cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Literature Review on College Choice and Marketing Strategies for Recruitment

Recruiting enough qualified students is becoming an important topic for colleges and universities as the competition within the higher education market intensifies. Knowing the reasons prospective students choose which institution to attend is essential to develop effective marketing and recruiting strategies. The purpose of this study is to present current research and literature on the factors influencing the college choice process and marketing practices in recruiting.
Temperature dependence of x-ray induced luminescence from medical x-ray screens

Texts in diagnostic radiography give rules for adjustment of exposure parameters to compensate for the effect of temperature on the efficiency of film-screen combinations. These rules are appropriate for traditional phosphors, such as calcium tungstate (CaWO4) and lead barium sulfate (BaSO4:Pb) but may not be applicable to newer screens in current use such as those of the rare-earth type. The effect of temperature on x-ray induced luminescence from modern and traditional screens has been compared over a temperature range of approximately-130 to approximately 60 degrees C and has been found to differ markedly. Typically, the luminescent emission from rare-earth phosphors varies by less than 10% over this temperature range compared to the 60% change in efficiency for conventional screens over the same temperature range. One type of modern screen, however, shows a continuous decrease in luminescent efficiency as the temperature is lowered. Qualitative physical explanations for these effects are presented.
Impact of solar ultraviolet‐B radiation (290‐320 nm) upon marine microalgae

For years scientists and laymen alike have casually noted the impact of solar ultraviolet radiation upon the non-human component of the biosphere. It was not until recently, when human activities were thought to threaten the protective stratospheric ozone shield, that researchers undertook intensive studies into the biological stress caused by the previously neglected short-wavelength edge of the global solar spectrum. Stratospheric ozone functions effectively as an ultraviolet screen by filtering out solar radiation in the 220–320 nm waveband as it penetrates through the atmosphere, thus allowing only small amounts of the longer wavelengths of radiation in this waveband to leak through to the surface of the earth. Although this ultraviolet radiation (UV-B radiation, 290–320 nm) comprises only a small fraction (less than 1%) of the total solar spectrum, it can have a major impact on biological systems due to its actinic nature. Many organic molecules, most notably DNA and proteins, absorb UV-B radiation which can initiate photochemical reactions. It is life's ability, or lack thereof, to cope with enhanced levels of solar UV-B radiation that has generated the concern over the potential depletion of stratospheric ozone. The defense mechanisms that serve to protect both plants and animals from current levels of UV-B radiation are quite varied. Whether these mechanisms will suffice for marine microalgae under conditions of enhanced levels of UV-B radiation is the subject of this review.
TU‐A‐BRA‐04: Real‐Time Metabolic Image‐Guidance to Aid Intraoperative Radiation Therapy: Pilot Results in a Small‐Animal Model

Purpose: Real‐time biological imaging is being investigated to delineate positive tumor margins which may provide feedback during intraoperative radiation therapy. We investigated the feasibility of identifying prostate cancer invasion through the capsule of the prostate intra‐operatively in a mouse model using Cerenkov optical emission from Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The potential benefit of using Cerenkov emission is that it provides real‐time images of glucose uptake while avoiding signal from the bladder and surrounding structures beyond the surgical margin. We investigated the performance of a Cerenkov imagingsystem during surgical prostatectomy in vivo in a tumor mouse model.Methods: All Cerenkov images were collected with a commercial optical imagingsystem. A transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse model was used to investigate the feasibility of imaging local invasion of the cancer beyond the prostate capsule. A mouse with a ∼1cm prostate tumor with questionable invasion as determined by T2‐W MRI was injected with 1.2mCi of FDG. The injection was followed by PET/CT after 75 minutes, and subsequent sacrifice; surgery commenced 3:45 later. After prostatectomy, Cerenkov images were acquired during an attempt to clear the surgical margin. Results: In all, 8 tissue resections were performed in the surrounding tissues including the seminal vesicles, rectum, and other nearby organs. Cerenkov imaging identified tissues both before surgical resection in vivo, and confirmed their successful excision after surgical intervention ex vivo. The Cerenkov imaging confirmed uptake in the seminal vesicles, as is expected in this tumormodel. In addition, several hyperintense regions that were not identified in PET/CT were visible with the interventional system.Conclusions: This proof‐of‐concept study explored the feasibility of using Cerenkov based imaging for the interventional identification of tumortissue that had spread beyond the prostate. A more in‐depth analysis is currently underway to determine the potential benefit to intraoperative radiation therapy. DOD Breast Cancer Fellowship W81XWH‐10‐1‐0506, Center for Biomedical Imaging at Stanford (CBIS), NCI R01 CA128908, NIH ICMIC P50CA114747.
Alpha-Decay in Isotopes of Atomic Number Less Than 83

