cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Copper recovery in a spouted vessel electrolytic reactor (SBER)

An investigation of copper recovery from acidic solutions in a particulate, cylindrical spouted vessel of conductive particles is presented. The effects of current, initial copper ion concentration, supporting electrolyte concentration, particle loading, liquid flow rate, solution pH, and temperature on copper recovery rate, current efficiency and energy efficiency of the electrolytic deposition process were investigated under galvanostatic conditions. Experiments were also conducted to investigate the effects of backdissolution or ‘backstripping’ of the deposited metal in the acidic solution. It is hypothesized that the latter occurs via both chemical and electrochemical anodic oxidation in the bed of conductive particles. It was found that sparging of the electrolyte solution with selected gases to remove dissolved oxygen increased the current efficiency by as much as 30 under certain conditions. Finally, a numerical kinetic model of electrochemical deposition and backstripping, coupled with mass transfer in the particulate cathode bed, is presented that describes the behaviour of the net copper recovery curves reasonably well.
Modern aspects of management of craniocerebral injury

Abstract 1. 1. The management of craniocerebral injuries in this country is becoming a problem of increasing importance. 2. 2. Success depends upon a thorough working knowledge of the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the brain and the cellular changes caused by trauma. 3. 3. Although there are still many unsolved problems, new data are accumulating which in time should place management on a more scientific basis with better results. 4. 4. A pathologic process of great importance is the destructive cellular change which results from such conditions as anemia, hyperthermia, hypoglycemia, tissue swelling, shock, metabolic depression by hypnotic or sedative drugs and acute alcoholic intoxication. 5. 5. Oxygen therapy, from our experience thus far, promptly increases diminished oxygen saturation in the blood. If used early enough and in sufficient concentration, 80 to 100 per cent, it may help to prevent the development of dangerous anoxia, particularly if the blood pressure is supported in shock.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Female Sexual Response: Overview of Techniques, Results, and Future Directions

ABSTRACT Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is becoming a frequently used tool in the study of sexual physiology and neurophysiology. Aim This report reviews various MRI methods used to study the female sexual arousal response. Methods Retrospective review of pertinent literature. Results Dynamic genital MRI studies enable the visualization of the physiologic arousal response that provides the direct observation of the time course and magnitude of this response, along with the variability that appears to occur in women with sexual arousal disorder. Functional brain MR studies are described and summarized along with an overview of what we have learned. Finally, the speculation on how we may be able to use MRI technology to better understand the female sexual response and to help in validating new drug treatments or in devising new treatment strategies for sexual dysfunction is also presented. Conclusions Neuroimaging has already been proven as an invaluable research tool to study the sexual response in women both in the pelvis as well as within the brain. Using these techniques, major inroads are being made to improve the understanding of the sexual arousal process in women. Maravilla KR, and Yang CC. Magnetic resonance imaging and the female sexual response: Overview of techniques, results, and future directions.
Regulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated Tip110 protein degradation by USP15

Tip110 is a nuclear protein and has been shown to function in tumor antigenicity, regulation of gene transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and embryonic development. To characterize the in vivo functions of Tip110, a transgene cassette expressing human Tip110 protein (hTip110) was used to generate hTip110 transgenic (Tg) mice. Unexpectedly, only Tip110 mRNA but not Tip110 protein was expressed in Tg MEF and tissues. Treatment of Tg MEF with proteasome inhibitors led to detection of hTip110 protein, which prompted us to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of Tip110 degradation in mouse cells. We found that hTip110 was more sensitive to ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-mediated protein degradation than mouse Tip110 (mTip110), likely resulting from more hTip110 ubiquitination. Using affinity chromatography and proteomics, we identified USP15, a deubiquitinating enzyme, to be associated with Tip110. Tip110 expression led to re-distribution of USP15 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and complete co-localization of Tip110 with USP15 in the nucleus, whereas USP15 expression resulted in hTip110 deubiquitination. Interestingly, USP15 knockdown restored hTip110 protein expression in Tg MEF and USP15 expression had little effects. Taken together, these results provide insights into the regulatory mechanism of human Tip110 degradation by USP15.
Hypothyroidism Presenting as Psychosis: Myxedema Madness Revisited

