cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iatrogenic Radial Nerve Palsy After Humeral Shaft Nonunion Repair: More Common Than You Think.

Objectives To determine the rate of iatrogenic radial nerve palsy (RNP) after surgical repair of established humeral shaft nonunion (HSNU). Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Level I trauma center. Patients/participants Fifty-four patients with HSNU, 10 (18.5%) of whom developed an iatrogenic RNP after nonunion repair. Intervention HSNU repair with compression plate stabilization with or without autogenous bone graft. Main outcome measurements Postoperative iatrogenic RNP. Results Ten (18.5%) patients developed iatrogenic radial nerve palsies: 8 experienced complete resolution (mean, 2.5 months) and 2 experienced partial resolution. There were no statistically significant differences between patients who developed nerve palsy and those who did not in regard to age, gender, tobacco use, diabetic status, previous RNP, initial management (operative vs. nonoperative), surgical approach, presence of infected nonunion, number of previous surgeries, or operative time (P > 0.05). Conclusions The occurrence of iatrogenic RNP for patients undergoing surgical repair of an HSNU was 18.5%. According to historical data, this rate is nearly 3 times higher than for those undergoing open reduction and internal fixation of either acute humeral shaft fractures or HSNUs. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of Levels of Evidence.
The Entomological Society of America: The First Hundred Years, 1889–1989

A Centennial Celebration engenders a mood of nostalgia and a desire to distill from past experience some wisdom as a guide to the future. Centennials abound in this decade, revealing the time frame of our young republic and some great events that shaped its character. Some early hopes and aspirations have come of age and can now be viewed in the light of historical perspective. Sigma Xi celebrated its centennial in 1986 by focusing on a new agenda for science (Sigma Xi 1987). The centennial of Darwin's death (1982) provided a time to rededicate ourselves to advancing the implications of his concepts which drew heavily on Class Insecta ( BioScience 1982). The centennial of Aldo Leopold's birth (1987) took us back to his Sand County Almanac (Leopold 1949), and reassessment of his land ethic—land, man, resources, and wildlife (Taylor 1987). The National Geographic Society celebrated its centennial in 1988 and recaptured the excitement of an age in which “the relevant word was conquer—be it wilderness, disease, paganism or ignorance” (Goetzmann 1988). The American Society of Zoologists celebrates its centennial in 1989.
Sodium channel Nav1.8 Emerging links to human disease

The NaV1.8 sodium channel, encoded by gene SCN10A, was initially termed sensory neuron-specific (SNS) due to prominent expression in primary sensory neurons including dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Early studies on rodent NaV1.8 demonstrated depolarized voltage dependence of channel inactivation, a slow rate of inactivation, and rapid recovery from inactivation. As a result of these biophysical properties, NaV1.8 supports repetitive firing in response to sustained depolarization. This article reviews recent studies that reveal multiple links of NaV1.8 to human disease: (1) It has recently been shown that functional attributes that distinguish NaV1.8 from other sodium channel subtypes are exaggerated in human NaV1.8; its influence on neuronal activity is thus greater than previously thought. (2) Gain-of-function mutations of NaV1.8 that produce DRG neuron hyperexcitability have been found in 3% of patients with painful neuropathy, establishing a role in pathogenesis. (3) NaV1.8 is ectopically expressed within Purkinje neurons in multiple sclerosis (MS), where it perturbs electrical activity. Recent evidence indicates that variants of SCN10A predict the degree of cerebellar dysfunction in MS. (4) Emerging evidence has linked SCN10A variants to disorders of cardiac rhythm, via mechanisms that may include an effect on cardiac innervation. Involvement of NaV1.8 in neurologic disease may have therapeutic implications. NaV1.8-specific blocking agents, under development, ameliorate pain and attenuate MS-like deficits in animal models. Recent studies suggest that pharmacogenomics may permit the matching of specific channel blocking agents to particular patients. The new links of NaV1.8 in human disease raise new questions, but also suggest new therapeutic strategies.
Finite dimensional controller design for infinite dimensional systems: the circle criterion approach

Abstract The Hilbert space generalization of the circle criterion is used for the finite dimensional compensator design for unstable infinite dimensional systems. A design algorithm which generalizes the small gain based algorithm in [5] is presented.
Low-frequency Calibration for Electromagnetic Voltage Transformer of GIS Combined Electrical Apparatus

This paper analyzes the GIS combined electrical apparatus in terms of its equivalent capacitance in primary circuit and its influence on the equivalent circuit of the electromagnetic voltage transformer. The method is proposed to calibrate the low voltage error and load error of the electromagnetic transformer. The low-voltage and low-frequency method is applied to measure the voltage transformer excitation characteristics,and the calculation formula is derived for converting to the excitation characteristic of power frequency and obtaining the nonlinear data of excitation characteristics. Finally,in combination with transformer equivalent circuit,the error of transformer under rated voltage factor can be calculated. The measurement results by this new method show less than 0. 05% deviation from the measurement results by conventional method.
The Present Situation of Relation between Sedimentation,Subsidence,Extension and Fracture of The Graben Basin

The sedimentation,subsidence,extension and fracture occur in graben basin have great influence on the formation and distribution of oil and gas reservoirs in the area. Previous studies have made detailed research on one of the above four aspects,and little on their relationship. Therefore,the paper holds the view that the relationship between subsidence and fracture should be the priority.
The Diagnostic Imaging Information Center.

