cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of wind-induced mechanical stress on soluble peroxidase activity and resistance to pests in cucumber

Wind-induced mechanical stress (MS) significantly increased the soluble peroxidase activity in leaves of cucumber over control levels after 9 days of treatment. In comparison, inoculation with the fungal pathogen Cladosporium cucumerinum induced significant increases in peroxidase after 4 days. Cucurbit anthracnose symptom development caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare was greater on leaves of seedlings exposed to 6 but not to 9 or 12 days of wind-induced MS than on leaves of control plants. In contrast, reproduction of melon aphids was significantly reduced on leaves exposed to 12 days of MS relative to controls. These results indicate that wind-induced MS can induce soluble peroxidase activity in cucumber and have divergent effects on the resistance to insects and pathogens. Zusammenfassung Wirkung von windinduziertem mechanischem Stres auf die Aktivitat loslicher Peroxidase und die Schadlingsresistenz bei Gurken Windinduzierter mechanischer Stres (MS) erhohte die Aktivitat loslicher Peroxidase in Gurkenblattern nach neuntagiger Behandlung im Vergleich zur Kontrolle signifikant. Eine Inokulation mit dem pathogenen Pilz Cladosporium cucumerinum induzierte dagegen nach vier Tagen einen signifikanten Anstieg der Peroxidasewerte. Die Blatter von Samlingen, die 6 Tage windinduziertem MS ausgesetzt waren, wiesen starker ausgepragte Symptome der von Colletotrichum orbiculare hervorgerufenen Brennfleckenkrankheit auf als die Blatter der Kontrollpflanzen. Nach 9- oder 12-tagiger Behandlung war das jedoch nicht der Fall. Die Vermehrung von Gurkenblattlausen auf Blattern war nach 12-tagigem MS im Vergleich zur Kontrolle signifikant verringert. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, das windinduzierter MS die Aktivitat loslicher Peroxidase in Gurken induzieren und unterschiedliche Wirkungen auf die Resistenz gegen Insekten und Pathogene ausuben kann.
14nm BEOL TDDB reliability testing and defect analysis

14nm BEOL (back end of line) TDDB (time to dielectric defect breakdown) test site structures successfully detect reliability defects but pose significant challenges in defect analysis
A Winning Strategy for the Ramsey Graph Game

We consider a "Maker-Breaker" version of the Ramsey Graph Game, RG(n), and present a winning strategy for maker requiring less than n(2^n) moves. This is the fastest winning strategy known so far. We also demonstrate how the ideas presented can be used to develop winning strategies for some related combinatorial games.
A critical period for experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in rat barrel cortex

Recordings were made from neurons in layers II, III, and IV of rat barrel cortex. The animals were raised either from the day of birth (P0) or from P2, P4, or P7 with just the D1 vibrissa protruding on one side of the face and the contralateral side intact. Follicles were not ablated, but vibrissae were carefully removed by applying steady tension to the base of each vibrissa. Deprivation was continued until the day of recording (P30-P90), though in most cases vibrissae were allowed to regrow for 4–7 d prior to recording. The area of cortex driven by stimulating the spared D1 vibrissa was found to be enlarged in uni-vibrissae animals, but the characteristic anatomical map of the barrel field, defined by cytochrome oxidase staining, retained its normal form. In animals deprived from P0, layer IV cells outside the D1 barrel responded with short latencies (5–10 msec) to D1 stimulation, a condition never observed in normally reared animals. Short-latency responses to stimulation of regrown, deprived vibrissae were still present in layer IV despite the deprivation. Plasticity decreased rapidly in layer IV between P0 and P4 as judged by two measures: first, the percentage of cells in neighboring barrels that showed short- latency responses to D1 fell from 30% in P0 deprived animals to 18% in P2 and 13% in P4 deprived animals. Second, the percentage of cells in barrels surrounding D1 with larger responses to D1 stimulation than to stimulation of their anatomically related vibrissa also fell from 37% in P0 to 23% in P2 and 12% in P4 deprived animals. The percentage of “shifted cells” showed no further reduction in P7 deprived animals (14%). Plasticity in layers II and III showed little sign of decreasing between P2 and P7 after an initial drop between P0 and P2. Therefore, deprivation started at P4 and P7 had a far greater effect on layers II and III than on layer IV. In animals deprived from P4 onward, not only were responses to D1 stimulation greater in barrels neighboring D1 (in layers II/III), but responses were smaller to principal vibrissa stimulation. This suggests increased lateral transmission from the “experienced” barrel and a failure of vertical transmission within the “deprived” barrels. These results show that changes in the balance of experience acquired through vibrissae can affect development of connectivity in the barrel cortex. The main locus of plasticity is cortical when deprivations are started at P4 and beyond.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Weakening of Soda-Lime Glass by Particle Impact During Hydrofluoric Acid Etching

