cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stuttering and Normal Nonfluency a Continuity Hypothesis

(1970). Stuttering and Normal Nonfluency a Continuity Hypothesis. British Journal of Disorders of Communication: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 30-39.
The Cultural Framing of Conceptions of Development

The notion of development as an objective phenomenon views it as if it occurs "out there". Thus conceptions of development entail endpoints or idealised goals to be achieved. The developmental trajectories and endpoints may be quite diverse both within and across cultures. By becoming aware of, and separating cultural values from conceptions of devel opment, the phenomena viewed as developmental is broadened and the scope of its description and explanation expanded. Such concepts which originated in developmental theories have become everyday notions in many cultures, and, therefore, have significant implications for a wide range of socio-cultural and political discourses.
Less is more: a minimalist account of joint action in communication.

Language use can be viewed as a form of joint activity that requires the coordination of meaning between individuals. Because the linguistic signal is notoriously ambiguous, interlocutors need to draw upon additional sources of information to resolve ambiguity and achieve shared understanding. One way individuals can achieve coordination is by using inferences about the interlocutor’s intentions and mental states to adapt their behavior. However, such an inferential process can be demanding in terms of both time and cognitive resources. Here, we suggest that interaction provides interlocutors with many cues that can support coordination of meaning, even when they are neither produced intentionally for that purpose nor interpreted as signaling speakers’ intention. In many circumstances, interlocutors can take advantage of these cues to adapt their behavior in ways that promote coordination, bypassing the need to resort to deliberative inferential processes.
Unconscious perception of "extinguished" visual stimuli: reassessing the evidence.

Abstract When parietal-damaged patients fail to report a contralesional stimulus because of extinction, is this because the stimulus is not perceived, or because it is perceived but cannot reach conscious awareness? Volpe et al. [10] reported an intriguing study that seemed to locate the problem at least partly in the transfer of information to conscious awareness. They showed patients with extinction pairs of stimuli, one in each hemifield. Although patients were predictably poor at reporting the identity of the contralesional stimulus, they were able to make accurate same/different judgements comparing the two stimuli. This was interpreted as evidence that both stimuli were perceived. In the present paper, we point out that the dissociation between identification and same/different matching could also be due to the possibility that less visual information about the contralesional stimulus is necessary to make a same/different judgement than to identify the stimulus, and that chance performance is considerably higher in the first than in the second type of task. In Experiment 1, we verified this by degrading one side of a stimulus display and “replicating” the dissociation with normal subjects. We also equated the amount of visual information needed for the two tasks by yoking the stimulus pairs on “different” trials of the same/different matching task with the choice pairs on a forced choice identification task. Under these conditions, the dissociation vanished. In Experiment 2, we administered these tasks to three parietal-damaged patients with extinction. When the original method was used, same/different matching was better than identification of the contralesional stimulus. With the forced choice identification method, the dissociation again vanished.
Does Agricultural Extension Pay? The Training and Visit System in Northwest India

The paper presents the results from a study of the effect of the Training and Visit (T&V) System of agricultural extension on farm productivity. Two adjacent areas in northwest India, one with T&V extension and one with an older system, are compared, utilizing farm-level data. Econometric analysis demonstrates that the T&V area had a wheat yield advantage of 9.33% after four years of T&V extension. The baseline yield differential was calculated as 3.01%. The gain attributable to T&V is shown to imply a return of at least 15% to the incremental investment in extension with high probability.
The Potential for a More Clinical Approach to Child Welfare Supervision to Promote Practice and Case Outcomes: A Qualitative Study in Four States

This article describes qualitative findings from a mixed method study of the impact of implementing clinical supervision in four public child welfare agencies. Particular emphasis is on the development of learning organizational cultures, promotion of self-reflective and evidence-informed practice, and outcomes-focused approaches to working with families. Themes identified from 15 focus groups with supervisors are provided, in terms of their use of clinical techniques, observed changes in supervisor and worker practice, and client outcomes attributed to the project. This study provides a rationale for clinical supervision in the child welfare setting, and the linkage between it and desired outcome achievement.
To Forward or not to Forward --- that is the Question

We introduced the use of two-hop forwarding to increase the throughput of an 802.11 network in our earlier work (Narayanan et al., Proceedings of IEEE WCNC'05, March 2005). Other researchers have also considered the benefits of forwarding in the 802.11 infrastructure mode to increase the total network throughput. But the high-data rate node that forwards data for other nodes will have to spend its energy transmitting this data. Previous work on forwarding implicitly assumed that in an enterprise network, the collective good is sufficient to justify this increased energy expense. However, it is important to address the advantages and the cost of participating in such schemes from the individual forwarding node's perspective. Since a node cannot know whether there are other high-data rate nodes in the network capable and willing to forward data, it needs to assume that it is the only node with the capability to do so. In this paper, we focus our analysis on the cost benefit for such a forwarding node. We quantify the throughput improvement, medium access delay reduction and energy consumption for the forwarding node in a saturated network. The analysis and simulation results demonstrate that in a saturated network, participation in forwarding provides the high-data rate node with significant benefits in throughput and media-access-delay, while increasing the number of bits-per-joule even if it is the only node participating in data forwarding as suggested in this paper. The increase in the bits-per-joule is due to the reduction in the total amount of time needed by the high data rate node to transmit a given number of its own application bits. This results in savings in energy expenditure for the forwarding node. Based on these benefits, we conclude that it is unequivocally in the interest of a high data rate node to participate in two-hop forwarding schemes in 802.11 networks.
Evaluating methods to detect bark beetle-caused tree mortality using single-date and multi-date Landsat imagery