The authors have developed a Diagnostic Radiology Imaging Information Center, in which the physician can see at a glance, with minimum expenditure of time and maximum emphasis on relevance, a summary of the patient’s studies and procedures done in the x-ray department.
The Nucleation and Growth of Phosphate Minerals

The precipitation and dissolution of phosphate salts in aqueous systems is involved in biological mineralization, in the environment, as well as in a large number of industrial processes. The resurgence of interest in the crystallization of inorganic salts from aqueous solution in recent years has evolved because of its involvement in areas such as the removal of phosphate from waste water, the fate of elements such as aluminum, calcium, iron, and other heavy metals in the formation of lake and ocean sediments, and industrial cooling-tower systems where the formation of scale on heated metal surfaces is a continuing problem. Consideration of phosphate balances in lakes and rivers near heavily populated areas indicates that despite a continuous entry of phosphate ions, the phosphate concentration does not increase proportionately, indicating that at least some phosphate is removed by precipitation (Brown 1973). Since the concentration of metal ions such as calcium is also relatively high through the use of lime additions for the removal of phosphates from sewage, calcium phosphate precipitation may be of particular importance in such systems. In the lime additon process, an induction period usually precedes the formation of precipitate, and as much as 85%–90% of the phosphate can be removed in a recycling reactor at a pH of 8.0 (Ferguson et al. 1971). The use of reclaimed sewage as cooling water in many industrial processes results in conditions favoring the precipitation of metal phosphates. In order to be able to control the precipitation of these salts, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of the nucleation and growth reaction. However, the crystallization process is still one of the least well understood phenomena in chemistry.
Raman Studies of the Semiconductor to Metal Transition in Ge(As)

Using a YAG laser operating at 2.1 µm, polarized Raman spectra of Ge(As) have been measured as a function of impurity concentration. The impurity concentration ranged from, 6.3 × 1015 cm−3 (semiconducting regime) to 5.5 × 1017 cm−3 (metallic regime). By fitting the lineshape of the valley-orbit Raman line, which changes markedly at the transition, semiconducting regions and metallic regions are shown to coexist. The scattering mechanism for single particle excitations in the metallic regime has been identified as intervalley fluctuations.
Abstract 3286: Targeting mir101/ EZH2/NFkb axis by FGFR1 inhibitor in mantle cell lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma is classified as distinct non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma subtype characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation, which results in overexpression of Cyclin D1. The clinical presentation often includes extra-nodal involvement, of the bone marrow and gut. The prognosis of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (median overall survival, 3-5 years) is poorest among B-cell lymphoma patients. However, MCL pathogenesis has been delayed until the recent development of a tissue culture system, using stromal cells and adipocytes, suitable for propagating primary MCL cells. We hypothesized that tumor microenvironment might activate survival-signaling pathways essential for survival and maintenance of MCL, and targeting the identified signaling pathways might be an ideal for designing of curative treatment strategies. We developed an in-vitro culture system, mimicking bone marrow microenvironment that can be exploited to understand the biology of MCL resistance to death pathways. Primary MCL cells grown in co-culture with bone marrow stromal cells grew faster than cells cultured alone. We identified the soluble factors responsible for survival of MCL cancer stem cells (MCL-IC) that can be targeted to prevent relapse. We found the IL6 secretion triggered FGF-2 autocrine loop in MCL cells contributing to cell survival and growth by regulating mir101/EZH2/NFkb axis. The death signaling pathways inactive in MCL are restored upon therapeutic intervention by specific pathways inhibitors. In conclusion, we delineated three different signaling arm regulated in MCL cells to promote cell survival and resistance. We defined the factors supporting MCL and MCL-ICs survival essential for forming new targeting treatment strategies. To overcome MCL resistance to death pathways we have outlined the hMSCs-mediated support of MCL and identified drug targets to sensitize MCL to apoptosis. Citation Format: Lalit Sehgal, Neeraj Jain, Tamer Khashab, xin wang, Sattva Neelapu, Felipe Samaniego. Targeting mir101/ EZH2/NFkb axis by FGFR1 inhibitor in mantle cell lymphoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3286.
Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology of Pesticides

