cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inverse optimization in countably infinite linear programs

Given the costs and a feasible solution for a linear program, inverse optimization involves finding new costs that are close to the original ones and make the given solution optimal. We develop an inverse optimization framework for countably infinite linear programs using the weighted absolute sum metric. We reformulate this as an infinite-dimensional mathematical program using duality. We propose a convergent algorithm that solves a sequence of finite-dimensional LPs to tackle it. We apply this to non-stationary Markov decision processes.
Functional CLT for Random Walk Among Bounded Random Conductances

We consider the nearest-neighbor simple random walk on $Z^d$, $d\ge2$, driven by a field of i.i.d. random nearest-neighbor conductances $\omega_{xy}\in[0,1]$. Apart from the requirement that the bonds with positive conductances percolate, we pose no restriction on the law of the $\omega$'s. We prove that, for a.e. realization of the environment, the path distribution of the walk converges weakly to that of non-degenerate, isotropic Brownian motion. The quenched functional CLT holds despite the fact that the local CLT may fail in $d\ge5$ due to anomalously slow decay of the probability that the walk returns to the starting point at a given time.
Deploying Off-Grid Technology to Eradicate Energy Poverty

energy options, such as diesel generators and cookstoves, offer holds services 6). Programs involving governments, businesses, nonprofi t organizations, eratives
Acid- and Pd(0)-catalyzed ring opening of 1-(1-cycloalkenyl)cyclopropyl sulfonates.

We report herein facile acid-catalyzed isomerization of 1-(1‘-cycloalkenyl)cyclopropyl sulfonates under mild conditions. The remarkable ease of ring opening is attributed to the presence of a 1‘-alkyl substituent. Also included is a palladium-catalyzed ring opening reaction of 1-(1‘-cycloalkenyl)cyclopropyl tosylates for convenient preparation of substituted 1,3-dienylamines, which complements previously reported nucleophilic substitution reactions of (1-vinyl)cyclopropyl tosylates.
Reynolds stress calculations of homogeneous turbulent shear flow with bounded energy states

Reynolds stress calculations of homogeneous turbulent shear flow are conducted with a second-order closure model modified to account for non-equilibrium vortex stretching in the dissipation rate transport equation, as recently proposed by Bernard and Speziale. As with the earlier reported k-epsilon model calculations incorporating this vortex stretching effect, a production-equals-dissipation equilibrium is obtained with bounded turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation. However, this equilibrium is not achieved until the dimensionless time greater than 60, an elapsed time that is at least twice as large as any of those considered in previous numerical and physical experiments on homogeneous shear flow. Direct quantitative comparisons between the model predictions and the results of experiments are quite favorable. In particular, it is shown that the inclusion of this non-equilibrium vortex stretching effect has the capability of explaining the significant range of production to dissipation ratios observed in experiments.
A Counterexample to a Conjecture of Akemann and Anderson

Akemann and Anderson made a conjecture about ``paving'' projections in finite dimensional matrix algebras which, if true, would settle the well-known Kadison-Singer problem. We falsify their conjecture by an explicit seqence of counterexamples.
Efficient comparison of program slices

Theslice of a program with respect to a componentc is a projection of the program that includes all components that might affect (either directly or transitively) the values of the variables used atc. Slices can be extracted particularly easily from a program representation called a program dependence graph, originally introduced as an intermediate program representation for performing optimizing, vectorizing, and parallelizing transformations. This paper presents a linear-time algorithm for determining whether two slices of a program dependence graph are isomorphic.
The Claisen Rearrangement

Allyl ethers of enols and phenols undergo rearrangement to C-allyl derivatives when heated to sufficiently high temperatures. The reaction, named after its discoverer (Claisen, 1912) was first observed when ethyl O-allylacetonacetate was subjected to distillation at atmospheric pressure in the presence of ammonium chloride. The allyl ethers of phenols rearrange smoothly at temperatures of about 200°C in the absence of catalysts, Allyl ethers of ortho-disubstituted phenols rearrange to the corresponding p-allyphenols. The only known example of para rearrangement accompanied by inversion is the reaction of alpha-ethylallyl 2-carbomethoxy-6-methylphenyl ether. These rearrangements are discussed in detail. Keywords: Claisen rearrangement; open chain compounds; ally aryl ethers; allylphenols; allyethers; structural requirements; side reactions; experimental conditions
Decentralizing development: Allocating public goods via competition

Abstract Decentralizing the allocation of public goods by giving funds directly to communities takes advantage of local information concerning needs, but leaves funds open to misuse or capture by local elites. A large scale development project in Indonesia attempts to overcome this downside of decentralized allocation by having communities compete locally for block grants. Competition weeds out less efficient projects. Increasing the number of villages bidding by 10% leads to a 1.8% decline in road construction costs. Increased community participation in project planning also leads to better outcomes.
"Do the Right Thing:" The Effects of Moral Suasion on Cooperation

