cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of dietary calcium, manganese, and manganese source (Mn oxide or Mn methionine complex) on chick performance and manganese utilization.

Two trials were conducted to determine the utilization of manganese (Mn) as influenced by the level and source of Mn and the level of dietary calcium (Ca) in broiler chickens. Trial One was a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of two Mn sources (Mn methionine or manganous oxide), two levels of dietary Ca (1.8 or 1.0), and three levels of supplemental Mn (30, 60, or 200 mg/kg) fed until 4 wk of age. Total phosphorus (available phosphorus) levels were 0.70% (0.48%) during all ages. High levels of dietary Ca caused a slower early rate of growth (0.53 vs. 0.64 kg) for chicks fed 1.8 vs 1.0% Ca, respectively. Chick weight was equivalent for all diets within the Ca-treatment group, except the dietary combination of high Ca and 200 mg/kg Mn as Mn methionine. Bone and liver Mn were significantly increased as the Mn level increased, but were not affected by the Mn source. Chicks fed 1.8% Ca had higher levels of bone Mn (9.28 ppm) than chicks fed 1.0% Ca (7.23 ppm). High levels of dietary Ca and 200 ppm Mn methionine dramatically depressed early growth, feed intake, and bone ash in this trial, raising the question of a diet × environment (heat-stress) effect. Trial Two was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of two levels of dietary Ca (1.8 or 1.0%) and two Mn sources (200 mg/kg Mn as Mn methionine or MnO) up to 3 wk of age in a controlled heat-stress environment. No growth depression in the chicks fed high levels of Ca and Mn methionine was observed. In the presence of high levels of dietary Ca, bone Mn was significantly higher when chicks were fed the MnO source. In summary, dietary Ca did not decrease Mn utilization in these trials, and availability of Mn in Mn methionine as a source compared to MnO depended on dietary Ca levels.
The association between mutagenicity and adduct formation of 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane and 1,2,5,6-diepoxycyclooctane

The mutagenicity of 1,2,5,6-diepoxycyclooctane (DECO) and 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO) was investigated using diploid Chinese hamster lung cells. 6-thioguanine (6-TG) resistance was used as the marker for mutagenicity testing: DEO was found to be genetically active; DECO, on the contrary, totally inactive. DEO readily formed adducts with radiolabeled nucleotides, while DECO failed to do so, as demonstrated through thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the shift of the ultraviolet absorption maximum in DEO/nucleotide mixtures. The difference between the two compounds in chemical and genetic activities was attributed to their molecular conformations and the resulting differential flexibilities and adduct-forming abilities. Association between mutagenicity and adduct formation was conclusive.
Governance and Organizational Behaviour of Public Research Labs

The organization of public research labs plays a fundamental role to increase their efficiency and the production of scientific research more and more necessary to economic growth of countries. The paper presents the main organizational studies carried out on public research bodies in U.S.A. and Europe. After that this research analyzes the organization of the biggest public research body in Italy, showing the points of strength and weakness in comparison with other scientific structure. Some public management implications and relationship with bureaucracy complete the research.
Scattering by nonspherical particles of size comparable to wavelength - A new semi-empirical theory and its application to tropospheric aerosols

A semiempirical theory is developed which is based on simple physical principles and comparisons with laboratory measurements. The ultimate utility of this approach rests on its ability to successfully reproduce the observed single-scattering phase function for a wide variety of particle shapes, sizes and refractive indices. This approximate theory is developed for evaluating the interaction of randomly oriented, nonspherical particles with the total intensity component of electromagnetic radiation. Mie theory is used when the particle size parameter x (ratio of particle circumference to wavelength) is less than some upper bound x sub zero (about 5). For x greater than x sub zero, the interaction is divided into three components: diffraction, external reflection and transmission. The application of the theory is illustrated by considering the influence of the shape of tropospheric aerosols on their contribution to the earth's global albedo.
Age differences in storage and retrieval: A multinomial modeling analysis

An experiment is reported that examined the memory differences between 23 college students (21-41 years old) and 23 elderly adults (64-92 years old). Both groups memorized lists of categorically related words over a series of three study-test trials in a free-recall design. Consistent with prior research on aging effects, the elderly subjects performed more poorly on the number of words recalled, the number of categories recalled, the number of items recalled per category, and the amount of category clustering. To help determine if these differences were due to storage or retrieval processes, Batchelder and Riefer’s multinomial model for measuring storage and retrieval was used to analyze the data. The model suggested that age differences were primarily due to retrieval factors and not to storage factors. These results are consistent with a number of retrieval-based theories of aging effects.
High‐level bacterial cellulase accumulation in chloroplast‐transformed tobacco mediated by downstream box fusions