Some time ago we started work in an attempt to observe alpha-particle decay in isotopes of atomic number less than 83. In the first experiments, thin targets of gold leaf were bombarded with 190-Mev deuterons in the 184-inch cyclotron. Two alpha-decay periods were observed in these targets; one of 0.7 minutes half-life and another of 4.3 minutes half-life. The alpha-particle energies were 5.7 and 5.2 Mev, respectively. Chemical separations proved that the 4.3-minute period is due to a gold isotope and suggested that the 0.7-minute period is due to a mercury isotope. The mass numbers of these new isotopes have not been determined. However, the results of excitation-functions in the production of the gold isotope by bombarding gold and platinum with protons suggest that its mass number lies in the range 185-188. The work on this isotope indicates that the alpha to electron capture branching ratio is of the order of magnitude of 10{sup -4}, and that positron activity accompanies the 4.3-minute alpha-period.
Rheological studies on a slurry biofuel to aid in evaluating its suitability as a fuel

Abstract Biomass is an often abundant, renewable, low ash and low sulfur fuel. Due to these properties, biofuels are promising alternatives for traditional petroleum-based fuel applications; however, traditional biofuels for internal combustion engines are not cost competitive with gasoline, diesel or fuel oils. One method to reduce the cost of biofuels is to use slurry fuels which have a potential lower cost than liquid biofuels due to high conversion efficiencies. Slurry biofuels, such as a mixture of corn and water, could provide a biofuel alternative for diesel engines, pressurized gasifiers and heating oil applications such as burners or gas turbines. Use of these biomass slurries poses important questions about their stability and suitability for practical applications in internal combustion engines and combustors. This work reports rheology data for stable corn-starch water slurries (CSWS) which used a polyacrylic acid thickener to eliminate settling of the slurry and to provide desirable shear-thinning behavior for most of the compositions evaluated. The effect of shear rate on the viscosity of the CSWS was studied using a BOHLIN-controlled stress (CS) rheometer. The well-known Ostwald—de Waele power law and Sisko models for viscosity fit the data. The effect of corn starch content, thickener content and temperature on the viscosity of CSWS was also studied. The favorable shear thinning properties were observed for starch contents up to 45% starch and should aid pumping, injection and spraying. The lower heating values of the slurries, however, are undesirably low.
Babies Think Before They Speak

This article is accessible online at: http://BioMedNet.com/karger It is a difficult assignment to comment on the article by Muller and Overton (henceforth M&O) not only because we are scientifically worlds apart but also because they do not present my theory accurately. That means instead of joining in a debate over how best to characterize concept formation in infancy, I must spend much of my allotted space correcting their misrepresentation of my work. I will not say much about their proposed alternative to my theory because they do not elaborate beyond what Piaget had to say. My theory was developed in part because of the lack of detailed mechanisms in Piaget’s theory to account for concept formation. Since no new mechanisms are proposed here, there is little on which to comment that I have not said elsewhere on this topic [e.g., Mandler, 1997a]. It is also difficult to tell if M&O do or do not subscribe to a representational theory of mind. I certainly do and if they do not then agreement is not possible.
Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome following peripheral catheterization: Magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography correlation

Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome (AINS) has not been widely recognized as a possible complication following peripheral catheterization. Herein we present a retrospective review of patients with AINS over the last 5 years. Six cases were identified, 4 associated with catheterization. AINS may be a rare complication of catheterization. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may serve as an adjunct diagnostic modality to conventional electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies, especially in patients who are intolerant of pain.
Behavior Modification in Education and in the Clinic Facets, Origins and Probable Future

The merits of behavior modification are being debated with vigor and great emotion at conventions, in professional journals and in the mass media. Behavior modification procedures are being adopted or adapted in clinical psychology, education, psychiatry, special education in penal in stitutions, military and industrial training programs, remedial education, psychotherapy. Since pediatricians may be asked to advise or to work with those who are using behavior modification procedures, they should know what it is, how it originated, its current status and likely future.
Twins and stacking faults in vapor grown GaAs

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy has been used to identify the faults found in thinned foils of GaAs grown from the vapor phase in (the 〈100〉 direction. The majority of these defects correspond to twinned regions of the crystal, while the remaining defects are stacking faults. It is shown that most of the linear defects observed on {100} surfaces by light microscopy and by electron microscopy using surface replicas are also twins and not stacking faults. The twins and stacking faults are seen only when surface damage introduced by mechanical polishing is not completely removed from the substrate prior to growth, which implies that nucleation of the defects probably occurs at scratch intersections where the highest density of damage-induced dislocations exists. Evidence obtained by transmission electron microscopy is also presented for the existence of Shockley and stair-rod partial dislocations. Precipitates have been seen both along stacking faults and associated with coherent twin boundaries. The precipitates are seen in Se-doped material but not in undoped crystals.
Magnetic resonance elastography of the brain

