cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuronal abnormalities associated with impaired myelination during brain development: A Golgi study of neocortex in the Jimpy mouse ☆

Abstract In neocortex of a mutant mouse with impaired myelinogenesis (Jimpy), we found two types of dendritic abnormalities: (1) laterally skewed apical dendrites (>20°), and (2) vertically ascending tufts of collateral dendrites originating from the skewed apical shafts. Neurons with large globular soma (>25 μm diameter) were also seen in layers II and III. The neuronal abnormalities may be related to impaired growth of axons into cortex, this axon growth impairment, in turn, being associated with the impaired myelinogenesis. Alternatively, the neuronal abnormalities may be a separate expression of the genetic defect.
Degradation of proinsulin and isolated C-peptide by rat kidney neutral metallo-endopeptidase

Abstract Previous studies have shown that a neutral metallo-endopeptidase purified from rat kidney degrades the B chain of insulin, glucagon, ACTH and, at a markedly slower rate, the A chain of insulin. In contrast the enzyme does not attack native insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin, ribonuclease, albumin or denatured hemoglobin. The current studies demonstrate that the neutral peptidase also degrades the isolated C-peptide of proinsulin and cleaves certain peptide bonds in and near the C-peptide moiety of native proinsulin. Time courses of the formation of fluorescamine-reactive material during digestion of proinsulin and isolated C-peptide with the peptidase were identical. However, structural analysis of the peptidase-digested proinsulin showed that the enzyme does not convert proinsulin to insulin but that the peptidase cleaves one bond, Tyr26-Thr27, in the B chain moiety and five bonds in the C-peptide moiety, producing four split proinsulins. One of the split proinsulins is des-octacosapeptide (27–54) porcine proinsulin or des-tetracosapeptide (27–50) bovine proinsulin. Each is a derivative of the insulin molecule having an extension of nine residues (ten residues in the case of the derivative from bovine proinsulin) at the N-terminus of A chain and lacking four residues at the C-terminus of B chain. This two-chain derivative retains full immunoreactivity with insulin antibodies and exhibits 2.4-times more biological activity (promotion of glycogenesis in primary cultured hepatocytes) than proinsulin and about two-thirds the activity of insulin.
Effect of dietary amino acid on the amino acid pool of Aedes aegypti.

Abstract Ion-exchange chromatography analysis of whole body extracts of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes which had received amino acids in their diet revealed that generally there were changes in the titre of two or more amino acids. Cysteine produced the greatest number of changes and was toxic to the insect. Of the ten amino acids provided, none resulted in the significant change in the concentration of tyrosine following a blood meal as was observed in previous studies. Evidence is presented for the conversion of arginine to ornithine and for the synthesis of arginine from glutamic acid. The data presented tend to support the hypothesis of lysine synthesis from α-ketoglutarate and for the use of proline as an energy reserve in the insect.
Fabrication and testing of a device capable of reducing the incidence of ventricular shunt promoted metastasis.

Purpose/Objective: Some malignant brain tumors shed cells into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These tumors may implant throughout the neuroaxis via the CSR With the placement of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) or ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt, tumor cells free-floating in the CSF may be carried through the shunt to the remainder of the body. Mechanical filtration devices to prevent this are not reliable. We report the development of a new device capable of reducing the incidence of shunt promoted metastasis.
CT diagnosis of intestinal ascariasis.

The clinical symptoms and appearance by computed tomography of intestinal ascariasis are described in a patient with unsuspected Ascaris lumbricoides infestation.
Will consumption of oral contraceptives enhance the gastrointestinal absorption of lead

Consumption of a specific oral contraceptive (OC) preparation resulted in the enhanced gastrointestinal (GI) tract absorption of calcium. Since calcium and lead may compete for the same binding site in the GI mucosa and since lactose enhances the GI uptake of a variety of minerals such as calcium and lead, it is speculated that other agents such as certain OC preparations which facilitate the GI absorption of calcium may also enhance the GI uptake of lead.
Numerical particle heating and diffusion correlated to interpolation-induced divergence in a static magnetic field for PIC simulations

Summary form only given. Non-physical heating and diffusion resulting from interpolation of a discretized magnetic field are examined for the case of moderate normalized divergence, η = L 0 (Δ·B)/B 0 (where L 0 and B 0 are characteristic length and magnetic field of the system, respectively). This study specifically targets Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations as a tool for design, where numerical effects are a concern for many devices using magnetically-confined plasmas, e.g. magnetic fusion machines, sputtering magnetrons, etc. A measure of numerically-induced heating and diffusion correlated to η would allow estimation of acceptable error in engineering design with limited computational resources.
RETHINKING VICTIMIZATION: AN INTERACTIONAL APPROACH TO VICTIMOLOGY

This article suggests an interactional approach for analyzing victimization–that is, the social processes through which person come to be known and understood as victims. The authors conceptualize victimization in terms of interactional and descriptive practices through which victim status is assigned to persons and/or groups. Using data from the public media and fieldwork in everyday settings, the authors illustrate some techniques, objectives, and outcomes of victimization. The authors conclude by recommending several issues and directions for study that would be appropriate for victimological research that construes victims as interactionally constituted.
988-3 Is there a Circadian Variation in Anticoagulation Response to Hirudin Following Acute Myocardial Infarction?

