cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lake Parc Place: A study of mixed‐income housing

Abstract Stimulated by Wilson's contentions in The Truly Disadvantaged about the deleterious consequences of concentrated poverty, policy makers have considered various ways of creating mixed‐income communities. Lake Parc Place is a bold effort to create mixed‐income housing in buildings that were formerly a traditional low‐income housing project and that are still owned by the Chicago Housing Authority. Low rents and promises of safety have attracted a sufficient number of “nonproject” residents to fill half the units at Lake Parc Place. This article examines whether these residents feel safe and satisfied, and whether they interact and form friendships with neighbors, get involved in volunteer activities at Lake Parc Place, and support rule enforcement. We present findings from a large survey of Lake Parc Place residents and from in‐depth interviews with a subset of the survey sample. We find that Lake Parc Place accomplished the prerequisites for making mixed‐income housing into a community.
Isolation and Identification of Toluene-Metabolizing Bacteria from Rhizospheres of Two Indoor Plants

The role of the rhizosphere microbial community in removing volatile organic compounds has not been well investigated. In this study, two species of indoor foliage plants, Fittonia verschaffeltii var. argyroneura and Hoya carnosa, were primed with toluene exposure for 2 months, followed by isolation and identification of the rhizosphere bacteria that were demonstrated to metabolize toluene. A total of 42 bacterial isolates were obtained. The number of bacterial isolates was narrowed down to 23, which had banding pattern similarities of 80 % or less, using BOX-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting technique. The 23 isolates were further characterized by sequencing part of their 16S rDNA after PCR. Their identities were examined using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), resulting in the isolates having the highest sequence similarities (97–100 %) to eight known bacteria strains, none of which had been previously reported to be capable of degrading toluene. The bacterial isolates were positive for toluene monooxygenase gene, confirming their genetic potential to metabolize toluene. Five of the isolates were further tested with 14C-labeled toluene to directly show their ability to metabolize toluene. Isolate type did not significantly affect the percent of toluene mineralized over 2 weeks' time. However, the isolates had differing response to varying toluene concentrations. Under low (0.05) and high (0.2 μCi/mL) concentrations, they mineralized 43 and 49 % of toluene, respectively. The isolation and characterization of toluene-metabolizing bacteria corroborates previous speculation that the rhizosphere microbial community contributes to the phytoremediation potential of indoor foliage plants.
Practical Methods for Purification of Anionic Dyes as Their Sodium, Potassium and Lithium Salts:

Anionic dyestuffs having high purity can be obtained employing standard recrystsllization techniques. The dye may be obtained as the sodium, potassium or lithium salt. The free acid form of the dye...
Retrospective Study of Women Presenting with Axillary Metastases from Occult Breast Carcinoma

Although palpable axillary lymphadenopathy is most often related to benign disorders, it may be a harbinger of an underlying advanced malignancy. Fewer than 1% of patients diagnosed with breast cancer initially present with axillary metastases as their only clinical manifestation. This study represents the Mayo Clinic experience with women with occult breast cancer who presented with axillary metastases. Among a group of 44 women undergoing axillary biopsy for a palpable mass, 35 had histologic evidence of a metastatic carcinoma of primary breast cancer origin. Our retrospective analysis focused on the workup, identification, treatment, and outcome of these 35 women. All 35 women had a palpable axillary nodule, no dominant breast mass, and normal mammograms and chest radiographs. Histologic analysis of the axillary node revealed a probable breast cancer in all patients. Long-term follow-up was available for 33 patients (mean 71.5 months, range 4–252 months). Mastectomy was performed as part of the primary treatment in 18 patients (51%), and among them a primary breast tumor was found in 6 (33%). Of the women who underwent mastectomy (n = 18) and for whom follow-up data were available (n = 17), six developed tumor recurrence (35%), and four died of their disease (24%). Among the patients who did not undergo mastectomy (n = 17) as their primary treatment, follow-up revealed that 12 (of 16) patients developed recurrent disease (75%), and 11 patients died of breast carcinoma (69%). Despite extensive clinical and radiologic evaluation, a primary tumor was not initially located in any of the 35 women with axillary metastases from a presumed occult breast carcinoma. As a consequence of aggressive surgical intervention, six primary breast cancers were located in mastectomy specimens, and those 17 patients followed after mastectomy fared significantly better than the 16 patients without mastectomy (p = 0.047).
Interaction of atomic and molecular systems with high-intensity ultraviolet radiation

