cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are the universes of antibodies and antigens symmetrical

Abstract This paper discusses the assumed infinite numbers of antigens and antibodies, and the nature of their interactions, in relation to reproductive immunology. Classical models offered by Pauling, Burnet and Crick are discussed. The author's own model is described, based on selectionist principles, proposing that the numbers are defined, discrete and not infinite. The binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies of four to six amino acids limits the number on the total number of antibody-binding peptides. This limitation on size enables the total number of these peptides to define ‘one-hit' or ‘two-hit' protein sequences in databases of known proteins. Estimate of the combinations of variable heavy and light chains of different numerical magnitude is 2.5 × 10 6 . The author proposes the equivalence principle, where equivalent numbers of antigens and antibodies exist and theorizing a limited number of antigen–antibody pairs in the magnitude of 3.2 × 10 6 or slightly less. The nature of various protein–ligand interactions, indicated by their limited numbers of interactions, clarifies why a particular amino acid is encoded by a particular codon and the nature of encoding by tRNA. In relation to reproductive phenomena, specific proteins for contact with sperm ligands were designed using these parameters.
Slave-boson mean-field theory of the Anderson lattice with finite U and orbital degeneracy.

We consider a stoichiometric metallic Anderson lattice with orbital degeneracy and finite U. The correlations in the f shell are formulated in terms of a complete set of ``auxiliary bosons,'' generalizing in this way Kotliar and Ruckenstein's approach for the Hubbard model to arbitrary electronic configurations. A Gutzwiller type of mean-field approximation is introduced for the case where the occupancy of the ${\mathit{f}}^{\mathit{n}}$ configurations for ng2 is excluded. The occupation probabilities are discussed as a function of U and the f-level position. For sufficiently large U the paramagnetic solution becomes unstable towards ferromagnetism. This instability is suppressed with increasing orbital degeneracy. The case of a Kondo insulator with electron-hole symmetry is also discussed in mean-field theory.
Production of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol by endothelial progenitor cells

Recent studies have highlighted the importance of paracrine growth factors as mediators of pro-angiogenic effects by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), but little is known about the release of lipid-based factors like endocannabinoids by EPCs. In the current study, the release of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol by distinct human EPC sub-types was measured using HPLC/tandem mass-spectrometry. Anandamide release was highest by adult blood colony-forming EPCs at baseline and they also demonstrated increased 2-arachidonoylglycerol release with TNF-α stimulation. Treatment of mature endothelial cells with endocannabinoids significantly reduced the induction of the pro-inflammatory adhesion molecule CD106 (VCAM-1) by TNF-α.
Predicting cost growth and performance of first-generation algal production systems.

Abstract Estimates for algal production cost vary widely due to differing assumptions. Differences in assumptions make comparisons between proposed algal production systems difficult. Existing economic analyses have ignored potential capital cost growth and under performance of early generation algal production plants, which impact the preliminary unit cost of algal biofuels, which could affect investment decisions. Therefore the goal of this work was to compare the capital cost growth (ratio of actual to estimated cost), plant performance (ratio of actual performance to design), and unit cost growth factor (the ratio of cost growth to plant performance), of potential algal production pathways. Three production technologies were investigated: (1) open raceway ponds (ORP), (2) tubular photobioreactors (PBR), and (3) systems coupling photobioreactors to open raceway ponds. The greatest cost growth (1.5–1.8) was estimated for PBR systems, while the lowest cost growth (1.2–1.4) was estimated for the ORP systems and coupled systems. Plant performance was estimated to range from 13% to 40% of nameplate capacity. These results imply that unit cost growth for algal biofuels could range from 3 to 14 times current predictions, and illustrates large hurdles facing algal biofuels technologies that have yet to be implemented at scale.
Rotational Analysis of ν13 of Allyl Radical

Abstract Transient infrared laser spectroscopy near 3100 cm−1 has been used to observe the ν13 band of the allyl radical. The rotational structure has been assigned and analyzed. Reliable assignments of both asymmetry components have been made for the subbands with Ka = 0–5 and 7–10. Upper state rotational constants have been determined.
Electric field control of structure, dimensionality, and reactivity of gold nanoclusters on metal-supported MgO films.

Electric field control of the structure, dimensionality, and reactivity of gold nanoclusters (${\mathrm{Au}}_{20}$) deposited on MgO films of various thicknesses supported on Ag(100) are introduced and studied using first-principles electronic structure calculations. Field-controlled interfacial charging and field-induced dimensionality crossover are predicted. For a field ${E}_{z}=1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{nm}$, an optimal planar ${\mathrm{Au}}_{20}$ island on $\mathrm{MgO}(8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\text{layers}})/\mathrm{Ag}(100)$ is determined, while for ${E}_{z}=0$, the preferred structure of the cluster is a tetrahedron. Field control of the reactivity of the adsorbed nanocluster with ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is discussed.
Variation in precipitation quality during a 40‐hour snowstorm in an Urban Environment — Denver, Colorado

