cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p-Version least squares finite element formulation for three-dimensional, incompressible, non-isothermal, non-Newtonian fluid flow

This paper presents a p-version least squares finite element formulation for the dimensionless form of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible, non-isothermal, non-Newtonian fluid flow. The characteristic kinetic energy is used to non-dimensionalize the stress. The viscosity of the fluid is described by a power law model and is temperature dependent. The Navier-Stokes equations are recast into a set of first-order coupled nonlinear partial differential equations using stresses and heat fluxes as auxiliary variables, which permits the use of C0 element approximation for both dependent and auxiliary variables. The Newton's method with a line search is used to find a solution vector {gd} which satisfies the necessary and the sufficient conditions resulting from the least squares minimization procedure. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the p-convergence characteristics, convenience of modeling and accuracy. Numerical results are compared with the analytical solutions as well as those reported in the literature.
CnrN regulates Dictyostelium group size using a counting factor-independent mechanism.

One of the simplest examples of a complex behavior is the aggregation of solitary Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae to form a 20,000-cell fruiting body. A field of starving amoebae first breaks up into territories. In each territory, the cells form a spider-like pattern of streams of cells. As part of a negative feedback loop, counting factor (CF), a secreted protein complex whose concentration increases with the size of the stream, prevents over-sized fruiting bodies from being formed by increasing cell motility and decreasing cell-cell adhesion, which causes the breakup of excessively large streams. Cells lacking the phosphatase CnrN (cnrN- cells) form small aggregation territories and few streams.1 In this report, we present computer simulations that suggest that in the absence of stream formation, CF should be unable to affect group size. As predicted, cnrN- group size is insensitive to the addition or depletion of CF. Together, the data indicate that CnrN regulates group size by regulating both the br...
Resuscitation following severe, controlled hemorrhage associated with a 24 h delay to surgical intervention in swine using a hemoglobin based oxygen carrier as an oxygen bridge to definitive care.

Summary Objectives To test our hypothesis that the hemoglobin based oxygen carrier HBOC-201 would have similar or superior efficacy to 6% hetastarch (HEX) as a pre-hospital ‘bridging' fluid for hemorrhagic shock when delay to definitive medical care is prolonged to 24h. Methods Twenty-four pigs were anesthetized, instrumented, given a soft tissue injury, and bled 55% estimated blood volume. Pigs were randomized to receive HBOC-201, HEX, or no resuscitation fluids (NON). At 4h post-injury, surgical sites were repaired and pigs were recovered from anesthesia. Animals were non-invasively monitored, administered blood for anemia or saline for hypotension at 24 and 48h, and monitored for 72h. Results Survival to 72h was 87.5% (7/8) in HBOC-201 and HEX pigs compared to 25% (2/8) in NON pigs ( p =0.01). Increased mean arterial pressure was observed in the HBOC-201 group ( p p p =0.002). Transcutaneous tissue oxygenation was higher with HBOC-201 (overall p =0.04, HBOC-201 versus HEX p 2 saturation, base deficit, and lactic acid. Hemoglobin was decreased with HEX (overall p p p >0.001). Conclusions HBOC-201 restored hemodynamics, maintained tissue oxygenation, and decreased blood transfusions in comparison to HEX in severe controlled HS with 24h delay to simulated hospital care. These results support the potential use of HBOC-201 as a bridging resuscitation fluid for HS.
Electrophysiological outcomes after spinal cord injury

Electrophysiological measures can provide information that complements clinical assessments such as the American Spinal Injury Association sensory and motor scores in the evaluation of outcomes after spinal cord injury (SCI). The authors review and summarize the literature regarding tests that are most relevant to the study of SCI recovery—in particular, motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs). In addition, they discuss the role of other tests, including F-wave nerve conductance tests and electromyography, sympathetic skin response, and the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) test as well as the promise of dermatomal SSEPs and the electrical perceptual threshold test, newer quantitative tests of sensory function. It has been shown that motor evoked potential amplitudes improve with SCI recovery but latencies do not. Somatosensory evoked potentials are predictive of ambulatory capacity and hand function. Hoffman reflexes are present during spinal shock despite the loss of tendon reflexes,...
Localization of nerves adjacent to goblet cells in rat conjunctiva

