cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of the reaction of U(VI) with benzene-1,2-diphosphonic acid.

The kinetics of the reaction between dioxouranium(VI) and benzene-1,2-diphosphonic acid (BzDPA) has been investigated by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The rate of reaction of uranyl ions with Arsenazo III (2,7-bis(2,2′-arsonophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid) in 50 : 50 methanol–water solutions was also determined. Both formation and dissociation rate constants for the 1 : 1 complex between uranyl–BzDPA in acidic solutions were resolved. To gain insight into the effect of solvation on the progress of the reaction, the system was studied in triply distilled water, in 50 : 50 methanol–water, 80 : 20 methanol–water and in 50 : 50 tert-butanol–water as a function of temperature at pH 1.0. The rates of complex formation and dissociation reactions decrease as methanol substitutes for water in the medium and further decrease as tert-butanol replaces methanol as co-solvent. Activation parameters are most consistent with an associative process governing the progress of both complex formation and dissociation reactions. Introduction of alcoholic co-solvents results in notably more negative activation entropies for both complex formation and dissociation reactions, while the activation enthalpies are only slightly reduced in the mixed methanol–water medium. These results are compared with the kinetic features of other U(VI) systems.
Further investigation of the obsessive-compulsive inventory: psychometric analysis in two non-clinical samples

The obsessive-compulsive inventory [OCI; Psychol. Assessment 10 (1998) 206-214] is a self-report measure of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) intended for use with both clinical and non-clinical samples (). Two reports support its convergence with established measures of OCD and its assessment of specific symptom subtypes (e.g., checking and washing). The current studies investigate the OCI factor structure in two non-clinical samples. Based on correlational analyses and complementary factor analyses, Study 1 results indicate that five subscales, rather than the seven rationally derived ones, best capture the structure of symptoms measured by the OCI. These findings were replicated in Study 2. Based on these analyses, we offer suggestions for revising the original subscales into these five empirically derived subscales that closely resemble structures proposed in the current OCD literature.
Determining two-photon absorption cross sections via nonresonant multiphoton photoacoustic spectroscopy

Multiphoton excitation of exogenous dyes and endogenous biochemical species has been used extensively for tissue diagnosis by fluorescence spectroscopy. Unfortunately, the majority of endogenous biochemical chromophores have low quantum yields, less than 0.2, therefore determining two-photon cross sections of weakly luminescencing molecules is difficult using two-photon fluorescence spectroscopy. Accurate determination of two-photon cross sections of these biochemicals could provide insight into fluorescence signal reduction caused by the absorption of excitation energy by non-target intracellular species. Non-resonant multiphoton photoacoustic spectroscopy (NMPPAS) is a novel technique we have developed for condensed matter measurements that has the potential for accurately determining two-photon absorption cross-sections of chemicals with small or non-existant fluorescence quantum yields. In this technique, near infrared light is used to generate an ultrasonic signal following a non-resonant two-photon excitation process. This ultrasonic wave is directly related to the non-radative relaxation of the chromophore of interest and is measured using a contact piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer. The signal from the ultrasonic transducer can then be used to calculate two-photon absorption cross sections. This paper will describe the validation of this technique by measuring the two-photon absorption cross- sections of well characterized chromophores such as rhodamine B and coumarin 1 in solution as well as riboflavin in a gelatin tissue phantom.
Metastable optical excitations of linear C- 5

Abstract It is theoretically predicted that the C − 5 electronic vertical excitations are metastable with respect to the electron ejection. The energies of the lowest 4 Σ − u , 4 Σ − g , 2 Σ − u , 2 Σ g , 2 Δ u and 2 Δ g states evaluated using first-order correlation orbitals and the coupled cluster method are reported.
LIQUID SCINTILLATION SOLVENT SYSTEMS: WATER CONTENT AND RELATED COUNTING EFFICIENCIES

Abstract The figure of merit, the product of the percentage total water content and the counting efficiency, is employed to evaluate selected liquid scintillation solvent systems for the counting of C 14 and tritium acueous samples. The maximum observed values at room temperature, 5°–0°C and - 15°C were 281.8, 313.5 and 493.5 for C 14 , and 55.8, 76.9 and 179.7 for tritium respectively.
Energy-efficient accelerator architecture for stereo image matching using approximate computing and statistical error compensation

Modern nanoscale processes exhibit stochastic behavior that can no longer be ignored. Statistical error compensation (SEC) has shown significant benefits in achieving energy efficiency and error resiliency by embracing the stochastic nature of the underlying process. Approximate computing (AC), on the other hand, employs deterministic designs that produce imprecise results to achieve energy efficiency. In this paper, we bridge the two design paradigms by utilizing SEC and AC in the design of a machine learning accelerator core. ANT, a form of SEC, was applied to an AC based stereo image matching implementation in a 45 nm process. Simulation results show that ANT combined with AC achieves energy savings of 44% compared to a conventional system, and 32.7% compared to an AC only system, while its performance degradation is less than 4%. This result shows that embracing the stochasticity of the architecture is crucial in achieving high energy efficiency, and that AC and ANT are synergistic.
Population studies on the ELA system in American Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares

Summary 336 Standardbred mares and 334 Thoroughbred mares in the vicinity of Lexington, Kentucky, were lymphocyte typed for 11 allelic antigenic specificities of the equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) system. The Standardbred mares were divided into a population of pacers and a population of trotters. Substantial differences in ELA gene frequencies were found between the 3 groups. When the distribution of antigens within populations were compared to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations, relatively good agreement was found.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR MEMS-SCALE PIEZOELECTRIC MECHANICAL VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTERS

ABSTRACT Design considerations for piezoelectric-based energy harvesters for MEMS-scale sensors are presented, including a review of past work. Harvested ambient vibration energy can satisfy power needs of advanced MEMS-scale autonomous sensors for numerous applications, e.g., structural health monitoring. Coupled 1-D and modal (beam structure) electromechanical models are presented to predict performance, especially power, from measured low-level ambient vibration sources. Models are validated by comparison to prior published results and tests of a MEMS-scale device. A non-optimized prototype low-level ambient MEMS harvester producing 30 μW/cm3 is designed and modeled. A MEMS fabrication process for the prototype device is presented based on past work.
Higglers in Kingston: Women's Informal Work in Jamaica

Winnifred Brown-Glaude. 2011. Higglers in Kingston: Women's Informal Work in Jamaica. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. 1–225 pp. Higglers in Kingston: Women's Informal Work in Jamaica by Win...
Production of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) by benthic suspension feeders in coastal systems

Abstract In the marine environment, transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) are ubiquitous and abundant, playing a significant role in carbon cycling and the structuring of food webs. Previous studies have shown that phytoplankton, bacteria, and oysters contribute to the production of TEP through the release of exopolymers. However, little is known about other potential sources of TEP and TEP precursors, especially in coastal systems. It was hypothesized that suspension feeders contribute to the TEP pool in near-shore environments through the release of exopolymers in both the dissolved and particulate form, and tested these hypotheses in both laboratory and field experiments. In the laboratory, the production of TEP by several species of benthic suspension feeders (the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis ; the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians ; the slipper snail, Crepidula fornicata ; and the solitary ascidians, Ciona intestinalis and Styela clava ) was investigated from October to November 2002 and June 2003. Concentrations of TEP and DOC were determined by spectrophotometry after alcian blue staining and high-temperature, catalytic oxidation, respectively. Similar analyses were conducted on water samples from the field in July 2003, collected in close proximity to dense beds of mussels in the Poquonnock River, Connecticut, USA (41°19′ N, − 72°02′ W). Laboratory results indicated that actively-pumping blue mussels, bay scallops, slipper snails, and both species of solitary ascidians significantly enhanced TEP concentrations above background levels over a five-hour period. However, only the solitary tunicate S. clava significantly enhanced DOC concentrations above background levels over the same period of time. Field samples indicated that TEP and DOC concentrations were high in close proximity to dense beds of mussels. These results imply that a variety of benthic suspension feeders produce TEP during feeding activities which could lead to enhanced flocculation of organic matter and carbon deposition in near-shore waters.
Evaluation of Modified Oscillatory Shear Index and Recirculation Zone in a Deployed Coronary Stent

A major consequence of stent implantation is restenosis which occurs due to neointimal formation. There are several factors affecting restenosis among which wall shear stress plays a significant role. The present computational study of developing pulsatile flow through the entrance region of a deployed Palmaz stent in a coronary artery analyzes the local wall shear distribution and its effect on restenosis. A variation from low positive wall shear stress of around 10 dyn/cm2 at the upstream of stent strut intersection to a very high positive wall shear stress of 300 dyn/cm2 at strut intersection and then to a negative wall shear stress of −10 dyn/cm2 at the downstream of strut intersection was observed. Modified oscillatory shear index was calculated which showed persistent recirculation at the downstream of strut intersection indicating it as a highly prone region to restenosis.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Monte Carlo restoration of binary objects

A binary object is a configuration of 1’s against a background of 0’s. Binary objects, such as arise in many industrial applications, may be particularly well restored by a Monte Carlo procedure. The problem is to find the correct configuration of the 1’s. First, how many 1’s are there? The number N of 1’s may be known to a good approximation by conservation of energy from the image data, especially when the image noise is Poisson. After estimating N, the algorithm places the N 1’s in an initial configuration consisting of the N highest-intensity values in the image. Following this, each 1’s position is randomly jiggled in x and y and the new position accepted if (1) it is previously unoccupied, (2) image inconsistency is reduced, and (3) a clump penalty term is satisfied (optional). The last-named condition takes advantage of a priori information that the object consists of isolated shapes, each having at least Nclump 1’s in each. Steps called merge and creep further augment the clump penalty. Applications to simulated imagery are shown.
“ Time,” a time-sharing moniter for the DEC LINC-8, PDP-8, and PDP-12

