cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillators for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in subgroups a systematic review

Background Previous systematic reviews of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) used for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) concluded that ICDs are less effective in women and the elderly. Purpose To examine ICD effectiveness for primary prevention of SCD across subgroups by sex, age, New York Heart Association class, left ventricular ejection fraction, heart failure, left bundle branch block, QRS interval, time since myocardial infarction, blood urea nitrogen level, and diabetes. Data sources MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through 3 September 2013 with no language restriction. Study selection Researchers screened articles for studies comparing ICD versus no ICD for primary prevention. Data extraction Data were extracted about study design, patients, interventions, mortality and SCD outcomes, subgroup characteristics, and subgroup effects. Quality of subgroup analyses was determined by consensus. Relative odds ratios comparing subgroup effects were calculated, and random-effects model meta-analyses were conducted on these ratios. Data synthesis Meta-analysis of 14 studies showed a decrease in deaths and SCDs due to ICD treatment. Ten studies provided subgroup analyses. Nine studies compared ICD versus no ICD, whereas one compared cardiac resynchronization therapy plus a defibrillator versus no ICD. Within-study interaction tests and across-study meta-analyses yielded weak evidence that did not show differences for all-cause mortality in subgroups by sex, age, and QRS interval. The evidence was indeterminate for other evaluated subgroups because of a paucity of data. Limitation Many subgroup analyses were underpowered, which may have resulted in false-negative findings. Conclusion Weak evidence fails to show differences for all-cause mortality in subgroups of sex, age, and QRS interval. Evidence is indeterminate for all-cause mortality in the other subgroups and for SCD. Primary funding source Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Automatically generating extraction patterns from untagged text

Many corpus-based natural language processing systems rely on text corpora that have been manually annotated with syntactic or semantic tags. In particular, all previous dictionary construction systems for information extraction have used an annotated training corpus or some form of annotated input. We have developed a system called AutoSlog-TS that creates dictionaries of extraction patterns using only untagged text. AutoSlog-TS is based on the AutoSlog system, which generated extraction patterns using annotated text and a set of heuristic rules. By adapting AutoSlog and combining it with statistical techniques, we eliminated its dependency on tagged text. In experiments with the MUG-4 terrorism domain, AutoSlog-TS created a dictionary of extraction patterns that performed comparably to a dictionary created by AutoSlog, using only preclassified texts as input.
PRICE CONTROLS, PRICE DISCRIMINATION AND THE MARKET FOR PETROLEUM

The author notes that, between 1971 and 1980, the petroleum industry in the United States was subject to a number of complex regulatory restrictions. Because these restrictions reduced the quantity of non-OPEC oil offered in the market and increased the demand for OPEC oil, they obviously served to increase the price of oil worldwide. A less-obvious side effect was produced by limitations upon the prices refiners were allowed to charge for their output. These limitations, imposed by the Department of Energy (DOE) and the Council on Wage and Price Stability (COWPS), resulted in a separation of the market with the US paying a higher price for oil than the rest of the world. This resulted in de facto price discrimination even though there is no evidence that oil exporters had this as an explicit goal. The author first explains how the structure of regulation in the US produced market forces that led to market separation and then tests this hypothesis formally using data on international trade in petroleum. Also, he briefly summarizes and points out the parallels with laws regulating natural gas. 11 references, 4 tables.
The Process of Reinnervation in the Dentate Gyrus of Adult Rats: Physiological Events at the Time of the Lesion and during the Early Postlesion Period

Destruction of the entorhinal cortex (EC) triggers a number of cellular and molecular responses in the denervated hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The signals that trigger these changes are not known but could include physiological events that occur during the production of the injury or during the early postlesion period. Of particular interest is whether experimental lesions induce seizures and/or spreading depression (SD), both of which have been shown to dramatically alter neuronal and glial gene expression. In the present study, acute neurophysiological techniques were used to evaluate whether seizures or SD occur during the production of EC lesions. Chronic recording techniques were used to monitor electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during the first 24 h after the injury in order to evaluate the extent of postlesion seizures. One or more episodes of SD occurred in 9 of 13 animals during the production of electrolytic EC lesions. However, hippocampal seizures were not observed except for very brief episodes of seizure activity at the onset of an episode of SD. Chronic recordings of postlesion EEG activity revealed that spontaneous electrographic seizures occurred during the first 24 h postlesion in all animals. The spontaneous electrographic seizures were approximately 30 s in duration and were not accompanied by motor convulsions. The first seizures occurred within several hours after the lesion, and seizures continued to occur periodically (at an average frequency of 0.42 per hour) over the 24-h recording period. Seizures occurred on the side of the brain ipsilateral to the lesion in all animals and occurred on the side contralateral to the lesion in 3 of 5 animals. These results indicate that EC lesions produce physiological events that occur variably in different animals; these processes may account for some of the variability in the cellular responses to this "standardized" injury.
An investigation of N2O production from quenching of OH(A2Σ+) by N2

