cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negotiating stigma: Understanding mothers' responses to accusations of child neglect

Abstract Current child protective service policies encourage family preservation and reunification. Yet little is known about how mothers accused of child neglect experience being labeled neglectful or how this influences compliance with child protective services (CPS) service plans. This paper reports the results of a case study of mothers' perceptions of being labeled neglectful. Drawing on symbolic interactionist theories of identity, interviews with sixteen mothers and sixteen child protective service caseworkers, and content analysis of interview data obtained, this paper describes the strategies mothers employ to resist the stigma of being labeled a neglectful mother, strategies that ultimately put them at odds with child protection goals. Findings suggest that mothers' identity preservation and maintenance have powerful implications for CPS policy.
Characterization of the transformation-specific sequences of avian erythroblastosis virus in normal vertebrate cells.

We have prepared a complementary DNA probe for the transformation-specific sequences of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) (cDNAAEV). This probe was used to characterize the cellular homologs of these sequences. We confirmed previous observations which had shown a wide-spread occurrence of nucleic acid sequences related to cDNAAEV in vertebrates (Roussel et al., Nature (London) 281, 452, 1979). In cells of invertebrates, sequences related to cDNAAEV could not be detected. Thermal denaturation of hybrids between cDNAAEV and chicken DNA revealed about 6% mismatching which is similar to that found with src and its homolog in chicken cells. In nonavian vertebrates cells cDNAAEV-related sequences showed an additional degree of mismatching of 3–4%. This evolutionary divergence of the AEV transformation-specific information is considerably less than that found for src and its cellular counterparts. The cellular sequences homologous to cDNAAEV were found to be located in chicken chromosomes 10–12 by in situ hybridization. Cellular sarc sequences are found in the same chromosome group. It was also shown that the cellular homolog of cDNAAEV in normal chicken cells is transcribed into RNA.
Consumer Demand For Butter, Margarine and Blends: The Role of Purchase and Household Characteristics

A U.S. household panel is used to estimate a model of household purchases of butter, margarine and butter/margarine blends. The econometric model accounts for the discrete purchase decisions process and the censored nature of disaggregated commodity demand. Observed market prices are “quality” adjusted for the three commodities investigated based on household and purchase characteristics. Over 90% of the reaction to a price change is found to occur with respect to the decision whether or not to consume. Un echantillon de menages americains est utilise pour estimer un modele des achats de beurre, de margarine et de melange beurre-margarine par les menages. Le modele econometrique tient compte de la nature discrete des decisions d'achat et de la nature censuree de la demande desagregee de produit. Les prix de marche observes pour les trois denrees examinees sont corriges en fonction des caracteres des menages et de ceux des decisions d'achat. Plus de 90 % de la reaction a un changement de prix
Tensile properties of 214Cr-1Mo steel irradiated to 23 dpa at 390 to 550°C☆

Abstract The effect of neutron irradiation on the tensile properties of normalized-and-tempered 2 1 4 Cr-1Mo steel was determined for specimens irradiated to 23 dpa in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) at 390, 450, 500 and 550°C. Two types of unirradiated control specimens were tested: as-heat-treated specimens and as-heat-treated specimens thermally aged for 10000 h at the irradiation temperatures. Aging caused a loss of strength at all four temperatures. Irradiation at 390°C increased the strength and decreased the ductility compared to the control specimens. At 500 and 550°C, softening occurred relative to the thermally aged specimens, with the amount of softening greatest at 550°C. At 450°C, the strength of the irradiated specimens was similar to a specimen aged 10000 h at 450°C. The changes in tensile properties resulted from the displacement damage caused by the irradiation and by irradiation-induced changes in carbide precipitates that occurred during elevated-temperature exposure.
A comparison of variability and population structure for major histocompatibility complex and microsatellite loci in California coastal steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum).

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) contains genes integral to immune response in vertebrates. MHC genes have been shown to be under selection in a number of vertebrate taxa, making them intriguing for population genetic studies. We have conducted a survey of genetic variation in an MHC class II gene for steelhead trout from 24 sites in coastal California and compared this variation to that observed at 16 presumably neutral microsatellite loci. A high amount of allelic variation was observed at the MHC when compared to previously published studies on other Pacific salmonids. Elevated nonsynonymous substitutions, relative to synonymous substitutions, were detected at the MHC gene, indicating the signature of historical balancing selection. The MHC data were tested for correlations to and deviations from the patterns found with the microsatellite data. Estimates of allelic richness for the MHC gene and for the microsatellites were positively correlated, as were estimates of population differentiation (FST). An analysis for FST outliers indicates that the MHC locus has an elevated FST relative to the neutral expectation, although a significant result was found for only one particular geographical subgroup. Relatively uniform allele frequency distributions were detected in four populations, although this finding may be partially due to recent population bottlenecks. These results indicate that, at the scale studied here, drift and migration play a major role in the observed geographical variability of MHC genes in steelhead, and that contemporary selection is relatively weak and difficult to detect.
The Localized Sanarelli-Shwartzman Phenomenon in the Rabbit Kidney

Summary and Conclusions1. The production of a localized Sanarelli-Shwartzman phenomenon in the rabbit kidney was attempted, both by local vascular and direct parenchymal injection of B. coli filtrate. In neither instance was it possible to restrict the reaction to the kidney. 2. The results suggest that sufficient filtrate entered the systemic circulation from the preparatory injection to prepare the entire animal for a generalized reaction, and make it doubtful that the production of a localized renal phenomenon is possible. 3. The late lesions of the generalized phenomenon are described. These seem to indicate the relative insignificance of the renal lesions in surviving animals as compared to those of the liver and the myocardium.
HETEROZYGOTE DETECTION IN CYSTINDSIS USING POLYMDRPIIONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES

Heterozygotes for the autosomal recessive disease cystlnosis are currently detected by measuring the cystine content of mixed leukocyte preparations. This method offers about 90% accuracy. The following study was designed to determine if measuring the cystine content of purified preparations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) would improve the accuracy of heterozygote detection. Subjects included 29 obligate heterozygotes for nephropathic cystinosis and 18 individuals presumed to be normal. Mixed leukozytes were prepared from 10 ml of blood by dextran sedimentation; PMNs were prepared by centrifugation of 4.5 ml of blood on a discontinuous gradient of Ficoll-Hypaque. The cystine content of both leukocyte preparations was determined by a specific binding assay. All values are expressed as nmol 1/2 cys/mg protein and are shown in the table below. Using mixed leukocyte preparations, 3 heterozygotes overlapped the normal range reconfirming a detection accuracy of 90%. Using PMNs no heterozygote values fell within the normal range. Measuring the cystine content of PMNs appears to provide a simple screening assay which improves the accuracy of heterozygote detection for cystinosis.
A two phase Mach number description of the equilibrium flow of nitrogen in ducts

Some additional thermodynamic properties of the usual two-phase form which is linear in the moisture fraction are derived which are useful in the analysis of many kinds of duct flow. The method used is based on knowledge of the vapor pressure and Gibbs function as functions of temperature. With these, additional two-phase functions linear in moisture fraction are generated, which ultimately reveal that the squared ratio of mixture specific volume to mixture sound speed depends on liquid mass fraction and temperature in the same manner as do many weighted mean two-phase properties. This leads to a simple method of calculating two-phase Mach numbers for various duct flows. The matching of one- and two-phase flows at a saturated vapor point with discontinuous Mach number is also discussed.
Azygous continuation of the inferior vena cava with anomalous hepatic vein drainage.

Abstract A 62-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of hypoxemia. Despite a resting SaO 2 of 89%, she was otherwise asymptomatic. The arterial blood gas on room air demonstrated a pO 2 of 58 mm Hg. Two shunt studies confirmed a shunt fraction of 25%. Echocardiogram with agitated saline demonstrated bubbles in the left atrium. Nuclear perfusion study revealed no uptake over the kidneys or brain. Computed tomography of the chest and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of a large shunt (azygous continuation of the inferior vena cava [ACIVC] with anomalous hepatic vein drainage). A large shunt fraction dictates either significant cardiac septal defect or an extracardiac shunt. The finding of ACIVC should prompt consideration of other vascular or cardiac abnormalities. The true incidence of isolated ACIVC is not known, as limited ACIVC may remain asymptomatic. However, the spectrum of vascular, cardiac and somatic abnormalities that may accompany ACIVC is quite varied.
In situ strain monitoring of fiber-reinforced polymers using embedded piezoresistive nanocomposites

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) structures and components are highly susceptible to damage due to delamination, matrix cracking, inter-laminar fracture, and debonding, all of which have potential to cause catastrophic structural failure. While numerous sensing technologies have been developed and embedded in FRP composites for monitoring strain, they serve as defects and can promote damage formation and propagation. Thus, in this study, an alternative technique is proposed for in situ strain monitoring of FRP composites via layer-by-layer multi-walled carbon nanotube-polyelectrolyte thin films deposited directly upon glass fiber weaves. To date, these carbon nanotube-based thin films have been validated for their piezoresistivity. The objective of this study is to characterize the strain sensing performance of different thickness thin films deposited on glass fiber weaves and embedded in FRP specimens using time-domain two-point probe resistance and frequency-domain electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. From the experimental thin film electromechanical response, a new method for fitting using a cubic smoothing spline is implemented and is compared to linear least-squares fitting. The results show that the cubic spline fit is better suited for capturing the strain sensitivities (or gage factors) of these thin films within the time- and frequency-domains along with the variation of strain sensitivity with applied strain. The bulk resistance response is described by the DC resistance measurements, whereas the EIS measurements provide insight of the inter-nanotube response.
A revaluation of the pneumonias of infancy