There is a well-described circadian variation in the occurrence of acute thrombotic coronary syndromes. Likewise, a circadian variation in anticoagulant response to heparin has been reported with a peak effect between 00:00 and 04:00 and a nadir 08:00 to 12:00 hours. This contributes to variability in aPTT's and may be clinically important. predisposing to increased thrombotic events in the morning and bleeding events at night. The reason for this variation is unclear. TIMI-5 was a pilot trial of hirudin, a specific direct thrombin inhibitor, with t-PA and aspirin in acute myocardial infarction. To determine if a circadian variation in anticoagulant response to hirudin is present, we examined aPTT results obtained using Ciba-Corning 512 monitor every 12 hours during the 5-day constant infusion in 87 patients at 3 different fixed infusion rates (0.05, 0.10, 0.20 mg/kg/hr). Data for aPTTs drawn during 4 time periods are expressed in seconds: mean ± SD (# of aPTTs). Dose 00: 00–06: 00 06:00–12:00 12:00–18:00 18:00–24:00 0.05 63 ± -14 (64) 67 ± -18 (69) 62 ± -16 (69) 66 ± -16 (58) 0.10 81 ± -21 (60) 75 ± -21 (70) 74 ± -19 (59) 72 ± -21 (71) 0.20 83 ± -12 (16) 94 ± -23 (4) 79 ± -16 (18) 73 ± 12 (4) Total 73 ± -19 (140) 72 ± -21 (143) 69 ± -19 (146) 69 ± -19 (133) There were no significant differences in aPTT results within dosing groups or the total patient population for the designated time periods. Conclusion Unlike heparin, there does not appear to be a circadian variation in anticoagulant response to hirudin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. This may contribute to the improved stability in aPTTs observed with hirudin and has potential clinical importance for both bleeding and thrombotic events.
Barrett's oesophagus length is established at the time of initial endoscopy and does not change over time: results from a large multicentre cohort

Objective It is unclear whether Barrett9s oesophagus (BO) length changes over time or whether the full length of the segment is established at the onset of disease recognition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the association of age and BO length and to evaluate the changes in BO length over time. Design This is a prospective, multicentre cohort study involving patients with BO from five centres. Patients were divided into groups based on the decade of initial diagnosis of BO. The mean BO length and the mean change in BO length were calculated for each age decade. The mean change in BO length was also calculated between the index endoscopy and the last surveillance endoscopy. Results 3635 patients with BO were included in the study: 87.8% men, 92.8% Caucasians, mean age 60.9 years and mean BO length 3.5 cm. The mean change in BO length was 0.9 cm. The mean BO length did not significantly change for each age category: 80 years (4.5 cm), p=0.47. On subgroup analysis of patients with non-dysplastic BO who had at least 1 year of endoscopic follow up, there was a significant decrease in mean change in BO length across age categories ranging from +1.7 to −0.8 cm, p=0.03. Conclusions There was no significant difference in BO length by age category in decades. In addition, the change in BO length from index to follow-up endoscopy was similar among patients >30 years. These findings suggest that a patient9s BO segment length attains its full extent by the time of the initial endoscopic examination.
LIPIDS OF HUMAN PLATELETS AND THEIR ACTION ON THE BLOOD COAGULATION PROCESS.

(1) Purification of lipid extracts from human platelets yielded non-lipid material which exhibited anti-thromboplastic and/or anti-thrombic properties. In one instance, both uronic acids and hexosamines were absent; consequently, the anticoagulant activity could not be attributed to the presence of acid mucopolysaccharides. The purified lipid fraction contained most of the thromboplastic activity of human platelets. (2) The neutral lipid fraction of human platelets contained neither vitamins A, D, E, and K nor steroid hormones. The neutral lipids of human platelets exhibited no thromboplastic activity when tested individually or in combination with one another or with lecithin. (3) Human platelet phospholipids were resolved into five major fractions by means of silicic acid column chromatography and countercurrent distribution technics. The purified lecithin, sphingomyelin, and inositol phosphatides were void of any thromboplastic activity when tested individually or in combination with one another. It was confirmed that both phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine exhibited thromboplastic activity and that phosphatidylserine at high concentrations had a pronounced anticoagulant effect. (4) When phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine were combined, synergistic thromboplastic activity was observed. When phosphatidylserine was combined with lecithin, the thromboplastic activity of phosphatidylserine was greatly enhanced.
William Heberden and Some Account of a Disorder of the Breast.

