cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cost of Being Faithful: What Do Farmers Give Up to Keep the Sabbath?

Judeo-Christian beliefs and tradition include observing a Sabbath, or day of rest, by abstaining from work one day each week. In modern times, followers of the Jewish faith mark the Sabbath from Friday evening to Saturday evening and Christians do so on Sunday. For both groups, this practice is firmly entrenched to the point that many would contend that working on Sunday is morally wrong. For many Christian workers in the United States, this practice often fits with their work schedule as Saturday and Sunday are typical days off for many schools, government organizations, and businesses. There are exceptions to this and farmers are one of the most obvious. The demands of managing a farm do not conform to uniform weekly work schedules. To meet labor requirements, many American family farms rely upon unpaid family labor to perform farm tasks such as conducting field operations. Reliance on unpaid labor is becoming more prevalent due to lack of available unskilled laborers in many locations in the United States.
The Prison of Democracy: Race, Leavenworth, and the Culture of Law

Built in the 1890s at the center of the nation, Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary was designed specifically to be a replica of the US Capitol Building. But why? The Prison of Democracy explains the political significance of a prison built to mimic one of America’s monuments to democracy. Locating Leavenworth in memory, history, and law, the prison geographically sits at the borders of Indian Territory (1825–1854) and Bleeding Kansas (1854–1864), both sites of contestation over slavery and freedom. Author Sara M. Benson argues that Leavenworth reshaped the design of punishment in America by gradually normalizing state-inflicted violence against citizens. Leavenworth’s peculiar architecture illustrates the real roots of mass incarceration—as an explicitly race- and nation-building system that has been ingrained in the very fabric of US history rather than as part of a recent post-war racial history. The book sheds light on the truth of the painful relationship between the carceral state and democracy in the United States—a relationship that thrives to this day. “The imaginative rereading, through primary sources, of Fort Leavenworth and a host of other subjects including abolitionism, border prisons, North-South relations, and the campaign against Native Americans adds up to an original and exceptionally significant piece of research and scholarship.” DESMOND KING, author of Separate and Unequal “A significant contribution to the literature regarding race, crime, and punishment. The analytical insight that the author provides through a rereading and recentering of Leavenworth is both a contribution to and an immanent critique of racialized notions of mass incarceration.” DANIEL KATO, author of Liberalizing Lynching SARA M. BENSON is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science at San Jose State University and teaches at Oakes College at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Development of the Enthalpy and Entropy in Dissolution and Precipitation Inventory

The Enthalpy and Entropy in Dissolution and Precipitation Inventory (E2DPI) has been developed to measure student understanding of the dissolution of ionic solutes, aqueous precipitation reactions, and the enthalpy and entropy changes that accompany these processes. The E2DPI was designed using a mixed-methods protocol, such that the questions on the instrument were grounded in the reasoning and explanations offered during the semi-structured interviews with general chemistry and physical chemistry students. The concept inventory was administered to general chemistry (n = 383), physical chemistry (n = 10), and biophysical chemistry students (n = 43) at one institution. The inventory was also administered at a second institution to students in a postorganic General Chemistry II course (n = 160). The validity and reliability of the data generated from the E2DPI were assessed using both qualitative and quantitative data. Some of the misconceptions assessed by the instrument and data indicating the prevalence of these ideas are presented.
Identifying an optimal epoch length for spectral analysis of heart rate of critically-ill infants.

Abstract Background and objective To identify the optimal epoch length for power spectral analysis of cardiac beat-to-beat intervals (BBi) in critically ill newborns. Materials and method BBi of 49 term newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy with well-defined outcomes (good outcome (n = 28): no or mild brain injury and adverse outcome (n = 21): moderate or severe brain injury or death) served as test population. A power spectrum of BBi was calculated with an autoregressive model in three different epoch lengths: 2 min, 5 min, and 10 min. Spectral power was quantified in three different frequency bands: very low-frequency (0.016–0.04 Hz), low-frequency (0.05–0.25 Hz), and high-frequency (0.3–1 Hz). In each frequency band, the absolute power and the normalized power were calculated. Furthermore, standard deviation (SDNN) of BBi was calculated. These metrics were compared between the outcome groups with a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis in 3-h windows. The ROC curve area >0.7 was regarded as a significant separation. Results The absolute spectral powers in all three epoch lengths in all three frequency bands and SDNN distinguished the two outcome groups consistently for most time points. The spectral metrics calculated with a 2-min epoch length performed as well as the five- and 10-min epoch lengths (paired t − t e s t P Conclusion Spectral analysis of BBi in 2-min epoch shows a similar discriminatory power as longer epoch lengths. A shorter epoch also has clinical advantages for translation into a continuous real-time bedside monitor of heart rate variability in the intensive care unit.
Prospective longitudinal cohort study of patient recovery after major gastrointestinal surgery: is there a difference between minimally invasive and open approaches?

