cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utility of routine follow-up imaging in patients with small paraflacine and/or paratentorial hemorrhages.

Abstract Objective Imaging follow-up for acute intracranial hemorrhage has followed the same protocols despite differences in clinical progression and outcome associated with bleed in different compartments. We evaluated isolated, small parafalcine and paratentorial subdural hemorrhages to determine the necessity of routine imaging follow up. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients presenting to the Emergency Department who were found to have an isolated parafalcine and/or paratentorial subdural hemorrhage, and obtained follow up imaging over the course of 3 years. Subsequent imaging was reviewed to assess for changes in hemorrhage size and the average number of studies performed; clinical data was reviewed for changes in patient status and any intervention if performed. Results 95 patients were identified with isolated parafalcine and/or paratentorial hemorrhage that were evaluated with multiple follow-up imaging studies. The average initial subdural hemorrhage thickness was 3.5 mm, with all smaller than 1 cm. The average number of subsequent imaging studies performed was 2.7. All patients received follow up imaging despite remaining neurologically stable. 96 % of the patients had stable to decreased size off hemorrhage on follow up exams. The remaining 4% had a slight increase on the second imaging study but, stabilized without any intervention. Anticoagulation use had no correlation with increase on subsequent imaging. Conclusion Small isolated parafalcine and/or paratentorial hemorrhage in a neurologically stable patient and absence of anticoagulation does not require scheduled routine follow-up imaging.
The Politics of Merely Following: Witnessing AIDS on Instagram:

Using an illustrative sample of posts to an Instagram account devoted to commemorating lives lost to AIDS, this article articulates a less-than-intense form of engagement with lesbian, gay, bisexua...
Neurophysiologic Mapping of Thalamocortical Tract in Asleep Craniotomies: Promising Results From an Early Experience.

Background Subcortical mapping of the corticospinal tract has been extensively used during craniotomies under general anesthesia to achieve maximal resection while avoiding postoperative motor deficits. To our knowledge, similar methods to map the thalamocortical tract (TCT) have not yet been developed. Objective To describe a neurophysiologic technique for TCT identification in 2 patients who underwent resection of frontoparietal lesions. Methods The central sulcus (CS) was identified using the somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) phase reversal technique. Furthermore, monitoring of the cortical postcentral N20 and precentral P22 potentials was performed during resection. Subcortical electrical stimulation in the resection cavity was done using the multipulse train (case #1) and Penfield (case #2) techniques. Results Subcortical stimulation within the postcentral gyrus (case #1) and in depth of the CS (case #2), resulted in a sudden drop in amplitudes in N20 (case #1) and P22 (case #2), respectively. In both patients, the potentials promptly recovered once the stimulation was stopped. These results led to redirection of the surgical plane with avoidance of damage of thalamocortical input to the primary somatosensory (case #1) and motor regions (case #2). At the end of the resection, there were no significant changes in the median SSEP. Both patients had no new long-term postoperative sensory or motor deficit. Conclusion This method allows identification of TCT in craniotomies under general anesthesia. Such input is essential not only for preservation of sensory function but also for feedback modulation of motor activity.
Emerging Metabolic and Transcriptomic Signature of PNPLA3-Associated NASH

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. About 30% of the adult population in the United States (US) is afflicted with NAFLD. Approximately 20-25% of NAFLD patients have the progressive sub-type of NAFLD that is termed as Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). The cardinal features of NASH on liver histology include steatosis, lobular inflammation, ballooning with or without peri-sinusoidal fibrosis.
Turning value into action: Healthcare workers using digital media advocacy to drive change.

Background The standard method of sharing information in academia is the scientific journal. Yet health advocacy requires alternative methods to reach key stakeholders to drive change. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of social media and public narrative for advocacy in matters of firearm-related injury and death. Study design The movement This Is Our Lane was evaluated through the #ThisIsOurLane and #ThisIsMyLane hashtags. Sources were assessed from November 2018 through March 2019. Analyses specifically examined message volume, time course, global engagement, and content across Twitter, scientific literature, and mass media. Twitter data were analyzed via Symplur Signals. Scientific literature reviews were performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Mass media was compiled using Access World News/Newsbank, Newspaper Source, and Google. Results A total of 507,813 tweets were shared using #ThisIsOurLane, #ThisIsMyLane, or both (co-occurrence 21-39%). Fifteen scientific items and n = 358 mass media publications were published during the study period; the latter included articles, blogs, television interviews, petitions, press releases, and audio interviews/podcasts. Peak messaging appeared first on Twitter on November 10th, followed by mass media on November 12th and 20th, and scientific publications during December. Conclusions Social media enables clinicians to quickly disseminate information about a complex public health issue like firearms to the mainstream media, scientific community, and general public alike. Humanized data resonates with people and has the ability to transcend the barriers of language, culture, and geography. Showing society the reality of caring for firearm-related injuries through healthcare worker stories via digital media appears to be effective in shaping the public agenda and influencing real-world events.
Multiplicity in New Keynesian Models