But there is a disorder of the breast marked with strong and peculiar symptoms, considerable for the kind of danger belonging to it, and not extremely rare, which deserves to be mentioned more at length. The seat of it, and sense of strangling, and anxiety with which it is attended, may make it not improperly be called angina pectoris. They who are afflicted with it, are seized while they are walking, (more especially if it be up hill, and soon after eating) with a painful and most disagreeable sensation in the breast, which seems as if it would extinguish life, it it were to increase or to continue; but the moment they stand still, all this uneasiness vanishes.
Climatic effects of 1950–2050 changes in US anthropogenic aerosols – Part 2: Climate response

We investigate the climate response to changing US anthropogenic aerosol sources over the 1950–2050 period by using the NASA GISS general circulation model (GCM) and comparing to observed US temperature trends. Time-dependent aerosol distributions are generated from the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model applied to historical emission inventories and future projections. Radiative forcing from US anthropogenic aerosols peaked in 1970–1990 and has strongly declined since due to air quality regulations. We find that the regional radiative forcing from US anthropogenic aerosols elicits a strong regional climate response, cooling the central and eastern US by 0.5–1.0 °C on average during 1970–1990, with the strongest effects on maximum daytime temperatures in summer and autumn. Aerosol cooling reflects comparable contributions from direct and indirect (cloud-mediated) radiative effects. Absorbing aerosol (mainly black carbon) has negligible warming effect. Aerosol cooling reduces surface evaporation and thus decreases precipitation along the US east coast, but also increases the southerly flow of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico resulting in increased cloud cover and precipitation in the central US. Observations over the eastern US show a lack of warming in 1960–1980 followed by very rapid warming since, which we reproduce in the GCM and attribute to trends in US anthropogenic aerosol sources. Present US aerosol concentrations are sufficiently low that future air quality improvements are projected to cause little further warming in the US (0.1 °C over 2010–2050). We find that most of the warming from aerosol source controls in the US has already been realized over the 1980–2010 period.
New optimization method for conformational energy calculations on polypeptides: Conformational space annealing

A new optimization method is presented to search for the global minimum-energy conformations of polypeptides. The method combines essential aspects of the build-up procedure and the genetic algorithm, and it introduces the important concept of ''conformational space annealing.'' Instead of considering a single conformation, attention is focused on a population of conformations while new conformations are obtained by modifying a ''seed conformation.'' The annealing is carried out by introducing a distance cutoff, D , which is defined in the conformational space; D effectively divides the cut cut whole conformational space of local minima into subdivisions. The value of D cut is set to a large number at the beginning of the algorithm to cover the whole conformational space, and annealing is achieved by slowly reducing it. Many distinct local minima designed to be distributed as far apart as possible in conformational space are investigated simultaneously. Therefore, the new method finds not only the global minimum-energy conformation but also many other distinct local minima as by-products. The method is tested on Met- enkephalin, a 24-dihedral angle problem. For all 100 independent runs, the accepted global minimum-energy conformation was obtained after about 2600 minimizations on average. Q 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 18: 1222)1232, 1997
Spanwise propagation of upstream influence in conical swept shock/boundary-layer interactions

It is shown that the motion within any boundary layer underlying an exactly conical inviscid flow with a swept shock cannot be conical at an arbitrary radial distance r from the origin, and that the resulting viscous-inviscid interaction from the displacement effect of this layer would violate the inviscid conicity. However, the far-field behavior at large radial distances beyond a certain inception length is shown to approach a quasi-twodimensional state in conical arc length coordinates, a state compatible with the corresponding far-field conical behavior of the overlying inviscid flow including viscous-inviscid interaction effects. Based on an analysis of the governing flow equations for large r, we establish that this inception length is proportional to the product of the interaction zone width (normal to the shock line) and the tangent of the shock sweep angle. These conclusions apply to a wide range of attached shock inviscid flow conditions and boundary-layer states independently of the turbulence modeling, heat transfer, or separation.
Managerial risk reduction, incentives and firm value

Empirical evidence suggests that managers privately alter the risk in their compensation by trading in the financial markets. This paper analyzes the implications of the manager’s hedging ability on her optimal compensation scheme, incentives and firm value. I allow the manager to reduce her systematic risk exposure by trading the market portfolio. I find that the manager’s optimal hedge depends on the liquidity of the market. Due to imperfect liquidity, the manager’s optimal hedge is not complete. The equilibrium pay-performance sensitivity and hence the manager’s equilibrium incentives and the firm value increases in the liquidity of the market.
X-ray Examination of some Clays from the London Platform

X-ray analyses of Kimmeridgian clays recovered from the Warlingham Number 1 Borehole indicate that illite and kaolinite are the dominant clay minerals present. Illite, chlorite, and kaolinite, are present in the Devonian clays recovered from the Willesden Number 1 Borehole. The relationships between the clay minerals of the Kimmeridgian and Devonian clays and the clay mineral assemblage of the English Wealden is discussed.
The Conservative Party of Great Britain