Summary Recent advances in our knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of pneumonia in infancy have been recounted. It is apparent from the data assembled that the aspiration or gravitation of bacteria-laden exudate plays a more significant role in the inception of pneumonia than does the inhalation of bacteria-containing droplets from the atmosphere. Additional important contributory factors are: (1) immaturity of the lungs, both anatomic and physiologic; (2) lack of neonatal immunity; (3) vitamin A deficiency; and (4) conditions associated with birth, such as asphyxia. The latter greatly increases the incidence of congenital aspiration pneumonia. Air-borne infections such as the common cold and epidemic influenzaare predisposing illnesses which greatly increase the activity of the potential pathogens frequently resident in the upper respiratory tract. Evidence is presented to support this conception regarding the dual or multiple etiology of many of the pneumonias of infancy. Air-borne agents and bacteria-laden exudates play a combined role in their development. An unusual epidemic of “thrush pneumonia” is described, in which the synergistic action of the M. albicans and a strain of staphylococcus were considered as having a possible causative relationship. The specific histopathologic changes characterizing the various typesof pneumonia in infancy are described, and a system of classification based on etiology and pathogenesis is offered. Recognition of the many etiologic factors in the pneumonias of infancy is significant for their prevention or management. In so far as the prone position helps to prevent the gravitation or aspiration of bacterialaden exudate into the lungs, compensating for the immature development of the mechanisms of elimination, such as cough and ciliary action, it may be regarded as a means of preventing pneumonia in infants. By its habitual use, the hazard of “sudden death” or “crib death” of pneumonic origin would probably be eliminated. The strict isolation of patients with predisposing illnesses is another factor to be taken into account to avoid further infection by pathogenic bacteria. The prone position offers an effective means of preventing or treating the type of cough which is related to obstructing exudate in the upper respiratory passages.
Variability of measurements of human dark adaptation.

Data on the dark adaptation of three subjects were gathered. All were given the same pre-exposure and testing conditions and threshold measurements taken for 40 min at each experimental session. Each subject served in 12 sessions spread over a period of 11 months, and two dark adaptation curves were obtained at each session. The effect of obtaining two curves per session, morning versus afternoon conduct of the sessions, and of changing experimenters was investigated, and, except for one minor difference, no statistically significant effect was found to result from these factors.The data showed that the variability of threshold measurements changed during the course of 40-min dark adaptation. It began at a given value and declined in magnitude toward the end of cone adaptation. At the time of the cone-rod transition the variability of two of the subjects showed a marked increase and it remained at a relatively high level for several minutes, gradually becoming smaller. After about 20 min the variability reached a minimum, stable value and stayed around this value for the remainder of dark adaptation. An explanation is offered to account for this result. Another result was that the magnitude of the variability showed inconsistent changes during the progress of the experiment, brought about by aberrant curves that were obtained from time to time. There seems to be no ready explanation for the occurrence of such curves.
Molecular self-assembly approaches to multilayer organic light-emitting-diode structures

An attractive and challenging approach to the construction of robust, structurally precise thin film materials with large second-order optical nonlinearities or electroluminescent characteristics is the covalent self-assembly of arrays of tailored molecular building blocks. In this contribution, we discuss the implementation of self-limiting siloxane self- assembly processes to achieve the fabrication of structurally regular organic LED (OLED) devices. Areas surveyed include: (1) the use of layer-by-layer self-assembly for ITO electrode modification/passivation/hole-electron carrier balancing in vapor deposited devices, (2) the synthesis of chlorosilane- functionalized precursor molecules for hole transport (HTL), emissive layer (EML), and electron transport layer (ETL) self- assembly, (3) the physicochemical and microstructural characterization of the HTL self-assembly process employing a triarylamine precursor, (4) the fabrication and characterization of a hybrid self-assembled + vapor deposited two-layer OLED, (5) the fabrication and characterization of a fully self-assembled two-layer OLED.
Relevance of persistent photoconductivity in semi-insulating and n-type semiconducting GaAs to the charge state of metastable EL2 defects.

We make use of persistent photoconductivity studies in GaAs to address the question of the charge state of EL2 defects which is a point of contention in current theories of their metastability. We first review conflicting interpretations of persistent hole photoconductivity in semi-insulating GaAs and then present new photoconductivity studies for n-type semiconducting GaAs to resolve residual points of conflict. We conclude that there is no evidence for a redistribution of charge in EL2 complexes during the metastable transition. Finally, further arguments based on experiment are presented against current models of a positively charged EL2 complex.
Non-uniform quantization of neural spike sequences through an information distortion measure

Abstract There have been various suggestions about how information is encoded in neural spike trains: by the number of spikes, by the temporal correlations, or by complete patterns. The latter scheme is most general, and encompasses many others. However, the search for pattern codes requires exponentially more data than the search for mean rate or correlation codes. Here we describe a method that enables optimal use of whatever quantity of data is available. This method allows spike trains to be studied with variable, non-uniform temporal precision. Precision is optimized to provide a best lower bound for the information content of spike patterns given the available data.
Wide Curve Based Geometric Optimization of Compliant Mechanisms

