cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occupational interests and career differentiation among R&D personnel

Abstract This paper explores the differences in occupational interest patterns of two groups in a biotechnology research laboratory. One group was a sample of technical specialists who had tried research management, rejected it, and returned to bench work and the technical career track. The second group was a sample of R&D managers who enjoyed the managerial track, accepted it, and intended to remain on it. The managerial group was distinguished from the technical group on the social, enterprising, and conventional (business interest) scales. The results are discussed in terms of career and personnel management practices in the R&D laboratory.
Durkheim's Non‐Social Facts about Primitives and Women

Emile Durkheim's explanatory model of primitives and women is the theme of this investigation. A detailed examination of Durkheim's major work reveals an initial preoccupation with organic-psychic factors when analyzing primitive social life and the role of women in society. Only after extensive study of primitive religion and its crucial implications in the evolution of knowledge, do organic and psychic factors drop out of Durkheim's social facts approach.
Infrared spectroscopy of highly excited vibrational levels of the hydroxyl ion, OH+

Abstract The infrared spectrum of the OH+ ion in highly excited vibrational levels has been observed. The vibrational temperature determined in this study, Tvib = 4700 K (±20%), is much higher than the rotational temperature (Trot ∼ 500 K) for any of the vibration-rotation bands, which show an approximately thermal intensity pattern. OH+ was produced in a glow discharge of O2, H2, and He in a gas mixture ratio of 1:1:100. The vibration-rotation spectra were observed using a difference frequency spectrometer as our tunable infrared source and velocity modulation for detection. The constants for all of the observed bands (v = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) were determined from the energy level expressions for a 3Σ− molecule using a nonlinear least-squares fitting program.
Topological interpretation of the van Hove singularity: orbital switching

Recent theoretical and (photoemission) experimental results greatly strengthen the case for the saddle point van Hove singularity (vHs) playing an important role in the cuprate superconductors. The vHs signals a change in the topology of the Fermi surface-usually from electronlike to holelike orbits. Thus, near the vHs, there can be tunneling between the different Fermi surface sections. This orbital switching bears some resemblance to magnetic breakdown, but is a distinct phenomenon. In the presence of finite orbit switching, the electronic orbits can form a quantum coherent network.
Unopposed c-MYC expression in benign prostatic epithelium causes a cancer phenotype.

BACKGROUND We have sought to develop a new in vivo model of prostate carcinogenesis using human prostatic epithelial cell cultures. Human prostate cancers frequently display DNA amplification in the 8q24 amplicon, which leads to an increase in the copy number of the c-MYC gene, a finding that suggests a role for c-MYC in human prostate carcinogenesis. In addition overexpression of c-MYC in transgenic mouse models results in prostatic carcinogenesis. METHODS We took advantage of the ability of retroviruses to integrate foreign DNA into human prostatic epithelium (huPrE) to generate cell lines that overexpress the c-MYC protooncogene. These cells were recombined with inductive rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme and grafted beneath the renal capsule of immunocompromised rodent hosts. RESULTS The resultant tissue displayed a phenotype consistent with a poorly differentiated human prostatic adenocarcinoma. The tumors were rapidly growing with a high proliferative index. The neoplastic cells in the tumor expressed both androgen receptors (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), both characteristic markers of human prostate cancers. Microarray analysis of human prostatic epithelial cells overexpression c-MYC identified a large number of differentially expressed genes some of which have been suggested to characterize a subset of human cancers that have myc overexpression. Specific examples were confirmed by Western blot analysis and include upregulation of c-Myb and decreased expression of PTEN. Control grafts using either uninfected huPrE or using huPrE cells infected using an empty vector expressing a green fluorescent protein tag gave rise to well differentiated benign prostatic glandular ducts. CONCLUSIONS By using a retroviral infection strategy followed by tissue recombination we have created a model of human prostate cancer that demonstrates that the c-MYC gene is sufficient to induce carcinogenesis. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of ATPases by gymnemic acid.

Abstract A specially prepared and partially fractionated preparation of gymnemic acid compounds were found to be inhibitory to the ATPase system from housefly brain and labellum, and fish brain. Enzyme activity in a homogenate fraction from labellum showed greatest sensitivity to the gymnemic acid preparation. Na+-K+ ATPase activity from the labellum, which contains the sweet taste sensory receptors, was inhibited by over 92% at a concentration of 4 middot; 10−6M gymnemic acid. Because gymnemic acid compounds are specific suppressants of sweet receptors, the evidence presented in this paper implies that a portion of the ATPase system may be biochemically important in the sweet-sensing mechanism.
Time-dependent density-functional theory for trapped strongly interacting fermionic atoms

