cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electric Field Induction of Long Objects - a Methodology for Transmission Line Impact Studies

Electric field induction from extra high voltage (EHV) transmission lines is analyzed for long objects, showing that objects perpendicular to the transmission line have a significantly reduced induction as compared with parallel objects. A theoretical approach is presented and is verified with measurements on long wires and large vehicles. An approach for the analysis of impact on people is suggested by examples. Examples are presented for long fences and large vehicles. The implications of the National Electric Safety Code (NESC) limit of 5 mA is evaluated for perpendicular and parallel objects including the largest trucks permitted in each state in the United States.
Material properties of Northeast Pacific zooplankton

We measured the density and sound speed contrasts relative to seawater of Northeast Pacific zooplankton. The density contrast (g) was measured for euphausiids, decapods (Sergestes similis), amphipods (Primno macropa, Phronima sp., and Hyperiid spp.), siphonophore bracts, chaetognaths, larval fish, crab megalopae, larval squid, and medusae. Morphometric data (length, width, and height) were collected for these taxa. Density contrasts varied within and between zooplankton taxa. The mean and standard deviation (s.d.) for euphausiid density contrast were 1.059+ 0.009. Relationships between zooplankton density contrast and morphometric measurements, geographic location, and environmental conditions were investigated. Site had a significant effect on euphausiid density contrast. Density contrasts of euphausiids collected in the same geographic area � 4– 10 d apart were significantly higher (p , 0.001). Sound speed contrast (h) was measured for euphausiids and pelagic decapods (S. similis) and it varied between taxa. The mean and s.d. for euphausiid sound speed were 1.019+ 0.009. Euphausiid mass was calculated from measured density and volume, and a relationship between euphausiid mass and length was produced. We determined that euphausiid volume could be accurately estimated from two-dimensional measurements of animal body shape, and that biomass (or biovolume) could be accurately calculated from digital photographs of animals. Data from this study can improve the accuracy of theoretical acoustic scattering models for these taxa, resulting in more accurate estimates of zooplankton biomass in this region.
Mercury Emission and Its Speciation from a 100MW Coal-fired Power Plant

Mercury emission and speciation of various kinds is studied by Ontario Hydro method,Hg semi-continuous emission monitors and carbon trap method.The effects of boiler load change,flue gas characteristics,etc on mercury emission and its speciation are analyzed.Mercury mass balance is presented based on the analyses of mercury contents in coal,pyrite,bottom ash,fly ash,flue gas desulfurization slurry,and flue gas at FGD inlet and stack.The results indicate that data from three methods present a good consistency throughout the entire testing period within ±20% acceptable range.The total mercury emission trends fluctuate consistently with mercury content in fuel and boiler load trends.
The Commercial Perspective

In the aftermath of the Jameson raid and the Kruger telegram, Marschall, capitalizing on the widespread public satisfaction with the government, outlined in a boisterous speech to the Reichstag his interpretation of German policy. The emphasis he provided was preponderantly an economic one: If anyone were to ask us ‘what have you Germans got to do with the South African Republic?’, we should calmly answer: we wish to exercise there all the rights granted to us by the Republic with the consent of Her Britannic Majesty’s Government. We do not want constitutional or practical changes which might make those rights illusory or render their exercise difficult. Years ago, we established a subsidized line of steamers to Delagoa Bay, principally with German capital. The railway has been built from the Portuguese frontier to Pretoria, German factories have been erected in the Transvaal, German subjects have settled there, German capital is invested in great industrial enterprises, our commerce there is flourishing. The German Reich cannot and will not shirk the duty of protecting these legitimate interests and cultivating as far as it can, these relations in pacific competition with other nations.1
Tempo and mode of morphologic evolution near the origin of the radiolarian lineage Pterocanium prismatium

Morphometric examination of cladogenesis and phyletic evolution in two late Neogene sister lineages of marine microfossils ( Pterocanium prismatium and P. charybdeum , Radiolaria) from two equatorial Pacific sediment cores was undertaken to better understand the rate of cladogenesis and its relation to subsequent phyletic change. The origin of P. prismatium from P. charybdeum ∼4 ma ago has been estimated to take place over an interval of ∼500,000 yr. Results show that the speciation event consists of two distinct phases. The first phase, cladogenesis, occurred relatively rapidly (on the order of 50,000 yr). A second phase of relatively rapid divergent phyletic evolution away from the common ancestral state followed in both descendant branches and continued for at least 500,000 yr after completion of the cladogenetic event. Net evolutionary rates over the next 2 ma appear to be much lower. Individual characters change by as much as 2 population standard deviations during cladogenesis, and by a total of approximately 3 standard deviations over 2.5 ma of phyletic evolution. Up to 5 population standard deviations of change during ≦ 50,000 yr of cladogenesis, and 7 additional standard deviations of phyletic change over 500,000 yr are observed in multivariate (discriminant function) indices of morphologic difference. The measured pattern does not appear to be either strictly “punctuated” or strictly “gradual,” but instead shows features of both hypotheses.
Reliability vs. security: Challenges and opportunities for developing reliable and secure integrated circuits