Publisher Summary Pesticides are chemicals deliberately used in households and modern agriculture, and subject to much regulation. As a class they typically are well studied especially due to growing concern about the safety of pesticides and how exposure may affect human health. Exposure, either occupational or via food residues/contamination of air and water, and reproductive outcome in populations have spurred a lot of the attention. Typically studies on pesticide use and pregnancy outcome generally concentrate on birth defects and the effects on the reproductive system in most agriculture-related occupations. Early and late fetal loss, alteration in gestational age at delivery, formation of terata (birth defects), infant/child morbidity and mortality, male/female sexual dysfunction, sperm abnormalities, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, illness during pregnancy and parturition, and endocrine effects are included in the endpoints examined. The Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program in Europe has provided data for indirect exposure assessment to endocrine disruptors in the general population. Pesticides acting on the developing organism or on the reproductive system may produce adverse effects by several mechanisms. There is greater concordance between laboratory animal models and humans for adverse effects on fertility than in the area of developmental effects. Developmental toxicity in animals, however, does not translate to the same kind of developmental defect in humans.
Communicative Settings for Language Learning Abroad

In reviewing her learning journals, English-language educator Linda Librande described her search for ‘that real soul-melding, transcendent experience that comes with wrapping yourself up in another language’ (1998: 170). After taking little swipes at learning Arabic and Mandarin, Librande settled on Korean. When the occasion presented itself, she took advantage of a five-month stay in Seoul, hoping, apparently, to ‘soak up Korean like a sponge:’ All in all, my FL situation did not foster my language development as much as I had hoped it would. The time was too short. Five months was just a wisp of time and I needed more, much more. Also I had to face the fact that I was living and working in a largely English milieu where many wanted to practice their English with me. Unfortunately, dropping from a cloud onto a Korean street was not enough to ensure that I would soak up Korean like a sponge. It became clearer that learning a new language is a deliberate act… (Librande 1998: 183–184)
Blocked But Not Tackled: Who Founds New Firms When Rivals Dissolve?

Research summary: This article examines the role of competitive shocks in creating opportunities for new firm foundings. I argue that the sudden dissolution of rival firms may release resources that create opportunities for firm formation, particularly among employees facing impediments to capturing value in their current organizations. Analyzing microdata from the legal services industry, I use unexpected deaths of solo-practicing attorneys as quasi-exogenous sources of rival dissolution. Results indicate that these shocks increase the odds of founding by about 30%, with stronger effects among attorneys with weaker social connections or higher competition for promotion. The article thus highlights the role that founders play in reallocating dissolved rivals' resources while demonstrating that founding may be an important outlet for “blocked” employees to capture value from opportunities. Managerial summary: This article finds that the shutdown and dissolution of a rival organization may spur employees to found new firms. As a consequence, managers may find it valuable to pay attention to employees' turnover intentions following the dissolution of a rival. Findings suggest that employees who are having trouble advancing in the firm may be the most likely to found a new organization when a rival dissolves, so managers may want to focus retention efforts on these individuals. To the extent that managers wish to capture customers, employees, and other resources that were formerly attached to a dissolved rival, managers may wish to be aware that they could be in competition with their own employees for these resources and opportunities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syrian hamster neuroplasticity mechanisms fail as temperature declines to 15 °C, but histaminergic neuromodulation persists.

Previous research suggests that hippocampal neurons in mammalian hibernators shift their major function from memory formation at euthermic brain temperatures (T b = ~37 °C) to modulation of hibernation bout duration as T b decreases. This role of hippocampal neurons during torpor is based in part on in vivo studies showing that histamine (HA) infused into ground squirrel hippocampi lengthened torpor bouts by ~50%. However, it was unclear if HA acted directly on hippocampal neurons or on downstream brain regions via HA spillover into lateral ventricles. To clarify this, we used hippocampal slices to determine if HA would modulate pyramidal neurons at low levels of synaptic activity (as occurs in torpor). We tested the hypotheses that although LTP (a neuroplasticity mechanism) could not be generated at low temperatures, HA (via H2 receptors) would increase population spike amplitudes (PSAs) of Syrian hamster CA1 pyramidal neurons at low stimulation voltages and low temperatures. PSAs were recorded following Schaffer collateral stimulation from subthreshold levels to a maximum response plateau. We found that tetanus evoked LTP at 35 °C but not 15 °C; and at temperatures from 30 to 15 °C, HA significantly enhanced PSA at near threshold levels in slices from non-hibernating hamsters housed in “summer-like” or “winter-like” conditions and from hibernating hamsters. Cimetidine (H2 antagonist) blocked HA-mediated PSA increases in 8 of 8 slices; pyrilamine (H1 antagonist) had no effect in 7 of 8 slices. These results support our hypotheses and show that HA can directly enhance pyramidal neuron excitability via H2 receptors and thus may prolong torpor bouts.
On the improvement of spectral efficiency in mobile networks: Rate and mobility analysis

