cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum fractions from single homogenates of mouse liver

Procedures to isolate plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum from a single homogenate of mouse liver are described. Fractions contain low levels of contaminating membranes as determined from morphometry and analyses of marker enzymes. The method requires only 2-3 gm of liver as starting material and yields approximately 0.7, 0.7, and 0.5 mg protein/gm liver, respectively, for endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane. Golgi apparatus fractions show high levels of galactosyltransferase activity and consist of cisternal stacks and associated secretory vesicles and tubules. Endoplasmic reticulum fractions are enriched in both glucose-6-phosphatase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) (NADPH)-cytochrome c reductase and contain membrane vesicles with attached ribosomes. K+-stimulated p-nitrophenyl phosphatase and (Na+K+) adenosine triphosphatase activity are enriched in the plasma membrane fraction. This fraction consists of membrane sheets, many with junctional complexes, and bile canaliculi that are representative of the total hepatocyte plasma membrane. The fractionation procedure is designed to utilize small amounts of tissue (e.g., with liver slices), to reduce the total time required for fractionation, and to permit comparisons of constituents of plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum prepared from the same starting homogenates.
Inelastic displacement ratios for evaluation of existing structures

SUMMARY Results of a detailed statistical study of constant relative strength inelastic displacement ratios to estimate maximum lateral inelastic displacement demands on existing structures from maximum lateral elastic displacement demands are presented. These ratios were computed for single-degree-of-freedom systems with dierent levels of lateral strength normalized to the strength required to remain elastic when subjected to a relatively large ensemble of recorded earthquake ground motions. Three groups of soil conditions with shear wave velocities higher than 180 m=s are considered. The inuence of period of vibration, level of lateral yielding strength, site conditions, earthquake magnitude, distance to the source, and strain-hardening ratio are evaluated and discussed. Mean inelastic displacement ra- tios and those associated with various percentiles are presented. A special emphasis is given to the dispersion of these ratios. It is concluded that distance to the source has a negligible inuence on constant relative strength inelastic displacement ratios. However, for periods smaller than 1 s earth- quake magnitude and soil conditions have a moderate inuence on these ratios. Strain hardening de- creases maximum inelastic displacement at a fairly constant rate depending on the level of relative strength for periods of vibration longer than about 1:0 s while it decreases maximum inelastic dis- placement non-linearly as the period of vibration shortens and as the relative-strength ratio increases for periods of vibration shorter than 1:0 s. Finally, results from non-linear regression analyses are pre- sented that provide a simplied expression to be used to approximate mean inelastic displacement ratios during the evaluation of existing structures built onrm sites. Copyright ? 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poincaré series and holomorphic averaging

We provide an alternate proof of McMullen's theorem on contractive properties of the Poincare series operator in the special case of the universal covering. This case includes in particular Kra's Theta Conjecture.
Metal particles are inappropriate for testing a postulate of extrapulmonary transport.

Exposure to ambient air pollution particles has been associated with increased human morbidity and mortality, much of which is nonpulmonary. One proposed explanation of this extrapulmonary tissue injury is a transport of the particles outside of the respiratory tract. In the August 2006 issue of EHP, Elder et al. (2006) tested a postulate of extrapulmonary transport of particulate matter (PM). Specifically, the authors focused on the potential translocation of particles by olfactory neuronal pathways to the central nervous system. Comparable to previous studies on systemic transport of PM, they used a metal particle (i.e., a manganese oxide). Elder et al. measured tissue Mn concentrations in an effort to establish transport of the particle.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of isothermal seed germination.

Abstract We have been successful in building a mathematical model that fits both the germination rate and the total number of seeds that germinate as a function of time. This mathematical model is the same autocatalytic reaction model that describes biochemical reactions in which enzymes play an important role. The model gives values for the initial concentration of two enzymes. From these initial enzyme concentrations an equilibrium constant is calculated and the thermodynamic model gives the change in enthalpy, entropy, free energy and the activation energy. A plot of the natural logarithm of the equilibrium constant as a function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature gives two straight lines. The change of enthalpy for the process below 33 °C differs considerably to the change above 33 °C. The free energy as a function of the absolute temperature gives a straight line from which the change in entropy is calculated. The activation energy is determined from the slope of the natural logarithm of the rate constant as a function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature.
A Robust Method for Determining the Magnitude of the Fully Asymmetric Alignment Tensor of Oriented Macromolecules in the Absence of Structural Information

It has recently been shown that the degree of alignment of macromolecules in an aqueous dilute liquid crystalline medium of bicelles is sufficient to permit accurate values of residual 15N-1H, 13C-1H, and 13Calpha-C' dipolar couplings to be obtained on a routine basis, thereby providing potentially unique long-range structural information. To make use of this information in macromolecular structure determination, the magnitude of the axial and rhombic components of the molecular alignment tensor must be determined. This can be achieved by taking advantage of the fact that different, fixed-distance internuclear vector types are differently distributed relative to the alignment tensor. A histogram of the ensemble of normalized residual dipolar couplings for several such vector types approximates a powder pattern from which the magnitude of the axial and rhombic components are readily extracted in the absence of any prior structural information. The applicability of this method is demonstrated using synthetic data derived from four proteins representative of different sizes, topologies, and secondary structures, and experimental data measured on the small protein ubiquitin.
Childhood lead poisoning in a Somali refugee resettlement community in New Hampshire.

Despite the gradual decrease in childhood lead poisoning in the United States, the risk for lead poisoning among African refugee children who resettle in the United States remains elevated. Communication methods implemented by resettlement agencies in the public health system for preventing childhood lead poisoning in this at-risk population warrant further investigation. We utilized structured interviews with key stakeholders (resettlement agencies, social service agencies developed by African refugees and resettled Somali refugees) involved in the refugee resettlement process to (1) describe the agency’s role in the refugee resettlement process; (2) examine communication methods utilized and barriers experienced by the public health system in reference to childhood lead poisoning; (3) describe the refugee population’s perception of childhood lead poisoning; (4) examine general challenges experienced by the public health system and the refugee population during the resettlement process; and (5) describe stakeholders’ recommendations to improve health communication efforts. Based on our findings, we propose that communities are important determinants in health-related problems for refugee populations. Each community has its own environment and public health system that interacts with each other to influence health risks and risk perceptions of its populations. We advocate that understanding a community’s ecology and implementing a culture-centered approach is essential for the public health system to help educate and prevent communication inequalities and health disparities among an at-risk African refugee population. This action can reduce a population’s resistance to communication and help build a community’s capacity to address a persistent public health problem, such as childhood lead poisoning.
Some solutions to the matrix equation for three point Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation on the bidisc

Abstract Some explicit solutions to the 3 × 3 case of Agler's matrix equation for Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation on the bidisc are provided. Agler showed there exists a holomorphic function bounded by 1 on the bidisc D 2 which maps n prescribed points in D 2 to n prescribed points in D if and only if there exists a pair of n × n positive semidefinite matrices satisfying a certain matrix equation. We show there exists a solution to Agler's equation in which one matrix has a row and column of zeros if and only if an explicit set of inequalities that depend on the data are satisfied. A solution of this form is also equivalent to the existence of an interpolating function which is constant with respect to one coordinate of one bidisc data point. The best possible bounds on diagonal elements of solutions to Agler's 2 × 2 matrix equation are also provided.
Effect of cutouts or low-speed impact damage on the postbuckling behavior of composite plates loaded in shear

Results of an experimental and analytical study of the postbuckling behavior of graphite-epoxy and graphite-thermoplastic plates with cutouts are presented. Strain concentrations at the edge of the cutout, strain distributions around the cutout, and the effects of the cutout on failure strain are discussed. The failure characteristics of specimens with a cutout are described. Analytical results for a 16-ply specimen with a 2.54-cm-diameter-cutout are presented and compared with experimental results. The effect of low-speed impact damage on the postbuckling response and failure characteristics of graphite-epoxy specimens is also discussed.
Development of a tobacco cessation intervention for Alaska Native youth.

Tobacco cessation treatments have not been evaluated among Alaska Native (AN) adolescents. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of a targeted cessation intervention developed for AN youth. Intervention components were informed by prior focus groups assessing treatment preferences among AN youth, a social cognitive theoretical framework and feedback obtained from a teen advisory group. The intervention consisted of a weekend program where youth traveled by small airplane from their villages to stay overnight with other adolescents who quit tobacco use together. The program included recreational activities, talking circles, personal stories from elders and teen advisors, and cognitive behavioral counseling. Two intervention pilots were conducted from October 2010 to January 2011 using a non-randomized, uncontrolled study design with assessments at baseline and six-week follow-up. One village in Western Alaska was selected for each pilot with a targeted enrollment of 10 adolescents ea...
Synthesis of Two-Photon Absorbing Unsymmetrical Branched Chromophores through Direct Tris(bromomethylation) of Fluorene

Branched fluorene-based chromophores bearing electron-donating diphenylamino or electron-withdrawing nitro groups were synthesized as well as their linear analogues. An efficient synthetic method was developed via a novel 2,4,7-tris(bromomethyl)-9,9-diethylfluorene intermediate. The bromomethyl groups in this key intermediate were converted to either phosphonate or carboxaldehyde moieties, facilitating preparation of a high functionality branched structure. It was found that the reactivity at position 4 is attenuated in the bromomethyl and phosphorylated derivates, facilitating the selective and systematic functionalization of the fluorenyl system. All compounds were stable up to ca. 350 °C, except for a sterically crowded branched derivative. The linear optical properties of the compounds were investigated by UV−visible, steady-state fluorescence, and excitation anisotropy spectroscopic measurements. Fluorescence quantum yields were greater than or equal to 0.84 for symmetric linear and unsymmetric branc...
pH of activated carbon surface as an indication of its suitability for H2S removal from moist air streams

Abstract Samples of activated carbons of different origins were tested as removers of hydrogen sulfide at room temperature. The breakthrough capacity was evaluated using a lab designed test. The surface properties of the carbons were studied using Boehm titration, nitrogen sorption and thermal analysis. The results obtained indicate that the choice of unimpregnated carbon for hydrogen sulfide removal should be based on the parameters describing surface acidity such as pH, number of acidic groups, or weight loss during thermal treatment associated with the presence of acidic functional groups. There are certain threshold ranges of these quantities which, when exceeded, have a dramatic effect on the H 2 S breakthrough capacity.
Potentiation of myelin proteolipid protein (Plp) gene expression is mediated through AP-1-like binding sites

The myelin proteolipid protein (Plp) gene is expressed in oligodendrocytes and encodes the most abundant protein found in mature CNS myelin. Expression of the gene is dynamic and peaks during the active myelination period of CNS development. The surge in Plp gene activity during this period has been purported to be mediated by a positive regulatory region located within the first intron. This region, designated ASE for antisilencer/enhancer, is located approximately 1 kb downstream of exon 1 sequences and encompasses nearly 100 bp. However, neither the critical nucleotides within this region, nor the associated DNA-binding proteins have been identified. In the present study, DNase I footprinting analysis demonstrated widespread protection of the region on both the coding and non-coding strands suggesting that multiple transcription factors are likely involved. Targeting of putative DNA-protein binding sites contained within the ASE by gel shift, transfection and mutagenesis studies revealed the importance of several AP-1-like binding sites in governing high levels of Plp gene expression in oligodendrocytes. Our results suggest that factors, which bind to these sites, form the core of a multiprotein complex that assembles on the ASE and ultimately affects the temporal regulation of the gene in oligodendrocytes.
Measurement of the cyclic bridging law in a titanium matrix composite and its application to simulating crack growth

Abstract The cyclic bridging traction law for a fiber reinforced titanium matrix composite (TMC) has been measured using a multiple fiber pullout specimen geometry. The test specimens were cut from fatigued specimens containing a single fully bridged matrix crack. The two key parameters obtained from such measurements are the interface sliding stress and the fiber bundle strength. The sliding stress was found to be considerably lower than the pristine values reported for other TMCs (by a factor of ∼5), a result of wear of the fiber coatings. The fiber strength is also reduced following fatigue, by ∼25%. The strength reduction is associated with the formation of new surface flaws, also due to cyclic sliding. Additionally, simulations of fatigue crack growth have been performed using the measured sliding stress and compared with experimental measurements over a range of applied stresses. Though excellent correlations are obtained between the experiments and the predictions, it is demonstrated that similar correlations can be obtained using sliding stress values that differ from the measured one by a factor of ∼2 and by suitable adjustment of the Paris law parameter that characterizes the intrinsic fatigue resistance of the composite.
Japanese Conservatism and the Integration of Foreign Residents

Granting foreign permanent residents the right to vote in local elections in Japan was one of the Clean Government Party (CGP)’s major policy priorities during its 11 years governing in coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). While the CGP proposed several bills that would have done this, none of those bills came close to passing. Why not? Conventional wisdom about Japanese conservatism suggests that the LDP would not support such a bill because the party is uniformly committed to the idea that Japan is a one-ethnicity country, and thus the party is hostile to proposals that would grant those without Japanese ethnicity a role in Japanese society. However, I argue that Japanese conservatives in general, and LDP politicians in particular, have major disagreements about the appropriate role of foreign residents in Japanese society. Moreover, I argue that LDP politicians did not support the CGP’s proposal to grant foreign permanent residents the right to vote in local elections in Japan because this proposal did not appeal to politicians from either of the dominant conservative schools of thought about foreign residents in Japan.
Mapping space-based systems engineering curriculum to government-industry vetted competencies for improved organizational performance

This paper demonstrates a method that can be used to analyze the degree to which an organization's systems engineering capabilities meet government-industry defined systems engineering needs. To demonstrate this process, using universities as the case study, we summarize secondary research completed for nine institutions from various countries that offer systems engineering graduate level programs in the space domain. Next, we select a Masters degree program from three universities, one from each country, and map their space-based systems engineering courses to the 37 systems engineering capabilities within the 10 systems engineering competencies. These capabilities represent the knowledge, skills, and behaviors that systems engineers are expected to possess and perform as a part of their job. We then review a process for a more detailed mapping of the curriculum to one of four levels of proficiency within each capability, using the Stevens Institute of Technology as the example. The result is a systems engineering competency-based approach that can be used by universities or companies to compare the “as is” state of their systems engineering capabilities development against a government-industry defined set of needs to identify and address gaps or opportunities in the curriculum, training, or experience of their students and-or employees. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng An initial version of this paper was presented at the 59th IAC Congress, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, 2008.
Glutathione inhibition of silver-enhanced sodium transport across toad skin☆

Silver stimulated short-circuit current and transepithelial potential difference. Glutathione inhibited the silver-induced short-circuit current. There was a dose-response inhibition of silver-induced short-circuit current by glutathione. The silver-induced short-circuit current is carried by a net active sodium transfer from the outside to the inside bathing solution.
A Conservation Theorem for Constrained Multibody Systems

This paper presents a general conservation theorem for multibody systems subject to simple nonholonomic constraints. It is applicable to both conservative and nonconservative systems. The derivation of this theorem is based on Kane’s equations with undetermined multipliers. A power equation and a first integral of motion have been derived. They emerge in physically meaningful forms and include expressions for evaluating the power and energy flowing into the system. Like Kane’s equations, the power equation and the first integral of motion are derived in matrix form. This makes them particularly useful for the computer formulation and solution of multibody system dynamics.
High Total Bilirubin as a Protective Factor for Diabetes Mellitus: An Analysis of NHANES Data From 1999 - 2006.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a rampantly growing epidemic in the United States, affecting nearly 10% of the adult population. Studies have shown that higher levels of Total Bilirubin (TBili) convey a protective effect with regard to cardiovascular risk. In this study, we will examine the relationship between TBili level and prevalence of DM to discern whether a similar relationship exists. Methods: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a comprehensive survey performed regularly to evaluate the overall health and nutrition status of the United States population. For the purpose of this study, we combined NHANES data collected between 1999 and 2006. Totally 15,876 eligible participants were selected after excluding all patients younger than twenty years, those with a history of abnormal liver function tests, or those who disclosed a history of liver disease. The data collected on these individuals was adjusted for demographic characteristics, as well as risk factors for DM, and was analyzed via multivariate logistic regression, using SAS proc survey methodology. Results: After age adjustment, increased TBili was associated with 26% reduction in diabetes risk (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.64 - 0.88). Multivariate analysis, adjusting for all diabetes risk factors assessed, confirmed this association (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.67 - 0.95). Conclusions: Our results show that a higher level of serum TBili is associated with odds of having a lower incidence of DM. This finding supports the hypothesis that the antioxidant nature of TBili, demonstrating a protective effect with regard to the risk of stroke, atherosclerosis, and vasculitis in prior research, also extends to DM risk. Furthermore, research has shown that higher levels of TBili increase glucose mobilization into the cells, leading to more efficient, biologic glucose utilization. There is no doubt that the beneficial effect of TBili is multifactorial; thus further investigation is warranted. doi:10.4021/jocmr425w
Characterization of catalytic lanthanum oxide for double bond isomerization of n-butenes

Abstract Lanthanum sesquioxide, when properly activated, is an extremely active catalyst for double bond migration in the n -butenes. The initial rate of 1-butene conversion on rehydrated La 2 O 3 varies with final calcination temperature, and attains a maximum of 4.2 × 10 20 molecules/ m 2 /min at 0 °C, following catalyst evacuation at 650 °C. In the temperature range 0 to 50 °C, the reaction is zero order in 1-butene for initial reactant pressures of 25 to 200 torr. A cumulative self-poisoning of the catalyst occurs at reaction temperatures due to adsorption of a strongly held, unreactive form of n -butene, but the latter is completely removed and activity restored upon subsequent rehydration and calcination. Initial cis -2-butene/ trans -2-butene ratios are large (7 to 8 at 0 °C), and the rates of reaction of both 2-butene isomers are much lower than that of 1-butene. Direct interconversion of cis - and trans -2-butene occurs very slowly or not at all on La 2 O 3 , and a reaction scheme for the three-component system is proposed. Active sites for 1-butene isomerization involve surface O 2− ions in conjunction with adjacent defect structures such as anion vacancies. A difference of 4.2 kcal/mol between the apparent activation energies of cis - and trans -2-butene appearances suggests that formations of the two 2-butene isomers from the 1-butene reactant may occur on energetically and/or structurally dissimilar sites on La 2 O 3 .
A predicate-transition net model for multiple agent planning

Abstract When multiple agents are available, some actions can be performed concurrently. Performing actions concurrently can be conveniently modeled with a predicate-transiton net ( pr t net). We provide an algorithm to construct a pr t net model for a robot planning system represented in a STRIPS-like specification language. By applying our linear search algorithm to the pr t net model, we can obtain a plan in which parallel actions are explicitly shown. The idea behind our search algorithm is based on a combination of bidirectional search and means-ends analysis. Our search strategy expands fewer nodes than other search algorithms. For example, it expands only necessary nodes in solving Sussman's anomalous problem.
"The talking cure": the ethics of psychoanalysis.

What is the ethics of psychoanalysis? The question is likely to be viewed with suspicion by many analysts who see ethics, as Freud did, as representing the unrealistic and overly severe demands of culture that psychoanalysis is frequently obliged to oppose (Freud, 1930, p. 143). According to the classic Freudian picture, psychoanalysis has no ethics, or at least it has none in intent. The relation between analyst and patient (or analysand) should be ethically neutral. The analyst must not allow his or her personal values to intrude into the analysis, nor attempt to force his or her own ideals upon the patient (Freud, 1919a, pp. 164–165). The analyst should have a professional interest in the mental health of the patient, while resisting the urge to play the role of guide, mentor, or parent. Freud (1912) made the recommendation that the psychoanalyst should follow the model of the surgeon “who puts aside all his feelings, even his human sympathy, and concentrates his mental forces on the single aim of performing the operation as skilfully as possible” (p. 115). The analyst, in order to promote the transference phenomenon, should be relatively anonymous to the patient (pp. 117–118), which requires limiting the amount of talking one does (Freud, 1913, p. 124), and sitting out of sight, behind the patient (pp. 133– 134). The analyst should resist offering the patient substitute
Surgical Treatment of Non-Insertional Achilles Tendinitis

Noninsertional Achilles tendinitis is a distinct clinical entity, frequently characterized by swelling, pain, and lower limb dysfunction. This condition can be frustrating to treat, for the patient and the physician alike, as reflected in the various treatments, both conservative and surgical, that have been described. Although many patients with Achilles tendinitis can be successfully treated with nonoperative methods, persistent symptoms require surgical treatment, such as tenotomy, debridement, or repair.
Significance of small foci of Gleason score 7 or greater prostate cancer on needle biopsy

Abstract Objectives. With increased screening for prostate cancer, we have noted a greater number of patients with small foci of Gleason score 7 or greater prostate cancer on needle biopsy. The significance of these findings is unknown. Methods. We studied 57 men with small foci of Gleason score 7 or greater on needle biopsy. Tumor length was less than 1.5 mm in all but 2 cases. In those 2 cases, there were two minute (less than 0.5 mm) foci of cancer separated by 1.8 mm. The length of cancer ranged from 0.2 to 1.8 mm (mean 0.63 mm). In all cases, only one core was involved. Results. Thirty-three men underwent radical prostatectomy (RP), 14 received radiation, 8 underwent surveillance, and 2 received hormonal therapy. Men who underwent RP were younger (62 years) than those who had radiotherapy (69.1 years), who were younger than those who underwent surveillance (74.5 years). The mean prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for men undergoing RP was 8.0 ng/mL (range 1.4 to 22). Preoperative serum PSA values did not predict organ-confined status. Needle biopsy grades were as follows: 3 + 4 = 7 (n = 30); 4 + 3 = 7 (n = 17); 4 + 4 = 8 (n = 7); 5 + 4 = 9 (n = 1); and 5 + 5 = 10 (n = 2). We were able to review slides in 27 of the RP specimens, of which 24 were well sampled. Of these 24 cases, 33% had positive margins and 33% were not organ confined; the median tumor volume was 0.5 cc (mean 1.04). No difference in RP tumor volume was found between tumors with needle biopsy Gleason primary grade 3 and those with 4 or greater. The percentage of Gleason pattern 4 on needle biopsy weakly correlated with the percentage of Gleason pattern 4 in the RP specimen ( P = 0.04). However, the percentage of Gleason pattern 4 only in the RP specimen, but not in the biopsy, correlated with whether the tumor was organ confined. Conclusions. The likelihood of having organ-confined disease with small foci of Gleason score 7 or greater on needle biopsy appears to be equivalent to that calculated from the Partin Tables for greater amounts of Gleason score 6 cancer on needle biopsy. In men who are considering RP, small foci of Gleason score 7 or greater adenocarcinoma on needle biopsy should not necessarily be considered an adverse finding.
Content-update process performance under energy saving schemes in mobile opportunistic networks

Mobile hand-held devices such as smart-phones and tablets have gained in popularity over recent years. However, this induces cellular networks to suffer severe traffic demands that are hard to accommodate. In this respect, utilizing the ad-hoc communication of devices (e.g., bluetooth) can be an alternative way to obtain information while reducing the network overhead. Until now, the application possibility has been studied in Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs). In the research, ‘contacts’ are important In the sense of supporting content delivery chances. For energy-saving, mobile devices can utilize a sleep/awake control in that their energy is constrained due to battery operations. This reminds us that the contact-based MANET research is not enough because the information delivery opportunities are limited to contacts among awake devices. In a network modeling procedure, we consider the sleep/awake rules of devices and investigate their effects on performance measures. Specifically, we estimate the performance of a content update process under the device sleep/awake. This process is adequate to the dissemination of ‘age-sensitive’ contents such as news, tweets or traffic information. In there, one information provider continuously generates content and mobile users keep updating the more recently generated content through opportunistic contacts. Depending on the sleep/awake rule of devices, we analyze the degree of content freshness that users achieve and propose a normalization method to compare the performance of different rules. Also, we validate our analysis from real-trace tests.
Vitamin A Requirement of Growing Birds 1. Influence of Breed

Abstract THE National Research Council (1960) (N.R.C.) has estimated the vitamin A requirement of all chickens 0 to 8 weeks of age to be 2,640 U.S.P. units per kilogram of feed. Later, Cornell workers (Hill et al., 1961), using Single Comb White Leghorn (S.C.W.L.) chicks, found that increasing the dietary vitamin A level from 1,322 to 2,644 U.S.P. units per kilogram produced no further weight gains. They concluded that the vitamin A requirement of the chick is approximately 1,322 U.S.P. units/kg. of diet or about 50% of the present N.R.C. estimate. Thornton and Whittet (1962) attempted to determine the influence of several factors including breed on the chick’s vitamin A requirements. Unfortunately, their lowest dietary level of the vitamin was 1,762 U.S.P. units/kg. Regardless of breed used, neither growth rate nor feed efficiency was influenced by vitamin A levels ranging up to 7,050 U.S.P. units/kg. of diet. No evidence of a…
Data acquisition board with optical gigabit interface

The precision vertex tracker, based on the technology of active CMOS pixel sensors, is a proposed addition to the tracking system of the STAR experiment . The proposed tracker consists of two cylindrical layers formed by 24 ladders. Each ladder contains a row of 10 monolithic CMOS detector chips and each chip has a 640 /spl times/ 640 array of 30 micron square pixels. The total number of pixels is 0.98/spl times/10/sup 8/. The mission critical tasks for this detector are data reduction and data transfer. Different approaches to implementation of the data acquisition system (DAQ) are under consideration. The approach discussed in this paper is to use commercially available components, like FPGAs, on the detector side and commercial Ethernet modules on the host computer side. A prototype DAQ board has been designed, manufactured and is in use for system development and testing. In this paper, the data transfer is discussed in details, including the concept, the protocol and data transfer rates.
Shear dispersion and residence time for laminar flow in capillary tubes

The behaviour of passive tracer particles in capillary Poiseuille flow is investigated with regard to the residence time in short axial sections of length z, in which z/a < Va/D, where a is the capillary radius, V is the mean velocity and D the coefficient of molecular diffusion. While methods exist for calculating moments of the cross-sectionally averaged axial concentration distribution as a function of time (e.g. Smith 1982b), much less is known about the distribution of residence time as a function of axial distance. An approximate theoretical solution for point sources in high-Peclet-number flows reveals that the mean residence time [left angle bracket]t(z)[right angle bracket], which is asymptotic to z/V0 near the source, will then rise faster than z/V0 before converging to z/V for large z, provided the source is not at the capillary wall. V0 is the advective velocity at the point of release. The variance [left angle bracket]t2(z)[right angle bracket] is found to increase initially in proportion to z3 provided the source is not at the capillary wall or on the axis. A Monte Carlo method based on the solution to the diffusion equation in the capillary-tube cross-section is developed to compute particle trajectories which are used to analyse both axial and residence-time distributions. The residence-time distribution is found to display significant changes in character as a function of axial position, for both point sources and a uniform flux of particles along the tube.
Integrating meaning and structure in L1–L2 and L2–L1 translations

This article examined the integration of semantic and morphosyntactic information by Korean learners of English as a second language (L2). In Experiment 1, L2 learners listened to English active or...
The cancer testis antigen PRAME as a biomarker for solid tumor cancer management

Among the best-characterized tumor antigens are the cancer-testis antigens (CTAs), or germ cell antigens. These are a category of nonmutated genes that are restricted in expression to male germ cells and fetal tissues, but are detected in a variety of cancers and the cells derived from them. CTA gene families, including MAGE, BAGE, GAGE, LAGE/NY-ESO-1 and PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma), encode antigenic peptides recognized by T lymphocytes. Numerous members of the CTA gene families are under intense study as targets for immunotherapy and as biomarkers for diagnosis and/or prognosis. Unlike other CTA genes, the PRAME gene (also known as MAPE or OIP4 ) has been shown to be expressed at low levels in ovarian, endometrial and adrenal tissues [1]. Originally characterized as a tumor antigen in a melanoma patient, PRAME is one of the best-characterized CTA family members because of its prevalence in both acute and chronic leukemias, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma [2]. Significant association of PRAME expression has been reported in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloma and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In CML, expression has been shown to correlate with disease progression [2,3]. PRAME has been reported to be an independent prognostic factor in AML, being associated with increased overall survival in patients with a favorable or poor prognoses based on karyotype [2,3]. The other area of promising clinical utility is disease stratification and the detection of residual disease. Although it varies according to disease type, the level of PRAME expression can indicate probable resistance to chemotherapy in lymphomas and AML [4]. PRAME expression has been observed to significantly decrease in
Client-side access control enforcement using trusted computing and PEI models

It has been recognized for some time that software alone does not provide an adequate foundation for building a high-assurance trusted platform. The emergence of industry-standard trusted computing technologies promises a revolution in this respect by providing roots of trust upon which secure applications can be developed. These technologies offer a particularly attractive platform for security policy enforcement in general distributed systems. In this paper we propose a security framework to enforce access control policies with trusted computing, by following the recently proposed policy-enforcement-implementation (PEI) models. Our architecture is based on an abstract layer of trusted hardware which can be constructed with emerging trusted computing technologies. A trusted reference monitor (TRM) is introduced beyond the trusted hardware. By monitoring and verifying the integrity and properties of running applications in a platform using the functions of trusted computing, the TRM can enforce various policies on behalf of object owners. We further extend this platform-based architecture to support general user-based access control policies, cooperating with existing services for user identity and attributes, thus potentially supporting general access control models such as lattice-based, role-based, and usage-based access control policies.
Variation in senescent-dependent lung changes in inbred mouse strains

Previous studies from our laboratories showed lung development differences between inbred strains of mice. In the present study, the C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) strains were examined for senescen...
Comparative Usability Study of Two Space Logistics Analysis Tools

Future space exploration missions and campaigns will require sophisticated tools to help plan and analyze logistics. To encourage their use, space logistics tools must be usable: a design concept encompassing terms such as efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction. This paper presents a usability study of two such tools: SpaceNet, a discrete event simulation tool and a comparable spreadsheet-based tool. The study follows a randomized orthogonal design having within-subjects evaluation of the two tools with 12 volunteer subjects (eight subjects with space backgrounds, four without). Each subject completed two sessions of testing, each with a 30-45 minute tutorial and a two-part space exploration scenario. The first part tests the creation a model to verify a simple uncrewed mission to lunar orbit. The second part tests the evaluation of an existing model to improve the effectiveness of a crewed mission to the lunar surface. The subjects completed a questionnaire after each session and a semi-structured interview following the second session. The study results indicate that the SpaceNet tool is more efficient for portions of the model creation task including modeling multi-burn transports and the spreadsheet tool is more effective for the model evaluation task. Qualitative evaluation indicates subjects liked the graphical nature and error-detection of the SpaceNet tool, but felt it took too long to edit information and appeared as a “black box.” Subjects liked the ability to view the entire model state within the spreadsheet tool, however were concerned with limited dynamic state feedback and underlying modeling assumptions. Future tools should combine the best features, including allowing modification of the entire model from a single interface, providing visibility of underlying logic, and integrated graphical and error-checking feedback.
Relationships and evolution of matK in a group of leafless orchids (Corallorhiza and Corallorhizinae; Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae)

Corallorhizinae are a small group of Old and New World temperate orchids of which a core monophyletic group comprises Govenia, Cremastra, Aplectrum, Oreorchis and the leafless Corallorhiza, and which according to phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ITS and plastid matK sequences, are related in this way: (Govenia (Cremastra (Aplectrum (Oreorchis (Corallorhiza))))). This hypothesis is consistent with the progressive deletion of the trnK intron and matK ORF. Frameshift-resulting indels yield a predicted loss of translation for the critical "domain X" region of matK and are evidence that matK is a probable pseudogene in Aplectrum, Oreorchis, and Corallorhiza. Within Corallorhiza, a previous hypothesis based on plastid DNA restriction site analysis is confirmed, with the thickened-labellum C. striata group being sister to the thin-labellum remainder of the genus, within which the circumboreal C. trifida is sister to the remainder, which then comprise two further sister groups: C. maculata + C. bulbosa + C. mertensiana and C. odontorhiza + C. wisteriana. A close relationship between C. striata and the recently described Appalachian C. bentleyi is shown; in particular, C. bentleyi is more closely allied to a southern Mexican population of C. striata than it is to northern North American C. striata populations, suggesting that two lineages, each with Mexican and northern North American populations, exist within the C. striata group.
Individual Strategies for Coping with Stress during Organizational Transitions

This article examines the coping mechanisms employees used to adapt to a major organizational transition. Research was conducted to assess both coping resources and coping responses. The sample consisted of employees of the Bell Telephone System who had to cope with the company's recent divestiture. The results of a multivariate analysis suggest that perceived uncertainty and fears about the impact of the transition were related to employee stress. This relationship was only moderately affected by the coping mechanisms. Feelings of personal control and the ability to tolerate ambiguity were linked with improved stress levels, whereas active attempts to structure the situation by obtaining information and feedback either failed to affect or actually increased stress levels. The author concludes with implications of this research for the management of change.
An Investigation of the Roles of Electronic Marketplace in the Supply Chain

Electronic marketplace (EM) has been considered lately as an alternative coordination mechanism between suppliers and buyers in a supply chain. In this paper an appropriate model for EM-based supply chain is developed in order to investigate the impact of EM on two important supply chain performance measures - total supply chain cost per sale and customer fill rate. We adopt a simulation modeling approach and conduct experiments with key factors which include auction-based coordination mechanism. In addition, supply chain effects such as demand pooling, matching and aggregation effects in procurement of parts, etc. are also considered. The results indicate that EM could bring operational benefits even though strategic and situational factors that change the magnitude of benefits may occasionally prevent EM from being successful in a supply chain.
A Leveled Examination of Test-Driven Development Acceptance

Test-driven development (TDD) has garnered considerable attention in professional settings and has made some inroads into software engineering and computer science education. A series of leveled experiments were conducted with students in beginning undergraduate programming courses through upper-level undergraduate, graduate, and professional training courses. This paper reports that mature programmers who try TDD are more likely to choose TDD over a similar test-last approach. Additionally this research reveals differences in programmer acceptance of TDD between beginning programmers who were reluctant to adopt TDD and more mature programmers who were more willing to adopt TDD. Attention is given to confounding factors, and future studies aimed at resolving these factors are identified. Finally proposals are made to improve early programmer acceptance of TDD.
Eosinophilic folliculitis occurring after stem cell transplant for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case report and review.

Background Eosinophilic folliculitis (EF) comprises classic eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related EF, and infantile EPF subtypes. A fourth proposed subtype describes EF associated with hematologic malignancy. Recently, EF has occurred after bone marrow or stem cell transplantation (SCT). Objectives We report a unique case of EF after haploidentical allogeneic SCT for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and review the literature for similar cases. Methods A 56-year-old, HIV-negative ALL patient presented with an intensely pruritic papulopustular eruption. He had undergone haploidentical allogeneic SCT 65 days earlier, which he had tolerated well. Histopathology revealed a moderately dense perifollicular and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate with many eosinophils extending from the superficial dermis to the subcutaneous fat. Fungal stains were negative. These findings were highly consistent with EF. Results Therapy with a class II topical corticosteroid ointment, oral doxepin, and emollients achieved near-resolution of the lesions within eight weeks. Transition to topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment applied twice daily to residual lesions yielded complete clearance by 12 weeks with mild post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. The patient's ALL remains in remission. Conclusions A fourth proposed subtype of EF is associated with HIV-negative hematologic disease. This subtype is distinguished by a predictable timeframe to presentation and a relatively rapid response to therapy. Although EF is an important consideration in all patients with hematologic malignancy, clinically heightened suspicion is warranted during the 2–3 months after transplant.
Microbiology of Animal Bite Wound Infections

The microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans is often polymicrobial, with a broad mixture of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Bacteria recovered from infected bite wounds are most often reflective of the oral flora of the biting animal, which can also be influenced by the microbiome of their ingested prey and other foods. Bacteria may also originate from the victim's own skin or the physical environment at the time of injury. Our review has focused on bite wound infections in humans from dogs, cats, and a variety of other animals such as monkeys, bears, pigs, ferrets, horses, sheep, Tasmanian devils, snakes, Komodo dragons, monitor lizards, iguanas, alligators/crocodiles, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, prairie dogs, swans, and sharks. The medical literature in this area has been made up mostly of small case series or case reports. Very few studies have been systematic and are often limited to dog or cat bite injuries. Limitations of studies include a lack of established or inconsistent criteria for an infected wound and a failure to utilize optimal techniques in pathogen isolation, especially for anaerobic organisms. There is also a lack of an understanding of the pathogenic significance of all cultured organisms. Gathering information and conducting research in a more systematic and methodical fashion through an organized research network, including zoos, veterinary practices, and rural clinics and hospitals, are needed to better define the microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans.