cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the tensile behavior of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V using multiscale digital image correlation

Abstract The tensile behavior of an additively manufactured (AM) Ti-6Al-4V alloy is examined at multiple length scales using two-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. The work focuses on characterizing the relationship between microstructure and bulk mechanical properties of the AM Ti-6Al-4V specimens and understanding how unique microstructural features pertaining to AM metals, such as columnar grain morphology and nonequilibrium phase structures, influence deformation behavior at the microscale (i.e., the length scales of those features). Lower magnification in situ DIC experiments were performed at the macroscale during tension experiments to assess the bulk properties, and a higher magnification ex situ DIC study was performed at the microscale using a microscope to observe heterogeneous strain accumulation at that scale. At the macroscale, the AM Ti-6Al-4V exhibited greater strength than conventionally processed Ti-6Al-4V, due to its acicular, or needle-like, grain structure. At the microscale, alternating regions of high and low strains were observed to accumulate along these needles, or laths. The effects of build orientations (related to microstructure anisotropy), powder bed layering thicknesses (30 and 60 µm), and heat treatment, on the properties were also examined. A decrease in strength was observed in samples subjected to annealing heat treatment compared to as-built specimens with no heat treatment. Also, the AM specimens exhibited higher tensile strength when the direction of applied load was perpendicular to the AM build orientation. This observed anisotropy is thought to be related to interfaces of consecutively deposited layers because regions of high strain at the microscale were observed to accumulate at changes in structure associated with the deposition of layers.
Competition Advocacy and the Patent System: Promoting Competitive Markets for Technology

Current efforts at patent reform, through vehicles such as legislation, regulation, and appellate caselaw, are often met with advocacy advancing competing concerns reflecting the interests of discrete and separate groups of market participants. These viewpoints may not necessarily align with the policy goal of promoting consumer welfare. Historically, competition advocacy by competition authorities has been one mechanism for advocating for reforms that advance consumer welfare. Competition authorities such as the Federal Trade Commission have a lengthy history of empirical research and policy advocacy regarding the patent system. This paper reviews that advocacy and examines the circumstances under which competition advocacy has been employed. It observes that advocacy has been directed to two markets in which the patent system impacts competition: patents influence competition in the market for goods that embody them and patents are also themselves articles traded in technology markets. Regarding the latter form of competition, advocacy has been used to address legal doctrines that give rise to transaction costs and market failures in the market for the trade and license of patent rights.
Morphology and Kinetics of Lymphocytes

On the basis of size it is a common practice to classify lymphocytes as large, medium and small without drawing distinct boundaries between the three groups. We can now say with assurance that the developmental sequence is large → medium → small, and it is, of course, now well known that the small lymphocyte, a non-DNA synthesizing cell, can be stimulated to enlarge and divide, producing progeny which carry out a variety of immunological roles. Whether or not small lymphocytes can serve as precursors to cells other than ones of the lymphoid series remains controversial. Our investigations have provided no evidence in support of the view that the small lymphocyte is a multipotential stem cell. In this context, the view that the transitional cell of bone marrow (Fig. 1) is an intermediate stage between the small lymphocyte and blast cell is no longer acceptable. Studies in our laboratory (22, 36) and those of Yoshida and Osmond (45) have, in fact, shown that transitional cells of bone marrow give rise to small lymphocytes.
Reflections on resource expropriation and capital flight in the Confederation of Independent States

Cet article se penche sur les processus de detournements de richesses dans les pays de l'ex-Union sovietique. Les ressources spoliees sous l'ere sovietique par les apparatchiks du Parti Communiste, fonctionnant selon les caracteristiques des mafias, ont ete ensuite recyclees dans des reseaux du crime organise specialises dans le blanchiment de capitaux a l'etranger. Cet article se penche plus particulierement sur les operations de detournement qui ont eu lieu dans l'industrie du petrole et dans le commerce du caviar, examinant les acteurs les plus influents de ces trafics et les ramifications multiples de leurs activites
Organizational entry and transition from academic study: examining a critical step in the professional development of young IS workers

A critical stage in the development of young Information Systems (IS) professionals is when they make the transition from academic study to industrial work. At this stage, the young IS professional must learn about his work requirements, understand work procedures, and develop new skills and knowledge in order to function effectively in the workplace. This study develops a three-phase model of organizational socialization to analyze this process of organizational boundary crossing and professional development for a group of recent Information Systems graduates. Overall, this exploratory study illustrates that the socialization framework could provide a useful research model for examining the early professional development of young IS workers. The results indicate that the effective preparation of young IS workers involves far more than just a fixed set of academic subjects. The framework is also useful to reveal some specific characteristics of information technology work that could pose particular challenges for the adjustment process of young IS workers in the workplace. The implications of the preliminary findings from this exploratory study for educators, managers, and researchers are discussed.
A Nonbehaviorist’s View of the Behavioral Problem with Alcoholism