As technology further scales, devices offer better performance with faster speed and lower power albeit at the cost of reliability. Advanced technology nodes introduce higher variations in manufacturing processes, and devices experience greater aging and environmental degradation. Although such reliability issues should be suppressed for the sake of performance in both CMOS and post-CMOS devices, researchers have leveraged them for a variety of applications and unique primitives for hardware-oriented security. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on device reliability and security, and make a qualitative assessment of different variability and degradation sources based on their impact on performance, reliability and security. We conclude that reliability and security both play vital roles for respective applications and must be treated in a holistic manner. Hence we urge the reliability and security communities to work together to develop new technologies for designing high performance, reliable and secure integrated circuits.
Inorganic lead compounds in electroceramics and glasses

Lead-based compounds are numerous. When the toxicological effects of lead compounds are studied, a distinction between organic and inorganic lead compounds appears because each group behaves differently in biological systems. Examination of inorganic lead compounds exposes additional differences in their stability, modes of human exposure and socioeconomic importance. Lead-based electroceramics and glasses include inorganic lead compounds that can be controlled in the future when restrictions on lead use are enacted. The compounds widely used in electronics pose minimal health risks because of their stability. The socioeconomic impact of restricting these compounds could be significant because of their widespread use and the difficulty of locating replacement materials.
Alterations in intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury in the iron deficient rat.

Background Iron contributes to brain edema and cellular toxicity after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Knowledge regarding ICH in the context of iron deficiency anemia (IDA), a common nutritional disorder, is limited.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation, and Other Disruptive or Aggressive Disorders in ADHD

Many individuals with ADHD are prone to disturbances in emotional experience that involve a low threshold for activation of negative affective states as well as extreme or under-controlled, affectively driven behaviors. Among youth, the result is a chronic pattern of easily triggered anger, frustration, and irritability that manifests as rageful, hostile, and combative behaviors that can corrode their interpersonal relationships and hinder their involvement in opportunities for satisfying and more appropriate social experiences. This chapter reviews the clinical epidemiology and phenomenology of these difficulties, and considers some of the prominent conceptual issues for the past century or so that they have been major concerns in behavioral science as threats to the well-being of developing children and adolescents. Approaches to clinical assessment and management planning are then proposed.
When Climate Takes a Village: Legal Pathways toward the Relocation of Alaska Native Villages

In Alaska, indigenous rural communities face climate-related challenges to maintaining their physical and cultural continuity. Some of these communities are considering ‘co-relocation’, in which the population of an entire community relocates to a new site on nearby rural land where residents can continue to practice their subsistence lifeways. Some Alaskans have called for government-assisted co-relocation for Alaska Native Villages ( ANV s), whereby national and State of Alaska government agencies pay for and lead the construction of housing and infrastructure at the new site. This model of relocation has many challenges, including expense, delay, lack of support from those outside ANV s, confusion as to which agency will do what, and the effect of continuing an unsustainable Western colonial pattern. The state and federal governments, in partnership with ANV s, need to explore what alternatives are available to preserve these communities’ physical and cultural continuity. This article considers the legal and political framework for relocation alternatives, and suggests pathways that would not require major changes of law or the creation of new agencies. I draw on various legal sources as well as interviews with ANV members, Alaska legislators, Congressional staff, federal and state agency directors, academics, planners, and others who make or influence policy that could affect co-relocation.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Cationic Gold Diarylallenylidene Complexes.

Methoxide abstraction from gold acetylide complexes of the form (L)Au[η1 -C≡CC(OMe)ArAr'] (L=IPr, P(t Bu)2 (ortho-biphenyl); Ar/Ar'=C6 H4 X where X=H, Cl, Me, OMe) with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) at -78 °C resulted in the formation of the corresponding cationic gold diarylallenylidene complexes [(L)Au=C=C=CArAr']+ OTf- in ≥85±5 % yield according to 1 H NMR analysis. 13 C NMR and IR spectroscopic analysis of these complexes established the arene-dependent delocalization of positive charge on both the C1 and C3 allenylidene carbon atoms. The diphenylallenylidene complex [(IPr)Au=C=C=CPh2 ]+ OTf- reacted with heteroatom nucleophiles at the allenylidene C1 and/or C3 carbon atom.
Clinical Reasoning: A 56-year-old woman with acute vertigo and diplopia.

