cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Japanese: A Linguistic Introduction

This comprehensive introduction to the Japanese language consists of six parts. Following the introductory section, it explores the Japanese lexicon, grammatical foundations, major clause types, clause linkage, and language usage. The discussion of formal and structural properties of Japanese such as sound structure, vocabulary and grammar assist readers as they gain insight into historical and sociocultural aspects of Japanese; some are compared with those of English-speaking nations. An ideal choice for instructors, the book includes twenty-eight chapters, sufficient for approximately ninety hours of hands-on instruction. Each topic has been rigorously selected based on the author's experience of more than two decades teaching Japanese linguistics. The book's breadth and depth make it highly appropriate for learners of the Japanese language, for linguistics students interested in Japanese, and for researchers interested in Japanese linguistics. Online resources include exercises and supplementary multimedia materials to enhance the reader's comprehension and enjoyment.
Aerosol assisted atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of silicon thin films using liquid cyclic hydrosilanes

Abstract Silicon (Si) thin films were produced using an aerosol assisted atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition technique with liquid hydrosilane precursors cyclopentasilane (CPS, Si5H10) and cyclohexasilane (CHS, Si6H12). Thin films were deposited at temperatures between 300 and 500 °C, with maximum observed deposition rates of 55 and 47 nm/s for CPS and CHS, respectively, at 500 °C. Atomic force microscopic analyses of the films depict smooth surfaces with roughness of 4–8 nm. Raman spectroscopic analysis indicates that the Si films deposited at 300 °C and 350 °C consist of a hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H) phase while the films deposited at 400, 450, and 500 °C are comprised predominantly of a hydrogenated nanocrystalline Si (nc-Si:H) phase. The wide optical bandgaps of 2–2.28 eV for films deposited at 350–400 °C and 1.7–1.8 eV for those deposited at 450–500 °C support the Raman data and depict a transition from a-Si:H to nc-Si:H. Films deposited at 450 oC possess the highest photosensitivity of 102–103 under AM 1.5G illumination. Based on the growth model developed for other silanes, we suggest a mechanism that governs the film growth using CPS and CHS.
Economic Analysis of Agricultural Soil Carbon Sequestration: An Integrated Assessment Approach

This study develops an integrated assessment approach for analysis of the economic potential for carbon sequestration in agricultural soils. By linking a site-specific economic simulation model of agricultural production to a crop ecosystem model, the approach shows the economic efficiency of soil carbon (C) sequestration depends on site-specific opportunity costs of changing production practices and rates of soil C sequestration. An application is made to the dryland grain production systems of the U.S. Northern Plains which illustrates the sensitivity of the sequestration costs to policy design. The marginal cost of soil C ranges from $12 to $500 per metric ton depending upon the type of contract or payment mechanism used, the amount of carbon sequestered, and the site-specific characteristics of the areas.
Testosterone Supplementation in Older Men: A Rational Idea Whose Time Has Not Yet Come

Forty years after the introduction of estrogens, the debate over the risks and benefits of estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women is still not entirely settled. In contrast, the issues of testosterone replacement in older men are just beginning to be addressed. There is agreement that total, free, and bioavailable testosterone (ie, not bound by sex hormone-binding globulin) levels decline progressively with advancing age (Harman and Tsitouras, 1980, 1982; Murono et al, 1982; Nieschlag et al, 1982; Zumoff et al, 1982; Bremner and Prinz, 1983; Davidson et al, 1983; Nankin and Calkins, 1986; Tenover et al, 1987; Gray et al, 1991; Vermeulen, 1991; Simon et al, 1992; Rudman and Shetty, 1994; Morley et al, 1997; Zmuda et al, 1997; Harmon et al, in press), and that many of the physiological changes that occur with advancing age such as loss of bone and muscle mass; increased fat mass; impairment of physical, sexual, and cognitive functions; loss of body hair; and decreased hemoglobin levels, are similar to those associated with androgen deficiency in young men. However, the beneficial effects of testosterone replacement on health-related outcomes in older men with low testosterone levels have yet to be demonstrated, and the risks of long-term testosterone administration, particularly the risks of prostate cancer and heart disease, remain unknown. Therefore, it is premature to make a general recommendation about testosterone supplementation in older men. Despite the paucity of efficacy and safety data, the sales of testosterone and other androgenic products have witnessed explosive growth recently
What can AI get from neuroscience

The human brain is the best example of intelligence known, with unsurpassed ability for complex, real-time interaction with a dynamic world. AI researchers trying to imitate its remarkable functionality will benefit by learning more about neuroscience, and the differences between Natural and Artificial Intelligence. Steps that will allow AI researchers to pursue a more brain-inspired approach to AI are presented. A new approach that bridges AI and neuroscience is described, Embodied Cultured Networks. Hybrids of living neural tissue and robots, called hybrots, allow detailed investigation of neural network mechanisms that may inform future AI. The field of neuroscience will also benefit tremendously from advances in AI, to deal with their massive knowledge bases and help understand Natural Intelligence.
Forecasting net ecosystem CO2 exchange in a subalpine forest using model data assimilation combined with simulated climate and weather generation

[1] Forecasting the carbon uptake potential of terrestrial ecosystems in the face of future climate change has proven challenging. Process models, which have been increasingly used to study ecosystem-atmosphere carbon and water exchanges when conditioned with tower-based eddy covariance data, have the potential to inform us about biogeochemical processes in future climate regimes, but only if we can reconcile the spatial and temporal scales used for observed fluxes and projected climate. Here, we used weather generator and ecosystem process models conditioned on observed weather dynamics and carbon/water fluxes, and embedded them within climate projections from a suite of six Earth Systems Models. Using this combination of models, we studied carbon cycle processes in a subalpine forest within the context of future (2080–2099) climate regimes. The assimilation of daily averaged, observed net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and evapotranspiration (ET) into the ecosystem process model resulted in retrieval of projected NEE with a level of accuracy that was similar to that following the assimilation of half-daily averaged observations; the assimilation of 30 min averaged fluxes or monthly averaged fluxes caused degradation in the model's capacity to accurately simulate seasonal patterns in observed NEE. Using daily averaged flux data with daily averaged weather data projected for the period 2080–2099, we predicted greater forest net CO2 uptake in response to a lengthening of the growing season. These results contradict our previous observations of reduced CO2 uptake in response to longer growing seasons in the current (1999–2008) climate regime. The difference between these analyses is due to a projected increase in the frequency of rain versus snow during warmer winters of the future. Our results demonstrate the sensitivity of modeled processes to local variation in meteorology, which is often left unresolved in traditional approaches to earth systems modeling, and the importance of maintaining similarity in the timescales used in ecosystem process models driven by downscaled climate projections.
Mass Spectrometry in Biology

Applications of mass spectrometry in biological studies range from identifying expressed proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identifying those proteins involved in protein–protein interactions. Keywords: protein identification; MALDI-TOF; nijmegen breakage syndrome; protein complexes; protein localization
Have there been changes in the epidemiology of sexual abuse of children during the 20th century

Have there been changes in the epidemiology of sexual abuse of children during the 20th century? To explore this question, a comparison was made between the results of the survey conducted by Alfred Kinsey and colleagues in the 1940s of women in the United States, the majority of whom were born between 1900 and 1929, and the results of more recent studies of the epidemiology of sexual abuse. In Kinsey's study, 24% of 4,441 women reported at least one episode of sexual abuse before adolescence; in 49% of the episodes, the perpetrator was not known to the child and, in 50%, the abuse did not involve bodily contact. These findings are compared to the results of more recent epidemiologic surveys, particularly Russell's study conducted in San Francisco in 1978. Although there are important differences in the methodologies used by Kinsey and Russell, it is likely that changes have occurred in the prevalence and nature of sexual abuse in the 20th century. Russell described a higher prevalence of sexual abuse, a greater proportion of perpetrators who were relatives or adults known to the child, and a greater proportion of serious types of sexual abuse. Language: en
Enterobacter sakazakii Disease and Epidemiology

The epidemiology of E. sakazakii is poorly understood, because infection is rare and is not a reportable condition in most countries. However, incidence appears to differ by demographic group and underlying health status; infants and immunocompromised persons appear to be at higher risk of invasive infections than other persons. Among four reported adult cases of bacteremia, two had surgical procedures with complications shortly before infection, and one of these patients died despite treatment with appropriate antimicrobial agents. Another adult developed urosepsis secondary to urinary retention, and a fourth developed sepsis without an obvious source; both of these patients were treated with appropriate antimicrobial agents and survived. Standard blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, and tissue culture specimens can be used to diagnose E. sakazakii infection, and isolates grow well on standard nonselective media. There are no comparative studies guiding treatment options for E. sakazakii infections. However, inference from antimicrobial susceptibility studies may be useful. Thus, investigations of outbreaks have provided the most information about the epidemiology of E. sakazakii infections. A section also reviews published investigations of outbreaks of E. sakazakii disease.
Making Sense of Transcription Networks

When transcription regulatory networks are compared among distantly related eukaryotes, a number of striking similarities are observed: a larger-than-expected number of genes, extensive overlapping connections, and an apparently high degree of functional redundancy. It is often assumed that the complexity of these networks represents optimized solutions, precisely sculpted by natural selection; their common features are often asserted to be adaptive. Here, we discuss support for an alternative hypothesis: the common structural features of transcription networks arise from evolutionary trajectories of "least resistance"--that is, the relative ease with which certain types of network structures are formed during their evolution.
The Essential Amino Acid Requirements of Infants IX. Isoleucine

Acurate knowledge of essential nutrients is a sine qua non of good nutrition. Such information is needed for the prevention and repair of dietary deficiencies arising from food shortages and also in situations where the capacity to handle food is limited by disease states. Evaluation of the requirements for essential amino acids has been peculiarly difficult, since this involves the construction of a diet in which the quantity of a single amino acid can be varied at will. The problem has been approached in several ways: 1. Use has been made of natural proteins deficient in one or another amino acid. This method has very limited applicability, for nature has been singularly unobliging in providing a variety of such proteins. 2. Chemically degraded proteins or protein hydrolysates have been used. A number of procedures can be used to destroy one or more amino acids, which can then be replaced in any quantity desired. Diets constructed from such preparations have the advantage that the amino acids are present for the most part as the natural isomers and that unessential as well as essential amino acids are present. There is, however, the disadvantage that the na
MDM2: RING Finger Protein and Regulator of p53

MDM2 is an oncogene that is frequently over-expressed in various human cancers, including sarcomas, gliomas, melanomas, and breast cancers.1 The primary function of MDM2 is to inhibit the activity of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. P53 inhibits cell proliferation in response to DNA damage and other stresses by activating the transcription of genes that mediate either cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis. MDM2 binds the transactivation domain of p53 and inhibits the ability of p53 to activate transcription. Importantly, MDM2 binding also promotes the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p53, as well as the export of p53 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The MDM2 gene itself is transcriptionally activated by p53, thus forming an autoregulatory feedback loop in which p53 promotes the expression of its own inhibitory factor. The ability of MDM2 to promote the degradation and nuclear export of p53 depends on an intact RING finger domain located in the MDM2 C terminus. This chapter will discuss the mechanisms by which MDM2 inhibits p53 function, with an emphasis on the requirement of the MDM2 RING finger domain in p53 inhibition.
TO ADVANCE THE PRACTICE OF THRIFT AND ECONOMY : FRATERNAL SOCIETIES AND SOCIAL CAPITAL, 1890-1920

It would be difficult to find better illustrations of the many uses of social capital in American society during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries than fraternal orders. Much like the Italian social arrangements described by Putnam in Making Democracy Work, these institutions were characterized by "features of social organization, such as trust, norms, and networks that [contributed to] "the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated actions. "'
Introduction to the Special Issue on Usability and User Experience: Methodological Evolution

This special issue focuses on the evolution of development and assessment methodologies related to usability and user experience. The five articles have a diverse range of topics, including comparison of moderated and unmoderated think-aloud usability sessions, a new usability inspection method based on concept mapping, analysis of the fitness of scrum (agile) and kanban (lean) development methodologies to incorporate user experience methodologies, exploration of the relation between expectations and user experience, and a case study describing difficulties encountered when assessing usability “in the wild.” These articles should prove to be of value to practitioners and researchers with an interest in the evolution of usability and user experience methodologies.
Rapid-Scan, Polarimetric, Doppler Radar Observations of Tornadogenesis and Tornado Dissipation in a Tornadic Supercell: The “El Reno, Oklahoma” Storm of 24 May 2011*

AbstractOn 24 May 2011, a mobile, rapid-scan, X-band, polarimetric, Doppler radar (RaXPol) collected data on a supercell as it produced two tornadoes near El Reno, Oklahoma. The first tornado, rated an EF-3, was documented from intensification to decay, and the genesis and intensification of a second tornado that was rated an EF-5 was subsequently also documented.The objective of this study is to examine the spatiotemporal evolution of the rotation associated with the tornadoes (i) as the first tornado weakened to subtornadic intensity and (ii) as the second tornado formed and intensified. It is found that weakening did not occur monotonically. The transition from tornadic to subtornadic intensity over the depth of the radar volume (~4 km) occurred in less than 30 s, but this behavior is contingent upon the threshold for Doppler shear used to define the tornado. Similarly, the onset of a tornadic-strength Doppler velocity couplet occurred within a 30-s period over all elevations.Additionally, the evolutio...
Quasi-Real Time High Precision Characterization Of Active Mirrors

Classical interferometric measurement of mirrors is severely limited in accuracy as well as utility. When considered for use in characterizing dynamic performance of active mirrors, it is only of marginal utility. By a unique utilization of heterodyne interferometry, a method has been developed whose processes are ideally adaptable to the short frame times, high frame rates and high spatial frequencies required in active element measurements. Results showing accurate and high spatial resolution measurements will be presented. Concepts for high frame rates and noise immune systems will be also discussed.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
HER2 testing in patients with breast cancer: Poor correlation between weak positivity by immunohistochemistry and gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Objective To evaluate amplification of the HER-2/ neu gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in tumors with weakly positive (2+) immunohistochemical staining. Methods A total of 1556 breast tumor biopsy specimens were referred to Mayo Medical Laboratories, Rochester, Minn, for HER2 testing between August and December 2000. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed with use of a diagnostic test for the assessment of HER2 overexpression, the HercepTest. The IHCstained slides were interpreted and scored on a scale ranging from 0 to 3+ according to Food and Drug Administration-approved guidelines. All specimens scored as 2+ were also routinely evaluated by FISH with use of a HER-2/neu DNA probe kit (PathVysion). Specimens were determined to be amplified if the ratio of HER-2/neu signals to chromosome 17 centromere (CEP17) signals was higher than 2.0. Results Thirty-eight percent of the specimens evaluated with the HercepTest were scored 0, 35% were 1+, 14% were 2+, and 13% were 3+. Of the 216 tumor specimens scored as 2+, 26 (12%) had a high level of HER-2/neu gene amplification, 54 (25%) demonstrated duplication of HER2, 4 (2%) deleted HER-2/neu and/or CEP17, and 123 (57%) had no apparent HER-2/neu anomaly, no apparent CEP17 anomaly, nor apparent single gain (aneusomy) of CEP17. Conclusion We recommend that all specimens with a 2+ HercepTest result be evaluated by FISH for HER-2/neu gene amplification. The results of both assays should be considered before making a decision to recommend antiHER2 therapy.
Toward A Contingent Urban Neoliberalism

Neoliberal governance has recently come to dominate U.S. and U.K. cities. This discussion explores an important idea that British and American urban geographers now grapple with: contingent urban neoliberalism. Four new understandings about these formations in U.S. and U.K. cities are discussed: they exist in historically and geographically specific forms, they are always complex cultural projects, they are enabled by production and use of space, and they are not end states but evolving processes. I suggest that this political project is anything but a "top-down" brute and desensitized imposition on cities. I believe it is best conceptualized as a series of differentiated, keenly negotiating, processural, and space-mobilizing constructions in new political and economic times. These governances, in general principal, are outgrowths of new economic times and circumstances. But they are constituted and reconstituted through the vagaries of the situated social hierarchies, political cultures, economic bases, ...
ASSIGNING VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF CHAOTIC MOLECULES

A method is presented for detailed level-by-level approximate quantum number assignment and spectral pattern organization for a molecular Hamiltonian with a mixture of regular and chaotic classical dynamics. The large-scale bifurcation structure is determined for a spectroscopic Hamiltonian for H2O. A Husimi transform method is used to assign approximate quatum numbers to the levels, and the spectrum is grouped into regular patterns. Pronounced spectral reorganization is observed in the region of most highly chaotic dynamics.
Effect of polysorbate 80 and oleic acid on drug absorption from the rat intestine

Low concentrations of polysorbate 80 and oleic acid, which enhance drug absorption across the external membranes of goldfish, have no apparent effect on the absorption of salicylate, salicylamide, and 4-aminoantipyrine from the in situ rat small intestine.
Countertransference risks when women treat women

Certain female patients deal with issues of sexuality, reproduction, aggression, and dependence in ways which may generate intense reactions in their female therapists. We will describe the range of responses we experienced while treating various women in an acute psychiatric inpatient setting. A surprising finding was that not only our problematic responses, but also our effective solutions, have often occurred unconsciously.
Identification of zinc proteins in rat parotid saliva.

Abstract The presence of unique zinc-binding proteins in human saliva is well documented. These observations have not, however, been extended to other species. The rat has been used extensively to study the salivary gland and its secretion, and it is therefore important to determine if the spectrum of zinc-binding proteins in this experimental model resembles that found in humans. To begin the analysis of zinc-binding proteins in stimulated rat parotid saliva, the saliva was fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex and Sepharose 6B chaelate chromatography and the protein patterns analysed by electrophoresis. Zinc-binding proteins from the parotid saliva were identified by incubating Western blots with 65Zn and identifying any bound zinc by autoradiography. Comparison of the autoradiograms with the Coomassie blue-stained filter revealed several proteins with zinc-binding capacity. Isolation of the major zinc-binding proteins revealed an amino acid composition of proline 28%, glutamine 19% and glycine 15%, which is consistent with the amino acid composition of rat salivary acidic proline-rich protein. In addition to the proline-rich proteins, one other zinc-binding protein was analysed. The N-terminal sequence of this protein was found to bear a striking similarity (16 out of 20 amino acids) to secreted carbonic anhydrase VI of the mouse, a known zinc-binding protein. These data demonstrate that rat acidic proline-rich proteins, having an amino acid composition similar to that in humans, have zinc-binding potential. The data also confirm previous reports suggesting a secreted carbonic anhydrase in rat parotid saliva.
Targeted synthesis of a mesoporous triptycene-derived covalent organic framework

The synthesis and characterization of a highly porous triptycene-derived covalent organic framework (TDCOF-5) and its performance in small gas storage are reported. TDCOF-5 crystallizes into a 2D mesoporous network that contains accessible boron sites, exhibits high surface area (SALang = 3832 m2 g−1), and high gas uptake under low pressure settings.
Residue-producing Xi-filters and their applications in medical image analysis

Two recent Ph.D. theses by Lawrence Firestone and Norman Link, Carnegie Mellon University, treated subtyping follicular lymphomas (cancers of the human lymph node) from digital images of tissue sections mounted on microscope slides. To make the subtype differentiation by automated image analysis they examined many different features relating to spatial spectra, texture and texture energy, and three-dimensional morphology. The latter technique considers any gray-level image as a three-dimensional surface and uses three- dimensional erosions and dilations of this surface to extract features. Of all measures tested the best pair are both related to three-dimensional mathematical morphology. One of these was derived from residue-producing (Xi) -filters and is discussed in this paper. The (Xi) -filter selected measures surface voxels whose values are changed by the (Xi) -filter but for which no neighborhood voxel values are changed. Such filters have been found to be half-octave filters with steep cutoffs (60 dB per octave) exhibiting no phase shifts. These unusual filters are exactly matched to the subtype analysis of lymph-node cancers. (Xi) -filters are also valuable in other medical imaging applications. One of these applications is three-dimensional interpolation from serial sections. This application is also illustrated in this paper.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Intermittent Visual “White Out”: A New Intraocular Lens Complication

A late complication of primarily pupillary lens implants is episodic blurring of vision. Twenty-nine patients described sudden blurring of vision lasting two to eight hours. Clinical signs of recurrent microscopic hypopyon also clearing within hours are described, as well as angiographic evidence of iris permeability in areas of contact between the lens implant and the anterior iris surface. Treatment is discussed. Age-related factors are suggested.
Viscosity of aqueous potassium chloride solutions in the temperature range 25-150 .degree.C and the pressure range 0-30 MPa

New experimental data on the viscosity of aqueous KCl solutions are reported. The data cover the temperature range 25 to 150/sup 0/C, the pressure range 0 to 30 MPa, and the concentration range 0 to 4.4 m. The experimental values have an estimated accuracy of +-1% over the entire range of pressure, temperature, and concentration. The viscosity has been correlated as a function of pressure, temperature, and concentration. The paper also provides a correlation for the density of KCl solutions in terms of pressure, temperature, and concentration. 15 figures, 10 tables.
Presidential Election Campaigns and American Democracy The Relationship Between Communication Use and Normative Outcomes

There is very little research about the relative influence of campaign communication forms or venues on normative outcomes concerning the extent to which campaign communication promotes or degrades basic democratic values. This investigation assesses the relative impact of 17 communication forms on three normative outcomes: political expertise, which embodies people’s awareness, knowledge, and interest in politics; attitude about the process used to elect candidates; and likelihood of participating in the political process. Data are based on results of two national surveys conducted in different phases of the 2004 presidential campaign. Hierarchical regression analyses are used to evaluate the relative influence of the 17 communication forms on normative outcomes, controlling for sociodemographic variables.
Bilayer Resists for 193 nm Lithography: SSQ and POSS

Positive 193 nm bilayer resists based on polysilsesquioxanes (SSQ) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) are described. Fluoroalcohol is employed as an acid group. Our POSS materials are prepared by condensation of functional trialkoxysilane rather than by the commonly employed hydrosilylation on POSS and consist of T3 while the hydrosilylation method produces Q4 POSS. The condensation method is more suitable for scale-up, producing POSS materials with higher glass transition temperatures. The materials were analyzed by 19F, 13C, and 29Si NMR to determine composition and to quantify Q/T. The SSQ and POSS materials with the same compositions were compared in terms of the degree of hydrogen bonding by IR and the dissolution behavior by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Densities of the SSQ polymers were determined by X-ray reflectivity measurements and Rutherford back-scattering. Positive resists formulated with ternary SSQ and POSS were evaluated for contact hole and line/space applications, respectively. Characterization and lithographic performance of SSQ and POSS resists are described in detail.
Current status of biomaterials in ophthalmology

The artificial materials currently used in ophthalmology are reviewed. Those include poly(methyl methacrylate) in contact lenses, keratoprostheses, and intraocular lenses; cellulose acetate butyrate and the siloxane-containing polymethacrylates in contact lenses; the silicones in contact lenses, scleral buckling materials, and drainage implants in glaucoma; the hydrogels for contact lenses and retinal surgery implants; and the cyanoacrylate adhesives for corneal perforations and ulcers. The properties of the materials and their relationship to ocular tissues, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of their use in the eye are discussed. Probable future advances of biomaterials in ophthalmology are also discussed.
Congenital leukaemia with a mixed phenotype of megakaryoblasts and erythroblasts: a case report and characterization of the blasts

We present a congenital leukaemia with a mixed phenotype of megakaryoblasts and erythroblasts. A newborn male with exopthalmus and multiple skin nodules, had bone marrow blasts which expressed CD41b, CD42b, glycophorin-A and haemoglobin, but monocyte or lymphoid markers were negative. The patient achieved a complete remission with chemotherapy. Blasts cultured for a few months expressed erythroid markers but lost the megakaryocytic phenotype, although addition of phorbol ester induced the latter phenotype. Spontaneous colony formation was observed in semi-solid culture and the number of colonies was increased by erythropoietin. Detailed studies further indicated the heterogeneity of congenital leukaemia.
Moral growth in medical students

Although students bring to medical school a fairly well established value system, the potential for moral growth through the medical school environment and experience is substantial. The educational environment poses a succession of developmental and adaptive tasks to be accomplished. Several of these tasks are discussed her, tasks that are value-laden and involve, directly or indirectly, the interplay of ethical theory and practice. During the past quarter century, the two influences that have had the greatest impact on the moral growth and moral reasoning capacity of medical students have been the incorporation into the medical school curriculum of courses in medical humanities and the admission to medical school of an increasing number of female students. The female students have brought to medical school a level or dimension of moral reasoning (morality as care or responsibility for others) to augment the male students' focus on rights and justice considerations.
Movement-Related Cortical Potentials Associated with Saliva and Water Bolus Swallowing

The purpose of this study was to document the movement-related cortical potentials associated with saliva and water bolus swallowing in seven right-handed healthy humans. As the subjects performed a saliva or water bolus swallowing task, electroencephalograms with electrodes at C3, Cz, and C4 and an electromyogram of the mylohyoid muscle complex were recorded. The early slope, referred to as the Bereitschafts potential, before saliva swallowing was significantly steeper than that before water bolus swallowing. Positive potential amplitude during water bolus swallowing was significantly larger than that during saliva swallowing. Negative slope and motor potential were not clearly present during performance of either swallowing task. Those findings imply that the features of movement-related cortical potential associated with pharyngeal swallowing are different from those associated with limb movement, and that both the cortical process associated with sensory information of pharyngeal swallowing and the cortical preparatory process of pharyngeal swallowing depend on the type of swallowing task.
A method for modelling and evaluating integrated energy systems in agriculture

Abstract The successful integration of energy conservation or production processes requires detailed information on how the technology will interact with other processes in the system. This information must be organized into a working model of the production system if it is to be used effectively. Like any large-scale industrial or environmental system, agricultural production systems can be modelled as a collection of discrete physical processes interconnected in a finite number of ways. The modelling of these processes and their interconnection are explored in this paper. In addition to model development, process integration as a concept is explored. Starting with the traditional definition of process integration, the author refines and expands this concept. This expanded concept, called system integration, is coupled with the modelling method to investigate some of the issues associated with the design and evaluation of integrated energy systems in agriculture.
Generating absolute prime ideals

Abstract A means of obtaining absolute prime ideals is presented. This process yields an example of a three-dimensional, local, non-Cohen-Macaulay factorial domain in characteristic zero.
The logic of settler accumulation in a landscape of perpetual vanishing

As Glacier National Park celebrated its one hundredth anniversary in 2010, a storm of uncertainty loomed on the horizon. The park's signature glaciers, which are vanishing at an astonishing rate, were the greatest source of anxiety. Scientists now predict that all the remaining glaciers will be gone by the year 2020. The intensity of the storm was also fed by the specter of the vanishing Indian, which haunted the centennial, provoking a different sort of (colonial) anxiety. One hundred years ago, the vanishing Indian, not the glacier, served as the park's icon. The specter ruptured a temporal border that had kept the story of yesterday's vanishing Indian separate from that of today's vanishing glacier. In this landscape of perpetual vanishing, this article will focus on the concept of primitive accumulation (or accumulation by dispossession). Of particular interest is how its conventional meaning within political economic theory is modified by settler-colonial studies and indigenous critical theory. Patri...
A Little Pain Never Hurt Anyone: Athletic Career Socialization and the Normalization of Sports Injury

How do pain and risk of injury come to be accepted as a normal part of an athlete’s role-identity? Through an examination of the career history of Sam, an amateur wrestler, the normalization of injury is seen as a traditional form of role socialization. Sam learned to define pain and injury as a routine part of his sports career by observing and interacting with a variety of significant others. As he progressed into higher levels of competition, he encountered successful athletes and coaches who had endured considerable pain and injury in their own careers. Sam eventually gained acceptance from these elite athletes and became a role model for others through conformity to a demanding sports ethic, but he suffered progressively more serious injuries. Sam’s career not only reveals the socialization processes that normalize sports injury, it also demonstrates how sports participation can become a significant health risk.
Exploring Age of Onset as a Causal Link between Major Depression and Nonmedical Use of Prescription Medications

Abstract Background Nonmedical use of prescription medications (NUPM) has been associated with major depression (MDD), but the specific processes by which they might interact and influence one another are understudied. This investigation attempted to clarify the relationship between MDD and NUPM by examining whether age of MDD onset influenced current and past NUPM and by examining whether age of NUPM onset influenced lifetime or past year MDD. Methods These goals were met through use of data from the 2005 to 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Analyses utilized design-based logistic regression, and current age and order of MDD onset and NUPM initiation were examined in interactions with age of MDD or NUPM onset. Results For each year MDD onset was delayed, odds of lifetime, past year, past 30-day NUPM and substance dependence from NUPM were decreased by 2.3%, 2.6%, 1.9% and 2.3%, respectively. Earlier NUPM onset increased odds of past year (3.8%) and lifetime MDD (4.3%) in young adults, and lifetime MDD (2.5%) in 26–34 age group. Current age also interacted with age of MDD onset, with effects on NUPM pronounced in the 65 and older cohort. Order of MDD/NUPM onset generally did not interact with age of MDD onset, but it did interact with age of NUPM onset; the effects of NUPM onset on past year MDD were only significant in those with NUPM first. Conclusions These results highlight the need for further investigations of the interactions between depression and NUPM, particularly to evaluate potential causal relationships.
Ester Elimination: A General Solvent Dependent Non-Hydrolytic Route to Metal and Mixed-Metal Oxides

Molecular routes to metal oxides has become an area of intense scientific interest due to the technological relevance of these materials. Molecular routes are proving important as a result of the possibility to control the physical and chemical properties of the final materials.
The Effects of Musical Activity on the Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy of Patients With Schizophrenia: A Cultural Study in West Bengal, India

Studies into the effects of therapeutic music making in the treatment of mental illness have increased dramatically in the last decade, but there still remains a dearth of research into its effects in developing countries such as India. Of particular importance in India, where the stigma associated with mental illness is still prominent, is low self-esteem and self-efficacy in people with disorders such as schizophrenia. Using a qualitative approach, this study explored the views of the participants on the effects of musical activity, at a psychiatric treatment and rehabilitation center in India. Five main themes were interpreted from interview transcripts: therapy, moti- vation, mood, self-efficacy, and self-esteem, suggesting that the patients find the sessions to be therapeutic overall, including in the areas of self-esteem and self-efficacy.
Palaeontological and isotope evidence for warm saline deep waters in Ordovician oceans

TODAY'S oceans are characterized by cold bottom waters, produced at high latitudes. Here we present morphological and oxygen isotope data for brachiopods from the Caradocian (Upper Ordovician) Trenton Group, in New York, which indicate that both temperature and salinity increased with depth in Ordovician oceans. Production of warm, saline deep waters in low- to mid-latitude evaporative seas, and reduced production of cold deep water, may have been favoured by high sea level, warm global climate and fortuitous positioning of continents1–5. The resulting ocean circulation system was markedly different from that of today. Lower oxygen contents of warm, saline deep waters may have contributed to the deposition of organic-rich sediments, which are abundant in Caradocian strata6,7but rare in modern ocean sediments.
An evaluation of the serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity in pericarditis.

Abstract 1. 1. Serum transaminase titers are evaluated in 7 patients with pericarditis. 2. 2. Six of these patients had elevated SGOT levels. 3. 3. Two cases are reported in detail depicting two types of pericarditis with elevated SGOT levels. 4. 4. The experimental basis for these clinical observations is presented. 5. 5. It is concluded that the SGOT determination is only of value in differentiating myocardial infarction from pericarditis if the SGOT level is normal.
Endoproteolytic processing of Sst2, a multidomain regulator of G protein signaling in yeast.

Abstract Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS proteins) constitute a large family of G protein-binding proteins. All RGS proteins contain a conserved core domain that can accelerate G protein GTPase activity. In addition, many family members contain a unique N-terminal domain of unknown function. Here, we demonstrate that the RGS protein in yeast, Sst2, is proteolytically processed in vivo to yield separate but functional N-terminal and RGS core domain fragments. In whole cell lysates, the full-lengthSST2 product (82 kDa) as well as a prominent 36-kDa species are specifically recognized by antibodies against the C terminus of the Sst2 protein. Purification and chemical sequencing of the 36-kDa species revealed cleavage sites after Ser-414 and Ser-416, just preceding the region of RGS homology. Expression of a mutationally truncated form of the protein (C-Sst2) could not restore function to ansst2Δ mutant strain. In contrast, co-expression of C-Sst2 with the N-terminal domain (N-Sst2) partially restored the ability to regulate the growth arrest response but not the transcription induction response. Whereas the full-length protein was localized to the microsomal and plasma membrane fractions, the N-Sst2 species was predominantly in the microsomal fraction, and C-Sst2 was in the soluble fraction. Mutations that block proteasome or vacuolar protease function, or mutations in the cleavage site Ser residues of Sst2, did not alter processing. However, Sst2 processing did require expression of other components of the pheromone response pathway, including the receptor and the G protein. These results indicate that Sst2 is proteolytically processed, that this event is regulated by the signaling pathway, and that processing can profoundly alter the function and subcellular localization of the protein.
Work, Cultural Resources, and Community Commodities in the Global Economy

In order to defend work and livelihoods, many communities claim special cultural value for their trades, products, or crops. In this special issue, we examine what makes a trade or a particular commodity a cultural asset, drawing on the details of four distinct cases: Russian salmon, Peruvian ceramics, Indonesian textiles, and Bolivian quinoa. Our analysis focuses on two crucial features: (1) a product's embeddedness in subsistence routines, ritual, and local hierarchies of status, and (2) a good's encloseability, or the features of place, community connectivity, or economic training that allows a group to monopolize a product or service. We frame our analysis as a “commons” problem for the way that it entails balancing private enterprises with shared responsibility for stewardship of a trade. Furthermore, a commons perspective helps assess the specific vulnerabilities of cultural assets and the way they can be simultaneously underused and overused. A key contribution of this set of papers is to show how shared cultural resources emerge in the midst of market activities and are not merely legacies of premarket relations and subsistence economies.
Abstract 295: Urine and serum biomarkers of pancreatic cancer

The clinical management of pancreatic cancer is severely hampered by the absence of effective screening tools. Sixty seven candidate biomarkers were evaluated in prediagnostic sera obtained from cases of pancreatic cancer enrolled in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). The multimarker panel of CA 19-9, OPN, and OPG, previously shown to be useful in retrospective samples, demonstrated markedly diminished performance in the PLCO cohort. CA 19-9, CEA, NSE, bHCG, and CEACAM1were significantly elevated in sera obtained from cases greater than 1 year prior to diagnosis. Levels of CA 19-9, CA 125, CEA, PRL, and IL-8 were negatively correlated with time to diagnosis. When the entire PLCO set was used for training at a specificity (SP) of 95%, a panel consisting of CA 19-9, CEA, and Cyfra 21-1 provided sensitivity (SN) levels of 33.3% in samples collected >1 year prior to diagnosis compared to SN levels of 23.8% for CA 19-9 alone in the same sample sets. Further study performed using pooled PLCO samples identified 25 candidate biomarkers demonstrating significantly altered expression in pre-diagnostic serum samples. Robust performance of 3 of these biomarkers, GM-CSF, fibronectin, HCG, and SHBG was validated in individual PLCO samples. Next, performance of most promising serum biomarkers was assessed in case/control urine samples and in urine samples from a prospective Shanghai clinical trial. In each setup, better performance of urine biomarkers in comparison with serum counterparts was determined. A biomarker panel comprised of urine CA 19-9, leptin, OPN, and IL-8 had a SN=39% at a SP of 95% in Shanghai samples. These results warrant further studies to develop early detection tests for PDAC with high levels of sensitivity. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Brian M. Nolen, William Grizzle, Randall Brand, Anna E. Lokshin. Urine and serum biomarkers of pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 295. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-295
Controlling the gap of fullerene microcrystals by applying pressure: Role of many-body effects

We characterize the optical properties of C_60 fullerene microcrystals as a function of hydrostatic pressure. Calculations were done using first-principles many-body theories based on evaluating electronic energy levels in the GW approximation. We compute electronic excited states in the crystal by diagonalizing the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE). Our results confirm the existence of bound excitons in the crystal. Both the electronic gap and optical gap decrease continuously and non-linearly as pressure of up to 6 GPa is applied. As a result, the absorption spectrum shows strong redshift. We also observe that "negative" pressure shows the opposite behavior: the gaps increase and the optical spectrum shifts toward the blue end of the spectrum. Negative pressure can be realized by adding cubane (C_8H_8) or other molecules with similar size to the interstitials of the microcrystal. For the moderate lattice distortions studied here, we have found that the optical properties of fullerene microcrystals with intercalated cubane are similar to the ones of an expanded undoped microcrystal. Based on these findings, we propose doped C_60 as active element in piezo-optical devices.