cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Buffer Conditions and Organic Cosolvents on the Rate of Strain-Promoted Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition

We investigate the effect of buffer identity, ionic strength, pH, and organic cosolvents on the rate of strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition with the widely used DIBAC cyclooctyne. The rate of reaction between DIBAC and a hydrophilic azide is highly tolerant to changes in buffer conditions but is impacted by organic cosolvents. Thus, bioconjugation reactions using DIBAC can be carried out in the buffer that is most compatible with the biomolecules being labeled, but the use of organic cosolvents should be carefully considered.
Synthesis of 4-Nitro-o-Xylene by Selective Nitration of o-Xylene

Nitration of o-xylene in the presence of fuming nitric acid and a combination of 115 % polyphosphoric acid, nitrobenzene, and H-Y zeolite catalyst provides a selectivity of 4-nitro-o-xylene of 71 at 85 mol% conversion of o-xylene. The present process has the potential to be an environmentally-friendly, sustainable, safe, and selective aromatic nitration process compared to the incumbent process.
Invasive Breast Cancer Preferably and Predominantly Occurs at the Interface Between Fibroglandular and Adipose Tissue

Abstract Background Increasing evidence suggests adipocyte involvement in malignant breast tumor invasive front or margin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the location of invasive breast tumors in relation to fibroglandular and adipose tissue by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). Patients and Methods Pretreatment breast DCE-MRI images of 294 patients with biopsy-proven invasive breast cancer from 2008 to 2014 were studied. Invasive breast tumors were visualized as enhanced lesions in the postcontrast subtraction images. Positive identification of biopsy-confirmed invasive breast tumors on DCE-MRI images was achieved by correlation of findings from breast MRI and pathology reports. Tumor location in relation to fibroglandular and adipose tissue was investigated using precontrast T1-weighted MRI images. Results Of 294 patients, 291 had DCE-MRI discernable invasive breast tumors located at the interface between fibroglandular and adipose tissues, regardless of the tumor size, type, receptor status, or breast composition. Conclusion Invasive breast cancer preferably and predominantly occurs adjacent to breast adipose tissue.
Accelerated Echo Planer J-resolved Spectroscopic Imaging of Putamen and Thalamus in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) leads to neurocognitive and autonomic deficits that are partially mediated by thalamic and putamen pathology. We examined the underlying neurochemistry of those structures using compressed sensing-based 4D echo-planar J-resolved spectroscopic imaging (JRESI), and quantified values with prior knowledge fitting. Bilaterally increased thalamic mI/Cr, putamen Glx/Cr, and Glu/Cr, and bilaterally decreased thalamic and putamen tCho/Cr and GABA/Cr occurred in OSAS vs healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Increased right thalamic Glx/Cr, Glu/Cr, Gln/Cr, Asc/Cr, and decreased GPC/Cr and decreased left thalamic tNAA/Cr, NAA/Cr were detected. The right putamen showed increased mI/Cr and decreased tCho/Cr, and the left, decreased PE/Cr ratio. ROC curve analyses demonstrated 60–100% sensitivity and specificity for the metabolite ratios in differentiating OSAS vs. controls. Positive correlations were found between: left thalamus mI/Cr and baseline oxygen saturation (SaO2); right putamen tCho/Cr and apnea hypopnea index; right putamen GABA/Cr and baseline SaO2; left putamen PE/Cr and baseline SaO2; and left putamen NAA/Cr and SaO2 nadir (all p < 0.05). Negative correlations were found between left putamen PE/Cr and SaO2 nadir. These findings suggest underlying inflammation or glial activation, with greater alterations accompanying lower oxygen saturation. These metabolite levels may provide biomarkers for future neurochemical interventions by pharmacologic or other means.
Organizational Characteristics and Employee Overall Satisfaction: A Comparison of State-Owned and Non State- Owned Enterprises in Vietnam

Differences in employee overall job satisfaction between public and private sector organizations have long been a topic of organizational academic debate. This study looks at the differences and the relationships between organizational characteristics and employee overall satisfaction between the State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and the Non-State-Owned Enterprises (Non-SOEs) in Vietnam. The purpose of this study is threefold: 1) to examine the differences in organizational characteristics in 7 components including purposes, structure, leadership, relationships, rewards, helpful mechanisms, and attitude toward change; 2) to examine the differences in employee overall satisfaction; and 3) to explore the relationship between organizational characteristics and employee overall satisfaction between the two sectors. The sample includes 20 SOEs and 20 Non-SOEs with a total of 860 employees. The findings empirically reinforce existing organization behavior literature: employee satisfaction is to some extent shaped by the settings of their organizations. Limitations and future research opportunities are also identified.
Dopamine Transporter Density in ADHD

Dopamine transporter (DAT) density was measured by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in six adult, unmedicated patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and compared to 30 healthy controls, in a study at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
Regulation of capillary formation by laminin and other components of the extracellular matrix.

