cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Failure Mechanisms in 2D and 3D Woven Composite Systems Under Quasi-Static Perforation:

The effects of reinforcement geometry, in 2D and 3D woven fabric-reinforced composites, on the progression of damage and perforation failure at quasi-static loading rates (10-80 mm/s) are investigated. The broad classes of glass-fiber-reinforced systems that were examined include 2D plain-woven laminates, 3D orthogonally woven monolithic systems, and 3D orthogonally woven laminates. The experimental results indicate that the 3D laminates consistently had greater damage tolerance than the 2D laminates and the 3D monolithic composites. The enhanced damage tolerance of the 3D systems is due to unique energy absorption mechanisms, which involve the crimped portion of z-tows.
Recovery Following Disruption to an Ecosystem The Effects of the Internet Bust on Community Evolution

Using data on all organizations operating in California from 1993 to 2006, this article explores the evolution of industries and communities before and after a disruption to the region (the dot-com...
Sample size tables for receiver operating characteristic studies.

OBJECTIVE. I provide researchers with tables of sample size for multiobserver receiver operating characteristic (ROC) studies that compare the diagnostic accuracies of two imaging techniques.MATERIALS AND METHODS. I computed the number of patients and observers needed as a function of five parameters: the measure of diagnostic accuracy (area under the ROC curve, sensitivity at a false-positive rate ≤ 0.10, or specificity at a false-negative rate ≤ 0.10), conjectured level of accuracy, suspected difference in accuracy between the two imaging techniques, observer variability, and ratio of patients without to patients with the condition.RESULTS. The numbers of patients and observers required vary dramatically with these five parameters, increasing with more refined measures of accuracy, with lower accuracy levels, with smaller suspected differences, with greater observer variability, and with less balanced designs. The number of patients required for a study can be reduced by increasing the number of observe...
Validation of the Rockport Fitness Walking Test in females 65 years and older.

(1992). Validation of the Rockport Fitness Walking Test in Females 65 Years and Older. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 322-327.
A personality classification system for eating disorders: a longitudinal study.

Abstract Background Studies of eating disorders (EDs) suggest that empirically derived personality subtypes may explain heterogeneity in ED samples that is not captured by the current diagnostic system. Longitudinal outcomes for personality subtypes have not been examined. Method In this study, personality pathology was assessed by clinical interview in 213 individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa at baseline. Interview data on EDs, comorbid diagnoses, global functioning, and treatment utilization were collected at baseline and at 6-month follow-up intervals over a median of 9 years. Results Q-factor analysis of the participants based on personality items produced a 5-prototype system, including high-functioning, behaviorally dysregulated, emotionally dysregulated, avoidant-insecure, and obsessional-sensitive types. Dimensional prototype scores were associated with baseline functioning and longitudinal outcome. Avoidant-Insecure scores showed consistent associations with poor functioning and outcome, including failure to show ED improvement, poor global functioning after 5 years, and high treatment utilization after 5 years. Behavioral dysregulation was associated with poor baseline functioning but did not show strong associations with ED or global outcome when histories of major depression and substance use disorder were covaried. Emotional dysregulation and obsessional-sensitivity were not associated with negative outcomes. High-functioning prototype scores were consistently associated with positive outcomes. Conclusions Longitudinal results support the importance of personality subtypes to ED classification.
Agricultural Exports, Food Production, and Food Security in Latin America1

This study assesses the impact of agricultural, export-oriented policies on food consumption through a time-series, cross-sectional regression model. The results of this study lead to three basic conclusions. First, there is a significant negative relationship between agricultural export promotion and food consumption. Economic growth and increasing agricultural exports earnings do not necessarily increase food security. Second, protein consumption per capita constitutes a more sensitive indicator of changes in food consumption and a proxy for the distributional dimension of the food consumption problem. Third, alternative policies should incorporate agricultural export into a broader agroindustrial development strategy aimed at achieving food security both by increasing income and by food production.
Conjugates of Rational Equivariant Holomorphic Maps of Symmetric Domains

Let \(\tau: {\cal D} \rightarrow{\cal D}^\prime\) be an equivariant holomorphic map of symmetric domains associated to a homomorphism \({\bf\rho}: {\Bbb G} \rightarrow{\Bbb G}^\prime\) of semisimple algebraic groups defined over \({\Bbb Q}\). If \(\Gamma\subset {\Bbb G} ({\Bbb Q})\) and \(\Gamma^\prime \subset {\Bbb G}^\prime ({\Bbb Q})\) are torsion-free arithmetic subgroups with \({\bf\rho} (\Gamma) \subset \Gamma^\prime\), the map τ induces a morphism φ: \(\Gamma\backslash {\cal D} \rightarrow\Gamma^\prime \backslash {\cal D}^\prime\) of arithmetic varieties and the rationality of τ is defined by using symmetries on \({\cal D}\) and \({\cal D}^\prime\) as well as the commensurability groups of Γ and Γ′. An element \(\sigma \in {\rm Aut} ({\Bbb C})\) determines a conjugate equivariant holomorphic map \(\tau^\sigma: {\cal D}^\sigma \rightarrow{\cal D}^{\prime\sigma}\) of τ which induces the conjugate morphism \(\phi^\sigma: (\Gamma\backslash {\cal D})^\sigma \rightarrow(\Gamma^\prime \backslash {\cal D}^\prime)^\sigma\) of φ. We prove that τσ is rational if τ is rational.
Reassessing the decline in parent-child old-age coresidence during the twentieth century