Seventeen precipitation samples were collected during a 40‐hour snowstorm in the northwestern part of the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area. Maximum concentrations of barium, calcium, cadmium, chloride, iron, potassium, magnesium, sodium, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate occurred during the initial three hours of the storm. The maximum copper concentrations occurred nearly six hours after the storm began, the maximum strontium concentration occurred 25 hours after the storm began, and the maximum zinc concentration occurred 12 hours after the storm began. Concentrations of beryllium, cobalt, lithium and vanadium were less than the analytical detection limits during the entire storm. Lowest pH values were determined in samples collected during or immediately after periods of normal, maximum automobile traffic.
THE PRESENT STATUS OF SCOLOPENDRIUM IN NEW YORK STATE

The purpose of this paper is to offer data concerning the occurrence and abundance of Scolopendrium vulgare Sm. in the central New York area. Its former distribution is also considered and comparisons are made in an effort to throw some light upon its probable future. The work was begun in the autumn of I9I6, and was completed in January, I92I. Data concerning several of the colonies have been obtained from field notes and other information kindly placed at my disposal by Dr. Loren C. Petry of Syracuse University, Dr. M. S. Markle of Earlham College, and Dr. John B. Todd, a physician of Syracuse. While certain topographic conditions due to glacial action are coincident with the occurrence of Scolopendrium in this region, it is not deemed necessary to give details of this topography' beyond a brief mention of the three well-defined situations under which Scolopendrium occurs. These situations are: (a) on the south slopes of glacial channels, which usually extend almost due east and west; (b) on the south and west slopes of deep plunge basins which head such channels; (c) on the west slopes of steep gorges cut by post-glacial streams flowing in a northerly direction. The latter situation occurs only at the Chittenango and Perryville Falls stations. These three situations are all similar in certain respects. The slopes are usually bordered by an overhanging cliff, and in all instances where this is the case Scolopendrium occurs well below the cliff, about midway of the slope. A further characteristic of its occurrence is that of growing in distinct groups or colonies, with no scattered plants between. In this paper the term "station" is applied to the widely separated regions; distinct areas within the stations are termed "substations," and these may in turn be divided into "colonies." The first comprehensive account of the occurrence of Scolopendrium in the New York area was published by Maxon (2) in I900. In this paper he gives an account of the discovery of the various stations of Scolopendrium in America, along with facts concerning its condition at various stations at that time. Since I9I6 the stations in central New York cited by Maxon have been relocated, the surrounding areas examined, and all discoveries 1 For a discussion of the physiography of this area the reader is referred to the series of papers on this subject by Dr. H. L. Fairchild, and especially to his Glacial Waters in Central New York, N. Y. State Museum Bull. 127. Albany, I909.
The comparison of two methods of assessing fear and avoidance behavior.

Abstract The present study evaluated: (a) the reliability of two fear-assessment techniques [Lang and Lazovik's (1963) approach test and Levis' (1969) phobic test apparatus]; (b) test-retest changes in those measures; and, (c) the sensitivity of response latency as a fear measure, as a function of the two methods of assessing fear. Forty-eight college females were exposed to one of four test-retest snake-exposure conditions: repeated testing on the phobic test apparatus, repeated testing on the traditional approach test, and counterbalanced testing on both test methods. The results indicated (a) equally reliable measurements in all four groups on approach and pulse rate scores, (b) equivalent repeated-testing changes in avoidance behavior, pulse rate, and self-reported fear, and (c) discrimination of touch and no-touch Ss on the basis of response latency in both test methods.
Exploring the link between oil prices and tanker rates

Given the secular and sharp rise in oil prices over the past decade, this study analyses the impact that the spike in oil prices has on tanker rates. We investigate a dynamic model explaining spot tanker rates. The magnitude of the impact of oil prices on the shipping industry, in terms of the level and volatility of spot (voyage) under bull and bear market conditions. The West African–US Gulf Tanker Rates, West Texas Intermediate spot and 3-month futures contract, and US Weekly Petroleum Inventories are analysed using cointegration and Granger causality analysis, from 1997 through 2007, in order to examine the lead–lag relationship between oil prices and tanker freight rates. Our findings show a relationship between spot and future crude oil prices, crude oil inventories and tanker rates. The significant increase of freight rates, and the simultaneous increase in oil prices, during the recent years, provides an intriguing economic environment to identify relationships between shipping market rates and oi...
Direct Computation for Consecutive-k-out-of-n: F Systems

A consecutive-k-out-of-n: F system has n i.i.d. components; the system fails if any k consecutive components fail. This paper gives a simple, direct combinatorial method for determining the system failure probability.
Effects of Heavy Ions on Rabbit Tissues: Alopecia

