cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bandwidth control for replicated-stream multicast video distribution

Real-time multicast video distribution is an important component of many multimedia applications. Our work addresses the fairness problem in feedback-controlled multicast video distribution systems over best effort networks (such as the Internet). We have proposed, implemented and experimented with a scheme called destination set grouping (DSG), where a source maintains a small number of video streams, all carrying the same video but each targeted at receivers with different capabilities. Each stream is feedback-controlled within prescribed limits by its group of receivers. Receivers may move among groups as their capabilities or the capabilities of the network paths leading to them change. In this paper, we focus on the potential for network overloading caused by the transmission of multiple replicated streams. We propose a number of mechanisms to be implemented at the source and the receivers that can help avert this problem. We also describe an evaluation of these schemes using simulation, and discuss a comparison of replicated-stream versus layered-encoding approaches.
The possibility of language

This book is about the limits of machine translation. It is widely recognized that machine translation systems do much better on domain-specific controlled-language texts (domain texts for short) than on dynamic general-language texts (general texts for short). The authors explore this general — domain distinction and come to some uncommon conclusions about the nature of language. Domain language is claimed to be made possible by general language, while general language is claimed to be made possible by the ethical dimensions of relationships. Domain language is unharmed by the constraints of objectivism, while general language is suffocated by those constraints. Along the way to these conclusions, visits are made to Descartes and Saussure, to Chomsky and Lakoff, to Wittgenstein and Levinas. From these conclusions, consequences are drawn for machine translation and translator tools, for linguistic theory and translation theory. The title of the book does not question whether language is possible; it asks, with wonder and awe, why communication through language is possible.
Quantitative sampling of fishes in a simple system: failure of conventional methods

In a capture-mark-recapture fish density estimate carried out in a small freshwater pond in southern Ontario, Canada, a lift net and minnow traps were used as catching gear. Both worked well for initial captures, but most recaptures were in the traps. Density estimates within reasonable confidence limits were possible for only two species, creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) and common shiner (Notropis cornutus). The other 13 species present were either missed entirely or not captured or recaptured sufficiently so estimates for them were inadequate. Subsequent collection of fishes after rotenone poisoning verified the estimates for the two species, if the size selectivity of the gear and the possible effects of marking and limitations of collecting after poisoning were considered.
Magnetic Fields Boosted by Gluon Vortices in Color Superconductivity

We investigate the effects of an external magnetic field in the gluon dynamics of a color superconductor with three massless quark flavors. In the framework of gluon mean-field theory at asymptotic densities, we show that the long-range component $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{H}$ of the external magnetic field that penetrates the color-flavor locked phase produces an instability when its strength becomes larger than the Meissner mass of the charged gluons. As a consequence, the magnetic field causes the formation of a vortex state characterized by the condensation of charged gluons and the creation of magnetic flux tubes. Inside the flux tubes, the magnetic field is stronger than the applied one. This antiscreening effect is connected to the anomalous magnetic moment of the gluon field. We suggest how this same mechanism could serve to remove the chromomagnetic instabilities existing in gapless color superconductivity.
Formaldehyde Release in Formaldehyde- and Resin-Finished Fabrics

The chemical stabilities of formaldehyde-finished and DMDHEU-finished cotton and polyester/cotton fabrics were compared before and after laundering. The formal dehyde and DMDHEU finishes were applied by the pad, dry, and cure process using magnesium chloride or aluminum sulfate catalysts. Formaldehyde was also applied by a gaseous process (ALMI-SET). All finishes were very durable to fifty launderings, but according to total and releasable formaldehyde, the formaldehyde finishes were the most durable to repeated laundering and storage, respectively. Releasable or free formaldehyde content decreased to a level of low formaldehyde release sooner in the treated cotton fabrics than in the polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Fabrics finished with formaldehyde, especially by the gaseous process, released substantially less formalde hyde than fabrics finished with DMDHEU.
Women Talk: Chick Lit TV and the Dialogues of Feminism

The subgenre of the chick-lit television series, best exemplified in programs such as Sex and the City, Lipstick Jungle, and The Cashmere Mafia, has often been the subject of postfeminist critique. This article examines this subgenre as intertextually related cluster texts that function through internal and intertextual dialogism. It explores these programs' focus on discursivity, multiplicity, and performativity in order to argue that the superficially postfeminist programs can function at their core to move toward feminist goals. In these television series, focus on a multiplicity of perspectives and the importance of discursive communities of women not only represents spaces where questions of gender can be discussed but models through these series internal structure productive dialogism. Through this argument, the author demonstrates that these programs must be reexamined for political potential and not easily dismissed as regressively postfeminist.
Lack of association among typical congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, adenomatous polyposis, and Gardner syndrome.

