cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE) in murine microglia by lipopolysaccharide

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) synthesized in the brain is thought to be involved in the behavioral response to LPS. In this study, we examined in microglia the ability of LPS to induce interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE), the protease responsible for processing proIL-1β to its mature biologically active form. The murine microglial cell line, N13, and primary microglia which had been previously isolated from brains of 2-d-old endotoxin-responsive C3H/HeOuJ mice and endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice, were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of LPS. Oligonucleotide primers for ICE and GAPDH were used in RT-PCR to determine the levels of ICE mRNA in microglia. ICE mRNA was constitutively expressed in N13 cells and primary microglia from both C3H/HeOuJ and C3H/HeJ mice. Upon exposure to LPS, ICE mRNA levels were markedly elevated in N13 cells and in microglia from C3H/HeOuJ mice, but not in microglia from endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice. Western immunoblotting was used to determine if the increase in ICE mRNA induced by LPS was accompanied by an increase in ICE protein. A modest increase in immunoreactivity for the p45 ICE precursor protein was evident in N13 cells and primary microglia from C3H/HeOuJ mice following exposure to LPS. Because corticosteroids inhibit the synthesis and secretion of IL-1β, in a second experiment microglia were treated with LPS in the presence of dexamethasone (0, 10 and 100 μM). Dexamethasone inhibited the LPS-induced increase in ICE mRNA and protein in microglia from C3H/HeOuJ mice. These results indicate that LPS stimulates microglia to express ICE. That dexamethasone inhibited the expression of ICE, suggests that corticosteroids regulate the secretion of IL-1β by microglial cells, in part, by regulating the expression of ICE.
Systematic errors in DFT calculations of haloalkane heats of formation.

The B3LYP and B3PW91 density functionals were employed with a large [BS1 = 6-311+G(3df,2p)] and small [BS2 = 6-311G(d,p)] basis set to compute enthalpies of formation (at optimized MP2/6-31G(d) geometries and with scaled HF/6-31G(d) frequencies) in the following series of haloalkanes: (1) the 15 fluoro-, chloro-, and chlorofluoromethanes, (2) the 18 fluorinated and chlorinated ethanes. Similar to earlier higher level calculations on haloalkanes, the computed enthalpies exhibited very large, systematic deviations from experiment. It was found that these errors could be largely eliminated using a very simple Bond Additivity Correction (BAC) formula, Delta(f)H degrees (BAC) = Delta(f)H degrees (calc) - n(CX). Delta(CX) [X = F, Cl], in which the BAC parameters, Delta(CF) and Delta(CCl) were determined by fitting the equation to experimental data on the four fluoroethanes and chloroethanes, respectively. The resultant BAC corrected enthalpies of formation are in excellent agreement with experiment, with RMS deviations in the same range as quoted RMS errors in measured enthalpies. Therefore, this simple BAC procedure may be utilized to provide reliable semiquantitative estimates of enthalpies of formation in larger haloalkanes, for which higher level ab initio calculations are not feasible.
A classically conditionable skeletal response can be acquired with a discriminated punishment contingency

Human Ss were exposed to a discriminated punishment contingency with the aversive stimulus being an air puff to the cornea. In most Ss there was an increase in response probability (an eyelid reflex) across trials and an application of the two-phase model showed that the increases, though not great, were reliable. An analysis of the estimated parameter values showed that for only 5 of the 26 Ss did the pattern of parameter values conform to what would be expected on the basis of either two-factor or relative reinforcement theory. The results were, however, consistent with what might have been expected from giving Ss a low ratio intermittent reinforcement schedule in a more traditional classical conditioning arrangement.
Scaling approach to electron-electron interactions in a chaotic quantum dot

A scaling theory is used to study the low-energy physics of electron-electron interactions in a double quantum dot. We show that the fact that electrons are delocalized over two quantum dots does not affect the instability criterion for the description of electron-electron interactions in terms of a ``universal interaction Hamiltonian.''
The Earl of Sussex, the Revels Office, and London Commercial Theatre, 1572-1583

With the opening of at least nine new venues in and around London between 1575 and 1578, the commercial theatre industry underwent a remarkably rapid expansion. This expansion is linked to reforms introduced in the queen's Revels Office by Thomas Radcliff, 3rd Earl of Sussex, the Lord Chamberlain, and Lord Burghley, the Lord Treasurer. Sussex took direct control of the Revels Office between 1573 and 1579. Assisted at times by his cousins, Charles 2nd Lord Howard of Effingham and Henry 1st Lord Hunsdon, Sussex decreased the number of masks while sharply increasing the number of plays produced at court each year. Burghley, aided on occasion by Walsingham, closely oversaw the finance of the revels in this period. The creative and production costs associated with the new plays now being brought to court were outsourced to a select group of commerical companies, most patronized by relatives and friends of the queen who were also members of her Council. The Council used its power to insure that these companies were permitted to perform in venues in and around London to polish their performance skills before entertaining the queen. Income from these commercial performances underwrote the artistic and production costs that had been outsourced to these companies. The result was the highest quality entertainment at court for the lowest price, and it was in this quasi-capitalist, protectionist environment that the ‘legitimate’ theatre industry developed in and around London.
Comparison of two indicators of climatic change: Tree growth and Lake Superior water supplies