Abstract The use of moral appeals to affect the behavior of others is pervasive (from the pulpit to ethics classes) but little is known about the effects of moral suasion on behavior. In a series of experiments we study whether moral suasion affects behavior in voluntary contribution games and the mechanisms by which behavior is altered. We find that observing a message with a moral standard according to the golden rule or, alternatively, utilitarian philosophy, results in a significant but transitory increase in contributions above the levels observed for subjects that did not receive a message or received a message that advised them to contribute without a moral rationale. When players have the option of punishing each other after the contribution stage, the effect of the moral messages on contributions becomes persistent: punishments and moral messages interact to sustain cooperation. We also investigate the mechanisms through which moral suasion operates and find that it affects both expectations and preferences.
Late-Stage Deoxyfluorination of Alcohols with PhenoFluor

An operationally simple protocol for the selective deoxyfluorination of structurally complex alcohols is presented. Several fluorinated derivatives of natural products and pharmaceuticals have been prepared to showcase the potential of the method for late-stage diversification and its functional group compatibility. A series of simple guidelines for predicting the selectivity in substrates with multiple alcohols is given.
An electronic design assistance tool for case-based representation of designs

In precedent based design, solutions to problems are developed by drawing from an understanding of landmark designs. Many of the key design operations in this mode are similar to the functionalities present in case-based reasoning systems: case matching, case adapting, and case representation. It is clear that a rich case-base, encoding all major product types in a design domain would be the centerpiece of such an approach. EDAT (Electronic Design Assistance Tool) is intended to assist in precedent based design in the studio with the potential of expansion into the office setting. EDAT has been designed using object oriented system development methods. EDAT was used in a design studio at Carnegie Mellon University, during Spring 1996.
The impact of involvement on key service relationships

Purpose – This paper aims to report a study that focuses on the moderating role of involvement in the relationships between customer contact employees' customer orientation and service quality perceptions and satisfaction.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 869 consumers is drawn from four different service providers, scale measures are validated via confirmatory factor analysis and a conceptual model is tested using non‐monotonic moderated regression analysis.Findings – Higher levels of involvement lead to greater levels of consumer loyalty and a lower need for scarce marketing resources. Hence, involvement does play a significant moderating role; in most cases the relationships are stronger for consumers with higher involvement.Research limitations/implications – Findings are generalizable only to the four industries investigated.Practical implications – Relative to customers with low levels of involvement, managers must be sure to motivate their employees to work with customers to help solve thei...
A Comparison of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle Configurations with an Emphasis on CSP Applications

Abstract Recent research suggests that an emerging power cycle technology using supercritical carbon dioxide (s-CO2) operated in a closed-loop Brayton cycle offers the potential of equivalent or higher cycle efficiency versus supercritical or superheated steam cycles at temperatures relevant for CSP applications. Preliminary design-point modeling suggests that s-CO2 cycle configurations can be devised that have similar overall efficiency but different temperature and/or pressure characteristics. This paper employs a more detailed heat exchanger model than previous work to compare the recompression and partial cooling cycles, two cycles with high design-point efficiencies, and illustrates the potential advantages of the latter. Integration of the cycles into CSP systems is studied, with a focus on sensible heat thermal storage and direct s-CO2 receivers. Results show the partial cooling cycle may offer a larger temperature difference across the primary heat exchanger, thereby potentially reducing heat exchanger cost and improving CSP receiver efficiency.
Uncertainty and Information Search Activities: A Study of Owner–Managers of Small High‐Technology Manufacturing Firms

This study examines the relationship among perceived strategic uncertainty (PSU), environmental scanning, and the information sources used by owner–managers of a sample of 153 small high-technology manufacturing firms. The results suggest that increased scanning activities are associated with high levels of PSU. Perhaps most importantly, the results also suggest that owner–managers of younger firms respond to uncertainty differently than their counterparts in more mature firms. Specifically, owner–managers of younger firms appear to respond to higher PSU by relying more heavily on personal and external information sources. Owner–managers of older firms, on the other hand, rely more heavily on internal and impersonal information sources to address environmental uncertainty.
ON THE ORIGIN OF TEV GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM HESS J1834–087

