cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SCALE‐DEPENDENT HABITAT USE BY FALL MIGRATORY BIRDS: VEGETATION STRUCTURE, FLORISTICS, AND GEOGRAPHY

Animal habitat selection is a central focus of ecology and conservation biology. Understanding habitat associations in migratory animals is particularly complicated because individuals have variable habitat requirements during the annual cycle, across their geographic range, along migratory routes, and at multiple spatial scales. We studied habitat associations of 16 fall Nearctic-Neotropical migratory land birds at two spatial scales at a stopover site along the northern Yucatan coast to examine scale-dependent habitat use, identify proximate cues shaping birds' distributions, and evaluate similarities in habitat use between our tropical stopover site and temperate sites. We addressed scale-dependent habitat associations in two ways, by (1) quantifying species' distributions among and within broad vegetation types and (2) comparing migrants' associations with architectural gradients between the two spatial scales. We also evaluated the relative importance of vegetation architecture and floristics in explaining migrants' distributions within broad coastal vegetation types. Bird species were nonrandomly distributed among broad- and fine-scale vegetation types, and patterns of habitat use varied between the two scales. Moreover, birds had different preferences for vegetation architecture at the two scales, which may reflect trade-offs between competing demands and/or reduced variation in vegetation at the small scale in our study. These findings illustrate the manner in which spatial scale and range of vegetation variation influence perceptions of animal-habitat associations. Within broad coastal vegetation types birds refined their distributions in relation to architectural and floristic attributes, which provided them with redundant and/or complementary information regarding the distribution of suitable habitat. We suggest that the relative importance of architecture and floristics is likely scale-dependent. Habitat use at our site was similar to that observed at temperate stopover sites for almost all species, indicating that habitat affinities are maintained along the migratory route for these eastern populations despite latitudinal changes in environmental factors. We highlight examples of similar patterns observed in other migratory and nonmigratory animals to illustrate the generality of these patterns beyond en route land birds and our tropical site. We also indicate where we expect to see differences and outline areas of research that merit greater attention in order to advance our understanding of animal habitat selection.
Computers and Young Children: Social Benefit or Social Problem?

Using time-diary data from a national sample of young school-age children, we examine the correlates of time spent at home on computingfor cognitive and other measures of well-being. We observe modest benefits associated with home computing on three tests of cognitive skill, and on a measure of self-esteem. Most young children who spend time at home on computer-based activities spend no less time on activities such as reading, sports or outside play than children without home computers. However, young children who use home computers a lot, for over 8 hours a week, spend much less time on sports and outdoor activities than non-computer-users. They also have substantially heavier body mass index than children who do not use home computers.
Onset Time of Tumor Repopulation for Cervical Cancer: First Evidence From Clinical Data†

Purpose Accelerated tumor repopulation has significant implications in low–dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy. Repopulation onset time remains undetermined for cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the onset time of accelerated repopulation in cervical cancer, using clinical data. Methods and Materials The linear quadratic (LQ) model extended for tumor repopulation was used to analyze clinical data and magnetic resonance imaging-based three-dimensional tumor volumetric regression data from 80 cervical cancer patients who received external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and LDR brachytherapy. The LDR dose was converted to EBRT dose in 1.8-Gy fractions by using the LQ formula, and the total dose ranged from 61.4 to 99.7 Gy. Patients were divided into 11 groups according to total dose and treatment time. The tumor control probability (TCP) was calculated for each group. The least χ 2 method was used to fit the TCP data with two free parameters: onset time ( T k ) of accelerated repopulation and number of clonogens ( K ), while other LQ model parameters were adopted from the literature, due to the limited patient data. Results Among the 11 patient groups, TCP varied from 33% to 100% as a function of radiation dose and overall treatment time. Higher dose and shorter treatment duration were associated with higher TCP. Using the LQ model, we achieved the best fit with onset time T k of 19 days and K of 139, with uncertainty ranges of (11, 22) days for T k and (48, 1822) for K , respectively. Conclusion This is the first report of accelerated repopulation onset time in cervical cancer, derived directly from clinical data by using the LQ model. Our study verifies the fact that accelerated repopulation does exist in cervical cancer and has a relatively short onset time. Dose escalation may be required to compensate for the effects of tumor repopulation if the radiation therapy course is protracted.
Nf1 Regulates Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Growth and Ras Signaling in Response to Multiple Cytokines