The share of the elderly living with an adult child decreased monotonically throughout the twentieth century, while the probability of reaching old age and the number of years lived in old age increased. As a result, the expected number of life-years lived with adult children while in old age may have increased, decreased, or stayed the same. I estimate that the number of life-years lived in old-age coresidence with adult children stayed roughly constant between 1900 and 1940, while the rate of coresidence declined. Life years lived in old-age coresidence then declined substantially between 1940 and 1990. Moreover, the number of life-years lived in old-age coresidence in 1990 would have been roughly half as great as it actually was had there been no improvements in mortality between 1900 and 1990. And if fertility had remained at its 1900 levels, life-years lived in old-age coresidence would have been about 45% higher in 1990 than it actually was. The results imply that analyses of the change in familial assistance to the elderly should also consider changes in mortality.
Upon Thyrotropin Binding the Thyrotropin Receptor Is Internalized and Localized to Endosome

To study the fate of TSH receptor (TSHR) on TSH binding, we constructed a chimeric cDNA that encodes a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fused to the carboxyl terminus of human TSHR. The protein expression in transfected cells was confirmed using flow cytometry. The functionality of the chimeric protein was determined by its ability to transduce signal leading to activation of cAMP in a TSH dose-dependent manner. The levels of cAMP produced by these cells were comparable with the levels seen in cells transfected with unfused TSHR without the YFP. Using deconvolution microscopy, we observed that the receptor is largely expressed on the cell surface, but on addition of TSH, some of the receptors were rapidly internalized. This conclusion was supported by several independent observations involving different cells expressing either native or recombinant TSHR. On TSH treatment, we observed internalization of human TSHR-YFP and human TSHR, expressed on 293 and CHO cells, respectively. This was further substantia...
FROM UNIT OPERATIONS TO SEPARATION PROCESSES 1

The Arthur D. Little concept of unit operations embodied a number of different methods of separating mixtures and represented a major advance in chemical engineering. Over time, those and subsequent concepts have evolved into a unified field of separation processes. The ways in which this happened are traced. The more unified view of separations enables more coherent and powerful approaches for process selection and design, reducing energy requirements, for selecting separating agents, understanding the complex interactions of mass transfer and phase equilibria, and identifying new methods for separating complex mixtures. As such, separation processes provide one of the most effective vehicles for teaching and understanding the engineering of chemical processes.
Vibration Response of Elastic Disks in Surrounding Fluid: Viscous Versus Acoustic Effects

The vibrations of thin, elastic, circular disks such as musical cymbals, hard disk drives, and microscale resonators are significantly influenced by the presence of a surrounding fluid. The energy of disk vibrations is known to dissipate into viscous losses and to radiate away as sound. However, the relative importance of these mechanisms is not well understood. In this paper, we present three-dimensional computations of the fluidic impedance of thin, elastic disks vibrating with small amplitudes under ambient conditions. These computations encompass both macroscale and microscale disks, a wide range of operating frequencies, and different fluidic environments. Viscous fluidic impendances are computed using a finite element model, whereas acoustic fluidic impedances are computed using a boundary element method. For a disk with a given clamping ratio vibrating in a specific mode, the nondimensional viscous impedance depends on the unsteady Reynolds number, while the nondimensional acoustic impedance depends on the ratio of structural to acoustic wavelengths. It is shown that viscous losses dominate the fluid damping of disks in data storage and circular saw applications and of conventional disk microresonators. However, for ultrahigh frequency resonators, acoustic radiation must be taken into account to correctly estimate the overall fluid damping. The computed fluidic impedances are expected to be an important aid in the design of a wide range of disk resonators up to the megahertz regime.
Non-Gaussian fitting of variable aperture far-field data and waveguide dispersion from multiwavelength measurements of mode radius

The importance of the mode radius parameter for the single-mode optical fiber extends beyond its direct relationship to splice loss. Recent developments have addressed the wavelength dependence of the spatial extent of the LP01 mode and its fundamental role in determining waveguide dispersion.
CCTV and Citizen Guardianship Suppression: A Questionable Proposition

An untested hypothesis regarding closed-circuit television (CCTV) is that the use of CCTV surveillance systems causes the loss of informal citizen guardianship activities in camera-surveilled public spaces. This hypothesized effect is empirically tested in two ways. In the first approach, an examination of survey responses between respondents who were aware, without prompting, of a public space surveillance camera system (24.4% of the respondents) and those who were not aware of the cameras is undertaken. The expectation is that preexisting knowledge of the cameras will be associated with attitudes associated with a self-reported reduced willingness to exercise guardianship actions. In the second approach, time series data sets of calls for service in a CCTV-surveilled area and a comparison control zone are examined. Neither method revealed empirical evidence of a degrading of informal citizen guardianship activities following the installation of CCTV cameras.
International equity markets and trade policy

