cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF NICOTINIC ACID

N-Formylmaleamic acid, a probable intermediate in the bacterial metabolism of nicotinic acid, has been synthesized by photoisomerization of its transisomer, N-formylfumaramic acid. The compound previously reported to be N-formylmaleamic acid has been shown to be N-formylfumaramic acid.
Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Assessment Within Tiered Decision-Making Frameworks: Advancing Research Through Reflections on the Past Decade

Schools play a critical role in service delivery related to students’ social, emotional, and behavioral (SEB) health. A foundation for effective SEB service delivery includes capacity to identify s...
Low-density multi-fan wind tunnel design and testing for the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter

Prior to its successful flights on Mars, the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter system underwent extensive flight dynamics testing in the 25-ft Space Simulator facility, a low pressure environmental chamber at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which can re-create relevant Martian conditions on Earth. This facility, while large, is not large enough for free or tethered forward flight tests. In this work, an open-jet, multi-fan wind tunnel concept is presented, which was integrated into the JPL facility to simulate the external freestream flow of forward flight scenarios in a low-density environment. A theoretical and experimental analysis was performed to evaluate the possibility of utilizing commercially available 80 x 80 mm axial flow cooling fan units for this type of wind tunnel. Sub-scale tests found that under Martian conditions, fans deliver approximately 30% reduced flow rates for the same RPM compared to Earth conditions due to decreased efficiencies at low Reynolds numbers. However, fans can run at higher RPM in low-density fluids, with the RPM increase being specific to the fan motor. While power consumption dropped by more than 90%, fans experienced higher thermal loads due to reduced heat convection. The study concludes that the investigated type of cooling fan can operate without modification in a low-density environment, offering a low-cost and easily adaptable wind tunnel solution. Informed by ambient flow field measurements on a comparable multi-fan wind tunnel, a low-density full-scale facility with 441 individually controlled fan units was constructed and used for aerodynamic testing of an engineering model of Ingenuity.
A Bayesian Approach to the Eagar–Tsai Model for Melt Pool Geometry Prediction with Implications in Additive Manufacturing of Metals

This paper focuses on improving the melt pool geometry predictions and quantifying uncertainties using an adapted version of the Eagar–Tsai (E–T) model that incorporates temperature-dependent properties of the material as well as powder conditions. Additionally, Bayesian inference is employed to predict distributions for the E–T model input parameters of laser absorptivity and powder bed porosity by incorporating experimental results into the analysis. Monte Carlo uncertainty propagation is then used with these parameter distributions to estimate the melt pool depth and associated uncertainty. Our results for the 316L stainless steel suggest that both the absorptivity and powder bed porosity are strongly influenced by the laser power. In contrast, the scanning speed has only a marginal effect on both the absorptivity and powder bed porosity. We constructed a printability map using the Bayesian E–T model based on power-dependent input parameter values to demonstrate the merit of the approach. The Bayesian approach improved the accuracy in predicting the keyhole regions in the laser power-scan speed parameter space for the 316L stainless steel. Although applied to a specific adaptation of the E–T model, the method put forth can be extended to quantify uncertainties in other numerical models as well as in the estimation of unknown parameters.
Abstract 2364: CD68+ immune cells show different infiltration patterns in tissue samples from women with no clinical breast disease and those who have benign breast disease

Introduction: The role of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment is of increasing interest for tumor progression and invasion. Here we investigated the difference in CD68+ cell density in tissue samples from women with Benign Breast Disease (BBD) and women with no clinical breast disease from the Komen Tissue Bank (KTB) at Indiana University. Method: Archived breast tissue samples from women with BBD and no clinical breast disease were obtained for this age-matched case-control study. BBD samples included cases [later got Breast Cancer (BC)] and controls (did not get BC). Samples were characterized via HE 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2364. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2364
Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Purification of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Amplifiable DNA from Soils

This communication describes a modification of agarose gel electrophoresis to provide a rapid and simple method for the purification of polymerase chain reaction-amplifiable DNA from soil. This modification is to add polyvinylpyrrolidone to the agarose gel. The polyvinylpyrrolidone addition retards the electrophoretic mobility of denaturing phenolic compounds so that they do not comigrate with nucleic acids.
The Muscular Christianity Movement

(1966). The Muscular Christianity Movement. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 27-42.
Kinematic Motion Patterns of the Cranial and Caudal Canine Cervical Spine

