cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A test of two techniques for recognizing systematic errors in magnitude estimates using data from parkfield, California

Abstract Selections of events from seismicity catalogs on the basis of size are universally made on the basis of magnitude. Such a selection implicitly assumes that these magnitudes provide a temporally consistent measure of earthquake size or that systematic errors in magnitudes are constant. Several techniques can be used to test this assumption. Results of application of these techniques to local and teleseismic catalogs indicate that in many cases this assumption cannot be justified. Two different techniques for identifying changes in systematic errors in magnitude are described here and applied to recent seismicity data from Parkfield, California. One technique relies on comparisons of seismicity rates before and after a possible change in magnitudes. The other uses station magnitude corrections to redetermine magnitudes. Both of these techniques indicate that a systematic decrease in magnitudes by 0.18 to 0.19 units occurred at Parkfield during November 1984. This decrease was associated with the installation of six low-gain stations in the Parkfield region. It is clear that changes in stations distributions can have significant effects on magnitudes and that these changes must be accounted for in all seismicity studies which use magnitude as a selection criteria. The results of past studies which have not accounted for these changes must be reevaluated.
Active Cdk5 Immunoprecipitation and Kinase Assay

Cdk5 activity is regulated by the amounts of two activator proteins, p35 and p39 (Tsai et al., 1994; Zheng et al., 1998; Humbert et al., 2000). The p35-Cdk5 and p39-Cdk5 complexes have differing sensitivity to salt and detergent concentrations (Hisanaga and Saito, 2003; Sato et al., 2007; Yamada et al., 2007; Asada et al., 2008). Cdk5 activation can be directly measured by immunoprecipitation of Cdk5 with its bound activator, followed by a Cdk5 kinase assay. In this protocol, buffers for cell lysis and immunoprecipitation are intended to preserve both p35- and p39-Cdk5 complexes to assess total Cdk5 activity. Cells are lysed and protein concentration is determined in the post-nuclear supernatant. Cdk5 is immunoprecipitated from equal amounts of total protein between experimental groups. Washes are then performed to remove extraneous proteins and equilibrate the Cdk5-activator complexes in the kinase buffer. Cdk5 is then incubated with histone H1, a well-established in vitro target of Cdk5, and [γ-32P]ATP. Reactions are resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to membranes for visualization of H1 phosphorylation and immunoblot of immunoprecipitated Cdk5 levels. We have used this assay to establish p39 as the primary activator for Cdk5 in the oligodendroglial lineage. However, this assay is amenable to other cell lineages or tissues with appropriate adjustments made to lysis conditions.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic Plate Evolution of the Caribbean Region

The reconstruction of Caribbean plate history is an uncertain task, but a task that has intrigued generations of geologists. Each worker has turned to the task of historical interpretation influenced by a particular set of experiences or a special approach, and the results have been accordingly varied. A complete history of interpretations would form the subject of a fascinating chapter in the history of geological philosophy, but such is not the purpose of this chapter. Instead, I will dwell on a set of data that call for what I believe to be a relatively conservative view of Cretaceous and Tertiary plate history. My own interpretation is based heavily on my own or my students’ field experiences in the northeastern West Indies, Guatemala, Belize, and Venezuela, as well as extensive field excursions in Hispaniola, Jamaica, the Lesser Antilles, Central America, and the Dutch Antilles. I am further heavily influenced by the results of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), Leg 15, which produced information of fundamental interest in the Venezuelan and Colombian Basins, and by several dissertations of the Princeton University group in northern Venezuela.
A Characterization Method for Interfacial Delamination of Copper/Epoxy Mold Compound Specimens under Mixed Mode I/III Loading

The objective of this work is to develop a combinedmode I and mode III characterization method and to use thistest method to study Copper (Cu) / Epoxy mold compound(EMC) interfacial delamination from near-mode I to nearmodeIII global loading. Using the developed test method, aseries of experiments are done with varying loading modeconditions from near-mode I to near-mode III and successfuldelamination of the Cu/EMC interface is observed in manycases. Three-dimensional finite-element analysis is carried outto get compliance vs crack length relationship for differentloading conditions and is used to determine the crack lengthindirectly. The experiments indicate that as the mode mixityincreases from mode I towards mode III, the critical loadincreases for a given crack length, and thus, the interfacialfracture energy increases with the increasing mode mixity.
Improved Accuracy in Algebraic Splitting Methods for Navier--Stokes Equations

This paper studies a new alteration of Yosida algebraic splitting methods for the Navier--Stokes equations. By applying the usual or pressure-corrected Yosida splitting techniques to discretizations written in terms of velocity and pressure updates $(u^{n+1}-u^n,p^{n+1}-p^n)$, we show that the accuracy is increased by one full order in $\Delta t$ without any additional cost in the respective methods. Proofs of the convergence results are given both in linear algebraic and finite element frameworks. Several numerical tests are given which reveal the (sometimes dramatic) improvement in accuracy offered by the proposed fix.
Food Aid for Supplementary Feeding