A 56-year-old woman with a recent diagnosis of primary light-chain (AL) (lambda type) amyloidosis complicated by mild infiltrative cardiomyopathy and autonomic neuropathy had sudden onset vertigo and diplopia. She also had a history of hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. The diplopia was binocular and worsened on rightward gaze. The patient denied headache, fever, neck stiffness, photophobia, confusion, tinnitus, or impaired hearing. Prior to presentation, she had completed her third cycle of chemotherapy at an outside facility for AL amyloidosis with bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone and had come to our facility for a second opinion regarding her amyloidosis when this event happened. Her other medications included aspirin, atorvastatin, levothyroxine, spironolactone, torasemide, midodrine, calcium, and vitamin D. She did not smoke or use alcohol. Her vital signs included a temperature of 36.4°C, blood pressure 109/82 mm Hg, and heart rate 80. Her general examination revealed cachexia and bilateral pitting edema. Her neurologic examination revealed a right sixth cranial nerve palsy, direction-changing nystagmus, mild right-sided dysdiadochokinesis, and mild weakness (Medical Research Council grade 4 of 5) of the deltoids and iliopsoas bilaterally; head impulse test was negative and there was no skew deviation. Her mental status, gait, reflexes, and sensory examination were within normal limits. A skin examination revealed a scattered pustular right-sided rash in the peri-auricular region, neck, chest, and thigh, which the patient mentioned was of new onset. There was no periorbital purpura or macroglossia.
Schizophrenia in the elderly: Guidelines for management

The treatment of schizophrenia in older populations poses special challenges for patients, family members and clinicians. These include changes in manifestation of schizophrenic illness in later life, age-related changes in response to pharmacological treatments and psychosocial issues associated with older life status. As with younger individuals, antipsychotic medications constitute the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia in the elderly. However, the drug treatment of schizophrenia is substantially affected by the aging process. Medication sensitivity is pronounced in the elderly, largely due to age-related changes in the body’s capacity to metabolise psychotropic and other drugs. Other relevant factors include higher rates of physical comorbidity, drug-drug interactions and age-related adverse effects. Generally, the appropriate starting dose of antipsychotic medication in the elderly is 25% of the adult dose. Total daily maintenance doses may be 30 to 50% of the adult dose. The use of conventional antipsychotics in the elderly is limited because of their association with extrapyramidal symptoms and anticholinergic and cardiovascular adverse effects. The advent of atypical antipsychotics has revolutionised the treatment of psychosis in the elderly. Based on the general psychiatric literature, the atypical agents have been found to be as efficacious as conventional agents in reducing positive symptoms, more efficacious against negative symptoms, and to have a much more benign adverse effect profile. Nonpharmacological issues in the management of schizophrenia in the elderly are at least as important as in younger individuals. Older individuals may face additional challenges that affect health outcome, such as living alone or being unable to drive. All drug treatments should be partnered with supportive approaches and psychosocial interventions that maximise treatment compliance and improve outcome.
Unsupervised alignment of natural language instructions with video segments

We propose an unsupervised learning algorithm for automatically inferring the mappings between English nouns and corresponding video objects. Given a sequence of natural language instructions and an unaligned video recording, we simultaneously align each instruction to its corresponding video segment, and also align nouns in each instruction to their corresponding objects in video. While existing grounded language acquisition algorithms rely on pre-aligned supervised data (each sentence paired with corresponding image frame or video segment), our algorithm aims to automatically infer the alignment from the temporal structure of the video and parallel text instructions. We propose two generative models that are closely related to the HMM and IBM 1 word alignment models used in statistical machine translation. We evaluate our algorithm on videos of biological experiments performed in wetlabs, and demonstrate its capability of aligning video segments to text instructions and matching video objects to nouns in the absence of any direct supervision.
Radiation Therapy of Tumors of the Liver

The most important observation about irradiation of the liver is that its functions are not detectably impaired by doses up to 6000 rads fractionated over 6 to 8 weeks. Indeed, if the initial liver function tests show impairment, as is usually the case when patients with tumors of the liver are considered for radiation therapy, these various tests generally show improving functions during treatment and often for several weeks after its completion. Thus, there is no tumor of the liver, primary or metastatic, which is unsuitable for irradiation because of the risk of damage to the normal liver being greater than the probability of tumor regression.
ESRA19-0485 Underdiagnosed bone metastatic cancer in a patient with coccygodynia

Background and aims Coccygodynia is a painful condition affecting the coccyx region. The most common cause is traumatic origin that might result from falls in the sitting position, repeated microtrauma attributable to inadequate body positioning while seated,1 but it should be differentiated from neuropathic and visceral origin. We report a case of coccygeal metastatic cancer that occurred in an 87-year-old female patient who had been healthy for 10 years after complete remission from rectal cancer. Her chief complaint was simple pain in coccygeal area, but there were no any other associated symptoms. Sonogram for nerve block showed irregularity of the bone cortex, and she was diagnosed with coccygeal metastasis. Even though osseous metastasis from colorectal cancer is a rare condition, with reported incidence of 5–10%,2 physicians should consider cancer metastasis as one of the possible causes of the pain. Conclusions When some causes other than trauma are suspected for coccygodynia, more detailed diagnostic procedure and referral must be done to rule out metastatic malignancies.
Does physical inactivity cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is the most common pulmonary disease and is the only common cause of death in which mortality is presently rising. It is caused by the inhalation of smoke, which leads to oxidative stress and inflammation both in the lungs and systemically. Reduced physical activity is a well-recognized consequence of the condition, but we argue here that inactivity is itself an early cause of lung function decline and symptoms. This hypothesis is supported by data from population studies that link activity levels to decline in spirometric indices, both in smokers and non-smokers. In addition, smokers with low physical activity levels are more likely to be diagnosed subsequently with COPD. Physical exercise reduces oxidative stress, has an anti-inflammatory effect and reduces the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections, providing a number of mechanisms by which it could attenuate the harmful effects of smoking. There is sufficient evidence to justify population trials of lifestyle interventions aimed at improving physical activity levels and reducing lung function decline in people diagnosed with early COPD through spirometry screening.
Temporal Trajectory of Body Image Disturbance in Patients with Surgically Treated Head and Neck Cancer.