A system is available for an 8K, or larger, Linc-8, PDP-8, or PDP-12 with RF/RS08 disk(s), to allow virtually simultaneous execution of any mix of PDP-8 and/or Line programs. The programs need little or no modification to run within “Time,” and up to eight may be in the mix at a given time. “Time” also incorporates a file system with access and write protection. The system is intended to be used with conversationally oriented programs. “Time” is in the public domain.
Measurement of hydroxyl radicals catalyzed in the immediate vicinity of DNA by metal-bleomycin complexes

Abstract A recently developed sensitive fluorimetric assay has been used to examine whether free hydroxyl radicals (HO') are generated in the immediate vicinity of DNA by Fe(II)-bleomycin. When aqueous solutions of SECCA (the succinimidyl ester of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid) are irradiated with gamma rays or incubated with Fe(II)-bleomycin or Fe(II) or Fe(II)-EDTA in the presence of ascorbate and H 2 O 2 , 7-hydroxy-SECCA, a fluorescent product of the interaction of HO · with SECCA, is generated. Studies with catalase and several HO · scavengers indicate that the fluorescence induction is mediated by HO · . On the contrary, Cu(II)-bleomycin complexes under similar conditions fail to induce 7-hydroxy-SECCA fluorescence. When SECCA is conjugated to DNA via SECCA-polylysine-DNA complexes and incubated in the same iron-containing systems, the relative ability of the scavengers to reduce the fluorescence again demonstrates the generation of 7-hydroxy-SECCA by HO · . However, while the fluorescence is practically eliminated by high concentrations of DMSO (100 μmol dm −3 ) in the systems with Fe(II) or Fe(II)-EDTA, it is not possible to reduce it similarly in the case of Fe(II)-bleomycin. These data demonstrate the generation of HO · by Fe(II)-bleomycin in the immediate vicinity of DNA. Because the experiments simulate the lifetime of HO · expected in cells, these data suggest that, if such DNA-associated HO · radicals are also produced in vivo by bleomycin, these would not be scavengable by intracellular scavengers and they could interact with chromatin.
The aquarium trade: A potential risk for nonnative plant introductions in Connecticut, USA

Abstract The aquarium trade has been shown to be a source for introductions of nonnative aquatic macrophyte species. Improvements are needed in identification, labeling, and retailer awareness of banned aquatic plants. In the state of Connecticut, United States, 20 nonnative macrophytes are banned from sale by state statute. At least 13 of these species are already established in the state's lakes, while the remainder are either present in near-shore wetlands or absent but thought to be capable of naturalizing. We documented the sale of banned plants in the Connecticut aquarium trade by visiting 23 retailers in 2008 and 47 retailers in 2010. Plants that resembled Connecticut's banned species were purchased and identified using standard morphological techniques. In 2010, we also employed DNA sequencing to aid in plant identification. We found that nearly 30% of stores sold banned aquatic plants including Cabomba caroliniana, Egeria densa, Myriophyllum aquaticum, and Myriophyllum heterophyllum. Cabomba caro...
Identification and labeling of EEG graphic elements using autoregressive spectral estimates

Abstract Syntactic EEG analysis requires descriptive labeling of short (1 s) epochs in an EEG. While discriminant analysis methods are useful for this purpose, significant improvement in label correctness can be achieved using the heuristic method described in this paper. The method is based on the estimation of frequency spectra by autoregressive (AR) modeling. The location of the peak frequencies and the power of these peaks are used to assign labels to 1 s epochs. Artefacts and epochs with exceptionally high or low amplitude and/or frequency values are identified as well. The assignment of labels is accomplished by comparing parameters, extracted from the power spectra estimated for 1 s epochs, with thresholds. These thresholds are automatically adapted to each individual EEG lead. In this paper, the method is outlined and its performance is compared with a discriminant analysis approach and visual labeling.
The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale: How well can it measure depressive thinking?

The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) was designed to measure patterns of maladaptive thinking held by depressed individuals. Despite its wide use as a research and clinical tool, only a few studies to date were designed to examine its psychometric properties in a clinically depressed population. Moreover, problems of low sample size and limited tests of validity call these findings into question. The present study was designed to examine psychometric properties of the DAS in clinically depressed inpatients and in nondepressed clinical controls. Intertest correlations between the DAS parallel forms and between each form with total test scores ranged from r=.84 to r=.97. Intratest stability coefficients were r=.88 to r=.97. Support for the DAS as a valid measure of dysfunctional cognitions in depressed patients was also indicated. Of those scoring high on the DAS, 73% received an independent RDC diagnosis of clinical depression, while only 36% of those receiving low DAS scores were so diagnosed.
Composition of Milk Produced by Red Dane and Red Poll Cattle