Abstract Production of N2O from collisional quenching of electronically excited OH ( A 2 Σ + ) by N2 was investigated in order to establish the importance of this process in the atmospheric budget of N2O. The experimental approach, sequential pulsed laser production and excitation of OH combined with N2O detection by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, minimizes interferences from potential artifact sources of N2O. The quantum yield for production of N2O is found to be less than 1×10−4, i.e., more than 100 times lower than the threshold for atmospheric importance.
Association between breast cancer and allostatic load by race: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008

Background Breast cancer and its treatment introduce numerous physiologic, psychological, social, and economic stressors to a woman with the diagnosis. Allostatic load, a composite score of biomarkers representing physiologic dysregulation, may serve as a measure of the biological burden of breast cancer. This study investigates the association between breast cancer and allostatic load scores by comparing allostatic load scores in those with a history of breast cancer to those without, stratified by race. Methods Black and white women aged 35 to 85 were analyzed using the data from NHANES 1999–2008 (n = 4875 women, of which 188 women had a history of breast cancer). Stratified by race, we ran multivariate analyses with history of breast cancer as a predictor for elevated allostatic load while adjusting for other potentially confounding variables. Results Although a history of breast cancer was not associated with elevated allostatic load in white women, it was significantly associated with elevated allostatic load in black women after adjusting for age, income, education, insurance type, smoking status, alcohol intake, and physical activity [Odds Ratio (OR) 2.08 (95%CI 1.02, 4.22)]. Furthermore, an interaction between black and having a history of breast cancer was found to be significant in predicting elevated allostatic load scores after adjusting for demographic, behavioral, and comorbidity characteristics. Conclusions These results suggest that the biological toll of breast cancer may be greater in black women than white women. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dietary anthocyanidin delphinidin induces apoptosis of human prostate cancer PC3 cells in vitro and in vivo: Involvement of nuclear factor-κB signaling

Delphinidin, a major anthocyanidin present in many pigmented fruits and vegetables, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic properties. In this study, we provide evidence that it could be developed as a novel agent against human prostate cancer (PCa). We observed that delphinidin treatment to human PCa LNCaP, C4-2, 22Rnu1, and PC3 cells resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth without having any substantial effect on normal human prostate epithelial cells. We selected PC3 cells as a test model system because of their highly aggressive proliferative nature. Delphinidin treatment of cells resulted in a dose-dependent induction of apoptosis and arrest of cells in G(2)-M phase. This induction of apoptosis seems to be mediated via activation of caspases because N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluromethylketone significantly reduced apoptosis induced by delphinidin. We also observed that delphinidin treatment of cells resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in (a) phosphorylation of IkappaB kinase gamma (NEMO), (b) phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitory protein IkappaBalpha, (c) phosphorylation of NF-kappaB/p65 at Ser(536) and NF-kappaB/p50 at Ser(529), (d) NF-kappaB/p65 nuclear translocation, and (e) NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. Delphinidin administration (2 mg, i.p. thrice weekly) to athymic nude mice implanted with PC3 cells resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth. Analysis of tumors from delphinidin-treated mice showed significant decrease in the expression of NF-kappaB/p65, Bcl2, Ki67, and PCNA. Taken together, our data suggest that delphinidin could be developed as an agent against human PCa.
EL2 and Related Defects in GaAs--Challenges and Pitfalls

The incorporation process of nonequilibrium vacancies in melt-grown GaAs is strongly complicated by deviations from stoichiometry, and the presence of two sublattices. Many of the microdefects originating in these vacancies and their interactions introduce energy levels (shallow and deep) within the energy gap. The direct identification of the chemical or structural signature of these defects and its direct correlation to their electronic behavior is not generally possible. It is therefore necessary to rely on indirect methods and phenomenological models and be confronted with the associated pitfalls. EL2, a microdefect introducing a deep donor level, has been in the limelight in recent years because it is believed to be responsible for the semi-insulating behavior of undoped GaAs. Although much progress has been made towards understanding its origin and nature, some relevant questions remain unanswered. An attempt is made to assess the present status of understanding of EL2 in the light of the most recent results.
KT-IDEM: introducing item difficulty to the knowledge tracing model

Many models in computer education and assessment take into account difficulty. However, despite the positive results of models that take difficulty in to account, knowledge tracing is still used in its basic form due to its skill level diagnostic abilities that are very useful to teachers. This leads to the research question we address in this work: Can KT be effectively extended to capture item difficulty and improve prediction accuracy? There have been a variety of extensions to KT in recent years. One such extension was Baker's contextual guess and slip model. While this model has shown positive gains over KT in internal validation testing, it has not performed well relative to KT on unseen in-tutor data or post-test data, however, it has proven a valuable model to use alongside other models. The contextual guess and slip model increases the complexity of KT by adding regression steps and feature generation. The added complexity of feature generation across datasets may have hindered the performance of this model. Therefore, one of the aims of our work here is to make the most minimal of modifications to the KT model in order to add item difficulty and keep the modification limited to changing the topology of the model. We analyze datasets from two intelligent tutoring systems with KT and a model we have called KT-IDEM (Item Difficulty Effect Model) and show that substantial performance gains can be achieved with this minor modification that incorporates item difficulty.
Training Marriage and Family Counselors in an Industrial Setting

