cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A bright-field and scanning electron microscopic study of the development of Puccinia zoysiae on Zoysia species and Paederia scandens

The development of the heteroecious, macrocyclic rust Puccinia zoysiae on zoysiagrasses (Zoysia spp.) and Paederia scandens was studied using bright-field and scanning electron microscopy. This fungus grows intercellularly through the mesophyll of the zoysiagrass leaf, invading parenchyma cells, and forming haustoria. However, its growth is restricted by the vascular bundles and the bulliform cells, which the fungus does not penetrate. As a consequence, longitudinal lesions are formed, predominantly on the adaxial leaf surface. Soon after the onset of infection, paraphyses and echinulate urediniospores are produced, and are rapidly exposed due to rupture of the epidermis. Teliospores form later, first within the uredinia, and subsequently in telia which appear on both leaf surfaces. These spores are two-celled, persistent, and pedicellate. They germinated after two months of suspension in water at 4 C, followed by exposure to a saturated atmosphere for 24 hours. Germination begins with the emergence of a basidium (promycelium) from either or both cells of the teliospore. This is followed by the formation of septa and sterigmata from which basidiospores arise. These spores infect leaves of P. scandens, producing inconspicuous, intercellular spermogonia. Aecia form intercellularly and eventually erupt through the lower leaf surface. The aecial peridium has an unusual double-layered wall, the inner wall of which consists of non-viable aeciospores. Aeciospores are verrucose and are produced in basipetal succession.
Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope geochemistry of the Roberts Mountains allochthon: New insights into the early Paleozoic tectonics of western North America

Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope geochemistry provide new insights into the provenance, sedimentary transport, and tectonic evolution of the Roberts Mountains allochthon strata of north-central Nevada. Using laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, a total of 1151 zircon grains from six Ordovician to Devonian arenite samples were analyzed for U-Pb ages; of these, 228 grains were further analyzed for Hf isotope ratios. Five of the units sampled have similar U-Pb age peaks and Hf isotope ratios, while the ages and ratios of the Ordovician lower Vinini Formation are significantly different. Comparison of our data with that of igneous basement rocks and other sedimentary units supports our interpretation that the lower Vinini Formation originated in the north-central Laurentian craton. The other five units sampled, as well as Ordovician passive margin sandstones of the western Laurentian margin, had a common source in the Peace River Arch region of western Canada. We propose that the Roberts Mountains allochthon strata were deposited near the Peace River Arch region, and subsequently tectonically transported south along the Laurentian margin, from where they were emplaced onto the craton during the Antler orogeny.
POSTGLACIAL TIMBERLINE FLUCTUATIONS, LA PLATA MOUNTAINS, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO

A paleoecological study of the La Plata Mountains was initiated to develop further a dated and continuous environmental sequence for the San Juan River headwaters to which discontinuous archaeological and alluvial data from the Four Corners region might be compared. Routine pollen analysis of a 4-m core from a subalpine meadow adjacent to Twin Lakes, 3290 m (10,790 ft), including 11 radiocarbon dates and pollen ratios, provides the chronology of climatic change as reflected by postglacial timberline fluctuations. The timberline was lower than that of the present about 9800 BP, then advanced upward at least twice to higher elevations prior to 6000 BP. The timberline retreated to lower elevations shortly after 4000 BP; this retreat was followed by another significant advance upward about 2500 BP. Mining, logging, and grazing, which began in the 1870s, may be represented by a sharp decrease in the relative frequencies of Pinus and Picea pollen, with subsequent secondary succession represented by increased Ranunculaceae and Salix pollen and then a return to conifer pollen dominance. These changes may also result from a significant lowering of the timberline within the last few hundred years.
A Improved LMS Type Algorithm Based on MVSSLMS

Following a brief discussion on traditional LMS and its improved algorithm,this paper presents a improved variable step size algorithm,which uses the estimation of the autocorrelation and means square error to adjust the step of adaptive algorithm.Computer simulation result verifies the improved algorithm has faster convergence rate than traditional LMS and MVSSLMS.
The Psychologist's Companion: Rules for Writing the Psychology Paper

Rule 1. Your meeting should interest, inform, and persuade your reader . Psychological writing should not be dull or stuffy. You must interest your reader in your paper; otherwise, the reader will find something else to do. Even teachers reading course papers will often read boring papers more quickly and less carefully than they will read interesting papers. Although you can lose your reader at any time, the major decision points for the reader are the title, abstract, and introduction. The optimal title is one that concisely informs the reader of what the article is about. Such a title will minimize the number of people who start the article only to find that the topic doesn't interest them, and maximize the number of people who start the article because the topic does interest them. The abstract should summarize the article and at the same time convey to the reader why the topic, hypotheses, and results are of theoretical or practical interest. The introduction should further motivate the reader by pointing out why the research is a necessary next step in putting together the pieces of an as yet unsolved puzzle. The reader should finish the introduction believing that you have (a) put together one or more pieces of the puzzle, and (b) pointed the way for further pieces to be put together.
Effect of hemoglobin solutions as hemodiluents on capillary oxygen tension.

