cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pilot randomized trial of high-dose caffeine therapy in preterm infants.

Standard-dose caffeine improves white matter microstructural development assessed by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesized that early high-dose caffeine would result in further improvement in white matter microstructural development. Seventy-four preterm infants (≤30 wk gestational age) were randomly assigned to either a high (80 mg/kg i.v.) or standard (20 mg/kg i.v.) loading dose of caffeine citrate in the first 24 h of life. MRI and neurobehavioral testing were undertaken at term equivalent age. Infants returned at 2 y of age for developmental testing. Clinical characteristics were similar between groups, with the exception of higher maternal age in the high-dose caffeine group. There was an increased incidence of cerebellar hemorrhage in infants randomized to high-dose caffeine (36 vs. 10%, P = 0.03). Infants in the high-dose caffeine group also demonstrated more hypertonicity (P = 0.02) and more deviant neurologic signs (P = 0.04) at term equivalent age. Diffusion measures at term equivalent age and developmental outcomes at 2 y of age did not differ between groups. Preterm infants randomized to early high-dose caffeine had a higher incidence of cerebellar injury with subsequent alterations in early motor performance. The results of this pilot trial discourage a larger randomized controlled trial.
The phases of quantum chromodynamics : from confinement to extreme environments

1. Introduction 2. Background to spin systems and critical phenomena 3. Gauge fields on a four-dimensional Euclidean lattice 4. Fermions and nonperturbative dynamics in QCD 5. Lattice fermions and chiral symmetry 6. Hamiltonian version of lattice-gauge theory 7. Phase transitions in lattice-gauge theory at high temperatures 8. Physics of QCD at high temperatures and chemical potentials 9. Large chemical potentials and color superconductivity 10. Effective Lagrangians and models of QCD at nonzero chemical potential 11. Lattice-gauge theory at nonzero chemical potential 12. Epilogue References Index.
Remembering Professor Cesare Maltoni

: Professor Cesare Maltoni, a renowned leader in the research of the hazards of carcinogens in the workplace, died on January 22, 2001 at the age of 70. Born in Faenza (Ravenna), Italy on November 17, 1930, he received his M.D. degree from the University of Bologna in 1954-1955. He was Director of the Institute of Oncology of Bologna (1964 to 1997), Director of the Bologna Centre for the Prevention and Detection of Tumours and Oncological Research (1966 to 1989), and Scientific Director, European Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences “B. Ramazzini” from 1993 until he died. Maltoni conducted long-term carcinogenic studies on some 200 agents. He was the first to demonstrate that vinyl chloride is a carcinogen that produces, among other tumors, angiosarcoma of the liver. He was the first to show that benzene is a powerful multipotential carcinogen. Maltoni authored more than 700 original scientific publications, books, and proceedings. He was editor and coeditor of many journals. Among his many awards were the Stokinger Award, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Kansas City, 1995; International Award “B. Ramazzini” of the Collegium Ramazzini, Washington, 1995; International I.J. Selikoff Memorial Award, Washington, 1995; and the Sigillum Magnum of the University of Bologna, 1997. Many fellow Ramazzinians and his coworkers wish to be considered part of the group of, as he once wrote, his “always family friends” and to remember happy moments when we were together. A man of great stature and many contributions, Cesare Maltoni will never be forgotten.
Depth of interaction for PET using segmented crystals

The authors investigate the use of segmented scintillation crystals to obtain depth of interaction (DOI) information in positron emission tomography (PET) detectors. Coupling segmented crystals to a photodetector at one end yields distinct pulse heights from the different segments and the depth of interaction is determined to within the segment length. The method is simple to implement because no additional instrumentation is required. Since the technique uses light attenuation, a scintillator with sufficient light yield is required. The authors found that 4/spl times/4/spl times/10 mm/sup 3/ segments of lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) provide enough light for this application. The energy spectra of segmented crystals show clearly distinct photopeaks for each segment and the photopeak separation can be adjusted by altering the the optical couple between segments. An ambiguity exists between photopeak events from an attenuated crystal and scattered events from the crystal without attenuation. This leads to the same error as a system with no depth information. Using 10 mm segments the authors find that the fraction of the events in the lower energy window due to scatter contamination in 2-segment (3-segment) crystals increases from 8% (13%) to 32% (60%) for a source in air vs. behind 16 cm of water. In imaging situations with minimal scatter medium (e.g. rodents) DOI is accurately provided by the segmented crystals, while in the presence of scatter (e.g. WB, cardiac) the method is only partially effective, and potential improvements in scanner cost, sensitivity and/or image quality must be carefully evaluated.
Narrow linewidth sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector laser with enhanced side-mode suppression

We demonstrate a thermally tuned SGDBR laser integrated with semiconductor optical amplifier and spectral filter achieving 70kHz spectral linewidth, 50dB SMSR, and +17dBm fiber- coupled output power over a 41nm wavelength range across the C-band.
Swedish Alzheimer Mutation Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction Mediated by HSP60 Mislocalization of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and Beta-Amyloid *

