cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site-specific identification and validation of hepatic histone nitration in vivo: Implications for alcohol-induced liver injury.

Oxidative and nitrative stress have been implicated in the molecular mechanisms underlying a variety of biological processes and disease states including cancer, aging, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, diabetes, and alcohol-induced liver injury. One marker of nitrative stress is the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine, or protein tyrosine nitration (PTN), which has been observed during inflammation and tissue injury; however, the role of PTN in the progression or possibly the pathogenesis of disease is still unclear. We show in a model of alcohol-induced liver injury that an increase in PTN occurs in hepatocyte nuclei within the liver of wild-type male C57BL/6J mice following chronic ethanol exposure (28 days). High-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of isolated hepatic nuclei revealed several novel sites of tyrosine nitration on histone proteins. Histone nitration sites were validated by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis of representative synthetic nitropeptides equivalent in sequence to the respective nitrotyrosine sites identified in vivo. We further investigated the potential structural impact of the novel histone H3 Tyr41 (H3Y41) nitration site identified using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations of the nitrated and non-nitrated forms of histone H3Y41 showed significant structural changes at the DNA interface upon H3Y41 nitration. The results from this study suggest that, in addition to other known post-translational modifications that occur on histone proteins (e.g., acetylation and methylation), PTN could induce chromatin structural changes, possibly affecting gene transcription processes associated with the development of alcohol-induced liver injury.
The effect of the Affordable Care Act dependent coverage provision on HPV vaccine uptake in young adult women, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2016.

Abstract The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine protects against cancers caused by HPV. The study objective was to examine the effect of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) dependent child coverage provision on HPV vaccination initiation, HPV vaccine completion, HPV infection, and health insurance coverage among young women. Using cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2172 female participants were included. The impact of the dependent coverage provision on the four outcomes was examined using difference-in-difference analyses with linear probability regressions, controlling for race/ethnicity, age, income, head of household education, and family employment. ACA exposure group was operationalized by age, with those targeted by the dependent coverage provision (ages 19–25) serving as the intervention group and those similar in age but not targeted (ages 18 and 26) serving as the control group. From 2007 to 2016, HPV vaccine initiation, HPV vaccine completion, and health insurance prevalence increased and HPV infection prevalence decreased. In the difference-in-difference adjusted models, ACA exposure was not associated with HPV vaccine initiation (0.045 percentage points [95% CI −0.087, 0.178]), completion (−0.044 percentage points [95% CI −0.152, 0.063]), HPV 16/18 infection (−0.051 percentage points [95% CI −0.123, 0.021]), or health insurance (0.065 percentage points [95% CI −0.032, 0.162]) among women aged 19 to 25. The dependent coverage provision may not have addressed relevant barriers to HPV vaccination. However, given that the effect of the dependent coverage provision on HPV vaccination and health insurance has been demonstrated previously, small sample size is a concern.
High frame-rate phase camera for high-resolution wavefront sensing in gravitational-wave detectors

We present a novel way of wavefront sensing using a commercially available, continuous-wave time-of-flight camera with quarter video graphics array resolution. This CMOS phase camera is capable of sensing externally modulated light sources with frequencies up to 100 MHz. The high-spatial-resolution of the sensor, combined with our integrated control electronics, allows the camera to image power modulation index as low as $\ensuremath{-}62\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{dBc}/\mathrm{sec}/\mathrm{pixel}$. The phase camera is applicable to problems where alignment and mode-mismatch sensing is needed and suited for diagnostic and control applications in gravitational-wave detectors. Specifically, we explore the use of the phase camera in sensing the beat signals due to thermal distortions from pointlike heat absorbers on the test masses in the Advanced LIGO detectors. The camera is capable of sensing optical path distortions greater than about 2 nm in the Advanced LIGO input mirrors, limited by the phase resolution. In homodyne readout, the performance can reach up to 0.1 nm, limited by the modulation amplitude sensitivity.
Efficacy of regional nodal ultrasound surveillance for metastatic detection in sentinel- and complete lymph node dissection-eligible melanoma patients.

e21568Background: Nodal ultrasound (US) is the preferred method for regional surveillance of clinically node-negative (cN0) primary cutaneous melanoma (CM) when sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is...
Selected Recent Major Federal Environmental Decisions, 2019

This paper reports on nine cases at the confluence of environmental, natural resources and energy law before the U.S. Supreme Court during the current 2018-19 term, including Weyerhaeuser v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Virginia Uranium v. Warren, Sturgeon v. Frost, County of Maui v. Hawai’i Wildlife Fund, Air and Liquid Systems v. Devries, and Juliana v. U.S.. It also recaps cases from the prior term.
Dynamic nucleosomes

It is now widely recognized that the packaging of genomic DNA together with core histones, linker histones, and other functional proteins into chromatin profoundly influences nuclear processes such as transcription, replication, repair and recombination. How chromatin structure modulates the expression and maintenance of knowledge encoded in eukaryotic genomes, and how these processes take place within the context of a highly complex and compacted genomic chromatin environment remains a major unresolved question in biology. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how nucleosome and chromatin structure may have to adapt to promote these vital functions.
The longitudinal associations of physical activity, time spent outdoors in nature and symptoms of depression and anxiety during COVID-19 quarantine and social distancing in the United States.