Background: It has been recently documented that multiple bilateral pigmented lesions at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium may be an indicator of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis who are prone to develop intestinal cancer, particularly if there is a positive family history of these intestinal disorders. Although atypical, such lesions have been called congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE). This study was undertaken to determine whether the typical lesions of CHRPE, seen frequently by ophthalmologists, also were indicators of familial adenomatous polyposis. Methods: Review of charts and follow-up studies were performed on all patients diagnosed and coded as having solitary CHRPE or its multifocal variant (congenital grouped pigmentation; bear tracks). Patients and their physicians were contacted by telephone to complete a detailed questionnaire designed to detect signs or symptoms of familial adenomatous polyposis or Gardner syndrome among these patients with CHRPE and their relatives. Results: Of the 132 patients with previously diagnosed CHRPE, there were none with familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardner syndrome, or intestinal cancer, and only one patient had a history of intestinal polyps. Among more than 2000 of their blood relatives, only 20 had intestinal polyposis or colonic cancer (1 %). This is much lower than would be expected from a survey of patients with the typical fundus lesions seen with familial adenomatous polyposis. Conclusion: It appears that solitary CHRPE and congenital grouped pigmentation differ clinically from the multiple pigmented lesions seen with familial adenomatous polyposis and that patients with these conditions, as well as their relatives, are not at a greater risk of developing intestinal cancer.
Late Santonian Megaspore Floras from the Gulf Coastal Plain (Georgia, USA)

Abstract Fossil megaspore floras from the Late Cretaceous of North America have been studied extensively, but primarily from the Western Interior Basin. Two new megaspore floras are described from eastern North America along the Gulf Coastal Plain. Cumulatively, 10 genera and 16 species of megaspores are recognized from Allon, Georgia and along Upatoi Creek, Georgia (both late Santonian in age, ∼84 Ma). Megaspores identified have affinities to both heterosporous lycopsids, e.g., Erlansonisporites, Minerisporites, and Paxillitriletes, and to heterosporous ferns, e.g., Ariadnaesporites, and Molaspora. Lycopsid megaspores are more diverse than fern megaspores in the Allon and the Upatoi Creek floras. Two new species—Erlansonisporites confundus n. sp. and Erlansonisporites potens n. sp.—are proposed.
Spatial planning for musical output

This article describes an expert system called ENGRAVE that produces musical notation. This task is a resource allocation problem involving the layout of musical objects in space. to do this, we use a spatial planning technique called constraint guidance to plan the layout of the music. an example is given to illustrate the technique. an additional example is given in another domain to show that constraint guidance has general applicability for spatial planning problems. © 1989 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Children's representations of family relationships, peer information processing, and school adjustment.

This study examined children’s peer information processing as an explanatory mechanism underlying the association between their insecure representations of interparental and parent-child relationships and school adjustment in a sample of 210 first-graders. Consistent with emotional security theory (EST; Davies & Cummings, 1994), results indicated that children’s insecure representations of the interparental relationship were indirectly related to their academic functioning through association with their negative information processing of stressful peer events. Insecure interparental relationships were specifically linked with negative peer information processing patterns which, in turn, predicted increases in child maladjustment over a one-year period. These pathways remained robust after taking into account the roles of representations of parent-child relationships, trait measures of child negative affect, and socioeconomic characteristics as predictors in the analyses.
Who benefits from educational choice? some evidence from Europe

Evidence from Britain, France, and The Netherlands is examined to test the claim that educational choice enhances equality of opportunity by empowering parents of modest income. The European experience clearly suggests that, whatever its merits in other respects, educational choice tends to intensify class segregation through the effects of different preferences and information costs. Various means of moderating these effects are considered.
Quantum dot infrared photodetector design based on double-barrier resonant tunnelling

A novel quantum dot infrared photodetector design, based on double-barrier resonant tunnelling, is proposed and demonstrated. Theoretical calculations predict significantly lower dark currents in this device, compared to conventional quantum dot photodetectors. This is borne out of experimental results.
Homogeneous nonionic detergent p-n-Nonylphenoxydecaethoxyethanol

A model compound representing the nonionic surfactants of the alkylphenol-ethylene oxide condensate type was prepared in high purity. The homogeneous detergentp-n-nonylphenoxyde-caethoxyethanol was obtained as a crystalline product by a several step synthesis starting from phenol.
The effect of a corrugated channel on the retentive properties of an obturator-reinforced composite resin dowel-core system

A study was conducted to compare the retentive properties of the obturator-reinforced composite resin dowel and core systems with and without corrugated dentin surfaces in the dowel channels. A commercially available tap with a diameter of about 1.4 mm and a thread groove depth of 100 micron was used to accomplish this dentin roughening. To compare whether methods of placement affect the retentive capacities of this dowel and core system, a Lentulo spiral, Jiffy tube, and Centrix C-R syringe were used to insert the resin mixes into the corrugated channels. The following conclusions can be drawn. By corrugating or roughening the dentin surface of the prepared channel, the retentive properties of this dowel and core system are significantly increased. In this system using minimal amounts of composite resin, the three methods of placement exhibited no significant difference in retention. The retentive failure seemed to occur at the resin-tooth interface. Increasing the degree of corrugation (deeper grooves) increased the retention, but caution must be exercised to prevent weakening the tooth.
Minerals From the Marine Environment

The current interest in minerals centering on, among other things, potential shortages, long-term needs, and deep seabed nodules, accentuates the usefulness and timeliness of this little book authored by a former chairman of the British National Environmental Research Council. In less than 100 pages, the author puts into perspective the potential for producing minerals from offshore areas of the world. After introducing the reader to the ocean environment and the extraordinary variety of the nature of the seabed, the author describes in some detail the variety of minerals found there. This is done in seven separate chapters entitled ‘Bulk and Non-Metallic Minerals From the Seas’; ‘Metals From the Shallow Seas’; ‘Metals From the Deep Oceans’; ‘Minerals From Solution’; ‘Oil and Gas from the Shallow Seas’; ‘Oil and Gas From Deep Waters’; and ‘Coal Beneath the Sea.’ The remaining chapters give a brief regional review of marine minerals distribution for eight areas of significant socioeconomic structure, and a short recapitulation of special problems of mineral recovery in the marine environment including such matters as the effect of water motion on mineral processing and of international law on investments. Glossaries of geological periods and technical terms, a short list of references, and an index completethe work.
Glutathione concentration and phytotoxicity after fumigation of lemons with methyl iodide

Abstract Methyl bromide and its proposed replacement methyl iodide are effective quarantine fumigants, though there are phytotoxic effects for some commodities. A decrease in the level of glutathione, an important cellular protectant, has been noted in grapes and other fresh produce after fumigation with these methyl halides. In these experiments, commercial lemons were treated with methyl iodide at 28 g m −3 for 2 h at 21 °C then were forcibly aerated for 2 or 24 h at 30 °C. Total and oxidized glutathione concentrations were determined enzymatically immediately after aeration and after 3 weeks storage at 5 °C. Total glutathione content was substantially reduced in comparison to controls after fumigation and 2 h aeration, but recovered considerably during a 24 h forced aeration. After 3 weeks storage, fruit subjected to a 24 h aeration had glutathione levels equivalent to those of the controls while those given a 2 h aeration had lower levels of total glutathione. This is the first demonstration of recovery of glutathione concentrations in a fresh commodity after methyl halide fumigation. Also, after 3 weeks storage, phytotoxicity in fruit given a 2 h aeration was high whereas fruit given a 24 h aeration had less injury. Fruit given a 30 °C aeration had less injury than that given a 21 °C aeration in earlier work.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. The production of benzophenone phosphorescence in fluid solution by radical ion reaction

Abstract Observation of benzophenone triplet emission in fluid solution by an electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) technique from the benzophenone(−)/thianthrene(+) system and related mixed systems is reported. The triplet character of the ECL was confirmed by experiments involving energy transfer from the benzophenone triplet to naphthalene.
REMOVAL OF SPECTRO-POLARIMETRIC FRINGES BY TWO-DIMENSIONAL PATTERN RECOGNITION

We present a pattern-recognition-based approach to the problem of the removal of polarized fringes from spectro-polarimetric data. We demonstrate that two-dimensional principal component analysis can be trained on a given spectro-polarimetric map in order to identify and isolate fringe structures from the spectra. This allows us, in principle, to reconstruct the data without the fringe component, providing an effective and clean solution to the problem. The results presented in this paper point in the direction of revising the way that science and calibration data should be planned for a typical spectro-polarimetric observing run.
Specific and reversible inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatases by hydrogen peroxide: evidence for a sulfenic acid intermediate and implications for redox regulation.

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphotyrosine from specific signal-transducing proteins. Although regulatory mechanisms for protein kinases have been described, no general mechanism for controlling PTPs has been demonstrated. Numerous reports have shown that cellular redox status plays an important role in tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction pathways. This study explores the proposal that PTPs may be regulated by reversible reduction/oxidation involving cellular oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Recent reports indicated that H2O2 is transiently generated during growth factor stimulation and that H2O2 production is concomitant with relevant tyrosine phosphorylation. By use of recombinant enzymes, the effects of H2O2 on three PTPs [PTP1, LAR (leukocyte antigen-related), and VHR (vaccinia H1-related)] and three distinct serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PPs: PP2Cα, calcineurin, and λ phosphatase) were determined. Hydrogen peroxide had no app...
A gradient-based approach for solving hierarchical multi-criteria production planning problems

