cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association Between Allergen Exposure in Inner-City Schools and Asthma Morbidity Among Students

Importance Home aeroallergen exposure is associated with increased asthma morbidity in children, yet little is known about the contribution of school aeroallergen exposures to such morbidity. Objective To evaluate the effect of school-specific aeroallergen exposures on asthma morbidity among students, adjusting for home exposures. Design, Setting, and Participants The School Inner-City Asthma Study was a prospective cohort study evaluating 284 students aged 4 to 13 years with asthma who were enrolled from 37 inner-city elementary schools in the northeastern United States between March 1, 2008, and August 31, 2013. Enrolled students underwent baseline clinical evaluations before the school year started and were then observed clinically for 1 year. During that same school year, classroom and home dust samples linked to the students were collected and analyzed for common indoor aeroallergens. Associations between school aeroallergen exposure and asthma outcomes during the school year were assessed, adjusting for home exposures. Exposures Indoor aeroallergens, including rat, mouse, cockroach, cat, dog, and dust mites, measured in dust samples collected from inner-city schools. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was maximum days in the past 2 weeks with asthma symptoms. Secondary outcomes included well-established markers of asthma morbidity, including asthma-associated health care use and lung function, measured by forced expiratory volume in 1 second. Results Among 284 students (median age, 8 years [interquartile range, 6-9 years]; 148 boys and 136 girls), exposure to mouse allergen was detected in 441 (99.5%) of 443 school dust samples, cat allergen in 420 samples (94.8%), and dog allergen in 366 samples (82.6%). Levels of mouse allergen in schools were significantly higher than in students’ homes (median settled dust level, 0.90 vs 0.14 µg/g; P P = .02) and 4.0 percentage points lower predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (95% CI, –6.6 to –1.5; P = .002). This effect was independent of allergic sensitization. None of the other indoor aeroallergens were associated with worsening asthma outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance In this study of inner-city students with asthma, exposure to mouse allergen in schools was associated with increased asthma symptoms and decreased lung function. These findings demonstrate that the school environment is an important contributor to childhood asthma morbidity. Future school-based environmental interventions may be beneficial for this important public health problem.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion Leads to Monocytosis In Animal Models of Atherosclerosis

Abstract 4797 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is associated with leukocytosis. Hypercholesterolemic animal models like apolipoprotein E deficient ( Apoe -/- ) mice develop leukocytosis and monocytosis. However, the mechanisms linking hypercholesterolemia to leukocytosis are poorly understood. Recent studies in our laboratory have shown increased proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and leukocytosis in mice deficient in efflux of cholesterol to HDL. Apoe also appears to be highly expressed in HSPCs, suggesting a role in cholesterol efflux. We hypothesized that leukocytosis in Apoe -/- mice might be associated with increased proliferation and expansion of HSPCs and that lowering their cholesterol levels with atorvastatin would suppress this expansion. Wild type (WT), LDL receptor-deficient ( Ldlr -/- ), and Apoe -/- mice were fed a Western-type diet (WTD) for 0, 10 and 20 weeks (8 mice per group per timepoint). After 10 weeks of WTD, 8 Apoe -/- received WTD with atorvastatin (0.01% wt/wt) for the remainder of the study. On chow diet Apoe -/- mice had monocytosis (+66% vs WT, P P P Apoe -/- mice, along with increased bone marrow proliferation (+86%, P P P P P Apoe -/- mice. In conclusion, leukocytosis and expansion of HSPCs in Apoe -/- mice is observed on a chow diet and develops earlier than in the other models on the WTD, consistent with a role of APOE in modulating HSPCs cholesterol content. However, dietary hypercholesterolemia eventually led to HSPCs expansion paralleling leukocytosis in all groups, suggesting this is a general response to dietary hypercholesterolemia. Leukocytosis was attenuated with atorvastatin treatment through a mechanism unrelated to the reversal of HSPCs expansion. Disclosures: Tall: CSL: Consultancy; Merck: Consultancy; Roche: Consultancy; Arisaph: Consultancy.
Impact of Vancomycin Treatment on Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells During Osteogenic Differentiation.