The common practice in monetary economics is to linearize a model around its deterministic equilibrium. In this paper, we show analytically that when central banks stabilize both output and inflation, a standard dynamic New Keynesian model has three deterministic equilibria under a realistic parameterization. One is associated with targeted inflation as is commonly found in the literature; the other two are associated with deflation and high inflation. Our findings suggest that empirical research should allow for multiple equilibria or regimes, including both the one with high inflation and the one with deflation, in modeling inflation dynamics.
STABILITY AND INFLUENCE VECTORS OF TRUSSES

The necessary and sufficient conditions for geometrical stability of plane truss constructions, either statically determinate, or indeterminate, are presented. The procedure of testing stability involves only the velocity analysis of rigid bodies. After removing the redundants (if any) and an additional reaction component, the structure becomes a mechanism having a single degree of freedom. Assign an arbitrary permissible velocity to a link of the mechanism. The velocities of a few points can be used as the criteria for stability. The coliaries of the criteria are given in terms of the instantaneous centers of the mechanism. Furthermore, the force systems that can be sustained by an unstable structure in its own original form are asserted. The concept of influence vectors is introduced. The dot product of a force vector and the appropriate influence vector of a quantity is equal to that amount of the quantity produced by the force. The procedure of testing stability can be used to establish influence vectors or influence-vectors diagrams for statically determinable quantities.
Beyond antioxidant genes in the ancient Nrf2 regulatory network

Nrf2, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor encoded by the gene NFE2L2, is a master regulator of the transcriptional response to oxidative stress. Nrf2 is structurally and functionally conserved from insects to humans, and it heterodimerizes with the small MAF transcription factors to bind a consensus DNA sequence (the antioxidant response element, or ARE) and regulate gene expression. We have used genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation and gene expression data to identify direct Nrf2 target genes in Drosophila and humans. These data have allowed us to construct the deeply conserved ancient Nrf2 regulatory network-target genes that are conserved from Drosophila to human. The ancient network consists of canonical antioxidant genes, as well as genes related to proteasomal pathways and metabolism and a number of less expected genes. We have also used enhancer reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility-shift assays to confirm Nrf2-mediated regulation of ARE activity at a number of these novel target genes. Interestingly, the ancient network also highlights a prominent negative feedback loop; this, combined with the finding that Nrf2-mediated regulatory output is tightly linked to the quality of the ARE it is targeting, suggests that precise regulation of nuclear Nrf2 concentration is necessary to achieve proper quantitative regulation of distinct gene sets. Together, these findings highlight the importance of balance in the Nrf2-ARE pathway and indicate that Nrf2-mediated regulation of xenobiotic metabolism, glucose metabolism, and proteostasis has been central to this pathway since its inception.
An Apprenticeship Rotation Teaches Chief Residents Nontechnical Skills and ACGME Core Competencies

Background Traditionally, surgical training has used an apprenticeship model but has more recently moved to a service-based model, with groups of residents working with groups of attending surgeons. We developed an apprenticeship rotation to enhance one-on-one interaction between chief residents and selected faculty. We hypothesized that the apprenticeship rotation would be effective for teaching nontechnical skills (NTS) and core competencies. Materials and Methods An apprenticeship rotation was created at a university-based surgery residency in which each chief resident selected a single attending surgeon with whom to work exclusively with for a 4-week period. Emphasis was placed on teaching intraoperative NTS as well as the 4 difficult-to-teach Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies (DCC): Interpersonal and Communication Skills, Practice-Based Learning and Improvement, Professionalism, and Systems-Based Practice. Participants were surveyed afterwards about their rotation using a 5-point Likert scale. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare differences depending on data distribution. Results All (13/13) the chief residents and 67% (8/12) faculty completed the survey. Overall, 85% of residents and 87.5% of faculty would recommend the rotation to other residents/faculty members. Both residents and faculty reported improvement in trainees’ technical skills and NTS. Residents reported improvement in all 4 DCC, particularly, Practice-Based Learning and Improvement, Professionalism, and Interpersonal and Communication Skills. Conclusion The apprenticeship rotation is an effective means of teaching residents both NTS and DCC essential for independent practice. Consideration should be given to introducing this program into surgical curricula nationally.
Human Placental 17β-Estradiol Dehydrogenase V. PURIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE (TRIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE)-LINKED ENZYME

Abstract Human placental 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase, homogeneous by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, has been prepared in good yield by a four-step procedure. The method consists of ammonium sulfate fractionation of placental homogenates, followed by chromatography on hydroxylapatite, DEAE-cellulose, and, finally, hydroxylapatite. The product has a specific activity of 10.5 µmoles of 17β-estradiol min-1 mg-1 in the presence of DPN and 8.1 µmoles of 17β-estradiol min-1 mg-1 in the presence of TPN and a molecular weight of 48,000 as determined by mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis. The kinetic constants for both the DPN- and TPN-linked activities were determined.
Immunoregulatory Pathways in Adult Responder Mice: I. Induction of GAT‐Specific Tolerance and Suppressor T Cells for Cellular and Humoral Responses