Neurofibromin, the protein encoded by the NF1 tumor-suppressor gene, negatively regulates the output of p21ras (Ras) proteins by accelerating the hydrolysis of active Ras-guanosine triphosphate to inactive Ras-guanosine diphosphate. Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are predisposed to juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML) and other malignant myeloid disorders, and heterozygous Nf1 knockout mice spontaneously develop a myeloid disorder that resembles JCML. Both human and murine leukemias show loss of the normal allele. JCML cells and Nf1−/− hematopoietic cells isolated from fetal livers selectively form abnormally high numbers of colonies derived from granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in cultures supplemented with low concentrations of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Taken together, these data suggest that neurofibromin is required to downregulate Ras activation in myeloid cells exposed to GM-CSF. We have investigated the growth and proliferation of purified populations of hematopoietic progenitor cells isolated from Nf1 knockout mice in response to the cytokines interleukin (IL)-3 and stem cell factor (SCF), as well as to GM-CSF. We found abnormal proliferation of both immature and lineage-restricted progenitor populations, and we observed increased synergy between SCF and either IL-3 or GM-CSF in Nf1−/− progenitors. Nf1−/− fetal livers also showed an absolute increase in the numbers of immature progenitors. We further demonstrate constitutive activation of the Ras-Raf-MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase signaling pathway in primary c-kit+ Nf1−/− progenitors and hyperactivation of MAP kinase after growth factor stimulation. The results of these experiments in primary hematopoietic cells implicate Nf1 as playing a central role in regulating the proliferation and survival of primitive and lineage-restricted myeloid progenitors in response to multiple cytokines by modulating Ras output.
Aqueous RAFT polymerization of 2-aminoethyl methacrylate to produce well-defined, primary amine functional homo- and copolymers

We report the direct homopolymerization and block copolymerization of 2-aminoethyl methacrylate (AEMA) via aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The controlled “living” polymerization of AEMA was carried out directly in aqueous buffer using 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate (CTP) as the chain transfer agent (CTA), and 2,2′-azobis(2-imidazolinylpropane) dihydrochloride (VA-044) as the initiator at 50 °C. The controlled “living” character of the polymerization was verified with pseudo-first order kinetic plots, a linear increase of the molecular weight with conversion, and low polydispersities (PDIs) (<1.2). In addition, well-defined copolymers of poly(AEMA-b-HPMA) have been prepared through chain extension of poly(AEMA) macroCTA with N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) in water. It is shown that the macroCTA can be extended in a controlled fashion resulting in near monodisperse block copolymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5405–5415, 2009
Child Protection in Child Custody Cases: Issues and Concerns

Given the frequent contentious nature of litigation surrounding child custody cases, the accuracy of abuse allegations is often questioned. There appears to be a general misconception about the prevalence of false allegations of child abuse in child custody cases. Research suggests that false allegations in child custody cases do not occur any more often than they do in non-custody cases. “Parental Alienation Syndrome” (PAS) and suggestibility are often cited as reasons to discount children’s outcries due to them allegedly being influenced or coached. Too often, child abuse allegations are not even investigated adequately because they are assumed to be a product of “PAS.”Appropriate therapy and interview protocols, ethical techniques, and a clear understanding of the dynamics of child protection in these cases is essential in order to ensure that evaluators do not dismiss a child’s outcries due to misconceptions. It is equally important to choose evaluative measures that have good sensitivity and specificity in the evaluation of abuse. A current literature concerning various ethical issues and appropriate protocols and techniques pertaining to child protection matters in child custody cases are presented.
EyeDraw: enabling children with severe motor impairments to draw with their eyes

EyeDraw is a software program that, when run on a computer with an eye tracking device, enables children with severe motor disabilities to draw pictures by just moving their eyes. This paper discusses the motivation for building the software, how the program works, the iterative development of two versions of the software, user testing of the two versions by people with and without disabilities, and modifications to the software based on user testing. Feedback from both children and adults with disabilities, and from their caregivers, was especially helpful in the design process. The project identifies challenges that are unique to controlling a computer with the eyes, and unique to writing software for children with severe motor impairments.
Enumeration of Pulmonary Immunoglobulin Secreting Cells in Human Bronchoalveolar Lavage

1979;75;279 Chest Stevens E C Lawrence, R M Blaese, R R Martin, R K Wilson, W J Deaton and P M secreting cells in human bronchoalveolar lavage. Enumeration of pulmonary immunoglobulin http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/75/2/279.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1979by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
In Situ Processing by Gas or Alkali Metal Dosing and by Cleavage

One of the most common experimental techniques used to study the interaction of molecules with surfaces is the adsorption of gas molecules on a clean surface. In the simplest version of this technique, a clean or otherwise prepared sample is exposed to a given pressure of gas for a fixed amount of time. The amount of molecules adsorbed on the surface is then a function of the dosage and sticking coefficient, s, of the particular molecule with the surface of interest. When a surface is exposed to, for example, oxygen at a pressure P, the number of gas molecules hitting the surface per unit time and per unit area is approximately
The impact of rapid thermal processing (RTP) on crystalline silicon solar cell performance and light induced degradation (LID)

