cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hf isotope composition of late Cenozoic basaltic rocks from northwestern Colorado, USA: New constraints on mantle enrichment processes

Late Cenozoic basaltic lavas from northwestern Colorado and the northern Rio Grande rift have higher than expectedeHf values relative to theeHf-eNd correlation of oceanic island basalts (OIB). In contrast, samples from the central and southern Rio Grande rift have lower than expectedeHf values, relative to theeHf-eNd correlation of OIB. The variation ineHf andeNd values with geographic position is interpreted to be a result of sampling a predominantly asthenospheric source for lavas from the southern Rio Grande rift and adjacent Basin and Range, and a predominantly lithospheric source for lavas from northwestern Colorado. TheeHf andeNd values of the depleted asthenospheric mantle are likely to have formed from ancient depletion of spinel or garnet peridotite [1], which, respectively, produced anomalously low and high176Hf/177Hf relative to the OIB array. Although a variety of enrichment processes for formation of the lithospheric mantle may be envisioned, silicate metasomatism caused by basaltic liquids crystallizing in the mantle best explains the Hf-Nd relationships in Colorado; the ancient metasomatizing liquids could not have been derived from melting garnet peridotite but instead must have been derived through melting spinel peridotite to produce the anomalously higheHf values ralative toeNd values. The inference that Proterozoic lithosphere was stabilized in the spinel stability field contrasts strongly with the proposed lithospheric source regions of recent magmatism. Low Lu/Hf ratios of all of the samples from the Rio Grande rift and northwewtern Colorado, compared to the calculated Lu/Hf ratio of the source based on Hf isotopic compositions, suggests that all of the lavas were derived from a garnet-bearing source. This implies that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle has stabilized garnet at the expense of spinel, perhaps through cooling of the lithosphere associated with formation of a stable craton and crustal thickening.
Exposure to Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and Child Development

Exposure to exogenous chemicals can affect endocrine function at multiple sites and through numerous specific modes of action, which may have far-reaching effects on human health and development. Widespread human exposure to known or suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been documented in the United States and worldwide, as have trends for increased rates of endocrine-related diseases and disorders among children. While human epidemiology studies of exposure to EDCs and children's health remain extremely limited, a growing body of evidence shows that exposure to a number of chemicals commonly found in consumer goods, personal care products, food, drinking water, and other sources may adversely affect child development through altered endocrine function. This narrative review provides a brief introduction to several common EDCs (with a specific focus on persistent organic pollutants, phthalates, bisphenol A, and contemporary-use pesticides, which represent only a small number of all known or suspected EDCs), an overview of the state of the human evidence for adverse effects of EDCs on child development (fetal growth, early reproductive tract development, pubertal development, neurodevelopment, and obesity), guidance for health care providers based on current knowledge, and recommendations for future research.
A design‐variable‐based inelastic hysteretic model for beam–column connections

This paper presents a design-variable-based inelastic hysteretic model for beam-column connections. It has been well known that the load-carrying capacity of connections heavily depends on the types and design variables even in the same connection type. Although many hysteretic connection models have been proposed, most of them are dependent on the specific connection type with presumed failure mechanisms. The proposed model can be responsive to variations both in design choices and in loading conditions. The proposed model consists of two modules: physical-principle-based module and neural network (NN)-based module in which information flow from design space to response space is formulated in one complete model. Moreover, owing to robust learning capability of a new NN-based module, the model can also learn complex dynamic evolutions in response space under earthquake loading conditions, such as yielding, post-buckling and tearing, etc. Performance of the proposed model has been demonstrated with synthetic and experimental data of two connection types: extended-end-plate and top- and seat-angle with double-web-angle connection. Furthermore, the design-variable-based model can be customized to any structural component beyond the application to beam-column connections.
Painful Prominences of the Heel

Heel pain is a common malady, with reported prevalence ranging from 4% to 21%. Referral to foot and ankle specialists for heel pain is also common, but patient awareness of the cause of heel pain may be limited. Many misconceptions about how heel exostoses relate to heel pain exist in the medical community and the general patient population, with many patients referred for or presenting with the simple complaint ''I have a heel spur.'' This article reviews the common exostoses of the heel, including plantar, lateral, and posterior spurs, with specific attention to the cause and treatments.
RELATIONSHIP OF THE MCCARTHY SCALES OF CHILDREN'S ABILITIES TO OTHER MEASURES OF PRESCHOOL COGNITIVE, MOTOR, AND PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT

The concurrent validity of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities with four other well-known, frequently utilized tests, namely, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test, and Denver Developmental Screening Test, was examined using 46 preschool children who ranged in age from 2 yr., 8 mo. to 5 yr., 1 mo. Each of the criterion tests includes activities that are present in the McCarthy, and that measure cognitive, motor, and perceptual development. Intercorrelations with other tests were moderately high, with the highest correlation found between the McCarthy General Cognitive Index and the Stanford-Binet IQ. It was concluded that the McCarthy alone is a possible replacement for the more time consuming test battery comprised of the four criterion measures.
Navier-Stokes flow simulation of the Space Shuttle Main Engine hot gas manifold

Incompressible viscous flow inside the turnaround duct, the fuel bowl, the transfer duct and the racetrack of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) Hot Gas Manifold (HGM) has been computed using the method of pseudo-compressibility together with an implicit, approximate-factorization algorithm. A multiple-zone method is used to make solution of flows in complex geometries easy. A model which predicts the pressure loading for the shield and the injector post arrangement without solving the complex flow field in the main injector region is proposed. The computed results show good qualitative agreement with experimental data.
Regulatory restrictions and energy: The impact of the Jones Act on spot gasoline prices

The purpose of the present study is to estimate the effects of the Jones Act on spot gasoline prices. Although the Jones Act pertains to the domestic shipment of all types of goods, the present study will only focus on gasoline. The present study will use data obtained from the Energy Information Administration in order to determine if the price of gasoline declined during Jones Act waiver periods. Looking at daily prices, the results regarding the effects of the Jones Act on spot gasoline prices are mixed. When using a t-test, the results indicated either that there was no significant difference or that prices were actually higher during the waiver periods. When using a first-order autoregressive model, it was found that prices were lower during the 2005 waiver period but higher during the 2012 waiver. Given these inconclusive results, it is not possible to conclude that the Jones Act restrictions contribute to higher gasoline prices.
A Critical Review of the Literature on the Coloring Matter in Egg Yolk

Abstract BECAUSE of the complex nature of the coloring matters of egg yolk and despite the large number of researches of the properties of the substances involved, their exact identity and chemical delineation are somewhat controversial; especially since these substances reputed to be responsible for the yellow color of the yolk have also been studied for their vitamin properties. The pigments in the yolk of hen’s eggs are almost entirely xanthophylls,1 † which are unsaturated hydrocarbons of the same general formula C40 H56 O2. It would be instructive to examine at some length the chemistry of the carotinoids, which are defined as red, orange, and yellow pigments which can be extracted from all forms of living matter by fat solvents. Carotin, a typical carotinoid, because of its interesting nutritive properties and because it will be compared with xanthophyll later on, deserves special study along with xanthophyll. Carotin is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, of the . . .
Fire regimes and forest changes in mid and upper montane forests of the southern Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, U.S.A.

Aim Spatial and temporal variation in fire regime parameters and forest structure were assessed. Location A 2630-ha area of mid- and upper montane forest in Lassen Volcanic National Park (LVNP). Methods Two hypotheses were tested concerned with fire-vegetation relationships in southern Cascades forests: (1) fire regime parameters (return interval, season of burn, fire size, rotation period) vary by forest dominant, elevation and slope aspect; and (2) fire exclusion since 1905 has caused forest structural and compositional changes in both mid- and upper montane forests. The implications of the study for national park management are also discussed. Results Fire regime parameters varied by forest compositional group and elevation in LVNP. Median composite and point fire return intervals were shorter in low elevation Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ) (JP) (4‐6 years, 16 years) and Jeffrey pine‐white fir ( Abies concolor ) (JP-WF) (5‐10 years, 22 years) and longer in high elevation red fir ( Abies magnifica )— western white pine ( Pinus monticola ) (RF-WWP) forests (9‐27 years, 70 years). Median fire return intervals were also shorter on east-facing (6‐9 years, 16.3 years) and longer on south- (11 years, 32.5 years) and west-facing slopes (22‐28 years, 54-years) in all forests and in each forest composition group. Spatial patterns in fire rotation length were the same as those for fire return intervals. More growing season fires also occurred in JP (33.1%) and JP-WF (17.5%) than in RF-WWP (1.1%) forests. A dramatic decline in fire frequency occurred in all forests after 1905. Conclusions Changes in forest structure and composition occurred in both mid- and upper montane forests due to twentieth-century fire exclusion. Forest density increased in JP and JP-WF forests and white fir increased in JP-WF forests and is now replacing Jeffrey pine. Forest density only increased in some RF-WWP stands, but not others. Resource managers restoring fire to these now denser forests need to burn larger areas if fire is going to play its pre-settlement role in montane forest dynamics.
Long-term high copper intake: effects on copper absorption, retention, and homeostasis in men

