field experiments that limited access to carrion by Solenopsis invicta Buren, the red imported fire ant, were used to determine effects of invasion by fire ants on invertebrate carrion decomposers under conditions of scarce and abundant resources. Under conditions of scarce resources, fire ants drastically altered both community composition and the process of succession within the decomposer community. Under conditions of abundant resources, fire ants significantly altered population levels of Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Staphylidae, Silphidae, and Histeridae. Furtthermore, the presence of fire ants altered the patterns of succession as shown by the temporal shifts in total number of larvae. The ecological significance of these changes were examined in the context of equilibrium and nonequilibrium theories of community composition.
Steady Waves in an Anisotropic Elastic Layer Attached to a Half-Space or Between Two Half-Spaces—A Generalization of Love Waves and Stoneley Waves

Steady waves propagating in an anisotropic elastic layer that is attached to an anisotropic elastic half-space is studied. By attached we mean that the interface between the layer and the half-spac...
Pneumocystis colonization in HIV-infected patients

LAURENCE HUANG, KRISTINA CROTHERS, ALISON MORRIS, GENA GRONER, MELISSA FOX, JOAN R. TURNER, CYNTHIA MERRIFIELD, SHARY EISER, PATRIZIA ZUCCHI and CHARLES B. BEARD Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Positive Health Program, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, and Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
Emotion Culture and Cognitive Constructions of Reality

Emotions comprise part of the meaning-making process of individuals and are easily integrated in cognitive constructions of reality. U.S. emotion culture upholds a standard of cheerfulness commonly practiced in interpersonal communication. The adopted emotional norm tends to affect representations of the everyday reality shared in conversation. Twelve respondents, who have lived both in the United States and Europe, describe the cheerful style they witness in their U.S. environments and illuminate how it interacts with their cognitive process. The realities of home, workplace, leisure time, business and education are reconceptualized during the communication act in the direction of greater positivity than originally perceived. The reframing ensues “naturally” from the national emotion culture—namely, the value placed on positive emotions in U.S. culture.
Sleep Deprivation and Vigilant Attention

Sleep deprivation severely compromises the ability of human beings to respond to stimuli in a timely fashion. These deficits have been attributed in large part to failures of vigilant attention, which many theorists believe forms the bedrock of the other more complex components of cognition. One of the leading paradigms used as an assay of vigilant attention is the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), a high signal-load reaction-time test that is extremely sensitive to sleep deprivation. Over the last twenty years, four dominant findings have emerged from the use of this paradigm. First, sleep deprivation results in an overall slowing of responses. Second, sleep deprivation increases the propensity of individuals to lapse for lengthy periods (>500ms), as well as make errors of commission. Third, sleep deprivation enhances the time-on-task effect within each test bout. Finally, PVT results during extended periods of wakefulness reveal the presence of interacting circadian and homeostatic sleep drives. A theme that links these findings is the interplay of “top-down” and “bottom-up” attention in producing the unstable and unpredictable patterns of behavior that are the hallmark of the sleep-deprived state.
Block idempotents and the Brauer correspondence

Let H be a subgroup of a finite group G . In this paper the Brauer correspondence between blocks of H and blocks of G is characterized in terms of a relationship among the block idempotents.
Protein recovery from mechanically deboned turkey residue by enzymic hydrolysis

Abstract Enzymic hydrolysis was used to recover a potentially edible high protein hydrolysate from mechanically deboned turkey residue (MDTR), a turkey processing waste. The hydrolysis process reduced the weight of the original MDTR by 51% on a dry weight basis, and recovered 46% of the MDTR proteins. The hydrolysate contained 78% protein, 4·6% ash and only 5·7% fat. The proteins consisted mainly of amino acids and small peptides with molecular masses lower than 6·5 kD due to a high degree of hydrolysis (65–70%), and were very soluble in water over a wide pH range. It had a yellowish colour, was rich in calcium, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium and had a large monolayer value, but had low viscosity and low emulsion capacity at pH values of 4, 7 and 10. Its buffering capacity was at a minimum between pH 5 and 7.
Chloroquine as a hyperthermia potentiator.

Abstract The antimalarial agent chloroquine (CQ) inhibits DNA and RNA polymerase and interferes with lysosomal function. We sought to determine if these properties make chloroquine effective as a hyperthermia sensitizer. B16F10 melanoma cells were treated for 180 min at 37 or 41°C with 0.005 mM CQ, 0.01 mM CQ, 0.05 mM CQ, or 0.1 mM CQ and colony formation evaluated at 7 days. CQ was cytotoxic at 37 or 41°C in a dose-dependent fashion. A significant increase in cytotoxicity was seen with 0.5 and 0.1 mM CQ at 41°C compared to 37°C (P
Effect of blood high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration on fecal steroid excretion in humans