In this paper the impact of rapid thermal processing (RTP) on AL-BSF crystalline silicon solar cell performance is reported. The efficiency of both mono and multi crystalline cells are observed to depend on the belt speed. The fast ramp rates of ∼100°C/s and over with the IR belt furnace has enabled the realization of the benefits of a uniform Al-BSF, which led to open circuit voltage (VOC) of ∼643 mV for all the belt speeds. This indicates that, although the ramp up rate depends on belt speed, the absolute value is not critical to yielding good VOC provided it is ∼100°C/s. However, the ramp down rate made a difference in the fill factor (FF) and led to the dependence of efficiency on the belt speed. The multi crystalline cells benefited from the short dwell time for optimum bulk hydrogenation and fast ramp down for good front contacts and therefore, the dependence of the minority carrier lifetime on belt speed. Also, LID is observed to depend on belt speed and contact firing. The higher the belt speed the lower the degradation due to LID and the higher the ideality factor, the more severe the degradation. Thus, cells fired at 250 IPM with n-factor of 1.06 showed lower LID after 30 minutes and 24 hours than the commercial cell that had 1.10 n-factor after contact firing.
Switching Reaction of Conductive Polymers I. Models for Charge Transfer Control

The switching reaction of conductive polymers can be described as two simultaneous steps: the transfer of an electron to or from the conductive polymer and the diffusion of the counterion out of or into the polymer. The charge‐transfer‐controlled switching reaction is modeled by assuming it to be first order reversible or irreversible. The reactant is a polymer unit, charged or neutral, depending on the switching reaction. The charge capacity of the film is proportional to the charge passed during electropolymerization. The models depend primarily on three unknown parameters: anodic or cathodic transfer coefficient and two kinetic constants. Additional information required by the models include the number of electrons transferred during electropolymerization to add one monomer unit, the switching potential, and the fraction of anions per monomer unit. Both reversible and irreversible models are used to simulate cyclic voltammetric and chronocoulometric experiments. The simpler irreversible model is justified when the scan rate exceeds 0.01 V/s. The irreversible model predicts that the peak current is linearly proportional to the scan rate while the charge passed during the switching reaction is linearly proportional to time. Also, the peak current and the charge passed during the switching reaction are both linearly proportional to the charge passed during electropolymerization.
A novel Xq22.1 deletion in a male with multiple congenital abnormalities and respiratory failure.

Here we report the first male case of a novel Xq22.1 deletion. An 8-week-old boy with multiple congenital abnormalities and respiratory failure was referred to the Mayo Clinic Cytogenetics laboratory for testing. Chromosomal microarray analysis identified a novel 1.1 Mb deletion at Xq22.1. A similar deletion has only been described once in the literature in a female patient and her mother; both have intellectual disability and dysmorphic facial features. In addition, the mother had a son who died at 15 days due to breathing failure. Recently, a mouse model revealed that a 0.35 Mb sub-region, containing 4 genes, is sufficient to cause majority of the Xq22.1 deletion phenotypes. The deleted intervals in our male patient and the female patients contain 15 common genes, including the four described in the 0.35 Mb sub-region. Male mice with deletion of the 0.35 Mb sub-region died perinatally from respiratory failure due to pulmonary hypoplasia, consistent with the breathing problem and potential neonatal fatality in male patients. The phenotypes of the mouse models and the patients are strikingly similar; therefore, the deletion of these five genes (ARMCX5, ARMCX5-GPRASP2, GPRASP1, GPRASP2, and BHLHB9) is likely responsible for the novel Xq22.1 deletion syndrome.
The effect of ethanol on the cough reflex.

1. Coughing was induced in ten healthy subjects with various threshold concentrations of nebulized citric acid. The citric acid aerosol method of cough induction proved a reliable and reproducible tool for assessing the cough threshold in an individual. The subjects were retested after consumption of 1 ml of ethanol/kg body weight. Coughing was significantly suppressed in nine of the ten subjects. 2. The marked suppression of the cough reflex by the moderate amounts of ethanol used in this study provides confirmatory evidence for the suspected causal links between ethanol abuse and certain pulmonary infections caused by aspiration.
Maternal blood pressures during pregnancy and the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age neonate.

ABSTRACTObjective: To determine the relationship between maternal blood pressures throughout pregnancy and the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonate. Methods: Women were prospectively enrolled at 9–14 weeks and had serial blood pressure measurements throughout pregnancy. SGA prevalence was compared to maternal blood pressure at enrollment, average blood pressure during each trimester, and blood pressure trends throughout gestation. Blood pressure was categorized as normotension, prehypertension, or hypertension using Joint National Committee on Hypertension-7 (JNC-7) definitions. Information on preeclampsia prevalence was also obtained due to its frequent concurrence with SGA. Results: A total of 758 women had 8438 blood pressure measurements taken (average 11.1, range 3–14) and 65 (8.6%) delivered an SGA neonate. Forty-two of 514 (8.2%) normotensive women at enrollment and 23/244 (9.4%) women with enrollment prehypertension or hypertension delivered an SGA neonate. Women with persi...
The Economic Pamphleteer: Land Use Planning for Sustainable Food Systems

