cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined X-ray and neutron diffraction Rietveld refinement in iron-substituted nano-hydroxyapatite

Simultaneous Rietveld refinements of X-ray and neutron powder diffraction patterns were applied to study the effect of Fe substitution on the crystal structure properties of the Ca5−x Fe x (PO4)3OH system (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3). From variations of the Ca(1) and Ca(2) site occupancies and modifications of interatomic distances with x, it is inferred that Fe substitutes at both crystallographic sites with a preference at the Ca(2) site. Such partiality is attributed to similar geometries of the sixfold coordinated Fe with the sevenfold coordinated Ca(2). The expected overall decrease of the lattice constants in the iron-substituted samples is followed by an increasing trend with x that is explained in terms of local lattice distortions. Hematite forms as a secondary phase starting at x = 0.1 up to 3.7 wt% for x = 0.3. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a nanosystem consisting of 15–65 nm rods and spheres, while hematite nanoparticles are distinguishable for x ≥ 0.1. A transition of the diamagnetic hydroxyapatite to paramagnetic Fe-hydroxyapatite was found from magnetic measurements, while the antiferromagnetic hematite develops hysteresis loops for x > 0.1.
Irods: Data sharing technology integrating communities of practice

The convergence of sophisticated social networking, digital library tools and persistent digital archive frameworks with data grid technology is providing strong incentives for sharing digital data across time frames that can span decades. To provide scalable solutions, a service-oriented federation framework is demonstrated that can help not only federate data and services across disciplines and societal communities but also in support of technological evolution and long-term fiscal sustainability for current and future usage.
Robust Dynamical Decoupling of Quantum Systems with Bounded Controls

We propose a general procedure for implementing dynamical decoupling of quantum systems without requiring arbitrarily strong, impulsive control actions. This is accomplished by designing continuous decoupling propagators according to Eulerian paths in the decoupling group for the system. Such Eulerian decoupling schemes offer two important advantages over their impulsive counterparts: they are able to enforce the same dynamical symmetrization but with more realistic control resources and, at the same time, they are intrinsically tolerant against a large class of systematic implementation errors.
Identification of second layer adsorbates : water and chloroethane on Pt(111)

Abstract We show temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) evidence of (1) resolvable adsorbate structure within water bilayers and (2) a second layer peak for C2H5Cl on Pt(111) that is distinguishable both from the first layer and from thicker multilayers. The sticking probability of water was independent of the surface temperature between 55 and 150 K, but was significantly (30%) smaller at low coverage than on a multilayer-covered surface. The TPD of C2H5Cl is quite sensitive to the nature of preadsorbed water.
Delayed Spinal Epidural Hematoma After Epidural Catheter Removal With Reinitiation of Warfarin

SPINAL EPIDURAL HEMATOMA from neuraxial anesthesia is associated with systemic anticoagulation. Although the exact incidence is unknown, the overall risk of epidural hematoma formation is rare and estimated to be between 1:150,000 and 1:190,000. Patients who have vascular abnormalities, pathologic or medication-related alterations in homeostasis, history of alcohol abuse, chronic renal insufficiency, and/or difficult needle placement have an increased risk of developing an epidural hematoma. The highest risk of epidural hematoma formation is associated with neuraxial techniques at the time of placement and removal of the catheter. To address concerns around minimizing risks associated with anticoagulant administration in patients receiving neuraxial techniques, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia (ASRA) has put forth specific recommendations that serve as guidelines for many institutions. In regard to perioperative use of anticoagulants and neuraxial techniques, ASRA recommends removing epidurals at the lowest point of anticoagulant activity and frequent evaluation of neurologic status to aid in early detection of an epidural hematoma. Specifically, in patients using warfarin, ASRA recommends stopping the medication 4-5 days prior to surgery and monitoring prothrombin time (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) prior to placement and epidural removal. According to ASRA, in order for an epidural needle or catheter to be inserted or removed, the INR must be less than 1.5. Guidelines, however, are not absolute, and the need to be vigilant is well illustrated in the 2 cases of delayed hematoma the authors report below. The authors present 2 cases of epidural hematoma and lower extremity paresthesia following epidural catheter removal and re-initiation of warfarin therapy in patients presenting for their first endovascular repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The cases illustrate that importance of being as vigilant as this will allow early diagnosis and prompt treatment and the
Governance and Accountability in International NGOs

Who controls the international non-government organizations (NGOs)? Critics of international humanitarian and human rights organizations often refer to these non-profit NGOs as ‘self-appointed’—as ...
Limb regeneration to digit stages occurs in well‐fed adult newts after hypophysectomy