Abstract Bark beetles cause significant tree mortality in coniferous forests across North America. Mapping beetle-caused tree mortality is therefore important for gauging impacts to forest ecosystems and assessing trends. Remote sensing offers the potential for accurate, repeatable estimates of tree mortality in outbreak areas. With the advancement of multi-temporal disturbance detection methods using Landsat data, the capability exists for improvement in mapping methods, yet more information is needed to determine the accuracy of these methods for mapping forest disturbances and to quantify differences between these methods and single-date image classification methods. We compared single-date (using maximum likelihood classification) to multi-date (using time series of spectral indices) classification methods of Landsat imagery and investigated how detection accuracy changed with varying levels of mortality severity. For each method, we evaluated several bands and/or spectral vegetation indices and identified the one that resulted in the highest accuracy. A fine-resolution classified aerial image within the Landsat scene was used as reference data for evaluation and comparison between methods. For the single-date image classification, we achieved a 91.0% (kappa = 0.88) overall accuracy with 11.7% omission and 2.3% commission errors for the red stage (tree mortality) class using the tasseled cap transformation indices of brightness, greenness, and wetness. For the multi-date analysis, the Band5/Band4 anomaly produced the highest accuracy among spectral indices and resulted in a 89.6% (kappa = 0.86) classification accuracy with 12.6% omission and 7.1% commission errors for the red stage class. We compared accuracies between the best single- and multi-date methods across a range of tree mortality within a pixel. The multi-date method was more accurate at intermediate levels of tree mortality, whereas the single-date method was more accurate at high mortality levels. Our results indicate that Landsat-based mapping of forest disturbances that use either single-date or multi-date methods can result in high classification accuracy.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of the cervix presenting as a cervical polyp treated with fertility-sparing surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy

Abstract Background. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of the female genital tract is rare in the cervix. It tends to occur in children and young women, and appears to have a better prognosis than sarcoma botryoides of the vagina and uterus. Case. We report a case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) presenting as a cervical polyp in a 19-year-old female. The tumor was composed of rhabdomyoblasts of varying differentiation dispersed within a loose, myxoid stroma, and formed a distinct ‘cambium' layer beneath the epithelium. The patient was successfully treated with fertility-sparing surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions. Awareness of this uncommon lesion in this site and its clinical implications is important to avoid misdiagnosis. Therapy has recently inclined towards conservative treatment.
Quality of Life after Intra-arterial Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Few data exist about health-related quality of life outcomes after intra-arterial therapy (IAT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We assessed stroke-specific quality of life (SS-QOL) in survivors of stroke after IAT. Consecutive patients undergoing IAT for AIS from 2005 to 2010 were retrospectively identified via an institutional database. SS-QOL (using the SS-QOL score) and disability status (modified Rankin Scale [mRS]) were prospectively assessed via mailed questionnaire. We analyzed quality of life (QOL) scores by domain and summary score, with a summary score of 4 or more defined as a good outcome. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to model the effect of final recanalization status, stroke severity, and mRS on total QOL score. ANOVA and Pearson correlations were used to test the association between stroke severity/mRS and QOL/time since stroke, respectively. Of 99 patients with AIS, 61 responded, yielding 11 interim deaths, 7 incomplete surveys, and 43 complete surveys for analysis. Among responding survivors, overall QOL score was 3.9 (standard deviation 0.7); 77% of these reported good QOL. Scores were higher in recanalized patients in 11 of 12 domains but was significant only for mood. Although mRS was associated with stroke severity, QOL was independent of both. Seventy-seven percent of survivors of AIS who received IAT reported good QOL. Furthermore, these data suggest that SS-QOL is an independent outcome from stroke severity and disability status.
Residential water heaters: Energy and cost analysis