First paragraph: A sustainable food system must be firmly rooted in the wise use of land. Fortunately, local foods initiatives increasingly involve planned uses of agricultural land. While professional planners, architects, and staff of nongovernmental organizations may all be involved, land use planning begins with decisions made by state and local governments. Effective land use planning requires a public consensus to support making land use decisions on some basis other than economic value. Such a consensus ostensibly exists in most urban areas for residential and commercial uses of land, although economic interests typically dominate actual planning and zoning decisions. Public support for planning and zoning of agricultural land in rural areas is even more tenuous. Lack of a public consensus for wise land use planning could become a major obstacle in the development of sustainable food systems, thus the need for greater understanding of the issue....
Outcome of Cryptogenic Epilepsy

Medical records of 60 children (53% males) with cryptogenic epilepsy, seen over a 12-year period and treated at Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University, Canada, were reviewed retrospectively to identify clinical and predictive features of outcome.
308 EVALUATION OF A CD-ROM BASED INTERACTIVE EDUCATIONAL TOOL FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS ROTATING THROUGH PEDIATRICS

Purpose An interactive, CD-ROM based educational program which allows medical students to perform virtual pediatric rounds has been developed at the University of South Alabama. This program contains virtual three-dimensional characters which play the role of hospital staff. Information about clinical cases and disease processes is provided to students by these characters. In addition clinical signs and medical procedures are presented utilizing multimedia. The program provides questions and feedback on disease diagnosis, treatment and related procedures. The conditions included in the program were congenital heart disease, childhood obesity, diabetes, fever, meningitis, stridor, gastroenteritis, immunizations, leukemia, intussusception and pneumonia. This abstract reports the evaluation of this program as an educational tool during the pediatric clerkship. Methods At the beginning of their third year pediatric clerkship, each medical student received a copy of the program contained in a CD compatible with Windows 97 or higher. To evaluate the program9s impact in the students fund of knowledge questionnaires were administered before and after its completion. Areas evaluated included diagnosis, treatment and medical procedures related to the disease conditions presented within the program. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the differences in the proportion of correct answers before and after the program9s completion. Students were also asked to provide scores in a scale from 1 to 10 regarding the usefulness of this program in enhancing their education and its ease of utilization. Results 25 medical students participated in the study. The following table demonstrates significant improvement in the proportions of correct answers on each of the evaluated areas before and after completion of the interactive program. The average score provided by students regarding enhancement of their pediatric education by the program was 7.8. The score provided regarding ease of utilization was 7.4. Conclusion The use of this program by third year medical students is associated with knowledge base improvement in the diagnosis, treatment and procedures related to disease conditions discussed within this educational tool. This program enhances education during the pediatric clerkship and it is easy to use.
Individuals with knee impairments identify items in need of clarification in the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) pain interference and physical function item banks – a qualitative study

Background The content and wording of the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function and Pain Interference item banks have not been qualitatively assessed by individuals with knee joint impairments. The purpose of this investigation was to identify items in the PROMIS Physical Function and Pain Interference Item Banks that are irrelevant, unclear, or otherwise difficult to respond to for individuals with impairment of the knee and to suggest modifications based on cognitive interviews.
Comprehensive Early Warning System and Prevention and Control Strategy of Online Voltage Static Stability

Based on mechanism of voltage stability and requirement of engineering application,a system of comprehensive early warning mechanism and prevention and control strategy of online voltage static stability is designed.The system is composed of voltage stability analysis in basic state(BVSA),voltage stability analysis in contingency state(CVSA),and voltage stability preventive control(VSC).According to the online requirement of efficiency and promptness,this paper studies the properties of some key technologies,such as continuation power flow,sensitivity analysis,singular value analysis and modal analysis.An approach to this implementation is then proposed.By adopting service-oriented architecture method,voltage stability analysis and control system is integrated into EMS as an application model,fulfilling the requirements of new dispatching automation system.The application of voltage stability analysis and control system shows that this mechanism not only helps dispatchers evaluate and monitor the real-time voltage stability which provides effective control strategies to enhance voltage static stability,but also provides technical support for the applications of EMS.
Small Bowel Obstruction following Laparoscopic Lymphadenectomy

We report 2 cases of small bowel obstruction following staging laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection for prostate adenocarcinoma. Short segments of ileum became incarcerated in the right lower abdominal trocar sites (10 mm.) in both patients. Laparotomy was done to repair the problem in both cases and in 1 small bowel resection was required because of strangulation. This complication can probably be prevented in the majority of cases by meticulous attention to trocar site closure at the termination of a laparoscopic procedure.
LIM domains of cysteine-rich protein 1 (CRP1) are essential for its zyxin-binding function

