cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Efflux from Permanent, Semi-Permanent, and Temporary Subalpine Ponds

Small ponds account for a disproportionately high percentage of carbon dioxide emissions relative to their small surface area. It is therefore crucial to understand carbon flow in these ponds to refine the current global carbon budget, especially because climate change is affecting pond hydrology. High elevation ponds in the Elk Mountains of western Colorado are drying more frequently as the timing of snowmelt advances. We compared CO2 concentrations and fluxes among ponds of different hydroperiods over diel sampling periods during the course of the 2017 open-water period. CO2 concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with pond depth and averaged 77.6 ± 24.5 μmol L−1 (mean ± S.E.) across all ponds and sampling events. Ponds were up to twenty times supersaturated in CO2 with respect to the atmosphere. Flux was highly variable within individual ponds but correlated with time of sampling and was highest at night. Flux averaged 19.7 ± 18.8 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 across all ponds and sampling events. We also compared flux values obtained using modeled and empirical methods and found that widely-applied models of gas exchange rates using wind-based gas exchange (K) values yielded estimates of CO2 flux that were significantly higher than those obtained using the floating chamber approach, but estimates of CO2 flux using globally averaged convection-based K values were lower than those obtained using the floating chambers. Lastly, we integrated soil vs. water efflux measurements with long-term patterns in hydrology to predict how total season-long efflux might change under the more rapid drying regimes and longer seasons that are already occurring in these systems. Because soil CO2 efflux averaged 277.0 ± 49.0 mg CO2 m−2 h−1, temporary ponds emitted 674.1 ± 99.4 kg CO2 m−2 over the course of the 2017 season from ice-out to refreezing, which was over twice as much as permanent and semi-permanent ponds. Our results emphasize that contributions of CO2 from small ponds to the global carbon budget estimates will vary with pond hydroperiod and sampling methodology, which have been overlooked given that most previous estimates were collected from limited sampling periods and from pond waters alone. Furthermore, pond CO2 contributions are predicted to increase over time as pond areas transition from efflux from water to efflux from soil.
The ancestral and industrialized gut microbiota and implications for human health

Human-associated microbial communities have adapted to environmental pressures. Doses of antibiotics select for a community with increased antibiotic resistance, inflammation is accompanied by expansion of community members equipped to flourish in the presence of immune effectors and Western diets shift the microbiota away from fibre degraders in favour of species that thrive on mucus. Recent data suggest that the microbiota of industrialized societies differs substantially from the recent ancestral microbiota of humans. Rapid modernization, including medical practices and dietary changes, is causing progressive deterioration of the microbiota, and we hypothesize that this may contribute to various diseases prevalent in industrialized societies. In this Opinion article, we explore whether individuals in the industrialized world may be harbouring a microbial community that, while compatible with our environment, is now incompatible with our human biology. In this Opinion article, Sonnenburg and Sonnenburg explore whether individuals in the industrialized world may be harbouring a microbial community that is now incompatible with human biology, and they hypothesize that the modern, industrial lifestyle has contributed to alterations in the microbiota that may be linked to the deterioration of human health.
The Economic and Interpersonal Consequences of Deflecting Direct Questions

Direct, difficult questions (e.g., Do you have other offers? How much did you make in your prior job?) pose a challenge. Respondents may incur economic costs for honestly revealing information, rep...
Building Expertise: Effects of Experience Claims on Responses to Advice:

People place more value on advice from others whom they view as expert; however, the ways in which advisors might increase perceptions of their expertise through language choice remains unclear. Th...
9 – Scalar Quantization

Publisher Summary In many lossy compression applications one requires to represent each source output using one of a small number of codewords. The number of possible distinct source output values is generally much larger than the number of codewords available to represent them. The process of representing a large—possibly infinite—set of values with a much smaller set is called “quantization.” This chapter provides a brief overview of quantization. Quantization is a very simple process. However, the design of the quantizer has a significant impact on the amount of compression obtained and loss incurred in a lossy compression scheme. In practice, the quantizer consists of two mappings: an encoder mapping and a decoder mapping. The encoder divides the range of values that the source generates into a number of intervals. Each interval is represented by a distinct codeword. The encoder represents all source outputs that fall into a particular interval by the codeword representing that interval. The decoder generates a reconstruction value. Because a codeword represents an entire interval and there is no way of knowing which value in the interval was actually generated by the source, the decoder puts out a value that, best represents all values in the interval.
How Agency Science is Under Threat

In the last four budget cycles, the Trump administration has proposed slashing funding for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency research programs. When Congress has refused, administration officials have sought to prevent, hide, and discredit research in other ways. They have been remarkably successful despite the existence of agency policies designed to protect researchers against political interference.
Use of Exposomic Methods Incorporating Sensors in Environmental Epidemiology.

The exposome is a recently coined concept that comprises the totality of nongenetic factors that affect human health. It is recognized as a major conceptual advancement in environmental epidemiology, and there is increased demand for technologies that capture the spatial, temporal, and chemical variability of exposures across individuals (i.e., “exposomic sensors”). We review a selection of these tools, highlighting their strengths and limitations with regard to epidemiological research. Wearable passive samplers are emerging as promising exposomic sensors for individuals. In conjunction with targeted and untargeted assays, these sensors enable the measurement of complex multipollutant mixtures, which can include both known and previously unknown environmental contaminants. Because of their minimally burdensome and noninvasive nature, they are deployable among sensitive populations, such as seniors, pregnant women, and children. The integration of exposomic data captured by these sensors with other omic data (e.g., transcriptomic and metabolomic) presents exciting opportunities for investigating disease risk factors. For example, the linkage of exposomic sensor data with other omic data may indicate perturbation by multipollutant mixtures at multiple physiological levels, which would strengthen evidence of their effects and potentially indicate targets for interventions. However, there remain considerable theoretical and methodological challenges that must be overcome to realize the potential promise of omic integration. Through continued investment and improvement in exposomic sensor technologies, it may be possible to refine their application and reduce their outstanding limitations to advance the fields of exposure science and epidemiology.
Ontology Development and Optimization for Data Integration and Decision-Making in Product Design and Obsolescence Management

Product development in today’s global marketplace faces many challenges and pressures. Reducing development time, increasing quality and value, and reducing cost implications throughout the life cycle are critical. Strategies for dealing with rapidly changing technologies are very real and significant issues for product development as well. For low volume long-life complex products and systems in particular, such as those utilized by military and avionics applications, rapid advances in technologies have led to an escalation of time and costs challenges as manufacturers scramble to keep up with changes brought on by the obsolescence of components embodied in such systems. While some computer-based tools have been developed to aid product design and the management of obsolescence, benefits have been limited by issues associated with integrating heterogeneous sources of distributed information and knowledge. Data conflicts, data inexplicitness, incompleteness, inconsistency, and lacking information and knowledge needs for decisions associated with the management of obsolescence and product design continue. In recent years, ontology-based methods have presented new and promising approaches to manage knowledge in engineering, integrate multiple data resources, and facilitate the consideration of complex relations among concepts and properties for decision-making. In this chapter, manual and automatic ontology development and maintenance are introduced and ontologies can be optimized through identifying potential relations among distributed ontologies. Details of an ontology-based information system for data integration and decision support are also explained. Case studies are provided to illustrate the utilization of ontology with the proposed approaches to realize efficient product design and obsolescence management.
Aricidea (Allia) bryani, a New Species of Polychaete (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Aricidea bryani, a new species of polychaete (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) belonging to the subgenus Allia Strelzov 1973, is described from shallow subtidal sediments along the northern shore of Mississippi Sound, an estuary of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The new species is distinguished from other members of the subgenus by the presence of tuberculate neuropodial lobes in the anterior 15-20 setigers, a cirriform median antenna that extends posteriorly to setiger three, and by modified neuropodial setae that are abruptly tapered at mid-length, but lack terminal aristae.
Political Violence and the Uprooted in the Horn of Africa: A Study of Refugee Flows From Ethiopia

General population movements, particularly migrations, are usually explained in terms of "push" and "pull" factors influencing individuals to leave their habitual residence and settle elsewhere. The "push" factor provides the migrant with the causal motivations to leave the old country, whereas the "pull" factor deals with the reasons to settle in a particular country (Kunz, 1973). The "pushpull" model, primarily developed for migration studies, relies mainly on the motives of the migrant. He or she is assumed to have a positive original motivation to settle elsewhere. That is, the migrant, optimistic about the future in a new social environment, is willing to leave the country of habitual residence. Once the migrant settles, his or her uncertainties are not markedly different from those of the society he or she has just joined. In contrast, the ordeal of a refugee continues at least until the refugee makes a final decision to settle permanently in the host country. Moreover, the refugee's motivations, if any, and the manner of flight are different from those of a migrant who more or less
Organizing a global coordinate system from local information on an ad hoc sensor network

