cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
16 The Genomes of Myxococcus xanthus and Stigmatella aurantiaca

This chapter discusses and compares the genomic sequences of Myxococcus xanthus DK1622 (hereafter referred to as DK1622 or strain DK1622) and Stigmatella aurantiaca DW4/3-1 (hereafter referred to as DW4/3-1 or strain DW4/3-1), two related aerobic, fruiting-body-forming myxobacteria. The structure and complexity of the S. aurantiaca fruiting body are the primary characteristics distinguishing it from M. xanthus DK1622, as well as the production of the signaling pheromone stigmolone, which may be analogous to the M. xanthus DK1622 quorum-sensing A-signal. Having the genome sequence of both organisms will greatly facilitate research into these and other myxobacteria-specific phenotypic traits. The M. xanthus DK1622 genome, initially sequenced to 4.5 coverage by Monsanto, was completed at The Institute for Genomic Research by additional random Sequencing. Both auto- and manual annotation were performed on the closed genome. Unlike most other prokaryotes, the myxobacteria exhibit social behavior and multicellular development. Such complex behavior is correlated with their large genomes. Gliding motility has also been extensively studied in M. xanthus DK1622, which, rather than swimming, hunts by gliding over the soil surface as a coordinated aggregation of thousands of cells, an essential element of its complex lifestyle. Myxobacteria feed by lysing cells of other bacteria and yeasts. Bioactive compounds synthesized and secreted through secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters may aid predation and inhibit competition. The control of development in M. xanthus and S. aurantiaca is likely to be very similar based on the presence of DW4/3-1 orthologs to the genes controlling development in strain DK1622.
Risikotagning blandt unge:—udviklingsprocesser og kulturmønstre

Risk behavior was investigated among 1053 Danish adolescents aged 12–20. Driving a car while intoxicated was rare even among the oldest adolescents, but riding a bicycle while intoxicated was engag...
Our Hydraulic Engineering Profession

Abstract This 2015 Hunter Rouse Hydraulic Engineering Lecture reflects on the synergy between facts/knowledge and imagination/creativity. Our hydraulic engineering profession deals primarily with h...
Special Tax Zones and the WTO

Since the SCM agreement was enacted in 1995, the global leadership in the field of STZs has shifted from the OECD to the WTO. The WTO general agreement includes a broad set of policy goals that goes beyond trade relationships, but its legal framework has been systematically narrowed to the task of assuring market access, non-discrimination, and fairness in trade. Other relevant issues that has impacts on trade, such as for example harmful tax competition or tax base erosion, has not been sufficiently weighted and has been treated as secondary items. As of today, having passed more than 20 years since the enactment of the first WTO agreements, the WTO overall treatment of STZs appears to be inconsistent with the general policy goals of the organization. While service STZs generally remain free from challenge because there are no formal subsidy rules concerning services, manufacturing STZs with substantial activities have been significantly curtailed by the SCM Agreement. The disparity in the treatment of “goods” and “services” has produced a negative impact on developing countries, as they tend to rely more on manufacturing STZs to achieve economic growth, while benefitting developed countries, which to rely more on offshore banking, technology, and financial services STZs in order and attract investment. The fairness and distributional concerns raised by this disparity in treatment has also been placed in a secondary position, on the grounds that the objectives of the WTO are limited to market access, freedom, and non-discrimination in trade. This perspective, however, is not consistent with the rationale and general policy goals of the organization, as provided by the main WTO agreement.
Medical aspects of capital punishment executions

Between 1976 and the middle of 2001, approximately 718 human executions occurred in the U.S. (a small segment of worldwide executions). Data regarding the medical aspects of these executions are not readily available. We searched all public domain data in the U.S. to obtain specific data for all persons executed in the U.S. since 1976. Of the five methods of execution used (lethal injection, lethal gas, electrocution, hanging, and firing squad), significant differences emerged as measured by rate of complications, duration of time spent by the condemned in the "death chamber," as well as duration of time from the onset of execution procedures to pronouncement of death. These data suggest that human executions are difficult to carry out. Human executions are associated with significant physical complications. These data may help inform future discussions on human executions.
Gender Differences in the Reporting of Vocal Fatigue in Teachers as Quantified by the Vocal Fatigue Index.