Abstract A detailed computer model is developed to calculate energy flows for residential electric and gas water heaters. Model equations are derived from applications of the first law of thermodynamics, analysis of manufacturers' literature, and related studies. Several energy-saving changes are examined using the model. Changes for both electric and gas water heaters are: increase jacket insulation thickness, reduce jacket insulation thermal conductivity, reduce thermostat setting, and add insulation to the distribution line. Application of all these changes to an electric water heater would reduce electricity use 17% and increase initial cost 27%. Additional changes examined for gas water heaters are: reduce pilot rate, eliminate and add electric ignitor and flue closure, and reduce excess air for combustion by increasing flue baffling. Implementing all these changes to a gas water heater (except addition of electric ignitor) would reduce gas use 27% and increase initial cost 26%. These results show that there are large opportunities for reducing water heater energy use with only small initial cost increases.
FACTORS AFFECTING PERSISTENCE AND INACTIVATION OF DIQUAT AND PARAQUAT

Summary. The adsorption of diquat cation was found to be 0.3, 2.0–2.5 and 80–100 mg/g on a sandy loam soil, Grade Hydrite 10 Georgia kaolinite and National Standard Bentonite, respectively. Bentonite (113 lb/surface ac) applied to plastic pools previously treated with 1 ppm paraquat reduced the concentration of paraquat to less than 0–05 ppm within 24 hr of application. Only bentonite appeared to hold either diquat or paraquat in a form unavailable to wheat. Appreciable uptake by wheat from soil treated with diquat or paraquat (16 lb/ac pre-emergence) occurred only in soil or sand in which the herbicide leached below the 05 in. zone. A 12 hr dark period following foliage application did not appear to enhance movement of either herbicide in wheat. Loss of radioactivity was observed when diquat or paraquat was exposed to ultraviolet light (2537 A). Facteurs agissant sur la persistence et l'inactivation du diquat et du paraquat
Madison's constitutional political economy: Principles for a liberal order

When persons are modelled as self-interested in politics ... the constitutional challenge becomes one of constructing and designing framework institutions or rules that will, to the maximum extent possible, limit the exercise of such interest in exploitative ways and direct such interest to furtherance of the general interest. It is not surprising, therefore, to discover the roots of a public choice perspective ... in the writings of the American Founders, and most notably in James Madison's contributions toThe Federalist Papers.
Assessing the health of future physicians: An opportunity for preventive education

AbstractIntroduction:Research shows that physicians who model prevention are more likely to encourage preventive behaviors in their patients. Therefore, understanding the health of medical students ought to provide insight into the development of health promotion programs that influence the way thes
The Social Ecological Model and Physical Activity in African American Women

Little is known about the social and contextual correlates (e.g., social norms, environment, social networks, and organizational support) influencing the adoption and maintenance of regular physical activity among minority and underserved populations. The purpose of this review was to apply the social ecological model to better understand physical activity among African American women. A review of the literature pertaining to correlates of physical activity among African American women was conducted and applied to a social ecological perspective. Understanding and addressing social and contextual correlates of physical activity behavior among African American women are necessary to establish comprehensive programs, particularly within community settings. The social ecological model provides a strong theoretical basis to guide physical activity intervention in this population.
Heteroassociative multiple-target tracking by fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

A heteroassociative joint transform correlation (JTC) technique is proposed for recognizing and tracking multiple heteroassociative or dissimilar targets from gray-level image sequences by use of the concept of fringe-adjusted JTC and a multiple-target-detection algorithm. A fringe-adjusted JTC technique is used to ensure quantification of the similarities among several input images while it satisfies the equal-correlation-peak criterion. Tracking is accomplished by retrieval of the target motion information estimated from multiple consecutive image frames. An enhanced version of the fringe-adjusted filter is incorporated into the heteroassociative multiple-target-detection process to optimize the correlation performance. The feasibility of the proposed technique is tested by computer simulation with real infrared image data.
When love hurts children: controlling the feelings of minors.

It is not difficult to imagine many cases in which parents could be motivated to experiment with such biotechnology in an effort to control a child's loving feelings. One could even imagine situati...
An investigation of online searcher traits and their relationship to search outcomes

This study investigated more attributes of online searchers that were believed to affect the quality of their search results. Subjects were selected from the online searching courses in six library schools. The searching proficiency of the subjects was measured by their performance on two DIALOG searches. Their creativity level was measured using two self-report inventories; their intelligence level was approximated from their GRE Verbal and Quantitative scores; and their personality traits in regard to masculinity, femininity, and self-esteem were measured using the Interpersonal Disposition Inventory. The large number of independent, predictor variables were reduced by factor analysis and the derived factors were related to the dependent variable, online searching performance, in a multiple regression analysis. The findings suggest that differences in searching performance can be attributed, to a small degree only, to general verbal and quantitative aptitude, artistic creativity, and to an inclination toward critical and analytical creative thinking. The findings also raise doubts, however, that high intelligence and other attributes cited by writers in the field are necessary for high performance. The notion that searching performance can be predicted by or is dependent upon certain cognitive or personality traits has thus become highly suspect.
The change in B-type natriuretic peptide levels over time predicts significant rejection in cardiac transplant recipients.