Isovolemic hemodilution is the replacement of red blood cells (RBCs) with an equal volume of hemodiluent (e.g., colloids, crystalloids or oxygen-carrying blood substitutes). Hemodilution reduces the systemic hematocrit, decreases the viscosity of blood, increases cardiac output, increases blood flow to organs and increases oxygen extraction by the tissues, thereby providing beneficial consequences of hemodilution in clinical settings.
Cooling strategies for embedded electronic components of wearable computers fabricated by shape deposition manufacturing

Rugged, portable computers that can be comfortably worn on the body and easily operated for maintenance applications are being designed and manufactured at Carnegie Mellon University. The recently developed process of Shape Deposition Manufacturing has created the opportunity to embed the electronics of wearable computers in a polymer composite substrate. As both a protective outer case and a conductive heat dissipating medium, the substrate satisfies two basic design constraints of wearable computers: design for ruggedness and cooling efficiency. One such application of embedded electronics is the VuMan3R, a wearable computer designed for aircraft maintenance. To understand thermal phenomena of embedded electronic design, a combination of spectral element numerical simulations, physical experimentation, and analytical models facilitate the exploration of the thermal design space. Numerical models with heat spreaders, air channels, and various substrate materials test the thermal performance, while physical experimentation of an embedded electronic artifact ensures the accuracy and practicality of the numerical simulations. Analytical models using thermal resistance networks are created to predict heat flow paths within the embedded electronic artifact as well as the role of conductive fillers used in polymer composites.
Automated detection of neovascularization for proliferative diabetic retinopathy screening

Neovascularization is the primary manifestation of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) that can lead to acquired blindness. This paper presents a novel method that classifies neovascularizations in the 1-optic disc (OD) diameter region (NVD) and elsewhere (NVE) separately to achieve low false positive rates of neovascularization classification. First, the OD region and blood vessels are extracted. Next, the major blood vessel segments in the 1-OD diameter region are classified for NVD, and minor blood vessel segments elsewhere are classified for NVE. For NVD and NVE classifications, optimal region-based feature sets of 10 and 6 features, respectively, are used. The proposed method achieves classification sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for NVD and NVE of 74%, 98.2%, 87.6%, and 61%, 97.5%, 92.1%, respectively. Also, the proposed method achieves 86.4% sensitivity and 76% specificity for screening images with PDR from public and local data sets. Thus, the proposed NVD and NVE detection methods can play a key role in automated screening and prioritization of patients with diabetic retinopathy.
Commodity Prices and the New Inflation

(1982). Commodity Prices and the New Inflation. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 1125-1126.
Maps and Atlases of the Middle East

The current state of mapping for the Middle East has been conditioned by the particular needs of indigenous countries, by foreign national and private interests, by the demands of the Western public, and by the research interests of scholars. Middle Eastern countries themselves require maps for the purposes of administration and national development and thereby provide the main thrust for the production of maps by national and international agencies. Foreign states and companies having strategic or economic interests in the region, past or present, have also produced maps. The West’s long concern with the origins and evolution of its civilization has fostered efforts in historical cartography. Not the least have been the research interests of scholars, which have led to the drawing of maps to suit their sometimes peculiar needs.
In-person retail marketing claims in tobacco and E-cigarette shops in Southern California.

E-cigarette use has been increasing in the United States, though knowledge of potential risks and harms associated with e-cigarette use is low. Marketing of e-cigarettes may serve as a source of information to shape beliefs and attitudes toward e-cigarettes. The purpose of this study was to identify the most common marketing claims made within “vape” and tobacco shops in sales interactions with customers in demographically diverse cities. Vape and tobacco shops from three diverse cities in Southern California were selected for inclusion in the study. From May 2015 to July 2015, simulated customers asked salespeople in vape and tobacco shops how e-cigarettes compare to conventional cigarettes, and then recorded the resulting claims that were made using a standardized form designed for this purpose. Data were analyzed from January to March 2016. The most frequent claims made by sales staff were that: smoking e-cigarettes helps one quit smoking (57% of the simulated shopping interactions), e-cigarettes come in multiple flavors (54%), and e-cigarettes are healthier than conventional cigarettes (50%). Simulated customer interactions that took place in vape shops included more positive marketing claims than those that occurred in tobacco shops; this relationship approached statistical significance (p = .087). There was a significant relationship between city and the average number of positive e-cigarette claims made (p < .001). A wide range of marketing claims are made about e-cigarettes in retail settings. These may vary by geographic location, community demographics, and type of retail outlet.
Additional Polymorphisms Linked to Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance At The Rhg4 Locus