This chapter details the experience of one voluntary agency in handling a moderately large supplementary feeding program for preschool children in Egypt, using foods supplied by the U.S. Government under the PL 480 plan.
Speed-Flow-Density Relationships: The Fundamental Basis of Uninterrupted Flow Analysis

Speed-flow-density relationships are commonly calibrated to what are referred to as “ideal” or “base” conditions. The latter term is most commonly used in recent years, as the word “ideal” carries a quality connotation that is not necessarily accurate.
Duties to Others in Nursing

Multiple duties are embedded in the socially complex nursing relationships of the late 20th century. Although nurses generally speak of the rights of others rather than of nursing duties to others, the idea of duty is interwoven into the identity of nurses and nursing care. This essay explores the nature of duties to others in nursing. The first section presents an overview that includes the sources of nursing duties, various kinds of nursing duties, and the moral reasons that explain nursing duties. The essay’s middle section, which examines ways that nurses view required nursing duties and nursing ideals, focuses upon concepts codified in professional codes and standards of care as well as upon notions about duties contained within various models of nursing, including models of caring. The essay ends by discussing the problematic influence of a dual concept of nursing duties that stems from the intertwining traditions of nursing as a service and nursing as women’s work. Each section opens with a case in which a nurse’s understanding and interpretation of duties to others is a critical aspect of the nurse’s clinical practice.
Effect Of Solution Chemistry Of Sodium Oleate On Adsorption And Surface Wettability Of Apatite And Dolomite

Selective adsorption of sodium oleate on apatite and dolomite is required for their separation from a mixture of the two minerals. It has been determined that depending on the suspension conditions, the amount adsorbed may or may not have any significant influence on the surface wettability of the two substrates as monitored by macro-flotation tests. It has been observed that although the amount of the surfactant adsorbed on the two minerals differs considerably, their flotation behavior is similar and is essentially governed by the suspension pH leading to almost complete or negligible separation. These observations have been ascribed to the changes in the solution chemistry of sodium oleate as the pH of the suspension is changed from highly alkaline to acidic conditions. In this paper, the mode of adsorption of sodium oleate on the two minerals and the changes brought about by solution chemistry of the surfactant in surface wettability will be discussed. Surfactant adsorption, flotation and electrokinetic measurements will be presented to elucidate the mechanisms for differential wetting of the two substrates.
Measurement and Modeling of Heterogeneous Chip-Scale Interconnections

We present precision scattering-parameter measurements of chip-to-chip connections in heterogeneous integrated circuits: indium phosphide or gallium nitride “chiplets” mounted on Silicon Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor carrier chips. We demonstrate methodology, experimental results, and modeling results of these chip-scale interconnections from dc to 110 GHz. We used thru-reflect-line on-wafer calibration to establish reference planes inside heterogeneous integrated circuits, and then, we translated those reference planes to the proximity of the chip-to-chip transitions to isolate their contribution to the scattering parameters.
Does a Patient’s Trauma History Ethically Justify a Discriminatory Clinical Referral?

This article analyzes a child psychiatrist's referral approach when the patient's care must be transferred to an adult psychiatrist and the otherwise best adult psychiatrist has "accented" language, which is associated with the patient's prior trauma. The analysis considers the value of simplicity and a related "simplicity strategy," revealing that many ethical factors lay behind the simplicity approach. The inquiry then addresses simplicity regarding practical wisdom and context. The paper argues that simplicity should mean considering just what's relevant and no more. Applied to the case, simplicity includes respect for persons, openness, honesty, trustworthiness, beneficence, nonmaleficence, ethics of care, professional empathy, group inquiry, epistemic humility, and justice. An objection regarding undue complexity is noted and refuted.
Zeolite-NaY-supported Ir/Sn catalysts derived from single- and dual-source organometallic precursors. Preparation and characterization of highly selective dehydrogenation catalysts

Zeolite-NaY-supported Ir/Sn catalysts (1 wt% Ir, 0.6 wt% Sn; 1:1 molar ratio) were prepared by adsorption of the organometallic precursors Ir(CO)2(acac) and SnMe3OH or (COD)2Ir–SnMe3 {COD= 1,5-cyclooctadiene) from hexane solutions followed by activation in H2 up to 773 K. The Ir/Sn/NaY catalysts displayed high selectivity for the dehydrogenation of propane to propene at ca. 773 K and, in the presence of H2, maintained thermodynamic conversion levels for up to 24 h. After activation, the catalyst derived from the dual-source precursors ({Ir+Sn/NaY) appeared homogeneous in composition, whereas the catalyst derived from the single-source precursor (Ir–Sn/NaY) appeared heterogeneous with distinct regions of visible particles. Scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed that the nanoscale metal particles present were small and uniform in size (ca. 1 nm) in the Ir + Sn/NaY catalyst but ranged in size from 1 to 10 nm in the Ir–Sn/NaY catalyst. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed that bimetallic particles were formed for both catalysts. Temperature-programmed reaction of chemiosorbed carbon monoxide indicated that the Ir/Sn/NaY catalysts were electronically modified by the presence of tin in comparison with analogously prepared Ir/NaY catalysts.
Processable epoxy-telechelic polyalkenamers and polyolefins for photocurable elastomers

