cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The application of the Hoch-Arpshofen model to liquid systems with compound-forming tendencies and a miscibility GAP

Abstract The complex model of Hoch and Arpshofen was applied to the MgO-SiO 2 , CaO-SiO 2 , SiO-SiO 2 , BaO-SiO 2 , and Fe-FeO 1.5 system. In the liquid, the excess Gibbs energy of mixing can be represented by: G ex m = Wn ( x − x n ) + M 2 n ( y − y 2 n ) where W is the attractive energy term, M is the repulsive energy term, n is the size (number of atoms) in the complex ( n = 3 in MgO-SiO 2 , CaO-SiO 2 , n = 4 in Fe-FeO 1,5 system), x is the atom mole fraction of the component toward which compound formation tendencies are shown (x is MgO, CaO, FeO 1.5 , and y is the mole fraction of the component toward which the miscibility gap exists (y is SiO 2 , Fe). To represent data in the liquid within the temperature and composition range of interest, such as activity of MgO, CaO, or SiO 2 in the silicate systems or oxygen pressure in the Fe-FeO 1.5 system, the temperature independents W and M are adequate. Also to represent the critical mixing temperature, however, a temperature-dependent M is required of the form M = M 0 (1 − αT ).
Providers' experiences with young people's cognitive representations and emotions related to the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections.

Objective: The Common Sense Model (CSM) was used as the organizing framework to examine providers' experiences with young people's cognitive representations and emotions related to the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study was conducted to develop insights into potential avenues for enhancing the effectiveness of STI education and counseling for young people. Design: This was a qualitative investigation using semi-structured focus group interviews. Sample: The 5 focus groups were comprised of 30 providers of STI education and counseling: public health nurses, peer educators, and nurse practitioners. Measurement: Content of transcribed focus group interviews was coded using a predetermined coding scheme based on the five dimensions of representational beliefs and emotions defined by the CSM. Results: The providers identified that young people hold a number of STI misconceptions within each dimensions of the CSM. Anger and embarrassment about STIs are common emotions experienced by young people. Conclusions: This investigation suggests that providers are able to elicit and identify STI-related misconceptions held by young people, and that the CSM model is a useful classification method. Identifying misconceptions could be useful in developing tailored STI education and counseling interventions by public health nurses.
The results of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for evaluation of nodular thyroid disease

Abstract Background. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ultrasonography (US) improves the accuracy and reduces the rate of nondiagnostic fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of thyroid nodules. Methods. A review of 536 consecutive patients evaluated for nodular thyroid disease from 1990 to 2001 was completed to determine the results for US vs palpation-guided FNAB. Results. FNAB was used to evaluate 458 patients. US-guided FNAB was performed in 66 (12%) patients: 48 with a nonpalpable nodule, 14 with nondiagnostic standard FNAB, and 4 with a palpable nodule. US-guided FNAB was nondiagnostic in 15 (23%) patients. There were no false-positive or false-negative results. Standard FNAB was performed in 407 patients, 57 (14%) of whom had a nondiagnostic result. There were 2 (3%) false-positive and 3 (1.6%) false-negative results. In 14 patients with a nondiagnostic standard FNAB, US-guided FNAB yielded an adequate specimen in 7 (50%). Nodules evaluated by standard FNAB were 4.1 ± 0.1 cm (mean ± SEM) in size compared with 2.5 ± 0.1 cm for nodules evaluated by US-guided FNAB ( P Conclusions. US improves the diagnostic yield in selected patients with nondiagnostic standard FNAB. The higher frequency of nondiagnostic US-guided FNAB was related to its selective use in patients with smaller nodules. Surgery 2002;132:648-54.
Electrical transport and optical properties of zirconium nitride/aluminum nitride multilayers

We have synthesized zirconium nitride/aluminum nitride multilayered thin films with a reactive sputtering technique. The electrical transport and optical properties of these multilayers have been examined by resistivity, Hall effect, and near‐normal incidence reflectance and transmittance measurements. We show the existence of a metal‐to‐insulator transition and strong increase of Hall coefficient at small wavelength of composition modulation. The optical response of the multilayers is systematically modified from the behavior of the individual constituents. The measured optical response is in qualitative agreement with a simple effective‐medium theory.
Applications of Algebraic Reynolds Stress Turbulence Models Part 1: Incompressible Flat Plate

The ability of the three-dimensional Navier – Stokes method, PAB3D, to simulate the effect of Reynolds number variation by using nonlinear explicit algebraic Reynolds stress turbulence modeling was assessed. Subsonic  at-plate boundary-layer  ow parameters such as law-of-the-wall velocity distributions, local and average skin friction, skin friction correlation, and shape factors were compared with direct numerical simulation calculations and classical theory at local Reynolds numbers up to 180 3 10. Each model displayed slightly different low and high Reynolds number characteristics, but generally compared very well with classical theories and data. No de nitive advantage of one explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model over another was observed.
Techniques of modeling a sonar guidance system

