cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SERVICE FOR PROFIT

The course and development of capitalism is a central issue in socio‐logical analysis (Marx, 1936; Harrington, 1976; Bernstein, 1985; Badham, 1984; Baran and Sweezy, 1977; Dahrendorf, 1959; Mandel, 1976). Though there is little agreement on the destiny of capitalism, there is general recognition that capitalism has been altered by recent social change. These changes have been widely discussed around ideas pertaining to the regulation of economic actors, legal constraints on wages and the general increase of welfare programmes. Of these developments, welfare and social services have been the most carefully monitored in the sociological literature. Since welfare programmes provide goods and services without regard to social and economic status, welfare has been correctly interpreted as a significant modification of capitalism.
Giraffe restraint, habituation, and desensitization at the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo

The giraffe restraint device manufactured at the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo has the capability to fully support the weight of an immobilized adult giraffe in an upright posture and allow physical restraint of giraffe. The unit has been used for either chemical or physical restraint 74 times, in 22 months, on seven different adult giraffe, without animal or personnel injuries. Habituation and desensitization of the giraffe are critical prerequisites for the successful use of the giraffe restraint device. Yohimbine effectively reversed the effects of xylazine sedation of giraffe. A drug combination of detomidine and azaperone offers promise as an alternative to either physical restraint or immobilization of giraffe for selected clinical and investigative procedures. Using the restraint device it has been possible to perform tuberculin testing, venipuncture, vaginal examination, rectal palpation, rectal ultrasound, cervical catheterization, hoof-trimming, and placement of a hoof block on awake, habituated, and desensitized giraffe.
Matroid Automorphisms and Symmetry Groups

For a subgroup W of the hyperoctahedral group On which is generated by reflections, we consider the linear dependence matroid MW on the column vectors corresponding to the reflections in W. We determine all possible automorphism groups of MW and determine when W ≅ = Aut(MW). This allows us to connect combinatorial and geometric symmetry. Applications to zonotopes are also considered. Signed graphs are used as a tool for constructing the automorphisms.
The identification of predatory behavior in the presence of uncertainty

Abstract Out of the ongoing debate on what constitutes predatory behavior has surfaced the idea that it must entail a sacrifice of profits. The notion is that behavior which sacrifices profits must have an ulterior motive, namely an attempt to induce exit by rivals. This note makes the point that when incumbents must make choices before the resolution of uncertain events, a policy which sacrifices expected profits could be motivated by risk reduction. The issues surrounding the identification of predatory behavior in the presence of uncertainty are discussed, and a definition of predation which allows for uncertainty is presented.
Theoretical and experimental analysis of heat generations of a pouch type LiMn2O4/carbon high power Li-polymer battery

Charge transport and chemical reactions during charging and discharging of a battery produce heat that determines temperature behaviors. The elevated temperature causes undesired side reactions that accelerate degradation and potentially result in catastrophic operating conditions like a thermal runaway. The heat generated in an operating battery is generally approximated by the sum of the reversible and irreversible heat. The reversible heat is produced by the change of entropy. The irreversible heat is approximated by either the overpotential heating or Ohmic and reaction heating. Most studies have compared the surface temperature with tuned convection coefficients, but not investigated the heat generation directly. A study conveyed shows that two other heat source terms, enthalpy heating and heat of mixing, should be included to accurately and completely describe the heat generation. The first one is caused by diffusion of lithium ions in the solid phase and the second one by change of the gradient of ion concentrations. An electrochemical thermal model including these additional terms is experimentally validated against calorimetric measurements on a 15.7 Ah LiMn 2 O4/carbon pouch type power cell using a specially designed calorimeter.
INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPANIES

THE PROBLEMS ARISING OUT OF A DEFENSE economy and the reimposition of an excess-profits tax have again focused attention upon the adequacy of the supply of capital funds, especially for new and growing enterprises. This problem has occasioned a great deal of discussion during the past few years both in the journals and in congressional circles.1 Such data as are available do not show any general shortage of equity capital nor do they indicate that business is receiving a substantially smaller proportion of its funds from the capital markets than it did during the twenties. However, some influences have developed which have increased the difficulties of new and growing small concerns in obtaining venture capital. This is due in part to the increasing levels of taxation, both corporate and personal; to the desire for security on the part of many investors which has been encouraged in part by the tax structure and by the tax-free feature of municipal bonds; and to the institutionalization of savings which has been going on at an increasing rate in the last few years. A favorable factor in this situation is the recent appearance of a new form of financial organization which has as its primary purpose the provision of venture capital for new and growing business enterprises. These organizations will be referred to as "investment development companies" for purposes of this paper.
Occurrence of a rheumatoid factor cross-reactive kappa light-chain idiotope in rheumatoid arthritis families