Background Numerous studies have examined the effect of low and adequate intakes of copper on absorption and retention, but little information is available on the regulation of absorption and retention of copper when intake is high. Objective A study was conducted in men to determine the effect of long-term high copper intake on copper absorption, retention, and homeostasis. Design Nine men were confined to a metabolic research unit (MRU) for 18 d and were fed a 3-d rotating menu containing an average of 1.6 mg Cu/d. They continued the study under free-living conditions for 129 d, supplementing their usual diets with 7 mg Cu/d. They then returned to the MRU for 18 d and consumed the same diet as during the first period, except that copper intake was 7.8 mg/d. The stable isotope (63)Cu was fed to 3 subjects and infused into the other 6 on day 7 of each MRU period, and complete urine and stool collections were made throughout the study. Total copper and (63)Cu were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Copper absorption, excretion, and retention were calculated on the basis of dietary, urinary, and fecal copper and (63)Cu. Results Results were as follows when comparing the high copper intake with the usual intake: fractional copper absorption was significantly lower, but the amount absorbed was significantly higher; excretion of the infused (63)Cu was significantly faster; and total retention was significantly higher. Conclusions Homeostatic regulation of copper absorption and retention helped to minimize the amount of copper retained with high copper intake but was not sufficient to prevent retention of >0.6 mg Cu/d.
An Overloaded Multiclass FIFO Queue with Abandonments

In this paper we consider a single-server queue fed by K independent renewal arrival streams, each representing a different job class. Jobs are processed in a FIFO fashion, regardless of class. The total amount of work arriving to the system exceeds the server's capacity. That is, the nominal traffic intensity of the system is assumed to be greater than one. Jobs arriving to the system grow impatient and abandon the queue after a random amount of time if service has not yet begun. Interarrival, service, and abandonment times are assumed to be generally distributed and class specific. We approximate this system using both fluid and diffusion limits. To this end, we consider a sequence of systems indexed by n in which the arrival and service rates are proportional to n; the abandonment distribution remains fixed across the sequence. In our first main result, we show that in the limit as n tends to infinity, the virtual waiting time process converges to a limiting deterministic process. This limit may be characterized as the solution to a first-order ordinary differential equation ODE. Specific examples are then presented for which the ODE may be explicitly solved. In our second main result, we refine the deterministic fluid approximation by showing that the fluid-centered and diffusion-scaled virtual waiting time process weakly converges to an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process whose drift and infinitesimal variance both vary over time. This process may also be solved for explicitly, thus yielding approximations to the transient as well as steady-state behavior of the virtual waiting time process.
Clinical outcomes of proximal row carpectomy versus four-corner arthrodesis for post-traumatic wrist arthropathy: a systematic review.

We conducted a systematic review of studies reporting clinical outcomes after proximal row carpectomy or to four-corner arthrodesis for scaphoid non-union advanced collapse or scapholunate advanced collapse arthritis. Seven studies (Levels I-III; 240 patients, 242 wrists) were evaluated. Significantly different post-operative values were as follows for four-corner arthrodesis versus proximal row carpectomy groups: wrist extension, 39 (SD 11o) versus 43 (SD 11o); wrist flexion, 32 (SD 10o) versus 36 (SD 11o); flexion-extension arc, 62 (SD 14o) versus 75 (SD 10o); radial deviation, 14 (SD 5o) versus 10 (SD 5o); hand grip strength as a percentage of contralateral side, 74% (SD 13) versus 67% (SD 16); overall complication rate, 29% versus 14%. The most common post-operative complications were non-union (grouped incidence, 7%) after four-corner arthrodesis and synovitis and clinically significant oedema (3.1%) after proximal row carpectomy. Radial deviation and post-operative hand grip strength (as a percentage of the contralateral side) were significantly better after four-corner arthrodesis. Four-corner arthrodesis gave significantly greater post-operative radial deviation and grip strength as a percentage of the opposite side. Wrist flexion, extension, and the flexion-extension arc were better after proximal row carpectomy, which also had a lower overall complication rate.
Winter ozone formation and VOC incremental reactivities in the Upper Green River Basin of Wyoming

The Upper Green River Basin (UGRB) in Wyoming experiences ozone episodes in the winter when the air is relatively stagnant and the ground is covered by snow. A modeling study was carried out to assess relative contributionsofoxidesofnitrogen(NOx)andindividualvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs),andnitrousacid (HONO) in winter ozone formation episodes in this region. The conditions of two ozone episodes, one in February 2008 and one in March 2011, were represented using a simplified box model with all pollutants present initially, but with the detailed SAPRC-07 chemical mechanism adapted for the temperature and radiation conditions arising from the high surface albedo of the snow that was present. Sensitivity calculations were conducted to assess effects of varying HONO inputs, ambient VOC speciation, and changing treatmentsoftemperatureandlightingconditions.Thelocationsmodeledwerefoundtobequitedifferentin VOCspeciationandsensitivitiestoVOCandNOxemissions,withonesitemodeledforthe2008episodebeing highly NOx-sensitive and insensitive to VOCs and HONO, and the other 2008 site and both 2011 sites being verysensitivetochangesinVOCandHONOinputs.IncrementalreactivityscalescalculatedforVOC-sensitive conditions in the UGRB predict far lower relative contributions of alkanes to ozone formation than in the traditional urban-based MIR scale and that the major contributors to ozone formation were the alkenes and the aromatics, despite their relatively small mass contributions. The reactivity scales are affected by the variable ambient VOC speciation and uncertainties in ambient HONO levels. These box model calculations areusefulforindicatinggeneralsensitivitiesandreactivitycharacteristicsofthesewinterUGRBepisodes,but fully three-dimensional models will be required to assess ozone abatement strategies in the UGRB.
The princeton junior high school science project