Abstract The purpose of this study was to obtain normative data using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) (a) to obtain estimates of the shear modulus of human cerebral tissue in vivo and (b) to assess a possible age dependence of the shear modulus of cerebral tissue in healthy adult volunteers. MR elastography studies were performed on tissue-simulating gelatin phantoms and 25 healthy adult volunteers. The data were analyzed using spatiotemporal filters and a local frequency estimating algorithm. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. The mean shear stiffness of cerebral white matter was 13.6 kPa (95% CI 12.3 to 14.8 kPa); while that of gray matter was lower at 5.22 kPa (95% CI 4.76 to 5.66 kPa). The difference was statistically significant (p
Tempol, an antioxidant, restores endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated vasodilation during hypertension

Abstract Acetylcholine releases a non-prostanoid endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) and nitric oxide from physiological salt solution perfused rat mesenteric arteries. This study reports an impairment in EDHF-mediated vasodilation in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive versus control normotensive rats. Nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation to acetylcholine was not altered in the animals. We hypothesize that free radical species generated as by-products of arachidonic acid metabolism contribute to impaired EDHF-mediated dilation in DOCA-salt hypertension. With or without reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as co-factor, arterial microsomes generate free radical species upon incubation with arachidonic acid. The production of free radicals was significantly higher in DOCA-salt versus control rat microsomes, and was totally eliminated by addition of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors NS-398 or celecoxib at 30 μM. Treatment of DOCA-salt rats with tempol (an antioxidant; 15 mg/kg, i.p., 21 days) alleviates hypertension; improves acetylcholine-induced EDHF-mediated vasodilation in DOCA-salt rats, and decreases arachidonic acid-driven microsomal free radical production. Serum level of 8-isoprostanes is elevated in DOCA-salt hypertension versus control or sham-salt rats, and the increase was reversed by tempol treatment. These results show that EDHF-mediated dilation of rat mesenteric arteries is impaired in DOCA-salt induced hypertension. Our data also suggest that cyclooxygenase-2 mediates free radical production, and that free radicals modulate the EDHF-mediated vascular response in DOCA-salt induced hypertension.
Further Studies of Anomalous Inelastic Proton Scattering

Anomalous inelastic proton scattering was studied by (1) determining its dependence on bombarding energy, (2) measuring the energy distributions with greatly improved energy resolution, (3) extending the data to separated isotopes and to elements not previously investigated because of target preparation difficulties, and (4) observing the energy distribution of the de-excitation gamma rays following the reaction. In (1), the anomalous peak is found to stay at the same $Q$ value as the bombarding energy is varied. This indicates that the effect is not due to a giant resonance effect but rather, to the regular occurrence of a certain type of level in the final nucleus. In (2), many low-lying levels are resolved; a strong correlation is found between their cross sections for excitation in these reactions and in Coulomb excitation, and an anticorrelation is found between their cross sections for excitation in these reactions and in ($p, d$) reactions. This is interpreted as good evidence that the reactions used here strongly excite collective levels and only weakly excite single-particle transitions. The fine structures of the anomalous peaks differ greatly among neighboring nuclides reflecting even-versus-odd and closed-shell effects; however, the gross structure as obtained with poor resolution is very similar for neighboring elements. A few striking similarities between the spectra of several elements are pointed out. Several levels of known spin and parity are identified as contributing strongly to the anomalous peak. In (3), it is found that anomalous inelastic scattering ends by becoming irregular and weak between atomic numbers 54 and 64; it is apparently present in every isotope of every element between atomic numbers 30 and 53. In (4), gamma-ray transitions direct to the ground state following anomalous inelastic scattering are found to be relatively common.Many theoretical explanations for anomalous inelastic scattering are excluded by these results; there is reasonably good evidence that it arises from some type of collective excitation "dissolved" among many shell model states in that energy region.
Deformation-induced nanocrystallization in an Al-based amorphous alloy at a subambient temperature

Abstract The compressive region of amorphous Al 90 Fe 5 Gd 5 , bent at −40 °C, was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. A high density of nanocrystals is observed within shear bands. Severe plastic deformation and precipitation of nanocrystallites are observed at the fracture surface. It is argued that deformation-assisted atomic transport leads to nanocrystallization.
Root growth inhibition by siduron and its relief by kinetin.

The growth of crabgrass (Digitaria ssp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings was susceptible to injury by siduron (1-2(methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea). In both species, root growth was inhibited more than shoot growth and if a functional root system was developed before coming into contact with siduron the plant survived. Kinetin partially overcame the effect of siduron on root growth and increased root length and the number of cells undergoing mitosis per root tip. The effect of siduron seems specific to cell division.
Dipole gravitational radiation in the nonsymmetric gravitational theory of Moffat.

