cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REALISM ABOUT LAWS

This paper explores the idea that laws express relationships between properties or universals as defended in Michael Tooley's recent book Causation: A Realist Approach. I suggest that the most plausible version of realism will take a different form than that advocated by Tooley. According to this alternative, laws are grounded in facts about the capacities and powers of particular systems, rather than facts about relations between universals. The notion of lawfulness is linked to the notion of invariance, rather than to the metaphysical notion of a necessary connection.
A Mono-functional 3-Deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic Acid (Kdo) Transferase and a Kdo Kinase in Extracts of Haemophilus influenzae

Lipopolysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae contains a single 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residue, linked to the 6' position of lipid A. In Escherichia coli and related organisms, a Kdo disaccharide is attached to lipid A. In previous studies, we cloned the gene (kdtA) encoding the E. coli Kdo transferase and demonstrated that homogeneous preparations of KdtA polypeptide catalyzed the attachment of both Kdo groups to the precursor, lipid IVA. E. coli KdtA produced only traces of mono-glycosylated product. We now show that a single Kdo is transferred to lipid IVA in extracts of H. influenzae. The mono-functional Kdo transferase of H. influenzae is membrane-bound, and the reaction is dependent upon a CMP-Kdo-generating system, as in E. coli. The specific activity of Kdo transfer to lipid IVA is 0.5-1 nmol/min/mg in H. influenzae membranes. Utilizing solubilized H. influenzae membranes, milligram quantities of Kdo-lipid IVA were prepared for analysis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry revealed a parent ion (M - H)- at m/z 1626.0, consistent with the addition of a single Kdo moiety. Like lipid IVA, Kdo-lipid IVA was an excellent substrate for the bi-functional Kdo transferase of E. coli. In membranes of H. influenzae, but not E. coli, Kdo-lipid IVA was further phosphorylated in the presence of ATP, yielding a mono-phosphorylated Kdo-lipid IVA with a parent ion (M - H)- at m/z 1703.9. The identification of the mono-functional H. influenzae Kdo transferase, which is encoded by a KdtA homologue that displays 50% identity to its E. coli counterpart, should facilitate the mechanistic dissection of more complex multi-functional Kdo transferases, like those of E. coli and Chlamydia trachomatis.
THE EFFECTS OF SECTIONING ANGLE ON MEASUREMENTS OF ENAMEL PRISM SIZE AND SPACING

Comparative studies of prism size and spacing employ variables that are based on idealized, two-dimensional models. Results of modelling experiments illustrate that three-dimensional prism orientation can have a significant impact on two-dimensional measurements. In comparing prism size and spacing variables, it is essential to maintain control over the angle at which prisms are sectioned in order to compare real differences between taxa rather than preparation artefact. The further sectioning angles are from orthogonal, the greater the possibility for misrepresenting true prism size and spacing. While the survey of prism compression/extension (k) values reported here, as well as those described in previous studies, indicate that prism sectioning angles are only rarely extreme enough to render other values of prism and ameloblast size and spacing useless, the potential influence of sectioning obliquity on variation cannot be dismissed.
The family and GI problems

Since Beaumont observed and recorded the changes in his patient, Alexis St. Martin, some 140 years ago, the reaction of the stomach to emotions has become increasingly well known. In 1947, Wolf and Wolff! noted the relationship ofgastric reactions to emotional stimuli and daily events in life. That same year Menninger ' said the gastrointestinal tract mirrors the emotions better than any other body system. Since there is an established association between emotions and changes in the stomach and intestine, I would like to address myself to the family dynamics associated with certain gastrointestinal disorders that are considered to be psychosomatic. Jackson2 introduced the concept of "family homeostasis" to denote the continuous interplay of dynamic forces within the family that tends to maintain certain forms of equilibrium among family members. Some family therapists use the term "family myth" when referring to a series of fairly well-integrated beliefs shared by family members that concern each other and their respective positions in the family's life. These are beliefs that go unchallenged by all involved, regardless of the reality distortions that they may conspicuously imply. The family myth is a very personal thing and may not be known to the outside world. It is part of the way the family appears to members and is referred to as the "inner image" of the group, an image to which all family members contribute and apparently
518 CYSTIC FIBROSIS SERUM FACTORS SEPARATED BY HIGH-PRESSURE VACUUM DIALYSIS AND COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

A limitation to the biochemical separation and subsequent isolation of the ciliary dyskinesia factor (CDF) from sera of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients is the sample size restriction. Treatment of CF serum IgG fractions, with high molarity solutions of guanidine hydrochloride(GHCl) has been reported necessary to dissociate low molecular weight substances. This treatment renders concentration of these substances difficult by usual methods. We have employed a reservoir apparatus to which is attached dialysis tubing, enclosed in a vacuum bottle. This permits the initial use of large volumes of CF samples for further chromatography. These CF samples are treated with 5M GHC1, added to the reservoir of the above apparatus and a pressure of .010 Torr applied. The dialyzed material is collected and desalted on G-15 Sephadex or applied to G-50 Sephadex in either a GHCl or an ammonium bicarbonate buffer system for subsequent fractionation and bioassay. We have isolated two major fractions by these methods whose biological activity does not agree with that of comparable fractions obtained by chromatography of PM-10 Amicon ultrafiltration of similar CF samples. It is our contention that treatment of CF serum-derived IgG with chemicals such as guanidine hydrochloride not only alters molecular stoichiometry but also affects the biological activity of the dissociated moieties.
Locus of hypnotically induced changes in color vision responses.