We demonstrate that it is possible to achieve accurate localization and tracking of a target in a randomly placed wireless sensor network composed of inexpensive components of limited accuracy. The crucial enabler for this is a reasonably accurate local coordinate system aligned with the global coordinates. We present an algorithm for creating such a coordinate system without the use of global control, globally accessible beacon signals, or accurate estimates of inter-sensor distances. The coordinate system is robust and automatically adapts to the failure or addition of sensors. Extensive theoretical analysis and simulation results are presented. Two key theoretical results are: there is a critical minimum average neighborhood size of 15 for good accuracy and there is a fundamental limit on the resolution of any coordinate system determined strictly from local communication. Our simulation results show that we can achieve position accuracy to within 20% of the radio range even when there is variation of up to 10% in the signal strength of the radios. The algorithm improves with finer quantizations of inter-sensor distance estimates: with 6 levels of quantization position errors better than 10% are achieved. Finally we show how the algorithm gracefully generalizes to target tracking tasks.
Regulatory Review of Environmental Policy: The Potential Role of Health-Health Analysis

Health-health analysis (HHA) posits a seemingly unassailable criterion for regulatory assessment: policies intended to protect human health ought to exhibit positive health benefits. Despite the apparent logic of this criterion, it is important to ask whether it would aid in the quest for better public policies. In the context of environmental issues, we find that HHA can be useful by reminding us that it is the net health impact of a proposed regulation that can be important. However, we also find that in most applications the health impacts of regulatory compliance costs are unlikely to be significant. Conventional benefit-cost analysis ought to remain the principal tool of economic assessment of environmental laws and regulations.
Malic dehydrogenase. VII. The catalytic mechanism and possible role of identical protein subunits.

Abstract Initial rate kinetic studies of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, an enzyme previously shown to have a compulsory order mechanism (at pH 8.0 in 0.05 m Tris-acetate buffer), show that the zero order maximum initial velocity and the oxidized coenzyme dissociation constant (determined as a product inhibitor) decrease concomitantly when ketomalonate is substituted for oxalacetate as the substrate. Since substrate or product molecules are not present on the enzyme intermediate complex from which the coenzyme dissociates in the rate-determining step in the simple compulsory order mechanism, a more complex "reciprocating compulsory order mechanism" is proposed. The latter accounts for the influence of substrate structure through the participation of two identical enzyme subunits, each with a coenzyme- and substrate-binding site, which interact through substrate structure-dependent conformational changes in the enzyme. The modified mechanism can account for the influence of substrate structure on maximum initial velocity, the altered DPN dissociation constant, and inhibition of the reaction by hydroxymalonate and oxalacetate. It is speculated that the more complex model may be related to "autocontrol" of the enzyme under physiological conditions by the reaction product oxalacetate. Also, reciprocal interactions may relate to the conservation of free energy change accompanying substrate binding by coupling two reaction cycles.
An Error of Collateral: Why Selling SPX Put Options May Not be Profitable

One of the favorite exercises in financial research is to set up an investment strategy based on some criterion of interest and use historical data to test whether it would have earned excess returns. Honest testing, of course, requires trying the strategy with out-of-sample data that was not used in fitting model parameters. Typically, returns are computed relative to the cost to set up the position. For a trade like a short sale that produces a cash inflow at the outset—essentially a loan from the market—excess return is measured by the reduction in the cost of funds below the riskless borrowing rate. A strong, and rather puzzling, result found by many researchers over the years is that equity put options seem to be overpriced on average. The excess returns from writing puts appear to be higher than should be required to satisfy nearly any plausible kind of investor utility function. What this analysis does not take into account, however, is that for many such trades collateral has to be posted, and adjusted daily as the position is marked to market. In this article, Berkovich and Shachmurove consider several trading strategies involving options on the S&P index and the VIX, taking account of the amount and cost of the margin deposits required to carry the positions. They find that while the margin is pathdependent and can’t be known a priori when the trade is initiated, the effect on profitability is large, to the point that apparently high alphas from put writing can easily become negative once the actual cost of implementing the trade is fully taken into account.
Numerical Relativity for Inspiraling Binaries in Co-Rotating Coordinates: Test Bed for Lapse and Shift Equations

Gravitational-wave data analysis requires a detailed understanding of the highly relativistic, late stages of inspiral of neutron-star and black-hole binaries. A promising method to compute the late inspiral and its emitted waves is numerical relativity in co-rotating coordinates. The coordinates must be kept co-rotating via an appropriate choice of numerical relativity's lapse and shift functions. This article proposes a model problem for testing the ability of various lapse and shift prescriptions to keep the coordinates co-rotating.
Recollections of Nutrition and the Chemical Environment

Development of a nutritionist's research interests may be due to the influence of an academic advisor or colleagues, to a personal desire to fill a nutrition information gap or to clinical experience. In the account that is given of one nutritional scientist's research experiences, decision-making on lines of investigation was largely influenced by clinical observation. Goals of the investigator have been to discover why drugs cause nutrient depletion and how drugs influence nutrient requirements. The investigator justifies the need to develop special animal models in order to solve specific problems related to drug-nutrient interactions and to link biochemical changes produced by drugs to pathology.
Quantifying interactions between singlet oxygen and aquatic fulvic acids.

Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a reactive oxygen species produced by dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sunlit waters. While the production of 1O2 by DOM has been studied, little is known on interactions between 1O2 and DOM. The central objective of this work was to quantify the rate constants of reaction and quenching of 1O2 with Suwannee River and Pony Lake fulvic acids, the terrestrial and microbial end-member reference aquatic humic substances of the International Humic Substance Society. Fulvic acids were reacted with 1O2 generated through visible light irradiation of Rose Bengal. Uptake of 1O2 by the fulvic acids was followed through changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations via membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS). Results from multiple diagnostic tests for 1O2-processes in solution suggested that 64−70% of the observed uptake of oxygen by the fulvic acid solutions was due to reaction with 1O2; the remaining O2 uptake was likely due to non-1O2 processes initiated by the excited-state sensitizer. The ra...
Optimization and queueing networks: keynote 1

Recently, there has been much progress in understanding the connection between optimization and control of queueing networks. In this talk, we will focus on two applications to wireless networks. One application is to a network whose traffic consists of a mixture of persistent and transient flows. We will use the connection between Lagrange multipliers and queues to derive a new version of the max-weight scheduling algorithm which stabilizes the queues in this network. The other application is to a network with a mixture of elastic and inelastic flows where the inelastic flow's packets have strict deadlines. Again, exploiting the connection between queueing networks and optimization, we will derive a scheduling algorithm that fairly allocates the network resources among the elastic flows while ensuring that the deadline constraints are met for the inelastic flows. The talk is based on joint work with Shihuan Liu, Lei Ying and Juan Jose Jaramillo.
WE-SAMS-332-01: PET/CT: Technology Updates, Quality Assurance and Applications

In the past few years, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging has increasingly been used for the diagnosis, staging, and restaging of malignant diseases. The success of this emerging modality has primarily been due to its ability to combine the advantages of both PET and CTimaging while minimizing their separate weaknesses. One of the main advantages of PET/CT imaging is its ability to generate functional images depicting the biodistribution of radioactive compounds that are correlated with anatomical landmarks thereby increasing physicians' confidence in image interpretation and improving patient management. The aim of this lecture is to provide an overview of the basic physics principles of PET/CT imaging as well as the advantages and drawbacks of using CT for attenuation correction of PETimages. In addition, the lecture will cover the latest in design specifics of commercially available PET/CT scanners from different manufacturers as well as review PET/CT quality control and assurance techniques. Educational Objectives: 1. To learn the basic physics principles of PET/CT imaging. 2. To understand the advantages and drawbacks of using CT for attenuation correction of PETimages. 3. Become familiar with design specifics of commercially available PET/CT scanners. 4. Learn quality control and assurance techniques for PET/CT imaging.
Structural requirements for chelate antidotes for acute cadmium intoxication

Abstract Twenty-one chelating agents have been examined to determine their relative efficacy as antidotes for acute cadmium chloride intoxication when administered 20 min after the injection of cadmium chloride. In agreement with earlier studies in which cadmium salt and antidote were administered simultaneously, the most effective antidotes were the polyamino-polycarboxylates, such as DTPA, EDTA and EGTA, administered as their calcium or zinc complexes. In the case of DTPA, the administration of the compound as its zinc chelate provided no improvement in the survival rate over the calcium chelate. ZnDTPA and CaDTPA are, by a significant margin, the most effective antidotes. The efficacy of these compounds as antidotes is dependent both on the stability constants of the cadmium complexes and the toxicity of the cadmium complexes which are formed. For chelating agents of the EDTA type a very close correlation was observed between the log stability constant value of the cadmium complex and the survival ratio obtained. The correlation does not appear to extend to other structural types of antidotes under the conditions used by us. The conditions used in these studies were sufficiently severe to show that chelating agents may be effective antidotes for low level acute cadmium intoxication and yet not show any antidote activity in the procedure given here because of the inherent toxicity of the cadmium chelates themselves.
Design of Catalytically Amplified Sensors for Small Molecules