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a complex disorder that involves numerous cellular and subcellular alterations including impairments in mitochondrial homeostasis. To better understand the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD, we analyzed brains from clinically well-characterized human subjects and from the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD. We find Aβ and critical components of the γ-secretase complex, presenilin-1, -2, and nicastrin, accumulate in the mitochondria. We used a proteomics approach to identify binding partners and show that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), a molecular chaperone localized to mitochondria and the plasma membrane, specifically associates with APP. We next generated stable neural cell lines expressing human wild-type or Swedish APP, and provide corroborating in vitro evidence that HSP60 mediates translocation of APP to the mitochondria. Viral-mediated shRNA knockdown of HSP60 attenuates APP and Aβ mislocalization to the mitochondria. Our findings identify a novel interaction between APP and HSP60, which accounts for its translocation to the mitochondria.
Interferometric fiber sensor with a chirped Bragg grating sensing element

An interferometric sensor based on the use of a chirped Bragg grating reflector is described. It is shown that strain applied to the chirped grating can induce a large path length change in an interferometer, equivalent to that obtained with a multi-meter length of fiber when strained directly.
Automated Consensus-Based Data Verification in Caltrans Detector Testbed

A practical need to assess the accuracy and attributes of each of the many types of roadway sensors and detectors motivated the California Department of Transportation to construct a traffic detector test bed on I-405 in Southern California. With up to 10 detectors of different types under concurrent test in each of six lanes, a means for automating the testing process became imperative because traditional human verification methods were not practical. This paper describes an automated data acquisition and verification system that uses a consensus of the results from all detectors under test, along with those of a reference image processing system, to create a preliminary ground truth record requiring manual verification for only a small percentage of ambiguous cases. Individual detector performance is then assessed by comparison with this verified data set. The test bed architecture, data fusion methodology, computer vision methods, operator interface, and performance results are discussed.
Modeling and analysis of rapid catalyst aging cycles

Abstract The primary mode of deactivation of automotive emission control catalysts is thermal aging, and it is well-known that high-temperature lean aging conditions are particularly detrimental. Since evaluating the long-term durability of automotive catalysts is costly and time-consuming, rapid catalyst aging cycles have been developed to mimic (in a reduced time) the catalyst deactivation under real-world driving conditions. One of the commonly used rapid catalyst aging tests is an exothermal aging cycle, which involves a combination of fuel-rich engine operation and supplemental air injection to generate high-temperature lean conditions within the catalyst bed. In this work, we use the previously developed transient three-way catalyst model to investigate the time evolution of the axial temperature profiles and exhaust air–fuel ratio (A/F) along the catalyst bed during the course of the exothermal rapid aging cycles. We find that the thermal front propagates downstream through the catalyst bed relatively slowly (compared to the concentration front) and this can limit the location within the catalyst bed and duration for high-temperature lean exposure. We also investigate how variations of some of the key system design and operating parameters can affect the extent and duration of high-temperature lean exposure. Finally, a simple analytical expression is developed which allows one to estimate the time it takes for the thermal front to travel through the catalyst bed. This time can be compared with the period of the lean A/F operation during the aging cycle to determine the location and duration of high-temperature lean exposure.
The Cocaine Empire

The White Labyrinth: Cocaine and Political Power, by RENSSELAER W. LEE ITI.Kings of Cocaine: Inside the Medellin Cartel-An Astonishing True Story of Murder, Money, and International Corruption, by GUY GUGLIOTTA and JEFF LEENThe Cocaine Kids: The Inside Story of a Teenage Drug Ring, by TERRY WILLIAMS
Evidence for the presence of neurophysin in tumors producing the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis.

ABSTRACT Significant neurophysin activity as determined by radioimmunoassay has been found in three tumors associated with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. Extracts from these tumors also possessed A.D.H. -like activity on bioassay. In tumors unassociated with the syndrome neurophysin was undetected. The measurement of neurophysin may have wide applicability as an index of both physiological and pathological vasopressin secretion.
Oxidation kinetics of monodisperse spherical carbonaceous particles of variable properties

Synthetic chars of variable physical and chemical properties have been developed to study char oxidation mechanisms and rates. The char particles were spherical and monodisperse, with sizes ranging from a few microns to several tens of microns. The particles were made from a carbon-yielding polymer and pore-forming additives. The surface areas of the chars made from different additives varied by more than two orders of magnitude and the porosities varied by a factor of five. The pore size distributions included both micro and transitional pores. X-ray studies revealed that all chars were amorphous when heat treated to temperatures up to 1600 K in an inert atmosphere. However, upon oxidation at 1600 K, the carbon matrix underwent partial graphitization. This transformation was particularly pronounced for some of the polymer pore-former chars. Combustion experiments showed that the total surface area of the chars increased dramatically with conversion, revealing the existence of a vast network of micropores. Apparent oxidation rates were higher for the chars that contained transitional pores in a microporous matrix. When compared with the rates reported in the literature for coal derived chars, the calculated intrinsic rates were lower at intermediate particle temperatures (800-1600 K) but comparable at elevated temperatures (1800-2300 K). As the temperature was increased further, the intrinsic rates decreased consistent with the Nagle and Strickland-Constable kinetic mechanism [l].
Building successful coalitions to promote advance care planning