ObjectivesTo characterize the temporal trajectory of body image disturbance (BID) in patients with surgically treated head and neck cancer (HNC).Study DesignProspective cohort study.SettingAcademic...
Evaluation of field-stored switchgrass hay as bedding material for broilers

Summary Availability and expense of preferred bedding materials such as pine shavings has prompted evaluation of other materials. Grass hay derived from high-yielding biomass cultivars has been successfully employed as bedding material in both research and commercial applications. Grass hay for ruminant feed can be stored outdoors if protected, and outdoor storage may provide additional flexibility in transportation and supply of grass hay bedding. This study examined live performance in straight-run broilers reared on new grass hay bedding and grass hay bedding that had been stored outdoors in polyethylene wrap for 2 seasons. Live performance was affected primarily in the starter and grower phases, with stored hay bedding treatments resulting in depressed BW (59 g difference; P = 0.0034) and body weight gain (58 g difference; P = 0.0038) in the grower phase. FCR was significantly elevated in both the starter phase (0.02 g:g difference; P = 0.0052) and the grower phase (0.07 g:g difference; P
Looking backward in time to define the chronology of metastasis

The timing of cancer metastasis has implications for treatment and prevention. Traditional forward-time views of metastasis assume it occurs late during evolution. However, looking backward in time reveals metastasis often occurs prior to clinical detection of primary tumors.
Interrogation of SLFN11 in pediatric sarcomas uncovers an unexpected biological role and a novel therapeutic approach to overcoming resistance to replicative stress

Abstract Pediatric sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of malignancies that exhibit variable response to DNA damaging chemotherapy. Schlafen family member 11 protein (SLFN11) increases sensitivity to replicative stress, and SLFN11 gene silencing has been implicated as a common mechanism of drug resistance in tumors in adults. We found SLFN11 to be widely expressed in our cohort of pediatric sarcomas. In sarcoma cell lines, protein expression strongly correlated with response to the PARP inhibitor talazoparib (TAL) and the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan (IRN), with SLFN11 knockout resulting in significant loss of sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. However, SLFN11 expression was not associated with favorable outcomes in a retrospective analysis of our patient cohort; instead, the protein was retained and promoted tumor growth and evasion. Furthermore, we show that pediatric sarcomas develop resistance to TAL and IRN through impaired intrinsic apoptosis, and that resistance can be reversed by selective inhibition of BCL-XL. Statement of Significance The role of SLFN11 in pediatric sarcomas has not been thoroughly explored. In contrast to its activity in adult tumors, SLFN11 did not predict favorable outcomes in pediatric patients, was not silenced, and promoted tumor growth. Resistance to replicative stress in SLFN11-expressing sarcomas was reversed by selective inhibition of BCL-XL.
Nucleotide sequence of a rat class I cDNA clone.

In the rat major histocompatibility complex (MHC), six class I loci (A, Pa, F, E, G, and C) have been detected serologically or have been identified and mapped by DNA hybridization (Gill et al. 1987, Cortese Hassett et al. 1986). However, the complete structure of a rat class I MHC gene is not yet known. Only two partial rat cDNA class I clones have been sequenced (Kastern 1985), and they contain only the coding region for the third extracellular domain or for the transmembrane-cytoplasmic region and 3' untranslated end. In this paper, we report the DNA sequence of a 1.6 kb clone from a rat placental cDNA library made from (WF × DA)F 1 placentas. The amino acid sequence deduced from the clone is quite similar to the o~1, c~2, a3, and transmembranecytoplasmic domains of the class I transplantation antigens from other species, but it has some unique features. The cDNA library was made using a modification of the method of Gubler and Hoffman (1983) from mRNA of 18-day-old ( W F × D A ) F 1 (u×a) placentas. The cDNA was ligated to Protoclone kgtl 1 DNA (Promega, Biotec, Madison, Wisconsin) (Huynh et al. 1985), and the library was screened by hybridization analysis with the mouse class I cDNA probe pAG64c. Class I-specific clones were identified, purified, and mapped with restriction enzymes. The longer clones (ca 1.5 kb) were subcloned into the Eco RI site of Bluescript KS + (Stratagene San Diego, California), and several of them were sequenced both by the chemical degradation method (Maxam and Gilbert 1980) and by the chain termination method (Sanger et al. 1977) using Sequenase (USB, Cleveland, Ohio). The clone pARI.5, which is 1.6 kb long, contains an entire class I transcript, and it was the most abundant type of class I clone in the placental library as determined by restriction enzyme mapping. This clone was doubly sequenced from overlapping restriction enzyme fragments generated by using the enzymes Sst I, Sst II, Pst I, Pvu II, and Hinc II (BRL, Gaithersburg, Maryland).
High precision localization of pulmonary nodules on chest CT utilizing axial slice number labels

