cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food Insecurity Is Associated with Cognitive Deficits Among HIV-Positive, But Not HIV-Negative, Individuals in a United States Sample

People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in the United States (US) have disproportionately high rates of food insecurity (FI). In the general population, FI has been associated with cognitive impairment among older adults and may exacerbate HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. The current study assessed the effects of FI and HIV infection on the neuropsychological performance of 61 HIV-positive and 36 HIV-negative adults in the US. While the main effects were minimal, the interactive effects revealed that FI was related to deficits in speed of information processing, learning, memory, motor function, and overall cognitive impairment for the HIV-positive group, but not the HIV-negative group. The interactive effects remained after controlling for relevant sociodemographic characteristics. Although bidirectional associations cannot be ruled out in a cross-sectional study, the results suggest that FI may contribute to cognitive impairment among HIV-positive adults in the US. Given the high rates of socioeconomic disadvantage among PLWHA in the US, addressing FI as part of routine clinical care may be warranted.
Doing What We Shouldn't: Medical Futility and Moral Distress.

The indiscriminate use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), untempered by evidence about outcomes, has been called “irrational exuberance” (Rosoff and Schneiderman 2017). There is much to be sai...
Citizens, consumers, workers, and activists: civil society during and after water privatization struggles

ABSTRACTWater privatization battles and their aftermath in seven Latin American, African, and Asian countries feature diverse and often complementary forms of action by unions, popular movements, neighbourhood associations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs cooperate with popular movements for water rights more than the literature would suggest, and after mobilizations against privatization, activists have had some success maintaining pressure for better service to poor neighbourhoods through advocacy and local self-provision arrangements. Public employees’ unions play important roles in water policy coalitions, often practising a distinctive form of social movement unionism. These experiences argue for a more flexible understanding of categories and organizational forms in civil society.
Proteins Breaking Bad: A Free Energy Perspective

Protein aging may manifest as a mechanical disease that compromises tissue elasticity. As proved recently, while proteins respond to changes in force with an instantaneous elastic recoil followed by a folding contraction, aged proteins break bad, becoming unstructured polymers. Here, we explain this phenomenon in the context of a free energy model, predicting the changes in the folding landscape of proteins upon oxidative aging. Our findings validate that protein folding under force is constituted by two separable components, polymer properties and hydrophobic collapse, and demonstrate that the latter becomes irreversibly blocked by oxidative damage. We run Brownian dynamics simulations on the landscape of protein L octamer, reproducing all experimental observables, for a naive and damaged polyprotein. This work provides a unique tool to understand the evolving free energy landscape of elastic proteins upon physiological changes, opening new perspectives to predict age-related diseases in tissues.
A “Crucial Catch”: Examining Responses to NFL Teams’ Corporate Social Responsibility Messaging on Facebook

This study investigated the National Football League’s (NFL) communication efforts of its annual Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) campaign, “A Crucial Catch,” and the subsequent social media e...
Comparison of cardiac measurements by multi-detector computed tomography angiography and transthoracic echocardiography in English bulldogs

Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the primary tool for the assessment of cardiac structure and function in dogs but is challenging in English bulldogs due to dorsoventral compression of the thorax, obesity, and narrow intercostal spaces. Multi-detector computed tomography angiography (CTA) may overcome the conformational obstacles of cardiac imaging in this breed.Eleven client-owned English bulldogs.Prospective clinical trial with paired analysis of TTE and CTA studies.Eight of the 25 linear cardiac dimensional measurements were significantly different between TTE and CTA (p<0.033). Intraobserver agreement was strong with average coefficients of variation (CV) of 5.34% for TTE and 2.50% for CTA. Interobserver agreement CV averaged 6.5% for TTE and 8.75% CTA. Ejection fraction, stroke volume, and end-systolic volume were significantly different between modalities (all p<0.002). No significant difference was present between end-diastolic volume for TTE compared with CTA.High-quality cardiac angiographic studies were accomplished using CTA without the use of general anesthesia in English bulldogs. Multi-detector computed tomography angiography and TTE are not interchangeable modalities in the clinical setting.Multi-detector-CT ECG-gated cardiac angiography is possible in sedated, non-intubated English bulldogs. Differences were found between some cardiac dimensions as measured by TTE in the awake dog and compared with sedated CTA, indicating the two methodologies are not equivalent. Sedated, non-intubated CTA yielded high-quality imaging with strong intraobserver and interobserver measurement repeatability in English bulldogs.
A mitosis-specific and R loop–driven ATR pathway promotes faithful chromosome segregation

The ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is crucial for DNA damage and replication stress responses. Here, we describe an unexpected role of ATR in mitosis. Acute inhibition or degradation of ATR in mitosis induces whole-chromosome missegregation. The effect of ATR ablation is not due to altered cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activity, DNA damage responses, or unscheduled DNA synthesis but to loss of an ATR function at centromeres. In mitosis, ATR localizes to centromeres through Aurora A–regulated association with centromere protein F (CENP-F), allowing ATR to engage replication protein A (RPA)–coated centromeric R loops. As ATR is activated at centromeres, it stimulates Aurora B through Chk1, preventing formation of lagging chromosomes. Thus, a mitosis-specific and R loop–driven ATR pathway acts at centromeres to promote faithful chromosome segregation, revealing functions of R loops and ATR in suppressing chromosome instability.
Acute and recurrent facial pustulosis: a unique clinical entity?