We present an X-ray study of the field containing the extended TeV source HESS J1834–087 using data obtained with the XMM-Newton telescope. Previously, the coincidence of this source with both the shell-type supernova remnant (SNR) W41 and a giant molecular cloud (GMC) was interpreted as favoring π0-decay γ-rays from interaction of the old SNR with the GMC. Alternatively, the TeV emission has been attributed to inverse Compton scattering from leptons deposited by PSR J1833–0827, a pulsar assumed to have been born in W41 but now located 24' from the center of the SNR (and the TeV source). Instead, we argue for a third possibility, that the TeV emission is powered by a previously unknown pulsar wind nebula located near the center of W41. The candidate pulsar is XMMU J183435.3–084443, a hard X-ray point source that lacks an optical counterpart to R > 21 and is coincident with diffuse X-ray emission. The X-rays from both the point source and diffuse feature are evidently nonthermal and highly absorbed. A best-fit power-law model yields photon index Γ ~ 0.2 and Γ ~ 1.9, for the point source and diffuse emission, respectively, and 2-10 keV flux ≈5 × 10–13 erg cm–2 s–1 for each. At the measured 4 kpc distance of W41, the observed X-ray luminosity implies an energetic pulsar with erg s–1, which is also sufficient to generate the observed γ-ray luminosity of 2.7 × 1034 d 2 4 erg s–1 via inverse Compton scattering.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce FPGS mRNA expression and intracellular accumulation of long-chain methotrexate polyglutamates in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: implications for combination therapy

Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) diagnosed with resistant phenotypes, and those who relapse, have a dismal prognosis for cure. The antifolate methotrexate (MTX), a universal component of ALL therapies, is metabolized by folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS) into long-chain polyglutamates (MTX-PG(3-7)), resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity from prolonged inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthetase (TS). Using DNaseI assays, we identified a hypersensitive site upstream from exon-1, suggesting chromatin remodeling could alter FPGS expression. We demonstrated that histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC1) is recruited by NFY and Sp1 transcription factors to the FPGS promoter in ALL cell lines. We examined the effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) sodium butyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on the expression of FPGS and other folate-related genes. HDACIs increased FPGS mRNA expression by 2- to 5-fold, whereas DHFR and TS mRNA expression was decreased. Combination treatment with MTX plus SAHA significantly increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis in B- and T-ALL cell lines as compared with each drug alone (CI<or=0.8). SAHA increased the intracellular accumulation of long-chain MTX-PG(3-7). Therefore, HDACI-induced FPGS expression increases the accumulation of MTX-PG(3-7) and cytotoxicity in ALL cell lines, which is potentiated by DHFR and TS downregulation. The synergism exhibited by the combination of MTX and SAHA warrants clinical testing in ALL patients.
Aldolase-catalyzed synthesis of complex C8 and C9 monosaccharides

Abstract Fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase (E.C. 4.1.2.13) from rabbit muscle catalyzes the stereospecific aldol condensation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate with a variety of pentose-5-phosphates and hexose-6-phosphates. The aldol products can be dephosphorylated with acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.1) and the resulting free carbohydrates are peracetylated. These C8 and C9 sugars can serve as precursors to and analogs of KDO, sialic acids and related substances.
1D Exciton Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Nanorods

We have theoretically shown that optical properties of semiconductor nanorods are controlled by 1D excitons. The theory, which takes into account anisotropy of spatial and dielectric confinement, describes size dependence of interband optical transitions and exciton binding energies. We have demonstrated that the fine structure of the ground exciton state explains the linear polarization of photoluminescence. Our results are in good agreement with the measurements in CdSe nanorods.
Progression of dependence in male cocaine addicts.

We studied the self-reported temporal sequence of cocaine-related problems in 45 male predominantly Black (85%), lower SES cocaine addicts undergoing inpatient treatment at a large urban VA psychiatric hospital. Subjects reported recent average use of 2.5 g of cocaine per day for 14 days each month and experiencing a mean of 14 cocaine-related problems. The temporal sequence of cocaine-related problems was roughly consistent with the sequence of alcohol-related problems reported for alcoholics, with the earliest problems being interpersonal (e.g., arguments with others) and the most recent problems the severest (e.g., job loss, marital separation). The cocaine addicts showed a faster progression from first cocaine use to first cocaine-related problems (mean of 3.75 years) than that reported for alcoholics from first drink to first heavy drinking (8-10 years). Cocaine smokers had a faster course (3.4 years) than intranasal users (5.3 years).
EQUIVARIANT POISSON COHOMOLOGY AND A SPECTRAL SEQUENCE ASSOCIATED WITH A MOMENT MAP

We introduce and study a new spectral sequence associated with a Poisson group action on a Poisson manifold and an equivariant momentum mapping. This spectral sequence is a Poisson analog of the Leray spectral sequence of a fibration. The spectral sequence converges to the Poisson cohomology of the manifold and has the E2-term equal to the tensor product of the cohomology of the Lie algebra and the equivariant Poisson cohomology of the manifold. The latter is defined as the equivariant cohomology of the multi-vector fields made into a G-differential complex by means of the momentum mapping. An extensive introduction to equivariant cohomology of G-differential complexes is given including some new results and a number of examples and applications are considered.
Adaptive frequency domain equalization for mode-division multiplexed transmission

We propose and simulate single-carrier adaptive frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE) for mode-division multiplexed transmission. The FDE approach reduces computational complexity significantly compared to the time-domain equalization (TDE) approach while maintaining the same performance.
Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration.