During extended investigations of the radiation responses of optic and proximate tissues of New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), the skin surrounding the eyes was exposed to the Bragg plateau regions of 530 MeV/amu Ar ions and 365 MeV/amu Ne ions, and also to 60Co gamma rays. The linear energy transfers (LET infinity s) for the radiations were 90 +/- 5, 35 +/- 3, and 0.3 keV/micron, respectively. Alopecia was measured after irradiation with subjective indices of baldness (0-5) that were calibrated against hair loss in other rabbits irradiated with Ne and Ar ions at the central region of the ear. The patterns of post-irradiation alopecia, which conformed to the model proposed by Casarett (1963) for the long-term expression of radiation damage in proliferating animal tissues, were modified by radiation quality in the following ways: (1) For acute (early) losses, the magnitude of the recovery phase decreased as the LET infinity of the incident radiation increased; (2) In the intermediate or plateau phase of radiation response, the values of relative biological effectiveness (r.b.e) approached those reported for proliferating cells in culture, but differences were found that may be related to the changes in the magnitude of the recovery phase; (3) For a given level of intermediate damage, the onset of the late degenerative phase of radiation response, which was expressed years after irradiation, occurred earlier the higher the LET infinity of the incident radiation. Taken overall, the most important finding of these experiments was that the r.b.e.s for alopecia varied with post-irradiation time.
Modeling and Evaluation of Intersyrnbol Interference (ISI) in Coherent Optical Communications

S.K. Ramesh, C.A. Goben, V. Aalo, and O. UgwejeDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Southern Illinois University,Carbondale, Illinois 62901AbstractA simulation model has been developed to evaluate ISI in coherent optical communication systems. Eyepattern results on ISI and jitter and the variation of bit error rate for different coherent modulation -demodulation schemes are presented. The results confirm earlier observations that coherent opticalcommunication systems enhance spacing between adjacent repeaters by improving receiver sensitivity.IntroductionLightwave Communications have gone frai' conception to prominence at a phenomenal pace during the past two
Follicular response and pregnancy among infertile women undergoing ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination

Abstract Objective To determine the relationship between ovarian follicular response (number and diameter of follicles) to ovulation induction agents and pregnancy. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Hospital-based center of reproductive medicine. Patient(s) Three hundred twenty-two clinically diagnosed infertile couples undergoing 1,483 cycles of ovulation induction and IUI. Intervention(s) Oral and injectable fertility drugs were administered for 2–10 cycles; ultrasound follicular measurements were recorded around time of ovulation; hCG was administered when follicles were 18–20 mm or more in diameter; IUI was performed 36–40 hours after administration of hCG. Main outcome measure(s) A first positive pregnancy test as indicative for conception. Result(s) Women with follicular diameters ≥20 mm were less likely to become pregnant as compared to women with diameters between 15.00 and 19.99 mm (risk ratio [RR] = 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.35, 0.97). Women ≥30 years of age were half as likely to become pregnant as compared to women Conclusion(s) Maternal age, gravidity, and follicular diameters around the time of insemination are prognostic factors in the likelihood of pregnancy.
Rhetoric of the Kidvid Movement: Ideology, Strategies and Tactics.

The kidvid movement, the mobilized collectivity working to upgrade the quality of children's television programming, is ripe with material for study by the rhetorician. Of particular interest are the movement's ideology and the rhetorical strategies and tactics it employs to reach its gods.
Identity Development and the Role Structure of Children's Games

Abstract We explored the relationship between structural features of games and age patterns in children's preferences, based on the assumption that the features of game roles would reflect the progress of identity development. Game roles progressed from the simple enactment of preassigned, stable roles, to discrete shifts between roles (based on achievement of certain criteria), to roles associated with hierarchical measurement along continuous, evaluative standards. This pattern fits some views of identity development. In addition, older children preferred games in which the roles were associated with specific goals, games based on switching roles (or involving continuous roles superimposed on alternating sub-roles), games involving oppositional relationships among roles, and games measuring the competence of role performance. Supplementary findings suggested that, with advancing age, children favor games with more structure and requirements for cooperative interaction, less make-believe, and clearly spe...
Thermal synthesis of sodium calcium carbonate—A potential thermal analysis standard

Abstract Sodium calcium carbonate — an equimolar double salt (Na2CO3·CaCO3) never described in the literature — forms by a novel solid state reaction when intimately mixed Na2CO3 and CaCO3 powders are heated. The thermal synthesis and the properties of this compound are evaluated by thermal analysis using an instrument yielding simultaneous DTA, TG, and EGA data. The compound forms slowly at temperatures above 300°C with no gas evolution and no weight loss. This product's X-ray diffraction pattern, unique and reproducible, is not included in the ASTM X-ray data card file. Stable at room temperature, the compound undergoes four crystal inversions in the temperature range from 390 to 450°C. Easily prepared from common laboratory chemicals, this compound may be useful as a temperature and DTA resolution standard.
The enforcement archipelago: Detention, haunting, and asylum on islands