Experiments were designed to determine the maximum survival time and extent of limb regeneration of well-fed adult newts (Notophthal-mus viridescens) after complete hypophysectomy. Adult newts were either well-fed or fasted for 3 weeks at which time hypophysectomies were performed. Forelimbs were amputated 5 days posthypophy-sectomy. Fasted hypophysectomized newts did not survive beyond 4 weeks, and limb regeneration was either absent or abortive. All of the well-fed newts survived to 3 weeks posthypophysectomy, and even at 6 weeks posthypophy-sectomy showed 30% survival. In the complete absence of the pituitary gland, many of the fed newts regenerated limbs to digit stages. It is concluded that pituitary hormones are not an absolute requirement for limb regeneration of adult newts. Newts in good nutritional condition at the time of hypophysectomy survive longer and their limbs regenerate to more advanced stages.
Rational nitrogen fertilization in intensive cropping systems

The objective of a rational N fertilization program is to account for the sources and fate of N while estimating crop N needs. Efficiency of N use will vary with cropping systems and N sources. Management technologies that affect N use efficiency include the amount of N applied, timing and placement of N fertilizer, and use of inhibitors. One of the main problems in making a fertilizer N recommendation is to account for the contribution of N mineralization to plant available N. Most laboratory procedures do not account for the environmental factors that affect N mineralization and only estimate the size of the mineralizable N pool. However, changes in soil moisture and temperature can dramatically affect the amount and rate of release of mineralized N. Field and modeling techniques are two possible techniques to estimate N mineralization. Field techniques can be divided into soil and plant approaches. Soil incubations in the field provide a quantitative approach while soil nitrate tests during the growing season provide a qualitative approach to estimating N mineralization. The plant is the ultimate integrator of N mineralization. Plant N uptake by an unfertilized crop can provide a quantitative approach with certain precautions. This approach may be costly, labor intensive, and site specific. Crop N uptake during the growing season can be estimated by measuring the tissue N content or using a chlorophyll meter. The chlorophyll meter measures the greenness of the plant and has been shown to be positively correlated to plant N status. Modeling may provide another option by including the factors that affect the rate of N mineralization from a known pool. The two most important variables include soil moisture and temperature. Realistic yield expectations and accounting for existing and projected amounts of available N can improve the accuracy of N recommendations.
Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development and Krashen's i+1: Incommensurable Constructs; Incommensurable Theories

Second language scholars, in public research and in public discussions,have suggested that Krashen's construct of i+1is similar to Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and that it might therefore befeasible to integrate the two constructs in a way that would be productive for second languageacquisition (SLA) research. After surveying publications relevant to the issue, we argue that thisenterprise is futile, not only because the concepts are unrelatable, but also because they arerooted in incommensurable theoretical discourses. We also propose a way in which SLAresearch and theory might deal with incommensurability.
Variant cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 allelic frequencies in Parkinson's disease

Aberrant detoxification of environmental agents may be the basis for an inherited predisposition to Parkinson's disease. A CYP2D6 genetic marker of the debrisoquine hydroxylase “poor metabolizer” phenotype was found to be significantly increased in Parkinson's disease patients compared to controls, as has been shown in previous studies. Presence of this marker gives an odds ratio of 1.86 for Parkinson's disease (95% confidence interval 1.33–2.39, P < 0.02). For comparison, a CYP1A1 polymorphism, which is not known to be associated with aberrant drug metabolism, showed no association with Parkinson's disease in our study. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fibroblast growth factor-1 transcriptionally induces membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase expression in prostate carcinoma cell line.

BACKGROUND We and others have shown that the matrix metalloproteinases, MT1-MMP is overexpressed in human prostate PIN lesions and invasive cancers compared to normal prostate epithelium. However, the mechanism for this overexpression is not understood. Evidence from our laboratory and others has indicated that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) can regulate the expression of certain matrix metalloproteinase. In addition, human prostate fibroblasts are known to express certain FGFs, including FGF-1. The purpose of the work in this paper was to determine the mechanism involved in FGF-1 induced MT1-MMP expression in prostate carcinoma cells. METHODS We tested the ability of recombinant FGF-1 to induce MT1-MMP expression in prostate carcinoma cell line, LNCaP cells. We measured the MT1-MMP message by using Northern analyses and protein levels by Western analysis after FGF-1 treatment. Downstream signaling was investigated using dominant negative constructs for FGFR-1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3). Transient transfection was performed using reporter plasmids of the MT1-MMP gene promoter region (7.2 kb) linked to the firefly luciferase gene in the pGL3-Basic vector. For dominant negative studies FGFR-1 dominant negative plasmid in PCEP4 vector or STAT3 dominant negative plasmid in pCMV-1 vector was co-transfected with the MT1-MMP reporter plasmid. RESULTS Recombinant FGF-1 significantly induced MT1-MMP expression in LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells. MT1-MMP message increased with FGF-1 treatment compared to that of untreated control LNCaP cells. Quantitation by digital image analysis revealed that this increase was twofold over untreated LNCaP cells. Treatment of pGL3-MT1-MMP-luciferase transfected cells with FGF-1 resulted in a twofold to fourfold increase in luciferase enzyme activity compared with untreated cells. Co-transfection of LNCaP with human MT1-MMP reporter construct and a dominant negative FGFR1 mutant showed that FGF-1-induced MT1-MMP expression in LNCaP cells was completely inhibited by the mutated FGFR-1, indicating that FGF receptor (FGFR) activation is necessary for induction of MT1-MMP. Further, expression of dominant negative STAT3 inhibited the FGF-1-induced transactivation of the human MT1-MMP 7.2-kb promoter. CONCLUSIONS From these data, we conclude that FGF-1 induces MT1-MMP expression in prostate carcinoma cells through a transcriptional mechanism mediated through the FGFR and the transcription factor, STAT3. These results confirm earlier data indicating that acidic FGF and STAT3 are involved in the signaling leading to the expression of a MMP. Our findings support the idea that paracrine and autocrine factors play an important role in the regulation of MT1-MMP in human prostate carcinoma cells. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous passive and active control design of structures using multiobjective optimization strategies

