cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cis-regulatory logic simulator.

Background A major goal of computational studies of gene regulation is to accurately predict the expression of genes based on the cis-regulatory content of their promoters. The development of computational methods to decode the interactions among cis-regulatory elements has been slow, in part, because it is difficult to know, without extensive experimental validation, whether a particular method identifies the correct cis-regulatory interactions that underlie a given set of expression data. There is an urgent need for test expression data in which the interactions among cis-regulatory sites that produce the data are known. The ability to rapidly generate such data sets would facilitate the development and comparison of computational methods that predict gene expression patterns from promoter sequence.
Thermal stability of functionalized carbon nanotubes studied by in-situ transmission electron microscopy

The thermal stability of funtionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been studied experimentally by direct in-situ observations using a heating stage in a transmission electron microscope, from room temperature (RT) to about 1000 °C. It was found that the thermal stability of the functionalized CNTs was significantly reduced during the in-situ heating process. Their average diameter dramatically expanded from RT to about 500 °C, and then tended to be stable until about 1000 °C. The X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis suggested that the diameter expansion was associated with coalescence of the carbon structure instead of deposition with additional foreign elements during the heating process.
Topical permeation enhancers efficiently deliver polymer micro and nanoparticles to epidermal Langerhans' cells

Needle-free, cutaneous delivery of vaccines is particularly attractive not only due to high patient compliance and safety, but also because skin is a highly immuno-active organ containing large numbers of antigen presenting Langerhans' cells (LCs). The ability to efficiently deliver particulate vaccine carriers into the skin epidermis would allow direct targeting of antigens to LCs and generate strong systemic immunity. Here we show, through extensive histological and kinetic studies, that biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) particles can be efficiently delivered into the epidermis using optimized, permeation enhancing, topical formulations. Fluorescence microscopy of frozen sections and immuno-stained epidermal sheet preparations demonstrated that efficacy of particle penetration increased with decreasing particle size. Interestingly, different enhancers showed different kinetics of penetration although their peak efficacies were comparable. Furthermore, the delivered particles were associated with or were present inside epidermal LCs indicating successful targeting to antigen presenting cells. These results implicate that topical formulations of micro and nanoparticles could provide efficient needle-free cutaneous delivery of particle-based vaccine carriers.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and suicidal behavior in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder

combined, the combined treatment is not likely to lead to full remission (100%). To assess an antidepressant’s efficacy, which was probably lower in the Sachs et al. study, the study’s design should have included a pure placebo arm. The study, however, followed the ethical principle of equipoise, which states that should be genuine uncertainty on the preferred treatment when designing interventional studies.
5-HT3 receptor function and potentiation by alcohols in frontal cortex neurons from transgenic mice overexpressing the receptor

Abstract The function of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 3 receptors was examined by whole-cell patch-clamp recording in dissociated frontal cortex neurons from 5-HT 3 receptor overexpressing transgenic, and wild-type mice. The effect of acute exposure to alcohols on the 5-HT 3 receptor-mediated ion current was also investigated. The 5-HT 3 receptors expressed on frontal cortex neurons in transgenic mice were activated by 5-HT and a selective 5-HT 3 receptor agonist, 2-methyl–5-HT. This current was blocked by zacopride, a specific 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist. Dissociated frontal cortex neurons from wild-type mice exhibited little or no 5-HT 3 receptor-mediated current. Ethanol (EtOH) and trichloroethanol (TCEt) potentiated the function of 5-HT 3 receptors overexpressed in transgenic mice. This is the first evidence that 5-HT 3 receptors exhibit sensitivity to alcohols when expressed by a central neuron.
Application of hp-adaptive BE/FE methods to elastic scattering

Abstract The investigation focuses on the development of hp -adaptive methods for simulation of acoustical scattering problems. The present formulation is based on steady-state linear elasticity equations coupled with the Burton-Miller integral equation, representing the behavior of a surrounding acoustical medium. The highlights of the proposed approach include: • • a mathematically consistent variational formulation of the problem. • • an hp -adaptive FE/BE approximation based on standard Galerkin methods. • • an element by element solver. • • a residual-based, a posteriori error estimate. • • an hp -adaptive strategy. Particular attention is given to asymptotic convergence and to a comparison of theory and numerical simulations.
Vertical integration in the malting barley industry: A "silver bullet" for coors?

The Coors Brewing Company owns a single-site, integrated malting facility and brewery in Golden, Colorado; a second brewery in Memphis, Tennessee; and a mixing facility in Elkton, Virginia. Coors operates a research and development program that breeds barley varieties suitable for malting at the Golden site. Coors contracts with 900 growers in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming for approximately 160,000 acres of malting barley. This case study is designed for senior- and graduate-level courses in agribusiness management. The case relates three theories of vertical coordination to Coors' decision to contract 100% of its malting barley requirements.
Comparison of the quality of life after conventional versus off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.

