cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The single-stage nasolabial flap

The nasolabial flap has long been recognized as a useful technique for nasal reconstruction. The original design of this flap commonly resulted in trap-door deformity and distortion of natural contours of the face and nose, often requiring one or more surgical revisions. We present several modifications of the original design of this flap that minimize these undesirable outcomes and facilitate a more simplified single-stage procedure.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Variants

Papillary thyroid carcinomas are the most common thyroid cancers and constitute more than 70% of thyroid malignancies. The most common etiologic factor is radiation, but genetic susceptibility and other factors also contribute to the development of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The most common variants include conventional, follicular variant and tall cell variant. However, many other uncommon variants have been described including oncocytic, columnar cell, diffuse sclerosing and solid forms. Immunohistochemical staining with TTF-1 and thyroglobulin is very useful in confirming the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma especially in metastatic sites. Markers such as HBME-1 and CITED1 can assist in separating some difficult cases of follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinomas from follicular adenomas. Molecular studies have shown that the BRAF V600E mutation is found mainly in papillary and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Other molecular markers such as HMGA2 and insulin-like growth factor II mRNA binding protein 3 have been used recently as molecular tests to separate papillary thyroid carcinoma and its variants from follicular adenomas and other benign thyroid nodules.
Evolution and modulation of tropical heating from the last glacial maximum through the twenty-first century

Twentieth century observations show that during the last 50 years the sea-surface temperature (SST) of the tropical oceans has increased by ~0.5°C and the area of SST >26.5 and 28°C (arbitrarily referred to as the oceanic warm pool: OWP) by 15 and 50% respectively in association with an increase in green house gas concentrations, with non-understood natural variability or a combination of both. Based on CMIP3 projections the OWP is projected to double during twenty-first century in a moderate CO2 forcing scenario (IPCC A1B scenario). However, during the observational period the area of positive atmospheric heating (referred to as the dynamic warm pool, DWP), has remained constant. The threshold SST (T H ), which demarks the region of net heating and cooling, has increased from 26.6°C in the 1950s to 27.1°C in the last decade and it is projected to increase to ~28.5°C by 2100. Based on climate model simulations, the area of the DWP is projected to remain constant during the twenty-first century. Analysis of the paleoclimate model intercomparison project (PMIP I and II) simulations for the Last Glacial maximum and the Mid-Holocene periods show a very similar behaviour, with a larger OWP in periods of elevated tropical SST, and an almost constant DWP associated with a varying T H . The constancy of the DWP area, despite shifts in the background SST, is shown to be the result of a near exact matching between increases in the integrated convective heating within the DWP and the integrated radiative cooling outside the DWP as SST changes. Although the area of the DWP remains constant, the total tropical atmospheric heating is a strong function of the SST. For example the net heating has increased by about 10% from 1950 to 2000 and it is projected to increase by a further 20% by 2100. Such changes must be compensated by a more vigorous atmospheric circulation, with growth in convective heating within the warm pool, and an increase of subsiding air and stability outside the convective warm pool and an increase of vertical shear at the DWP boundaries. This finding is contrary to some conclusions from other studies but in accord with others. We discuss the similarities and differences at length.
Polycrystalline silicon film thickness measurement from analysis of visible reflectance spectra

An algorithm is described whereby the thickness of polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) films on oxidized silicon substrates may be determined from the magnitude and wavelength positions of extrema in the visible reflectance spectra. The underlying layer structure, which can consist of two or more layers, is combined mathematically with the silicon into an effective homogeneous substrate to facilitate analysis. Polysilicon layers from about 20 nm to about 1 μm in thickness are measurable for underlying layers in approximately the same range. Proper account is taken of absorption in the polysilicon layer, and interference effects in the underlying layers when they are sufficiently thick. Reflectance lowering caused by scattered light is corrected with the aid of the measured reflectance at 400-nm wavelength, where the polysilicon is opaque. The algorithm is practically insensitive to overlying oxide layers up to 55 nm in thickness, so that buried polysilicon layers are also measurable. When implemented on an automated spectrophotometer, the algorithm provides thickness values in essentially real time, with a precision of about 0.1 nm.
Sox4 cooperates with Evi1 in AKXD-23 myeloid tumors via transactivation of proviral LTR