The interaction of atomic and molecular species with picosecond ArF* laser radiation is studied at intensities up to 1015 W/cm2. Anomalously strong, collision-free multiple ionization is observed. Standard theoretical models of stepwise ionization fail to describe the results. The experimental findings point to a collective response of the atom. At intensities of ~1013 W/cm2, selective multiquantum excitation of autoionizing states in Kr, followed by stimulated emission at wavelengths as short as 91.6 and 93 nm, is observed. The 93-nm radiation is tunable over a 600-cm−1 interval, whereas the 91.6-nm frequency is fixed. It appears that electron collisions redistribute energy among excited states.
Partial molar enthalpies of benzene and water in tetraethylene glycol dodecyl ether-decane solutions

Abstract Heats of solution at 25°C are reported for benzene and water in mixtures of decane and tetraethylene glycol dodecyl ether, and in solutions containing the other solute component, in order further to clarify the interaction of benzene and water with nonionic surfactants in nonpolar media. The results suggest that benzene molecules are distributed between sites adjacent to the hydrophilic part of the surfactants and hydrophobic regions of the solution, with some preference for hydrophilic regions, while water molecules interact almost exclusively with the hydrophilic portion of the surfactant molecules. Competition between water and benzene for hydrophilic groups is demonstrated by a positive effect on the enthalpies of solution of each component by addition of a small amount of the other solute component.
1.3 µm Traveling-Wave GaInNAs Semiconductor Optical Amplifier

We fabricated a GaInNAs semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) by applying a facet coating to a buried-ridge-stripe GaInNAs laser. Due to a low reflectivity (<0.1%) and a wide bandwidth (70 nm) coating, Fabry–Perot (FP) modes of the GaInNAs laser were suppressed sufficiently, and thus a 1.3 µm traveling-wave GaInNAs SOA was realized for the first time. Peak chip gains of more than 9.6 dB and a 3-dB-gain bandwidth above 49 nm (9 THz) were obtained simultaneously with a cavity length between 600 µm and 900 µm. In addition, on/off ratios between 20 and 30 dB were obtained by switching the current on and off, which seems sufficient for the SOA to work as a switching device. With the temperature characteristics, we found that the ASE intensity and the gain coefficient of the GaInNAs SOA were much less dependent on temperature than those of conventional InP-based SOAs. These results demonstrate the superior temperature characteristics of the GaInNAs SOA compared with conventional InP-based SOAs.
Studies in Avian Leukosis III. The Incidence of Avian Leukosis in Various Breeds of Chickens

Abstract VERY little data concerning the spontaneous incidence of the so-called avian leukosis complex in various breeds of chickens can be found in the literature. Nor is there much information available on the comparative incidence of the various forms of this disease complex in any one breed. Much of the data which is available is incidental to reports on the results of selection for viability within breeds. Goss (1940) gives data on the incidence of avian tumors in several flocks, largely of White Leghorns, including 24,000 birds of which 7,408 came to autopsy. One flock of White Leghorns surveyed for three years showed leukotic tumors in 9.4 percent of those autopsied. Three other flocks of White Leghorns surveyed for one year showed leukotic tumors in respectively 7.19 percent, 13.13 percent, and 19.95 percent of those autopsied. A mixed flock of mostly White Leghorns showed leukotic tumors in 17.02 percent of the . . .
Job-rejection letters as bureaucratic propaganda

In this paper, I analyze job-rejection letters received from departments of sociology, as instances of what Altheide and Johnson (1980) call “bureaucratic propaganda.” My purpose is to show that mundane documents can contain portrayals that legitimate the sending organization. In job-rejection letters, departments consistently are portrayed as meeting ideal norms of conduct: their members are rigorous, fair and nurturant, and they employ universalistic criteria. Rejected applicants are consistently portrayed as possessing superior job qualifications. All failures of departments to attain ideal standards are excused by reference to uncontrollable contingencies. I argue that the portrayals are rhetorical, and are independent of departmental action. Their existence in such mundane documents illustrates both the detailed efforts made to legitimate organizations, and the pervasiveness of bureaucratic propaganda in the society.
Mentoring relationships from early adolescence through emerging adulthood: A qualitative analysis

Abstract This study compared perceptions of mentoring relationships among early adolescents, middle adolescents, and emerging adults. In ten focus groups, 56 middle school, high school, and college students described relational experiences that were analyzed thematically. Differences in the characteristics of the mentors nominated by the youth across the age groups were noted and five broad themes identified. Three themes were similar across the different age groups: (a) the importance of spending time together and engaging in shared activities, (b) trust and fidelity, and (c) role modeling and identification. Two themes were present in the narratives of all three age groups but played out differently in ways that were consistent with developmental issues and needs of that age group: (a) balancing connection and autonomy and (b) empowerment. These data can help guide future research and practice involving youth mentoring relationships across developmental and disciplinary divides.
Fluorescence Decay Kinetics and Structure of Aggregated Tetrakis(p-Sulfonatophenyl)Porphyrin

