cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximum power generation in a piezoelectric pulse generator

This investigation presents and discusses maximization techniques for a high-power piezoelectric pulse generator. Maximizing the piezoelectric generator's output power is done by maximizing the product of generated voltage and output current. The maximization methods are derived from the mechanical and electrical models of the generator and provide design guidelines as to the geometric dimensions of the piezoelectric material and circuital conditions that will produce maximum power in the device. The theoretical results show the peak stack voltage to increase with an increasing thickness to area ratio of the piezoelectric material and with increasing applied force. However, in contrast to the peak output voltage, the peak output current increases with the decreasing of thickness to area ratio of the material. In addition to the physical dimension, the peak stack current increases as the value of the antenna inductor decreases. The output power of the piezoelectric generator, which is the product of output voltage and current, linearly increases with the thickness to area ratio. This result is due to the fact that the output voltage is larger comparing to the output current. Experimental results are also given to verify the theoretical results and represent the performance of several types of piezoelectric materials with different thickness to area ratios. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions. The results also show the peak power output of the experimental generator ranging from 7 to 28 kW with a corresponding power density from 9 to 173 kW/cm/sup 3/.
Improved track following in magnetic disk drives using a disturbance observer

Improving the position control of the disk drive read/write heads is an important step in increasing the storage capacity of a drive, especially in the presence of internal and external disturbances. To address this problem, the typical feedback loop of a disk drive servo system was augmented with a disturbance observer. The disturbance observer uses the position error signal and a nominal model of the plant to create an estimate of the disturbance. This estimate is then used to compensate for the disturbance effects. No additional sensors are required, which is particularly relevant in products such as disk drives where cost is a major concern. The effectiveness of the disturbance observer in rejecting shock and vibration disturbances is demonstrated in simulation and shake table experiments. The vibration experiments showed a decrease in the position error of 61%-96% at frequencies below 100 Hz. The maximum position error due to an experimental shock disturbance was decreased by 59%. The effects of noise in the position error signal are also discussed.
Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Children With High-Risk Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Children’s Cancer Group Study

Purpose: To investigate the effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on hematopoietic toxicities, supportive care requirements, time to complete intensive therapy, and event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HR-ALL). Patients and Methods: A total of 287 children with HR-ALL were randomly assigned to intensive chemotherapy regimens (New York I [NY I] or NY II) as part of the Children’s Cancer Group (CCG)-1901 protocol. The induction phases consisted of five drugs (vincristine, prednisone, l-asparaginase, daunorubicin, and cyclophosphamide). Initial consolidation comprised six-agent chemotherapy combined with 18 Gy of total-brain irradiation. Patients were randomly assigned to receive G-CSF (5 μg/kg/day) during either induction or initial consolidation. A crossover study analysis was done on the 259 patients who completed both phases of therapy. Results: The mean time to neutrophil recovery (≥ 0.5 × 109/L) was reduced with G...
The Impact of Weight Gain on Motivation, Compliance, and Metabolic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Patients with type 2 diabetes, approximately 85% of whom are overweight or obese, often have an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. Both type 2 diabetes and obesity are independent risk factors for CVD. Unfortunately, many therapies aimed at maintaining and improving glucose control are associated with weight gain. Among the older antidiabetes agents, most, including the insulin secretagogues and sensitizers, can lead to weight gain, except for metformin, which is weight-neutral. Among the newer agents, the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors generally are weight-neutral in addition to lowering glucose, while the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists lead to weight reduction. Patients with type 2 diabetes are at an increased risk for both diabetes- and CV-related outcomes, and weight reduction is an important component of diabetes management. Weight gain in patients with type 2 diabetes can contribute to patient frustration and may negatively impact their compliance to therapeutic regimens. The selection of antidiabetes agents that not only improve glucose control but reduce or have a neutral effect on weight with beneficial effects on lipids are ideal options for managing patients with type 2 diabetes.
Dodging the explanatory gap – or bridging it

Assuming our understanding of the brain continues to advance, we will at some point have a computational theory of how access consciousness works. Block's supposed additional kind of consciousness will not appear in this theory, and continued belief in it will be difficult to sustain. Appeals to “what it's like” to experience such-and-such will carry little weight when we cannot locate a subject for whom it might be like something.
Synthesis of leucascandrolide A