The author of this article is well known as the person who was primarily responsible for developing the tests which accompanied the new secondary school curricula (PSSC Physics et al). He has recently returned to geology, the field in which he took his doctorate, and as a member of the Geology Department at Princeton, is presently devoting full time to science curriculum development. Dr. Ferris serves as director of the project described in this article.
"Who should i talk to?": fostering a spontaneous F2F interaction in a conference

This paper proposes the notion of a mobile-based social augmented reality system, which helps to overcome awkwardness and to foster spontaneous face-to-face interactions in a conference. A series of interviews were conducted to identify current difficulties encountered in socializing at a conference, and to elicit design requirements based on user needs.
Co-Teaching Versus Apprentice Teaching: An Analysis of Similarities and Differences

Although the term co-teaching has for many years described a service delivery option for students with disabilities or other special needs, recently, it has been used as a label for an alternative approach to student teaching. In this article, the authors describe the essential characteristics of co-teaching and what is appropriately called apprentice teaching and outline the similarities and differences between these two collaborative practices, including overall program structure, the contributing characteristics of the participating individuals, and the nature of the professional relationships. The authors provide conclusions regarding the risks for teacher candidates and faculty members of using the same term for significantly different models.
What, if any, are the indications for arthroscopic debridement of the osteoarthritic knee?

Abstract Arthroscopic debridement is a reliable and effective treatment for knee arthritis in appropriately selected patients. Debridement may include lavage, loose body removal, partial meniscectomy, and/or chondroplasty. Patient selection criteria include acute effusion, well localized joint line tenderness, or catching or locking, often associated with a specific mechanism of injury, patients with imaging studies confirming loose bodies, patients with earlier stages of degenerative joint disease, and patients with realistic understanding that the goal of arthroscopy is to diminish pain and improve function and not to cure their arthritis. Surgeons are cautioned, in patients with an osteoarthritic knee, MRI may be overly sensitive and inadequately specific with regard to correlation between pathologic findings (with the exception of loose bodies) and predictably treatable disease. In conclusion, the authors cite the Arthroscopy Association of North America Position Statement on Osteoarthritis: "There is…a sub-group of patients with knee arthritis that can be significantly helped with appropriate arthroscopic surgery."
“Running a Train”: Adolescent Boys' Accounts of Sexual Intercourse Involving Multiple Males and One Female

The authors used qualitative research methods to explore the context and sexual risk behavior associated with sexual intercourse involving multiple males and one female, commonly called “running a train.” Participants were 20 adolescent males aged 14 to 22 years who were either perpetrators of dating violence or perceived by teachers to be at risk for dating violence perpetration. Trains were reported to be spontaneous or planned events, to occur in a variety of settings, and to be recreational behavior for male peers. Alcohol and drug use were frequently reported to both precede and co-occur with trains. Respondents provided motivations for both condom use and nonuse during trains. While respondents did not regard trains as sexual assault, they described numerous tactics used to coerce females' participation. Further investigation of the prevalence, causes, and consequences of this phenomenon is urgently needed.
DESIGN OF COMPLIANT FORCE AND DISPLACEMENT AMPLIFICATION MICRO- MECHANISMS

In many MEMS applications, it is desirable to amplify the force or displacement of an actuator or transducer. Devices that amplify force or mechanical advantage typically achieve this at the expense of displacement or geometric advantage. Likewise, devices that amplify geometric advantage do so at the expense of mechanical advantage. This paper proposes a device topology based on a four-link mechanism with compliant segments in place of hinges. Finite-element analysis and optimization were used to develop a Pareto set of solutions quantifying the force / displacement trade-off for a variety of loading conditions. Depending on these conditions, this device is capable of multiplying force inputs by as much as 23.7 and displacement inputs by as much as 588. Efficiency of these designs improves as the two objectives (mechanical and geometric advantage) are considered jointly in a multicriteria optimization problem rather than individually.
Wnt3a-Lrp5 mediated Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease

Calcific Aortic Valve Disease is the most common indication for surgical valve replacement. For years this disease was thought to be a passive degenerative phenomenon. However, the cellular mechanisms involving this disease process are emerging. There are two forms of calcific aortic valve disease, tricuspid aortic valve disease and bicuspid aortic valve disease. Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly, having a prevalence of 0.9–1.37 % in the general population [1]. Bicuspid aortic valve disease occurs more frequently in patients who are undergoing surgical valve replacement. Understanding of the cellular mechanisms of the mechanisms of aortic valve lesions will present further understanding towards slowing disease progression. Currently, there are three fundamental cellular mechanisms defined in the development of aortic valve disease: (1) oxidative stress via traditional cardiovascular risk factors [2–10], (2) cellular proliferation [11] and (3) osteoblastogenesis in the end stage disease process [12, 13]. This chapter will characterize the phenotype of the bicuspid aortic valve model.
Pasteuria, Metchnikoff, 1888

This chapter on Pasteuria spp. highlights Metchnikoff's thinking that Pasteuria spp. was able to undergo as many as five longitudinal divisions at the same time, giving it a characteristic fan shape. Germination of P. penetrans endospores occurs about 6 to 8 days after the endospore-encumbered nematode enters the plant root and begins to feed. The germ tube emerges through a central opening in the basal attachment layer and penetrates the cuticle of the nematode. After entering the hypodermal tissue of the nematode, the germ tube develops into a filamentous microcolony consisting of a dichotomously branched septate mycelium. Close scrutiny of the vegetative stage reveals its bacterial nature. The current inability to axenically cultivate these bacteria is not from any lack of trying. Even Metchnikoff mentioned his attempts at cultivation with gelatin, glycerin gels, and other nutrient media. The diversity in fine structures of sporangia has been exploited as a means of separating the several species of Pasteuria found in various nematode hosts. The emergence and increase in population of a natural control agent of nematodes are most probable under annual monocropping or in perennial crops. The examples of nematode-suppressive soils that have been discussed in this chapter appear to support the theory. Pasteuria spp. appear to have characteristics that make them ideal control agents for protecting crops against several plant-parasitic nematodes.
Deformation Mechanisms of the Zr40Ti14Ni10Cu12Be24 Bulk Metallic Glass

We have studied the mechanical behavior of Zr 40 Ti 14 Ni 10 Cu 12 Be 24 through uniaxial compression and nanoindentation experiments. Quantitative measurements of the serrated plastic flow observed during uniaxial compression are reported. These data are used to predict temperature increases in single shear bands due to local adiabatic heating caused by the work done on the sample as shear propagates progressively across the sample. Since the predicted temperature increases are insufficient to reach the glass transition temperature, it is unlikely that localized heating is the primary cause of flow localization. Instead, localization of shear is more likely caused by changes in viscosity associated with increased free volume in the shear bands. The orientation of the shear bands in compression tests and an indentation size effect for the onset of plastic flow in nanoindentation both point to increased free volume as the cause of localization.
“A Better Civilization” through Tourism

Adam Ochonicky, “‘A Better Civilization’ through Tourism: Cultural Appropriation in The Marble Faun ” (pp. 221–237) This essay argues that Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni (1860) is an attempt to situate the United States within a lineage of “great” nations via the depiction of tourism abroad in the nineteenth century. In The Marble Faun , Hawthorne suggests that the historical legacies of nations are dependent on the production of art objects, literature, and cultural sites that demonstrate the sophistication of a given national identity. As such, the novel’s narrative revolves around the experiences of a pair of American artists, Hilda and Kenyon, during their stay in Rome. Hawthorne continually emphasizes the duo’s remarkable skills as evaluators and copyists of Italian art in order to legitimize their—and, by proxy, the United States’—appropriation of Italy’s culture and historical stature. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne disparages the degraded state of then-contemporary Rome, while elevating the comparatively youthful United States as the rightful inheritor of Italy’s illustrious past. Essentially, by situating critical work on the nineteenth-century “realm of leisure” alongside twenty-first-century theories of tourism, this essay provides a framework for understanding the complex interconnections between transnational tourism and the development of American cultural identity in The Marble Faun .
Competing for Abrahamic Justice

Abrahamic Justice represents an alternative to modernity's “top-down” efforts to establish “universal” principles of human justice as well as to persistent efforts within each of the major religious traditions to universalize some regional account of what is “good and just”. The result of these efforts is an unhappy competition between secular and religious universalisms. Each kind of universal is promoted as an alternative to the other, as well as to the “relativism” that would seem to be the only third alternative. “Abrahamic justice” refers, instead, to “bottom-up” activities of inter-Abrahamic scriptural study and reasoning for the sake of generating inter-Abrahamic measures of social justice. This kind of justice therefore emerges out of relational, rather than relativistic sources. The purpose of these activities is to generate neither “universal” principles nor merely local claims, but, rather, to generate whatever kinds of measure are called for to meet the urgent inter-Abrahamic and inter-nationa...
Communications during critical mission operations: preparing for InSight’s landing on Mars