Fluorescence decay dynamics and structure of a meso-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin, referred to herein as either H2TSPP4- or TSPP, which aggregates in highly acidic homogeneous solution, are discussed. The fluorescence lifetime of the aggregate is found to depend on whether electronic excitation is to the B (Soret) state or the Q state. This finding is interpreted as indicating that the aggregate's effective size differs in the two cases. Also, a discussion is provided of possible nonradiative pathways that might affect measured fluorescence lifetimes. Specific structural changes that occur within the porphyrin upon N-protonation and incorporation within the aggregate are also discussed. Additionally, vibrational frequencies are assigned to specific bonds of the porphinato macrocycle, and comparisons are made between bond lengths in the aggregate environment and those of the monomeric dianion.
Beta-secretase: Structure, Function, and Evolution

The most popular current hypothesis is that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by aggregates of the amyloid peptide (Abeta), which is generated by cleavage of the Abeta protein precursor (APP) by beta-secretase (BACE-1) followed by gamma-secretase. BACE-1 cleavage is limiting for the production of Abeta, making it a particularly good drug target for the generation of inhibitors that lower Abeta. A landmark discovery in AD was the identification of BACE-1 (a.k.a. Memapsin-2) as a novel class of type I transmembrane aspartic protease. Although BACE-2, a homologue of BACE-1, was quickly identified, follow up studies using knockout mice demonstrated that BACE-1 was necessary and sufficient for most neuronal Abeta generation. Despite the importance of BACE-1 as a drug target, development has been slow due to the incomplete understanding of its function and regulation and the difficulties in developing a brain penetrant drug that can specifically block its large catalytic pocket. This review summarizes the biological properties of BACE-1 and attempts to use phylogenetic perspectives to understand its function. The article also addresses the challenges in discovering a selective drug-like molecule targeting novel mechanisms of BACE-1 regulation.
The Politics of Location and the Location of Politics: Thinking about Feminist Security Studies

This article weighs in on a debate about the meaning and politics of Feminist Security Studies, arguing that substantive and representational inclusivity is important. It suggests that a politics of openness, understanding, and contextualization in the scholarship of the community is key to promoting a politics of feminist critique and reconstruction in the discipline more broadly.
Effects of the Spermicidal Agent Nonoxynol-9 on Vaginal Microbial Flora

The relationship of normal vaginal Lactobacillus bacteria peroxides halide salts and the vaginal spermicide nonoxynol-9 in killing the vaginal contaminant bacteria E. coli was explored. Nonoxynol is toxic to most bacteria including lactobacillus but not to E. coli. Normally lactobacilli suppress the growth of coliforms by releasing H202 hydrogen peroxide acting with halide ions. These relationships were verified in these experiments and extended to show that nonoxynol is toxic in to E. coli in hypotonic solution at high concentrations of nonoxynol and at low pH values. The halide can be chloride iodide bromide or thiocyanate ion; the peroxide generating system could be myeloperoxidase or eosinophil peroxidase; the non-ionic detergent could be Tween 20 or Tween 80 but not Triton X-100 or Nonidet P-40. Many of the non-ionic detergents contain peroxides as contaminants: purified Tween 20 was not bactericidal to E. coli. The implications of E. coli displacing lactobacilli of peroxide content to nonoxynol-9 and relative sensitivity of E. coli and lactobacilli to these toxins were discussed in connection with vaginal colonization with coliforms and bacteriuria in women.
Overexpression of dopamine receptor genes and their products in the postnatal rat brain following maternal n‐3 fatty acid dietary deficiency

A combination of PCR-Select cDNA subtraction and gene array hybridization was used to identify differentially expressed genomic markers in brains of rats fed for 3 weeks in utero and 2 weeks after birth on an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-deficient diet supplied to dams. Total RNA was isolated, switch mechanism at 5′-end of the RNA transcripts (SMART) applied and used for PCR-Select subtraction of PUFA-deficient and adequately-fed control preparations. Subtracted and amplified ds-cDNA end-products were fragmented, terminally labeled with biotin-ddUTP and hybridized with a RN-U34A gene array. A 10-fold increase in potential genes with log2(Tester/Driver) = 1.4 was found compared with traditional gene array technology when the same chip was tested using non-subtracted targets. Reverse transcription–real-time relative PCR confirmed 30% of the transcripts. Among the validated transcripts, D1 and D2 receptors for dopamine (DA), were most prominent among a number of over-expressed neurotransmitter receptors and retinoic acid receptor (RXR α-2 and α-1). Immunohistochemical staining of brain sections from 2-week-old pups revealed a substantial enrichment of the D2 receptor in discrete regions of the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways as well as in a large number of brain areas from the n-3 PUFA-deficient pups. Punches of the same areas run on western blots showed similar results. The overwhelming expression of D1 and D2 receptors may be attributed to a behavioral hypersensitivity caused by the possible impairment of DA production during brain development, which may have implications in certain disorders of the nervous system.
GFam: a platform for automatic annotation of gene families