Abstract Daily excretion of fecal total bile acids and neutral steroids were compared in five controls and two patients with extremely low concentrations of plasma high density lipoprotein (3 to 11 mg/dl) and severe atherosclerosis. There was no significant difference in steriod excretion rates in the groups. The predominant bile acid excreted in control feces was deoxycholic acid; lithocholic acid was predominant in the patients. The patients showed no signs of significant liver disease.
Spectacles of Gender and Globalization: Mapping Miss World's Media Event Space in the News

The 1996 Miss World pageant in India turned into a controversial event when activist groups launched protests against globalization and cultural imperialism. Approaching news texts as portals into the larger moral order, this article examines the Times of India’s representations of the Miss World controversy. The newspaper's colorful photographs of Miss World's organizers, sponsors, and beauty contestants resuscitated the hegemonic cultural politics of consumer modernity while the visual imaging of activist groups inscribed protesters within paradigms of delinquency and disorder. The crafting of news through objectivist signifiers of consent for Miss World legitimized the authority of state and consumer discourses, excluded the poor, and marginalized activists’ voices. News stories on Miss World's charitable support for handicapped children inserted institutions of global/local capital into sympathetic templates of Third World salvation. In concluding, the article situates my textual analysis within the e...
Effective diffusion coefficient for two-dimensional, periodic channels

Abstract A Green's function method has been used to calculate the first-passage time for traveling a fixed distance in a two-dimensional space with periodic walls. The results are used to find the effective diffusion coefficient for the space. Application to three-dimensional spaces with cylindrical symmetry and periodic walls is outlined.
The polypeptide chain growth rate in amino acid-starved Escherichia coli determined by a novel method

Abstract The proteins synthesized by arginine-requiring Escherichia coli during growth or arginine starvation were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate to give size distributions. The proteins made during amino acid starvation were smaller than those made by growing cells. This was true for otherwise isogenic rel − (“relaxed”) and rel + (“stringent”) bacteria. Also using electrophoretic profiles, the peptide chain growth rate was estimated by a novel method based on comparison of theoretically predicted and observed kinetics of pulse labeling protein chains of different sizes. During arginine starvation, the rate was 2–5 amino acids/s for both rel − and rel + cells, compared to 20 amino acids/s for growing cells. The results rule out chain growth-rate differences as an aspect of the “relaxed” phenomenon.
Report of 2009 International Workshop on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research

The International Workshop on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research in conjunction with the 2009 International Joint Conferences on System Biology, Bioinformatics and Intelligent Computing (IJCBS2009), was held at Tongji University, Shanghai, China on August 3, 2009. This review discusses and summarises the scientific talks and achievements presented at the workshop and the impact of this workshop.
Toxicology screening patterns in hamilton county, ohio: Review of 1,710 comprehensive drug screens in five area hospitals

This retrospective study evaluated the results of comprehensive drug screens ordered in five local emergency departments; a university hospital, the Children's Hospital, the Veterans' Administration Hospital, and two community hospitals. Four groups of drugs provided over 50% of positive screens–benzodiazepines, analgesics, opiates, and alcohols. Incidence of positive screens for analgesics, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, opiates, stimulants, and tricyclic antidepressant varied among the institutions. The university and Children's Hospitals ordered the largest number of patient visits in their emergency departments. These results suggested that area hospitals have different toxicological patterns, and modifying comprehensive screens could be more cost-effective on overdose patients. We retrospectively examined 60 screens which were ordered on patients at the University. We calculated an increased positive incidence and decreased cost per patient if screens were ordered on a “clinical panel” basis verses a total “comprehensive” basis. We conclude that clinical guidance will increase the incidence of positive screen results, be more cost-effective, and provide useful information to the ordering physician.
DOPAMINE‐β‐OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN MAN, USING HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE AS SUBSTRATE

Hydroxyamphetamine was administered orally to five human subjects in daily doses of 26 to 118 mg. Approximately half the dosage administered was recoverable in the urine as unchanged drug (free plus conjugated) and 3.7 to 9.1% was excreted as the beta-hydroxylated metabolite, hydroxynorephedrine (free plus conjugated). Since conversion of hydroxyamphetamine to hydroxynorephedrine occurs in vitro by the action of dopamine-beta-oxidase, a simple method is suggested for measuring the activity of this enzyme and the effect of its inhibitors in man. No impairment of beta-hydroxylation was noted in an adrenalectomized subject. The beta-hydroxylation of hydroxyamphetamine in vivo has not been described previously.
Newton polyhedra and Igusa's local zeta function

Abstract We give a very explicit formula for Igusa's local zeta function Zf(s) associated to a polynomial f in several variables over the p-adic numbers, when f is sufficiently non-degenerated with respect to its Newton polyhedron Γ(f). Using this formula and the estimates of Adolphson and Sperber on exponential sums over finite fields, we study the largest real pole different from −1 of Zf(s).
Analyses of performance, behavior, and predictors for severely disturbed children: A comparison of adult vs. computer instruction☆