Background:Vancomycin is frequently applied locally to the operative site during foot and ankle procedures to help prevent infection. Although the efficacy of locally applied vancomycin has been de...
The Determinants of Parental Competence

In most analyses of parental competence, assumptions regarding what constitutes good and poor parenting are usually left implicit. As a consequence, consideration of this much discussed and investigated topic frequently stimulates heated debate. In: this chapter, we hope to avoid such emotionally charged argument by approaching this focal area in much the same way that evolutionary biologists address those specific areas of inquiry that pique their interest, that is, by focusing on the concept of adaptation. More precisely, for the purposes of this chapter, competent parenting is defined as that style of child rearing that enables the developing person to acquire the capacities required for dealing effectively with the ecological niches that she or he will inhabit during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
Access, equity, and outcomes: Women students’ participation in Nigerian higher education

Education in the Third World has often been viewed as a means for social change and upward mobility, yet increased exposure to formal education may simply exacerbate local patterns of societal inequities. While many Third World countries have national policies in place which expand universal primary, if not secondary levels of education, attempts to extend patterns of access to higher levels of education remain problematic, particularly with regard to women. Although Third World nations such as Nigeria have embarked upon schemes to promote universal education at the primary level, the probability of a student remaining in school appears closely related to a variety of factors including gender, class and geographic location. In particular, we know that class can be a powerful factor affecting access to schooling, educational attainment and career expectations, yet it is unclear how class and gender interact with regard to education.
Reevaluation of discriminatory and threshold levels for serum β-hCG in early pregnancy.

Objectives To reevaluate both discriminatory and threshold levels associated with visualization of gestational sacs, yolk sacs, and fetal poles in patients presenting with vaginal bleeding, pain, or vaginal bleeding and pain in the first trimester of pregnancy using current ultrasonographic technology. Methods We reviewed the records of patients with first-trimester vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or both who were evaluated with a serum β-hCG level and a transvaginal ultrasonogram within 6 hours of each other and had a known pregnancy outcome. Discriminatory and threshold β-hCG levels for visualization of a gestational sac, yolk sac, and fetal pole were identified for all ultimately viable pregnancies. Logistic regression was used to model the predicted probability of visualizing these structures as a function of β-hCG values using fractional polynomials. Results Six hundred fifty-one pregnancies met inclusion criteria; 366 were viable. Discriminatory β-hCG levels at which structures would be predicted to be seen 99% of the time were 3,510 milli-international units/mL, 17,716 milli-international units/mL, and 47,685 milli-international units/mL for gestational sac, yolk sac, and fetal pole, respectively. In our population, threshold values for β-hCG levels at which these structures could be seen were 390 milli-international units/mL, 1,094 milli-international units/mL, and 1,394 milli-international units/mL, respectively. Conclusions Improvements in ultrasonographic technology have led to lower threshold β-hCG values for ultrasonographic visualization of early intrauterine gestational structures. However, discriminatory levels for serum β-hCG levels were higher than values currently used in practice. Level of evidence II.
Neural Networks and Computer Science

My “position paper” can be summed up in the following sentence: There are strong scientific, technological and political reasons why massively parallel, (neural network) computation should be integrated into mainstream computer science. What follows is elaboration.
Quad Screen Test, A Multiplexed Biomarker Assay for Prenatal Screening to Assess Birth Defects: The Columbia University Experience Using the Beckman Access2 Immunoassay Analyzer and Benetech PRA

In the prenatal quad screen, the levels of four analytes in maternal serum are used to calculate the risk of serious birth defects. The Beckman Access2 Immunoassay System is an automated analyzer that enables rapid measurement of alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, human chorionic gonadotropin, and dimeric inhibin A. The Benetech PRA software package is used to convert maternal serum analyte concentrations to multiples of the median (MoM) and calculates the risks of particular birth defects. The results from this simple and minimally invasive screen determine the need for more sensitive, specific, and usually riskier diagnostic procedures. We present herein some recent data from our experience at Columbia University Medical Center in New York, NY, using the Beckman Access2 immunoassay analyzer and Benetech PRA software package.
Tales of Detailed Poly(A) Tails

Poly(A) tails are non-templated additions of adenosines at the 3′ ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs. In the nucleus, these RNAs are co-transcriptionally cleaved at a poly(A) site and then polyadenylated before being exported to the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, poly(A) tails play pivotal roles in the translation and stability of the mRNA. One challenge in studying poly(A) tails is that they are difficult to sequence and accurately measure. However, recent advances in sequencing technology, computational algorithms, and other assays have enabled a more detailed look at poly(A) tail length genome-wide throughout many developmental stages and organisms. With the help of these advances, our understanding of poly(A) tail length has evolved over the past 5 years with the recognition that highly expressed genes can have short poly(A) tails and the elucidation of the seemingly contradictory roles for poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) in facilitating both protection and deadenylation.
Land Dispossession and Everyday Politics in Rural Eastern India

Large dams were for many decades the focal point of scholarship on land dispossession in post-colonial India. From roughly the 1980s onwards, movements like the Narmada Bachao Andolan pioneered the...
Tracking in secondary education: An educational injustice:

Secondary education schools in the United States routinely distribute differential educational provisions to students through a widely implemented tracking system. This article aims to show that th...
Pro-islet amyloid polypeptide in micelles contains a helical prohormone segment

