cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical and physicochemical determinants of the chondrocyte biosynthetic response

The relation between mechanical loading of cartilage and chondrocyte activity in vivo may be mediated by several physical transduction mechanisms including: cell deformation, hydrostatic pressure gradients, fluid flow, streaming currents, and physicochemical changes. We have developed an organ culture system designed to study chondrocyte biosynthetic response to such physical stimuli. This study focuses on the effects of static compression and physicochemical changes. Cartilage disks harvested from the reserve zone of the epiphyseal plate of 1-2-week-old calves were subjected to static compressive stresses of 0-3 MPa in unconfined compression and the incorporation of [35S]sulfate and [3H]proline was measured during the 12-h loading period. Incorporation of both proline and sulfate decreased monotonically with increasing stress. Compressive loading also produces physicochemical changes including a decreased water content and increased matrix fixed-charge density, with a concomitant increase in interstitial counterion concentrations (e.g., K+, H+) and decreased coion concentrations (e.g., SO4(2-). We therefore examined the possibility that specific changes in interstitial mobile ion concentrations may be linked to chondrocyte response to static compression by measuring biosynthesis in the absence of mechanical compression while independently altering the SO4(2-), K+, and H+ composition of the bathing medium. We found that proline and sulfate incorporation were strongly dependent on pH, but independent of [SO4(2-)] and [K+] in the range studied. These results suggest that compression-induced changes in local, interstitial pH may account for the observed biosynthetic response to static compression.
Classification of the epilepsies.

SUMMARY The adequacy of present methods of classifying or diagnosing the epilepsies is questioned in view of increasing responsibilities for complete evaluation of these patients. The time-honored classification by seizure types is considered deficient for adequate study and recognition of basic etiologies, related illnesses, localization of lesions, and severity of the disease. Three possible systems, based primarily on anatomical localization and etiology of epileptic foci, are discussed, particularly in view of the difficulty of classifying diffuse (centrencephalic) epilepsy. Systems now in use in such other fields as mental disorders and heart disease are applied with varying merits to epilepsy. A classification based on the coding system in the Standard Nomenclature of Diseases is suggested, which would catagorize patients into three main groups, i.e.“central epilepsy”, “partial epilepsy”, and unlocalized seizures of known or unknown etiology. Within each group, available codes for anatomy, etiology, and symptomatology could be utilized, and digits added to show the existence of contributory factors and degree of functional impairment. RESUME L'auteur met en question la ressemblance des methodes actuelles destinees a la classification et au diagnostic des epilepsies par rapport a l'augmentation des responsabilites encourues lors d'une complete evaluation des possibilites de ces malades. La respectable classification encore observee quant aux divers types de crises est consideree comme deficiente dans l'etude efficace et la decouverte de l'etiologie basale des maladies mentionnees par l'anamnese, la localisation des lesions et la gravite de la maladie. Discussion de trois systemes susceptibles d'etre adoptes, bases sur la localisation anatomique et l'etiologie des foyers epileptiques; ces systemes envisagent particulierement la difficulte de classifier Pepilepsie diffuse (centrencephalique). Les methodes actuellement en usage dans d'autres domaines tels que troubles mentaux et maladie de cœur sont appliquees a l'epilepsie sous le benefice de merites varies. L'auteur suggere l'emploi d'une classification basee sur un systeme de code tel que celui de la Standard Nomenclature of Diseases. Cette classification partagerait les categories de malades en trois groupes principaux: „epilepsie centrale”, „epilepsie partielle” et crises non localisees d‘etiologie connue ou inconnue. On pourrait employer dans chaque groupe des codes disponibles quant a l'anatomie, l’etiologie, la symptomatologie, ainsi que des chiffres destines a indiquer l'existence de facteurs de contribution et le degre de la deficience.
FAK induction in keratinocytes in an in vitro model of reepithelialization.

During reepithelialization, keratinocytes must become activated in order to migrate over the provisional extracellular matrix of the wound. Previously we have shown that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is induced in activated keratinocytes. The mechanisms responsible for keratinocyte activation are unknown. Here we use an organ culture system to investigate FAK up-regulation and regulation of keratinocyte activation. Normal human skin was cultured on type I collagen. Keratinocytes migrated out of the explant onto the supporting collagen. Immunostaining for FAK showed induction in the migrating epithelium and also in the center of the explant some distance from the cut edge. Cells from the center of the explant expressed FAK and showed the activated phenotype as defined by their ability to spread on collagen. Since FAK is a tyrosine kinase, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein or herbimycin A were added to the explant medium for 24 h. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity delayed epithelial migration, but keratinocytes were able to begin migrating after removal of the inhibitors. We conclude that FAK is up-regulated in keratinocytes in this whole skin explant model. Furthermore FAK up-regulation and keratinocyte activation are not confined to the migrating cells but are found in cells some distance from the skin margin. These data suggest that (1) cell migration, contact with wound matrix molecules, loss of cell-cell contact, or loss of basement membrane contact is not necessary for FAK up-regulation or keratinocyte activation; and (2) tyrosine kinase signaling pathways are important for reepithelialization.
The Effect of Exogenous Energy Sources on the Synthesis of ß-Galactosidase in Resting-Cell Suspensions of Escherichia coli

