cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Landau-Levich flow visualization: Revealing the flow topology responsible for the film thickening phenomena

An extensive body of experimental work has proven the validity of the analysis of Landau and Levich, who were the first to determine theoretically the thickness of the film deposited by the withdrawal of a flat substrate from a bath of liquid with a clean interface. However, there are a number of experimental investigations that have shown that surfactants in the liquid may result in a thickening of the deposited film. Marangoni phenomena have usually been considered responsible for this effect. However, some careful experiments and numerical simulations reported in the literature seemed to rule out this view as the cause of the observed behavior. Despite all these studies and the number of reports of film thickening, an experimental study of the flow field close to the coated substrate in the presence of surfactants has never been undertaken. In this paper we will present a set of flow visualization experiments on coating of a planar substrate in the range of capillary numbers 10−4 ≲ Ca ≲ 10−3 for sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions with bulk concentrations of 0.25 CMC ⩽ C ⩽ 5.0 CMC (critical micelle concentration). It was evident during experiments that the flow field near the meniscus region exhibits patterns that can only be explained with a stagnation point residing in the bulk and not at the interface. As opposed to patterns with an interfacial stagnation point, the observed flow fields allow for the increase in film thickness due to the presence of surfactants compared to the clean interface case.
Capital income taxation and welfare in a small open economy

Abstract The paper studies the effects of various capital income tax policies in a small open economy. Households are infinitely-lived and possess endogenous time preferences. Investment by firms is subject to adjustment costs. It is shown that welfare paradoxes may exist, in that increases in tax instruments may improve welfare.
AN ACCURATE AND SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF DENTAL COMPOSITE WEAR

This study describes a relatively simple mechanical technique for measuring occlusal wear at the margin of dental restorations. The device was essentially a custom profilometer which consisted of a linear variable differential transformer with its core supported by double cantilever springs, a specially shaped stylus, a motor driven microscopic stage, custom computer software utilizing a colour coding to separate differences in slope, and a cross-hair-shaped mouse cursor to differentiate the boundary of wear. Two sets of visual standard stone casts were evaluated. The first set consisted of 17 stone replicas of machined steel dies and the second set consisted of five clinical casts, which have been used to measure the wear of composite restorations by direct vision. The reproducibility found when measuring the stone replicas of the machined steel dies was 2 microns, while, for the clinical standards, it was 16 microns.
Air Breathing Propulsion Controls and Diagnostics Research at NASA Glenn Under NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Programs

The Intelligent Control and Autonomy Branch (ICA) at NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Glenn Research Center (GRC) in Cleveland, Ohio, is leading and participating in various projects in partnership with other organizations within GRC and across NASA, the U.S. aerospace industry, and academia to develop advanced controls and health management technologies that will help meet the goals of the NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) Programs. These efforts are primarily under the various projects under the Fundamental Aeronautics Program (FAP) and the Aviation Safety Program (ASP). The ICA Branch is focused on advancing the state-of-the-art of aero-engine control and diagnostics technologies to help improve aviation safety, increase efficiency, and enable operation with reduced emissions. This paper describes the various ICA research efforts under the NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Programs with a summary of motivation, background, technical approach, and recent accomplishments for each of the research tasks.
An Integrated Transcript Map of Human Chromosome 1p35–p36

Abstract The distal short arm of human chromosome 1 (1p) is rearranged in a variety of malignancies, and several genetic diseases also map to this region. We have constructed an integrated transcript map to precisely define the positions of genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) previously mapped to 1p35–p36, a region spanning approximately 40 Mb. To anchor the integrated map, a framework genetic map was constructed with 24 genetic markers and a marker order of >1000:1 odds, yielding an average resolution of 2.8 cM. An additional 106 genetic markers were localized relative to the framework genetic map. To place markers more precisely within 1p35–p36, a chromosome 1-specific, radiation-reduced hybrid (RH) panel was created. Individual DNA fragments of the RH panel were identified and ordered by PCR with the framework genetic map. A total of 250 markers, including 142 genes and ESTs, were mapped by PCR against the RH panel. The map has an observed resolution of 800 kb, and the results closely match and more precisely define previous mapping information for most markers. This map will help to identify candidate genes for genetic diseases mapping to distal 1p and is fully integrated with existing genetic and RH maps of the human genome.
Basic science of articular cartilage repair.