The paper focuses on the interface between family life and the world of work with special reference to the field of marriage and family counseling. The empirical and theoretical rationale for incorporating marriage and family counseling services in an industrial setting are presented along with estimates of industry-wide receptivity. The final section of the paper describes a specific plan of action being implemented at Purdue University and explores some of the basic issues associated with the training program, the clientele to be served, and the delivery system to be employed within an industrial setting.
Migraine Prophylaxis, Ischemic Depolarizations, and Stroke Outcomes in Mice

Background and Purpose—Migraine with aura is an established stroke risk factor, and excitatory mechanisms such as spreading depression (SD) are implicated in the pathogenesis of both migraine and stroke. Spontaneous SD waves originate within the peri-infarct tissue and exacerbate the metabolic mismatch during focal cerebral ischemia. Genetically enhanced SD susceptibility facilitates anoxic depolarizations and peri-infarct SDs and accelerates infarct growth, suggesting that susceptibility to SD is a critical determinant of vulnerability to ischemic injury. Because chronic treatment with migraine prophylactic drugs suppresses SD susceptibility, we tested whether migraine prophylaxis can also suppress ischemic depolarizations and improve stroke outcome. Methods—We measured the cortical susceptibility to SD and ischemic depolarizations, and determined tissue and neurological outcomes after middle cerebral artery occlusion in wild-type and familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 knock-in mice treated with vehicle...
Ponderomotive effects on charged particle beam limiting current

The physical mechanism responsible for the space-charge-limiting current in a wave cavity and in the presence of electromagnetic fields is addressed. It is found that the ponderomotive energy alters radically the buildup of beam electrostatic energy. As a consequence, the limiting current can be greatly decreased or enhanced depending on whether the ponderomotive energy is positive or negative, respectively. This effect could be observed experimentally, and it is anticipated to have important practical consequences for present high-current particle beam experiments. >
SLC18A2 promoter haplotypes and identification of a novel protective factor against alcoholism

The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2, SLC18A2) takes up cytosolic monoamines into intracellular secretory vesicles, preventing their neurotoxicity in the cytosol and discharging them into extracellular space by exocytosis. It has been shown that one-copy deletion of the VMAT2 gene increases locomotion activity significantly in response to drug treatments and dopamine neuron death rate in response to neurotoxin treatments in knockout mice. Little is known about promoter polymorphisms and their influence on SLC18A2 promoter activity. We have re-sequenced a 17.4 kb DNA in the SLC18A2 promoter region for Caucasians and revealed 47 polymorphisms that confer 13 haplotypes. One of the haplotypes reaches a frequency as high as 65%, likely due to positive selection. In vitro analysis showed a 20% difference in promoter activity between two frequent haplotypes and identified some of the polymorphisms that influence promoter activity. Four haplotype-defining single nucleotide polymorphisms (hdSNPs) can define the frequent haplotypes and by genotyping these hdSNPs, we find that haplotypes with -14234G and -2504C of SLC18A2 promoter region represent a protective factor against alcoholism (P = 0.0038 by Fisher's exact tests). Therefore, SLC18A2 promoter haplotypes defined here create a foundation for transcriptional characterization of individuality and for association study on monoamine-related human diseases.
Increased rigidity of red blood cell membrane in young spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The micropipette test was used to study the effects of age on the elasticity of red blood cell (RBC) membrane in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), ranging from 3 to 23 weeks of age. The development of hypertension in the SHR started at 3 weeks and was fully established at 7 to 8 weeks. In the developmental phase of hypertension (3-5 weeks), the SHR showed a significant increase in RBC membrane elastic modulus (i.e., a decrease in RBC membrane deformability) when compared with the age-matched normotensive control rats (WKY). After the establishment of hypertension (7-8 weeks), however, the deformability of the RBC membrane of SHR improved and became comparable to that of the WKY. These results indicate that abnormal erythrocyte membrane elasticity is an early event in SHR and that adaptive recovery occurs when hypertension is fully developed.
Individual differences in the sedating effects of ethanol