Stressors associated with COVID-19 pandemic stay-at-home orders are associated with increased depression and anxiety and decreased physical activity. Given that physical activity and time spent outdoors in nature are associated with improved mental health, we examined the longitudinal association of these variables during the pandemic. Over 20,000 adults who participated in the U.S. Kaiser Permanente Research Bank, did not report COVID-19 symptoms, and responded to an online baseline and 3 follow-up surveys over approximately 3â¯months formed the cohort. Physical activity was assessed from a modified survey, time spent outdoors was assessed from one question, and anxiety and depression scores were assessed from validated instruments. Almost 60% were women, 82.8% were non-Hispanic white, and more than 93% of respondents were over the age of 50. Less in-person contact with friends and visiting crowded places was highly prevalent (>80%) initially and decreased somewhat (>70%). Participants in the lowest physical activity category (no physical activity) had the highest depression and anxiety scores compared to each successive physical activity category (pâ¯<â¯0.001). Spending less time outdoors was associated with higher depression and anxiety scores. This effect was greater for participants in the younger age categories compared with older age categories. The effect of less time spent outdoors on anxiety (pâ¯=â¯0.012) and depression (pâ¯<â¯0.001) scores was smaller for males than females. Results suggest that physical activity and time outdoors is associated with better mental health. People should be encouraged to continue physical activity participation during public health emergencies.
Malthus,Thomas Robert

Thomas Robert Malthus (1766–1834) was a population theorist who opposed theories of indefinite human progress. His thinking about the struggle for existence was very important for the evolutionist Charles Darwin. Keywords: population; struggle for existence; Darwin
Multithreading Runtime Support for Loop and Functional Parallelism

This paper presents a multithreading runtime library that provides unified support for loop and functional parallelisms. It implements a queue-based dynamic load-balancing scheme to exploit arbitrarily nested or disjointed parallel constructs, while keeping its overhead competitive with simpler conventional libraries. The library also provides support for the recently adopted industry standard: OpenMP.
The concurrent validity of three computerized methods of muscle activity onset detection.

Although the visual (VIS) method for muscle activation onset detection has been the gold standard, this method has been criticized because of its moderate reproducibility and for being laborious. The simple threshold (STH), approximated generalized likelihood-step (AGL-step), and k-means (KM) algorithms are more repeatable and less laborious but require validation for gait speeds encountered in clinical research. We, therefore, assessed the intra-rater reliability of the VIS method and the concurrent validity of the algorithms against the VIS for 3 gait speeds. We recruited 10 healthy young adults (4 male, 6 female; mean age = 28.5 ± 4.2). Participants completed 10 walking trials each at 3 speeds. Electromyographic data from 1 gait cycle (GC) were collected from 6 right lower extremity muscles during each trial. We used custom Labview programs to determine muscle activity onset for all 4 methods. Repeatability coefficients for the VIS method ranged from 12.51% to 45.08% of the GC, depending on the muscle. The AGL-step algorithm agreed best with the VIS method (root mean squared error (RMSE) 0.86–6.95% of GC) followed by the STH (1.19–15.6% of GC) and KM (4.6–16.9% of GC) methods. A single rater demonstrated large errors (RMSE 8–23% of GC) between VIS assessments. Based on this study’s parameters, the AGL-step agreed best with the VIS method and may be an alternative to the VIS.
The Osmotic Relations Between White and Yolk in the Hen's Egg

1. The existence of a real osmotic difference between white and yolk of the hen9s egg has been confirmed. 2. Hill9s vapour-pressure thermopiles are shown to be reliable when used with viscous protein solutions such as egg-yolk. 3. The vapour-pressure changes which occur on mixing white and yolk indicate a removal of osmotically active substances. They do not agree with the freezing-point determinations of Straub. 4. The bearing of this result on the osmotic changes occurring in the fertilised and unfertilised egg is discussed. 5. The effects of diluting white and yolk with water and with various salt solution is studied from the point of view of 3 (above) and in relation to the problem of bound water. It is concluded that the amount of bound water in both white and yolk is small. The effect of solid sodium chloride on the vapour pressure of these substances confirms this conclusion. 6. Urea appears to dissolve in egg-white with normal depression of vapour pressure; urea and sodium lactate are largely removed from solution when added to yolk. Glucose is not so removed.
An Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Antipsychotic Use in Bipolar Disorder

