cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualified to Become Good Teachers: a case study of ten newly qualified teachers during their year of induction

Abstract This research project examined the present context of raising standards in education through improving the quality of teaching. It was concerned with the continuous professional development of newly qualified teachers during their first year in teaching. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the new statutory induction programme in its implementation in schools as from September 1999 and report the findings from the perspective of 10 newly qualified teachers and their induction tutors. It sought to identify patterns transcending individual settings, as well as common structural and social factors influencing the professional and personal development of newly qualified teachers.
First results of the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) monthly oceanic rain rate: comparison with SSM/I

We evaluated the perfonnance of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) at-Iaunch algorithm for monthly oceanic rain rate using six months (January -June 1998) of TMI data. Comparison with oceanic monthly rain rates derived from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data shows statistically significant differences. The TMI rain rates are lower than the SSM/I rain rates by about 10% overall, except for rain rates lower than 1.4 mm/day. The low TMI bias may be due to an overestimate of the columnar water vapor as indicated by the estimated rain layer thickness. The superior sampling by the TMI improves the algorithm statistics at the low rain rates. The averaged monthly rain rates over the latitudes between 40°S and 40~ are 2.78 and 3.17 mm/day, respectively for TMI and SSM/I, with RMS difference of 1.35 mm/day and correlation coefficient ofo.94. TRMM can be used to calibrate existing techniques for rainfall estimation. At an altitude of 350 km and an inclination of 35°, the circular TRMM orbit has a period of about 92 minutes and precesses with an approximate repeat cycle of forty days. This slow precession allows sampling through the diurnal cycle over the course of a month and hence TRMM data will provide insight into the diurnal biases associated with sampling by the polar operational satellites such as the NOM or DMSP series. In this report, we examined the performance of the at-Iaunch algorithm of the TMI monthly oceanic rain rates (or algorithm 3A11 as referenced by the TRMM Science Data and fuformation System which processes the standard TRMM products). This algorithm is based on the technique developed by WiJheit et aJ. ( 1991) and has been applied to over eleven years of Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data (Chang and Chiu, 1999). As a standard TRMM product, data quality of this product must be assessed to allow usage by other researchers. In section 2 differences between the SSM/I and TMI sensor, platform, algorithm and data are discussed. Comparison results are presented in Section 3. Discussions are contained in Section
A Space–Time Conditional Intensity Model for Evaluating a Wildfire Hazard Index

Numerical indices are commonly used as tools to aid wildfire management and hazard assessment. Although the use of such indices is widespread, assessment of these indices in their respective regions of application is rare. We evaluate the effectiveness of the burning index (BI) for predicting wildfire occurrences in Los Angeles County, California using space–time point-process models. These models are based on an additive decomposition of the conditional intensity, with separate terms used to describe spatial and seasonal variability as well as contributions from the BI. We fit the models to wildfire and BI data from the years 1976–2000 using a combination of nonparametric kernel-smoothing methods and parametric maximum likelihood. In addition to using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) to compare competing models, we use new multidimensional residual methods based on approximate random thinning and rescaling to detect departures from the models and to ascertain the precise contribution of the BI to p...
Multiple imputation for high-dimensional mixed incomplete continuous and binary data.

It is common in applied research to have large numbers of variables measured on a modest number of cases. Even with low rates of missingness of individual variables, such data sets can have a large number of incomplete cases with a mix of data types. Here, we propose a new joint modeling approach to address the high-dimensional incomplete data with a mix of continuous and binary data. Specifically, we propose a multivariate normal model encompassing both continuous variables and latent variables corresponding to binary variables. We apply a parameter-extended Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to generate the covariance matrix of a mixture of continuous and binary variables. We also introduce prior distribution families for unstructured covariance matrices to reduce the dimension of the parameter space. In several simulation settings, the method is compared with available-case analysis, a rounding method, and a sequential regression method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Rotterdam CT Scores for Mortality Risk Stratification in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives The Rotterdam CT score refined features of the Marshall score and was designed to categorize traumatic brain injury type and severity in adults. The objective of this study was to determine whether the Rotterdam CT score can be used for mortality risk stratification after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Design In children with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury, a comparison of observed versus predicted mortality was calculated using published model probabilities of adult mortality. Development and validation of a new pediatric mortality model using randomly selected prediction and validation samples from our cohort. Setting A single level 1 pediatric trauma center. Subjects Six hundred thirty-two children with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Sixteen percent of the patients (101 of 632) died prior to hospital discharge. The predicted mortality based on Rotterdam score for adults with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury discriminated pediatric observed mortality well (area under the curve = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.80-0.89) but had poor calibration, overestimating or underestimating mortality for children in several Rotterdam categories. A predictive model based on children with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury from the single center discriminated mortality well (area under the curve, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68-0.91) and showed good calibration and overall fit. Conclusions Children with traumatic brain injury have better survival than adults in Rotterdam CT score categories representing less severe injuries but worse survival than adults in higher score categories. A novel, validated pediatric mortality model based on the Rotterdam score is accurate in children with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury and can be used for risk stratification.
Surface Modification of the Conducting Polymer, Polypyrrole, via Affinity Peptide

