cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance observations and modeling: A review

For more than 90 years, solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance modeling has progressed from empirical blackbody radiation formulations, through fudge factors, to typically measured irradiances and reference spectra was well as time-dependent empirical models representing continua and line emissions. A summary of recent EUV measurements by five rockets and three satellites during the 1980s is presented along with the major modeling efforts. The most significant reference spectra are reviewed and threee independently derived empirical models are described. These include Hinteregger's 1981 SERF1, Nusinov's 1984 two-component, and Tobiska's 1990/1991/SERF2/EUV91 flux models. They each provide daily full-disk broad spectrum flux values from 2 to 105 nm at 1 AU. All the models depend to one degree or another on the long time series of the Atmosphere Explorer E (AE-E) EUV database. Each model uses ground- and/or space-based proxies to create emissions from solar atmospheric regions. Future challenges in EUV modeling are summarized including the basic requirements of models, the task of incorporating new observations and theory into the models, the task of comparing models with solar-terrestrial data sets, and long-term goals and modeling objectives. By the late 1990s, empirical models will potentially be improved through the use of proposed solar EUV irradiance measurements and images at selected wavelengths that will greatly enhance modeling and predictive capabilities.
Positive correlation between superoxide release and intracellular adenosine deaminase activity during macrophage membrane perturbation regardless of nature or magnitude of stimulus

Tuftsin stimulates macrophages to release superoxide in direct proportion to intracellular adenosine deaminase activity over a concentration range of 125 to 625 nM tuftsin. This relation is comparable to that previously observed for stimulation by single concentration of several agents. This finding led to the conclusion that the relation between superoxide and adenosine deaminase is independent of the nature or magnitude of the stimulus. In absolute terms, tuftsin increases superoxide secretion up to 375 nM tuftsin; further increases in tuftsin concentration cause a rapid decrease in superoxide secretion to near base line at 500 nM tuftsin. In contrast, the phagocytic response to tuftsin remains maximal up to 10 μM with no indication of inhibition at higher concentrations. Thus, tuftsin stimulation of phagocytosis and superoxide release may be at least partially independent phenomena.
The appropriation of American war memories: a critical juxtaposition of the Holocaust and the Vietnam War

This article delineates and critically juxtaposes the differential public commemorations of the Vietnam War and the Holocaust in the US. We elucidate how the tragedies of the Holocaust have been integrated into US public memory as a central part of the American story, solidifying the image of the United States as a powerful and moral nation that rescues desperate people from tyranny. In contrast, public commemorations of the highly divisive Vietnam War are sparse, if at all, in great part because they would re-ignite questions about the role of the US in Vietnam and in the suffering of its victims. While the Holocaust enables the United States to re-narrate national glory, the Vietnam War calls attention to US defeat and upsets the narrative of rescue and liberation. Through a critical juxtaposition of these two public memories, we assert that the moral and political divisiveness of the Vietnam War constitutes one unacknowledged source of the ascendancy and centrality of the Holocaust in American memory. ...
Sex differences in rabbit masseter motoneuron firing behavior.

To evaluate whether sex differences in the proportions of fibers of different phenotypes in the masseter muscle might be the result of differences in the behavior of their motoneurons, we studied the firing patterns of masseter motoneurons in adult male and female rabbits. Activity in individual motoneurons was determined from high spatial resolution EMG recordings made during cortically evoked rhythmic activation of the masticatory muscles. Although some motoneurons could be said to fire according to slow-tonic or fast-phasic patterns, most did not. In both sexes a substantial range of median firing rates and median firing durations was found. In adult males, masseter motoneurons fired more rapidly than those recorded from adult females. No significant sex differences in motoneuron firing duration were found. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that androgen-induced differences in rabbit masseter muscle fiber phenotype are a reflection of differences in motoneuron firing rate. Whether this effect of androgen is directly upon the motoneurons or is the result of a response of muscle fibers to androgen remains to be investigated.
Substance dependence as a compulsive behavior

A compulsion to take a drug combined with a loss of control in limiting intake is the defining feature of substance dependence or addiction, and is the conceptual framework for the criteria of substance dependence or addiction outlined by the World Health Organization and the American Psychiatric Association. However, defining exactly what constitutes loss of control and compulsive drug taking at the level of animal models is a daunting task, and it is clear that no validated animal model exists for the whole syndrome of addiction. The present discussion redefines loss of control as a narrowing of the behavioral repertoire toward drug-seeking behavior and suggests that there are many sources of reinforcement that contribute to this behavioral focus on drug seeking. Evidence is presented demonstrating separate animal models for many of these sources of reinforcement as well as for most of the criteria for substance dependence. Evidence is also presented showing that the brain neurochemical systems involved in processing drug reward are altered by chronic drug exposure to contribute additional sources of reinforcement. Challenges for the future involve not only elucidation of the neurobiological substrates of the different behavioral components of addiction, but better animal models of these components with which to effect such studies.
Analytical Modeling of IGBTs: Challenges and Solutions

