cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matrix Theory and Applications with MATLAB

Designed for use in a second course on linear algebra, Matrix Theory and Applications with MATLAB covers the basics of the subject-from a review of matrix algebra through vector spaces to matrix calculus and unitary similarity-in a presentation that stresses insight, understanding, and applications. Among its most outstanding features is the integration of MATLAB throughout the text. Each chapter includes a MATLAB subsection that discusses the various commands used to do the computations in that section and offers code for the graphics and some algorithms used in the text.All of the material is presented from a matrix point of view with enough rigor for students to learn to compose arguments and proofs and adjust the material to cover other problems. The treatment includes optional subsections covering applications, and the final chapters move beyond basic matrix theory to discuss more advanced topics, such as decompositions, positive definite matrices, graphics, and topology.Filled with illustrations, examples, and exercises that reinforce understanding, Matrix Theory and Applications with MATLAB allows readers to experiment and visualize results in a way that no other text does. Its rigor, use of MATLAB, and focus on applications better prepares them to use the material in their future work and research, to extend the material, and perhaps obtain new results of their own.
WE‐G‐BRA‐08: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) for Gamma Knife Radiosurgery

Purpose: To perform a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) study for Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery processes at our institution based on our experience with the treatment of more than 13,000 patients. Methods: A team consisting of medical physicists, nurses, radiation oncologists, neurosurgeons at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and an external physicist expert was formed for the FMEA study. A process tree and a failure mode table were created for the GK procedures using the Leksell GK Perfexion and 4C units. Three scores for the probability of occurrence (O), the severity (S), and the probability of no detection (D) for failure modes were assigned to each failure mode by each professional on a scale from 1 to 10. The risk priority number (RPN) for each failure mode was then calculated (RPN = OxSxD) as the average scores from all data sets collected. Results: The established process tree for GK radiosurgery consists of 10 sub-processes and 53 steps, including a sub-process for frame placement and 11 steps that are directly related to the frame-based nature of the GK radiosurgery. Out of the 86 failure modes identified, 40 failure modes are GK specific, caused by the potential for inappropriate use of the radiosurgery head frame, the imaging fiducial boxes, the GK helmets and plugs, and the GammaPlan treatment planning system. The other 46 failure modes are associated with the registration, imaging, image transfer, contouring processes that are common for all radiation therapy techniques. The failure modes with the highest hazard scores are related to imperfect frame adaptor attachment, bad fiducial box assembly, overlooked target areas, inaccurate previous treatment information and excessive patient movement during MRI scan. Conclusion: The implementation of the FMEA approach for Gamma Knife radiosurgery enabled deeper understanding of the overall process among all professionals involved in the care of the patient and helped identify potential weaknesses in the overall process.
Time-Resolved Measurement of Vehicle Sulfate and Methane Emissions with Tunable Diode lasers

A new analytical method, absorption of tunable diode laser radiation, can detect small concentrations of gases with fast response. This technique has been applied to the detection of vehicle sulfate emissions in the form of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) vapor. Our laser system has a response time of 2.4 s. This allowed tracking the sulfate emissions of a vehicle during a Highway Fuel Economy Test. The data suggests that catalyst temperature is the major parameter controlling sulfate emissions and that storage and release of sulfur occurs at low and high catalyst temperatures, respectively. The same method detected methane during both the Highway Fuel Economy Test and the Federal Test Procedure. It identified the conditions, and corresponding concentrations, for high methane emissions.
Musik, Physik und Psychophysik

Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie sitzen in einem Konzertsaal und horen einem Solisten zu. Bestimmen wir die Systeme, die fur die Musik, die Sie horen, notig sind. Als erstes haben wir naturlich den Solisten und das Instrument, das die Musik „macht”. Als zweites gehort dazu die Luft im Saal, die den Schall in alle Richtungen weiterleitet. Drittens gibt es noch Sie, den Zuhorer; mit anderen Worten, wir haben eine Kette von Systemen: Instrumenta → Luft → Zuhorer. Was verbindet diese Systeme, wahrend musiziert wird? Eine bestimmte Art und Form von Schwingungen, genannt Schall, die sich von einem Punkt zum anderen in Form von Wellen fortpflanzt und auf die unser Gehor anspricht. (Es gibt viele andere Arten und Formen von Schwingungen, die wir uberhaupt nicht wahrnehmen konnen oder aber hochstens mit anderen Sinnen, wie dem Tast- oder Sehsinn.) Der Physiker benutzt allgemeinere Ausdrucke, um die drei obengenannten Systeme zu beschreiben. Er nennt sie: Quelle → Medium → Empfanger. Diese Systemkette gilt in gleicher Weise fur die Untersuchung zahlreicher anderer physikalischer Vorgange: Licht, Radioaktivitat, Elektrizitat, Schwerkraft, kosmische Strahlen usw. Die Quelle sendet aus, das Medium leitet weiter, und der Empfanger nimmt auf, registriert oder, ganz allgemein gesagt, wird in einer bestimmten Weise angesprochen. Was ausgesendet, weitergeleitet und aufgenommen wird, ist Energie in einer ihrer vielfaltigen Formen, abhangig vom jeweiligen Fall. Bei Schallwellen ist es elastische Energie, da hierbei Druckschwingungen beteiligt sind, d.h. schnell abwechselnde Kompressionen und Expansionen der Luft.
Digital Archive Network for Anthropology

