cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collective excitations in an asymmetrically spin-polarized quantum well

We present a phenomenological picture for the many-body excitations of a two-dimensional electron gas in a quantum well spin polarized by a dc magnetic field at an angle {theta} with the axis of the well. In the framework of the Landau theory of charged Fermi liquids, we determine the frequencies of collective modes by solving a transport equation for quasiparticles in the local electromagnetic field associated with the charge- and spin-density fluctuations. In the long-wavelength limit, analytic solutions for {omega}({rvec q}) are obtained as functions of the degree of spin polarization and of the angle {theta}. thinsp thinsp {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
The assessment and management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia in perspective

Summary Consensus was reached on the five following points: (1) “Treatment resistance” is a term which is widely used, but not adequately defined. In particular, definitions of “responders” and “non-responders” need to be more precise. (2) There is a need to extend the assessment of the results of treatment to include factors such as quality of life and the subjective evaluation by the patient and relatives. (3) Clozapine (Clozaril ® /Leponex ® ) has become the standard for atypical antipsychotic drugs. The adjective “atypical” is not an exact descriptor. The vague nature of the term leads to confusion with other drugs that are putative atypical antipsychotic agents but have different properties. D 2 dopamine receptor antagonism is the single factor common to all antipsychotic drugs. Antagonism at a specific D 2 -like receptor may underlie the atypical antipsychotic actions of clozapine. Drugs described as being atypical antipsychotics share a relatively low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects. (4) Clozapine is the only drug that produces antipsychotic (therapeutic) effects at doses that do not result, in significant extrapyramidal side effects. This may be due to the fact that antipsychotic efficacy is obtained with clozapine in doses that result in significantly less striatal D 2 occupancy. Other factors including concomitant 5-HT 2 antagonism, may contribute to the lack of motor side effects observed with clozapine treatment. (5) Clozapine is the only drug currently well proven in therapy-resistant schizophrenia, and there is a case for its earlier use in patients who can be anticipated to become therapy resistant. Other antipsychotic therapies remain unproven in this group of patients.
Diffraction from stepped surfaces: II. Arbitrary terrace distributions

Abstract The angular distribution of the diffracted intensity from a crystal surface in a reflection electron diffraction experiment is sensitive to the defect structure of the surface. For a surface with atomic steps, the diffracted beams can be split or broadened with the shape determined by the distribution of steps. For a surface with a finite number of levels we have previously shown that in general the angular profile across a diffracted beam is the sum of a central spike, due to the long range ofder of the surface, plus one or more broad functions, due to the step disorder. The explicit shapes of the broad functions were previously calculated for a one-dimensional geometric model of the disorder that corresponded to the limiting case of non-interacting steps. In this paper, we extend the calculation to treat any one-dimensional distribution of steps which does not depend upon choice of origin and for which the surface consists of either (1) an infinite number of levels, each with identical terrace length distributions or (2) a finite number of levels, but with different distributions allowed. The results of the calculation are compared to reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) measurements from vicinal and singular GaAs(001) surfaces prepared by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). For the vicinal surfaces, the staircase step distribution is observed to order on crossing a surface phase transition. The measured profiles agree with a calculation that assumes a minimum terrace length. For the singular surface, steps are observed to appear after the same transition is crossed. These latter profiles cannot be described by a one-dimensional geometric step distribution. The behavior of these two systems are discussed in terms of the increased evaporation rate at temperature above this phase transition.
Stability criteria: A review

Abstract The basic theories of stability of mechanical and structural systems are described. The theory for discrete dynamical systems that has applications in control of systems is reviewed first. The variational stability criteria for nonlinear structural systems are then developed for both the conservative and nonconservative systems. For conservative systems, the existence of minimum potential energy is combined with the total Lagrangian formulation to construct the stability criterion. The Hamilton's principle and the concept of adjacent states of motion are adopted to investigate the criterion for nonconservative systems. To study computational aspects, two beam-column examples are presented: one with conservative force and the other with nonconservative force. The examples provide insights for numerical implementation of the criteria.
Determining the Type, Redshift, and Age of a Supernova Spectrum

We present an algorithm to identify the type of an SN spectrum and to determine its redshift and age. This algorithm, based on the correlation techniques of Tonry & Davis, is implemented in the Supernova Identification (SNID) code. It is used by members of ongoing high-redshift SN searches to distinguish between Type Ia and Ib/c SNe and to identify "peculiar" SNe Ia. We develop a diagnostic to quantify the quality of a correlation between the input and template spectra, which enables a formal evaluation of the associated redshift error. Furthermore, by comparing the correlation redshifts obtained using SNID with those determined from narrow lines in the SN host galaxy spectrum, we show that accurate redshifts (with a typical error σz 0.01) can be determined for SNe Ia without a spectrum of the host galaxy. Last, the age of an input spectrum is determined with a typical accuracy σt 3 days, shown here by using high-redshift SNe Ia with well-sampled light curves. The success of the correlation technique confirms the similarity of some SNe Ia at low and high redshifts. The SNID code, which will be made available to the community, can also be used for comparative studies of SN spectra, as well as comparisons between data and models.
High-Speed PLIF Imaging of Hypersonic Transition over Discrete Cylindrical Roughness

