cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tribological evaluation of piston skirt/cylinder liner contact interfaces under boundary lubrication conditions

The friction and wear between the piston and cylinder liner significantly affects the performance of internal combustion engines. In this paper, segments from a commercial piston/cylinder system were tribologically tested using reciprocating motion. The tribological contact consisted of aluminium alloy piston segments, either uncoated, coated with a graphite/resin coating, or an amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C : H) coating, in contact with gray cast iron liner segments. Tests were conducted in commercial synthetic motor oils and base stocks at temperatures up to 120°C with a 2 cm stroke length at reciprocating speeds up to 0.15 m s−1. The friction dependence of these piston skirt and cylinder liner materials was studied as a function of load, sliding speed and temperature. Specifically, an increase in the sliding speed led to a decrease in the friction coefficient below approximately 70°C, while above this temperature, an increase in sliding speed led to an increase in the friction coefficient. The presence of a coating played an important role. It was found that the graphite/resin coating wore quickly, preventing the formation of a beneficial tribochemical film, while the a-C : H coating exhibited a low friction coefficient and provided significant improvement over the uncoated samples. The effect of additives in the oils was also studied. The tribological behaviour of the interface was explained based on viscosity effects and subsequent changes in the lubrication regime, formation of chemical and tribochemical films. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Solute Orientation on Solvation Dynamics at the Air/Water Interface

The ultrafast solvation dynamics of courmarin 314 (C314) molecules at the air/water interface has been shown to depend on their orientation with respect to the plane of the interface. A pump/second harmonic probe method using femtosecond laser pulses were used to measure the interface solvation dynamics. The pump light was S polarized, i.e., in the interface plane, or P polarized, i.e., in the plane perpendicular to the plane of the interface. The S pumped C314 molecules yielded a solvation time of 820 ± 60 fs, whereas P pumped yielded a solvation time of 1215 ± 90 fs. The interface inhomogeneous broadening on the solvation time scale is due to the differing orientations of C314 at the air/water interface.
The ultraviolet spectra of Alpha Aquilae and Alpha Canis Minoris

Scans of Alpha Aql (A7 IV, V) and Alpha CMi (F5 IV-V) obtained with the Copernicus satellite spectrometer over the wavelength range from 2100 to 3200 A are presented along with a spectrum of the integrated solar disk over the same range procured during a calibrated rocket flight. About 1500 fairly strong absorption lines in the Alpha CMi spectrum between 2400 and 2961 A are identified by comparison with a solar atlas and by using a theoretical spectrum synthesized from a blanketed LTE model with an effective temperature of 6500 K and a surface gravity of 10,000 cm/sec per sec. The Mg II resonance doublet at 2795.528 and 2802.704 A is found to be present in all three stars together with a discontinuity at 2635 A due to Fe II, Fe I, Cr I, and Mn II. It is concluded that the Mg II resonance lines and the 2635-A continuum break would be the best spectral features for estimating the redshift of a galaxy observed at low resolution provided the redshift is not less than about 0.75.
Molecular approaches to brain asymmetry and handedness

The human left and right hemispheres have distinct functions. Sun and Walsh discuss recent genetic, imaging and neurological studies in an attempt to unravel the molecular mechanisms of brain asymmetry and handedness and to understand their evolutionary underpinning.
375 EFFECTS OF ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT ON THEOPHHIJIE HALF-LIFE

Theophylline half-life (t½ elim) is shorter in children than adults. To test the hypothesis that the increase occurs during adolescence, we studied 39 asthmatics aged 8–18y (mean 12.7). Twenty-five patients were male, 14 female. Tanner Stages I:13 patients, II:9, III:4, IV:4, V:9. After at least 2 weeks of long-acting theophylline, patients took 4 doses (24 hr.) of short-acting theophylline, prior to the study day. Following a single dose of short-acting theophylline (4-6 mg/kg) PO or IV, timed serum samples (ndniman 3, maximum 22 samples per patient) were obtained between 6–24 hrs. after dose. Duplicate samples were analyzed by fluorescent polarization technique (coef. of variation 5% at 2-40 μg/ml). T½ elim calculated from serum levels ranged from 2.8 – 8.5 hr. T½ correlated with age p < .01 (r2=0.2) and Tanner Stage p < .01 (r2=0.2). Mean t½ of females (6.54 hr.) was longer than males (5.59). Puberty, (defined by age or Tanner Stage) accounts for 20% of the variability, whereas genetically determined rates of metabolism and environment probably account for much of the remaining inter-individual variation in t½. During puberty, changes in body composition and liver function occur which may influence drug distribution and metabolism, thereby contributing to the increase in drug t½. Regardless of the mechanism, since t½ increases during adolescence, theophylline dose and interval need to be adjusted carefully during the teenage years.
Direct binding of influenza peptides to class I HLA molecules.