Objective: To define the kinematic motion patterns of the canine cervical spine, with a particular emphasis on identifying differences between the cranial (C2–C4) and caudal (C5–C7) segments, and to determine the significance of coupled motions (CM) in the canine cervical spine. Study Design: Cadaveric biomechanical study. Sample Population: Cervical spines of 8 Foxhounds. Methods: Spinal specimens were considered free of pathology based on radiographic, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging examinations. All musculature was removed without damaging ligaments or joint capsules. Spines were mounted in a customized pure-moment spine testing jig, and data were collected using an optoelectronic motion capture system. Range of motion, neutral zone and CM in flexion/extension, left/right lateral bending and left/right axial rotation were established. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects maximum likelihood regression models. Results: Total flexion/extension did not change across the 4 levels. There was no difference between flexion and extension, and no CM was identified. Lateral bending was not different across levels, but tended to be greater in the cranial spine. Axial rotation was ∼2.6 times greater in the caudal segments. Lateral bending and axial rotation were coupled. Conclusions: Kinematics of the cranial and caudal cervical spine differed markedly with greater mobility in the caudal cervical spine.
Cytoplasmic Fractions Associated with Semliki Forest Virus Ribonucleic Acid Replication

When actinomycin D-treated chick fibroblasts were labeled with 3 H-uridine for varying periods during the log phase of Semliki Forest virus infection, radioactivity was found associated with different cytoplasmic fractions. After a 1-min period of labeling, it appeared in a large cytoplasmic structure which was seen in electron micrographs of infected cells. Sediments of sucrose density gradients of cytoplasmic extracts of these cells also contained these structures. Three forms of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) were associated with this cytoplasmic structure: a ribonuclease-sensitive 42 S form identical to the RNA of the mature virus, a ribonuclease-sensitive 26 S form, and a ribonuclease-resistant 20 S form. After a 5- to 10-min labeling period, radioactivity was associated with a ribonuclease-sensitive 65 S cytoplasmic fraction which contained only the 26 S RNA form. Finally, after a 1-hr labeling period, a 140 S ribonuclease-resistant particle was the most prominent radioactive structure in the cytoplasm. This particle contained only 42 S viral RNA. Negative-contrast electron micrographs of the 140 S particle and the virion demonstrated structural differences between them. The base compositions of the 42 S and 26 S viral RNA forms were not significantly different. The base composition of the 20 S form differed significantly from that of the other two viral RNA forms, but the values obtained for the mole fractions of the bases present in the 20 S form differed, and depended on the period during the virus growth cycle in which 32 P was present. These results suggested that viral RNA originated in the large cytoplasmic body. The 20 S RNA appeared to be a structure engaged in viral RNA replication and the 140 S particle appeared to be a virus precursor. Images
Foreword: Embracing Administrative Common Law

This article begins with the descriptive claim that much of administrative law is really administrative common law: doctrines and requirements that are largely judicially created, as opposed to those specified by Congress, the President, or individual agencies. To be sure, governing statutes exert some constraining force on judicial creativity, but the primary basis of these judge-fashioned doctrines lies in judicial conceptions of appropriate institutional roles, along with pragmatic and normative concerns, that are frequently constitutionally infused and developed incrementally through precedent. Yet the judicially created character of administrative law is rarely acknowledged by courts - and to the extent courts do acknowledge judicial development of administrative law, they usually condemn the practice.Turning from descriptive to more normative, the article argues for explicit judicial recognition and acceptance of administrative common law. Administrative common law serves an important function in our separation of powers system, a system that makes it difficult for Congress or the President to oust the courts as developers of administrative law. In particular, the institutional features of administrative law - the role it plays in structuring relationships between different government institutions and the requirements it imposes on how agencies operate - create strong pressures on courts to play a lawmaking role. Moreover, courts have employed administrative common law as a central mechanism through which to ameliorate the constitutional tensions raised by the modern administrative state. These features combine to make administrative common law inevitable. At the same time, administrative common law represents a legitimate instance of judicial lawmaking. The very same factors that support federal common law in other instances - unique federal interests at stake, a need for uniformity, and the impropriety of relying on state law - dominate federal administrative contexts. Much administrative common law also has a statutory basis to which it is at least loosely tethered, and embodies core constitutional values. As important, openly acknowledging the role that judicial lawmaking plays is critical to clarifying and improving administrative law.
Effects of diquat on freshwater microbial communities

A static microcosm system was used to evaluate effects of the herbicide diquat (0.3–30 mg/L) on the structure and function of naturally derived microbial communities on polyurethane foam substrates. Microbial communities were exposed to a single application of diquat and were monitored for 21 days. Effects on community structure included changes in algal cell density at diquat concentrations ⩾0.3 mg/L (after an initial decrease in net productivity), bacterial cell density (1 mg/L diquat), and increased biomass accumulation (10 and 30 mg/L diquat). The species richness of protozoa was reduced at diquat concentrations >0.3 mg/L; protozoan species composition was progressively more dissimilar with diquat treatment. Effects on community function included inhibition of net productivity and community respiration (10 and 30 mg/L diquat), and decreased enzyme activities [alkaline phosphatase (1, 10, and 30 mg/L diquat), electron transport system (⩾0.3 mg/L diquat), and β-glucosidase (⩾0.3 mg/L diquat)]. Both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic organisms were affected by diquat. Most structural and functional responses were sensitive indicators of stress. Estimated chronic toxicity values ranged from 0.3 mg/L (day 3) to 5.5 mg/L (day 21). Most microbial responses indicated that microbial community structure and function did not recover within the 21-day exposure period.
Induction of Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema in Cattle and Goats with 3-Methylindole

