cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How hard is it to match CVC-roots?

Straightforward application of the ‘same birthdays’ problem shows that it is surprisingly easy to find a match for any CVC-root when wordlists of many languages are compared simultaneously. A simple algorithm can be used to estimate the expected incidence of multiple CVC-matches. A test of a sample from Greenberg's ‘Amerind Etymological Dictionary’ using that algorithm finds no ‘cognate sets’ whose resemblances are clearly not the result of random factors. The same test can and should be applied to all comparative etymological dictionaries.
Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide and magnesium oxide in vitro dermal absorption in human skin

The dermal absorption potential of a nanocrystalline magnesium oxide (MgO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) mixture in dermatomed human skin was assessed in vitro using Bronaugh-type flow-through diffusion cells. Nanocrystalline material was applied to the skin surface at a dose rate of 50 mg/cm2 as a dry powder, as a water suspension, and as a water/surfactant (sodium lauryl sulfate) suspension, for 8 hours. Dermal absorption of nanocrystalline MgO and TiO2 through human skin with intact, functional stratum corneum was not detectable under the conditions of this experiment.
(R,R)‐1,2‐(Methanesulfonamido)‐cyclohexane

1a R = Me [122833-60-7] InChI = 1S/C8H12F6N2O4S2/c9-7(10,11)21(17,18)15-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)16-22(19,20)8(12,13)14/h5-6,15-16H,1-4H2/t5-,6-/m1/s1 InChIKey = GKSGSDYYIYURPD-PHDIDXHHSA-N 1b R = CF3 [290833-56-6] InChI = 1S/C14H30N2O4S2/c1-3-5-11-21(17,18)15-13-9-7-8-10-14(13)16-22(19,20)12-6-4-2/h13-16H,3-12H2,1-2H3/t13-,14-/m1/s1 InChIKey = JUGCCRUREILMAM-ZIAGYGMSSA-N 1c R = n-Bu [155237-72-2] InChI = 1S/C18H20N4O8S2/c23-21(24)13-5-9-15(10-6-13)31(27,28)19-17-3-1-2-4-18(17)20-32(29,30)16-11-7-14(8-12-16)22(25)26/h5-12,17-20H,1-4H2/t17-,18-/m1/s1 InChIKey = AHFPEDLBFJTANO-QZTJIDSGSA-N 1d R = 4-NO2Ph [166109-85-9] InChI = 1S/C12H26N2O4S2/c1-9(2)19(15,16)13-11-7-5-6-8-12(11)14-20(17,18)10(3)4/h9-14H,5-8H2,1-4H3/t11-,12-/m1/s1 InChIKey = WBVDMPSXIZEBDT-VXGBXAGGSA-N 1e R = i-Pr [263019-97-2] InChI = 1S/C24H34N2O4S2/c1-15-11-17(3)23(18(4)12-15)31(27,28)25-21-9-7-8-10-22(21)26-32(29,30)24-19(5)13-16(2)14-20(24)6/h11-14,21-22,25-26H,7-10H2,1-6H3/t21-,22-/m1/s1 InChIKey = IQJCBLZVBZRSFZ-FGZHOGPDSA-N 1f R = mesityl [122833-58-3] C8H18N2O4S2 (MW 270.36) InChI = 1S/C8H18N2O4S2/c1-15(11,12)9-7-5-3-4-6-8(7)10-16(2,13)14/h7-10H,3-6H2,1-2H3/t7-,8-/m1/s1 InChIKey = JUWLQVLCYRNWSV-HTQZYQBOSA-N (catalyst for organozinc-mediated additions to aldehydes,1 catalyst for Simmons–Smith type cyclopropanation of allylic alcohols2) Physical Data: mp 157 °C; [α]D20 −20.1 (c 3.07, pyridine). Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents except hydrocarbons. Form Supplied in: white solid. Preparative Methods: The enantiopure sulfonamide 1a is prepared via sulfonylation of (R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane 2 in the presence of an excess of triethylamine (eq 1).3 Use of excess amine base is essential for obtaining a high yield of the bis-sulfonamide. Synthesis of related bis-sulfonamides is easily accomplished by substituting the desired sulfonyl chloride in the former procedure. Recrystallization of the bis-sulfonamide 1a from hexane/ethyl acetate and drying over P2O5 allows for isolation of the analytically pure reagent. Methanesulfonyl chloride and (R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane 2 are commercially available from a number of sources. However it should be noted that racemic 1,2-diaminocyclohexane 2 can be resolved via formation of the tartrate salt.4 Typically, the diamine can be obtained in >99:1 enantiomeric ratio (er) after two crystallizations from water. Determination of the enantiopurity of the diamine is accomplished via formation of the bis-3-toluyl amide and analysis via chiral stationary phase HPLC (Chiralcel AD; hexane/i-PrOH; 95:5, 1.0 mL min−1). (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: The sulfonamide is a shelf-stable, non-hygroscopic compound which does not require special precautions for storage or handling.
Minimum Thiamin Requirement of Weanling Sprague-Dawley Outbred Rats

To determine the minimum thiamin requirement for maximal growth, two trials were conducted using male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats fed graded doses of thiamin from thiamin mononitrate as a component of a chemically defined diet. This diet included 16% amino acids, 72% sucrose and cornstarch and 5% soybean oil. Total weight gain and food intake were recorded over 2- (trial 1) or 3- (trial 2) wk periods. In trial 1, graded levels of thiamin were fed at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg thiamin/kg diet, and growth rate reached a plateau in rats fed 0.50 mg thiamin/kg. In trial 2, lower doses of thiamin were fed (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) to determine the minimum requirement for maximal growth. Using broken-line least-squares analysis, weight gain reached a plateau (6.8 g/d) at a thiamin concentration of 0.55 +/- 0.07 mg/kg. No differences (P > 0.05) in weight gain, food intake or gain:food ratio were observed at thiamin levels at or above 0.5 mg/kg, but food intake was substantially lower (P < 0.05) in rats fed 0 and 0.25 mg thiamin/kg (9.9 and 13.4 g/d, respectively) than in rats fed higher doses of thiamin (16.1 g/d). Hepatic transketolase, a measure of enzymatic thiamin status, increased with dietary thiamin in rats fed diets containing 0-5.0 mg/kg thiamin. However, an inflection point occurred at 0.53 mg thiamin/kg, with the slope being eight times greater below than above the inflection point. The data suggest that the thiamin requirement for maximal growth of weanling rats fed a chemically defined diet is approximately 0.55 mg thiamin/kg, which is substantially below the current National Research Council estimated requirement of 3.1 mg thiamin/kg diet.
Marguerite, Countess of Blessington, and L. E. L. (Letitia Elizabeth Landon): Evidence of a Friendship

(2003). Marguerite, Countess of Blessington, and L. E. L. (Letitia Elizabeth Landon): Evidence of a Friendship. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 27-32.
A Method for Educating Patients and Documenting Smoking Status in an Electronic Medical Record

Background:Published evidence demonstrates benefit from pharmacist smoking cessation interventions; however, there is limited research evaluating the impact of a template within an electronic medical record used at pharmacy disease state management visits.Objective:To determine the rates of smoking cessation and movement along the transtheoretical model of change after implementation of a template into existing pharmacy-related progress notes within the electronic medical record.Methods:Patients who were routinely followed by clinical pharmacists for anticoagulation and diabetes mellitus education at 3 clinics at the Medical University of South Carolina were included. At each visit, the pharmacist would document patient smoking information in a newly designed template within the existing progress note. In addition, pharmacists would educate patients on the benefits of smoking cessation and pharmacologic options that may be available to them. Data were collected between April 2007 and March 2008. Baseline ...
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes Genetically Engineered with an Inducible Gene Encoding Interleukin-12 for the Immunotherapy of Metastatic Melanoma

Purpose: Infusion of interleukin-12 (IL12) can mediate antitumor immunity in animal models, yet its systemic administration to patients with cancer results in minimal efficacy and severe toxicity. Here, we evaluated the antitumor activity of adoptively transferred human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) genetically engineered to secrete single-chain IL12 selectively at the tumor site. Experimental Design: Thirty-three patients with metastatic melanoma were treated in a cell dose–escalation trial of autologous TILs transduced with a gene encoding a single-chain IL12 driven by a nuclear factor of the activated T cells promoter (NFAT.IL12). No IL2 was administered. Results: The administration of 0.001 to 0.1 × 10 9 NFAT.IL12–transduced TILs to 17 patients resulted in a single, objective response (5.9%). However, at doses between 0.3 and 3 × 10 9 cells, 10 of 16 patients (63%) exhibited objective clinical responses. The responses tended to be short, and the administered IL12-producing cells rarely persisted at 1 month. Increasing cell doses were associated with high serum levels of IL12 and IFNγ as well as clinical toxicities, including liver dysfunction, high fevers, and sporadic life-threatening hemodynamic instability. Conclusions: In this first-in-man trial, administration of TILs transduced with an inducible IL12 gene mediated tumor responses in the absence of IL2 administration using cell doses 10- to 100-fold lower than conventional TILs. However, due to toxicities, likely attributable to the secreted IL12, further refinement will be necessary before this approach can be safely used in the treatment of cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res; 21(10); 2278–88. ©2015 AACR .
Phylogeny for species of Haemonchus (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea): considerations of their evolutionary history and global biogeography among Camelidae and Pecora (Artiodactyla).