Abstract A comparison between adult and computer-delivered instruction was conducted with 17 children (ages 4 to 14 years) with severe learning and behavior problems. The rationale for this comparison is based on the conceptualizations that adult attention may be a source of inadvertent reinforcement for maladaptive behavior and adult directions may set the occasion for avoidance responding. Therefore, this investigation provides an analysis of the stimulus functions of the presence of an adult in the task-demand situation. The task employed was a two-choice discrimination that became progressively more difficult, analogous to educational tasks in general. Subjects alternated sessions between conditions, but the criteria for advancement were independent between conditions. Measures of task performance and observational behavior data were collected. The results suggest that there was no overall difference in task performance between conditions, but that the children as a group did exhibit more deviant behavior in the adult condition. In an attempt to identify critical variables for the prediction of individual differences in performance and behavior, the results of correlational analyses on diagnoses, developmental measures, and pretest compliance measures are presented. The results of this investigation are discussed in the context of the task-avoidance conceptualization and the implications for computer-assisted instruction in the education and treatment of severely disturbed children.
Hyperoxia stimulates alveolar macrophages to produce and release a factor which increases neutrophil adherence.

Hyperoxia stimulates alveolar macrophages (AM) to make and release a factor which increases neutrophil adherence to nylon fiber. Production of the neutrophil adherence-stimulating factor by AM exposed to hyperoxia is maximal after AM have been exposed to hyperoxia for 72 h and requires protein synthesis by intact AM. The adherence factor is heat-labile and by column chromatography elutes in a molecular-weight range of approximately 8000–18,000 daltons. The AM-derived adherence factor could influence accumulation of neutrophils in the lungs of animals exposed to hyperoxia and contribute to neutrophil-mediated lung injury from hyperoxia.
Negative-ion formation in collisions of low-energy electrons with neutral sodium clusters

Electron collisions with neutral sodium clusters in the 0\char21{}3 eV energy range have been studied in a crossed-beam geometry, and direct evidence for the formation of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{n}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ anions has been obtained. The dependence of ion formation efficiency on the electron energy is well represented by the Langevin cross section, suggesting that the electrons are captured by the polarization field of the cluster. This is consistent with the highly polarizable nature of alkali-metal clusters.
Effect of Metal Ions on the Electrochemical Reduction of Benzil in Non-Aqueous Solvents

The reduction of benzil has been studied in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetonitrile (AN) in the presence of group IA and IIA metal ions. In DMF, the first voltammetric peak for the reversible, one-electron reduction of benzil obtained with tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate as electrolyte, was observed to shift toward positive potentials as potassium, sodium or lithium perchlorate was added due to rapid, reversible ion pair formation between the metal cation and benzil radical anion. The ion pair formation constants were 2, 7.8 and 42 M−1 for K+, Na+, and Li+ respectively. In the absence of metal ions, benzil radical anion is reduced in an irreversible, one-electron step which occurs about 1 V negative of the first peak. When K+, Na+, or Li+ (<30 mM LiClO4) was added, two new peaks appeared between the original reduction peaks for benzil. The more positive of these disappeared at rapid scan rates and was attributed to the reduction of an ion triplet containing two cations per radical anion. The more negative peak was assigned to the reduction of the ion pair. Values of K2 k−21/2 (where K2 is the ion triplet formation constant and k−2 is the rate constant for ion triplet dissociation) are 380, 300 and 4100 M−1 s−1/2 for K+, Na+, and Li+ respectively. In the presence of barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium perchlorates, benzil was reduced in a single, two-electron process. For the first three metals, an anodic peak was observed in the cyclic voltammograms. Double potential step chronoamperometry showed that both the reduction and return oxidation were two-electron, diffusion controlled processes. The shapes of the voltammograms and their dependence on scan rate were best explained by a reaction scheme involving reversible reduction to the radical anion, rapid ion pair formation, and quasi-reversible reduction of the ion pair with the standard potential for ion pair reduction being slightly positive of that for the reduction of benzil to the radical anion. The reduction in the presence of magnesium perchlorate was a completely irreversible, two-electron process at all scan rates employed. The effect of metal ions on the reduction in DMSO was very similar to that observed in DMF but in AN the ion pairing interactions were much stronger. In the presence of sodium perchlorate in AN, benzil was reduced in two closely spaced, reversible, one-electron steps, first to the sodium—benzil radical anion ion pair, then to a species containing two sodium ions per benzil dianion.
Tobacco use in the Army: illuminating patterns, practices, and options for treatment.