With the availability of advanced computing capability, it is fashionable to analyze and design insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) using sophisticated 2-D and 3-D numerical simulation tools. However, analytical modeling of IGBTs allows a deeper understanding of the physics of operation, which can foster innovation. This paper reviews 1-D analytical models developed for the IGBT on-state characteristics, switching behavior, and safe operating area for symmetric (nonpunchthrough) and asymmetric (punchthrough) devices.
Revision and Analysis of Pseudosaldula Cobben (Insecta: Hemiptera: Saldidae): A Group with a Classic Andean Distribution

Abstract The genus Pseudosaldula Cobben, which is restricted to the Andean Subregion of South America, is revised. Fourteen valid species are recognized, nine of them being described as new and 10 previously published names are treated as junior synonyms based on the examination of approximately 3500 specimens from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. All taxa are described or redescribed. A key to the species is provided. Color habitus illustrations, distributional maps, and detailed measurements are provided for all species. Scanning electron micrographs of the vestiture, parameres, parandria, face, and pretarsus are provided for representative species, as are color views of the face and the nymphs. The concept of a postclypeus in the Saldidae is questioned and the term transverse swelling, as coined by Parsons, is applied in discussing distinctive aspects of facial morphology in Pseudosaldula. A previously unreported, presumably glandular, pore is documented on the parameres in the S...
Agarose gel electrophoresis of bacteriophages and related particles. II. Correction of electrophoretic mobilities for the electro‐osmosis of agarose

Bacteriophage T4, bacteriophage T4 without its tail fibers, and bacteriophage P22 without its tail have been subjected to electrophoresis in agarose gels; electrophoretic mobility (μ) of these particles as a function of the concentration of agarose (A) has been determined using preparations of agarose with different amounts of electro-osmosis. When μ was extrapolated to an A of 0 (μo), it was found that a term, μE, constant for each preparation of agarose must be added to μo to correct for electro-osmotic flow. A relationship between μE and a manufacturer-determined coefficient of electro-osmosis has been empirically derived. Corrected μo's are in agreement with data obtained by solid support-free electrophoresis.
The Roles of Cognitive Processing and Language Development in Emergent Literacy

Simultaneous and successive processing and language development were compared to the early reading behaviors of 64 children, ages 4 through 6 years. Simultaneous and successive processing were defined in terms of Luria's two-factor theory of cerebral specialization (Luria, 1966a, 1966b). Language development and early reading were defined in terms of the natural model (Piaget, 1977) and emergent literacy (Mattingly, 1972). Three standardized instruments were administered; a multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that language development and simultaneous processing made greater contributions to early reading ability than did successive processing. Interpretation of these data described the complex relationships among these variables in terms of the current literature. Implications for preschool instruction and future research are presented.
Duration of Secretion of Bacteriostatic Drugs in Milk. I. Penicillin, Following Oral and Parenteral Administration

Summary The duration and concentration of penicillin in milk were determined following intramuscular and oral administration of procaine penicillin G in sesame oil with 2% aluminum monostearate and intramuscular, intravenous, and intrauterine administration of potassium penicillin G in aqueous suspension. Following intramuscular injection at the rate of 3,000 units per lb of body weight, the maximum interval that penicillin was detected in the milk of the test animals was 96 hr for cows that received penicillin in oil, and 72 hr for those that received aqueous penicillin. Milk from only 25% of the cows in both groups contained detectable penicillin at the maximum intervals. Intravenous injection of 2,000 units of aqueous penicillin per pound of body weight yielded detectable penicillin in the milk of 25% of the test animals at 20 hr, and in 8.3% at 44 hr post-injection. Penicillin was found in the milk of 16.7% of the test animals 27 to 31 hr after intrauterine infusion of 1,000,000 units of aqueous penicillin, and at subsequent intervals no penicillin was detected in milk from any of the cows. A single dose of 10,000,000 units of penicillin in oil fed with concentrate resulted in detectable penicillin in the milk a maximum of 86 hr post-feeding, at which time only 8.3% of the samples were positive. Correlations between the duration of secretion of milk containing penicillin and milk production, fat content of the milk, and body weight were nonsignificant (P > .05) for all methods of administration.
Consequences of poststroke falls: activity limitation, increased dependence, and the development of fear of falling.

OBJECTIVES. We used qualitative data to explore the perceived consequences of poststroke falls during the first 6 months after discharge from the hospital. METHOD. We interviewed 132 male stroke survivors 1 and 6 months after discharge to describe stroke recovery trajectories. Interviews of participants who discussed falling after stroke as one of their major concerns were analyzed to explore the consequences of poststroke falls. RESULTS. During the first 6 months after stroke, 42 (32%) participants discussed poststroke falls. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate three important emergent themes related to the consequences of poststroke falls: (1) limiting activity and participation, (2) increasing dependence, and (3) developing a fear of falling. CONCLUSION. Falls after discharge home were common in this group of stroke survivors. Future research is needed to better understand the impact of fall-related consequences and to explore strategies for fall prevention.
Three-dimensional inversion rendering: a new sonographic technique and its use in gynecology.