Reidentification of prior nodules for temporal comparison is an important but time-consuming step in lung cancer screening. We develop and evaluate an automated nodule detector that utilizes the axial-slice number of nodules found in radiology reports to generate high precision nodule predictions. 888 CTs from Lung Nodule Analysis were used to train a 2-dimensional (2D) object detection neural network. A pipeline of 2D object detection, 3D unsupervised clustering, false positive reduction, and axial-slice numbers were used to generate nodule candidates. 47 CTs from the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) were used for model evaluation. Our nodule detector achieved a precision of 0.962 at a recall of 0.573 on the NLST test set for any nodule. When adjusting for unintended nodule predictions, we achieved a precision of 0.931 at a recall 0.561, which corresponds to 0.06 false positives per CT. Error analysis revealed better detection of nodules with soft tissue attenuation compared to ground glass and undeterminable attenuation. Nodule margins, size, location, and patient demographics did not differ between correct and incorrect predictions. Utilization of axial-slice numbers from radiology reports allowed for development of a lung nodule detector with a low false positive rate compared to prior feature-engineering and machine learning approaches. This high precision nodule detector can reduce time spent on reidentification of prior nodules during lung cancer screening and can rapidly develop new institutional datasets to explore novel applications of computer vision in lung cancer imaging.
ENGAGING FUTURE SHIP ENGINEERS IN DISTANCE STEM EDUCATION

The research summarizes the modern approaches to STEM education for future ship engineers: the problem-based learning activities, not standard or typical designs and problems, the integration of STEM subjects, the introduction of innovation to teaching methods in relation to each subject, the multidisciplinary approach to STEM education that implies the integrative environment for teaching STEM subjects. It is highlighted that in the era of industrialization, literacy and work skills were important, but in the post-industrial era, the technological aspects of youth development have come to the fore. It has been also determined that awakening a creative approach, interest in a comprehensive perception of the subject of study, critical thinking, STEAM teachers give students more than just knowledge - they also give them skills, a taste for knowledge and work, a desire to immerse themselves in self-development, to love the learning process itself. The study presents the content-related and structural characteristics of STEM targets, approximate educational outcomes, content, final assessment, focus areas (problem solving situation), technological curriculum design methods provided by STEM techniques. The research describes the hands-on experience of involving teachers in creating STEM projects for ship engineers in distance STEM education. It is concluded that it is impossible to verestimate the prospect of using information technology in the implementation of STEM programs. Another conclusion is that graduates of educational institutions that actively use information technology in medicine, construction, chemistry, physics, biotechnology and other fields of science are becoming more and more in demand.
Identity-Based Motivations for Providing the Unpaid Labor That Makes AI Technologies Work

With the proliferation of digital technologies that distribute work to crowds across time and space, the last decade has ushered in new forms of external labor possibilities for organizations. One ...
Nonlinear Forced Water Waves in a Shallow Channel near a Cut-off Frequency

A theoretical study is presented of the free-surface flow induced by a wavemaker performing torsional oscillations about a vertical axis in a shallow channel near a cut-off frequency. It is shown, through a perturbation analysis using characteristic variables, that the nonlinear response is governed by a forced Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation with periodic boundary conditions across the channel; this nonlinear initial-boundary-value problem is investigated analytically and numerically. When surface-tension effects are negligible, so that dispersion in the KP is negative, it is found that the nonlinear response reaches a steady state and exhibits jump phenomena, typical of nonlinear forced oscillations. On the other hand, in the high-surface-tension regime, when dispersion in the KP is positive, there is no sign of a steady state and the response undergoes a recurrence phenomenon.
The Turn to “Bad Koreans”: Transforming Televisual Ethnicity

This article examines the production and negotiation of Korean American televisual images in U.S. reality and travel food programs. We explore two different representations of Korean Americanness, ...
Protein Homeostasis in Models of Aging and Age-Related Conformational Disease

The stability of the proteome is crucial to the health of the cell, and contributes significantly to the lifespan of the organism. Aging and many age-related diseases have in common the expression of misfolded and damaged proteins. The chronic expression of damaged proteins during disease can have devastating consequences on protein homeostasis (proteostasis), resulting in disruption of numerous biological processes. This chapter discusses our current understanding of the various contributors to protein misfolding, and the mechanisms by which misfolding, and accompanied aggregation/toxicity, is accelerated by stress and aging. Invertebrate models have been instrumental in studying the processes related to aggregation and toxicity of disease-associated proteins and how dysregulation of proteostasis leads to neurodegenerative diseases of aging.
A Review of “Generalizing From Educational Research: Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Polarization”