ABSTRACTTobacco use by soldiers has been prevalent throughout the 20th century. Tobacco has been seen as a “right.”1 Additionally, tobacco was viewed as a boost to a soldier’s morale and to provide comfort, while reducing stress in austere conditions. Today, tobacco is known to increase healthcare costs, adversely affect readiness,2 and impact the military members’ physical performance.3 The purpose of this ethnographic study was to describe patterns, practices, and experiences of active duty Army soldiers who use tobacco, have quit using tobacco, and have relapsed after a period of tobacco abstinence. Five themes were uncovered: 1.) Experiences associated with use of tobacco, 2.) Tobacco use in the Army, 3.) Experiences of starting and restarting tobacco, 4.) Balancing health risks with tobacco use, and 5.) Tobacco use regulations and policies. Findings are consistent with the conclusion that the Army culture supports soldiers’ tobacco use.
Fiddler on the roof : a northern range extension for the marsh fiddler crab Uca pugnax

A northern range extension is presented here for the marsh fiddler crab Uca pugnax (Smith, 1870). In summer 2014, adult crabs were found as far north as Hampton, New Hampshire (42°55′27″N, 70°49′13″W), which is 80 km north of its previously established northern limit determined in 2003. Thus, the mean annual northern movement of U. pugnax is currently 7.2 km year−1. I hypothesize that crabs recruited to the most northern sites during 2012 or 2013 when ocean temperatures were up to 1.3°C higher than the average of the previous decade. In a scenario of continued warming oceans associated with climate change, the range of U. pugnax is thus predicted to continue to extend northward. Given that fiddler crabs are ecosystem engineers affecting coastal wetland productivity, biogeochemistry and sediment structure, the introduction of this species into northern salt marshes may have consequences for marsh structure and function.
Mac-1 Signaling via Src-Family and Syk Kinases Results in Elastase-Dependent Thrombohemorrhagic Vasculopathy

CD18 integrins promote neutrophil recruitment, and their engagement activates tyrosine kinases, leading to neutrophil activation. However, the significance of integrin-dependent leukocyte activation in vivo has been difficult to prove. Here, in a model of thrombohemorrhagic vasculitis, the CD18 integrin Mac-1 on neutrophils recognized complement C3 deposited within vessel walls and triggered a signaling pathway involving the Src-family kinase Hck and the Syk tyrosine kinase. This led to neutrophil elastase release, causing hemorrhage, fibrin deposition, and thrombosis. Mice genetically deficient in any of these components (C3, Mac-1, Hck, Syk, or elastase) were resistant to disease despite normal tissue neutrophil accumulation. Disease was restored in Mac-1-deficient mice infused with wild-type, but not kinase- or elastase-deficient, neutrophils. Elastase release in the inflamed tissue was reduced in Mac-1-deficient mice, and a deficiency of Mac-1 or the kinases blocked neutrophil elastase release in vitro. These data suggest that Mac-1 engagement of complement activates tyrosine kinases to promote elastase-dependent blood vessel injury in vivo.
Groin dissection in malignant melanoma

A total of 205 patients who underwent groin dissection for malignant melanoma were reviewed to document complications and survival rates. Wound complications included skin-edge necrosis in 8 per cent, wound infection in 16 per cent, lymphocele in 5 per cent and lymphorrhoea in 11 per cent. Lymphoedema of the operated leg below the knee was noted in 40 per cent, but all patients had localized oedema of the anteromedial thigh. The 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 43 and 35 per cent respectively when only the inguinal nodes were involved; they were 34 and 21 per cent with involvement of both the inguinal and deep nodes. The 10-year survival rate for these two groups was 39 and 25 per cent respectively, which suggests that a thorough, complete dissection of the deep nodes is worth-while when the inguinal nodes are palpably positive.
Rural Marriage and Family Therapists: A Pilot Study

Marriage and family therapists practice in more than a third of the rural counties in the United States. However, little is known about the practice patterns of marriage and family therapists who practice in rural settings. This pilot study examined the clinical practice and community involvement of a sample of licensed marriage and family therapists in rural Texas. The results contribute to a small but developing body of research about a relatively unknown group of practitioners.
Trust – that's a big one: intimate partnership values among urban Latino youth

Romantic relationships play a central role in young people's social development and sexual health. This paper examines romantic relationship ideals valued by urban Latino youth in San Francisco and their experiences in achieving their ideals in their current relationship. We draw on in-depth interviews with 33 young men and women aged 16–22 years in San Francisco, California. In spite of, or perhaps related to, the prevailing perception that their peers were unfaithful in their relationships, young people in this study identified trust as one of the most important characteristics of a romantic relationship. Trust was related not only to fidelity, but also vulnerability and emotional intimacy. Understanding valued relationship ideals and factors that facilitate and impede their attainment is critical in promoting healthy relationships.
Effect of cyclosporine on T lymphocyte development: Relationship to syngeneic graft-versus-host disease

