cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN): proposal for text changes for improved differentiation of viral taxa and viruses

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is responsible for the classification of viruses into taxa. Importantly, the ICTV is currently not responsible for the nomenclature of viruses or their subclassification into strains, lineages, or genotypes. ICTV rules for classification of viruses and nomenclature of taxa are laid out in a code, the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN). The most recent version of the Code makes it difficult for the unfamiliar reader to distinguish between viruses and taxa, thereby often giving the impression that certain Rules apply to viruses. Here, Code text changes are proposed to address this problem.
Metabolic Determinants of Defibrillation Role of Adenosine

Background The single most important determinant of cardiac arrest outcome is the duration of ventricular fibrillation (VF) preceding delivery of a high-energy shock, because of the adverse effect of VF duration on defibrillation threshold (DFT). Although a metabolic mechanism has been proposed, hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, or alkalosis do not adversely affect DFT. However, since (1) catecholamines and adenosine levels are markedly increased during hypoxia, (2) exogenous catecholamines decrease DFT, and (3) adenosine is a potent antagonist of the electrophysiological effects of catecholamines on ventricular myocardium, we hypothesized that release of adenosine during prolonged VF adversely affects DFT and that this effect occurs through an antiadrenergic mechanism. Methods and Results DFT was determined in dogs during infusion of adenosine (300 μg · kg −1 · min −1 ) and dipyridamole (0.25 mg/kg), an adenosine uptake blocker, a regimen that resulted in adenosine levels in the myocardial effluent equivalent to those achieved after 5 minutes of VF. Adenosine increased transthoracic DFT in each dog by 49±14% (n=21) (mean±SEM) and transmyocardial DFT in a separate group of 10 dogs by 103±16%, P =.0003. Pretreatment with the specific A 1 adenosine receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT) 5 mg/kg completely abolished the effects of adenosine on DFT. The effects of adenosine on DFT were also examined in the denervated state (propranolol 0.2 mg/kg plus bilateral vagotomy). In contrast to its effect in the innervated condition, adenosine had no effect on DFT in the same dogs when denervated, 49±11 versus 53±10 J ( P =NS). Conclusions Adenosine significantly increases transthoracic and transmyocardial DFT, effects that are mediated by the A 1 adenosine myocardial receptor through an antiadrenergic mechanism. These results suggest that enhanced release of adenosine during VF may have a deleterious effect on defibrillation and that intramyocardial delivery of a specific A 1 adenosine antagonist during VF may facilitate defibrillation and significantly reduce defibrillation threshold.
Structural Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Molecules from Fungi and Plants Using Moving Pictures and Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis

The size and structure of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules was investigated by conventional and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and by analyzing moving pictures during electrophoresis of individual fluorescently labelled mtDNA molecules. Little or no mtDNA that migrated into the gel was found in circular form for fungi (Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa) or plants (Brassica hirta, tobacco, voodoo lily and maize). Most mtDNA migrated as a smear of linear DNA sizes from about 50 to 100 or 250 kilobases (kb), depending on the species, irrespective of the size of the mitochondrial genome over a range of 0.06 to 570 kb. S. cerevisiae, B. hirta and tobacco also yielded a linear mtDNA fraction containing molecules > 1000 kb in size. About half the mtDNA remained in the well of the gel after PFGE. Moving pictures revealed that this well-bound (wb) mtDNA contained molecules larger than the genome size in linear form for all species (except N. crassa) and in multi-fibered, comet-like forms for most of the wb mtDNA of N. crassa and Sc. pombe. A minor amount of the wb mtDNA with visually interpretable structure was circular: circle sizes were both larger and smaller than the 80-kb genome of S. cerevisiae, larger than the 19-kb genome of Sc. pombe and smaller than the 208-kb and 570-kb genomes of B. hirta and maize, respectively. About 25 to 75% of the wb mtDNA from cultured tobacco cells was found in circles smaller than its genome size. Partial digestion of Sc. pombe mtDNA with restriction endonucleases that cleave once per genome revealed gel bands at about 38 kb and 19 kb with a smear of sizes between the bands and below the 19-kb band, suggesting a head-to-tail genomic concatemer as the most prominent form in extracted mtDNA. A pattern of bands with smears was also found for complete digests (with multiply cleaving enzymes) of mtDNA from Sc. pombe, S. cerevisiae and N. crassa, but bands without smears were found for digests of DNA from phage lambda and several plasmids.
Water-soluble binders for MCMB carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract We have investigated the suitability of four different binders for the conventional mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) anode material in Li-ion batteries. Unlike the conventional polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), the binders were water soluble and were either cellulose based, such as the lithium and sodium salts of carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC, and LiCMC) and Xanthan Gum (XG), or the conjugated polymer: poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene) (PEDOT, a.k.a. Baytron). All binders were commercially available except LiCMC, which was synthesized and characterized by FTIR and NMR. Thermal studies of the binders by TGA and DSC showed that, in air, the binders have a broad melting event at 100–150 °C, with an onset temperature for decomposition above 220 °C. Li/MCMB half-cell batteries were assembled using the studied binders. Slow scan voltammograms of all cells showed characteristic lithium insertion and de-insertion peaks including that of the SEI formation which was found to be embedded into the insertion peaks during the first cycle. Cycling of the cells showed that the one containing XG binder gave the highest capacities reaching 350 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles at C/12, while the others gave comparable capacities to those of the conventional binder PVDF. The rate capabilities of cells were examined and found to perform well up to the studied C/2 rate with more than 50% capacity retained. Further studies of the XG-based MCMB electrodes were performed and concluded that an optimal thickness of 300–365 μm gave the highest capacities and sustained high C-rates.
Surface photoabsorption study of the effects of growth temperature and V/III ratio on ordering in GaInP