This qualitative study explored the challenges and successes of an advance care planning (ACP) coalition formed at the University of Wisconsin called Life Planning 2000. Data were obtained from key informant interviews (n = 24) and grounded theory. Major themes included commitment (the need for leadership, recruitment of key persons, and funding); cohesiveness (disparate groups collaborating toward a common purpose); and outcomes (including educational tool development). Coalitions need to define short-, intermediate-, and long-term goals that result in measurable outcomes and an evaluation process. Resources must be commensurate with goals. Results indicate that strong leadership, paid staff adequate funding, and the collaboration of diverse groups working toward a common goal are essential if a coalition promoting end-of-life (EOL) care planning is to be successful.
Pain Management in Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy: An Illustrative Case and Review

Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HOA) is a condition associated with lung cancer and many other diseases. Pain associated with HOA can be disabling, unremitting, and refractory to conventional analgesic medications. We present a challenging case of HOA in a patient with nonsmall cell lung cancer and review specific therapies for management of HOA-related pain.
Picosecond Pulse Response from Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H) Optical Detectors on Channel Waveguides

We have fabricated high speed optical detectors on channel waveguides formed by both potassium ion-exchange in glass and titanium diffusion in lithium niobate. These new waveguide detectors show response times of 200 ps full width at half maximum amplitude (FWHM) when illuminated with subpicosecond optical pulses. The detectors consist of back-to-back Schottky photodiodes formed by chromium-gold metal contacts on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). When interdigitated metal contacts with the contact separation and semiconductor film thickness dimensions close to one micrometer are used, the detectors are both fast and efficient.
Generalized thermo-elastodynamics for semiconductor material subject to ultrafast laser heating. Part II: Near-field response and damage evaluation

Abstract Thermal waves and near-field responses including the axial and radial displacements and stresses are investigated in a time window as wide as 10 ns using the generalized thermo-elastodynamic model of axisymmetric geometry presented in Part I. Ultrashort laser-induced thermal waves are found to be fast-attenuating; while transverse thermal stress waves are dispersive and characteristically of broadband and extremely high frequency. In addition, near-field responses and wave dispersion described by the presented model formulation are characteristically different from those modeled using parabolic transport equations for the same laser input parameters. The methodology of accumulated damage evaluation (Oh et al., 2008 [11] ) making use of high cycle fatigue and time–frequency analysis is utilized to conclude that thermal stress waves induced by 500 fs ultrafast laser pulses of 0.775 μm in wavelength, 0.005 J/cm2 in fluence and 10 μm in spot size are insufficient to initiate fatigue cracking in the silicon thin section considered in the study.
Circulating suppressor cells in man as a function of age

Abstract Concanavalin A (Con A) was used to activate suppressor cells derived from the peripheral blood of human donors. Activated suppressor cells reduced the mitogenic response of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) more markedly in elderly than in young adults (72.2 ± 5.0 vs 41.8 ± 7.2%, P
Differences in the form of the salt-transformed estrogen receptor when bound by estrogen versus antiestrogen.

Abstract Our laboratory has previously reported that antiestrogen binding to molybdate-stabilized non-transformed estrogen receptor results in a larger form of the receptor in 0.3 M KCl when compared with estrogen bound receptor. Estradiol promoted the formation of monomers in the presence of 0.3 M KC1 whereas antiestrogen appeared to promote dimer formation. We have extended these studies examining the rabbit uterine salt-transformed estrogen receptor partially purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. We previously demonstrated that estrogen receptor prepared in this way bound to different sites on partially deproteinized chromatin subfractions or reconstituted chromosomal protein/DNA fractions when the receptor was complexed with estrogen vs antiestrogen. Analysis of these receptor preparations indicated that DEAE-cellulose step-elution resulted in a peak fraction which sedimented as a single 5.9S peak in 5–20% sucrose density gradients containing 0.3 M KCl for receptor bound by the antiestrogens H1285 and trans -hydroxytamoxifen. However, receptor bound by estradiol sedimented as 4.5S. These receptor complexes bound DNA-cellulose indicating that these partially purified receptors were transformed. DEAE rechromatography or agarose gel filtration of the partially purified antiestrogen-receptor complexes resulted in significant dissociation of the larger complex into monomers. Incubations of 5.9S antiestrogen-receptor complexes with antibodies against nontransformed steroid receptor-associated proteins (the 59 and 90 kDa proteins) did not result in the interaction of this larger antiestrogen-receptor complex with these antibodies (obtained from L.E. Faber and D.O. Toft, respectively). Our results support the concept that antiestrogen binding induces a different receptor conformation which could affect monomer-dimer equilibrium, thus rendering the antiestrogen-receptor complex incapable of inducing complete estrogenic responses in target tissues.
Knock-in mouse model of alternating hemiplegia of childhood: behavioral and electrophysiologic characterization.