Previous studies have demonstrated that the adhesion-plaque protein, zyxin, interacts specifically with a 23 kDa protein, called the cysteine-rich protein 1 (CRP1), which has been implicated in myogenesis. Primary sequence analyses have revealed that both zyxin and CRP1 exhibit multiple copies of a structural motif called the LIM domain. LIM domains, which are defined by the consensus CX2CX16-23HX2CX2CX2CX16-23CX2-3(C,H,D), are found in a variety of proteins that are involved in cell growth and differentiation. Recent studies have established that LIM domains are zinc-binding structures that mediate specific protein-protein interactions. For example, in the case of the zyxin-CRP1 interaction, one of zyxin's three LIM domains is necessary and sufficient for binding to CRP1. Because the CRP1 molecule is comprised primarily of two LIM domains, we were interested in the possibility that the binding site for zyxin on CRP1 might also be contained within a single LIM domain. Consistent with the hypothesis that the LIM domains of CRP1 are critical for the protein's zyxin-binding function, zinc-depleted CRP1 displays a reduced zyxin-binding activity. However, domain mapping analyses have revealed that neither of the two individual LIM domains of CRP1 can support a wild-type interaction with zyxin. Collectively, our results suggest that the binding site for zyxin on CRP1 is not contained within a single contiguous sequence of amino acids. Instead, the interaction appears to rely on the co-ordinate action of a number of residues that are displayed in both of CRP1's LIM domains.
Understanding and Diagnosing Infectious Complications in the Immunocompromised Host: Current Issues and Trends

The number of patients who are at an increased risk of life-threatening infection has expanded greatly during the past decade. This expansion is because of two events, one terrible in its consequences, the other very positive. The first is the unprecedented epidemic of opportunistic infection that follows infection with the human immunodeficiency virus or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The second is a direct consequence of the successes of the transplant surgeon, the cancer chemotherapist, the hematologist, and the rheumatologist. The authors review the current issues and trends in understanding and diagnosing infectious complications in the immunocompromised host.
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: pathogenesis, testing, and diagnosis.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder with far-reaching multisystem effects that can lead to life-threatening consequences. The clinical features of this disease arise as a result of complement-mediated hemolysis in unprotected red cells, leukocytes, and platelets as well as the release of free hemoglobin that occurs with erythrocyte destruction. Patients may present with a variety of clinical manifestations, such as anemia, thrombosis, kidney disease, smooth muscle dystonias, abdominal pain, dyspnea, and extreme fatigue. There are 3 broad patient categories in whom the incidence of PNH is significantly greater as compared with the general population: patients with hemolysis or hemoglobinuria, patients with bone marrow failure syndromes, and patients with unexplained or unusual thrombosis. The gold standard test for PNH diagnosis consists of high-sensitivity flow cytometry performed on a peripheral blood sample. Recent advances in treatment have emphasized the importance of early diagnosis. Disclaimer Funding for this supplement has been provided by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Support of this supplement does not imply the supporter’s agreement with the views expressed herein. Every effort has been made to ensure that drug usage and other information are presented accurately; however, the ultimate responsibility rests with the prescribing physician. Millennium Medical Publishing, Inc, and the participants shall not be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of information contained herein. Readers are strongly urged to consult any relevant primary literature. No claims or endorsements are made for any drug or compound at present under clinical investigation. ©2013 Millennium Medical Publishing, Inc., 611 Broadway, Suite 310, New York, NY 10012. Printed in the USA. All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction, in whole or in part, in any form.
Pentagastrin enhances gastric mucosal defenses in vivo: luminal acid-dependent and independent effects

Stimulation of acid secretion is associated with enhanced resistance of the gastric mucosa to damage by luminal acid. We studied the mechanism by which gastric mucosal defenses are modulated in a system in which mucus gel thickness, intracellular pH (pHi), gastric mucosal blood flow, and acid secretion can be measured simultaneously in vivo, using a recently developed microfluorometric technique. Intravenous infusion of pentagastrin in a dose associated with maximal acid secretion increased mucus gel thickness, pHi, and mucosal blood flow during superfusion with a neutral solution. Subsequent superfusion with an acidic buffer (pH 1.7) further increased blood flow to nearly three times basal. During superfusion with luminal acid, pHi fell more slowly and recovered toward baseline more quickly in pentagastrin-infused rats than in controls. Pretreatment with the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine abolished the increased blood flow associated with pentagastrin, impairing pHi homeostasis, although cimetidine increased mucus gel thickness in the absence of pentagastrin. We conclude that gastric defense mechanisms at the preendothelial and postepithelial levels are enhanced during acid secretion as part of a histamine-dependent homeostatic mechanism that balances gastric protective mechanisms with acid secretion. The net result of these enhanced defenses is the preservation of gastric surface cell pHi despite the presence of a large proton gradient between lumen and blood.
Data center optical data link layer architecture design and analysis