A novel strategy for affinity-based surface modification of the conducting polymer, polypyrrole, (PPy), has been developed. A 12-amino acid peptide (THRTSTLDYFVI, hereafter denoted T59) was previously identified via the phage display technique. This peptide noncovalently binds to the chlorine-doped conducting polymer polypyrrole (PPyCl). Studies have previously shown that conductive polymers have promising application in neural electrodes, sensors, and for improving regeneration and healing of peripheral nerves and other tissues. Thus, the strong and specific attachment of bioactive molecules to the surface of PPy using the T59 affinity peptide is an exciting new approach to enhance the bioactivity of electrically active materials for various biomedical applications. We demonstrate this by using T59 as a tether to modify PPyCl with the laminin fragment IKVAV to enhance cell interactions, as well as with the so-called stealth molecule poly(ethylene glycol; PEG) to decrease cell interactions. Using these two modification strategies, we were able to control cell attachment and neurite extension on the PPy surface, which is critical for different applications (i.e., the goal for tissue regeneration is to enhance cell interactions, whereas the goal for electrode and sensor applications is to reduce glial cell interactions and thus decrease scarring). Significantly, the conductivity of the PPyCl surface was unaffected by this surface modification technique, which is not the case with other methods that have been explored to surface modify conducting polymers. Finally, using subcutaneous implants, we confirmed that the PPyCl treated with the T59 peptide did not react in vivo differently than untreated PPyCl. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Formalizing and Enforcing Purpose Restrictions in Privacy Policies

Privacy policies often place restrictions on the purposes for which a governed entity may use personal information. For example, regulations, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), require that hospital employees use medical information for only certain purposes, such as treatment, but not for others, such as gossip. Thus, using formal or automated methods for enforcing privacy policies requires a semantics of purpose restrictions to determine whether an action is for a purpose or not. We provide such a semantics using a formalism based on planning. We model planning using a modified version of Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), which exclude redundant actions for a formal definition of redundant. We argue that an action is for a purpose if and only if the action is part of a plan for optimizing the satisfaction of that purpose under the MDP model. We use this formalization to define when a sequence of actions is only for or not for a purpose. This semantics enables us to create and implement an algorithm for automating auditing, and to describe formally and compare rigorously previous enforcement methods. To validate our semantics, we conduct a survey to compare our semantics to how people commonly understand the word "purpose".
Ignition Desensitization of PBX via Aluminization

The ignition behavior of aluminized HMX/Estane PBX under impact loading is analyzed through meso-scale simulations which account for constituent elasticity, viscoelasticity, elasto-viscoplasticity, fracture, internal contact, frictional heating, and heat conduction. The analyses involve explicit tracking of hotspot development and focuses on the probability of ignition, accounting for stochastic variations in microstructures which have HMX grain sizes ranging from 50 to 400 μm, binder-grain bonding strength of 35 MPa, and binder-grain interface bonding energy on the order of 81 J/m2. For the microstructure configuration studied, it is found that aluminization with particles 50 μm in diameter delays the initiation of chemical reaction in the material. The mean time to ignition (t50) for cases with 6 to 18 pct Al by volume is 1 to 1.7 μs longer (24 to 60 pct delay) as compared to that for the corresponding unaluminized PBX. To understand the mechanisms leading to the ignition delay, the differences in overall internal stresses, dissipations due to fracture and inelasticity, and hotspot field characteristics are quantified.
Nucleotide sequences transferred by gene conversion in the bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.

Abstract Exchange of nucleotide, (nt) sequences between the catIJF and pcaIJF regions of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus chromosome appears to contribute to frequent repair of mutations, including removal of a Tn5 insertion from pcaJ . Repaired nt sequences are the products of nonreciprocal genetic exchange. The length of donor catIJF nt tracts recovered in repaired pcaIJF DNA ranged from less than 315 nt to more than 881 nt. This evidence does not distinguish gene conversion from natural transformation as a cause of repair, but natural transformation does not appear to contribute significantly, because it, unlike the repair process, is inactive in the presence of DNase. High-frequency recombination between catIJF and pcaIJF raises the question of why DNA between these chromosomal regions is stable. It is possible that some of the recombinational processes associated with gene conversion are unlike those underlying natural transformation.
Not Your Father's Colonoscopy: A High-tech Future for Screening and Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer

The 20-year technology slump in endoscopic innovation is finally giving way to a flurry of technologies, of which many are directed specifically at improving or even replacing traditional colonoscopy. These technologies include "smart" overtubes, electronically mapped and driven instruments, and completely self-propelled devices. In addition to nonendoscopic technologies such as CT, these innovations may dramatically alter the practice of colorectal cancer screening, the "bread and butter" of gastroenterologists in this country. There are multiple and complex forces driving these changes, including a mismatch between the supply and demand in colonoscopy, patient convenience and comfort, costs, and more recently, a growing concern about the miss rate of conventional colonoscopy.
A comparison of conjunctival and subciliary incisions for orbital fractures

Abstract Although complications of conjunctival incisions have been described (Tenzel and Miller, 1971; Converseet al., 1973; Tessier, 1973; Habal and Chaset, 1974; Lynchet al., 1974), there has been no documentation of complications following subciliary incisions. This study was undertaken to compare those 2 most commonly used incisions for exposure of fractures of the infraorbital rim and the orbital floor.
Speculations on teacher education: recommendations from research on teachers’ cognitions

This paper was written at the request of the Journal's editor, Professor Edgar Stones, who challenged us to translate a review of literature on teachers’ pedagogical thoughts, judgments, decisions and behavior (Shavelson and Stern, 1981) into recommendations for teacher education. We took up the challenge with some trepidation, knowing full well the pitfalls we faced in translating research into recommendations for practice. We approach our task cautiously by first discussing the assumptions underlying research on teachers’ thinking and decisions. Then, we summarize methods and findings from research on planning of instruction, judgments and decisions during recitation, and the link between decisions and behavior because they imply changes in typical teacher education programs. Finally, recommendations are made for teacher education. We recommend that teacher educators consider adopting the decision‐making schema as a conceptual framework for organizing their programs. Such a schema implies a ‘reasonable’...
Flexible readout and integration sensor (FRIS): a bio-inspired, system-on-chip, event-based readout architecture

We present a bio-inspired system-on-chip focal plane readout architecture which at the system level, relies on an event based sampling scheme where only pixels within a programmable range of photon flux rates are output. At the pixel level, a one bit oversampled analog-to-digital converter together with a decimator allows for the quantization of signals up to 26 bits. Furthermore, digital non-uniformity correction of both gain and offset errors is applied at the pixel level prior to readout. We report test results for a prototype array fabricated in a standard 90nm CMOS process. Tests performed at room and cryogenic temperatures demonstrate the capability to operate at a temporal noise ratio as low as 1.5, an electron well capacity over 100Ge-, and an ADC LSB down to 1e-.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Zinc retention from an experimental diet based on the U.S. F.D.A. total diet study

Abstract To investigate retention of Zn from U.S. diets, two research diets were developed using 200 foods which represent average intakes of 25–30 year-old U.S. men and women, respectively (FDA Total Diet Study). The women's diet contained 7.8 mg Zn (analyzed) and 1570 kcal (calculated) daily; the men's diet contained 14.0 mg Zn and 2545 kcal. The diets were consumed by 14 women and 14 men for nine weeks. Although the food lists were intended to represent typical intakes in the U.S., they did not provide sufficient energy for weight maintenance. Despite energy adjustments with sucrose, followed by a 10% increase in all foods, the women lost (mean±SD) 4.4±1.4 and the men, 4.0±1.7 kg. The entire 3-d menu was extrinsically labelled with Zn-65 during week 3. Zn retention was monitored by whole body scintillation counting. Oral contraceptives did not affect Zn retention. Women absorbed a larger proportion of Zn from their diet (29±8 vs 22±4%), but less total Zn (2.3±0.6 vs 3.1 ±0.5 mg), and retained the Zn with a shorter biological half-life (147±32 vs 182±32 d) than men. Men and women absorbed similar amounts of Zn per kg. Although the difference in body weight between men and women was less than the difference in dietary Zn, the women apparently compensated by absorbing Zn more efficiently. Approximately a quarter of the Zn in a representative U.S. diet was absorbed.
Automated cylindrical mapper using chromatic confocal measurement

Characterization of a surface shape and finish has been vital for the manufacture of precision parts. Overall profile, surface finish and waviness of a part can be measured in two ways, contact and non-contact. In the contact method a stylus is dragged on the surface of a part to measure the profile and texture of the part for quantifying the surface characteristics. Non-contact methods applied z precision metrology include: microscopy, interferometry, chromatic confocal microscopy and laser profiling such as structured light methods. The chromatic confocal method offers flexibility because of its fiber optics probes that can be manipulated to accommodate many sample geometries. This flexibility provides a wide range of possible analysis dimensions such as cylindrical shapes of holes and the potential to provide both surface roughness and shape. This paper will discuss the setup and testing of a system specifically for measuring cylindrical shaped parts and present the performance of the technology as a precision metrology tool.
Statistical functions in radiative transfer.

