cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond clinical trials: The importance of large databases in evaluating differences in the effectiveness of bisphosphonate therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis

Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) are the established method used to support the efficacy and safety of medicines prior to marketing. For the bisphosphonates currently marketed for osteoporosis, fracture efficacy and safety have been evaluated in RCTs. Because of their strict design, RCTs ensure effective control of internal biases and high internal validity, allowing inferences to be drawn about cause and effect. However, this very restrictive design also means that RCTs provide limited data about the performance of a drug in the real world of clinical practice, where there are wider patient profiles, and variable health care practices, prescribing habits, and patient adherence to the regimen. Nonrandomized studies using large health care databases have increasingly been used to help evaluate the effectiveness of medicines in producing the required health outcomes. Because of the nature of such observational studies, they allow the inclusion of very large numbers of subjects and can be an important source of both effectiveness and safety for medicines and allow comparison between medicines in a fashion that is unlikely to occur in the RCT setting.
A New Indicator for the Spectral States and State Transitions in Cygnus X-1

Based on data from the RXTE All-Sky Monitor, we found that, on time scales of days to weeks, the X-ray intensity of Cyg X-1 is correlated with the spectral hardness of the source in the soft state, but is anti-correlated with the latter in the hard state. The correlation shows interesting evolution during the state transition of 1996 May-August. The entire episode consists of three distinct phases: (1) a ~ 20-d transition phase from the hard state to the soft state, where the correlation changes from negative to positive, (2) a 50-d soft state with a steady positive correlation, and (3) a 20-d transition back to the hard state. The existence and time scales of these three phases are consistent with the timing results from the RXTE/PCA observations. This result confirms the conclusion that the soft X-ray flux alone is not a reliable indicator for a true soft state. We argue that the flux-hardness correlation likely provides a better indicator for defining the spectral states of Cyg X-1.
Directionality and stability in system behaviors

A description is given of a formal method for requirement analysis. The method can detect errors in system specifications by exploring formalized alternative views of systems. At the heart of the method is the observation that the roles played by different system constituents are associated with different general behavior patterns, e.g. directionality and stability. Moreover, these intuitions about systems can be formalized so that reasoning tools can be applied. Specifically, the author investigates systems where a stable service is provided. An ideal system model, called a temporally decomposable structurally stable (TDSS) system, is presented in which the intuitions are characterized as formal properties such as conservation of objects, nondeterminism, and logical implication. A program, DAO, embodying these ideas, has been implemented. >
Thyroid hormones: turning up the heat in myeloma.

Thyroid hormones are essential to human life. Among the many known roles of 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are regulation of growth, metabolism, development and differentiation of ...
Electrochemical struvite precipitation from digestate with a fluidized bed cathode microbial electrolysis cell

Abstract Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) can be used to simultaneously convert wastewater organics to hydrogen and precipitate struvite, but scale formation at the cathode surface can block catalytic active sites and limit extended operation. To promote bulk phase struvite precipitation and minimize cathode scaling, a two-chamber MEC was designed with a fluidized bed to produce suspended particles and inhibit scale formation on the cathode surface. MEC operation elevated the cathode pH to between 8.3 and 8.7 under continuous flow conditions. Soluble phosphorus removal using digester effluent ranged from 70 to 85% with current generation, compared to 10–20% for the control (open circuit conditions). At low current densities (≤2 mA/m 2 ), scouring of the cathode by fluidized particles prevented scale accumulation over a period of 8 days. There was nearly identical removal of soluble phosphorus and magnesium from solution, and an equimolar composition in the collected solids, supporting phosphorus removal by struvite formation. At an applied voltage of 1.0 V, energy consumption from the power supply and pumping (0.2 Wh/L, 7.5 Wh/g-P) was significantly less than that needed by other struvite formation methods based on pH adjustment such as aeration and NaOH addition. In the anode chamber, current generation led to COD oxidation (1.1–2.1 g-COD/L-d) and ammonium removal (7–12 mM) from digestate amended with 1 g/L of sodium acetate. These results indicate that a fluidized bed cathode MEC is a promising method of sustainable electrochemical nutrient and energy recovery method for nutrient rich wastewaters.
McSexy: Exotic Dancing and Institutional Power

A growing body of research is exploring the relationship between power and women's sexuality in occupations that involve the vending of sex or the sale of sexuality. Previous research has examined power in the field of exotic dancing on the individual level and at the interactional/organizational level. This research examines dancer power at the institutional level. Data were gleaned from interviews with 133 female dancers in several cities and level of clubs.
CONTRAST TRANSFER THEORY FOR NON·LINEAR IMAGING

We investigate an improved version of contrast transfer for non-linear imaging of crystals in High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) that includes higher-order terms of the beam convergence. An analytical solution accommodating the second-order term of the convergence is presented. The improved form of the transmission cross-coefficient including the third-order term of the convergence is evaluated numerically for comparison with the analytical solution. Several test cases are examined that demonstrate that the conventional non-linear theory predicts erroneous results for both amplitude and phase contrast at high values of beam convergence.
Cyclic stress tests for full scan circuits

