cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attachment dimensions and drinking-related problems among young adults: The mediational role of coping motives

Recent research has found a positive association between insecure adult attachment styles and harmful drinking patterns. In the present study, we examined the relation between alcohol-related consequences and two dimensions underlying attachment, 'model of self' and 'model of others,' among a population of college student drinkers (N=366). It was predicted that a negative model of self would contribute significantly to the variance in drinking problems over and above that accounted for by level of alcohol consumption. In an attempt to clarify the nature of the relationship among these variables, it was further hypothesized that coping drinking motives would mediate the relationship between the self attachment dimension and alcohol consequences. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed results consistent with the predictions. There was a significant relationship between negative model of self and problems which was fully mediated by coping drinking motives. The findings support the basic theoretical supposition that one primary function of interpersonal attachment is the regulation of emotions.
Preference for procedural order in task‐oriented small groups

This study sought to refine the concept “work procedures” in small group communication. Two categories with eight corresponding properties were delineated from small group interaction and were incorporated into a Likert‐type scale, the Group Procedural Order Questionnaire (GPOQJ. The scale was designed to assess an individual's preference for procedures in groups. Preference for procedural order in groups was integrated into a cognitive theoretical framework which formed the basis for item selection and validity research on the GPOQ. Seven investigations of validity were conducted on the GPOQ. The results of a cluster method known as elementary linkage analysis and a content analysis of the items by expert judges supported the content validity of the instrument. Correlations between the GPOQ and scores on thirty scales from fourteen non‐projective inventories showed that the instrument correlated positively with theoretically similar concepts and did not corrrelate with theoretically discriminant concepts...
Geminivirus coat protein gene replacement alters insect specificity

Chimeric clones have been constructed in which the coat protein encoded by DNA A of the bipartite genome of the geminivirus African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) has been replaced by that of beet curly top virus (BCTV). Constructs containing the coding region inserted in either orientation were infectious when co-inoculated with ACMV DNA B onto Nicotiana benthamiana, producing symptoms typical of ACMV infection. The onset of symptom production was delayed relative to plants inoculated with parental ACMV clones and remission of symptoms was observed. When inserted in the correct orientation for expression from the ACMV coat protein promoter, the BCTV gene was expressed in plants and the coat protein synthesized encapsidated ssDNA of both ACMV genomic components. The BCTV leafhopper vector, Circulifer tenellus (Baker), transmitted both BCTV and the chimeric virus but not ACMV when injected with virus preparations and transferred to N. benthamiana seedlings. The results show that the specificity of leafhopper transmission from insect to plant resides with the coat protein.
Landscape effects on scales of movement by white-tailed deer in an agricultural–forest matrix

Understanding how organisms respond to landscape heterogeneity is foundational to landscape ecology. We characterized seasonal scales of movement of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus viginianus) in an agricultural–forest matrix using first-passage time analysis (FPT) for 62 GPS-collared individuals. We investigated whether those scales were driven by demographic or landscape features. We found FPT for each individual across all seasons was typically dominated by a peak in variance of FPT/area at scales (radii) from 425 to 1,675 m. These peaks occurred at scales consistent with seasonal space use. We observed additional lower magnitude peaks at larger scales (3,000–6,000 m) and small scales (25–150 m). Peaks at larger scales were associated with seasonal migrations and dispersal events. Small scale peaks may represent resting or foraging behavior. Female movements were organized at smaller scales than males in the spring/summer season. Models relating landscape features to movement scales suggest that deer perceive and move within the landscape differently as the roles of dominant land-cover types shift seasonally. During winter, configuration (interspersion/juxtaposition) of land-cover types is more important to deer than during spring/summer and fall. During spring/summer and fall, movement behavior may be dictated by reproductive and harvest activities.
Metal-organophosphonates: hydrothermal synthesis and structures of [Cu(O3PC10H6CO2H)] and [Cu(bpy)(HO3PC10H6CO2)] (H2O3PC10H6CO2H = 2,6-carboxynaphthalene phosphonic acid)

Abstract Hydrothermal methods were used to prepare [Cu(O3PC10H6CO2H)] (1) and [Cu(bpy)(HO3PC10H6CO2)]·2H2O (2·2H2O), where H2O3PC10H6CO2H is 2,6-carboxynaphthalene phosphonic acid (H3cnp). The two-dimensional structure of 1 consists of layers of edge-sharing {CuO6} octahedra, producing an AlCl3- type structure of fused hexagonal rings of copper octahedra, enclosing voids of hexagonal profile. The layer composition is CuO3 or CuO6/2 as each oxygen bridges two copper sites. The Hcnp ligands project from either face of the copper “oxide” layer. Adjacent layers interact through hydrogen bonding interactions between the pendant –CO2H groups of the ligand. Coordination of the bipyridine ligand in [Cu(HO3PC10H6CO2)] (2) obstructs expansion in two-dimensions, and the material exhibits a chain structure. The chain is constructed of binuclear units of edge-sharing ‘4+1’ {CuO3N2} square pyramids linked through the dipodal {HO3PC10H6CO2}2− ligands.
A cooperative approach to the internship in school psychology

Abstract The internship program in school psychology in Ohio involves the close and continuing cooperation of the Ohio Department of Education, Ohio Inter-University Council on School Psychology, and field supervisors employed by local school districts. The roles of each are briefly discussed.
How much lung ventilation is obtained with only chest-compression CPR?