Abstract This paper derives optimal trade policies for exporting and importing countries when a market is imperfectly competitive and firms are internationally owned. It is shown that an increase in foreign ownership of firms lowers both the optimal export subsidy of the exporting country and the optimal import tariff of the importing country at the same rate. Foreign ownership also affects the distribution of world welfare between countries. However, it does not affect trade patterns and firm values.
Mortality rates of fecal bacteria in subsoil amended with poultry manure

Abstract One potential utilization of poultry waste is in the reclamation of surface mine soil. However, little is known about the persistence of fecal bacteria in the buried environments of reclaimed mine soil. A laboratory study was used to determine fecal bacteria mortality during an 8 week incubation in topsoil and subsoil representative of reclaimed surface mines in western Kentucky. Manure loading rates equivalent to 37·5 and 75 Mg ha−1 were used. Manure loading rates had no effect on mortality rates. Mortality rates were adequately described by a two-stage exponential decay model. The rates for the first 2 weeks of incubation were significantly greater in subsoil than toposil for total coliforms (0·31 log10 cells day−1 vs 0·20 log10 cells day−1), fecal coliforms (0·33 log10 cells day−1 vs 0·22 log10 cells day−1), and fecal streptococci (0·31 log10 cells day−1 vs 0·24 log10 cells day−1). Bacterial cell numbers decreased to, or close to, detection levels (3 colony forming units g−1 soil) after 8 weeks of incubation. Manure application to this subsoil does not appear to be a greater threat to environmental quality, due to fecal bacteria survival in reclaimed mine soil, than surface application in the same environment.
Mathematical Programming Models for the Determination of Attribute Weights

Several versions of a mathematical programming model which determines attribute weights for each consumer are empirically eavluated using data on dry cereals and automobiles. The model is found to be a good predictor of consumer preferences, particularly for dry cereals. Managerial implications for product repositioning, new product design, and market segmentation are discussed in the paper.
The radon transform is an isomorphism between L2(Ba) and He(Za)

Abstract It is proved that the radon transform R is an isomorphism between X := L2(Ba) and Y := He(Za), where Ba is the ball of radius a centered at the origin in Rn, n≥2 and Za := Sn−1 × [−a,a], Sn−1 is the unit sphere in Rn, and He(Za) is the space of even functions g(α,p) which vanish at p = ±a, satisfy the moment conditions, and have finite norm ∫ S n−1 ∫ −∞ ∞ |Fg|(1+λ 2 ) (n-1) 2 dλdα 1 2 ≔ |g| ⩽ ∞) .
No preferential parent of origin for the isochromosome 17q in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumor (medulloblastoma)

We have shown that an i(17q) is the most frequent abnormality in central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs; medulloblastoma), implicating the presence of a tumor suppressor gene which maps to 17p. In the present study, we investigated whether the deletion of chromosome arm 17p that results from the formation of the i(17q) is preferentially of maternal or paternal origin. Eight cases of primary PNETs of the posterior fossa were examined at five polymorphic loci which map to 17p13. Two or three informative loci were detected in each family. Of the eight cases, four tumors evidenced loss of the paternal allele for loci on 17p13 and four tumors demonstrated maternal deletions. Although the number of cases is relatively small, these studies do not implicate the loss of an imprinted gene as a mechanism for tumorigenesis in children with central nervous system PNETs/medulloblastoma.
An Updated Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System for Critically Ill Children Enables Nursing Workload Assessment With Insight Into Potential Untoward Events.

Background:To introduce an updated version of the original Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) applicable to critically ill children (TISS-C). This version was designed to assess patient...
Rheology of some continental lower crustal rocks

Abstract To gain insight into the rheology of selected feldspar-bearing rocks from the continental lower crust (CLC), three granulites from exposed lower crustal terrains and a microgabbro have been deformed to ca. ~10% strain at confining pressures of 0.8–1.0 GPa, temperatures of 600–900°C, and constant strain-rates of 10−4−10−7 s−1. The most extensive work was done on the mafic Pikwitonei and felsic Adirondack granulites. The Pikwitonei (Mg-hornblende-plag (An70−2 px) has only a limited T,ϵ range of apparent steady-state behavior, and strain-softens at T ⩾ 800°C at ϵ = 10−5−10−6s−1, apparently associated with developing shear zones. This strain-softening is pressure-insensitive from Pc = 0.8–1.0 GPa at T = 850°C, ϵ = 10−6s−1 even though the dominant strain accommodation mechanisms change from semibrittle/cataclastic to crystal plastic (including dynamic recrystallization) with increasing pressure. Plagioclase appears to bear more of the creep strain than amphibole at most experimental conditions except in those runs where both plagioclase and amphibole recrystallization occurs. Kapuskasing (plag-cpx-gt) granulite, deformed at 800°C and at 850°C, 10−6 s−1 has deformed in the steady-state at stress levels only slightly greater than the Pikwitonei. The Stillwater microgabbro and Adirondack granulite are appreciably weaker and the latter exhibits homogeneous semibrittle steady-state behavior over the entire range of conditions investigated. For the Adirondack (2 felds-2 px-gt-qtz) granulite, quartz (21%) appears to control the creep rate at these low strains, and steady-state mechanical data fit well a creep power law with A = 8 × 10−3 MPa−ns−1, Qc = 243 kJ/mol and n = 3.1. Extrapolation of this flow law and of preliminary power law creep relations for the Pikwitonei and microgabbro to a range of physical conditions assumed to encompass those at the continental Moho supports geological and geophysical inferences that a mechanical discontinuity occurs at this transition zone, with the lower crust generally being the weaker material. In addition, the stain-softening exhibited by the Pikwitonei may bear directly on the development of detachment zones at mid- to lower-crustal depths during prograde metamorphism.
Magnetic studies of omega-phase precipitation and aging in titanium-vanadium alloys