We design and analyze optical data link layer protocols for data center networks. Specifically, we compare the delay performance of an Ethernet only architecture and a hybrid flow architecture. The need of a new architecture becomes apparent as data centers scale to support increasing data volume. The bursty and large volume of data introduced by “elephant” flows, flows composed of 100s to 1000s of frames or more, can cause extreme congestion in the network. Scaling networking components in line rate is not sufficient. We show that data center traffic is more efficiently serviced with a hybrid flow architecture. We find the breakpoint when the traffic mix is such that the hybrid architecture delay is less than the Ethernet only architecture delay. As the ratio of elephant flows increase or as the size of elephant flows increase, the performance gains of the hybrid architecture compared to an Ethernet only architecture increases.
Sweet signals and diabetes: Carbohydrate-binding proteins contribute to insulin resistance.

Obesity is a significant risk factor for insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome and diabetes. The chronic inflammation found in peripheral tissues with obesity is thought to contribute to insulin resistance, partly through the actions of proinflammatory cytokines. However, recent work from Li et al. suggests that microglia and macrophage-derived galectin-3 (Gal3), a carbohydrate-binding protein that mediates macrophage interactions with the extracellular matrix, may also play a role in obesity-associated insulin resistance. In previous studies, the authors observed elevated macrophage Gal3 expression in mice fed high-fat chow, which fell when mice returned to a normal diet. Now, the researchers examined the effects of modulating Gal3 levels on insulin resistance. Both heterozygous and homozygous Gal3 knockout (KO) mice were protected from high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, as well as from age-related insulin resistance seen in a normal diet. Gal3 induced macrophage chemotaxis in vitro and Gal3 KO mice showed reduced adipose tissue macrophage numbers and proinflammatory gene expression. Circulating Gal3 levels were increased in mice on a high-fat diet and in obese humans. Gal3 blocked insulin action in myocytes and adipocytes in vitro, and Gal3 administration to wild-type mice decreased insulin sensitivity leading to glucose intolerance. In clonal adipocytes and myocytes, Gal3 appears to blunt insulin responses at all major points in the signaling pathway through interaction with the insulin receptor but without altering insulin binding to its receptor. Last, the researchers assessed the effects of decreasing Gal3 activity by transplanting bone marrow from Gal3 KO mice into wild-type mice and pharmacological blockade using Gal3 inhibitor. Both decreased Gal3 levels, and Gal3 blockade increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance in mice on a high-fat diet. These studies suggest that macrophage-derived Gal3 may contribute to insulin resistance seen in obesity in mice. Circulating Gal3 levels are elevated in obese individuals and if Gal3, or other lectins, play a similar role in man, inhibiting their actions may provide a therapy to increase insulin sensitivity in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. P. Li et al. , Hematopoietic-derived Galectin-3 causes cellular and systemic insulin resistance. Cell 167 , 973–984 (2016). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(16)31445-3.pdf
The frontier beneath our feet

Following the simple question as to where water goes when it rains leads to one of the most exciting frontiers in earth science: the critical zone – Earth's dynamic skin. The critical zone extends from the top of the vegetation canopy through the soil and down to fresh bedrock and the bottom of the groundwater. Only recently recognized as a distinct zone, it is challenging to study because it is hard to observe directly, and varies widely across biogeoclimatic regions. Yet new ideas, instruments, and observatories are revealing surprising and sometimes paradoxical insights, underscoring the value of field campaigns and long-term observatories. These insights bear directly on some of the most pressing societal problems today: maintaining healthy forests, sustaining streamflow during droughts, and restoring productive terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The critical zone is critical because it supports all terrestrial life; it is the nexus where water and carbon is cycled, vegetation (hence food) grows, soil develops, landscapes evolve, and we live. No other frontier is so close to home.
Nearly massless Dirac fermions and strong Zeeman splitting in the nodal-line semimetal ZrSiS probed by de Haas–van Alphen quantum oscillations

Topological semimetals harbor relativistic fermions featuring light effective mass, high mobility, and a nontrivial Berry phase. Quantum oscillations are an effective means to probe the properties of relativistic fermions. In the Dirac nodal-line semimetal ZrSiS, the extremely high Dirac fermion density gives rise to very strong de Haas--van Alphen quantum oscillations even at low magnetic fields, by which nearly massless Dirac fermions with surprisingly strong Zeeman effect are revealed.
Dynamic Pricing and Organic Waste Bans: A Study of Grocery Retailers' Incentives to Reduce Food Waste