We report a series of three patients encountered in a tertiary referral center that share a rare constellation of clinical and histopathologic findings. In each case, a healthy female patient reported recurrent episodes of rapidly-appearing, tightly-clustered, fine pustules on a background of light erythema involving the chin, forehead, cheeks, and neck (Figure 1). These episodic eruptions, which occurred approximately 4-6 episodes per year, were associated with mild pruritus, and relapsed and remitted within 5 days without therapeutic intervention. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Effects of Ligand Structure on Binding Mode and Specificity in the Interaction of Unfused Aromatic Cations with DNA

We have synthesized four diphenylfuran derivatives with terminal amidine, imidazoline, amine and piperazylamide groups. The molecules have the same unfused central aromatic ring system and the same charge. Spectroscopic, hydrodynamic and kinetics results indicate that these four closely related derivatives interact with DNA by three completely different binding modes. The amidine and the imidazoline derivatives binds to AT sequences in a minor groove complex but intercalate at GC sequences in DNA. The amine derivative binds to both AT and GC sequences by a traditional intercalation model. The piperazylamide binds to both AT and GC sequences in a threading intercalation model. These four molecules, thus, provide fundamental information on how ligand molecular structure and substituents interact with local DNA sequences to define binding modes.
A form of protease nexin I is expressed on the platelet surface during platelet activation

A protein that has several similarities to protease nexin I, a fibroblast thrombin and urokinase inhibitor, has been detected on platelets (Gronke RS, Bergman BL, and Baker JB: J Biol Chem 262:3030, 1987). On incubation of platelets with 125I-thrombin, this platelet protein forms complexes with 125I-thrombin that are found both in the incubation medium and, as demonstrated here, associated with purified platelet plasma membranes. The present results indicate that interaction with the platelet surface may modulate the conformation and function of this platelet form of protease nexin I (PNIp) because: (a) an antibody against protease nexin I inhibited released PNIp, but not platelet-bound PNIp from complexing 125I-thrombin, and (b) whereas PNIp extracted from platelets bound both thrombin and urokinase, platelet-bound PNIp bound only thrombin. In experiments using several different platelet isolation methods, PNIp accounted for a large fraction of the rapid high affinity binding of 125I-thrombin to platelets. However, platelets isolated and maintained in the presence of metabolic inhibitors failed to take added thrombin into 125I-thrombin-PNIp complexes. This finding suggests that PNIp is released from inside platelets during activation, and thus does not function to transmit the primary activating signal that is generated by thrombin binding to platelets.
Performance of recycled concrete aggregate pavements based on historical condition data

The principles of sustainability dictate that construction materials should be recycled whenever possible. In the US, it is a common practice to crush old concrete pavements at the end of their ser...
Ambiente laboral y su relación con la calidad de servicios en los restaurantes del distrito de Miraflores, Lima-Perú

To determine the level of satisfaction in restaurants of Miraflores city and the relationship between customers satisfaction and the the working environment this study was done. 150 restaurant workers and 150 consumers were surveyed. Data were collected and processed using logistic regression technique.The most outstanding result was the high level of satisfaction shown by both the internal and the external clients and the statistically significative relationship between the satusfaction level of workers with customers
Biomass and nutrient allocation of sawgrass and cattail along a nutrient gradient in the Florida Everglades