Objective The purpose of this presentation is to describe the use of the 3-dimensional (3D) sonographic inversion rendering mode in displaying fluid-filled structures using dedicated hardware and software in gynecology. Methods The 3D software used inverts anechoic into echogenic voxels, which, against the black background of the monitor screen, display the fluid-filled structure as a "cast" of it. The technique of the rendering process is described. Three-dimensional sonographic volumes of the adnexal area in 3 patients thought to have adnexal or ovarian masses were stored and rendered with the use of the laptop version of the inversion software. The same process was used in an additional 12 women for various indications: 7 with suspected uterine malformations and 5 with uterine bleeding. Of these 12 women, 11 underwent saline infusion sonohysterography. Results Rendering the inverted fluid-filled adnexal structures revealed that, in all 3 cases, they were tubal, not ovarian, in origin (chronic hydrosalpinges). Of the 7 uterine cavities suspected of malformation, 3 were normal and 4 had uterine malformations: 2 arcuate uteri and 2 incomplete septate uteri. Of the 4 woman with dysfunctional uterine bleeding, 3 had endometrial cavities with polyps and 1 had an irregular surface of the cast. One woman with postmenopausal spotting had an enlarged but otherwise normal cavity. Conclusions After a relatively short learning curve to master the inversion rendering technique, it is possible to use it in a selected number of gynecologic cases with fluid-filled structures. In resolving the correct diagnosis of the adnexal masses, the inversion images performed better than the 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D orthogonal planes. For diagnosis of uterine disease, the inversion pictures presented marginal value over the 2D and 3D images. The 3D inversion rendering technique may have added value in selected gynecologic cases, establishing a more accurate diagnosis somewhat faster than only 2D sonography or even the 3D orthogonal planes.
Quality control scheme with learning effect consideration

This work identifies a link between quality control scheme and the learning effect caused by the quality improvement program. The reduction rate of process standard deviation may be large during the initial stage of the quality improvement program, and influences the construction of control chart. Simulation is used to evaluate the performance of the control charts. The EWMA mean control chart with consideration of learning curve performs best. The Shewhart mean control chart without learning curve consideration has almost no detection ability when the shift magnitude of the process mean is small.
WiFiProfiler: cooperative diagnosis in wireless LANs

While 802.11-based wireless hotspots are proliferating, users often have little recourse when the network does not work or performs poorly for them. They are left trying to manually debug the problem, which can be a frustrating and disruptive process. The users' troubles are compounded by the absence of network administrators or an IT department to turn to in many 802.11 hotspot settings (e.g., cafes, airports, conferences).We present WiFiProfiler, a system in which wireless hosts cooperate to diagnose and possibly resolve network problems in an automated manner, without requiring any infrastructural support. The key observation is that even if a host's wireless link to an access point is not working, the host is often within the range of other wireless nodes and is in a position to communicate with them (a little) peer-to-peer. We leverage this ability to create a shared information plane, which enables wireless hosts to exchange a range of information about their network settings and the health of their network connectivity. By aggregating and correlating such information across multiple wireless hosts, we infer the likely cause of the problem. Our implementation on Windows XP shows that WiFiProfiler is effective in diagnosing a range of problems and imposes a low overhead on the participating hosts.
Patterns of Cellular Peptide Synthesis by Cultured Bovine Granulosa Cells

The electrophoretic distribution of the polypeptides synthesized by bovine granulosa cell cultures after metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine has been analyzed by double gel electrophoresis. The fluctuations of 35 polypeptides have been followed as a function of the size of the follicles from which cultures originated, as a function of the cultures' proliferative stage (sparce, actively growing vs. confluent, resting cultures), and finally as a function of whether cells were exposed to either epidermal or fibroblast growth factor. When the patterns of protein synthesis in sparce vs. confluent granulosa cell cultures derived from small-sized follicles were compared, only a few differences were observed. In confluent cultures, 6 new peptides appeared, while 1 peptide present in sparce cultures disappeared. Cultures maintained in the presence of fibroblast or epidermal growth factor synthesized 20 new peptides upon reaching confluence. Among these were the 6 new peptides present in confluent but not in sp...
Survey of Some Properties of Linear Networks

An attempt is made to give a brief expose of some modern works on linear network properties. The concepts treated are the following: passivity, stability, efficiency, and nonreciprocity; n -terminal-pair networks and two-terminal-pair networks in particular are studied at a fixed frequency.
Long-Term Dose Response of Trabecular Bone in Mice to Proton Radiation