Abstract Many proxy indicators of past climate integrate the effects of temperature and precipitation, and not all indicators integrate these effects in the same way. This poses a problem in the reconstruction of past climate. A study of the response of tree growth around Lake Superior and the water supplies to that lake to summer climate shows differences and similarities in response. Tree growth is positively correlated with precipitation—although the response is reduced when conditions are very wet—and negatively correlated with temperature. In contrast, the water supplied to the lake are positively correlated with both precipitation and temperature; the correlation with temperature is, however, not very strong. Multiple regression models developed to assess the relative magnitudes of the similarities and differences show that the similarity in response to precipitation accounts for about 30% of the variance in water supplies, the nonlinear response of trees—represented by a log transformation—accounts for an additional 15%, and the difference in response to temperature is equivalent to about 30% of the variance in water supplies.
Evaporation of Water With Single and Multiple Impinging Air Jets

An experimental investigation of impingement water evaporation under a single jet and arrays of circular jets was made. The parametric study included the effects of jet Reynolds number and standoff spacing for both single and multiple jets, as well as surface-to-nozzle diameter ratio and fractional nozzle open area for single and multiple jets, respectively. The nozzle exit temperature of the air jet, about the same as that of the laboratory, was 3-6C higher than that of the evaporating water. Predictive equations are provided for mass transfer coefficient in terms of the flow and geometric conditions.
Phagocytosis of amyloid: invitro interaction of mouse peritoneal macrphages with human amyloid fibrils and their accelerated uptake after dye binding

Abstract Stimulated peritoneal exudative cells from C3H mice were incubated with isolated untreated or Congo red stained human amyloid fibrils in tissue culture for 10 minutes to 6 hours. The samples were examined by light microscopy and by electron microscopy before and after staining for acid phosphatase activity. Macrophages phagocytized untreated amyloid fibrils poorly but Congo red stained ones avidly. A variety of interactions of the masses of amyloid with the macrophage cell surface were demonstrated. These appeared primarily to depend upon the size and shape of the amyloid masses. Small lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mast cells found occasionally in the present samples did not show signs of active phagocytosis of amyloid.
Matrix models for (p, q) matter on unoriented surfaces

Abstract It is shown that a chain of hermitian matrices with a symmetric matrix attached to one of its ends is exactly soluble and generalizes relations previously found in single symmetric matrix systems. The mathematical structure of the solution suggests that these models have critical points representing the coupling to unoriented random surfaces of minimal conformal matter of a more general type than attainable through single symmetric matrix ensembles.
Treatment of interfaces in particle image velocimetry

A first-order accurate method of extending the capability of image velocimetry to interfaces is presented. In this method, the image fields are locally extended across interfaces using fields from the other image of an image pair. During this image parity exchange, the extension of the image fields amounts to locally reversing and reflecting the relative velocity field across the interface. Numerous experimental examples are given to demonstrate and validate the accuracy of the method. These are the plane Couette flow and the laminar pipe flow demonstrating straight rigid boundaries; uniform flow past a sphere and a sphere moving in a stagnant fluid demonstrating curved rigid surfaces; and a free-surface flow and a liquid–liquid interface flow demonstrating compliant interfaces.
Effects of Applied Electric Fields on Drop—Interface and Drop—Drop Coalescence*

ABSTRACT In this work, coalescence of a single organic or aqueous drop with its homophase at a horizontal liquid interface was investigated under applied electric fields. The coalescence time was found to decrease for aqueous drops as the applied voltage was increased, regardless of the polarity of the voltage. For organic drops, the coalescence time increased with increasing applied voltage of positive polarity and decreased with increasing applied voltage of negative polarity. Under an electric field, the coalescence time of aqueous drops decreases due to polarization of both the drop and the flat interface. The dependency of organic drop-interface coalescence on the polarity of the electric field may be a result of the negatively charged organic surface in the aqueous phase. Due to the formation of a double layer, organic drops are subjected to an electrostatic force under an electric field, which, depending on the field polarity, can be attractive or repulsive. Pair-drop coalescence of aqueous drops i...
Effects of membrane undulations on contact time and area in cell adhesion

A micropipette-aspirated, ligand-coated red blood cell is commonly used as a picoforce transducer for measuring its adhesion to a receptor-expressing cell mediated by as low as a single bond. Despite the fact that the two cells are put into contact by a precisely-controlled piezoelectric translator, the effective contact time is limited by the thermally excited membrane undulations. Using analytical solutions and numerical simulations, we showed that the undulation amplitude follows a normal distribution, with a variance equal to the ratio of the thermal energy k/sub B/T (where k/sub B/ is the Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature) and the spring constant of the force transducer.
Use of forward genetics to discover novel regulators of NF-kappaB.