Background B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) correlates with cardiac filling pressures and outcomes in patients with heart failure. In heart transplant recipients, we hypothesize that a within-individual change in BNP over time would be more helpful than absolute BNP in detecting International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) grade 2R or greater rejection. Methods N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) levels were measured in 146 consecutive transplant recipients undergoing routine endomyocardial biopsies. In the cross-sectional analysis, multiple observations per individual were accounted for using generalized estimation equations. Results A cross-sectional analysis demonstrated a weak association between NT-proBNP levels and rejection, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.01 for every 100-pg/mL increase in NT-proBNP ( p = 0.02). However, with a doubling of an individual's NT-proBNP level, the OR for significant rejection was 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–7.0), the OR with a 5-fold increase was 9.1 (95% CI, 2.7–31.5), and the OR with a 10-fold increase was 27.7 (95% CI, 5.9–129). A 10-fold increase in NT-proBNP offered a negative predictive value of 95% for the diagnosis of rejection. The relationship between within-individual increases in NT-proBNP and rejection persisted after adjusting for a fall in ejection fraction and a rise pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and was a stronger predictor than changes in these parameters. Conclusions There is a strong, graded relationship between the within-individual increase in NT-proBNP and the odds of significant rejection independent of hemodynamic parameters. These results suggest that the change in NT-proBNP rather than absolute BNP levels may offer a non-invasive approach to detect rejection.
Acetone laser induced fluorescence for low pressure/low temperature flow visualization

Acetone fluorescence provides a useful way to visualize the fluid mixing process within supersonic wind tunnels, some of which operate in the low temperature (240–300 K) and low pressure range (0.1–1 atm). Measurements are presented to quantify the dependence of the acetone laser induced fluorescence (LIF) signal on temperature and pressure in this range. The temperature and pressure sensitivity of the acetone LIF signal resulted in less than an 8% variation over the experimental conditions for a laser excitation wavelength of 266 nm. Condensation of the acetone vapor was identified as a potential problem for this diagnostic technique. Methods to prevent and check for condensation are discussed.
Extraterrestrial Helium Trapped in Fullerenes in the Sudbury Impact Structure

Fullerenes (C60 and C70) in the Sudbury impact structure contain trapped helium with a He-3/He-4 ratio of 5.5 x 10(exp -4) to 5.9 x 10(exp -4). The He-3/He-4 ratio exceeds the accepted solar wind value by 20 to 30 percent and is higher by an order of magnitude than the maximum reported mantle value. Terrestrial nuclear reactions or cosmic-ray bombardment are not sufficient to generate such a high ratio. The He-3/He-4 ratios in the Sudbury fullerenes are similar to those found in meteorites and in some interplanetary dust particles. The implication is that the helium within the C60 molecules at Sudbury is of extraterrestrial origin.
The death-mutation model of carcinogenesis

Multistage models of carcinogenesis that include death and mutation of target cells at risk for cancer, but do not include cell division, may be appropriate for cancers in which clonal expansion arises downstream of the rate-determining step toward carcinogenesis. Such models are simpler than clonal expansion models, so when they are appropriate, they should be used. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how linear systems theory applies to these death-mutation models of carcinogenesis.
Mobilization of Ca2+ from Intracellular Stores of Pancreatic β-Cells by the Calcium Store Blocker TMB-8*

TMB-8 has been used experimentally in many cell types, including endocrine cells, because of its ability to block the efflux of Ca2+ from intracellular stores without affecting influx. Unexpectedly, TMB-8 potentiates stimulated insulin release from pancreatic islets, a process believed to be dependent on the level of cytosolic Ca2+. In the present study, while having no effect on basal insulin release (in the presence of 2.8 mM glucose), TMB-8 (10, 30, and 100 μM) caused a concentrationdependent increase in 45Ca2+ efflux from 45Ca2+-preloaded islets. TMB-8 (100 μM) stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux even in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. In the presence of 5.6 mM glucose, TMB-8 (30 and 100 JIM) potentiated insulin release and again increased 45Ca2+ efflux in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, insulin release stimulated by isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) was potentiated significantly, and IBMX-stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux was increased by the simultaneous introduction of 30 μM TMB-8. Thus, in pancreatic isle...
Fifteen-Month-Old Infants Match Vocal Cues to Intentional Actions

Fifteen-month-old infants detected a violation when an actor performed an action that did not match her preceding vocal cue: The infants looked reliably longer when the actor expressed a humorous vocal cue followed by a sweet action or expressed a sweet vocal cue followed by a humorous action, than when the vocal cue was followed by a matching action. The infants failed to detect the mismatch when one person expressed the vocal cue and another performed the action. The results suggest that by 15 months of age, infants are capable of distinguishing between two types of vocal cues and actions along the positive emotional spectrum: humor and sweetness. Furthermore, they match humorous vocal cues to humorous actions and sweet vocal cues to sweet actions only when the cues and actions are made by the same person.
Acrylamide in food: a model for mechanism of formation and its reduction