Surface photoabsorption (SPA) measurements were used to clarify the Cu–Pt ordering mechanism in Ga0.5In0.5P layers grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. The Cu–Pt ordering is strongly affected by the growth temperature and the input partial pressure of the phosphorus precursor, i.e., the V/III ratio. SPA was used to measure the concentration of [110]‐oriented phosphorus dimers on the surface, which are characteristics of the (2×4) reconstruction, as a function of the growth temperature and V/III ratio. The degree of order decreases markedly with increasing growth temperature above 620 °C at a constant V/III ratio of 40 [tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP) partial pressure of 50 Pa]. This corresponds directly to a decrease of the P‐dimer concentration on the surface. Below 620 °C, the degree of order decreases as the growth temperature decreases, even though the concentration of P dimers increases. This is most likely due to the slow migration of adatoms on the surface during growth. The degree of order i...
Evaluating Opportunistic Multi-Channel MAC: Is Diversity Gain Worth the Pain?

We evaluate the performance of an opportunistic multi-channel medium access control protocol and compare it to that of the corresponding single-channel MAC (S-MAC) and a non-opportunistic multi-channel MAC (M-MAC). We do this in three different settings: (1) an ideal scenario where no control channel is used and no sensing delay is incurred, (2) a more realistic scheme where users compete for access on a control channel using random access, and (3) a scheme similar to (2) but with a time-division multiplexing (TDM) based access scheme on the control channel. Our analysis and numerical results show that in terms of delay performance, the random access and competition on the control channel, which typically occupy a fraction of the total bandwidth, almost always wipe out the channel diversity gain, a main motivation behind an opportunistic multi-channel MAC. On the other hand opportunistic access increases bandwidth utilization which reduces the system's total busy time. As a result it helps reduce power consumption in general. When TDM is employed on the control channel, the data sub-channel sensing delay becomes the main bottleneck to attaining better performance. In this case the performance of opportunistic multi-channel MAC gets closer to that of the single-channel MAC when the channel sensing overhead is substantially reduced.
Dynamic Tensile Failure Mechanics of the Musculoskeletal Neck Using a Cadaver Model

Although the catapult phase of pilot ejections has been well characterized in terms of human response to compressive forces, the effect of the forces on the human body during the ensuing ejection phases (including windblast and parachute opening shock) has not been thoroughly investigated. Both windblast and parachute opening shock have been shown to induce dynamic tensile forces in the human cervical spine. However, the human tolerance to such loading is not well known. Therefore, the main objective of this research project was to measure human tensile neck failure mechanics to provide data for computational modeling, anthropometric test device development, and improved tensile injury criteria. Twelve human cadaver specimens, including four females and eight males with a mean age of 50.1+/-9 years, were subjected to dynamic tensile loading through the musculoskeletal neck until failure occurred. Failure load, failure strain, and tensile stiffness were measured and correlated with injury type and location. The mean failure load for the 12 specimens was 3100+/-645 N, mean failure strain was 16.7+/-5.4%, and mean tensile stiffness was 172+/-54.5 N/mm. The majority of injuries (8) occurred in the upper cervical spine (Oc-C3), and none took place in the midcervical region (C3-C5). The results of this study assist in filling the existing void in dynamic tensile injury data and will aid in developing improved neck injury prevention strategies. Language: en
Classification and clustering in metagenomics with unified data management and computational framework

The new generation of genomie technologies have allowed researchers to determine the collective DNA of organisms co-existing as communities across different environments. There is a need for the computational approaches to analyze and annotate the large volumes of available sequence data from such microbial communities (metagenomes). In this work, we develop an efficient and accurate metagenome classification and clustering approaches that reduce the computational complexity associated with comparing sequences. Our empirical results show the strength of the developed approaches in comparison to state-of-the-art algorithms with regards to computational efficiency and accuracy. We are also developing a web based metabiome portal that contains different computational tools and is used for the scalable, accurate, and easy analysis of large volumes of data available for the human metabiome.
Color transparency in deeply inelastic diffraction