Although highly desirable, functional restoration of diseased and damaged human articular cartilage continues to remain one of the most challenging orthopaedic problems. The clinical outcomes of treatments that are intended to promote successful and complete repair of full- and partial-thickness articular cartilage defects essentially remain unpredictable. One of the most exciting theories is that replacement of damaged articular cartilage can be achievable with ex vivo produced cartilage. This is a tissue engineering approach that promises functional restoration of cartilage defects using scaffolds, cells, and bioactive agents. Tissue engineering of articular cartilage represents an exciting direction in the efforts to solve the complex problem of cartilage regeneration. The ex vivo fabrication of cartilage constructs is central in addressing this complex problem in a cogent manner. An accurate delivery system for ex vivo cells has generated great interest. Biodegradable polymer scaffolds of polyglycolic acid material, seeded with articular chondrocytes, support ex vivo genesis of a cartilaginous extracellular matrix, especially when scaffolds are maintained in a system that delivers precise medium composition, supplements, and flow rate. 23 , 27 This article discusses selected techniques that have been employed to improve the repair potential of articular cartilage, ranging from conventional cell culture to use of complex bioreactors. A treatment regimen that promises consistently good clinical results would constitute an enormous advancement in musculoskeletal surgery.
Studies of proteins elutable from cuprophane exposed to human plasma.

Abstract The proteins elutable under certain conditions from Cuprophane exposed to platelet-poor plasma (PPP) have been studied. Normal PPP was exposed to untreated Cuprophane, to Cuprophane pretreated with human albumin, or to Cuprophane pretreated with heparin. PPP from donors receiving aspirin therapy was exposed also to untreated Cuprophane. Experiments were conducted in a test column especially designed for optimal exposure of plasma to Cuprophane. Polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis was used to detect the plasma proteins recovered from Cuprophane. The results indicate that 1) Cuprophane-PPP exposure time had no effect on the number of different species of proteins recovered from untreated Cuprophane; 2) the number of proteins recoverable from albumin precoated Cuprophane increased with longer Cuprophane-PPP exposure time; 3) pretreatment of Cuprophane with heparin also increased the number of proteins recoverable initially; however, decreasing numbers of proteins were recovered after prolonged periods of plasma exposure; and 4) aspirin therapy increased the number of proteins recoverable. This latter increase was related directly to the length of PPP-Cuprophane exposure time. The proteins recovered were identified tentatively and the results discussed.
Numerical Solution to Drop Coalescence/Breakup with a Volume-Conserving, Positive-Definite, and Unconditionally Stable Scheme

Abstract This paper discusses a new volume- and volume concentration–conserving, positive-definite, unconditionally stable iterative numerical scheme for solving temporary cloud/raindrop coalescence followed by breakup and the coupling of the scheme with an existing noniterative, volume- and volume concentration–conserving collision/coalescence (coagulation) scheme. The breakup scheme alone compares nearly exactly with a constant-kernel analytical solution at a 300-s time step. The combined coagulation/breakup schemes are stable and conservative, regardless of the time step and number of size bins, and convergent with higher temporal and size resolution. The schemes were designed with these characteristics in mind for use in long-term global or regional simulations. The use of 30 geometrically spaced size bins and a time step of 60 s provides a good compromise between obtaining sufficient accuracy (relative to a much higher-resolution result) and speed, although solutions with a 600-s time step and 30 bin...
A comparative study of grating and recognition visual acuity testing in children with anisometropic amblyopia without strabismus.

Bailey-Lovie-Ferris visual acuity charts and Teller visual acuity cards were used to compare recognition and grating visual acuity at near testing distances in 32 children with anisometropic amblyopia without strabismus. Appropriate optical corrections were worn. Test-retest intraobserver reliability was higher for letters ( r = .95) than for gratings ( r = .68). Using 20/30 visual acuity or better as the criterion for normal visual acuity, eight eyes with letter visual acuities ranging from 20/42 to 20/138 would have been inaccurately found to be normal by using the Teller visual acuity cards alone. Grating visual acuity measurements tended to be better than letter visual acuity; and, in general, they did not worsen proportionately with poorer letter visual acuity.
Generating Common Sense Knowledge Among Police Officers

This research looks at police officers to illustrate how common sense knowledge is generated within the context of everyday life routines. At a broader level, this research challenges the idea that common sense knowledge is innate, spontaneously generated, or simply transmitted from one generation to the next. Common sense knowledge is highly valued in police culture as a means of dealing with the many ambiguous situations that officers face. This study describes how police recruits are taught to accept and respond effectively to the ambiguity intrinsic in most situations. Finally, the article provides empirical evidence of the process by which police officers collectively generate common sense knowledge, emphasizing the role of work-related routines.
A system of systems engineering approach for unit commitment in multi-area power markets

In power systems, the main grid might be a group of several interconnected areas. The areas can be self-governing with their own polices and rules. According to the concept of system of systems (SoS) engineering, this paper presents a decentralized decision-making framework to determine an economical hourly generation schedule for a multi-area power system. Each self-governing area is modeled as an independent system, and the entire power system is modeled as a SoS. The proposed decentralized unit commitment algorithm takes into account the privacy of each independent system, and only a limited data information such as power exchange between the areas, needs to be exchanged between the systems. An iterative decentralized optimization model is presented to find the optimal operating point of all independent systems in the SoS-based power system architecture. The numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed SoS framework and solution methodology.
Left Thoracotomy for Multiple-Time Redo Mitral Valve Surgery Using On-Pump Beating Heart Technique