Background Second generation antipsychotic (SGA) use in bipolar disorder is common and has proven effective in short-term trials. There continues to be a lack of understanding of the mechanisms underlying many of their positive and negative effects in bipolar disorder. This study aimed to describe the metabolite profiles of bipolar subjects treated with SGAs by comparing to metabolite profiles of bipolar subjects treated with lithium, and schizophrenia subjects treated with SGAs. Methods Cross-sectional, fasting untargeted serum metabolomic profiling was conducted in 82 subjects diagnosed with bipolar I disorder (n = 30 on SGAs and n = 32 on lithium) or schizophrenia (n = 20). Metabolomic profiles of bipolar subjects treated with SGAs were compared to bipolar subjects treated with lithium and schizophrenia subjects treated with SGAs using multivariate methods. Results Partial lease square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) plots showed separation between bipolar subjects treated with SGAs, bipolar subjects treated with lithium, or schizophrenia subjects treated with SGAs. Top influential metabolite features were associated with several pathways including that of polyunsaturated fatty acids, pyruvate, glucose, and branched chain amino acids. Conclusions The findings from this study require further validation in pre- and posttreated bipolar and schizophrenia subjects, but suggest that the pharmacometabolome may be diagnosis specific.
Clinical relevance of Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP/CD10) in melanoma

Background Overexpression of Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP) has been reported in metastatic carcinomas, implicating NEP in tumor progression and suggesting a role for NEP inhibitors in its treatment. We investigated the role of NEP expression in the clinical progression of cutaneous melanoma.
Elastic Constants of the Alkali Halides at 4.2°K

Adiabatic elastic constants of LiCl, NaF, NaCl, NaBr, KF, RbCl, RbBr, and RbI were measured at 4.2 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, using the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. Data are also given for several of these materials, for the temperature interval 4.2 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. It is observed that the elastic anisotropy factor, $A=\frac{2{c}_{44}}{({c}_{11}\ensuremath{-}{c}_{12})}$, increases with temperature. This results in the Li halides becoming less anisotropic and the Na, K, and Rb halides becoming more anisotropic as the temperature decreases toward $T=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. The Cauchy relation (${c}_{12}={c}_{44}$) is not satisfied at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for any of the materials studied. The degree of failure of the Cauchy relation ($\ensuremath{\Delta}={c}_{12}\ensuremath{-}{c}_{44}$) is larger at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K than at room temperature for the Li and Na halides but is smaller for the K and Rb halides. Also calculated was the $T=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K value ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{\mathrm{el}}$ of the Debye characteristic temperature from the 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K elastic-constant data, using the tables given by de Launay. The values of ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{\mathrm{el}}$ in \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are: LiCl (429\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.2), NaF(491.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.4), NaCl(321.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.6), NaBr(224.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2), KF(335.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7), RbCl(168.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.85), RbBr(136.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7), and RbI(108.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.55). Comparison with ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{c}$ the Debye characteristic temperature derived from low-temperature specific-heat data, shows the two to be equal within experimental error in almost all cases. However, there is some indication of a trend toward ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{\mathrm{el}}$ being larger than ${{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}}^{c}$ by an amount on the order of 1 to 3%. Whether this trend is real or the result of some systematic error in the experiments or analysis is not known at this time.
Developing leadership skills.

Several health-system pharmacy leaders have cited the importance of developing leadership and managerial skills to the continued growth of quality pharmacy services.[1][1]–[5][2] Zellmer[2][3] emphasized the need for continuous development of practice leaders to close the gap between formal
Vapor phase secondary doping of polyaniline (emeraldine salt) thin films with o-chlorophenol investigated by UV–VIS–NIR: Effects of primary dopants, substrate surfaces, and pre-treatments of organic vapors

Abstract In this study, the effects of incorporated primary dopants, pre-treatments of organic vapors, and wettability of substrate surfaces on the vapor phase secondary doping of a series of polyaniline (emeraldine salt) thin films with o -chlorophenol were investigated by UV–VIS–NIR. The response of each of these thin films upon vapor phase secondary doping by o -chlorophenol was analyzed by comparing the change in the NIR intensity of obtained spectra before and after the secondary doping. The results showed that the types of primary dopants and pre-treatments of organic vapors, but not the wettability of the substrate surfaces, could significantly affect the responses of polyaniline thin films to secondary doping. Although HCSA (camphorsulfonic acid)-doped polyaniline thin films responded to secondary doping by o -chlorophenol, no response to vapor phase secondary doping was observed when HCl-doped polyaniline thin films were exposed to o -chlorophenol. Pre-treatments of in situ deposited HCSA-doped polyaniline thin films by organic vapors (CHCl 3 or NMP; N -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone) showed that these HCSA-doped polyaniline thin films responded to only NMP vapor. It is also interesting to find that the combined effect of the treatments with CHCl 3 vapor followed by o -chlorophenol vapor on in situ deposited HCSA-doped polyaniline thin films was almost equivalent to that of the treatments with NMP vapor followed by o -chlorophenol vapor, even though the respective treatment by CHCl 3 or NMP vapor alone had a different effect on in situ deposited HCSA-doped polyaniline thin films.
Risk of extubation failure in patients with myasthenic crisis

Introduction: Weaning patients with myasthenic crisis (MC) from mechanical ventilation is often difficult, and the ideal time for extubation is often uncertain. However, little is known about the risk of extubation failure and the factors that may affect its occurrence. The goals of this study were to assess the risk of extubation failure in patients with MC and to determine which clinical variables may predict unsuccessful extubation.
Concentrations of Trypsin Inhibitor and Immunoglobulins in Colostrum of Jersey Cows

