cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locomotor Adaptation by Transtibial Amputees Walking With an Experimental Powered Prosthesis Under Continuous Myoelectric Control

Lower limb amputees can use electrical activity from their residual muscles for myoelectric control of a powered prosthesis. The most common approach for myoelectric control is a finite state controller that identifies behavioral states and discrete changes in motor tasks. An alternative approach to state-based myoelectric control is continuous proportional myoelectric control where ongoing electrical activity has a proportional relationship to the prosthetic joint torque or power. To test the potential of continuous proportional myoelectric control for powered lower limb prostheses, we recruited five unilateral transtibial amputees to walk on a treadmill with an experimental powered prosthesis. Subjects walked using the powered prosthesis with and without visual feedback of their control signal in real time. Amputee subjects were able to adapt their residual muscle activation patterns to alter prosthetic ankle mechanics when we provided visual feedback of their myoelectric control signal in real time. During walking with visual feedback, subjects significantly increased their peak prosthetic ankle power ( ${\rm p} = 0.02$ , ANOVA) and positive work ( ${\rm p} = 0.02$ , ANOVA) during gait above their prescribed prosthesis values. However, without visual feedback, the subjects did not increase their peak ankle power during push off. These results show that amputee users were able to volitionally alter their prosthesis mechanics during walking, but only when given an explicit goal for their residual muscle motor commands. Future studies that examine the motor and learning capabilities of lower limb amputees using their residual muscles for continuous proportional myoelectric control are needed to determine the viability of integrating continuous high-level control with existing finite state prosthetic controllers.
A Method of Calculating Tunneling Corrections For Eckart Potential Barriers.

A method is presented for the direct calculation of tunneling corrections for unsymmetrical Eckart type potential barriers. It is based on a modified 6-point Gaussian quadrature formula. Accuracy is better than 1 per­ cent over a wide range of tunneling parameter values.
CRT-200.29 Shock Index as a Predictor for In-hospital Mortality in Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Shock index (SI), a ratio of heart rate/systolic blood pressure, has been reported to predict increased mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. However, the prognostic value of SI has not been fully elucidated in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial
Structure and Dynamics of Glasses and Liquids

Neutron scattering has proved to be a powerful tool in the study of glasses and liquids: structures are investigated by neutron diffraction, and dynamics by inelastic neutron scattering. Evidence of current interest in this field is provided by the new instruments for diffraction from amorphous systems being constructed at IPNS, ISIS and the R2-reactor at Studsvik, in addition to existing instruments such as the D4B diffractometer at ILL.
Live eliminate tools development for drainage board on 220kV transmission lines

By using security tools and special tools for live working of strain clamp defect-elimination,the drainage plate heating defect can be solved quickly and safely without the normal power transmission affected.According to the characteristics analysis of the 220 kV transmission lines,the live working methods and tools for the drainage board defect-elimination ware theoretically analyzed,developed,tested in lab and field.The test results showed that the developed tool can effectively decrease shut-off time caused by live defect-elimination for drainage board,and greatly increase the reliability of power supply.
A Nonhomogeneous Immersed-Finite-Element Particle-in-Cell Method for Modeling Dielectric Surface Charging in Plasmas

We present a particle-in-cell (PIC) method using a nonhomogeneous immersed-finite-element (IFE) field solver for modeling dielectric surface charging of complex-shaped objects in plasmas. The IFE solver allows PIC codes using a Cartesian mesh applied to simulations involving arbitrarily shaped objects with a similar accuracy as that using a body-fitting mesh. The object surface is treated as an interface. Surface charging is calculated directly from charge deposition at the interface, and the electrostatic fields on both sides of the interface are resolved self-consistently. The capability of the nonhomogeneous IFE-PIC method is demonstrated by a simulation study of the charging of an irregular-shaped asteroid in the solar wind.
A General Measure of Effect Size for Indirect Effects in Mediation Analysis

Mediation analysis has become one of the most popular statistical methods in the social sciences. Several effect-size measures for indirect (mediated) effects are currently available. Some have lim...
Evaluation of a surface imaging system's isocenter calibration methods.