Abstract From offshore border enforcement to detention centers on remote islands, struggles over human smuggling, detention, asylum, and associated policies play out along the geographical margins of the nation-state. In this paper, I argue that islands are part of a broader enforcement archipelago of detention, a tactic of migration control. Island enforcement practices deter, detain, and deflect migrants from the shores of sovereign territory. Islands thus function as key sites of territorial struggle where nation-states use distance, invisibility, and sub-national jurisdictional status ( Baldacchino & Milne, 2006 ) to operationalize Ong’s (2006) ‘graduated zones of sovereignty’. In sites that introduce ambiguity into migrants’ legal status, state and non-state actors negotiate and illuminate geopolitical arrangements that structure mobility. This research traces patterns among distant and distinct locations through examination of sovereign and biopolitical powers that haunt asylum-seekers detained on islands. Offshore detention, in turn, fuels spatial strategies employed in onshore detention practices internal to sovereign territory.
A deformation of quaternionic hyperbolic space

We construct a continuous family of new homogeneous Einstein spaces with negative Ricci curvature, obtained by deforming from the quaternionic hyperbolic space of real dimension 12. We give an explicit description of this family, which is made up of Einstein solvmanifolds which share the same algebraic structure (eigenvalue type) as the rank one symmetric space HH 3 . This deformation includes a continuous family of new homogeneous Einstein spaces with negative sectional curvature.
Boiling Flow Interaction Between Two Parallel Microchannels

Microchannel heat exchangers predominately use a parallel channel configuration to maximize heat transfer with minimal pump demand. Previous work optimized bulk performance of liquid flow heat exchangers but noted that upon boiling, flow redistributed among parallel channels, and they ultimately found that this instability caused an uncontrollable operating condition. This work predicts and measures fully coupled boiling flow interaction in a simplified two microchannel system. A series of silicon microfabricated devices enable piecewise study of the coupled fluidic and heat transfer interactions, first uniting the fluid inlets of thermally isolated channels, then connecting neighboring channel walls to allow heat transfer between channels. Multiple combinations of boiling and liquid flow, each satisfying system boundary conditions, are identified using flow demand curves assembled from single channel data. Each unique flow condition is experimentally demonstrated and found to be heavily dependent on the prior state of the channels. Connecting channel walls, thermally, is shown to lessen the number of allowed solutions and increase instability in the two channel system, allowing distinction between purely fluidic instabilities and fluidic instabilities coupled to heat transfer between channels. This work in describing interaction between two channels is a necessary step as work continues toward characterizing flow boiling in more complex parallel channel heat sinks.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Occasioned knowledge exploration in family interaction

This article examines the ensemble of conversational practices a particular family makes use of to cultivate active and joyful engagement in imaginative inquiry about the world, during mundane, largely unstructured activity. Parents provide opportunities for children to query new words, idioms, and concepts, and invite them to do so, though they do not impose explanations on children. Explanations are ‘recipient-designed’ in terms of age appropriateness, and may involve dramatic animations through use of the current scene as a local metric. Unpacking meanings of words and concepts can involve the playful exploration of possible rather than literal meanings as well. Participants choose to hear (and restructure) words in particular ways so that they can be seized as opportunities for launching play on sound structure. Involvement in the talk of the moment entails practices such as collaborative production of utterances, format tying, and sound play.
Mitral Valve Prolapse Incidence and Clinical Course in a Pediatric Population

Mitral valve prolapse is a common finding in the pediatric population. Five percent (154/3100) of pediatric patients had clinical evidence of mitral valve prolapse. A positive family history and minor abnormalities on electrocardiograms were frequent. The vast majority of patients were asymptomatic and exhibited a benign clinical course.
Physical Properties of Intermetallic FE2VA1

Fe{sub 2}VAl has recently been discovered to have a negative temperature coefficient of resistivity, moderately enhanced specific heat coefficient, and a large DOS at the Fermi level by photoemission. This triggered a round of heated research to understand the ground state of this material, both theoretically and experimentally. here they report a comprehensive characterization of Fe{sub 2}VAl. X-ray diffraction exhibited appreciable antisite disorder in all of our samples. FTIR spectroscopy measurements showed that the carrier density and scattering time had little sample-to-sample variation or temperature dependence for near-stoichiometric samples. FTIR and DC resistivity suggest that the transport properties of Fe{sub 2}VAl are influenced by both localized and delocalized carriers, with the former primarily responsible for the negative temperature coefficient of resistivity. Magnetization measurements reveal that near-stoichiometric samples have superparamagnetic clusters with at least two sizes of moments. X-ray photoemission from Fe core level showed localized magnetic moments on site-exchanged Fe. They conclude that in Fe{sub 2}VAl, antisite disorder causes significant modification to the semi-metallic band structure proposed by LDA calculations. With antisite disorder considered, they are now able to explain most of the physical properties of Fe{sub 2}VAl.
Incorporating economic analysis into clinical practice guidelines: a guide for users.