Phylogenetic analysis of 25 morphological characters among the 12 species of Haemonchus resulted in 1 most parsimonious tree (60 steps; consistency index = 0.67, retention index = 0.80). Monophyly for Haemonchus was diagnosed by 3 unequivocal synapomorphies, including the asymmetric origin of the dorsal ray, relative size of the ventral rays, and the presence of a barb on each spicule tip. Species of Haemonchus have complex histories with respect to host and geographic associations: (1) origins in Africa with basal diversification in antelopes (H. krugeri, H. lawrencei, H. dinniki, H. horaki), (2) independent events of colonization for those species in Caprini and Bovinae (H. contortus, H. placei, H. bedfordi, H. similis), (3) colonization and development of core host associations within Camelidae (H. longistipes) and among Antilopinae, Tragelaphini, and Giraffidae (H. mitchelli, H. okapiae, H. vegliai), and (4) geographically widespread species that are represented only by those that have been translocat...
The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope – By Jonathan Alter

Jonathan Alter's narrative and reportorial gifts are on display in this compulsively readable account of Franklin D. Roosevelt's (FDR) now‐famous first one hundred days in office. Alter's aims are ...
Automated segmentation of cortical necrosis using awavelet based abnormality detection system

We propose an automated method to segment cortical necrosis from brain FLAIR-MR Images. Cortical necrosis are regions of dead brain tissue in the cortex caused by cerebrovascular disease (CVD). The accurate segmentation of these regions is difficult as their intensity patterns are similar to the adjoining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We generate a model of normal variation using MR scans of healthy controls. The model is based on the Jacobians of warps obtained by registering scans of normal subjects to a common coordinate system. For each patient scan a Jacobian is obtained by warping it to the same coordinate system. Large deviations between the model and subject-specific Jacobians are flagged as ‘abnormalities’. Abnormalities are segmented as cortical necrosis if they are in the cortex and have the intensity profile of CSF. We evaluate our method by using a set of 72 healthy subjects to model cortical variation. We use this model to successfully detect and segment cortical necrosis in a set of 37 patients with CVD. A comparison of the results with segmentations from two independent human experts shows that the overlap between our approach and either of the human experts is in the range of the overlap between the two human experts themselves.
Maternal low protein diet induces muscle mitochondrial respiration impairment, catch-up growth and PGC-1α expression (271.6)

Malnutrition during the fetal growth period followed by postnatal catch-up growth results in obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). To determine whether a prenatal low protein diet f...
Alteration of T cell immunity by lentiviral transduction of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells

Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that play important roles during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. HIV-1 derived lentiviral vectors (LVs) transduce DCs at high efficiency but their effects on DC functions have not been carefully studied. Modification of DCs using LVs may lead to important applications in transplantation, treatment of cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases.
Four Compounds Active against Rhinovirus: Comparison in Vitro and in Volunteers

Four unrelated compounds active against rhinovirus were compared in tissue culture, and three of them were used in volunteers challenged with rhinovirus. The compounds were the triazino-indole SKF 40491, the substituted oxadiazole GL R9-338, the imidazo-thiazole RP 19326, and the guanidine derivative ICI 73,602. The abilities of these compounds to reduce the yield of rhinovirus types 3, 4, 9, and 31 from HeLa cells or fibroblasts were compared, and a sensitive serotype was chosen for each challenge experiment in humans. In double-blind studies volunteers received intranasal medication before and after the challenge. Daily scoring of symptoms and titration of virus in nasal washings showed that subjects treated with SKF, GL, and RP all shed less virus than their corresponding placebo groups, significantly so in the cases of GL and RP. Clinical reactions were also less severe in volunteers treated with RP. The search for clinically useful compounds active against rhinovirus has proved one of the more difficult aspects of antiviral therapy. A successful compound must be highly active against a shortlived infection, and the patient must be put at minimal risk or inconvenience. Furthermore, the "target," in terms of the number of virus-specific biochemical events within the infected cell, is much more restricted for the small viruses (including rhinoviruses) than for the larger ones. A few compounds active against rhinovirus have reached the stage of controlled clinical trials, and these trials are conveniently carried out as challenge studies in volunteers. However, compounds possessing direct activity against rhinovirus, in contrast to interferon or its inducers, have seldom been shown to be active in human infec
On the Numerical Solution to a Nonlinear Wave Equation Associated with the First Painlevé Equation: An Operator-Splitting Approach

The main goal of this article is to discuss the numerical solution to a nonlinear wave equation associated with the first of the celebrated Painleve transcendent ordinary differential equations. In order to solve numerically the above equation, whose solutions blow up in finite time, the authors advocate a numerical methodology based on the Strang’s symmetrized operator-splitting scheme. With this approach, one can decouple nonlinearity and differential operators, leading to the alternate solution at every time step of the equation as follows: (i) The first Painleve ordinary differential equation, (ii) a linear wave equation with a constant coefficient. Assuming that the space dimension is two, the authors consider a fully discrete variant of the above scheme, where the space-time discretization of the linear wave equation sub-steps is achieved via a Galerkin/finite element space approximation combined with a second order accurate centered time discretization scheme. To handle the nonlinear sub-steps, a second order accurate centered explicit time discretization scheme with adaptively variable time step is used, in order to follow accurately the fast dynamic of the solution before it blows up. The results of numerical experiments are presented for different coefficients and boundary conditions. They show that the above methodology is robust and describes fairly accurately the evolution of a rather “violent” phenomenon.
Supply and Demand for Adult Literacy Instruction in the United States