A series of epoxy-telechelic polyalkenamers with varying molar masses were synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization of 3-ethylcyclooctene using a diepoxy-functionalized symmetric chain transfer agent with p-benzoquinone as an additive. An epoxy-telechelic polyolefin was also synthesized using 3-ethylcyclooctene and a carboxybenzyl-protected diol chain transfer agent by ring-opening metathesis polymerization followed by post-polymerization modification. The prepolymers were crosslinked with UV light in the presence of photoacid generators, and network formation was monitored by photorheology. The stiffness and ultimate elongation of the resulting elastomers was tuned by varying molar mass and backbone unsaturation of the prepolymer.
Characteristics of Airspace Disease

This chapter reviews and defines common radiologic terms in the discussion of common airspace diseases. The general radiographic appearance of these diseases on radiographs and CT is discussed, as well as the pathophysiologic basis for these findings. Patterns of nodularity, consolidation, and ground-glass attenuation are discussed. Patterns of septal thickening are also discussed.
Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for Stress-Related Disorders

Exposure to stressful stimuli activates kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling, a process known to produce aversion and dysphoria in humans and other species. This endogenous opioid system is dysreg...
Control of food approach and eating by a GABAergic projection from lateral hypothalamus to dorsal pons

Electrical or optogenetic stimulation of lateral hypothalamic (LH) GABA neurons induces rapid vigorous eating in sated animals. The dopamine system has been implicated in the regulation of feeding. Previous work has suggested that a subset of LH GABA neurons projects to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and targets GABA neurons, inhibiting them and thereby disinhibiting dopaminergic activity and release. Furthermore, stimulation-induced eating is attenuated by dopamine lesions or receptor antagonists. Here we explored the involvement of dopamine in LH stimulation-induced eating. LH stimulation caused sated mice to pick up pellets of standard chow with latencies that varied based on stimulation intensity; once food was picked up, animals ate for the remainder of the 60-s stimulation period. However, lesion of VTA GABA neurons failed to disrupt this effect. Moreover, direct stimulation of VTA or substantia nigra dopamine cell bodies failed to induce food approach or eating. Looking further, we found that some LH GABA fibers pass through the VTA to more caudal sites, where they synapse onto neurons near the locus coeruleus (LC). Similar eating was induced by stimulation of LH GABA terminals or GABA cell bodies in this peri-LC region. Lesion of peri-LC GABA neurons blocked LH stimulation-induced eating, establishing them as a critical downstream circuit element for LH neurons. Surprisingly, lesions did not alter body weight, suggesting that this system is not involved in the hunger or satiety mechanisms that govern normal feeding. Thus, we present a characterization of brain circuitry that may promote overeating and contribute to obesity.
Immunization with Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 prevents the development of PTSD- like sleep and behavioral phenotypes after sleep disruption and acute stress in mice

Because regular sleep disruption can increase vulnerability to stress-related psychiatric disorders, there is a need to explore novel countermeasures to increase stress resilience after inadequate sleep. In this study, we explored the impact of 5 days of intermittent sleep disruption on vulnerability to acute social defeat stress in mice, and investigated the ability of the environmental, immunomodulatory bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 (MV) to promote stress resilience in that context. We found that mice receiving sleep disruption plus acute stress developed sleep and behavioral phenotypes that had some features of human posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) including reduced NREM delta power and increased NREM beta power in post-stress sleep EEG, persistent increases in sleep fragmentation and the REM:Sleep ratio, and behavioral changes. Importantly, immunization with heat-killed MV prevented the development of this phenotype. These results support further research into novel, microbial-based countermeasures to improve health and increase resilience to sleep disruption.
Fathering and early onset conduct problems: positive and negative parenting, father-son attachment, and the marital context.

Research literature linking negative and positive aspects of the father–child relationship with early onset conduct problems is reviewed. Evidence from the Preschool Families Project, a longitudinal study of clinic-referred preschool boys at risk for conduct disorder, is presented, including previously unpublished data on father–child attachment. Both negative (e.g., harsh, angry, and physically punitive) and positive (involvement, warmth, and secure attachment) dimensions of fathering, as well as aspects of the marital relationship, appear to be associated with the emergence of early onset conduct problems.
Degrowth und der (Eigen-)Wert der Natur

Degrowth fordert eine sozial-okologische Transformation hin zum guten Leben fur Alle. Wahrend sich die Bewegung mit einem intra- und intergenerationellen Gerechtigkeitsanspruch bei der sozialen Frage klar positioniert, werden die normativen Grundlagen der okologischen Dimension seltener thematisiert. Mochte Degrowth auch die okologische Frage ernst nehmen und dem Prinzip der starken Nachhaltigkeit gerecht werden, mussen zugehorige umweltethische Argumente und Konzepte intensiver berucksichtigt, diskutiert und offengelegt werden. Dieser Aufsatz betrachtet Beitrage, die sich konkreter mit moglichen Positionen, Konzeptionen und Narrativen einer Degrowth-Umweltethik befassten. Aufbauend auf einer kritischen Reflexion jener Beitrage und ihrem Potential fur einen Wandel unserer mentalen Infrastrukturen, wird die Position einer holistischen Degrowth-Umweltethik vorgeschlagen und beleuchtet.
Peace at Last