Glycine max L. Merr., (soybean) is one of the major crops in the United States, south America and Asia. Yet, the seed yield of soybean is significantly reduced due to Heterodera glycines (Ichinohe), the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). SCN is one of the most destructive pests and pathogens of soybean because the main methods for control have proven difficult. Lineages of soybean that are resistant to SCN have been developed but it is yet unknown what all the molecular causes of this resistance are. Rhg1 and Rhg4 loci are two of about 10 loci that underlie resistance. The Rhg4 locus, is required for resistance to SCN race 3 in ‘Peking’–type derived resistances. One gene in the locus has been isolated and a causative link shown, but the surrounding regions have not been fully analyzed. Focusing on the Rhg4 locus, this study was aimed at uncovering other potential causes of resistance of soybean to SCN. In a bioinformatic analysis of the Rhg4 locus, alleles of nine genes were analyzed. The set of large intergenic regions have key regulatory elements in them. Since partial resistances are often multigeneic, some of these nine genes could be candidates for causing and regulating resistance.
In vivo and in vitro evaluation of tissue colonization and survival capacity of Salmonella Oranienburg in laying hens.

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg (SO) was linked to a human salmonellosis outbreak in the Midwest in 2015 and 2016 from consumption of eggs. However, unlike Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE), little is known regarding the potential of SO to colonize in laying hens and contaminate eggs. We used in vivo and in vitro models to evaluate tissue colonization and survival capacity of SO. Twenty eight-week-old laying hens were each challenged with an oral dose of approximately 107 (n = 92) or 109 (n = 96) colony-forming units (CFU) in 1 mL saline and evaluated after 1, 2, and 4 wk. Standard microbiological methods with pre-enrichment and enrichment in selective media were used for detection of SO in tissues, egg shell wash, internal egg contents, and excreta. Peak colonization of spleen (86.9%), ovaries (31.6%), upper oviduct (15.8%), and lower oviduct (34.3%) was detected between 1 and 2 wk post-infection (pi), while at 4 wk SO was only recovered from spleens (25%). Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg was not recovered from internal egg contents. However, the presence of SO on egg shells was seen when there were traces of excreta. Shedding in excreta was found in 92 and 100% birds gavaged with 107 and 109 CFU at 2 wk pi, respectively. The invasion and proliferation of SO in ovarian granulosa cells (GC) was compared to that of SE, and while the invasion of SO into GC was comparable to SE, proliferation of SO was significantly lower (P
Robotic transanal microsurgery for high early rectal neoplasia (T0-T1, N0 lesions), case series of 10 patients.

Purpose/background In 2017, an estimated 39 910 people will receive a new diagnosis of rectal cancer. Current surgical guidelines limit transanal excision of early rectal neoplasia to 8 cm from the anal verge. We report that R0 resection of higher rectal cancers is possible using transanal robotic microsurgery. Methods/interventions Ten cases of robotic assisted transanal surgery for early stage disease (T0-T1, N0) between 2013 and 2016 were reviewed. Results/outcomes All cases were diagnosed preoperatively with colonoscopy, and the average distance from the anal verge was 11.1 cm. The average operative time was 167 minutes, and the average blood loss was 37.5 cc. Four cases required intraoperative conversion; one conversion required robotic abdominal access to repair a proctotomy. All margins were histologically negative, and 6-month follow-up showed no recurrences. Conclusion/discussion Transanal robotic surgery may provide the colorectal surgeon a method to address rectal lesions farther from the anal verge.
Terahertz Instruments for CubeSats

We have been developing terahertz high resolution spectrometers and radiometers on CubeSat platforms for astrophysics, planetary science, and Earth science applications. We are also developing millimeter-wave communications systems on CubeSat platform to provide communication link during entry descent-landing (EDL) phase of Mars and other planetary missions. In this paper, we present an overview of the state of the millimeter-wave and terahertz instrumentation development for CubeSat platforms. We discuss the design and implementation challenges for these instrument developments. We also look into innovative packaging solutions, antenna technology, and lowpower backend options for these instruments. We show that CubeSats and SmallSats will play a key role in future scientific space missions and also they will find increasing applications in commercial communication and other endeavors.
Humanitarian Innovation in the Modern Era: Ending Human Suffering