The process of angiogenesis (vessel formation) and the resulting stabilization of the mature vessel are complex events that are highly regulated and require signals from both serum and the extracellular matrix. Endothelial cells rest on a specialized thin extracellular matrix known as the basement membrane. Endothelial cells lining normal blood vessels are usually quiescent. When a proper stimulus is present, angiogenesis begins when endothelial cells degrade their basement membrane and invade the surrounding extravascular matrix. Formation of new vessels involves the migration and proliferation of cells. To assist the cells in their migration, the extravascular matrix provides an environment rich in stromal collagen fibers, fibrin, hyaluoronic acid, vitronectin and fibronectin. Once the endothelial cells assemble to form a new vessel, the cells secrete a basement membrane that helps to stabilize and maintain the vessel wall. The basement membrane adheres tightly to cells comprising the vessel wall, provides inductive signals, and plays a important role in the homeostasis of new vessels. We have demonstrated that two major components of the basement membrane, laminin and collagen IV, possess endothelial cell binding sites which regulate vessel stability. In this chapter, we will define the role of these molecules in endothelial cell behavior.
ErbB4 deletion accelerates renal fibrosis following renal injury

Tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) is a prominent factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease regardless of etiology. Avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4 (ErbB4) expressio...
Colicin channels and cellular immunity.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on colicin channels and cellular immunity. Escherichia coli containing Col plasmids synthesize protein antibiotics called colicins, which kill bacteria of the same or related groups. Each plasmid also encodes for an immunity protein, which protects cells against colicin killing. The lethal action of the E1 class of colicins is thought to be due to their ability to form channels in the cytoplasmic membrane of the target cells. One of the most intriguing aspects of colicin channels is their voltage dependency. Colicin channels have been shown to be in the open state when a trans-negative potential is imposed across the planar membrane. The chapter presents a demonstration of voltage dependency for colicins K, A, E1, and monazomycin channels in liposomal membranes. With the sensitive 8-anilino-l-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) fluorescence assay, a voltage dependency for these molecules in liposomes is clearly detectable. However, this voltage dependency is not as pronounced as can be observed in planar membranes. This difference is mainly due to two factors: (1) the small internal volume and electrical capacitance of the vesicles and (2) the relative rates of the steps in the overall process.
Doing Good, Doing Well

Positioned at the intersection of big-money practice and social change litigation, mass torts provide a useful study in multiple motivations. While financial incentives for plaintiffs' lawyers explain much of what happens in mass torts, policy objectives come into play as well, yielding a more complete picture of what drives the litigation. Despite the difficulty disentangling reasons from rhetoric and rationalization, it is worth exploring the significance of mixed motives for lawyers who are committed to social change objectives in litigation. The combination of monetary and policy goals arguably creates a lawyer-client conflict of interest. The argument is that the lawyers should not pursue their own policy agenda at the expense of maximizing clients' interests. In the mass collective representation that typifies modern mass tort litigation, however, the danger of lawyer-client conflicts is even greater if the lawyer is fully devoted either to particular policy objectives or to the pursuit of wealth than if the lawyer is motivated by multiple considerations. Mixed motives more accurately reflect the combination of interests represented by a large group of similarly situated individual clients. Thus, mixed motives tend to mitigate rather than exacerbate the conflicts of interest that inhere in mass collective representation. The mix of financial incentives and policy objectives invites a rethinking of the prevailing conception of public interest lawyering. It is misleading to divide lawyers into those who pursue the good and those who pursue wealth. The line is not so neat, and it is important not to oversimplify the motivations of lawyers who seek simultaneously to make money and to accomplish socially valuable objectives. The terminology of law practice reinforces a binary view of money-making and public interest work. Lawyers and law students equate "public interest work" with low-paying law jobs, and use the phrase "for the public good" (pro bono publico) to refer to law services without fee. The prevailing definitions of these terms are based on market-undervaluation, which makes sense for purposes of determining subsidies such as loan forgiveness programs and the ethical duty to engage in pro bono representation. But defining public interest work in terms of undercompensation may have an unintended consequence in its effect on the attitudes of lawyers whose work does not fall within the narrow definition. If public interest lawyering is what lawyers do for little or no pay, does that imply that most lawyers should pursue wealth and raw client interest without regard to whether their work serves the public good? Whether a redefinition of public interest lawyering would contribute to lawyers' overall commitment to the public good, however, depends on several factors, including the strength of the self-serving bias that renders lawyers likely to overvalue the social good achieved by their own practice.
Interferon β1a Treatment Modulates TH1 Expression in γδ + T Cells from Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients

A paradigm exists that multiple sclerosis is causally related to dysregulation of TH1 inflammatory cytokines and TH2 antiinflammatory cytokines. The cytokine source(s) that initiate the imbalances are unknown. In this study, gammadelta, CD4, and CD8 T cell receptor-positive (TCR+) cells were isolated from the blood of 26 definitive relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients prior to interferon beta-1a (IFNbeta1a) therapy and following 8-10 weeks of this therapy. The bioactivities of interferon gamma (IFNgamma), interleukin 10 (IL10), and interleukin 12 (IL12) were determined. The concentrations of IFN-gamma, IL10, and IL12 from each cell type did not change significantly with IFNbeta1a treatment. The IL10 secreted by gammadelta TCR+ cells strongly correlated with the IL12 secreted by the same gammadelta TCR+ cells, supporting the paradigm. Furthermore, IFNbeta1a therapy decreased the gammadelta TCR+ cell secretion of TH1 cytokines after 8-10 weeks of therapy.
Flavors and colors for microwave foods

Abstract: This chapter reviews the flavors and colors appropriate for microwave foods. It discusses the types of flavor additive available and the process of flavor formation during heating. It isolates the particular effects of microwave heating on the browning reaction in flavor formation and its implications for the choice and application of flavors for microwave foods.
Psychotic symptoms in youth with Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) may reflect syndrome severity and heterogeneity.

Abstract Objective In the clinical syndrome Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or food refusal symptoms have an abrupt-onset (over 48 h) coupled with at least two other specified neuropsychiatric symptoms. We aimed to characterize in detail for the first time, psychotic symptoms experienced by children with PANS as well as the impact of psychotic symptoms on disease severity and course of illness. We inform about the diagnosis of the clinical description: PANS and hope to improve evaluation, treatment, diagnostic validity and future investigation. Methods Retrospective review of 143 consecutive PANS clinic patient charts meeting inclusion criteria. The Caregiver Burden Inventory, Global Impairment Score, and Children's Global Assessment Scale were used to assess impairment. Results Visual and auditory hallucinations were each experienced by 36%, of which most (83%) were transient and complex (non-threatening voices or figures). 6.3% and 5.5% of patients experienced delusions and thought disorganization respectively. Those with psychotic symptoms showed statistically significant differences in disease impairment and caregiver burden. There were no differences in time to treatment access or length of illness. Conclusions Over 1/3 of children with PANS experienced transient hallucinations. They were more impaired than those without psychotic symptoms, but showed no differences in disease progression. This difference may point toward heterogeneity in PANS. When evaluating children with acute psychotic symptoms, clinicians should screen for abrupt-onset of a symptom cluster including OCD and/or food refusal, with neuropsychiatric symptoms (enuresis, handwriting changes, tics, hyperactivity, sleep disorder) before initiating treatment.
Child Pain, Migraine, and Invisible Disability

In the twenty-first century there is increasing global recognition of pain relief as a basic human right. However, as Susan Honeyman argues in this new take on child pain and invisible disability, such a belief has historically been driven by adult, ideological needs, whereas the needs of children in pain have traditionally been marginalised or overlooked in comparison. Examining migraines in children and the socially disabling effects that chronic pain can have, this book uses medical, political and cultural discourse to convey a sense of invisible disability in children with migraine and its subsequent oppression within educational and medical policy. The book is supported by authentic migraineurs’ experiences and first-hand interviews as well as testimonials from a range of historical, literary, and medical sources never combined in a child-centred context before. Representations of child pain and lifespan migraine within literature, art and popular culture are also pulled together in order to provide an interdisciplinary guide to those wanting to understand migraine in children and the identity politics of disability more fully. Child Pain, Migraine, and Invisible Disability will appeal to scholars in childhood studies, children’s rights, literary and visual culture, disability studies and medical humanities. It will also be of interest to anyone who has suffered from migraines or has cared for children affected by chronic pain.
From attachment to addiction: The mediating role of need satisfaction on social networking sites

Abstract We develop a mediation model to explain the relationship between attachment and Social Networking Site (SNS) addiction. Drawing upon the Needs-Affordances-Features model, we investigate the mediating role of satisfaction of the innate psychological needs that are salient in the SNS context (i.e., need for relatedness, need for self-presentation, and need for autonomy). Based on an empirical study of 314 daily Facebook users, results reveal distinct effects of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance on SNS addiction through the satisfaction of different psychological needs. Satisfaction of the need for relatedness and the need for self-presentation mediates the positive relationship between attachment anxiety and SNS addiction. Satisfaction of these needs also mediates the negative relationship between attachment avoidance and SNS addiction. Satisfaction of the need for autonomy mediates the positive relationship between attachment avoidance and SNS addiction. We conclude the study with the implications for research and practice.
Chromosomal Microarray in the New High-Throughput Technological and Bioinformatic Era