Abstract Acrylamide and its analogues have been widely used since the last century for various chemical and environmental applications and can be formed by heating of biological material derived from plant tissues. This compound, identified previously as a potential industrial hazard, has now been found in many cooked foods. Reports of the presence of acrylamide in a range of fried and oven-cooked foods have caused worldwide concern because of its probable carcinogenicity in humans. The exact mechanism for the acrylamide formation in food is not well understood. The existing models to explain its formation have several limitations. This study was carried out to investigate the acrylamide formation in commonly consumed food stuff model and possible mechanisms of its reduction. Our system uses fried potato slices previously treated either with phenolic antioxidants from cranberry and oregano or coated with chickpea batter. We have shown that formation of acrylamide in fried potato chips is not an oxidative phenomenon and can be reduced by protective effects of chick pea proteins. Based on the results of our investigation we have proposed a non-oxidative model for acrylamide formation.
Dermatologists and allergists have far more experience and use more complex treatment regimens in the treatment of atopic dermatitis than other physicians.

Sommaire Antecedents: La dermite utopique est une affection cutanee dont la prevalence est elevee, en particulier chez les enfants. Meme s'il a ete demontre que les dermatologues preferent la traiter de facon plus vigoureuse que les generalistes, l'utilisation de la medication actuelle n'a pas encore ete quantifiee. Objectifs: Determiner les caracteristiques de la dermite atopique selon le nombre de consultations et le traitement en cabinet prive. Methodes: On a analyse les resultats du National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey de 1990 a 1997 afin d'evaluer l'utilisation de corticoides a usage topique, y compris leur concentration relative, et l'utilisation d'antibiotiques ou d'antihistaminiques oraux dans le traitement de la dermite atopique. Resultats: On a evalue a 0,9 million le nombre de consultations externes par annee de dermite atopique. Si l'on tient compte des consultations chez les generalistes pour lesquelles on a pose un diagnostic errone de dermite de contact, le nombre de consultations atteint trois millions. Des corticoides topiques ont ete utilises dans 67% des cas a une concentration moyenne de 4,5 (4,3, 4,8, intervalle de confiance de 95%). Quarante-huit pourcent de toutes les consultations chez les dermatologues l'ont ete pour la dermite atopique (63 consultations par annee par medecin), alors que les allergologistes n'ont eu que 10% de ces consultations (30 consultations par annee par medecin). Chez les autres, les consultations annuelles se sont limitees a 0,1 a 2 par annee. Les dermatologues etaient ceux qui avaient le plus souvent recours aux corticoides topiques (81% des cas) et aux corticoides a forte concentration (22% des cas). Les dermatologues et les allergologistes etaient les seuls medecins a prescrire des corticoides a tres forte concentration (12% et 9% des cas respectivement) et les plus enclins a utiliser une multitherapie (21% et 27% respectivement des cas traites a l'aide d'un corticoide). Conclusion: Les dermatologues et les allergologistes ont une plus grande expertise que les autres en ce qui a trait au traitement de la dermite utopique, tel que l'indiquent le nombre eleve de consultations par personne et l'utilisation de schemas therapeutiques complexes a l'aide de corticoides topiques.
Geographic and ontogenic variation in venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox)

Venom samples from western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) from 13 localities in the United States were tested for i.v. and s.c. lethality for mice, protease activity, hemorrhagic activity, and the presence of Mojave toxin. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel was used to compare protein composition. The neutralizing effect of two commercial antivenoms was evaluated against selected samples of venom. Venom of young snakes from north Texas was compared with that of adults from the same locality. Venom samples from the southwest portion of the range showed highest lethality, those from the northeast portion lowest. This trend was reversed with respect to protease activity. Hemorrhagic activity showed little geographic variation, but northern samples tended to be slightly higher. Differences in venom protein composition were evident between snakes from the eastern and western portions of the range. Mojave toxin in small to trace amounts was detected in two Arizona venom samples and one from west Texas. Antivenoms were relatively ineffective in neutralizing lethality. Venom of young snakes from north Texas was much more lethal by s.c. injection than that of adult snakes from any part of the range, but very low in protease activity. Hemorrhagic activity was about equal to that of adult snakes from the same region. Fifteen months later, lethality had declined almost five-fold, and protease activity had approached adult levels. There was a distinct change in protein composition. Mojave toxin was not detected in venoms of the young snakes.
Pulmonary Antipneumococcal Defenses after Hemisplenectomy