AlignRT is a surface imaging system that has been utilized for localizing and tracking patient position during radiotherapy. AlignRT has two calibration procedures that can set the system's isocenter called "Monthly Calibration" (MC) and "Isocentre Calibration" (IC). The MC utilizes a calibration plate. In addition to the calibration plate, the IC utilizes a cubic phantom that is imaged with the linac treatment beam to aid in aligning the AlignRT and treatment-beam isocenters. This work evaluated the effects of misaligning the calibration plate during the calibration process. The plate was intentionally shifted away from isocenter ±3.0 mm in the longitudinal and lateral directions and ±1.0 mm in the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions. A mock stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatment was used to evaluate the effects of the miscalibrations. An anthropomorphic head phantom was placed in an SRS treatment position and monitored with the AlignRT system. The AlignRT-indicated offsets were recorded at 270°, 315°, 0°, 45°, and 90° couch angles for each intentional misalignment of the calibration plate during the MC. The IC was also performed after each miscalibration, and the measurements were repeated and compared to the previous results. With intentional longitudinal and lateral shifts of ±3.0 mm and ±1.0 mm of the calibration plate, the average indicated offsets at couch rotations of ±90° were 4.3 mm and 1.6 mm, respectively. This was in agreement with the theoretical offset of √2*(shift-of-the-calibration plate). Since vertical shifts were along the rotation axis of the couch, these shifts had little effect on the offsets with changing couch angle. When the IC was applied, the indicated offsets were all within 0.5 mm for all couch angles for each of the miscalibrations. These offsets were in agreement with the known magnitude of couch walkout. The IC method effectively removes the potential miscalibration artifacts of the MC method due to misalignments of the calibration plate.
The phenomenology of The Funny: a diagrammatic proposal

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a phenomenological diagram for studying funny things. Rather than piecing apart funny artifacts into components that are themselves no longer funny, this approach allows us to keep a situation or a bit of discourse intact such that it can be appreciated while it is being studied. Furthermore, this approach helps us address the fact that funniness is a phenomenon rather than a noumenon and can really only be understood at the level of an individual's interpretive context.
Understanding cellular internalization pathways of silicon nanowires.

Understanding how cells interact with nanomaterials is important for rational design of nanomaterials for nanomedicine and transforming them for clinical applications. Particularly, the mechanism for one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials with high aspect ratios still remains unclear. In this work, we present amine-functionalized silicon nanowires (SiNW-NH2) entering CHO-β cells via a physical membrane wrapping mechanism. By utilizing optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal fluorescence microscopy, we successfully visualized the key steps of internalization of SiNW-NH2 into cells. Our results provide insight into the interaction between 1D nanomaterials and confirm that these materials can be used for understanding membrane mechanics through physical stress exerted on the membrane.
The Correlation between Round Cells and White Blood Cells in the Semen

It is generally recognized that white blood cells in semen are detrimental to sperm function and fertility. Traditionally, pyospermia has been suspected if greater than 10 round cells per high power field or more than 1 million round cells per ml. were identified in the semen. Since immature germ cells and white blood cells appear as round cells under wet mount light microscopy, the relationship between increased numbers of round cells in semen and true pyospermia was examined. Semen analyses were performed on specimens from 627 infertility patients. The numbers of round cells per high power field and the number of round cells per ml. of semen were recorded. Specimens from 57 patients (9%) persistently demonstrated greater than 10 round cells per high power field or more than 1 million round cells per ml. and they were subjected to immunohistochemical staining against white blood cell surface antigens. Greater than 1 million white blood cells per ml. were identified in only 20 patients (35%) and only 8 samples demonstrated more than 3 million white blood cells per ml. Of the patients with greater than 1 million white blood cells per ml. 65% had motilities of less than 60% compared to 49% of the patients with less than this amount of pyospermia. This difference was not statistically significant. Round cells counted on a per milliliter basis correlated better with results of immunohistochemical staining than did round cells counted on a per high power field basis. These data demonstrate that the majority of patients with excess round cells in the semen do not have pyospermia and, therefore, empiric antibiotic therapy without further testing will likely be unproductive.
Survival of Bacterial and Parasitic Pathogens from Zebrafish (Danio rerio) After Cryopreservation and Thawing

Cryopreservation is a common method used to preserve the sperm of various animal species, and it is widely used with zebrafish (Danio rerio). As with other animals, there is a possibility of paternal pathogen transmission through sperm. We evaluated the ability of five common and important pathogens of zebrafish to survive cryopreservation as used with zebrafish sperm and freezing without cryopreservant. We evaluated Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium marinum, and Edwardsiella ictaluri, each originally isolated from zebrafish, eggs of Pseuodocapillaria tomentosa, and spores of Pseudoloma neurophilia. Each mycobacterial isolate showed relatively minimal reduction in survival after freezing and thawing, particularly when subjected to cryopreservation. E. ictaluri also showed survival after cryopreservation, but exhibited a several log reduction after freezing at -80°C without cryopreservant. With P. neurophilia, two separate experiments conducted 3 years apart yielded very similar results, showing some, but reduced, survival of spores by using three different viability assays: SYTOX stain, Fungi-Fluor stain, and presence of a spore vacuole. Eggs of P. tomentosa showed no survival based on larvation of eggs when subjected to either freezing method. Given that four of the five pathogens exhibited survival after cryopreservation, we recommend that sperm samples or donor male zebrafish fish be tested for pathogens when sperm are to be stored by using cryopreservation.
Supervising random forest using attribute interaction networks

