cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Talking About History Discussions in a Middle School Inclusive Classroom

In this study, we examined the nature of whole-class discussion and teachers' instruction during discussion about historical topics in one inclusive, middle-grade classroom. We videotaped and analyzed 4 lessons to determine the nature of discussion sequences, rates of participation, and instructional challenges encountered by the teacher and students. We triangulated our analysis of observational data with teacher interviews. The results showed high rates of student participation, with no differences between students with and without disabilities. The teacher initiated and controlled the discussion, and nearly all student responses were from teacher to student rather than from student to student. The teacher encountered three challenges in developing students' understanding, and we identify specific practices she used to address these challenges. Based on students' response to measures administered by project staff and on their scores on statewide tests, this teacher's practices seemed to be highly effective.
Use of angle-resolved XPS to determine depth profiles based on Fick’s second law of diffusion: description of method and simulation study

Abstract An iterative algorithm is proposed to extract depth profiles based on Fick’s second law of diffusion in a multi-element system from data supplied by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). Parameters related to the concentration profiles are obtained by fitting the experimental angle-dependent relative photoelectron intensities to predictions from the algorithm. The use of relative instead of absolute photoelectron intensities eliminates error due to changes in absolute photoelectron intensities resulting from the change of system geometries in angle-resolved experiments. Simulations using an infinite source diffusion model have been conducted to study the influence of errors in the raw data and to demonstrate the robustness of the algorithm. The algorithm is tested based on preliminary experimental ARXPS data from a chemically treated polymer film.
Effects of aging on the smoke from a large forest fire

Abstract A smoke plume from a large wildfire in Oregon was sampled over a period of three days as it traveled more than 1000 km above the Pacific Ocean. With increasing distance from the source, the dilution-normalized concentrations of particles in the nucleation mode ( D μ m) in the plume decreased rapidly and the average sizes of the particles in the accumulation mode ( D =0.2−2.0 μ m) and coarse-particle mode ( D =2.0−5.4 μn ) increased. The dilution-normalized optical scattering coefficient due to the particles in the smoke also decreased with increasing distance from the fire. Changes in the size distribution of the particles in the plume with distance downwind (age) are compared with numerical modeling results of particle coagulation and plume dilution and are found to be in reasonable agreement. These rare field measurements of particle removal and modification rates in a dense, long-lived, plume are needed to help assess the role of biomass smokes as they relate to climate change. In the light of these measurements, it appears that the effects of particle coagulation in dense, persistent smokes may have been underestimated in some climate change calculations (e.g., nuclear winter) resulting in an overestimate of the smoke's impact.
Social Gastronomy: Fourier and Brillat-Savarin

This article examines the imbricating discourses of modernity in the works of Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin and Charles Fourier. In signalling significant intertextual relationships between Fourier...
The structural basis of maternal-fetal immune interactions in the human placenta.

More than 40 years ago Sir PETER MEDAWAR(1955) proposed a set of im-munological mechanisms to explain how a semiallogeneic fetus can survive in the maternal host. Since that time a variety of investigators have sought to explain reproductive loss using this framework. Despite validation of many of the mechanisms, significant questions remain regarding the existence and nature of immunologically mediated reproductive failure. Much of the past work has been performed in rodents. Although the hemochorial placentas of primates and rodents have significant homology, it is difficult to overcome two major differences between these two mammalian orders:mass of gestational tissue and duration of pregnancy. The human placenta is several hundred times larger than the rodent placenta and persists in the mother for an average of 280 versus 21 days for the mouse. These different parameters are likely to have exerted divergent evolutionary pressures in the two orders, leading to significant differences in function. The limitation of rodent models is exemplified by the fact that two major causes of perinatal mortality in humans, preterm labor and preeclampsia, do not occur in rodents. For these reasons it is likely that future progress in reproductive immunology will require the increased use of nonhuman primates and the development of better techniques to study immunopathology in human placentas.
Animals deficient in C2Orf71, an autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa-associated locus, develop severe early-onset retinal degeneration

Genetic mapping was recently used to identify the underlying cause for a previously uncharacterized cohort of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa cases. Genetic mapping of affected individuals resulted in the identification of an uncharacterized gene, C2Orf71, as the causative locus. However, initial homology searches failed to reveal similarities to any previously characterized protein or domain. To address this issue, we characterized the mouse homolog, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"BC027072","term_id":"20072553","term_text":"BC027072"}}BC027072. Immunohistochemistry with a custom polyclonal antibody showed staining localized to the inner segments (IS) of photoreceptor cells, as well as the outer segments (OS) of cone cells. A knockout mouse line (BC−/−) was generated and demonstrated that loss of this gene results in a severe, early-onset retinal degeneration. Histology and electron microscopy (EM) revealed disorganized OS as early as 3 weeks with complete loss by 24 weeks of age. EM micrographs displayed packets of cellular material containing OS discs or IS organelles in the OS region and abnormal retinal pigmented epithelium cells. Analyses of retinoids and rhodopsin levels showed <20% in BC−/− versus wild-type mice early in development. Electroretinograms demonstrated that affected mice were virtually non-responsive to light by 8 weeks of age. Lastly, RNAseq analysis of ocular gene expression in BC−/− mice revealed clues to the causes of the progressive retinal degenerations. Although its function remains unknown, this protein appears essential for normal OS development/maintenance and vision in humans and mice. RNAseq data are available in the GEO database under accession: {"type":"entrez-geo","attrs":{"text":"GSE63810","term_id":"63810"}}GSE63810.
Fault location using electron beam current absorbed in LSI interconnects

