cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The laminar organization of the Drosophila ellipsoid body is semaphorin-dependent and prevents the formation of ectopic synaptic connections

The ellipsoid body (EB) in the Drosophila brain is a central complex (CX) substructure that harbors circumferentially laminated ring (R) neuron axons and mediates multifaceted sensory integration and motor coordination functions. However, what regulates R axon lamination and how lamination affects R neuron function remain unknown. We show here that the EB is sequentially innervated by small-field and large-field neurons and that early developing EB neurons play an important regulatory role in EB laminae formation. The transmembrane proteins semaphorin-1a (Sema-1a) and plexin A function together to regulate R axon lamination. R neurons recruit both GABA and GABA-A receptors to their axon terminals in the EB, and optogenetic stimulation coupled with electrophysiological recordings show that Sema-1a-dependent R axon lamination is required for preventing the spread of synaptic inhibition between adjacent EB lamina. These results provide direct evidence that EB lamination is critical for local pre-synaptic inhibitory circuit organization.
Destination marketing organization website visitors’ flow experience: an application of Plog’s model of personality

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the relationships among website features (i.e. informativeness, design, and interactivity), flow experience, and the user’s intention to seek and use travel information provided on destination marketing organization (DMO) websites. It incorporates the moderating effects of personality into those relationships. Respondents (n = 433) were asked to visit and explore a DMO website and then to respond as if they were planning to travel to the destination. The results show that three website features relate positively to flow experience and that flow experience contributes to behavioral intention. This study also finds that personality moderates the link between web features (informativeness and interactivity) and flow experience, the implications of which are discussed at the end of the paper.
Effect of Cover Crops on Soil Erosion in Nursery Aisles

Abstract The effectiveness of soil erosion control of various vegetative aisle covers was evaluated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) type plots. ‘Appalow’ sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don ‘Appalow’), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) aisle treatments and a clean till plot were established on a 5% slope Typic Paleudult soil. Previously established ‘Indian Magic’ crabapple (Malus ‘indian magic’) and silver maple (Acer saccharium L.) were grown parallel to the slope in the center of each plot. Runoff from the clean till aisle resulted in the greatest sediment concentration, runoff volume, and sediment runoff. Crimson clover and perennial ryegrass runoff was similar. The ‘Appalow’ lespedeza aisle cover had the highest runoff volume of any vegetative aisle cover. However, runoff sediment concentration and sediment runoff were least from ‘Appalow’ lespedeza covered aisles.
Constrained Primal-Dual Dynamics for QCQP with Applications to Economic Dispatch

Abstract We develop concise primal-dual dynamics for a class of Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Programming problems in power system optimization. Using a constrained La-grangian reformulation of the problem and the classical stability result of Lyapunov, we establish the asymptotic convergence of the primal-dual dynamics. We demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method on an economic power dispatch problem with transmission losses and we suggest a neural network architecture for real-time optimization.
Self-Reported Visual Perceptual Abnormalities Are Strongly Associated with Core Clinical Features in Psychotic Disorders

Background. Past studies using the Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms (hereafter, Bonn Scale) have shown that self-reported perceptual/cognitive disturbances predict which persons have or will soon develop schizophrenia. Here, we focused specifically on the clinical value of self-reported visual perceptual abnormalities (VPAs) since they are underexplored and have been associated with suicidal ideation, negative symptoms, and objective visual dysfunction. Method. Using the 17 Bonn Scale vision items, we cross-sectionally investigated lifetime occurrence of VPAs in 21 first episode psychosis and 22 chronic schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (SZ/SA) patients. Relationships were probed between VPAs and illness duration, symptom severity, current functioning, premorbid functioning, diagnosis, and age of onset. Results. Increased VPAs were associated with: earlier age of onset; more delusions, hallucinations, bizarre behavior, and depressive symptoms; and worse premorbid social functioning, especially in the childhood and early adolescent phases. SZ/SA participants endorsed more VPAs as compared to those with schizophreniform or psychotic disorder-NOS, especially in the perception of color, bodies, faces, object movement, and double/reversed vision. The range of self-reported VPAs was strikingly similar between first episode and chronic patients and did not depend on the type or amount of antipsychotic medication. As a comparative benchmark, lifetime occurrence of visual hallucinations did not depend on diagnosis and was linked only to poor premorbid social functioning. Conclusion. A brief 17-item interview derived from the Bonn Scale is strongly associated with core clinical features in schizophrenia. VPAs hold promise for clarifying diagnosis, predicting outcome, and guiding neurocognitive investigations.
MAP4K3 mediates amino acid-dependent regulation of autophagy via phosphorylation of TFEB

Autophagy is the major cellular pathway by which macromolecules are degraded, and amino acid depletion powerfully activates autophagy. MAP4K3, or germinal-center kinase-like kinase, is required for robust cell growth in response to amino acids, but the basis for MAP4K3 regulation of cellular metabolic disposition remains unknown. Here we identify MAP4K3 as an amino acid-dependent regulator of autophagy through its phosphorylation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a transcriptional activator of autophagy, and through amino acid starvation-dependent lysosomal localization of MAP4K3. We document that MAP4K3 physically interacts with TFEB and MAP4K3 inhibition is sufficient for TFEB nuclear localization, target gene transactivation, and autophagy, even when mTORC1 is activated. Moreover, MAP4K3 serine 3 phosphorylation of TFEB is required for TFEB interaction with mTORC1-Rag GTPase-Ragulator complex and TFEB cytosolic sequestration. Our results uncover a role for MAP4K3 in the control of autophagy and reveal MAP4K3 as a central node in nutrient-sensing regulation.
Simulation of Beam-Beam Effects in $e^+e^-$ Storage Rings

The beam-beam effects of the PEP-II as an asymmetric collider are studied with strong-strong simulations using a newly developed particle-in-cell (PIC) code. The simulated luminosity agrees with the measured one within 10% in a large range of the beam currents. The spectra of coherent dipole oscillation are simulated with and without the transparency symmetry. The simulated tune shift of the coherent $\pi$ mode agrees with the linearized Vlasov theory even at large beam-beam parameters. The Poicare map of coherent dipole is used to identify the beam-beam resonances.
Thermally Robust Heterobimetallic Palladium–Alkali Catalysts for Ethylene and Alkyl Acrylate Copolymerization

We report on the synthesis and characterization of a new family of palladium–alkali olefin polymerization catalysts using site-differentiated dinucleating platforms. Metal binding studies indicate that our palladium phosphine phosphonate polyethylene glycol (PEG) complexes form 1:1 adducts with alkali cations in solution, with relative affinities in the order Na+ ≈ K+ > Li+. We observed that these palladium–alkali complexes are more active for ethylene homopolymerization and ethylene/alkyl acrylate copolymerization in comparison to their monopalladium counterparts, although their effect on polymer branching and molecular weight is relatively modest. In some cases, the addition of external sodium salts to conventional palladium complexes (i.e., those that do not have pendant PEG chains) also led to remarkable catalyst enhancements, presumably also due to the formation of palladium–sodium species. The unique features of our heterobimetallic systems are that they display long catalyst lifetimes at 100 °C and...
The Effect of Fair Value Method Adoption: Evidence from Real Estate Firms in the EU

The adoption of the International Accounting Standard 40 (IAS 40) in 2005 by public companies in the European Union required firms to disclose the fair value of their investment properties. We study whether this increase in the transparency in financial reporting reduces information asymmetry and leads to higher pricing efficiency and improved liquidity. We investigate this question in the context of the real estate industry, which due to its unique structure stands to be affected the most by the adoption of the fair value method. We observe that post regulation the coefficients of variation of trading volume and daily turnover decreased significantly, while turnover ratio increased significantly. In addition, these effects are stronger for larger firms. We further note that although post-IAS 40 asymmetric information decreases and liquidity increases, the disclosure of fair value does not lead to lower NAV deviation. Furthermore, our results suggest that fair value disclosure exacerbates NAV deviation and illiquidity during the crisis period.
Reoperation for endometriosis and ovarian remnants

Surgery for endometriosis and ovarian remnant syndrome represents some of the most challenging and complex procedures faced by pelvic surgeons. Although infrequently encountered by medical specialists other than gynecologists, the procedures needed to extirpate a retained ovary or free the pelvis of endometriosis often require the coordinated efforts of gynecologic oncologists, urologists, and colorectal surgeons. This chapter focuses primarily on the pathology, etiology, diagnosis, and surgical management of these two challenging conditions.
Antiferromagnetic Semiconductor BaFMn0.5Te with Unique Mn Ordering and Red Photoluminescence.

Semiconductors possessing both magnetic and optoelectronic properties are rare and promise applications in opto-spintronics. Here we report the mixed-anion semiconductor BaFMn0.5Te with a band gap ...
Cosmogenic activation of silicon

The production of $^{3}\mathrm{H}$, $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$, and $^{22}\mathrm{Na}$ by interactions of cosmic-ray particles with silicon can produce radioactive backgrounds in detectors used to search for rare events. Through controlled irradiation of silicon CCDs and wafers with a neutron beam that mimics the cosmic-ray neutron spectrum, followed by direct counting, we determined that the production rate from cosmic-ray neutrons at sea level is $(112\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}24)\text{ }\mathrm{atoms}/(\mathrm{kg}\text{ }\mathrm{day})$ for $^{3}\mathrm{H}$, $(8.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.9)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{atoms}/(\mathrm{kg}\text{ }\mathrm{day})$ for $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$, and $(43.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7.2)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{atoms}/(\mathrm{kg}\text{ }\mathrm{day})$ for $^{22}\mathrm{Na}$. Complementing these results with the current best estimates of activation cross sections for cosmic-ray particles other than neutrons, we obtain a total sea-level cosmic-ray production rate of $(124\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{atoms}/(\mathrm{kg}\text{ }\mathrm{day})$ for $^{3}\mathrm{H}$, $(9.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{atoms}/(\mathrm{kg}\text{ }\mathrm{day})$ for $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$, and $(49.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7.4)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{atoms}/(\mathrm{kg}\text{ }\mathrm{day})$ for $^{22}\mathrm{Na}$. These measurements will help constrain background estimates and determine the maximum time that silicon-based detectors can remain unshielded during detector fabrication before cosmogenic backgrounds impact the sensitivity of next-generation rare-event searches.
Learning with uncertainty for biological discovery and design

Abstract Machine learning that generates biological hypotheses has transformative potential, but most learning algorithms are susceptible to pathological failure when exploring regimes beyond the training data distribution. A solution is to quantify prediction uncertainty so that algorithms can gracefully handle novel phenomena that confound standard methods. Here, we demonstrate the broad utility of robust uncertainty prediction in biological discovery. By leveraging Gaussian process-based uncertainty prediction on modern pretrained features, we train a model on just 72 compounds to make predictions over a 10,833-compound library, identifying and experimentally validating compounds with nanomolar affinity for diverse kinases and whole-cell growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We show how uncertainty facilitates a tight iterative loop between computation and experimentation, improves the generative design of novel biochemical structures, and generalizes across disparate biological domains. More broadly, our work demonstrates that uncertainty should play a key role in the increasing adoption of machine learning algorithms into the experimental lifecycle.
Anisotropic properties, charge ordering, and ferrimagnetic structures in the strongly correlated β -V 2 PO 5 single crystal

Single crystal $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{PO}}_{5}$ was synthesized by chemical vapor transport method and characterized by transport, thermodynamic, neutron diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and first-principles calculation. It was shown to be a semiconductor with a band gap of 0.48 eV, undergoing a charge ordering (unusual ${\mathrm{V}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}^{3+}$) phase transition accompanied by a tetragonal to monoclinic structural distortion at 610 K and a paramagnetic to ferrimagnetic phase transition at 128 K with a propagation vector of $\mathbf{k}=0$. The easy axis is in the monoclinic $ac$ plane pointing 47(9)${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ away from the monoclinic $a$ axis. This collinear ferrimagnetic structure and anisotropic isothermal magnetization measurements suggest weak magnetic anisotropy in this compound. The first-principles calculations indicate that the intrachain interactions in the face-sharing ${\mathrm{VO}}_{6}$ chains dominate the magnetic hamiltonian and identify the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{5}^{+}$ normal mode of the lattice vibration to be responsible for the charge ordering and thus the structural phase transition.
Expressions of Queer Intimacy: BDSM and Kink as Means of Self-Actualization:

Traditional concepts of sexuality and intimacy contain normative assumptions that limit the fluidity and creativity with which individuals’ relational, gender, and affectional identities can be exp...
Hemispheric Brain Research

(1980). Hemispheric Brain Research. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 51, Including Leisure Today, pp. 28-64.
Enhanced models and improved solution for competitive biofuel supply chain design under land use constraints

Abstract This paper studies the effect of government regulation on farmland use to balance food and energy production in a competitive biofuel supply chain design framework. We propose a Stackelberg–Nash game model with a direct land-use constraint that captures farmland, food, and fuel market equilibrium. To provide farmers with incentives to comply with the land-use regulation, we implement the land-use constraint through a cap-and-trade mechanism which we show attains equivalent land-use patterns. We further prove the existence of optimal solutions of the two equivalent discretely constrained mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (DC-MPEC) models. Two adaptive “relax-and-tighten” schemes, integrality and Lagrangian duality based relaxation, are proposed to handle the binary variables in a mixed integer formulation of the models. The proposed methodology is tested in a case study for the State of Illinois. The computational results demonstrate the superiority of our customized algorithms to publicly available solvers for solving problems with realistic sizes. Finally, the efficiency of the cap-and-trade mechanism is demonstrated through comparisons of scenarios with and without regulation as well as a sensitivity analysis on the cap-and-trade level. The cap-and-trade policy is found to effectively reduce biomass farmland use and profits of the biofuel industry. It may have different impacts on social welfare depending on problem settings and market parameters. Cap-and-trade levels also affect system behavior and thus should be carefully selected.
The effect of gestational age on amniotic fluid glucose in pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Amniotic fluid glucose was measured in 189 amniotic fluid samples from 117 well-controlled Class A to F diabetic pregnant women from 32 to 40 weeks' gestation. A simultaneous maternal plasma glucose level was determined at each amniocentesis. Samples were obtained with the mother in the fasting or nonfasting (3.8 hours after breakfast) state. Amniotic fluid glucose correlated significantly with simultaneous maternal glucose (r = 0.562; p = 0.001). A significant downward linear trend of mean amniotic fluid glucose with advancing gestational age was demonstrated (p
Multiple sclerosis: Serum-induced demyelination in vitro ☆: A light and electron microscope study