In two separate test entries, advanced laser-based instrumentation has been developed and applied to visualize the hypersonic flow over cylindrical protrusions on a flat plate. Upstream of these trips, trace quantities of nitric oxide (NO) were seeded into the boundary layer. The protuberances were sized to force laminar-to-turbulent boundary layer transition. In the first test, a 10-Hz nitric oxide planar laser-induced fluorescence (NO PLIF) flow visualization system was used to provide wide-field-of-view, high-resolution images of the flowfield. The images had sub-microsecond time resolution. However these images, obtained with a time separation of 0.1 sec, were uncorrelated with each other. Fluorescent oil-flow visualizations were also obtained during this test. In the second experiment, a laser and camera system capable of acquiring NO PLIF measurements at 1 million frames per second (1 MHz) was used. This system had lower spatial resolution, and a smaller field of view, but the images were time correlated so that the development of the flow structures could be observed in time.
Opposing oncogenic activities of small DNA tumor virus transforming proteins

The E1A gene of species C human adenovirus is an intensely investigated model viral oncogene that immortalizes primary cells and mediates oncogenic cell transformation in cooperation with other viral or cellular oncogenes. Investigations using E1A proteins have illuminated important paradigms in cell proliferation and about the functions of cellular proteins such as the retinoblastoma protein. Studies with E1A have led to the unexpected discovery that E1A also suppresses cell transformation and oncogenesis. Here, I review our current understanding of the transforming and tumor-suppressive functions of E1A, and how E1A studies led to the discovery of a related tumor-suppressive function in benign human papillomaviruses. The potential role of these opposing functions in viral replication in epithelial cells is also discussed.
Analysis of broth‐cultured Bacillus atrophaeus and Bacillus cereus spores

Aims: To compare physical properties of spores that were produced in broth sporulation media at greater than 108 spores ml−1. Methods and Results: Bacillus atrophaeus reproducibly sporulated in nutrient broth (NB) and sporulation salts. Microscopy measurements showed that the spores were 0·68 ± 0·11 μm wide and 1·21 ± 0·18 μm long. Coulter Multisizer (CM3) measurements revealed the spore volumes and volume-equivalent spherical diameters, which were 0·48 ± 0·38 μm3 and 0·97 ± 0·07 μm, respectively. Bacillus cereus reproducibly sporulated in NB, sporulation salts, 200 mmol l−1 glutamate and antifoam. Spores were 0·95 ± 0·11 μm wide and 1·31 ± 0·17 μm long. Spore volumes were 0·78 ± 0·61 μm3 and volume-equivalent spherical diameters were 1·14 ± 0·11 μm. Bacillus atrophaeus spores were hydrophilic and B. cereus spores were hydrophobic. However, spore hydrophobicity was significantly altered after treatment with pH-adjusted bleach. Conclusions: The utility of a CM3 for both quantifying Bacillus spores and measuring spore sizes was demonstrated, although the volume between spore exosporium and spore coat was not measured. This study showed fundamental differences between spores from a Bacillus subtilis- and B. cereus-group species. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is useful for developing standard methods for broth spore production and physical characterization of both living and decontaminated spores.
Mosaicism in Pallister i(12p) syndrome

The clinical diagnosis of Pallister syndrome in a 1-day-old white boy was confirmed by the presence of i(12p) in 100% of cells on direct bone marrow analysis. This is the second Pallister syndrome case in which cytogenetic diagnosis was made in bone marrow cells during the neonatal period. Other tissues analyzed in our patient included peripheral blood PHA-stimulated cultured lymphocytes and postmortem skin and lung cultured fibroblasts with 3%, 98.5%, and 97.5% of cells containing the i(12p), respectively. Serial skin fibroblast cultures re-established from frozen cells were analyzed sequentially over time for the isochromosome. There was slight reduction in the proportion of i(12p) cells until passage 15 with plateauing of the proportion of i(12p) cells at about 80% until culture senescence. Our review of such cytogenetic analyses suggests that in vivo and perhaps also in vitro isochromosome loss best explains the intra- and inter-tissue specific chromosomal mosaicism in the i(12p) syndrome. In any event, our results indicate that confirmation of the diagnosis in the neonatal period is possible by direct cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow.
Burnout of Power MOS Transistors with Heavy Ions of Californium-252

