cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Science should keep out of partisan politics

The Republican urge to cut funding is not necessarily anti-science, and the research community ought not to pick political sides, says Daniel Sarewitz.
The dimensional and numerical equivalence of the space-filling-curve approach and multi-dimensional integration methods for integral-transform trial functions

Abstract The pseudo-one-dimensional space-filling-curve approach of Rosenthal is shown to be dimensionally and numerically equivalent to explicitly multi-dimensional integration methods. However, other considerations render it computationally less attractive to apply. The importance of finding appropriate mappings onto the parameter space are stressed and demonstrated. Extremely accurate results are obtained for the S -limits of H − and He, as well as for the exact He ground state, with low-order secular determinants and a single scale parameter.
Comparison of chalcocite dissolution in the oxygenated, aqueous sulfate and chloride systems

Abstract The dissolution of chalcocite in oxygenated, acid solution was studied in the sulfate and chloride systems. First stage chalcocite dissolution occurs at a rate seventy times faster in chloride solution compared to sulfate solution. This large difference is attributed to the formation of the CuCl3−2 complex which allows copper to be extracted into solution without oxidation of Cu+1 to Cu+2 at the particle surface. The first stage dissolution rate in the sulfate system is directly proportional to oxygen pressure and initial surface area. The activation energy of 31.5 kJ/mol is associated with oxygen adsorption on the particle surface. The first stage dissolution rate in the chloride system is directly proportional to chloride concentration and initial surface area. The activation energy of 22.6 kJ/mol is associated with chloride ion diffusion through the solution boundary layer to the chalcocite surface. The second stage dissolution rate in the chloride system is independent of all system variables except temperature. The activation energy for the second stage is 34.6 kJ/mole and is associated with a step in the anodic dissolution process.
Equation of state for solid solution–liquid–vapor equilibria at cryogenic conditions

Abstract An equation of state (EOS) that can represent solid–liquid, solid–vapor, and solid–liquid–vapor equilibria at planetary cryogenic conditions is presented. The EOS consists of two parts that are based on a common framework of the Thermodynamic Perturbation Theory: the fluid part that applies the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory, and the solid part that applies the Lennard–Jones solid EOS. Our compelling results of the multiphase equilibria of chemical species and their mixtures encourage further development of the EOS to become a powerful tool in scientific investigations on objects in the outer-planet region.
Ubiquitination Acutely Regulates Presynaptic Neurotransmitter Release in Mammalian Neurons

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in modulating synaptic physiology both presynaptically and postsynaptically, but the regulatory mechanisms remain obscure. To determine acute effects of proteasome inhibition on neurotransmission, we performed whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from cultured rodent hippocampal neurons. We find that proteasome inhibitors induce a strikingly fast, severalfold increase in the frequency of both miniature (mini) and spontaneous synaptic currents at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. The lack of change in mini amplitude and kinetics indicates a presynaptic site of action. This effect does not depend on increased levels of presynaptic proteins, previously suggested as proteasomal targets. Furthermore, blockade of the UPS using E1-activating enzyme inhibitors also increases mini frequency, demonstrating that accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins is not required. Overall, these data suggest that the UPS not only orchestrates protein turnover, but also dynamically regulates the activity state of presynaptic proteins, thus crucially shaping synaptic transmission.
Structure theorems for vector valued ultradistributions

Abstract It was proved by Komatsu that both Roumieu and Beurling ultradistributions can be locally expressed in the form P ( D ) f , where f is a continuous function and P is a differential operator of infinite order. We prove here a more general result (valid for ultradistributions taking values in arbitrary normed spaces, not necessarily reflexive) based on an elementary probabilistic construction. Several extensions (to more general range spaces) are indicated.
Race of the interviewer and perception of skin color: Evidence from the multi-city study of urban inequality

The influence of interviewers' race on skin color classification for white and African American survey respondents is explored using data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality (conducted 1992 to 1994). As hypothesized, bivariate and multi-variate results reveal a compelling race-of-the-interviewer effect for both black and white respondents: White interviewers reported the skin tones of black respondents as substantially darker than did black interviewers. In turn, black interviewers categorized the skin tones of white respondents as much lighter than did white interviewers. Results also indicate that interviewers perceived greater variation in the skin tones of same-race respondents than among other-race respondents, suggesting that both black and white Americans exhibit relatively limited ability to carefully distinguish the physical characteristics of other-race persons. Finally, results show that unsuccessful attempts to match interviewers and respondents by race may have the unintended consequence of introducing important attenuating biases into analyses involving skin color. Implications for future research are discussed
Lactobacilli - their enzymes and role in ripening and spoilage of cheese: a review.