This paper describes a convergent and stereocontrolled synthesis of leucascan- drolide A, a marine natural product that exhibits potent growth inhibition of mammalian and yeast cells. The approach features a substrate-directed relay of the stereochemical informa- tion via a series of highly diastereoselective transformations. Spontaneous macrolactolization discovered during this synthetic exercise has provided an unprecedented access to this ma- rine macrolide and demonstrates a new tactic for assembling large-ring systems based on the thermodynamic preference of hemiacetalization.
Editorial Response: Laboratory Monitoring of Cytomegalovirus Disease-Is Polymerase Chain Reaction the Answer?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease has been a frustrating com­ plication for infectious diseases practitioners who treat immu­ nosuppressed patients. CMV disease is clearly a frequent and lethal complication of both solid-organ and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. CMV disease is also a dreaded compli­ cation of advanced HIV disease because of the associated mor­ bidity and because CMV disease and its therapy result in a decrease in the quality of life. See articles on pages 824-40. Prevention of CMV disease is an important goal for both organ transplant recipients and patients with advanced HIV disease. Some of these patients are seronegative for CMV and are at little risk ofacquiring CMV during the period ofimmuno­ suppression because they have received CMV-negative organs and blood products, and the risk of other environmental expo­ sures (e.g., sexual exposure) is also remote. Therefore, these presumably uninfected patients are at exceedingly low risk for developing CMV disease. For CMV-seropositive patients or those CMV-seronegative patients who receive a transplanted organ or unfiltered blood products from a CMV-infected donor, there is obviously a risk of developing CMV disease. The time of peak vulnerability for transplant recipients has been well described and is related to the date of transplantation, the type of immunosuppressive therapy administered, and other events related to transplanta­ tion. For patients with advanced HIV disease, the time of peak vulnerability is related to a decrease in the CD4 T lymphocyte count to < 501pL. Providing intravenous or oral chemotherapy for CMV dis­ ease during this period ofpeak vulnerability is a difficult propo­ sition even if this period is measured in weeks or months (in the case of transplant recipients) rather than months or years (in the case of HIV-infected patients). The currently available drugs with activity against CMV (i.e., ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir) are associated with considerable toxicity, ex­ pense, and inconvenience. Ganciclovir, whether given intrave­ nously or orally, is especially ill-suited for these patients
Frequency-dependent attenuation analysis of ground-penetrating radar data

In the early 1990s, it was established empirically that, in many materials, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) attenuation is approximately linear with frequency over the bandwidth of a typical pulse. Further, a frequency-independent Q* parameter characterizes the slope of the band-limited attenuation versus frequency curve. Here, I derive the band-limited Q* function from a first-order Taylor expansion of the attenuation coefficient. This approach provides a basis for computing Q* from any arbitrary dielectric permittivity model. For Cole-Cole relaxation, I find good correlation between the first-order Q* approximation and Q* computed from linear fits to the attenuation coefficient curve over two-octave bands. The correlation holds over the primary relaxation frequency. For some materials, this relaxation occurs between 10 and 200 MHz , a typical frequency range for many GPR applications. Frequency-dependent losses caused by scattering and by the commonly overlooked problem of frequency-dependent reflection ...
Swallowing kinematics and airway protection after palatal local anesthesia in infant pigs

Objectives/Hypothesis Abnormal kinematics during swallowing can result in aspiration, which may become life threatening. We tested the role of palatal sensation in the motor control of pharyngeal swallow in infants. Study Design In eight infant pigs, we reduced palatal sensation using local anesthesia (PLA) and measured the impact on swallowing kinematics and airway protection. Methods The pigs drank milk containing barium while we simultaneously recorded videofluoroscopy and electromyography from fine wire bipolar electrodes in several hyolaryngeal muscles. We compared these results to control feedings and feedings following palatal saline injections. Results After PLA, four pigs had extreme jaw movements and abnormal tongue movement uncharacteristic of sucking. For this reason, we evaluated differences between these group B pigs and the others that could suck normally after PLA (group A). In the four group A pigs, after PLA there was less hyoid elevation (P < .001) but normal jaw and tongue movements. In group B, in addition to greater jaw movement (P < .001) there was more anterior and superior tongue movement (P < .001) and a larger range of hyoid movement (P < .001). Conclusions The airway was protected in all of the pigs, indicating that these changes allowed successful adaptation to the reduction in palatal sensation. However, the oral and pharyngeal phases of the swallow were functionally linked, and trigeminal sensation influenced the motor control of the pharyngeal swallow. Level of Evidence N/A Laryngoscope, 124:436–445, 2014
Activation of calcium-dependent chloride channels in rat parotid acinar cells.

The Ca2+ and voltage dependence of Ca(2+)-activated Cl- currents in rat parotid acinar cells was examined with the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Acinar cells were dialyzed with buffered free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) from 25 nM, depolarizing test pulses activated a Cl- current that was composed of an instantaneous and a slow monoexponential component. The steady-state current-voltage relationship showed outward rectification at low [Ca2+]i but became more linear as the [Ca2+]i increased because of a shift in Cl- channel activation toward more negative voltages. The Ca2+ dependence of steady-state channel activation at various membrane voltages was fit by the Hill equation. The apparent Kd and Hill coefficient obtained from this analysis were both functions of membrane potential. The Kd decreased from 417 to 63 nM between -106 and +94 mV, whereas the Hill coefficient was always > 1 and increased to values as large as 2.5 at large positive potentials. We found that a relatively simple mechanistic model can account for the channel steady-state and kinetic behavior. In this model, channel activation involves two identical, independent, sequential Ca2+ binding steps before a final Ca(2+)-independent transition to the conducting conformation. Channel activation proceeds sequentially through three closed states before reaching the open state. The Ca2+ binding steps of this model have a voltage dependence similar to that of the Kd from the Hill analysis. The simplest interpretation of our findings is that these channels are directly activated by Ca2+ ions that bind to sites approximately 13% into the membrane electric field from the cytoplasmic surface.
Guardian: A Crowd-Powered Spoken Dialog System for Web APIs