During etching of soda-lime glass in hydrofluoric acid solutions, insoluble reaction products can collect in the acid solution or deposit on the glass surface. In this study it is shown that impact of these insoluble reaction products on the etching surfaces can cause strength degradation. The insoluble reaction products are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, wet chemical, X-ray diffraction, and surface area analyses.
San Francisco Children Living In Redeveloped Public Housing Used Acute Services Less Than Children In Older Public Housing

Understanding the links between housing and health is increasingly important. Poor housing quality is a predictor of poor health and developmental problems in low-income children. We examined associations between public housing type and recurrent pediatric emergency and urgent care hospital visits. Children ages 0–18 with public insurance who sought emergency care from any of three large medical systems in San Francisco were categorized by whether they lived in public housing redeveloped through the federal HOPE VI program, nonredeveloped public housing, or nonpublic housing in a census tract that also contained public housing. After we adjusted for potential confounding characteristics, we found that children living in nonredeveloped public housing were 39 percent more likely to have one or more repeat visits within one year for acute health care services unrelated to the initial visit, compared to children who lived in redeveloped HOPE VI housing. We observed no differences in repeat visits between chil...
Pathophysiology of Pneumothorax Following Ultrasound-Guided Thoracentesis

Study objectives Pneumothorax following ultrasound-guided thoracentesis is rare. Our goal was to explain the mechanisms of pneumothorax following ultrasound-guided thoracentesis in a setting where pleural manometry is routinely used. Methods We reviewed the patient records and procedure reports of 401 patients who underwent ultrasound-guided thoracentesis. When manometry was performed, pleural space elastance was determined. A model assuming dependence of the pleural space elastic properties on respiratory system elastic properties was used to isolate cases with presumed normal pleural space elastance. Elastance outside mean ± SD × 2 of the isolated sample was considered abnormal. Four radiographic criteria of unexpandable lung were used: visceral pleural peel, lobar atelectasis, basilar pneumothorax, and pneumothorax with ipsilateral shift. Results There were 102 diagnostic thoracenteses, 192 therapeutic thoracenteses with pleural manometry, and 73 therapeutic thoracenteses without manometry. There was one pneumothorax that occurred from lung puncture and eight unintentional pneumothoraces, all of which showed radiographic evidence of unexpandable lung. Four of eight unintentional pneumothoraces had abnormal elastance; none had excessively negative pleural pressure ( 2 O). Conclusions Unintentional pneumothoraces cannot be prevented by monitoring for symptoms or excessively negative pressure. These pneumothoraces were drainage related rather than due to penetrating lung trauma or external air introduction. We speculate that unintentional pneumothoraces are caused by transient, parenchymal-pleural fistulae caused by nonuniform stress distribution over the visceral pleura that develop during large-volume drainage if the lung cannot conform to the shape of the thoracic cavity in some patients with unexpandable lung. These fistulae appear to be pressure dependent, and the resulting pneumothoraces rarely require treatment. Drainage-related pneumothorax is an unavoidable complication of ultrasound-guided thoracentesis and appears to account for the vast majority of pneumothoraces occurring in a procedure service.
TGFβ Neutralization within Cardiac Allografts by Decorin Gene Transfer Attenuates Chronic Rejection

Chronic allograft rejection (CR) is the leading cause of late graft failure following organ transplantation. CR is a progressive disease, characterized by deteriorating graft function, interstitial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and occlusive neointima development. TGFβ, known for its immunosuppressive qualities, plays a beneficial role in the transplant setting by maintaining alloreactive T cells in a hyporesponsive state, but has also been implicated in promoting graft fibrosis and CR. In the mouse vascularized cardiac allograft model, transient depletion of CD4 + cells promotes graft survival but leads to CR, which is associated with intragraft TGFβ expression. Decorin, an extracellular matrix protein, inhibits both TGFβ bioactivity and gene expression. In this study, gene transfer of decorin into cardiac allografts was used to assess the impact of intragraft TGFβ neutralization on CR, systemic donor-reactive T cell responses, and allograft acceptance. Decorin gene transfer and neutralization of TGFβ in cardiac allografts significantly attenuated interstitial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and improved graft function, but did not result in systemic donor-reactive T cell responses. Thus, donor-reactive T and B cells remained in a hyporesponsive state. These findings indicate that neutralizing intragraft TGFβ inhibits the cytokine’s fibrotic activities, but does not reverse its beneficial systemic immunosuppressive qualities.
Studies on immobilized papain

Papain was covalently coupled to ZrO2−coated porous glass by several different methods. These derivatives were characterized and their operational half-lives determined using casein substrate. Papain covalently coupled to the porous glass, previously converted to a carboxylic acid derivative, through amide linkage gave a 35 day operational half-life.
Strategy of Career Interventions for Battered Women

