cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of short vs long-course perioperative antibiotics in lung transplant recipients with donor positive respiratory cultures.

Lung transplant recipients are at increased risk for infection in the early postoperative phase, thus perioperative antibiotics are employed. This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of short- vs long-course perioperative antibiotics in lung transplant patients. Lung transplant patients with donor positive cultures between August 2013 and September 2019 were evaluated, excluding those with cystic fibrosis, death within 14 days and re-transplants. The primary outcome was 30-day freedom from donor-derived respiratory infection. A total of 147 patients were included (57 short vs 90 long-course). Median perioperative antibiotic duration was 6 days in the short-course vs 14 days in the long-course group (P < .0001). Thirty-day freedom from donor-derived respiratory infection was present in 56 (98%) patients in the short-course vs 85 (94%) patients in the long-course group (P = .41). There was no difference in development of Clostridioides difficile infections (P = .41), while cumulative ventilator time and time to post-op extubation were longer in the long-course group (P = .001 and .004, respectively). Among lung transplant recipients with positive donor respiratory cultures, short-course perioperative antibiotics were as effective as long-course antibiotics in preventing donor-derived bacterial respiratory infections.
Metabolism meets apoptosis in AML.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive heterogeneous disease characterized by clonal proliferation of abnormal myeloid cells. AML affects mostly adults. A key feature of AML is arrest of dif...
β-Cyclodextrin-poly (β-Amino Ester) Nanoparticles Are a Generalizable Strategy for High Loading and Sustained Release of HDAC Inhibitors

Therapeutic development of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) has been hampered by a number of barriers to drug delivery, including poor solubility and inadequate tissue penetration. Nanoparticle encapsulation could be one approach to improve the delivery of HDACi to target tissues; however, effective and generalizable loading of HDACi within nanoparticle systems remains a long-term challenge. We hypothesized that the common terminally ionizable moiety on many HDACi molecules could be capitalized upon for loading in polymeric nanoparticles. Here, we describe the simple, efficient formulation of a novel library of β-cyclodextrin-poly (β-amino ester) networks (CDN) to achieve this goal. We observed that network architecture was a critical determinant of CDN encapsulation of candidate molecules, with a more hydrophobic core enabling effective self-assembly and a PEGylated surface enabling high loading (up to ∼30% w/w), effective self-assembly of the nanoparticle, and slow release of drug into aqueous media (up to 24 days) for the model HDACi panobinostat. We next constructed a library of CDNs to encapsulate various small, hydrophobic, terminally ionizable molecules (panobinostat, quisinostat, dacinostat, givinostat, bortezomib, camptothecin, nile red, and cytarabine), which yielded important insights into the structural requirements for effective drug loading and CDN self-assembly. Optimized CDN nanoparticles were taken up by GL261 cells in culture and a released panobinostat was confirmed to be bioactive. Panobinostat-loaded CDNs were next administered by convection-enhanced delivery (CED) to mice bearing intracranial GL261 tumors. These studies confirm that CDN encapsulation enables a higher deliverable dose of drug to effectively slow tumor growth. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) analysis on tissue sections confirms higher exposure of tumor to drug, which likely accounts for the therapeutic effects. Taken in sum, these studies present a novel nanocarrier platform for encapsulation of HDACi via both ionic and hydrophobic interactions, which is an important step toward better treatment of disease via HDACi therapy.
Network Classification with Missing Information

Demand for effective methods of analyzing networks has emerged with the growth of accessible data, particularly for incomplete networks. Even as means for data collection advance, incomplete information remains a reality for numerous reasons. Data can be obscured by excessive noise. Surveys for information typically contain some non-respondents. In other cases, simple inaccessibility restricts observation. Also, for illicit groups, we are confronted with attempts to conceal important elements or their propagation of false information. In the real-world, it is difficult to determine when the observed network is both accurate and complete. In this paper, we consider a method for classification of incomplete networks. We classify real-world networks into technological, social, information, and biological categories by their structural features using supervised learning techniques. In contrast to the current method of training models with only complete information, we examine the effects of training our classification model with both complete and incomplete network information. This technique enables our model to learn how to recognize and classify other incomplete networks. The representation of incomplete networks at various stages of completeness allows the machine to examine the nuances of incomplete networks. By allowing the machine to study incomplete networks, its ability to recognize and classify other incomplete networks improves drastically. Our method requires minimal computational effort and can accomplish an efficient classification. The results strongly confirm the effectiveness of training a classification model with incomplete network information.
CT pulmonary angiography in pregnancy: Specific conversion factors to estimate effective radiation dose from dose length product: A retrospective cross-sectional study across a multi-hospital integrated healthcare network.

PURPOSE Effective dose describes radiation-related cancer risk from CT scans and is estimated using a readily available conversion factor (k-factor), which varies by body part and study type. To purpose of this study is to determine the specific k-factor for CTPA in pregnant patients and its predictive factors. METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluates CTPA in pregnancy across a multihospital integrated healthcare network from January 2012 to April 2017. Patient and CTPA-related data were obtained from the electronic health record and a radiation dose index monitoring system. Each patient's effective dose was determined by patient-specific Monte-Carlo simulation with Cristy phantoms and divided by patient dose-length-product to determine the k-factor. K-factor for pregnant patients was compared to the k-factor for adults of standard physique with a one-sample t-test. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed for patient and CT predictors of k-factor. RESULTS A total of 534 patients were included. The mean k-factor for all patients was 0.0249 (mSv·mGy-1·cm-1), 78% greater than k-factor of 0.014 (p < 0.001) suggested for the general adult population. Multivariable analysis demonstrated lower k-factors with increasing pitch (p = 0.0002), patient size (p < 0.001), and scan length (p < 0.0001). The 120 kVp (p < 0.001) and 140 kVp (p = 0.0028) analyses showed a larger k-factor than 80 and 100 kVp studies combined. CONCLUSIONS Specific k-factor for CTPA in pregnant patients is greater than the previously used generic chest CT k-factor and should be used to estimate the effective dose for CTPA exams in pregnancy.
Small nucleolar RNAs in plasma extracellular vesicles and their discriminatory power as diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, at its early stage, remains a difficult task. Advanced imaging technologies and laboratory assays to detect Aβ peptides Aβ42 and Aβ40, total and phosphorylated tau in CSF provide a set of biomarkers of developing AD brain pathology and facilitate the diagnostic process. The search for biofluid biomarkers, other than in CSF, and the development of biomarker assays have accelerated significantly and now represent the fastest-growing field in AD research. The goal of this study was to determine the differential enrichment of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) of AD patients and Cognitively Normal controls (NC). Using RNA-seq, we profiled four significant classes of ncRNAs: miRNAs, snoRNAs, tRNAs, and piRNAs. We report a significant enrichment of SNORDs – a group of snoRNAs, in AD samples compared to NC. To verify the differential enrichment of two clusters of SNORDs – SNORD115 and SNORD116, localized on human chromosome 15q11-q13, we used plasma samples of an independent group of AD patients and NC. We applied ddPCR technique and identified SNORD115 and SNORD116 with a high discriminatory power to differentiate AD samples from NC. The results of our study present evidence that AD is associated with changes in the enrichment of SNORDs, transcribed from imprinted genomic loci, in plasma EV and provide a rationale to further explore the validity of those SNORDs as plasma biomarkers of AD.
On the sustainable productivity of planted forests

Planted forests have more than a millennium of history and represent the world’s best hope for meeting global wood requirements in the twenty-first century. Advances in genetic improvement, nursery practices, stand establishment, and tending, harvesting, and manufacturing have boosted plantation yields to a higher level than at any point in history. Despite this, forest managers face a mounting challenge to demonstrate that plantation productivity is sustainable. Tackling this challenge requires a sound understanding of the principles of forest productivity, how they apply to a developing plantation, and how they are influenced by management. In this paper criticisms of plantation forestry are discussed from the basis of world experience, and examples of productivity decline are described. Obvious declines are rare, and can be attributed to poor soil management. However, ambiguities exist and controversy will continue until sustainable productivity can be demonstrated conclusively. Proposed programs aim to provide the technical base needed for sound soil management and sustainable plantation productivity.
Automation Effects in the Cockpit: A Low-Fidelity Investigation:

The effects of automation and task difficulty on flight performance, subjective and objective workload, and a problem solving task were investigated in a low fidelity flight simulator. Forty-eight, two-person crews flew two forty-five minute scenarios that required the crew to select and obtain relief supplies for delivery to a disaster site. Two levels of automation (i.e., presence or absence of an autopilot) and two levels of task difficulty (i.e., presence or absence of wind and turbulence) were combined to yield a 2 × 2 design. Twenty-four crews performed in both levels of automation and one level of task difficulty. Results indicated that although crews in the automated condition reported less subjective workload, only one of the three measures of flight performance was affected by automation. In contrast, objective workload, as measured by performance of a secondary task, was increased for the pilot in the automated condition. In addition, under high task difficulty, problem solving was worse m the ...
National Institutes of Health Policy on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research

Inclusion of women and members of racial and ethnic minority groups in NIH-supported clinical research is dictated by ethical and scientific reasons. The historical exclusion of women and minority groups from clinical trials became recognized as unjust. The advances in research methods, knowledge and the growth of the women’s health and other advocacy movements made it evident that exclusion of any subgroup is inappropriate. NIH-funded clinical research must have an inclusion plan, and for Phase III trials a plan to analyze data for sex/gender and racial/ethnic differences. Inclusion policies, which have the force of law, have resulted in changes in clinical research practices and in the advancement of knowledge about health and diseases of women, and in sex, racial and ethnic differences in risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment.
Deep water temperature, carbonate ion, and ice volume changes across the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition

[1] Paired benthic foraminiferal stable isotope and Mg/Ca data are used to estimate bottom water temperature (BWT) and ice volume changes associated with the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT), the largest global climate event of the past 50 Myr. We utilized ODP Sites 1090 and 1265 in the South Atlantic to assess seawater δ18O (δw), Antarctic ice volume, and sea level changes across the EOT (∼33.8–33.54 Ma). We also use benthic δ13C data to reconstruct the sources of the deep water masses in this region during the EOT. Our data, together with previously published records, indicate that a pulse of Northern Component Water influenced the South Atlantic immediately prior to and following the EOT. Benthic δ18O records show a 0.5‰ increase at ∼33.8 Ma (EOT-1) that represents a ∼2°C cooling and a small (∼10 m) eustatic fall that is followed by a 1.0‰ increase associated with Oi-1. The expected cooling of deep waters at Oi-1 (∼33.54 Ma) is not apparent in our Mg/Ca records. We suggest the cooling is masked by coeval changes in the carbonate saturation state (Δ[CO32−]) which affect the Mg/Ca data. To account for this, the BWT, ice volume, and δw estimates are corrected for a change in the Δ[CO32−] of deep waters on the basis of recently published work. Corrected BWT at Sites 1090 and 1265 show a ∼1.5°C cooling coincident with Oi-1 and an average δw increase of ∼0.75‰. The increase in ice volume during Oi-1 resulted in a ∼70 m drop in global sea level and the development of an Antarctic ice sheet that was near modern size or slightly larger.
A quadruple-gap loop antenna for low frequency radiated emission measurements

This paper discusses the detailed design and optimization of a four-quadrant loop antenna with interchangeable feed. This antenna is designed to minimize electric field sensitivity while maintaining superior magnetic field response in both the transmitting and receiving modes. Direct tradeoffs between magnetic and electric field sensitivity, field uniformity, antenna dimension, feed design, and operational bandwidth are discussed. Finally, the antenna factor of the quadruple-gap loop antenna is directly compared with theoretical formulations. The discussions put forth are directly applicable when considering loop antennas in low frequency radiated emission testing.
High-Strength End Fittings for FRP Rod and Rope

Improved structural end fittings of two basic types were developed for use with fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) rod and rope materials. Each type of end fitting is essentially a metal sleeve that is attached to the FRP material by a thick layer of potting material. Tensile tests demonstrated that the new end fittings can equal or approach the full tensile strength of E-glass-reinforced-plastic rod and rope. In tensile strength, the new fittings are superior to commercially available end fittings. An axisymmetric finite element analysis was developed to study the transfer of load from a rod or rope, through the potting material, to the metal fitting. In the analysis the FRP material and the potting material are assumed to be transversely isotropic. The results of both the analytical study and the laboratory tests indicate the importance of using a relatively thick layer of low-stiffness potting material with these fittings.
Japan's Quest for M-Commerce Dominance

Abstract NTT DoCoMo's I-mode system is one of the most successful stories in mobile communication industry. The system has expanded the spectrum for mobile phone users to do more than just phone calls. Although I-mode is primarily used in Japan, its business model and the strategy of doing business may have a profound impact on world's m-commerce in the near future.
Revision of the Cales noacki species complex (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae)

The genus Cales (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) includes 13 species worldwide, of which 10 form a highly morphologically uniform species complex with a native range in the Neotropical region. We recognize ten species previously attributed to a single Neotropical species, Cales noacki Howard, which in the strict sense is a species broadly disseminated to control woolly whitefly. A neotype is designated for C. noacki, and it is redescribed based on specimens molecularly determined to be conspecific with the neotype. Newly described species include: C. bicolor Mottern, n.sp., C. breviclava Mottern, n.sp., C. brevisensillum Mottern n.sp., C. curvigladius Mottern, n.sp., C. longiseta Mottern, n.sp., C. multisensillum Mottern n.sp., C. noyesi Mottern, n.sp., C. parvigladius Mottern, n.sp. and C. rosei Mottern, n.sp. Species are delimited based on a combination of morphological and molecular data (28S-D2 rDNA and COI). Additional specimens are included in the phylogenetic analyses and although these likely represent several new species, we lack sufficient specimen sampling to describe them at this time. Cales are highly morphologically conserved and character-poor, resulting in several cryptic species. A molecular phylogeny of the known Neotropical species based on 28S-D2–5 rDNA and a 390-bp segment of COI is included, and identification keys to males and females are provided. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7FEB0479-9B2E-48E8-8603-4B7C2759D4EC.
Complete axiomatizations of the algebras of finite, rational and infinite trees

Complete axiomizations for the algebras of infinite trees and infinite trees are presented. The axiomizations are parameterized by the alphabet of function symbols for both the finite trees and infinite trees. There are two main cases, depending on whether the number of function symbols is finite or infinite. In the former case an extra axiom is necessary to obtain completeness. The method of proof is an elimination of quantifiers. Although a full elimination of quantifiers is not possible, the method forms the basis of decision procedures for the theories of the corresponding algebras. As a corollary to the results in infinite trees, the elementary equivalence of the algebra of rational trees and the algebra of infinite trees is obtained. >
The Study Abroad Experience: A Crucial Element In Globalizing Business School Programs

Globalization is a fundamental reality of modern business practice. Participation in a study abroad program is a crucial element in helping students become well rounded global business leaders; it is an increasingly important element of a well rounded business curriculum. A semester or summer abroad, properly conceived and designed, can provide enormous benefits to the modern business student. A variety of organizations, including the AACSB, Forum EA, IBEX, and MSU-CIBER, emphasize the benefits of the direct immersion of business students in global environments and settings. This paper presents an innovative model, entitled PACK & GO, that describes the key elements of a study abroad program for schools, colleges, and universities of business. The model addresses the philosophy, assessment, curriculum, knowledge, governance, and outcomes features of an effective program. The paper concludes with an illustrative example, as well as recommendations for implementation at other institutions.
Study of extraction conditions for the quantitative determination of Hg bound to sulfide in soils from Almaden (Spain).

Almaden mine (Spain) is the largest source of cinnabar (HgS) in the world. The purpose of this study is to evaluate, compare and optimize the analytical conditions for the quantitative determination of Hg bound to sulfide in soil samples from mining area of Almaden. A sequential extraction procedure was performed in two stages. The first one was based on a nitric acid leaching. An optimization of certain extraction conditions in this stage was carried out. In order to assess the suitability of the nitric acid leaching, an additional study of possible interfering compounds that might promote the solubility of HgS in nitric acid was developed. The quantitative determination of Hg bound to sulfide was considered in a second stage. A comparative study was carried out among three different procedures: i) extraction with a saturated Na2S solution from the residue remaining in the first stage, ii) microwave assisted dissolution of the remaining Hg in this residue with aqua regia, and iii) quantification by difference between total Hg content and Hg extracted in the first stage. The recoveries of Hg bound to sulfide were found to be comparable for the three proposed procedures. Soil samples coming from Almaden mining area were analysed by this method. The distribution of Hg chemical forms was found to be similar for the two parcels tested, and the recoveries of bound to sulfide Hg ranged from 83% to 96% of total Hg content.
Clinical pathways in transplantation: a review and examples from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

Pavlakis M, Hanto DW. Clinical pathways in transplantation: a review and examples from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01564.x. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Clinical pathways (CP) have been developed to aid in the management of many surgical and medical conditions. Studies show the benefits of CP on outcomes including reduction in length of stay (LOS), morbidity, costs, and improvement in patient satisfaction (Arch Surg 2008: 394: 31; J Eval Clin Pract 2007: 13: 920; Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000: 126: 322; Circulation 2000: 101: 461; BMC Pulm Med 2006: 6: 22; Int J Health Care Qual Assur 2006: 19: 237; Am J Med Qual 2005: 20: 83; Am J Surg 2006: 192: 399; Am Surg 2005: 71: 152). Reports of CP in solid organ transplantation are lacking, possibly given the complexity of the transplant procedures that entail a complex, multidisciplinary pre-operative evaluation, inpatient, and post-operative time frames. We have developed CP from presentation for transplant evaluation to post-transplant follow-up for liver, kidney, and pancreas transplantation and live kidney and live liver donation and are making them available online for viewing. Our CPs encompass the pre-operative, peri-operative, and post-operative period, including both outpatient and inpatient care. We propose that transplantation is an ideal forum for successful implementation of CP, given the rigorous process that centers are subject to for CMS approval and the ample opportunity for improving our patients’ lives by improvement in and streamlining of the entire process of clinical care from end-stage organ failure to post-transplant long-term management. Our CPs can be found at http://bidmc.org/CentersandDepartments/Departments/TransplantInstitute/TransplantClinicalPathways.aspx.
Representations of Blackness and the Performance of Identities; Signs of Diaspora, Diaspora of Signs: Literacies, Creolization, and Vernacular Practice in African America

Representations of Blackness and the Performance of Identities. Jean Muteba Rahier. ed. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 1999.264 pp. Signs of Diaspora, Diaspora of Signs: Literacies, Creolization, and Vernacular Practice in African America. Grey Gundaker. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.291 pp.
Microsomal sulfoxidation of phorate in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)

Abstract Microsomal sulfoxidation in fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) larvae was examined using phorate as substrate. The system required NADPH and was inhibited by CO and by piperonyl butoxide. Sulfoxidase activity was found in the alimentary canal, fat body, and Malpighian tubules, with the midgut being the most active. Microsomal substrates such as aldrin, heptachlor, biphenyl, and methyl parathion significantly inhibited the enzyme activity whereas p -nitroanisole and p -choloro- N -methylaniline had no effect. Enzyme activity increased during larval development, reaching a maximum shortly before pupation. Allelochemicals (monoterpenes, indoles, and flavones), drugs (phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene), and host plants (corn cotton, parsnip, and parsley) significantly increased the enzyme activity. Increased phorate sulfoxidation through enzyme induction was found to decrease oral toxicity of phorate to the larvae. Analyses of internal insecticide revealed that, at various intervals, induced larvae retained less phorate and its oxidative metabolites than the controls. It was concluded that induction of phorate sulfoxidase activity results in an overall increase in the rate of phorate detoxication in this insect.
The response of hagfish thyroid tissue to thyroid inhibitors and to mammalian thyroid-stimulating hormone

The response of the thyroid-containing tissue of the Pacific hagfish Eptatretus stoutii to antithyroid compounds and to mammalian thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was studied. The accumulation of injected 131I was strongly inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with goitrogenic drugs. Both the uptake of 131I by the thyroid-containing tissue and the response to pretreatment with 2 USP units of bovine TSH was greater in animals studied several months after capture than in newly captured hagfish. After several months in captivity, the uptake of 131I in TSH-treated hagfish was 185% of the control value 2 and 4 days after TSH administration. A higher percentage of labeled diiodotyrosine and thyroxine and a lower percentage of monoiodotyrosine was observed in the thyroid tissue of TSH-treated hagfish.
Cyclosporin A-insensitive Permeability Transition in Brain Mitochondria INHIBITION BY 2-AMINOETHOXYDIPHENYL BORATE

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) may operate as a physiological Ca2+ release mechanism and also contribute to mitochondrial deenergization and release of proapoptotic proteins after pathological stress, e.g. ischemia/reperfusion. Brain mitochondria exhibit unique PTP characteristics, including relative resistance to inhibition by cyclosporin A. In this study, we report that 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate blocks Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release in isolated, non-synaptosomal rat brain mitochondria in the presence of physiological concentrations of ATP and Mg2+. Ca2+ release was not mediated by the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger or by reversal of the uniporter responsible for energy-dependent Ca2+ uptake. Loss of mitochondrial Ca2+ was accompanied by release of cytochrome c and pyridine nucleotides, indicating an increase in permeability of both the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. Under these conditions, Ca2+-induced opening of the PTP was not blocked by cyclosporin A, antioxidants, or inhibitors of phospholipase A2 or nitric-oxide synthase but was abolished by pretreatment with bongkrekic acid. These findings indicate that in the presence of adenine nucleotides and Mg2+,Ca2+-induced PTP in non-synaptosomal brain mitochondria exhibits a unique pattern of sensitivity to inhibitors and is particularly responsive to 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate.
Mitigating Constant Jamming in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Hybrid FEC Code

The task of detecting and mitigating Cognitive Radios (CRs) operating as constant jammers in a Cognitive Radio network (CRN) can be very daunting. The CR constant jammers prey on the adaptable functionalities of CRN so as to cause serious denial of service to the users of the network. In addition, these jammers are capable of introducing value faults in pathological cases as a result of being able to manipulate transmitted data. In previous research, we have investigated the performance of CRNs operating in the presence of jamming attacks that are capable of introducing value faults. The results obtained show that CR constant jammers are very effective in their operations and they are capable of bringing down the entire CRN when their jamming rate is just about 30%. In this paper, we show that none of the existing anti-jamming solutions are able to mitigate CR jammers that are capable of manipulating communicated data. As a result, we propose a hybrid forward error correction (FEC) code that incorporates data integrity checking into an efficient forward error correction mechanism. The approach uses data redundancy to remove the need for retransmission of lost or detected manipulated data caused by jamming attacks by exploring the recovery block component of the proposed solution. We present the algorithm for our proposed solution and evaluate its performance through simulation. The result of our analysis using suitable performance metrics shows that the solution is very efficient and robust against the different rates of jamming perpetrated by constant jammers.
Analysis of deflagration to detonation transition in high-energy solid propellants

Abstract Increasing the nitramine content of solid rocket propellants increases the overall performance of the system as well as the sensitivity to detonation by shock initiation. Under certain circumstances Deflagration to Detonation Transition (DDT) can occur in granulated high-energy solid propellant. The work presented here represents an effort to model the DDT process. The emphasis is on the transient events prior to the detonation as well as the steady-state detonation conditions. A Method of Lines (MOL) computer solution technique is used to solve the system of partial differential equations describing one-dimensional, two-phase, reactive flow. The Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) properties, detonation run-up distance, and detonation velocity predicted by the computer code compare favorably with experimental data and the steady-state detonation predictions made using the TIGER chemical equilibrium computer code.
Amino acid conjugated sophorolipids: A new family of biologically active functionalized glycolipids.

Sophorolipids (SLs) are extra cellular glycolipids produced by Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 when grown in the presence of glucose and fatty acids. These compounds have a disaccharide head group connected to a long-chain hydroxyl−fatty acid by a glycosidic bond. To explore structure−activity of modified SLs, a new family of amino acid−SL derivatives was prepared. Synthesized analogs consist of amino acids linked by amide bonds formed between their α-amino moiety and the carboxyl group of ring-opened SL fatty acids. Their preparation involved the following: (i) hydrolysis of a natural SL mixture with aqueous alkali to give SL free acids, (ii) coupling of free acids to protected amino acids using dicarbodiimide, and (iii) removing amino acid carboxyl protecting groups. These conjugates were evaluated for their antibacterial, anti-HIV, and spermicidal activity. All tested analogs showed antibacterial activity against both gram +ve and gram −ve organisms. Leucine-conjugated SL was most efficient. For example,...
Miniaturized microstrip‐fed self‐resonant rectangular split‐ring resonator antenna

miniaturized microstrip-fed antenna composed of a broadside coupled split-ring resonator and an excitation rectangular arc-shaped monopole is presented. Numerical and experimental results are presented for an antenna configuration of 1/28 wavelength in diameter (ka∼0.1125). The antenna size including the ground plane is 60 × 38.5 mm2, and it is operating at 179 MHz. Its resonant frequency can be tuned over a good range of frequency without changing the antenna size, which can increase its usable bandwidth using reconfigurable antenna techniques. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26186
Toward controllable self-assembly of microstructures: Selective functionalization and fabrication of patterned spheres

Two methods have been developed to fabricate spheres with gold caps on selective areas so that the self-assembly of these spheres can be potentially carried out in a controlled fashion. The patterned spheres are further functionalized with self-assembled groups, such as DNAs, which allows the formation of the second gold cap on the same sphere.
Finite-size scaling and the three-dimensional Ising model.

We give results of an extensive finite-size-scaling analysis of the three-dimensional Ising model on lattices of size up to ${44}^{3}$. Contrary to the results of Barber et al. [Phys. Rev. B 32, 1720 (1720)], our data show a smooth approach to the thermodynamic limit for all the lattice sizes we studied. We estimate from our data that $\frac{\ensuremath{\gamma}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}=1.964(3)$. We also describe a method to implement the Metropolis algorithm using only logical commands. Our program currently achieves a speed of one spin update approximately every 11 nsec (93 million updates per second) on a 2-pipe CDC CYBER 205.
The nature of learning in a guided inquiry classroom

Active learning approaches are becoming of increasing importance within engineering education, and it has been established that an active learning environment leads to improved student outcomes. What is less known is the ways in which these classes support student learning. Our study takes place in the context of a Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) classroom. We use grounded theory to answer the research question: How do students construct knowledge in a POGIL classroom? Constructivist grounded theory was used to code student interview data and develop a theory of how student learning occurs. The resulting theory shows that the use of POGIL results in a concept-focused class, as opposed to focusing on discrete aspects of knowledge (facts). This concept-focused class provides for both conceptual understanding and improved retention of information. The findings illustrate one way to design a class for deep conceptual understanding and suggest broader implications for curriculum design.
Pricing and Storage of Field Crops: A Quarterly Model Applied to Soybeans

This paper considers the role of competitive storage in markets for annually harvested field crops. A quarterly model is presented that considers the allocative role of storage both within and between crop years. Rational price expectations are endogenous variables calculated by a recursive method. Forward stochastic simulations using the model generate data that can be used to characterize the distributions of the variables. In the base case, the model is assigned parameter values from a quarterly econometric model of the U.S. soybean market. The results shed light on the distributions of the quarterly variables, including the rational price expectations, and show how these distributions are affected by changes in the carrying charge.
Some cytochemical characteristics of a phosphorylating digitonin preparation of mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. Rat-liver mitochondria were disintegrated with 1% digitanin to produce a cleared suspension from which an enzymically active preparation could be isolated by differential centrifugation. 2. 2. This preparation was examined with the electron microscope and was found to consist of aggregates of small vesicles and other material, with no intact mitochondria. The vesicles are thought to be derived from the membranes of the mitochondria. 3. 3. This preparation contained oxidative phosphorylation ability and all of the acid-soluble bound nucleotides which are found in intact mitochondria, these nucleotides being in approximately the same proportions to each other as they are in the mitochondria. Circumstantial evidence was presented that some of these compounds are necessary for phosphorylation to occur.
Cataract and hearing loss in a population-based study: the Beaver Dam studies

Abstract PURPOSE: Cataract and hearing loss are each common at older ages and together may influence the ability to function independently and affect the sense of well-being. For these reasons, we sought to estimate the risk factors for comorbidity of age-related cataract and hearing loss. METHODS: A cross-sectional evaluation of a population-based cohort of older adults was conducted in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, for presence of age-related cataract and hearing loss. The study evaluation included taking standardized medical histories, measuring blood pressures, and obtaining blood specimens. Standardized photographs, which were graded according to well-defined protocols to assess the presence of nuclear, cortical or posterior subcapsular cataract, were taken. Audiometric testing was performed according to well-defined study protocols. RESULTS: Any type of cataract in combination with hearing loss in either ear was frequent, occurring in 27.8% of the population overall and increasing consistently with age. Nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract in combination with hearing loss occurred more often in men. Lifestyle factors that were associated with at least one cataract–hearing loss end point in at least one sex were history of heavy drinking and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: In this community, older adults appear to be at high risk of cataract and hearing loss. Although risk is strongly associated with age, some elective exposures appear to influence risk. It is possible that modification of certain lifestyle habits may alter these risks.
Odontogenic tumours in the v-Ha-ras (TG · AC) transgenic mouse

Abstract A line of homozygous transgenic mice (TG·AC) carrying a v-Ha- ras gene fused to the promoter of the zeta globin gene produces a variety of mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms including odontogenic tumours. The 1-year incidence of odontogenic tumour formation in these mice was approx. 35%. Tumours formed more often in the mandible than maxilla. The various types of tumours frequently presented with: (1) primarily mesenchymal cells in a dense fibrous-like matrix, or (2) loose stroma surrounded by anastomosing cords of epithelial cells that exhibited squamous differentiation, or (3) odontomas forming mineralized tooth structures by well-differentiated odontoblasts and ameloblasts. Some tumours had areas with all three of these characteristics. Mineralized dentine and enamel in the odontomas were morphologically similar to those of normal murine teeth. Odontogenic tumours expressed the v-Ha- ras transgene that was primarily localized to the mesenchymal cells. Proliferating-cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry showed that the mesenchymal cells adjacent to the epithelial cords not only expressed the ras transgene but were also actively proliferating. The TG·AC mouse provides an excellent model for the study of odontogenic tumours and tooth development.
External Heavy‐Atom Spin—Orbital Coupling Effect. V. Absorption Studies of Triplet States

The lowest energy T1←S0 transitions of the molecules chlorobenzene, 1‐chloronaphthalene, anthracene, 9,10‐dichloroanthracene, 9,10‐dibromoanthracene, naphthacene, pyridine, and phenazine have been investigated in a variety of solvents, some of which contain atoms of large atomic number (henceforth called ``heavy atoms''). It is shown that in heavy‐atom solvents an increase of the T1←S0 absorptivity occurs, and the technique of external heavy‐atom perturbation is demonstrated as a method of conveniently locating and validating T1←S0 transitions. Monitoring experiments in which nonspin‐intercombination transitions, such as S1←S0 transitions of the molecule being investigated, and S1←S0 transitions of low‐level contaminants have been subjected to external heavy‐atom perturbation, have permitted the conclusion that the method is unique for T1←S0 transitions. It is further verified that the external heavy‐atom effect is a spin‐orbital perturbation in nature. Much new data on triplet‐state energies and lifetime...
Behavioral reconfigurable compression in body sensor networks

Body area sensor networks have been attracting more and more applications which focus on human behavior and monitoring, ranging from simple positioning to medical applications. These BSNs inherit unique specifications since are composed of light-weight embedded systems. In this paper, we focus on energy and lifetime requirements of these systems which is one of the most challenging design constraints. We study this problem from the angle of data compression which is known to be very efficient in energy reduction specially when large amount of data is to be transmitted wirelessly. We introduce the notion of functional compression which utilizes classes of data patterns to efficiently represent information through regenerative functions. Furthermore, we propose a reconfigurable compression methods which dynamically uses different compression methods to optimize compression ratio and energy savings.
The Role of the Glucose Transport System in the Postreceptor Defect in Insulin Action Associated with Human Aging

In an attempt to elucidate the cellular mechanisms of the insulin resistance associated with aging, insulin-mediated glucose transport was studied in isolated adipocytes obtained from 14 elderly subjects (mean age +/- SE, 69 +/- 2 yr) and 11 nonelderly (40 +/- 4 yr) subjects using the nonmetabolized glucose analogue 3-O-methylglucose. In elderly subjects with normal oral glucose tolerance tests, maximal insulin-stimulated glucose transport was reduced compared to nonelderly control levels [1.26 +/- 0.17 (+/- SE) vs. 1.96 +/- 0.26 pmol/2 X 10(5) cells X 15 sec; P less than 0.025). Elderly subjects with nondiagnostic oral glucose tolerance tests had more marked reductions in basal, submaximal, and maximal stimulated rates of glucose transport compared to the nonelderly group. The elderly group with the greatest decrease in in vitro glucose transport also had the greatest decrease in in vivo insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, whereas the elderly subjects with the mildest in vitro defect also had the smallest reduction in in vivo glucose disposal. A significant positive relationship existed between the maximal rate of in vitro glucose transport and the maximal rate of in vivo glucose disposal in the various subjects (Spearman rank correlation coefficient = 0.54; P less than 0.05). We conclude that aging is associated with a significant defect in the glucose transport system in isolated adipocytes, which may account for the post-receptor defect in in vivo insulin action in aging.
Comparing evidence on Wagner's hypothesis from conventional and ‘real’ data☆

Abstract Conventional and internationally comparable data for 34 countries are utilized to assess the relationship between general government expenditure and income. While the conventional data can be deemed as mildly supportive of Wagner's hypothesis, evidence from the ICP data suggests a decline in the share of general government as income per capita rises.
Cytolocalization of the Class V Chitin Synthase in the Yeast, Hyphal and Sclerotic Morphotypes of Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis

Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis is a polymorphic fungus that produces polarized yeast and hyphae, as well as a number of non-polarized sclerotic morphotypes. The phenotypic malleability of this agent of human phaeohyphomycosis allows detailed study of its biology, virulence and the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the transitions among the morphotypes. Our prior studies have demonstrated the existence of seven chitin synthase structural genes in W. dermatitidis, each of which encodes an isoenzyme of a different class. Among them, the class V chitin synthase (WdChs5p) is most unique in terms of protein structure, because it has an N-terminal myosin motor-like domain with a P-loop (MMD) fused to its C-terminal chitin synthase catalytic domain (CSCD). However, the exact role played by WdChs5p in the different morphotypes remains undefined beyond the knowledge that it is the only single chitin synthase required for sustained cell growth at 37 degrees C and consequently virulence. This report describes the expression in Escherichia coli of a 12kDa polypeptide (WdMyo12p) of WdChs5p, which was used to raise in rabbits a polyclonal antibody that recognized exclusively its MMD region. Results from the use of the antibody in immunocytolocalization studies supported our previous findings that WdChs5p is critically important at infection temperatures for maintaining the cell wall integrity of developing yeast buds, elongating tips of hyphae, and random sites of expansion in sclerotic forms. The results also suggested that WdChs5p localizes to the regions of cell wall growth in an actin-dependent fashion.
Genetic modification of primary natural killer cells overcomes inhibitory signals and induces specific killing of leukemic cells

Natural killer (NK) cells hold promise for improving the therapeutic potential of allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation, but their effectiveness is limited by inhibitory HLA types. We sought to overcome this intrinsic resistance by transducing CD56+CD3- NK cells with chimeric receptors directed against CD19, a molecule widely expressed by malignant B cells. An abundance of NK cells for transduction was secured by culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells with K562 cells expressing the NK-stimulatory molecules 4-1BB ligand and interleukin 15, which yielded a median greater than 1000-fold expansion of CD56+CD3- cells at 3 weeks of culture, without T-lymphocyte expansion. Expression of anti-CD19 receptors linked to CD3ζ overcame NK resistance and markedly enhanced NK-cell-mediated killing of leukemic cells. This result was significantly improved by adding the 4-1BB costimulatory molecule to the chimeric anti-CD19-CD3ζ receptor; the cytotoxicity produced by NK cells expressing this construct uniformly exceeded that of NK cells whose signaling receptors lacked 4-1BB, even when natural cytotoxicity was apparent. Addition of 4-1BB was also associated with increased cell activation and production of interferon γ and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Our findings indicate that enforced expression of signaling receptors by NK cells might circumvent inhibitory signals, providing a novel means to enhance the effectiveness of allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Evaluation of Lugre Tire Friction Model with Measured Data on Multiple Pavement Surfaces

Abstract Accurate modeling of tire/pavement friction phenomena is of utmost importance in many applications such as vehicle braking control and frictional evaluation of pavements. LuGre tire friction model is a model which is used for this purpose by estimating its parameters using measured pavement friction data. In this investigation, LuGre model parameters were estimated using field data collected by a standard pavement friction measuring device (Locked Wheel Skid Trailer-ASTM E 274) at a group of pavements with different surface friction properties. Adequacy of the model to predict measured friction data from the device was statistically evaluated and the accuracy of estimated model parameters was determined. The results show the potential of this model to facilitate frictional evaluation of pavements using dynamic friction measuring equipment.
Structure sensitivity of alcohol reactions on (110) and (111) palladium surfaces

A temperature programmed reaction/desorption (TPD) study of decomposition pathways of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol was conducted on the clean Pd(110) surface under ultra-high vacuum conditions. No alcohol underwent C-O scission. Alcohols appear to react on this clean surface via the same dehydrogenation and decarbonylation steps observed on the Pd(111) surface. In contrast to previous reports noting substantial differences in methanol chemistry on the Pt(110) and (111) surfaces, the reactions of methanol and ethanol were found to be the same on the Pd(110) and (111) surfaces, giving rise to H2 plus CO from methanol, and H2, CO, and CH4 from ethanol. The C3 alcohols, 1- and 2-propanol, did produce somewhat different products on the Pd(110) and (111) surfaces, but these differences can be accounted for by differences in the chemistry of intermediate reaction products, rather than different reaction pathways of the parent alcohols.