The Digital Archive Network for Anthropology (DANA) is a federation of distributed, interoperable databases, each with specific content of value to archaeology, physical anthropology and ethnology. DANA will include two-dimensional imagery and accurate, three-dimensional models of material objects (i.e. artifacts and fossils). These models can be variously manipulated to be viewed from all angles, and are sufficiently precise to allow for a range of detailed measurements. This network will allow reliable, "anytime, anywhere" access to content and services for education and research. The project is currently funded by the National Science Digital Libraries (NSDL) program (NSF 2001), with the goal of developing and implementing a digital libraries collection for anthropological materials. This presentation describes the DANA project, with a focus on the real contributions and potential benefits that derive from the use of information technology to advance research and education in anthropology.
Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism Spectra of Copper(II)- and Nickel(II)-Peptide Complexes

Abstract Formation and ionization constants have been computed for the 1:1 copper(II) complexes of glycylglycyl-l-alanine, glycyl-l-alanylglycine, l-alanylglycylglycine, and di-l-alanyl-l-alanine. The values reported are similar to those obtained for diglycylglycine. The visible absorption characteristics of the intermediate species are reported and are similar to those found previously for diglycylglycine. Optical rotatory dispersion measurements on di-l-alanyl-l-alanine show marked differences in behavior among the different ionic species, in particular, the presence of ancillary Cotton effects in the cationic and dipolar ionic species at about 235 mµ. In both the copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes, the order of the magnitudes of the Cotton effects around the visible absorption band is di-l-alanyl-l-alanine g glycyl-l-alanylglycine g glycylglycyl-l-alanine g l-alanylglycylglycine. The wave lengths of the Cotton effects of the copper(II) complexes are close to the position of the absorption band. In the nickel(II) complexes, the Cotton effects occur at 475 mµ, whereas the absorption maximum lies at 430 mµ. The copper(II) complexes of glycyl-l-histidine show well defined Cotton effects at the CuL and CuL- stage. Optical activity of the nickel(II) complex, on the other hand, appears only after further ionization, which may involve the pyrrole proton on the 3-nitrogen of the imidazole ring, to give NiL-, which induces a change in configuration from octahedral to square planar.
Lagrangian geometrical optics of nonadiabatic vector waves and spin particles

Abstract Linear vector waves, both quantum and classical, experience polarization-driven bending of ray trajectories and polarization dynamics that can be interpreted as the precession of the “wave spin”. Both phenomena are governed by an effective gauge Hamiltonian vanishing in leading-order geometrical optics. This gauge Hamiltonian can be recognized as a generalization of the Stern–Gerlach Hamiltonian that is commonly known for spin-1/2 quantum particles. The corresponding reduced Lagrangians for continuous nondissipative waves and their geometrical-optics rays are derived from the fundamental wave Lagrangian. The resulting Euler–Lagrange equations can describe simultaneous interactions of N resonant modes, where N is arbitrary, and lead to equations for the wave spin, which happens to be an ( N 2 − 1 ) -dimensional spin vector. As a special case, classical equations for a Dirac particle ( N = 2 ) are deduced formally, without introducing additional postulates or interpretations, from the Dirac quantum Lagrangian with the Pauli term. The model reproduces the Bargmann–Michel–Telegdi equations with added Stern–Gerlach force.
Comparative carcinogenicity in the rat of 2-hydrazinothiazoles with nitrofuryl, nitrophenyl, or aminophenyl substituents in the 4-position.

2-Hydrazino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole, 2-(2, 2-dimethylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole, 2-hydrazino-4-(4-nitrophenyl)thiazole, and 2-hydrazino-4-(4-aminophenyl)thiazole were fed to female Sprague-Dawley rats, and all were found to be potent carcinogens. Each induced chiefly carcinomas of the mammary gland (32/35, 30/31, 27/34, 34/35, respectively), as well as a lower incidence of tumors of other organs. The carcinogenic relationship of these four compounds to formic acid 2-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]hydrazide is discussed.
The spermatozoan genome and fertility