Activation of T lymphocytes requires the intracellular fragmentation of foreign antigens and their presentation by class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins1–2. The direct binding of peptides to class II molecules has been demonstrated using equilibrium dialysis, gel filtration and fluorescence energy transfer at planar membranes, and its specificity compared to that of T-cell activation3–6. In contrast, direct binding of peptides to class I molecules has been difficult to detect; although peptide sensitization experiments7–8. and the crystallographic structure of HLA-A2 (ref. 9) persuasively argue for its occurrence and importance. Here we describe a gel filtration assay from which we derive direct evidence for selective binding of an influenza matrix peptide to HLA-A2 and for binding of an influenza nucleoprotein peptide to HLA-B37. These two peptides have previously been shown to act respectively as targets for certain HLA-A2 or HLA-B37 restricted influenza-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) 7,8,10. In addition we demonstrate binding to some, but not all, HLA allospecificities that cannot present these peptides to CTL. We estimate that less than 0.3% of the HLA molecules present in any given purified preparation were able to bind the added peptides.
The Geometry of Knit Fabrics Made of Staple Rayon and Nylon and Its Relationship to Shrinkage in Laundering

The geometry of six plain, six rib, and three interlock circular knit fabrics made of staple fibers of viscose, acetate-viscose, and nylon has been studied. Data on both gray and finished fabrics for stitch length, diameter of yarn, and wale and course spacings were used in evaluating the equations derived by Peirce for length of yarn in one stitch and for weight per unit area. Measured stitch length ranged from l = 2p + w + 4.18d to l = 2p + w + 6.74d, as compared to the theoretical value of l = 2p + w + 5.94d which Peirce derived. Weight of the fabrics calculated by Peirce's equation showed good agreement with that obtained by weighing a known area.In laundering tests, it was found that the various yarns shrank or stretched less than 3% in the finished fabrics. The data of wale and course spacings of both the laundered gray and laundered finished fabrics followed parabolic curves. Curves relating the wale and course spacings of the unlaundered materials conformed to no orderly pattern. Those unlaundered...
Piece wise linear least–squares approximation of planar curves

Two algorithms for solving the piecewise linear least–squares approximation problem of plane curves are presented. The first is for the case when the L 2 residual (error) norm in any segment is not to exceed a pre–assigned value. The second algorithm is for the case when the number of segments is given and a (balanced) L 2 residual norm solution is required. The given curve is first digitized and either algorithm is then applied to the discrete points. For each segment, we obtain the upper triangular matrix R in the QR factorization of the (augmented) coefficient matrix of the resulting system of linear equations. The least–squares solutions are calculated in terms of the R (and Q) matrices. The algorithms then work in an iterative manner by updating the least–squares solutions for the segments via up dating the R matrices. The calculation requires as little computational effort as possible. Numerical results and comments are given. This, in a way, is a tutorial paper.
Effects of a selective alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist, methoxamine, on sexual behavior and penile reflexes

Methoxamine, an adrenergic agonist with selectivity for the alpha 1-adrenoceptor, when administered intraperitoneally 10 minutes prior to mating tests (1 to 5 mg/kg), effected reductions in the ejaculatory threshold, evidenced by a decrease in the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation. In mounting tests after penile anesthetization, a test which specifically assesses sexual motivation, 3 mg/kg methoxamine was without a stimulatory effect. Further, in penile reflex tests (ex copula) 1 mg/kg methoxamine was without effect, whereas 5 mg/kg decreased the number of erections, cups and flips per test, and increased the incidence of seminal emission. These data indicate a facilitation of the ejaculatory mechanism, both in and ex copula, coupled with an inhibition of erectile responses for moderate doses of methoxamine. Treatment of male rats with the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (0.25 mg/kg, IP, five minutes pretest) drastically reduced the number of animals exhibiting intromissive and ejaculatory behavior in mating tests. This suppressive effect of clonidine was not prevented by prior treatment with methoxamine (3 mg/kg, 10 minutes pretest and five minutes preclonidine). Further, ST-91, a polar analog of clonidine which does not readily enter the central nervous system, was without effect on male sexual behavior. Since (1) the effects of methoxamine administration are not of similar quality or magnitude to those reported earlier after yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, (2) since concurrent stimulation of alpha 1- (by methoxamine) and alpha 2- (by clonidine) adrenoceptors is followed by a suppression of sexual behavior similar to that seen after clonidine alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
SCIENTIFIC RESPONSE TO THE BLUE MAGPIE SPILL