The dynamics of strongly interacting trapped dilute two-component Fermi gases (dilute in the sense that the range of interatomic potential is small compared with interparticle spacing ) is investigated in a single-equation approach to the time-dependent density-functional theory. For the ground-state energy per particle of the system in the homogeneous phase, we have constructed an Pade parametrization based on Monte Carlo data and asymptotic behavior. Our numerical results for collective frequencies in the BCS-BEC crossover regime are in good agreement with recent experimental data obtained by the Duke University group. In addition, we show that the calculated corrections to the hydrodynamic approximation may be important, even for systems with a rather large number of atoms. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.70.033612 PACS number(s): 03.75.Ss, 67.40.Db The recently reported ultracold trapped Fermi gases with tunable atomic scattering length [1‐11] in the vicinity of a Feshbach resonance stimulated a large number of theoretical investigations. Some of these works are based on the assumption that the properties of strongly interacting dilute Fermi gas at zero temperature are well described by the hydrodynamic approximation (HA )[ 12‐15] ]n ]t + „ W · snv Wd =0 , s1d
Synthesis of Lipophilic Paramagnetic Contrast Agents.

The facile, high-yielding synthesis of a series of macrocycles 7a−k in 75−100% yield is reported. The transformation of these compounds to their carboxymethylated analogues 8a−k in 75−90% yield and subsequent gadolinium complexes 9a−k provides a series of homologous neutral paramagnetic contrast agents (PCAs) with tunable lipophilicity. Alkylated cationic intermediates 6a−k are prepared in yields of 72−94% from glyoxal adduct of cyclen (5) and slight excesses of alkyl iodides. The methodology is selective for monoalkylation and amenable to large-scale synthesis.
Native-language-based distributed computing across network and filesystem boundaries

This paper discusses how the aspects unique to the Java programming language can be combined with complementary and unique aspects of other languages such as C and Fortran. This combining of the strong features of Java, such as portability and platform independence, with packages and legacy codes written in traditional languages such as C and Fortran results in a program blend which exhibits portability and speed not realizable by any of these languages individually. One area where this confluence of previously disparate language features has strong potential is in the area of distributed, concurrent computing over heterogeneous platforms and across local network and filesystem boundaries – the setting addressed within this paper. Also addressed in this paper are the pivotal aspects of the Java bytecode representation of a class object which makes the porting of shared libraries across network boundaries, filesystems, and architectures possible. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Quest for Website Accessibility in Higher Education Institutions

Researchers increasingly suggest that accessibility remains a prominent issue across the World Wide Web (www). This study raises awareness about issues of access in higher education. This qualitative research design utilized a listserv that invited university based webmasters to use freeware to evaluate the overall accessibility of their institutions' homepage website. Participation was voluntary and evaluations were gathered electronically. Our sample indicated that most universities' homepages were non-compliant with the www.WorldWideWeb Consortium guidelines. One particular institution, however, satisfied all W3C guidelines earning a perfect Triple A. Simply stated, this exemplary website serves people of all exceptionalities. Studying this institution's implementation process, we propose that other institutions might emulate this exemplary model to achieve greater website accessibility for all constituents.
Hemidesmosomal variants of epidermolysis bullosa

Abstract: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a heterogeneous group of genodermatoses, is characterized by fragility and blistering of the skin, associated with characteristic extracutaneous manifestations. Based on clinical severity, constellation of the phenotypic manifestations, and the level of tissue separation within the cutaneous basement membrane zone, EB has been divided into distinct subcategories. Traditionally, these include the simplex, junctional and dystrophic variants of EB. Recent attention has been drawn to variants of EB demonstrating tissue separation at the level of hemidesmosomes, ultrastructurally recognizable adhesion complexes within the cutaneous basement membrane zone. Clinically, these hemidesmosomal variants manifest either as generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa (GABEB), EB with pyloric atresia, or EB with late-onset muscular dystrophy, Elucidation of basement membrane zone components by molecular cloning and development of mutation detection strategies have revealed that the hemidesmosomal variants of EB result from mutations in the genes encoding the subunit polypeptides of the 180-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen/type XVII collagen, the α6β4 integrin, or plectin, respectively. Collectively, these data add to the understanding of the molecular complexity of the cutaneous basement membrane zone in EB, as attested by the fact that mutations in 10 different genes can underlie different variants of EB. Elucidation of mutations in different forms of EB has direct application to genetic counseling and DNA-based prenatal testing in families with EB.
A model for characterization of a vortex pair formed by shock passage over a light-gas inhomogeneity

This work investigates the two-dimensional flow of a shock wave over a circular light-gas inhomogeneity in a channel with finite width. The pressure gradient from the shock wave interacts with the density gradient at the edge of the inhomogeneity to deposit vorticity around the perimeter, and the structure rolls up into a pair of counter-rotating vortices. The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the scaling laws for the flow field produced by this interaction at times long after the passage of the shock across the inhomogeneity. Numerical simulations are performed for various initial conditions and the results are used to guide the development of relatively simple algebraic models that characterize the dynamics of the vortex pair, and that allow extrapolation of the numerical results to conditions more nearly of interest in practical situations. The models are not derived directly from the equations of motion but depend on these equations and on intuition guided by the numerical results. Agreement between simulations and models is generally good except for a vortex-spacing model which is less satisfactory. A practical application of this shock-induced vortical flow is rapid and efficient mixing of fuel and oxidizer in a SCRAMJET combustion chamber. One possible injector design uses the interaction of an oblique shock wave with a jet of light fuel to generate vorticity which stirs and mixes the two fluids and lifts the burning jet away from the combustor wall. Marble proposed an analogy between this three-dimensional steady flow and the two-dimensional unsteady problem of the present investigation. Comparison is made between closely corresponding three-dimensional steady and two-dimensional unsteady flows, and a mathematical description of Marble's analogy is proposed.
WE-D-224A-08: Monte Carlo Dose Verification of Prostate Patients Treated with Simultaneous Integrated Boost IMRT

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric accuracy of Superposition/Convolution (SC) and Monte Carlo (MC) calculated dose distributions for simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) prostate cancerintensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) compared to experimental (film) measurements and the implications for clinical treatments.Method and Materials: Twenty prostate patients treated with in‐house SIB‐IMRT protocol were selected. SC‐based plans used for treatment were reevaluated with EGS4‐based MC calculations for treatment verification. Accuracy was evaluated with‐respect‐to film‐based dosimetry. Comparisons used γ‐index, DTA, and superimposed dose distributions. The treatment plans were also compared based on dose‐volume indices for targets and critical structures. Results: Flat‐phantom comparisons demonstrated that the MC algorithm predicted measurements better than the SC algorithm (%γ>1 8.4% for MC vs. 18.3% for SC). The average PTVprostate D98 and PTVnodes D95 indices agreement between SC and MC was 1.2%±1.1 (range: −38%, ±0.1%) and 1.6%±1.5 (range: 3.6%, 0.6%) respectively. For rectum, the average differences in SC and MC calculated D50 ranged from −3.6% to 3.4%. There were up to 34.3%±42.5 (range: 0.2%, 115%) differences between SC and MC calculated average D50 index for small bowel. This large deviation is due to large differences in small bowel volume within the treatment field and small bowel dose for each patient. For femurs, the differences in average D50 reached up to 9.6%±4.5 (range: 1.2%, 14.5%). Conclusion:MC agrees better with film measurements than SC. Although on average SC‐calculated doses agreed with MC calculations within the targets within 2%, there were deviations >10% for some patient's treatment plans. The major source of these deviations may be due to the inaccuracies in fluence prediction model for SC calculation. The use of SC may compromise the clinical outcome of patients and MC‐based IMRT would be beneficial for IMRT plan optimization. (Supported by NIH‐R0198524).
Differences in pedal forces during recumbent cycling in adolescents with and without cerebral palsy.

Background We showed that subjects with cerebral palsy had greater transverse and frontal plane hip and knee motion, increased duration of muscle activity, increased cocontraction, and decreased efficiency during recumbent cycling than subjects with typical development. However, it is also important to understand the forces exerted on the pedals. The purpose of this report was to compare pedal forces during cycling between adolescents with and without cerebral palsy.
Service-Oriented Architecture SOA Instantiation within a Hard Real-Time, Deterministic Combat System Environment

This article investigates the instantiation of a Service-Oriented Architecture SOA within a hard real-time stringent time constraints, deterministic maximum predictability combat system CS environment. There are numerous stakeholders across the U.S. Department of the Navy who are affected by this development and who have a direct or indirect influence on the system requirements. The research focuses on two-way, transparent, secure track data exchange between the command and control C2 and CS domains. Exchange and management of data between these domain networks is accomplished using configurable universal gateway capabilities. These capabilities include the provision for data mediation and boundary defense requirements within a web services publish-and-subscribe framework. The gateways' performance is assessed with respect to operational loading, architecture and provisioning requirements to evaluate gateway component performance, and resource utilization. The universal gateway prototype evaluated in this limited technology experiment LTE demonstrated interoperability as a key step in satisfying Technology Readiness Level TRL 6 criteria, based on its successful performance in a representative environment. Data latency was minimal at the largest message loads with typical end-to-end gateway latencies under 15 milliseconds with the application of rule set filters on message queues, and data throughput across the universal gateway was not limited by universal gateway components. These results allow proven architectural principles to be applied in new ways to enable rapid development and insertion of new capabilities, lower-risk system integration and evolution, and more reliable operations. At the same time, multiple integrators and vendors can actively design and compete for business, lowering acquisition and life-cycle costs.
Synthesis and molecular structure of [Al(CH3)2]2 [C10H22N4] [Al(CH3)3]2: condensation product of trimethylaluminum and a multidentate open-chain amine

