cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eliminating Corporate Exploitation: Examining Accountability Regimes as Means to Eradicate Forced Labor from Supply Chains

ABSTRACTThe existence of forced labor in a company’s supply chain represents the newest frontier of the global effort to eliminate forced labor. Corporations, beneficiaries of profits from products made with forced labor, represent the most nimble and most modern perpetrators of trafficking and exploitation. The negative publicity and consumer backlash that companies are facing for having forced labor in their supply chains reflects the new paradigm confronting corporate perpetrators with respect to international human rights. This article discusses four established regimes of accountability and reviews each regime’s efficacy in ensuring that corporations operate transparent, forced labor-free supply chains. The respective regimes: international regulation, market-based, civil liability, and domestic regulation, have achieved varying levels of success in recent years in an effort to make businesses accountable for ensuring forced labor-free supply chains. Analysis of accountability regimes and the success...
CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF RAMARIA. VII. NEW TAXA AND MISCELLANY

New taxa proposed are Ramaria cystidiophora var. anisata, R. distinctissima var. americana, R. foetida, R. highlandensis, R. hilaris var. olympiana, R. schildii, and R. spinulosa var. diminutiva. Species circumscriptions for R. claviramulata and R. verlotensis are furnished based on additional collections. Ramariafibulata is proposed as stat. nov., and R. subspinulosa is considered separate from R. spinulosa.
Anterior pituitary hormone levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with pituitary and parasellar tumors

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of growth hormone, prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit were determined in 30 patients with pituitary and parasellar tumors. Although many of the patients had elevated hormone levels, no differentiation between patients with intrasellar tumors and those with pituitary tumors with suprasellar extension or primary suprasellar tumors could be made based upon the absolute CSF hormone concentration. A highly significant correlation between serum and CSF PRL concentrations was found (r = 0.87; P less than 0.001), suggesting that CSF PRL is derived from the serum. No correlation was found between the serum and CSF concentrations of the other anterior pituitary hormones.
Unusual side effect of cannabis use: acute abdomen due to duodenal perforation

Background The chronic use of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) which has become an increasingly prevalent problem can rarely cause gastric and duodenal ulcer because of their effects on gastric secretion and emptying. Since peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a rarely seen entity in patients who consult to the emergency service with complaints of abdominal pain, most of the physicians do not suspect of this clinical diagnosis. Perforation is a mortal complication of PUD, and early diagnosis and emergency surgery are life-saving procedures.
Some mathematical ideas involved in the Mirror Cards

♦The preparation of this article was supported by funds granted to Educational Services Incorporated by the National Science Foundation. It may not be obvious that this concept plays an important role in mathematics; it is most easily introduced and studied in the field of geometry. In order to make this concept of symmetry clear, other concepts are needed; these related concepts will also be investigated. To make all these ideas clear, we are going to start our story at the very beginning. This makes it rather lengthy; but we hope that you will enjoy reading it and thinking about it, and that it will give you new insights into the Mirror Cards, and beyond. Consider two shapes as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Clearly, these two shapes are not exact copies of each other. If the shapes were cut out and placed on top of each other, their edges would not coincide no matter how the pieces were turned around. On the other hand, it seems that
Robust Anomaly Detection for Large-Scale Sensor Data

Large scale sensor networks are ubiquitous nowadays. An important objective of deploying sensors is to detect anomalies in the monitored system or infrastructure, which allows remedial measures to be taken to prevent failures, inefficiencies, and security breaches. Most existing sensor anomaly detection methods are local, i.e., they do not capture the global dependency structure of the sensors, nor do they perform well in the presence of missing or erroneous data. In this paper, we propose an anomaly detection technique for large scale sensor data that leverages relationships between sensors to improve robustness even when data is missing or erroneous. We develop a probabilistic graphical model-based global outlier detection technique that represents a sensor network as a pairwise Markov Random Field and uses graphical model inference to detect anomalies. We show our model is more robust than local models, and detects anomalies with 90% accuracy even when 50% of sensors are erroneous. We also build a synthetic graphical model generator that preserves statistical properties of a real data set to test our outlier detection technique at scale.
Every Man in His Humour and the Fathers of Ben