The uncanny combines these interpretations as an unwilling revelation of what is private and hidden, despite our desire to keep that revelation hidden. The Haunting of Hill House and The Sixth Sense both exhibit many aspects of the uncanny, but their main characters end up embracing this uncanniness, at least temporarily, defying haunting narrative norms by accepting, in different ways, the ghosts that plague them, and do so by adhering to (in the case of The Sixth Sense) or diverging from (in the case of The Haunting of Hill House) the nuclear family structure.
Implementation of a Telemedicine Clinic in the Covid-19 Era

Background COVID-19 has drastically altered the delivery of medical care in the United States and beyond. Healthcare providers have been forced to rapidly innovate to mitigate the spread of infection and maintain social distancing. Telemedicine allows for the continuation of vital patient care while decreasing the risk of virus transmission. Objective We conducted a survey to assess the satisfaction of both patients and providers with rapid implementation of an electronic medical record (EMR) based video visit system. Methods A survey hyperlink was distributed through EMR messages to patients and emails to providers. Results 74/376 patients (19.7%) and 8/10 (80%) providers completed the survey. The population consisted of advanced heart failure (n = 37, 50%), mechanical circulatory support (n = 4, 5.4%), transplant (n = 19, 25.7%) and general cardiology (n = 14, 18.9%) patients and their respective providers. The patient survey consisted of validated survey questions to assess patient and provider perceptions. Patients were 69.7% male with a mean age of 65. 74% of the patients consider themselves early adopters or innovators with new technology. 85% of surveyed patients believed that telemedicine is simple to use and easy to learn. 77% felt the telemedicine system interface was of good quality, 88% believed it allows for good interaction with the provider, 95% believed it protects both patients and providers by limiting exposure to COVID-19, 83% were overall satisfied with this telemedicine system and would use it again. 75% of providers reported no telemedicine experience prior to COVID-19. Notably, 100% of physicians consider themselves early adopters or innovators with new technology. 87.5% deemed their patients highly complex. 100 % of providers felt that telemedicine is useful for their job and 87.5% felt that their job would be difficult to perform without it, 27.5% believed video visits save and reduce time spent on unproductive activities, and allow accomplishing more work and tasks more quickly, 87.5% believe the system is easy to use overall, 100% agree it enhances providers’ and patients’ safety during COVID-19. Conclusion Patients reported high level of satisfaction with video visits and interaction with their providers as well as with the ease of use and convenience of telemedicine appointments. Providers found the telemedicine system easy to use and useful for their job, but many believe there is room for improvement with respect to time saving measures.
Case of the week: Updating a cervical MR scan avoided unnecessary cervical surgery.

Background As spinal surgeons, we have all likely seen cases in which lumbar disc herniations regressed/resolved on successive MR studies. Here, we present a patient whose original cervical MR showed a large C4-C5 cervical disc herniation that completely resolved on the follow-up MR obtained 9 months later, thus avoiding cervical surgery. Case Description A young patient (e.g. <30 years old) sustained multiple prior traumatic events over the past 3 years. The last episode 9 months ago resulted in the performance of an MR scan that demonstrated a significant central C4-C5 disc herniation with cord/root compression. Despite pain and mild radiculopathy, the patient had no focal neurological deficit, and did not undergo surgery. When the patient recently consulted multiple spinal orthopedists and neurosurgeons, the uniform recommendation was for a C4-C5 anterior cervical discectomy/ fusion (ACDF). However, a telemedicine consultation with a spinal neurosurgeon resulted in a follow-up cervical MR scan that demonstrated cervical disc resorption, and, therefore, no need for cervical surgical intervention. When the new study showed full resolution of the C4-C5 disc, the telemedicine and local neurosurgeon agreed that cervical surgery was unnecessary. Conclusion The spinal literature shows that predominantly lumbar disc herniations (LDH) spontaneously regress on MR studies 34.7-95% of the time over 6-17 month intervals, with full resolution being seen in 43-75% of cases. As cervical disc herniations likely demonstrate similar resorption/resolution on successive MR studies, old cervical MR examinations should probably be updated/repeated in patients who are being considered for cervical surgical intervention. If/when cervical discs have resorbed, cervical surgery may be avoided.
eNEMAL, an enhancer RNA transcribed from a distal MALAT1 enhancer, promotes NEAT1 long isoform expression