Background There are limited reports describing multiple-time redo mitral valve surgery using a left thoracotomy approach and on-pump beating heart technique. Methods A retrospective review of medical records for 16 patients from March 2002 to June 2007 was performed. Results Mean age was 54 ± 17 (mean ± SD) years (8 males). Preoperative mitral valve regurgitation was 3.6 ± 0.6 in 14, and 2 had severe mitral valve stenosis. New York Heart Association symptom class was 2.9 ± 1.0 and ejection fraction was 0.4 ± 0.15 (range, 0.2 to 0.6). Previous cardiac operations were performed twice in 14 and three times in 2 patients with an interval of 4.8 ± 5.5 years since the last. The procedures included repair (5), replacement (8), and re-replacement (3). All were performed through a fifth intercostal space, left posterolateral thoracotomy with the heart beating on cardiopulmonary bypass (32 to 37°C). Left femoral artery or descending thoracic aorta inflow and left femoral vein or left main pulmonary artery venous drainage with vacuum assist were used. Operation time was 221 ± 51 minutes and cardiopulmonary bypass time was 71 ± 27 minutes. Postoperative ventilation time was 10.0 ± 7.7 hours, intensive care unit stay was 2.9 ± 1.9 days, and hospital stay was 6.2 ± 2.4 days. There were two 30-day mortalities and two died late with a follow-up of 30 ± 22 months. Conclusions Left thoracotomy using the on-pump beating heart technique is safe, effective, and should be considered for multiple-time redo mitral valve surgery.
Barré–Lieou syndrome and the problem of the obsolete eponym

Background: Eponym lists in major sources can give an aura of legitimacy to discredited diagnoses, as exemplified by the case of Barre–Lieou syndrome, a ‘rare’ vestibular disorder.Methods: A literature review for information on the posterior cervical syndrome of Barre–Lieou.Results: Barre–Lieou syndrome includes very common symptoms – tinnitus, dizziness, and head or neck pain – attributed to ischaemia caused by cervical sympathetic nerve compression. Its original description brings together many unrelated disorders, and its causative mechanism has been discredited. However, it appears credulously in a number of eponym lists, and references to the syndrome are steadily increasing on the internet in general and on alternative medicine and legal profession websites in particular.Conclusion: By inclusion in eponym lists, without a disclaimer, a syndrome can be given legitimacy before the general public. A syndrome, such as Barre–Lieou syndrome, that is useless to the medical profession can unfortunately prove to be very useful for litigants and disability claimants.
Bulimia: Treatment of purging via systematic rational restructuring

The purpose of this study was to utilize a cognitive treatment approach to eliminate purging in three high school females
Synthesis and characterization of four cubical molybdenum(V) tetramers and their catalytic properties for the epoxidation of cis-cyclooctene using H2O2

Abstract Molybdenum tetramers: Mo4(μ3-O)4[μ-O2P(CH2Cl)2]4O4 (1), Mo4(μ3-O)4(μ-O2P(CH2OH)2)4O4 (2), Mo4(μ3-O)4[μ-O2P(PhOMe)2]4O4 (3), and Mo4(μ3-O)4[μ-O2P(o-C6H4(CH2)2)]4O4 (4) have been synthesized and characterized by IR, UV–Vis, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Molybdenum tetramers 1 and 4 along with the ligands L2A and L4 were structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography. An infinite 2D polymeric sheet was formed via inter and intra hydrogen bonds in the crystals of L2A. The crystals of L4 consist of infinite polymeric chains formed through hydrogen bonding. All molybdenum tetramers were tested as catalysts for the epoxidation of cis-cyclooctene in the presence of H2O2. Compounds 1 and 2 resulted in more than 80% epoxide after 24 hours at 70 °C, and displayed superior catalytic activities over compounds 3 and 4 under identical conditions. The superior catalytic activities of compounds 1 and 2 may be attributed to their better solubility in the ethanol/H2O2 system.
Orotic Acid Decarboxylation in Water and Nonpolar Solvents: a Potential Role For Desolvation in the Action Of OMP Decarboxylase