Biomass and nutrient allocation in sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense Crantz) and cattail (Typha domingensis Pers.) were examined along a nutrient gradient in the Florida Everglades in 1994. This north to south nutrient gradient, created by discharging nutrient-rich agricultural runoff into the northern region of Water Conservatio ea 2A, was represented by three areas (impacted, transitional and reference). Contrasting changes of plant density and size along the gradient were found for communities of both species. For the sawgrass community, more small plants were found in ref ce areas, whereas few large plants were found in impacted areas. In contrast, for the cattail community, bigger plants were found in reference areas, and smaller plants were found in impacted areas. Both species allocated approximately 60% of their total biomass to leaves and 40% to belowground tissues. However, sawgrass biomass allocation to leaves, roots, shoot bases and rhizomes (65%, 19%, 11%, and 5%, respectively) was similar among the three areas. In contrast, cattail plants growing in referen reas showed higher root allocation (27.3%), but lower leaf allocation (51.1%) than those growing in impacted areas (14.6% and 65.8% for root and leaf allocation, respectively). Cattail had higher phosphorus concentrations than sawgrass in tissues associated with growth functions (leaves, roots, and rhizomes). In contrast, sawgrass had higher phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations than cattail in tissues primarily associated with resource storage (shoot bases). From impacted to reference areas, for sawgrass, there was a decrease of leaf TP from 605 to 248 (mg/kg), root TP from 698 to 181 (mg/kg), rhizome TP from 1,139 to 142 (mg/kg), and shoot base TP from 5,412 to 400 to (mg/kg). For cattail, leaf TP decreased from 1,175 to 556 (mg/kg), root TP de sed from 1,100 to 798 (mg/kg), rhizome TP decreased from 1390 to 380 (mg/kg), and shoot base TP decreased from 2,990 to 433 (mg/kg). N/P ratios of sawgrass in reference areas were 27, 63, 38, and 50 for leaves, roots, rhizomes, and shoot bases, respectively, whereas in impacted areas they were 11, 21, 6, and 2, respectively. The greatest TP storage was found in impacted areas. Differences in seed output, seed number, and mean seed weight were found for both species as well. Each cattail flower stalk duced approximately 105 tiny seeds (0.048 ± 0.001 mg) while each sawgrass flower stalk produced about 103 large seeds (3.13 ± 0.005 mg). These results suggest that phosphorus is a limiting resource in the Everglades and that the two species have different life history strategies. These data provide an ecological basis for making informed management and planning decisions to protect and restore the Everglades.
Immediate Bilateral Breast Reconstruction Using Abdominally Based Flaps: An Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database.

Background Bilateral mastectomy rates are increasing in the United States. The abdomen is the most common harvest site for autologous reconstruction. Nationwide data were examined to determine differences in hospital charges, length of stay (LOS), and early postoperative complications following immediate bilateral pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (pTRAM), free TRAM (fTRAM), deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP), and superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) perforator flaps and were compared with unilateral reconstruction. Methods Patients who underwent immediate bilateral breast reconstruction using a single method of abdominally based reconstruction were identified using the 2009 to 2014 Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database. Outcomes included total hospital charges, LOS, and immediate postoperative complications. Results We identified 13,348 cases of bilateral mastectomy with a single type of immediate bilateral autologous flap reconstruction. The majority were bilateral DIEP flaps. Mean total cost for bilateral pTRAM, fTRAM, DIEP, and SIEA flaps was US $21,886.80, US $28,839.40, US $30,051.30, and US $33,784.90, respectively (p 0.1). Conclusion Immediate complication rates were higher in bilateral free flaps compared with bilateral pedicled flaps. pTRAM and fTRAM flap reconstructions are still performed frequently with acceptable immediate results without considering long-term morbidity, aesthetics, and abdominal muscle function. Bilateral SIEA free flaps were associated with significantly higher total cost, LOS, and complication rates compared with other groups. Complications were similar between unilateral and bilateral reconstruction procedures. While cost is significantly greater for bilateral procedures compared with unilateral pTRAM, fTRAM, and DIEP flaps, it is not doubled.
Teaching in Clinic

Teaching effectively in the ambulatory setting can be challenging, primarily due to time constraints and a relative lack of control as compared to the inpatient setting. Often the clinical and teaching agenda may not be known prior to the encounter in the outpatient setting, resulting in the physician having less control of the clinic session’s agenda and workflow. This can make it difficult to simultaneously meet the needs of both the patient and the learner. In order to improve ambulatory education, a multifaceted approach must be taken. Specialized teaching techniques should be employed to ensure that teachable moments are captured in an effective and efficient manner. Additionally, certain aspects of the clinic’s structure, workflow, and scheduling can be modified to help create a more optimal learning environment. While trainees will get some education through direct engagement in patient care, they must also get supplementary ambulatory education, either through a formal curriculum, dedicated conferences, or other team-learning opportunities. Overall, a primary focus should be on empowering learners to take responsibility for their education, as this will help ensure that their learning needs are met.
Exploring Relationships Between e-Tailing Website Quality and Purchase Intention