Purpose: Numerous studies have focused on off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (off-pump CABG) morbidity and mortality outcomes, but few looked at the patient's perception of the technique and its effect on postoperative quality of life (QOL). We investigated and compared postoperative QOL in patients who had undergone either conventional or off-pump CABG myocardial revascularization. Methods: During a six-month period, 191 patients who underwent CABG surgery were prospectively studied through preoperative and six-month postoperative short-form 36 (SF-36) general health status surveys. One hundred-sixteen (60.7%) off-pump CABG patients and 75 (39.3%) conventional on-pump CABG patients were enrolled. Results: Sixteen (13.8%) off-pump patients reported improvement in physical score QOL, 84 (72.4%) reported no change, and 16 (13.8%) reported a decrease. In comparison, 20 (80.0%) patients in the on-pump CABG group reported an improvement in QOL, 42 (56.0%) were unchanged, and 13 (17.3%) reported deterioration (p = 0.28). For postoperative change in mental score, 19 (16.4%) off-pump patients reported an improvement, 85 (73.3%) stayed unchanged, and 12 (10.3%) reported a decrease compared with 8 (10.7%) conventional CABG patients reporting improvement, 60 (80.0%) showing no change, and 7 (9.3%), having a score decline (p = 0.52). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 2.2, 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.08 to 4.40, p = 0.03) and multivessel coronary artery disease (OR 2.1, 95% CI, 1.11 to 4.13, p = 0.02) emerged as independent predictors of worse physical score component score. Diabetes was associated with an improved physical score component score after CABG (OR 0.4, 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.76, p = 0.01), regardless of the surgical approach. Conclusion: This prospective study reveals no significant differences in the expected QOL at six months after either on-pump or off-pump CABG. Patients with hypertension and multivessel coronary artery disease were more likely to have worse, while patients with diabetes have improved physical score component scores six months after CABG.
Selective aortic arch perfusion during cardiac arrest: a new resuscitation technique.

Study objectives: To demonstrate the technique of selective aortic arch perfusion during cardiac arrest and to observe the hemodynamic effects of volume infusion and aortic epinephrine administration. Design: Sequential series, nonrandomized, noncontrolled. Type of participants: Fourteen mongrel dogs weighing 21 to 36 kg. Interventions: Animals had midaortic arch pressure, right atrial pressure, and descending aortic arch balloon occlusion catheters placed. After ten minutes of ventricular fibrillation, balloon inflation and aortic arch infusions were initiated as follows: group 1 (six), 30 mL/kg/min of 0.9% NaCl for two minutes; group 2 (four), 30 mL/kg/min of oxygenated lactated Ringer's with 2 mg/L epinephrine for two minutes, followed by CPR; and group 3 (four), 20 mL/kg/min of oxygenated perfluorochemicals with 4 mg/L epinephrine for one minute, then CPR. Measurements and main results: Midaortic arch pressure, right atrial pressure, and coronary perfusion pressure each rose significantly in all groups. Midaortic arch pressure and coronary perfusion pressure increases were greater in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. In groups 1 and 2, right atrial pressure increases at end-selective aortic arch perfusion were excessive as midaortic arch pressure and right atrial pressure increased linearly and similarly after 20 to 30 seconds. In groups 2 and 3, CPR-diastolic midaortic arch pressure and coronary perfusion pressure after selective aortic arch perfusion were good and similar to midaortic arch pressure and coronary perfusion pressure at end-selective aortic arch perfusion. Conclusion: Selective aortic arch perfusion is technically feasible, but excessive right atrial pressure increases limit maximal infusion rates and volumes. Selective aortic arch perfusion infusates with epinephrine produce greater midaortic arch pressure and coronary perfusion pressure during infusion than infusate without epinephrine. Controlled studies are needed to determine if selective aortic arch perfusion improves resuscitation outcome.
Organic formation damage control and remediation

Organic skin damage in oil producing wells is a major factor in the loss of productivity and revenue. Paraffin and asphaltene deposition in the formation and around the well bore creates a barrier for the transportation of the crude oil to the tubing. Many producing wells have experienced a production decline that can not be explained by reservoir depletion. Organic damage may occur naturally or through various intervention practices used in the oilfield. An increased awareness of the potential for ongoing organic damage has been developing slowly over time. Better methods of problem identification and programs to remediate these problems have been developed in recent years. The potential sources of organic damage, problem identification test techniques, chemical selection and application methods are discussed. Numerous case histories for a variety of problems are also presented.
Rabbit nasal cytochrome P-450 NMa has high activity as a nicotine oxidase

Rabbit nasal olfactory and respiratory microsomes demonstrate high activity toward [3H]-(S)-nicotine, with specific activities of 22.2 and 6.5 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The major metabolite produced is (S)-nicotine delta 1'; 5'-iminium ion, with lesser amounts of nornicotine and the N'-oxide. Reconstitution of the rabbit nasal microsomal system with cytochromes P-450 NMa and NMb indicated that only P-450 NMa has significant activity toward nicotine, and the metabolite profile and turnover are similar to that observed with nasal microsomes. The low Km (35 microMs) and high Vmax (28 min-1) suggest that a significant portion of inhaled nicotine is metabolized by nasal tissues in the rabbit.
Antiapoptotic function of RNA-binding protein HuR effected through prothymosin α