Abstract Lactobacilli commonly occur in natural cheese because they are used as a starter culture (e.g., Swiss cheese) or enter milk and, thus, cheese as postpasteurization (or heat treatment) contaminants (e.g., Cheddar cheese). Cell-wall-bound, intracellular, and extracellular proteinases occur in lactobacilli; those from some species of Lactobacillus preferentially hydrolyze α s1 -casein, whereas those from others prefer β-casein. Peptides released from casein by proteinases are subsequently hydrolyzed by peptidases inside cells of lactobacilli. The intracellular peptidases are a vital part of the mechanism by which lactobacilli make free amino acids that are precursors of some cheese flavor compounds. Aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase, and endopeptidase activities have been associated with lactobacilli. Although largely intracellular, membrane-associated peptidases have been noted. Intracellular lipases and esterases also occur in lactobacilli, but activity of these enzymes has been designated as "weak". Despite this, they probably contribute to flavor development in some varieties of cheese. Certain lactobacilli can cause defects such as formation of white crystals of calcium lactate on the surface of cheese or of biologically active amines that sometimes can cause illness in consumers.
Study of Cell Degranulation with Simultaneous Microscope Imaging and Capillary Electrophoresis

The physical release of single granules from individual rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) was monitored by video recording of the degranulating cells by a high-resolution charge-coupled device (CCD) microscope system. The bright granular core disappears from the image as the vesicular content is dissolved on contact with the extra-cellular fluid. After a fixed time delay, the exocytotic product, serotonin, was detected by capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced native fluorescence (LINF-CE). The timing of the two events is mostly correlated, which supports a fast release mechanism of the granular products.
Cyclic decomposition of finite stochastic systems

Existence conditions and techniques for partitioning the states of finite stochastic systems into cyclic classes are given in this paper. For the special class of preserved finite stochastic systems, such cyclic partitions are shown to be evaluated, explicity, in terms of those cyclic partitions associated with the finite Markov chains embedded in the system. Generalizations and applications of above results to the periodic decomposition of stochastic sequential machines are investigated.
Localization of ectopic corticotropin-producing carcinoid tumor with use of indium-111 pentetreotide scintigraphy.

ABSTRACT Objective To report on the diagnosis of ectopic corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH])-producing bronchial carcinoid tumor by indium-111 pentetreotide (octreotide scan) scintigraphy. Methods We present a case of ectopic ACTH syndrome caused by an occult bronchial carcinoid tumor arising in a lymph node and review the pertinent literature. Results Biochemical diagnosis of ACTH syndrome can be difficult, and conventional imaging modalities often do not demonstrate these small carcinoid tumors. After biochemical proof of the presence of ectopic ACTH syndrome in our patient, conventional radiographic studies did not demonstrate any lesions. An octreotide scan showed a lesion in the lung, which was confirmed surgically. ACTH values returned to normal after resection of the lesion, and octreotide scans confirmed the completeness of surgical resection. The carcinoid tumor originated in a lymph node outside the bronchus. The differential diagnosis of ACTH syndrome, the localization of ectopic ACTH-producing tumors, the bronchial carcinoids, and the uniqueness of the carcinoid tumor arising in a lymph node are briefly discussed. Conclusion Octreotide scintigraphy is useful in localizing occult carcinoid tumors and can be used in the follow-up of patients after successful removal of these tumors. (Endocr Pract. 1998;4:378-381)
Effects of three types of potentially biasing information on symptom severity judgments for major depressive episode.

Two experiments examined the effects of potentially biasing information on judgments of symptom severity pertaining to the diagnosis of major depressive episode (MDE). In both experiments, clinicians viewed videotapes of two actor-simulated patients responding to questions from a standardized diagnostic interview. In Study 1, an expectancy effect was found for both patients such that prior information about a clear-cut history of depression resulted in lower rated severity of current symptoms. In addition, a halo effect was observed for one patient in Study 1 and both patients in Study 2: Clear-cut depressive nonverbal behavior (DNVB) resulted in greater rated severity for symptoms that should not have been affected (e.g., appetite/weight change, suicidal ideation). Clear-cut versus near-threshold information for the two essential criteria for MDE did not affect subsequent judgments in either study. Implications for diagnostic interviewing are discussed.
Ovarian Cancer Pathogenesis: A Model in Evolution

Ovarian cancer is a deadly disease for which there is no effective means of early detection. Ovarian carcinomas comprise a diverse group of neoplasms, exhibiting a wide range of morphological characteristics, clinical manifestations, genetic alterations, and tumor behaviors. This high degree of heterogeneity presents a major clinical challenge in both diagnosing and treating ovarian cancer. Furthermore, the early events leading to ovarian carcinoma development are poorly understood, thus complicating efforts to develop screening modalities for this disease. Here, we provide an overview of the current models of ovarian cancer pathogenesis, highlighting recent findings implicating the fallopian tube fimbria as a possible site of origin of ovarian carcinomas. The ovarian cancer model will continue to evolve as we learn more about the genetics and etiology of this disease.
Quality characteristics of ground beef patties extended with moist-heated and unheated seed meals