Abstract A design approach is presented to uniquely couple passive and active control designs of structures and to solve the resultant problem using multiobjective optimization techniques. Passive control is realized through structural modifications while active control is accomplished by negative state feedback control to drive the characteristic poles of the system into a desired region in the complex plane. It is observed that it is advantageous to use multiobjective optimization strategies to better correlate between passive and active control designs thereby providing the designer with a powerful tool in finding a good balance between possibly conflicting practical control limitations.
Casting a wide net: HSP90 inhibition to circumvent resistance to TKIs in EGFR-mutated and ALK-rearranged NSCLC

CRA8007 (2013). 18 Johnson ML, Hart EM, Rademaker A et al. A Phase II study of HSP90 inhibitor AUY922 and erlotinib (E) for patients (pts) with EGFR-mutant lung cancer and acquired resistance (AR) to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs). J. Clin. Oncol. 31,
Serial measurements of bone density at the lumbar spine do not predict fracture risk after liver transplantation

Bone disease has emerged as a serious and complex complication after liver transplantation. The purpose of this study is to determine risk factors for fracture and bone loss after liver transplantation. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the lumbar spine was performed routinely pretransplantation, 6 months posttransplantation, and at yearly intervals thereafter at our center. We followed up patients who underwent transplantation in the past 10 years and compared bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture rate with known risk factors for bone loss in primary transplant recipients who met the inclusion criteria of a pretransplantation DEXA and at least one follow-up DEXA scan postoperatively (n = 153). We observed a 15% (n = 23) prevalence of symptomatic fractures at a mean of 2.2 ± 1.8 years after transplantation. Change in BMD was greatest from pretransplantation to 6 months posttransplantation (−4.2%; P = .006), then increased at a rate of 1.4% per year. Logistic regression analysis showed an association of fracture risk with several factors, including number of acute rejection episodes (P = .045), smoking (P = .02), and female sex (P = .02). Stepwise logistic regression analysis reported female sex (P = .004) as the only factor associated with fracture after transplantation. Age, time listed for transplantation, race, menopause, chronic renal insufficiency, loss of height, family history of osteoporosis, BMD, and T score did not predict fracture or bone loss after transplantation. In conclusion, serial measurements of BMD at the lumbar spine do not appear to predict fracture risk; however, data suggest that female sex is the strongest predictor of fracture after liver transplantation. (Liver Transpl 2003;9:857-862.)
Design of Automatic Contour Detection System of Open Arc Welding Workpiece

This paper designs an automatic contour detection system of open arc welding workpiece. The realization of the device is the first step to achieve automatic control system of welding processes. Firstly it summarizes the difficulties must be solved in the design of detection system. According to the requirements, an electromechanical system is designed. The performance has been analyzed by simulation .An experiment has been done to verify the prototype. The results show the design meets the requirements.
Multidisciplinary Breast Clinic: A Team Effort

The coordination of treatment for the newly diagnosed breast cancer patient can be challenging, especially in a private health care system. The process begins with an effective imaging program, built on trust and seamless coordination among breast radiologists, referring clinicians, and treating physicians. Once the imaging component is in place and a multidisciplinary breast conference has been established, the next logical step is to bring the patient together with a group of medical experts in a clinic setting to discuss her case. This Multidisciplinary Breast Clinic model facilitates direct communication between the multidisciplinary breast conference participants and the patient. In addition to increasing patient satisfaction, the clinic—if appropriately presented to the community—also has the potential of directing additional patients into the system for treatment. All medical specialties involved in the treatment of breast cancer, including many ancillary and support providers, come together to consult with the patient in a “one-stop shopping” appointment. The purpose of the clinic is not just to provide a treatment plan but also to educate and offer support. It also assures the patient that her providers are communicating with one another regarding her treatment. This type of service, in addition to being the right thing to do, sets a health care system apart in the competitive cancer care market.
Optimum taper length for maximum fluorescence signal from an evanescent wave fiber optic biosensor