Forward and reverse genetic experiments have both played important roles in revealing critical aspects of mammalian signal transduction pathways in cell culture experiments. Only recently have we begun to comprehend the depth, breadth, and complexity of these pathways and of their interrelationships. Here, we summarize successful examples in which different forward genetic approaches have led to novel discoveries in NF-κB signaling. We believe that forward genetics will continue to play an irreplaceable role in advancing our understanding of the complexities of the pathways that regulate the functions of this key transcription factor.
SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LOCAL BENDING RESPONSE IN LEECHES

1. 1. Intracellular recordings were made from identified mechanosensory neurones (T and P cells) and longitudinal muscle motor neurones of leeches Hirudo medicinalis and Macrobdella decora while the skin was electrically stimulated to produce local bending responses. 2. 2. The stimulus intensity required to produce local bending was found to activate the mechanosensory neurones at physiological firing rates. For a given stimulation frequency, intracellular activation of the mechanosensory neurones produced the same local bending response as did skin stimulation. Hyperpolarization sufficient to block the propagation of the afferent impulses into the central nervous system eliminated the local bending response to skin stimulation. 3. 3. Stimulating identified longitudinal muscle motor neurones at frequencies observed during the local bending response produced body wall movements similar to those seen in local bending. Hyperpolarization of the motor neurones to block impulse initiation abolished local bending. 4. 4. Mechanosensory neurone to longitudinal muscle motor neurone connexions were demonstrated to be effective and reliable, but polysynaptic for all but the previously documented monosynaptic connexions from mechanosensory neurones onto the L motor neurone (Nicholls & Purves, 1970). 5. 5. It is concluded that the previously identified mechanosensory and motor neurones are exclusively responsible for the local bending response.
Formal and effective autonomy in healthcare

This essay lays the groundwork for a novel conception of autonomy that may be called “effective autonomy”—a conception designed to be genuinely action guiding in bioethics. As empirical psychology research on the heuristics and biases approach shows, decision making commonly fails to correspond to people's desires because of the biases arising from bounded cognition. People who are classified as autonomous on contemporary philosophical accounts may fail to be effectively autonomous because their decisions are uncoupled from their autonomous desires. Accordingly, continuing attempts to value patient autonomy must go beyond existing philosophical conceptions of autonomy to consider the background conditions of human decision making.
A simplified squall-line model revisited

We revisit the parametrized moisture model of Garner and Thorpe and show it does indeed support realistic multicellular behaviour when an adequate (and commonly available) amount of instability is present in the initial environment. We also consider the dramatic impact that the simplified model's storms have on their upstream environments, and suggest that this is exaggerated by a fundamental shortcoming in the parametrized moisture framework.
Wiring-up hydrogenase with single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Many envision a future where hydrogen is the centerpiece of a sustainable, carbon-free energy supply. For example, the energy in sunlight may be stored by splitting water into H2 and O2 using inorganic semiconductors and photoelectrochemical approaches1 or with artificial photosynthetic systems that seek to mimic the light absorption, energy transfer, electron transfer, and redox catalysis that occurs in green plants.2 Unfortunately, large scale deployment of artificial water-splitting technologies may be impeded by the need for the large amounts of precious metals required to catalyze the multielectron water-splitting reactions. Nature provides a variety of microbes that can activate the dihydrogen bond through the catalytic activity of [NiFe] and [FeFe] hydrogenases,3,4 and photobiological approaches to water splitting have been advanced.5 One may also consider a biohybrid approach; however, it is difficult to interface these sensitive6, 7 metalloenzymes to other materials and systems. Here we show that...
The Most Frequently Cited Journal Articles and Authors in Introductory Psychology Textbooks

Using reference lists from 24 introductory psychology textbooks, we generated two tables: The first contains a list of the most frequently cited journal articles in the introductory texts; the second contains a list of the most frequently cited authors. The usefulness of citation indexes is discussed as well as why the two tables included in this article turned out as they did.
The lived experience of home total parenteral nutrition: an online qualitative inquiry with adults, children, and mothers.

