cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sharp monotonic resolution of discontinuities without clipping of narrow extrema

A strategy is presented for accurately simulating highly convective flows containing discontinuities such as density fronts or shock waves, without distorting smooth profiles or clipping narrow local extrema. The convection algorithm is based on non-artificially-diffusive third-order upwinding in smooth regions, with automatic adaptive stencil expansion to (in principle, arbitrarily) higher order upwinding locally, in regions of rapidly changing gradients. This is highly cost-effective because the wider stencil is used only where needed - in isolated narrow regions. A recently developed universal limiter assures sharp monotonic resolution of discontinuities without introducing artificial diffusion or numerical compression. An adaptive discriminator is constructed to distinguish between spurious overshoots and physical peaks; this automatically relaxes the limiter near local turning points, thereby avoiding loss of resolution in narrow extrema. Examples are given for one-dimensional pure convection of scalar profiles at constant velocity.
Observations on the entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella citriformis attacking adult Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in a managed citrus grove

A two-year field study was conducted in an orange grove in the United States (Florida) to characterize the phenology of the entomopathogen Hirsutella citriformis Speare infecting adults of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. On the average, 23% of adults observed on mature leaves were killed by H. citriformis. These dead psyllids were characterized as being mummified and covered to various extents by synnemata produced by the fungus. Mummified cadavers were most abundant on citrus leaves during the fall and winter months, with the maximal percentage of mummified psyllids sometimes exceeding 75% of the total number of adults observed. Mummified cadavers were nearly absent each spring, presumably because relative humidity levels were suboptimal for the fungus at this time. Based on dispersion analyses, a monitoring plan for mummified cadavers would best include multiple samples in individual trees as well as multiple tree samples throughout a grove. Mummified cadavers with synnemata, which serve as point sources for new infections of the fungus in psyllids, were observed to remain on leaves for a mean of 68 days (one cadaver remained on a leaf for 168 days). Rainfall was positively correlated with the number of days mummies remained on leaves while mean daily air temperature was negatively correlated. Mummified cadavers were abundant in the summer during 2006 but not during 2007. This may have been a density-dependent consequence of low psyllid host populations in the grove in 2007. Alternatively, combination sprays of oil and copper applied during 2007 may have suppressed the fungus. This latter possibility prompted a laboratory investigation into the toxicity to H. citriformis of six chemicals commonly used in citrus. Copper hydroxide, petroleum oil, and elemental sulfur at maximum label rates each significantly reduced the infectivity of a laboratory culture of H. citriformis while copper sulfate pentahydrate, aluminum tris and alpha-keto/humic acids did not. This finding indicates that citrus growers interested in capitalizing on H. citriformis as a biological control agent of D. citri should avoid applying high rates of copper hydroxide, oil or sulfur.
The treatment of thyrocardiac disease with radioactive iodine

Summary We have presented our experience with 1,603 hyperthyroid patients treated from 1947 to 1954 from our material of over 3,000 patients treated to date. There were 187 with congestive failure, 30 with angina pectoris and 32 with both congestive failure and angina pectoris. In addition, there were 107 patients with atrial fibrillation but without congestive failure or angina. The females had a lower incidence of angina pectoris and "pure" fibrillation than could be expected on a statistical basis. Advancing age increased the incidence of all cardiac manifestations. The duration of the thyrotoxicosis before treatment had only a relatively slight effect on the appearance of cardiac symptoms. There was no difference in the total number of doses of I 131 necessary to control the cardiac and the noncardiac patients in this series. The total dose of I 131 administered was higher in the cardiac patients but part of this overdosage was deliberate. Corrected for age, nodular goiter seemed more likely to produce cardiac symptoms, particularly in the older age groups. Tachycardia, of almost similar degree, was present in both the cardiacs and the non-cardiacs and responded almost equally well to I 131 therapy. Atrial fibrillation was present in 15 per cent of the entire series and in 51 per cent of the "cardiacs" before treatment. All but one of those with "pure" fibrillation reverted to sinus rhythm and 24 per cent of the cardiacs continued to have atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation was uncommon with angina pectoris. Hypertension, systolic and diastolic, was more frequent in the cardiacs and after therapy the systolic pressure fell and diastolic pressure rose both in the cardiacs and in the others. There was striking improvement in all types of thyrocardiac disease as a result of I 131 therapy. Angina and uncomplicated atrial fibrillation were relieved in almost 100 per cent of the cases. The permanent myxedema rate for the entire series was 7 per cent. For the cases of angina pectoris it was 13 per cent. Part of this increase was deliberate. The cardiac patients contributed a disproportionately large number of the total deaths. The recurrence rate was 0.75 per cent for the entire series and 1.2 per cent for the cardiac group.
From baryons to quarks through π0 decay

Abstract We study the constraints imposed on quark color, flavor, and charges by demanding agreement between the calculations of π 0 → 2 γ by Steinberger and by Adler-Bell-Jackiw.
Diffusion in the extracellular space in brain and tumors.