ABSTRACT On November 19, 1983, the 348-foot general cargo vessel Blue Magpie grounded on the jetty at Yaquina Bay, Oregon. The Blue Magpie carried approximately 225 tons of bunker C and 30 tons of diesel fuel. Bunker C leaked from the vessel for five days as the vessel was worked against the jetty by high winds and seas. Federal, state, and local scientists worked to support Coast Guard spill mitigation efforts by providing oil trajectory forecasts, identifying shoreline protection priorities, and determining cleanup requirements in environmentally sensitive areas. When it became evident that the oil onboard the ship could not be safely removed and would continue to contaminate the environmentally sensitive Yaquina Bay, scientists began to evaluate plans for a controlled release of all oil remaining on the ship. Important environmental considerations in this decision were the presence of the endangered brown pelican, migrating waterfowl, shellfish beds, and harbor seals, and the imminent arrival of migrat...
Automated generation of readable proofs with geometric invariants

We present a set of rules based on full-angles as the basis of automated geometry theorem proving. We extend the idea of eliminating variables and points to the idea of eliminating lines. We also discuss how to combine the forward chaining and backward chaining to achieve higher efficiency. The prover based on the full-angle method has been used to produce short and elegant proofs for more than one hundred difficult geometry theorems. The proofs of many of those theorems produced by our previous area method are relatively long.
The glucose distribution in 9l rat brain multicell tumor spheroids and its effect on cell necrosis

The glucose consumption rate of 9L rat brain tumor cells was determined as a function of concentration. Glucose uptake followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of 0.58 mM and a Vmax of 1.6 pg/cell-min. The glucose diffusion coefficient in spheroids of 9L tumor cells was determined to be 1.5 x 10(-6) cm2/s at 37 degrees C. Using these parametric values, the glucose distribution in 9L multicell spheroids was calculated and related to the viable and necrotic zones.
Borderline Hermaphrodites: Higher-order Vagueness by Example

The Pyrrhonian sceptic Favorinus of Arelata personified indeterminacy, cultivating his (or her) borderline status to undermine dogmatism. Inspired by the techniques of Favorinus, I show, by example, that ‘vague’ has borderline cases. These concrete steps lead to a more abstract argument that ‘vague’ has borderline borderline cases and borderline borderline borderline cases. My specimens are intended supplement earlier non-constructive proofs of the vagueness of ‘vague’. Who was the first female philosopher? The ‘natural eunuch’, Favorinus of Arelata (c. AD 80‐150), may have rendered the question moot. A hermaphrodite who leaned toward the male end of the spectrum was more likely to be granted the benefit of the doubt — and enjoy the prerogatives of manhood. Yet Favorinus did not rest on the benefit of the doubt. He (and I now take refuge in the generic sense of ‘he’) courted ambivalence by speaking and dressing effeminately. This flamboyant Pyrrhonian summed up his life in three paradoxes; he was a barbarian from Gaul who spoke Greek, a eunuch accused of adultery, and a citizen who quarrelled with an emperor and yet lived. Favorinus’ skill at balancing each argument with a counterargument made him a popular teacher of upper class Romans. When silenced by Emperor Hadrian in argument, Favorinus later explained that it would be foolish to criticize the logic of the master of thirty legions. When the Athenians pulled down a statue they had erected to Favorinus, Favorinus speculated that had there been a statue of Socrates, Socrates might have been spared the hemlock. This philosopher (or was Favorinus a mere sophist or rhetorician or provocateur?) was not ready to die for his beliefs! Favorinus cultivated not only doubt, but also doubts about doubts, and doubts about those doubts. As Galen ruefully recounts in The Best Education, Favorinus first recommends that students be left to make up their own minds,
New Academic Positions: The Outlook in Europe and North America.

During the 1960's, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States all experienced periods of rapid growth of research expenditures and of university enrollments followed by declines in growth rates. This sequence has generated the current severe shortages of new academic positions, with a resulting long-range threat to the vitality of academic science. Declines in the 18-year-old cohort in the United States, and especially in Canada, aggravate the problem. The United States is the only one of these countries that has not adopted a modest program to deal with the problems by creating fellowships or new positions.
Forking, normalization and canonical bases

Developpement de la theorie de la bifurcation. Demonstration d'un theoreme de normalisation. Caracterisations de la bifurcation dans les theories stables
Decreased elasticity of auricular cartilagein the nephrotic syndrome of children

Decreased elasticity of the auricular cartilage was noted by direct measurement in 25 of 35 children with the nephrotic syndrome, regardless of the presence or absence of edema. This abnormal elasticity persisted for as long as 2 years in some patients. The cause of the phenomenon is unknown.
A comparison of GEOSAT altimeter inferred currents and measured flow at 5400 m depth in the Argentine Basin

Abstract A comparison is made between an 11 month duration current meter record obtained near the bottom at 40°27′S, 49°25′W in the mid-Argentine Basin in water depth 5400 m, and near-surface flow inferred from GEOSAT altimeter data. The GEOSAT has a repeat path time of 17 days, and inferred near-surface flow features with periods of 34 days or less should not be detectable. Thus the current meter record was filtered with a 34 day low pass filter. Since only fluctuating flows can be inferred with the GEOSAT altimeter data, the deep recorded mean current was added to the satellite-inferred flow for comparison purposes. The deep flow and the altimeter-inferred near-surface flow agree remarkably well, suggesting that for time scales ⩾34 days the flow was nearly barotropic in this region of the South Atlantic.
Effects of alcohol and error criticality on alphanumeric target acquisition