This report describes the alteration of helper-suppressor balances in an immune response (Ir) gene-controlled system by varying the route and form of antigen injection. Adult responder BALB/c mice develop Lyt 1+2-, T cells for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and T-cell proliferative (Tprlf) responses to subcutaneous injection of either poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10) (GAT)-coupled syngeneic spleen cells (GAT-SP) or GAT emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. In contrast, intravenous injection of adult responders with GAT-SP results in specific unresponsiveness for DTH, Tprlf, interleukin-2, and plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses. This tolerance is mediated by both suppressor T cells (Ts) and a functional clonal inhibition. Lyt 1-2+ Ts suppress the induction (afferent limb) of GAT-specific DTH and PFC but not Tprlf responses. The reduced T-cell proliferation observed in GAT-tolerant mice is due to a non-transferable mechanism(s), possibly functional clonal inhibition. Our data are compatible with a multi-step pathway involving both proliferating and non-proliferating helper T (Th) cells. In addition, the fine specificity of tolerance induction for DTH and Tprlf responses was examined by using the related antigens poly(Glu60Ala40) (GA) and poly(Glu50Tyr50) (GT). Tolerance is exquisitely specific, as GA tolerizes responses to GA and GAT, whereas GT tolerizes GAT but not GA responses. Thus, both the route and form of antigen administration are important to the induction and regulation of immune response in Ir gene-controlled systems. Possible mechanisms governing the Th/Ts balance and the induction of GAT-specific tolerance and suppression for cellular and humoral responses in adult responders are discussed.
Ehrlilch, Paul (1854–1915)

First page of article Keywords: Ehrlilch, Paul (side-chain or receptor theory); discovery of Salvarsan
Relations between cell growth and cell division. V. Cell and macronuclear volumes of Tetrahymena pyriformis HSM during the cell life cycle.

Abstract Cell and macronuclear volumes were measured continuously from division to division in individual Tetrahymena. To permit more accurate measurements, the cells were flattened to 8 μ in a simple culture chamber during growth and division. Volume growth curves of the cell and macronucleus follow linear courses throughout interphase but rise sharply during division. The data reaffirm the conclusion drawn from other studies that division to division cell growth is not autocatalytic.
Film, Philosophy, and the Ordinary: A Response to Butler

Brian Butler Transgression: Ordinary and Otherwise _Film-Philosophy_, vol. 5 no. 22, July 2001
Initiation of simian virus 40 DNA synthesis in vitro.

Abstract Simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen can efficiently initiate SV40 origin-dependent DNA synthesis in crude extracts of HeLa cells. Therefore, initiation of SV40 DNA synthesis can be analyzed in detail. We present evidence that antibodies which neutralize proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) inhibit but do not abolish pulse-labeling of nascent DNA. The lengths of DNA products formed after a 5-s pulse in the absence and presence of anti-PCNA serum averaged 150 and 34 nucleotides, respectively. The small DNAs formed in the presence of anti-PCNA serum underwent little or no increase in size during further incubation periods. The addition of PCNA to reaction mixtures inhibited with anti-PCNA serum largely reversed the inhibitory effect of the antiserum. The small nascent DNAs formed in the presence or absence of anti-PCNA serum products arose from the replication of lagging strands. These results suggest that a PCNA-dependent elongation reaction participates in the synthesis of lagging strands as well as leading strands. We also present evidence that in crude extracts of HeLa cells, DNA synthesis generally does not initiate within the core origin. Initiation of DNA synthesis outside of a genetically defined origin region has not been previously described in a eukaryotic replication system but appears to be a common feature of initiation events in many prokaryotic organisms. Additional results presented indicate that in the absence of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP, the preinitiation complex remains within or close to the SV40 origin.
CP asymmetry in B{sup 0}(t){yields}K{sub S}{pi}{sup 0}{gamma} in the standard model

The time-dependent CP asymmetry in exclusive B{sup 0}(t){yields}K*{sup 0}{gamma} decays has been proposed as a probe of new physics in B decays. Recently, this method was extended to radiative decays into multibody hadronic final states such as B{sup 0}(t){yields}K{sub S}{pi}{sup 0}{gamma} and B{sup 0}(t){yields}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}{gamma}. The CP asymmetry in these decays vanishes to the extent that the photon is completely polarized. In the standard model, the photon emitted in b{yields}s{gamma} has high left-handed polarization, but right-handed contamination enters already at leading order in {lambda}/m{sub b} even for vanishing light quark masses. We compute here the magnitude of this effect and the time-dependent CP asymmetry parameter S{sub K{sub S}}{sub {pi}}{sub {sup 0}}{sub {gamma}}. We find that the standard model can easily accommodate values of S as large as 10%, but a precise value cannot be obtained at present because of strong interactions uncertainties.
Stimulation of Proteinase Biosynthesis by Canavanine in Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens

l-Canavanine, an analogue of arginine, was found to stimulate the synthesis of an extracellular proteinase in Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens. Cells grown in a synthetic medium containing 10-4m arginine and 10-4m canavanine produced almost twice as much proteinase as cells grown in 2 × 10-3m arginine alone; total growth was the same in both media. Hydrolyzed proteinase samples were analyzed for arginine and canavanine by means of paper chromatography and electrophoresis. Arginine, but not canavanine, was detected in the purified enzyme sample.
Providing secure environments for untrusted network applications-with case studies using VirtualVault and Trusted Sendmail Proxy

Bugs in network application programs can be exploited to compromise the system on which the application is running. When running these applications in an unsafe environment such as the Internet, the security concerns raised are a significant barrier to electronic commerce. In addition, these application programs (such as Web servers, mailservers, etc.) are usually too big and complex to be bug-free; trying to build security directly into these applications has proven to be very difficult. This paper demonstrates that a compartmented-mode workstation is a suitable platform to provide a secure environment that can contain most existing network applications. We describe how to wrap these applications in order to reduce the potential for a security breach without the need to rewrite the application completely. By minimizing the effort of transferring unsafe application services so that they are reasonably secure, we are able to accelerate the process of electronic commerce.
High Precision Load Current Sensing using On-Line Calibration of Trace Resistance in VRM Applications

A method for the on-line calibration of a circuit board trace resistance at the output of a buck converter is described. The input current is measured with a precision resistor and processed to obtain a DC reference for the output current. The voltage drop across a trace resistance at the output is amplified with a gain that is adaptively adjusted to match the DC reference. This method is applied to obtain an accurate and high-bandwidth measurement of the load current in the modern microprocessor voltage regulator application (VRM), thus enabling an accurate DC load-line regulation as well as a fast transient response. Experimental results show an accuracy well within the tolerance band of this application, and exceeding all other popular methods.
Combined Pharmacotherapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Medication Effects, Glucocorticoids, and Attenuated Treatment Outcomes

Despite the success of both pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioral interventions for the treatment of anxiety disorders, the combination of these modalities in adults has not resulted in substantial improvements in outcome relative to either strategy alone, raising questions about whether there are interfering effects that attenuate the magnitude of combination treatment benefits. In this article, we introduce an accounting of potential interference effects that expands upon arguments asserting the necessity of arousal for successful fear exposure. Specifically, recent advances in the study of the effects of cortisol on memory--suggesting that glucocorticoids are crucial to the learning of emotional material--have led us to posit that the attenuation of glucocorticoid activity by anxiolytic medications may interfere with extinction learning in exposure-based therapies. Implications for the efficacy of combination treatments for the anxiety disorders are discussed.
Rise and Decay of Intensity of Luminescence of Short-Persistence Phosphors

RECTANGULAR-WAVE cathodo-excitation of short-persistence phosphors is known1 to produce curves of intensity of luminescence of the shape indicated in Fig. 1, the sections of rise and decay each being represented by the sum of two characteristic exponential functions. These may be expressed, with the notation of Fig. 1, for the rise by: and for the decay, provided that the steady-state condition L e has virtually been attained at t < t p, by : where k r1 + k r2 = k d1 + k d2 = 1, and τr2 ≪ τr1, τd2 ≪ τd1.
Response to Letter by Borja et al

Response: We thank Dr Borja and his coauthors for alerting us to the data from trials on triflusal. These trials demonstrate …
Associations between measles antibody levels and the protein structure of class II human leukocyte antigens.

In this study, we describe associations between variation in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DP and DQ amino acid sequences and low measles antibody levels after measles immunization. We tested serum samples from 242 children for measles immunoglobulin G antibodies. We performed class II HLA typing and examined associations between DQ and DP exon 2 amino acid sequences and antibody levels. No DP amino acid variants were associated with seronegativity. However, 11 DQA and 6 DQB amino acid variants were associated with seronegativity (p < 0.005). These amino acid variants were highly correlated, and the significant DQA amino acids were only found in alleles *0201, *0301, *0401, *0501, and *0601. Two of the amino acids associated with measles seronegativity were located in predicted binding pockets of the DQ molecule; one was present in the leader sequence. Among the DQB alleles, all of the amino acid variants associated with seronegativity were present only in the DQB*0201 allele. Two of the amino acids associated with seronegativity were located in predicted binding pockets of the DQ molecule; two were located in the leader sequence. Our data suggest that specific DQA and DQB amino acid variations are associated with measles seronegativity after vaccination.
Thermal Conductance and Constriction Resistance of Single-Layer Graphene Nano Ribbons

This paper considers phonon transport behavior in graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) that bridge semi-infinite graphene contacts. The work employs an atomistic Green’s function method to investigate phonon wave effects in zigzag and armchair edge ribbons. Phonon transmission functions and thermal conductances are found to be sensitive to the edge shape of structures. The thermal conductances of GNRs with different widths are normalized by the quantum of thermal conductance to reveal the relation between number of phonon modes and conductance as a function of temperature. In addition, the phonon transmission functions of nano ribbons with defects are evaluated by artificially creating mismatches at interfaces. By comparing the transmission function of different defect patterns and the corresponding thermal conductances, the reduction of phonon transport is quantified. The length of defects is found to be important to phonon transport. Constriction effects are also studied at abrupt mismatched interfaces, and the reduction of thermal conductance is found to be moderately high.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Continuum Models With Slip for the Evaporating Meniscus and Comparison With Experimental Results

The evaporating meniscus is a recurring phenomenon in engineering that has relevance in diverse applications like dip-coating, pool boiling and the micro heat pipe. It is known that the evaporative heat flux at the liquid vapor interface peaks at the interline region. Recent experimental investigations have indicated a rise in the curvature in this region. To match the increased flow predicted by this curvature jump, slip may be required at the solid liquid interface. We use continuum models and experimental data on temperature and thickness to evaluate slip at the liquid solid interface.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Microscope-on-chip using microchannel and solid state image sensors

Recently, Jet Propulsion Laboratory has invented and developed a miniature optical microscope, microscope-on-chip using micro-channel and solid state image sensors. It is lightweight, low-power, fast speed instrument, it has no image lens, does not need focus adjustment, and the total mass is less than 100g. A prototype has been built and demonstrated at JPL.
On the power of locking

We study the expressive power of locking primitives, as measured by ther ability to implement different concurrency control principles. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a concurrency control principle (abstractly, a set of histories) to be implementable by binary semaphores. Also, we characterize exactly those sets of locking primitives that are no more powerful than binary semaphores.
Subchronic toxicity of tetramethylsuccinonitrile.

Abstract The acute rat oral LD50 for tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) is 38.9 ± 7.4 mg/kg. A series of three 90-day subchronic toxicity studies were conducted with Sprague-Dawley-derived albino rats. In each study, rats were administered corn oil solutions of TMSN by intubation. In the first study, groups of 15 male and 15 female rats were given 0, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg TMSN. Significant reductions in weight gain were observed at 10 and 3 mg/kg/day. Survival, demeanor, food consumption, hematology, and urinalysis were not affected. Except for a reduction in fasting blood glucose in the 10 mg/kg test group, no effects were observed in clinical pathology parameters. Absolute and relative liver weights were increased at 10 mg/kg (both sexes) and 3 mg/kg (males). Both absolute and relative kidney weights were increased and treatment-related morphological lesions, characterized as tubular nephrosis, were observed in all test groups of males, but not in females. Other TMSN-related microscopic observations were limited to liver changes in both sexes at 10 mg/kg. Two subsequent 90-day studies, each conducted with 15 male rats per group, used levels of 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg/day TMSN. Renal weight increases were observed at 1.0 mg/kg TMSN. Microscopic renal lesions similar to those seen in the first study were observed down to 0.1 mg/kg TMSN. A no-effect level was established at 0.01 mg/kg TMSN. No treatment-related microscopic lesions of the kidney were observed in groups of male rats given 3.0 mg/kg TMSN by gavage for 90 days and then removed from treatment for 14 days. Thus, tubular nephrosis produced by subchronic expsure to TMSN is reversible in the male rat. Groups of 15 male rats also were exposed to 1, 5, or 10 ppm TMSN in drinking water for 90 days. No adverse effects on in vivo parameters or clinical pathology were observed. Increases in kidney weights were seen at 10 and 5 ppm TMSN. Histopathologic changes characteristic of tubular nephrosis were noted in rats from all treatment groups. Dogs administered capsules containing TMSN for 90 days at levels equivalent to 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg/day exhibited slight suppressions of body weight gain at the two higher dosage levels and a small increase in blood thiocyanate at 3 mg/kg. No other functional or morphological changes related to treatment were observed in any organs evaluated, including liver and kidney.
Effect of hydralazine on perfusion and metabolism in the leg during upright bicycle exercise in patients with heart failure.