Conservative splenic surgery such as partial splenectomy is advocated for splenic injuries, since splenectomy predisposes individuals to overwhelming sepsis with encapsulated organisms, of which Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequently isolated. The respiratory route is argued to be the most likely portal of entry of pneumococci; however, little data exist on the interaction of the spleen and pulmonary defense mechanisms against pneumococcal invasion. We studied the effect of splenectomy, 50% splenectomy (hemisplenectomy), 25% splenectomy, and sham operation on in vivo clearance of live pneumococci from the lungs of male CD-1 mice following an aerosol challenge of pneumococci. Splenectomy impaired pneumococcal clearance from mouse lung pairs and allowed for increased translocation of live pneumococci to tracheobronchial lymph nodes compared to sham-operated controls. Preservation of splenic mass by partial splenectomy improved lung clearance and allowed for fewer bacteria to be cultured from tracheobronchial lymph nodes compared to splenectomized animals. Clearance of live pneumococci from the lungs and survival were directly proportional to the amount of splenic tissue remaining. Splenic factors probably exist which regulate reticuloendothelial cell function throughout the host. Maintaining adequate splenic mass, therefore, is an important consideration when operating for splenic trauma.
Picture Perfect: Using Photo-Voice to Explore Four Doctoral Students' Comprehensive Examination Experiences

A lack of critical inquiry is evident in the counselor education literature as it relates to doctoral students experiencing their examinations in a counselor education program. The researchers of this study used a relatively new data collection method, photo-voice, to creatively explore and capture their experience of the comprehensive exam. The results of this study produced a visual depiction of the experiences and provided insight and understanding regarding this phenomenon. Implications of these findings for counselor-educators and doctoral students are addressed.
Using specificity to strategically target proteases.

Proteases are a family of naturally occurring enzymes in the body whose dysregulation has been implicated in numerous diseases and cancers. Their ability to selectively and catalytically turnover substrate adds both signal amplification and functionality as parameters for the detection of disease. This review will focus on the development of activity-based methodologies to characterize proteases, and in particular, the use of positional scanning, synthetic combinatorial libraries (PS-SCL’s), and substrate activity screening (SAS) assays. The use of these approaches to better understand a protease’s natural substrate will be discussed as well as the technologies that emerged.
Management practices and risk factors for morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves

This prospective study involved 845 Holstein heifer calves born during 1991 on 30 dairy farms in southeast Minnesota. The objectives of the part of the study reported here were to examine relationships between management practices and incidence of morbidity and mortality at both herd and individual-calf levels. A survey administered by the investigators identified the herd management practices. Check-off forms completed by cooperating producers captured the individual-calf risk factors. Data collected included events surrounding each calf's birth as well as treatments and disease diagnoses for each heifer calf. Outcomes of interest were any occurrence of enteritis, pneumonia, or death between birth and 16 weeks of age. Time, place and date of birth, ease of birth, colostrum administration and any other treatments at birth, housing and any other treatments were the risk factors of interest. The overall morbidity rate for the study was 0.2 calves treated per 100 calf-days at risk (range 0-0.8, standard deviation 0.2), while the rates for scours and pneumonia were 0.15 cases per 100 calf-days at risk (0-0.7, ± 0.2) and 0.10 (0-0.7, ± 0.2) cases per 100 calf-days at risk, respectively. The mortality rate for the study period was 0.08 deaths per 100 calf-days at risk (0-0.3, ± 0.08); 64 heifers (7.5%) died during the study. Mean average daily weight gains for heifers from birth to 16 weeks of age was 0.82 kg day−1 for all farms (0.45–1.1, ± 0.2). In general, stated herd management practices were practiced at the individual-calf level. Several herd management practices altered the outcomes of interest. For example, the feeding of a coccidiostat to preweaned calves increased the herd risk of pneumonia (relative risk, 3.38; 95% CI 1.34–8.50). The feeding of a vitamin A-D-E supplement to preweaned calves exerted a protective effect against scours (0.35, 0.13–0.93). Managing group pens for weaned calves in an ‘all-in, all-out’ fashion rather than in a continuous flow system contributed to a farm having an average daily rate of gain that was above the median (3.06, 1.34–6.97). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to describe relationships between risk factors and the outcomes of interest. Calves that required assisted delivery were at an increased risk of developing enteritis sooner than those that were born without assistance. No other risk factors had a significant effect.
Intelligent material handling: use of vision

Vision systems will play an increasing role in inteffigent material handling systems. This paper discusses two hardware principles which make possible a host of cost-effective applications--integrated vision systems and the use of retroreflective materials. Described are (1) the design cost and performance characteristics of integrated systems those with the microcomputer array detector and illumination as part of a single circuit (2) the impact of using retroreflective materials those with apparent brightness of more than 1000 times that of diffuse white surfaces and (3) some specific applications: AGV guidance part handling and AS/RS control.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Similarities and differences between “traditional” and “nontraditional” college students in selected personality characteristics

In recent years, many colleges and universities in the United States have suffered a decline in the enrollment of students of “traditional” age (17-24 years). A new group of students has assumed many of the places once held by many “traditional” students; these newcomers, over the age of 25 years, have been labeled “nontraditional.” For the present study, the short form of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Texas Social Behavior Inventory, and the Self-Perception Profile were used to evaluate selected personality characteristics of both “traditional” and “nontraditional” undergraduates. The results indicated that only minimal differences exist between these two groups. However, significant gender effects, notably in the areas of manifest anxiety and self-esteem, were obtained.
Quantification of Frankia in soils using SYBR Green based qPCR.