Extending ground beef with 5% peanut, soybean, pecan, or field pea meals increased cooked yields and water-retention properties of beef patties. Extended patties were more tender, requiring less force to compress than all-beef patties. Protein content was significantly increased by the addition of peanut and soybean meal to ground beef. Unheated meals produced patties with larger volumes but were poorer in aroma and flavor qualities than all-beef patties or those prepared with heated meals. Moist heat effectively improved aroma and flavor qualities of the meals without altering their binding properties.
Design of a Reconfigurable RFID Sensing Tag as a Generic Sensing Platform Toward the Future Internet of Things

This paper introduces a semipassive, reconfigurable UHF RF identification (RFID) sensing tag operating as the generic sensing platform (GSP) and the sensing nodes of the future Internet of Things (IoT). For generic real-time data acquisition, this new platform offers multiple inexpensive, plug-and-play sensing channels for the appended physical sensors. This new tag can be dynamically reconfigured to operate as a continuous data transmitting/receiving platform (online mode) or a data logging device (offline mode). In the offline mode, for accommodating and managing the high volume of data acquired by the tag sensors, a novel memory management scheme is designed and implemented. Furthermore, the platform employs an innovative data communication strategy that is compatible with the current electronic product code (EPC) Gen-2 communications protocols to facilitate the sensing data communications and other information exchange between the sensing node and the routing tier of IoT. Finally, the designed tag has been successfully deployed and tested in an experimental IoT setup for its performance evaluation as a GSP.
First-principles calculations of spin-polarized electron transport in a molecular wire: Molecular spin valve

Using first-principles density functional theory and the Landauer-B\"uttiker formalism, we have studied the spin-polarized transport of electrons in a benzene-1-4-dithiolate (BDT) molecule sandwiched between two Ni cluster layers, followed by nonmagnetic gold contacts. Our calculation reveals that the current for a parallel (ON) alignment of the spins at opposite ends of the molecular wire is significantly higher than for the antiparallel (OFF) alignment. We also find that the ground state of such a system has an antiparallel alignment suggesting that experiments could be performed in which an external magnetic field would be needed only for ferromagnetic alignment to switch the system from the OFF to the ON state.
Loss of the Alox5 gene impairs leukemia stem cells and prevents chronic myeloid leukemia

Targeting of cancer stem cells is believed to be essential for curative therapy of cancers, but supporting evidence is limited. Few selective target genes in cancer stem cells have been identified. Here we identify the arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) gene (Alox5) as a critical regulator for leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in BCR-ABL-induced chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In the absence of Alox5, BCR-ABL failed to induce CML in mice. This Alox5 deficiency caused impairment of the function of LSCs but not normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through affecting differentiation, cell division and survival of long-term LSCs (LT-LSCs), consequently causing a depletion of LSCs and a failure of CML development. Treatment of CML mice with a 5-LO inhibitor also impaired the function of LSCs similarly by affecting LT-LSCs, and prolonged survival. These results demonstrate that a specific target gene can be found in cancer stem cells and its inhibition can completely inhibit the function of these stem cells.
View from the cockpit: What the AIRLINE INDUSTRY can teach us about PATIENT SAFETY

Learn how airline industry best practices can be adapted to create safer health care environments for our patients.
Path coefficient analyses of yield components in guar

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients among three assumed yield components in guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub., and to analyse their interrelationships through path coefficient analyses. Genotypic correlations between seeds/pod and seed yield and between pods/plant and seed yield were high and positive. The genotypic correlation of weight/100 seed and seed yield was low and positive. Genetic path coefficient analyses showed that pods/plant and weight/100 seed were important factors in determining seed yield and that seeds/pod was least important of the three components. Progress in breeding by selecting for components of yield, rather than yield per se, would probably be limited by the high negative genotypic correlation between weight/100 seed and pods/plant. Other studies involving yield component analyses in guar are summarized and implications of the results are discussed.
Body morphology and its impact on adolescent and pediatric gynecology, with a special emphasis on polycystic ovary syndrome.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide the reader with a timely review of studies investigating the impact of body morphology and weight on pubertal maturation, impact of pubertal maturation on adult body morphology, and recent developments in the diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS: The temporal trends in age of onset of puberty and menarche, and prevalence of obesity, are presented. Timing of pubertal maturation and initial manifestations of puberty may impact adult adiposity and ponderosity, as well as predispose to conditions associated with adult morbidity. The polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrinologic disorder, occurring in up to 10% of women. It is associated with insulin resistance, and substantial proportions of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, regardless of age or obesity status, have impaired glucose tolerance. Clinical and biochemical abnormalities seen in polycystic ovary syndrome may improve through utilization of insulin-sensitizing agents, although lifestyle changes provide more profound clinical improvements. SUMMARY: We now understand better those factors associated with initiation of puberty, and pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. However, further longitudinal studies are needed.
Photic Inhibition of Brain Stimulated Firefly Flashes