The ultimate goal humanitarian operations and innovation in general is to improve and enhance the human condition. With regard to humanitarian medicine and innovation, this is taken a step further with the fundamental element of alleviating human suffering and saving lives in the field. While the intentions are indeed very noble, innovation must be fostered by an evidence-based approach in conjunction with the tenets of human ingenuity. While indeed ideas open the door to novel interventions, if we are to make a true impact on the more than 63 million displaced refugees and conflict victims around the world, we must turn thought into action. The foundations provided in this book seek to take the ambiguity out of “innovation” and define its process, philosophy, and practical applications both now and in the future. Humanitarian innovation is perhaps the most extreme application of innovation, as it embraces the notion of creating something out of very limited resources. While indeed many may think that having limited resources serves as a detriment to the innovation process, we think quite the opposite. Resource-poor settings and unconventional environments employ people to think harder, deeper, and more efficiently. This creates a selection process whereby only the most practical and feasible ideas are embraced and pursued. At the end of the day, this breeds functional breakthroughs and innovations that display the same functional utility as those developed with ample resources. Furthermore, innovation is not embraced solely by highly educated professionals, researchers, academics, etc., but rather knows no bounds. The recipients and users of technological innovations often have as much or even more potential to innovate than the purveyors/creators of the innovation themselves. Ultimately, working together across geographic, socioeconomic, and geopolitical spectrums fosters dynamic creativity, enhanced problem-solving, as well as creates a better innovation. Human suffering is often viewed in the short-term in humanitarian operations; thus the interventions promoted are not suitable for perpetual application. By creating an innovation ecosystem that embraces the integration of an array of innovations ranging from 3D printing prosthetics to mHealth and blockchain technologies, we create infrastructure and human capital that will last into the future. This is where the notion of empowering refugee and conflict victim innovation comes into play. Who better to know the true realm of human suffering and the key to alleviating it than the actual people experiencing it firsthand. The future of humanitarian innovation lies not solely in the creation of novel technologies, devices, and interventions but more importantly in the knowledge transfer created and fostered. Health is fundamental element of the human condition, in which the bilateral transfer of knowledge is critical to empowering displaced individuals and promoting social equity.
Divergence In Recent Trends In Deaths From Intentional And Unintentional Poisoning.

There have been massive increases in the supply of prescription and nonprescription opioids, the prevalence of opioid use disorder, and rates of fatal and nonfatal unintentional poisonings or overd...
Laser Research Conducted At The Regional Laser And Biotechnology Laboratories - An Overview Of The Techniques And Applications

The Regional Laser and Biotechnology Laboratories (RLBL) is a user facility available to visiting scientists. A variety of kinetic and spectroscopic measurements are made routinely. Apparatus for several physical studies is described, and representative results are presented. One important class of measurements is pump-probe, in which a sample is excited with a pulsed laser source, then probed, or examined, with a second light source. Another focus of the RLBL is providing reliable methods for biophysical measurements.
Ideological Singularity as a Defense against Clinical Complexity

Despite the existence of several theories in psychiatry, strict adherence to one is common. Sources of singularity include education, training, and the highly separate development of the theories. However, a deeper source may be the inherent uncertainty of psychiatric symptoms and research. Singularity may contribute to patient confusion and public stigma.
Abstract 100: Mas Receptor Expression in Bone Marrow Stem/Progenitor Cells is Both Required and Sufficient for the Mobilization of Cells in Response to Ischemic Injury

Bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) are mobilized into the circulation in response to ischemic injury and stimulate vascular regeneration. Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) ...
The AQUA‐MER databases and aqueous speciation server: A web resource for multiscale modeling of mercury speciation

To assess the chemical reactivity, toxicity, and mobility of pollutants in the environment, knowledge of their species distributions is critical. Because their direct measurement is often infeasible, speciation modeling is widely adopted. Mercury (Hg) is a representative pollutant for which study of its speciation benefits from modeling. However, Hg speciation modeling is often hindered by a lack of reliable thermodynamic constants. Although computational chemistry (e.g., density functional theory [DFT]) can generate these constants, methods for directly coupling DFT and speciation modeling are not available. Here, we combine computational chemistry and continuum-scale modeling with curated online databases to ameliorate the problem of unreliable inputs to Hg speciation modeling. Our AQUA-MER databases and web server (https://aquamer.ornl.gov) provides direct speciation results by combining web-based interfaces to a speciation calculator, databases of thermodynamic constants, and a computational chemistry toolkit to estimate missing constants. Although Hg is presented as a concrete use case, AQUA-MER can also be readily applied to other elements. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An outlying visual area in the cerebral cortex of the cat.