A large health plan has asked you to help them develop a clinical practice guideline for colon cancer screening. The plan currently covers annual fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years as screening methods. Member rates for both types of screening are very low (hence the impetus for the guideline). At the behest of several local gastroenterologists, the plan is also considering whether to cover colonoscopy every 10 years for average-risk people ≥50 years of age. Part of the process involves reviewing the cost-effectiveness literature, because the chief executive officer of the health plan is skeptical that colonoscopy represents a wise use of their ever-tightening budget. You are familiar with US Preventive Services Task Force Guidelines for colon cancer screening. After reviewing several recent cost-effectiveness studies, however, you find them daunting in terms of methodological complexity, terminology, and representation of outputs (a confusing array of large numerical tables and graphs that strongly resemble something you studied in first-year college economics). Is it possible to translate these studies into something you understand, believe reflects sound clinical practice, and believe would be useful to the health plan for their decision making? The situation just described, an apparent disconnect between costs and clinical practice guidelines and the confusion it causes for readers, is not unusual. Economic analyses are rarely included in guidelines, mostly because each discipline has different and often conflicting views of what constitutes “best practice”.1,2 This exclusion is unfortunate, because both guidelines and cost-effectiveness studies offer important information to help us practice more effective and efficient health care. Decision makers today have a need to synthesise and interpret these studies rapidly and efficiently. This editorial offers suggestions to help clinicians understand cost-effectiveness studies and to use them in developing guidelines. Its approach is similar to …
Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Time-Domain Maxwell's Equations

Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods support elements of various types, nonmatching grid and varying polynomial order in each element. In DG methods continuity at element interfaces is weakly enforced with the addition of proper penalty terms on the variational formulation commonly referred to as numerical fluxes. An interior penalty approach to derive a DG method for solving the two first order Maxwell's equations in the time domain is presented. The proposed method is explicit and conditionally stable. In addition, a local time-stepping strategy is applied to increase efficiency and reduce the computational time.
How to Build a Course in Mathematical–Biological Modeling: Content and Processes for Knowledge and Skill

Biological problems in the twenty-first century are complex and require mathematical insight, often resulting in mathematical models of biological systems. Building mathematical–biological models r...
Predicting mortality of ponderosa pine regeneration after prescribed fire in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA

Reduction of crown fire hazard in Pinus ponderosa forests in the Black Hills, SD, often focuses on the removal of overstorey trees to reduce crown bulk density. Dense ponderosa pine regeneration establishes several years after treatment and eventually increases crown fire risk if allowed to grow. Using prescribed fire to control this regeneration is hampered by the limited knowledge of fire-related mortality threshold values for seedlings ( 70% for seedlings but was only 18 to 46% for sapling-sized trees. The differences in mortality thresholds for ponderosa pine seedlings and saplings highlight their susceptibility to different damage pathways and give managers several options when designing burn prescriptions.
A Nobel Controversy

David Stoll Rigoberta Menchu and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans. Boulder: Westview Press, 1999. xix. 336 pp.
Systematic synthesis of DSP data format converters using life-time analysis and forward-backward register allocation

Systematic synthesis of digital signal processing (DSP) data format converter architectures using the minimum number of registers is addressed. Systematic lifetime analysis is used to calculate the minimum number of registers needed for the converter. A novel forward-backward register allocation technique is proposed for the synthesis of the converter; this allocation technique requires less area for the implementation of control circuits than a simpler forward-circulate allocation scheme. Furthermore, the forward-backward allocation scheme guarantees completion and sustains the interframe pipelining rate, whereas the forward-circulate scheme does not guarantee completion of the allocation. Examples of data format converters studied include matrix transposers, and a general (m, d/sub 1/) to (n, d/sub 2/)(w) converter, which processes m words and d/sub 1/ bits per word in one input cycle and outputs n words and d/sub 2/ bits per word in each output cycle. >
Politics and Islam in Contemporary Sudan

Why wasn't Islam the rallying point and battle cry of the anti-colonial movement in the Sudan? Why did the mainstream political parties and the first military regime maintain the 'secular' political structures of the colonial state? Why did the influential parties opt for an 'Islamic constitution' in the 1960s? Why did Nimeiry's regime change is course? This work attempts to answer these and related questions. Three key issues are addressed within the framework of the relationship between Islam, society and politics : the manifestation of Islam in the particular context of Sudanese society; the politicisation / repoliticisation of Islam and the Islamicisation of politics; and the mechanisms that influence the rise of a specific Islamicist force or enhance calls for Islamicisation.
Scheduling of traffic lights—A new approach☆