Conventional karyotyping is the gold standard for identifying chromosomal abnormalities in human diseases. The advances in DNA technology and molecular genetics resulted in the introduction of fluorescence in situ hybridization and other technologies in cytogenetics. Chromosomal microarrays have taken the field of cytogenetics to the next level by identifying microdeletions, microduplications, copy number variants and loss of heterozygosity. This chapter explores its applications and its profound impact on the diagnosis and prognosis of individuals with unexplained developmental delay/intellectual delay, autism spectral disorders and multiple congenital abnormalities. This chapter also highlights its applications in prenatal diagnosis and cancer.
Cosmetic Interventions in Anophthalmia

Rehabilitation of the patient with an anophthalmic socket includes interventions to reduce cosmetic deformities associated with loss of the globe. Following enucleation or evisceration, many patients develop post-enucleation or evisceration socket syndrome (PESS) characterized by enophthalmos, a deep superior sulcus, blepharoptosis, and laxity of the lower eyelid. Laxity of the lower eyelid and subsequent inferior displacement of the ocular prosthesis together give rise to the “dropped socket” appearance of the anophthalmic orbit. A variety of non-surgical and surgical options are available to decrease disfigurement and restore a natural appearance in patients with anophthalmia.
Total Synthesis of (±)-2-Debromohymenin via Gold-Catalyzed Intramolecular Alkyne Hydroarylation.

An intramolecular, gold-catalyzed alkyne hydroarylation results in the formation of the core pyrroloazepinone framework of the hymenin group of oroidin alkaloids. Elaboration of the cyclic adduct v...
Spectrum anarchy: why self-governance of the radio spectrum works better than we think

The exploitation of radio-electric spectrum bands for wireless transmission purposes has some features of the commons: it is subject to congestion and conflict without rules governing its use. The Coasean approach is to assign private property rights to overcome the tragedy of the spectrum commons. The process of assigning these rights is still centralized, with governments assigning property rights through agencies such as the Federal Communications Commission and National Telecommunications and Information Administration in the USA. We consider the possibility of self-governance of the spectrum. We use insights from the study of common pool resources governance to analyze the emergence of property rights to spectrum in a ‘government-less’ environment in which norms, rules, and enforcement mechanisms are solely the product of the repeated interactions among participants in the network. Our case study considers the spectrum-sharing arrangement in the 1,695–1,710 MHz band. Using agent-based modeling (ABM), we show that self-governance of the spectrum can work and under what conditions it is likely to improve the efficiency of the allocation of property rights.
Incorporating professional recommendations into a graduate-level statistical consulting laboratory: A case study

Introduction: There has been a recent trend in medical research towards a more collaborative relationship between statisticians and clinical investigators. This has led to an increased focus on the most efficient and effective ways to structure, conduct, and measure the impact of organizations that provide statistical services to clinical investigators. Several recent guidelines and recommendations on the conduct of statistical consulting services(SCSs) have been made in response to this need, focusing on larger SCSs consisting primarily of faculty and staff statisticians. However, the application of these recommendations to consulting services primarily staffed by graduate students, which have the dual role of providing a professional service and training, remains unclear. Methods: Guidelines and recommendations, primarily from the Clinical and Translational Science (CTSA) consortium, were applied to a SCS staffed primarily by graduate students in an academic health center. A description of the organizational structure and outcomes after 3 years of operation is presented. Results: The guidelines recommended by the CTSA consortium and other groups were successfully incorporated into the graduate consulting laboratory. At almost one new project request per week, the consulting laboratory demonstrated a large bandwidth and had an excellent feedback from investigators. Conclusions: Guidelines developed for larger statistical consulting organizations are able to be applied in student-led consultation organizations. Outcomes and recommendations from 3.5 years of operation are used to describe the successes and challenges we have encountered.
Applied Nonparametric Statistical Methods

(1994). Applied Nonparametric Statistical Methods. Technometrics: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 216-217.
Partial Deregulation and Competition: Effects on Risky Mortgage Origination

We exploit the preemption of national banks from state laws against predatory lending by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) as a quasi-experiment to study the effect of deregulatio...
Using Latent Class Analysis to Understand Social Worker Roles in Integrated Health Care

Purpose: Social work (SW) is a profession that fulfills important roles on integrated health teams, yet there remains a lack of clarity on SW’s functions. The current study sought to identify typol...
Joan Robinson Never Understood Any Part of Keynes’s Liquidity Preference Theory of the Rate of Interest in the General Theory