The program for the conference from which this book was derived called me Editor of the Journal of Studies on Alcohol. That was true when the program was made up. Alas! At Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, where that Journal is published and where editing it was one of my extra-academic functions, a state law prevails under which, though I did not retire, “they” retired me, almost two months before the conference began. For consolation, the President of the University sent me a charming letter in which he mentions flatteringly my services to my scholarly discipline — that made me wonder what my discipline was (and if the President knows, he knows more than I do)—and he concluded by appointing me Professor Emeritus. Thereupon, I also became Editor Emeritus of the Journal of Studies on Alcohol, no longer editor.
Superior peroneal retinaculum tear in a high school athlete: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: To present the case of an 18-year-old football player who chose conservative treatment for a superior peroneal retinaculum tear and to review alternatives. BACKGROUND: Superior peroneal retinaculum tears are often mistaken for lateral ankle instability. These tears often do not heal readily by themselves and must be identified so that proper treatment can begin. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Superior peroneal retinaculum tear, peroneal subluxation, peroneal retinacular avulsion, snapping ankle. TREATMENT: This athlete chose conservative treatment, which may have cost him 4 weeks and the chance to return to his senior season. Surgical treatment can reduce recovery time. UNIQUENESS: This case history presents an athlete who was thought to have a grade II lateral ankle sprain. After weeks of rehabilitation, pain and effusion diminished, but the athlete was still unable to perform any functional activity without symptoms of pain and catching. CONCLUSIONS: Making the correct clinical diagnosis and understanding the time frame involved in rehabilitative versus surgical treatment are necessary to return the athlete to play in a timely manner.
Emergency department diagnosis of gynecologic malignancy versus office diagnosis and association with overall survival in a low-income, racially diverse patient population.

e17571Background: Twenty to fifty percent of patients with breast, colon and lung cancers are diagnosed in the emergency department globally. The objective of our study was to characterize the asso...
Progress of Thin Film Transistor Technology

The progress of thin film transistor technology in the past 3 decades have been reviewed. The success of the technology is in the active matrix flat panel application. However, there are a broad range of products that can benefit from this wafer-independent solid state device. New applications and requirements in materials and fabrication processes are discussed. The society and human lives can benefit from new developments of the TFT technology.
In Search of the Ideal Valve: Optimizing Genetic Modifications to Prevent Bioprosthetic Degeneration

Background Bioprosthetic heart valves undergo structural degeneration and calcification. Similarities exist in the histopathologic features of explanted bioprosthetic valves and rejected pig tissues and organs after xenotransplantation into nonhuman primates. The development of more durable bioprosthetic valves, namely from genetically modified pigs, could negate the need for the insertion of mechanical prostheses in children and young adults with the requirement for life-long anticoagulation and might avoid the need for reoperation in elderly patients. Methods We reviewed the literature (MedlinePlus, PubMed, Google Scholar) through September 1, 2018, under four key terms: (1) bioprosthetic heart valves, (2) xenograft antigens, (3) immunologic responses to bioprosthetic valves, and (4) genetic modification of xenografts. Results Advances in tissue and organ xenotransplantation have elucidated important immunologic barriers that provide innovative approaches to prevent structural degeneration of bioprosthetic heart valves. The current evidence suggests that bioprosthetic valves derived from genetically modified pigs lacking xenogeneic antigens (namely Gal, Neu5Gc, and Sda), termed triple-knockout pigs, would function considerably longer than current wild-type (genetically unmodified) porcine valves in human recipients. Conclusions Preclinical and clinical studies to determine the safety and efficacy of triple-knockout porcine bioprosthetic valves will likely establish that they are more resistant to human immune responses and thus less susceptible to structural degeneration.
Ethnic Disparities in Gastric Cancer Presentation and Screening Practice in the United States: Analysis of 1997-2010 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare Data

Background: Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the strongest risk factor for distal gastric cancer. Although gastric cancer incidence has decreased, variation by race and ethnicity is observed. This study describes gastric cancer presentation and screening services among Medicare patients by race/ethnicity, place of birth, and history of gastric cancer–related conditions. Methods: Using demographic, location, and disease staging information, extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare gastric cancer database (1997–2010), we compared frequencies of gastric cancer–related conditions (e.g., peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer, gastritis) and screening (H. pylori testing and endoscopy) from inpatient and outpatient services claims by selected race/ethnicity and place of birth. Results: Data included 47,994 incident gastric cancer cases with Medicare claims. The majority (48.0%) of Asian/Pacific Islanders (API) were foreign-born, compared with non-Hispanic whites (NHW), Hispanics, and blacks (with 64.4%, 33.9%, and 72.9% U.S.-born, respectively). For NHWs, the most frequently diagnosed gastric cancer site was the cardia (35.6%) compared with Conclusions: Noncardia gastric cancer, associated with H. pylori infection, was diagnosed more frequently among APIs, blacks, and Hispanics than NHWs. Testing for H. pylori was low among all gastric cancer cases despite evidence of risk factors for which screening is recommended. Studies are needed to increase appropriate testing for H. pylori among higher risk populations. Impact: This study sheds light on poor screening practices despite presence of gastric cancer-related conditions.
The Numerical Simulation of Airflow and Dispersion in Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Recirculation Zones