The perishable grocery industry produces substantial waste. I use an economic model together with sales, perishability, and marginal cost data from a grocery chain’s artisan bread category to evaluate two potential remedies: dynamic pricing and organic waste landfill bans. First, I demonstrate that a store-product’s waste correlates positively with the degree of demand uncertainty and with its profit margin. These patterns are consistent with the classic newsvendor ordering model and suggest that waste is an endogenously determined outcome. Second, I extend the newsvendor model and show that the proposed remedies’ effects are ambiguous. Specifically, (i) dynamic pricing can increase ex ante waste, (ii) waste bans can disincentivize a store from adopting dynamic pricing, and (iii) even when waste bans incentivize its adoption, dynamic pricing can offset some of the waste reduction. Third, I structurally estimate the model on the artisan bread data and use the model to estimate the counterfactual for each remedy. I find that, while the effects vary by store and item, dynamic pricing would reduce total planned waste for the chain by 17.63% and increase gross profits by 3.22%. In comparison, under a fixed pricing policy, a waste ban would result in minimal waste reduction. A ten-fold increase in disposal costs would reduce waste by 4.93%. A waste ban would only marginally increase the return on adopting dynamic pricing, and I cannot rule out a null effect. These results suggest that emissions reductions from waste bans are likely generated by diverting waste away from landfills, rather than reducing waste at the retailer. (Formerly titled "Reducing Retailer Food Waste through Revenue Management")
Quantitative studies in skin testing: I(a). The assay of ragweed extracts by means of scratch test utilizing an “all or none” response

Abstract 1.1. The log probit method of Bliss has been demonstrated to be a valid method of assaying the average direct skin reactivity of ragweed pollen extracts by means of the scratch test. This method not only gives a valid estimate of the comparative strength of such extracts but a valid estimate of the error of the assay. 2.2. The assay procedure holds only under well-defined conditions. A number of subjects must be tested under as nearly identical conditions of technique as is possible. The assay subjects should be nearly identical in their degree of skin sensitivity as is practical. The placing of the test doses on the arm must be random. For strict comparative measurements a standard should be run with the unknown solutions.
Effects of spaceflight on the immunoglobulin repertoire of unimmunized C57BL/6 mice

Spaceflight has been shown to suppress the adaptive immune response, altering the distribution and function of lymphocyte populations. B lymphocytes express highly specific and highly diversified receptors, known as immunoglobulins (Ig), that directly bind and neutralize pathogens. Ig diversity is achieved through the enzymatic splicing of gene segments within the genomic DNA of each B cell in a host. The collection of Ig specificities within a host, or Ig repertoire, has been increasingly characterized in both basic research and clinical settings using high-throughput sequencing technology (HTS). We utilized HTS to test the hypothesis that spaceflight affects the B-cell repertoire. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the impact of spaceflight on the unimmunized Ig repertoire of C57BL/6 mice that were flown aboard the International Space Station (ISS) during the Rodent Research One validation flight in comparison to ground controls. Individual gene segment usage was similar between ground control and flight animals, however, gene segment combinations and the junctions in which gene segments combine was varied among animals within and between treatment groups. We also found that spontaneous somatic mutations in the IgH and Igκ gene loci were not increased. These data suggest that space flight did not affect the B cell repertoire of mice flown and housed on the ISS over a short period of time.
Youth Participatory Action Research Findings as Mirror Material: Implications for Advancing Educational Equity Through Formative Interventions

ABSTRACTFormative intervention research holds potential as a tool to disrupt systemic racism and advance equity in education. However, one aspect of formative interventions could be an impediment to realizing this potential, specifically the “mirror material”: data collected by outside researchers meant to provide participants a starting point to co-construct an understanding of a problem. Focusing on mirror material, this article draws insights from a youth participatory action research group to question whose knowledge should provide the grounding for formative interventions. Ultimately, we contend that youth of color should be involved in generating mirror material in equity-oriented formative interventions in education.
Case 35: Traumatic Hemothorax and Same-side Central Venous Access

A 35-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency room after attempting suicide by jumping from a bridge. She is in severe pain, orientated for time and place. Her heart rate is 120 bpm and her BP 85/40. She is breathing 100% oxygen through a non-rebreathing mask with safety vent (Hudson RCI, Temecula, CA, USA), and her oxygen saturation is 96%. She has multiple fractures, including the pelvis, right humerus, ninth thoracic vertebra, and ribs 6 through 10 on the right side. She has a right-sided hemothorax. The right subclavian vein is cannulated using the infraclavicular approach and the Seldinger technique. A cordis catheter (PSI kit, Arrow International, Inc. Reading. PA 19605, USA) is inserted into the vein, and blood is easily withdrawn for chemical analysis. These include INR and cross matching for 6 units of red blood cells. After inserting the right chest drain, 1500 ml of blood is drained rapidly without any ill effects. A new chest x-ray shows complete resolution of the hemothorax, and the subclavian catheter is seen in the correct place. The central venous pressure (CVP) is zero and fluctuates with respiration. Blood arrives and 4 units of packed red cells are given rapidly through the subclavian vein via a Level 1 Fluid-system warmer 1000 (Level 1 Technologies, Rockland, MA 02370). The emergency room staff is concerned because despite continuous volume replacement with 3 l of crystalloids and albumin 250 ml ×4 through a 16-gauge IV catheter in her right hand, her blood pressure deteriorates, and increased drainage of dark blood is seen from the chest drain. A diagnosis of laceration of major vessels in the chest is made, and you are called to anesthetize this patient for a right thoracotomy.
An Analysis of NGI Simple Shear Apparatus for Cyclic Soil Testing