Experiments have been conducted to determine the burnout susceptibility of power MOSFET devices exposed to heavy ions from a Californium-252 source. This report documents the results of the first single event burnout tests performed on n-channel enhancement mode power MOSFETs. Presented are, the test method, test results, a description of an observed latched current and a discussion of a possible failure mechanism. The test results include the observed dependence upon applied drain to source bias and variation in burnout susceptibility for various manufacturers of power MOSFETs.
Dose-response studies of penicillamine and related compounds in reducing skin—Tensile strength of rats

Penicillamine (I) and certain related compounds are known to reduce the skin tensile strength (sts) of rat dorsal skin when they are given in the diet. This effect seems significant to studies of the biochemistry of collagen and of diseases of collagen, perhaps including the arthritides. The reduction of sts appears to be caused by diminution of collagen crosslinking. The effects of several such compounds were studied after intraperitoneal (ip) injection, in order to determine structure-activity relationships divorced from possible anorexic or gastrointestinal complications seen after oral dosing, and to examine the relation of ip dose to response. A cyclopentyl analog (II) of I was at least as active as I, showing that structural variants of I can be active when given ip. A dimethylthiazolidine (V) and a zinc chelate (III, rather toxic) of I were nearly as active as I, showing that probable in vivo precursors of I can be obtained that will be active when given ip. The disulfide of I and a zinc chelate of cysteine were inactive. Maximum response for several compounds seemed to occur at intermediate dose levels, with larger or smaller doses affording less sts reduction.
Family Grief and Mourning

Loss of any type is difficult. Death of a loved one is particularly disturbing. The process of mourning this loss is uniquely handled by individuals and families. Family counselors must be aware of the symptoms of grief expressed by their clients and help them through the necessary mourning process. This article provides a snapshot of a very complex process and offers current references for further reading.
Locating Dialect in Discourse: The Language of Honest Men and Bonnie Lassies in Ayr

Locating Dialect in Discourse: The Language of Honest Men and Bonnie Lassies in Ayr. Ronald K. S. Macaulay. Oxford Studies in Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. 293 pp.
COLLECTING POLLEN AND SPORE SAMPLES FROM HERBARIA

A properly documented pollen and spore reference collection is a valuable tool in systematic/taxonomic studies, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, forensic palynology, archaeology, aerobiology and other areas of research. The collection of pollen or spore samples is best made from vouchered herbarium specimens that have been identified by trained systematists. The collection procedure, although simple, requires careful attention to each specimen so that the material collected contains mature pollen or spores, that the relevant, associated data are recorded and that the herbarium specimen is not damaged during the collection procedure.
Performability analysis of distributed real-time systems

An algorithm and a methodology for the performability analysis of repairable distributed real-time systems are presented. The planning cycle of a real-time distributed system, which normally consists of several task invocations, is first identified. The performability distribution at the end of the planning cycle is determined by repeated convolutions of performability densities between task invocations. These convolution operations are efficiently carried out using the operational properties of Laguerre coefficients. The algorithm numerically determines both moments and distribution of performability in O(N/sub max//sup 3/), where N/sub max/ is the largest size of the state space between any task invocations. To illustrate the overall methodology, a simplified example of a radar system is analyzed, and the various performability measures are obtained using the algorithm. >
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, a US National Academy Report, and the view ahead

The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) is one of the seven international associations comprising the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). Each Association has its own domain, but the boundaries between them are artificial. The Earth is undisciplined, and it does not recognize our academic subjects. In the US Academy Report “Solid-Earth Sciences and Society”, published in 1993, a number of broad objectives and major research areas were set up in a matrix which provided a research framework. A remarkable number of high-priority research opportunities in the “solid-Earth Sciences” are concerned with water, the subject of IAHS. Water is a critical material for society and indeed in nearly every topic in Earth science research. Our priorities for the next century must be based on the beautiful science which arouse our curiosity, but we must also give weight to societal problems. Examples of burning recent problems can be found in many of the world's megacities that are situated in locations threatened by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, and rising sea level.
Core-stateless fair queueing: achieving approximately fair bandwidth allocations in high speed networks