Abstract In this paper, a framework for applying multiple objective programming to production/manufacturing problems is presented. We discuss six classes of production planning problems, which are related to each other by a set of objectives. The problems are structured in the form of a hierarchical integrated system. We overview an interactive gradient-based approach for solving each problem by asking the decision maker (DM) paired comparison questions (or bounds on objectives) to generate the DM's best alternative with the fewest interactions (questions). As an example, this method is applied to the facility layout problem.
Co-creation of improved quality in disaster response and recovery

There is a compelling argument that the number and intensity of disasters are increasing and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. The causes are already evident. They include global climate change, increasing population density, human encroachment into disaster prone areas, recurrent famine, and the increasing intensity of weather events. Similarly, there is a general concern that the quality of the responses to these disasters is decreasing, particularly those causing the most damage. Recent examples include the Ebola epidemic, the Philippian tsunami, Hurricane Sandy, the Tibetan earthquake economic and famine refugee crises, and war-caused refugee situations around the world. Elements of the decrease in response quality include limited global logistics capacity, difficult inter-agency and/or international collaboration, and increased reliance on non-governmental organizations to provide the response. This essay is an appeal for more research on responder co-creation of and quality in the four broad phases of the disaster life cycle: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
Science, Public Bioethics, and the Problem of Integration

Public bioethics — the governance of science, medicine, and biotechnology in the name of ethical goods — is an emerging area of American law. The field uniquely combines scientific knowledge, moral reasoning, and prudential judgments about democratic decision making. It has captured the attention of officials in every branch of government, as well as the American public itself. Public questions (such as those relating to the law of abortion, the federal funding of embryonic stem cell research, and the regulation of end-of-life decision making) continue to roil the public square. This Article examines the question of how scientific methods and principles can and should be integrated into the making and enforcement of laws in this domain without compromising the integrity of science, the democratic legitimacy of government, or both. It identifies, analyzes and critiques one prominent model of integration, namely, the proposal to delegate virtually all public bioethical questions to scientific experts for resolution solely using the tools of their respective disciplines. The Article argues that this model of integration raises serious prudential concerns relating to democratic accountability (and thus legitimacy). More deeply, it argues that the proposal is unsustainable in principle because of the fundamental conceptual incompatibility between the premises and methods of modern science and the ethical principles that comprise the currency of public bioethical deliberation. It concludes by offering a provisional way forward, arguing that integration should be a function of defining and policing the boundaries of scientific methods and ethical reasoning, according to their respective competencies for the particular public bioethical question at issue. The Article provides an analytic tool to facilitate this line drawing, and illustrates its application with reference to several contemporary debates within public bioethics (i.e., the recent FDA approval of Plan B emergency contraception, the federal funding of embryonic stem cell research, and the impact of cognitive neuroscience on theories of criminal punishment).
An adaptive link layer for heterogeneous multi-radio mobile sensor networks

An important challenge in mobile sensor networks is to enable energy-efficient communication over a diversity of distanceYC while being robust to wireless effects caused by node mobility. In this paper, we argue that the pairing of two complementary radios with heterogeneous range characteristics enables greater range and interference diversity at lower energy cost than a single radio. We make three contributions towards the design of such multi-radio mobile sensor systems. First, we present the design of a novel reinforcement learning-based link layer algorithm that continually learns channel characteristics and dynamically decides when to switch between radios. Second, we describe a simple protocol that translates the benefits of the adaptive link layer into practice in an energy-efficient manner. Third, we present the design of Arthropod, a mote-class sensor platform that combines two such heterogneous radios (XE1205 and CC2420) and our implementation of the Q-learning based switching protocol in TinyOS 2.0. Using experiments conducted in a variety of urban and forested environments, we show that our system achieves up to 52% energy gains over a single radio system while handling node mobility. Our results also show that our system can handle short, medium and long-term wireless interference in such environments.
Rapidly Fatal Multiorgan Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in a Neonate

Multiorgan Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) presenting in the neonatal period is associated with a poor prognosis. We report a 5-day-old neonate who presented at birth with diffuse cutaneous nodules and respiratory failure who received a postmortem diagnosis of LCH. We emphasize the importance of recognizing the cutaneous findings of this rare disease.
Genetic analysis of the cha-1―unc-17 gene complex in caenorhabditis

In C. elegans, the gene cha-1 is the structural gene for choline acetyltransferase, the enzyme which synthesizes acetylcholine. cha-1 is a complex gene which includes the previously described unc-17 locus; it has been hypothesized that a single protein is encoded which consists of several discrete structural domains. Mutations of the cha-1-unc-17 locus can be assigned to one of four classes on the basis of phenotype and complementation properties. A fine-structure map of this region has now been obtained by recombinational mapping. It is a large locus, spanning at least 0.035 map unit. On the map, the mutations lie in four contiguous, nonoverlapping regions, corresponding exactly to the different classes as defined by complementation and phenotype. Several new cha-1 mutations are described and mapped in the present study, including temperature-sensitive and lethal alleles.
Cigarette Smoking and Changes in the Histopathology of Lung Cancer