Twenty-four healthy, normal-sleeping, males aged 21-35 were screened for basal levels of sleepiness using the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). Twelve subjects had basal average daily sleep latencies of less than or equal to 6 min (sleepy) and 12 had latencies of greater than or equal to 16 min (alert) on the MSLT. Subjects consumed either ethanol (0.75 mg/kg) or placebo at 0900-0930 after spending 8 hr time in bed (TIB) the previous night. Sleep latency was measured at 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 hr. Divided attention performance and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) were assessed at 1100 hr. Breath ethanol concentration (BEC) was determined prior to each latency test. Ethanol decreased average daily sleep latency, divided attention scores and SSS ratings. There were individual differences in the sedating and impairing effects of ethanol, related to subjects' basal level of sleepiness/alertness. The alert subjects exhibited longer sleep latencies and higher performance scores after ethanol administration than the sleepy subjects after placebo. Subjectively the groups had a similar level of sleepiness on placebo and were similarly sedated with ethanol.
Hybrid CMOS focal plane array with extended UV and NIR response for space applications

Silicon-based hybrid CMOS focal plane array technology offers many advantages needed for both ground-based and space imaging applications. These advantages include enhanced UV and NIR sensitivity, extensive on-chip readout capability, inherent radiation hardness, flexible imaging readout and the ability to provide extremely low noise at high video rates. For infrared imaging applications that involve UV-through visible channels, the readout electronics commonality facilitates a great simplification to system designs. In this paper, Rockwell Scientific CMOS-based hybrid silicon FPA technology and the recent progress are presented. The hybrid FPAs developed include 640x480, 1024x1024 and 2048x2048 formats with pixel sizes ranging from 27μm to 18μm square, featuring a high optical fill factor (~100%), broad-band response (200nm to 1000nm) with high quantum efficiency, and low read noise (<6e-) that approaches astronomy CCDs at 100KHz video rate and surpasses astronomy CCDs at 1MHz rate. Other performance parameters, such as spatial uniformity, dark current, pixel crosstalk/MTF and CMOS features are also discussed.
Autonomic Control of the Pupil

Publisher Summary At the very beginning of autonomic pharmacology, the pupil was frequently used as an indicator of drug action. Parasympathetic and sympathetic neural impulses to the iris muscles could be modified by drugs at the synapses and at the effector sites because it was at these locations that the transmission of the impulse depended on chemical mediators. The more pigment in the iris, the more slowly the drug takes effect and the longer its action lingers. This is probably because of the drug being bound to iris melanin and then slowly released. There are wide individual differences in pupillary responses to topical drugs. There is probably a greater range of responses among blue eyes than there is between the average response of blue eyes and the average response of dark brown eyes. Some of these individual differences are because of the corneal penetration of the drug.
GOLDBERGER’S TRIAD: ROLE OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY IN EARLY DIAGNOSTIC GUIDANCE OF DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the leading causes of dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Multiple studies have shown the inverse correlation between the CD4 count and severity of systolic dysfunction. A 51-year-old man with no prior medical history presented to the
The thermal response of an internal flow in a solid rocket motor chamber/nozzle model

The transient flow dynamics generated in a Solid Rocket Motors (SRM's) chamber model with time-dependent mass injection is studied with the goal of understanding the heat transfer and temperature dynamics that accompany co-existing acoustic and rotational velocity disturbances. The compressible Navier-Stokes equations, along with appropriate boundary and initial conditions, are solved computationally. Boundary conditions on the sidewalls and the exit plane are written in Navier-Stokes characterstics form in order to retain proper wave reflection processes that are lost when other forms are employed. Spatially resolved, transient solutions are obtained, consisting of coexisting, equal magnitude acoustics (irrotational) and vorticity as well as large transverse temperature gradients across the chamber. The results for the low Mach and large Reynolds number chamber flow show that surprisingly large transient temperature gradients are present on the sidewalls and in the interior of the channel, even when the transverse fluid injection is isothermal. Large gradients at the sidewall imply that there is unexpectedly heat transfer which may influence the combustion zone above a burning propellant. The time-dependent numerical data is also used to calculate the mean axial velocity distribution across the chamber and RMS values for the velocity and vorticity fields as means of observing the characteristics of a flow field with coexisting acoustics and vorticity. Finally some preliminary results are given for a chamber with subsonic nozzle in order to illustrate how the nozzle alters the acoustic signals in the chamber.
Existing relationships between the size and shape of the cervical vertebrae with the stages of carpal bone maturation. Part II

A transversal descriptive study was conducted at the Stomatology Department of the Mexico Children’s Hospital «Dr. Federico Gomez» to determine if there is a relationship between maturational indicators according to Bjork in hand- wrist radiographs and cervical vertebrae indicators according to Lamparski. The total sample size was 213 patients, 105 females and 108 males, all were healthy and between the ages of 6 and 17 years old. Lateral head films and hand wrist radiographs were taken from each patient. A statistical analysis was applied for ordinal data. In general 66.61% of the females had similarities between hand wrist and cervical vertebrae and 57.3% of the males. The correlation index was 0.727 for females and 0.686 for females. Key words: Hand- wrist radiograph, cervical vertebrae, correlation and maturation indicators
Studies on Use Situations of Pesticides of Fruit and Vegetable in Tianjin Area

