cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends in Presidential Heroic Rhetoric Under Economic Stress: Obama's First Year

In this paper I examine Obama’s use of “heroic framing” during his first year in office. I posit that the economic crisis offered an excellent opportunity for presidential heroic framing, a technique in which the speaker aligns contemporary political issues with a narrative in which a hero faces and defeats powerful antagonists to achieve a morally commendable goal. Given Obama's reputation as a speaker, it was somewhat surprising to find that Obama did not use significant heroic framing during his first year, even in connection with the economic crisis. I then sought to examine the possibility that Obama might yet increase his heroic framing of the economy by looking at whether presidential party influences the president's heroic framing of economic recession. What I discovered through my brief survey of recent recessions is that this may be the case. Both Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush presided over economic recessions but did not heroically frame the economy. Jimmy Carter, on the other hand, used much more substantial heroic framing in his most significant address on the economy. Given Obama's strong heroic framing of the economy in his inaugural speech, even if this tendency disappeared during 2009, it is possible that Obama may yet return to a heroic framing of the recession.
A Step-Frequency Radar System for Broadband Microwave Inverse Scattering and Imaging

Step-frequency radar (SFR) is an attractive alternative to impulse radar for obtaining broadband time-domain scattering data [1]. Through the use of an inverse Fourier transform, the SFR frequency-domain (magnitude and phase) data may be converted into a synthetic time-domain pulse. Time-domain inverse scattering imaging techniques [1–7], , used in conjunction with SFR data collection, may be used to generate images of the permittivity and conductivity profiles of scattering objects, and can provide a useful diagnostic and investigative tool.
Differential effects of cyclosporin on hepatic and renal heme, cytochrome P-450 and drug metabolism. Possible role in nephrotoxicity of the drug.

Abstract Treatment of rats with 25 or 50 mg/kg cyclosporin A for 6 days elicited vastly different responses in hepatic and renal heme and drug metabolism activities. In the liver, cytochrome P-450 concentration was decreased significantly (to 70–75 % of the control). This was accompanied by a marked reduction in benzo[ a ]pyrene hydroxylase activity (to 20–28% of the control). Aniline hydroxylation was also decreased, but to a lesser extent (to 77% of the control). In contrast, in the kidney cytochrome P-450 concentration was significantly increased to (145–170% of the control), along with a modest decreasc in benzo[ a ]pyrene hydroxylation activity. In this organ, the concentration of porphyrins was severely decreased (to 30% of the control). Also, the activities of δ-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthetase and ALA dehydratase, as well as that of heme oxygenase, were inhibited. It is suggested that in the kidney the inhibition of degradation, rather than an enhanced rate of synthesis of the heme molecule, contributes to the observed increase in cytochrome P-450 concentration. In the liver, the decrease in the cytochrome concentration could not be explained in terms of an alteration in the rate of heme biosynthesis or degradation. Therefore, the observed decrease in cytochrome P-450 concentration could reflect the direct inactivation of the hemoprotein or regulation of apoprotein production by cyclosporin and/or its metabolites(s). The possible relevance of the observations to cyclosporin nephrotoxicity is discussed.
Past, Present, and Future of Critical Quantitative Research in Higher Education

This chapter discusses the evolution of the critical quantitative paradigm with an emphasis on extending this approach to new populations and new methods. Along with this extension of critical quantitative work, however, come continued challenges and tensions for researchers. This chapter recaps and responds to each chapter in the volume, and concludes the two-volume series with a look toward the future use of quantitative criticalism by institutional researchers and higher education scholars.
Small bowel absorption of sulfasalazine and its hepatic metabolism in human beings, cats, and rats

Abstract To elucidate the role of the small bowel and liver in sulfasalazine (SASP) metabolism, we performed studies in patients, cats, and rats. The role of the small bowel in absorption and metabolism of SASP was determined by the amount of administered SASP excreted in ileostomy effluents, and the concentration of serum and urinary SASP and its metabolites, sulfapyridine and 5-amino salicylic acid. Seventy-five to ninety percent of the drug was excreted in ileostomy effluents of 6 patients as SASP, and only 5% of the dose was sulfapyridine. In cats, ileostomy and portal venous cannulations revealed that 20–30% of administered SASP is absorbed from the small bowel without being metabolized. The role of the liver in SASP metabolism was established in vivo and in vitro. SASP metabolites were measured in bile, serum, and urine of 2 patients with a choledochal T-tube and in serum and bile in six cats and four rats. Twenty to fifty percent of the absorbed drug was excreted in bile as SASP and no detectable sulfapyridine appeared in the bile. SASP concentration in peripheral blood and urine ranged between 3 and 12 μg/ml, and no significant amount of sulfapyridine metabolites were detected in the bile, serum, or urine of animals with an ileostomy. In vitro experiments with liver from cats and rats showed nearly complete reduction of SASP into metabolites. These studies reveal that SASP is not metabolized by the liver in vivo, and after absorption from the small bowel, 25–50% of the SASP is excreted unchanged in the bile, and the rest enters the circulation. Implications of these results in the treatment of patients with Crohn's disease of the small intestine are discussed.
Adrenocortical tumors: an integrated clinical, pathologic, and molecular approach at the University of Michigan.

Abstract Context.—The University of Michigan Health System has a rich tradition in the study and treatment of endocrine neoplasia. Recently, an integrated clinical and research program focused on primary cancer of the adrenal gland has been developed. Objective.—To discuss the foundation of the University of Michigan Adrenal Cancer Program that consists of 3 components: (1) advancement of excellent clinical care, (2) dissemination of resources and knowledge, and (3) scientific discovery. Data Sources.—Recent programmatic activity includes genome-wide transcriptomic evaluation of human adrenocortical tumors for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation; interrogation of the Wnt signaling pathway in adrenocortical carcinoma, using mouse models and transcriptome profiling; and clinical trials with targeted therapy focused on inhibition of insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway. Conclusions.—This review article presents an overview of this program and its recent activity.
Measurement of the angular momentum of Jupiter and the Sun by use of the Lense-Thirring effect

We investigate the feasibility of using the Lense-Thirring effect to measure the rotational angular momentum of Jupiter and the Sun. This experiment uses gyroscopes in close Jovian and solar orbits. It is important because it provides direct, unique information. The angular momentum is not derivable from the gravitational moments when non-uniform rotation is present. Analysis shows that this experiment could be done around Jupiter with current technology, but could not be done around the Sun for some years.
Invert your training program: revisited

At SIGUCCS 2001 in Portland, OR, I presented a paper entitled "Invert Your Training Program: Have Applicants Train Themselves Before You Hire" in which I outlined an innovative training program for new hires where we trained first and hired only those who trained the best. Although there were substantial cost and quality improvements in that process, there were still some labor-intensive aspects, such as interviewing. So, at the end of that paper, I suggested that perhaps we could completely invert the whole process, eliminating training altogether, by testing all who apply and only interviewing those who test well. This would require finding a way of testing 'native' or self-taught ability with computers, but would eliminate technical training altogether. And we wouldn't waste time vetting people in interviews who we were not going to hire for low technical skill level. In this paper, I reprise the original process to highlight the success as well as the shortcomings of that process we discovered over the years we used it. I detail how we decided to revamp this hiring process. I discuss how we made use of online, hands-on testing to permit virtually anyone to have a shot at being a computing consultant with more accurate results. I review in brief the product we used and summarize the results of this exciting new method of selecting and hiring consultants Using hands-on testing software, we have been able to expand our reach across campus to include many applicants who would not have been considered before.
Multiphase drag reduction: Effect of eliminating slugs

Abstract Two-phase pressure drop measurements were taken for air/water mixtures in a 0.052-m diameter horizontal pipe with special focus on the superficial liquid velocity range of 0.03–1.2 m/s at superficial gas velocities of 3.8, 5.2, and 6.6 m/s. It was found that the addition of 400 ppm of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the water reduced the pressure drop by 25–40% when compared to equal flow rates without SDS. The pressure drop reduction occurred where the SDS eliminated the occurrence of the intermittent flow present with water. It was also found that the same concentration of SDS had virtually no effect on single phase liquid pressure drop. The pressure drop reduction appears to be due solely to the suppression of intermittent flow patterns.
The quantified patient of the future: Opportunities and challenges

The healthcare system is undergoing rapid transformation as national policies increase patient access, reward positive health outcomes, and push for an end to the current era of episodic care. Advances in health sensors are rapidly moving diagnostic and monitoring capabilities into consumer products, enabling new care models. Although hospitals and health care providers have been slow to embrace novel health technologies, such innovations may help meet mounting pressure to provide timely, high quality, and low-cost care to large populations. This leading edge perspective focuses on the quantified-self movement and highlights the opportunities and challenges for patients, providers, and researchers.
Impact Of State Tort Reforms On Physician Malpractice Payments

State and federal initiatives to enact medical malpractice tort reforms lack an empirical basis for understanding how reforms might affect malpractice premiums and costs. This paper ranks each state’s tort provisions, uses multivariate analysis to measure the effects of strong versus weak enactments on paid claims, and identifies tort law patterns associated with high and low claims frequency and payment levels. Our results suggest that (1) the size and number of medical malpractice payments are affected by only some tort reforms; and (2) the pattern of reforms differs between states with high versus low levels of claims or payments.
A fine tuning method for fuzzy logic rule bases

Abstract The problem of fine tuning the rule base of a fuzzy system is addressed in this paper. A method is proposed that treats the rule base of the fuzzy system as a multivariate function and performs parameter optimization to approach the desired rule base output with the given set of rules. The method is explained in detail and an application of it on two different rule bases is presented. This work is part of a research effort in robotic precision assembly using fuzzy logic.
Thyroid Effect on Birthweight in C 57 BL Mice and Peromyscus

SummaryThyroxine and/or propyl-thiouracil were administered to pregnant C 57 BL mice, Peromyscus maniculatus and P. polionotus to alter the thyroid hormone titer. No significant differences in birthweight were observed between offspring from mothers receiving either thyroxine in excess of the normal secretion rate or receiving thiouracil treatment contrasted with controls. Sub-toxic levels of maternal or fetal thyroid hormone appear to have no marked effect on neonatal weight in these rodents.The technical assistance of James Kelly is gratefully acknowledged.
G-CSF post-autologous progenitor cell transplantation : a randomized study of 5, 10, and 16 μg/kg/day

G-CSF is routinely administered after autologous bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation to enhance neutrophil engraftment. However, many different doses of G-CSF have been described with no clear consensus on the most cost-effective dose. We performed a prospective randomized trial examining the efficacy of three different doses of G-CSF post-autologous transplant (5, 10, or 16 micrograms/kg/day). Fifty-seven consecutive patients with breast cancer (n = 30), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 16), Hodgkin's disease (n = 6), multiple myeloma (n = 2), acute leukemia (n = 2), and testicular cancer (n = 1) were randomized, with 19 patients enrolled in each of the three treatment groups. All patients underwent a high-dose chemotherapy preparative regimen and received an autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplant (without bone marrow), with G-CSF beginning on day 0. There was no difference in time to neutrophil engraftment among the three treatment groups (mean 10.2 to 10.8 days). There is a trend towards earlier platelet engraftment in the patient group receiving 5 microgram/kg/day of G-CSF. The total cost of G-CSF by dose group was $2900, $4400, and $6500 per patient. We conclude that there was no advantage to the use of higher doses of G-CSF after autologous transplantation, and that lower doses are associated with lower costs.
Anticonvulsant effects of the BK-channel antagonist paxilline

SUMMARY Purpose: Mutations that enhance currents through the Ca 2+ - and voltage-gated K + channel BK (Slo, maxiK, KCNMA1) have been associated with seizure disorders in both rodent models and humans. Previously we have found that seizures themselves induce a gain-of-function in BK channels that is associated with elevated excitability in neocortical neurons. In this study, we sought to examine whether administration of BK-channel antagonists possess anticonvulsant activity in vivo. Methods: Seizures were induced in animals by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the c-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A antagonists picrotoxin or pentylenetetrazole. Twenty-four hours following induction of the initial seizure episode, animals were reinjected with chemoconvulsant in the presence of the BK-channel antagonist paxilline or saline. The presence and duration of tonic–clonic seizures were evaluated. Results: Intraperitoneal injection of paxilline was sufficient to eliminate tonic–clonic seizures in picrotoxin-treated animals. Paxilline reduced seizure duration and intensity in pentylenetetrazoleinjected animals. Discussion: The BK-channel antagonist paxilline possesses significant anticonvulsant activity in both picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazole seizure models, an effect that may be related to the seizure-dependent gain-of-function in BK channel previously observed in neocortical neurons in vitro.
Cytokines and NASH: A pilot study of the effects of lifestyle modification and vitamin E

There are few data evaluating plasma and/or peripheral blood monocyte cytokine concentrations/production or attempts to manipulate proinflammatory cytokines in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). A pilot project in a general clinical research center evaluated the effects of a step 1 American Heart Association diet plus aerobic exercise with or without 800 IU of vitamin E daily on cytokine profiles and liver enzyme levels in 16 patients with biopsy-proven NASH. Biochemical assessment of liver function, lipid profiles, and body mass index significantly improved during the first 6 weeks of therapy and remained stable during the following 6 weeks. Plasma hyaluronic acid (HA) concentrations decreased in parallel with weight loss. Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) concentrations were significantly elevated in patients with NASH and similar to patients with stable alcoholic cirrhosis but not as elevated as in patients with acute alcoholic steatohepatitis (AH). Although plasma TNF, interleukin 8 (IL-8), and IL-6 concentrations were all significantly elevated compared with control values, only plasma IL-6 levels significantly decreased with therapy. Peripheral blood monocyte TNF, IL-8, and IL-6 production was significantly elevated in patients with NASH but did not significantly decrease. Independent effects of vitamin E were not observed in this small sample. In conclusion, patients with NASH have dysregulated cytokine metabolism similar to, but less pronounced than abnormalities documented in AH. Cytokine values generally did not decrease significantly with weight loss with or without vitamin E over the duration of the study. Lifestyle modifications (low-fat diet and exercise) were associated with improvement in liver enzymes, cholesterol, and plasma HA levels in patients with NASH, whereas the level of vitamin E supplementation used in this short-term pilot study provided no apparent added benefit.
Multiple and maximal periodicity in linear elastostatics

Properties of elastic states in which the strain is periodic in an arbitrary number of directions are investigated. It is shown that, even though the corresponding displacements might not, in a non-trivial sense, be periodic, they do satisfy a “semi-periodicity” condition. Other general results, including a version of Betti's reciprocal theorem and a theorem of work and energy are derived and discussed. Problems involving periodicity in a maximal number of directions are examined in greater detail. Additional restrictions on the displacement corresponding to maximally periodic strains are derived and the uniqueness and periodicity of solutions to maximally periodic and “slightly” maximally periodic boundary value problems are discussed.
Inhibition and stimulation of tobacco mosaic virus by purines.

Abstract Fourteen compounds were tested for their effect on the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) tissue cultures. Three compounds, 6-chloropurine, purine, and 8-chloroxanthine, inhibited TMV about as well as 8-azaguanine and thiouracil. These compounds were effective as virus inhibitors at concentrations from 10 to 100 mg/l, but they also inhibited the host tissue at these levels. The compounds 2-aminopurine, 2,6,8-trichloropurine, caffeine, and isoguanine inhibited the host tissue at lower concentrations than they inhibited the virus; theophylline, 6-mercaptopurine, and 2,6-di(diethylamino)purine had a comparable effect. Caffeine, and most other compounds in this group, stimulated production of the virus at low concentrations; caffeine at 1 g/l enhanced virus production 80%. Thus caffeine may be useful for stimulation of at least this virus. The concentration of these compounds effective in inhibiting tissue growth was generally over 100 mg/l; however, 10 mg/l of 6-mercaptopurine or isoguanine was inhibitory. Hypoxanthine, 2-oxypurine, and 6-methyl-2-oxypurine were without apparent effect on the host or virus at the concentrations tested. 6-Methylpurine was the first compound observed to inhibit virus production without inhibiting growth of the host. Its antiviral activity was evident at as low as 0.01 mg/l, and 0.1 mg/l reduced the number of local lesions by 40%. Concentrations of 0.25 mg/l or greater were necessary to damage the host tissue. 6-Methylpurine had to be applied at a concentration of 10 mg/l to whole plants to delay the appearance of symptoms for about 7 days.
The Prudent Dissident: Unheroic Resistance in Sophocles' Antigone

Most contemporary political theorists who have interpreted Sophocles' Antigone have focused on the fearsome clash between Antigone and Creon. The relationship between Antigone and her weaker, more cautious sister Ismene has not garnered similar attention. This essay addresses this gap by revisiting the tantalizing possibility that Ismene played a more significant role in resisting Creon than has often been assumed. The essay shifts the analysis of Antigone , first, by illuminating the complex and fraught relationship between two women and emphasizing the political and legal challenges that they face together as women. Second, the essay shifts focus from vertical power relations—that is, between the individual and government—to horizontal power relations between disempowered outsiders. On this reading, Antigone reveals less about the downfall of a character than it does about the political power of the weak and disadvantaged.
A Set-Theoretic Foundation of Qualitative Reasoning and its Application to the Modeling of Economics and Business Management Problems

The qualitative reasoning (QR) field has developed various representation and reasoning methods for the modeling with incomplete information or incomplete knowledge. While most uncertain reasoning approaches describe uncertain or imprecisely known information as probability distribution functions, qualitative reasoning bases its model specification on qualitative descriptions that are derived from known qualitative system properties. Problems are formulated as sets of qualitative constraints and their analysis is performed by applying a qualitative calculus. This paper presents a general, unifying theory of the various existing qualitative reasoning systems that includes, as special cases, reasoning methods that use representations of qualitative differential equations and qualitative difference equations. Based on set theory, our QR framework describes fundamental concepts such as qualitative models and solutions, and relates them to the quantitative analogues of its underlying quantitative reference system. Our motivation arises from the types of models found in the management sciences. Thus we emphasize the significance of discrete, dynamic models and optimization models in the business management and economics fields, both of which have received less attention in current QR research. Finally, we extend our theoretical framework to include an approach to qualitative optimization.
Isolation of immunogenic tumour cells by cell-affinity chromatography.

TUMOUR–HOST relationships are determined by many variables1,2, and may be altered to favour the host by the use of chemically modified cells which act as specific immunostimulants3. Furthermore, modified cells have therapeutic value in mice with small tumours4,5. Several studies have shown that conventional methods followed by administration of immunostimulants are very effective in treating tumours and inducing tumour-specific immunity6–8. Combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy of L1210 leukaemia with neuraminidase-treated (VCN) tumour cells yielded a higher percentage of long term survivors than did chemotherapy alone6,7,9,10. The therapeutic effectiveness of VCN-treated cells depended on several variables10, including proper selection of immunogenic cells7,11.
Food pricing policy in Costa Rica: A general equilibrium analysis

Abstract A computable general equilibrium model of Costa Rica is constructed to assess the impacts of food pricing policy on income distribution, resource allocation, and trade. The results of policy experiments support de Janvry's thesis that cheap food policies in Latin America bias agricultural production towards export crops, increase food crop imports, and benefit land and capital owners to the detriment of wage earners. This last effect, however, appears to be slight in the Costa Rican case.
Molecular requirements of endotoxin (ET) actions: changes in the immune adjuvant, TNF liberating and toxic properties of endotoxin during alkaline hydrolysis.

The effect of alkaline pH and alkaline hydrolysis on the physico-chemical and biological properties of endotoxin (ET) isolated from Serratia marcescens ATCC 13477 by the Biovin procedure was studied. Major emphasis was put on the ion exchange column chromatography and immune adjuvant activity (ADA) of the alkali treated samples. To measure changes in some endotoxicity parameters, Limulus lysate clotting (LAL), chick embryo lethality, Shwartzman skin reactivity and in vitro TNF release were measured. The toxic properties of ET, with the unique exception of the Shwartzman skin reactivity, rapidly diminished during alkaline treatment. As immunogen CBre3, a recombinant HIV glycoptotein which spans the C terminus of gp 120 and the N terminus of gp 41, was used in CD-1 mice, alkali treated and immediately neutralized ET samples (zero time) were inactive as adjuvants, in some cases immunosuppression could be clearly seen. But if the alkaline hydrolysis was continued for 6 h, the ADA became higher than it had been for the starting ET sample. Further alkaline hydrolysis eliminated the ADA of the samples. Both NaOH and propylamine acted similarly on the ET preparation. Reaction kinetic studies of the NaOH detoxification indicated the cleavage of ester bound acyl groups with low binding energy. Chemical analyses of the samples revealed that changes occured in the fatty acid composition, characterized by a loss of approximately half of the 3-OH myristic acid content.
Intraarticular reaction associated with the use of freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized bone-patella tendon-bone allografts in the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

One hundred nine patients over a 3 year period underwent reconstruction for chronic ACL ruptures using a freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized bone-patella tendon-bone allograft. Seven patients (6.4%) developed a characteristic persistent intraarticular reaction. This reaction was characterized by persistent synovial effusion with collagenous particulates and cellular inflammatory response. Synovial biopsies in all cases showed a similar chronic inflammatory process, characterized by fibrin, collagen, and phagocytic cells. The intraarticular white cells were predominantly lymphocytes. Removal of the allograft resulted in resolution of the reaction in all of the patients. Three of the seven patients showed HLA conversion. Gas chromatography demonstrated detectable levels of ethylene chlorohydrin, a toxic reaction product of ethylene oxide, within the allograft and synovium 14 months following implantation of one graft. These seven cases presented strongly suggest a nonspecific or immune mediated response that must be further delineated. The use of freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized allografts using standard techniques cannot be recommended for reconstruction of the ACL.
Formation of superhexagonal chromium hydride by exposure of chromium thin films to high-temperature, high-pressure hydrogen in a ballistic compressor

Abstract Single crystal, body-centered-cubic (bcc) Cr thin films were prepared by vacuum evaporation. These films were exposed to high-temperature (close to the melting point of Cr), high-pressure hydrogen gas in a ballistic compressor. Using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), second phase particles of superhexagonal (sh) structure, which have lattice constant a = 4.74 A and c/a = 1.88, are found in the films. The superhexagonal structure has a definite orientation relationship with the matrix: [021]sh t|[001]bcc and (2 1 2)sh t|( 11 0)bcc. It is quite stable in air and at room temperature, but decomposes to bcc Cr when heated or when bombarded by the electron beam in the TEM. Positive identification of hydrogen content was spectroscopically obtained by high-temperature vacuum extraction in a discharge tube. After vacuum extraction, the intensity of electron diffraction spots from the superhexagonal structure decreased.
The ethical challenges of animal biotechnology

Abstract This article gives a brief overview of the ethical challenges, theoretical and practical, presented by the burgeoning advances in animal biotechnology. Considering the range of interventions, the various motives for which they are undertaken, and the plurality of values and ethical obligations (often conflicting) involved, the author questions whether our present schemes of ethics that deal with “animal issues” are adequate to the task. He calls for the development of a “humans within nature” ethical perspective that coordinates ethical concerns for humans, animals, and nature and that combines attention to issues of ‘welfare’, ‘respect’, and ‘responsibility’. Crucial in this endeavor is the elaboration of a notion of ‘natural integrity’ and its ethical significance. In the interim, the author suggests generalizing the ethical review of scientific research protocols presently practiced by Animal Care and Use Committees to fit the many cases of animal biotechnology. Particular uses should be ethically judged by an art of “moral ecology”. We should consider the various values and ethical obligations involved in particular contexts and juxtapose the relative weight of their respective claims until we arrive at a judgment marked by overall ethical proportionality.
A critical review of attack scenarios on the IAEA Technical Guidance NSS 17 Computer Security at Nuclear Facilities

Changed threat landscape that includes advanced persistent threats and collusion threats, together with advances in understanding recent highly sophisticated attacks on critical infrastructure systems highlight the importance of cybersecurity in nuclear facilities. This paper first reviews the examples of possible attack scenarios shown in the IAEA Technical Guidance Reference Manual on Computer Security at Nuclear Facilities, commonly referenced as IAEA NSS 17. The sample generic attack scenarios that are not specific to nuclear facilities are supplemented in this paper by a more complex attack that corresponds more closely to the post-Stuxnet era. A conventional attack tree modelling methodology is used to represent the attack scenario on industrial control systems. The modelling focusses on the vulnerabilities caused by the human component of the complex systems.
Parenting styles and practices among Chinese immigrant mothers with young children

This study investigated how Chinese immigrant mothers in the USA make meaning of their parenting styles and practices in rearing their young children (aged two to six). Twelve Chinese immigrant mothers were interviewed. A key finding reveals that the Chinese immigrant mothers' parenting practices reflected the indigenous concept of jiaoyang in the Chinese culture (with jiao meaning educating, teaching and training; yang meaning rearing; and jiaoyang implying educating and rearing). Another finding is that except for one mother, the rest practised authoritative parenting, combining high levels of both parental warmth and parental control. The Chinese immigrant mothers' parenting seemed to best reflect what Kagitcibasi described as the psychological interdependence interaction pattern of the family model with the childrearing orientation focusing on parental control, emotional closeness and child autonomy, leading to the child becoming both emotionally autonomous and related. Implications for future researc...
Wegener granulomatosis : an analysis of 158 patients

Objective To prospectively study the clinical features, pathophysiology, treatment and prognosis of Wegener granulomatosis. Design Of the 180 patients with Wegener granulomatosis referred to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases during the past 24 years, 158 have been followed for 6 months to 24 years (a total of 1229 patient-years). Measurements Characteristics of clinical presentation, surgical pathology, course of illness, laboratory and radiographic findings, and the results of medical and surgical treatment have been recorded in a computer-based information retrieval system. Setting The Warren Magnuson Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health. Main results Men and women were equally represented; 97% of patients were white, and 85% were more than 19 years of age. The mean period of follow-up was 8 years. One hundred and thirty-three patients (84%) received "standard" therapy with daily low-dose cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoids. Eight (5.0%) received only low-dose cyclophosphamide. Six (4.0%) never received cyclophosphamide and were treated with other cytotoxic agents and glucocorticoids. Ten patients (6.0%) were treated with only glucocorticoids. Ninety-one percent of patients experienced marked improvement, and 75% achieved complete remission. Fifty percent of remissions were associated with one or more relapses. Of 99 patients followed for greater than 5 years, 44% had remissions of greater than 5 years duration. Thirteen percent of patients died of Wegener granulomatosis, treatment-related causes, or both. Almost all patients had serious morbidity from irreversible features of their disease (86%) or side effects of treatment (42%). Conclusions The course of Wegener granulomatosis has been dramatically improved by daily treatment with cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoids. Nonetheless, disease- and treatment-related morbidity is often profound. Alternative forms of therapy have not yet achieved the high rates of remission induction and successful maintenance that have been reported with daily cyclophosphamide treatment. Despite continued therapeutic success with cyclophosphamide, our long-term follow-up of patients with Wegener granulomatosis has led to increasing concerns about toxicity resulting from prolonged cyclophosphamide therapy and has encouraged investigation of other therapeutic regimens.
A confound in the application of fixed-ratio schedules to the social behavior of male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)

Male Siamese fighting fish were presented with a response-contingent mirror image on either CRF or FR3 schedules. It was concluded that the many differences between the groups were understandable as the result of schedule-related changes in the duration of exposure to conspecific images rather than to differences in the frequency of stimulation, and were due to the releasing and not the reinforcing functions of stimulation. The frequency distribution of agonistic behaviors in bettas also was shown to be bimodal: Some males fought intensely, whereas others escaped and attacked little. Furthermore, it was suggested that bettas’ multivariate agonistic sequence has not yet been subjected to an unambiguous operant analysis.
Medullary Carcinoma of the Suprarenal Gland (Pheochromocytoma)

Carcinomas of the suprarenal glands are seldom seen, and of these the neoplasms of the medulla are the rarest. For this reason the following example of a tumor of the chromaffin tissues is reported. Clinical History The patient was a twenty-seven-year-old white woman who during the past four years had been suffering from intermittent episodes of vomiting associated with severe headaches. There had also been rather severe persistent constipation and periods of great weakness.
SINGLE-REFERENCE ELECTRON PROPAGATOR CALCULATIONS ON VERTICAL IONIZATION ENERGIES OF OZONE

Abstract Vertical ionization energies of ozone are calculated with electron propagator methods that employ a single reference configuration. Reference determinantal wavefunctions are defined by Hartree–Fock orbitals or by approximate Brueckner orbitals from a coupled-cluster wavefunction. An accurate description of the lowest 2 A 1 , 2 B 2 and 2 A 2 cationic states requires retention of terms in the superoperator Hamiltonian matrix that have been safely neglected in calculations on the ionization energies of typical, closed-shell molecules.
Risk factors for the misdiagnosis of pneumothorax in the intensive care unit.

ObjectiveTo identify risk factors predisposing to the misdiagnosis of pneumothorax in the ICU.DesignA prospective case series investigation.SettingA medical ICU service of a military referral hospital.PatientsAll adult medical ICU patients were evaluated during a 12-month period. Of 464 admissions,
Tellegen's theorem and thermodynamic inequalities

Abstract Electrical networks are special types of irreversible thermodynamic systems. The underlying mathematical unity of the two fields allows many of the techniques of network analysis to be generalized, thus permitting a wide class of non-linear, non-steady-state irreversible processes to be formulated in a network theoretic framework. One of the most powerful of the network theorems is Tellegen's theorem. Most, if not all, of the energy distribution theorems and extremum principles can be derived from it. In the following presentation we will derive several thermodynamic inequalities as well as explicit conditions guaranteeing the stability or the unstability of an equilibrium point, or a steady state.
Thermal Relaxation of a Magmatic Arc Complex, Mount Barcroft Area, Eastern California: 40Ar/39Ar Geochronologic Study of Hornblende and Biotite from Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

The central and southern White Mountains constitute a well-exposed section of the middle to late Mesozoic convergent margin of western North America. New 40Ar/39Ar analyses were obtained for 8 Ca-amphibole and 13 biotite specimens from igneous and metamorphic wall rocks (8 rock samples from the Barcroft pluton, a single McAfee Creek-type aplite, 7 mafic dikes/metadikes, and two Andrews Mountain quartzites). Most of the spectra are very complicated. Except for one relatively fresh and four apparently fresh diabase dikes, all 9 granitoids, the 2 metadiabasic dikes, and both contact metamorphic quartzites partially lost (or gained) argon during heating and/or deuteric-hydrothermal alteration over ~100 m.y. of igneous arc evolution. New granitoid ages are similar to—or younger than—published U/Pb ages for the Middle Jurassic Barcroft and the Late Cretaceous McAfee Creek plutons, and are similar to published K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages of the Cottonwood/Beer Creek and other plutons in the central and southern Whit...
Alternate pathway for cerebrospinal fluid absorption in animals with experimental obstructive hydrocephalus.

Transventricular absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as an alternate pathway was examined in cats with experimental obstructive hydrocephalus. The isolated ventricular system was perfused under high (>13 cm H2O) or low (≤0 cm H2O) pressure with an artificial spinal fluid containing 131I-CSA (cat serum albumin). The uptake of radioactivity was measured in serial sections of brain tissue from the ventricular to the pial surface. The uptake of 131I-CSA in the brain of the hydrocephalic cats perfused for 4 hours was not related to perfusion pressure. However, the concentration attained after 1 hour of perfusion was higher in the animals perfused under high pressure. In the latter group the uptake after 1 hour was identifical to that found after 4 hours. This suggests that the perfusion pressure is important to increase the rate of flow of 131I-CSA (and fluid) through the extracellular spaces. The distance beyond the ventricular surface to which the perfusate penetrated before it was removed by the blood was 2.5–3 mm.
Gentlemen capitalists : British imperialism in South East Asia, 1770-1890

British imperialism in south east Asia - a historiographical introduction early British expansion into south east asia - 1750-1795 the origins of Singapore - 1795-1819 Anglo-Dutch relations and the Treaty of London - 1819-1850 the British in Borneo and the Malay states - 1824-1850 British imperialism in Burma and Siam - 1820-1850 British imperialism in the Malay states and Borneo - 1850-1890 Burma and Siam, 1850-1900 - conquest and collaboration.
State lotteries: Explaining their popularity

This article provides a detailed explanation for the adoption of state lotteries as revenue measures. It focuses on Texas for examples. Relying on a previously published set of evaluative criteria for revenue sources, the authors explain why, despite generally negative treatment of state lotteries by revenue experts, lotteries are favored by legislatures and publics in thirty-four states and the District of Columbia. As revenue matters rather than general policy matters, lotteries are politically expedient and have sufficiently large yields to overshadow shortcomings noted by experts and critics: regressivity, high administrative costs, instability, lower than anticipated yields, and potential negative social consequences. This look at policy-maker and public evaluation of state lotteries explains their widespread utilitization.
Defining deadlock with fungible resources

In a previous paper we discussed resource deadlock within a classification of all dead states. We differentiated between the different types of anomalies that are called deadlock in the computer science literature. Our primary aim was to correct inconsistencies that are currently being taught in operating systems' textbooks. We introduced a model that allowed us to precisely define deadlock, but we only provided a partial definition of resource deadlock, which, as we noted, was limited to deadlocks with uniquely identifiable resource units. In response to readers of OSR, we now distinguish between different types of resource deadlock and provide a comprehensive definition. We also suggest that it may be desirable to maintain separate definitions.
Finite element analysis of the penetrations of shear and normal vibrations into the soft tissues in a fingertip.

Abstract It is well accepted that the effects of mechanical vibration on the finger–hand–arm system are strongly frequency-dependent: low frequency vibration can transmit from hand to arm, while high frequency vibration is absorbed in the local tissue of fingers. This assertion has not been validated directly. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the frequency- and deformation-dependent dynamic strains in the soft tissues in a fingertip that is subjected to vibration normal or tangential to the contact surface. The dynamic responses of the fingertip were analyzed using a multi-layered two-dimensional finite element model. The major anatomical substructures, i.e., skin, subcutaneous tissue, bone, and nail, are included in the model. The fingertip was found to have a major resonance around 100–125 Hz and a second resonance around 250 Hz. The resonances of the fingertip are found to be independent of the direction of exposure (in normal or shear direction). The simulations further indicated that the dynamic strains induced by the vibration at low frequencies will penetrate deeper into the tissue ( > 3 mm) while that at high frequencies will be concentrated in the superficial skin layer ( 0.8 mm). The model predictions are consistent with the published experimental observations.
Autonomous feature following for visual surveillance using a small unmanned aerial vehicle with gimbaled camera system

This paper represents the development of feature following control and distributed navigation algorithms for visual surveillance using a small unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a low-cost imaging sensor unit. An efficient map-based feature generation and following control algorithm is developed to make an onboard imaging sensor to track a target. An efficient navigation system is also designed for real-time position and velocity estimates of the unmanned aircraft, which is used as inputs for the path following controller. The performance of the proposed autonomous path following capability with a stabilized gimbaled camera onboard a small unmanned aerial robot is demonstrated through flight tests with application to target tracking for real-time visual surveillance.
DEVELOPMENT OF AIRPORT TERMINAL DESIGN CONCEPTS--A NEW PERSPECTIVE

The terminal design process and decisions on the suitability of design concepts for a particular airport and/or air transport demand remain not well‐defined. The terminal design concept is central to the planning and design phases of airport development and will later influence airport operations—both on airside and landside. Studying the relationships between characteristics of demand and terminal design concepts is vitally important to understanding the potential influence of both on airport operations. This paper presents a chronology of airport development stages with a unified terminology of terminal design concepts defined in terms of terminal/apron configurations and their corresponding designations. It identifies possible variations in terminal design concepts known, and portrays, within a relative time frame, the evolution and development of these concepts from the simple terminal. Finally, important factors that influence the selection of terminal design concepts are stated and discussed in ligh...
Single cell kinetics of intracellular, nonviral, nucleic acid delivery vehicle acidification and trafficking.

Mechanistic understanding of the intracellular trafficking of nonviral nucleic acid delivery vehicles remains elusive. A live, single cell-based assay is described here that is used to investigate and quantitate the spatiotemporal, intracellular pH microenvironment of polymeric-based nucleic acid delivery vehicles. Polycations such as polyethylenimine (PEI), poly-L-lysine (PLL), β-cyclodextrin-containing polymers lacking or possessing imidazole termini (CDP or CDP-imid), and cyclodextrin-grafted PEI (CD-PEI) are used to deliver an oligonucleotide containing a single fluorophore with two emission lines that can be employed to measure the pH. Delivery vehicles were also sterically stabilized by addition of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and investigated. The intracellular trafficking data obtained via this new methodology show that vectors such as PEI and CDP-imid can buffer the endocytic vesicles while PLL and CDP do not. Additionally, the PEGylated vectors reveal the same buffering capacity as their unstabilized variants. Here, the live cell, spatiotemporal mapping of these behaviors is demonstrated and, when combined with cell uptake and luciferase expression data, shows that there is not a correlation between buffering capacity and gene expression.
Structural anisotropy in metallic glasses induced by mechanical deformation

We observed structural anisotropy in metallic glasses samples deformed by homogenous mechanical creep and by inhomogeneous compression using high energy X-ray diffraction. Pair distribution function analysis indicates bond anisotropy in the first atomic shell. This suggests that mechanical deformation involves rearrangements in a cluster of atoms by a bond reformation.
Primate cortical bone microstructure: Relationship to locomotion

Mechanical factors are implicated in the control of osteonal (Haversian) remodeling. Twenty primate species, representing a diverse range of locomotor behaviors, have been examined to determine whether the arrangement of secondary osteonal bone at femoral mid-diaphysis reflects behaviorally related biomechanical influences. The proportion of bone cortex occupied by secondary osteons (percent osteonal bone) is related to the biomechanical environment of these femora. Percent osteonal bone delineates groups which correspond to other skeletal and kinesiological categorizations of primate locomotion and distinguishes among arboreal quadrupedal, terrestrial quadrupedal, suspensory, and bipedal primates.
Assessment of fatigue load spectrum from fracture surface topography

Abstract The possibility of deducing load spectrum parameters from fatigue failure surfaces is explored by applying innovative, three-dimensional topographic characterization and analysis techniques to failure surfaces in aluminum sheet. Precise, high-resolution elevation maps of fracture surfaces were obtained using confocal optics scanning laser microscopy. Elevation power spectral density curves resulting from a fast Fourier transform of the elevation data appear sensitive to stress intensity range and environment. A conjugate fracture surface matching procedure, FRASTA, can detect and may provide a way to quantify overloads.