Objectives:Occupational voice users report higher instances of vocal health problems. Women, who are more likely than men to report voice problems, are the largest members of some occupational voic...
Physical properties of some unfilled resins employed in semiconductor packages

We have performed thermo-mechanical and electrical tests on epoxy resin samples used for semiconductor packaging applications. The reported resins are commonly used in Texas Instrument Incorporated...
The Uses of Suffering: Victims as Moral Beacons or Icons of Grievance

This chapter considers the suffering caused by war as a distinct phenomenon from victim identity, and the emotional labour of managing suffering. It examines the relationship between suffering and victimhood and how victims themselves, or others, relying on the suffering of victims, use the victim status in the political arena to call for continued war, reparations, justice or retribution. Victim identity is a co-production of the individual and their social and political environment, and depends on the sufferer having a ‘grievable life’ (Butler). In addition, the establishment and maintenance of a victim identity depends on the ability to sustain a victim narrative. Where the suffering ‘other’ is dehumanised and their life is not considered grievable, then a politics of compassion is precluded. Thus the politics of victimhood becomes configured into the continuation of conflict.
The Clinical Usefulness of the Induced Tropia Test for Amblyopia

The technique of inducing a deviation with a prism to aid the observation of a patient's binocular fixation pattern has been said to identify patients with amblyopia and to differentiate amblyopia ...
Five Factor Model of Personality, Assessment of

The Five Factor Model (FFM) is a hierarchical taxonomy of personality traits. At the superordinate level are five factors labeled Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability (vs Neuroticism), and Intellect (or Openness). Below this level are several more specific personality traits that are summarized by these five higher-order dimensions. In this article, we briefly describe the lexical and questionnaire approaches that led to the development of the FFM, and review measures that derive from these two traditions, measuring both higher- and lower-order traits. In addition, we discuss abbreviated instruments, measures that assess variants of the FFM, an open source personality item pool, and a structured interview. Future research will improve upon FFM assessment by examining the five factor structure across languages and developmental periods, and detailing the structure of personality traits at lower levels of the trait hierarchy.
Abella: A Tutorial

Abella is an interactive theorem prover aimed at developing the meta-theory of programming languages, logics, and other systems with binding. Abella uses a higher-order abstract syntax representation of object systems, and the Abella logic provides rich features for manipulating this representation. The result is that binding-related issues are handled automatically by Abella, so users are freed to focus directly on the interesting parts of their proofs. This tutorial explains these concepts in depth and illustrates them through examples from various domains.
Design of complex optical coatings

Abstract Thin film design can be loosely subdivided into two categories: refinement, where suitable starting designs are optimized using numerical algorithms, and synthesis, referring to different methods for generating design solutions virtually from scratch. This chapter first reviews several successful thin film synthesis approaches. It then discusses the desensitization of design solutions to manufacturing errors, and shows several examples of hybrid situations outside the classical framework, where interference in the coating is not the only concern, or where the geometry of the problem significantly complicates the modeling.
Stimulus-responsive hydrogels: Theory, modern advances, and applications

Over the past century, hydrogels have emerged as effective materials for an immense variety of applications. The unique network structure of hydrogels enables very high levels of hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, while at the same time exhibiting the soft physical properties associated with living tissue, making them ideal biomaterials. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels have been especially impactful, allowing for unprecedented levels of control over material properties in response to external cues. This enhanced control has enabled groundbreaking advances in healthcare, allowing for more effective treatment of a vast array of diseases and improved approaches for tissue engineering and wound healing. In this extensive review, we identify and discuss the multitude of response modalities that have been developed, including temperature, pH, chemical, light, electro, and shear-sensitive hydrogels. We discuss the theoretical analysis of hydrogel properties and the mechanisms used to create these responses, highlighting both the pioneering and most recent work in all of these fields. Finally, we review the many current and proposed applications of these hydrogels in medicine and industry.
Evaluation of 1,2,3‐Triazoles as Amide Bioisosteres In Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulators VX‐770 and VX‐809

The 1,2,3-triazole has been successfully utilized as an amide bioisostere in multiple therapeutic contexts. Based on this precedent, triazole analogues derived from VX-809 and VX-770, prominent amide-containing modulators of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), were synthesized and evaluated for CFTR modulation. Triazole 11, derived from VX-809, displayed markedly reduced efficacy in F508del-CFTR correction in cellular TECC assays in comparison to VX-809. Surprisingly, triazole analogues derived from potentiator VX-770 displayed no potentiation of F508del, G551D, or WT-CFTR in cellular Ussing chamber assays. However, patch clamp analysis revealed that triazole 60 potentiates WT-CFTR similarly to VX-770. The efficacy of 60 in the cell-free patch clamp experiment suggests that the loss of activity in the cellular assay could be due to the inability of VX-770 triazole derivatives to reach the CFTR binding site. Moreover, in addition to the negative impact on biological activity, triazoles in both structural classes displayed decreased metabolic stability in human microsomes relative to the analogous amides. In contrast to the many studies that demonstrate the advantages of using the 1,2,3-triazole, these findings highlight the negative impacts that can arise from replacement of the amide with the triazole and suggest that caution is warranted when considering use of the 1,2,3-triazole as an amide bioisostere.
A Mobile App for Diagnosing Horses’ Diseases

Horses’ owners do not have enough tools to diagnose their horses’ disease without well-trained veterinarians. Horses are so precious to them that they suffer emotionally and economically if something bad happens to their horses. Health Information Technologies (HITs) offer a lot of useful tools for human to help self-diagnose and treat her/his disease, however, HITs are not enough to provide appropriate self-diagnosis ways for animals. The research suggests a self-diagnosis app for horses’ disease to assist horses’ owners to diagnose and treat horses without the presence of veterinarians by applying design research methods. An online survey was conducted to collect the owner’s requirements and made a prototype of the app by using Justinmind tool. The results of the online survey show that most owners are willing to use the app. We also consulted veterinarians and experts and they confirmed that the apps would be useful for diagnosing horses.
Employment and Job Benefits Among Those With Spinal Cord Dysfunction: A Comparison of People With Spinal Cord Injury and Multiple Sclerosis.