A theoretical model using ray tracing method is developed. The results predicted by the model were confirmed by experimental results. The model could explain the experimentally observed fact that the maximum signal for a given realistic tapered length is at a probe radius smaller than that expected from V-number matching condition. It is shown that for obtaining maximum fluorescence signal from an evanescent wave fiber optic biosensor a realistic optimum taper length needs to be chosen. We found that different detection environments require different taper lengths at a given taper angle. These facts were confirmed experimentally.
Suite of proposed imaging performance metrics and test methods for fire service thermal imaging cameras

The use of thermal imaging cameras (TIC) by the fire service is increasing as fire fighters become more aware of the value of these tools. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is currently developing a consensus standard for design and performance requirements for TIC as used by the fire service. This standard will include performance requirements for TIC design robustness and image quality. The National Institute of Standards and Technology facilitates this process by providing recommendations for science-based performance metrics and test methods to the NFPA technical committee charged with the development of this standard. A suite of imaging performance metrics and test methods based on the harsh operating environment and limitations of use particular to the fire service has been proposed for inclusion in the standard. The performance metrics include large area contrast, effective temperature range, spatial resolution, nonuniformity, and thermal sensitivity. Test methods to measure TIC performance for these metrics are in various stages of development. An additional procedure, image recognition, has also been developed to facilitate the evaluation of TIC design robustness. The pass/fail criteria for each of these imaging performance metrics are derived from perception tests in which image contrast, brightness, noise, and spatial resolution are degraded to the point that users can no longer consistently perform tasks involving TIC due to poor image quality.
Role of the spinal cord in intracisternal β-endorphin-evoked suppression of liver DNA synthesis in 10-day-old rats

Abstract Previously, we have shown that intracisternal (i.c.) administration of β-endorphin (an opioid peptide naturally occurring in the brain) to preweanling rats markedly decreases DNA synthesis (an index of cell proliferation) in both brain and liver. This observation is consistent with our hypothesis that endogenous CNS β-endorphin plays an important role in controlling postnatal growth. The current research specifically undertook to investigate, in 10-day-old rats, whether or not i.c. β-endorphin-evoked suppression of liver DNA synthesis is actually mediated by spinal opioid receptors and/or by descending endorphinergic pathways. In contrast to the i.c. route of administration, β-endorphin given directly into the spinal subarachnoid space via intrathecal (i.t.) injection did not alter liver DNA synthesis, yet was able to evoke profound antinociceptive responses. This demonstrates that intracisternally applied β-endorphin exerts its effect on liver DNA by acting at supraspinal sites, and not by directly stimulating spinal opioid receptors after diffusion from its intracerebral site of injection. As it is possible that β-endorphin's supraspinal actions may activate a descending inhibitory endorphinergic pathway to reduce DNA synthesis, we conducted studies in rat pups administered naloxone intrathecally. Naloxone i.t. was completely ineffective in preventing β-endorphin i.c. from inhibiting liver DNA synthesis. On the other hand, i.t. coinjection of naloxone plus β-endorphin was able to block the analgesic response, while their i.c. coinjection reversed the DNA effect. The results from these studies indicate that opioid systems within the spinal cord do not play a major role in mediating CNS β-endorphin's regulation of DNA synthesis in peripheral tissues. However, the data obtained do not necessarily exclude other spinal neurochemical systems (e.g. adrenergic or serotonergic) from participating in this process.
Growth, morphology, and laboratory culture of larvae of Balanus glandula (Cirripedia: Thoracica)

ABSTRACT Nauplii of Balanus glandula obtained from gravid adults were cultured in the laboratory. Morphological descriptions and drawings of the six naupliar stages and the cyprid are presented. The nauplii generally followed the typical developmental pattern of Balanus. Total length (mean ± two standard deviations) of the nauplii increased from 271 ± 16 μm at stage I to 745 ± 116 μm at stage VI. All naupliar stages had a trilobed labrum. Setation of the antennule followed the typical balanid pattern through development; beyond stage I both rami of the antenna and mandible had one or two fewer setae than is typical. The patterns of setation were increasingly variable through development. Within stages, the mandibular exopodite was the ramus with the most consistent setation pattern, while the mandibular endopodite had the least consistent setation pattern. For larvae cultured individually in wells of tissue culture plates, the highest daily rate of metamorphosis to the cyprid occurred 1 1 days postliberation, with 41% cumulative yield. For mass cultures the metamorphosis rate peaked 13-14 days postliberation, with 56% cumulative yield. Cyprids produced in the mass cultures after 11-12 days of growth averaged 690 ± 60 μm in length; new cyprids appearing after 15–20 days of growth averaged 590 ± 40 μm in length.
Incidence of and risk factors for pulmonary autograft dilation after Ross aortic valve replacement