This report investigates the effects of cyclosporine on the reconstitution of T lymphocytes after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation and its role in the development of a novel T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, syngeneic graft versus host disease. We analyzed the effect of CsA treatment on T lymphocyte differentiation during reconstitution after bone marrow transplantation and correlated the maturation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets with the onset of syngeneic GVHD. Administration of CsA following syngeneic bone marrow transplantation leads to a developmental arrest of mature CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the thymus and a marked reduction in cells expressing the alpha beta T cell receptor. The reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets is also reflected in the peripheral lymphoid compartment with an altered CD4/CD8 ratio. Functional assessment of the cells revealed that CD8+ cells respond normally to mitogenic signalling whereas CD4+ cells exhibit marginal proliferative responses. Both subsets of T lymphocytes respond to syngeneic B lymphoblasts, comparable to the response of T lymphocytes from non-CsA-treated syngeneic BMT recipients, suggesting that autoreactive cells are produced despite CsA treatment. Following discontinuation of CsA, T cell differentiation in the thymus is rapidly restored to normal. However, concurrent with the onset of syngeneic GVHD, a compensatory insurgence of CD4+ T helper cells is observed.
Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrum of Manganese in Cubic MgO and Ca F 2

The paramagnetic resonance spectrum of manganese in cubic MgO and Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ has been analyzed at wavelengths of one and three cm. The cubic field splitting in MgO is given by $3a=(+55.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The twofold degenerate level lies lower than the fourfold degenerate level. The hyperfine structure constant is $A=(\ensuremath{-}81.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; $g=2.0014\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005$. The large cubic field splitting and the reduced hyperfine structure point towards considerable covalent bonding. Anomalous intensity ratios of the fine structure lines were observed. In Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ the hyperfine structure constant has a value of $A=(95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The line width of 40 gauss even at very low concentration prevented any resolution of fine structure. The large line width is probably caused by the interaction of the magnetic electrons with the fluorine ions.
Effects of serotonergic agents on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Abstract In Xenopus oocytes expressing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAcChoRs), made up of alpha 2 and beta 4 subunits, acetylcholine (AcCho) elicited ionic membrane currents (AcCho currents) that were modulated by serotonergic agents. Both agonists and antagonists specific for various serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) receptor subtypes interacted directly with alpha 2 beta 4 nAcChoRs: 5HT, (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, methysergide, spiperone, and ketanserin reversibly reduced the amplitude of AcCho currents and accelerated their decay. The AcCho-current time course decayed with two exponential functions. In the presence of 5HT, the fast time constant of current decay (tau f) was not greatly modified, but the slow time constant (tau s) was reduced. With AcCho and 5HT both at 100 microM, tau s was reduced from 140 s to 85 s. The order of potency for inhibition of AcCho current amplitudes was (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin > methysergide > spiperone > ketanserin > 5HT. The inhibition was voltage-dependent but the magnitude of the voltage dependence for the different blockers did not correspond to their blocking potency: e.g., the block with spiperone was stronger than with 5HT, but it was less voltage-dependent. Our results suggest that serotonergic agents block neuronal nAcChoRs in a noncompetitive manner, similar to the block of muscle nAcChoR by curare and other substances. These results show that neuronal nAcChoR channels that have been activated by their specific neurotransmitter may be modulated by nonspecific neurotransmitters and their antagonists. These effects may help to better understand brain functions as well as the mode of action of the many serotonergic agents that are used in medical practice.
The Itasca CC Engineering Learning Model

The engineering program at Itasca Community College in northern Minnesota has developed an innovative learning model that is focused on the formation of students into professional engineers through a continuum-based development process. Four key aspects of the Itasca CC Engineering Learning Model are: 1) strong K-12 relationships, 2) a two-year “across the curriculum” engineering development course sequence, 3) an active student and faculty learning community, and 4) flexible academic pathways for different student development and learning opportunities. The model continually reinforces students in developing the identity and commitment of a professional engineer through a) building and maintaining student aspiration for becoming an engineer, b) student development as a professional, c) student professional practicing of engineering, and d) learning to work and function in an organization. The model's success is demonstrated with a diverse body of learners starting in a community college pre-engineering program and completing their engineering bachelor's degree in an average of 8.8 semesters with graduation rates of 49% for all students who start the program and 67% for students who start with or achieve a “calculus 1” math ability during their college education.
Diffraction minimization in SAW devices using wide aperture compensation

A relationship is outlined between the previously derived uniform asymptotic expansion (UAE) for surface acoustic waves on anisotropic substrates and the intuitive geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). It is demonstrated that even for an anisotropic medium, the leading terms in the UAE have a direct interpretation in terms of the simple GTD. This model allows a physical explanation of the mechanism of 'wide aperture diffraction minimization', a simple technique that allows an almost complete elimination of diffractive effects in SAW devices by merely increasing the aperture of the unapodized transducer by a calculable amount. These techniques are illustrated with both theoretical and experimental results. >
Considering the Adequacies and Inadequacies of Safety Icons