A study of the effects of photic stimulation on the ability to induce flash luminescence in the female Photuris firefly by electrical brain stimulation was made. Pulses of light delivered to the eye of the firefly aie not only able to inhibit spontaneous flashing but also reduce the ability of electrical biain stimuli to induce firefly flashes. Inhibition by photic pulses is most effective when the pulses are delivered approximately 300–400 msec prior to brain stimulation. Only flashes of biain stimulus—flash onset latency greater than 120 msec can be inhibited in this fashion, while driven flashes of 90 msec were immune from the inhibitory effect. It is suggested that the inhibilory effects of photic stimulation provide some physiological explaintion of the male-female response latency found in the courting fireflies.
Product quality level monitoring and control for logic chips and modules

In the manufacture of chips and modules, it is important to minimize defects in order to maximize quality levels and product reliability at each level of product assembly (chips, module, card, system). These objectives are best achieved by controlling defects through manufacturing process controls and testing at the lowest possible level of assembly. Defective product remaining after test and inspection must be repaired or discarded. The ability to detect and reduce or eliminate these defects is crucial to ensuring maximum product quality. The amount of such defective product is typically described quantitatively in terms of statistical sampling plans. The problem with such approaches is that the absolute defect level is imprecisely defined. This paper defines an absolute number for such product defects, which we will call "product quality level" (PQL). PQL categories found in logic chips and modules after completion of electrical testing are described and a methodology for the monitoring and control of the PQL in chips is presented. The impact of chip defects on module, card, and system performances is discussed with the aid of examples. By using the described comprehensive design, process control, testing, and user-feedback approach at each assembly level, final product can be manufactured with the lowest possible level of defects that must then be repaired at the machine level.
Vanguard of ‘socialist colonization’? The Krasnyi Vostok expedition of 1920

During the Russian Civil War, special vehicles visited the vast country's diverse regions as emissaries of central authority. The so-called ‘agitational’ vehicles carried out the functions of propaganda and agitation, ‘instruction’ (governance) and surveillance in the pursuit of two overarching, and sometimes contradictory, goals: state building and the radical transformation of society. The Krasnyi Vostok (Red East) expedition to Turkestan in 1920 was exceptional in the degree to which the train interfered in local governance regimes. It sought to win over a Muslim majority that had been terrorized by Soviets formed by Russian colonizers, which had not represented the masses but rather perpetuated racist domination. Ironically, having surveyed the vast gulf between the Bolsheviks' revolutionary gaze and the complex and diverse world in which they found themselves, the Krasnyi Vostok activists concluded that ‘socialist colonization’ was the essential task in Turkestan.
Safety indices associated with the use of contingent restraint procedures

The safely of four general classes of contingent restraint was evaluated in a sample of 231 institutionalized mentally retarded persons. The use of mechanical restraints resulted in a significantly lower injury rate than did personal restraint. The use of restraint in emergency situations was found to be more dangerous than the planned use of such procedures.
A model of oncogenic rearrangements: differences between chromosomal translocation mechanisms and simple double-strand break repair.

Recurrent reciprocal translocations are present in many hematologic and mesenchymal malignancies. Because significant sequence homology is absent from translocation breakpoint junctions, non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways of DNA repair are presumed to catalyze their formation. We developed translocation reporters for use in mammalian cells from which NHEJ events can be selected after precise chromosomal breakage. Translocations were efficiently recovered with these reporters using mouse cells, and their breakpoint junctions recapitulated findings from oncogenic translocations. Small deletions and microhomology were present in most junctions; insertions and more complex events also were observed. Thus, our reporters model features of oncogenic rearrangements in human cancer cells. A homologous sequence at a distance from the break site affected the translocation junction without substantially altering translocation frequency. Interestingly, in a direct comparison, the spectrum of translocation breakpoint junctions differed from junctions derived from repair at a single chromosomal break, providing mechanistic insight into translocation formation. (Blood. 2006;107:777-780)
Consistency between and within Subjects

This note of caution concerns correlational procedures for analyzing data regarding theoretical models postulating that the same relationships hold both for any given S and over a sample of Ss. Two...
Patch verification via multiversion interprocedural control flow graphs

Software development is inherently incremental; however, it is challenging to correctly introduce changes on top of existing code. Recent studies show that 15%-24% of the bug fixes are incorrect, and the most important yet hard-to-acquire information for programming changes is whether this change breaks any code elsewhere. This paper presents a framework, called Hydrogen, for patch verification. Hydrogen aims to automatically determine whether a patch correctly fixes a bug, a new bug is introduced in the change, a bug can impact multiple software releases, and the patch is applicable for all the impacted releases. Hydrogen consists of a novel program representation, namely multiversion interprocedural control flow graph (MVICFG), that integrates and compares control flow of multiple versions of programs, and a demand-driven, path-sensitive symbolic analysis that traverses the MVICFG for detecting bugs related to software changes and versions. In this paper, we present the definition, construction and applications of MVICFGs. Our experimental results show that Hydrogen correctly builds desired MVICFGs and is scalable to real-life programs such as libpng, tightvnc and putty. We experimentally demonstrate that MVICFGs can enable efficient patch verification. Using the results generated by Hydrogen, we have found a few documentation errors related to patches for a set of open-source programs.
Spermatozoa contain a guanine nucleotide-binding protein ADP-ribosylated by pertussis toxin