We report the antiapoptotic effect of RNA-binding protein HuR, a critical regulator of the post-transcriptional fate of target transcripts. Among the most prominent mRNAs complexing with HuR is that encoding prothymosin α (ProTα), an inhibitor of the apoptosome. In HeLa cells, treatment with the apoptotic stimulus ultraviolet light (UVC) triggered the mobilization of ProTα mRNA to the cytoplasm and onto heavier polysomes, where its association with HuR increased dramatically. Analysis of a chimeric ProTα mRNA directly implicated HuR in regulating ProTα production: ProTα translation and cytoplasmic concentration increased in HuR-overexpressing cells and declined in cells in which HuR levels were lowered by RNA interference. Importantly, the antiapoptotic influence engendered by HuR was vitally dependent on ProTα expression, since use of oligomers that blocked ProTα translation abrogated the protective effect of HuR. Together, our data support a regulatory scheme whereby HuR binds the ProTα mRNA, elevates its cytoplasmic abundance and translation, and thereby elicits an antiapoptotic program.
Dynamic Data Structures for a Direct Search Algorithm

The DIRECT (DIviding RECTangles) algorithm of Jones, Perttunen, and Stuckman (Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 157–181, 1993), a variant of Lipschitzian methods for bound constrained global optimization, has proved effective even in higher dimensions. However, the performance of a DIRECT implementation in real applications depends on the characteristics of the objective function, the problem dimension, and the desired solution accuracy. Implementations with static data structures often fail in practice, since it is difficult to predict memory resource requirements in advance. This is especially critical in multidisciplinary engineering design applications, where the DIRECT optimization is just one small component of a much larger computation, and any component failure aborts the entire design process. To make the DIRECT global optimization algorithm efficient and robust on large-scale, multidisciplinary engineering problems, a set of dynamic data structures is proposed here to balance the memory requirements with execution time, while simultaneously adapting to arbitrary problem size. The focus of this paper is on design issues of the dynamic data structures, and related memory management strategies. Numerical computing techniques and modifications of Jones' original DIRECT algorithm in terms of stopping rules and box selection rules are also explored. Performance studies are done for synthetic test problems with multiple local optima. Results for application to a site-specific system simulator for wireless communications systems (S4W) are also presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic data structures for an implementation of DIRECT.
THE TRANSFORMATION TEAM: AN ENABLING STRUCTURE FOR ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING IN ACTION

The majority of work occurring in human service organizations (HSOs) today, is ameliorative in nature, leaving the original sources of problems in our communities or society unchanged. The current tendency is to unreflectively reproduce these ameliorative practices that at best are superficially addressing a problem, and at worst are perpetuating the issues our communities face. In this paper we bring in two key concepts from Organizational Theory to inform Community Psychology theory and practice: reflective practice and organizational learning. We demonstrate the necessity of critically reflective practice in HSOs to promote learning, critical consciousness and critical community practice, in order to create more transformative rather than ameliorative practices. Utilizing our learning from three case studies, we propose the use of a Transformation-team (T-team) model as an enabling structure for reflective practice and organizational learning. Outlining benefits as well as eight necessary conditions of a successful T-team, we delve into the possibilities that such an organizational structure can offer our HSOs.
Work in progress — The next step for cubism in education: from abstract concepts to a classroom based implementation

The introduction and adaptation of cubism for engineering education, with the aim of creating a multidimensional learning environment, was recently proposed by Mina M. (2006). In a cubist environment, technology is employed to offer different perspectives of the same subject, multi- faceted teaching styles and strategies are incorporated to suit different learning styles, and the material and construction of the course are tailored to the student's need. In this paper, we report on our experience in developing a limited implementation of a cubistic experience for electrical engineering students in an electromagnetism course and at the freshman level. We also discuss how to utilize the concepts of cubism-expressed through audio, video, electronic notes, the Internet, and other technology-to create exciting and engaging lectures, motivate the students to learn and remember, and develop interest and passion about engineering and learning.
Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Dynamics in a Phosphorus Enriched Everglades Marsh