We suggest a simple physical picture for the diffractive parton distributions that appear in diffractive deeply inelastic scattering. In this picture, partons impinging on the proton can have any transverse separation, but only when the separation is small can they penetrate the proton without breaking it up. By comparing the predictions from this picture with the diffractive data from DESY HERA, we determine rough values for the small separations that dominate the diffraction process.
Using self-organizing maps to visualize high-dimensional data

Understanding relationships in high-dimension datasets requires proper data visualization. Two examples of high-dimension data are major-element geochemical and hyperspectral data. Major-element geochemical data consists of eleven oxide measurements for each sample. Well-known correlations exist for these types of data, i.e., the negative relationship between SiO"2 and MgO; other more subtle relationships are rarely apparent. Hyperspectral data is by definition high-dimension data consisting of upwards of 100+ discrete measurements of the electromagnetic spectrum for a material. Hyperspectral data are a significant challenge to interpret when evaluating information for heterogeneous materials such as rocks. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) provide insight into complex relationships in high-dimension datasets while preserving the inherent topological relations and simultaneously producing a statistical model of the dataset. Another benefit of SOMs is their generation of composite vectors which can be analyzed to extract the relative importance of each component during classification. The veracity of SOMs is demonstrated using two datasets from the Spanish peaks intrusive complex of south-central Colorado including major-element geochemical and hyperspectral measurements.
Improving healthcare delivery

When we think of computers and imaging, ~ Radiologylnfo msntSystera~ most of us cite the miracle of computerised ~ . , , tomography (CT). CT scanning has had an ~ R ~ enormously beneficial impact on the practice J~ ~ • ,~, o c , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ of medicine by permitting earlier, more accurate, and noninvasive diagnoses of both common and rare illnesses. One of us (SZG) remembers well the first-generation head CT scanner, which acquired images for emergency scanning in 20 minutes. With current scanners, the acquisition time is as little as 20 seconds, and the images are far more precise, providing resolution that is accurate to the millimetre. This past year, computers have made another important inroad into imaging; one that involves the interaction between clinical practitioners and their radiology colleagues. The system that is evolving depends on the widespread availability of personal computers (PCs) throughout the hospital, office, and ideally the home. With physician-friendly computers, physicians will request radiology tests on-line and receive immediate educational feedback on the appropriateness of the study requested. Real-time access between radiologists and testordering physicians at the time of clinical decisionmaking should improve test-ordering practices. The information technology permits mundane tasks such as ordering and scheduling routine, urgent, and emergency tests to be completed quickly and efficiently. The real potential of the new system, however, is to enhance communication with radiologists and to ensure that appropriate radiological work-ups are undertaken (figure). For example, if an adrenal mass is suspected by a general internist or endocrinologist, should an abdominal CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen be carried out initially? This perpetually thorny question can be debated and resolved on-line. With respect to displaying results of CT scanning or MRI, the PC can provide high-quality digital images of each "cut" rather than requiring the laborious "hanging" of rows and rows of processed films. Each image is given its own identification number that can be referred to by consulting medical subspecialists and surgeons. Email permits rapid notification of test results, and alarming findings can trigger a series of predetermined automated pages for emergency notification. Under both routine and pressing circumstances, the clinician can view combined imaging and text explanations of results from any computer that has internet access. This system also permits many physicians to access the same images without needing to meet physically to review test results. Thus, opinions of experts can be obtained by networking in cyberspace. Such consultations permit physicians to
Unfavored angular distributions

The recent prediction of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ photodetachment peaking orthogonally to the light polarization, and the underlying considerations of SO(4) symmetry by Herrick are illustrated in terms of vector diagrams. We emphasize the role of the helicity of the SO(4) operators $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{1}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{b}$, a phenomenon that is also apparent in the construction of the fundamental "spinor" representation of the Lorentz group and in the emerging of electron spin from the Dirac theory.
Effects of physiologic jaundice on behavioral function in low-risk preterm infants

Abstract This study is aimed at assessing untoward effects of physiologic jaundice on apparently well babies 1 month after jaundice was cleared. Two measures of neonatal physiologic jaundice were correlated with 15 behavioral measures, taken from 37 low-risk Black preterm infants tested at expected date of birth. The behavioral measures evaluated visual function, motor function, affect, and central nervous system integrity. Higher bilirubin values were associated with poorer visual function, quicker cessation of distress in response to social intervention, and longer periods of active sleep. The pattern of the results was similar when the effects of health risks other than jaundice were statistically controlled. The results support the hypothesis that even physiologic jaundice is associated with individual differences in the behavioral outcome of preterm infants.
Massive, well-differentiated liposarcoma of the axilla