The generation of gravitational radiation in the nonsymmetric gravitational theory (NGT) of Moffat is analyzed. It is shown that the theory predicts the emission of dipole gravitational radiation from a binary system. The source of the dipole radiation is a vector density S postulated to be proportional to the number density of fermion particles in the components of the system. This radiation is shown to result in a secular decrease in the orbital period of a binary system in addition to that predicted by general relativity. The size of the effect is proportional to the reduced mass of the system and to the square of the difference in l/sup 2//(mass) between the two components of the system, where l is a parameter having units of (length) that is related to the number of fermion particles in each component. As part of the analysis, the stress-energy pseudotensor of the NGT, expanded to quadratic order in the gravitational fields, and the NGT gravitational-wave luminosity formula are derived for the first time. With a perfect-fluid model of matter, results are also given for the post-Newtonian expansions of the source densities of the gravitational fields. The results of this analysis are then applied tomore » the binary pulsar system PSR 1913+16 which contains a pulsar orbiting an unobserved companion.« less
Section 2. Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm: Albuterol versus Montelukast: Highlights of the Asthma Summit 2009: Beyond the Guidelines

Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) involves airway obstruction with an onset shortly after exercising. It can occur in individuals without a diagnosis of asthma, but is most common in asthmatic patients (and in this scenario may be referred to as exercise-induced asthma, EIA), correlating with the patient's degree of airway hyperreactivity. While albuterol is the most commonly used rescue and prophylactic medication for EIB, the leukotriene antagonist, monetlukast, may be an appropriate choice for some patients. Clinical data have shown that once-daily treatment with montelukast (5 or 10 mg tablet) can offer protection against EIB within 3 days for some patients. Such an approach might be preferred for patients who have difficulty with inhaled medications and for children who cannot access their inhalers during the school day. Montelukast also may be an option to reduce side effects associated with albuterol for individuals who exercise regularly.
Sequential learning in non-human primates

Sequential learning plays a role in a variety of common tasks, such as human language processing, animal communication, and the learning of action sequences. In this article, we investigate sequential learning in non-human primates from a comparative perspective, focusing on three areas: the learning of arbitrary, fixed sequences; statistical learning; and the learning of hierarchical structure. Although primates exhibit many similarities to humans in their performance on sequence learning tasks, there are also important differences. Crucially, non-human primates appear to be limited in their ability to learn and represent the hierarchical structure of sequences. We consider the evolutionary implications of these differences and suggest that limitations in sequential learning may help explain why non-human primates lack human-like language.
Use of a receive-based definition of coupling between two antennas to reduce mutual coupling effects in a low frequency radio telescope array

The results presented here suggest that there is a correlation between receive coupling and terminal current behavior in a phased array. Therefore, receive coupling can be used to design antenna elements, which will exhibit reduced mutual coupling effects when operated in a phased array. Since only two antenna elements are involved, this is much less computationally intensive than the calculation of the full array response. This property of receive coupling has enabled multi-objective optimization of LWA antenna elements including mutual coupling effects as described in [5].
Age-Specific Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection among Minnesota Children Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Family Environment

BACKGROUND Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection affects the host differently according to when in life it is acquired. Understanding risk factors for infection could be important for disease prevention, and the age-specific prevalence of infection must be known to optimize use of a prophylactic vaccine. METHODS Children 18 months to 19.9 years of age who had blood drawn for medical indications during an outpatient visit were eligible. Sera were tested for immunoglobulin G antibodies against EBV viral capsid antigen by enzyme immunoassay. Family demographic and socioeconomic data were obtained via scripted telephone questionnaires. RESULTS Consent was given for 876 of 914 (96%) subjects approached. Sera were available for 782 of 876 (89%) subjects and demographic/socioeconomic data obtained for 705 (90%) of them. Antibody prevalence, adjusted for age and sex, was as follows: non-Hispanic blacks, 74%; Asians, 62%, multiracial children, 54%; Hispanics, 50%; and non-Hispanic whites, 26%. The pattern of increases in antibody prevalence with age differed significantly by race/ethnicity, and was most divergent in the 2 youngest age groups. Adjusted EBV antibody prevalence decreased with greater household education among non-Hispanic whites, but was not associated with any other socioeconomic factor. In 42 of 51 (82%) families with >1 child in the study, the siblings' EBV antibody status was concordant (bootstrap P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic differences in EBV antibody prevalence and concordance of antibody status among siblings prompt us to speculate that both genetics and family environment contribute to acquisition of EBV infection. The ideal age to give a prophylactic vaccine may differ according to race/ethnicity.
Letter to the Editor---Some Remarks on Server Breakdown

A single queue with a Poisson input and arbitrary service time is considered. We suppose that the server is subject to random breakdowns that have an arbitrary distribution. The distribution of the queue length at the end of a normal and breakdown period is determined. From this the distribution at a randomly chosen time is found.
Global calcite cycling constrained by sediment preservation controls