The strategy for effective reproduction by eliminating genetically unbalanced gametes during spermatogenesis and transport varies in degree of success within as well as among species, but in no animal has it been reported to be completely effective. In the human subject, for example, it is estimated that one in every 50 ejaculated spermatozoa is genetically abnormal. The causal basis of these anomalies is poorly understood. Meiotic accidents, environmental mutagens, and gamete senescence in utero are all implicated. However, many of these abnormal cells are fertile. This fact plus the weight of the evidence reviewed suggest that fertility differences among males which cannot be ascribed to measurable differences in semen characteristics reflect, in large part, the increased opportunity of nuclear defective gametes in the semen of some males to effect fertilization. The elimination of embryos arising from eggs fertilized by genetically defective spermatozoa through spontaneous abortions, although biologically costly, must be viewed as the final check for the elimination of genetic detritus of the species.
Language driven hybrid systems

In this paper the author shows how the type of hybrid models introduced previously by him (1993) can be used to evaluate the performance of motion control systems. He defines an appropriate class of formal languages, allowing one to frame such problems succinctly as word-to-position transducers. We show that models involving multiple triggers play an important role in modeling this type of motion control system. >
Radiation Doses of Common Dental Radiographic Examinations: A Review

Even low doses of radiation have the potential to cause biologic harm by way of stochastic effects, those, like carcinogenesis, whose probability of occurrence is dependent on radiation dose. Effective radiation doses range from 4-16 µSv for panoramic radiographs to 33-150 µSv for a full-mouth intraoral series, depending on exact technique used. Effective doses from cone-beam CT vary significantly, depending on the specific equipment used, but in general are much higher than for panoramic radiographs but less than for multidetector CT. Methods to reduce the dose from dental x-ray examinations include the use of selection criteria to determine whether a radiograph is needed, the use of fast image receptors, and increased beam collimation, particularly for children.
Identification and characterization of functional D1 dopamine receptors in a human neuroblastoma cell line

Dopamine stimulated human neuroblastoma SK-N-MC cells to accumulated cyclic AMP. The D1 agonist SKF (R)-38393 also stimulated cyclic AMP production whereas the response to dopamine was inhibited by the D1 antagonist SCH (R)-23390. Membranes from SK-N-MC cells bound the D1 ligand [125I]SCH 23982 with a Kd of 2.1 nM and a Bmax of 102 fmol/mg protein. Binding was displaced by dopamine, SKF 38393, and SCH 23390. Up to 40% of the receptors were in an agonist high affinity, guanine nucleotide-sensitive state, compared to only 6% in rat striatum. A D1 photoaffinity probe labeled a 72 kDa protein in both SK-N-MC and rat striatal membranes. Thus, SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cells contain D1 dopamine receptors which are similar to those found in mammalian striatum, but which are more tightly coupled to adenylate cyclase. SK-N-MC cells may be a useful model to investigate the properties and regulation of D1 dopamine receptors.
Cerebral correlates of hyponatremia

Hyponatremia, defined as a serum sodium concentration ([Na+]) less than 135 mEq/L, is commonly caused by elevated levels of the hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), which causes water retention. The principal organ affected by disease-related morbidity is the brain. The neurologic complications associated with hyponatremia are attributable to cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure, caused by the osmotically driven movement of water from the extracellular compartment into brain cells. Although neurologic symptoms induced by hyponatremia are limited by an adaptive brain mechanism known as "regulatory volume decrease," an overly rapid correction of serum [Na+] before the reversal of this adaptive response can also produce neurologic damage. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a frequent cause of hyponatremia related to central nervous system disorders, neurosurgery, or the use of psychoactive drugs. Fluid restriction is the standard of care for patients with SIADH who are asymptomatic or who have only mild symptoms, but patients with severe or symptomatic hyponatremia require more aggressive therapy. Infusion of hypertonic saline is the usual approach to the treatment of symptomatic hyponatremia, but patients require frequent monitoring. Pharmacologic agents such as demeclocycline and lithium may be effective in some patients but are associated with undesirable adverse events. The AVPreceptor antagonists are a new therapeutic class for the treatment of hyponatremia. The first agent in this class approved for the treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia in hospitalized patients is conivaptan. Two other agents, tolvaptan and lixivaptan, are being evaluated in patients with euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. The AVP-receptor antagonists block the effects of elevated AVP and promote aquaresis, the electrolyte-sparing excretion of water, resulting in the correction of serum [Na+]. These agents may also have intrinsic neuroprotective effects.
United we find: enabling mobile devices to cooperate for efficient neighbor discovery

The recent surge in the use of mobile devices have opened up new avenues for communication. While most existing applications designed to exploit this potential are infrastructure based, there is a growing trend to leverage physical proximity between end-users to enable direct peer-to-peer communication. However, the success of these applications relies on the ability to efficiently detect contact opportunities, Devices that participate in such opportunistic communication often come equipped with multiple radios. For an individual node, performing neighbor discovery can be too expensive with a high-power, long-range radio (e.g., Wi-Fi). On the other hand, relying only on a low-power, short-range radio for detecting neighbors results in significantly fewer available contacts. To mitigate this problem, we have developed CQuest, a novel scheme for more efficient long-range neighbor discovery that leverages the clustering of nodes as well as the radio heterogeneity of mobile devices. The basic idea is that coordination over a low-power, short-range radio can help clustered nodes distribute the load of high-power, long-range scanning. We present results from extensive simulation that shows CQuest discovers significantly more contacts than a low-power only scheme but without incurring the high energy cost usually associated with long-range discovery. We also present results and experience from a successful implementation of the protocol on a testbed of Android G1/G2 phones that shows the feasibility of the protocol in a real network.
Politics, the state and agrarian development: a comparative study of Nigeria and the Ivory Coast