Spermatozoa from invertebrates (sea urchin, starfish) and vertebrates (trout, guinea pig, bull, pig, human) contain a membrane-bound protein that is ADP-ribosylated by pertussis toxin but not by cholera toxin. The M r of this protein is 39,000 in invertebrate sperm and 41,000 in mammalian sperm, but 40,000 in trout spermatozoa. The pertussis toxin substrate from sea urchin sperm copurified with [ γ - 35 S]GTP binding activity. Chymotryptic maps of this ADP-ribosylated protein from sea urchin sperm were the same as those of ga-subunit of G o from rat brain. Antiserum to the β-subunit of bovine retinal transducin bound to a sperm protein with M r ∼35,000. These studies are first describing a guanine nucleotide-binding coupling protein in sperm.
Counteracting Free‐Riding With Team Morale—An Experimental Study

This study focuses on a behavioral perspective to examine the detrimental effects of free-riding on team performance, and investigates team morale as a key factor that counteracts the tendency of f...
Correlation of final evoked potential amplitudes on intraoperative electromyography of the recurrent laryngeal nerve with immediate postoperative vocal fold function after thyroid and parathyroid surgery.

Importance Thyroid and parathyroid surgery are among the most common operations in the United States. Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is an infrequent but potentially detrimental complication. Objective To correlate the final evoked potential amplitudes on intraoperative electromyography (EMG) after stimulation of the RLN with immediate postoperative vocal fold function after thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective observational study at a tertiary academic medical center. We included 674 patients (with 1000 nerves at risk) undergoing thyroid or parathyroid surgery from July 1, 2008, through June 30, 2012. Interventions Thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures The association of final evoked potential amplitudes on EMG after thyroid and parathyroid surgery with vocal fold function as determined by postoperative fiberoptic laryngoscopy. Results Three patients experienced permanent vocal fold paresis (VFP) secondary to intraoperative RLN transection. Of the remaining 997 RLNs at risk, 22 (2.2%) in 20 patients exhibited temporary VFP on fiberoptic laryngoscopy after extubation. Eighteen patients experienced unilateral temporary VFP, and 2 experienced bilateral VFP without the need for tracheostomy or reintubation. Of the 22 RLNs, postdissection EMG amplitudes were less than 200 µV (true-positive findings) in 21 and at least 200 µV (false-negative finding) in 1. Of the 975 RLNs (97.5%) with normal function, postdissection EMG amplitudes were at least 200 µV (true-negative findings) in 967 and less than 200 µV (false-positive findings) in 8. In regard to immediate postoperative VFP, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of postdissection EMG amplitudes of less than 200 µV were 95.5%, 99.2%, 72.4%, 99.9%, and 99.1%, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Intraoperative nerve monitoring of the RLN with EMG provides real-time information regarding neurophysiologic function of the RLN and can predict immediate postoperative VFP reliably when a cutoff of 200 µV is used. The high negative predictive value means that the surgeon can presume with confidence that the RLN has not been injured in the presence of a potential of at least 200 µV. This information would be useful in patients for whom bilateral thyroid surgery is being considered.
Vacuum Heat Treatment of CdS Single Crystals

Spectral distribution of photoconductance and conductance glow curves of CdS single crystals after vacuum heat treatment
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Turbulent Flow in a Square Channel With Angled Discrete Ribs

Experiments have been conducted to study the turbulent heat transfer and friction for fully developed flow of air in a square channel in which two opposite walls are roughened with 90° full ribs, parallel and crossed full ribs with angles-of-attack (α) of 60° and 45°, 90° discrete ribs, and parallel and crossed discrete ribs with = 60°, 45°, and 30°. The discrete ribs are staggered in alternate rows of three and two ribs. Results are obtained for a rib height-to-channel hydraulic diameter ratio of 0.0625, a rib pitch-to-height ratio of 10, and Reynolds numbers between 10,000 and 80,000. Parallel angled discrete ribs are superior to 90° discrete ribs and parallel angled full ribs, and are recommended for internal cooling passages in gas turbine airfoils. For α = 60° and 45°, parallel discrete ribs have higher ribbed wall heat transfer, lower smooth wall heat transfer, and lower channel pressure drop than parallel full ribs. Parallel 60° discrete ribs have the highest ribbed wall heat transfer and parallel 30° discrete ribs cause the lowest pressure drop. The heat transfer and pressure drops in crossed angled full and discrete rib cases are all lower than those in the corresponding 90° and parallel angled rib cases. Crossed arrays of angled ribs have poor thermal performance and are not recommended.Copyright © 1990 by ASME
Comparison of fluorescence in situ hybridization and primed in situ labeling methods for detection of single-copy genes in the fungus Ustilago maydis