In Every Man in His Humour, Edward Kno'well fils clashes with Edward Kno'well pere, who wants his son to occupy himself with something other than poetry. In the father-son pair's vexed relationship with each other and with literature, Every Man In figures Jonson as an author who knows himself to be a developed, powerful literary adult, but who won't accept that identity. His role as a literary child of the Romans, imitative and grateful, has propelled him into it. Every Man In's two versions, a 1598 Quarto set in Italy and a 1616 Folio version set in England, also indicate mixed feelings about textual inheritance. The play's transformation from neoclassical Q to homegrown F appears an evasion of forebears much like Edward's evasions of his father. But the deference to predecessors in F's plot, its prologue, and its dedication “save” the play from literary autonomy. Jonson downplays his Roman antecedents in F's minimized classical references, just as the New Comedy plot stages the triumph of the younger ge...
A Survey of Tablet Applications for Promoting Successful Aging in Older Adults

Aging well consists of the following components: management of chronic conditions, maintenance of physical health and cognitive health, and active social engagement. However, the increasing life expectancy, rising healthcare costs, increasing number of older adults, and decreasing number of care providers pose challenges to the maintenance of different components for aging well. To that end, technological innovation can help to augment human need and capability along the different components, and help overcome the potential barriers in aging well. In this paper, we summarize the published studies for different tablet-based applications designed specifically for older adults targeting different components of aging well. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the applications for each component, and identify the opportunities to develop a cohesive application for addressing the different components of aging well.
Real-Time Energy Disaggregation of a Distribution Feeder's Demand Using Online Learning

Though distribution system operators have been adding more sensors to their networks, they still often lack an accurate real-time picture of the behavior of distributed energy resources such as demand responsive electric loads and residential solar generation. Such information could improve system reliability, economic efficiency, and environmental impact. Rather than installing additional costly sensing and communication infrastructure to obtain additional real-time information, it may be possible to use existing sensing capabilities and leverage knowledge about the system to reduce the need for new infrastructure. In this paper, we disaggregate a distribution feeder's demand measurements into: 1) the demand of a population of air conditioners, and 2) the demand of the remaining loads connected to the feeder. We use an online learning algorithm, Dynamic Fixed Share (DFS), that uses the real-time distribution feeder measurements as well as models generated from historical building- and device-level data. We develop two implementations of the algorithm and conduct case studies using real demand data from households and commercial buildings to investigate the effectiveness of the algorithm. The case studies demonstrate that DFS can effectively perform online disaggregation and the choice and construction of models included in the algorithm affects its accuracy, which is comparable to that of a set of Kalman filters.
Expression Reduction from Programs in a Symbolic Binary Executor

Symbolic binary execution is a dynamic analysis method which explores program paths to generate test cases for compiled code. Throughout execution, a program is evaluated with a bit-vector theorem prover and a runtime interpreter as a mix of symbolic expressions and concrete values. Left untended, these symbolic expressions grow to negatively impact interpretation performance.
Working Paper: Potential Trajectories of the Upcoming Forest Trading Market in Pará State, Brazilian Amazon

The 2012 forest code in Brazil allows landowners with illegal deforestation carried out up to 2008 to comply with their environmental obligations by purchasing Environmental Reserve Quotas (CRA), a mechanism that rewards other landowners who conserved more forest than legally required. CRA may be a promising instrument in the coming years, given the need to provide positive incentives to reduce deforestation, in addition to existing command and control mechanisms. However, there are few studies assessing the potential of this instrument in Brazil. As a contribution to the recent literature on this topic, this study makes an in-depth assessment of the CRA market potential in Para State that combines high rates of deforestation with a significant forest area. The assessment takes into account biophysical and governance characteristics that may influence this market development. In particular, the study assesses CRA demand and supply based on land tenure status of rural properties and on a simulation of validation of data from the environmental rural registry (CAR). Moreover, there is a focus on evaluating potential oversupply of CRA reported in the literature and in discussing measures to avoid such a scenario. Results indicate that regulatory decision regarding the supply side will be fundamental for determining whether CRA will contribute to forest conservation, or if it will serve as a low cost alternative to help illegal deforesters comply with legislation. Following previous literature, the study indicates regulatory options to limit the market and increase additionality of the areas eligible for CRA supply. Finally, the study demonstrates the importance of including governance aspects in addition to biophysical characteristics when assessing CRA supply and demand scenarios, to avoid overestimation of its potential use.
Management of Critical Care Seizures

Seizures are encountered frequently in critically ill patients, especially in patients with acute brain injury of various forms. Continuous EEG monitoring is absolutely essential for the diagnosis and management due to the fact that the majority of seizures encountered in this patient population are nonconvulsive. The definition of seizures and status epilepticus in critically ill patients has evolved over time. The definitions of convulsive seizures, nonconvulsive seizures, nonconvulsive status epilepticus, generalized convulsive status epilepticus, established status epilepticus, refractory status epilepticus, and super refractory status epilepticus are described here. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus is a medical emergency and it is recommended that each institution has a protocol for rapid treatment. Due to the lack of available data, there is a great deal of uncertainty regarding the optimal aggressiveness of nonconvulsive seizures and nonconvulsive status epilepticus.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of New Copper(II) Complexes of 2-Methylthio-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)acetamide

Copper(II) complexes were prepared with the new N 2 S(thioether) ligand 2-methylthio-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)acetamide (2-HL N 2 S ). [Cu(2-L N 2 S )Cl(MeOH)], which formed in the presence of excess triethylamine, is a distorted square pyramidal complex containing the ligand with the amide nitrogen deprotonated. The structurally analogous complex, [Cu(2-HL N 2 S )Cl 2 ], which formed in the absence of triethylamine, contains 2-HL N 2 S in the tautomeric imidic acid form. Neutral copper(II) N 2 S(thioether)S(thiolate) species were generated by addition of alkyl or aromatic thiolates to [Cu(2-L N 2 S )Cl(MeOH)] and an unusual decomposition pathway was discovered.
Effect of Psychotropic Drugs on Neuroendocrine Function

As the neuro transmitters and neuromodulators which regulate the secretion of hypothalamic releasing factors were shown to be the same neurotransmitters important to an understanding of the etiology of the major mental illnesses and the mechanisms of action of psychotropic drugs, an intensive effort was made to study the effects of the major psychotropic drugs on the secretion of pituitary hormones and hormones of the target glands.
The Psychophysiological Model of Meditation and Altered States of Consciousness: A Critical Review

In recent years, a growing literature has addressed itself to the psychophysiological bases of altered states of consciousness (ASCs). An unprecedented interest in meditation, biofeedback, and other techniques for altering consciousness reflects in part the widespread notion that science has begun to understand the physiological bases of these states. Thus, based on research involving practitioners of Yoga, Zen, or Transcendental Meditation (TM), meditation has been considered a unique psychophysiological state, associated with a distinct configuration of autonomic and electrocortical changes. For example, it has been proposed on the basis of these data that the practice of Transcendental Meditation leads to the experience of a fourth major state of consciousness, distinct from waking, dreaming, and nondreaming sleep (Wallace, 1970).
A PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY MODEL UTILIZING A SIMPLE TISSUE SPARING APPROACH TO THE RABBIT SCIATIC NERVE

Background & Aims: Peripheral nerve injury models require a reproducible surgical technique that provides a simple and extensile peripheral nerve exposure. We present a muscle sparing apprach to th...
A Low-Power Circuit for Adaptive Dynamic Programming

This paper presents a low-power CMOS design for accelerating an adaptive dynamic programming algorithm, called action-dependent heuristic dynamic programming, which is widely employed in many real-life control problems. The objective of this work is to solve Bellman equation approximately using efficient hardware in order to generate near-optimal real-time control policies for many control applications. The hardware exploits the data-level parallelism exists in both inference and learning of neural networks in order to improve throughput as well as to provide good scalability. The circuit is realized in a 65-nm technology. It is shown with simulations that the design is two orders of magnitude faster than a software running on a general-purpose processor thanks to the parallelization of the algorithm and the reduction in unnecessary control overheads. Performance of the CMOS circuit is benchmarked with two popular control tasks. Successful learning can be achieved with a power consumption of 28 mW.
Current Endovascular Approach to the Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke.

The review provides an overview of current endovascular management of patients with acute ischemic stroke in the light of recent landmark trials proving unequivocal benefit of the intervention. Several randomized trials looking at selective groups of patients presenting after an acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation demonstrated an overwhelming benefit of the endovascular treatment compared to intravenous thrombolysis, leading to expedited changes in the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines. Nonetheless, there are a relative large number of patients that were not included in those trials that might still benefit from endovascular treatment (acute posterior circulation-related strokes or acute embolic occlusion of middle cerebral artery beyond the main trunk for instances) and in which further studies are needed. We also briefly discuss endovascular techniques, post-procedure care, and endovascular treatment delivery models to expedite stroke patient assessment and rapid transport using updated and improved workflow protocols to provide timely recanalization. Endovascular treatment of acute occlusion of a proximal large artery in the anterior circulation is currently the standard of care. Time and quality of recanalization are the most important variables that determine the outcome. The indication for endovascular therapy in different scenarios (acute embolic occlusion in the posterior circulation or more distal branch occlusions) has to be individualized according to each patient’s particular characteristics until new evidence is provided.
Reverse osmosis separation of particular organic solvent mixtures by a perfluorodioxole copolymer membrane