Hypothyroidism is a medical condition commonly encountered in a variety of clinical settings. The clinical presentations of thyroid hormone deficiency are diverse, complicated, and often overlooked. Hypothyroidism is a potential etiology for multiple somatic complaints and a variety of psychological disturbances. The physical complaints are primarily related to metabolic slowing secondary to lack of thyroid hormone. Psychiatric presentations include cognitive dysfunction, affective disorders, and psychosis. The realization that hypothyroidism might be the potential etiology of an assortment of symptoms is critical in the identification and treatment of the hypothyroid patient. Once hypothyroidism is identified, symptoms usually respond to appropriate thyroid hormone supplementation. This article presents a case of clinical hypothyroidism that came to clinical attention due to psychotic symptoms consisting of auditory and visual hallucinations. The case is followed by a brief discussion of the literature describing the relationship of hypothyroidism and psychiatric symptomatology. References were identified with an English language-based MEDLINE search (1966-2003) using the terms thyroid, hypothyroid, depression, dementia, delirium, mania, bipolar disorder, psychosis, and myxedema and utilization of referenced articles.
Further Evidence on Insider Selling Prior to Seasoned Equity Offering Announcements: The Role of Growth Opportunities

Previous research documents significant abnormal net selling by insiders prior to seasoned equity offering announcements. This study documents that the abnormal net selling is significantly greater for growth firms than for mature firms. It also shows that growth firms experience poorer post-issue long-term price performance, which suggests greater overpricing for growth firms. Further analysis shows that greater insider selling prior to the offering announcement is associated with a greater price run-up prior to the announcement and is not associated with a more negative market reaction to the announcement. Overall, the results suggest that investors may be overly optimistic about future prospects of growth firms.
3D Digital Imaging Correlation: Applications to Tire Testing

Abstract Three-dimensional digital imaging correlation (DIC) techniques are a viable method for measuring surface displacements and strains on tires. DIC provides the capability to measure the full-field noncontact tire surface deformation and strain state, which supports multiple objectives: validation of tire models based on finite element (FE) predictions, setting targets for improving FE predictions and providing insight into the tire deformation state under static and dynamic conditions. A method for verifying the accuracy of the DIC measurement process is presented whereby a thin, rectangular test sample of rubber material is subjected to a combination of strains and rigid body motions of known amounts. Once the measurement technique is proven accurate with a simple specimen, the focus shifts to the objectives explained above. Tire surface strains will be discussed for purposes of validating model predictions of sidewall and belt edge strains. Several types of specimen geometries will be reviewed an...
Handling flammable materials: Wikipedia biographies of living persons as contentious objects

Common ground. Shared interests. Collective goals. Much has been said about the power of technology to bring people together around commonalities to form groups, teams, and communities. Yet, the same technologies can also be used to bring together individuals with fundamentally irreconcilable differences. In these cases, the question is not how to construct systems that build on commonality, but rather how to manage artifacts that by their very nature provide affordances for conflict. In this paper we examine how Biographies of Living Persons (BLP) in Wikipedia exemplify contentious objects, both in terms of their features and their consequences. We draw from discussions of risk management and resilience to outline four approaches that groups can use to manage contentious objects (risk avoidance, risk minimization, threat reduction, and conflict management). Description of the policies, structures, and systems surrounding Biographies of Living Persons in Wikipedia illustrate how application of these approaches enable the creation and existence of large collection of contentions objects, without undermining the viability of the larger socio-technical system.
Substrate-type induction of tyrosine transaminase, illustrating a general adaptive mechanism in animals.

Summary Substrate-induced elevations of tyrosine transaminase occur, consistent with the characteristics predicted for the current model of adaptive enzyme changes in animals. This model of substrate type and hormone-type inductions is described and its general utility discussed.
Magic matrices for ionization in mass spectrometry

Abstract The initial discovery that a heated inlet tube of a mass spectrometer is an ionization source producing ions from volatile, nonvolatile, small, and large molecules with charge states similar to electrospray ionization has been advanced to ionization requiring only the vacuum inherent with a mass spectrometer and a suitable matrix. This spontaneous ionization method was first applicable with the matrix 3-nitrobenzonitrile. Here we report that over 40 compounds have now been discovered that spontaneously convert molecules to gas-phase ions when exposed to sub-atmospheric pressure, some with remarkable sensitivity (10 fmol of protein insulin). The commonality of all matrices is the ability to sublime, preferably near room temperature, through exposure to vacuum, and the ability to create charge separation under these conditions. The effect of vacuum, airflow, temperature (−80 to +150 °C) and pH (1–9) on the effectiveness of these newly discovered matrices to ionize peptides and proteins is presented. Compounds with and without acidic hydrogen atoms act as matrices and ionize specific compound classes. The new matrices extend applications from peptides, proteins and drugs to compound classes without basic functionality such as lipids and synthetic polymers in the negative and positive modes. Mass resolution and ion mobility spectrometry aspects are also discussed.
On a problem of Rohrbach for finite groups

Abstract Let G be a multiplicative group, and let h ≥ 2. Let B be a subset of G. Denote by Bh the set of all products of h elements of B. The set B is a basis of orderhforG if Bh = G. The principal result is that, for any δ > 0 and n ≥ M(h, δ), if G is a finite group of order n, then there exists a subset B of G such that Bh = G and ∥B∥ log n) 1 h .
Histogenesis of the retina in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus.