This paper introduced the developed apparatus named electron beam absorbed current (EBAC) to locate fault sites in LSI interconnects. This technique has a potential to become an effective tool and is driven forward to extended applications.
Some properties of edge intersection graphs of single bend paths on a grid

Abstract We consider the family of intersection graphs G of paths on a grid, where every vertex v in G corresponds to a single bend path Pv on a grid, and two vertices are adjacent in G if and only if the corresponding paths share an edge on the grid. We first show that these graphs have the Erdos-Hajnal property. Then we present some properties concerning the neighborhood of a vertex in these graphs, and finally we consider some subclasses of chordal graphs for which we give necessary and sufficient conditions to be edge intersection graphs of single bend paths in a grid.
Ask the Experts: The current status of robotic surgery for colorectal cancer

Alessio Pigazzi is the current chief of the colon and rectal surgery division at the University of California, Irvine (CA, USA). He specializes in minimally invasive surgery of the colon and rectum, including laparoscopic, robotic and endoscopic techniques. He performed the world’s first robotic-assisted total mesorectal resection for rectal cancer. Dr Pigazzi is also an expert in hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis. The procedure, combined with cytoreductive surgery, is an important and difficult-to-find option for patients with this complicated disease. Wissam J Halabi is a research fellow in the division of colon and rectal surgery at the University of California, Irvine (CA, USA). His research interests include clinical outcomes research in the field of colon and rectal surgery, and he has a particular interest in minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic and robotic surgery. Dr Halabi has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals on the use and...
Selection at linked sites shapes heritable phenotypic variation in C. elegans

Mutation generates the heritable variation that genetic drift and natural selection shape. In classical quantitative genetic models, drift is a function of the effective population size and acts uniformly across traits, whereas mutation and selection act trait-specifically. We identified thousands of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing transcript abundance traits in a cross of two Caenorhabditis elegans strains; although trait-specific mutation and selection explained some of the observed pattern of QTL distribution, the pattern was better explained by trait-independent variation in the intensity of selection on linked sites. Our results suggest that traits in C. elegans exhibit different levels of variation less because of their own attributes than because of differences in the effective population sizes of the genomic regions harboring their underlying loci.
Authority and Rationality

Before an aggregation of persons can be said to constitute a community there must exist a sharing of a body of norms or values, or asystem of beliefs or morals. In sociology this conception frequentlyappears in the term “consensus,” and in political science a similar conception goes by the phrase “social contract.” The two conceptions are not identical and an important point of difference will be touched on later, but according to this position knowledge of and adherence to the fundamental rules is necessary to group unity or cohesion.
Use of hyaluronic Acid gel in the management of paralytic lagophthalmos: the hyaluronic Acid gel "gold weight".

Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of injecting hyaluronic acid gel in the upper eyelid as a nonsurgical alternative in the treatment of paralytic lagophthalmos. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 9 patients (10 eyelids) with paralytic lagophthalmos treated with hyaluronic acid gel in the prelevator aponeurosis region and/or pretarsal region of the paralytic upper eyelid. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up photographs were digitized, and overall outcomes assessed. Measurements of lagophthalmos were standardized and compared. Slit-lamp examination was used to evaluate the degree of exposure keratopathy. ImageJ was used for photographic analysis. Results: Ten eyelids (9 patients, 7 men; mean age 69.2 years; range, 31‐90 years) with paralytic lagophthalmos were treated with hyaluronic acid gel. The average amount of injected hyaluronic acid gel was 0.9 ml (range, 0.2‐1.2 ml). All patients demonstrated significant improvement in lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy. The mean improvement in lagophthalmos was 4.8 mm (range, 0.9‐11.9 mm; p 0.001). Of the 5 patients with follow-up, the mean follow-up period was 3.6 months (range, 2‐5 months). Of these, 2 had no change in lagophthalmos (both maintained 0 mm at 5 months), one had a slight decrease in lagophthalmos (4.8‐4.6 mm at 2 months), one had a slight increase in lagophthalmos (0.3‐0.5 mm at 2 months), and one had a more significant increase in lagophthalmos (1.9‐4.3 mm at 4 months). The latter patient underwent a second treatment with further reduction of lagophthalmos to 0.4 mm. Overall, there was a decrease in margin reflex distance from the upper eyelid margin to the corneal light reflex (MRD1) but it was not statistically significant. Complications were minor and included transient ecchymosis, edema, and tenderness at the injection sites. Conclusions: On the basis of these preliminary results, hyaluronic acid gel shows promise as a safe and effective nonsurgical treatment for the management of paralytic lagophthalmos. This treatment may be particularly useful in patients who are poor surgical candidates and/or as a temporizing measure in patients in whom return of facial nerve function is anticipated, given the hyaluronic acid gel’s properties of slow resorption and reversibility with hyaluronidase.
Intensification of Summer Rainfall Variability in the Southeastern United States during Recent Decades