The objective of this 14-pig study was designed to determine the amount of lung ventilation obtainable by only rhythmic chest compression (100/min, 100 lbs). Tidal volume (TV), dead space (DS), and respiration rate (R) were measured with normal breathing and with rhythmic chest compression during ventricular fibrillation. The ratio of TV/DS was calculated in both cases. For normal breathing the ratio was 2.54 ± 0.68; for chest compression breathing the ratio was 0.80 ± 0.07. Minute alveolar ventilation (TV − DS)R was computed for both cases. With spontaneous breathing, the minute alveolar volume was 5.48 ± 2.1 l/min. With only chest-compression breathing, the alveolar ventilation was −1.49 ± 0.64 l/min. The negative minute alveolar volume and fractional ratio reveals that TV was less than the dead space indicating that chest-compression alone does not ventilate the lungs.
Angular Tracking of Two Closely Spaced Radar Targets

Bounds on the accuracy of unbiased estimates of the angular coordinates of a target, in the presence of a nearby interfering target, have previously been determined. These bounds allow for the angular resolution of two CW targets to an extent limited only by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). An SNR of 40 dB will allow two targets to be resolved at less than one-fifth beamwidth (?/2 X) separation, for most values of target relative phase angles. The maximum-likelihood estimator for this problem, based on the outputs of a plane circular array of receiving elements, is found and simplified. An analog realization of the two-target maximum-likeli-hood processor is presented. This realization has the simple form of two single-target trackers each tracking one of the targets, linked by a decoupling network which accounts for the interference produced in each by the presence of a second target, when the targets are separated by less than a beamwidth. Results of an analog-computer simulation of the system are given and discussed. Finally an application to the finite-size single-target problem is given.
Occupational Self-Direction, Intellectual Functioning, and Self-Directed Orientation in Older Workers: Findings and Implications for Individuals and Societies

Using data from 1994–95 third‐wave interviews, this study tests whether Kohn and Schooler’s findings (based on 1964 and 1974 interviews) that self‐directed occupational conditions increase intellectual functioning and self‐directed orientations hold when the respondents are 20 years older. Results confirm that even late in life self‐directedness of work continues to affect intellectual functioning and self‐directedness of orientation. These psychological characteristics, in turn, affect social‐structural position in ways that increase disparities between the advantaged and disadvantaged. From a historical and societal perspective, the findings suggest that the occupational self‐directedness of a society’s workers may affect its social norms, values, and modes of production.
Simultaneity of foetal heart rate acceleration and foetal trunk movement determined by foetal magnetocardiogram actocardiography

We describe a new method of actocardiography, foetal magnetocardiogram (fMCG) actocardiography, which is based on the high sensitivity of the fMCG to foetal trunk movements. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method by applying it to assess the simultaneity of onset of foetal heart rate (FHR) acceleration and foetal trunk movement. The analysis was restricted to events for which the onset of FHR accelerations and foetal movements could be determined accurately, i.e. when FHR was stable and near the average quiescent level just prior to the acceleration. We found that FHR accelerations coincided with or preceded foetal movements nearly all the time. This supports the hypothesis of coordinated control of FHR accelerations and foetal movements more strongly than prior studies, based on other techniques. We also found that beat-to-beat FHR variability often decreased at or near the start of FHR accelerations and that this occurrence was an accurate marker of foetal movement onset, even when foetal movement onset lagged FHR accelerations.
Race, Culture, and Educational Opportunity.

This article criticizes the view that, if cultural factors within the black community explain poor educational outcomes for blacks, then blacks should bear all of the disadvantages that follow from...
Muscle synergies during shifts of the center of pressure by standing persons

Movements by a standing person are commonly associated with adjustments in the activity of postural muscles to cause a desired shift of the center of pressure (COP) and keep balance. We hypothesize that such COP shifts are controlled (stabilized) using a small set of central variables (muscle modes, M-modes), while each M-mode induces changes in the activity of a subgroup of postural muscles. The main purpose of this study has been to explore the possibility of identification of muscle synergies in a postural task using the framework of the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis employing the following three steps in data analysis: (i) Identification of M-modes: Subjects were asked to release a load from extended arms through a pulley system, resulting in a COP shift forward prior to load release. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of eleven postural muscles on one side of the body was integrated over a 100 ms interval corresponding to the early stage of the COP shift, and subjected to a principal component (PC) analysis across multiple repetitions of each task. Three PCs were identified and associated with a ‘push-back M-mode’, a ‘push-forward M-mode’ and a ‘mixed M-mode’. (ii) Calculation of the Jacobian of the system, which relates changes in the magnitude of M-modes to COP shifts using regression techniques: Subjects performed three different tasks (releasing different loads at the back, voluntarily shifting body weight forward and backward, at different speeds) to verify if the relationship between magnitudes of M-modes and COP shifts is task or direction specific. (iii) UCM analysis: Three tasks were chosen (load release in the front, arm movement forward and backward) which were associated with an early shift in COP. A manifold was identified in the M-mode space corresponding to a certain average (across trials) shift of the COP and variance per degree of freedom within the UCM (VUCM) and orthogonal (VORT) to the UCM was computed. Across subjects, VUCM was significantly higher than VORT when analysis at the third step was performed using a Jacobian computed based on a set of tasks associated with a COP shift in the same direction but not in the opposite direction. This result confirms our hypothesis that the M-modes work together as a synergy to stabilize a desired shift of the COP. Forward and backward COP shifts are associated with different synergies based on the same three M-modes.
Quark/gluon jet discrimination at HERA

Abstract Tests of QCD, and its representation by Monte Carlo shower models such as PYTHIA or HERWIG, are proposed for low- Q 2 events at the e − p collider HERA. The tests are based on observable features that distinguish between quark jets and gluon jets. They therefore provide sensitivity to the description of parton branching, and to the parton distributions in the photon and proton.
Small-scale structure in the Lyα forest at high redshift

We have obtained spectra of the four components of the system B1422+231 with HST's Faint Object Spectrograph in order to study spatial inhomogeneities and velocity variations in the absorbers which are pierced by the four lines of sight. The four images are well resolved, and the spectra clearly show the system is a lensed quasar; a new redshift based on the Lyα and N V emission lines is measured to be 3.6261. The following are results from the analysis of the four individual lines of sight that probe redshifts 2.9 ≤ z ≤ 3.5 and transverse dimensions 0-0.14 h -->−1100 kpc: (1) In the region between Lyβ and Lyα (less 6000 km s-1 to allow for the proximity effect: 4745-5511 A), the limiting rest equivalent width (1σlim) is measured to be 0.059, 0.052, 0.034, and 0.22 A for components A, B, C, and D, respectively. (2) The total number of 5σW lines found in this region are 83, 85, 102, and 44 for A-D, respectively; for A-C 11, 9, and 13 are identified with metal line systems and the remaining 72, 76, and 89 are assumed to be Lyα lines. Between paired lines of sight A and B to C, and A paired to B, there are 62, 68, and 62 coincidences and 3, 1, and 1, anticoincidences for the Lyα lines. For the metal lines there are 8, 9, and 8 coincidences for AC, BC, and AB, respectively, and each has one anticoincidence. (3) Scatter plots of the equivalent widths for the coincident lines for both Lyα and metals are highly correlated and all pairs match within 100 and 75 km s-1, respectively. (4) Maximum-likelihood analysis limits spatial inhomogeneity for Lyα absorbers in components A, B, and C to no more than ~15% of the equivalent width of an average (W = 2 A) line. This corresponds to a limit on the mean variation in column density, assuming unsaturated lines, of log (ΔNH) = 13.1 cm-2. (5) A method of detecting spatial inhomogeneities independent of continuum-fitting and line-profile measurement is developed yielding an upper limit on the column density difference for unsaturated lines of log (ΔNH) = 12.8. This is approximately a factor of 2 smaller than the limits obtained from the line pairs. (6) The distribution of the velocity differences for AC, BC, and AB for the Lyα lines and the metal line pairs have a mean close to zero and rms ~40 km s-1. Maximum-likelihood analysis gives an upper limit on the variations in velocity of ~40 km s-1 for Lyα absorbers in paired lines of sight. The overall result of this work is a set of stringent limits on the inhomogeneity of low column density hydrogen absorbers on subkiloparsec scales at high redshift.
Coronary Angiography Its Role in the Management of the Patient with Angina Pectoris

The history, technic, and complications of coronary angiography have been discussed. Myocardial infarction caused by the procedure occurs in 0.3-0.9% of all cases. Two leading groups report an incidence of 1/1000 to 1/2500 deaths related to the procedure. Angiographic anatomy has been described. Indications for the procedure are: intractable angina in patients with or without a history of myocardial infarction and unexplained left ventricular failure or failure due to a left ventricular aneurysm. Among the debatable indications are: unexplained ECG changes, aortic valve disease, preinfarction patterns, cardiogenic shock, and follow-up angiograms after bypass surgery. If immediate surgery is not contemplated, left ventricular failure and a recent myocardial infarction are contraindication to the procedure. The limitations of the procedure are the radiographic resolution and the inconsistent anatomic pattern of minor vessels.
Resistant gram-negative bacilli: A neglected healthcare crisis?

