cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High- $k$ Thin-Film Capacitors With Conducting Oxide Electrodes on Glass Substrates for Power-Supply Applications

High- $k$ barium strontium titanate (BST) thin films were deposited onto glass substrates to demonstrate integrated capacitors for power supply in high-speed digital packages. Ferroelectric BST films were sputter deposited onto solution-derived lanthanum nickel oxide (LNO) electrodes. Zirconium oxide was studied for the first time as a barrier between glass and LNO electrodes to prevent electrode (LNO) interdiffusion into the glass substrate. The LNO and BST films were annealed in an oxygen-rich atmosphere at 650 °C. A capacitance density of 20–30 nF/mm2 was obtained at an operating voltage of 3 V. Leakage currents of 1–10 nA/nF were measured up to 3 V. These properties demonstrate the potential for low-cost high- $k$ thin-film decoupling capacitors in 2-D, 2.5-D, and 3-D glass interposers. A process to integrate and test such capacitors on glass substrates using sequential dielectric and electrode patterning is also demonstrated.
Lagrangian transport by breaking surface waves

The Lagrangian transport due to non-breaking and breaking focusing wave packets is examined. We present direct numerical simulations of the two-phase air–water Navier–Stokes equations describing focusing wave packets, investigating the Lagrangian drift by tracking tracer particles in the water before, during and after the breaking event. The net horizontal transport for non-breaking focusing packets is well described by the classical Stokes drift, both at the surface and in the bulk of the fluid, where the e-folding scale of the evanescent vertical profile is given by the characteristic wavenumber. For focusing wave packets that lead to breaking, we observe an added drift that can be ten times larger than the classical Stokes drift for a non-breaking packet at the surface, while the initial depth of the broken fluid scales with the wave height at breaking. We find that the breaking induced Lagrangian transport scales with the breaking strength. A simple scaling argument is proposed to describe this added drift and is found to be consistent with the direct numerical simulations. Applications to upper ocean processes are discussed.
Population genetics of an island invasion by Japanese Bush-Warblers in Hawaii, USA

ABSTRACT Island bird populations often provide exemplary cases of evolution based on historical colonization and diversification events. However, capturing contemporary cases of evolution is rare. Introductions of nonnative birds into the Hawaiian Islands, USA, provide numerous potential opportunities to assess evolutionary changes over a relatively short time frame. One introduced species, the Japanese Bush-Warbler (Cettia diphone), has a well-established history in the Hawaiian Islands, with a documented introduction in 1929 to the island of Oahu and natural colonization of the other main islands by 1997. We sampled 143 Japanese Bush-Warblers from 5 of the main Hawaiian Islands and amplified 12 microsatellite loci (9 were variable) and sequenced portions of the cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes to assess the genetic structure and potential original source of these populations. As predicted, genetic diversity, measured by allelic richness and private alleles, was greatest on Oah...
Addressing unmeasured confounding in comparative observational research.

Purpose Observational pharmacoepidemiological studies can provide valuable information on the effectiveness or safety of interventions in the real world, but one major challenge is the existence of unmeasured confounder(s). While many analytical methods have been developed for dealing with this challenge, they appear under-utilized, perhaps due to the complexity and varied requirements for implementation. Thus, there is an unmet need to improve understanding the appropriate course of action to address unmeasured confounding under a variety of research scenarios. Methods We implemented a stepwise search strategy to find articles discussing the assessment of unmeasured confounding in electronic literature databases. Identified publications were reviewed and characterized by the applicable research settings and information requirements required for implementing each method. We further used this information to develop a best practice recommendation to help guide the selection of appropriate analytical methods for assessing the potential impact of unmeasured confounding. Results Over 100 papers were reviewed, and 15 methods were identified. We used a flowchart to illustrate the best practice recommendation which was driven by 2 critical components: (1) availability of information on the unmeasured confounders; and (2) goals of the unmeasured confounding assessment. Key factors for implementation of each method were summarized in a checklist to provide further assistance to researchers for implementing these methods. Conclusion When assessing comparative effectiveness or safety in observational research, the impact of unmeasured confounding should not be ignored. Instead, we suggest quantitatively evaluating the impact of unmeasured confounding and provided a best practice recommendation for selecting appropriate analytical methods.
Evidence that Speciation of Oxovanadium Complexes does not Solely Account for Inhibition of Leishmania Acid Phosphatases

Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease affecting a diverse spectra of populations, with 1.6 million new cases reported each year. Current treatment options are costly and have harsh side effects. New therapeutic options that have been previously identified, but still underappreciated as potential pharmaceutical targets, are Leishmania secreted acid phosphatases (SAP). These acid phosphatases, which are reported to play a role in the survival of the parasite in the sand fly vector, and in homing to the host macrophage, are inhibited by orthovanadate and decavanadate. Here, we use L. tarentolae to further evaluate these inhibitors. Using enzyme assays, and UV-visible spectroscopy, we investigate which oxovanadium starting material (orthovanadate or decavanadate) is a better inhibitor of L. tarentolae secreted acid phosphatase activity in vitro at the same total moles of vanadium. Considering speciation and total vanadium concentration, decavanadate is a consistently better inhibitor of SAP in our conditions, especially at low substrate:inhibitor ratios.
Rod Plateaux During Dark Adaptation in Sorsby's Fundus Dystrophy and Vitamin A Deficiency

Purpose. To investigate the transitory plateaux observed during dark adaptation after partial bleaches in Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD) and in systemic vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Methods. Psychophysical dark adaptation functions were measured after bleaching exposures isomerizing from 2% to 99% of the rhodopsin. Narrow-band stimuli of 1.7° diameter and 200 msec duration were presented at an eccentricity of 30°. Results. After a full bleach, the patients showed typical dark adaptation abnormalities reported for these diseases. The cone recovery was slowed, and the time to the rod-cone break was delayed; the final phase of rod recovery was also slowed but led to a normal final rod threshold. After partial bleaches, short wavelength stimuli produced a biphasic recovery function, with an initial rapid component and plateau, followed by a subsequent break-off and eventual return to prebleach thresholds. Action spectra obtained during the plateaux were consistent with thresholds for shorter wavelength stimuli mediated by rods and thresholds for longer wavelength stimuli mediated by cones. In the patient with VAD, vitamin A supplementation led to accelerated recovery and disappearance of the transitory rod plateaux. Conclusions. The biphasic dark adaptation functions resulting from fractional bleaches in SFD and VAD appear superficially similar to the classic biphasic adaptation functions obtained with full bleaches. However, thresholds during the plateaux are lower than the cone threshold, and action spectra indicate rod mediation. These transitory rod plateaux may increase our understanding of the normal visual cycle and its perturbation in retinal disease. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:1786-1794.
The Post 9-11 US Foreign Policy towards South Asia: Political and Ideological Challenges

This study encompasses two of the most important and intricate areas of concern regarding the US policy for South Asia. The first policy issue concerns the balancing of regional geopolitical equati...
The Dark Tetrad and callous reactions to mourner grief: Patterns of annoyance, boredom, entitlement, schadenfreude, and humor.

Abstract Bereavement is an exceptionally stressful time associated with a host of negative consequences. This difficulty is often exacerbated by encounters with emotionally callous people. To better understand these individuals, I examined the experiences of two hundred and sixty five college students who engaged in conversations with mourners. Specifically, I examined the predictive relationship between the Dark Tetrad (DT) traits and callous psychological reactions to mourners. The results revealed that sadism predicted feelings of entitlement and humor, while both psychopathy and sadism predicted feelings of schadenfreude toward the mourners. Although Machiavellianism and narcissism both predicted feelings of annoyance, they exhibited opposite patterns. These findings suggest that the DT traits play an important role in callous reactions to mourner grief.
Ictal onset patterns of subdural intracranial electroencephalogram in children: How helpful for predicting epilepsy surgery outcome?

Abstract Aims We aimed to classify ictal onset patterns (IOPs) in pediatric patients undergoing intracranial electroencephalography (IEEG) to guide surgery for refractory epilepsy. We aimed to determine if morphology of IOPs can predict surgical outcome. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective review of pediatric patients who underwent epilepsy surgery guided by subdural IEEG from 2007 to 2016. IEEG seizures were reviewed by a blinded epileptologist. Data was collected on outcomes. Results Twenty-three patients with 784 seizures were included. Age at seizure onset was 0.2–11 (mean 4.3, standard deviation 3.2) years. Age at time of IEEG was 4–20 (mean 13.5, standard deviation 4.4) years. Five distinct IOPs were seen at seizure onset: A) Low voltage fast activity (LVFA) with spread to adjacent electrodes (n = 7 patients, 30%), B) Burst of LVFA followed by electrodecrement (n = 12 patients, 52%), C) Burst of rhythmic spike waves (RSW) followed by electrodecrement (n = 9 patients, 39%), D) RSW followed by LVFA (n = 7 patients, 30%), E) Rhythmic spikes alone (n = 10 patients, 43%). Twelve patients (52%) had the same IOP type with all seizures. When the area of the IOP was resected, 14 patients (61%) had Engel I outcomes. Patients who had LVFA seen within their predominant IOP type were more likely to have good surgical outcomes (odds ratio 7.50, 95% confidence interval 1.02–55.0, p = 0.05). Patients who had only one IOP type were more likely to have good outcomes than patients who had multiple IOP types (odds ratio 12.6, 95% confidence interval 1.19–134, p = 0.04). Patients who had LVFA in their predominant IOP type were older than patients who did not have LVFA (mean age 15.0 vs. 9.9 years, p = 0.02). Conclusions LVFA at ictal onset and all seizures having the same IOP morphology are associated with increased likelihood of surgical success in children, but LVFA is less common in children who are younger at the time of IEEG.
Dosing Antifungals in Obesity: a Literature Review

To summarize the available evidence regarding antifungal dosing in obese adults as well as to provide meaningful guidance on the dosing of each antifungal agent in obese patients. The pharmacokinetic evidence regarding dosing antifungal agents in obesity is limited. Fluconazole’s volume of distribution (VD) is influenced by BMI. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) studies provide some insights into dosing voriconazole in obesity, but not with posaconazole. Isavuconazole seems to be unaffected by weight. The available data for echinocandins suggests that increased doses are likely necessary in obese patients. TDM may be beneficial, particularly for azoles when available in a timely manner. Fluconazole and voriconazole dosing should be based on total body weight and adjusted body weight, respectively. Posaconazole may have reduced exposures in obese patients, but data on its new dosage forms is lacking. Isavuconazole appears unaffected by weight. Echinocandin doses likely need to be increased in obese patients, but the exact weight and dosages remain elusive.
Car pride and its bidirectional relations with car ownership: Case studies in New York City and Houston

Abstract The car fulfills not only instrumental transportation functions, but also holds important symbolic and affective meaning for its owners and users. In particular, owning and using a car can be a symbol of an individual’s social status or personal image (‘car pride’). This paper introduces and validates a standard measure of car pride estimated from 12 survey statements using a cross-sectional sample of 1236 commuters in New York City and Houston metropolitan statistical areas. We find that car pride is higher in Houston than in New York City. We then empirically examine the bidirectional relation between car pride (attitude) and household car ownership (behavior) using structural equation modeling. To identify the bidirectional relationship we use an individual’s general pride as the instrumental variable (IV) for that same individual’s car pride; in the opposite direction, we use the average household vehicle ownership in the respondent’s census block group as the IV for the respondent’s household car ownership. We find that positive and statistically significant relations exist from car pride to car ownership, while the relation in the reverse direction is not statistically significant. On average and in both city subsamples, the relation from car pride to household car ownership (attitude-to-behavior) is much stronger than the reverse (behavior-to-attitude). In fact, in our models car pride is more predictive of car ownership than most individual and household socio-demographics included in traditional ownership forecasting models, including income. Empowered with a well-validated, standard measure for car pride and a robust approach for exploring reciprocal attitude-behavior relations in cross-sectional data, future research can extend the current understanding presented in this paper to explore car pride’s relation with other travel behaviors, the dynamics of these attitude-behavior relations over time, and their implications for policies to promote sustainable travel behavior.
Association of Alternative Tobacco Product Initiation With Ownership of Tobacco Promotional Materials Among Adolescents and Young Adults

Importance Use of alternative tobacco products (ATPs) such as electronic cigarettes, chewing tobacco, pipes, cigars, cigarillos, little cigars, and hookah is rapidly increasing. Although marketing restrictions exist for cigarettes, marketing of ATPs is not yet fully regulated, and studies have not assessed the association between ownership of ATP promotional materials and subsequent ATP or cigarette initiation among adolescents and young adults. Objective To estimate the association between marketing receptivity measured at baseline and ATP and any tobacco initiation 1 year later, including cigarettes, among adolescents and young adults. Design, Setting, and Participants Longitudinal cohort study of adolescents and young adults aged 13 to 19 years recruited at high schools in California from July 2014 to October 2015, with follow-up 1 year later. Data were analyzed from January to March 2018. Exposures Ownership of ATP-specific promotional material and ownership of any tobacco promotional materials (eg, samples, coupons, branded caps, t-shirts, or posters) assessed in wave 1. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes were (1) ATP initiation and (2) either ATP or cigarette initiation in wave 2. Results Of 757 participants (mean [SD] age at wave 1, 16.1 [1.1] years; 481 [63.5%] female; 166 [21.9%] Asian or Pacific Islander, 202 [26.7%] white, and 276 [36.4%] Latino), 129 (17.0%) initiated ATP use and 141 (18.6%) initiated ATP or cigarette use 1 year later. In unadjusted models, wave 2 ATP initiation was found to be significantly associated with wave 1 ownership of ATP promotional materials (odds ratio, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.26-3.97). After adjustment for wave 1 demographic covariates, the association between ownership of ATP promotional material and ATP initiation 1 year later yielded similar results (odds ratio, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.16-3.91). Results of models assessing a combined outcome variable of either ATP or cigarette ever use were not statistically significant. Conclusions and Relevance Ownership of ATP promotional materials was associated with subsequent initiation of ATPs. The results of this study are consistent with the suggestion that current marketing restrictions for cigarettes, including restrictions of the distribution of samples, coupons, and other promotional material, should extend to ATPs.
After the Games