Background: Adenocarcinoma of the lung, once considered minimally related to cigarette smoking, has become the most common type of lung cancer in the United States. The increased incidence of this cancer might be explained by advances in diagnostic technology (i.e., increased ability to perform biopsies on tumors in smaller, more distal airways), changes in cigarette design (e.g., the adoption of filtertips), or changes in smoking practices. We examined data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry and two American Cancer Society studies to explore these possibilities. Methods: Connecticut Tumor Registry data from 1959 through 1991 were analyzed to determine whether the increase in lung adenocarcinoma observed during that period could be best described by birth cohort effects (i.e., generational changes in cigarette smoking) or calendar period effects (i.e., diagnostic advances). Associations between cigarette smoking and death from specific types of lung cancer during the first 2 years of follow-up in Cancer Prevention Study I (CPS-I), initiated in 1959) and Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II, initiated in 1982) were also examined. Results: Adenocarcinoma incidence in Connecticut increased nearly 17-fold in women and nearly 10-fold in men from 1959 through 1991. The increases followed a clear birth cohort pattern, paralleling gender and generational changes in smoking more than diagnostic advances. Cigarette smoking became more strongly associated with death from lung adenocarcinoma in CPS-II compared with CPS-I, with relative risks of 19.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.3‐47.7) for men and 8.1 (95% CI = 4.5‐14.6) for women in CPS-II and 4.6 (95% CI = 1.7‐12.6) for men and 1.5 (0.3‐7.7) for women in CPS-I. Conclusions: The increase in lung adenocarcinoma since the 1950s is more consistent with changes in smoking behavior and cigarette design than with diagnostic advances. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:1580‐6]
Separation of the primary dehydrogenase from the cytochromes of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form) oxidase of Bacillus megaterium.

Abstract A selective extraction procedure was developed for sequentially extracting a fraction containing the primary dehydrogenase and a fraction containing the cytochromes of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form) (NADH) oxidase of Bacillus megaterium KM membranes. The primary dehydrogenase (NADH-2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol oxidoreductase) activity was extracted from sonically treated membranes with 0.4% sodium deoxycholate for 30 min at 4 C. The insoluble residue was extracted with 0.4% sodium deoxycholate in 1 m KCl for 30 min at 25 C. A combination of the two extracts and dilution in Mg2+ gave good recovery of the original membrane NADH oxidase activity. The primary dehydrogenase fraction contained 41% of the membrane protein, no cytochromes, flavine adenine dinucleotide as the sole acid-extractable flavine, and most of the membrane ribonucleic acid (RNA). The cytochrome-containing fraction had 16% of the membrane protein, 61% of the membrane cytochrome with the same relative amounts of cytochromes a and b as the original membrane, no acid-extractable flavine, little RNA, and no oxidoreductase activity. The oxidoreductase fraction remained soluble after removal of deoxycholate whereas the cytochrome fraction became insoluble after removal of deoxycholate-KCl, but the precipitated fraction could be redissolved in 0.4% sodium deoxycholate. Treatment of both fractions with ribonuclease to destroy all of the RNA present did not affect the ability of the fractions to recombine into a functional oxidase unit. Treatment of either fraction with phospholipase A prevented restoration of a functional oxidase when the oxidoreductase and cytochrome fractions were treated in solution, but no affect on restoration of oxidase was observed when the phospholipase A treatment was carried out with the soluble oxidoreductase fraction and the insoluble cytochrome fraction.
Advances in pediatric restless legs syndrome: Iron, genetics, diagnosis and treatment

A substantial literature characterizes pediatric restless legs syndrome (RLS), which occurs in about 1.9% of individuals between 8 and 18years of age. Diagnostic interview techniques and an updated inventory of pediatric RLS mimics are presented. Evidence for comorbidity of pediatric RLS with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression, and anxiety is reviewed as is the relationship to periodic limb movements in sleep and periodic limb movement disorder. The role of relative iron deficiency in pediatric RLS is discussed, along with new data indicating the benefit of iron therapy in reducing symptoms. Five genetic variants have been linked to RLS, an important finding in a condition that is highly familial in early-onset cases. Numerous case reports and case series indicate benefit for moderate to severe pediatric RLS with medication. However, to date, there have been no double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of therapy for pediatric RLS published. These and other recent advances relevant to pediatric RLS research are reviewed.
N-Terminal Gly224-Gly411 Domain in Listeria Adhesion Protein Interacts with Host Receptor Hsp60.