Catalytically amplified sensors link an allosteric analyte binding site with a reactive site to catalytically convert substrate into colored or fluorescent product that can be easily measured. Such an arrangement greatly improves a sensor’s detection limit as illustrated by successful application of ELISA-based approaches. The ability to engineer synthetic catalytic sites into non-enzymatic proteins expands the repertoire of analytes as well as readout reactions. Here we review recent examples of small molecule sensors based on allosterically controlled enzymes and organometallic catalysts. The focus of this paper is on biocompatible, switchable enzymes regulated by small molecules to track analytes both in vivo and in the environment.
Chemical Communication in Social Behavior of a Fish, the Yellow Bullhead (Ictalurus natalis)

Studies of behavior in yellow bullheads showed that they recognized individuals of their own species by means of pheromones. After training by reward and punishment, blinded bullheads were able to discriminate between the odors of two donor fish, but they lost this ability when deprived of their sense of smell. The main source of the intraspecific chemical stimuli involved in recognition is the mucus. A change in status after fighting was chemically communicated to other bullheads.
Measurement of Particle Density by Inertial Classification of Differential Mobility Analyzer–Generated Monodisperse Aerosols

A density measurement technique based on the selection of a monodisperse aerosol with a differential mobility analyzer followed by classification according to aerodynamic diameter with an impactor has been designed and tested. Experimental results were obtained for several laboratory aerosols (dioctyl phthalate, (NH4)2SO4, NaCl, and H2SO4 at a range of humidities) by using four different microorifice uniform deposit impactor stages with aerodynamic diameter cut-offs of 0.12–0.56 Jim. The average error in measured particle densities is 4% and a maximum error of 8% is observed for all of the materials tested except NaCl, for which the measured effective density is 14% smaller than the true density. The discrepancy for NaCl is attributed to nonspherical particle shape. The system will be applied in the future to measure the densities of submicrometer atmospheric particles. This is Particle Technology Laboratory Report No. 817.
Intonation unit analysis of conversational discourse in closed head injury

This study employed a modification of the intonation unit analysis for conversational discourse developed by Mentis and Prutting. The percentage of total intonation units produced within separate ideational categories was calculated for groups of closed head-injured and normal control subjects as well as the examiner. No significant differences were found between subject groups or the examiner's performance within the two groups. However, significant differences were noted between the examiner's production of intonation units and the performances of both subject groups. Findings suggest the manner in which samples of conversation were elicited may have constrained the context, thereby masking potential differences between groups.
Insider threat discovery using automatic detection of mission critical data based on content

In this work, we design a system that can automatically detect what is critical in data systems based upon the content and context of the information. After this process has been performed, the information it provides can be used for insider threat detection. If a DBMS is used for data access, historical logs are generally kept and our method uses these logs to detect the typical level of criticality of data that each user uses during normal work conditions. If a user suddenly attempts to access data that is much more critical than was typically accessed in the past, this is a potential sign that the insider is acting maliciously. Few attempts at locating critical data exist in the computer security literature and we argue in this work that our novel design fulfills this need in a manner that is extensible and applicable to a wide range of problems. Our results show that our design requires limited computing resources, and with proper training can be very effective at locating critical data and aiding in mitigating insider threats.
Direct Current Electrorheological Stability Determination of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions

Emulsion stability is a fundamental determination for separation technologies. We use the critical electric field (CEF) and viscosity changes in DC electrorheological (ER) experiments in dynamic mode to establish the level of stability of water-in-crude oil emulsions previously studied through bottle tests. The CEF value corresponds to the value of electric field at which the current reaches 95% or larger of the plateau value. Our results show that CEF can be obtained through current measurements and viscosity drops resulting from emulsion structure breakdown, although viscosity changes are not always a good proxy of stability. This implies that electrorheology cannot be uncritically used for static stability determination of the CEF value. Emulsion structure breakdown is explored through rheological characterization before and after voltage sweeps have been performed. When the electric field applied is below the CEF value, the storage and loss moduli response, as well as viscosity, as functions of frequency are recovered. However, when the electric field is greater than the CEF value, the emulsion structure breaks down irreversibly.
Assessing impacts on urban greenspace, waterways, and vegetation in urban planning

Parks, waterways, and vegetation enhance the well-being of urbanites and thus warrant consideration in planning and policy-making. It is, however, difficult to assess how land-use change may impact these features and how this in turn may impact well-being. I use a case-study approach to present a framework that combines geospatial and economic valuation techniques to generate indicators of the effects of land-use policies that alter these amenities on community well-being. This framework quantifies the impacts of land-use change on urban environmental amenities in a way that could help communities plan land use so as to maintain well-being as they urbanise.
Leadership: A Function of Interactive Trust

