cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serological survey of selected canine viral pathogens and zoonoses in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and black bears (Ursus americanus) from Alaska

Summary Between 1988 and 1991,644 serum samples were collected from 480 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and 40 black bears (Ursus americanus) from Alaska, United States of America, and were tested for selected canine viral infections and zoonoses. Antibody prevalence in grizzly bears was 0% for parvovirus, 8.3% (40/480) for distemper, 14% (68/480) for infectious hepatitis, 16.5% (79/480) for brucellosis, 19% (93/480) for tularaemia and 47% (225/478) for trichinellosis. In black bears, prevalence ranged from 0% for distemper and parvovirus to 27.5% for trichinellosis and 32% for tularaemia. Antibody prevalence for brucellosis (2.5%) and tularaemia (32%) were identical for grizzly bears and black bears from the geographical area of interior Alaska. Links between differences in prevalence and the origin of the grizzly bears were observed. Antibodies to canine distemper virus and infectious hepatitis virus were mainly detected in grizzly bears from Kodiak Island and the Alaskan Peninsula. Brucellosis antibodies were prevalent in grizzly bears from western and northern Alaska, whereas tularaemia antibodies were detected in grizzly bears from interior Alaska and the Arctic. There was a strong gradient for antibodies to Trichinella spp. from southern to northern Alaska. For most diseases, antibody prevalence increased with age. However, for several infections, no antibodies were detected in grizzly bears aged from 0 to 2 years, in contrast to the presence of those infections in black bears. Grizzly bears served as excellent sentinels for surveillance of zoonotic infections in wildlife in Alaska.
Orbital presentations of giant cell arteritis

Background: giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis that may affect the optic nerve and cause blindness (e.g. ischemic optic neuropathy). Orbital inflammatory disease, however, is an uncommon presentation of GCA. Purpose: to alert clinicians to the orbital presentations of GCA. Patients and methods: a retrospective case series from tertiary care academic ophthalmic referral centers of four patients with orbital manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Results: presentation of cases and review of the literature. In three cases, a temporal artery biopsy was diagnostic of GCA, but in one case, an orbital biopsy was needed to confirm the diagnosis Conclusion: GCA can have orbital manifestations and clinicians should be aware of this unusual presentation of GCA in cases of presumed orbital inflammatory pseudotumor in the elderly.
Testing for systematic defects based on DFM guidelines

With shrinking feature sizes of manufacturing processes, the occurrence of systematic defects is expected to increase. In this paper, we present techniques for identifying potential systematic defect candidates from design-for-manufacturing (DFM) layout guidelines. DFM guidelines are tightened to find layout locations as potential sites for systematic defects, affected transistors are identified at the schematic level, and defect behaviors are translated to gate level logic faults. Experimental results are (R) presented on an Intel Pentiumreg 4 design for the evaluation of existing tests in screening systematic failures and identifying potential test holes. Additional test content is generated for improving test quality.
Sustainability of K-12 engineering outreach activities beyond the grant period

We describe the successful implementation of a pipeline of engineering outreach activities for K-12 students based on funds made available by a Texas Engineering and Technical Consortium (TETC) Texas Youth in Technology Demonstration Project Grant. In addition to educating K-12 students about the engineering discipline we also aim at improving our electrical and computer engineering undergraduate student retention rate by employing undergraduate students as mentors. We show how key investments and partnerships built during the grant period enable us to continue and grow our outreach and mentoring programs.
Solving the Service Composition Puzzle

We observed and grouped common service composition techniques into six patterns with distinct characteristics of their integration intermediary. No pattern is better than others in all business and IT situations. Therefore our analysis suggests a formal methodology in impact and cost analysis to justify the choice of composition patterns in service design. Our contribution leads to an advisory tool consisting of questionnaire, semantic reasoning and assessment map to assist IT architects in making a decision of lasting impact. Through solving the service composition puzzle, we hope further values of service oriented architecture may be demonstrated at a fraction of total ownership cost.
Molecular analysis of the region of distal 1p commonly deleted in Neuroblastoma

Abstract Cellular, cytogenetic, and molecular evidence indicates that chromosome band 1p36 is often deleted in neuroblastoma cell lines and tumours, suggesting the presence of one or more tumour suppressor genes in this region. We used a multifaceted approach to analyse the commonly deleted region. 28 distal 1p-specific polymorphic loci were used to detect loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in a panel of primary neuroblastoma tumours. Thirty-two of 122 tumours (26%) demonstrated LOH at three or more loci. In addition, a patient with a constitutional deletion of 1p36.2–.3 and two neuroblastoma cell lines with 1p36 abnormalities were characterised by FISH. When combined with the LOH data, a single consensus region of deletion was defined proximally by PLOD and distally by D1S80 , a region spanning approximately five megabases. Several proposed candidate tumour suppressor genes, including ID3 , CDC2L1 , DAN , PAX7 , E2F2 , TNFR2 and TCEB3 , map outside of this region; however, the transcription factor HKR3 cannot be excluded. LOH for 1p is correlated with adverse clinical and biological features and a poor prognosis, but 1p LOH is not an independent predictor of overall survival. To identify additional candidate genes, an integrated physical map of 1p35–36 is being constructed. The current map includes 445 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-formatted markers and 608 YACs. This map will help identify region-specific transcripts by direct selection and sequencing.
Two Sources of Subjectivity: Qualitative Assessment and Dimensional Uncertainty

