cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faculty Workload and Collegial Support Related to Proportion of Part-Time Faculty Composition

Part-time faculty use has become more prevalent in higher education in response to enrollment shifts and budgetary constraints. This descriptive, exploratory study used a mailed survey to investigate whether full-time nursing faculty perceptions of workload and collegial support differ with changes in the proportion of part-time faculty in Comprehensive I baccalaureate nursing programs. Workload was measured by Dick's Workload Instrument. Collegial support was measured by the Survey of Collegial Communication, adapted by Beyer, which was based on Likert's organizational model. Schools were partitioned into three strata based on the proportion of part-time faculty employed (low, medium, and high). A 30% sample of schools were randomly selected from each stratum (10 schools from each). Within each selected school, six full-time undergraduate faculty were chosen by their respective deans to participate. The total response rate was 89.4%. The results of this study did not support assertions about part-time faculty use in the literature and existing accreditation standards. Findings indicated that there were significant differences in reported total faculty workload when varying proportions of part-time faculty are employed. Faculty in nursing programs with medium proportions of part-time faculty reported higher average total workloads per week than faculty in programs with low and high proportions of part-timers. Another finding demonstrated that full-time faculty in nursing programs with high proportions of part-time faculty spend fewer hours in direct clinical supervision of their students when compared with faculty in the other two strata. There were, however, no differences in perceived collegial support among full-time faculty participants. It was recommended that further research be conducted to investigate specific workload differences found in this study using more precise quantitative measures. Communication and collegiality between part-time and full-time faculty should be further developed and researched under more controlled conditions. Case studies of arrangements that make part-time faculty use beneficial are needed. Other variables such as leadership style, scholarly productivity, and morale and their relationship to the proportion of part-time faculty employed in the nursing program should be investigated.
Linear and Nonlinear Systems

A magnificent tool for studying the behavior of practical systems is the linear system theory.
Assessment of Natural Convection Heat Transfer in an Isochoric Thermal Energy Storage System

Most of the renewable energy sources, including solar and wind suffer from significant intermittency due to day/night cycles and unpredictable weather patterns. Energy Storage systems are required to enable the renewable energy sources to continuously generate energy for the power grid. Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is one of the most promising forms of energy storage due to simplicity and economic reasons. However, heat transfer is a well-known problem of most TES systems that utilize solid state or phase change. Insufficient heat transfer impairs the functionality of the system by imposing an upper limit on the power generation. Isochoric thermal energy storage system is suggested as a low-cost alternative for salt-based thermal energy storage systems. The isochoric thermal energy storage systems utilize a liquid storage medium and benefit from enhanced heat transfer due to the presence of buoyancy-driven flows. In this study, the effect of buoyancy-driven flows on the heat transfer characteristics of an Isochoric Thermal Energy Storage system is studied computationally. The storage fluid is molten elemental sulfur which has promising cost benefits. For this study, the storage fluid is stored in horizontal storage tubes. A computational model was developed to study the effect of buoyancy-driven flow and natural convection heat transfer on the charge/discharge times. The computational model is developed using an unsteady Finite Volume Method to model the transient heat transfer from the constant-temperature tube wall to the storage fluid. The results of this study show that the heat transfer process in Isochoric thermal energy storage system is dominated by natural convection and the buoyancy-driven flow reduces the charge time of the storage tube by 72–93%.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Performance Analysis and Simulation of GAF Algorithm in WSN

GAF is a routing algorithm based on the location of nodes in wireless sensor networks,but it doesn't describe the lower communication protocols.Firstly this paper introduces the theory of GAF in order to reflect the performance advantage of GAF,the simulation soft tool NS2 is used and the average packet delivering rate and the energy conservation are chosen to evaluate the performance of the protocols with GAF and the traditional protocols AODV,DSDV,DSR.Then the effects of these parameters on the performance are analyzed and compared by changing the node density and the number of units.The simulation result indicates that GAF algorithm has obvious advantage.
Third Sound and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements of Helium on Rubidium

We present preliminary results from an experiment in progress which seeks to study third sound propagation on clean glass and rubidiated glass for several 4 He coverages. The third sound is driven thermally and detected with thin-film zinc bolometers over the temperature range 0.100≤T≤0.670 K. Measurements of the frequency of a quartz crystal microbalance which has rubidium deposited onto one side are made through the temperature range 0.100≤T≤1.5 K for each helium coverage studied. Results of measurements for pure 4 He films, primarily for third sound, are presented for coverages≤8.52 atomic layers.
CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering

The Science And Engineering Of Thermal Spray Coatings. Author: Lech The CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering is not a traditional handhook. Engineers. Find books on mechanical engineering by doing a "Word(s) anywhere" or title search in Mirlyn. A word search CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering. 2000. the electrical engineering handbook siemens and add just a couple of clarification words more words THE CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMAL ENGINEERING.
A tailored video intervention to reduce smoking and environmental tobacco exposure during and after pregnancy: Rationale, design and methods of Baby's Breath

Low-cost interventions to decrease environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure of pregnant women and their newborns are needed to lower health risks of exposed fetuses and infants. Baby's Breath is a tailored video intervention developed and tested in a randomized controlled trial. The study aimed to test the efficacy of tailored video versus usual care approaches to reduce the ETS exposure of fetuses of low-income women during and after pregnancy; and to assess this intervention separately among non-smoking and smoking women. Participating women, recruited early in pregnancy, who spoke English, were at least 18years old, smoke exposed (current smokers, quit smoking on their own, or were exposed to smoke of others), pregnant with only one baby, and had access to a telephone and video player, were randomized to experimental or control conditions. Intervention participants received newsletters containing content aimed at smoking cessation and avoidance (5 during and 3 after pregnancy), in addition to videos (3 during and 2 after pregnancy) individually tailored on behavioral theory-based survey questions. Comparison participants received newsletters and videos on healthy pregnancy topics. Outcomes included salivary cotinine of both mother and baby (32weeks gestation and 6months postpartum) as well as self-reported ETS exposure and avoidance behaviors. This study may demonstrate the efficacy of a low-cost intervention to decrease ETS exposure, and will fill an important gap in describing the utility of this innovative intervention technology, as well as demonstration of potential benefits to this type of intervention.
Obiltoxaximab: Adding to the Treatment Arsenal for Bacillus anthracis Infection:

Objective: To review the safety and efficacy of obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody indicated for the treatment of Bacillus anthracis inhalational anthrax in adult and pediatric patients. Data Sou...
Silicification Through Time

Silicification, which requires dissolution of original shell material and precipitation of silica, is mediated by numerous biological and environmental factors. The processes and controls on silicification, the environments and conditions under which it occurs, and the temporal and spatial distribution of silicified deposits through the Phanerozoic are reviewed. Selective dissolution of original shell material in certain taxa or lithological settings results in a taphonomic bias which impacts our understanding of paleoecology and patterns of diversity over time. The temporal pattern of silicification is mediated mainly by global ocean chemistry and climate, particularly changes in carbonate solubility (the contrast in calcite and aragonite seas). On a finer scale, silicification of shelly fossils is influenced by taxonomic factors (shell mineralogy, organic material in the soft tissues and within the shell, shell ultrastructure) and by depositional factors (from porewater geochemistry, lithology, porosity, permeability, position within a stratigraphic sequence and basin characteristics, to global ocean chemistry). Silicification is more prevalent in the Paleozoic than in younger strata. The relationship between the abundance of silicified faunas, the greenhouse/icehouse signal, and fluctuations in carbonate rock volume are complex; the observed pattern may reflect sampling of exceptionally preserved silicified faunas rather than a global signal in silicification. The influence of shifts in biodiversity, in carbonate skeletons susceptible to silicification, and siliceous skeletons that provide a source of silica, remains to be determined.
Multicenter, Prospective Study of Prehospital Administration of Analgesia in the U.S. Combat Theater of Afghanistan

Background: Published data on prehospital medical care in combat is limited, likely due to the chaotic and unpredictable nature of care under fire and difficulty in documentation There is limited d...
The Ethical Consequences of Goal Commitment and Moral Disengagement in the Pursuit of High Goals

Despite growing interest in the connection between high performance goals and unethical behavior, few studies have explored the mechanisms through which goals influence unethicality. In this paper,...
Should We Care About Short-Term Readmissions After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention?

Since the publication of the landmark analysis in 2009 by Jencks et al1 demonstrating that one sixth of Medicare beneficiaries were readmitted within 30 days after hospitalization, accounting for billions of dollars in potentially preventable expenditures, reducing unplanned early rehospitalization has become a national priority.2 With the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services established the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program, which incentivizes hospitals to curtail readmissions by penalizing those with excess 30-day readmission rates after index hospitalizations involving acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, or pneumonia.3,4 The payment incentives were subsequently expanded in 2014 to include patients admitted with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, total hip, or total knee arthroplasty and subsequently in 2015 to include patients admitted for coronary artery bypass grafting.4 Although the program has resulted in a decline in hospital readmissions among Medicare beneficiaries,5–7 there continues to be ongoing debate about the impact of hospital incentives for readmission reduction on overall patient outcomes, including mortality.8,9 See Article by Tripathi et al Although readmissions after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were not initially considered for measurement by the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program, the recognition that PCI was 1 of 7 procedures accounting for a third of overall readmission costs with substantial variation between hospitals1 led the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in 2013 to initiate voluntary reporting of risk-standardized readmission rates for National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI registry participating hospitals as part of a pilot program.10 Although a hospital’s readmission rates were determined from Medicare fee-for-service claims, patient demographics and clinical variables were obtained by linkage to the CathPCI registry, a process that enabled more refined risk adjustment but precluded extension of the program …
Bayesian estimation of labor demand by age: theoretical consistency and an application to an input–output model