Abstract Samples of milk were taken from 16 Red Dane, 25 Red Poll, 22 Holstein, and 24 Guernsey cows in University herds in the months of January, March, and May. Each sample was subjected to analysis for milk fat, protein, solids-not-fat, lactose, and ash content. Results of the analyses were subjected to analysis of variance and the Newman-Keuls sequential range test. Mean differences were considered to be significantly different when the difference attained a probability level of 0.01 or less. Month and month by breed interaction effects were found to be nonsignificant sources of variation. In general, composition of milk from Red Dane cows tended to resemble that of Guernsey cows, while milk from Red Poll cows tended to resemble that from Holstein cows in composition.
Revisiting Nonprofit Carrying Capacity

This paper re-examines the concept of nonprofit carrying capacity. While alarms have been raised that too many nonprofits competing for a finite pool of resources are impacting the performance of the nonprofit sector, there is limited empirical evidence to how the density of nonprofit organizations impacts the health of the nonprofit sector. While the concept of carrying capacity and measures of organizational density figure prominently in ecological studies of nonprofits and descriptions of the sector, there have been few attempts to connect the concepts of carrying capacity to the fiscal health of the sector in order to test concerns about the overcrowding in the sector.
Tandem [4+2]/[3+2]-cycloadditions. 2. Asymmetric induction with a chiral vinyl ether

Abstract A tandem [4+2]/[3+2]-cycloaddition of nitroalkenes tethered to α,β-unsaturated ester dipolarophiles can be effectively triggered with a vinyl ether. Using the chiral vinyl ether 6 as the dienophile, nitroalkenes 1 and 2 undergo highly selective tandem cycloaddition. Hydrogenolytic cleavage of the resulting nitroso acetals produce α-hydroxy lactams (-)-14 and (-)-21 in >98% e.e. with excellent recovery of the chiral auxiliary. The high diastereoselectivity is seen to arise from a strong endo preference for the vinyl ether together with an intrinsic facial bias in the auxiliary.
Avian lymphoid leukosis virus infection and DNA integration in the preleukotic bursal tissues: A comparative study of susceptible and resistant lines

Lymphoid leukosis (LL) is a naturally occurring neoplastic disease of chickens, caused by avian lymphoid leukosis virus (ALV). Most inbred lines of chickens, susceptible to virus infection, are also susceptible to LL development. An interesting exception is line 63 which rarely develops LL after virus infection. To obtain more information concerning the resistance of line 63 to LL, we have compared virus infection and integration in bursal tissues of resistant line 63 and a susceptible cross (1515 × 71) after virus inoculation into day-old chicks. We report here that (a) the bursa tissues in both lines are infected to similar extent and (b) the initial viral infections in both lines lead to “random” integration of proviruses in the chromosomes of the bursal tissues. Only in the tumors developing later in the susceptible line can specific integration of provirus near a cellular oncogene, c-myc, be detected. Based on these data, the mechanism of resistance of line 63 to LL is discussed.
Ankyrins and human disease : What the electrophysiologist should know

Ankyrins and Human Disease. The coordinate activity of ion channels and transporters in cardiac muscle is critical for normal excitation-contraction coupling and cardiac rhythm. In the past decade, human gene variants, which alter ion channel biophysical properties, have been linked with fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Ankyrins are a family of "adaptor" proteins, which play critical roles in the proper expression and membrane localization of ion channels and transporters in excitable and nonexcitable cells. Recent findings demonstrate a new paradigm for human cardiac arrhythmia based not on gene mutations that affect channel biophysical properties, but instead on mutations that affect ion channel/transporter localization at excitable membranes in heart. Human ANK2 mutations are associated with "ankyrin-B syndrome" (an atypical arrhythmia syndrome with risk of sudden cardiac death). Human gene mutations, which affect ankyrin-G-based pathways for voltage-gated Na v channel localization, are associated with Brugada syndrome, a second potentially fatal arrhythmia. Together, these data demonstrate the importance of the molecular events involved in the cellular organization of membrane domains in excitable cells. Moreover, these data define an exciting new field of cardiac "channelopathies" due to defects in proper channel targeting/localization.
Role of carbonyl sites in the electrochemical response of 2,6-diaminopurin-8-ol

Abstract Modified graphite electrodes were prepared with materials containing carbonyl functional groups, including polypyrrole containing poly(methyl vinyl ketone). The effect of the modification on the electrochemical response of 2,6-diaminopurin-8-ol, a small, electrochemically fast biological molecule with primary amine groups which absorbs on active graphite, was evaluated. The results show that the chemical interactions between 2,6-diaminopurin-8-ol and the surface carbonyl functional groups do not by themselves contribute to the reactivity of the probe molecule.
Conceptual models of coronary perfusion pressure and their relationship to defibrillation success in a porcine model of prolonged out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Introduction The amount of myocardial perfusion required for successful defibrillation after cardiac arrest is unknown. Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) is a surrogate for myocardial perfusion. One limited clinical study identifies a threshold of 15 mmHg required for return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Our exploration of threshold and dose models of CPP during the initial bout of CPR indicates higher levels than previously demonstrated are required. CPP required for shock success throughout on-going resuscitation is unknown and other conceptual models of CPP have not been explored.
A finite volume method for solving Navier–Stokes problems