The Thermobifida fusca cel6A gene encoding an endoglucanase was fused to three different downstream box (DB) regions to generate cel6A genes with 14 amino acid fusions. The DB-Cel6A fusions were inserted into the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) chloroplast genome for protein expression. Accumulation of Cel6A protein in transformed tobacco leaves varied over approximately two orders of magnitude, dependent on the identity of the DB region fused to the cel6A open reading frame (ORF). Additionally, the DB region fused to the cel6A ORF affected the accumulation of Cel6A protein in aging leaves, with the most effective DB regions allowing for high level accumulation of Cel6A protein in young, mature, and old leaves, while Cel6A protein accumulation decreased with leaf age when less effective DB regions were fused to the cel6A ORF. In the most highly expressed DB-Cel6A construct, enzymatically active Cel6A protein accumulated at up to 10.7% of total soluble leaf protein (%TSP). The strategy used for high-level endoglucanase expression may be useful for expression of other cellulolytic enzymes in chloroplasts, ultimately leading to cost-effective heterologous enzyme production for cellulosic ethanol using transplastomic plants.
THE CHANGING LOCATION OF PHYSICIAN OFFICES IN BLOOMINGTON‐NORMAL, ILLINOIS: 1870–1988

Three locational patterns of physician offices during the last 120 years are identified in the Bloomington-Normal metropolitan area. Offices first clustered within the CBD at dispersed sites, then concentrated at two sites within the CBD. Most recently, the CBD cluster has essentially dispersed while others have emerged. These stages were responses to changing medical technology and to evolution of the urban area that affected site and area attractiveness, patient access, and need to be near other physicians and medical facilities. The loss of the CBD cluster may not be a unique feature of small SMSAs such as Bloomington-Normal.
Exploring Neuroscience: A Guide for Getting Started

Neuroscience becomes more relevant for disciplines pertaining to children's development and education with each passing year. Thus, there is an urgent need for scholars and practitioners in these disciplines to educate themselves about the structure, function, and development of the brain, and to explore the neuroscience literature connected with their areas of professional expertise. A detailed rationale, study strategies, and resources for beginning this process are presented, based on the author's recent experiences. They provide a framework and specific guidelines for those who wish to begin to integrate a neuroscience perspective into their teaching, research, and interactions with the community, and they may arouse the curiosity of those who are not yet interested. Numerous examples of pertinent neuroscience research are included. I wish to express my deep appreciation to William T. Greenough and his colleagues Kathy Bates, Julie Markham, Andrea Beckel-Mitchener, Aaron Grossman, Ivan Jeanne Weiler, ...
Designing Ultrahard Bipolar Transistors

Calculations are presented for a bipolar transistor which indicate the relative importance of the device regions in establishing the neutron tolerance. For conventionally diffused profiles with a fixed set of device parameters, the calculations indicate that an optimum base width may occur which will yield the maximum neutron hardness. The analysis indicates that the neutron hardness can be increased substantially by using a device profile with a shallow, abrupt emitter and a narrow base region. Devices utilizing these criteria are extremely tolerant to neutron irradiation and show a current gain greater than 10 after a neutron fluence of 1016 n/cm2 (E > 10 keV). This represents an order of magnitude increase in hardness over devices presently available.
Surface recovery in scanning probe microscopy

Scanning probe microscopy (SXM), which includes techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning force microscopy (SFM), is becoming increasingly popular for analyzing surface structure at the sub-micron level. As the probe used for scanning is non- ideal, the image output by SXM is dependent on the shape and size of the probe. The use and success of SXM strongly depend on methods for ensuring the accuracy of the images produced by SXM. In this paper, we derive models of the effects of the probe shape geometry on the image produced by SXM. Methods are formulated for recovering the true surface from the imaged surface and for indicating where the surface reconstruction is exact and where it is uncertain. We formulate these methods both for images scanned in a `contact' mode and those scanned in a `non-contact' mode. It is shown that scanning in a non-contact mode by a non- ideal probe is equivalent to scanning in a non-contact mode by an ideal probe followed by scanning in a contact mode by the non-ideal probe. The methods developed in this paper can be used to recover a surface scanned by a scanning probe microscope, given the shape of the probe used for scanning, and for visualizing the scanning and recovery of surfaces by different probe shapes.
Dose-related effects of perfluorodecanoic acid on growth, feed intake and hepatic peroxisomal β-oxidation

The effects of the persistent peroxisome proliferator, perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), on growth, feed intake and the enzyme activities associated with peroxisomal β-oxidation were studied in female Sprague Dawley rats. Rats received one of six levels of PFDA (0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 or 30.0 mg/kg/injection) in four IP doses at 2-week intervals. Rats with cumulative doses of ≤ 12.0 mg/kg did not differ from control rats in growth or feed intake, while rats receiving cumulative doses of ≥40 mg/kg lost weight and decreased their feed intake. Rats which received cumulative doses between these levels increased their feed intake but did not significantly alter their body weight. Total peroxisomal β-oxidation was decreased in a dose-related manner, whereas the liver to body weight ratio and the activities of individual enzymes comprising the peroxisomal β-oxidation system, namely fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and thiolase, were increased. This study clearly shows that the inhibition of peroxisomal s-oxidation by PFDA is not reflected in the in vitro measurement of the individual enzyme activities comprising this pathway.
Does Software Process Improvement Reduce the Severity of Defects? A Longitudinal Field Study