Abstract Reverse osmosis (RO) separation of organic solvent mixtures where solvent molecular weights are
An introduction to rust programming

Rust is a systems programming language which is meant to compete with C and C++. Rust has type inference, zero cost abstractions, resource safety, threading without data races, and fast execution. The syntax differs significantly from C/C++ syntax but is reasonably straightforward.. Many features in Rust parallel modern C++ features but they are distinctly different. Basic data types are familiar but Rust variables are basically constants whose values can be borrowed.
Biliary Endoscopy for Benign and Malignant Biliary Strictures

Percutaneous endoscopy operated by interventional radiologists has the potential to become an effective tool to both help diagnose and treat benign and malignant biliary strictures. This is particularly true in cases where endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography fails or is not feasible due to surgically-altered anatomy. Both preoperative clinical and technical procedural factors must be taken into consideration when pursuing percutaneous endoscopy. In this article, clinical evaluation, perioperative management, and procedural techniques for biliary endoscopy for benign and malignant strictures are reviewed.
Off-task behavior in kindergarten: Relations to executive function and academic achievement

Behavioral self-regulation supports young children’s learning and is a strong predictor of later academic achievement. The capacity to manage one’s attention and control one’s behavior is commonly measured via direct assessments of executive function (EF). However, to understand how EF skills contribute to academic achievement, it is helpful to investigate how EF manifests in the classroom context and in children’s overt behavior. The current study observed 172 kindergarteners for a single school day and captured the total proportion of class time children were off-task in the classroom. This behavior was further classified into specific subtypes to assess whether these categorizations differentially predicted components of EF and academic achievement in first grade. Results indicated that children with lower response inhibition spent statistically significantly more time in one type of off-task behavior (i.e., off-task actively engaging with other materials), and children with lower working memory spent significantly more time in another type of off-task behavior (i.e., off-task passively disengaged). Higher proportion of class time spent off-task passively disengaged in kindergarten further statistically significantly predicted fewer gains in reading comprehension in first grade. These findings illustrate the utility of measuring children’s EF in a classroom context, and how fine-grained observation systems can shed light on the specific classroom and child processes that influence learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Successful application of prime and pull strategy for a therapeutic HSV vaccine.

One promising approach for a herpes simplex virus vaccine uses a vaccine to prime and a chemoattractant to pull immune cells into the genital tract. We evaluated subunit vaccines (prime) and imiquimod (pull) in the guinea pig (gp) model of recurrent Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2). Following vaginal HSV-2 infection, gps were vaccinated with various combination of glycoproteins and adjuvant with or without subcutaneous or local applications of imiquimod after infection. Animals were examined daily for recurrent lesions and vaginal swabs collected for recurrent shedding. Although both the vaccines alone and imiquimod alone reduced recurrent HSV disease, the combination of local imiquimod and vaccine (Prime and Pull) was the most effective. In the first study, immunization with the trivalent vaccine alone or imiquimod alone decreased recurrent disease. However, the largest decrease was with the combination of vaccine and local imiquimod (P < 0.001 vs. placebo or vaccine alone). No effect on recurrent shedding was observed. In the second study, recurrent disease scores were similar in the PBS control group and the trivalent-immunized group treated with subcutaneous imiquimod however, significant reductions with glycoprotein vaccines and local imiquimod (p < 0.01 vs. placebo) were noted. The number of qPCR-positive recurrent swabs, ranged from 5 to 11% in the vaccinated+local imiquimod groups compared 29% in the PBS control group (P < 0.05). No recurrent swab samples from vaccinated groups were culture positive. We conclude that the strategy of prime (subunit HSV vaccine) and topical pull (intravaginal/topical imiquimod) decreased recurrent HSV more effectively than vaccine alone.
Focus Note: The Use of eKYC for Customer Identity and Verification and AML

Increased use of electronic identification (eID) over physical identification is paving the way for adoption of electronic Know Your Customer (eKYC) systems to fulfill customer identification and verification (CIV) obligations. The impact of eKYC can however manifest beyond CIV to other Customer Due Diligence (CDD) processes. Successful implementation of eKYC while important for Anti Money Laundering (AML) and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) purposes requires more than just a robust eID and affects SIM card registrations and opening of Digital Financial Services (DFS) accounts and hence financial inclusion. To highlight this trend, this Note discusses current implementations of eIDs and eKYC and its impact on, access to and provision of DFS. However, with multiple stakeholders in the system, issues of regulatory coordination, technological capacity, and data protection and privacy affect the use of eKYC for financial inclusion. The eKYC systems that have been launched have as their overriding goals to advance a person’s access to services, reduce identity fraud, and increase financial inclusion. Country examples and challenges – public policy, privacy, harmonization, security, legal, financial and infrastructural - in the rollout are discussed.
Revealing Some Inconvenient Truths about Physical Activity: The “Game of Life”