Abstract This paper examines the use of scalar adjectives in two contexts that have played a role in discussions of the subjective/objective distinction: ‘faultless disagreement’ discourses and the nonfinite complement position of the subjective attitude verb find. I argue that the pattern of distribution and interpretation of scalar adjectives in these contexts provides evidence for two sources for subjectivity, which are distinguished from each other in that one affects the grammatical properties of a predicate and one does not. The first kind, which licenses appearance in the complement position of find, is based in the lexical semantics of predicates that encode qualitative assessments. The second kind, which gives rise to faultless disagreement effects, arises from uncertainty about the dimensions of evaluation that are involved in fixing the extension of a predicate in a context of utterance.
Pressure profiles of plasmas confined in the field of a magnetic dipole

Equilibrium pressure profiles of plasmas confined in the field of a dipole magnet are reconstructed using magnetic and x-ray measurements on the levitated dipole experiment (LDX). LDX operates in two distinct modes: with the dipole mechanically supported and with the dipole magnetically levitated. When the dipole is mechanically supported, thermal particles are lost along the field to the supports, and the plasma pressure is highly peaked and consists of energetic, mirror-trapped electrons that are created by electron cyclotron resonance heating. By contrast, when the dipole is magnetically levitated losses to the supports are eliminated and particles are lost via slower cross-field transport that results in broader, but still peaked, plasma pressure profiles.
Trends in Reported Foodborne Illness in the United States; 1996–2013

Retrospective review is a key to designing effective food safety measures. The analysis examines trends in the reported incidence of illness due to bacterial pathogens commonly transmitted by food in the United States during 1996-2013 with and without specifying a model form for trend. The findings indicate early declines in reported incidence followed by a period of no significant trend for Campylobacter, Listeria, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157, and Yersinia. The results are inconclusive about whether there is no trend or an increasing trend for Salmonella. While Shigella exhibits a continuous decline, Vibrio exhibits a continuous increase. Overall, the findings indicate a lack of evidence for continuous reduction in illness due to bacterial pathogens commonly transmitted by food in the United States during 1996-2013.
Flame acceleration due to wall friction: Accuracy and intrinsic limitations of the formulations

The analytical formulations on the premixed flame acceleration induced by wall friction in two-dimensional (2D) channels [Bychkov et al., Phys. Rev. E 72 (2005) 046307] and cylindrical tubes [Akkerman et al., Combust. Flame 145 (2006) 206] are revisited. Specifically, pipes with one end closed are considered, with a flame front propagating from the closed pipe end to the open one. The original studies provide the analytical formulas for the basic flame and fluid characteristics such as the flame acceleration rate, the flame shape and its propagation speed, as well as the flame-generated flow velocity profile. In the present work, the accuracy of these approaches is verified, computationally, and the intrinsic limitations and validity domains of the formulations are identified. Specifically, the error diagrams are presented to demonstrate how the accuracy of the formulations depends on the thermal expansion in the combustion process and the Reynolds number associated with the flame propagation. It is shown that the 2D theory is accurate enough for a wide range of parameters. In contrast, the zeroth-order approximation for the cylindrical configuration appeared to be quite inaccurate and had to be revisited. It is subsequently demonstrated that the first-order approximation for the cylindrical geometry is very accurate for realistically large thermal expansions and Reynolds numbers. Consequently, unlike the zeroth-order approach, the first-order formulation can constitute a backbone for the comprehensive theory of the flame acceleration and detonation initiation in cylindrical tubes. Cumulatively, the accuracy of the formulations deteriorates with the reduction of the Reynolds number and thermal expansion.
Open Source Building Science Sensors (OSBSS): A low-cost Arduino-based platform for long-term indoor environmental data collection