Eight male subjects searched for target alphanumeric characters using a touch-entry equipped CRT under four levels of blood alcohol concentration (BAC), 0.0, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.09 percent. Participants visually searched randomly generated 108-character arrays for imbedded target characters, touching the CRT surface at target locations when located. Half of the search trials used arrays containing no target, providing the apportunity for "giving-up" any search trial at the discretion of the participant. A monetary incentive/penalty system was used to define low- and high-criticality search trials. Search time, touch accuracy, the number of trials completed, the percent of "give-ups", and hand travel time were all significantly degraded by the alcohol dosages used. An alcohol-criticality interaction was observed for percent give-ups, and an alcohol-target presence interaction was significant for mean search times. Language: en
Aneurysmal Coronary Artery Disease: Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Ectasia or Adult Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome (Kawasaki's Disease)?

A 46-year-old white man presented with a history of multiple myocardial infarctions since the age of 32. Coronary angiography demonstrated severe aneurysmal coronary artery disease. Four-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using bilateral internal mammary arteries and the left radial artery was successfully performed. The differential diagnosis of early onset adult aneurysmal coronary artery disease is discussed, with emphasis on Kawasaki's disease and atherosclerotic coronary artery ectasia. When CABG is indicated, total arterial revascularization should be attempted.
Developmental Scores of Iron Deficient Infants and the Effects of Therapy.

A recent HEW report has suggested that iron deficiency anemia may affect 15–20% of children under 18 years. Young children from low income families may be particularly vulnerable to developmental effects such as irritability and attentional and cognitive deficits which have been clinically reported in iron deficient subjects. The present study investigated both the cognitive and behavioral functions associated with iron deficiency anemia in infants and toddlers and the short-term effects of therapy on such behaviors. The subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment and control group. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered before the institution of treatment with intramuscular iron or placebo, and the test was readministered in 5 to 8 days. Children treated with iron showed a significant increase, compared to the controls, in their scores on the Mental Development Index, averaging a mean gain of 13.6 points in a mean time of 6.8 days. The treated group was also found to become more alert and responsive and demonstrated improvement in tests of gross and fine motor coordination. These findings support the hypothesis that iron deficiency in infants produces developmental alterations and that these changes are rapidly reversible with iron therapy.
On the Three Phase Mixtures in Martensitic Transformations of Shape Memory Alloys: Thermodynamical Modeling and Characteristic Temperatures

We study here the thermally-induced martensitic transformation process of shape memory alloys. Taking the internal energy of phase mixtures as the potential function and introducing coherency energies between martensite and austenite and between different variants of the martensitic phase, we are able to use thermodynamical arguments to obtain hysteresis diagrams which could be measured experimentally. The characteristic temperatures for martensitic transformation, $M_{s,f}$ (martensite start and finish) and $A_{s,f}$ (austenite start and finish) can be identified explicitly and are closely related to the coherency parameters of the coherency energies.
Remnant inequalities and doubly-twisted conjugacy in free groups

Abstract We give two results for computing doubly-twisted conjugacy relations in free groups with respect to homomorphisms φ and ψ such that certain remnant words from φ are longer than the images of generators under ψ . Our first result is a remnant inequality condition which implies that two words u and v are not doubly-twisted conjugate. Further we show that if ψ is given and φ , u , and v are chosen at random, then the asymptotic probability that u and v are not doubly-twisted conjugate is 1. In the particular case of singly-twisted conjugacy, this means that if φ , u , and v are chosen at random, then u and v are not in the same singly-twisted conjugacy class with asymptotic probability 1. Our second result generalizes Kim’s “bounded solution length”. We give an algorithm for deciding doubly-twisted conjugacy relations in the case where φ and ψ satisfy a similar remnant inequality. In the particular case of singly-twisted conjugacy, our algorithm suffices to decide any twisted conjugacy relation if φ has remnant words of length at least 2. As a consequence of our generic properties we give an elementary proof of a recent result of Martino, Turner, and Ventura, that computes the densities of the sets of injective and surjective homomorphisms from one free group to another. We further compute the expected value of the density of the image of a homomorphism.
Wind Penetration through Fabric Systems. Part I

Total and local heat transfer coefficients obtained on heated cylinders under similar environmental conditions of wind speed and air temperature are used as "figures of merit" for comparing fabric ...
Replication of HIV-1 in primary monocyte cultures.