Keynes‘s first paragraph in his letter of the 9th of November,1936, is the following two lines: “I beg you not to publish. For your argument as it stands is most certainly nonsense.” Anyone who reads this correspondence will soon realize that it was simply impossible for Joan Robinson to have aided or contributed in any way to the development of the General Theory between 1930 and February, 1936, given the nature of these exchanges. Keynes is very specific as regards his Liquidity preference theory of the rate of interest: “You do not seem to realize that if you are right the whole theory of liquidity preference has to be thrown overboard…Such a conclusion cannot be brought in as a tacit inference from an unargued obiter dictum,”(Keynes,1936,CWJMK,Vol.14, p.146). Over the course of the two month correspondence from September 8th, 1936 till November 13th 1936, Keynes spent a great deal of time and effort trying to correct her many errors about his Liquidity Preference Theory of the Rate of Interest. J. Robinson compounded her original errors by making more additional errors due to her attempt to argue that Keynes was mistaken. Keynes finally realized that J. Robinson simply did not know what she was talking about. R. Skidelsky accused Roy Harrod of covering up certain aspects of Keynes’s life in his 1951 biography of Keynes in order to ”protect” Keynes’s reputation. This is correct, although Skidelsky overlooked Harrod’s additional failure to cover Keynes’s original multiplier-accelerator model of August, 1938 and Keynes’s careful tutoring of Harrod in correspondence, between July and September, 1935, of Keynes’s IS-LM model, which is presented by Keynes formally in the General Theory in chapter 21 in Part IV on pages 298-299. Unfortunately, Skidelsky has done exactly what he condemned R. Harrod of doing in 1951. Skidelsky never covered these exchanges between J M Keynes and Joan Robinson in the period between September and November, 1936 in any published work of his in the 20th or 21st centuries. It is then straightforward to show that other claims related to the General Theory made by Robinson can’t possibly follow ,given her complete and total ignorance of Keynes’s Liquidity preference theory of the rate of interest.
Politics, Psychology, And The Law: Why Modern Psychology Dictates An Overhaul Of Federal Rule Of Evidence 609

The ultimate purpose of the Federal Rules of Evidence is to implement a particular set of rules to further the truth-finding function that is at the foundation of any trial. No provision of the Federal Rules of Evidence has been subject to more controversy than Rule 609, which deals with the admissibility of criminal convictions used to impeach witnesses. Likewise, no provision of the Federal Rules of Evidence has been the subject of more debate within Congress. The text of Rule 609 reflects Congress’s belief that the truth-finding function of a trial is furthered when, subject to the requirements of Rule 609, witnesses’ criminal convictions are admitted before the fact finder. After significant debate and many proposals, revisions, and amendments, the relevant text of Rule 609 reads as follows:
A Connectionist Approach to Spatial Cognition

Geographers became interested in environmental cognition and the relevance of behavioral concepts in geography approximately 30 years ago. As ideas related to spatial cognition became known to a greater number of geographers (Downs and Stea 1973; Ittelson 1973), their proper place within geography became the subject of some debate (Tuan 1975; Graham 1976; Bunting and Guelke 1979; Downs 1979, 1981; Rushton 1979; Saarinen 1979). Lloyd’s (1982) review of early progress made by behavioral geographers pointed out two general weaknesses. First, much of the early research was not based on explicit cognitive theories on how spatial knowledge is encoded, structured in human memory, or used to make decision. This was not because geographers refused to acknowledge and investigate spatial cognition theory. Research topics such as imagery had only just become a popular and important topic for psychologists (Cohen 1977; Solso 1979) because the behaviorist paradigm had not considered introspection to be an essential part of psychology. Subjects such as consciousness, mental states, and images were not considered to be worthy research topics (Woodworth 1948). Geographers who were trying to investigate cognitive issues at this time were not completely aware of the theoretical progress that had only recently been made in cognitive psychology. This chapter considers a theoretical approach that could provide a fresh perspective for many geographic problems. Connectionist theories and the neural network models that provide the practical context for such theories could provide useful insights for a variety of geographic problems.
Mechanisms of chemotransmission in the mammalian carotid body.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mechanisms of chemotransmission in the mammalian carotid body. The carotid bodies are small-paired organs located near the bifurcations of the common carotid arteries; they lie in variable anatomical relationship with these vessels in different animal species. The organ is usually spherical, ovoid, or discoid and is innervated both by the carotid sinus nerve (CSN), a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (9th cranial nerve), and by the ganglioglomerular (sympathetic) nerve of the nearby superior cervical ganglion. The morphological differences between these two cell types have provided the hypothetical basis for ascribing a more direct role in chemoreception for the type I cells and a supporting, or glial-like, function for the type I1 cells. The findings are illustrated to show the cellular contents of neurotransmitters, the locations of specific receptors, the actions of chemoreceptor stimuli on putative neurotransmitter metabolism, as well as the trophic effects following chronic CSN denervation and sympathectomy.
Comparisons of cloud chamber and cloud model simulations of ice nucleation by silver iodide