Publisher Summary The visual cortex has been shown in both primates and non-primates to include a large number of extrastriate areas in addition to the classically defined visual areas 17, 18 and 19. Not all of these extrastriate areas contain full representations of the visual field, but, whether their maps are partial or complete, the areas abut one another, often with mirror reversals at their borders. As a consequence, the striate and extrastriate areas together form a zone of exclusive visual reponsiveness in the posterior neocortex that is continuous even though having separate areas within it. The arrangement of these visual areas into a continuum has obvious advantages in keeping transcortical association pathways short and also has suggested that the multiple maps might have evolved by a process akin to gene duplication. A visual area has been recently discovered, which appears anomalous in that it lies at a distance from the striate and extrastriate areas, in the anterior part of the cat's cerebral cortex, and yet, like the posterior visual areas, is a zone containing unimodal visually responsive neurons.
Assessing the relative importance of light and the circadian clock in controlling chloroplast translation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Previous work has shown that transcription of a number of chloroplast-encoded genes, including those for photosynthesis, are under circadian clock control in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, some of these genes encode long-lived mRNAs that are also subject to translational control. Rates of synthesis of the major chloroplast translation products vary dramatically (10–20-fold) during light–dark (LD) cycles, peaking in the light period. To determine whether this pattern reflects circadian clock control, LD-grown cells were shifted to continuous light (LL) and chloroplast protein synthesis monitored by periodic pulse-labeling in the presence of cycloheximide; chloroplast protein synthesis in LD was also examined for comparison. The LD patterns of synthesis of the major polypeptides (including D1, D2, and the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (LS)) were similar to those obtained previously in the absence of cycloheximide. In the LL condition, rates of synthesis of the major chloroplast translation products were high throughout the period examined (∼36 h), fluctuating > 3-fold, although they were generally higher in the subjective light period. LD-grown cells were also shifted to continuous dark (DD) and chloroplast protein synthesis analyzed for ∼24 h starting from the mid-dark period. There was a gradual decline in synthesis of the major proteins during the first subjective light period, which was followed by a very small peak in synthesis around the second subjective dark → light transition. RNA blot analysis showed that the mRNAs for D1, D2 and LS were present at high levels during the period of declining translation. These results indicate that with photoautotrophic growth in LD cycles, the illumination conditions per se are more important than the clock in determining chloroplast translation, but the clock may contribute to this regulation. The advantages of controlling translation by a direct light response and transcription primarily by the circadian clock are discussed. Finally, evidence of translational control of elongation factor Tu synthesis was obtained.
Left Ventricular Assist Devices in Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries: Survival and Adverse Events

Background Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a common congenital anomaly in which the aorta arises from the morphological systemic right ventricle (SRV), and the pulmonary artery arises from the morphologic left ventricle. With surgical and medical advancements, TGA patients are living longer and as a result failure of the SRV is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) has been shown to be a successful strategy for TGA patients that progress to end stage heart failure. Candidacy for OHT is often jeopardized due to allosensitization, pulmonary hypertension, or hemodynamic instability. Little is known about long term outcomes of Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVAD) in patients with TGA. In this study we present long term outcomes of TGA patients with LVADs. Methods This was a single center retrospective analysis of 309 consecutive patients who underwent LVAD placement from May 2008 to February 2020. Our primary outcome of interest was Post LVAD survival. Secondary outcomes of interest were hospitalizations for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeds, driveline infections (DLI), pump thromboses, acute heart failure, and right ventricular (RV) failure were outcomes of interest. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the association of TGA and AE-related hospital admissions. The cumulative incidence competing risk method was used for survival analysis. Results From May 2008 - February 2020, 10 patients with TGA underwent LVAD placement. Mean follow up was 1.3 years. TGA patients were younger, Caucasian and more likely to be male. TGA patients had similar likelihood of LVAD mortality (HR 1.35, CI 0.70-2.61, p= 0.37), RV failure (1.8, CI 0.35-10.16, p= 0.46), GI bleeding (OR 1.76, CI .33-9.47, p= 0.51), Heart failure hospitalizations (OR 1.12, CI 0.13-9.84, p= 0.55), DLI (OR 0.63, CI 0.07-5.40, p=0.64) and VAD thrombosis (OR 1.23, CI 0.28-6.68, p=0.69) as non TGA patients. Conclusions In this analysis of TGA patients with end stage heart failure, we report that TGA patients have similar outcomes to non-TGA patients post LVAD. LVAD should be considered a durable option for TGA patients who progress to end stage HF. Further studies with a larger population is warranted to further assess LVAD associated adverse events in this patient population.
Accelerated brain aging and cerebral blood flow reduction in persons with HIV

BACKGROUND Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) are characterized by altered brain structure and function. As they attain normal lifespans, it has become crucial to understand potential interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and aging. However, it remains unclear how brain aging varies with viral load (VL). METHODS In this study, we compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers among PWH with undetectable VL (UVL; ≤50 genomic copies/mL; n = 230), PWH with detectable VL (DVL; >50 copies/mL; n = 93), and HIV-uninfected (HIV-) controls (n = 206). To quantify gray matter cerebral blood flow (CBF), we utilized arterial spin labeling. To measure structural aging, we used a publicly available deep learning algorithm to estimate brain age from T1-weighted MRI. Cognitive performance was measured using a neuropsychological battery covering 5 domains. RESULTS Associations between age and CBF varied with VL. Older PWH with DVL had reduced CBF vs PWH with UVL (P = .02). Structurally predicted brain aging was accelerated in PWH vs HIV- controls regardless of VL (P < .001). Overall, PWH had impaired learning, executive function, psychomotor speed, and language compared to HIV- controls. Structural brain aging was associated with reduced psychomotor speed (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Brain aging in HIV is multifaceted. CBF depends on age and current VL and is improved by medication adherence. By contrast, structural aging is an indicator of cognitive function and reflects serostatus rather than current VL.
Seed source and greenhouse preconditioning effects on the survival and growth of two common Piedmont wetland restoration tree species