To ensure the production of reliable circuits and fully testable unpackaged dies for MCMs burn-in, both dynamic and monitored, remains a feasible option. During this burn-in process the circuit needs to be stressed for an extended period of time. This requires computation of cyclic input sequences to stress the circuit. A taxonomy of stress related problems for full scan circuits is presented. It is shown that there are efficient ways to compute the sequences for many variations of monitored burn-in problems. Preliminary experimental results on ISCAS89 benchmark circuits are presented.
North American Adult Reading Test: Age Norms, Reliability, and Validity

The North American Adult Reading Test (NAART) is a quickly administered index that is widely used to estimate verbal intellectual ability. We have administered NAART to 351 healthy adults between 18 to 91 years of age to examine psychometric properties of the NAART and to elucidate influence of age, education and gender on NAART performance. The results showed that the NAART is a reliable and valid measure of verbal intelligence, comparable in psychometric properties to the WAIS-R Vocabulary test and with equal psychometric properties in young, middle-aged and older adults. The NAART scores increase across the adult life span (approximately 4.5 points or approximately 0.5 SD) and with education (approximately 1.5 points/year of education) but they are unrelated to gender. The shorter version--the NAART35--is equally reliable and valid in predicting the WAIS-R Vocabulary. We provide norms as well as various equations for precise predictions of the NAART, the NAART35, and the WAIS-R Vocabulary scores based on age and education. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that the verbal intelligence indexes are useful in predicting and interpreting performance on at least some, but not necessarily all neuropsychological tests, in addition to participants' age.
Influence of artificial channels on the source and extent of saline water intrusion in the wind tide dominated wetlands of the southern Albemarle estuarine system (USA)

Saline water intrusion is degrading water quality in the channelized coastal wetlands of the southern Albemarle estuarine system (AES). The source, transport and fate of the saline water in the southern AES was determined by monitoring specific conductivity and water levels in small artificial channels, the Alligator River, the Alligator–Pungo Canal and the groundwater system for ~12 months. Results indicate that water levels are affected by wind tides which trigger the movement of saline water into the interior of the wetlands via the small canals. The wind tides are mostly driven by episodic southerly winds pushing saline water into the canal network and the groundwater regime proximal to the Alligator River. The saline waters persist in the canals as long as the wind tide events last. Specific conductivities from canals and groundwater are shown to be unexpectedly higher closer to the source of the Alligator River than toward the Albemarle Sound, suggesting that the large Alligator–Pungo Canal facilitates the northward migration of saline water from the Pamlico Sound to the Alligator River. Overwash and reversals in the flow directions between groundwater and surface water bodies suggest that saline water that is present during wind tide events may migrate into the groundwater system from surface water bodies. The results of this study reveal that whereas the large Alligator–Pungo Canal channels saline water to the AES, small artificial channels may also play significant roles in degrading water quality in the interior of channelized coastal wetlands.
A circularly polarized HTS microstrip antenna array

The primary advantage of using superconducting materials in antenna systems is the reduction of the loss associated with transmission line matching circuits and feed networks, particularly at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies where the ohmic losses begin to significantly affect system performance. For large antenna arrays with long, elaborate corporate feed networks, the use of HTS transmission lines can substantially increase the efficiency of the antenna. The benefits of HTS materials have been demonstrated by the development of high quality superconducting transmission line, filters and resonators. Superconducting microstrip antennas with enhanced efficiencies have also been demonstrated. In many microstrip designs the substrate upon which the microstrip antenna is patterned is made electrically thin (less than 0.01 /spl lambda//sub 0/). On these thin substrates, the coupling into the surface waves is reduced; unfortunately, this benefit is often countered by a substantial decrease in the impedance bandwidth and antenna efficiency due to conductor and dielectric loss. These losses can be significantly reduced by constructing the antenna from thin films of high temperature superconductor on low loss substrates. We summarize our efforts to design and characterize a 20 GHz, circularly polarized HTS microstrip antenna array.
A Conceptual Model of the Life Cycle of Addiction

(1967). A Conceptual Model of the Life Cycle of Addiction. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 221-240.
Today's research, tomorrow's health: focus on pharmacogenomics.

Many of the scientific societies belonging to the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology meet together each spring under the umbrella of the Experimental Biology meeting. This year’s meeting was attended by over 11,000 scientists (total registration was 13,428) and included six sponsoring societies (American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, American Physiological Society, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, American Society for Investigative Pathology, American Society for Nutrition and American Association of Anatomists) as well as 18 guest societies. Of particular interest to the readers of this journal are the ten symposia in the Pharmacogenomics Theme programmed by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, as well as at least five additional symposia programmed by other participating societies. The titles of these symposia are listed in Box 1. This report will comment on six of these symposia. The tone for the meeting was set by Elias Zerhouni, Director of the NIH, in his talk entitled ‘NIH: Challenges and Opportunities in Science’. He reviewed the need to transform medical research in the twenty-first century to make it possible to intervene before symptoms appear, based on an understanding of preclinical molecular events. He then presented ‘The Future Paradigm’ with the four Ps of the transformation of medicine from curative to preemptive: participatory, predictive, personalized and preemptive [101]. “This requires patient involvement well before disease strikes. As opposed to the doctor-centric, curative model of the past, the future is going to be patient-centric and proactive. It must be based on education and communication.” As can be seen from Figure 1, personalized medicine is central to this needed transformation. Pharmacogenomics will be a important aspect of the transformation.
MANAGEMENT OF MALIGNANCY IN "CANCER FAMILIES"

A further "cancer family" is described. Cancer patients from such a family require careful lifelong follow-up. All members of cancer families should be screened for cancer of the uterus and colon, and they should be educated in methods of cancer detection and the importance of early diagnosis.
Smoking cessation: significance and implications for children.

A number of people in the USA who are still current smokers remain a staggering figure. Although this number continues to decrease, there is still a considerable amount of second-hand smoke. More importantly and for the purpose of this review, the detrimental effects of passive smoke in children is significant. We will not review the specific health effects of passive smoke, but for pediatricians, in particular, it is important to place in perspective programs that are available to influence the parents of children to stop smoking. Indeed, approximately 25% of all children aged 3–11 live in a household with at least one smoker. Despite the increasing number of communities in the states that have instituted restrictions or complete bans on smoking in the workplace and in many public areas, the principal site of smoking remains the home.
Mammography stages of change in middle-aged women with schizophrenia: An exploratory analysis

Health care providers and educators who seek to create health promotion programs and individualized comprehensive care plans for women with schizophrenia are hindered by the lack of data to guide their efforts. This study tested the hypothesis that women with schizophrenia adhere to mammography screening guidelines at the same rate as other same-age women. The study also investigated the validity of the Health Belief (HB) and Stages of Change (SOC) models for breast cancer screening among women with schizophrenia. Socio-demographic and clinical variables, as well as knowledge, attitudes, and barriers were assessed as a function of stage of change related to breast cancer screening in 46 women with schizophrenia. Women with schizophrenia were statistically less likely to be adherent to the screening recommendations than those without schizophrenia. Some support was found for the validity of the HB and SOC models for breast cancer screening in women with schizophrenia. Women in the Precontemplation stage had significantly higher negative attitude scores compared to Contemplation and Action/Maintenance stages (59.7, 45.7, and 43.2, respectively), and there was a trend for more barriers in the Precontemplation group (4.6, 2.6, 2.7 respectively). Given the small sample size, further research on the rates of breast cancer screening in women with schizophrenia is warranted. Nonetheless, these data suggest that providers who care for women with schizophrenia may need to make take additional measures to ensure that this population receives appropriate screening so as to not put them at greater risk for a late-stage diagnosis of breast cancer. Furthermore, these pilot data suggest that HB and SOC theory-based interventions may be valid for increasing mammography rates in women with schizophrenia.
M-ary amplitude shift keying OFDM system

Coherent M-ary amplitude-shift keying (MASK) is proposed for use in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The frequency separation between subcarriers is only 1/2T instead of 1/T. With a slightly wider bandwidth, an /spl radic/M-ary ASK OFDM can achieve the same bit-error rate (BER) of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) OFDM and a better BER than that of M-ary phase-shift keying (MPSK) OFDM. The /spl radic/M-ary ASK OFDM has the same peak-to-average-power ratio as that of the M-ary QAM OFDM. The MASK OFDM can be implemented digitally and efficiently by fast cosine transform and demodulated by inverse fast cosine transform. Comparisons show that implementation complexity is reduced for additive white Gaussian noise channels with the use of the new scheme.
Energy efficient scheduling for web search on heterogeneous microservers

Heterogeneous multi-core processors, such as the ARM big-LITTLE architecture, are becoming increasingly popular due to power and thermal constraints. In this paper, we address the use of low-power heterogeneous multi-cores as microservers utilizing web search as a motivational application. In particular, we propose a new family of scheduling policies for heterogeneous microservers to optimize for performance metrics such as mean response time and service level agreements, while guaranteeing thermally-safe operation. Thorough experimental evaluations on a big-LITTLE platform demonstrate that naive performance-oriented scheduling policies quickly result in thermal instability, while the proposed policies not only reduce peak temperature but also achieve 4.8× reduction in processing time and 5.6× increase in energy efficiency compared to baseline scheduling policies.
Back-illuminated ultraviolet image sensor in silicon-on-sapphire