Router mechanisms designed to achieve fair bandwidth allocations, like Fair Queueing, have many desirable properties for congestion control in the Internet. However, such mechanisms usually need to maintain state, manage buffers, and/or perform packet scheduling on a per flow basis, and this complexity may prevent them from being cost-effectively implemented and widely deployed. In this paper, we propose an architecture that significantly reduces this implementation complexity yet still achieves approximately fair bandwidth allocations. We apply this approach to an island of routers --- that is, a contiguous region of the network --- and we distinguish between edge routers and core routers. Edge routers maintain per flow state; they estimate the incoming rate of each flow and insert a label into each packet header based on this estimate. Core routers maintain no per flow state; they use FIFO packet scheduling augmented by a probabilistic dropping algorithm that uses the packet labels and an estimate of the aggregate traffic at the router. We call the scheme Core-Stateless Fair Queueing. We present simulations and analysis on the performance of this approach, and discuss an alternate approach.
HIGH-PRESSURE VISCOSITY AND DENSITY OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS AT THE CRITICAL POLYMER CONCENTRATION IN NEAR-CRITICAL AND SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS

This paper reports on the density and viscosity of solutions of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS; Mw = 93 700) in supercritical carbon dioxide and of polyethylene (PE; Mw = 121 000) in n-pentane. The m...
A comparison of coordinated planning methods for cooperating rovers

This paper describes and evaluates three methods for coordinating multiple agents. These agents interact in two ways. First, they are able to work together to achieve a common pool of goals which would require greater time to achieve by any one of the agents operating independently. Second, the agents share resources that are required by the actions needed to accomplish the goals. The first coordination method described is a centralized scheme in which all of the coordination is done at a central location and the agents have no autonomy at the planning level. The second method performs goal allocation using a centralized heuristic planner and (distributed) planners for the individual agents perform detailed planning. The third method uses a contract net protocol to allocate goals and then (distributed) planners for the individual agents perform detailed planning. We compare these approaches and empirically evaluate them using a geological science scenario in which multiple rovers are used to sample spectra of rocks on Mars.
Spray Combustor Design/Performance: Chemical Engineering Contributions and the Emergence of an “Interacting Population-Balance” Perspective

Spray combustors are now widely used in many technologies, spanning commodity chemical synthesis (combustion of molten sulfur en route to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and phosphorus en route to phosphoric acid (H3PO4), ...), and nanoparticle synthesis (eg., via “spray pyrolysis”), to energy conversion (oil-fired furnaces or boilers) and chemical propulsion (aircraft gas turbines and liquid-propellant rocket motors). While important space, weight, and pollutant constraints inevitably differ from application to application, spray-“fuel”-fed combustors share certain common performance characteristics, and there is a considerable economic incentive to develop rational yet tractable design methods for them. While this intrinsically interdisciplinary subject continues to evolve, here, we briefly review some of the principal contributions to these challenging goals published by chemical engineers since the inception of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (I&EC). Not surprisingly, the earliest contributions focused on ...
Resilience and sustainability in US urban areas

The relationship between the level of resilience and the level of sustainability plans and policies found in 40 American urban areas is examined. The resilience index reflects motivation, capacity and information; sustainability plans and policies are measured by a content analysis of city documents. The results show that: the presence of sustainability plans and policies is related to resilience, but not to aggregate measures of diversity, formal education or proportion of persons living in poverty; resilience has a significant impact on sustainability plans and policies even when controlling for diversity, education, poverty, and inequality; resilience is more likely to be present in a communitarian political culture; and resilience retains its impact on sustainability plans and policies even when controlling for type of political culture.
Statistically-efficient filtering in impulsive environments: weighted myriad filters

Linear filtering theory has been largely motivated by the characteristics of Gaussian signals. In the same manner, the proposed Myriad Filtering methods are motivated by the need for a flexible filter class with high statistical efficiency in non-Gaussian impulsive environments that can appear in practice. Myriad filters have a solid theoretical basis, are inherently more powerful than median filters, and are very general, subsuming traditional linear FIR filters. The foundation of the proposed filtering algorithms lies in the definition of the myriad as a tunable estimator of location derived from the theory of robust statistics. We prove several fundamental properties of this estimator and show its optimality in practical impulsive models such as the α-stable and generalized-t. We then extend the myriad estimation framework to allow the use of weights. In the same way as linear FIR filters become a powerful generalization of the mean filter, filters based on running myriads reach all of their potential when a weighting scheme is utilized. We derive the "normal" equations for the optimal myriad filter, and introduce a suboptimal methodology for filter tuning and design. The strong potential of myriad filtering and estimation in impulsive environments is illustrated with several examples.
Characterization of Ice Crystals in Clouds by Simple Mathematical Expressions Based on Successive Modification of Simple Shapes