A field study was conducted in a nutrient-impacted marsh in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A) of the Everglades in southern Florida, USA, to evaluate early stages of plant litter (detritus) decomposition along a well-documented trophic gradient, and to determine the relative importance of environmental factors and substrate composition in governing decomposition rate. Vertically stratified decomposition chambers containing native plant litter (cattail and sawgrass leaves) were placed in the soil and water column along a 10-km transect coinciding with a gradient of soil phosphorus (P) enrichment. Decomposition rate varied significantly along the vertical water–soil profile, with rates typically higher in the water column and litter layer than below the soil surface, presumably in response to vertical gradients of such environmental factors as O2 and nutrient availability. An overall decrease in decomposition rate occurred along the soil P gradient (from high- to low-impact). First-order rate constant (k) values for decomposition ranged from 1.0 to 9.2 × 10−3 day−1 (mean = 2.8 ×10−3 day−1) for cattails, and from 6.7 × 10−4 to 3.0 × 10−3 day−1 (mean = 1.7 × 10−3 day−1) for sawgrass. Substantial N and P immobilization occurred within the litter layer, being most pronounced at nutrient-impacted sites. Nutrient content of the decomposing plant tissue was more strongly correlated to decomposition rate than was the nutrient content of the surrounding soil and water. Our experimental results suggest that, although decomposition rate was significantly affected by initial substrate composition, the external supply or availability of nutrients probably played a greater role in controlling decomposition rate. It was also evident that nutrient availability for litter decomposition was not accurately reflected by ambient nutrient concentration, e.g., water and soil porewater nutrient concentration.
A diffuse interface approach to Hele-Shaw flow

A diffuse interface model for the one-phase Hele–Shaw problem is derived from a gradient flow characterization due to Otto (1998 Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 141 63). The resulting dynamical model yields a generalized form of Darcy's law, and reduces to a degenerate version of the well-known Cahn–Hilliard equation. Formal asymptotics illustrate the connection to the classical Hele–Shaw free boundary problem. Some example computations are carried out to demonstrate the flexibility of the modelling framework.
Criteria for correction of quadratic field-dependent aberrations.

Aberrations of imaging systems can be described by using a polynomial expansion of the dependence on field position, or the off-axis distance of a point object. On-axis, or zero-order, aberrations can be calculated directly. It is well-known that aberrations with linear field dependence can be calculated and controlled by using the Abbe sine condition, which evaluates only on-axis behavior. We present a new set of relationships that fully describe the aberrations that depend on the second power of the field. A simple set of equations is derived by using Hamilton’s characteristic functions and simplified by evaluating astigmatism in the pupil. The equations, which we call the pupil astigmatism criteria, use on-axis behavior to evaluate and control all aberrations with quadratic dependence on the field and arbitrary dependence on the pupil. These relations are explained and are validated by using several specific optical designs.
Community of inquiry as a theoretical framework to foster epistemic engagement and cognitive presence in online education

In this paper, several recent theoretical conceptions of technology-mediated education are examined and a study of 2159 online learners is presented. The study validates an instrument designed to measure teaching, social, and cognitive presence indicative of a community of learners within the community of inquiry (CoI) framework [Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2, 1-19; Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7-23]. Results indicate that the survey items cohere into interpretable factors that represent the intended constructs. Further it was determined through structural equation modeling that 70% of the variance in the online students' levels of cognitive presence, a multivariate measure of learning, can be modeled based on their reports of their instructors' skills in fostering teaching presence and their own abilities to establish a sense of social presence. Additional analysis identifies more details of the relationship between learner understandings of teaching and social presence and its impact on their cognitive presence. Implications for online teaching, policy, and faculty development are discussed.
Geometric modeling and electromagnetic analysis of electrical windings for pulsed alternators

Pulsed alternators are state-of-the-art machines that require analytical design tools with a high level of fidelity. To meet the design needs, accurate modeling and analysis methods of the electrical windings of the machines have had to be developed. This paper will present a technique for creating accurate geometric models of racetrack style electrical windings, as well as a means of using these models to perform electromagnetic load analysis of the windings. This will begin with discussion of how one would convert a two-dimensional developed layout of a racetrack style winding into a full three-dimensional model. Using a similar technique, a model can be created for use in an electromagnetic (EM) analysis package. The results from this analysis can then be used to apply the resulting loads back onto the geometric model for mechanical analysis.
Taking the task seriously: Reflections on measures of color acquisition

The experiments described in the lead articles by Kowalski and Zimiles and by O'Hanlon and Roberson examine factors that lead to color term acquisition. These experiments touch on the debate regarding the relative contributions of language and concepts in word learning. In this reflection, we examine how conclusions concerning the debate depend deeply on the particular task presented to children, and we propose an alternative approach to studying color term acquisition.
MP52-13 ESTROGEN RECEPTOR α IN CANCER ASSOCIATED FIBROBLASTS SUPPRESSES PROSTATE CANCER INVASION VIA MODULATION OF THROMBOSPONDIN-2 AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 3