We present a case of well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDL) involving the right proximal arm and axilla in a 66-year-old Filipino male. The patient first noticed the lesion 18 years ago, and it subsequently slowly progressed in size. MR and CT imaging interpreted the lesion as likely being a WDL, a diagnosis that was confirmed by histology.
Akt Regulates Basal and Induced Processing of NF-κB2 (p100) to p52

NF-kappaB is a family of transcription factors important for innate and adaptive immunity. NF-kappaB is restricted to the cytoplasm by inhibitory proteins that are degraded when specifically phosphorylated, permitting NF-kappaB to enter the nucleus and activate target genes. Phosphorylation of the inhibitory proteins is mediated by an IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, which can be composed of two subunits with enzymatic activity, IKKalpha and IKKbeta. The preferred substrate for IKKbeta is IkappaBalpha, degradation of which liberates p65 (RelA) to enter the nucleus where it induces genes important to innate immunity. IKKalpha activates a non-canonical NF-kappaB pathway in which p100 (NF-kappaB2) is processed to p52. Once produced, p52 can enter the nucleus and induce genes important to adaptive immunity. This study shows that Akt binds to and increases the activity of IKKalpha and thereby increases p52 production in cells. Constitutively active Akt augments non-canonical NF-kappaB activity, whereas kinase dead Akt or inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase have the opposite effect. Basal and ligand-induced p52 production is reduced in mouse embryo fibroblasts deficient in Akt1 and Akt2 compared with parental cells. These observations show that Akt plays a role in activation of basal and induced non-canonical NF-kappaB activity.
Mg2+ modulates membrane lipids in vascular smooth muscle: a link to atherogenesis

Epidemiological studies associate low dietary magnesium intake with an increased incidence of ischemic heart disease and sudden cardiac death. We have used proton-magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) techniques and Mg2+-selective electrodes to monitor changes in lipid extracts of aortic and cerebrovascular smooth muscle as extracellular ionized magnesium ion concentration ([Mg2+]o) is lowered. We have found that, within the pathophysiological range of Mg2+ concentrations, fatty acid chain length and double bond content are progressively reduced as [Mg2+]o is lowered. In contrast, the plasmalogen content is progressively increased. A concomitant decrease in fatty acid chain length and double bonds indicates oxidation of double bonds resulting in truncation of the fatty acids. A decrease in lipid oxidation in the presence of elevated Mg2+ could contribute to the apparent protective role of increased Mg2+ intake on vascular function in humans.
An Empirical Link between Two Image Disappearance Phenomena: Troxler's Effect and Image Stabilization Effects

A comparison of Schmidt, Fulgham, and Brown's (8) findings which show disappearances of foveally viewed stabilized retinal images and the results of Goldstein's (6) investigation of subjective imag...
Endogenous Coccidioidal Endophthalmitis

Coccidioidomycosis is generally a self-limited respiratory illness. The literature indicates ocular involvement is rare, usually confined to the anterior segment and adnexa. Ten consecutive patients with chronic pulmonary and disseminated disease referred for chemotherapy represent the first prospective study of ocular involvement. Four demonstrated presumed coccidioidal dissemination to the posterior segment without significant vitreous or anterior segment involvement. Juxtapapillary choroiditis was seen in three, including one who demonstrated retinal infiltrates, telangiectatic capillary change, and macular edema on fluorescein angiography. Another developed a coccidioidal lid granuloma. Correlation between intraocular involvement and systemic outcome was poor. Systemic amphotericin B appeared more effective than miconazole in treating intraocular disease in two patients. Intraocular involvement in progressive coccidioidomycosis appears more common than previously reported. Serial eye examinations should be performed on patients with chronic pulmonary or disseminated coccidioidomycosis.
Cellular cofactors involved in HIV assembly and budding.

Purpose of reviewRemarkable discoveries in recent years have transformed the field of HIV assembly and budding. The present review highlights major recent advances in the field, with a focus on the cellular cofactors that have been shown to play key roles in HIV assembly and budding.Recent findingsT
Sensitivity of comparisons of TTAD across antipsychotics to patient selection criteria and model specification in a retrospective paid claims analysis

Background and Aims:Investigate how selection criteria and statistical model specifications affect time to all cause discontinuation (TTAD) comparisons across alternative antipsychotics using retrospective database analyses.Methods:231,635 episodes of antipsychotic therapy were identified using data from the California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) program. A series of regression models were estimated for TTAD that altered selection criteria and the list of independent variables used in the models.Results:Unadjusted TTAD (in days) for typical antipsychotics, olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine were 92, 175, 182 and 177, respectively. TTAD achieved by patients using conventional antipsychotics was consistently shorter than TTAD achieved with atypical antipsychotics, but estimates varied from -96 days to -44 days depending on selection criteria and model specification (p 0.05). TTAD results favoring quetiapine over olanzapine were reversed from +7 days (p 0.05) when covariates for episode type were included in the model.Conclusions:Differences in duration of antipsychotic therapy exist across diagnostic groups and episode type. Differences also exist in the diagnostic and episode mix across drugs. Therefore, disaggregated patient samples and expanded model specifications provide more accurate estimates of differences in TTAD.
A Social-Psychological Analysis of HIV-Related Stigma: A Two-Factor Theory