Using methyl-1-thio-s-D-galactoside as the inducer, the biosynthesis of s-galactosidase was observed in Escherichia coli B with only endogenous sources of nitrogen and energy available. The addition of glucose, ribose, xylose, or glycerol as exogenous energy sources to nitrogen-deficient media blocked enzyme formation. Preinduction of the resting cells failed to overcome inhibition by the added energy sources. With limited quantities of glucose, ribose, xylose, or glycerol, synthesis of s-galactosidase resumed abruptly and continued at the rate normal for cells in nitrogen-deficient media. Comparison of enzyme activities with oxygen uptake data revealed a reduction in the rate of oxygen uptake at the time enzyme synthesis resumed in media originally containing small amounts of energy sources. This change corresponded to only a fraction of the oxygen required for complete oxidation of one of the exogenous substrates. It is suggested that inhibition by these particular exogenous substrates involves metabolism to a common repressor or interference with an energy-transfer system.
Evolution of bivariate particle size distributions

A simple and general procedure is presented for the calculation of bivariate particle growth paths (and, hence, local particle growth rates) from the experimentally measured series of bi- variate size distributions during an evolutionary process. For modeling of microstructural evo- lution, a mathematical relationship is derived to relate the bivariate particle size distribution function to the nucleation rate and growth rate. A deterministic nucleation and growth process is assumed, and hence, the results are applicable only to the "mean field" models of nucleation and growth. A generalized continuity equation is derived for evolving bivariate and multivariate distributions.
Academic achievement: A study of relationships of IQ, communication apprehension, and teacher perception

To explore relationships among levels of academic achievement, intelligence, communication apprehension (CA), and teacher perception of CA, these research questions were posed: Which set of variables best predicts academic achievement? What is the relationship between each set of variables that helps interpret the prediction equation? Data were gathered regarding 203 elementary school subjects ranging in age from 8 to 12 years. The best predictor model for academic achievement included only two of the variables under study, intelligence and teacher perception of CA, with the latter showing little variance with achievement. A predictor model based on both intelligence and teacher perception of CA was found to be only slightly better than one based on intelligence alone. Intelligence was found to correlate at a significant level with achievement, and CA with teacher perception of CA; teacher perception of CA was found to correlate negatively with achievement and IQ. CA was not found to correlate at a signif...
Evidence of reduced respiratory muscle endurance in patients with heart failure.

Abstract Objectives. We sought to investigate whether reduced respiratory muscle endurance contributes to increased dyspnea and decreased exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Background. In patients with heart failure, the sensation of dyspnea may be related to abnormalities of respiratory muscle function, such as diminished strength or endurance, or both. Methods. Respiratory muscle endurance was assessed by measuring maximal sustainable ventilatory capacity in 15 patients with congestive heart failure and 8 normal subjects using progressive isocapnic hyperpnea. Near-infrared spectroscopy of an accessory respiratory muscle, Borg scale recordings of perceived dyspnea, time in inspiration, time per breath and minute ventilation were measured. Exercise testing with measurement of oxygen consumption was also performed. Results. Maximal voluntary ventilation (normal subjects 167 ± 40, heart failure group 89 ± 31 liters/min) and maximal sustainable ventilatory capacity (normal subjects 90 ± 23, heart failure group 53 ± 22 liters/min) were significantly reduced in patients with heart failure (both p Conclusion. Respiratory muscle endurance as assessed by maximal sustainable ventiiatory capacity is reduced in patients with heart failure.
Generator sources for the early and late ulnar hypothenar premotor potentials : Short segment electrophysiologic studies and cadaveric dissection

Abstract Objective: Determine the generator sources for the ulnar hypothenar premotor potentials (PMPs). Design: Observational. Setting: EMG laboratory. Subjects: Ten asymptomatic adult volunteers, three cadaver hands. Main Outcome Measure: Far-field versus near-field characteristics of recorded PMPs as determined by bipolar and referential recording electrode montages. A possible anatomic basis for any observed differences between ulnar PMPs and previously studied median PMPs was explored through cadaveric dissection. Results: An early PMP (E-PMP) had a latency that varied with changes in the position of G 1 only. A late PMP (L-PMP) was seen only when G 1 and G 2 were on different volumes (palm vs fifth digit, or second digit vs fifth digit); its latency did not vary significantly with changes in the position of G 1 and G 2 . Conclusions: (1) E-PMP is a near-field potential generated by the ulnar nerve passing near the G 1 electrode. (2) L-PMP represents a far-field potential generated by the ulnar digital nerves as they traverse from the hand volume containing G 1 to the finger volume containing G 2 . (3) Greater L-PMP-to-CMAP separation in the median than in the ulnar nerve was explained by cadaveric dissection, which revealed that the motor branch (responsible for the trailing CMAP) is longer in the median nerve than in the ulnar nerve relative to each nerve's corresponding digital sensory branch (responsible for the preceding L-PMP). (4) The PMP that is typically recorded with G 1 at the hypothenar motor point and G 2 on the fifth digit most likely represents E-PMP. (5) Any proposed diagnostic use of the ulnar PMPs must take into consideration these generator sources.
Cyclodextrin mediated solvent-free enantioselective photocyclization of N-alkyl pyridones