Abstract Much of Sub-Saharan Africa is in the midst of a major agrarian crisis reflected in imminent or actual famine, stagnant or declining food productivity, growing food imports, rapid population growth and deteriorating rural living conditions. The poor performance of African peasant agriculture is often explained solely in terms of global theories of agrarian crisis, which can imply a backwardness or stasis in production relations. Using two West African case studies, this paper argues that the food crisis in Nigeria and the Ivory Coast has quite different origins, and throughout the 1970s social economic changes in the agricultural sector were both diverse and rapid. These differences are explained in terms of three variables: the regime of accumulation, state form and capacity, and forms of state intervention. The essay demonstrates that: (i) poor performance in the food sector may be the result of quite different political economies; (ii) state-directed change in peasant-based agriculture may be simultaneously advancing along several different fronts; and (iii) agrarian development must be understood in terms of the multiple political struggles associated with the specific character of the state and the regime of accumulation in each country.
“Programming effort” analysis of the ELLPACK language

ELLPACK is a problem statement language and system for elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) which is implemented by a Fortran preprocessor. ELLPACK's principal purpose is as a tool for the performance evaluation of software. However, we use it here as an example with which to study the “programming effort” required for problem solving. It is obvious that problem statement languages can reduce programming effort tremendously; our goal is to quantify this somewhat. We do this by analyzing the lengths and effort (as measured by Halstead's “software science” technique) of various approaches to solving these problems.A simple ELLPACK program is shown below to illustrate the nature of the ELLPACK language. Space does not allow a description of the language but it is somewhat self explanatory. See [2] and [3] for further details.
Geographical Variation in Surveillance Strategies After Curative-Intent Surgery for Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancer

Background: Analysis of geographical variation in utilization of medical resources is often used to identify regions of overutilization or underutilization. Methods: We surveyed the membership of the American Head and Neck Society regarding their recommended frequency of office visits and 13 imaging studies and blood tests for their patients after potentially curative therapy for upper aerodigestive tract cancers. Results: Of the 1322 members surveyed, 610 (46%) responded: 420 responses (32%) were assessable. Responses were compared by US Census Region, Metropolitan Statistical Area, and managed care organization penetration rate. Overseas members (16% of assessable responses) comprised a separate category for the regional analysis. There were statistically significant variations in practice patterns among Census Regions for office visits, complete blood count, computed tomography of the head, sonography, and esophagoscopy. Non-US members recommended significantly more blood tests, imaging studies, and endoscopy than US members for routine cancer surveillance. Only the frequency of office visits differed significantly among Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Surprisingly, the penetration rate of managed care organizations had no significant effect on posttreatment surveillance intensity. Conclusions: This analysis indicates that only a small portion of the wide variation in observed follow-up practice patterns can be explained by geographical determinants.
The tomography algorithm for ozone retrieval from the NPOESS OMPS limb measurements

ABSTRACT The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS), which is a component of the National Polar-Orbiting EnvironmentalSatellite System (NPOESS), will provide high-resolution vertical ozone profiles in the atmosphere from limbmeasurements of scattered solar radiation retrieved from limb-geometry measurements of scattered solar radiation in theultraviolet, visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. Due to the long path of scattered limb radiation through theatmosphere, ozone variations along the line of sight can have a significant impact on the measured radiance and, if notaccounted for, result in significant deterioration of retrieval accuracy. In this paper we describe a tomographic retrievalalgorithm, which accounts for the effects of horizontal ozone variations on the target ozone profile retrieval by restoringa fragment of the 2D ozone distribution in the neighborhood of the target profile. Our simulated retrievals of realistic 2Dozone distributions demonstrates that the tomographic algorithm provides remarkably better retrieval accuracy than thebaseline 1D algorithm, which neglects horizontal ozone inhomogeneities. Special measures are taken to reduce thetomographic inversion execution time. We demonstrate that acceptable execution times can be achieved if fragments ofthe ozone field are retrieved sequentially along a satellite orbit.Keywords : NPOESS, OMPS, ozone, profile, 2D distribution, limb, tomography, retrieval, algorithm.
Localization Effects with Steady Thermal Noise in One Ear and Pulsed Thermal Noise in the Other

When the duration or repetition rate of pulses in the left ear is increased, while steady, in-phase, thermal noise sounds in the right ear, the pulses are heard to move toward the median plane. At still longer durations (for a given repetition rate) the loudness of noise on the right diminishes, until finally all sound is localized at the median plane.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FATE OF CIPROFLOXACIN IN AQUATIC FIELD SYSTEMS