Modern sonar systems require the use of highly sophisticated analysis techniques. Modeling tools must be developed to aid in the evaluation of these complex processes. The Coherent Acoustic Guidance Simulation, also known as CAGSIM, has been developed to investigate the performance of conventional and innovative sonar processing techniques. Its use as an analysis tool offers insight to the cause and effect relationships that govern system performance. The objective of this presentation is to discuss the structure and computational flow of CAGSIM and to direct attention to the various procedures used within to model the dynamics and acoustic properties of signal sources, environmental characteristics and sonar processing. Factors that determine the simulation of vehicle trajectories and acoustic signals processed by a moving sonar are identified. Simulation outputs are presented to illustrate CAGSIM's versatility.
The impact of prostate biopsy on urinary symptoms, erectile function, and anxiety.

Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy (PB) is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Recently, lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction have been reported following PB. We reviewed the literature on PB and these symptoms and summarized known findings between these conditions and other variables, such as periprostatic nerve block, saturation biopsy, serial biopsies, and psychological factors associated with PB and cancer. A PubMed search was performed using keywords “prostate biopsy,” “complications,” “erectile dysfunction,” “lower urinary tract symptoms,” “anxiety,” and “quality of life.” Eleven key papers are discussed and personal experience is drawn upon. Based upon available evidence, PB appears to be associated with short-term exacerbation of urinary symptoms in some men, as well as associated with anxiety and temporary erectile dysfunction, without a distinct relationship to periprostatic nerve block or the number of cores biopsied. Additional studies are warranted to determine the definitive etiology of these symptoms and to determine if interventions could reduce patient morbidity. In the interim, patients should be educated and counseled about these risks before undergoing PB.
Systems With Infinitesimal Mobility: Part II—Compound and Higher-Order Infinitesimal Mechanisms

Employing power expansion techniques, higher-order mechanisms are investigated, revealing, in particular, the existence of even-order mechanisms and their peculiar nature. The equivalence condition is established between prestressability and kinematic immobility of underconstrained structural systems with one singularity. A previously unidentified class of systems is revealed
Electronic processing of air-traffic-control information

Flight plans and weather information are transmitted and received automatically over teletypewriter lines. Messages are filed in a magnetic drum storage and can be found by means of their contents. Any questionable or obviously erroneous message is printed out for review.
T10-O-13 Impacts of unilaterally focused sexual education on reproduction health

Objective Risk sexual behaviour is traditionally understood as behaviour leading to unwanted pregnancy and to spread of STD. Prevention consists, besides education towards responsibility, also in availability of reliable contraception. But most highly developed countries face further problems today - declining birth rate and increasing number of persons demanding treatment of infertility. Design and methodology Qualitative analysis of outputs of studies from different branches (demographic, medical, psychological, sociological). Results The decisions to become parents are postponed to higher ages, bringing the problem of age-related infertility and constituting significant health, psychological, social, ethical, legal and economic problems. Studies mapping the information level of people show underestimation of biological limits, overestimation of possibilities of assisted reproduction and underestimation of the significance of male fertility disorders. Media inform about the problem particularly in connection with declining birth rate, which is a context that can be perceived by people rather as inadmissible pressure on “production of children”. Individual health and psycho-social risks stay completely unnoticed. Conclusions Modern era brings us ironically to label even responsible (? ) postponing of parenthood to the time of (expected) higher personality maturity and economic stability as risk behaviour. But this problem has been so far only marginal for concepts of sexual education and family planning. Europe spends huge sums of money on treatment of infertility, there are large projects for family support, but they deal minimally with prevention. Interdisciplinary cooperation in this sphere is a must.
Borderline personality symptomatology as a mediator of the link between child maltreatment and adult suicide potential.

The present study tests borderline personality symptoms as meditational pathways between child maltreatment and suicide potential among college students. A sample of 268 participants completed a questionnaire battery including demographic data, the Comprehensive Child Maltreatment Scale, Inventory of Altered Self-Capacities, and Personality Assessment Inventory. Results: Three multiple mediation models (1 for each type of child maltreatment) were conducted. Results demonstrated that the same set of borderline personality characteristics mediated the relations between each type of child maltreatment (i.e., physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect) and suicide potential. The mediating borderline symptoms were affective dysregulation, identity problems, and paranoia. The meditation model is discussed with regard to attachment, trauma, and suicide theories, as well as suicide risk assessment.
Application of antioxidants and other agents to prevent cisplatin ototoxicity.

Objective/Hypothesis: To review the recent data from experiments performed in this laboratory to test the hypothesis that cisplatin ototoxicity is related to depletion of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes in the cochlea and that the use of antioxidants or protective agents would protect the cochlea against cisplatin damage and prevent hearing loss. Study Design/Methods: Data were reviewed from experiments performed in this laboratory. Control rats were treated intraperitoneally with cisplatin 16 mg/kg. Experimental rats were given cisplatin in combination with one of the following protective agents: diethyldithiocarbamate, 4-methylthiobenzoic acid, ebselen, or lipoic acid. Animals in each group underwent auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold testing before and 3 days after treatment. Cochleae were removed after final ABR testing and analyzed for glutathione and activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and malondialdehyde. Results: Rats in the control group receiving cisplatin were found to have significant ABR threshold shifts. This was accompanied by a reduction of glutathione and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase) and an elevation of malondialdehyde. Experimental animals had preservation of ABR thresholds and levels of glutathione, antioxidant enzyme activity, and malondialdehyde that were similar to untreated animals. Conclusion: Cisplatin ototoxicity appears to be initiated by free-radical production, which causes depletion of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes in the cochlea, and lipid peroxidation, manifested by an increase in malondialdehyde. These effects were blocked by each of a series of antioxidant compounds given in combination with cisplatin. A mechanism for cisplatin ototoxicity is elaborated with a proposed plan of chemoprevention using agents with different mechanisms of action. These substances could be used alone or in combination to reduce the severity of cisplatin ototoxicity in patients.
Predicting negative mood state and personal growth in African American and white long-term breast cancer survivors

Background: Relatively little research has examined cognitive processes that may impact psychological adaptation in older longterm breast cancer survivors (BCS).Purpose: This study investigated the strength of a conceptual model based on the literature and Uncertainty in Illness Theories which proposes that negative mood state and personal growth in older long-term White and African American BCS would be predicted by the combined influences of demographic and disease variables, social support, religious participation, and cognitive processes (uncertainty, catastrophizing, troublesome thoughts, and cognitive reframing).Methods: Baseline data were gathered from 524 BCS (369 Whites and 155 African Americans, 5-9 years postdiagnosis) prior to their participating in an uncertainty management intervention program. The conceptual model was tested using structural equation modeling.Results: The multigroup model showed good fit to the data and explained substantial variance in negative mood state and personal growth. Cognitive processes showed both direct and indirect effects on outcomes in the expected directions. Several ethnic differences were found: African Americans were more negatively affected by comorbidities and Whites by symptom distress, whereas cognitive reframing was a stronger predictor of personal growth for African Americans than Whites.Conclusions: This is one of the first studies to explore predictors of both negative mood and personal growth in a multiethnic sample of BCS. These findings suggest that cognitive processes play an important role in psychological adaptation to breast cancer survivorship. These processes are amenable to change, suggesting a logical target for intervention with this population.
A Different Shade of Gray: Midlife and beyond in the Inner City

A Different Shade of Gray: Midlife and Beyond in the Inner City. Katherine S. Newman. New York: The New Press. 2003. 306 pp. ISBN 1-56584-615-X. $29.95 (cloth). Katherine Newman's book examines a long-neglected group within the inner city: minorities who are middle aged and older. African American, Puerto Rican, and Dominican respondents in New York City participated in life history interviews. Newman discusses these data against a backdrop of both a larger New York city survey and national data derived from middle-aged and older persons. Her resultant ability to compare her respondents to their neighbors and to minorities and Whites nationally strengthens her conclusions about her respondents' situations and how they might be ameliorated. These older inner-city residents, who have worked hard against many odds, are beset by health, income, family, and safety problems that are unthinkable for most middle-class Americans, and contradictory to dominant conceptions concerning how middle age and retirement should unfold. Their stories convey a sense of strength and resilience, but Newman makes it clear that, without policy intervention, they will often struggle in vain. Her book is informed by a life course approach and consequent attention to both local history-such as neighborhood changes, work cycles in response to economic changes, and the crack wars-and the related national landscape. Together, these help explain how their lives have been shaped by both opportunities, such as economic upswings and the public sector jobs opened by affirmative action, and constraints, such as the intersecting class, race, and gender discrimination in labor markets that single mothers face. The most engagingly written chapters, such as Chapters 1 (which provides an overview of the book) and 3, begin with the stories of different persons who serve as exemplars to flesh out the main points. Chapter 2 provides what Newman refers to as "the big picture": a statistical comparison of Whites and minorities in relation to childhood poverty, education, employment, income, marriage patterns, and health. Chapters 3 through 5 look at different dimensions that shape the aging experiences of her inner-city residents: work and neighborhood locations, men's and women's relationships in middle and later years, and the effects of economic hardship on physical and mental health. The emerging picture is that work and family/kin obligations intersect for both men and women to influence their later lives through such things as health, family structure, and pension availability. Chapter 6, the longest and perhaps most interesting chapter, explores racial and ethnic relations among different groups in inner-city New York. Readers must bear in mind, however, that the chapter is about perceptions and is not necessarily meant to assert, for instance, whether one group really has more of a "work ethic" than another. One significant finding is that each group understands that minority group membership provides structural barriers, but they also hold individuals accountable for their choices. …
Evidence for a potential role of neuropeptide Y in ovine corpus luteum function.

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurohormone that is typically associated with food intake, but it has also been reported to affect the production of progesterone from luteal tissue in vitro. However, NPY has not been previously immunolocalized in the ovine ovary or in the corpus luteum (CL) of any species, and the effects of this neurohormone on luteal function in vivo are not known. Thus, we performed fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC) to localize NPY in the ovine ovary and used avidin-biotin immunocytochemistry (ICC) to further define the intracellular localization within follicles and the CL. We then infused NPY directly into the arterial supply of the autotransplanted ovaries of sheep to determine the in vivo effect of exogenous NPY on ovarian blood flow and on the luteal secretion rate of progesterone and oxytocin. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the NPY antigen was localized to cells within the follicles and CL, in the nerve fibers of the ovarian stroma, and in the vessels of the ovarian hilus. In the follicle, the NPY antigen was localized to nerves and vessels within the theca interna layer, and strong staining was observed in the granulosal cells of antral follicles. In the CL, NPY was localized in large luteal cells and in the vascular pericytes and/or endothelial cells of blood vessels, found dispersed throughout the gland and within the luteal capsule. In vivo incremental infusions of NPY at 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 ng/min, each for a 30-min period, into the arterial supply of the transplanted ovary of sheep bearing a CL 11 d of age increased ( P ≤0.05) ovarian blood flow. The intra-arterial infusions of NPY also increased ( P ≤0.05) in a dose-dependent manner the secretion rate of oxytocin, which was positively correlated ( P ≤0.05) with the observed increase in ovarian blood flow. The infusions of NPY had a minimal effect on the secretion rate of progesterone, and similar intra-arterial infusions of NPY into sheep with ovarian transplants bearing a CL over 30 d of age had no significant effect on ovarian blood flow or on the secretion rate of progesterone. These results suggest that NPY acts on the luteal vascular system and the large luteal cells to rapidly stimulate blood flow and the secretion of oxytocin, respectively, which collectively implies a putative role for NPY during the process of luteolysis when increasing amounts of oxytocin are secreted from the ovine CL in response to uterine pulses of prostaglandin F2α.
Global Longitudinal Pathway: has medical education curriculum influenced medical students' skills and attitudes toward culturally diverse populations?

Background: The Pathway represents a longitudinal program for medical students, consisting of both domestic and international experiences with poor populations. A previous study reported no significant attitudinal changes toward the medically indigent between Pathway and non-Pathway students. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate and differentiate the skills and attitudes of Pathway and non-Pathway students in working with culturally diverse populations by conducting quantitative and qualitative analyses. Methods: Selected items from a cultural assessment were analyzed using independent t-tests and a proportional analysis using approximation of the binomial distribution. In addition, a qualitative assessment of non-Pathway and Pathway students was conducted. Results: A statistically significant difference was found at the end of Years 2, 3, and 4 regarding student confidence ratings, and qualitative results had similar findings. Conclusions: Clear and distinct differences between the two s...
Binding sites for measles virus antigens on human B and T lymphocytes.

Abstract The present study examined the differences in the binding of measles virus antigens to human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) subpopulations. PBL binding sites for measles antigens were detected by an assay involving the rosetting of PBL to measles-infected HeLa cells (HeLa-K11). Three approaches were employed to examine whether measles virus antigen binding sites were present on restricted subpopulations of PBL. First, no significant difference in the proportion of HeLa-K11 forming clusters was observed with unfractionated cells in comparison with enriched B- or T-lymphocyte suspensions. Second, the profile of lymphocyte surface markers before and after adherence of PBL suspensions to HeLa-K11 cells was measured. No difference in the proportion of PBL forming E-rosettes or lymphocytes with Fc-IgG receptors, surface immunoglobulin, or complement receptors was observed. Finally, the percentage of B (Raji, B-35M, Bristow-7B) and T (Molt-3) cell human lymphoid cells which adhered to HeLa-K11 versus noninfected HeLa cells was compared. In all cases, a highly significant adherence of the lymphoid cell suspensions to HeLa-K11 cells was observed in comparison with uninfected HeLa cells. This is the first direct demonstration of binding sites for measles virus antigens present on both human B and T lymphocytes.
The minimax cylinder estimation problem

Abstract In this study, the optimal characterization of the minimax cylinder estimation problem is presented. The complexity of the optimal solution procedure is shown to be O ( n 6 ), where n is the number of sampled boundary points. Hence, an iterative cyclic coordinate procedure is also developed to provide near-optimal solutions. The cyclic coordinate algorithm has been tested and the results of several test problems are provided.
Vasectomy-related changes on sonographic examination of the scrotum.