A numerical analysis parametric study was conducted to determine the stress and strain states within an idealized soil specimen enclosed by a wire-reinforced rubber membrane and tested in the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) simple shear apparatus. The computations were performed utilizing a finite-element program applicable to three-dimensional elastic analysis of nonaxisymmetrically loaded axisymmetric solids. Orthotropic membrane elements were incorporated in the program to simulate the action of the wire-reinforced rubber membrane. A total of 14 cases was analyzed using different combinations of material properties, membrane stiffness, specimen geometry, and boundary displacements. In general, for the values of the parameters studied, the uniformity of shear strain distribution improves as (1) the specimen height-to-diameter ratio is decreased, (2) the percent of wire-reinforcement is increased, (3) the elastic modulus of the soil decreases, (4) the Poisson's ratio of the soil decreases, and (5) the applied horizontal displacement is increased.
A Course in Morphometrics for Biologists: Geometry and Statistics for Studies of Organismal Form

This book builds a much-needed bridge between biostatistics and organismal biology by linking the arithmetic of statistical studies of organismal form to the biological inferences that may follow from it. It incorporates a cascade of new explanations of regression, correlation, covariance analysis, and principal components analysis, before applying these techniques to an increasingly common data resource: the description of organismal forms by sets of landmark point configurations. For each data set, multiple analyses are interpreted and compared for insight into the relation between the arithmetic of the measurements and the rhetoric of the subsequent biological explanations. The text includes examples that range broadly over growth, evolution, and disease. For graduate students and researchers alike, this book offers a unique consideration of the scientific context surrounding the analysis of form in today's biosciences.
The “Rituals” of the Relational Perspective: Theoretical Shifts and Clinical Implications

This paper attempts a closer look at the theoretical foundations for some of the clinical shifts that underlie a relational psychoanalytic approach. It also posits that what unites relational write...
Integrating Agent-based Modeling in STEM Classes: From Blocks to Text and Back?

Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a form of computational modeling whereby a phenomenon is modeled in terms of agents and their interactions. By looking at scientific phenomenon using ABMs, students can learn to understand the micro interactions that are responsible for so many of the seemingly complex systems in the world around them. In addition, by integrating CT skills into science classrooms, we can simultaneously broaden participation in computing, provide a more authentic scientific experience for learners, and encourage deeper scientific content learning. In this hands-on workshop, we introduce participants to two parallel agent-based modeling environments: NetTango (Olson & Horn, 2011), a blocks-based language, and NetLogo (Wilensky, 1999), a text-based language. The workshop will focus on contextualizing agent-based modeling activities within high school STEM classrooms, allowing participants to explore how computer science can be integrated into existing high school STEM curricula. Over the course of the workshop, participants will gain first-hand experience with ABM and how to design ABM activities in classrooms using NetTango and NetLogo. In addition, the workshop will feature open discussions in which participants will discuss the learning trajectories and affordances of the different programming modalities, brainstorm models that could be built for student exploration, and design activities that incorporate both scientific and computer science content for existing curricula.
Tariffs, product quality, and the relative prices of durables: Evidence from 1989 to 2009 U.S. microdata

Abstract The relative price paid for the same type of goods by rich and poor households is an important determinant of the real income inequality. We document that, in the U.S., the relative prices of durable goods varied substantially between 1989 and 2009, and we explore the role of import tariffs in causing this variation. Theoretically, we construct a model with non-homothetic preferences, income distribution, and trade, in which developed countries have a comparative advantage in the higher-quality varieties due to the lower marginal cost of quality upgrading. In equilibrium, tariff cuts on durables from developed countries will decrease their prices, but will increase the relative price paid by rich households, since a higher share of households will buy varieties produced with the developed-countries’ technology. Tariff cuts on the durables from developing countries, on the other hand, will decrease the relative price. We confirm these predictions empirically using trade and household-level consumption data. Importantly, variation in tariffs explains, on average, 30% of the systematic variation in the relative prices of durables between 1989 and 2009. The obtained estimates indicate that changes in the U.S. tariffs have decreased the cost-of-living for the rich households relative to that of the poor. The extent of this reduction depends on the parametrization of the model.