A modification of the Bidwell apparatus was used to investigate whether color responses altered by hypnotic instructions had a sensory or a report locus. This apparatus produces colors which are either complementary to or are enhanced positives of colors inserted. Hypnotized subjects were shown colors which they were told would be presented and were asked to report what they saw. Responses were recorded to gray and colored presentations. The results obtained could be parsimoniously explained only by assigning a report locus to the altered responses of these subjects as well as to those of a subject for whom hypnotic instructions seemed to have induced color blindness.
Carbon Microelectrodes with a Renewable Surface

Electrode fouling decreases sensitivity and can be a substantial limitation in electrochemical experiments. In this work we describe an electrochemical procedure that constantly renews the surface of a carbon microelectrode using periodic triangle voltage excursions to an extended anodic potential at a scan rate of 400 V s−1. This methodology allows for the regeneration of an electrochemically active surface and restores electrode sensitivity degraded by irreversible adsorption of chemical species. We show that repeated voltammetric sweeps to moderate potentials in aqueous solution causes oxidative etching of carbon thereby constantly renewing the electrochemically active surface. Oxidative etching was established by tracking surface-localized fluorine atoms with XPS, by monitoring changes in carbon surface morphology with AFM on pyrolyzed photoresist films, and also by optical and electron microscopy. The use of waveforms with extended anodic potentials showed substantial increases in sensitivity toward ...
Temperature dependence of small harmonically trapped atom systems with Bose, Fermi, and Boltzmann statistics

While the zero-temperature properties of harmonically trapped cold few-atom systems have been discussed fairly extensively over the past decade, much less is known about the finite-temperature properties. Working in the canonical ensemble, we characterize small harmonically trapped atomic systems as a function of the temperature using analytical and numerical techniques. We present results for the energetics, structural properties, condensate fraction, superfluid fraction, and superfluid density. Our calculations for the two-body system underline that the condensate and superfluid fractions are distinctly different quantities. Our work demonstrates that the path-integral Monte Carlo method yields reliable results for bosonic and fermionic systems over a wide temperature range, including the regime where the de Broglie wavelength is large, i.e., where the statistics plays an important role. The regime where the Fermi sign problem leads to reasonably large signal-to-noise ratios is mapped out for selected parameter combinations. Our calculations for bosons focus on the unitary regime, where the physics is expected to be governed by the three-body parameter. If the three-body parameter is large compared to the inverse of the harmonic oscillator length, we find that the bosons form a droplet at low temperature and behave approximately like a noninteracting Bose and eventually Boltzmann gas at high temperature. The change of the behavior occurs over a fairly narrow temperature range. A simple model that reproduces the key aspects of the phase-transition-like feature, which can potentially be observed in cold atom Bose gas experiments, is presented.
BLT1 and BLT2: the leukotriene B4 receptors

Two receptors for leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) have been molecularly identified: BLT1 and BLT2. Both receptors are G protein-coupled seven transmembrane domain receptors, whose genes are located in very close proximity to each other in the human and mouse genomes. The two receptors differ in their affinity and specificity for LTB(4): BLT1 is a high-affinity receptor specific for LTB(4), whereas BLT2 is a low-affinity receptor that also binds other eicosanoids. The two receptors also differ in their pattern of expression with BLT1 being expressed primarily in leukocytes, whereas BLT2 is expressed more ubiquitously. By mediating the activities of LTB(4), these receptors participate both in host immune responses and in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Reduced disease severity in animal inflammatory models seen with LTB(4) receptor antagonists and in mice with targeted deletion of BLT1 have revealed important roles for LTB(4) and its receptors in regulating pathologic inflammation.
The role of emergency MRI in the setting of acute abdominal pain.

Abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons for patients to present to the emergency department (ED) in the USA, with an estimated seven million visits in 2007–2008, a figure which represents 8 % (±0.2 %) [2] of all ED visits and a 31.8 % increase from 1999–2000. Abdominal pain has a broad differential diagnosis that encompasses multiple organ systems and can provide a significant diagnostic challenge to the ED physician. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) currently plays a limited role in the assessment of abdominal pain presenting to the ED in the nongravid population, its utility in the pregnant and pediatric population has already been proven. A proven diagnostic track record, lack of ionizing radiation and the ability to provide excellent tissue contrast without the use of nephrotoxic iodinated contrast, makes MRI an attractive imaging modality. As physicians and patients become more aware of the potential risks associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, ED MRI utilization is likely to increase. In this article, we discuss the MRI appearance of some of the most common diagnoses, which present as abdominal pain to the ED.
Effects of a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet on serum lipids, platelet aggregation and thromboxane formation