OMP decarboxylase (ODCase) generates a very large rate enhancement without the assistance of metals or other cofactors. The uncatalyzed decarboxylation of 1-methylorotate in water is shown to involve the monoanion, although uncharged 1-methylorotic acid is decarboxylated at a similar rate. To measure the extent to which the rate of the nonenzymatic decarboxylation of orotate derivatives might be enhanced by their removal from solvent water, the 1-phosphoribosyl moiety of OMP was replaced with 1-substituents that would allow it to enter less polar solvents. When the tetrabutylammonium salt of 1-cyclohexylorotate was transferred from water to a series of dipolar aprotic solvents, its rate of decarboxylation increased markedly, varying with the relative ability of each solvent to release the substrate in the ground state from stabilization by solvent water acting as a proton donor. These findings are consistent with the view that separation of the substrate from solvent water may contribute, at least to a limited extent, to the rate enhancement produced by ODCase. This enzyme's active site, like that of another cofactorless enzyme recently shown to produce a rate enhancement similar in magnitude (uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase), is equipped with an ammonium group positioned in such a way as to balance the electrostatic charge of the carboxylate group of the substrate and later supply a proton to the incipient carbanion in a relatively waterless environment.
Edgework, Media Practices, and the Elongation of Meaning: A Theoretical Ethnography of the Bridge Day Event

Edgework experiences have been subject to some discussion in recent literature. A form that finds a nexus between licit and illicit activities—BASE jumping—provides a fertile field for ethnographic and theoretical research. In criminology it provides insights into the sensual motivations and experiential frameworks for illicit social action in conjunction with moments of marginality and resistance. BASE jumping—the activity of illegally parachuting from bridges, buildings, antennas, and cliffs—increasingly incorporates a host of mediated practices. Our ethnographic research with the BASE-jumping subculture reveals that BASE jumpers regularly document their jumps through the use of helmet-mounted and body-mounted video cameras, or otherwise videotape one another in the act of jumping. These video documents in turn become a form of subculturally situated media as BASE jumpers utilize them to negotiate individual and collective status, to earn money and exposure, and to legitimate the subculture as sport. Mo...
Interventional suite and equipment management: cradle to grave

The acquisition process for interventional equipment and the care that this equipment receives constitute a comprehensive quality improvement program. This program strives to (a) achieve the production of good image quality that meets clinical needs, (b) reduce radiation doses to the patient and personnel to their lowest possible levels, and (c) provide overall good patient care at reduced cost. Interventional imaging equipment is only as effective and efficient as its supporting facility. The acquisition process of interventional equipment and the development of its environment demand a clinical project leader who can effectively coordinate the efforts of the many professionals who must communicate and work effectively on this type of project. The clinical project leader needs to understand (a) clinical needs of the end users, (b) how to justify the cost of the project, (c) the technical needs of the imaging and all associated equipment, (d) building and construction limitations, (e) how to effectively read construction drawings, and (f) how to negotiate and contract the imaging equipment from the appropriate vendor. After the initial commissioning of the equipment, it must not be forgotten. The capabilities designed into the imaging device can be properly utilized only by well-trained operators and staff who were initially properly trained and receive ongoing training concerning the latest clinical techniques throughout the equipment’s lifetime. A comprehensive, ongoing maintenance and repair program is paramount to reducing costly downtime of the imaging device. A planned periodic maintenance program can identify and eliminate problems with the imaging device before these problems negatively impact patient care.
Nurse responsiveness to cancer patient expressions of emotion

Objective This theoretically based study examined nurse responses to cancer patient expressions of emotion using a videotaped, simulated cancer patient. Methods This study used an experimental crossover design with a videotaped patient expressing anger, sadness, and neutral emotion to elicit nurse responses. Seventy-four nurses from eight sites participated. Responses were coded using Roter interaction analysis system. Correlations explored relationships between variables that impact communication (age, gender, work experience, trait anxiety, work stress, self-efficacy). Regression models explored the effect of variables on nurse affective responsiveness. Results Patient expressions of sadness elicited more affective responses than anger. Expressions of anger or neutral emotion elicited more instrumental behaviors than sadness. Variables such as age, work stress and work experience were significantly correlated. No variables predicted affective responsiveness to patient expressions of anger or sadness. Conclusion Nurse communication showed significant variation in response to patient emotional expressions. Understanding the relationships between demographic, personality, and work variables, and identification of new variables that influence nurse–patient communication, has implications for interventional studies. Practice implications Over 90% of the participants indicated that the videotape simulation would be a useful method for teaching and practicing communication skills with patients expressing emotions.
Model-based estimation of intracranial pressure and cerebrovascular autoregulation

Monitoring cerebrovascular state, including intracranial pressure (ICP) and the ability to regulate cerebral blood flow, is important for patient care in stroke, traumatic brain injury and other such conditions. However, current methodologies for direct measurement of ICP are highly invasive, and expose patients to the risk of infection. In addition, vascular properties such as resistance and compliance cannot be directly assessed. In this work, we employ a mathematical model-based approach to track variations in ICP and cerebrovascular properties from signals that can be acquired entirely non-invasively. The performance on simulation data indicates that the estimates track the desired quantities closely, thus suggesting that tests using clinical data are warranted.
The lack of impact of pelvic irradiation on small bowel mobility: Implications for radiotherapy treatment planning