Primary demyelination has been documented in organotypic cultures of mouse spinal cord exposed to 25% myelinotoxic sera from 2 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Between 10% and 90% of the original population of myelinated axons were involved. Younger cultures were more severely affected than older ones. Myelin degeneration was seen to involve the transformation of the regular 12 nm periodicity into smudged areas with an amorphous or finely-lamellated structure. The myelinolysis was accompanied by an active overgrowth of oedematous astrocytic processes which surrounded affected fibres and phagocytosed the degenerating myelin. This progressed until naked axons, invested by swollen astrocytic cytoplasm, remained. A number of oligodendrocytes in each MS serum-exposed culture underwent either acute or subacute destruction. The former occurred during the first few hours of exposure. The latter began after about 4 hr and was completed by 72 hr. Affected oligodendrocytes were phagocytosed following their ensheathment by astrocytic processes. Neurons and astrocytes did not degenerate. The myelin and oligodendrocyte lesions produced by MS serum in vitro are essentially identical to those effected by EAE serum from animals inoculated with whole white matter, except that the phenomena are slower and less widespread. The findings have been compared with patterns seen in human MS plaques and in animal demyelinating conditions.
Doctrinal foundations of monetary economics

Abstract In the realm of monetary economics, both national and international, expositions of doctrinal history have been hard to come by. As Laidler (1982, p. 326) has observed, ‘historians of economic thought habitually neglect monetary economics when they write their textbooks.’ Recently, however, three publications have appeared that cast a historical perspective on the development of monetary thought: Jurg Niehans's A History of Economic Theory: Classic Contributions, 1720–1980 (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1990); Don Patinkin's Money, Interest, and Prices, Second Edition Abridged (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989); and M. June Flanders's International Monetary Economics, 1870–1960: Between the Classical and the New Classical (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1989).
Membrane glycoprotein folding, oligomerization and intracellular transport: effects of dithiothreitol in living cells

Using influenza hemagglutinin (HA0) and vesicular stomatitis virus G protein as model proteins, we have analyzed the effects of dithiothreitol (DTT) on conformational maturation and transport of glycoproteins in the secretory pathway of living cells. While DTT caused reduction of folding intermediates and misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), it did not affect molecules that had already acquired a mature trimeric conformation, whether present in the ER or elsewhere. The conversion to DTT resistance was therefore a pre-Golgi event. Reduction of folding intermediates was dependent on the intactness of the ER and on metabolic energy, suggesting cooperativity between DTT and ER folding factors. DTT did not inhibit most cellular functions, including ATP synthesis and protein transport within the secretory pathway. The results established DTT as an effective tool for analyzing the folding and compartmental distribution of proteins with disulfide bonds.
Parenting, Family Processes, Relationships, and Parental Support in Multiracial and Multiethnic Families: An Exploratory Study of Youth Perceptions

Mixed-race or multiethnic youth are at risk for mental and physical health problems. We used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 to compare family characteristics of adolescents of a mixed-race or multiethnic background with those of a monoracial or monoethnic background. Mixed-race or multiethnic youth reported feeling less supported by parents and reported less satisfactory parent-adolescent relationships. Mixed-race/multiethnic youth were more like monoracial White youth in terms of being independent but were more like racial or ethnic minorities (African Americans, Hispanics) in regard to family activities. Reasons for these findings are explored. We discuss the need for future research on the experiences of mixed-race/multiethnic youth.
Correlation of Paper-Coating Quality with Degree of Crystal Perfection of Kaolinite

Several kaolinite samples were selected for x-ray diffraction studies on the basis of their paper-coating ability. The evaluation of the kaolin clay for paper coating was based on a series of empirical tests including viscosity, resistivity, brightness, and particle-size distribution. The crystallinity of the kaolinites was determined by use of x-ray powder diffraction patterns. In all samples that were good paper coaters, the crystallinity was well developed. Other samples which were poor paper coaters either had poor crystallinity, or, if they had good crystallinity, contained montmorillonite. Crystallinity is not a function of the size fraction. Generally, if the crystallinity is good in the raw sample, then the crystallinity is also good in the < 0.25 micron fraction. Suitability of kaolinite clay for paper coating varies directly with the perfection of crystallinity and indirectly with the montmorillonite content. Both of these variables can be determined by use of x-ray diffraction data.
Quantifying Lipari–Szabo modelfree parameters from 13CO NMR relaxation experiments

It is proposed to obtain effective Lipari–Szabo order parameters and local correlation times for relaxation vectors of protein 13CO nuclei by carrying out a 13CO-R1 auto relaxation experiment, a transverse \(^{13}\hbox{CO CSA}/^{13}\hbox{CO}-{^{13}\hbox{C}}\upalpha\) CSA/dipolar cross correlation and a transverse 13CO CSA/13CO–15N CSA/dipolar cross correlation experiment. Given the global rotational correlation time from 15N relaxation experiments, a new program COMFORD (CO-Modelfree Fitting Of Relaxation Data) is presented to fit the 13CO data to an effective order parameter \(S^{2}_{\rm CO}\), an effective local correlation time and the orientation of the CSA tensor with respect to the molecular frame. It is shown that the effective \(S^{2}_{\rm CO}\) is least sensitive to rotational fluctuations about an imaginary \(\hbox{C}\upalpha-\hbox{C}\upalpha\) axis and most sensitive to rotational fluctuations about an imaginary axis parallel to the NH bond direction. As such, the \(S^{2}_{\rm CO}\) information is fully complementary to the 15N relaxation order parameter, which is least sensitive to fluctuations about the NH axis and most sensitive to fluctuations about the \(\hbox{C}\upalpha-\hbox{C}\upalpha\) axis. The new paradigm is applied on data of Ca2+ saturated Calmodulin, and on available literature data for Ubiquitin. Our data indicate that the \(S^{2}_{\rm CO}\) order parameters rapport on slower, and sometimes different, motions than the 15N relaxation order parameters. The CO local correlation times correlate well with the calmodulin’s secondary structure.
Serum and milk progesterone in Syncro-Mate-B treated postpartum beef cows

Fifteen post-partum (61.5+/-6.1 days) cyclic beef cows (4.1+/-0.3 years old) were randomly assigned to receive the Syncro-Mate-B (SMB) treatment on day 0 (estrus), day 9 or day 18 of their cycle with implant removal nine days later. An additional five post-partum (41.7+/-5.6 days) beef cows (3.2+/-0.4 years old) not detected in estrus and without corpora lutea also received the SMB treatment. Blood samples (10ml) were obtained via venipuncture on the day of implantation and one, three, five, seven and nine days after implantation and ten days after the post-treatment estrus. Milk samples (25 ml) were obtained by hand stripping at the same periods. Nineteen of twenty cows were synchronized, i.e. estrus occurred within five days of implant removal. Progesterone concentrations in both serum and milk were similar and followed similar patterns for each group. The day-9 treated cows had greater serum and milk progesterone concentrations than the other groups of cows on days 1, 3, and 5 after implantation. In conclusion, cows treated with SMB had similar serum and milk progesterone concentrations, endogenous progesterone secretion was inhibited by SMB treatment and the inhibition was influenced by prior luteal function.
Atomistic simulations of biologically realistic transmembrane potential gradients

We present all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of biologically realistic transmembrane potential gradients across a DMPC bilayer. These simulations are the first to model this gradient in all-atom detail, with the field generated solely by explicit ion dynamics. Unlike traditional bilayer simulations that have one bilayer per unit cell, we simulate a 170 mV potential gradient by using a unit cell consisting of three salt-water baths separated by two bilayers, with full three-dimensional periodicity. The study shows that current computational resources are powerful enough to generate a truly electrified interface, as we show the predicted effect of the field on the overall charge distribution. Additionally, starting from Poisson’s equation, we show a new derivation of the double integral equation for calculating the potential profile in systems with this type of periodicity.
Heart, pericardium, coelomoduct openings, and juvenile gonad in Chaetoderma nitidulum and Falcidens caudatus (Mollusca, Aplacophora)

1. The single auricle of Chaetoderma nitidulum originates as double invaginations of pericardial epithelium; these invaginations lie laterally at the base of an intrapericardial channel and receive blood from a capacious gill sinus into which empty the dorsally situated efferent vessels of the gills. The ventricle and aortal bulb with its strong sphincter change shape markedly during systole and diastole. The auriculo-ventricular valve is a cup-shaped check valve, the blind end facing posteriorly toward the auricle. It is attached medially both dorsally and ventrally to the wall of the auriculo-ventricular opening, thus forming a double passage. The heart of Falcidens remains to be described in detail. The ventricle in neither genus is open to the dorsal sinus. 2. The pericardium in Falcidens caudatus and Chaetoderma nitidulum divides medially around the dorsal gill retractors, forming an intrapericardial channel connecting the gill sinus and dorsal sinus. The pericardium is completely closed off from the dorsal sinus. A pair of lateral V-shaped extensions open ventrally into the coelomoducts. 3. The male coelomoduct openings into the mantle cavity of C. nitidulum and F. caudatus pass through strong sphincters, which may or may not be protruded into papillae. The female openings are slits also surrounded by sphincters. Paired funnel-shaped areas of the mantle wall epithelium of females only are produced into columnar gland cells and surround the openings; their function is not known. 4. The gonad primordium of juvenile C. nitidulum is paired; the anlagen lie in paired coelomic lumina. As in Bivalvia, adults do not distinctly show a paired condition in the ripe gonad. 5. The shape of the heart, the supposed number of auriculo-ventricular openings, and the type of coelomoduct openings into the mantle cavity are not useful taxonomic characters for species differentiation in the family Chaetodermatidae.
Gas phase ion chemistry of an ion mobility spectrometry based explosive trace detector elucidated by tandem mass spectrometry

The gas phase ion chemistry for an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) based explosive detector has been elucidated using tandem mass spectrometry. The IMS system, which is operated with hexachloroethane and isobutyramide reagent gases and an ion shutter type gating scheme, is connected to the atmospheric pressure interface of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS/MS). Product ion masses, daughter ion masses, and reduced mobility values for a collection of nitro, nitrate, and peroxide explosives measured with the IMS/MS/MS instrument are reported. The mass and mobility data together with targeted isotopic labeling experiments and information about sample composition and reaction environment are leveraged to propose molecular formulas, structures, and ionization pathways for the various product ions. The major product ions are identified as [DNT-H](-) for DNT, [TNT-H](-) for TNT, [RDX+Cl](-) and [RDX+NO2](-) for RDX, [HMX+Cl](-) and [HMX+NO2](-) for HMX, [NO3](-) for EGDN, [NG+Cl](-) and [NG+NO3](-) for NG, [PETN+Cl](-) and [PETN+NO3](-) for PETN, [HNO3+NO3](-) for NH4NO3, [NO2](-) for DMNB, [HMTD-NC3H6O3+H+Cl](-) and [HMTD+H-CH2O-H2O2](+) for HMTD, and [(CH3)3CO2](+) for TATP. In general, the product ions identified for the IMS system studied here are consistent with the product ions reported previously for an ion trap mobility spectrometer (ITMS) based explosive trace detector, which is operated with dichloromethane and ammonia reagent gases and an ion trap type gating scheme. Differences between the explosive trace detectors include the [NG+Cl](-) and [PETN+Cl](-) product ions being major ions in the IMS system compared to minor ions in the ITMS system as well as the major product ion for TATP being [(CH3)3CO2](+) for the IMS system and [(CH3)2CNH2](+) for the ITMS system.
Preface to Some Papers on Educational Issues in the Management Sciences and Operations Research

In an era where many curricula are being examined for their relevance, it seems appropriate to explore the fundamental purpose of the graduate programs in management science. A letter was sent to a sample of educators asking for their statement that would be published in Management Science.
Futility and the ethics of resuscitation.

Recent recommendations that physicians be allowed to withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation, without patient consent, from patients for whom it would be futile have drawn objections that such unilateral judgments would undermine respect for patient autonomy. These objections assume that since futility determinations involve value judgments, patient input is always required. However, certain sorts of value judgments must be made unilaterally by physicians as part of reasonable medical practice. Moreover, the mixed messages inherent in requesting patient consent to withhold futile therapy serve to undermine rather than to enhance autonomous choice. Real patient interests can better be served by a broad public dialogue around judgments of medical reasonableness and medical futility, rather than concern for the form but not the substance of patient autonomy. (JAMA. 1990;264:1276-1280)
Dynamic force-induced direct dissociation of protein complexes in a nuclear body in living cells

Despite past progress in understanding mechanisms of cellular mechanotransduction, it is unclear whether a local surface force can directly alter nuclear functions without intermediate biochemical cascades. Here we show that a local dynamic force via integrins results in direct displacements of coilin and SMN proteins in Cajal bodies and direct dissociation of coilin-SMN associated complexes. Spontaneous movements of coilin increase more than those of SMN in the same Cajal body after dynamic force application. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer changes of coilin-SMN depend on force magnitude, an intact F-actin, cytoskeletal tension, Lamin A/C, or substrate rigidity. Other protein pairs in Cajal bodies exhibit different magnitudes of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Dynamic cyclic force induces tiny phase lags between various protein pairs in Cajal bodies, suggesting viscoelastic interactions between them. These findings demonstrate that dynamic force-induced direct structural changes of protein complexes in Cajal bodies may represent a unique mechanism of mechanotransduction that impacts on nuclear functions involved in gene expression. Cells can sense their local environment by a process termed mechanotransduction, but whether these signals are relayed to the nucleus is unclear. This study demonstrates that a force applied at the cell surface can alter the localization of proteins within Cajal bodies that are found in the nuclear compartment.
Light-sensitive CMOS ring oscillator

A simple light-sensitive CMOS ring oscillator, the oscillation frequency of which depends on the chip ambient illumination, is presented. An experimental 21-stage ring oscillator fabricated in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS changes the pulse frequency from 50 Hz in total darkness to 2 MHz in extreme bright ambient at V/sub dd/=1 V.
Botulinum toxin: Chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and immunology

The seven serotypes of botulinum toxin (BTX) produced by Clostridium botulinum exert their paralytic effect by inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. Each of these zinc endopeptidases cleaves one or more proteins involved in vesicle transport and membrane fusion. The extent of paralysis depends on both doses and volume; the duration of paralysis is further dependent on the serotype employed. Restoration of neuromuscular function follows axon terminal sprouting. The two major commercial preparations of BTX-A appear to differ in their relative potencies, despite a common unit labeling system. Adverse effects are a consequence of the drug's mechanism of action, and can usually be tolerated or mitigated through dosing changes. Patients who are pregnant or lactating, or who have a neuromuscular disease, may not be appropriate candidates for BTX therapy. Development of resistance to BTX-A therapy, characterized by absence of any beneficial effect and by lack of muscle atrophy following the injection, is an important clinical issue. The incidence of antibody-mediated resistance, as determined by the mouse lethality assay, is reported between 3% and 10%. Use of the smallest possible effective dose and longer treatment intervals may reduce the likelihood of antibody development. Other serotypes may benefit those who have developed antibody resistance.
Effect of age on ultracentrifugal stability of liquid petrolatum--water emulsions.

Abstract The effect of aging over 135 days on the rate of separation of oil from 50% liquid petrolatumce:inf>50% water emulsions with both 0.2 and 0.4% sodium dodecyl sulfate (based on the water) was determined in an ultracentrifuge at 25° and 39,460 r.p.m. The concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the equilibrium aqueous phase was also determined. The stability of the emulsion with 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate decreased for the first 25 days and thereafter increased with time, with a qualitative change in the mode of loss of oil after 135 days. There was no change in the stability of the emulsion with 0.4% sodium dodecyl sulfate over the same time period. The results with the 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate emulsion can be rationalized in terms of an initial increase in drop size with an accompanying desorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate and a decrease in stability, followed by coverage of a greater fraction of the remaining oilce:inf>water interface by adsorbed sodium dodecyl sulfate from the more concentrated solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate resulting from the initial desorption.
Spectroscopic evidence for carbon-carbon bonding in “carbidic” layers on metals

We examine previously reported ultraviolet photoelectron, C K electron energy loss, and CKVV Auger spectroscopic data from “carbidic” layers formed at temperatures between 500 and 650 K on Ni(100) and Ni(111). The “carbidic” layers studied were made from either CO or C2H4 exposure to the metal surface. These data indicate that significant amounts of carbon-carbon bonding exists on the surface in addition to the carbon-metal bonding with the substrate, revealing the presence of chemisorbed species, such as C2, and maybe even C3, etc. Quantitative interpretations of the Auger data indicate that 20 to 30% of the total electron density has carbon-carbon bonding character. Observed changes in the spectra obtained from different surfaces or at different coverages are accounted for by variations in the fraction of carbon-carbon bonding character.
A foundation for the study of everyday talk

As communication scholars we have neglected systematic examination of everyday discourse or talk. Although talk is used as a resource for communication research, it is seldom studied as a topic in its own right. A conceptual framework, grounded in the writings of Schutz and Garfinkel, directs us to search for explanations of how social actors organize their everyday talk in interaction. Such explanations are generated in the form of rules. Rules are defined as both conceptual and methodological tools rather than epistemological building blocks. Three areas which constitute an empirical basis for the study of talk are: (1) the organization of utterance units, (2) the sequencing of utterances, and (3) the structure of turn‐taking. While descriptive accounts of how talk works in interaction can complement more traditional methods of communication research, they are essential if we are to understand the relation of language and speech.
Effect of current density on the electron microprobe analysis of alkali aluminosilicate glasses

In a previous work (Morgan and London 1996), we proposed an optimized procedure for electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) of rhyolitic glasses using a broad (20 μm diameter), low-current (2 nA) fixed beam. Some important applications for EMPA of glass, such as vitreous inclusions in minerals and experimental run products, require smaller beam diameters that produce greater area] current densities (expressed as nA/μm 2 ). For these situations, we have assessed the effect of areal current density on the migration of Na and its concomitant effects on other elements and their ratios during EMPA of granitic glasses. Anhydrous and hydrous glasses of a haplogranite composition (Ab 3 8 . 2 3 Or 2 9 . 3 1 Qtz 3 3 . 3 7 C 0 . 1 0 ) were analyzed at 20 kV accelerating potential, using 2-50 nA beam currents, fixed beam diameters of 2-20 μm, and counting times scaled to yield similar analytical uncertainty at each condition (∼2.6% relative for Na 2 O). There is almost no loss of Na (≤1.7-2.7% relative) using a current density of 0.006 nA/μm 2 , minor (7-9%) Na loss for current densities up to 0.1 nA/μm 2 , and increasing Na loss with higher current densities that becomes severe at >0.5 nA/μm 2 (e.g., 48-63% relative loss from hydrous glass at 50 nA and 2 μm during 3-6 s of irradiation). Sodium migration is more pronounced in hydrous glasses than in anhydrous ones, with significant loss from hydrous glass occurring during the first second of irradiation. The migration of Na results in increased concentrations of Al and Si, but little or no change in the concentration of K; if not fully corrected for, these effects produce systematic errors in important elemental ratios. With current densities 100% of the Na 2 O value obtained). The correlation of analytical condition (beam current and diameter) with current density and EMPA results provided here allows analysts to select beam conditions that optimize the quality of analyses. When current densities >∼0.01 nA/μm 2 must be used (e.g., with beam spot sizes <20 μm), the results can lead to improved estimates of the systematic errors due to alkali migration. Natural and some experimental glasses contain a variety of other minor components among which Ca and Fe are important, and so the discussion of analytical methods is extended to more complex compositions. For example, Na migration is accelerated as glass structures become less polymerized than those of simple tectosilicate stoichiometry (e.g., due to increasing alkalinity and/or the presence of fluxing components such as F, Cl, B). Analysis using 20 kV accelerating voltage, as opposed to 15 kV, both slightly decreases Na migration and improves limits of detection and statistical accuracies for minor components such as Fe while providing reasonable beam penetration depths.
WE-D-I-6B-05: A Technique for Respiratory-Gated Radiotherapy Treatment Verification with An EPID in Cine Mode

Purpose: Many clinics are performing respiratory‐gated treatment based on external surrogates. Verification of these treatments is very important for ensuring the delivery of the planned dose distribution. Method and Materials: We have developed a new technique for treatment verification using an Electronic Portal Imaging Device(EPID) in cine mode for gated 3D conformal therapy. Implanted radiopaque fiducial markers inside or near the target are required for this technique. The markers are contoured on the planning CT set, enabling us to create Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs(DRR's) for each treatment beam. During the treatment, a sequence of EPIDimages are acquired without disrupting the treatment. Implanted markers are visualized in the images and their positions in the beam's‐eye‐view are calculated off‐line and compared to the reference position by matching the field apertures in corresponding EPID and DRRimages. The precision of the patient setup, the placement of the beam‐gating window, as well as the residual tumor motion can be assessed. This technique has been demonstrated in a case study, with three implanted markers. Results: For this patient, the intra‐fractional variation of all marker positions in the gating window has a 95% range of 4.8 mm in the SI direction (the primary axis of motion). This is about the same (5 mm) as the residual motion considered in the planning process. The inter‐fractional variation of the daily mean positions of the markers, which indicates the uncertainty in the setup procedure, is within +8.3/−4.5 mm (95% range) in the SI direction. Conclusion: The proposed technique will be used for gated treatment verification. The results of many cases will help us determine appropriate treatment margins for gating. Conflict of Interest: This work was supported, in part, by a grant from Varian Medical Systems, Inc.
Isometries of Orbifolds Double-Covered by Lens Spaces

Let K be a two-bridge knot in S3. Then K is also denoted as the four-plat, b(p,q) to indicate its association with some rational number p/q. The lens space L = L(p,q) admits an isometry, τ, of order 2, such that the quotient space L modulo the involution τ is an orbifold whose exceptional set is K. In this paper, the isometries of these orbifolds are classified; this is equivalent to computing the isometries of (S3,K).
A Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube Tower Electrochemical Actuator

Patterned multiwall carbon nanotube arrays up to four millimeters long were synthesized using chemical vapor deposition. Electrochemical actuation of a nanotube array tower was demonstrated in a 2 M NaCl solution at frequencies up to 10 Hz with 0.15% strain using a 2 V square wave excitation. The synthesis and electrochemical modeling approach outlined in the paper provide a foundation for the design of nanotube smart materials that actuate and are load bearing.
Reply to Pearson and Nicholas, Stassen et al., and Zeebe et al.: Teasing out the missing piece of the PETM puzzle.

Understanding the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) critically depends on knowing the rate at which the perturbation carbon was released. In our report (1) we argue that the layered Marlboro Clay may provide this important constraint. Our strongest evidence in support of the rapid release of carbon at the onset of the PETM is the differential response of the %CaCO3 and δ13C in the Millville core. The sharp %CaCO3 decrease occurred over 4 mm, compared with the δ13C decrease over an interval of 25 cm (figure 3 in ref. 1). Temporal differences are predicted by a rapid (instantaneous) release of light carbon, which would lower the surface ocean in a matter of months, in contrast to the carbon isotopic equilibrium exchange, which occurs on the scale of a decade (2) and can only be recorded in a core with a high sedimentation rates (1). Based on the rhythmic bedding in the Marlboro Clay, we argue that the drop in %CaCO3 occurred in less than a year and the δ13C equilibrium was on the order of a decade.
Artificial intelligence techniques in simulation of viscoplasticity of polymeric composites

The viscoplastic behavior of a carbon fiber/polymer matrix composite is investigated via different modeling schemes. The first model is phenomenological in nature based on the overstress-viscoplasticity. The second model utilizes neural networks paradigms. Genetic algorithm-based strategies are used to prune the proposed neural network. Several optimization algorithms are implemented for training the network. In comparison, the neurocomputational model is found to outperform the phenomenological model. POLYM. COMPOS., 30:1701–1708, 2009. a 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
The use of coherent spectroscopy in the study of intramolecular tunneling processes in excited triplet states

Abstract Intramolecular tunneling in the lowest triplet state of cyclopentanone is investigated using optically detected electron spin coherence techniques. The results, when analyzed with exchange theory, show that the tunneling occurs on a time scale longer than the triplet lifetime of cyclopentanone in contrast to what has been reported earlier by Shain and Sharnoff.
Individual differences in negative affect repair.

The extant literature implicates affect repair ability as one source of individual differences in negative affect. Emerging from this literature are three regulatory traits that should predict repair ability (negative mood regulation expectancies, monitoring, labeling), yet no experimental examination of this possibility exists. Two studies explored this issue. Participants (Ns = 305, 146) watched negative affect-inducing videos and completed a repair or control writing task, before and after which they reported their affect. Results revealed wide individual differences in repair ability. Specifically, participants with high expectancies of repair success and those who attend to and understand their affect experienced the largest decreases in negative affect and largest increases in positive affect following the repair tasks. These findings advance understanding of individual differences in affect regulation and have implications for future research.