Colostrum samples from 49 Jersey cows were analyzed for concentrations of trypsin inhibitor, IgG, IgM, IgA, TS, fat, specific gravity, and N fractions. Colostrum (100 ml) was sampled from each cow as soon as possible after parturition. Mean concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA were 84.6, 3.4, and 4.5 g/L, respectively. Mean concentration of trypsin inhibitor was 56 mg of trypsin inhibited/dl of colostrum. Concentration of trypsin inhibitor was unaffected by lactation number and averaged 60, 53, and 54 mg of trypsin inhibited/dl of colostrum for cows in first, second, and third or later lactations, respectively. Colostral trypsin inhibitor and IgG were correlated (.54), although correlations between trypsin inhibitor and IgM and IgA were not significant. Trypsin inhibitor in colostrum was also positively correlated with fat, total N, protein N, noncasein N, and TS in colostrum. Variation in concentration of trypsin inhibitor from first-milking colostrum was closely related to colostral IgG concentration and may serve to protect IgG and other proteins from proteolytic degradation in the intestine of the neonatal calf.
Binding capacity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues for pituitary receptor sites.

Abstract Competition for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) receptor sites by the inhibitory analog [D-Phe 2 , D-Trp 3 , D-Phe 6 ]-LH-RH and by the superactive stimulatory analog [D-Trp 6 ]-LH-RH was observed in adenohypophysial homogenates incubated at 4°C. Competition for LH-RH binding sites was less evident with adenohypophysial plasma membranes. The binding affinities of these analogues to LH-RH pituitary receptors can explain at least in part their respective action in blocking ovulation and in inducing a greater release of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone than the parent hormone.
Adapting a nonparametric pooling test for use in panel cointegration models

Baltagi and Kao (2000) chronicle the emergence of panel applications of the cointegration approach. This study builds on this literature by proposing a reformulation of the pooling statistic proposed by Baltagi et al. (1996) that can be used to test for the appropriateness of this panel specification.
Using a Nitrate Specific Ion Electrode to Determine Stalk Nitrate–Nitrogen Concentration

The end-of-season stalk NO 3 test has been used to determine N sufficiency in corn (Zea mays L.). Nitrate concentration is commonly determined with flow-injection analysis (FIA), which is accurate but uses hazardous chemicals and is time-consuming. Use of a simpler method of NO 3 determination, such as the NO 3 specific ion electrode (SIE), may save time and costs, and reduce hazards. The objective of this study was to compare estimates of stalk NO 3 concentration by FIA and NO 3 SIE. For FIA, NO 3 was extracted with 2 M KCI, and the extract was filtered before analysis. For SIE, NO 3 was extracted with 0.04 M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , and the extract was analyzed without filtration. The slope of the linear regression between concentrations estimated by SIE and FIA did not differ from 1.0. Use of the NO 3 SIE, compared with FIA, reduces costs, sample processing, and use of hazardous chemicals.
A primal-dual cutting-plane algorithm for all-integer programming

The integer programming literature contains many algorithms for solving all-integer programming problems but, in general, existing algorithms are less than satisfactory even in solving problems of modest size. In this paper we present a new technique for solving the all-integer, integer programming problem. This algorithm is a hybrid (i.e., primal-dual) cutting-plane method which alternates between a primal-feasible stage related to Young's simplified primal algorithm, and a dual-infeasible stage related to Gomory's dual all-integer algorithm. We present the results of computational testing.
Engineering DNA-mediated colloidal crystallization

DNA is a powerful and versatile tool for nanoscale self-assembly. Several researchers have assembled nanoparticles and colloids into a variety of structures using the sequence-specific binding properties of DNA. Until recently, however, all of the reported structures were disordered, even in systems where ordered colloidal crystals might be expected. We detail the experimental approach and surface preparation that we used to form the first DNA-mediated colloidal crystals, using 1 μm diameter polystyrene particles. Control experiments based on the depletion interaction clearly indicate that two standard methods for grafting biomolecules to colloidal particles (biotin/avidin and water-soluble carbodiimide) do not lead to ordered structures, even when blockers are employed that yield nominally stable, reversibly aggregating dispersions. In contrast, a swelling/deswelling-based method with poly(ethylene glycol) spacers resulted in particles that readily formed ordered crystals. The sequence specificity of the...
Characterization of an NBTI-sensitive equilibrative nucleoside transporter in vascular smooth muscle.

