cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commercial Premixed Parenteral Nutrition and Its Potential Role in Pediatrics

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and peripheral parenteral nutrition (PN) are commonly used for patients who cannot meet their nutritional needs orally or via a feeding tube. These patients benefit from PN to optimize their nutritional status. PN can be manufactured by companies in premixed, standardized bags, or the nutrients can be compounded in individual pharmacies in their respective hospitals or even outsourced to a compounding pharmacy. Although a variety of standard premixed PN solutions are available and used by adult patients, this practice is rare in pediatrics. Internationally, premixed PN solutions for adults are much more common as well. More than 80% of European adult patients receiving PN are given premixed PN.1 However, in pediatrics, PN bags are more commonly custom-made, starting with a base dextrose solution with amino acids and other nutrients added. This process allows for precise delivery of individualized, specific content to each patient. Typically, pharmacists make these bags in the pharmacy or outsource to a compounding pharmacy. This approach may present an opportunity for error or microbial contamination. The compounding process is labor intensive and expensive. Due to the time it takes to produce these individual solutions, many pharmacies have a daily deadline before which PN orders must be received. Orders not completed before this deadline are often not filled, leaving the patient without PN for that day. Premixed PN solutions would decrease or eliminate many of these issues. Adult data have shown that commercial premixed solutions can meet a majority of PN needs while reducing cost, error, and infection.3 Several previous studies have linked the use of PN with the development of bloodstream infections.3 These infections are often …
Anticoagulation after anterior myocardial infarction: primum non nocere, or first do no harm.

Left ventricular (LV) mural thrombus is a common complication of anterior myocardial infarctions (MIs). Although this incidence has significantly decreased with reperfusion therapies, contemporary studies still note LV thrombus in 3% to 15% of anterior MIs treated with percutaneous coronary
Projecting the Unmet Need and Costs for Contraception Services After the Affordable Care Act

Objectives. We estimated the number of women of reproductive age in need who would gain coverage for contraceptive services after implementation of the Affordable Care Act, the extent to which there would remain a need for publicly funded programs that provide contraceptive services, and how that need would vary on the basis of state Medicaid expansion decisions.Methods. We used nationally representative American Community Survey data (2009), to estimate the insurance status for women in Massachusetts and derived the numbers of adult women at or below 250% of the federal poverty level and adolescents in need of confidential services. We extrapolated findings to simulate the impact of the Affordable Care Act nationally and by state, adjusting for current Medicaid expansion and state Medicaid Family Planning Expansion Programs.Results. The number of low-income women at risk for unintended pregnancy is expected to decrease from 5.2 million in 2009 to 2.5 million in 2016, based on states’ current Medicaid exp...
Comparison of Methyl Bromide LD50s of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Nectarine Cultivars as Related to Natural Variation

Responses of codling moth ( cydia pomonela L. ) fumigated with methyl bromide on 9 nectarine, prunuspersico (L.) Batsch variety nucipersico Schneid., cultivars indicated no significant differences in relative toxicity at LD50s based on response ratios and their respective 95% CL. Previous significant differences among the cultivars based on failure of 95%CLs of LD50s to overlap may reflect natural variation rather than differences in insect response among the cultivars. We conclude that, for quarantine purposes, varietal testing cannot provide definitive conclusions regarding differences in insect response on cultivars unless the influence of natural variation on test results is evaluated.
Abstract 1004: Investigating the role of Cdc42 in the developing mouse mammary gland

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Rho GTPases coordinate and transmit extracellular signals to control downstream effectors. The Rho GTPase cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) is overexpressed and hyperactivated in human breast cancers. Cdc42 regulates cell polarity, mitosis, adhesion, migration, and stem cell function. These same cellular processes also function in normal mammary gland development. Exactly which functions of Cdc42 are crucial for normal mammary gland (MG) development and its precise role in mammary tumor formation and progression remain unknown. We hypothesize that Cdc42 plays critical and pleiotropic roles in normal MG development and tumorigenesis through regulation of the signal transduction pathways that are involved in cell cycle progression, cell polarity determination, cell motility, and cell adhesion. To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which Cdc42 regulates MG development, we studied the effects of Cdc42 deletion on morphogenesis of primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Adeno-cre viral transduction was used to introduce cre recombinase into Cdc42fl/fl primary MECs, and effects on morphogenesis were assessed using a three-dimensional mammary morphogenesis assay. Transduction efficiency ranged from 50-80% and ∼70% percent knockdown of Cdc42 expression was achieved. Control Adeno-GFP transduced MECs developed into polarized mammary acini whereas morphogenesis was markedly perturbed in the Cdc42 deficient MECs. Cdc42 knockout MECs formed small (30 µm in diameter compared to 45 µm in the control structures, p 30). Markers of normal development including polarity markers, pERM and α6; adhesion, ZO-1; and downstream signaling, pkc-ζ, displayed aberrant expression patterns in the knockout structures. Interestingly, Cdc42 deficient structures contained invasive cells, which were rarely seen in control acini (41% vs 7%, n=80), suggesting that loss of Cdc42 induces aberrant migration. Cdk4 levels were also reduced in Cdc42 deficient cells and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry demonstrated an increase in the percentage of cells in G1, suggesting that loss of Cdc42 inhibits MEC proliferation by blocking the transition from G1 to S phase. In addition, analysis of an S phase marker, phospho-histone H3, was performed at an early time point (3 days) in morphogenesis. Only 35% of the transduced knockout structures expressed phospho-histone H3, compared to 100% in the controls (n>20). These studies demonstrate a vital role for Cdc42 in the processes of growth, adherence, and polarity establishment during mammary gland development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1004.
Analysis on the Impact of Pumping Speed on the Hemolytic Rate of Disposable Sterile Syringe