THE DETERMINATION OF TRAFFIC LIGHT PHASES AND PHASE SEQUENCES AS PART OF THE SCHEDULING PROBLEM IS CONSIDERED. ALL POSSIBLE PHASES ARE SYSTEMATICALLY DETERMINED FROM THE PAIRWISE INCOMPATIBILITIES (INTOLERABLE CONFLICTS) OF TRAFFIC STREAMS IN THE INTERSECTION. FOR THE PHASE SEQUENCES IT IS ASSUMED THAT EACH LIGHT MAY BE GREEN IN AN ARBITRARY NUMBER OF SUCCESSIVE PHASES. HOWEVER, IT IS STIPULATED THAT THERE MUST BE EXACTLY ONE GREEN INTERVAL PER CYCLE FOR EACH LIGHT. FOR GIVEN-PHASE SEQUENCES OPTIMIZATION OF A SCHEDULE WITH RESPECT TO AN ARBITRARY NUMBER OF COORDINATION REQUIREMENTS IS CONSIDERED. THE DETERMINATION OF PHASE DURATIONS AND OFFSET IS FORMULATED AS A LINEAR PROGRAM WITH A SPECIAL STRUCTURE. THE FEASIBILITY OF THIS PROGRAM DEPENDS ON THE CYCLE TIME, THE REQUIRED MINIMAL GREEN TIMES AND THE PAIRWISE INCOMPATIBILITIES. A SIMPLE FEASIBILITY TEST IN TERMS OF "BLOCKING GROUPS" IS GIVEN, AND A CONSTRUCTION FOR AN INITIAL BASIC SOLUTION IS DERIVED FROM IT. A SPECIAL ALGORITHM FOR THE OPTIMIZATION IS PRESENTED. THE PERIODIC REPETITION OF THE SCHEDULE AT THE INTERSECTION IS ACCOUNTED FOR IN THE ALGORITHM. /RRL/A/
Distribution of Virus and Viral Antigen in Specific Pathogen-free Calves Following Inoculation with Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Gross and microscopic lesions and distribution of virus were studied in specific pathogen-free calves (SPF) 10 days post-inoculation (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). To investigate possible differences in tissue tropism between BVDV isolates, two clinically and antigenically different noncytopathic (ncp) isolates of BVDV were compared in the study. Four calves were exposed to noncytopathic (ncp) BVDV 7937, and four to ncp-BVDV 126. Two additional calves that were not exposed to virus served as controls. Both ncp-BVDV 7937 and ncp-BVDV 126 induced mild disease characterized by variable fever and anorexia. Lymphoid depletion was evident in Peyer's patch of four calves and the thymus of two calves exposed to BVDV. Differences between these isolates in the distribution of BVDV or BVDV antigen in tissues of inoculated calves were not found. High concentrations of BVDV and BVDV-specific antigen were detected in the thymus, Peyer's patch, and mesenteric lymph node of all exposed calves. BVDV was shown to infect cells of the bone marrow without causing microscopic lesions. High concentrations of BVDV were recovered from the bone marrow of all calves exposed to BVDV and BVDV-specific antigen was demonstrated at this location in six of these calves. Platelet counts of calves exposed to BVDV were significantly reduced during infection, which resulted in thrombocytopenia in one calf. Focal areas of necrosis were observed in squamous epithelial cells of the tonsil and ruminal mucosa. BVDV-specific antigen was found in and adjacent to these foci. Calves exposed to ncp- BVDV 7937 had slightly more severe clinical signs than those exposed to ncp-BVDV 126. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a single- stranded positive-sense RNA virus classified in the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae along with hog cholera virus and border disease Recent studies of the antigenic and genomic structure of a range of BVDV isolates indicate that two distinct groups of BVDV isolates exist. Group I comprises commonly used laboratory and vaccine strains and group I1 in- cludes viruses isolated from fetal bovine sera, persis- tently infected calves born to dams vaccinated against BVDV, and newly described BVDV strains isolated from recent outbreaks of severe disease in North Ameri~a.~~,~~ Primary acute infections of BVDV are common in cattle populations of the world and are responsible for considerable economic loss. l4 The outcome of infec- tion is generally a mild or subclinical disease charac- terized by pyrexia, anorexia, leukopenia, and immu-
Sequentially-Coupled Finite Element Transient Analysis with Hygroscopic Swelling

The characterization of the hygroscopic property for the packaging materials presents unique challenges, which are not adequately addressed in current methods. One of those challenges is the impact of non-uniform moisture distribution across the specimen. Our recent studies have shown that the current averaged approach might overestimate the coefficient of hygroscopic swelling as much as 250%. In our previous analysis, however, the hygroscopic stress induced deformation has not been taken into consideration. As a matter of fact, due to non-uniform moisture distribution during the test, the total measured deformation includes the hygroscopic swelling itself, and the hygroscopic stress induced deformation. In this paper, a comprehensive study is performed on the impacts of non-uniform moisture distribution and the effect of hygroscopic stress by using sequentially coupled moisture diffusion and hygroscopic stress modeling approach. The results show that the hygroscopic stress induced displacement is relatively small, although the elastic strain caused by the hygroscopic stress accounts for about one third of the total strain. The results in our previous study are proved to be acceptably accurate, even through the hygroscopic stress induced elastic deformation has been neglected.
'Don't Tell, Dear': The Material Culture of Tampons and Napkins