Although the Popular Olympics never occurred, in a sense they met many of their goals. The coup which launched the civil war failed in Barcelona, but it succeeded in much of the rest of Spain, and for many of the dedicated anti-fascists of the Popular Olympics, this provided a long-awaited chance to take up arms against their old foe. This chapter traces the national and individual contributions to the International Brigades that have their roots in the Popular Olympics.
The role of a market maker in networked cournot competition

We study the role of a market maker (or market operator) in a transmission constrained electricity market. We model the market as a one-shot networked Cournot competition where generators supply quantity bids and load serving entities provide downward sloping inverse demand functions. This mimics the operation of a spot market in a deregulated market structure. In this paper, we focus on possible mechanisms employed by the market maker to balance demand and supply. In particular, we consider three candidate objective functions that the market maker optimizes - social welfare, residual social welfare, and consumer surplus. We characterize the existence of Generalized Nash Equilibrium (GNE) in this setting and demonstrate that market outcomes at equilibrium can be very different under the candidate objective functions.
Physician Well-being from the Perspective of Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism

The problem is an acute one. A survey a few years ago by the Physicians’ Foundation found that half of US physicians reported being pessimistic about the medical profession, one-third indicated feeling overworked and extended beyond their capacity to perform, and almost half said they were planning to either retire or do whatever it takes to reduce patient load to decrease their stress. If anything, the situation has gotten worse with increasing documentation and time spent dealing with computerized medical record platforms, increasing knowledge required to avoid litigation, increasing complexity of patient medical problems, increasing need to haggle with insurance companies to get paid (or pay for patient prescriptions), and the list goes on. With potential limits on spending and growing numbers of patients with chronic illness due to the aging of the population, our healthcare system may soon be on life support, and it is physicians who will most likely need ventilator assistance. No one can deny that well-being within our hallowed and sacred profession is heading for an all-time low.
2414 Endometriosis and the Prevalence of Infectious Agents within the Endometrium and Endo-Cervix

Study Objective The presence of endometriosis has been shown to be strongly associated with chronic endometritis, and, furthermore, chronic endometritis has been associated with infectious agents in the endometrial cavity (73% in published data). We planned to evaluate the prevalence of infectious agents within in the endometrial cavity and endo-cervix when endometriosis is present. Design Retrospective review of all patients that underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, diagnostic hysteroscopy, and the collection of sterile endometrial/endo-cervical cultures during surgical evaluation for suspected endometriosis and chronic endometritis. Setting Referral center for reproductive medicine and surgery in an academic medical center. Patients or Participants All patients diagnosed with endometriosis at the time of laparoscopy who underwent collection of endometrial/endo-cervical cultures from 2016 – 2018 (N=97). Interventions N/A. Measurements and Main Results Sterile endometrial/endo-cervical cultures were collected, per standardized protocol, prior to preparation of the vagina. Aerobic/anaerobic cultures; PCR for mycoplasma/ureaplasma/gonorrhea/chlamydia; viral cultures; and yeast cultures were performed. In patients diagnosed with endometriosis at the time of laparoscopy, 70% tested positive for an infectious agent on endometrial/endo-cervical culture. Organisms were found in 65% of individuals diagnosed laparoscopically with mild endometriosis (American Society for Reproductive Medicine Revised Classification of Endometriosis “ASRM Classification” Stage 1-2), and 75% diagnosed with severe endometriosis (ASRM Classification Stage 3-4). Gram positive organisms were the most common infectious agent cultured at 72%, and were primarily E. Faecalis (31%), Lactobacillus (17%), and Group B Strep (15%). Gram negative organisms (18%) were primarily E. coli (10%). Less commonly, yeasts (13%), anaerobes (3%), and ureaplasma (1%) were found. No gonorrhea, chlamydia, mycoplasma, or viruses were detected. No significant correlation was found between severity of endometriosis and prevalence of any single organism. Conclusion For individuals with endometriosis, regardless of severity, the presence of infectious organisms in the endometrium and endo-cervix is similar to published data on chronic infectious endometritis.
Optimal trade policy with trade imbalances

Abstract Optimal trade and capital control policies are characterized under a dynamic model with endogenous trade imbalances. In the absence of capital controls, optimal trade protection is counter-cyclical. Optimal use of capital controls, however, dampens the time-variation of optimal trade taxes. Generally, trade imbalances are not predictive of optimal policy. However, optimal trade policy and equilibrium trade imbalances move together when a country grows consistently faster or slower than the rest of the world. Quantifying the model for the U.S. economy shows that welfare gains from optimal policy are largely due to static terms-of-trade effects, implying that gains from time-varying tariffs or capital controls are small.
Addressing Rural Library Technology Budgets with Single Board Computers: Testing the APC 8950 Rock Circuit Board Computer for Patron Access