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet on serum lipids, platelet aggregation, thromboxane formation and blood pressure. Fifteen hyperlipidemic males with normal blood pressure were treated for 2 weeks. Resting supine blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides all were significantly reduced. The maximum aggregation and velocity of aggregation for isolated platelets stimulated with either ADP or collagen was significantly reduced. Thromboxane formation during 5 min of platelet aggregation with collagen or ADP was also significantly reduced. These results have important implications for hypertension and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Gas-phase reactions of bare and oxo-ligated actinide and lanthanide cations with pentamethylcyclopentadiene studied in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer

Abstract Reactions of bare and oxo-ligated monopositive ions of uranium and thorium with 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene, C 10 H 16 , (HCp ∗ ) were examined in a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer. Representative lanthanide ions, Ln + and LnO + , and tantalum ions, Ta + and TaO + , were studied for comparison. The product branching ratios for both primary and secondary reactions of the actinide ions demonstrated gas-phase organoactinide chemistry that is quite disparate from organolanthanide chemistry under comparable conditions for this neutral reactant. Particularly revealing were product distributions for ThO + and UO + , which indicated chemical behavior similar to that of bare Sm + . We conclude that at least one valence electron at the metal center of the actinide oxide ions must remain chemically active. In the case of UO + , this provides evidence for the chemical engagement of the quasi-valence 5f electrons, which is in distinct contrast to the inert character of the 4f electrons of the lanthanides in both Ln + and LnO + . Mass-selective chemistry of two primary products, UC 10 H 10 + and UC 9 H 8 + , also showed behavior similar to that of Sm + and UO + , implying that there are two covalent organouranium bonds in these complex ions. In comparing the QIT results for the lanthanides with those from a low-pressure ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) mass spectrometry study [Organometallics 16 (1997) 3845], qualitative agreement was found, but significant quantitative differences were apparent. Based on results from collision-induced dissociation and effects of variations in bath gas pressure in the QIT, we conclude that the discrepancies arise from the very different pressure regimes in the ICR and QIT. Evidently, the QIT can be operated over a range of pressures that manifest effects of collisional cooling for some reactions. For the lowest pressure QIT experiments, the high degree of fragmentation is reminiscent of the ICR results. We propose that the QIT bath gas can essentially act as an inert “solvent,” which serves to mediate high-energy processes due to energy transfer from nascent hot intermediate products via energy-dissipating collisions.
The Effects of Prolonged Hypertestosteronemia on Adrenocortical Biosynthesis in Oophorectomized Women

Adrenal androgen production and adrenocortical biosynthesis are frequently abnormal in women with hyperandrogenism. It is possible that these abnormalities result from hypertestosteronemia of ovarian origin. We prospectively studied the effect of prolonged testosterone (T) administration on adrenocortical biosynthesis and basal hormone levels in seven oophorectomized euandrogenic volunteers, who received 20 mg T in oil (USP), im, three times weekly for 3 weeks. Blood was sampled before T administration (week 0), during therapy (weeks 1, 2, and 3), and 1 week after discontinuation of the medication (week 4). Acute adrenal stimulation using 250 micrograms ACTH-(1-24), iv, was performed on weeks 0, 2, and 3. Circulating T rose from an average of 1.53 nmol/L to 27.9 nmol/L by the end of week 3. Both LH and FSH decreased with T administration, while PRL rose slightly during the initial weeks of T therapy. Little change was observed in the basal levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, estrone, and estradiol. Androstenedione (A) rose concurrent with T administration and normalized after therapy discontinuation. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) decreased significantly with T administration, while DHA sulfate (DHS) increased, leading to an increased DHS/DHA ratio. Total cortisol (F) decreased during T therapy; however, corticosteroid-binding globulin levels also decreased, and the unbound F level remained unchanged. No significant change in adrenocortical response (measured by either the absolute poststimulation level or the net increment in steroid levels) for any steroid was noted after T administration. Although the absolute poststimulation level of A was higher during T administration, this change reflected the increased basal A levels, since the increment in A from 0-60 min was not different. In conclusion, raising endogenous T levels in oophorectomized healthy women 10- to 15-fold for a period of 3 weeks produced a decrease in circulating total F and corticosteroid-binding globulin levels, while maintaining normal levels of unbound F. Although the very high T levels produced in this study resulted in an increased DHS/DHA serum ratio, it remains to be proven that the lesser degree of hypertestosteronemia usually observed in hyperandrogenic patients is sufficient to alter DHS metabolism. With this exception, the adrenocortical biosynthetic abnormalities frequently noted in hyperandrogenism do not appear to result from the elevated circulating T levels.
Refinement of lake evaporation measurements, using an ion-balance technique

Abstract This paper presents details of an ion-balance technique used to refine measurements of evaporation from a relatively shallow lake. This technique is particularly useful when accurate measurement of some element in the water balance equation, such as groundwater inflow, is not possible.
Josh Goldberg and the physical reality of gravitational waves

In this article, I pay tribute to the contributions made by Josh Goldberg toward our understanding that gravitational waves are genuine physical predictions of general relativity. Josh played a central role in developing our understanding of how a binary star system generates gravitational waves. Another key contribution came through his patronage of the 1957 Chapel Hill Conference, in his role as funding officer for the Air Force’s support of research in gravitation. I examine in detail the discussion at the Chapel Hill Conference, and show how the question of the reality of gravitational waves was resolved by a recognition that one could, in principle, construct a detector for such waves. I trace the implications of this resolution in the work of Joseph Weber, who attended the Chapel Hill Conference, and of Rainer Weiss, who did not attend but who carefully studied the key paper that Felix Pirani presented there. I conclude with a brief discussion of how a few minor remaining puzzles were resolved some years later.
Hydrogenation of Cottonseed Oil with Nickel, Palladium and Platinum Catalysts

Eleven catalysts based on Ni, Pd, and Pt from two manufacturers were used for hydrogenating cottonseed oil, with the goal of minimizing trans fatty acid (TFA) content. Despite different temperatures, catalyst levels, and reaction times being used, the data from each catalyst type fell on the same curve when the TFA level was plotted against the iodine value (IV). Under low-pressure, high-mixing hydrogenation conditions, the Ni, Pd, and Pt catalysts all produced < 5% TFA and < 5% stearic acid at 95 IV; however, at 70 IV, only Pt catalysts produced 9% TFA and about 17% stearic acid. Kinetic modeling provided a better understanding of the relative reaction rates involved in hydrogenation. Pt catalysts converted linoleic and oleic acids more slowly to TFA and quickly hydrogenate TFA, thereby leading to low TFA levels. In comparison to other hydrogenated oils reported in the literature, equivalent or lower TFA and stearic acid levels were observed with hydrogenated cottonseed oil under the experimental conditions used.
Nucleation Catalysis in Aluminum Alloy A356 Using Nanoscale Inoculants

Different types of nanoparticles in aluminum (Al) alloy A356 nanocomposites were shown to catalyze nucleation of the primary Al phase. Nanoparticles of SiC β, TiC, Al2O3 α, and Al2O3 γ were added to and dispersed in the A356 matrix as nucleation catalysts using an ultrasonic mixing technique. Using the droplet emulsion technique (DET), undercoolings in the nanocomposites were shown to be significantly reduced compared to the reference A356. None of the nanocomposites had a population of highly undercooled droplets that were observed in the reference samples. Also, with the exception of the A356/Al2O3 α nanocomposite, all nanocomposites showed a reduction in undercooling necessary for the onset of primary Al nucleation. The observed nanocomposite undercoolings generally agreed with the undercooling necessary for free growth. The atomic structure of the particles showed an influence on nucleation potency as A356/Al2O3 γ nanocomposites had smaller undercoolings than A356/Al2O3 α nanocomposites. The nucleation catalysis illustrates the feasibility of, and basis for, grain refinement in metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs).
Failure to Induce Oral Tolerance in Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis Patients: Possible Genetic Risk

It has been proposed that defective activation of suppressor or regulatory T cells is one mechanism involved in the uncontrolled inflammatory process seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because suppressor/regulatory T cells are thought to play a role in the promotion of oral tolerance, we attempted to induce oral tolerance in normal controls (n = 21) and patients with either Crohn's disease (CD; n = 12) or ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 13). In the first study, subjects were fed the neoantigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) on days 1 to 5 and 11 to 15. Subcutaneous immunization with KLH was performed on day 26, with a booster immunization on day 35. Blood for KLH-induced T cell proliferation and serum for anti-KLH antibody production was obtained at baseline, on day 26 preimmunization (postfed), on day 35 after the first immunization, and again on day 42 after the second immunization. In normal individuals, KLH feeding prior to immunization and booster resulted in reduced KLH-specific T cell proliferation compared with the group that was not fed KLH. However, although on the same KLH-feeding protocol, both CD and UC patients demonstrated significantly enhanced proliferation without oral tolerance induction when compared with baseline values. These data suggest that oral tolerance induction is defective in patients with IBD. This may reflect an in vivo functional defect in mucosal suppression of immune responses in IBD. Both UC and CD appear to be multigenic disorders with evidence of familial segregation. We analyzed four multiplex Crohn's and two UC families to determine whether the defect in tolerance induction was genetically regulated. In three of the four CD families at least one unaffected family member also failed to tolerate (total 5 of 14 unaffected family members). In the UC families, the defect in tolerance segregated with disease. These data suggest a genetic defect in tolerance induction in Crohn's disease.
Radar scattering laws for the lunar surface

Bistatic radar observations of quasi-specular scatter from the lunar surface at 13 and 116 cm wavelengths have been expressed in terres of the probability densities of the underlying surface slope distributions. These show best agreement with a Hagfors scattering function, althongh other forms having predominantly Gaussian or exponential characteristics also occur. Estimates of root mean square (rms) surface slope derived from these function range from 4\deg rms in maria to at least 8\deg rms in highlands. These are values appropriate to 25 m horizontal scales and represent averages over tens of square kilometers of surface area. The effective scattering roughness varies with wavelength, most strongly in maria, where its behavior is consistent with that expected from an immature, i.e., unsaturated cratered surface. There is very little variation in scattering roughness with wavelength in highlands areas.
Preduodenal portal vein.