The technique based on the concept of successive modification of simple shapes using elementary mathematical functions to represent the shape and size of ice crystals in clouds is discussed. Two hypothetical samples of ice crystals, a single-habit sample of hexagonal plates and a multihabit crystal sample, are generated using a formula developed previously to illustrate the use of this technique in generating ice crystal ensembles in cloud models. Next, a new expression representing columnar ice crystals is described. Finally, two new expressions that can be used to generate the three-dimensional combination of bullets and spatial dendrites are described. The parameters involved in these expressions are expected to be useful in characterizing the shape and size spectra of ice crystals found in cirrus clouds.
How to best smash a snail: the effect of tooth shape on crushing load

Organisms that are durophagous, hard prey consumers, have a diversity of tooth forms. To determine why we see this variation, we tested whether some tooth forms break shells better than others. We measured the force needed with three series of aluminium tooth models, which varied in concavity and the morphology of a stress concentrating cusp, to break a shell. We created functionally identical copies of two intertidal snail shells: the thicker shelled Nucella ostrina and the more ornamented Nucella lamellosa using a three-dimensional printer. In this way, we reduced variation in material properties between test shells, allowing us to test only the interaction of the experimental teeth with the two shell morphologies. We found that for all tooth shapes, thicker shells are harder to break than the thinner shells and that increased ornamentation has no discernible effect. Our results show that for both shell morphologies, domed and flat teeth break shells better than cupped teeth, and teeth with tall or skinny cusps break shells best. While our results indicate that there is an ideal tooth form for shell breaking, we do not see this shape in nature. This suggests a probable trade-off between tooth function and the structural integrity of the tooth.
Chemistry of OH in remote clouds and its role in the production of formic acid and peroxymonosulfate

The chemistry of OH in nonprecipitating tropospheric clouds was studied using a coupled gas phase/aqueous phase chemical model. The simulation takes into account the radial dependence of the concentrations of short lived aqueous phase species, in particular, O3(aq) OH(aq). Formic acid is shown to be rapidly produced by the aqueous phase reaction between H2C(OH)2 and OH, but HCOO(-) and OH, but HCOO(-) is in turn rapidly oxidized by OH(aq). The HCOOH concentration in cloud is shown to be strongly dependent on the pH of the cloud water; clouds with pH greater than 5 are not efficient HCOOH sources. A novel mechanism is proposed for the oxidation of S(IV) by OH(aq), with the main product predicted to be peroxymonosulfate, HSO5(-). The latter could contribute significantly to total cloud water sulfur.
Patterns of RNA/DNA ratios in larval fish and their relationship to survival in the field

Patterns in the amount of RNA and DNA in six species of larval fish in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, are studied. As the amount of DNA increases, the distribution of the ratio of RNA to DNA contracts towards its highest values. This is interpreted to mean that RNA/DNA is an indication of survival probability, and that survival probability is a quantity that tends to persist through a larva's life. Comparisons among species indicate that the greatest degree of contraction (the strongest selection pressure) is associated with the highest mortality rates. There is evidence that variability in RNA/DNA is introduced around the time of yolk-sac absorption.
The Input Relationship Between Co‐Authors in Economics: A Production Function Approach

This study addresses the question of what the relative input relationship is between co-authors in economics. Using the direct addilog production function, the partial elasticities of substitu- tion between co-authors are estimated. The empirical results suggest that co-authors in economics are equivalent substitutes in production. The empirical results are robust whether the direct addilog production is estimated using each co-author's research capital stock, depreciated research capital stock, impact-adjusted research capital stock, or depreciated impact-adjusted research capital stock.
Understanding dynamic disorder fluctuations in single-molecule enzymatic reactions

Single-molecule studies of enzymatic reactions reveal fluctuations in the reaction rate, which cannot be explained by classic Markovian dynamics. This dynamic disorder is attributed to slow transitions in enzyme conformations that take place over timescales longer than reaction cycle times. In this review we summarize current theoretical models for reaction kinetics in fluctuating, single enzyme systems. Also examined are some of the implications of single-molecule fluctuations for reaction rates in systems such as cells or biosensors that contain a moderate number of molecular copies. We conclude that the dynamic disorder in single-molecule enzyme systems is well-described by available models. However, more work is required to study the effect of single-molecule fluctuations on finite systems over limited periods of time.
New frontiers in bone tissue engineering

No single scientific field can generate the ideal method of engineering bone. However, through collaboration and expansion of programs in bone tissue engineering, the right combination of materials, cells, growth factors, and methodology will come together for each clinical situation such that harvesting bone grafts will become obsolete. This article reviews the need for engineered bone and provides a historical perspective of bone engineering research, current research efforts, and the future direction of this work.
How to control those unruly tape measures