Ciprofloxacin (cipro) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in human and veterinary medicine that is readily transported into the environment via domestic wastewaters and through direct runoff. Although factors governing cipro fate are becoming understood, an integrated evaluation of disappearance mechanisms in aquatic systems has not been performed. Here we examined cipro disappearance rate in surface waters using both laboratory and field systems under different light, and dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) conditions to determine when photodegradation versus adsorption dominates cipro fate. Initial laboratory experiments showed that cipro rapidly photodegraded (t1/2 ∼ 1.5 h) with numerous photodegradation products being noted when POC levels were low. However, even moderate water column POC levels resulted in reduced photodegradation (no breakdown products detected) and soluble cipro disappearance rates were accelerated. 14C-ciprofloxacin studies confirmed significant adsorption onto aquatic POC (KOC values of 13,900 to 20,500 L/kg at neutral pH). In contrast, a follow-up mesocosm-scale field study using low POC water showed that photodegradation could also dominate cipro fate. In conclusion, both adsorption and photodegradation strongly influence cipro fate in aquatic systems, although the dominant mechanism appears to depend upon the ambient POC level.
ICP Spectra: I. Background Emission

The background spectra originating from an ICP excitation source using a standard set of conditions have been tabulated and classified from 2075 to 6005 A. These data were acquired using a high-resolution, scanning echelle monochromator capability of 0.01 A. Background features include 205 Ar transitions; atomic spectra from H, C, and Si; and molecular band emission from the OH species. Possible spectral interferences of analysis lines with this background spectra were discussed and tabulated for first through third order overlaps.
Curcumin Inhibits Rift Valley Fever Virus Replication in Human Cells

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that is classified as a select agent, an emerging infectious virus, and an agricultural pathogen. Understanding RVFV-host interactions is imperative to the design of novel therapeutics. Here, we report that an infection by the MP-12 strain of RVFV induces phosphorylation of the p65 component of the NFκB cascade. We demonstrate that phosphorylation of p65 (serine 536) involves phosphorylation of IκBα and occurs through the classical NFκB cascade. A unique, low molecular weight complex of the IKK-β subunit can be observed in MP-12-infected cells, which we have labeled IKK-β2. The IKK-β2 complex retains kinase activity and phosphorylates an IκBα substrate. Inhibition of the IKK complex using inhibitors impairs viral replication, thus alluding to the requirement of an active IKK complex to the viral life cycle. Curcumin strongly down-regulates levels of extracellular infectious virus. Our data demonstrated that curcumin binds to and inhibits kinase activity of the IKK-β2 complex in infected cells. Curcumin partially exerts its inhibitory influence on RVFV replication by interfering with IKK-β2-mediated phosphorylation of the viral protein NSs and by altering the cell cycle of treated cells. Curcumin also demonstrated efficacy against ZH501, the fully virulent version of RVFV. Curcumin treatment down-regulated viral replication in the liver of infected animals. Our data point to the possibility that RVFV infection may result in the generation of novel versions of host components (such as IKK-β2) that, by virtue of altered protein interaction and function, qualify as unique therapeutic targets.
Cholesterol biosynthesis in bullfrog sciatic nerve. II. Concentration dependence of C2-unit incorporation.

Abstract Additional C14-tracer experiments on the incorporation of C2-units into tissue components of surviving bullfrog sciatic nerve, as a function of the total concentration levels of exogenously supplied acetate and choline ions, have been carried out. It is found that both acetate- and choline-ion incorporation processes into tissue cholesterol, at a reference incubation interval of 4 hr., are markedly enhanced by increased concentrations of the cold carrier ions added to their respective tracer media. However, the enhancement in incorporation of the choline carbon skeleton produced by a high carrier to tracer ratio in 4-hr. incubations is quite materially reduced when the incubation interval is extended to 11 hr. at room temperature. These results are discussed in the light of the previous information on incorporation from media containing only tracer-level C2 supplies.
Depression and reasons for living among AIDS patients: protecting quality of life when the end is in sight.

Background:Patients with AIDS are at risk for becoming depressed, pessimistic, and may begin to desire to die. The desire to live may remain strong in AIDS patients through the maintenance of physical health and a lack of pain. However, improvement in physical health is not always followed by resurgence in the will to live. Psychological variables may be important for protecting reasons for living in AIDS patients.Aims:The current study was designed to examine protective factors associated with the will to live among AIDS patients, including physical functioning, depression, and quality of life.Method:Sixty-eight AIDS patients participated in the current study during their outpatient visits to an infectious disease unit. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess depression, quality of life, a variety of physical health variables, and reasons for living.Results:Analyses revealed that reasons for living reported by AIDS patients were best understood by overall quality of life. Depression was as...
A distributed database for bio-molecular images