Abstract Li, S., Harris, C. P., and Leong, S. A. 1993. Comparison of fluorescence in situ hybridization and primed in situ labeling methods for detection of single-copy genes in the fungus Ustilago maydis. Experimental Mycology 17, 301-308. This report describes the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization for detection of single-copy genes in the fungus, Ustilago maydis . Either biotin- or digoxigenin-labeled DNA probes were hybridized to target nuclei of sporidia and subsequently rendered fluorescent by successive treatments with fluorescein (FlTC)-labeled avidin and biotinylated anti-avidin antibody or with anti-digoxigenin-FlTC or anti-digoxigenin-rhodamine. These results showed that the digoxigenin-based hybridization can be used successfully to specifically detect single-copy genes in nuclei of U. maydis with either 3.6- or 6.7-kb genomic DNA probes. By contrast, the biotin-based hybridization technique gave rise to nonspecific background. Primed in situ labeling with fluorescein-12-dUTP was also used successfully to specifically detect a 1.5-kb fragment of single-copy genomic DNA in nuclei of U. maydis sporidia. This technique has the advantages of lower staining background, shorter time of analysis, and a higher efficiency of hybridization of shorter DNA probes to target DNA, when compared to traditional in situ hybridization.
Are Dual-Method Messages Undermining STI/HIV Prevention?

Adolescent girls and young women who are at risk for unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection (STI), including HIV, are frequently counseled to use a hormonal contraceptive to protect against the former and condoms to protect against the latter, for exampe, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2011. The present paper reviews the literature on multiple risk messages, compliance with this dual-use recommendation, predictors of dual use, and interventions developed to encourage dual use. Data indicate that simultaneous use of these two methods is not common, and that efforts to encourage dual use have not yielded promising results. An alternative is to recommend condom use alone, since condoms protect very well against STI and HIV, and quite well against pregnancy when used consistently and correctly. The availability of emergency contraception is relevant here. Research utilizing a randomized controlled trial is recommended.
Ultra-Low Voltage Split-Data-Aware Embedded SRAM for Mobile Video Applications

This brief presents an ultra-low voltage split-data-aware 10T and 8T (SDA-10T-8T) embedded static random access memory (SRAM) design for MPEG-4 video processors. Without additional complex peripheral circuits, the proposed design enables a reliable operation at 0.36 V under process variation and aging effect. The experimental results based on 45-nm CMOS technology show that, as compared to conventional SRAM design, our proposed design can achieve a 95% reduction in active power, with no significant degradation in frame quality. In addition, the proposed design suppresses the leakage current effectively, thereby reducing the leakage induced bitline voltage drop rate from 1.54 mV/ns to 0.64 mV/ns at Vdd = 0.36 V.
Microcatheter Use for Difficult Percutaneous Biliary Procedures

Percutaneous biliary drainage procedures in patients with nondilated ducts are demanding, resulting in lower success rates than in patients with bile duct dilatation. Pertinent clinical settings include patients with iatrogenic bile leaks, diffuse cholangiocarcinomas, and sclerosing cholangitis. We describe a method to facilitate these procedures with the combined use of a 2.7-Fr microcatheter and a 0.018-in. hydrophilic wire.
A preliminary evaluation of the Colorado RETHINK Parenting and Anger Management program.

Abstract Objective: The purpose was to report preliminary behavioral, social, and emotional results, and to project some potential economic results of a parenting and anger management program in a mountain state. Method: Following local and state-wide needs assessments, child abuse prevention was identified as the number two critical issue. An effective, research-based, preventive educational workshop program—RETHINK Parenting and Anger Management—was selected for testing and program evaluation. Measurable outcome objectives were written and assessments were developed and tested. A one-group pretest-posttest design with a convenience sample of parents was used for the study. Seventy-five of 99 parents completed pretests before and posttests after participating in the 6-week series of skill-enhancing workshops. Results: Using a repeated measures analysis of variance, participants’ group mean anger control levels increased ( p = .016). Their family conflict levels fell ( p = .006). Their overall anger levels fell ( p = .000). Their violence levels fell, verbal aggression levels fell ( p = .002). Their partners’ violence levels also fell, verbal aggression levels fell ( p = .004), and physical aggression levels fell ( p = .032). In addition, participants reported increased knowledge levels (100%), improved attitudes (97.3%), improved behaviors (94.7%), and decreased unrealistic expectations of their children (69.3%). Conclusion: The findings suggest that professional preventive education specialists may now have an effective program to assist parents in managing their anger. Further research is encouraged. When parents participate in 6 weeks of skill building with well-trained professionals, positive changes in parenting and anger management are possible. Spanish abstract not available at time of publication.
Inhibitory synaptic potentials recorded from mammalian neurones prolonged by blockade of noradrenaline uptake.