BACKGROUND Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) is a housekeeping bifunctional enzyme consisting of N-terminal acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and C-terminal alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). It aids Listeria monocytogenes in crossing the epithelial barrier through a paracellular route by interacting with its host receptor, heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60). To gain insight into the binding interaction between LAP and Hsp60, LAP subdomain(s) participating in the Hsp60 interaction were investigated. METHODS Using a ModBase structural model, LAP was divided into 4 putative subdomains: the ALDH region contains N1 (Met(1)-Pro(223)) and N2 (Gly(224)-Gly(411)), and the ADH region contains C1 (Gly(412)-Val(648)) and C2 (Pro(649)-Val(866)). Each subdomain was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Purified subdomains were used in ligand overlay, immunofluorescence, and bead-based epithelial cell adhesion assays to analyze each domain's affinity toward Hsp60 protein or human ileocecal epithelial HCT-8 cells. RESULTS The N2 subdomain exhibited the greatest affinity for Hsp60 with a K(D) of 9.50±2.6 nM. The K(D) of full-length LAP (7.2±0.5 nM) to Hsp60 was comparable to the N2 value. Microspheres (1 µm diameter) coated with N2 subdomain showed significantly (P<0.05) higher binding to HCT-8 cells than beads coated with other subdomains and this binding was inhibited when HCT-8 cells were pretreated with anti-Hsp60 antibody to specifically block epithelial Hsp60. Furthermore, HCT-8 cells pretreated with purified N2 subdomain also reduced L. monocytogenes adhesion by about 4 log confirming its involvement in interaction with epithelial cells. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the N2 subdomain in the LAP ALDH domain is critical in initiating interaction with mammalian cell receptor Hsp60 providing insight into the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis for the development of potential anti-listerial control strategies.
Lymphatic Mapping With Isosulfan Blue Dye in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Objective To determine whether intraoperative lymphatic mapping with isosulfan blue dye and sentinel lymph node biopsy accurately demonstrates the pathway of regional metastases from mucosal sites in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Design A prospective clinical study of intraoperative lymphatic mapping. Setting An academic tertiary referral center. Patients Patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck whose surgical treatment included neck dissection. Intervention Injection of isosulfan blue dye into the mucosa surrounding squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract during cervical lymphadenectomy. Outcome Measures Correlation of the pathologic findings in the blue sentinel lymph node with those in the remaining cervical lymphatics. Results No blue-stained cervical lymphatics were identified after injection of the mucosa surrounding the primary squamous cell carcinoma with isosulfan dye. Conclusion The technique of intraoperative lymphatic mapping with isosulfan blue dye requires further study before it can be used for the detection of occult cervical metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
Identifying Conserved and Divergent Transcriptional Modules by Cross-species Matrix Decomposition on Microarray Data

Cross-species comparison of gene expression profiles allows deciphering fundamental and species-specific transcriptional programs of cells and offers insight into organization and evolution of the genome and genetic network. Here, we propose an algorithm for comparing microarray data from different species to unravel transcriptional modules that are conserved or divergent through evolution. The proposed algorithm is based on cross-species matrix decomposition that includes a nonlinear independent component analysis followed a generalized probabilistic sparse matrix factorization on microarray data from different species. The proposed algorithm captures transcriptional modularity that might result from highly nonlinear interactions among genes, and partitions genes into mutually non-exclusive transcriptional modules. The conserved transcriptional modules are identified by the latent variables that are associated with predominant biological prototypes shared across species. We illustrated the application of the proposed algorithm by an analysis of human and mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) data. The analysis uncovered conserved and divergent transcriptional modules in the ESC transcriptomes, shedding light on the understanding of fundamental and species-specific regulatory mechanisms controlling ESC development.
Does Anxiety Sensitivity Cause Panic Symptoms? An Experimental Investigation

Anxiety sensitivity (AS) refers to the fear of anxiety-related sensations based on beliefs about their harmful consequences. Despite a wealth of research demonstrating an association between AS and...
Grain-Boundary Phase Transformations During Aging of a Partially Stabilized ZrO2 - A Liquid-Phase Analogue of Diffusion-Induced Grain-Boundary Migration (DIGM)(?)

The microchemical/microstructural evolution of grain-boundary regions in a ternary (Ca, Mg)-partially-stabilized ZrO2 during aging at 1400°C has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Two distinct grain-boundary transformation products, both of which involve single-phase cubic (c)-ZrO2 zones adjacent to grain boundaries, have been identified. An amorphous silicate grain-boundary phase, whose composition changes during aging, is also present. One of the two grain-boundary reactions involves grain-boundary migration by a solution/reprecipitation process and can be termed reactive film migration; it may be a liquid-phase analogue of diffusion-induced grain-boundary migration.
Friends, Businesspeople, and Relationship Roles: A Conceptual Framework and a Research Agenda