Pro-islet amyloid polypeptide (proIAPP) is the prohormone precursor molecule to IAPP, also known as amylin. IAPP is a calcitonin family peptide hormone that is cosecreted with insulin, and largely responsible for hunger satiation and metabolic homeostasis. Amyloid plaques containing mixtures of mature IAPP and misprocessed proIAPP deposit on, and destroy pancreatic β-cell membranes, and they are recognized as a clinical hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In order to better understand the interaction with cellular membranes, we solved the solution NMR structure of proIAPP bound to dodecylphosphocholine micelles at pH 4.5. We show that proIAPP is a dynamic molecule with four α-helices. The first two helices are contained within the mature IAPP sequence, while the second two helices are part of the C-terminal prohormone segment (Cpro). We mapped the membrane topology of the amphipathic helices by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement, and we used CD and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy to identify environmental factors that impact proIAPP membrane affinity. We discuss how our structural results relate to prohormone processing based on the varied pH environments and lipid compositions of organelle membranes within the regulated secretory pathway, and the likelihood of Cpro survival for cosecretion with IAPP. DATABASE: The assigned resonances have been deposited in the Biological Magnetic Resonance Bank (BMRB) with accession numbers 50007 and 50019 for proIAPP and Cpro, respectively. The lowest energy structures have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) with access codes 6UCJ and 6UCK.
Social, ethnic, and environmental determinants of obesity

Abstract (A leading cause of several nontransmissible chronic medical conditions and of disability-adjusted life years globally, overweight and obesity have reached pandemic proportions. Their worldwide trend is compounded by the existence of marked social, ethnic, and environmental disparities and by an incomplete understanding of the most helpful and effective interventions that could control or reverse the course of the pandemic. To a great extent, these challenges stem from the contribution of many individual, socioeconomic, nutritional, and environmental factors that determine the risk of obesity and overweight and shape the disparities. This chapter provides a glimpse into a few of these factors; there are many more, and some of them were perhaps not even identified yet. If we contemplate these factors as a group, one of their most salient features is their diversity. Racism and discrimination, social capital, food environments, social networks, access to recreational facilities, and exposure to obesogens are the topics that historically belonged to distinct disciplines yet are now merging into an intricate and dynamic interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary network of acute medical, public health, and economic relevance. Adding to the present impact of the pandemic, emerging evidence points toward the potential of some of the contributing factors to exert transgenerational effects, indicating that in all likelihood, we have only witnessed the tip of the iceberg for what is increasingly being recognized as one of the biggest medical and public health challenges of our time.
Stancetaking and heritage language production: the untold stories of spoken Spanish among third-generation “receptive” bilinguals

This article extends two conversations in the heritage language (HL) scholarship: 1) the need to strengthen the linguistic self-confidence among receptive bilinguals (who are typically associated w...
From Seeking Financialships to Satisfying Curiosity: Women’s Motivations for Entering Sugar Relationships

Although sugaring has become a popular practice in the United States in recent years, there is very little research on the reasons individuals enter into these relationships. The few studies that address what motivates women to begin sugar arrangements primarily focus on transactional sex (TS) in Africa and compensated dating (CD) in Asia. Researchers draw from three main perspectives to understand the reasons females participate in TS and CD which include the “sex for basic needs” paradigm, the “sex for improved social status” paradigm, and the “sex and expressions of love” paradigm. Drawing from 48 in-depth, semi-structured interviews, I explore the motivations that lead women in the United States to begin a sugar arrangement. In so doing, I found that, while these paradigms speak to some of the factors that motivate women in the United States to sugar, the reasons they do so are more varied than these three perspectives suggest. Instead, women participate in sugar relationships for a multitude of reasons which included the hope of obtaining money, material items, sex, companionship, love, mentorship, to relieve boredom, to have fun, and to satisfy their curiosity.
Compartmental Glycosylation Flux Analysis

Abstract N-linked glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) – an important class of biologics. In this work, we developed compartmental Glycosylation Flux Analysis (cGFA) to enable a more accurate representation of the cell’s Golgi apparatus (GA), where protein glycosylation takes place, in the analysis of intracellular fluxes of glycosylation reactions. The application of one-compartment and two-compartment cGFA to a Chinese hamster ovary cell culture production of immunoglobulin G demonstrated the insufficiency of modeling the GA as one well-mixed compartment. The two-compartment cGFA was able to, not only fit the data significantly better than the one-compartment cGFA, but also accurately predict the localization of enzyme in the GA cisternae. Information on glycosylation alterations during cell cultivation, as provided by the cGFA, may lead to a better understanding of how different cell culture parameters control the N-linked glycosylation which would enable a more precise glycoengineering of therapeutic mAbs.
External-Compression Supersonic Inlet Design Code