Abstract We develop a finite volume method for solving the Navier–Stokes equations on a triangular mesh. We prove that the unique solution of the finite volume method converges to the true solution with optimal order for velocity and for pressure in discrete H 1 norm and L 2 norm respectively.
A Sweet Vaccination - the Deadly Hershey's Kiss

In Immunology courses, concepts such as primary and secondary immune response and the topic of vaccinations can be difficult to visualize for students. Described here is a short activity where students choose and snack on candy to simulate primary and secondary immune responses in the context of a vaccination. This short interactive activity is performed in the lecture course of Immunology, an upper-division Biology course that contains mostly Biology major juniors or seniors (class of 30–40). It is performed on the first day of class, and is consistently referred to as the semester progresses and more complex and detailed topics are introduced. It is utilized to help students understand and visualize the process of primary immune response, secondary immune response, immunological memory, and vaccinations.
High performance silicon nanoparticle anode in fluoroethylene carbonate-based electrolyte for Li-ion batteries

Electrodes composed of silicon nanoparticles (SiNP) were prepared by slurry casting and then electrochemically tested in a fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)-based electrolyte. The capacity retention after cycling was significantly improved compared to electrodes cycled in a traditional ethylene carbonate (EC)-based electrolyte.
Elliptic Light Absorber: Trapping Light Between Two Foci

We propose a class of omnidirectional cylindrical concentrators collecting light between two foci. Our ray-tracing and full-wave simulations of elliptic cylinder absorbers show flawless performance at all acceptance angles. Extension to spheroidal geometry is possible.
Specificity of MAP kinase signaling in yeast differentiation involves transient versus sustained MAPK activation.

Signals transmitted by common components often elicit distinct (yet appropriate) outcomes. In yeast, two developmental options—mating and invasive growth—are both regulated by the same MAP kinase cascade. Specificity has been thought to result from specialized roles for the two MAP kinases, Kss1 and Fus3, and because Fus3 prevents Kss1 from gaining access to the mating pathway. Kss1 has been thought to participate in mating only when Fus3 is absent. Instead, we show that Kss1 is rapidly phosphorylated and potently activated by mating pheromone in wild-type cells, and that this is required for normal pheromone-induced gene expression. Signal identity is apparently maintained because active Fus3 limits the extent of Kss1 activation, thereby preventing inappropriate signal crossover.
Propagation of Plane Waves Through Two Parallel Dielectric Sheets

A study is presented of the standing waves created in the region between two parallel dielectric sheets when a plane electromagnetic wave propagates through the system in a direction normal to the dielectric boundaries. This model closely resembles the exposure of experimental animals, housed within restrainers of dielectric materials, to free-field microwave radiation. Data are presented giving the ratio of the standing waves set up for various sheet thicknesses and different dielectric materials, and it is demonstrated that significant changes in estimated power density levels are created by the restrainers.
Learning Sparse Causal Gaussian Networks With Experimental Intervention: Regularization and Coordinate Descent

Causal networks are graphically represented by directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). Learning causal networks from data is a challenging problem due to the size of the space of DAGs, the acyclicity constraint placed on the graphical structures, and the presence of equivalence classes. In this article, we develop an L 1-penalized likelihood approach to estimate the structure of causal Gaussian networks. A blockwise coordinate descent algorithm, which takes advantage of the acyclicity constraint, is proposed for seeking a local maximizer of the penalized likelihood. We establish that model selection consistency for causal Gaussian networks can be achieved with the adaptive lasso penalty and sufficient experimental interventions. Simulation and real data examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. In particular, our method shows satisfactory performance for DAGs with 200 nodes, which have about 20,000 free parameters. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
A new grouping measure for evaluation of machine-component matrices

The machine-component matrix is the main input to most machine-component grouping models used in cellular manufacturing. A number of measures have been developed for performance evaluation of machine-component grouping algorithms. In this paper, the relationship between these measures and the performance of the corresponding cellular manufacturing system is evaluated and a new grouping measure is developed which is more consistent in predicting the suitability of a manufacturing system for cellular manufacturing.
Checkpoint responses to unusual structures formed by DNA repeats

DNA sequences that are prone to adopting non-B DNA secondary structures are associated with hotspots of genomic instability. The fine mechanisms by which alternative DNA structures induce phenomena such as repeat expansions, chromosomal fragility, or gross chromosomal rearrangements are under intensive studies. It is well established that DNA damage checkpoint responses play a crucial role in maintaining a stable genome. It is far less clear, however, whether and how the checkpoint machinery responds to alternative DNA structures. This review discusses the role of the interplay between DNA damage checkpoints and alternative DNA structures in genome maintenance.
Two Dimensionality of the Correspondence Process in Apparent Motion