Abstract Accurate characterization of parameters that influence indoor environments is often limited to the use of proprietary hardware and software, which can adversely affect costs, flexibility, and data integration. Here we describe the Open Source Building Science Sensors (OSBSS) project, which we created to design and develop a suite of inexpensive, open source devices based on the Arduino platform for measuring and recording long-term indoor environmental and building operational data. The goal of OSBSS is to allow for more flexibility in synchronizing a large number of measurements with high spatial and temporal resolution in a cost effective manner for use in research projects and, eventually, in building automation and control. Detailed tutorials with instructions for constructing the data loggers using off-the-shelf electronic components are made available freely online. The project currently includes a variety of sensors and data loggers designed to measure a number of important parameters in buildings, including air and surface temperatures, air relative humidity, human occupancy, light intensity, CO2 concentrations, and a generic voltage data logger that can log data from a variety of other sensors such as differential pressure sensors. We also describe results from co-location tests with each data logger installed for one week in an educational building alongside their commercial counterparts, which demonstrate excellent performance at substantially lower costs.
Percutaneous closure of a coronary fistula with single Amplatzer Vascular Plug II in a five-month-old female: The youngest case report

Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a rare clinical abnormality characterized by a connection between one or more coronary arteries and an adjacent cardiac chamber or vascular structure. Although CAF complications are more common in older children over time, there is still no consensus in terms of treatment indications in children with asymptomatic fistula. We describe an asymptomatic infant diagnosed with a severely dilated right coronary artery and a coronary-cameral fistula treated successfully by transcatheter device closure. The Amplatzer Vascular Plug II appears to be safe, effective and relatively easy to use for CAF closure in infants.
Congruence Representations in Algebraic Number Fields II. Simultaneous Linear and Quadratic Congruences

Let ƒ and λ be positive integers and p a positive odd prime. Suppose further that P is an ideal of norm p f in a finite extension F of the rational field. In (2), which will also be referred to as I in the present paper, we obtained the number of solutions Ns(m) of the quadratic congruence,
Visualizing and Quantifying Charge Distributions Correlated to Threshold Voltage Shifts in Lateral Organic Transistors

Lateral organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), consisting of a polystyrene (PS) polymer gate material and a pentacene organic semiconductor (OSC), were electrically polarized from bias stress during operation or in a separate charging step, and investigated with scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) and current–voltage determinations. The charge storage inside the polymer was indicated, without any alteration of the OFET, as a surface voltage with SKPM, and correlated to a threshold voltage (VT) shift in the transistor operation. The SKPM method allows the gate material/OSC interface of the OFET to be visualized and the surface voltage variation between the two gate material interfaces to be mapped. The charge distribution for three samples was derived from the surface voltage maps using Poisson’s equation. Charge densities calculated this way agreed with those derived from the VT shifts and the lateral gate-OSC capacitance. We also compared the behavior of two other polymers with PS: PS accepted the...
A Curious Mechanical Paradox

(1910). A Curious Mechanical Paradox. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 17, No. 6-7, pp. 132-135.
3.39 µm Laser Absorption Sensor for Ethylene and Propane Measurements in a Pulse Detonation Engine

A fiber-coupled mid-infrared (mid-IR) laser absorption sensor was designed to monitor ethylene and propane concentration in a multiple-cycle pulse detonation engine (PDE). The engine was operated at repetition rates ranging from 5 to 20 Hz with near-stoichiometric fuel/air mixtures. A 3.39 µm helium neon laser was fiber-coupled to the engine, enabling continuous, time-resolved measurements of fuel concentration. Design criteria are discussed to overcome sensor noise from optical emission, spark ignition, and the harsh mechanical vibrations of the fired engine. The sensor provides quantitative measurement of the stoichiometry to compare to PDE simulations and allows optimization of fuel valve timing and fill pressure for improved engine performance. Pulse-to-pulse interactions during fired engine tests can perturb the fuel loading compared to unfired tests, illustrating the need for in situ fuel monitoring for PDE development and testing.
Insiders in an Empty World

We are insiders and outsiders depending on the setting, activity, or function. As we move through different stages in our lives our identity changes and adapts depending on the situation.As a girl ...
Textual Research of Locust Plagues in Sichuan

Locusts have always been the most dangerous pests to farm crops.Confronted with the severe disasters,and failing to destroy the locusts,people had to turn to gods for help.Therefore,the custom of offering sacrifice to gods for locust elimination is developed.The gods worshipped for preventing and controlling locust disasters are mainly Bala and General Liu Meng.In a research of the Sichuan local records in various historical periods,it is found that temples of locust gods were built in many counties;however,few records were discovered about locust plagues in or around the regions.This seemingly inconsistent phenomenon is explained by the speculation that the construction of the temples was ordered by the local governments or was a reflection of the psychology of the public to prevent disasters by offering sacrifice to gods.
Study on Separation and Purification of Genistein by Nanoscale Polymer Microspheres