Abstract A three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic numerical code using the two-equation turbulence closure was developed to model the atmospheric transport and diffusion of pollutants over buildings and a three-dimensional hill. The standard engineering two-equation, first-order turbulence closure was modified to account for surface layer effects and the reduced production of dissipation in the region above the surface layer found in an atmospheric boundary layer. The computations for the dispersion of a building rooftop release showed good agreement with wind tunnel measurements, except when very close to the ground. The transport and dispersion of a plume over a 300-m conical hill, Steptoe Butte, was also simulated. The computations are compared with near ground-level field measurements.
Classical mechanisms of recollision and high harmonic generation

Trente ans apres la demonstration de la production d'harmoniques laser par interaction laser-gaz non lineaire, la generation d'harmoniques d’ordre elevees (HHG) est utilisee pour sonder la dynamique moleculaire et realise son potentiel technologique comme source compacte d'impulsions attosecondes XUV a la gamme de rayons X. Malgre les progres experimentaux, le cout de calcul excessif des simulations fondees sur les premiers principes et la difficulte de deriver systematiquement des modeles reduits pour l'interaction non perturbatif et a echelles multiples d'une impulsion laser intense avec un gaz macroscopique d'atomes ont entrave les efforts theoriques. Dans cette these, nous etudions des modeles reduits de premier principe pour HHG utilisant la mecanique classique. En utilisant la dynamique non lineaire, nous elucidons le role indispensable joue par le potentiel ionique lors des recollisions dans la limite du champ fort. Ensuite, en empruntant une technique de la physique des plasmas, nous derivons systematiquement une hierarchie de modeles hamiltoniens reduits pour l’interaction coherente entre le laser et les atomes lors de la propagation des impulsions. Les modeles reduits permettent une dynamique electronique soit classique, soit quantique. Nous construisons un modele classique qui concorde quantitativement avec le modele quantique pour la propagation des composantes dominantes du champ laser. Dans une geometrie simplifiee, nous montrons que le rayonnement a frequence anormalement elevee observe dans les simulations resulte de l’interaction delicate entre le piegeage d’electrons et les recollisions de plus grande energie provoques par les effets de propagation.
Partner Notification, Treatment, and Subsequent Condom Use After Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Implications for Dyadic Intervention With Urban Youth:

Research suggests that youth in urban communities often remain in the same sexual relationships after a pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) diagnosis. Utilizing data from the Technology Enhanced Community Health Nursing (TECH-N) study, we explored partner notification, treatment, and condom use after PID diagnosis. Outreach interviews assessed adherence to self-care behaviors, followed by interviews 3 months after diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regressions evaluated baseline condom use versus 3 months after diagnosis as it relates to group and relationship status. Ninety-one percent reported partner notification, and of those notified, 90% reported partner treatment. Reports of condom use increased in both groups compared with baseline use. TECH-N participants were more likely to report condom use at last sex at 3 months compared with baseline. Given the open communication with partners about PID and partner-associated effects on condom use, exploring dyadic intervention to promote consistent, condom use after PID for youth in high STI (sexually transmitted infection) prevalence communities is required.
Abstract B099: Rural black cases have worsened outcomes in head and neck cancer