The occurrence of IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) and RF-associatedκ-III light-chain idiotope identified by monoclonal antibody 6B6.6 in the serum from 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 68 relatives without connective tissue diseases in 15 families was determined by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Serum IgM RF was present in 19 RA patients from 12 families and 12 arthritis-free relatives of 4 families. It was not found in any of 9 spouses included in the study or in 44 of 45 unrelated healthy adult controls. RF-associated 6B6.6 idiotope was detected in 42% of the IgM RF(+) RA patients and in 50% of the IgM RF(+) arthritis-free relative, but not in the adult controls, spouses, and IgM RF(−) RA patients and relatives. It was present in one RA serum from each of 8 families and 6 sera from arthritis-free relatives of 2 families (5 of whom were from one family). Where present, the idiotope-positive RF represented only a small fraction of the serum IgM RF of the RA patients (0.1–2.1%) and relatives (1.5–14%). The increased frequency of IgM RF(+) individuals, with and without RA, in family groups suggests a genetic predisposition for expression of RF. The small proportion of RF bearing the 6B6.6 idiotope in both RA patients and unaffected family members supports the view that the number of germline genes encoding for RF is large or that extensive mutation occurs in the course of RF expression, whether idiopathic or associated with RA. In addition, nonuniform expression of the idiotope in RF within family groups indicates that the various clones of RF producing cells are to a large extent independently regulated.
The effect of temperature and salinity interactions on righting, feeding and growth in the sea star Luidia clathrata (SAY)

In the field, Luidia clathrata are exposed to seasonal variations in temperature and salinity ranging from 12–31°C and 13–28‰ S. In the laboratory, righting ability and feeding rates decreased in i...
“Generic” and “Specific” Expertise in English: An Expert/Expert Study in Poetry Interpretation and Academic Argument

In this study, eight English professors thought aloud as they read four lyric poems and composed a short text proposing a hypothetical talk about them for a professional conference. The study used a crossed design in which participants read a poem in each of the following conditions: familiar to them and close to their professional writing, familiar and far, unfamiliar and close, unfamiliar and far. When reading familiar poems, participants produced longer protocols and more elaborate interpretations. When planning their conference talks, participants produced longer protocols for poems that were far from their professional writing as they struggled to access sufficient background knowledge. Participants attempted to say something “new” about the poems, and they closely monitored the limits of their knowledge. These results suggest that English professors, just like experts in other disciplines, develop both “generic” and “specific” expertise. Implications for expertise research, literature instruction, a...
Intrabus crosstalk estimation using word-level statistics

We propose two word-level statistical techniques to estimate the probability of crosstalk events on the signal lines of a system bus. Given the word-level statistical parameters, namely mean, standard deviation, and lag-one temporal correlation coefficient, we analytically estimate the bit-level crosstalk probability. To linearize the complexity and efficiently scale the estimation technique for large bus-widths, we modify the first technique by using a circular right shift procedure that maps disjoint values in a distribution to continuous values in a modified distribution. Experimental results for data streams from different data environments, compared against detailed HSPICE simulations, are presented. The statistical estimators yield average errors less than 7% and 12%, respectively, for bus-widths ranging from 8 to 32 bits. Compared to HSPICE, the execution times are reduced by factors of over 10 /spl times/ for the first technique and over two orders of magnitude for the second technique. The statistical approaches are shown to be compatible with existing bus reordering techniques.
Neurotoxic mutants of the prion protein induce spontaneous ionic currents in cultured cells.

The mechanisms by which prions kill neurons and the role of the cellular prion protein in this process are enigmatic. Insight into these questions is provided by the neurodegenerative phenotypes of transgenic mice expressing prion protein (PrP) molecules with deletions of conserved amino acids in the central region. We report here that expression in transfected cells of the most toxic of these PrP deletion mutants (Δ105–125) induces large, spontaneous ionic currents that can be detected by patch-clamping techniques. These currents are produced by relatively non-selective, cation-permeable channels or pores in the cell membrane and can be silenced by overexpression of wild-type PrP, as well as by treatment with a sulfated glycosaminoglycan. Similar currents are induced by PrP molecules carrying several different point mutations in the central region that cause familial prion diseases in humans. The ionic currents described here are distinct from those produced in artificial lipid membranes by synthetic peptides derived from the PrP sequence because they are induced by membrane-anchored forms of PrP that are synthesized by cells and that are found in vivo. Our results indicate that the neurotoxicity of some mutant forms of PrP is attributable to enhanced ion channel activity and that wild-type PrP possesses a channel-silencing activity. Drugs that block PrP-associated channels or pores may therefore represent novel therapeutic agents for treatment of patients with prion diseases.
K-Ar dating of the cook-austral island chain: A test of the hot-spot hypothesis

Abstract 40 K- 40 Ar dating indicates that the Cook-Austral chain contains the island with the oldest exposed volcanic rocks on the Pacific plate (Mangaia, 19.3 ± 0.6 Ma B.P.). We have also determined ages from the previously undated islands of Atiu, Mitiaro, Mauke, and Rimatara and from Mangaia, Aitutaki and Rarotonga, for which only unlocated samples had been previously dated. Dated volcanism on Aitutaki spans an interval of at least 7 Ma. The ages from Aitutaki, Atiu, Mauke, Mitiaro, Rarotonga, and Rarutu are much younger than ages predicted by the “hot-spot” hypothesis, and ages from Rimatara may be older than predicted by the hot-spot hypothesis. However, both new and previously reported age data from Mangaia are consistent with the predicted age for this island. Virtually all age data from island and seamount chains on the Pacific plate are consistent with a “hot-line” hypothesis, which makes less specific age predictions than does the hotspot hypothesis.
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase by v-Raf in NIH 3T3 cells and in vitro

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are 42- and 44-kD serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated by tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation in cells stimulated with mitogens and growth factors. MAP kinase and the protein kinase that activates it (MAP kinase kinase) were constitutively activated in NIH 3T3 cells infected with viruses containing either of two oncogenic forms (p35EC12, p3722W) of the c-Raf-1 protein kinase. The v-Raf proteins purified from cells infected with EC12 or 22W viruses activated MAP kinase kinase from skeletal muscle in vitro. Furthermore, a bacterially expressed v-Raf fusion protein (glutathione S-transferase-p3722W) also activated MAP kinase kinase in vitro. These findings suggest that one function of c-Raf-1 in mitogenic signaling is to phosphorylate and activate MAP kinase kinase.
Evidence that human alpha-thrombin is a monovalent cation-activated enzyme.

Abstract The activity of human α-thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) on small peptide substrates was enhanced by NaCl or KCl while tetramethylammonium chloride ((CH 3 ) 4 NCl) or choline chloride (HO(CH 2 ) 2 N(CH 3 ) 3 Cl) which were used as ionic strength controls were without effect. The steady-state kinetic parameters of thrombin amidolysis of several peptidyl p -nitroanilide substrates were measured. Na + enhanced thrombin activity by decreasing the K m,app (0.2 to 0.7-fold) of all substrates, as well as increasing thombin turnover (3.4 to 4.5-fold) of some substrates. The average K A for Na + for the four substrates examined was 3.5 × 10 −2 m . A comparison of the effects of Na + vs K + on thrombin hydrolysis of a single substrate indicated that both cations similarly decreased the K m,app (0.2 to 04.-fold) and increased the k cat,app (3.1 to 3.4-fold) except that higher K + concentrations ( K A = 2.8 × 10 −1 M) were required. The rate of inactivation of thrombin by the active site-directed inhibitor N-p -tosyl-lysine chloromethyl ketone under pseudo-first-order conditions was enhanced 3-fold by saturating NaCl. Also, the fibrinogen clotting activity of thrombin was enhanced by NaCl compared to the choline chloride control. Spectral studies demonstrated that thrombin titration by Na + caused a positive ultraviolet difference spectrum with maxima at 281.5 and 288.5 nm (Δϵ 288.5 = +1067). The K m for Na + was 2.3 × 10 −2 m which agrees with the kinetically determined K A for Na + . The results are consistent with Na + binding to thrombin causing a conformational change in the active site. It is concluded that human α-thrombin is a monovalent cation-activated enzyme.
Landscape-scale modeling of water quality in Lake Superior and Lake Michigan watersheds: How useful are forest-based indicators?