In this work1, we consider a mobile distributed MIMO architecture, where the communicating nodes continuously recruit clusters of adjacent transmit and receive nodes to operate as mobile and temporary antenna arrays. As the channel conditions change due to node mobility, the clusters are reconfigured to best serve the communicating nodes. The reconfiguration rate depends on the required system performance, exhibiting a tradeoff between performance and complexity. Our results show that there is an optimal number of transmit nodes (out of the nodes with most favorable channel conditions) to maximize the system achievable rate, which we quantify by closed-form expressions. With the nodes being modeled as Brownian motions, the time interval to reselect a new transmit cluster is obtained analytically and serves to estimate the order of magnitude of the required cluster reselection time for a practical random walk models.
The Perioperative Surgical Home for the Geriatric Population

The perioperative surgical home while in its infancy in many ways is a concept trialed under different names for decades with the goals being to improve patient outcomes and satisfaction while decreasing costs. This can be achieved by decreasing variability, utilizing multidisciplinary teams, coordinating care across the continuum, and engaging the patient in the process. Geriatric patients serve as the prime population to benefit from these concepts given their increased risk and cost due to their comorbidities, increased concentration on quality of life, and the magnitude of impact of a “simple procedure.” With only increasing operative and nonoperative procedures being performed in these patients, development of rigorous programs utilizing concepts of the PSH will improve care into the future.
Modelling methodology for analysis of shipboard power systems with multiple superconducting devices

Benefits of integrated HTS power system and the associated cryogenic systems are discussed. A versatile modelling methodology developed to assess the system level implications of various potential configurations of for connecting multiple HTS devices is described. Case studies involving a hypothetical HTS system with a generator, a motor and a power cable is used to demonstrate the usefulness of the modelling methodology. Using the methodology, multiple configurations were analyzed and the results are discussed.
Effects of Intensive Blood Pressure Treatment on Acute Kidney Injury Events in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT)

Background Treating to a lower blood pressure (BP) may increase acute kidney injury (AKI) events. Study Design Data for AKI resulting in or during hospitalization or emergency department visits were collected as part of the serious adverse events reporting process of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). Setting & Participants 9,361 participants 50 years or older with 1 or more risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to a systolic BP target of Outcomes & Measurements Primary outcome was the number of adjudicated AKI events. Secondary outcomes included severity of AKI and degree of recovery of kidney function after an AKI event. Baseline creatinine concentration was defined as the most recent SPRINT outpatient creatinine value before the date of the AKI event. Results There were 179 participants with AKI events in the intensive arm and 109 in the standard arm (3.8% vs 2.3%; HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.30-2.10; P P =0.5). For participants with sufficient data, complete or partial resolution of AKI was seen for 169 (90.4%) and 9 (4.8%) of 187 AKI events in the intensive arm and 86 (86.9%) and 4 (4.0%) of 99 AKI events in the standard arm, respectively. Limitations Trial results are not generalizable to patients with diabetes mellitus or without risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Conclusions More intensive BP lowering resulted in more frequent episodes of AKI. Most cases were mild and most participants had complete recovery of kidney function. Trial Registration Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with study number NCT01206062.
Variable DC bus control for a bidirectional on-board electric vehicle charger

In this paper, a variable dc bus control strategy is evaluated for a bidirectional grid connected electric vehicle (EV) charger topology. The EV charger under consideration comprises of an ac-dc 3-φ active rectifier stage followed by a dc-dc dual active bridge (DAB) converter. The voltage of the common dc-link between the ac-dc stage and the dc-dc stage is regulated such that it follows the voltage variations of the battery pack. The proposed control strategy helps to minimize circulating reactive currents in the DAB converter and extends the soft-switching operating range of the same to achieve high system efficiency. An optimal design approach is presented to select the DAB converter parameters that can be used in conjunction with the variable dc bus control strategy. Experimental results on a 3.3 kW EV charger hardware prototype validate the benefits of the variable dc bus control and proposed optimal design methodology.
Secretion, isotopic labeling and deglycosylation of N-acylethanolamine acid amidase for biophysical studies.

Abstract N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is an N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) enzyme with a catalytic cysteine residue that has highest activity at acidic pH. The most prominent substrate hydrolyzed is palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), which regulates inflammation. Inhibitors of NAAA have been shown to increase endogenous levels of PEA, and are of interest as potential treatments for inflammatory disorders and other maladies. Currently, there are no X-ray or NMR structures of NAAA available to inform medicinal chemistry. Additionally, there are a limited number of enzyme structures available that are within the Ntn-hydrolase family, have a catalytic cysteine residue, and have a high sequence homology. For these reasons, we developed expression and purification methods for the production of enzyme samples amenable to structural characterization. Mammalian cells are necessary for post-translational processing, including signal sequence cleavage and glycosylation, that are required for a correctly folded zymogen before conversion to active, and mature enzyme. We have identified an expression construct, mammalian cell line, specific media and additives to express and secrete hNAAA zymogen and we further optimized propagation conditions and show this secretion method is suitable for isotopic labeling of the protein. We refined purification methods to achieve a high degree of protein purity potentially suited to crystallography. Glycosylated proteins can present challenges to biophysical methods. Therefore we deglycosylate the enzyme and show that the activity of the mature enzyme is not affected by deglycosylation.
An Examination of The Transdiagnostic Role of Delay Discounting in Psychological Inflexibility and Mental Health Problems