Purpose : Small bowel contrast is frequently used during simulation for patients undergoing pelvic radiotherapy to assist in the design of blocks that exclude small bowel from the radiation field. In many instances, a large field is treated to 45 gray (Gy), followed by a field reduction to exclude the small bowel. This prospective study was designed to assess whether the position and mobility of the small bowel changed after the initial 45 Gy, thereby determining whether a special small bowel series done at initial simulation is applicable at the time of field reduction. Methods and Materials : Twelve patients undergoing pelvic irradiation were given small bowel contrast for their initial simulation. Radiographs were taken with the bladder empty and the bladder full. The location of the small bowel and its displacement with bladder distention was measured. This entire procedure was repeated prior to field reduction (after 39.6-46.0 Gy). Results : There was no demonstrable alteration in small bowel mobility after 39.6-46.0 Gy. The approximate position of the small bowel relative to bony landmarks was unchanged. Conclusion : The position and mobility of the small bowel appears not to be affected by 39.6-46.0 Gy of pelvic radiotherapy. Therefore, it is reasonable to design reduced pelvic fields to exclude the small bowel based on special small bowel series done at initial treatment simulation.
Local and global constraints in database integration

In supporting global updates in a distributed database system obtained by database integration, three key problems arise: (1) update translation, i.e. how to translate a global update into a corresponding set of local updates; (2) constraint integration, i.e. how to determine what constraints exist on the integrated global database and how to check and enforce them during global updates; and (3) transaction management, i.e. distributed concurrency control, commit, and recovery mechanisms. The constraint integration problem is dealt with in the context of the integration of relational databases using the 2-D union operator, a slightly modified form of the outer natural join. Given the local constraints that hold on the individual local databases, a method is developed for determining the constraints that hold on the integrated global database and for checking and enforcing constraints in a hierarchical fashion during global updates. >
Performance characteristics of inter-vehicle ad hoc networks

Inter-vehicle communication (IVC) networks are a sub-class of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). They have no fixed infrastructure and instead rely on the mobile nodes themselves to provide network functionality. However, due to mobility constraints, driver behavior, and high mobility, IVC networks exhibit characteristics that are dramatically different than those of many generic MANETs studied so far. This paper elicits these differences through simulations and mathematical models, and then investigates the impact of the differences on the IVC communication architecture, including important security implications.
Prevalence of Urolithiasis in Asymptomatic Adults: Objective Determination Using Low Dose Noncontrast Computerized Tomography

Purpose: The true prevalence of urolithiasis in asymptomatic adults is unknown. Unenhanced computerized tomography represents the gold standard for detection. We evaluated the prevalence and symptomatic incidence of urolithiasis in a large cohort of asymptomatic adults using noncontrast computerized tomography.Materials and Methods: Low dose noncontrast computerized tomography was performed in 5,047 consecutive asymptomatic adults (mean age 56.9 years, 2,747 women and 2,300 men) between 2004 and 2008. Presence, size and location of urinary calculi were recorded. Screening prevalence as well as the incidence of symptomatic stone disease during a 10-year interval (1997 to 2007) was compared against previously established clinical risk factors.Results: The screening prevalence of asymptomatic urolithiasis was 7.8% (395 of 5,047 adults) with an average of 2.1 stones per case (range 1 to 29) and a mean stone size of 3.0 mm (range 1 to 20). During a 10-year period 20.5% (81 of 395) of patients with stones (1.6%...
Higher mode surface waves and their bearing on the structure of the earth's mantle

A detailed numerical investigation of surface wave dispersion and particle motion associated with the higher Love and Rayleigh modes over realistic earth models has been carried out as a preliminary to the routine use of these waves in studies of the crust-mantle system. The suggestion that the so-called channel waves, such as the Lg, Li, and Sa phases, can be interpreted by higher mode group velocity dispersion curves is verified in detail. Furthermore, Sa should have a higher velocity across shield areas than across normal continental areas and a higher velocity across continents than across oceans. Higher mode Rayleigh wave data are presented for long oceanic paths to Pasadena. The observed data favor the CIT 11 model of Anderson and Toksoz (1963) over the 8099 model of Dorman et al. (1960) and indicate that under the Pacific Ocean the low-velocity zone extends to a depth perhaps as deep as 400 km followed by an abrupt increase in shear velocity.
Reduced neutron widths in the nuclear data ensemble: Experiment and theory do not agree

I have analyzed reduced neutron widths (${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}^{0}$) for the subset of 1245 resonances in the nuclear data ensemble (NDE) for which they have been reported. Random matrix theory (RMT) predicts for the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble that these widths should follow a ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$ distribution having one degree of freedom ($\ensuremath{\nu}=1$)---the Porter Thomas distribution (PTD). Careful analysis of the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}^{0}$ values in the NDE rejects the validity of the PTD with a statistical significance of at least 99.97% ($\ensuremath{\nu}=0.801\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.052$). This striking disagreement with the RMT prediction is most likely due to the inclusion of significant $p$-wave contamination to the supposedly pure $s$-wave NDE. When an energy-dependent threshold is used to remove the $p$-wave contamination, the PTD is still rejected with a statistical significance of at least 98.17% ($\ensuremath{\nu}=1.217\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.092$). Furthermore, examination of the primary references for the NDE reveals that many resonances in most of the individual data sets were selected using methods derived from RMT. Therefore, using the full NDE data set to test RMT predictions seems highly questionable. These results cast very serious doubt on claims that the NDE represents a striking confirmation of RMT.
Computational investigation of lipid hydration water of Lα 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine at three hydration levels