The Great Lakes watersheds have an important influence on the water quality of the nearshore environment, therefore, watershed characteristics can be used to predict what will be observed in the streams. We used novel landscape information describing the forest cover change, along with forest census data and established land cover data to predict total phosphorus and turbidity in Great Lakes streams. In Lake Superior, we modeled increased phosphorus as a function of the increase in the proportion of persisting forest, forest disturbed during 2000–2009, and agricultural land, and we modeled increased turbidity as a function of the increase in the proportion of persisting forest, forest disturbed during 2000–2009, agricultural land, and urban land. In Lake Michigan, we modeled increased phosphorus as a function of ecoregion, decrease in the proportion of forest disturbed during 1984–1999 and watershed storage, and increase in the proportion of urban land, and we modeled increased turbidity as a function of ecoregion, increase in the proportion of forest disturbed during 2000–2009, and decrease in the proportion softwood forest. We used these relationships to identify priority areas for restoration in the Lake Superior basin in the southwestern watersheds, and in west central and southwest watersheds of the Lake Michigan basin. We then used the models to estimate water quality in watersheds without observed instream data to prioritize those areas for management. Prioritizing watersheds will aid effective management of the Great Lakes watershed and result in efficient use of restoration funds, which will lead to improved nearshore water quality.
Interaction kinetics of oximes with native, phosphylated and aged human acetylcholinesterase

Oximes are commonly used nucleophilic reactivators of alkyl phosphorylated and alkyl methylphosphonylated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase. Covalent inhibition of these enzymes by organophosphate (OP) pesticides results typically in phosphorylated enzymes, while covalent inhibition by nerve agent OPs results in methyl phosphonylated cholinesterases. In this study we determined kinetic constants for interaction of three triazole containing oximes with native human AChE, enzyme diethylphosphorylated by paraoxon, enzyme phosphonylated by VX and cyclosarin as well as enzyme aged upon phosphonylation by soman. Stopped-flow kinetics of oxime interaction was monitored using quenching of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of AChE as an indicator of oxime binding. Triazole oximes were efficiently synthesized using copper catalyzed cycloaddition between azide and alkyne building blocks ("Click chemistry"). Equilibrium dissociation constants determined for both native enzymes were in low micromolar range for all three oximes, while dissociation constants for phosphylated (phosphorylated and phosphonylated) enzymes were typically one to two orders of magnitude larger. Dissociation constants for interaction with aged enzymes were similar or smaller than those determined for native enzymes. Similar results were obtained with reference oximes, 2PAM and HI6. Association rate constants for formation of oxime complexes were similar for both native, phosphylated and aged enzymes. In summary our data suggest that modification of active site gorge in AChEs by phosphylation of the active serine compromises oxime binding. Dealkylation of phosphonylated enzyme, however opens space in the gorge allowing oximes to bind tighter.
Patterns of Variation among Sun-like Stars

We examine the patterns of variation among a sample of 35 stars that includes the Sun, particularly on the timescale of the 11 yr solar activity cycle. Our investigation uses contemporaneous photometric and chromospheric HK emission time series measurements from the Lowell and Mount Wilson Observatories, and comparable solar data. We find that the photometric and HK variability of the stars in our sample can be related to their average level of chromospheric activity by power laws. The photometric variability of the Sun may be somewhat subdued for its average activity level. We find that the younger, more active stars in our sample tend to become fainter as their HK emission increases, whereas the older, less active stars tend to become brighter as their HK emission increases, as the Sun does during its activity cycle.
Pathogenesis of rapidly reversible compressive neuropathy: revisiting the classic sphygmomanometer experiment.