The order of production of retinal cells was studied in embryos of the teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus, using 3H-thymidine radioautography. Cell division stops first in the fundus of the neuroepithelium and continues longest at the margin. In the fundus, the cells whose nuclei will reside in the inner region of the retina, near the vitreous, stop dividing before the cells whose nuclei will reside near the outer region of the retina. Thus the ganglion cells are produced first and the receptors and horizontal cells last.
The cyclic nucleotide-dependent phosphorylation of aortic smooth muscle membrane proteins

Membrane proteins of Mr 240,000, 130,000, and 85,000 (GS-proteins) were rapidly and selectively phosphorylated in particulate fractions of rabbit aortic smooth muscle in the presence of [Mg-32P]ATP and low concentrations of cGMP (Ka = 0.01 microM) or cAMP (Ka = 0.2 microM). The effects of both cyclic nucleotides in this preparation were mediated entirely by an endogenous, membrane-bound form of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G-kinase). The GS-proteins were also phosphorylated by the soluble form of G-kinase purified from bovine lung; this effect was most evident following removal of endogenous G-kinase from the membranes using Na2CO3 and high salt washes. The membrane-bound and cytosolic forms of G-kinase phosphorylated the Mr 130,000 GS-protein with the same specificity as determined by two-dimensional peptide mapping. Despite this functional homology between the two forms of G-kinase, only the particulate enzyme appears to play a role in phosphorylating the GS-proteins. Although little endogenous cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) activity was detected in washed aortic smooth muscle membranes, the GS-proteins could be phosphorylated when purified A-kinase catalytic subunit was added to this preparation. Peptide mapping of the Mr 130,000 GS-protein indicated that A-kinase phosphorylated a subset of the same peptides labeled by the two forms of G-kinase. The endogenous A-kinase of rabbit aortic smooth muscle homogenates was also found to phosphorylate the GS-proteins. Since the intracellular concentrations of cGMP or cAMP can be selectively elevated by different stimuli, these results suggest several possible mechanisms by which the phosphorylation state of the GS-proteins may be regulated by cyclic nucleotides: activation of the membrane-bound G-kinase by cGMP or cAMP; and activation of cytosolic A-kinase by cAMP.
Radiotherapy for chemodectoma of the carotid body and ganglion nodosum

Chemodectomas of the carotid body and of the glomus vagale are uncommon tumors of the head and neck. Between 1981 and 1986, 6 patients with advanced chemodectomas of either the carotid body (5 patients) or the glomus vagale (1 patient) were treated with radiotherapy at the University of Florida. Tumors were bilateral in 2 patients. Five patients have had no evidence of disease progression for 5, 5.5, 7, 7, and 8.5 years following irradiation. One of the 5 patients experienced complete regression, 2 noted partial regression, and 2 remained stable (without progression). One patient, who had received 2 prior operations and a course of irradiation at another institution, died of locally recurrent disease 5 years after re-irradiation at the University of Florida. No patient experienced a significant complication secondary to irradiation.
The nutritional selectivity of a siderophore-catabolizing bacterium.

The ability of a siderophore-catabolizing bacterium to assimilate ferric ion was examined. While the bacterium utilizes the siderophore deferrioxamine B (DFB) as a carbon source, it was incapable of using the ferricion analogue (ferrioxamine B) as an iron source. It did, however, assimilate the ferric ion of the chelator ferric nitrilotriacetic acid and of the siderophore ferrirhodotorulic acid (ferriRA). Neither ferriRA nor its deferrated analog (RA), however, were capable of functioning as carbon sources for the bacterium. The microbe thus employs a ‘nutritional selectivity’ with respect to these two siderophores. That is, it does not use the siderophore it employs as a carbon source (DFB) as an iron source nor does the siderophore utilized as an iron source, i.e. ferriRA, nor its deferrated analog (RA), serve as carbon sources for the organism.
We are not a Healthcare Business: Our Inadvertent Vow of Poverty

Psychology has been fractionated from mainstream healthcare delivery and this schism has resulted in huge costs to psychologists and our intended customers. Psychology has also been naive economically. The authors suggest three revolutions: (1) for clinical psychology to be better integrated into the healthcare delivery system; (2) for psychologists to better understand healthcare economics and business; and (3) for psychologists to become more entrepreneurial, i.e., see needs in healthcare (such as those of the elderly, obesity, improved access and value through ehealth) and systematically fill these. We note high quality businesses help many individuals (customers, family members, employees) not typically recognized by anti-business psychologists.
Separation of aldonic, deoxyaldonic, hexuronic and hexaric lactones and acids using thermostable open tubular glass capillary columns