Leadership is not just an individual, but a collective activity. The qualities that describe the context within which leadership takes place are as significant as the personal characteristics of the leader. And, the leadership context is a unified, effective, harmonious culture where both leaders and followers can be free to trust the purposes, actions, and intent of others. Trust is the foundation of cooperative action between individuals and groups, nations, communities, or organizations. Leadership can only take place in such a climate of mutual, cooperative action based on common values and a common vision. Indeed, it is only when the group is unified and functioning in harmony that we can say that leadership is a part of the group dynamic.
The initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA replication initiates at many sites on each chromosome during the S phase of the cell cycle. Each origin of replication lies in a unique chromosomal environment and can be regulated in different cell types both at the level of utilization and the time of initiation during S phase. In this review, we examine the control and the mechanism of eukaryotic origin function.
A competitive Markov decision process model for the energy–water–climate change nexus

Abstract Drought-like conditions in some parts of the US and around the world are causing water shortages that lead to power failures, becoming a source of concern to independent system operators. Water shortages can cause significant challenges in electricity production and thereby a direct socioeconomic impact on the surrounding region. Our paper presents a new, comprehensive quantitative model that examines the electricity–water–climate change nexus. We investigate the impact of a joint water and carbon tax proposal on the operation of a transmission-constrained power network operating in a wholesale power market setting. We develop a competitive Markov decision process (CMDP) model for the dynamic competition in wholesale electricity markets, and solve the model using reinforcement learning. Several cases, including the impact of different tax schemes, integration of stochastic wind energy resources, and capacity disruptions due to droughts are investigated. Results from the analysis on the sample power network show that electricity prices increased with the adoption of water and carbon taxes compared with locational marginal prices without taxes. As expected, wind energy integration reduced both CO2 emissions and water usage. Capacity disruptions also caused locational marginal prices to increase. Other detailed analyses and results obtained using a 30-bus IEEE network are discussed in detail.
A theory of natural selection incorporating interaction among individuals. II. Use of related groups

The present series of studies attempts to accommodate interaction among individuals in evolutionary theory. The interaction phenomenon is characterized by two dimensions (direct and associate) of gene activity. For optimal selection results, a balance between the two dimensions must occur. In the first paper of the series, it was shown that random interactions resulted in an unbalanced selection response. The expression for gene frequency change involved direct, but not associate, effects. The next three papers of the series (II, III and IV) are designed to explore the possibility that restricting interactions to certain non-random patterns may ameliorate the problem of selection balance. In the present study the interactions are restricted to related individuals in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A preliminary analysis in which interactions are restricted to full-sibs is made. This analysis is extended to the more general case in which interactions occur among related individuals of any class whose coefficient of relationship is measured by ‘r’. The classical pairwise interaction results of Hamilton are verified and extended to include interactions among individuals in groups of arbitrary size, n. Restricting interactions to related individuals tends to improve the condition of selection balance. It does this by introducing associate effects into the expression for gene frequency change. The extent to which this is accomplished is a function of the coefficient of relationship (r), and the number of interacting genotypes.
Sex, Gender, and Pain: A Review of Recent Clinical and Experimental Findings

Sex-related influences on pain and analgesia have become a topic of tremendous scien- tific and clinical interest, especially in the last 10 to 15 years. Members of our research group pub- lished reviews of this literature more than a decade ago, and the intervening time period has witnessed robust growth in research regarding sex, gender, and pain. Therefore, it seems timely to revisit this literature. Abundant evidence from recent epidemiologic studies clearly demonstrates that women are at substantially greater risk for many clinical pain conditions, and there is some sug- gestion that postoperative and procedural pain may be more severe among women than men. Con- sistent with our previous reviews, current human findings regarding sex differences in experimental pain indicate greater pain sensitivity among females compared with males for most pain modalities, including more recently implemented clinically relevant pain models such as temporal summation of pain and intramuscular injection of algesic substances. The evidence regarding sex differences in lab- oratory measures of endogenous pain modulation is mixed, as are findings from studies using func- tional brain imaging to ascertain sex differences in pain-related cerebral activation. Also inconsistent are findings regarding sex differences in responses to pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic pain treatments. The article concludes with a discussion of potential biopsychosocial mechanisms that may underlie sex differences in pain, and considerations for future research are discussed. Perspective: This article reviews the recent literature regarding sex, gender, and pain. The growing body of evidence that has accumulated in the past 10 to 15 years continues to indicate substantial sex differences in clinical and experimental pain responses, and some evidence suggests that pain treat- ment responses may differ for women versus men. a 2009 by the American Pain Society
Agreement of the order of overall performance levels under different reading paradigms.