Abstract Objective (1) Identify the proportion of participants with spinal cord dysfunction (SCD) reporting each of 10 job benefits and compare the proportions between participants with spinal cord injury (SCI) and multiple sclerosis (MS); and (2) examine if diagnostic criteria, demographics, education level, and functional limitations are associated with the number of job benefits received. Design Econometric modeling of cross-sectional data using a 2-step data analytic model of employment and job benefits. Setting Medical university in the southeastern United States. Participants Participants (N=2624) were identified from the southeastern United States. After eliminating those age 65 and older, there were 2624 adult participants with SCD; 1234 had MS and 1390 had SCI. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Current employment status; number of benefits received and specific benefits received. Results A greater proportion of participants with MS received benefits, with significant differences observed on all but 1 type of benefit. Among those who were employed, a greater number of benefits was associated with having MS, greater education, younger age, married or in an unmarried couple, and not having functional restrictions with cognition, doing errands, or shopping alone in the community, and walking. Conclusions Employed participants with MS were more likely to receive job benefits, indicative of a higher quality of employment, compared to participants with SCI. Employment without benefits is a form of underemployment that disproportionately affects individuals with many of the same characteristics that initially lead to disparities in probability of gainful employment.
Bank Competition and Firm Creation

This paper investigates the empirical relationship between competition in the financial sector and the creation of firms in the non-financial sector. It finds that bank competition has an overall positive effect on firm creation. However, consistent with theories of banking arguing that competition may reduce the availability of credit to informationally opaque firms, it also finds that asymmetric information limits the overall positive effect of bank competition on firm creation. Indeed, bank competition is less favorable to the emergence of new firms in industrial sectors where informational asymmetries are more important, and in extreme cases has a negative effect.
Performance of droop-controlled microgrids with heterogeneous inverter ratings

This paper characterizes synchronization performance and total transient power losses in droop-controlled microgrids with heterogeneously rated inverters. We consider frequency and voltage dynamics for a Kron-reduced network model with highly inductive lines in the presence of impulse disturbances. We quantify the total transient frequency and voltage deviations from synchrony and the associated total transient resistive losses through the £2 norm of the system output. We derive closed-form expressions for this norm that depend on the heterogeneous droop gains and properties of the network. Our results indicate the importance of inertia in mitigating transient frequency deviations. We also show that if disturbances are uniform, the transient resistive losses are given by a monotonically decreasing function of the active power droop gains regardless of the network topology. Numerical examples further analyze these losses, revealing that they can be amplified by high droop gain heterogeneity. This relationship indicates that non-uniform power sharing requirements can limit performance.
Walking the Walk: Using Classroom Analytics to Support Instructors to Address Implicit Bias in Teaching.

Implicit bias is an issue that all instructors must face in their classrooms; this article describes an academic development method to help instructors address it. The method centres on EQUIP (http...
Benchmarking DNA Methylation Assays for Marine Invertebrates

Abstract Interrogation of chromatin modifications, such as DNA methylation, has potential to improve forecasting and conservation of marine ecosystems. The standard method for assaying DNA methylation (Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing), however, is too costly to apply at the scales required for ecological research. Here we evaluate different methods for measuring DNA methylation for ecological epigenetics. We compare Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS) with Methylated CpG Binding Domain Sequencing (MBD-seq), and a modified version of MethylRAD we term methylation-dependent Restriction site-Associated DNA sequencing (mdRAD). We evaluate these three assays in measuring variation in methylation across the genome, between genotypes, and between polyp types in the reef-building coral Acropora millepora. We find that all three assays measure absolute methylation levels similarly, with tight correlations for methylation of gene bodies (gbM), as well as exons and 1Kb windows. Correlations for differential gbM between genotypes were weaker, but still concurrent across assays. We detected little to no reproducible differences in gbM between polyp types. We conclude that MBD-seq and mdRAD are reliable cost-effective alternatives to WGBS. Moreover, the considerably lower sequencing effort required for mdRAD to produce comparable methylation estimates makes it particularly useful for ecological epigenetics.
An Ignored Argument for Scientific Realism

Why believe in scientific realism? The answer that overwhelms the mainstream debate is “the no-miracles argument” (NMA): realism best explains the observational success of scientific theories. Yet more than thirty years ago another argument was proposed by Smart, Devitt, Glymour, McMullin, and Salmon and called “the basic argument” (BA) by Devitt: realism best explains the observed phenomena. Rather than having been addressed and assessed since, BA has been almost entirely ignored. The paper carefully distinguishes BA from NMA and argues that whereas NMA is dubious, BA is good. Why has BA been ignored? Experience suggests that philosophers may find it too close to science and mistakenly hanker after a “more philosophical” justification for realism. No such justification is needed or desirable.
Fate of Aflatoxins during Almond Oil Processing.