A computer code named SUPIN has been developed to perform aerodynamic design and analysis of external-compression, supersonic inlets. The baseline set of inlets include axisymmetric pitot, two-dimensional single-duct, axisymmetric outward-turning, and two-dimensional bifurcated-duct inlets. The aerodynamic methods are based on low-fidelity analytical and numerical procedures. The geometric methods are based on planar geometry elements. SUPIN has three modes of operation: 1) generate the inlet geometry from a explicit set of geometry information, 2) size and design the inlet geometry and analyze the aerodynamic performance, and 3) compute the aerodynamic performance of a specified inlet geometry. The aerodynamic performance quantities includes inlet flow rates, total pressure recovery, and drag. The geometry output from SUPIN includes inlet dimensions, cross-sectional areas, coordinates of planar profiles, and surface grids suitable for input to grid generators for analysis by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. The input data file for SUPIN and the output file from SUPIN are text (ASCII) files. The surface grid files are output as formatted Plot3D or stereolithography (STL) files. SUPIN executes in batch mode and is available as a Microsoft Windows executable and Fortran95 source code with a makefile for Linux.
Ranking risk exposures for situational surveillance of falls with sensors

Abstract Falls pose a significant public health problem. The usefulness of wearable sensors for detection of falls is well-known. We propose a novel optimization-based approach that was formulated for ranking exposures to falls using information streamed from multiple sensors. Our method incorporates statistical estimation. We illustrate our technique on synthetic data. Future research is aimed at assessing the validity of this new method.
Grief and Bereavement in Contemporary Society: Bridging Research and Practice, by R. A. Neimeyer, D. L. Harris, H. R. Winokuer, and G. F. Thorton

Neimeyer and Harris (2011) write, Whereas Freud (1917/1957) and Lindemann (1944) mostly described the intrapsychic processes of individuals who experienced the death of a loved one, current bereave...
Scaling Fundamentals and Applications of Digital Microfluidic Microsystems

With the first experimental demonstration of droplet flow on an electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWD) array platform in 2000, there has been significant interest in droplet actuation for lab-on-a-chip applications. A hydrodynamic scaling model of droplet actuation in a EWD actuator is presented that takes into account the effects of contact angle hysteresis, drag from the filler fluid, drag from the solid walls, and change in the actuation force while a droplet traverses a neighboring electrode. Based on this model, it is shown that scaling models of droplet splitting, actuation, and liquid dispensing all show a similar scaling dependence on\({\left[ {{\rm{t}}/{\varepsilon _{\rm{r}}}\left( {{\rm{d}}/{\rm{L}}} \right)} \right]^{{\rm{1}}/{\rm{2}}}}\) where t is insulator thickness and d/L is the aspect ratio of the device. It is also determined that reliable operation of a EWD actuator is possible as long as the device is operated within the limits of the Lippmann-Young equation. Also discussed are fluidic operations possible with digital microfluidics. Significant advances have been made in chip technology that allow for users to access digital microfluidic chips and to program these chips to perform numerous operations and applications on a common array of electrodes. Whereas in the past, microfluidic devices have been application specific, lacking reconfigurability and programmability, today’s digital microfluidic chips enable versatile, reconfigurable chip architectures that are capable of accommodating and adapting to multiple applications on the same platform.
Early Cambrian sponge spicules from the Cerro Clemente and Cerro Rajón, Sonora, México

Acid maceration and thin section analysis of archaeocyathan limestones of the Cerro Clemente and Cerro Rajon, Sonora, Mexico, have yielded some of the most ancient sponge fossils reported from the North American Cordillera. The sponge fossils are from Unit 3 of the Puerto Blanco Formation. The fossils include one of the earliest known specimens of Kiwetinokia WALCOTT. These new data indicate that diverse archaeocyaths and sponges occur in close association within Lower Cambrian limestones of Sonora. The new specimen of Kiwetinokia sp. provides evidence that geometrically complex spicules in Cambrian sponges evolved by the fusion of simpler spicule types. These are among the earliest sponges known to have lived in reef habitats.
Estrogen, Stress, and Depression: A Neurocognitive Model.

The stress exposure model of depression suggests that depression is the result of biological vulnerability combined with the trigger of stressful life events. Altered function of brain regions important to the stress response have been consistently found in individuals with depression and include hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis hyperactivity and insensitivity to negative feedback effects of cortisol. The cortisol response to stress shows sex differences and decreases during high-estradiol phases of the menstrual cycle. Women remain more sensitive than men to lower levels of cortisol following repeated stressors; thus, women may be more sensitive to mood dysregulation following psychosocial stress because of changing ovarian hormone effects on the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis and brain circuits important for the stress response. Depressive symptoms and the risk of recurrent and new-onset depression increase during perimenopause. Studies with large multiethnic cohorts and long follow-up periods support the hypothesis that change in menopausal status is associated with increased risk of depressive symptoms independent of other factors. Studies of the menopause transition suggest that alterations in estradiol levels are associated with changes in cognition and mood regulatory disturbances and that early (or surgical) menopause may be particularly associated with a risk for depression. The menopause transition may present a period of vulnerability for emotional dysregulation, similar to other well-known vulnerability phases such as the premenstrual and the immediate postpartum periods. If the loss of normal estradiol cycling increases the risk of depression and/or stressinduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis disruption, does replacing estradiol reduce the risk of mood dysfunction? While large prospective studies in major depression after menopause have not shown benefit of estradiol treatment, perimenopausal depression appears to benefit from such therapy. Thus, responses of depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women to estradiol may be different.
Open-source-based architecture for layered sensing applications