In a famous essay, Max Weber described three stages which, in his opinion, have marked the development of political parties.' At first parties were "pure followings of the aristocracy," changing their allegiance as the "great noble families" which led them changed theirs. There followed the stage of "parties of notables." These arose with "the rising power of the bourgeoisie," and consisted of informal local associations of the propertied and cultured circles held together in the nation as a whole, not by a formal party machine, but by the members of the party with seats in the legislature. The framing of election programs, the choice of leaders and candidates and general control of the party rested with these circles of notables, above all the parliamentary party. With this structure Weber sharply contrasted the modern forms of party organization, "the children of democracy, of mass franchise, of the necessity to woo and organize the masses, and develop the utmost unity and direction and the strictest discipline." In these forms, there is a large, formally organized national machine, power resting not with the parliamentary party as such nor with the formal party conventions and assemblies, but with the party bureaucrats, organizers, and, especially, the party leader who has shown the capacity to win the support of a mass electorate. The party organization outside the legislature disciplines the party members in the legislature; in turn the leader, because of his demagogic ability, tends to dominate the machine, while using it to rally the masses behind him. This is the stage, in Weber's terms, of plebiscitarian democracy.
Critical constraints on chiral hierarchies.

Critical dynamics constrains models of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking in which the scale of high-energy physics is far above 1 TeV. A big hierarchy requires the high-energy theory to have a second-order chiral phase transition, near which the theory is described by a low-energy effective Lagrangian with composite Higgs'' scalars. As scalar theories with more than one [Phi][sup 4] coupling can have a Coleman-Weinberg instability and a [ital first][minus][ital order] transition, such dynamical EWSB models cannot always support a large hierarchy. If the large-[ital N][sub [ital c]] Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model is a good approximation to the top-condensate and strong extended technicolor models, they will not produce acceptable EWSB.
An increase in cell—cell adhesion in the chick segmental plate results in a meristic pattern

Cell—cell adhesion in the anterior portion of the segmental plate plays an important role in the initiation of somitogenesis. Dissociated somites show a marked tendency to reassociate into somite-size clumps within a few hours after dissociation. Segmental plate cells show very little tendency to reassociate, even after 24 h in culture. The cells from the anterior portion of the segmental plate do show a tendency to reassociate. This supports the hypothesis that cell—cell adhesion between the cells in the anterior portion of the segmental plate plays a major role in the initiation of somitogenesis.
Cohorts, education, and the evolution of tolerance

Normative and social structural explanations for changes in tolerance are tested using racial attitude items from 11 surveys between 1958 and 1978. Over the 20 years, while there were changes in the overall levels of racial tolerance, there were also changes in the upper and lower ends of a tolerance spectrum which differentially depended on cohort and educational effects. Regardless of the position in the tolerance spectrum, most of the change in racial attitudes resulted from across-the-board changes in all cohort and educational groups. The most racially conservative end of the spectrum was slightly eroded by increased educational attainment in the population, while the most racially liberal position was somewhat advanced by cohort replacement. In the final analysis, the normative perspective demonstrated the greater potential for applications to other, more complex, configurations of tolerance.
Giant liposomes in physiological buffer using electroformation in a flow chamber

Abstract We describe a method to obtain giant liposomes (diameter 10–100 μm) in solutions of high ionic strength to perform a membrane-binding assay under physiological conditions. Using electroformation on ITO electrodes, we formed surface-attached giant liposomes in solutions of glycerol in a flow chamber and then introduced solutions of high ionic strength (up to 2 M KCl) into this chamber. The ionic solution exchanged with the isoosmolar glycerol solution inside and outside the liposomes. An initial mismatch in index of refraction between the inside and outside of liposomes allowed for the observation of solution replacement. Ions and small polar molecules exchanged into and out of surface-attached liposomes within minutes. In contrast, liposomes formed in solutions of macromolecules retained molecules larger than 4 kDa, allowing for encapsulation of these molecules for hours or days even if the solution outside the liposomes was exchanged. We propose that solutes entered liposomes through lipid tubules that attach liposomes to the film of lipids on the surface of the ITO electrode. The method presented here makes it straightforward to perform flow-through binding assays on giant liposomes under conditions of physiological ionic strength. We performed a membrane-binding assay for annexin V, a calcium-dependent protein that binds to phosphatidylserine (PS). The binding of annexin V depended on the concentration of PS and decreased as ionic strength increased to physiological levels.
Sales order processing: a simulation model

GPSS simulation of the customer order processing through the warehouse containing packaged items at a large chemical plant in St. Louis, Missouri, is described. Objective is to determine the service rate on a certain type of order and by varying the number of warehouse personnel at key positions to obtain comparison service rates for management review.
Visualizing Water Quality Sampling-Events in Florida

Water quality sampling in Florida is acknowledged to be spatially and temporally variable. The rotational monitoring program that was created to capture data within the state’s thousands of miles of coastline and streams, and millions of acres of lakes, reservoirs, and ponds may be partly responsible for inducing the variability as an artifact. Florida’s new dissolved-oxygen-standard methodology will require more data to calculate a percent saturation. This additional data requirement’s impact can be seen when the new methodology is applied retrospectively to the historical collection. To understand how, where, and when the methodological change could alter the environmental quality narrative of state waters requires addressing induced bias from prior sampling events and behaviors. Here stream and coastal water quality data is explored through several modalities to maximize understanding and communication of the spatiotemporal relationships. Previous methodology and expected-retrospective calculations outside the regulatory framework are found to be significantly different, but dependent on the spatiotemporal perspective. Data visualization is leveraged to demonstrate these differences, their potential impacts on environmental narratives, and to direct further review and analysis.
Population structure and physiological changes within a hot spring microbial mat community following disturbance

The influence of disturbance on a hot spring cyanobacterial mat community was investigated by physically removing the top 3.0 mm, which included the entire cyanobacterial layer. Changes in 16S rRNA-defined populations were monitored by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene segments. Some previously absent cyanobacterial populations colonized the disturbed areas, while some populations which were present before the disturbance remained absent for up to 40 days. Changes in physiological activity were measured by oxygen microelectrode analyses and by 14CO2 incorporation into cyanobacterial molecular components. These investigations indicated substantial differences between the disturbed and undisturbed mats, including an unexplained light-induced oxygen consumption in the freshly exposed mat, increased carbon partitioning by phototrophs into growth-related macromolecules, bimodal vertical photosynthesis profiles, and delayed recovery of respiration relative to photosynthesis.
Intrauterine Cytomegalovirus Infection and Glycoprotein B Genotypes

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains display polymorphisms for the gene encoding glycoprotein B (gB; gpUL55). Recent data suggest that the gB genotype may influence the outcome of acquired CMV infections. To determine whether the gB genotype also contributes to the outcome of intrauterine infection, CMV strains were studied from 56 infants with culture-confirmed intrauterine CMV infections who were born in Iowa or Texas. CMV gB genotypes were compared with the neonatal clinical features and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Fifty-three strains (95%) could be assigned a gB genotype. The overall distribution of genotypes was as follows: type 1, 50%; type 2, 18%; type 3, 23%; and type 4, 4%. Strains with the gB 3 genotype were more common among the Iowa infants (P=.082). The gB 3 genotype was more common among infants with asymptomatic infections (P=.004), but geographic location and ascertainment biases may have accounted for these differences. The gB genotypes did not correlate with the neurodevelopmental outcome of intrauterine infection.
Meristem growth dynamics and branching patterns in the Cladoniaceae

Branching patterns in the lichen family Cladoniaceae are varied and taxonomically important. Branching occurs on the podetium, the erect secondary thallus that characterizes most species in the Cladoniaceae, and is influenced by growth dynamics of the fungal meristem tissue at the apex of the podetium. Branching is primarily the result of meristem divisions, and branching patterns are modified by meristem enlargement, deformation, and torsion. Branching processes are conserved, and early branch ontogeny provides information from which to determine relationships in the Cladoniaceae. Branching is characterized by two major patterns. In one pattern, branches arise from the relatively late divisions of a large meristem ( $100 mm in diameter), whose shape changes during ontogeny. In a second pattern, branches arise from small meristems (,100 mm in diameter), which split early in ontogeny but whose shape does not change. The trend toward reduced meristems that split early in ontogeny is seen as an evolutionary advance in the Cladoniaceae. Some ‘‘small meristem’’ species retain aspects of the ‘‘large meristem’’ habit in early ontogeny, and this provides a clue to their relationships. Patterns of meristem growth dynamics provide a basis for interpreting phylogeny in mycobionts of the Cladoniaceae. Meristem activities in four genera of the Cladoniaceae were compared in order to determine trends in growth dynamics within the family.
STROBE: Actively securing wireless communications using Zero-Forcing Beamforming

We present the design and experimental evaluation of Simultaneous TRansmission with Orthogonally Blinded Eavesdroppers (STROBE). STROBE is a cross-layer approach that exploits the multi-stream capabilities of existing technologies such as 802.11n and the upcoming 802.11ac standard where multi-antenna APs can construct simultaneous data streams using Zero-Forcing Beamforming (ZFBF). Instead of using this technique for simultaneous data stream generation, STROBE utilizes ZFBF by allowing an AP to use one stream to communicate with an intended user and the remaining streams to orthogonally “blind” (actively interfere with) any potential eavesdropper thereby preventing eavesdroppers from decoding nearby transmissions. Through extensive experimental evaluation, we show that STROBE consistently outperforms Omnidirectional, Single-User Beamforming (SUBF), and directional antenna based transmission methods by keeping the transmitted signal at the intended receiver and shielded from eavesdroppers. In an indoor Wireless LAN environment, STROBE consistently serves an intended user with an SINR 15 dB greater than an eavesdropper.
Presence and induction of the enzyme NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 in the central nervous system.

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) catalyzes a reductive detoxification that is thought to protect cells against the adverse effects of quinones and related compounds. NQO1 activity is present in all tissues. Absence of the enzyme produces abnormalities in the redox state and seizures, suggesting an important role of the protein in the central nervous system. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the protein was found throughout the brain of the adult rat and mouse, with complete absence of the protein in brains from NQO1-/- mice. NQO1 was not seen in any neuronal population, but was localized to Bergmann glial in the cerebellum and a subset of the oligodendrocytes throughout the brain. Prolonged seizures induced in adult rats with kainic acid resulted in an increase in activity of the enzyme throughout the brain, most prominently in the cerebellum, but immunoreactivity did not appear in neurons. Comparison of the axons in the corpus callosum from a wild-type mouse to a knockout mouse showed that myelin is produced in the absence of NQO1, but there appears to be more small-diameter axons in the knockout animal. These results suggest that NQO1 has a role in myelination in the central nervous system or in the insulating/wrapping function of glial cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 471:289–297, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Human Factors Issues Associated with Limited Ability Autonomous Driving Systems: Drivers’ Allocation of Visual Attention to the Forward Roadway

This study characterized driver behavior and established a foundation for defining functional performance requirements associated with a Limited Ability Autonomous Driving System (LAADS) – a system capable of automated steering and speed/headway maintenance tasks on freeways, but does not relieve drivers of all driving tasks. The research was designed to examine and reveal potential issues associated with the use of semi-autonomous systems, exploring impacts on willingness to engage in secondary non-driving related tasks, and driver allocation of visual attention while operating under LAADS (ACC and Lane Centering). Results found meaningful differences in the allocation of visual attention across ACC and LAADS driving under situations where drivers were engaged in a secondary task. Overall findings suggest that given a rudimentary, but reliable, LAADS system (one which does not monitor or otherwise restrict behavior) drivers are likely to increase the frequency of secondary task interactions, and engage in risky tasks that are likely to increase extended glances away from the forward roadway.
The Use of Power Sums to Solve the Harmonic Elimination Equations for Multilevel Converters

AbstractA method is presented to compute the switching angles in a multilevel converter so as to produce the required fundamental voltage while at the same time not generate higher order harmonics. Previous work has shown that the transcendental equations characterizing the harmonic content can be converted to polynomial equations which are then solved using the method of resultants from elimination theory. However, when there are several DC sources, the degree of the polynomials are quite large making the computational burden of their resultant polynomials via elimination theory quite high. Here, it is shown that by reformulating the problem in terms ofpower sums, the degree of the polynomial equations that must be solved are reduced significantly which in turn reduces the computational burden. In contrast to numerical techniques, the approach here produces all possible solutions.
Platform Algorithms and Their Effect on Civic and Political Arenas

The purpose of this research was to analyze the ways that social media platform algorithms affect user experience and thus, civic and political arenas. This paper analyzes literature on the topic that will illuminate specific ways that algorithms dictate to the user what is visible or invisible, considered “fresh” or “irrelevant” and the implications of such digital curating.
Grabbing brain activity on the go

Animal behavior emerges from the dynamics of brain activity. Without a method to simultaneously measure both neural responses and behavior, inferences about the relationship between the two must necessarily remain indirect. Here Nguyen et al. (1) and Venkatachalam et al. (2) close this fundamental gap by developing techniques for monitoring neural activity with cellular resolution in freely moving Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes.
Extended State Observer Based Controller Design for the Green Bank Telescope Servo System

The Green Bank Telescope is a large flexible structure, requiring rms tracking error ≤ 3 arcseconds against internal and external disturbances. We design an extended state observer (ESO) based controller in various configurations to improve tracking performance and increase disturbance rejection. The controllers are simulated with an experimentally validated model of the GBT. Through the simulations, the response of ESO based controllers and legacy PID controller are compared using time and frequency domain responses. We show that the ESO based controller when implemented in both position and velocity loop can give significant improvement in tracking performance and better disturbance rejection without increase in controller output.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Combined Multiscale Creep Strain and Creep Rupture Modeling for Composite Materials

In this study, a novel multiscale combined creep strain and creep rupture model is proposed. By comparing to experimental data it was shown that the model provides accurate creep rupture predictions for unidirectional off-axis specimens. The creep strain model provides accurate predictions within the confines of the linear elastic restrictions used in its development. This creep strain and creep rupture model was incorporated into a progressive failure finite element simulation so that the effects of load redistribution could be considered, which tended to increase the life of the part. The finite element implementation also allowed for the consideration of realistic geometries resulting in complex stress states. By considering a perfectly flat specimen and one containing worst case thickness variation the experimental open hole creep rupture data was bounded. This suggests that by quantifying material defects realistic lifetime predictions can be made and an estimate of scatter can be acquired.
Abstract B90: Genomic loss of a microRNA leads to overexpression of EZH2 in cancer