Female victims of domestic violence—also referred to as “battered women”—face serious career development challenges that necessitate the intervention and aid of human resource development (HRD) practice. The purpose of this article is to identify critical factors having an impact on the career development (CD) of battered women and to offer suggestions for how HRD practitioners may begin work to aid battered women in the development of their careers. This article is primarily concerned with career development interventions with battered women who also experience additional economic, educational, or networking hardships. Therefore, the findings of this article should not be considered inclusive of all female victims of domestic violence, but rather the start of an important conversation. The considerations in this article and the interventions suggested herein need testing and development, as do other methods of CD interventions with battered women. The expansion of HRD to include programs for those who have historically been minimized by systems of oppression should be considered a primary concern of current researchers and practitioners.
Mutations Proximal to the Minor Groove-Binding Track of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Differentially Affect Utilization of RNA versus DNA as Template

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT), like all retroviral RTs, is a versatile DNA polymerase that can copy both RNA and DNA templates. In spite of extensive investigations into the structure-function of this enzyme, the structural basis for this dual template specificity is poorly understood. Biochemical studies with two mutations in HIV-1 RT that affect residues contacting the template-primer now provide some insight into this specialized property. The mutations are N255D and N265D, both adjoining the minor groove-binding track, in the thumb region. The N265D substitution led to a loss of processive polymerization on DNA but not on RNA, whereas N255D drastically reduced processive synthesis on both templates. This differential template usage was accompanied by a rapid dissociation of the N265D variant on DNA but not RNA templates, whereas the N255D variant rapidly dissociated from both templates. Molecular dynamics modeling suggested that N265D leads to a loss of template strand-specific hydrogen bonding, indicating that this is a key determinant of the differential template affinity. The N255D substitution caused local changes in conformation and a consequent loss of interaction with the primer, leading to a loss of processive synthesis with both templates. We conclude that N265 is part of a subset of template-enzyme contacts that enable RT to utilize DNA templates in addition to RNA templates and that such residues play an important role in facilitating processive DNA synthesis on both RNA and DNA templates.
PKHDL1, a homolog of the autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease gene, encodes a receptor with inducible T lymphocyte expression

Autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is caused by mutation to a large gene, PKHD1, encoding a putative receptor protein, fibrocystin. We have identified, through analysis of human genomic sequence, a PKHD1 homolog, PKHDL1, in chromosome region 8q23. The PKHDL1 transcript of 13081 bp was amplified as 16 fragments and sequenced; the sequence of the murine ortholog, Pkhdl1 (chromosome region 15B3) was also determined. PKHDL1 contains 78 exons, covers a genomic region of � 168 kb and encodes a large protein, fibrocystin-L. Screening PKHDL1 in ARPKD patients with no PKHD1 mutations revealed several sequence variants but no clear mutations, making it unlikely that it is ARPKD-associated. Human fibrocystin-L is predicted to be a large receptor protein (4243 aa; 466 kDa) with a signal peptide, single transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. Fibrocystin-L is homologous to fibrocystin throughout most of the extracellular region with overall identity of 25.0% and similarity of 41.5%. Fibrocystin-L has extracellular domains similar to fibrocystin with 14 copies of the TIG domain and two regions of significant homology to the protein TMEM2. Genomic sequence analysis identified no other full-length fibrocystin homologs in humans, mice or other sequenced organisms. The Fugu fish has a fibrocystin-L ortholog but no fibrocystin, suggesting that the newly identified protein may be the ancestral form. PKHDL1 and Pkhdl1 are widely expressed at a low level in most tissues but only detected in blood-derived cell-lines. Low level expression was detected in many primary immune cell subtypes but up-regulated specifically in T lymphocytes, following activation signals, suggesting a role in cellular immunity.
Effects of incorporating cowpea in a subtropical grass pasture on forage production and quality and the performance of cows and calves

The increasing cost of N fertilizer has stimulated an interest in sourcing protein from warmâseason legumes among beef cattle producers in the tropical/subtropical areas of the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of two strategies of incorporating cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] into bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum FlA¼gge) pastures on the herbage characteristics and performance of grazing cowâcalf pairs. The study was conducted in Ona, Florida, USA, from May to August in 2007 and 2008. Experimental units were 1Â·0âha. Treatments were bahiagrass pasture alone (control), 50:50 bahiagrassâcowpea pasture (cowpea), bahiagrass pasture with a cowpea creep grazing area (0Â·1âha, creep grazing) and bahiagrass pasture with a creepâfed concentrate [(creep feeding; 10âgâkgâ1 body weight (BW)]. The cowpea pastures had lower herbage mass [HM, 1Â·8 vs. 3Â·7âtâhaâ1] and herbage allowance [HA, 0Â·8 vs. 1Â·4âkgâDMâkgâ1 live weight (LW)] compared with the other treatments. Cowpea had greater CP (CP, 160âgâkgâ1) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), (600âgâkgâ1) than bahiagrass (110 and 490âgâkgâ1 respectively); however, cowpea HM was only 0Â·9 tâhaâ1 in May and 0Â·7âtâhaâ1 in June, but it did not persist in July and August. Calves receiving the creep feeding treatments had greater average daily gain (0Â·8 vs. 0Â·7âkgâdâ1) than calves in other treatments. Further research is necessary to exploit the superior nutritive value of cowpea in grazing systems in the southâeastern USA.
ESTIMATING EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION LIABILITY WITH A DETERMINISTIC SIMULATION