Atomistic-scale simulations of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) lipid bilayer systems were performed at three hydration levels from 12 water per lipid to 41 water per lipid. The structural and dynamical properties of water at each hydration level are the focus of the current study. The water properties are reported as a function of slab position relative to the lipid central plane using a floating slab model. Water properties depend more strongly on the relative slab position to the lipid than on the hydration level of the lipid. Water hydrogen bonds strengthen as water enters into the lipid, reaching a maximum at the phosphorus density maximum. The ratio of lateral and normal diffusion coefficients of water varies as water enters into the lipid and demonstrates an interesting crossover phenomenon at the phosphorus density maximum regardless of the overall hydration level. While most properties do not change beyond the commonly established excess water point, the water diffusion coe...
REARRANGEMENT AND ENERGY TRANSFER COLLISIONS OF FEW-BODY MOLECULAR SYSTEMS: EXPERIMENTAL

Abstract A great variety of experimental techniques now makes it possible to obtain dynamical information on single bimolecular collisions in a very direct way. These methods are too numerous to permit a comprehensive review in this article, but a few examples have been chosen to illustrate briefly the types of results being obtained in several areas. These include measurements of state-to-state differential cross sections for rotationally and vibrationally inelastic collisions, and rearrangement collisions studied by crossed-beam and merged-beam metho'ds.
ENGINEERING HOMING ENDONUCLEASES TO MODIFY COMPLEX GENOMES

Gene targeting to selected chromosomal loci is greatly stimulated when free DNA ends are created that initiate double-strand break repair. Gene therapy reagents can be developed by engineering DNA endonucleases that cleave genomes at desired target sequences. Homing endonucleases are naturally occurring rare-cutting enzymes that have well understood DNA binding and DNA cleavage properties. Rational design methods as well as directed evolution strategies that involve genetic selections and screens using combinatorial libraries generate homing endonucleases with altered sequence specificities. Molecular switches are being introduced into these enzymes to regulate their activity. This article reviews the progress that has been made in constructing homing endonucleases for gene therapy and genome engineering, and discusses the challenges that remain.
Analog and Digital Representation

In this paper, I argue for three claims. The first is that the difference between analog and digital representation lies in the format and not the medium of representation. The second is that whether a given system is analog or digital will sometimes depend on facts about the user of that system. The third is that the first two claims are implicit in Haugeland's (1998) account of the distinction.
Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment: The Words Themselves

Many human rights charters contain prohibitions on inhuman and degrading treatment of prisoners and detainees. Terms like "inhuman" and "degrading" are difficult to interpret, but they are certainly not meaningless. It is important to attend to attend to the meanings of the words themselves, as well as to the decisions that courts have made about particular practices. Reflection on the meanings of these highly-charged terms reveals important complexity, which we can unpack in a way that enables us to better focus our debate about the proper treatment of prisoners and detainees.
Interference Path Loss Prediction in A319/320 Airplanes Using Modulated Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks

In this paper, neural network (NN) modeling is combined with fuzzy logic to estimate Interference Path Loss measurements on Airbus 319 and 320 airplanes. Interference patterns inside the aircraft are classified and predicted based on the locations of the doors, windows, aircraft structures and the communication/navigation system-of-concern. Modeled results are compared with measured data. Combining fuzzy logic and NN modeling is shown to improve estimates of measured data over estimates obtained with NN alone. A plan is proposed to enhance the modeling for better prediction of electromagnetic coupling problems inside aircraft.
Association of Hospital and Physician Characteristics and Care Processes With Racial Disparities in Procedural Outcomes Among Contemporary Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery.