1. Intracellular recordings of membrane potential and membrane current were made from neurones of the rat nucleus locus coeruleus and the guinea-pig submucous plexus. These neurones exhibit inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (i.p.s.p.s) which result from noradrenaline acting on alpha 2-adrenoceptors to cause an increase in potassium conductance. 2. Cocaine (0.2-30 microM) reversibly increased the duration of the i.p.s.p. or inhibitory post-synaptic current (i.p.s.c.) in locus coeruleus neurones and submucous plexus neurones by approximately 750% and 350% respectively. The concentrations of cocaine causing half-maximal prolongation of the synaptic current were 3 microM in locus coeruleus and 0.5 microM in submucous plexus. The prolongation was due entirely to a slower rate of decay of the synaptic response. 3. Cocaine (10 microM) produced a maintained hyperpolarization (2-10 mV) or outward current (20-120 pA) in locus coeruleus neurones; in submucous plexus neurones cocaine increased the amplitude and duration of spontaneous i.p.s.p.s. 4. Outward currents produced by superfusion with noradrenaline were increased by cocaine with maximum effects being observed at 10-30 microM-cocaine. The maximum leftward shift in the relation between outward current or membrane hyperpolarization and noradrenaline concentration was 18- to 100-fold in locus coeruleus neurones and 4-fold in submucous plexus neurones. The concentrations of cocaine which caused a half-maximal increase in sensitivity to superfused noradrenaline were similar in both tissues, being 4 microM in locus coeruleus and 2 microM in submucous plexus. 5. These results show that neuronal uptake of noradrenaline released from adrenergic nerves plays a significant role in determining the time course of synaptic potentials mediated by noradrenaline.
Displacement of sulfaethidole from bovine serum albumin by some alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides

Abstract Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides have been shown to displace sulfaethidole, a strongly bound sulfonamide, from bovine serum albumin, using measurements of the optical activity induced into the drug after the binding reaction. The higher homologues modify the circular dichroism spectrum of the albumin in the region associated with tryptophan and tyrosine residues. Measurements at lower wavelengths suggest that the higher homologues may cause small conformational changes in the protein.
Solid state and solution exchange of platinum between [Pt(en)Br4] and [Pt(en)Br2]

Abstract Isotopic exchange of platinum between its two states in [Pt(en)Br2]·[Pt(en)Br4] was not detected in 24 hr at 25°C. The exchange between the corresponding states in N,N′-dimethyl-formamide solutions was found to be strongly catalysed by Br−. A rapid exchange in solution, induced by light, was strongly inhibited by IrCl6−−. In the absence of Br−, an uncontrolled impurity induced an exchange in the dark which prevented reproducible results for solutions made from different solvent batches.
A Coordinate Reduction Technique for Dynamic Analysis of Spatial Substructures with Large Angular Rotations

ABSTRACT A substructuring technique is presented for transient dynamic analysis of systems composed of interconnected rigid and elastic bodies that undergo large angular displacements. Displacement of elastic bodies is represented by superposition of local linear elastic deformation on large displacement of body reference coordinate systems. Elastic bodies are thus represented by combined sets of reference and local elastic generalized coordinates. Modal analysis and substructuring of individual elastic components allow for elimination of insignificant modes. Equations of motion and constraint are formulated in terms of mixed sets of modal and reference generalized coordinates. Planar and spatial linkages with flexible elements are presented to illustrate use of the method developed.
How to Treat A Tibial Post Fracture in Total Knee Arthroplasty?: A Systematic Review

Background Posterior-stabilized TKAs, which use a polyethylene tibial post to articulate against a metal femoral cam, are used regularly. Reported complications are related to the patellofemoral articulation or the tibial post-cam mechanism. Fracture of the tibial post is an uncommon but disabling complication after posterior-stabilized TKA that requires operative treatment.
Phenotypic plasticity despite source–sink population dynamics in a long-lived perennial plant