Abstract Room-temperature magnetic-susceptibility measurements have been made on a series of quenched Ti-V alloys spanning the composition range 3–90 at.% V. The susceptibility (χ) responds strongly to the compositionrelated microstructure. In particular, there is a sharp discontinuity in the χ-composition curve at the boundary of the martensitic (α′) and b.c.c.-plusomega-phase (β + ω) regimes. The susceptibility of α′-Ti-V increases with composition up to a vanadium concentration of about 10 at.%, whilst that of “threshold” or “athermal” ω-Ti-V (14 at.%) is relatively low in value (roughly equal to that of pure h.c.p. Ti). The susceptibilities of two representative β + ω alloys, Ti-V (15 at.%) and Ti-V (19 at.%), were measured at suitable intervals of time during aging for more than 1000 h at 300 °C. In both cases, the susceptibility decreased as the ω phase developed towards its limiting composition. Using some results from published aging studies as calibration points, it was possible 1. (a) to derive a susceptibility value for ω-Ti-V (14 at.%) 2. (b) to estimate the room-temperature susceptibilities of some single-phase-β Ti-V alloys in the composition range in which they are unstable; 3. (c) to follow, quantitatively, the progress of the β + ω decomposition of Ti-V (15 and 19 at.%) during aging.
Intestinal Absorption of Viable Yeast.

ConclusionI. Yeast fed by mouth is absorbed like bacteria into the portal circulation from the lumen of the intestinal tract. 2. Intraduodenal injections did not show increased absorption of yeast over that fed by mouth. 3. Intraportal injections demonstrate that the amount of yeast recovered from the organs, and the relative distribution, varies directly with the amount of yeast injected.
Fast migration and emergent population dynamics.

We consider population dynamics on a network of patches, having the same local dynamics, with different population scales (carrying capacities). It is reasonable to assume that if the patches are coupled by very fast migration the whole system will look like an individual patch with a large effective carrying capacity. This is called a ``well-mixed'' system. We show that, in general, it is not true that the total population has the same dynamics as each local patch when the migration is fast. Different global dynamics can emerge, and usually must be figured out for each individual case. We give a general condition which must be satisfied for the total population to have the same dynamics as the constituent patches.
Poly[(μ4-3-pyridylphospho­nato-κ4-N:O:O′:O′′)­cobalt(II)]

The title compound, [Co(C5H4NPO3)]n, is a three-dimensional network coordination polymer containing tetra­hedrally coordinated CoII bound to one N atom from one 3-pyridylphospho­nate ligand and three O atoms, each from three other distinct 3-pyridylphospho­nate ligands. The structure exhibits two-dimensional cobalt phospho­nate layers, parallel to the ac crystal plane, constructed from the junction of Co3O6P3 12-membered rings. The inorganic layers are pillared through the N-atom donors of the tethering pyridyl rings to produce the three-dimensional crystal structure of (I).
Matter under extreme conditions

Abstract We study scenarios for chiral symmetry restoration and deconfinement at finite temperature and/or density, based on assuming universal scaling relations fort some hadron masses. We explore and discuss consequences of this scaling assumption in nuclear structure and show that most experiments support the scaling. The relevance of soft and hard scales as pertaining to chiral symmetry restoration and deconfinement is emphasized, and scaling relations for nonstrange and strange Goldstone bosons are presented. Theoretical support for the scaling relations is found from the analysis of effective Lagrangians in hot and dense matter, as well as finite-temperature and finite-density QCD sum rules. Both approaches suggest the validity of approximate scaling relations and identify sources of violation of the latter. Finite-temperature hadron masses can be compared to the results of QCD lattice gauge calculations. We show that large screening masses above T c merging into chiral multiplets are consistent with thermal, rather then dynamically generated, quark masses on the lattice. The results are consistent with vanishing dynamically generated masses above T c , where T c is interpreted as the chiral symmetry restoration temperature. We review the “dynamical confinement” scenario of hot quarks and show that the hadronic wavefunctions obtained above T c are consistent with those obtained from recent measurements of the latter in lattice QCD. This suggests that there are strong quark/antiquark correlations in the vector meson channels. We conclude that for finite-temperature QCD, chiral symmetry above T c is realized in terms of essentially massless multiples of chiral partners, and that chiral symmetry restoration is the only transition.
Nephrologist-Directed Primary Health Care in Chronic Dialysis Patients