This paper presents an employment discrimination liability model that estimates back-pay liability for an employer's discriminatory employment practices by simulating employment practices under assumptions of fairness. Comparison of the racial/sexual composition of the simulated fair work force with the racial/sexual composition of the employer's actual work force permits identification of cases of discrimination. The model suggests that the choice of a stock or flow approach will have a significant effect on the amount of employer liability.
The Feasibility of Folk Science

If folk science means individuals having well worked out mechanistic theories of the workings of the world, then it is not feasible. Laypeople’s explanatory understandings are remarkably coarse, full of gaps, and often full of inconsistencies. Even worse, most people overestimate their own understandings. Yet recent views suggest that formal scientists may not be so different. In spite of these limitations, science somehow works and its success offers hope for the feasibility of folk science as well. The success of science arises from the ways in which scientists learn to leverage understandings in other minds and to outsource explanatory work through sophisticated methods of deference and simplification of complex systems. Three studies ask whether analogous processes might be present not only in laypeople but also in young children and thereby form a foundation for supplementing explanatory understandings almost from the start of our first attempts to make sense of the world.
Determinants of household saving in the G-7 countries: recent evidence

This paper employs data from the last four decades to analyse major determinants of household saving for the Group of Seven (G-7) nations. Particular attention is paid to the effects of interest rates, government saving, and social security contributions. Regression analysis is used to control for the effects of both the level and changes in income per capita and inflation.
Homer Gets a Warm Hug: A Note on Ignorance and Extenuation

Lupia, Levine, Menning, and Sin show that well-informed Republicans and conservatives were highly supportive of the 2001 Bush tax cut. They mistakenly infer that this fact invalidates my claim in “Homer Gets a Tax Cut” that “the strong plurality support” for the tax cut was “entirely attributable to simple ignorance.” Their analysis, like mine, implies that a fully-informed public would have been lukewarm, at best, toward the tax cut. They have little to say about why this is the case, beyond insisting that “citizens have reasons for the opinions they have.” I suggest that citizens' “reasons” are sometimes misleading, misinformed, or substantively irrational, and that social science should not be limited to “attempts to better fit our analyses into their rationales.”Larry M. Bartels is the Donald E. Stokes Professor of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University (bartels@princeton.edu).
The pharmacology of methotrexate

Methotrexate is a useful antimetabolite for the treatment of both benign and malignant proliferative disorders. When the pharmacokinetics and potential toxicity of this drug are understood, treatment regimens can be tailored to the underlying kinetics of the target population. With the appropriate knowledge of the importance of urinary excretion of methotrexate and factors that influence this and with the ready availability of leucovorin, toxicity can be avoided in all but the most unusual of circumstances.
Bruce T. Tsurutani Receives 2009 John Adam Fleming Medal

Bruce T. Tsurutani was awarded the 2009 John Adam Fleming Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 16 December 2009 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy, space physics, and related sciences.”
Higher‐order extensions of a discontinuous Galerkin method for mid‐frequency Helmholtz problems

Recently, a discontinuous Galerkin method with plane wave basis functions and Lagrange multiplier degrees of freedom was proposed for the efficient solution of Helmholtz problems in the mid-frequency regime. In this paper, this method is extended to higher-order elements. Performance results obtained for various two-dimensional problems highlight the advantages of these elements over classical higher-order Galerkin elements such as Q2 and Q4 for the discretization of interior and exterior Helmholtz problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immigration and Muslim Immigrants: A Comparative Analysis of European States

Immigration policies serve a number of functions for states. Governments may use policies as instruments of foreign policy, economic growth, population growth, and/ or national security. In this post-September 11, 2001 global environment, integration policies have become more assimilationist and immigration restrictions toward nationals from Muslim countries of origin have increased in the name of national security. While this trend is common among many Western states, Britain’s immigration stance toward Muslim migrants remains unchanged. This study examines changes in policies toward immigrants—changes that make these policies de facto immigration policies though they may not have been conceived as such—in the Netherlands, Germany, France, and the absence of this change in the UK. It seeks to answer the question: what explains reforms in the Netherlands, Germany, and France while British immigration policy remained unchanged? In this effort, the article emphasizes the impact of these changes on potential migrants from predominantly Muslim countries of origin. Based on a comparative case study analysis using process tracing, findings indicate that Dutch immigration/integration policy choices influence government policy changes in other
Characterization of neutron-irradiated HT-UPS steel by high-energy X-ray diffraction microscopy