As firms increasingly rely on information systems to perform critical functions, the consequences of software defects can be catastrophic. Although the software engineering literature suggests that software process improvement can help to reduce software defects, the actual evidence is equivocal. For example, improved development processes may only remove the “easier” syntactical defects, while the more critical defects remain. Rigorous empirical analyses of these relationships have been very difficult to conduct due to the difficulties in collecting the appropriate data on real systems from industrial organizations. This field study analyzes a detailed data set consisting of 7,545 software defects that were collected on software projects completed at a major software firm. Our analyses reveal that higher levels of software process improvement significantly reduce the likelihood of high severity defects. In addition, we find that higher levels of process improvement are even more beneficial in reducing severe defects when the system developed is large or complex, but are less beneficial in development when requirements are ambiguous, unclear, or incomplete. Our findings reveal the benefits and limitations of software process improvement for the removal of severe defects and suggest where investments in improving development processes may have their greatest effects.
Seamounts as Sea-Level Indicators

Terraces on Cobb and Bowie Seamounts, with shelf breaks at 120 and 140 fms, respectively, are believed to have been wave cut during the Pleistocene. Terrace bathymetry plus polished and rounded pebbles obtained in grab samples from these terraces support a wave abrasion genesis. As the Seamounts were formed during the Cenozoic the continually descending lows of sea-level fluctuations through the Tertiary and Quaternary would suggest a late Pleistocene origin for both of the terraces. Upon consideration of possible hypotheses for the virtual doubling of the presently known 130-m Wisconsin low, it would seem that there are more factors involved in sea-level changes than have been considered heretofore. The reality of a 120- to 140-fm sea-level low during the late Wisconsin should not, at this time, be rejected out of hand.
A Multivariate Analysis of Youth Violence and Aggression: The Influence of Family, Peers, Depression, and Media Violence

Objective To examine the multivariate nature of risk factors for youth violence including delinquent peer associations, exposure to domestic violence in the home, family conflict, neighborhood stress, antisocial personality traits, depression level, and exposure to television and video game violence. Study design A population of 603 predominantly Hispanic children (ages 10-14 years) and their parents or guardians responded to multiple behavioral measures. Outcomes included aggression and rule-breaking behavior on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), as well as violent and nonviolent criminal activity and bullying behavior. Results Delinquent peer influences, antisocial personality traits, depression, and parents/guardians who use psychological abuse in intimate relationships were consistent risk factors for youth violence and aggression. Neighborhood quality, parental use of domestic violence in intimate relationships, and exposure to violent television or video games were not predictive of youth violence and aggression. Conclusion Childhood depression, delinquent peer association, and parental use of psychological abuse may be particularly fruitful avenues for future prevention or intervention efforts.
Implementation of the locally renormalized CCSD(T) approaches for arbitrary reference function

Several new variants of the locally-renormalized coupled-cluster (CC) approaches that account for the effect of triples (LR-CCSD(T)) have been formulated and implemented for arbitrary reference states using the TENSOR CONTRACTION ENGINE functionality, enabling the automatic generation of an efficient parallel code. Deeply rooted in the recently derived numerator–denominator-connected (NDC) expansion for the ground-state energy [K. Kowalski and P. Piecuch, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 074107 (2005)], LR-CCSD(T) approximations use, in analogy to the completely renormalized CCSD(T) (CR-CCSD(T)) approach, the three-body moments in constructing the noniterative corrections to the energies obtained in CC calculations with singles and doubles (CCSD). In contrast to the CR-CCSD(T) method, the LR-CCSD(T) approaches discussed in this paper employ local denominators, which assure the additive separability of the energies in the noninteracting system limit when the localized occupied spin-orbitals are employed in the CCSD and...
Photosystem I charge separation in the absence of center A and B. III. Biochemical characterization of a reaction center particle containing P-700 and FX