Flood tolerance and growth rate of seedlings are often deciding criteria for wetland and riparian restoration plantings; however, these efforts often result in inadequate survival and growth of planted tree species. In an attempt to determine if parental seed source ecotype and seedling greenhouse preconditioning could influence survival and growth of two common restoration tree species, seeds from American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and willow oak (Quercus phellos L.) were collected from upland and floodplain sites in the Piedmont and Ridge and Valley regions of Virginia and were subjected to greenhouse flooding and drought preconditioning prior to field planting. American sycamore seedlings grown under normal conditions were 15 % shorter than seedlings subjected to flood preconditioning but had 13 % greater height than drought preconditioned seedlings. Preconditioning did not have a significant effect on willow oak seedling height. American sycamore seedlings sourced from dry ecotypes were 14 % taller than seedlings sourced from wet ecotypes, while willow oak seedlings sourced from wet ecotypes were 11 % taller than dry ecotype acorns. Seedlings from dry ecotype parents for American sycamore and seedlings from wet ecotype parents for willow oak may increase survival and growth of these species on marginal Piedmont agricultural sites. Adaptations observed after greenhouse preconditioning did not increase survivability or growth. Selection of seed sources from trees that exhibit good growth and vigor in landscape settings similar to the restoration area may increase the likelihood of meeting restoration goals and objectives.
Effect of Impurities on the Working Ability of Ti-6A1-4V Type Alloy

The aim of the investigation was to define more exactly the existing specifications on the content of silicon, oxygen, carbon and iron impurities in BT6C alloy. During the investigation, the primary attention was given to the evaluation of the impurities effect on the basic parameters determining the operational strength and reliability of the alloy, as well as low-cycle fatigue resistance as a function of the stress concentrator.
The role of NMDA receptors and nitric oxide in retinogeniculate development.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the evidence for the involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and nitric oxide (NO) in visual system development. The developing visual system requires patterned, correlated neuronal activity. In retinogeniculate development, the later phase of ON/OFF sublamination within eye-specific layers requires neuronal activity and is also dependent on NMDA receptor activation and NO. Increases in intracellular Ca2+ may trigger the NO production downstream of NMDA receptor activation. However, the activity-dependent formation of eye-specific layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), which occurs earlier in development, evidently proceeds by a different mechanism that is independent of NMDA receptors and NO. In the developing visual cortex, NMDA receptor mediated plasticity may be mediated independently of NO. Thus, NMDA receptors and NO represent the portions of biochemical pathways that are necessary for activity-dependent refinement of developing connections; however, the available evidence suggests that activity-dependent processes in both synaptic plasticity and development use several different mechanisms, which may be operative to varying extents in different pathways and at different phases of development.
An application of the schur algorithm to a mixed H 2 and H ∞ partial realization

In this note, we will use the Schur Algorithm to solve a mixed H2-H∞ partial realization problem that matches the impulse-response (Caratheodory) data and at the same time preserves the Kaftal-Larson-Weiss H2-H∞ bounds.
Doppler-Free Coherent Two-Photon Transients by Stark Switching

The study of transient coherent effects has long been most fruitful in yielding precise and detailed information on the relaxation times of the physical systems since the early work in magnetic resonance. The advent of laser sources made it possible to observe analogs of these effects in optical transitions. While precise relaxation time measurements were initially hampered by the difficulties in controlling pulsed laser outputs, the introduction of the Stark switching and subsequent frequency switching techniques substantially bypassed these difficulties [1]. Recently, there has been much interest in coherent effects in two-photon transitions, and the use of these effects to study two-photon relaxation times should be very exciting especially since the experiment can be performed under near Doppler-free condition. Here we report on the application of the Stark switching technique to the two-photon problem and with it, the first measurement of the collision-induced relaxation time of a two-photon transition in NH3.
Enhancing Student Employability: Perceptions of Faculty Advisors and Community Health Practitioners

Abstract Students seeking advice on the skills and attributes most desired by potential employers of entry-level community health educators usually turn to their faculty advisor for this information. This study examined the skills and characteristics identified by directors of health education in state and local health departments as being most desirable for entry-level health educators and compared those requirements with professional skills and characteristics rated as important by faculty advisors in community health education programs. Survey results indicated community health education students entering the workforce today need a wide variety of skills. All skills studied were valued, with the most important of these being writing, public speaking, and presentation skills. Although CHES certification is accepted as a valid measure of basic competence, it is insufficient to gain employment and must be augmented with evidence of other key skills. Faculty advisors should emphasize the need for a wide va...
Segmentation in the US labour market: its effects on the mobility and earnings of whites and blacks