Background The purpose of this study was to access a sample of short-bowel patients receiving home total parenteral nutrition (HTPN) in their home environment and describe their HTPN experience using qualitative methodology. Methods Three semistructured, open-ended, in-depth interviews were conducted online over a 5-month period with 6 adults (aged 27 to 45 years) who received HTPN for 2 to 8 years, 3 children (aged 8 to 10 years) receiving HTPN since birth, and the children's mothers. The constant comparison method was used to code and categorize data, inductively develop themes, and create a taxonomy (flow chart) of themes from the data. Credibility of data analysis and themes was established by the prolonged engagement with subjects and subject review of themes identified. Results Six major themes emerged: affirmation of life, infusion-related complications, lifestyle adaptations, self-worth, isolation, and food intake. Within most themes, subjects described similar concerns and reactions. A clear difference occurred within the theme of food intake. Adults reported feeling constantly hungry and challenged with resisting temptation to eat restricted foods. They admitted to lack of consistency in following dietary restrictions and repeated attempts to consume contraindicated foods. Children expressed lack of desire for food and mothers complained of their children's refusal to eat. Conclusions Using qualitative methods allowed insight into the HTPN experience and depiction of the daily challenges of being total parenteral nutrition-dependent from patients' and caregivers' perspectives. It provides insight into their reactions and behaviors. By gaining this type of awareness and understanding, clinical protocols and services can be planned that are more likely to derive successful outcomes.
RESEARCHING BLACK ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EXPLORING THE CHALLENGE OF RESPONSE BIAS

The reasons for the long term lagging rate of black entrepreneurship are not well understood. Although there has been growing research on black entrepreneurship, race related research can be challenging and may be susceptible to bias resulting from socially desirable responses. Using survey data collected on consumer perceptions of white and black entrepreneurs from 843 white and black respondents by white and black data collectors, we found evidence of response bias. The paper illuminates research methodology issues that should be factored into race-based entrepreneurship research. The important practical and academic implications are discussed and suggestions for future research are offered.
A theory of life in the round

This study addresses ways in which inmates at the only maximum-security prison for women in Neuse City (in the northeastern United States) redefine their social world in order to survive incarceration. An aim of the project is to engage in theory building in order to examine the experiences of a world that is “lived in the round.” A life in the round is a public form of life. It is a lifestyle with an enormous degree of imprecision. Yet, it is this inexactitude that provides an acceptable level of certainty. This way of life sets standards by which one constructs everyday meaning from reality. It is a “takenfor-granted,” “business-as-usual” style of being. Relying on ethnographic research and interviews with 80 women at the prison, the findings revealed that a life in the round was sustaining a “normative” existence.
Bacteria induce settlement and metamorphosis of Janua (Dexiospira) brasiliensis Grube (Polychaeta:Spirprbidae)

Abstract Larvae of the spirorbid Janua (Dexiospira) brasiliensis Grube settle on multi-species microbial films grown in laboratory aquaria. Bacteria appear to be responsible for inducing metamorphosis. Larvae of Janua rarely settled on films of the diatom Nitzchia . The larvae settled on pure culture films of bacteria isolated from the green macroalga Ulva lobata , a common natural substratum for Janua (Dexiospira) brasiliensis . Individual bacterial strains varied in their capacity to induce settlement and metamorphosis. Our data suggest that the metamorphic cue is associated with the surface of selected bacterial species.
Using Systems Dynamics to Explore Effects of Counterterrorism Policy

This paper suggests that the effects of counterterrorism policy on violent non-state actors can be explored via systems dynamics. Specifically, we create a descriptive model of the flow of persons through the terrorism field. We then demonstrate how the model can be extended to explore "what if" analyses of counterterrorism actions, assisting analysts with identifying fallacious logic chains or important knowledge gaps related to causal explanations. Our model instantiations suggest that developing and implementing counterterrorism policy requires management to avoid continuous and active undesirable long term outcomes
Skull base approach: Infratemporal approach

Since the early 1970s, we have attempted to develop a multidisciplinary surgical approach to the jugular foramen, which we refer to as a skull base, or infratemporal approach. In this article, we will present the indications and contraindications; the evolution of the procedure; preoperative considerations; the surgical techniques used in the treatment of 46 patients; and the results, including complications.
Endothelial protein C receptor polymorphisms and risk of severe sepsis in critically ill patients

Purpose Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) is expressed mainly in endothelial cells and is involved in regulation of the cytoprotective and anticoagulant pathways of protein C. We assessed whether haplotypes in the EPCR gene modify the risk of severe sepsis and/or septic shock (SS/SS) development in critically ill patients.
Left ventricular dimension decrement index early after axial flow assist device implantation: A novel risk marker for late pump thrombosis.