Despite the best efforts of public health agencies, HIV/AIDS continues to carry a significant stigma in the general population. Research indicates that people's negative reactions to persons with AIDS (PWAs) are due to their relatively automatic reactions to a disease that has become associated with death, promiscuity, drugs, and homosexuality. There is also evidence that more controlled or effortful information processing influences how people respond to PWAs. A model of HIV-related stigma is developed that assumes psychological reactions to stigmatized persons are governed by a primarily associative and a rule-based system, and that there is a temporal pattern such that initial reactions are governed by the associative system whereas subsequent reactions are governed by the rule-based system. Because associations to PWAs often are negative, relatively automatic reactions tend to be negative; however, if perceivers have enough time, motivation, and cognitive resources, they may adjust their initial react...
Acute Pulmonary Injury Induced by Immune Complexes

The response to the intratracheal administration of heterologous and homologous immune complexes formed in the zone of antigen-antibody equivalence was examined in the rat. Small doses of immune complexes, 40 or 100 μg, were rapidly phagocytosed by bronchoalveolar macro-phages and did not provoke an inflammatory response. Larger doses, 1 or 3 mg, produced a focal acute hemorrhagic alveolitis which was maximal at 6 hr and resolved by 4 days. At the height of the reaction complement and unphagocytosed complexes were detected by immunofluorescence in the airspaces and pulmonary interstitium. Immune complexes were also detected in the draining lymph nodes and spleen up to 48 hr after instillation. The acute reaction was abolished in animals depleted of complement by cobra venom factor. Late changes, in particular granu-lomas or fibrosis, could not be demonstrated following a single administration of immune complexes.
Iterative strategy design

This paper describes a retrieval procedure and a strategy design philosophy which permit the strategy designer (SD) to focus in on his final results. The retrieval procedure allows SD to iteratively partition his data base into sub-files and to quickly examine sub-file content. The design philosophy suggests that SD should first use a very general partition and then iteratively repartition until he is satisfied with his retrieval results.
Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury Resulting From Designated Blood Transfusion Between Mother and Child A Report of Two Cases

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is an underdiagnosed serious complication of blood transfusion characterized by the rapid onset of respiratory distress, hypoxia, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema during or soon after blood transfusion. The presence of anti-HLA and/or antigranulocyte antibodies in the plasma of donors is implicated in the pathogenesis of TRALI. We report 2 cases of TRALI that were caused by designated blood transfusion between mothers and their daughters; one in a 4-month-old girl who received designated packed RBCs donated by her mother and the second in a 78year-old mother who received blood from her daughter. In both cases, examination of mother’s serum revealed panel-reactive cytotoxic HLA antibodies. It is most likely that the mothers were sensitized from earlier pregnancy and produced HLA antibodies against the daughters’ paternally derived HLA antigens. Designated blood transfusion between multiparous mothers and children might add an additional transfusion-related risk owing to the higher likelihood of the HLA antibody-antigen specificity between mother and child.
Slightly thermal springs and non-thermal springs at Mount Shasta, California: Chemistry and recharge elevations

Temperature measurements, isotopic contents, and dissolved constituents are presented for springs at Mount Shasta to understand slightly thermal springs in the Shasta Valley based on the characteristics of non-thermal springs. Non-thermal springs on Mount Shasta are generally cooler than mean annual air temperatures for their elevation. The specific conductance of non-thermal springs increases linearly with discharge temperature. Springs at higher and intermediate elevations on Mount Shasta have fairly limited circulation paths, whereas low-elevation springs have longer paths because of their higher-elevation recharge. Springs in the Shasta Valley are warmer than air temperatures for their elevation and contain significant amounts of chloride and sulfate, constituents often associated with volcanic hydrothermal systems. Data for the Shasta Valley springs generally define mixing trends for dissolved constituents and temperature. The isotopic composition of the Shasta Valley springs indicates that water fell as precipitation at a higher elevation than any of the non-thermal springs. It is possible that the Shasta Valley springs include a component of the outflow from a proposed 210°C hydrothermal system that boils to supply steam for the summit acid-sulfate spring. In order to categorize springs such as those in the Shasta Valley, we introduce the term slightly thermal springs for springs that do not meet the numerical criterion of 10°C above air temperature for thermal springs but have temperatures greater than non-thermal springs in the area and usually also have dissolved constituents normally found in thermal waters.
Cervical cancer screening: Less testing, smarter testing