Background The Ross procedure is an alternative to mechanical aortic valve replacement in the young. Early dilation of the pulmonary autograft root exposed to the systemic circulation has been reported. The aim of our study is to define the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of autograft dilation. All consecutive adult and pediatric patients who underwent Ross procedure at our institution were retrospectively reviewed for autograft dilation. Methods Between 1993 and 2005, 170 patients (mean age, 24.9 ± 15.5 years; range, 1 month to 61 years) underwent Ross aortic valve replacement: 48% were younger than 19 years old. Eighty-seven additional procedures were performed in 58 patients (34%) at the time of the Ross procedure. End points of the study were freedom from autograft dilation ( z value more than +2.0), autograft dysfunction, autograft reoperation, and autograft replacement. Results There were 2 early and 1 late deaths during a mean follow-up of 5.1 ± 3.0 years (range, 1 month to 12 years). Actuarial survival at 10 years was 98%. Autograft dilation was identified in 31 patients (19%). Regurgitation (>2+) was identified in 12 patients (7%); all 12 had autograft dilation. At 10 years, freedom from autograft dilation was 82%, freedom from autograft dysfunction was 92%, freedom from reoperation on autograft was 92%, and freedom from autograft replacement was 96%. Cox proportional hazard analysis identified preoperative aortic annulus dilation ( z value more than +2.0; p = 0.004), younger age ( p = 0.05), time of surgery (before 2001; p = 0.002), and male sex ( p = 0.01) as predictive of autograft dilation, whereas preoperative ascending aorta diameter ( p = 0.01), male sex ( p = 0.03), and postoperative systemic hypertension ( p = 0.05) were predictive of autograft dysfunction. Conclusions Significant autograft dilation is not common after the Ross procedure. Significant autograft dysfunction affects a minority of patients, but it is more prevalent in those with autograft dilation.
A role for colonic stasis in the pathogenesis of disease related to Clostridium difficile.

The records of 133 consecutive patients (65 men, 68 women; age range, 15 months to 88 years; median, 57 years) with either a positiveClostridium difficile stool culture or toxin assay from 1982 to 1984 were reviewed in order to assess the pattern of this disease in a large hospital and to examine the type of patient at risk. All patients had diarrhea and or bloody stools (121 and 36, respectively). Less specific symptoms were common. Most patients had been exposed to multiple antibiotics, but of those who had received only one agent, cephalosporins were most common (21/43). Nineteen patients had cancer chemotherapy.C. difficile toxin assay was positive in 106, culture was positive in 74, and pseudomembranes were seen in six of the 39 patients who underwent endoscopy. Treatment consisted of stopping antibiotic therapy alone (86 percent response), oral vancomycin (88 percent response) or metronidazole (82 percent response). The overall mortality rate was 23 percent, due toC. difficile colitis in three of 31 cases. Many patients were receiving medications or had other diseases associated with fecal stasis. There is much circumstantial evidence to support a role for fecal stasis in the pathogenesis ofC. difficile disease. Patients predisposed to colonic stasis who are receiving antibiotics should be considered at risk for this disease, and preventative measures should be taken to decrease stool transit times.
New X-Ray Clusters in the Einstein Extended Medium-Sensitivity Survey. I. Modifications to the X-Ray Luminosity Function