Fig. Preduodenal portal vein identified during exploration for biliary atresia. Duo, Duodenum; P, pancreas; L, liver; S, stomach; PDPV, preduodenal portal vein. AN 11-WEEK-OLD FEMALE INFANT presented with jaundice and hyperbilirubnemia. Her mother reported a history of yellow-colored eyes, lightcolored stools, and dark urine since shortly after birth. She was a full-term infant with an initial admission to the neonatal intensive care unit for bradycardia. An echocardiogram showed a noncompaction cardiomyopathy. A hepatic panel preformed at her primary pediatrician’s office was significant for total bilirubin of 7.3 mg/dL and direct bilirubin 4.2 mg/dL; she was referred for further evaluation. Preoperative abdominal ultrasonography showed a shrunken gallbladder and no other abnormality. A percutaneous liver biopsy was performed and revealed bile ductular proliferation and cholestasis, which was thought to be consistent with biliary atresia. A Kasai Roux-en-Y hepatoportoenterostomy for a presumptive diagnosis of biliary atresia was therefore recommended. After the patient’s abdomen was entered, inspection of the left upper quadrant was notable for the absence of the spleen and further exploration showed intestinal malrotation and a preduodenal portal vein (Figure). The dissection of the portal plate was accomplished without difficulty. The narrowed base of the mesentery was broadened as much as possible, and an appendectomy was performed. Construction of the Roux limb and the hepatoportoenterostomy was then performed.
An evaluation of alternative policies for controlling agricultural nonpoint source pollution

Summary An economic analysis of nonpoint source pollution management was conducted for the Nansemond River and Chuckatuck Creek watersheds in Southeast Virginia. The potential effects of alternative public policies on farm income, land use, and pollution loadings were investigated. Regulatory programs could have quite different impacts depending on which pollutant is targeted. Cost-share rates greater than 50 percent would have little additional effect on pollution from crop enterprises, but would reduce pollution from livestock
Tenascin is an important component of the glomerular extracellular matrix in normal and pathologic conditions.

Tenascin is an important component of the glomerular extracellular matrix in normal and pathologic conditions. Tenascin (TN), a large oligomeric glycoprotein, is a recently described component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous reports focusing largely on the role of TN in nephrogenesis have documented the strong expression of TN in embryonic kidney tissue and implied an important role for TN in nephrogenesis. However, the expression of TN in normal and pathologic kidneys in adults has not been systematically evaluated. In this study immunohistochemical staining for TN was applied to 184 renal specimens diagnosed as: normal kidney (23 cases); minimal change disease and its variants (8); mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) including IgA nephropathy and mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis (9); endocapillary proliferative GN including membranopro-liferative GN, lupus nephritis, and post-infectious GN (25); crescentic GN (11); membranous GN (19); focal segmental sclerosis (15); thrombotic microangiopathy (8); amyloidosis (5); diabetic nephropathy (9); primary tubulointerstitial nephritis (14); transplant rejection (14); and ischemia (24). It was found that: (a) there was unequivocal global diffuse staining limited to the mesangium in normal kidney; (b) regardless of the etiologies and the morphologic types of glomerular disease, whenever there was expansion of the ECM, whether in the mesangial, endocapillary, or extracapillary spaces, there was a concomitant and proportional in situ increase in the TN staining; (c) globally sclerotic glomeruli, regardless of causes, showed diffuse, strong staining, especially in the subcapsular fibrous deposition seen in ischemic sclerosis; (d) non-sclerotic glomeruli showing early ischemic change uniformly displayed a marked decrease or complete loss of staining; (e) in cases of thrombotic microangiopathy, there was segmental or global staining of the capillary wall, probably corresponding to the enlarged lamina rara interna; (f) all nodular lesions in diabetic glomerulosclerosis showed strong staining, but in several of them this staining was much more pronounced in the periphery than in the center of the lesion. Our study proves that TN is probably a component of the normal mesangial matrix, that TN is an ubiquitous component of the expanded glomerular ECM in pathologic conditions regardless of morphologic subtypes, and that further studies on the cell types and mechanisms responsible for TN synthesis may provide a new venue for the understanding of the process of glomerular sclerosis.
Defibrillation efficacy using high-frequency switching to proportion current among simultaneous shock pathways.