Attracting and retaining customers in an online environment is crucial to remain a successful retail business. Although purchase intentions have been recognized as a major factor affected by the website quality, few studies have examined how initial purchase intention affects the continued purchase intention. We want to further investigate the relationship between website quality (system, information, and service) and purchase intention categories with perceived risk as the moderator. We developed a questionnaire and three different websites for a fictional office furniture retail business to aid our investigation. The questionnaire was distributed to university students in a large U.S metropolitan city. We received 256 valid responses. Our empirical results confirmed that information and service quality of the e-tail website positively impact initial purchase intentions, and consequently continued purchase intention. Of the three website quality variables measured, the perceived risk seems to have an adverse effect only on the relationship between system quality and purchase intentions. Based on our findings, e-tailing websites should consider focusing more on website quality factors such as responsiveness, utility, reliability, availability, and the content of the website as well as the service provided such as customization, users feedback and rating, and good tracking of user complaints.
Leveraging connectivity and automation to improve propulsion system energy sufficiency

The use of connectivity and automation in mobility applications is rapidly increasing and being introduced into propulsion system controls to reduce energy consumption. With support from the US Department of Energy’s, ARPA-E agency and in partnership with General Motors, the Chevrolet Volt, generation II, is studied and tested for the benefits of Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV) control applied to Vehicle Dynamics and Powertrain (VDP representing the potential reduction in energy consumption CAV control can provide a plugin hybrid electric propulsion system architecture.
Thermal Energy Storage Systems Based on Metal Hydride Materials

A comprehensive techno-economic analysis of candidate metal hydride materials, used for thermal energy storage applications, is carried out. The selected systems show the potential to exceed the performance of latent heat or phase change heat storage systems and can closely approach the US Department of Energy targets for concentrating solar power plant applications. A paired metal hydride system is selected as possible thermal energy storage to be integrated with high-temperature steam power plants. Its performance is simulated adopting a finite element-based detailed transport phenomena model. Results show the ability of the system to achieve the required operating temperatures and to store and release thermal energy appropriately.
Whirlwinds and Break-Ins: Evidence Linking a New Orleans Tornado to Residential Burglary

This study examines the number and location of residential burglaries before and after a tornado that struck New Orleans, Louisiana in February 2017. Using calls for service to the New Orleans Poli...
Metastable solubility and local structure of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC)

Abstract The properties of amorphous calcium carbonate provide the foundation for understanding mineralization of calcified skeletons but inconsistencies between studies suggest the physical picture is incomplete. This study quantifies the metastable solubility and structure of ACC produced under a series of chemical conditions. Using complementary in situ methods that quantify ACC structure (in situ PDF analysis) in parallel with chemical composition (TGA, ICP-OES), we find two short-range structures are produced that also show distinct morphological differences. Conditions with high carbonate ion concentrations stabilize a Ca-rich ACC with short-range order that is independent of Mg content. In contrast, low carbonate solutions favor Mg-rich ACC with mixed Ca- and Mg-short range order. Measurements of solubility product determined from supersaturated and undersaturated conditions find the distinctive structures are related to solution carbonate activity while solubility is primarily determined by the magnesium content of the solid. Bulk solubility is a composite that concurs with established values. The findings demonstrate the type of ACC that forms is tuned by Mg2+ and CO3-2- concentration and suggest ACC structure, not bulk composition, is a reliable indicator of intermediate phase. This chemical framework also provides a basis for interpreting apparent differences between observations of ACC in synthetic and natural systems that reconciles previous structural studies.
Food Safety Genomics and Connections to One Health and the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

This article describes the potential for one health surveillance of foodborne pathogens and disease using the revolutionary methodologies of whole genome sequencing. Whole genome sequencing of viral and bacterial pathogens is a natural fit to a one health perspective because these pathogens reside and are shared by humans, animals, and the environment and their genomes are compared easily regardless of where or from what host the pathogen was isolated. A genome provides a huge amount of data that can be analyzed for numerous applications. Sharing data coordinates surveillance efforts across the various disciplines.
Cancellous Tibial Bone Graft for Malunion after Mandibular Reconstruction in Head and Neck Cancer

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS While nonunion after mandibular reconstruction for head and neck surgery is rare, literature exploring management is scarce. Our primary objective was to determine success rates of tibial bone graft (TBG) in achieving mandibular union. Secondary objectives include determining factors that contribute to failure of TBG. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Chart Review. METHODS Retrospective chart review between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2018. Patients who underwent a mandibulotomy or mandibulectomy with osteocutaneous free flap reconstruction were identified. Patients who were pursuing dental rehabilitation, subsequently diagnosed with mandibular nonunion and received a cancellous TBG were assessed. RESULTS The 15 patients meeting inclusion criteria were mostly male (67%), white (87%), and nonsmokers (67%) with a median age of 64 (IQR = 60-73). Successful union occurred in 13 of 18 (72%) TBGs and the majority (63%) had a partial union documented at the time of surgery. Five patients (83%) who initially had a mandibulotomy achieved union compared to 78% of those with osteocutaneous reconstruction (P = 1.0). Postoperative radiation did not affect rates of union: 80% for both (P = 1.0). Patients with osteoradionecrosis (ORN) achieved union in 67% of cases compared to 75% of cases who did not have ORN (P = .86). There were similar rates of union for those who required perioperative antibiotics for infection and those without infection (67% vs. 75%, P = .86). Dental rehabilitation was achieved in 55% of patients, most commonly dentures. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that TBG can be used to achieve union for patients with malunion after head and neck cancer reconstruction. We show its successful use within the reconstructive algorithm for patients regardless of postoperative radiation for very small defects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:1291-1296, 2021.
Wavelets: A Brief Introduction