Purpose The goal of this study was to evaluate the sonographic changes in the epididymis and testis after vasectomy using state-of-the-art high-resolution equipment. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 30 patients with a history of vasectomy and 30 patients without who were referred for scrotal sonography for various indications over a 1-year period. After excluding findings related to acute pathology, sonographic findings for the epididymis and testis in the 2 groups were tabulated and compared. Results The following findings had a statistically higher incidence in the vasectomy group than in the controls: thickened epididymides (53% versus 17%, p < 0.05); epididymal tubular ectasia (43% versus 7%, p < 0.001); and both of the previous 2 findings simultaneously (37% versus 7%, p < 0.01). Sperm granulomas were found in 3 patients in the vasectomy group, and none was seen in the control group. Other findings (eg, epididymal cysts) showed no statistical difference in incidence. Conclusions We found a significantly higher incidence of thickened epididymides, epididymal tubular ectasia, a combination of both these findings, and sperm granuloma in the vasectomy group than in the controls. These findings are most likely attributable to postvasectomy obstructive changes and increased intraluminal pressure in the efferent ducts, epididymis, and vas deferens. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:394–398, 2004
Recent developments in living carbocationic polymerization of alkenes

The recent discovery of living cationic polymerization of alkenes has been followed up in three areas: 1) Demonstration of the validity of the DPn = [Mo]/[Io] relationship and the synthesis of high molecular weight polyisobutylenes Mn_>100 000) of narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn ≈1.1) 2) Discovery of electrophilic quenching and the use of this method for the preparation of allyl-telechelic polyisobutylenes by quenching with trimethylallylsilane and 3) Synthesis of novel linear and three-arm star radial thermoplastic elastomers comprising rubbery polyisobutylene central sequences connected to glassy polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative (i.e., p-methylstyrene, p-tert-butylstyrene, indene) outer sequences. Some physical-mechanical properties of these materials have been investigated.
The spectrum of anogenital diseases in children

The detection of anogenital lesions on a child is often accompanied by an implicit or explicit concern about the possibility of sexual abuse. Dermatologists have limited formal training in this area, and many clinicians have a high level of discomfort when a suspicion of child sexual abuse is raised. This may lead to over- or under-diagnosis, either of which will have a negative impact on the child and family. This monograph provides an overview of anogenital lesions on children with a focus on child sexual abuse and its correlates, including: normal developmental anatomy of the anogenital area; details of the initial evaluation for suspected sexual abuse; and a differential diagnosis of lesions that can mimic sexual trauma.
Correlation of radiographic and arthroscopic findings with rotator cuff tears and degenerative joint disease

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify early signs of rotator cuff tear and glenohumeral articular cartilage degeneration by using conventional radiography. A non-weighted anteroposterior oblique and a weighted active abduction view were evaluated for superior humeral migration and matching degenerative changes at the inferolateral acromion and superior aspect of the greater tuberosity in 40 patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy. Measurements of the glenohumeral distance were performed. Surgical reports were reviewed to determine rotator cuff and glenohumeral articular cartilage status. Matching degenerative changes correlate with complete rotator cuff tear (P =.04); superior migration does not. Severe glenohumeral cartilage loss correlates with narrowing of the superior joint space on the anteroposterior oblique radiograph (P =.02) and with narrowing of the mid joint space on the active abduction view (P =.05). Both glenohumeral articular cartilage degenerative change and rotator cuff injury, before formation of typical sequelae of chronic rotator cuff tear, can be detected with the use of conventional radiography. (J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2001;10:428-33.)
En bloc resection of diaphragm with lung for recurrent ovarian cancer: a case report.

Abstract Introduction Multiple series have demonstrated the feasibility of full-thickness diaphragm resection for ovarian cancer metastatic to the diaphragm. However, direct extension of tumor into the lung is sometimes encountered, and successful resection of this type of implant has not been previously described in the gynecologic oncology literature. Case report We present the first case of en bloc full-thickness diaphragm resection including a portion of lung tissue using the EndoGIA® stapler with primary diaphragmatic closure. Discussion En bloc full-thickness diaphragm resection including a portion of lung tissue using the EndoGIA® stapler is a safe, feasible, and effective method to optimize cytoreduction with disease-free margins in the context of invasive diaphragmatic ovarian cancer metastasis.
Regret and Police Reporting Among Individuals Who Have Experienced Sexual Assault