Hemolysis tests are conducted at low,medium and high pumping speed with syringes of different capacities in order to explore the interference reason that affects the different hemolysis results.From experiments it is found that different diameters,wall qualities and inner diameters of syringes are the direct cause of mechanical hemolytic interference.After analyzing the sensitive relationship between interference and pumping speed,it is concluded that the interference of pumping speed is stochastic.Therefore,the extraction method is proposed to avoid the mechanical hemolytic interference of direct blood suction,and the operability,repeatability,stability and accuracy of the extraction method is proved through experiments of different extraction time.
Responses to Patronizing Communication and Factors that Attenuate those Responses

The purpose of this study was to investigate younger (n = 52, ages 18–24) and older (n = 69, ages 61–98) adults’ responses to patronizing communication in terms of (a) performance on a cognitive task (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-III block design) and (b) physiological responses (i.e., change i
Low-sodium pickle products for modified diets.

Patients who are told to use sodium-restricted diets frequently have difficulty in following such a food regimen because of its “flat, bland, and tasteless” character. These authors suggest that acceptable low-sodium pickle products could be processed and, if available, would add appetite appeal to such dull diets.
Are You Going Overboard on Cephalosporins

#### The study This prospective chart review study (2011–2013) from Texas included infants aged ≤60 days with a positive culture from the blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid. The researcher’s objectives were to study the pathogens and the optimal choice of antibiotics in infants with serious bacterial infection (SBI). #### The key findings The study found 265 infants with SBI. Of those infants, 11% had meningitis, 25% had bacteremia or bacteremia with urinary tract infection, and 64% had urinary tract infection alone. Escherichia coli and group B Streptococcus were the predominate pathogens. There were no cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus , or penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia. For infants aged ≤28 days, the combination of ampicillin and gentamicin was used in 78% of cases, whereas a third-generation cephalosporin was used in 22% of cases. For infants aged ≥29 days, ampicillin and gentamicin were used in 13% of cases, and a third-generation cephalosporin was used in 87% of cases. The authors noted that when meningitis was not suspected, regimens of either ampicillin/gentamicin or a third-generation cephalosporin were equally effective based on susceptibility data (96% and 97%). They also noted that 67% of cases in which a third-generation cephalosporin was used resulted in unnecessarily broad coverage compared with ampicillin/gentamicin. Also, …
But I Never Owned Slaves

As evidenced by Hayley’s tears, Thurston’s fist pounding and Becky’s emotionally frozen “expressionless expression,” a seemingly invisible state of emotionality intoxicates us all when we talk about race. Needless to say, emotions are forever present in the work of race.
Distance‐based time series classification approach for task recognition with application in surgical robot autonomy

Background Robotic-assisted surgery allows surgeons to perform many types of complex operations with greater precision than is possible with conventional surgery. Despite these advantages, in current systems, a surgeon should communicate with the device directly and manually. To allow the robot to adjust parameters such as camera position, the system needs to know automatically what task the surgeon is performing. Methods A distance-based time series classification framework has been developed which measures dynamic time warping distance between temporal trajectory data of robot arms and classifies surgical tasks and gestures using a k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Results Results on real robotic surgery data show that the proposed framework outperformed state-of-the-art methods by up to 9% across three tasks and by 8% across gestures. Conclusion The proposed framework is robust and accurate. Therefore, it can be used to develop adaptive control systems that will be more responsive to surgeons' needs by identifying next movements of the surgeon. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dimensions of Public Sector Pay Policies in the United States and Sweden