Genistein was separated and purified by nanoscale polymer microspheres from soybean.The effects of type of nanoscale polymer microspheres,volume fraction of eluent,elution speed and sample amount(sample-medium ratio,g∶mL) on efficiency of separation and purification were studied.The optimum conditions were obtained as follows:type of PS25-300 nanoscale polymer microspheres was selected as chromatography medium,using 60% ethanol as eluent,elution speed was 2 BV·h-1,and sample amount was 1∶200.Under above conditions,the yield of the final product was over 75% and its purity was over 98%.This method is reliable for separation and purification of high-purity genistein with simple process,easy operation,high-yield and quality-controllable product.
Regional convergence within particular country — An approach based on the regional price deflators

This paper applies regional price deflators for Polish NUTS2 regions and US states in order to reassess regional income convergence within particular country. We find that the regional income disparities decrease significantly once we account for regional price differentials. Moreover, we prove that the application of regional price deflators has significant impact on the results of both σ and β-convergence analysis. They also influence the conclusions concerning the magnitude of spatial spillovers. The above results can have important policy implications, in particular concerning the EU Cohesion Policy financial allocations and the assessment of policy effectiveness.
Folic acid awareness and use among women with a history of a neural tube defect pregnancy--Texas, 2000-2001.

The use of folic acid is a critical component in preventing birth defects. Health-care providers should take advantage of all health-care visits to counsel not only women at high risk (i.e., those with a history of having an infant with a neural tube defect [NTD]) but all women regarding the importance of folic acid use. A study conducted in Texas confirmed that white and Hispanic mothers were equally likely to recall receiving postpartum advice to use folic acid; however, Hispanic women were much less likely to use folic acid, compared with white women. This report covers data from May 2000 through November 2001. A study was conducted in Texas to determine whether women at high risk recall and follow recommendations to use folic acid. The study included 195 women at high risk and 223 control mothers who gave birth to infants without birth defects. These women participated in a telephone interview for a population-based case-control study of NTDs. Approximately 56.4% (110 of 195) of mothers who had infants affected by an NTD recalled receiving postpartum advice to use folic acid, compared with 25.6% (57 of 223) of control mothers (p < 0.01). Among nonpregnant case mothers, 54 (32.7%) of 165 reported regular use of supplements containing folic acid, and 53 (25.2%) of 210 nonpregnant control mothers reported this behavior (p = 0.11). Among case mothers, use of folic acid was significantly higher for whites (64.7%) versus Hispanics (16.5%) (p < 0.001); for women with some college education (57.1%) versus no college education (20.2%; p < 0.001); for women who were trying to get pregnant (66.7%) versus those using birth control (38.3%) or reporting using no contraceptive method (18.8%) (p = 0.001); and for women who reported receiving advice to use folic acid (40.9%) versus those who did not (22.2%; p = 0.01). Findings from this study support the need to implement NTD recurrence prevention activities in Texas. Data also identify a need for educational strategies in Texas that target Hispanic women at high risk, especially those who primarily speak Spanish. Further efforts should be made to determine why Hispanic women have low rates of folic acid use (e.g., the cost of vitamins and language and cultural barriers). On the basis of a review of research and current practice, recommendations developed by the Public Health Service include 1) women at risk for a recurrent NTD-affected pregnancy should take 0.4 mg of folic acidper day; and 2) if a woman at high risk is planning a pregnancy, she should consult her physician regarding taking the higher dose of 4.0 mg per day.
Regulation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3-Dependent Innate Immunity by the HCV NS3/4A Protease

Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) is a ubiquitously expressed latent cellular transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in control of innate, type I interferon (IFN) antiviral responses. After viral infections, IRF-3 is activated by specific C-terminal phosphorylation, which induces its dimerization and nuclear translocation, whereupon IRF-3 activates the transcription of type I IFNs and a number of other antiviral effector genes. Many viruses have evolved strategies that antagonize signaling mechanisms leading to IRF-3 activation. Recent studies have shown that hepatitis C virus blocks IRF-3 activation and subsequent IFN induction by cleaving critical cellular substrates within the intracellular antiviral signaling pathways upstream of IRF-3 with its major protease, NS3/4A.
Enzymic Hydrolysis of Various Components in Biomembranes and Related Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the action of hydrolytic enzymes on model systems of aggregated lipids. In view of their specificity of action and the generally mild conditions under which they work, hydrolytic enzymes are excellent tools for the selective modification of membrane structure by elimination or alteration of a specific component or group of components. A membrane thus modified is then subject to study by other methods. The various aspects of organization and topography, and the correlates of molecular processes, are probably best manifested in the rate and extent of hydrolysis of various membrane components by specific enzymes. The molecular aspects are best manifested while considering modification and modulation of various specific membrane functions following treatment of functional membrane with hydrolytic enzymes. The chapter also discusses the modification of gross morphological features of membranes, the alteration of features relating to the general system properties, and the perturbation of specific molecular features that give rise to specialized membrane functions.
Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Dependent Personality Disorders

All of the DSM-IV personality disorders share at least some features in common (e.g., impaired interpersonal relationships, distortions in selfconcept). Numerous classification systems have been proposed to organize personality disorder pathology into categories, dimensions, or clusters that would share certain underlying commonalities and would be distinguished with respect to others. Only a few of these systems have been widely accepted, and most have been widely criticized. Perhaps any grouping of personality disorders, and particularly any categorical distinctions, will create certain difficulties, even as it resolves others. This chapter is concerned with histrionic, narcissistic, and dependent personality disorders. The inclusion of these disorders within the same chapter does not necessarily suggest a common issue or unifying theme that naturally joins them or distinguishes them from other disorders of personality. All three have their roots within psychodynamic
Aberrant DNA Methylation and Transcriptional Silencing of DLC-1 in Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia.

Abstract 2954 Poster Board II-930 The deleted in liver cancer-1 (DLC-1) gene encodes a Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) with potential tumor-suppressor activity. Hypermethylation in the DLC-1 promoter is an aberrant epigenetic modification associated with transcriptional silencing of DLC-1 in various types of human cancers. To explore the epigenetic alteration of DLC-1 in Waldenstrom9s macroglobulinemia (WM), we investigated the methylation status of the DLC-1 promoter and its correlation with DLC-1 mRNA expression in cell lines and primary WM patient samples. Initial analysis using methylation-specific PCR (MSP) showed that DLC-1 promoter was completely methylated in WM-WSU and partially methylated in BCWM.1. Using quantitative RT-PCR, DLC-1 mRNA expression was detectable in BCWM.1, but not WM-WSU. These results suggested a correlation between the DLC-1 methylation status and mRNA expression. Similarly, among multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines, we showed that RPMI and U266 exhibited complete methylation, whereas INA6 showed partial methylation, and no methylation was detectable in MM1S and MM1R cells. Similar in WM cells, DLC-1 methylation status was highly correlated with the mRNA expression in these MM cell lines. Of 37 WM patient samples examined, 24 (65%) exhibited methylation in the DLC-1 promoter. In contrast, no methylation of DLC-1 was observed in 4 healthy volunteers. The methylation status was further confirmed using bisulfite DNA sequencing in a subset of WM patients. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that DLC-1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in WM patients compared to healthy volunteers ( p =0.001). Treatment with demethylation agents azacytidine or 5-aza-deoxycytidine resulted in significant reactivation of DLC-1 transcription in the WM cell lines WM-WSU and BCWM.1. In addition, a synergistic induction of DLC-1 transcription was observed in the presence of azacytidine and the HDAC inhibitor Vorinostat in BCWM.1 and primary WM patient cells. Moreover, functional studies showed that overexpression of DLC-1 induced cell growth arrest and apoptosis in BCWM.1. DLC-1 methylation status was also correlated with serum sCD27 levels in WM patients ( p =0.004), which is secreted by WM cells, serves as a marker of disease burden and facilitates CD40L directed paracrine stimulation by mast cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the down-regulation of DLC-1 via aberrant DNA methylation plays a role in the pathogenesis of WM, and represents a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of WM. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Cancer is a propagandist

Communication among cells (also known as cross-talk) plays a prominent role in the current knowledge of the pathophysiology of cancer and of cancer-associated conditions such as paraneoplastic syndromes and cachexia that are responsible for much of cancer's morbidity and mortality. Yet, biomedical scientists lack an explicit unifying frame that places this exchange of molecular information at the core of their understanding of cancer as a systemic disease. Propaganda is a type of information that aims at misleading, a form of communication intended primarily to serve the messenger. The biased molecular cross-talk between cancer and non-cancer cells can be considered as a form of biological propaganda. I here propose cancer is a propagandist as a metaphor that may serve as a unifying frame to interpret both cancer and cancer-associated syndromes under the same communication-based concept and may thus serve to bring together research that is currently compartmentalized under separate disciplines.
Chapter 2 Curvature and Differential Forms

In Chapter 1 we developed, in terms of vector fields, the classical theory of curvature for curves and surfaces in \(\mathbb{R}^{3}\). There is a dual approach using differential forms. Differential forms arise naturally even if one is interested only in vector fields. For example, the coefficients of tangent vectors relative to a frame on an open set are differential 1-forms on the open set. Differential forms are more supple than vector fields: they can be differentiated and multiplied, and they behave functorially under the pullback by a smooth map. In the 1920s and 30s Elie Cartan pioneered the use of differential forms in differential geometry [4], and these have proven to be tools of great power and versatility. In this chapter we redevelop the theory of connections and curvature in terms of differential forms.
Two lessons from Christie Davies

Two important methodological lessons are highlighted, using examples from Christie Davies' work: the significance of negative evidence and of terminological precision.
Zhuang-Zi: A New Algorithm for Solving Multivariate Polynomial Equations over a Finite Field.