The prostate cancer (PCa) microenvironment contains active stromal cells known as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) that may play important roles in influencing tumor progression. Here we studied the role of CAF estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and found that it could protect against PCa invasion. Immunohistochemistry on prostatectomy specimens showed that PCa patients with ERα-positive stroma had a significantly lower risk for biochemical recurrence. In vitro invasion assays further confirmed that the stromal ERα was able to reduce PCa cell invasion. Dissection of the molecular mechanism revealed that the CAF ERα could function through a CAF–epithelial interaction via selectively upregulating thrombospondin 2 (Thbs2) and downregulating matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) at the protein and messenger RNA levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further showed that ERα could bind to an estrogen response element on the promoter of Thbs2. Importantly, knockdown of Thbs2 led to increased MMP3 expression and interruption of the ERα mediated invasion suppression, providing further evidence of an ERα–Thbs2–MMP3 axis in CAF. In vivo studies using athymic nude mice injected with 22Rv1 PCa epithelial cells and CAF cells ± ERα also confirmed that mice coimplanted with PCa cells and CAF ERα+ cells had less tumor foci in the pelvic lymph nodes, less metastasis, and tumors showed less angiogenesis, MMP3, and MMP9 (an MMP3 downstream target) positive staining. Together, these data suggest that CAF ERα could play protective roles in suppressing PCa metastasis. Our results may lead to developing new and alternative therapeutic approaches to battle PCa via controlling ERα signaling in CAF.
Meiotic Alterations in CAG Repeat Tracts

We have investigated meiotic changes in CAG repeat tracts embedded in a yeast chromosome. Repeat tracts undergo either conversion events between homologs or expansion and contraction events that appear to be confined to a single chromatid. We did not find evidence for conversion of tract interruptions or excess exchange of flanking markers.
The space warfighter network for today and tomorrow

To be warfighting ready in the information era requires implementing concepts like "operationalising and professionalising the network" (OPTN). Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) needs skilled, trained network operators implementing the policies and procedures to keep information flowing and commanders knowledgeable on the status of their networks. Warfighters need to be guaranteed the ability to make timely and accurate decisions in peacetime, where dollars count, and in wartime, where lives and our national freedom count. Warfighters must also have the confidence that their warning and command information will reach their source in all forms of conflict. They'll be able to protect a nation because they'll be able to wage war in the information era. The value of information in the 21/sup st/ Century has been likened to the value of petroleum in WW II-it's an economically essential commodity that will define the dominant powers of the century.
Asymptotic analysis of a class of three-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian systems near stable equilibria

Abstract A conservative near-integrable Hamiltonian dynamical system is examined, which to leading order consists of three uncoupled harmonic oscillators with constant frequencies in the ratio 1:2:α for certain rational α. Formally, the problem considered can arise by perturbing any three-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian near a stable equilibrium point, so that the Hamiltonian consists of a power series expansion in a small parameter, where successive terms are homogeneous polynomials of increasing degree in the coordinates and the momenta. The special case of two exact simultaneous resonances, one in the first perturbation term and one in the second, is examined and explicit asymptotic solutions are obtained. The solution procedure involves reducing the original Hamiltonian to two degrees of freedom using one integral of the motion; then transforming to standard form to find two additional adiabatic invariants by near-identity averaging canonical transformations. A specific example is studied numerically to verify the asymptotic validity of the results over long times.
Primary Development and Participation in a Foreign Antigen-Driven Immune Response of a Chromatin-Reactive B Cell Clonotype Are Not Influenced by TLR9 or Other MyD88-Dependent TLRs

Recent findings support a central role for TLRs in both foreign Ag-driven immune responses and systemic autoimmune diseases mediated by B lymphocytes. In vitro studies have shown that the Ag receptors (BCRs) on B cells specific for nuclear autoantigens can facilitate the delivery of these autoantigens to the endocytic compartment, resulting in activation of the nucleic acid-specific TLRs present in this subcellular locale. If this pathway is operative in vivo it might promote the development, survival, or activation of such autoreactive B cells. To test this idea, we evaluated the influence of a deficiency in the CpG DNA-specific TLR, TLR9, or all MyD88-dependent TLRs on the primary development and foreign Ag-driven immune response of B cells in a line of VH knockin mice that contains a high frequency of “dual reactive” B cells specific for DNA-based autoantigens such as chromatin, as well as the hapten arsonate. We found that although development and activation of these B cells in vitro are clearly influenced by DNA-based autoantigens, TLR9 or MyD88 deficiencies had no apparent effect on the primary development and participation in the anti-arsonate response of these B cells in vivo. We discuss these results in the context of previous models for the role of TLR9 and other TLRs in the regulation of antinuclear Ag B cell development and activity.
Fast time-resolved aerosol collector: proof of concept

Abstract. Atmospheric particles can be collected in the field on substrates for subsequent laboratory analysis via chemically sensitive single particle methods such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis. With moving substrates time resolution of seconds to minutes can be achieved. In this paper, we demonstrate how to increase the time resolution when collecting particles on a substrate to a few milliseconds to provide real-time information. Our fast time-resolved aerosol collector ("Fast-TRAC") microscopically observes the particle collection on a substrate and records an on-line video. Particle arrivals are resolved to within a single frame (4–17 ms in this setup), and the spatial locations are matched to the subsequent single particle analysis. This approach also provides in-situ information on particle size and number concentration. Applications are expected in airborne studies of cloud microstructure, pollution plumes, and surface long-term monitoring.
A differentiated services approach: response time performance analysis of QoS application to real-time interactive multimedia over the Internet