A need exists to improve the knowledge about and practical description of ice nucleation by aerosols used for cloud modification. Nucleation activity, rate, and mode can depend on temperature, time, vapor concentration, nucleus chemical composition and size, and nucleus thermodynamic history. These complexities are seldom accounted for in cloud models which predict seeding effects. The present research was initiated (a) to improve our understanding of ice nucleation by Agl-type aerosols by performing laboratory experiments in a cloud chamber, (b) to test the current capabilities of a detailed microphysical cloud model to predict ice nucleation in comparison to laboratory experiments for well defined conditions, and (c) to refine the existing mechanistic descriptions of nucleation processes. Toward these ends, ice nucleation experiments in supercooled water clouds are being performed in the CSU dynamic (controlled expansion) cloud chamber and in a detailed microphysical cloud model [1,2]. This paper presents some typical results of this research.
Modelling the Properties of Composites by Laminates

Laminate materials of the type introduced by Schulgasser [1] and Bruggeman [66,67] are studied and the extent to which they can simulate the transport properties of other composites is explored. Laminates with chirality, with especially high or low field concentrations, or which attain various bounds are constructed. The Hashin-Shtrikman bounds on the shear modulus are demonstrated to be optimal, being attained by a hierarchical laminate material. While the conductivity function of two-component composites can be simulated by laminates, an example suggests this does not extend to five-component composites. Attention is drawn to the connection between conductivity functions, Stieltjes functions, and bounds.
L. J. Butler, Copper Empire: Mining and the Colonial State in Northern Rhodesia, c. 1930–64

L. J. Butler has produced a number of important studies in the fields of decolonization, colonial development and British overseas policy including Industrialisation and the British Colonial State:...
Capacitively-loaded THz dipole antenna designs with high directivity and high aperture efficiency

Several linearly polarized photoconductive terahertz antenna designs and their performance characteristics are reported. A single capacitively-loaded dipole antenna is introduced first; it has a 12.8 dB directivity, a 11.6 dB realized gain, and a 82% radiation efficiency. By connecting two single capacitively-loaded dipole antennas to form a linear array, higher directivity (14.8 dB), lower sidelobe level (-18 dB) and larger front-to-back-ratio (14 dB) values are achieved. Moreover, by incorporating a meta-film structure as a superstrate of the antenna array, some additional interesting behaviors are achieved.
A parar el match: política, deporte y arte

Este ensayo explora las relaciones entre representacion y politica que se gestaron en torno a la Copa Davis realizada en Bastad, Suecia, en 1975, que sirvio de marco para un cruce de ideologias e imagenes visuales en pugna. Durante la competencia deportiva, el artista noruego Kjartan Slettemark realizo un afiche que animaba a detener un partido de tenis, en protesta contra el regimen militar chileno, siendo parte de una polemica visual y escrita que culmino con la derrota del equipo de dobles chileno ante Suecia. Este ensayo indaga como un evento deportivo paso de ser una competencia, a un escenario cultural y politico en el que conceptos como nacion e ideologia entraron en disputa tanto en las canchas como fuera de ellas. Analizando los distintos discursos e imagenes reproducidos en la prensa internacional, se trazaran las tensiones que estaban subyacentes en el ambiente sociopolitico de la epoca y que fueron impulsadas por este evento deportivo.
A Tale of Two Wine Regions: Similarities, Differences and Trends in the French and Californian Wine Industries

This article compares the state of the French and Californian wine industries from a business perspective, through a broad survey of recent academic and popular press articles. Although these two wine regions may seem disparate, commonalities (including potential business opportunities and threats) make the comparison relevant. Facets of supply and demand are analyzed, and respective production and distribution regulations are summarized. Several predictions for the future are presented, with suggestions on how to best leverage these trends. Demands will rise as the economic downturn abates and overall non‐cyclic market expansion continues. Segmentation will play an even more important role in how suppliers target their offerings, as will changes within distribution and wine retailing. Regional shares of the domestic and export markets will shift as globalization of the sector, including international mergers and partnerships, continues. In conclusion, suppliers from both regions can take advantage of current conditions and future trends to produce and market wines in a business‐savvy manner.
Time delay effects on speech intelligibility

This paper is a preliminary report on an experiment to repeat the 1949 Haas dissertation. A portable laboratory using modern state-of-the-art equipment has been developed. Preliminary results using both speech and music as sources are given.
Currency depreciations and the U.S.–Italian trade balance: Industry-level estimates

Abstract As one of the indebted Southern European countries that have put pressure on the Euro in recent months, Italy would benefit from a reduction in its external trade deficit. One channel could be through a weakening of its currency—which would only work if the Euro depreciated against the currency of an outside importer, such as the U.S. dollar. This study examines the response of the trade balances of 106 individual industries to such depreciations, using annual data and applying cointegration analysis. We find that only 19 industries register a long-run improvement, with these concentrated in miscellaneous manufactures (SITC sector 8). Two major products in the automotive industry—petroleum and road motor vehicles, show evidence of a “ J -curve” effect.
Internal service quality : Marketing strategies can help to reduce employee turnover for food servers