The supply-demand equations for adult literacy instruction in the United States are complicated by changing demands for basic skills in the workplace, an increase in immigrants who have limited command of English, changing federal welfare policies, and rapidly changing educational technologies. This paper reviews critical features of the supply of and demand for literacy instruction, drawing on recent state and national surveys of service providers, literacy performance levels, and adult literacy participants. Attention is given especially to the types of data that are required for modeling of supply-demand equations. The paper concludes that the supply of literacy instruction needs to be defined in terms of different layers of service providers, with adjustments for the estimated impact of technology-based service delivery. Future demand, on the other hand, should be estimated from current demand and not from perceived literacy needs in the population.
Refining the association of MHC with multiple sclerosis in African Americans

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system mediated by autoimmune and neurodegenerative pathogenic mechanisms. Multiple genes account for its moderate heritability, but the only genetic region shown to have a large replicable effect on MS susceptibility is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) across the MHC has made it difficult to fully characterize individual genetic contributions of this region to MS risk in previous studies. African Americans are at a lower risk for MS when compared with northern Europeans and Americans of European descent, but greater haplotypic diversity and distinct patterns of LD suggest that this population may be particularly informative for fine-mapping efforts. To examine the role of the MHC in African American MS, a case–control association study was performed with 499 African American MS patients and 750 African American controls that were genotyped for 6040 MHC region single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A replication data set consisting of 451 African American patients and 718 African American controls was genotyped for selected SNPs. Two MHC class II SNPs, rs2647040 and rs3135021, were significant in the replication cohort and partially tagged DRB1*15 alleles. Surprisingly, in comparison to similar studies of individuals of European descent, the MHC seems to play a smaller role in MS susceptibility in African Americans, consistent with pervasive genetic heterogeneity across ancestral groups, and may explain the difference in MS susceptibility between African Americans and individuals of European descent.
Digital comparison of x-ray diffraction data from cotton textiles

It is proposed that step-scanned digital x-ray diffraction data from closely similar samples be compared only after averaging several scans. The comparison of averaged data for two samples is shown directly by a running difference curve; more subtle differences are indicated by a running sum of difference curve. In order to compensate for inequalities arising from experimental difficulties, scaling of the two data sets may be optionally accomplished by either equating the total intensity sums or performing a least-squares fitting. Comparison of the two scale factors and consideration of the intercept (background) and resulting standard deviation provide a quantitative estimate of the difference between samples. The proposed techniques are illustrated for hydrocellulose II, cotton treated with acid, flame retardant, and permanent-press agent, and for the experimental differences of intact cloth versus pressed pellet and different beam-current settings on the diffractometer.
Deposition of aerosolized pentamidine and failure of pneumocystis prophylaxis.

Objective : To determine if outcome of Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis is related to total lung dose of aerosolized pentamidine. Setting : AIDS treatment centers at a VA and University Hospital. Patients : Fifty-eight HIV-infected patients receiving P carinii prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidine using a nebulizer (CIS-US AeroTech II) were followed up over a 90-week period. Treatment consisted of 60 to 90 mg every two weeks. Measurements : In all patients, deposition of pentamidine aerosol was measured using a radioaerosol filter technique. Factors thought to be important in deposition, nebulizer output and breathing pattern were also measured. Six months later, repeated deposition studies were performed in 20 patients. Pentamidine dose to the lung was related to occurrence of P carimi pneumonia and correlated with nebulizer function and breathing parameters. Outcome was assessed in terms of pentamidine deposition and patient characteristics, including demographic, immunologic, physiologic, and medical variables. Results : Ten patients (17.2 percent) had development of P carinii pneumonia. However, pentamidine deposited in the failures (8.18 ±4.74 mg) was no different than deposition in protected patients (6.39 ±3.07 mg, p = NS). Most of the variability in deposition was accounted for by variability in nebulizer output (r=0.919, p carinii pneumonia did not correlate with any measured patient characteristic. Conclusions : Failure of aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis is not related to total lung dose of pentamidine. Other factors such as inadequate microscopic deposition between alveoli, pentamidine clearance, or drug resistance may be important. In HIV-infected patients, interpatient variability in aerosol deposition can be reduced by reducing variability in nebulizer output rather than control of breathing pattern. (Chest 1992; 101:82-87)
A Structural Basis for Anisotropy in Cardiac Fibroblast Populated Collagen Gels

The development of anisotropic mechanical properties is critical for the successful function of many soft tissues. Load bearing tissues naturally develop varying degrees of anisotropy, presumably in response to their specific loading environment. For example, the scar tissue that forms after a myocardial infarction is structurally and mechanically anisotropic. To better understand the scar mechanics, we first need to develop structure-function relationships for collagen fiber networks. In order to improve the healing after myocardial infarction, a better understanding of the mechanical anisotropy is necessary. An in vitro collagen gel system can be used to control individual fiber network components and to determine the effect of each component on the mechanical properties of the gel. Previously, we demonstrated the ability to promote two different collagen gel structures, with two different levels of mechanical anisotropy [1]. The goal of the current study was to quantitatively relate the observed mechanical anisotropy to the collagen fiber structure. It was hypothesized that the anisotropy could be explained with a simple structural model, where the gel behavior is derived from the behavior of the individual fibers within the gel (i.e., the properties of the fibers, their orientation, and their level of slack).Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A second-order hyperstable adaptive filter for frequency estimation