Most examples of seasonal mismatches in phenology span multiple trophic levels, with timing of animal reproduction, hibernation, or migration becoming detached from peak food supply. The consequences of such mismatches are difficult to link to specific future climate change scenarios because the responses across trophic levels have complex underlying climate drivers often confounded by other stressors. In contrast, seasonal coat color polyphenism creating camouflage against snow is a direct and potentially severe type of seasonal mismatch if crypsis becomes compromised by the animal being white when snow is absent. It is unknown whether plasticity in the initiation or rate of coat color change will be able to reduce mismatch between the seasonal coat color and an increasingly snow-free background. We find that natural populations of snowshoe hares exposed to 3 y of widely varying snowpack have plasticity in the rate of the spring white-to-brown molt, but not in either the initiation dates of color change or the rate of the fall brown-to-white molt. Using an ensemble of locally downscaled climate projections, we also show that annual average duration of snowpack is forecast to decrease by 29–35 d by midcentury and 40–69 d by the end of the century. Without evolution in coat color phenology, the reduced snow duration will increase the number of days that white hares will be mismatched on a snowless background by four- to eightfold by the end of the century. This novel and visually compelling climate change-induced stressor likely applies to >9 widely distributed mammals with seasonal coat color.
Asymptotic analysis of hierarchical martensitic microstructure

Abstract We consider a hierarchical nested microstructure, which also contains a point of singularity (disclination) at the origin, observed in lead orthovanadate. We show how to exactly compute the energy cost and associated displacement field within linearized elasticity by enforcing geometric compatibility of strains across interfaces of the three-phase mixture of distortions (variants) in the microstructure. We prove that the mechanical deformation is purely elastic and discuss the behavior of the system close to the origin.
The Effect of Internal Audit Outsourcing on Financial Analysts' Perceptions of External Auditor Independence

The practice of outsourcing the internal audit function to the external audit firm has raised fears by many parties such as the SEC of possible independence impairment. The fear stems from the increased economic bond that exists when additional services are provided to an audit client, as well as the long‐held view that internal auditing is a management function and, as such, is incompatible with the external audit function. This paper reports the results of a two‐phase study of the perceptions of financial analysts regarding external auditor independence when a CPA firm performs both external and internal auditing services. In phase 1, analysts' perceptions of auditor independence are greater when the client employs its own internal audit staff or outsources to a different CPA firm than when the external auditor also performs internal audit functions. Phase 2 results show that analysts' perceptions of auditor independence are higher when the internal audit services are provided by the staff of a differen...
Preparation of 5-diaminomethylenebarbiturates by barbituric acid addition to carbodiimides

Abstract Through NMR spectroscopic monitoring of barbituric acid addition to carbodiimide, a general synthetic procedure for the preparation of 5-diaminomethylenebarbiturates (DABA) was developed. This procedure is very simple and applicable to the preparation of large quantities of DABA derivatives. Through an X-ray structural study of one of the DABA derivatives, it was established that these compounds have an ylide-type structure with strong charge separation within the molecule.
Gregory trees, the continuum, and Martin's axiom

We continue the investigation of Gregory trees and the Cantor Tree Property carried out by Hart and Kunen. We produce models of MA with the Continuum arbitrarily large in which there are Gregory trees, and in which there are no Gregory trees.
Time series properties of an artificial stock market

Abstract This paper presents results from an experimental computer simulated stock market. In this market artificial intelligence algorithms take on the role of traders. They make predictions about the future, and buy and sell stock as indicated by their expectations of future risk and return. Prices are set endogenously to clear the market. Time series from this market are analyzed from the standpoint of well-known empirical features in real markets. The simulated market is able to replicate several of these phenomenon, including fundamental and technical predictability, volatility persistence, and leptokurtosis. Moreover, agent behavior is shown to be consistent with these features, in that they condition on the variables that are found to be significant in the time series tests. Agents are also able to collectively learn a homogeneous rational expectations equilibrium for certain parameters giving both time series and individual forecast values consistent with the equilibrium parameter values.
Message-Passing Algorithms for Sparse Network Alignment

Network alignment generalizes and unifies several approaches for forming a matching or alignment between the vertices of two graphs. We study a mathematical programming framework for network alignment problem and a sparse variation of it where only a small number of matches between the vertices of the two graphs are possible. We propose a new message passing algorithm that allows us to compute, very efficiently, approximate solutions to the sparse network alignment problems with graph sizes as large as hundreds of thousands of vertices. We also provide extensive simulations comparing our algorithms with two of the best solvers for network alignment problems on two synthetic matching problems, two bioinformatics problems, and three large ontology alignment problems including a multilingual problem with a known labeled alignment.
Smagglce: Surface Modeling and Grid Generation for Iced Airfoils: Phase 1 Results