BACKGROUND: Sexual assault (SA) and the underreporting of SA are highly prevalent in the United States. Since regret is a complex, negative emotion linked to decision making, studying regret within the context of reporting SA is important. OBJECTIVE: To describe decisional regret regarding SA reporting. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was used. The sample included 78 individuals, aged 18 to 25 years, who experienced SA during the past 5 years and completed an electronic questionnaire. A multiple regression model was generated to describe how selected independent variables explain variation in levels of regret. RESULTS: In the final model, four independent variables accounted for 33.3% (adjusted R(2)) of the variation in regret: weight change, stranger assailant, professional treatment, and police reporting. CONCLUSIONS: The findings inform clinical practice by describing post-decisional regret about the reporting of SA, and they provide a foundation to develop strategies (e.g., decision aids) that can assist clinicians to help patients as they struggle to make difficult health care decisions. Language: en
Properties of the electron cloud in a high-energy positron and electron storage ring

Low-energy, background electrons are ubiquitous in high-energy particle accelerators. Under certain conditions, interactions between this electron cloud and the high-energy beam can give rise to numerous effects that can seriously degrade the accelerator performance. These effects range from vacuum degradation to collective beam instabilities and emittance blowup. Although electron-cloud effects were first observed two decades ago in a few proton storage rings, they have in recent years been widely observed and intensely studied in positron and proton rings. Electron-cloud diagnostics developed at the Advanced Photon Source enabled for the first time detailed, direct characterization of the electron-cloud properties in a positron and electron storage ring. From in situ measurements of the electron flux and energy distribution at the vacuum chamber wall, electron-cloud production mechanisms and details of the beam-cloud interaction can be inferred. A significant longitudinal variation of the electron cloud is also observed, due primarily to geometrical details of the vacuum chamber. Such experimental data can be used to provide realistic limits on key input parameters in modeling efforts, leading ultimately to greater confidence in predicting electron-cloud effects in future accelerators.
A model of contemporary feminine role change and family size

Through a review of existing theory and research a model was constructed which traces the restricting effect female employment has on family size through a discussion of intervening psychological variables. The model presents four psychological changes that are associated with paid employment of middle-class women in the United States: (1) increased self-orientation, (2) increased feelings of personal efficacy, (3) the increased belief that the spouse holds expectations for female autonomy, and (4) the increased belief that female employment outside the home is socially acceptable. It is suggested that these variables act to restrict family size through their effects on desired family size, perceived desired family size of the husband, expected family size, commitment to employment, and occupational satisfaction.
Supplemental ascorbic acid does not affect inferred heat loss in broiler chickens exposed to elevated temperature

Abstract The provision of supplemental ascorbic acid has been reported to lower the body temperature of chickens maintained at elevated environmental temperatures. Since body temperature is the net effect of heat production and heat loss, it is not known if the reductions in body temperature were due to a lower heat production or an increase in heat loss. The purpose of this work was to determine if supplemental ascorbic acid facilitates heat loss in chickens exposed to an elevated temperature. On day 12 post-hatch broiler chickens were implanted intra-abdominally with a thermo-sensitive radio transmitter. The following day, birds were placed inside an indirect calorimeter maintained at 34 C for 24 h and provided water containing 0 or 400 ppm ascorbic acid. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, heat production, respiratory exchange ratio, and body core temperature were measured for 3 h; beginning 21 h after the birds were placed inside the calorimeter. No differences were observed in heat production or body core temperature between birds provided or not and 400 ppm ascorbic acid. This suggests that ascorbic acid has no effect on heat loss. Birds provided ascorbic acid did exhibit a significantly lower respiratory exchange ratio suggesting a greater utilization of lipid for energy production. Although lipid has a lower heat increment compared with protein and carbohydrate, the significance of this finding to birds exposed to elevated temperature is not known. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study the provision of supplemental ascorbic acid to broiler chickens maintained at an elevated temperature did not affect heat loss as inferred from measured heat production and body core temperature.
The original MMPI and Colligan Norms revisited.

Nomrs developed by Colligan, Osborne, Swenson, and Offord (1983) and others at the Mayo Clinic for the MMPI overcome criticisms that the MMPI is not useful in 2003 and representative. This study ascertained the classification of MMPI profiles of clinicians. Mayo Clinic norms are warranted in view of the similar classifications made using both methods based on the same MMPI data.
Characterization of Fatigue and Healing in Asphalt Binders

Asphalt mixtures have two healing mechanisms: adhesive healing at the asphalt-aggregate interface and cohesive healing within asphalt binders. This study investigates the effects of cohesive healing exclusively, without considering the interaction of aggregates. This study also introduces a methodology of quantifying healing using the dissipated energy approach and the dynamic shear rheometer test with a specifically designed intermittent loading sequence. The ratio of dissipated energy change approach, which is based on the fundamental concept of dissipated energy and has been successfully applied to study hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture healing, is applied to the binder. By doing so, a healing rate, defined as the rate of dissipated energy recovery per unit of rest time, is used to quantify the healing potential of asphalt binders. The results indicate that binder type, strain level, and temperatures have important impact on healing. It is recommended that the research methods introduced in this study be further applied to asphalt mastics and sand asphalt mixes to study adhesive and cohesive healing in HMA mixtures and provide fatigue-healing information for pavement design.
Associations between employee and manager gender: impacts on gender-specific risk of acute occupational injury in metal manufacturing