In this column, the authors provide the lesson objectives, the audience/grade level(s) it is most appropriate for, the premise of the activity, the parameters of the game, how to determine “lane pl...
Multiple Dose Pharmacokinetic Models Predict Bioavailability of Toxins in Vertebrate Herbivores

In this paper, compartmental pharmacokinetic models are built to predict the concentration of toxic phytochemical in the gastrointestinal tract and blood following oral intake by an individual vertebrate herbivore. The existing single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic models are extended by inclusion of impulsive differential equations which account for an excretion factor whereby unchanged toxins are excreted in the feces due to gastrointestinal mobility. An index α is defined to measure the fraction of bioavailability attributed to the excretion factor of gastrointestinal motility. Sensitivity analysis was conducted and suggests, for any toxin, the bioavailability index α depends mostly on absorption rate of toxin from gastrointestinal tract into the blood, frequency of elimination due to gastrointestinal motility, and the frequency of toxin intake, under the model assumptions.
Common sense and skepticism: a lecture

This is an essay on G. E. Moore’s argument in defense of common sense against David Hume’s theory. However, the burden of essay is to show that, though Moore derived has argument from Thomas Reid, it was the latter who noted that the defense of common sense required more than showing that Hume’s theory conflicted with common sense. It required supplying a better theory than that of Hume’s of the operations of the human mind, and especially, a better theory of the evidence and justification of common sense beliefs. The essay is a formulation and defense of Reid’s theory of conception, conviction and evidence.
A Novel Semantics for Belief, Knowledge and Psychological Alethic Modality

Recently there have been numerous proposed solutions to the problem of logical omniscience in doxastic and epistemic logic. Though these solutions display an impressive breadth of subtlety and motivation, the crux of these approaches seems to have a common theme-minor revisions around the ubiquitous Kripke semantics-rooted approach. In addition, the psychological mechanisms at work in and around both belief and knowledge have been left largely untouched. In this paper, we cut straight to the core of the problem of logical omniscience, taking a psychologically-rooted approach, taking as bedrock the "quanta" of given percepts, qualia and cognitions, terming our approach "PQG logic", short for percept, qualia, cognition logic. Building atop these quanta, we reach a novel semantics of belief, knowledge, in addition to a semantics for psychological necessity and possibility. With these notions we are well-equipped to not only address the problem of logical omniscience but to more deeply investigate the psychical-logical nature of belief and knowledge.
One bug on-the-go, please

![Graphic][1] If you saw your lunch step off your plate, you might lose your appetite completely. If you happen to be a neotropical bat, though, a walking meal might just be a good way to find your next meal. Some bats use echolocation to detect their food, and movement might signal to a bat
The Search for Biomarkers in Fibromyalgia.

Fibromyalgia is the most common of the central sensitivity syndromes affecting 2–5% of the adult population in the United States. This pain amplification syndrome has enormous societal impact as measured by work absenteeism, decreased work productivity, disability and injury compensation and over-utilization of healthcare resources. Multiple studies have shown that early diagnosis of this condition can improve patient outlook and redirect valuable healthcare resources towards more appropriate targeted therapy. Efforts have been made towards improving diagnostic accuracy through updated criteria. The search for biomarkers for diagnosis and verification of Fibromyalgia is an ongoing process. Inadequacies with current diagnostic criteria for this condition have fueled these efforts for identification of a reproducible marker that can verify this disease in a highly sensitive, specific and reproducible manner. This review focuses on areas of research for biomarkers in fibromyalgia and suggests that future efforts might benefit from approaches that utilize arrays of biomarkers to identify this disorder that presents with a diverse clinical phenotype.
Age Does Not Predict Failure to Rescue Following Resuscitative Thoracotomy in Penetrating Trauma

Abstract Background The limitations of resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) after penetrating trauma have been well documented, but there is a paucity of data on the effect age has on mortality. This begs the question as to the utility of RT in an aging patient population. We investigate the significance of age as a predictor for failure to rescue after RT in penetrating trauma. Objective We sought to identify whether chronologic age has a measurable effect on rates of failure to rescue after RT. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort analysis using the Trauma Quality Improvement Program from 2011 to 2015 including all pulseless patients undergoing RT after penetrating injury. Our primary outcome was failure to rescue defined as death in the emergency department after RT. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify the relationship between age and morality controlling for injury severity. Results One thousand one hundred twelve RTs were performed during the study period with an overall failure to rescue rate of 61.8% (n = 687) within the emergency department and an in-hospital mortality rate of 96.9%, which is in line with national data. On univariate analysis, there was no significant association between age and mortality (p = 0.44). On multivariate analysis examining the interaction between age and mortality adjusting for injury severity, we found that chronologic age was not an independent predictor of death after RT. Conclusions Age does not appear to be an independent predictor of failure to rescue after RT in penetrating trauma and should not be a sole determinant in procedural decision making.
Mining the Short Side: Institutional Investors and Stock Market Anomalies