Microorganisms from rumen converted L-tryptophan and indoleacetic acid to 3-methylindole in vitro. Oral doses of 3-methylindole caused interstitial pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle and goats. Intravenous infusion of this metabolite also induced pulmonary disease in cattle. These results demonstrate than an end product of ruminal fermentation of tryptophan can induce acute pulmonary disease in cattle and goats.
Sorption of nitrogen bases and XPS study of mesoporous solid acid SBA-15

Mesoporous SBA-15 material (Melero, J. A.; Stucky, G. D.; van Grieken, R.; Morales, G. J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 1664) contains a high concentration of ⋮Si(CH2)3SO3H functionalities accessible to i...
MOOSE goes to school: a comparison of three classrooms using a CSCL environment

MOOSE Crossing is a text-based virtual reality environment (or "MUD") designed to give children eight to thirteen years old a meaningful context for learning reading, writing, and computer programming. It is used from home, in afterschool programs, and increasingly as an in-school activity. To date, it has been used in five classrooms. This paper compares its use in three of those classrooms, and analyzes factors that made use of MOOSE Crossing more and less successful in each of these contexts. Issues highlighted include access to computers, existence of peer experts, free-form versus structured activity, and school atmosphere.
Response of a human megakaryocytic cell line to thrombin: increase in intracellular free calcium and mitogen release.

Abstract The CHRF-288-11 cell line has been previously shown to exhibit properties consistent with a megakaryocytic origin. The response of these cells to thrombin has now been investigated. Thrombin treatment of CHRF-288-11 cells results in both an increase in intracellular free calcium levels and secretion of mitogenic activity and β-thromboglobulin. Cell viability is not affected. The mitogenic activity released from the cells is due primarily to the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor. Immunohistochemical data indicate a packaging of basic fibroblast growth factor into granular structures. Trypsin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also initiate release of mitogenic activity from this cell line, whereas under non-stirred conditions collagen and ADP do not. Through measurements of intracellular calcium levels it was determined that thrombin pretreatment of cells ablates a further response to thrombin, but does not block an increase in intracellular calcium levels due to trypsin. This suggests that these two agonists may act through different mechanisms. The thrombin-induced release reaction is inhibited almost completely by the reagents hirudin and dipyridamole, and only partially by indomethacin. These data indicate that the CHRF-288-11 cell line should provide an excellent model system in which to study the packaging of factors into granules which undergo regulated release.
Epigenetic Modifications and Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy remains one of the most debilitating chronic complications, but despite extensive research in the field, the exact mechanism(s) responsible for how retina is damaged in diabetes remains ambiguous. Many metabolic pathways have been implicated in its development, and genes associated with these pathways are altered. Diabetic environment also facilitates epigenetics modifications, which can alter the gene expression without permanent changes in DNA sequence. The role of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy is now an emerging area, and recent work has shown that genes encoding mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Sod2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are epigenetically modified, activates of epigenetic modification enzymes, histone lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1), and DNA methyltransferase are increased, and the micro RNAs responsible for regulating nuclear transcriptional factor and VEGF are upregulated. With the growing evidence of epigenetic modifications in diabetic retinopathy, better understanding of these modifications has potential to identify novel targets to inhibit this devastating disease. Fortunately, the inhibitors and mimics targeted towards histone modification, DNA methylation, and miRNAs are now being tried for cancer and other chronic diseases, and better understanding of the role of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy will open the door for their possible use in combating this blinding disease.
Proton Adsorption onto Alumina: Extension of Multisite Complexation (MUSIC) Theory

Abstract The adsorption isotherm of protons onto a commercial γ-alumina sample was determined in aqueous nitric acid with sodium nitrate as a background electrolyte. Three discrete regions could be discerned in the log–log plots of the proton isotherm determined at the solution pH 5 to 2. The multisite complexation (MUSIC) model was modified to analyze the simultaneous adsorption of protons onto various kinds of surface species.
How well has Canada contained the costs of doctoring

Canada's provinces have had varying success at containing the costs of physician services through the use of fee schedules and expenditure targets. This article examines the wide variation in the increases in the costs of physician services among Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia between 1975 and 1987. Cost increases during that time resulted from various combinations of increases in prices (fees) and utilization, stimulated by an increased supply of physicians. Differences among the three provinces resulted from differences in the aggressiveness of fee schedule controls and whether expenditure targets were imposed. Regardless of the degree of expenditure increases, utilization increased steadily in all three provinces and was associated most consistently with growth in the supply of physicians. This was most dramatically illustrated in Quebec, which noted the most rapid rise in physician-to-population ratio. Cost containment may ultimately require constraints on the number of new physicians in addition to controls on fees and utilization. ( JAMA . 1991;265:2347-2351)
Cervical dysplasia in pregnancy: progression versus regression postpartum