Background— Previous studies have reported that black patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery had worse outcomes than white patients, even after accounting for patient factors. The degree to which clinician, hospital, and care factors account for these outcome differences remains unclear. Methods and Results— We evaluated procedural outcomes in 11 697 blacks and 136 362 whites undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass surgery at 663 Society of Thoracic Surgery Database participating sites (January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011) adjusted for patients’ clinical and socioeconomic features, hospital and surgeon effects, and care processes (internal mammary artery graft and perioperative medications use). Relative to whites, blacks undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were younger, yet had higher comorbidities and more adverse presenting features. Blacks were also more likely to be treated at hospitals with higher risk-adjusted mortality. The use of internal mammary artery was marginally lower in blacks than in whites (93.3% versus 92.2%, P P P Conclusions— The risks of procedural mortality and morbidity after coronary artery bypass surgery were higher among black patients than among white patients. These differences were in part accounted for by patient comorbidities, socioeconomic status, and surgeon, hospital, and care factors, as well, as suggested by the reduction in the strength of the race-outcomes association. However, black race remained an independent predictor of outcomes even after accounting for these differences.
STUDY OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF AUTOMOBILE AIR-CONDITIONING CONDENSER AND ENGINE RADIATOR IN THE COOLING AIR CIRCUIT

Side-by-side arrangement of condenser and radiator in the cooling air circuit of an automobile requires smaller exchanger core volume and less fan air horsepower than those required core volume and less fan air horsepower than those required in the back-to-back arrangement for the same thermal performance requirements under the same operating conditions. Side-by-side arrangement also contributes significantly to the improvement of overall system efficiency and fuel economy. A set of criteria in terms of relative radiator core volume and relative radiator fan air power requirement is developed. It can be used for selecting appropriate arrangement of condenser and radiator and for determining their optimum operating parameters.
Predicting hand forces from scalp electroencephalography during isometric force production and object grasping

In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of predicting hand forces from brain activity recorded with scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Ten able-bodied subjects participated in two tasks: an isometric force production task and a grasp-and-lift task using unconstrained and constrained grasps. We found that EEG electrodes spanning central areas of the scalp were highly correlated to force rate trajectories. Moreover, EEG grand averages in central sites resembled force rate trajectories as opposed to force trajectories. The grasp-and-lift task resulted in higher decoding accuracies than the isometric force production task: across nine subjects, median accuracies for the isometric force production task were r=0.35 whereas median accuracies for unconstrained grasping were r=0.51 and for constrained grasping were r=0.50. Such results could lead to an understanding of the neural representation behind the control of hand forces and could be implemented in the neural control of closed-loop hand-based neuroprostheses.
A Trial, an Exile (1894–1895)

Alfred Dreyfus was by most accounts a reserved man, but when the cell door closed behind him on 15 October he lost all control. Hurling himself against the walls he shouted with wild rage. ‘I screamed with pain’, Dreyfus later recalled, ‘paced in my cell, banged my head against the walls.’ Prison warden Forzinetti calmed him only with great difficulty, writing later that ‘he looked like a madman; his eyes were bloodshot, and the things in his room had been upset’.2 From this time Forzinetti doubted Dreyfus’s guilt, and as Dreyfus later noted with gratitude, he did all he could within the limits of his duty to ease Dreyfus’s imprisonment. Still, in the first days Dreyfus was illegally treated as a common convict as Mercier had ordered, until Forzinetti was able to have the order rescinded. For three days Dreyfus was kept in the strictest solitary confinement, and the guards had orders not to speak to him under any circumstances; even after that he spoke only with Forzinetti or Du Paty. He had been told nothing of the evidence against him, and was given no news of his wife and family.
On the rate of convergence of finite-difference approximations for Bellmans equations with variable coefficients

The estimates presented here for parabolic Bellman's equations with variable coefficients extend the ones earlier obtained for constant coefficients.
A Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Angiography Techniques for the Evaluation of Intracranial Aneurysms Treated With Stent-assisted Coil Embolization.

Aim To identify the effective magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) technique to monitor intracranial aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coiling. Materials and methods Retrospective analysis of various MRA techniques was performed in 42 patients. Three neuroradiologists independently compared non-contrast time of flight (ncTOF) MRA of the head, contrast-enhanced time of flight (cTOF) MRA of the head and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRA (CEMRA) of the head and neck or of the head. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was available for comparison in 32 cases. Inter-rater agreement (kappa statistic) was assessed. Results Artifactual in-stent severe stenosis or flow gap was identified by ncTOF MRA in 23 of 42 cases (55%) and by cTOF MRA in 23 of 38 cases (60%). DSA excluded in-stent stenosis or occlusion in all 32 cases. No difference was noted between ncTOF and cTOF in the demonstration of neck remnants or residual aneurysms in three cases each. CEMRA of the head and neck or of the head was rated superior to ncTOF and cTOF MRA by all three investigators in seven out of eight cases. In one case, all three techniques demonstrated signifcant artifacts due to double stent placement during coiling. The kappa statistic revealed 0.8 agreement between investigators. Conclusions In the assessment of stent-assisted coiling of intracranial aneurysm, both ncTOF and cTOF MRA show similar results. CEMRA tends to show better flow signals in stent and residual aneurysm.
Water Level Monitoring to Assess the Effectiveness of Stormwater Infiltration Trenches