SmaggIce (Surface Modeling and Grid Generation for Iced Airfoils) is a software toolkit used in the process of aerodynamic performance prediction of iced airfoils with grid-based Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). It includes tools for data probing, boundary smoothing, domain decomposition, and structured grid generation and refinement. SmaggIce provides the underlying computations to perform these functions, a GUI (Graphical User Interface) to control and interact with those functions, and graphical displays of results, it is being developed at NASA Glenn Research Center. This paper discusses the overall design of SmaggIce as well as what has been implemented in Phase 1. Phase 1 results provide two types of software tools: interactive ice shape probing and interactive ice shape control. The ice shape probing tools will provide aircraft icing engineers and scientists with an interactive means to measure the physical characteristics of ice shapes. On the other hand, the ice shape control features of SmaggIce will allow engineers to examine input geometry data, correct or modify any deficiencies in the geometry, and perform controlled systematic smoothing to a level that will make the CFD process manageable.
Are Compact High-Velocity Clouds Extragalactic Objects?

Compact high-velocity clouds (CHVCs) are the most distant of the HVCs in the Lo- cal Group model and, at d � 1 Mpc, they have HI volume densities of � 3×10 −4 cm −3 . Clouds with these volume densities and the observed column densities NHI � 10 19 cm −2 will be largely ionized, even if exposed only to the extragalactic ionizing radiation field. Here we examine the implications of this process for models of CHVCs. We have mod- eled the ionization structure of spherical clouds (with and without dark matter halos) for a large range of densities and sizes, appropriate to CHVCs over the range of sug- gested distances, exposed to an extragalactic ionizing photon fluxi � 10 4 phot cm −2 s −1 . Constant-density cloud models in which the CHVCs are at Local Group distances have total (ionized plus neutral) gas masses � 20 30 times larger than the neutral gas masses, implying that the gas mass alone of the observed population of CHVCs is � 4 × 10 10 M⊙. With a realistic (10:1) dark matter to gas mass ratio, the total mass in such CHVCs is a significant fraction of the dynamical mass of the Local Group, and their line widths would greatly exceed the observedV . Self-consistent models of gas in dark matter halos fare even more poorly; they must lie within approximately 200 kpc of the Galaxy, and (for a given distance) are much more massive than the correspond- ing uniform density models. We also show that exponential neutral hydrogen column density profiles are a natural consequence of an external source of ionizing photons, and argue that these profiles cannot be used to derive model-independent distances to the CHVCs. These results argue strongly that the CHVCs are not cosmological objects, and are instead associated with the Galactic halo. Subject headings: ISM: clouds — ISM: H I — Galaxy: halo — Local Group
Positivity and tameness in rank 2 cluster algebras

We study the relationship between the positivity property in a rank 2 cluster algebra, and the property of such an algebra to be tame. More precisely, we show that a rank 2 cluster algebra has a basis of indecomposable positive elements if and only if it is of finite or affine type. This statement disagrees with a conjecture by Fock and Goncharov.
Measurements of heating and energy storage in flashlamp-pumped Nd:YAG and Nd-doped phosphate laser glasses

We have experimentally measured the energy stored and the heat generated in flashlamp-pumped Nd:YAG and six different commercially available Nd-doped phosphate glasses. We find that the normalized heating parameter X , defined as the heat deposited per unit stored energy, is 1.5-2 times the value expected from the known spectroscopy of the Nd ions in these hosts and the emission spectrum of Xenon flashlamps. We discuss the heat sources in Nd-doped glasses. Using a theoretical model, we calculate the influence of Nd concentration, flashlamp pulse length, and current density on X , and we point out the effects of X on practical laser designs.
4-D display of meteorological data

The Man-computer Interactive Data Access System (McIDAS) developed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Space Science and Engineering Center (UW-SSEC) collects large quantities of meteorological data in real time for storage, analysis and display on multi-frame video terminals. Software is being developed on the McIDAS system which produces 3-D images from a variety of meteorological data for stereo display in short animation sequences. These animation sequences are produced in a few minutes. The user controls the space and time extents, contents and information density of the display.
Standards for relations of cardiothoracic surgical organizations with industry.

Most physicians are well aware of the interest the United States Congress, various federal agencies, and state legislatures have shown in the influence of companies that produce drugs and devices on physicians’ use of these products. Recently, the focus on industry’s influence in the health care field expanded to include relations with professional medical societies. In 2009, the Institute of Medicine published a report, ‘‘Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice.’’ Citing the growing interest in Congress and elsewhere, the authors state, ‘‘Physicians and researchers. and the institutions that carry out medical research, education, clinical care, and practice guideline development must recognize public concerns about conflicts of interest and take effective measures soon to maintain public trust’’ (p 16). Professional societies were named among those institutions. Also in 2009, a group of influential physicians, medical sociologists, and bioethicists published a paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association that focused entirely on medical specialty societies and their relations with industry. The authors made a series of recommendations, several of which were highly controversial. In response to this increasing scrutiny, the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) charged the Ethics
Renal Cancer: Preoperative Evaluation With Dual-Phase Three-Dimensional MR Angiography