Irradiation of N-methyl pyridone and N-ethyl pyridone included in β-cyclodextrin yields the photocylized product, chiral 2-azabicyclo[2.2.0]-hex-5-en-3-ones, in ∼60% enantiomeric excess. The inclusion complex is readily made by mechanically mixing the host β-cyclodextrin and the guest pyridone.
Impulse Approximation Calculation of High-Energy Deuteron-Deuteron Elastic Scattering

The high-energy deuteron-deuteron elastic scattering cross section and vector polarization has been calculated on the basis of the impulse approximation with the neglect of off-energy-shell effects in the nucleon-nucleon scattering matrix and effects of multiple scattering. The results are in terms of the free nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitudes and an appropriate Fourier transform of the deuteron wave function. For simplicity the D-state component of the deuteron has been neglected throughout this calculation. Numerical results are given for 312 and 620 Mev. At the two energies considered, the results for the cross section are comparable to those for nucleon-deuteron scattering. The validity of the approximations used and possible improvements of the calculation are discussed. (auth)
Purification of human plasma fibronectin

A simplified procedure is described for the isolation of human plasma fibronectin by affinity chromatography on gelatin-agarose. A portion of the fibonectin can be eluted by simply lowering the pH to 5.5 and can be used immediately after neutralization. The remainder is eluted with 6M urea, and the urea removed by dialysis or rechromatography on heparin-agarose.
Pyruvate kinase isozymes in cells isolated from fetal and regenerating rat liver.

Abstract There are at least three major mammalian isozymes of pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40), designated K4, L4, and M4. Whereas parenchymal cells from adult rat liver contain only the type L isozyme, parenchymal cells isolated from fetal and regenerating liver were found to synthesize both the K4 and L4 isozymes. A small amount of K-M hybrid was seen in regenerating liver, but there were no detectable M-L or K-L hybrids. Thus, it appears that type L pyruvate kinase is not synthesized at the same time in the same liver cell with either of the other two isozymes. The intermediate electrophoretic bands seen with homogenates of whole fetal liver, and in some earlier work attributed to either hybrid isozymes or to the presence of M4, are contributed by nonparenchymal cells which, in the fetus, are largely hemopoietic. These additional bands of pyruvate kinase are electrophoretically and immunologically similar to the pyruvate kinase isozymes found in adult erythrocytes. The results reported here suggest a very rigorous control in the synthesis of K4 and L4 isozymes in parenchymal cells of both fetal and regenerating liver as opposed to developing neurons and glia, where the shift from synthesis of type K to type M subunits appears to occur gradually and results in the production of substantial amounts of hybrid isozymes.
Rate of expansion of an inhomogeneous branching process of brownian particles

Let X be the (B 0, {q n (x)})-branching diffusion where B 0is the exp % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacq% GHsisldaWdXbqaaiaadUgacaGGOaGaamOqamaaBaaaleaacaWGtbaa% beaakiaacMcacaWGKbGaam4CaaWcbaacbaGaa83Baaqaaiaadshaa0% Gaey4kIipaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa!42C7! $$\left( { - \int\limits_o^t {k(B_S )ds} } \right)$$ -subprocess of BM(R1) and q n (x) is the probability that a particle dying at x produces n offspring, q 0≡ q 1≡0. Put m(x) = ∑ nq n (x). We assume q n , n≧2, m and k are all continuous (but m is not necessarily bounded). If k(x)m(x)→0 as ¦x¦→∞, then we prove that R t /t→(λ 2/2)1/2, as t→∞, a.s. and in mean (of any order) where R t is the position of the rightmost particle at time t and λ 0 is the largest eigenvalue of (1/2)d 2/dx 2 + Q, Q(x) = k(x)(m(x)−1).
Stereochemical control of reductions. 9. Haptophilicity studies with 1,1-disubstituted 2-methyleneacenaphthenes

A series of 1-methyl-2-methyleneacenaphthenes has been synthesized, bearing an additional variable substituent (R) at the 1-position. These compounds have been hydrogenated in ethanol over a 5% Pd/C catalyst under standardized conditions in order to assess the haptophilicity of R, its ability to enforce addition of hydrogen from its own face of the molecule by coordination to the catalyst surface. The order of decreasing haptophilicity, assessed as the product epimer ratio, for the groups studied was R = CH2NH2, CH2NMe2, CH2OH, CHNOH, CH2OMe, CHO, CONH2, CH2NHCOMe, COOK, COMe, CN, CONHOH, COOH, COOMe, COONa, COOLi. Because knowledge of group haptophilicities offers potential for stereochemical control in such reductions, comparisons are provided with haptophilic orders found in other molecular systems. It is shown that absolute haptophilicities can be manipulated by varying the dielectric constant of the solvent employed.
Management of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in children receiving chemotherapy.

Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia (PCP) is a serious opportunistic infection in children and adolescents with cancer. It was the most common cause of death among children receiving chemotherapy prior to the inclusion of PCP prophylaxis as part of standard care for children with leukemia. The incidence of PCP has decreased significantly since initiation of prophylaxis; however, breakthrough cases continue to occur. Hematologic malignancies, brain tumors necessitating prolonged corticosteroid therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, prolonged neutropenia, and lymphopenia are the most important risk factors for PCP in children not infected with HIV. Of children with leukemia, 15–20% may develop PCP in the absence of prophylaxis. Infection with P. jiroveci occurs early in life in most individuals. However, clinically apparent disease occurs almost exclusively in immunocompromised persons. Dyspnea, cough, hypoxia, and fever are the most common presenting symptoms of PCP. Chest radiography and high-resolution CT scans of the chest demonstrate a characteristic ground-glass pattern. Induced sputum analysis and bronchoalveolar lavage are the diagnostic procedures of choice. Gomori’s methenamine-silver stain, Geimsa or Wright’s stain, and monoclonal immunofluorescent antibody stains are most commonly used to make a diagnosis. However, identification of P. jiroveci DNA using polymerase chain reaction assays in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is more sensitive. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ; cotrimoxazole) is the recommended drug for the treatment of PCP. Patients who are intolerant of TMP-SMZ or who have not responded to treatment after 5–7 days of therapy with TMP-SMZ should be treated with pentamidine. A short course of corticosteroids is recommended for moderate to severe cases of PCP within the first 72 hours after diagnosis. Mutations in the dihydropteroate synthetase gene may confer resistance to TMP-SMZ; however, the clinical relevance of these mutations is not well established. TMP-SMZ is the most commonly used agent for prophylaxis. Myelosuppression is the most important adverse effect of TMP-SMZ and the most frequent cause for choosing alternative prophylactic agents in children undergoing chemotherapy. Alternative agents for chemoprophylaxis include dapsone, aerosolized pentamidine, and atovaquone. Alternative prophylactic agents must be used in patients developing myelosuppression secondary to TMP-SMZ or dapsone.
Civil Society, Globalization, and Global Civil Society

Recently, there has been much discussion of ‘global civil society’. This concept evidently draws on the more familiar civil society concept as related to national societies. What are the consequences of extending the concept in this way? Is global civil society simply civil society writ large, an extension to the international plane of basically the same kinds of institutions and practices as are found in national societies? Or do we need new tools of description and analysis? This article considers various theories of global civil society and the extent to which they map onto traditional concepts of civil society. It concludes that global civil society may express the same mixture of strengths and weaknesses as the parent concept of civil society, but with additional features of its own that may—somewhat surprisingly—make it more robust than the earlier concept from which it derives.
On the No-Slip Boundary Condition of Hydrodynamics *

Abstract The slip velocity measured experimentally in flow through capillaries of sufficiently small diameters, with solid surfaces made repellent to the liquid, is examined. An answer to the question that whether the slip occurs directly on the surface of the solid or there exists a gap between the solid and liquid surfaces is sought. The slip velocity, when the molecules move directly on the solid surface, can be obtained as the product of the gradient of the chemical potential and the mobility coefficient. However, comparison with experiment provides values too high for the surface diffusion coefficient. This suggests that slip does not occur directly over the solid surface but over a gap. Such a gap is generated when the liquid and the solid have different natures (one of them hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic), and may be increased in thickness by the release of the gas entrained in the flowing liquid and/or the desorption of the soluble gas.
Exploring better methods to preserve the chordae tendineae during mitral valve replacement

Background. It is not known how best to resuspend the mitral chordae tendineae during mitral valve replacement to optimize postoperative left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function. Methods. Six different techniques to preserve the chordae during mitral valve replacement were compared in 12 dogs using a nondistorting isovolumic technique: conventional, all chordae severed; anterior, all chordae preserved anteriorly; partial, anterior papillary muscle chordae preserved anteriorly; posterior, all chordae preserved posteriorly; oblique, anterior papillary muscle chordae directed anteriorly and posterior papillary muscle chordae posteriorly; and counter, opposite of oblique chordal direction. Control measurements (no chordal tension) were recorded between each experimental condition. Results. The oblique method tended to have the best LV systolic function versus the conventional method (E max = 4.0 ± 1.8 versus 3.3 ± 1.2 mm Hg/mL [mean ± standard deviation]; p = 0.08 by repeated-measures analysis of variance; physiologic intercept E cs00 = 20.3 ± 8.6 mL [ p max (3.3 ± 1.2 mm Hg/mL) than the oblique method, but a similar E eResults.00 (20.8 ± 8.1 mL; p max = 3.8 ± 1.2 mm Hg/mL; E eResults.00 = 19.7 ± 7.5 mL; p p Conclusions. In this isovolumic preparation in normal canine hearts, the oblique method of chordal resuspension hearts, the oblique method of chordal resuspension was associated with the best LV systolic function, whereas the counter technique impaired LV diastolic function. These preliminary results warrant further study in ejecting and failing hearts to determine conclusively which chordal orientation best preserves LV performance after mitral valve replacement.
Tree squirrel seed predation patterns may influence American chestnut restoration success