Prior research has shown increased risk of injury for female employees compared to male employees after controlling for job and tasks, but have not explored whether this increased risk might be moderated by manager gender. The gender of one’s manager could in theory affect injury rates among male and female employees through their managers’ response to an employee’s psychosocial stress or through how employees differentially report injuries. Other explanations for the gender disparity in injury experience, such as ergonomic factors or differential training, are unlikely to be impacted by supervisor gender. This study seeks to explore whether an employee’s manager’s gender modifies the effect of employee gender with regards to risk of acute injury. A cohort of employees and managers were identified using human resources and injury management data between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 for six facilities of a large US aluminum manufacturing company. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to examine the interaction between employee gender and whether the employee had female only manager(s), male only manager(s), or both male and female managers on injury risk. Manager gender category was included as a time varying covariate and reassessed for each employee at the midpoint of each year. The percentage of departments with both female and male managers increased dramatically during the study period due to corporate efforts to increase female representation in management. After adjustment for fixed effects at the facility level and shared frailty by department, manager gender category does not appear to moderate the effect of employee gender (p = 0.717). Manager category was not a significant predictor (p = 0.093) of time to first acute injury. Similarly, having at least one female manager did not modify the hazard of injury for female employees compared to males (p = 0.899) and was not a significant predictor of time to first acute injury (p = 0.601). Prior findings suggest that female manufacturing employees are at higher risk for acute injury compared to males; this analysis suggests that this relationship is not affected by the gender of the employee’s manager(s).
Improved estimation for a model arising in reliability and competing risks

Abstract Let ( Z 1 , M 1 ),…, ( Z n , M n ) be independent and identically distributed 1 × ( p + 1) random vectors from the exponential-multinomial distribution which has density function f ( z , m |θ) = λ exp(−λ z ) Π j=1 p ( θ j λ ) m j for z > 0 and m = ( m 1 ,…, m p ) with m j ∈ {0,1} and m1 p = 1, and where 1 k denotes a k × 1 vector of 1's. The parameter θ = ( θ 1 ,…, θ p ) has θ j > 0 and λ = θ 1 p . This density function arises by observing a series system or a competing risks model with p sources of failure with the lifetime of the i th component or source of failure being exponential with mean 1 θ i , and where the random variable Z denotes system lifetime, while the i th component of M is a binary random variable denoting whether the i th component failed. It can also arise from the Marshall-Olkin multivariate exponential distribution. The problem of estimating θ with respect to the quadratic loss function L ( a , θ) = ‖ a − θ‖ 2 /‖θ‖ 2 , where ‖ v ‖ 2 = vv ′ for any 1 × k vector v , is considered. Equivariant estimators are characterized and it is shown that any estimator of form cN T , where T = Σ i =1 n Z i and N = Σ i =1 n M i , is inadmissible whenever c (n−2) (n + p −1) or c > (n − 2) n . Since the maximum likelihood and uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimators correspond to c N / T with c = 1 and c = (n − 1) n , respectively, then they are inadmissible. An adaptive estimator, which possesses a self-consistent property, is developed and a second-order approximation to its risk function derived. It is shown that this adaptive estimator is preferable to the estimators c N / T with c = (n − 2) (n + p − 1) and c = (n − 2) n . The applicability of the results to the Marshall-Olkin distribution is also indicated.
Cellular growth algorithms for shape design of truss structures

This paper introduces a novel approach to truss structure shape design, drawing inspiration from biological processes, that treats each joint or member of a truss as a cell and the entire truss as a multicellular organism. The approach mimics plant tropisms in which, through cellular growth, cells change their size and shape in response to scripted gene commands. Examples illustrate the effectiveness of the approach; it is shown to produce arching and double-arching of pinned-pinned trusses, bulging of cantilever trusses and a plant-like tropic response.
Raman spectroscopic evidence for octacalcium phosphate and other transient mineral species deposited during intramembranous mineralization.