High-Frequency Current-Proportioned Defibrillation. Introduction: Multiple-pathway electrode configurations generally allow improved current distribution over the heart and lower defibrillation thresholds than single-pathway systems. However, current distributions using multiple pathways are largely determined by electrode type and location. We hypothesized that switching the current among multiple pathways at high frequency (HF) could allow the switching duty cycle to control the proportion of time-averaged current flowing in each pathway, thus permitting altered (possibly improved) defibrillation efficacy using the same electrodes and shock waveform. Methods and Results: In dogs, we measured the current (I50) for 50% defibrillation success using catheter electrodes in the right ventricular apex (cathode) and superior vena cava (A-pathway anode) and a subcutaneous patch on the left chest wall (B-pathway anode). In group 1 (N = 7), we measured I50s for shocks that used HF to proportion 10% to 90% of the current to the A-pathway. Shocks with 10% to 30% of the current in the A-pathway had significantly lower I50s than nonproportioned shocks using all three electrodes. However, the resistance differed among single and simultaneous pathways so energy did not necessarily parallel these changes. In group 2 (N = 6), we measured I50s for shocks to the B-pathway alone, for nonproportioned shocks to A and B, and for shocks that proportioned 80% of the current to the B-pathway using either HF, sequential, or amplitude proportioning methods. All proportioning methods had similar ISUs that were significantly lower than the I50 for nonproportioned shocks to A and B and that were comparable to shocks to the B-pathway alone. Conclusions: Shocks with most current proportioned to the B-pathway had lower defibrillation currents than nonproportioned shocks using both pathways. Thus, defibrillation efficacy was changed by HF proportioning without changing the electrodes or shock waveform. These findings suggest that HF proportioning may be a method to improve defibrillation.
Epigenetics: The Role of Methylation in the Mechanism of Action of Tumor Suppressor Genes

: Epigenetics is the study of mitotically heritable changes in gene expression without any changes in the primary DNA sequence. The major step in epigenetic gene regulation is gene inactivation by hypermethylation of CpG islands located in the promoter region. Specific enzymes and methylated DNA binding proteins play a major role in causing reduced expression of tumor suppressor genes, resulting in tumor formation and its progression. Prevention approaches are needed to avoid tumor formation. One approach to inhibiting inactivation of tumor suppressor genes is to use chemical agents such as 5-azacytidine to prevent hypermethylation of DNA. Increased understanding of the mechanism of epigenetic silencing and the identification of additional molecular mechanisms (e.g., histone methylases) that may be targeted by pharmaceutical interventions may lead to more preventive strategies. The current status of the epigenetic regulation of tumor suppressor genes is discussed in this review article.
Low-calorie triglyceride synthesis by lipase-catalyzed esterification of monoglycerides

Monoglycerides of erucic acid (C22:1, Δ13), prepared by conventional methods, were reacted with caprylic acid (octanoic acid, C8.0) by using lipases as catalysts with the intention of synthesizing a triglyceride that contains two molecules of caprylic acid and one molecule of erucic acid (caprucin). The reaction was carried out by mixing lipase powder, a small quantity of water, and the reactants in a temperature-controlled stirred batch reactor. Organic solvents or emulsifying agents were not required. When the nonspecific lipase fromPseudomonas cepacia was used, a yield of approximately 37% caprucin was obtained, together with a complex mixture of di- and triglycerides that resulted from the random transesterification of the erucic acid. The fatty acid-specific lipase fromGeotrichum candidum promoted minimal transesterification of erucic acid and resulted in a yield of 75% caprucin and approximately 10% interesterification products. Lipase fromCandida rugosa exhibited a similar, although less pronounced, specificity to that fromG. candidum and promoted more transesterification of erucic acid. Optimum conditions forG. candidum lipase were at 50°C and an initial water content of 5.5%. After the reaction, erucic acid was converted to behenic acid by hydrogenation, thereby converting caprucin into caprenin, a commercially available low-calorie triglyceride.
SU‐FF‐T‐118: Comparison of Calculated and Measured Superficial Depth Doses for Static TomoTherapy Beams

Purpose: To compare computed superficial doses from the TomoTherapy treatment planning system (TPS) to measured doses from a static TomoTherapy beam. Method and Materials: Simulated CT datasets of flat phantoms were created to calculate static TomoTherapy beams at normal and oblique incidence. Calculated doses for depths ⩽ 2cm were compared with superficial dose measurements made with a Gammex/RMI model 449 parallel‐plate chamber and LiF TLDpowder for a static TomoTherapy beam at normal incidence for source to detector distances (SDDs) of 55, 70, and 85cm and oblique angles of 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 83° for typical TomoTherapy jaw sizes (40×2.5cm2 and 40×5cm2). Results: For all measurement conditions, when accounting for the effective depth of each calculation point, the TPS under predicted the dose at the surface. For all normally incident conditions, and 30° and 45°, the TPS under predicted the dose at a depth of 0.1cm by more than 5% of the maximum dose. For 55cm SDD, the TPS under predicted the dose at a depth of 0.2cm by more than 5% of the maximum dose. For highly oblique angles (75° and 83°), the TPS over predicted the dose at superficial depths (i.e., depths between 0.1 and 0.3cm) by as much as 7% of the maximum dose. For all measurement conditions, the measured and calculated data agreed to within 5% of the maximum dose at a depth of 0.3cm and beyond. Conclusion: The disagreement between calculated and measuredsurface doses was expected because the TomoTherapy treatment planning system does not currently model electron contamination. The disagreement found at depths between 0.1 and 0.3cm for the highly oblique angles is likely due to the failure of the convolution/superposition algorithm to account for reduced scatter dose near the tissue/air interface. Supported in part by a research agreement with TomoTherapy, Inc.
HISTOPHYSICS: A NEW DISCIPLINE