The complete ensemble of Einstein Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) X-ray images has been reprocessed and reanalyzed using a multiaperture source detection algorithm. A catalog of 772 new source candidates detected within the 38' diameter central regions of the 1435 IPC fields comprising the Extended Medium-Sensitivity Survey (EMSS) has been compiled. By comparison, 478 EMSS sources fall within the same area of sky. A randomly selected subsample of 133 fields was examined; 73 sources were detected and compared with 49 original EMSS sources in the same region of sky. We expect, on the basis of confusion statistics, that most of these sources either are the summation of two or more lower count-rate point sources that fall within the larger detection apertures or are single point sources. An optical imaging study discovered one possible cluster of galaxies among 43 identified sources, suggesting that ≤2.3% of the full catalog of sources are extrapolated to be actual distant (z ≥ 0.14) clusters whose extended X-ray structure kept them from being detected in the EMSS despite having sufficient total flux. We have constructed other subsamples specifically selected to contain those X-ray sources most likely to be clusters based upon additional X-ray and optical criteria. Both a database search and an optical imaging study of these subsamples have found several new distant clusters, setting a firm lower limit on the number of new clusters in the entire catalog. Given both the numbers of new EMSS clusters and their spectroscopic or photometric redshifts, we estimate that the original EMSS cluster sample is 72%-83% complete. We update the Henry et al. EMSS distant (z ≥ 0.14) cluster sample with more recent information and use the redshifts and X-ray luminosities for these new EMSS clusters to compute revised X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) in the three redshift shells defined by Henry et al. The addition of these new high-z, high-LX clusters to the EMSS is sufficient to remove the requirement for "negative" evolution at high LX out to z ~ 0.5. Although the best estimate of the EMSS XLF at z = 0.3-0.6 and log LX = 44.9-45.2 ergs s-1 falls 1 σ below the low-z (<0.3) XLF, the optical identification of the full 772 source catalog remains incomplete. We conclude that the EMSS has systematically missed clusters of low surface brightness. Since all X-ray cluster surveys are less sensitive to low surface brightness emission, they may also be affected.
A freiheitssatz for a class of two-relator groups

The Bass-Serre theory of graphs of groups is applied to obtain a Freiheitssatz for groups with two defining relators generalizing the classical theorem of W. Magnus. Applications of the main theorem to questions of torsion, the word problem, center, and cohomological dimension are obtained. Examples of various two-relator groups are given in order to demonstrate the nature of their behavior.
Federal Market Information Technology in the Post–FlashCrash Era: Roles for Supercomputing

This article describes collaborative work between active traders, regulators, economists, and supercomputing researchers to replicate and extend investigations of the Flash Crash and other market anomalies in a National Laboratory high-performance computing (HPC) environment. Our work suggests that supercomputing tools and methods will be valuable to market regulators in achieving the goals of market safety, stability, and security. Research results using high-frequency data and analytics are described, and directions for future development are discussed. Currently, the key mechanism for preventing catastrophic market action is “circuit breakers.” We believe a more graduated approach, similar to the “yellow light” approach in motorsports to slow down traffic, might be a better way to achieve the same goal. To enable this objective, we study a number of indicators that could foresee hazards in market conditions and explore options to confirm such predictions. Our tests confirm that volume-synchronized probability of informed trading (VPIN) and a version of the volume Herfindahl–Hirschman index (HHI) for measuring market fragmentation could have indeed given strong signals ahead of the Flash Crash event on May 6, 2010. This is a preliminary step toward a full-fledged earlywarning system for unusual market conditions.
Feasibility of regeneration of carbohydrates in a closed-circuit respiratory system

Several of the steps of a possible carbohydrate regeneration system have been investigated experimentally. Carbon dioxide separated from the cabin atmosphere would be mixed with excess hydrogen and exposed to a glow d.c. discharge in a water-cooled reactor at a pressure below atmospheric. Conversion to carbon monoxide has shown values up to 90% in a single pass. The study of the generation of formaldehyde from mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in silent discharges showed the yield to increase with flow rate, powder input, and magnetic field applied; maximum yield was obtained at unit ratio of the volume concentrations of the reactants. Formaldehyde condenses readily to sugars in slightly alkaline solutions at moderately elevated temperatures. At least 13 different sugars have been identified chromatographically. About 63-64% of one sample appeared to be hexoses; 17% of the same sample was xylose.
The Paradoxes of Protection: Aligning Against the Lord's Resistance Army

ABSTRACT Protection has risen to prominence over the past decade in fields from humanitarian practice to military operations. Its rise, however, has been characterized by a lack of clarity over what it means in practice. This article attempts to discern the politics of protection by examining a specific case: the international effort to protect civilians from the Lord's Resistance Army. It argues that the initiatives being mounted to protect civilians from the Lord's Resistance Army should be seen as efforts to constitute and experiment with new forms of transnational political authority, specifically unaccountable, militarized administration networks that bring together state, international, and substate actors and institutions.
Wallace and natural selection, 1858

In the nineteenth century, Alfred Russel Wallace was generally acknowledged as one of the founders of evolutionary theory. But, during the twentieth century, his contributions came to be neglected as Darwin worship often replaced cogent historical assessment. This is a story worth studying. It shows how scientific advances are often simultaneously made by many different individuals working independently; these advances are as much products of their intellectual context as they are of individual genius or inspiration. The story also shows the power of social background and privilege within science (how Darwin managed to avoid being pre-empted by Wallace), how scientists compete for priority, and how future generations co-opt history to suit their own purposes.
A 9-Bit 9.6GHz 1.9W Direct Digital Synthesizer RFIC Implemented In 0.18μm SiGe BiCMOS Technology