Abstract This paper presents the first measurement of neutron-irradiated microstructure using far-field high-energy X-ray diffraction microscopy (FF-HEDM) in a high-temperature ultrafine-precipitate-strengthened (HT-UPS) austenitic stainless steel. Grain center of mass, grain size distribution, crystallographic orientation (texture), diffraction spot broadening and lattice constant distributions of individual grains were obtained for samples in three different conditions: non-irradiated, neutron-irradiated (3dpa/500 °C), and irradiated + annealed (3dpa/500 °C + 600 °C/1 h). It was found that irradiation caused significant increase in grain-level diffraction spot broadening, modified the texture, reduced the grain-averaged lattice constant, but had nearly no effect on the average grain size and grain size distribution, as well as the grain size-dependent lattice constant variations. Post-irradiation annealing largely reversed the irradiation effects on texture and average lattice constant, but inadequately restored the microstrain.
A molecule-centered method for accelerating the calculation of hydrodynamic interactions in Brownian dynamics simulations containing many flexible biomolecules

Inclusion of hydrodynamic interactions (HIs) is essential in simulations of biological macromolecules that treat the solvent implicitly if the macromolecules are to exhibit correct translational and rotational diffusion. The present work describes the development and testing of a simple approach aimed at allowing more rapid computation of HIs in coarse-grained Brownian dynamics simulations of systems that contain large numbers of flexible macromolecules. The method combines a complete treatment of intramolecular HIs with an approximate treatment of the intermolecular HIs which assumes that the molecules are effectively spherical; all of the HIs are calculated at the Rotne-Prager-Yamakawa level of theory. When combined with Fixman’s Chebyshev polynomial method for calculating correlated random displacements, the proposed method provides an approach that is simple to program but sufficiently fast that it makes it computationally viable to include HIs in large-scale simulations. Test calculations performed on very coarse-grained models of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) E2 complex and on oligomers of ParM (ranging in size from 1 to 20 monomers) indicate that the method reproduces the translational diffusion behavior seen in more complete HI simulations surprisingly well; the method performs less well at capturing rotational diffusion but its discrepancies diminish with increasing size of the simulated assembly. Simulations of residue-level models of two tetrameric protein models demonstrate that the method also works well when more structurally detailed models are used in the simulations. Finally, test simulations of systems containing up to 1024 coarse-grained PDH molecules indicate that the proposed method rapidly becomes more efficient than the conventional BD approach in which correlated random displacements are obtained via a Cholesky decomposition of the complete diffusion tensor.
Type and Rate of Plant Growth Regulator Influence Vegetative, Floral Growth, and Quality of Little Lime™ Hydrangea

The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the response of Little Lime hardy hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata ‘Jane’) across two seasons in response to single foliar applications of three plant growth regulators (PGRs) at two rates: dikegulac sodium at 800 or 1600 ppm, benzyladenine at 300 or 600 ppm, or ethephon at 500 or 1000 ppm. There were two additional treatments: a handpruned control leaving three nodes and an unpruned water control (untreated) applied the same day as the PGR applications. To evaluate PGR efficacy, vegetative growth, floral attributes, branch symmetry, and phytotoxicity were assessed. Dikegulac sodium significantly increased branch number (BN) compared with all other treatments. Branch symmetry was greater in dikegulac sodium (800 or 1600 ppm) and hand-pruned treatments compared with the untreated and other PGR treatments (2011 and 2012). Flower number was greater in all PGR treatments compared with hand-pruned plants (2011 and 2012). The only treatment that promoted more symmetrical branching without reducing flower count was dikegulac sodium (800 or 1600 ppm). Phytotoxicity was observed in both seasons; however, no injury symptoms were evident 16 weeks after treatment (WAT), the termination of the experiment.
Practice Characteristics and Geographic Distribution of Clinical Pharmacist Practitioners in North Carolina.

Background Clinical pharmacist practitioners (CPPs) are specially credentialed pharmacists in North Carolina. CPPs potentially play an important role in meeting the health care needs of populations in rural and underserved areas. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using an electronic survey sent to all active and inactive CPPs in North Carolina. The survey consisted of 36 multiple-choice and free text questions. Respondents were queried regarding qualifications, experience, practice characteristics, and perceived rewards and challenges of CPP practice. Results Survey responses were received from 54 active CPPs and 22 inactive CPPs, for an overall response rate of 65.5%. Forty-one active CPPs (75.9%) and 14 inactive CPPs (63.6%) came from ambulatory care backgrounds. Twenty-eight active CPPs (51.9%) and 11 inactive CPPs (50.0%) practiced in an urban setting, while 7 active CPPs (13.0%) and 3 inactive CPPs (13.6%) practiced in a rural setting. The majority of CPPs work in larger practices. Thirty-three active CPPs (61.1%) and 12 inactive CPPs (54.5%) were paid by the institutions for which they were employed. Limitations The overall survey response rate was only 65.5%. Additionally, the majority of survey questions were in a multiple-choice format, which may have prevented more honest reflection. Conclusions Active CPPs most often come from ambulatory care backgrounds. Few CPPs are practicing in rural areas, a circumstance that may be related to financial viability, as most CPP practice in, and are compensated by, larger institutions such as academic health centers.
Situation of lead and cadmium contamination in food in Wanzhou District of Chongqing in 2008

Objective:To determine the situation of lead and cadmium contamination in food.Methods:Collect 7 categories of 11 varieties of food from major supermarkets,trading markets of Wanzhou city,then detect the content of lead and cadmium.Results:100 samples were determined,it was found that the passing rate of lead content is 99%,and the passing rate of cadmium content is 84%.Conclusion:The pollution of lead is not serious.But the cadmium pollution,particularly the cadmium pollution of pig kidneys is very serious.In 15 samples of pig kidneys,there were 13 samples over the national standard level.
Species and geographical distribution of fleas and gamasid mites on the rat-shape animals in Chongqing city

Objective To investigate the species and geographical distribution of fleas and gamasid mites on the rat-shape animals in Chongqing city.Methods Catching rat-shape animals with cage and collecting the fleas and gamasid mites after the rat-shape animals being anaesthetized,bringing these vectors back to identify in laboratory.Moreover,looking up related documents and data.Results A total of 25 species of fleas belonging to 18 genera and 5 families,21 species of gamasid mites belonging to 14 genera and 5 families were recorded in Chongqing city,and their geographical distribution in Chongqing city were described too.Conclusion The species and geographical distribution of fleas and gamasid mites on the rat-shape animals in Chongqing city has been investigated preliminarily.The results will provide scientific basis for preventing and controlling fleas,gamasid mites on the rat-shape animals and prevent diseases born by the two kinds of vectors in Chongqing area.But the related investigations should be carried out deeply in the future.
Analysis On Intervention Effects Of Residents' Health Literacy Monitoring In Gangzha District,Nantong City,Jiangsu Province

Objective To understand the status of residents' health literacy,and explore the ways to promote community health literacy.Methods Through health knowledge forums,square activities and the distribution of propagandistic products relating to health knowledge,health promotion were conducted for six months among permanent residents aged between 15-69 in all communities in Gangzha.And residents' knowledge and skills relating to health literacy were evaluated before and after the intervention.Results After the intervention,the awareness rate of residents' knowledge and ideas about health literacy increased by 6.91%,the accurate rate of life style and behaviours increased by 1.73%,and the accurate rate of health skills increased by 18.23%.Conclusion The more the concerns,the higher the answer rate of residents' knowledge.The interventional effect of some practical health skills are better than the intervention of daily life-style and behaviours.
Bilateral spermatic cord torsion in the neonate.

Abstract A case is reported of torsion of the spermatic cord in a newborn. This experience re-emphasizes the necessity of a careful and complete examination of the newborn immediately after delivery. The presence of a scrotal mass that does not transmit light represents torsion of the spermatic cord until proved otherwise, and demands immediate surgical intervention if there is to be any hope of testicular salvage. If torsion is present contralateral fixation is necessary.
The Power of the Like in Adolescence: Effects of Peer Influence on Neural and Behavioral Responses to Social Media

We investigated a unique way in which adolescent peer influence occurs on social media. We developed a novel functional MRI (fMRI) paradigm to simulate Instagram, a popular social photo-sharing tool, and measured adolescents’ behavioral and neural responses to likes, a quantifiable form of social endorsement and potential source of peer influence. Adolescents underwent fMRI while viewing photos ostensibly submitted to Instagram. They were more likely to like photos depicted with many likes than photos with few likes; this finding showed the influence of virtual peer endorsement and held for both neutral photos and photos of risky behaviors (e.g., drinking, smoking). Viewing photos with many (compared with few) likes was associated with greater activity in neural regions implicated in reward processing, social cognition, imitation, and attention. Furthermore, when adolescents viewed risky photos (as opposed to neutral photos), activation in the cognitive-control network decreased. These findings highlight possible mechanisms underlying peer influence during adolescence.
Educating Managers to Compete: The Role of Operations Management

Conventional methods for managing firms — which worked for U.S. firms from the 1950s through the 1980s — are not so competitive in the final decade of the 20th Century. Traditional schools of business — which evolved from the 1950s through the 1980s — provide the MBAs that practice the not so competitive, conventional methods of managing.
On-line laboratories for speech and image processing and for communication systems using J-DSP

J-DSP is a Java-based object-oriented programming environment that was developed at Arizona State University for use in the undergraduate DSP class [A. Sapnias et al., June 2000]. In this paper, we describe innovative software extensions on J-DSP to accommodate on-line laboratories for speech processing, image processing, and communications systems. Significant modifications in the object-oriented GUI of J-DSP that enable simulation of feedback systems are also presented. The speech processing functions enable on-line simulations of speech coding algorithms and include PCM and ADPCM quantization as well as more elaborate algorithms such as the LPC and the CELP. Image processing functionalities include development of 2-D signal processing capabilities including 2-D-FFT, 2-D-filter design, and 2-D graphics and picture processing. Communications functionality covers several aspects of analog and digital modulation and demodulation. On-line laboratory exercises have been developed in the aforementioned areas and posted on a web site (http://jdsp.asu.edu). This site also includes on-line evaluation forms for the exercises. Statistical and qualitative evaluations that assess the learning experiences of the students that use J-DSP are presented.
When decarbonization meets development: The sectoral feasibility of greenhouse gas mitigation in India

Abstract In the run-up to the 2015 Paris climate talks, the Indian government announced ambitious climate mitigation goals as part of its INDC (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions). Whether India can meet these targets is a critical question with implications for the success of the Paris climate agreement. We assess India’s potential for emissions mitigation through a sectoral lens, focusing on eight dominant sectors – namely electricity production, agriculture, road transport, buildings, and four disaggregated industry subsectors (steel, cement, petrochemicals, and fertilizers). We argue that whether emissions mitigation is favorable from a structural perspective is a function of two main factors: (1) political/organizational feasibility and (2) techno-economic feasibility. Political/organizational feasibility in turn is assessed through two additional factors, market concentration and government concentration. Our central intuition is that fragmented markets and/or fragmented government structures pose barriers for collective action. Road transport represents the most favorable sector for emissions mitigation followed by petrochemicals. Cement and fertilizers are already at or near the global efficiency frontier. Three sectors – electricity, agriculture, and steel – represent hard cases on both dimensions of feasibility. Buildings possess strong techno-economic feasibility but challenging political/organizational feasibility.
Diabetes and breast cancer mortality in Black women

Purpose Breast cancer mortality is higher in Black women than in White women. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is also higher, yet data on whether diabetes affects breast cancer mortality in this population are lacking. We investigated the relation of diabetes at the time of breast cancer diagnosis to breast cancer mortality in the Black Women’s Health Study, a prospective cohort study.
Gestational diabetes mellitus may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer.

Although a positive association between type 2 diabetes and breast cancer has been reported, an association with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is less clear. The Sister Study enroled 50 884 women aged 35–74 years, from 2003 through 2009. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate breast cancer risk in relation to GDM. Ever having GDM was not associated with breast cancer overall (hazards ratio (HR)=1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.88–1.36), but there was a suggestive association between ever having a GDM pregnancy and oestrogen receptor (ER) -negative breast cancer (HR=1.73, 95% CI=0.98–3.06). However, having 2 or more GDM pregnancies was associated with overall breast cancer risk 1.68 (95% CI=1.15–2.44) and with ER-positive breast cancer (HR=1.81, 95% CI=1.10–2.98), which was supported by sensitivity analyses. Results were similar when analyses were stratified by whether or not type 2 diabetes had developed after GDM. Women with multiple GDM pregnancies had a higher incidence of breast cancer, suggesting that such women could benefit from increased surveillance for breast cancer.
Three-Dimensional Technology to Diagnose Unilateral Cervical Atresia in Obstructive Hemivagina with Ipsilateral Renal Anomaly: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Congenital atresia of the cervix in the setting of an obstructed hemivagina with ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA) is an unusual occurrence that is frequently missed using preoperative imaging modalities. Case A 14-year-old female adolescent presented to a tertiary care facility with abdominal pain associated with a mass. Initial imaging with ultrasound and magnetic resonance suggested OHVIRA but 3-D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also correctly identified unilateral cervical atresia on the obstructed left side. Summary and Conclusion Three-dimensional MRI in the setting of OHVIRA was used successfully in this case to preoperatively identify cervical atresia and to guide preoperative surgical counseling and planning. The use of 3-D MRI for this purpose has, to our knowledge, never been described in the literature. Three-dimensional printed models derived from 3-D MRI can play an evolving role in the management of Mullerian anomalies as preoperative planning and surgical counseling tools.
Adverse childhood experiences and access and utilization of health care.

Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with a variety of negative health outcomes. However, the association between ACEs and access and utilization of health care have been largely ignored. Methods This study examined data from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N = 101 527). We conducted logistic regression analyses, with nine ACEs as independent variables, in relation to the odds of being insured, having a personal health care provider and receiving a physician checkup in the past year. Unadjusted and adjusted multivariable models were estimated. Results After accounting for potential confounders, all ACEs were associated with lower odds of being currently insured and receiving a physician checkup in the past year. Physical abuse, emotional abuse and several measures of household dysfunction were associated with lower odds of having a personal provider. Conclusions Our findings suggest potential pathways by which ACEs may impact health. Provision of health insurance and providing care in a trauma-informed manner should be considered for individuals with a history of ACEs.
Isotretinoin-induced acne fulminans without systemic symptoms with concurrent exuberant granulation tissue.