Astronauts on exploratory missions will experience a complex environment, including microgravity and radiation. While the deleterious effects of unloading on bone are well established, fewer studies have focused on the effects of radiation. We previously demonstrated that 2 Gy of ionizing radiation has deleterious effects on trabecular bone in mice 4 months after exposure. The present study investigated the skeletal response after total doses of proton radiation that astronauts may be exposed to during a solar particle event. We exposed mice to 0.5, 1 or 2 Gy of whole-body proton radiation and killed them humanely 117 days later. Tibiae and femora were analyzed using microcomputed tomography, mechanical testing, mineral composition and quantitative histomorphometry. Relative to control mice, mice exposed to 2 Gy had significant differences in trabecular bone volume fraction (-20%), trabecular separation (+11%), and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (-19%). Exposure to 1 Gy radiation induced a nonsignificant trend in trabecular bone volume fraction (-13%), while exposure to 0.5 Gy resulted in no differences. No response was detected in cortical bone. Further analysis of the 1-Gy mice using synchrotron microCT revealed a significantly lower trabecular bone volume fraction (-13%) than in control mice. Trabecular bone loss 4 months after exposure to 1 Gy highlights the importance of further examination of how space radiation affects bone.
The Organization by Nations at Constance

The Council of Constance, like any other serious event involving many people and lasting over a considerable period of time, can be studied from many points of view. It started out as a gathering for purely ecclesiastical purposes. But some twenty or thirty thousand persons from every class of society, except, perhaps, the lowest, cannot come and remain together for almost four years to discuss one set of difficult and complicated questions without, intentionally or unintentionally, raising many other questions, social, religious, philosophic, economic and political, and forming for the moment, as it were, a microcosm of the forces of the age. Most of the issues that agitated Europe five hundred years ago cropped up sooner or later at Constance, the cost of living, the obnoxiousness of robber barons and private warfare, the right and wrong of tyrannicide, the conflict between Germans and Poles in the East and between English and French in the West, to say nothing of the special issues with which the Council was expected to deal, the claims of three popes to be the only true successors of St. Peter, the perilous teachings of Wiclef and Hus and the worldliness and corruption of church administration. One phase of the Council's activities is of particular interest to students of politics or of that social or psychological phenomenon which we call nationalism. For at Constance, national feeling early expressed itself in an organization by nations, in total disregard of papal will and ecumenical tradition, and national feeling affected the whole course of events, furthering progress at one stage and paralyzing it at another. Not that every state of Europe obtained recognition as a separate entity. The Scandinavian, Po191
College Students' Perceptions of Sexual Orientation and Gender Given Job Descriptions and Titles for Interior Decoration, Interior Design, and Architecture:

To examine perceptions of design professionals, this study was designed to examine possible gender-bias based on job title and description and whether there is a relationship between the two perceptions. A respondent's sex was significantly related to perceptions of a design professional's sex. Both respondents' sex and the perceived sex of the design professional had significant effects on the perceived sexual orientation of the design professionals. Furthermore, the results also indicated that if the design professional was perceived to be male, there was a higher tendency that he would be perceived as homosexual, especially by a male respondent.
Optimization models for fixed channel assignment in wireless mesh networks with multiple radios

The combination of multiple radio nodes in conjunction with a suitably structured multi-hop or mesh architecture has the potential to solve some of the key limitations of present day wireless access networks that are based on single-radio nodes. This paper ad- dresses the channel assignment problem for multi-channel multi-interface (radio) wireless mesh networks. We focus on static wireless mesh networks where multiple non- overlapping channels are available for each wireless inter- face. In this network environment, our objective is to find a fixed channel assignment which maximizes the number of bidirectional links that can be activated simultaneously, subject to interference constraints. We present two mixed integer linear programming models for solving the fixed channel assignment problem with multiple radios. Detailed computational results on various grid topologies are also presented and discussed.
Polarized Light Helps Monarch Butterflies Navigate

During their spectacular migratory journey in the fall, North American monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) use a time-compensated sun compass to help them navigate to their overwintering sites in central Mexico. One feature of the sun compass mechanism not fully explored in monarchs is the sunlight-dependent parameters used to navigate. We now provide data suggesting that the angle of polarized skylight (the e-vector) is a relevant orientation parameter. By placing butterflies in a flight simulator outdoors and using a linear polarizing filter, we show that manipulating the e-vector alters predictably the direction of oriented flight. Butterflies studied in either the morning or afternoon showed similar responses to filter rotation. Monarch butterflies possess the anatomical structure needed for polarized skylight detection, as rhabdoms in the dorsalmost row of photoreceptor cells in monarch eye show the organization characteristic of polarized-light receptors. The existence of polarized-light detection could allow migrants to accurately navigate under a variety of atmospheric conditions and reveals a critical input pathway into the sun compass mechanism.
Are crustal thickness variations in old mountain belts like the Appalachians a consequence of lithospheric delamination