Summary Objectives Mutations in the ATP1α3 subunit of the neuronal Na+/K+-ATPase are thought to be responsible for seizures, hemiplegias, and other symptoms of alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC). However, the mechanisms through which ATP1A3 mutations mediate their pathophysiologic consequences are not yet understood. The following hypotheses were investigated: (1) Our novel knock-in mouse carrying the most common heterozygous mutation causing AHC (D801N) will exhibit the manifestations of the human condition and display predisposition to seizures; and (2) the underlying pathophysiology in this mouse model involves increased excitability in response to electrical stimulation of Schaffer collaterals and abnormal predisposition to spreading depression (SD). Methods We generated the D801N mutant mouse (Mashlool, Mashl+/−) and compared mutant and wild-type (WT) littermates. Behavioral tests, amygdala kindling, flurothyl-induced seizure threshold, spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), and other paroxysmal activities were compared between groups. In vitro electrophysiologic slice experiments on hippocampus were performed to assess predisposition to hyperexcitability and SD. Results Mutant mice manifested a distinctive phenotype similar to that of humans with AHC. They had abnormal impulsivity, memory, gait, motor coordination, tremor, motor control, endogenous nociceptive response, paroxysmal hemiplegias, diplegias, dystonias, and SRS, as well as predisposition to kindling, to flurothyl-induced seizures, and to sudden unexpected death. Hippocampal slices of mutants, in contrast to WT animals, showed hyperexcitable responses to 1 Hz pulse-trains of electrical stimuli delivered to the Schaffer collaterals and had significantly longer duration of K+-induced SD responses. Significance Our model reproduces the major characteristics of human AHC, and indicates that ATP1α3 dysfunction results in abnormal short-term plasticity with increased excitability (potential mechanism for seizures) and a predisposition to more severe SD responses (potential mechanism for hemiplegias). This model of the human condition should help in understanding the molecular pathways underlying these phenotypes and may lead to identification of novel therapeutic strategies of ATP1α3 related disorders and seizures.
Cell proliferation in embryonic mouse neural tube following urethane exposure.

Abstract A comparative autoradiographic study of the cell cycle in normal 10-day mouse embryos and in embryos exposed to urethane showed an increase of 4.5 hours in the cycle time of the experimental group. Initially urethane interfered with the migration of some unlabeled premitotic nuclei to the germinal zone, resulting in extraventricular mitoses. A transient increase in the mitotic index and proportion of metaphases suggested a lengthened mitotic time but this was of brief duration and would not contribute significantly to the overall increased cycle time. The G2 period of cells which incorporated thymidine-3H in the presence of urethane was significantly lengthened as were the S and G1 periods and some injured cells died in interphase or mitosis. The new lengthened generation time of embryo neural tubes exposed to urethane resembles that of older, 11-day embryos. This suggests the possibility that cells with a short cycle may be preferentially killed by urethane, leaving the determination of mean cycle time to more differentiated cells.
The Mu-Opioid Receptor Polymorphism A118G Predicts Cortisol Responses to Naloxone and Stress

The Mu-Opioid Receptor Polymorphism A118G Predicts Cortisol Responses to Naloxone and Stress
Temperature Dependence of the Elastic Moduli of Monoclinic Zirconia

We have used Brillouin scattering to measure the temperature dependence of the sound velocities of the longitudinal and transverse vibrational modes in various directions in small single crystals of monoclinic ZrO2. Using these velocities and the Christoffel equation, we have calculated the 13 elastic stiffness moduli between room temperature and the monoclinic—tetragonal transformation temperature.
A laboratory study of behavioral interactions of the Antarctic keystone sea star Odontaster validus with three sympatric predatory sea stars

The circumpolar sea star Odontaster validus is ubiquitous in the nearshore marine benthos of Antarctica. Despite its ecological importance, little is known of its behavioral interactions with other common sympatric sea stars. To examine these interactions we employed time-lapse video analyses conducted in a large laboratory tank (1.8 m diameter circular tank, 1,629 L). In each experimental trial, 34 adult O. validus were placed in a tight circular grouping on one side of the tank, and one adult individual of one of three common sympatric species of predatory sea star (Labidiaster annulatus, Diplasterias brandti, or Perknaster aurorae) was placed on the opposite side of the tank. Digital images of sea star movements were then captured at one min intervals over a 24 h period and aspects of sea star movements subsequently analyzed. Each 24 h treatment was replicated three times, as was a control treatment consisting only of O. validus. O. validus had significantly elevated levels of activity in the presence of P. aurorae when compared with the other two sea stars (potential chemically mediated response), and displayed a distinct “flight response” (change in direction and twofold to sixfold increase of speed) upon tactile contact with this species. Moreover, an “alarm response” was detected when individuals of O. validus that encountered a fleeing conspecific also fled the vicinity. In contrast, our results indicated that O. validus displays virtually no chemical or tactile behavioral responses to the large multi-armed L. annulatus and only weak tactile responses to D. brandti.
Decreased polyphosphoinositide metabolism accompanies myelinated fiber loss in human peripheral neuropathies