Neural stimulation of the cornea induces conjunctival goblet cell mucous secretion. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to determine if nerves are present near conjunctival goblet cells and what types of nerves are present. In euthanized rats, the local anesthetic lidocaine (1%) was placed topically on the ocular surface for 10 min to prevent goblet cell mucous secretion. The ocular surface tissues were removed and either fixed in formaldehyde and then frozen, or frozen first and then post-fixed in formaldehyde. Tissue was sectioned and nerves localized by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, using antibodies to synaptophysin (indicates nerve, independent of type), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, indicates parasympathetic nerves), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, indicates sympathetic nerves), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH, indicates sympathetic nerves), phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT, indicates sympathetic nerves), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP, indicates sensory nerves). Goblet cells were identified by phase-contrast microscopy. Synpatophysin-containing nerves were present in the basolateral region of conjunctival goblet cells clusters. Nerve fibers immunoreactive to VIP were found in the conjunctiva along the epithelial-stromal junction and around the basolateral aspect of goblet cell clusters. Nerve fibers immunoreactive to TH and DBH were detected surrounding goblet cells and in the conjunctival stroma. Nerve fibers immunoreactive to CGRP were detected in the epithelium and at the epithelial stromal junction, but were not localized near goblet cell clusters. CGRP-containing nerve fibers were also detected in the conjunctival stroma under the epithelium. We conclude that efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic, but not afferent sensory, nerves appear to be located adjacent to conjunctival goblet cell clusters. Activation of efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves could directly stimulate conjunctival goblet cell mucous secretion. Antidromic activation of afferent sensory nerves releasing neurotransmitters could stimulate goblet cell secretion by a paracrine mechanism.
Comment on "Pushing the hyperpolarizability to the limit".

It is shown that energy/length scaling complicates maximizing the first hyperpolarizability of a single electron as a function of the potential. A more transparent formula for this hyperpolarizability is given. Examining this formula demonstrates that Zhou et al.1 have not proved that modulated conjugation results in large hyperpolarizability.
Substance and Shadow: Women and Addiction in the United States

In 1989 Jennifer Johnson was convicted of delivering a controlled substance to a minor. That the minor happened to be Johnson's unborn child made her case all the more complex, controversial, and ultimately, historical. Stephen R. Kandall, a neonatologist and pediatrician, testified as an expert witness on Johnson's behalf. The experience caused him to wonder how one disadvantaged black woman's case became a prosecutorial battlefield in the war on drugs. This book is the product of Kandall's search through the annals of medicine and history to learn how women have fared in this conflict and how drug-dependent women have been treated for the past century and a half. Kandall's sleuthing uncovers an intriguing and troubling story. Opium, laudanum, and morphine were primary ingredients in the curative "powders" and strengthening "tonics" that physicians freely prescribed and pharmacists dispensed to women a hundred and fifty years ago. Or a woman could easily dose herself with narcotics and alcohol in the readily available form of "patent" medicines sold in every town and touted in popular magazines ("Over a million bottles sold and in every one a cure!"). For the most part unaware of their dangers, women turned to these remedies for "female complaints," such as "womb disease" and "congestion of the ovaries," as well as for "neurasthenia," a widespread but vague nervous malady attributed to women's weaker, more sensitive natures. Not surprisingly, by the latter half of the nineteenth century the majority of America's opiate addicts were women. The more things change, the more they remain the same: Substance and Shadow shows how, though attitudes and drugs may vary over time--from the laudanum of yesteryear to the heroin of the thirties and forties, the tranquilizers of the fifties, the consciousness-raising or prescription drugs of the sixties, and the ascendance of crack use in the eighties--dependency remains an issue for women. Kandall traces the history of questionable treatment that has followed this trend. From the maintenance clinics of the early twenties to the "federal farms" of mid-century to the detoxification efforts and methadone maintenance that flourished in the wake of the Women's Movement, attempts to treat drug-dependent women have been far from adequate. As he describes current policies that put money into drug interdiction and prisons, but offer little in the way of treatment or hope for women like Jennifer Johnson, Kandall calls our attention to the social and personal costs of demonizing and punishing women addicts rather than trying to improve their circumstances and give them genuine help.
Thermal diffusion dominated dendritic growth — an analysis of the wall proximity effect

Abstract It is demonstrated that using a simple correction to the original Ivantsov solution to account for wall proximity effects is sufficient to describe the Peclet number microgravity data of Glicksman et al. [M.E. Glicksman, M.B. Koss and E.A. Winsa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 573; M.E. Glicksman, M.B. Koss, L.T. Bushnell, J.C. LaCombe and E.A. Winsa, ISLJ International 35 (1995) 1216; MRS Fall Meeting, Symp. P, Boston MA, 1995, in press] at low supercooling. The analytical correction provides for the enhanced diffusive heat transfer when the thermal diffusion length becomes comparable to the physical chamber dimension. The wall proximity effect is also responsible for the existence of a lower supercooling limit below which the dendrite cannot grow in a steady-state manner. It is concluded that Glicksman's USMP-2 microgravity data is thermal diffusion dominated and thus entirely appropriate for comparison with dendritic growth theories.
Running Undergraduate Projects in Developing Communities: Implementing a Healthcare Information System in a Hispanic, Border Community

An information system was designed for a non-profit organization located in an international, developing community for an undergraduate engineering course. The project team went through the process of identifying needs, generating concepts, selecting a design, and implementing and testing the final design. In this paper, similarities and differences of this project compared to other projects in the course are explored. The team was confronted with unique problems resulting from working with an international sponsor in a developing community. Communication and donations of varying types were important players in overcoming these obstacles.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Incorporating Alice into a summer math and science outreach program

In this paper, we describe the use of Alice in Bloomsburg University's Math & Science Summer Experience, a summer outreach program in math and science for middle school students. Unlike most summer outreach programs in which Alice is used, this program is not a "computer camp" but rather a program with broader scope and therefore broader appeal. We present the content of the session as well as draw conclusions about its effectiveness from student surveys and instructor observations.
Adenosine Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in the Failing Human Heart

Background—The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. Recent studies have shown that adenosine inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of TNF-α in macrophages and rat cardiomyocytes. The aim of this study was to determine whether adenosine has a similar effect in the failing human heart. Methods and Results—Left ventricular muscle strips were obtained from seven patients with end-stage congestive heart failure undergoing heart transplantation or insertion of a left ventricular assist device. The muscle strips were incubated at 37°C in 95% O2/5% CO2 and stimulated with LPS (10 μg/mL). TNF-α release in the supernatant was measured with ELISA, and muscle sections were stained for TNF-α. Muscle strips released TNF-α in the absence of LPS (0.22±0.05 pg · mL−1 · mg wet wt−1). TNF-α was immunolocalized to the cardiac myocyte, suggesting that the myocyte is a source for TNF-α production. Adenosine (10 μmol/L) decre...
Prediction of Aqueous Solubility of a Diverse Set of Compounds Using Quantitative Structure−Property Relationships

"Fail early and fail fast" is the current paradigm that the pharmaceutical industry has adopted widely. Removing non-drug-like compounds from the drug discovery lifecycle in the early stages can lead to tremendous savings of resources. Thus, fast screening methods are needed to profile the large collection of synthesized and virtual libraries involved in the early stage. Solubility is one of the filters that are applied extensively to ensure that the compounds are reasonably soluble so that synthesis of the compounds and assay studies of pharmacokinetics and toxicity are feasible. To address this need, we have developed a fast quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model for the prediction of aqueous solubility (at 298 K, unbuffered solution) from the molecular structures. Multiple linear regressions and genetic algorithms were used to develop the models. The model was based on a set of diverse compounds including small organic molecules and drug and drug-like species. The predicted solubility for the training and test sets agrees well with the experimental values. The coefficient of determination is R(2) = 0.84 for the training set of 775 compounds and the RMS error = 0.87. This model was validated on four sets of compounds. The RMS error for the 1665 compounds from the four validation data sets (including compounds from the Physician's Desk References and Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry databases) is 1 log unit and the unsigned error is 0.77. This model does not require 3-D structure generation which is rather time-consuming. Using 2-D structure as input, this model is able to compute solubility for 90 000-700 000 compounds/h on a SGI Origin 2000 workstation. This kind of fast calculation allows the model to be used in data mining and screening of large synthesized or virtual libraries.
Illicit methamphetamine: analysis, synthesis, and availability

Methamphetamine has been marketed illicitly since the 1960s. Much of the street material was illicitly synthesized. Although methamphetamine quality was variable in the past decade, it has emerged since 1978 as the only street stimulant which is likely to contain what it purports to contain. Although there is a small volume of legitimate methamphetamine still made by the pharmaceutical industry, most material analyzed by street-drug laboratories appears to have been illegitimately synthesized and not diverted. For a decade, relatively little methamphetamine was submitted to street-drug analytical labs. In recent years, although the absolute volume of methamphetamine submissions changed little, this drug made up the bulk of alleged stimulant samples submitted to such facilities because of the paucity of amphetamine submissions. Methamphetamine synthesis and use appears to constitute a small but continuing portion of the illicit drug market.
A note on approximate confidence limits for the negative binomial model

Four methods of approximating confidence limits for the single negative binomial parameter, P, are outlined and an empirical study is presented. Some remarks on prediction intervals are also included.
Paleoecological evidence of Raphia in the pre-Columbian Neotropics

Disjunctions betweein Africa and the Neotropics present a puzzle that is key to understanding the biogeography of the diverse floras and faunas of both continents. Many auithors have proposed that Raphia taedigera Maur., the sole Neotropical representative of an otheiwise African genus, has been introduced to the New World. Paleoecological data friom a freshwater swamp in Nicaragua, which yielded R. taediger-a pollein datinlg to 2800 ? 90 y before piesent (BP) and Rap/hia seed fragments from 2040 ? 60 BP are presented. These illustrate that Rap/hia taediger-a arrived in the New World before trains-Atlantic tracle by humains and thus arrived as a restult of a natural phenomenon. The lack of differentiation of R. taedigera from the Afirican sister taxon, R. vinjifera, suggests recent separation of the two species (i.e. after the creatioin of the southern Atlantic Ocean by the splitting of West Gondwaina). Othei evidence stupports dispersal of Rap/hiai by ocean curreints. The palim- probably arrived fromn Africa by floating as an iindividual frtuit or oIn a raft of vegetation. Thutis, R. taediger-a represents another examnple of trans-Atlantic clispersal, strengthening the liink between the flora and fauna of Afiica aind the Neotropics.
Development and validation of a home-based, mirrored, gynecologic laparoscopy trainer.

Study objective To develop and evaluate the usefulness of a home-based laparoscopy practice tool in terms of skills acquisition and practice pattern. Design Six mirrored laparoscopy trainers were designed and built. Participants were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled trial and performed a series of skills with a video-endoscopic training tower and laparoscopic training box in timed pre- and post-tests over 5 weeks. Control and experimental cohorts practiced skills tests in different settings with different equipment. Data analysis used the t test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Analysis of variance/analysis of covariance models were used for independent variables. (Canadian Task Force classification I.) Setting Midwestern tertiary care teaching hospital. Participants Third-year medical students rotating through their obstetrics and gynecology clerkship. Interventions Control cohort participants (n = 13) practiced the skills in the video-endoscopic laboratory while the experimental cohort (n = 13) received mirrored training boxes and practiced at home. Measurements and main results Both groups demonstrated significant improvement, with a trend favoring the control group (p = .08). Randomization group and number of practice sessions were significant variables favoring the control group and experimental group, respectively. Conclusion Home-based practice on a mirrored laparoscopy trainer improves hand-eye coordination in inexperienced surgeons and results in more frequent practice.
Composition and some biological activities of the essential oil of Callicarpa americana (L.).

The essential oil profile of Callicarpa americana was examined. Samples were collected from Lafayette county in north central Mississippi, and GC-MS data and retention indices were used to identify 67 oil components. Humulene epoxide II (13.9%), α-humulene (10.0%), 7-epi-α-eudesmol (9.4%), β-pinene (8.8%), and 1-octen-3-ol (8.5%) were the major components of the steam-distilled oil. The oil was selectively toxic toward the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata compared to Oscillatoria agardhii and the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum, with complete growth inhibition at 28.5 μg/mL. The oil was only mildly phytotoxic and antifungal. Keywords: Callicarpa americana; essential oil composition; fungi; algae; plant; bioactivity
The inhibitory actions of acebutolol and propranolol on the contractile response to 5-hydroxytryptamine in various isolated vascular smooth muscles.

Abstract Pretreatment with acebutolol or propranolol at high concentrations had an inhibitory effect on the contractile response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in most vascular smooth muscles such as rabbit aorta and basilar, mesenteric, renal, femoral arteries and cat coronary artery. The inhibitory actions of both agents were generally greater than on the responses to excess Ca2+ and potassium. In rabbit renal arteries, acebutolol had no effect on the response to 5-HT but inhibited the responses to excess Ca2+ and potassium. Propranolol had a marked inhibitory effect on the response to 5-HT. In all preparations used, the contractions induced by norepinephrine (NE) and histamine showed a much greater resistance to the effect of acebutolol and propranolol than the contractions induced by 5-HT, Ca2+ and potassium. Nifedipine had no inhibitory effect on the response to 5-HT in most of the preparations. Nifedipine inhibited the response to 5-HT only in the basilar arteries. The inhibitory actions of propranolol on the response to 5-HT was greater than that of acebutolol. The inhibitory action of acebutolol and propranolol on the response to 5-HT may be related to mechanisms other than the β-adrenoceptor blocking action of the drugs. The possible mechanisms of inhibitory action of both β-adrenoceptor antagonists on 5-HT are discussed.
Systemic RNAi in C. elegans Requires the Putative Transmembrane Protein SID-1

Double-stranded RNA-mediated gene interference (RNAi) in Caenorhabditis elegans systemically inhibits gene expression throughout the organism. To investigate how gene-specific silencing information is transmitted between cells, we constructed a strain that permits visualization of systemic RNAi. We used this strain to identify systemic RNA interference-deficient (sid) loci required to spread gene-silencing information between tissues but not to initiate or maintain an RNAi response. One of these loci, sid-1, encodes a conserved protein with predicted transmembrane domains. SID-1 is expressed in cells sensitive to RNAi, is localized to the cell periphery, and is required cell-autonomously for systemic RNAi.
Reply to letter to the editor: operating room traffic is a major concern during total joint arthroplasty.

We are grateful to Drs. Banerjee and Kheiran for carefully reading our article [1]. They made excellent points that deserve clarification. Regarding a breakdown of the openings for each TKA and THA for primary and revision procedures, the data are as follows: the average operating room times for primary TKA and THA were 109 and 93 minutes, respectively. Average door openings were 58 in primary TKA cases and 62 in primary THA cases, yielding per minute rates of 0.53 and 0.67, respectively. The average operating room times for revision TKA and revision THA were 160 minutes and 161 minutes respectively. Door openings averaged 132 in revision TKA cases and 138 in revision THA cases, yielding per minute rates of 0.83 and 0.86, respectively. For our study, we recorded only the number of attending orthopaedic surgeons and a breakdown of the individual surgical teams per case was not included in the data collection. This is a good point that could provide valuable insight into discrepancies regarding the preparedness of different surgical staff. The individuals who collected data for this study were all full-time members of our institution’s research department. Before data collection, an orthopaedic surgeon reviewed the components of each of the procedures in depth with the data collectors. Possible reasons for operating room traffic were discussed in full detail. It is possible that because these data collectors were not physicians, some of the traffic classified as “unknown” may have had a justified cause, thus yielding a lower percentage than the indicated 47%. However, this would not change the message of the study, and would only indicate that a greater percentage may fall in one of the other categories. Additionally, it is likely that because 47% of the traffic was labeled as unknown, many of these openings were for nonjustified reasons.
Hardy’s theorem and rotations

We prove an extension of Hardy’s classical characterization of real Gaussians of the form $e^{-\pi\alpha x^2}, \alpha > 0$, to the case of complex Gaussians in which α is a complex number with positive real part. Such functions represent rotations in the complex plane of real Gaussians. A condition on the rate of decay of analytic extensions of a function $f$ and its Fourier transform $\hat{f}$ along some pair of lines in the complex plane is shown to imply that $f$ is a complex Gaussian.
The amplitude distribution of release events through a fusion pore.

Neurotransmitters, hormones, or dyes may be released from vesicles via a fusion pore, rather than by full fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane. If the lifetime of the fusion pore is comparable to the time required for the substance to exit the vesicle, only a fraction of the total vesicle content may be released during a single pore opening. Assuming 1), fusion pore lifetimes are exponentially distributed (τP), as expected for simple single channel openings, and 2), vesicle contents are lost through the fusion pore with an exponential time course (τD), we derive an analytical expression for the probability density function of the fraction of vesicle content released (F): dP/dF = A (1 − F)(A-1), where A = τD/τP. If A > 1, the maximum of the distribution is at F = 0; if A < 1, the maximum is at F = 1; if A = 1, the distribution is perfectly flat. Thus, the distribution never has a peak in the middle (0 < F < 1). This should be considered when interpreting the distribution of miniature synaptic currents, or the fraction of FM dye molecules lost during a single fusion pore opening event.
Delivering vaccination messages via interactive channels: examining the interaction among threat, response efficacy, and interactivity in risk communication

New media-based interactive risk communication has gained increasing attention and importance. While extant research has focused on the main effects of interactivity on attitudinal and behavioral outcomes, little research has investigated how risk message content may interact with risk message modality such as interactivity in generating effects, or the psychological processes underlying it. In this study, we examined the interaction effect of interactivity, threat, and response efficacy on individuals’ involvement with risk message, attitudes toward vaccination, and information seeking intention in the context of meningococcal vaccination through a 2 (interactivity: low, high) × 2 (threat: low, high) × 2 (response efficacy: low, high) experiment. Results indicated a significant three-way interaction among interactivity, threat, and response efficacy on message involvement: individuals with high-threat, high-response efficacy perceptions were more involved with the message when it was presented in a more ...
System-level concentration of services for mechanically ventilated patients can mask substantial regional heterogeneity and disorganization

In the United States, critical care bed allocation is increasing, despite a decline in the number of hospitals. This process suggests a centralization of intensive care may be occurring even without central planning. In an effort to provide more efficient healthcare, many national healthcare systems have considered deregulating and decentralizing authority but have been wary about whether nongoverned, deregulated healthcare would yield naturally centralized care as a function of market forces. We evaluated the concentration of critical care services for mechanically ventilated patients in the state of Pennsylvania over time as a model for this in a decentralized system that is undergoing concentration.
Complete genomic sequence of the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus: analysis and comparison with other poxviruses.

The genome of the genus B entomopoxvirus from Amsacta moorei (AmEPV) was sequenced and found to contain 232,392 bases with 279 unique open reading frames (ORFs) of greater than 60 amino acids. The central core of the viral chromosome is flanked by 9.4-kb inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), each of which contains 13 ORFs, raising the total number of ORFs within the viral chromosome to 292. ORFs with no known homology to other poxvirus genes were shown to constitute 33.6% of the viral genome. Approximately 28.6% of the AmEPV genome encodes homologs of the mammalian poxvirus colinear core genes, which are found dispersed throughout the AmEPV chromosome. There is also no significant gene order conservation between AmEPV and the orthopteran genus B poxvirus of Melanoplus sanguinipes (MsEPV). Novel AmEPV genes include those encoding a putative ABC transporter and a Kunitz-motif protease inhibitor. The most unusual feature of the AmEPV genome relates to the viral encoded poly(A) polymerase. In all other poxviruses this heterodimeric enzyme consists of a single large and a single small subunit. However, AmEPV appears to encode one large and two distinct small poly(A) polymerase subunits. AmEPV is one of the few entomopoxviruses which can be grown and manipulated in cell culture. The complete genomic sequence of AmEPV paves the way for an understanding and comparison of the molecular properties and pathogenesis between the entomopoxviruses of insects and the more intensively studied vertebrate poxviruses.
Distinct MRI atrophy patterns in autopsy-proven Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration

To better define the anatomic distinctions between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), we retrospectively applied voxel-based morphometry to the earliest magnetic resonance imaging scans of autopsy-proven AD (N = 11), FTLD (N = 18), and controls (N = 40). Compared with controls, AD patients showed gray matter reductions in posterior temporoparietal and occipital cortex; FTLD patients showed atrophy in medial prefrontal and medial temporal cortex, insula, hippocampus, and amygdala; and patients with both disorders showed atrophy in dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex and lateral temporal cortex (P(FWE-corr) < .05). Compared with FTLD, AD patients had decreased gray matter in posterior parietal and occipital cortex, whereas FTLD patients had selective atrophy in anterior cingulate, frontal insula, subcallosal gyrus, and striatum (P < .001, uncorrected). These findings suggest that AD and FTLD are anatomically distinct, with degeneration of a posterior parietal network in AD and degeneration of a paralimbic fronto-insular-striatal network in FTLD.
Control of seismically excited vibration using electrorheological materials and Lyapunov methods

Describes the use of electrorheological (ER) materials in a vibration control system designed to suppress earthquake-excited vibrations. A state-variable model for the ER device is based on micromechanical simulations and rheometric measurements of ER materials. A decentralized bang-bang control law is synthesized using Lyapunov's direct method and is implemented using analog circuitry. The behavior of the closed-loop system is illustrated on a small scale (1:15) building model driven by ground accelerations. The combined effects and relative importance of the controllable stiffness and damping properties of ER materials are examined.
Pattern of expenditures for plant conservation under the Endangered Species Act

An estimated 31% of the native plant species in the United States are considered at risk of extinction, and 11% receive protection under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). But with current and projected threats, many at risk non-listed plant species will need protection under the ESA. Recovery priority guidelines based on a ranking system exist to help identify the most cost-effective use of limited resources to recover listed species. I analyzed how expenditures on listed plants from 2007 to 2011 corresponded to this system, the species’ status, and the year first listed. While the majority of species listed under the ESA are plants, they received <5% of the funding for species recovery from federal and state agencies; thus they have the lowest per-species funding. Among plants, spending per species was greater for threatened than for endangered species and positively associated with recentness of listing date. Expenditure allocation was consistent with the ranking system, as higher priority species received more spending. Recovery progress could be significantly increased if more resources are allocated according to this system. In addition, I recommend: avoidance of biases that support specific projects or a few charismatic species; augmentation of the ESA budget to finance projects for the species in conflict with development and growth; cost-benefit analyses of increasing recovery funds for plants (since the cost estimated to recover a plant species average much less than a vertebrate species); and a broadened plant conservation message at local, regional and global scales.
Line-Commutated Rectifiers

Conventional diode peak-detection rectifiers are inexpensive, reliable, and in widespread use. Their shortcomings are the high harmonic content of their ac line currents, and their low power factors. In this chapter, the basic operation and ac line current waveforms of several of the most common single-phase and three-phase diode rectifiers are summarized. Also introduced are phase-controlled three-phase rectifiers and inverters, and passive harmonic mitigation techniques. Several of the many references in this area are listed at the end of this chapter [1–15].
Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy impairs sexual outcome among younger men who undergo external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer

Objectives. To evaluate the effects of treatment factors and other covariates on sexual health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after radiotherapy (RT) for prostate cancer. The effects of clinical and treatment factors on sexual health after external beam RT have not been fully characterized by patient-reported, validated questionnaires. Methods. A total of 259 subjects (147 patients who had undergone RT for prostate cancer and 112 age-matched controls) participated in a cross-sectional assessment of HRQOL using the validated expanded prostate cancer index to measure patient-reported sexual function and bother. Multivariable models were used to determine the association of 13 prospectively measured clinical and treatment factors with post-RT sexual HRQOL. Results. Increasing age, time since RT, and use of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) were independently associated with sexual function (P 0.01) after RT. The effects of NHT on sexual HRQOL were most notable among the youngest (younger than 67 years) patients and among those closest to treatment. These effects may be conceptualized by examining the distribution of responses to individual Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questions. For example, among the youngest patients, those treated with NHT were less than half as likely to report a fair ability to have erections compared with hormone-naive men. Conclusions. These patient-reported data, elicited using a validated HRQOL instrument, indicate that older age and NHT significantly and independently hinder post-RT sexual HRQOL outcome among men with localized prostate cancer and provide a framework for counseling patients regarding long-term sexual outcome on the basis of treatment plan and age.
DIP2A Functions as a FSTL1 Receptor

FSTL1 is an extracellular glycoprotein whose functional significance in physiological and pathological processes is incompletely understood. Recently, we have shown that FSTL1 acts as a muscle-derived secreted factor that is up-regulated by Akt activation and ischemic stress and that FSTL1 exerts favorable actions on the heart and vasculature. Here, we sought to identify the receptor that mediates the cellular actions of FSTL1. We identified DIP2A as a novel FSTL1-binding partner from the membrane fraction of endothelial cells. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed a direct physical interaction between FSTL1 and DIP2A. DIP2A was present on the cell surface of endothelial cells, and knockdown of DIP2A by small interfering RNA reduced the binding of FSTL1 to cells. In cultured endothelial cells, knockdown of DIP2A by small interfering RNA diminished FSTL1-stimulated survival, migration, and differentiation into network structures and inhibited FSTL1-induced Akt phosphorylation. In cultured cardiac myocytes, ablation of DIP2A reduced the protective actions of FSTL1 on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis and suppressed FSTL1-induced Akt phosphorylation. These data indicate that DIP2A functions as a novel receptor that mediates the cardiovascular protective effects of FSTL1.
High efficiency power factor correction using interleaving techniques

A highly efficient 1.5 kW power factor correction converter for computer applications is presented. Eight boost-topology switching cells are interleaved to meet stringent EMI input ripple specifications while operating at a very low switching frequency (25 kHz per cell) to minimize switching losses. The result is a system with very high conversion efficiency (94%-97%, including input bridge, bias supply, and EMI filter losses) over the 93-264 VAC input range. Key implementation details, including discontinuous inductor current operation, a combination of linear and bang-bang control algorithms for fast dynamic load response, and extended (100 ms) power outage ride-through capability, are described. >
Asymptotic formula for elliptic function modulus

Elliptic functions have applications in microwaves and nonlinear optics. Numerical calculations of elliptic functions require the knowledge of both the modulus k and quarter period K. In the letter the procedure to calculate accurately the value of K from k is discussed. An asymptotic formula for calculating k from K is also presented.
A model for variations in the range and depth dependence of the sound speed and attenuation induced by bubble clouds under wind-driven sea surfaces

When modeling sound propagation through the uppermost layers of the ocean, the presence of bubble clouds cannot be ignored. Their existence can convert a range-independent sound propagation problem into a range-dependent one. Measurements show that strong changes in sound speed and attenuation are produced by the presence of swarms of microbubbles which can be depicted as patchy clouds superimposed on a very weak background layer. While models suitable for use in acoustic calculations are available for the homogeneous bubble layer (which results from long time averages of the total bubble population), no similar parameterizations are available for the more realistic inhomogeneous bubble layer. Based on available information and within the framework of a classification scheme for bubble plumes proposed by Monahan, a model for the range and depth dependence of the bubbly environment is developed to fill this void. This model, which generates a possible realization of the bubbly environment, is then used to calculate the frequency-dependent change in the sound speed and attenuation induced by the presence of the bubble plumes. Time evolution is not addressed in this work.
Functional Dynamics of the Gut Microbiome in Elderly People during Probiotic Consumption

ABSTRACT A mechanistic understanding of the purported health benefits conferred by consumption of probiotic bacteria has been limited by our knowledge of the resident gut microbiota and its interaction with the host. Here, we detail the impact of a single-organism probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 (LGG), on the structure and functional dynamics (gene expression) of the gut microbiota in a study of 12 healthy individuals, 65 to 80 years old. The analysis revealed that while the overall community composition was stable as assessed by 16S rRNA profiling, the transcriptional response of the gut microbiota was modulated by probiotic treatment. Comparison of transcriptional profiles based on taxonomic composition yielded three distinct transcriptome groups that displayed considerable differences in functional dynamics. The transcriptional profile of LGG in vivo was remarkably concordant across study subjects despite the considerable interindividual nature of the gut microbiota. However, we identified genes involved in flagellar motility, chemotaxis, and adhesion from Bifidobacterium and the dominant butyrate producers Roseburia and Eubacterium whose expression was increased during probiotic consumption, suggesting that LGG may promote interactions between key constituents of the microbiota and the host epithelium. These results provide evidence for the discrete functional effects imparted by a specific single-organism probiotic and challenge the prevailing notion that probiotics substantially modify the resident microbiota within nondiseased individuals in an appreciable fashion. IMPORTANCE Probiotic bacteria have been used for over a century to promote digestive health. Many individuals report that probiotics alleviate a number of digestive issues, yet little evidence links how probiotic microbes influence human health. Here, we show how the resident microbes that inhabit the healthy human gut respond to a probiotic. The well-studied probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 (LGG) was administered in a clinical trial, and a suite of measurements of the resident microbes were taken to evaluate potential changes over the course of probiotic consumption. We found that LGG transiently enriches for functions to potentially promote anti-inflammatory pathways in the resident microbes.
Magical Moments of Change: How Psychotherapy Turns Kids Around

. Assistant Editor`s Note: One of my residents approached me the other day with a question about her therapy sessions with an 8-year-old girl who was struggling with anxiety in the context of parental divorce. BI`m puzzled,’’ she told me. BMy patient wants to play the same board game every week. I`ve asked her if she`d like to try something else, but she continues to choose the same game. What should I do? When is this going to change?’’ So, of course, I told her to wait, to follow the child`s lead; she would change the game when she was ready, but not before. In that vein, this issue focuses our attention on some ways in which child and adolescent psychiatrists can and do effect change. Ayesha Mian reviews Lenore Terr`s masterful collection of patient vignettes, culled from the files of many well-known and experienced child and adolescent psychiatrists, in which one therapeutic moment or a series of such moments inspires the child to look at himor herself or at the world from a different vantage point. Abigail Donovan comments on Bromfield`s Doing Psychotherapy, a comprehensive approach to the art and science of play therapy, and a book that would certainly help my resident answer her question. Marcus Favero brings us a review of The Sandbox Investment, in which David Kirp argues that high-quality, universal preschool education is a required ingredient in the recipe for a child`s future success. One of the most difficult lessons to learn when one is starting out as a child and adolescent psychiatrist is the need to wait for change. It is not as simple as Mary Poppins led us to believe when she told Jane and Michael, BI`ll stay until the wind changes,’’ with the implication that all would be well soon enough. In child and adolescent psychiatry, the wind is constantly changing, but only occasional gusts carry with them the power to transform the life of a child. Assistant Editor
EFFECT OF HYDROCOLLOIDS ON APPARENT VISCOSITY AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF SELECTED BEVERAGES

The effects were studied of low concentrations of 5 selected hydrocolloids (xanthan, hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium alginate, and carboxymethylcellulose of low and medium viscosity types) on viscosity and sensory properties of 3 commercial beverages: tomato juice, orange drink and soluble coffee. Tomato juice and orange drink were tested at 0° and 22°C, while coffee was tested at 22° and 60°C by 11-14 highly trained judges. Apparent physical viscosity was determined with a Brookfield uiscometer. Due to precipitate formation, it was not possible to test sodium alginate in orange drink nor hydroxypropylcellulose in coffee at 60°C. Without exception, increasing the hydrocolloid concentration significantly depressed (P < 0.001) the flavor and aroma intensities of all beverages a t both test temperatures. Taste effects were specific for the gumlbeverage combinations. In general, gums depressed the sourness and saltiness of tomato juice, the sourness of orange drink and the bitterness of coffee. Both physical and oral viscosities increased with gum concentration and decreased with temperature. Positive synergism was displayed by gums in tomato juice and orange drink. Excellent correlations (r > 0.9) were obtained between sensory and physical viscosities.
Seasonal cycle of phytoplankton UV absorption at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site

Measurements of the phytoplankton absorption coefficient, aph(l), at the Bermuda Atlantic Times-series Study (BATS) site demonstrated a seasonal pattern of absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) range. This was evidenced as peaks between 313 and 335 nm in aph(l) from the surface waters (,50 m) in the summer months (April‐October) that were smaller or absent in the winter (November‐March). These peaks were most probably caused by pigments such as mycosporine-like amino acids. UV pigment expression in the surface samples, approximated from aph(319)/ aph(365), was linearly related to the irradiance exposure at 324 nm (r 2 5 0.81). Irradiance exposure was estimated by a layered mixing model parameterized with the calculated mixed layer depth and modeled surface irradiance. Modeled UV irradiance, calculated with satellite-derived atmospheric data and an atmospheric radiative transfer model, was not significantly different from the measured monthly mean surface irradiance. These results suggest that UV pigments are potentially ubiquitous throughout the world’s oceans and could be an important source of highly colored dissolved organic matter. A peak in the monthly averaged aCDOM for both surface and deeper waters occurred during the period of maximal UV pigment expression at the surface, suggesting either a direct link or similar physical forcing of the two. UV pigments can also be important in higher trophic levels if bioaccumulation, which has been demonstrated in other regions, occurs. Absorption of solar energy to drive photosynthesis exposes phytoplankton to potentially damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Ultraviolet radiation incident on the earth’s surface includes UV-A (315‐400 nm) and UV-B (280‐315 nm), but not UV-C (,280 nm) which is rapidly absorbed by oxygen and ozone in the modern day Earth atmosphere. Ozone also absorbs the majority of UV-B. The more energetic UV-B has the greatest potential for cell damage caused by both direct effects on DNA and proteins and indirect effects via the production of reactive oxygen species (see review in Vincent and Neale 2000). Recent research into the environmental effects of UV radiation has been stimulated by anthropogenic depletion of stratospheric ozone, most notably in the Antarctic (e.g., Karentz et al. 1991; Smith et al. 1992; Riegger and Robinson 1997; Neale et al. 1998b, c; Moisan and Mitchell 2001). To date, little work has been done on the biological effects of UV radiation in the clear waters of oligotrophic oceans at lower latitudes, where the UV flux can