Abstract A SYBR Green based q PCR method was developed for the quantification of clusters 1 and 3 of the actinomycete Frankia in soils. Primer nifHr158 was designed to be used as reverse primer in combination with forward primer nifHf1 specifically amplifying a 191-bp fragment of the nif H gene of these Frankia . The primer combination was tested for specificity on selected pure cultures, and by comparative sequence analyses of randomly selected clones of a clone library generated with these primers from soil DNA extracts. After adjustments of DNA extraction conditions, and the determination of extraction efficiencies used for sample normalization, copy numbers of nif H genes representing Frankia of clusters 1 and 3 were quantified in different mineral soils, resulting in cell density estimates for these Frankia of up to 10 6 cells [g soil {dry weight}] −1 depending on the soil. Despite indications that the nif H gene is not a perfect target for the quantification of Frankia , the q PCR method described here provides a new tool for the quantification and thus a more complete examination of the ecology of Frankia in soils.
Quantifier elimination for real closed fields by cylindrical algebraic decomposition--preliminary report

Tarski in 1948, [18] published a quantifier elimination method for the elementary theory of real closed fields (which he had discovered in 1930). As noted by Tarski, any quantifier elimination method for this theory also provides a decision method, which enables one to decide whether any sentence of the theory is true or false. Since many important and difficult mathematical problems can be expressed in this theory, any computationally feasible quantifier elimination algorithm would be of utmost significance.
The Constitutive Equations for Certain Classes of Deformations

In previous papers [1, 2] constitutive equations have been developed for a certain class of deformations in materials for which the stress at any instant of time depends, in general, not only on the displacement gradients at that instant of time, but also on the previous deformation history of the material.
POTASSIUM (K + ) REPLETION FAILS TO INTERFERE WITH REDUCTION OF SERUM LITHIUM (Li) CONCENTRATIONS BY SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE (SPS) IN MICE. • 287

POTASSIUM (K + ) REPLETION FAILS TO INTERFERE WITH REDUCTION OF SERUM LITHIUM (Li) CONCENTRATIONS BY SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE (SPS) IN MICE. • 287
Clinical Interventions With Adolescents Using a Family Systems Approach

The purpose of this article is to identify how Bowen family systems theory may be incorporated into individual counseling with adolescents when family involvement is not possible or contraindicated. Outcome and basic research supporting the application of Bowen family systems theory is reviewed. Specific clinical interventions for counseling adolescents that derive from Bowen family systems theory are provided, and a case study demonstrating these clinical interventions is presented.
Kinetics of spent activated carbon regeneration

Pyrolysis and regeneration kinetics of 11 spent activated carbons were studied using a thermal balance and a fludized bed reactor. The adsorbates were aromatic compounds with different types and number of side groups, and most of the side groups were lost on pyrolysis, leaving a residue about equal to the weight of the aromatic portion of the adsorbate. The residues from alkyl phenols reacted with oxygen at 770-920 K at rates up to 12 times the rate for the base carbon. There was a similar increase in oxygen chemisorption indicating increased number of active sites. The adsorption capacity of the carbons was mostly recovered by pyrolysis, even though the surface area and pore volume were reduced by the residue. Some oxidative regeneration is probably necessary to restore adsorption capacity for repeated use.
Income elasticity of poverty in developing countries: updated estimates from new data

New data on poverty released by World Bank in March 2012 are used to provide estimates of income (growth) elasticity of poverty for 2005–2008 and to compare these with two earlier periods. Five points are noted. First, there is a big drop in the overall elasticity for developing countries for 2005–2008, indicating a considerably weaker response of poverty to increased income. Second, the drop is particularly sharp for $1.25 poverty rate but is fairly substantial for $2.00 line also. Third, the fall largely reflects a slowdown in poverty reduction in China from the extremely high declines in previous periods and the consequent drop in the elasticities for that country. Fourth, the elasticities, particularly that for $2.00 line, continue to be extremely low in poverty-dense India where $2.00 poverty rate is still higher than that even in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Fifth, the good progress towards the poverty goal of the Millennium Declaration is once again noted to be almost entirely due to the huge poverty ...
Meconium periorchitis presenting as scrotal masses

Abstract Meconium periorchitis results from calcified meconium trapped in the scrotum and often mimics a testicular malignancy in an infant. Inguinal exploration is warranted if definitive diagnosis cannot be obtained from radiologic evaluations. Magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful in cases in which the scrotal ultrasound findings are inconclusive.
Developing an exposure–dose–response model for the acute neurotoxicity of organic solvents: overview and progress on in vitro models and dosimetry ☆