This chapter gives an introductory treatment of the basic ideas concerning wavelets. The wavelet decomposition of functions is related to the analogous Fourier decomposition, and the wavelet representation is presented first in terms of its simplest paradigm, the Haar basis. This piecewise constant Haar system is used to describe the concepts of the multiresolution analysis, and these ideas are generalized to other types of wavelet bases.
The Correlation Between Illegal Wildlife Trade and Illicit Financial Flows: A Case of Indonesia

Illegal Wildlife trade is possible because it’s financed, and the financiers of this illegal trade have ways to launder proceeds earned from it. This paper, in addition to explaining the correlation between illicit financial flows and animal trafficking using Indonesia as a case study, it will also assess how Indonesian law enforcement authorities are dealing with this problematic complex the issue, using the existing institutional and legal frameworks including both domestic laws and international legal instruments such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Borrowing the approach used to combat human trafficking mentioned in the Palermo Protocol, this paper will propose how the “Prevention, Protection, Prosecution and Partnership approach” could be used in the context of combating animal trafficking using a holistic approach that addresses illegal wildlife trade.
Tuning the Reactivity of Nano-energetic Gas Generators Based on Bismuth and Iodine Oxidizers

There is a growing interest in novel energetic materials called nano-energetic gas generators (NGGs) which are potential alternatives to traditional energetic materials including pyrotechnics, propellants, primers, and solid rocket fuels. NGGs are formulations that utilize metal powders as a fuel and oxides or hydroxides as oxidizers that can rapidly release a large amount of heat and gaseous products to generate shock waves. The heat and pressure discharge, impact sensitivity, long-term stability, and other critical properties depend on the particle size and shape, as well as assembling procedure and intermixing degree between the components. The extremely high energy density and the ability to tune the dynamic properties of the energetic system makes NGGs ideal candidates to dilute or replace traditional energetic materials for emerging applications. In terms of energy density, performance, and controllability of dynamic properties, the energetic materials based on bismuth and iodine compounds are exceptional among the NGGs. The thermodynamic calculations and experimental study confirm that NGGs based on iodine and bismuth compounds mixed with aluminum nanoparticles are the most powerful formulations to date and can be used potentially in microthrusters technology with high thrust-to-weight ratio with controlled combustion and exhaust velocity for space applications. The resulting nano-thermites generated the significant value of pressure discharge up to 14.8 kPa m3/g. They can also be integrated with carbon nanotubes to form laminar composite yarns with high power actuation of up to 4700 W/kg or be used in other emerging applications such as biocidal agents to effectively destroy harmful bacteria in seconds, with 22 mg/m2 minimal content over the infected area.
Feelings on Remote Education in the Era of Coronavirus Pandemic, a Pilot Study.

Abstract The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic required schools of nursing to change content delivery to a remote platform. For those who had little or no previous online educational experiences, this change created an array of feelings and emotions in both students and faculty. Methods A mixed method exploratory study was used to explore the feelings and emotions of students and faculty associated with the rapid adjustment to changes in delivery of content and its impact on their emotional well-being. Results Feelings of frustration, stress, and anxiety at the pandemic in general, and toward remote learning in particular were found. The inability to see others in person was also a source of stress. Discussion Major themes such as increased workload and the displeasure with having didactic content delivery online were major themes. Students prefer mandatory synchronous didactic delivery and were concerned that online clinical experiences may not be as effective as in-person clinical experiences.
Stress and Coping Strategies among Arizona School-Based Therapists Impacted by COVID-19

The COVID 19 pandemic created unprecedented challenges for health professionals, including therapists working in school settings who experienced increased stressors and decreased support. The goal ...
Is Real Estate a Fad

Excerpt] According to the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, (Fourth Edition Copyright 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company), a fad is defined as: “A fashion that is taken up with great enthusiasm for a brief period of time; a craze.” Could real estate investors be subject to “a craze”? It sure feels that way. The scene is a crowded market and all around me people feel desperate to purchase at least one of what is being sold. Am I describing my experience of buying a pet rock as a child or today’s world of investing in real estate. The answer is, in fact, both. Don’t misunderstand me, I am not really into fads: No fad diets for me or break dancing in my past. Mohawks were not for me. I don’t get up in the morning on the lookout for the latest craze, but nonetheless, the real estate fad seems to have found me.
Influence of Habitat Conditions and Predation Risk on Productivity and Behavior of a Partially-Migratory Elk Herd in the Absaroka Range