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of dual-phase three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) angiography in the preoperative staging of renal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR angiography was performed in 18 patients before performance of partial (n = 7), radical (n = 10), or laparoscopic (n = 1) nephrectomy to treat renal cancer. Dynamic, three-dimensional MR angiograms were obtained with gadoteridol enhancement, breath holding, and a three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo sequence. Images were obtained at 15-second intervals to achieve opacification of arteries and veins. Source, maximum intensity projection, and multiplanar reconstruction images were evaluated. Imaging results were compared with surgical findings. RESULTS: Renal arterial phase MR angiograms depicted 30 of 31 (97%) surgically confirmed renal arteries, with one false-positive result (an artery that arose from an early-branching single main renal artery, interpreted as a separate accessory artery). Renal venous phase MR angiograms depicted all s...
An additive problem in the Fourier coefficients of cusp forms

We establish an estimate on sums of shifted products of Fourier coefficients coming from holomorphic or Maass cusp forms of arbitrary level and nebentypus. These sums are analogous to the binary additive divisor sum which has been studied extensively. As an application we derive, extending work of Duke, Friedlander and Iwaniec, a subconvex estimate on the critical line for L-functions associated to character twists of these cusp forms.
Radiation detectors based on 4H semi-insulating silicon carbide

In this work, radiation detectors were fabricated using 8 mm × 8 mm substrates, ~ 390 μm in thickness, diced from commercial (0001) 4H-SiC semi-insulating wafer (> 10 9 Ohm-cm). Our characterization results, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), electron beam induced current (EBIC), chemical etching, cross-polarized imaging, thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements, chemical etching and Raman spectroscopy, show the high quality of the semiinsulating SiC crystals, which are believed to meet the requirements of fabricating high performance radiation detectors. Current-voltage characteristics showed very low leakage current (~ 1.5 pA at -500 V) and the capability of detector's operation up to 200°C.
Markov switching multinomial logit model: An application to accident-injury severities

In this study, two-state Markov switching multinomial logit models are proposed for statistical modeling of accident-injury severities. These models assume Markov switching over time between two unobserved states of roadway safety as a means of accounting for potential unobserved heterogeneity. The states are distinct in the sense that in different states accident-severity outcomes are generated by separate multinomial logit processes. To demonstrate the applicability of the approach, two-state Markov switching multinomial logit models are estimated for severity outcomes of accidents occurring on Indiana roads over a four-year time period. Bayesian inference methods and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations are used for model estimation. The estimated Markov switching models result in a superior statistical fit relative to the standard (single-state) multinomial logit models for a number of roadway classes and accident types. It is found that the more frequent state of roadway safety is correlated with better weather conditions and that the less frequent state is correlated with adverse weather conditions.
Design comparison of glass and beryllium AMSD mirrors

The ongoing progress of shape-controlled mirrors for enabling lower mass, large segmented mirrors is described in the context of Raytheon's AMSD Program. This approach has been successfully applied in the past for room temperature telescopes as large as 4-meters in aperture (at 70 kg/m2) and for cryogenic mirrors as large as 3-meters in aperture (at 30 kg/m2). The AMSD Program is producing similar mirror segments at 15 kg/m2 while simultaneously investigating advanced manufacturing techniques with the potential for significant reductions in cost and schedule for multiple segments of a large aperture.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Regional Therapy of Hepatic Malignancies.

Radiofrequency ablation is a simple and powerful tool for destruction of small liver tumors on an outpatient basis. The major question is its role in preservation of quality and length of life, given the high frequency of intrahepatic relapse. Even surgical resection has a 70% to 75% recurrence rate, so ablation would not be expected to perform any better. However, ablation offers the opportunity to destroy tumors in patients who are not resection candidates. Close imaging follow-up may permit repeated ablations of recurrent disease. Furthermore, of the greater than 500,000 people being followed annually after resection of a primary colon cancer, only 2% are screened with serial imaging of the liver, so most hepatic metastases are not detected until they are too large to ablate. This is a large pool of patients who might benefit from routine radiological screening, with percutaneous ablation of lesions as they appear.
The rise of the modern welfare state, ideology, institutions and income security: analysis and evidence

In the 25-year period between 1960 and 1985, there was a great expansion of welfare state programs throughout the West. The fraction of GDP accounted for by social expenditures doubled in much of Europe and grew by 40–50% in many other OECD nations. After 1985, growth in social insurance programs slowed relative to other parts of the economy. This paper explores the extent to which institutions and ideological shifts may have accounted for the period of rapid growth, for differences in the extent of that growth, and for the subsequent reduction in the growth rates of social insurance programs.
Undulating strings and gauge theory waves