Abstract The Photosystem I reaction center is a membrane-bound, multiprotein complex containing a primary electron donor (P-700), a primary electron acceptor (A0), an intermediate electron acceptor (A1) and three membrane-bound iron-sulfur centers (FX, FB, and FA). We reported in part I of this series (Golbeck, J.H. and Cornelius, J.M. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 849, 16–24) that in the presence of 1% lithium dodecyl sulfate (LDS), the reaction center becomes dissociated, resulting in charge separation and recombination between P-700 and FX without the need for prereduction of FA and FB. In this paper, we report (i) the LDS-induced onset of the 1.2-ms ‘fast’ phase of the P-700 absorption transient is time-dependent, attaining a maximum 3:1 ratio of ‘fast’ to ‘slow’ kinetic phases; (ii) the ‘fast’ kinetic phase, corresponding to the P-700+ FX− backreaction, is stabilized indefinitely by dilution of the LDS-treated particle followed by ultrafiltration over a YM-100 membrane; (iii) without stabilization, the P-700+ FX− reaction deteriorates, leading to the rise of the long-lived P-700 triplet formed from the P-700+AO− backreaction; (iv) the ‘slow’ kinetic phase correlates with the redox and ESR properties of FA and/or FB, which indicates that in a minority of particles the terminal iron-sulfur protein remains attached to the reaction center core; (v) the ultrafiltered reaction center is severely deficient in all of the low molecular-weight polypeptides, particularly the 19-kDa, 18-kDa and 12-kDa polypeptides relative to the 64-kDa polypeptide(s); (vi) the stabilized particle contains 5.8 mol labile sulfide per mol photoactive P-700, reflecting largely the iron-sulfur content of Fx, but also residual FA and FB, on the reaction center; and (vii) the apoproteins of FA and FB are physically removed from the reaction center particle as indicated by the presence of protein-bound zero-valence sulfur in the YM-100 filtrate. These results are interpreted in terms of a model for Photosystem I in which FA and FB are located on a low-molecular-weight polypeptide and FX is depicted as a [2Fe-2S] cluster shared between the two high-molecular-weight polypeptides Photosystem I-A1 and Photosystem I-A2.
Connected to Society: The Political Beliefs of U.S. Army Generals

This article examines the issue of the connectedness of military leaders with civil society through an analysis of the political beliefs and identification of a sample of U.S. Army general officers...
On Circular Critical Graphs

Abstract A graph on n vertices is called circular if its automorphism group contains an n -cycle. Let ω( G ) and α( G ) be, respectively, the clique number and the independence number of the graph G . A graph G with n vertices is called an (α, ω)-graph if 1. (1) n = α ( G ) ω ( G )+1 2. (2) every vertex is in exactly α( G ) maximum independent sets and α( G ) maximum cliques, and 3. (3) each maximum clique intersects all but one maximum independent set, and vice versa. A graph is called critical if it is imperfect and all of its proper induced subgraphs are perfect. Lovasz and Padberg showed that all critical graphs are (α, ω)-graphs. Only one method is known for constructing circular (α, ω)-graphs. We show that the only critical graphs which arise from this construction are the odd, chordless cycles of length at least 5, and their complements.
A wireless near-IR retro-reflective profiling sensor

The notion of a proling sensor was rst realized by a near-IR, retro-re ective prototype consisting of a vertical column of sparse detectors. Alternative arrangements of detectors have been implemented in which a subset of the detectors have been oset from the vertical column and placed at arbitrary locations along the anticipated path of the objects of interest. All prior work with the near-IR, retro-re ective proling sensors has consisted of wired detectors. This paper advances this prior work by designing and implementing a wireless prototype version of a near-IR, retro-re ective proling sensor in which each detector is a wireless sensor node. In this novel architecture, a base station is responsible for collecting all data from the detector sensor nodes and coordinating all pre- processing of data collected from the sensor nodes, including data re-alignment, before subsequent classication algorithms are executed. Such a wireless detector conguration advances deployment options for near-IR, retro- re ective proling sensors.
Bar code scanning information entry technology and application

Abstract Bar code representation has existed since the early days of computer development, but its application in information entry is comparatively recent. The universal product codes used in supermarkets and department stores is the first example of its application, and application in other areas seems to be increasing. Bar code scanning as an information entry method can be highly accurate and complementary to traditional keyboard, tablet and optical character recognition input techniques. In this paper, the various bar codes, their design principles and the technical issues involved in determining their applicability are discussed along with a comparison with other technologies. The general application of bar code scanning and its use with the Chinese language are also explored.
Regulation of protein and cellulase excretion in the ruminal fungusNeocallimastix frontalis EB188

Extracellular protein and cellulase excretion secretions were studied in the ruminal fungusNeocallimastix frontalis EB188. Cellulase assay and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to characterize protein excretion patterns caused by media switches of established cultures. Glucose switch medium caused the excretion of low levels of cellulase and increased amounts of low-molecular-weight proteins. Cellulose switch medium caused the excretion of high levels of cellulase and increased amounts of high-molecular-weight proteins. Several proteins were excreted uniquely or in greater amounts in cellulose cultures than in glucose cultures. Distinct protein excretion patterns suggested that regulation of cellulase was a closely controlled process in ruminal fungi.
C-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) antagonizes the signaling of differentiation by JNK1 in human myeloid leukemia cells resistant to vitamin D

Abstract 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) induces differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells, but resistant cells are also encountered. We studied the mechanistic basis for the resistance in a model system using enhancers of 1,25D, the antioxidant carnosic acid and a kinase inhibitor SB202190. Knock-down (KD) of JNK2p54 unexpectedly increased the intensity of differentiation induced by the 1,25D, carnosic acid and SB202190 (DCS) combination. This was associated with upregulation of activated JNK1p46, and the transcription factors regulated by the JNK pathway, c-Jun, ATF2 and JunB, as well as C/EBP β. In contrast, KD of JNK1p46 reduced the intensity of DCS-induced differentiation, and partially abrogated activation of c-Jun/AP-1 transcription factors.
Axo-glial septate junctions. The maestro of nodal formation and myelination?