We have developed GFam, a platform for automatic annotation of gene/protein families. GFam provides a framework for genome initiatives and model organism resources to build domain-based families, derive meaningful functional labels and offers a seamless approach to propagate functional annotation across periodic genome updates. GFam is a hybrid approach that uses a greedy algorithm to chain component domains from InterPro annotation provided by its 12 member resources followed by a sequence-based connected component analysis of un-annotated sequence regions to derive consensus domain architecture for each sequence and subsequently generate families based on common architectures. Our integrated approach increases sequence coverage by 7.2 percentage points and residue coverage by 14.6 percentage points higher than the coverage relative to the best single-constituent database within InterPro for the proteome of Arabidopsis. The true power of GFam lies in maximizing annotation provided by the different InterPro data sources that offer resource-specific coverage for different regions of a sequence. GFam’s capability to capture higher sequence and residue coverage can be useful for genome annotation, comparative genomics and functional studies. GFam is a general-purpose software and can be used for any collection of protein sequences. The software is open source and can be obtained from http://www.paccanarolab.org/software/gfam/.
PDGF-A expression correlates with blood pressure and remodeling in 1K1C hypertensive rat arteries.

We previously demonstrated remodeling of large and small arteries in angiotensin II-treated rats, paralleled by an increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A chain mRNA in larg...
Estimating Dwarf Galaxy Gas Masses

Dwarf galaxies dominate the galaxy luminosity function, yet their contribution to the baryonic mass function is not well determined. Photometric gas fraction estimators allow us to obtain neutral atomic gas masses for statistical samples of galaxies to help constrain the baryonic mass function. We adapt the photometric gas fraction technique to be more useful for predicting gas masses of dwarf galaxies.
Dialogue as Moral Paradigm: Paths Toward Intercultural Transformation

The Council of Europe's 2008 White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue: 'living together as equals in dignity' points to the need for shared values upon which intercultural dialogue might rest. In order, however, to overcome the monologic separateness that threatens community, we must educate ourselves to recognize the dialogism of our humanity and to engage in deep encounters with others with a mature skepticism of all dogmatisms, including our own. In order to aid us in reaching the necessary insight, the author calls upon Bakhtin's ideas of the dialogism of every utterance and of the unity and heteroglossia of language, Gadamer's hermeneutical experience that shakes us loose from what we think we know, and Levinas's description of that transcendent ideal of a dialogue beyond reciprocity. These perspectives break open our certainty that tribalism and individualism are fundamental, placing them instead as secondary phenomena that, though powerful, pronounce neither the initial nor the final word on our life together.
Advancing Transdisciplinary and Translational Research Practice: Issues and Models of Doctoral Education in Public Health

Finding solutions to complex health problems, such as obesity, violence, and climate change, will require radical changes in cross-disciplinary education, research, and practice. The fundamental determinants of health include many interrelated factors such as poverty, culture, education, environment, and government policies. However, traditional public health training has tended to focus more narrowly on diseases and risk factors, and has not adequately leveraged the rich contributions of sociology, anthropology, economics, geography, communication, political science, and other disciplines. Further, students are often not sufficiently trained to work across sectors to translate research findings into effective, large-scale sustainable actions. During the past 2 decades, national and international organizations have called for more effective interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary, and translational approaches to graduate education. Although it has been difficult to work across traditional academic boundaries, some promising models draw on pedagogical theory and feature cross-disciplinary training focused on real-world problems, linkage between research, professional practice, community action, and cultivation of leadership skills. We describe the development the Doctor of Public Health program at the University of California, Berkeley, USA and its efforts to improve transdisciplinary and translational research education. We stress the need for international collaboration to improve educational approaches and better evaluate their impact.
Jeffersonian Ideology and the Second Party System

(1999). Jeffersonian Ideology and the Second Party System. The Historian: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 17-30.
Evaluation of Texas Instruments TMS320C64x mediaprocessor architecture and performance in image and video computing

Texas Instruments recently introduced its latest C6000 family DSP core; TMS320C64x. C64x is a VLIW DSP core with eight 32-bit functional units, two levels of on-chip memory and a programmable Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller. We have developed about 25 image/video computing functions and have assessed its performance and suitability in image/video computing. We present some of these results along with an example on how we mapped image warping optimally onto the C64x core. C64x, although a 32-bit architecture, has a throughput similar to that of 64-bit architectures. It is powerful due to its large and multi-level on-chip memory, a number of available functional units, high clock frequency, and ease of programming.
Scent across a crowded room: exploring the effect of ambient scent on social interactions.