Three dimensions for analyzing public sector pay administration are used to examine central government pay administration in Sweden and the United States of America. On the first dimension, market posture, both countries are found to fall short of their espoused policy, comparability. Greater consistency is found on the second dimension, social orientation, where both countries have pursued the goal of social equality. The equilization of salary levels across society is far greater in Sweden in keeping with the socialist objectives of wage solidarity. The third dimension, reward structure, shows the greatest distance between the two countries with the struggle to implement performance-contingent pay underway in the U.S. while Swedes continue to rely on longevity for pay increases.
Characterization of performance, robustness, and behavior relationships in a directly connected material handling system

In the design of material handling systems with complex and unpredictable dynamics, conventional search and optimization approaches that are based only on performance measures offer little guarantee of robustness. Using evidence from research into complex systems, the use of behavior-based optimization is proposed, which takes advantage of observed relationships between complexity and optimality with respect to both performance and robustness. Based on theoretical complexity measures, particularly algorithmic complexity, several simple complexity measures are created. The relationships between these measures and both performance and robustness are examined, using a model of a directly connected material handling system as a backdrop. The fundamental causes of the relationships and their applicability in the proposed behavior-based optimization approach are discussed.
Analysis of overexcitation relaying set up in synchronous generators for hydro power plants

This paper seeks to revise the concepts related to the overexcitation relaying in synchronous generators for hydro power plants and its coordination with the V/Hz limiter of the automatic voltage regulator (AVR). The methodology for the ANSI 24 protection function set up in hydro power plants is revisited. Finally, problems faced during the commissioning of a power plant in Brazil is discussed.
The rat-a-gorical imperative: Moral intuition and the limits of affective learning

Decades of psychological research have demonstrated that intuitive judgments are often unreliable, thanks to their inflexible reliance on limited information (Kahneman, 2003, 2011). Research on the computational underpinnings of learning, however, indicates that intuitions may be acquired by sophisticated learning mechanisms that are highly sensitive and integrative. With this in mind, Railton (2014) urges a more optimistic view of moral intuition. Is such optimism warranted? Elsewhere (Greene, 2013) I've argued that moral intuitions offer reasonably good advice concerning the give-and-take of everyday social life, addressing the basic problem of cooperation within a "tribe" ("Me vs. Us"), but that moral intuitions offer unreliable advice concerning disagreements between tribes with competing interests and values ("Us vs. Them"). Here I argue that a computational perspective on moral learning underscores these conclusions. The acquisition of good moral intuitions requires both good (representative) data and good (value-aligned) training. In the case of inter-tribal disagreement (public moral controversy), the problem of bad training looms large, as training processes may simply reinforce tribal differences. With respect to moral philosophy and the paradoxical problems it addresses, the problem of bad data looms large, as theorists seek principles that minimize counter-intuitive implications, not only in typical real-world cases, but in unusual, often hypothetical, cases such as some trolley dilemmas. In such cases the prevailing real-world relationships between actions and consequences are severed or reversed, yielding intuitions that give the right answers to the wrong questions. Such intuitions-which we may experience as the voice of duty or virtue-may simply reflect the computational limitations inherent in affective learning. I conclude, in optimistic agreement with Railton, that progress in moral philosophy depends on our having a better understanding of the mechanisms behind our moral intuitions.
The World Health Organization Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5.

Importance Recognition that adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common, seriously impairing, and usually undiagnosed has led to the development of adult ADHD screening scales for use in community, workplace, and primary care settings. However, these scales are all calibrated to DSM-IV criteria, which are narrower than the recently developed DSM-5 criteria. Objectives To update for DSM-5 criteria and improve the operating characteristics of the widely used World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) for screening. Design, Setting, and Participants Probability subsamples of participants in 2 general population surveys (2001-2003 household survey [n = 119] and 2004-2005 managed care subscriber survey [n = 218]) who completed the full 29-question self-report ASRS, with both subsamples over-sampling ASRS-screened positives, were blindly administered a semistructured research diagnostic interview for DSM-5 adult ADHD. In 2016, the Risk-Calibrated Supersparse Linear Integer Model, a novel machine-learning algorithm designed to create screening scales with optimal integer weights and limited numbers of screening questions, was applied to the pooled data to create a DSM-5 version of the ASRS screening scale. The accuracy of the new scale was then confirmed in an independent 2011-2012 clinical sample of patients seeking evaluation at the New York University Langone Medical Center Adult ADHD Program (NYU Langone) and 2015-2016 primary care controls (n = 300). Data analysis was conducted from April 4, 2016, to September 22, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures The sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and positive predictive value (PPV) of the revised ASRS. Results Of the total 637 participants, 44 (37.0%) household survey respondents, 51 (23.4%) managed care respondents, and 173 (57.7%) NYU Langone respondents met DSM-5 criteria for adult ADHD in the semistructured diagnostic interview. Of the respondents who met DSM-5 criteria for adult ADHD, 123 were male (45.9%); mean (SD) age was 33.1 (11.4) years. A 6-question screening scale was found to be optimal in distinguishing cases from noncases in the first 2 samples. Operating characteristics were excellent at the diagnostic threshold in the weighted (to the 8.2% DSM-5 /Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale population prevalence) data (sensitivity, 91.4%; specificity, 96.0%; AUC, 0.94; PPV, 67.3%). Operating characteristics were similar despite a much higher prevalence (57.7%) when the scale was applied to the NYU Langone clinical sample (sensitivity, 91.9%; specificity, 74.0%; AUC, 0.83; PPV, 82.8%). Conclusions and Relevance The new ADHD screening scale is short, easily scored, detects the vast majority of general population cases at a threshold that also has high specificity and PPV, and could be used as a screening tool in specialty treatment settings.
Generating large misalignments in gapped and binary discs