Delay discounting is a basic behavioral process that has been found to predict addictive behaviors and, more recently, other mental health problems. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a transdiagnostic treatment that appears to alter delay discounting, possibly through reducing psychological inflexibility. The current study sought to further bridge research on delay discounting and ACT by examining the relation of delay discounting to a broad range of self-reported mental health problems and measures of psychological inflexibility. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 389 college students. Small negative correlations ranging between .09 and .15 were statistically significant between delay discounting and self-reported depression, anxiety, eating concerns, hostility, academic distress, and student functioning (only general social functioning and social anxiety were non-significant). Similar negative correlations were also found between delay discounting and measures of psychological inflexibility. Psychological inflexibility statistically mediated all of the relations between delay discounting and mental health problems such that delay discounting was no longer related to mental health problems when including the mediator. Overall, these results suggest that delay discounting is a transdiagnostic process relevant to a range of mental health problems, potentially through its impact on psychological inflexibility.
Skeletal muscle ex vivo mitochondrial respiration parallels decline in vivo oxidative capacity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscle strength: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle declines with age. Most evidence for this decline comes from studies that assessed mitochondrial function indirectly, and the impact of such deterioration with respect to physical function has not been clearly delineated. We hypothesized that mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized human muscle fibers declines with age and correlates with phosphocreatine postexercise recovery rate (kPCr), muscle performance, and aerobic fitness. Mitochondrial respiration was assessed by high-resolution respirometry in saponin-permeabilized fibers from vastus lateralis muscle biopsies of 38 participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA; 21 men, age 24-91 years) who also had available measures of peak oxygen consumption (VO2max ) from treadmill tests, gait speed in different tasks, 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, isokinetic knee extension, and grip strength. Results indicated a significant reduction in mitochondrial respiration with age (p < .05) that was independent of other potential confounders. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was also associated with VO2max , muscle strength, kPCr, and time to complete a 400-m walk (p < .05). A negative trend toward significance (p = .074) was observed between mitochondrial respiration and BMI. Finally, transcriptional profiling revealed a reduced mRNA expression of mitochondrial gene networks with aging (p < .05). Overall, our findings reinforce the notion that mitochondrial function declines with age and may contribute to age-associated loss of muscle performance and cardiorespiratory fitness.
Surface Acoustic Wave Viscosity Sensor with Integrated Microfluidics on a PCB Platform

This paper illustrates the extension of Rayleigh wave-based surface acoustic wave (SAW) viscosity and density sensor previously developed by the authors for integration with microfluidics and printed circuit board (PCB)-based electronics. The SAW device is first modeled with a microchannel and analyzed using finite-element method (FEM) software. Precise fabrication, alignment, and bonding of polydimethylsiloxane microchannels on diced $Y$ - $Z$ lithium niobate substrates are accomplished. A high-frequency PCB is built to obtain a better performance for SAW device testing. Low glycerin concentrations in deionized (DI) water are analyzed. The FEM simulation results and vector network analyzer measurements of the devices with the microchannel and PCB integration are presented. For low-frequency SAW sensor, a sensitivity of 171.9 Hz/(% glycerin) or 5.57 kHz/(kg/ $\text{m}^{2}\surd \text{s}$ ) in frequency shifts, 0.09°/(% glycerin) or 2.92°/(kg/ $\text{m}^{2}\surd \text{s}$ ) in phase difference, and minimum signal-to-noise ratio of 13.9 dB are achieved at peak frequency of 29.7 MHz. On the other hand, high-frequency (86.1 MHz) SAW sensor provides a sensitivity of 937.5 Hz/(% glycerin) or 37.15 kHz/(kg/ $\text{m}^{\mathbf {2}}\surd \text{s}$ ) in absolute frequency shifts, 0.37°/(% glycerin) or 14.7°/(kg/ $\text{m}^{\mathbf {2}}\surd \text{s}$ ) in phase difference, and minimum signal-to-noise ratio of 20.5 dB.
Implementation and evaluation of a pharmacist-led electronic visit program for diabetes and anticoagulation care in a patient-centered medical home

Purpose Results of a study evaluating quality-of-care, financial, and patient satisfaction outcomes of pharmacist-conducted telehealth visits for diabetes management and warfarin monitoring are reported. Methods A retrospective pre–post study was conducted to determine the impact of an electronic visit (e-visit) program targeting 2 groups of outpatients: adults with uncontrolled diabetes and warfarin-treated adults performing patient self-testing (PST) for monitoring of International Normalized Ratio (INR) values. Results A total of 36 patients participated in the e-visit program during the 2-year study period. Among warfarin-treated patients, the percentage of INR values in the desired range increased relative to preenrollment values (from 62.5% to 72.7%, p = 0.07), and the frequency of extreme INR values (values of 5.0) decreased (from 4.8% to 0.01%, p = 0.01); the margin per patient was $300 during the first year and $191 annually thereafter. In the diabetes group, a decrease from baseline in glycosylated hemoglobin values of 3.4 percentage points was observed at 5.7 months after enrollment ( p Conclusion An online e-visit model for warfarin monitoring was an efficient, safe, and cost-effective method for implementing PST. Pharmacist-led management of diabetes through e-visits, often in combination with in-person visits, generated revenue while significantly improving clinical outcomes.
Creating spaces of public insecurity in times of terror: The implications of code/space for urban vulnerability analyses:

From data leaks of sensitive information to the degrading or halting of complete systems upon which integral societal process rely, there are daily reminders of the precariousness of networked inst...
Modern Probability: Competing Semantics

The case [Chap. 4] of limiting frequencies vs. degrees of belief was opened anew in the 20th century. Two major semantic developments occured within ten years around Kolmogorov’s decisive contribution [Chap. 5] to the syntax of probability theory: Von Mises [1928] proposed a strictly frequentist interpretation, which we introduce in Sect. 6.1; and [De Finetti, 1937] offered a degree of belief interpretation [Sect. 6.3]. The semantics of the theory however turned out to be much more controversial than its syntax. Motivated in large part by some of the unresolved problems with von Mises’ approach, logicians were led to the clarification of the concept of randomness. This task was completed only after the notion of algorithmic complexity, pioneered by Kolmogorov [1963], became available and was extended from finite strings to infinite sequences by Martin-Lof [1966] [Sect. 6.2]; in that section, we make use of recursive function theory,the mathematical elements of which are summarized in Appendix C.
Light water reactor (LWR) innovation needs in the United States: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology LWR innovation project

A major effort under way within the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Engineering School is focused on the contributions that technology innovation can make in revitalizing nuclear power in the United States. A principal component of this effort is a project to improve the designs of the next generation of light water reactors (LWRs) with emphasis on achieving improved capacity factors and safety, and reducing the construction duration. The motivation for this overall effort is to prevent the nuclear option from being unnecessarily lost by being available only in uneconomic configurations. In considering how to advance this effort, the authors focused on refining the designs of new reactors because this is the area where the greatest opportunities for improvements exist.
Anatomy of Cerebral Circulation

This chapter covers the anatomy of cerebral circulation. Under normal conditions, the brain is highly perfused and is very sensitive to any change or interruption in its blood supply. If the circulation to the brain is completely blocked, loss of consciousness occurs within seconds and irreversible pathological changes within minutes. The arterial supply to the human brain mainly consists of two pairs of arteries, the right and left internal carotid and the right and left vertebral arteries. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery, which then unites with the two internal carotids to form a complete anastomotic ring at the base of the brain known as the Circle of Willis. This ring then gives right to three pairs of arteries, the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries, which cover the external surface of the corresponding regions of the cerebral cortex. The configuration of the brain venous system is even more complex and provides many opportunities for mixing of blood which drains the various regions. There are three groups of valveless vessels which allow for the drainage. The eye, supplied by the internal carotid artery and drained by the ophthalmic vein, with a tributary of the cavernous sinus, has a circulation which is essentially indistinguishable from that of the brain.
Histone acetylation and hormone action. Early effects of aldosterone on histone acetylation in rat kidney.

Histone acetylation in the kidney of the adrenalectomized rat was increased 5 min after a physiological dose of aldosterone. The increase was exclusively in the histone F2a1. The increase in histone acetylation was given by 9α-fluorocortisol, deoxycorticosterone and cortisol, but not by progesterone. The increase in histone acetylation was abolished by prior treatment of the animals with the anti-mineralocorticoid agent, SC14266 [potassium 3-(3-oxo-17β-hydroxy-4,6-androstadien-17-yl) propionate]; the basal degree of histone acetylation was unaffected. Pretreatment of the animals with actinomycin D or cyclo-heximide did not affect the stimulation, showing the stimulation was not due to increased synthesis of enzyme.
Primary Cilia are Mechanosensory Organelles with Chemosensory Roles

In the previous volume, we discussed the roles of primary cilia as mechanosensory organelles. Primary cilia have also been proposed to be chemosensory organelles. As a mechanosensory organelle, primary cilium could initiate the release of various cytokines-like substances, involving nitric oxide and purinergic agonists. As a chemosensory organelle, primary cilium also contains various receptors responding to hedgehog and Wnt signaling systems. In this section, we will describe cilia as newly recognized communication devices in response to agonist to regulate cell cycle and cellular development.
IMPROVING AFTER-HOURS CALLS TO ENDOCRINOLOGY FELLOWS.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the frequency and nature of after-hours calls to endocrinology fellows and employ interventions to direct appropriate care to primary endocrinologists. Methods: The on-call fellows logged calls that came to them during the after-hours and marked them as urgent or nonurgent. We analyzed these calls and then implemented interventions to educate patients on calls that can wait until the next business day. We also trained providers to provide script refills during clinic visits and educated fellows on how to best manage and document these after-hours calls. Results: From July to August 2017, 100 calls were logged. The average number of calls per 24 hours was 1.61, and 47% were marked nonurgent. From January to March 2018, the fellows logged 0.64 calls per 24 hours, and 51% were logged as nonurgent. Most of these calls were for insulin and testing supply refills. Conclusion: Many after-hours calls to the fellows were nonurgent and could have waited until the next business day. Our continuing interventions aim at improving both physician and patient satisfaction, as well as patient care.
The Timing of Alloplastic Cranioplasty in the Setting of Previous Osteomyelitis.

BACKGROUND Management of cranial osteomyelitis is challenging and often includes debridement of infected bone and delayed alloplastic cranioplasty. However, the optimal interval between the removal of infected bone and definitive reconstruction remains controversial. The authors investigated the optimal time for definitive reconstruction and factors influencing cranioplasty reinfection. METHODS A retrospective review of 111 alloplastic cranioplasties for osteomyelitis between 2002 and 2015 was performed. Patients were divided into four subgroups based on timing of reconstruction: group 1, less than 3 months; group 2, 3 to 6 months; group 3, 6 to 12 months; and group 4, more than 12 months. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate the probability of cranioplasty reinfection based on risk factors. Median follow-up was 45.9 months (range, 12.4 to 136.9 months). RESULTS The combined reinfection rate was 23.4 percent. The reinfection rate in group 1 was 39.6 percent; group 2, 12.5 percent; group 3, 8.0 percent; and group 4, 0.0 percent (p < 0.001). The mean interval between the infected bone removal and cranioplasty was shorter in patients with reinfection than in patients without reinfection (2.2 ± 3.9 months versus 6.1 ± 8.3 months; p < 0.001). The strongest independent predictors of reinfection were chemotherapy (OR, 10.1; 95 percent CI, 2.9 to 35.2), composite defect requiring scalp reconstruction at the time of cranioplasty (OR, 3.3; 95 percent CI, 1.2 to 8.9), and early reconstruction. Each month of delay in reconstruction reduced the reinfection rate by 10 percent (OR, 0.9 per each month of delay; 95 percent CI, 0.8 to 1.0). Cranioplasty material was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Early alloplastic cranioplasty following osteomyelitis carries an unacceptably high risk of reinfection. This risk decreases by 10 percent with each month of delay. The authors' regression model can be used to predict the probability of reinfection for all time periods. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
Ketamine procedural analgosedation before and after introducing nitrous oxide 70% in a paediatric emergency department.

AIMS OF THE STUDY The spectrum of agents available for procedural analgosedation (PAS) in paediatric emergency departments (EDs) has increased over the last few decades, yet the pharmacological agents most used in our ED are ketamine and nitrous oxide (N2O). The aim of this study was to assess which patient characteristics in an ambulatory setting were associated with physicians selecting N2O 70% or ketamine as the sedating agent in our paediatric ED, after N2O 70% was introduced. METHODS Patients aged 0 to 16 years who received PAS in a tertiary children’s hospital ED in 2007 (before N2O 70% implementation) and 2016 (after N2O implementation) were included in this retrospective, single-centre cohort study. Data were collected by querying the outpatient ED database for N2O 70% and ketamine. Obtained data included patient characteristics, procedure type and sedation medication. RESULTS 1168 patients were included; 59.8% (699) were male. The overall mean age was 6.3 (± 4.0) years; in the ketamine subgroup, 4.6 (± 4.0) years and in the N2O subgroup, 7.8 (± 3.4) years. In 2016, N2O was chosen in 86.7% of cases involving children aged 4 to 16 years, compared to 28.5% of cases involving children three years and younger. The most apparent shift from ketamine to N2O occurred in patients with displaced upper extremity fractures, with an increase of N2O 70% from 0% in 2007 to 90.8% in 2016. CONCLUSIONS The use of ketamine PAS shifted to N2O PAS, especially in children older than three years and for the reduction of displaced upper extremity fractures.
A timeline for hand function following exposure to 2 °C water