Neoclassical theory assumes that individual workers can freely make a choice among a wide range of job options in the labour market, based upon their personal tastes and preferences. To the degree that institutions such as unions or monopoly producers are recognised in this process, they are considered to be aberrations which distort but do not displace the basic tenets of the theory. Segmentation theory, on the other hand, focuses on groups or classes of workers who face objectively different labour market situations which systematically condition their tastes and restrict their range of effective choices. The development and operation of institutions, which are central to segmentation theory, result in several, rather distinct segments within the labour market. Jobs within one segment differ from jobs within another segment along a number of dimensions, including wages, promotion opportunities, returns to education and training, and employment security. This paper examines the effects of segmentation on two important labour market processes—mobility and the determination of earnings. Labour market segmentation does not constitute a single, unified alternative to neo classical theory, f Segmentation proponents differ in the number and type of distinct segments they propose. Many investigators have focused on occupational divisions of the labour market, in the USA as well as other economies (e.g. Doeringer and Piore, 1971; Harrison, 1972; Reich, Gordon and Edwards, 1973; Rubery, 1978; Velloso, 1975; Liu, 1975). Some sociologists in the USA have recently focused on industrial divisions of the labour market, examining the effects of firm size, market power and unions on the earnings attainment process (e.g. Beck, Horan and Tolbert II, 1978; D'Amico, 1978). Finally, new variants attempt to combine occupational and industrial divisions into one, more complete, notion of segmentation (e.g. Carnoy, 1978; Edwards, 1979; Levin, Carnoy and others, forthcoming).
Laboratory Mesurements in Nuclear Astrophysics

After reviewing some of the basic concepts, nomenclatures and parametrizations of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, we introduce a few central problems in Nuclear Astrophysics, including the hot-CNO cycle, helium burning in massive stars, and solar neutrino's. We demonstarte that SECONDARY (RADIOACTIVE) NUCLEAR BEAMS allow for considerable progress on these problems.
Viral reservoirs and HIV-specific immunity.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-1 infection is complicated by the presence of latently infected CD4 T cells as well as several anatomical reservoirs that present a barrier to eradication by current antiretroviral therapy. The early establishment of these reservoirs also presents a challenge to the development of preventive vaccines. This review will outline how HIV-1 evades the immune system and establishes latent infection, and will look at reasons why latently infected cells are not eradicated by the immune system. The HIV-specific immune responses in anatomical sanctuaries will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-specific immune responses have been studied in several anatomical reservoirs including the gut-associated lymphatic tissue that appears to be a major site of viral replication during primary infection. SUMMARY HIV-1 evades the immune system during primary infection. Anatomical sanctuaries are seeded in primary infection, and extensive replication occurs at these sites before the development of HIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses. These responses are not capable of clearing infection.
The Impact of College on Migration: Evidence from the Vietnam Generation

We examine the causal effect of education on migration using variation in college attainment due to draft-avoidance behavior during the Vietnam War. We use national and state-level induction risk to identify both college attainment and veteran status for men observed in the 1980 Census. 2SLS estimates imply that additional years of college significantly increased the likelihood that affected men resided outside their birth states later in life. Most of our estimates suggest a causal impact of higher education on migration that is larger in magnitude but not significantly different from the OLS estimates.
Cognitive Brain Potentials

mg, 3rd ed., J.E. Birren and K.W. Schaie, Eds. (Ac ademic Press, New York, 1990). 4. K.W. Schaie, R. Plomin, S.L. Willis, A. Gru ber-Baldini, and R. Dutta, Natural cohorts: Family similarity in adult cognition, in Psychology and Ag ing: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1991, T. Sonderegger, Ed. (University of Nebraska Press, Lin coln, 1992). 5. K.W. Schaie, Internal validity threats in stud ies of adult cognitive development, in Cognitive De velopment in Adulthood: Progress in Cognitive De velopment Research, M.L. Howe and C.J. Brainard, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988). 6. K.W. Schaie, R. Dutta, and S.L. Willis, The relationship between rigidity-flexibility and cogni tive abilities in adulthood, Psychology and Aging, 6, 371-383(1991). 7. K.W. Schaie, S.L. Willis, G. Jay, and H. Chipuer, Structural invariance of cognitive abilities across the adult life span: A cross-sectional study, Developmental Psychology, 25, 652-662 (1989). 8. K.W. Schaie, Perceptual speed in adulthood: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, Psychol ogy and Aging, 4, 443-453 (1989).
Evaluation of effects of common aerially-applied soybean herbicides and propanil on the plankton communities of aquaculture ponds