Abstract We study some dynamical aspects of the correspondence between strings in AdS space and external heavy quarks in N =4 SYM. Specifically, by examining waves propagating on such strings, we make some plausible (and some surprising) inferences about the time-dependent fields produced by oscillating quarks in the strongly coupled gauge theory. We point out a puzzle regarding energy conservation in the SYM theory. In addition, we perform a similar analysis of the gauge fields produced by a baryon (represented as a D5-brane with string-like extension in AdS space) and compare and contrast with the gauge fields produced by a quark–antiquark pair (represented as a string looping through AdS space).
PHOSPHORUS NITROGEN CHEMISTRY. VI. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF THIOPHOSPHORUS TRI-N-METHYLIMIDE, P4S4N6(CH3)6

Abstract Thiophosphorus tri-N[sbnd]methylimide, P4N6(CH3)6, was prepared in high yield by the reaction of elemental sulfur and solid P4N6(CH3)6 at room temperature. Physical properties support a structure analogous to the cage structure for P4O6S4. Additional properties of the related compounds, P4N6(CH3)6 and As4N6(CH3)6, are reported. Comparison of proton n.m.r. spectra and mass spectral cracking patterns substantiates a common structural basis for these molecules.
Options for Small Sample Sizes in Validation: A Case for the J-Coefficient.

One of the continuing problems that employers face is the validation of their personnel decisions. While a major emphasis of validation has concerned hiring decisions, it is also clear from the 1978 Uniform Guidelines that other decisions concerning individuals are subject to scrutiny. The purpose of this paper is to explore the various option available for the validation of selection procedures when criterion-related validity is technically infeasible and to present a conceptual framework, the J-Coefficient, within which all validation options can be considered.
Intermittent plate tectonics

Although it is commonly assumed that subduction has operated continuously on Earth without interruption, subduction zones are routinely terminated by ocean closure and supercontinent assembly. Under certain circumstances, this could lead to a dramatic loss of subduction, globally. Closure of a Pacific-type basin, for example, would eliminate most subduction, unless this loss were compensated for by comparable subduction initiation elsewhere. Given the evidence for Pacific-type closure in Earth's past, the absence of a direct mechanism for termination/initiation compensation, and recent data supporting a minimum in subduction flux in the Mesoproterozoic, we hypothesize that dramatic reductions or temporary cessations of subduction have occurred in Earth's history. Such deviations in the continuity of plate tectonics have important consequences for Earth's thermal and continental evolution.
Strong THz and Infrared Optical Forces on a Suspended Single-Layer Graphene Sheet

Single-layer graphene exhibits exceptional mechanical properties attractive for optomechanics: it combines low mass density, large tensile modulus, and low bending stiffness. However, at visible wavelengths, graphene absorbs weakly and reflects even less, thereby is inadequate to generate large optical forces needed in optomechanics. Here, we numerically show that a single-layer graphene sheet is sufficient to produce strong optical forces under terahertz or infrared illumination. For a system as simple as graphene suspended atop a uniform substrate, high reflectivity from the substrate is crucial in creating a standing-wave pattern, leading to a strong optical force on graphene. This force is readily tunable in amplitude and direction by adjusting the suspension height. In particular, repellent optical forces can levitate graphene to a series of stable equilibrium heights above the substrate. One of the key parameters to maximize the optical force is the excitation frequency: peak forces are found near t...
Evaluating growth volatility susceptibility within regional free trade agreements

It is believed by many that regional free trade agreements (RFTAs) are beneficial to a nation's economy. This paper compares the effects that trading partner volatility has on countries engaged and not engaged in RFTAs. What we find is that (1) whether a country is in an agreement or not, there is a statistically significant volatility spillover from trading partner economies, (2) being in an RFTA does not insulate oneself from non-RFTA volatility, and (3) participating in an RFTA actually increases susceptibility to volatility from other RFTA countries. We conclude that in terms of volatility susceptibility, it may be harmful for a country to enter into an RFTA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hard X-ray prototype production exposure station at NSLS

Exposures conducted at the NSLS R&D beamline (X-27B) for High Aspect Ratio Precision Manufacture have proven sufficiently successful that we are constructing a dedicated hard X-ray exposure beamline. The new beamline (X-14B) provides an exposure field ∼120 mm wide, three times larger than that of X-27B. The scanner is based on the hydraulic system from the X-27B program. It is optimized for planar exposures and takes advantage of the full 525 mm stroke available. Exposures of multiple substrates and masks will be possible, with the fixturing supporting mounting of substrate holders from other groups (ALS, APS, CAMD, and UW). The function of this beamline is to establish a hard X-ray exposure station where manufacturing scale protocols can be developed and ultimately exploited for production runs.
Oxyligand derivatives of triosmium dodecacarbonyl