We present the Zhuang-Zi algorithm, a new method for solving multivariate polynomial equations over a finite field. We describe the algorithm and present examples, some of which cannot be solved with the fastest known algorithms.
Interfacial Liquid Structuring at SiC-Water Interfaces and its Effects on Heat Transfer

The development of micro and nanoscale devices spans a wide range of purposes and the presence of solid-liquid interfaces is observed in several applications, especially in the biomedical field. The interfacial solid-liquid interactions are short-ranged and dominant in a region 1.0–1.5 nm thick adjacent to the interface, where the liquid particles tend to form organized complex structures. The existence of interfacial liquid structuring has demonstrated to influence heat transfer across solid-liquid interfaces. In this investigation, silicon carbide (SiC) was considered due to its promising properties, such as high electron mobility, high saturation drift velocity, and biocompatibility. The structural properties of water films were studied numerically by means of Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. It was observed that energy potential wells generated by the solid phase prompted the formation of periodic concentration regions in the first hydration layer adjacent to the solid. In high-temperature systems, the mobility of the liquid atoms increased; however, the periodic structures formed at the interface remained observable. Structural parameters, such as the structure factor and radial distribution function suggested a water interfacial structure between ice and liquid, but the vibrational behavior did not implicate the same conclusion.
Approaches and challenges in the synthesis of three-dimensional covalent-organic frameworks

Covalent organic frameworks, cross-linked crystalline polymers constructed from rigid organic precursors connected by covalent interactions, have emerged as a promising class of nanoporous materials owing to their highly desirable combination of attributes, including facile chemical tunability, structural diversity, and excellent stability. Despite the distinct advantages offered by three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks, research efforts have predominantly focused on the more synthetically-accessible, two-dimensional variants. Here we present an overview of synthetic approaches to yield three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks, identify synthetic obstacles that have hindered progress in the field and recently-employed methods to address them, and propose alternative techniques to circumvent these synthetic challenges. Three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are attractive functional materials, although there are fewer examples than their two-dimensional counterparts. Here, the authors review the synthetic approaches yielding these compounds, and highlight key challenges facing researchers in the field.
UNIT 17.2 Measurement of Protein Sulfenic Acid Content

Protein sulfenic acids are reactive, reversibly oxidized cysteinyl residues with roles in redox catalysis and regulation. Detection and quantification of these species in proteins is accomplished through chemical modification by reagents such as 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD chloride), 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoate (TNB), dimedone, or derivatives of dimedone, followed by UV-visible spectroscopy or mass spectrometric analysis. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 38:17.2.1-17.2.27. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: sulfenic acids; cysteine modification; cysteine oxidation; UV-visible spectroscopy; mass spectrometry
On an Additive Prime Divisor Function of Alladi and Erdős

This paper discusses the additive prime divisor function \(A(n) := \sum \limits _{p^\alpha || n} \alpha \, p\) which was introduced by Alladi and Erdős in 1977. It is shown that A(n) is uniformly distributed (mod q) for any fixed integer \(q > 1\) with an explicit bound for the error.
Please Tweet Responsibly: The Social and Professional Ethics of Public Defenders Using Client Information in Social Media Advocacy

Every day the criminal legal system hauls poor and marginalized individuals through a process wrought with trauma, indignity, and abuse. Public defenders representing the criminally accused view their clients and the system from a unique vantage point: they bear witness to the human costs of a system that falls far short of its purported norms and ideals. For the public defender who works within this reality day in and day out, fighting for each individual client might feel limited in its wider impact. Some public defenders have found that using online and social media platforms, such as Twitter, to provide insights and commentary on the human toll of the criminal legal system is one way to contribute to a deepened public awareness of the criminal legal system’s shortcomings. Indeed, while statistics about mass criminalization and mass incarceration provide powerful data points, narratives about the very real ways that clients experience being arrested, charged, processed and adjudicated can influence public debate and create momentum for both an individual case and more comprehensive systemic reform. These online and social media narratives about clients can be powerful because they help to convey to unfamiliar audiences how the law is actually being experienced by those who have been marginalized because of their economic status, ability, race, sexual orientation, gender identity, or immigration status. While this can be a compelling and effective approach, public defenders need to consider what their ethical obligations are and also what a strong sense of social and professional responsibility requires. The deep racial disparities in the criminal legal system and the particularly unique vulnerabilities of the indigent criminal client necessitate that public defenders refrain from using client narratives in ways that may inadvertently oversimplify and exploit a client’s life experience. This article offers public defenders practical guidance on how to ethically and responsibly draw from their specialized knowledge and the experiences of their clients in order to expose systemic injustice.
A Pre-service Pathway for Preparing Future AP CS Principles Teachers