Natural language dialog is an important and intuitive way for people to access information and services. However, current dialog systems are limited in scope, brittle to the richness of natural language, and expensive to produce. This paper introduces Guardian, a crowd-powered framework that wraps existing Web APIs into immediately usable spoken dialog systems. Guardian takes as input the Web API and desired task, and the crowd determines the parameters necessary to complete it, how to ask for them, and interprets the responses from the API. The system is structured so that, over time, it can learn to take over for the crowd. This hybrid systems approach will help make dialog systems both more general and more robust going forward.
First Fossil Record of Endoparasitism of Adult Ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) by Braconidae (Hymenoptera)

A parasitoid wasp larva is described emerging from an adult ant (Lasius sp.) in Eocene Baltic amber. On the basis of the cephalic structures of the parasitoid, it can be assigned to the subfamily Neoneurinae of the family Braconidae. This is the only extant subfamily of Hymenoptera whose females oviposit in adult worker ants. This discovery, which is the first fossil demonstrating insect parasitism of ants, shows that ant parasitism by Braconidae was well established some 40 million years ago. The parasitoid could belong to the extinct neoneurine, Elasmosomites primordialis Brues, which was described earlier from Baltic amber.
Bangladesh in 2012: Economic Growth, Political Under-development

The year 2012 began well for Bangladesh. Economic performance was impressive, and there were some notable political developments, such as the starting of the War Crimes Trial. However, corruption remained a pressing issue, the rule of law and human rights in the country became increasingly tenuous, and the political environment continued to be turbulent and uncertain. Moreover, issues regarding the country’s relationship with both India and the U.S. were poorly resolved.
Is Training in a Primary Care Internal Medicine Residency Associated with a Career in Primary Care Medicine

PURPOSE Professional and governmental organizations recommend an ideal US physician workforce composed of at least 40 % primary care physicians. They also support primary care residencies to promote careers in primary care. Our study examines the relationship between graduation from a primary care or categorical internal medicine residency program and subsequent career choice.
Race and ethnic differences in additive and multiplicative effects of depression and anxiety on cardiovascular risk

Starting from the obvious, we all know that depression increases the risk of obesity[1] cardiovascular conditions,[2] other chronic medical conditions,[3] and dying from suicide.[4] Assuming that associations in health are universal and one size fits all, medical and public health literature has historically ignored the potential group differences in paths and mechanisms that cause health and illness, and also consequences of having a health condition.[5] Thus, much is still to be learned about potential variations in the associations across demographic and socio-economic groups.
Distribution Patterns in Melampsorella in the National Forests and Parks of the Western States

Melampsorella is the cause of a witches' broom rust disease on various species of Picea and Abies. Although the disease has long been known due to its conspicuous appearance and wide distribution, considerable confusion exists at present as to the number of species. Earlier investigators (3) described two species under the form genus Peridermium, one species on Abies, the other on Picea. Subsequent workers, among them Rhoads et al (7), subscribed to this concept. Arthur (2) has recently considered the genus to be monotypic basing his conception on the character of the pycnia which he considers to be subcuticular in both forms. In 1939 the writer made a comparative study (5) of infections on Abies and Picea, particularly with reference to the pycnia, and discovered that they are distinctly different, being subcuticular and flattened on Abies as earlier reported (4), but subepidermal, actually substomatal and spherical, on Picea. These differences, plus others among which may be mentioned the size, color, markings, and date of maturity of the aeciospores, and the size and manner of growth of the witches' brooms, have convinced the writer that there are two species of this rust. In a later paper (6) additional information was obtained on the nature of the substomatal pycnia from a study of fresh material and from specimens in the Arthur Herbarium, and further evidence was presented in support of this conclusion. This paper presents the results of studies made during the summer of 1941 on the distribution patterns of these two species, as well as evidence based on field observations and collections.
Consumer Preferences for Alternative Retail Credit Terms: A Concept Test of the Effects of Consumer Legislation:

Retailers may respond to interest limitation laws in ways that are detrimental to certain segments of society. This study examines the impact of such laws on consumers. Preferences for alternative ...
Effects of crop rotation and soybean cultivar on rhizobial genomic diversity in root nodules