This is an engaging, informative, and insightful collection of chapters and commentary that examines concepts and issues often characterized simplistically as parts of an irreconcilable dichotomy. ...
Parallel Hough transform for image processing on a mesh of trees architecture

This paper presents algorithms for Hough transform on mesh of trees parallel computers. Using a mesh of trees with n/spl times/n processors on the base, our algorithms perform the Hough transform for an image of size n/spl times/n in O(n) time, with O(n), O(/spl radic/n), and O(n/log n) memory usage, respectively. The algorithms were simulated, and the results were compared with those of existing algorithms. It is shown that our algorithms are efficient, and can achieve a good speedup in real-time Hough transform computation. >
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by R.C. Savin-Williams, L.M. Diamond, volume 9, pp. 5892–5895, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Cartesian Closed Categories of Domains and the Space Proj(D)

This paper studies algebraic dcpos and their space \(\left[ {D\underrightarrow {pr}D} \right]\)of Scottcontinuous projections. Let ALG⊥ be the category of algebraic dcpos with bottom and Scott-continuous maps as arrows. If C is a full cartesian closed subcategory of ALG⊥ such that C is closed under D → \(\left[ {D\underrightarrow {pr}D} \right]\), then every object D is projection-stable, i.e., im(p) is algebraic for all p ∃ \(\left[ {D\underrightarrow {pr}D} \right]\). This is equivalent to assuming that all order-dense chains in K(D) are degenerate. If C contains an isomorphic copy of the flat natural numbers, then C is not closed under finitary Scott-continuous retractions. In this case, C contains an object D, such that K(D) is not a lower set in D. This puts serious constraints on the existence of cartesian closed categories closed under D → \(\left[ {D\underrightarrow {pr}D} \right]\). The cartesian closed category of dI-domains, however, is closed under D → Retr(D) and D → Proj(D), where Retr(D) is the dI-domain of all stable Scott-continuous retractions in the stable order. The dI-domain Proj(D) consists of all p ∃ Retr(D) which are below the identity in the stable order. All dI-domains are projection-stable, and Proj(D) is isomorphic to the Hoare power domain of the ideal completion of the poset of complete primes of D. It is therefore a completely distributive bialgebraic lattice and all maps f: D → E into complete lattices E preserving all existing suprema have unique extensions to Proj(D), where λc.λx.x; ∏ c is the embedding of D into Proj(D).
Purification of leucyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase from Escherichia coli.

Abstract Leucyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase (EC 6.1.1.4, l-leucine:tRNA ligase (AMP)) from Escherichia coli has been purified to near homogeneity. The molecular weight of the enzyme is approximately 105,000 and its sedimentation coefficient (s020,w) is 5.4 S. In the presence of EDTA or in the absence of reducing agents, the enzyme is rapidly inactivated.
Modeling the Formation of Expectations: The History of Energy Demand Forecasts

Abstract Since 1973 forecasts of future energy consumption in the United States have fallen dramatically. Forecasts of consumption in 1985 made as recently as 1974 were too high by nearly a factor of two. Forecasts of consumption in 2000 have fallen by a similar ratio. The large errors raise questions about the forecasting methods used. This paper tests the ability of adaptive expectations and univariate trend extrapolation to explain the history of energy demand forecasts. A behavioral model of the trend estimation and forecasting process is developed. Energy demand is forecast by extrapolation of the expected growth rate of consumption. The expected growth rate is determined by the past rate of growth of actual energy consumption. The model explicitly considers delays in the measurement of energy consumption and in individual and organizational response to changes in the apparent trend. The model is shown to fit the forecast data well for three different forecast horizons. Adaptive trend extrapolation thus accounts well for significant evolution of energy demand forecasts during a major period of change in energy consumption. The results are reconciled with the fact that many of the forecasts in the sample were based on complex models and do not appear to be simple extrapolations, and implications for behavioral modeling of expectation formation are discussed.
Towards Nanomaterial Design Automation: Hierarchical Computational Architecture Development

Molecular modeling and simulation has been recognized as an effective tool for gaining a comprehensive and insightful understanding of nanomaterial structure-property relationships, which are critical for nanomaterial development. Note that nanomaterial development is a very complicated task involving the design and management of massive runs of simulations and numerous types of subtasks in multiple computational stages. Thus, an effective and efficient nanomaterial development must rely on the appropriate design of a computational architecture as well. In this work, we introduce a generic task-distributed hierarchical computational architecture for nanomaterial design, which can be readily constructed on a usual cluster system. The developed computational architecture, together with the algorithms for hierarchical computations, can facilitate design automation with a high computational efficiency. The efficacy of the architecture will be demonstrated through a case study on nanopaint design, where various fundamental structure-property correlations as well as design guidelines can be fully derived.
Hypergame Theory: A Model for Conflict, Misperception, and Deception