Abstract We previously found that chronic in-center hemodialysis patients relied on their nephrologists for the management of acute illnesses and comorbid chronic illnesses, such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease. Since chronic peritoneal dialysis differs from in-center hemodialysis, particularly in patients' exposure to nephrologists and other dialysis unit personnel, we asked chronic peritoneal dialysis patients about their reliance on nephrologists for general health care and compared their responses to those of in-center hemodialysis patients. A questionnaire consisting of patient demographic information and questions about primary medical care was completed by 118 chronic dialysis patients (74 in-center hemodialysis patients and 44 chronic peritoneal dialysis patients). Peritoneal dialysis patients were younger (mean age, 46 ± 17 years v 56 ± 17 years for hemodialysis patients, P v 65%, P v 20%, P P = 0.12). Most patients relied on their nephrologist for yearly physicals (80% of hemodialysis and 84% of peritoneal dialysis patients). More hemodialysis patients depended on nephrologists for the management of minor acute illnesses (91 % v 64%, P
Histological and immunocytological changes in psoriasis after 7 days of cyclosporin therapy

In a double-blind trial, 21 patients were randomly assigned to receive oral cyclosporin or a vehicle control. Patients were treated for 4 weeks. Skin biopsies were taken before treatment and after 3 and 7 days. Epidermal thickness was measured by optical micrometer, and mitoses per high power field (HPF) were counted in lesional epidermis. Superficial perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates, neutrophilic exudates and intraepidermal lymphocytosis were evaluated semi-quantitatively. Using single- and double-marker immunofluorescence techniques, the ratio of monoclonal antibody-defined leukocyte subsets to total leukocytes was also quantitatively determined. In patients receiving cyclosporin, epidermal thickness decreased by 32% compared with patients receiving only vehicle (P= 0·002). The average number of mitoses per HPF in lesional epidermis decreased by 71% by the end of 3 days of therapy. At 7 days, perivascular mononuclear cells decreased and the stratum corneum generally normalized. HLA-DR (Ia)-positive intraepidermal leukocytes found in psoriatic lesions before treatment or present in vehicle-treated lesions disappeared from the epidermis after 7 days of oral cyclosporin. Intradermal monocytes, T cells and activated T cells in the dermis decreased after 7 days of cyclosporin treatment in parallel with light microscopic findings. These findings suggest that psoriasis may have an immunological basis mediated by activated T cells and/or other immune cells.
Estimating conditional proportion curves by regression residuals.

Researchers often derive a categorical outcome from an observed continuous measurement y. For example, human obesity status can be defined by the body mass index. They proceed to estimate the conditional proportion curve p(x) = P(y⩽c(x)|x) versus the covariate x by regular categorical data analysis. In doing so, they fail to fully use the rich information in the original continuous measurement. Researchers also face additional difficulties caused by the uncertainty of the cutoff c(x), which defines the categories. For example, some cutoff may cause artificial discontinuity or non-smoothness in the conditional proportion curve p(x). We propose a fully nonparametric empirical estimator using the standardized regression residuals from the general location-scale model y=m(x) + v(x)e for the original continuous measurement. We prove the consistency of the proposed estimator in regular settings. The proposed estimator has several attractive features: it readily provides estimates for alternative cutoff values, and easily accommodates the discontinuity in p(x) caused by special cutoff. Numerical examples demonstrate that our method has better performance in mean-squared error than some alternative approaches. We also discuss a design-adjusted version of the proposed estimators to accommodate survey designs. The proposed methods are applied to data on obesity measurements among female Hispanic Americans. This new approach can be applied to other epidemiological and socio-economic research that needs to define population categories from underlying continuous measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering As Applied Social Science

In this paper, I use the case of the defective rear cargo door on the DC-10 aircraft and specifically the actions of the chief engineer at Convair to illustrate the sometimes frustrating problem of deciding just what skills are most useful to engineers if they are to best serve the public need. I suggest that although colleges of engineering are required by society (and accrediting agencies) to prepare engineers to solve technical problems using applied natural sciences such as physics and chemistry, they also should require engineering students to obtain a background in social sciences such as economics, political science, management, and ethics. I argue that engineering should therefore be thought of as not only an “applied natural science,” but also an “applied social science.”
The bacteriophage phi 29 head-tail connector shows 13-fold symmetry in both hexagonally packed arrays and as single particles