There are several other applications of catastrophe theory in computer science modeling. Models dealing with the multiprogramming of computer systems and buffer flow control in computer networks have been shown to also be examples of stochastic cusp catastrophes [1]. Although each of these models had been previously studied, this commonality of behavioral characteristics was not previously observed. This attests to the utility of approaching them using the unifying view of catastrophe theory. New insights are also obtained through this approach. Specifically, characteristics of these systems, such as hysteresis and inaccessibility, were not known prior to these investigations. Perhaps the greatest value in terms of applications, however, lies in using the theory to precisely implement control policies that prevent performance degradations. Prior work in this area typically depended upon ad hoc methods of determining splitting parameter values which would keep the system unsaturated. As see here, these methods can now be more precisely formulated.
Chemical mechanisms of halocarbon metabolism

(1983). Chemical Mechanisms of Halocarbon Metabolism. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 85-120.
Abstract 163: Use of a Free, Non-proprietary Iphone App (STEMISend) to Substantially Improve Pre-hospital ECG Transmission Capability

Introduction: Pre-hospital diagnosis of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) promotes pre-arrival decision making and minimizes reperfusion delays. However, many commercial ECG transmission systems are expensive and based on proprietary technology. Recent advances in phone and app technology suggest another approach. As an alternative, a smartphone app (STEMISend) was developed and partnered with an inexpensive cell signal booster. This combination was then tested in multiple head-to-head comparisons with commercial systems. Results showed the app + booster approach to be non-inferior or superior to commercial systems -particularly in signal-limited environments. Hypothesis: Based on preliminary testing, the STEMISend smartphone app was suggested as a cost-effective alternative to commercial systems. Extensive field testing looking at percent success, cycle reliability and comparative performance in low-signal environments was conducted. Procedure: The STEMISend/booster combo was field-teste...
The Dynamics of Superclusters and Ω0

The dynamics of Local Supercluster-like objects is studied analytically by the Zeldovich quasi-linear formalism and by means of N-body simulations. Ensembles of such objects have been constructed by these two independent studies and an apparent value of Ω0, Ωapp, is calculated for each object. In the case of an actual flat universe the distribution of Ωapp is found to have a dispersion of ≈ (0.2–0.3) around a mean value of ≈ 0.9. The value of Ωapp increases with the magnitude of the shear in the velocity field and non-shearing objects underestimate Ω0. In addition, the formalism is applied to the decaying-particles scenario which is found to be compatible with the observed LSC.
The Use of Stem Cells to Study Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects as many as 1 in 68 children and is said to be the fastest-growing serious developmental disability in the United States. There is currently no medical cure or diagnostic test for ASD. Furthermore, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has yet to approve a single drug for the treatment of autism’s core symptoms. Despite numerous genome studies and the identification of hundreds of genes that may cause or predispose children to ASD, the pathways underlying the pathogenesis of idiopathic ASD still remain elusive. Post-mortem brain samples, apart from being difficult to obtain, offer little insight into a disorder that arises through the course of development. Furthermore, ASD is a disorder of highly complex, human-specific behaviors, making it difficult to model in animals. Stem cell models of ASD can be generated by performing skin biopsies of ASD patients and then dedifferentiating these fibroblasts into human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). iPSCs closely resemble embryonic stem cells and retain the unique genetic signature of the ASD patient from whom they were originally derived. Differentiation of these iPSCs into neurons essentially recapitulates the ASD patient’s neuronal development in a dish, allowing for a patient-specific model of ASD. Here we review our current understanding of the underlying neurobiology of ASD and how the use of stem cells can advance this understanding, possibly leading to new therapeutic avenues.
A diffusion problem.

When two polished metal spheres in contact with each other are immersed in a corrosive solution, their surfaces gradually corrode, leaving, however, a non-corroded zone around the point of contact. The size of this zone is a function of the size of the spheres, concentration of the corrosive, and of the time. The phenomenon has been first observed by F. C. Besic on human teeth immersed in hydrochloric acid, and studied on metal balls. In the present paper it is shown that such a phenomenon may be due to gradients of concentration of the corrosive in the neighborhood of the point of contact, caused by the chemical reaction which consumes the corrosive. Approximate expressions for the size of the uncorroded zones as a function of the size of the balls and as a function of time are derived and found to be in fair agreement with F. C. Besic's data.
Found: Na(+) and K(+) binding sites of the sodium pump.

Homology modeling and valence mapping have been used to predict the location and structure of Na+ and K+ binding sites in the Na+-K+-ATPase on the basis of the known atomic resolution structure of ...
The transformation of experimental data from rotating frame to stationary frame

Experimental vibration data for rotating structures such as circular plates, helicopter rotors, turbine blades, bladed-disks, or propfans may be recorded either in the rotating frame or the stationary frame of reference. In the rotating frame, the sensors are mounted on the rotating structure. In the fixed frame, ground-based sensors are used, and the structure rotates past stationary sensors. Rotating sensors are commonly used in experiments, but it is sometimes desirable to transform data acquired with rotating sensors to the stationary frame. In this paper, equations for transforming experimental data such as velocity, acceleration, natural frequencies and modal damping to the fixed frame are presented. The technique may be used in situations where it is difficult or impractical to record experimental data with stationary sensors, or when a comparison with theoretical studies is required.
REPOSITORY THERAPY IN ALLERGIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE.