Abstract A subpopulation of human monocytes began to express surface CD4 during its in vitro cultivation in the presence of recombinant M-CSF and became susceptible to infection with an isolate of HIV-1 [AD-87(M)], originally recovered from a seropositive individual by cocultivation with primary monocytes. Approximately 10% of the adherent cells synthesized CD4; a similar fraction was infectable with AD-87(M) and produced high levels of progeny particles. An interesting feature of the HIV-1 infection of primary monocytes was the detection of gpl60/120 inside but not on the surface of virus-producing cells. The implication of these results on HIV infection in vivo will be discussed.
Induction of Apoptosis by SB202190 through Inhibition of p38β Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

p38, a subfamily of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, regulates gene expression in response to various extracellular stimuli. The pyridinyl imidazoles like SB202190 are specific inhibitors of p38α and p38β and have been widely used in investigation of the biological functions of p38. Here we show that SB202190 by itself was sufficient to induce cell death, with typical apoptotic features such as nucleus condensation and intranucleosomal DNA fragmentation. SB202190 stimulated the activity of CPP32-like caspases, and its apoptotic effect was completely blocked by the protease inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone and expression ofbcl-2. In addition, SB202190 was able to potentiate apoptosis induced by Fas(APO-1) ligation or UV irradiation. Expression of p38β attenuated the apoptotic effect of SB202190 and the cell death induced by Fas ligation and UV irradiation. In contrast, expression of p38α induced cell death mildly. These results indicate that SB202190 induces apoptosis through activation of CPP32-like caspases and suggest that distinct members of the p38 subfamily of mitogen-activated protein kinase have different functions in apoptosis.
Analysis of solar domestic hot water heaters

Abstract The performance of several generic types of solar domestic water heating systems is compared using a simulation approach. Types of systems studied included those using single and double tanks and those using direct and indirect methods of transferring solar heat to potable water. In addition, the effects of collector area, tank size, tank insulation, tempering valves and load distribution are studied. A modification to the f-chart design method is developed. This modification allows variation in tank insulation to be considered in the design method. Simulation results are compared, on a quantitative basis, with performance predictions generated by the f-chart design method modified in this manner. In addition, experimental results from the U.S. National Bureau of Standards are compared, on a qualitative basis, with simulation results, and, on a quantitative basis, with f-chart performance predictions.
Specification of medium range order in amorphous materials

Abstract This paper presents: (a) a conceptual framework for describing the nature of short (SRO) and medium (or intermediate) range (MRO) order in amorphous materials; and (b) a discussion of the way that local chemical bonding promotes different elements of SRO, which in turn have a profound effects on MRO. We discuss examples of SRO and MRO in elemental and compound materials, including both chalcogenides and oxides.
A new species of Colpocephalum (Phthiraptera) on Threskiornis (Aves) from Aldabra

A new species, Colpocephalum abhotti, is described for specimens off the type-host, Threskiornis aethio-pica ahbotti, from Aldabra.
Cooperative caching for improving availability in Social Wireless Networks

This paper presents a cooperative object caching mechanism for maintaining high content availability in Social Wireless Networks. Most of the existing cooperative caching schemes in wireless networks provide either high network level availability or high node level availability, but not both at the same time. The first one ensures object availability in isolated network partitions and the second one ensures object availability in individual nodes when they are completely detached from the rest of the network. In this paper, we propose a novel cache partitioning mechanism that is able to provide high network level and high node level availabilities at the same time. This scheme reduces the generated network traffic compared to the prevalent schemes in the literature. In addition to computing theoretical bounds for the availabilities and generated traffic, caching performance is evaluated using a detailed ns2 simulation model under static and mobile networks with realistic mobility patterns.
Analysis on the Epidemiological Characteristics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection in Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China, 1999

Abstract Objective To determine epidemiologic features of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak occurred in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China in 1999, and assess the incidence of E. coli O157:H7 in diarrhea patients and host animals and its relationship with disease onset, and provide a scientific basis for establishing prevention and control strategies. Methods Epidemiological, microbiological, and molecular methods were performed to identify risk factors and describe the ecology of E. coli O157:H7 in the environment. Results From May to September, in 1999, 99 cases of E. coli O157:H7 infection were confirmed. Fifty-six patients were enrolled in the case-control study. Bad personal health habits and poor sanitary conditions in the kitchen were associated with increased risks of infection, whereas hand washing was protective. The household survey indicated that residents in the epidemic region during the outbreak had higher than expected rates of diarrhea. The total E. coli O157:H7 carrier rate in the livestock was 12.36%(22/178), specifically 19.15% in cattle, 12.50% in goat, and 11.11% in swine. Numerical analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) profiles divided strains into two clusters with 77.5% homology. One cluster contained 11 strains isolated from diarrheal patients, foods, and animals. The other cluster comprised 10 strains from patients and environment. Conclusion In a large outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infection among predominantly elderly residents in Xuzhou, high rates of carriage of E. coli O157: H7 among host animals most likely resulted in contamination of the environment, thereby leading to the outbreak. Effective and preventive control measures should be taken to avoid contamination, including environmental and family health improvement, good personal hygiene, and safe food handling practices.
Second homes in New South Wales