A wide curve is a curve with width or cross-section. This paper presents a geometric optimization method of compliant mechanisms based on the free form wide curve theory. With the proposed method, geometric optimization can be performed to further improve the performance of a compliant mechanism after its topology is selected. Every connection in the topology is represented as a parametric wide curve in which variable shape and size are fully described and conveniently controlled by the limited number of parameters. The geometric optimization is formulated on the control parameters of the wide curves corresponding to all connections in the topology. Problem-dependent objectives are optimized and practical constraints are imposed during the optimization process. The optimization problem is solved by the constrained nonlinear programming algorithm in Matlab Optimization Toolbox. An example is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed optimization procedure.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Studies of 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate

3-Aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (AADP) was prepared from NADP and 3-amino-pyridine through the pig brain NADase-catalyzed pyridine base exchange reaction. The purified dinucleotide was chemically characterized and spectral properties of the compound were determined. The importance of the application of AADP in studies of NADP-requiring biochemical processes was indicated by the demonstration of AADP as an effective inhibitor of five NADP-requiring enzymes, by the demonstration of the fluorescence enhancement on the binding of AADP to yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase when glucose-6-phosphate is present, and by the functioning of AADP as a fluorimetric substrate for snake venom nucleotide pyrophosphatase.
Microbial production of organic acids in aquitard sediments and its role in aquifer geochemistry

Microbial production of organic acids in aquitard sediments and its role in aquifer geochemistry
Synthesis and characterization of the non-kekulé, singlet biradicaloid Ar'Ge(μ-NSiMe3)2GeAr' (ar' = 2,6-Dipp2C6H3, Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)

Reaction of Ar‘GeGeAr‘ (1) with an excess of Me3SiN3 gives the non-Kekule, biradicaloid Ar‘Ge(μ-NSiMe3)2GeAr‘ (3, Ar‘ = 2,6-Dipp2C6H3, Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) which has a planar Ge2N2Si2 array and pyramidal geometry at the germaniums. DFT calculations for the model MeGe(μ-NSiH3)2GeMe indicate no Ge−Ge bonding and a singlet ground state. The calculated energy difference between the optimized singlet and triplet states is 17.51 kcal/mol.
Dietary selenium reduces the formation of aberrant crypts in rats administered 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl

Human epidemiologic studies suggest that low selenium status is associated with increased cancer risk and that selenium supplementation is associated with reduction in the incidence of several cancers, including colorectal cancer. Aromatic and heterocyclic amine carcinogens are thought to be important in the etiology of human colorectal cancer, but no information is available on the effects of selenium on aromatic amine-induced colon cancer. In order to investigate this effect, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), the putative preneoplastic lesions of colon cancer in humans and rodents, were used as a biomarker to test the hypothesis that selenium supplementation can reduce aromatic amine-induced colon carcinogenesis. Male weanling F344 inbred rats were fed a basal torula yeast selenium-deficient diet supplemented with 0, 0.1, or 2.0 mg selenium/kg diet as selenite, selenate, or selenomethionine (SeMet). Animals were fed the diets for 4 weeks and then administered 1 sc injection/week for 2 weeks of 3,2′-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMABP; 100 mg/kg) or vehicle (peanut oil). At 12 weeks, the rats were euthanized and the colon and rectum were removed, opened longitudinally, and fixed in 70% ethanol. Glutathione peroxidase activities in erythrocytes and liver cytosol and selenium concentrations in the colon/rectum and kidney increased significantly (p< 0.05) and in a dose-dependent manner with each of the three selenium diets. No ACF were identified in vehicle-treated rats. In DMABP-treated rats, ACF frequencies decreased significantly (p< 0.05) in groups supplemented with 0.1 or 2.0 mg selenium/kg diet as selenite and selenate but not SeMet. There were no significant differences in ACF and aberrant crypts between rats fed 0.1 vs 2.0 mg selenium/kg diet. These results suggest that dietary selenium, depending on chemical form, can reduce aromatic amine-induced colon carcinogenesis.
Recurrent Stenosis of the Mitral Valve

Forty-three patients with suspected restenosis of the mitral valve are reported. Forty of these occurred in a series of 672 mitral commissurotomies. A significant degree of recurrent stenosis was found in 40 of the 43 cases at the time of the second operation. The clinical features and findings in these patients are discussed, as well as the probable etiologic factors. Left heart catheterization is indicated in many of these cases to define precisely the hemodynamic status, particularly in those individuals with suspected concomitant mitral incompetency or myocardial disease. Open-heart surgery should significantly improve the results of a repeat mitral commissurotomy.
Flight responses in a wind tunnel of the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes to three spring and three summer host plants of Heliothis spp