[1] We assess the global balance of calcite export through the water column and burial in sediments as it varies regionally. We first drive a comprehensive 1-D model for sediment calcite preservation with globally gridded field observations and satellite-based syntheses. We then reformulate this model into a simpler five-parameter box model, and combine it with algorithms for surface calcite export and water column dissolution for a single expression for the vertical calcite balance. The resulting metamodel is optimized to fit the observed distributions of calcite burial flux. We quantify the degree to which calcite export, saturation state, organic carbon respiration, and lithogenic sedimentation modulate the burial of calcite. We find that 46% of burial and 88% of dissolution occurs in sediments overlain by undersaturated bottom water with sediment calcite burial strongly modulated by surface export. Relative to organic carbon export, we find surface calcite export skewed geographically toward relatively warm, oligotrophic areas dominated by small, prokaryotic phytoplankton. We assess century-scale projected impacts of warming and acidification on calcite export, finding high sensitive to inferred saturation state controls. With respect to long-term glacial cycling, our analysis supports the hypothesis that strong glacial abyssal stratification drives the lysocline toward much closer correspondence with the saturation horizon. Our analysis suggests that, over the transition from interglacial to glacial ocean, a resulting ∼0.029 PgC a−1decrease in deep Atlantic, Indian and Southern Ocean calcite burial leads to slow increase in ocean alkalinity until Pacific mid-depth calcite burial increases to compensate.
Using reconstructability analysis to select input variables for artificial neural networks

We demonstrate the use of reconstructability analysis to reduce the number of input variables for a neural network. Using the heart disease dataset we reduce the number of independent variables from 13 to two, while providing results that are statistically indistinguishable from those of NNs using the full variable set. We also demonstrate that rule lookup tables obtained directly from the data for the RA models are almost as effective as NNs trained on model variables.
Nucleus implantation: the biomechanics of augmentation versus replacement with varying degrees of nucleotomy.

Abstract Nucleus pulposus replacement and augmentation has been proposed to restore disk mechanics in early stages of degeneration with the option of providing a minimally invasive procedure for pain relief to patients with an earlier stage of degeneration. The goal of this paper is to examine compressive stability of the intervertebral disk after either partial nucleus replacement or nuclear augmentation in the absence of denucleation. Thirteen human cadaver lumbar anterior column units were used to study the effects of denucleation and augmentation on the compressive mechanical behavior of the human intervertebral disk. Testing was performed in axial compression after incremental steps of partial denucleation and subsequent implantation of a synthetic hydrogel nucleus replacement. In a separate set of experiments, the disks were not denucleated but augmented with the same synthetic hydrogel nucleus replacement. Neutral zone, range of motion, and stiffness were measured. The results showed that compressive stabilization of the disk can be re-established with nucleus replacement even for partial denucleation. Augmentation of the disk resulted in an increase in disk height and intradiskal pressure that were linearly related to the volume of polymer implanted. Intervertebral disk instability, evidenced by increased neutral zone and ranges of motion, associated with degeneration can be restored by volume filling of the nucleus pulposus using the hydrogel device presented here.
Acute Loss of Bladder Control in a Stroke of the Frontal Cortex

Lesions of the medial frontal micturition center can result in the activation of the pontine and spinal micturition centers when the bladder is full, causing urinary incontinence. Recognition of acute bladder incontinence as part of a cortical hemispheric stroke syndrome may reduce the likelihood of false localization to the spinal cord in patients with acute ischemic stroke eligible for acute reperfusion therapy. We describe a case of urinary incontinence due to anterior cerebral artery infarction and discuss the cortical localization of voluntary bladder control to the anterior cingulate gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus.
Transgene-Mediated Rescue of Spermatogenesis in Cldn11-Null Mice

Claudins comprise a large family of tight junction (TJ) proteins that are often expressed broadly during development and in adult tissues and constitute the physical barriers that occlude the paracellular space in polarized epithelia. In mouse testis, the integrity of TJs is critical to normal spermatogenesis and is dependent on CLDN11 expression. In the current study, we have generated multiple transgenic mouse lines in which steady-state levels of transgene-derived Cldn11 mRNA are up to fourfold greater than endogenous gene expression. Spermatogenesis in all founder mice harboring two copies of the endogenous Cldn11 gene is normal. These animals breed well, indicating that transgene overexpression, at least at the level of mRNA, is well tolerated by Sertoli cells. In addition, we demonstrate that the promoter/enhancer of the transgene, comprising 5 kb of genomic sequence upstream of exon 1 of the mouse Cldn11 gene, is sufficient to rescue azoospermia in Cldn11-null mice. Finally, using transient transgenic mice, we narrow the location of Sertoli cell-specific cis regulatory elements to a 2-kb region upstream of the Cldn11 transcription start site. Together, these data provide essential information for further investigation of the biological regulation of CLDN11 TJs in the testis.
Physical and Sexual Abuse and Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder in Youths Receiving Outpatient Services: Frequent, but Not Specific