ABSTRACT Almonds rejected as inedible are often used for production of almond oil. However, low-quality almonds are frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, and little is known regarding transfer of aflatoxins to almond oil during processing. In this study, oil was produced from reject almonds by hexane extraction. Of 19 almond samples that were naturally contaminated with aflatoxins, 17 oil samples contained measurable amounts of aflatoxins, and aflatoxin content of contaminated oil was correlated with aflatoxin content of the nuts. However, oil aflatoxin levels were not correlated with the oxidation level of the oil as measured by percent free fatty acids and peroxide value. Adsorbents used in oil refining were tested for their ability to remove aflatoxins from contaminated oil. Fuller's earth and bentonite were the most effective, removing 96 and 86% of total aflatoxins from contaminated oil samples, respectively. Treatment with diatomaceous earth, in contrast, had no effect on aflatoxin levels in oil. These results show that oil refining steps using mineral clay adsorbents may also function to remove aflatoxins from contaminated oil. HIGHLIGHTS
Outmigration Survival of a Threatened Steelhead Population through a Tidal Estuary

Juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are exposed to numerous threats in heterogeneous, estuarine environments, yet understanding of survival patterns and processes during this migratory stage i...
Microbiota responses to different prebiotics are conserved within individuals and associated with habitual fiber intake

Abstract Background Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) derived from gut bacteria are associated with protective roles in diseases ranging from obesity to colorectal cancers. Intake of microbially accessible dietary fibers (prebiotics) lead to varying effects on SCFA production in human studies, and gut microbial responses to nutritional interventions vary by individual. It is therefore possible that prebiotic therapies will require customizing to individuals. Results Here, we explored prebiotic personalization by conducting a three-way crossover study of three prebiotic treatments in healthy adults. We found that within individuals, metabolic responses were correlated across the three prebiotics. Individual identity, rather than prebiotic choice, was also the major determinant of SCFA response. Across individuals, prebiotic response was inversely related to basal fecal SCFA concentration, which, in turn, was associated with habitual fiber intake. Experimental measures of gut microbial SCFA production for each participant also negatively correlated with fiber consumption, supporting a model in which individuals’ gut microbiota are limited in their overall capacity to produce fecal SCFAs from fiber. Conclusions Our findings support developing personalized prebiotic regimens that focus on selecting individuals who stand to benefit, and that such individuals are likely to be deficient in fiber intake.
Pharmacokinetics of Ruxolitinib in HIV Suppressed Individuals on Antiretroviral Agent Therapy from the ACTG A5336 Study

Ruxolitinib is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved orally administered Janus kinase (1/2) inhibitor that reduces cytokine-induced inflammation. As part of a randomized, phase 2, open-label trial, ruxolitinib (10 mg twice daily) was administered to HIV-positive, virologically suppressed individuals (33 men, 7 women) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 5 weeks. Herein, we report the population PK subsequently determined from this study. Plasma concentrations of ruxolitinib (294 samples) and antiretroviral agents were measured at week 1 (N = 39 participants) and week 4 or 5 (N = 37). Ruxolitinib PK was adequately described with a 2-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination with distribution volumes normalized to mean body weight (91.5 kg) and a separate typical clearance for participants administered efavirenz (a known cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer). Participants administered an ART regimen with efavirenz had an elevated typical apparent oral clearance versus the integrase inhibitor regimen group (22.5 vs 12.9 L/hr; N = 14 vs 25). Post hoc predicted apparent oral clearance was likewise more variable and higher (P < .0001) in those administered efavirenz. There was an ≈25% variation in ruxolitinib plasma exposures between week 1 and week 4/5. ART plasma concentrations resembled those from PK studies without ruxolitinib. Therefore, integrase inhibitor-based ART regimens may be preferred over efavirenz-based regimens when ruxolitinib is administered to HIV-positive individuals.
Improving the Quality of Radiofrequency Bioeffects Research: The Need for a Carrot and a Stick.