Radio communications with deep space missions are often taken for granted due to the impressively successful records since, for decades, the technology and infrastructure have been developed for ground and flight systems to optimize telemetry and commanding. During mission-critical events such as the entry, descent, and landing of a spacecraft on the surface of Mars, the signal's level and frequency dynamics vary significantly and typically exceed the threshold of the budgeted links. The challenge is increased when spacecraft shed antennas with heat shields and other hardware during those risky few minutes. We have in the past successfully received signals on Earth during critical events even ones not intended for ground reception. These included the UHF signal transmitted by Curiosity to Marsorbiting assets. Since NASA's Deep Space Network does not operate in the UHF band, large radio telescopes around the world are utilized. The Australian CSIRO Parkes Radio Telescope supported the Curiosity UHF signal reception and DSN receivers, tools, and expertise were used in the process. In preparation for the InSight mission's landing on Mars in 2016, preparations are underway to support the UHF communications. This paper presents communication scenarios with radio telescopes, and the DSN receiver and tools. It also discusses the usefulness of the real-time information content for better response time by the mission team towards successful mission operations.
Conical intersection of the ground and first excited states of water: energies and reduced density matrices from the anti-Hermitian contracted Schrödinger equation.

A conical intersection between the ground and first-excited states of water is computed through the direct calculation of two-electron reduced density matrices (2-RDMs) from solutions of the anti-Hermitian contracted Schrodinger equation (ACSE). This study is an extension of a previous study in which the ACSE was used to compute the energies around a conical intersection in the triplet excited states of methylene [Snyder, J. W., Jr.; Rothman, A. E.; Foley, J. J.; Mazziotti, D. A. J. Chem. Phys.2010, 132, 154109]. We compute absolute energies of the 11A′ and 21A′ states of water (H2O) and the location of the conical intersection. The ACSE energies are compared to those from ab initio wave function methods. To treat multireference correlation, we seed the ACSE with an initial 2-RDM from a multiconfiguration self-consistent field (MCSCF) calculation. Unlike the situation for methylene, the two states in the vicinity of the conical intersection of water both have the same spatial symmetry. Hence, the study de...
Solute Disequilibrium and Multicompartment Modeling

Mathematical models that simulate the exchange of solute between multiple body compartments have been used to study the distribution, elimination, and transport of urea, water, electrolytes, and other substances in the dialysis patient. Within a compartment, such substances are assumed to be uniformly distributed while exchange between compartments or with the environment may occur in a number of different ways. Diffusion in response to concentration gradients between, for example, intracellular and extracellular spaces, and convection due to blood flow have been identified as the most important transport mechanisms. Any system with more than one compartment may develop nonuniform solute distribution or solute disequilibrium between compartments. The minimum number of compartments required to model a kinetic process such as urea removal during hemodialysis depends on the accuracy and temporal resolution required, with higher resolution calling for more compartments. A two-compartment model is adequate for most clinical purposes. The physiological meaning or anatomic counterparts of the mathematical compartments remain uncertain as both flow and diffusion transport mechanisms contribute to the disequilibrium. Processes such as access and cardiopulmonary recirculation may be represented as additional compartments with small distribution volumes and high mass transport rates. Failure to recognize the effect of multiple compartments will result in an inaccurate measurement of dialysis dose and an inadequate hemodialysis prescription with a predictably poor clinical outcome. Allowance for compartment effects is particularly important in patients receiving treatment with a high ratio of dialyzer clearance to total body water, now commonly encountered during short-time, high-efficiency dialysis.
Ultrasound Techniques in Minimally Invasive Oncologic Surgery

Ultrasound is an indispensable tool for the minimally invasive oncologic surgeon. The tactile sense which surgeons rely so much upon in cancer surgery is limited during laparoscopy, but that deficit can be filled, and frankly exceeded, by utilizing laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) techniques. In addition, preoperative endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) provides the clinician with information for staging, delineates anatomic relationships to guide operative planning, and can provide a means for biopsy for tissue diagnosis. This chapter will introduce the application of perioperative and intraoperative ultrasound to the minimally invasive treatment of cancer.
Morbidity and mortality of cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND Peritoneal carcinomatosis has been regarded as a uniformly lethal clinical entity. Recently, dose-intensive treatments combining cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy have resulted in long-term survival in selected patients. METHODS This article reports the morbidity and mortality associated with this new treatment strategy in 45 consecutive treatments of 43 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis treated during an 18-month interval. RESULTS The duration of median postoperative ileus was 21 days, and increased age of the patient and extent of cytoreduction caused an increased incidence of ileus. Twenty-one complications occurred in 17 patients (37.7%). Complications related to enteric function included fistula (n = 4), bile leak (n = 1), pancreatitis (n = 1), and anastomotic disruption (n = 1). There were two early and two late episodes of postoperative bleeding requiring reoperation. Six patients had pneumonia and one had deep vein thrombosis. There were no deaths. Six of the seven complications related to enteric function occurred in patients who had undergone induction intraperitoneal chemotherapy before cytoreductive surgery plus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS As a result of these findings, induction intraperitoneal chemotherapy is only recommended for patients with low-volume intraabdominal cancer. In most patients surgical removal of peritoneal carcinomatosis before intraperitoneal chemotherapy is recommended. Because of the significant morbidity related to treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis, careful patient selection and favorable long-term results of treatment are required.
Leading Edge Vortex Circulation Development on Finite Aspect Ratio Pitch-Up Wings

We study the leading edge vortex (LEV) development and LEV circulation of pitch-up wings at a low Reynolds number of 500. Wings of different aspect ratios are linearly pitched up from 0 to 90 deg at two reduced pitch rates of 0.1 and 0.2. The flowfield is described by solving the unsteady three-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations on composite overlapping grids. The Q-criterion is used to isolate the LEV structure from shear layer. The simulation shows that forces increase with the aspect ratio and the pitch rate. The stall angle increases with the pitch rate but decreases with the aspect ratio. also It is shown that the LEV circulation depends on the wing aspect ratio: increasing wing aspect ratio increases the rate of LEV circulation generation during the pitch-up motion. It also shows that the reduced pitch rate could delay the LEV circulation development. Furthermore, the study shows that the LEV circulation distribution better matches the spanwise force distribution for higher aspect ra...
Holyoake and Secularism: The Emergence of ‘Positive’ Freethought

The facts about George Jacob Holyoake’s founding and early leadership of Secularism have been well documented. Yet, to date, Secularism has not been appreciated for its significance in terms of general secularism or modern secularization. In this chapter, I aim to explore Secularism not so much for its success or lack thereof at converting religious believers to its fold, or in terms of its institutional structures and organizational apparatuses. Social historians of Secularism, especially Edward Royle, have done well to demonstrate in great detail such social facts about Secularism.1 Instead, my focus will be on Secularism as a particular cultural and intellectual formation or constellation. I am interested in Secularism as a historic signpost for what it can tell us about the configuration of the elements involved in its construction, the secular and the religious, and how these interacted with each other and other factors under Secularism’s banner. My approach to the structure of Secularism thus lies somewhere between cultural history, intellectual history, and cultural critique. I look for what Secularism can reveal about its historicity as a cultural, intellectual, religious, and social development and what that development suggests about the configuration of what we now understand as modern secularity.
ATM Mutations in Cancer: Therapeutic Implications

Activation of checkpoint arrest and homologous DNA repair are necessary for maintenance of genomic integrity during DNA replication. Germ-line mutations of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene result in the well-characterized ataxia telangiectasia syndrome, which manifests with an increased cancer predisposition, including a 20% to 30% lifetime risk of lymphoid, gastric, breast, central nervous system, skin, and other cancers. Somatic ATM mutations or deletions are commonly found in lymphoid malignancies, as well as a variety of solid tumors. Such mutations may result in chemotherapy resistance and adverse prognosis, but may also be exploited by existing or emerging targeted therapies that produce synthetic lethal states. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(8); 1781-91. ©2016 AACR.
Electrostatic Basis for Vectorial Light-Induced Charge Separation in Photobiological systems

The energetics and efficiency of light-induced charge separation across membranes are considered on a molecular level. It is shown how the activation energy that controls the efficiency can be evaluated from the dielectric constant and dielectric relaxation of the system. Examples are given by analyzing the action of artificial and biological photosynthetic systems, including bacterial reactions center (1,2).
Power-efficient virtual machine replication in data centers

By replicating virtual machines (VMs) and placing replica copies into data centers, not only does it distribute the requests to virtual machines into different physical machines, thus reducing server load, but also it achieves fault tolerance in risks of server failures by placing multiple copies of a VM on different servers. This paper studies the virtual machine replication problem (VMR) in data centers, with the goal of minimizing the total power consumption in this process. To guarantee that each VM is available in the event of server failure, it replicates R copies of each VM and place them into different physical machines (PMs) in the data centers, where R depends upon the server failure probability. We show that VMR is equivalent to the minimum cost flow problem, which can be solved efficiently and optimally. We further reduce the power consumption in the data center by consolidating PMs that store VM replicas and turning off inactive ones. In addition, we design two time-efficient heuristic algorithms to solve VMR. Via extensive simulations and analysis, we compare the VM replication algorithms under different data center scenarios, and show that our consolidation algorithm could further consolidate 50 PMs upon the VM replication algorithm in a data center of 1028 PMs.
‘The place you don’t belong’: Stuart Neville’s Belfast