This paper investigates the short-side anomaly trading behavior of alternative mutual funds (AMFs) based on their short positions in U.S. domestic equities. In aggregate, AMFs demonstrate the ability to exploit well-documented stock market anomalies on the short side, and the overpriced stocks sold short by AMFs generate significant negative alpha. Further, AMFs' short-side trades exhibit significant return predictability, which can at least partially derive from their ability to process public information on firm and anomaly characteristics. Finally, AMFs' short-side anomaly-based trading activity and profitability appear to be more pronounced among the stocks with higher credit risk or dynamic short-selling risk.
Immunological Aspects of Renal Disease

Nineteen-eighty and eighty-one were very good years for studies of the immunologic aspects of renal disease. New concepts of the immune mechanism are now emerging and are likely to revolutionize our thinking about pathogenesis and etiology. Excellent clinical studies relating to structural and functional alterations appeared.
Making Taxis Green: Hybrid Cab Programs and the Debate over Preemption in Environmental Regulation

In the past few years, many cities have attempted to mandate the use of hybrid taxicabs. The taxi industry, arguing that the Energy Policy and Conservation Act and the Clean Air Act preempt such mandates, has successfully opposed them. Mandating hybrid cab use, however, is but one important aspect of a larger push by states and local governments to enact progressive environmental legislation and policies with greater breadth than those of the federal government. An example is California’s battle to enact greenhouse gas emissions regulations and its conflict with the Environmental Protection Agency. Though New York City and Boston lost on preemption grounds, their attempts are important in the context of the battle over environmental federalism. In the long term, the Energy Policy and Conservation Act should be amended to allow for more progressive environmental regulations at the state and local level.
Inequalities and Target Objectives for Metaheuristic Search – Part I: Mixed Binary Optimization

Recent adaptive memory and evolutionary metaheuristics for mixed integer programming have included proposals for introducing inequalities and target objectives to guide the search. These guidance approaches are useful in intensification and diversification strategies related to fixing subsets of variables at particular values, and in strategies that use linear programming to generate trial solutions whose variables are induced to receive integer values. We show how to improve such approaches by new inequalities that dominate those previously proposed and by associated target objectives that underlie the creation of both inequalities and trial solutions.
Benchmarking parallel i/o performance for a large scale scientific application on the teragrid

This paper is a report on experiences in benchmarking I/O performance on leading computational facilities on the NSF TeraGrid network with a large scale scientific application. Instead of focusing only on the raw file I/O bandwidth provided by different machine architectures, the I/O performance and scalability of the computational tools and libraries that are used in current production simulations are tested as a whole, however with focus mostly on bulk transfers. It is seen that the I/O performance of our production code scales very well, but is limited by the I/O system itself at some point. This limitation occurs at a low percentage of the computational size of the machines, which shows that at least for the application used for this paper the I/O system can be an important limiting factor in scaling up to the full size of the machine.
Mapping the Fas Locus Controlling Stearic Acid Content in Soybean

Increasing the stearic acid content to improve soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr] oil quality is a desirable breeding objective for food-processing applications. Although a saturated fatty acid, stearic acid has been shown to reduce total levels of blood cholesterol and offers the potential for the production of solid fat products (such as margarine) without hydrogenation. This would result in the reduction of the level of trans fat in food products and alleviate some current health concerns. A segregating F2 population was developed from the cross between Dare, a normal stearic acid content cultivar, and FAM94-41, a high stearic acid content line. This population was used to assess linkage between the Fas locus and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Three SSR markers, Satt070, Satt474 and Satt556, were identified to be associated with stearic acid (P 0.61). A linkage map consisting of the three SSR markers and the Fas locus was then constructed in map order, Fas, Satt070, Satt474 and Satt556, with a LOD score of 3.0. Identification of these markers may be useful in molecular marker-assisted breeding programs targeting modifications in soybean fatty acids.
Lactation performance of exercising women.