In its 2009 recommendations for cervical cancer screening, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) calls for less-frequent but smarter screening that integrates testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with the Papanicolaou (Pap) test. We review the recommendations from this and other organizations and how and why they are evolving.
Death and legal fictions

Advances in life-saving technologies in the past few decades have challenged our traditional understandings of death. Traditionally, death was understood to occur when a person stops breathing, their heart stops beating and they are cold to the touch. Today, physicians determine death by relying on a diagnosis of 'total brain failure' or by waiting a short while after circulation stops. Evidence has emerged, however, that the conceptual bases for these approaches to determining death are fundamentally flawed and depart substantially from the established biological conception of death. We argue that the current approach to determining death consists of two different types of unacknowledged legal fictions. These legal fictions were developed for practices that are largely ethically legitimate but need to be reconciled with the law. The considerable debate over the determination of death in the medical and scientific literature has not informed the public that vital organs are being procured from still-living donors and it seems unlikely that this information can remain hidden for long. Given the instability of the status quo and the difficulty of making the substantial legal changes required by complete transparency, we argue for a second-best policy solution: acknowledging the legal fictions involved in determining death to move in the direction of greater transparency. This may someday result in more substantial legal change to directly confront the challenges raised by life-sustaining and life-preserving technologies without the need for fictions.
Diffusion of Forecasting Principles through Books

We evaluated 18 forecasting books to determine the extent to which they incorporate forecasting principles. The authors who have contributed to Principles of Forecasting have identified 139 principles. On average, we found that only 19 percent of the 139 forecasting principles were mentioned in the books reviewed. The weakest coverage is in the areas of collecting data, assessing uncertainty, and presenting forecasts. Even in the areas of best coverage (setting objectives, preparing data, and implementing quantitative models), only one-third of the principles were mentioned. We found that none of the 18 books incorporated very many of the 139 forecasting principles. The highest rated book mentions only 47 principles.
Intraparty Divisions and Cabinet Coalitions in the Fourth French Republic

Among the causes of the demise of the Fourth Republic, one prominently mentioned has been the incapacity of governments to govern. Not merely cabinet instability as such, but the association of premiers' popularity in the Assembly with their disinclination toward bold policy innovations, is the charge. Stability indeed there was: continuity of ministers under changing cabinets, relative persistence of cabinets (such as those of Queuille and Mollet) that maintained the existing political balance or even defended the Assembly against innovation. Stability, too, of policy: the continuation of the Indo-Chinese war and the Algerian war, for example, long after a policy change might have been considered. Underlying this sometimes artificial stability was the threat that an innovating premier or minister might soon find himself returned to the status of an ordinary denuty.
An Examination of an Intensive Probation for Alcohol Offenders: Five-Year Follow-Up

This study examines the effectiveness of Dougherty County, Georgia's Criminal Alcoholic Program. CAP is a five-year intensive probation program for alcohol offenders, which includes the ingestion of antabuse. Two samples were used: (1) those included in a two-year follow-up evaluation of CAP published previously in this Journal (N= 70); and (2) an independently derived sample of approximately equal size (N= 66). For both samples, high rearrest rates were documented during participants' original five-year probationary period—66% after two years and 80% after five years (N= 136). The recidivism rate for drunken driving was 40% after five years (N= 100). In toto, post-Program recidivists averaged more than five rearrests apiece. Offenses are scaled according to the National Survey of Crime Severity.
Empirical capacity of mmWave WLANS

The 60 GHz spectrum gives us the opportunity to deliver gigabit rates to users in a WLAN (wireless local area network) setting. The constrained propagation of signals at this frequency band ensures limited coverage which in turn enables the construction of very efficient STDMA (spatial time division multiple access) schedules. In this paper we study the achievable aggregate capacity in a room when using two types of smart antenna arrays - linear and circular. Using detailed Matlab simulations, we show that with just 400 MHz of the spectrum, aggregate data rates of 9 Gbps (4.5 Gbps) can be achieved with linear (circular) arrays. We also study the energy efficiency of the communication and show that the energy/bit is as low as 0.2 times 10-10 (0.2 times 10-9)Joules/Bit by using variable transmit powers at different parts of the room. Finally, we study the problem of coverage due to blocking of the LoS (line of sight) path. To mitigate this problem we study the use of static reflectors and show that coverage in the entire room can indeed be maintained.
Climate change and ice dependent communities: perspectives from Siberia and Labrador