Abstract The variability of summer precipitation in the southeastern United States is examined in this study using 60-yr (1948–2007) rainfall data. The Southeast summer rainfalls exhibited higher interannual variability with more intense summer droughts and anomalous wetness in the recent 30 years (1978–2007) than in the prior 30 years (1948–77). Such intensification of summer rainfall variability was consistent with a decrease of light (0.1–1 mm day−1) and medium (1–10 mm day−1) rainfall events during extremely dry summers and an increase of heavy (>10 mm day−1) rainfall events in extremely wet summers. Changes in rainfall variability were also accompanied by a southward shift of the region of maximum zonal wind variability at the jet stream level in the latter period. The covariability between the Southeast summer precipitation and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is also analyzed using the singular value decomposition (SVD) method. It is shown that the increase of Southeast summer precipitation variabil...
Computerized analysis of tumor cell interactions with extracellular matrix proteins, peptides, and endothelial cells under laminar flow

Arrest and formation of stable adhesive interactions between circulating cells and the endothelium or exposed subendothelial matrix are important processes in many biological situations. We have developed a highly sensitive hydrodynamic assay that utilizes a parallel-plate flow chamber, video microscopy, and digital image processing to separate and measure the primary arrest and adhesion stabilization of flowing cells. Our data indicate that primary cell contact triggers secondary adhesion stabilization, and the secondary events are likely to be critical to metastasis formation. To study the relationship between tumor cell adhesion stabilization and organ-specific blood-borne metastasis, we investigated the adhesion stabilization of metastatic murine RAW117 large-cell lymphoma cells to the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and vitronectin, several Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) containing peptides, and microvascular endothelial cells from the liver or lung. The highly liver metastatic RAW117-H10 subline showed the fastest stabilization to fibronectin, vitronectin, and RGD peptides. Poorly metastatic RAW117-P cells had stabilization times 3-10 times longer than for RAW117-H10 cells, while the lung- and liver-metastatic RAW117-L17 subline failed to stabilize at all. The adhesion stabilization of the RAW117-H10 cells to the extracellular matrix proteins and RGD peptides was inhibited by anti-beta(3) integrin monoclonal antibodies and RGD peptides. In contrast, the RAW117-L17 subline had the shortest stabilization time to unstimulated microvascular endothelial cells of the lung and hepatic sinusoids, followed by RAW117-H10 cells and RAW117-P cells. Monoclonal antibodies against the beta(3) integrin subunit and RGD peptides did not inhibit adhesion stabilization of RAW117-H10 cells to endothelial cells, suggesting that different metastatic variants of large-cell lymphoma cells use differing mechanisms to adhere to organ-specific endothelial cells.
Active Control of Separation on a Wing with Oscillating Camber

Introduction L OW-REYNOLDS-NUMBER effects are signi cant in the aerodynamics of low-speed airfoils, aircraft intended to operate in low-density environments, and small-scale lifting surfaces such as insect and bird wings. Current aerodynamic applications includemicro-aerialvehicles and unmannedaerial vehicles, as well as aircraft operating at high altitudes or low-density atmospheres other than Earth’s. The primary dif culty with the operation of a wing at low Reynolds number is that the  ow over the suction surface encounters an adverse pressure gradient at a point at which the boundary layer is quite likely to still be laminar. Because a laminar boundary layer is incapable of negotiating any but the slightest adverse pressure gradient, the  ow will inevitably separate. The separated  ow then transitions to turbulence, entrains  uid, and reattaches to form a turbulent boundary layer. The resulting structure is the laminar separation bubble, which has been described by Lissaman.1 A number of different  ow-control approaches have been investigated to reduce separationand improve ef ciency at lowReynolds numbers. Continuous blowing and sucking have long been shown to havepronouncedeffects.More recently, intermittentblowing and sucking in the form of synthetic jets have shown their effectiveness and suggest the presence of optimum values in the range of frequency inputs, which can translate to other oscillatory inputs.3i5 Mechanical momentum transfer and acoustic excitation have also been explored. The approach presented herein employs an adaptive wing.6 Naturally, all practical wings are adaptive in the sense that they use actuators to alter lift coef cient by changing effectivepro le with a subsequentloss in ef ciency.A truly adaptivewing, however, refers to an airfoil, which can change its pro le to adapt optimally to  ow conditions. Similar concepts have been explored in the past, such as the snap-through airfoil, which changes local airfoil camber by moving a  exible portion of the pressure surface or the Defense AdvancedResearch Projects Agency “smart wing,” which uses torsional elements to twist the wing. Modern smart materials such as piezoelectricactuators offer great promise in the area of future stall
Obesity Is Associated with Inflammation and Elevated Aromatase Expression in the Mouse Mammary Gland

