cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of two-stage weaning and trace mineral injection on receiving cattle growth performance and behavior

The objective was to evaluate the effects of two-stage weaning and injectable trace mineral (ITM) on receiving cattle growth performance and behavior. Angus and Simmental × Angus steers (n = 136; body weight [BW] = 200 ± 26 kg) were utilized in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Calves were blocked by source, and assigned to one of four treatments: 1) two-stage weaning and ITM (2MM), 2) two-stage weaning and saline injection (2SAL), 3) abrupt weaning and ITM (AbtMM), or 4) abrupt weaning and saline injection (AbtSAL). On d-6, calves were weighed, plastic calf weaner devices (used to prevent calf from nursing) were inserted in two-stage weaned calves, and ITM or saline injections (1 mL/45.4 kg BW) were administered. On day 0, plastic calf weaner devices were removed, and calves were weighed and shipped 272 km to Urbana, IL. Steer behavior was observed the 2 d following separation from dam. Receiving period was day 0 to 42 and growing period was day 42 to 124. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and pen (six per treatment) was the experimental unit. Abruptly weaned calves had greater (P < 0.01) preweaning average daily gain (ADG) than two-stage weaned calves. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.16) ADG during the receiving or growing period; however, calves that received ITM tended (P 0.06) to have greater ADG from day 0 to 124. During the receiving period, abruptly weaned calves tended (P = 0.08) to eat more than two-stage calves and ITM calves ate more (P = 0.03) than calves that received saline. There was a weaning strategy × ITM interaction (P < 0.01) for dry matter intake (DMI) from day 0 to 124; 2MM calves ate more (P < 0.01) than 2SAL, but DMI was not different (P = 0.58) between AbtMM and AbtSAL calves. There was a weaning strategy × ITM interaction (P < 0.01) for gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) from day 0 to 124; 2SAL calves had greater (P = 0.05) G:F than AbtSAL, with 2MM and AbtMM calves being intermediate and not different (P = 0.38) than each other. Two-stage weaning decreased (P ≤ 0.02) the percentage of calves walking, standing, and vocalizing, and increased (P ≤ 0.02) the percentage of calves lying and eating following separation from dam. Two-stage weaning decreased preweaning ADG and behavioral signs of stress at feedlot arrival, but had no effect on overall growth. In addition, ITM had no effect on calf BW or behavior, but increased overall DMI in two-stage weaned calves compared to abruptly weaned calves and tended to increase overall ADG regardless of weaning strategy.
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Long-Term Community Ecological Studies

In view of the wide disparity of approaches among ecologists, it is notable that considerable concordance exists in at least one respect: long-term studies are widely regarded as indispensable, and thus no elaborate case needs to be made for their justification. The potential for change in the populations that make up a local biota and its various assemblages and communities is an accepted fact, and is compelling in its many sources. Some of the potential comes directly from variability in abiotic factors, such as climatic trends over the longer term, or in weather variations from year to year. Some come indirectly from such abiotic factors, as they influence species' geographic ranges and lead to expansion or contraction; thus, at the local level, some populations are favored at the expense of others as conditions for their persistence or increase are enhanced. Yet other factors for long-term change are strictly intrinsic to organisms, as they adapt and evolve and thereby occupy ecological roles in a specific area or at a given site that change or shift over time. It is clear that variation in data collection techniques is heavily taxon dependent.
UNIT 6.2 Column Chromatography

Chromatography is a widely used technique of separation which depends on the differential interaction of molecules between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. In most modern life science laboratories, purification of proteins plays an important role. Almost all types of laboratory-based liquid chromatography techniques used for purification of proteins are carried out with the stationary phase contained in tubular columns. Although individual methods for sample loading or elution of these columns are usually different depending on the specific technique used, this general experimental procedure that uses tubular columns is known as column chromatography. This unit is focused on setting up laboratory-based column chromatography methods for separation of proteins using three commonly used chromatographic techniques for separation of proteins, such as size exclusion, ion exchange, and affinity chromatography. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: chromatography; liquid chromatography; column chromatography; size exclusion chromatography; gel filtration chromatography; ion exchange chromatography; affinity chromatography
Case Study 4: Buprenorphine Induction

The case of Stacey is discussed, a 17-year-old female with a severe opioid use disorder who is looking to start buprenorphine. Long-term medication treatment with buprenorphine is an effective and viable option for treating adolescent opioid use disorder. Buprenorphine may be considered safer than other opioid agonist treatments due to its ceiling effect. Ceiling effect refers to plateauing of opioid agonist effects (including respiratory depression) despite dose escalation. While respiratory depression and death may still occur when combined with other drugs (e.g., benzodiazepines), in most cases the benefit of providing effective addiction treatment that incorporates pharmacotherapy exceeds the risks of medication use.
The life-history ofOttelia alismoides pers