The aerobic exercise capacity of patients with chronic heart failure is frequently impaired because of inadequate O2 transport to working skeletal muscle. To determine whether hydralazine improves O2 transport to working muscle, we examined the effect of intravenous hydralazine on blood flow (measured by thermodilution) and metabolism in the leg during maximal upright bicycle exercise in 10 patients with chronic heart failure. Hydralazine increased maximal exercise cardiac output (5.6 +/- 0.7 to 6.7 +/- 0.6 l/min; p less than .01) and decreased systemic O2 extraction (79 +/- 3% to 65 +/- 2%; p less than .01) but did not alter maximal O2 uptake (787 +/- 105 vs 779 +/- 82 ml/min). Leg blood flow at maximal exercise increased from 1.6 +/- 0.2 to 2.1 +/- 0.4 l/min (p less than .03); the proportion of cardiac output delivered to the leg remained unchanged (59 +/- 3% vs 57 +/- 9%). This increase in flow was associated with a decrease in O2 extraction in the leg (84 +/- 2% to 79 +/- 2%; p less than .01) and no change in peak femoral venous lactate (59.1 +/- 7.4 vs 54.1 +/- 5.3 mg/dl), suggesting that there is functional or anatomic shunting of the augmented limb flow rather than delivery to metabolizing muscle. These data suggest that hydralazine augments flow to the exercising limb in patients with heart failure but that this augmented flow does not increase oxygen availability within working muscle.
A dislocation and a point force in an anisotropic medium with an elliptical hole

The solutions of a dislocation and a point force in an infinite medium with a crack of elliptical cross-section (or an elliptical hole) are given for plane problems of anisotropic solids with one plane of symmetry.
Coated limiter testing in tokamaks

Over the past year, extensive operating experience has been gained with coated graphite limiters in the ISX-B and Doublet III tokamaks. A total of approximately 20,000 tokamak discharges have been performed with TiC coated limiters, and the plasma performance and capability with these limiters has been improved over that obtained with metallic limiters. While none of the limiters have failed while in service, the TiC coating and in some cases the graphite substrate have experienced damage. This damage consists of grooves formed in the coating and an area of coating melt and graphite cracking. The groove damage is believed to have been caused by disruptions and the melt region by the high heat loads during neutral beam heated discharges.
Making Sense of Referral Fee Statutes

State and federal prohibitions of referral fees have long plagued the health care sector because their broadly worded provisions threaten established and socially valuable business arrangements. Congress has recently instructed the Department of Health and Human Services to issue regulations that clarify the scope of the most threatening of these prohibitions, the Medicare and Medicaid felony referral fee statute. This article examines three possible analytical models for imposing a limiting construction on referral fee statutes by testing the models against three beneficial practices that the statute jeopardizes: physician recruitment, fee discounting, and efficiency bonuses. The article recommends primary reliance on an earned/unearned analysis that detects a prohibited referral fee by asking whether the fee is fully earned by legitimate, nonreferral services.
Determination of reducing sugar with improved precision.

Abstract The neocuproine test as described by Brown (4) has been modified to include the range of 5 to 125 μg of glucose. The replacement of the tartrate chelating agent by glycine reduces the value of the blank and decreases the relative standard error of the conventional oxidation procedure by a factor of approximately 6 at low substrate concentrations and by a factor of 2 at high substrate concentrations.
Scratch induced deformation behavior of hafnium based bulk metallic glass at multiple load scales

Abstract The scratch induced deformation behavior of Hafnium based bulk metallic glass (BMG) at micro- and macro-load scales is reported in this study. The micro-scratch deals with a normal load range of 1000–8000 μN, whereas the macro-scale scratches are made with a normal load reaching up to 5 N. Increase in the load beyond 2000 μN changes the deformation mechanism from plowing to fracture and chipping. The plastic strain is mostly accommodated by shear band formation with a significant amount of free volume generation. A change in the strain rate helps in the nucleation of shear bands and prevents fracture and chipping in the case of micro-scratches made at ramp loading as compared to constant load. Higher strain rate and heat generation in the track causes increased strain hardening in macro-scratch, which could be attributed to increased probability of nano-crystallization. Complex shear band structure is evolved during scratching, which is attributed to the mixed type of loading, consisting of compressive normal load and lateral shear load across scratch-track.
Review of the Generalized Least Squares Method

The generalized least squares (GLS) method uses both data and prior information to solve for a best-fitting set of model parameters. We review the method and present simplified derivations of its essential formulas. Concepts of resolution and covariance—essential in all of inverse theory—are applicable to GLS, but their meaning, and especially that of resolution, must be carefully interpreted. We introduce derivations that show that the quantity being resolved is the deviation of the solution from the prior model and that the covariance of the model depends on both the uncertainty in the data and the uncertainty in the prior information. On face value, the GLS formulas for resolution and covariance seem to require matrix inverses that may be difficult to calculate for the very large (but often sparse) linear systems encountered in practical inverse problems. We demonstrate how to organize the computations in an efficient manner and present MATLAB code that implements them. Finally, we formulate the well-understood problem of interpolating data with minimum curvature splines as an inverse problem and use it to illustrate the GLS method.
Phase-sensitive frequency-multiplexed optical low-coherence reflectometery

We describe a fast phase-sensitive frequency-multiplexed optical low-coherence reflectometer which is capable on measuring optical path-length changes on the order of a few nanometers (∼5 nm). Results are presented that demonstrate phase sensitivity and frequency multiplexing capability of the interferometer.
Urban planning uses of computing