The distribution of incorporated32P in phospholipids of sural nerve biopsy samples from patients with several peripheral neuropathies was measured. Both the absolute amount and the proportion of isotope in polyphosphoinositides was decreased in nerves that displayed substantial (>50%) depletion of myelinated fibers as compared to nerves that exhibited minimal depletion. The results suggest that diminished metabolism of these substances is an indicator of myelin loss, and are consistent with the conclusion that polyphosphoinositide turnover in human nerve is nearly entirely localized to the myelin sheath.
&High Performance Reversed-Phase Chromatography of Natural Triglyceride Mixtures

High performance reversed-phase chromatography (HPRC) is an efficient and powerful tool gaining momentum in the separation of triglycerides and other lipid components. In the present study the effect of different variables in triglyceride separation has been studied. It was found that a longer hydrocarbon chain bonded to silica gel as well as the percent coverage improved the separation. Smaller particle size packing increased triglyceride resolution. A decrease in mobile phase polarity by increasing the acetone content resulted in a decrease in the retention time and resolution of triglyceride.
TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE: INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE

Technology infrastructure supports the design, deployment and use of both individual technology-based components and the systems of such components that form the knowledge-based economy. As such, it plays a central role in the innovation process and in the promotion of the diffusion of technologies. Thus, it is an important element contributing to the formation and operation of innovation systems and innovation performance in any modern economy. It is a characteristic of the innovation process in such economies that it depends not only upon the internal innovative efforts of firms but additionally on their links with a wider framework of innovation supporting activities, that is to say, as Alfred Marshall once expressed it, it depends on the internal and the external organization of the firm. It is to the formation of the external organization of innovation processes that technology infrastructure makes its vital contribution.
Objective features and aesthetic outcome of pollicized digits compared with normal thumbs.

Purpose To evaluate the objective features and subjective aesthetic outcome of pollicized digits compared with normal thumbs. Methods Thirty-one pollicized digits in 26 patients were evaluated at an average 41 months after surgery. The length, girth, and nail width were measured and compared with previously reported data for normal thumbs. A surgeon, therapist, and caregiver completed Visual Analog Scales (VAS) to subjectively assess the aesthetic outcome; they also provided the principal reasons for their assessment of the altered appearance compared with normal thumbs. All data were statistically analyzed. Results The average length of the pollicized digit relative to the long finger proximal phalanx was 90% (±26%), compared with an age-matched normal average of 71%. The girth of the pollicized digit relative to the long finger was 92% (±8%), compared with an age-matched normal thumb average of 132%. The nail width of the pollicized digit relative to the nail width of the long finger was 96% (±9%), compared with an age-matched normal thumb average of 104%. The VAS scores averaged 7.3 for the caregiver, 6 for the therapist, and 6.4 for the surgeon. The most frequently cited (altered) features were narrow girth, angulation, and excess length of the pollicized digit. Conclusions Pollicized digits are longer and have reduced girth and nail width compared with age-matched normal thumbs. The most significantly abnormal features are decreased girth, excess length, and angulation. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
An Analysis of Faunal Remains From A Denbigh Flint Complex Camp at Matcharak Lake, Alaska

The Matcharak Lake site, located in the Brooks Range, Alaska, represents the first faunal assemblage recovered from a Denbigh Flint Complex (early Arctic Small Tool tradition) locality anywhere in Arctic Alaska. Organic remains, which include numerous bone tools, are well preserved in the frozen tundra soil of this 3,900 year-old site. Over 81,000 faunal specimens were unearthed with the identified portion predominantly composed of caribou; however, Dall's sheep, small mammals, bird, and fish were also recovered. Seasonal indicators suggest the hunting and butchering events occurred in the fall and spring. The presence of migratory bird and Alaska marmot suggest people camped here in the summer as well. Empirical evidence for Paleoeskimo subsistence are limited to coastal sites in the eastern Arctic. Matcharak Lake provides the first substantial dataset for supporting subsistence models for inland Denbigh groups in Alaska. Caribou clearly dominate in terms of potential calories and resource materials for clothing and shelter.
Heterochronic evolution reveals modular timing changes in budding yeast transcriptomes