Surgeons use the absence of post-operative complications to define recovery while patients define recovery as return to normal function. We aimed to better define the recovery process after minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and open gastrointestinal surgery. Patients scheduled for open or MIS pancreaticoduodenectomy, esophagectomy, colectomy, and proctectomy were prospectively enrolled. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were collected using validated PROMIS and LASA scales pre-operatively, on post-operative days 2, 7, 14, 30, and monthly until 6 months. Patients were also asked if they felt fully recovered. Descriptive statistics and area under the curve (AUC) were used to compare approaches. Multivariable mixed-effects repeated measures models and logistic regression were used to control for covariates. 340 patients met inclusion criteria (158 open and 182 MIS). Median age was 60 years with 44% women. The PRO showed improved post-operative QOL scores in MIS compared to open on all measures by AUC. None of these difference persisted at 6-months. After adjusting for covariates, MIS had higher overall QOL scores at day 14 (Estimate + 0.58, p = 0.02) and 30 (+ 0.56, p = 0.03). Differences did not persist at 3 and 6 months (both p > 0.05). At 1, 3, and 6 months, 20%, 47%, and 61% of patients reported feeling completely recovered. On adjusted analysis there was no difference in odds of complete recovery in MIS at 1 (OR 1.07 [95% CI 0.53–2.14] and 3 months (1.12 [0.63–2.01]) compared to open. MIS patients were more likely to report complete recovery at 6 months (1.87 [1.05–3.33]). MIS patients reported improved PRO on selected QOL measures early in the recovery period compared to open. There was no difference in long-term QOL data between MIS and open patients. Two-thirds (61%) of patients reported being fully recovered at 6 months with MIS patients being more likely to report a complete recovery.
Association of a de novo nonsense mutation of the TRIM8 gene with childhood-onset focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is an etiologically heterogeneous disorder. Genetic FSGS may be either limited to the kidney or part of a genetic syndrome with other systemic involvement. At least 21 and 34 genes have been reported for renal-limited and syndromic FSGS, respectively. The TRIM8 gene encodes a tripartite motif protein, which is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes proteasomal degradation of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and participates in the activation of interferon-gamma signaling. The TRIM8 gene is expressed in various tissues including the kidney and the central nervous system (CNS). An association between a mutation in the TRIM8 gene and childhood-onset FSGS has not been well established. We describe an 8-year-old Hispanic male with infantile onset motor and developmental delay, seizures, and proteinuria secondary to FSGS. Next generation sequencing revealed a heterozygous de novo pathogenic variant in the TRIM8 gene (C1380T>A, p.Tyr460*). Immunohistochemical staining using anti-TRIM8 and anti-SOCS1 antibodies showed no significant TRIM8 expression and strong expression of SOCS1 in the renal biopsy tissue. De novo truncating mutations of TRIM8 have been previously reported in childhood-onset epileptic encephalopathy. A molecular analysis of TRIM8 should be considered in children with FSGS and clinical abnormalities of the central nervous system.
Gravitational Field Energy and g 00

One of the fumily of generalized energy density'' definitions being investigated by Komar, one for which the generalized energy density is made positive definite by use of minimal surfaces, is shown to lead to a total generalized energy'' which is undefinable for closed universes, is not conserved for some asymptotically flat spaces, and is not the correct total energy for the OppenheimerSnyder collapsing star metric where the metric in a neighborhood of infinity is identically the Schwarzschild metric. (auth)
10 – Analysis of Plates

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the inplane and bending analysis of plates. When a flat plate is subjected to both inplane and transverse or normal loads, any point inside the plate can have displacement components u, v, and w parallel to x, y, and z axes, respectively. In the small deflection (or linear) theory of thin plates, the transverse deflection w is uncoupled from the inplane deflections u and v. Consequently, the stiffness matrices for the inplane and transverse deflections are also uncoupled and they can be calculated independently. Thus, if a plate is subjected to inplane loads only, it will undergo deformation in its plane only. In this case, the plate is said to be under the action of “membrane” forces. Similarly, if the plate is subjected to transverse loads (and/or bending moments), any point inside the plate experiences essentially a lateral displacement w (inplane displacements u and v, are also experienced because of the rotation of the plate element). In this case, the plate is said to be under the action of bending forces. When the plate elements are used for the analysis of three-dimensional structures, such as folded plate structures, both inplane and bending actions are considered in the development of element properties.
Chutes and Ladders: Drainage Exchange of Map Turtles (Genus Graptemys) Across the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in Northeastern Mississippi