History is the most important discipline of study. The system investigated in history is a many-body system consisting of biological material bodies, Homo sapiens, and hence can be studied scientifically. The unique role physicists can play in advancing the science of human history is presented. We will discuss the methods of study in history; worldviews; modeling history as a complex, dynamical system; predicting the future and retrodicting the past; and artificial history. In particular, active walk is shown to provide the foundation for a new worldview, and found to be widely applicable in modeling history, as illustrated by three examples from economic, evolutionary and social histories, respectively.
Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the cause and describe the natural history of acute pancreatitis complicating pregnancy and its effect on maternal and perinatal outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Over the last decade we admitted 43 pregnant women with acute pancreatitis to our hospital. We reviewed presentation, diagnosis, management, and maternal and perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: The incidence of acute pancreatitis was one in 3333 pregnancies. The mean age of these 43 women was 24 years, 31 (72%) were multiparous, and pancreatitis was associated with biliary disease in 29 (68%). All had a favorable response to supportive therapy that included bowel rest, intravenous hydration, and antimicrobial therapy. Cholecystectomy was performed for persistent or recurrent biliary or pancreatic disease ante partum in eight women and post partum in another 12. Of 39 women who were delivered at our hospital, 32 were at term and their infants did well. The other six infants were delivered preterm; two were stillborn and another died after birth. One woman underwent a therapeutic abortion. CONCLUSIONS: Most pregnant women with acute pancreatitis have associated biliary tract disease. With prompt hospitalization, supportive care, and surgical intervention when indicated, maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality are not prohibitive. Fetal death and preterm delivery may result from severe disease.
I Would Like to Play but I Don't Know How: A Case Study of Pretend Play in Autism.

Children with autism have poor pretend play abilities, which greatly affects their social skill development. This intervention technique, using an adult partner, describes how a guided story and ro...
Shaw’s stored information as a quantitative measure of sequential structure

In this paper, we describe a method to study the sequential structure in interevent times. The technique uses the stored information of an iterative map developed by-Shaw (1984). The stored information is a quantitative measure of the sequential organization or predictability in data. This paper discusses the concept of stored information and provides a FORTRAN routineto compute the stored information of interevent time data. Several synthetic data sets with known sequential structures are examined. Finally, we present some initial results from computing the stored information of experimental interresponse time data.
Lasing Behavior of InAs Quantum Dot Micro-Cavities as a Function of Wavelength and Temperature

The lasing threshold and slope efficiency of InAs quantum dot microdisks and photonic crystal L3 micro-cavities change as a function of lasing wavelength and temperature. We report on these dependencies and give explanations.
Kinetic mechanism of human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1.

Human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (hHint1) is a member of a ubiquitous and ancient branch of the histidine triad (HIT) protein superfamily. hHint1 is a homodimeric protein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of model substrates, phosphoramidate (TpAd) and acyl adenylate (AIPA), with a high efficiency. Recently, catalytically inactive hHint1 has been identified as the cause of inherited peripheral neuropathy (1). We have carried out the first detailed kinetic mechanistic studies of hHint1 and have found that the reaction mechanism is consistent with a double displacement mechanism, in which the active site nucleophile His112 is first adenylylated by the substrate, followed by hydrolysis of the AMP-enzyme intermediate. A transient burst phase followed by a linear phase from the stopped-flow fluorescence assay indicated that enzyme adenylylation was faster than the subsequent intermediate hydrolysis and product release. Solvent viscosity experiments suggested that both chemical transformation and diffusion-sensitive events (product release or protein conformational change) limit the overall turnover. The catalytic trapping experiments and data simulation indicated that the true koff rate of the final product AMP is unlikely to control the overall kcat. Therefore, a protein conformational change associated with product release is likely rate limiting. In addition, the rate of Hint1 adenylylation was found to be dependent on two residues with pKas of 6.5 and 8, with the former pKa agreeing well with the NMR titration results for the pKa of the active site nucleophile His112. When compared to the uncatalyzed rates, hHint1 was shown to enhance acyl-AMP and AMP phosphoramidate hydrolysis by 106 to 108- fold. Taken together, our analysis indicates that hHint1 catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphoramidate and acyl adenylate with high efficiency, through a mechanism that relies on rapid adenylylation of the active residue, His-112, while being partially rate limited by intermediate hydrolysis and product release associated with a conformational change. Given the high sequence homology of Hint proteins across all kingdoms of life, it is likely that their kinetic and catalytic mechanisms will be similar to those elucidated for hHint1.
Synthesis and biliary secretion of immunoglobulins by rat liver.