Background: Racial and socioeconomic disparities in head and neck cancer survival are well documented. However, rural-urban context, especially the interaction between race and rural-urban context, is understudied. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between race and rural-urban context in HNC survival and determine factors that potentially drive this disparity. Methods: We constructed a retrospective cohort of 158,718 head and neck squamous cell cases from the National Cancer Database with the following sites: hypopharynx (9.54%), larynx (54.42%), and oral cavity (36.04%). Since we are interested in traditional head and neck cancer, oropharyngeal cases were excluded from the cohort. We used Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC) to classify cases into metro (RUCC 1-3) and non-metro subgroups (RUCC 4- 9). Risk factors were classified into demographic (age and gender), socioeconomic (insurance status), and clinical factors (site, stage, and treatment modality). Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the Cox proportional hazards regression were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HR). The proportional hazards and linearity assumptions were tested and satisfied. Results: The exposure cohorts that were analyzed include black metro (N = 17,256; 10.87%), black non-metro (N = 2,501; 1.57%), white metro (N = 109,842; 69.21%), and white-non-metro cases (N = 29,119; 18.35%). Rural-urban five-year survival differences are larger between black non-metro cases (39.32%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 37.21-41.56%) and black metro cases (43.97%; 95% CI: 43.15-44.81%) compared with white non-metro cases (50.32%; 95% CI: 49.68-50.99%) and white metro cases (53.12%; 95% CI: 52.79-53.45%). In the univariable Cox proportional hazards analysis, compared with white metro cases, black non-metro cases have the worst survival (HR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.36-1.15; p Conclusion: Although there is no interaction between rural-urban context and race, black HNC cases, specifically those living in non-metro areas, have worse survival. This disparity still remains after adjusting for insurance status, site, and stage. Further research should be conducted to determine other modifiable risk factors to mitigate this racial and geospatial disparity. Citation Format: Jacob A Clarke, Alyssa M Despotis, Jose P Zevallos, Angela L Mazul. Rural black cases have worsened outcomes in head and neck cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr B099.
The Effects of Dual Task Cognitive Interference and Fast-Paced Walking on Gait, Turns, and Falls in Men and Women with FXTAS

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, tremor, and cognitive dysfunction. We examined the impact of dual-task (DT) cognitive-motor interference and fast-paced (FP) gait on gait and turning in FXTAS. Thirty participants with FXTAS and 35 age-matched controls underwent gait analysis using an inertial sensor-based 2-min walk test under three conditions: (1) self-selected pace (ST), (2) FP, and (3) DT with a concurrent verbal fluency task. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the association between FXTAS diagnosis and gait and turn outcomes. Correlations between gait variables and fall frequency were also calculated. FXTAS participants had reduced stride length and velocity, swing time, and peak turn velocity and greater double limb support time and number of steps to turn compared to controls under all three conditions. There was greater dual task cost of the verbal fluency task on peak turn velocity in men with FXTAS compared to controls. Additionally, stride length variability was increased and cadence was reduced in FXTAS participants in the FP condition. Stride velocity variability under FP gait was significantly associated with the number of self-reported falls in the last year. Greater motor control requirements for turning likely made men with FXTAS more susceptible to the negative effects of DT cognitive interference. FP gait exacerbated gait deficits in the domains of rhythm and variability, and increased gait variability with FP was associated with increased falls. These data may inform the design of rehabilitation strategies in FXTAS.
Two Regimes without Civic Courage: Solzhenitsyn’s the Red Wheel

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s Red Wheel series is coming to the English-speaking world, one thick volume at a time. The series weaves fictional characters and historical figures through decisive events ...
On Automatic Software Architecture Reconstruction of Microservice Applications

The adoption of Microservice Architecture (MSA) is rapidly becoming standard for modern software development. However, the added benefits of using a distributed architecture, including reliability and scalability, come with a cost in increasing the system’s complexity. One way developers attempt to mitigate the effects of an overly complicated system is through Systematic Architecture Reconstruction (SAR), which creates a high-level overview of the system concerns. This is typically done manually, which takes a great amount of effort from the developers. This paper proposes a method for automatically completing SAR of an MSA application through code analysis and demonstrating it on a case study on an existing microservice benchmark application.
Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future

Abstract Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
Introduction and a Brief History of Cutaneous Lymphoma Classification

Over the past decade, a worldwide consortium of dermatologists, oncologists, hematopathologists, and dermatopathologists has collaborated to develop a unified classification scheme for lymphomas, including primary cutaneous lymphomas. Every year, new publications and workshops lead to a clearer understanding of the nuances of diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous lymphomas. Over the past 20 years, advances in the classification of cutaneous lymphomas have revolutionized the clinical and histopathologic approaches to diagnosis and treatment of these highly varied diseases. This chapter outlines some aims of this book and offers a brief history of cutaneous lymphoma classification.
Identification of PECAM-1 in solid tumor cells and its potential involvement in tumor cell adhesion to endothelium

PECAM-1 (CD31/EndoCAM) is an adhesion molecule in the immunoglobulin supergene family that is expressed on endothelial cells, platelets, and some hematopoietic lineage cells. In this paper, using several polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against PECAM-1, we identified PECAM-1 molecules on human, rat, and murine solid tumor cell lines. Immunocytochemical labeling and flow cytometric analysis using either polyclonal, monoclonal, or Fab portion of the antibodies against PECAM-1 detected a distinct distribution on tumor cell surface. Immunoblotting revealed proteins ranging from 120 to 130 kDa in tumor cells derived from different species. Immunoprecipitation and subcellular fractionation studies indicated that PECAM-1 is constitutively expressed on the surface of human tumor cells (i.e. colon adenocarcinoma). The specificity of a major polyclonal anti-PECAM-1 used in the current study (i.e. SEW-3) was confirmed by the preabsorption studies. PECAM-1 molecules on tumor cells appear to bear terminal carbohydrate moieties (i.e. sialic acid residues) different from those on platelets, since neuraminidase treatment of tumor cells, unlike platelets, did not result in a mobility shift. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of genomic DNA derived from tumor cell lines of different species revealed the presence of PECAM-1 gene in the genome. The mRNAs of PECAM-1 in tumor cells were detected by reverse transcription-PCR followed by Southern hybridization. Screening of more than 20 human, rat, and murine solid tumor cell lines indicated that PECAM-1 is widely expressed, although the level of expression varies considerably among different cell lines. The expression of PECAM-1 message in tumor cells was confirmed by Northern blotting. DNA sequencing of the PCR fragment revealed that human tumor cell PECAM-1 matches 100% to the human endothelial cell counterpart. Finally, it was demonstrated that tumor cell PECAM-1 is involved in mediating tumor cell adhesion to endothelium, as evidenced by the ability of anti-PECAM-1 antibodies to decrease the adhesion of unstimulated tumor cells to microvascular endothelial cells.
Quantitative Two-photon Flow Cytometry

Two-photon excitation in conjunction with a suitable multi-dye labeling strategy enables quantitative flow cytometry under conditions of nonuniform flow, such as may be encountered in simple capillary flow or in vivo
Limits on electron neutrino disappearance from the KARMEN and LSND ν e -carbon cross section data

This paper presents a combined analysis of the KARMEN and LSND ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$-carbon cross section measurements within the context of a search for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ disappearance at high $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2}$. KARMEN and LSND were located at 17.7 m and 29.8 m, respectively, from the neutrino source, so, the consistency of the two measurements, as a function of antineutrino energy, sets strong limits on neutrino oscillations. Most of the allowed region from the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ disappearance analysis of the Gallium calibration data is excluded at $g95%$ CL and the best-fit point is excluded at $3.6\ensuremath{\sigma}$. Assuming $CPT$ conservation, comparisons are also made to the oscillation analyses of reactor antineutrino data.
In Vitro Stability Predictions of Osteoblast Interaction with Hydroxyapatite and β‐Tricalcium Phosphate

ζ-potential measurement as a function of pH has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in predicting the ability of implant materials to attach to bone, including hydroxyapatite (HA) and various Bioglasses. Based on these results, ζ-potential analysis as measured by Electrokinetic Sonic Amplitude (ESA), should also be a reliable predictor of bonding between bone forming cells (osteoblasts (OBs)) and calcium phosphate ceramics such as HA and β-tricalcium phosphate (p-TCP). OBs, and the matrix they synthesize are part of the biological portion of bone. This biological portion joins the mineral portion to make up complete bone. Therefore, to test the propensity for OB interaction with these ceramics, OBs, along with HA and β-TCP powders, were suspended in physiologic saline, supplemented with bovine serum albumin, and the resulting suspensions subjected to ESA measurement as a function of physiologically relevant pH. These results were then input into the Hogg, Healy and Fuerstenau (HHF) model for interparticle stability, and the stability ratio calculated for each system (OB/HA and OB/β-TCP).
A Benders'Approach to a Transportation Network Design Problem

Benders' decomposition is an iterative technique for mathematical programming in which a problem is decomposed into two parts: a master problem which solves for only a subset of the variables, and a subproblem which solves for the remaining variables while treating the master variables as fixed. The technique uses information from the solution of the subproblem to design a constraint that is unsatisfied by the current master solution but necessary for the optimal solution of the full problem. The master problem and subproblem are solved iteratively as new constraints are added to the master problem until no such constraint exists and the last master solution therefore optimizes the full problem. In traditional Benders' decomposition [1], the subproblem is a linear program, and the Benders' constraint is based on the dual solution to that subproblem. More recently, logic-based [3] or combinatorial Benders' [2] have been developed that generate Benders constraints based on infeasibility or suboptimality-based constraints. By not requiring a linear programming subproblem, Benders approaches provide an excellent approach to integrating disparate optimization approaches.
Identification, sequence, and transcriptional mapping of lef-3, a baculovirus gene involved in late and very late gene expression.

Abstract A trans-acting gene required for late viral gene expression in transient expression assays was identified in the genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. A genomic library of A. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA lacking a clone spanning the region from 43 to 48 map units (mu) was unable to activate gene expression from a reporter plasmid when the reporter gene was driven by a baculovirus late or very late promoter in transient expression assays. The genomic region responsible for activating reporter gene expression was further mapped to 43.4 to 45.2 mu of the viral genome. The nucleotide sequence of this region was determined and shown to contain several small open reading frames (ORFs) and one major ORF, named lef-3, for late expression factor 3. The lef-3 ORF was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 385 amino acids and with a molecular mass of 44,529 daltons. No homolog to the lef-3 ORF was found in existing data bases. Further analysis showed that only the lef-3 ORF in the region from 43.4 to 45.2 mu was necessary for late gene activation in the assays used. The temporal regulation of lef-3 transcription was studied by Northern (RNA) blot hybridization; lef-3 was found to be an early gene that was transcribed primarily as a 2.0-kb mRNA. Primer extension analysis and S1 nuclease protection assays revealed that lef-3 transcription initiated about 280 bp upstream of the first ATG codon and terminated near a polyadenylation signal, 130 bp downstream of the last codon of the lef-3 ORF.
Approaches to IVHS evaluation: Advanced travelers information systems and advanced traffic management systems

The current methodological approaches for evaluating intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS) are provided. The points of departure are the emerging methodological challenges coming from recent operational tests and evaluation activities. An attempt is made to move beyond existing methods to discuss the challenges facing IVHS evaluation.
Wong's equations and the small x effective action in QCD

We propose a new form for the small x effective action in QCD. This form of the effective action is motivated by Wong's equations for classical, colored particles in non-Abelian background fields. We show that the BFKL equation, which sums leading logarithms in x, is efficiently reproduced with this form of the action. We argue that this form of the action may be particularly useful in computing next-to-leading-order results in QCD at small x.
The dipole model Monte Carlo generator Sartre 1

Abstract We present the Monte Carlo generator Sar t re for simulating diffractive exclusive vector meson production and DVCS in electron–proton, electron–ion, and hadron–hadron collisions. Program summary Program title: Sartre 1.0 Catalogue identifier: AESP_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AESP_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License, version 2 No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 703313 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 179406465 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: C/C++. Computer: Any with standard C/C++ compiler. Operating system: Tested on Linux and MacOS. Classification: 11.1, 11.2, 11.6. External routines: ROOT and GSL for numeric algorithms and other various tasks throughout the program. BOOST for multi-threaded integration (optional), GEMINI++ for nuclear break-up and CUBA for multi-dimensional numerical integration (the latter two supplied with the program package). Uses cmake for building and installing. Nature of the problem: Simulate diffractive exclusive vector meson and deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) production in electron–nucleus scattering where the exchanged virtual photon interacts coherently with a large region of the nucleus. To calculate the cross section correctly it has to be averaged over all possible configurations of nucleon positions within the nucleus. Solution method: To make an arithmetic average of the quantum mechanical amplitude over nucleon configurations numerically and store the result in look-up tables. Implemented processes: The following processes can be simulated: e + p → e ′ + V + p ′ e + A → e ′ + V + A ′ p + p → p ′ + V + p ′ p + A → p ′ + V + A ′ (1) A + A → A ′ + V + A ′ where V is a J / ψ , φ , or ρ vector meson, or a real photon (DVCS). All processes are mediated by a virtual photon and a pomeron. The present version is applicable for these processes at future electron–hadron colliders, such as the EIC and the LHeC, as well as HERA, RHIC, and the LHC. Restrictions: The program is reliable for process at x p 1 0 − 2 , and large β = x / x p . Additional comments: The distribution file for this program is over 178 MB and therefore is not delivered directly when download or E-mail is requested. Instead an html file giving details of how the program can be obtained is sent. Running time: On a MacBook Pro with a 2.66 GHz Intel Core i7 processor, event generation takes ∼0.1 ms/event without correction and nuclear breakup, ∼0.2 ms/event with the recommended corrections switched on, and ∼6 ms/event when running with corrections and nuclear breakup.
Large-pore periodic mesoporous silicas with crystalline channel walls and exceptional hydrothermal stability synthesized by a general high-pressure nanocasting route

Abstract Periodic mesoporous quartz was synthesized by a generally applicable nanocasting method at industrially achievable pressure (2–4 GPa) and temperature (750 °C) conditions. The materials have fcc lattice of interconnected spherical mesopores with diameters of ca. 15–18 nm, BET surface areas of 234–238 m 2 g −1 , and pore volumes of 0.70–0.84 cm 3 g −1 . They show exceptional hydrothermal stability of at least 800 °C in pure steam which appears suitable for practical applications in petroleum cracking.
Acute effects of ethanol on myocardial blood flow in the nonischemic and ischemic heart