Information technology research has played a significant role in the genomics revolution over the past decade, from aiding with large-scale sequence assembly to automating gene identification to efficiently searching databases by sequence similarity. The tremendous amount of information gathered from genomics will be dwarfed in the next decade by the knowledge to be gained from comprehensive, systematic studies of the properties and behaviors of all proteins and other biomolecules. High-resolution imaging of molecules and cells will be critical for understanding complex systems such as the nervous system, whether it be for the localization of specific neuron types within a region of the central nervous system, the branching pattern of dendritic trees, or the localization of molecules at the subcellular level. Furthermore, knowing how these distribution patterns and subcellular locations change as a function of time is critical to understanding how cells respond to stress, injury, aging, and disease. We are developing sophisticated information technologies for collecting and interpreting the enormous volume of biological image data. A major outcome of the research will be a unique, fully operational, distributed digital library of biomolecular image data accessible to researchers around the world. Such searchable databases will make it possible to optimally understand and interpret the data, leading to a more complete and integrated understanding of cellular structure, function and regulation.
Spectroscopy with replicated field configurations

Abstract The effect of field configuration copying on both a fermion and a fermion-antiferium pair correlation functions is studied in a simple quantum-mechanical model. It is found that the copying procedure generally results in a large correction to the corresponding effective masses. In particular, this correction leads to an oscillatory behavior of the effective masses, similar to that observed for mesons in recent lattice QCD calculations. It is argued that the copying technique is unlikely to be useful as a spectroscopic tool.
Photochemical and kinetic studies of some metal dithizonate complexes

Abstract The kinetics of the approach to photostationary state have been studied for Hg(HDz) 2 in benzene and toluene, and for Ag(HDz)) in tetrahydrofuran, where HDz − is the anion of dithizone (diphenylthiocarbazone). Photolysis converts the normal orange form to an unstable blue form which, while photointert, reverts thermally. Quantum yields are close to unity for 485 nm light, and from the photolysis kinetics, values of the first order thermal return rate constants, k, are obtained which agree well with the directly determined ones. The behavior of Bi(HDz) 3 , Pb(HDz) 2 , Tl(HDz), Cd(HDz) 2 , Zn(HDz) 2 , Cu(HDz) 2 , and Pd(HDz) 2 was also examined in various solvents. The return rates are fast and k values were obtained by means of laser pulse photolyses. The results allow for some differentiation between reaction schemes; it is concluded that for Hg(HDz) 2 , both ligands isomerize following absorption of a light quantum by the complex. The k values for the set of complexes can be correlated approximately by type of solvent and type of central metal ion.
Morphological and genetic characteristics of Flavobacterium columnare isolates: correlations with virulence in fish.

Variability in pathogenicity of Flavobacterium columnare makes disease treatment difficult because there is currently no way to easily recognize those strains that warrant aggressive treatments. In order to identify suitable virulence markers, 17 isolates of F. columnare were cultured from six different fish species. The DNA from all isolates was analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Bootstrap analysis of the RAPD data produced a tree with three major groups supported by bootstrap scores of 80‐100%. Virulence of the isolates was determined by bath exposure of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), and golden shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill), to broth cultures of F. columnare. In channel catfish, 13 of 17 isolates produced 100% mortality within 48 h post-exposure. All isolates of cyprinid fish origin clustered in a single RAPD group. At least two of the four isolates that were not virulent in channel catfish were of cyprinid fish origin. There was a wide variation in cell morphology between isolates with lengths of cells or cell chains ranging from 3 to 11 lm, even under identical culture conditions. Most of the shorter or single cell isolates fell into a single RAPD group. No clear association was identified between virulence and any other characteristic, including RAPD group.
The Value of Sticky Articles

In Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die: Made to Stick, Heath and Heath (2007) identify six key qualities of successful ideas that make them “sticky.” Within their framework, sticky ideas are simple, unexpected, concrete, credible, emotional, and delivered in story form. Although their research is primarily focused on the effectiveness of myths, advertisements, and slogans, these qualities apply remarkably well to successful articles that might appear in Journal of Marketing Research (JMR). Why sticky articles? Juxtaposing “sticky” and “articles” sounds wrong, evoking a spilled chocolate shake or ketchup on an otherwise pristine paper. However, given that an article passes the substantial contribution hurdle, I propose that JMR publications need stickiness. A sticky publication is one whose message is recalled; whose method, theory, and substantive results are repeated; and whose story is elaborated on, resulting in an article that is cited both within and beyond marketing. In simple terms, a sticky publication is an influential one. In this editorial, I explore how to write sticky publications, shamelessly borrowing from the concepts and ideas in Heath and Heath’s (2007) book. As I characterize the appropriate strategies that build on their six criteria, I provide examples of stickiness from this issue of JMR. Although there are strong parallels in the ways stickiness improves both ideas and articles, there are differences. For example, stories may be useful for ideas, but they are critical for articles. In contrast, emotion is useful to ideas but less so for articles. Thus, I begin with the importance of stories and spend relatively little time on emotions.
A note on the distribution of the primitive roots of a prime