Allergenic emulsions appear to be as effective as conventional aqueous therapy for treating allergic respiratory disease in properly selected patients.Rigorous pretreatment screening of candidates for repository therapy is essential to avoid treatment failures and prevent the induction of skin reactivity to the antigens which are used.The incidence of adverse local and systemic reactions which can occur following repository therapy can be minimized by careful preparation and testing of emulsions.
Vestibular and Oculomotor Assessments May Increase Accuracy of Subacute Concussion Assessment

In this study, we collected and analyzed preliminary data for the internal consistency of a new condensed model to assess vestibular and oculomotor impairments following a concussion. We also examined this model’s ability to discriminate concussed athletes from healthy controls. Each participant was tested in a concussion assessment protocol that consisted of the Neurocom’s Sensory Organization Test (SOT), Balance Error Scoring System exam, and a series of 8 vestibular and oculomotor assessments. Of these 10 assessments, only the SOT, near point convergence, and the signs and symptoms (S/S) scores collected following optokinetic stimulation, the horizontal eye saccades test, and the gaze stabilization test were significantly correlated with health status, and were used in further analyses. Multivariate logistic regression for binary outcomes was employed and these beta weights were used to calculate the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ( area under the curve). The best model supported by our findings suggest that an exam consisting of the 4 SOT sensory ratios, near point convergence, and the optokinetic stimulation signs and symptoms score are sensitive in discriminating concussed athletes from healthy controls (accuracy=98.6%, AUC=0.983). However, an even more parsimonious model consisting of only the optokinetic stimulation and gaze stabilization test S/S scores and near point convergence was found to be a sensitive model for discriminating concussed athletes from healthy controls (accuracy=94.4%, AUC=0.951) without the need for expensive equipment. Although more investigation is needed, these findings will be helpful to health professionals potentially providing them with a sensitive and specific battery of simple vestibular and oculomotor assessments for concussion management.
Numerical Investigation of the Performance of Pitching Airfoils at High Amplitudes

Recently, a renewed interest toward vertical-axis wind turbines has developed, due to the increasing need of a rational utilization of renewable energy resources. In vertical-axis wind turbines, each blade undergoes a wide variation of angle of attack during one rotation, with important dynamic stall phenomena. Neglecting wake-to-wake interactions and curvature effects, a pitching airfoil is a good representation of the flow experienced by the blades of a vertical-axis wind turbine. In the present work, the flow around an Eppler 387 airfoil in pure pitching is investigated, exploring a parametric space tailored to vertical-axis wind-turbine applications. In such a case, the angle of attack α varies in the range −40 deg<α<40 deg, resulting in large-amplitude pitching oscillations. The Reynolds number, based on the freestream velocity and the chord length, is set to Rec=3×104. In this sense, the present work differs from earlier studies, where typically the combined heaving and pitching or pure pitching f...
Introduction: Philology in a New Key

This book is about the volatility of some late medieval and early modern words and the “forms of life” to which they testify. It is also about the conditions under which the interpretation of verbal texts and social experience can take place. For “the boy,” as he is called in Doctorow’s novel, the world seems to “compose and recompose itself constantly in an endless process of dissatisfaction,” and he responds to the recomposition with wonder and wide-eyed pleasure, but what response is available to scholars and teachers concerned with historically distant texts? What does the prevailing mix of theories and methods offer to cope with the simultaneous imperatives to see texts as part of a complex social formation, to recognize the fluidity of that formation, and to hear “last year’s words” and “next year’s” as spoken in different social voices?
Raman spectroscopy of lipids and biomembranes

The application of laser Raman spectroscopy to membrane structure analysis was initiated at the beginning of the nineteen seventies. Since then this approach has expanded into a diversity of areas, including studies on the organisation of lipids at different low temperatures, thermal transitions in biomembranes and lipid-sterol interactions.
Group Symmetries with R-Invariance

In this discussion, I shall consider (1) group symmetries (including R-symmetry), (2) electromagnetic consequences of these symmetries, and (3) R-invariance applied to the particle resonances.
Prevalence of Research Publication Misrepresentation Among Urology Residency Applicants and Its Effect on Match Success.