Abstract This article develops a conceptual framework of roles in marketing relationships. Drawing on emerging theory from economic sociology and March's (1994) notion of decision “logics,” the authors discuss two prototypical relationship roles, namely (1) a “friend,” who uses a “logic of appropriateness” and follows established rules, and (2) a “businessperson,” whose decisions are guided by utility-maximizing considerations under a “logic of consequences.” Next, they use extant theories of interfirm governance to suggest that firms' relationship strategies can be used both to create different relationship roles in the first place and to activate them over time. The authors posit that activation can have several different outcomes, including reinforcement of an existing dominant role or actual switching to a new one. Theoretically, the conceptual framework allows for integration of different perspectives on interfirm relationships, some of which have provided seemingly inconsistent accounts of firm beha...
Measurements Within Vortex Cores in a Turbulent Jet

High-pass filtering of instantaneous two-dimensional PIV data is employed to educe vortices occurring in the axial plane of a self-similar turbulent axisymmetric jet. An automated method is used to identify the vortices and to measure circulation, tangential velocity, vorticity, and centrifugal force within their cores (defined here as the region within the largest losed streamline). Results include radial variation of these quantities within vortex cores, and the energy of vortices. We find that the vorticity is maximum at the vortex center and decreases monotonically with the radial coordinate. Results indicate that the center of a larger vortex spins faster than a smaller vortex (in an ensemble averaged sense); however, the trend reverses to give the expected result at the core edge. Vorticity results for different vortex radii collapse upon normalisation. The average energy of vortices is seen to increase as the square of the vortex radius. In addition, three possible regimes of vortex number versus vortex size are suggested by our data
Do Americans Trust Other Nations? A Panel Study*

Objectives. This study examines Americans' generalized beliefs about how much the United States can trust other nations, as well as changes over time in such beliefs. Methods. We analyze original panel survey data collected in 2001 and 2002. Results. Although only a minority of panel respondents expressed generalized trust in other nations immediately after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, even fewer expressed such trust when reinterviewed almost a year later. Social trust, political trust, and party loyalties predicted individual-level change in this form of trust from 2001 to 2002. Conclusions. Declining trust in other nations may have important implications for public opinion and, ultimately, public policy regarding world affairs.
Escherichia Coli Fpg Glycosylase is Nonrendundant and Required for the Rapid Global Repair of Oxidized Purine and Pyrimidine Damage In Vivo

Endonuclease (Endo) III and formamidopyrimidine-N-glycosylase (Fpg) are two of the predominant DNA glycosylases in Escherichia coli that remove oxidative base damage. In cell extracts and purified form, Endo III is generally more active toward oxidized pyrimidines, while Fpg is more active towards oxidized purines. However, the substrate specificities of these enzymes partially overlap in vitro. Less is known about the relative contribution of these enzymes in restoring the genomic template following oxidative damage. In this study, we examined how efficiently Endo III and Fpg repair their oxidative substrates in vivo following treatment with hydrogen peroxide. We found that Fpg was nonredundant and required to rapidly remove its substrate lesions on the chromosome. In addition, Fpg also repaired a significant portion of the lesions recognized by Endo III, suggesting that it plays a prominent role in the global repair of both purine damage and pyrimidine damage in vivo. By comparison, Endo III did not affect the repair rate of Fpg substrates and was only responsible for repairing a subset of its own substrate lesions in vivo. The absence of Endo VIII or nucleotide excision repair did not significantly affect the global repair of either Fpg or Endo III substrates in vivo. Surprisingly, replication recovered after oxidative DNA damage in all mutants examined, even when lesions persisted in the DNA, suggesting the presence of an efficient mechanism to process or overcome oxidative damage encountered during replication.
A model-driven approach to enforce crosscutting assertion checking

Design by Contract provides an effective principle to enable the construction of robust software by describing properties of a module using logical assertions. This paper presents a model-driven approach for weaving assertion checking aspects into a large software system. The approach is based on a technique called two-level aspect weaving. At the top level, crosscutting assertions are weaved into a model by use of a model weaver. The second step of the weaving process occurs when the Model-Driven Program Transformation technique is applied to perform large-scale adaptation of the underlying source code from the contracts specified in the high-level models. The paper briefly presents a case study to illustrate the concept.
Legal Constraints on Diverting Water From Eastern Kansas to Western Kansas

This article considers several legal questions involved in the diversion of water from the relatively water-rich areas of Kansas to the drier areas.
Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neuroprotection

This review briefly discusses induced therapeutic hypothermia (TH), which represents the intentional induction of a lowered core body temperature of 35 °C or less. The focus is on resuscitative or postarrest hypothermia, the data that support it, and the practical issues pertaining to TH implementation.
Coffeehouse Civility and the Problem of Religious Hate Speech