Objective: To study the natural history of cervical dysplasia diagnosed during pregnancy, in terms of progression or regression postpartum, by the severity of the lesion. Method: A retrospective review of abnormal Pap test results in pregnancy was performed from October 1996 to April 2000. One hundred patients had antepartum Pap tests and colposcopy, as well as colposcopy postpartum, for inclusion in the study. Groups were classified as HGSIL, LGSIL, or ASCUS. The significance of the rate of change of lesion grade was tested using the χ2 and Fisher exact tests. Results: One hundred patients with abnormal Pap test results were confirmed colposcopically to be HGSIL (30%), LGSIL (53%), and ASCUS (17%). Six patients with HGSIL grade lesion: HGSIL (3% to CIS), LGSIL (2%), and ASCUS (6%). No change in the grade of lesion was seen for HGSIL (63%), LGSIL (64%), and ASCUS (76%). Regression rates for patients with HGSIL and LGSIL were statistically significant (P <0.006). No microinvasive or frankly invasive lesions were seen in this study. Of six patients with CIS antepartum, none progressed to invasion, and two regressed to LGSIL. Conclusion: A low progression rate of cervical dysplasia during pregnancy allows for conservative management with postpartum follow-up. Regression rates postpartum are high (63–76%) for all grades of lesions.
Reduction of methyl viologen in a resistive water-in-oil microemulsion

We recently evaluated water soluble, electroactive probes for studies of diffusion of surfactant-enclosed water pools in resistive microemulsions of the surfactant Aerosol OT (AOT, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate), water, and isooctane. Microemulsions with 4 to 7 M water and 0.1 to 0.35 M AOT dissolved enough solute for voltammetry at carbon microdisk electrodes of about 6 pm radius [l]. Steady state diffusion controlled limiting currents (i,) of probe molecules bound to aggregates can give information about diffusion via [2]:
Research advances in hypnosis: issues and methods.

Abstract There are substantial areas of agreement upon the classical phenomena of hypnosis, illustrated by what we now have learned about hypnotic talent, amnesia, hallucinations, analgesia, and dissociative processes. While genuine advances in knowledge about hypnosis have been made in recent decades, digering orienting attitudes have kept some controversy alive, particularly in the interpretation of empirical findings. Differences of interpretation of the phenomenal and behavioral facts are to be expected in the present stage of developmental, cognitive, and social psychology.
Radiation Effects Considerations on Materials in Cryogenic Systems of Nuclear Rockets

One technique of using nuclear energy for propulsion of a rocket system involves the use of a fission reactor as a heat source for a combination coolant-propellant. One of the factors that will influence the performance of this type of vehicle will be the radiation resistance of the materials, parts, and components that are used in its design. Another important factor is the effect of nuclear radiation on materials at cryogenic temperatures. This paper presents a discussion on the effects of nuclear radiation on materials exposed to a cryogenic environment. Sealing materials, lubricants, thermal insulation, and structural materials are discussed with respect to radiation stability. Some experimental data on the effects of simultaneous exposure of metals to nuclear radiation and cryogenic temperatures are also presented.
Evaluation of immune regulation in transplant patients using the trans vivo delayed type hypersensitivity assay.

Summary Allograft recipient IL-10 and/or transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) dependent anti-inflammatory T-cell delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to donor derived antigens, or regulatory T-cell responses, have been demonstrated in rodents and transplant patients using a previously described trans vivo DTH assay. We used this assay to determine the incidence of recipient anti-inflammatory T-cell responses to donor antigens in a large cohort (n = 420) of primary kidney and simultaneous kidney–pancreas transplant patients tested a mean of 4.8 years after transplantation. The results were compared with clinical outcomes and the presence of detectable circulating alloantibodies. We found an unexpectedly high incidence (21.9%) of this anti-inflammatory T-cell response to donor antigens in these recipients. There was a significant correlation between this T-cell phenotype and the presence of detectable circulating alloantibodies (p = 0.03). There was no correlation between this T-cell phenotype and the degree of HLA mismatch. In addition, the presence of an anti-inflammatory DTH response to donor antigens did not correlate with an improved clinical outcome at a median of nearly 5 years after transplantation. These findings suggest that detection of an anti-inflammatory T-cell response to donor antigens does not identify patients that have developed graft protective, regulatory T-cell responses.
Analysis of p53 mutations in histologically normal lung tissues and lung tumors from non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Our previous study showed a characteristic p53 mutational spectrum in lung tumors from lung cancer patients in the Western Pennsylvania region. To further understand the involvement of p53 mutations in lung tumor development, in this study we compared p53 mutational spectra and distribution between tumor cells taken from lung tumor tissue and histologically normal cells taken from tumor-surrounding tissue obtained from 122 lung cancer patients [67 adenocarcinomas (ACs) and 55 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs)]. Overall, mutations were detected in exons 5–8 of the p53 gene in cell samples from 39.3% (48/122) of the patients. Twenty-four mutations were found among the ACs (35.8%, 24/67) and consisted mostly of G to T transversions at codon 248 in either only the tumor tissue (12 cases, 50%), or only the histologically normal tissue (2 cases, 8.3%), or both tissue types (10 cases, 41.7%). Among the SCCs, 24 mutations of both transition and transversion types were detected at multiple codons in either only the tumor tissue (17 cases, 70.8%), or only the histologically normal tissue (3 cases, 12.5%), or both tissues (4 cases, 16.7%). Overall, the distribution of mutations among the tumor tissue and histologically normal tissue was not significantly different between the ACs and SCCs (P > 0.05). In both groups, the mutations in the histologically normal tissue may be identical to or different from those in the tumor tissue. Therefore, p53 mutations are frequent in tumor-surrounding histologically normal tissue, and some of them might be involved in lung carcinogenesis. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development of a Water-Extractable Phosphorus Test for Manure