This commentary considers research needs for radiofrequency (RF) energy above 6 GHz, including in the "high band" of 5G New Radio (NR) communications systems that exists just beneath the mm-wave band (30-300 GHz). As of late 2020, approximately 100 RF bioeffects studies have been published involving exposures above 6 GHz, encompassing a wide range of exposure levels and frequencies. A majority of these studies report statistically significant effects of exposure, many at exposures within international safety limits. This commentary examines 31 genetic damage studies involving RF exposures above 6 GHz in the context of two sets of quality-assessment criteria: 1. "Risk of bias" (RoB) criteria used for systematic reviews of health-related studies; and 2. a broader set of criteria for research quality from a different scholarly approach (metascience). The 31 studies report several statistically significant effects of exposure on different markers for genetic damage. These effects, if real, would have great potential significance for carcinogen risk assessment. However, the studies as a group have significant technical weaknesses, including small size, failure to meet multiple RoB criteria, naive use of statistics, and lack of prespecified hypotheses and methods of analysis, all of which increase the chances of false discovery. Here we propose a "carrot" (adequate funding to support high-quality research) and a "stick" (more stringent review of bioeffects manuscripts, including explicit instructions to reviewers to assess study quality) approach to increase the reliability of RF bioeffects studies to facilitate health agency reviews of this socially controversial topic.
Philosophical Perspectives on Democracy in the Twenty-First Century: Introduction

Recent global movements, including the Arab Spring, the Occupy Movement, as well as polarizing events in the US, such as the Citizens United ruling, invite a rethinking of the meaning, desirability, and feasibility of democracy in the twenty-first century. Technological changes have increased democratic participation, but have yet to improve democratic deliberation. Ideological differences have engendered incivility and unwillingness to compromise. Philosophical reflection offers opportunities not only to scrutinize the implications of these changes for democracy but also to reevaluate the nature and meaning of the core concepts of political theory. This chapter interprets the contemporary context of democracy in light of recent developments, and offers an overview of the issues considered in the chapters of this book.
Were price changes during the Great Depression anticipated

Abstract This paper reassesses whether the large swings in prices during the 1930's were anticipated. We argue that uncertainty about monetary, fiscal, and exchange rate policies induced systematic differences between the rate of price change expected by economic agents at the time and the time series forecasts of inflation. Our analysis of nominal interest rates and ex post inflation strongly supports this view. In fact. our results suggest that the deflation of the early Depression years and the inflation that followed were both largely unanticipated.
On Tournament Behavior in Hedge Funds: High Water Marks, Managerial Horizon, and the Backfilling Bias

We analyze the risk choices by hedge funds that perform poorly, relative to other funds and in absolute terms - and test predictions on the extent to which these decisions are related to the fund's incentive contract, investment horizon and dissemination of performance information. We find that tournament behavior is more prevalent in the (backfilled) period when funds may be at an incubation stage, before they start voluntarily reporting to a database. Excluding backfilled data, we find that variance shifts depend on absolute rather than relative fund performance. Consistent with theoretical arguments, the propensity for losing funds to increase risk is significantly weaker among those that tie the manager's incentive pay to the fund's high-water mark - suggesting a possible benefit from such incentive structures - and among funds that face little immediate risk of closure. Overall, the combination of factors such as reporting performance to a database, high-water mark provisions, and low risk of fund closure appear to make poorly performing funds more conservative with regard to risk-shifting.
Thermal Inactivation Characteristics of Bacillus subtilis Spores at Ultrahigh Temperatures

The thermal inactivation characteristics of Bacillus subtilis A spores suspended in skim milk with the use of large-scale ultrahigh temperature (UHT) processing equipment were investigated in terms of survival as measured with two plating media. Data on survival immediately after UHT treatments were recorded in temperature-survivor curves, time-survivor curves, and decimal reduction time (DRT) curves. The temperature-survivor curves emphasized that inactivation is accelerated more by increases in the treatment temperature than by increases in the exposure time. Time-survivor curves and DRT curves were not linear. Generally, exceedingly concave time-survivor curves were observed with the standard plating medium; however, only slightly concave curves were observed when CaCl(2) and sodium dipicolinate were added to the medium. For a given UHT sample, larger D values were obtained by use of the medium with the added CaCl(2) and sodium dipicolinate. The DRT curves of all data were concave and appeared to have two discrete slopes (z(D) values). The z(D) values observed in the upper UHT range (above 260 F; 127 C) were twice those observed at lower test temperatures.
The glycopeptide linkage of ribonuclease B.