The symmetry of the phi 29 head-tail connector is controversial: several studies of two-dimensional arrays of the connector have found a 12-fold symmetry, while a recent study of isolated particles has found a 13-fold symmetry. To investigate whether a polymorphism of the structure might explain these different results, electron microscopy and image analysis were used to study both isolated connectors and particles in hexagonally packed arrays. The hexagonally packed arrays have a P1 symmetry, and the connectors displayed 13 subunits both in the arrays and as isolated single particles. While we do not observe a polymorphism between connectors in two-dimensional arrays and as isolated particles, data show that the connectors can exist with either 12 or 13 subunits. A three-dimensional reconstruction of our 13-fold connector was generated by combining an averaged side-view projection with the known symmetry. The structure of rosettes of the connectors formed in the presence of phi 29 prohead RNA (pRNA) was also examined. These rosettes contain five connectors arranged about a single connector in the center, and this arrangement may reflect an essential role of the pRNA in mediating a symmetry mismatch between either a 12- or 13-fold symmetric connector and a putative fivefold symmetric prohead portal vertex into which the connector fits.
Stability and change in multi-method measures of impulsivity across residential addictions treatment

Abstract Introduction: Although the relations between constructs related to impulsivity and substance use disorders (SUDs) are well established, recent research suggests that changes in impulsivity may be an important mechanism in the recovery process. However, this evidence is primarily based on studies that have examined the relation between changes in impulsivity and substance involvement across the span of several years using self-report measures; thus, it is unclear if these changes are linked across shorter time intervals or extend to behavioral methods of assessment. Methods: Using prospective data from 43 participants (mean age = 35.06; 60% female) enrolled in residential substance abuse treatment, the extent to which seven facets of impulsivity (i.e., questionnaire-assessed delay discounting, lack of perseverance, lack of planning, negative urgency, positive urgency, sensation seeking, and behaviorally-assessed inhibitory control) changed across approximately 4 weeks of treatment was examined. Results: Dependent group t-tests suggested significant reductions in negative urgency and lack of planning, and significant improvements in inhibitory control. Conclusions: Findings indicate that specific impulsivity facets show change across relatively short time frames and suggest nonspecific effects of residential treatment on levels of impulsivity. These results inform the functional relation between facets of impulsivity and substance involvement and have implications for assessment and treatment approaches for SUDs.
Carbinolamines and related structures—Potential alkylating metabolites of clinically active anticancer drugs

The precise biochemical mechanism by which a number of clinically-active anticancer compounds function remains unclear. Among these are procarbazine (NSC-77213), cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271), streptozotocin (NSC-85998), dacarbazine (NSC-45388), and hexamethylmelamine (NSC-13875). In all cases, there is an N-methyl or N-alkyl substituent which can be or has been shown to generate carbinolamine-like intermediates as a result of oxidative metabolism. Such intermediates can react with amines, imines, sulfhydryls and similar functional groups to form covalent linkages. Thus, carbinolamine metabolites of these clinically-active compounds are proposed as the active agents capable of altering covalently nucleic acids and proteins. It is this alkylating property that may be responsible for these compounds adversely effecting the mitosis of neoplastic cells. Thus, a unifying hypothesis is proposed whereby metabolic hydroxylation of various miscellaneous anticancer agents is the basis for biological activity. In essence, therefore, three broad classes of alkylating agents may be perceived: (1) the classical alkylators such as the nitrogen and sulfur mustards and the sulfonates, (2) bioreductive alkylating agents, and (3) biooxidative alkylating agents such as the carbinolamines. Though the chemical spectrum of each category may be highly diverse, nevertheless, all function as alkylating agents.
Erratum for “Risk-Based Approach for Optimum Maintenance of Bridges under Traffic and Earthquake Loads” by Benjin Zhu and Dan M. Frangopol

Benjin Zhu, S.M.ASCE Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems Engineering Research Center,LehighUniv.,Bethlehem,PA18015-4729.E-mail:bez209@lehigh.edu Dan M. Frangopol, Dist.M.ASCE Professor and the Fazlur R. Khan Endowed Chair of Structural Engineering and Architecture, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems Engineering Research Center, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA 18015-4729 (corresponding author). E-mail: dan.frangopol@lehigh.edu
Energy Harvesting From Controlled Buckling of a Horizontal Piezoelectric Beam

A piezoelectric vibration energy harvester is designed to generate electricity under the weight of passing crowds. The piezoelectric beam buckles to a controlled extent when the device is stepped on. The device is a seven bar mechanism. The upper and lower bars as well as the lateral links are rigid. The middle horizontal beam is a bimorph piezoelectric beam. Damages to the piezoelectric beam are avoided by constraining its axial deformation. This constrain is implemented by limiting squeezing of the mechanism. When a person moves over the mechanism or steps off the devices it causes the bimorph to buckle or return to the unbuckled condition. The transitions result in vibrations of the piezoelectric beam and thus generate energy.In this paper, the energy harvester is analytically modeled. The electro-mechanical coupling and the geometric nonlinearities have been included in the model for the piezoelectric beam. The design criteria for the device are discussed. It is demonstrated that the device can be realized with commonly used piezoelectric patches and can generate hundreds of milliwatts of power. A three part beam is also investigated. The effect of design parameters on the generated power and required tolerances are illustrated.The proposed device could be implemented in the sidewalks producing energy from the weight of people passing over it. Other possible applications are portable smart phones chargers and shoe hill energy harvesting. Dance floor of a club is another applicable example for using this harvester. The main advantage of using horizontal configuration instead of a vertical arrangement is the ease of placement in the pavements.© 2014 ASME
Research with individuals labeled ‘other’: reflections on the research process