The surge of interest in K-12 computer science (CS) over the past decade has led to a deep need for a corresponding expansion of trained teachers. The primary focus of most K-12 CS teacher professional development has been for current in-service teachers who have little background in CS. To raise the importance of CS within Colleges of Education, we believe that new pathways and experiences are needed for pre-service Education majors to learn more about authentic CS topics and pedagogy. This experience report summarizes our efforts over the past two years to prepare Secondary Math Education (SEMA) majors to teach AP CS Principles (AP CSP). Our approach consists of the following curricular activities: 1) a two-course sequence, with the first course mapping to the content topics of the AP CSP Curriculum Framework, and the second course consisting of a reflection of CS methods and pedagogy, including opportunities for SEMA students to develop and present their own AP CSP lesson plans; 2) opportunities for SEMA students to observe AP CSP classrooms in local high schools through our partnership with experienced AP CSP teachers; 3) summer participation in a College Board AP Summer Institute for AP CSP, and 4) a six-week ETS Praxis CS preparation modules-based course, offered to both pre-service SEMA students and in-service teachers. We summarize our lessons learned and present results that suggest our approach is preparing pre-service students with pedagogical and content knowledge that meets or exceeds current in-service training models (including an analysis of recent Praxis results for CS certification in our state).
De-colonizing International Counseling for LGBTQ Youth

Counselors working with LGBTQ youth in international contexts risk re-creating oppressive social dynamics that marginalize indigenous ways of knowing and helping. In this critical literature review...
Design of a Lightweight Low Inductance Power Module with Ceramic Baseplates

A lightweight high power-density low inductance power module design is presented in this paper. This power module utilizes vertical loop design to reduce the stray inductance. Various ceramic materials have been explored for the design as baseplate materials. Compared to the conventional power module structure, simulation results show 50% reduction in maximum electric field strength and 47% reduction in CM leakage current. Dynamic testing results of the fabricated power module are presented. The power loop inductance is 1.1 nH, and the drain to source voltage sees 4.3% voltage overshoot under 700 V 25 A switching.
SARS CoV-2: a review of current treatment regimens

SARS CoV-2, otherwise known as Corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) has left >300,000 dead without a definitive cure in sight. Significant research has been conducted regarding the use of currently available pharmacotherapies and multiple clinical trials are underway to bring new treatments to market. While supportive treatment remains the standard of care, additional therapeutic regimens including antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, immunoenhancers, vitamins, systemic steroids, inhalants, anticoagulants, and convalescent plasma are showing promise.
Perceptions of the Fiscal Challenges Facing Athletic Departments of Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Research has shown the athletic departments of historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) do not generate significant revenue. The financial struggle facing HBCU athletic departments can be explained using Resource Dependency theory. Specifically, as HBCUs are the most under-resourced member institutions of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the numbers prove how these institutions do not have the funds to invest in their programs. The purpose of this study is to explore the fiscal challenges facing HBCU athletic departments. To gather this information, two different groups of participants were interviewed to obtain an independent and insider perspective of the challenges. Phenomenology was the methodological approach for this study as each participant had the opportunity to discuss their unique view of the current financial state of HBCU athletic departments. Participants took part in semi-structured interviews framed around fiscal challenges. This study contributes to the growing body of literature addressing HBCU athletics by providing an exploration of current fiscal challenges facing the institutions.
From a Romantic Shōjo to an Independent Otaku: The Transformations of the Female Protagonist in the Sarashina nikki Manga

This paper examines the three manga adaptations of Sarashina nikki ( The Sarashina Diary , ca. 1058) written by Sugawara no Takasue no musume (Sugawara no Takasue's daughter) (1008-1059). The three manga adaptations were created in the early 1990s and in 2014, and belong to the genre of shōjo manga . Focusing on key episodes and scenes in the three manga rewritings, I examine how each recreates the heroine and why specific images of the eleventh-century woman emerged at the time they did. I argue that the shifting representations of the female protagonist in Sarashina nikki reflect social developments in Japan since the 1970s, including the decreasing importance of patriarchal norms and traditional roles assigned to women as wives and mothers. These adaptations show how the stereotypical view of young girls and women as cute ( kawaii ), which implies obedience, passivity, and dependence, has shifted towards a new, modern image of Japanese women who make independent choices regarding their social roles and careers.
Using digital environments to design inclusive and sustainable communities of practice in academic libraries

Abstract While promoting professional development among library workers is a priority for many academic libraries, library administrators often discuss the challenges involved in designing flexible, sustainable professional development programs that meet the diverse needs and interests of library workers. With investment in professional development around online teaching and learning becoming an institutional priority upon the onset of the COVID-19, we set out to create a flexible and sustainable professional development program that could facilitate conversations around teaching and learning in our libraries and that could be inclusive of all library workers throughout our distributed, multi-branch university library system. In this paper, we share our approach to developing virtual, miniature Communities of Practice (Mini CoPs), describing in detail the process of designing these groups and the formation of two distinct leadership roles within this program, the Community Coordinator and the Community Facilitator. We then describe our program evaluation strategies and findings from the first cohort of Mini CoPs. Based on our findings, we suggest that this program design presents a model for developing inclusive and sustainable professional development programming for librarians and library staff that has applicability even beyond the current constraints facing higher education. We close with a reflection on some of the potential limitations of our model, along with proposed next steps to consider.
Temperature dependency of the long-term thermal conductivity of spray polyurethane foam:

The thermal properties of closed-cell foam insulation display a more complex behaviour than other construction materials due to the properties of the blowing agent captured in their cellular struct...
Cellular and molecular biology of neuronal intermediate filaments.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the structural properties of neuronal intermediate filaments (IFs) and how these properties influence neuronal-IF assembly dynamics and axonal-transport kinetics. IF proteins, including the neuronal IFs, belong to a complex, multigene family, which has been divided into six types of genes. IF proteins typically contain a central, α-helical rod domain of approximately 310 amino acids, which is subdivided into three coils by short, non-α-helical linker domains of more variable length and sequence. The rod domain is highly conserved in primary and secondary structure among the IFs, particularly at the ends. This rod domain confers a fibrous character upon IF proteins, and by virtue of its hydrophobic heptad repeats yields a hydrophobic strip along one side of the helix to promote dimerization. The amino-terminal head domains of the neuronal IFs exhibit only limited sequence homologies, including an 11-amino acid-stretch highly conserved between rat α-internexin and NF-M. Rich in arginine, they are highly basic, and the prevalence of glycine, proline, and serine residues predicts a structure dominated by β-turns and β-sheets.
Laser‐ and Optical‐Based Techniques for the Detection of Explosives

A wide variety of optical- and laser-based techniques have been and are currently being investigated as means of identifying and characterizing explosive materials. These efforts are hampered by the very low volatility of explosive compounds at room temperature and their tendency to ignite at higher temperatures where their vapor pressures are beginning to reach a regime where the species can be readily detected. Traditional, condensed-phase absorption spectroscopy (both infrared (IR) and ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS)) requires larger samples than are frequently available and, although useful as confirmatory techniques, do not provide signatures that enable unique identification of species. The choice of nontraditional techniques for analysis of explosive materials is dependent upon the amount of sample available, the sample matrix, and sample-imposed constraints upon the measurement. Raman spectroscopy can identify and quantify condensed-phase explosive materials, but the detection limit depends upon substrate, excitation wavelength, and illumination area: limits of detection (LODs) vary from 0.05 ng for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on glass to 10 µg for nitroglycerin (NG) on silica gel. The other detection techniques considered require volatilization of either the explosive compound itself or more often of characteristic decomposition products, such as NO, NO2, or N2O. Using IR irradiation, researchers have demonstrated that photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has detection limits ranging from 0.55 ppb (parts per billion) for vapor-phase NG with 9 µm excitation to 220 ppm (parts per million) for vapor-phase 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) with 6-µm excitation. IR laser differential absorption detection of dissociation products NO, NO2, and/or N2O can achieve detection limits of a few picograms. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection of the photofragments (typically NO) of explosive compounds yields detection limits in the tens to hundreds of ppb (by weight) range. Low LODs can be achieved using ion detection techniques: resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectrometry is capable of LODs for detecting vapor-phase explosives compounds in the hundredths to tens of ppb range; ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has vapor-phase detection limits for common explosive compounds of typically 200 pg, but for some species can be significantly lower: for example, 1 pg for TNT.
fos-jun Conspiracy: implications for the cell.

Two nuclear oncoproteins, fos and jun (AP-1), cooperate in forming a very stable heterodimeric complex that binds to the AP-1 site on DNA with high affinity. The 'leucine zipper' domain of both fos and jun is necessary for the formation of this heterodimer. Mutations of single residues within the leucine zipper domain have no effect on protein complex formation. However, results from mutagenesis of the first leucine of the heptad repeat in either fos or jun basic regions and alteration of the spacing between the basic and leucine zipper domains indicate that the basic region of fos plays a crucial role in determining the DNA binding affinity of the transcriptional complex. Mutations of the basic amino acids in fos protein prevent binding to the tumour promoter response element (TRE) in the presence of wild-type jun protein. Thus fos protein appears to be dominant in jun-fos binding to DNA, even though fos alone cannot bind to TRE. Mutants in the basic region of fos and jun can be exploited as dominant-negative mutants to ablate the normal fos cellular function.