A fundamental process underlying motion perception is the matching of corresponding elements in different views. In this correspondence process spatial separation between elements plays a major role. The relevant separation is shown by the current study to be the two-dimensional, uninterpreted distance, a finding that has an implication to the level at which the correspondence process is carried out. The current findings are compared with earlier results concerning ‘optimality’ of apparent motion to conclude that optimality cannot serve as a measure for the correspondence strength.
Viscoplastic fluid flow in irregular eccentric annuli due to axial motion of the inner pipe

Fully developed axial laminar flow of viscoplastic Herschel-Bulkley fluids in eccentric annuli between two pipes has been investigated numerically. The pipes are closed at one end and flow is due to the axial motion of the inner pipe. The annuli may be filly open or partially blocked. General non-orthogonal, boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinates have been used to accurately model the irregular annular geometry due to the presence of a flow blockage. A computer code has been developed using a second-order finite-difference scheme. An exponential model for the shear stress, valid for both yielded and unyielded regions of the flow, is used in the computation. The effects of generalized Bingham number, flow behavior index, eccentricity, and blockage height on the pressure gradient or the surge pressure have been studied and the results are presented in dimensionless form. The pressure gradient is found to decrease with increasing eccentricity. For a partially blocked eccentric annulus the pressure gradient is found to decrease with an increase in the blockage height. On a etudie numeriquement l'ecoulement laminaire axial completement developpe de fluides viscoplastiques d'Herschel-Bulkley dans des espaces annulaires eccentriques entre deux conduits. Les conduits sont fermes a une extremite et l'ecoulement est dǔ au deplacement axial du conduit interieur. L'espace annulaire peut ěre entierement ouvert ou partiellement bloque. On a utilise des coordonnees curvilineaires general, adapees au contour et non ortho-gonales, afin de modeliser avec precision la geometrie annualire irreguliere due a la presence d'un blocage de l'ecoulement. Un programme de calcul base sur un schema de differences finies du second ordre a ete mis au point. On utilise dans le calcul un modele exponentiel pour la contrainte de cisaillement, qui est valable autant pour la region cisaillee que non cisaillee. Les effets du nombre de Bingham generalise, de l'indice de comportement de l'ecoulement, de l'ec-centricite et de la hauteur du blocage sur le gradient de pression ou la surpression ont ete etudies et les resultats sont presentes sous forme adimensionnelle. On a trouve que le gradient de pression diminuait avec l'augmentation de l'ec-centricite. Pour un espace annulaire eccentrique partiellement bloque, on a trouve que le gradient de pression diminuait avec une augmentation de la hauteur de bloquage.
Weighted phase lag index stability as an artifact resistant measure to detect cognitive EEG activity during locomotion

Background: High-density electroencephalography (EEG) with active electrodes allows for monitoring of electrocortical dynamics during human walking but movement artifacts have the potential to dominate the signal. One potential method for recovering cognitive brain dynamics in the presence of gait-related artifact is the Weighted Phase Lag Index. Methods: We tested the ability of Weighted Phase Lag Index to recover event-related potentials during locomotion. Weighted Phase Lag Index is a functional connectivity measure that quantified how consistently 90° (or 270°) phase ‘lagging’ one EEG signal was compared to another. 248-channel EEG was recorded as eight subjects performed a visual oddball discrimination and response task during standing and walking (0.8 or 1.2 m/s) on a treadmill. Results: Applying Weighted Phase Lag Index across channels we were able to recover a p300-like cognitive response during walking. This response was similar to the classic amplitude-based p300 we also recovered during standing. We also showed that the Weighted Phase Lag Index detects more complex and variable activity patterns than traditional voltage-amplitude measures. This variability makes it challenging to compare brain activity over time and across subjects. In contrast, a statistical metric of the index’s variability, calculated over a moving time window, provided a more generalized measure of behavior. Weighted Phase Lag Index Stability returned a peak change of 1.8%+�0.5% from baseline for the walking case and 3.9%+�1.3% for the standing case. Conclusions: These findings suggest that both Weighted Phase Lag Index and Weighted Phase Lag Index Stability have potential for the on-line analysis of cognitive dynamics within EEG during human movement. The latter may be more useful from extracting general principles of neural behavior across subjects and conditions.
The New Politics of Education Analyzing the Federal Education Policy Landscape in the Post-NCLB Era

This article develops a framework, drawn from earlier work by education scholars, as well as broader theoretical insights on advocacy and policymaking developed by political scientists, for thinkin...
The atypical Rho family GTPase Wrch-1 regulates focal adhesion formation and cell migration