OBJECTIVE: Using the sequential inflation of 2 sphygmomanometers, Lewis et al. (Heart 16:1-32, 1931) concluded that compressive neuropathy was secondary to ischemia of the compressed nerve segment. Despite subsequent animal studies demonstrating that compressive lesions are more likely the result of mechanical nerve deformation, disagreement remains as to the etiology of rapidly reversible compressive neuropathy. Our hypothesis is that, during the classic sphygmomanometer experiments, the areas of nerve compression at the cuff margins overlapped, so that a region of transient nerve deformation persisted during the second cuff inflation. If true, the original results by Lewis et al. would be consistent with a mechanical pathogenesis. METHODS: In our study, 6 patients underwent sequential upper extremity dual - sphygmomanometer inflation with serial assessment by grip-dynamometer and 2-point discrimination. The order of cuff inflation, as well as the distance between cuffs, was varied. Mean grip force and 2-point discrimination values were statistically compared between conditions. RESULTS: Patients with overlapping cuffs maintained their neurological deficits, whereas those with separated cuffs experienced an improvement in both grip force (P = 0.02) and 2-point discrimination (P < 0.001) when cuff inflation was switched. CONCLUSION: Rapidly reversible compressive neuropathy seems to be secondary to mechanical nerve deformation at the margins of the compressive force rather than the result of ischemia of the compressed nerve segment. Overlap of the mechanically deformed nerve segments likely explains why neurological deficits persisted despite sequential cuff inflation in the classic experiments by Lewis et al.
Interactions between impression materials and immediate dentin sealing.

Statement of problem Immediate dentin sealing is a new strategy in which a dentin bonding agent is applied to freshly cut dentin and polymerized before making an impression. Interactions are suspected between the resin coating and the impression material. Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify possible interactions between 2 impression materials and resin-coated tooth surfaces using 2 different dentin bonding agents. Material and methods Extracted molars (n=6) with flat midcoronal preparations underwent 1 of 4 procedures: control group, unsealed tooth surface/impression; IDS group, immediate dentin sealing (Optibond FL or Clearfil SE Bond)/impression; IDS/AB group, immediate dentin sealing/air blocking/impression; IDS/AB-P group, immediate dentin sealing/air blocking/pumicing/impression. All specimens underwent impressions (Impregum Soft or Extrude). Optical microscopy was used to detect unpolymerized and residual impression material on the bonded tooth surface. Results A substantial layer of unpolymerized resin (oxygen-inhibited layer) was found in the IDS group, which resulted in100% faulty impressions (unpolymerized impression material) for both adhesives and impression materials. Air blocking the resin coating (IDS/AB group) did not completely eliminate the oxygen-inhibited layer of Optibond FL and slightly altered the surface of SE Bond (wrinkles). Only SE Bond along with Extrude generated ideal impressions in group IDS/AB, while all other combinations of adhesive/impression material resulted in faulty impressions (unpolymerized impression material or adhesions). The IDS/AB-P group yielded ideal Extrude impressions but generated faulty Impregum impressions (adhesions) in more than 50% of the specimens. Conclusions Immediate dentin sealing should be followed by air blocking and pumicing to generate ideal impressions with Extrude. Impregum is not recommended in combination with immediate dentin sealing. (J Prosthet Dent 2009;102:298-305)
Design of novel peptide ligands which have opioid agonist activity and CCK antagonist activity for the treatment of pain.

Abstract Disease states such as neuropathic pain offer special challenges in drug design due to the system changes which accompany these diseases. In this manuscript we provide an example of a new approach to drug design in which we have modified a potent and selective peptide ligand for the CCK-2 receptor to a peptide which has potent agonist binding affinity and bioactivity at delta and mu opioid receptors, and simultaneous antagonist activity at CCK receptors. De novo design based on the concept of overlapping pharmacophores was a central hypothesis of this design, and led to compounds such as H-Tyr-DPhe-Gly-DTrp-NMeNle-Asp-Phe-NH 2 (i.e., RSA 601) which have the designed properties.
S/390 G5 CMOS microprocessor diagnostics

This paper describes the strategies and techniques used to diagnose failures in the IBM 600-MHz S/390® G5 (Generation 5) CMOS microprocessor and the associated cache chips. The complexity, density, cycle time, and technology issues related to the hardware, coupled with time-to-market requirements, have necessitated a quick diagnostic turnaround time. Beginning with the first prototype of the G5 microprocessor chip, intense chip diagnostics and physical failure analysis (PFA) have successfully identified the root causes of many failures, including process, design, and random manufacturing defects. In this paper, three different diagnostic techniques are described that have enabled the G5 to achieve its objective. An example is presented for each technique to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Theoretical sensitivity of CERES measured radiances to uncertainties in calibration sources and the spectral response of the instrument