Background It is increasingly recognized that pump thrombosis most likely represents the end stage of a complex interaction between the patient-pump interface. We hypothesized that early patient/pump mismatch, as manifested by suboptimal left ventricular (LV) unloading early after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation, may be a harbinger of increased risk for later LVAD thrombosis. Methods In 64 patients (59 ± 11 years old, 78% men, 44% destination therapy) discharged alive without thrombosis or other device malfunction after first HeartMate II LVAD implantation (between January 2011 and June 2014), LV dimensions in end diastole (LVIDd) and end systole (LVIDs) were compared between pre-implant and optimal set speed pre-discharge echocardiography. LV dimension decrement indices (pre-implant dimension − optimal set speed dimension ÷ pre-implant dimension × 100) for LVIDd [LVIDdDI] and LVIDs [LVIDsDI] were calculated. Results The incidence of pump thrombosis was 0.06 per patient year ( n = 18, median time 8 [interquartile range 2, 17] months). Baseline characteristics including pre-operative LVIDd and LVIDs were similar between LVAD thrombosis and no thrombosis groups. After ventricular assist device implantation, set speed and other ramp parameters did not differ between groups. However, LVIDdDI (19 ± 13% vs 25 ± 11%, p = 0.04) and LVIDsDI (16 ± 16% vs 27 ± 13%, p = 0.008) were significantly lower in patients with later pump thrombosis. A cutoff value of ≤15% using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was 83% sensitive for LVIDdDI and LVIDsDI for predicting pump thrombosis. Patients with LVIDdDI of >15% vs ≤15% were significantly more likely to be free of pump thrombosis over a median follow-up period of 15 (interquartile range 9, 26) months (log-rank test, p = 0.045). Conclusions LV dimension decrement index at optimized speed setting on pre-discharge echocardiography is associated with LVAD thrombosis.
Action Research: An Improving Change Method

What is all the hype about regarding action research (AR)? What does AR mean in layman’s terms? Why do we need AR? Who should conduct AR? Where and when should it be conducted? These questions may seem easy for a person experienced in performing AR, but it does not have to be only for the experienced. There is a famous quote by Kurt Lewin, the father of social psychology, who created the phrase Action Research, “No action without research; no research without action.” Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore and evaluate AR.
The food and human security index: rethinking food security and 'growth'.

The goals of this article are multiple: to challenge conventional understandings of food security; to show that economic growth per se cannot be relied upon to adequately feed the world; to convince critics of economic growth to pay closer attention to issues related to food in their assessments of ‘development’; and to up-end established beliefs around the so-called Global North–South divide; and confront the belief that the latter must follow in the food-prints of the former. The author introduces the Food and Human Security Index (FHSI) with these ends in mind. A FHSI score is calculated for 126 countries by looking at indicators of objective and subjective well-being, nutrition, ecological sustainability, food dependency, and food-system market concentration. The ranking of scores has some counter-intuitive placements, which ought to be reflected upon as new lines are drawn around food security in the twenty-first century.
Review of Columns Behavior Under Biaxial Loading

Columns in a multi-story building framework are usually designed to resist bending moments acting in the plane of the frame. An actual column, however, is frequently subjected to bending moments acting in two perpendicular directions in addition to an axial load. Except in Great Britain, no such considerations are now included in column design. It is the purpose of this paper to survey the present stand of the problem of columns under biaxial loading. The survey deals with two equally important aspects of progress—New solutions emerging from the analytical study and experimental results reported from laboratory tests, with emphasis placed on the fundamental concepts advanced by various investigators. Three typical solutions ranging from an almost exact to a rather crude approximation have been selected for a rather detailed discussion. Comparison of the analytical work with test results is reviewed. Directions of further study are indicated.
II. Feyerabend's democratic relativism

This note criticizes the political consequences Feyerabend draws from his ‘epistemological anarchism’. Democratic relativism holds that since no traditions are ‘true’, all must be given equal status in a free society. A basic protective structure is required, though, to keep the various institutions from overwhelming one another. I argue that Feyerabend provides no assurance that the protective structure would not be taken over by particular institutions; parallel problems exist for education. Hence Feyerabend's proposal is unworkable in principle. Furthermore it is undesirable since members of traditions would not wish to have their beliefs regarded as ‘one set among many’. The pluralism Feyerabend wants already exists naturally in nontotalitarian societies; hence the institutionalization of pluralism is unnecessary and would do more harm than good.
Investigation of industrial-scale carbon dioxide reduction using pulsed electron beams

Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. To help mitigate increasing CO2 concentrations, we investigate a method of carbon dioxide reduction using high-power electron beams, which can be used on an industrial scale. A series of experiments are conducted in which the reduction of CO2 is measured for different gas compositions and power deposition rates. An electron beam deposition model is applied to compute reduction rates of CO2 and energy cost for breaking a CO2 molecule in flue gas and pure carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure. For flue gas consisting of 82% N2, 6% O2, and 12% CO2, the calculated energy cost is 85 eV per molecule. In order to dissociate 50% of the CO2 molecules, beam energy density deposition on the order of 20 J/cm3 is required. Electron beam irradiation of 12.6 liter gas volume containing 90% CO2 and 10% CH4 at beam energy density deposition of 4.2 J/cm3, accumulated over 43 shots in a 20 min interval, reduced the CO2 concentration to 78%....
Book Review: Conceptual Problems and Experimental Methods: Wittgenstein's Insights for Psychological Science