Feminine hygiene products challenge traditional approaches to material culture. Far from being items of conspicuous usage that might assist in the expression of identity or status, tampons and napk...
Can the Ambiance of a Place be Determined by the User Profiles of the People Who Visit It

Recently, several online social networking sites (OSNs; e.g., FourSquare) have emerged that allow people to record and broadcast their presence at physical locations. We examined the viability of using images of frequent patrons listed on an establishment’s FourSquare page to infer the ambiance of the establishment. In Study 1, 10 judges independently rated 25 bars and 24 cafes in Austin, Texas. Ratings were based on the profile pictures of 25 randomly selected persons who frequented each establishment. Ratings tapped ambient physical and psychological qualities (e.g., loud, creepy), typical-patron personalities (e.g., extraverted), and likely patron activities (e.g., dancing). Results indicated considerable inter-judge consensus across the attributes rated (mean ICCs averaged .32, .69. and .33 for the ambiance, patronpersonality, and patron-activity variables respectively). In Study 2, a second team of 10 observers visited each target establishment during business hours and rated each location on the same set of variables. These ratings also showed strong inter-judge consensus (mean ICCs averaged .69, .79. and .62 for the ambiance, patron-personality, and patronactivity variables respectively). Correlations between the ratings obtained in Studies 1 and 2 showed surprisingly strong convergence suggesting that the profile photos conveyed valid information about the target establishments.
Anticholinergic Use and Recurrent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Findings From the Health ABC Study

Background: Although it is generally accepted that anticholinergic use may lead to a fall, results from studies assessing the association between anticholinergic use and falls are mixed. In addition, direct evidence of an association between use of anticholinergic medications and recurrent falls among community-dwelling elders is not available. Objective: To assess the association between anticholinergic use across multiple anticholinergic subclasses, including over-the-counter medications, and recurrent falls. Methods: This was a longitudinal analysis of 2948 participants, with data collected via interview at year 1 from the Health, Aging and Body Composition study and followed through year 7 (1997-2004). Self-reported use of anticholinergic medication was identified at years 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 as defined by the list from the 2015 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria. Dosage and duration were also examined. The main outcome was recurrent falls (≥2) in an ensuing 12-month period from each medication ...
Finding strategic communication & diverse leadership in the ancient world: The case of Queen Cleopatra VII, the last pharaoh of Egypt

AbstractThe reign of Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt offers a rare historical glimpse into ancient communication activities and how communication was used by the world’s last pharaoh. This historical research reveals how Cleopatra used public relations and strategic communication activities to advance both her reign as a lone woman sovereign and the interests of the Egyptian empire. Cleopatra was perhaps the first woman sovereign in history to rule alone for a period of over a decade. Her leadership showed skilled use of public communication and diplomacy with which she forestalled the fall of Egypt to Rome. A grounded theory approach allowed data to emerge naturally, surrounding communication activities, and then for a theoretical framework to be imposed that could explain the common themes in that data. This research compares Cleopatra’s activities with public relations theory using the classic four models of public relations to classify public communication. Findings show that Cleopatra used research in a...
Complex Interactions between Molecular Ions in Solution and Their Effect on Protein Stability

Protein stability in ionic solutions depends on the delicate balance between protein–ion and ion–ion interactions. For molecular ions containing multiple charged groups, the role of ion–ion interactions is particularly important. In this study, we show how the interplay between homo- and heteroion pairing influences protein stability using polyarginine salts as a model system. For the chloride salts, protein thermostability decreases as the size of the peptide increases, indicating enhanced binding to the protein. Moreover, it indicates reduced homoion pairing between Gdm+ and carboxylate groups that is largely responsible for aggregation suppression, rather than denaturation, in monomeric arginine solutions. However, for the sulfate salts, strong heteroion pairing between the Gdm+ groups and the sulfate counterions compensates for the loss of homoion pairing and, in return, leads to enhanced thermostability and a dramatically reduced (up to 10–30 times) rate of protein aggregation. Molecular dynamics sim...
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 Expression in Prostate Carcinomas and Other Common Tumors

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is involved in the decarboxylation of isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate. The function of this enzyme during the Krebs cycle of glucose metabolism has been well characterized; however, its role in cancer biology is not completely understood. IDH1 mutations at codon 132 have been characterized in specific brain tumors, including astrocytomas, glioblastomas, and oligodendrogliomas with significant …
Sternal infection after cardiac transplantation. Successful salvage utilizing a variety of techniques.