Restoration of the functionally extirpated American chestnut (Castanea dentata) to landscapes of the eastern United States is planned with the successful propagation of a blight-resistant hybrid tree. Predicting the response of rodent seed consumers to this novel source of mast will be critical to restoration success, as rodents are important seed predators and dispersers in forests that once included chestnut. In particular, frequency-dependent foraging responses by rodents could affect the rate of spread of rare chestnuts following reintroductions. We conducted field trials to test for seed preferences and frequency-dependent selection by fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) when combinations of American chestnut and two common associates [northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Q. alba)] were available in varying frequencies. Fox squirrels tended toward positive frequency-dependent seed predation when combinations of white oak and chestnuts were available, consuming more common mast items at a higher rate than expected based on availability. No preferences were observed between American chestnut and either red or white oak independent of frequency, but red oak was preferred over white oak. Frequency-dependent consumption of more common white oak acorns could benefit rarer chestnut during restoration, as squirrels would feed disproportionately on established white oak; however, this management strategy should only be considered following larger-scale and longer-term studies that consider impacts on white oak regeneration. Lack of preference or frequency dependence for chestnut when paired with red oak suggests that negative impacts of fox squirrel consumption on restoration will vary with the relative availability of the two seed types.
Political leadership across the life span: Chronological versus career age in the British monarchy

Abstract Although there exists extensive empirical literature on the relationship between age and outstanding achievement, very few investigations have examined the impact of age on the performance of political leaders. Taking advantage of certain methodological assets, the current study examined the British monarchs who governed between 1066 and 1811. After dividing this period into 110 5-year periods, the leadership performance was assessed on 17 criteria. Using a multivariate multiple regression analysis, these criteria were regressed on both chronological age and career age (using both linear and quadratic terms), along with five control variables. Although nine performance criteria exhibited no developmental changes, five were a curvilinear function of career age, two were a curvilinear function of chronological age, and one was a curvilinear function of both chronological and career age. The findings suggest that leader performance is determined by several processes that bear distinct relationships with life-span changes.
Unconventional pairing in the iron arsenide superconductors

We use magnetic long-range order as a tool to probe the Cooper-pair wave function in the iron arsenide superconductors. We show theoretically that antiferromagnetism and superconductivity can coexist in these materials only if Cooper pairs form an unconventional, sign-changing state. The observation of coexistence in $\text{Ba}{({\text{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Co}}_{x})}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ then demonstrates unconventional pairing in this material. The detailed agreement between theory and neutron-diffraction experiments, in particular, for the unusual behavior of the magnetic order below ${T}_{c}$, demonstrates the robustness of our conclusions. Our findings strongly suggest that superconductivity is unconventional in all members of the iron arsenide family.
Cytotoxic properties of human monocyte-macrophages for human fibroblasts infected with herpes simplex virus: Interferon production and augmentation☆

Abstract Human monocyte-macrophages (MO) mediate both spontaneous cytotoxicity (MO-SCT) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (MO-ADCC) against human fibroblasts (HF) infected with type 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV), and produce a characteristic type 1 human leukocyte-derived interferon (Hu IFN-α). The MO-SCT and MO-ADCC display distinctive reaction kinetics and effector cell-to-target cell (E:T) ratios. Interferon (IFN) production parallels the kinetics and E:T for MO-SCT, and occurs irrespective of the presence of HSV-immune serum, suggesting that the induction of MO IFN requires only that MO encounter HSV-infected HF. The MO IFN appears to be a by-product rather than a requirement for the MO-SCT reaction, since anti-Hu IFN-α globulin neutralizes the antiviral activity of IFN but does not affect the MO-SCT. An 18-hr preincubation of MO with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) or with exogenous Hu IFN-a augments the MO-SCT. It is postulated that the MO-produced IFN could function to recruit subsequent MO to become cytotoxic or augment natural-killer cell activity. Furthermore, enhancement of MO-SCT by either poly(I:C) or IFN may present an alternative means of IFN therapy.
A regularization method for the inverse design of solidification processes with natural convection

Abstract An inverse algorithm is developed for the design of the solidification processing systems. The algorithm entails the use of the Tikhonov regularization method, along with the L-curve method to select an optimal regularization parameter. Both the direct solution of moving boundary problems and the inverse design formulation are presented. The design algorithm is applied to determine the optimal boundary heat flux distribution to obtain a unidirectional solid–liquid interface in a 2-D cavity. The inverse calculation is also performed with a prescribed sinuous solid–liquid interface. To this end, a whole time-domain method and a sequential method are used and evaluated. The L-curve based regularization method is found to be reasonably accurate for the purpose of designing solidification processing systems. We also found that the sequential method with appropriately selected time domains is comparative to the whole time-domain method.
Single subcutaneous doses of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist suppress serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels in normal men.