Rationale and Objectives To investigate consistency of the orders of performance levels when interpreting mammograms under three different reading paradigms. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective observer study in which nine experienced radiologists rated an enriched set of mammography examinations that they personally had read in the clinic (“individualized”) mixed with a set that none of them had read in the clinic (“common set”). Examinations were interpreted under three different reading paradigms: binary using screening Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS), receiver-operating characteristic (ROC), and free-response ROC (FROC). The performance in discriminating between cancer and noncancer findings under each of the paradigms was summarized using Youden's index/2+0.5 (Binary), nonparameteric area under the ROC curve (AUC), and an overall FROC index (JAFROC-2). Pearson correlation coefficients were then computed to assess consistency in the ordering of observers' performance levels. Statistical significance of the computed correlation coefficients was assessed using bootstrap confidence intervals obtained by resampling sets of examination-specific observations. Results All but one of the computed pair-wise correlation coefficients were larger than 0.66 and were significantly different from zero. The correlation between the overall performance measures under the Binary and ROC paradigms was the lowest (0.43) and was not significantly different from zero (95% confidence interval −0.078 to 0.733). Conclusion The use of different evaluation paradigms in the laboratory tends to lead to consistent ordering of the overall performance levels of observers. However, one should recognize that conceptually similar performance indexes resulting from different paradigms often measure different performance characteristics and thus disagreements are not only possible but frequently quite natural.
In situ determination of the adsorption characteristics of a zeolite membrane

Abstract A methodology based on adsorption-branch porosimetry is described for in situ measurement of the adsorption of condensable gases within the pore structure of inorganic membranes. The method is applied to the study of n-hexane and p-xylene adsorption in a high-silica, MFI zeolite membrane. The results, interpreted in terms of a simple model for competitive adsorption effects on the permeance of a non-adsorbing gas, yield Langmuir adsorption constants and Henry’s law constants for n-hexane and p-xylene that are in excellent agreement with measurements on bulk materials. The method is proposed for the fundamental study of fouling characteristics of inorganic membranes, especially in cases where a true bulk surrogate is not available.
A General Matching Theory and Its Application to Tunnel Diode Amplifiers

In this paper we generalize Youla's theory of broadband matching to include both passive and active 1-port load impedances. The design philosophy of lossless coupling networks for an active load is different from that of a passive load; however, the design theory is quite similar. The theory is illustrated in a detailed example with a tunnel diode as the active load. Both series resistance and inductance are used in the equivalent circuit representation. New results in terms of theoretical limitation on gain-bandwidth and a sufficient condition for potential stability are obtained.
Heat Recovery With Oscillating Heat Pipes

Waste-heat recovery applied in HVAC air systems is of interest to increase the energy efficiency of residential, commercial and industrial buildings. In this study, the feasibility of using tubular-shaped oscillating heat pipes (OHPs), which are two-phase heat transfer devices with ultra-high thermal conductivity, for heat exchange between counter-flowing air streams (i.e., outdoor and exhaust air flows) was investigated. For a prescribed volumetric flow rate of air and duct geometry, four different OHP Heat Exchangers (OHP-HEs) were sized via the e-NTU method for the task of sub-cooling intake air 5.5 °C (10 °F). The OHP-HE tubes were assumed to have a static thermal conductivity of 50,000 W/m·K and only operate upon a minimum temperature difference in order to simulate their inherent heat transport capability and start-up behavior. Using acetone as the working fluid, it was found that for a maximum temperature difference of 7°C or more, the OHP-HE can operate and provide for an effectiveness of 0.36. Pressure drop analysis indicates the presented OHP-HE design configurations provide for a minimum of 5 kPa. The current work provides a necessary step for quantifying and designing the OHP for waste heat recovery in AC systems.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Unique Influence of Mothers and Fathers on Their Children's Antisocial Behavior

The social development model (Catalano & Hawkins, 1996) was adapted to examine the unique influence of mothers and fathers on their children’s antisocial behavior. Analyses examined 325 families with sixth-grade children. Structural equation modeling was used to assess unique influences of constructs specific to mothers or fathers. Multiple-group comparisons were conducted to identify differences in the relationships between constructs for daughters versus sons. Results suggested that, although the relationships were often similar for both parents and for both daughters and sons, mothers and fathers uniquely influenced their child’s antisocial behavior depending on the child’s gender. Overall, cross-gender influence appeared to be particularly important for fathers’ control of their daughters’ antisocial behavior. Implications for the prevention of antisocial behavior are discussed.
Studies of metabolism in embryonic development—III. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in trout embryos☆

Abstract 1. 1. Control mechanisms permitting the accumulation of free glucose in developing trout embryos were studied. 2. 2. In cell-free extracts, free glucose increased following the rapid destruction of ATP. When the ATP level was maintained, glucose declined with appearance of lactate. 3. 3. The breakdown of glycogen was shown to be the main source of free glucose. Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate-2-C 14 and glycerol-1,3-C 14 was also demonstrated in intact embryos and in cell-free extracts. 4. 4. The level of ATP in the embryo appears to control the maintenance of a pool of free glucose, too small to support the endogenous respiration, but adequate for brief outbursts of activity.
Relative value units correlate with pediatric surgeons' operating time: when perceived myth becomes reality.