Emerging evidence has shown that active enhancers are abundantly transcribed, generating long non-coding RNAs, called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). While putative eRNAs are often observed from RNA sequencing, the roles of most eRNAs remain largely unknown. Previously, we identified putative enhancer regions at the MALAT1 locus that form chromatin-chromatin interactions under hypoxia, and one of these enhancers is located about 30 kb downstream of the NEAT1 gene and -20 kb upstream of the MALAT1 gene (MALAT1-20 kb enhancer). Here, we report that a novel eRNA, named eRNA of the NEAT1-MALAT1-Locus (eNEMAL), is transcribed from the MALAT1-20 kb enhancer and conserved in primates. We found that eNEMAL is upregulated in response to hypoxia in multiple breast cancer cell lines, but not in non-tumorigenic MCF10A cells. Overexpression and knockdown of eNEMAL revealed that alteration of eNEMAL level does not affect MALAT1 expression. Instead, we found that eNEMAL upregulates the long isoform of NEAT1 (NEAT1_2) without increasing the total NEAT1 transcript level in MCF7 breast cancer cells, suggesting that eNEMAL has a repressive effect on the 3'-end polyadenylation process required for generating the short isoform of NEAT1 (NEAT1_1). Altogether, we demonstrated that an eRNA transcribed from a MALAT1 enhancer regulates NEAT1 isoform expression, implicating the MALAT1-20 kb enhancer and its transcript eNEMAL in co-regulation of MALAT1 and NEAT1 in response to hypoxia in breast cancer cells.
A Framework for Scientific Inquiry in Preschool

Preschool children have the capacity to engage in scientific practices and inquiry and develop understanding at a conceptual level. While engaging in inquiry with preschool students, teachers transition from being transmitters of knowledge to facilitators in the educational process as students take on an active role in this learner-centered approach. Although studies have explored how preschool students can engage in inquiry-based science, there is a dearth of research on what teachers need to do to ensure their students are engaging in meaningful, inquiry-based science. Considering the nature of preschool students’ play—curious exploration throughout the day—this study sought to review the literature on preschool scientific inquiry and report on significant themes. The purpose of this paper is to develop a research-based framework for inquiry-based science exploration in preschool settings that cuts across specific interventions, science concepts, or activities to provide teachers with strategies to build and sustain a culture of inquiry that permeates all aspects of their preschool program. To create this framework, 15 studies were analyzed, and five major themes were uncovered regarding how teachers engaged students in inquiry. With students’ curiosity, wonderings, and interests as an essential starting point, the framework outlines these five themes as teacher strategies to support scientific inquiry in preschool. These strategies, rather than implemented in isolation, blend together to assist teachers in transforming play and teacher-initiated or child-initiated activities into rigorous learning and support the creation of a culture of inquiry that is part of their classroom environment.
3D printing of metals using biodegradable cellulose hydrogel inks

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) is a fabrication technique that digitally deposits materials in layers to form a desired 3D structure or shape. It is not as wasteful in materials compared to digital subtractive manufacturing (SM). In 3D printing, complex and unique metallic structures, more energy intensive and expensive techniques such as selective laser melting (SLM) or electron beam melting (EBM) are often used. As metals are an important class of materials used in AM, there is a need for safer and relatively less expensive 3D printing alternatives for widespread adoption. Material extrusion AM methods include fused deposition modeling (FDM) and direct ink writing (DIW), where thermal and viscosity parameters are used to optimize printing. This study presents a materials extrusion precursor route on 3D printing metallic structures with a biodegradable cellulose hydrogel and safer water-based composite ink containing irregularly shaped metallic powders and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na). Montmorillonite clay and guar gum additives were used to modify the ink viscosity during extrusion and provide post 3D printing structural integrity and stability. By using this composite ink, a part can be made with 75–80% metal composition for sintering. The sintering process at 1050 and 985 °C for 316L stainless steel (316LSS) and copper (Cu), respectively, removes the cellulose hydrogel, leaving a 100% metal. Large interconnected open and closed pores were formed for both approaches: 316LSS and Cu each had a total of about 31.92% and 32.07% porosity, respectively. Total closure of pores was not achieved and a small shrinkage was observed in both samples. The elastic modulus of the 3D-printed 316LSS structure was measured 0.053 GPa. A number of potential uses for optimized porous metallic structures, particularly in biomedical and energy applications are also discussed.
A descriptive and functional study of zebrafish Connexin43

iv CHAPTER 1. GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW 1 1.1 Thesis Organization 2 1.2 Literature Review 2 1.2.1 Gap junction 2 1.2.2 Zebrafish Connexin43 6 1.2.3 Cell migration 7 1.2.4. Lumen formation 11 1.2.5 Significance of Cx43 function in endothelial migration or tube formation 15 CHAPTER 2. A DESCRIPTIVE AND FUNCTIONAL STUDY OF ZEBRAFISH CONNEXIN43 IN VASCULAR FORMATION 16
Mental Health and Work

The relationship between the work that people do to earn a living and their psychological well-being has been the object of study by sociologists since the writings of Engels, Marx, Durkheim, and Weber (i.e., on alienation and anomie). These early sociologists viewed work conditions and the psychological reactions of workers to their work as outcomes of structured social and economic relations. Thus, to understand the relationship between work and mental health we require a systematic sociological study of the way that various social and economic structures affect work conditions that are known to affect the mental health of workers. Keywords: mental health; sociology of mental health; stress; work
Growth of the biparietal diameter of the fetal head in diabetic pregnancy.