The objective of this study was to determine if physical and sexual abuse showed relationships to early-onset bipolar spectrum disorders (BPSD) consistent with findings from adult retrospective data. Participants (N = 829, M = 10.9 years old ± 3.4 SD, 60 % male, 69 % African American, and 18 % with BPSD), primarily from a low socio-economic status, presented to an urban community mental health center and a university research center. Physical abuse was reported in 21 %, sexual abuse in 20 %, and both physical and sexual abuse in 11 % of youths with BPSD. For youths without BPSD, physical abuse was reported in 16 %, sexual abuse in 15 %, and both physical and sexual abuse in 5 % of youths. Among youth with BPSD, physical abuse was significantly associated with a worse global family environment, more severe depressive and manic symptoms, a greater number of sub-threshold manic/hypomanic symptoms, a greater likelihood of suicidality, a greater likelihood of being diagnosed with PTSD, and more self-reports of alcohol or drug use. Among youth with BPSD, sexual abuse was significantly associated with a worse global family environment, more severe manic symptoms, a greater number of sub-threshold manic/hypomanic symptoms, greater mood swings, more frequent episodes, more reports of past hospitalizations, and a greater number of current and past comorbid Axis I diagnoses. These findings suggest that if physical and/or sexual abuse is reported, clinicians should note that abuse appears to be related to increased severity of symptoms, substance use, greater co-morbidity, suicidality, and a worse family environment.
Advantages of sexual reproduction

Despite the obvious efficiencies of many forms of asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction abounds. Asexual species, for the most part, are relatively short-lived offshoots of sexual ancestors. From the nineteenth century, it has been recognized that, since there is no obvious advantage to the individuals involved, the advantages of sexual reproduction must be evolutionary. Furthermore, the advantage must be substantial; for example, producing males entails a two-fold cost, compared to dispensing with them and reproducing by parthenogenetic females. There are a large number of plausible hypotheses. To me the most convincing of these are two. The first hypothesis, and the oldest, is that sexual reproduction offers the opportunity to produce recombinant types that can make the population better able to keep up with changes in the environment. Although the subject of a great deal of work, and despite its great plausibility, the hypothesis has been very difficult to test by critical observations or experiments. Second, species with recombination can bunch harmful mutations together and eliminate several in a single “genetic death.” Asexual species, can eliminate them only in the same genotype in which they occurred. If the rate of occurrence of deleterious mutations is one or more per zygote, some mechanism for eliminating them efficiently must exist. A test of this mutation load hypothesis for sexual reproduction, then, is to find whether deleterious mutation rates in general are this high-as Drosophila data argue. Unfortunately, although molecular and evolutionary studies can give information on the total mutation rate, they cannot determine what fraction are deleterious. In addition, there are short discussions of the advantages of diploidy, anisogamy, and separate sexes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Use of BODIPY‐labeled Sphingolipids to Study Membrane Traffic along the Endocytic Pathwaya

In this chapter we discuss the use of BODIPY-labeled sphingolipids to study lipid transport along the endocytic pathway of cultured mammalian cells. The unique spectral properties of the BODIPY fluorophore allow the investigator to distinguish various populations of labeled endosome and lysosomes within the living cell by fluorescence microscopy, and in conjunction with quantitative fluorescence microscopy, to estimate the concentration of these lipids in different intracellular compartments. This methodology is particularly useful for visualizing the accumulation of lipids in the lysosomes of storage disease fibroblasts and may provide a useful method for screening various agents that abrogate this accumulation.
Elicited Priors for Bayesian Model Specifications in Political Science Research

We explain how to use elicited priors in Bayesian political science research. These are a form of prior information produced by previous knowledge from structured interviews with subjective area experts who have little or no concern for the statistical aspects of the project. The purpose is to introduce qualitative and area-specific information into an empirical model in a systematic and organized manner in order to produce parsimonious yet realistic implications. Currently, there is no work in political science that articulates elicited priors in a Bayesian specification. We demonstrate the value of the approach by applying elicited priors to a problem in judicial comparative politics using data and elicitations we collected in Nicaragua.
Effects of 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic Acid (DMPS) on Tissue and Urine Mercury Levels following Prolonged Methylmercury Exposure in Rats