Abstract Purpose In 1992, the Congress implemented a Medicare payment system based on relative value units (RVUs). Today, RVUs are increasingly used to determine surgeon reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid, and private third-party payers. We questioned whether current RVU assignments accurately reflect the quantity of time that surgeons spend operating. Methods Over a 12-month period, 59 common pediatric operations were identified and classified as general surgery (n = 34), urology (n = 13), or minimally invasive (n = 10). Only operations performed as an outpatient or requiring less than one inpatient day of direct surgeon involvement were included. By regression analysis, correlation coefficients were generated comparing average operating time per procedure to the corresponding RVU generated. Results Of 59 specific operations, a total of 744 general surgery cases, 1155 urological cases, and 370 minimally invasive cases were performed. RVU efficiency was greatest in general surgery (1 RVU=5.18 operating minutes), followed by minimally invasive operations (1 RVU=6.80 minutes) and urological operations (1 RVU=8.59 minutes). Regression analysis proved minimally invasive operations to correlate best with RVUs with R 2 = 0.8376, followed by urology at R 2 = 0.6753, and then general surgery at R 2 = 0.649. Conclusions The RVU has emerged as the most dominant factor influencing reimbursement of practicing pediatric surgeons. Despite common surgeon bias, RVUs do correlate with current operating times. These data prove important as surgeons analyze cost, negotiate contracts, and strategically plan for fiscal success.
Systematic Angular-Correlation Studies of Positronium Formation in Silicon Dioxide Powders

Positron-annihilation angular-correlation measurements have been made on compressed silicon dioxide powders having mean particle diameters of 50, 120, and 400 \AA{}. The narrow component in the momentum distribution is much more pronounced in the 50- and 120-\AA{} powders than it is in the 400-\AA{} powder. Measurements made in vacuum reveal a narrow component in the momentum distribution which increases with increasing temperature until a saturation temperature is reached. A positronium diffusion constant has been calculated for five temperatures. Similar measurements made in oxygen show an increased narrow component with a nonsaturating temperature dependence. From these measurements a temperature-dependent oxygen enhancement factor has been determined. Both vacuum bakeout and compressing the powder were found to increase the amount of narrow component.
The road not taken: memory T cell fate 'decisions'

Two papers published recently in Science exploit new transgenic mouse systems to explore the path that activated CD8+ T cells take on the way to memory differentiation.
POST-SURGICAL PASSIVE RESPONSE OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENT TO PRIMARY TUMOR REMOVAL II: HETEROGENEOUS MODEL

An earlier mathematical model is further developed to describe the post-surgical response of the local environment to the removal of a spherical tumor in an infinite heterogeneous domain. The primary tumor is postulated to be a source of growth inhibitor prior to its removal at t=0. Closed form analytic solutions are derived, and the resulting relaxation wave arriving from the disturbed (previously steady) state is studied. The model arises from clinical observations of metastatic inhibition by angiostatin, an angiogenesis inhibitor.
Psychological Adjustment among Women Living with Genital Herpes

This study investigated the psychosocial factors that influence psychological adjustment among women with genital herpes, while taking into account the physical factors. Women with herpes (N = 105, age 18-30) completed an on-line survey about factors related to their diagnosis and herpes-related quality of life. Perceived stigma, acceptance coping, denial coping, support from the Internet, and support from religious/spiritual figures accounted for 65.9 percent of the variance in quality of life scores. The findings reveal the importance of specific coping strategies and sources of support on psychological adjustment to herpes. Furthermore, a significant interaction between stigma and acceptance coping suggests a complex relationship between these two psychosocial factors that warrants future research.
A nonparametric investigation of the 90-day t-bill rate

Abstract We employ a nonlinear, nonparametric method to model the stochastic behavior of changes in the 90-day U.S. T-bill rate. The estimation technique is locally weighted regression (LWR), a nearest-neighbor method, and the forecasting criteria are the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute deviation (MAD) measures. We compare the forecasting performance of the nonparametric fit to the performance of two benchmark linear models: an autoregressive model and a random-walk-with-drift model. The nonparametric fit results in significant improvements in forecasting accuracy as compared to benchmark linear models both in-sample and out-of-sample, thus establishing the presence of substantial nonlinear mean predictability in the 90-day T-bill rate.