Employers of food service workers face a serious dilemma in retaining employees. This research on restaurant food service workers draws on previous research completed in three disciplines (marketing, organizational behavior, and social psychology) and supports the view that concerted efforts at internal service quality result in internal customer satisfaction, thereby causing people to stay longer in the food service industry and be more likely to recommend their job to others. Implications are drawn that may help to lessen employee turnover in the service industries.
Narrative affordance: towards a model of the foreseeability and perceivability of story elements in an interactive narrative

This paper discusses a research direction which focuses on a framework intended to help solve the problem of user-interaction versus story coherency in interactive narratives. The framework revolves around a concept named "narrative affordance," which draws from work in visual psychology and human-computer interaction and involves a declarative notion of afforded actions and a model of perceivable actions by a user of an interactive narrative. The paper also discusses motivation for the importance of the work and a future research plan.
Diffusion processes in water on oxide surfaces: Quasielastic neutron scattering study of hydration water in rutile nanopowder

Quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) was used to investigate the diffusion dynamics of hydration water on the surface of rutile (TiO${}_{2}$) nanopowder. The dynamics measurements utilizing two inelastic instruments, a backscattering spectrometer and a disk chopper spectrometer, probed the fast, intermediate, and slow motions of the water molecules on the time scale of picoseconds to more than a nanosecond. We employed a model-independent analysis of the data collected at each value of the scattering momentum transfer to investigate the temperature dependence of several diffusion components. All of the probed components were present in the studied temperature range of 230--320 K, providing, at a first sight, no evidence of discontinuity in the hydration water dynamics. However, a qualitative change in the elastic scattering between 240 and 250 K suggested a surface freezing-melting transition, when the motions that were localized at lower temperatures became delocalized at higher temperatures. On the basis of our previous molecular dynamics simulations of this system, we argue that interpretation of QENS data from such a complex interfacial system requires at least qualitative input from simulations, particularly when comparing results from spectrometers with very different energy resolutions and dynamic ranges.
Differential neonatal and postneonatal infant mortality rates across US counties: the role of socioeconomic conditions and rurality.

ABSTRACT: Purpose:To examine differences in correlates of neonatal and postneonatal infant mortality rates, across counties, by degree of rurality. Methods: Neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates were calculated from the 1998 to 2002 Compressed Mortality Files from the National Center for Health Statistics. Bivariate analyses assessed the relationship between neonatal and postneonatal mortality by Urban Influence (UI) codes. Multivariable, weighted least-squares regression models included measures of county socioeconomic conditions, health services and environmental risks. Findings: The bivariate analysis indicated neonatal and postneonatal mortality was significantly higher in the most nonmetropolitan counties compared to the most metropolitan counties. However the relationship was not linear across the Urban Influence codes. In the multivariable models, a nonmetropolitan advantage was observed for counties not adjacent to metropolitan areas for neonatal mortality. However, postneonatal mortality rates were higher in the most rural nonmetropolitan counties. Conclusions: Certain characteristics of nonmetropolitan counties not adjacent to metropolitan counties and with an urban area of 2,500 population or more are protective against neonatal mortality (UI = 7, UI = 8). This may indicate that just having access to health services is more important to creating a protective effect for these nonmetropolitan counties than having a high concentration of medical facilities. The nonmetropolitan, not adjacent (UI = 9) disadvantage observed for postneonatal mortality supports the idea that the isolation of these areas combined with the combination of risk factors across the most nonmetropolitan counties leads to poorer postneonatal health outcomes in these areas.
Media Standing of Urban Parkland Movements: The Case of Los Angeles' Taylor Yard, 1985–2001

What role does media coverage play in local communities' efforts to assert their stake in contests over urban land use? We focus this question by examining the case of Taylor Yard in Los Angeles, w...
The identification of digitoxin and digoxin from their acetyl compounds by means of paper chromatography.

A procedure for the identification and differentiation of digitoxin from a-acetyl-digi- toxin and /S-acetyl-digitoxin and of digoxin from a-acetyl-digoxin in mixtures, by means of paper chromatography, is described.The solvent systems are composed of propylene glycol or formamide as the stationary phase and mixtures of benzolchloroform as the mobile phase.The color reaction is based on the genin portion of the glycoside by employing the Raymond reaction.Some new observations in the colors produced are mentioned.
Mussel-Inspired Thiol–Ene Polymer Networks: Influencing Network Properties and Adhesion with Catechol Functionality

In this work, we report the synthesis of photocurable, ternary polymer networks prepared by incorporating dopamine acrylamide (DAm) into a cross-linked thiol–ene network based on pentaerythritol triallyl ether (APE) and pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP). We systematically evaluate the effect of DAm, in the nonoxidized catechol form, on photopolymerization kinetics and thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties of the modified thiol–ene networks. We show that while DAm only affects photopolymerization kinetics at high concentrations, the presence of the catechol moiety significantly increases the glass transition temperature of the networks across the compositional range (0–50 mol % DAm) due to hydrogen bonding interactions between the catechol and various hydrogen bonding acceptors (ethers, amides, esters) within the network, despite an obvious decrease in cross-link density with increasing concentration of the monofunctional acrylamide. Similarly, trends in the mechanical prop...
Stall Encodes an ADAMTS Metalloprotease and Interacts Genetically with Delta in Drosophila Ovarian Follicle Formation