Diffusion of solutes and macromolecules in the extracellular space (ECS) in brain is important for non-synaptic intercellular communication, extracellular ionic buffering, and delivery of drugs and metabolites. Diffusion in tumor ECS is important for delivery of anti-tumor drugs. The ECS in brain comprises ∼20% of brain parenchymal volume and contains cell–cell gaps down to ∼50 nm. We have developed fluorescence methods to quantify solute diffusion in the ECS, allowing measurements deep in solid tissues using microfiberoptics with micron tip size. Diffusion through the tortuous ECS in brain is generally slowed by ∼3–5-fold compared with that in water, with approximately half of the slowing due to tortuous ECS geometry and half due to the mildly viscous extracellular matrix (ECM). Mathematical modeling of slowed diffusion in an ECS with reasonable anatomical accuracy is in good agreement with experiment. In tumor tissue, diffusion of small macromolecules is only mildly slowed ( 10-fold) at a depth of few millimeters as the tumor tissue becomes more compact. Slowing by ECM components such as collagen contribute to the slowed diffusion. Therefore, as found within cells, cellular crowding and highly tortuous transport can produce only minor slowing of diffusion in the ECS.
Growth of Psychrophiles. I. Lipid Changes in Relation to Growth-Temperature Reductionsa

SUMMARY A monomolecular surface-film method was used to evaluate lipid changes in bacteria isolated from refrigerated poultry meat. Changes in cell lipids were studied as functions of reduced growth temperature and growth in the presence of low concentrations of chlortetracycline. Temperature reduction did not cause lipid changes in representative psychrophilic bacteria but did cause profound changes in a gram-positive rod having a lesser ability to grow at 4°C. Growth in the presence of CTC caused lipid increases in all strains.
CT of pancreatitis with renal and juxtarenal manifestations.

Abstract Involvement of the juxtarenal spaces and kidneys in pancreatitis has been well known. Although delineation of the regions of accumulation of exudate has been elegantly confirmed with the advent and advance of refined computerized tomography (CT) there has been relatively little description in the earliar literature of these phenomena. This essay serves to illustrate the wide range of findings that have been encountered and recorded more recently.
Effect of excitation frequency on source characteristics in radio frequency glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry-I. 2–30 MHz

Abstract The role of excitation frequency on the electrical, atomization, and optical emission characteristics of a radio frequency glow discharge atomic emission (rf-GD-AES) source was investigated in the frequency range of 2–30 MHz. Comparisons between the applied (peak-to-peak) potentials and the resultant dc bias potentials indicate that the discharge energy is dissipated more at the sample surface at lower frequencies and in the negative glow region in the upper frequency range. As a result, sputtering rates are greatest at the lowest frequency (2 MHz). The response of a variety of Cu I and II emission transitions to changes in frequency illustrates the need to choose separately the analytical transitions at a given frequency. In general, however, high-lying transitions optimize at low frequencies, with resonant transitions showing enhancements at high ones. As such, the operating frequency has a somewhat diametric effect on atomization and excitation characteristics. Finally, analytical figures of merit are illustrated for a number of analytes and transitions in a copper standard. While differences exist in the response of line intensity to operating frequency, background levels decrease and stability of the plasma improves with increased frequency.
A SENSITIVE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LACTIC ACID.

Abstract A gas chromatographic method for the determination of lactic acid in blood and organ perfusates has been developed. The method offers speed and simplicity of analysis while retaining the higher sensitivity of the chemical method.
Analysis of carbonic anhydrase in human red Blood cells using capillary electrophoresis/ electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.

Capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE/ESI-MS) was applied to the analysis of human red blood cells (RBCs) using the split-flow technique for interfacing CE to MS. By using a long (∼125-cm) and narrow (∼15-μm-i.d.) capillary, the four major proteins of the RBC, which are hemoglobin (Hb, α- and β-chains, 900 amol/chain), carbonic anhydrase I (CAI, ∼7 amol/cell), and carbonic anhydrase II (CAII, ∼0.8 amol/cell), were separated from each other and detected at low-attomole levels in one run and minimal sample preparation. Under these conditions, the detection limits for CAI and CAII in lysed RBCs were ∼20 and ∼44 amol, respectively. The ∼20-amol detection limit of CAI was confirmed by the CE/ESI-MS analysis of three intact RBCs that had been drawn into the capillary under a microscope. A shorter capillary (∼55 cm long) provided faster analysis time but did not separate CAII from the β-chain of hemoglobin, causing the CAII signal to be masked by the background chemical noise ge...
Communication in the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer

Schopenhauer has been neglected on the subject of communication. Yet his instructive consideration of it is comprehensive and modern. This essay, the product of studying all his works, sets forth his consideration, which consisted of defining communication and treating (1) the transmission of thought in its entirety, from its noetic origin to its adaptation for audiences, (2) the complication of motivation and the unlikely efficacy of persuasion, (3) the arts as the signification and transmission of Platonic Ideas, (4), the philosopher's mission as effective utterance, and (5) the limits of discourse.
Safety of intravenous dipyridamole for stress testing with thallium imaging