Myeloid leukemias in AKXD23 mice contain proviral insertions at Evi1, resulting in transcriptional activation. Although Evi1 is clearly involved in leukemia, gene transfer studies in mice with Evi1 fail to cause leukemia, arguing that cooperating events are necessary. We reanalyzed AKXD-23 tumors for cooperating proviral insertion and found that each tumor had a proviral insertion in Sox4, which encodes an HMG-box transcription factor. RNA analysis revealed these insertions cause increased Sox4 expression. Overexpression of Sox4 in 32Dcl3 cells markedly inhibited cytokine-induced granulocyte maturation, as documented by morphologic and mRNA analysis. Sox4-expressing cells had higher levels of transcripts associated with proliferation, including Evi1. Conversely, in leukemic cells that express Sox4 and bear provirally activated Evi1, suppression of Sox4 with short hairpin RNAs resulted in down-regulation of both Sox4 and Evi1. By cotransfection studies, Sox4 is able to transactivate the AKV long terminal repeat, which likely explains how Sox4 transcriptionally up-regulates provirally activated Evi1; however, Sox4 does not appear to regulate the native Evi1 promoter. We propose that Sox4 proviral activation is selected for in the setting of prior proviral activation of Evi1, because it transactivates the relatively weak LTR of AKV leading to higher Evi1 expression and consequent block to differentiation. (Blood. 2006;107:733-741)
Evaluation of mechanical and thermal nociception as objective tools to measure painful and nonpainful lameness phases in multiparous sows.

The objective of this study was to quantify pain sensitivity differences using mechanical nociception threshold (MNT) and thermal nociception threshold (TNT) tests when sows were in painful and nonpainful transient lameness phases. A total of 24 mixed parity crossbred sows (220.15 ± 21.23 kg) were utilized for the MNT test, and a total of 12 sows (211.41 ± 20.21 kg) were utilized for the TNT test. On induction day (D0), all sows were anesthetized and injected with Amphotericin B (10mg/mL) in the distal interphalangeal joint space in both claws of one randomly selected hind limb to induce transient lameness. Three days were compared: (1) D-1 (sound phase, defined as 1 d before induction), (2) D+1 (most lame phase, defined as 1 d after induction), and (3) D+6 (resolution phase, defined as 6 d after induction). After completion of the first round, sows were given a 7-d rest period and then the procedures were repeated with lameness induced in the contralateral hind limb. During the MNT test, pressure was applied perpendicularly to 3 landmarks in a randomized sequence for each sow: 1) middle of cannon on the hind limb (cannon), 2) 1 cm above the coronary band on the medial hind claw (medial claw), and 3) 1 cm above the coronary band on the lateral hind claw (lateral claw). During the TNT test, a radiant heat stimulus was directed 1 cm above the coronary band. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with sow as the experimental unit. Differences were analyzed between sound and lame limbs on each day. For the MNT test, pressure tolerated by the lame limb decreased for every landmark (P 0.05). However, the sows tolerated less heat stimulation on their lame limb on D+1 compared to D-1 levels (P < 0.05). Both MNT and TNT tests indicated greater pain sensitivity thresholds when sows were acutely lame.
Corn stover for bioenergy production: cost estimates and farmer supply response.

Abstract A lot of attention is being paid to potential use of corn stover as a feedstock for bioenergy production. In addition to meeting renewable energy goals, use of corn stover for energy production may provide a new source of income for corn growers. This study estimates the costs of corn stover harvest and supply, and then uses that information to estimate farm production decisions and changes to farm profit at varying corn stover prices. In this study, corn stover is collected in large round bales using a raking, baling, and staging method. Harvest cost includes payments for fuel, labor, equipment ownership and repair, net wrap, and nutrient replacement. Supply costs include storage, loading and unloading, and transport. The total cost of harvest and supply is estimated between 82.19 $ Mg −1 (dry) and 100.56 $ Mg −1 (dry). Costs will vary considerably from farm to farm and from year to year depending on weather conditions. A linear programming model was used to estimate the willingness of corn growers to harvest corn stover at varying stover prices. Corn stover supply, farm profit, and land allocation was analyzed under multiple scenarios. At a price of 88.19 $ Mg −1 , farms in the base case harvested corn stover at a rate of 2.49 Mg ha −1 using a 33% removal rate. At this price, stover provided enough additional profit to entice farmers to shift to more continuous corn production. Future research is needed to determine the overall impacts of a viable stover market on corn and soybean production and price.
Discussion on “Is Average Run Length to False Alarm Always an Informative Criterion?” by Yajun Mei

Abstract In addition to the ARL∞, the discussion emphasizes the importance of determining PFA(τ) and CED(τ). An example of such computations is given. When the parameters before and after the change-point are unknown, it is recommended to employ the full Bayesian framework.
Age determination using the apodeme structure in adult screwworm flies (Cochliomyia hominivorax)

Abstract A method of age determination of adult screwworm flies is described and documented. This method uses the diurnal differences in the deposition of apodeme layers as a basis for counting the age in days since eclosion. The method is accurate to plus or minus one day, and can be determined on meterial that has been dried, pinned, frozen, or preserved in ethanol or other fixatives.
Integral Equation Solution for Internal Flow Subjected to a Variable Heat Transfer Coefficient

A solution methodology based on integral equations is presented for the problem of heat transfer to laminar duct flow subjected to an axial variation of the external heat transfer coefficient. The technique offers an efficient and accurate calculation procedure which combines standard analytical method with a simple numerical integration. In order to examine the effect of external finning, results are calculated for the cases of a stepwise periodic and a harmonic variation of the heat transfer coefficient for both fully developed laminar flow and slug flow. The general procedure is applicable to wide class of problems in heat and mass transfer involving variable boundary condition parameters.
THE DETERMINATION OF POROSITY OF CHINA BY THE WATER SOAKING METHOD1