Review of Wittgenstein and Psychology: A Practical Guide By Rom Harre and Michael A. Tissaw Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2005, 310 pp., $35 US Ludwig Wittgenstein's theories of language ...
Laser Recrystallized Polysilicon on Sio2 for High Performance Resistors

We demonstrate, for the first time, a technique for the fabrication of polysilicon resistors with excellent control and temperature characteristics: a standard deviation of 2.5 Ω/□ and temperature variation of −5.6% from 25° to 125°C for 1.96kΩ/□, 4.5 × 1014 cm−2 boron implanted polysilicon resistors. The technique is based on fabricating resistors in laser recrystallized polysilicon on SiO2. Resistor performance is compared to that of similar resistors fabricated in standard LPCVD polysilicon and in single crystal silicon.
Inhomogeneous Distributions of Sub-Grains and Precipitates in Strip-Cast 3wt% Si Steel Sheet

A Fe-3wt% Si strip was produced using a vertical type twin-roll casting process. Sub-grains with an inhomogeneous distribution through the thickness direction were firstly observed in the as-cast strip. It was found that the surface layer was characterized by columnar grains containing lineage sub-grains, the subsurface layer was dominated by numerous polygonal sub-grains inside columnar grains or fine equiaxed grains, and the center layer was composed of coarse equiaxed grains without sub-grains. In addition, the sub-grain boundaries provided additional nucleation sites for precipitates and the nanoscale MnS particles were successfully obtained. Moreover, the average size of MnS precipitates in the surface layer was smaller than that in the subsurface layer. The inhomogeneous distributions of sub-grains and precipitates can be attributed to the large temperature gradient through the thickness direction during the strip casting process.
Differentiation in Organizations: A Comment on Miller and Conaty*

One of the most extensively researched theories in sociology is that of social differentiation. This is especially the case in the specialty of complex organizations (Blau; Gillespie and Mileti; Kimberly; Scott; and others). Indeed, a basic tenet of organization theory is that the net effect of organization growth is a more differentiated structure. This theory has been formalized by Blau and Blau and Schoenherr: (1) size is positively related to vertical and horizontal differentiation; (2) vertical differentiation is negatively related to horizontal differentiation; (3) geographical differentiation is interchangeable with size, thus adding little merit to the theory; and (4) relationships in the theory are not all of the same shape, some are linear while others are curvilinear. Recently, Mileti et al. (208) have claimed to alter and extend the formal theory of differentiation in organizations as put forth by Blau. They claimed; (1) size and geographical differentiation are not interchangeable: (2) geographical differentiation is a cause of increased vertical and horizontal differentiation, as revealed when the effects of size are controlled; and (3) vertical and horizontal differentiation are positively related when geographical differentiation is introduced into the theory. In addition to the theoretical significance attached to geographical differentiation, Mileti et al. concluded (1) that organizations continuing to grow in size (but not in geographical differentiation) will eventually stabilize in terms of vertical differentiation, whereas organizations which continue to increase their geographical differentiation are likely to experience continued vertical differentiation at an increasing rate regardless of changes in size; and (2) that increased vertical differentiation will continue to cause greater differentiation in horizontal differentiation. These conclusions altered significantly Blau's original theory that vertical differentiation results in less pronounced horizontal differentiation. Most recently, Miller and Conaty, in a reanalysis of Mileti et al., and
Far Ultraviolet Circular Dichroism of Oligosaccharides

Although many biological polymers possess both structural and information carrying functions, molecules such as DNA and messenger RNA are usually associated with the latter function while collagen and bacterial cell wall polysaccharides are thought of as mainly structural. That such a division should not be made along strictly chemical lines is shown by the example of ribosomal RNA, whose role is structural, and by the protein hormones which carry information between cells of higher organisms. Although a purely structural and metabolic function has generally been envisioned for the carbohydrate biopolymers, it is instructive to consider what, if any, informational role might be played by the sugars.
Postischemic conditioning does not reduce muscle injury after tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