The L1 subgroup of the immunoglobulin G superfamily participates in neurite outgrowth, neurite fasciculation and inter-neuronal adhesion. Almost all functional studies of the L1 family have focused on their role in neurons. In this issue of the Journal of Cell Biology ([Tait et al. 2000][1]), the
Purification and characterization of dicoumarol-induced prothrombins. Barium citrate atypical (7-GLA) prothrombin.

Abstract Barium citrate atypical prothrombin purified by our modified procedure, showed a single component by several criteria of purity. The variant was similar to normal prothrombin in: molecular mass (70,000 daltons), antigenic activity, carboxyl terminal glutamic acid, carbohydrate composition, pI (pH 4.55 or 4.6), and thrombin generation by Echis carinatus venom. Despite these similarities, in the presence of thromboplastin, calcium ions, and factors V, VII, and X, the variant activated slowly taking 90 min rather than 7 min for normal protein. Specific bioactivity approximated 52% of normal. This anomaly is due to the decreased ability of the atypical to bind calcium ions, which resulted from the reduction of 10 γ -carboxyglutamyl residues (Gla) for normal prothrombin to 7 residues for atypical prothrombin. Therefore, the electrophoretic mobility of the variant was influenced by calcium ions to a lesser extent than that of the normal prothrombin.
A snapshot of creativity: Evaluating a quick and simple method for assessing divergent thinking

Creativity assessment commonly uses open-ended divergent thinking tasks. The typical methods for scoring these tasks (uniqueness scoring and subjective ratings) are time-intensive, however, so it is impractical for researchers to include divergent thinking as an ancillary construct. The present research evaluated snapshot scoring of divergent thinking tasks, in which the set of responses receives a single holistic rating. We compared snapshot scoring to top-two scoring, a time-intensive, detailed scoring method. A sample of college students (n = 226) completed divergent thinking tasks and measures of personality and art expertise. Top-two scoring had larger effect sizes, but snapshot scoring performed well overall. Snapshot scoring thus appears promising as a quick and simple approach to assessing creativity.
SU‐FF‐T‐152: Comparison Between Fixed Gantry Angle Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy and Intensity Modulated Arc Therapy for Head‐And‐Neck Cancers

Purpose: To compare the dose distributions resulting form fixed gantry angle IMRT and IMAT (dynamic arc) optimization for head‐and‐neck tumors (HN). Materials and Methods: Four (HN) cases were retrospectively investigated. Pinnacle3 (v. 8.1x) was used to generate treatment plans for an IMAT and a 9‐field IMRT delivery techniques. The targets were the planning target volume (PTV) and the lymph nodes (LN). The organs at risk (OARs) were the spinal cord (cord), the cricopharyngeus, the esophagus and the parotid glands (parotids). The IMAT and IMRT plan cross‐comparison was based on dose indices used as objectives in the optimization process. The evaluated dose indices were D95 for PTV and LN and D1 for the cord and average doses for the parotids, the cricopharyngeus and the esophagus. The standard deviations of the dose (expressed as a fraction of the prescription dose) over the PTV and the LN were also tallied. The highest priority in the optimization was given to target coverage. Results: The dose indices for the PTV and the LN differed by less than 1% and 3% respectively. A reduction in OAR dose was possible in the IMRT plans while maintaining the dose standard‐deviation below 3% (used as a dose uniformity criterion) for all targets. The IMAT plans resulted in higher dose indices/average doses to the OARs by as much as 50%. The IMAT dose standard deviation in all patients for the LN and in one patient for the PTV was greater than 3%. Conclusions: A better balance between dose uniformity and dose coverage was found in the IMRT plans. In addition the IMRT plans yielded lower doses to the OARs. We hypothesize that allowing for variable gantry speed in the IMAT optimization will result in IMAT plans which are at least as good as the fixed gantry angle IMRT plans.
Wolfram syndrome preservation of adh secretion through baroreceptors with no response to osmoreceptor stimulation