Using the emancipatory research paradigm as a conceptual framework, this autoethnography reflects upon participant and researcher relationships within a larger qualitative research study that involved participants labeled ‘other’. Issues relating to fear of the ‘other’, building reciprocal relationships, and who gains from the research are explored. This analysis contributes to the literature by articulating how researchers can employ emancipatory methods and how research institutions can support and encourage such work in order that research is undertaken in more equitable ways.
Propagation of EM waves in axial symmetric structures and its implication for 3D rigorous lithography process simulation

Amid the different approaches to rigorously model the scattering of electromagnetic waves in sub-wavelength photolithography process, waveguide methods have been proven to be accurate and efficient. While totally different from the time domain methods such as FEM and TDFD, waveguide methods simultaneously compute diffraction of the incident plane waves with different incidence angles by a periodical dielectric structure. EM modes inside dielectric layers are solved for by decoupling the eigen-system and the electromagnetic field boundary conditions between each two adjacent layers are applied to stitch the modes and obtain the full scattering matrix. It is clear that the number of orders of the plane waves under consideration directly affects the accuracy of a waveguide simulator. However, in a 3-D simulation, simulation time and memory usage increase drastically with the increase of the number of orders. These limitations prevent waveguide methods from being applied to large layout patterns that require higher simulation orders. Since many cases under study in lithography process optimization and layout printability analysis are actually axial-symmetric about both x and y axes, it is possible to use this symmetry to simplify the calculation. Based on our definitions of the four fundamental groups of symmetric and anti-symmetric functions and the operations between these symmetric groups, we have made some fundamental discoveries of the waveguide propagating behaviors inside symmetric dielectric structures. In this paper, we will describe our new rigorous theory to decompose the propagating waves in a symmetric layer into four symmetric and anti-symmetric transmitting plane wave groups. Each group can be directly stitched to the next layer without losing symmetry or anti-symmetry. Furthermore, any form of incident waves can be reorganized into the above four plane wave groups, so can the reflective and refraction fields. We have shown that by using this field decomposition technique, we can compute scattering of the four smaller diffraction mode groups separately and the computational complexity will be greatly reduced as compared with the full mode simulation. We have developed a new version of the 3-D simulator, METRO, which incorporated this new method and achieved very high computational efficiency. For example, a 33 by 33-order, double precision simulation will only require 300M bytes memory and take less than 15 minutes without any loss of accuracy on a 1G processor compared with 1.7G memory usage and 10 hours simulating time on the same processor without symmetric simplification.
Chemically Reversible Organogels via “Latent” Gelators. Aliphatic Amines with Carbon Dioxide and Their Ammonium Carbamates†

Rapid and isothermal (at room temperature) uptake of CO2 by solutions or, in some cases, organogels comprised of a primary or secondary aliphatic amine (1) and an organic liquid leads to in situ chemical transformation to the corresponding alkylammonium alkylcarbamate (2) based gels. Chemical reversibility is demonstrated by removal of CO2 from 2-based gels upon gentle heating in the presence of nitrogen. This is a general strategy for reversible self-assembly or disassembly of molecular aggregates relying on the initiation or termination of ionic interactions. The dependence of the amine structure and the nature of the liquid component on the formation and stability of the 1 and 2 organogels are examined by differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction methods. In most cases, the 2 gelators are more effective (based on the minimum gelator concentration required at room temperature, the gelation temperature, and the duration of time a gel persists without bulk phase separati...
Development experts: The one-eyed giants

Abstract ‘One-eyed giants’ lack wisdom: they consider non-scientific modes of rationality retrograde. Exceptions: For Lebret development is cultural and spiritual as well as economic and political. Gandhi favours ‘production by the masses’ over mass-production. Secularism (reducing all value to earthly ones) is bad but secularization (taking earthly values as decisive) is good. Non-instrumental treatment derives development goals from within latent dynamisms in religion. Instrumental treatment treats tradition as means to ‘modernity’. The ‘coefficient of secular commitment’ describes the varying religious rationales for working in history. Religious should reinforce secular commitment by linking morality to ultimate meanings. Authentic development summons persons and societies to ‘make history while witnessing to transcendence’.
Brodie’s Abscess of the Distal Radius: An Unusual Complication after Percutaneous Pinning

We report a case of Brodie’s abscess of the distal radius that presented 4 years after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning for a closed distal radius fracture. This condition has not been previously reported in the adult distal radius and we detail the clinical features and imaging findings. We also present a new way of management of Brodie’s abscess using injectable bone substitute along with adjunctive parenteral antibiotic therapy.
A Model for Entrainment into a Cloud-Topped Marine Boundary Layer. Part I: Model Description and Application to a Cold-Air Outbreak Episode