Ovarian follicle formation in Drosophila melanogaster requires stall (stl) gene function, both within and outside the ovary, for follicle individualization, stalk cell intercalation, and oocyte localization. We have identified the stl transcript as CG3622 and confirmed the presence of three alternatively spliced isoforms, contrary to current genome annotation. Here we show that the gene is expressed in both ovarian and brain tissues, which is consistent with previous evidence of an ovary nonautonomous function. On the basis of amino acid sequence, stl encodes a metalloprotease similar to the "a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin" (ADAMTS) family. Although stl mutant ovaries fail to maintain the branched structure of the fusome and periodically show improperly localized oocytes, stl mutants do not alter oocyte determination. Within the ovary, stl is expressed in pupal basal stalks and in adult somatic cells of the posterior germarium and the follicular poles. Genetically, stl exhibits a strong mutant interaction with Delta (Dl), and Dl mutant ovaries show altered stl expression patterns. Additionally, a previously described genetic interactor, daughterless, also modulates stl expression in the somatic ovary and may do so directly in its capacity as a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. We propose a complex model of long-range extraovarian signaling through secretion or extracellular domain shedding, together with local intraovarian protein modification, to explain the dual sites of Stl metalloprotease function in oogenesis.
Improving Web usability through visualization

One reason for poor Web site usability is researchers' lack of understanding about how users surf for information. Predictive Web usage visualizations can help analysts uncover traffic patterns and usability problems. The author describes some of the techniques those in the User Interface Research Group at PARC have developed to visualize content changes, linkage structures, site usage, and so on. He explores how these techniques can be used to identify specific usability problems at large Web sites. As part of his work, he have created a predictive visualization model called Information Scent, in which simulated users help uncover patterns and deficiencies in information accessibility. He demonstrates these techniques using a prototype system called ScentViz to illustrate how Web usage analysis can be enhanced using visualization methods.
Remote State Preparation : Arbitrary remote control of photon polarizations for quantum communication

By using a partial polarizer to apply a generalized polarization measurement to one photon of a polarization entangled pair, we remotely prepare single photons in arbitrary polarization qubits. Specifically, we are able to produce a range of states of any desired degree of mixedness or purity, over (and within) the entire Poincare sphere, with a typical fidelity exceeding 99.5%. Moreover, by using non-degenerate entangled pairs as a resource, we can prepare states in multiple wavelengths. Finally, we discuss the states remotely preparable given a particular two-qubit resource state.
A further investigation of the stannic chloride-catalyzed condensation reaction of 1-hexene and 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acyl-β-d-ribofuranoses

Abstract The reaction of 1-hexene with either 1- O -acetyl-2,3,5-tri- O -benzoyl-β- d -ribofuranose ( 5b ) or 1,2,3,5-tetra- O -acetyl-β- d -ribofuranose ( 5a ) in the presence of stannic chloride leads to the formation of a complex mixture of products. By a combination of 1 H-n.m.r. and mass spectroscopy, the products were shown to be anomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the 8,9,11-tri- O -acyl-protected derivatives of 7,10-anhydro-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexadeoxy- d - allo ( altro )-undec-4-enitol ( 1 ) and 7,10-anhydro-5-chloro-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexadeoxy- d - allo ( altro )-undecitol ( 2 ). The α anomer of 1 was the predominant anomer, whereas the α and β anomers of 2 were present in approximately equal amounts. It was found that 2 was not formed when trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate was used as the catalyst instead of stannic chloride. The acyl-protected sugar 3,6-anhydro-2-deoxy- d - allo ( altro )-heptose ( 3 ), prepared by ozonolysis of 1 , reacted with tert -butoxycarbonylmethyltriphenylphosphorane to give tert -butyl trans -5,8-anhydro-6,7,9-tri- O -acetyl-2,3,4-trideoxy- d - allo ( altro )-non-2-enanate ( 4 ). The basicity of the ylide was sufficient to cause anomerization and resulted in an α,β ratio of 5:1 in the product, 4 .
Host–tumor interactions influencing cancer progression

Our appreciation of the complexity of tumor biology has led us from considering tumors as autonomous masses of mutant cells to an awareness of the insidious nature of tumors as entities that can hijack and exploit various normal physiologic processes of the host. In this article, we will explore the recent developments in our understanding of how the immune system, extracellular matrix metabolism, interactions with fibroblasts and angiogenesis affect tumor development.