This paper presents a low power SiGe DDS MMIC with 9-bit phase and 8-bit amplitude resolution. Using more than 9600 transistors, the active area of the DDS is 2.3 × 0.7 mm2. The maximum clock frequency was measured at 9.6 GHz with 4.8 GHz Nyquist output. The DDS MMIC consumes 1.9 W power consumption under 3.3 V/4.0 V dual power supplies. The DDS achieves the best reported power efficiency figure of merit of 5.1 GHz/W. The measured SFDR is 30 dBc with 2.4 GHz outputs at the maximum clock frequency.
Fast lapped block reconstructions in compressive spectral imaging

The coded aperture snapshot spectral imager (CASSI) senses the spatial and spectral information of a scene using a set of K random projections of the scene onto focal plane array measurements. The reconstruction of the underlying three-dimensional (3D) scene is then obtained by l1 norm-based inverse optimization algorithms such as the gradient projections for sparse reconstruction (GPSR). The computational complexity of the inverse problem in this case grows with order O(KN4L) per iteration, where N2 and L are the spatial and spectral dimensions of the scene, respectively. In some applications the computational complexity becomes overwhelming since reconstructions can take up to several hours in desktop architectures. This paper presents a mathematical model for lapped block reconstructions in CASSI with O(KB4L) complexity per GPSR iteration where B≪N is the block size. The approach takes advantage of the structure of the sensing matrix thus allowing the independent recovery of smaller overlapping blocks spanning the measurement set. The reconstructed 3D lapped parallelepipeds are then merged to reduce the block-artifacts in the reconstructed scenes. The full data cube is reconstructed with complexity O(K(N4/(N′)2)L), per iteration, where N′=⌊N/B⌋. Simulations show the benefits of the new model as data cube reconstruction can be accelerated by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, the lapped block reconstructions lead to comparable or higher image reconstruction quality.
A 14-year-old girl with recurrent vulvar abscess.

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease is a relatively common condition that may present in a myriad of fashions, from the more frequently seen symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain to the less likely presentations with fistulas and abscesses. Case A 14-year-old female with a presumed diagnosis of a Bartholin's gland cyst was treated for over 1 year with both medical and surgical interventions without her symptoms ever completely resolving. It was later found that these recurring vulvar abscesses were a manifestation of Crohn's disease. Conclusion While the patient's history and physical are both very important in determining cause for pathology, we must also realize the importance of re-examining and broadening our differential diagnosis when faced with a patient who has failed multiple avenues of care.
Transport in Laser Microfabrication: Laser-assisted microprocessing

Laser chemical vapor deposition Consider a target material immersed in a reactive ambient medium. An incident laser beam may excite and dissociate the reactant molecules. Consequently, excited molecules or radicals diffuse to the solid surface and may interact with the target surface, resulting in etching or deposition. These processes are thoroughly discussed in Bauerle (2000). Figure 13.1 gives a schematic illustration of the laser-induced chemical-processing systems utilizing either direct beam incidence onto the substrate or processing via a beam propagating in a direction parallel to the substrate. Thermal or pyrolytic chemical laser processing is characterized by the rapid dissipation of the excitation energy into heat. In this case, the particular excitation mechanisms are not significant and the processing rate is chiefly determined by the induced temperature distribution. However, the physicochemical processes involved may be drastically different from the conventional “thermal-processing” treatment. This is highlighted by the extremely confined laser-beam radiant energy and hence the temperature-distribution localization to high peak temperatures and steep temperature gradients. Furthermore, pulsed-laser-induced heating rates can be very fast, reaching 10 12 K/s, even 10 15 K/s, leading to a regime where the chemical reaction deviates greatly from equilibrium. Consequently, one may expect the formation of new phases, microstructures, and morphologies through novel chemical-reaction pathways. On the other hand, photochemical or photolytic laser chemical-processing conditions apply when the thermalization of the excitation energy is slow.
T helper type 2 inflammatory disease in the absence of interleukin 4 and transcription factor STAT6

An important signaling pathway for the differentiation of T helper type 2 (TH2) cells from uncommitted CD4 T cell precursors is activation of the STAT6 transcription factor by interleukin 4 (IL-4). The protooncogene BCL-6 is also involved in TH2 differentiation, as BCL-6 −/− mice develop an inflammation of the heart and lungs associated with an overproduction of TH2 cells. Surprisingly, IL-4 −/− BCL-6 −/− and STAT6 −/− BCL-6 −/− double-mutant mice developed the same TH2-type inflammation of the heart and lungs as is characteristic of BCL-6 −/− mice. Furthermore, a TH2 cytokine response developed in STAT6 −/− BCL-6 −/− and IL-4 −/− BCL-6 −/− mice after immunization with a conventional antigen in adjuvant. In contrast to these in vivo findings, STAT6 was required for the in vitro differentiation of BCL-6 −/− T cells into TH2 cells. BCL-6, a transcriptional repressor that can bind to the same DNA binding motifs as STAT transcription factors, seems to regulate TH2 responses in vivo by a pathway independent of IL-4 and STAT6.
A database for modeling the Brookhaven AGS Booster