Abstract In some regions of the North Atlantic Ocean water temperatures are close to 0 °C for half of the year. Individuals who work in this extremely cold water environment will experience hand temperatures that are associated with reduced hand function (e.g.
Fibrous metal–carbon composite structures as gas diffusion electrodes for use in alkaline electrolyte

The fabrication of novel fibre composite electrode structures and the performance assessments for oxygen reduction in alkaline electrolyte is reported. An array of 2μm diameter activated carbon fibres interlocked within a network of 2μm sinter-bonded metal fibres to form the composite structure was used. The resulting electrode structure is stable, highly conductive and can maintain void fraction exceeding 95%. Electrode physical properties including thickness, macroporosity, volume and mass fractions of constituent carbon and metal fibres have been controlled, characterized, and related to the electrode polarization in a KOH half cell. Comparisons have been made with a commercial Teflon-bonded gas diffusion electrode (GDE). It has been demonstrated that this novel method allows reproducible and low-cost fabrication of GDEs with the optimal balance between macropores for gas access, micropores for liquid access, and conductive paths for electron access.
Immune response to stress induction as a predictor of cognitive-behavioral therapy outcomes in adolescent mood disorders: A pilot study

Abstract Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) alleviates symptoms of depression in youth with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Empirical research has linked inflammatory markers to depressive symptoms and acute psychosocial stress; however, a gap remains as to whether immune response to stress may serve as a putative mechanism of treatment. This preliminary pilot study determined the modest feasibility of assessing psychobiological response to stress as a predictor of CBT outcomes for youth with mood disorders. We evaluated whether participation in a 10-session group-CBT intervention for mood disorders altered inflammatory response to a laboratory psychosocial stress induction and if this alteration in immune stress responsivity was related to a decrease in depressive symptoms. Thirty-four youth (age M = 15.03, SD = 1.91) diagnosed with BD or MDD participated in a 10-session CBT group and pre- and post-group assessments; twenty-eight participants who completed the group had usable cytokine data. Pre- and post-group assessments included stress induction with the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) during which inflammatory cytokines were measured at baseline (time 0) and after the TSST at 30, 60, and 90 min. Results suggest it is modestly feasible to measure immune response to stress alongside CBT treatment for adolescent mood disorders. Our findings were mixed; across seven cytokines, hierarchical linear models indicated two cytokines, IL6 and IL12, were sensitive to acute laboratory stress. We also found significant correlations between life stress, inflammation, and depression both pre- and post- CBT group. Inflammation pre-group, as measured by IL12 and IL1 β predicted depressive symptoms following treatment. Although we did not find significant within-subject reductions in inflammation, chronic stress predicted changes in IL β , signaling the central role of chronic stress. This study offers preliminary evidence that immune responsivity to stress induction could serve as a mechanism of treatment for mood disorders in youth, indicating a potential marker for more personalized model of healthcare.
Outcomes With Complete Versus Incomplete Revascularization in Patients With Multivessel Coronary Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Everolimus Eluting Stents

The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes with completeness of revascularization (CR) in patients with multivessel disease (MVD) who underwent PCI using everolimus-eluting stent (EES). Patients with MVD who underwent PCI using EES in New York State were chosen. Patients were categorized into CR, attempted but failed CR or incomplete revascularization (ICR). The primary outcome was death/myocardial infarction (MI). Secondary outcomes were death/MI/repeat revascularization and the individual components of the composite outcomes. Multiple propensity score adjustment analysis was used to adjust for differences in covariates among the 3 groups. Among 15,046 patients, 4,545 (30%) had CR. The strongest predictors of ICR were the number of vessels diseased (χ2 = 428.48; p
Metabolic Profiling Reveals Biochemical Pathways Responsible for Eelgrass Response to Elevated CO2 and Temperature.

As CO2 levels in Earth’s atmosphere and oceans steadily rise, varying organismal responses may produce ecological losers and winners. Increased ocean CO2 can enhance seagrass productivity and thermal tolerance, providing some compensation for climate warming. However, the metabolic shifts driving the positive response to elevated CO2 by these important ecosystem engineers remain unknown. We analyzed whole-plant performance and metabolic profiles of two geographically distinct eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) populations in response to CO2 enrichment. In addition to enhancing overall plant size, growth and survival, CO2 enrichment increased the abundance of Calvin Cycle and nitrogen assimilation metabolites while suppressing the abundance of stress-related metabolites. Overall metabolome differences between populations suggest that some eelgrass phenotypes may be better suited than others to cope with an increasingly hot and sour sea. Our results suggest that seagrass populations will respond variably, but overall positively, to increasing CO2 concentrations, generating negative feedbacks to climate change.
Computational Methods for Simulating Biased Agents

I present an overview of my research which investigates how models of human behavior can inform the design of new algorithms and interfaces. Specifically, I show how precise, testable computational methods and behavioral experiments can be used to simulate heuristics and bias in human attention and decision making.