Abstract We are developing an exposure–dose–response (EDR) model for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to predict acute effects of VOCs on nervous system function from exposure data (concentration and duration of inhalation). This model contains both toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic components. One advantage of the EDR model will be its ability to relate in vitro effects of solvents on cellular ion channels (putative targets) to in vivo effects, using a combination of physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling (to estimate VOC concentrations in the blood and brain) and in vitro studies to clarify the mode of action of the VOCs. Recent work in vitro has focused on quantifying the inhibitory effects of toluene, trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PERC) on ion channel currents. All three VOCs inhibit current through voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs) in pheochromocytoma cells; PERC blocked calcium currents and altered the current–voltage relationship at lower concentrations than did toluene or TCE. Recombinant nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), expressed in Xenopus oocytes, were also inhibited by PERC and toluene in a concentration-dependent manner. PERC inhibited α7 receptors more than α4β2 receptors in recombinant human and rat nAChRs. However, human and rat α7 receptors were equally sensitive to PERC and TOL. These in vitro studies will be used to identify an appropriate neuronal receptor system to serve as an index of acute effects of VOCs in vivo. The PBTK model incorporates physiological input parameters derived from radiotelemetered heart rate data from rats performing operant tests of cognitive and motor functions. These studies should improve predictions of target organ concentrations of inhaled VOCs in subjects actively performing behavioral tests over a range of physical activity levels.
Design of Wide Tuning-Range mm-Wave VCOs Using Negative Capacitance

Negative capacitance (NC) circuits of single-ended and differential topologies are presented, analyzed and characterized. The novel NC designs extend the bandwidth of conventional NC circuits while maintaining low power consumption. To compare the performance of the designs, a figure of merit (FOM) is proposed. A power and area efficient NC scheme employing a 130 nm CMOS technology is applied to a mm-wave LC Voltage Controlled Oscillator (LC-VCO) for demonstration. The VCO tuning range is extended by employing the NC circuit to cancel the parasitic capacitance of the LC-tank; resulting in a 35% tuning range increase as compared to the reference LC-VCO circuit. The NC-based LC-VCO achieved a 27% tuning range in the Q-Band, which is the highest reported. Measured results compare closely to the theoretical analysis of the LC-VCO operating from 34.5 - 45.4 GHz.
Active Piezoelectric Diaphragms

Several active piezoelectric diaphragms were fabricated by placing unelectroded piezoelectric disks between copper clad films patterned with Inter-Circulating Electrodes "ICE". When a voltage potential is applied to the electrodes, the result is radially distributed electric field that mechanically strains the piezo-ceramic along the Z-axis (perpendicular to the applied electric field), rather than the expected in-plane (XY-axis) direction. Unlike other out of plane piezoelectric actuators, which are benders, these Radial Field Diaphragms (RFDs) strain concentrically yet afford high displacements while maintaining a constant circumference. This paper covers the fabrication and characterization of these diaphragms as a function of poling field strength, ceramic diameter and line spacing, as well as the surface topography, the resulting strain field and displacement as a function of applied voltage ranging from DC to 10 Hz.
IgG antibodies to the histone complex H2A-H2B characterize procainamide-induced lupus.

Abstract Patients treated with procainamide and other drugs commonly develop antinuclear antibodies and occasionally symptoms of lupus erythematosus. However, the pathological events which lead to clinical symptoms in some patients but only abnormal serology in others have not been established. The present study examines the incidence, amount, immunoglobulin class, and antigen-binding specificity of anti-histone and anti-denatured DNA (anti-dDNA) antibodies in three groups of patients. These comprised a prospective study of patients treated with procainamide, patients with clinical drug-induced lupus symptoms, and a group undergoing therapy for many years without any symptoms. Procainamide elicited IgG and IgM anti-dDNA antibodies concordantly. Anti-histone IgM antibodies also appeared de novo during this period but IgG anti-histone antibodies were detected less frequently. Asymptomatic patients tended to have an antibody profile consisting of highly elevated anti-dDNA, IgM antibodies reactive with all histones and IgG antibodies specific for only one or two histone classes. In contrast symptomatic patients usually had little anti-dDNA or antibodies to individual histones but had pronounced IgG antibodies to the histone complex H2A-H2B. This unique antibody was characteristic of procainamide-induced lupus and was not detected in patients whose disease was induced by hydralazine. Anti-(H2A-H2B) decreased after procainamide was discontinued, concomitant with subsidence of symptoms. The finding that autoantibodies elicited by procainamide in patients with lupus symptoms have a characteristic immunoglobulin class and specificity may be of pathogenic significance and suggests that patients susceptible to procainamide-induced lupus have a unique immune response. In addition, this information could be of diagnostic value in predicting which procainamide-treated patients will develop overt symptoms of lupus.