B90 Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), is a histone methyltransferase involved in epigenetic silencing of target genes and plays a central role in regulating embryonic stem cells, metastasis, and cancer survival. EZH2 is overexpressed in aggressive solid tumors and has been shown to function as an oncogene, however, the mechanism of its elevation in cancer is unclear. Here, we identified that a microRNA is a tumor suppressor that inhibits EZH2 expression and function. In contrast to EZH2, this microRNA expression is decreased during prostate cancer progression. Importantly, the genomic loci of this microRNA are somatically lost in prostate cancer as well as in other cancers. Taken together, this suggests a model in which genomic loss of a microRNA in cancer leads to overexpression of EZH2 and concomitant dysregulation of epigenetic pathways resulting in cancer progression and metastasis. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B90.
Cortical complexity as a measure of age-related brain atrophy

The structure of the human brain changes in a variety of ways as we age. While a sizeable literature has examined age-related differences in cortical thickness, and to a lesser degree, gyrification, here we examined differences in cortical complexity, as indexed by fractal dimensionality in a sample of over 400 individuals across the adult lifespan. While prior studies have shown differences in fractal dimensionality between patient populations and age-matched, healthy controls, it is unclear how well this measure would relate to age-related cortical atrophy. Initially computing a single measure for the entire cortical ribbon, i.e., unparcellated gray matter, we found fractal dimensionality to be more sensitive to age-related differences than either cortical thickness or gyrification index. We additionally observed regional differences in age-related atrophy between the three measures, suggesting that they may index distinct differences in cortical structure. We also provide a freely available MATLAB toolbox for calculating fractal dimensionality.
Current value measurement of the long-term bond payable and its accounting methods

The current pricing method of the long-term bond payable can't reflect financial situation of the enterprise and management performance truly. According to the accounting theory of current value,we put forward a the long-term bond payable method. The traditional accounting dealing with the long-term bond payable and the current value accounting measurement are compared with and analyzed by the example of paying the bond interest at intervals, the current value measurement formula, subjects of accounting dealing with and concrete accounting entries mode are given in the paper.
Infective endocarditis prophylaxis: current practice trend among paediatric cardiologists: are we following the 2007 guidelines?

Background In 2007, the American Heart Association modified the infective endocarditis prophylaxis guidelines by limiting the use of antibiotics in patients with cardiac conditions associated with the highest risk of adverse outcomes after infective endocarditis. Our objective was to evaluate current practice for infective endocarditis prophylaxis among paediatric cardiologists. Methods A web-based survey focussing on current practice, describing the use of antibiotics for infective endocarditis prophylaxis in various congenital and acquired heart diseases, was distributed via e-mail to paediatric cardiologists. The survey was kept anonymous and was distributed twice. Results Data from 253 participants were analysed. Most paediatric cardiologists discontinued infective endocarditis prophylaxis in patients with simple lesions such as small ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and bicuspid aortic valve without stenosis or regurgitation; however, significant disagreement persists in prescribing infective endocarditis prophylaxis in certain conditions such as rheumatic heart disease, Fontan palliation without fenestration, and the Ross procedure. Use of antibiotic prophylaxis in certain selected conditions for which infective endocarditis prophylaxis has been indicated as per the current guidelines varies from 44 to 83%. Only 44% follow the current guidelines exclusively, and 34% regularly discuss the importance of oral hygiene with their patients at risk for infective endocarditis. Conclusion Significant heterogeneity still persists in recommending infective endocarditis prophylaxis for several cardiac lesions among paediatric cardiologists. More than half of the participants (56%) do not follow the current guidelines exclusively in their practice. Counselling for optimal oral health in patients at risk for infective endocarditis needs to be optimised in the current practice.
Material recognition by feature classification using time-of-flight camera

We propose a method for solving one of the significant open issues in computer vision: material recognition. A time-of-flight range camera has been employed to analyze the characteristics of different materials. Starting from the information returned by the depth sensor, different features of interest have been extracted using transforms such as Fourier, discrete cosine, Hilbert, chirp-z, and Karhunen–Loeve. Such features have been used to build a training and a validation set useful to feed a classifier (J48) able to accomplish the material recognition step. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology has been experimentally tested. Good predictive accuracies of materials have been obtained. Moreover, experiments have shown that the combination of multiple transforms increases the robustness and reliability of the computed features, although the shutter value can heavily affect the prediction rates.
Reducing the Functionality Gap Between Auto-Vectorization and Explicit Vectorization