Over the last decade, libraries have faced enormous budgetary challenges when it comes to implementing new technologies. These challenges are very pronounced in rural areas where libraries struggle to develop and define a path for purchasing and replacing systems that have become outdated. The author attempted to create a unit to replace aging OPAC terminals and to provide a low cost computing option for budget constrained rural libraries. The initial attempt detailed in this paper involved purchasing and configuring an APC 8950 Rock single board computer. Unfortunately, due to limitations of this APC unitâs existing Android based operating system, the initial effort failed to yield a computer that could be used in a library by average patrons. Future plans are outlined for the development of a second system using the more broadly accepted Raspberry Pi platform. The success of this technological endeavor may empower libraries and patrons in their communities to have more control of the technology they develop and use in the future.
A Mathematical Theory of Holobiont Evolution

This paper develops a mathematical theory for holobiont evolution that parallels the population-genetic theory of classical evolutionary biology. It presents theory for hologenomes having two haploid microbial strains and two diploid host alleles. The theory shows how selection on holobionts causes the joint evolution of microbial and host components of the hologenome. The theory also reveals the distribution of microbiome configurations across hosts as well as stable strategies for microbiome-host coadaptation.
2484: Establishment of the Tennessee-sickle cell disease network as a mechanism for engaging a rare disease population in patient centered outcomes research

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Despite the high prevalence of individuals diagnosed with sickle cell disease (SCD) in Tennessee, comprehensive care and education for patients with SCD is not as widely available as healthcare services for individuals managing other chronic illnesses. We aimed to engage SCD stakeholders in patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR) as a mechanism for advancing care and translational research for this rare disease population. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Through a partnership with the Sickle Cell Foundation of Tennessee, we implemented Community Health Ambassadors to systematically engage patient partners with SCD and their caregivers, aged 18–50 from rural and urban communities throughout Tennessee, in PCOR to establish a sustainable infrastructure, focused on connecting the SCD community through a service providing community-based organization to offer (1) information on how to connect with other families; and be informed about SCD community activities, or educational offerings; (2) training in basic research principals; and (3) opportunities to contribute to PCOR, including feedback on effective and practical ways for providing input on research efforts through patient centered input, comparing urban and rural area preferences. Community ambassadors utilized health fairs, clinic days at various hospitals and community centers, and social media to spread awareness of the project, in addition to boosting the recruitment process. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A statewide SCD network was developed to offer social support and increase access to education, medical care, and engagement in research activities. Findings include: recruitment of 150 patients and 35 executive committee members (local physicians, community leaders, adults with SCD and parents of children with SCD). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Most rural and urban families affected by SCD have no systematic way to engage in, or lend their expertise to, PCOR. A statewide network of patient partners, community stakeholders, researchers, and medical professionals will ultimately increase the standard of care for patients, and provide valuable insight for SCD research. The opportunity to create the underpinnings for coordinated patient-centered education for patients with SCD and their caregivers holds promise for developing a scalable PCOR process model for replication and implementation in other states and emulate this model with other rare disease populations.
Road-to-Lab: Validation of the Static Load Test for Predicting On-Road Driving Performance While Using Advanced In-Vehicle Information and Communication Devices

Information, communication, and navigation devices need to be evaluated for ease-of-use and safety while driving. Lab tests, if validated, can evaluate prototype designs faster, more economically, and earlier than on-road tests. The Static Load Test was evaluated for its ability to predict on-road driver performance while using in-vehicle devices. In this test, participants perform various in-vehicle tasks in a lab while viewing a videotaped road scene on a monitor, tapping a brake pedal when a central or peripheral light is observed. For the on-road comparison test, the device, tasks, and lights are the same, but the participants also drive the vehicle while performing the tasks and responding to the lights. In both the lab and road tests, ten driver performance variables were measured. The authors' goal was to produce a linear model to predict an on-road variable from the lab data with low residual error, high percent variance explained, and few errors in classifying tasks as meeting or not meeting on-road driver performance criteria. Separate test data from a replicated Static Load Test at an independent lab were used to further validate the models. The results indicate a simple, inexpensive, and low-fidelity Static Load Test can accurately predict a number of on-road driver performance variables suitable for assessing the safety and ease-of-use of advanced in-vehicle devices while driving.
Evaluating Differences in Opioid and Stimulant Use-associated Infectious Disease Hospitalizations in Florida, 2016-2017.