Abstract The biparietal diameter of the fetal head was measured by means of ultrasound in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. There were no differences in biparietal diameter between the fetuses of diabetic mothers and normal fetuses from the thirtieth through the thirty-seventh weeks. After this time, the measurements in diabetic pregnancy were significantly larger than those in normal pregnancy. No significant differences were observed among patients in diabetic Classes A, B, C, and D.
Calcium requirements of physically active people

Dietary calcium and physical activity have been independently, but inconsistently, associated with the development of increased peak bone mass and reduced bone loss later in life. An examination of the literature points to important effects of dietary calcium on bone health. During the development of peak bone mass, calcium intakes of <1 g/d are associated with lower bone mineral density. At intakes approaching calcium requirements, physical activity is a more important predictor of bone mineral density than is calcium intake. In studies of postmenopausal women, calcium intakes of 1 g (25 mmol/d) appear to be necessary to effect a positive impact of exercise on bone mineral density in the spine. Calcium intakes recommended for protecting bone health appear to be adequate to protect against other disorders with an etiology that includes inadequate dietary calcium. Calcium requirements as modified by physical activity need to be determined for each population subgroup according to sex, age, race, and cultural environment.
Exploring the Effectiveness of Lexical Ontologies for Modeling Temporal Relations with Markov Logic

Temporal analysis of events is a central problem in computational models of discourse. However, correctly recognizing temporal aspects of events poses serious challenges. This paper introduces a joint modeling framework and feature set for temporal analysis of events that utilizes Markov Logic. The feature set includes novel features derived from lexical ontologies. An evaluation suggests that introducing lexical relation features improves the overall accuracy of temporal relation models.
Effect of Dose and Ointment Application Technique on Nitroglycerin Plasma Concentrations

Each of ten non-smoking, healthy male volunteers between the ages of 20 and 30 and within 10% of their ideal body weight received four nitroglycerin ointment (NTG-O) treatments: 1/2" NTG-O over 3.94 in2 and 7.88 in2, and 1" NTG-O over 3.94 in2 and 7.88 in2 in a randomized order. Eleven blood samples and 22 determinations of heart rate and blood pressure were obtained over each 6-hour study period. Nitroglycerin plasma concentrations were determined by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. Area under the nitroglycerin plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), peak plasma concentration (Cmax), and time to peak concentration (Tmax) were determined for each study. Cmax and AUC values were corrected for the actual dose applied. Differences between AUC, Cmax and Tmax were tested using repeated measures analysis of variance. Change in surface area had no statistically significant effect on AUC, Cmax and Tmax. Mean AUC for the 1/2" and 1" doses differed (648 vs 2003 ng.ml-1 min, p = 0.016), as did Cmax (4.6 vs 12.4 ng.ml-1, p = 0.022); however, there was no correlation between individual doses and AUCs. Generally, NTG plasma concentrations within the proposed therapeutic range of 1.2-11.1 ng.ml-1 were detectable throughout each study interval. These data suggest that continuous absorption occurred throughout the 6-hour dosing interval, that a trend toward increased AUC and Cmax occurred with the larger surface area, and that, in general, doubling the dose of NTG-O doubles the AUC.
A broadband, capacitive, surface-micromachined, omnidirectional microphone with more than 200 kHz bandwidth.

A surface micromachined microphone is presented with 230 kHz bandwidth. The structure uses a 2.25 μm thick, 315 μm radius polysilicon diaphragm suspended above an 11 μm gap to form a variable parallel-plate capacitance. The back cavity of the microphone consists of the 11 μm thick air volume immediately behind the moving diaphragm and also an extended lateral cavity with a radius of 504 μm. The dynamic frequency response of the sensor in response to electrostatic signals is presented using laser Doppler vibrometry and indicates a system compliance of 0.4 nm/Pa in the flat-band of the response. The sensor is configured for acoustic signal detection using a charge amplifier, and signal-to-noise ratio measurements and simulations are presented. A resolution of 0.80 mPa/Hz (32 dB sound pressure level in a 1 Hz bin) is achieved in the flat-band portion of the response extending from 10 kHz to 230 kHz. The proposed sensor design is motivated by defense and intelligence gathering applications that require broadb...
Among the giants: Oliver Heaviside: Genius and curmudgeon: He called establishment mathematicians `woodenheaded¿ when his powerful new methods perplexed them. His fellow EEs didn't know what to make of him either

Mention the innovators associated with telephony ? Alexander Graham Bell or Lord Kelvin, among others ? and one important name will probably not be included: Oliver Heaviside, Yet it was his formula for loading telephone lines to avoid signal distortion that made transatlantic communications possible. Heaviside used mathematics for his proofs; he left to others the task of building the hardware models, as well as the credit for his discoveries. Described by some as ?an example of that genius which is akin to madness? and ?a first-rate oddity,? this English intellect of the nineteenth century died, mostly unnoticed, in poverty.
ANALYSIS OF INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN MOUSE FETAL LIVER BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

We describe a simplified and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for the quantification of low-abundance RNA for mouse cytokine receptor genes. Accurate quantification is achieved in a two-step protocol which uses a synthetic RNA as an internal standard. The proper titration of the amount of mRNA molecules is followed by a kinetic analysis which ensures precise measurement. This quantitative PCR method provides a rapid and reliable way to quantify the amount of cytokine receptor mRNA in samples containing as few as 1000 molecules of RNA for a cytokine receptor target gene. We illustrate our approach by quantifying mRNA levels for two families of cytokine receptor genes in the fetal liver and bone marrow of the mouse. Our results reveal early and abundant expression of the genes encoding the signal transducing subunits interleukin-2 receptor gamma and gp130. Their expression seems to precede that of the genes encoding the specific subunits of these interleukin receptor systems.
An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Frequency Lowering in Hearing Aids for School-Age Children With Hearing Loss

Purpose We developed 1 clinical question for this review, which addressed the comparison of hearing aids using frequency lowering compared to conventional processing amplification for outcomes of a...
Simulation Insights on the Structure of Nanoscopically Confined Poly(ethylene oxide)

We employ atomistic computer modeling to investigate the structure and morphology of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chains confined in 1-nm slit pores defined by montmorillonite silicate layers. Molecular dynamics computer simulations reveal the Li cations to be located in the immediate vicinity of the silicate surfaces and PEO to adopt highly amorphous conformations in a liquidlike bilayer across the slit pores. Despite the orienting influence of the parallel stacked silicate walls, PEO shows no indication of crystallinity or periodic ordering; in fact, for all temperatures simulated, it is less ordered than the most disordered bulk PEO system. These amorphous PEO film configurations are attributed to the combination of severe spatial confinement and the strong coordination of ether oxygens with the alkali cations present in the inter- layer gallery. These conclusions challenge the picture traditionally proposed for inter- calated PEO, but they agree with a plethora of experimental observations. Indicatively, the simulation predictions are confirmed by wide-angle neutron scattering and differ- ential scanning calorimetry experiments on PEO/montmorillonite intercalates. © 2003
Electronic identification and monitoring of pigs during housing and transport

Abstract Ear base and rectal temperatures of 21 individually housed multiparous sows were measured in order to detect oestrus for optimal insemination time. A thermistor was implanted in the ear base and wire-connected to a data-acquisition system, allowing time-sampling with a measuring accuracy of 0.1°C. Air temperature in the neighbourhood of the sows was measured with the same equipment. Rectal temperature was measured each day in the afternoon with a veterinary thermometer. Following the rectal temperature measurement, a blood sample was taken to determine oestradiol-17 β-content. The combination of the physiological measurement with the observation of the standing reflex of the sows made oestrus detection very reliable. A statistically significant rise of ear base (1.1 ± 0.12°C) and rectal (0.65 ± 0.3°C) temperature was observed 2 days before oestrus. A total of 45 pigs were transported at a body weight of about 20 kg. At 1 week before transport a telemetric device was injected in the base of each pig's ear. Transmission of information was received by an aerial, which was integrated in the floor of the trailer, and was connected to a receiver with data management facilities. Accuracy and resolution of measuring body temperature was 0.1°C. During transport a statistically significant increase of ear base temperature (about 0.7°C) was observed. Data collection efficiency was estimated at 30%.
Efficient image denoising using side information

Recently a constructive practical framework for the problem of source coding with side information was proposed. In this work we address the problem of denoising of images with side information at the decoder. We propose this with the addition of a side digital channel and decode the digital bits with the help of a noisy image (side information) at the decoder. The encoder needs to compress the image using the knowledge that the decoder has access to a noisy version of the image. We propose a rate allocation technique to optimally allocate the rate among the wavelet coefficients of the image. With a rate of transmission of 0.8175 bits/source sample, we get a gain of 1.665 dB over the conventional source coding techniques. This is achieved by modifying only 9% of the wavelet coefficients in the conventional source coder.
LAHVA: Linked Animal-Human Health Visual Analytics

Coordinated animal-human health monitoring can provide an early warning system with fewer false alarms for naturally occurring disease outbreaks, as well as biological, chemical and environmental incidents. This monitoring requires the integration and analysis of multi-field, multi-scale and multi-source data sets. In order to better understand these data sets, models and measurements at different resolutions must be analyzed. To facilitate these investigations, we have created an application to provide a visual analytics framework for analyzing both human emergency room data and veterinary hospital data. Our integrated visual analytic tool links temporally varying geospatial visualization of animal and human patient health information with advanced statistical analysis of these multi-source data. Various statistical analysis techniques have been applied in conjunction with a spatio-temporal viewing window. Such an application provides researchers with the ability to visually search the data for clusters in both a statistical model view and a spatio-temporal view. Our interface provides a factor specification/filtering component to allow exploration of causal factors and spread patterns. In this paper, we will discuss the application of our linked animal-human visual analytics (LAHVA) tool to two specific case studies. The first case study is the effect of seasonal influenza and its correlation with different companion animals (e.g., cats, dogs) syndromes. Here we use data from the Indiana Network for Patient Care (INPC) and Banfield Pet Hospitals in an attempt to determine if there are correlations between respiratory syndromes representing the onset of seasonal influenza in humans and general respiratory syndromes in cats and dogs. Our second case study examines the effect of the release of industrial wastewater in a community through companion animal surveillance.
Pelvic exenteration: Factors associated with major surgical morbidity