Objective To report the prevalence of research misrepresentation among urology residency applicants and assess its effect on match success. Materials and Methods All applications to the Columbia University urology residency program for the 2014-2015 match cycle were reviewed. “In-press,” “accepted,” and “submitted” manuscripts were verified using PubMed, Google Scholar, and journal websites. Misrepresentation for “in-press” and “accepted” manuscripts was defined as: (1) nonexistent manuscript, (2) nonauthorship of existent manuscript, (3) self-promotion to a higher author rank, and/or (4) existent manuscript in a nonpeer-reviewed publication. Logistic regression was performed to identify associated factors of misrepresentation and of match success. Results Of 257 applicants, 204 (79.4%) reported 1098 total manuscripts and 142 (55.3%) reported 371 unpublished manuscripts. About 5% (13 of 257) of applicants misrepresented 1 or more publications: 10 listed nonexistent manuscripts, 1 listed a publication for which he/she was listed a lower author rank than reported, 1 listed an accepted manuscript in a nonpeer-reviewed publication and for which he/she was not listed as an author, and 1 listed 4 in-press manuscripts in a nonpeer-reviewed publication. Only 55.8% (139 of 249) of “submitted” manuscripts were published within 12 months, with 41% (51 of 139) published in a journal of a lower impact factor than the reported journal of submission. Higher number of unpublished manuscripts was associated with misrepresentation. Higher Step 1 score, number of away sub-internships, and publication ratio were associated with match success. Conclusion Research misrepresentation is a persistent issue in urology residency applications. However, misrepresentation in this cohort did not confer a significant advantage in match success.
Manifestations of Instrument-to-Instrument Variability on an Internal Control During Real-Time PCR.

To the Editor: Using a laboratory-developed test, real-time PCR with the 3M Integrated Cycler (Focus Diagnostics) was used to amplify and detect in a single reaction the IS481 insertion sequence of Bordetella pertussis , the IS1001 insertion sequence of Bordetella parapertussis , and an internal control (IC)1 using channels that read FAM ( B. pertussis ), CAL Fluor Red 610 ( B. parapertussis ), and Quasar 670 (IC). The IC consisted of exogenous DNA, IC primers, and an IC probe. A positive control containing a mixture of cultured B. pertussis (ATCC 9340) and B. parapertussis (ATCC 15311) was prepared and frozen in 215-μL aliquots. Patient specimens were nasopharyngeal swabs …
Increased Levels of Dissolved Titanium Are Associated With Peri-Implantitis - A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Peri-implantitis represents a disruption of the biocompatible interface between the titanium dioxide layer of the implant surface and the peri-implant tissues. Increasing preclinical data suggest that peri-implantitis microbiota not only triggers an inflammatory immune response but also causes electrochemical alterations of the titanium surfaces, i.e., corrosion, that aggravate this inflammatory response. Thus, it was hypothesized that there is an association between dissolution of titanium from dental implants, which suggests corrosion, and peri-implantitis in humans. The objective of this study is to compare levels of dissolved titanium in submucosal plaque collected from healthy implants and implants with peri-implantitis.Methods: Submucosal plaque from 20 implants with peri-implantitis and 20 healthy implants was collected with sterile curets from 30 participants. Levels of titanium were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and normalized for mass of bacterial DNA ...
Adiabatic control of solids by strong ultrafast optical fields

We present latest developments in theory and recent experimental results for a new class of phenomena in condensed matter optics when a strong optical field ∼1–3 V/A reversibly changes the solid within an optical cycle. During a single-oscillation of a strong optical pulse, a dielectric undergoes a reversible transition to a semimetallic state, which follows the instantaneous optical field during time intervals on order of hundred attoseconds. Such a pulse drives ampere-scale currents in dielectrics and controls their properties, including optical absorption and reflection, extreme UV absorption, and generation of high harmonics in a non-perturbative manner on a 100-as temporal scale. Applied to a metal, such a pulse causes an instantaneous and reversible loss of the metallic properties. We will also discuss or latest theoretical results on graphene and silicene, semimetals, in a strong ultrashort pulse field revealing their unique behavior. These are fastest phenomena in optics unfolding within half period of light.
Wideband dielectric characterization of Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Ester (TrEGDMA) plastic

Plastic materials form an important constituent of interconnect devices. Wideband characterization of the dielectric properties of interconnect plastics is indispensable to characterize the signal integrity performance of interconnects, which are used in a large number of consumer electronic devices. In this paper, wideband dielectric characterization of Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Ester (TrEGDMA) organic plastic material is presented using transmission line technique for the frequency range of 1–17 GHz. Debye models are used to analytically describe the frequency dependency of TrEGDMA dielectric properties obtained from the measured data. These models can be utilized by commercial software packages to assign frequency dependent material properties to a solid made of TrEGDMA plastic.