The growth of the Internet and the intranets and the availability of low cost broadband services are now making multimedia applications over the Internet a viable option. Interactive real-time multimedia applications such as video over IP, voice over IP, Web learning among others, require guaranteed and predictable QoS. The introduction of differentiated services (DiffServ or DS) mechanism as a low cost simple model on Internet routers has immediate impact on critical-mission applications with respect to QoS and traffic engineering (TE). Differentiated services provides for aggregate traffic to be classified and conditioned at the edge of the network routers on the basis of performance. Core routers simply deal with scheduling and processing traffic aggregates only. (Most of the computations are done at the edges). We evaluate the performance of a new service model based on differentiated services approach. Real-time interactive multimedia traffic simulated under different traffic conditions. A performance comparison of the new service model routing method to the existing IP routers are done using OPNET simulator.
Exploring the role of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study.

Background: Although the etiology of Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has not been determined, genetic polymorphism in key genes, including SLC11A1, and association with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) have been reported. We hypothesize that molecular mimicry between MAP Heat shock protein 65 K (Hsp65) and human Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 K (GAD65) may be the trigger leading to autoimmune destruction of beta cells in patients exposed to MAP. Method: Peptide sequences of MAP Hsp65 and human GAD65 were investigated for amino acid sequence homology and cross reactivity. A total of 18 blood samples from T1DM and controls were evaluated for the presence of MAP. Results: Peptide BLAST analysis revealed a 44% overall identity between MAP Hsp65 and GAD65 with 75% positives in a 16 amino acid region. PyMOL 3D-structural analyses identified the same 16 amino acid region as a potential epitope for antibody binding. Preliminary data suggests a cross reactivity between MAP Hsp65, and a healthy rat pancreatic tissue homogenate against plasma from T1DM patients and rabbit polyclonal anti-MAP IgG. Long-term culture of human blood resulted MAP detection in 3/10 T1DM and 4/8 controls whereas MAP IgG was detected in 5/10 T1DM samples and 3/8 non-diabetic controls. Conclusion: The high degree of homology between GAD65 and MAP Hsp65 in an antigenic peptide region supports a possible mycobacterial role in triggering autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells in T1DM. Reactivity of T1DM patient sera with MAP Hsp65 supports this finding. Culture of MAP from the blood of T1DM patients is intriguing. Overall, the preliminary data are mixed and do not exclude a possible role for MAP in T1DM pathogenesis. A larger study including well-characterized controls is needed to investigate the intriguing question of whether MAP is associated with T1DM or not?
Seasonal differences in the vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties over rural Oklahoma

Abstract. A small airplane made 597 aerosol optical property (light absorption and light scattering) vertical profile measurements over a rural Oklahoma site between March 2000 and December 2007. The aerosol profiles obtained during these 8 yr of measurements suggest significant seasonal differences in aerosol loading (scattering and absorption). The highest amounts of scattering and absorbing aerosol are observed during the summer and the lowest loading occurs during the winter. The relative contribution of aerosol absorption is highest in the winter (i.e., single scattering albedo is lowest in winter), particularly aloft. Aerosol absorption generally decreased with altitude below ~1.5 km and then was relatively constant or decreased more gradually above that. Aerosol scattering decreased sharply with altitude below ~1.5 km but, unlike absorption, also decreased at higher altitudes, albeit less sharply. Scattering Angstrom exponents suggest that the aerosol was dominated by sub-micron aerosol during the summer at all altitudes, but that larger particles were present, especially in the spring and winter above 1 km. The seasonal variability observed for aerosol loading is consistent with AERONET aerosol optical depth (AOD) although the AOD values calculated from in situ adjusted to ambient conditions and matching wavelengths are up to a factor of two lower than AERONET AOD values depending on season. The column averaged single scattering albedo derived from in situ airplane measurements are similar in value to the AERONET single scattering albedo inversion product but the seasonal patterns are different – possibly a consequence of the strict constraints on obtaining single scattering albedo from AERONET data. A comparison of extinction Angstrom exponent and asymmetry parameter from the airplane and AERONET platforms suggests similar seasonal variability with smaller particles observed in the summer and fall and larger particles observed in spring and winter. The observed seasonal cycle of aerosol loading corresponds with changes in air mass back trajectories: the aerosol scattering was higher when transport was from polluted areas (e.g., the Gulf Coast) and lower when the air came from cleaner regions and/or the upper atmosphere.
Human embryos and the language of scientific research.

(2004). Human Embryos and the Language of Scientific Research. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 6-7.
Magnetic Heating Analysis for Nanoparticle Systems With Low Tc Suitable for Magnetic Hyperthermia

Quality magnetic heating nanoparticle systems made of ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic materials were developed for hyperthermia treatment of cancer. Magnetic nanoparticles were prepared from a mixture of magnetic and non magnetic elements using, mainly, co-precipitation process (chemical methods). The nanoparticles were developed in ternary systems, with zinc gadolinium iron (Znx Gdy Fe) and manganese zinc iron (Mnx Zny Fe) alloys with different concentrations. The nanoparticle systems developed generate sufficient heat at room temperature and stops heating at the measured Curie temperature Tc . The power dissipated from nanoparticle systems was calculated from the area enclosed by the hysteresis loop. A mathematical formula for the calculation of heating power was derived and showed to be in good agreement with those calculated from hysteresis loop and calorimetric methods.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Abstract 2706: Patients with the Malignant Profile Within 3 Hours of Symptom Onset have Very Poor Outcomes Following IV tPA Therapy

Background: The “Malignant profile” is an MRI pattern that is associated with poor outcomes (mRS 5-6) following reperfusion in the 3-6 hr time window. The aim of this study was to estimate the inci...
Malcolm X at the Oxford Union

This article examines Malcolm X’s affirmation at the Oxford Union of the proposition put forward by US Senator Barry Goldwater at the Republican National Convention in 1964: ‘Extremism in the defen...
Porous double-walled metal triazolate framework based upon a bifunctional ligand and a pentanuclear zinc cluster exhibiting selective CO2 uptake.

The self-assembly of a custom-designed bifunctional ligand featuring both 1,2,3-triazolate and carboxylate donor groups with a pentanuclear zinc cluster generated in situ affords a double-walled metal triazolate framework (MTAF) material, MTAF-1 (Zn5(μ3-O)2(C9N3H5O2)5(H+)4(H2O)17(C3H7NO)10), which exhibits a surface area of 2300 m2/g and demonstrates interesting selective CO2 uptake performances.
Retrospective polysomnographic analysis of sleep-disordered breathing in children with Down syndrome

Objective Otolaryngologic or ear, nose,and throat(ENT)problems are common in children with Down syndrome. In this retrospective study, we aimed to compare the sleep architecture and principal variables of polysomnography(PSG) between children with Down syndrome and other children without sleep-disordered breathing and Down syndrome, and to determine the characteristics of sleep architecture and principal variables of PSG in children with Down syndrome.Methods From 2005 to 2007, ten children with Down syndrome were enrolled in Down group(male:7 vs female:3). The median patient age were 8 years and 2 months old, with a range of 7 years and 8 months to 9 years and 11 months. With the median age of 8 years and 9 months, fourteen children with vocal nodule and six children with sudden deafness were enrolled in control group from 2004 to 2007. All children underwent overnight PSG monitoring. The children in control group with sleep-disordered breathing and Down syndrome were excluded. The sleep architecture and obstructive apnea index(OAI), hypopnea index(HI), lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO2), arousals index and leg movement index were compared between the Down group and control group. Respiratory event and OSAHS were diagnosed according to the general criterion (Draft of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (Urumqi) published in Chin J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg in february, 2007). An apnea-hypopnea index greater than 5times/hr or obstructive apnea index greater than 1 times/hr and lowest oxygen saturation less than 92% were required for defining the presence of OSAHS. Chromosome karyotyping assay was used to dignose the Down syndrome.Results ①The two groups were matched for gender, age and body mass index(P0.05)。②When compared with that of control group, the stageⅠ%,StageⅡ%, StageⅢ% and StageⅣ% of Down group were not significantly different. The rapid eye movement%(REM%) of the Down group was 11.3% while REM% of control group was 20.5%. The decrease of REM% was significantly different between the Down group and the control group(Z=-2.6,P=0.009﹚.③An increase of OAI, HI and leg movement index and decrease of SaO2 in Down group were more significant than that in control group(median: 5.6, 3.8, 18.8, 61 versus median: 0.27, 0.63, 7.6, 94 )(P0.05﹚.The median arousals index of the Down group was 13.7 while that of control group was 6.2, however, the difference of arousals index between the Down group and the control group was not significant(Z=-0.441, P=0.659).④All Down syndrome children had respiratory pauses during sleep, 6 of them justfied the diagnosis of OSAHS. Five of the 6 children were boys.Conclusions Sleep-disordered breathing could be observed in children with Down syndrome. Baseline PSG was recommended in children with Down syndrome. However, larger and more detailed population studies were requried to further define an association between OSAHS and Down syndrome(age,sex,etc.).
Application of Impulse Oscillometry Lung Function in Children with Bronchial Asthma

Objective To investigate the clinical application and diagnostic value of impulse oscillometry lung function in children with bronchial asthma. Methods Sixty children(36 children in acute attack group,24 children in clinical remission group)with bronchial asthma were selected,and 20 healthy children were taken as healthy control group.The lung function situation was detected by Master Screen impulse oscillometry device. Results The outcome of the R5,R20,R5-R20 the negative of X5,Zrs and Fres in acute attack group [(1.28±0.31),(0.85±0.13),(0.43±0.23),(-0.59±0.19),(1.42±0.37) Kap·L-1·s-1 and(25.32±3.00) Hz]were higher than those in clinical remission group[(0.81±0.11),(0.56±0.24)(0.23±0.99),(-0.27±0.08),(0.86±0.11) Kap·L-1·s-1 and(20.41±1.98) Hz]and healthy control group[(0.63±0.03),(0.48±0.23),(0.27±0.11),(-0.23±0.05),(0.52±0.21) Kap·L-1·s-1and(14.30±0.85) Hz](Pa0.001).The outcome of the R5,Zrs and Fres in clinical remission group were higher than those in healthy control group(t=6.79,6.80,12.83,Pa0.001),but there was no statistical significance in R20,R5-R20 and X5 in the 2 groups(t=1.14,1.33,1.79,Pa0.05). Conclusions Impulse oscillometry can provide various objective indicators to bronchial asthma in acute attack and clinical remission stage,and can be used as a method in detecting pulmonary function and monitoring therapy of bronchial asthmatic children.
Agonist-induced changes of [Ca2+]i and membrane currents in single bovine aortic endothelial cells

Cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) possess an inward rectifier K+ current (IK1), a Ca(2+)-activated K+ current, a nonselective cation current (INS), and a Ca(2+)-activated Cl- current; however, their relative roles remain to be established. In single BAECs, cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) [K5-fura 2 (50 microM), ratio 340/380 nm] was measured simultaneously with whole cell currents at 22 degrees C. Bradykinin (BK, 2 microM), ATP (10 microM), ionomycin (100 nM), or 2,5-di-(tert-butyl)-1,4-benzohydroquinone (10 microM) were used as agonists. In physiological salt solution (PSS), agonist exposure caused a rapid [Ca2+]i increase, followed by an increase in outward current (greater than -50 mV) and a smaller increase in inward current (greater than -80 mV). Chelation of [Ca2+]i with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid attenuated agonist-induced [Ca2+]i and current responses. Inactivation of the cyclooxygenase pathway by acetylsalicyclic acid and ibuprofen (50 microM each) did not affect the BK-induced [Ca2+]i transient but abolished the current response. In K(+)-free solution, agonist-stimulated outward currents (at +50 mV) were 10 times smaller than in PSS and were consistent with the activation of both INS and a Cl- current. In Cl(-)-free solution, the outward current response following agonist exposure was virtually abolished; at the same time, a linear inward current component with a reversal potential near the equilibrium potential for Na+ was activated. The maximal amplitude of the agonist-induced outward current decreased with decreasing symmetrical Cl- concentrations. Our results suggest that 1) IKI is the dominant current in resting BAECs; 2) K+, Cl-, and nonselective cation conductances contribute to the agonist-induced current response; and 3) most of the agonist-induced activation of currents depends on increased [Ca2+]i and is sensitive to cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
Factors Involved in Variation in Tree and Species Use by Mantled Howler Monkeys: A Case Study of Resource Use in Sector Santa Rosa, Área de Conservación, Costa Rica

This chapter introduces students to howler monkey feeding ecology, via a case study conducted at Sector Santa Rose, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica. A variety of methods and analyses are used to answer questions related to the use of trees, food species, and home range, by a group of free-ranging mantled howler monkeys. Since howler monkeys are found throughout Central America and the methods can be used/adapted for any species of arboreal animal, this chapter will be useful to students learning to collect behavioral/ecological data in introductory field courses, as well as those conducting basic or advanced field projects. For those students studying or researching howler monkeys, the case study provides a review of the relevant literature, data collection and analytical methods, and known food species.
Assessing C3–C4 alcohol synthesis pathways over a MgAl oxide supported K/MoS2 catalyst via 13C2-ethanol and 13C2-ethylene co-feeds

Abstract Mechanisms of C 3 –C 4 alcohol synthesis from syngas are elucidated over a Mg/Al mixed metal oxide (MMO) supported K/MoS 2 catalyst via 13 C 2 -ethanol and 13 C 2 -ethylene co-feeds. K/bulk-MoS 2 is used as a control catalyst to provide insight into the role of K/MoS 2 and K/MoS 2 -MMO sites on higher alcohol formation pathways. Analysis of the products via 13 C NMR show preferential enrichment of terminal carbons in C 3 –C 4 alcohols with both co-feeds, suggesting that CO insertion is the primary higher alcohol synthesis pathway, and that olefin carbonylation proceeds through the same pathway as alcohol formation. The observation of 13 C 4 -1-butanol species during the CO hydrogenation reactions with 13 C 2 -ethanol co-feeds provides conclusive evidence of ethanol self-coupling to 1-butanol as a secondary pathway. Additionally, acetate species are shown to be formed via an acyl precursor reacting with an alkoxy anion. Hydrogenation of an acetyl species (CH 3 CO*) to an ethoxy intermediate (C 2 H 5 O*) is shown to be largely irreversible under the reaction conditions employed, as no preferential enrichment is observed for the acetyl group in acetate species. Propionate species are shown to be formed via esterification of propionate with the corresponding alcohol, while isobutyl alcohol formation observed over both the K/bulk-MoS 2 and the MMO supported catalysts occurs via methanol coupling with 1-propanol or 1-propanol derived species.