Comparison of Moho geometry and reflection character of active collision zones, like the Alps, with those of fossil collision zones, like the Appalachians, lends support for the view that lithospheric delamination is both a common and fundamentally important component of collisional orogeny. In particular, the relative crustal thinning commonly observed beneath the internides of old collisional orogens is an expected consequence of delamination. Neither precollisional crustal thickness variations nor an unrelated postcollision extensional event is required to produce this feature. Acceptance of the delamination hypothesis, in turn, fundamentally alters one's view of the tectonic evolution of old collisional orogens. In the case of the Appalachians, delamination has direct implications for the interpretation of Alleghanian granites, the direction of subduction leading to final closure between Laurentia and Gondwana, and the thermal state of the lithosphere at the onset of Atlantic rifting. A corollary of the delamination hypothesis is that lateral reflectivity variations cannot be used to define paleogeographic terranes in the deep crust of old orogens. Conversely, the observation that delamination leaves a distinctive geophysical imprint on the crust itself provides an important additional clue for deciphering the tectonic evolution of such regions.
Dihydrophenylalanine: A Prephenate-Derived Photorhabdus luminescens Antibiotic and Intermediate in Dihydrostilbene Biosynthesis

2,5-Dihydrophenylalanine (H(2)Phe) is a multipotent nonproteinogenic amino acid produced by various Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Although the metabolite was discovered over 40 years ago, details of its biosynthesis have remained largely unknown. We show here that L-H(2)Phe is a secreted metabolite in Photorhabdus luminescens cultures and a precursor of a recently described 2,5-dihydrostilbene. Bioinformatic analysis suggested a candidate gene cluster for the processing of prephenate to H(2)Phe, and gene knockouts validated that three adjacent genes plu3042-3044 were required for H(2)Phe production. Biochemical experiments validated Plu3043 as a nonaromatizing prephenate decarboxylase generating an endocyclic dihydro-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Plu3042 acted next to transaminate the Plu3043 product, precluding spontaneous exocyclic double-bond isomerization and yielding 2,5-dihydrotyrosine. The enzymatic products most plausibly on path to H(2)Phe illustrate the versatile metabolic rerouting of prephenate from aromatic amino acid synthesis to antibiotic synthesis.
How Low-income Origins Affect Postsecondary Entry and Degree Completion

The enduring connection between socioeconomic background and educational attainment is uncontested. However, it is unclear whether the main barrier to educational opportunity is college access or degree attainment. Using data from a 14-year U.S. survey, this study shows that low-income youth remain disadvantaged in both entry into college and degree attainment. Nearly half of adults from low-income backgrounds do not complete any postsecondary schooling. For those who do enroll, young adults from low-income families are less likely to earn bachelor’s degrees, partly due to their poorer academic achievement in adolescence, but also due to patterns of part-time enrollment in two-year colleges. While some argue that community colleges provide access to low-income youth who would not otherwise have gone to school, the findings here suggest that access is limited, since many with higher education goals still do not enroll at all, and most others who enroll fail to earn a degree.
Highly active and selective endopeptidases with programmed substrate specificities

A family of engineered endopeptidases has been created that is capable of cleaving a diverse array of peptide sequences with high selectivity and catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM > 104 M−1 s−1). By screening libraries with a selection-counterselection substrate method, protease variants were programmed to recognize amino acids having altered charge, size and hydrophobicity properties adjacent to the scissile bond of the substrate, including Glu↓Arg, a specificity that to our knowledge has not been observed among natural proteases. Members of this artificial protease family resulted from a relatively small number of amino acid substitutions that (at least in one case) proved to be epistatic.
Supervisory control of mobile robots using Sensory EgoSphere

Describes the supervisory control of mobile robots using a biologically inspired short-term memory structure called a Sensory EgoSphere. The EgoSphere is implemented as a virtual geodesic dome upon which sensory data from the surroundings of the robot are written. The EgoSphere is managed by a distinct agent in a distributed agent-based robot control architecture called the Intelligent Machine Architecture. The paper also describes a human-robot interface and a testbed for evaluating the control system.
Physical activity, cognitive activity, and cognitive decline in a biracial community population.

Background Findings from studies investigating whether physical activity reduces the risk of cognitive decline in old age have been inconsistent. Objective To examine whether participation in physical activity by older adults reduces the rate of cognitive decline after accounting for participation in cognitively stimulating activities. Design A prospective population study conducted from August 1993 to January 2003, with an average follow-up of 6.4 years. Setting A biracial community population on the south side of Chicago. Participants Participants were 4055 community-dwelling adults 65 years and older who were able to walk across a small room and had participated in at least 2 of the 3 follow-up assessments. Main Outcome Measure Annual rate of cognitive change as measured by a global cognitive score, which consisted of averaged standardized scores from 4 cognitive tests. Results In a mixed model adjusted for age, sex, race, and education, each additional physical activity hour per week was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline by 0.0007 U/y (P = .04). However, with further adjustments (1) for participation in cognitive activities (β = .0006,P = .10),(2) for depression and vascular diseases (β = .0005,P = .19), and (3) by excluding participants whose global cognitive score at baseline was at or below the 10th percentile (β = .0002,P = .45), the coefficients were smaller and no longer statistically significant. Conclusion These data do not support the hypothesis that physical activity alone protects against cognitive decline among older adults.
More Frequent than Desired: Midgut Stem Cell Somatic Mutations

The accumulation of somatic mutations in adult stem cells contributes to the decline of tissue functions and cancer initiation. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Siudeja et al. (2015) investigate the rate and mechanism of naturally occurring mutations in Drosophila midgut intestinal stem cells during aging and find high-frequency mutations arising from multiple mechanisms.
Catabolism of unnatural carbohydrates by micro-organisms.