Soil and soybean cultivar are the main factors that influence genetic diversity of rhizobia.In this study,we isolated a total of 149 fast-growing and 49 slow-growing nodule bacteria strains from four soybean cultivars grown in soils with two different crop rotations by plant trapping method.We used amplified 16S rDNA restriction analysis(ARDRA),restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) analysis of 16S-23S intergenic spacer(IGS) gene and nod C gene to investigate the effects of crop rotation and soybean cultivar on genomic diversity of rhizobia.ARDRA showed two rDNA types.Type Ⅰ covered all fast-growing strains belonged to Sinorhizobium,while type Ⅱ contained all slow-growing strains belonged to Bradyrhizobium.Three patterns constituted IGS-RFLP—IGS pattern Ⅰ identical to B.liaoningense of slow-growing strains,IGS pattern Ⅱ and IGS pattern Ⅲ similar to two reference strains of S.fredii of fast-growing strains.Based on the results for 16S-23S IGS ARDRA and RFLP,slow-growing strains were identified as B.liaoningense and fast-growing strains identified as S.fredii.Percent average of S.fredii in soils with winter wheat as fore-rotating crop(95.18%) was much higher than that in soils with maize as fore-rotating crop(53.78%),and this varied in relation to different soybean cultivars.In both soil types,‘Jidou 12' showed the highest affinity for S.fredii.Correlation analysis between IGS genotypes of 198 strains and host soybean cultivars showed that ‘Wuxing 1' cultivar was most correlated to IGS type Ⅰ(Bradyrhizobium),‘Williams' and ‘Jidou 17' cultivars most correlated to IGS type Ⅱ(Sinorhizobium) and ‘Jidou 12' cultivar most correlated to IGS type Ⅲ(Sinorhizobium).Results for C-RFLP node showed that crop rotation and soybean cultivar did not affect the nodulation genotype of strains.The results from this study revealed some interactions among rhizobia,crop rotation and soybean cultivar.The effect of crop rotation on rhizobium species was greater than that of soybean cultivar.Soybean cultivar showed some selectivity for rhizobium genotype.
Laser and tissue wound repair

Laser has been widely used in medical area.Low level laser therapy can promote cell growth through biostimulation.Laser may initiate photochemical reaction that causes light-induced polymerization,which can assist in various tissue wound closures.In addition,laser can be utilized to treat wound infection efficiently by photooxidation reaction.An effective improvement of scar reduction can be produced by fractional laser treatment.Laser may play more important roles in tissue wound repair in the future.
Unsuspected Ureterocele and Ureteral Duplication

Four patients presenting with high grade unilateral vesicoureteral reflux were discovered at surgery to have an unsuspected duplex system with a ureterocele associated with the upper pole of the refluxing kidney. No preoperative radiographic study was diagnostic for duplication or ureterocele but when studies were reviewed retrospectively subtle evidence suggesting this possibility could be identified in a few cases. This rare situation should be considered whenever massive unilateral vesicoureteral reflux is encountered.
Cheap and available state machine replication

This paper presents that, by combining on-demand instantiation and lazy recovery, we can reduce the cost of asynchronous state machine replication protocols, such as Paxos and UpRight, while maintaining their high availability. To reduce cost, we incorporate on-demand instantiation, which activates a subset of replicas first and activates backup ones when active ones fail. To solve its key limitation--the system can be halted for long when activating a backup replica, we apply lazy recovery, allowing the system to proceed while recovering backup nodes in the background. The key contribution of this paper is to identify that, when agreement nodes and execution nodes are logically separated, they each presents a unique property that enables lazy recovery. We have applied this idea to Paxos and built ThriftyPaxos, which, as shown in the evaluation, can achieve higher throughput and similar availability comparing to standard Paxos, despite the fact that ThriftyPaxos activates fewer replicas.
A randomised, single-blind, single-dose, three-arm, parallel-group study in healthy subjects to demonstrate pharmacokinetic equivalence of ABP 501 and adalimumab

Objective To demonstrate pharmacokinetic (PK) similarity of biosimilar candidate ABP 501 relative to adalimumab reference product from the USA and European Union (EU) and evaluate safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of ABP 501. Methods Randomised, single-blind, single-dose, three-arm, parallel-group study; healthy subjects were randomised to receive ABP 501 (n=67), adalimumab (USA) (n=69) or adalimumab (EU) (n=67) 40 mg subcutaneously. Primary end points were area under the serum concentration-time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf) and the maximum observed concentration (Cmax). Secondary end points included safety and immunogenicity. Results AUCinf and Cmax were similar across the three groups. Geometrical mean ratio (GMR) of AUCinf was 1.11 between ABP 501 and adalimumab (USA), and 1.04 between ABP 501 and adalimumab (EU). GMR of Cmax was 1.04 between ABP 501 and adalimumab (USA) and 0.96 between ABP 501 and adalimumab (EU). The 90% CIs for the GMRs of AUCinf and Cmax were within the prespecified standard PK equivalence criteria of 0.80 to 1.25. Treatment-related adverse events were mild to moderate and were reported for 35.8%, 24.6% and 41.8% of subjects in the ABP 501, adalimumab (USA) and adalimumab (EU) groups; incidence of antidrug antibodies (ADAbs) was similar among the study groups. Conclusions Results of this study demonstrated PK similarity of ABP 501 with adalimumab (USA) and adalimumab (EU) after a single 40-mg subcutaneous injection. No new safety signals with ABP 501 were identified. The safety and tolerability of ABP 501 was similar to the reference products, and similar ADAb rates were observed across the three groups. Trial registration number EudraCT number 2012-000785-37; Results.
Abstract 19225: Impact of Change in Resuscitation Guidelines on National Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes: Fulfilled Expectations?