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become a powerful and affordable tool to study the genetic variations associated with common human diseases. However, only few of the loci found are associated with a moderate or large increase in disease risk and therefore using GWAS findings to study the underlying biological mechanisms remains a challenge. One possible cause for the "missing heritability" is the gene-gene interactions or epistasis. Several methods have been developed and among them Random Forest (RF) is a popular one. RF has been successfully applied in many studies. However, it is also known to rely on marginal main effects. Meanwhile, networks have become a popular approach for characterizing the space of pairwise interactions systematically, which can be informative for classification problems. In this study, we compared the findings of Mutual Information Network (MIN) to that of RF and observed that the variables identified by the two methods overlap with differences. To integrate advantages of MIN into RF, we proposed a hybrid algorithm, MIN-guided RF (MINGRF), which overlays the neighborhood structure of MIN onto the growth of trees. After comparing MINGRF to the standard RF on a bladder cancer dataset, we conclude that MINGRF produces trees with a better accuracy at a smaller computational cost.
Managing Supply Chain Operations in India

In the last decade, India’s role in the global supply chains has been steadily increasing. A massive population coupled with a large talented workforce have made India attractive both as a market and a source. In this paper, we discuss the pitfalls and opportunities in effectively managing supply chains in India. We discuss topics that would interest multi-national firms and local Indian firms.
Biological Responses to Static and Time-Varying Magnetic Fields

The numerous sources of high-intensity magnetic fields used in industry, research and medicine have led to an increased interest in determining the effects of these fields on biological systems. In this chapter a detailed description is given of the physical mechanisms through which magnetic fields interact with living matter at the tissue, cellular and molecular levels. The biological interactions of static magnetic fields, extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields with frequencies below 300 Hz, and combined static and ELF fields are considered. A general summary is given of laboratory studies and possible human health effects associated with exposure to static and ELF magnetic fields.
Herpes. Transmission and viral shedding.

Infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) occurs following intimate contact with infected secretions. HSV can be transmitted during oral to oral, genital to oral, and genital to genital contact. In most of the population, infection with HSV-1 is acquired during childhood, whereas infection with HSV-2 is acquired almost exclusively after initiation of sexual activity. After the discovery of antigenic differences between HSV-1 and HSV-2, the observation that HSV-1 causes infections above the waist and HSV-2 below the waist was made. 20 However, HSV-1 remains an important agent of genital herpes, especially among HSV seronegative persons for whom sexual activity may be the first exposure to a herpes simplex virus. 23,24,30
Why Offshore? Exploring the Geographies of Offshore Financial Centers

The global economy of the 21st century is characterized by the increasing differentiation between the haves and the have-nots, the educated and illiterate, the skilled and unskilled. This inequitable trend is well documented in the arena of technology and the concomitant analysis of global geographies of production, but less attention has been paid to factors associated with the hypermobility of capital and the services provided by those functioning in offshore finance centers (OFCs).
Observations on Beer Haze

(1969). Observations on Beer Haze. Proceedings. Annual meeting - American Society of Brewing Chemists: Vol. 27, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 1969, pp. 142-148.
Disrupting Diffusion: Critical Nodes in Network *

We formulate and study the problem of identifying nodes whose absence can maximally disrupt network-diffusion under the independent cascade model. We refer to such nodes as critical nodes. We present the notion of impact and characterize critical nodes based on this notion. Informally, impact of a set of nodes quantifies the necessity of the nodes in the diffusion process. We prove that the impact is monotonic. Interestingly, unlike similar formulation of critical edges in the context of Linear Threshold diffusion model, impact is neither submodular nor supermodular. Furthermore, we prove that the problem of finding a set of nodes which maximizes impact is NP-Hard. Hence, we develop heuristics that rely on submodular approximations of the impact function. We empirically evaluate our heuristics by comparing the level of disruption achieved by identifying and removing critical nodes as opposed to that achieved by removing the most influential nodes.
Critical curvature localization in graphene. II. Non-local flexoelectricity–dielectricity coupling

As a sequel of part I (Kothari et al. 2018 Proc. R. Soc. A 474, 20180054), we present a general thermodynamic framework of flexoelectric constitutive laws for multi-layered graphene (MLG), and appl...
Simulation-Based Self-Testing in IoT-Enabled Manufacturing

Advanced manufacturing extends the scope of new challenges in validation of the Internet of Things (IoT) embedded systems that control the manufacturing cells. The paper presents some approaches of self-testing oriented to keep the IoT systems in predictable stable state. The key technology of the discussed self-testing is simulation of the basic functions. The simulator generates some stimuli and compares the responses with some etalon or simulated results.
Localized high concentration electrolyte behavior near a lithium–metal anode surface