Purpose. Infections caused by drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria are a growing threat to the healthcare community and clinicians are encouraged to employ a combination of strategies for effective prevention and treatment of these difficult infections. Summary. Recent epidemiological studies suggest an increase in healthcare- associated infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, particularly Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Acinetobacter spp. The rising incidence of drug resistance of these pathogens presents a challenge given the few novel antimicrobial agents under development that specifically target these organisms. To combat this trend, recent guidelines promote Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) as an effective means to possibly control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Two key ASPs strategies include prospective audit, intervention, and feedback, and formulary restriction and preauthorization. The best methods to measure antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance are still being developed. In addition, using pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics priniciples to guide antimicrobial dosing regimens may have a role in controlling development of resistance. Finally, enforcing rigorous infection control practices can reduce the transmission of problematic pathogens within the healthcare setting. Conclusion. With a limited number of antimicrobial agents in development, clinicians cannot rely on new drugs alone to treat infections due to drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria but must also incorporate strategies that reduce the emergence of resistance and prevent the spread of problematic bacteria. Potentially effective interventions include antimicrobial stewardship tactics that advocate optimal use of currently available antimicrobial agents and rigorous infection control measures. Infectious diseases trained pharmacists are in a unique position to play a key role in helping control the spread of nosocomial pathogens.
Controllable deformations of incompressible simple materials

Abstract At present, five families of inhomogeneous deformations are known to be controllable for homogeneous, isotropic, incompressible elastic materials, i.e. to be possible deformations in any such material in the absence of body forces. It is shown here that these five families of deformations are controllable also for homogeneous, isotropic, incompressible simple materials.
DISPLAY ASPECTS OF ALGEBRA

Attention is called to the visual display features of algebraic expressions and the relevance of human engineering principles. The argument is pursued in connection with a simple equation and solution drawn from an introductory course.
Predictors of peritumoral edema after stereotactic radiosurgery of supratentorial meningiomas.

OBJECTIVE: Anecdotal evidence suggests that radiosurgical ablation of parasagittal meningiomas may be associated with increased risk of subsequent edema. Potential predictors of postradiosurgical peritumoral edema, including parasagittal tumor location, tumor size, and treatment dose, were evaluated. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records of 102 patients with 111 supratentorial meningiomas treated with CyberKnife (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). A median marginal dose of 18.0 Gy (range, 11.3-25.0 Gy) was delivered in 1 to 5 sessions (fractions). Potential predictors of posttreatment symptomatic edema were evaluated using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Of the 102 patients followed for a mean of 20.9 months (range, 6-77 mo), 15 (14.7%) developed symptomatic edema after SRS. Nine of 31 with parasagittal meningiomas (29.0%) and 6 of 80 with nonparasagittal supratentorial meningiomas (7.5%) developed symptomatic edema (P = 0.0053). Compared with patients with meningiomas in nonmidline supratentorial locations, patients with parasagittal meningiomas were more than 4 times as likely to develop symptomatic edema after SRS (odds ratio, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-11.5). The 6-, 12-, and 18-month actuarial rates of symptomatic edema development were significantly greater for patients with parasagittal meningiomas than for patients with nonparasagittal meningiomas (17.8 versus 1.3%, 25.4 versus 5.8%, and 35.2 versus 7.8%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with parasagittal meningiomas are at greater risk of developing peritumoral symptomatic edema after SRS. Close follow-up after SRS may be particularly important in such patients. These results highlight the need to pursue strategies that could decrease the incidence of postradiosurgical edema in patients with parasagittal meningioma.
Inhibin-A Antagonizes TGFβ2 Signaling by Down-Regulating Cell Surface Expression of the TGFβ Coreceptor Betaglycan

Inhibin is an atypical member of the TGFβ family of signaling ligands and is classically understood to function via competitive antagonism of activin ligand binding. Inhibin-null (Inha−/−) mice develop both gonadal and adrenocortical tumors, the latter of which depend upon gonadectomy for initiation. We have previously shown that gonadectomy initiates adrenal tumorigenesis in Inha−/− mice by elevating production of LH, which drives aberrant proliferation and differentiation of subcapsular adrenocortical progenitor cells. In this study, we demonstrate that LH signaling specifically up-regulates expression of TGFβ2 in the subcapsular region of the adrenal cortex, which coincides with regions of aberrant Smad3 activation in Inha−/− adrenal glands. Consistent with a functional interaction between inhibin and TGFβ2, we further demonstrate that recombinant inhibin-A antagonizes signaling by TGFβ2 in cultured adrenocortical cells. The mechanism of this antagonism depends upon the mutual affinity of inhibin-A and...
Regeneration of an enchondroma defect under the influence of an implant of human bone morphogenetic protein.