one swine, two poultry) and proposed WEP method were distributed soils. This “worst case scenario” approach is based on to seven public and private laboratories to assess inter- and intralaboratory variability of WEP test results. The proposed method entailed the observation that concentrations of dissolved P in extracting manures with water at a 1:200 ratio (manure solids/water), runoff are controlled by WEP in broadcast manures shaking for 60 min on a reciprocating shaker, and either filtering or (Moore et al., 2000). Kleinman et al. (2002b) observed centrifuging before P measurement by inductively coupled plasma that concentrations of dissolved P in runoff from packed atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP). Results show refrigerated (4C) soil boxes recently broadcastwith various manures were manure samples can be held up to 22 d and acidified extracts 18 d a function of the WEP concentration of the manure. before analysis. Separation procedures (filtering vs. centrifuging) did Similar findings were observed by Brandt and Elliott not impact WEP measurements. While the method of P measurement (ICP vs. colorimetric) did have a significant impact on test results, (2003) who examined runoff P losses from soils that the two methods were highly correlated and results within 5 to 10%. were broadcast with various biosolids or dairy manure. The proposed manure WEP method shows a high level of precision The Pennsylvania P Index (Weld et al., 2003) includes (relative standard deviations [RSDs] 6.5) within laboratories, al- PSCs for specific categories of manures and biosolids. though greater variability (RSDs of 13.3–28.8) exists among labora- At present, PSCs are fixed for individual manure and tories when compared with other standard manure analyses, such as biosolidcategories,basedontheWEPsurveyconducted total P.
Nutrition, Consumption, and Agricultural Change

D EVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE IS INTENDED, typically, to ". . . enable the poor . . . in developing countries to meet their basic human needs on a sustainable basis" (USAID 1978). One of the most basic needs of the poor in less developed countries is adequate nutrition (see World Bank 1978). Most programs of agricultural and rural development are intended, directly or indirectly, to improve the nutritional status of disadvantaged populations (see USAID 1977), but the gap between intent and accomplishment is often wide. Although there is some evidence that direct health and nutrition interventions can significantly improve the nutritional status of the poor at minimal cost (Gwatkin et al. 1979), there is growing uncertainty about the impact of indirect means of raising nutritional status. Such indirect approaches-including employment generation, development of infrastructure, land reform, and raising the productivity of smallholder agriculturalists-have, in the past, been thought to have a generally positive effect on nutrition among the poor majority by raising income and improving food consumption. But Berg (1973), Reutlinger and Selowsky (1976), and others have suggested that, because of maldistribution, certain aspects of malnutrition can persist-especially among the poor-in the face of otherwise successful general development programs. These findings imply that currently there is insufficient awareness of the "malnutrition problem." Too little attention has been directed to the ways in which specific development programs affect community-level social and economic conditions, which, in turn, may affect nutritional status. Thus, there is no general understanding of how specific development programs, apart from direct interventions, may affect consumption patterns and therefore nutritional status. As an initial, perhaps oversimplified illustration, consider the following sets of circumstances under which consumption-related malnutrition may arise:' (1) Food production is inadequate, due to lack of land, labor, capital, or any one of these; (2) Food production is adequate, but some people cannot afford enough food, or the
Moral Messages: The Relative Influence of Denomination on the Religiosity-Alcohol Relationship

This article examines the use and misuse of alcohol across religious denominations. After controlling for standard sociodemographic variables, we find that the impact of religiosity on alcohol use ...
Hypernuclear gamma rays

The observation of hypernuclear ..gamma.. rays pprovides a method of determining the spin dependence of the ..lambda..-nucleon interaction with a sensitivity not approachable by other means in the forseeable future. The transitions of primary interest are those between states that differ only in the orientation of the spin of the ..lambda.. particle with respect to the angular momentum of the nuclear core. The effective ..lambda..-nucleon interaction can be specified by a small number of ..gamma..-ray measurements. A program of experiments directed at this goal is in progress at Brookhaven National Laboratory. This paper reviews the status of the subject with emphasis on the recent experiment to measure ground state doublet splittings using germanium ..gamma..-ray detectors.
Segregation of negatively charged phospholipids by the polycationic and farnesylated membrane anchor of Kras.