Abstract Successful gas-liquid chromatographic separation of mixtures of aldonic, deoxyladonic, hexuronic and hexaric lactones and acids has been achieved. The compounds were analyzed as mixtures of lactone trimethylsilyl ethers and linear trimethylsilyl ester trimethylsilyl ethers. Both kinetically defined and equilibrium product distributions were considered. Analyses were made using a 60-m SE-30 open tubular glass capillary column with temperature programming.
THE NATURE OF CLADISTIC DATA

— Cladistic data are the characters of organisms. Character is defined as a feature that can be evaluated as a variable with two or more mutually exclusive and ordered states. Cladistic characters must be treated as multistate variables, and coded as sequential numbers or in additive binary fashion. Any other interpretation and handling of cladistic data will introduce error into analysis. Character states cannot be treated independently as present or absent, i.e., as nominal variables, because redundancy is introduced into the data and information content is sacrificed. Non-additive binary coding demonstrates that treating cladistic variables as nominal data will lead to multiple, equally parsimonious solutions. Defining characters found universally in a group of organisms, but unknown outside those organisms have no alternative state that can be designated as absent. Absence, however, is valid as a character state if it can be shown to be apomorphic. When two or more character states occur within a taxon, that taxon must be coded as having an unknown state for that character, or the taxon must be split in two or more taxa. Continuously varying quantitative data are not suitable for cladistic analysis because there is no justifiable basis for recognizing discrete states among them. Quantitative data are questionable even when they exhibit mutually exclusive states because the states can be interpreted only in reference to an archetype, i.e., as implied homologies not subject to test.
Craze plasticity in a series of polystyrene/polybutadiene di-block copolymers with spherical morphology

Abstract The plastic behaviour by crazing of a series of polystyrene/polybutadiene di-block copolymers with a morphology of randomly dispersed PB spheres has been investigated at both +20 and −20°C. Materials with volume fractions of PB exceeding 0.11 were found to be quite tough in tension, with typical craze flow stresses of around 30 MPa and strains to fracture of around 0.4. Growth rates of individual crazes were studied in detail in all blends. Electron microscopy established that in the material exhibiting good toughness, crazes grew by cavitation of the spherical PB domains, followed by plastic drawing of the remaining PS carcass. The growth rates of such crazes could be modelled quite well by the advance of a cavitation front in a planar layer of a thickness equal to the PB domain diameter. When volume fractions of PB were much lower than 0.1, the craze growth rates became quite low and exhibited kinetics that fitted the interface convolution mechanism of craze growth. The good agreement between t...
A heap de/compression module for wireless Java

Cellular phones used to provide voice-only services, offline computing, games, schedulers, notes, and calculators, etc. Current generation of multi-functioned handsets including cellular phones and PDAs support high speed multimedia data transfers, MP3 music and video, and give the user direct access to multi-information services such as share process, news, sports results and M-commerce by Wireless Java. Many of these applications require a large volume of data and thus higher non-volatile memory capacity. One solution is to integrate Multi-chip package (MCP) & First Cycle Random Access Memory (FCRAM), or Flexible Flash Memories into the small handsets. The increasing memory capacity, however, causes higher cost and difficulty due to a limit of memory size in the small handsets. Alternative solution is to reduce memory space required for executing applications. Runtime memory compression technique is one candidate for achieving the goal. We propose a Java computation mechanism with a de / compression module that reduces Java heap memory demand. We also introduce the use of a shared Java virtual machine (VM) for wireless Java. The runtime heap compression mechanism could achieve 48.54% of compression ratio. The heap memory, then, could be saved 51.46% and the garbage collection (GC) time could be eliminated. This memory saving leads low power consumption with the multi-memory bank organization. The space efficiency of the proposed computation mechanism is 1.23 to 2.13. The speed up in Java heap memory management part varies among benchmarks and is up to 5.20. The modified LRU page replacement policy and the shared VM make the use of de / compression technique further less affect the entire performance. The proposed computation mechanism with Java heap de / compression module makes the wireless Java web applications faster and will offer good user experience and low power consumption.
Pheochromocytoma: Observations on mechanism of carbohydrate intolerance and abnormalities associated with development of Goldblatt kidney following removal of tumor

Abstract Studies were conducted before and after surgery in a patient with pheochromocytoma in an attempt to define the mechanism of carbohydrate intolerance in this disease. In the preoperative study, glucose administration caused marked hyperglycemia but insulin release was severely impaired. In contrast, arginine administration was associated with a prompt increase of plasma insulin and a decrease in blood glucose concentration. These observations suggest that impaired insulin release and not synthesis is primarily responsible for carbohydrate intolerance in pheochromocytoma. Normal plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels and low plasma growth hormone and renin concentrations prior to surgery demonstrate that these substances were not important in the pathogenesis of carbohydrate intolerance in this patient. Two months after removal of the pheochromocytoma insulin release in response to glucose was markedly improved but had not returned to normal. Left renal artery thrombosis with renovascular hypertension developed in the immediate postoperative period. This unusual complication provided a unique opportunity to document the changes associated with the onset, course and surgical correction of the Goldblatt kidney in man.
Dr. Samuel Stover: promoting health and participation through leadership in spinal cord injury medicine.

Stover, MD, contributed to the recognition and growth of the field in numerous ways. He was one of the individuals who was instrumental in the establishment and growth of the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems (SCIMS) of Care program in the United States. The program continues, to this day, to provide cutting-edge care for persons with traumatic onset SCI and the infrastructure for applied SCI research. The SCIMS’s primary aim has always been to improve the health and quality of life of this population. Stover was a key player in the development of the National SCI Dataset, which has been the model for a number of similar clinical research databases for persons with other acute and chronic disabling conditions. He is responsible for the development of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Standards for Neurological Classification of SCI and chaired the first committee in 1980. Stover’s research reflected his keen awareness of the importance of lifetime follow-up care for persons with SCI and the need for prevention and optimal treatment of the high-risk secondary complications of these unique patients. He always recognized that these potential complications would seriously impede his patients’ full participation in society and impact their quality of life.
Linear transformation of pictures represented by quad trees

Abstract An algorithm is described for transforming a quad tree encoding for a picture into a quad tree for the same picture after application of a general linear operator. The technique relies on algorithms and data structures described previously for the construction and superposition of quad trees. The transformation algorithm is shown to take time O(n + sp + mg), where n is the number of nodes in the input tree, s is a scale factor, p is the total perimeter of all the regions of the original picture, m is the number of regions, and q is a resolution parameter.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy - Family Skills Training

Over the past three decades, family interventions have become important components of treatment for a number of psychiatric disorders. To date, however, there has been no family treatment designed specifically for borderline personality disorder patients and their relatives. This article describes one short-term family intervention called Dialectical Behavior Therapy-Family Skills Training. Based on Linehan's Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), borderline patients' behavioral patterns are thought to result from a lifelong transaction between emotional vulnerability and invalidating features of the social and familial environment. Individual DBT focuses on reducing individual emotion dysregulation and vulnerability and enhancing individual stability. The complementary family interventions proposed in this article aim to: 1) provide all family members an understanding of borderline behavioral patterns in a clear, nonjudgmental way; 2) enhance the contributions of all family members to a mutually validating environment; and 3) address all family members' emotion regulation and interpersonal skills deficits.
Gender differences in the pharmacology of nicotine addiction

Smoking rates have declined in recent years less rapidly in women than in men. More adolescent girls than boys are currently smoking. Quitting smoking is reported in many studies to be more difficult in women than in men. These observations suggest that there may be gender differences in the nature of nicotine addiction. Gender differences in various pharmacological processes involved in nicotine addiction are reviewed. Women take in less nicotine from smoking per cigarette than men but, because of slower metabolism, nicotine levels in the body for a given number of cigarettes per day are similar in male and female smokers. Women tend to be less sensitive to the discriminative effects of nicotine and tend to regulate nicotine intake less precisely than men. On the other hand, women appear to be more sensitive to the effects of nicotine in reducing negative affect and reducing body weight. There is a strong association between depression and smoking, and this association appears to be stronger in women than in men. Women tend to respond more to environmental cues associated with smoking than do men. Thus, several lines of evidence suggest that nicotine addiction is different in women than in men. Understanding the basis for gender differences may be of utility in individualizing and optimizing smoking cessation therapy.
A Parallel Spatial Co-location Mining Algorithm Based on MapReduce

Spatial association rule mining is a useful tool for discovering correlations and interesting relationships among spatial objects. Co-locations, or sets of spatial events which are frequently observed together in close proximity, are particularly useful for discovering their spatial dependencies. Although a number of spatial co-location mining algorithms have been developed, the computation of co-location pattern discovery remains prohibitively expensive with large data size and dense neighborhoods. We propose to leverage the power of parallel processing, in particular, the MapReduce framework to achieve higher spatial mining processing efficiency. MapReduce-like systems have been proven to be an efficient framework for large-scale data processing on clusters of commodity machines, and for big data analysis for many applications. The proposed parallel co-location mining algorithm was developed on MapReduce. The experimental result of the developed algorithm shows scalability in computational performance.
The need for dynamic control in high data-rate communication systems

High data rate optical communication systems will require dynamic control to maintain low error rates for operational systems. The transmission impairments that lead to variable system performance are polarization effects, dispersion, noise, and optical nonlinearity. The polarization effects include polarization dependent loss (PDL), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), and polarization dependent gain (PDG). In many cases these impairments combine to lead to overall system performance degradation. Of particular interest are optical communication networks that will be connected via optical switches. Here one anticipates that high capacity networks of various designs may be optically connected.
Metamodulation of the biogenic amines: Second-order modulation by steroid hormones and amine cocktails

An evolutionarily conserved feature of neural systems is that they can be modified by neuromodulators. These modulatory chemical signals include the biogenic amines, octopamine (OA), serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA). Such modulation effectively broadens the operational range in which specific neural circuits can function adaptively. This report discusses how these amines are themselves modulated; for example, by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) or by the addition of a second biogenic amine. Such second-order neuromodulation, termed metamodulation, is discussed in the context of two well-studied invertebrate systems: the tobacco hornworm moth Manduca sexta, a model of neurodevelopment and plasticity, and the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis, a long-favored preparation used to study neural circuits at the level of identified neurons. A portion of this article reviews our previous research of M. sexta that shows that the ‘preadult’ rise in 20-E is both necessary and sufficient for the increased levels of octopamine observed in the adult. Such elevated levels likely play an important role in the production and modulation of adult behaviors. The somatic growth of median octopaminergic neurons and the late expression of OA-immunoreactivity by novel lateral neurons are also demonstrated to be dependent on 20-E. New immunocytochemical results of stained dopaminergic neurons in the larval and adult moth brain are provided as well, and the potential influence of 20-E on the developmental expression of this neuromodulator is presented. Turning attention to the leech, data indicate that the actions of OA are dramatically altered when 5-HT is combined with OA in the bath surrounding the isolated nervous system. Although either OA or 5-HT alone induces fictive swimming behavior, a cocktail of these two amines strongly inhibits the generation of swimming. Subsequent removal of such a mixture induces nearly continuous swimming and constitutes the best swim-inducing stimulus encountered to date. To understand better how these nonadditive effects are achieved, new results are discussed that indicate that the leech brain is the target of metamodulation by the two amines. Both the arthropod and annelid systems presented here highlight the multiple levels of metamodulation that can exist in nervous systems, and the diverse ways that a modulator’s actions can become altered over short or long time periods.
Combining and Comparing Morphometric Shape Descriptors with a Molecular Phylogeny: The Case of Fruit Type Evolution in Bornean Lithocarpus (Fagaceae)

Fruit type in the genus Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) includes both classic oak acorns and novel modiecations. Bornean taxa with modieed fruits can be separated into two sections (Synaedrys and Lithocarpus) based on subtle shape differences. By following strict criteria for homology and repre- sentation, this variation in shape can be captured and the sections distinguished by using elliptic Fourier or eigenshape analysis. Phenograms of fruit shape, constructed by using restricted maximum likelihood techniques and these morphometric descriptors, were incorporated into combined and comparative analyses with molecular sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA, using branch-weighted matrix representation. The combined analysis strongly suggested independent derivation of the novel fruit type in the two sections from different acorn- like ancestors, while the comparative analysis indicated frequent decoupling between the molecular and morphological changes as inferred at well-supported nodes. The acorn fruit type has under- gone little modiecation between ingroup and outgroup, despite large molecular distance. Greater morphological than molecular change was inferred at critical transitions between acorn and novel fruit types, particularly for section Lithocarpus. The combination of these two different types of data improved our understanding of the macroevolution of fruit type in this difecult group, and the com- parative analysis highlighted the signiecant incongruities in evolutionary pattern between the two datasets. (Branch length estimates; continuous characters; eigenshape; enclosed receptacle; Fourier; matrix representation.)
Vector one-way wave absorbing boundary conditions for FEM applications

In the paper a derivation is presented which leads to a new and general class of vector absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) for use with the finite element method (FEM). The derivation is based on a vector one-way wave equation and a polynomial approximation of the vector radical. It is shown that wide-angle absorbing boundary conditions, as proposed in Halpern and Trefethen (1988) for optimal absorption of out-going waves, can be obtained in vector form. Vector plane waves are used to evaluate the accuracy and the reflection performance of these boundary conditions in a wide range of incidence angles. The implementation of the vector ABCs in a FEM formulation is also provided to show how up to the fifth-order absorbing accuracy can be achieved with derivatives only up to the second-order. A possible formulation is described which not only yields a third-order accuracy with first-order derivatives, but also retains the symmetry of the FEM matrix. >
Fault-Tolerant Multiprocessors with Redundant-Path Interconnection Networks

In this paper, we study fault-tolerant multiprocessor systems employing redundant-path multistage interconnection networks. Such systems permit interprocessor communication in the presence of faulty components in the network. The interconnection network considered is a delta network augmented with an extra switching stage in front. When the first and last stages are fault-free, the extra-stage delta networks continue to provide full access in the presence of all single and many multiple faults in switching elements of the intermediate stages. In this paper, we use graph-theoretic techniques to study the problem of routing permutations in extra-stage delta networks when faults are present in the network. We first formulate the problem of performing an arbitrary permutation on the fault-free network as a vertex-coloring problem and later extend this to networks with noncritical faults. Although the general problem of realizing a permutation in the minimum number of passes is intractable, classes of permutations with some regularity can be routed optimally. To illustrate the idea, we consider the class of BPC (bit permute-complement) permutations: algorithms for performing arbitrary permutations in this class on the extra-stage delta network are given, both for the fault-free network and for a network with noncritical faults.
Albert S. Thompson: A Man of the World of Work

Albert S. Thompson has been witness to nearly the entire development of the specialty of counseling psychology. A student of the famous industrial psychologist Morris Viteles, Dr. Thompson received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1943. After 4 years at Vanderbilt, where he started the student counseling service, he moved to Teachers College, Columbia University, to replace the retiring Harry Dexter Kitson, a leader in the vocational guidance movement. Dr. Thompson remained at Teachers College until 1988. In many ways, his life and work mirror the growth of applied psychology, and an examination of his career provides a unique perspective on the history of counseling psychology and its possible future directions.
Improved Architectures for a Floating-Point Fused Dot Product Unit

This paper presents improved architectures for a floating-point fused two-term dot product unit. The floating-point fused dot product unit is useful for a wide variety of digital signal processing (DSP) applications including complex multiplication and fast Fourier transform (FFT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) butterfly operations. In order to improve the performance, a new alignment scheme, early normalization, a four-input leading zero anticipation (LZA), a dual-path algorithm, and pipelining are applied. The proposed designs are implemented for single precision and synthesized with a 45nm standard cell library. The proposed dual-path design reduces the latency by 25% compared to the traditional floating-point fused dot product unit. Based on a data flow analysis, the proposed design can be split into three pipeline stages. Since the latencies of the three stages are fairly well balanced, the throughput is increased by a factor of 2.8 compared to the non-pipelined dual-path design.
Nonlinear hysteresis in thin film SQUID magnetometers

Measurements on both YBaCuO- and Nb-based thin-film DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers reveal a nonlinear hysteresis at fields above 0.1 G. The nonlinear hysteresis is sensitive to sample temperature but insensitive to the time scale of the field sweep in the millisecond region. Such hysteresis can be accounted for by the nucleation and subsequent displacement of vortices at the edges of the SQUID input washer. A model has been developed that relates hysteresis to film current density. The model predicts an asymptotic quadratic field dependence, quantitatively consistent with the present data, and also predicts a threshold field which is suggested by the data. >
Interprocedural communication optimizations for message passing architectures

Reducing communication costs is a very important goal of compilers for message passing parallel machines. In this paper we present a general interprocedural technique for performing communication optimizations across procedure boundaries. Our technique uses the result of local analysis to model the communication as a communication loop, and then performs flow-sensitive interprocedural data-flow analysis to avoid redundant communication, and to perform communication aggregation. Preliminary results are also presented to demonstrate the usefulness of our technique on real applications.
Disequilibrium partial melting and rheomorphic layer formation in the contact aureole of the Basistoppen sill, East Greenland

The tholeiitic Basistoppen sill was intruded into the upper part of the Skaergaard complex shortly after the Skaergaard magma had solidified. Heat from the cooling Basistoppen magma caused disequilibrium partial melting in the adjacent Skaergaard ferrogabbros. Olivine, ferrobustamite, and magnetite were selectively melted and removed from the rock as an iron-rich melagabbro magma. Plagioclase acted as a refractory phase during partial melting and was left behind as an anorthositic gabbro restite. Modal and grain-size layering formed rheomorphically in the previously solidified host rocks as a result of partial melting and recrystallization. The rheomorphic layers are distinct from those found elsewhere in the intrusion.
Adaptations to Environmental Stresses.

Environmental stresses come in many forms, yet the most prevalent stresses have in common their effect on plant water status. The availability of water for its biological roles as solvent and transport medium, as electron donor in the Hill reaction, and as evaporative coolant is often impaired by environmental conditions. Although plant species vary in their sensitivity and response to the decrease in water potential caused by drought, low temperature, or high salinity, it may be assumed that all plants have encoded capability for stress perception, signaling, and response. First, most cultivated species have wild relatives that exhibit excellent tolerance to abiotic stresses. Second, biochemical studies have revealed similarities in processes induced by stress that lead to accumulated metabolites in vascular and nonvascular plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria (Csonka, 1989; Galinski, 1993; Potts, 1994). These metabolites include nitrogen-containing compounds (proline, other amino acids, quaternary amino compounds, and polyamines) and hydroxyl compounds (sucrose, polyols, and oligosaccharides) (McCue and Hanson, 1990). Accumulation of any single metabolite is not restricted to taxonomic groupings, indicating that these are evolutionarily old traits. Third, molecular studies have revealed that a wide variety of species express a common set of genes and similar proteins (for example, Rab-related proteins and dehydrins) when stressed (Skriver and Mundy, 1990; Vilardell et al., 1994). Although functions for many of these genes have not yet been unequivocally assigned, it is likely, based on their characteristics, that these proteins play active roles in the response to stress. Learning about the biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which plants tolerate environmentat stresses is necessary for genetic engineering approaches to improving crop performance under stress. By investigating plants under stress, we can learn about the plasticity of metabolic pathways and the limits to their functioning. Also, questions of an ecological and evolutionary nature need investigation. Are the genes that confer salt tolerance on halophytes and/or drought tolerance on xerophytes evolutionarily ancient genes that have been selected against in saltand drought-sensitive plants (glycophytes) for the sake of productivity? Or have some species obtained nove1 genes in their evolutionary history that have enabled them to occupy stressful environments? How will the
The Role of Face-to-Face Meetings in Technology-Supported Self-Organizing Distributed Teams

We examine the role of face-to-face meetings in the context of technology-supported self-organizing distributed (or virtual teams), specifically free/libre open source software (FLOSS) development teams. Based on a qualitative inductive analysis of data from interviews and observations at FLOSS conferences, we identify a variety of settings in which developers meet face-to-face, and we point out the activities performed in these settings and the benefits obtained. Contrary to conventional wisdom about distributed teams, FLOSS developers generally do not meet face-to-face until the project is well under way. An additional benefit of face-to-face meetings is time away from a regular job and speed of interaction for certain kinds of tasks.
The Evaluation of the Collision Matrix

Dyson's systematic approach to the reduction of the Heisenberg $S$-Matrix into a sum of "graph" terms can be simplified. A notation is introduced and an algebraic theorem is proved, which allow one to handle the reduction problem quite easily and in the same manner for any type of field.
What a Poultry Project Should Contain

Abstract In introducing this subject it seems best first to cast about for a definition of the term Project. If you were to ask certain extension workers about their Poultry Project they would tell you that they are spending some time working on Poultry in a more or less miscellaneous fashion. Their work is disjointed, not planned ahead of time, but only carried out when the demand for personal service or assistance to some individual becomes so strong that it cannot be denied. Other occasions for poultry work are when he runs out of other subjects and devotes a little filling in time to poultry. If you ask this worker to put his Poultry Project on paper, the chances are that he would not get much farther than chewing the end of his pencil. He has never thought the subject through. This type of project—if it could be assembled and . . .
Prophylaxis of experimental diphtheria with penicillin.

Received for publication February 21, 1951. * This work was submitted in partial fulfillment for the Master of Science Degree at the Department of Bacteriology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, 111. Ercoli,9 in 1945, reported that a dose of penicillin delayed the death of guinea pigs infected with cultures of C. diphtheriae; also, that penicillin exerted a marked activity against systemic, mainly bacillary, infections in mice. In the same year, Young and Mood10 observed that penicillin was very active in extremely small amounts in preventing diphtheritic infections and fatal toxemia in guinea pigs. Recently, prolonged therapeutic blood levels have been obtained following a single injection of penicillinprocaine.11'12 Inhibitory levels have been maintained for as long as 4 or 5 days. The possibility of using penicillinprocaine as a prophylactic agent against diphtheritic infections suggests itself. Our results in experimental animals indicate that protection may be obtained with its use.
Surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: New tips and tricks

Over the recent years, retina specialists have enjoyed significant improvements in the surgical management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy including improved preoperative planning, vitreoretinal instrumentation and new surgical maneuvers. In this review, we present new tips and tricks such as preoperative pharmacotherapy approaches including pegaptanib injection and biodegradable dexamethasone implantation, bimanual vitrectomy techniques and the concept of mixing small gauges as well as valved cannulas and intraoperative optical coherence tomography. With advanced surgical planning and sophisticated operative maneuvers tailored to the individual patient, excellent outcomes can be achieved even in severe cases of diabetic tractional detachment.