The movement of nonindigenous aquatic species into new river systems has the potential to negatively impact native species and/or their environments. The construction of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway (TTW) in the 1970s and 1980s directly linked 2 evolutionarily distinct aquatic communities, and faunal exchange across the TTW has been documented in both fishes and freshwater mussels. However, to date there have been no recognized exchanges of the turtle fauna between the Tennessee and Tombigbee river systems. Herein we document the exchange of Ouachita map turtles (Graptemys ouachitensis), a native of the Tennessee River system, and Alabama map turtles (Graptemys pulchra), a native of the Tombigbee River system, each occurring outside its native ranges in the opposite river system likely via dispersal in the TTW. For G. ouachitensis, we observed a range displacement of ∼ 55 river kilometers (rkm) south from the nearest specimen records in the Tennessee River system into upper Bay Springs Lake of the Tombigbee River drainage. Graptemys pulchra had a range displacement northward of ∼ 137 rkm from the nearest specimen record in the Tombigbee River system to Pickwick Lake of the Tennessee River drainage. For the latter, it seems most parsimonious that G. pulchra historically occurred farther north than the specimen record suggests. Otherwise, individuals would have had to execute movements through and/or around 4 locks and dams, which seems less probable. We recommend that additional monitoring of nonnative turtles should be conducted to document existing range and potential range expansions (inclusive of Graptemys nigrinoda, blackknobbed sawback) while studies to assess genetic introgression among these closely related species are warranted.
[4] Lock-docking rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR: Strategies and applications

Publisher Summary Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) are often performed in searches for the genes of interest, or their messenger RNA transcripts. However, the direct amplification and sequencing of complementary DNA (cDNA) products that encompass 3' and 5' ends have been problematic. The oligo(dT) primer that is traditionally used in the cDNA synthesis step can anneal at any position along the length of a natural (3') or appended (5') poly(A) tail. Subsequently, PCR products of a single, discrete size are not obtained. To enable the acquisition of discrete, first-round PCR products, a “lock-docking” cDNA synthesis primer and the accompanying PCR procedure are described in the chapter. These PCR products can be directly sequenced. This lock-docking primer system may be applied to a novel method for searching previously unidentified gene family members. While PCR targets in the internal, coding regions tend to be of similar lengths, targets in the 3' regions tend to be of varying lengths. Thus, internal PCR products are difficult to separate for further study, while products from 3' regions may be separated by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Acquired fibrokeratoma presenting as multiple plantar nodules

Acquired digital fibrokeratoma is a rare benign fibroepithelial tumor that typically presents as a solitary asymptomatic nodule on the finger or toe. Middle-aged adults are most commonly affected. Here we discuss an unusual case of acquired digital fibrokeratoma presenting as a cluster of multiple nodules on the sole of a 15-year-old boy.
QUALITY OF LIFE IN WOMEN WITH HEART FAILURE

Persons with heart failure (HF) experience impaired quality of life (QOL). However, the majority of research conducted on QOL in persons with HF has been with men. The purpose of this descriptive pilot study was to describe the impact of symptoms of HF and examine the relationships among symptom impact, perceived health status, perceived social support, and overall QOL in 30 women who had recently been hospitalized for HF. The women reported high physical symptom impact, poor perceived physical health status, and impaired QOL. Physical symptom impact, perceived physical health status, and QOL were moderately to highly correlated with one another. Perceived social support was significantly, though not strongly, correlated with physical symptom impact. Emotional symptom impact and mental health status were significantly and negatively correlated with each other but were not significantly correlated with QOL. In this group of 30 chronically ill women, QOL was lower in those women who reported greater physica...
Strategic Planning for Schools of Social Work

Both public and private schools of social work typically respond reactively and defensively when workload demands increase in relation to available resources. Strategic planning is one key tool schools of social work can use to increase the sense of vitality of their faculty and deans and the feelings of empowerment and control that accompany this vitality. This is especially important when faculty, staff, or students fall into a defensive, reactive crisis mode of operations. In this article, the authors describe a strategic planning process that facilitated a proactive stance and futuristic vision at one school of social work. Attention is given to what strategic planning is, conditions that make strategic planning crucial, and interlinking steps in a strategic planning process. The question addressed is not, Do the faculty and dean in schools of social work plan? Rather, the question is, Do they plan as best as they can from one emergency to the next, or conscientiously undertake strategic planning effo...
Generation of Synthetic SAS Data for Targets Near the Seafloor: Propagation Component

Abstract : Monostatic synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) data sets for the scattering from a target in a waveguide can be simulated via a fast model that combines an acoustic ray approximation for propagation in the waveguide with far-field scattering from a target in free-space. With the assumption that acoustic rays arise from the source and receiver and their images, the problem of wave propagation and scattering from a target within the waveguide is replaced by a superposition of a set of free-field scattering problems. Under normal operating conditions, the separation distance between a SAS platform and a target is large compared to the carrier wavelength of the transmitted signal, and hence, the free-field scattered signal can be reduced to a far-field approximation where a spherically diverging wave is weighted by a scattering amplitude. The scattering amplitude contains all of the information about the scatterer (e.g., its material properties) and the directionality of the scattered field. A scattering amplitude can be obtained from a direct measurement or a finite-element analysis of a target. The fast ray model allows one, who is interested in SAS processing algorithms, to generate data sets with variations in the environment or source-receiver-target geometry without incurring the expense associated with the collection of actual SAS data. Results from the fast ray model will be compared to data and finite-element results for several targets in shallow water. The horizontal range to the targets and time gating permit the air-water interface to be ignored.
An evidence-based review of ergonomic features of dental hygiene instruments

Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to describe the research identifying dental hygiene risk factors, outline the structural characteristics of the various tools that dental hygienists use and discuss the evidence to support ergonomic tool re-designs. Methods: Two databases, Medline and Cinahl, were used to identify epidemiological research studies from 1998-2008 that describe the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in dental hygienists. The length, diameter, mass and padding of twenty-one (n = 21) dental instruments and instrument grip combinations and twenty-two (n = 22) mirrors and mirror grip combinations are described. Results: The length, mass and diameter of dental instruments and dental mirrors ranged from 16.3 cm to 17.5 cm and 15.9 cm to 18.5 em, from 10.0 g to 25.0 g and 5.0 g to 30.0 g, and from 6.5 mm to 11 mm and 6 mm to 14 mm, respectively. Padding instruments and mirrors increased the mass by approximately 5.0 g. The literature does not suggest an optimal length for dental instruments or dental mirrors. The literature suggests that the optimal diameter for dental instruments and mirrors is at least 10 mm, the optimal weight is 15.0 g or less, and padding decreases muscle activity. Conclusions: Dental hygienists should be educated to select a variety of instrument handles based upon the parameters described above.
Visual summarization of incidents in the context of service delivery factories

Service delivery factories deal with large datasets of incidents and changes related to information technology infrastructure. The effective visualization of such information improves the response time to solve incidents, to raise awareness of clients' status, and to schedule required maintenance changes. In the context of service delivery, this work contributes with a study about visualization requirements for incident management systems collected during a 2 years long study performed in a service delivery factory, a comparison between visualization methods that follow the presented requirements, and a usability study to evaluate the proposed system solution, which counted on 10 participants. From the presented results, one expects service delivery organizations to consider presented outcomes in the summarization and presentation of incident related data.
Magnetic Properties of Co 3 O 4 Nanoparticles Fabricated by Chemical Synthesis

Nanoparticles of cobalt oxide (Co3O4), of size 4.2 nm, were fabricated by heating Cobalt (Co) nanoparticles synthesized using dimethyl sulfoxide solvent. The temperature dependence of magnetization for field cool and zero field cool processes of Co3O4 nanoparticles shows the bifurcation at 44 K. A cusp is observed at 1 T and higher applied fields indicating antiferromagnetic behavior in the system with the Neel temperature ( $T_{N}) \sim 34$ K. The estimated magnetic entropy change ( ${-\mathrm {\Delta }S}_{M}$ ) for the Co3O4 nanoparticles suggests the unusual behavior in magnetic phase transformation of the Co3O4 nanoparticles. A normal magnetocaloric effect (MCE) at $T \sim 44$ K and inverse MCE at $T \sim 34$ K are observed. These results correlate the magnetocaloric properties to the magnetic phase transitions in the Co3O4 nanoparticle system.
Effects of microstructure and composition on spall fracture in aluminum

Abstract Spall strength was measured as a function of composition and microstructure in three Al materials: a high-purity Al (Al HP), a commercial-purity Al (AA1100) and an alloy of Al containing 3 wt.% Mg (Al–3Mg). The Al HP and AA1100 materials were tested as single-crystal sheets, and the Al–3Mg alloy was tested as polycrystalline sheets having a variety of controlled grain sizes. A high-intensity laser produced shock loadings to create tensile strain rates ranging from 2 × 10 6 s −1 to 5 × 10 6 s −1 , which caused spall fracture. Crystallographic orientation, relative to the direction of shock propagation, does not discernibly affect spall strength in the Al-HP material. Intermetallic particles, associated with impurity elements, initiate microstructural damage during tensile shock loading and reduce spall strength of the AA1100 material below that of the Al-HP material. The spall strength of the Al–3Mg is lowest among the three materials, and this is a result of the decreased ductility during spall fracture caused by the Mg solid-solution alloying addition. Grain size affects fracture character of the Al–3Mg material, but does not discernibly affect spall strength; the fraction of ductile transgranular fracture, versus brittle intergranular fracture, increases with grain size.
Cardiovascular hypertrophy and increased vascular contractile responsiveness following repeated cocaine administration in rabbits