Abstract A micro method, employing the fluorescent 1-dimethyl-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl (dansyl) group, was developed for the detection of the 1-l-β-aspartamido[-2-acetamido]-1, 2-dideoxy-β-d-glucose linkage in glycoproteins. With this procedure, dansyl 1-l-β-aspartamido[-2-acetamido]-1,2-dideoxy-β-d-glucose was isolated from an acid hydrolysis of the dansylated ribonuclease B glycopeptide. Similar results were obtained with the glycopeptide from ovalbumin. Confirmation for the N-acetylglucosamine-asparagine linkage was obtained with a glycopeptide amidohydrolase isolated from hen oviduct, an enzyme that hydrolyzes 1-l-β-aspartamido[-2-acetamido]-1,2-dideoxy-β-d-glucose to N-acetyl-glucosamine, aspartic acid, and ammonia. With the use of this enzyme it was shown that N-acetylglucosamine was on the reducing end of the polysaccharides enzymically released from the ribonuclease B and ovalbumin glycopeptides. Treatment of the ribonuclease B glycopeptide with periodate or β-N-acetylglucosaminidase did not affect the glucosamine content of the glycopeptide. These results indicate that the second glucosamine moiety of the ribonuclease glycopeptide is located internally in the polysaccharide and is glycosidically linked at either position 3 or 4.
Design of the 26.7 MHz RF cavity for RHIC

The accelerating system for RHIC operates at 26.7 MHz (h=342) and must capture the injected beam, accelerate it to top energy, and shorten the bunches prior to rebucketing into the storage (h=2508) system. These different functions set the design parameters of the cavity. The frequency of 26.7 MHz has been chosen in order to provide large enough buckets to capture the injected beam from the AGS and a large linear region for debunching during a bunch rotation at top energy. Provision of the large linear region also dictates the voltage requirement of 400 kV per cavity. The cavity must be tuned /spl sim/90 kHz to compensate for the change in speed of the gold beam.
[60]Fullerene-linked gold nanoparticles: synthesis and layer-by-layer growth on a solid surface

The facile synthesis of soluble and isolable [60]fullerene-linked gold nanoparticles and layer-by-layer assembly of C60/nanoparticle films on the solid surface were studied.
Which ventilators and modes can be used to deliver noninvasive ventilation

A wide variety of ventilators and modes can be used to deliver noninvasive ventilation (NIV). To navigate successfully through the many options, the clinician must first have a clear understanding of the goals of mechanical ventilation: namely, safety, comfort, and timely liberation. Examining the specific objectives associated with these goals, we can distinguish priorities for NIV. This paper reviews the methods of achieving those objectives by reviewing the characteristics of ventilation modes and how those characteristics are measured in performance-evaluation studies. This review provides the basis for a simple procedure for selecting the most appropriate NIV technology for the patient and the environment of care.
Addendum to "Lumped parameter electromechanics of electret transducers"

An error in a Maxwell stress tensor integral of the previous publication is identified, and two new volume and surface integration methods are presented as a check on the original lumped parameter electromechanical formulation. The two new methods verify the original result and clarify the issue of the effect of polarization forces on the electret.
An Analytic Model of Stratification for Liquid-Based Solar Systems

Accurate modeling of solar air or liquid heating, cooling, or domestic hot water with storage generally requires an accounting of the stratification within such storage. Overall system performance may be significantly affected by the storage temperature distribution. Most current stratification models utilize a finite difference scheme for solution to the general equations. An analytic method to determine the temperature distribution has been derived for liquid storage within a solar system. In liquid storage, it is assumed incoming fluid enters at the location with the temperature closest to its own. Hence, the solution requires the possibility of a region within storage where there is no forced flow. In addition, there may be collector loop flow, load loop flow, or both concurrently. Each of these cases has different boundary conditions, and each must be solved separately. Comparisons of the resulting calculations with system data for the Colorado State University Solar House I show good agreement. This suggests that inclusion of an analytic stratification model within a system simulation may be useful by allowing direct calculation of temperatures in stratified storage.
Recurrent melanocytic nevus: a histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation.

Background: Recurrent melanocytic lesions may histologically resemble malignant melanoma. Methods: We evaluated the original nevi (ON) and recurrent nevi (RN) of 15 patients by routine histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC), examining expression of S-100 protein, gp100 (with HMB-45), MART-1, tyrosinase, and the Ki-67 proliferation marker. Results: Compared with ON, RN had a dermal scar, a significantly greater number of melanophages, and a greater extent of cellular atypia including prominent nucleoli and larger cell size. Architecturally, RN showed significantly less symmetry than ON; however, the percentage of junctional cohesive nests, the presence of suprabasal spread, and the degree of confluence were similar between ON and RN. Both ON and RN showed a decrease in expression of gp100 and tyrosinase with increasing depth (“maturation gradient”) and low proliferative activity in both the junctional (4.6% for ON vs. 4.13% for RN) and the dermal components (0.93% for ON vs. 1.45% for RN). Conclusions: RN exhibit a dermal scar, a greater number of melanophages, cytologic atypia, and asymmetry than ON, features that may raise concern about the possibility of malignant melanoma. However, the area with the irregular architectural pattern is restricted to the epidermis and dermis immediately above the scar. In addition, IHC helps to distinguish RN from malignant melanoma; specifically, RN demonstrate an immunohistochemical “maturation pattern” (with HMB-45 and anti-tyrosinase) and a low proliferative index (with Ki-67).
Adenine induced granulocytosis in the rabbit

Abstract Peripheral blood specimens from rabbits injected parenterally with physiological saline, adenine sulfate and guanine sulfate were examined for white blood cell count changes. A significant leukocytosis occurred within forty-eight hours only after adenine sulfate administration. A differential analysis revealed the increase was in the heterophil (pseudoeosinophil, amphophil) population. A mild lymphopenia was noted. There were no clear cut trends in the eosinophil, basophil and monocyte populations. No leukocyte morphological changes were found on peripheral blood smears.
Delay discounting and task performance consistency in patients with schizophrenia.

