cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topical intraperitoneal papaverine to minimize non-viable bowel resection from non-occlusive bowel ischemia in neonatal segmental volvulus: A case report

Abstract Arrest in the embryologic intestinal rotation around the superior mesenteric artery prevents proper mesenteric attachment and subjects the gut to volvulus and ischemia which may lead to bowel resection. The length of non-viable resected bowel has been shown by Teitelbaum et al. to be an independent predictor of survival in patients with postoperative short bowel syndrome ( RR = 5.74, P = .003). Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) is a feed-forward loop of vasoconstriction that aggravates the primary ischemic injury. It is an initially reversible process and a potential point of intervention for preservation of viable bowel. The Boley et al. algorithm for management of adult NOMI utilizes intravascular papaverine infusion to increase intracellular cAMP, decreasing calcium concentration and halting vasospasm. We present a modified version of this approach using topical papaverine in the setting of neonatal post-ischemic NOMI, with the goal of minimizing bowel resection.
Disease-modifying effect of solanezumab evaluated by delayed-start analysis in a Japanese subpopulation with mild Alzheimer's disease

Background Solanezumab, an anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody that binds soluble forms of amyloid, may have disease-modifying properties that slow the progression of Alzheimer disease. Delayed-start design was proposed as a method to demonstrate a disease-modifying effect. In the global study, delayed-start analysis suggested that treatment advantages obtained during the placebo-controlled period in the mild subgroup of solanezumab-treated patients were preserved at primary time point (108 weeks). Aim We applied the delayed-start analysis to Japanese subpopulation with mild Alzheimer disease who participated in the global studies to see whether a disease-modifying effect was also indicated in Japanese subpopulation. Methods A possible disease-modifying effect of solanezumab was assessed using a new statistical method including noninferiority testing. Treatment differences were compared during the placebo-controlled period with those after the placebo patients crossed over to solanezumab in the delayed-start period. Results A total of 126 Japanese patients with mild Alzheimer disease were included in this study. Least squares mean difference for the 14-item Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog14) at the end of the placebo-controlled period between patients with early- and delayed-start of solanezumab was 2.85 (95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.01, 5.69) and 5.86 (95% CI; 2.22, 9.51) at 108 weeks. Treatment difference during the placebo-controlled period for ADAS-Cog14 was preserved at 108 weeks in the delayed-start period. Conclusion Results from the Japanese subpopulation showed overall consistency with those from the global study, are supportive for the possible disease-modifying effects of solanezumab. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Understanding user perceptions of privacy, and configuration challenges in home automation

Home automation has become increasingly popular, with new interconnected products being introduced on a regular basis. While the benefits of these devices are tantalizing, end users may not fully understand the complexities of setting up these devices, become frustrated with the process, or have incorrect installations. We performed an exploratory study to understand the barriers that they face in actually setting up these devices. Participants faced multiple barriers, some of which were insurmountable. Our work indicates that current home automation devices run contrary to the perception that smart homes devices are “plug-and-play”.
Generalized Pattern Search for Beam Discovery in Millimeter Wave Systems

The use of beamforming techniques in millimeter wave systems is crucial for overcoming poor scattering channel impairments. This directional transmission and reception method compels the base station and mobile station to conduct exhaustive spatial beam search, i.e., to determine directions with optimum gains. Consequently, this technique results in high computational complexity, prolonged discovery times and energy inefficiency. Hence this paper proposes a novel initial beam discovery algorithm for sparse millimeter wave channels in non-line of sight outdoor environments. The discovery problem is formulated as an optimization problem, and a modified form of coordinated generalized pattern search is presented to mitigate the aforementioned limitations. Results show that the proposed algorithm delivers significant performance enhancement compared to existing solutions.
Predictors of College Enrollment among Latinx High School Students.

This study investigated the relationship between psychocultural, sociocultural, college knowledge, and citizenship status factors on Latinx high school students’ college enrollment. Participants included 307 Latinx ninth-grade students enrolled across four high schools in central Texas that were followed post–high school graduation. Results indicated that only receiving-culture acquisition and college knowledge were statistically significant predictors of college enrollment. Researchers provide implications for counselors and psychologists.
Feature expansion by a continuous restricted Boltzmann machine for near-infrared spectrometric calibration.

Abstract A modified algorithm for training a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) has been devised and demonstrated for improving the results for partial least squares (PLS) calibration of wheat and meat by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. In all cases, the PLS calibrations improved by using the abstract features generated from the RBM so long as the nonlinear mapping increased the dimensionality. The evaluations were validated using bootstrapped Latin partitions (BLPs) with 5 bootstraps and 3-Latin partitions which proved useful because of the statistical learning and random initial conditions of the RBM networks. By using a noise decay parameter, initial large amounts of noise could be used and the benefits of simulated annealing achieved as the noise level is slowly decreased. This paper demonstrates for the first time that using abstract features and enlarging the spectral data can improve the calibration results and exemplifies the Copiosity Principle. Two NIR reference datasets were evaluated. The first set of wheat spectra was calibrated for protein concentration and the second set of meat spectra was calibrated for moisture, fat, and protein concentration. The RBM feature extraction improved the linearity of the models and reduced embedded noise. The RBM also can help eliminate some difficult spectral preprocessing stages such as variable alignment and feature selection. RBMs benefit from derivative preprocessing of the NIR spectra or other preprocessing that enhances the differences among the spectra.
Alteration of Alumina Pillared Clays for Enhanced Catalytic Activity

Abstract Saponite and Montmorillonite Al 13 pillared clays were subjected to heat treatments up to 75O°C. The pillars were found to rehydrate and exhibit enhanced cation and anion exchange capacities. Treatment of the pillared clays with dilute HCI solubilized increased amounts of aluminum accompanied by an increase in surface area and pore size. Treatment of the pillared clays with sulfate or phosphate ion increased the number of Bronsted and Lewis acid sites. 27 Al solid-state NMR spectra indicated formation of a γ-A1 2 O 3 type structure for the pillars.
Causation, Psychology, and Law

Does psychological distress result from an orderly, comprehensible, and predictable process, or is there unpredictable, incomprehensible randomness to the experience of psychological distress? These are the extreme points of view which bracket the complex question whether a psychological order to the universe exists. Sometimes, asking the right question is the critical endeavor, however, it is critically important not only to ask this grand question but also to answer it correctly as well. The answer to this question matters to psychology in its effort to reduce psychological distress from traumatic events and to law in its effort to assess responsibility for the consequences of wrongful events. The answer is not intuitively obvious and, unfortunately, has been the subject of precious little critical analysis from the lens of law and psychology. Using the question of the existence of a psychological order to the universe to anchor the analysis, this chapter first explores the legal rules that govern proof of causation of psychological harm in personal injury actions and their rationale. It then critically explores alternative models that the courts have applied for proof of psychological harm. Finally, after consideration of the psychological, moral, and economic imperatives served by the requirement of causation, it offers a new perspective for assessing the admissibility of expert evidence providing a causal link between tortious behavior and compensable psychological harm.
Improving HIPAA Enforcement and Protecting Patient Privacy in a Digital Healthcare Environment

Electronic medical records (“EMRs”) have helped healthcare organizations improve patient care, but EMRs are susceptible to exposing the confidentiality of patients’ medical records to identity thieves and members of the general public. The federal enforcement of patient privacy law—notably the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”), which was designed to deter and punish breaches of patient privacy—has failed to keep pace with new privacy risks posed by healthcare technology. Although federal legislation now allows state Attorneys General to file suit under HIPAA, for reasons explained in this Article, they too will not enforce HIPAA effectively. Because institutional enforcement of HIPAA does not adequately protect patient privacy in a digital healthcare environment, this Article proposes a multifaceted solution. In doing so, this Article contributes a framework for categorizing different types of patient privacy breaches, which demonstrates that improving HIPAA enforcement and strengthening patient privacy protections will require different types of solutions depending on the type of breach.
Transitional Justice and Reparations: Remedying the Past?

Reparations are often considered victim-centred transitional justice measures. While they have their basis in private law notions of corrective justice and human rights principles of remedy, politics and economic resources often shape reparations in times of transition. Reparations in transitional justice often take time and require revisiting as society becomes conscious of previously hidden or marginalised victims. Added to this is the challenge of delimiting who are eligible, contested victimhood, and when does the transition end. This raises questions of whether reparations are appropriate for historical violations caused by colonial governments or slavery. The chapter examines individual and collective reparations, apportionment amongst family members, reparation processes and mechanisms, as well as evidential and financial concerns. Although public resources may be limited in provided full compensatory awards to all victims, small sums or pensions along with public acknowledgement of victims’ suffering, wrongfulness of the perpetrators and institutions’ acts, along with guarantees of non-repetition can be ‘good enough’. This chapter argues that despite the political wrangling of reparations during transition, the right to reparations in international law reflects the necessity of states delivering reparations to victims of serious violations.
Obesity, Hypertension, and Dyslipidemia in Childhood Are Key Modifiable Antecedents of Adult Cardiovascular Disease: A Call to Action.

Article, see p 1246 Carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) measured via ultrasound correlates with the risk of future cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and death.1 Thus, researchers use cIMT as an intermediate outcome to denote atherosclerosis in younger populations that would not have time to develop clinical cardiovascular end points. In this issue of Circulation , Koskinen and colleagues2 use data from the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) consortium to identify antecedents in childhood of high cIMT (>90th study-specific percentile) in adulthood. This rich dataset includes 23.4 years of longitudinal follow-up on 2893 twelve- to 18-year-old participants from 4 studies (Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns, Childhood Determinants of Adult Health, Bogalusa Heart, and Insulin Studies) across 3 continents. The combined i3C data show childhood obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in adolescence predict the presence of high cIMT in adulthood. In the analysis, obesity is the risk factor most strongly associated with high cIMT, increasing risk 3.7 (2.0–7.0)-fold. This makes sense because adolescent obesity is highly prevalent, challenging to treat, and strongly associated with obesity and premature mortality in adulthood (Figure).3 Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has nearly tripled in the United States since 1988, and rates worldwide have increased 10-fold.4 Short-term weight stabilization or loss is achievable with intensive family-based behavioral approaches, but disturbingly few adolescents with obesity (2%) achieve clinically meaningful treatment responses at 3 years.5 Of even greater concern is the cooccurrence of obesity-related comorbidities: >60% of adolescents with obesity have additional risk factors such as hypertension or dyslipidemia. These risk factors improve with lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatments. For this reason, pediatric guidelines for weight management, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia recommend treating obesity-related comorbidities with intensive lifestyle counseling, coupled with effective pharmacological therapies …
Thyroid Dysfunction in Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Outcomes

Background: The effects of thyroid dysfunction in patients with pre-existing heart failure have not been adequately studied. We examined the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and associations with cardiovascular outcomes in a large, prospective cohort of outpatients with pre-existing heart failure.
Laser Surgery of the Eye: Phototoxicity Concerns

Lasers have been employed extensively in ophthalmology for a variety of procedures and have the longest history of large-scale clinical use. In most applications there has been a concern for undesired side effects resulting from phototoxicity. This concern has been accentuated by recent interest in applying ultraviolet (UV) lasers to corneal refractive surgery and phakoablation of the lens. However, retinal phototoxicity resulting from scattered light from argon laser retinal photocoagulation is also a realistic potential hazard.
Nineteenth-Century Peru: A German Merchant’s Diary

This essay reviews the following work: The Diary of Heinrich Witt. Edited by Ulrich Mucke. 10 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2016. Pp. ccxx, 7017; incl. 604 images. E-book, open access. ISBN: 9789004307247.
Review of scoliosis-specific exercise methods used to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) refers to a spinal curvature of an unknown origin diagnosed in otherwise healthy children. A conservative treatment approach includes physiotherapy scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE) with or without corrective bracing in preventing further spinal column deviation. However, several PSSE types have been developed to facilitate a positive patient outcome and/or preclude surgical remediation. Based on other reviews, there has been insufficient evidence published on the efficacy of PSSEs. In addition, the superiority of PSSE over no intervention or compared to other exercise modes has yet to be determined. A comprehensive search of AIS literature, inception through February 2018, was conducted to reveal relevant PSSE articles. Only studies using commonly reported PSSEs were included. Examined databases included PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL Complete, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Google Scholar search engine was also examined. Article types included randomized or clinical control trials. All articles were published in English or were of English translation. Search parameters were collectively defined by the reviewers and subsequently used to determine included studies. Individual PSSE study methodology quality was determined by the PEDro scale. Effect sizes (Hedge’s g) and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated for Cobb angle between group changes. Of the initial 24 articles recovered only eight (33%) met the established search criteria. Patient ages from these sources ranged from 11.4–16.2 including both males and females. Examined papers included two Schroth method and six specifying the Scientific Exercise Approach to Scoliosis (SEAS) method. All articles demonstrated positive between group effect sizes for PSSEs. There were no studies that compared one PSSE to another. Determined PEDro scores indicated an overall moderate quality of these studies. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that both Schroth and SEAS methods can effectively improve Cobb angles in patients with AIS compared to no intervention. There is limited evidence that the SEAS method is more effective at reducing Cobb angles compared to traditional exercises in treating AIS. Overall, this review revealed a noticeable lack of contemporary studies that could be used in answering our questions. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) supplies clinicians with verifiable results from well-designed and managed research studies. Consequently, more and varied studies of higher quality are needed before any definitive determination can be made as to the effectiveness of any PSSE let alone the one offering better patient outcomes.
Taming Social Bots: Detection, Exploration and Measurement

Social bots have been around for over a decade since 2008. Social bots are capable of swaying political opinion, spreading false information, and recruiting for terrorist organizations. Social bots use various sophisticated techniques by adopting emotions, sympathy following, synchronous deletions, and profile molting. There are several approaches proposed in the literature for detection, exploration, and measuring social bots. We provide a comprehensive overview of the existing work from data mining and machine learning perspective, discuss relative strengths and weaknesses of various methods, make recommendations for researchers and practitioners, and propose novel directions for future research in taming the social bots. The tutorial also discusses pitfalls in collecting and sharing data on social bots.
Distinct PIK3CA mutation profiles in estrogen receptor (ER) negative breast cancer (BC) subsets

540 Background: ER negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative BC is clinically heterogeneous and underlying biology may be complex. We have identified two primary subtypes of ER(-)/PR(-) BC base...
Inhibin A as a tumor marker for primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia.

Summary Primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) is a rare cause of ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome (CS). This condition is characterized by glucocorticoid and/or mineralocorticoid excess, and is commonly regulated by aberrant G-protein coupled receptor expression may be subclinical, allowing the disease to progress for years undetected. Inhibin A is a glycoprotein hormone and tumor marker produced by certain endocrine glands including the adrenal cortex, which has not been previously investigated as a potential tumor marker for PBMAH. In the present report, serum inhibin A levels were evaluated in three patients with PBMAH before and after adrenalectomy. In all cases, serum inhibin A was elevated preoperatively and subsequently fell within the normal range after adrenalectomy. Additionally, adrenal tissues stained positive for inhibin A. We conclude that serum inhibin A levels may be a potential tumor marker for PBMAH. Learning points PBMAH is a rare cause of CS. PBMAH may have an insidious presentation, allowing the disease to progress for years prior to diagnosis. Inhibin A is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone expressed in the gonads and adrenal cortex. Inhibin A serum concentrations are elevated in some patients with PBMAH, suggesting the potential use of this hormone as a tumor marker. Further exploration of serum inhibin A concentration, as it relates to PBMAH disease progression, is warranted to determine if this hormone could serve as an early detection marker and/or predictor of successful surgical treatment.
Frequency-dependent dielectric constant prediction of polymers using machine learning

The dielectric constant (ϵ) is a critical parameter utilized in the design of polymeric dielectrics for energy storage capacitors, microelectronic devices, and high-voltage insulations. However, agile discovery of polymer dielectrics with desirable ϵ remains a challenge, especially for high-energy, high-temperature applications. To aid accelerated polymer dielectrics discovery, we have developed a machine-learning (ML)-based model to instantly and accurately predict the frequency-dependent ϵ of polymers with the frequency range spanning 15 orders of magnitude. Our model is trained using a dataset of 1210 experimentally measured ϵ values at different frequencies, an advanced polymer fingerprinting scheme and the Gaussian process regression algorithm. The developed ML model is utilized to predict the ϵ of synthesizable 11,000 candidate polymers across the frequency range 60–1015 Hz, with the correct inverse ϵ vs. frequency trend recovered throughout. Furthermore, using ϵ and another previously studied key design property (glass transition temperature, Tg) as screening criteria, we propose five representative polymers with desired ϵ and Tg for capacitors and microelectronic applications. This work demonstrates the use of surrogate ML models to successfully and rapidly discover polymers satisfying single or multiple property requirements for specific applications.
Non-blind and Blind Deconvolution Under Poisson Noise Using Fractional-Order Total Variation

In a wide range of applications such as astronomy, biology, and medical imaging, acquired data are usually corrupted by Poisson noise and blurring artifacts. Poisson noise often occurs when photon counting is involved in such imaging modalities as X-ray, positron emission tomography, and fluorescence microscopy. Meanwhile, blurring is also inevitable due to the physical mechanism of an imaging system, which can be modeled as a convolution of the image with a point spread function. In this paper, we consider both non-blind and blind image deblurring models that deal with Poisson noise. In the pursuit of high-order smoothness of a restored image, we propose a fractional-order total variation regularization to remove the blur and Poisson noise simultaneously. We develop two efficient algorithms based on the alternating direction method of multipliers, while an expectation-maximization algorithm is adopted only in the blind case. A variety of numerical experiments have demonstrated that the proposed algorithms can efficiently reconstruct piecewise smooth images degraded by Poisson noise and various types of blurring, including Gaussian and motion blurs. Specifically for blind image deblurring, we obtain significant improvements over the state of the art.
Adherence to neoadjuvant therapy guidelines for locally advanced rectal cancers in a region with sociodemographic disparities.

BACKGROUND Practice guidelines recommend neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NCR) for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). We examined guideline adherence in a healthcare system serving a region with socioeconomic disparities and poor cancer outcomes. METHODS Retrospective analysis of factors associated with guideline adherence. RESULTS 63.1% of stage II/III LARC patients received NCR. Factors associated with adherence included white race (OR = 2.15, p = 0.024), private insurance (OR = 2.70, p = 0.005), employed status (OR = 2.30, p = 0.031), age at diagnosis (OR = 0.74, p = 0.032), appropriate local staging (OR = 9.17, p < 0.0001), and diagnosis later in the study period (OR per 1 year = 1.20, p = 0.006). By multivariate analysis, private insurance (OR = 2.51, p = 0.023), younger age (OR per 10 years = 0.72, p = 0.048) and appropriate local staging (OR = 6.67, p < 0.0001) were associated with adherence. CONCLUSION Guideline adherence for LARC in our system is low and is impacted by employment, race and insurance status. Standard of care compliance remains an important target for improvement efforts in this underserved region of the nation's Mid-South.
A Simulation Model for the Multi-Period Kidney Exchange Incentivization Problem

Kidney exchanges provide an opportunity for individuals who need a new kidney to effectively trade a donor’s incompatible kidney for a compatible one. We present a mechanism for fully dynamic kidney exchanges that incentivizes transplant centers to truthfully participate in global matchings through a credit-based weighting scheme. Our mechanism incorporates both cycles and altruistically initiated chains while allowing patients to remain in the system for multiple time periods. Using simulation, we demonstrate that this credit-based matching mechanism is strategy-proof, individually rational, and efficient for all transplant centers under the assumption that all offered matches are accepted.
Infantile histiocytoid Sweet syndrome without an underlying systemic association.

Sweet syndrome, also referred to as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, was first reported in 1964 by Dr Robert Douglas Sweet.1 The entity is characterized clinically by an abrupt cutaneous eruption of painful erythematous nodules and plaques accompanied by fever and leukocytosis.2 On histopathologic examination, prominent papillary dermal edema and a dense dermal infiltrate of neutrophils are classic.3 In 2005, Requena et al4 described a variant termed “histiocytoid Sweet syndrome” (HSS). HSS, although clinically indistinguishable from its classic counterpart, demonstrates an inflammatory infiltrate composed of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive immature mononuclear cells with a histiocytoid morphology rather than neutrophils.2,4,5 These immature mononuclear cells simulate histiocytes both in appearance and with CD68 staining.2,5 Therefore, MPO staining is necessary to confirm that these cells are neutrophil precursors and not true histiocytes.5 Sweet syndrome has been associated with underlying systemic diseases of infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and neoplastic nature.3 Children account for only 5% to 8% of all cases worldwide.6 HSS in the pediatric population is even more rare, with only 5 cases previously reported, none of which were in an infant without an underlying association.2,7, 8, 9
SU‐F‐BRB‐12: A Novel Haar Wavelet Based Approach to Deliver Non‐Coplanar Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Using Sparse Orthogonal Collimators

Purpose: Existing efforts to replace complex multileaf collimator (MLC) by simple jaws for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) resulted in unacceptable compromise in plan quality and delivery efficiency. We introduce a novel fluence map segmentation method based on compressed sensing for plan delivery using a simplified sparse orthogonal collimator (SOC) on the 4π non-coplanar radiotherapy platform. Methods: 4π plans with varying prescription doses were first created by automatically selecting and optimizing 20 non-coplanar beams for 2 GBM, 2 head & neck, and 2 lung patients. To create deliverable 4π plans using SOC, which are two pairs of orthogonal collimators with 1 to 4 leaves in each collimator bank, a Haar Fluence Optimization (HFO) method was used to regulate the number of Haar wavelet coefficients while maximizing the dose fidelity to the ideal prescription. The plans were directly stratified utilizing the optimized Haar wavelet rectangular basis. A matching number of deliverable segments were stratified for the MLC-based plans. Results: Compared to the MLC-based 4π plans, the SOC-based 4π plans increased the average PTV dose homogeneity from 0.811 to 0.913. PTV D98 and D99 were improved by 3.53% and 5.60% of the corresponding prescription doses. The average mean and maximal OAR doses slightly increased by 0.57% and 2.57% of the prescription doses. The average number of segments ranged between 5 and 30 per beam. The collimator travel time to create the segments decreased with increasing leaf numbers in the SOC. The two and four leaf designs were 1.71 and 1.93 times more efficient, on average, than the single leaf design. Conclusion: The innovative dose domain optimization based on compressed sensing enables uncompromised 4π non-coplanar IMRT dose delivery using simple rectangular segments that are deliverable using a sparse orthogonal collimator, which only requires 8 to 16 leaves yet is unlimited in modulation resolution. This work is supported in part by Varian Medical Systems, Inc. and NIH R43 CA18339.
Pharmacokinetics of ZD6474 (Zactima™) in tumor-bearing nude mice

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3090 ZD6474 (ZACTIMA™; N-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-6-methoxy-7-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methoxy]-quinazolin-4-amine) is a selective and potent inhibitor of VEGFR, EGFR and RET signaling that is currently undergoing Phase III evaluation for the treatment of cancer. Preclinical pharmacokinetic studies are an important means of assessing whether ZD6474 exposure in animal models simulates that achieved in patients. In the studies presented here, plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics were determined in MCF-7 tumor-bearing nude mice following single oral doses of ZD6474 (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg). Plasma pharmacokinetics of ZD6474 were linear, with AUC and Cmax increasing proportionally with dose. Tissue pharmacokinetics showed that ZD6474 was extensively distributed to tissues in a dose-dependent manner, with liver and lung concentrations of 212 μg/g (∼450 μM) and 161 μg/g (∼340 μM), respectively, at 4 hours post-dosing at 50 mg/kg. In the tumor, Cmax ranged from 27-71 μg/g across the three doses. Analysis of feces for putative metabolites by LC/MS/MS, by reference to a ZD6474 analytical standard, showed that N-desmethyl-ZD6474 was the most prominent metabolite, but this still accounted for less than 2% of the total amount of ZD6474 present. Analysis of plasma and liver for metabolites identified in feces showed the presence of the N-desmethyl-ZD6474 at concentrations less than 1% of ZD6474. Using standard pharmacokinetic calculations, the single-dose data appeared to accurately predict steady-state plasma and tissue drug concentrations following multiple dosing. A comparison of ZD6474 pharmacokinetics in mouse and man allows for the calculation of mouse dosing that simulates exposure in man at clinically relevant doses. Daily doses in mice that reflect the steady-state AUC, Cmax or Cmin in man at the 300 mg/day dose have been calculated as 16.2, 15.0 and 43.8 mg/kg, respectively. This pharmacokinetic study in tumor-bearing nude mice will allow combination studies of ZD6474 with radiation and/or chemotherapy to be performed in mice using doses that simulate the exposure to ZD6474 achieved in man. ZACTIMA is a trademark of the AstraZeneca group of companies
Seasonal Flushing of Pollutant Concentrations and Loads in Urban Stormwater1

Schiff, Kenneth C. and Liesl L. Tiefenthaler, 2011. Seasonal Flushing of Pollutant Concentrations and Loads in Urban Stormwater. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):136-142. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00497.x Abstract: Despite broad observations of first flush within storms, the scientific understanding of seasonal flushing remains incomplete. Seasonal flushing occurs when initial storms of the season have greater concentrations or loads than storms later in the season. The goal of this study was to census stormwater concentrations and loads from an arid, urban watershed to quantify seasonal flushing. Samples were collected every 15 min during the 1997-1998 wet season from the Santa Ana River and analyzed for total suspended solids. Initial storms of the season generated event mean concentrations 3-10 times the event mean concentration of storms later in the season. Cumulative flow-weighted mean concentrations were calculated as the season progressed. Early season storms discharged only 6% of the annual volume, but influenced flow-weighted mean concentrations well past the midpoint of the wet season. Mass-based estimates also indicated a disproportionate load in the early portion of the year; over 52% of the annual load was discharged in the first 30% of the annual volume from the highly urbanized lower watershed. Other stormwater pollutants, including six trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn), were highly correlated with total suspended solids and also exhibited a significant seasonal flush.
The Treatment of Handling-Qualities Rating Data

Since the Cooper Scale is likely to be the most satisfactory instrument for evaluating handling qualities in the near future, it is important that appropriate statistical techniques be used wherever possible to analyze obtained rating data. At the present time, many handling-qualities researchers do not capitalize on available statistical procedures. To encourage use of such procedures, it is shown in the context of a sample of actual handling-qualities data that the following useful determinations can be made without changing the usual experimental design: (1) evaluation of the statistical significance of rating differences due to various factors; (2) establishment of the reliability of the obtained ratings; and (3) modification of Newell's Pilot Sensitivity Function to conform to conventional psychophysical functions.
Perceived Characteristics of Selected Movement Activities

Abstract The investigation used factor analytic procedures to identify dimensions which describe variations in college students' perceptions of selected movement activities. A sample of 1,421 college students completed a word pair association instrument in which each subject rated one of 24 movement activities on 21 word pairs. A range of dance, sport, and exercise activities representative of physical education curricular offerings were included in the study. The alpha factoring procedure with varimax rotation produced seven factors which accounted for 37.19% of the common variance: I Evaluation, II Potency, III Social Dynamics, IV Complexity, V Pace, VI Spontaneity, and VII Interaction. Incomplete principal components analysis was used to produce factor scores for each isolated factor. One-way ANOVA revealed that significant differences (α = .01) existed between activities on each of the seven factors.
Wrought Magnesium Alloys and Manufacturing Processes for Automotive Applications

In this paper, the mechanical properties, structural performance and mass saving potential of wrought magnesium alloys are compared to several major automotive materials: mild steel, advanced high-strength steel, cast and wrought aluminum, cast magnesium, plastics and fiber-reinforced composites. Manufacturing processes including welding and joining of magnesium extrusions and sheet products are critically reviewed. The current and potential applications of wrought magnesium alloys in automotive interior, body and chassis areas are discussed. Technical challenges and research opportunities for these applications are identified.
Holidays in lights: Tracking cultural patterns in demand for energy services

Successful climate change mitigation will involve not only technological innovation, but also innovation in how we understand the societal and individual behaviors that shape the demand for energy services. Traditionally, individual energy behaviors have been described as a function of utility optimization and behavioral economics, with price restructuring as the dominant policy lever. Previous research at the macro-level has identified economic activity, power generation and technology, and economic role as significant factors that shape energy use. However, most demand models lack basic contextual information on how dominant social phenomenon, the changing demographics of cities, and the sociocultural setting within which people operate, affect energy decisions and use patterns. Here we use high-quality Suomi-NPP VIIRS nighttime environmental products to: (1) observe aggregate human behavior through variations in energy service demand patterns during the Christmas and New Year's season and the Holy Month of Ramadan and (2) demonstrate that patterns in energy behaviors closely track sociocultural boundaries at the country, city, and district level. These findings indicate that energy decision making and demand is a sociocultural process as well as an economic process, often involving a combination of individual price-based incentives and societal-level factors. While nighttime satellite imagery has been used to map regional energy infrastructure distribution, tracking daily dynamic lighting demand at three major scales of urbanization is novel. This methodology can enrich research on the relative importance of drivers of energy demand and conservation behaviors at fine scales. Our initial results demonstrate the importance of seating energy demand frameworks in a social context.
The Spectral Radius of the Classical Layer Potentials on Convex Domains

Let D denote a bounded Lipschitz domain in R n. For almost every (with respect to surface measure dσ)Q ∈∂D the exterior normal N Q at Q exists. The solution u to the Dirichlet problem, $$\Delta u = 0 \text{ i}n \ \ D, \ \ u \vert_{\partial D} = g$$ , with g ∈ L 2(∂D,dσ) can be represented in the form of the classical double layer potential $$u(X) = \frac{1}{\omega_n} \int\limits_{\partial D} \frac{N_Q\circ(Q - X)}{\left\vert X - Q \right\vert^n}[((1/2)I + K)^{-1}g](Q)d\sigma(Q)$$ .
Yield of 16OS18O from the 18OH initiated oxidation of CS2 in 16O2

The yield of 16OS18O from the 18OH initiated oxidation of CS2 in 16O2 was measured by using a discharge flow reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. 16OS18O is the dominant SO2 isotopomer produced with a yield of 0.90 ± 0.20 relative to 18OH loss. The errors are estimates for the uncertainty at the 95% confidence level. The implications of these results to the understanding of the CS2 oxidation mechanism are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Emulation of power system load dynamic behavior through reconfigurable analog circuits

Emulation of power system dynamic load behavior is a viable alternative to popular simulation methods. In this paper, a circuit designed to emulate the dynamic behavior of power system loads is presented. It is constructed from common analog components and is fully reconfigurable via a set of analog input signals. As load behavior is heavily dependent on that of the external network, it is important to demonstrate how this reconfigurable analog load emulation module (RALEM) may be utilized in dynamic power flow studies. Such a demonstration is presented. These studies provide the network's transient and steady-state flow of power in real-time or faster. This is of importance as popular simulation methods cannot provide a solution with such speed.
Sonographic Evaluation of Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a malignancy arising from the sympathetic nervous system that accounts for approximately 7% of childhood cancers. Most occur between the ages of 2 months and 2 years. The majority ...
Interpersonal and personal factors influencing sexual debut among Mexican-American young women in the United States.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to better understand factors influencing the age of sexual initiation among Latina youth. Methods Prior qualitative research with young women from the target population and the existing literature determined the theoretical framework for this study. A quantitative instrument was then developed and pre-tested. We enrolled a convenience sample of predominantly Mexican-American adolescent and young adult women from the west side of Chicago. A total of 271 participants were included in the analysis. Bi-variate and multivariable analyses were conducted to determine factors associated with age of first sexual intercourse. Results We found that personal, family, and peer/partner related factors influence the sexual decision making of these young women. Strong family expectations regarding educational attainment, negative parental messages about premarital sex and pregnancy, resistance to the influence of peers and partners, greater sense of personal control over sexual behaviors, preference for speaking Spanish, and small age difference between the young woman and her first sexual partner were all positively associated with age of sexual initiation. Among these, greater sense of personal control over behaviors was the strongest factor influencing age of sexual initiation. Conclusions This study provides a model that can be used to better understand Latina sexual decision making. Our findings might also inform future programs for Latinas, as they suggest that increasing girls' feelings of personal control over decisions regarding sexual debut and helping Latino parents to communicate strong messages about educational achievement, pregnancy, and sexuality may lead to positive health behaviors.
Influence of the Zn(II) cofactor on the refolding of bovine carbonic anhydrase after denaturation with sodium dodecyl sulfate.

This paper uses capillary electrophoresis to follow a globular metalloproteinbovine carbonic anhydrase II (BCA, EC 4.2.1.1)on unfolding upon treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and refolding upon removal of SDS, both in the presence and the absence of its Zn(II) cofactor. This research demonstrates that the Zn(II) cofactor is not required for refolding into a nativelike conformation, does not remain associated with the unfolded protein, and does not significantly change the rate of refolding. The presence of the Zn(II) cofactor, however, does increase the total amount of recovered protein by a factor of 2. Capillary electrophoresis could distinguish between native and denatured protein, based on the difference in electrophoretic mobility between the native protein and the aggregate of denatured protein and SDS. In addition, the active site was probed by observing binding of BCA to a charged arylsulfonamide using affinity capillary electrophoresis. These studies provide a foundation for future phys...
Body weights of C3H/HeN mice fed semipurified or commercial diets of different fat content

Abstract Oncology studies often require specially formulated diets to be fed to laboratory animals. To determine the effect of dietary fat on body weight, C3H/HeN mice were carefully assigned by weight into three groups. The first group was fed a high‐fat semipurified diet (23 % fat by weight) from 21 to 73 days of age then returned to a low‐fat semipurified diet (5% fat by weight). A second group was fed the low‐fat diet from 21 to 73 days of age, then the high‐fat diet until 129 days of age, then returned to the low‐fat diet. A final group was fed a 4.5% fat commercial diet for the entire 193‐day study. The results showed that the mice fed the semipurified diets did not differ significantly from each other in weight over the course of the study but did differ significantly between 21 and 73 days of age, possibly from a taste preference for the high‐fat diet. Mice fed the commercial diet always weighed significantly less. It was estimated that mice fed the commercial diet consumed more food and were less...
Relation of Left Atrial Size to Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure in Severe Mitral Regurgitation

4,071 consecutive cardiac catheterizations were reviewed retrospectively to obtain 56 cases of pure mitral regurgitation among whom chest X-ray, electrocardiography and echocardiography had been perfo
Ion uptake and respiration of dry bean roots subjected to localized anoxia

Ion uptake by dry bean root systems was examined during a three day treatment period. Three aeration treatments were applied to split root systems where both halves were aerated, both halves were nonaerated and one half aerated and the remaining half nonaerated (localized anoxia). Ion absorption was similar for the aerated control and localized anoxia treatments. The nonaerated control absorbed 2, 40, and 60 percent of the aerated control for K+, Ca++, and NO3 −, respectively. Ion absorption by stressed plants appeared to increase directly with root growth in the aerated portions of the localized anoxia treatments. Localized anoxia resulted in greater potassium ion uptake per unit root weight and in greater root respiration rates of the aerated half of the Pinto III cultivar root system. Transpiration rates of Seafarer subjected to localized anoxia were 135% of the aerated control. The additional water use may have contributed to greater ion uptake, by mass flow, in the nonaerated portion of the localized anoxia treatment. Nutrient solutions of the nonaerated controls became more alkaline during stress than did the nonaerated portions of the localized anoxia treatments, indicating a possible direct or indirect effect of the aerated portions of the localized anoxia treatments on the corresponding nonaerated half. Compensation in ion uptake by dry bean roots subjected to localized anoxia appeared to be the result of increased root growth, greater respiration rates, greater transpiration rates and, for Pinto III, an increase in the ion uptake rate per unit root weight. This compensatory uptake of water and nutrients by the root system may be one mechanism by which roots overcome localized stress within a soil profile.
The Initialization Response of Multi-Term Linear Fractional-Order Systems With Constant History Functions

In this paper, the distinction between an operator’s historical initial condition function, the consequential initialization function of the operator, and the resulting initialization response of an entire system, is discussed. The single term and two-term differential equation results with constant history functions from earlier studies are reviewed. A three-term linear fractional-order differential equation with constant history function is studied next. This system is solved by using the proper Laplace transforms for the fractional-order derivatives. The paper then presents the initialization responses for multi-term linear fractional-order systems with commensurate orders that have had arbitrarily-long constant displacements in negative time. Results for short-times and for long-times are provided. These results are obtained by using the proper Laplace transform for the fractional-order derivatives. Using the results of this paper, the initialization response of any linear, commensurate-order, fractional-order system, with arbitrarily-long constant displacements in negative time can be determined.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Magnetic field techniques for the inspection of steel under concrete cover

Abstract The results of a study comparing residual magnetic field measurements to magnetic flux leakage (MFL) measurements as methods to detect broken pre-stressing steel are presented. Analysis of two- and three-dimensional magnetic field plots shows that the residual magnetic field technique has strong potential in this application, with detectable signals from a single broken wire on a seven strand cable being found up to 70 mm from the cable surface. MFL measurements with the same yoke produced detectable signals only when the cable was completely severed, indicating that the yoke was not driving the cable into saturation during the magnetisation process. However, the residual field technique was also found to be very sensitive to the technique used to magnetise the object being inspected, indicating that considerable care would be necessary to use the technique successfully in the field.