cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Precise Value for the Muon Magnetic Moment and Sensitive Test of the Theory of the hfs Interval in Muonium

Measurements of Zeeman transitions in the ground state of muonium at strong magnetic field have yielded values for the hfs interval, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=4463302.35(52)$ kHz (0.12 ppm) and for the muon magnetic moment, $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}}=3.1833403(44)$ (1.4 ppm), of considerably higher precision than previous results. The theoretical expression for $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$, including our measured value of $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}}$, disagrees with the experimental value by 2.5 standard deviations. The electronic ${g}_{J}$ density shift for muonium in Kr has been measured.
Finding the History and Philosophy of Science

History of science and philosophy of science have experienced a somewhat turbulent relationship over the last century. At times it has been said that philosophy needs history, or that history needs philosophy. Very occasionally, something entirely new is said to need them both. Often, however, their relationship is seen as little more than a marriage of convenience. This article explores that marriage by analyzing the citations of over 7,000 historians, philosophers, and sociologists of science. The data reveal that a small but tightly-knit bridge does exist between the disciplines, and raises suggestions about how to understand that bridge in a more nuanced fashion.
Vocational Decision-Making Patterns Among Noncollege-Aspiring Adolescents.

Abstract Vocational decision-making (VDM) behavior reported by noncollege-aspiring adolescents was measured by 32 indices derived from decision theory. Patterned differences were especially evident on indices assessing range of planning activities. Infrequent correlations were noted among indices representing each of five theoretical VDM dimensions. Cluster analysis grouped indices into four VDM clusters describing separate decision situations. A speculative model was developed to describe the relationship between VDM Clusters and performances variables. Hypotheses for later study were developed.
Ethnolinguistic Racism The Predicaments of Sovereignty and Nationhood Under Global Capitalism

In late modernity, where the making of social worlds is governed by new media technologies, flexible systems of exchange, and an unprecedented traffic in money, markets, and people across sovereign borders, the problematic concept of the nation has been recuperated to fasten subjects to political space. In this context, the projected frontiers of the nation are increasingly mapped out through the medium of language, thereby producing new mechanisms for membership and exclusion. With a focus on German cultural politics, I examine how regimes of nationality and imaginaries of citizenship are forged by a racialization of language. Under the impact of global capitalism and European unification, ethnolinguistic racism emerges as a discursive medium for reconstituting subjectivities and sovereignties.
An efficient, electrically-small, 3-D machined-substrate antenna

An efficient, compact, 3-D machined-substrate dipole antenna for narrow-band wireless monitoring is presented herein. The antenna is designed for an operating frequency of 2.4 GHz with a measured 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 2.7%. Ka of the presented design is 0.5 with a measured radiation efficiency of 94% and gain of 2.5 dB. The design compares well with high efficiency, electrically-small antennas that have been described in the open literature.
"Hot" for warm water cooling

Liquid cooling is key to reducing energy consumption for this generation of supercomputers and remains on the roadmap for the foreseeable future. This is because the heat capacity of liquids is orders of magnitude larger than that of air and once heat has been transferred to a liquid, it can be removed from the datacenter efficiently. The transition from air to liquid cooling is an inflection point providing an opportunity to work collectively to set guidelines for facilitating the energy efficiency of liquid-cooled High Performance Computing (HPC) facilities and systems. The vision is to use non-compressor-based cooling, to facilitate heat re-use, and thereby build solutions that are more energy-efficient, less carbon intensive and more cost effective than their air-cooled predecessors. The Energy Efficient HPC Working Group is developing guidelines for warmer liquid-cooling temperatures in order to standardize facility and HPC equipment, and provide more opportunity for reuse of waste heat. This report describes the development of those guidelines.
Assessment of thoraco-abdominal asynchrony

Thoraco-abdominal asynchrony is often observed in many respiratory disorders and/or respiratory muscle dysfunctions and clinically assessed as a sign of respiratory distress and increased work of breathing. This review describes the assessment of thoraco-abdominal asynchrony by respiratory inductance plethysmography. Visual inspection of the Konno-Mead plot yields information about the relative contribution of the RC and the ABD to respiration and about respiratory muscle dysfunction in selected patients. The monitoring of thoraco-abdominal asynchrony is a useful, non-invasive indicator of respiratory muscle load or respiratory muscle dysfunction and can be used to determine response to therapy in individual patients. The technique is limited by the fact that it does not detect respiratory muscle fatigue and that the occurrence of TAA does not always correspond to a clinically relevant respiratory problem, especially in the neonatal period.
Amino Acid Composition of the Ovaries, Muscle, and Whole Body of Yellow Perch

Abstract The amino acid (AA) compositions of ovaries, whole body, and muscle of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) collected in November differed significantly (P < 0.05). Levels of alanine, arginine, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, lysine, methionine, and proline were greater in whole fish than in ovaries. Levels of alanine, glycine, hydroxyproline, and proline were greater in whole fish than in muscle. Levels of alanine, phenylalanine, proline, serine threonine, and valine were higher in ovaries than muscle. No differences were found in the essential amino acid (EAA) composition of whole 14-g, 78-g, or 130-g yellow perch or in the AA composition of ovaries from 171-g wild and 8l-g laboratory-raised yellow perch. The EAA profile ofwhole yellow perch closely resembled those of whole rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Differences in muscle and ovary profiles were evident between yellow perch and other freshwater fishes. Until the amino acid requirements of yello...
SEQUENTIAL HISTOLOGIC CHANGES IN UNTREATED MESANGIALCAPILLARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (MCGN)

Since recent data have suggested that hlstologic improvement in MCGN may be associated with longtenn steroid therapy, 4 patients with well documented MCGN who had not received steroids or immunosuppressive agents were studied. A second renal biopsy (bx) was performed 3, 3, 4, and 5 years after the initial diagnosis (1st bx). On the 1st bx, all patients had diffuse mesangial proliferation, lobulation, and splitting of the basement membrane: one patient hed subendothelial deposits, one patient had no deposits, and 2 patients had mesangial/subepithelial deposits. On the second bx, there were progressive changes only in the one patient with subendothelial deposits (i.e., increased proliferation and nodular sclerosis). In the other 3 patients, there were either no significant changes (one patient) or a decrease in the degree of mesangial hypercellularity/proliferation (2 patients). Interstitial fibrosis and mesangial sclerosis were seen on the 2nd bx in all 4 patients. These data suggest that renal histologic improvement (i.e., decreased cellularity/proliferation) may occur in patients with MCGN who are untreated. However, the presence of interstitial fibrosis and mesangial sclerosis suggests that some irreversible changes have occurred.
The Geopolitics of Turkey's Accession to the European Union

A prominent American geographer discusses the geopolitics of Turkey's accession to the European Union in conjunction with comments on the preceding paper in this issue. The author focuses on Turkey's position on the proposed European Defense and Security Force, on containing Iran's nuclear weapons development, the Israeli-Palestinian Arab conflict, and on military penetration of Central Asia by the US. He briefly covers relations between the European Union and China, as well as Turkey's economic orientation. Also noted in the discussion are the country's heavy dependence on natural gas imported from Russia and oil flows through the Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipeline. Turkey's possible membership in the European Union is thought to enhance the global geopolitical equilibrium. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O10, O18, R10. 10 references.
Don't bite the newbies: how reverts affect the quantity and quality of Wikipedia work

Reverts are important to maintaining the quality of Wikipedia. They fix mistakes, repair vandalism, and help enforce policy. However, reverts can also be damaging, especially to the aspiring editor whose work they destroy. In this research we analyze 400,000 Wikipedia revisions to understand the effect that reverts had on editors. We seek to understand the extent to which they demotivate users, reducing the workforce of contributors, versus the extent to which they help users improve as encyclopedia editors. Overall we find that reverts are powerfully demotivating, but that their net influence is that more quality work is done in Wikipedia as a result of reverts than is lost by chasing editors away. However, we identify key conditions -- most specifically new editors being reverted by much more experienced editors - under which reverts are particularly damaging. We propose that reducing the damage from reverts might be one effective path for Wikipedia to solve the newcomer retention problem.
Benefit and risk in the β-lactam antibiotic-resistance strategies of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract The radically altered cell-wall chemistry in penicillin-resistant pneumococci and the stringent requirement for specific cell-wall precursors for expression of high-level resistance to methicillin in staphylococci may represent compensating mechanisms to balance molecular risks produced by the strategies for antibiotic resistance in these bacteria.
An integrated high-throughput data acquisition system for biological solution X-ray scattering studies

A fully automated high-throughput solution X-ray scattering data collection system has been developed for protein structure studies at beamline 4-2 of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. It is composed of a thin-wall quartz capillary cell, a syringe needle assembly on an XYZ positioning arm for sample delivery, a water-cooled sample rack and a computer-controlled fluid dispenser. It is controlled by a specifically developed software component built into the standard beamline control program Blu-Ice/DCS. The integrated system is intuitive and very simple to use, and enables experimenters to customize data collection strategy in a timely fashion in concert with an automated data processing program. The system also allows spectrophotometric determination of protein concentration for each sample aliquot in the beam via an in situ UV absorption spectrometer. A single set of solution scattering measurements requires a 20–30 µl sample aliquot and takes typically 3.5 min, including an extensive capillary cleaning cycle. Over 98.5% of measurements are valid and free from artefacts commonly caused by air-bubble contamination. The sample changer, which is compact and light, facilitates effortless switching with other sample-handling devices required for other types of non-crystalline X-ray scattering experiments.
Environmental factors in the origin of cancer and estimation of the possible hazard to man.

Summary The stages in the development of cancer are described as: (1) alteration of cellular function by the carcinogen; (2) reinforcing interaction by proximal altered cells-a microscopic control force; (3) failure of the restraining factors against tumorous proliferation within an organ-a macroscopic control; (4) failure of restraining forces against tumorous growth in the body as a whole. All four stages are important in human cancers. Urethane-induced lung cancer is a single-stage process atypical of cancer induction except as an example of the first stage. The relationship of dose to time of appearance of cancers is shown to have general validity as a law relating latent time to the inverse cube-root of the dose. The law is explained as the consequence of the second carcinogenesis stage, in which there is interaction of cells altered by carcinogens. Several examples of the estimation of cancer risk are presented as they apply to current problems of exposure of man to low levels of diethylstilboestrol, nitrosamines and radiation. If the cube-root of the dose applies to the estimation of the time of appearance of cancers, low-dosage exposure at some levels is virtually without risk because the expected lifespan of those exposed is exceeded by the time necessary for low concentrations of altered cells to develop into cancers.
Heat shock protein-based cancer vaccines and related thoughts on immunogenicity of human tumors

Abstract Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are associated in vivo with the entice repertoire of peptides (antigenic and otherwise) generated within that cell. Immunization with such non-covalent HSP-peptide complexes is unusually efficient in eliciting cellular immune responses against the antigenic peptides associated with the HSPs. This broad and general principle is the basis for a new generation of vaccines against cancers and infectious diseases and circumvents the need for identification of the T-cell epitopes for any given cancer or infectious agent.
Influence of albumin and non-esterified fatty acids on serum prostacyclin binding in pregnancy

We investigated the etiology of the previously documented decrease in serum prostocyclin binding during pregnancy. Addition of albumin to the serum of pregnant women failed to raise binding to non-pregnant levels. Pregnancy serum bound significantly more prostacyclin following the removal of non-esterified fatty acids and the addition of fatty acid free albumin resulted in a rise in binding to non-pregnant levels. We conclude that serum protein prostacyclin binding is affected by both albumin concentration and non-esterified fatty acids.
Geographical and temporal differences in electric vehicle range due to cabin conditioning energy consumption

Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) are vehicles that are propelled by electric motors powered by rechargeable battery. They are generally asserted to have GHG emissions, driveability and life cycle cost benefits over conventional vehicles. Despite this, EVs face significant challenges due to their limited on-board energy storage capacity. In addition to providing energy for traction, the energy storage device operates HVAC systems for cabin conditioning. This results in reduced driving range. The factors such as local ambient temperature, local solar radiation, local humidity, duration and thermal soak have been identified to affect the cabin conditions. In this paper, the development of a detailed system-level approach to HVAC energy consumption in EVs as a function of transient environmental parameters is described. The resulting vehicle thermal comfort model is used to address several questions such as 1) How does day to day environmental conditions affect EV range? 2) How does frequency of EV range change geographically? 3) How does trip start time affect EV range? 4) Under what conditions does cabin preconditioning assist in increasing the EV range? 5) What percentage increase in EV range can be expected due to cabin preconditioning at a given location?
Clifford Algebra Computations with Maple

Maple Computer Algebra System provides a convenient environment for computations in the real Clifford algebra Cl(B) of an arbitrary symbolic bilinear form B on a vector space V. It is well known that the symmetric part of B determines a unique Clifford structure on Cl(B) while it is less known that the antisymmetric part of B, if present, changes the multilinear structure of Cl(B). In our computations with Maple we assume that the bilinear form B is symbolic, real, possibly degenerate, and that it may have a non-trivial antisymmetric part. Any element (multivector) of Cl(B) is represented in Maple as a multivariate Clifford polynomial in basis monomials which form a standard basis for the algebra. Multiplication of these polynomials is based on recursive application of Cartan’s decomposition of Clifford product xu = x ∧ u + x ⌟ u into the wedge product part x ∧ u and the left contraction part x ⌟ u for any x ∈ V and u ∈ ∧ V. A package ‘Clifford’ of Maple procedures described below implements, among other features, Clifford and wedge/exterior multiplications, left contraction, grade involution, reversion, conjugation, Clifford and exterior exponentiation, computation of a symbolic inverse, scalar and vector parts, matrix representations. It affords computations in division rings of quaternions and octonions including conjugation, norm, and inverse, and it allows for implementation of rotations in a 3-dimensional Euclidean space in terms of quaternions.
Drinking in the Context of Health-Sustaining Habits

The comprehensive medical care delivered by family physicians should involve education and practice of healthsustaining habits such as diet, exercise, relaxation etc. as well as drug prescription. Among those, problem drinking is one of the most frequent issues encountered in health promoting sessions. However they are not competent to cover the realm of counseling in problem drinking in a continuous way. The drinking problems go up, unnoticed and uninhibited, to the self-destructive stages by the process of denial and avoidance on the part of patient as well as therapists. The explanation by which moderate drinking can't be easily embedded into healthy life styles and the practical strategies for dealing with problem drinkers and alcohol dependents will be presented in the context of health-sustaining habits.
Modeling Disability Trajectories and Mortality of the Oldest-Old in China

This article uses a group-based modeling approach to jointly estimate disability and mortality trajectories over time based on data from the population aged 80 and older in China, and explores relations of demographic, socioeconomic, and early-life characteristics to membership in gender-specific trajectory groups. A three-group model best fits the data for both males and females. For most groups, predicted numbers of limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) increase with age, but the pace is gradual in some cases and rapid in others. For each gender, the estimated mortality probability trajectories for the three groups follow a hierarchy that is related to the predicted ADL counts at age 80. Only a few characteristics predict trajectory-group membership. Prior nonagricultural occupation is associated with less favorable disability trajectories for both genders. For females, rural residence, a greater number of children ever born, and having a father who did not work in agriculture are associated with more favorable trajectories. For a small group of males who received education, disability is moderate but changes little with age. Findings may reflect heterogeneity of survival among the least advantaged, as well as a possible expansion of morbidity among a small advantaged group.
Spiritual Warfare 101: Preparing the Student for Christian Battle

Taking its subtitle from a theological college course description, this paper examines the intersections of theological and anthropological ideas of culture, as seen through the eyes of Kenyan evangelists and American missionaries. One of the key concepts developed in the course, and in the broader program of this U.S.-funded nondenominational church in East Africa, is that understanding culture is key to learning and unlocking the spiritual 'personalities' (both godly and satanic) involved in spiritual warfare. Both Kenyans and Americans conceive of warfare as the struggle between secular and Christian worldviews and consider education to be one of the strongest weapons needed to win the battle. However, where U.S. teachers focus on animism and world-religious conflict as evidence of lingering immorality and ungodliness, Kenyans focus on American ethnocentrism and xenophobia as evidence of ongoing cultural misunderstandings and injustice. Analysis is based on examination of mission records and on field research conducted in Nairobi and western Kenya.
Discrimination of multiple ranges per pixel in 3D flash ladar while minimizing the effects of diffraction

The goal of this work is to develop an algorithm to enhance the utility of 3D FLASH laser radar sensors through accurate ranging to multiple surfaces per image pixel. Using this algorithm it will be possible to realize numerous enhancements over both traditional Gaussian mixture modeling and single surface range estimation. While traditional Gaussian mixture modeling can effectively model the received pulse, we know that the received pulse is likely corrupted due to optical aberrations from the imaging system and the medium through which it is imaging. Additionally, only identifying a single surface per pulse may result in the loss of valuable information about partially obscured surfaces. Ultimately, this algorithm in conjunction with other recent research may allow for techniques that enhance the spatial resolution of an image, improve image registration and enable the detection of obscured targets with a single pulse.
TGA experimental data-analysis provided by transpiration theory

Abstract Thermogravimetric analysis (measurement of sample mass vs. temperature) is a frequently used laboratory technique in the analysis of materials, and commercial computerautomated equipment is available. The TGA experiment is designed in much the same way as a transpiration experiment; the transpiration experiment was theoretically analyzed using a transport mechanism coupling diffusion and viscous flow. This coupled flow analysis as applied to the TGA experiment will be discussed. The analysis allows one to calculate equilibrium vapor pressures and related thermodynamic properties. As an example, data for the vaporization of Tl2O3(s) will be discussed.
P700 Activity and Chlorophyll Content of Plants with Different Photosynthetic Carbon Dioxide Fixation Cycles

Representative plants containing either the reductive pentose phosphate cycle or the C(4) dicarboxylic acid cycle of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation have distinctly different contents of P(700) and chlorophylls a and b. With leaf extracts and isolated chloroplasts from C(4) cycle plants, the mean value of the relative ratio of P(700) to total chlorophyll was 1.83 and the mean value of the ratio of chlorophyll a to b was 3.89. The respective values in similar extracts and chloroplasts from pentose cycle plants are 1.2 and 2.78.It seems likely that these results are indicative of a more active Photosystem I or a different size photosynthetic unit in C(4) cycle plants than in the reductve pentose phosphate cycle plants.
Prevention of Release of Granulocyte Aggregants into Sheep Lung Lymph Following Endotoxemia by N-Acetylcysteine

Interactions of granulocytes with the lungs are altered by endotoxemia and may be critical in the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced lung injury. In chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep, we measured the ability of lung lymph to aggregate normal sheep neutrophils in vitro. We found a marked increase in lung lymph aggregating activity beginning within 1 hour after endotoxin infusion and persisting for several hours. When n-acetylcysteine was administered to the animals before endotoxin infusion, neutrophil aggregating activity in lung lymph after endotoxin infusion was markedly reduced. N-acetylcysteine did not affect neutrophil aggregation, adherence, or leukotriene B4 production in vitro and did not prevent complement activation at concentrations achieved in vivo. It is concluded that endotoxemia causes release from the lungs of substance(s) that activate granulocytes, and that this response is prevented by n-acetylcysteine, possibly as a result of the antioxidant properties of the drug.
Clinical correlates of sleep onset rem periods in depression

in euthymic patients with primary affective illness. Science 208:200. Sitaram N, Gillin JC, Bunney WE Jr (1984): Cholinergic and catecholaminergic receptor sensitivity in affective illness: Strategy and theory. In Post RM, Ballenger JC (eds), Neurobiology of Mood Disorders. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, p 629. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E (1978): Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders, 3rd ed. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute. Zandberg P, DeJong W (1977): Localization of catecholaminergic receptor sites in the nucleus tractus solitarii involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. Prog Brain Res 47: 117.
Effect of epinephrine in vitro on the morphology, phagocytosis, and mitotic activity of human trabecular endothelium

Epinephrine exerts a direct effect on cell morphology, phagocytosis and mitotic activity of human trabecular endothelium in primary culture. Its action is probably mediated through both beta and alpha adrenoceptors in a dose-time dependent manner. Younger cells and cells that were loosely attached to the substrate were found to be affected more rapidly and severely than were older cells and those in confluent regions where cell-to-cell attachment and stress fibers were well established. Continuous exposure to epinephrine at a concentration of 10(-5) M led to cessation of the normal cytokinetic cell movements, inhibition of mitotic and phagocytic activity, marked cell retraction, separation from the substrate, and, by 4-5 days, degeneration of cells. Similar, but less marked changes were seen with a concentration of 10(-6) M, the cell degeneration becoming apparent after one week of exposure. A still weaker concentration of epinephrine, 10(-7) M, did not result in cell degeneration even after 10 days of exposure and observation. On complete withdrawal of the drug, the cellular effects were reversible even after 3 days' exposure to 10(-5) M and 5-7 days' exposure to 10(-6) M epinephrine. The action of epinephrine was partially blocked by pretreatment of cultured trabecular cells with the beta-blocker, timolol. Available evidence suggests that the mechanism of action of epinephrine is mediated through both beta and alpha adrenoceptors, and that it intimately involves the cytoskeletal system of the cells. Extrapolation of our findings in vitro suggests that use of maximal doses of epinephrine over a prolonged time may contribute to tissue damage in certain conditions of glaucoma.
Perceptions of Firmness and Strength in Negotiation

Subjects first observed a pair of negotiations between two confederates of the same sex, and then negotiated with one of these confederates. Those who had observed their opponent follow a matching strategy conceded more than those who had observed their opponent follow either a tough or soft strategy. Confederates using a matching strategy were rated as stronger than those using a soft strategy and fairer than those using a tough strategy. These results support an attributional explanation for a previous finding that use of a matching strategy tends to encourage concessions from an adversary. Other results suggest that observers of negotiation view the parties they are observing as contrasting in strength and fairness.
How do non-American Embassy Officials Perceive the American Multinational Companies?

The purpose of this study was to determine how non-American embassy officials in Washington, D.C. perceive: the objectives of MNCs. the effects of the MNCs on income levels and income distribution, employment, technology transfer, capital markets, and competition. the present degree of governmental control of the MNCs. the degree of control that should be exercised over the MNCs.
X-ray inactivation of hyaluronidase from Escherichia coli freundii and bovine testes.

1. 1. The molecular weight of Escherichia coli freundii hyaluronidase has been determined to be 2.2 × 105 and that of bovine testicular hyaluronidase 7.1 × 104. 2. 2. The x-ray sensitivity of the bacterial enzyme was not altered during its isolation from the cell and subsequent purification. 3. 3. Both the bacterial and the testicular hyaluronidase behave as a single enzyme; i.e., there is no evidence of polydispersity in the inactivation curves.
Valence state of Ce and the magnetism in CeRh3B2.

The compound Ce${\mathrm{Rh}}_{3}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ orders magnetically with a high Curie temperature (${T}_{\mathrm{Cj}}$) of 115 K but with a low moment of only ${0.4\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$. ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ absorption-edge measurements show a dominant absorption peak at the energy corresponding to trivalent cerium. Magnetic studies on the compounds $\mathrm{Ce}{({\mathrm{Rh}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{T}_{x})}_{3}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ with $T=\mathrm{Ru}\mathrm{and}\mathrm{Os}$ and Os reveal that the magnetic state is very rapidly broken up with the replacement of Rh by Ru and Os. These results, along with the observation of a high ${T}_{C}$ in Ce${\mathrm{Rh}}_{3}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$, suggest that magnetism in this compound arises from a strong hybridization of nearly localized or slightly delocalized Ce $4f$ electrons with conduction electrons. The small moment may be due to a Kondo-type interaction coupled with crystal-field effects.
Trend in the CC and CO bond hydrogenation of acrolein on Pt–M (M = Ni, Co, Cu) bimetallic surfaces

Abstract Acrolein, the smallest α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, is used as a probe molecule to study the effect on the hydrogenation activity toward the C C and C O bonds due to the presence of a 3d transition metal either on the surface or in the subsurface region of a Pt(1 1 1) substrate. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and density functional theory (DFT) modeling are used to help explain the trend in the overall hydrogenation activity and selectivity toward the corresponding unsaturated alcohol (2-propenol) on the 3d/Pt(1 1 1) bimetallic surfaces. The hydrogenation activity on the subsurface Pt–3d–Pt(1 1 1) structures displays the following trend: Pt–Ni–Pt(1 1 1) > Pt–Co–Pt(1 1 1) > Pt–Cu–Pt(1 1 1) based on the TPD yields. The absolute yield toward 2-propenol is also the highest on Pt–Ni–Pt(1 1 1), which is further enhanced by the presence of pre-adsorbed hydrogen. In contrast, the selective hydrogenation does not occur on the surface monolayer 3d–Pt(1 1 1) structures. The TPD results are consistent with HREELS measurements of different vibrational features after the adsorption and reaction of acrolein on the subsurface Pt–3d–Pt(1 1 1) and surface 3d–Pt(1 1 1) structures. In addition, DFT calculations suggest that the different hydrogenation activities between the subsurface and surface structures appear to be related to the differences in the binding energy of acrolein on the corresponding bimetallic surfaces.
Effects of calcitonin on CNS monoamines following carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats.

Abstract The present study examined the effects of systematically administered calcitonin (CT, 10 IU/0.25 ml, SC) on changes in CNS monoamines (MAs) following unilateral carrageenan (CARRA)-induced inflammation in the rat hindpaw. High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) for MAs was performed on the whole brain and rostral spinal cord. Carrageenan-evoked inflammation significantly increased brain serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)], norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) levels. CT significantly reduced these CARRA-induced elevations in brain MAs. Elevated spinal cord 5-HT and NE levels were observed in CARRA-treated animals. CT administration increased 5-HT and NE in both the CARRA-treated animals and their saline controls. Spinal cord DA levels were not affected by either CARRA or CT administration. These findings suggest the involvement of CNS monoaminergic substrates in CT-induced hypoalgesia in inflammatory nociception.
Multilayer MIM inversion of AEM data: Theory and field example

This paper presents a multilayer generalization of an algebraic method of inverting frequency-domain airborne active electromagnetic (AEM) data in terms of 1-D layered earth models. The processing of the AEM data, which includes a recalibration procedure, is also outlined. The inversion is applied to synthetic fields generated from a multilayer model which is intended to approximate a measured conductivity profile of the water column in the Gulf of Mexico and to measured AEM data from a survey of the Barataria Bay estuary region of the Louisiana Gulf of Mexico coast. The inversion results from the synthetic data are in good agreement with the forward model. The conductivities calculated from the inversions of measured AEM data are compared to ground- and water-based measurements. The depth variations of the calculated electrical conductivities in the nearshore Gulf waters are in good agreement with measurements of conductivity versus depth by conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) casts at several points on the over-the-water portion of two flight lines.
Mortality risk among new onset injection drug users.

Aims To characterize mortality experience among those who only recently started injection. Design Prospective study. Setting Independent study clinic within high drug use neighborhoods. Participants In 1988‐1989, we enrolled 256 adult injection drug users (IDUs) recruited through street outreach who had initiated injection within the prior 2 years. Measurements Consenting participants underwent venipuncture for HIV antibody testing and interviews. We prospectively ascertained date and cause of death through follow-up contact and registry linkages. Analyses included standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) with local, state and national mortality data, adjusted for age, gender and race. Findings Baseline median age was 30 years, 70% were male, 95% were African-American and 90% injected within the prior 6 months. We identified 69 deaths through October 2000; mortality rate was 3.3/100 person-years. The adjusted SMR with the USA (and Baltimore) as the reference for IDUs was 4.40 (2.43) for 1991‐1992, which increased to 8.12 (4.13) by 1993‐1994, decreased to 4.43 (2.13) by 1997‐1998 and increased slightly to 5.35 (2.79) during 1999‐2000. Excluding HIV-related mortality, SMRs remained elevated. Decline in SMRs was not linked to drug abuse treatment. Conclusions These data demonstrate excess mortality among new-onset IDUs compared with demographically similar peers in the general population, indicating the need for interventions to prevent premature death among young
Segmentation-based online change detection for mobile robots

The high cost of damaging an expensive robot or injuring people or equipment in its environment make even rare failures unacceptable in many mobile robot applications. Often the objects that pose the highest risk for a mobile robot are those that were not present throughout previous successful traversals of an environment. Change detection, a closely related problem to novelty detection, is therefore of high importance to many mobile robotic applications that require a robot to operate repeatedly in the same environment. We present a novel algorithm for performing online change detection based on a previously developed robust online novelty detection system that uses a learned lower-dimensional representation of the feature space to perform measures of similarity.We then further improve this change detection system by incorporating online scene segmentation to better utilize contextual information in the environment. We validate these approaches through extensive experiments onboard a large outdoor mobile robot. Our results show that our approaches are robust to noisy sensor data and moderate registration errors and maintain their performance across diverse natural environments and conditions.
Rapid excretion of gallium-67 isotope in an iron-overloaded patient receiving high-dose intravenous deferoxamine.

A 23 year-old black male with homozygous sickle cell disease (Hb SS disease) and transfusional iron overload was admitted for evaluation of response to intravenous deferoxamine (DFO) therapy. Soon after admission, the patient suffered an intraventricular hemorrhage and during his subsequent hospitalization developed a persistent fever of undetermined origin (f.u.o.). Included in the diagnostic evaluation of fever was a gallium 67 scan (Ga-67), which was initially nondiagnostic because of Ga-67 citrate's preferential chelation by DFO. After DFO was discontinued, a repeat scan demonstrated a lesion above the left kidney. To our knowledge the unusual interaction in vivo of DFO with Ga-67 citrate has not been reported in the clinical literature. With the anticipated increased use of chelation therapy for patients with transfusional iron overload, this interaction may be encountered more frequently. DFO should be discontinued before the use of Ga-67 scanning in this clinical situation, or an alternative isotopic scan, such as indium-labelled white cells, should be considered.
Demand-driven software race detection using hardware performance counters

Dynamic data race detectors are an important mechanism for creating robust parallel programs. Software race detectors instrument the program under test, observe each memory access, and watch for inter-thread data sharing that could lead to concurrency errors. While this method of bug hunting can find races that are normally difficult to observe, it also suffers from high runtime overheads. It is not uncommon for commercial race detectors to experience 300x slowdowns, limiting their usage. This paper presents a hardware-assisted demand-driven race detector. We are able to observe cache events that are indicative of data sharing between threads by taking advantage of hardware available on modern commercial microprocessors. We use these to build a race detector that is only enabled when it is likely that inter-thread data sharing is occurring. When little sharing takes place, this demand-driven analysis is much faster than contemporary continuous-analysis tools without a large loss of detection accuracy. We modified the race detector in Intel(R) Inspector XE to utilize our hardware-based sharing indicator and were able to achieve performance increases of 3x and 10x in two parallel benchmark suites and 51x for one particular program.
Hereditary elliptocytosis: spectrin and protein 4.1R

Abstract Hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) is a common disorder of erythrocyte shape, occurring especially in individuals of African and Mediterranean ancestry, presumably because elliptocytes confer some resistance to malaria. The principle lesion in HE is mechanical weakness or fragility of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton due to defects in α-spectrin, β-spectrin, or protein 4.1. Numerous mutations have been described in the genes encoding these proteins, including point mutations, gene deletions and insertions, and mRNA processing defects. Several mutations have been identified in a number of individuals on the same genetic background, suggesting a “founder effect.” The majority of HE patients are asymptomatic, but some may experience hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly, and intermittent jaundice.
Effects of the excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists kynurenate and indole-2-carboxylic acid on behavioral and neurochemical outcome following experimental brain injury

The overactivation of the NMDA receptor is thought to be a major contributor to the pathophysiologic sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI), which commonly includes memory dysfunction. Uniquely, potentiation of the NMDA receptor is dependent on the binding of glycine to a distinct site on the receptor. Despite the potential role of the NMDA receptor in the development of post-TBI cognitive deficits, no studies to date have evaluated the efficacy of NMDA receptor antagonists on memory dysfunction after brain injury. Moreover, glycine site antagonists have not been employed as potential therapeutic agents in models of TBI. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of two glycine site antagonists, kynurenate (KYNA) and indole-2-carboxylic acid (I2CA), on memory and motor dysfunction, cerebral edema formation, and changes in regional total tissue brain [Na], [K], [Ca], [Mg], and [Zn], following lateral fluid-percussion brain injury in the rat. We found that both KYNA (300 mg/kg) and I2CA (50 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) administered 15 min postinjury dramatically attenuated trauma-induced cognitive dysfunction (p < 0.01). In addition, both compounds improved neurologic motor deficits measured at 2 weeks following injury (p < 0.05). KYNA (300 mg/kg) reduced edema in the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, while I2CA (20 mg/kg) reduced edema formation only in the thalamus. Differential effects of KYNA and I2CA on cation concentrations were also noted. KYNA attenuated the postinjury increase in regional tissue [Ca]; however, it had little effect on other cation concentrations. I2CA reversed the postinjury regional increases in [Na] and decreases in [K], [Mg], and [Zn], but had little effect on [Ca] changes. These results indicate that KYNA and I2CA may have differential, but beneficial effects on both behavioral and neurochemical sequelae of TBI.
Expression of TM4SF10, a Claudin/EMP/PMP22 family cell junction protein, during mouse kidney development and podocyte differentiation.

Cell junctions in the nephron are highly specialized to perform specific and distinct filtration and reabsorption functions. The mature kidney forms complex cell junctions including slit diaphragms that prevent the passage of serum proteins into the filtrate, and tubule cell junctions that regulate specific paracellular ion reuptake. We have investigated the expression of TM4SF10 (Trans-Membrane tetra(4)-Span Family 10) in mouse kidneys. TM4SF10 is the vertebrate orthologue of Caenorhabditis elegans VAB-9, a tetraspan adherens junction protein in the PMP22/EMP/Claudin family of proteins. We found that TM4SF10 localizes at the basal-most region of podocyte precursors before the capillary loop stage, at some tubule precursors, and at the ureteric bud junction with S-shaped bodies. Overall expression of TM4SF10 peaked at postnatal day 4 and was virtually absent in adult kidneys. The very limited expression of TM4SF10 protein that persisted into adulthood was restricted to a few tubule segments but remained localized to the basal region of lateral membranes. In undifferentiated cultured podocytes, TM4SF10 localized to the perinuclear region and translocated to the cell membrane after Cadherin appearance at cell‐cell contacts. TM4SF10 colocalized with ZO1 and p120ctn in undifferentiated confluent podocytes and also colocalized with the tips of actin filaments at cell contacts. Upon differentiation of cultured podocytes, TM4SF10 protein disappeared from cell contacts and expression ceased. These results suggest that TM4SF10 functions during differentiation of podocytes and may participate in the maturation of cell junctions from simple adherens junctions to elaborate slit diaphragms. TM4SF10 may define a new class of Claudin-like proteins that function during junctional development. Developmental Dynamics 236:596‐605, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS CONTROL OF INSECT FLIGHT

It seems that the workings of the human mind thrive on polarities; us vs them for example, or good vs evil, preformation vs epigenesis, nature vs nurture. But reality generally lies between the poles. So it is with the history of ideas about the control of rhythmic locomotion, a function that is the
Matching Learning Style to Instructional Method: Effects on Comprehension.

While it is hypothesized that providing instruction based on individuals’ preferred learning styles improves learning (i.e., reading for visual learners and listening for auditory learners, also referred to as the meshing hypothesis), after a critical review of the literature Pashler, McDaniel, Rohrer, and Bjork (2008) concluded that this hypothesis lacks empirical evidence and subsequently described the experimental design needed to evaluate the meshing hypothesis. Following the design of Pashler et al., we empirically investigated the effect of learning style preference with college-educated adults, specifically as applied to (a) verbal comprehension aptitude (listening or reading) and (b) learning based on mode of instruction (digital audiobook or e-text). First, participants’ auditory and visual learning style preferences were established based on a standardized adult learning style inventory. Participants were then given a verbal comprehension aptitude test in both oral and written forms. Results failed to show a statistically significant relationship between learning style preference (auditory, visual word) and learning aptitude (listening comprehension, reading comprehension). Second, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups that received the same instructional material from a nonfiction book, but each in a different instructional mode (digital audiobook, e-text), and then completed a written comprehension test immediately and after 2 weeks. Results demonstrated no statistically significant relationship between learning style preference (auditory, visual word) and instructional method (audiobook, e-text) for either immediate or delayed comprehension tests. Taken together, the results of our investigation failed to statistically support the meshing hypothesis either for verbal comprehension aptitude or learning based on mode of instruction (digital audiobook, e-text).
Effects of Supplemental Vitamin A or β-Carotene During the Dry Period and Early Lactation on Udder Health

Abstract Effects of vitamin A or β-carotene supplementation during the dry period and early lactation on the frequency of new intramammary infection and clinical mastitis and on SCC and milk yield were examined. Eighty-two Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) 50,000 IU/d of vitamin A per cow (approximately equivalent to 1978 NRC recommended daily intake for dairy cows); 2) 170,000 IU/d of vitamin A per cow; or 3) 50,000 IU/d of vitamin A plus 300mg of β-carotene per cow. Cows were supplemented during the 2 wk before drying off, throughout the dry period, and for the first 6 wk of lactation. Concentrations of serum vitamin A did not differ among treatment groups but tended to decrease for all treatment groups from 14 d before drying off to calving. After calving, serum vitamin A tended to increase in all groups through wk 6 of lactation. Serum β-carotene tended to be higher in β-carotene-supplemented cows at dry-off, in the early dry period, and again during lactation. Serum β-carotene decreased sharply in all groups during the prepartum period. The frequency of clinical mastitis and of new intramammary infection during the dry period, near parturition, and for the first 6 wk of lactation did not differ among treatment groups. The percentage of quarters newly infected over the entire trial was 26.8 in the control, 25.0 in the high vitamin A, and 30.6 in the β-carotene group. Pathogens isolated most frequently were coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae , and coliforms. The average log 10 SCC over the fist 6 wk of lactation did not differ among treatment groups. Under conditions of this study, dietary supplementation with high concentrations of vitamin A or β-carotene had no effect on udder health. Animals supplemented with 170,000 IU of vitamin A produced significantly more FCM than those receiving 50,000 IU of vitamin A.