Girl, aged 14 years, developed diabetes mellitus at the age of 2.5. At ago 10.5 atonia of the urinary tract and bladder was diagnosed. She also had high frequency hearing loss and impaired vision (2/10 bilaterally) due to optic atrophy. No angiopathy of the retina. There was increased urinary volume with adequate diabetic control (7-9 L per 24 hours), and normal values of BUN, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, and DMSA. Plasma osmolality (P.O.) was 307, 313, 310, with corresponding urine osmolality(U.O.) values of 142, 162, 158m0sm/L H2O respectively, and plasma ADH (by RIA) 0-1pg/ml. Plasma Renin activity and aldosterone values were within normal limits (1.1 to 2.2/ng/ml/hr and 5.3 to 17.4ng/dl respectively). In one deprivation test, P.O. was 310m0sm/L H2O, and U.O. 159m0sm/L H2O, while ADH was 0 pg/ml. However in a fainting spell which occured during a water deprivation test and was associated with severe, momentary drop of blood pressure, plasma ADH rose to 9pg/ml. The findings are suggestive of a dichotomy in the impairement of ADH secretion, analogous to the one reported in hypothalamic hypernatremia-hypodipsia syndrome; Namely normal ADH secretion through baroreceptors but impaired secretion through osmoreceptors. It is likely that in Wolfram syndrome transmission of the stimulus through osmoreceptors rather than deficient synthesis of ADH is at fault.
Synthesis and antiviral activity of (Z)- and (E)-2,2-[Bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropylidene]methylpurines and -pyrimidines: Second-generation methylenecyclopropane analogues of Nucleosides

The second generation of methylenecyclopropane analogues of nucleosides 5a-5i and 6a-6i was synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity. The 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)methylenecyclopropane (11) was converted to dibromo derivative 7 via acetate 12. Alkylation-elimination of adenine (16) with 7 afforded the Z/E mixture of acetates 17 + 18, which was deacetylated to give analogues 5a and 6a separated by chromatography. A similar reaction with 2-amino-6-chloropurine (19) afforded acetates 20 + 21 and, after deprotection and separation, isomers 5f and 6f. The latter served as starting materials for synthesis of analogues 5b, 5e, 5g-5i and 6b, 6e, 6g-6i. Alkylation-elimination of N(4)-acetylcytosine (22) with 7 afforded a mixture of isomers 5c + 6c which were separated via N(4)-benzoyl derivatives 23 and 24. Deprotection furnished analogues 5c and 6c. Alkylation of 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-5-methylpyrimidine (25) with 7 led to bromo derivative 26. Elimination of HBr followed by deacetylation and separation gave thymine analogues 5d and 6d. The guanine Z-isomer 5b was the most effective against human and murine cytomegalovirus (HCMV and MCMV) with EC(50) = 0.27-0.49 microM and no cytotoxicity. The 6-methoxy analogue 5g was also active (EC(50) = 2.0-3.5 microM) whereas adenine Z-isomer 5a was less potent (EC(50) = 3.6-11.7 microM). Cytosine analogue 5c was moderately effective, but 2-amino-6-cyclopropylamino derivative 5e was inactive. All E-isomers were devoid of anti-CMV activity, and none of the analogues was significantly active against herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 or HSV-2). The potency against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was assay-dependent. In Daudi cells, the E-isomers of 2-amino-6-cyclopropylamino- and 2,6-diaminopurine derivatives 6e and 6h were the most potent (EC(50) approximately 0.3 microM), whereas only the thymine Z-isomer 5d was active (EC(50) = 4.6 microM). Guanine Z-derivative 5b was the most effective compound in H-1 cells (EC(50) = 7 microM). In the Z-series, the 2-amino-6-methoxypurine analogue 5g was the most effective against varicella zoster virus (VZV, EC(50) = 3.3 microM) and 2,6-diaminopurine 5h against hepatitis B virus (HBV, EC(50) = 4 microM). Adenine analogues 5a and 6a were moderately active as substrates for adenosine deaminase.
Effects of obesity on the relationship of leptin mRNA expression and adipocyte size in anatomically distinct fat depots in mice

In support of leptin's physiological role as humoral signal of fat mass, we have shown that adipocyte volume is a predominant determinant of leptin mRNA levels in anatomically distinct fat depots i...
Recent Developments in Automation of Cement Plants

Over a decade has passed since process computers were first applied to control parts of the cement manufacturing process. The path from there to the present has successes?and failures?along its way. Over 30 cement plants have installed such computers as part of their efforts to keep profit margins from shrinking. Progress in using these process control techniques has been largely evolutionary. Certain factors can now be identified more certainly as essential ingredients for success. Among these are the following. 1) "People factors" of the cement manufacturer stand as first in importance. These include management support, process know-how, training and supervision of operators, and an inner confidence and determination that "we can make it work." 2) Well-done interface jobs of adapting control room design and operators to each other, automation components with the process and its machinery, and plant design to fit automatic control fundamentals. 3) Designing the process to really be controllable. 4) Control hardware and software which fit the nature of this industry. Each of the foregoing factors is expanded with emphasis on how recent developments of better understanding, control functions, hardware, software, and of process and plant design are merging to help shape the future of automation in the cement industry.
Review of the NASA/JPL airborne synthetic aperture radar system

AIRSAR has served as a test-bed for both imaging radar techniques and radar technologies for over a decade. In fact, the polarimetric, cross-track interferometric, and along-track interferometric radar techniques were all developed using AIRSAR. We present the up-to-date system configuration, the expected performance and data accuracy in the standard radar modes.
Cerebellum-like structures and their implications for cerebellar function.