The crystalline condensation product [Al(CH3)2]2[C10H22N4][Al(CH3)3]2 is prepared from reaction of the multidentate open-chain amine 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine with trimethylaluminum in methylene chloride. The compound crystallized in the monoclinic space groupC2/c with unit cell parametersa=25.166(12),b=7.268(4),c=17.316(4) A,β=115.3(4)°, andDc=1.06 g cm−3 forZ=4. Least-squares refinement based on 1054 observed reflections with intensitiesI≥ 3σ(I) in the range 2<2θ<45° led to a finalR factor of 0.053 (Rw=0.064). The title compound resides on a crystallographic center of symmetry with independent Al-N distances of 1.889(5), 2.058(5), and 2.030(5) A.
Interactions of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and PCB mixtures/congeners : immunotoxicity studies

Abstract Several commercial PCBs, including Aroclors 1260, 1254, 1248, 1242 and 1232, were immunotoxic in C57BL/6 mice, however the results showed that the lower chlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1232 and 1242) were less toxic than the higher chlorinated mixtures. Treatment of C57BL/6J mice with an immunotoxic dose of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (3.7 nmol/kg) and a dose (25 mg/kg) of the commercial PCBs which was not immunotoxic showed that the PCB mixtures antagonized the 2,3,7,8-TCDD-mediated decrease in the plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes. The structure-dependent effects of individual PCB congeners to act as 2,3,7,8-TCDD antagonists were also investigated and only 2 compounds, namely 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-and 2,3,3′,4,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl exhibited antagonist activity comparable to that observed for Aroclor 1254 as a 2,3,7,8-TCDD antagonist. The implications of these results will be discussed.
Use of organic phosphate in nutrient culture

Ethyl ammonium phosphate proved to be a good substitute for KH2PO4 as a source of phosphorus for corn (maize) growing in nutrient solutions under greenhouse conditions. Ethyl acid phosphate andn-propyl acid phosphate were ineffective as sources of phosphorus under these conditions. Ethyl ammonium phosphate does not seem to interact with FeCl3 in the same way as does KH2PO4 at high pH (6.0–7.0) of the culture solution. There appears to be no other published report of the successful use of organic phosphate as a source of phosphorus for plants growing in nutrient solution.
Behavioral Assessment of Emotion Discrimination, Emotion Regulation, and Cognitive Control in Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood

Emotion discrimination, emotion regulation, and cognitive control are three related, yet separable processes that emerge over the course of development. The current study tested 100 children, adolescents, and adults on an Emotional Go/Nogo task, illustrating the ability of this paradigm to identify the unique developmental patterns for each of these three processes in the context of both positive (happy) and negative emotions (fear, sad and anger), across three different age groups. Consistent with previous literature, our findings show that emotion discrimination and regulatory abilities (both cognitive control and emotion regulation) improve steadily for each age group, with each age group showing unique patterns of performance. The findings suggest that emotion regulation is constructed from basic cognition control and emotion discrimination skills. The patterns of behavior from the Emotional Go/Nogo task provide normative benchmark data across a wide range of emotions that can be used for future behavioral and neuroimaging studies that examine the developmental construction of emotion regulatory processes.
Poly(ethylene carbonate) and poly(propylene carbonate): Transitions and thermomechanical spectra

Abstract : The transitions and thermomechanical spectra (1 cps) of amorphous poly(ethylene carbonate), amorphous poly(propylene carbonate) and their 1/1 blend, as measured by torsional braid analysis, are reported. The blend is a two phase mixture rather than a solution. Influence of intra and inter molecular factors on the transitions is discussed. (Modified author abstract)
Critical currents, proximity effect, and Josephson penetration depth in planar high-T/sub c/ Josephson junctions

We have studied the temperature dependence of the critical current in planar high-T/sub c/ Josephson junctions fabricated in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ thin films by focused electron irradiation. We show that in the range of critical current densities spanning more than five orders of magnitude and temperature range 0.1<T/T/sub c//spl les/1, the critical current density j/sub c/ varies as (1-T/T/sub c/)/sup 2/. The T-dependence of the critical current I/sub c/, however, is affected by the transition from the narrow-junction to the wide-junction limit as j/sub c/ increases. An expression for the Josephson penetration depth in thin-film planar structures has been derived, and the value of magnetic field penetration depth in junction banks has been extracted from the I/sub c/(T) dependences. Some issues of the proximity effect associated with unconventional pairing symmetry in high-T/sub c/ superconductors are also discussed.
Absence of first-order phase transitions for antiferromagnetic systems