Objective To study the use situations of pesticides of fruit and vegetable in Tianjin Area.Method Questionnaires were used to collect the information from 3-360 farmers who were randomly selected. The questionnairy contents included type, frequency, interval and safe-interval of pesticides used to fruits and vegetables.Results The pesticides types used in fruits and vegetables were 140 in 2005 in Tianjin area. The organic phosphorus pesticide were main used, which percentage was 20.7%. According to the ranges of pesticide use frequency, pesticides of top 10 kinds were low toxicity and low residue. The use frequency of organic phosphorus pesticide imidacloprid was the most, accounted for 15.3% of the whole year. Total rate of pesticide abuse was 1.59% in a year. There were significant differences of pesticide abuse during the four seasons, and during the third season the rates of pesticide abuse were the highest, which could reach 2.57%. In certain fruits and vegetables the pesticides were illegally used. The rates of illegal use of fenvalerate in the apples were 95.8%.Conclusion The uses of forbidden pesticides were obviously improved in our country, and the illegal phenomena of the use interval and safe-interval of certain pesticides were still serious.
Lipomas of gynecologic interest.

Summary and Conclusions 1. Although lipomas of the female genitals arc uncommon, they have been reported as occurring in every structure of the genitals other than in the utero-sacral ligaments. These tumors are of gynecologic import because they can interfere mechanically with the function of surrounding organs, and on occasion may become malignant. 2. The etiology and pathogenesis of pelvic lipomas are herewith reviewed. 3. Twenty-six cases of pure lipoma of the uterus are now recorded in the literature. None of these tumors have been diagnosed preoperatively. The usual mistaken diagnosis is fibroniyomas of the uterus. These lipomas have occurred in women who are usually in the menopausal or postmenopausal stage of life. 4. Six cases of malignant degeneration of uterine lipomas have thus far been reported. 5. Pain, with or without bleeding, is the outstanding complaint caused by lipomas of the oviduct. Bogetti, after a thorough perusal of the medical annals, was able to find only 6 cases. These patients have all been in the childbearing age. 6. Lipomas of the ovary are exceedingly rare. We have been able to find only 3 cases in the literature. 7. Lipomas of the broad ligament are characterized by the following traits: (a) their indolence, (b) their tendency to assume considerable volume, and (c) their progressive growth. The most common mistaken preoperative diagnoses have been: (a) ovarian cyst, (b) parovarian cyst, (c) chronic salpingo-oophoritis. 8. Lipomas of the broad ligament may extend into the perineal area. These tumors can extend downward alongside the vaginal canal and partially or completely occlude the passage. 9. Retroperitoneal lipomas are characterized by abdominal swelling, and are associated with minimal pain. Lockyer has subdivided these tumors clinically into the potentially malignant prevertebral types, and into the usually benign broad-ligament and omental types. 10. Lipomas of the round ligament may be intra- or extraperitoneal, depending on whether they are inside or outside the inguinal ring. 11. Lipomas of the external genitals are more common than those of the internal genitals. At least 67 cases of lipomas of the labia have thus far been recorded in the literature. The presenting complaint is that of a mass in the groin or labia, usually associated with pain. 12. A complete differential diagnosis of lipomas of the external genitals will include a consideration of ten different possible causes. 13. Only one case of lipoma of the clitoris has been reported. The case summary is herewith presented.
A newsmaker’s tool: The 35mm camera and journalism’s material epistemology

As devices become a more visible and integral part of media practice, it is important for researchers and scholars to attend to the ways in which philosophies, professional discourses, and technical limits structure the ways these technologies are deployed. The 35mm camera is a technological waypoint between earlier large-format cameras and contemporary digital photography and offers a useful historical example for interrogating the relationship between seemingly inert technical operations and journalism’s modes of meaning production. To that end, this article offers a theoretical perspective for interrogating the 35mm camera through the lens of Latour, with the aim of developing a schema for integrating devices into the cultural study of media and communication.
A new species of Eimeria Schneider, 1875 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the brown anole Anolis sagrei Duméril & Bibron (Sauria: Dactyloidae) in Florida, USA

During July 2014, 14 brown anoles, Anolis sagrei Dumeril & Bibron were collected from Orange County, Florida, USA, and their faeces examined for coccidian parasites. One (7%) lizard harboured an eimerian that we describe here as new. Oocysts of Eimeria garmani n. sp. were ellipsoidal with a uni-layered wall and measured 19.3 × 12.5 µm, with a length/width ratio of 1.5. A micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent but 1–2 polar granule(s) were present. Sporocysts were subspheroidal, 6.8 × 6.3 µm, with a length/width ratio of 1.1. Stieda, sub-Stieda and para-Stieda bodies were absent. A sporocyst residuum was present as dispersed granules. Endogenous stages were observed within the small intestine. This is the first coccidian reported from the brown anole and the third eimerian reported from anoles in the United States.
A Pressure Sensory System Inspired by the Fish Lateral Line: Hydrodynamic Force Estimation and Wall Detection