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the extensive investigations into the metabolism of unnatural carbohydrates by microorganism. A number of microbial cultures for the ability to ferment rare five-carbon sugars are tested. In tests with fermentation media, this strain was able to metabolize all of the eight aldopentose structures (D- and L-ribose, D- and L-arabinose, D- and L-xylose and D- and L-lyxose) and all of the four pentitol structures (ribitol, D- and L-arabitol, and xylitol). This seemed remarkable because only three of the aldopentoses (D-ribose, L-arabinose and D-xylose) and only two of the pentitols (ribitol and D-arabitol) were considered to be available as growth substrates in nature. The versatility of this organism in its ability to utilize these sugars as sources of carbon and energy is discussed in this chapter. The possible exception was L-ribose, which was not available for testing as a potential growth substrate. It has been recognized in a number of laboratories that studies on the mechanisms by which micro-organisms utilize novel substrates may lead to increased understanding of the events, which result in the evolution of the catabolic pathways in microorganisms. In spite of the facts that L-arabinose and L-arabitol are degraded through this common intermediate and that ribitol dehydrogenase is required to catalyse the first step in degradation of L-arabitol, cells constitutive for ribitol dehydrogenase maintain high levels of the enzyme during growth on L-arabitol. The relatively poor activity of the enzyme for oxidation of L-arabitol as a substrate results in slow metabolism of L-arabitol and a decreased accumulation of the metabolic intermediates and high-energy compounds, which could lead to repression of the ribitol pathway enzymes.
Are You Sure I Have Crohn’s Disease? Making the Proper Diagnosis, Avoiding IBD Mimickers, and Diagnostic Pitfalls

There are several different broad categories of conditions that can mimic IBD either because of location, symptoms, or appearance either with a camera or radiograph or histologically. Consideration of an alternative is important when conventional therapy (like high-dose steroids) does not work. It would be important to always think broadly like infection, neoplasm, inflammation, or ischemia. Remember also that patients can have overlapping diagnoses, like IBD and neoplasm or infection, or IBD with IBS.
Theory of Mind Development is Impaired in 4-year-old Children with Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Tobacco Smoking.

AIMS Theory of Mind (ToM) is an important component of social cognition. Deficits in ToM are found in various neurodevelopmental disorders and social and environmental factors have been found to influence ToM development. Little previous research has focused on effects of exposure to toxins; this report examines the impact of tobacco. PLACE OF STUDY Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, between April 2006 - August 2012. METHODOLOGY 101 children, 18 with prenatal exposure to tobacco, underwent ToM testing at 40 (n=89) and 48 (n=77) months of age. Test questions received dichotomous pass/fail scores and percentage of correct responses was utilized as the primary dependent variable. RESULTS At 40 months of age children were rarely able to correctly answer false belief questions and there were no significant differences according to prenatal tobacco exposure. At 48 months of age, there was a significant effect of prenatal tobacco exposure with non-exposed 48-month-olds correctly answering 45±40.6% of content false belief questions correctly, compared to 13.9±25.3% for 48-month-olds with prenatal tobacco exposure (F=4.79, df= 1,73, p=.032). CONCLUSION ToM abilities are rapidly developing between 40 and 48 months of age. Prenatal exposure to tobacco is associated with impairment at 48 but not 40 months of age. This finding supports consideration of nicotinic mechanisms as contributors to early development of social cognition.
Tradescantia Stamen Hairs: A Radiobiological Test System Applicable to Chemical Mutagenesis

Several species in the family Commelinaceae, of which Tradescantia is a member, have features particularly well suited for certain radiobiological studies. Effects produced by ionizing radiations which are easily studied include (1) chromosome aberrations in microspores, root tips, ovaries, and stamen hairs; (2) somatic mutations in petals and stamen hairs in clones heterozygous for flower color; (3) pollen abortion; (4) loss of reproductive integrity in stamen hairs; and (5) whole plant or seedling death. The stamen hairs of Tradescantia clone 02 have also proved to be sensitive to radiation-induced mutations at doses in the millirad region.(1)
Bronze Age Eleusis and the Origins of the Eleusinian Mysteries

For more than one thousand years, people from every corner of the Greco-Roman world sought the hope for a blessed afterlife through initiation into the Mysteries of Demeter and Kore at Eleusis. In antiquity itself and in our memory of antiquity, the Eleusinian Mysteries stand out as the oldest and most venerable mystery cult. Despite the tremendous popularity of the Eleusinian Mysteries, their origins are unknown. Because they are lost in an era without written records, they can only be reconstructed with the help of archaeology. This book provides a much-needed synthesis of the archaeology of Eleusis during the Bronze Age and reconstructs the formation and early development of the Eleusinian Mysteries. The discussion of the origins of the Eleusinian Mysteries is complemented with discussions of the theology of Demeter and an update on the state of research in the archaeology of Eleusis from the Bronze Age to the end of antiquity.
Teaching Anthropogenic Climate Change through Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Helping Students Think Critically about Science and Ethics in Dialogue.

ABSTRACT Anthropogenic climate change is a complicated issue involving scientific data and analyses as well as political, economic, and ethical issues. In order to capture this complexity, we developed an interdisciplinary student and faculty collaboration by (1) offering introductory lectures on scientific and ethical methods to two classes, (2) assigning the same technical and opinion texts about anthropogenic climate change to both classes, and (3) coordinating multidiscipline discussions with students about their common reading assignments. Student learning was documented using identical pre- and postcollaboration surveys. We hypothesized that students would be better prepared to understand and engage in public debate about anthropogenic climate change if they were first taught to distinguish clearly between scientific and ethical claims. Our results from pre- and postcollaboration surveys support our hypothesis; as students showed an increased understanding of the distinction between science and ethi...
Facial Nerve Outcome and Tumor Control Rate as a Function of Degree of Resection in Treatment of Large Acoustic Neuromas: Preliminary Report of the Acoustic Neuroma Subtotal Resection Study (ANSRS).

Background Patients with large vestibular schwannomas are at high risk of poor facial nerve (cranial nerve VII [CNVII]) function after surgery. Subtotal resection potentially offers better outcome, but may lead to higher tumor regrowth. Objective To assess long-term CNVII function and tumor regrowth in patients with large vestibular schwannomas. Methods Prospective multicenter nonrandomized cohort study of patients with vestibular schwannoma ≥2.5 cm who received gross total resection, near total resection, or subtotal resection. Patients received radiation if tumor remnant showed signs of regrowth. Results Seventy-three patients had adequate follow-up with mean tumor diameter of 3.33 cm. Twelve received gross total resection, 22 near total resection, and 39 subtotal resection. Fourteen (21%) remnant tumors continued to grow, of which 11 received radiation, 1 had repeat surgery, and 2 no treatment. Four of the postradiation remnants (36%) required surgical salvage. Tumor regrowth was related to non-cystic nature, larger residual tumor, and subtotal resection. Regrowth was 3 times as likely with subtotal resection compared to gross total resection and near total resection. Good CNVII function was achieved in 67% immediately and 81% at 1-year. Better immediate nerve function was associated with smaller preoperative tumor size and percentage of tumor left behind on magnetic resonance image. Degree of resection defined by surgeon and preoperative tumor size showed weak trend toward better late CNVII function. Conclusion Likelihood of tumor regrowth was 3 times higher in subtotal resection compared to gross total resection and near total resection groups. Rate of radiation control of growing remnants was suboptimal. Better immediate but not late CNVII outcome was associated with smaller tumors and larger tumor remnants. Abbreviations CNVII, cranial nerve VIIGTR, gross total resectionHB, House-BrackmannMRI, magnetic resonance imageNTR, near total resectionSTR, subtotal resection.
NGTS-03CHARACTERIZATION OF PRIMARY GLIOMAS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH LI-FRAUMENI SYNDROME: A CASE SERIES

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is a rare hereditary cancer syndrome that has classically been associated with familial sarcomas, but now includes brain tumors, premenopausal breast cancer, and adrenocortical carcinomas in its recognized core tumor pathologies. Germline mutations in the TP53 gene are the only known cause of LFS. Affected individuals are typically diagnosed at younger ages than individuals with sporadic tumors and are at risk for multiple malignancies over their lifetime. Characterization of the evolving phenotype of LFS is ongoing, including the use of clinical criteria to identify index patients. Few studies, however, have described the phenotype of primary gliomas in LFS. In this case series, we describe the presentation of four individuals, two male and two female, with primary gliomas and molecularly confirmed LFS at our institution. All individuals presented with high-grade gliomas: two with anaplastic astrocytoma, one with anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and one with glioblastoma multiforme. The age of diagnosis ranged from 25 to 50 years. Glioma was the first presentation of disease in three individuals. The fourth individual had a previous diagnosis of osteosarcoma. Family history was remarkable, positive with regards to Chompret criteria, in two individuals and negative or unknown in two individuals. Molecular tumor testing was available for three individuals: one individual had two somatic TP53 mutations and two individuals had one TP53 mutation with loss of heterozygosity at the opposite allele. These cases demonstrate that individuals with LFS may first present in a neuro-oncology clinic for initial diagnosis. Screening for LFS should be prompted in individuals with a personal and/or family history that includes LFS core tumor pathologies. Further characterization of these individuals is necessary to improve the early identification of LFS, specifically in individuals who present first with glioma, and provide appropriate management recommendations for patients and their families.
Mexican Bean Beetle: Compounds with Juvenile Hormone Activity (Juvegens) as Potential Control Agents

Ovipositing Epilachna varivestis Mulsant were confined in cages in the laboratory with lima bean plants treated with compounds having juvenile hormone activity (juvegens). Egg masses deposited after the 1st day of confinement failed to hatch, although there was no reduction in egg deposition. Egg hatch returned to normal within a few days after the females were transferred to untreated plants. Last-stage larvae confined in cages with treated plants molted into larval-pupal or pupal-adult intermediates In field-cage tests, 2 weekly foliar applications of 500 ppm of ( E )-4-[6,7-epoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-nollenyl) oxyl-1,2-(methyknedioxy) benzene reduce the hatch of egg masses from confined mated females by 98%. The same treatment completely prevented adult celosion from last stage larvae. In all open field test, weekly applications of lb per 100 gal of 1-( P -chlorophenoxy)-6,7-epoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-nonene reduced egg-hatch by 90%, but, they also produced growth abnormalities of the lima beau plants closely resembling those produced by the phenoxy herbicides. The potential usefulness of juvegens as control agents for the Mexican bean beetle is discussed.
Purification and characterization of S-adenosylmethionine-protein-arginine N-methyltransferase from rat liver

A protein methylase I (S-adenosylmethionine-protein-arginine N-methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.23), with a high specificity for recombinant heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (hnRNP) protein A1, was purified from rat liver. The purification method is simple and rapid; a single initial step of DEAE-cellulose DE-52 chromatography resulted in a 114-fold enrichment from the cytosol, and subsequent Sephadex G-200 chromatography and f.p.l.c. yielded a homogeneous preparation. Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion analysis indicated that the rat liver enzyme is immunologically different from an analogous enzyme from the calf brain, nuclear protein/histone-specific protein methylase I [Ghosh, Paik and Kim (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 19024-19033; Rajpurohit, Lee, Park, Paik and Kim (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1075-1082]. The purified enzyme has a molecular mass of 450 kDa on Superose chromatography and 110 kDa on SDS/PAGE, indicating that it is composed of four identical-size subunits. The Km values for protein A1 and S-adenosyl-L-methionine were 0.54 x 10(-6) and 6.3 x 10(-6) M respectively. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine and sinefungin were effective inhibitors of the enzyme with Ki values of 8.4 x 10(-6) M and 0.65 x 10(-6) M respectively. Bivalent metal ions such as Zn2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+ were particularly toxic to the enzyme; at 1 mM Zn2+, 99% of the activity was inhibited. In addition, 50% of the enzyme activity was lost by treatment with 0.12 mM p-chloromercuribenzoate, indicating a requirement for a thiol group for enzyme activity. Glycerol, a compound often used to prevent enzyme inactivation, inhibited over 80% of the activity when present in the reaction mixture at a concentration of 20%.
Perspectives on the Role and Relevance of Copper in Cardiac Disease

Cardiac hypertrophy as a result of dietary copper deficiency has been studied for 40 plus years and is the subject of this review. While connective tissue anomalies occur, a hallmark pathology is cardiac hypertrophy, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, with disruptive cristae, vacuolization of mitochondria, and deposition of lipid droplets. Electrocardiogram abnormalities have been demonstrated along with biochemical changes especially as it relates to the copper-containing enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. The master controller of mitochondrial biogenesis, PGC1-α expression and protein, along with other proteins and transcriptional factors that play a role are upregulated. Nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cytochrome c oxidase all may enhance the upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Marginal copper intakes reveal similar pathologies in the absence of cardiac hypertrophy. Reversibility of the copper-deficient rat heart with a copper-replete diet has resulted in mixed results, depending on both the animal model used and temporal relationships. New information has revealed that copper supplementation may rescue cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload.
Friendship Development and Intergroup Attitudes: The Role of Interpersonal and Intergroup Friendship Processes

Although there is a growing body of work concerning cross-group friendship and intergroup attitudes, this work typically focuses on a limited number of interpersonal processes among established friendships. In addition, little is known about the role of group-related processes within such friendships. Two studies were conducted to address this gap. Results from a retrospective online survey and a longitudinal study reveal that both interpersonal friendship processes (e.g., intimacy, affection, trust, self-disclosure) and intergroup friendship processes (e.g., belief that outgroup friend respects one's own group, spending time with outgroup friend's family members and friends) are associated with positive intergroup attitudes. Specifically, the current findings suggest that interpersonal friendship processes are vital to fostering positive attitudes for the outgroup early in the relationship, but that intergroup friendship processes become more strongly linked to attitudes once the relationship progresses. Results may inform interventions designed to promote positive interactions across “real-world” group boundaries.