Abstract Some service environments are specifically intended to foster interactions among the various individuals within the environment (e.g., a hotel conference room or lobby). This exploratory study examines how the physical environment affects the interactions among people within the environment, with the hope of identifying an easy, inexpensive way for service managers to differentiate their products from the competition. We also propose a new procedure for testing ambient factors. The results of the study show ambient scent having a significant, positive influence on the number of social interactions exhibited by the study's participants.
Parental Distress During Pediatric Leukemia and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) After Treatment Ends

Objective: To evaluate prospectively the association between parental anxiety during treatment for childhood leukemia and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after treatment ends. A secondary goal is to explore concurrent variables associated with parental avoidance after treatment ends. Methods: This is a longitudinal follow-up study of 113 parents of children treated for leukemia who previously participated in a study of procedural distress during treatment. Data included parental self-report questionnaires completed during treatment and after treatment. Results: Using hierarchical multiple regression, we found anxiety during treatment to be a significant predictor of later PTSS for mothers, but not fathers. Anxiety, self-efficacy, posttraumatic growth and length of time since treatment ended were associated with parental avoidance. Conclusions: Highly anxious parents are at risk for PTSS and may benefit from approaches that decrease anxiety during treatment and afterward. Enhancing self-efficacy related to follow-up care and identifying positive aspects of the traumatic experiences are suggested as treatment approaches for families after cancer treatment.
Stochastic jump-diffusion process for computing medial axes in Markov random fields

Proposes a statistical framework for computing medial axes of 2D shapes. In the paper, the computation of medial axes is posed as a statistical inference problem not as a mathematical transform. The paper contributes to three aspects in computing medial axes. 1) Prior knowledge is adopted for axes and junctions so that axes around junctions are regularized. 2) Multiple interpretations of axes are possible, each being assigned a probability. 3) A stochastic jump-diffusion process is proposed for estimating both axes and junctions in Markov random fields. We argue that the stochastic algorithm for computing medial axes is compatible with existing algorithms for image segmentation, such as region growing, snake, and region competition. Thus, our method provides a new direction for computing medial axes from texture images. Experiments are demonstrated on both synthetic and real 2D shapes.
Radiation by a straight thin-wire antenna embedded in an isotropic chiral medium

Radiation characteristics of a straight thin-wire antenna embedded in an isotropic chiral medium are explored. The radiation field contains both left-circularly polarized (LCP) and right-circularly polarized (RCP) components. The radiation pattern is found to be symmetric about the plane theta = pi /2, azimuthally isotropic, and TEM (transverse electromagnetic) in nature; however, all three of these features are found as well for isotropic achiral media. Some specific features of the radiation field on certain constant spherical surfaces are also examined. If the antenna is reduced to a point dipole, it is shown that the radiation resistance is enhanced by the presence of chirality in the embedding medium, and the antenna LCP gain differs from the RCP gain. >
Efficient computation of vanishing points

Man-made environments possess a lot of regularities which simplify otherwise difficult pose estimation and visual reconstruction tasks. The constraints arising front parallel and orthogonal lines and planes can be efficiently exploited at various stages of vision processing pipeline. In this paper we propose an approach for estimation of vanishing points by exploiting the constraints of structured man-made environments, where the majority of lines is aligned with the principal orthogonal directions of the world coordinate frame. We combine efficient image processing techniques used in the line detection and initialization stage with simultaneous grouping and estimation of vanishing directions using expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. Since we assume an uncalibrated camera the estimated vanishing points can be used towards partial camera calibration and estimation of the relative orientation of the camera with respect to the scene. The presented approach is computationally efficient and has been verified extensively by experiments.
Transforming growth factor-β2 increases NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in rat cerebral cortical neurons independently of glia