A database which contains both design and measured physical data for the accelerator lattice and its magnets and other components has been developed for Brookhaven's AGS (Alternating Gradient Synchrotron) Booster and its ancillary lines. This database may be connected to programs for modeling, permitting the program to use any degree of desired detail from the available data with a view toward increasingly model-based control of the accelerator. These methods are expandable to include the other machines in the AGS complex. >
Cells Expressing the Epstein-Barr Virus Growth Program Are Present in and Restricted to the Naive B-Cell Subset of Healthy Tonsils

In this paper we demonstrate, for the first time, that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells expressing the lymphoblastoid growth program are present in healthy carriers of the virus. Previously we observed that latently infected naive B cells are present in tonsils only when viral replication is detected, suggesting that these may represent newly infected B cells. We have tested this idea by performing a reverse transcription-PCR analysis for the expression of latent genes (EBNA2 and the EBNA3s) that are characteristically expressed only by newly infected cells expressing the growth latency program. EBNA2 expression is regularly detected in purified naive (IgD+) tonsillar B cells (13 of 16 tonsils tested) but was never found in the IgD− population (0 of 16). More detailed analysis revealed that the mRNAs for the latent genes EBNA1 (3 of 3 tonsils tested), EBNA3a (3 of 5), EBNA3b (3 of 5), EBNA3c (3 of 5), LMP1 (6 of 6), and LMP2 (5 of 6) were also present in the IgD+ population, but the EBNA1Q-K transcript, characteristic of nonlymphoblastoid forms of latency, was never detected (0 of 6). Finally, we demonstrate that the latently infected naive (IgD+) cells express CD80 (B7.1), a marker characteristically expressed on activated naive lymphoblasts but absent from resting naive B cells. The infected naive (IgD+) population in the tonsil therefore has the viral and cellular phenotype of a B-cell directly infected with EBV—an activated lymphoblast expressing the growth program.
AMPol: Adaptive Messaging Policy

Interoperability in a large-scale distributed system is challenged by by the diversity of node policies. We introduce AMPol (Adaptive Messaging Policy), a serviceoriented architecture that facilitates policy-aware, end-toend adaptive messaging between multiple parties. AMPol provides services for expressing non-functional QoS policies, finding them, and carrying out system extensions to adapt to them. We implement this approach with a web service middleware that allows parties to use policies for features like attachments, payment, encryption, and signatures. Our implementation demonstrates how AMPol can enhance the function of email messaging by enabling automatic deployment and use of features like cycle exhaustion puzzles, reverse Turing tests and identity based encryption without the need for global deployment or changes to the baseline messaging system.
On the order of optimal controllers in the mixed H-2/H-infinity control

It is shown that the so-called "pure" mixed H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin// optimization problem does not have a "good" solution. More precisely, a class of nonsingular "pure" mixed H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin// optimization problems (minimization of an L/sub 2/-norm subject to a Youla parameterization and an L/sub /spl infin// constraint) is considered. It is shown that, whenever the L/sub /spl infin// constraint is not redundant, the optimal controller has infinite order, and does not allow exponentially stable state space realization. >
A 5.8 GHz high gain, aperture coupled rectenna utilizing a split ring resonator filter

A high gain, aperture coupled rectifying antwenna for 5.8 GHz operation is presented which has a measured gain of 9.3 dBi and an RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of 73%. Split ring resonators (SRRs) are utilized to suppress diode harmonics.
A Bayesian approach to inferring population structure from dominant markers

Molecular markers derived from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA are an important part of the toolkit of evolutionary geneticists. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphisms allow analysis of species for which previous DNA sequence information is lacking, but dominance makes it impossible to apply standard techniques to calculate F-statistics. We describe a Bayesian method that allows direct estimates of FST from dominant markers. In contrast to existing alternatives, we do not assume previous knowledge of the degree of within-population inbreeding. In particular, we do not assume that genotypes within populations are in Hardy-Weinberg proportions. Our estimate of FST incorporates uncertainty about the magnitude of within-population inbreeding. Simulations show that samples from even a relatively small number of loci and populations produce reliable estimates of FST. Moreover, some information about the degree of within-population inbreeding (FIS) is available from data sets with a large number of loci and populations. We illustrate the method with a reanalysis of RAPD data from 14 populations of a North American orchid, Platanthera leucophaea.