Wide-scale practical application of rechargeable lithium–metal batteries remains a significant challenge due to dendrite growth. To overcome this challenge, electrolytes must be designed to allow for the formation of protective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers on the highly reactive lithium–metal anode (LMA) surfaces. Recently, novel localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) were introduced as a potential solution to enable dendrite-free cycling of LMAs, by using an inert solvent to “dilute” the high concentration electrolytes. Ideally, the diluent itself does not dissolve the salt but is miscible with the solvent to form a localized high concentrated salt/solvent cluster surrounded by the diluent. However, detailed structure and potential surface reactions that may take place in LHCE environment are not yet clear. In this work, we investigated the reactivity of 1 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in a mixture of dimethoxyethane (DME)/tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)orthoformate (TFEO) (1 : 3 by mol) electrolyte near a Li metal surface based on density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Selected liquid interfacial configurations were obtained from classical MD simulations. Our results indicate that when salt and TFEO molecules are close to each other and to the surface, fluoride anions resulting from the fast salt anion decomposition can trigger a cascade of reactions that lead to the decomposition of TFEO. However, if the Li cation is initially solvated by DME and the anion forming a complex, the stability of the anion increases significantly. The Li solvated structure is implied in the LHCE concept; however statistically the larger amount of TFEO molecules suggest also the first scenario leading to TFEO decomposition. Therefore, the broader implication of our simulations is that the defluorination of TFEO may contribute, together with the anion decomposition, to the observed rapid formation of a stable SEI on the surface of the lithium metal; consequently, favorably affecting the stability of LMAs during battery operation.
The Perfect Amount of Help: An Examination of the Relationship Between Capacity and Collaboration in Urban Energy and Climate Initiatives:

Many municipalities are taking meaningful action in pursuit of climate, environmental, and energy objectives. These issues are complex and transboundary and thus provide fertile ground for collabor...
Why are Solitons Robust in Optical Fibers

Solitons in optical fibers are described by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation,which is a completely integrable Hamiltonian system, and its deformations, which are generally non-integrable. Solitons will be robust in optical fibers, i.e., they will undergo no continual change in amplitude or central frequency, when the deformations are Hamiltnian.The meaning of these concepts—integrability and Hamiltonian—and their physical importance are discussed in detail. The experimentally relevant examples of higher order dispersion and birefringence are then discussed.
Childhood maltreatment experiences are associated with altered diffusion in occipito-temporal white matter pathways.

Background Childhood maltreatment may contribute to brain alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We previously found that PTSD was associated with white matter compromise, or lower fractional anisotropy (FA), in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). In this study, including non-PTSD controls, we examined whether ILF FA was associated with maltreatment exposures, including those that meet DSM-IV criterion A (physical abuse, sexual abuse) and those that typically do not (emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect). We hypothesized that lower FA would be associated with PTSD diagnosis and with both categories of maltreatment. Methods Ninety-three participants (51 female), ages 20-50, were enrolled, including 32 with lifetime DSM-IV PTSD, 27 trauma-exposed non-PTSD controls, and 34 healthy controls. Participants completed structured interviews, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and diffusion-weighted imaging (36 directions). Probabilistic tractography (using FreeSurfer's TRACULA) was used to assess diffusion metrics in the ILF. Results Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no significant effect of diagnostic group on FA. In contrast, higher CTQ scores were significantly associated with lower FA in the ILF bilaterally. This association of maltreatment with lower FA remained statistically significant after controlling for diagnostic group, and it was significant for both criterion-A-type and noncriterion-A-type maltreatment categories. Conclusions This work contributes to a growing body of literature indicating that different forms of childhood maltreatment are associated with altered white matter microstructure in the ILF, an association pathway involved in integrating visual information from occipital regions with emotion processing functions of the anterior temporal lobe.
The Impact of Density Rezoning in a Small College Town

In 2012, the City of Whitewater, WI, considered the “R-2A” zoning overlay. R-2A designation allows more than three unrelated individuals to reside in a single household, and was developed throughout 2012 and 2013, and approved in 2014 for a neighborhood near the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. This inquiry uses the sample of all home sales in Whitewater for years 2000 to 2018, with hedonic analysis of sales price applied across different time periods to determine the impact of the overlay. The analysis finds the area had no unique financial value prior to the R-2A designation, with an overall 12% premium due to the R-2A designation. Some evidence suggests anticipatory over-bidding of up to 20% for 2012–2014. Other evidence suggesting an expanding R-2A effect over time, as a premium for R-2A homes close to the University emerged for 2014–2018, and another peak overall R-2A effect occurred in 2019 (19%). Additionally, sales within the R-2A overlay became concentrated near the University over time. In general, the evidence suggests the zoning change achieved the desired effects of expanding student housing near campus while enhancing home values.
Left-Handedness Among Orthopaedic Surgeons and Trainees.