Abstract Background The widespread application of tourniquets has reduced battlefield mortality related to extremity exsanguinations. Tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) can contribute to muscle loss. Postischemic conditioning (PostC) confers protection against I/R in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle flaps. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of PostC on extremity muscle viability in an established rat hindlimb tourniquet model. Methods Rats were randomly assigned to PostC-1, PostC-2, or no conditioning ischemic groups (n = 10 per group). Postischemic conditioning, performed immediately after tourniquet release, consisted of four 15-second cycles (PostC-1) or eight 15-second cycles (PostC-2) of alternating occlusion and perfusion of hindlimbs. Twenty-four hours later, muscles were excised. The primary end points were muscle edema and viability; secondary end points were histologic and markers of oxidative stress. Results Ischemia-reperfusion injury decreased viability in all tourniquet limbs, but viability was not improved in either PostC group. Likewise, I/R resulted in substantial muscle edema that was not reduced by PostC. The predominant histologic feature was necrosis, but no significant differences were found among groups. Markers of oxidative stress were increased similarly among groups after I/R, although myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased only in the no conditioning ischemic group. A protective effect from PostC was not observed in our model suggesting that PostC was not effective in reducing I/R skeletal muscle injury or any benefits of PostC were not sustained for 24 hours when tissues were assessed. Conclusion These negative findings are pertinent as the military investigates different strategies to extend the safe time for tourniquet application.
Dynamic simulation of shaft furnace roasting process with METSIM

Shaft furnace roasting is widely used in the mineral concentration industry in China. Its key production quality index is magnetic tube recovery ratio(MTRR), which cannot be measured online. Therefore, in practice MTRR is controlled by the operational optimal control technique. The design of operational optimal control strategy heavily relies on experiments conducted on real industrial process, to establish the dynamic response relationship between MTRR and the major control variables. Such practice is of high cost and risk. To solve this problem, this paper introduces a dynamic model of shaft furnace roasting process based on METSIM, a metallurgical process simulation package. The model connects to a process controller, which is similar to the control system used in practice, forming a semi-physical simulation system. The dynamic relationship between MTRR and the temperature of the burning chamber can be achieved by carrying out virtual simulation experiment on the proposed system. The model has been validated by real data. The proposed system can be used as a testing and experiment tool for the design of operational optimal control system.
Transient ureteral dilatation associated with infantile infectious sacroiliitis.

AbstractWe report a case of ureteral dilatation associated with septic arthritis of the ipsilateral sacroiliac joint in an infant. Recognition, diagnosis and management of this uncommon entity are discussed.
Some mathematical topics in the analytic hierarchy process

Decisions involving several criteria and alternatives need a correct procedure to combine weights to make tradeoffs and select the best alternatives. There are two parts to the problem, both of which need proof. The first is how to generate judgments and associate numbers with them, and the second is how to combine these numbers in a meaningful way to get an answer.
Interactive influences of climate change and agriculture on aquatic habitat in a Pacific Northwestern watershed

Climate change and agricultural intensification are two potential stressors that may pose significant threats to aquatic habitats in the inland Pacific Northwest over the next century. Climate change may impact running water through numerous pathways, including effects on water temperature and stream flow. In certain regions of the Pacific Northwest, agricultural activities, such as crop production, may become more profitable if water projects result in more irrigation water. If so, riparian buffers in these areas may be converted into cropland, which may in turn affect aquatic habitats through increases in sediment and agrochemical runoff into streams. We used currently available downscaled temperature and hydrology data in combination with a habitat quality framework developed for Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) to predict how different levels of each stressor, alone and in combination, may impact aquatic habitats in an inland Pacific Northwest watershed dominated by high-value agriculture—the Umatilla Subbasin. We developed spatially explicit predictions for how changes in stream flow and water temperature associated with three climate change scenarios and loss of riparian buffers in two agricultural intensification scenarios may impact aquatic habitats. We also examined the cumulative effects of the interaction of extreme climate change and agricultural intensification scenarios. Our results show that all three climate change scenarios are expected to primarily impact aquatic habitat in the upper Subbasin. In contrast, agricultural intensification scenarios did not have large impacts on temperature, but are predicted to affect other water quality variables in the lower Subbasin. A moderate scenario of agricultural intensification had relatively little effect on aquatic habitat, whereas the removal of all riparian buffers in agriculturally viable areas had a substantially negative effect on sediment, embeddedness, and large woody debris in the lower Subbasin. Interactions between the most extreme climate change and agricultural intensification scenarios reflected a complementarity of effects, with climate change primarily affecting the upper Subbasin and agricultural intensification primarily impacting the lower Subbasin. This work suggests that the Umatilla Subbasin and similar watersheds will present a challenging habitat for warm water- and pollution-intolerant species in the coming century.
Colonoscopic detection of a malignant melanoma metastatic to a tubular adenoma of the colon: report of a case.