Abstract The effects of repeated cocaine administration on contractile responses were studied in adult rabbits. Repeated cocaine exposure caused a significant increase in the maximal response of the aorta to the agonists norepinephrine and serotonin as well as the receptor-independent stimulus KCI when compared to the saline controls. Cocaine exposure caused a significant increase in the wet weights of both the heart and aorta. When the contraction was normalized to the wet weight of the aorta there was no difference between rabbits administered cocaine and saline. Acute cocaine administration caused a time-dependent increase in immunoreactivity of the proto-oncogene c-Fos in the aorta. These results show that repeated cocaine administration leads to the development of cardiovascular hypertrophy.
OSTEOCALCIN POSITIVE CD133p/CD34-/KDRp PROGENITOR CELLS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR GLYCEMIC CONTROL

Vascular calcification, an important feature of diabetic vasculopathy, may be mediated by a sub-type of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) co-expressing the osteoblastic marker osteocalcin (OCN). In this study we tested the hypothesis that there is an association of these cells with HbA1c, a
Sex differences in brain aging : A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study

Background Little is known about the effect of sex on age-related changes in brain structure. Methods Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed in 330 elderly (age range, 66-96 years) volunteers living independently in the community, all of whom were participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Blinded measurements of global and regional brain size were made from T 1 -weighted axial images by means of computer-assisted edge detection and trace methods. High measurement reliabilities were obtained. Results Age-specific changes in brain size were significantly greater in men than women for the peripheral (sulcal) cerebrospinal fluid volume, the lateral (sylvian) fissure cerebrospinal fluid volume, and the parieto-occipital region area. Main effects of age were observed for all the remaining brain regions examined (cerebral hemisphere volume, frontal region area, temporo-parietal region area, lateral ventricular volume, and third ventricle volume), but these effects were similar in men and women. Asymmetries in brain structures were not affected by aging in either sex. Conclusions Our results are generally consistent with the few published studies on sex differences in brain aging and suggest that, for at least some structures, aging effects may be more apparent in men than women. The neurobiological bases and functional correlates of these sex differences require further investigation.
Package Design Optimization for Electrical Performance of a Power Module using Finite Element Analysis

This paper presents the development of a high power module package having improved its electrical performance optimizing the package structure and the circuit layout on a substrate throughout Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The result of FEA shows that the modeling is finely calibrated from the verification, that is, comparing it with actual measurement values of several types of design configuration. This module package is used for synchronous rectification and contains MOSFETs, resistors and a driver IC. High electrical current over as much as 100A should flow through the devices, interconnect materials, traces and the Cu leads of the package. In order to decrease the on-state resistance or RDS(ON), the package design needs to be investigated to find ways of improving the high electrical resistance paths such as the interconnect wires and traces. The authors initially worked on a simple 3D Finite Element Model using a commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software ANSYS® and correlated the results with an actual experiment. After establishing the model, a variety of bonding configurations of Aluminum wire bonding and Cu clip bonding are investigated to achieve the optimum RDS(ON), and modifying the design of the leadframe is also studied. Aside from improving the electrical resistance, it is also necessary that the circuit will have a comparable RDS(ON) value so that the thermal effects of the individual devices would be similar.
Health literacy affects likelihood of radiology testing in the pediatric emergency department

Objective To test the hypothesis that the effect of race/ethnicity on decreased radiologic testing in the pediatric emergency department (ED) varies by caregiver health literacy. Study design This was a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study of caregivers accompanying children ≤12 years to a pediatric ED. Caregiver health literacy was measured using the Newest Vital Sign. A blinded chart review determined whether radiologic testing was utilized. Bivariate and multivariate analyses, adjusting for ED triage level, child insurance, and chronic illness were used to determine the relationship between race/ethnicity, health literacy, and radiologic testing. Stratified analyses by caregiver health literacy were conducted. Results Five hundred four caregivers participated; the median age was 31 years, 47% were white, 37% black, 10% Hispanic, and 49% had low health literacy. Black race and low health literacy were associated with less radiologic testing ( P Conclusions Caregiver low health literacy modifies whether minority race/ethnicity is associated with decreased radiologic testing, with only children of minority caregivers with low health literacy receiving fewer radiologic studies. Future interventions to eliminate disparities in healthcare resource utilization should consider health literacy as a mutable factor.
Millennium Park, Chicago: A Sensory Delight, Part 2

(2006). Millennium Park, Chicago: A Sensory Delight, Part I. The Senses and Society: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 93-103.
Two-sample tests for comparing measurement systems

This article provides two-sample hypothesis tests for five different measurement systems analysis (MSA) criteria.
American Piety 2005: Content and Methods of the Baylor Religion Survey

The Baylor Religion Survey (BRS) is a national population survey of religious characteristics, orientations, and attitudes modeled after the General Social Survey. This article provides an overview of the content of the 2005 BRS along with a detailed description of our methods of data collection and some descriptive characteristics from our sample of 1,721 adults in the United States. A third of the survey is dedicated solely to religion items focusing on affiliation, identity, belief, experience, and commitment. Two-thirds of the survey is dedicated to topical modules that will be rotated in subsequent administrations. We briefly describe the content of these modules and discuss how our data compare to the 2004 General Social Survey.
Characterization of chlorinated chemical vapor deposited and natural (100) diamond