Abstract The use of computers for planning in local government is explored. The last 20 years has been a period of substantial change in the societal context within which planning and decision making takes place, and has made a significant impact on applications. The diversification of functions and services and the complex data they create account for government's lag behind business in the adoption of computer technology. When local government data is considered in a spatial framework, however, the task of balancing the supply and demand aspects of the generation of that data becomes possible. For example, spatial devices such as networks facilitate delivery of governmental services.
Is the monetary policy rule responsive to exchange rate changes? The case of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand

Extending Obstfeld and Rogoff (J Econ Perspect 9:73–96, 1995), Ball (Monetary policy rules, University of Chicago Press, pp. 127–144, 1999), Svensson (J Int Econ 50: 155–183, 2000), Taylor (Am Econ Rev 91: 263–267, 2001), Gali and Gertler (J Econ Perspect 21:25–46, 2007), and others, this paper finds that central banks in the Philippines and Thailand respond negatively to the current real exchange rate and positively to the lagged real exchange rate whereas central banks in Indonesia and Malaysia do not react to the current or lagged real exchange rate. For the Philippines and Thailand, the null hypothesis that the sum of the coefficients of the current and lagged real exchange rates is zero cannot be rejected at the 5% level. Central banks in these four countries respond positively to the inflation rate and the output gap, suggesting that the concept of a simple or an extended Taylor rule would apply to these countries. Monetary policy reaction functions for Indonesia and Thailand are steeper than those for Malaysia and the Philippines and would be more responsive to a change in the inflation rate.
KINETICS OF THE LIGHT‐INDUCED COLOR FADING OF VACUUM‐PACKAGED TURKEY BOLOGNA

The light-induced color fading reaction for vacuum packaged turkey bologna was studied using tristimulus colorimetry. Significant (P 0.05). Alterations of the redness and yellowness components of the product's hue were found to fit first order reaction kinetics. When the Arrhenius relationship of the temperature dependency of rate constants was applied, activation energies (Ea's) of 7.4, 2.6 and 6.2 kcal/mole were obtained for +a decrease, +b increase and a/b ratio decrease, respectively. The kinetics data for turkey bologna confirm that light-induced color fading at the product's surface is more dependent on the extent of yellowness increase than on redness decrease.
Spectroscopic identification of the reaction intermediates in oxygen reduction on gold in alkaline solutions

Surface enhanced infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy with an attentuated total reflection configuration (ATR-SEIRAS) was used for the first time to identify the intermediates of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on gold electrodes. Our study employed a Au thin-film electrode in acidic and alkaline solutions. In alkaline solutions, a potential dependent band at 1268 cm-1, which we assigned to the antisymmetric bending mode of OOH of adsorbed HO2-, was observed between 0.1 and −0.6 V versus Ag|AgCl, Cl-, exactly in the potential range where the ORR occurred. The assignment was supported by our isotope exchange experiment. The adsorbed HO2- is a reaction intermediate in the 4e- serial mechanism. In acidic solutions, there was only a very weak band at the same position, reflecting the fast protonation of HO2-. This finding may imply that the interaction between HO2- and Au surfaces is very weak in acidic solutions, in agreement with the observed 2e- reduction mechanism.
Radiation-induced DNA single-strand breaks in the intestinal mucosal cells of mice treated with the radioprotectors WR-2721 or 16-16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2.

SummaryBoth S-2-(3-aminopropylamino) ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) and 16-16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dm PGE2) protected the intestinal clonogenic cells to some degree from the effects of 137Cs γ-irradiation. The D0 was increased from 1·1 ± 0·12 Gy in controls to 1·55 ± 0·48 Gy in 16-16 dm PGE2 treated and 2·12 ± 0·20 Gy in WR-2721 treated mice. Both agents also increased the shoulder of the clonogenic-cell survival curve. Studies were done to measure the effects of these two different radioprotectors on radiation-induction of DNA single-strand breaks in cells comprising the murine intestinal mucosa. The number of DNA single-strand breaks increased with increasing doses of γ-rays in animals killed immediately following exposure. WR-2721 reduced the number of initial radiation-induced DNA single-strand breaks when given one-half hour before exposure; the time of maximum protection. In contrast, 16-16 dm PGE2 given 1 hour before irradiation (the time required to afford maximum protection from radiat...
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor with or without stem cell factor extends time to premature ovarian insufficiency in female mice treated with alkylating chemotherapy.