Safety icons need to be more recognizable. Even though safety icons are becoming more consistent due to harmonization, they are not always recognized, which contributes to customer and worker dissatisfaction; customer and worker fatality, illness, and injury; material and equipment damage; and/or loss of corporate reputation. A pilot study in which readers/users identified decontextualized safety icons enabled an analysis that spotlights adequacies and inadequacies. The results may influence icon design in ways that improve audience compliance with warnings about safety.
Physical properties of transfer‐molded polyurethane‐polyester interpenetrating polymeric network

A series of polyurethane-polyester simultaneous interpenetrating network (SIN) samples were prepared by a laboratory-scale transfer mold. The effect of compound composition and molding conditions on the tensile properties and crystallinity of molded parts was examined by using an Instron tensile tester and a Perkin-Elmer differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It was found that incomplete polymerization resulted in a poor tensile strength of 80°C-molded SIN. Postcure treatment and higher molding temperature increased the tensile strength of SIN by improving their limiting conversion and possibly the morphology. Results indicated that postcure was more efficient than molding at higher temperature for SIN samples with high polyurethane content. On the other hand, for SIN with higher polyester content, a high molding temperature resulted in better mechanical properties than postcuring the low-temperature molded samples. Both reaction sequence and cross-linking nature of the constituent polymers had a profound effect on the tensile properties of SIN.
Signaling Molecules Involved in Coupling Growth Hormone Receptor to Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation*

We have shown previously that GH stimulates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases designated ERKs (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) 1 and 2. To examine pathways coupling GH receptor (GHR) to MAP kinase activation, we have determined the effects of GH on SHC-growth factor receptor bound 2-son of Sevenless (SHC-Grb2-SOS) association and activation of Ras, Raf, and MAP-ERK kinase (MEK). GH promoted the rapid, transient association of SHC with the Grb2-SOS complex, which correlated with the time course of Ras, Raf, and MEK activation. Despite the continuous presence of GH, these activation events were transient with Ras, Raf, and MEK returning to near basal activity by 15 or 30 min. The inactivation of Ras, Raf, and MEK directly correlated with the serine/threonine phosphorylation of SOS and dissociation of SOS from Grb2 but not Grb2 from tyrosine-phosphorylated SHC. Phosphorylation was blocked by the MEK inhibitor, PD98059. Based upon the established functions of the MAP kinase pathway, these data indicate that GH stimulation results in the assembly of a SHC-Grb2-SOS complex that serves to activate Ras and thereby engage the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. Activation of this pathway generates a feedback kinase cascade that phosphorylates SOS resulting in the dissociation of SHC-Grb2 complexes from SOS, thereby causing a more rapid termination of the signaling pathway than would result from SHC dephosphorylation.
Evolution of three help desks

The IT environment in higher education is diverse in both the technology being used and the various constituents being supported. To help support this heterogeneous environment many universities and colleges have developed either a support center or a help desk to provide a nexus for support across campus and responsibilities within their IT departments. This paper describes the evolution of support centers and help desk at three different universities. The panel will facilitate discussion on the problems, obstacles, achievements, and unique ideas used by other institutions in their evolution of a support center.
Circumpolar variation in periodicity and synchrony among gypsy moth populations

Summary 1. Previous studies of insect dynamics have detected spatial synchrony in intraspecific population dynamics up to, but not exceeding, 1000 km. Oddly, interspecific synchrony has recently been reported at distances well over 1000 km (at continental and circumpolar scales). While the authors implicated climatic effects as the cause for the apparent largescale interspecific synchrony, there is no evidence that weather data are synchronized over such great distances. 2. In the present study, intraspecific circumpolar synchrony in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), was tested for among 11 regions across three continents (North America, Europe and Asia). Analyses indicate that most gypsy moth populations around the world tend to oscillate at periodicities between 8 and 12 years. 3. These oscillations were synchronized at distances up to c . 1200 km within continents. There was no evidence for intraspecific synchrony of gypsy moth populations between continents. 4. We suggest that previous reports of interspecific synchrony among insects at scales much greater than 1000 km may suffer from spurious correlations among oscillating
Atmospheric solar tides and their electrodynamic effects—III. The polarization electric field

Abstract In this final part of our three-part study, we consider the polarization electric field generated by E -region dynamo action, and establish its consistency with presently available experimental measurements. This serves as an independent check on some of the results and conclusions described in Parts I and II. Incoherent scatter measurements of ionospheric drifts are reviewed from the point of view of determining the origin of the polarization electric field in the quiet-time ionosphere, and are compared with the theoretical dynamo electric fields which drive the current systems in Parts I and II. The analysis indicates that the polarization fields originating from E -region dynamo action are consistent with daytime F -region drift measurements, But are in poor agreement at night. This supports previous suggestions that electric fields generated by the plasmaspheric and F -region dynamos are short-circuited by the high E -region conductivity during the day, but contribute strongly to the night-time electric field.
Postural Control During Reaching in Young Infants: A Dynamic Systems Approach

THELEN, E. AND J.P. SPENCER. Postural control during reaching in young infants: A dynamic systems approach . NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 22(4)507-514, 1998.—We conceptualize the coordinated development of posture and reaching within Schoner's (Ecological Psychology, 7:291-314, 1995) dynamic model of coupled levels of control: load, timing, and goal. In particular, the goal of postural stability must be maintained during a reach. Using longitudinal data from four infants followed from 3 weeks to 1 year, we show that coordination of the head with upper and lower arm activity is critical for successful reaching. First, infants acquire stable head control several weeks before reaching onset. Furthermore, reaching onset is characterized by a reorganization of muscle patterns to include more trapezius and deltoid activity, serving to stabilize the head and shoulder and provide a stable base from which to reach. We argue that initially, the system is working on postural stability and reaching as goals. Infants secondarily select appropriate muscle patterns to achieve those goals depending, in part, on their individual body sizes, body proportions and energy levels. Motor development proceeds as a continual dialogue between the nervous system, body, and environment. q 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Principal Developments in the Adaptive Control of Machine Tools

Although adaptive control (AC) systems for machine tools have a tremendous potential for improving productivity in manufacturing, their acceptance by industry has been slow. This paper identifies the major research and development areas for AC machine tools, and summarizes the principal developments of the last two decades. Current research at The University of Michigan, which is aimed at the development of stable yet high performance AC systems for turning and milling, is also described.
H2-producing bacterial communities from a heat-treated soil inoculum

Hydrogen gas (∼60% H2) was produced in a continuous flow bioreactor inoculated with heat-treated soil, and fed synthetic wastewater containing glucose (9.5 g l−1). The pH in the bioreactor was maintained at 5.5 to inhibit consumption of H2 by methanogens. The objective of this study was to characterize bacterial communities in the reactor operated under two different hydraulic retention times (HRTs of 30-h and 10-h) and temperatures (30°C and 37°C). At 30-h HRT, the H2 production rate was 80 ml h−1 and yield was 0.91 mol H2/mol glucose. At 10-h HRT, the H2 production rate was more than 5 times higher at 436 ml h−1, and yield was 1.61 mol H2/mol glucose. Samples were removed from the reactor under steady-state conditions for PCR-based detection of bacterial populations by ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA). Populations detected at 30-h HRT were more diverse than at 10-h HRT and included representatives of Bacillaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. At 10-h HRT, only Clostridiaceae were detected. When the temperature of the 10-h HRT reactor was increased from 30°C to 37°C, the steady-state H2 production rate increased slightly to 463 ml h−1 and yield was 1.8 mol H2/mol glucose. Compared to 30°C, RISA fingerprints at 37°C from the 10-h HRT bioreactor exhibited a clear shift from populations related to Clostridium acidisoli (subcluster Ic) to populations related to Clostridium acetobutylicum (subcluster Ib).
The value of developing frontline leaders in health care

The complexity of today's health care environment requires leaders to develop a coordinated strategy to promote organizational sustainability and maintain a competitive advantage in the workplace. Strong leaders provide the backbone for successful organizations (Patterson, 2009; Squazzo, 2009). A leadership preparedness strategy focused on the development of future leaders facilitates a seamless leadership transition when planned or unexpected turnover occurs (Carriere, Muise, Cummings, & Newburn-Cook, 2009; Jones, 2010; Squazzo, 2009). The challenge faced by executive health care leaders is the ability to manage talent effectively and meet the strategic business objectives of the health care organization by building a talent pool of future leaders (Silzer & Church, 2009). Experiential learning and relationship learning support the professional growth and development of frontline leaders. One example of a structured program, blending experiential and relationship learning for developing high potentials, is the Frontline Nursing Leadership (FNLP) program, developed and facilitated by The Advisory Board Company (TABC; 2009). Health care organizations have a responsibility to cultivate tomorrow's leaders by mitigating and neutralizing barriers to professional development and establishing a comprehensive framework for the development of high-potential employees (Squazzo, 2009).
Spatial mechanisms of gene regulation in metazoan embryos

The basic characteristics of embryonic process throughout Metazoa are considered with focus on those aspects that provide insight into how cell specification occurs in the initial stages of development. There appear to be three major types of embryogenesis: Type 1, a general form characteristic of most invertebrate taxa of today, in which lineage plays an important role in the spatial organization of the early embryo, and cell specification occurs in situ, by both autonomous and conditional mechanisms; Type 2, the vertebrate form of embryogenesis, which proceeds by mechanisms that are essentially independent of cell lineage, in which diffusible morphogens and extensive early cell migration are particularly important; Type 3, the form exemplified by long germ band insects in which several different regulatory mechanisms are used to generate precise patterns of nuclear gene expression prior to cellularization. Evolutionary implications of the phylogenetic distribution of these types of embryogenesis are considered. Regionally expressed homeodomain regulators are utilized in all three types of embryo, in similar ways in later and postembryonic development, but in different ways in early embryonic development. A specific downstream molecular function for this class of regulator is proposed, based on evidence obtained in vertebrate systems. This provides a route by which to approach the comparative regulatory strategies underlying the three major types of embryogenesis.
Developmental regulation of axon branching in the vertebrate nervous system

During nervous system development, axons generate branches to connect with multiple synaptic targets. As with axon growth and guidance, axon branching is tightly controlled in order to establish functional neural circuits, yet the mechanisms that regulate this important process are less well understood. Here, we review recent advances in the study of several common branching processes in the vertebrate nervous system. By focusing on each step in these processes we illustrate how different types of branching are regulated by extracellular cues and neural activity, and highlight some common principles that underlie the establishment of complex neural circuits in vertebrate development.
Selective Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolyses of Methoxysulfanilamidodiazines

The dilute acid hydrolysis of 3-methoxy-6-sulfanilamidopyridazine and several methoxysulfanilamidopyrimidines has been studied. Experiments show that in cases where an intermediate 2-pyrimidone is a possible postulation, further hydrolysis usually leads to the formation of sulfanilamide and the corresponding hydroxypyrimidine. A multistage route for the acidic degradation of 3-methoxy-6-sulfanilamidopyridazine, 2,4-dimethoxy-6-sulfanilamidopyrimidine, and 2-methylthio-4-methoxy-6-sulfanilamidopyrimidine is proposed.
Simulation and experiments of mixing and segregation in a tote blender

Experimental and computational investigation of mixing and segregation of granular material in a tote blender was carried out. The discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate flow of spherical, free-flowing particles where the results of the computations were compared to blending. Computational results are compared to blending experiments of monodisperse and bidisperse systems using spherical glass beads in a 1:1 scale. Although some discrepancies were observed, DEM simulations illustrated good agreement with experimentally measured mixing and segregation rates for different fill levels and loading conditions. The effects of blender geometry on particle velocities and flow patterns were examined using DEM. The presence of a hopper and bin section, as well as the axial offset proved to introduce greater axial mixing rates that would be expected from pure dispersion. Vibrated experiments showed better agreement than not-vibrated experiments, indicating that modeling of friction forces needs to be further improved to enhance the accuracy of DEM methods. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 836–844, 2005
Differential risk of Clostridium difficile infection with proton pump inhibitor use by level of antibiotic exposure.

Purpose Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea worldwide. We examined the risk of CDI associated with the use of acid-suppressive agents (proton pump inhibitors [PPI] and histamine-2 receptor blockers) and determined whether this risk varied by number or type of antibiotic (high or low CDI risk) received during hospitalization. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of hospitalizations among adult patients at an academic teaching hospital in Rochester, New York, during which two or more days of antibiotics were prescribed. Multivariable marginal Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying exposures were used to examine time to the development of CDI. Results A total of 10 154 hospitalizations and 241 cases of CDI, defined as detection of C. difficile toxin in a diarrheal stool sample within 60 days of discharge, were identified. PPI use was independently associated with an increased risk of CDI (adjusted hazard ratio = 4.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3–9.0). Among hospitalizations during which one, two, three or four, and five or more antibiotics were prescribed, the adjusted hazard ratios for PPI use were 15.7 (CI = 6.4–38.8), 4.9 (CI = 2.2–11.2), 4.3 (CI = 1.9–9.9), and 2.7 (CI = 1.2–5.9), respectively (p for interaction = .002). Conclusions The use of PPI is common among patients receiving antibiotics during hospitalization. The greater risk of CDI in relation to PPI among hospitalizations during which fewer or low-risk antibiotics were prescribed suggests a potentially clinically relevant interaction between antibiotics and PPI. Further study is needed to elucidate possible mechanisms for the observed effect. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
More Alike Than Different What Generations Value and How the Values Affect Employee Workplace Perceptions

The purpose of this study was to extend generations research by investigating similarities and differences regarding the importance generations place on the presence of various workplace characteristics. We hypothesized (1) that similarities in the importance of workplace factors between generations would be more prevalent than differences and (2) that the importance of the workplace factors would have consistently similar or different moderating effects among generations on the relationships between employee perceptions of the factors at their organizations and employee attitudes. As expected, results showed the generations were similar on 7 of the 10 work values examined. Findings also revealed similarities and differences between the generations for the factors as moderators, although more differences than similarities were present from these analyses. Implications of these findings as well as directions for future research are discussed.