Abstract To study impaired goal-oriented behavior in schizophrenia (SZ), we used a delay discounting task, which consists of a series of choices between receiving a small immediate or larger delayed reward. Few studies of delay discounting have evaluated response consistency ( R 2 ), which is especially relevant in SZ because of documented inconsistency in task performance. We calculated the rate of discounting ( k ) and R 2 in SZ ( n =35) and healthy controls (HC; n =21). Using a criterion value of R 2 >0.60 to define consistent performance allowed us to compare discounting in consistent SZ and HC, as well as in inconsistent SZ. Groups did not differ significantly in smoking. Compared to HC, consistent SZ showed greater delay discounting. Both groups exhibited similar patterns of decreasing immediate choices across trial categories, although the decrease was less for SZ. Separate analyses on smokers and non-smokers showed that this group difference was carried by the non-smokers. Inconsistent SZ discounted more than HC and consistent SZ, but their aberrant pattern of choices casts doubt on the validity of their calculated k values.
Power and efficiency in production pillage games

A pillage game is a formal model of Hobbesian anarchy as a coalitional game. The technology of pillage is specified by a power function that determines the power of each coalition as a function of its members and their wealth. A coalition can despoil any other coalition less powerful than itself. The present paper studies the problem of achieving an efficient allocation of resources when the required reallocation changes the distribution of power. For example, land redistribution may increase total production, but may also deprive the original owners of the power they need to compel compensation. In this case the original owners would block the redistribution. Previous work on pillage games has focused on the stable set (von Neumann–Morgenstern solution) as a representation of a stable balance of power. However, the balance of power is typically too delicate to support all efficient allocations. The present paper shows that for a large class of power functions, a recently developed extension of the stable set, called the legitimate set, can be rich enough to support all efficient allocations.
The long-term management of obesity with continuing pharmacotherapy.

Objective: Long-term, possibly lifetime, use of medications for the management of obesity may be thought to be similar to the use of pharmacotherapy for other chronic diseases such as hypertension or diabetes. Because there have been no systematic studies of this extended use, the experience of eight patients who have used obesity medications in a sustaining manner was studied. Research Methods and Procedures: The clinical characteristics of eight adult patients, each of whom has experience with long-term (more than 10 years) use of medications for weight loss and weight maintenance, were studied. Results: The clinical experience of these eight patients was analyzed. Each chose to sustain the use of weight management medications for more than 10 years because of perceived benefit, comfort, and the absence of significant side effects. There has been no evidence of the development of tolerance, addiction, or misuse and no adverse events related to the medication. The beneficial effects of the medication have not diminished with time. Discussion: The clinical characteristics of eight patients, each of whom has used obesity pharmacotherapy for more than 10 years, are described. The experience of these eight individuals cannot be generalized to the entire population of overweight or obese patients. It does suggest, however, that some patients respond successfully to this form of therapy and that they will derive value from it for the management of this disease. Efforts should be made to identify these patients, and consideration should be given to the use of chronic medications for the continuing management of obesity.
THE POLICY IMPACT OF NO‐FAULT AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE

This study examines the impact of four different types of no-fault automobile insurance laws on the risk adjusted price of insurance. No-fault insurance plans are in operation in 23 states. Using data from 1976 to 1984 for 49 states, the study found that no-fault plans limiting litigation result in lower prices for automobile insurance. This relationship holds even under controls for several variables that also affect the price of automobile insurance.
Meteorology of proposed Mars Exploration Rover landing sites