Ungulate migration is an important but increasingly rare ecological process. Although Yellowstone National Park (YNP) retains a rich assemblage of migratory ungulates, changing ecological conditions across its boundaries are posing new and complex challenges to our understanding of migratory populations. This study is focused on the Clarks Fork elk herd, a partially-migratory population whose migratory subpopulation spends it summers in high-elevation alpine and subalpine habitats inside YNPâs northeastern boundary. In the past decade, productivity of migratory elk has declined sharply while the non-migratory herd segment has remained stable or grown on private lands east of YNP. Early findings have revealed that pregnancy of migratory elk is exceptionally low, suggesting that YNP migrants are nutritionally stressed. Although fat gain in temperate ungulates is conventionally thought to be limited by summer forage quality, and the park has lately experienced prolonged drought, some have suggested that physiologically-costly, wolf-induced antipredator behaviors are reducing elk condition and reproductive performance. We are investigating the relative influence of habitat conditions versus antipredator behavior on the body-fat levels and reproduction of Clarks Fork elk. Our results will help YNP, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD), the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and other state and federal management agencies understand and manage elk populations and their migrations in the post-wolf reintroduction era.
Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater

Natural replenishment of the vast supply of underground water occurs very slowly; therefore, excessive continued exploitation of groundwater at a rate greater than this replenishment causes declining groundwater levels in the long term and if not corrected, leads to eventual mining of groundwater. To increase the natural supply of groundwater, artificial recharge of groundwater basins is becoming increasingly important in groundwater management and particularly in situations where the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources is being considered.
High-Heat-Flux Removal by Phase-Change Fluid and Particulate Flow

A new concept based on particulate flow in which either or both the particulates and the fluid could undergo phase changes is proposed. The presence of particulates provides not only a mechanism for additional heat removal through phase change but also the potential for increasing the rate of heat transfer by enhancing convection through surface region/bulk [open quotes]mixing[close quotes], by enhancing radiation, particularly for high-temperature cases; and for the case of multiphase fluid, by enhancing the boiling process. One particularly interesting coolant system based on this concept is [open quotes]subcooled boiling water-ice particulate[close quotes] flow. A preliminary analysis of this coolant system is presented, the results of which indicate that such a coolant system is better applied for cooling of relatively small surface areas with high local heat fluxes, where a conventional cooling system would come short of providing the required heat removal at acceptable coolant pressure levels. 14 refs., 8 figs.
Reductive Dehalogenation and Metabolism of Haloorganics

Introduction Cometabolic Reductive Dechlorination Reductive Dechlorination and Dehalorespiration Chloroethene Utilization Chlorinated Methane and Trichloroacetate Utilization Chlorophenol and Bromophenol Utilization Reductive Dehalogenation of other Organohalogen Compounds by Mixed Microbial Populations Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Reductive Dechlorination Bioremediation Studies Keywords: biodegradation; dehalogenation of haloorganics; haloorganics; reductive dehalogenation
The Distribution of Children's Developmental Resources

Abstract This chapter examines the distribution of children's developmental resources through children's time diaries and other selected measures from the 1997 Child Development Supplement (CDS) to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Parental beliefs, particularly when shared, influence resources devoted to the development of young children and increase a wide array of inputs such as spending time with children, sharing household tasks, and involving in community activities. This contributes to a pattern of wide dispersion in developmental inputs to children.
Percutaneous Mechanical Assist Devices

In 1968, the first clinical application of the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was reported for treating patients with cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction (1). Now, just over three decades later, the IABP is routinely used by cardiologists in the cardiac care unit and in the cardiac catheterization lab as well as by cardiac surgeons in the perioperative setting. Its role in the management of congestive heart failure as a result of ischemia, infarction, or valvular heart disease has become so established that the IABP is currently the most widely used mechanical cardiac assist device. Its use is only likely to increase, given that studies have shown that aggressive IABP use is cost-effective in selected patients because of both shorter hospital stay and complication reduction (2).
Designing snap-free concentric tube robots: A local bifurcation approach

In designing concentric tube robots, it is often desirable to use curvatures that are as high as possible. However, with high curvatures comes the potential for elastic instabilities. This can be addressed by motion planning or by designing the robot to preclude the possibility of instability. In this paper, we pursue the latter. Our primary contribution is to show that local bifurcation theory can be used to predict the existence of elastic instability anywhere in the workspace of robots with arbitrarily many tubes, with straight transmissions. We show how to use these results to design robots that are guaranteed to remain elastically stable at all times.
Improved human parsing with a full relational model