Objective To examine gonadal protective properties of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone or in combination with stem cell factor (SCF) in female mice treated with high-dose alkylating chemotherapy. Design Experimental laboratory animal study. Setting Tertiary care academic hospital and research institute. Animal(s) Six- and 8-week-old C57Bl/6 female mice. Intervention(s) Adult female mice were treated with [1] cyclophosphamide and busulfan (CTx), [2] CTx + G-CSF/SCF, [3] CTx + G-CSF, or [4] normal saline and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; vehicle control). Main Outcome Measure(s) Follicle counts, microvessel density, cellular response to DNA damage, and litter production. Result(s) G-CSF ± SCF increased microvessel density and decreased follicle loss in CTx-treated female mice compared with CTx-only treated female mice. Mice administered CTx alone exhibited premature ovarian insufficiency, with only 28% of mice producing two litters. However, 100% of mice receiving CTx with G-CSF + SCF, and 80% of mice receiving CTx + G-CSF alone produced at least three litters and 20% of mice in each group produced five litters. Conclusion(s) Treatment of mice with G-CSF decreases chemotherapy-induced ovarian follicle loss and extends time to premature ovarian insufficiency in female mice. Further studies are needed to validate these preclinical results in humans and compare efficacy with the established GnRH analogue treatments.
Voltage-dependent block of sodium channels in mammalian neurons by the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its metabolite DCJW.

Abstract Indoxacarb is a newly developed insecticide with high insecticidal activity and low toxicity to non-target organisms. Its metabolite, DCJW, is known to block compound action potentials in insect nerves and to inhibit sodium currents in cultured insect neurons. However, little is known about the effects of these compounds on the sodium channels of mammalian neurons. We compared the effects of indoxacarb and DCJW on tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons by using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Indoxacarb and DCJW at 1–10 μM slowly and irreversibly blocked both TTX-S and TTX-R sodium channels in a voltage-dependent manner. The sodium channel activation kinetics were not significantly modified by 1 μM indoxacarb or 1 μM DCJW. The steady-state fast and slow inactivation curves were shifted in the hyperpolarization direction by 1 μM indoxacarb or 1 μM DCJW indicating a higher affinity of the inactivated sodium channels for these insecticides. These shifts resulted in an enhanced block at more depolarized potentials, thus explaining voltage-dependent block, and an apparent difference in the sensitivity of TTX-R and TTX-S channels to indoxacarb and DCJW near the resting potential. Indoxacarb and its metabolite DCJW cause toxicity through their action on the sodium channels.
Do particles translocate from the vagina to the oviducts and beyond

Abstract To investigate whether particles deposited in the vagina translocate to the oviducts, 0.3 ml of a 4% bone black suspension was deposited in the posterior vaginal fornix of each of five cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) during their mid-menstrual cycle. Simultaneously, each animal received 10 units of oxytocin by intramuscular injection. The oviducts of three animals were removed 1 hr after administration of the bone black, while those of the remaining two animals were removed 72 hr after dosing. The removed oviducts were flushed with Hank's solution and then with collagenase solution. The solutions were collected in clean vials and filtered. The filters were examined for bone black particles by light microscopy, as were filters through which solution blanks (negative controls) had been passed. Particles resembling bone black were found on all filters. There were no appreciable differences in the numbers or shape of these particles between the solution-blank filters and the oviduct-flush filters. The particles on both the solution-blank filters and on the oviduct-flush filters probably originated from environmental contamination by ubiquitous carbon particles. While these results suggested that no translocation took place, translocation could not be ruled out with certainty in the absence of quantitative analyses. A more definitive pilot study was then conducted with two dosed monkeys and one control, using talc labelled by neutron activation to circumvent the problem of environmental contamination. γ-Ray analysis of tissue and peritoneal lavage samples for the radionuclides 46Sc, 59Fe and 60Co indicated that no measurable quantities (i.e. > 0.5 μg) of talc translocated from the deposition site in the vagina to the uterine cavity and beyond.
Generality and Necessity in Three Types of Theory About Human Communication, With Special Attention to Rules Theory.

An analysis is provided of the procedures involved in creating and certifying theories constructed within the laws, systems, and rules perspectives of human communication. A comparison of these methods of theory construction reveals two criteria for assessing the epistemological and metaphysical claims of all such theories. Each of these methods attempts to establish propositions which are general rather than particular and which are necessary rather than accidental. The manner in which each perspective establishes these claims is delimited with special attention being given to the procedures employed by rules theorists for establishing rigorous theories.
Deconfliction Algorithms for a Pair of Constant Speed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper provides an approach for the deconfliction problem for a pair of constant altitude, constant speed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) modeled as unicycles in the presence of static constraints. We use a combination of navigation and swirling functions to direct the unicycle vehicles along the planned trajectories while avoiding intervehicle collisions. The main feature of our contribution is proposing means of designing a deconfliction algorithm for unicycle vehicles that more closely capture the dynamics of constant speed UAVs as opposed to double integrator models. Specifically, we consider the issue of UAV turn-rate constraints and proceed to explore the selection of key algorithmic parameters in order to minimize undesirable trajectories and overshoots induced by the avoidance algorithm. The avoidance and convergence analysis of the proposed algorithm is then performed for two cooperative UAVs and simulation results are provided to support the viability of the proposed framework for more general mission scenarios.