The Kras protein, a member of the Ras family of bio-switches that are frequently mutated in cancer and developmental disorders, becomes functional when anchored to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. It is well known that membrane attachment involves the farnesylated and poylcationic C-terminus of the protein. However, little is known about the structure of the complex and the specific protein-lipid interactions that are responsible for the binding. On the basis of data from extensive (>0.55 μs) molecular dynamics simulations of multiple Kras anchors in bilayers of POPC/POPG lipids (4:1 ratio), we show that, as expected, Kras is tethered to the bilayer surface by specific lysine-POPG salt bridges and by nonspecific farnesyl-phospholipid van der Waals interactions. Unexpectedly, however, only the C-terminal five of the eight Kras Lys side chains were found to directly interact with the bilayer, with the N-terminal ones staying in water. Furthermore, the positively charged Kras anchors pull the negatively charged POPG lipids together, leading to the clustering of the POPG lipids around the proteins. This selective Kras-POPG interaction is directly related to the specific geometry of the backbone, which exists in two major conformational states: 1), a stable native-like ensemble of structures characterized by an extended geometry with a pseudohelical turn; and 2), less stable nonnative ensembles of conformers characterized by severely bent geometries. Finally, although the interface-bound anchor has little effect on the overall structure of the bilayer, it induces local thinning within a persistence length of ∼12 A. Our results thus go beyond documenting how Kras attaches to a mixed bilayer of charged and neutral lipids; they highlight a fascinating process of protein-induced lipid sorting coupled with the (re)shaping of a surface-bound protein by the host lipids.
Hirudin insensitive thrombin-stimulated platelet release.

Abstract It has been previously proposed that platelet stimulation may involve two platelet-thrombin complexes: (1) an initial platelet-thrombin complex (P-T) which is converted to (2) an activated plateletthrombin complex (P∗-T). By using the release of radioactive serotonin as a measure of thrombin stimulation, we have demonstrated that under appropriate conditions, a hirudin sensitive and a hirudin insensitive complex can be differentiated. At short platelet-thrombin preincubation times (0–2 minutes) at 4°C, in a buffer containing 18.7 mM phosphate, added hirudin almost completely inhibited the release of radioactive serotonin obtained upon subsequent warming to 37°C (only the hirudin sensitive complex exists). If platelets were ṕreincubated with thrombin for longer periods of time (30 minutes), hirudin became less effective in inhibiting the release obtained upon subsequent warming to 37°C. The same results were obtained whether or not the platelets were washed after incubation at 4°C and before warming to 37°C. We postulate that this change in hirudin sensitivity may reflect a slow conversion of the first platelet-thrombin complex (P-T) to an activated platelet-thrombin complex (P∗-T) which can undergo release upon warming. This transition appears to be much faster in acetatetris buffer since at short platelet-thrombin incubation times at 4°C, added hirudin had little or no effect on the release obtained upon warming to 37°C. The difference in the ability of hirudin to inhibit thrombin-induced release in the two buffers was shown to depend upon the presence of phosphate and on variations in ionic strength, and not due to a change in the inhibition constant (Ki) for hirudin.
Correlation of vesicle binding and phospholipid dynamics with phospholipase C activity: insights into phosphatidylcholine activation and surface dilution inhibition.

The enzymatic activity of the peripheral membrane protein, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), is increased by nonsubstrate phospholipids with the extent of enhancement tuned by the membrane lipid composition. For Bacillus thuringiensis PI-PLC, a small amount of phosphatidylcholine (PC) activates the enzyme toward its substrate PI; above 0.5 mol fraction PC (XPC), enzyme activity decreases substantially. To provide a molecular basis for this PC-dependent behavior, we used fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to explore enzyme binding to multicomponent lipid vesicles composed of PC and anionic phospholipids (that bind to the active site as substrate analogues) and high resolution field cycling 31P NMR methods to estimate internal correlation times (τc) of phospholipid headgroup motions. PI-PLC binds poorly to pure anionic phospholipid vesicles, but 0.1 XPC significantly enhances binding, increases PI-PLC activity, and slows nanosecond rotational/wobbling motions of both phospholipid headgroups, as indicated by increased τc. PI-PLC activity and phospholipid τc are constant between 0.1 and 0.5 XPC. Above this PC content, PI-PLC has little additional effect on the substrate analogue but further slows the PC τc, a motional change that correlates with the onset of reduced enzyme activity. For PC-rich bilayers, these changes, together with the reduced order parameter and enhanced lateral diffusion of the substrate analogue in the presence of PI-PLC, imply that at high XPC, kinetic inhibition of PI-PLC results from intravesicle sequestration of the enzyme from the bulk of the substrate. Both methodologies provide a detailed view of protein-lipid interactions and can be readily adapted for other peripheral membrane proteins.
Differential reaction cross sections in the bending corrected rotating non-linear model: Li + HF → LiF + H