Wrch-1 (Wnt-regulated Cdc42 homolog) is a new member of the Rho family that was identified as a gene transcriptionally upregulated by Wnt-1. Wrch-1 has no detectable GTPase activity and displays very high intrinsic guanine nucleotide exchange, implying that it is constitutively GTP-bound. The biological functions of Wrch-1 largely remain to be characterized. Here, we report that Wrch-1 prominently localizes to focal adhesions. Depletion of Wrch-1 by small interfering RNA increases focal adhesion formation, whereas Wrch-1 overexpression disassembles focal adhesions. Wrch-1 depletion inhibits myosin-light-chain phosphorylation, which in turn leads to an increase in the number of focal adhesions and inhibits cell migration in response to wound healing. Depletion of Wrch-1 also inhibits Akt and JNK activation. Although pharmacological inhibitors of Akt and JNK inhibit cell migration, they do not affect focal adhesions. Thus, our data suggest that Wrch-1 regulates cell migration by multiple mechanisms: on the one hand Wrch-1 controls focal adhesions by regulating myosin light chain and on the other hand Wrch-1 stimulates the activation of Akt and JNK.
When parties are not teams: party positions in single-member district and proportional representation systems

Theoretical analyses of party positions commonly assume that parties act as teams to maximize their legislative representation. This assumption runs counter to another line of theorizing in which individual legislators maximize their own chances of winning reelection. To resolve this tension, the paper presents a model of party platform choice that relaxes only the assumption that parties are teams in the classical two-party spatial model. Platforms are chosen by majority rule among all legislators within a party. Politicians seek to win their own seats in the legislature, but they must run under a common party label. In both single-member district and proportional representation systems, equilibrium platforms are shown to diverge substantially, with one party located near the 25th percentile of the voter distribution and the other near the 75th percentile, rather than converge to the median. The model also yields predictions concerning short-term economic shocks, incumbency advantages, and gerrymandering.
Results of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered nitinol stents crossing the inguinal ligament.

Objective Placement of arterial endoprostheses across the inguinal ligament is generally thought to be contraindicated for fear of device kinking, fracture, or occlusion and possible obliteration of the deep femoral artery (DFA). We present a series of selected patients who underwent insertion of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered nitinol stents (Viabahn stent grafts. W. L. Gore and Associates Inc, Flagstaff, Ariz) crossing the middle common femoral artery (CFA) on an emergency basis or who were considered high risk for open surgery. Methods We treated 16 patients with 17 lesions adjacent to or within the CFA with stent grafts that originated in the common iliac (two) or external iliac (15) artery and terminated in the distal CFA (12), DFA (three), or superficial femoral (two) artery. Stent grafts were placed on an elective (10) or emergency (seven) basis for arterial occlusive disease (10), bleeding (six), and aneurysmal disease (one). Comorbidities favoring endovascular treatment were high medical risk (10) previous scarring (four), morbid obesity (two), and dense arterial calcification precluding open surgical repair (one). Results The DFA was deliberately sacrificed in one of the 17 cases. No patient suffered major complications after the procedure. All grafts remained patent based on duplex ultrasound imaging during follow-up (mean, 12.3 months; range, 1-58 months). Two patients required an additional endovascular intervention to treat inflow or outflow stenoses during follow-up, yielding a 2-year primary patency rate of 93.8% and assisted primary patency rate of 100%. Conclusions These results suggest that selective placement of Viabahn stent grafts across the inguinal ligament to treat arterial occlusive disease or bleeding may prove to be safe, effective, and associated with acceptable patency rates. This strategy helps avoid complicated open arterial surgery in high-risk patients with associated multiple medical risk factors or hostile scarred groins.
Growth Centers, Rural Development and National Urban Policy: A Defense

Growth centers have fallen into disrepute as an instrument of spatial policy in developing countries. This paper suggests that they may still be valuable, if harmonized with local economic and social con ditions. The growth centers must be integrated with rural development policies by promoting agro-processing industries rather than capital-inten sive manufacturing, by functioning as an alternative destination for rural migrants to the primate city, and by strengthening the service hierarchies in rural regions. Growth center policies will fail unless they are conceived within the framework of a national urban development strategy. The general arguments are illustrated with a case study of Kenya.
How to Write Law Exams: IRAC Perfected

This book, entitled How to Write Law Exams: IRAC Perfected, provides students of all levels with a detailed, comprehensive, and practical guide to success on law school exams. The text is dedicated entirely to exam writing and applies equally to all subject matters, making this guide an ideal supplement for every law school course. The material contained in this book can also be used after graduation to help students prepare for the bar examination. Written by two law school professors with special expertise in both writing and substantive coursework, How to Write Law Exams differs from other writing guides in several ways. First, this book focuses on law school and bar exams rather than the kind of assignments seen in legal writing class. Therefore, this book helps students improve their grades in all of their substantive courses, not just in their first year legal writing class.Second, this book provides readers with a proven and easy-to-implement means of maximizing points on a law school exam. Rather than repeating vague generalities about grammar and style or providing simple bullet-point lists as other writing guides do, this text breaks the well-known IRAC method of legal writing into comprehensible segments and gives students the tools needed to master their law exams. Finally, How to Write Law Exams provides readers with detailed student-written examples of the IRAC method in action. Annotated with line-by-line critiques, these sample essays show readers exactly what can go wrong in a law school exam and how to fix those problems before they appear on a graded paper. This document provides a brief introduction to How to Write Law Exams by featuring the book’s table of contents as well as a sample chapter outlining the “I” step of the IRAC analysis. As this material shows, the book is suitable for use not only by individual students but also by law professors looking for a way to teach legal analysis in their substantive courses or in academic success classes.Combining in-depth analysis, easy-to-understand writing, and innovative design features, How to Write Law Exams: IRAC Perfected is the answer to every law student’s exam questions.
Dose dependence of radiation-induced defect changes in quartz