Extended input–output models require careful estimation of disaggregated consumption by households and comparable sources of labor income by sector. The latter components most often have to be esti...
Concurrent estimates of carbon export reveal physical biases in ΔO2/Ar-based net community production estimates in the Southern California Bight

Abstract Net community production (NCP) represents the amount of biologically-produced organic carbon that is available to be exported out of the surface ocean and is typically estimated using measurements of the O 2 /Ar ratio in the surface mixed layer under the assumption of negligible vertical transport. However, physical processes can significantly bias NCP estimates based on this in-situ tracer. It is actively debated whether discrepancies between O 2 /Ar-based NCP and carbon export estimates are due to differences in the location of biological production and export, or the result of physical biases. In this study, we calculate export production across the euphotic depth during two months of upwelling in Southern California in 2014, based on an estimate of the consumption rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the dissolved: total organic carbon consumption ratio below the euphotic depth. This estimate equals the concurrent O 2 /Ar-based NCP estimates over the same period that are corrected for physical biases, but is significantly different than NCP estimated without a correction for vertical transport. This comparison demonstrates that concurrent physical transport estimates would significantly improve O 2 /Ar-based estimates of NCP, particularly in settings with vertical advection. Potential approaches to mitigate this bias are discussed.
Labeling the Mentally Retarded: A Reply to Laurence B. McCullough

Philosophers understandably have a fondness for conceptual muddles; once uncovered and set straight, they cause seemingly intractable problems to vanish, ill-conceived theories to collapse and light to shine where darkness had reigned — all without one’s having to leave one’s philosophical armchair.
Development of mucosal humoral immune responses in germ-free (GF) mice.

GF mice can be effectively mono-associated with gram-negative bacteria Morganella morganii. This colonization results in hypertrophy of Peyer’s patches (PP), including germinal center reactions (GCR), and the development of specific IgA responses detected in vitro in PP fragment cultures. IgA antibody against the phosphocholine (PC) determinant characterizes this response. Although the mucosal response to M. morganii develops in 14 days, colonization with another, related gram-negative bacteria-proteus spcs., fails to elicit GCR or IgA antibody responses over a period of weeks. However, oral administration of cholera toxin (CT) during this period results in a prompt mucosal immune response vs. both the CT as well as the commensal bacteria. We are employing a T-B clonal microculture to quantitate and determine the kinetics of development of specific IgA pre-plasmablasts and memory B cells in relation to GCRs.
1-[3-(Diethylamino)phenyl]ethyl (DEAPE): A Photolabile Protecting Group for Hydroxyl and Carboxyl Groups

Herein we demonstrate that the photolabile protecting group (PPG), the 1-[3-(diethylamino)-phenyl]ethyl (DEAPE) group, has dramatically different photochemical properties from the parent 3-(diethylamino)benzyl (DEABn) PPG. The new PPG, derived from DEABn by adding a methyl group to the benzylic carbon, has similar reactivity as DEABn in releasing alcohol in MeCN/water; however, it is more efficient than DEABn in releasing carboxylic acid. In particular, it can release carboxylic acid efficiently in aprotic solvents and the PPG itself converts to 3-diethylaminostyrene. Photochemical removal of DEAPE can also be conveniently carried out with sunlight. The results in this work suggest that there probably exist multiple reaction pathways in cleaving the benzylic C–O bond and they can be affected by the benzylic substitution and the reaction conditions.
Estimated Population Size of Men Who Have Sex with Men, San Francisco, 2017.

Current population size estimates of communities at risk for HIV are needed to adequately plan interventions and care. We update the estimated number of men who have sex with men (MSM) living in San Francisco. Multiple data sources and approaches, including population growth, registered HIV cases, wisdom of the crowd, and a published estimate on the proportion of adults who are MSM were used for estimation. The several estimates were synthesized into a final figure with acceptable bounds using a Bayesian method. We project 69,974 (acceptable bounds 65,523–74,323) MSM are living in San Francisco as of the beginning of 2017. The population of MSM in San Francisco has increased by 19.4% since 2014.
Use of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 at the C1-C2 Lateral Articulation without Posterior Structural Bone Graft in Posterior Atlantoaxial Fusion in Adult Patients.