The Detective Jack Lennon series examines the fragility of the Northern Irish peace process and the measures that politicians and other heads of state go to in order to maintain it. At the center of the novels are withering critiques of a hypocrisy that seems to have infiltrated every layer of Northern society, cynicism over the North’s ability to move beyond its past, and questions about how to define and execute justice. Neville has been criticized for employing stereotypical conventions of the Troubles thriller and presenting reductive images of the conflict. A closer examination, however, shows a complex depiction of Belfast that destabilizes traditional binaries and reflects the liminality and uncertainty of the post-Agreement North.
Predictors of Appropriate Pharmacotherapy Management of COPD Exacerbations and Impact on 6-Month Readmission

BACKGROUND: Suboptimal treatment of exacerbations is a major concern in management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The Pharmacotherapy Management of COPD Exacerbation (PCE) Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measure is a quality measure included by the National Committee for Quality Assurance that focuses on appropriate use of steroids and bronchodilators during an acute COPD exacerbation. There is limited evidence evaluating predictors of this quality measure, as well as its association with hospital readmission and cost outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To (a) describe characteristics of patients hospitalized for COPD, (b) evaluate factors associated with appropriate receipt of pharmacotherapy upon discharge, and (c) evaluate factors associated with the rate of readmission. METHODS: In this retrospective, observational, event-based study of COPD-related hospital and ED visits, events were identified between 2007 and 2013 from a Central Texas health plan using administrative c...
Electrically and Hybrid-Induced Muscle Activations: Effects of Muscle Size and Fiber Type.

The effect of three electrical stimulation (ES) frequencies (10, 35, and 50 Hz) on two muscle groups with different proportions of fast and slow twitch fibers (abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and vastus lateralis (VL)) was explored. We evaluated the acute muscles’ responses individually and during hybrid activations (ES superimposed by voluntary activations). Surface electromyography (sEMG) and force measurements were evaluated as outcomes. Ten healthy adults (mean age: 24.4 ± 2.5 years) participated after signing an informed consent form approved by the university Institutional Review Board. Protocols were developed to: 1) compare EMG activities during each frequency for each muscle when generating 25% Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) force, and 2) compare EMG activities during each frequency when additional voluntary activation was superimposed over ES-induced 25% MVC to reach 50% and 75% MVC. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) was utilized to separate ES artifacts from voluntary muscle activation. For both muscles, higher stimulation frequency (35 and 50Hz) induced higher electrical output detected at 25% of MVC, suggesting more recruitment with higher frequencies. Hybrid activation generated proportionally less electrical activity than ES alone. ES and voluntary activations appear to generate two different modes of muscle recruitment. ES may provoke muscle strength by activating more fatiguing fast acting fibers, but voluntary activation elicits more muscle coordination. Therefore, during the hybrid activation, less electrical activity may be detected due to recruitment of more fatigue-resistant deeper muscle fibers, not reachable by surface EMG.
Characterization of the cell polarity gene crumbs during the early development and maintenance of the squid–vibrio light organ symbiosis

The protein Crumbs is a determinant of apical–basal cell polarity and plays a role in apoptosis of epithelial cells and their protection against photodamage. Using the squid–vibrio system, a model for development of symbiotic partnerships, we examined the modulation of the crumbs gene in host epithelial tissues during initiation and maintenance of the association. The extracellular luminous symbiont Vibrio fischeri colonizes the apical surfaces of polarized epithelia in deep crypts of the Euprymna scolopes light organ. During initial colonization each generation, symbiont harvesting is potentiated by the biochemical and biophysical activity of superficial ciliated epithelia, which are several cell layers from the crypt epithelia where the symbionts reside. Within hours of crypt colonization, the symbionts induce the cell death mediated regression of the remote superficial ciliated fields. However, the crypt cells directly interacting with the symbiont are protected from death. In the squid host, we characterized the gene and encoded protein during light organ morphogenesis and in response to symbiosis. Features of the protein sequence and structure, phylogenetic relationships, and localization patterns in the eye supported assignment of the squid protein to the Crumbs family. In situ hybridization revealed that the crumbs transcript shows opposite expression at the onset of symbiosis in the two different regions of the light organ: elevated levels in the superficial epithelia were attenuated whereas low levels in the crypt epithelia were turned up. Although a rhythmic association in which the host controls the symbiont population over the day–night cycle begins in the juvenile upon colonization, cycling of crumbs was evident only in the adult organ with peak expression coincident with maximum symbiont population and luminescence. Our results provide evidence that crumbs responds to symbiont cues that induce developmental apoptosis and to symbiont population dynamics correlating with luminescence-based stress throughout the duration of the host-microbe association.