In this manuscript, we have attempted to first present an overview of the fundamentals of IgA secretion into rat bile via a receptor mediated process which involves the formation of vesicles and their vectorial movement to the bile canaliculus by a microtubule network. This transcellular pathway is used by all IgA secreting cells. The process is unique in that the transport vesicles do not pass through the Golgi-lysosomal region of the cell and therefore the ligand is allowed to enter the secretions intact with a portion of its receptor providing protection against proteases in the external environment. We also have demonstrated that the liver provides an early response to intestinal luminal antigen presentation. Stimulated B cells that are produced in the Peyer's patches in rodents home first to the liver. Only after boosting and the establishment of long term immunity are specific antibody producing cells found in other organs such as the intestine. Data are presented which would suggest that non-recept...
Effect of chronic imipramine or baclofen on GABA-B binding and cyclic AMP production in cerebral cortex

Long-term (14 days) treatment of mice with the antidepressant drug imipramine increased the number of GABA-B receptors in the cerebral cortex and also led to an increase in the potentiation of norepinephrine-induced cAMP accumulation by baclofen (a GABA-B agonist) in cortical slices. Chronic baclofen treatment decreased both of these measures. These results suggest that previous evidence of increased GABA-B binding by antidepressants is coupled to a functional increase in adenylate cyclase activity, but that the mechanism responsible for this effect is not due simply to direct GABA-B receptor stimulation.
Future Petroleum Energy Resources of the World

Is the world running out of oil? Where will future oil and gas supplies come from? To help answer these questions, in 2000 the U.S. Geological Survey completed a new world assessment, exclusive of the United States, of the undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources and potential additions to reserves from field growth.2 One hundred and twenty-eight provinces were assessed in a 100 manyear effort from 1995-2000. The assessed provinces included 76 priority provinces containing 95% of the world's discovered oil and gas and an additional 52 "boutique" provinces, many of which may be highly prospective. Total Petroleum Systems (TPS) were identified and described for each of these provinces along with associated Assessment Units (AU) that are the basic units for assessing undiscovered petroleum. The assessment process coupled geologic analysis with a probabilistic methodology to estimate remaining potential. Within the 128 assessed provinces were 159 TPS and 274 AU. For these provinces, the endowment of re...
Proteomic and mass spectroscopic quantitation of protein S-nitrosation differentiates NO-donors

Protein S-nitrosation has been argued to be the most important signaling pathway mediating the bioactivity of NO. This post-translational modification of protein thiols is the result of chemical nitrosation of cysteine residues. The term NO-donors covers very different chemical classes, from clinical therapeutics to probes of routine use in chemical biology; their different chemistry is predicted to result in distinctive biology regulated by protein S-nitrosation. To measure the extent of protein S-nitrosation by NO-donors, a proteomic mass spectrometry method was developed, which quantitates free thiol versus nitrosothiol for each modified cysteine residue, coined d-Switch. This method is adapted from the biotin switch (BST) method, used extensively to identify S-nitrosated proteins in complex biological mixtures; however, BST does not quantitate free thiol. Since glutathione-S-transferase P1-1 (GST-P1) has been proposed to be a biological “NO-carrier”, GST-P1 was used as a reporter protein. The 5 differ...
The South American genera Brayopsis and Englerocharis (Brassicaceae)

Three species and two subspecies of Erayopsis and two species of Englerocharis are recognized. The generic limits and relationships of the two Andean genera are assessed. Englerocharis pauciflora and B. alpaminae ssp. smithii are described as new.
An Abstract Concept of Optimal Implementation

In previous works, we introduced Stable Deterministic Residual Structures (SDRSs), Abstract Reduction Systems with an axiomatized residual relation which model orthogonal term and graph rewriting systems, and Deterministic Family Structures (DFSs), which add an axiomatized notion of redex-family to capture known sharing concepts in the ?-calculus and other orthogonal rewrite systems. In this paper, we introduce and study a concept of implementation of DFSs. We show that for any DFS F, its implementation FI is a non-duplicating DFSs with zig-zag as the family relation, where zig-zag is simply the symmetric and transitive closure of the residual relation on redexes with histories. Further, we show that sharing is compositional: the sharing in a DFS F can be decomposed into a weaker sharing F' (such as zig-zag) and a sharing in the implementation F'I of F' stronger than zig-zag. These results require study of the family relation in non-duplicating SDRSs. We show that zig-zag forms a family-relation in every non-duplicating SDRS, and that it is the only separable family relation in such SDRSs.
Fast Adaptive 2D Vortex Methods

We present a new approach to vortex methods for the 2D Euler equations. We obtain long-time high-order accuracy at almost optimal cost by using three tools: fast adaptive quadrature rules, a free-Lagrangian formulation, and a useful new analysis of the consistency error. Our error analysis halves the order of differentiability required of the flow and suggests an efficient new balance of smoothing parameters which works well with fast summation schemes. Numerical experiments with our methods confirm our theoretical predictions and display excellent long-time accuracy.