A 29-year-old woman with an enchondroma that was expanding and eroding the palmar cortex. of the middle phalanx was successfully treated by curettage and implantation of bone morphogenetic protein. The metaphysis and cortex were repaired by lamellar bone within 2 months. The medulla was completely filled with trabecular bone by 9 months. The full range of motion and normal functions of finger and hand joints were restored, and there was no recurrence or abnormalities at follow-up visits 2 1/2 years after the operation.
Bolivia and Venezuela: the democratic dialectic in new revolutionary movements:

The beginning of the twenty-first century has witnessed the rise of exciting new revolutionary movements against capitalist globalisation. They are characterised, in Latin America particularly, by qualitatively different strategies from the socialist movements of the last century. Rather than vanguard parties leading a Leninist insurrection or Maoist people's war, these movements are building broad social blocs in a Gramscian war of position and manoeuvre. It is suggested here that these movements are best viewed from the standpoint of a democratic dialectic linking together the roles of the state, the market and civil society. This recognises the need to build institutional power in each sector as well as the play of contradictions within and between each aspect of society. In what follows, an attempt is made to develop theory that can explain and contain the actual social practice of the new revolutionary struggles.
Impact of mixtures of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons on a high-rate, tetrachloroethene-dechlorinating enrichment culture

The ability of a high-rate, tetrachloroethene (PCE)-dechlorinating culture with apparent dehalorespiring activity to function in the presence of fortuitously transformed cocontaminants carbon tetrachloride (CT) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) was examined. A PCE-acclimated, lactate-enrichment culture that demonstrated the ability to rapidly transform PCE to ethene in conjunction with methanogenesis was able to degrade both CT and 1,1,1-TCA despite no previous exposure to these compounds. While the presence of <20 μM of 1,1,1-TCA had little effect on PCE removal, the addition of 10−15 μM of CT negatively impacted both the PCE and vinyl chloride (VC) transformation steps. CT and 1,1,1-TCA primarily inhibited methanogenesis before each compound was completely biotransformed. They served to further inhibit methanogenesis as well as utilization of acetate and propionate in PCE-containing treatments via increased persistence of metabolites such as VC. The inclusion of CT with PCE increased peak hydrogen c...
Structure-Directing Effects in Zeolite Synthesis: A Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction, 29Si MAS NMR, and Computational Study of the Competitive Formation of Siliceous Ferrierite and Dodecasil-3C (ZSM-39)

The competitive formation of the zeolites ferrierite and dodecasil-3C has been studied under a variety of synthetic conditions involving HF/pyridine as a solvent together with other amines. Single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements on the siliceous zeolite ferrierite product (Si18O36·1.9C5H5N·0.1C3H9N, space group Pmnn, a = 18.8273(6) A, b = 14.095(1) A, c = 7.4318(7) A, V = 1972.2(3) A3, Z = 2, R = 3.1%) reveal that it contains pyridine in both channels. Small amounts of propylamine are found in the main channel. The dodecasil-3C, by contrast, contains pyridine in the larger cavities and propylamine in the smaller ones (Si17O34·0.8C5H5N·0.25C3H9N, space group I42d, a = 13.639(2) A, c = 19.512(4) A, V = 3629.67(6) A3, Z = 4, R = 6.8%). Both the synthetic observations and our computer simulations indicate that the dodecasil-3C is thermodynamically more stable than the ferrierite product, which forms under kinetic control at lower temperatures or shorter reaction times. An additional phase, identified a...
Baccalaureate nursing students’ experiences of anxiety producing situations in the clinical setting

The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical experiences of nursing students that were anxiety provoking and examine the relationship between the level of trait anxiety and the clinical experience that produced anxiety in nursing students. A descriptive correlational design collected data from 61 nursing students in their last semester of the baccalaureate nursing program using survey questionnaires that captured demographic data and included the Trait Anxiety Scale and the Clinical Experience Assessment form. Analyses of data indicate that 36% of the students experienced a moderate level of anxiety. Clinical experiences related to arriving late, being observed by instructors, responding to initial experiences, having a fear of making mistakes, and talking to physicians were the most anxiety producing for these students. A significantly positive relationship (r = .40, p < .05) was found between the trait anxiety and clinical experience that was anxiety producing. A higher level of perceived anxiety accompanied the following clinical experiences; being observed by instructors (F = 3.44, p = .04), doing beforehand in-hospital preparation (F = 4.46, p < .02), asking questions of faculty (F = 4.38, p < .02), being evaluated by faculty (F = 3.37, p < .04), and reporting to team leader (F = 3.60, p < .05). The most anxiety producing clinical experiences in nursing students before graduation are evaluated with descriptive data. Results would provide useful insights for faculty and senior nursing students involved in clinical practice, and have implications for education, further research, and clinical support.
Tracheal agenesis: diagnosis and management