Methylmercury, a potent neurotoxicant, accumulates in the brain as well as the kidney during chronic exposure. We evaluated the capacity of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS), a tissue-permeable metal chelator, to reduce brain, kidney, and blood Hg levels and to promote Hg elimination in urine following exposure of F-344 rats to methylmercury hydroxide (MMH) (10 ppm) in drinking water for up to 9 weeks. Inorganic (Hg2+) and organic (CH3Hg+) mercury species in urine and tissues were assayed by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS). Following MMH treatment for 9 weeks, Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ concentrations were 0.28 and 4.80 microg/g in the brain and 51.5 and 42.2 microg/g in the kidney, respectively. Twenty-four hours after ip administration of a single DMPS injection (100 mg/kg), kidney Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ declined 38% and 59%, whereas brain mercury levels were slightly increased, attributable entirely to the CH3Hg+ fraction. Concomitantly, Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ in urine increased by 7.2- and 28.3-fold, respectively, compared with prechelation values. A higher dose of DMPS (200 mg/kg) was no more effective than 100 mg/kg in promoting mercury excretion. In contrast, consecutive DMPS injections (100 mg/kg) given at 72-h intervals significantly decreased total mercury concentrations in kidney, brain, and blood. However, the decrease in brain and blood mercury content was restricted entirely to the CH3Hg+ fraction, consistent with the slow dealkylation rate of MMH in these tissues. Mass balance calculations showed that the total amount of mercury excreted in the urine following successive DMPS injections corresponds quantitatively to the total amount of mercury removed from the kidney, brain, and blood of MMH-exposed rats. These findings confirm the efficacy of consecutive DMPS treatments in decreasing mercury concentrations in target tissue and in reducing overall mercury body burden. They demonstrate further that the capacity of DMPS to deplete tissue Hg2+ is highly tissue-specific and reflects the relative capacity of the tissue for methylmercury dealkylation. In light of this observation, the inability of DMPS to reduce Hg2+ levels in brain or blood may explain the inefficacy of DMPS and similar chelating agents in the remediation of neurotoxicity associated with prolonged MMH exposure.
Custom chips developed to reinforce learning integrated circuit design

This paper describes four custom integrated circuits that we are using in hardware labs to provide a hand-on experience with integrated circuit concepts difficult to simulate.
Dedicated to Their Degrees Adult Transfer Students in Engineering Baccalaureate Programs

Objective: Increasing degree completion in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, particularly engineering, is a national priority. With an aspiration to increase the numb...
Rapid Evolution of Citrate Utilization by Escherichia coli by Direct Selection Requires citT and dctA

The isolation of aerobic citrate-utilizing Escherichia coli (Cit(+)) in long-term evolution experiments (LTEE) has been termed a rare, innovative, presumptive speciation event. We hypothesized that direct selection would rapidly yield the same class of E. coli Cit(+) mutants and follow the same genetic trajectory: potentiation, actualization, and refinement. This hypothesis was tested with wild-type E. coli strain B and with K-12 and three K-12 derivatives: an E. coli ΔrpoS::kan mutant (impaired for stationary-phase survival), an E. coli ΔcitT::kan mutant (deleted for the anaerobic citrate/succinate antiporter), and an E. coli ΔdctA::kan mutant (deleted for the aerobic succinate transporter). E. coli underwent adaptation to aerobic citrate metabolism that was readily and repeatedly achieved using minimal medium supplemented with citrate (M9C), M9C with 0.005% glycerol, or M9C with 0.0025% glucose. Forty-six independent E. coli Cit(+) mutants were isolated from all E. coli derivatives except the E. coli ΔcitT::kan mutant. Potentiation/actualization mutations occurred within as few as 12 generations, and refinement mutations occurred within 100 generations. Citrate utilization was confirmed using Simmons, Christensen, and LeMaster Richards citrate media and quantified by mass spectrometry. E. coli Cit(+) mutants grew in clumps and in long incompletely divided chains, a phenotype that was reversible in rich media. Genomic DNA sequencing of four E. coli Cit(+) mutants revealed the required sequence of mutational events leading to a refined Cit(+) mutant. These events showed amplified citT and dctA loci followed by DNA rearrangements consistent with promoter capture events for citT. These mutations were equivalent to the amplification and promoter capture CitT-activating mutations identified in the LTEE.IMPORTANCE E. coli cannot use citrate aerobically. Long-term evolution experiments (LTEE) performed by Blount et al. (Z. D. Blount, J. E. Barrick, C. J. Davidson, and R. E. Lenski, Nature 489:513-518, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11514 ) found a single aerobic, citrate-utilizing E. coli strain after 33,000 generations (15 years). This was interpreted as a speciation event. Here we show why it probably was not a speciation event. Using similar media, 46 independent citrate-utilizing mutants were isolated in as few as 12 to 100 generations. Genomic DNA sequencing revealed an amplification of the citT and dctA loci and DNA rearrangements to capture a promoter to express CitT, aerobically. These are members of the same class of mutations identified by the LTEE. We conclude that the rarity of the LTEE mutant was an artifact of the experimental conditions and not a unique evolutionary event. No new genetic information (novel gene function) evolved.
Estimating Risk Factors for Patients with Potential Drug-Related Problems Using Electronic Pharmacy Data

OBJECTIVE:To validate a computer-based program to identify patients at high risk for drug-related problems.DESIGN:Computerized analysis of pharmacy dispensing records and manual review of medical records.SETTING:Ambulatory clinics at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center.PATIENTS:246 randomly selected patients who were receiving at least one outpatient medication in the previous 24 months.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Presence of six previously established criteria regarding medication use. These criteria are five or more medications, ≥12 doses per day, four or more changes to the medication regimen, three or more chronic diseases, history of noncompliance, and presence of a drug requiring therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).RESULTS:Spearman rho rank order correlation coefficients ranged from 0.63 to 0.91 for criteria pertaining to the number of medications, daily doses, changes in the medication regimen, and number of chronic diseases (all significant, p = 0.0001). The computer program underestimated the number of chr...
Improvement in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction with Electronic Health Records

