cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Darbepoetin alfa: An Effective Treatment with Flexible and Simplified Dosing for Anemia in Patients with Cancer

Anemia is common in patients with cancer or myelodysplastic syndrome. Erythropoietic therapy offers an effective way to manage anemia by increasing hemoglobin levels, decreasing transfusion requirements, and alleviating symptoms. We reviewed data showing the feasibility and effectiveness of treatment with the erythropoiesis-stimulating protein darbepoetin alfa at extended dosing intervals to treat anemia in patients with cancer receiving multicycle chemotherapy. We also explored the darbepoetin alfa's potential for treating anemia in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Data from clinical studies and drug therapy evaluations confirm that darbepoetin alfa administered weekly, every 2 weeks, and every 3 weeks corrects and maintains hemoglobin levels in patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia. In addition, the data demonstrate that both weight-based and fixed dosing with darbepoetin alfa are effective, and that early intervention to treat anemia has clinical benefits. Darbepoetin alfa also is an effective treatment for anemia in patients with cancer not receiving chemotherapy, at extended dosing intervals of at least 3 weeks. Extended dosing for anemia treatment can provide benefits for patients, caregivers, and clinicians because it reduces the number of clinic visits needed and permits synchronizing anemia treatment with chemotherapy cycles. Data from recent studies suggest that darbepoetin alfa is effective for treating anemia in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome; this potential use is being investigated further in ongoing studies. Thus, darbepoetin alfa is an attractive therapy option for patients with chemotherapy or cancer-induced anemia. It allows increased flexibility and simplified dosing and may offer some benefit in the treatment of anemia in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome.
Reversible inactivation and reactivation of thymidylate synthetase.

Abstract The reversible inactivation and reactivation of E. coli thymidylate synthetase has been studied in a number of ways. The enzyme was rapidly inactivated at 0 °0 in the presence of 7 m urea. Maximal reactivation occurred when dithiothreitol was present at a concentration of 10 m m during inactivation and reactivation. Mercaptocthanol at 0.1 m was also found to be an effective thiol. The kinetics of reactivation were studied after dilution of the ureatreated enzyme and incubation either at 0 °0 or at room temperature. The reversible inactivation based on kinetic studies can be described as a denaturation process leading to unfolding and refolding of a polypeptide chain. Disruption into subunits and reassembly appears to be an unlikely possibility under the conditions used in the present study. It was possible to carry out gel filtration of the inactivated enzyme with Sephadex G-100 equilibrated with 5 m uread and to restore activity upon dilution of column fractions. These experiments also supported the concept that a reversible conformational transition had occurred. Further studies using the methods of optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichoism seem most appropriate.
Are causes of belief reasons for belief? Silver on evil, religious experience, and theism

David Silver has argued that there is an illegitimate circularity in Plantinga's account of how a Christian theist can defend herself against the potential defeater presented by Paul Draper's formulation of the problem of evil. The way out of the circle for the theist, thinks Silver, would be by adopting a kind of evidentialism: she needs to make an appeal to evidence that is independent of the reasons she has for holding theistic belief in the first place. I shall argue that Silver's argument is unsuccessful, mainly because he does not get Plantinga's thought right. Silver's confusion is in taking causes of belief as reasons for belief, and in failing to account for the impact of belief holism and our web of beliefs on the very hope for independent reasons.
Application Of Synchrotron Radiation To X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis Of Trace Elements

The development of synchrotron radiation x-ray sources has provided the means to greatly extend the capabilities of x-ray fluorescence analysis for determinations of trace element concentrations. A brief description of synchrotron radiation properties provides a background for a discussion of the improved detection limits compared to existing x-ray fluorescence techniques. Calculated detection limits for x-ray microprobes with micrometer spatial resolutions are described and compared with experimental results beginning to appear from a number of laboratories. The current activities and future plans for a dedicated x-ray microprobe beam line at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) of Brookhaven National Laboratory are presented.
Does the personal lift-assist device affect the local dynamic stability of the spine during lifting?

Abstract The personal lift-assist device (PLAD) is an on-body ergonomic aid that reduces low back physical demands through the restorative moment of an external spring element, which possesses a mechanical advantage over the erector spinae. Although the PLAD has proven effective at reducing low back muscular demand, spinal moments, and localized muscular fatigue during laboratory and industrial tasks, the effects of the device on the neuromuscular control of spinal stability during lifting have yet to be assessed. Thirty healthy subjects (15M, 15F) performed repetitive lifting for three minutes, at a rate of 10 lifts per minute, with and without the PLAD. Maximum finite-time Lyapunov exponents, representing short-term (λmax-s) and long-term (λmax-l) divergence were calculated from the measured trunk kinematics to estimate the local dynamic stability of the lumbar spine. Using a mixed-design repeated-measures ANOVA, it was determined that wearing the PLAD did not significantly change λmax-s (μNP=0.335, μP=0.321, p=0.225), but did significantly reduce λmax-l (μNP=0.0024, μP=−0.0011, p=0.014, η2=0.197). There were no between-subject effects of sex, or significant interactions (p>0.720). The present results indicated that λmax-s was not statistically different between the device conditions, but that the PLAD significantly reduced λmax-l to a negative (stable) value. This shows that subjects’ neuromuscular systems were able to respond to local perturbations more effectively when wearing the device, reflecting a more stable control of spinal movements. These findings are important when recommending the PLAD for long-term industrial or clinical use.
Sex pheromone mediated behavior of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella.

The female navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), produces a sex pheromone that elicits both sexual excitation and upwind flight of males in laboratory bioassays. Quantitative bioassays were developed that employed either orientation (upwind movement) or activation (locomotion, wing-fluttering, clasper extension) as response criteria. Pheromone was released by females only during the last ⅓ of a 10-h scotophase, a time that coincided with maximal male pheromone responsiveness and mating. There were no significant differences between 1-, 2-, 3-, or 4-day-old unmated females in either the percentage of females calling or in the quantity of pheromone present in the superficial rinses of of excised abdominal tips during the 8th–10th h of the scotophase. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in pheromone responsiveness in 2- to 3-, or 4-day-old unmated males. Mating resulted in >90% reduction in female calling and at least a 10-fold decrease in the quantity of extractable pheromone. The activation and orientation responses of laboratory males did not differ significantly when pheromone extracts were prepared from either laboratory-reared or feral (collected as last-instar larvae) females.
Long-term stimulant treatment affects brain dopamine transporter level in patients with attention deficit hyperactive disorder.

Objective: Brain dopamine dysfunction in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) could explain why stimulant medications, which increase dopamine signaling, are therapeutically beneficial. However while the acute increases in dopamine induced by stimulant medications have been associated with symptom improvement in ADHD the chronic effects have not been investigated. Method: We used positron emission tomography and [ 11 C]cocaine (dopamine transporter radioligand) to measure dopamine transporter availability in the brains of 18 never-medicated adult ADHD subjects prior to and after 12 months of treatment with methylphenidate and in 11 controls who were also scanned twice at 12 months interval but without stimulant medication. Dopamine transporter availability was quantified as non-displaceable binding potential using a kinetic model for reversible ligands. Results: Twelve months of methylphenidate treatment increased striatal dopamine transporter availability in ADHD (caudate, putamen and ventral striatum: +24%, p,0.01); whereas there were no changes in control subjects retested at 12month interval. Comparisons between controls and ADHD participants revealed no significant difference in dopamine transporter availability prior to treatment but showed higher dopamine transporter availability in ADHD participants than control after long-term treatment (caudate: p,0.007; putamen: p,0.005). Conclusion: Upregulation of dopamine transporter availability during long-term treatment with methylphenidate may decrease treatment efficacy and exacerbate symptoms while not under the effects of the medication. Our findings also suggest that the discrepancies in the literature regarding dopamine transporter availability in ADHD participants (some studies reporting increases, other no changes and other decreases) may reflect, in part, differences in treatment histories. Citation: Wang G-J, Volkow ND, Wigal T, Kollins SH, Newcorn JH, et al. (2013) Long-Term Stimulant Treatment Affects Brain Dopamine Transporter Level in
The effect of morphine on fear extinction in rats

Rats were trained on an appetitive discretetrial discriminated-punishment task in which they learned to suppress responding when an intense flashing light predicting punishment was present and to respond rapidly on trials when the flashing light was absent. Once animals were performing discriminatively, 0.75, 3.0, or 6.0 mg/kg of morphine (base) was administered and a fear extinction session consisting of 60 nonshocked presentations of the flashing light was given. Two saline control groups, one that received fear extinction and one that did not, were also included in the experiment. On the day following fear extinction, all rats were tested in the undrugged state on the discriminated punishment problem, but without shock. The rats receiving 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg of morphine before the fear extinction session were suppressed by the flashing light more than the saline extinction group or the 0.75 mg/kg morphine treatment group. Moreover, the two higher dose morphine groups were suppressed as readily as the saline group that received no fear extinction. These results are attributed to the antiemotionality effects of morphine.
A variable step incremental procedure

Description of a variable step incremental procedure for the solution of nonlinear equations in finite element structural analysis. The proposed procedure is effective in improving the accuracy of the basic incremental technique and in providing, in addition, an accurate estimate of the discretization error. The proposed approach is highly appropriate for solving problems for which the user has no a priori estimate of the step size to use.
Selective inhibitory interactions of alkoxymethylenedioxybenzenes towards mono-oxygenase activity in rat-hepatic microsomes.

1. A series of eight 4-n-alkoxymethylenedioxybenzene (AMDB) derivatives were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on several mono-oxygenase reactions and their capacity to form metabolite complexes with cytochrome P-450 in vitro in hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital (PB)-and β-naphthoflavone (βNF)-induced rats.2. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase in βNF-induced microsomes and aminopyrine N-demethylase in PB-induced microsomes were most susceptible to inhibition by the test compounds. In contrast, aldrin epoxidation and arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase in PB- and βNF-induced microsomes, respectively, were not inhibited by derivatives of AMDB.3. All AMDB derivatives elicited spectral complexes with cytochrome P-450, the characteristics of which were influenced by the microsomes employed and by the length of the AMDB alkoxy side-chain. Derivatives containing short-chain alkoxy substituents (C1 to C3) formed unstable metabolite complexes and generated substantial quantities of carbon monoxide (CO), those with inte...
Modification of the solar wind electron velocity distribution at interplanetary shocks

[1] We analyze a small selection of interplanetary shocks of moderate strength, observed by instruments aboard the Wind spacecraft. We find electron signatures of heating and acceleration that are similar to those found at Earth's high Mach number bow shock. Upstream, velocity distributions have the signature of shock-accelerated electrons with the characteristic time of flight velocity cutoff with bump-on-tail reduced distributions observed in coincidence with Langmuir waves. Downstream, the distributions broaden with the stronger shocks showing flat-topped distributions and accompanying beams, such as are seen on the high entropy side of Earth's bow shock. We apply the Liouville mapping analysis of Hull et al. [1998, 2001] to one of the interplanetary shocks and compute the deHoffman-Teller electrostatic potential across the shock using the electron moments to map the observed upstream distribution to the downstream region. The mapping successfully reproduces the inflated phase density and beam signatures of the observed downstream electron velocity distribution.
Weavability Limit of Yarns with Thickness Variation in Shuttleless Weaving: The Single Filling Yarn Feeder Case

Recent developments have allowed air-jet weaving machines to handle filling yams with thickness variations, thus joining the solid shuttleless weaving systems in producing fabrics from novelty fill...
On the choice of auxiliary linear operator in the optimal homotopy analysis of the Cahn-Hilliard initial value problem

Analytical solutions for the Cahn-Hilliard initial value problem are obtained through an application of the homotopy analysis method. While there exist numerical results in the literature for the Cahn-Hilliard equation, a nonlinear partial differential equation, the present results are completely analytical. In order to obtain accurate approximate analytical solutions, we consider multiple auxiliary linear operators, in order to find the best operator which permits accuracy after relatively few terms are calculated. We also select the convergence control parameter optimally, through the construction of an optimal control problem for the minimization of the accumulated L 2-norm of the residual errors. In this way, we obtain optimal homotopy analysis solutions for this complicated nonlinear initial value problem. A variety of initial conditions are selected, in order to fully demonstrate the range of solutions possible.
Longevity of Websites and Interactive Advertising Communication

ABSTRACTThis study traces survival of advertising-related Web sites for a five-year period from 1997-2002. Client organizations had the best survival rate, about 70%, while less than 50% of advertising agency sites survived. Frequency of mentions in the advertising trade press was not related to site survival, but Web sites with shorter addresses were more likely to survive. This study also reports on a longitudinal analysis of health-related Web sites. Managers of surviving sites reported that resources were a critical factor for survival. Managers of failed sites often blamed the site’s demise on external factors. A major implication for advertisers is one manager’s observation that technology itself is less important than the ability to adapt to the changes it brings.
GENOMIC EXCLUSION IN TETRAHYMENA: GENETIC BASIS.

SYNOPSIS. Genomic exclusion is an aberration that occurs during conjugation in variety 1 of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Instead of containing markers from both parents, the outcross pairs are either homozygcus for all the genes of one parent (unilateral genomic exclusion) ; or, some of the pairs are homozygous for the genes of one parent and other pairs are homazygous for the genes of the other parent (bilateral genomic exclusion). This phenomenon was first demonstrated in the C strain: some stocks evoke unilateral genomic exclusion; others, bilateral genomic exclusion. C*, inbred for 5 generations, was used to explore this phenomenon in some detail since unilateral genomic exclusion of C genes occurs in almost all pairs in outcrosses of C*. In a mating of C*, both exconjugants are recovered, both are dipioid and similar in
OMVPE of GaN and AIN films by metal alkyls and hydrazine

Thin films of GaN have been grown on A12O3, Si and GaAs using trimethylgallium and hydrazine (N2H4) in N2 at atmospheric pressure. Growth proceeded by the formation of a room temperature adduct which decomposed to form GaN in the temperature range 425–960°C. Growth coefficients were about 3 μm/mmol (of TMG) for growth temperatures above 650°C. The films grown below 600°C were yellow and polycrystalline on all substrates. Hall mobilities as large as 50 cm2/V·s (n = 1×1020 cm−3) were obtained for films grown at 900°C with VIII = 20. The mobilities were about 1 cm2/V·s (n = 6×1019 cm−3) below 650°C. The impurities in the films were O (≈ 2%) and C (<1%) for all growth temperatures. Estimates were made for the room temperature LO and TO phonons of 92 and 67 meV respectively. UV transmission data and the photoresponse of the films show an impurity band about 2.5 ev below the conduction band, probably due to O related defects. A1N was also deposited via the decomposition of an adduct formed by the room temperature reaction between trimethylaluminium and N2H4. Films deposited at 575 and 785°C had a rough surface morphology.
Human Security and Global Health

The authors consider the ways in which the concept of human security expands understanding of the links between health and human development. After discussing the emergence of the concept of human security, they examine the ways in which human security is linked to global health, particularly as regards violence and conflict, global infectious diseases, and poverty and inequality. The authors then draw out the implications for policy-making.
Time-critical neurological emergencies: the unfulfilled role for point-of-care testing

Neurological emergencies are common and frequently devastating. Every year, millions of Americans suffer an acute stroke, severe traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, status epilepticus, or spinal cord injury severe enough to require medical intervention. Full evaluation of the diseases in the acute setting often requires advanced diagnostics, and treatment frequently necessitates transfer to specialized centers. Delays in diagnosis and/or treatment may result in worsened outcomes; therefore, optimization of diagnostics is critical. Point-of-care (POC) testing brings advanced diagnostics to the patient’s bedside in an effort to assist medical providers with real-time decisions based on real-time information. POC testing is usually associated with blood tests (blood glucose, troponin, etc.), but can involve imaging, medical devices, or adapting existing technologies for use outside of the hospital. Noticeably missing from the list of current point-of-care technologies are real-time bedside capabilities that address neurological emergencies. Unfortunately, the lack of these technologies may result in delayed identification of patients of these devastating conditions and contribute to less aggressive therapies than is seen with other disease processes. Development of time-dependent technologies appropriate for use with the neurologically ill patient are needed to improve therapies and outcomes. POC-CENT is designed to support the development of novel ideas focused on improving diagnostic or prognostic capabilities for acute neurological emergencies. Eligible examples include biomarkers of traumatic brain injury, non-invasive measurements of intracranial pressure or cerebral vasospasm, and improved detection of pathological bacteria in suspected meningitis.
Longitudinal transition outcomes of youth with emotional disturbances.

Objective Two perspectives are offered on the transition outcomes of youth with emotional disturbances (ED) using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study (NLTS) and the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2). The first perspective compares two cohorts of youth ages 18-21 who were out of high school up to 4 years in 1990 and 2005 on their rates of high school completion, postsecondary education enrollment, employment, independent living, and criminal justice system involvement. The second perspective provides similar information from the final wave of NLTS2 data collection (2009), when young adults were ages 21-25. Methods Using nationally representative interview and survey data, descriptive statistics are provided for outcomes at each time point. Results Significant increases over time are apparent in rates of high school completion, postsecondary education, and arrest, and there was a significant decline in employment. Analyses of young adults with ED in 2009 show that 82.5 percent had completed high school, and 53 percent had had some postsecondary education. Although 91.2 percent had been employed at some time since high school, 49.6 percent were employed when interviewed; 63.1 percent had lived independently, 60.5 percent had been arrested, and 44.2 percent had been on probation or parole. Conclusions and implications for practice Youth with emotional disturbances trail the general population in positive transition outcomes, and high rates of criminal justice system involvement suggest more effort is needed, including early intervening with response to intervention (RtI) strategies and self-determination training, to help these young adults succeed after high school.
Perceived distance and the perceived speed of self-motion: Linear vs. angular velocity?

Experiments are reported in which it was found that, with the angular speed of a visual surround held constant, the perceived speed of rotary self-motion increased linearly with increasing perceived distance of this surround. This finding was in agreement with a motion constancy equation derived from a consideration of object-referred motion perception. Since information concerning distance is necessary for the perception of linear but not angular speed, this finding supports the conclusion that visually perceived rotary self-motion perception is dependent upon perceived linear surround motion at least in the horizontal plane. The visual motion constancy mechanism which operates for object-referred motion can apparently not be switched off for the special case of self-motion perception.
Core energy and Peierls stress of a screw dislocation in bcc molybdenum: A periodic-cell tight-binding study

Using a formulation based on anisotropic elasticity we determine the core energy and Peierls stress of the a0 /2 f111g screw dislocation in bcc molybdenum at T= 0. We show that a proper definition of the core energy necessarily involves choosing a reference direction aand a reference radius r0 in order to describe dislocation dipole rotation and dilatation respectively in the asymptotic expansion of the total energy. The core energy is extracted from atomistic calculations for supercells containing a single dislocation dipole with periodic bound- ary conditions in a manner that treats fully consistently the effects of image interactions, such that the core energy extracted is invariant with respect to the supercell size and shape, image-sum aspect ratio, and dislo- cation dipole distance and orientation. Using an environment-dependent tight-binding model we obtain 0.371 eV/A ata ˆ= k112 ¯ l and r0 = b and 3.8 GPa for the energy of a core with zero polarity and Peierls stress for simple shear in s1 ¯ 10dk111l, respectively, to be compared to 0.300 eV/ A and 2.4 GPa obtained using an empirical many-body potential for a polarized core. Our results suggest that the large Peierls stress of screw dislocation in Mo is due to the transition from nonplanar to planar core, rather than a direct effect of the equilibrium core polarity.
Utility of Diagnosing Various Histological Patterns of Diffuse Chronic Hypoxic Placental Injury

To examine the clinicopathologic correlations of three histological patterns of diffuse chronic hypoxic placental injury (preuterine [PR], uterine [UH], and postuterine [PU]), a retrospective statistical analysis of a large 14-year placental database was performed. Of 5097 placentas between 20 and 43 weeks of gestation examined consecutively, 4413 did not feature histological chronic placental hypoxia, while 684 did. In the latter, maternal hypertensive disorders, diabetes mellitus, abnormal cardiotocography and Dopplers, cesarean sections, inductions of labor, and fetal growth restriction, as well as other placental hypoxic lesions and decidual arteriolopathy, were statistically significantly more common than in the remaining placental material. Two hundred eighty-nine PR cases featured the most advanced gestational age and meconium staining; 237 UH cases featured severe preeclampsia, decidual arteriolopathy, villous infarction, membrane laminar necrosis, microscopic chorionic pseudocysts, excessive extravillous trophoblasts, and maternal floor multinucleate trophoblastic giant cells; and 158 PU cases featured the lowest placental weight and the highest prevalence of abnormal Dopplers, umbilical cord compromise, fetal growth restriction, cesarean section rate, and complicated 3rd stage of labor. The specificity of chronic hypoxic patterns of placental injury was much higher than the sensitivity, with the highest specificity for an excessive amount of extravillous trophoblasts. Diagnosing various hypoxic patterns of placental injury by histology may help to clarify the etiopathogenesis of a significant proportion of complications of pregnancy and abnormal fetal or neonatal outcomes. The patterns should help to retrospectively diagnose placental hypoxia, even in clinically unsuspected cases.
A Fanonian Perspective on Double Consciousness

This study examines the historical parallel between the intellectual work of W.E.B. Du Bois and Frantz Fanon. In 1903, Du Bois coined a term called “double consciousness” to explain the thought pro...
Register as a variable in prosodic analysis: the case of the English negative

The next generation of text-to-speech systems will have to be more sensitive to sociolinguistic ‘style’ variables. In order to assist in the adaptation of synthesis to a wider range of contexts, this article examines several sociolinguistic parameters which have been shown to influence the realization of negatives in actual discourse, analyzing their effects on the realization of negatives in English prose readings. Consistent with the results found in an earlier study, the analysis shows that pitch prominence on negatives is not common in read prose passages, and is even less common in read dialogue. Informational content (and consequently pitch prominence on negatives) is more important in prose addressed to children than in narrative reading for adults, while the more formal the prose for adults, the less likely prominence is to occur. The results show a surprising absence of conformity with ‘theoretical’ linguistic expectations, highlighting the necessity for consideration of register as an important variable for speech synthesis.
A coherent graph-based semantic clustering and summarization approach for biomedical literature and a new summarization evaluation method

Background A huge amount of biomedical textual information has been produced and collected in MEDLINE for decades. In order to easily utilize biomedical information in the free text, document clustering and text summarization together are used as a solution for text information overload problem. In this paper, we introduce a coherent graph-based semantic clustering and summarization approach for biomedical literature.
High precision microsampling and preparation of zoned garnet porphyroblasts for Sm–Nd geochronology

Abstract Zoned garnet porphyroblasts contain one of the longest continuous records of tectonic processes, with growth histories spanning many millions of years. Well known challenges exist in the physical preparation, purification, and geochronologic analysis of zoned garnets, which have limited the progress and application of this potentially powerful geochronologic tool. Here, we present details of an integrated methodology specifically for the acquisition of high-resolution Sm–Nd geochronologic records from zoned garnets that overcome these challenges. We develop and demonstrate our methods on large test garnets from a shear zone in the Tauern Window in western Austria. Chemically contoured microdrilling permits physical sampling of many discrete age annuli (each as narrow as ~100 μm) within a single garnet. Refined HNO 3 /HF/HClO 4 partial dissolution methods cleanse coarse crushed (75–150 μm size) garnet annuli of detrimental inclusions yielding high 147 Sm/ 144 Nd ratios (0.9 to 4.6) and consequently accurate and precise ages. Experiments on powdered garnet ( 147 Sm/ 144 Nd ( 143 Nd/ 144 Nd with 10–20 ppm (2 RSD) precision, good enough for 147 Sm/ 144 Nd > ~ 1.0. In total, this integrated sampling and analytical protocol permits the acquisition of 3–11 discrete high precision (
Nested codes for secure transmission

This paper investigates the problem of ensuring secure communication through error-correcting coding methods. A practical structured secure coding design is considered for a general wiretap channel, in which the main channel and the eavesdropper channel are binary-input symmetric-output memoryless (BISOM) channels. The proposed secure error-correcting code has a nested code structure. The nesting is based on cosets of a capacity-achieving sequence for binary erasure channels (BECs). The corresponding achievable secrecy rate is derived based on an erasure decomposition for the eavesdropper channel and an Bhattacharyya-equivalent channel construction for the main channel. Those two techniques allow a ldquodegradedrdquo erasure wiretap channel to be built and, hence, significantly simplify the practical coding design for secure transmission.
A chromatin-bound kinase, ERK8, protects genomic integrity by inhibiting HDM2-mediated degradation of the DNA clamp PCNA.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) acts as a scaffold, coordinator, and stimulator of numerous processes required for faithful transmission of genetic information. Maintaining PCNA levels above a critical threshold is essential, but little is known about PCNA protein turnover. We now show that ERK8 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 8) is required for PCNA protein stability. ERK8 contains a conserved PCNA-interacting protein (PIP) box. Chromatin-bound ERK8 (ERK8CHROMATIN) interacts via this motif with PCNACHROMATIN, which acts as a platform for numerous proteins involved in DNA metabolism. Silencing ERK8 decreases PCNA levels and increases DNA damage. Ectopic expression of PCNA blocks DNA damage induced by ERK8 loss. ERK8 prevents HDM2-mediated PCNA destruction by inhibiting the association of PCNA with HDM2. This regulation is physiologically relevant as ERK8 activity is inhibited in transformed mammary cells. Our results reveal an unanticipated mechanism to control PCNA levels in normal cycling mammary epithelial cells and implicate ERK8 in the regulation of genomic stability.
Women’s Multiple Role Stress: Testing Neuman’s Flexible Line of Defense:

Women who are both mothers and students are at high risk for experiencing multiple role stress. In this exploratory study guided by Neuman's conceptual model, the conditions under which role stress develops in these women were examined. Specifically, the moderating capabilities of the psychological and sociocultural variables in the flexible line of defense, psychological role involvement and perceived social support, were investigated. It was found that these two variables interacted to explain role stress only in the presence of the developmental variable, maternal age. Recommendations concerning conceptual and empirical specification of Neuman's model are presented.
The Boundaries of Attention Deficit Disorder

This report examines distinctions and interrelationships among attention deficit disorder (ADD) and two closely related conditions: learning disability (LD) and oppositional/conduct (O/C) disorder. To evaluate our hypothesis that some of the difficulty in resolving the relationship between ADD and, particularly, O/C may reflect the consequences of selective referral patterns, we studied groups of children diagnosed as ADD from different referral sources. Results suggest that referral bias does exist and that children referred to mental health settings differ from those referred to pediatricians, child neurologists, or psychologists. Because of the nature of the subjects referred to mental health services, nonrepresentative associations may emerge. Rather than being considered as prototypical of all children with attention disorder, children referred to mental health facilities may represent simply an extreme of the continuum of ADD. Evidence suggests that many children with ADD will be represented by thos...
DICAS: Detection, Diagnosis and Isolation of Control Attacks in Sensor Networks

Sensor networks enable a wide range of applications in both military and civilian domains. However, the deployment scenarios, the functionality requirements, and the limited capabilities of these networks expose them to a wide-range of attacks against control traffic (such as wormholes, Sybil attacks, rushing attacks, etc). In this paper we propose a lightweight protocol called DICAS that mitigates these attacks by detecting, diagnosing, and isolating the malicious nodes. DICAS uses as a fundamental building block the ability of a node to oversee its neighboring nodes communication. On top of DICAS, we build a secure routing protocol, LSR, which in addition supports multiple node-disjoint paths. We analyze the security guarantees of DICAS and use ns-2 simulations to show its effectiveness against three representative attacks. Overhead analysis is conducted to prove the lightweight nature of DICAS.
A homozygous SLITRK6 nonsense mutation is associated with progressive auditory neuropathy in humans.

Objectives/Hypothesis SLITRK family proteins control neurite outgrowth and regulate synaptic development. In mice, Slitrk6 plays a role in the survival and innervation of sensory neurons in the inner ear, vestibular apparatus, and retina, and also influences axial eye length. We provide the first detailed description of the auditory phenotype in humans with recessive SLITRK6 deficiency. Study Design Prospective observational case study. Methods Nine closely related Amish subjects from an endogamous Amish community of Pennsylvania underwent audiologic and vestibular testing. Single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays were used to map the chromosome locus, and Sanger sequencing or high-resolution melt analysis were used to confirm the allelic variant. Results All nine subjects were homozygous for a novel nonsense variant of SLITRK6 (c.1240C>T, p.Gln414Ter). Adult patients had high myopia. The 4 oldest SLITRK6 c.1240C>T homozygotes had absent ipsilateral middle ear muscle reflexes (MEMRs). Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were absent in all ears tested and the cochlear microphonic (CM) was increased in amplitude and duration in young patients and absent in the two oldest subjects. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were dys-synchronised bilaterally with no reproducible waves I, III, or V at high intensities. Hearing loss and speech reception thresholds deteriorated symmetrically with age, which resulted in severe-to-profound hearing impairment by early adulthood. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were normal in three ears and absent in one. Conclusion Homozygous SLITRK6 c.1240C>T (p.Gln414Ter) nonsense mutations are associated with high myopia, cochlear dysfunction attributed to outer hair cell disease, and progressive auditory neuropathy. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 124:E95–E103, 2014
Full spectrum of malformations in velo-cardio-facial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome mouse models by altering Tbx1 dosage

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome (VCFS/DGS) is associated with de novo hemizygous 22q11.2 deletions and is characterized by malformations attributed to abnormal development of the pharyngeal arches and pouches. The main physical findings include aortic arch and outflow tract heart defects, thymus gland hypoplasia or aplasia and craniofacial anomalies. The disorder varies greatly in expressivity; while some patients are mildly affected with learning disabilities and subtle craniofacial malformations, others die soon after birth with major cardiovascular defects and thymus gland aplasia. In addition to the main clinical features, many other findings are associated with the disorder such as chronic otitis media and hypocalcemia. Tbx1, a gene encoding a T-box transcription factor, which is hemizygously deleted on chromosome 22q11.2, was found to be a strong candidate for the equivalent of human VCFS/DGS in mice. Mice hemizygous for a null allele of Tbx1 had mild malformations, while homozygotes had severe malformations in the affected structures; neither precisely modeling the syndrome. Interestingly, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice overexpressing human TBX1 and three other transgenes, had similar malformations as VCFS/DGS patients. By employing genetic complementation studies, we demonstrate that altered TBX1 dosage and not overexpression of the other transgenes is responsible for most of the defects in the BAC transgenic mice. Furthermore, the full spectrum of VCFS/DGS malformations was elicited in a Tbx1 dose dependent manner, thus providing a molecular basis for the pathogenesis and varied expressivity of the syndrome.
The Structure and Variability of the Marine Atmosphere around the Santa Barbara Channel

The Santa Barbara Channel is a region characterized by coupled interaction between the lower-level atmosphere, the underlying ocean, and the elevated topography of the coastline. The nature of these interactions and the resulting weather patterns vary between summer and winter. During summer, synoptic winds are largely controlled by the combined effect of the North Pacific anticyclone and the thermal low located over the southwestern United States, resulting in persistent northwesterly winds. A well-defined marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) with properties distinct from the free atmosphere above is a conspicuous feature during the summer. The wind has different characteristics in each of three zones. Maximum winds occur in the area extending south and east from Pt. Conception (zone 1), where they initially increase as they turn to follow the coast, then decrease farther east. Winds are usually weak in zone 2, located in the easternmost part of the channel, offshore from the Oxnard plain. Winds are also weak in zone 3, sometimes reversing to easterly at night, in a narrow band located along the mainland coast. Summer air temperature at the surface follows the SST closely and varies significantly with location. Summer sea level pressure gradients are large, with the lowest pressure occurring on the northeast end of the Santa Barbara Channel. Diurnal variations are strongest in summer, although the modulation is weakest in zone 1. The diurnal variation is parallel to the coast in all of zone 3 but the Oxnard plain, where it is perpendicular to the coast. The height of the marine layer varies between 300 m in late afternoon and 350 m in late morning. In winter, synoptic conditions are driven by traveling cyclones and sometimes accompanied by fronts. These are usually preceded by strong southeast winds and followed by strong northwest winds. Atmospheric parameters are distributed more uniformly than in summer, and diurnal variations are greatly reduced. Sea level air temperature and pressure are more spatially uniform than in the summer. Spatial variations in the observed fields in the summer are consistent with a hydraulic model of the MABL as a transcritical expansion fan. The summertime situation is governed by a coupled interaction between the atmosphere and the underlying water. The ocean influences the density of the MABL to the extent that it behaves distinctly from the free atmosphere above, resulting in strong winds polarized in the direction parallel to the coast. In turn, these winds provoke an upwelling response in the coastal ocean, which in part determines the surface properties of the water.
Stepparents' Affinity-Seeking and Affinity-Maintaining Strategies With Stepchildren

The purposes of this study were to examine the strategies that stepparents use to develop and maintain affinity with stepchildren and the effects that these strategies have on the development of stepparent-stepchild relationships. Data were collected via interviews with members of 17 stepfamilies in which there was at least one stepchild between the ages of 10 and 19 living in the household. Stepparent-stepchild relationships are characterized by liking and affection when stepparents focus on developing friendships with stepchildren and when they continue those efforts after they begin sharing a residence together. We identified 31 affinity-seeking strategies. Dyadic activities worked best, but it is important that stepchildren recognize affinity-seeking attempts. The success of affinity-seeking and affinity-maintaining strategies are contingent on the interpersonal and intrapersonal contexts within which they occur. In the stepfamilies in which step-relationships were poor, there was competition from the...
250 GHz cold tests for the LLNL CARM experiment

A cyclotron autoresonant maser (CARM) experiment has been designed and built for operation at 250 GHz, in conjunction with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ARC induction linac. Beam parameters were 2 MeV, 1 kA, and 30 ns. The RF structures tested consisted of 7 mm-diameter 9-18 cm-long Bragg sections. These sections were electroformed, with 50-90 mu m-deep, sinusoidal ripples spaced at half-wavelength intervals. A shallow ripple depth is essential in separating the desired TE/sub 11/ resonance from neighboring resonances that are excited by mode conversion. The authors present code results and validating cold test data that illustrate the sensitivity of mode separation to ripple depth. They also present design calculations and calibration data at 250 GHz for a 2 m-long, microwave diffraction tank. >
Architecture-aware Algorithms and Software for Peta and Exascale Computing

Summary form only given. In this talk we examine how high performance computing has changed over the last 10-years and look toward the future in terms of trends. These changes have had and will continue to have a major impact on our software. Some of the software and algorithm challenges have already been encountered, such as management of communication and memory hierarchies through a combination of compile-time and run-time techniques, but the increased scale of computation, depth of memory hierarchies, range of latencies, and increased run-time environment variability will make these problems much harder. We will look at five areas of research that will have an importance impact in the development of software and algorithms. We will focus on following themes: (1) Redesign of software to fit multicore and hybrid architectures (2) Automatically tuned application software (3) Exploiting mixed precision for performance (4) The importance of fault tolerance (5) Communication avoiding algorithms.
A History of the Rorschach Test and an Analysis of Bookplates of Famous Psychologists

The notion that a person’s bookplate can reflect the designer’s personality came to me many years ago while I was visiting Robert Wozniak, a friend and fellow collector who was also interested in bookplates of famous psychologists. Rob had a collection very similar to my own. When he showed me some of the items in his collection, I pointed out how some of the plates might, symbolically speaking, resemble the character of the person who made them. We both agreed that it would be a wonderful project to make a collection of these bookplates and write a paper together illustrating how it is possible to use bookplates as a projective technique for assessing the personalities of the famous psychologists who created them. Many years have passed since that meeting. Because Rob does not live very close to me, we did not have an opportunity to collaborate on this project. Recently, I decided to launch the project myself and then enlisted the collaboration of John Gach.
Repression of transcription from the human T-cell leukemia virus type I long terminal repeat and cellular gene promoters by wild-type p53.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I), the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) transforms human T cells both in vivo and in vitro. However, the long latency period between infection and development of ATL, as well as the small fraction of the infected population that actually develops this disease, suggest that factors in addition to the virus are involved in its pathogenesis. Mutation of tumor suppressor gene p53 has been found in both HTLV-I–transformed T-cell lines and ATL cases at relatively low frequency. However, increasing evidence supports p53 functional impairment in HTLV-I–transformed T cells. Tax, the major transactivator of HTLV-I, is critical for the initial events involved in transformation. We have considered the possibility that p53 may regulate transcription of viral and cellular genes important for viral replication and transformation. Inactivation of p53 function might then permit constitutive expression of these viral and cellular genes. We have investigated the effects of wild-type and mutant p53 on Tax-mediated activation of the HTLV-I long terminal repeat (LTR) and the promoters of several cellular genes including the interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF ), and IL-2 receptor α chain gene. Jurkat, HuT78, and U937 cells were cotransfected with plasmids containing a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT ) reporter gene under viral or cellular promoter control and the Tax expression vector, in addition to vectors for a wild-type or mutant p53. Wild-type p53 is a potent repressor of viral and cellular activation by Tax. Mutations within p53 severely inhibit this downregulation. We also show that wild-type p53 suppresses transcription from the HTLV-I LTR in Jurkat-Tax, a T-cell line stably expressing Tax, and MT-2, a HTLV-I–transformed T-cell line. Wild-type, but not mutant, p53 interfered with the binding of TATA-binding protein (TBP) to the TATA motif of the HTLV-I LTR. These results suggest that p53 inactivation may lead to upregulation of viral and cellular genes and may also be important for establishment of productive viral infection and development of ATL.
Interventional and Surgical Techniques in Solid Organ Transplantation

Liver, kidney, and pancreas transplants are complex procedures that have evolved over the past several decades from pioneering, experimental procedures into well-developed, refined procedures that have saved countless lives. Previously encountered technical, immunologic, and perioperative obstacles have now been overcome and improved upon, allowing for the success of these procedures today. This article reviews the basic surgical techniques used for solid organ transplantation that are relevant to, and are currently encountered by radiologists. This article also reviews commonly encountered postoperative complications, and the techniques and strategies that have evolved in interventional radiology to overcome these complications.