Background The impact of left-handedness on orthopaedic surgeons and trainees has not been well described. We investigated the prevalence and perceived impact of left-handedness among orthopaedic surgeons and trainees. Methods We distributed a survey regarding handedness to active members of the American Orthopaedic Association and the Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors affiliates, including department chairs, program directors, and residency and fellowship program coordinators. Program coordinators were asked to distribute the survey to their current residents and fellows. Results Of 510 survey respondents, 78 (15%) were identified as left hand dominant (LHD). Regarding scalpel/cautery use, 64% of LHD respondents reported using their left hand primarily and 10% reported using their right hand primarily; 26% of LHD respondents described themselves as ambidextrous in scalpel/cautery use, compared with 4.7% of right hand dominant (RHD) respondents (p < 0.001). Regarding suturing, 53% of LHD respondents reported using their left hand primarily and 38% reported using their right hand primarily; 9.0% of LHD respondents described themselves as ambidextrous when suturing, compared with 1.9% of RHD respondents (p = 0.012). Only 5.1% of LHD respondents reported having received laterality-specific psychomotor training, whereas 17% perceived a need for such training during residency; RHD respondents reported similar rates. Ambidexterity in scalpel/cautery use or suturing among LHD respondents was not associated with the perception that their left-handedness was advantageous. LHD attending surgeons were more likely than LHD trainees to perceive their handedness as advantageous (p = 0.007). Conclusions Fifteen percent of orthopaedic surgeons and trainees who responded to our survey were LHD. LHD respondents reported significantly higher rates of ambidexterity in both scalpel/cautery use and suturing compared with RHD respondents. Ambidexterity was not associated with a self-perception that left-handedness was advantageous. LHD-attending surgeons were significantly more likely than LHD residents/fellows to perceive their left-handedness as advantageous. There may be benefits to pairing LHD residents with LHD faculty surgeons early in their training to provide mentorship and insight regarding performing surgical procedures left handed. Level of Evidence Level IV.
Rapid Processing and Drug Evaluation in Glioblastoma Patient-Derived Organoid Models with 4D Bioprinted Arrays

Glioblastoma is the most common and deadly primary brain malignancy. Despite advances in precision medicine oncology (PMO) allowing the identification of molecular vulnerabilities in glioblastoma, treatment options remain limited, and molecular assays guided by genomic and expression profiling to inform patient enrollment in life-saving trials are lacking. Here, we generate four-dimensional (4D) cell-culture arrays for rapid assessment of drug responses in glioblastoma patient-derived models. The arrays are 3D printed with thermo-responsive shape memory polymer (SMP). Upon heating, the SMP arrays self-transform in time from 3D cell-culture inserts into histological cassettes. We assess the utility of these arrays with glioblastoma cells, gliospheres, and patient derived organoid-like (PDO) models and demonstrate their use with glioblastoma PDOs for assessing drug sensitivity, on-target activity, and synergy in drug combinations. When including genomic and drug testing assays, this platform is poised to offer rapid functional drug assessments for future selection of therapies in PMO.
The inflammasome in heart failure

The NACHT, leucine-rich repeat (LRR), and pyrin domain (PYD)-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a macromolecular structure responsible for the inflammatory response to injury or infection. Several types of heart disease are linked to the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-18. Recent pieces of evidence collected from human samples, together with experimental animal models, demonstrate a causative role for the pathogenesis and progression of heart failure (HF). Preclinical research showed that NLRP3 inhibition is a viable strategy to reduce adverse cardiac remodeling and improve left ventricular function in HF. Early phase clinical studies proved to be safe and effective supporting the potential benefit of blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in patients with HF.
Research Note: Effect of stocking density on crop fill progression in broilers grown to 14 d

Abstract Crop fill rates are measured as an indirect means of assessing management during the brooding phase. Primary breeder guidelines indicate that 95% of the chicks assessed should present a crop that is full, soft, and rounded after 24 h, which indicates chicks have successfully located feed and water. Crop fill progression has received little attention in the scientific literature and is primarily discussed in trade literature, and thus, the dynamic nature of crop fill progression has not been previously characterized. This study examined the role of 2 market weight stocking density treatments (29.3 kg/m2 and 43.9 kg/m2) on performance and crop fill of broilers grown to 14 d. Crop fill progression was observed at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after placement and tracked BW of birds that presented empty crops at 24 h; chicks with empty crops were identified to track postplacement BW. Stocking density had no significant effect on bird performance or crop fill. At 24 h, 86% of birds in this study had full, soft, and rounded crops, while only 3% of birds had crops that were devoid of food or water at 24 h. BW for birds with empty crops was significantly lower at 7 d (P = 0.006) but not at 14 d (P = 0.535). The data herein indicate that crop fill rates of 95% or higher at 24 h may be difficult to achieve in typical commercial broiler settings. In addition, assessing crop fill may be a useful tool to diagnose conspicuous management problems during brooding, but it does not appear to be a direct predictor of early performance.
The Intergenerational Effects of Mass Shootings

This paper investigates in utero exposure to mass shootings’ effects on infant health outcomes in the United States by exploiting the differential timing of these events across counties. My results indicate that in utero exposure to mass shootings in the second trimester of pregnancy increases the incidence of Very Low Birth Weight (Birth Weight<1,500 grams) and Very Premature births (Gestational Length<34 weeks) by 7.7 percent and 6.9 percent, respectively. Several robustness exercises and employing alternative control groups support these findings. Based on these impacts, I calculate a large, previously unaccounted, inter-generational social cost of mass shootings induced by adverse infant health outcomes.
Neck Swelling and Fussiness in an 8-week-old Infant.