The aim of this study was to compare the QRISKII, an electronic health data-based risk score, to the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) score. Risk estimates were calculated for a cohort of 8783 patients, and the patients were followed up from November 29, 2012, through June 1, 2015, for a cardiovascular disease (CVD) event. During follow-up, 246 men and 247 women had a CVD event. Cohen's kappa statistic for the comparison of the QRISKII and FRS was 0.22 for men and 0.23 for women, with the QRISKII classifying more patients in the higher-risk groups. The QRISKII and ASCVD were more similar with kappa statistics of 0.49 for men and 0.51 for women. The QRISKII shows increased discrimination with area under the curve (AUC) statistics of 0.65 and 0.71, respectively, compared to the FRS (0.59 and 0.66) and ASCVD (0.63 and 0.69). These results demonstrate that incorporating additional data from the electronic health record (EHR) may improve CVD risk stratification.
The Repellent Effects of Some Pesticides to Hymenopterous Parasites and Coccinellid Predators

Two methods were used to measure the repellency of 60 pesticides to the adults of 2 hymenopterous parasites and 2 coccinellids. Method I, for screening general reaction to each of the residues, was based on the number of excrement spots deposited over a 4-day period on sugar cubes sprayed with the 60 pesticides. Method II measured the insects' initial avoidance of noxious odors or irritants from their preferential movement to treated or untreated sectors of a filter paper. Many of the pesticides tested were weak repellents: none was strongly avoided. Zectran® (4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate) and DN-111 (4,6-dinitro - o - cyclohexylphenol, N,N - dicyclohexylamine salt) were most generally avoided; other pesticides were either more specific or elicited weak aversion responses. Parasites and predators responded to the noxious odors of certain residues, the strongest aversion (23.8%) being that of a parasite to Aramite® (2- (p-teri-butylphenoxy) isopropyl-2-chloroethyl sulfite).
Treatise about Auto Manual Window Regulator Test

This article will describe an trestle for fatigue property test of manual window regulator.The trestle simulate person's hand to rock the handle of the manual window regulator,the test data will be more correct.
A comparison of the Pāli and Chinese versions of the Kassapa Saṃyutta, a collection of early Buddhist discourses on the Venerable Kāśyapa

This article first briefly examines the textual structure of the Kassapa Saṃyutta of the Pāli Saṃyutta-nikāya in conjunction with two other versions preserved in Chinese translation in a collection entitled 大迦葉相應 Dajiashe Xiangying (Skt. Mahākāśyapa Saṃyukta) in Taishō vol. 2, nos 99 and 100. Then it compares the main teachings contained in the three versions. It reveals similarities and differences in structure and doctrinal content, thus advancing the historical/critical study of early Buddhist doctrine in this area.
The Blue Economy as governmentality and the making of new spatial rationalities

As an emergent and rapidly propagating concept through which the hydrological sphere of the earth is identified as a new economic possibility, the Blue Economy is traveling globally and is being localized differently. Adding to Winder and Le Heron’s interrogation of the Blue Economy as an investment-institutional project that creates new biological–economic knowledge and relations, I argue that the Blue Economy is necessarily a complex governmental project that opens up new governable spaces and rationalizes particular ways of governing. By demonstrating how China’s marine economy is being assembled and practiced in ways that not only open up new space for accumulation but also create new spatial rationalities that rearrange people and resources, I urge geographers to be attentive to the questions of space, rationality, and power in specific geographic contexts where the Blue Economy is being localized.
A model reference adaptive control scheme with partial-state feedback for output tracking

This paper develops a new partial-state feedback model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme for output tracking which combines the advantages of the existing MRAC schemes. For partial-state feedback MRAC, the plant-model matching is as achievable as full-state feedback control, while the controller structure enjoys less complexity as compared with output feedback MRAC. Partial-state feedback MRAC ensures closed-loop system stability and asymptotic output tracking. New results are presented for plant-model matching, adaptive law and stability properties. New features of partial-state feedback MRAC are addressed, including its design flexibility. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of partial-state feedback MRAC.
Feelings of Political Efficacy in the Fifty States

What makes people feel influential in politics? While prior studies describe political efficacy as a stable and socialized trait, I argue that feelings of effectiveness in politics follow from the actions of politicians and the design of government. When state governments afford citizens opportunities for voice and deliver desired policy outcomes, I expect that citizens feel more politically effective. Using a set of unique items from the 2014 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, I investigate how factors like policy congruence, descriptive representation, election administration, and ballot initiatives shape people’s feelings that politicians are responsive to their concerns. I find that people feel more efficacious in state politics when they have greater opportunities for political voice and when their concerns are reflected in the policy process.