The nervous systems of most vertebrates include both the cerebellum and structures that are architecturally similar to the cerebellum. The cerebellum-like structures are sensory structures that receive input from the periphery in their deep layers and parallel fiber input in their molecular layers. This review describes these cerebellumlike structures and compares them with the cerebellum itself. The cerebellum-like structures in three groups of fish act as adaptive sensory processors in which the signals conveyed by parallel fibers in the molecular layer predict the patterns of sensory input to the deep layers through a process of associative synaptic plasticity. Similarities between the cerebellum-like structures and the cerebellum suggest that the cerebellum may also generate predictions about expected sensory inputs or states of the system, as suggested also by clinical, experimental, and theoretical studies of the cerebellum. Understanding the process of predicting sensory patterns in cerebellum-like structures may therefore be a source of insight into cerebellar function.
Screening demand-side management programs with a value-based test

A value-based test is presented for economic screening of electric utility demand-side management (DSM) programs. The widely used least cost test is valid if the programs do not alter the amount or value of energy services provided to customers. But, in general, DSM programs have such effects and, as a result, the value consumers receive is changed. A more general economic efficiency test, the most value test, provides a practical method for considering the effects of DSM on customer value. The version presented allows for multiple load periods and can account for rate impacts on several customer classes. Four typical DSM programs are evaluated as illustrations. >
Model-Based Validation for Internet Services

Operator mistakes are a significant source of unavailability in Internet services. In our previous work, we proposed operator action validation as an approach for detecting mistakes while hiding them from the service and its users. Previous validation strategies have limitations, however, including the need for instances of correct behavior for comparison. In this paper, we propose a novel model-based validation strategy that addresses these limitations and complements our previous techniques. Model-based validation calls for service engineers to define models of Internet services that can be used to differentiate between correct and incorrect configurations and behaviors. These models are then used to guide the specification of validation assertions that check the correctness of operator actions before they are exposed. We have implemented a prototype model-based validation system for two services, the Web crawler of a commercial search engine (Ask.com) and an academic yet realistic online auction service. Experimentation with model-based validation demonstrates that it is highly effective at detecting and hiding both activated and latent mistakes.
Alder cover drives nitrogen availability in Kenai lowland headwater streams, Alaska

Terrestrial sources of nitrogen (N), particularly N-fixing alder, may be important for sustaining production in headwater streams that typically lack substantial subsidies of marine-derived nutrients from spawning salmon yet support upstream-dispersing juvenile salmonids. However, other physiographic characteristics, such as watershed slope and topographic wetness, also control transport of nutrients to streams and may confound apparent linkages between alder and stream N. Seasonal patterns in precipitation and temperature may interact with watershed characteristics to modulate stream N availability. We empirically modeled the effect of alder cover and other watershed physiographic variables on stream N and contrasted these relationships over the growing season among 25 first-order streams from the lower Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. For each date, percent alder cover, mean topographic wetness, and mean slope were used as watershed predictors of NOx–N concentration (nitrate + nitrite) and daily NOx–N yield using Generalized Additive Models (GAM) and compared using Akaike’s Information Criterion (AICc). Alder cover was the only probable model and explained 75–96% of the variation in NOx–N concentration and 83–89% of the variation in daily NOx–N yield. The relationship between alder and both NOx–N concentration and daily NOx–N yield changed from constant inputs in May across the range of alder cover (linear fit) to increasing inputs in July and September (non-linear fits) implying that high-alder watersheds were N-saturated. The strong linkage between alder and stream N coupled with the concurrent timing of maximum stream N from alder in the spring to salmon fry emergence indicates the potential importance of this subsidy to headwater stream ecosystems.
Phoneme-to-Text Transcription System with an Infinite Vocabulary

The noisy channel model approach is successfully applied to various natural language processing tasks. Currently the main research focus of this approach is adaptation methods, how to capture characteristics of words and expressions in a target domain given example sentences in that domain. As a solution we describe a method enlarging the vocabulary of a language model to an almost infinite size and capturing their context information. Especially the new method is suitable for languages in which words are not delimited by whitespace. We applied our method to a phoneme-to-text transcription task in Japanese and reduced about 10% of the errors in the results of an existing method.
Rapid Liquid Chromatographic Assay for the Determination of Amiodarone and Its N-Deethyl Metabolite in Plasma, Urine, and Bile