Abstract The ability of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGFβ2) to directly regulate neuronal sensitivity to glutamate and N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity in rat cerebral cortical neurons was investigated. Mixed neuronal-glial cultures treated with TGFβ2 (1–10 ng/ml) exhibited a significant 25–50% increase in neuronal death compared to control cultures. TGFβ2 potentiation of this endogenous glutamate excitotoxicity was blocked by the selective NMDA receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate. In addition, neuronal death induced by brief NMDA exposure in both mixed neuronal-glial and pure neuronal cultures was increased by TGFβ2 (1–30 ng/ml) with a similar dose-response curve. These findings indicate that TGFβ2, at physiologically relevant concentrations, potentiates NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and that this occurs independently of TGFβ2 effects on glia.
Epidermal Cell Cycle and Transit Times during Hyperplastic Growth Induced by Abrasion or Treatment with 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the cellular kinetics of the epidermis during hyperplastic growth in CD-1 mice induced by treatments effective in skin tumor promotion: abrasion or the application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Following removal by abrasion, the epidermis regenerated from intrafollicular epidermal cells. The maximal increase in the number of epidermal cells, over 2-fold from normal, was reached by 4 days after abrasion. Regression of the hyperplasia began about Day 7 and continued through Day 20, resulting in a nearly normal epidermis. The growth fraction measured at 3 days after abrasion did not change from its normal value of about 100%. However, the cell cycle time of basal keratinocytes 3 days after abrasion was drastically reduced to about 11 hr compared to 5 to 7 days in normal epidermis. The cell cycle time gradually increased to 14 hr at 5 days, 1 to 2 days at 7 days, and 4 to 5 days at 14 days after abrasion. The reduction in the length of the cell cycle time was primarily due to a decrease in the length of G1. The rate of epidermal cell loss was measured by the epidermal transit time, the time required for [3H]thymidine-labeled basal cells to reach the uppermost nucleated layer. Labeled nuclei were followed through the epidermal columns, when present. Transit time was dramatically reduced from 8 days in normal skin to 1 day by 3 days following abrasion, then rose to 2 days by 5 days postabrasion, 4 days by 7 days postabrasion, and by 6 days 14 days postabrasion. A single application of 17 nmol of TPA resulted, within 1 day, in over a 50% increase in the total number of epidermal cells. This thickness was maintained until about Day 4, and then regression began resulting in an essentially normal epidermis by 10 days. As after abrasion, the growth fraction 3 days after treatment with TPA was about 100%, that is, not changed from normal. The cell cycle time, however, was again dramatically reduced to 16 hr beginning at 1 hr, 25 hr at 3 days, 2 to 3 days at 5 days, and 3 to 5 days at 10 days after application of TPA. Also, as after abrasion-induced hyperplasia, the transit time was reduced to 2 days at 1 hr, 4 days at 3 days, and 5 days at 5 and 10 days following treatment with TPA. The decrease in the cell cycle time can be accounted for by the decrease in the length of G1. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the production of an epidermal hyperplasia following abrasion or the application of 17 nmol of TPA is associated with both an increase in cell proliferation and cell loss. The increased cell proliferation can be accounted for by the decrease in the length of the cell cycle. It appears that the increase in epidermal cell loss may be also linked to the decrease in the length of the cell cycle, since all suprabasal cells arise from the basal cells.
International Legal Effects of Dollar Depreciation

IT W HILE primarily depreciation of national currency represents a grave change in economic relationships, at the same time it produces far-reaching repercussions within the field of law. This effect, painfully felt in other countries, has, up to the present, scarcely been noticed in the United States. Retail prices widely influencing the living standard are not yet fully adapted to the fall of the dollar, and insofar as prices have risen, public opinion attributes the increase to special and transient causes, such as the price fixing policy of the Code authorities, the recent drought, strikes and so on. Thus, some time may elapse before claims based essentially on the dollar depreciation (such as for allowance of higher maintenance) will be presented to American courts. Within the sphere of international relationships, however, legal consequences of the monetary measures taken by the United States have already appeared, and numerous others are to be expected. In this regard, controversies and decisions originating in the depreciation of the Pound Sterling, may be utilized to discern possible ways of future development. The initial and dominant question is whether non-American courts will recognize the legal identity of the original and the devaluated dollar, i.e., whether they will decide according to the ruling: "dollar for dollar," thus applying the principle of "nominalism." Here, practically speaking, the case of an American dollar debtor sued before a non-American court demands particular consideration. Experience has shown that nearly all jurisdictions admit the principle of nominalism not only for their domestic, but also for foreign, currency. This is true particularly in English,'
Rigorous force field optimization principles based on statistical distance minimization

We use the concept of statistical distance to define a measure of distinguishability between a pair of statistical mechanical systems, i.e., a model and its target, and show that its minimization leads to general convergence of the model’s static measurable properties to those of the target. We exploit this feature to define a rigorous basis for the development of accurate and robust effective molecular force fields that are inherently compatible with coarse-grained experimental data. The new model optimization principles and their efficient implementation are illustrated through selected examples, whose outcome demonstrates the higher robustness and predictive accuracy of the approach compared to other currently used methods, such as force matching and relative entropy minimization. We also discuss relations between the newly developed principles and established thermodynamic concepts, which include the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality and the thermodynamic length.
Review, Islam, Women, and Violence in Kashmir: Between India and Pakistan

Nyla Khan’s Islam , Women, and Violence in Kashmir: Between India and Pakistan (2010) is extremely significant and timely for two reasons: first, she traces the political and cultural history of Kashmir’s demand for self-determination through the category of “Kashimiriyat,” which draws on the vibrant diversity of Kashmir’s cultural and political heritage, and second, her project is feminist, drawing on the intersectionality of gender, sexuality, religious identity, and ethnicity in discussing the varied forms of resistance in Kashmir.
Combined Effects of Severity of Cleft Impairment and Facial Attractiveness on Social Perception: An Experimental Study:

Children and adolescents provided their impressions of stimulus faces that systematically varied in attractiveness and severity of cleft impairment. The results indicated that facial attractiveness is a consistent characteristic of cleft-impaired faces. However, facial attractiveness did not moderate the negative impact of cleft impairment on social perception. Reduced severity of impairment did moderate the negativity of social perception. The implications of these findings for our understanding of the effects of cleft impairment on social perceptions are discussed.
What flavors are different types of scholarly articles: an investigation of PLOS publications

Using Article-Level-Metrics (ALMs) data from PLOS, we analyze the citations, views, saves, and shares of different types of articles. Using multiple statistical and visualization techniques, we explore scientists' behaviors associated with scholarly works, which could help us better understand their information needs, and provide clues about how different types of scholarly information are valued. We find that scholarly impact could be better interpreted when article types are taken into consideration. Moreover, the correlations between citations, views, saves, and shares also demonstrate the need to consider article types when assessing the validity of altmetrics. Since altmetrics usage data are associated with various information behaviors, we advocate that altmetrics, especially only the scores, should be used with caution. In summary, our approach provides a novel point of view to explore altmetrics and citation data. Future work will adopt quality approaches to look into more details of the current analyses, to get a better understanding of flavors of scholarly impact.
An unusual posterior fossa tumour in a young child.

A 23-month-old previously healthy boy presented to our hospital with a 10-day history of progressive early morning vomiting and sleepiness. Neurological examination revealed an encephalopathic child with impaired upgaze without papilloedema or other focal neurological abnormalities. Emergency MRI demonstrated a large homogeneously enhancing tumour (figure 1A,B) that was T2 isointense to grey matter (figure 1C), without reduced diffusivity on apparent diffusion coefficient image sequences (figure 1D). Gross total excision of the tumour was obtained (figure 1E) and the …
Identifying the Challenges of “Small” Pathology Residency Programs and Creating Collaborative Solutions

The majority of pathology residency training programs in the United States are considered to be small training programs. Small training programs, regardless of specialty, encounter unique challenges that have been documented in the literature. With the implementation of the Next Accreditation System (NAS), and other Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Common Program Requirements, adequate personnel and other resources are necessary. An online survey was conducted on the pathology program directors' section listserv to help identify characteristics and challenges of small pathology residency training programs. A discussion group on small pathology residency programs was held at the 2015 Association of Pathology Chairs/Program Directors annual meeting, where the results of the survey were discussed and small breakout groups followed the discussion of the survey. The results of the online survey and discussion groups are discussed in this paper.
A method of robust filtering based on EEMD

In order to eliminate outliers and noise impact on observed data,a robust filtering algorithm based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD) was proposed.Firstly,with the sliding median filtering the outliers in raw data were removed.Then,EEMD algorithm was used to suppress noise in the data.Numerical simulations and actual engineering applications showed that the method can not only eliminate outliers,suppress noise and improve signal to noise ratio,but also effectively solve the problem of modes aliasing,independently decompose a measured signal into different IMFs to get a clearer time-frequency distribution,so it is useful for signal analysis and fault diagnosis in actual data processing.
DETERMINATION OF BENZENE SERIES IN WATER BY HEADSPACE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH POLARITY WIDE-BORE CAPILLARY COLUMN

Abstrcat Headspace gas chromatography with polarity wide-bore capillary column was evaluated for the determination of benenze series in water. The m-xylene was successfully separated with p-xylene using this method. Precision, recovery and detecting limit of 8 benzene series were also determined. The recovery was 94.5%～101%, the relative deviation was 1.5%～3.7% (n=7). The result showed that this method is good in the simplicity, reproducibility and recovery.
Epidemiological investigation on an outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Objective To further verify the epidemic situation and look for the risk factors of hand-foot-and mouth disease,so as to take prevention and control measures.Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was adopted to analyze the time distribution.The etiological hypothesis was initially proposed,and the hypothesis was tested by conducting case-control study.Results Contacting with patients a week prior to the onset was a risk factor(P 0.05).Some cases had a clear phenomenon of family gathering or playmates aggregation history.Contacting with patients in community rather than patients in nursery was the main mode of transmission.There was a lack of control measures in the village.Conclusions The main transmission mode of this outbreak was by contacting with patients in the community,rather than in kindergarten.The main reason for the spread of disease was that patients who were in separation period contacted with other children.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW GENERATION OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND NEW APPROACH TO DISTRIBUTED PROBLEM SOLVING