Abstract Adenosine plays a significant role in various physiological and regulatory processes including coronary vasodilatation. In the current study, a high-affinity adenosine transporter in freshly dissociated porcine coronary smooth muscle (PCSM) cells and cultured human coronary smooth muscle (HCSM) cells was characterized. Kinetic analysis of the transport process revealed a V max of 82±17 pm/mg protein/min and a K m of 4.3±2.1 μ m for PCSM cells, whereas a K m of 4.8 μ m and V max of 254 pm/mg/min was observed for cultured HCSM. Concentration-dependent inhibition of adenosine uptake by S -(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI) was observed in both PCSM (IC 50 , 0.08 μ m) and HCSM (0.1 μ m) cells. Both cell types also demonstrate a high-affinity, single binding site for NBTI (PCSM, B max 144.8±23 fmol/mg protein and K d 1.1±0.35 n m ; HCSM, B max 672±62 fmol/mg protein and K d 0.45±0.14 n m ). Adenosine uptake in these cells was not affected by extracellular sodium concentration. RT-PCR analysis of mRNA from individually selected PCSM and HCSM cells demonstrated expression of an NBTI-sensitive equilibrative transporter. Smooth muscle cells isolated from porcine brachial and femoral arteries also transported adenosine at levels similar to that of coronaries. These data demonstrate that vascular coronary smooth muscle possess an NBTI-sensitive equilibrative transporter for adenosine which could function in regulation of vasodilation.
Beta-lactamase activity in ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae.

Abstract The specific activity, substrate profile, response to inhibitors, inducibility, and cellular localization of the beta-lactamase produced by an ampicillin-resistant strain of Haemophilus influenzae type B were investigated. In these properties the enzyme resembles β-lactamases produced by other gram-negative bacilli more closely than those produced by gram-positive organisms. It is quite similar to an enzyme found in strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and differs significantly from those described in other gram-negative bacilli. Comparison of the substrate profile with the minimal inhibitory concentrations of various β-lactamase antibiotics suggests that the β-lactamase plays an important role in the antibiotic resistance of this organism.
How long does it take for your favorite drug to diffuse into and out of a tight spot

Abstract Buffered diffusion is the process in which diffusion of a ligand is impeded as it binds to receptors within a restricted space. Previous descriptions of buffered diffusion assumed that ligand binding is instantaneous. We used Monte-Carlo simulation to model the diffusion of ligands from a large reservoir into a restricted space. When ligand binding was fast, simulation results and previous descriptions agreed. When the ligand association rate was 9 /M/s, the rate of binding became an important factor. When association was 7 /M/s, binding was rate-limiting. We quantify the contributions of affinity, binding rates and receptor density to buffered diffusion.
Adam Ferguson's Civil Society and the Rhetorical Functions of (In)Civility in United States Senate Debate

This article offers a theoretical examination of civility within the modern U.S. Senate (USS), grounding the contemporary literature—which conceives of civility as a set of standards for public argument—in the notion of civil society as espoused by Adam Ferguson. Ferguson's theory of civil society suggests that civility within deliberative bodies should be weighed against other factors, including the antagonistic nature of debate and the morality (in a utilitarian sense) of its participants and outcomes. The essay concludes with examples of how critics might apply this perspective to USS debate to reveal the rhetorical functions of (in)civility.
Automated real-time instrument tracking for microscope-integrated intraoperative OCT imaging of ophthalmic surgical maneuvers

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows high-resolution imaging of tissue microstructure and is the goldstandard for clinical ophthalmic diagnostics. Recent development of microscope-integrated intraoperative OCT (iOCT) systems has allowed cross-sectional imaging of surgical dynamics, but limitations in real-time visualization of instrument-tissue interactions remain the critical barrier for iOCT-guided ophthalmic surgery. Spatial compounding has been previously presented as a method for acquiring, processing, and visualizing cross-sectional iOCT images of surgical maneuvers. However, spatial compounding trades-off temporal resolution and FOV, which generally limits video-rate visualization to small regions at the tip of surgical instruments. To overcome these limitations, we present methods for automated dynamic surgical instrument tracking iOCT. B-scans are obtained along and orthogonal to the instrument axis and centered at the instrument tip at all times to allow cross-sectional visualization of ophthalmic surgical maneuvers for intraoperative guidance. Surgical instrument tracking has been previously demonstrated using different imaging modalities, including an OCT-integrated scanning probe. However, the latter uses large feature points, which are impractical in a surgical setting. Here, we describe automated stereo-vision instrument tracking, which achieves <250 μm accuracy, using tracking feature points that are easily integrated with ophthalmic surgical instruments. The instrument tracking system was integrated with an iOCT system to provide video-rate instrument tip tracked crosssectional B-scan imaging during ophthalmic surgical maneuvers, allowing visualization of tissue-instrument interactions and providing feedback on positioning, depth of penetration, and tissue compression in cadaveric porcine eyes. Real-time instrument tracked cross-sectional imaging can potentially help guide clinical decision-making during ophthalmic surgery.
The dynamic structure of turbulent V-shaped premixed flames