We present a back-illuminated 32 x 32 pixel SOI image sensor chip in 0.5-mum silicon-on-sapphire process capable of ultraviolet imaging. The imager performs "snap-shot" image acquisition and analog readout at a continuous rate of a thousand frames/s and consumes as little as 650 muW. Each pixel consists of a photodiode and a memory capacitor in 40 mum x 40 mum with a fill factor of 43%. The image sensor is suited for hyper-spectral imaging at high speeds.
Gas–liquid two‐phase flow through packed beds in microgravity

Experimental data on flow pattern transitions, pressure drop, and flow characteristics for cocurrent gas-liquid flow through packed columns in microgravity is analyzed. The pulse flow regime exists over a wider range of gas and liquid flow rates under microgravity conditions. Furthermore, maps used to predict transition boundaries in normal gravity do not apply in microgravity. The flow regime data are compared to the widely used Talmor map and a new transition criterion between bubble and pulse flow in microgravity is proposed. The pressure-drop data clearly show that interfacial effects can increase the pressure drop by as much as 300% compared to those predicted by the single-phase Ergun equation. A two-phase friction factor is correlated to the superficial gas and liquid Reynolds numbers and the Suratman number. New data are also presented on the influence of gravity on the pulse amplitude and frequency.
SEE Test Results for P2020 and P5020 Freescale Processors

Freescale processors are tested for heavy ion and proton SEE. The P2020 is tested for cache and register bit upsets as well as for upsets of various algorithms and memory controller upsets. The P5020 is tested for cache and register bit upsets as well as memory controller upsets. Effectiveness of testing various algorithms is limited to proton testing of the P2020 and is generally limited in fidelity due to register and cache upsets.
Variable- Step-Size Auto-Tuning Algorithm for Digital Power Converter with Variable-Switching-Frequency

This paper presents the analysis and implementation of a digital controller with adaptive auto- tuning algorithm that has a variable step size to track and detect the optimum switching frequency for a DC-DC converter. The algorithm is theoretically analyzed and developed based on buck DC-DC converter loss model and behavior and directed towered improving the convergence speed and accuracy of the adaptive loop by adjusting the converter switching frequency with variable step size. Simulation results are presented for the developed algorithm under variable conditions. Future experimental work is also discussed.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction by a Paracrine Mechanism

Background Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) may be an adaptive mechanism to correct ventilation-perfusion mismatch in the face of hypoxia. In chronic hypoxia, prolonged vasoconstriction may result in pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. It has been shown that during chronic hypoxia, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling, anti-inflammation, and vascular stability. Also, MSCs have been shown to release growth factors when stressed by hypoxia. We hypothesized that MSCs reduce HPV by a paracrine mechanism. To test this, MSCs were stressed by hypoxia in tissue culture and the cell-free media was then used to treat the pulmonary arteries subjected to HPV. Methods Adult male (250–350 g) Sprague Dawley rat pulmonary arteries (n = 10/group) were isolated and suspended in physiological organ baths. Human MSCs were stressed with 60-min hypoxia and conditioned media was collected. Pulmonary artery rings were treated with vehicle or MSC-conditioned (cell-free) media prior to hypoxia. Force displacement was continuously recorded. Data (mean ± SEM) were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance with post-hoc Bonferroni test. Results Pulmonary arteries exposed to MSC-conditioned media experienced an augmented vasodilatory phase as compared to vehicle. Maximum vasodilation was 53.58 ± 6.42% versus 39.76 ± 4.05% for vehicle (P < 0.001). In addition, delayed, phase II vasoconstriction was significantly attenuated as compared to vehicle. Maximum phase II vasoconstriction was 28.51 ± 12.42 versus 86.29 ± 15.99% for vehicle (P < 0.001). Conclusions We conclude that acute hypoxia induces HPV and that MSC-conditioned media acutely attenuates this effect. Thus, in addition to a direct contribution to vessel remodeling in chronic hypoxia, MSCs may acutely protect and attenuate hypoxic pulmonary vasoreactivity through a paracrine mechanism.
Energy-aware distributed tracking in wireless sensor networks

We consider a wireless sensor network engaged in the task of distributed tracking. Here, multiple remote sensor nodes estimate a physical process (viz., a moving object) and transmit quantized estimates to a fusion center for processing. At the fusion node a BLUE (Best Linear Unbiased Estimation) approach is used to combine the sensor estimates and create a final estimate of the state. In this framework, the uncertainty of the overall estimate is derived and shown to depend on the individual sensor transmit energy and quantization levels. Since power and bandwidth are critically constrained resources in battery operated sensor nodes, we attempt to quantify the tradeoff between the lifetime of the network and the estimation quality over time. A unique feature of this work is that instead of merely allowing a greedy minimization of uncertainty in each time instance, the lifetime of the wireless sensor network is improved by incorporating a heuristic scaling on the operating capability of each node. This heuristic in turn depends on the remaining energy, equivalent to the past history of power and quantization decisions. Simulation results demonstrate the quality of the state estimate as well as the extended lifetime of the network when power and quantization levels are dynamically updated.
WORKPLACE VIOLENCE: ARE SOME NURSES MORE VULNERABLE?

Workplace violence pervades the healthcare setting. This study describes workplace violence events (WPVE) by type, frequency, perpetrator, and contributing factors and explores the relationship between WPVE and a history of childhood/adult abuse. Sixty-seven randomly selected registered nurses responded to the study. Both closed and open-ended responses were obtained. The majority of nurses experienced WPVE, typically emotional and verbal events. Physicians were commonly the perpetrators. Contributing factors included drugs, poor staffing, hospital location, gangs, easy access to triage, long hours worked, no training, power/control, stress, and negative characteristics of perpetrators. Over half of the nurses reported being victims of childhood or adult abuse; this abuse history was found to influence type (sexual and physical), frequency, and timing of WPVE. In an effort to prevent and reduce the frequency of WPVE, risk assessments of all health care environments should be made, followed with education ...
Effect of Selenium (Se) on Peroxidation and Glutathione (GSH) Levels in Murine Mammary Cells

Dietary Se (2.0 ppm) inhibited chemical carcinogen induced murine mammary tumorigenesis, however, the mechanism of Se’s effect is unknown (1). Studies on the mechanism of inhibition of mammary tumori-genesis have included measurements of lipid peroxidation and GSH levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Se on lipid peroxidation, cell numbers (in vitro), and GSH levels in mammary epithelial cells.
SutA is a bacterial transcription factor expressed during slow growth in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Microbial quiescence and slow growth are ubiquitous physiological states, but their study is complicated by low levels of metabolic activity. To address this issue, we used a time-selective proteome-labeling method [bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT)] to identify proteins synthesized preferentially, but at extremely low rates, under anaerobic survival conditions by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One of these proteins is a transcriptional regulator that has no homology to any characterized protein domains and is posttranscriptionally up-regulated during survival and slow growth. This small, acidic protein associates with RNA polymerase, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by high-throughput sequencing suggests that the protein associates with genomic DNA through this interaction. ChIP signal is found both in promoter regions and throughout the coding sequences of many genes and is particularly enriched at ribosomal protein genes and in the promoter regions of rRNA genes. Deletion of the gene encoding this protein affects expression of these and many other genes and impacts biofilm formation, secondary metabolite production, and fitness in fluctuating conditions. On the basis of these observations, we have designated the protein SutA (survival under transitions A).
ULTRASONIC DETERMINATION OF CASE DEPTH AND SURFACE HARDNESS IN AXLES

Generally, NDI methods for determining case depth are based on inferring case depth indirectly through measuring electromagnetic or elastic properties of the part using eddy current or ultrasonic probes.1–4 Eddy current systems are commonly used for case depth measurements and are known to be reliable for many applications4. However, they lack sensitivity if the case depth is deep (e.g. greater than 5 mm in steel parts) because of the compromise required between a sufficiently high frequency to obtain adequate coupling and a sufficiently low frequency to obtain adequate penetration of the part. Further, custom probes are required for inspection of components with different geometries. When the steel is hardened, the eddy current techniques are dependent on changes in the magnetic permeability and the electrical conductivity of the steel, whereas the ultrasonic techniques are dependent on changes in the elastic modulus of the steel. It is not generally known whether the changes in the electromagnetic properties or the elastic properties correlate better with the hardness. Further, since the same hardness can be achieved through different processing paths, it is not clear if the correlation for either set of properties is unique or is dependent on the specific processing path.
Arthroscopic Capsulolabral Reconstruction for Posterior Shoulder Instability in Patients 18 Years Old or Younger.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine clinical outcomes for pain, function, instability, and return to activity level and sport in patients 18 years old or younger, treated with arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction for posterior instability of the shoulder. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 22 athletes (25 shoulders) with unidirectional recurrent posterior shoulder instability treated with arthroscopic posterior capsulolabral reconstruction from 2002 to 2009. The study group included 19 males and 3 females with a mean age of 17 years. Patients were evaluated at a mean of 63 months postoperatively with American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) composite scores and subset scores for pain, stability, and function, as well as Marx activity scores. Statistical analysis was performed for continuous and categorical variables with significance set at α=0.05. RESULTS The overall mean postoperative ASES and Marx scores were 74.3 (SD±20) and 14.8 (SD±3.2), respectively. Twenty-three shoulders were stable at the time of final follow-up (92%). Two shoulders had traumatic recurrent episodes of posterior instability. Return to sport at the same level was achieved in 67% of athletes. Overall postoperative ASES scores were significantly higher in male patients (P=0.04), those with traumatic injuries (P=0.03), and in contact athletes (P<0.01). Postoperative Marx scores were significantly higher in male patients (P<0.01). Preoperative and postoperative range of motion were assessed and without significant difference. CONCLUSION Arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction is an effective treatment for symptomatic unidirectional posterior glenohumeral instability in 18 years old or younger. In distinction to treatment of anterior instability, outcomes in this series were improved in males, contact athletes, and patients with a traumatic etiology of posterior glenohumeral instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
1786 Change in Expression of Pentraxin3-Mrna in Infectious Fetal Lung Tissues Related with Premature Rupture of Membranes

To explore the change in the expression of pentraxin 3 (PTX3)-mRNA and its clinical significance in fetal lung tissues with intrauterine infection related to premature rupture of membranes (PROM). From Oct.2010 to Oct.2011, a total of 12 cases of fetal death, stillbirth, abortion or miscarriage of fetal lung specimens were assigned to this study. Fetal lung samples were devided into two groups according to with or without intrauterine infection related to PROM. Fetal lung tissue specimens were fixed with 4g/L of paraformaldehyde and paraffin embedded within 2h, 4mm serial section, and then HE staining. Light microscope was used to identify whether infection/inflammatory response existed in fetal lung tissues or not. Total RNA samples from fresh lung tissure were reverse transcribed into Cdna. Gly ceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAPDH) was used as reference gene. qRT-PCR and relative quantitative analysis method were performed to detect the expression of mRNA in lung tissue in two groups. Relative expression of Mrna in two groups were compared by ΔCt method of relative quantification. The results showed that: There was a larger number of neutrophil infiltration, red blood cells leakage, viscous liquid and inflammatory cell exudation in fetal lung tissues of study group. Study group displayed higher expression of PTX3-mRNA than in control group (5.77±0.68 vs. 4.71±0.40, p=0.002). Conclusions The expression of PTX3-mRNA was significantly increased in fetal lung tissues with intrauterine infection related with PROM, which can be regarded as a sensitive index for the early diagnosis of fetal intrauterine infection when PROM exists.
Qualitative Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Using Leximancer Digital Software

Manuscript received Dec 13, 2012; revised Feb 20, 2013. Abstract—It is the nature of qualitative research data to be collected in large amounts of interview narratives or conversations about human behaviour that cannot be analysed using conventional quantitative computer software. Such data need to be mined using qualitative digital software that can make sense of letters and words rather than numbers and equations. One such software that appears to be very efficient at mining qualitative data is called Leximancer and is the topic of this paper. Thanks to researchers at the University of New England and the University of Queensland in Australia, Leximancer can be used to mine large amounts of qualitative textual documents, extract information at super-electronic speeds and display the results visually in a graphic organiser of the contents generally called a Concept Map. The researcher is able to mine the data deeply to discover the meaning embedded in its digital structures through conceptual (thematic) analysis as well as relational (semantic) analysis in a manner which can be a great time saver for the researcher.
Peripheral metabolism of PTH: fate of biologically active amino terminus in vivo

Clearance of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) from blood is associated with rapid uptake by liver and kidney, limited proteolysis by tissue endopeptidases and, within minutes, appearance of circulating carboxyl-(COOH)-terminal PTH fragments. The fate of the corresponding amino(NH2)-terminal portion of the hormone during this peripheral metabolism is still unknown, however. To determine this, we have employed [35S]bovine PTH (bPTH) labeled to high specific activity at NH2-terminal methionines, which permits direct monitoring of the fate of the PTH NH2-terminus during metabolism in vivo. The [35S]PTH was administered by bolus or continuous intravenous infusion to anesthetized normal rats, to rats subjected to acute ablation of the liver, the kidneys, or both, and to rats receiving co-infusions of excess synthetic bPTH(1-34) NH2-terminal fragments. Analysis by high-resolution chromatographic techniques sensitive to 10(-13) M [35S]PTH peptides in plasma yields no evidence that peripheral metabolism of PTH generates circulating NH2-terminal fragments, even when special measures are taken to block clearance of such putative fragments from blood. We find that the NH2-terminus of PTH is rapidly degraded in situ by the liver but that both liver and especially kidney nevertheless contain low levels of NH2-terminal PTH fragments that, although not released into the blood, are large enough to be potentially active. Thus, the peripheral metabolism of PTH in normal animals does not normally lead to the formation of circulating amino terminal fragments of the hormone that might act independently of intact PTH on peripheral target tissues.
Network Management Based on Routing and Switching Platform

Routing and switching platforms are widely used in modern communication equipments,network management based on routing and switching platform has a significant meaning and a prospect of application.The article briefly describes the routing and switching platform ZebOS and the Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP,it explains the implementation method and workflow of SNMP network management used in routing and switching platform,meanwhile a real-time alarm information transmission mechanism is designed and it realizes the configuration and management of routing exchange platform.
Moving Out to Move Up

Moving Out to Move Up discusses the timing and processes of assuming a more advanced leadership role. Personal and leadership growth are ongoing investments and one should look for clues within oneself and from others to determine readiness to pursue a different role. Mentors and networking play pivotal roles in career development and identification of potential career growth opportunities. Sometimes leadership opportunities may be within your existing institution. Often, an opportunity is found at another institution and one participates as a candidate in a search process. Regardless of whether you ultimately secure the new position, sincerely participating as an applicant can be a growth opportunity. Once a position is landed, timing of the move is important as are first impressions a new leader brings to a new institution.
Nanoscale Characterization of Photovoltaic Devices

Microstructure of CdTe photovoltaic devices is investigated using two optical spectroscopies based on scanning probes: photothermal induced resonance and near-field transmission. The techniques map the band gap, shallow and deep defects on sub-grain level. Article not available.
A wearable sit-to-stand detection system based on angle tracking and lower limb EMG

Sit-to-stand (STS) failures represent one type of fall accidents caused by loss of balance on senior citizens when they are trying to make body movement from sitting to standing. For effective detection of STS failures, a wearable STS detection system was proposed and developed in this study, based on the combination of the angle change data collected from people's upper trunk and the electromyography (EMG) data acquired from quadriceps. The developed STS detection system will raise an alarm when the user (such as elderly people or people with disabilities) tries to stand up or at least intend to stand up without proper care or necessary assistance. In such a case, the caregiver will be promptly notified and can come to provide necessary assistance to the user before STS failure happens. Experimental results showed that the developed system can work successfully on different human subjects with the FAR (false accept rate) and FRR (false reject rate) below 5%. It has been demonstrated that the proposed approach holds the advantages in terms of early alarms (i.e., reported at early stage of STS procedure), accurate detection, low false alarm rate, low cost, as well as ease-of-use, all of which have made the proposed system suitable for being adopted and integrated in other pervasive healthcare applications.
Microglial Barriers to Viral Gene Delivery.

In this issue of Neuron, Tufail et al. present an underlying mechanism for microglia-mediated elimination of virally transduced cells in the central nervous system. These findings could contribute to the development of improved gene therapies for various neurological disorders by exploring why microglia destroy viable cells following viral infection.
Geometry of statistical target detection

This paper presents an investigation into the underlying geometry and performance of various statistical target detection algorithms for hyperspectral imagery, presents results from algorithm testing, and investigates general trends and observable principles for understanding performance. Over the variety of detection algorithms, there is no universally best performing algorithm. In our test, often top performing algorithms on one class of targets obtain mediocre results on another class of targets. However, there are two clear trends: quadratic detectors such as ACE generally performed better than linear ones especially for subpixel targets (our top 15 scoring algorithms were quadratic detectors), and using anomaly detection to prescreen image spectra improved the performance of the quadratic detectors (8 of our top 9 scoring algorithms using anomaly prescreening). We also demonstrate that simple combinations of detection algorithms can outperform single algorithms in practice. In our derivation of detection algorithms, we provide exposition on the underlying mathematical geometry of the algorithms. That geometry is then used to investigate differences in algorithm performance. Tests are conducted using imagery and targets freely available online. The imagery was acquired over Cooke City, Montana, a small town near Yellowstone National Park, using the HyMap V/NIR/SWIR sensor with 126 spectral bands. There are three vehicle and four fabric targets located in the town and surrounding area.
Early experience with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) based commercial clinical genomic profiling of gliomas-robust and informative with caveats.

Abstract Background Commercial targeted genomic profiling with next generation sequencing using formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue has recently entered into clinical use for diagnosis and for the guiding of therapy. However, there is limited independent data regarding the accuracy or robustness of commercial genomic profiling in gliomas. Methods As part of patient care, FFPE samples of gliomas from 71 patients were submitted for targeted genomic profiling to one commonly used commercial vendor, Foundation Medicine. Genomic alterations were determined for the following grades or groups of gliomas; Grade I/II, Grade III, primary glioblastomas (GBMs), recurrent primary GBMs, and secondary GBMs. In addition, FFPE samples from the same patients were independently assessed with conventional methods such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), or Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for three genetic alterations: IDH1 mutations, EGFR amplification, and EGFRvIII expression. Results A total of 100 altered genes were detected by the aforementioned targeted genomic profiling assay. The number of different genomic alterations was significantly different between the five groups of gliomas and consistent with the literature. CDKN2A/B, TP53, and TERT were the most common genomic alterations seen in primary GBMs, whereas IDH1, TP53, and PIK3CA were the most common in secondary GBMs. Targeted genomic profiling demonstrated 92.3%–100% concordance with conventional methods. The targeted genomic profiling report provided an average of 5.5 drugs, and listed an average of 8.4 clinical trials for the 71 glioma patients studied but only a third of the trials were appropriate for glioma patients. Conclusions In this limited comparison study, this commercial next generation sequencing based-targeted genomic profiling showed a high concordance rate with conventional methods for the 3 genetic alterations and identified mutations expected for the type of glioma. While it may not be feasible to exhaustively independently validate a commercial genomic profiling assay, examination of a few markers provides some reassurance of its robustness. While potential targeted drugs are recommended based on genetic alterations, to date most targeted therapies have failed in glioblasomas so the usefulness of such recommendations will increase with development of novel and efficacious drugs.
Nanoscale Roughness of Natural Fault Surfaces Controlled by Scale-Dependent Yield Strength

Many natural fault surfaces exhibit remarkably similar scale-dependent roughness, which may reflect the scale-dependent yield strength of rocks. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we show that a sample of the Corona Heights Fault exhibits isotropic surface roughness well-described by a power law, with a Hurst exponent of 0.75 +/− 0.05 at all wavelengths from 60 nm to 10 μm. The roughness data and a recently proposed theoretical framework predict that yield strength varies with length scale as λ-0.25+/−0.05. Nanoindentation tests on the Corona Heights sample and another fault sample whose topography was previously measured with AFM (the Yair Fault) reveal a scale-dependent yield stress with power-law exponents of −0.12 +/− 0.06 and −0.18 +/− 0.08, respectively. These values are within one to two standard deviations of the predicted value, and provide experimental evidence that fault roughness is controlled by intrinsic material properties, which produces a characteristic surface geometry.
Reaction rates and prediction of thermal instability during aluminum alloy 6061 dissolution

ABSTRACTChemical kinetics of dissolution of aluminum alloy 6061 was investigated for the processing of Pu-238 for deep space missions. The rate of dissolution was measured by the heat release and appeared to be controlled by the rate of release of Al(OH)4− from the metal surface. Rates of reaction were measured from 273 to 365 K, giving an activation energy of 72 ± 13 kJ⋅(mol Al)−1 and a pre-exponential factor of 5 ± 3 × 109 dm3mol−1min−1. Minor alloying elements did not appear to affect the reaction kinetics. The average heat of dissolution was −360 ± 70 kJ⋅(mol NaAlO2)−1. When extrapolated to an infinitely dilute solution of aluminum, kJ⋅(mol NaAlO2)−1.
Methoden zur Berechnung der DFT-Matrix

Bereits im Kap. 1 sahen wir, das die DFT-Matrix aus (1.3) auf S. 6 nicht nur bei der DFT, sondern z.B. auch bei zahlentheoretischen Transformationen vorkommt. Die Algorithmen zur Berechnung der DFT-Matrix in diesem und dem nachsten Kapitel sind daher nicht ausschlieslich fur die DFT gedacht, sondern konnen zur Berechnung verschiedenster Transformationen, die eine DFT-Struktur besitzen, eingesetzt werden, sofern nicht ausdrucklich der Algorithmus komplexe Drehfaktoren verwendet. Die DFT-Matrix W N ist eine unitare Vandermonde-Matrix (siehe Anhang D, S. 339) und besitzt starke Symmetrien. Dies werden wir uns im Kap. 9 bei den mehrdimensionalen Indextransformationen zunutze machen. In dem einfuhrenden Kapitel werden wir einige grundlegende Vereinfachungen in der Berechnung der DFT-Matrix behandeln und abschliesend fur DFTs kurzer Lange einen ersten Algorithmus mit deutlich reduzierter Anzahl an Multiplikationen kennenlernen. Weitere Algorithmen mit deutlich reduzierter Anzahl an Multiplikationen sind dann Gegenstand des Kapitels 9. Wir wollen die DFT-Algorithmen grob in zwei grose Klassen einteilen, wie es in Abb. 8.1 dargestellt ist.
Electoral College Results

Electoral College results show us where a president gained and lacked support in an election cycle. O’Brien looks at each presidential election from 1945 to 2017. She uses their Electoral College results to see if they affect where administrations choose to give speeches. She finds that most presidents engage in base reinforcing behavior. That is, they prefer to give speeches in places where they have the most electoral support. Many presidents pay scant attention to places not supportive of them in the last election cycle. When presidents do target areas that are not supportive, they engage in base outreach behavior. There have only been a few administrations that target swing states to outreach with George W. Bush as the most recent one.
THE ACONITE ALKALOIDS XIX. FURTHER STUDIES WITH DELPHININE DERIVATIVES

SUMMARY The failure of previous attempts to dehydrogenate aconitine and delphinine with selenium was caused possibly in part by the number and positions occupied by the substituting groups. Initial efforts have been made to achieve simpler derivatives for further degradation studies by systematic removal of such substituents. In the present work pyro-ac- oxodelphinine, now shown to be an unsaturated pyrolysis product of 01- oxodelphinine, has been used as the starting point. After isomerization with acid to isopyrooxodelphinine, a series of transformations was made which yielded finally a substance C22HS306N in which some of the original O-containing groups have been removed. Dehydrogenation of an ester of the latter has yielded a hydrocarbon, C1rH24, the absorption spectrum of which suggests that it may be a bicyclopentobenzene and in a different category from the phenanthrene hydrocarbons obtained from the atisine group of aconit#e bases.