Acne fulminans is a severe form of acne characterized by painful, inflammatory nodules that progress into ulcers and concurrent systemic symptoms. Treatment of acne with isotretinoin can precipitate a syndrome called isotretinoin-induced acne fulminans without systemic symptoms. An exuberant granulation tissue response, another known adverse event associated with isotretinoin, can occur concurrently, inhibiting wound repair and complicating treatment. We report a case of isotretinoin-induced acne fulminans without systemic symptoms with exuberant granulation tissue response that was treated successfully with topical clobetasol ointment.
Needs Assessment for an American College of Surgeons Certificate in Applied Surgical Education Leadership (CASEL).

OBJECTIVE Surgeon educators in departments of surgery play key roles in leading and advancing surgical education. Their activities include ensuring sound curricula and evaluation systems, monitoring education resources, overseeing faculty development, and providing mentorship. For more than 25 years, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) has offered a comprehensive “Surgeons as Educators” (SAE) course to address fundamental topics in surgical education. This study aims to identify future career needs of SAE graduates to inform the development of an American College of Surgeons Certificate in Applied Surgical Education Leadership program. DESIGN An IRB exempt, anonymous electronic survey was developed to determine educational roles, career aspirations, and needs of SAE Graduates. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Participants included all 763 1993-2016 SAE graduates. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-five responses were received from 600 (22.5%) graduates with valid email addresses. Sixty (45%) respondents completed the SAE Course > 5 years prior to the study (M5YRS) and 75 (55%) within the last 5 years (L5YRS). L5YRS respondents were less likely to be full professors (8% vs. 44%) or to serve as program directors (32% vs. 57%), and more likely to be associate program directors (25% vs. 17%) or clerkship directors (40% vs. 18%). High percentages of both L5YRS and M5YRS reported not pursuing additional educational opportunities post-SAE due to time and fiscal constraints. One-fifth of respondents were unaware of additional opportunities and 19% of M5YRS versus 6% of L5YRS stated that existing programs did not meet their needs. Overall improving skills as educational leaders, developing faculty development programs, and conducting educational research were noted as priorities for future development. Differences were observed between the L5YRS and M5YRS groups. The dominant preferences for course format were full-time face-to-face (41%) or a combination of full-time face-to-face with online modules (24%). The most important considerations in deciding to pursue a certificate course were course content, and interest in advancing career and time constraints. CONCLUSIONS An SAE graduate survey has confirmed the need for additional formal training in surgical education leadership in order to permit surgeon educators meet the demands of the changing landscape of surgical education. The needs of early career faculty may differ from those of more senior surgeon educators.
New Strategies for High Efficiency Hemodialysis

Advances in dialysis technology have permitted reductions in treatment times from 36 hours per week to between 12 and 15 hours per week over a period of two decades. These technological advances include the development of single pass dialysate delivery systems, active perfusion of the extracorporeal circuit using blood pumps, more efficient dialyzer designs with thinner membranes and lower priming volumes, advances in blood access techniques and the ability to attain higher blood flow rates in the extracorporeal circuit. In reducing treatment time, the major concerns are adequacy of solute removal, adequacy of fluid removal and patient tolerance of the shorter, more efficient treatment. It has been documented that rapid removal of osmotically active solutes such as urea can provoke the disequilibrium syndrome with accompanying symptoms of headache, nauseau and vomiting, and in the extreme, seizures (1,2). It is also well documented that the combination of more efficient diffusive solute transport and more rapid removal of fluid can result in cardiovascular instability with symptoms such as nauseau, vomiting, cramps, lightheadedness and hypotension (3,4,5,6). Most of these studies of cardiovascular instability were performed using acetate containing dialysate, it being well recognized that acetate is a potent vasodilator (7).
Crack Pattern Related Universal Constants

The paper examines the implications of material heterogeneity on the crack pattern formed during progressive failure of materials. The displacement gradients of the micro-medium are considered to be random stationary fields or fractal fields. Both formulations yield interesting and, surprisingly, analogous results. Two variables are found to affect the crack pattern that will form under loading. The first one is the fluctuations, i.e. coefficient of variation of the displacement gradient fields. The second one is correlations, i.e. correlation length of the random fields as compared to the size of the structure/specimen, or lower, upper cutoffs and fractal dimension of the fractal fields. The (macro) crack pattern that will develop is governed by the interplay of fluctuations and correlations, independent of the elastic constants (for deterministic local Poisson ratio) and fairly independent of the crack formation criterion. Universal constants are found for the coefficients of variation. For values above the universal ones the material will develop a highly irregular crack pattern with multiple crack intersections and/or self-intersecting cracks. This is typically observed in testing of high strength concretes, high strength rocks, metals of ultra high hardness and certain ceramics, composites. Under dynamic load and/or under load control the highly irregular crack pattern is accompanied by an “explosive” burst of chunks of material and high energy release. For values below the universal ones, a single crack (may be accompanied by branches) will develop. This is typical of low strength concretes, soft rocks, low hardness metals, certain ceramics, composites. Energy release is relatively low — characteristic of low strength materials.