Summary Second homes and the market for residential land in resort areas have received little research attention in Australia. In particular, little is known about location patterns of second homes and subdivisions, characteristics of consumers and their behaviour. Consumers include those who buy cottages for holiday and retirement use, or simply land for speculation. These motives are the key to understanding the role of distance in ordering the nature and behaviour of consumers. The paper relates distances between permanent and second homes to the socio‐economic and behavioural characteristics of buyers, the characteristics of dwellings and the passage of time. The interplay of these variables is argued to entail discrimination between types of second‐home area.
Synthesis of cycloheptanoid natural products via tandem 5-exo cyclization/Claisen rearrangement process

This article describes the development of microwave-assisted oxyanionic 5-exo-dig cyclization-Claisen rearrangement sequence as a convenient “one-pot” route to a variety of seven-membered carbocyclic ring systems. This process was used as the key transformation for the construction of several natural products, including frondosins A, B, and C.
Strategies for Recombinant Protein Recovery from Canolaby Precipitation

Transgenic plants may prove to be one of the most economical systems for the large-scale production of proteins and peptides. Our goal is to develop an approach for protein recovery from canola that will be adaptable to a wide variety of recombinant proteins. For recombinant protein recovery, the two downstream processes considered were extraction of target protein and purification of recombinant protein from host proteins and other impurities. In these experiments, T4 lysozyme has been added to the canola extracts as an example protein to simulate recovery of recombinant proteins while evaluating the merits of several candidate precipitation strategies to understand selectivity behavior and how it might be affected by the presence of canola components. The ability of precipitating agents, such as acid and the polyelectrolytes Glass H and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), was investigated. Approximately 70% of extracted canola proteins were precipitated by acid addition to pH 5, leaving about 90% of T4 lysozyme still in solution. Targeting T4 lysozyme for the precipitate phase by addition of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte was not successful in the presence of canola components. Addition of 2.5 times the PAA dosage required to precipitate pure T4 lysozyme to the spiked canola extract brought down only 40% of the T4 lysozyme. For the comparable result with Glass H, a 9 times higher dosage was required.
A Complex Deoxyribonucleic Acid Looping Configuration Associated with the Silencing of the Maternal Igf2 Allele

Alternate interactions between the H19 imprinting control region (ICR) and one of the two Igf2 differentially methylated regions has been proposed as a model regulating the reciprocal imprinting of Igf2 and H19. To study the conformation of this imprint switch, we performed a systematic structural analysis across the 140 kb of the mouse Igf2-H19 region, which includes enhancers located both between the two genes as well as downstream of H19, by using a scanning chromosome conformation capture (3C) technique. Our results suggest that on the active paternal Igf2 allele, the various enhancers have direct access to the Igf2 promoters, whereas the imprinted silent maternal Igf2 allele assumes a complex three-dimensional knotted loop that keeps the enhancers away from the Igf2 promoters and allows them to interact with the H19 promoter. This complex DNA looping of the maternal allele is formed by interactions involving differentially methylated region 1, the ICR, and enhancers. Binding of CTC-binding factor to the maternal, unmethylated ICR in conjunction with the presence of multicomplex components including interchromosomal interactions, create a barrier blocking the access of all enhancers to Igf2, thereby silencing the maternal Igf2. This silencing configuration exists in newborn liver, mouse embryonic fibroblast, and embryonic stem cells and persists during mitosis, conferring a mechanism for epigenetic memory.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health Care Utilization among U.S. College Students: Applying the Institution of Medicine Definition of Health Care Disparities

The authors apply the Institute of Medicine’s definition of health care disparities to college students. The analysis pools data from the first two waves of the Healthy Minds Study, a multicampus survey of students’ mental health (N = 13,028). A probit model was used for any past-year service utilization, and group differences in health status were adjusted by transforming the entire distribution for each minority population to approximate the white distribution. Disparities existed between whites and all minority groups. Compared to other approaches, the predicted service disparities were greater because this method included the effects of mediating SES variables. Health care disparities persist in the college setting despite improved access and nearly universal insurance coverage. Our findings emphasize the importance of investigating potential sources of disparities beyond geography and coverage.
New genus of tapir (Mammalia: Tapiridae) from the Arikareean (earliest Miocene) of the Texas Coastal Plain

ABSTRACT The nearly complete dentition of the rare tapirid Miotapirus marslandensis was recovered from the recently discovered late Arikareean Toledo Bend Local Fauna, Newton County, Texas. The species was previously known from only two associated upper molars found near Marsland, Nebraska, in 1917. The Nebraska molars, together with the Toledo Bend material and additional specimens from the Monroe Creek Formation, South Dakota, share unique characters lacking from the genotypic species, Miotapirus harrisonensis Schlaikjer. The species from Texas, South Dakota, and Nebraska appears closely related to the rare Protapirus robustus Sinclair from the upper John Day Formation, Oregon, based on derived characters of the dentition. Miotapirus marslandensis and Protapirus robustus are here referred to Nexuotapirus, gen. nov. A review of all late Oligocene-early Miocene North American tapirids concludes that Protapirus validus Hatcher and Tanyops undens Marsh are junior synonyms of P. simplex Wortman and Earle.
An intercontinental array--a next-generation radio telescope.