Background: The intent of the 5-yearly Resuscitation Guidelines is to improve outcomes. Previous studies have yielded conflicting reports of a beneficial impact of the 2005 guidelines on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival. Using a national database, we examined survival before and after the introduction of both the 2005 and 2010 guidelines. Methods: We used the 2000 through 2012 National Inpatient Sample database to select patients ≥18 years admitted to hospitals in the United States with non-traumatic OHCA (ICD-9 CM codes 427.5 & 427.41). A quasi-experimental (interrupted time series) design was used to compare monthly survival trends. Outcomes for OHCA were compared pre- and post- 2005 and 2010 resuscitation guidelines release as follows: 01/2000-09/2005 vs. 10/2005-9/2010 and 10/2005-9/2010 vs. 10/2010-12/2012. Segmented regression analyses of interrupted time series data were performed to examine changes in survival to hospital discharge. Results: For the pre- and post- guidelines periods, 81600, 69139 and 36556 patients respectively survived to hospital admission following OHCA. Subsequent to the release of the 2005 guidelines, there was a statistically significant worsening in survival trends (β= -0.089, 95% CI -0.163 – -0.016, p =0.018) until the release of the 2010 guidelines when a sharp increase in survival was noted which persisted for the period of study (β= 0.054, 95% CI -0.143 – 0.251, p =0.588) but did not achieve statistical significance (Figure). Conclusion: National clinical guidelines developed to impact outcomes must include mechanisms to assess whether benefit actually occurs. The worsening in OHCA survival following the 2005 guidelines is thought provoking but the improvement following the release of the 2010 guidelines is reassuring and worthy of perpetuation.
The dissociative university: Pragmatist reconstructions in democratic pedagogy:

The American university is in transition, witnessing major changes to its institutional structures and processes. While the 1960s and 1970s were decades of progressive democratization in American h...
Intracellular Cargo Transport by Single-Headed Kinesin Monomers

Kinesin motor proteins that drive intracellular transport share an overall architecture of two motor domain-containing subunits that dimerize through a coiled-coil stalk. Dimerization allows kinesins to be processive motors, taking many steps along the microtubule track before detaching. However, whether dimerization is required for intracellular transport remains unknown. Here, we address this issue using a combination of in vitro and cellular assays to directly compare dimeric motors across the kinesin-1, -2, and -3 families to their minimal monomeric forms. Surprisingly, we find that monomeric motors are able to work in teams to drive peroxisome dispersion in cells. However, peroxisome transport requires minimal force output, and we find that most monomeric motors are unable to disperse the Golgi complex, a high-load cargo. Strikingly, monomeric versions of the kinesin-2 family motors KIF3A and KIF3B are able to drive Golgi dispersion in cells, and teams of monomeric KIF3B motors can generate over 8 pN of force in an optical trap. We find that intracellular transport and force output by monomeric motors, but not dimeric motors, are significantly decreased by the addition of longer and more flexible motor-to-cargo linkers. Together, these results suggest that dimerization of kinesin motors is not required for intracellular transport; however, it enables motor-to-motor coordination and high force generation regardless of motor-to-cargo distance. Dimerization of kinesin motors is thus critical for cellular events that require an ability to generate or withstand high forces.
Measurement of the Heat Transfer Coefficient

The design of the experimental apparatus and the data collection procedure are discussed. The variation of Rayleigh number, Peclet number, Darcy number, dimensionless height ratio, and dimensionless heater length are accounted for in the design of the experimental apparatus. Experimental uncertainty in the measured Nusselt numbers and other dimensionless groups is discussed.
Capping the calix: how toluene completes cesium(i) coordination with calix[4]pyrrole.

The role of solvent in molecular recognition systems is under-researched and often ignored, especially when the solvent is considered “non-interacting”. This study concerns the role of toluene solvent in cesium(I) recognition by calix[4]pyrrole. We show that π-donor interactions bind toluene molecules onto the open face of the cation-receptor complex, thus “capping the calix.” By characterizing this unusual aromatically-saturated complex, we show how “non-interacting” aromatic solvents can directly coordinate receptor-bound cations and thus influence recognition.
History of the winter simulation conference: coming-of-age period (1983--1992)

This paper presents the history of the Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) for the time period covering 1983--1992. This was a healthy era of growth for WSC as conference attendance was strong, exhibits were added, proceedings became hardback, program tracks were added, the Ph.D. Colloquium was initiated, and the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of WSC was celebrated in 1992. This article discusses all of the accomplishments for this "Coming-of-Age Period".
Increasing Physical Activity in Schools 30 Seconds at a Time

The purpose of this article is to provide physical educators with the tools needed to be successful advocates for classroom physical activity breaks throughout the school day.
The Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale: testing reliability and validity.