We present an architecture for layered sensing which is constructed on open source and government off-the-shelf software. This architecture shows how leveraging existing open-source software allows for practical graphical user interfaces along with the underlying database and messaging architecture to be rapidly assimilated and utilized in real-world applications. As an example of how this works, we present a system composed of a database and a graphical user interface which can display wide area motion imagery, ground-based sensor data and overlays from narrow field of view sensors in one composite image composed of sensor data and other metadata in separate layers on the display. We further show how the development time is greatly reduced by utilizing open-source software and integrating it into the final system design. The paper describes the architecture, the pros and cons of the open-source approach with results for a layered sensing application with data from multiple disparate sensors.
Projection of time-mean geopotential heights onto normal, hough modes

Bernhard Haurwitz discussed theoretically the roles of forced stationary and traveling free waves in the atmosphere. At least some of the prediction errors of the large-scale weather are thought to result from the improper partitioning of energy between the forced stationary fields and free traveling or normal modes of the forecast models. Here we project observed average fields for a given time of the year onto normal modes of a forecast model. It is important to have estimates of how the stationary, forced fields project onto these modes since the model must partition energy correctly between the stationary, forced fields and real, traveling modes in order to more accurately predict the evolution of the large scales.
Management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Insulin therapy has been lifesaving for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, longer lifespan has unmasked microvascular, neurological and macrovascular complications that result in profound morbidity and increased mortality. Driven by the conviction that better physiological control of glycaemic levels will prevent and/or ameliorate long term complications, and by the desire to make diabetes care as user-friendly as possible, clinical research efforts have led to the development of new treatment methods with the aim of achieving near normal metabolic control. Such methods include the use of self monitoring, multiple daily insulin injection regimens, external and implantable insulin pumps, and whole organ pancreas and isolated islet cell transplantation. In addition, dietary manipulation, including the use of α-glucosidase inhibitors, has played a role in controlling glycaemia.
An approach for studying aliasing relations of mixed fractional factorials based on product arrays

Mixed-level fractional factorial designs are commonly used in industries but its aliasing relations have not been studied in full rigor. These designs take the form of a product array. Aliasing patterns of mixed level factorial designs, in the form of product arrays, are discussed here.
To blog or not to blog: Student perceptions of blog effectiveness for learning in a college-level course

Abstract Blogs have the potential to increase reflection, sense of community and collaboration in undergraduate classrooms. Studies of their effectiveness are still limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the use of blogs in a large lecture class would enhance students' perceived learning. Students in an undergraduate nutrition course were required to engage in blog conversations over the course of the semester to promote reflective learning. Sixty-seven undergraduates responded to a survey with dimensions on perceived learning and sense of community. Sense of community and computer expertise were identified as significant predictors of perceived learning, when controlled for age, gender, and previous blogging experience. While a majority of the students reported that blogging enhanced their learning and led them to think about course concepts outside the classroom, fewer perceived value in peer comments. Implications for integrating blogging into undergraduate classrooms are discussed.
Travelers' Intent to Use Mobile Technologies as a Function of Effort and Performance Expectancy

Due to the nature of the tourism product (inherently experiential, intangible, and heterogeneous) and the substantial geographical distances, trial prior to the purchase decision is almost impossible. These kinds of distances could be overcome by information about the product, which is available in advance and can be gathered by the consumer. The upsurge of mobile technology is providing great flexibility for the tourism industry and travelers who have hierarchical needs for information beyond the extent or extension of alternative user-centered information channels and other support systems on the road. Current research of the use of mobile technology in tourism has focused on design and technological issues of mobile guides. Little research has been conducted to understand travelers' attitude and use patterns. This research aims to apply the key concepts of technology acceptance model (TAM) to understand how user experience, performance, and effort expectation interplay with user intention. Using struct...
Met expectations during role transitions of retail executive trainees

Examines met expectations of retail trainees within a job context framework that consists of five job characteristics. The job characteristics of autonomy, skill variety, task significance, task identity, and feedback from others have been linked to job outcomes such as job satisfaction. Results indicated that for each job characteristic, expectations were higher initially than actually experienced one year later. Three of the five characteristics (feedback, autonomy, and skill variety) were important in predicting job satisfaction. Demographic variables of gender and work experience yielded significant differences of met expectations for two job characteristics.
A diagnosis of adiabatic production and destruction of kinetic energy by the meridional and zonal motions of the atmosphere

Adiabatic production and destruction of kinetic energy by the meridional and zonal motions of the atmosphere at different latitudes from 20° to 70°N were investigated with twice-daily observed wind and geopotential data over North America during a one-year period. At the lower latitudes kinetic energy is produced by the meridional motion and destroyed by the zonal motion; while in the middle and higher latitudes, functions of meridional and zonal winds are reversed. Despite the general smallness of the meridional wind, the magnitude of – v δϕ/δy is comparable to that of – u δϕ/δx. As the result of the characteristic latitudinal distribution of – u δϕ/δx and – v δϕ/δ y, the resultant kinetic energy generation – V. ∇δ is maximum at the subtropical latitudes and minimum at the middle latitudes.
Intensity measurements, self-broadening coefficients, and rotational intensity distribution for lines of the oxygen B band at 6880 A

Abstract Quantitative measurements of intensities and half-widths were made for individual rotational lines of the atmospheric oxygen B band. The total band intensity, as derived from the line intensity measurements, is 40·8±0·6 cm −1 km −1 atm −1 STP. As had been previously found in this laboratory for the oxygen A band, the relative line intensities conform closely to the rotational distribution calculated by either Schlapp or by Watson. The line half-widths at half-intensity were determined for oxygen self-broadening for the P Q and P P branch lines and for a few R Q and R R branch lines near the band origin, and were found to vary from 0·064 cm −1 atm −1 at J ′ = 1 to 0·042 cm −1 atm −1 at J ′ = 25.
Flavonol Regulation in Tumor Cells

Flavonols comprise a group of flavonoid molecules that are widely distributes in fruits and vegetables. There is epidemiological data to suggest that consumption of flavonols can be accompanied by decreased cancer incidence. The anti-oxidant activity of flavonols may have an important role in preventing carcinogenesis. Therapeutic potential of flavonols is indicated by their growth inhibitory action accompanied by a decrease in several hallmarks of cancer such as resistance to apoptosis. Multiple mechanisms of action have been reported for the action of flavonols on cancer cells. Particular emphasis has been directed to inhibitory effects on several protein kinases and on the potential for prooxidant effects. The diversity of actions presents a problem in trying to elucidate primary and secondary effects but it may be a strength of the therapeutic potential of flavonols that it renders development of resistance more difficult for cancer cells. Cancer chemotherapy is usually characterized by the use of drug combinations. Some additive or synergistic combinations have been identified for flavonols and this is an area of ongoing investigation. As with other polyphenolic molecules there have been questions of cellular uptake and bioavailability. Several investigations have been and are being conducted to modify the structures of flavonols with the goal of increasing bioavailability. At present many investigators are sufficiently encouraged by past observations that they are responding to the challenge to optimize the dietary and therapeutic use of flavonols in cancer prevention and treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1190–1194, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A generalized parameterization of T1 motion and its application to the synthesis of planar mechanisms

Abstract Prior development of T1 motion theory has used a second-order parameterization which maximally simplifies the theory and allows for a description of the kinematic geometry. In the T1 motion theory presented here, this parameterization is generalized and not limited to the second-order. The results of this generalized parameterization are more algebraically complex; however, a purely algebraic application of the theory to the motion synthesis problem is made possible without an a-priori recognition of the kinematic geometry. Examples of the synthesis of a four-bar mechanism for rigid-body guidance and a four-bar mechanism for function generation are presented.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of granular cell tumor of the tongue: a technique for the aspiration of oral lesions.

Granular cell tumor is most commonly located in the tongue. Despite this common location, there are few reports of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the tongue, likely because this is a sensitive area for most patients, and many cytopathologists do not have experience aspirating oral lesions. We report a case of FNAB of a granular cell tumor of the tongue in a 29-year-old man with an unusual presenting history and without symptoms. The diagnosis was made based on the cytomorphology of the direct smears and immunohistochemistry on cell block material. We will also describe cytologic features of the neoplasm, differential diagnosis, and our technique for obtaining the material, as we feel this can be repeated by experienced cytopathologists. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modulation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B- and mitogen-activated protein kinase-pathways by tea polyphenols in human prostate cancer cells

We have earlier shown that oral infusion of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea, at a human achievable dose (equivalent to six cups of green tea per day), significantly inhibits prostate cancer (PCA) development and metastasis in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model that closely mimics progressive form of human prostatic disease (Gupta et al. [2001]: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:10350–10355.). A complete understanding of the mechanism(s) and molecular targets of PCA chemopreventive effects of tea polyphenols may be useful in developing novel approaches for its prevention. In this study, we employed two distinct human PCA cell lines viz. DU145 (androgen-unresponsive prostate carcinoma cells) and LNCaP (androgen-responsive prostate carcinoma cells) and, employing immunoblot analysis, we evaluated the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol present in green tea and theaflavins (TF), the major polyphenol present in black tea on phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Both EGCG and TF treatment were found to (i) decrease the levels of PI3K and phospho-Akt and (ii) increase Erk1/2 in both DU145 and LNCaP cells. Our data showing the inhibition of the constitutive levels of PI3K and the phosphorylation of Akt could be important because the treatment approaches should be aimed at the inhibition of the constitutive levels of PI3K and Akt. Our data also suggest that Erk1/2 could be involved in the anti-cancer effects of EGCG and TF. Taken together, our study, for the first time demonstrated the modulation of the constitutive activation of PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 pathways by EGCG as well as TF. We suggest that detailed studies in appropriate tumor model system are needed to establish the relevance of the cell culture work to in vivo models. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multidimensional relevance modeling via psychometrics and crowdsourcing

While many multidimensional models of relevance have been posited, prior studies have been largely exploratory rather than confirmatory. Lacking a methodological framework to quantify the relationships among factors or measure model fit to observed data, many past models could not be empirically tested or falsified. To enable more positivist experimentation, Xu and Chen [77] proposed a psychometric framework for multidimensional relevance modeling. However, we show their framework exhibits several methodological limitations which could call into question the validity of findings drawn from it. In this work, we identify and address these limitations, scale their methodology via crowdsourcing, and describe quality control methods from psychometrics which stand to benefit crowdsourcing IR studies in general. Methodology we describe for relevance judging is expected to benefit both human-centered and systems-centered IR.
Analysis of flamelet leading point dynamics in an inhomogeneous flow

Abstract Several studies have utilized “leading points” concepts to explain the augmentation of burning rates in turbulent flames by flow fluctuations. These ideas have been particularly utilized to explain the strong sensitivity of turbulent burning rates to fuel composition. Leading point concepts suggest that the burning velocity is controlled by the velocity of the points on the flame that propagate farthest out into the reactants – thus, they de-emphasize the classical idea that burning velocity enhancement is due to increases in flame surface area. Rather, within this interpretation, flame area creation is the effect, not the cause, of augmented turbulent burning velocities. However, the theory behind the implementation of leading point concepts in turbulent combustion modeling needs further development and the definition of “leading point” has not been fully clarified. For a certain class of steady shear flows, it is straightforward to demonstrate the leading point concept in an intuitive manner, but the problem becomes more complex when the leading points themselves evolve in time. In this paper, we use the G -equation to describe the flame dynamics and, utilizing results for Hamilton–Jacobi equations from the Aubry–Mather theory, demonstrate both the utility and limitations of leading points interpretations for front propagation, at least for deterministic problems. Specifically, we show how the large-time behavior of the solutions is controlled by discrete points on the flame under certain conditions and is, therefore, independent of the rest of the flow field details – a key hypothesis of leading points theories. However, it is possible to find other conditions where the large time behavior of the flame is not controlled by discrete points on the flame, but rather by the velocity field over its entire surface. Moreover, we also show that even in cases where the burning rate is controlled by discrete points, these points are not necessarily the most forward lying points in the flame front. Finally, we consider the case where the laminar flame speed is a function of flame front curvature and derive exact results for the sensitivity of the front speed to the Markstein length, l , for l > 0. These solutions explicitly illustrate how the reduction of front displacement speed for increasing l can be interpreted in terms of leading points dynamics in some cases.
The new US anti‐money laundering offensive: will it prove successful?

The purpose of this analysis is to present the history of anti‐money laundering efforts in the United States as it applies both domestically and internationally, and demonstrate how this new legislation, if enacted, will mark a dramatic change in the customary treatment of international financial transactions and to international long‐arm jurisdiction and law enforcement. If enacted as proposed, this legislation may provide the tools necessary to achieve substantial progress in this effort.
B cell mediated priming following pneumococcal colonization.

The primary reservoir for Streptococcus pneumoniae is the human nasopharynx, and colonization is often the initial step in pathogenesis. Recently we have demonstrated that pneumococcal colonization primes the immune response to subsequent vaccination with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (CPV). In this study we wished to determine if colonization stimulates the production of B cell memory that is activated following vaccination with CPV. To test this hypothesis, we colonized mice with S. pneumoniae serotype 14, adoptively transferred their B cells and CD4+ T cells into naive recipients, and vaccinated the recipients with CPV. Our results indicate that pneumococcal colonization stimulates the production of memory B cells which are responsible for enhancing the immune response to CPV vaccination.
The viscosity of molten Fe40Ni40P14B6 and Pd82Si18

Abstract Using an oscillating cup viscometer, the viscosity of molten Fe 40 Ni 40 P 14 B 6 and Pd 82 Si 18 was measured. Both alloys exhibit deep eutectics and become amorphous when rapidly quenched (~ 10 6 K s −1 and 10 3 K s −1 , respectively) to ambient temperature. For Fe 40 Ni 40 Pi 14 B 6 , the viscosity can be represented by an Arrhenius relation of the form In η = − 5.65 + 4520/ T (η = poise, T = K ) between 900–1000°C. When these values are extrapolated to higher temperatures they very nearly correspond to those of Fe 80 P 20 . Also the viscosity of Fe 40 Ni 40 B 20 was measured at its melting point. Its value'is similar to that of Fe 40 Ni 40 P 14 B 6 at its melting point. Therefore the effect of substituting phosphorus for boron in the ternary lowers its melting temperature but has no effect on the viscosity. For Pd 82 Si 18 the viscosity can be represented by In η = −0.645 + 5183/ T between 800–1000°C. In the supercooled region η ( T = 780° C ) = 76 poise and η ( T = 765° C ) = 89 poise. These values are two orders of magnitude larger than the viscosity of any other liquid metal alloy, which is consistent with its relatively large glass forming ability.
Temporal variation in the structure of autotrophic and heterotrophic communities in the subarctic Pacific

Autotrophic and microheterotrophic plankton populations were monitored in the euphotic zone of the eastern subarctic Pacific during 6 one-month cruises in spring and summer, 1984, 1987 and 1988. Transmitted light, epifluorescence, and electron microscopy were used to identify, enumerate and estimate the biomass of size-populations of species. The 2–10μm size class dominated the biomass of both autotrophs and heterotrophs. The autotrophic flagellate, Phaeocystis pouchetii, was frequently observed in its non-colonial phase. Temporal variation in all the stocks was evident and could be explained only partially by the physical, chemical or biological factors investigated here. The general structure of the autotrophic community was similar to that in the North Atlantic, but major, unexplained variations between cruises occurred. Variation in mixed-layer depth and day length (but not variation in daily insolation) explained 25% of the variation in autotrophic doubling rate. Heterotrophic biomass comprised, in decreasing order of importance, non-pigmented flagellates, dinoflagellates, and ciliates. Ciliates rarely contributed more than 40% to the total. Microheterotrophic biomass rarely exceeded 30μg C 1−1 (avg 15μg C 1−1, 0–60m) whereas autotrophic biomass averaged 20μg C 1−1, 0–60m, and reached 74μg C 1−1 on one occasion, yet the grazing capacity of these microheterotrophs averaged 100% of primary production.
Total wrist arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Total wrist arthroplasty cannot duplicate the complex mechanics of the normal wrist which involves multiple articulations among the radius, ulna, and carpal bones. However, newer implant designs attempt to simplify this intricate system while producing a stable, pain-free joint with a functional range of motion. A motion-preserving alternative to wrist arthrodesis is of particular importance when treating patients who are debilitated by arthritis afflicting multiple joints. Total wrist arthroplasty enhances the performance of daily activities and is preferred to arthrodesis by rheumatoid patients [M.J. Goodman, et al., Arthroplasty of the rheumatoid wrist with silicone rubber: an early evaluation. J. Hand Surg. [Am.] 5 (2) (1980) 114–121; A.J. Vicar, R.I. Burton, Surgical management of the rheumatoid wrist-fusion or arthroplasty. J. Hand Surg. [Am.] 11 (6) (1986) 790–797]. Other patients may also choose arthroplasty over arthrodesis to better maintain their ability to perform vocational and avocational activities. Regardless of the need or desire for arthroplasty, the patient must accept and commit to a lifetime of restricted activities imposed by an artificial wrist. The patient must also recognize the risk of implant failure with the consequent need for revision surgery. This article discusses the history, technique, and outcomes of total wrist arthroplasty with emphases on new implant designs and strategies to minimize risks and manage complications.
Fast crash recovery in RAMCloud

RAMCloud is a DRAM-based storage system that provides inexpensive durability and availability by recovering quickly after crashes, rather than storing replicas in DRAM. RAMCloud scatters backup data across hundreds or thousands of disks, and it harnesses hundreds of servers in parallel to reconstruct lost data. The system uses a log-structured approach for all its data, in DRAM as well as on disk: this provides high performance both during normal operation and during recovery. RAMCloud employs randomized techniques to manage the system in a scalable and decentralized fashion. In a 60-node cluster, RAMCloud recovers 35 GB of data from a failed server in 1.6 seconds. Our measurements suggest that the approach will scale to recover larger memory sizes (64 GB or more) in less time with larger clusters.