1. David S. Kim, MD* 2. Abiara V. Agwu, MD* 3. Carol J. Baker, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX An 8-week-old male infant presents to the emergency department with 5 days of constipation and recent onset of fussiness, decreased feeding, and a swelling in the right neck. No temperature abnormalities are reported. The medical history is significant for preterm birth at 30 5/7 weeks’ gestation (weight, 930 g) via cesarean delivery due to preeclampsia and partial placental abruption to a 33-year-old mother with an unknown group B Streptococcus (GBS) status. During his neonatal admission he received antibiotics for 48 hours after delivery for a sepsis evaluation and topical ciprofloxacin, which resolved an episode of undefined otorrhea. After an otherwise uneventful hospital course, he was discharged at age 6 weeks. On examination in the emergency department, the vital signs are as follows: temperature, 97°F (36.1°C); heart rate, 172 beats/min; respirations, 40 breaths/min; blood pressure, 94/58 mm Hg; oxygen saturation, 100%; and weight, 2,400 g. The infant is in mild distress. An approximately 1-cm tender mass is palpable in the right submandibular region without overlying erythema. The remainder of the physical examination findings are normal. He has a total leukocyte count of 10,100/µL (10.1×109/L) with 20% bands. The basic metabolic panel and urinalysis findings are normal. Ultrasonography of the neck demonstrates symmetrical enlargement of numerous lymph nodes bilaterally, measuring up to 7 mm in the short axis, and without a drainable fluid collection (Fig). An abdominal radiograph is normal. Fig. Ultrasonography of the neck performed at presentation highlighting two of the numerous enlarged lymph nodes that were present bilaterally. The size and number of lymph nodes were increased for age. A fluid bolus improves the heart rate and capillary refill. A single dose of clindamycin is administered for a presumptive diagnosis of bacterial lymphadenitis. Because the infant now appears well, clindamycin is discontinued. Sixteen hours later, the infant has increasing …
Dependence of Spin Current Modulation on Stress-Mediated Magneto-Electric coupling in Ferromagnetic Devices

Stress dependent micromagnetic modeling based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations evinces a remarkable relationship between uniaxial stress in ferromagnetic thin films and the pumped spin current density, and elucidates the influence of compressive and tensile stress on the static and dynamic magnetization of ferromagnetic thin films, and ferromagnetic (FM)/normal-metal (NM) heterostructures. Thus, the presence of deformation in the structure through a stress-mediated magnetoelectric-coupling triggers a change in the magnetic anisotropy field in ferromagnets via magnetostriction. In our micromagnetic simulations we considered yttrium iron garnet (YIG) as the FM layer and platinum (Pt) the NM for the spin-pumped current calculations, and the stress contribution was introduced as an additional term in the effective anisotropy constant which also comprised the magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropy contributions of YIG. Ostensibly, the dynamic control of the stress-dependent magnetization enables the tailoring of the magnetic anisotropy field to achieve the amplitude modulation of the pumped spin current density. The predicted ability to dynamically modulate the pumped spin current density is anticipated to benefit multifarious spintronic applications
A Nested Clustering Method to Detect and Cluster Transgenerational DNA Methylation Sites via Beta Regressions

This section describes a nested Bayesian clustering method to identify DNA methylation (DNAm) sites (CpG sites) such that DNAm is transmitted from one generation to the next, and to study heterogeneity among CpG sites with DNAm transmitted. To facilitate this goal, the beta regression is employed to infer the transmission status and, for CpG sites with DNAm transmitted, to cluster transmission patterns at a population level. The transmission status and patterns are inferred under a Bayesian framework. Simulations with different scenarios are used to demonstrate and evaluate the applicability of the method. We demonstrate the approach using a triad (mother, father, and offspring) data set with DNA methylation assessed at 4063 CpG sites to detect transmitted CpGs and their DNAm transmission patterns.
British public accountants in America: A historical study of social mobility and fluidity associated with élite immigration

Purpose – This study seeks to examine aspects of social class associated with British public accountancy immigrants to the USA prior to the First World War. The study's specific purpose is to investigate the social mobility and fluidity associated with these elite immigrants in the early history of US public accountancy.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is informed by previous studies of both social class and elite immigration and uses biographical data describing 395 British chartered and incorporated accountancy immigrants entering the USA between 1875 and 1914. Data analyses describe social mobility and fluidity based on the recorded occupations of these elite immigrants.Findings – Despite their elite status, the immigrants experienced inter‐generational downward mobility immediately post‐migration. The evidence also indicates inter‐generational and intra‐generational upward mobility for immigrants settling in the USA and for those who did not settle there. The study further reveals evidence of s...
Buckling of oval cylindrical shells under compression and asymmetricbending