Background Posterior atlantoaxial fusion is an important armamentarium for neurosurgeons to treat several pathologies involving the craniovertebral junction. Although the potential advantages of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) are well documented in the lumbar spine, its indication for C1-C2 fusion has not been well characterized. In our institution, we apply rhBMP-2 to the C1-C2 joint either alone or with hydroxyapatite, locally harvested autograft chips, and/or morselized allogenic bone graft for selected cases—without conventional posterior structural bone graft. We report the clinical outcomes of the surgical technique to elucidate its feasibility. Methods We performed a single-center, retrospective review of data from 2008 to 2016 and identified 69 patients who had undergone posterior atlantoaxial fusion with rhBMP-2. The clinical records of these patients were reviewed, and the baseline characteristics, operative data, and postoperative complications were collected and statistically analyzed. Results The average age of the 69 patients was 60.8 ± 4.5 years, and 55.1% were women. With an average follow-up period of 21.1 ± 4.2 months, the C1-C2 fusion rate was 94.3% (65 of 69), and the average time to fusion was 11.4 ± 2.6 months (range, 5–23). The overall reoperation rate was 10.1% (7 of 69), with instrumentation failure in 7 patients (10.1%), adjacent segment disease in 2 (2.9%), and postoperative dysphagia and dyspnea in 2 patients (2.9%). No ectopic bone formation or soft tissue edema developed. Conclusions Although retrospective and from a single center, our study has shown that rhBMP-2 usage at the C1-C2 joint without posterior structural bone grafting is a safe and reasonable surgical option.
Chapter 40 – Cancer – Solid Tumors

This chapter presents an evaluation of the immune response to cancer. Highly quantitative measures of T cell immunity to tumor antigens revolutionized the approach to the clinical application of immune based therapies and even the baseline assessment of tumor specific Immunity. Enzyme linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT), cytokine flow cytometry (CFC), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramer assays are reproducible and can be performed in most immunologic laboratories. These methods of analysis allow a more detailed evaluation of the immune response to cancer, facilitating prioritization of a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches. Evaluation of cytokine production or expression after antigenic stimulation via ELISPOT or CFC and assessment of a clonal T cell response in terms of measuring T cell binding to particular MHC-peptide complexes are standard immunologic tools for measuring human tumor-specific T cell immunity. An assessment of cellular immunity based on antigen specific cytokine production and on direct enumeration of T cells specific for a particular peptide-MHC complex is also presented. Additional parameters of immunity that may predict clinical response are discussed.
Validation of Human MDR1-MDCK and BCRP-MDCK Cell Lines to Improve the Prediction of Brain Penetration

Abstract It is of great challenge to predict human brain penetration for substrates of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), 2 major efflux transporters at blood-brain barrier. Thus, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with the incorporation of in vitro MDR1 and BCRP transporter function data and transporter protein expression levels has been developed. As such, it is crucial to generate MDR1 and BCRP substrate data with a high fidelity. In this study, 2 widely used human MDR1 cell lines from Borst and National Institutes of Health laboratories were evaluated using rodent brain penetration data, and the study suggested that the MDR1 expressed in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line from National Institutes of Health laboratory predicted brain penetration better, particularly for compounds with a high passive permeability. In addition, human BCRP-MDCK cell line with 1 μM PSC833, a specific MDR1 inhibitor, demonstrated the ability to identify BCRP substrates without the confounding of endogenous canine Mdr1. Comparison of human BCRP and mouse Bcrp transporter functions revealed that the functional differences of BCRP between the 2 species is minimal. The incorporation of both the validated MDR1 and BCRP assays into our brain PBPK model has significantly improved the prediction for the brain penetration of MDR1 and BCRP substrates across species.
Optimal Care for NAS: Are We Moving in the Wrong Direction?