Background Gene expression is a dynamic trait, and the evolution of gene regulation can dramatically alter the timing of gene expression without greatly affecting mean expression levels. Moreover, modules of co-regulated genes may exhibit coordinated shifts in expression timing patterns during evolutionary divergence. Here, we examined transcriptome evolution in the dynamical context of the budding yeast cell-division cycle, to investigate the extent of divergence in expression timing and the regulatory architecture underlying timing evolution.
Fast process security assessment theory

This communication introduces a comprehensive theory for process security assessment. The theory can quickly provide mathematically proven upper and lower bounds on minimum time to disaster (the time disaster conditions will be reached in worst-case scenarios). Computational efficiency and reliability are achieved by performing process security assessment based on a time-derivative– based approach, rather than conducting massive process dynamic simulations. Further, the methodology enables prioritizing the process variables critical to plant security. This facilitates pinpointing the possible reasons of a security-threatening situation, quantifying the importance of each disturbance factor on the system’s vulnerability, and creating a prioritized list of improvements/ counteractions for ensuring process security. Two runaway reactor examples are studied to demonstrate the methodology for security-threat analysis. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2187–2202, 2004
AN ANALYSIS OF EXTRACELLULAR POTENTIALS FROM SINGLE NEURONS IN THE LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS OF THE CAT

The lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat was explored with micropipettes having submicroscopic tips. The only reliably recorded intracellular activity was from axons. Following orthodromic stimulation, the potentials recorded by the extracellular electrodes registered the net flow of current across the soma-dendritic membrane of the principal cell bodies. The current has three phases of flow away from the soma-dendritic membrane followed by a flow of current toward this membrane. The first component is ascribed to synaptic activity. Subsequent components are ascribed to the activity of the initial segment of the axon and a limited area of high threshold membrane on the soma. The evidence is interpreted as suggesting that most of the soma-dendritic membrane is excited synaptically to produce a postsynaptic potential, but is not excited electrically and does not produce a propagating spike.
Scalable, sub-1W, sub-10ps clock skew, global clock distribution architecture for Intel ® Core ™ i7/i5/i3 microprocessors

This paper describes global clock distribution architecture of Intel® Core™ i7/i5/i3 microprocessor family. Highlight of this paper is a pseudo-recombinant clock distribution architecture successfully implemented in 32nm/45nm generation of Core™ i7/i5/i3 processors. This clock distribution topology achieves less than 10ps clock skew while consuming a maximum power of 1 Watt across entire operating voltage and frequency range.
Trends in Snowfall versus Rainfall in the Western United States

The water resources of the western United States depend heavily on snowpack to store part of the wintertime precipitation into the drier summer months. A well-documented shift toward earlier runoff in recent decades has been attributed to 1) more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow and 2) earlier snowmelt. The present study addresses the former, documenting a regional trend toward smaller ratios of winter-total snowfall water equivalent (SFE) to winter-total precipitation (P) during the period 1949–2004. The trends toward reduced SFE are a response to warming across the region, with the most significant reductions occurring where winter wet-day minimum temperatures, averaged over the study period, were warmer than 5°C. Most SFE reductions were associated with winter wet-day temperature increases between 0° and 3°C over the study period. Warmings larger than this occurred mainly at sites where the mean temperatures were cool enough that the precipitation form was less susceptible to warming trends. The trends toward reduced SFE/P ratios were most pronounced in March regionwide and in January near the West Coast, corresponding to widespread warming in these months. While mean temperatures in March were sufficiently high to allow the warming trend to produce SFE/P declines across the study region, mean January temperatures were cooler, with the result that January SFE/P impacts were restricted to the lower elevations near the West Coast. Extending the analysis back to 1920 shows that although the trends presented here may be partially attributable to interdecadal climate variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation, they also appear to result from still longer-term climate shifts.
POPULATION STRUCTURE AT TWO GEOGRAPHIC SCALES IN THE BURROWING CRUSTACEAN CALLICHIRUS ISLAGRANDE (DECAPODA, THALASSINIDEA): HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY BARRIERS TO PLANKTONIC DISPERSAL

There has been much recent interest in the extent to which marine planktonic larvae connect local populations demographically and genetically. Uncertainties about the true extent of larval dispersal have impeded our understanding of the ecology and evolution of marine species as well as our attempts to effectively manage marine populations. Because direct measurements of larval movements are difficult, genetic markers have often been used for indirect measurements of gene flow among marine populations. Here we examine data from allozymes, mitochondrial DNA sequences, and microsatellite length polymorphisms to assess the extent of gene flow among populations of the burrowing crustacean Callichirus islagrande. All three types of markers revealed a genetic break between populations separated by the Louisiana Chenier Plain. The extent of mitochondrial sequence divergence across this break indicates that the nominal species, C. islagrande, consists of at least two lineages that have been reproductively isolated for about a million years. Within the eastern lineage microsatellite allele frequencies were significantly heterogeneous among populations as little as 10 km apart. Maximum likelihood estimates of gene flow and effective population size based on a coalescent model for the microsatellite data indicated that local populations are nearly closed. A model-based clustering method identified four or five groups from the microsatellite data, although individuals sampled from each location generally consisted of mixtures of these groups. This suggests a mechanism that would lead to genetic differentiation of open populations: gene flow from different source populations that are themselves genetically distinct.
Genome-wide linkage analysis to age at natural menopause in a community-based sample: the Framingham Heart Study