Bifurcation buckling of oval cylindrical shells under the interaction of uniform compressive forces and bending moments of arbitrary orientation is investigated. Buckling loads as well as the asymmetric buckling modes are determined by a matrix interative solution aided by a sequence of successive approximate solutions. Nomenclature ajtdj = Fourier coefficients of X2 and X3, respectively
Transport theory in discrete stochastic mixtures

The flow of neutral particles which interact with a background material but not with themselves is described in some generality by a linear kinetic, or transport, equation. This equation, while algebraically complex, has a very simple physical content; it is simply the mathematical statement of particle conservation in phase space. Applications of such transport descriptions are numerous. They include neutron migration in nuclear reactors, radiative transfer (thermal photon flow), neutrino flow in astrophysical problems, neutral particle transport in plasmas, gamma ray transport in shielding considerations, and Knudsen flow arising in the kinetic theory of gases. A vast literature exists on the formulation and solution methods, both analytical and numerical, of such transport problems, but generally only in the nonstochastic area. The author uses the terms stochastic and nonstochastic throughout this article in a special sense. That is, particle transport is in itself a stochastic process, but this is not the stochasticity or lack thereof that is meant when the terms {open_quotes}stochastic transport{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}nonstochastic transport{close_quotes} are used. In this use of the word, nonstochastic means that the properties, as functions of space and time, of the background material with which the particles interact are either specified or can conceptually bemore » computed in a deterministic fashion.« less
The Tpl2 Mutation Sluggish Impairs Type I IFN Production and Increases Susceptibility to Group B Streptococcal Disease

Sluggish was identified in a population of third generation mice descended from N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-mutagenized sires. Macrophages from homozygotes exhibited impaired TNF-alpha production in response to all TLR ligands tested and displayed impaired type I IFN production in response to TLR7 and TLR9 stimulations. The phenotype was confined to a critical region on mouse chromosome 18 and then ascribed to a T to A transversion in the acceptor splice site of intron 4 at position 13346 of the Map3k8 gene, resulting in defective splicing. The Map3k8(Sluggish) mutation does not result in susceptibility to viral infections, but Sluggish mice displayed high susceptibility to group B streptococcus infection, with impaired TNF-alpha and type I IFN production in infected macrophages. Our data demonstrate that the encoded protein kinase Tpl2 plays an essential role in cell signaling in the immune response to certain pathogens.
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals: Place a Bet or Wait on a DREAM

As students, we look forward to graduation and the day we will begin our careers — the day we begin applying our education to life. However, for an estimated 1.8 million people in the U.S, this day seems as though it will never come. Known as childhood arrivals, these individuals, though raised and educated in the U.S., are unable to apply their degrees professionally as a result of their unlawful presence. Motivated this struggle, this article explores the recent implementation of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), a change in U.S. immigration policy designed to provide these individuals with an opportunity to apply their degrees professionally and begin their long desired careers. After more than a decade of Congress continuously rejecting the implementation of the DREAM Act, President Obama exercised his executive authority and ordered the Department of Homeland Security and its subsequent agencies, USCIS, ICE, and CPB, to withhold the removal of certain, unauthorized immigrants who qualify for, apply for, and are granted DACA relief. This relief, unlike that of the DREAM Act, does not prescribe a pathway to citizenship, but rather promises renewable work authorization and stays on removal. Despite the opportunities the implementation of DACA could provide to those who qualify, potential applicants are armed with skepticism. Upon examining the historical development of U.S. immigration policy and the instances in which the rules were bent, this article approaches DACA in light of historical trends, deciphering its parameters and focusing on the benefits as well as the risks involved in applying for, and obtaining DACA relief. Balancing these factors, this article explains the gamble this relief poses and the underlying reasons that such a large percentage of potential applicants have electively withheld from applying for deferred action.
The comparative actions of uterine inhibiting drugs.

Abstract Currently there is not an in vitro or in vivo method of quantitating the potency of uterine inhibiting drugs. Electric field stimulation (EFS) of pregnant and parturient rabbit myometrial strips has been effectively used to assay oxytocic potency of prostaglandins and it is shown in this study to be useful in assaying potency of β-sympathomimetic compounds. Decreasing electric field stimulation (DEFS) provides three measureable endpoints: tension, excitability, and threshold voltage. Three compounds were tested for these parameters: isoproterenol, ritodrine, and isoxsuprine. It is concluded that in this system isoxsuprine is the more potent inhibitor of uterine tension evoked by EFS. It is also revealed that so-called uterine inhibition by these compounds represents the creation of a chaotic fibrillating muscle which is unable to respond in a synchronous way to produce a contraction of maximal tension.
Revisiting the effect of velocity on human force control