Studies have shown that many behavioral decisions of fish are facilitated by the lateral line system which provides hydrodynamic information about the surrounding fluid. Inspired by the functionality of the system, a distributed pressure sensory system is developed. The system is intended for use on autonomous underwater vehicles to aid station keeping and accurate maneuvering by allowing the vehicle to react to the changes in the fluid environment before they result in body perturbation. The system can also be used for mission level decision making such as obstacle detection. This paper presents a prototype sensory system using differential, as opposed to absolute or gauge, pressure sensors as the sensing elements, which allows for higher measurement precision. Experimental tests are designed to characterize the system's ability to estimate the hydrodynamic force and to detect the presence of a wall. The hydrodynamic force estimated by the system is validated with an independent force measuring apparatus. The impending wall could also be detected by analyzing the pressure distribution obtained from the sensory system. Particularly, it is found that the wall distance and angle may be inferred by comparing the amplitude and phase of the Fourier components in the pressure distribution against those without the obstacle.
Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of granulomatous mastitis

Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a benign chronic inflammatory condition of the breast. This study was performed to determine the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in differentiating GM from malignancy. MRI findings in 12 women with clinical or histopathologically-proven GM were retrospectively reviewed. Non-mass enhancement on MRI was present in all 12 patients with clustered ring enhancement being the most common pattern (n=7, 58%). Architectural distortion (n=10, 83%), skin thickening (n=10, 83%) and focal skin enhancement (n=10, 83%) were also very common. MRI features of GM are often identical to features considered suspicious for malignancy on MRI.
Incorporating fine-scale drought information into an eastern US wildfire hazard model

Wildfires in the eastern United States are generally caused by humans in locations where human development and natural vegetation intermingle, e.g. the wildland–urban interface (WUI). Knowing where wildfire hazards are elevated across the forested landscape may help land managers and property owners plan or allocate resources for potential wildfire threats. In an earlier paper, we presented a model showing monthly hazards of wildfire across Ohio, Pennsylvania and New Jersey at a 30-m resolution. Here, we refine the spatial resolution of drought conditions by incorporating a 4×4-km gridded self-calibrated drought index, include mean winter temperature to restrict hazards from being modelled into locations possibly covered by snow, and compare the performance of the updated models with the original ones. The area under the curve values for the updated models were within 10% of the values for the original models, but the refinement of drought conditions resulted in a less generalised probability of hazards, potentially increasing the applicability of these models. Among the 12 monthly models, the wildland–urban interface had the highest contribution followed by a weighed drought frequency index.
Bifunctional Molybdenum Polyoxometalates for the Combined Hydrodeoxygenation and Alkylation of Lignin‐Derived Model Phenolics

Reductive catalytic fractionation of biomass has recently emerged as a powerful lignin extraction and depolymerization method to produce monomeric aromatic oxygenates in high yields. Here, bifunctional molybdenum-based polyoxometalates supported on titania (POM/TiO2) are shown to promote tandem hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and alkylation reactions, converting lignin-derived oxygenated aromatics into alkylated benzenes and alkylated phenols in high yields. In particular, anisole and 4-propylguaiacol were used as model compounds for this gas-phase study using a packed-bed flow reactor. For anisole, 30 % selectivity for alkylated aromatic compounds (54 % C-alkylation of the methoxy groups by methyl balance) with an overall 72 % selectivity for HDO at 82 % anisole conversion was observed over H3PMo12O40/TiO2 at 7 h on stream. Under similar conditions, 4-propylguaiacol was mainly converted into 4-propylphenol and alkylated 4-propylphenols with a selectivity to alkylated 4-propylphenols of 42 % (77 % C-alkylation) with a total HDO selectivity to 4-propylbenzene and alkylated 4-propylbenzenes of 4 % at 92 % conversion (7 h on stream). Higher catalyst loadings pushed the 4-propylguaiacol conversion to 100 % and resulted in a higher selectivity to propylbenzene of 41 %, alkylated aromatics of 21 % and alkylated phenols of 17 % (51 % C-alkylation). The reactivity studies coupled with catalyst characterization revealed that Lewis acid sites act synergistically with neighboring Bronsted acid sites to simultaneously promote alkylation and hydrodeoxygenation activity. A reaction mechanism is proposed involving activation of the ether bond on a Lewis acid site, followed by methyl transfer and C-alkylation. Mo-based POMs represent a versatile catalytic platform to simultaneously upgrade lignin-derived oxygenated aromatics into alkylated arenes.
Shoulder Pain and Regional Interdependence: Contributions of the Cervicothoracic Spine