To determine whether vigorous exercise affects lactation performance, we compared well-nourished exercising (n = 8) and sedentary (n = 8) women whose infants were 9-24 wk old and exclusively breast-fed. Measurements included resting metabolic rate (RMR); maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max); plasma prolactin, cortisol, insulin, and T3; and body composition. Each subject completed a 3-d record of dietary intake, physical activity, and milk volume (by test weighing) and collected 24-h milk samples. Exercising women differed significantly from control subjects in VO2max (46.4 vs 30.3 mL.kg-1.min-1), percent body fat (21.7 vs 27.9%), total energy expenditure (3169 vs 2398 kcal/d), and energy intake (2739 vs 2051 kcal/d). There was no difference between the groups in plasma hormones or milk energy, lipid, protein, or lactose content. Exercising subjects tended to have higher milk volume (839 vs 776 g/d) and energy output in milk (538 vs 494 kcal/d). Thus, there was no apparent adverse effect of vigorous exercise on lactation performance.
Human Activities as Stochastic Kronecker Graphs

A human activity can be viewed as a space-time repetition of activity primitives. Both instances of the primitives, and their repetition are stochastic. They can be modeled by a generative model-graph, where nodes correspond to the primitives, and the graph's adjacency matrix encodes their affinities for probabilistic grouping into observable video features. When a video of the activity is represented by a graph capturing the space-time layout of video features, such a video graph can be viewed as probabilistically sampled from the activity's model-graph. This sampling is formulated as a successive Kronecker multiplication of the model's affinity matrix. The resulting Kronecker-power matrix is taken as a noisy permutation of the adjacency matrix of the video graph. The paper presents our: 1) model-graph; 2) memory- and time-efficient, weakly supervised learning of activity primitives and their affinities; and 3) inference aimed at finding the best expected correspondences between the primitives and observed video features. Our results demonstrate good scalability on UCF50, and superior performance to that of the state of the art on individual, structured, and collective activities of UCF YouTube, Olympic, and Collective datasets.
Design and fabrication of a duoplasmatron extraction geometry and LEBT for the LANSCE H⁺ RFQ project.

The 750-keV H+ Cockcroft-Walton at LANSCE will be replaced with a recently fabricated 4-rod Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) with injection energy of 35 keV. The existing duoplasmatron source extraction optics need to be modified to produce up to 35 mA of H+ current with an emittance <0.02 π-cm-mrad (rms, norm) for injection into the RFQ. Parts for the new source have been fabricated and assembly is in process. We will use the existing duoplasmatron source with a newly designed extraction system and low energy beam transport (LEBT) for beam injection into the RFQ. In addition to source modifications, we need a new LEBT for transport and matching into the RFQ. The LEBT uses two magnetic solenoids with enough drift space between them to accommodate diagnostics and a beam deflector. The LEBT is designed to work over a range of space-charge neutralized currents and emittances. The LEBT is optimized in the sense that it minimizes the beam size in both solenoids for a point design of a given neutralized current and emittance. Special attention has been given to estimating emittance growth due to source extraction optics and solenoid aberrations. Examples of source-to-RFQ matching and emittance growth (due to both non-linear space charge and solenoid aberrations) are presented over a range of currents and emittances about the design point. A mechanical layout drawing will be presented along with the status of the source and LEBT, design, and fabrication.
A New Perspective on HIV Vaccine Design: A ViewPoint

Normal.dotm 0 0 1 141 804 OSU Medical Center 6 1 987 12.0 0 false 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pc .45pc 0pc .45pc; mso-para-margin:0pc; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} The unsuccessful outcome of a number of vaccine trials in the quest to conquer HIV-1 demonstrates the difficulties inherent in fighting diseases that afflict our world, and disproportionately, especially the developing nations. A quarter century has elapsed since AIDS became a recognized as a major threat to human health, yet the ever-growing volume of scientific data has failed to meet its prime objective, a cure for AIDS or a HIV prevention vaccine. This brief article suggests several intriguing possibilities for researchers to consider, including small RNA-based immunity, as they seek to find a vaccine for the HIV-1 infection which threatens not only individuals and families, but in some cases entire nations. Keywords: African non-human primates ( ANHPs), Classical immunity (CI), Cell-mediated immunity (CMI), elite suppressor (ES), Humoral immunity (HI), innate immunity, long-term nonprogressor (LTNP), microRNAs (miRNAs), molecular immunity (MI), Vaccine
Comparison of clinical knowledge management capabilities of commercially-available and leading internally-developed electronic health records