Human-robot collaborative systems (HRCS) have the potential to dramatically change many aspects of surgery, manufacturing, hazardous-material handling, and other dextrous tasks. We are particularly interested in precise manipulation tasks, which are typically performed under an admittance-control regime, where the controlled velocity is proportional to the user-applied force. During precise fast movements, there is a noticeable degradation in control precision, and prior results have indicated that system velocity, and not system admittance, is the factor that is correlated with force-control precision. In this paper, we report evidence that system admittance is more important than velocity in determining the user's ability to control force, and we provide an explanation as to why prior results might have indicated otherwise.
«Ein Apfel pro Tag hält den Arzt fern». Zu einigen amerikanischen Lehnsprichwörtern im Deutschen*

Excepto las numerosas palabras americanas que han entrado en la lengua alemana durante las ultimas decadas, hay tambien una serie de proverbios que se han traducido al aleman y que hoy en dia son considerados como proverbios «alemanes». El articulo trata de demostrar esto a traves de un considerable numero de referencias a los dichos «An apple a Day keeps the doctor away», «Good fences make good neighbors» y «The grass is always greener on the oder side of the fence», que aparecen traducidos al aleman como «Ein Apfel pro Tag halt den Arzt fern», «Gute Zaune machen gute Nachbarn» y «Das Gras auf der anderen Seite des Zaunes ist immer gruner». Al parecer, el ingles americano tiene una influencia decisiva en el aleman moderno, y tambien en el ambito de la paremiologia.
Do Not Just Do as I Do: Knowledge and Learning in the Image of Thought

What does it mean for philosophy to take seriously the chaos that haunts and threatens to undermine the fleetingly static formations that populate our epistemological landscapes? What does it mean to learn, think and know on a plane detached from transcendent truths, from recognition and representation, from the inverted image of falsity? We risk badly mangling our answers to these questions so long as we take for granted the orthodoxal image of thought and its conservative postulates. But critique is not enough, we need reconception, creativity; we need thought. This paper locates in Deleuze's ‘Image of Thought’ precisely these resources in the form of a philosophy of learning, taking as its guiding light the claim that learning ought no longer to name a merely transitory movement between a lack of knowledge and its fulfilment in the apprehension of truth, but the domain from which the transcendental conditions of thought itself are to be drawn.
Death and taxes. An opportunity for substitution.

The risks of fatal vehicle crash for young drivers rise precipitously with more drinking, reaching a 100-fold increase in risk for youths with 6+ drinks. Considerable external damage arises from drunk driving, providing firm logic for government intervention. If the 'cost' of an alcohol tax is the foregone consumer surplus of drinkers, then the cost per life saved using higher alcohol taxes is less than +10,000 per life at low taxes, even ignoring the lives of the drinking drivers. Thus, alcohol taxes are one of the cheapest possible life saving techniques available. Preliminary evidence suggests that youthful drinking drivers badly under-perceive the risks of their own behavior. This increases the measure of 'external damage' and hence the optimal tax for alcoholic beverages. It may be impossible to administer an 'optimal tax' on alcohol, but 'second-best' taxes appear to lie in the range of 25 to 40 percent or more. Language: en
Color of Gingival Tissues of Blacks and Whites

Value, chroma, and hue of attached gingiva of blacks and whites were measured clinically with Munsell color tabs. The color of nonmottled gingiva of blacks and whites was similar. The color of gingiva pigmented by melanin in blacks was similar in hue, but lower in value and chroma than nonmottled gingiva.
Do Family and Parenting Factors in Adolescence Influence Condom Use in Early Adulthood in a Multiethnic Sample of Young Adults

Studies show that positive family factors help protect adolescents from engaging in risky sexual activities, but do they continue to protect adolescents as they transition to late adolescence/early adulthood? Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examined whether family support, parent–child closeness, parental control/monitoring of adolescent behaviors and parent–child communication about sex, assessed in adolescence, were related to condom use in late adolescence/early adulthood among African American (n = 1,986), Chinese American (n = 163), Mexican American (n = 1,011) and White (n = 6,971) youth. Controlling for demographic variables and number of sex partners, the results showed that family support was positively related and parent–child communication was negatively related to condom use for the sample as a whole and for the white sample, but not for the other groups. Parent–child communication about sex and parental control were negatively related to condom use in the Chinese American sample. None of the family factors was related to condom use in the African American or Mexican American samples. Overall, parents talked more with daughters than sons about sexual matters. Condom use was most common among African Americans and among males. Greater attention to cultural expectations regarding sex and gender roles, as well as the causal ordering of effects, are important directions for future research.
Chemistry in Lasers. VI. Dimeric Luminophors in Electrogenerated Chemilumines cence

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) provides an unusually attractive method for producing dimeric luminophors, by comparison to optical pumping of a dye laser, both in terms of dimer/monomer r...