A second-order adaptive filter structure that can be used for frequency estimation and enhancement of an input sinusoid is proposed. Unlike other gradient-based adaptive line enhancement schemes, this filter has the advantage that it can be made to converge arbitrarily fast by increasing the step size of the update, while still retaining stability. This is possible because the adaptation strategy has its roots in hyperstability theory. A limitation of the scheme is that it gives a biased estimate in the presence of noise; however, some techniques that bring the bias down to a low level are described. >
Literature and the Politics of Post-Victorian Decadence

In Literature and the Politics of Post-Victorian Decadence, Kristin Mahoney argues that the early twentieth century was a period in which the specters of the fin de siecle exercised a remarkable draw on the modern cultural imagination and troubled emergent avant-gardistes. These authors and artists refused to assimilate to the aesthetic and political ethos of the era, representing themselves instead as time travellers from the previous century for whom twentieth-century modernity was both baffling and disappointing. However, they did not turn entirely from the modern moment, but rather relied on decadent strategies to participate in conversations concerning the most highly vexed issues of the period including war, the rise of the Labour Party, the question of women's sexual freedom, and changing conceptions of sexual and gender identities.
Intercultural Project Management for IT: Issues and Challenges

The development of Information Technology projects using Project Management Methodologies like PMP-PMI, Agile or SCRUM for software development, CPM, CCPM, RAD, XP, FDD, ITIL, JAD, LD, PRINCE2, etc.; may be a complete success or a total catastrophe, for series of reasons, events and circumstances that frequently are not related at all with the deliverables, the products being built, the IT technology involved, the level of expertise, the responsibility and professionalism of the stakeholders including the project manager, but due to intercultural factors. The PMP-PMI Model (PMBOK) describes 10 areas: Cost Management, Time Management, Scope Management, Risk Management, Quality Management, Procurement Management, Integration Management, Stakeholder Management, Human Resources Management and Communication Management. An IT project is considered successful if the customer is happy, but technically and formally if the TEAM was able to meet the triple constraint set up by time/cost/scope. This happy ending is not possible if the project manager and the team as a whole are not able to confront, attack and solve the issues associated with Human Resources Management, Stakeholder Management and specially Communication Management.
STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF BEACH PROFILE DATA

Stochastic prediction of beach changes by means of a linear leastsquares transfer function requires a knowledge of power spectra Since most field data are too short to ensure stable analysis, an attempt was made to generate data artifically by a Monte Carlo simulation A beach profile transition model which considers the beach profile as a dynamic system allows beach width, sediment storage, and surface configuration to be determined m successive profiles and simulates beach cycles associated with random waves which are in sufficient agreement with the actual observation The simulated data are amenable to standard stochastic analysis to yield power spectra, cross spectra, coherence functions , and phase lags Comparison of the results with those derived from actual data shows reasonable agreement It appears that the process of beach sediment storage involves a combination of classes of Markov Gaussian random processes, whereas that of beach width resembles a white noise Coupling between these two parameters occurs in the lower frequency range with periodicities longer than about 8 days Moreover, the beach width shows phase advance before sediment storage Although the beach profile transition model requires further refinement, especially m regard to quantitative response to waves of various magnitudes and characteristics, the basic concept of the model is sound and will probably explain beach changes in various types of world coasts.
Facilitated Estimation of ETAS

Abstract An approximation technique is introduced that greatly facilitates the estimation of the epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model introduced by Ogata (1988), which is widely used to describe earthquake catalogs. The proposed approximation greatly simplifies the integral term in the log‐likelihood, the computation of which is by far the greatest hurdle in maximum likelihood estimation. The approximation is close, provided the observed region contains most of the aftershock activity caused by earthquakes within the observation region. Through simulations and an example involving earthquakes in Hector Mine, California, the proposed method is shown to produce stable and accurate results, with rapid convergence.
Islamic Sovereignty Norms and Peaceful Settlement of Territorial Disputes

The notion of state sovereignty is the foundation upon which the modern international system rests. Yet it is a mistake to regard sovereignty as a unitary, global concept: multiple sovereignties exist, particularly among Islamic law states (ILS). Sovereignty in the Islamic legal tradition takes the form of a divine trust bestowed upon the state and rests on personalistic, not territorial, relationships. Some modern ILS adhere to this Islamic notion of sovereignty, and we contend that such ILS find compromise difficult in territorial disputes because they attach divine sanctions to the authority of the state over territory. Using newly collected data from the constitutions of all ILS, 1945-2012, we demonstrate that this is, indeed, the case: ILS with constitutional provisions for Islamic sovereignty are less likely to resolve their territorial disputes peacefully or propose peaceful settlement than ILS that embrace secular, Western notions of territorial sovereignty.
Ionic Transport Across the Plasma Membrane

For protein synthesis, in which all cells engage at some time, the cell's interior must be high in potassium and low in sodium; to maintain this necessary imbalance with the ionic composition of the surrounding fluid requires energy expenditure. Experiments are described that support the existence of a K+-Na+ “pump” within the plasma membrane that simultaneously moves both cations in opposite directions.
Reduction of implant loading using a modified centric occlusal anatomy.

PURPOSE This paper focuses on the derivation of implant loading forces as influenced by occlusal anatomy. Vertical occlusal forces on cusp inclines produce resultant lines of force that result in lateral rather than vertical forces to the supporting bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS An analysis of resultant lines of force with different impacting occlusal surfaces was illustrated. Methods were suggested to decrease implant loading by reducing cusp inclines, utilization of cross occlusion, and the modification of occlusal anatomy to provide a continuous 1.5-mm flat fossae, rather than the line angles of the usual cuspal anatomy. The relationship of incisal guidance to the cusp inclines on the adjustable articulator were reviewed. Modification of the incisal pin and articulator settings were suggested to produced a 1.5-mm fossae throughout the prosthesis. Practical laboratory and intraoral occlusal adjustment techniques were suggested to provide a modified centric occlusal anatomy to help decrease implant loading. RESULTS Clinical examples were shown to verify the accuracy of the modified settings on the semi-adjustable articulator and the resultant modified occlusal anatomy. CONCLUSION Implant loading can be reduced by modifying the location of the impact area and the occlusal anatomy. Simple modification of the incisal pin and articulator settings can be used to produce a 1.5-mm flat fossae, which results in more vertical forces to the supporting bone. The same procedures are used to reduce cusp inclinations, which effectively lessens the torque exerted on the prosthesis, implant, and bone. A combination of all these factors can prevent implant overload.
Conservation Biology, Evolution and

Evolutionary principles have been central to conservation biology since its origin. Here we review some of the many ways in which genetic patterns have been used to inform conservation practice; then we describe the evolutionary processes of greatest concern for small, threatened populations at risk of extinction. We conclude by considering how evolutionary principles might be incorporated into active management plans.
CDMA System Design and Capacity Analysis Under Disguised Jamming

This paper considers robust code division multiple access (CDMA) system design and capacity analysis under disguised jamming, where the jammer generates a fake signal using the same spreading code, constellation, and pulse shaping filter as that of the authorized signal. Unlike Gaussian jamming, which is destructive only when jamming is dominant, disguised jamming can be devastating even if the jamming power is comparable to the signal power. In this paper, first, we analyze the performance of the conventional CDMA under disguised jamming, and show that due to the symmetricity between the authorized signal and the jamming interference, the receiver cannot really distinguish the authorized signal from jamming, leading to complete communication failure. Second, we propose to combat disguised jamming using secure scrambling. Instead of using conventional scrambling codes, we apply advanced encryption standard to generate the security-enhanced scrambling codes. Theoretical analysis based on the arbitrarily varying channel model shows that the capacity of conventional CDMA without secure scrambling under disguised jamming is actually zero; however, secure scrambling can break the symmetricity between the authorized signal and the jamming interference, and hence ensures positive channel capacity under disguised jamming. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of secure scrambling in combating disguised jamming.
TOO MUCH THEOLOGY: A TEXTUAL PROBLEM IN OLYMPIODORUS' PROLEGOMENA 9.10-12 AND ITS SOLUTION

In the Neoplatonic schools, introductions to logic, and the Categories in particular, would begin with a list of ten different questions relating to Aristotle's philosophy and his ideal interpreter and student. Olympiodorus' own introduction to logic (the Prolegomena) follows this pattern; he expands on the remarks of his own teacher Ammonius of Alexandria, and closely models his discussion on his predecessor's work. In the standard list of ten questions that must be discussed in an introductory philosophy course, the third relates to the subject with which the student is to start his or her philosophical education. Which of logic, ethics, natural science and mathematics is the proper starting-point for philosophy?
Design trade-off for resonance reduction of multiple power planes in Super Ball Grid Array (SBGA) package

In this paper, package co-design procedure with electrical simulation supported by Amkor Technology will be described and design trade-off for effective power/ground plane design in SBGA package will be discussed. Two models of SBGA design, which has five kinds of main and sub-main power nets, are compared using 3D electromagnetic (EM) simulation tool. By comparison of both design, inevitable design trade-off for effective multiple power planes will be presented and discussed from power integrity (PI) viewpoint. The revised SBGA package design was implemented and measured to analyze plane resonances in the impedance profile of each power/ground planes according to frequencies up to 10 GHz so that the simulated self-impedances can be compared with measured results.
Guest Editors’ Introduction: The Across Nations Project and Comparative Studies in Sociology