Many protostellar gapped and binary discs show misalignments between their inner and outer discs; in some cases, $\sim70$ degree misalignments have been observed. Here we show that these misalignments can be generated through a "secular precession resonance" between the nodal precession of the inner disc and the precession of the gap-opening (stellar or massive planetary) companion. An evolving protostellar system may naturally cross this resonance during its lifetime due to disc dissipation and/or companion migration. If resonance crossing occurs on the right timescale, of order a few Myrs, characteristic for young protostellar systems, the inner and outer discs can become highly misaligned ($\gtrsim 60$ degrees). When the primary star has a mass of order a solar mass, generating a significant misalignment typically requires the companion to have a mass of $\sim 0.01-0.1$ M$_\odot$ and an orbital separation of tens of AU. The recently observed companion in the cavity of the gapped, highly misaligned system HD 142527 satisfies these requirements, indicating that a previous resonance crossing event misaligned the inner and outer discs. Our scenario for HD 142527's misaligned discs predicts that the companion's orbital plane is aligned with the outer disc's; this prediction should be testable with future observations as the companion's orbit is mapped out. Misalignments observed in several other gapped disc systems could be generated by the same secular resonance mechanism.
Employing Relation Visualizations to Enhance the Shopping Experience on a Used Car Trading Platform

Used car online trading is a new trend developed in the vehicle trading market recently. In this paper, we focus on user experience of car searching in a used-car website. The datasets of used vehicles are complicated and multidimensional. To find a satisfying car within the budget, the car buyer needs to compare many cars by exploring and comparing data include but not limit to car maker, type, mileage, price, and key features. Within most current e-commerce systems, to search and evaluate different cars, users often have to jump across detail pages to search pages repeatedly. Due to constraints set in the searching process, it may result in uncontrollable information overload or deficiency. With a user-centered design approach, we first analyzed the car searching behaviors through the user study, then designed a data visualization interface that helps a customer to (1) achieve an overall understanding of the used car market such as relations of car type to price, mileage/model-year to price, and features, and (2) search, filter, and compare cars of interest through simple interactions. The goal of this research is to help users to find out an ideal candidate car through an innovative interface and enhance user experience on used-car trading websites.
Deposition and spin polarization study of Fe4N thin films with (111) orientation

We have successfully deposited Fe4N thin films with (111) out-of-plane orientation on thermally oxidized Si substrates using a facing-target-sputtering system. A Ta/Ru composite buffer layer was adopted to improve the (111) orientation of the Fe4N thin films. The N2 partial pressure and substrate temperature during sputtering were optimized to promote the formation of the Fe4N phase. Furthermore, we measured the transport spin polarization of (111) oriented Fe4N by the point contact Andreev reflection (PCAR) technique. The spin polarization ratio was determined to be 0.50 using a modified BTK model. The film thickness dependence of the spin polarization was also investigated. The spin polarization of Fe4N measured by PCAR does not show degradation as the sample thickness was reduced to 10nm.
Dynamic daily associations between insomnia symptoms and alcohol use in adults with chronic pain

Summary Individuals with chronic pain are at risk for sleep disruption and heavy alcohol use, yet the daily associations between these behaviours are not well characterized. This study aimed to determine the extent to which alcohol use affects insomnia symptoms and vice versa in adults reporting symptoms of chronic pain. Participants were 73 individuals (93% women) reporting alcohol use in addition to symptoms of insomnia and chronic pain. They completed daily diaries assessing insomnia symptoms and alcohol use for 14 days. Multilevel modelling was used to evaluate the bidirectional associations between alcohol use and insomnia symptoms at the daily level. Consistent with laboratory-based research, alcohol use was associated with decreased sleep-onset latency the same night but increased sleep-onset latency 2 nights later. Specifically, for every alcoholic drink consumed, time to sleep onset decreased by 5.0 min in the same night but increased by 4.3 min 2 nights later. Alcohol use was not significantly associated with subsequent wake after sleep onset or total sleep time, and insomnia symptoms were not significantly associated with subsequent alcohol use. To our knowledge, these data provide the first evidence that alcohol use negatively affects insomnia symptoms up to 2 days post-consumption in patients reporting symptoms of insomnia and chronic pain. Findings suggest that one drink will have minimal impact on sleep, but heavier drinking (e.g. four–five drinks) may have a clinically significant impact (16–25-min increase in sleep-onset latency). Future studies may assess alcohol use as a point of intervention within this population.
MIF inhibition as novel treatment for autoimmune myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (THER7P.956)

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium and a major cause of sudden death in young adults. It is characterized by the presence of immune infiltrates in the myocardium and often progresses to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Despite the inflammatory nature of this autoimmune disease, immunosuppressive treatments with glucocorticoids (GCs) such as dexamethasone (Dex) have not been very effective in preventing myocarditis and progression to DCM. In addition, some patients develop resistance to GCs. We hypothesized that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) may play a role in resistance to GCs, as it is the only known pro-inflammatory cytokine to be induced by GCs. Importantly, MIF counter-regulates GC-mediated immunosuppression. Using the experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) model, we observed that MIF -/- mice treated with Dex were highly resistant to disease and progression to DCM. In addition, we observe lower expression of CCL3 mRNA in MIF -/- mice treated with Dex compared with wild-type mice during the onset of EAM, which indicates that MIF promotes recruitment of inflammatory cells to the myocardium. Our results suggest that therapeutic inhibition of MIF may increase the efficacy of GC treatment. This study will allow us to better understand the mechanism by which MIF affects treatment of myocarditis by inhibiting the therapeutic effects of GCs.
ACRES: efficient query answering on large compressed sequences

With the advances in next generation sequencing, the amount of genomic sequence data being produced continues to grow at an exponential rate. It is estimated that the entire genome of each individual human, each containing about 3 billion letters, could be made available in the next a few years. An increasingly pressing issue in genomics and medicine is how to efficiently store and query these massive amounts of sequence data. Recently a lossless compression technique has been proposed to drastically reduce the storage space of genomic sequences, taking advantage of the fact that any two genomes from the same species are highly similar and therefore only their differences need to be encoded. In this paper we study how to efficiently answer queries on the compressed sequences without first decompressing them. We study three important types of queries, including retrieving a subsequence, finding subsequences matching a given pattern, and finding subsequences similar to a pattern. We propose an index structure, filtering techniques, and efficient algorithms for answering these queries. We further demonstrate the utility of these algorithms using a real dataset.
Viral Interleukin-6: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8, also called Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) was discovered in 1994, but interleukin-6 (IL-6) had been implicated in Kaposi’s sarcoma and HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD) several years prior to this date. The predicted role of IL-6 in KS and MCD pathogenesis was based on its known pro-angiogenic and B-cell mitogenic properties. Thus, when viral IL-6 (vIL-6) was identified in HHV-8, the first reported viral interleukin-6 homologue, this was immediately recognized as a potential contributor to HHV-8-associated pathogenesis. Indeed, the pro-angiogenic, proliferative, and signaling properties of vIL-6 reflected those of its human counterpart. It is now known that there are significant differences in the precise mechanisms of signaling complex formation and in signal transduction induced by the human and viral IL-6 proteins and also that vIL-6 is able to signal intracellularly, which is likely to be highly relevant to its functions in virus biology and viral pathogenesis. The unique properties of vIL-6 suggest that it may be possible to target the viral cytokine specifically with inhibitory agents, but they also highlight special challenges with respect to appropriate targeting of inhibitory agents to the sites of vIL-6 activity. This review discusses the molecular biology of vIL-6, the means by which it may contribute to virus biology and viral pathogenesis, and possible methods of inhibiting the activity of the viral cytokine.
Mechanisms of twinning: VII. Effect of diet and heredity on the human twinning rate.

Objective To evaluate the possible biochemical effect of diet and heredity on the rates of monozygotic and dizygotic twinning. Study design In that insulin-like growth factor (IGF) has been found to be elevated in cows selected for their demonstrated increased twinning rate, the effect of agents that influence the level of IGF in women was examined. This was correlated with their prior history of singleton versus twin birthing. In particular, the effect of diets consisting of or excluding animal products that have elevated IGF content (e.g., milk) was considered. Results Vegan women, who exclude dairy products from their diets, have a twinning rate which is one-fifth that of vegetarians and omnivores. Conclusion The results reported here support the proposed IGF model of dizygotic twinning. Genotypes favoring elevated IGF and diets including dairy products, especially in areas where growth hormone is given to cattle, appear to enhance the chances of multiple pregnancies due to ovarian stimulation.
Dameshek Smiles: Molecular Clues to the Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders Unmasked