Abstract Sixty-nine women underwent pelvic exenteration at Duke University Medical Center from 1970 through 1987. The operative mortality rate was 7.2% with a trend toward a reduction during the course of the study. One or more serious gastrointestinal or genitourinary surgical complication occurred in 26 (38%) patients and 20 (29%) required reoperation for these complications. There was a trend ( P P P P
Petrographic and spectroscopic characterization of phosphate-stabilized mine tailings from Leadville, Colorado

Abstract The use of soluble PO 4 3− and lime as a heavy metal chemical stabilization agent was evaluated for mine tailings from Leadville, Colorado. The tailings are from piles associated with the Wolftone and Maid of Erin mines; ore material that was originally mined around 1900, reprocessed in the 1940s, and now requires stabilization. The dominant minerals in the tailings are galena (PbS), cerrusite (PbCO 3 ), pyromorphite (Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl), plumbojarosite (Pb 0.5 Fe 3 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 ), and chalcophanites ((Pb,Fe,Zn,Mn)Mn 2 O 5 ·2H 2 O). The tailings were treated with soluble PO 4 3− and lime to convert soluble heavy metals (principally Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd) into insoluble metal phosphate precipitates. The treatment process caused bulk mineralogical transformations as well as the formation of a reaction rind around the particles dominated by Ca and P. Within the mineral grains, Fe-Pb phosphosulfates, Fe-Pb sulfates (plumbojarosite), and galena convert to Fe-Ca-Pb hydroxides. The Mn-Pb hydroxides and Mn-(+/−Fe)-Pb hydroxides (chalcophanites) undergo chemical alteration throughout the grains during treatment. Bulk and surface spectroscopies showed that the insoluble reaction products in the rind are tertiary metal phosphate (e.g. (Cu,Ca 2 )(PO 4 ) 2 ) and apatite (e.g. Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl) family minerals. pH-dependent leaching (pH 4,6,8) showed that the treatment was able to reduce equilibrium concentrations by factors of 3 to 150 for many metals; particularly Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Cu 2+ . Geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium modeling showed that apatite family and tertiary metal phosphate phases act as controlling solids for the equilibrium concentrations of Ca 2+ , PO 4 3− , Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Cu 2+ in the leachates during pH-dependent leaching. Both end members and ideal solid solutions were seen to be controlling solids.
A liquid crystal tunable filter based shortwave infrared spectral imaging system: Calibration and characterization

Calibration is a critical step for developing spectral imaging systems. This paper presents a systematic calibration and characterization approach for a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) based shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral imaging system. A series of tests were conducted to validate the linearity of the system output, measure the field of view of the spectral imager, increase the system spectral sensitivity, test the spatial and spectral resolution of the system, evaluate the system stability and image distortion, and reduce the spectral noise of the system output. Results showed that the system had an angle of view of 6.98^o and a spatial resolution of 158@mm. The spectral sensitivity of the system was corrected by controlling the camera exposure time and gain, which increased the signal to noise ratio of the system by 16.5%. Test results also verified the system spectral accuracy and linearity (r>0.999). The system output was proven to be stable and image distortion was not perceivable. Results of calibration tests indicated that this system satisfied the design criteria in both spatial and spectral domains. The calibration methods presented here are applicable to the LCTF-based spectral imaging systems in other applications.
Poly(acrylic acid)–poly(vinyl alcohol) semi‐ and interpenetrating polymer network pervaporation membranes

A series of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)–poly(vinyl alcoho) (PVA) semiinterpenetrating (SIPN) and interpenetrating (IPN) polymer network membranes were prepared by crosslinking PVA alone or by crosslinking both PVA and PAA. Glutaraldeyde and ethylene glycol were used as crosslinking agents for the PVA and PAA networks, respectively. The presence of PAA increases the permeability of the membranes while the presence of PVA improves their mechanical and film-forming properties. The mechanical properties of the membranes were investigated via tensile testing. These hydrophilic membranes are permselective to water from ethanol–water mixture and to ethanol from ethanol–benzene mixtures. The IPN membranes were employed for the former mixtures and the SPIN membranes for the latter, because the IPN ones provided too low permeation rates. The permeation rates and seperation factors were determined as functions of the IPN or SIPN composition, feed composition, and temperature. For the azeotropic ethanol–water mixture (95 wt % ethanol), the separation factor and permeation rate at 50°C of the PAA-PVA IPN membrane, containing 50 wt % PAA, were 50 and 260 g/m2h, respectively. For the ethanol–benzene mixture, the PAA–PVA SIPN membranes had separation factors between 1.4 and 1200 and permeation rates between 6 and 550 g/m2h, respectively, depending on the feed composition and temperature. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.