Copyright: © 2014 Mintken P. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Shoulder pain is common, with a reported prevalence between 2033% [1]. Additionally, the incidence of shoulder pain in the general population appears to be increasing [2]. The prognosis for patients with a new onset of shoulder pain is generally poor, with recovery rates of only 49-59% at an 18-month follow-up [3,4]. Recurrence rates are also high, as Rekola et al. [5] reported that 1 in 4 individuals with shoulder or neck pain will experience at least one episode of recurrence within 12 months of onset. In the year 2000, the direct costs for the treatment of shoulder pain in the United States topped $7 billion, [6] and Kuijpers et al. [7] reported that 74% of the total costs for managing shoulder pain are attributable to individuals with persistent or recurrent symptoms. Shoulder pain can be challenging for both patients and health care providers. A study by Ostor et al. [8] on non-specific shoulder pain reported that 77% were diagnosed with more than one shoulder problem. Many shoulder pathologies present with similar examination findings, but vary widely in their outcomes and require different intervention approaches [9]. Specific diagnosis and classification can be difficult, as de Winter et al. [10] reported only moderate agreement on the classification of shoulder disorders. Given that shoulder pain is difficult to accurately diagnose, Dinant et al. [11] argue that we need a shift from diagnostic to prognostic research.
Towards integrated robot planning and control

Abstract Planning and control are two basic components of autonomous robot systems. In recent years, significant advances have been made in both of these two areas. However, these developments have continued to be carried out in isolation, and the gap between planning and control remains an important one. This article discusses our ongoing effort for the extension of real-time robot control capabilities in the context of integrated robot planning and control. This effort is directed at the development of high-level real-time connections between perception and action. The goal is to render robot operations less sensitive to tolerances and uncertainties, allowing robust execution when the environment is not known exactly. The aim of this effort is the development of a layer of real-time sensor-based motion primitives for both gross motion and fine motion operations. Central to the development of these capabilities is the design of control strategies that can deal with the robot object-level behavior. The second basic issue is concerned with the development of general frameworks for the integration of these control strategies with global planning systems. The article presents the basic models and methodologies developed for addressing these two research areas.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis with Spinal Cord Presentation

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an acquired acute monophasic inflammatory demyelinating disorder affecting the central nervous system characterized by polyfocal symptoms with encephalopathy due to multifocal CNS involvement. Pyramidal system involvement including motor manifestations consistent with upper motor neuron weakness is present in approximately 70% of ADEM. While the demyelinating lesions in ADEM resulting in upper motor neuron weakness predominantly affect the cortical, subcortical, and brainstem pathways, about 10–30% of ADEM patients will also have evidence of acute demyelination of the spinal cord. The overall percentage of ADEM patients with spinal cord involvement may be underestimated, as spinal MRIs are not routinely obtained.
Of Mites and Models

The nonlinear behavior of a particular Kolmogorov-type exploitation ordinary differential equation system assembled by May (Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1973) [80] from predator and prey components developed by Leslie(Biometrica 35:213–245, 1948) [67] and Holling (Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 45:1–60, 1965) [49], respectively, is examined by means of the numerical bifurcation code AUTO with model parameters chosen appropriately for a temperature dependent mite interaction on fruit tree leaves. In particular the proper temperature-rate relationship for arthropods is developed by the knowledge of the results of singular perturbation theory applied to ordinary differential equations which is introduced as a pastoral interlude. The concepts of linear stability theory, phase-plane analysis, and limit cycle behavior are also introduced as pastoral interludes. The predictions of this model are then compared with general ecological field results and particular laboratory experimental data. The problems extend singular perturbation type analyses to the investigation of polynomials and the specific temperature-rate relationship for the predaceous mite and linear stability analyses to competing species models and predator–prey models employing a Holling-type I functional response as opposed to the type II response included in the May mite model.
Schiff-base coordination complexes with plutonium(IV) and cerium(IV)

PuL2 and CeL2 (L = N,N'-bis[(4,4'-diethylamino)salicylidene]-1,2-phenylenediamine) have been synthesized, and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, UV/vis/NIR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. These studies reveal the enhanced stabilization of Pu(iv) versus Ce(iv) with this Schiff base, and quasi-reversible redox behaviour only with the plutonium complex.
Case 39: Rising End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide

A 6-year-old boy (20 kg) is admitted to hospital with a compound fracture of his right elbow after a fall from a tree. He has had lunch 1 h before admission. His history is otherwise unremarkable. As a 3-year-old, he underwent a tonsillectomy under general anesthesia without any problem. There is no adverse family history of anesthetic complications. On examination, the child is found to be otherwise healthy. Heart rate is 100 beats per minute (bpm). There is a low-grade systolic murmur at the apex. Blood pressure (BP) is 100/60 mmHg, and the chest is clear. The patient is taken to the operating room and all monitors are placed. General anesthesia is induced with propofol, 50 mg, and succinylcholine, 20 mg. Endotracheal intubation is performed with a No. 6 cuffed endotracheal tube (ETT). Breath sounds are equal bilaterally, and gastric breath sounds are not heard. The proximal end of the ETT is attached to a Bain system using the adapter on the Narkomed 2B machine. Anesthesia is maintained with intermittent boluses of fentanyl, vecuronium, and isoflurane 0.5–1.0 %. The fresh gas flow is 6 L (4 L of nitrous oxide and 2 L of oxygen). The lungs are mechanically ventilated using the ventilator on the Narkomed machine. Over a period of 30 min, you observe a gradual increase in end-tidal CO2 with minimal changes in vital signs. The tympanic and esophageal temperatures record a temperature of 36.1 °C. Bilateral air entry can still be heard, and no abnormal breath sounds are heard. The peak inspiratory pressure reading is 20 cm H2O and has not changed.
Systemic Induction Chemotherapy for Advanced Stage Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Standard chemotherapy in the management of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer includes a platinum agent (generally carboplatin) and a taxane (generally paclitaxel). Phase 3 trial data have supported the superiority of a weekly dosing schedule for paclitaxel, compared to the “standard” every 3-week drug delivery program, and the addition of an anti-angiogenic agent (bevacizumab). Evidence also supports a potential role for maintenance chemotherapy in this malignancy following the attainment of a maximal response to primary chemotherapy. In addition, phase 3 randomized trial data have revealed that patients with advanced disease managed with a “neoadjuvant treatment approach” (chemotherapy followed by surgery) achieve a similar outcome compared to women who are managed with primary surgical cytoreduction (followed by systemic chemotherapy) but with less morbidity. A number of novel treatment approaches are currently being investigated in ovarian cancer, including several anti-angiogenic agents and PARP inhibitors.
Virtual Clinical Trials for the Assessment of Novel Breast Screening Modalities

Validation of any imaging system is challenging due to the huge number of system parameters that should be evaluated. The ultimate metric of system performance is a clinical trial. However, the use of clinical trials is limited by cost and duration. We are strong proponents of a preclinical alternative, in the form of Virtual Clinical Trials (VCT), which model human anatomy, image acquisition, display and processing, and image analysis and interpretation. A complete VCT pipeline was envisioned by combining the breast anatomy and image acquisition simulation pipeline developed at the University of Pennsylvania, with the MeVIC image display and observation pipeline developed by researchers at Barco. Today an integrated virtual clinical trial design program, VCTdesigner, and a virtual clinical trial management program, VCTmanager, are freely available (www.VCTworld.org). The pipeline design is flexible and extensible, making it possible to add functionality easily and rapidly. It is our hope that by freely distributing the VCTmanager software, our field can standardize on this platform for running VCT.
Actions on Archimedean Lattice-Ordered Groups with Strong Unit

This article is an exposition of the basic theory of archimedean lattice-ordered groups with strong unit, endowed with a fixed topological monoid T of actions. We show that every such object is a subdirect product of elementary objects, and show explicitly how to construct all the finite subdirect products. We prove the existence and uniqueness of injective hulls in this category, and describe them to some extent. In particular, we characterize the elementary injectives in terms of idempotent points of the flow compactification of T.
Scanning Points in a Poisson Process

Let Y t (w) denote the number of points (X’s) in the interval {t, t + w). The scan statistic \( {S_w} = \mathop {\max }\limits_{0 < t < T - w} \;\{ {Y_t}(w)\}\), denotes the largest number of points to be found in any subinterval of [0, T) of length w. Let X (1) ≤ X (2) ≤ ...,denote the ordered values of the X’s. The statistic W k ,the size of the smallest subinterval of [0, T) that contains k points, equals \( \mathop {\min }\limits_{0 \leqslant w \leqslant T} \{ w:{S_w} \geqslant k\} \; = \mathop {\min }\limits_{1 \leqslant i} \{ {X_{(i + k - 1)}} - {X_{(i)}}\}\). For the case where the N points are uniformly distributed on [0, T),the common probabilities P(S W ≥ k) = P(W k ≤ w) are denoted P(k; N, w/T). The maximum cluster S w is called the scan statistic, and the smallest interval W r+1 is called the r-scan statistic.
Deformations and Moduli of Superminimal Surfaces in the Four-Sphere

In this article we derive an expression for the second variation of area of a superminimal immersion f:Σ2 → S4 and the corresponding Jacobi operator. We then show the only minimal deformations of the given immersion are superminimal deformations with the implication that the superminimal immersions forms an open component of the moduli of minimal immersions. Also, one may then address questions of nullity and integrability of Jacobi fields with fairly standard methods from algebraic geometry.
The Study of Dynamics at Catalytic Surfaces with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The NMR methods to characterize molecular motions and chemical reaction are divided into three categories: relaxation methods, lineshape analysis, and spinpopulation labeling. The physical basis for each method is presented and a mathematical model of the NMR-observable parameters is derived. Each section concludes with examples from studies in heterogeneous catalysis.