The classic chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and idiopathic myelofibrosis (MF) have been historically grouped together because of their overlapping clinical phenotypes. The recent discovery of a single acquired point mutation (V617F) in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene in most patients with PV and about half of ET and MF patients provides a new starting point for exploring the genetic and biologic mechanisms of disease pathogenesis in these related disorders. This chapter highlights the different roads of discovery to the JAK2 V617F mutation, both in vitro and in vivo experimental data relevant to the mutant JAK2 tyrosine kinase, and new questions raised by the discovery.
Heart Failure in Children Part II: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Directions

This is the second of a 2-part review of heart failure in children. In Part I, we focused on history, definition, etiology, and pathophysiology.1 In Part II, we review diagnosis, treatment, and future directions. The intention is to highlight key concepts and trends, with the goal of stimulating further interest in research to support evidence-based treatment in pediatric cardiovascular disease. In Part I, we described heart failure as a progressive clinical and pathophysiological syndrome that results from a complex interplay among circulatory, neurohormonal, and molecular derangements. The diagnosis of heart failure in children is based on a combination of clinical signs and symptoms, with assessment of severity of cardiac status augmented by information obtained from laboratory findings such as exercise testing, noninvasive imaging, and biomarker profiling. In symptomatic children without known heart disease, a large part of the evaluation will involve identifying the underlying cardiac diagnosis. ### Symptoms The characteristic signs and symptoms of heart failure include growth failure, respiratory distress, and exercise intolerance and are present in children with heart failure regardless of the cause. Age-adjusted modifications of heart failure scores can quantify the symptoms of heart failure in children and have been used both as inclusion criteria and as end points in several studies of heart failure in children.2,3 Unfortunately, heart failure class at presentation is a poor predictor of worsening clinical outcome.4,5 The scenario of a child with few symptoms who suddenly develops decompensated heart failure is well known and highlights the limitations of heart failure class as a predictor or outcome in children. In patients with right heart dysfunction, as may occur in tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) or Ebstein anomaly, or in patients with single ventricle physiology, the predominant clinical findings are those of systemic venous congestion, decreased exercise capacity because of abnormal functioning of …
Cops and Convicts: An Exploratory Field Study of Jurymandering

Forty-nine states, the federal government, and the District of Columbia statutorily limit convicted felons’ opportunities to serve as jurors. One of the primary justifications for felon juror exclusion alleges that convicted felons harbor an inherent bias in favor of criminal defendants and adversarial towards prosecutorial agents. The justification presumes that such a bias would undermine the impartiality of the jury. This exploratory field study builds on prior research examining the pre-trial biases of convicted felons and is the first to assess 1) jurisdictional approaches to law enforcement juror eligibility criteria and 2) the pre-trial biases of law enforcement personnel. To do so, this study surveys 211 active law enforcement personnel using the Revised Juror Bias Scale and compares that data to prior studies of convicted felons’ pre-trial biases. Results indicate that law enforcement personnel, as a group, harbor a pro-prosecution pre-trial bias as strong as the pro-defense pre-trial bias exhibited by convicted felons. Still, while the vast majority of jurisdictions exclude convicted felons from jury service, only a handful bar law enforcement personnel from the venire. These results ostensibly call into question the empirical validity of the inherent bias rationale and the true purpose for felon juror exclusion statutes.
Dissolution rate spectra of β-dicalcium silicate in water of varying activity

Abstract The surface normal dissolution flux of beta dicalcium silicate is quantified using in situ digital holographic microscopy. The dissolution flux in highly undersaturated flowing solutions depends on the water activity to an empirically determined power of 1.7. A heterogeneous distribution of reactive surface sites (e.g., crystalline defects) at the surface leads to a distribution of local fluxes. Accounting for the nominally unreactive and slowly reactive surface sites, the median of the macroscopic forward reaction dissolution flux distribution is −1.0 μmol m−2 s−1 with an interquartile range of 0.3 μmol m−2 s−1. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that the surface calcium-to-silicon ratio decreases by 10% after some dissolution.
A COMPENDIUM OF SELECTED RISKS OF AN LMFBR ECONOMY

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a compendium of selected risks of a liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) economy. The projections of LMFBR utilization in the United States vary widely. The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in the Proposed Final Environmental Statement on the IMFBR Program (IMFBR-PFES) projected for its base case 22,700 Gigawatt-years (Gw-yr) of IMFBR capacity between 1987 and 2020 plus an additional 25,600 Gw-yr committed in the 2020–2050 periods, for a grand total of 48,300 Gw-yr. Ten-thousand Gw-yr would be the equivalent of 500 IMFBRs, each 1000-Mw in size and each operating for 30 years at an average capacity factor of 67 percent.
Retrospective study evaluating the performance of risk factors for invasive mold infections in liver transplantation