A. Introduction 131 B. Complexes containing one oxyligand 132 (i) q’-OE(O),R, ligands (type A) 132 (ii) P-OR ligands (type B) 133 (a) Unsubstituted complexes 133 (b) Substituted complexes 135 (c) Additional reactions 137 (d) Structurally characterized complexes 138 (e) ‘H NMR data for (P-H) (p-OR) complexes 139 (f) 0s3(CO),a on silica 140 (iii) &-O,ER, ligands (type C) 140 (a) Unsubstituted complexes 141 (b) Reactions 142 (c) Structurally characterized complexes 143 (d) ‘H NMR data for (p-H) (p,$-OaER,,) complexes 144 (iv) p3.q3-0,ER ligands (type D) 144 C. Complexes containing two oxyligands 145 (i) &-OR), complexes (type E) 145 (a) Bonding in (a-OR), complexes 146 (ii) Complexes containing one q’-OE(O).R. and one &-O,ER, l&and (type F) ....... 146 D. Compilations of hydride ligand chemical shifts, and selected bond distances and angles for oxyligand derivatives of OS&O),, 148 Acknowledgement 152 References 152
The Exact S matrix for an osp(2|2) disordered system

Abstract We study a two-dimensional disordered system consisting of Dirac fermions coupled to a scalar potential. This model is closely related to a more general disordered system that has been introduced in conjunction with the integer quantum Hall transition. After disorder averaging, the interaction can be written as a marginal osp (2|2) current–current perturbation. The osp (2|2) current–current model in turn can be viewed as the fully renormalized version of an osp (2|2) (1) Toda-type system (at the marginal point). We build nonlocal charges for the Toda system satisfying the U q [ osp (2|2) (1) ] quantum superalgebra. The corresponding quantum group symmetry is used to construct a Toda S -matrix for the vector representation. We argue that in the marginal (or rational) limit, this S -matrix gives the exact (Yangian symmetric) physical S -matrix for the fundamental “solitons” of the osp (2|2) current–current model.
Synthesis and structure of tetrathiophene with a chiral 1,1′-binaphthyl kink

A chiral oligothiophene, possessing in-chain chirality, was prepared and its racemate was characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography; the in-chain chiral 1,1′-binaphthyl moiety interrupts the π-conjugation and affects the solid state properties of the oligothiophene.
Tc and Re Behavior in Borosilicate Waste Glass Vapor Hydration Tests

Technetium (Tc), found in nuclear waste, is of particular concern with regard to long-term waste storage because of its long half-life and high mobility in the environment. One method of stabilization of such waste is through vitrification to produce a durable borosilicate glass matrix. The fate of Tc under hydrothermal conditions in the Vapor Hydration Test (VHT) was studied to assess and possibly predict the long-term rate of release of Tc from borosilicate waste glass. For comparison, the fate of rhenium (Re), the preferred non-radioactive surrogate for Tc, was similarly studied. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements were made on each original borosilicate glass and the corresponding sample after the VHT. Tc K-edge XAS indicates that, despite starting with different Tc(IV) and Tc(VII) distributions in each glass, both corresponding VHT samples contain 100 percent Tc(IV). The Tc reduction within the VHT samples may be driven by simultaneous oxygen depletion from corrosion of the surrounding stainless steel vessel. From SEM analyses, both of the Tc-containing VHT samples show complete alteration of the original glass, significant Tc enrichment near the sample surface, and nearly complete depletion of Tc toward the sample center. XAS indicates Tc(IV)O6 octahedra, possibly within gel-like amorphous silicates in both VHT samples, where Tc-Tc correlations are observed in the higher Tc-content VHT sample. Re LII-edge XAS and SEM indicate quite different behavior for Re under VHT conditions. Re oxidation state appears to be invariant with respect to the VHT treatment, where perrhenate (Re(VII)) species are dominant in all Re-containing samples investigated; Re2O7 concentrations are low NEAR the sample surface and increase to approach the concentration of the un-reacted glass toward the sample center.
Empirical research on CEO turnover and firm-performance: a discussion

Abstract Engel/Hayes/Wang and Farrell/Whidbee provide new evidence on how firms weight alternative performance measures in making CEO retention and replacement decisions. While their results are statistically significant, firm performance continues to explain very little of the variation in CEO turnover. I argue we have probably reached a point of diminishing returns in estimating logit models that focus on the relation between CEO turnover and firm performance measures. We will have to consider other less-explored issues to increase our understanding of CEO turnovers and replacements. Analyzing age-related issues is one example.
Torque Characteristics of Solid-Lubricated Precision Bearings During Oscillatory Motion

MoS2 sputter-coated as well as uncoaled angular-contact ball bearings were tested with various cage materials in a low-speed regime. Various self-lubricating polymers either “neat” or with additives and metallic cages were tested. The emphasis of this paper is to report on significant torque increases, i.e., torque bumps observed during non-ball overlap, oscillatory motion for some race/cage combinations. In some race/cage combinations, torque bumps can be minimized by proper run-in. No attempt was made to run the bearings to failure, although certain race/cage combinations did in fact fail before the end of test. Presented at the 48th Annual Meeting in Calgary, Alberta, Canada May 17–20, 1993