The ability of single doses of a LHRH antagonist [Ac-Δ3Pro1, 4F-D-Phe2, D-trp3,6]LHRH (4F-antagonist) to suppress serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels was studied in six normal men. The 4F-antagonist was given sc at four doses: 40, 80, 160, and 320 µg/kg body weight. Serum immunoreactive LH, FSH, and testosterone and bioactive LH were measured at intervals for the subsequent 18 h. Serum LH decreased rapidly by (mean ± SE) 39.7 ± 2.7%, 41.6 ± 5.4%, 45.5 ± 4.7%, and 45.3 ± 5.4% after each of the four doses. The mean number of LH pulses and their amplitude decreased after each dose and remained suppressed for at least 6 h. After each of the four doses, mean serum FSH levels decreased by 20.0 ± 4.1%, 33.8 ± 6.8%, 25.8 ± 3.6%, and 33.3 ± 5.7%, and meanserum testosterone levels decreased by 47.7 ± 7.3%, 55.6 ± 10.5%, 58.2 ± 10.8%, and 76.0 ± 6.0%. Serum testosterone remained low for at least 18 h after the two higher doses. LH bioactivity and the ratio of bioactive LH to immunoreactive LH decreased in ali...
The role of perception in a priori knowledge: Some remarks

Discussion sur l'inductivisme de S. Mill, dans la perspective des discussions recentes sur la nature de la connaissance mathemathique, l'aprioricite et les approches causales de la connaissance empirique. L'A. soutient qu'on a mal apprecie les raisons de l'echec de cet inductivisme dans le domaine des mathematiques et que son rejet sur la base de cet echec est mal justifie. P. 355-362: "Some Reflections on Perception and A Priori Knowledge", commentaire par G. ROSENKRANTZ qui examine les consequences des idees de J. Kim et leur conflit avec les theories empiristes courantes de la connaissance mathematique.
Developmental auditory agnosia in retarded adolescents: A preliminary investigation☆

Abstract Four mentally retarded adolescents who showed little or no expressive or receptive language were given a series of tests to determine if they could respond to meaningful nonlinguistic sounds. The tests required the subjects to respond to sounds on the basis of meaning by classifying the sounds according to the objects which produced them, i.e., the sound sources. The results show that the subject could not classify the sounds on the basis of their source although they could discriminate between them. These results are in contrast to the near perfect classification by another retarded subject who lacked speech due to a motor disorder but, nevertheless, showed good understanding of language. The finding that some nonverbal children have difficulty in responding to the meaning of nonlinguistic sounds suggests the possibility that the failure of these children to develop language may have been due to an agnosia not unlike that found in adult stroke patients.
Zn-Ni-Co-O wide-band-gap p-type conductive oxides with high work functions

Co3O4-based spinels are a new class of wide-band-gap p-type conductive oxides with high work functions. We examined the structures, conductivities, work functions, and optical spectra of quaternary Zn-Ni-Co-0 thin films across the entire spinel region of the ZnO-NiO-Co3O4 diagram using a high-throughput combinatorial approach. We found that the conductivity of as-deposited films is maximized (100 S/cm) and optical absorption (at 1.8 eV) is minimized in different regions of the diagram, while the work function of annealed films is high and relatively constant (5.8 ± 0.1 eV). These properties made Zn-Ni-Co-O thin films applicable as p-type interlayers in solar cells. As an example, amorphous Zn-Co-0 hole transport layers had good performance in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices.
‘The Birth of Black Consciousness on the Screen’?: The African American Historical Experience, Blaxploitation, and the Production and Reception of Sounder (1972)

Following the decline of the Civil Rights movement and the rise of Black Power in the late 1960s, race and its representation were the subject of impassioned debate. A key feature of this debate was Sounder (Ritt, 1972), a rare example of a black historical that has not received the scholarly attention it deserves. Unique and contradictory, this Depression-set drama both marked a break from the post-Second World War social problem film and its images of black suffering, and was the antithesis of the violent and controversial blaxploitation boom of the period that channelled black rage and defiance. Emphasising universal themes over those of race, namely family love and dignity in the face of adversity, Ritt’s film was widely acclaimed in the national press, but also served to highlight the profound opposition between the ideologies of racial integration and racial separation within the African American community and American society at large.
Nesting ecology and cuticular microbial loads in dampwood (Zootermopsis angusticollis) and drywood termites (Incisitermes minor, I. schwarzi, Cryptotermes cavifrons)