Explicit vectorization of C/C++ and FORTRAN application programs are pioneered by Intel® Cilk™ Plus and then inherited and enhanced by OpenMP 4.0 and 4.5 standardization. There is a known functionality gap, where some auto-vectorizable code does not have adequate syntax support for explicit vector programming. In this paper, we propose and discuss a few syntax extensions to reduce the gap for compress/expand and histogram idioms, which are commonly seen in high performance computing.
Cholinergic neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate food intake

Abstract Objective Central cholinergic neural circuits play a role in the regulation of feeding behavior. The dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) is considered the appetite-stimulating center and contains cholinergic neurons. Here, we study the role of DMH cholinergic neurons in the control of food intake. Methods To selectively stimulate DMH cholinergic neurons, we expressed stimulatory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) and channelrhodopsins in DMH cholinergic neurons by injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors into the DMH of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-IRES-Cre mice. We also generated transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsins in cholinergic neurons with the Cre-LoxP technique. To delete the Chat gene exclusively in the DMH, we injected an AAV carrying a Cre recombinase transgene into the DMH of floxed ChAT mice. Food intake was measured with and without selective stimulation of DMH cholinergic neurons. Results Mice lacking the Chat gene in the DMH show reduced body weight as compared to control. Chemogenetic activation of DMH cholinergic neurons promotes food intake. This orexigenic effect is further supported by experiments of optogenetic stimulation of DMH cholinergic neurons. DMH cholinergic neurons innervate pro-opiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). Treatment with acetylcholine (ACh) enhances GABAergic inhibitory transmission to ARC POMC neurons that is blocked by the muscarinic receptor antagonist. Direct activation of cholinergic fibers in the ARC readily stimulates food intake that is also abolished by the muscarinic receptor antagonist. Conclusion ACh released from DMH cholinergic neurons regulates food intake and body weight. This effect is mediated in part through regulation of ARC POMC neurons. Activation of muscarinic receptors on GABAergic axon terminals enhances inhibitory tone to ARC POMC neurons. Hence, this novel DMH ACh → ARC POMC pathway plays an important role in the control of food intake and body weight.
Activity correlation-based clustering clock-gating technique for digital filters

ABSTRACTClock gating is an effective way to reduce the dynamic power in digital sequential circuits. In this paper, a gate-level activity correlation-based clustering clock-gating (CCG) technique is proposed for digital filters. The CCG technique exploits the correlations between flip-flops, and determines how to group the flip-flops for clock gating. An Activity Correlation Matrix (ACMtx) is introduced to describe the correlations between the flip-flops, and a greedy clustering algorithm is proposed to find an optimised clustering scheme as well. Experiments on ISCAS’89 benchmarks show that the proposed technique can reduce power consumption by 5.08% on average, on top of existing technique. For the circuits with large numbers of flip-flops, our proposed technique can save 15.84% more power on average.
Computer assisted frauds: An examination of offender and offense characteristics in relation to arrests

Previous studies on fighting computer-assisted frauds have attempted to assist law enforcement agencies (LEAs) to better understand important aspects of motivation, opportunity and deterrence. However, there have been few empirical studies on the profiles of convicted offenders, post detection. This paper examines characteristics of frauds and their associated respective law enforcement response with particular emphasis on frauds facilitated by information technology. The findings show how the prosecution and conviction of the offenders differ among commonly-seen types of computer assisted frauds, and bring new evidence to the common association of gender and crime, severity and punishment, etc. The findings may help LEAs and legislative bodies to evaluate their current practices from the point of restorative social justice.
Seeing Stars: the Reception and Ontology of Movie Stars

To paraphrase what Jacques Lacan has said about pictures, movie stars are traps for the gaze. As an aesthetic ingredient of mass art, the image of stars, as well as their persons, are as much an object of aesthetic predication and critical assessment as any inanimate artwork—items of attention and appreciation within a larger work. Associations with movie stardom may include a witches brew of qualities we may call “auratic.” Although there are numerous overlaps and intersections between literary fiction and fictional films, one stark difference among them is that novels have protagonists, but no stars. Our acquaintance with movie stars suggests the paradox that they are strangers we believe we know well. And, stars may well be the most important commercial element in widely distributed movies—not only for their box office success but also in a movie’s coming to be in the first place. For what happens when we see stars and how we come to know them and for the issue I will call inside/outside of movies, I will turn to Wittgenstein’s work on seeing-as and its set of related concepts.
Risk Shifting and Regulatory Arbitrage: Evidence from Operational Risk

Regulations leading up to the financial crisis of 2007-2009 provided incentives for banks shift their risk profiles toward less regulated areas. We focus on the case of operational risk which went from being a relatively benign and largely unregulated risk type to a major risk that now accounts for about 25% of large banks' risk profile. We show that capital-constrained banks aggressively took on operational risk as a mean of regulatory arbitrage. Indeed, this contributed to operational risk's rise to prominence as a leading risk type in the financial sector and worsened the effects of the crisis.