Metastasis of a malignant neoplasm to a benign tumor is an infrequent event. Adenomatous polyps of the colon have only been reported on three occasions acting as host tumors. We report the first case where a malignant melanoma metastasizing to a tubular adenoma in the colon was detected during colonoscopy. METHODS: An 85-yearold male with dementia and right hemiparesis presented to the hospital with change of bowel habits, signs and symptoms of anal incontinence, and a perianal ulcer. On physical examination, multiple subcutaneous nodules over his chest and abdominal wall were detected, and laboratory data revealed iron deficiency anemia. A colonoscopy was performed. RESULTS: During colonoscopy, a pedunculated, greenish-brown–colored polyp measuring 2 cm in greatest dimension located in the transverse colon was identified and snared. Pathology of this polyp was consistent with a malignant melanoma infiltrating into a tubular adenoma. Subsequently, one of the subcutaneous lesions was biopsied and this revealed malignant melanoma cells metastatic in soft tissue. The primary site of the malignant melanoma could not be identified. CONCLUSION: Polyp-cancer sequence is well documented in colorectal cancer. The vast majority of malignant lesions found in adenomatous polyps in the colon are the consequences of malignant transformation from benign neoplastic colonic adenomatous tissue. The possibility that colonic adenomatous polyps could harbor metastatic tumors should also be entertained. This could change the treatment and may require an appropriate workup.
Latent Profiles of Reading and Language and Their Association With Standardized Reading Outcomes in Kindergarten Through Tenth Grade

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to determine the latent profiles of reading and language skills that characterized 7,752 students in kindergarten through tenth grade and to relate the profiles to norm-referenced reading outcomes. Reading and language skills were assessed with a computer-adaptive assessment administered in the middle of the year and reading outcome measures were administered at the end of the year. Three measures of reading comprehension were administered in third through tenth grades to create a latent variable. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted on the reading and language measures and related to reading outcomes in multiple regression analyses. Within-grade multiple regressions were subjected to a linear step-up correction to guard against false-discovery rate. LPA results revealed five to six profiles in the elementary grades and three in the secondary grades that were strongly related to standardized reading outcomes, with average absolute between-profile effect sizes...
Using Stories to Facilitate Learning.

ABSTRACTStories represent a fundamental way by which we interpret our experiences. They tap into our natural predispositions of seeking pattern, perceiving agency, simulating and connecting events, and imputing meaning into what we experience. Instructors can take advantage of this predisposition and facilitate student learning by viewing stories from a broad perspective and intentionally connecting stories and storytelling principles to the concepts and principles they want students to learn. Instructors can capture students' attention, nurture a more social atmosphere, and engage their students' emotions and cognitive abilities. Previous work on using stories to teach has highlighted four types of story-based instruction: case-, narrative-, scenario-, and problem-based. I extend this work by offering practical suggestions for incorporating stories into the classroom. I list possible objectives, discuss methods, and share examples that range from simply sharing a relevant story or anecdote or incorporati...
Outbreak of Occupational Brucellosis at a Pharmaceutical Factory in Southeast China.

Brucellosis is an occupational disease affecting workers in butcher shops, the milking and dairy product industry, causing more than 500 000 new cases around the world. As a national statutory B infectious disease in China, morbidity of brucellosis is rapidly increasing in recent years. We report an occupational outbreak of brucellosis infection in a pharmaceutical factory. Exposure was a result of manual operation in the process line, close contact with sheep placentas, insufficient disinfection and repeated using of protective suits and infected by aerosol dissemination. Improved preventive methods, appropriate public health measures and spread of health education would be helpful to prevent the occupational outbreak of brucellosis in future.
Microgrid expansion through a compressed air assisted wind energy system

In a traditional power distribution system, as the community expands, the system designer plans to upgrade the capacity of transmission line to the load center. However, integrating a distributed energy resource and distributed energy storage could be an alternative to decrease the microgrid's dependence on transmission line.
Educating in a ‘Regressive Era’: Exploring the Race-Full Ideological Standpoint of Black Women Teachers

The purpose of this 2-year phenomenological study was to build on the legacy of Black women educators before and after Brown v. Board of Education and examine the ideological standpoint of early career Black women educators from the millennial generation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three Black women educators teaching in New York City public schools serving predominantly Black and Latinx students in order to explore how they conceptualize their sociopolitical context and implications for their teaching. Critical Race Theory and ideological clarity are used as conceptual tools to reveal contradictions informing the educational context for Black and Brown teachers and youth. Two of these contradictions are that: (1) Many liberals and conservatives tout that we have moved towards a progressive post-racial era, when in fact, this time period is characterized by heightened surveillance and criminalization of Black and Brown youth, and (2) Generally, educational programs promoting equity and democracy actually reinforce White supremacy and maintain social stratification. These findings have implications for teachers and teacher educators as they develop the clarity needed to build movements to shift common sense paradigms in education that have maintained the subordination of Black and Brown children for decades.
Lyme carditis with complete heart block: management with an external pacemaker.

Lyme carditis is an uncommon disease entity with potential complications of the conductive system such as advanced atrioventricular (AV) nodal block which can be life‐threatening if quick diagnosis and early therapy is not initiated. Here, we present an interesting case of a 26‐year‐old gentleman with Lyme carditis who was managed with emergent external pacemaker placement and antibiotic therapy.