Abstract A model is presented for the growth and evolution of a cloud-topped marine boundary layer. In this model the entrainment rate is determined from the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) budget. It is assumed that the TKE budget can be partitioned according to whether each process produces TKE or converts it into potential energy, and that dissipation is proportional to production. This leads to an entrainment relationship which is considerably different than used in previous cloud-topped models. This model is used to study an episode of cold-air outbreak over Lake Ontario during the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL). The model reproduces changes in potential temperature and dew point as the air crossed the lake and the associated time variation of these parameters at the down-wind shore with an accuracy of better than 1°C. Model and measured soundings closely match, especially with respect to the presence and location of such features as cloud layers. Depth of the mixed layer also w...
DETERMINING THE SHELF–LIFE OF FROZEN PIZZA

. The shelf–life of a frozen food product depends upon the quality of raw materials, rate of freezing, storage temperature and constant maintenance, and product handling by the retailer and consumer. Microbiological tests are of limited application, but chemical tests can be a direct measure of shelf–life. Sensory quality tests are presently accepted for determining frozen pizza shelf–life. Accelerated shelf–life tests are needed. Although open dating of food products encourages better handling, it contributes little to microbiological quality. The best–if–used–by date is preferred by consumers and is most appropriate for frozen pizza provided accurate determination of shelf–life can be made.
Functional mapping of the brain with a histochemical method for the localization of glucose

A histochemical method has been developed for the localization of endogenous glucose in hyperglycemic, hypovolemic brain tissue. The hypothesis proposes that the histochemical method could be modified for reliable use in normal animals, and be used as a potentially powerful tool to map functionally active brain regions.
Theory of mind and mirroring neurons.

In all this, the exciting finding is that an emerging cognitive neuroscience has implicated a number of key brain areas that are fundamental in social cognition, as was elegantly described by Adolphs in his paper. Interestingly, common regions of my brain are active whether I reach for an object or I observe you doing so. Understanding social interactions involves four key areas of the brain: frontal and temporal cortex, the amygdala and perhaps the basal ganglia (e.g. 20xSocial intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study. Baron-Cohen, S. et al. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999; 11: 1891–1898Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (839)See all References, 21xInteracting minds-biological basis. Frith, C.D. and Frith, U. Science. 1999; 286: 1692–1695Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (972)See all References).Cognitive structure pervades central nervous system functioning, social or otherwise. ‘Theory’ is not something that one adds on to barren structure – it is there from the outset. Furthermore, to revert back to introspection, which is to some extent what the simulation theorists are suggesting, is misleading. The real point is that the neurons in the brain that mirror action are independent of the dispute of looking in or out. There is a reason, however, to be suspicious of the privileged-access argument when it comes to states of mind – it has largely not paid off, ever since its inception in the 17th century22xPhilosophy and Mirror of Nature. Rorty, R. See all References22.Moreover, once one understands that theory underlies all ‘seeing’, then an orientation to the world is not detached, just as an orientation to oneself is not detached. You can be detached or not, in either case. In addition, despite the interesting depiction of detached thought as ‘Descartes’ error’ (Ref. 23xDescartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. Damasio, A.R. See all ReferencesRef. 23), it is not that people should rely less on thought and more on the autonomic innervation of thought; computational systems pervade autonomic innervation whether at the level of the cortex or the brainstem.Whether one looks inward or outward is misleading and less relevant than the striking fact that a subset of the mind–body problem has a partial solution in discoveries in neuroscience; namely, that imagining or watching someone’s actions recruits the same neural structure as actually doing something.
Geochemistry of precambrian diabase dikes from wyoming

Major and trace element concentration in contact zones of Precambrian diabase dikes from Wyoming ranges, showing dikes as continental tholeiites
Enzyme-bound phosphopantetheine in tyrocidine biosynthesis.

Abstract Phosphopantetheine has been demonstrated to be an enzyme-bound cofactor in one of the three enzyme fractions (light, intermediate, and heavy) required for tyrocidine biosynthesis. The enzyme-bound pantothenate had to be liberated by heating with alkali and treating the product with alkaline phosphatase. One mole of cofactor was estimated to be present per mole of heavy enzyme. It was absent from the light and intermediate enzyme fractions.
Fine particle processing by magnetic carrier methods

Abstract Methods for selectively enhancing the magnetic properties of fine particles to be recovered or removed by subsequent magnetic separation are reviewed. The comparison of magnetic carrier separation with carrier flotation is also discussed. The influences of physicochemical extent in the adsorption of fine magnetite onto particle surfaces are briefly described. It is concluded that the selectivity of magnetic reagent for the fine particles and the hydrophobic interaction between the particles treated with chemicals and the carriers (e.g. magnetite laden oil or magnetic reagent) depends on factors similar to those in other mineral separation techniques such as hydrophobic agglomeration and shear flocculation. A large number of applications of the magnetic carrier methods in various are also introduced.