It is difficult to estimate accurately the cost of constructing a large scientific instrument that involves many techniques. On the other hand, most of the component parts of the VLBA consist of antennas and electronic systems that already exist or are being fabricated. The kind of 25-m antennas being constructed for the VLA will cost about $900,000 each and will work at wavelengths as short as 1 cm. A multifrequency radiometer, hydrogen maser frequency standard, small control computer, control building, and wide-band instrumentation recorder bring the cost to about $1.5 million per element, or $15 million for a ten-element array using tape recorders. A multistation playback facility, with ten recorders and enough correlators to handle all interferometer pairs simultaneously, together with the necessary computers to control the processor and reduce the data, may add $5 million. The total cost is thus about $20 million at current prices, including an adequate supply of magnetic tape. This is comparable to the cost of existing large radio telescopes and arrays. An array that used a geostationary communication satellite to transmit the data to a real-time correlator would cost $30 million to $50 million more, but this is still within the price range of other space astronomy projects. It is thus feasible to construct at reasonable cost an intercontinental very long baseline array which has sub-milliarcsecond resolution. This would complement the Very Large Array now being constructed ( 4 ), which is much more sensitive to objects of low surface brightness. This next step would permit the study of the universe with unprecedented angular resolution.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Edge Effect From Drug-Eluting Stents as Assessed With Serial Intravascular Ultrasound: A Systematic Review”

We appreciate the letter from Drs Foin, Davies, and Di Mario and their favorable summary of our article.1 As they note, our review on stent edge restenosis focused …
Efficient Quantum Stabilizer Codes: LDPC and LDPC-Convolutional Constructions

Existing quantum stabilizer codes constructed from the classic binary codes exclusively belong to the special subclass of Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes. This paper fills in the gap by proposing five systematic constructions for non-CSS stabilizer codes, the first four of which are based on classic binary quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and last on classic binary LDPC-convolutional codes. These new constructions exploit structured sparse graphs, make essential use of simple and powerful coding techniques including concatenation, rotation and scrambling, and generate rich classes of codes with a wide range of lengths and rates. We derive the sufficient, and in some cases also the necessary, conditions for each construction to satisfy the general symplectic inner product (SIP) condition, and develop practical decoder algorithms for these codes. The resulting codes are the first classes of non-CSS quantum LDPC codes and non-CSS quantum convolutional codes rooted from classic binary codes (rather than codes in GF(4)), and some of them perform as well as or better than the existing quantum codes.
Online environment model estimation for augmented reality

Augmented reality applications often rely on a detailed environment model to support features such as annotation and occlusion. Usually, such a model is constructed offline, which restricts the generality and mobility of the AR experience. In online SLAM approaches, the fidelity of the model stays at the level of landmark feature maps. In this work we introduce a system which constructs a textured geometric model of the user's environment as it is being explored. First, 3D feature tracks are organized into roughly planar surfaces. Then, image patches in keyframes are assigned to the planes in the scene using stereo analysis. The system runs as a background process and continually updates and improves the model over time. This environment model can then be rendered into new frames to aid in several common but difficult AR tasks such as accurate real-virtual occlusion and annotation placement.
An atomic-resolution view of neofunctionalization in the evolution of apicomplexan lactate dehydrogenases

How are new genes created? Most of the mutations in the genome of an organism place the organism at some sort of disadvantage, but a small number confer an advantage. The beneficial changes are usually retained by subsequent generations and can ultimately lead to the creation of new genes. An example is the gene that encodes an enzyme called lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This enzyme is involved in anaerobic respiration, the process that allows organisms to produce energy without using oxygen. The LDH enzyme is found in many species of animals and parasites, including those that spread malaria and other diseases. However, there are important differences in the structures of the LDH enzyme in animals and some parasites, like the malarial Plasmodium, because the genes for the enzymes in these two groups evolved separately. The parasite version of the LDH enzyme evolved hundreds of millions of years ago from an enzyme with a similar structure called malate dehydrogenase, which was inherited from bacteria. To work out how the LDH enzyme developed, Boucher et al. predicted and built the ancestral proteins that would have formed as the bacterial enzyme evolved into LDH. Studying these structures revealed that two mutations were mainly responsible for this evolution: six amino acids were added to the active site of the enzyme, and one amino acid (at position 102) was replaced by a different amino acid. However, introducing the same mutations into a modern version of the bacterial enzyme did not produce a working form of the LDH enzyme. This suggests that other amino acids, further away from the active site, also influenced how LDH evolved. The structures found by Boucher et al. reveal that the enzymes evolved as a result of a gene duplicating, followed by one of the copies evolving a new function. However, some of the mutations responsible for the novel function occurred far from the active site, and it is still unknown how they exert their functional effects. Untangling the important mutations from the mundane will be necessary to fully understand how protein functions are created and how to control them—both of which will aid in developing effective drugs that target essential parasite proteins.
Workplace Supports A View From Employers Who Have Hired Supported Employees