Abstract To determine the effects of ethanol on myocardial blood flow in the non-ischemic and ischemic heart, coronary blood flow was measured with radionuclide-tagged microspheres in the anesthetized dog before and after intravenous administration of 1.7 g/kg body weight of ethanol. In non-ischemic dogs, at an average peak blood ethanol level of 225 ± 8 mg/dl (mean ± standard error of the mean), left atrial pressure increased from 5.7 ± 0.6 to 7.7 ± 0.8 mm Hg (p dP dt ). In these dogs, there was a significant change (F = 6.47, p Thus, ethanol increases coronary blood flow in the nonischemic myocardium. However, in the acutely ischemic heart, ethanol produces an unfavorable redistribution of myocardial blood flow with flow in the non-ischemic myocardium increasing, at least in part, at the expense of blood flow to ischemic myocardium, producing in effect a “coronary steal.”
Different Polypeptides Are Rapidly Transported in Auditory and Optic Neurons

: Rapidly transported proteins and glycoproteins in the auditory and optic nerves of the guinea pig were analyzed by electrophoresis and two-dimensional electrofocusing/electrophoresis. Proteins transported in the auditory nerve were analyzed in the cochlear nucleus 3 h after cochlear injection of radioactive precursor, and proteins transported in the optic nerve were analyzed in the superior colliculus 6 h after intraocular injection of radioactive precursor. Two-dimensional analysis showed that several rapidly transported polypeptides were present in one system, but not in the other. By use of [3H]fucose as a precursor or by separating [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptides on immobilized concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin, it was shown that most of the proteins transported in only one system are glycoproteins. As previously reported a polypeptide of molecular weight 140,000 was a major labeled species in the auditory nerve. This polypeptide was also found in the optic nerve, but only as a minor species. Two other polypeptides with molecular weights and isoelectric points similar to those of the 140,000 molecular weight polypeptide were present in both systems, but were much more abundant in the optic nerve. The major labeled polypeptide in both systems had a molecular weight of 25,000.
Unit costs of community mental health services

The unit (hourly) costs of delivering services for six community mental health agencies in the greater Portland, Oregon area were computed. The calculations include an explicit methodology for allocating indirect costs associated with clinical services and with administrative overhead. Substantial variation among the six agencies in their unit costs was found and is explained by agency differences in: use of high cost (chiefly medical) personnel, the fraction of time staff spend in direct face-to-face client contact, and numbers of clients in treatment groups. The methodology as well as the results are increasingly important for community mental health programs in the era of managed mental health care.
Molecular Computer Simulations of the Swelling Properties and Interlayer Structure of Cesium Montmorillonite

The crystalline swelling properties and interlayer structure of a cesium montmorillonite clay were investigated using molecular computer simulations. Two classes of dry-clay structures, proposed previously to explain X-ray diffraction and NMR experiments, were identified using Monte Carlo annealing calculations. Hydrated clays with water contents ranging from 0.044 to 0.440 gH2O/gclay were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Layer spacings calculated as a function of water content were found to be similar to experimental swelling curves, showing a distinct plateau at the monolayer-hydrate spacing. Hydration energies were calculated as a function of water content and expressed in three complementary forms. The immersion energy form was found to be most useful, revealing an apparently global minimum in the swelling-coordinate energy that corresponds to the monolayer hydrate. This is in agreement with experimental measurements and may help clarify the energetic origins of discrete, crystalline...
On the laws for the emergence of life from the abiotic matter

In this work we pose a question if the laws for the emergence of life from the abiotic matter can exist even before carbon and the organic compounds were available. Carbon as an element became available via nucleosynthesis in the stars, and various carbon compounds were later made in the interstellar space and on the various objects in space. Is the emergence of life blue-printed as some general law which would then guarantee that life would evolve in the universe, or is it a law which co-evolved with the organic compounds and the environment in which they existed and which may be a subject to chance? This question is of a fundamental importance for astrobiology, which seeks extraterrestrial life without really knowing if it exists. Numerous articles and books have been written on the subject of the inevitability of life in the universe, on the evolution of matter which leads to life, and on the role of chance in the emergence of life. We select from these resources, critically examine them, and provide an inclusive summary, which we believe will be useful to astrobiologists.
Noninvasive Sudden Death Risk Stratification by Ambulatory ECG-Based T-Wave Alternans Analysis: Evidence and Methodological Guidelines

Extensive experimental and clinical evidence supports the utility of T-wave alternans (TWA) as a marker of risk for ventricular fibrillation. This entity appears to reflect the fundamental arrhythmogenic property of enhanced dispersion of repolarization. This relationship probably accounts for its relative ubiquity in patients with diverse types of cardiac disease, as has been recognized with the development of analytical tools. A basic premise of this review is that ambulatory ECG monitoring of TWA as patients experience the provocative stimuli of daily activities can expose latent electrical instability in individuals at heightened risk for arrhythmias. We will discuss the literature that supports this concept and summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the use of routine ambulatory ECGs to evaluate TWA for arrhythmia risk stratification. The dynamic, nonspectral modified moving average analysis method for assessing TWA, which is compatible with ambulatory ECG monitoring, is described along with methodological guidelines for its implementation. Finally, the rationale for combined monitoring of autonomic markers along with TWA will be presented.
The local flow-box theorem for discretizations the analytic case

The discretization counterpart of the Cw local flow-box theorem, a Cw normal form result for one-step discretizations of ordinary differential equations in the vicinity of nonequilibria is presented. The very same problem in the less smoother function class ck, k∞ has been investigated in [lo]. The remaining analytic case requires completely different techniques. The proof is based on the parametrized version of a Nash-Moser type implicit function theorem by Belitskii and Tkachenko [5,6]. Connections to results on structural stability under discrctization and backward error analysis are also investigated.
DyReCTape: a dynamically reconfigurable cache using domain wall memory tapes

Spintronic memories offer superior density, non-volatility and ultra-low standby power compared to CMOS memories, and have consequently attracted great interest in the design of on-chip caches. Domain Wall Memory (DWM) is a spintronic memory technology with unparalleled density arising from a tape-like structure. However, such a structure involves serialized access to the bits stored in each bit-cell, resulting in increased access latency, and thereby degrading performance. Prior efforts address this challenge either by limiting the number of bits per tape, in effect sacrificing the density benefits of DWM, or through cache management policies that can only partly alleviate the shift overhead. We observe that there exists significant heterogeneity in sensitivity to cache capacity and access latency across different applications, and across distinct phases of an application. We also make the key observation that DWM tapes offer a natural mechanism to tradeoff density for access latency by limiting the number of domains of each tape that are actively used to store cache data. Based on this insight, we propose DyReCTape, a dynamically reconfigurable cache that packs maximum bits per tape and leverages the intrinsic capability of DWMs to modulate the active bits per tape with minimal overhead. DyReCTape uses a history-based reconfiguration policy that tracks the number of shift operations incurred and miss rate to appropriately tailor the capacity and access latency of the DWM cache. We further propose two performance optimizations to DyReCTape: (i) a lazy migration policy to mitigate the overheads of reconfiguration, and (ii) re-use of the portion of the cache that is unused (due to reconfiguration) as a victim cache to reduce the number of offchip accesses. We evaluate DyReCTape using applications from the PARSEC and SPLASH benchmark suites. Our experiments demonstrate that DyReCTape achieves 19.8% performance improvement over an iso-area SRAM cache and 11.7% performance improvement (due to a 3.4X reduction in the number of shifts) over a state-of-the-art DWM cache.
Sex differences in the antagonism of swim stress-induced analgesia: effects of gonadectomy and estrogen replacement.

SummarySex differences in the neurochemical mediation of swim stress-induced analgesia (SSIA) were examined in Swiss-Webster mice. Intact and gonadectomized adult mice of both sexes were tested for their analgesic response (hot-plate test) to 3 min of forced swimming in 15°C and 20°C water. SSIA res
Spectral-hole-burning study of the hyperfine interaction in axial Eu 3+ centers in CaF 2 , SrF 2 , and BaF 2

Hole-burning spectra of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ transitions in axial centers of alkaline-earth fluorides are presented. These spectra, along with optically detected nuclear-magnetic-resonance results, are used to analyze the hyperfine interactions in the $^{7}\mathrm{F}_{0}$ ground state and in the $^{5}\mathrm{D}_{0}$ optically excited state. The axial nature of these centers simplifed the theoretical analysis from which we obtained the nuclear-quadrupole-interaction strength and the nuclear-magnetic moment quenching factor. An improved value of the ratio of the quadrupole moments of $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$ and $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$ of 2.553\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001 is also given.
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibits both intrinsic factor secretion and acid secretion in histamine-stimulated isolated gastric glands.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a polypeptide present in mammalian salivary glands which has been shown to have mitogenic and gastric acid inhibitory properties in vivo. The mechanisms of action of EGF at the level of the parietal cell are not clear. In the present study, we have examined the effects of EGF on both acid and macromolecular (intrinsic factor, IF) secretion stimulated by the cyclic AMP-mediated agonist histamine using the rabbit isolated gastric gland model. Acid secretion was assessed by the accumulation of [14C]aminopyrine (AP) in glands and IF in the supernatants by the binding of [57Co]cyanocobalamin. Histamine (10−6 to 5 × 10−5 M) resulted in a 4–6 fold increase in [14C]AP and IF (P < 0.05). EGF alone (10−8 M, 10−7 M) had no significant effect on basal [14C]AP accumulation or IF secretion (P < 0.05). EGF (10−7 M) significantly inhibited the histamine dose-response curve for [14C]AP and IF, but a relatively greater inhibition was observed at higher histamine concentration. These data demonstrate that EGF inhibits both acid and IF secretion in vitro at concentrations consistent with those observed in vivo. The observations further support the hypothesis that EGF may play a role in the regulation of parietal cell secretion.