BACKGROUND The opioid epidemic has led to increases in injection drug use (IDU)-associated infectious diseases; however, little is known about how more recent increases in stimulant use have affected the incidence and outcomes of hospitalizations for infections among people who inject drugs (PWID). METHODS All hospitalizations of PWID for IDU-associated infections in Florida were identified using administrative diagnostic codes and were grouped by substance used (opioids, stimulants, or both) and site of infection. We evaluated the association between substance used and the outcomes: patient-directed discharge (PDD, or "against medical advice") and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS There were 22 856 hospitalizations for infections among PWID. Opioid use was present in 73%, any stimulants in 43%, and stimulants-only in 27%. Skin and soft tissue infection was present in 50%, sepsis/bacteremia in 52%, osteomyelitis in 10%, and endocarditis in 10%. PWID using opioids/stimulants were youngest, most uninsured, and had the highest rates of endocarditis (16%) and hepatitis C (44%). Additionally, 25% of patients with opioid/stimulant use had PDD versus 12% for those using opioids-only. In adjusted models, opioid/stimulant use was associated with PDD compared to opioid-only use (aRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17-1.40). Younger age and endocarditis were also associated with PDD. Compared to opioid-only use, stimulant-only use had higher risk of in-hospital mortality (aRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03-1.46). CONCLUSIONS While opioid use contributed to most IDU-associated infections, many hospitalizations also involved stimulants. Increasing access to harm reduction interventions could help prevent these infections, while further research on the acute management of stimulant use disorder-associated infections is needed.
Factors associated with clinical trial participation for patients with prostate cancer.

96Background: Clinical trials are critical for the development of new treatment paradigms for Prostate Cancer (PCa). The primary aim of this study was to characterize the factors associated with cl...
A predictive model for in situ distortion correction in laser powder bed fusion using laser shock peen forming

Described is a hybrid metal additive manufacturing (AM) method that integrates in situ laser shock peen (LSP) forming with laser powder bed fusion (PBF) to mitigate vertical distortions during part builds. LSP has recently been proposed to reduce tensile residual stresses during selective laser melting (SLM). The effects of LSP on part distortion, however, have not been rigorously examined. It is proposed here that SLM can be integrated with in situ LSP forming to reduce distortion of the upper surface of parts during or after printing. To study the distortion correction capability, a 2-stage computational framework is created, which includes physics-based models of the SLM process and LSP treatment. Stage 1 includes thermomechanical SLM simulation to predict surface geometry and is applied to model four 50-μm layers of a 316L part having a 4 mm × 4 mm footprint. Stage 2 of the framework includes an elastic-plastic thermomechanical shock-wave simulation to predict LSP surface treatment forming effects. Surface distortion is examined for varying laser spot size, overlap, and part temperatures from 300 to 500 K, using a nanosecond-pulsed infrared laser. For the 316L SLM sample, the upper surface is predicted to have $\sim $ 9-μm vertical distortion on the 200-μm 4-layer build. With a 2-μm allowable distortion, only 44.13% of the surface initially conforms. After one LSP forming treatment at 300 K, conformance improves to 84.75%. After a third LSP forming, with 50% laser power-density increase, surface conformance increases to 91%, demonstrating potential of the hybrid AM-LSP process in reducing finish-machining.
Temporal Soil Bacterial Community Responses to Cropping Systems and Crop Identity in Dryland Agroecosystems of the Northern Great Plains

Industrialized agriculture results in simplified landscapes where many of the regulatory ecosystem functions driven by soil biological and physicochemical characteristics have been hampered or replaced with intensive, synthetic inputs. To restore long-term agricultural sustainability and soil health, soil should function as both a resource and a complex ecosystem. In this study, we examined how cropping systems impact soil bacterial community diversity and composition, important indicators of soil ecosystem health. Soils from a representative cropping system in the semi-arid Northern Great Plains were collected in June and August of 2017 from the final phase of a five-year crop rotation managed either with chemical inputs and no-tillage, as a USDA-certified organic tillage system, or as a USDA-certified organic sheep grazing system with reduced tillage intensity. DNA was extracted and sequenced for bacteria community analysis via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacterial richness and diversity decreased in all farming systems from June to August and was lowest in the chemical no-tillage system, while evenness increased over the sampling period. Crop species identity did not affect bacterial richness, diversity, or evenness. Conventional no-till, organic tilled, and organic grazed management systems resulted in dissimilar microbial communities. Overall, cropping systems and seasonal changes had a greater effect on microbial community structure and diversity than crop identity. Future research should assess how the rhizobiome responds to the specific phases of a crop rotation, as differences in bulk soil microbial communities by crop identity were not detectable.
Individual size distributions across North American streams vary with local temperature

Parameters describing the negative relationship between abundance and body size within ecological communities provide a summary of many important biological processes. While it is considered to be one of the few consistent patterns in ecology, spatiotemporal variation of this relationship across continental scale temperature gradients is unknown. Using a database of stream communities collected across North America (18-68°N latitude, -4 to 25°C mean annual air temperature) over 3 years, we constructed 160 individual size distribution (ISD) relationships (i.e. abundance size spectra). The exponent parameter describing ISD's decreased (became steeper) with increasing mean annual temperature, with median slopes varying by ~0.2 units across the 29°C temperature gradient. In addition, total community biomass increased with increasing temperatures, contrary with theoretical predictions. Our study suggests conservation of ISD relationships in streams across broad natural environmental gradients. This supports the emerging use of size-spectra deviations as indicators of fundamental changes to the structure and function of ecological communities.
Predictors of Early Postpartum Maternal Functioning Among Women Veterans.