When dealing with conflicts, game theory and decision theory can be used to model the interactions of the decision-makers. To date, game theory and decision theory have received considerable modeling focus, while hypergame theory has not. A metagame, known as a hypergame, occurs when one player does not know or fully understand all the strategies of a game. Hypergame theory extends the advantages of game theory by allowing a player to outmaneuver an opponent and obtaining a more preferred outcome with a higher utility. The ability to outmaneuver an opponent occurs in the hypergame because the different views (perception or deception) of opponents are captured in the model, through the incorporation of information unknown to other players (misperception or intentional deception). The hypergame model more accurately provides solutions for complex theoretic modeling of conflicts than those modeled by game theory and excels where perception or information differences exist between players. This paper explores the current research in hypergame theory and presents a broad overview of the historical literature on hypergame theory.
Blood-brain barrier transport of neuropeptides: analysis with a metabolically stable dermorphin analogue

To avoid the confounding effect of metabolic degradation, the stable mu-opioid peptide agonist [D-Arg2,Lys4]-dermorphin analogue (DALDA) was used to quantitate blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability by intravenous injection and internal carotid artery perfusion techniques. With intravenous injection, the BBB permeability-surface area products for [3H]DALDA (0.84 +/- 0.13 microliters.min-1.g-1) and [14C]sucrose (0.39 +/- 0.05 microliters.min-1.g-1) correlated with the lipid solubility of the two molecules: the 1-octanol-Ringer partition coefficient for DALDA was approximately 2 log orders greater than that for sucrose. The brain delivery of [3H]DALDA at 30 min after intravenous administration was 0.019 +/- 0.002% of the injected dose per gram, and analgesia was induced with a 5-mg/kg dose administered systemically. In contrast to the result after intravenous injection, the BBB permeability-surface area product for DALDA estimated with the internal carotid artery perfusion technique was manyfold greater. This was due to nonspecific absorption of the peptide into the cerebral microvasculature, which precluded use of the capillary depletion technique to study transcytosis through the BBB after internal carotid artery perfusion. The present studies show that the brain delivery of a metabolically stable peptide, such as DALDA, is comparable to that for sucrose, correlates with lipid solubility, and is mediated by a nonsaturable mechanism, probably free diffusion.
Qualitative examination of diatom diversity in black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) gut contents across a mortality gradient after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis de Barjac, 1978

While Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis de Barjac, 1978 (Bti) is generally effective in reducing Simulium Latreille, 1802 pest levels, impaired toxicity has been identified. Diatoms are typically abundant in Simulium larval gut contents and thought to affect feeding behaviour and/or Bti ingestion. We sought to determine diatom composition in larval Simulium gut contents and periphyton in relation to mortality subsequent in situ Bti application across three stream reaches. Generally, lower larval mortality after Bti exposure was associated with comparatively greater diatom diversity inside gut contents, corresponding with an inverse relationship between periphyton diatom diversity and larval mortality across our study reaches. High profile diatoms inside gut contents were positively correlated with mortality, suggesting microbial morphology may affect Bti efficacy. Diatoms inside live larval guts were most similar to periphyton which indicates that these larvae may have been feeding less on lower q...
Exploration of the Outlet Caves

Most of the drainage from Burnsville Cove is underground. Surface streams are few and most flow only during periods of high rainfall. The drainage from the Cove re-emerges from four springs in the gorge of the Bullpasture River. Emory Spring emerges at river level from a rubble pile beneath a highway and nothing is known about the feeder system. Aqua Spring emerges from a large cave at the head of a tributary valley 100 feet higher than the river. The cave streams rise from sumps that extend to unknown depths. Cathedral Spring rises on the river bank from a water-filled cave that has been explored by divers to a length of 950 feet and a depth of 150 feet with further exploration limited by diving technology. Blue Spring is fed by a sand boil at the bottom of a 50-foot deep water-filled pit with no further exploration possible.
Vapor deposition method for sensitivity studies on engineered surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active substrates.

The design and optimization of a vapor-phase analyte deposition method for limit of detection (LOD) studies on engineered surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active substrates is presented. The vapor deposition method was designed to overcome current challenges in quantitative analysis of lithographically produced SERS substrates that are relatively small (hundreds of square micrometers). A custom-built flow cell was used to deposit benzenethiol from the vapor phase onto SERS-active Ag thin films, as the control substrates, and nanoaperture arrays that were generated by electron-beam lithography. The surface coverage of benzenethiol as a function of time was monitored using the ring stretching mode 1070-cm-1 band and the trend was fit to Langmuir adsorption kinetics. The method was deemed reliable based on agreement between the LOD determined on the control substrates and previously reported values for those substrates. Application of the new method to a 20 × 20 μm2 nanoaperture array yielded a LOD o...
The effect of subclinical ascorbate deficiency on periodontal health in nonhuman primates

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic subclinical ascorbic acid deficiency on periodontal health in a nonhuman primate model. Young adult Macaca fascicularis monkeys were fed an ascorbic acid free diet for nine weeks followed by a diet with a suboptimal level of ascorbic acid for an additional sixteen weeks. During the 25-week period, a pair fed control group was fed a nutritionally adequate diet in amounts equivalent to that consumed by the experimental group. From the second week onward, whole blood ascorbic acid levels in the experimental animals but not in pair fed controls were significantly reduced. Experimental animals did not develop clinical signs of ascorbate deficiency, and there was little evidence of spontaneous gingivitis or periodontitis in either group between weeks 0 and 23. At week 23, plaque-associated periodontitis was experimentally induced to evaluate the response of the periodontal tissues to the underlying subclinical ascorbate deficiency. Gingival index scores and pocket depth measurements were significantly greater in the ascorbate deficient animals than in controls. Preliminary studies of leukocyte function suggested that this susceptibility to periodontitis might be related to impaired polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis. This study indicates that the periodontium is vulnerable to chronic inflammation as a consequence of subclinical ascorbic acid deficiency.
A completely electronic nonmechanical touch-controlled audio system using transistors as linear resistors

A means of controlling volume and frequency response using transistors as linear resistors in place of mechanical potentiometers, will be described.
Ganymede, Europa, Callisto, and Saturn's rings: Compositional analysis from reflectance spectroscopy☆

The reflectance spectra of Ganymede, Europa, Callisto, and the rings of Saturn are analyzed, using laboratory reflectance studies of water, frost, ice, and mineral mixtures. It is found that the spectra of the icy Galilean satellites are characteristic of water ice, or frost on ice, rather than pure water frost; and that the decrease in reflectance at visible wavelengths is caused by other mineral grains on the surface. The spectra of Saturn's rings are more characteristic of water frost, with other mineral grains mixed in the frost but not on the surface. It is also found that impurities of all these objects are not in isolated patches, but intimately mixed with the water. A new absorption feature at 1.15 microns has been identified in Ganymede, Callisto, and possibly Europa, which cannot be seen in Saturn's rings and whose cause is unknown.
Symmetry factoring of the characteristic equations of graphs corresponding to polyhedra

A systematic procedure is described which uses two-and three-fold symmetry elements in graphs to reduce their adjacency matrices to lead to corresponding factorings of their characteristic polynomials. A graph splitting algorithm based on this matrix reduction procedure is described. Applications of these methods to the factoring of the characteristic polynomials of 28 polyhedra with nine or less vertices are given. General expressions for the eigenvalues of prisms, pyramids, and bipyramids in terms of the eigenvalues of their basal or equatorial regular polygons are calculated by closely related matrix methods.
Electron transfer reactions of aliphatic esters to the corresponding aliphatic ketones by lithium, 4,4′-di-t-butylbiphenyl radical anion

Abstract Sonication of some representative aliphatic esters with lithium in the presence of catalytic amounts of 4,4′-di- t -butylbiphenyl (DBB) in dry THF under N 2 afforded the corresponding aliphatic ketones in good yields. Monitoring studies by GC/MS and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy after quenching indicate the intermediacy of the corresponding β-ketoesters.
A translating computer interface for end-user operation of heterogeneous retrieval systems. II. Evaluations

The evaluation of the concept of a translating computer interface for simplifying operation of multiple, heterogeneous online bibliographic retrieval systems has been undertaken. An experimental retrieval system, named CONIT, was built and tested under controlled conditions with inexperienced end users. A detailed analysis of the experimental usages showed that users were able to master interface operation sufficiently well to find relevant document references. Success was attributed, in part, to a simple command language, adequate online instruction, and a simplified natural-language, keyword/stem approach to searching. It is concluded that operational interfaces of the type studied can provide for increased usability of existing systems in a cost effective manner, especially for inexperienced end users who cannot easily avail themselves of expert intermediary searchers. Furthermore, more advanced interfaces based on improved instruction and automated search strategy techniques could further enhance retrieval effectiveness for a wide class of users.
Intense exercise, bone structure and blood calcium levels in vertebrates

Sudden, large-scale fluctuations of systemic calcium concentrations are believed to be harmful to vertebrates. Consequently, it is generally accepted that vertebrates relatively closely monitor and regulate the calcium levels in blood and other tissues1, often by endocrinological mechanisms which act over long time periods to promote calcium deposition on or dissolution from bone2,3. However, after intense bouts of maximal activity, virtually all vertebrates experience a significant reduction in blood pH as a result of concomitant increases in blood and lactate concentrations4,5, and this might be expected to have wide-ranging physiological effects. We now present evidence that (1) blood plasma calcium concentrations rise abruptly and significantly as a result of intense muscular activity in all vertebrates investigated which have osseous skeletons, but not those with cartilaginous skeletons, and (2) the source of the excess calcium is bone.