Tracheal agenesis (TA) is a rare congenital anomaly that typically has fatal consequences. Its rarity, lack of prenatal symptoms, and emergent presentation usually lead to a failure to arrive at the correct diagnosis and manage the airway properly before the onset of irreversible cerebral anoxia. We report the case history of an infant born with immediate respiratory failure who was diagnosed with tracheal agenesis. The clinical features, embryology, classification schemes and surgical management are discussed with the hope that increased awareness and earlier diagnosis may lead to better chances of survival for affected individuals.
Differential effects of prenatal protein malnutrition and prenatal cocaine on a test of homing behavior in rat pups

The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and protein malnutrition on orientation to home nest material was assessed in rat pups. Sprague-Dawley dams were fed a diet of low protein content (6% casein), and isocaloric diet of adequate protein content (25% casein, control), or a laboratory chow diet prior to mating and throughout pregnancy. Within each diet group, rats received either cocaine injections (30 mg/kg IP 2 times per week prior to mating and the 30 mg/kg SC daily from day 3 to 18 of pregnancy) or saline injections. All litters were fostered on the day of birth to control mothers fed an adequate diet. On postnatal days 7, 9, and 11, a single pup from each litter (n = 11-15 per treatment) was tested repeatedly in a clean test cage for the rapidity of approach, and level of attraction to their own home (nest) bedding compared with fresh bedding. Prenatal malnutrition and prenatal cocaine exposure each gave rise to independent effects on performance, based upon factor analysis. Prenatal malnutrition, but not prenatal cocaine increased the time taken for rat pups to approach their nest bedding, reduced the time spent on this bedding, decreased the number of entries into the sector containing the home bedding and reduced pup weight. Prenatal cocaine, but not prenatal malnutrition, produced a reduction in activity, but had no effect on pup weight. The lower activity level was most pronounced on postnatal day 7. Surprisingly, interactive effects of prenatal cocaine and prenatal malnutrition were not observed on any behavior examined. Nevertheless, the co-existence of drug addiction and malnutrition in human populations raises the possibility that some of the effects generally attributed to drug exposure may, in fact, be due to malnutrition.
Attracting, Preparing, and Keeping Great Urban Teachers: The Urban Teacher Education Program, Option II.

This article describes a graduate, 19-month alternative certification program for urban middle-and high-school teachers that leads to teacher certification. With additional course work, it can also lead to a master’s degree in secondary education. In an ongoing evaluation of the program based on the needs of participating urban school districts, program faculty members have continued to reflect upon and revise the content and sequencing of course work and fieldwork. Interviews and focus groups have shown that students, their mentors, principals, other administrators, and university faculty believe the program has been successful in producing new teachers for the urban districts.
Lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the available evidence on lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome with specific reference to patient demographics, aetiology, types, diagnosis, clinical features, and treatment. This was an Institutional Review Board-exempt study performed at a Level 1 trauma center. A PubMed search was conducted with the title query: lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome. Eleven articles met our search criteria. Three of the patients with acute paraspinal compartmental syndrome treated with fasciotomy had a full recovery and were able to resume skiing after four months. The aetiology of the onset of lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome is broadly divided into acute and chronic. Lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome is one of the causes of back pain with diagnostic clinical features which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with low back pain. Prospective multicentre trials may provide the surgeon with more insight into the diagnosis and management of lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome.
Genomic organization, nucleotide sequence, and cellular distribution of a Shaw-related potassium channel gene, Kv3.3, and mapping of Kv3.3 and Kv3.4 to human chromosomes 19 and 1.

Abstract Genomic and cDNA clones encoding a novel Shaw -related potassium channel gene have been isolated from mice and humans. The mouse-Kv3.3 gene encodes a protein of 679 amino acids. Unlike the vertebrate Shaker -related genes that have intronless coding regions, mouse Kv3.3 is encoded by at least two exons separated by 3 kb of intervening sequence. The amino-terminal 212 amino acids are encoded by a single exon, and the hydrophobic core of the protein beginning at the S1 transmembrane segment is contained in a separate exon. Multiple Kv3.3-hybridizing transcripts are visible in the mouse brain, liver, thymus, and heart. Using probes derived from a human genomic clone containing the 3′ exon of human Kv3.3 (KCNC3), we have localized the gene to human chromosome 19. The related gene, human Kv3.4 (KCNC4), was localized to human chromosome 1.
An image hiding algorithm using Chinese remainder theorem with reduced distortion

Considering the security requirement in this new digital world, image hiding methods are highly desirable in many digital image transmissions. In most of these techniques, the hidden information being undetectable by a third party is very important. Some of them try to overcome this issue by using a key which transfers through a different secure channel. In addition, less distortion in cover image after image hiding which leads to a more safe communication is also highly desired. This paper presents a novel image hiding method based on Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT). This method not only is secure from a third party attack by using an undetectable key, but also has the least distortion in cover image in comparison with some other related methods.
Statistical mechanics of interfering links.