The growing numbers of infants born to women with opioid use disorder (OUD) and experiencing neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), and the increasing costs of their care,1 has led to a reassessment of prevailing approaches to clinical treatment. Emerging protocols that reduce assessment to limited domains of infant functioning are being adopted and advanced, raising several concerns. NAS is a “generalized multisystem disorder”2 causing a dysregulation of the central and autonomic nervous systems that manifests in a variety of physiologic and neurobehavioral signs, unique to each infant, in the domains of sleep-awake control, motor and/or muscle tone, autonomic functioning, and sensory processing and/or modulation.3 Conventional NAS care incorporates nonpharmacologic treatment (ie, the assessment of the variable dysregulation in specific domains of infant functioning particular to each infant, assessment of maternal capacities to understand and address them, and alterations to the environment and handling to minimize dysregulation with maternal support and education)3 as the principal, first-line therapy for any substance-exposed infant.4 Pharmacotherapy is indicated for infants displaying persistently impaired functioning despite maximal, individualized nonpharmacologic treatment. NAS scoring tools, such as the Finnegan tool5 and variants traditionally used to guide the introduction and weaning of pharmacotherapy, have weaknesses such as subjective scoring and scoring of items that can be attributed to typical newborn behaviors or other conditions, potentially leading to overtreatment and lengthy hospitalizations. A new approach, the Eat, Sleep, Console (ESC) assessment tool, combined simultaneously with other interventions, including the “nonpharmacologic care bundle(s),” attention to maternal needs, and alterations in pharmacotherapy, is being recently promoted. The ESC approach forgoes the identification and/or description of NAS-associated signs and symptoms …
Indications for Ureteroscopy: Guidelines

With advances in endoscopic technology and technique, the indications for ureteroscopy have expanded in the last few decades, resulting in an increase in utilization of ureteroscopy for the management of upper tract stones worldwide. We review the current literature and clinical guidelines for the indications for ureteroscopy, recognizing a role for ureteroscopy in the treatment of larger renal calculi, bilateral kidney stones, and stones in pregnancy, horseshoe kidneys, obese patients and those with bleeding diatheses.
Planarity and out-of-plane vibrational modes of tryptophan and tyrosine in biomolecular modeling

Tryptophan and tyrosine are amino acids that play significant roles in the folding processes of proteins at water–membrane interfaces because of their amphipathic heteroaromatic rings. Employing appropriate heteroaromatic molecular structures is essential for obtaining accurate dynamics and predictive capabilities in molecular simulations of these amino acids. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations that applied the most recent version of the CHARMM36 force field were conducted on aqueous solutions of tryptophan and of tyrosine. Geometric analysis and dynamics quantified how aromatic rings deviated from planar structures and exhibited out-of-plane fluctuations. Radial distribution functions showed possible biological significance because the extent of ring planarity slightly affected local water concentrations near aromatic rings. Instantaneous all-atom normal mode analysis (NMA) and Fourier transformation of time autocorrelation functions of out-of-plane displacements were applied to study out-of-plane vibrations of atoms in these rings. The NMA started with minimum energy configurations and then averaged over fluctuations in aqueous solution. The frequencies and frequency patterns that were obtained for tryptophan and tyrosine with CHARMM36 differed from literature reports of Raman spectra, infrared spectra, and frequencies calculated using quantum mechanics, with some out-of-plane modes found at higher frequencies. Effects of imposing improper torsion potentials and changing torsion angle force constants were investigated for all atoms in the rings of tryptophan and tyrosine. Results show that these coarse force field variations only affect planarity and out-of-plane vibrations of atoms within the rings, and not other vibrations. Although increasing improper torsion force constants reduced deviations from aromatic ring planarity significantly, it increased out-of-plane mode frequencies. Reducing torsion angle force constants (with and without improper torsions) shifted modes to lower frequencies. A combination of decreasing most torsion angle force constants for ring atoms in both amino acids and including improper torsion forces attained frequencies and frequency patterns for out-of-plane normal modes that were more similar to the literature spectra. These force field variations decreased the extents of out-of-plane vibrations within the heteroaromatic rings of tryptophan, especially around the nitrogen atom in the ring, but not within the heteroaromatic ring of tyrosine. Conclusions were unaffected by the peptide endgroup, water, or simulation ensemble.
Murine Model of Maternal Immunization Demonstrates Protective Role for Antibodies That Mediate Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in Protecting Neonates From Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2.

BACKGROUND Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease results in unacceptable morbidity and mortality. The primary humoral immune response to natural infection is neutralizing antibodies (Abs). However, Abs that activate Fc gama receptors (FcγRs) and mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) may play a dominant role in protection. In adult mice, a single-cycle HSV candidate vaccine deleted in glycoprotein-D (ΔgD-2) that induces ADCC provided complete protection against HSV disease and prevented the establishment of latency. Passive transfer studies showed that Abs were sufficient for protection. The current study tested the hypothesis that maternal immunization with ΔgD-2 would protect neonates. METHODS C57BL/6 female mice were vaccinated 3 weeks apart with ΔgD-2, and pups were challenged at different times postnatally with lethal doses of HSV-1 or HSV-2. Concentration and functionality of Abs and immune cells were assessed. RESULTS Maternal ΔgD-2 immunization provided significant protection and reduced viral dissemination after lethal challenge with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Protection correlated with Abs acquired transplacentally or from breastmilk that mediated ADCC. Protection was reduced when pups were challenged on Day 1 of life, and this was associated with decreased ability of newborn cells to mediate Ab-dependent cell killing. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies mediating ADCC provide significant protection against neonatal HSV.
Early Identification of Acute Lung Injury in a Porcine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock

Abstract Background Acute lung injury (ALI) is a frequent complication after severe trauma. Lung-protective ventilation strategies and damage control resuscitation have been proposed for the prevention of ALI; however, there are no clinical or laboratory parameters to predict who is at risk of developing ALI after trauma. In the present study, we explored pulmonary inflammatory markers as a potential predictor of ALI using a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock. Materials and methods Female swine were randomized to mechanical ventilation with low tidal volume (VT) (6 mL/kg) or high VT (12 mL/kg). After equilibration, animals underwent pressure-controlled hemorrhage (mean arterial pressure [MAP] 35 ± 5 mmHg) for 1 h, followed by resuscitation with fresh whole blood or Hextend. They were maintained at MAP of 50 ± 5 mmHg for 3 h in the postresuscitation phase. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were collected hourly and analyzed for inflammatory markers. Lung samples were taken, and porcine neutrophil antibody staining was used to evaluate the presence of neutrophils. ELISA evaluated serum porcine surfactant protein D levels. Sham animals were used as negative controls. Results Pigs that underwent hemorrhagic shock had higher heart rates, lower cardiac output, lower MAPs, and worse acidosis compared with sham at the early time points (P Conclusions Our study demonstrates the reproducibility of a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock that is consistent with physiologic changes in humans in hemorrhagic shock. Pulmonary neutrophil infiltration may serve as an early marker for ALI; however, the practicality of this finding has yet to be determined.
Nationwide Trends in Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Artery Stenting in the Post-CREST Era.

Background and Purpose— The CREST (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial) demonstrated equivalent composite outcomes between carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery...
Reaction π − p → γ γ n at 3.65 GeV c

New results are presented for the reactions ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{m}^{0}n$ at 3.65 $\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$, where ${m}^{0}$ represents $\ensuremath{\eta}$ or ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ decaying to $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$. We have seen 31 ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ events over a small background, leading to a branching ratio $\frac{({\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma})}{({\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{all})}={0.020}_{\ensuremath{-}0.006}^{+0.008}$. Over 2000 $\ensuremath{\eta}$ events were observed, and the differential cross section exhibits a dip at \char22{}$t=1.5{(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{2}$.
Toddler emotion expressions and emotional traits: Associations with parent-toddler verbal conversation

The present study examines how toddler emotions may influence their own or their parents' participation in parent-toddler verbal conversation. Limited, indirect evidence suggests that toddler positive emotions may encourage, whereas negative emotions may disrupt, parent-toddler verbal exchanges, but these hypotheses have not been tested directly. We investigated two aspects of toddler emotions- their emotion expressions and their emotional traits- and examined their relations with parent-toddler verbal conversation engagement. In a sample of families with 18-month-olds (N = 120), we used live, unstructured home observations of toddler emotion expressions and spontaneous parent-toddler verbalizations, and collected parent ratings of toddler temperament. We found that less surgent toddlers who expressed more frequent negative emotion attempted fewer verbalizations. Among all toddlers, those expressing positive emotion received more frequent parent verbal responses, and, unexpectedly, more failed parent attempts to engage their toddler in conversation. Parent-initiated conversation was unrelated to toddler emotion expressions or emotional traits. We discuss how best to integrate the study of early emotional and language development from a transactional perspective.
VFbed: An Architecture for Testbed-as-a-Service for Vehicular Fog-based Systems

In recent years, vehicles are becoming smart with sensing, computing, and communication capabilities. Hence, different vehicular networking paradigms are becoming popular in numerous use cases related to vehicle safety and driving assistance. Before incorporating into real-world vehicles, these applications must be tested and validated. However, developing and testing vehicular applications are challenging for newer computing paradigms such as vehicular fog, due to high cost and maintenance issues to run the applications on real vehicles in various traffic scenarios. Understanding and modeling the network protocol is also tricky for the same reason. In this paper, we have proposed VFbed, a vehicular fog testbed to allow easy and secure access to researchers for running experiments on vehicular fog architecture. In our proposed testbed, we have used wheeled robots to represent real vehicles for generating different traffic scenarios, which can be used to test various vehicular fog applications and network protocols. We have also provided a rating based incentive model for the testbed devices to draw the interest of the testbed providers.
Testing the Impact of Novel Assessment Sources and Machine Learning Methods on Predictive Outcome Modeling in Undergraduate Biology