Cardiac and noncardiac side effects were studied in 293 consecutive patients referred for nonexercise stress thallium imaging with intravenous dipyridamole. Six minutes after the initiation of infusion, there was a mean 9-beat/min increase in heart rate and a mean 12-mm Hg decrease in systolic blood pressure. The largest increase in heart rate exceeded 20 beats/min in only 13% of patients and the largest decrease in systolic blood pressure exceeded 20 mm Hg in 31%. Noncardiac side effects were headache (11%), lightheadedness or dizziness (5%) and nausea (4%). Only 9 patients required intravenous aminophylline for relief of noncardiac side effects: severe headache in 7 and nausea in 2. Cardiac side effects included chest pain in 76 patients (26%), of whom 70% were given aminophylline for relief of symptoms. Sixty patients (20%) had ischemic ST-segment depression and 56 (19%) had arrhythmias (ventricular in 50 and atrial in 6). There were no deaths, myocardial infarctions or sustained arrhythmias due to dipyridamole administration. Among 62 patients also undergoing cardiac catheterization, side effects except for arrhythmias were unrelated to the number of vessels with coronary artery disease. Intravenous dipyridamole is safe for nonexercise stress testing and has few serious side effects. However, the possibility of ischemia requires careful selection of patients and monitoring of vital signs and the electrocardiogram during the test.
Static power reduction in caches using deterministic naps

We propose a technique that reduces static power consumption in caches with negligible hardware overhead and no performance penalties. Our proposed architecture achieves this by deterministically lowering the power state of cache lines that are guaranteed not to be accessed in the immediate future by exploiting in-flight cache access information. We simulated our architecture using the Simple scalar and Cacti toolsets, and observed up to 92% reduction in static power consumption in SPEC2006 benchmarks with no performance penalties and minimal hardware overhead.
Some nickel(II) complexes containing the ligands cyclohexyldiphenylphosphine, dicyclohexylphenylphosphine and tricyclohexylphosphine

The properties and structural characterization of some nickel(II) complexes of the general type Ni[PPhnCy3−n]X2 (where Cy=Cyclohexyl, Ph=phenyl and X=Cl−, Br−, I−, NCS−) are reported. The thiocyanate complexes are diamagnetic both in solution and in the solid state and have been assigned trans-planar configuration. Spectral and magnetic evidence that with the halo complexes, planar⇆htetrahedral equilibrium is established in solution. In general, the amount of the paramagnetic tetrahedral isomer follows the order PPh3>PPh2Cy>PPhCy2>PCy3 for a given halide, and I−>Br−>Cl− for a given phosphine. In addition, the tetrahedral form is favored in polar solvents. In the solid state, depending on the condition of crystallization, several of the halo complexes were isolated both as the paramagnetic tetrahedral isomer, and the diamagnetic square-planar isomer. These results are discussed in terms of the electronic and steric effects of the phosphine ligands.
Risk Management and Decision Rules for Light Water Reactors

The process of developing and adopting safety objectives in quantitative terms can provide a basis for focusing societal decision making on the suitability of such objectives and upon questions of compliance with those objectives. A preliminary proposal for a light water reactor (LWR) risk management framework is presented as part of that process.
Numerical modeling of crenulation cleavage development: A polymineralic approach

Abstract The finite element method was used to investigate how the elastic interactions of quartz and muscovite minerals affect grain-scale stress and strain distributions at different stages of crenulation cleavage development. The polymineralic structure comprises individual grains that were each assigned their own 3D stiffness tensor and orientation. Gradients in mean stress and volumetric strain within quartz grains develop between the limbs and hinges of microfolds at the earliest stages of crenulation development, with higher values in the microfold limbs. These gradients decrease with development of the crenulation cleavage, as the microfold limbs become phyllosilicate-rich (P) domains and the hinges become quartz- and feldspar-rich (QF) domains. Crystallographic orientations of the quartz grains have a relatively minor effect on the mean stress and volumetric strain distributions. Our findings are broadly consistent with both pressure solution and strain-driven dissolution models for crenulation cleavage development. However, because crenulation cleavage development typically involves metamorphic reactions, we favor a model in which dissolution is driven by those reactions, and mass transfer leading to development of the mineralogically segregated fabric is driven by pore fluid pressure gradients that follow gradients in volumetric strain. Local concentrations of stress and strain across mineral interfaces may identify sites of enhanced reaction.
Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes Mellitus Predict Resistance to Vitamin D Replacement Therapy

Abstract Background 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is a marker of nutritional status; however, chronic kidney disease (CKD) results in alterations in vitamin D metabolism, including the loss of vitamin D-binding proteins and alterations in CYP27B1 and CYP24 enzymes that metabolize 25(OH)D. This study was designed to determine the predictors of responsiveness to correction of vitamin D deficiency with oral vitamin D 2 (ergocalciferol) in adults. Methods A retrospective study of 183 veterans with 25(OH)D level 2 , was performed. Logistic regression models were developed to determine the factors predicting the response to treatment, defined as either the change in serum 25(OH)D level/1000 IU of vitamin D 2 or the number of vitamin D 2 doses (50,000 IU per dose) administered. Results The mean age of the patients was 63 ± 12 years. About 87% were men and 51% diabetic, and 29% had an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 2 . The average number of vitamin D 2 doses was 10.91 ± 5.95; the average increase in 25(OH)D level was 18 ± 10.80 ng/mL. 25(OH)D levels remained 2 treatment in logistic regression models. Patients with CKD required greater amounts of vitamin D 2 to achieve similar increases in 25(OH)D levels, versus non-CKD patients. Conclusions The presence of CKD and diabetes mellitus is associated with resistance to correction of 25(OH)D deficiency with vitamin D 2 therapy. The underlying mechanism needs to be evaluated in prospective studies.
Polymer microlenses for quantifying cell sheet mechanics

Mechanical interactions between individual cells and their substrate have been studied extensively over the past decade; however, understanding how these interactions change as cells interact with neighboring cells in the development of a cell sheet, or early stage tissue, is less developed. We use a recently developed experimental technique for quantifying the mechanics of confluent cell sheets. Living cells are cultured on a thin film of polystyrene [PS], which is attached to a patterned substrate of crosslinked poly(dimethyl siloxane) [PDMS] microwells. As cells attach to the substrate and begin to form a sheet, they apply sufficient contractile force to buckle the PS film over individual microwells to form a microlens array. The curvature for each microlens is measured by confocal microscopy and can be related to the strain and stress applied by the cell sheet using simple mechanical analysis for the buckling of thin films. We demonstrate that this technique can provide insight into the important materials properties and length scales that govern cell sheet responses, especially the role of stiffness of the substrate. We show that intercellular forces can lead to significantly different behaviors than the ones observed for individual cells, where focal adhesion is the relevant parameter.
Development of scotopic visual thresholds in retinopathy of prematurity

In normal development of the visual system, rod photoreceptor differentiation occurs first in the central retina and continues following a central-to-peripheral gradient.1 Developmental elongation of rod outer segments is delayed, however, in parafoveal relative to peripheral rods.2–5 The relatively immature parafoveal rod outer segments are shorter,3 resulting in reduced quantum catch and proportionate elevation of parafoveal relative to peripheral thresholds in normal young infants.6,7 At age 10 weeks, rod-mediated thresholds in the normal parafoveal retina are ~0.5 log unit higher than in the peripheral retina.6,7 By age 6 months, thresholds at both parafoveal and peripheral sites have fallen to adult values and have become equal, as they are in adults.7 In infants and children with a history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP),8 as well as in rat models of ROP,9,10 abnormalities in rod and rod-driven function have been demonstrated in ERG studies of full-field retinal responses. The full-field studies, however, cannot evaluate specific retinal sites. Psychophysical procedures based on preferential-looking paradigms allow quantitative study of retinal function in small, selected retinal sites during development7 and have been used to monitor the course of retinal diseases.11,12 In the present study, sites in the parafoveal and peripheral retina (Fig. 1A) were selected and tested by using psychophysical procedures.6,13 The parafoveal site is within zone I and the peripheral site is within zone II, as defined by the International Classification of ROP.14 In the preterm infant, active ROP in zone I is associated with high risk of poor outcome.15 We tested the hypothesis that rods in the late-maturing parafoveal retina are more vulnerable to the effects of ROP. Specifically, we followed the course of development of rod-mediated thresholds at both 10° (parafoveal) and 30° (peripheral) retinal sites in infants who were born prematurely, some of whom had a history of ROP and others who had never had ROP. Figure 1 (A) ROP zones and location of stimuli. The position of the parafoveal and peripheral stimuli (●) are superimposed on a diagram of the ROP zones, as defined by the International Classification of ROP.14 The ROP zones are centered on the optic disc ...
Assessing the Cost-Effectiveness of Family Connections.

Abstract Objective To assess the cost-effectiveness of two alternate forms of Family Connections (FC), a child neglect prevention program, in relation to changes in risk and protective factors and improvements in child safety and behavioral outcomes. Methods In the original FC study, a sample of 154 families (473 children) in a poor, urban neighborhood, who met risk criteria for child neglect, were randomly assigned to receive either a 3- or 9-month intervention. CPS reports and self-report and observational data on risk and protective factors, safety, and behavioral outcomes were collected prior to, at the end of, and 6-months post intervention. The current study compared the costs of delivering the 3- or 9-month intervention in relation to reported improvements in risk and protective factors, safety, and behavioral outcomes for each group. Results The 3-month intervention was more cost effective than the 9-month intervention in relation to positive changes in risk and protective factors and child safety. However, cost-effectiveness analysis indicated that the 9-month intervention was more cost effective (CE ratio = $276) than the 3-month intervention (CE ratio = $337) in relation to improved unit changes in the child's behavior between baseline and 6 months after service closure. Conclusions This study successfully explored the cost-effectiveness of the FC intervention in relation to its intended outcomes. More extensive cost analyses are currently being conducted in the replication of this program in multiple jurisdictions across the United States. Practice implications Practitioners in community-based programs must make difficult decisions about the optimal length of time to serve children and families. Prevention programs may be more competitive for funding when they have demonstrated cost-effectiveness. Study results indicated that a 3-month intervention was more cost effective than a 9-month intervention in enhancing protective factors and reducing the risk of child neglect; 9-month intervention was more cost effective than 3-month intervention in reducing problematic child behavior. Further research is needed before practitioners should consider these findings in relation to their own decisions about the timing of service closures.
Picture Naming in Language-Impaired Children

A picture-naming task was used to examine word-finding problems in language-impaired children. The subjects included 20 language-impaired children, 20 normal children matched to the language-impair...
Insights into pain mechanisms through functional MRI

Recently, functional MRI (fMRI) has emerged as a method capable of objectively measuring the response to pain in the brain of humans and animals. This top-down approach allows for understanding of pain mechanisms and their behavioral outcomes. Studying the functional differences between diseased and healthy brains, the ability to measure the evolution of disease over time, and the modulating effects of drugs or other analgesic approaches is now possible. In this review, the application of fMRI to these areas is presented with potential future applications in drug discovery and development.
Skin graft reconstruction of chronic genital lymphedema

Abstract Objectives We present a simple, reliable method of scrotal and penile reconstruction yielding satisfactory cosmetic and functional results for patients with disabling chronic genital lymphedema. Methods Nine patients were treated with wide excision of the affected genital skin and subsequent coverage of exposed areas with split-thickness skin grafts in a single-stage procedure. Results All patients have had excellent cosmetic results without recurrence of genital lymphedema or compromise of sexual function postoperatively. Conclusions Single-stage reconstruction for idiopathic genital lymphedema by radical skin excision and split-thickness skin grafting provides gratifying functional and cosmetic results.
A wild strain of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from farm-stored maize in South Carolina : Effect of temperature on mating, survival, and fecundity

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop age-specific survivorship and fecundity schedules for adult Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) relevant to maize storages, with special reference to the southeastern states (USA). Laboratory cultures were established with moths collected from farm-stored maize in South Carolina and maintained on cracked maize at 30 °C and 60% r.h. Age-specific schedules of survivorship and fecundity, the length of the oviposition period, mating success, and mating frequency were determined at 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C and about 75% r.h. The maximum oviposition period was longest (18 d) at 20 and 25 °C, and shortest (8 d) at 35 °C. The optimum temperatures for reproduction (mating frequency and fecundity) were 25–30 °C, but mean life-span was longest (13.2 d) at 20 °C and declined linearly with increasing temperature. Mean total (lifetime) fecundity ranged from 16.9 eggs at 35 °C to 227.7 eggs at 25 °C.
Semi-implicit and fully implicit shock-capturing methods for nonequilibrium flows

Some numerical aspects of finite-differ ence algorithms for nonlinear multidimensional hyperbolic conservation laws with stiff nonhomogeneous (source) terms are discussed. If the stiffness is entirely dominated by the source term, a semi-implicit shock-capturing method is proposed. However, if the stiffness is not solely dominated by the source terms, a fully implicit method would be a more efficient solution procedure. The primary motivation for constructing these schemes was to address large systems of thermally and chemically nonequilibrium flows in the hypersonic regime. Due to the unique structure of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for fluid flows of this type, the computation can be simplified, thus providing a more efficient solution procedure than one might have anticipated. An implicit algorithm with explicit coupling between fluid and species equations is also proposed.
Integration of motor and visual information in the parietal area 5 during locomotion.

The parietal cortex receives both visual- and motor-related information and is believed to be one of the sites of visuo-motor coordination. This study for the first time characterizes integration o...
Effect of planting-date and application method on ancymidol response of hybrid lilies

Abstract Ancymidol [α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol] was applied to commercially pre-cooled bulbs of Lilium cultivar ‘Gold Nugget’ at 0, 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg per bulb as a bulb dip prior to planting, as a soil drench at planting or at shoot emergence of 2–3 cm. Bulb dips resulted in more than twice the height reduction obtained using soil drenches and required only 0.25-0.5 mg ancymidol per plant for effective height control. Senescence of lower leaves occurred, but appeared commercially acceptable at lower rates. Final height was not affected by the timing of soil drenches. Flower number and days to flower were not affected by the application method or ancymidol rate. Bulbs of Lilium cultivars ‘Gold Nugget’ and ‘Enchantment’ were planted monthly during the spring months. Soil drenches of ancymidol were applied to each crop at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 or 1 mg per bulb. Regressions for final height of ‘Enchantment’ were similar for March and April plantings in response to ancymidol, with the response for May plantings slightly greater. The final height of ‘Gold Nugget’ was generally similar among plantings made in March through June. Flower number and days to flower of the cultivars were unaffected by ancymidol rates, but bulbs flowered more quickly for later plantings. Flower number of ‘Enchantment’ was not affected by planting date, but later plantings of ‘Gold Nugget’ produced fewer flowers.
How To Survive and Thrive in the Mother-Mentor Marathon

This article is for women who ask whether it is possible to combine motherhood with academia and still be successful and happy. It is also for those working with, bosses of, or married to such women, giving them a better feel for the challenges mothers in academia face, and the strategies that can be used to survive and thrive in both of these worlds.
Modeling and identification of induction micromachines in microelectromechanical systems applications

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which integrate motion microstructures, radiating energy microdevices, controlling and signal processing integrated circuits (ICs), are widely used. Rotational and translational electromagnetic based micromachines are used in MEMS as actuators and sensors. Brushless high performance micromachines are the preferable choice in different MEMS applications, and therefore, synchronous and induction micromachines are the best candidates. Affordability, good performance characteristics (efficiency, controllability, robustness, reliability, power and torque densities et cetera) and expanded operating envelopes result in a strong interest in the application of induction micromachines. In addition, induction micromachines can be easily fabricated using surface micromachining and high aspect ratio fabrication technologies. Thus, it is anticipated that induction micromachines, controlled using different control algorithms implemented using ICs, will be widely used in MEMS. Controllers can be implemented using specifically designed ICs to attain superior performance, maximize efficiency and controllability, minimize losses and electromagnetic interference, reduce noise and vibration, etc. In order to design controllers, the induction micromachine must be modeled, and its mathematical model parameters must be identified. Using microelectromechanics, nonlinear mathematical models are derived. This paper illustrates the application of nonlinear identification methods as applied to identify the unknown parameters of three phase induction micromachines. Two identification methods are studied. In particular, nonlinear error mapping technique and least squares identification are researched. Analytical and numerical results, as well as practical capabilities and effectiveness, are illustrated, identifying the unknown parameters of a three phase brushless induction micromotor. Experimental results fully support the identification methods.
Simple Isolated Perfused Artery Preparation: Vasoconstrictor Evaluation

Small mesenteric arteries free of all extraarterial tissues were obtained from anesthetized dogs and perfused in vitro with Krebs solution. Vasoconstrictor responses of these arteries to intraarterial levarterenol and epinephrine were dose related and equivalent to those of arteries surrounded by fat and other tissues. Responsiveness was stable for at least 60 min. This simple preparation is useful for the study of vasoconstrictor phenomena in uncomplicated arterial tissue.
Refractory Selection for High-Temperature Black Liquor Gasification

A methodology has been established for the selection of materials for refractory linings in black liquor gasifiers that are to be employed by the pulp and paper industry. As a first step, a thermodynamic software package was used to determine that black liquor smelt was composed of a liquid solution of primarily Na 2 CO 3 and Na 2 S under the operating conditions of the gasifier (950°C, 1 atm). Next, the software was used to predict the interaction of the black liquor smelt with various ceramics such as aluminosilicates, single component oxides, and binary oxides that are candidates for the application. Finally, experiments were performed to verify or disprove the predictions. Using sessile drop testing, contact angles were determined for molten Na 2 CO 3 on candidate refractory compounds. All of the candidate ceramics were wet by molten Na 2 CO 3 . Among the candidates, MgAl 2 O 4 was found to have the highest contact angle (∼13°). Post-mortem analysis was performed on sessile drop specimens using X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy to determine if molten Na 2 CO 3 had penetrated into or reacted with the ceramics. From the candidates, MgO and CeO 2 were found to have the best resistance to attack, while MgAl 2 O 4 was also found to be a promising candidate.
On Cournot-Nash equilibria in generalized qualitative games with a continuum of players

IN RECENT years the Nash-Debreu theorem [28,8] of 1951-52 has been the subject of two particularly far-reaching generalizations. The first is a neglected contribution of Ma [24] and is a result on the existence of Cournot-Nash equilibria in games with an arbitrary set of players each of whom has strategy sets in an arbitrary Hausdorff topological vector space. The second is a result of Toussaint [32] and it can be viewed as a generalization of Ma’s theorem to a setting where each player’s pay-off is generated by a nonordered relation. Both of these results are elegant and simple enough that they can be fully stated. The following result was proved in 1969.
Exponential Approximations of the Bessel Functions I 0,1 (x), J 0,1 (x), Y 0 (x), and H 0 1,2 (x), with Applications to Electromagnetic Scattering, Radiation, and Diffraction [EM Programmer's Notebook]

Several ordinary and modified Bessel functions are approximated using exponential series. These representations are useful in many scattering and diffraction problems where integrals involving Bessel functions must be computed. Examples are given for diffraction by a circular aperture, radiation from an aperture antenna, transient reflection from Debye and Lorentz media, and scattering by a conducting strip.
Identification of conserved and variant epitopes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 by human monoclonal antibodies produced by EBV-transformed cell lines.

Using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformation of B cells isolated from peripheral blood of two asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1-(HIV-1) infected subjects, we have produced four IgG1 human monoclonal antibodies (HMAbs) that bind to HIV-1 gp120, as determined by Western blot analysis. Two of these HMAbs, designated N70-1.5e and N70-2.3a, react with epitopes of gp120 expressed by all strains tested thus far, and therefore, appear to identify conserved epitopes. The other two HMAbs, K24-3b and N70-1.9b, identify variant epitopes; K24-3b binds to an epitope which is absent from two strains but heterogeneously expressed in eight other strains; N70-1.9b binds to an epitope that is found in relatively few strains. We also describe a novel immunoassay in which viral glycoproteins, produced by HIV-1-infected cells grown in serum-free medium, are affinity immobilized in Concanavalin A-coated wells of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates. This method greatly facilitates the preparation of ...
Treatment Beliefs of Combat Trauma Survivors with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Dressed in my Catholic school plaid skirt uniform with knee socks and penny loafers, Ben and I would kick around a soccer ball in the church parking lot that we referred to as the playground. Ben was a Vietnam combat veteran who worked at my school as a janitor. I was a girl who wasn't allowed to play kickball with the boys, and yet not enough of a girl to want to sit around and talk about makeup.
Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples

The psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) were evaluated in two studies using large clinical samples (N = 437 and N = 241). In Study 1, the three scales comprising the DASS were shown to have excellent internal consistency and temporal stability. An exploratory factor analysis (principal components extraction with varimax rotation) yielded a solution that was highly consistent with the factor structure previously found in nonclinical samples. Between-groups comparisons indicated that the DASS distinguished various anxiety and mood disorder groups in the predicted direction. In Study 2, the conceptual and empirical latent structure of the DASS was upheld by findings from confirmatory factor analysis. Correlations between the DASS and other questionnaire and clinical rating measures of anxiety, depression, and negative affect demonstrated the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales. In addition to supporting the psychometric properties of the DASS in clinical anxiety and mood disorders samples, the results are discussed in the context of current conceptualizations of the distinctive and overlapping features of anxiety and depression.
Self-Weighing Behaviors in Young Adults: Tipping the Scale Toward Unhealthy Eating Behaviors?

Abstract Purpose This study examined associations between frequency of self-weighing and healthy weight-control behaviors (WCBs), unhealthy WCBs, muscle-enhancing behaviors (e.g., steroid use, protein powders), and psychological well-being (i.e., self-esteem, depression, body satisfaction) in a community sample of young adults. Methods Data were drawn from Project EAT-III (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults), the third wave of a population-based study. Participants included young adults (n = 2,287, mean age=25.3 years) from the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area. Results Self-weighing a few times per week or more frequently was reported by 18% of young adult women and 12% of young adult men. Linear regression models, adjusted for body mass index and demographic characteristics, indicated that in both women and men, more frequent self-weighing was associated with a higher prevalence of dieting, both healthy and unhealthy WCBs, and muscle-enhancing behaviors. Additionally, young women who reported more frequent self-weighing were more likely to report binge eating. More frequent self-weighing was also associated with more depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem in women and lower body satisfaction in young men. Conclusions More frequent self-weighing is associated with healthy and unhealthy weight-control practices, muscle-enhancing behaviors, and poorer psychological well-being in young adults. Young adults engaging in self-weighing behaviors should be screened for these health indicators and counseled as appropriate. Before recommending self-weighing as a weight-monitoring tool, health care providers should ensure that young adults are not at risk for an unhealthy preoccupation with body weight or shape.
ROBUST ESTIMATION UNDER TYPE II CENSORING

Summary The properties of robust M-estimators with type II censored failure time data are considered. The optimal members within two classes of ψ-functions are characterized. The first optimality result is the censored data analogue of the optimality result described in Hampel et al. (1986); the estimators corresponding to the optimal members within this class are referred to as the optimal robust estimators. The second result pertains to a restricted class of ψ-functions which is the analogue of the class of ψ-functions considered in James (1986) for randomly censored data; the estimators corresponding to the optimal members within this restricted class are referred to as the optimal James-type estimators. We examine the usefulness of the two classes of ψ-functions and find that the breakdown point and efficiency of the optimal James-type estimators compare favourably with those of the corresponding optimal robust estimators. From the computational point of view, the optimal James-type ψ-functions are readily obtainable from the optimal ψ-functions in the uncensored case. The ψ-functions for the optimal robust estimators require a separate algorithm which is provided. A data set illustrates the optimal robust estimators for the parameters of the extreme value distribution.
Visualization of splenic marginal zone B-cell shuttling and follicular B-cell egress

The splenic marginal zone is a unique microenvironment where resident immune cells are exposed to the open blood circulation. Even though it has an important role in responses against blood-borne antigens, lymphocyte migration in the marginal zone has not been intravitally visualized due to challenges associated with achieving adequate imaging depth in this abdominal organ. Here we develop a two-photon microscopy procedure to study marginal zone and follicular B-cell movement in the live mouse spleen. We show that marginal zone B cells are highly motile and exhibit long membrane extensions. Marginal zone B cells shuttle between the marginal zone and follicles with at least one-fifth of the cells exchanging between compartments per hour, a behaviour that explains their ability to deliver antigens rapidly from the open blood circulation to the secluded follicles. Follicular B cells also transit from follicles to the marginal zone, but unlike marginal zone B cells, they fail to undergo integrin-mediated adhesion, become caught in fluid flow and are carried into the red pulp. Follicular B-cell egress via the marginal zone is sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1)-dependent. This study shows that marginal zone B cells migrate continually between marginal zone and follicles and establishes the marginal zone as a site of S1PR1-dependent B-cell exit from follicles. The results also show how adhesive differences of similar cells critically influence their behaviour in the same microenvironment.
A Multiagent Swarming System for Distributed Automatic Target Recognition Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Over the past few years, automatic target recognition (ATR) has emerged as an essential image analysis tool to identify objects from temporally and spatially disjoint possibly noisy image data. For many current applications, ATR is performed by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that fly within a reconnaissance area to collect image data through sensors and upload the data to a central ground control station for analyzing and identifying potential targets. The centralized approach to ATR introduces several problems, including scalability with the number of UAVs, network delays in communicating with the central location, and the susceptibility of the system to malicious attacks on the central location. These challenges can be addressed by using a distributed system for performing ATR. In this paper, we describe a multiagent-based prototype system that uses swarming techniques inspired from insect colonies to perform ATR using UAVs in a distributed manner within simulated scenarios. We assume that UAVs are constrained in the resources available onboard and in their capabilities for performing ATR due to payload limitations. Our focus in this paper is on the coordination aspects between UAVs to efficiently decide how they are to act by using a swarming mechanism. We describe algorithms for the different operations performed by the UAVs in the system and for different swarming strategies, which are embedded within software agents located on the UAVs. We provide empirical simulations of our system within a simulated area of interest to determine its behavior in different scenarios with varying operational constraints. Our experimental results indicate that swarming strategies for distributed ATR perform favorably compared with centralized ATR strategies.
Product Development of Domestic Ducks

Abstract Four duck products were developed to determine possible interest of the hotel, restaurant and institutional trade (HRI). These were a trimmed whole duck, both trimmed and untrimmed half duck with backbone removed, and a semiboneless half duck with backbone, rib cage and breast bone removed. When these four products were prepared, by-products of neck skin, tail (skin, meat, and bone), second and third wing portions, leaf fat, neck, and giblets were produced. Two products, duck skin cracklings and a pate, were developed to utilize much of the by-products. Each of the products developed was of interest to one or more segments of the HRI trade or to specialty food manufacturers. Details for preparation of each product are given.
Aging and the complexity of center of pressure in static and dynamic postural tasks

The experiment was set-up to investigate the hypothesis that there is an age-related bi-directional change in complexity of the center of pressure (COP) depending on postural task demands. Healthy young (19-28 year) and old (65-74 year) adults were instructed to match, in two 25s trials for each condition, the COP with constant and sine-wave targets at 2 levels (5 and 40%) of the maximal COP distance (MCD). The root mean square error of COP increased with aging in both MCD levels and tasks. Multi-scale entropy (MSE) and detrended fluctuation analysis showed that the complexity of COP in the old adults was lower compared to the young in the constant target, whereas it was higher in the sine-wave target. The task dependent age-related bi-directional change of COP complexity is counter to the hypothesis of a universal loss of complexity with aging but shows that there is loss of adaptive change in complexity driven by the COP dynamics.
A survey of the current neonatal nurse practitioner workforce.

To assess the adequacy and characteristics of the US neonatal nurse practitioner (NNP) workforce. Internet-based survey of 271 NNP conference participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 14; Chicago, IL, USA); descriptive statistics, including χ2-tests of independence, were performed (α=0.05). Respondents were primarily masters-prepared females, working in level III newborn intensive care units. Unfilled NNP positions were common; time estimated to fill positions averaged 6–18 months. One-third of the respondents' practice settings had substituted other providers. The mean NNP salary was $86 700. Motivators for becoming an NNP included autonomy and increased knowledge; challenges identified were overload of responsibilities and the NNP shortage. This study provides the first data about NNP education and workforce characteristics in the United States. The use of an internet-based data collection process facilitated the rapid response of a large sample of NNPs and demonstrated the effectiveness of this method of data collection. The results of this survey suggest a mismatch between the need for NNPs the available NNP workforce supply.