Abstract The chemistry of chlorine interacting with chemical-vapor deposited (CVD) diamond films and natural C(100) diamond has been investigated. High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy of polycrystalline CVD diamond reveals a strong band at 2900 cm −1 , with two maxima and a broad shoulder on the energy loss tail. The two maxima represent monohydride stretches on {111} and {100} crystal facets, while the broad shoulder is attributed to olefinic stretches associated with defects on {111} surfaces. Reacting the CVD surface with atomic chlorine removes all monohydride vibrational structure except that associated with {111} defects, whose intensity remains unchanged. Only a small feature at 800 cm −1 is evident as a possible C–Cl stretch. Auger spectroscopy confirms the presence of chemisorbed chlorine on both C(100) and CVD diamond and reveals a strong preference for chlorine addition to {100} facets. The only chlorine containing species observed by secondary ion mass spectrometry on natural or polycrystalline diamond is C 2 H 4 Cl + . This ion is believed to originate from the same surface species regardless of the sample under study. We suggest that chlorine preferentially adsorbs to {100} surfaces by substituting for surface hydrogen, whereas sp 2 hydrogen-terminated defects appear to be unreactive to chlorine substitution.
Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism of Isolated Corn Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts have been isolated from 4- to 6-day-old corn (Zea mays) leaves capable of assimilating 45 micromoles CO(2) per milligram chlorophyll per hour. The effects of various factors such as inorganic phosphate, reducing agents, inhibitors, intermediates of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, organic acids, and oxygen on the photosynthetic rate and on the distribution of (14)C within the products by these chloroplasts were determined. The photosynthetic carbon metabolism of the corn plastids appeared to be similar to that already observed in spinach and pea chloroplasts. It was concluded that the corn plastids can fix CO(2) at meaningful rates via the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle of Calvin without the operation of a cycle involving the C-4 compounds, malate and aspartate.
Toward a social‐contexts frame of reference for science education research

During recent decades there has been little research on social or cultural factors affecting science education. Recent literature reviews have indicated that of the studies addressing such factors, most focus on broad sociodemographic variables such as socioeconomic status, gender, ethnicity, and region. There is a need for research that depicts better-differentiated social contexts for science education in their full complexity. Social scientists from several other fields have recently developed a promising model for research in context. Three critical conceptual and methodological strands of the model are discussed, along with their implications for science education research.
Attitudes of Postmenopausal Women toward Interactive Video Dance for Exercise

Abstract Aims: Although physical activity (PA) is universally recommended, most adults are not regular exercisers. Interactive video dance is a novel form of PA in widespread use among young adults, but interest among adults is not known. Postmenopausal women are an appropriate target for interventions to promote PA because they have an increased risk of health problems related to sedentary behavior. We explored perceived advantages and disadvantages of video dance as a personal exercise option in postmenopausal women. Methods: Forty sedentary postmenopausal women (mean age ± SD 57 ± 5 years), were oriented in eight small groups to interactive video dance, which uses a force-sensing pad with directional panels: the player steps on the panels in response to arrows scrolling on a screen, synchronized to music. Perceived advantages and disadvantages were elicited through a nominal group technique (NGT) process. Results: Participants generated 113 advantages and 71 disadvantages. The most frequently cited adv...
The relative roles of adaptation and phylogeny in determination of larval traits in diversifying anuran lineages.

abstract: I measured phenotypic traits important to the fitness of larval anurans to assess the relative roles of ancestral trait value and selective regime in determining present‐day phenotypes. The positions of 14 species from three taxonomic families and three different habitats in a phenotypic space defined by 19 traits provided measures of taxonomic and ecological similarity. The distribution of phenotypic distances among species revealed that neither taxonomy nor habitat overwhelmingly determined phenotype. There appear to be multiple ways in which anurans can exploit pond types. However, the direction of phenotypic movement was not random from one species to the next. Independent contrasts revealed significant correlations in the evolution of traits that were consistent among lineages. These correlations reflected well‐known trade‐offs that result from functional relationships among the constituent traits. Although there is no simple pattern in the distribution of mean phenotypes across environment...
Diffraction of Electrons by a Copper Crystal

INVESTIGATIONS of the secondary electron characteristics of a poly-crystalline copper surface have shown that maxima and minima appear in the low-voltage region of the total secondary electron curve only after the copper target has been heated at rather critical temperatures (Phys. Rev., 25, 41; 1925). Accompanying the appearance of these maxima and minima, a change has been observed in the angular distribution of the secondary electrons (Phys. Rev., 31, 414; 1928). These considerations, together with others (Phys. Rev., 31, 419; 1928), make it appear that the changes in slope in the low voltage region of the characteristic secondary electron curve of a metal are a function of the orientation of the surface crystals, as are also the directions of the scattered electrons.
Effect of filgrastim (recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor) on IgE responses in human asthma: a case study.