High levels of attrition characterize undergraduate science courses in the USA. Predictive analytics research seeks to build models that identify at-risk students and suggest interventions that enhance student success. This study examines whether incorporating a novel assessment type (concept inventories [CI]) and using machine learning (ML) methods (1) improves prediction quality, (2) reduces the time point of successful prediction, and (3) suggests more actionable course-level interventions. A corpus of university and course-level assessment and non-assessment variables (53 variables in total) from 3225 students (over six semesters) was gathered. Five ML methods were employed (two individuals, three ensembles) at three time points (pre-course, week 3, week 6) to quantify predictive efficacy. Inclusion of course-specific CI data along with university-specific corpora significantly improved prediction performance. Ensemble ML methods, in particular the generalized linear model with elastic net (GLMNET), yielded significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) values compared with non-ensemble techniques. Logistic regression achieved the poorest prediction performance and consistently underperformed. Surprisingly, increasing corpus size (i.e., amount of historical data) did not meaningfully impact prediction success. We discuss the roles that novel assessment types and ML techniques may play in advancing predictive learning analytics and addressing attrition in undergraduate science education.
Chronic inferior vena cava filter thrombosis presenting with low back pain and radiculopathy: Treatment with thrombolysis, filter removal, and stenting.

Abstract Background Epidural venous congestion secondary to inferior vena cava (IVC) stenosis is a well-documented cause of low back pain and radiculopathy secondary to compressive effects from the epidural veins, decreased tissue perfusion, and resultant ischemia. Methods Single patient case report. Case description We report a unique case of a 62-year-old male with low back pain secondary to IVC stenosis from a chronically occluded IVC filter. The patient's pain resolved with endovascular removal of the occluded filter and recanalization of the IVC. Conclusion We demonstrated that by treating the underlying cause of secondary epidural venous engorgement (occluded IVC filter in this case), the patient experienced resolution of back pain and radiculopathy.
Vector and Tensor Spaces

The combination of an additive abelian group with a ring yields a module, and a particular type of module is a linear vector space—one of the most ubiquitous mathematical structures across all branches of physics. After defining vector spaces, the first part of this chapter describes inner products, linear functionals, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization for both coordinate and function spaces, and Hilbert spaces. This is followed by a discussion that parses the sometimes-blurry distinctions among the various types of sums and products for vector spaces. Tensors and tensor spaces are introduced, with the focus in this chapter on the metric tensor; antisymmetric tensors are discussed in Chap. 7. The chapter concludes with a discussion of cosets and quotient spaces.
Anaplastic Astrocytoma

Standard treatment of anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) in good performance patients consists of maximal safe surgical resection followed by focal, fractionated, external beam radiotherapy (RT) alone or in combination with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ). Since prospective data regarding the use of chemoradiotherapy for AA is lacking, the practice is based on the extrapolation of results from a randomized study in glioblastoma (GB). Whether the data from the GB study can and should be extrapolated is controversial, although a large multicenter, randomized, phase III study is underway to define optimal initial AA treatment. Patients should be tapered off corticosteroids completely or to the lowest dose necessary to treat neurologic dysfunction. Anti-epileptic drugs (AED) are not indicated unless there is a history of seizure; levetiracetam is the preferred AED in malignant glioma (MG). Unless there is evidence of intracranial hemorrhage, venous thromboembolism (VTE) should be treated with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) therapy. At recurrence, patients with good performance status are usually treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy following, or in lieu of, repeat surgery. TMZ is the preferred chemotherapeutic agent in patients without prior exposure; lomustine is recommended for tumors resistant to TMZ. In patients with neurologic dysfunction secondary to tumor edema and mass effect who are not amenable to surgery, the use of bevacizumab is associated with improved neurologic function and better quality of life. Given the limited treatment options at tumor recurrence, consideration for enrollment on a clinical trial is encouraged.
Current and Emerging Medical Therapies for Dizziness.

Medical therapies for dizziness are aimed at vertigo reduction, secondary symptom management, or the root cause of the pathologic process. Acute peripheral vertigo pharmacotherapies include antihistamines, calcium channel blockers, and benzodiazepines. Prophylactic pharmacotherapies vary between causes. For Meniere disease, betahistine and diuretics remain initial first-line oral options, whereas intratympanic steroids and intratympanic gentamicin are reserved for uncontrolled symptoms. For cerebellar dizziness and oculomotor disorders, 4-aminopyridine may provide benefit. For vestibular migraine, persistent postural perceptual dizziness and mal de debarquement, treatment options overlap and include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants and calcium channel blockers.
Cultural Issues in Psychiatric Administration and Leadership

This paper addresses cultural issues in psychiatric administration and leadership through two issues: (1) the changing culture of psychiatric practice based on new clinician performance metrics and (2) the culture of psychiatric administration and leadership in light of organizational cultural competence. Regarding the first issue, some observers have discussed the challenges of creating novel practice environments that balance business values of efficient performance with fiduciary values of treatment competence. This paper expands upon this discussion, demonstrating that some metrics from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, the nation’s largest funder of postgraduate medical training, may penalize clinicians for patient medication behaviors that are unrelated to clinician performance. A focus on pharmacotherapy over psychotherapy in these metrics has unclear consequences for the future of psychiatric training. Regarding the second issue, studies of psychiatric administration and leadership reveal a disproportionate influence of older men in positions of power despite efforts to recruit women, minorities, and immigrants who increasingly constitute the psychiatric workforce. Organizational cultural competence initiatives can diversify institutional cultures so that psychiatric leaders better reflect the populations they serve. In both cases, psychiatric administrators and leaders play critical roles in ensuring that their organizations respond to social challenges.
Regional trends in crude birth, death, and natural increase rates in Russia and the USSR: 1897-1989.

"This paper establishes and discusses briefly regional patterns and trends in crude birth, death, and natural increase rates in Russia and the USSR from the turn of the century to 1989. The study is based on a comparable regional framework and placed in the context of the demographic transition theory. It discusses sources, collection, and quality of data, as well as necessary estimating procedures. An attempt also is made to examine briefly regional age-standardized rates."
An Anti-WKB Approximation

In the WKB approximation the $\nabla^2S$ term in Schrodinger's equation is subordinate to the |\nabla S|^2 term. Here we study an anti-WKB approximation in which the $\nabla^2 S$ term dominates (after a guess for S is supplied). Our approximation produces only the nodeless ground state wavefunction, but it can be used in potential problems where the potential is not symmetric, and in problems where there are many degrees of freedom. As a test, we apply the method to potential problems, including the hydrogen and helium atoms and to $\phi^4$ field theory.
Health Insurance Costs and Young Firms

A common argument in the US health policy debate is that rising health insurance costs, coupled with the tying of insurance to employers, inhibits the survival and growth of entrepreneurial firms. Economic theory suggests that these costs may indeed adversely affect small businesses: the firms may be unable to pass on to employees the full cost of benefits due to downward nominal wage rigidities or labor market competition with large firms. I use the Kauffman Firm Survey of businesses beginning formal operations in 2004 to measure the effects of rising health costs on firm survival, employment growth, and propensity to offer insurance in each subsequent year. I exploit variation in insurance premia over time and across states, instrumenting for endogenous premium growth using insurance market regulation and tort reform. Estimates suggest that firms facing higher growth in health costs are more likely to offer insurance, possibly due to the higher value of insurance when potential loss rises. I find no significant effect of rising health costs on firm survival or employment growth and can rule out large negative effects.
Evaluating Plan Recognition Systems: Three Properties of a Good Explanation

Plan recognition in a dialogue system is the process of explaining why an utterance was made, in terms of the plans and goals that its speaker was pursuing in making the utterance. I present a theory of how such an explanation of an utterance may be judged as to its merits as an explanation. I propose three criteria for making such judgments: applicability, grounding, and completeness. The first criterion is the applicability of the explanation to the needs of the system that will use it. The second criterion is the grounding of the explanation in what is already known of the speaker and of the dialogue. Finally, the third criterion is the completeness of the explanation's coverage of the goals that motivated the production of the utterance. An explanation of an utterance is a good explanation of that utterance to the extent that it meets these three criteria. In addition to forming the basis of a method for evaluating the merit of an explanation, these criteria are useful in designing and evaluating a plan recognition algorithm and its associated knowledge base.
Social Conceptions of the Corporation: Insights from the History of Shareholder Voting Rights

The diversity of voting rules in today's corporations indicates that power is distributed among shareholders in a great variety of ways, but current theories of the corporation have little to say about this diversity. For insight into the significance of different ways of distributing power among shareholders and the social conceptions of the corporation that they imply, this Article develops a historically-grounded framework for evaluating the political import of shareholder voting rights. Sketching out the history of shareholder voting rights since the early nineteenth century, it shows how the distinctive meaning of the twentieth-century term "shareholder democracy" grew out the vertical power relations that had come to characterize American corporations by mid-century. To recalibrate our understanding of horizonal power relations, this Article explores a handful of controversies over voting rules in the nineteenth century. Finally, it applies this more nuanced understanding to present-day voting rules and suggests that competing social conceptions of the corporation are as alive today as they were in the nineteenth century.