cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photooxidation reactions in milk.

Abstract The relationship of riboflavin, ascorbic acid, and sunlight to the development of oxidized flavor was studied. Raw whole milk, Florisil-treated milk, and a model system were used in the study. Results indicated: Riboflavin was the primary factor responsible for the development of light-induced oxidized flavor, whereas ascorbic acid was only a secondary factor; that riboflavin was unnecessary for the initiation or continuation of ascorbic acid destruction; a chain process was involved in the off-flavor development because the reaction, as measured by TBA values, continued once it was initiated; and that factors which affected sunlight flavor (oxygen, light 440–490mμ, etc.) also affected lightinduced oxidized flavor.
Over-the-internet availability of hormonal contraceptives regardless of risk factors.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to measure the accessibility to purchase oral and transdermal contraceptives over the Internet for low- and high-risk individuals. Methods The Internet was used to search for and order both oral and transdermal contraceptives. Using the “Google™” search engine to locate online pharmacies by entering the term “purchase contraception,” we proceeded to purchase either oral contraceptives or contraceptive patches without a prescription. We first posed as a healthy 25-year-old woman, then as a 35-year-old woman who was obese and a heavy tobacco user, and finally, as a 35-year-old smoker on an antihypertensive medication. Results Our attempts to order both combination oral contraceptives, as well as contraceptive patches, over the Internet without a prescription were successful for all three risk profiles. We ordered from three different Web sites, two within the United States and one international site. The two U.S. Web sites required us to complete a medical questionnaire to obtain a prescription from the site provider, but the foreign site had no questionnaire or risk information posted on the Web site. Despite entering known risk factors for estrogen use, we received all the medications. There was no medical follow-up to these sales except for offers to sell more products. Conclusions Both oral and transdermal contraceptives are easy to obtain over the Internet without a physical appointment with a health care provider to obtain a prescription.
Crush dynamics of square honeycomb sandwich cores

Square honeycombs are effective as cores for all-metal sandwich plates in that they combine excellent crushing strength and energy absorption with good stiffness and strength in out-of-plane shear and in-plane stretch. In applications where sandwich plates must absorb significant energy in crushing under intense impulsive loads, dynamic effects play a significant role in the behaviour of the core. Three distinct dynamic effects can be identified: (i) inertial resistance, (ii) inertial stabilization of webs against buckling, and (iii) material strain-rate dependence. Each contributes to dynamic strengthening of the core. These effects are illustrated and quantified with the aid of detailed numerical calculations for rates of deformation characteristic of shock loads in air and water. A continuum model for high rate deformation of square honeycomb cores is introduced that can be used to simulate core behaviour in large structural calculations when it is not feasible to mesh the detailed core geometry. The performance of the continuum model is demonstrated for crushing deformations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of ischemia on canine carotid endothelial permeability.

Abstract The effect of ischemia on arterial endothelial permeability was assessed by surgically interrupting arterial blood flow for 45 min in the left carotid artery of 12 foxhounds. The right carotid artery served as control. Twenty-four hours before sacrificing the animals at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively, Evans blue dye (1.5 ml/kg) was administered intravenously. Carotid arteries were harvested, opened, and scanned with a reflectometer to measure Evans blue dye uptake, and scanning electron microscopy was performed on a section of tissue from each harvested vessel. A statistically significant increase in permeability of the ischemic vessel occurred at 1 day (79 ± 42% (SD)), 1 week (186 ± 75%), and 1 month (229 ± 125%), but was not present at 3 months (7 ± 8%) postinjury. Scanning electron microscopic examination of all specimens was essentially normal. This study demonstrates that arterial endothelium has increased permeability at 1 month following a brief ischemic period. What effect this ischemia-induced endothelial dysfunction will have on lipid uptake by the arterial wall will be the subject of future study.
Reading Rocks: Creating a Space for Preservice Teachers to Become Responsive Teachers

Set in a yearlong, school-based tutoring program, designed as a community of practice, we use qualitative methodology to examine how 14 preservice teachers learned to become responsive teachers. We focus on one question: In what ways does participating in a yearlong, supervised tutoring program mediate preservice teachers' learning about responsive teaching? The preservice teachers described the ways they came to learn about their buddies and build caring relationships with them. They reported the importance of collaboration with their tutoring buddies, peers, families, and classroom teachers, and that through the yearlong tutoring experience, the preservice teachers gained confidence as teachers and a sense of efficacy as caring educators. This study is important because it uncovers how school-based tutoring programs, modeled as a community of practice, can provide opportunities for preservice teachers to grow professionally to become responsive educators.
Reactive oxygen species in pulmonary inflammation by ambient particulates.

Exposure to ambient air pollution particles (PM) has been associated with increased cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality, particularly in individuals with pre-existing disease. Exacerbation of pulmonary inflammation in susceptible people (e.g., asthmatics, COPD patients) appears to be a central mechanism by which PM exert their toxicity. Health effects are seen most consistently with PM with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 micrometers (PM(2.5)), although 10 micrometers < PM < 2.5 micrometers can also be toxic. Through its metal, semi-quinone, lipopolysaccaride, hydrocarbon, and ultrafine constituents, PM may exert oxidative stress on cells in the lung by presenting or by stimulating the cells to produce reactive oxygen (ROS). In vivo, PM increase cytokine and chemokine release, lung injury, and neutrophil influx. In vitro analysis of PM effects on the critical cellular targets, alveolar macrophages, epithelial cells, and neutrophils, demonstrates PM- and oxidant-dependent responses consistent with in vivo data. These effects have been observed with PM samples collected over years as well as concentrated PM(2.5) (CAPs) collected in real time. Oxidative stress mediated by ROS is an important mechanism of PM-induced lung inflammation.
POULTRY PRODUCT QUALITY. 5. Microbiological Evaluation of Mechanically Deboned Poultry Meat

SUMMARY —Samples of deboned meat from broiler necks and backs, whole fowl and turkey racks were obtained from commercial sources and examined for total aerobic counts, fecal coliforms, salmonellae, Clostridium perfringens, coagulase positive staphylococci and psychrotolerant microorganisms. The raw materials were either deboned immediately after birds were processed (conventional processing) or held in the plants at 3–5°C for 5 days prior to deboning (delayed processing). The storage studies were conducted by holding the deboned meat at 3°C for 0, 3, 6 and 12 days and at -15°C for periods of 3, 6 and 9 months. The total aerobic counts of delayed processed samples were shown to be higher than conventionally processed meat and remained the same throughout the storage period. In all instances, the total aerobic counts increased during the storage at 3°C. The MPN fecal coliforms were high for all samples and remained relatively the same throughout the storage period at 3°C. Freezing resulted in a significant reduction of fecal coliforms. Only six out of 54 samples were contaminated with salmonellae while four showed the presence of C. perfringens and none was contaminated with S. aureus. Pseudomonas, Achromobac-ter and Flavobacterium dominated the psychrotolerant genera isolated in this investigation.
History of the annual Symposium on Applied Surface Analysis

The annual Symposium on Applied Surface Analysis started in 1979 at the University of Dayton. A colleague of mine had suggested such a meeting to me, because at that time there was no scientific division of the American Vacuum Society devoted to applications of surface analysis. I sent a proposal to the Air Force Office of Scientific Research for Sponsorship and this was accepted. The first symposium had 40 oral presentations over 3 days (13–15 June 1979), a vendor exhibit and a reception. A total of 129 people registered for the symposium. Eight of the first nine symposia were held at the University of Dayton, and then it became a topical conference of the American Vacuum Society, with site selection being decided by its newly formed Applied Surface Science Division. This year is the 25th anniversary of the Symposium on Applied Surface Analysis, and this paper is a brief history of the symposium. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Restrictive apposition: An indeterminate category 1

(1989). Restrictive apposition: An indeterminate category. English Studies: Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 147-166.
Preliminary toxicity studies on bis-[beta-(N,N-dimorpholino) ethyl] selenide (MOSE). A new radioimaging agent.

ABSTRACTThe present study describes the acute toxicity of MOSE, a proposed radioimaging agent for brain scintography. Acute intraperitoneal administration of MOSE in mice revealed an LD50 between 1.35 and 6.25 g/kg, with convulsions preceding death. Intravenous administration of MOSE in rats resulted in an LD50 between 400 and 800 mg/kg, with death also preceded by convulsions.The rabbit was more sensitive to the acute effects of MOSE than the rat. The LD50 for MOSE given i.v. in the rabbit was 80 mg/kg. The predominant toxic sign was convulsions, which immediately preceded death at high doses. At intermediate doses convulsions were elicited, followed by a period of lethargy which gave way to hyperactivity on the following day. Normal appearances were restored within a week. Hematology and blood chemistries were similar to controls, except for increased serum LDH in animals receiving MOSE when sampled two weeks after dosing.Repeated administration of MOSE by the intravenous route in rabbits at a dose rate...
Privatizing Social Security in the United States — Comparing the Options*

Abstract This paper uses a new version of the Auerbach–Kotlikoff model to consider alternative ways to privatize the U.S. Social Security System. The new model incorporates intra- and intergenerational heterogeneity and is closely calibrated to U.S. fiscal institutions. Three privatization issues are considered: financing the transition, participation rules, and progressivity. As shown, Social Security's privatization can substantially raise long-run living standards. But these gains come at the cost of welfare losses to transition generations and take a long time to materialize. The long-run poor have much to gain from privatization even absent an explicit redistribution mechanism. Finally, privatizations that give initial workers the option of remaining in the current system have particularly low transition costs and particularly favorable macroeconomic consequences. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D9, E6.
DETERMINATION OF BUTORPHANOL USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN SMALL VOLUME PLASMA SAMPLES

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of butorphanol in bearded dragon plasma. Following a liquid extraction using ethyl acetate and hexane, samples were separated by gradient reverse phase HPLC on a Symmetry C18 column and quantified using fluorescence detection at an excitation of 200 nm and an emission of 325 nm. The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.05 M ammonium acetate (pH, 4.1) and acetonitrile, with a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min. A linear curve was produced over the concentration range of 2.5 to 1500 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-assay variability for butorphanol were less than 10% and the average recovery was 90%. The new assay quantifies therapeutic levels of butorphanol in 100 µL samples from pharmacokinetic studies conducted at this institution.
The benefits and challenges of collecting richer object annotations

Several recent works have explored the benefits of providing more detailed annotations for object recognition. These annotations provide information beyond object names, and allow a detector to reason and describe individual instances in plain English. However, by demanding more specific details from annotators, new difficulties arise, such as stronger language dependencies and limited annotator attention. In this work, we present the challenges of constructing such a detailed dataset, and discuss why the benefits of using this data outweigh the difficulties of collecting it.
Management of Technology and Moose on Tables

Management of Technology, like Strategy and Marketing, is not a discipline, although studies in it may inform the underlying disciplines. MOT is an issue-driven field, focused on the process of knowledge generation and transformation within a social system. That social system can range from a product development team to a corporate function, a firm, an industry, a network of organizations and individuals, to even society at large. Several implications follow from this definition of management of technology.
Macrophages as independent prognostic factors in small T1 breast cancers.

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death by cancer in women in the United States. The occurrence of high numbers of macrophages in the tumor stroma has been associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in breast and other solid malignancies. However, macrophage numbers in tumors have not been validated as a prognostic factor in clinical practice. The present analysis was designed as a pilot study aimed at determining whether the presence of CD68 + macrophages is an independent prognostic factor in small T1 estrogen receptor (ER) + breast cancers across three different ethnic groups, i.e. African-American, Latina and Caucasian women. A retrospective pilot analysis of 30 T1 breast cancer cases encompassing these three ethnic groups was carried out. African-American and Latina women present with less incidence but more aggressive breast cancer disease and, therefore, proportionally higher death rates. Using immuno- histochemistry, we sought to identify whether there was any association between the presence and density of CD68 + macro- phages and standard prognostic markers with overall survival in these groups. Our data revealed that overall survival did not differ significantly for the occurrence or density of CD68 + macrophages in T1 ER + tumors. There were also no significant differences in overall survival for the occurrence of CD68 + macrophages across ethnicities, although macrophage numbers were significantly higher in tumors from African-American and Latina than in Caucasian patients. Importantly, but not surprisingly, the absence of the progesterone receptor was associated very strongly with decreased overall survival. This pilot project shows that CD68 + macrophages are not pivotal in determining tumor prognosis in early T1 breast cancers. New studies are presently being conducted to assess the value of different macrophage markers and macrophage activation profiles as prognostic factors in breast cancers of different clinical stages, using a larger number of patients among these three different ethnicities.
Determination of Silicon in a Commercial Hand Lotion by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

A procedure for the extraction and quantitative determination of silicon by atomic absorption spectroscopy in a commercial hand lotion is described. After the complete removal of water, benzene is used to extract the silicon derivative (dimethyl-polysiloxane) from the sample. The benzene extract is then analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy utilizing a nitrous oxide/acetylene flame. The method was verified by the addition of known quantities of octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane to samples of known silicon content prior to extraction. Standard curves obtained by plotting absorbance versus p.p.m. silicon were found to be linear in the range of 0 to 120 p.p.m. silicon.
Ceil Lucas, Robert Bayley, & Clayton Valli, in collaboration with Mary Rose, Alyssa Wulf, Paul Dudis, Susan Schatz, & Laura Sanheim, Sociolinguistic variation in American Sign Language . Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2001. Pp. xvii, 237, appendices, index. Hb $55.00.

Sociolinguistic variation in American Sign Language is the successful result of applying sociolinguistic theory and methodology originally developed for spoken languages to American Sign Language (ASL). The product of several years of study conducted by a team of researchers, this book is more than just an exercise; both expected and unexpected findings are presented, thereby confirming and advancing the sociolinguistics of signed languages in particular and of language in general. Lucas and Valli bring to this work extensive experience with sign language linguistics; they are joined by Bayley, who is known for his work on Tejano English and Spanish variation among immigrants of Mexican descent. The statistical findings provide the necessary bridge between context and environment, on the one hand, and internal constraints, on the other, to explain the range of variation represented at phonological, syntactic, and lexical levels in ASL. Explicitly building on Weinrich, Labov & Herzog's notion of orderly heterogeneity (14, 193–94; cf. Weinrich, Labov & Herzog 1968), the book provides useful examples and analysis for sign language linguists, and it would do well as a source for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses where materials beyond a primer of sociolinguistics are needed. For those more established in the field, the authors respectfully (and graciously) challenge several frequently cited findings concerning variation in ASL, such as Woodward & DeSantis' (1977) claims about negative incorporation and Liddell & Johnson's (1989) explanations for phonological variation in forms of the sign deaf .
Genome evolution during progression to breast cancer

Cancer evolution involves cycles of genomic damage, epigenetic deregulation, and increased cellular proliferation that eventually culminate in the carcinoma phenotype. Early neoplasias, which are often found concurrently with carcinomas and are histologically distinguishable from normal breast tissue, are less advanced in phenotype than carcinomas and are thought to represent precursor stages. To elucidate their role in cancer evolution we performed comparative whole-genome sequencing of early neoplasias, matched normal tissue, and carcinomas from six patients, for a total of 31 samples. By using somatic mutations as lineage markers we built trees that relate the tissue samples within each patient. On the basis of these lineage trees we inferred the order, timing, and rates of genomic events. In four out of six cases, an early neoplasia and the carcinoma share a mutated common ancestor with recurring aneuploidies, and in all six cases evolution accelerated in the carcinoma lineage. Transition spectra of somatic mutations are stable and consistent across cases, suggesting that accumulation of somatic mutations is a result of increased ancestral cell division rather than specific mutational mechanisms. In contrast to highly advanced tumors that are the focus of much of the current cancer genome sequencing, neither the early neoplasia genomes nor the carcinomas are enriched with potentially functional somatic point mutations. Aneuploidies that occur in common ancestors of neoplastic and tumor cells are the earliest events that affect a large number of genes and may predispose breast tissue to eventual development of invasive carcinoma.
Characterization of an engineered human purine nucleoside phosphorylase fused to an anti-her2/neu single chain Fv for use in ADEPT

Background Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT) can be used to generate cytotoxic agents at the tumor site. To date non-human enzymes have mainly been utilized in ADEPT. However, these non-human enzymes are immunogenic limiting the number of times that ADEPT can be administered. To overcome the problem of immunogenicity, a fully human enzyme, capable of converting a non-toxic prodrug to cytotoxic drug was developed and joined to a human tumor specific scFv yielding a fully human targeting agent.
Signal-activated phospholipase regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis.

Signal-activated phospholipases are a recent focus of the rapidly growing field of lipid signaling. The extent of their impact on the pathways regulating diverse cell functions is beginning to be appreciated. A critical step in inflammation is the attraction of leukocytes to injured or diseased tissue. Chemotaxis of leukocytes, a requisite process for monocyte and neutrophil extravasation from the blood into tissues, is a critical step for initiating and maintaining inflammation in both acute and chronic settings. Recent studies have identified new important and required roles for two signal-activated phospholipases A2 (PLA2) in regulating chemotaxis. The two intracellular phospholipases, cPLA2α (Group IVA) and iPLA2β (Group VIA), act in parallel to provide distinct lipid mediators at different intracellular sites that are both required for leukocytes to migrate toward the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. This review will summarize the separate roles of these phospholipases as well as what is currently known about the influence of two other classes of intracellular signal-activated phospholipases, phospholipase C and phospholipase D, in regulating chemotaxis in eukaryotic cells, but particularly in human monocytes. The contributions of these phospholipases to chemotaxis both in vitro and in vivo will be highlighted.
Genome-wide Association Study to Identify Genetic Variants Associated With the Development of Erectile Dysfunction Following Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

of screening, and association with various clinical and time-related factors. Materials/Methods: One hundred nine patients referred for radiation therapy (RT) between October 2010 and May 2011 participated: 11 were ineligible, 18 refused, 80 consented, and 71 completed the study. Exclusion criteria: fractions 13, for depression. Duration of and reason for RT interruptions were also collected. Results: Significant distress and depression were found in 38% and 31%, respectively. 69% had neither. Mild, moderate and severe depression was found in 24%, 16% and 7% of patients. Average duration of RT was 28 fractions. Fisher’s exact test of 403 same-day DT and BDI scores revealed significant association (2-sided p 13 with 48% sensitivity, 84% specificity, 36% PPV, and 90% NPV. While daily screening identified a 38% (27/71) prevalence of distress, the prevalences identified by weekly, every-other-week, monthly, and at-RT-onset screening were 35%, 34%, 24%, and 17%, respectively. Both distress and depression fell during the first 26-30 days of RT, but thereafter rose to and then superseded initial levels. RT interruption occurred in 4 patients and 12 patients missed one or more days, but none because of psychosocial distress. No clinical factors correlated significantly with distress or depression. Conclusions: The prevalence of significant distress and clinical depression during RT was 38% and 31%, respectively. NCCN Distress Management Guidelines predicted clinical depression with sensitivity of 48%, specificity of 84%, PPV of 36%, and a NPV of 90%. The most efficient frequency for distress screening was every other week. Planned RT schedules were not interrupted by elevated distress in any patient. Initially-decreasing distress and depression levels rose above initials levels at days 26-30. Screening for distress did not dependably substitute for screening for depression. We recommend using more robust and comprehensive psychiatric screening instruments, like the BDI, in combination with the DT to identify high-risk populations until further research substantiates the accuracy of rapid methods of screening. Author Disclosure: C.B. Hess: None. J. Malinou: None. M. Singer: None. J.J. Juliano: None. J.M. Varlotto: None. H. Wagner: None. J. Liao: None. K.R. Myers: None. M.P. Levine: None. H.B. Mackley: None.
A low power fault-tolerance architecture for the kernel density estimation based image segmentation algorithm

The kernel density estimation (KDE)-based image segmentation algorithm has excellent segmentation performance. However, this algorithm is computational intensive. In addition, although this algorithm can tolerant noise in the input images, such as the noise due to snow, rain, or camera shaking, it is sensitive to the noise from the internal computing circuits, such as the noise due to soft errors or PVT (process, voltage, and temperature) variation. Tolerating this kind of noise becomes more and more important as device scaling continues to nanoscale dimensions. Stochastic computing, which uses streams of random bits (stochastic bits streams) to perform computation with conventional digital logic gates, can guarantee reliable computation using unreliable devices. In this paper, we present a stochastic computing implementation of the KDE-based image segmentation algorithm. Our experimental results show that, under the same time constraint, the stochastic implementation is much more tolerant of faults and consumes less hardware and power compared to a conventional (nonstochastic) implementation. Furthermore, compared to a Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) fault tolerance technique, the stochastic architecture tolerates substantially more soft errors with lower power consumption.
Proposal of a Method for Deciding Whether an AJR Manuscript Merits Publication: The 25% Rule

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to propose a rule for determining which recommendation American Journal of Roentgenology (AJR) reviewers should provide when performing a review of a manuscript.CONCLUSION. The rule described here should allow reviewers to better understand the features that journal editors seek in a manuscript and to determine which recommendation to provide for any specific manuscript.
Population energetics of bacterial-feeding nematodes : respiration and metabolic rates based on CO2 production

Abstract By grazing on bacteria, bacterial-feeding nematodes participate in decomposition food webs and N mineralization to an extent determined by metabolic and behavioral attributes and by life history. We studied the respiratory and metabolic activities of 8 species of bacterial-feeding nematodes at 5 temperatures by measuring the rate of CO2 evolution with an IR gas analyzer. We developed a method for determining size- or stage-specific respiration rates from measurements made on populations of varied stage-structure. Species from a single field site exhibited different thermal optima and temperature-niche breadths for respiratory and metabolic activity. Respiration rates of adults ranged between 1.25–8.80 nl O2 h−1 at 20°C among the species. Metabolic rates of adults ranged from 1.15 nl O2 μg(fresh wt)−1 h−1 for Rhabditis cucumeris Andrassy to 4.43 nl O2 μg(fresh wt)−1 h−1 for Bursilla labiata Andrassy at 20°C. At each temperature, metabolic rates of nematodes of similar size varied with thermal adaptation of the species. Metabolic rates of Cruznema tripartitum Zullini and Cephalobus persegnis Bastian were more sensitive to temperature change than were those of Acrobeloides bodenheimeri Thorne, A. buetschlii Steiner and Buhrer and Panagrolaimus detritophagus Fuchs. C. persegnis exhibited the greatest total metabolic activity cross a range of temperatures, and P. detritophagus the least. Observed differences in thermal adaptation may contribute to the predominance of species in the nematode community at different times during the year or at different depths in the soil.
On the structure of algorithm spaces

Many learning algorithms have been developed to solve various problems. Machine learning practitioners must use their knowledge of the merits of the algorithms they know to decide which to use for each task. This process often raises questions such as: (1) If performance is poor after trying certain algorithms, which should be tried next? (2) Are some learning algorithms the same in terms of actual task classification? (3) Which algorithms are most different from each other? (4) How different? (5) Which algorithms should be tried for a particular problem? This research uses the COD (Classifier Output Difference) distance metric for measuring how similar or different learning algorithms are. The COD quantifies the difference in output behavior between pairs of learning algorithms. We construct a distance matrix from the individual COD values, and use the matrix to show the spectrum of differences among families of learning algorithms. Results show that individual algorithms tend to cluster along family and functional lines. Our focus, however, is on the structure of relationships among algorithm families in the space of algorithms, rather than on individual algorithms. A number of visualizations illustrate these results. The uniform numerical representation of COD data lends itself to human visualization techniques.
Grain Growth Kinetics in Alumina–Zirconia (CeZTA) Composites

Grain growth kinetics in alumina-rich, zirconia-alumina composites have been examined as a function of volume fraction of zirconia. Both the microstructural scale and character alter during grain growth. Grain growth exponents between n = 3 and 4 were observed and have been rationalized in terms of current models for grain growth and particle coarsening. Grain growth constants were measured and compared with available data. Coupled grain growth was observed in that the ratio of the alumina-to-zirconia grain size was constant, for a given zirconia content. This behavior is discussed in terms of the topological constraint present during growth and the observed microstructural evolution. The measured activation energies were consistent with boundary-diffusion-controlled grain growth.
Does accreditation really matter in public relations practice? How age and experience compare to accreditation

Abstract Many scholars and practitioners have suggested accreditation as one way to enhance the professionalism of public relations practice. But, others have questioned whether accreditation really makes a difference and whether experience is a sufficient substitute for accreditation. This study found that, although accredited practitioners were significantly older and had significantly more years of experience compared to their non-accredited counterparts, differences between the groups with respect to seven work categories and five professional competencies remained even when age and years of experience were controlled. The affected work categories were account/client management, strategic planning, public relations program planning, project management, stakeholder relations, issues management, and crisis management. The affected professional competencies were the four-step strategic planning process; ethics and legal issues; communication theory; business literacy; and advanced communication skills. In short, this study refutes the argument that age and professional experience are sufficient substitutes for accreditation in public relations. In fact, they are not.
Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Gold on the Vitamin A Requirement of the Rat.

SummaryImmature rats were fed purified rations deficient in vit. A under cold room (2°C) and room temperature (23°C) conditions. The following results were obtained: (1) rats depleted more rapidly under cold room conditions, (2) body weight at time of depletion was less in the cold room than room temperature series, and (3) length of survival after depletion was significantly decreased in the cold room series.
Demethylation of specific sites in the 5' region of the inactive X-linked human phosphoglycerate kinase gene correlates with the appearance of nuclease sensitivity and gene expression.

Abstract X8/6T2, a hamster-human hybrid cell line which contains an inactive human X chromosome, was treated with 5-azacytidine and selected for derepression of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Clones were examined for coreactivation of the phosphoglycerate kinase gene (Pgk). Of 68 of these hybrids, approximately 20% expressed measurable human phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) activity. A 600-base-pair region of the Pgk 5' CpG cluster was examined for the methylation status of eight CCGG sites (site 1 being 5'-most) in a number of PGK-negative and PGK-positive cell lines. The inactive X chromosome is normally methylated at all eight sites, and this was also true for the majority of X8/6T2 cells. However, several PGK-negative hybrids were demethylated in the site 3 to site 6 region. PGK activity correlated with demethylation at both sites 6 and 7. The data for PGK-positive and -negative hybrids indicate that demethylation at or near site 7 was necessary for reactivation of Pgk. Chromatin sensitivity to MspI digestion in the nuclei of male lymphoblastoid cells and several PGK-positive and PGK-negative hybrids was examined. PGK-positive cell lines were hypersensitive to digestion, while PGK-negative hybrids were resistant. Cleavage at sites 6 and 7 was observed in all PGK-positive cell lines at each MspI concentration examined. Sites 7 and 8 were less accessible to digestion than site 6. Cleavage in the site 2 to site 5 region was observable at the lowest MspI concentration. In most PGK-positive hybrids, a nonspecific endogenous nuclease detected the presence of a hypersensitive region spanning at least 450 base pairs, bounded at the 3' end near HpaII site 6. Nuclease hypersensitivity appears to be related to promoter activity, because sites 7 and 8 are in transcribed regions of the gene. These data indicate that specific sites within the CpG cluster have a dominant controlling influence over the Pgk promoter conformation and the transcriptional activation of Pgk.
Rapid Isolation of Nanogram Amounts of Crustacean Erythrophore Concentrating Hormone from Invertebrate Nerve Tissue by RP-HPLC

Abstract A reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc) method was developed for the rapid isolation of nanogram amounts of crustacean erythrophore concentrating hormone (CECH) from invertebrate nerve tissue. Tissue homogenates from the shrimp, Paleomenetes pugio, were subjected to a multistep work-up to remove proteins and lipids prior to analysis by rp-hplc. Samples were eluted with a concave gradient of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) verses acetonitrile. Detection at 210 and 254 nm combined with the use of highly efficient and end-capped columns permitted the determination of less than 5 ng of CECH. Pure CECH was isolated from the columns by fraction collection followed, by lyophilization of the volatile TFA buffer.
Challenges of evaluating surgical outcomes.

The role of surgery vs. IVF–embryo transfer to improve the potential for conception will vary as enhancements of these interventions occurs. Well-designed and conducted studies, controlling for the complexities of surgical trials are needed.
Designing and Implementing of the Webpage Information Extracting Model Based on Tags

In this article, a novel model of Webpage information extraction based on tags is presented. With the ingenious algorithm, the model preformed better than Html Parser and Jsoup in most cases. It can be a URL filter of the Net Crawler in order to enhance efficiency.
The Effect of Substituents on the Ring Closure Reaction of Photo Activated Diarylnaphthopyrans

Abstract A kinetic study of a few photochromic diarylnaphthopyrans is reported. Upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation, the diarylnaphthopyran derivatives are transformed into open chain, colored forms, which undergo ring closure into the colorless pyran forms. The rate of the ring closure has been determined for a few diarylnaphthopyrans. The effect of substituents on this reaction is briefly investigated.
Animal surgery: An adjunct to training in obstetrics and gynecology

A resident in obstetrics and gynecology obtains adequate experience in basic gynecologic surgery during a 3-year training program, but the technical skill acquired in surgery of the bowel, bladder, ureters, and pelvic vessels is limited by the clinical material available. A program is described in which 3 animal models (dog, rabbit, cat) were used to expand the surgical skills of gynecology residents. The increased surgical competence and professional stimulation provided the residents by this program are shown to be both cost- and time-effective.
Anti-veiling campaigns in the Muslim world: Gender, modernism and the politics of dress

Edited and introduced by the indefatigable Stephanie Cronin, this is a timely and welcome collection. While it is not quite as comprehensive or comparative as the title suggests, the collection con...
Atomistic Modeling of Grain Boundary Fracture in Diamond

Molecular dynamics simulations using a bond-order potential were carried out to investigate the behavior under load of several <001glt; and <011glt; symmetrical tilt grain boundaries in diamond. Cohesive energies, work for fracture, maximum stresses and strains as functions of the type of grain boundary were evaluated. It was found that special short-periodic GBs possess higher strength and resistance to a crack propagation than GBs in the nearby misorientation range. Crack behavior in polycrystalline diamond samples under an applied load was also simulated, and found to be predominantly transgranular.
Vitamin D binding globulin in the rat: specificity for the vitamins D.

ConclusionsThe vitamin D binding globulin of the rat exhibits a much greater affinity for vitamin D3 than for vitamins D2 and D4. The addition of a hydroxyl group to the side chain of any of the vitamins increases their affinity for the protein. At physiologic dose levels, lipoproteins would play almost no role in the in vivo binding of vitamin D3 in rat serum. It is suggested that the affinity of a vitamin for the vitamin D binding globulin may play an important role in the biologic effectiveness of the molecule.
Facts and Morals in the Arms Debate

Of the several public dialogues currently being carried on in the United States, the controversy over military strength and disarmament may be both the most important and the most confusing. Its importance is obvious; it is an interesting commentary on the vital nature of armament-disarmament policy that the literature in the field is burgeoning almost as fast as the literature about the Civil War on its 100th anniversary. But, if the importance is obvious, the confusion is becoming equally so.
The contradictions of media power

We take for granted that media and power are interconnected. But all too rarely is this relationship critically examined, its structural roots exposed. In The contradictions of media power, Des Fre...
Sex differences in learning

Archer (1960) found some consonant-vowel-consonant trigrams more meaningful to males, some more so to females, and others neutral in meaningfulness. In an experiment, Archer, Cejka, & Thompson (1961) found both males and females learned the male list quickest. The present study was a replication of the Archer, Cejka, and Thompson study, and while the results of our study were negative, the trends were in the predicted direction.
Approximation and control of symmetric systems on the circle

Two classes of controlled systems evolving in function spaces on the circle are considered in this paper. The first, in which the control is distributed around the circle, is shown to be strongly controllable and mimics the finite dimensional case. The second, in which the control is a simple time varying function, is more subtle. Approximation techniques are introduced which approximate the infinite dimensional system by a finite dimensional system. We show that the approximations converge in a weak sense giving a well founded definition of approximate systems.
Economic Analysis of Environmental Control

Environment resources and environment control have the characteristics of public goods and externality, which determine the excessive use and inadequate supply of environment control. The above-mentioned problems can not be solved by market mechanism, so the government must take measures to adjust them. The common economic methods include Pigu taxability, defining property rights and state regulation, etc.. However, all these methods have their defects and should be adopted selectively.
Analysis on Cracking of Main Stream in Power Plant

The crack in the weld joint between a isolation valve and a main stream pipe was introduced.The analysis results showed that the exceeding primary stress was the key factor of the accident.Finally the importance of stress analysis when reconstruct pipe with high temperature and high pressure was pointed out.
458 DISPARATE EFFECTS OF ORAL ETHANOL ON OVERNIGHT BLOOD GLUCOSE REGULATION IN NONDIABETIC AND TYPE 2 DIABETIC SUBJECTS.

We have previously demonstrated that low-dose IV ethanol predisposes elderly, sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) to reduced blood glucose concentrations during a fast. We hypothesized that orally administered ethanol prior to sleep would similarly predispose elderly, insulin-requiring T2DM subjects to reduced blood glucose concentrations overnight compared to placebo. Six subjects with T2DM (age = 56 ± 4 y, duration = 12 ± 7 y, HbA1C = 7.8 ± 1.7%, BMI = 28.1 ± 5.4 kg/m2) and nine nondiabetic subjects (age = 63 ± 6 y, HbA1C = 5.0 ± 0.2%, BMI = 26.5 ± 4.2 kg/m2) were admitted to the GCRC for two separate 24-hour studies. Glycemia was stabilized with a continuous infusion of IV insulin from 0900 to 2200. At 2200, subjects ingested doses of either 95% ethanol in sugar-free punch or sugar-free punch alone (placebo) to achieve blood alcohol concentrations of 0.10% (mild intoxication) by midnight during the ethanol arm of the study. During sleep, glucose, insulin and hormone concentrations were obtained at baseline and every 30 to 60 minutes between midnight and 0800. Results are shown below. Similar to the sulfonylurea-treated T2DM subjects in our previous study, these data demonstrate that low doses of oral ethanol produce a small but significant decrement in overnight blood glucose in nondiabetic subjects. In contrast, low-dose oral ethanol does not affect overnight glucose in insulin-treated T2DM subjects. These results indicate that relative insulin deficiency may obscure the effects of oral ethanol on overnight glucose regulation in insulin-requiring T2DM patients overnight.
Pars Plana Vitrectomy Combined With Either Secondary Scleral-Fixated or Anterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation

Purpose To compare visual outcomes among eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in combination with either anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation (ACIOL) or scleral suturing of posterior chamber lens (PCIOL). Design Retrospective comparative case series. Methods All eyes presented with aphakia or luxated or subluxated posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) following complicated cataract surgery, trauma, or spontaneous dislocation. Eyes involving visually significant macular pathology, past retinal detachment, follow-up of less than 6 months, and surgeries requiring the removal of an ACIOL were excluded. The main outcomes measured were final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and surgical complication rates. Results Fifty-seven eyes met inclusion criteria; median follow-up was 13.2 months. Initial median BCVA for ACIOL patients was logMAR 1.301 (Snellen equivalent 20/400, range 20/20 to light perception); final median BCVA was logMAR 0.477 (Snellen equivalent 20/60, range 20/20 to light perception, P P P > .05). More epiretinal membrane (ERM) formations occurred postoperatively in the ACIOL group ( P = .011). Other complication rates were similar between both groups. Conclusions PPV with secondary IOL placement is safe and effective, resulting in improved visual outcomes regardless of the technique used. Patients undergoing ACIOL placement have a higher incidence of ERM formation.
Unsuspected Uterine Sarcoma in an Urban Hospital: Does Surgical Approach Matter?

Abstract Study Objective To compare the incidence of unsuspected uterine sarcoma based on surgical approach, open versus minimally invasive, for myomectomy and hysterectomy. Design Retrospective chart review of demographic data, preoperative characteristics, operative details, and pathology results from the electronic medical record (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). Setting A large, urban, academic medical center. Patients All women undergoing myomectomy or hysterectomy performed for a benign indication via a benign gynecologic surgical procedure between 2010 and 2014. Measurements and Main Results A total of 1959 myomectomies and hysterectomies were performed, among which 4 unsuspected uterine sarcomas were identified, for an incidence of 2.0 per 1000 cases. The incidence of sarcoma was similar in patients undergoing open abdominal surgery and those undergoing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) (3 in 743 [0.40%] vs. 1 in 1216 [0.08%]; p = .16). The mean age, body mass index, and specimen weights were also similar in the 2 groups. Although more than one-quarter of all cases involved morcellation, the majority via power morcellation, no specimens with sarcoma were morcellated. Conclusion The incidence of unsuspected uterine sarcoma during myomectomy or hysterectomy for benign indications is low at our institution, and is similar for open and MIS cases. Patients should be counseled on the risks and benefits of both open surgery and MIS approaches.
Dietary Tomato Powder Inhibits Hepatic Steatosis, Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in Beta-carotene-15, 15′-oxygenase (BCO1) and Beta-carotene-9, 10′-oxygenase (BCO2) Double Knockout Mice

Consumption of tomatoes and tomato products which are rich in lycopene, is associated with a decreased risk of chronic disease. Lycopene can be cleaved by beta-carotene-15, 15′-oxygenase (BCO1) and...
In-Stent Atherosclerosis at a Crossroads: Neoatherosclerosis … or Paleoatherosclerosis?

Accumulating histopathologic and intravascular imaging studies indicate that atherosclerosis development inside a coronary stent is a complication that may be identified as the substrate in a considerable proportion of late/very late stent thrombosis and restenosis cases.1 The frequency of in-stent atherosclerosis-related very late stent thrombosis is similar between early and new-generation drug-eluting stents but with considerably shorter implantation-to-thrombosis interval in the latter.2 Although in-stent atherosclerosis has recently been the subject of continued concern and investigation, the mechanisms of its development remain unknown. The prevailing hypothesis is that it occurs due to the formation of de novo atherosclerosis within the neointima, which has led to the widespread adoption of the term “neoatherosclerosis.” However, the underlying native atherosclerotic plaque might as well contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease entity, a hypothesis largely overlooked in recent reports. Our current understanding of in-stent atherosclerosis derives solely from pathological and retrospective observational clinical studies, which only provide a single snapshot of atherosclerotic lesion evolution. The term “neoatherosclerosis” has been adopted on the assumption that the atherosclerotic tissue within the stent does not communicate with the underlying native atherosclerotic plaque (ie, de novo atherosclerosis). However, whereas in autopsy studies it may be feasible to identify lesions without evidence of direct communication between the …