Purpose/objectives To describe the psychometric development of the Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale (SCFS). Design A multiphase instrumentation study describing construct and operational definitions, informal and formal content validity, reliability, and validity analysis. Sample Content validity established with 20 subjects. Reliability and validity evaluated with 166 subjects residing in diverse parts of the United States. Findings Eleven items that failed to show variance, had high interitem correlations, or failed to discriminate were eliminated. Factor analysis resulted in a four-factor solution that accounted for 70% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was estimated to be 0.96 and to be between 0.82 and 0.93 for the subscales. Conclusions The 28-item SCFS has demonstrated reliability and content and construct validity. Factor analysis supports the four subscales (physical, emotional, cognitive, and temporal). Preliminary construct validity has been demonstrated by differences in fatigue between those people who are currently receiving treatment and those who have completed treatment and by scores on a visual analogue scale of fatigue. Implications for nursing practice The SCFS may prove to be clinically relevant in assessing the effect of interventions to treat and manage cancer-related fatigue.
Symmetries and Inner Product on f

38.1.1. In this section we fix i\( \in \)I. For any j\( \in \)I distinct from i and for any m\( \in \)Z, we set $$f(i,j,m) = \sum {_{r + s = m} ( - 1)^r \upsilon _i ^{ - r( - \left\langle {i,j\prime} \right\rangle - m + 1)} \theta _i^{(r)} \theta _j \theta _i ^{(s)} \in {\rm{f,}}} $$ $$f(i,j,m) = \sum {_{r + s = m} ( - 1)^r \upsilon _i ^{ - r( - \left\langle {i,j\prime} \right\rangle - m + 1)} \theta _i^{(s)} \theta _j \theta _i ^{(r)} \in {\rm{f}}{\rm{.}}} $$ $$(f(i,j,m)\,{\rm{is}}\,{\rm{the}}\,{\rm{same}}\,{\rm{as}}\,{\rm{the}}\,{\rm{element}} = f_{i,j;1,m; - 1} \,{\rm{in}}\,{\rm{7}}{\rm{.1}}{\rm{.1)}}$$
Property As a Fundamental Right? The German Example

This article examines an apparent paradox in comparative constitutional law. Property rights are not treated as a fundamental right in American constitutional law; they are, however, under the Basic Law (i.e., constitution) of Germany, a social-welfare state that otherwise gives less weight to property. The article uses this apparent paradox as a vehicle for considering the different reasons why constitutions protect property. It explains the difference between the German and American constitutional treatment of property on the basis of the quite different approaches taken in the two systems to the purposes of constitutional protection of property.
Beyond screen and voice: augmenting aural navigation with screenless access

The current interaction paradigm to access the mobile web forces people who are blind to hold out their phone at all times, thus increasing the risk for the device to fall or be robbed. Moreover, such continuous, two-handed interaction on a small screen hampers the ability of people who are blind to keep their hands free to control aiding devices (e.g., cane) or touch objects nearby, especially on-the-go. To investigate alternative paradigms, we are exploring and reifying strategies for "screenless access": a browsing approach that enables users to interact touch-free with aural navigation architectures using one-handed, in-air gestures recognized by an off-the-shelf armband. In this article, we summarize key highlights from an exploratory study with ten participants who are blind or visually impaired who experienced our screenless access prototype. We observed proficient navigation performance after basic training, users conceptual fit with a screen-free paradigm, and low levels of cognitive load, notwithstanding the errors and limits of the design and system proposed. The full paper appeared in W4A2018 [1].
Radioembolization for treatment of uveal melanoma hepatic metastasis: Results of a phase II, single institution, prospective trial.

9535Background: The liver is the first site of metastasis in > 90% of uveal melanoma (UM) patients. Transarterial catheter directed therapies have been used to control growth of liver tumors and pr...
Kinematic Design Optimization of a Parallel Surgical Robot to Maximize Anatomical Visibility via Motion Planning

We introduce a method to optimize on a patient-specific basis the kinematic design of the Continuum Reconfigurable Incisionless Surgical Parallel (CRISP) robot, a needle-diameter medical robot based on a parallel structure that is capable of performing minimally invasive procedures. Our objective is to maximize the ability of the robot's tip camera to view tissue surfaces in constrained spaces. The kinematic design of the CRISP robot, which greatly influences its ability to perform a task, includes parameters that are fixed before the procedure begins, such as entry points into the body and parallel structure connection points. We combine a global stochastic optimization algorithm, Adaptive Simulated Annealing (ASA), with a motion planner designed specifically for the CRISP robot. ASA facilitates exploration of the robot's design space while the motion planner enables evaluation of candidate designs based on their ability to successfully view target regions on a tissue surface. By leveraging motion planning, we ensure that the evaluation of a design only considers motions which do not collide with the patient's anatomy. We analytically show that the method asymptotically converges to a globally optimal solution and demonstrate our algorithm's ability to optimize kinematic designs of the CRISP robot on a patient-specific basis.
Biomimetic proteoglycans can molecularly engineer early osteoarthritic cartilage in vivo.