1. The microspore tetrads are arranged in isobilateral, linear or decussate manner. The tapetum forms a periplasmodium. The pollen grain has a conspicuous generative cell and a degenerating tube nucleus. The degeneration of some of the pollen grains is also observed. The endothecium is not well developed. 2. In the nucellus there is usually a single archesporial cell which directly functions as the megaspore mother cell. Occasionally, a multicellular archesporium is noticed. 3. The embryo sac is normal in which the antipodals are organised into cells. 4. The embryo is of theSagittaria-type. 5. The primary endosperm nucleus divides accompanied by a wall formation. The upper chamber lodges the embryo and the lower one along with the persisting antipodals assumes a haustorial role. The endosperm tissue is feebly developed.
Effective Team Interaction for Adaptive Training and Situation Awareness in Human-Autonomy Teaming

The aim of this exploratory paper is to underline the importance of coordination-based training for dynamic tasks in human-autonomy teaming. We address training solutions to distinct types of failures caused by either internal (the system) and external sources (the dynamic task environment). In order to accomplish this, we explore Human-Autonomy teaming communication and coordination with comprehensive scenarios drawn from the pilot tests and look at team needs to successfully overcome complex and dynamic failures. Findings from these two failure events are two-fold: (1) in order to adapt to dynamic environments and overcome unexpected failures, teams should receive role-related training (static and knowledge-based) as well as training about how to interact with one another (dynamic and coordination-based) and (2) designing synthetic agents with effective team coordination mechanisms will help future team training exercises. Current and future work is focused on additional experimentation on team training in the context of Human-Autonomy teams. Furthermore, future experimentation should highlight additional requirements needed for designing synthetic teammates and also dynamic task training necessary to produce effective teamwork.
An Empirical Perspective on Language Development and Language Training

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an empirical perspective on language development and language training. Practices in language training would reflect the principles of the prevailing language theory. In simple terms of its preponderance in the language development literature, psycholinguistic theory has appeared to prevail in the past two decades. Moreover, some language practitioners have gallantly attempted to incorporate its theoretical principles in their practice. Language clinicians have kept perhaps one eye on theory, but certainly both hands busily engaged with the empirical realities of language training. Empirically, the essence of most language remediation efforts has reflected, perhaps unwittingly, the basic principles of Skinner's analysis. Essentially, most clinicians have attempted, through various manipulations of environmental stimuli and consequences, to increase the likelihood that their client will respond appropriately in a like state of affairs in his natural environment. Several considerations of relevance to this interplay between language theory and language practice have evolved. It has endured relatively unchanged and continues to provide the stimulus for important conjectures and research about the behavioral processes that constitute language learning
Water Policy Processes in India: Discourses of Power and Resistance

Preface List of Tables List of Figures Acronyms 1: Introduction 2: Changing The Frame: Repositioning Policy 3: The Process Of Economic Liberalization And Private Sector Participation 4: Water In The Liberalization Process 5: Situating Delhi In The Water Reform Project 6: Mainstreaming Policy: Discourses Of Power 7: Creating Spaces For Change: Collective Action On The Water Reform Project 8: Understanding The Water Policy Process References
Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Disguise

Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pandemic is currently one of the most influential topics as it not only impacts the field of medicine but most importantly, it affects the lives of many individuals throughout the world We report an interesting 2019-nCoV case in a tertiary community hospital with the initial concern of acute pyelonephritis without respiratory symptoms that ultimately led to the quarantine of a number of healthcare providers This case emphasizes the importance of radiological evidence in diagnosing 2019-nCoV in the setting of an initial atypical presentation It also serves as an example of how healthcare providers may need to increase their suspicion for COVID-19 to ensure self-protection and prompt diagnosis in the era of an ongoing pandemic
Metallic Nitrides For Corrosion Protection In Marine Environments; Theory Compared To Experimental Results

A theoretical and experimental study was conducted to predict and test the corrosion behavior of metallic nitride films on stainless steel. Theoretical prediction of corrosion resistance properties was conducted by the construction and interpretation of Pourbaix Diagrams for metallic nitrides. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was then employed to determine whether the predicted corrosion protection in a marine environment was obtained. This study found that in most cases, the use of Pourbaix Diagrams to predict corrosion resistance on 304 stainless steel gave accurate results and is a useful technique for material selection of nitride/substrate combinations for corrosion resistance.
Validation of a Convolutional Neural Network Model for Spike Transformation Using a Generalized Linear Model

Identification of causal relationships of neural activity is one of the most important problems in neuroscience and neural engineering. We show that a novel deep learning approach using a convolutional neural network to model output neural spike activity from input neural spike activity is able to achieve high correlation between the predicted probability of spiking in the output neuron and the true probability of spiking in the output neuron for data generated with a generalized linear model. The convolutional neural network is also able to recover the true model variables (kernels) used to generate the probability of spiking in the output neuron. Based on the convolutional neural network model's validation via a generalized linear model, future work will include validation with non-linear models that use higher-order kernels.
Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020