Abstract Integral relations are obtained for the mean and mean square number of scatterings undergone by a photon formed at a specified depth in an isothermal atmosphere and destined to escape from the atmosphere at a particular frequency in a spectral line, there being complete redistribution of frequency in the scattering process. Theoretical estimates of these functions are compared with numerical solutions for cases in which the frequency profile of the absorption coefficient has Doppler and Voigt forms.
Motor Signs Distinguish Children with High Functioning Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome from Controls

While many studies of motor control in autism have focused on specific motor signs, there has been a lack of research examining the complete range of subtle neuromotor signs. This study compared performance on a neurologic examination standardized for children (PANESS, Physical and Neurological Exam for Subtle Signs, Denckla [1974 Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 16(6), 729-741]) between a group of 40 boys aged 6-17 with autism and average range IQs and a group of 55 typically developing boys. The Autism group was shown to have significant impairment on several measures of motor control compared to the Control group. Regression analyses revealed that a model including four PANESS variables offered a high level of discrimination in distinguishing boys with high-functioning autism from controls.
DEER HERBIVORY ALTERS FOREST RESPONSE TO CANOPY DECLINE CAUSED BY AN EXOTIC INSECT PEST

Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae) infestations have resulted in the continuing decline of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) throughout much of the eastern United States. While the initial impacts of HWA infestations have been documented, our understanding of forest response to this disturbance remains incomplete. HWA infestation is not occurring in isolation but within a complex ecological context. The role of potentially important interacting factors, such as elevated levels of white-tailed deer herbivory, is poorly understood. Despite the potential for herbivory to alter forest successional trajectories following a canopy disturbance, little is known about herbivory-disturbance interactions, and herbivory is rarely considered in assessing forest response to a co-occurring disturbance. We used repeated censuses of deer exclosures and paired controls (400 paired plots) to quantify the impact of deer herbivory on tree seedling species abundance in 10 eastern hemlock ravines that span a gradient in HWA-induced canopy decline severity. Use of a maximum likelihood estimation framework and information theoretics allowed us to quantify the strength of evidence for alternative models developed to estimate the impacts of herbivory on tree seedling abundance as a function of varying herbivore density and canopy decline severity. The exclusion of deer herbivory had marked impacts on the abundance of the studied seedling species: Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Betula lenta, Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus montana, and Tsuga canadensis. For all six species, the relationship between seedling abundance and deer density was either exponential or saturating. Although the functional form of the response varied among seedling species, the inclusion of both deer density and canopy decline severity measures consistently resulted in models with substantially greater support. Canopy decline resulted in higher proportional herbivory impacts and altered the ranking of herbivory impacts by seedling species. Our results suggest that, by changing species' competitive abilities, white-tailed deer herbivory alters the trajectory of forest response to this exotic insect pest and has the potential to shift future overstory composition.
Evolutionary optimization of ground reaction force for a prosthetic leg testing robot

Transfemoral amputees modify their gait in order to compensate for their prosthetic leg. This compensation causes harmful secondary physical conditions due to an over-dependence on the intact limb and deficiencies of the prosthesis. Even with more advanced prostheses, amputees still have to alter their gait to compensate for the prosthesis. We present a novel way to quantify how much an amputee has to compensate for a prosthetic leg. We train a newly-developed prosthetic leg testing robot to walk with a prosthesis using an evolutionary algorithm called biogeography-based optimization (BBO). The robot is initially commanded to follow able-bodied hip and thigh trajectories, and BBO then modifies these reference inputs. We adjust the reference inputs to minimize the error between the ground reaction force (GRF) of able-bodied gait data, and that of the robot while walking with the prosthesis. Experimental results show a 62% decrease in the GRF error, effectively demonstrating the robot's compensation for the prosthesis.
To Revolt against the Revolution: War and Resistance in Peru's Andes

In 1993, I gave a lecture at Ayacucho's Huamanga University. Ayacucho is a city of contrasts, of ponchoed peasants and mini-skirted teenagers and colonial churches and cement-block houses, set against the painful beauty of dry mountains and a turquoise Andean sky. Originally founded under the Spanish viceroyalty, the university reopened in 1959 as part of the Peruvian government's push to "modernize" the "backward" interiors of the national territory. But the school is best-known as the birthplace of the Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path, the Maoist revolutionaries who have fought a 13-year war to topple the Peruvian state.1 The Shining Path founder, Abimael Guzman, now imprisoned, taught philosophy there in the 1960s, and the core of his cadre was students. After the occupation of Ayacucho in late 1982, army troops made frequent raids on the university to murder and kidnap suspected rebels. Soon, the Shining Path also began to kill students and staff, including seven professors, on charges of collaboration with the military. Fear hung over the entire city of Ayacucho, whose name in Quechua means "corner of the dead," as the terror of the dirty war between the army and the guerrillas engulfed the highlands. Now, however, my friend, a young history professor, assured me that it was calm enough for even a visiting gringo to lecture. Before a packed hall (the talk was mandatory for students in the social sciences), I gave a spiel about anthropology in the United States. Still, I was uneasy when question time arrived. A few years before, when I spoke at Lima's San Marcos University, a Shining Path
BRAF-targeted therapy alters the functions of intratumoral CD4(+) T cells to inhibit melanoma progression.

The establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is a hallmark feature driving cancer cell evasion of immunosurveillance. In a murine melanoma model, we recently demonstrated that decreased intratumoral CD4+ T-cell expression of CD40L and interferon γ (IFNγ) is critical to maintain this immunosuppressive microenvironment. Altered effector functions of tumor-associated CD4+ T cells is essential for B-RafV600E inhibitor-mediated restoration of antitumor immunity.
Subsite interactions in chymotrypsin as reflected by acyl enzyme stability.

Abstract A procedure to determine the stabilities of acyl-enzymes of chymotrypsin at low pH is used to characterize interactions of a series of tryptophan peptides with the S 2 and S 3 subsites of the substrate binding crevice. For L-amino acid residues in the P 2 position, acyl-enzyme stabilities increase in proportion to side chain hydrophobicity primarily due to increased stability of the corresponding Michaelis-Menten complexes. An α-methyl group in the D-configuration, does not weaken binding but retards subsequent acylaation. Hydrogen bonds with amide hydrogens in the S 1 and S 3 residues appear to make major contributions to acyl-enzyme stability whereas that with the S 3 carbonyl oxygen contributes much less.
Use of transfer entropy to infer relationships from behavior

This paper discusses the use of transfer entropy to infer relationships among entities. This is useful when one wants to understand relationships among entities but can only observe their behavior, but not direct interactions with one another. This is the kind of environment prevelant in network monitoring, where one can observe behavior coming into and leaving a network from many different hosts, but cannot directly observe which hosts are related to one another. In this paper, we show that networks of individuals inferred using the transfer entropy of Wikipedia editing behavior predicts observed "ground truth" social networks. At low levels of recall, transfer entropy can extract these social networks with a precision approximately 20 times higher than would be expected by chance. We'll discuss the algorithm, the data set, and various parameter considerations when attempting to apply this algorithm to a data set.
A "superposition" of static, cylindrically symmetric solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell field

The already unified field theory of Rainich, Misner, and Wheeler is used to examine the solution of a geometry which is locally a static cylindrically symmetric geometry but whose global properties preclude this interpretation. It is shown that this geometry can be interpreted as a ''superposition'' of two static cylindrically symmetric universes. In particular, the fields found are those exterior to a line of current with mass and interior to a coaxial solenoidal current. Physically reasonable sources are shown to exist.
Disability Benefits and Hidden Unemployment in The Netherlands

Abstract This paper explores the consequences of lower disability benefits on the number of people in disability schemes and unemployment schemes. In particular, a principal agent model is developed in which a control agency assigns either disability benefits or unemployment benefits to jobless workers. As the control agency (the agent) takes the interest of both the government (the principal) and the worker into account, there is a possibility of improper use of disability schemes by so-called hidden unemployed. The model is estimated in error correction form by using Dutch data. We find that approximately 50 percent of disability benefits in The Netherlands is due to improper use. The partial framework is linked to an applied general equilibrium model for the Dutch economy, labeled MIMIC. Accordingly, we are able to explore the effects of lower social benefit levels on official and hidden unemployment. More specifically, lower benefit levels may exert, first, a substitution effect between unemployment schemes and disability schemes and, second, a scale effect on total unemployment through several general equilibrium mechanisms. Simulations suggest that reducing disability benefits by 5 percentage points while maintaining unemployment benefits will reduce total unemployment by 0.7 percent. Almost half of this reduction is due to lower hidden unemployment. Reducing unemployment benefits by 5 percentage points while keeping disability schemes unaffected, raises hidden unemployment slightly while reducing total unemployment by 0.8 percent.
Attentional Control and Intelligence: MRI Orbital Frontal Gray Matter and Neuropsychological Correlates

Attentional control is a key function of working memory that is hypothesized to play an important role in psychometric intelligence. To test the neuropsychological underpinnings of this hypothesis, we examined full-scale IQ, as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III), and attentional control, as measured by Trails B response time and Wisconsin Card Sorting (WCS) test perseverative errors in 78 healthy participants, 25 of whom also had available magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gray matter volume studies of the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) parcellated into three regions: gyrus rectus, middle orbital gyrus, and lateral orbital gyrus. Hierarchical regression indicated that Trails B response time specifically explained 15.13% to 19.18% of the variation in IQ and WCS perseverative errors accounted for an additional 8.12% to 11.29% of the variance. Full-scale IQ correlated very strongly with right middle orbital gyrus gray matter volume (r = 0.610, p = 0.002), as did Trails B response time with left middle orbital gyrus gray matter volume (r = −0.608, p = 0.003). Trails B response time and right middle orbital gyrus gray matter volume jointly accounted for approximately 32.95% to 54.82% of the variance in IQ scores. These results provided evidence of the unique contributions of attentional control and OFC gray matter to intelligence.
Some Experiments and Directions in Molecular Computing and Robotics

In this review I present a chemist’s perspective on molecular computing and molecular robotics. I start with nucleic acid catalysts and then show how the application of some concepts from computer sciences and macroscopic robotics enable engineering of interesting behaviors in molecular systems.
Medical Complications in Violence-Induced Spinal Cord Injury

The purpose of this article is to discuss the incidence and management of associated medical issues in individuals with spinal cord injury of violent etiology. Penetrating wounds carry a heavy prognosis, and coexisting injuries along with posttraumatic complications increase the likelihood of morbidity and mortality. Medical professionals must become increasingly familiar with the management challenges encountered in this population. A systems approach utilizing a specialized team of health care providers and delivered over the continuum of care, from the accident scene throughout long-term follow-up is advocated.
Single-Equilibrium-Stage Foam Fractionation of the Divalent Oxyanions HAsO2− 3, HPO2− 4, SO2− 4, and SeO2− 3: Determination and Utilization of Selectivity Coefficients

Abstract An experimental investigation is presented of the continuous-flow foam fractionation of each of the divalent colligends, HAsO2− 3, HPO2− 4, SO2− 4, and SeO2− 3, versus Br−, the counterion of the ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium cation, over the 10−4−10−3 M concentration-range. Initial experiments with SeO2− 3 confirm the achievement of a single-equilibrium-stage separation. Selectivity coefficients, defined in terms of a colligend-surfactant counterion interaction model at the interfaces of the rising gas bubbles and in terms of the exchange of the surfactant counterion with the monovalent complex anion hypothesized to form between the surfactant cation and the divalent colligend, are established. They represent the ratio of coliigend to bromide in the interfacial “stream” at unit ratio in the residual stream and are as follows: HPO2− 4, 1.77; HAsO2− 4, 1.59; SO2− 4, 1.06; and SeO2− 3, 0.97. A selectivity sequence is presented for 15 oxyanion and halide colligends. A single equation is developed to...
Speech Timing and Spacing: The Phenomenon of Organizational Closure

This article examines how communication contributes to the achievement of spatio-temporal closures through the interactional enactment of sequences called ‘schemata.’ Human and nonhuman interactants not only bring into being but also contribute to the opening, development and closing of organizational sequences, which constitute and circumscribe what gets done collectively. Timing and spacing thus consist of creating and sometimes interrupting what could be called organizational closures, that is, spatio-temporal limits that indicate when and where specific organizational episodes are initiated, fulfilled and sanctioned. Organizational spaces and times are thus achieved and delineated through interactions, a phenomenon that will be illustrated through the in-depth analysis of a radio transmission that involved police officers trying to locate and rescue one of their colleagues.
The structure of the ovarian ball and oogenesis in Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala).

Seven to nine days after infection of the definitive host (rat) by cystacanths, the genital primordium of the female acanthocephalan is transformed from a fragmented mass of cells into discrete ovarian balls. This is accomplished by envelopment of free germinal cells by somatic tissue which originates from the ligament sac primordium. Germinal cell nuclei then undergo repeated mitoses until about 21 days of development, with concurrent formation of oogonial syncytia which occupy the interior of the ovarian balls. Oocytes, derived from these oogonia, move to the periphery of the germinal syncytia for differentiation, growth, fertilization, shell formation, and release from the ovarian ball. After oogonial proliferation ceases, continued growth of the ovarian ball apparently results from increase in size of already present cells. Free-floating mature ovarian balls are found in the dorsal ligament sac; each consists of germ cells in various developmental stages, enveloped and pervaded by a multinucleate matrix syncytium of somatic origin, which functions as a follicle. Spermatozoa pass through the matrix cell for the internal fertilization of mature oocytes. Myelinated structures of an undetermined nature were found to correspond to previously reported polar bodies. After 100 days post-infection, the somatic matrix syncytium begins to manifest the degenerative effects of aging. The germinal tissue exhibits no subcellular signs of senescence by 154 days, but decreases in amount in older worms.
Physiologically Relevant One-Compartment Pharmacokinetic Models for Skin. 2. Comparison of Models when Combined with a Systemic Pharmacokinetic Model

Transport of chemicals through skin is best modeled as passive diffusion through a membrane, but mathematical solutions for realistic conditions are cumbersome. Compartment models, representing skin as a stirred tank, are mathematically simpler but less physiologically relevant. In a previous paper, several different compartment models were developed assuming constant blood and vehicle concentrations. Here, five skin models (four of the previously described compartment models and one membrane model) are combined with a one-compartment systemic pharmacokinetic (PK) model to examine the effects of changing vehicle and blood concentrations and to clarify how differences between skin models affect the predicted systemic response. The skin-PK models were solved with the same input parameters (i.e., permeability coefficients, partition coefficients, skin thickness, and cutaneous blood flow rates) and compared for five different exposure scenarios. Because the models have different underlying assumptions, they do predict different results. For many exposure situations compartment models give acceptable results, with the most pronounced differences from the membrane model during short exposure times. Generally, the compartment model that most closely represents the membrane model was developed by forcing it to match the membrane model for conditions similar to those of the given exposure scenario.
KOAN/ANAGRAM II: new tools for device-level analog placement and routing

The authors describe KOAN and ANAGRAM II, new tools for device-level analog placement and routing. Analog layout tools that merely apply known digital macrocell techniques fall short of achieving the density and performance of handcrafted analog cells. KOAN and ANAGRAM II differ from previous approaches by using general algorithmic techniques to find critical device-level layout optimizations rather than relying on a large library of fixed-topology module generators. New placement algorithms implemented in KOAN handle complex layout symmetries, dynamic merging and abutment of individual devices, and flexible generation of wells and bulk constants. New routing algorithms implemented in ANAGRAM II handle arbitrary gridless design rules in addition to over-the-device, crosstalk-avoiding, mirror-symmetric, and self-symmetric wiring. Examples of CMOS and BiCMOS analog cell layouts produced by these tools are presented. >
Epidemiology of Travelers' Diarrhea and Relative Importance of Various Pathogens

Each year 12 million persons travel from an industrialized country to a developing country in the tropics or subtropics. These travelers experience a high rate of diarrhea caused by a wide variety of enteric pathogens acquired by ingestion of contaminated food or water. One or more pathogens can be found in the stool of a majority of ill individuals. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli generally are the most frequently identified pathogens, having been found in a median of 42% of travelers' diarrheal episodes in studies in Latin America, 36% in Africa, and 16% in Asia. Other pathogens that cause diarrhea in a smaller fraction of ill travelers include Shigella species, Salmonella species, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio, Aeromonas hydrophila, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, rotavirus, and 27-nm viruses, including Norwalk virus. Other organisms that may cause a fraction of the episodes of travelers' diarrhea include Plesiomonas shigelloides, enteroadherent E. coli, adenovirus or other viruses, and Cryptosporidium. Mixed infections of two or more of these pathogens also occur.
Judicial Review as a Response to Political Posturing

also discourage posturing by alerting voters to unjustified government action. We further find that judges will defer to the decision of elected leaders unless posturing is sufficiently likely. We then show how judicial review affects voter welfare, both through its effect on policy choice and through its effect on the efficacy of the electoral process in selecting leaders. We also analyze how the desirability of judicial review is affected by characteristics of the leaders and the judges. What central in a is democracy? the preoccupation appropriate This role of question American for judicial has constitu- been review a in a democracy? This question has been a central preoccupation of American constitutional theory (Friedman 2002), and has assumed increasing salience internationally as the power and influence of courts around the world has grown (Hirschl 2004). Many have defended judicial review as a way to reduce or correct systematic failures in legislative and executive decision making - thereby reducing the divergence between actual policy choices and those that would prevail in an ideally functioning representative democracy. Appropriately designed judicial review, on
Dose escalation in permanent brachytherapy for prostate cancer: dosimetric and biological considerations.