This article explores the shifting dynamics of the utility of ice and snow in rural settlements of two areas of the Arctic, northeastern Siberia, Russia, and Labrador/Nunatsiavut, Canada. In both areas, inhabitants, to a greater or lesser degree, continue historically based subsistence practices that depend on ice and snow. In northeastern Siberia, the main ice form is permafrost, which is the foundation of the hayfields that people depend on to support their practices of breeding horses and cattle. Snow and ice are also critical for horse herds, transportation, food preservation, hunting and fishing practices, and the like. In Labrador/Nunatsiavut, the main ice form is sea ice, to support various forms of sea mammal and fish harvest, with snow and ice critical also as a means of land transport, hunting and fishing. With the advent of global climate change, snow and ice are increasingly less dependable and predictable and, in some cases, absent. Many inhabitants continue historically based subsistence pra...
Wide-band spectral tuning of heat receptors in the pit organ of the copperhead snake (Crotalinae)

Receptors located in the facial pit organ of certain species of snake signal the presence of prey. Infrared radiation is an effective stimulus suggesting that these receptors may be low-threshold t...
Spin-Wave Spectra of Yttrium and Gadolinium Iron Garnet

The problem of deducing the values of the exchange integrals in yttrium and gadolinium iron garnet from measurements of the magnetization and the magnetic contribution to the specific heat at low temperatures is considered. For these garnets the spin-wave normal modes can be found by solving the semiclas sical equations of motion which give rise to a set of $n$ simultaneous linear equations, where $n$ is the number of magnetically inequivalent ions in the unit cell. Expressions for the thermodynamic functions at low temperatures in terms of the frequencies of the normal modes are given assuming the validity of the spin-wave approximation. It is argued that the temperature variation of the frequency of these normal modes on the macroscopic properties can be completely accounted for without considering the zero point energy explicitly. Due to the size of the unit cell, the equations for the frequencies of the normal modes can only be solved numerically for general values of k. Such solutions are obtained for k lying along a [111] direction for various values of the exchange integrals, and the thermodynamic functions corresponding to these choices of parameters are calculated. In the case of yttrium iron garnet, the value of $D$, the coefficient of ${a}^{2}{k}^{2}$ in the acoustic dispersion law, is reliably known and fixes one linear combination of ${J}_{\mathrm{aa}}$, ${J}_{\mathrm{ad}}$, and ${J}_{\mathrm{dd}}$. By comparing our calculations with the magnetization data of Solt, it was established that $\frac{{J}_{\mathrm{aa}}}{{J}_{\mathrm{ad}}}=0.2$, but since the magnetization was not very sensitive to variations of the ratio $\frac{{J}_{\mathrm{dd}}}{{J}_{\mathrm{ad}}}$ its value could not be estimated precisely. Taking $\frac{{J}_{\mathrm{dd}}}{{J}_{\mathrm{ad}}}=0.2$ gives ${J}_{\mathrm{aa}}={J}_{\mathrm{dd}}=6.35$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${J}_{\mathrm{ad}}=31.8$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. For GdIG the specific heat data below 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is not very much influenced by the exact values of the iron-iron exchange integrals which were taken to be those quoted above for yttrium iron garnet. Again one combination of ${J}_{\mathrm{ac}}$ and ${J}_{\mathrm{dc}}$ is known from the calorimetric determination of the single ion splitting. By comparing the specific heat data below 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with calculations for various values of $\frac{{J}_{\mathrm{ac}}}{{J}_{\mathrm{dc}}}$ it was possible to determine ${J}_{\mathrm{ac}}$ and ${J}_{\mathrm{dc}}$ separately: ${J}_{\mathrm{dc}}=7.00$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${J}_{\mathrm{ac}}=1.75$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These values are about 25% larger than what one would expect using the Weiss molecular field approximation.
Application of X-rays to nanolithography

The development of a successful fabrication process for electron devices with dimensions in the sub-100-nm domain will require a form of a high-resolution and high-volume patterning. In this paper we discuss the extensibility of X-ray lithography to this domain in terms of the resolution of the technique, considering in detail the effect of diffraction and photoelectrons. We show that optimized masks and exposure systems can deliver with relative ease patterning in the 70-50-nm region, while phase-shifting techniques can extend the resolution to sub-40 nm. High volume is provided by the use of the mask. The challenge remains in the fabrication of the IX mask, and in the achievement of the necessary placement accuracy.
A critical review of Jerry A. Fodor's The mind doesn't work that way

The "New Synthesis" in cognitive science is committed to the computational theory of mind (CTM), massive modularity, nativism, and adaptationism. In The mind doesn't work that way , Jerry Fodor argues that CTM has problems explaining abductive or global inference, but that the New Synthesis offers no solution, since massive modularity is in fact incompatible with global cognitive processes. I argue that it is not clear how global human mentation is, so whether CTM is imperiled is an open question. Massive modularity also lacks some of the invidious commitments Fodor ascribes to it. Furthermore, Fodor's anti-adaptationist arguments are in tension with his nativism about the contents of modular systems. The New Synthesis thus has points worth preserving.
Perturbation Theory of Completely Mixed Matrix Games