We consider a spin system with nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic pair interactions in a two-dimensional lattice. We prove that the free energy of this system is differentiable with respect to the uniform external fieldh, for all temperatures and allh. This implies the absence of a first-order phase transition in this system.
Convergence of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease: inflammation, cholesterol, and misfolded proteins

Late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease is a heterogeneous disorder. In elderly patients, increasing evidence suggests a link between this neurodegenerative disease, and vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis. The nature of this link remains speculative. Some investigators have suggested that the disease arises as a secondary event related to atherosclerosis of extracranial or intracranial vessels. A toxic effect of vascular factors on the microvasculature of susceptible brain regions has also been argued. An alternative explanation is that atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease are independent but convergent disease processes. This hypothesis is lent support by observations of shared epidemiology, pathophysiological elements, and response to treatment in both disorders. It provides a potential framework for an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, especially in elderly patients with vascular risk factors, and offers some promise toward the search for preventive and therapeutic treatments.
Hyperbolicity in temperature and flow fields during the formation of a Loop Current ring

Abstract. Loop Current rings (LCRs) are among the largest mesoscale eddies in the world ocean. They arise when bulges formed by the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico close off. The LCR formation process may take several weeks, and there may be several separations and reattachments before final separation occurs. It is well established that this period is characterized by a persistent saddle point in the sea surface height field, as seen in both model and satellite data. We present here a detailed study of this saddle region during the formation of Eddy Franklin in 2010, over multiple days and at several depths. Using a data-assimilating Gulf of Mexico implementation of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), we compare the vertical structure of the currents and temperature fields on 5 and 10 June 2010. Finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLE) are computed from the surface down to 200 m to estimate the location of relevant transport barriers. Several new features of the saddle region associated with LCR formation are revealed: the ridges in the FTLE fields are shown to be excellent surrogates for the manifolds delineating the material flow structures with only slight degradation at depth. The intersection of the ridges representing stable and unstable manifolds drops nearly vertically through the water column at both times; remarkably, the material boundary shapes are maintained even as they are advected. Moreover, velocity stagnation points and saddle points in the temperature field are consistently found near the intersections at all depths, and their geographic positions are also nearly constant with depth.
Bayes Equivariant Estimators of the Variance of a Finite Population for Exponential Priors.

The present paper presents the derivation of the Bayes equi-variant estimator of the variance of a finite population for prior i.i.d. exponential random variables and quadratic loss. The form of the Bayes equivariant estimator strongly depends on the prior distribution assumed. In a previous paper [2] the form of the Bayes equivariant estimator was derived for normal i.i.d. random variables. This model yields a relatively simple result. The present paper is therefore devoted to the study of the form of the estimator when the prior distribution is consid-erably different from a normal distribution. Numerical illustra-tions are provided too.
Vehicle-to-vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2V2I) intelligent transportation system architecture

In this paper, I describe the vehicle-to-vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2V2I) architecture, which is a hybrid of the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) architectures. The V2V2I architecture leverages the benefits of fast queries and responses from the V2I architecture, but with the advantage of a distributed architecture not having a single point-of-failure from the V2V architecture. In the V2V2I architecture, the transportation network is broken into zones in which a single vehicle is known as the super vehicle. Only super vehicles are able to communicate with the central infrastructure or with other Super Vehicles, and all other vehicles can only communicate with the super vehicle responsible for the zone in which they are currently traversing. I describe the super vehicle detection (SVD) algorithm for how a vehicle can find or become a super vehicle of a zone and how super vehicles can aggregate the speed and location data from all of the vehicles within their zone to still ensure an accurate representation of the network. I perform an analysis using FreeSim to determine the trade-offs experienced based on the size and number of zones within a transportation network and describe the benefits of the V2V2I architecture over the pure V2I or V2V architectures.
UNC-108/Rab2 regulates postendocytic trafficking in Caenorhabditis elegans

After endocytosis, membrane proteins are often sorted between two alternative pathways: a recycling pathway and a degradation pathway. Relatively little is known about how trafficking through these alternative pathways is differentially regulated. Here, we identify UNC-108/Rab2 as a regulator of postendocytic trafficking in both neurons and coelomocytes. Mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans Rab2 gene unc-108, caused the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged glutamate receptor GLR-1 (GLR-1::GFP) to accumulate in the ventral cord and in neuronal cell bodies. In neuronal cell bodies of unc-108/Rab2 mutants, GLR-1::GFP was found in tubulovesicular structures that colocalized with markers for early and recycling endosomes, including Syntaxin-13 and Rab8. GFP-tagged Syntaxin-13 also accumulated in the ventral cord of unc-108/Rab2 mutants. UNC-108/Rab2 was not required for ubiquitin-mediated sorting of GLR-1::GFP into the multivesicular body (MVB) degradation pathway. Mutations disrupting the MVB pathway and unc-108/Rab2 mutations had additive effects on GLR-1::GFP levels in the ventral cord. In coelomocytes, postendocytic trafficking of the marker Texas Red-bovine serum albumin was delayed. These results demonstrate that UNC-108/Rab2 regulates postendocytic trafficking, most likely at the level of early or recycling endosomes, and that UNC-108/Rab2 and the MVB pathway define alternative postendocytic trafficking mechanisms that operate in parallel. These results define a new function for Rab2 in protein trafficking.
Status of EPA's Bioresponse-Based Testing Program

Research and development has been supported by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) since 1990 to investigate the feasibility of using biological methods based on human, animal, or in vitro responses to characterize sources of indoor air emissions. The bioresponse methods being evaluated measure odor and sensory irritation of mucosal tissues in the eyes, nose, and upper airways. Chambers for creating controlled emissions from sources are basically the same as have been used for traditional studies of emission rates and chemical compositions. Studies of human subject responses to known odorous or sensory irritant chemicals using nose-only, eye-only, facial, and whole-body exposures are providing baseline data against which animal and in vitro results will be validated. The animal and in vitro methods being investigated measure changes in respiratory patterns and chemosensory evoked potentials. The status of current and future projects is reported.
On Becoming a Person (1961) Carl Rogers' celebrated classic in memoriam

By Carl R. Rogers Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1961. ISBN 0-395-75531-X 422 pages Reviewed by John H. Morgan, PhD, DSc, PsyD
Activation domains drive nucleosome eviction by SWI/SNF

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes play a critical role in chromatin dynamics. A large number of in vitro studies have pointed towards nucleosome sliding as the principal remodeling outcome of SWI/SNF action, whereas few have described histone octamer transfer as the principal outcome. In contrast, recent in vivo studies have linked the activity of SWI/SNF to histone eviction in trans from gene promoters. In this study, we have found that the chimeric transcription factor Gal4-VP16 can enhance SWI/SNF histone octamer transfer activity, resulting in targeted histone eviction from a nucleosome probe. This effect is dependent on the presence of the activation domain. We observed that under conditions mimicking the in vivo relative abundance of SWI/SNF with respect to the total number of nucleosomes in a cell nucleus, the accessibility of the transcription factor binding site is the first determinant in the sequence of events leading to nucleosome remodeling. We propose a model mechanism for this transcription factor-mediated enhancement of SWI/SNF octamer transfer activity.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT ON PRENATAL CARE AND HEALTH BEHAVIORS OF LOW-INCOME WOMEN

Objective: To determine the relationship of social support from partners and others to the adequacy of prenatal care and to the prenatal health behaviors of low-income women. Design: Descriptive, correlational study using self-reports and medical record review. Setting: Data were collected in five metropolitan prenatal clinics serving low-income women. Participants: Ethnically diverse, primarily single, low-income pregnant women (N = 101) between 28 and 40 weeks of pregnancy. Main Outcome Measures: Subjects completed the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire, the Prenatal Health Questionnaire, and the Demographic/Pregnancy Questionnaire. Results: Social support provided by the partner correlated positively with adequacy of prenatal care, whereas social support from others (excluding partner relationships) correlated positively with prenatal health behaviors. Professionals such as health care providers and counselors were not considered sources of social support by women. Conclusions: Nurses who work with low-income pregnant women in a variety of settings should assist partners in recognizing their potential positive contributions, teach women to communicate their expectations to their partners, acknowledge the importance of other family members as providers of social support, and when needed, refer women to programs that increase available social support.
Poststimulus EEG spectral analysis and P300: attention, task, and probability.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were elicited with auditory stimuli, and spectral analysis was performed on the poststimulus electroencephalographic (EEG) activity to assess how variables that influence the P300 affect spectral parameters of the resultant ERP. In Experiment 1, a no-stimulus condition was compared with a single repeated tone that was either ignored or counted. In Experiment 2, an auditory oddball paradigm was used in which the subject ignored all stimuli, counted only the target, or counted both the target and the standard stimuli in different conditions. In Experiment 3, stimulus probability was manipulated in separate conditions (.20, .50, .80), with the subject required to count the target stimulus. Delta and theta band spectral power increased whenever P300 amplitude increased. However, as the attentional requirements increased across tasks, alpha-1 and alpha-2 power and mean frequency increased. The findings indicate that auditory stimulus processing modulates the EEG more than just by adding ERP components to the epoch.
Are Soldiers Less War-Prone than Statesmen?

The dominant (though contested) wisdom among international relations scholars is that military officers tend to be more cautious than their civilian counterparts about initiating the use of force. Sobered by the experience of combat, the theory holds, soldiers are hesitant to recommend military action except under the most favorable of circumstances. It might be the case, however, that military conservatism is simply a product of strong civilian oversight. Indeed, scholars have suggested that military officers actually have powerful incentives to promote the use of force, but these predilections may be muted when civilian leaders can punish officers for botched military adventures. In this article, the author details a quantitative, competitive test of these propositions, showing that states with strong civilian control are on average less prone to initiate military action than states without it. The results suggest that civilian control should play a central role in future models of conflict initiation.
The Green Building Project: Promoting Political Science Learning through a Collaborative Research Approach

Political science faculty members often seek innovative ways to promote civic participation and encourage students to connect theory with practice. In this paper, we review and analyze one such approach to teaching political science concepts while promoting community service. This method uses Dewey's concept of civic participation-"learning how a community works and how to help it work better" (Dewey in Ehrlich 1999, 246)-in applying principles of sustainability [e.g., "meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development in Rosenbaum 2002, 372)] to a local problem. For this project, a political science faculty member organized a graduate and undergraduate student research team to conduct service-learning activities to address community needs and to conduct campus and community outreach. Additionally, the two graduate and four undergraduate team members pursued collective and individual independent research projects. The service-learning and research team improved their campus and larger community by providing a model of how to approach the prevalent and often neglected issue of achieving a sustainable community, while individual team members gained necessary expertise for their future professional and civic participation. The historic peninsular city of Charleston, South Carolina has many aging buildings and homes that are neither resource efficient nor have occupanthealthy environments. Unlike aging buildings in other cities, local historic preservation laws that require maintenance of the historical integrity and appearance of structures challenge the Charleston community in making buildings more energy efficient. Situated in the heart of the Charleston peninsula is the College of Charleston. As the College has expanded, it has utilized historic buildings by remodeling them into campus department offices. In this way, the buildings of the College of Charleston serve as a microcosm for
Classification of multispectral satellite image data using improved NRBF neural networks

This paper describes a novel classification technique-NRBF (Normalized Radial Basis Function) neural network classifier based on spectral clustering methods. The spectral method is used in the unsupervised learning part of the NRBF neural networks. Compared with other general clustering methods used in NRBF neural networks, such as KMeans, the spectral method can avoid the local minima problem and therefore multiple restarts are not necessary to obtain a good solution. This classifier was tested with satellite multi-spectral image data of New England acquired by Landsat 7 ETM+ sensors. Classification results show that this new neural network model is more accurate and robust than the conventional RBF model. Furthermore, we analyze how the number of the hidden units affects training and testing accuracy. These results suggest that this new model may be an effective method for classification of multispectral satellite image data.
Modifying Fragility and Collective Motion in Polymer Melts with Nanoparticles

We investigate the impact of nanoparticles (NP) on the fragility and cooperative stringlike motion in a model glass-forming polymer melt by molecular dynamics simulation. The NP cause significant changes to both the fragility and the average length of stringlike motion, where the effect depends on the NP-polymer interaction and NP concentration. We interpret these changes via the Adam-Gibbs (AG) theory, assuming the strings can be directly identified with the abstract ‘‘cooperatively rearranging regions’’ of AG. Our findings indicate that fragility is primarily a measure of the temperature dependence of the cooperativity of molecular motion. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.115702 PACS numbers: 64.70.pj The addition of a small concentration of nanoparticles (NP) to glass-forming (GF) polymer materials can lead to large property changes that are difficult to comprehend by extension of the effects of macroscopic filler additives. Depending on system details, changes may be rationalized by the large surface-to-volume ratio of the NP, chain bridging [1‐3], or NP self-assembly into extended structures [4,5]. Changes in the glass transition temperature Tg have been particularly emphasized, and both experimental and theoretical studies indicate that attractive or repulsive (nonattractive) polymer-NP interactions tend to increase or decrease Tg, respectively. Correspondingly, the interfacial polymer layer around the NP shows a slowing down (increased Tg) or an acceleration of dynamics (decreased Tg), providing a molecular scale interpretation of the Tg changes [6‐9]. Unfortunately, Tg changes provide only a limited characterization of how NP affect GF polymer melts. We also expect the T dependence of dynamical properties approaching Tg, or the ‘‘fragility’’ of glass formation [10], to be altered. Fragility changes have been argued for on theoretical grounds [11], based on the finding that changes in the molecular packing in the glass state ( T< T g) should also alter the fragility of glass formation. The NP we study should be particularly effective at modifying molecular scale packing and motion since their size is roughly commensurate with the nanoscale heterogeneity of fluids near Tg [12].
Infeasible/feasible search trajectories and directional rounding in integer programming

The notion that strategies in non-linear and combinatorial optimization can benefit by purposefully and systematically navigating between feasible and infeasible space has been around for many years, but still is sometimes dismissed as having little relevance for creating more effective methods. To reinforce the case on behalf of approaches that endorse infeasible/feasible search trajectories, it is possible to formulate simple theorems disclosing useful properties of such trajectories in the context of integer programming. These results motivate a closer examination of integer programming search processes based on directional rounding processes, including a special variant called conditional directional rounding. From these foundations a variety of new strategies emerge for exploiting connections between feasible and infeasible space.
Primary silica granules—A new mode of Paleoarchean sedimentation

In the modern silica cycle, dissolved silica is removed from seawater by the synthesis and sedimentation of silica biominerals, with additional sinks as authigenic phyllosilicates and silica cements. Fundamental questions remain, however, about the nature of the ancient silica cycle prior to the appearance of biologically mediated silica removal in Neoproterozoic time. The abundance of siliceous sedimentary rocks in Archean sequences, mainly in the form of chert, strongly indicates that abiotic silica precipitation played a significant role during Archean time. It was previously hypothesized that these cherts formed as primary marine precipitates, but substantive evidence supporting a specific mode of sedimentation was not provided. We present sedimentologic, petrographic, and geochemical evidence that some and perhaps many Archean cherts were deposited predominately as primary silica grains, here termed silica granules, that precipitated within marine waters. This mode of silica deposition appears to be unique to Archean time and provides evidence that primary silica precipitation was an important process in Archean oceans. Understanding this mechanism promises new insights into the Archean silica cycle, including chert petrogenesis, microfossil preservation potential, and Archean alkalinity budgets and silicate weathering feedback processes.
Improving the efficiency of residential HVAC systems using computer-based power-electronic controls

Space heating and cooling are responsible for about 43% of energy consumption in the average American home [1]. That number can be reduced significantly through the use of a computer-based power-electronic control system. This paper describes one proposed solution, which uses a PC to control the motors in the system. The central PC uses wireless communications to coordinate fan and compressor speeds. The paper describes some new control concepts designed to implement demand-side management, and it shows how the system can be operated in a diagnostic mode that regularly checks for increased energy consumption resulting from degrading equipment conditions.
High resolution optical imaging and spectroscopy of biological tissues

In this paper we present the recent technological development of optical coherence tomography (OCT). We also discuss the potential clinical applications of OCT for diagnosing pathological changes in different organs and systems.
Delamination analysis of metal–ceramic multilayer coatings subject to nanoindentation

Abstract Internal damage has been experimentally observed in aluminum (Al)/silicon carbide (SiC) multilayer coatings subject to nanoindentation loading. Post-indentation characterization has identified that delamination at the coating/substrate interface is the most prominent form of damage. In this study the finite element method is employed to study the effect of delamination on indentation-derived hardness and Young's modulus. The model features alternating Al/SiC nanolayers above a silicon (Si) substrate, in consistence with the actual material system used in earlier experiments. Cohesive elements with a traction–separation relationship are used to facilitate delamination along the coating/substrate interface. Delamination is observed numerically to be sensitive to the critical normal and shear stresses that define the cohesive traction–separation behavior. Axial tensile stress below the edge of indentation contact is found to be the largest contributor to damage initiation and evolution. Delamination results in a decrease in both indentation-derived hardness and Young's modulus. A unique finding is that delamination can occur during the unloading process of indentation, depending on the loading condition and critical tractions.
Reconsidering the Slave’s Irony: journeys and innovations in the early slave narrative form

The collection of essays in Journeys of the Slave Narrative in the Early Americas demonstrates how a critical reappraisal of the slave narrative genre can thoughtfully (and powerfully) reimagine th...
Validation of a DNC code for wall-bounded turbulence including finite-rate reactions and surface catalysis

This paper discusses the constitutive relations, surface catalytic model, and numerical methods for direct numerical simulation (DNS) of wallbounded turbulence including nite-rate chemistry and gas-surface interaction. The validation of the code is provided for the mean o w by comparison to similarity solutions and laminar hypersonic boundary layer solutions, for the surface catalysis by comparison to analytic solutions for the one-dimensional diusion-reaction equation, and for turbulent boundary layers by comparison to empirical predictions.
Status and Priority as Tests of Democratic Society: An Operational Analysis

Tp HIS paper attempts to present a way of looking at social status which makes it possible to view the differences between totalitarian and democratic social organization in terms of scientifically defined and verifiable concepts. In order to translate the concept of social status into usable terms for this analysis, the term priority is introduced. It is felt that this conception allows the importation of well-known sociological and anthropological theory into the area of political behavior in a way which makes possible an operational distinction between political forms. Before the main body of the theory is presented it is necessary to present the basic definitions and assumptions employed in the scheme. Such a presentation follows: