cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State children's health insurance program: Origins and present status

Abstract Children living in poverty are less likely to have health insurance and therefore, have less access to health care than their counterparts with insurance. Lack of health insurance has been associated with poor health outcomes. The State Children's Health Program (SCHIP) was signed into law as part of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. This program was created to help states expand health coverage to children through age 19, whose families earn too much to qualify for Medicaid but do not earn enough to purchase private insurance. The eligibility requirements, financing, and structure of SCHIPs are discussed. A review of the literature revealed a limited amount of information regarding the evaluation of SCHIPs. The nurse's role in the enrollment, monitoring, and evaluation of SCHIPs is addressed. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Enhancement of coherent X-ray diffraction from nanocrystals by introduction of X-ray optics

Coherent X-ray Diffraction is applied to investigate the structure of individual nanocrystalline silver particles in the 100nm size range. In order to enhance the available signal, Kirkpatrick-Baez focusing optics have been introduced in the 34-ID-C beamline at APS. Concerns about the preservation of coherence under these circumstances are addressed through experiment and by calculations.
Autoionization states of the positronium negative ion

The complex-rotation method has been applied to investigate autoionization states of the positronium negative ion (${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}{e}^{+}$). Only the singlet $S$ states are considered, but both the lowest resonance below the $n=2$ and $n=3$ positronium thresholds are calculated. Using the Hylleraas-type wave function with 161 terms, the resonance parameters (position and width) are determined by the complex-rotation method. The higher members of the resonances are estimated by the stabilization method but no width and "shift" are provided. In addition, by varying the mass of the positron from $1{m}_{e}$ (electron mass) to $\ensuremath{\infty}$, we are able to investigate the lowest resonance for systems ranging from ${\mathrm{Ps}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ to ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. From this analysis, the lowest resonance for other three-body systems (${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}d{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}t{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) are deduced.
Structure-Guided Peptidomimetic Design Leads to Nanomolar β-Hairpin Inhibitors of the Tat−TAR Interaction of Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus†,‡

The Tat protein of immunodeficiency viruses is the main activator of viral gene expression. By binding specifically to its cognate site, the transactivator response element (TAR), Tat mediates a strong induction of the production of all viral transcripts. In seeking a new chemical solution to inhibiting viral protein-RNA interactions, we recently identified inhibitors of the viral Tat protein from the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) using conformationally constrained beta-hairpin peptidomimetics. We identified a micromolar ligand, called BIV2, and the structure of its complex with BIV TAR was determined by NMR. In this work, we demonstrate that this chemistry can rapidly yield highly potent and selective ligands. On the basis of the structure, we synthesized and assayed libraries of mutant peptidomimetics. Remarkably, we were able in just a few rounds of design and synthesis to discover nanomolar inhibitors of the Tat-TAR interaction in BIV that selectively bind the BIV TAR RNA compared to RNA structures as closely related as the HIV-1 TAR or RRE elements. The molecular recognition principles developed in this study have been exploited in discovering related peptidomimetic inhibitors of the Tat-TAR interaction in HIV-1.
Neoplasms within the pulmonary veins

Propagation of tumor thrombus from a primary or secondary pulmonary neoplasm with direct extension within the pulmonary veins into the left atrium is a rare form of cardiac metastasis. Aside from the present report, 15 previous cases have been described. Systolic cardiac murmurs were heard in three cases. Although "protective" pulmonary arterial thickening has been reported in cases of narrowing of the pulmonary veins, no such vascular changes were observed in the lungs in this case.
The impact of cardiac index on cerebral hemodynamics.

Current noninvasive testing allows accurate assessment of cerebrovascular hemodynamics. The cardiovascular influence on the noninvasive assessment of cerebrovascular studies has not been defined. This study was designed to determine the effect of cardiac index (CI) on cerebral blood flow velocities, ocular pulse amplitude, ophthalmic systolic pressure, and ocular blood flow (OBF) as currently estimated by noninvasive laboratories.Based on a retrospective study of 181 patients, we prospectively evaluated 45 patients undergoing right heart catheterization for hemodynamic monitoring to correlate the relation between CI, transcranial Doppler sonography, and ocular pneumoplethysmography. Patients with hemodynamic instability, severe carotid stenoses, massive cerebral infarct, or sepsis were ineligible for the study. Simultaneous recordings of systemic blood pressure, ophthalmic systolic pressure, heart rate, ocular pulse amplitude, middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities, and cardiac output were obtained ...
Epileptiform discharges evoked in hippocampal brain slices from epileptic patients.

We have recorded from diseased hippocampal tissue which was surgically removed from epileptic patients for therapeutic purposes. When the perforant path was stimulated at a low frequency (1 Hz), the number of population spikes evoked in the dentate gyrus increased by a factor of as great as 8 during a 15 s train. This effect was transient. A similar epileptiform discharge could be generated in normal rat hippocampal brain slices by the same stimulus spradigm, but only in the presence of a low concentration (0.2 μM) of bicuculline. These results suggest that this frequency-dependent epileptiform discharge, evoked in the dentate gyrus of epileptic patients, may be due to a small reduction in GABAA-mediated inhibition and may involve factors that lead to the initiation of seizures.
Emerson, Cooley, and the American Heroic Vision*

Willful leaders and mindless masses are governing images in Carlyle's and Nietzsche's romantic conception of political domination. In contrast, the nineteenth century American notion of heroic leadership was inspired by liberal sentiment and drew mainly on classical republican definitions of greatness. These sentiments and definitions supplied the basis for Ralph Waldo Emerson's theory of heroes and hero worship. The first part of this paper shows how the tension between elitist and democratic conceptions of the hero permeated Emerson's early work, and how this tension was finally resolved in his essays on representative men. The second part of the paper deals with Charles Horton Cooley's admiration of Emerson, and the affinity between Emerson's mature ideas and Cooley's studies of genius, emulation, fame, and leadership. Cooley's political sociology, like Emerson's, was based on a profound attachment to democratic principles. Cooley also believed, as did Emerson, that these intangible principles only remain secure as long as society emulates the great men who personify them. Building upon Emerson's conception of the heroic figure as a symbol rather than a source of social order and social change, Cooley passed on to later generations of American sociologists a conception of heroic leadership that differs sharply from the romantic visions which prevailed in Europe from Emerson's time to Cooley's own day.
Introduction to the 2nd Amino Acid Assessment Workshop

A series of Amino Acid Assessment Workshops (AAAWs) are being organized and conducted to bring together experts in amino acid nutrition, metabolism, cell and molecular biology, toxicology, and regulation/policy with the eventual goal to establish a paradigm for the characterization of risks associated with ingestion of specific intakes of amino acids by humans. In this brief introductory article, I present the rationale behind these AAAWs, which basically emerges from the fact that there is little systematic information about the adverse effects and the pathophysiological mechanisms of excessive intakes of single amino acids or of mixtures of amino acids in human subjects. This 3rd AAAW extends, as well as builds upon, the information collected at the 1st and 2nd AAAWs. The previous two workshops focused attention largely on the metabolism, mechanism of action, and functions of amino acids. This 3rd AAAW will focus particular attention on intakes needed to meet physiological requirements and above, host and diet factors that affect these needs and responses, as well as variation in responses to and levels of intake of amino acids among individuals. In this context, the overall objective is to establish the science and knowledge base required for use in determining and/or predicting the upper level of the safe range of intake of specific amino acids under various host, agent (diet), and environmental conditions.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER : VIII. PRESENCE OF A LEPTOSPIRA IN WILD ANIMALS IN GUAYAQUIL AND ITS RELATION TO LEPTOSPIRA ICTEROHÆMORRHAGIÆ AND LEPTOSPIRA ICTEROIDES.

By the inoculation of guinea pigs intraperitoneally with the emulsions of kidneys from wild rats and mice captured in Guayaquil, it was found that 67 per cent of the wild rats tested harbored in their kidneys a leptospira which produced in guinea pigs symptoms and lesions identical with those produced by Leptospira icterohamorrhagia derived either from patients suffering from infectious jaundice in Japan or Europe, or from wild rats caught in New York. Immune sera were prepared in rabbits by injecting different strains of the Guayaquil leptospira. These sera had a marked agglutinating and disintegrating influence upon the homologous strains, and also, but often to a less pronounced degree, upon the strains of Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ from other sources. Pfeiffer's phenomenon was also found to be positive, and protection was demonstrated against infection with virulent cultures of strains of Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ. The same sera had no effect, or at most a very slight one, upon Leptospira icteroides. Guinea pigs inoculated with icteroides strains were not noticeably protected by the use of the immune sera prepared with the Guayaquil rat strains. Guinea pigs inoculated with killed cultures of the Guayaquil strains of leptospira proved to be resistant to a subsequent infection with heterologous as well as homologous strains of Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ. It is concluded, therefore, that the leptospira isolated from the kidneys of wild rats and mice in Guayaquil belongs to the group of Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ, and differs from Leptospira icteroides in its immunity reactions. No positive transmission was obtained with kidney material from bats and an opossum.
The Adaptation of Parents to the Birth of an Infant With a Congenital Malformation: A Hypothetical Model

To determine the course of parental reactions to the birth of a child with a congenital malformation and the process of parental attachment, the parents of 20 children with a wide range of malformations including mongolism, congenital heart disease, and cleft palate were interviewed. Structured interviews took place 7 days to 60 months after birth. Despite the wide variation of malformations, analysis of the interviews demonstrated five stages of parental reactions--shock, denial, sadness and anger, adaptation, and reorganization--in dealing with a congenitally malformed child during the course of his development and care. Observations of these patients suggest that early crisis counseling in the first months of life may be particularly crucial in parental attachment and adjustment.
Differential Ca2+ Influx, KCa Channel Activity, and Ca2+ Clearance Distinguish Th1 and Th2 Lymphocytes

In Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes, activation begins with identical stimuli but results in the production of different cytokines. The expression of some cytokine genes is differentially induced according to the amplitude and pattern of Ca2+ signaling. Using fura- 2 Ca2+ imaging of murine Th1 and Th2 clones, we observed that the Ca2+ rise elicited following store depletion with thapsigargin is significantly lower in Th2 cells than in Th1 cells. Maximal Ca2+ influx rates and whole-cell Ca2+ currents showed that both Th1 and Th2 cells express indistinguishable Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ channels. Therefore, we investigated other mechanisms controlling the concentration of intracellular Ca2+, including K+ channels and Ca2+ clearance from the cytosol. Whole-cell recording demonstrated that there is no distinction in the amplitudes of voltage-gated K+ currents in the two cell types. Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) currents, however, were significantly smaller in Th2 cells than in Th1 cells. Pharmacological equalization of Ca2+-activated K+ currents in the two cell types reduced but did not completely eliminate the difference between Th1 and Th2 Ca2+ responses, suggesting divergence in an additional Ca2+ regulatory mechanism. Therefore, we analyzed Ca2+ clearance from the cytosol of both cell types and found that Th2 cells extrude Ca2+ more quickly than Th1 cells. The combination of a faster Ca2+ clearance mechanism and smaller Ca2+-activated K+ currents in Th2 cells accounts for the lower Ca2+ response of Th2 cells compared with Th1 cells.
Confronting Failure: Antecedents and Consequences of Shared Beliefs About Failure in Organizational Work Groups

This paper contributes to a growing body of research on shared cognition by examining shared beliefs about failure in organizational work groups. We argue that the popular ideal of organizational learning from failure is likely to be impeded by powerful psychological and organizational barriers to engaging in behaviors through which this can occur. We hypothesize that people hold tacit beliefs about appropriate responses to mistakes, problems and conflict, and that these are shared within and vary between organizational work groups (H1). These shared beliefs vary in the extent to which they take a learning approach to failure – specifically in the extent to which they endorse identifying, discussing, and analysing mistakes, problems, and conflicts. We also hypothesize that effective coaching, clear direction and a supportive work context influence beliefs related to failure (H2), and that beliefs about failure influence group performance (H3). These hypotheses combine to suggest a theoretical model of antecedents and consequences of shared beliefs about failure in work groups. The paper presents empirical evidence from a recent field study to test the model and finds support for Hypotheses 1, 2, and 3. Hypothesis 4 – that shared beliefs about failure mediate between the antecedents and the outcome of group performance – was not supported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Social Perspective-Taking in Developing Students’ Leadership Capacities

Abstract This study examined relationships between social perspective-taking (SPT) and the individual, group, and societal domains of socially responsible leadership. SPT is a higher-order cognitive skill linked to moral development and social coordination, but never empirically connected to leadership development. Analyses determined SPT has a strong direct effect on group-level leadership values and an indirect effect on societallevel leadership values. Results offer critical new insights into directionality in the social change model.
Improvement in the cross-polarization NMR experiment for suppression of rigid protonated carbons

.4 very useful NMR experiment for solids simply requires the use of a calculated delay for the decoupling pulse (1). For a proper choice of the decoupler delay TD, singly or doubly protonated carbons can usually be suppressed from the carbon13 NMR spectrum. Owing to their usually rapid motion at room temperatures, triply protonated carbons (methyl groups) are usually not suppressed as easily. This experiment has received various titles such as “dipolar dephasing” or “interrupted decoupler.” It has been used by various researchers to simplify complicated carbon13 spectra of biological molecules (2, 3), to estimate carbon types in fuels (4), and to substantiate chemical reaction mechanisms (5). One problem with this experiment is that the decoupler delay time TD introduces an additional linear phase error in the observed NMR spectrum if the signal digitizer is triggered at the end of the delay. Alternately, if the digitization is begun prior to the delay, the additional linear phase error can be avoided at the expense of possibly recording (1) the would-be suppressed carbon signals and (2) an rf transient when the decoupler pulse is activated. If a chemical-shift refocusing pulse is added to the rare-spin pulse sequence at the center of the decoupler delay TD, then the digitization can begin at the end of the delay without the undesired linear phase error. The pulse sequence is depicted in Fig. 1. Also shown are the appropriate rf rotating-frame phases for a 4-cycle phase alternated quadrature signal averaging. The rare-spin FID is inverted by alternating the spin-lock direction of the abundant spin (X, x), (6, 7). The quadrature outputs of the real (R) and imaginary (I) channels of the digitizer are added/subtracted from the even (E) and odd (0) memory locations as described in Fig. 1. Carbon13 measurements were made on a commercially available (Aldrich) powder of pdi-tert-butylbenzene (PDTBB). The proton T, of this compound was measured as approximately 0.3 sec. Solids spectra were recorded with an IBM Instruments, Inc. 100 MHz Solids Accessory and a Bruker Instruments, Inc. WPlOOSY console. The carbon-l 3 spectra shown in Fig. 2 were recorded at 25.18 MHz using approximately 300 mg of the powder, a 4.8 kHz MAS rotor speed, a cross-polarization contact time of 2 msec, a spectral width of 15 kHz, a filter width of 19 kHz, a repetition time of 3 set, and 48 signal averages. The matched Hartmann-Hahn and decoupling rf fields were 42 kHz. The width of the ?r refocusing pulse on the carbon13 channel was 12
A path following control algorithm for urban driving

A path following algorithm for urban driving is presented in this paper. The algorithm is designed specially to reduce path following errors caused by cornering and unsuitable set speed. We introduce a circular look-ahead (CLA) steering controller which can control a car to precisely follow a path even on a curvy road, and also propose a speed control algorithm integrated with the CLA steering controller to ensure that the vehicle is able to follow the path. The algorithm was first successfully implemented on a wheeled robot.
Navicular subluxation as a radiographic finding in Charcot neuroarthropathy.

Background:Treatment of patients with Charcot midfoot destruction is a difficult and increasingly common clinical problem. The pathoanatomical features of Charcot neuropathy have been evaluated in only a few studies. This study evaluated whether medial navicular subluxation (adduction of the navicular on the talus) is a radiographic finding present in patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy.Methods:A retrospective review of 143 consecutive patients diagnosed with Charcot arthropathy of the foot from January 2004 to May 2011 was performed. Patients were identified based on a clinical diagnosis code 713.5 during an outpatient clinic visit with 2 surgeons at a single institution. After exclusion criteria were applied, a series of radiographs of 50 feet in 40 patients were compared with radiographs from an age-matched control group. Radiographic data including talonavicular coverage angle and talonavicular uncoverage percentage were collected.Results:The mean talonavicular coverage angle of the Charcot arthrop...
Factors predicting completion of the human papillomavirus vaccine series.

Abstract Purpose This study identified factors associated with completion of the three dose quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV4) series by female adolescents. Methods Between February and September 2008, we prospectively surveyed 11- to 26-year-old female members of an integrated managed care organization shortly after their first HPV4 dose to identify factors that predicted series completion. We used regression analyses to assess whether self-reported experiences at the index visit, knowledge/attitudes about HPV and HPV4, and medical record data on adverse events, demographic characteristics, care-utilization frequency, and visit characteristics, were associated with vaccine series completion within one year of the first HPV4 dose. Results Of 899 survey respondents (27% of 3347 survey recipients), 786 (87%) maintained continuous enrollment in the health plan in the year following the first HPV4 dose. Fifty percent (n = 393) completed the vaccine series within that year. In multivariate analyses of survey respondents, only respondents' ability to correctly identify the number of shots required for series completion was significantly associated with series completion. Reported bruising was associated with decreased likelihood of completion, and the clinician stating that future shots were required was associated with increased likelihood, but both were of borderline significance. Females ages 16–20 had the lowest series completion. Conclusions Improving HPV4 completion will require targeted efforts. Our results suggest that providers may help by stressing the need for additional doses of vaccine, and confirming that patients understand this information. Special attention should be given to females ages 16–20. Future randomized trials should assess the effect on vaccine completion of these simple, low-cost interventions.
An In Vitro Digestibility Assay for Prediction of the Metabolizable Energy of Low-Calorie Dextrose Polymeric Bulking Agents

A method was developed to predict in vivo digestibility and metabolizable energy of dextrose polymers from in vitro enzyme digestibility measurements. A high correlation (r = 0.98) was established between in vivo true digestibility (TD) and in vitro percent dextrose yield (DY) for polymeric compounds representing a wide range of in vivo digestibility (22–96%). The linear regression equation describing this relationship was TD (%) = 1.11 DY + 10.68. The in vivo nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) of four test compounds was predicted from in vivo digestibility data with good accuracy using the linear regression equation TMEn (kcal/g) = 0.038 DY + 0.637 (r = 0.97). The in vitro method is most useful for predicting in vivo digestibility and metabolizable energy of dextrose polymers with in vitro dextrose yields less than 80% and in vivo metabolizable energy values less than 3.6 kcal/gram.
Behavioral undercontrol and subjective stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol intoxication: independent predictors of drinking habits?

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated relations between behavioral undercontrol (e.g., sensation seeking) and higher levels of alcohol use. The mechanism underlying this relation is not yet understood. In this article, we investigate the role of subjective stimulant and sedative effects of intoxication on drinking habits, and we test the possibility that these effects mediate or moderate relations between behavioral undercontrol and drinking habits. Methods: College drinkers (n= 91) consumed 0.85 ml/kg of alcohol (approximately four drinks) and completed self-report measures of stimulation and sedation at three time points: (1) before drinking; (2) 15 min after consumption, on the ascending limb of the blood alcohol curve; and (3) 45 min after consumption, on the descending limb of the curve. In addition, participants completed the MacAndrew Alcoholism and Sensation Seeking Scales, indices of behavioral undercontrol, and a self-report questionnaire of drinking habits (quantity, frequency, and maximum). Results: As expected, undercontrol was strongly related to drinking habits (p < 0.0005). Undercontrol was also significantly related to ascending limb stimulation (p < 0.005), which, in turn, was related to drinking habits (p < 0.005). Finally, stimulation was found to moderate the relations between undercontrol and drinking habits such that relations were stronger at higher levels of stimulation. Conclusions: These findings may help to better understand the variability in drinking behavior, and this may be critical in eventually developing and appropriately targeting prevention efforts.
Reducing X-Ray Induced Oxidative Damages in Fibroblasts with Graphene Oxide

A major issue of X-ray radiation therapy is that normal cells can be damaged, limiting the amount of X-rays that can be safely delivered to a tumor. This paper describes a new method based on graphene oxide (GO) to protect normal cells from oxidative damage by removing free radicals generated by X-ray radiation using grapheme oxide (GO). A variety of techniques such as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative assay, apoptosis, γ-H2AX expression, and micro-nucleus assay have been used to assess the protective effect of GO in cultured fibroblast cells. It is found that although GO at higher concentration (100 and 500 µg/mL) can cause cell death and DNA damage, it can effectively remove oxygen free radicals at a lower concentration of 10 µg/mL. The level of DNA damage and cell death is reduced by 48%, and 39%, respectively. Thus, low concentration GO can be used as an effective radio-protective agent in occupational and therapeutic settings.
Reflections on Insider Trading

This article raises (but mostly does not answer) several questions concerning insider trading. How important is it? How can it be prosecuted when it has no clear definition? Is anyone harmed by insider trading? If so, who and how? Should insider trading be deregulated? Are there property rights in information? Who benefits most by restricting insider trading? How do insider trading restrictions harm investors?
Analytic Pseudodifferential Operators

“Generalized functions,” playing the role vis-a-vis analytic functions that distributions play vis-a-vis C ∞ functions, do exist: They are the hyper-functions of M. Sato. The analogues of pseudodifferential (and even hyperdifferential) operators can be made to act on them, and many results in this book have hyperfunction parallels. On this vast subject we refer the reader to Sato, Kawai, and Kashiwara [1]. In general, that is, in the absence of precise information, such operators transform hyperfunctions, and among them distributions, into hyperfunctions. As a consequence there may still be some justification for a theory of pseudodifferential operators that transform distributions into distributions while preserving their analyticity. This chapter is devoted to the definition and study of standard pseudodifferential operators (in the sense of Chapter I) having this property.
Untangling the Influence of a Protein Knot on Folding

Entanglement and knots occur across all aspects of the physical world. Despite the common belief that knots are too complicated for incorporation into proteins, knots have been identified in the native fold of a growing number of proteins. The discovery of proteins with this unique backbone characteristic has challenged the preconceptions about the complexity of biological structures, as well as current folding theories. Given the intricacies of the knotted geometry, the interplay between a protein's fold, structure, and function is of particular interest. Interestingly, for most of these proteins, the knotted region appears critical both in folding and function, although full understanding of these contributions is still incomplete. Here, we experimentally reveal the impact of the knot on the landscape, the origin of the bistable nature of the knotted protein, and broaden the view of knot formation as uniquely decoupled from folding.
RENAL HANDLING OF NITROFURANTOIN IN HYDROPENIC RATS.

SummaryIncreasing renal tissue concentration gradients have been demonstrated in hydropenic albino and Kangaroo rats for sodium, chloride and urea. No significant gradients could be demonstrated for water, potassium, p-aminohippurate and nitrofurantoin. Non-participation of nitrofurantoin in the solute concentration gradient may limit its effectiveness as a chemotherapeutic agent in pyelonephritis. However, phagocytosis as affected by solute concentration and medullary blood flow as related to diuresis may be of greater importance clinically.
THE EFFECT OF CARDIAC TRANSTHYRETIN AMYLOIDOSIS ON RENAL DISEASE PROGRESSION

The relative importance of cardiac dysfunction and renal amyloid involvement as a cause of renal dysfunction in patients with cardiac amyloidosis is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence and progression of renal dysfunction in patients with transthyretin amyloidosis with
Thrust joint manipulation utilization by U.S. physical therapists