The perinatal period constitutes an important window of opportunity for optimizing healthy development of offspring but is heavily influenced by maternal mental health. Maternal pregnancy-related anxiety (PrA), depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been implicated in adverse outcomes for both mother and child. The current study examined whether psychopathology during pregnancy and postpartum was associated with greater experienced parenting stress and bonding difficulties in women veterans, who may be predisposed to develop psychopathology due to heightened risk of exposure to traumatic events. Pregnant veterans (N = 28) completed self-report questionnaires regarding their PrA, depression and PTSD symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum, as well as on their experience of parenting stress and bonding with their infant. PrA was a more robust predictor of postpartum depression (PPD) than depression during pregnancy. PPD, in turn, was significantly associated with bonding and parenting stress, such that more depressed mothers were more likely to experience greater general bonding difficulties, increased rejections and pathological anger towards their infants, greater anxiety towards their infants, and more parenting stress. PrA might be a high-yield modifiable risk factor in the prevention of PPD for women veterans and their subsequent experiences with high parenting stress and bonding difficulties.
Imperial Messages: Orientalism as Self-Critique in the Habsburg Fin de Siècle

In recent years a debate has arisen on the applicability of postcolonial theory to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Some have argued that Austria-Hungary's lack of overseas territories renders the concepts of colonialism and postcolonialism irrelevant, while others have cited the quasi-colonial attitudes of the Viennese elite towards the various 'subject peoples' of the empire as a point of comparison. 'Imperial Messages' applies postcolonial theory to works of orientalist fiction by Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Robert Musil, and Franz Kafka, all subjects of the empire, challenging Edward Said's notion that orientalism invariably acts in the ideological service of European colonialism. It argues that these Habsburg authors employ oriental motifs not to promulgate Western hegemony, but to engage in self-reflection and self-critique, including critique of the foundational concepts of orientalist discourse itself. By providing detailed textual analyses of canonical works of Austrian Modernism, including Hofmannsthal's 'Tale of the 672nd Night,' Musil's 'Young Torless,' and Kafka's 'In the Penal Colony,' the book not only offers new postcolonial readings of these Austrian works, but also shows how they question the conventional postcolonial and post-Saidian view of orientalism as a purely hegemonic discourse. Robert Lemon is Assistant Professor of German at the University of Oklahoma.
Resource and application adaptivity in message passing systems

Clusters and MPP's are traditional platforms for message passing applications, but there is growing interest in more dynamic metacomputing environments. The latter are characterized by dynamicity in availability and available capacity – of both nodes and interconnects. This talk will discuss fundamental challenges in executing message passing programs in such environments, and analyze the issue of adaptivity from the resource and application points of view. Pragmatic solutions to some of these challenges will then be described, along with new approaches to dealing with the aggregation of multidomain computing platforms for distributed memory concurrent computing.
Methodological versus Radical Behaviorism

In 1913, J. B. Watson (1878–1958) proposed that psychology should be a “purely objective experimental branch of natural science.” This idea, known as behaviorism, continues to influence the field of psychology. In the last century, the behaviorism proposed by Watson and formally known as methodological behaviorism has been substantially revised and expanded by a variety of authors. The foremost revision and expansion was proposed by B. F. Skinner (1904–90) and is known as radical behaviorism. Although both schools of thought place emphasis on environmental variables as causal mechanisms and view behavior as the appropriate subject matter for a scientific psychology, they differ in their conceptualization of the relationship between stimulus and response in learning, assumptions about the relevance of internal states, and analysis of language. Keywords: Skinner, Burrhus; Watson, John B; behaviorism; methodological behaviorism; operant conditioning; radical behaviorism
ASYMPTOTIC PRIME-POWER DIVISIBILITY OF BINOMIAL, GENERALIZED BINOMIAL AND MULTINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