Abstract To understand early mineralization events, we studied living murine calvarial tissue by Raman spectroscopy using fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-soaked porous beads. We detected increased levels of a transient phase resembling octacalcium phosphate in sutures undergoing premature suture closure. Introduction: Several calcium phosphates have been postulated as the earliest inorganic precursors to bone mineral. They are unstable and have not been previously detected in tissue specimens. Whether the same intermediates are formed in sutures undergoing premature closure is also unknown. Methods: Six coronal suture tissue specimens from fetal day 18.5 B6CBA F1/J wild-type mice were studied. Three sutures specimens were treated with FGF2-soaked heparin acrylic beads to induce accelerated mineralization and premature suture closure. Three control specimens were treated with empty heparin acrylic beads. All sutures were maintained as organ cultures to permit repeated spectral analyses at 12–24 h intervals over a 72-h period. Results: During the first 24 h, the spectra contained bands of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) or an OCP-like mineral. The main phosphorus–oxygen stretch was at 955 cm−1, instead of the 957–959 cm−1 seen in bone mineral, and there was an additional band at 1010–1014 cm−1, as expected for OCP. A broad band was found at 945 cm−1, characteristic of a highly disordered or amorphous calcium phosphate. An increased amount of mineral was observed in FGF2-treated sutures, but no qualitative differences in Raman spectra were observed between experimental and control specimens. Conclusions: Inorganic mineral deposition proceeds through transient intermediates, including an OCP-like phase. Although this transient phase has been observed in purely inorganic model systems, this study is the first to report OCP or an OCP-like intermediate in living tissue. Raman microspectroscopy allows observation of this transient mineral and may allow observation of other precursors as well.
Urinary excretion of darbepoetin after intravenous vs subcutaneous administration to preterm neonates.

Previous studies suggest that darbepoetin might stimulate erythropoiesis in preterm neonates more effectively if injected subcutaneously (s.c.) than if infused intravenously (i.v.). It has been postulated that this is because very high plasma concentrations after i.v. dosing result in urinary loss of the drug. However, this theory has not been tested systematically, and no direct comparisons have been made between s.c. and i.v. dosing of darbepoetin in preterm neonates. Preterm neonates were eligible for this pilot study if they were born at ⩽32 weeks gestation with a weight of ⩽1500 g, and had a hemoglobin ⩽10.5 g/dl. The darbepoetin was given (4 μg/kg) i.v., over 4 h, if an i.v. was already in place and s.c. if no i.v. was in place. Urine was collected for drug quantification before dosing and for 48 h after. Blood was obtained for immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF), absolute reticulocyte count (ARC) and reticulocyte % before and 96 h after dosing. Ten preterm neonates were studied: five received i.v. and five received s.c. darbepoetin. No adverse effects of the administrations were detected. IRF, ARC and reticulocyte % increased in the i.v. and s.c. recipients, and no difference in magnitude of increase was apparent between the groups. Before the darbepoetin was administered, none of the patients had any erythropoietin (Epo) detected in their urine. After i.v. dosing, no darbepoetin was detected in any of the samples, on any of the subjects, over the subsequent 48 h. After s.c. dosing, three of the patients had minimal urinary Epo detected. The patient with the largest urinary loss of drug had only 0.13% of the administered dose detected in the urine. Thus, essentially no urinary loss of drug was observed following either i.v. or s.c. darbepoetin dosing. Darbepoetin loss into the urine was below detectable limits among seven patients, while three had minimally detectable urinary losses. i.v. and s.c. dosing resulted in approximately equivalent increases in reticulocyte response when measured 96 h after dosing. On this basis, we speculate that if a patient who is to receive darbepoetin has an i.v. in place, the drug can be given i.v., thus avoiding any discomfort associated with an s.c. injection.
Visible-Light Organic Photocatalysis for Latent Radical-Initiated Polymerization via 2e–/1H+ Transfers: Initiation with Parallels to Photosynthesis

We report the latent production of free radicals from energy stored in a redox potential through a 2e–/1H+ transfer process, analogous to energy harvesting in photosynthesis, using visible-light organic photoredox catalysis (photocatalysis) of methylene blue chromophore with a sacrificial sterically hindered amine reductant and an onium salt oxidant. This enables light-initiated free-radical polymerization to continue over extended time intervals (hours) in the dark after brief (seconds) low-intensity illumination and beyond the spatial reach of light by diffusion of the metastable leuco-methylene blue photoproduct. The present organic photoredox catalysis system functions via a 2e–/1H+ shuttle mechanism, as opposed to the 1e– transfer process typical of organometallic-based and conventional organic multicomponent photoinitiator formulations. This prevents immediate formation of open-shell (radical) intermediates from the amine upon light absorption and enables the “storage” of light-energy without sponta...
Nanotube film based on single-wall carbon nanotubes for strain sensing

Carbon nanotubes change their electronic properties when subjected to strains. In this study, the strain sensing characteristic of carbon nanotubes is used to develop a carbon nanotube film sensor that can be used for strain sensing on the macro scale. The carbon nanotube film is isotropic due to randomly oriented bundles of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Using experimental results it is shown that there is a nearly linear change in voltage across the film when it is subjected to tensile and compressive stresses. The change in voltage is measured by a movable four-point probe in contact with the film. Multidirectional and multiple location strains can be measured by the isotropic carbon nanotube film.
A facile route to aromatic ring-annelated bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene derivatives

The synthesis of bis(benzo)- and bis(naphtho)-fused derivatives of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF or ET) is easily achieved by employing the (4+2) cycloaddition reaction of oligo(1,3-dithiole-2,4,5-trithione) with appropriate olefins as the key step.