Objective To identify chromosomal regions linked to age at natural menopause. Design Two-generation families studied with a 10-centimorgan (cM) genome-wide scan. Setting The Framingham Study, a community-based epidemiologic study. Patient(s) A total of 861 women in 291 families reporting a natural menopause (mean age at menopause, 49 years). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Multipoint variance components linkage analysis was performed with Genehunter software (Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA) for age at natural menopause. Result(s) In the crude variance components analysis, 11 chromosomes had a log odds ratio (LOD) score of ≥1.0. Two chromosomal regions revealed suggestive linkage: chromosome 8 at 26 cM (LOD 2.6; nearest marker GATA23D06) and chromosome 16 at 11 cM (LOD 2.4; nearest marker ATA41E04). In the analysis adjusted for generation, smoking, and body mass index, chromosome 11 revealed suggestive linkage at 113 cM (LOD 2.1; nearest marker GATA23E06). Conclusion(s) We have identified novel loci suggestive for linkage to age at natural menopause. Further research is needed to identify genes involved in the onset of menopause, which might provide insights into loss of fertility.
Phylogenetic Distribution of Extraintestinal Virulence-Associated Traits in Escherichia coli

The 72 member strains of the Escherichia coli Reference collection were assessed as to genotype for 31 putative extraintestinal virulence factor (VF) genes and DNA sequence for papA, the P fimbrial structural subunit gene. Although most VFs were concentrated in phylogenetic group B2 or jointly in groups B2 and D, others were concentrated primarily in group D, were broadly distributed (without group-specific associations), and/or occurred only outside of group B2. Statistical correlations among VFs suggested linkage on pathogenicity-associated islands or plasmids. Isolates from humans and nonhuman primates had more VFs than did isolates from other animals. Sequence diversity was minimal within each F type-specific papA allele group but was substantial among different papA allele groups. The distribution patterns of papA variants and other VFs suggested multiple horizontal transfer events. These findings provide new insights into the phylogenetic origins of extraintestinal VFs in E. coli.
Identification and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) decline in southern California

Symptoms of decline have been observed on dying coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) trees in areas throughout southern California that are both infested and uninfested by the gold-spotted oak borer (GSOB). The purpose of this study was to identify and assess the pathogenicity of several anamorph species of the Botryosphaeriaceae, including Diplodia corticola, Dothiorella iberica and Diplodia agrifolia sp. nov., that were recovered consistently from symptomatic tissues. Species were identified morphologically and by phylogenetic analyses of the complete sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rDNA and partial sequences of β-tubulin and elongation factor (EF1-α) genes. Results from morphological assessments and phylogenetic analyses support the erection of a new species closely related to D. mutila, described herein as Diplodia agrifolia sp. nov. Pathogenicity of all species was verified by wound inoculation of 1 y old coast live oak seedlings under controlled conditions. Isolates of D. corticola were the most aggressive tested, and isolates of D. agrifolia were the second most aggressive. Both species caused bleeding symptoms on inoculated seedlings. Seedlings inoculated with D. corticola died within 4 wk, with the pathogen progressing up and down through the xylem in advance of living phloem and moving throughout the taproot in 70% of inoculated seedlings. Colonization and re-isolation was successful for all species. All three fungal species represent newly recorded fungal pathogens of coast live oak in California. Results from the pathogenicity test suggest that these fungi play a role in the decline of coast live oaks throughout southern California.
Direct Measurements of Effective Ionic Transport in Porous Li-Ion Electrodes

Detailed battery models require mass-transport resistance parameters such as ionic conductivity and salt diffusivity. Effective transport properties can be related to the tortuosities of the porous layers containing the electrolyte. Nevertheless, relatively few direct tortuosity measurements have been performed for cathodes and for anodes. Tortuosities of several Li-ion cathode and anode films were determined using a previously developed polarization-interrupt method. Also, a new and more robust procedure using liquid gallium to delaminate electrodes from aluminum current collectors was developed and validated. This method was shown to be superior to the previous mechanical removal procedure, especially with regard to repeatability. Multiple experiments were performed to assess the effect of the carbon and binder amounts and porosity on electrode tortuosity. Results are well fit with a modified Bruggeman-type function, showing as expected that tortuosity is inversely related to porosity. Additionally, increasing the amount of carbon and binder increases the electrode tortuosity due to small particles plugging the pores.
Epigenetic regulation of EBV persistence and oncogenesis.

