cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tests of the generality of two empirical equations for motor learning.

A pair of empirical equations have been written by Reynolds and Adams (1953) describing rotary pursuit performance as a function of distribution of practice of pre-asymptotic levels. If such equations are to attract the theorists' attention, they must have appreciable task-to-task generality. The present experiment purporrs to find out for another commonly studied human learning problem, the inverted alphabet task (IA) , whether [he Reynolds-Adams equations provide an economical and accurate description of the families of curves generated by the distribution parameter, and whether the parameters of these equations are related to the same experimental variables as in the rotary pursuit experiments. The basic equation relating performance to practice under a consta?zt temporal distribution within a 30-trial session was the sum of an exponential and linear component, where P is some direct measure of performance, T is trial number, M, the asymptote of the exponential component, i is the rate of change of rhe exponential component, and b is the slope of the linear component. To describe performance after a change in the condition of distribution, Equation 1 was modified by Reynolds and Adams to read, where P, and T, represent performance level and trial number, respectively, on the last trial before change in distribution. For the pursuit rotor (PR) rask the relations of the parameters to experimental variables were stated to be as follows: M increases as a negatively accelerated function of intertrial interval; i is a negatively accelerated function of intertrial interval; b is independent of intertrial interval. Under changed conditions of uial spacing, b remains constant, M changes to that characteristic of the new condition, and i is that of the more distributed condition. An assemblage of PR data was found by Reynolds and Adams to be fairly well ordered by these equations and parameter relations. Whether this systematization holds for the inverted alphabet task remains our empirical question.
PROOF OF A CONJECTURE OF GOULDEN AND JACKSON

We prove an integration formula involving Jack polynomials conjec- tured by I. P. Goulden and D. M. Jackson in connection with enumeration of maps in surfaces.
On dual convergence of the distributed Newton method for Network Utility Maximization

The existing distributed algorithms for Network Utility Maximization (NUM) problems mostly rely on dual decomposition and first-order (gradient or subgradient) methods, which suffer from slow rate of convergence. Recent works [17] and [18] proposed an alternative distributed Newton-type second-order algorithm for solving NUM problems with self-concordant utility functions. This algorithm is implemented in the primal space and involves for each primal iteration computing the dual variables using a finitely terminated iterative scheme obtained through novel matrix splitting techniques. These works presented a convergence rate analysis for the primal iterations and showed that if the error level in the Newton direction (resulting from finite termination of dual iterations) is below a certain threshold, then the algorithm achieves local quadratic convergence rate to an error neighborhood of the optimal solution. This paper builds on these works and presents a convergence rate analysis for the dual iterations that enables us to explicitly compute at each primal iteration the number of dual steps that can satisfy the error level. This yields for the first time a fully distributed second order method for NUM problems with local quadratic convergence guarantee. Simulation results demonstrate significant convergence rate improvement of our algorithm, even when only one dual update is implemented per primal iteration, relative to the existing first-order methods based on dual decomposition.
THE OPTIMAL TIMING OF URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT

A modified Wicksell model has been used to explain optimal timing decisions concerning the development of land from a lower to a higher urban use. The analysis has shown that, within the context of the assumptions, the optimal date for development or redevelopment of urban land depends on (1) the discount rate applying in the real estate market, (2) the property tax rate, (3) the earnings in any interim use, and (4) the way in which the higest and best use of the land is expected to change in the future. The analysis has also shown that the mere presence of rises in the value of land awaiting development to a higher use should not automatically be interpreted as speculative gains; rather, an increase in the value of such land is inherent in the process of capitalization of future income. More properly, only "windfall" changes in the value of land, which arise because of imperfectly foreseen evens that affect future development potential, should be considered speculative gains.
A study of gadolinia-doped ceria electrolyte by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Abstract Samples of Gd 2 O 3 -doped CeO 2 (GDC) were fabricated by sintering of powder compacts. Impedance spectra were measured from 400 °C to 675 °C in air by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Above ∼500 °C, high frequency arc was not semicircular but could be fitted with a constant phase element (CPE). Above ∼625 °C, high frequency arc could not be resolved due to a significant contribution from the inductive load. The impedance spectra were described using a simple equivalent circuit which included the leads/instrument impedance. The leads/instrument impedance was measured over a range of frequencies and temperatures. The high frequency part of the impedance after subtracting leads/instrument impedance could be resolved even at the highest measurement temperature and was described by a semicircle representative of transport across grain boundaries. From these measurements, grain and grain boundary resistivities were determined. The corresponding activation energies were 0.69 eV and 1.11 eV, respectively. The grain boundary capacitance was nearly independent of temperature. The present results show that grain boundary effects can be described by a resistor and a capacitor. Relevant equivalent circuit parameters were obtained from intercepts, maxima and minima in impedance diagrams.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Generation: An Index of Growth Hormone Insensitivity

GH insensitivity may be an inherited condition or may arise as a consequence of disease or malnutrition. Laron syndrome is the most severe form of GH insensitivity, arising from an absent or defective GH receptor. Less severe forms of GH insensitivity, however, may exist, resulting in short stature but in few other features of Laron syndrome. We have identified a heterogeneous group of children with short stature and either high basal(>10 mU/L) or high peak GH levels (>40 mU/L) on GH provocation testing, to examine biochemical markers of GH sensitivity. These children received 4 d of GH (0.1 U/kg) and the increment in IGF-I, IGF binding protein (BP)-3, and GHBP was determined. Eight GHD children, commencing GH therapy, were recruited as positive controls. The two groups could not be differentiated by age, height SDS (SD score), height velocity SDS, or body mass index. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 generation were correlated in all children (ΔSDS IGF-Iversus ΔSDS IGFBP-3, r = 0.49, p = 0.03). Neither basal GHBP levels or the increment in GHBP were predictive of the IGF-I or IGFBP-3 response to GH. The GHI group had a significantly reduced IGFBP-3 response to stimulation with 4 d of GH (median percent increment in IGFBP-3, 26%, versus 72% in the GHD group, p = 0.03); their IGF-I response to GH was also reduced (median% increment in IGF-I 75%versus 144% in the GH deficient group), but this did not achieve significance, p = 0.06. In all children, the percentage rise orΔSDS in both IGF-I and IGFBP-3 inversely correlated with the GH peak obtained on provocation testing, the latter being the most significant determinant of GH peak. We propose that the “IGF generation test,” in particular IGFBP-3 generation, can be used in the investigation of partial GH insensitivity. Further work, however, is required to establish diagnostic criteria for partial GH insensitivity.
Dilemmas of Action Research.

Abstract Action research has become an increasingly popular component in teacher education programs. It is generally aimed at encouraging teachers to think more deeply about their current practices, about the effect of those practices on learners, and about the role of teaching in a democratic society. But action research is also described in the literature as having contradictory goals focusing on both the technical aspects of good teaching and the democratic possibilities of empowering teachers and learners. This article explores those contradictions and tensions through a case study of an action research course for practicing teachers. Dilemmas associated with teaching action research as a university course are described.
Radioautographic Studies of Inulin, Sulfate and Chloride in Rat and Guinea Pig Thyroid Glands

Radioautographic studies with 3H-inulin, 35SO4- and 38Cl- have been done on rat and guinea pig thyroids. Either 2 or 24 hr after the injection of the radioisotope, 3Hinulin distributed only in the interstitial (stromal) space of the thyroid gland. Since inulin does not penetrate the thyroid follicle, it is a satisfactory substance to measure the extrafollicular space of the thyroid gland. Both 36SO4 and 38Cl- distributed differently than did 3H-inulin. In addition to the stromal space, sulfate and chloride also enter the lumen of the thyroid follicle. However, the volume of distribution of 36SO4- is different from that of 35Cl-. The evidence indicates that most of the 35SO4- in the thyroid follicle is present in the lumen. In TSH-pretreated animals, more 36SO4- and 36C1- moved into the thyroid follicles, and the potential difference between the stroma and lumen, calculated from the 30Cl- ratios, decreased.(Endocrinology 77: 818, 1965)
Tools for application-driven linear dimension reduction

Simplicity and efficiency of linear transformations make them a popular tool for extracting features and reducing dimension before or during statistical analysis of large datasets. Examples of their applications include image compression and reconstruction, discriminant analysis, pattern classification, and image or text retrieval. Linear transformations with natural orthogonality constraints can be represented as elements of Stiefel and Grassmann manifolds. We advocate that the choice of a transformation for dimension reduction is not standard; it is dictated by the application and the data set, and can be formulated as an optimization problem on these above-mentioned manifolds. We demonstrate this idea by deriving dimension-reducing transformations in several applications, including image-based recognition of objects and content-based retrieval of images.
Real Time Processing of Detector Data

An approach is described for the construction of very high speed processing of detector data, where multiple events travel through a pipeline structure, and where temporary storage provides general data retrieval for histogram and tape writing. A formalism is presented for histogram and tape writing. A formalism is presented for structuring algorithms, where hardware elements correspond to set and arithmetic operators, and are represented by nodes in a graphical description of the algorithm. Details are given for a drift chamber processor for a Columbia-Stony Brook collaboration at Cornell, and other examples of processing structures are also discussed.
Patellar ultrasound transmission velocity in healthy children and adolescents

Apparent velocity of ultrasound (AVU) (Signet™, OsteoTechnology Cambridge, MA) at the patella was measured on 568 children and adolescents, aged 8 to 18 years. Trend analysis revealed a significant trend ( p p p p p
A fluorometric method for the kinetic assay of indole-3-acetic acid oxidase.

Abstract The oxidation of IAA by peroxidase (1) and by more specific oxidases (2) leads to the formation of products which may have physiological activity (3, 4). The colorimetric estimation of IAA oxidation products involving reaction with p -dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) is reported to be more sensitive than other end point determinations such as the Salkowski and Ehrlich procedures which monitor the disappearance of IAA (5). These methods are end point procedures and, as such, are awkward and time consuming and present difficulties in obtaining kinetic data and measuring lag times. IAA oxidation has also been monitored by measuring 14 CO 2 released from [1- 14 C] IAA (6) and uv spectral shifts during oxidation of IAA were reported by Meudt (3). The present paper reports a new procedure for the assay of horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of IAA. The assay procedure is based on the continuous measurement of a fluorescent product of the reaction.
Gaussian beam and solar power conversion using magneto-electric charge separation

This detailed proposal exploits optically-induced charge separation for solar power conversion in transparent dielectrics. The core process, though nonlinear, is both efficient and robust against phase and polarization disruptions of the driving field.
Three-dimensional nonlinear optical fiber simulation

In the development of nonlinear optical switching mechanisms, it would be very desirable to have a computer simulation of the electromagnetic pulse propagating in the nonlinear fiber. This would be helpful in understanding the underlying electromagnetics, and would also be helpful in designing new switching configurations. One method which has been widely used in electromagnetic simulation is the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Its effectiveness in optical fiber simulation is restricted by the fact that the short wavelengths of light dictate dense sampling, which becomes a logistical problem in three dimensional simulation. Techniques are described which allow 3D simulation of small sections of nonlinear optical fibers. The results of these simulations are used to predict behavior over longer distances.
GROWTH-INHIBITING EFFECT OF CORTISONE ACETATE ON THE CHICK EMBRYO

In the course of a study of the effects of various agents on the development of the chick embryo (Karnofsky, Patterson and Ridgway, 1949, 1950, Karnofsky, Ridgway and Patterson, 1950), it was found that 11-dehydro-17-hydroxy-corticosterone acetate (cortisone acetate) caused a striking inhibition of embryonic growth and development (Karnofsky, Stock and Rhoads, 1950). This observation was anticipated by Landauer (1947), who found that an extract of the adrenal cortex, injected into the yolk sac of the 0, 1 or 5 day chick embryo markedly inhibited its subsequent growth. This report presents further studies on the growth-inhibiting effects of cortisone, when injected into the yolk sac or onto the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo at various stages of development. Fertile white Leghorn eggs were obtained from a commercial source. They were incubated at 38° C. and 75 per cent relative humidity. The eggs were kept in one position, and moved once daily
Cranial Morphometric and Evolutionary Relationships in the Northern Range of Ovis Canadensis

Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used to examine geographic variation in skull and horn characters of 694 bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) specimens from the Great Basin north to British Columbia and Alberta to test previous taxonomic hypotheses. Substantially more morphometric variation in skull and horn size and shape was found west of the Rocky Mountains than within the Rocky Mountains. Our results did not support the recognition of Audubon’s bighorn sheep ( O. c. auduboni) as a subspecies separate from Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (O. c. canadensis). California bighorn sheep (O. c. californiana) from Washington and British Columbia were not distinguishable from Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep but differed notably from populations in the Sierra Nevada considered part of that subspecies. Extirpated native populations from northeastern California, Oregon, and southwestern Idaho, also considered to be O. c. californiana, shared with Nelson bighorn sheep (O. c. nelsoni) from the Great Basin desert a horn-related character that distinguished them from Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. Bighorn sheep from the Sierra Nevada were found to be distinguishable from those of the adjacent Great Basin region. Our morphometric results were concordant in geographic patterns with mtDNA data. We synonymize O. c. auduboni with O. c. canadensis. We also assign extant and extinct native populations of O. c. californiana from British Columbia and Washington to O. c. canadensis. Finally, we assign the extinct native populations of O. c. californiana from Oregon, southwestern Idaho, northern Nevada, and northeastern California to the Great Basin Desert form of O. c. nelsoni, recognizing that some transition to Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep probably occurred along that northern boundary. With these taxonomic revisions, the range of O. c. californiana includes only the central and southern Sierra Nevada.
A national survey of assessment and therapy techniques used by behavior therapists

The present mail survey investigated behavior therapy as it is currently practiced by members of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy (AABT). Information regarding professional attitudes, assessment techniques used, problems treated, and treatment procedures utilized was obtained. The questionnaire was mailed to 964 full members of the AABT, and 334 members responded for a 34.6% rate of return. The respondents were divided into two categories based on their primary professional activities (practitioner or academic), and comparisons between these groups were made. The results were also compared to the findings of previous surveys of AABT members ( Swan & MacDonald, 1978 ; Wade, Baker, & Hartman, 1979 ). The survey results suggested a movement in recent years toward a cognitive behavioral orientation, and identified striking similarities and some differences between practitioners and academics.
Brain/Language Relationships Identified with Diffusion and Perfusion MRI: Clinical Applications in Neurology and Neurosurgery

Diffusion and perfusion MRI have contributed to stroke management by identifying patients with tissue "at risk" for further damage in acute stroke. However, the potential usefulness of these imaging modalities, along with diffusion tensor imaging, can be expanded by using these imaging techniques with concurrent assessment of language and other cognitive skills to identify the specific cognitive deficits that are associated with diffusion and perfusion abnormalities in particular brain regions. This paper illustrates how this combined behavioral and imaging methodology can yield information that is useful for predicting specific positive effects of intervention to restore blood flow in hypoperfused regions of brain identified with perfusion MRI, and for predicting negative effects of resection of particular brain regions or fiber bundles. Such data allow decisions about neurological and neurosurgical interventions to be based on specific risks and benefits in terms of functional consequences.
The Effect of Collagen Shields on Epithelial Wound Healing in Rabbits

We evaluated the effect of a collagen shield on epithelial healing in keratectomy wounds in rabbit eyes. Superficial keratectomies 6 mm in diameter were created in 12 eyes of six rabbits. Six eyes received collagen shields every eight hours; six eyes received no treatment (control group). Epithelial healing was significantly faster (P
Characterization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors in human hippocampus.

Abstract We identified a 50 kDa neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor from human hippocampus by affinity labeling. NPY specific binding and labeling of the receptor were inhibited in parallel by increasing concentrations of unlabeled NPY (IC= 0.27nM and0.18nM, respectively). Peptide YY (PYY), but none of the pancreatic polypeptides, was as effective as NPY in displacing [ 125 I]NPY. NPY fragments inhibited binding with the rank order of potency: NPY>NPY 13–36 >NPY 20–36 ≥NPY 18–36 >NPY 1–36 free acid≥NPY 26–36 . These results demonstrate that the human hippocampal NPY receptor is a 50 kDa protein fitting the classification of a Y 2 receptor subtype.
Narrow-band X-ray photometry as a tool for studying galaxy and cluster mass distributions

We explore the utility of narrow-band X-ray surface photometry as a tool for making fully Bayesian, hydrostatic mass measurements of clusters of galaxies, groups and early-type galaxies. We demonstrate that it is sufficient to measure the surface photometry with the Chandra X-ray Observatory in only three (rest frame) bands (0.5-0.9, 0.9-2.0 and 2.0-7.0 keV) in order to constrain the temperature, density and abundance of the hot interstellar medium (ISM). Adopting parametrized models for the mass distribution and radial entropy profile and assuming spherical symmetry, we show that the constraints on the mass and thermodynamic properties of the ISM that are obtained by fitting data from all three bands simultaneously are comparable to those obtained by fitting similar models to the temperature and density profiles derived from spatially resolved spectroscopy, as is typically done. We demonstrate that the constraints can be significantly tightened when exploiting a recently derived, empirical relationship between the gas fraction and the entropy profile at large scales, eliminating arbitrary extrapolations at large radii. This 'Scaled Adiabatic Model' is well suited to modest signal-to-noise ratio data, and we show that accurate, precise measurements of the global system properties are inferred when employing it to fit data from even very shallow, snapshot X-ray observations. The well-defined asymptotic behaviour of the model also makes it ideally suited for use in Sunyaev-Zeldovich studies of galaxy clusters. © 2013 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Event probability correlation analysis for comparison of two-phase ecological maps

Abstract The use of maps as an important tool for investigating ecological, environmental and geographical phenomena has grown in popularity over recent years, mainly due to the development of computerized cartographic systems and geographic information systems (GIS). With the aid of such systems, spatial simulation can be presented in a map form. It is important to find a way to compare the difference between a simulation result and the corresponding surveyed map. However, so far there is no procedure universally agreed upon to determine whether two maps are statistically different, since it is clear that two-phase mosaic maps are completely different from dot maps. In this paper, we present a new method, event probability correlation analysis, to determine spatial similarities in the two-phase ecological maps. A comparison of subtropical savanna spatial patterns is used to explain our method. Our results indicate that the method is very convenient, useful and effective.
Gabapentin for treatment of epilepsy in children

Gabapentin is a recently introduced antiepileptic drug for the treatment of partial seizures. Although studied extensively in adults, there have been few pediatric studies. It is a unique drug because it has no protein binding, is not metabolized, and is excreted through the kidneys. There are no significant drug interactions with other antiepileptic drugs nor do other antiepileptic drugs alter the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. The drug is effective in partial seizures, although most studies have used the drug as add-on therapy. It is approved for use of partial seizures with or without secondary generalization in patients over the age of 12 years. The side effect profile of the drug is quite good. No significant idiosyncratic reactions have been reported. The most common side effects have included dizziness, fatigue, and headache. Rarely, children will have adverse behavioral effects, such as hyperactivity and agitated behavior. Usually these children have pre-existing behavioral disturbances. Although the spectrum of efficacy of gabapentin remains to be determined, it is likely to have a major beneficial impact on the treatment of childhood epilepsy
Epidermal growth factor in serum, urine, submandibular glands and kidneys of diabetic mice

Levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in serum were significantly decreased in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic mice (446 +/- 168 pg/ml after 1 week and 423 +/- 52 after 4 weeks vs 766 +/- 162 pg/ml in controls, P.002 and less than .001. respectively) and in genetically diabetic ob/ob mice (455 +/- 285 vs 962 +/- 453 pg/ml in nondiabetic ob/+ controls, P.043). The urinary excretion of EGF was significantly increased in STZ mice (104 +/- 53 vs 51 +/- 23 ng/h, P.013) but unchanged in ob/ob mice (33 +/- 9 vs 45 +/- 16 ng/h, P.134). However, when expressed per mg creatinine it was decreased in both cases: in STZ mice to 680 +/- 250 ng/mg at 1 week and 684 +/- 211 at 4 weeks vs 1250 +/- 303 ng/mg in controls (P less than .01); and in the ob/ob mice to 552 +/- 117 vs 1237 +/- 300 ng/mg in ob/+ controls (P less than .01). EGF content of the submandibular glands of STZ mice remained unchanged at 1 week (13.1 +/- 2.9 vs 11.0 +/- 1.8 micrograms/mg protein, P.170) but dropped by 4 weeks (4.7 +/- 1.2 micrograms/mg, P less than .001); in the ob/ob mice it was less than 20% that of controls (2.1 +/- 0.8 vs 12.2 +/- 3.6 micrograms/mg protein). In kidneys, the EGF content was not altered in either ob/ob (524 +/- 50 vs 571 +/- 33 pg/mg protein) or STZ mice (652 +/- 183 vs 665 +/- 80 pg/mg). The preproEGF mRNA level in STZ-treated mice was reduced after 4 weeks in submandibular glands but not in kidneys. The results show that diabetes affects EGF production, utilization and/or excretion in mice and that kidneys are spared from suppression of EGF synthesis that is pronounced in the submandibular glands.
Khmer Rap Boys, X-Men, Asia's Fruits, and Dragonball Z: Creating Multilingual and Multimodal Classroom Contexts

In our rapidly changing global culture, students' social worlds are becoming increasingly multilingual and multimodal, yet school practices do not often reflect the complexities or diversity of students' literacy and language practices. Valuing students' experiences with language and culture is important in creating supportive learning environments. This is true for all learners, but perhaps particularly so for immigrant students. This article presents the use of inquiry-based projects as one pedagogical practice that can support students' literacy and language, create supportive classroom environments, and provide an avenue for teachers to learn more about the social worlds of their students. In particular, it describes how the use of inquiry-based projects with middle school-aged children of migratory agricultural workers served as a small space for some of the students to address feelings of loss of home and country. For others, the project served as a way to make sense of their new American identities. Important for this discussion is the notion that when students are allowed to bring in the literacy and language practices they engage in naturally in their social worlds, it is possible to broaden the monolingual and one-dimensional nature of our curricula and create multilevel literacy communities within the classroom.
Evolution of floral scent in Clarkia: novel patterns of S-linalool synthase gene expression in the C. breweri flower.

Flowers of Clarkia breweri, an annual plant from the coastal range of California, emit a strong sweet scent of which S-linalool, an acyclic monoterpene, is a major component. Chromosomal, chemical, and morphological data, and the species9 geographic distribution, suggest that C. breweri evolved from an extant nonscented species, C. concinna. A cDNA of Lis, the gene encoding S-linalool synthase, was isolated from C. breweri. We show that in C. breweri, Lis is highly expressed in cells of the transmitting tract of the stigma and style and in the epidermal cells of petals, as well as in stamens, whereas in the nonscented C. concinna, Lis is expressed only in the stigma and at a relatively low level. In both species, changes in protein levels parallel changes in mRNA levels, and changes in enzyme activity levels parallel changes in protein levels. The results indicate that in C. breweri, the expression of Lis has been upregulated and its range enlarged to include cells not expressing this gene in C. concinna. These results show how scent can evolve in a relatively simple way without the evolution of highly specialized "scent glands" and other specialized structures. Lis encodes a protein that is structurally related to the family of proteins termed terpene synthases. The protein encoded by Lis is the first member of this family found to catalyze the formation of an acyclic monoterpene.
An LMI approach to control-oriented identification and model (In) validation of LPV systems

This note proposes a control-oriented identification framework for a class of linear parameter varying systems that takes into account both the dependence of part of the model on time-varying parameters as well as the possible existence of a nonparametric component. The main results of the note show that the problems of obtaining and validating a model for these systems can be recast as linear matrix inequality feasibility problems. Moreover, as the information is completed, the algorithm is shown to converge in the l/sub 2/-induced topology to the actual plant. Additional results include deterministic bounds on the identification error. These results are illustrated with a practical example arising in the context of active vision.
SPINDLY Is a Nuclear-Localized Repressor of Gibberellin Signal Transduction Expressed throughout the Plant

SPY (SPINDLY) encodes a putative O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine transferase that is genetically defined as a negatively acting component of the gibberellin (GA) signal transduction pathway. Analysis of Arabidopsis plants containing a SPY::GUS reporter gene reveals that SPY is expressed throughout the life of the plant and in most plant organs examined. In addition to being expressed in all organs where phenotypes due to spy mutations have been reported, SPY::GUS is expressed in the root. Examination of the roots of wild-type, spy, and gai plants revealed phenotypes indicating that SPY and GAI play a role in root development. A second SPY::GUS reporter gene lacking part of the SPY promoter was inactive, suggesting that sequences in the first exon and/or intron are required for detectable expression. Using both subcellular fractionation and visualization of a SPY-green fluorescent protein fusion protein that is able to rescue the spy mutant phenotype, the majority of SPY protein was shown to be present in the nucleus. This result is consistent with the nuclear localization of other components of the GA response pathway and suggests that SPY's role as a negative regulator of GA signaling involves interaction with other nuclear proteins and/or O-N-acetyl-glucosamine modification of these proteins.
Primary and secondary cholesteatomas, cholesterol granuloma, and mucocele of the temporal bone: Role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging with emphasis on diffusion-weighted imaging

Cholesteatomas of the temporal bone may be congenital (primary) or acquired (secondary). Congenital cholesteatomas (epidermoid cysts) fall into the category of maldevelopmental cysts, arising owing to inclusion of ectodermal elements at the time of closure of the neural tube. Secondary cholesteatomas of the middle ear are most often related to prior infection and most frequently occur in the epitympanic cavity. Primary cholesteatomas of the temporal bone most often occur in the mesotympanum, but can be seen in the mastoid, facial nerve canal, and petrous apex. Primary cholesteatomas of the petrous apex on computed tomography have similar imaging features as cholesterol granulomas and mucoceles of the petrous bone. Magnetic resonance imaging is the study of choice to differentiate cholesteatomas from cholesterol graulomas and mucoceles. This article reviews computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of choleateatomas, cholesterol graulomas, and mucoceles.
William James's Talks about Teaching:

More than 100 years after it was published, William James's (1899/1939) book, Talks to Teachers on Psychology, is relevant and helpful for teachers and those who aspire to teach. In this article, I highlight certain memorable points in Talks and relate them to James's (1890) classic work, The Principles of Psychology. Many of James's insights foreshadowed certain emphases of present-day researchers, and his observations on teaching are as germane now as they were more than a century ago.
Health Work with the Poor—A Practical Guide

Health Work with the Poor—A Practical Guide. Christie W. Kiefer. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000. xiv. 239 pp.
Three-dimensional structure of carbamoyl phosphate and succinate bound to aspartate carbamoyltransferase.

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of the ternary complex of carbamoyl phosphate, succinate, and aspartate carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.2) has been determined to 2.6-A resolution. The binding of the phosphate of carbamoyl phosphate is similar to the binding of the phosphonate of N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA); interacting with the carboxylates of succinate are some of the same residues that interact with the carboxylates of PALA. The amino group of carbamoyl phosphate donates hydrogen bonds to the main-chain carbonyls of residues Pro-266 and Leu-267 and the side-chain carbonyl of Gln-137. In comparing the structure of the active sites in the PALA-enzyme complex to the active sites in the carbamoyl phosphate-succinate-enzyme complex, we find that they are similar.
Responses of CAM species to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species show an average increase in biomass productivity of 35% in response to a doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration. Daily net CO2 uptake is similarly enhanced, reflecting in part an increase in chlorenchyma thickness and accompanied by an even greater increase in water-use efficiency. The responses of net CO2 uptake in CAM species to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations are similar to those for C3 species and much greater than those for C4 species. Increases in net daily CO2 uptake by CAM plants under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations reflect increases in both Rubisco-mediated daytime CO2 uptake and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase)-mediated night-time CO2 uptake, the latter resulting in increased nocturnal malate accumulation. Chlorophyll contents and the activities of Rubisco and PEPCase decrease under elevated atmospheric CO2, but the activated percentage for Rubisco increases and the KM(HCO3−) for PEPCase decreases, resulting in more efficient photosynthesis. Increases in root:shoot ratios and the formation of additional photosynthetic organs, together with increases in sucrose-Pi synthase and starch synthase activity in these organs under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, decrease the potential feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. Longer-term studies for several CAM species show no downward acclimatization of photosynthesis in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. With increasing temperature and drought duration, the percentage enhancement of daily net CO2 uptake caused by elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations increases. Thus net CO2 uptake, productivity, and the potential area for cultivation of CAM species will be enhanced by the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the increasing temperatures associated with global climate change.
Economic Abuse and Later Material Hardship: Is Depression a Mediator?

This study aimed to assess the mediating impact of depression on the association between three forms of intimate partner violence (economic abuse, physical/sexual abuse, and emotional abuse) and la...
Absence of a Telomere Maintenance Mechanism as a Favorable Prognostic Factor in Patients with Osteosarcoma

There are two telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) in human tumors, telomerase activation (TA) and, more rarely, the process termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Unlike most carcinomas, sarcomas, including osteosarcomas (OS), have been reported to display TA and ALT in more balanced proportions and, thus, present an opportunity to examine the impact of different TMMs on clinical tumor behavior. We studied OS samples from 62 patients for molecular evidence of TA and ALT. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the absence of both TA and ALT (in 18%) was more strongly associated with improved survival (P = 0.05) than were stage (P = 0.16) or chemotherapy response (P = 0.18) in this group of patients with OS. Subsets of OS cases with either TA or ALT did not differ significantly from each other in clinical outcome. There were no significant associations of presence, absence, or type of TMM with patient age, stage, or chemotherapy response. Thus, the absence of a detectable TMM may identify a favorable clinical subset of OS patients. Our study also suggests that the likelihood of detecting correlations between TMMs and clinical outcome in studies of certain other tumor types might be improved if, in addition to TA, ALT is included in future analyses. Finally, we note that OS cases with a TA-/ALT+ phenotype seem to be as clinically aggressive as TA+ cases in terms of stage and clinical outcome.
Protein microarrays on hybrid polymeric thin films prepared by self-assembly of polyelectrolytes for multiple-protein immunoassays

We report here the development and characterization of protein microarrays fabricated on nanoengineered 3-D polyelectrolyte thin films (PET) deposited on glass slide by consecutive adsorption of polyelectrolytes via self-assembly technique. Antibodies or antigens were immobilized in the PET-coated glass slides by electrostatic adsorption and entrapment of porous structure of the 3-D polymer film and thus establishing a platform for parallel analysis. Both antigen and antibody microarrays were fabricated on the PET-coated slides, and direct and indirect immunoassays on protein microarrays for multiple-analyte detection were demonstrated. Microarrays produced on these PET-coated slides have consistent spot morphology and provide performance features needed for proteomic analysis. The protein microarrays on the PET films provide LOD as low as 6 pg/mL and dynamic ranges up to three orders of magnitude, which are wider than the protein microarrays fabricated on aldehyde and poly-L-lysine functionalized slides. The PET films constructed by self-assembly technique in aqueous solution is green chemistry based, cost-effective method to generate 3-D thin film coatings on glass surface, and the coated slide is well suited for immobilizing many types of biological molecules so that a wide variety of microarray formats can be developed on this type of slide.
If You're Not Black You're White: A History of Ethnic Relations in St. Louis

Ethnicity in st.louis is polarized around a white-versus-black antagonism that melts non-blacks into the category of whites. Discrimination against blacks in St. Louis is best understood in regional historical context as the political- economic and cultural confrontation of three societies—southern plantation, western rural, and northern industrial. This historical case study—from Indian conquest through black slavery and the Civil War to a 1917 industrial race riot and finally today's "rust belt" decay—reveals how ideologies generated around ethnicity interact with political structures to drive social processes in as important a manner as do more strictly material or economic forces. [African- Americans, ethnic discrimination, Midwest urban U.S., history of race relations, St. Louis]
Five children with del (2)(q31q33) and one individual with dup (2)(q31q33) from a single family : review of brain, cardiac, and limb malformations

Five matings to a dir ins (6;2)(q16aq31q33) carrier have produced a high frequency (42%) of offspring with unbalanced karyotypes. Five children have the derivative chromosome 2 resulting in del (2)(q31q33) and one individual received the derivative chromosome 6 leading to dup (2)(q31q33). The findings associated with the deletion include pre- and postnatal growth retardation, developmental delay, minor facial anomalies, seizures, complex structural heart defects, and limb deficiency. Autopsy of one individual showed complex brain malformations including hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction of the foramina of Monro, extensive heterotopias and polymicrogyria, and an unusual form of total anomalous pulmonary venous return. We compare the findings in these children to those of previously reported cases and construct an overview of the range of anomalies. Apparently, no other individual with dup (2)(q31q33) has been described. We compare the physical peculiarities of our patient with those of individuals with duplications of over-lapping regions of 2q.
A Finite Element Study of Elasto-Plastic Hemispherical Contact

This work presents a finite element study of elasto-plastic hemispherical contact. The results are normalized such that they are valid for macro contacts (e.g., rolling element bearings) and micro contacts (e.g., asperity contact). The material is modeled as elastic-perfectly plastic. The numerical results are compared to other existing models of spherical contact, including the fully plastic case (known as the Abbott and Firestone model) and the perfectly elastic case (known as the Hertz contact). At the same interference, the area of contact is shown to be larger for the elasto-plastic model than that of the elastic model. It is also shown, that at the same interference, the load carrying capacity of the elasto-plastic modeled sphere is less than that for the Hertzian solution. This work finds that the fully plastic average contact pressure, or hardness, commonly approximated to be a constant factor (about three) times the yield strength, actually varies with the deformed contact geometry, which in turn is dependant upon the material properties (e.g., yield strength). The results are fit by empirical formulations for a wide range of interferences and materials for use in other applications.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
DISCUSSION OF: Testing Strategy with Multiple Performance Measures: Evidence from a Balanced Scorecard at Store24

ABSTRACT: The Campbell, Datar, Kulp, and Narayanan (2015; hereafter, CDKN) study empirically investigates how the quality of a firm's business strategy can be tested and validated using statistical analysis of the firm's internal performance measurement system. Using data from the balanced scorecard of a convenience store chain, their study provides empirical evidence that the company's internal performance measures reveal timely information about problems with the strategy and can help identify where and why the strategy failed. In this brief discussion of the study, I first summarize the major strengths of their study, then discuss my concerns and comments, and finally point out some potential extensions. In summary, CDKN's study is important in that it makes significant contributions to several streams of literature. CDKN have inspired follow-up studies on the use of performance measurement systems to evaluate strategy and the testing of business models, and has opened up exciting opportunities for fut...
On Categories and Configurations: Further Remarks on Rebuilding the American state

“Rebuilding the American State” was written in the manner of a bozzetto : it is a sketch drawn to reshape interlocking analytical and historiographical conversations and to suggest pathways joining the era of Roosevelt to the qualities and conundrums of postwar Democratic party liberalism. We underscored the key role of what might be called the long 1940s, stretching from the economic and political crisis faced by the New Deal in 1937–38 to the election in 1952 of the first Republican president since Hoover. We claimed that institutional and policy decisions taken across a number of domains in this period coherently recast the state and, in so doing, the contours and possibilities of American politics. We argued as well that old and new institutionalist approaches to state capacity have shared an unfortunate propensity to inventory organizational resources without regard to the normative and practical policy visions that define the content of what it is the state actually is meant to accomplish. In this light, simple dichotomous distinctions between weak and strong states appear as too blunt to sharply etch our understanding of the past half-century of American political development.
Genesis of the corrugated electromagnetic surface

A type of wave propagation guided by reactive surfaces is described. These waves may be guided either external to a single guiding surfaces, or within hollow pipes. Their phase velocity is always slower than the free space velocity, unless constricted in some fashion. They are truly "guided" waves even though not necessarily confined within physical boundaries. Also, they have a component of force in the direction of propagation, similar to other guided waves. These waves may have applications to microwave components such as radiators, lenses, filters and oscillating tubes. The study is of interest to antenna theory.
Obesity as a risk factor following cadaveric renal transplantation.

Obesity has generally been thought to increase the risk of operative mortality and postoperative complications in surgical patients. No data examining obesity as a factor in cadaveric renal transplantation were available. We therefore matched obese patients undergoing cadaveric renal transplantation
Two schemes for information acquisition: an entropic assessment

The discrete resource allocation problem (RAP) examines the problem of allocation of discrete and indivisible scarce resources in a multiple agent environment from the point of view of a coordinator. The basis for resource allocation is preference information of each agent regarding the discrete resources. Such preference information is obtained by the coordinator through a sequential experimental process that entails interrogating each of the agents about their preference profiles. In this environment, where information is incomplete and has finite cost, two kinds of experimental schemes are investigated: one consists of pairwise comparisons between resource bundles about which there is incomplete a priori preference information, and the other consists of experiments that rank resource bundles about which there is incomplete a priori preference information. The signals that result from each such experiment are used by the coordinator to systematically eliminate all except the one preference ordering that describes the agent's preference profile. The paper carries out the investigation in terms of entropy, a general nonparametric measure.
The Voluntary One-Parent Family—Some Qualms

A salient development in the U. S. today that bears on value questions about the family and children is the trend toward more freedom in sexual matters. At a time one perceptive journalist (Wolfe, 1976) has cleverly analyzed as the ‘Me Decade’, even more stress is being put on individual autonomy and choice, perhaps even whim. Some social psychologists and sociologists have held that we are already the most individualistic of peoples, and they view our individualism as too extreme (Slater, 1970; Lasch, 1979). Many are claiming today that they should be free to use their sexual organs as they choose. Sexual relations between and among consenting adults appear to occur more frequently today, that is with fewer legal and moral restraints than in the past. People are less reluctant to discuss their sex lives publicly. Sexual relations between teenagers of ever tenderer years seem also on the increase.