Comparative tests show that prolonged soaking is more effective than boiling in attaining saturation of nearly vitrified ware, and a period of 4 days' immersion in cold water is recommended.
The Determination of Step Heights on the Non-Uhv Heat-Treated MgO (100) Surface by CBED

Conditions are established whereby step heights may be measured in the acid-washed and air-annealed MgO single-crystals currently employed as substrates for pulsed-laser-deposition. Preliminary data indicates that the steps are typically a few nanometers in height.
Colorectal distention in the horse: visceral sensitivity, rectal compliance and effect of i.v. xylazine or intrarectal lidocaine.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Most current models of visceral sensitivity testing in the horse have required visceral cannulation. Colorectal distention (CRD) is a widely used, noninvasive method for testing in other species and could be adapted for use in horses. Objectives: To develop a protocol of controlled CRD in the conscious horse and to evaluate the effect of i.v. xylazine or intrarectal lidocaine on CRD threshold and rectal compliance. Methods: Eight horses were used for baseline studies (3 trials each) and 6 horses to evaluate treatments (4 trials, 2 per treatment). A 45 cm diameter polyvinyl balloon attached to plastic tubing was used for rectal distention following a stepwise barostat-controlled inflation pattern. Results: The procedure was well tolerated by all horses. Mean baseline threshold pressure was 14.17 mmHg. Xylazine i.v. resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher mean threshold pressures compared to baseline or rectal lidocaine. Rectal compliance increased following lidocaine treatment relative to baseline or xylazine. Conclusions: CRD offers a noninvasive method for visceral sensitivity testing in the horse. Xylazine raises CRD threshold, while lidocaine increases rectal compliance. Potential relevance: The increased rectal compliance following intrarectal lidocaine administration may explain the benefit of its use to facilitate rectal examination.
The role of the C-1 triol group in bicyclomycin

Comparison of the chemical, biochemical, and biological activities of the antibiotic, bicyclomycin, with three C-1 triol modified derivatives demonstrated that all four compounds intercepted thiols but only bicyclomycin effectively inhibited the transcription termination factor rho and possessed significant antimicrobial activity, indicating that the stereochemical and chemical structure of the C-1 triol group played a key role in the drug recognition process.
Yttrium and neodymium Di- and monohalide complexes based on scorpionate (poly(pyrazolyl)borate) ligands

The syntheses of a series of well-characterized complexes of the type TpRYX2(solvent)n (1 and 2, R = H, X = Br, Cl, solvent = THF, n = 2; 4, R = Me, X = Cl, solvent = THF, n = 1; 5, R = Me, X = Cl, solvent = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, n = 1; 7, R = Ph, X = Cl, solvent = THF, n = 1) and the novel solvent-free bis(poly(pyrazolylborate) complexes [(TpR)(BpR‘)YX] (8, R = R‘ =Me, X = Cl; 9, R = H, R‘ = Ph, X = Br) are presented. The data demonstrate that the steric, dynamic, and coordination behavior of these complexes are heavily influenced by the choice of scorpionate ligand substituents, showing the versatility of this ligand system for catalyst design. The coordinated THF solvent molecules of complexes 1, 2, and 4 are seen to undergo a dynamic solvation/desolvation equilibrium in solution that is fast on the NMR time scale. The position of this equilibrium is solvent-dependent and can be evaluated in complex 4 by observation of the line broadening of the 3-methyl resonance in the 1H NMR spectra taken in differe...
Polarization splitter and polarization rotator designs based on transformation optics

The transformation optics technique is employed in this paper to design two optical devices - a two-dimensional polarization splitter and a three-dimensional polarization rotator for propagating beams. The polarization splitter translates the TM- and the TE-polarized components of an incident beam in opposite directions (i.e., shifted up or shifted down). The polarization rotator rotates the polarization state of an incoming beam by an arbitrary angle. Both optical devices are reflectionless at the entry and exit interfaces. Design details and full-wave simulation results are provided.
Polarization characterization of self-imaging GaAs/AlGaAs waveguide beamsplitters using Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry

Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry represents a novel means of characterizing the polarization effects of optoelectronic devices. The Mueller matrix contains the complete polarization properties of a sample, and can therefore be used to calculate properties such as phase retardance, polarization dependant losses and polarization crosstalk. The complete polarization properties of a series of GaAs/AlGaAs self-imaging waveguide beamsplitters were measured with an imaging Mueller matrix polarimeter. Polarization properties were mapped across high resolution images of the devices' outcoupling faces, and the uniformity of the polarization properties was measured. Properties investigated include magnitude and orientation of linear retardance, polarization dependant losses, and crosstalk between TE and TM modes.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SU-D-211-02: A Framework for 4pi Radiotherapy.

Purpose: Inclusion of highly non‐coplanar treatment angles increases radiationsdose conformality and critical organ sparing. However, implementation of this treatment strategy has been hampered by inaccurate solution space modeling, limited automated beam selection methods, the lack of efficient beam sequencing program and integrated collision prevention. The aim is to develop a 4pi radiotherapy paradigm that takes full advantage of modern computer‐controlled robotic C‐arm linear accelerators.Methods: The beam geometry solution space was modeled by 3D surface scanning of the couch, gantry and patient. In order to utilize the entire solution space and optimize MLC resolution, variable source‐to‐tumor distances were introduced. Conformai radiationdoses were computed using convolution/superposition from uniformly distributed solid angles. Beam orientation optimization was performed using a column generation and pricing approach, which was also used to optimize beam fluence intensity modulation. A level set method was then employed to automatically sequence beams so the treatment time and couch motion can be minimized while avoiding collision on the path. Results: The machine and patient surface was accurately measured and a cocoon shaped solution space was created with an integrated gap buffer of 4 cm. 14 conformai beams were typically selected to maximize target dose coverage and minimize critical organdoses. Compared with manual non‐coplanar and coplanar volumetric modulated arc therapy plans, an average 20% improvement was observed in high dose spillage, defined as the 50% isodose volume divided by the target volume, in a wide range of clinical cases including brain, lung, liver and partial breast cancer. Conclusions: We have established a framework that overcomes major technical difficulties associated with automated planning and delivery of highly non‐coplanar treatment on the widely available C‐arm linacs. Compared with coplanar volumetric modulated arc therapy plans, 4pi plans improve nearly all aspects of the dosimetry while remain highly deliverable.
Layer KKR approach to Bloch-wave transmission and reflection: Application to spin-dependent tunneling

Bloch waves may be reflected and transmitted by planar interfaces. In this paper, we show how the reflection and transmission amplitudes for Bloch waves can be calculated within the layer Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker formalism. The calculated transmission probability is used to calculate the spin-dependent tunneling conductance for magnetic tunnel junctions formed from ZnSe semiconducting layers sandwiched between two ferromagnetic Fe layers. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Gender and Young Voters in 2004: The Influence of Perceived Knowledge and Interest

Research suggests the presence of gender differences in knowledge about political candidates and campaign issues during elections, coining such differences as the “knowledge gap.” This study explores that perspective by examining young voters' perceptions of their political knowledge and interest during the 2004 election. Findings indicate that although perceptions of knowledge differ by gender, interest levels between young women and men do not significantly differ and overall are high. Once perceptions of political cynicism and candidate evaluations are examined by perceived knowledge and interest, no differences emerge, although uninterested young women are likely to vote differently than uninterested young men.
A primordial 4He constraint on Dirac neutrino masses

Abstract The implications of the Z0-width experiment for the number of neutrino flavors taken together with the 4He constraint on the energy density at the nucleosynthesis epoch, can give a limit on the extent to which a right-handed neutrino sea could contribute to the expansion rate of the universe during Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Since the population of the right-handed neutrino sea depends on the neutrino mass we can extract a Dirac neutrino mass limit of mv ⪡ 150 keV. This limit could apply to νμ or ντ if they have purely Dirac masses.
Finding Your Way in the Maze of Computer Access Technology

Occupational therapists who must provide alternative computer access are faced with a daunting task. From nearly 500 types of devices, they must decide on a specific access technology that will meet clients' needs. Without extensive clinical experience, it is difficult to select an appropriate level of intervention from the alternatives without guidance. The RoadMap to Computer Access Technology is a tool that assists clinicians in using the information obtained in an occupational therapy evaluation to select an appropriate level of intervention for a specific client. Clinicians answer a series of yes or no questions and follow the directions on the RoadMap. The RoadMap leads clinicians to a small group of devices that should meet the access needs of the client.
Silver and silver / polystyrene coated hollow glass waveguides for the transmission of visible and infrared radiation

This study involves the optimization of thin silver coated Hollow Glass Waveguides (HGWs) for low-loss delivery of laser radiation at visible wavelengths and discusses preliminary work in the development of polystyrene dielectric thin films in silver coated HGWs for low-loss radiation delivery at near and far infrared wavelengths. The optimization of the silver thin film deposition procedure in HGWs for reduced transmission losses at λ = 500 - 1050 nm is presented along with experimental results. Such low-loss hollow waveguides are capable of delivering high power / high energy laser light with no functional damage. The benefits and use of novel polystyrene thin films in HGWs is likewise presented and preliminary experimental results are discussed along with potential applications of said polystyrene coated waveguides. Polystyrene is an attractive material for use as a dielectric thin film in HGWs due to its relatively low refractive index nearing the optimal refractive index of n = 1.414 for use as a single dielectric thin film in HGWs. Furthermore, its nontoxicity, low cost, and chemical inertness add to its beneficial use as a transparent thin film at visible and infrared wavelengths ranging from λ = 500 - 3,000 nm and λ > 50 μm. Its broadband transparency additionally allows for its simultaneous use as a dielectric film in HGWs at infrared and visible wavelengths. Preliminary results in the development of polystyrene coated HGWs optimized for transmission at short and long wavelengths are presented, primarily through FTIR spectroscopic methods. The design for the optimization of deposited polystyrene thin films in HGWs based on desired transmission wavelength range is discussed.
Isosteric heats of adsorption in the Henry’s law region for carbon single wall cylindrical nanopores and spherical nanocavities

Abstract The isosteric heat of adsorption in the Henry’s law region is calculated as a function of the pore width for carbon single wall cylindrical nanopores and spherical nanocavities. The maximum isosteric heat of adsorption is obtained for six gas molecules: argon, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, helium, and nitrogen. In addition, the results for cylindrical carbon nanopores are compared with adsorption data on single-wall carbon nanotubes from the literature. We find the pore width where the isosteric heat of adsorption is a maximum for both geometries. The effect of solid–fluid parameters on the pore diameter for the maximum isosteric heat of adsorption is determined for any system described by a Lennard–Jones potential. Constant relationships between the pore diameters for the maximum isosteric heat of adsorption and the specific solid–fluid parameters are found for cylindrical nanopores, spherical nanocavities, and parallel-wall slit-shaped pores. Surface mean curvature has a significant influence on the isosteric heat of adsorption.
Alkylation damage and DNA excision repair in mammalian cells.

Excision repair can be measured by using benzoylated naphthoylated DEAE cellulose (BND cellulose) to filter out DNA formed by replicative synthesis. A rapid batch method that permits analysis of many samples has been developed. Repair can be measured at growing points and in the bulk of the DNA. Using this technology, we have shown that the mutagen methyl nitronitrosoguanidine induces increased repair rates in DNA growing point regions. We have also observed that excision repair capability decreases as chick retinal tissues develop. “Glial‐like” cells growing out after trypsinization of the retinas are devoid of measurable repair activity. BND cellulose chromatography can also be used to detect interruptions in DNA. Treatment of cells with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) leads to interruptions in cellular DNA, in contrast to treatment with acetoxy acetylaminofluorene (AAAF), which is an active repair‐inducing agent but which does not induce detectable numbers of breaks in cellular DNA. We conclude that ther...
Chemical Characteristics of Bottom Soils from Freshwater and Brackishwater Aquaculture Ponds

Soil chemical analyses were conducted on samples from 358 freshwater fish ponds and 346 brackishwater shrimp ponds. Freshwater ponds were located in Honduras, Rwanda, Bhutan, and the United States. Ponds in the United States were in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, and South Carolina. Brackishwater ponds were in Thailand, Ecuador, Philippines, and Venezuela. Soils of freshwater and brackishwater ponds did not differ greatly in average concentrations and concentration ranges for carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and pH. Concentrations of copper and barium tended to be higher in freshwater soils than in brackishwater ones. All other measured chemical constitutents tended to be more abundant in the soils of brackishwater ponds than in those of freshwater ponds. For the most part, ranges of pond soil chemical properties were similar to those of terrestrial soils, with freshwater pond soils resembling terrestrial soils from humid areas and brackishwater soils being similar in many respects to soils of arid regions. However, some brackishwater pond soils were highly acidic, acid-sulfate soils. Data were arranged into concentration categories (very low, low, medium, high, and very high) to facilitate comparisons of the present data set with other data on soil chemical properties for aquaculture ponds. All ponds included in the present study were used for aquaculture, showing that it is possible to rear fish and shrimp across an extremely wide range of soil chemical properties.
Iatrogenic obstruction after sling surgery

As sling surgery becomes an increasingly popular treatment option for women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), iatrogenic obstruction and postoperative voiding dysfunction are becoming recognized more and more. In this Review, the authors discuss the incidence, causes, diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of urethral obstruction after sling surgery for SUI.
Failure modes of specimens containing surface flaws under cyclic torsion

Turbine-generator shafts are often subjected to a complex transient torsional loading. Such a torsional loading may initiate yielding at the outer radius of the shaft or in the fillets. The methods for predicting turbine-shaft fatigue life due to transient loading depent upon the mode of crack growth from an undetected crack. The most common location for the existence of a crack is the fillets or shoulders of the shaft. Specimens were designed from AISI 4340 steel with two diametrically opposed flat surfaces. Initial defect orientations of 0 deg, 45 deg and 90 deg with respect to the sepcimen axis on the fillet were studied. The specimens were subjected to cyclic torsion with zero mean torque and with a torque amplitude necessary to cause yielding at the outer radius of the specimen. When initial defects were aligned with a plane of maximum shear stress (0 deg and 90 deg), the cracks propagated along that plane. For 45-deg defects (aligned to a plane of maximum tensile stress) the crack still propagated along the plane of maximum shear. However, the number of cycles to initiate and to propagate the crack to failure for 45-deg defects were (two to three times) larger than those for 0-deg and 90-deg defects. Mode II and Mode III crack-growth rates were measured from specimens containing 0-deg and 90-deg defects. It was found that the crack-growth rate in Mode II was higher than in Mode III. However, all the specimens failed due to reduction of the net cross section, mostly attributed to Mode III crack growth. Similar results were obtained from specimens of turbine-shaft material (A469 steel), and 2024 aluminum with different rolling directions. Fatigue-crack-growth rates in Mode III were measured from circumferentially notched bar. They were found to be a unique function of ΔK III alternating stress intensity in Mode III. It was found that the mechanism of crack growth is produced by the formation and linkage of elongated cavities at the crack tip.
Characteristics of lytic and non-lytic derived strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

SummaryPermanent auto-plaque negative (AP-) colonies are rarely detectable in AP+ strains cultured on tryptone agar. However, two types of AP- strains can be isolated from AP+ strains that are maintained for one to four weeks on refrigerated tryptose agar slants. One type appears to be permanently non-lytic and non-inducible with antibiotics, while the second type is inducible (APi-) with demethylchlortetracycline and may revert to the lytic state spontaneously. In addition, all AP- strains exhibiting iridescent patches in the absence of visible lysis were found to be inducible auto-plaque producers. Comparative optical density measurements of AP+ cultures with their corresponding AP- strains indicated no significant differences in their growth rate in aerated broth, nor was lysis detectable by this method. However, all AP+ strains exhibited auto-plaque formation in broth-containing petri plates when allowed to grow as a spreading thin pellicle under static conditions. Biochemical and antibiotic sensitivi...
Low cross-talk polarization splitter on glass

We propose and demonstrate a new integrated polarization splitter made by ion exchange on glass operating at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. The design is based on an asymmetric Y-junction with one output branch supporting only the TE mode. Cross-talk lower than -30.0 dB in TM mode has been achieved over a wavelength range of 80 nm. Values lower than -10.0 dB for the TE mode were demonstrated over the same bandwidth with an optimum of -19.8 dB at 1.54 μm. The experimental results are in good agreement with simulations. We measured insertion losses of 6.5 dB in both modes.
Five New Extrasolar Planets

We report multiple Doppler measurements of five nearby FGK main-sequence stars and subgiants obtained during the past 4-6 yr at the Keck Observatory. These stars, namely, HD 183263, HD 117207, HD 188015, HD 45350, and HD 99492, all exhibit coherent variations in their Doppler shifts consistent with a planet in Keplerian motion. The five new planets occupy known realms of planetary parameter space, including a wide range of orbital eccentricities, e = 0-0.78, and semimajor axes, 0.1-3.8 AU, that provide further statistical information about the true distributions of various properties of planetary systems. One of the planets, HD 99492b, has a low minimum mass of 0.112M_(Jup) = 36M_(Earth). Four of the five planets orbit beyond 1 AU. We describe two quantitative tests of the false alarm probability for Keplerian interpretations of measured velocities. The more robust of these involves Monte Carlo realizations of scrambled velocities as a proxy for noise. Keplerian orbital fits to that "noise" yield the distribution of χ^2_v to compare with χ^2_v from the original (unscrambled) velocities. We establish a 1% false alarm probability as the criterion for candidate planets. All five of these planet-bearing stars are metal-rich, with [Fe/H] > +0.27, reinforcing the strong correlation between planet occurrence and metallicity. From the full sample of 1330 stars monitored at Keck, Lick, and the Anglo-Australian Telescope, the shortest orbital period for any planet is 2.64 days, showing that shorter periods occur less frequently than 0.1% in the solar neighborhood. Photometric observations were acquired for four of the five host stars with an automatic telescope at Fairborn Observatory. The lack of brightness variations in phase with the radial velocities supports planetary-reflex motion as the cause of the velocity variations. No transits were observed, but their occurrence is not ruled out by our observations.
Postbuckling equilibrium of axially compressed circular cylindrical shells.

Earlier numerical solutions of the von Karman-Donnell large-displacement equations for thin circular cylindrical shells have been extended by considering larger numbers of terms in the double Fourier series representing the radial displacements after buckling. In the most comprehensive one of the calculations whose results are presented here a total potential energy expression consisting of about 1100 terms was minimized with respect to 16 unknowns. The results of the computations as well as theoretical considerations indicate that the solution for long shells of the von Karman-Donnell equations with the aid of the von Karman-TsienLeggett procedure leads in the limit to the trivial solution in which the amplitude of the displacements tends to zero, the number of waves around the circumference tends to infinity, and the average axial compressive stress capable of maintaining equilibrium in the postbuckling state tends to zero.
Elastic properties of face-centered-cubic plutonium

The three principal elastic constants, C/sub ij/, of fcc plutonium were determined by measuring the ultrasonic wave velocities along a near-(110) direction in a single crystal. The elastic anisotropy is twice that known for any other fcc metal. The elastic-anisotropy problem is considered by using a general two-body central-force interatomic potential. Based on the C/sub ij/, polar plots of the wave velocities and Young's modulus were determined. The C/sub ij/ were ''averaged'' to obtain quasi-isotropic elastic constants, which are compared with existing polycrystalline elastic data. The elastic Debye temperature was computed by numerically integrating the Christoffel equations. 6 figures, 5 tables.
Florid endometriosis in a postmenopausal woman.

Objective To report a case of florid endometriosis. Design Case report. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) A 53-year-old postmenopausal woman with a 10-cm retroperitoneal mass comprised of endometriosis causing hydroureteronephrosis and loss of ipsilateral kidney function. Intervention(s) The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy with extensive lysis of adhesions, right nephrectomy, radical resection of the retroperitoneal mass including partial resection of the psoas muscle, dissection from the inferior vena cava, and resection of distal ileum, cecum, and appendix with a primary ileoascending colon reanastomosis. Main Outcome Measure(s) Postoperative symptom resolution. Result(s) The patient had widespread adhesive disease with a primary retroperitoneal endometriotic mass and a secondary mass involving the small bowel mesentery. Endometriomas were found in the right kidney and right distal ureter. Additional endometriotic implants were found at the right common iliac bifurcation, appendix, and in multiple mesenteric nodules. No residual ovarian tissue was identified, and preoperative FSH and estrogen (E) levels indicated no evidence of an ovarian remnant. Conclusion(s) Severe endometriosis caused ipsilateral renal failure despite postmenopausal levels of E and FSH, supporting the theory that endometriotic implants may have an autocrine function involving E biosynthesis or may respond to hormone production in adipose tissue.
Multivariate statistical analysis of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry images—looking beyond the obvious

Analytical instrumentation such as time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) provides a tremendous quantity of data since an entire mass spectrum is saved at each pixel in an ion image. The analyst often selects only a few species for detailed analysis; the majority of the data are not utilized. Researchers at Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) have developed a powerful multivariate statistical analysis (MVSA) toolkit named AXSIA (Automated eXpert Spectrum Image Analysis) that looks for trends in complete datasets (e.g., analyzes the entire mass spectrum at each pixel). A unique feature of the AXSIA toolkit is the generation of intuitive results (e.g., negative peaks are not allowed in the spectral response). The robust statistical process is able to unambiguously identify all of the spectral features uniquely associated with each distinct component throughout the dataset. General Electric and Sandia used AXSIA to analyze raw data files generated on an Ion Tof IV ToF-SIMS instrument. Here, we will show that the MVSA toolkit identified metallic contaminants within a defect in a polymer sample. These metallic contaminants were not identifiable using standard data analysis protocol.
Feasibility of Closed-Chest Left Ventricular Bypass Using Unilateral Retrograde Transpulmonary Flow

A method for closed-chest left heart bypass using retrograde unilateral transpulmonry blood flow originating from the left atrium and retrieved by a cuffed cannula wedged in a pulmonary artery branch is described. Technical feasibility and physiological implications were tested in 12 anesthetized sheep and 4 awake calves. Retrograde transpulmonary flow showed a curvilinear relationship to the left atrial pressure, with the highest rate of rise occurring when left atrial pressure approached levels of pulmonary edema (25 to 35 mm Hg); at this point retrograde transpulmonary flow became equal to control cardiac output. The intervention and the bypass were well tolerated for short periods by these healthy animals. The possible advantages of the method are discussed, with emphasis on self-regulation of bypass flow by the filling resistance of the left ventricle.
A Theoretical Model to Determine the Degree of Trapping Required for Insect Population Control

Trapping devices designed to capture insects have been in use for many years, but they have usually been used as survey tools to determine the abundance and distribution of types and species. Nevertheless, they have also been considered as a potential means of control since large numbers can be caught. Hienton (1974) recently summarized methods of trapping based on attraction to electromagnetic radiation and reported their effect on insect control. Also, research involving attractants and chemicals that modify insect behavior has indicated that traps may be useful in insect control.
Coexisting intra- and subnodal block: An unusual abnormality of atrioventricular conduction

Abstract The presence of A-V block occurring at two levels of the conducting system was demonstrated in an asymptomatic patient by means of the His bundle recordings. During sinus rhythm, first degree A-V block with complete left bundle branch block was noted, suggesting the presence of bilateral bundle branch block. His bundle recordings demonstrated the coexistence of intranodal (Wenckebach periods, Mobitz Type I) and subnodal (Mobitz Type II) block. The evidence of block below the proximal His bundle offered confirmatory evidence of bilateral bundle branch block. In spite of the abnormal antegrade conduction, there was 1:1 V-A conduction during right ventricular pacing at 110 per minute. With more rapid (130 per minute) ventricular pacing, retrograde Wenckebach periods were observed, suggesting that there was, in addition, possible impairment in retrograde conduction. This report serves to demonstrate (1) the limitations of the body surface ECG in the assessment of A-V conduction and (2) that His bundle electrograms make it possible to detect the presence of coincidental lesions at two levels of the A-V conducting system.
A structural approach to the maintenance of structure-oriented environments

A serious problem for programming environments and operating systems is that existing software becomes invalid when the environment or operating system is replaced by a new release. Unfortunately, there has been no systematic treatment of the problem; current approaches are manual, ad hoc, and time consuming both for implementers of programs and for their users. In this paper we present a new approach. Focusing on a solution to the problems for structure-oriented environments, we show how automatic converters can be generated in terms of an implementor's changes to formal descriptions of these environments.
Cytotoxic Therapy for Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a highly lethal disease with anecdotal long-term survivorship when the disease is inoperable at presentation. A new era in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer commenced a decade ago with the advent of gemcitabine as a standard of care. While many large phase III trials have been conducted in the last 10 years, it has proved a difficult challenge to advance beyond the modest bar set by gemcitabine. For the most part, gemcitabine-combination cytotoxic studies have been negative where the principal end point has been overall survival with only a few noted exceptions; however, for vigorous individuals with bulky or symptomatic disease, a gemcitabine-based fluoropyrimidine or platinum combination is considered a standard of care and these data are reviewed in detail. In this new era of targeted therapy, the addition of erlotinib to gemcitabine has provided an alternate standard option to single-agent gemcitabine or gemcitabine-based cytotoxic combinations, a topic which will be discussed in a separate chapter. Other phase III studies of gemcitabine and bevacizumab and gemcitabine and cetuximab, respectively, which were both preliminarily reported as negative, have provided an indirect endorsement for the relative value of cytotoxic therapy in advanced pancreatic cancer. This underscores the major therapeutic hurdles that we have to surmount in this most challenging of human malignancies.
A Combined Theory of Defocused Illumination and Global Light Transport

Projectors are increasingly being used as light-sources in computer vision applications. In several applications, they are modeled as point light sources, thus ignoring the effects of illumination defocus. In addition, most active vision techniques assume that a scene point is illuminated only directly by the light source, thus ignoring global light transport effects. Since both defocus and global illumination co-occur in virtually all scenes illuminated by projectors, ignoring them can result in strong, systematic biases in the recovered scene properties. To make computer vision techniques work for general real world scenes, it is thus important to account for both these effects. In this paper, we study the interplay between defocused illumination and global light transport. We show that both these seemingly disparate effects can be expressed as low pass filters on the incident illumination. Using this observation, we derive an invariant between the two effects, which can be used to separate the two. This is directly useful in scenarios where limited depth-of-field devices (such as projectors) are used to illuminate scenes with global light transport and significant depth variations. We show applications in two scenarios: (a) accurate depth recovery in the presence of global light transport, and (b) factoring out the effects of illumination defocus for correct direct-global component separation. We demonstrate our approach using scenes with complex shapes, reflectance properties, textures and translucencies.
Proton Elastic Scattering Cross Sections of Si, Cl, K, Sc, Ti, and Mn

The proton elastic scattering yields of silicon, chlorine, potassium, scandium, titanium, and manganese have been determined with respect to that from copper in the energy range 1.0-2.0 Mev at 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} laboratory angle. Two large resonances were found in silicon and two smaller ones in chlorine. The smooth regions of the curves do not vary significantly from the Rutherford values.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS : III. CHANGES IN THE LYMPHOID ORGANS AFTER SMALL DOSES OF X-RAYS.

1. The small dose of x-rays applied to the rabbit has no appreciable destructive effect on the lymphoid tissue. 2. Indications of stimulation of the lymphoid tissue appear immediately after the treatment, become most pronounced in 2 (in lymph glands) to 4 (in the spleen) days, and persist, in a slight degree, up to the 14th day. 3. These facts suggest that the lymphocytosis induced by the small dose of x-rays is due to a primary stimulative effect upon the lymphoid tissue of the animal.
Gossip and Ostracism Promote Cooperation in Groups

The widespread existence of cooperation is difficult to explain because individuals face strong incentives to exploit the cooperative tendencies of others. In the research reported here, we examined how the spread of reputational information through gossip promotes cooperation in mixed-motive settings. Results showed that individuals readily communicated reputational information about others, and recipients used this information to selectively interact with cooperative individuals and ostracize those who had behaved selfishly, which enabled group members to contribute to the public good with reduced threat of exploitation. Additionally, ostracized individuals responded to exclusion by subsequently cooperating at levels comparable to those who were not ostracized. These results suggest that the spread of reputational information through gossip can mitigate egoistic behavior by facilitating partner selection, thereby helping to solve the problem of cooperation even in noniterated interactions.