A twoperson non-zero-sum bimatrix game (A, B) is defined to be completely mixed if every solution gives a positive probability to each pure strategy of each player. Such a game is defined to be nonsingular if both payoff matrices are nonsingular. Suppose that A is perturbed to A + aG and B is perturbed to B + aH, where C and H are matrices of the same size as A and B, and OL is a small real number, i.e., suppose that multiple elements of each payoff matrix are perturbed simultaneously. We calculate the effect of such perturbations on the solution and values of the game for each player. When a player’s payoff matrix is an M-matrix and a single diagonal element of the payoff matrix is perturbed, then that player’s value is a concave function of the perturbation. A new class of completely mixed bimatrix games is analyzed.
Freedom and the Social Goals of Medicine

It is important for our argument that the care giver’s autonomy ought to be included in any definition of autonomy in health care used to outline our conception of medicine. We turn to that argument now.
Bill T. Jones: Moving, Writing, Speaking

In January  we went to a performance by the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company and the Orion String Quartet at Lincoln Center. It would be an understatement to say that we were blown away. Less than four months had passed since / and we were anxious for art that would explain the new landscape that had replaced the Manhattan skyline. Verbum (). WorldWithout/In (). Black Suzanne (). We were instantly moved and transformed by this program; it was exactly what we had been hungering for. Neither of us could get the performance or Jones out of our minds, and we talked about both endlessly in the weeks that followed. At the time we were both teaching an undergraduate course at New York University’s Tisch School of the Arts called Art and the World, and, like many of our colleagues, we had frequently referred to Jones’s work and its critical reception in our classrooms. We had done so not only because we were always moved by Jones’s engagement with the most profound artistic and social issues of the late th century, but also because, by introducing Jones’s work into the classroom, we were then able to use it as a model for helping students understand the rich complexity of thought, history, and social commitment at the center of his choreography. We used Jones’s work in the classroom in hopes that it would inspire students to look for the complexity and paradox within their own artistic production. Shortly after the performance at Lincoln Center, we invited Jones to participate in a public interview with us and the Tisch student body, explaining to him that we were interested in beginning a dialogue about how to talk about and “see” his work. As writers and movement practitioners of various schools of thought from the Graham technique to yoga and the Judson School, we were particularly interested in having a conversation with Jones about the shape of his most recent work. We were—and are—often surprised at how tenuous, how standoff-ish, and even uninformed many reviewers at major newspapers like the New York Times still seemed to be regarding the nuts-and-bolts impact of works like The Table Project (), WorldWithout/In, and Black Suzanne. As perhaps the most important artist of our time, we argued that Jones’s work always seems to have its finger on the pulse of larger debates and movements (corporeal, political, aesthetic) that are taking place within the landscape of American culture.
Influence of added observations on analysis and forecast errors: Results from idealized systems

Recent tests of adding observations to improve individual forecasts have shown a mix of positive, negative, and neutral results. In this study, the influence of added observations on analysis and forecast errors is explored in idealized systems. The primary system studied is a three-dimensional simulated observing and forecasting system that includes a quasi-geostrophic forecast model and a three-dimensional variational data-assimilation system. In this simulated system, adding observations generally improves analyses and often improves 12-hour forecasts. Even with perfect observational data and a perfect forecast model, however, there is a non-negligible risk that adding observations will degrade analyses, and a significant risk that assimilated added observations will degrade forecasts on a time-scale of one or several days. To illustrate several general principles that help interpret the results, several experiments are performed with low-dimensional data-assimilation systems; the results demonstrate that the risk of analysis degradation is inherent in statistical data assimilation. Experiments are also performed with a low-dimensional forecast model, demonstrating that the risk of forecast degradation is inherent in prediction systems with sensitivity to small errors in initial conditions. Although degradations cannot be avoided, several circumstances are identified in which adding observations is less likely to degrade analyses and forecasts and on average improves analyses and forecasts by a larger amount. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Estimating the Occurrence Rate for Prevalent Survival Data in Competing Risks Models

Abstract The problem of interest is the estimation of occurrence probabilities based on prevalent data in competing risks models. In the literature, the development of nonparametric methods has relied heavily on the independent competing risks assumption. The primary purpose of this article is to establish a statistical framework without excluding the possibility of dependence among competing risks. This is done through the use of crude hazard functions. The crude hazard functions not only are estimable regardless of whether the competing risks are independent, but also are mathematically more tractable. In this article we show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the crude hazard functions and the occurrence probabilities. The general inversion formulas for the occurrence probabilities are presented, from which various representations can be derived under different sampling techniques. Maximum likelihood estimators are derived using these representations for nonparametric and length bias dat...