Summary • Species that exhibit adaptive plasticity alter their phenotypes in response to environmental conditions, thereby maximizing fitness in heterogeneous landscapes. However, under demographic source–sink dynamics, selection should favor traits that enhance fitness in the source habitat at the expense of fitness in the marginal habitat. Consistent with source–sink dynamics, the perennial blueberry, Vaccinium elliottii (Ericaceae), shows substantially higher fitness and population sizes in dry upland forests than in flood-prone bottomland forests, and asymmetrical gene flow occurs from upland populations into bottomland populations. Here, we examined whether this species expresses plasticity to these distinct environments despite source–sink dynamics. • We assessed phenotypic responses to a complex environmental gradient in the field and to water stress in the glasshouse. • Contrary to expectations, V. elliottii exhibited a high degree of plasticity in foliar and root traits (specific leaf area, carbon isotope ratios, foliar nitrogen content, root : shoot ratio, root porosity and root architecture). • We propose that plasticity can be maintained in source–sink systems if it is favored within the source habitat and ⁄ or a phylogenetic artifact that is not costly. Additionally, plasticity could be advantageous if habitat-based differences in fitness result from incipient niche expansion. Our results illuminate the importance of evaluating phenotypic traits and fitness components across heterogeneous landscapes.
Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of the Role of Biodiversity to Control Pest Damage in Agroecosystems

AbstractThe paper provides a mathematical framework for cost-effective and environmentally safe strategies to minimize alfalfa damage from pests in alfalfa agroecosystems with optimal biodiversity levels and to predict outcomes for scenarios not covered by field experiments. Alfalfa is the most important forage legume world-wide and is a valuable source of nutrition for farm animals. The potato leafhopper (PLH) pest damages the alfalfa plant leading to a reduction of the productivity, a loss in nutritional value, and a decrease in milk production. The PLH pest outbreaks are also prone in monocultures. New mathematical models are shown to accurately fit results from field experiments utilizing plant diversity and enemies (pest-predator) hypotheses. The focus is on polyculture as a farming technique and the damsel bug, Nabis, a natural predator of the PLH. Mathematical methods include the Shannon diversity index, differential equations, scramble competition approaches, and sensitivity analysis to determine ...
The Green Crab Carcinus Maenas in Two New Hampshire Estuaries. Part 1: Spatial and Temporal Distribution, Sex Ratio, Average Size, and Mass

The spatial and temporal distribution of the green crab, Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) was studied in two New Hampshire estuaries, NW Atlantic, over a one-year period from November 2009 to October 2010 using baited traps. Green crab catch peaked in December and March in the Great Bay Estuary (GBE), and in November and April in the Hampton-Seabrook Estuary (HSE). Catch per unit effort was higher in the HSE than in the GBE, and more than 14 times as many green crabs were captured in the HSE (n = 35 788) than in the GBE (n = 2337). Catch of green crabs generally rose with increasing distance up-estuary in the HSE, while in the GBE, catch peaked mid-estuary. Quantity and species diversity of by-catch was greater in the GBE than in the HSE. In the HSE, sex ratios were skewed toward females in summer and female catch was maximized in salinities 30-31 ppt. In both estuaries, sex ratios favored male crabs most in the spring (March-April). Male and female green crabs in the GBE were larger (carapace size, weight), on average, than those in the HSE. This is the first study to compare seasonal green crab populations throughout and between NH estuaries.
The effect of calcium withdrawal on the structure and function of the toad bladder.

Previous reports have indicated that calcium is necessary to support active sodium transport by the toad bladder, and may be required as well in the action of vasopressin on both toad bladder and frog skin. The structure and function of the toad bladder has been studied in the absence of calcium, and a reinterpretation of the previous findings now appears possible. When calcium is withdrawn from the bathing medium, epithelial cells detach from one another and eventually from their supporting tissue. The short-circuit current (the conventional means of determining active sodium transport) falls to zero, and vasopressin fails to exert its usual effect on short-circuit current and water permeability. However, employing an indirect method for the estimation of sodium transport (oxygen consumption), it is possible to show that vasopressin exerts its usual effect on Qoo2 when sodium is present in the bathing medium. Hence, it appears that the epithelial cells maintain active sodium transport when calcium is rigorously excluded from the bathing medium, and continue to respond to vasopressin. The failure of conventional techniques to show this can be attributed to the structural alterations in the epithelial layer in the absence of calcium. These findings may provide a model for the physiologic action of calcium in epithelia such as the renal tubule.
A fluorine bomb calorimetric study of molybdenum disulfide. The standard enthalpies of formation of the di- and sesquisulfides of molybdenum

Abstract The energy of the reaction between fluorine and a well-characterized sample of natural molybdenite (MoS 2 ) to give gaseous MoF 6 and SF 6 , was measured in a fluorine bomb calorimeter. The corresponding standard enthalpy of formation at 298.15K, ΔH f o (MoS 2 ,c,298.15K), is −(65.8 ± 1.2) kcal mol −1 , in reasonable agreement with several modern high-temperature studies. A survey of thermochemical data in the literature leads to a consensus value of −(97 ± 3) kcal mol −1 for ΔH f o (Mo 2 S 3 ,c,298.15K).
Stability in the presence of degeneracy and error estimation

Given an approximation to a local minimizer to a nonlinear optimization problem and to associated multipliers, we obtain a tight error estimate in terms of the violation of the first-order conditions. Our results apply to degenerate optimization problems where independence of the active constraint gradients and strict complementarity can be violated.