Flight responses of the parasitoid, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to two phenological stages of spring host plants (crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L., hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Corbiere, and cutleaf geranium, Geranium dissectum L.) and summer host plants (cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L., and soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr.) of Heliothis virescens (F.), were measured in a dual choice situation in a wind tunnel. Preflowering clover was more attractive than preflowering geranium, followed by preflowering vetch. Clover was preferred over geranium in flowering stages as well. No within species differences were detected for the two phenological stages. Preflowering and flowering cotton and soybean were preferred over preflowering and flowering sorghum. The findings could be important in pre-determining release sites for M. croceipes in the field.
How a good software practice thwarts collaboration: the multiple roles of APIs in software development

The principle of information hiding has been very influential in software engineering since its inception in 1972. This principle prescribes that software modules hide implementation details from other modules in order to decrease their interdependencies. This separation also decreases the dependency among software developers implementing modules, thus simplifying some aspects of collaboration. A common instantiation of this principle is in the form of application programming interfaces (APIs). We performed a qualitative study on how practitioners use APIs in their daily work. Although particularly interested in aspects of collaboration, we report all findings about their observed use. The findings include mundane observations that are predicted by theory, ways that APIs support collaborative software development. But the findings also include some surprises, ways that APIs hinder collaboration. The surprises indicate directions for further improvement of collaborative software development practices and tools.
Noncycling tumor cells are sensitive targets for the antiproliferative activity of human interferon

Resting Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Daudi) in culture are more sensitive targets for the antiproliferative activity of purified human fibroblast interferon than cells that are rapidly multiplying. Thus, interferon may be of significant clinical value in neoplasms involving stem cells and, after chemotherapy, in suppressing the reemergence of tumors.
Porcine-pancreatic alpha amylase hydrolysis of substrates containing 6-deoxy-d-glucose and 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-d-glucose and the specificity of subsite binding☆

Abstract Hydrolysis of 6-deoxyamylose and mono-6-deoxy-6-fluorocyclomaltoheptaose by porcine-pancreatic alpha amylase produces low-molecular-weight modified products, which have been analyzed by chemical and chromatographic techniques. Results for both substrates show that modified d -glucose and two isomers of modified maltoses are produced in the enzyme reaction. In addition, the formation of maltoses modified in the nonreducing residue is more favored than the formation of maltoses modified in the reducing residue. These results indicate that productive binding of 6-fluoro- and 6-deoxy- d -glucose residues is permitted at subsites 1 through 4 of the amylase-active site but that binding of these modified residues may be less favorable at subsite 3, the subsite at which catalytic attack occurs.
Exploratory Analysis of Precipitation Events with Implications for Stochastic Modeling

Abstract The use of a concept called a precipitation “event” to obtain information regarding certain statistical properties of precipitation time series at a particular location and for a specific application (e.g., for modeling erosion) is described. Exploratory data analysis is used to examine several characteristics of more than 31 years of primitive precipitation events based on hourly precipitation data at Salem, Oregon. A primitive precipitation event is defined as one or more consecutive hours with at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of precipitation. The characteristics of the events that are considered include the duration, magnitude, average intensity and maximum intensity of the event and the number of hours separating consecutive events. By means of exploratory analysis of the characteristics of the precipitation events, it is demonstrated that the marginal (i.e., unconditional) distributions of the characteristics are positively skewed. Examination of the conditional distributions of some pairs of...
Search for misplaced magnetic monopoles

The quoted flux in a recent report of a detected magnetic monopole is inconsistent by factors on the order of 500 000 with ocean-bottom searches. One resolution of this incongruity is that monopoles are trapped somewhere between the top of the atmosphere and the ocean bottom. We have searched for monopoles in the atmosphere and ocean water and have found none at levels substantially below the numbers expected if the monopoles were trapped. (AIP)
Gravitational lensing in a cold dark matter universe

Gravitational lensing due to mass condensations in a biased cold dark matter (CDM) universe is investigated using the Press-Schechter (1974) theory with density fluctuation amplitudes taken from previous N-body work. Under the critical assumption that CDM haloes have small core radii, a distribution of image angular separations for high-z lensed quasars with a peak at about 1 arcsec and a half-width of a factor of about 10. Allowing for selection effects at small angular separations, this is in good agreement with the observed separations. The estimated frequency of lensing is somewhat lower than that observed, but the discrepancy can be removed by invoking amplification bias and by making a small upward adjustment to the density fluctuation amplitudes assumed in the CDM model.
Socialism, democratism and criticism: The Soviet press and the national discussion of the 1936 draft constitution

(1992). Socialism, democratism and criticism: The Soviet press and the national discussion of the 1936 draft constitution. Soviet Studies: Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 313-332.
POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST IRON‐SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI B CROSS‐REACT WITH SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASES FROM SYMBIODINIUM MICROADRIATICUM (DINOPHYCEAE)1