The ease of voting across the United States is constantly changing. This research updates work which established the relative “cost of voting” during presidential election cycles, in each of the 50...
Intimate Liability: Emotional Harm, Family Law, and Stereotyped Narratives in Interspousal Torts

Tort liability expanded in the twentieth century, a shift scholars generally attribute to the reorganization of tort law around the fault principle. In privileging compensation and deterrence, this reconfiguration ended various restrictions on liability, long viewed as arbitrary, including limits to the recovery for emotional harm and interspousal immunities. Tort and family law scholars alike portray the end of such immunities as a milestone for gender equality. Their elimination enables spouses and partners to secure compensation for emotional and physical abuse arising in intimate relationships. Yet, tort law is not operating in this way. On the contrary, by endorsing a family/market distinction in private law, scholars have pushed intimate liability claims between spouses away from tort law and into family law. As a result, compensation for emotional harm is mostly actionable in tort when it occurs in the realm of the market rather than in the realm of the family. Today, intimate liability is left to the agendas of political reformers. Feminists on the left and social conservatives on the right are shaping the litigation on interspousal torts, but they have opposing political agendas. While feminists seek to create more gender equality and protect women both within and outside the marital bond, social conservatives seek to strengthen traditional family values by favoring married plaintiffs only. Both sets of reformers, however, care more about promoting their *. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, WASHINGTON COLLEGE OF LAW. I HAVE GREATLY BENEFITED FROM THE COMMENTS RECEIVED AT SEVERAL WORKSHOPS: Up Against Family Law Exceptionalism at Harvard Law School; the workshop on the Third Globalization of Legal Thought at Colorado Law School; the Faculty Workshop at Temple University James E. Beasley School of Law; the Junior Faculty Workshop at the Drexel Earle Mack School of Law ; and the Fifth Annual Feminist Legal Theory Conference at the Baltimore School of Law. I am grateful to Jane Bestor, Janie Chuang, Tabatha Abu-El-Haj, Jon Hanson, Janet Halley, Duncan Kennedy, Brishen Rogers, and Ann Shalleck for their comments; and to Lisa Winebarger and Shannon Ramirez for their terrific research and editing assistance. Errors are mine only.
Surrogate-based aerodynamic shape optimization for delaying airfoil dynamic stall using Kriging regression and infill criteria

Abstract The dynamic stall phenomenon is characterized by the formation of a leading-edge vortex, which is responsible for adverse aerodynamic forces and moments adversely impacting the structural strength and life of a system. Aerodynamic shape optimization (ASO) provides a cost-effective approach to delay or mitigate the dynamic stall characteristics. Unfortunately, ASO requires multiple evaluations of accurate but time-consuming computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to produce optimum designs rendering the optimization process computationally costly. The current work proposes a surrogate-based optimization (SBO) technique to alleviate the computational burden of ASO to delay and mitigate the deep dynamic stall characteristics of airfoils. In particular, the Kriging regression surrogate model is used for approximating the objective and constraint functions. The airfoil geometry is parametrized using six PARSEC parameters. The objective and constraint functions are evaluated with the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with a C-grid mesh topology and Menter's shear stress transport turbulence model. The approach is demonstrated on a vertical axis wind turbine airfoil at a Reynolds number of 135,000 and a Mach number of 0.1 undergoing a sinusoidal oscillation with a reduced frequency of 0.05. The surrogate model is constructed with 60 initial samples and further refined with 20 infill samples using expected improvement. The generated surrogate model is validated with the normalized root mean square error based on 20 test data samples. The refined surrogate model is utilized for finding the optimal design using multi-start gradient-based search. The optimal airfoil has a higher thickness, larger leading-edge radius, and an aft camber compared to the baseline. These geometric shape changes delay the dynamic stall angle by over 3 ∘ and reduces the severity of the pitching moment coefficient fluctuation. Finally, global sensitivity analysis is conducted on the optimal design using Sobol' indices revealing the most influential shape variables and their interaction effects impacting the airfoil dynamic stall characteristics.
Impression deformation of carbon-microsphere and polytetrafluoroethylene composite

Abstract Carbon-based materials have been extensively used in the devices and systems for energy storage, catalysis, etc. The mechanical behavior of the carbon-based materials plays an important role in the performance and reliability of the devices and systems. In this work, we use impression test to investigate the deformation behavior of carbon-microsphere and polytetrafluoroethylene composite, in which the carbon microspheres are fabricated from high-fructose corn syrup via hydrothermal process. The three-parameter Weibull model is used to analyze the contact modulus, maximum impression depth and energy dissipation per impression cycle. The impression modulus, maximum impression depth and dissipated energy increase with the increase of the impression load and holding time, which are due to impression-induced consolidation of the carbon-sphere-based composite. A simple relation between the Young’s modulus of the carbon-microsphere-based composite and the ratio of the maximum impression depth to the sample thickness is developed and supported by the experimental results.
Geophyte field processing, storage, and women’s decision-making in hunter-gatherer societies: An archaeological case study from western North America

Abstract Geophytes are a critical food staple for many hunter-gatherer societies across the world. Despite recognition of their importance in the archaeological record, geophyte handling has often been portrayed in simplistic terms and the important processing, storage, and social components of their handling have not been fully realized. We present a case study from the Southern Plateau of western North America that addresses these issues. We begin by offering a framework for processing and storage that highlights storage diversity and the front-back loaded nature and flexibility of geophytes. Next, we present a geophyte field processing model to predict when field versus central place processing would occur, which provides important insights into archaeological site and artifact distributions. We then turn to the social dynamics of geophyte handling, suggesting that women were major producers and drivers of geophyte-related economies who could buffer the costs of intensive field processing strategies through bulk processing and by engaging family groups in geophyte-related activities. These logistical strategies helped to increase geophyte utility and offset transport costs and the opportunity cost that geophyte handling presented to childcare. We conclude with archaeological predictions for geophyte processing and storage signatures among societies using pedestrian, equestrian, and canoe modes of transportation.
AAPS Podium Presentations-Has the Level of Evidence Changed over the Past Decade?

An increase in the number and quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and trends toward higher levels of evidence (LOE) in the plastic surgery literature has been reported; however, there has not been a specific focus on the LOE of presentations at scientific meetings. The purpose of this study was to ascertain trends in the LOE of studies presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Plastic Surgeons. Methods A hand search was conducted identifying all abstracts of podium presentations from 2009 to 2019. LOE, using American Society of Plastic Surgeons guidelines, were ascribed to each presentation, along with identification of any corresponding journal publications. RCTs were further analyzed using the 12-item Modified Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials checklist. Results Four hundred forty-one studies with a median LOE of 3 were included in the study. A non-significant improvement in the mean level of evidence was noted over time (P = 0.09) along with an increase in the number of level 2 studies (P = 0.589) and RCTs (P = 0.717). Level 1 studies were rare (0.91%) and of fair quality (median checklist score 8 out of 12). Seventy-two percent of abstracts resulted in publication, and the mean lag time to publication was 422 days. Conclusions A favorable trend is observed with respect to the mean LOE as well as the number of level 2 studies and RCTs over time. The importance of research meeting attendance to maintain up-to-date information is noteworthy, given the long lag time from presentation to publication.
Mapping pleiotropic loci using a fast-sequential testing algorithm.

Pleiotropy (i.e., genes with effects on multiple traits) leads to genetic correlations between traits and contributes to the development of many syndromes. Identifying variants with pleiotropic effects on multiple health-related traits can improve the biological understanding of gene action and disease etiology, and can help to advance disease-risk prediction. Sequential testing is a powerful approach for mapping genes with pleiotropic effects. However, the existing methods and the available software do not scale to analyses involving millions of SNPs and large datasets. This has limited the adoption of sequential testing for pleiotropy mapping at large scale. In this study, we present a sequential test and software that can be used to test pleiotropy in large systems of traits with biobank-sized data. Using simulations, we show that the methods implemented in the software are powerful and have adequate type-I error rate control. To demonstrate the use of the methods and software, we present a whole-genome scan in search of loci with pleiotropic effects on seven traits related to metabolic syndrome (MetS) using UK-Biobank data (n~300 K distantly related white European participants). We found abundant pleiotropy and report 170, 44, and 18 genomic regions harboring SNPs with pleiotropic effects in at least two, three, and four of the seven traits, respectively. We validate our results using previous studies documented in the GWAS-catalog and using data from GTEx. Our results confirm previously reported loci and lead to several novel discoveries that link MetS-related traits through plausible biological pathways.
Immunophenotype-associated gene signature in ductal breast tumors varies by receptor subtype, but the expression of individual signature genes remains consistent

Background In silico deconvolution of invasive immune cell infiltration in bulk breast tumors helps characterize immunophenotype, expands treatment options, and influences survival endpoints. In this study, we identify the differential expression (DE) of the LM22 signature to classify immune-rich and -poor breast tumors and evaluate immune infiltration by receptor subtype and lymph node metastasis. Methods Using publicly available data, we applied the CIBERSORT algorithm to estimate immune cells infiltrating the tumor into immune-rich and immune-poor groups. We then tested the association of receptor subtype and nodal status with immune-rich/poor phenotype. We used DE to test individual signature genes and over-representation analysis for related pathways. Results CCL19 and CXCL9 expression differed between rich/poor signature groups regardless of subtype. Overexpression of CHI3L2 and FES was observed in triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) relative to other subtypes in immune-rich tumors. Non-signature genes, LYZ, C1QB, CORO1A, EVI2B, GBP1, PSMB9, and CD52 were consistently overexpressed in immune-rich tumors, and SCUBE2 and GRIA2 were associated with immune-poor tumors. Immune-rich tumors had significant upregulation of genes/pathways while none were identified in immune-poor tumors. Conclusions Overall, the proportion of immune-rich/poor tumors differed by subtype; however, a subset of 10 LM22 genes that marked immune-rich status remained the same across subtype. Non-LM22 genes differentially expressed between the phenotypes suggest that the biologic processes responsible for immune-poor phenotype are not yet well characterized.
An Automata Based Authorship Identification System

This paper uses the learning capability of finite automata to develop an authorship identification system. Based on ALERGIA algorithm, we use writing samples of an author to build a stochastic finite automaton. This automaton represents the writing characteristics of the author. This automaton, then, can be used to test whether an anonymous writing piece belongs to this author. Initial tests are quite successful.
A New Approach to Data Mining for Software Design

We propose Exact Software Design Mining (ESDM) as a new approach to managing large software systems. ESDM is concerned with automatically extracting a program generator capable of exactly reconstru ...
Effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on lipidic organelles of rat gastric surface mucous cells

Abstract Background: We examined the effect of 16,16-di-methyl prostaglandin E 2 (dmPGE 2 ) on the subcellular distribution of phospholipids in rat gastric surface mucous cells (SMCs) using the cytochemical stain, iodo-platinate (IP). Methods: The volume of a number of subcellular organelles and the density of IP reactivity within these organelles was determined by modified vertical section stereology. Results: The volume occupied by most of the subcellular organelles was not affected by dmPGE 2 treatment, with the exception that the volume fraction of two classes of large infranuclear inclusion bodies (LIIB 1 and LIIB 2 , organelles we have previously shown to contain hydrophobic lipids), were significantly expanded by a factor of 3–4-fold. The distribution of IP reactivity among the various subcellular compartments appeared to undergo a shift in response to dmPGE 2 treatment. Once again the major prostanoid effect was seen in the infranuclear inclusion bodies, as the volume density of IP reactivity was increased 2–24-fold in LIIB 1 and 9–10-fold in LIIB 2 in comparison to control values. Conclusion: dmPGE 2 administration to rats induces an increase in the volume and IP reactivity of a family of lipid-containing organelles, which may underlie its ability to increase the hydrophobic surface properties of the stomach.
Global Harmonization of Herbal Health Claims

Over the past decade, herbal medicine has become a topic of increasing global importance, with both medical and economic implications. In developing countries, as much as 80% of the indigenous populations depends on traditional systems of medicine and medicinal plants as their primary source of healthcare. Within the European Community, herbal medicines represent an important share of the pharmaceutical market, with annual sales in the range of US$7 billion. In the United States, the sale of herbal products has skyrocketed from $200 million in 1988 to >$3.3 billion in 1997. Such widespread use of botanicals throughout the world has raised serious questions concerning the quality, safety and efficacy of these products. Thus, accurate scientific assessment of herbal medicine is a prerequisite for global harmonization of herbal health claims. In 1995, as part of its overall global strategy of "Health for All" and due to numerous requests from the member states, the Traditional Medicine Program of the WHO began the extensive task of reviewing the world's scientific literature of commonly used herbal medicines and publishing this information in monographs. The WHO monographs are technical reviews of the quality, safety and efficacy of commonly used herbal medicines and are intended primarily to harmonize the proper use of herbal medicines throughout the world.
Effect of in vivo hyperoxia on the glutathione system in neonatal rat lung

Relative resistance to oxygen toxicity in newborn animals of some species has been associated with a rapid increase in antioxidants in lung tissue homogenate. This study investigated the effect of hyperoxia on the glutathione system antioxidants in lung tissue of neonatal rats exposed to hyperoxia for 15 days. Neonatal rats were exposed to either 100% oxygen or air for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days prior to sacrifice for determination of glutathione and the glutathione system antioxidant enzymes in whole lung homogenate. There were significantly higher levels of total glutathione at 3, 6, and 9 days and of reduced glutathione at 3 and 6 days in oxygen-exposed animals compared to air-exposed controls. These differences were no longer present after 12 or 15 days of exposure to hyperoxia. Glutathione peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase remained higher in lung tissue from oxygen-exposed animals from 6 through 12 days of hyperoxia. The failure to maintain sustained high levels of total glutathione d...
A capacitance technique for studying pressure infiltration

Abstract Monitoring the infiltration front position during the pressure infiltration of metal matrix composites provides information about the progress of infiltration as well as about the flow of liquid metal through the pre-form. A new non-invasive capacitance technique has been developed to observe the position of the infiltration front and is being used to study the low pressure infiltration of ceramic powders with liquid metals. The technique has been tested on a system of approximately 55% dense silicon carbide pre-forms infiltrated with tin. As expected, the technique gives results consistent with the infiltration distance being proportional to the square root of time.
The relationship between attributions and depression varies across attributional dimensions and across samples

Two hypotheses implicit in the use of composite measures of attributions in tests of learned helplessness theory (but not implicit in the theory itself) were tested: the hypotheses that relationships between depression and the three types of attributions are equal in magnitude and are linear. To test these hypotheses, data from three published studies of the reformulated learned helplessness theory (Abramson, Seligman, & Teasdale, 1978) were reanalyzed. The hypothesis that internal, stable, and global attributions are equally related to depression was tested and rejected. Increases in internal attributions were related to depression in one sample; increases in global attributions for negative events were related to depression in two samples; stability attributions for negative events were unrelated to depression. The relationship between attributions and depression was nonlinear in one of the three populations studied. Finally, a third hypothesis was tested: the hypothesis that the relationship between attributions and depression is equal across samples. The hypothesis was rejected: attributions for negative events were more highly related to depression in a psychiatric sample than in normal populations. Implications of these findings for learned helplessness theory and for the use of composite measures of attributional style are discussed.
Hydrogen isotope exchange between n-alkanes and water under hydrothermal conditions

Abstract To investigate the extent of hydrogen isotope (2H and 1H) exchange between hydrocarbons and water under hydrothermal conditions, we performed experiments heating C1–C5 n-alkanes in aqueous solutions of varying initial 2H/1H ratios in the presence of a pyrite–pyrrhotite–magnetite redox buffer at 323 °C and 35–36 MPa. Extensive and reversible incorporation of water-derived hydrogen into C2–C5 n-alkanes was observed on timescales of months. In contrast, comparatively minor exchange was observed for CH4. Isotopic exchange is facilitated by reversible equilibration of n-alkanes and their corresponding n-alkenes with H2 derived from the disproportionation of water. Rates of δ2H variation in C3+ n-alkanes decreased with time, a trend that is consistent with an asymptotic approach to steady state isotopic compositions regulated by alkane–water isotopic equilibrium. Substantially slower δ2H variation was observed for ethane relative to C3–C5 n-alkanes, suggesting that the greater stability of C3+ alkenes and isomerization reactions may dramatically enhance rates of 2H/1H exchange in C3+ n-alkanes. Thus, in reducing aqueous environments, reversible reaction of alkanes and their corresponding alkenes facilitates rapid 2H/1H exchange between water and alkyl-bound hydrogen on relatively short geological timescales at elevated temperatures and pressures. The proximity of some thermogenic and purported abiogenic alkane δ2H values to those predicted for equilibrium 2H/1H fractionation with ambient water suggests that this process may regulate the δ2H signatures of some naturally occurring hydrocarbons.
Effect of molecular weight and concentration of legume condensed tannins on in vitro larval migration inhibition of Haemonchus contortus

The effect of molecular weight of condensed tannins (CT) from a variety of warm-season perennial legumes commonly consumed by sheep and goats on anthelmintic activity has not been previously explored. The objectives of this study were to determine if molecular weight of CT from warm-season perennial legumes could predict the biological activity of CT relative to anthelmintic activity against ivermectin resistant L3 stage Haemonchus contortus (HC) using a larval migration inhibition (LMI) assay. A second objective was to determine if CT from warm-season perennial legumes possess anthelmintic properties against L3 stage (HC). Lespedeza stuevei had the greatest concentration of total condensed tannin (TCT; 11.7%), whereas, with the exception of Arachis glabrata, a CT-free negative control, Leucaena retusa had the least TCT (3.3%). Weight-average molecular weight of CT ranged from 552 Da for L. stuevei to 1483 Da for Lespedeza cuneata. The treatments demonstrating the greatest percent LMI were L. retusa, L. stuevei and Acacia angustissima var. hirta (65.4%, 63.1% and 42.2%, respectively). The ivermectin treatment had the smallest percent LMI (12.5%) against ivermectin resistant L3 HC. There was a weak correlation (R(2)=0.34; P=0.05) between CT MW and percent LMI, suggesting that molecular weight of CT is a weak contributing factor to CT biological activity as it relates to LMI of L3 stage HC. L. stuevei, L. retusa and A. angustissima var. hirta STP5 warrant further evaluation of anthelmintic properties in vivo.
Meta-analysis: the efficacy of strategies to prevent organ disease by cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients.

Two strategies are used to prevent serious cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in solid organ transplant recipients. One is universal prophylaxis with antiviral drugs. The other consists of periodic mo...
Oxidation kinetics of fayalite (Fe2SiO4)

Single crystals of fayalite (Fe2SiO4) have been oxidized either in the hematite or the magnetite stability field to investigate the kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation. For samples heated in air at 770° C, a two-phase region composed of fine-grained iron oxide and silica phases formed as the reaction front moved into the sample, and an iron oxide layer formed external to this two-phase region. The presence of the single-phase oxide layer coating the specimens indicates that oxidation occurs by the migration of iron from the fayalite to the gas-solid interface rather than by the movement of oxygen in the opposite direction. For oxidation in air, the kinetics followed a parabolic growth law, with the rate of oxidation limited by the diffusion of iron from the internal reaction front to the gas-solid interface through the iron oxide. When fayalite was oxidized in the magnetite stability field, using a CO/CO2 gas mixture at 1030° C, oxidation was controlled by the reaction at the gas-solid interface, yielding an oxidation rate considerably slower than that predicted for diffusion-controlled growth of the oxide layer.
Mouth size and predator strategy of midwater fishes

Abstract It has been suggested that bathypelagic fishes should be equipped to eat any large or small food item that they should chance to meet in their relatively impoverished environment. The derived hypothesis that bathypelagic species are trophically generalized was indirectly substantiated in two taxonomic groups of midwater fishes. Bathypelagic members tend to be larger and have larger mouths than their mesopelagic relatives, but still have a well-developed pharyngeal basket for retaining small items. Bathypelagic offshoots of the primarily mesopelagic group of lanternfishes seem to have acquired larger mouths at the presumed metabolic expense of having proportionately larger bodies. The deeper-living members of the primarily lower mesopelagic or bathypelagic family Melamphaidae are further specialized in that they have disproportionately larger mouths with minimum additional body size. This discussed relative to theoretical considerations of foraging strategy and metabolic economy.
Total Cardiopulmonary Support with Disposable Membrane Oxygenator During Aortocoronary Artery-Vein Graft Operations

Fifty-five patients received total cardiopulmonary support with the disposable Lande-Edwards membrane oxygenator during aortocoronary artery-vein graft operations and other complex open heart operations. Two three meter2 membrane oxygenators were linked in parallel to a standard roller pump apparatus. (Three 3 meter2 membranes for patients weighing 80 to 103 kg.) Excellent oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange (2 ml O2/kg/min) occurred during hypothermia of 30°C at flows of 50 ml/kg/min during pump runs of 1 to 6½ hours. Low sonar counts for microemboli were associated with platelet counts up to 200,000 per milliliters; therefore, fewer Mood transfusions were needed. Plasma hemoglobin was below 50 mg percent, and the urine remained yellow except when excessive suctioning occurred. Immediate awakening and ambulation in the hallway within 24 hours, reduced lung complications and permitted earlier hospital discharge than similar patients supported with bubble oxygenator. The absence of direct blood gas interface in membrane oxygenator allows safer prolonged total cardiopulmonary support in our hands than the bubble or disc oxygenator.
Push-up scheduling: Optimal polynomial-time resource constrained scheduling for multi-dimensional applications

Multi-dimensional computing applications, such as image processing and fluid dynamics, usually contain repetitive groups of operations represented by nested loops. The optimization of such loops, considering processing resource constraints, is required to improve their computational time. This study presents a new technique, called push-up scheduling, able to achieve the shortest possible schedule length in polynomial time. Such technique transforms a multi-dimensional data flow graph representing the problem, while assigning the loop operations to a schedule table in such a way to occupy, legally, any empty spot. The algorithm runs in O(n|E|) time, where n is the number of dimensions of the problem, and |E| is the number of edges in the graph.
Perceived crowding in recreation settings: an urban case study.

Abstract Research on crowding in recreation areas has focused primarily on back‐country settings. This study tests some of the axioms developed from this research and from studies conducted in non‐recreation settings using data from a case study in an urban park. The actual number of visitors present was found to be the most important individual predictor of perceived crowding in this setting. Results suggest that more developed parks, in more urban contexts, may elicit different images and expectations about visitor density. The implications of these findings, as they relate both to studies of perceived crowding and the social definition of parks in general, are discussed.
General Relativistic Shock Waves that Extend the Oppenheimer-Snyder Model

In earlier work we constructed a class of spherically symmetric, fluid dynamical shock waves that satisfy the Einstein equations of general relativity. These shock waves extend the celebrated Oppenheimer-Snyder result to the case of non-zero pressure. Our shock waves are determined by a system of ordinary differential equations that describe the matching of a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric (a cosmological model for the expanding universe) to an Oppenheimer-Tolman metric (a model for the interior of a star) across a shock interface. In this paper we derive an alternate version of these ordinary differential equations, which are used to demonstrate that our theory generates a large class of physically meaningful (Lax-admissible) outgoing shock waves that model blast waves in a general relativistic setting. We also obtain formulas for the shock speed and other important quantities that evolve according to the equations. The resulting formulas are important for the numerical simulation of these solutions.
“Buying status” by choosing or rejecting luxury brands and their counterfeits

Even in difficult economic times, many consumers consider the social implications of the goods they select and therefore take into account whether those goods carry a luxury brand label—which for some will be authentic, for some counterfeit. While previous research has investigated influences on the authentic vs. counterfeit choice, this study adds a third possibility: rejecting both types of luxury brands to show that one has better claims to status than “buying the label.” This study tests a model of three alternative brand type choice processes and finds support for the importance of status considerations in the selection or rejection of luxury brands.
Alcohol Consumption, Drinking Patterns, and Alcohol Problems among Managerial versus Non-Managerial Women and Men

In the present study, we examined alcohol consumption and alcohol problems between managerial and nonmanagerial men and women. We also examined alcohol problems as a function of drinking context (i.e., when they drink and with whom they drink) for each of these four groups. Survey data and data from company records were collected from a large sample of blue and white collar employees (n = 2279). Participants completed a detailed questionnaire aimed at assessing many work-related attitudes, general mental and physical health-related perceptions, motivations for alcohol use, alcohol consumption indices, and alcohol problems. We found that several of the demographic variables differentially predicted alcohol consumption and problems for the four groups. In addition, drinking alone and immediately after work were associated with alcohol problems for women managers at a significantly higher rate than for the other groups of employees. These results support the assertion that more complex models are needed to understand the linkages between work and alcohol use.
Determining Water Content at Saturation for Three Common Wind Turbine Gearbox Oils: Mobilgear SHC XMP 320, AMSOIL EP Gear Lube ISO-320 and Castrol Optigear A320

To meet America’s growing energy demand, wind turbines will need to become larger and more cost effective [1]. However, estimates show that the average wind farm energy output is 10 percent less than predicted and that half of this short fall is due to gearbox downtime [2]. Increasing service life of the gearbox begins with monitoring the oil and controlling contamination by both particles and water. When online relative humidity monitoring is not available, oil samples from the gearbox need to be analyzed for quality and remaining service life. Field samples sent to a lab for testing often report water content as parts per million (ppm). Because the gearbox oil should be dried or replaced before the relative humidity reaches 100 percent (saturation limit), a relationship between ppm and the oil’s saturation limit needs to be established. The present research characterizes this relationship using an environmental chamber to simulate operating conditions and Karl Fischer titration to measure the water content. The resulting plots are of water content (ppm) at saturation versus temperature for three common wind turbine gearbox oils: Mobilgear SHC XMP 320, AMSOIL EP Gear Lube ISO-320 and Castrol Optigear A320.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The role of defects in the laser desorption of ions from fused silica at 157 nm

At fluences well below the threshold for plasma formation, we have characterized the direct desorption of atomic ions from fused silica surfaces during 157-nm irradiation by time-resolved mass spectroscopy. The principal ions are Si+ and O+. The emission intensities are dramatically increased by treatments that increase the density of surface defects. Molecular dynamics simulations of the silica surface suggest that silicon ions bound at surface oxygen vacancies (analogous to E' centers) provide suitable configurations for the emission of Si+. We propose that emission is best understood in terms of a hybrid mechanism involving both antibonding chemical forces (Menzel- Gomer-Redhead model) and repulsive electrostatic forces on the adsorbed ion after laser excitation of the underlying defect.© (2007) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Molecular cloning of the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid for human thyroid peroxidase.

Five overlapping cDNA clones representing the entire mRNA for human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) have been isolated from a human Graves' thyroid cDNA library. The cDNA sequence has been determined. Human TPO cDNA contains 3060 bases from the start of transcription to the beginning of the poly (A)tail at the 3′-end. The derived amino acid sequence of human TPO consists of 933 amino acids with amol wt of 102,937. The derived amino acid sequence contains five potential glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr), a probable transmembrane signal peptide sequence at the amino terminus, and a hydrophobicputative membrane-spanning region beginning 85 amino acid residues from the carboxyl terminal end. Comparison of the human TPO amino acid sequence to that of pig TPO shows strong homology extending from the amino terminus to within 44 amino acid residues of the carboxyl-terminus.
Alternative perspectives on “quasi-crystallinity”: Non-uniformity and nanocomposites

Abstract This note makes two points: First, the discovery of “icosahedral symmetry” in metal alloy films while interesting is hardly unexpected for those familiar with the literature. There is an extensive literature 20–25 years old on crystals with icosahedral morphology, whose anomalous diffraction data has been the subject of some controversy in interpretation during that time. Local icosahedral packing is known in many materials specifically including the compositions first reported as quasi-crystals. Second, the reports so far fail to establish that the quasi-periodic materials are single-phase crystals in the usual gibbsian understanding of that term. It is our contention that the quasi-periodic materials — in common with the vast majority of non-crystalline and poorly crystalline solids — are not uniform with respect to composition and/ or structure on a nanometer scale. Such materials are more appropriately described by the generic term “nanocomposites”. Nanocomposites are solids containing two (or more) nm size “regions” (they may or may not strictly qualify as gibbsian phases) which differ in composition and/or structure. While the more general significance of nanocomposites is that the two regions may even be radically different. Thus, what has been claimed to be a “quasi-crystalline” (single) phase may in fact be an intimate mixture of crystalline and non-crystalline regions on a nanometer scale.