A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the determination of amiodarone (1) and its N-deethyl metabolite (desethylamiodarone, 2) in plasma, urine, and bile. Analysis was performed on a C18 reversed-phase column and precolumn using a mobile phase consisting of methanol:water:58% ammonium hydroxide (94:4:2) delivered at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The eluant was monitored at 244 nm. Under these conditions, 1, 2, and the internal standard eluted with retention times of 5.5, 4.6, and 6.8 min, respectively. Samples (100 microL) of plasma were prepared by precipitating the plasma proteins with acetonitrile containing the internal standard and injecting an aliquot of the supernatant directly onto the column. Samples (100 microL) of urine and bile were prepared for injection by acidifying the sample with concentrated HCl and then extracting the mixture with six volumes of 2,2-dimethoxyproprane. The recovery of 1 and 2 from plasma was virtually complete. The recovery from urine and bile was 80-90% for 1 and 60-65% for 2. The limit of sensitivity of both compounds in plasma was 100 ng/mL. For urine and bile, the detection limits were 1 and 5 micrograms/mL, respectively. Over the plasma concentration range of 0.1-10.0 micrograms/mL, the within-day CV ranged from 1 to 10% for 1 and from 1 to 8% for 2. The between-day CV ranged from 2 to 12% and from 1 to 17% for 1 and 2, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Land-Use Institutions and Natural Resources in Fast-Growing Communities at the Urban-Rural Fringe

In the last several decades, urban decentralization and the conversion of formerly natural or agricultural areas have become the norm in much of the United States. Effective policies to constrain or mediate such growth and its effect on rural landscapes are a major priority at local and regional levels. Past research on land-use policies’ ability to protect natural resources has not paid sufficient attention to the effects of the land market; rising land values, particularly when spatially differentiated, complicate policy efforts to stave off development in environmentally valuable areas. In this chapter, we review key lessons from the literature and provide examples from empirical work in Ohio, Indiana, and Arizona. Better understanding of spatial impacts of land-use institutions across a wide range of contexts will enable planners and policy makers to craft more effective policies balancing costs and benefits of development.
BIAS IN QUADRAT-DERIVED ESTIMATES OF NUMBER OF PRAIRIE WETLANDS

Estimates of number of wetlands derived from quadrat sampling are inherently biased when wetlands on quadrat boundaries are counted. Bias complicates comparisons of wetland density or abundance between years or studies, or between regions with different wetland sizes. Simulated quadrat sampling was conducted to evaluate the magnitude of bias in estimates of the number of temporary, seasonal, semipermanent, and total wetlands from samples of square quadrats of different sizes. All estimates were biased except for number of temporary wetlands derived from samples of the largest quadrats. Bias ranged from +101% (SE=0.39%) for estimates of the number of semipermanent wetlands sampled with 0.64 km2 quadrats to +0.19% (SE=0.19%) for the number of temporary wetlands sampled with 25.60 km2 quadrats. Bias was greatest when large wetlands were sampled using small quadrats and was related to quadrat perimeter: area ratio (km/km2) and to quadrat size. Managers and researchers should correct for bias in estimates of number of wetlands by deriving correction factors with the equations presented or by deriving correction factors using aerial photographs to determine the geometric centers of wetlands in and around a subset of sample quadrats.
Accountability and public displays of knowing in an undergraduate computer-mediated communication context:

A great deal of research has examined computer-mediated communication discussions in educational environments for evidence of learning. These studies have often been disappointing, with analysts not finding the kinds of ‘quality’ talk that they had hoped for. In this study we draw upon elements of discursive psychology as we oriented to what was happening in the talk from the participants’ perspective in addition to what should be happening from the researcher/instructor perspective. We examine the talk of undergraduate nutrition science students within web logs (blogs), exploring ways in which the students, when asked to make blog posts on their beliefs about and experiences with dietary supplements, display knowing in dynamic and fluid ways. We analyzed 152 blog posts students were asked to make prior to attending the lecture on the topic. Our findings point to how students negotiate and at times resist doing being a knowledgeable student, using disclaimers such as ‘I don’t know’ and script formulations...
A Review of: “Action Research Living Theory. By Jack Whitehead and Jean McNiff”

Jack Whitehead and Jean McNiff, authors of Action Research Living Theory, urge readers to engage in research. Rigor in executing methodology, significance in testing claims of knowledge, and origin...
Bioavailability of chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb to eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in various soils

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the toxicity of indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole to Eastern subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) resulting from topical applications and exposure to treated soil. Soils with varying organic matter (0.57-3.64%) and chemical characteristics were used in termiticide bioassays. Lethal dose resulting from topical application indicated that chlorantraniliprole was two- to 11-fold more toxic than indoxacarb. Lethal concentration assays yielded opposite results where concentrations of indoxacarb in soil that caused either 50 or 90% mortality of R. flavipes workers at 48 and 144 h were two- to six-fold lower than chlorantraniliprole. The bioavailability of indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole was negatively correlated with soil organic matter. Our results suggest that indoxacarb is more bioavailable to termites in soil than chlorantraniliprole based on calculated bioavailability ratios. However, how these laboratory results correlate to actual field application data and termite efficacy is unknown, and more research is needed. These compounds seem to have excellent activity on termites and have potential to provide new modes of action and new chemistry as liquid termiticides.