Abstract Eight, common, aerially-applied herbicides for soybeans and the rice herbicide propanil were tested for possible adverse impacts on pond phytoplankton productivity, Zooplankton populations and critical water quality variables. Treatments simulated direct spraying of ponds and bracketed amounts of drift judged able to reach the pond at 1 10 and 1 100 direct rates. The study was conducted in 12, 500-1 outdoor pool mesocosms. Pond water was pumped from an adjacent fingerling rearing pond. Water quality measurements were made prior to application and at 24 and 48 h after application. Commercial compounds tested and full rates (kg active ha−1) were fomasefen, aciflourfen and glyphosate (0.43); bentazon (0.57); imazaquin (0.14); fluazifop (0.10); clethodim (0.07); chlorimuron (0.0045); and propanil (0.45 kg). Ten of 1152 soybean herbicide means significantly differed and without pattern. Thus, these herbicides were judged not to affect pond plankton or associated water quality. Propanil at the full rate reduced primary productivity and morning oxygen to critical levels for 3 days.
Time dependence of the magnetization in Ba2Sr2CaCu2Ox single crystal under zero field cooled condition

We have measured the time-dependence of the magnetization in Ba2Sr2CaCu2Ox single crystal under the zero field cooled conditions with various magnetic fields ranging from 100 Oe to 1500 Oe along C axis at different temperatures ranging from 15K to 35K. The magnetic moment decays logarithmically with time. The decay curves have been fitted with a nonlinear logarithmic function based on the Anderson-Kim thermally activated flux creep model. We have obtained the relation between the fitting parameters and the parameters provided by the Anderson-Kim model. It is believed that our experimental results agree with the predictions made by the theoretical model.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Applications of synchrotron radiation‐induced x‐ray emission (SRIXE)

Synchrotron radiation-induced x-ray emission (SRIXE) is now a proven analytical method for the determination of trace elements. It is notable for spatial resolutions of less than 10 pm and minimum detection limits that can be as low as 1 ppm by weight. The approach to SRIXE measurements in use at the Brookhaven National Synchrotron Light Source is summarized to illustrate the experimental approach to SRIXE. Application of SRIXE to several different questions are then discussed. The particular examples presented deal with the detection of trace amounts of (1) toxic metals in marine worms, tadpole brains and chick tibia and (2) catalysts in polyolefin polymerization particles.
Investigation of Alkali Metal Cation Selectivities of Lariat Ethers by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The alkali metal ion selectivities of several dibenzo-16-crown-5 lariat ethers are investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS). Specifically, the mass spectral peak intensities of lariat ether/alkali metal cation complexes obtained by electrospray ionization of solutions containing each lariat ether with lithium, sodium, and potassium salts are compared. The relative intensities of peaks for the lariat ether/alkali metal cation complexes indicate the metal-ion selectivities of the lariat ethers. A series of dibenzo-16-crown-5 lariat ethers containing methoxy, carboxylic acid, ester, or amide pendant groups is studied in this fashion. A majority of these lariat ethers studied are found to be selective for Na+ vs either Li+ or K+ in methanolic solution. The selectivities obtained by the electrospray mass spectrometric method are compared with reported selectivities obtained by potentiometric methods with solvent polymeric membrane electrodes.
Physical realizations of n ≥ 4 -component vector models. II. ε -expansion analysis of the critical behavior

In the preceding paper, we derived $n\ensuremath{\ge}4$-component Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson Hamiltonians describing phase transitions in certain physical systems. Here, we use Wilson's $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion to study the phase transitions associated with these Hamiltonians. Although the $n=4$ systems Tb${\mathrm{Au}}_{2}$, Dy${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$, and Nb${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ have different symmetries, they are predicted to have the same critical exponents. Similarly, although the $n=6$ systems Tb${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, Nd, and ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$Ir${\mathrm{Cl}}_{6}$ have different symmetries, their critical exponents are predicted to be equal, but different from those of an isotropic $n=6$ model. We suggest these predictions be tested experimentally. Three of the Hamiltonians we have considered possess no stable fixed points. Two of the materials U${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ ($n=6$) and MnO ($n=9$) described by these Hamiltonians are known to have first-order transitions. We suggest that experiments should be performed to test whether or not the transitions in the $n=8$ systems ErSb, MnSe, NiO, and in the $n=4$ systems TbAs, TbP, TbSb are first order.
Activities of two new teicoplanin amide derivatives (MDL 62211 and MDL 62873) compared with activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin against 800 recent staphylococcal isolates from France and the United States.

MDL 62211 is the amide derivative of the teicoplanin complex and MDL 62873 is a more focused amide derivative of the teicoplanin A2-2 peak. Each investigational compound had nearly identical activity and was 2- to 16-fold more active than teicoplanin or vancomycin. The MDL 62873 MICs for 90% of the strains tested were as follows: Staphylococcus aureus, oxacillin susceptible, 0.12 micrograms/ml; S. aureus, oxacillin resistant, 0.25 micrograms/ml; coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), oxacillin susceptible, 0.25 micrograms/ml; and CNS, oxacillin resistant, 2 micrograms/ml. CNS isolates from France were generally more susceptible than those tested in the United States. Teicoplanin-resistant U.S. isolates were usually Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1.8% of all tested strains), for which MICs ranged from 32 to greater than 128 micrograms/ml. MDL 62873 was not active against the Bacteroides fragilis group but was generally effective against gram-positive anaerobic strains.