We show quantitative evidence that a full relational model of the body performs better at upper body parsing than the standard tree model, despite the need to adopt approximate inference and learning procedures. Our method uses an approximate search for inference, and an approximate structure learning method to learn. We compare our method to state of the art methods on our dataset (which depicts a wide range of poses), on the standard Buffy dataset, and on the reduced PASCAL dataset published recently. Our results suggest that the Buffy dataset over emphasizes poses where the arms hang down, and that leads to generalization problems.
Linear Dynamical Systems, Approximation

The sections in this article are 1 The Schmidt–Mirsky Theorem and the Aak Generalization 2 Construction of Approximants 3 Examples 4 Conclusion
Biomechanical Assessment of a Rear-Seat Inflatable Seatbelt in Frontal Impacts

The biomechanical performance of a rear-seat inflatable seatbelt system was evaluated and compared with a 3-point seatbelt system which has a long history of good real-world performance. Frontal impact sled tests were conducted with Hybrid III anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) and with post mortem human subjects (PMHS) using both restraint systems and a generic rear-seat configuration. Test results demonstrated: (a) reduction in forward head excursion with the inflatable seatbelt system when compared to that of a 3-point seatbelt; (b) a reduction in ATD and PMHS peak chest deflections and the number of PMHS rib fractures with the inflatable seatbelt system; and (c) a reduction in PMHS cervical-spine injuries due to the interaction of the chin with the inflated shoulder belt. These results suggest that an inflatable seatbelt system can offer additional benefits to some occupants in the rear seats. Future research should assess the field effectiveness, customer comfort and acceptance, and change in the belt usage rate with the inflatable seatbelt system.
Avian Scale Development XIV: A Study of Cell Proliferation in the Epidermis of the Scaleless, sc/sc, Mutant

Embryonic induction has been demonstrated in numerous studies, yet the molecular basis for induction still eludes investigators. Components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell adhesion molecules (CAM), diffusable factors, as well as direct cell-cell contact, have been implicated in the early induction of avian feathers and scales. Although feathers and scales differ in many aspects, they are similar in that they appear initially as discrete and orderly arranged epidermal placodes. In the case of scutate scales, the cells of the epidermal placode are nonproliferative, while the cells of the interplacode regions are highly proliferative. In this study, I compare the proliferative activity of normal scale cells with that of the epidermal cells from embryos of the scaleless (sc/sc) mutant chicken which does not undergo epidermal placode formation and therefore lacks scutate scales. These results show that prior to the time that placodes would normally form, the proliferative activity of the scaleless epidermal cells is similar to that seen in normal epidermal cells. Likewise, the cessation of cell proliferation seen in normal placodes occurs in the epidermal basal cells of the sc/sc shank. It is the high rate of proliferation seen for the epidermal basal cells of the normal interplacode region and the outer surface of the scale ridge that never develops in the sc/sc epidermal cells.
Gabor filter-based automated strain computation from tagged MR images

Myocardial tagging is a non-invasive MR imaging technique; it generates a periodic tag pattern in the magnetization that deforms with the tissue during the cardiac cycle. It can be used to assess regional myocardial function, including tissue displacement and strain. Most image analysis methods require labor-intensive tag detection and tracking. We have developed an accurate and automated method for tag detection in order to calculate strain from tagged magnetic resonance images of the heart. It detects the local spatial frequency and phase of the tags using a bank of Gabor filters with varying frequency and phase. This variation in tag frequency is then used to calculate the local myocardial strain. The method is validated using computer simulations.
Never Too Old to Learn: The Impact of an HIV/AIDS Education Program on Older Adults' Knowledge

This study assessed changes in AIDS-related knowledge as a result of a sex education workshop created specifically for older adults and the subsequent retention of this information. Our findings support the acquisition of knowledge by older adults as a result of the sex education workshop. In addition, AIDS-related knowledge was retained for at least 3 months. Thus, older adults can and will acquire new information regarding AIDS-related information when it is presented to them. Difficulties in collecting information regarding risk-related behaviors to examine the relationship between knowledge and behavior change were also discussed.
Modeling power bus decoupling on multilayer printed circuit boards

Power bus decoupling designs on multilayer printed circuit boards must adequately account for the power bus interplane capacitance and its consequences for the design. Lumped element models for a power bus on a multilayer printed circuit board where an appreciable or entire portion of a layer is devoted to power and ground have been developed. The models are applicable below the distributed resonances of the board. Analytical, circuit simulation, and experimental studies have been conducted to test the models, investigate the effects of the distributed interplane capacitance of the power bus, and the effect of interconnect inductance associated with surface-mount decoupling capacitors. >
Are You My Mother? Why Mitochondrial DNA Transfers Require States to Rework Traditional, Two-Person Legal Parentage Frameworks

Genetic modification makes the impossible possible. Recent headlines report new possibilities every day: “FDA Considering 3-Parent Embryos,” “Genetically Modified Babies,” and “Consultation on Babies with Three People’s DNA.” Amidst these cutting-edge possibilities, the resounding question is: Should we worry? On one hand, germline modification in humans poses significant safety and eugenics concerns. On the other hand, “What’s wrong . . . with taller, smarter, saner, blonder humans? Parents and patients, not governments, will make the choices. They presumably will choose better futures for themselves and their offspring. The sum of suffering and disease will decline.” These polar views currently shape the discussion about mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transfers, as the United Kingdom and United States consider whether and when to allow clinical trials to proceed with mtDNA transfers in humans.Three main questions emerge from this debate: (1) Should clinical trials on human be allowed to proceed? (2) If mtDNA transfers are allowed, and especially if they become routine, what are the legal consequences? and (3) How must the law change, if at all, to make way for children who are genetically related to three adults? This Article explores these questions while focusing largely on the legal implications of mtDNA transfers. As mtDNA transfer technology emerges, laws will inevitably have to address expanding legal parentage beyond the traditional two-person framework. The United Kingdom has been at the forefront of exploring mtDNA transfers and drafting legislation that would sort out the legal issues created by this new procedure. The United States, however, has just begun to address these crucial concerns. This Article suggests that states should follow California and British Columbia’s lead by passing legislation that allows for the recognition of more than two legal parents. State legislatures now have a chance to guide courts, fertility clinics, patients, donors, and society as a whole as mtDNA transfers emerge as a promising way to stop debilitating diseases. As genetic kinship expands to a wider range of people than simply one mother and one father, the law must also expand.
Altered ganglioside composition in virally transformed rat embryo fibroblasts.

Abstract The composition of gangliosides was examined in a normal rat embryo fibroblast cell line (REF52) and in two viral transformants: a polyoma transformant (REF52-PyMLV) and a simian viral 40 transformant (REF52-SV40). The distribution of gangliosides in the cell lines was determined using gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. N-acetylneuraminic acid was the predominant sialic acid species detected in the three cell lines. The total ganglioside concentration (μg/100 mg dry weight of cells) in the normal, PyMLV, and SV40 lines was 144.7 ± 10.4, 153.8 ± 9.2, and 86.1 ± 6.8, respectively. Gangliosides GM3, GM2, GM1, and GD1a were the major species in the normal and transformed lines. The distribution of these gangliosides, however, differed markedly between the normal and the transformed lines and also between the transformed lines themselves. The transformed cells also differed from the normal cells in growth rate, morphology, and social behavior. The cell line with highest GM3 content (PyMLV) formed islands, whereas the normal and SV40 cell lines, which had lower GM3 levels, grew as monolayers. The findings suggest that PyMLV and SV40 transformation can have multiple and different effects on cellular ganglioside distribution and growth behavior.
An Evaluation of a Program for the Treatment of Alcoholism in Croatia

This study was sponsored by Grant PL—480 of the United States Public Health Service, in co-operation with the Association of American Medical Colleges, the Andrija Stampar School of Public Health in Zagreb, Croatia, and the Institute for the Study and Control of Alcoholism, Zagreb, Croatia.
Comprehensive CFD simulation of the ladle cycle toward lining service life optimization

The objective of this study is to optimize ladle cycle to enhance the lining service life. This optimization would be achieved by a better understanding of the lining thermal conditions during the varies stages of the ladle cycle by a mathematical simulation of the process. A 2D axisymmetric mathematical model was developed to predict the ladle lining and steel shell temperature during the full ladle cycle. The estimated steel shell temperature during drying and preheating process of a newly lined ladle was in good agreement with the literature and the plant expectation. This study recommend to make some changes in the current ladle cycle practice to reduce the abnormal lining temperature variation. Also recommend to enhance the preheating burners for sufficient lining drying/preheating. This then would improve the lining service life and reduce the refractory consumptions rate.
Recall bias in epidemiologic studies

The factors which contribute to bias due to differential recall between cases and controls in retrospective studies have been little studied. A review of the literature on recall accuracy suggests that the extent of inaccurate recall is related to characteristics of the exposure of interest and of the respondents, though a distinction must be drawn between recall which is biased and that which is simply inaccurate. Interviewing technique and the study protocol, including the design of questionnaires and the motivation of respondents, play a central role and are under the control of the investigator. The results of validation studies carried out to date suggest that the likelihood of recall bias may be greater when recall is poor in general.