We consider the statistical mechanics of interfering transmissions in a wireless communications protocol. In this case, a connection between two nodes requires all other nodes within communication distance of the given two nodes to remain quiet on the given channel. This leads to an interesting problem of dimers on a lattice, with a restriction that no two dimers can overlap or be nearest neighbors. We consider both an equilibrium and a nonequilibrium, ``greedy'' dynamics for the links; the equilibrium properties of the model are found to exhibit an interesting spin-glass transition at maximum density on certain lattices, while the greedy construction is related to the problem of random sequential adsorption.
Generalization of the Hofmann-Zotter Combined-Function Formulation for Application to 50×50 GeV e+ e- Storage Rings

Though all existing strong-focusing electron storage rings have separated-function lattices, the combined-function lattice would reduce energy loss to synchrotron radiation. Robinson and Hofmann and Zotter have shown how to overcome the anti-damping that was once thought to rule out this possibility. Their formulation is generalized to achieve a more realistic machine design having FODO cells to incorporate the inevitable straight sections between magnets and to allow for any subsequent insertion of nonlinear elements. An analysis is performed to estimate the energy savings for a 50×50 GeV e+ e- facility using combined-function magnets.
Factorial Comparison of the Wallace Self-Concept Scale between Special Education Teachers and Regular Classroom Teachers.

The study investigated the factorial invariance and factor structure of the Wallace Self-Concept Scale (WSCS) between regular class-room and special education teachers. At issue was the question of whether a given self-referent scale is generalizable across different types of teachers who function in different kinds of teaching environments. The varimax rotation produced three factors which were labeled as personal attribute, personal energy and personal temperament. Factor structure similarity between varimax solutions for the two groups was determined by the use of the factorial invariance program, RELATE. The analysis confirmed the hypothesis that the factor structure of the WSCS is invariant across the two populations in question.
Small interfering RNA inhibition of SPARC attenuates the profibrotic effect of transforming growth factor β1 in cultured normal human fibroblasts

Objective SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine), or osteonectin, is a matricellular protein. Recently, it was observed to be overexpressed in fibroblasts obtained from the skin of patients with scleroderma, as well as in different tissues from patients with several other fibrotic disorders. Moreover, a genetic polymorphism in SPARC has been associated with susceptibility to scleroderma. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is a profibrotic cytokine that stimulates excessive collagen production in patients with scleroderma or other fibrotic diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine whether specific inhibition of SPARC can influence the expression of type I collagen and ameliorate the profibrotic activity of TGFβ1 on normal human fibroblasts. Methods Fibroblasts obtained from the skin of 4 healthy individuals were cultured and transfected with SPARC small interfering RNA (siRNA). TGFβ was used as a fibrosis stimulus in cultured fibroblasts. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to measure transcription and protein levels of SPARC and type I collagen, respectively. Results The fibroblasts transfected with SPARC siRNA showed decreased expression of both SPARC and type I collagen. Exogenous TGFβ1 induced increased expression of both SPARC and type I collagen in cultured normal human fibroblasts, but this response was significantly blunted in the fibroblasts transfected with SPARC siRNA. Conclusion TGFβ1 can induce increased expression of both SPARC and type I collagen. Specific inhibition of SPARC led to decreased expression of type I collagen and attenuated the profibrotic effect of TGFβ1 in cultured normal human fibroblasts. Use of siRNA to silence SPARC represents a potential therapeutic approach to fibrotic disorders such as scleroderma.
Theoretical study of hydraulically fractured penny‐shaped cracks in hot, dry rocks

A simple and analytical method of solving the problem of heat extraction from a penny-shaped crack having both inlet and outlet holes is developed by using a two-dimensional flow model when fluid is injected at a constant flow rate. Temperature distributions in both rock and fluid are obtained by taking into account the hydraulic and thermal growth of the crack. The outlet fluid temperature and energy extraction rate versus time are shown by some illustrative examples. Although the effect of thermal, contraction of rock upon the crack width is large, its influence upon flow rate and crack tip stress intensity factor is sufficiently small within the first several years so that the crack radius can be determined mainly by the mechanical deformation of, the rock.
Charge recovery on a databus

We present databus charge recovery schemes that reduce power dissipation without the need for additional capacitances or supply voltages as are required by the stepwise charging scheme [1]. This is achieved by transferring charge from the falling bit-lines to precharge the rising bit-lines so that the additional energy required to fully charge the rising bit-lines is reduced. The optimal sequence of charge transfers for a W -bit databus, while requiring a maximum of (W=2) charge transfers, can achieve theoretical energy savings of 72% and 80% for a 32-bit and a 64-bit databus with random inputs, respectively. However, modest savings can even be achieved with a limited number of charge transfers. For example, theoretical energy savings of 47% and 59% for a 32bit databus can be achieved when the number of charge transfers is limited to 1 and 4, respectively.
"Terminal drop" as a sign of depression in elderly individuals: an hypothesis.