AbstractStudy Design: Online survey study.Objective: To determine physical therapists’ utilization of thrust joint manipulation (TJM) and their comfort level in using TJM between the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the spine. We hypothesized that physical therapists who use TJM would report regular use and comfort providing it to the thoracic and lumbar spines, but not so much for the cervical spine.Background: Recent surveys of first professional physical therapy degree programs have found that TJM to the cervical spine is not taught to the same degree as to the thoracic and lumbar spines.Methods: We developed a survey to capture the required information and had a Delphi panel of 15 expert orthopedic physical therapists review it and provide constructive feedback. A revised version of the survey was sent to the same Delphi panel and consensus was obtained on the final survey instrument. The revised survey was made available to any licensed physical therapists in the U.S.A. using an online surve...
WE-DE-206-04: MRI Pulse Sequences - Spin Echo, Gradient Echo, EPI, Non-Cartesia

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an essential part of clinical imaging due to its ability to render high soft tissue contrast. Instead of ionizing radiation, MRI use strong magnetic field, radio frequency waves and field gradients to create diagnostic useful images. It can be used to image the anatomy and also functional and physiological activities within the human body. Knowledge of the basic physical principles underlying MRI acquisition is vitally important to successful image production and proper image interpretation. This lecture will give an overview of the spin physics, imaging principle of MRI, the hardware of the MRI scanner, and various pulse sequences and their applications. It aims to provide a conceptual foundation to understand the image formation process of a clinical MRI scanner. Learning Objectives: 2. Understand the origin of the MR signal and contrast from the spin physics level. 3. Understand the main hardware components of a MRI scanner and their purposes 4. Understand steps for MR image formation including spatial encoding and image reconstruction 5. Understand the main kinds of MR pulse sequences and their characteristics.
The Right to Earn Enough: The Fair Labor Standards Act

In 1938, the New Deal enacted the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) to establish a minimum wage. This chapter will survey the legal and political obstacles that had to be overcome to pass minimum wage legislation in the USA and review the arguments that overcame those obstacles. It will describe the legislative history of the FLSA and the way it produced a minimum wage that did not equate to a living wage. Unions were especially in favor of a living minimum wage as this chapter will describe. The AFL, however, did not want the FLSA to interfere with collective bargaining, while the CIO saw it with a consumerist perspective that higher wages would increase consumption and bring a recovery.
Non-Lethal Analysis of the Diet of Copper Rockfish in the San Juan Archipelago

Abstract Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) populations in the Salish Sea are at historically low levels due to slow population growth rates and a history of overexploitation. Fisheries managers are now attempting to rebuild stocks with a complete fishery closure. Food web models of the Salish Sea depend on current diet data, but lethal methods of diet sampling are not tenable with at-risk rockfish populations. Non-lethal sampling of diets, such as by gastric lavage, had not been attempted with rockfish, but can help minimize depletion of the populations for research needs. The objective of this study was to improve copper rockfish (S. caurinus) diet data in the San Juan Archipelago, using a non-lethal method of gut contents extraction. We used lavage to sample the diet of copper rockfish in San Juan Channel, WA, in fall 2010. Copper rockfish fed primarily on caridean shrimps and other demersal crustaceans, and consumed very few teleost prey. Previous studies of copper rockfish diet documented much higher reliance ...
Fabrication of an electrowetting microlens array on a flexible subtrate

We describe the fabrication of a flexible electrowetting microlens array. The microlenses are composed of two immiscible liquids on a flexible substrate. The areal density modulated electrode design utilized for electrowetting allows for the independent, continuous tuning of the individual microlenses and additionally functions to keep each lens centered on its optical axis. Simultaneously, the flexible substrate of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) allows for enhancements in the field of view of the array and allows the array to operate as a reconfigurable optical system. We report our fabrication method and demonstrate the actuation of the lens for a tunable microlens array made exclusively of flexible materials.
Power System Analysis and Optimization Using Advanced Voltage Regulation Techniques

Abstract A systematic method of determining the optimum regulation technique for a space power system requiring a well-regulated major load bus has been developed. A comparison is made in terms of energy source power requirements for systems employing series, shunt, and pulse-width-modulated (PWM) switching regulators. Key parameters are introduced to permit application of the study to any load profile. Results obtained are applicable to designs involving solar cell arrays and other sources of energy, such as radioisotope-thermoelectric and thermionic generators. It is shown that significant savings are possible through the proper application of pulse-width-modulated regulation, providing regulator efficiency is reasonably high. A second section of the paper discusses design considerations, development, circuit characteristics, and operation of two types of PWM voltage regulators. Each regulator is capable of supplying up to 500 w of load power and of operating efficiently over a wide range of input voltage, load current, and temperature.
Do Consumers Discriminate Against Foreign Companies Even When They are Green

The international business literature has long investigated the role of corporate environmentalism, or “going green,” in business. However, this research has been limited regarding the dynamics of ...
Measuring diagnostic accuracy for biomarkers under tree-ordering:

In the field of diagnostic studies for tree or umbrella ordering, under which the marker measurement for one class is lower or higher than those for the rest unordered classes, there exist a few diagnostic measures such as the naive AUC (NAUC), the umbrella volume (UV), and the recently proposed TAUC, i.e. area under a ROC curve for tree or umbrella ordering (TROC). However, an important characteristic about tree or umbrella ordering has been neglected. This paper mainly focuses on promoting the use of the integrated false negative rate under tree ordering (ITFNR) as an additional diagnostic measure besides TAUC, and proposing the idea of using (TAUC, ITFNR) instead of TAUC to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a biomarker under tree or umbrella ordering. Parametric and non-parametric approaches for constructing joint confidence region of (TAUC, ITFNR) are proposed. Simulation studies under a variety of settings are carried out to assess and compare the performance of these methods. In the end, a publish...
Corporal Punishment of Children: A Human Rights Violation

Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter I, Corporal Punishment of Children Inherently Has Attributes That Are Morally Objectionable Chapter II, Corporal Punishment of Children Violates International Human Rights Laws Chapter III, Binding Domestic Laws of Countries Prohibiting All Corporal Punishment of Children Chapter IV, Nonbinding Domestic Laws of Countries Prohibiting All Corporal Punishment of Children: The Peculiar Situations of Italy and Portugal Chapter V, Examples of Binding Domestic Laws of Countries Permitting Some Corporal Punishment of Children Chapter VI, The Utility of Law in Ameliorating Adverse Outcomes Associated With Corporal Punishment of Children and in Ultimately Eliminating Such Punishment Afterward Bibliography Cases Treaties and International Declarations Index.
Trade Liberalization and Global Demographic Change: A Quantitative Assessment

The developed world stands at the fore of a historically unprecedented demographictransition. Over the next several decades the number of elderly in the U.S., the EU, and Japan will more than double. A salient feature of this global demographic change is the fact that population aging will occur at differing paces and with differing intensities in the industrialized countries of the world. Significant aging is already underway in some economies, for example Germany, Italy, and Japan. Major demographic changes in the U.S. and China begin in the second decade of the 21st century (Figure 3.1). With a still longer lag, the demographic trends will be manifest in developing economies as well. The presence of globally unsynchronized aging patterns and the ongoing globalization of the world economy make it necessary to enhance our understanding of the interaction of demographic factors and international capital, labor, and commodity flows.
Role of Exotoxins in the Pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa Infections

The history of the study of infectious diseases has shown that disease often depends upon the outcome of interactions between the virulence associated-properties of the microbe and the defensive reactions of the host. Our approach to understanding microbial pathogenicity has focused on the identification of virulence factors, shown to be responsible for producing disease when the microbe establishes itself within the host. In some classic examples, such as clostridium tetani and corynebacterium diphtheriae, a single factor has been shown to be responsible for the disease and vaccines have been developed to prevent such infections or protect against the consequences of these infections.
Trauma, PTSD, and Secondary Trauma in Children and Adolescents

Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents refer to reactions to extremely frightening and threatening events. For those who are interested in learning about PTSD and those subclinical trauma reactions referred to as acute stress disorders, there is often a tendency to go to the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-5, 2013) where one encounters a list of symptoms such as intrusive thoughts, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. The DSM-5 introduces a PTSD subtype for children 6 years and younger which requires avoidance or intrusive thoughts, rather than both, and thereby simplifies the diagnosis of young children. The problem with this approach to defining PTSD and trauma reactions is that the DSM provides a skeletal, and in many ways a distorted view, of what PTSD actually is, especially as seen from the viewpoint of practicing school and clinical psychologists. A major issue in trauma reactions, regardless of the age of the trauma victim, is an alteration of one’s self-view and a change in how the environment is perceived. These changes from prior levels of functioning are so profound that they tend to overshadow most of the specific DSM listed symptoms. The alteration in a child’s or adolescent’s perspective of themselves and their environments are characteristically in the more negative and pessimistic direction than they were before being traumatized (e.g., Ellis, 2005).
Clostridium perfringens bacteremia. Opportunist or killer

Les techniques ameliorees de culture anaerobie permettent de deceler une bacteriemie a Cl. perfringens chez des sujets sans symptomes cliniques d'infection (29 sujets). La mortalite est de 45%. Dans 21 cas (72%) la source de la bacteriemie est inconnue. L'infection est polymicrobienne dans 83% des cas. L'antibiotherapie est sans effet. Les malades sont souvent atteints de maladies malignes
On the Himalayan Shoulders of Harry Markowitz

Few scientific scholars live to see their brain children come into almost universal usage. Harry Markowitz (1952, 1959, 2008) has been such an exceptional innovator. His quadratic programming Mean-Variance algorithms are used daily by thousands of money managers everywhere. When a quantum upward jump occurs, Robert K. Merton and other historians of science tell us that usually more than one scholar contributes to the advance – as with Newton and Leibniz or Darwin andWallace.When we cite Markowitz–Tobin– Lintner–Mossin–Sharpe methodologies, we pay tribute to the creative interactions among and between the innovators.1 Genuine scientific advances all too often do meet with resistance from historical orthodoxies. Max Planck (1900, 1901) gained eternal fame for himself when (“as an act of desperation”) he introduced quantum notions into classical physics. Was he instantly and universally applauded? Not quite so. Autobiographically, he had to declare that old guards are slow to accept new-fangled theories. As they are so often resistant to new methodologies, the new orthodoxy gets born only after they die one by one. Planck sums it up: Science progresses funeral by funeral! Harry Markowitz encountered the Planckian syndrome early on. At Markowitz’s Chicago 1952 oral Ph.D. exam, Professor Milton Friedman made waves against quadratic programming, declaring that it was not even economics, and neither was it interesting mathematics.
The Ontogeny of Vocal Learning in Songbirds

Songbirds (order: Passeriformes; suborder: Oscines) are one of the few groups of animals that makes extensive use of vocal communication and learns the sounds used for such communication during the course of development. Careful experimental study of song behavior itself, starting with the classic work of Thorpe (1958), Konishi (1965), and Marler (1970), has resulted in the accrual of an extensive body of literature detailing behavioral aspects of song learning. More recently, examination of the neuroanatomical basis of song learning, starting with the ground-breaking work of Nottebohm (Nottebohm, 1971; Nottebohm et al., 1976), has greatly advanced our knowledge of the neural and hormonal correlates of song learning and behavior.
Occupational Stress and Its Management

As a society, we have gone to great lengths to see that the citizens of our society receive at least a basic education in reading, communications, and mathematics. These efforts are an attempt to assist our citizens in becoming better adjusted and productive members of society. Yet we have spent considerably less time and effort in helping our citizens develop a far more basic skill, the ability to cope with everyday life, especially the pressure associated with earning a living. The National Conference on Health Promotion Programs in Occupational Settings sponsored by the U.S. Public Health Service in 1979 recommended that occupational stress-management programs should be an integral part of any occupational health-promotion endeavor. The purpose of this discussion is to review the concept of occupational stress and to offer a basic framework for the development of occupational stress-management programs.
Questions 11–20

This chapter illustrates a variety of different scenarios of rheumatic disease in succinct question and answer format. It contains ten complex cases with potentially unusual diagnoses designed to stimulate thought and further reading in this rapidly evolving specialty.
Examining the Effects of Exercise on Pattern Separation and the Moderating Effects of Mood Symptoms

Aerobic exercise has broad cognitive benefits. One target of interest is enhanced memory. The present study explored pattern separation as a specific memory process that could be sensitive to acute and regular exercise and clinically significant for disorders (e.g., depression) characterized by cognitive-affective deficits and hippocampal impairment. In a within-subjects design, participants (N = 69) attended two visits during which they repeated a behavioral pattern separation task at rest and after an activity (cycling, stretching). Regular exercise habits, demographics, mood and anxiety symptoms, and recognition memory capacity were also measured. More regular exercise predicted better resting pattern separation, t(62) = 2.13, b = 1.74, p = .037. Age moderated this effect, t(61) = 2.35, b = .25, p = .02; exercise most strongly predicted performance among middle-age participants. There was no main effect of activity condition on post-activity performance, t(61) = .67, p = .51. However, with significant heterogeneity in reported mood symptoms and regular exercise habits, there was a three-way interaction between condition, regular exercise, and depression, t(55) = 2.08, b = .22, p = .04. Relative to stretching, cycling appears to have enhanced the benefit of regular exercise for pattern separation performance; however, this was evident among participants with mild to no symptoms of depression, but absent among participants with moderate to severe symptoms. Results have implications for how exercise might protect against declines in pattern separation. Future research should explore exercise's potential as a prevention tool or early intervention for pattern separation and related clinical outcomes.
Facilitating student attention with multimedia presentations: examining the effects of segmented PowerPoint presentations on student learning

This study examined students’ ability to select and pay attention to appropriate learning material when exposed to an instructional lesson delivered with an animated PowerPoint presentation (i.e., information presented one part at a time instead of all at once). A total of 169 students were randomly assigned to watch a multimedia presentation that included either animated information or information presented in full, and were asked to respond to measures assessing their ability to select the appropriate material and its perceived task value. After this was complete, students took a multiple-choice test related to the lesson. Students in the animated condition who were very low, low, or average on the measure of task value scored approximately one fifth to one half of a letter grade higher (i.e., about 2–4%) on their tests. Results indicated this was because these students were better able to select and pay attention to appropriate learning material.