The use of muscle flaps, rib grafts, and continuous catheter irrigation in conjunction with adequate debridement is presented in the successful salvage of a patient having a postoperative sternal infection with associated dehiscence and mediastinitis after heart transplantation.
Probability: Understanding Random Situations

Our goal in this chapter is to understand uncertain situations, at least to the greatest extent possible. You will learn about probability and uncertainty; here is guide to these concepts. Please interpret a probability number (from 0 to 1) as an exact number indicating how likely an event is to happen (representing the percentage of the time that the event would happen under similar circumstances) so that probability 0.37 represents a 37% chance that the event happens. Probability numbers can come from previous experience (relative frequency as a percentage), from a mathematical statement (theoretical probability), or can be simply made up (subjective probability, yes it is permitted to use someone’s opinion here). New events of interest to you can be defined from other events, so we have the union of two events (that happens if one or the other or both events happen, such as “at least one new product is successful”), the intersection of two events (that happens if both events happen, such as “disk failure and backup failure”), the complement (that happens if an event does not happen). Of special interest to managers is conditional probability that shows how the probability of an event can (and must) change when new information becomes available (think about the probability of success changing when the test marketing campaign was successful). There are specific rules that govern how these new probabilities must be calculated, and one of the best (ie, easiest) ways to apply them is to use a structure: the probability tree (a kind of decision tree) to organize and focus your thoughts in an organized way. There are other methods for visualizing probabilities, and you will also see the Venn Diagram and the Joint Probability Table.
From Man to Beast: Social Death at Guantánamo

This chapter explores how indefinite detention in military prisons can be experienced as particularly egregious because it threatens a social— not just physical death. Based on an analysis of 78 interviews with men formerly detained at Guantanamo, the research presented here illuminates the mechanisms through which social death occurred, and the ways in which it could extend beyond confinement into release.
Integration of Knowledge Resources into Applications to Enable Clinical Decision Support: Architectural Considerations

Publisher Summary The provision of proactive, actionable clinical decision support (CDS) represents one of the most promising strategies available for improving care quality and promoting patient safety. At the same time, however, the availability of robust CDS capabilities remains the exception rather than the norm in most health care settings in the United States and elsewhere. This chapter discusses how knowledge resources can be integrated into clinical applications to enable decision support. Multiple factors have contributed to the limited adoption of CDS technologies, including reimbursement models that fail to reward the delivery of higher quality care, limited research regarding return on investment, and the widely publicized problems associated with several large-scale health IT initiatives. Based on the way in which the health care marketplace has reacted to existing approaches to knowledge integration, it is clear that more widespread adoption of CDS capabilities will require a knowledge integration approach that is simple, flexible, content-rich, relatively inexpensive, and standardized.
Perspectives on Urban Economic Planning: The Case of Washington, D.C., Since 1880

THERE IS LITTLE DOUBT that the United States has been undergoing a sweeping and multi-faceted economic transformation since the early 1970s. The industrial mix and spatial distribution of activities within the national economy are being altered by basic changes, including (1) the simultaneous growth of certain manufacturing industries and the decline of others, (2) the broad decentralization of manufacturing production to overseas locations and the rising importance of international trade, (3) the shift of employment from manufacturing and transportation into information processing activities, and (4) the emergence of historically peripheral regions in the South and West as centers of innovation and economic change.' In varying combinations, these changes are altering the economic circumstances of American cities and forcing reconsideration of appropriate economic roles. With the effective withdrawal of the federal government
Analysis of edge stability for models of heat flux width

Abstract Detailed measurements of the ne, Te, and Ti profiles in the vicinity of the separatrix of ELMing H-mode discharges have been used to examine plasma stability at the extreme edge of the plasma and assess stability dependent models of the heat flux width. The results are strongly contrary to the critical gradient model, which posits that a ballooning instability determines a gradient scale length related to the heat flux width. The results of this analysis are not sensitive to the choice of location to evaluate stability. Significantly, it is also found that the results are completely consistent with the heuristic drift model for the heat flux width. Here the edge pressure gradient scales with plasma density and is proportional to the pressure gradient inferred from the equilibrium in accordance with the predictions of that theory.
The 1962 Kaoiki, Hawaii, earthquake and its aftershocks

Abstract At 18:27:14.3 on June 27, 1962 an earthquake of moderate intensity occurred near the Kaoiki fault system between the volcanoes Kilauea and Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawaii. It was felt strongly on Hawaii, where it caused minor property damage, and was perceptible as far as Oahu to the north-west. Intense aftershock activity continued for several weeks; 1540 aftershocks were recorded during the initial 60 hours. A hyperbolic decay in the number of aftershocks with increasing time was evident. The epicentral zone covered about 150 square km and focal depths ranged from 3 to 12 km.
Uncertain evidence and artificial analysis

Abstract A belief function measure of uncertainty, associated with a network based knowledge structure, effectively defines an artificial analyst (e.g., an expert system) capable of making uncertain judgements. In practice, a belief function is typically constructed by combining independent components developed on local areas of the network from inputs such as accepted causal theories, probabilistic judgements by experts, or empirical sample data. Representation of the network in a special form called a ‘tree of cliques’ leads to a locally controlled algorithm that propagates locally defined beliefs through the tree, and fuses the resulting beliefs at the nodes, in such a way as to simultaneously compute marginal beliefs over all nodes of the tree. The paper develops a simple hypothetical example from the field of reliability to illustrate these ideas.