[1] A descriptive study of the near-surface meteorology at three of the potential Mars Exploration Rover (MER) landing sites (Terra Meridiani, Gusev Crater, and Melas Chasma) is presented using global and mesoscale models. The mesoscale model provides a detailed picture of meteorology on scales down to a few kilometers but is not well constrained by observations away from the Viking and Pathfinder landing sites. As such, care must be taken in the interpretation of the results, with there being high confidence that the types of circulations predicted will indeed occur and somewhat less in the quantitative precision of the predictions and the local-time phasing of predicted circulations. All three landing sites are in the tropics and are affected by Hadley circulation, by diurnal variations due to the global thermal tide, and by planetary scale topography (in these particular cases from Tharsis, Elysium, and the global topographic dichotomy boundary). Terra Meridiani is least affected by large variations in local topography. Mean winds at Terra Meridiani during MER landing would be less than 10 m/s with little vertical shear. However, these low wind speeds result from strong mixing in the early afternoon convective boundary layer, which creates its own hazard in the horizontal variation of vertical winds of up to 8 m/s (both upward and downward). In Gusev Crater the topography of Ma'adim Vallis and the crater rim generates strong diurnally reversing channeling of wind in Ma'adim Vallis and diurnally reversing radial flow in the crater associated with thermal slope winds on the crater rim. The overturning circulation in Gusev Crater slightly suppresses the daytime convective boundary layer. Melas Chasma in Valles Marineris provides an example of strong topographic forcing of near-surface circulation. Of particular interest is the channeling of regional scale wind toward the center of the Tharsis plateau during the evening. This results in a surface level jet along the canyon of over 25 m/s. Drainage of air from the plateau and into the canyon produces vertical winds down the canyon walls in the evening of over 5 m/s. In contrast, during the early afternoon (MER landing time), horizontal winds at the proposed MER landing site are relatively calm, with little mean shear with height. This results from the proposed site being in a region of local divergence and the action of daytime convection. The nature of flow in Melas Chasma results in an interesting dual maximum in boundary convection and depth, with the usual daytime afternoon free convective maximum being joined by a mechanically forced nighttime boundary layer of almost 2 km depth.
Phase diagram of four flavor QCD

Abstract The question of whether Quantum Chromodynamics with four flavors of dynamical fermions has a phase transition for all values of the quark mass is studied. Previous calculations with a quark mass of 0.20 are reviewed and new calculations on lattices with spatial size from 6 to 14 are presented. The situation is contrasted with that for quark mass of 0.025. No evidence for a first order transition with mass of 0.20 is seen in the new calculations.
Attribution as Predictor of Expectancy in Several Three Component Exams

(1981). Attribution as Predictor of Expectancy in Several Three Component Exams. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 174-175.
A Cardinal Pattern Inspired by AD

Assuming Con(AD), a model in which there are unboundedly many regular cardinals below Θ and in which the only regular cardinals below Θ are limit cardinals was previously constructed. Using a large cardinal hypothesis far beyond Con(AD), we construct in this paper a model in which there is a proper class of regular cardinals and in which the only regular cardinals in the universe are limit cardinals. Mathematics Subject Classification: 03E55, 03E60.
Conjugation of L-DOPA and its metabolites after oral and intravenous administration to Parkinsonian patients.

Abstract Tracer quantities of 3 H- l -dopa were given either orally or intravenously to patients with Parkinson's disease. The metabolism of 3 H- l -dopa was estimated by measurement of 3 H- l -dopa and some of its metabolites in urine samples collected during the first 24 hr. The decarboxylation of 3 H- l -dopa to 3 H-dopamine was approximately the same when 3 H- l -dopa was given by the two routes. The subsequent metabolism of the newly formed 3 H-dopamine was markedly dependent upon the route of administration. Conjugation was the major metabolic route of 3 H-dopamine derived from 3 H- l -dopa given orally, while O -methylation and deamination of 3 H-dopamine to 3 H-homovanillic acid predominated when 3 H- l -dopa was given intravenously. In contrast to the metabolism of tracer quantities of oral 3 H- l -dopa, large oral doses of l -dopa 3·0 g/day) resulted in a smaller proportion of conjugated dopamine and a greater proportion of homovanillic acid. The conjugation of 3 H-dopamine after tracer quantities of intravenous 3 H- l -dopa was only slightly decreased by the concomitant administration of 3·0 g/day of oral l -dopa. There is evidence that conjugation occurs primarily in the gastrointestinal-hepatic system after oral administration of l -dopa. When conjugation is either suppressed by large quantities of oral l -dopa or avoided by intravenous l -dopa, the amounts of free dopamine as well as homovanillic acid are increased. Thus, under these conditions, more free dopamine is available to produce the peripheral side effects of l -dopa therapy.
Kinetics of an RNA conformational switch.

Abstract The spliced leader RNA from Leptomonas collosoma has two competing secondary structures of nearly equal free energy. Short, complementary oligonucleotides can drive the structure from one form of the other. We report stopped-flow rapid-mixing and temperature-jump measurements of the kinetics of the structural switch. At high concentrations of oligonucleotide, the rate of binding becomes limited by the rate of the structural switch, which occurs on a time scale of a fraction of a second. The low activation energy observed for the process implies a branch migration type of mechanism in which portions of the two competing helices transiently coexist.
Perspectives on teaching geography and gender in a postsocialist, neoliberal-dominated world

The papers in this Forum were originally prepared for a meeting of the International Geographical Union Commission on Gender and Geography on the theme “Post-socialism, Neo-liberalism: Old and New ...