This is the second issue of the International Journal of Sociology (US) stem ming from the Across Nations project. Beginning in 1993, the editors assembled a group of graduate students at the Department of Sociology, Ohio State Uni versity, interested in problems of international development and global in equalities, using the Comparative Social Change Ph.D. program as a common training base. Over the past decade, this ongoing project and associated Ph.D. training program has had several dozen participants whose research has ad dressed questions of economic and social development, democratization, hu man rights, humanitarian crises and refugee problems, political conflict and sustainable development. This special issue addresses questions of global in equalities and the comparative methods for making valid inferences about these issues when treating nations as units of analysis. Following Max Weber's injunction that social stratification should be treated as a multidimensional phenomenon with distinct economic, political, and cul tural aspects and complex causal possibilities, the articles in this issue of US examine international development as both a contributor to and a product of political conflict and change. In studying global inequalities, the lines of cau sality work in multiple directions. Political inequality stems from underlying economic inequalities created by the unevenness of global capitalist develop ment. At the same time, political ideologies and institutions have a powerful
Into time: Hồ the futurist and the founding of the nation

Vietnamese scholar Ngo Tự Lập recently attempted to establish Hồ Chi Minh as the birthfather of futurist fiction in Vietnam by reading a 1949 story called “The Ten-year Sleep” by Trần Lực, later sa...
The Value of the Arrest: The Symbolic Economy of Policing

Deputy sheriffs make arrests for many reasons: to solve problems, generate statistics, rectify perceived moral wrongs, or enforce compliance with the law. Many studies of discretion in arrests have looked at situational and structural determinants of the decision to arrest. Citizen demeanor, race, gender, and the nature of the crime have all been examined. Turning from these approaches, this study considers the institution of policing, focusing on the relations among deputies to try and explain who makes an arrest, especially when more than one deputy is on scene. Drawing from data collected during a year and a half of ethnographic research as a deputy sheriff in a rural California county, we show that arrests are a form of symbolic capital. Arrests are given, taken, and fought for as deputies struggle to work with each other and compete for prestige and positions within the Sheriff’s Office. Exchanged, gifted, and stolen as a valuable good, an arrest has the power to solidify existing relationships as well as foster divisions. As such, the arrest is a vehicle of social meaning and bonding, and a valued social commodity.
Goorgoorlou, the neoliberal homo senegalensis: comics and economics in postcolonial Senegal

Goorgoorlou is the eponymous character of a serialized comic strip that emerged in Senegal, in the midst of neoliberal reforms. As with thousands of Senegalese people, Goorgoorlou lost his job beca...
Fishing for Digeorge Syndrome in A 40-YEAR-OLD Man

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify an endocrine developmental syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome, or 22q11 deletion syndrome) that had been previously undiagnosed in an adult patient. Methods: The patient was evaluated in an adult endocrinology clinic. In particular, fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to identify a segmental deletion on chromosome 22. Results: DiGeorge syndrome was positively identified using fluorescence in situ hybridization in our patient. Conclusion: Rare developmental syndromes may be initially diagnosed in adult patients. DiGeorge syndrome should be among the differential diagnoses considered in an adult with hypocalcemia.
Safety in Elementary and Junior High Schools of New York City

(1940). Safety in Elementary and Junior High Schools of New York City. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 80-85.
Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants, and Physicians Are Comparable in Managing the First Five Years of Diabetes

Background Increasing use of nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) is a possible solution to the shortage of primary care providers (PCPs) in the US, but the quality of care they provide is not well understood.
ST-COPOT: Spatio-temporal Clustering with Contour Polygon Trees

Nowadays, growing effort has been put to develop spatio-temporal clustering approaches that are capable of discovering interesting patterns in large spatio-temporal data streams. In this paper, we propose a 3-phase serial, density-contour based clustering algorithm called ST-COPOT, which can identify spatio-temporal cluster at multiple levels of density granularity. ST-COPOT takes the point cloud data as input and divides it into batches, next, it employs a non-parametric kernel density estimation approach and contouring algorithms to obtain spatial clusters; at last, spatio-temporal clusters are formed by identifying continuing relationships between spatial clusters in consecutive batches. Moreover, a novel data structure called contour polygon tree is introduced as a compact representation of the spatial clusters obtained for each batch for different density thresholds, and a family of novel distance functions that operate on contour polygon trees are proposed to identify continuing clusters. The experimental results on NYC taxi trips data show that ST-COPOT can effectively discover interesting spatio-temporal patterns in taxi pickup location streams.
Using a Computer-based Testing Facility to Improve Student Learning in a Programming Languages and Compilers Course

While most efforts to improve students' learning in computer science education have focused on designing new pedagogies or tools, comparatively little research has focused on redesigning examinations to improve students' learning. Cognitive science research, however, has robustly demonstrated that getting students to practice using their knowledge in testing environments can significantly improve learning through a phenomenon known as the testing effect. The testing effect has been shown to improve learning more than rehearsal strategies such as re-reading a textbook or re-watching lectures. In this paper, we present a quasi-experimental study to examine the effect of using frequent, automated examinations in an advanced computer science course, "Programming Languages and Compilers" (CS 421). In Fall 2014, students were given traditional paper-based exams, but in Fall 2015 a computer-based testing facility enabled the course to offer more frequent examinations while other aspects of the course were held constant. A comparison of 292 student scores across the two semesters revealed a significant change in the distribution of students' grades with fewer students failing the final examination, and proportionately more students now earning grades of B and C instead. This data suggests that focusing on redesigning the nature of examinations may indeed be a relatively untapped opportunity to improve students' learning.
A New in Camera Review Requirement for Summons Proceedings