Abstract Rationale The role of peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization on Immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses has not been studied. Methods Distributions of blood lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+, CD8+CD60+, CD19+, CD23+, CD16/56+, CD25, CD45RA+, CD45RO+, CD34+), and levels of serum immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE) were studied in an allergic asthmatic serum IgE+ (181 IU/mL) adult (m/45 y/o) donor undergoing routine stem cell mobilization protocol (American Society of Hematology) before (day-30), during (day 4), and after (1 wk post last dose) filgrastim (subcutaneous, 480 mcg, 2qd) treatment (flow cytometry, nephelometry, UniCAP Total IgE Fluoro enzyme immunoassay). Results On day 4 of filgrastim treatment, numbers of CD8+CD60+T cells and CD23+ blood cells dramatically increased (98% and 240% respectively) compared with pre treatment. In contrast on day 4 of treatment, serum IgE levels decreased (>50%) compared with pre treatment. CD8+CD60+T cells and CD23+ blood cells and serum IgE levels approached pre-treatment levels at 1 week post treatment. Conclusions Filgrastim treatment transiently increases numbers of CD8+CD60+T and CD23+ expressing cells, which are known to regulate human IgE responses, while also transiently suppressing ongoing IgE responses. These results suggest that filgrastim affects IgE related responses, and may be useful in modulating allergic responses.
Accuracy of judgmental forecasts: A comparison

Abstract This study compares the performance of judgmental and statistical forecasts, as well as the judgmental revision of statistically derived forecasts, for artificial time series with a number of controlled characteristics. Judgment is found to produce inferior and more biased forecasts overall. However, results suggest that judgmental revision may have a benefit for some low noise series, particularly when statistical techniques are applied “blindly” to the time series.
Human immunodeficiency virus and IgA nephropathy

Summary: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has been described with increasing frequency. In contrast to HIV-associated nephropathy, with collapsing variant of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and prominent tubular cell changes, a disorder which is more common in black persons, IgAN is a disease mainly of white patients. Most are asymptomatic carriers of HIV although few have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or ARC at the time the renal disorder is discovered. The clinical manifestations are generally of haematuria, sometimes with proteinuria. In some patients, the finding of IgA reactive with anti-HIV IgG or IgM in circulating immune complexes and in glomerular eluates strongly suggests this glomerulopathy to be an HIV-associated immune complex disorder. Because of the demographic factors, IgAN may evolve to be an important renal lesion in HIV infection.
Spectroscopy with a coherent dual frequency comb interferometer at 3.4 μm

A coherent dual fiber-comb spectrometer centered at 1.5 μm wavelengths is transferred to 3.4 μm by differencefrequency generation with a 1064 nm cw laser. It is shown that the residual linewidth between the comb teeth at 3.4 μm is resolution-limited to 200 mHz; such narrow linewidths can enable coherent dual-comb spectroscopy at high-precision and signal-to-noise ratio. We then discuss different interferometric configurations for coherent dual-comb spectroscopy. We find that a two-branch interferometric setup is appropriate to measure both the magnitude and phase spectrum of purely Doppler-broadened absorption lines. An initial measurement of methane lines in the υ 3 band P-branch with a resolution of 114 MHz is demonstrated.
Spatially resolved one-dimensional boundary states in graphene–hexagonal boron nitride planar heterostructures

Two-dimensional interfaces between crystalline materials have been shown to generate unusual interfacial electronic states in complex oxides. Recently, a one-dimensional interface has been realized in hexagonal boron nitride and graphene planar heterostructures, where a polar-on-nonpolar one-dimensional boundary is expected to possess peculiar electronic states associated with edge states of graphene and the polarity of boron nitride. Here we present a combined scanning tunnelling microscopy and first-principles theory study of the graphene–boron nitride boundary to provide a first glimpse into the spatial and energetic distributions of the one-dimensional boundary states down to atomic resolution. The revealed boundary states are about 0.6 eV below or above the Fermi level depending on the termination of the boron nitride at the boundary, and are extended along but localized at the boundary. These results suggest that unconventional physical effects similar to those observed at two-dimensional interfaces can also exist in lower dimensions. One-dimensional boundaries in lateral heterostructures of two-dimensional materials are expected to have interesting properties. Park et al.probe the electronic properties of the graphene/hexagonal-boron-nitride interface, revealing the spatial and energetic distributions of one-dimensional boundary states.
The Response of Linear Decision Rule Cost Performance to Inventory Measurement Errors

Utilization of linear decision rules for aggregate output planning requires accurate measurements of net inventory prior to the commencement of each production period. This measure, in effect, is a forecast which may be subject to some error. Sensitivity of cost performance to errors in net inventory forecasts is an important consideration in the decision to schedule work force and production rates by use of the linear decision rules. Explicit expressions are developed which measure the impact of inventory errors. These expressions may assist the production manager in deciding whether to use the linear decision rules as well as provide a measure of the worth of a perfect inventory reporting system.
Abdominal aortic aneurysms in women