Abstract The 3D reaction Li + HF → LiF + H is studied using the bending corrected rotating non-linear model (BCRNM). Differential cross sections are computed and compared to experimental results at two energies, 0.38 and 0.63 eV. Results are found to be in good agreement with experiment at the lower energy, which is near the reaction threshold.
Studies of an effective strain of Frankia from Allocasuarina lehmanniana of the Casuarinaceae

Seedlings ofCasuarina spp. andAllocasuarina spp. were grown from seed in the greenhouse and inoculated with a nodule suspension fromC. equisetifolia. Plants ofCasuarina spp. nodulated regularly and were effective in nitrogen-fixation. Only one species ofAllocasuariona, A. lehmanniana formed root nodules. Using these plants as source of inoculum, the isolation of a newFrankia sp. HFPA11I1 (HFP022 801) was made and the strain was grown in pure culture.Frankia sp. HFPA11I1 grows well in a defined medium and shows typical morphological characteristics. In media lacking combined nitrogen, the filamentours bacterium forms terminal vesicles in abundance and differentiaties large intrahyphal or terminal sporangia containing numerous spores. This strain, used as inoculum, nodulates effectively seedlings ofC. equisietifolia andC. cunninghamiana, forming nodules with verically-growing nodule roots. Although effective in acetylene reduction, the endophyte within the nodules is filamentous and lacks veiscles. When used to inoculated seedlings ofA llocasuarina lehmanniana, Frankia sp. HFPA11I1 induces root nodules which are coralloid and lacking nodule roots. The nodules are effective in acetylene reduction and the filamentous hyphae ofFrankia within the nodule lobes lack vesicles. Effective nodulation inA. Lehmanniana depends upon environmental conditions of the seedlings and proceeds much more slowly than in Casuariana.
A review of problems and new directions in the application of fisheries acoustics on the Canadian East Coast

Abstract Applications of fisheries acoustics on the Canadian East Coast have progressed from qualitative echogram interpretations of fish distribution to quantitative multispecies biomass mensurations over the past 50 years. These developments have depended on innovations in electronic, sonar, and computer technology. Instrumentation is now quite sophisticated — but our abilities to assess its outputs in biological terms are not. Continued progress requires better accuracy and precision through improved: (1) calibration of system voltage output over time and between systems; (2) conversion of voltage output to biological information (distribution, abundance, biomass, size, and species); (3) measurement and resolution of fish near boundaries (surface and bottom); (4) sampling designs and analytical techniques. New directions in signal processing and interpretation include improved data display techniques, higher resolution numeric and image analyses, and the use of naturally occurring biologically, physically, and ecologically determined scales of fish aggregation as the spatial and temporal basis for collection, synthesis and analysis of acoustic data. The lack of trained personnel impedes progress.
A proof-of-concept study: exon-level expression profiling and alternative splicing in autism using lymphoblastoid cell lines.

OBJECTIVE: Autism is a complex, heterogeneous neurobehavioral disorder with many causes and varying degrees of severity. Some genetic implications related to autism may involve gene-regulatory processes such as alternative splicing. Here, we assess the feasibility of profiling exon-level gene expression in autism using the Affymetrix Human exon 1.0 ST array. METHODS: We examined lymphoblastoid cell line-derived RNAs from five patients with autism compared with five controls. RESULTS: Analysis of variance and Bonferroni multiple test correction identified 57 genes exhibiting differential exon-level expression, suggesting potential changes in the resultant alternatively spliced transcripts in autism compared with controls. Genes with differentially expressed exons included CYFIP1, a previously reported autism susceptibility gene. Furthermore, several genes recently reported to have deregulated alternative splicing in autism brain samples showed differential exon expression in our autism group. CONCLUSION: The paucity of autism brain samples and extensive phenotypic heterogeneity of autism demands finding ways to also identify autism-related genomic events in accessible nonbrain resources, which may contribute in biomarker identifications. This proof-of-concept study shows that the analysis of alternative splicing in lymphoblastoid cell line samples has a potential to reveal at least a subset of brain-related deregulation of splicing machinery that might be implicated in autism.
An ESR study of addition species formed between bis(2-thiopyridine N-oxide)Cu(II) and heterocyclic and aliphatic amines

Abstract To a 2.5 × 10 −3 M nitromethane solution of bis(2-thiopyridine N-oxide)Cu(II), CuO 2 S 2 , have been added stoichiometric amounts of heterocyclic and aliphatic amines. Changes in the frozen solution ESR spectra have been recorded. The CuO 2 S 2 resists substitution/decomposition and forms two different addition products with the non-sterically hindered amines. The two products are likely the 1:1 and 2:1 axial adducts.
Possible dipole tilt dependence of dayside magnetopause reconnection