Termites form one-piece nests in wood that can vary in their moisture content and degree of decomposition, and thus microbial richness. To estimate the microbial load of nests and the potential risk they pose for colony members, we quantified the number of microbes in the nest and on the cuticle of the dampwood termite, Zootermopsis angusticollis, and three drywood termites, Incisitermes minor, I. schwarzi, and Cryptotermes cavifrons. The number of colony forming units (CFUs) cultured from nest material samples and washes of the cuticle of larvae and nymphs were determined. CFUs recorded from nest material was low (fewer than 60 CFUs/g) in the drywood termites and comparatively high in the dampwood species, as more than 800 bacterial and fungal CFUs/g were cultured from the nest material of Z. angusticollis. Similarly, cuticular microbial loads were negligible in the drywood termites sampled, ranging from 0.5 to fewer than 16 CFUs/cm2, whereas approximately 200 CFUs/cm2 were cultured from Z. angusticollis. The nesting and feeding habits of these basal species likely influence colony microbial load and the degree of pathogen exposure, which in turn could favor adaptations to resist disease that vary with termite nesting biology.
Hypoǵravity-induced inhibition of CO2 production from amino acids in higher plants

l-Glutamat-U-14C,l-Prolin-U-14C undl-Valin-U-14C wurden in Ringelblumen (Tagetes patula) injiziert, die sich in einer Gasaustauschkammer befanden, und auf senkrechte und waagrechte Klinostaten montiert. Menge und Bildungsgeschwindigkeit des entstehenden14CO2 waren stets geringer in den schwerkraftkompensierten als in den unter normalen Bedingungen gehaltenen Pflanzen.
Effects of teleconferencing technologies: An exploration of comprehension, feedback, satisfaction and role-related differences

Several theoretical approaches have been put forth to predict and explain the effects of teleconferencing technologies. One approach is to examine the functions of nonverbal signals and to make predictions based on the fact that different teleconferencing technologies allow nonverbal communication to different extents. One of the functions of nonverbal signals is to allow the listener to provide feedback to the speaker in a communication. Prior research has shown that such feedback enhances listener comprehension. In this study, it was hypothesized that different teleconferencing technologies would allow different levels of feedback based on their ability to accommodate nonverbal signals, and this in turn would affect comprehension. An experimental study was conducted to compare comprehension, feedback, and satisfaction in telephone and computer conferencing. The study confirmed that comprehension and speaker satisfaction are related to feedback, but failed to show a relationship between listener satisfaction and feedback. No difference in comprehension, listener, or speaker satisfaction was observed across teleconferencing technologies. Role-related differences were observed between the speaker and the listener. It is suggested that the effects of teleconferencing technologies can be mapped systematically by examining each of the functions of nonverbal signals, one at a time.
Photography: A Survey of New Reference Sources

What a difference a few years make! In the fall 1982 issue of Reference Services Review I described forty reference monographs and serial publications on photography. That article concluded with these words, “a careful reader will be aware that not one single encyclopedia or solely biographical source was included…this reviewer could find none in print…A biographical source proved equally elusive” (p.28).
Renin-angiotensin blockade as primary prevention during right ventricular pacing: an alternative strategy in managing cardiac dyssynchrony.

h f n b T t t r c The potentially deleterious effects of conventional right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing have been recognized increasingly, with particular emphasis on promoting cardiac dyssynchrony. Large-scale evaluations have demonstrated that RVA acing may contribute to poor clinical outcomes. Increased VA pacing predicted death or congestive heart failure (CHF) ospitalization in patients with implantable cardioverter-defirillators with baseline depressed left ventricular (LV) function n the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator trial and Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II as well as in patients with pacemakers examined in the Danish study and Mode Selection Trial. It remains difficult to predict who may experience adversity with RVA pacing, let alone who will respond to strategies aimed at reducing dependence on pure RVA pacing. Such strategies have included minimal ventricular pacing algorithms that promote intrinsic conduction, upgrading RVA pacing to biventricular pacing or use of alternative pacing sites when initiating pacemaker therapy, such as His-bundle pacing or biventricular pacing. Recent studies emphasized the benefit to be achieved from cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) even in bradycardic patients with less advanced or no heart failure. In this issue of HeartRhythm, Elder et al provide yet nother strategy to the potential amelioration or prevention of HF symptoms and/or enhancement of survival in patients ependent on cardiac pacing: primary prevention with reninngiotensin system blockade (RASB). In 820 patients with omplete atrioventricular block with RVA pacemakers, the use f an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin eceptor blocker independently predicted reduced all-cause ortality (by 33%) and reduced heart failure hospitalization by 58%). These findings, if validated, represent a potentially mportant addition to our treatment armamentarium for pa-
A pseudo-Bertrand distribution for time-scale analysis

Using the pseudo-Wigner time-frequency distribution as a guide, we derive two new time-scale representations: the pseudo-Bertrand and the smoothed pseudo-Bertrand distributions. Unlike the Bertrand distribution, these representations support efficient online operation at the same computational cost as the continuous wavelet transform. Moreover, they take advantage of the affine smoothing inherent in the sliding structure of their implementation to suppress cumbersome interference components.
Corrections to "Segmental minimum Bayes-risk decoding for automatic speech recognition"