Results are presented on the dose-rate dependence of the principal centers involved in the irradiation process. This investigation covers cultured quartz samples with a range of grown-in OH and aluminum centers. Acoustic loss measurements have been used to determine Al-Na decay, infrared scans to measure local variations in OH decay and Al-OH production, and an optical laser method to determine Al-hole production. Studies at two widely different dose rates show large differences in OH decay and Al-OH production. Curve fitting of these decay and production curves has been used to determine the rate constants involved. Direct evidence of Al-OH and Al-hole defect competition has been obtained from simultaneous measurements of these defects as a function of dose. >
Evaluation of Algorithms Using Games: The Case of Music Tagging.

Search by keyword is an extremely popular method for retrieving music. To support this, novel algorithms that automatically tag music are being developed. The conventional way to evaluate audio tagging algorithms is to compute measures of agreement between the output and the ground truth set. In this work, we introduce a new method for evaluating audio tagging algorithms on a large scale by collecting set-level judgments from players of a human computation game called TagATune. We present the design and preliminary results of an experiment comparing five algorithms using this new evaluation metric, and contrast the results with those obtained by applying several conventional agreement-based evaluation metrics.
The cytogenetic localization of the alcohol dehydrogenase-1 locus in maize.

The alcohol dehydrogenase-I (Adh) locus in maize has been positioned relative to thirteen reciprocal translocations that have breakpoints in the long arm of chromosome I(IL). The methods of GOPINATH and BURNHAM (1956) to produce interstitial segmental trisomy with overlapping translocations and of RAKHA and ROBERTSON (1970) to produce compound B-A translocations were coupled with the co-dominant nature of the ADH isozymes to allow the cytological placement. The results of several crosses are consistent with Adh being in the region of 0.80-0.90 of IL.--The duplication that results from the overlap of translocations 1-3 (5267) and 2-3 (5242) and that includes Adh was studied with respect to meiotic segregation and pollen transmission. When heterozygous with normal chromosomes, a low level of recombination within the duplicated regions is detectable and the duplication and normals are recovered with equal frequencies through the female. In the pollen, the hyperploid grains cannot compete equally with the euploids in achieving fertilization.--The use of co-dominant heteromultimeric isozymes as genetic markers for the development of a series of interstitial segmental trisomics in maize is discussed.
Wave vibration control of planar frame structures based on the advanced Timoshenko bending theory

Coupled bending and axial vibrations in a planar multi-story frame structure are controlled from a wave vibration standpoint, in which vibrations are described as waves that propagate along uniform waveguides, and are reflected and transmitted upon structural discontinuities. The bending vibrations are modeled using a Timoshenko model, which takes into account the effects of rotary inertia and shear distortion. The axial vibrations are modeled using elementary theory, as it is typically valid for frequencies up to twice the cutoff frequency of Timoshenko bending waves. Regardless of the complexity of a structure, when it is modeled from a wave point of view, it consists of only two basic types of structural components, namely, structural elements and joints. In this paper, both structural element and structural joint controllers are designed based on various control strategies such as optimal damping and optimal energy absorbing. Numerical examples are presented. Results are compared to those obtained bas...
In silico prediction of tumor antigens derived from functional missense mutations of the cancer gene census.

Antigen-specific immune responses against peptides derived from missense gene mutations have been identified in multiple cancers. The application of personalized peptide vaccines based on the tumor mutation repertoire of each cancer patient is a near-term clinical reality. These peptides can be identified for pre-validation by leveraging the results of massive gene sequencing efforts in cancer. In this study, we utilized NetMHC 3.2 to predict nanomolar peptide binding affinity to 57 human HLA-A and B alleles. All peptides were derived from 5,685 missense mutations in 312 genes annotated as functionally relevant in the Cancer Genome Project. Of the 26,672,189 potential 8–11 mer peptide-HLA pairs evaluated, 0.4% (127,800) display binding affinities < 50 nM, predicting high affinity interactions. These peptides can be segregated into two groups based on the binding affinity to HLA proteins relative to germline-encoded sequences: peptides for which both the mutant and wild-type forms are high affinity binders, and peptides for which only the mutant form is a high affinity binder. Current evidence directs the attention to mutations that increase HLA binding affinity, as compared with cognate wild-type peptide sequences, as these potentially are more relevant for vaccine development from a clinical perspective. Our analysis generated a database including all predicted HLA binding peptides and the corresponding change in binding affinity as a result of point mutations. Our study constitutes a broad foundation for the development of personalized peptide vaccines that hone-in on functionally relevant targets in multiple cancers in individuals with diverse HLA haplotypes.