This article describes employers' assessment of the types of workplace supports available within their businesses, the workplace accommodations provided to supported employees, and the role of human service providers in facilitating those accommodations. Employee support needs in the areas of employee training and benefits, career advancement, and work culture were addressed by the 53 employers who participated in the study. The results indicated that employers are quite capable of providing workplace accommodations for workers with significant disabilities, drawing on existing employer resources. The data indicated that employers are going beyond mere compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 "reasonable accommodations" provisions; employers reported responding to employee needs in such areas as career advancement, changing something about one's job, and social integration. Often, supervisors and co-workers played instrumental roles in providing support to co-workers with disabilities.
Age of onset of first alcohol intoxication and subsequent alcohol use among urban American Indian adolescents.

The objective was to assess the effect of early onset intoxication on subsequent alcohol involvement among urban American Indian youth. The data come from the American Indian Research (AIR) project, a panel study of urban Indian youth residing in King County, Washington. Data were collected annually from the adolescent and his/her primary caregiver from the 1988-89 school year to the 1996-97 school year, providing a total of nine waves of data. Early intoxication (by age 14) was related to delinquency, family history of alcohol abuse or dependence, poverty, broken family structure, less family cohesiveness, and more family conflict. The effects of these characteristics were, therefore, partialed out in testing effects of early intoxication on later alcohol involvement. Two-part latent growth models of alcohol use and alcohol problems were specified. Effects of early onset intoxication on these trajectories, as well as lifetime alcohol abuse or dependence by the transition to young adulthood, were examined. Findings indicate that adolescents who experienced their first intoxication early (by age 14), used alcohol more heavily from the ages of 16 to 18, experienced more problems related to the alcohol's use from the ages of 16 to 18, and were more likely to have a diagnosed alcohol disorder by the final wave of data collection. Congruent with similar studies in the general population, early intoxication appears to be associated with a deleterious course of alcohol involvement during adolescence and into the transition to young adulthood among urban American Indian youth. Implications for prevention are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Designing Computer Intervention for Very Young Handicapped Children

Many early intervention programs are beginning to add or consider adding activities involving simple technological devices, such as switches and battery-operated toys, and microcomputer applications to their curriculum. This article describes some of the factors to consider In designing these activities for handicapped children, birth to 3 years of age, as demonstrated by Project ACTT. Individual child assessment of abilities, switch determination and placement, positioning, environmental design, and choice of equipment and materials are discussed, along with the importance of parent Involvement and data collection.
Co-design of power amplifier and narrowband filter using high-Q evanescent-mode cavity resonator as the output matching network

A unique GaN power amplifier (PA) with an integrated evanescent-mode resonator as its output matching network is presented in this paper. Instead of matching the output of the GaN transistor to 50 Ω and connecting it to a 50-Ω bandpass filter, the GaN is directly integrated with a one-pole filter thus eliminating the conventionally-employed output matching network after the GaN transistor. This leads to a reduced circuit complexity and higher efficiency. The one-pole filter implemented by a strongly-coupled evanescent-mode cavity resonator with an unloaded quality factor of 320 is experimentally presented as a proof-of-concept demonstration. This design yields a very narrowband PA response from 1.24–1.275 GHz (2.8%), which is comparable to the bandwidth of typical communication signals. The PA exhibits a state-of-the-art performance of > 70% efficiency, > 10 dB gain, > 30 dBm output power, and second and third harmonic levels of &#60; −70 dBc. The presented methodology has the potential to be further extended to a tunable design for multi-band applications.
Serum Gastrin During Intestinal Phase of Acid Secretion in Dogs

These studies were designed to determine whether the intestinal phase of gastric acid secretion is accompanied by an increase in serum gastrin concentration. Seven dogs with a gastric fistula and a duodenal fistula prepared so as to allow perfusion into the duodenum without reflux into the stomach were used. Gastric secretion and blood samples for serum gastrin determinations were collected during intestinal perfusion with either 0.15 M NaCl or 5% liver extract at 200 ml hr-1 for 2 hr. The mean ± SE gastric acid secretory response during the second hour of perfusion with 0.15 M NaCl was 3.1 ± 1.0% of the maximal acid output (MAO) to histamine, significantly (P We conclude that, under the conditions of the present study, the intestinal phase of gastric acid secretion was not accompanied by an increase in serum gastrin concentration.