The purpose of this paper is to correct and expand upon the experimental results presented in our recently published paper [1]. In [1, Sec. III-B], we present a risk-based lattice cutting (RLC) procedure to segment ASR word lattices into sequences of smaller sublattices. The purpose of this procedure is to restructure the original lattice to improve the efficiency of minimum Bayes-risk (MBR) and other lattice rescoring procedures. Given that the segmented lattices are to be rescored, it is crucial that no paths from the original lattice be lost in the segmentation process. In the experiments reported in our original publication, some of the original paths were inadvertently discarded from the segmented lattices. This affected the performance of the MBR results presented. In this paper, we briefly review the segmentation algorithm and explain the flaw in our previous experiments. We find consistent minor improvements in word error rate (WER) under the corrected procedure. More importantly, we report experiments confirming that the lattice segmentation procedure does indeed preserve all the paths in the original lattice.
Diagnosis and Misdiagnosis of Cerebrovascular Disease

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in the USA. Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes must be distinguished since treatment is quite different. Ischemic strokes account for 80 % of the total and recent advances in management of brain ischemia have added valuable options to the physicians’ armamentarium. Wise selection and targeted treatment of patients is of paramount importance. Properly treated patients benefit significantly, while those erroneously diagnosed as ischemic stroke are exposed to potentially harmful side effects of therapy. Stroke can present in the form of several different clinical syndromes some of which are difficult to identify. Conversely, there are numerous conditions whose clinical presentation closely resembles stroke, also known as stroke mimics. Ancillary testing, especially imaging, is a crucial part of diagnostic evaluation, while clinical judgment, thorough knowledge of cerebrovascular anatomy and familiarity with characteristic stroke syndromes remain indispensable even in this era of technological advance.
AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION OF A LARGE SUB CATEGORIZATION DICTIONARY FROM CORPORA

This paper presents a new method for producing a dictionary of subcategorization frames from unlabelled text corpora. It is shown that statistical filtering of the results of a finite state parser running on the output of a stochastic tagger produces high quality results, despite the error rates of the tagger and the parser. Further, it is argued that this method can be used to learn all subcategorization frames, whereas previous methods are not extensible to a general solution to the problem.
STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PHAGOCYTES AND TUBERCLE BACILLI : III. SOME METABOLIC EFFECTS IN GUINEA PIGS ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTION WITH TUBERCLE BACILLI

In continuing studies concerning the interactions between phagocytes and tubercle bacilli the effect of tuberculous infection on respiration and glucose utilization was investigated in guinea pigs. Peritoneal exudates rich in polymorphonuclear leucocytes, derived from guinea pigs infected with tubercle bacilli, had a significantly higher rate of respiration than the same cells from normal animals. The difference between cells from normal and infected animals was greater when the animals were infected with a virulent strain (Vallee) than when infected with an attenuated one (R1Rv or BCG). By the use of glucose labelled with C14 at position 1 or 6, or uniformly labelled glucose, it was established that this difference in oxygen uptake between normal and infected cells was probably not caused by a difference in the pathway of glucose utilization. Similarly, the respiration of liver and kidney slices from normal and infected guinea pigs was compared and it was found that liver slices showed differences similar to those shown by leucocytes, but that the kidney slices did not. The possibility has not been ruled out that the difference in rate of respiration of liver slices due to infection might be caused by tuberculous lesions in the livers of infected animals. The mononuclear cells which invade the liver have a higher rate of oxygen uptake than liver cells. The rate of glucose utilization and the total amount of CO2 produced was also determined in intact guinea pigs. Both functions were found not to differ significantly in normal and infected animals. The rate of production of CO2 from C1 and C6 of glucose was the same in both groups of animals. The ratio of the rate of production of C14O2 from C1 and C6 of glucose by the whole animal was found to be about 1.35. It was found to be much higher with polymorphonuclear leucocytes (C1/C6 = 8 in the absence of serum). During the process of phagocytosis this ratio increased from about 25 to about 130 (in the presence of 2 per cent serum) indicating an increase in the direct oxidative pathway of glucose utilization during stimulated cellular activity.
Myotonia in colchicine myoneuropathy

Colchicine may induce a myoneuropathy in patients with renal insufficiency. To date, myotonia has not been described in this disorder. We recently studied 4 patients treated with routine doses of colchicine who, in the setting of renal insufficiency, developed a severe myoneuropathy characterized by prominent myotonic discharges on electromyography. In addition, 1 of the 4 patients had profound clinical myotonia. In the 3 patients in whom biopsies were performed, marked myopathic change with intracytoplasmic vacuolization was identified. All 4 patients improved rapidly with discontinuation of the medication. The patient in whom electrophysiologic studies were repeated had a complete resolution of the myotonic discharges. Colchicine myoneuropathy can present with prominent clinical and electrophysiologic myotonia that resolves completely with discontinuation of the medication.