No prospective dose escalation study for prostate brachytherapy (PB) with permanent implants has been reported. In this work, we have performed a dosimetric and biological analysis to explore the implications of dose escalation in PB using 125I and 103Pd implants. The concept of equivalent uniform dose (EUD), proposed originally for external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT), is applied to low dose rate brachytherapy. For a given 125I or 103Pd PB, the EUD for tumour that corresponds to a dose distribution delivered by EBRT is calculated based on the linear quadratic model. The EUD calculation is based on the dose volume histogram (DVH) obtained retrospectively from representative actual patient data. Tumour control probabilities (TCPs) are also determined in order to compare the relative effectiveness of different dose levels. The EUD for normal tissue is computed using the Lyman model. A commercial inverse treatment planning algorithm is used to investigate the feasibility of escalating the dose to prostate with acceptable dose increases in the rectum and urethra. The dosimetric calculation is performed for five representative patients with different prostate sizes. A series of PB dose levels are considered for each patient using 125I and 103Pd seeds. It is found that the PB prescribed doses (minimum peripheral dose) that give an equivalent EBRT dose of 64.8, 70.2, 75.6 and 81 Gy with a fraction size of 1.8 Gy are 129, 139, 150 and 161 Gy for 125I and 103, 112, 122 and 132 Gy for 103Pd implants, respectively. Estimates of the EUD and TCP for a series of possible prescribed dose levels (e.g., 145, 160, 170 and 180 Gy for 125I and 125, 135, 145 and 155 for 103Pd implants) are tabulated. The EUD calculation was found to depend strongly on DVHs and radiobiological parameters. The dosimetric calculations suggest that the dose to prostate can be escalated without a substantial increase in both rectal and urethral dose. For example, increasing the PB prescribed dose from 145 to 180 Gy increases EUD for the rectum by only 3%. Our studies indicate that the dose to urethra can be kept within 100-120% of the prescription dose for all the dose levels studied. In conclusion, dose escalation in permanent implant for localized prostate cancer may be advantageous. It is dosimetrically possible to increase dose to prostate without a substantial increase in the dose to the rectum and urethra. Based on the results of our studies, a prospective dose escalation trial for prostate permanent implants has been initiated at our institution.
Cardiovascular Disease in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer

Treatment advances have increased survival in children with cancer, but subclinical, progressive, irreversible, and sometimes fatal treatment-related cardiovascular effects may appear years later. Cardio-oncologists have identified promising preventive and treatment strategies. Dexrazoxane provides long-term cardioprotection from doxorubicin-associated cardiotoxicity without compromising the efficacy of anticancer treatment. Continuous infusion of doxorubicin is as effective as bolus administration in leukemia treatment, but no evidence has indicated that it provides long-term cardioprotection; continuous infusions should be eliminated from pediatric cancer treatment. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors can delay the progression of subclinical and clinical cardiotoxicity. All survivors, regardless of whether they were treated with anthracyclines or radiation, should be monitored for systemic inflammation and the risk of premature cardiovascular disease. Echocardiographic screening must be supplemente...
A Comparison of North American Electronics Recycling Systems

A framework for evaluating the economic performance of a recycling system is proposed and data from four electronics recycling systems in North America (Alberta, California, Maine, and Maryland) that use different operating models are used as a preliminary test of the framework. The framework is built around a hierarchy of descriptors that clarify the function of the system components under consideration and the activities, cash flow elements, and resources within those functions; costs are incurred by specific stakeholders. Data from each system on fee and mass collection amounts and collection, processing, and management costs are used to create a matrix of several net costs for stakeholders within each system. The framework and the net cost matrices add clarity to the way stakeholders economically interact in a recycling system, the types of costs they incur, and the activities that drive those costs. Although all four systems are relatively new, thereby making data collection a challenge, some preliminary insights can be gleaned from comparing the systems. Processing costs vary significantly in the four systems, with Alberta and California having the highest reimbursement rates for processing. Alberta and California also have relatively high system management costs, but processors are generally quite satisfied with the systems. Maine has an additional cost for consolidation that is an implicit management cost because of the need to count incoming products by manufacturer.
A Multi-Objective Software Quality Classification Model Using Genetic Programming

A key factor in the success of a software project is achieving the best-possible software reliability within the allotted time & budget. Classification models which provide a risk-based software quality prediction, such as fault-prone & not fault-prone, are effective in providing a focused software quality assurance endeavor. However, their usefulness largely depends on whether all the predicted fault-prone modules can be inspected or improved by the allocated software quality-improvement resources, and on the project-specific costs of misclassifications. Therefore, a practical goal of calibrating classification models is to lower the expected cost of misclassification while providing a cost-effective use of the available software quality-improvement resources. This paper presents a genetic programming-based decision tree model which facilitates a multi-objective optimization in the context of the software quality classification problem. The first objective is to minimize the "Modified Expected Cost of Misclassification", which is our recently proposed goal-oriented measure for selecting & evaluating classification models. The second objective is to optimize the number of predicted fault-prone modules such that it is equal to the number of modules which can be inspected by the allocated resources. Some commonly used classification techniques, such as logistic regression, decision trees, and analogy-based reasoning, are not suited for directly optimizing multi-objective criteria. In contrast, genetic programming is particularly suited for the multi-objective optimization problem. An empirical case study of a real-world industrial software system demonstrates the promising results, and the usefulness of the proposed model