Abdominal aortic aneurysms have an incidence that is approximately four to six times higher in men than in women. However, the incidence in women also rises with older age, although starting later in life than in men. There are also sex differences in the risk of rupture and in outcomes after endovascular and open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Various explanations have been proposed. Women historically have been under-represented in clinical trials to evaluate the differences between the sexes. We present a review of current recommendations and recent literature to help identify some of these differences.
Out of the Shadows — MRI and the Nobel Prize

Cross-sectional imaging of the body has such an important role in the diagnosis of disease and the care of patients today that it is easy to overlook how recently the technology was developed and i...
Synthesis of low buoyant density proteoglycans by human chondrocytes in culture.

Abstract Human chondrocyte strains were derived from explant outgrowth of nonarthritic or osteoarthritic human cartilage. Chondrocytes radiolabeled with [35SO4] or [35S)-methionine were used to measure the biosynthesis of proteoglycans recovered from the most buoyant fraction (A4) of a CsCl density gradient centrifugation performed under associative conditions. The proteoglycans isolated from the A4 fraction (ϱ
[Guest editor's introduction:] The reuse of complex architectures

Platform-Based Design is an efficient way to design complex system-on-a-chip (SoC)products.PBD moves beyond the reuse of individual IP blocks, to the reuse of complex architectures of hardware and software components organized for a specific application domain. Platforms, along with libraries of predesigned and characterized hardware and software virtual components, enable rapid, low-risk creation of derivative products. Examples of SoC platforms include wireless handset chipsets, digital multimedia devices (such as set-top boxes), automotive systems, and personal digital assistants (PDAs).
SIM trajectory design

SIM (Space Interferometry Mission) is a mission scheduled to launch in 2010 and will be the first spacecraft to use interferometry to measure the positions of stars to within 1 micro-arcsecond - a degree of precision never to before achieve. The flight hardware required to achieve this level of precision is very sensitive to its external environment, which places a number of challenging constraints on the trajectory design. This paper discusses the various trajectory options that were considered.
THE COMPUTATION OF THE NON-COMMUTATIVE GENERALIZATION OF THE A-POLYNOMIAL OF THE FIGURE-EIGHT KNOT

The paper computes the noncommutative A-ideal of the figure-eight knot, a noncommutative generalization of the A-polynomial. It is shown that if a knot has the same A-ideal as the figure-eight knot, then all colored Kauffman brackets are the same as those of the figure eight knot.
A Probability Method for Bulk Power System Security Assessment, I-Basic Concepts

The paper is the first of a series describing a probability method for the "on-line" assessment of the near-term future security of an operating bulk power system. The present paper presents the basic concepts and applications of the method; future papers will describe probability models for implementing the method.
Localization within the heavy chain sequence of tyrosyl peptides from the combining sites in a rabbit anti-3-azopyridine antibody preparation.

Abstract A relatively homogeneous rabbit heavy chain was cleaved by CNBr. Fragment C-1 (the N-terminal half of the heavy chain) was isolated. Reduction and alkylation of C-1 liberated three fragments and partial sequence analysis of these isolated fragments showed that C-1 had been split on the carboxyl-side of Met 84. Similar results were obtained with another anti-hapten antibody preparation in which tyrosyl residues in the combining sites had been labeled. The labeled tyrosyl residues were found in the fragment representing residues 85–253. Since the constant region begins at about residue 120 and the sequences of the tyrosyl peptides from the combining sites are not present in published constant region sequences, these peptides appear to be derived from a variable region between residues 85 and 120.
Error Entropy and Mean Square Error Minimization for Lossless Image Compression

In this paper, the minimum error entropy (MEE) criterion is considered as an alternative to the mean square error (MSE) criterion in obtaining predictor coefficients for lossless still image coding. Estimation of the error entropy is done using Renyi's formula. The PDF of the error between image pixels and the predicted values is estimated using the Parzen windowing with a Gaussian kernel. The performance of the error entropy minimization and the mean square error minimization is compared using the first order Shannon's entropy of the residual error. Comparison between MEE and MSE is extended to the issue of treating the image as a number of independent blocks, where each block uses its optimized predictor. The behavior of MEE is similar to MSE with a small improvement when using the maximum allowable window size.
The effect of cell size on the pathologic diagnosis of small and large cell carcinomas of the lung.

Measurement of tumor nuclear and cell diameter in routine biopsies of 197 patients with lung cancer determined that there is a continuum of cell sizes from small cell to large cell undifferentiated carcinoma and that for oat cell carcinomas tumor cell size is partly dependent on the biopsy size. These results emphasize the potential difficulty of diagnosing and treating patients with tumor overlapping between small cell and large cell carcinomas and offer further evidence that the subclassification of small cell carcinoma is spurious.