Cognitive deterioration or “terminal drop” has been associated with impending death in elderly individuals. The neuropsychological test pattern of this cognitive disturbance is similar to that noted in patients with major depressive disorder. This similarity has led to the hypothesis that “terminal drop” may be a sign of masked depression in the elderly. Anti-depressant therapy (pharmacotherapy or electroconvulsive therapy) has been shown to improve neuropsychological function in depressed individuals. According to this hypothesis, antidepressant therapy of elderly individuals having neuropsychological profiles consistent with the terminal drop pattern should ameliorate the (masked) depression, improve neuropsychological performance, and prolong survival.
Effect of nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection on the development and pupation of gypsy moth larvae

Abstract The effects of Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection on gypsy moth larval development with respect to size, molting, and pupation were examined. Virus-infected noenate larvae inoculated by droplet feeding were significantly smaller than uninfected control larvae. In later instars, virus infection was found to slow weight gain, delay the onset of apolysis, inhibit molting, and block pupation. The magnitude of these effects increased with an increase in virus dose. These observed consequences may be the result of nutritional or hormonal interactions between virus and host and may have an effect on epidemiological studies on virus-infected insects in the field.
Methodological Issues in Inferences from Meta-Analysis About the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse

Abstract Tromovitch and Rind have responded to my methodological criticisms of their meta-analyses of research on the effects of child sexual abuse (CSA). Here I provide theoretical frameworks from the domain of developmental psychopathology to guide interpretation of the empirical findings. I then expand on my concerns about conclusions based on college-student samples and about overly broad definitions of CSA used in primary research. Finally, I review two recent studies of the effects of CSA that used notably better methods. Both studies lead to the conclusion that CSA does have measurable effects on some victims, for outcomes such as borderline personality disorder, depression, and generalized anxiety disorder, even when family environment is controlled.
The role of action in postural preparation for loading and unloading in standing subjects.

The main purpose of the present study has been to find an answer to the question: Can the subject generate anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) when a predictable postural perturbation occurs in the absence of a voluntary action? Answering this question would allow us to distinguish between two competing hypotheses on the relation between APAs and voluntary movements. One hypothesis considers both APAs and voluntary "focal" movements different peripheral patterns associated with a single control process, while the alternative hypothesis considers them outcomes of two parallel control processes. Healthy subjects performed series of loading and unloading trials that included: (1) catching a falling load onto another load held in extended hands; (2) catching a falling load onto a tray attached to the trunk; (3) allowing a falling load to hit another load out of the extended hands, causing an unloading; and (4) releasing a load held in extended hands by a voluntary shoulder movement. In series 1, precautions were taken to avoid possible small hand movements prior to the impact of the falling load. Available visual information on the trajectory of the falling load was manipulated. In all conditions, except when the subject's eyes were closed, APAs were seen with patterns that were adequate for counteracting expected perturbations. Quantitative electromyographic indices of APAs depended on the availability of visual information and particular methods of introducing postural perturbations despite the fact that the magnitude of the perturbation was always the same. Our findings support a hypothesis that control processes resulting in APAs can be different from control processes associated with focal voluntary movements.
Open versus endoscopic lumbar pedicle screw fixation and posterolateral fusion in a sheep model: a feasibility study.

Abstract Background context Conventional open procedures for lumbar pedicle screw instrumentation are often associated with significant morbidity resulting in longer postoperative recovery and hence have led to the advent of less invasive techniques of spinal instrumentation and fusion. Purpose This study compares lumbar pedicle screw fixation and posterolateral fusion using endoscopic and open techniques in a sheep model. Study design Endoscopic and open techniques of lumbar pedicle screw instrumentation and posterolateral fusion are compared in a sheep model (12 sheep in each group). The safety and fusion outcome are assessed by postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans performed at 6 months. Methods Twelve sheep underwent bilateral L4–L5 pedicle screw fixation and posterolateral fusion by means of endoscopic instrumentation and another 12 sheep by means of conventional open technique. For posterolateral fusions, an autologous iliac crest bone or bone graft substitute (Healos/MP52; Orquest, Mountain View, CA) was used on either the animal's left or right side. The animals were euthanized 6 months after surgery and the lumbar spines were harvested. Pedicle dimensions and screw insertion angles were measured and the two techniques were compared using CT and image analysis software. Pedicle screw misplacement was detected by means of direct inspection and CT scan, and fusions were evaluated by CT scans. Results The endoscopic group's screw insertion angle was more convergent, corresponded more closely to the human pedicle angle and was less variable than in the open technique. Three of the endoscopic group's 48 screws were misplaced medially, whereas in the open technique, 5 screws were misplaced laterally. Posterolateral bone fusion masses were palpable 6 months after surgery for both the autologous bone grafts and graft substitutes. There were no complications. The ratio of screw to pedicle diameter was approximately 0.6, greater than in human studies. Conclusions Despite differences between pedicle dimensions and screw angles, most screws could be inserted into the sheep pedicle using endoscopic or open techniques. Bone fusion was successful in both groups. Thus, minimally invasive, endoscopic transpedicular screw–plate fixation and posterolateral fusion is feasible, and as effective as the conventional open technique.