We have carried out an extensive qualitative research program focused on the barriers and facilitators to successful adoption and use of various features of advanced, state-of-the-art electronic health records (EHRs) within large, academic, teaching facilities with long-standing EHR research and development programs. We have recently begun investigating smaller, community hospitals and out-patient clinics that rely on commercially-available EHRs. We sought to assess whether the current generation of commercially-available EHRs are capable of providing the clinical knowledge management features, functions, tools, and techniques required to deliver and maintain the clinical decision support (CDS) interventions required to support the recently defined "meaningful use" criteria. We developed and fielded a 17-question survey to representatives from nine commercially available EHR vendors and four leading internally developed EHRs. The first part of the survey asked basic questions about the vendor's EHR. The second part asked specifically about the CDS-related system tools and capabilities that each vendor provides. The final section asked about clinical content. All of the vendors and institutions have multiple modules capable of providing clinical decision support interventions to clinicians. The majority of the systems were capable of performing almost all of the key knowledge management functions we identified. If these well-designed commercially-available systems are coupled with the other key socio-technical concepts required for safe and effective EHR implementation and use, and organizations have access to implementable clinical knowledge, we expect that the transformation of the healthcare enterprise that so many have predicted, is achievable using commercially-available, state-of-the-art EHRs.
The Displacement of Oil from Porous Media by Micellar Solutions

Secondary and tertiary recoveries recovered 100 percent OOIP using Berea cores and sand packs, two types of crude oil floods, and oil-external micellar solutions with varying compositions. The micellar solutions contained Shell regular sodium sulfonate, distilled water, isopropyl alcohol, kerosene, and sodium chloride. Oil floods of the cores and packs were a 17.5 cp crude (25.354/sup 0/ API) and a 29.2 cp crude (24.2/sup 0/ API) at 72/sup 0/F.
Fatigue behavior of an Fe48Cr15Mo14Er2C15B6 amorphous steel

Four-point-bend fatigue experiments were conducted on the Fe48Cr15Mo14Er2C15B6 bulk metallic glass (BMG), amorphous steel, under load control, employing an electrohydraulic machine, at a frequency of 10 Hz (using a sinusoidal waveform) with an R ratio of 0.1, where R = σmin./σmax. (σmin. and σmax. are the applied minimum and maximum stresses, respectively). The test environment was laboratory air. Fe48Cr15Mo14Er2C15B6 exhibited a high fatigue-endurance limit (682 MPa), which is found to be greater than those of the Zr-based BMG, Al-alloy, and high-nitrogen steel. However, the stress versus number of fatigue cycles curve of Fe48Cr15Mo14Er2C15B6 has a significantly brittle fracture mode. Some fatigue cracks initiated from the inclusions or porosities, and the fatigue-crack propagation region was large. However, other cracks initiated from the outer tensile surface of the specimen, and the fatigue-crack propagation region was very small. The mechanisms of fatigue-crack initiation are suggested.
Role of stereochemistry in N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA) nephrotoxicity.

Abstract The nephrotoxicity induced by the agricultural fungicide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) is mediated through oxidative metabolites of NDPS. Oxidation of the succinimide ring in NDPS yields the nephrotoxic metabolites N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS) and its hydrolysis product N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA). The oxidation of NDPS on the succinimide ring also introduces an asymmetric carbon atom into these NDPS metabolites, so that R- and S- enantiomers of NDHS and 2-NDHSA are possible. The purpose of this study was to begin to explore the importance of the stereochemical orientation at the asymmetric carbon atom for the nephrotoxicity induced by NDPS metabolites. Male Fischer 344 rats were administered a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of R-(+)- or S-(−)-2-NDHSA (0.05, 0.1 or 2.0 mmol/kg) or vehicle, and renal function was monitored for 48 h. R-2-NDHSA (0.1 mmol/kg) administration had little effect on renal function. R-2-NDHSA (0.2 mmol/kg) treatment induced mild diuresis on day 1, increased proteinuria, and a small increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration, but no change in kidney weight or glucosuria. S-2-NDHSA (0.1 mmol/kg) induced marked nephrotoxicity as evidenced by diuresis on both post-treatment days, increased proteinuria, glucosuria, and increased kidney weight and BUN concentration. No evidence of hepatotoxicity was obtained in any treated group. Thus, the S-isomer of 2-NDHSA is a more potent nephrotoxicant than the R-isomer, and stereochemistry may play a role in NDPS metabolite-induced nephrotoxicity.
Progression of romiplostim myelofibrosis to myeloproliferative neoplasm.

![Figure][1] A 65-year-old man received a diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) 2 years ago based on an isolated thrombocytopenia (55 × 103/μL); however, bone marrow showed only increased megakaryocytes, including naked ones (panel A), and cytogenetic studies were