This paper presents asymptotic formulas for the abundance of binomial, generalized binomial, multinomial, and generalized multinomial coefficients having any given degree of prime-power divisibility. In the case of binomial coefficients, for a fixed prime p, we consider the number of (x, y) with 0 < xv y < pn for which (X+Y) is divisible by pZf (but not pzf+l) when zn is an integer and oa < z < ,3, say. By means of a classical theorem of Kummer and the probabilistic theory of large deviations, we show that this number is approximately p,D((,43)), where D((cx,3)) := sup{D(z): oa < z < 3} and D is given by an explicit formula. We also develop a "p-adic multifractal" theory and show how D may be interpreted as a multifractal spectrum of divisibility dimensions. We then prove that essentially the same results hold for a large class of the generalized binomial coefficients of Knuth and Wilf, including the q-binomial coefficients of Gauss and the Fibonomial coefficients of Lucas, and finally we extend our results to multinomial coefficients and generalized multinomial coefficients. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to present asymptotic formulas regarding the primepower divisibility of binomial coefficients and their generalizations that follow from a classical theorem of Kummer and its generalizations. Specifically, for a fixed prime p and large n, we consider initially how many binomial coefficients ( X ) with 0 < x, y < pfn are divisible by pzn (but not pzn+l) when zn is an integer and ae < z < 3, say. We will find that this number is approximately pnD((a,,8)), where D((a, 3)) := sup{D(z): a < z < ,} and D is a function we will determine explicitly. First we will derive the exact answer by combinatorial means for ordinary binomial coefficients, and then, starting afresh, we will find the asymptotic result by means of the probabilistic theory of large deviations. In yet a third approach, we will show that the function D represents the "p-adic multifractal spectrum" of divisibility dimensions. Then we will show that essentially the same results hold for a large class of generalized binomial coefficients, as defined by Knuth and Wilf [32], by means of their Received by the editors December 8, 1995 and, in revised form, March 26, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 05A16; Secondary 11K16.
Role of Outpatient Cardiac Rhythm Monitoring in Cryptogenic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Background Recent studies have suggested that prolonged outpatient rhythm monitoring results in increased detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with cryptogenic stroke (CS). However, the best monitoring strategy and its clinical utility is debatable. Objective To compare the effectiveness of implantable loop recorder (ILR) versus wearable devices in identifying AF in patients with CS. Methods and Results Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 13 observational studies were identified by database searches. Seven studies (enrolling 774 patients) employed ILR for AF detection for a median duration of 365 days (range 50–569 days). Ten studies (enrolling 996 patients) employed continuous monitoring with wearable devices for a median duration of 21 days (range 4–30 days). One study performed 7 days of monitoring with wearable device followed by implantation of ILR, thus included in both groups. Pooled odds ratio (OR) of identifying AF in RCTs showed increased detection of AF with prolonged monitoring (OR 4.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.92, 7.06; P < 0.00001) compared to routine outpatient follow-up. Overall detection of AF with outpatient monitoring was 17.6% (CI: 12.5–22.7). There was significantly higher AF detection with ILR (23.3%; CI: 13.83–32.29) compared to wearable devices (13.6%; CI: 7.91–19.32; P < 0.05). Patients with AF were older in age compared to patients without AF. Conclusion AF detection in patients with CS is improved with prolonged rhythm monitoring and is better with ILR compared to wearable devices. AF was more common in older patients. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown at this point.
Non-Radiative Triggering of Long-Lived Nuclear Isomers

The triggering of long-lived isomeric nuclei by non-radiative excitation to a relatively short-lived mediating state is considered. Coulomb triggering in inelastic scattering of heavy ions, a transfer of triggering energy from resonant electron transitions of atomic shell (NEET) and triggering by capture of a free electron into a bound atomic state (NEEC) are discussed. Cross sections for the above processes of non-radiative triggering are presented and the relative efficiencies of these different triggering mechanisms are discussed. Numerical estimates are presented for the selected isomers.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide as a Preoperative Test (INOP Test I): the INOP Test Study Group.

Background This study was performed to determine whether a preoperative hemodynamic evaluation with oxygen and inhaled nitric oxide identifies patients with pulmonary hypertension who are appropriate candidates for corrective cardiac surgery or transplantation more accurately than an evaluation with oxygen alone. Methods and Results At 10 institutions, 124 patients with heart disease and severe pulmonary hypertension underwent cardiac catheterization to determine operability. The ratio of pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance (Rp:Rs) was determined at baseline while breathing ∼21% to 30% oxygen, and in ∼100% oxygen and ∼100% oxygen with 10 to 80 parts per million nitric oxide to evaluate pulmonary vascular reactivity. Surgery was performed in 74 patients. Twelve patients died or developed right heart failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension following surgery. Rp:Rs<0.33 and a 20% decrease in Rp:Rs from baseline were chosen as 2 criteria for operability to determine, in retrospect, the efficacy of ...
Commentary: The power and limitations of the strategy deficiency model of memory development

Abstract The contributors share the perspective that deficiencies in the use of memory encoding strategies contribute significantly to recall variability within and across ages. The contributors also raise problems, however, for a straightforward application of the strategy deficiency model of memory development to describing and explaining individual differences in memory. I discuss the problems in terms of a set of assumptions that are implicit in the model. The assumptions concern the sufficiency of encoding strategies to affect recall, the nature of the deficiency shown by younger and non-so-good processors, the mechanisms of developmental and individual change , and the general power of memory models to explain performance variability in everyday tasks.