Abstract In this paper it is shown that if p = 4k + 1 is a prime such that ϕ(p − 1) (p − 1) > 1 4 , then there is at least one pair of consecutive primitive roots modulo p. Generalization of this proposition, related results, and some computational work are also discussed.
Flush-Mounted Steady-Periodic Heated Film With Application to Fluid-Flow Measurement

Recently unsteady heating of surface-mounted films has been applied to the measurement of fluid flow. In this paper steady-periodic heating of a surface-mounted film is studied analytically. Wall effects and axial heat conduction in the fluid are included. The temperature is found as an exact integral expression constructed from separate Green's functions formulations in the fluid flow and in the solid wall that are matched at the fluid-solid interface. Numerical results for temperature, obtained by quadrature, are reported for several flow speeds and several steady-periodic frequencies. The results show that steady-periodic heating has potential for fluid-flow measurement because the system may be tuned, via frequency, to maximize the temperature response at the fluid flow of interest. Simulated calibration curves are given.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Point-of-care screening to identify cognitive impairment in older adults

Objective To explore associations between results of a rapid screening tool for cognitive impairment and individual patient characteristics in a sample of patients receiving outpatient anticoagulation therapy who were not previously diagnosed with a dementia. Design Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. Setting Pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic in Spokane, WA, from June 2006 to March 2007. Participants 300 community-dwelling patients aged 60 years or older who had at least 6 months of outpatient anticoagulation therapy services. Intervention Following informed consent, demographic, medical history, medication history, anticoagulation therapy, and cognitive screening data were recorded from participant medical records, and a participant interview was performed using a standardized questionnaire and data collection form. Main outcome measures Cognitive screening status (suggests cognitive impairment versus suggests dementia less likely) was used as an independent variable by which to compare patient demographics, medical history, medication history, and percent of out-of-range International Normalized Ratio (INR) visits. Results 55 of 300 participants (18.3%) with no previous diagnosis of a cognitive impairment were classified as "suggests cognitive impairment" based on the screening test. Presence or absence of cognitive impairment differed in those needing assistance with taking medications but was not associated with other sample characteristics, including percentage of visits with out-of-range INR value, gender, in-home care needs, age, and number of medical conditions. Conclusion Screening at a convenient health care access point may lead to increased identification of community-dwelling elderly patients with unrecognized and undiagnosed cognitive impairment. Pharmacists are particularly well suited to conduct this screening because of the extended and frequent contact they have with patients in settings such as anticoagulation therapy clinics.
A comparative analysis of the construct validity of coefficients in paramorphic models of accounting judgments: A replication and extension

Abstract This study adds to research which examines the construct validity of coefficients of cue importance in studies concerned with how decision-makers use accounting information in formulating judgments (see Larcker & Lessig, The Accounting Review , January, 1983, pp. 58–77; Selling & Shank, Accounting, Organizations and Society , 1989, pp. 65–77). Historically, accounting studies have modelled cue importance with almost exclusive reliance upon linear models. But as the Selling & Shank study indicates, inferring the importance of accounting cues through reliance upon only one kind of model can leave “method variance” undetected and raises threats to the construct validity of coefficients (see Cook & Campbell, Quasi-experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings , 1979, pp. 59–70). To the extent that cue importance appears similar across models, then the model coefficients are presumed more valid. While Selling & Shank compare linear models to process tracing models, we compare a linear model to an eigenvector-scaling routine known as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (see Saaty, The Analytic Hierarchy Process , 1980). As with Selling & Shank, we find that the importance of cues is sensitive to model choice, suggesting that more research is needed into method variance before judgments can be made with respect to the construct validity of linear coefficients in accounting studies.
Predicting job performance of low income workers: The Work Opinion Questionnaire.

This study outlines the development of the Work Opinion Questionnaire (WOQ), a measure of job-related attitudes. The 35-item attitude measure was validated on 670 C.E.T.A. workers in a large midwestem city. The WOQ was effective in predicting job performance in entry level positions. Potential applications and limitations of the WOQ are discussed.
Parental estimates of children's receptive vocabulary

Samples of 13 mothers and fathers of normal preschool children and 11 mothers of high-risk preschool children estimated their children's vocabulary ability by predicting their child's responses to individual PPVT-R items and by making a global rating of their child's vocabulary ability. Prior to the parental estimations, the children had been administered the PPVT-R. Accuracy of parental estimates, as measured by d', was low, although the mothers' average estimates were significantly higher than zero and higher than fathers' estimates. Accuracy of estimation was similar for mothers of normal preschoolers and for mothers of high-risk preschoolers. Time spent reading to the child, mothers' employment, and children's ability level were not related to parental accuracy. Although correlations between the children's scores and parental estimates all were significant, parents tended to overestimate their children's abilities by approximately 9 to 10 points on the average. Overall, parental estimates of their children's vocabulary ability, using a global rating scale, provide a somewhat useful measure for placing their children in a broad classification range.
Clinical Approaches to Analgesia in Ferrets and Rabbits