A new technique, LARS (Linear Array for Rayleigh Scattering), for the investigation of the dynamic structure of premixed turbulent flames is described. The Rayleigh light scattered from a segment of a continuous laser beam is imaged, through an intensifier, onto a 512 element linear photo-diode array. The array is scanned at line rates up to 10 KHz and 2560 lines can be stored in a dual ported memory. The space-time images produced are manipulated by an image processor which normalizes the data and can perform a variety of image enhancement techniques. Methane/air premixed turbulent v-shaped flames at an approach velocity of 2 m/s and a range of inlet turbulence levels and equivalence ratios from 5%–8% and 0.6–0.8, respectively, were studied. The statistics of the flame front position were obtained by extracting the flame boundary from the images and generating a probability density function of its distance from the mean. The standard deviations of these distributions varied from 0.31mm–1.38mm and show that increases in inlet turbulence and equivalence ratio thicken the turbulent flame zone by amplifying the flame motions. These results lend support to various modeling assumptions. Comparison of the spectra of the flame front oscillations and the cold flow velocity indicates that the inlet turbulence controls flame motion at frequencies between 100 and 1000 Hz. Changes in heat release for a given inlet turbulence increase the amplitude of the flame fluctuations without modifying the spectral characteristics.
Defective neutrophil chemotaxis resulting from thermal injury: Restoration of directed migration by increasing Boyden chamber filter pore size

Abstract Decreased chemotaxis of burn patient neutrophils has been observed in many studies. This study attempts to analyze the basis of this defect by determining the effect of filter pore size on chemotaxis, utilizing the Boyden chamber technique. Directed migration of burn patient neutrophils, as compared to normal controls, was greatly decreased when 3.0-μm filters were used. When 8.0-μm filters were used, however, the directed migration of burn patient neutrophils was identical to that of the normal controls. These findings indicate that the failure of burn patient neutrophils to undergo directed migration using Boyden chambers is not due to an inability to migrate toward a chemoattractant. Our data suggests that when utilizing the Boyden chamber technique to measure chemotaxis, the failure to give a normal response should not necessarily be interpreted as a chemotactic defect. In fact, mechanical impediments may play a major role in the decreased migration.
Indexing Cognitive Reserve Capacity: A Multi-modal Approach

The Multi-Sensory Workload Assessment Protocol (M-SWAP) is a newly developed standardized measure of cognitive reserve capacity. It is consists of a multi-modal counting task administered in a dual task environment. The goal of the present work was to further validate the measure by assessing the demand manipulation and perceived workload. Significant differences in performance and perceived workload were observed across demand levels, but not across modalities. These results suggest the secondary task protocol imposes demand in a manner consistent with the proposed model.
Dynamic response of pre-stressed concrete armor units to pulsating loads

Abstract Concrete armor units are commonly employed for the protection of shorelines and rubble structures. Their design is based primarily on hydrodynamic stability. However, several recent breakwater failures indicate that unreinforced concrete armor units are susceptible to structural failure for hydraulically stable wave conditions. The structural stability of 42-ton dolos armor units, both unreinforced and pre-stressed and subject to wave-induced pulsating loads, are examined in this paper.
Mutual coupling in finite-length thin wire chirostrip antennas

Here, we theoretically analyze the mutual coupling between two finite-length thin wire chirostrip antennas. These antennas are defined as thin wires printed on grounded substrate made of chiral materials which exhibit electromagnetic handedness. Chiral materials are circular polarization (CP) birefringent and are described by the constitutive relations e and e with ec μc, and e as material parameters. Mutual coupling for broadside, collinear, and echelon configurations for these antennas is investigated, and it is shown that introducing chirality in the substrate can, under certain circumstances, modify the mutual coupling between the chirostrip antennas. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Morphine-induced place conditioning in Fischer and Lewis rats: Acquisition and dose-response in a fully biased procedure

The Fischer (F344) and Lewis (LEW) rat strains differ on a variety of behavioral assays examining the effects of morphine, with many of the differences observed during acquisition of behavioral responses. The results of these studies and others examining endogenous physiology and the biochemical effects of morphine suggest that F344 rats are more sensitive to morphine than LEW rats. However, LEW animals have shown greater conditioned place preferences (CPP) to 4 mg/kg than F344 rats. CPP is a popular assay of drug reward in which acquisition of the preference can be measured across multiple conditioning cycles, yet this aspect of CPP has not been assessed in F344 and LEW rats. As part of an ongoing effort to fully characterize the conditioned rewarding effects of abused drugs in these strains, the present study assessed the effects of 0, 1, 4 and 10 mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) morphine in adult male F344 and LEW rats (n=12/strain/dose). A fully biased place conditioning procedure was employed where morphine's effects were paired with the initially non-preferred chamber on Day 1, saline was paired with the preferred chamber on Day 2 and drug-free access to the entire apparatus was allowed on Day 3. This conditioning and testing regimen was repeated for four consecutive cycles. The F344 animals acquired CPP at 1 mg/kg only; this effect emerged after only two conditioning cycles. LEW rats never acquired a CPP at any dose tested. Peak blood morphine levels following SC injections of 1, 4 or 10 mg/kg revealed no significant strain or dose effects. These behavioral data are consistent with the hypothesis that F344 rats are more sensitive to the rewarding effects of morphine than LEW rats. Additional implications for the Fischer-Lewis model of drug abuse and the utility of CPP acquisition procedures are discussed.
Coupled radiation and soot kinetics calculations in laminar acetylene/air diffusion flames