Assays for superoxide dismutases (SODs) were performed using cell-free extracts of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal (emend Trench and Blank) after separation in undenatured polyacrylamide gels. Using appropriate inhibitors (KCN and H2O2) we detected the presence of Cu/Zn-, Mn-, and Fe-SODs. In immunoblot assays, polyclonal antibodies against Fe-SOD from Escherichia coli B cross-reacted with two major polypeptides in the water-soluble fraction and one polypeptide in the Triton X-100-solubilized pellet fraction. The polypeptide common to both fractions, with a relative molecular mass of 43.5 kDa, was identified as Mn-SOD. In S. microadriaticum, FeSOD, found only in the water-soluble fraction, appears to be monomeric, with a relative molecular mass of 49.5 kDa.
Joseph Barcroft and the fixity of the internal environment

In 1931 the distinguished British physiologist Joseph Barcroft published in Biological Reviews a long article whose title was a striking sentence written fifty-three years earlier by Claude Bernard: "La fixit6 du milieu interieur est la condition de la vie libre." In opening his discussion Barcroft asserted, "Of the principles which govern the physiological processes of the human body, that of the fixity of its internal environment has been as thoroughly established as any." 2 Barcroft's assessment reflected the fact that during the previous decade the ideas associated with Bernard's vivid phrase "milieu interieur" had attracted greater attention among physiologists than at any other time since Bernard himself had made it a central theme in his teaching. Yet it is difficult to discover what meaning can be attached to Barcroft's statement that the concept had been "thoroughly established." Except for one specialized, though notable exception, the validity of the concept had never been established by experiments designed to that end, nor by assembling all of the data which might argue for it. Few who discussed it, including Bernard, had felt a need to demonstrate empirically its correctness. Neither had it become "thoroughly established" in the sense that physiologists usually referred to it when discussing the
Media Technology and the Courts: The Case of Closed Circuit Video Arraignments in Miami, Florida

The normative and policy implications of introducing video technologies into the courtroom are analyzed in this work. Examining video misdemeanor arraignments conducted in Miami's Eleventh Judicial Circuit, reveals a dis ruption of normative expectations within the courtroom, especially on the part of public defenders. Such latent consequences suggest that some defendants may not be getting the full benefit of constitutionally guaranteed due process protections. They also suggest an increased depersonalization of courtroom interactions and the possibility of negatively altered perceptions upon the part of courtroom actors and public onlookers. Because these percep tions affect the legitimacy with which courtroom procedures are held, the policy implications of introducing video technologies, along the lines of this study's findings, require careful consideration.
Fast scheme for photon-maxwellian electron cross sections

Abstract A fast and accurate method for computing temperature-corrected photon- Maxwell ian electron cross sections with distribution averaged electron energies and scattering angles in presented. Use is made of the covariant (frame indepedent) picture of scattering for relativistic electrons. The scheme is motivated and detailed, predictions are obtained and compared with exact values and appropriate limiting forms which retain the Thomson and Klein-Nishina cross section structure are also recovered. The method is amenable to further pointwise (Monte Carlo) or multigroup ( S n ) cross section processing. A two parameter fit to the relativistic cross sections is also described that resembles the Klein-Nishina formula in structure and can be used to generate temperature corrections within existing static electron algorithms.
Formation and Evolution of Circumstellar and Interstellar PAHs: A Laboratory Study

Studies of dust analogs formed from hydrocarbon ( C H 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 6 ) and PAH precursors have been performed using a new facility that we have developed to simulate interstellar and circumstellar processes. The species formed in a plasma are detected, characterized and monitored in situ with high-sensitivity techniques, which provide both spectroscopic and ion mass information. From these measurements we derive information on the nature, the size and the structure of dust particles, as well as a better understanding of the growth and destruction processes of extraterrestrial dust.
Influence of host glass on precipitation of cuprous halides

Abstract Glasses containing cuprous ions and halides are heated. In some of the glasses, the precipitation of cuprous halides gives rise to excitonic absorption. Electron micrographs and leaching studies fail to show a correlation between the precipitation of the cuprous halides and phase separation of the matrix glass into silica rich and boron rich regions. Correlation with previously discussed models of the dependence of halogen solubility on the bonding of boron atoms is evident.
Socio-familial characteristics of black male heroin addicts and their nonaddicted friends

Abstract To determine whether family, peer, and school variables are associated with divergent heroin-use patterns or career outcomes, we interviewed 183 black male heroin addicts, experimenters, and non-heroin users from Chicago's south side. While subgroup differences on socio-familial variables generally were not statistically significant, we did observe a number of trends in the expected direction. For example, addicts were more likely than experimenters or nonusers to come from broken homes, to have friends who were involved in serious types of drug use and other illegal activities, and to drop out of high school. At the same time, the pervasiveness of some of our measures of “social disharmony” across the sample suggests that, at least in some inner-city black neighborhoods, these patterns are perhaps becoming the norm.
Psychological distress, use of rehabilitation services, and disability status among noninstitutionalized US adults aged 35 years and older, who have cardiovascular conditions, 2007

Objectives: To investigate whether psychological distress is associated with disability status and use of rehabilitation services among adults aged 35 years and older with cardiovascular conditions.
Book, Video, and Software Review Policy Statement

The Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science publishes reviews of recent marketing-related books, videos, and software that appear to be of general interest to both marketing scholars and practitioners. As such, JAMS does not publish reviews of material intended solely for classroom skills use (e.g., marketing textbooks). The purpose of the Book, Video, and Software Review section is to provide thoughtful perspectives on material related to specific themes (e.g., marketing relationships, ethics, consumer behavior). The review should be stimulating to the reader while sharing knowledge in the marketing field. Foremost, reviews should be candid and well written. The reviewer should avoid a descriptive style (i.e., "Chapter t describes . . . . " "Chapter 2 explains . . . . " "Chapter 3 discusses . . . . " "Chapter 4 contains . . ."). Rather, the review should be an essay on a particular topic, possibly even reflecting the reviewer's character. The review must be as objective as possible, without tending to present a positive for every negative and vice versa. However, the reviewer should also attempt to be helpful to both the author of the book, video, or software and the potential user of the material. Therefore, the reviewer should avoid overt negativism and instead convey concerns in a constructive, professional, and thought-provoking manner. While continuing to publish essays related to books and software, JAMS is initiating a rating system for videos. In future editions of JAMS, videos will be reviewed by three individuals. The resulting review will be a combination of the three reviewers' thoughts, concerns, opinions, and so on, as well as the individual results from a three-star rating system. Naturally, three stars represent a "must-see," with two stars being an "okay" video, and a one-star rating representing "not worth your while." Reviews are solicited from readers of JAMS. While unsolicited reviews are invited, the potential reviewer should check with the section editor to avoid duplication of effort. All reviews are edited for length and clarity. Please contact the Book, Video, and Software review editor if you know of material that should be reviewed in JAMS or if you would like to volunteer to review. The editor's contact information is as follows: Victoria L. Crittenden, Marketing Department, The Carroll School of Management, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167; phone: (617) 552-0430; fax: (617) 552-2097; e-mail: victoria.crittenden @bc.edu.
Optical modulation of molecular conductance.

A novel scanning probe microscope stage permits break junction measurements of single molecule conductance while the molecules are illuminated with visible light. We studied a porphyrin-fullerene dyad molecule designed to form a charge separated state on illumination. A significant fraction of illuminated molecules become more conductive, returning to a lower conductance in the dark, suggesting the formation of a long-lived charge separated state on the indium–tin oxide surface. Transient absorption spectra of these molecular layers are consistent with formation of a long-lived charge separated state, a finding with implications for the design of molecular photovoltaic devices.
WHEEL RUNNING AND FLUOXETINE ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT HAVE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND THE SPINAL CORD

Exercise and antidepressants used independently have been shown to increase hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurogenesis. Despite the fact that patients with depression are often prescribed both, the effects of the exercise and fluoxetine antidepressant treatment used in combination are unknown. Using C57Bl/10 female mice, BDNF protein, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) protein and neurogenesis were measured in the hippocampus after 21 days of wheel running, 21 days of fluoxetine antidepressant therapy (daily i.p. injections of 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg) and the combination of the two. BDNF protein and cytogenesis/neurogenesis increased in the hippocampus with fluoxetine (high dose), but not wheel running. Hippocampal IGF-1 protein did not change with either treatment. There were no synergistic effects of combining exercise and fluoxetine treatment. Recent reports have also shown that exercise induces molecular mechanisms that benefit the spinal cord and can improve recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI); therefore, we repeated the assays in the spinal cord. Results showed that BDNF, IGF-1 and neurogenesis behave independently in the hippocampus and spinal cord. BDNF protein did not change in the spinal cord with either wheel running or fluoxetine treatment. Spinal cord IGF-1 protein did not change with wheel running, but it decreased with fluoxetine (high dose). Furthermore, spinal cord cytogenesis decreased with fluoxetine treatment. The combined wheel running and fluoxetine groups did not show synergistic results. Thus, the hippocampus and the spinal cord respond in distinct ways to wheel running and fluoxetine, and a prior induction of BDNF, IGF-1 or cytogenesis is unlikely to be the mechanism for wheel running providing a margin of protection against SCI.
Toward under-ice operations with hybrid underwater robotic vehicles

Few methods presently exist for routine benthic survey and sampling operations under permanent moving ice in high latitudes. Many benthic survey and sampling techniques commonly employed for blue-water oceanography are unsuitable for operations in ice covered seas due to the constrined maneuverability inherent in icebreaker operations. Over-theside deployments with lowered instruments prohibit ice-breaking and constrain the ship to the wind-driven motion of the ice. We propose that hybrid remotely operated vehicles (HROVs) with light data-only tethers could provide significantly enhanced under-ice scientific access to the world's high-latitude oceans. This paper identifies operational obstacles to benthic survey and sampling operations posed by permanent moving ice cover and proposes solutions to these obstacles.
On a generalization of Stickelberger's Theorem

We prove two versions of Stickelberger?s Theorem for positive dimensions and use them to compute the connected and irreducible components of a complex algebraic variety. If the variety is given by polynomials of degree ?d in n variables, then our algorithms run in parallel (sequential) time (nlogd)O(1) (dO(n4)). In the case of a hypersurface, the complexity drops to O(n2log2d) (dO(n)). In the proof of the last result we use the effective Nullstellensatz for two polynomials, which we also prove by very elementary methods.
Changes in α-melanotropin in discrete brain areas of isolated aggressive mice

Adult male Swiss-Webster (NIH) mice were isolated for 6 weeks. Aggressive behavior was tested on 2 occasions, 24 hours apart. Immediately following the 2nd test period, aggressors and isolated non-aggressors (controls) were decapitated and alpha-MSH concentration was measured in discrete areas of the brain. Only the nucleus accumbens and preoptic lateralis of the aggressors, showed a higher level of alpha-MSH when compared to the controls. The significance of these changes is discussed.
Corticorelin acetate injections for the treatment of peritumoral brain edema.

Background: The use of corticosteroids has been shown to be effective in the management of vasogenic edema caused by brain tumors, and is currently the standard of care. The associated systemic side effects, however, can be even more debilitating than the primary disease process, ultimately warranting premature discontinuation of steroids in some patients. In response, corticorelin acetate, a synthetic targeted human corticotropin-releasing factor (hCRF) analogue, has been developed to simulate the benefits of corticosteroids in treating peritumoral brain edema (PBE), while sparing the systemic toxicity. Objective: This article reviews the development of corticorelin acetate and its potential role in treating PBE as an alternative to standard corticosteroid therapy. Methods: Relevant articles and abstracts were obtained from searches of the medical and chemical literature databases, as well as from the references from published articles. Results/conclusion: Animal studies and a Phase I randomized trial ha...
Protein kinase C regulation of cell spreading in the molluscan Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line

Cellular adhesion and spreading are critical components involved in the processes of cell and tissue development, and immune responses in molluscs, but at present, little is known regarding the signaling pathways involved in these basic cellular functions. In the present study, the molluscan Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line was used as an in vitro model to study the signal transduction pathways regulating molluscan cell adhesion and spreading behavior. Western blot analysis using antibodies specific to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) revealed the presence of an MAPK-like immunoreactive protein in Bge cells, that was phosphorylated upon exposure to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Moreover, Bge cell treatment with inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), Ras and MAPK kinase (Mek) suppressed PMA-induced expression of activated MAPK, suggesting that PKC-, Ras- and Mek-like molecules may be acting upstream of MAPK. Similarly, in vitro Bge cell-spreading assays were performed in conjunction with the same panel of inhibitors to determine the potential involvement of PKC, Ras and Mek in cellular adhesion/spreading. Results revealed a similar pattern of inhibition of cell-spreading behavior strongly implying that the Bge cell spreading also may be regulated through a MAPK-associated signal transduction pathway(s) involving proteins similar to PKC, Ras and Mek.
Steroid elimination-who, when, how?

Steroids have numerous side effects, many occurring early posttransplantation with relatively low prednisone doses. Consequently, investigators have attempted steroid minimization or withdrawal. The first attempts at steroid minimization used early low-dose steroids and were associated with an increased rate of acute rejection episodes, late graft dysfunction, and graft loss. Subsequent studies, with cyclosporine-based immunosuppression, attempted steroid withdrawal late posttransplantation (>3 months) in highly selected, clinically well, and immunologically low-risk recipients. Again, steroid withdrawal was associated with an increased risk of acute rejection episodes and these episodes were associated with graft dysfunction and increased graft loss. The development of new powerful immunosuppressive agents has led to renewed attempts at late prednisone withdrawal. These also have been associated with increased late rejection risk. A more exciting innovation has been the attempts at rapid discontinuation (≤7 days posttransplantation) of prednisone with the following results: (1) Randomized studies have shown no significantly increased risk of acute rejection; (2) Randomized and nonrandomized studies have shown no increase in late graft loss; (3) Successful use in living and deceased donor recipients, primary and re–transplant recipients, adult and child recipients, white and black recipients, and low-risk and highly sensitized recipients; (4) About 80% of recipients remain prednisone-free long term. Recent nonrandomized data suggest that recipients who have an acute rejection episode while prednisone free are more likely to have a second rejection episode if they are returned to prednisone-free immunosuppression. In these cases the acute rejection episode should be treated and long-term prednisone continued at 5 mg/d.