Abstract Pet rabbits and ferrets are increasingly presented to veterinarians, and new demands are placed on veterinarians to manage pain in these species. Relatively little data exist regarding the efficacy of analgesics in these animals. Rabbits and ferrets exhibit different behavioral and physiological responses to pain, and an understanding of the normal behavior of these species is critical to pain assessment. Although acute pain is relatively easy to identify, signs of chronic pain may be more subtle. Occasionally, simple husbandry corrections can help alleviate painful chronic conditions. The prevention of pain by minimizing tissue trauma with a gentle surgical technique and preemptive analgesia is critical when dealing with rabbits and ferrets in the clinical setting. Many of the same analgesic techniques and drugs used in dogs and cats can be extrapolated to rabbits and ferrets, though some of the drugs have specific indications and contraindications. Discussions of the clinical use of opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anesthetics, ketamine, and tramadol in rabbits and ferrets are presented. Reference to the current literature is made where possible. In addition, insights gained from the author's experience with the clinical use of these drugs in rabbits and ferrets are presented.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation of right atriofascicular (Mahaim) accessory pathways guided by accessory pathway activation potentials.

BACKGROUNDAccessory pathways (APs) exhibiting "Mahaim fiber" physiology (antegrade conduction only, long conduction time, and decremental properties) often connect the lateral right atrium to the right bundle branch (right atriofascicular pathways). Potentials from these pathways have not been recorded previously. The purpose of this study was to determine whether AP activation potentials could be recorded from right atriofascicular APs and to determine whether these potentials could be used to localize a site for catheter ablation.METHODS AND RESULTSOf 26 consecutive patients referred for catheter ablation of an AP producing a preexcited (antidromic) atrioventricular (AV) reentrant tachycardia having a left bundle branch block pattern with short ventriculoatrial and long AV intervals, 23 (88.5%) were found to have a right atriofascicular AP. During antidromic AV reentrant tachycardia, (1) right atrial extrastimuli (that did not penetrant tachycardia, (1) right atrial extrastimuli (that did not penetrate ...
Four wavelength distributed feedback ridge waveguide quantum‐well heterostructure laser array

A four‐wavelength strained‐layer InGaAs‐GaAs‐AlGaAs distributed feedback ridge waveguide quantum‐well heterostructure laser array, with a lasing emission wavelength separation of ∼16 A between adjacent emitters, is described. The four‐wavelength array requires only a single MOCVD growth step. Lateral optical confinement is achieved with dry‐etched lateral third‐order gratings. Each element operates in the fundamental lateral mode with a near‐field FWHM of 2.6±0.1 μm and the entire width of the near‐field pattern is <80 μm.
Direct Appraisal of the Potato Tuber ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase Large Subunit in Enzyme Function by Study of a Novel Mutant Form

The higher plant ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is a heterotetramer consisting of two subunit types, which have evolved at different rates from a common ancestral gene. The potato tuber small subunit (SS) displays both catalytic and regulatory properties, whereas the exact role of the large subunit (LS), which contains substrate and effector binding sites, remains unresolved. We identified a mutation, S302N, which increased the solubility of the recombinant potato tuber LS and, in turn, enabling it to form a homotetrameric structure. The LS302N homotetramer possesses very little enzyme activity at a level 100-fold less than that seen for the unactivated SS homotetramer. Unlike the SS enzyme, however, the LS302N homotetramer enzyme is neither activated by the effector 3-phosphoglycerate nor inhibited by Pi. When combined with the catalytically silenced SS, SD143N, however, the LS302N-containing enzyme shows significantly enhanced catalytic activity and restored 3-PGA activation. This unmasking of catalytic and regulatory potential of the LS is conspicuously evident when the activities of the resurrected LK41R·T51K·S302N homotetramer are compared with its heterotetrameric form assembled with SD143N. Overall, these results indicate that the LS possesses catalytic and regulatory properties only when assembled with SS and that the net properties of the heterotetrameric enzyme is a product of subunit synergy.
FGKA: a Fast Genetic K-means Clustering Algorithm

In this paper, we propose a new clustering algorithm called Fast Genetic K-means Algorithm (FGKA). FGKA is inspired by the Genetic K-means Algorithm (GKA) proposed by Krishna and Murty in 1999 but features several improvements over GKA. Our experiments indicate that, while K-means algorithm might converge to a local optimum, both FGKA and GKA always converge to the global optimum eventually but FGKA runs much faster than GKA.
Caring for forests in a changing world

Abstract Rational management of forests has become a major issue for humankind. This Viewpoint discusses the concept of sustainable forest management, reviews the linkages between population and forests; points out the present status of forests in developing countries, and outlines the importance of forests for food security and environmental conservation.