Abstract Radiation heat transfer from flames depends on the instantaneous soot volume fractions and temperatures. A coupled radiation and soot kinetics calculation in laminar acetylene/air and acetylenemethane/air diffusion flames is described. Transport equations for mass, momentum, gas-phase mixture fraction, enthalpy (sensible + chemical), soot mass fraction, and soot number density are solved. A simplified soot kinetics model incorporating nucleation, growth, oxidation, and agglomeration processes is used. The reaction rates in the simplified kinetics model depend on the temperature and the local concentrations of acetylene and oxygen. The major gas species concentrations are obtained from state relationships. The local temperature is obtained by solving the energy equation, taking radiation loss and gain and the energy exchanges associated with soot formation and oxidation into consideration. The radiative source/sink term in the energy equation is obtained using a multiray method. Since these flames radiate a substantial part of their energy, the kinetic rates associated with soot processes are strongly coupled to the energy equation. This strong coupling between radiation, and soot formation and oxidation processes is modeled for the first time. The results of the soot kinetics model are compared with measurements of soot volume fractions obtained using laser tomography. The agreement between measurements and predictions of soot volume fractions supports the present method. The predicted temperature profiles support the structure of strongly radiating flames discovered earlier.
The dissociation of attention deficit disorder from reading disability: A reply to Share and Schwartz

Abstract In a study recently reported in this journal ( R. H. Felton, F. B. Wood, I. B. Brown, S. K. Campbell, & M. R. Harter, 1987 , Brain and Language, 31, 171–184), a 2 × 2 factorial design assessed the separable impact of presence vs. absence of reading disability (RD) and attention deficit disorder (ADD) on 11 different measures of verbal processing ability, with picture vocabulary and age as covariates in the analysis. Share and Schwartz have objected to this analysis on the grounds that only the allegedly “pure” groups in the design (RD without ADD, and ADD without RD) should be compared. They then use the data in the article to compare those two groups directly, concluding that because only two of the measures were significant in a small sample t test, the hypothesis of differential cognitive impacts of ADD and RD is not supported. They further cite Chapman and Chapman (1973) to suggest that because the 11 dependent measures were not matched for discriminating power the analyses are meaningless. In this commentary we submit that the Share and Schwartz argument (1) shows serious misunderstanding of elementary statistical principles; (2) commits what we call the “Fallacy of the Pure Case”; and (3) misunderstands the Chapman and Chapman argument. Noting that our design was not intended to answer the question that bothers Share and Schwartz (that of a distinctive cognitive deficit associated with “pure” ADD) we conclude with some suggestions about the types of designs and data that would more directly speak to their question.
Overexpression, purification, and characterization of SHPTP1, a Src homology 2-containing protein-tyrosine-phosphatase.

Abstract A protein-tyrosine-phosphatase (PTPase; EC 3.1.3.48) containing two Src homology 2 (SH2) domains, SHPTP1, was previously identified in hematopoietic and epithelial cells. By placing the coding sequence of the PTPase behind a bacteriophage T7 promoter, we have overexpressed both the full-length enzyme and a truncated PTPase domain in Escherichia coli. In each case, the soluble enzyme was expressed at levels of 3-4% of total soluble E. coli protein. The recombinant proteins had molecular weights of 63,000 and 45,000 for the full-length protein and the truncated PTPase domain, respectively, as determined by SDS/PAGE. The recombinant enzymes dephosphorylated p-nitrophenyl phosphate, phosphotyrosine, and phosphotyrosyl peptides but not phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, or phosphoseryl peptides. The enzymes showed a strong dependence on pH and ionic strength for their activity, with pH optima of 5.5 and 6.3 for the full-length enzyme and the catalytic domain, respectively, and an optimal NaCl concentration of 250-300 mM. The recombinant PTPases had high Km values for p-nitrophenyl phosphate and exhibited non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics for phosphotyrosyl peptides.
FYN-T-FYB-SLP-76 Interactions Define a T-cell Receptor ζ/CD3-mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation Pathway That Up-regulates Interleukin 2 Transcription in T-cells

Protein-tyrosine kinases p56Lck, SYK, and ZAP-70 and downstream adaptors LAT and SLP-76 have been implicated as essential components in T-cell activation. Another lymphoid-specific adaptor FYB/SLAP has also been identified as a predominant binding partner of SLP-76 and the Src kinase FYN-T, although its role in the activation process has been unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that FYN-T selectively phosphorylates FYB providing a template for the recruitment of FYN-T and SLP-76 SH2 domain binding. This interaction is unusual in its distinct cytoplasmic localization and its long term stable kinetics of phosphorylation. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that the co-expression of all three components of the FYN-T-FYB-SLP-76 matrix can synergistically up-regulate T-cell receptor-driven interleukin 2 transcription activity. These findings document the existence of a T-cell receptor-regulated FYN-T-FYB pathway that interfaces with the adaptor SLP-76 and up-regulates lymphokine production in T-cells.
Epoprostenol (prostacyclin) and pulmonary hypertension.

Two studies in this issue tackle treatment of secondary pulmonary hypertension with intravenous prostacyclin (Badesch and colleagues) and treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension with inhaled il...
The influence of thiamin deficiency on the metabolism of the oral contraceptive mestranol [3-methoxy-17-ethynyl-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17 β-01] by female rat liver enzymes

Abstract Hepatic microsomes from female rats fed a thiamin deficient diet for three weeks had approximately three times the capacity to metabolize mestranol as microsomes from similar rats fed a diet rich in thiamin. The incremental addition of thiamin to the diet depressed mestranol O-demethylation, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome P-450 content in a dose related manner up to 2 μg thiamin per gram of feed. Pair-feeding experiments indicate that thiamin ingestion is responsible for the depression of mestranol O-demethylation and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity while carbohydrate ingestion is responsible for the decrease in cytochrome P-450. The absorbance spectra generated by the binding of ethylisocyanide to microsomes yield data which suggest that there are no qualitative alterations in cytochrome P-450 due to diet.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and malignant lymphoma of the brain in a patient with immunosuppressive therapy

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and malignant lymphoma of the brain were noted at postmortem examination in a 68-year-old white woman who was treated with immunosuppressive agents after renal transplantation. The two diseases are not uncommon in patients with immunodeficiency, but their occurrence in the same patient is extremely rare. This association suggests the oncogenicity of papova viruses in man. However, no papovavirus was demonstrated in the tumor by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining. The immunohistochemical staining of routine histologiy sections for the common antigen of polyomaviruses by the peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique is shown to be simple and specific for the detection of polyomaviruses in the demyelinated areas of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
The Far Upstream Element-binding Proteins Comprise an Ancient Family of Single-strand DNA-binding Transactivators

The cloning and expression of two new human cDNAs encoding proteins highly related to the far upstream element-binding protein (FBP) are described. FBP, FBP2, and FBP3 comprise a family of single-strand DNA- binding proteins that possess all of the general features of more conventional transcription factors. The FBPs each bind sequence specifically to only one strand of the far upstream element (FUSE; originally identified upstream of c-myc), and each possesses potent activation domains when fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain and assayed by transient transfection. Typical of transcription factors, the proteins are most highly related in their central, DNA-binding domains, but extensive homology is also shared within the tyrosine-rich, carboxyl-terminal activation domains. Comparison with GenBank sequences revealed a fourth FBP family member encoded by Caenorhabditis elegans chromosome III, illustrating the high degree of homology in this evolutionarily ancient and conserved family.
J AMSHEED K. C HOKSY , Conflict and Cooperation, Zoroastrian Subalterns and Muslim Elites in Medieval Iranian Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). Pp. 207. $46.00.

In the past two decades, several important studies have dealt with the impact of the Arab Muslim conquest on the Near East, but they have mostly dealt with the lands that were conquered from the Mediterranean region to Iraq. Although the book under review is not a detailed history of Arab Muslims' conquest of Iran, it attempts to fill the gap in our knowledge of the eastern area that came under their control. The work is primarily concerned with the interaction between the Zoroastrian and the Muslim community in Iran and Central Asia from the 7th to the 13th century. The book attempts to study the processes in which the Zoroastrian community, which was the dominant religious community during the Sasanian empire (224–641), gradually lost its status and hold on power, while the new Muslim community became dominant as a social and political group.
Effects of receptor-selective opioids on operant behavior in morphine-treated and untreated rats

Abstract Selective cross-tolerance is often used as evidence to differentiate opioid receptor subtypes. We used this strategy to study operant behavioral effects of the opioid peptides, [D-Ala 2 , NMePhe 4 , Gly-ol 5 ]-enkephalin (DAGO), [D-Pen 2,5 ]enkephalin (DPDPE) and dynorphin, agonists highly selective for μ, δ, and κ receptors, respectively. Food-deprived rats were trained to lever-press on a fixed-interval 3-min schedule of food-reinforcement. Time-effect and dose-effect curves were generated for each of the peptides, as well as for morphine, administered ICV, 5 min prior to the 1-h operant session. Experiments were performed on untreated subjects and on subjects receiving chronic infusion of morphine (10 mg/kg/day) from osmotic pumps. In untreated animals, morphine and the μ-selective peptide, DAGO, induced relatively long-lasting dose-related decreases in responding, whereas the non-μ agonists, DPDPE and dynorphin, induced only transient effects: response rates increased at low doses and decreased at high doses. Animals receiving chronic morphine infusion were tolerant to the rate-decreasing effects of morphine and DAGO; ED 50 S increased by factors of 8 and 6, respectively. There was some evidence of cross-tolerance to DPDPE and of sensitization to dynorphin in the morphine-maintained animals.
Effects of severe acute hypoxia on the distribution of cardiac electrolytes and water

Rats were exposed to 4.85% oxygen at ambient temperature for 5 to 7 h, conditions which proved lethal for about one-third of the population and left the survivors moribund. Despite the severity of the hypoxia, the myocardial electrolyte (Na, K, Ca, Mg, CI) and water contents and distributions remained unchanged, except for a slight increase in cellular potassium and probably also of sodium. It is proposed that the electrolyte and water derangements frequently observed after coronary occlusion, myocardial infarction, fibrillation, or other conditions of ischaemic hypoxia, are not the cause of cardiac arrest but instead occur as a consequence of haemostasis.