The advancement of information technology (IT), the development of electricity market and especially the shake caused by several serious blackouts make the traditional energy management system (EMS) face to face with various challenges and opportunities, thus a new generation of EMS is being researched and developed recently. On the basis of reviewing the development of EMS and that of IT for power engineering, following problems concerning the new?generation of EMS, such as which content in this kind of EMS could be regarded as new ?one, what kind of problems should be mainly solved, what items being developed and researched would be the matters of common concern, the difficulties might be encountered during the solution of real-time distributed system by centralization methodology and what would be the new approach to distributed problem solving, i.e., the application of Agent in data integration, adaptive control and electricity market simulation, are analyzed and researched.
Binding Strength of Nucleobases and Nucleosides on Silver Nanoparticles Probed by a Colorimetric Method

Because of their unique and tunable properties, oligonucleotide-functionalized noble metal nanoparticles have provided a versatile platform for various engineering and biomedical applications. The vast majority of such applications were demonstrated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) while only a few were demonstrated with sliver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This is largely due to the lack of robust protocols to functionalize AgNPs with thiol-modified oligonucleotides. Previous studies have revealed strong interactions between nucleobases and AgNPs. This could enable an alternative way to functionalize AgNPs with non-thiolated oligonucleotides. However, there is no quantitative study on the interaction strengths between AgNPs and oligonucleotides. Several methods have been used for quantitative evaluation of the interaction strengths between AuNPs and oligonucleotides. These methods often require specialized equipment that might not be widely accessible or rely on labor-intensive procedures to obtain the adsorptio...
Anatomical and functional neuroimaging in awake, behaving marmosets

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small New World monkey that has gained significant recent interest in neuroscience research, not only because of its compatibility with gene editing techniques, but also due to its tremendous versatility as an experimental animal model. Neuroimaging modalities, including anatomical (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), complemented by two-photon laser scanning microscopy and electrophysiology, have been at the forefront of unraveling the anatomical and functional organization of the marmoset brain. High-resolution anatomical MRI of the marmoset brain can be obtained with remarkable cytoarchitectonic detail. Functional MRI of the marmoset brain has been used to study various sensory systems, including somatosensory, auditory, and visual pathways, while resting-state fMRI studies have unraveled functional brain networks that bear great correspondence to those previously described in humans. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy of the marmoset brain has enabled the simultaneous recording of neuronal activity from thousands of neurons with single cell spatial resolution. In this article, we aim to review the main results obtained by our group and by our colleagues in applying neuroimaging techniques to study the marmoset brain. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 373-389, 2017.
Are mainstream support services meeting the needs of sexual minority women with breast cancer? An exploration of the perspectives and experiences of users of an online support forum

ABSTRACTWe conducted an inductive content analysis of messages posted to the lesbian-specific discussion board forum found on breastcancer.org for the purpose of examining sexual minority women's experiences of and perspectives on mainstream cancer support services. Our analysis indicated that currently available support services might not be adequately addressing sexual minority women's unique needs. Individuals posting to the lesbian-specific forum reported the presence of homophobia, heterosexual bias, and feelings of exclusion in mainstream breast cancer support services. In contrast, forum users generally perceived nonspecific cancer support groups to be beneficial, yet the majority preferred lesbian-specific support.
Spinal epidural abscess in a patient with piriformis pyomyositis.

Background Spinal epidural abscess resulting from piriformis pyomyositis is extremely rare. Such condition can result in serious morbidity and mortality if not addressed in a timely manner. Case description The authors describe the case of a 19-year-old male presenting with a 2-week history of fever, low back pain, and nuchal rigidity. When found to have radiographic evidence of a right piriformis pyomyositis, he was transferred to our institution for further evaluation. Because he demonstrated rapid deterioration, cervical, thoracic, and lumbar magnetic resonance imaging scans were emergently performed. They revealed an extensive posterior spinal epidural abscess causing symptomatic spinal cord compression extending from C2 to the sacrum. He underwent emergent decompression and abscess evacuation through a dorsal midline approach. Postoperatively, he markedly improved. Upon discharge, the patient regained 5/5 strength in both upper and lower extremities. Cultures from the epidural abscess grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus warranting a 6-week course of intravenous nafcillin. Conclusion A 19-year-old male presented with a holospinal epidural abscess (C2 to sacrum) originating from piriformis pyomyositis. The multilevel cord abscess was emergently decompressed, leading to a marked restoration of neurological function.
5.03 – Epigenetic Contribution to Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior

Epigenetic phenomena have fascinated those interested in understanding how the environment can shape overall brain development, health, and behavior. Intriguingly, a large portion of what we know about early gene × environment interactions comes from examining epigenetic modifications of neuroendocrine systems. As males and females develop under different hormonal, genetic, and environmental influences, these influences create different epigenetic signatures within the brain. These intrinsic epigenetic differences not only produce sex differences in neuroendocrine functioning and behavior, but they may also underlie sex differences in mental health risk or resilience. This chapter will highlight emerging epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in brain and behavior.