This paper looks at what appears to be an emerging trend in tax summons enforcement: that district courts actually review documents for which the summoned party claims a privilege. In December 2017 the Ninth Circuit seemingly joined the Second Circuit and the D.C. Circuit in finding that a district court's failure to review documents in camera was an abuse of discretion. These holding appear to contradict Supreme Court guidance. The paper reviews summons enforcement proceedings and gives a critical analysis of the in camera review requirement as potentially inconsistent with Supreme Court's holding in Zolin.
Proteomic Analysis of Single Mammalian Cells Enabled by Microfluidic Nanodroplet Sample Preparation and Ultrasensitive NanoLC‐MS

We report on the quantitative proteomic analysis of single mammalian cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was employed to deposit cells into a newly developed nanodroplet sample processing chip, after which samples were analyzed by ultrasensitive nanoLC-MS. An average of circa 670 protein groups were confidently identified from single HeLa cells, which is a far greater level of proteome coverage for single cells than has been previously reported. We demonstrate that the single-cell proteomics platform can be used to differentiate cell types from enzyme-dissociated human lung primary cells and identify specific protein markers for epithelial and mesenchymal cells.
Blind Adaptive Suppression of Narrowband Digital Interferers from Spread Spectrum Signals

The application of the minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) multiuser detection technique to the problem of suppressing the digital narrowband interference (NBI) from spread-spectrum signals is considered. The MMSE multiuser detector can be implemented using a blind adaptive method, which is ideally suited for use in the NBI suppression framework. The optimal linear filter for the recovery of the spread-spectrum signal is derived, and its performance is analyzed in terms of probability of error and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). It is shown that the performance of this optimal filter is very close to the situation when there is no narrowband interference present, even at the presense of very strong interference. This application requires the treatment of a single narrowband digital signal as a group of related, virtual spread-spectrum signals with very simple spreading codes. This model gives a special structure to the matrices appearing in the optimization problem implied by the MMSE criterion, and this structure is exploited herein to develop and analyze a practical adaptive algorithm. The major contribution of this paper beyond the previous work in the field of NBI suppression is the development of this adaptive algorithm that can exploit the advantages of multiuser detection in suppressing narrowband digital interference from spread-spectrum networks.
Microwave Resistivities of Tmy(La, Y)1-yS and Tmy(La, Y)1-yTe

Microwave resistivities of TmS, Tm 0.5 La 0.5 S, Tm 0.1 La 0.9 S, Tm 0.6 Y 0.4 S, Tm 0.2 Y 0.8 S, Tm 0.97 Gd 0.03 Te, Tm 0.6 Y 0.4 Te, and Tm 0.1 Y 0.9 Te have been measured at 9.2 GHz. Anomalous maximum resistivities have been observed for all the sulphide samples and they have been interpreted in terms of the Kondo sideband effects. No anomalies occur in the telluride samples.
Evaluation of Social Media Presence of Otolaryngology Residency Programs in the United States.

Importance Over two-thirds of the adult population in the United States use Facebook. Despite the high interest in and use of social media by the general public, the presence and accessibility of health care organizations on social media has not yet been fully evaluated. Objective To determine the use and popularity of social media among otolaryngology residency programs in the United States. Design, setting, and participants A cross-sectional study of the presence of accredited otolaryngology residency programs in the United States in an internet data repository was conducted. Programs were stratified by Doximity Residency Navigator reputation rankings (dividing programs into quartiles) and US News & World Report (comparing programs affiliated with hospitals ranked in the top 50 vs programs affiliated with unranked hospitals). Social media sites and activity for each program were assessed using internet searches. The study was conducted in April 2017. Results Among 101 otolaryngology residency programs, 30 were found to have social media sites (29.7%). Facebook and Twitter were the most commonly used services, with 25 (24.8%) and 14 (13.9%) accounts, respectively. Based on Doximity Residency Navigator rankings, programs in the first quartile were more likely to have Facebook profiles than programs in the fourth quartile (42.3% vs 12.0%; absolute difference, 30%; 95% CI, 2.9% to 52.6%). First- and second-quartile programs showed increased Facebook activity. There was greater Twitter presence in first- vs fourth-quartile programs (19.2% vs 8.0%; absolute difference, 11.2%; 95% CI, -11.6% to 33.0%). Higher-quartile programs were more active on Twitter and exhibited increased numbers of likes and followers. Analysis of US News & World Report rankings revealed that ranked programs had higher rates of presence, activity, and popularity on both Facebook and Twitter. However, these were smaller differences than seen when comparing Doximity Residency Navigator rankings. Correlation between the 2 ranking systems was indicated (Spearman ρ = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.76). Conclusions and relevance This study suggests that otolaryngology residency programs with higher Doximity Residency Navigator reputation rankings have a stronger presence on social media. Smaller trends were observed for programs in the top 50 US News & World Report rankings. Overall, social media use among otolaryngology programs seems relatively low, and this may present an opportunity to increase communication with the public via these technologies.