Successful stormwater control measures require proper design, maintenance, and monitoring to evaluate effectiveness. To study stormwater runoff mitigation techniques, a row of infiltration trenches with different designs was monitored for 2.5 years. The three trench designs included gravel-filled, gravel-filled with a leaf filter, and sand-filled. Water level loggers in monitoring wells provided low cost monitoring of effectiveness over time and differences between trench designs. In addition, infiltration experiments were conducted to deliver a controlled volume of water to each trench. The center gravel trench with leaf filter drained more slowly during experiments. The monitoring showed that the gravel trench tended to have the highest peaks and responded to more storms. These differences were related to uneven water delivery, based on field observations during storms, controlled experiments, and similarity in response for the other two trenches. The water level recession rate did not decrease over time, indicating that clogging was not a significant factor. Maintenance that consisted of removing fines captured on the top of the sand trench did not significantly change infiltration in that trench. Monitoring with water level loggers was an effective method of determining that uneven delivery of water occurred among the three trenches, but there was no decrease in effectiveness of the trenches over the observation period, conclusions that could not be drawn by visual inspection alone.
Tumor Dormancy, Oncogene Addiction, Cellular Senescence, and Self-Renewal Programs

Cancers are frequently addicted to initiating oncogenes that elicit aberrant cellular proliferation, self-renewal, and apoptosis. Restoration of oncogenes to normal physiologic regulation can elicit dramatic reversal of the neoplastic phenotype, including reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of tumor cells (Science 297(5578):63-64, 2002). In some cases, oncogene inactivation is associated with compete elimination of a tumor. However, in other cases, oncogene inactivation induces a conversion of tumor cells to a dormant state that is associated with cellular differentiation and/or loss of the ability to self-replicate. Importantly, this dormant state is reversible, with tumor cells regaining the ability to self-renew upon oncogene reactivation. Thus, understanding the mechanism of oncogene inactivation-induced dormancy may be crucial for predicting therapeutic outcome of targeted therapy. One important mechanistic insight into tumor dormancy is that oncogene addiction might involve regulation of a decision between self-renewal and cellular senescence. Recent evidence suggests that this decision is regulated by multiple mechanisms that include tumor cell-intrinsic, cell-autonomous mechanisms and host-dependent, tumor cell-non-autonomous programs (Mol Cell 4(2):199-207, 1999; Science 297(5578):102-104, 2002; Nature 431(7012):1112-1117, 2004; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(32):13028-13033, 2007). In particular, the tumor microenvironment, which is known to be critical during tumor initiation (Cancer Cell 7(5):411-423, 2005; J Clin Invest 121(6):2436-2446, 2011), prevention (Nature 410(6832):1107-1111, 2001), and progression (Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 21(1):3-10, 2010), also appears to dictate when oncogene inactivation elicits the permanent loss of self-renewal through induction of cellular senescence (Nat Rev Clin Oncol 8(3):151-160, 2011; Science 313(5795):1960-1964, 2006; N Engl J Med 351(21):2159-21569, 2004). Thus, oncogene addiction may be best modeled as a consequence of the interplay amongst cell-autonomous and host-dependent programs that define when a therapy will result in tumor dormancy.
Primary and Secondary Endpoints

Similar to the concepts presented for the research question, clinical trial endpoints are structured as primary and secondary. The primary endpoint is associated with the primary research question and hypothesis and therefore is the main outcome of the study. For this reason, it needs to be well defined in advance and needs to be easily measurable with tools that are ideally readily available, simple to use, accurate, and validated. The closer and more consistently the primary endpoint addresses the primary research question the more likely the trial is to produce meaningful results bringing you closer to the critical new knowledge that you seek. Secondary endpoints similarly align with secondary questions and need to be clearly defined up front, but allow the investigator to dig more deeply into the more subtle information provided by the trial that may or may not provide definitive conclusions, but might dictate the direction of future studies.
Survey of controlled electronic power converters

Summary A large variety of electronic power converter circuits are available for use in a growing number of applications. For high-power equipment, semiconductor thyristor and diode devices are most often used. The circuits are conveniently classified according to whether the thyristors are turned off by natural or forced commutation. Naturally commutated converters include ac voltage controllers using phase control or integral cycle switching, ac/dc converters of many types, and cycloconverters. In the category of forced- commutated converters are dc/dc choppers, dc/ac inverters of several major classes, and direct ac/ac frequency changers. In many applications, two or more converters are cascaded to form a linked system. Examples of each type of converter and their applications are presented.
Reconnection of Two Antiparallel Vortex Tubes: A New Cascade Mechanism

Numerical simulations of two antiparallel vortices reveal a new and crucial mechanism, which accumulates the reconnected vortex lines into characteristic ‘bridges’. The simultaneous occurrence of viscous vorticity annihilation, 2D-dipole pumping, local self-induction and vortex stretching results in a characteristic curvature reversal, and also causes the reconnection to be only partial.
The Spectrum of a Locally Convex Space

Throughout the forthcoming, E will denote a vector space over a field K which will always be either the field of real numbers, R, or the one of complex numbers, C.