Biomimetic proteoglycans (BPGs) have the potential to treat osteoarthritis (OA) given that these molecules mimic the structure and properties of natural proteoglycans, which are significantly reduced in OA. We examined the effects of BPGs injected into the intra-articular space in an in vivo OA rabbit knee model and evaluated the effect on histological response, joint friction, and BPG distribution and retention. Rabbits underwent ACL transection to create an arthritic state after 5 weeks. OA rabbits were treated with BPGs or Euflexxa® (hyaluronic acid) intra-articular injections. Non-OA rabbits were injected similarly with BPGs; contralateral joints served as controls. The progression of OA and response to injections were evaluated using Mankin and gross grading systems indicating that mild OA was achieved in operated joints. The coefficient of friction (COF) of the intact knee joints were measured using a custom pendulum friction apparatus, showing that OA joints and OA + Euflexxa® joints demonstrated increased COF than non-operated controls, while BPG-injected non-OA and OA + BPGs were not significantly different from non-OA controls. Injected fluorescently labeled BPGs demonstrated that BPGs diffused into cartilage with localization in the pericellular region. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:403-411, 2019.
Expanding etiology of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis.

Background Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) refers to a disparate group of autosomal recessive disorders that are linked by the inability to appropriately form and excrete bile from hepatocytes, resulting in a hepatocellular form of cholestasis. While the diagnosis of such disorders had historically been based on pattern recognition of unremitting cholestasis without other identified molecular or anatomic cause, recent scientific advancements have uncovered multiple specific responsible proteins. The variety of identified defects has resulted in an ever-broadening phenotypic spectrum, ranging from traditional benign recurrent jaundice to progressive cholestasis and end-stage liver disease. Aim To review current data on defects in bile acid homeostasis, explore the expanding knowledge base of genetic based diseases in this field, and report disease characteristics and management. Methods We conducted a systemic review according to PRISMA guidelines. We performed a Medline/PubMed search in February-March 2019 for relevant articles relating to the understanding, diagnosis, and management of bile acid homeostasis with a focus on the family of diseases collectively known as PFIC. English only articles were accessed in full. The manual search included references of retrieved articles. We extracted data on disease characteristics, associations with other diseases, and treatment. Data was summarized and presented in text, figure, and table format. Results Genetic-based liver disease resulting in the inability to properly form and secrete bile constitute an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and increasingly in adults. A growing number of PFIC have been described based on an expanded understanding of biliary transport mechanism defects and the development of a common phenotype. Conclusion We present a summary of current advances made in a number of areas relevant to both the classically described FIC1 (ATP8B1), BSEP (ABCB11), and MDR3 (ABCB4) transporter deficiencies, as well as more recently described gene mutations -- TJP2 (TJP2), FXR (NR1H4), MYO5B (MYO5B), and others which expand the etiology and understanding of PFIC-related cholestatic diseases and bile transport.
2.13 – Alkenyl and Aryl Chalcogenides: Oxygen-based Functional Groups

Current methods for the preparation of alkenyl and aryl compounds bound at an sp2-carbon to oxygen are described. Individual sections summarize literature methods, from the period 1993–2003 for the synthesis of enols, phenols, enol ethers and esters, phenyl ethers and esters, enolates, phenolates, and alkenyl and aryl esters of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Short sections on alkenyl and aryl peroxides and hypohalites are also included.
Examination of classified rock dust (treated and untreated) performance in a 20-L explosion chamber

Abstract Mine explosions are caused by the ignition of excessive accumulations of combustible dust and/or flammable gas mixed with air in the presence of an ignition source. Rock dusting (limestone dust) is a primary measure to prevent propagating coal dust explosions in underground coal mines in the United States. Although rock dust is considered a nuisance dust, Continuous Personal Dust Monitors (CPDMs) do not distinguish between the coal dust and rock dust and assess the total dust exposure. During application, the Research conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has found that all rock dust (RD) cakes after being wetted and then dried. To prevent rock dust from caking, several rock dust manufacturers have developed anti-caking rock dusts. The anti-caking additives used are typically fatty acids that make the rock dust hydrophobic and are added in very low quantities ( 75 μm. The relative inerting effectiveness of these size fractions were determined using the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) 20-L explosion chamber.
Maternal involvement and children’s academic motivation and achievement: The roles of maternal autonomy support and children’s affect

Parents’ level of involvement in children’s schooling is related to children’s academic success; yet, few studies have considered factors that may play a role in this relation. This study examined an interactional model to determine whether children’s affect toward maternal involvement and autonomy supportive versus controlling parenting moderated relations between three involvement types and children’s academic motivation and achievement. Participants were 213 third through fifth-grade children, their mothers and teachers. Unexpectedly, interactions for perceived competence (β = − .26, b = − 0.34) and grades (β = − .14, b = -1.28) indicated that when children’s affect was negative, higher school involvement was associated with higher perceived competence (p < .001) and grades (p = .038). Another interaction (β = .22, b = 2.28) indicated that, as predicted, when mothers were autonomy supportive, higher personal involvement was associated with more autonomous self-regulation (p = .003). This interaction was not present for other outcomes. Findings suggest ways to optimally involve mothers in children’s schooling.
The Uncanny Valley Manifests Even with Exposure to Robots

To investigate the reproducibility of the uncanny valley and its robustness to exposure to robotic technologies, we carried out a direct reproduction of Strait et al. (2015, 2017) and conceptual reproduction of Zl otowski et al. (2017). Consistent with prior findings, we observed an uncanny valley in participants' responses to agents ranging in appearance from mechanomorphic to highly humanlike to human. Specifically, participants exhibited particular aversion to and avoidance of highly humanlike robots relative to their less humanlike counterparts and humans. However, prior exposure via a 1-hour interaction with the NAO robot ($N=52$) was not found to significantly affect participants' responding relative to that of participants without any exposure to robotic technologies ($N=34$). The present work thus provides further indication that the uncanny valley reliably manifests, both with and without exposure.
Optimal Power Module Design for High Power Density Traction Drive System

This paper describes the design of a very high power density inverter drive module using aggressive high-frequency design methods and multi-objective optimization tools. This work is part of a larger effort to develop electric drive designs with >97% efficiency, power densities of 100 kW/L for the power electronics, and with predicted reliable operation to 300,000 miles. The approach taken in this work is to develop designs that utilize wide band gap devices (SiC or GaN) and ceramic capacitors to enable high-frequency switching and a compact integrated design. The multi-objective optimization is employed to select key parameters for the design.
Baseline Climate Grid Resolution and Climate Time Step Impacts on Desert Vegetation Habitat Models

While it is often the assumption in environmental modeling that finer-resolution modeling is preferred, especially if computation times are not prohibitive, few studies have assessed how climate gr...
Evidence Law and Empirical Psychology

This chapter presents a brief historical account of the relationship between the field of empirical psychology and the law of evidence. It highlights some (but not all) of the major contributions that psychologists have made to our understanding of evidence law, while also highlighting recent, cutting-edge research. The article also offers suggestions for how future research can assist in maintaining psychology's relevance to sound evidential policy.
CORRECTING SHEAR STRENGTH FOR TEMPERATURE

This paper describes part of an investigation into the effects of temperature on geotechnical properties of weak deep-ocean sediments and proposes an empirical correction. Selected sections of undisturbed marine core samples and samples of remolded commercial clays at several water contents were subjected to six cycles of being cooled to 4 degrees C, measured for strength and sediment temperature warmed to room temperature, measured again for strength and sediment temperature, and then cooled again to 4 degrees C. It was found that temperature sensitivity of shear strength increases with increasing shear strength. The correlation coefficient for average shear strength versus temperature sensitivity was computed to be 0.70, meaning that sediment strengths would be about 10 percent higher at sea bottom temperature (4 degrees C) than at laboratory temperature (20 degrees C). Because of natural heteorgeneities and the unavoidable errors in measurements of weak sediment strengths, this is a relatively insignificant effect.
Diagnosis, Discovery and Dissection of Viral Diseases

Only a few years ago, viral diagnosis was largely an exercise for academic researchers and public health practitioners with focus on epidemiologic analyses and outbreak prevention, detection, and control. Opportunities for therapeutic intervention were limited to only a few applications such as herpesvirus infections, influenza, and HIV/AIDS; hence, once a bacterial or fungal infection was excluded, clinicians were limited to providing supportive care for what was presumed to be a viral syndrome. Public health organizations tracked the incidence of viral infections and the development of resistance to the few antiviral drugs in use and provided input to governments and the pharmaceutical industry regarding selection of vaccine targets. More recently, interest in viral diagnostics has burgeoned with the advent of new tools for detection and discovery, global recognition of pandemic risk, high-throughput drug screening, rational drug design, and immunotherapeutics. An additional impetus has been the implication of viruses in chronic illnesses not previously attributed to infection. The objective of this chapter is to review the factors responsible for the rise in awareness of viral infections, methods for diagnosis and monitoring viral infections, and future prospects for improvements in discovery, detection, and response to the challenges of clinical virology.