Background Mold infections in liver transplant are associated with high mortality. Guidelines recommend prophylaxis targeted against mold based upon risk factors of fulminant hepatic failure, retransplantation, reoperation, and renal replacement therapy post-transplant. It is not known if these factors identify risk of mold infection at every center. Methods A retrospective study was conducted of adult liver transplant recipients at a single center from 2010 to 2014. The association between risk factors and invasive mold infection and effect of antifungal prophylaxis were determined. Results Five hundred thirty-four liver transplant recipients were identified. The overall incidence of invasive mold infection was 0.9% (N = 5). The incidence in patients with (N = 128) and without (N = 406) risk factors was 0.78% and 0.98%, respectively. Antifungal prophylaxis with mold activity was administered to 23/128 (18%) with risk factors, and none developed infection. No mold-active prophylaxis was given to 105/128 (82%) with risk factors, and incidence of mold infection was 0.95% (N = 1). Number needed to treat was 105. Conclusions Traditional risk factors for mold infection in liver transplant performed poorly. These results underscore the importance of transplant center-specific data to inform adoption of an antifungal prophylactic strategy. Studies are needed to determine alternative risk factors to facilitate appropriate targeting of antifungals.
College students' knowledge and management of food allergies.

This study explored predictors of food allergy management in college students, including participants’ reported allergy severity, history of allergic reactions, and allergy knowledge. Further, we c...
A comprehensive analysis of the integration of team research between sport psychology and management

Abstract Both sports and organizations rely on teams. As such, the sport psychology and management literatures have contributed greatly to our understanding of team functioning. Despite this, previous reviews based on subsets of articles in these literatures indicate a lack of communication between them. In this article, we assess the state of integration between the entirety of the sport psychology and management literatures on teams by considering the full set of interconnected team articles in the SCOPUS database (6974 articles over 69 years). We use this data to conduct a combination of citation network analysis and content analysis via topic modeling to evaluate conceptual integration. The data show that interdisciplinary discussion between these two fields is lacking, particularly regarding the integration of sport psychology into management research. Whereas 7% of references to team articles in sport psychology come from management journals, only 0.6% of team references in management journals come from sport psychology. Despite this, longitudinal analysis indicates that in the last 10 years the rate of integration between these fields is increasing. We identify specific topics that have accounted for this integration and suggest topics ripe for future integration.
Glis glis (Common doormouse)

The karyotypes were kindly donated by Miss Christiane Janzen and Dr. W. Vogel, Freiburg, Germany. They were prepared from fibroblast cultures. Two pairs of animals were studied from different regions of Western Germany. The identification of the X is tentative; the 9th autosome displayed has a conspicuous secondary constriction and both chromosomes were found in association several times.
The Neural Processes Interlinking Social Isolation, Social Support, and Problem Alcohol Use.

BACKGROUND Subjective feeling of social isolation, as can be measured by perceived burdensomeness (PB), is a major risk factor for alcohol misuse. Heightened PB is associated with elevated stress response and diminished cognitive control, both of which contribute to problem drinking. Here, we sought to identify the neural substrates underlying the relationship between PB and alcohol misuse. METHODS We employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected from 61 problem drinkers to characterize the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus and ventral striatum (VS) in relation to PB. We specifically examined whether the connectivities of the hypothalamus and VS were differentially influenced by PB to produce contrasting effects on alcohol use. Finally, we evaluated how individual differences in social support modulate the inter-relationships of social isolation, neural connectivity, and the severity of problem drinking. RESULTS Whole-brain multiple regressions show a positive relationship between PB and hypothalamic connectivity with the hippocampus and an inverse pattern for VS connectivity with the middle frontal gyrus. Difference in strength between the 2 connectivities predicted the severity of problem drinking, suggesting an imbalance involving elevated hypothalamic and diminished prefrontal cortical modulation in socially isolated problem drinkers. A path analysis further revealed that the lack of social support was associated with a bias toward low prefrontal connectivity, which in turn increased PB and facilitated problem drinking. CONCLUSIONS Altered hypothalamus and VS connectivity may underlie problem drinking induced by social isolation. The current findings also highlight the important role of social support as a potential protective factor against alcohol misuse.
Kinetochore assembly throughout the cell cycle

The kinetochore plays an essential role in facilitating chromosome segregation during cell division. This massive protein complex assembles onto the centromere of chromosomes and enables their attachment to spindle microtubules during mitosis. The kinetochore also functions as a signaling hub to regulate cell cycle progression, and is crucial to ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Despite the fact that kinetochores are large and robust molecular assemblies, they are also highly dynamic structures that undergo structural and organizational changes throughout the cell cycle. This review will highlight our current understanding of kinetochore structure and function, focusing on the dynamic processes that underlie kinetochore assembly.
The microbiome mediates epiphyseal bone loss and metabolomic changes after acute joint trauma in mice.

Summary Objective To compare the early responses to joint injury in conventional and germ-free mice. Design Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) was induced using a non-invasive anterior cruciate ligament rupture model in 20-week old germ-free (GF) and conventional C57BL/6 mice. Injury was induced in the left knees of n = 8 GF and n = 10 conventional mice. To examine the effects of injury, n = 5 GF and n = 9 conventional naive control mice were used. Mice were euthanized 7 days post-injury, followed by synovial fluid recovery for global metabolomic profiling and analysis of epiphyseal trabecular bone by micro-computed tomography (μCT). Global metabolomic profiling assessed metabolic differences in the joint response to injury between GF and conventional mice. Magnitude of trabecular bone volume loss measured using μCT assessed early OA progression in GF and conventional mice. Results μCT found that GF mice had significantly less trabecular bone loss compared to conventional mice, indicating that the GF status was protective against early OA changes in bone structure. Global metabolomic profiling showed that conventional mice had greater variability in their metabolic response to injury, and a more distinct joint metabolome compared to their corresponding controls. Furthermore, differences in the response to injury in GF compared to conventional mice were linked to mouse metabolic pathways that regulate inflammation associated with the innate immune system. Conclusions These results suggest that the gut microbiota promote the development of PTOA during the acute phase following joint trauma possibly through the regulation of the innate immune system.
Discourse Analysis in Voice User Interface Research: Examining Current and Future Applications of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics

This study examines how two approaches within discourse analysis, Conversation Analysis (CA) and Interactional Sociolinguistics (IS), have been and can be applied to voice user interface (VUI) research. I review how CA has been adapted as a key tool for emulating the structure of human conversation and introduce IS as another potentially useful analytical approach. Applying IS concepts to a short transcript excerpt, I show how IS, with its ethnographic, interpretive focus, can help researchers better examine the role that sociocultural context and speaker knowledge play in shaping speakers’ engagement with VUI.
Scaling Constraints for Memristor-based Programmable Interconnect in Reconfigurable Computing Arrays

This paper presents and discusses several distinct, but interconnected, aspects of memristor-based switch and inter- connect implementation methodology. A detailed study has been conducted into the trade-offs between usability and performance with respect to several memristive designs, which directly relate to different properties of memristor devices. Performance comparisons are shown for a number of architectures, including an SRAM with a pass transistor, inline memristors, 1T1Rs, and 2T1Rs. Results are presented showing the impact of varying array sizes and implementations on the energy per pulse for a signal passing through such structures. While this work places more emphasis on fully connected routing for a cluster of neuromorphic cores, these aspects apply to many other cases and can be the source of tectonic hazards for non-paper designs.
Performance Measurement Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

The 1980s brought many challenges to hospitals as they attempted to improve the efficiency of health care delivery through the fixed pricing mechanism of Diagnostic Related Groupings (DRGs). In the 1990s, the federal government extended the fixed pricing mechanism to physicians’ services through Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS). Enacted more recently, the Hospital Value-Based Purchasing (HVPB) program demands higher performance and quality of care and reduces payments for those providers that cannot achieve certain performance levels. Although these pricing mechanisms attempted to influence the utilization and quality of services by controlling the amount paid to hospitals and professionals, effective cost control must also be accompanied by a greater understanding of variation in physician practice behavior and development of treatment protocols for various diseases.
The Experience of Insight Follows Incubation in the Compound Remote Associates Task

The phenomenon of insight is frequently characterized by the experience of a sudden and certain solution. Anecdotal accounts suggest that insight frequently occurs after the problem solver has taken some time away from the problem (i.e., incubation). However, the mechanism by which incubation may facilitate insight problem-solving remains unclear. Here, we used compound remote associates problems to explore the likely mechanisms by which incubation may facilitate problem-solving. First, we manipulated problem fixation to explore whether forgetting can explain incubation effects. Second, leveraging previous work linking the experience of insight to unconscious semantic integration, we asked participants to report their experience of insight after each problem solution, including problems solved after a period of distracted incubation. We hypothesized that incubation was not principally important for forgetting but rather frequently causes a shift to a more unconscious semantic integration strategy. Consistent with this we found that initial problem fixation did not predict the improvement in problem-solving after incubation and that participants were more likely to report insight on problems solved after incubation. Our findings suggest that incubation may facilitate insight problem-solving leading to a mind-set shift to a more unconscious problem-solving strategy involving semantic integration.