[1] Recent studies suggest that the half-wave rectifier model of the interaction of the Earth's magnetosphere with the IMF is insufficient to produce the observed amplitude of the semi-annual variation. However, the observed amplitude would ensue if there is additional modulation of geomagnetic activity dependent on the tilt of the dipole axis. We use an MHD model to demonstrate that the size of the region of antiparallel magnetic field is controlled by the tilt of the Earth's dipole axis, and hence the integrated reconnection rate and geomagnetic activity may be so controlled. The same zero guide field model for the onset of reconnection also predicts that the maximum reconnection rate occurs not for due southward field but at angles away from due southward by about the dipole tilt angle.
Concentrations of serum interleukin-8 after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with cardiopulmonary arrest☆☆☆★

Abstract To assess differences in serum interleukin-8 concentrations in resuscitated and nonresuscitated patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and to compare changes of interleukin-8 levels with hemodynamic variables after restoration of spontaneous circulation, 39 patients with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest who had undergone CPR were studied. Venous blood samples were taken after CPR and 1 and 2 hours after restoration of spontaneous circulation to measure serum interleukin-8 levels by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The median serum interleukin-8 levels after CPR were significantly higher in resuscitated than in nonresuscitated patients (64.9 pg/ml; range 30.2 to 1497 vs 0 pg/ml; range 0 to 31.6 pg/ml; p
Sex ratios in field populations of two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Coccus hesperidum L. (Homoptera: Coccidae)

We tested several assumptions and predictions of host-quality-dependent sex allocation theory (Char- nov et al. 1981) with data obtained for the parasitoid Metaphycus stanleyi Compere on its host, brown soft scale (Coccus hesperidum L.), in a California citrus grove and in the laboratory. Scales ceased growing after pa- rasitization by M. stanleyi. Thus, M. stanleyi may gauge host quality (asize) at oviposition. Host size positively influenced adult parasitoid size, and parasitoid size in turn influenced adult longevity of M. stanleyi. However, parasitoid fitness gains with host size and adult size were similar in males versus females. Sex allocation to indi- vidual hosts by M. stanleyi depended on host size; fe- males consistently emerged from larger hosts than males. Host size was important in a relative sense; the mean host sizes of females versus males, and of solitary versus gregarious parasitoids varied with the available host size distribution. The oAspring sex ratio of M. stanleyi reflected the available host size distribution; the sex ratio of emerging parasitoids varied with the avail- able host size distribution. We did not detect a ''critical host size'' below which males emerged, and above which females emerged; rather, only females emerged from hosts in the upper size range, and a variable ratio of males and females emerged from hosts in the lower size range. We conclude that the sex ratio of field popula- tions of M. stanleyi is driven largely by the available size distribution of C. hesperidum. In addition, we tested predictions resulting from theoretical analyses of sex allocation in autoparasitoids with data obtained on Coccophagus semicircularis (Forster) parasitizing brown soft scale in the field. The sex ratio of C. semicircularis was consistently and strongly female biased (ca. 90% females). Based on available theoretical analyses, we suggest that this sex ratio pattern may have resulted from a very low encounter rate of secondary hosts coupled with a strong time limitation in C. semicircularis females. This explanation was the most plausible given constraints stemming from the detection of secondary hosts, their variable location within primary hosts, and their handling times. Finally, the size of hosts which yielded single versus multiple parasitoids, and the sizes of these parasitoids, were compared. These comparisons suggested that: (1) M. stanleyi females gauge host sizes precisely, and in terms of female oAspring; thus a fitness penalty is not incurred by females which share a host, while males benefit from sharing a host, and; (2) in- stances where multiple C. semicircularis emerged from a single host were probably the result of parasitism by diAerent females, or during diAerent encounters by a single female.
How does a pseudoscalar glueball come unglued

Abstract The η ′(960) and ι (1440) are treated as glueballs in the framework of effective chiral lagrangians which satisfy the axial anomaly equation. The narrow width of the η ′ can be qualitatively understood. An associated large breaking of flavor SU(3) is shown to be ameliorated as the model is made more realistic by lowering scalar meson masses from infinity. The π δ decay of the ι (1440) can be reasonably well estimated without the need of introducing any new parameters.
Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: effects on birth size and gestational age.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), environmental pollutants that concentrate in the fatty tissue of predatory sports fish, cross the placenta in women exposed to ordinary dietary levels. Two hundred forty-two newborn infants whose mothers, consumed moderate quantities of contaminated lake fish and 71 infants whose mothers did not eat such fish were examined during the immediate postpartum period. PCB exposure, measured by both contaminated fish consumption and cord serum PCB levels, predicted lower birth weight and smaller head circumference. Exposed infants were 160 to 190 gm lighter than controls, and their heads were 0.6 to 0.7 cm smaller. Head circumference was disportionately small in relation to both birth weight and gestational age. Control analyses showed that none of these effects was attributable to any of 37 potential confounding variables, including socioeconomic status, maternal age, smoking during pregnancy, and exposure to polybrominated biphenyls. These findings are consistent with earlier reports from studies in laboratory animals.