The project of cultivating norms of polite sociability – the project that unites the work of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, the Third Earl of Shaftesbury, with that of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele - can be understood in part as an early modern response to the problem of religious hate speech. Faced with acrimonious debate over orthodoxy and dissent in the Church of England, these writers sought to foster an alternative vision of amiable religious discourse by promoting a conception of a civil subject characterized by well-regulated and refined social interaction. Their strategy, which has become a central legacy of liberalism, conceals its own contestability by shifting from the political to the social realm – from a realm of expected conflict to a realm characterized by mutual benefit and cooperation. This appeal to “coffeehouse civility,” however, is unable to answer the challenge of otherworldly commitment and thus fails to achieve its explicit purpose, a social realm free of acrimony. In its failure it risks deepening the very tensions that it aims it relieve.
Dual Sex Role Identity and Its Relationship to Sex Role Conflict

ABSTRACT Bem (1974) and others proposed that sex role identity is a single role orientation combining or blending different levels of feminine and masculine characteristics. The present study, however, proposed that individuals may have two different gender identity images—one they consider descriptive of their at-home situation and another of their at-work situation. Results of testing 214 American working women and men supported the concept of a dual identity. Each sex had a higher feminine identity at home than at work but a similar masculine identity under both conditions. Unexpectedly, the difference between at-work and at-home scores was not linked to the level of sex role conflict.
Cold pressor test as a predictor of the severity of hypertension

This report examines the cold pressor test (CPT) as it relates to the severity of hypertension. A total of 123 hypertensive patients were studied by physical examination, retinal funduscopy, chest roentgenogram, electrocardiogram, blood urea nitrogen measurement, and urinalysis. Causal and valid basal resting blood pressure determinations were made, followed by immersion of one hand in ice water for 2 minutes. All 21 patients with arteriosclerotic, 78 with essential, and 24 with renal hypertension had hyperreactive responses to the CPT (> 20/20 mm Hg) as compared with the normotensive subjects. The CPT-induced increase in diastolic pressure was significantly higher in hypertensives with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). CPT responses were also greater in hypertensives with higher degrees of retinopathy. These findings indicate that the diastolic rise on cold pressor testing can be used as a measure of severity of hypertension, especially in the presence of LVH and severe retinopathy. The CPT is inexpensive and noninvasive and can aid the clinician in managing the hypertensive patient. The CPT may also be useful as a predictor of complications of hypertension in selected individuals.
Two siblings with tyrosinaemia type 2

We report on two siblings with tyrosinaemia type 2, a 6-year-old girl and her 3.5-year-old brother with a main complaint of painful palmo-plantar hyperkeratosis. The boy presented also conjunctival injection, photophobia, lacrimation and conjunctivitis. Blood tyrosine levels were increased in both patients, 150.6 and 202.3 µmol/dl, respectively (reference value: 5.8±2.2 µmol/dl). After 1 month of dietary treatment with low protein, low phenylalanine and tyrosine, tyrosine levels decreased to 37.7 and 65.6 µmol/dl, respectively; the cutaneous lesions improved in both of them, and conjunctivitis disappeared. Conclusion: the association of bilateral ulcero-conjunctivitis with photophobia and palmo-plantar hyperkeratosis since early infancy is the clue to the diagnosis of tyrosinaemia type 2.
Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of Hypersonic Vehicles

A software tool for the constrained shape optimization of hypersonic vehicles is presented. The surface solution is calculat ed using CBAERO, an engineering level analysis tool for predicting subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic aerodynamics and aero thermodynamics of conceptual vehicles . The vehicle geometry is defined using unstructured, triangulated surface meshes. The grid p oints are used directly as the design variables which removes any limitations incurred through the use of so called ‘shape functions’. A simple, but robust, gradient optimization scheme is used with various constraints imposed via penalty functions. Result s are presented for a vehicle optimized for its hypersonic lift to drag ratio.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Surface Oxidation on Pt(111) and Pt/PtCo/Pt3Co(111)

Classical molecular dynamics simulations of surface oxidation in the presence of atomic oxygen and water are performed on Pt(111) and Pt/PtCo/Pt3Co(111) to determine the surface evolution during the oxidation process. On the basis of density functional theory calculations, the model considers electrostatic interactions between the adsorbates and the two topmost layers of the surface as a function of oxygen coverage and it is able to reproduce the main features of the oxidation phenomena observed experimentally. The results indicate that oxygen and water induce changes in the structure and local composition of the near-surface layers which may affect the activity and stability of the catalyst. Such changes are strongly dependent on the amount of adsorbed oxygen, and include oxygen absorption in the subsurface layers at high coverages, and significant atomic buckling and surface reconstruction. In the Pt-skin alloy surface, migration of cobalt atoms to the surface is accompanied by atomic buckling and detac...
Management Control of Marketing Research

While marketing research does not readily lend itself to control and evaluation in the traditional business management sense, techniques do exist and are used for this important function. The autho...