Elevated circulating estrogen levels are associated with increased risk of breast cancer in obese postmenopausal women. Following menopause, the biosynthesis of estrogens through CYP19 (aromatase)-mediated metabolism of androgen precursors occurs primarily in adipose tissue, and the resulting estrogens are then secreted into the systemic circulation. The potential links between obesity, inflammation and aromatase expression are unknown. In both dietary and genetic models of obesity, we observed necrotic adipocytes surrounded by macrophages forming crown-like structures (CLS) in the mammary glands and visceral fat. The presence of CLS was associated with activation of NF-κB and increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, Cox-2), which were paralleled by elevated levels of aromatase expression and activity in the mammary gland and visceral fat of obese mice. Analyses of the stromal-vascular and adipose fractions of the mammary gland suggested that macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory mediators induced aromatase and estrogen-dependent gene expression (PR, pS2) in adipocytes. Saturated fatty acids, which have been linked to obesity-related inflammation, stimulated NF-κB activity in macrophages leading to increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and Cox-2, each of which contributed to the induction of aromatase in preadipocytes. The discovery of the obesity→inflammation→aromatase axis in the mammary gland and visceral fat and its association with CLS, may provide insight into mechanisms underlying the increased risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in obese postmenopausal women, the reduced efficacy of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer in these women, and their generally worse outcomes. The presence of CLS may be a biomarker of increased breast cancer risk or poor prognosis.
INCREASING FLOW LENGTH IN THIN WALL INJECTION MOLDING USING A RAPIDLY HEATED MOLD

Injection molded parts are driven down in size and weight especially for portable electronic applications. While gains are achieved via cost reduction and increased portability, thinner parts encounter more difficulty in molding due to the frozen layer problem. To increase moldability in thin wall molding, a rapid thermal response (RTR) mold was investigated. The RTR mold is capable of rapidly raising the surface temperature to the polymer melt temperature prior to the injection stage and then rapidly cooling to the ejection temperature. The resulting filling process is done inside a hot mold cavity and formation of frozen layer is prohibited. Concepts of scalable filling and low-speed filling are discussed in the article to address the benefit of this molding method. Simulation results showed that significant reduction in injection pressure and speed can be achieved in RTR molding. In contrast to the filling behavior in conventional molding, the injection pressure in RTR molding decreases as the injectio...
Separation of Membrane Trafficking and Actin Remodeling Functions of ARF6 with an Effector Domain Mutant

The ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) GTPase has a dual function in cells, regulating membrane traffic and organizing cortical actin. ARF6 activation is required for recycling of the endosomal membrane back to the plasma membrane (PM) and also for ruffling at the PM induced by Rac. Additionally, ARF6 at the PM induces the formation of actin-containing protrusions. To identify sequences in ARF6 that are necessary for these distinct functions, we examined the behavior of a chimeric protein of ARF1 and ARF6. The 1-6 chimera (with the amino half of ARF1 and the carboxyl half of ARF6) localized like ARF6 in HeLa cells and moved between the endosome and PM, but it did not form protrusions, an ARF6 effector function. Two residues in the amino-terminal half of ARF6, Q37 and S38, when substituted into the 1-6 chimera allowed protrusion formation, whereas removal of these residues from ARF6 resulted in an inability to form protrusions. Interestingly, expression of 1-6 in cells selectively inhibited protrusions induced by wild-type ARF6 but had no effect on ARF6-regulated membrane movement or Rac-induced ruffling. Thus, we have uncoupled two functions of ARF6, one involved in membrane trafficking, which is necessary for Rac ruffling, and another involved in protrusion formation.
Correlative Immunochemical and Light Microscopic Studies of the Gastrin Cell of the Antral Mucosa

The specific gastrin-containing epithelial cell of the hog pyloric antral mucosa was studied and identified by immunochemical techniques using γG-immunoglobulin-containing antibodies to human gastrin I labeled with fluorescein and horseradish peroxidase. Cells demonstrated to contain gastrin in this study did not stain by the alkaline diazonium procedure or by the argyrophilic procedures of Grimelius, Bodian, Sevier-Munger, Hellerstron-Hellman, and Goldner-Volk. These results do not agree with conclusions and suggestions of other investigators who have attempted to identify and segregate cells which might contain gastrin on the basis of positive staining with these procedures. Autofluorescent cells of the antral mucosa were stained by the argyrophilic and diazonium procedures. This study reaffirms the previous evidence from this laboratory which did not permit, on the basis of staining techniques utilized, the classification of gastrin-containing cells as argyrophilic or argentaffinic. This study serves to emphasize the caution which must be urged in the interpretation of the specificity of the hormonal content of a population of cells on the basis of its general morphological characteristics, distribution, or nonspecific tinctorial reactions.
Real-time Linux experiment interface system: RTLab

RTLab is an ongoing project to develop a general-purpose, open-source, hard real-time experiment interface software system. The need for real-time interface systems is ubiquitous in biomedical research (e.g., cardiac arrhythmia control, stochastic dynamic damping). The RTLab software, which utilizes real-time Linux, allows for applicability to a wide range of biomedical experiments. Flexibility is achieved through modular software design, flexible graphical layout generation, and hardware transparency.
Epidemiological Models with Seasonality

Epidemiology is the branch of medicine that deals with incidence, distribution, and control of diseases in a population. At the basic level the population is divided into susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered compartments. However, often infection is caused not only by exposed or infected individuals but also by other species, such as mosquitos in the case of malaria, or waste water in the case of cholera. In attempting to model the transmission of the disease one has to take into account the facts that infection rates may vary among different populations (due, for instance, to those who underwent vaccination and those who did not), as well as from one season to another. In this chapter we focus on seasonality-dependent diseases and ask the question whether initial infection of one or a small number of individuals will cause the disease to spread or whether the disease will die out. To answer this question we invoke the concept of the basic reproduction number, a number which is easy to compute in the case of seasonality-independent diseases, but difficult to compute in the case of diseases with seasonality.
Mode I fracture along adhesively bonded sinusoidal interfaces

Abstract Fracture along sinusoidally-patterned and flat interfaces in AA7075-T6 double cantilever beam (DCB) adhesive joints was investigated with an experimental/theoretical approach. Sinusoidal profiles of A / λ = 1/4, 1/3 and 1/2 ( A = amplitude, λ = wavelength) were prepared with wire EDM followed by application of a 0.3 mm adhesive layer. Crack propagation from remote mode I loading occurred as the DCBs were separated under displacement control. All tests exhibited crack propagation within the adhesive. Experimental analysis, analytical and finite element models of crack propagation along a cohesive patterned interface provided fundamental insights into the differences between the sinusoidally-patterned and flat DCBs observed in the experiments. For the sinusoidal DCBs, crack propagation is delayed relative to the flat DCBs and the peak load increases with A / λ . The sinusoidal DCBs induce intermittent crack extension that resembles “stick–slip” conditions with slow (stable) crack propagation and fast (unstable) crack propagation. The intermittent crack propagation is facilitated by the release of strain energy though the viscous response of the adhesive in a non-equilibrium “snapback” mechanism which enhances energy dissipation through the crack propagation process. Such release is also associated with a drop in the applied load leading to a serrated load–displacement behavior. The size of the fracture process zone also plays an important when it is comparable with the sinusoidal characteristic length scale. These results demonstrate that patterned adhesive joints can be substantially tougher than joints with no pattern.
Traveler's Diarrhea.

Over 68 million Americans traveled abroad in 2014,1 and the annual number of international tourist arrivals worldwide has reached more than 1 billion.2 In data collected by GeoSentinel, a global surveillance network of international travelers, acute diarrhea was the most common amongst travel-related diagnostic groupings.3 In this article, we will review the epidemiology, etiology, and strategies to prevent and treat traveler’s diarrhea (TD). 1.A. Definition, Incidence and risk factors TD is defined as the passage of 3 or more unformed stools per day with 1 or more associated enteric symptom, such as abdominal pain or cramps, occurring in a traveler after arrival, usually in a resource-limited destination.4 Recent studies have shown that approximately 25% of travelers develop TD in the first 2 weeks abroad, with the highest rates occurring in travel to Africa and South, Central and West Asia.5,6 Factors that influence the incidence of TD vary based on the study design and location (Table 1).5,6,7 Table 1 Risk factors for traveler’s diarrhea
Synthesis and characterization of tin(IV) MFI: Sodium inhibits the synthesis of phase pure materials

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of tin(IV) containing MFI zeolites are reported. It is shown that with conventional hydroxide-mediated preparations that include sodium hydroxide it is difficult to make phase-pure Sn-MFI materials with more than approximately 3 wt.% tin in the final solid. While at low tin contents and high pH values it is possible to make materials that appear more uniform, it is generally observed that the presence of sodium hydroxide in the synthesis has a deleterious effect on the quality of the material obtained. This is manifested in several ways including the presence of a residual tin/sodium surface phase observed via scanning electron microscopy, a discrepancy between the bulk and surface Si/Sn ratios as determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) respectively, and a systematic decrease in the micropore volume as determined by nitrogen physisorption. Moreover, it is observed that the tin/sodium overlayer formed is recalcitrant towards methods to dissolve it, including ion-exchange processes in acidic or basic media. In contrast, Sn-MFI materials made in the absence of sodium hydroxide do not display these trends. Rather, they appear to be phase-pure and more homogeneous based on the methods outlined above. The current work lays out an approach to the synthesis of tin zeolites that appear to be highly uniform and should be of interest to the catalysis community.
Nickel(II) bromide-catalyzed oxidations of primary and secondary alcohols to carbonyl compounds by benzoyl peroxide

Sekundare Alkohole (I) konnen durch Benzoylperoxid (II) in Gegenwart von Nickelbromid zu den Ketonen (III) an oxidiert werden.
Design and Research on Petroleum Engineers Platform Based on ArcGIS Engine

To ArcGIS 9.3 as the development platform,C#as the programm ing language,the originally isolated daily work system that petroleum engineers used will be integrated into a unified platform,and GIS functionality will be embedded into the platform by using ArcGIS Engine to make secondary development,and use of the existing re-lationship between the library to manage geographic information,meanwhile the platform also increase auxiliary analysis functions.The overall framework of the system and the design of each functionalmodule is described,and moduls such as well integrated curve analysismodule and the macro-control analysismodule are described in detail the key technical and implementation process.The actual application shows that the system can meet the petroleum engineer to mark analysis and decision by getting data in a unified platform.
Reserch of a New Reaming Drill Bit in Slim Hole

The reaming drill bit in slim hole is a key tools of re-drilling in existing well.Hydraulic diameter adjustable drill bit is designed to overcome problems of small underground space and insufficient power source with analyzing the stiffness and strength of drill bit body by numerical simulation method and adopting some new structure:overall knife block,slope structure to adjust the diameter of drill bit and so on.This drill bit can ream the well hole diameter form 118 mm to 146 mm and it is verified by field test that this drill Bit has a easy operation,works reliably and reams even well hole diameter.It is a new species of reaming drill bit.
Elevated bioactive luteinizing hormone in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome

Serum measurements of bioactive (bio) luteinizing hormone (LH), immunoreactive (i) LH, iLH/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratios, serum androgens and estradiol (E2) were determined in 20 women with the clinical diagnosis of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO), and compared with the levels of 10 women with chronic anovulation (CA) and 10 control subjects in the early follicular phase. Women with CA and control subjects had similar levels of E2, androgens, bioLH, iLH, and iLH/FSH ratios. Fourteen of 20 women with PCO had levels of iLH exceeding 3 standard deviations (SD) of the levels of control women (21 mIU/ml), and 13 of 20 had iLH/FSH ratios above 3.2 (3 SD of control levels). Nineteen of 20 women, however, had bioLH levels above 70 mIU/ml (3 SD of control levels). Mean levels for bioLH were 131 +/- 18 in PCO, 39 +/- 3 in control subjects, and 40 +/- 3 in women with CA. The ratio of bioLH/iLH was 3.5 +/- 0.4 in control subjects and 3.2 +/- 0.3 in women with CA but significantly elevated in PCO (4.6 +/- 0.4, P less than 0.05). There was, however, a significant positive correlation between bioLH and iLH values in PCO (r = 0.64, P less than 0.01). A significant correlation was found between bioLH and serum testosterone as well as between bioLH and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (P less than 0.05), although no correlation was found between iLH and serum DHEA-S. Weight and obesity also did not correlate with either iLH or bioLH in women with PCO and CA. These data suggest that bioLH may be an important hormonal marker in the clinical diagnosis of PCO.
TREATMENT OF THE NECROTIC HEAD OF THE FEMUR IN ADULTS

Two cases of necrosis of the head of the femur, one associated with an ununited fracture of the neck and the other with an ununited fracture at the junction of the head and neck, which developed after healing of a primary fracture located distally in the neck, were treated by drilling two holes across the neck and upper portion of the head and the insertion of a rectangular tibial bone graft into each hole. The fractures united promptly and the upper portion of the head was rapidly invaded and replaced by new bone, thereby avoiding collapse of the head from weight-bearing. In one patient, function was restored practically to normal and there was little roentgenographic evidence of degenerative arthritis, seven and one-half years after operation. An equally promising result was present in the other patient at the end of twelve and one-half months. In a third case of ununited fracture with death of the head of two years' duration, the lower bone graft was inserted across the fracture line deep into the head, while the upper graft was inserted only to the margin of the upper portion of the head. Bony union occurred promptly; but, beginning sixteen months after operation, the upper portion of the head, which had not been drilled and supported by a graft, underwent collapse and absorption, and a poor functional result was obtained. The cases present evidence that drilling and bone-pegging of the upper portion of the necrotic head of the femur which has undergone little or no collapse may increase the rate of transformation of the structure into living bone, shorten the non-weight-bearing period, and decrease the incidence of collapse, deformity, degenerative arthritis, and poor functional results.
Recent Developments in Cooperative Energy Security

Sustainable development has acquired a legitimate place in discussions of energy development. The concept of cooperative energy security brings together a joint concern with the international environment and energy, with a focus on sustainable development. It is a progressive development of research into the sources of effective international environmental protection. What has made it possible for the energy industry to succeed today in historically the most difficult of circumstances (the Caspian Sea basin) is the qualitatively new phenomenon of strategic alliances amongst industry leaders that has emerged from the need to reply to the incredibly complex engineering tasks combining economic, political and social elements in a manner impossible to disentangle. Yet this notion of "strategic alliance" also describes, in the political realm, the traditional relationship conceived in democratic theory between a civil society and its government. Therefore, no "public-private partnership" but rather a three-way strategic alliance—amongst governments, industry and publics—is necessary today. The present articles reviews recent steps in that direction.
The Constitution and War

Disraeli saw in the cabinet’s decision to dissolve in April 1859 an opportunity for the Conservatives to make a constitutional appeal, rather than merely recite the government’s legislative achievement. The real issue — the broad great issue [was] whether parliamentary government [was] compatible with existing institutions.’1 The Commons was broken into fragments of party which, although they had no unity of purpose or policy, could always combine to overthrow the government however it might be formed. There appeared no reason why there should not be a dissolution upon a ministerial crisis every February, and ‘[o]ne was certain next February if Lord Palmerston form[ed] a government such as he contempla[ed] and the Radicals [were] excluded’. This, Disraeli urged, was ‘the state of affairs which the country ought to be called upon to comprehend and remedy’. Nothing more completely proved the case, he argued, than ‘the total want of cohesion on the opposition benches’, and the fact that Russell’s ‘flimsy resolution was the only means by which they could be brought together for the moment; and that when carried, had we proceeded with the bill, the two leaders of the coalition were pledged to an exactly contrary policy: Lord John to defeat the government measure, Lord Palmerston to support and, with amendments, carry it’.
Therapeutic CD94/NKG2A blockade improves natural killer cell dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Natural killer (NK)-cell count is predictive of chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) disease progression and their dysfunction is well documented, but the etiology of this is currently lacking. CLL cells have been shown to over-express HLA-E, the natural ligand for NKG2A expressed on NK-cells that generates a distinct negative signal relative to direct NK-cell cytotoxicity in other disease models. Utilizing a novel anti-NKG2A monoclonal blocking antibody (mAb), monalizumab, we explored the in vitro preclinical activity of targeting the NKG2A receptor, and the NKG2A/HLA-E interaction as a mechanism of tumor evasion in CLL patients. Our work confirmed overexpression of HLA-E on CLL B-cells and demonstrated NKG2A expression on CD56+/16+ NK-cells from CLL patients. We also demonstrate that blocking NKG2A on CLL NK-cells was sufficient to restore direct cytotoxicity ability of NK-cells against HLA-E-expressing targets without impacting NK-cell mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Additionally, we proved the specificity of monalizumab in blocking NKG2A through Fc-blocking mechanisms. This paper provides justification for the potential clinical utility of monalizumab in the treatment of patients with CLL.
Rural adolescents' reading motivation, achievement and behavior across transition to high school

ABSTRACTThe authors examined 1,781 rural students' reading motivation and behavior across the transition from middle to high school. Using expectancy-value theory, they investigated how motivational variables predicted changes in reading behavior and achievement across the transition in terms of their expectancies, values, and out-of-school reading behaviors. A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated significant increases in vocabulary, intrinsic value, and out-of-school reading, whereas significant decreases were found in attainment value. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated students' subjective expectancy for success was a significant predictor of increases in both comprehension and vocabulary scores. Students' utility value interacted with intrinsic value in predicting reading comprehension scores. In terms of change in students' reading behavior, their perceptions of intrinsic value and utility value were significant predictors. Gender interacted significantly with expectancies in pred...
Films (and Plays)

In this chapter, I examine twenty-five films that are mainly about heroin or in which heroin is central to the plot/storyline and that were made and set in New York City to see what they reveal about the main issues of the book. I discuss the varied images of use and users portrayed in the films, the reasons for the main characters’ first ever use and also for first use in the film, the primarily adverse but also positive aspects of heroin as they are depicted in the films, and how the films bring the notions of subculture and identity generally, and the outlaw/rebel subculture and identity in particular, to light. I also explore these issues in four New York City-based theatre plays that centered on either heroin specifically or addiction more generally.
"Thank You for Sharing that Interesting Fact!": Effects of Capability and Context on Indirect Speech Act Use in Task-Based Human-Robot Dialogue

Naturally interacting robots must be able to understand natural human speech. As such, recent work has sought to allow robots to infer the intentions behind commonly used non-literal utterances such as indirect speech acts (ISAs). However, it is still unclear to what extent ISAs will actually be used in task-based human-robot dialogue, and to what extent robots could function without the ability to understand ISAs. In this paper, we present the results of a Wizard-of-Oz experiment that examined human ISA use in scenarios that did or did not have conventionalized social norms, and analyzed both ISA use and perceptions of robots when robots were or were not capable of understanding ISAs. Our results suggest that (1) ISAs are commonly used in task-based human-robot dialogues, even when robots show themselves unable to understand ISAs; (2) ISA use is more common in contexts with conventionalized social norms; and (3) a robot’s inability to understand ISAs harms both the robot’s task performance and human perception of the robot.
Inundation effects on small-scale plant distributions in San Diego, California vernal pools

California vernal pools were used to develop and test hypotheses related to species response patterns and distributions along environmental moisture and elevation gradients. Data from three rainfall years were examined for patterns of plant distribution in relation to length and frequency of inundation and relative elevation. Field distributions on elevation and inundation duration gradients were characteristic of each species, with species distributions overlapping along the gradient. Plants with limited inundation tolerance (`Non-Pool' species) responded to wet years by shifting their distributions toward the dry end of the moisture gradient and in the dry year toward the wetter end. These species have most of their distribution outside of pools. Species with limited tolerance to the gradient extremes had their peak frequency in intermediate positions (`Edge' species). `Pool' species had substantial inundation tolerance. Several were near the limits of inundation tolerance in the deepest study pools, but others withstood longer inundation. `Pool' species had static distributions on the elevation gradient, growing in whatever conditions prevailed in a particular year. A number of annual `Pool' species had their highest frequency in the intermediate, moderately wet year. The dry year had a strong negative effect on the frequency of a few `Pool' annuals, but established perennials persisted regardless. In general, results of the regression analyses can be understood given the other information available on pool hydrology and vegetation. They do not produce any obvious hypotheses to test. For a given species, variables have different predictive value, depending on the year.
A Portrait of John Locke as a Christian Virtuoso

Anyone who has read John Locke’s account of personal identity will remember that he equated it with consciousness of self over time whereby an individual owns its actions and passions past and present. He labels individuals who do this ‘persons’. ‘Where-ever a Man finds, what he calls himself, there I think another may say is the same Person.’ In addition he observes that ‘person’ is a forensic term, because individuals own not only their bare actions, but the merit or demerit of them also. This applies only to ‘intelligent Agents capable of Law’, that is, capable of following a rule. They personify the rule of law. On this account, a certain rule or measure of thought and action becomes an integral a part of one’s own self (which develops over time), to be sure a normative part. Its presence is detected in the feelings of satisfaction and shame that attach themselves to memories of things past, and to the aspirations of hope and the fear of condemnation that arise when we reflect upon them. Being true to one’s own self, forensically considered, involves the practice of honest self-examination according to an internal standard. Truthfulness in all other respects is akin to it, for this forensic practice is a kind of discerning; a person is truthful who takes care that what it says conforms to what it knows to be true. Care is another intrinsic aspect of personality, for persons endeavor to conform their actions to law out of a concern for their happiness. It is supposed that one’s happiness depends upon it also, for honesty in all one’s judgments about one self is a condition of divine favor, without which happiness is impossible. Locke believed that this law is not a natural endowment, engraved on the mind, ready to be read when needed. Rather it is something to be sought after in honest pursuits of truth. Rightly understood, it is an eternal rule of right, rooted in divine goodness, but like all else that we come to know or believe, natural or revealed, our acceptance is the result of experience and judgment, whereupon it is stored in the memory, revived in the mind and applied to our actions in reflective or deliberative moments that span our waking life. Over time, these practices cast the self into a particular shape and character. Hence, it would not be impertinent to inquire about the rule-governed character that Locke applied to his own self. What kind of person did John Locke take himself to be? I answer, a Christian Virtuoso.
Image and Imagination in the Creation of Pakistan

Chester traces the origins of the 1930s–1940s campaign to create Pakistan, a homeland for South Asian Muslims. Paying particular attention to the role of maps, she argues that calls for Pakistan combined specificity and ambiguity. Debates over this new Muslim state foreshadowed key elements of the 1947 India-Pakistan partition, including retaliatory violence, mass migration, and assaults on women. These implications received little attention, due to internal contradictions in Pakistan proposals, the widespread assumption that minority populations would remain in place, and British and secular nationalist reluctance to engage with Muslim separatism. “Image and Imagination in the Creation of Pakistan” shows how this combination worked against serious discussion of the way that migration, identity, and space could—and would—collide in the event of partition.