Abstract Epigenetic mechanisms play a fundamental role in generating diverse and heritable patterns of viral and cellular gene expression. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) can adopt a variety of gene expression programs that are necessary for long-term viral persistence and latency in multiple host-cell types and conditions. The latent viral genomes assemble into chromatin structures with different histone and DNA modifications patterns that control viral gene expression. Variations in nucleosome organization and chromatin conformations can also influence gene expression by coordinating physical interactions between different regulatory elements. The viral-encoded and host-cell factors that control these epigenetic features are beginning to be understood at the genome-wide level. These epigenetic regulators can also influence viral pathogenesis by expanding tissue tropism, evading immune detection, and driving host-cell carcinogenesis. Here, we review some of the recent findings and perspectives on how the EBV epigenome plays a central role in viral latency and viral-associated carcinogenesis.
Heat Spreader Characteristics Of Multilayer Diamond Films For High Frequency Power Devices

Single layer diamond and multilayer diamond films consisting of diamond and aluminum nitride are deposited on molybdenum and silicon nitride substrates. Silicon or GaAs device wafers and the diamond substrates are prepared by metallization and bonded using gold-tin eutectic solder. Results of characterization of the bond by thermal cycling, scanning electron microscopy of the cross-section samples and X-ray mapping of the distribution of different elements are presented. Advantages of use of multilayer diamond composite heat spreaders in power semiconductor devices are discussed.
Lambert‐eation myasthenic syndrome

This review of the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) emphasizes electrodiagnosis and includes a case report. A 50-year-old woman had become progressively weaker over 1.5 years. The suspected diagnosis was confirmed by the clinical electrophysiological findings and was made 6 months before the patient's oat-cell carcinoma was found. After treating with local radiation and chemotherapy, the myasthenic syndrome went into remission as the pulmonary lesion resolved.
AMPLITUDES OF LATE PENNSYLVANIAN GLACIOEUSTASY

The late Paleozoic is well documented as a time of significant continental glaciation, but the extents of the glaciation and attendant glacioeustasy are not well constrained because precise amplitudes of eustasy are difficult to extract from the stratigraphic record. In this paper, we use preserved relief on ancient subaerial exposure surfaces of large algal bioherms to demonstrate directly that Late Pennsylvanian glacioeustasy reached minimum amplitudes of 80 m and probably exceeded 100 m. Upper Paleozoic algal bioherms accreted predominantly during sea-level falls, but also during sea-level rises and highstands, and were capable of remarkably rapid growth rates. Eustatic amplitudes in excess of 100 m approach amounts documented for the Pleistocene, and place constraints on models for Gondwanan ice volume, climate dynamics, and potential character and magnitude of glacioclimatic fluctuations.
Developmental patterns in decision-making autonomy across middle childhood and adolescence: European American parents' perspectives

Longitudinal patterns in parents' reports of youth decision-making autonomy from ages 9 to 20 were examined in a study of 201 European American families with 2 offspring. Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that decision-making autonomy increased gradually across middle childhood and adolescence before rising sharply in late adolescence. Social domain theory was supported by analyses of 8 decision types spanning prudential, conventional, personal, and multifaceted domains. Decision making was higher for girls, youth whom parents perceived as easier to supervise, and youth with better educated parents. Firstborns and secondborns had different age-related trajectories of decision-making autonomy. Findings shed light on the developmental trajectories and family processes associated with adolescents' fundamental task of gaining autonomy.
Effect of Peer Evaluation Format on Student Engagement in a Group Project.

Active participation in classrooms often involves group work. In order to examine the effect of using peer evaluations as part of that experience, this study measured the influence of four formats of peer evaluation on students’ perceptions of fairness of the peer evaluation method, its impact on peer engagement, and peer evaluation scores. The privately delivered peer evaluation format, where each student indicated what type of letter of recommendation they would write for each of their peers, was most effective in increasing perceptions of peer engagement and scores. These results suggest that a real-world style peer evaluation is most effective at promoting participation in groups, which should help students to become prepared for activities they will experience in the work world.
Wal-Mart is Coming, but it's Not All Bad: Wal-Mart and Labor Rights in its International Subsidiaries

This article analyzes Wal-Mart's conduct in its international operations from a comparative and transnational labor law perspective. It shows that while Wal-Mart is fiercely anti-union in its home operations, its subsidiaries do not necessarily act the same way abroad. In fact, rather than simply exporting its rather distinct animus towards unions and collective bargaining, Wal-Mart generally adapts to host-country institutional, political, and regulatory environments. Consequently, Wal-Mart peacefully co-exists with unions in most countries outside of North America. The article concludes that a) contrary to predictions of its imminent demise, local and national-level labor regulation and industrial relations systems remain relevant, even in the context of a anti-union MNC; and b) that the diffusion of MNCs, particularly low standard ones such as Wal-Mart, can possibly function in certain contexts as labor rights catalysts in both host and home countries.