The objective of the current research is to study the theoretical uncertainty of the CERES ERBE-like level 1 and level 2 instantaneous filtered and unfiltered radiance data products. The instrument views incident radiation from an Earth scene, which is then focused on a blackened thermistor bolometer, where it is converted to an electrical output. The measured digital counts are converted to a filtered radiance by means of instrument calibration coefficients. The filtered radiance is then converted to an unfiltered radiance with an algorithm that utilizes the instrument's spectral response function. Uncertainties in the calibration sources and the spectral response function of the instrument can negatively affect the quality of the final data products. A statistical study of the data products' sensitivity to various instrument and calibration parameters is performed using high-fidelity first-principle numerical models of the CERES instrument. Once the key parameters are identified, fidelity intervals of the data products are calculated using nominal parameter values and uncertainty distributions.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A new hope for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

I suspect that many of my patients have picked up on more than a hint of frustration in my voice when I tell them that the cause of their shortness of breath is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This frustration stems from the fact that beyond providing information about prognosis or referral for lung transplantation or palliation, there has been little to offer in the way of treatment. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive disorder of lung scarring that predominantly affects older patients and has a death rate worse than that of many cancers (3-year survival, 50%).1 However, in contrast to . . .
Trophic biology of phaeodarian radiolarians and flux of living radiolarians in the upper 2000 m of the North Pacific central gyre

Fluxes of living radiolarians collected in particle traps in the North Pacific central gyre ranged from 5.4 × 104 m−2 at 50 m (of which 52% resulted from individuals of colonial radiolarians) to 103 m−2 day−1 at 2000 m. The fluxex of total radiolarians (living plus skeletons) were as high as or higher than fluxes reported for oceanographic regions where radiolarians are more abundant. Living radiolarians contributed 1.3% (at 150 m) to 26% (at 900 m) of the organic carbon flux. Reproductive individuals of the nassellarian Lithopera bacca were found to 700 m. Examination of the feeding vacuoles and wastes of phaeodarian radiolarians with transmission electron microscopy shows that the organisms feed on detritus and microorganisms commonly associated with detritus, and that the majority of phaeodarians are trophic generalists. Phaeodarian radilarians may play a role in regulation of decomposition of detritus and complete with ciliates for food. The presence of abundant living radiolarians to skeletons to determined to refine models 2000 m requires that ratios of living radiolarians to skeletons to determined to refine models relating standing stocks to flux, and to assess the contribution of radiolarian skeletons to biogenic opal flux.
Crystal Structure of a Josephin-Ubiquitin Complex EVOLUTIONARY RESTRAINTS ON ATAXIN-3 DEUBIQUITINATING ACTIVITY

The Josephin domain is a conserved cysteine protease domain found in four human deubiquitinating enzymes: ataxin-3, the ataxin-3-like protein (ATXN3L), Josephin-1, and Josephin-2. Josephin domains from these four proteins were purified and assayed for their ability to cleave ubiquitin substrates. Reaction rates differed markedly both among the different proteins and for different substrates with a given protein. The ATXN3L Josephin domain is a significantly more efficient enzyme than the ataxin-3 domain despite their sharing 85% sequence identity. To understand the structural basis of this difference, the 2.6 Å x-ray crystal structure of the ATXN3L Josephin domain in complex with ubiquitin was determined. Although ataxin-3 and ATXN3L adopt similar folds, they bind ubiquitin in different, overlapping sites. Mutations were made in ataxin-3 at selected positions, introducing the corresponding ATXN3L residue. Only three such mutations are sufficient to increase the catalytic activity of the ataxin-3 domain to levels comparable with that of ATXN3L, suggesting that ataxin-3 has been subject to evolutionary restraints that keep its deubiquitinating activity in check.
Immunoglobulin A-deficient mice exhibit altered T helper 1-type immune responses but retain mucosal immunity to influenza virus

We have previously demonstrated that immunoglobulin A (IgA)(-/-) knockout (KO) mice exhibit levels of susceptibility to influenza virus infection that are similar to those of their normal IgA(+/+) littermates. To understand the mechanism of this apparent mucosal immunity without IgA, immunoglobulin isotype and T helper 1 (Th1)-type [interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)] and Th2-type [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5)] cytokine responses to influenza vaccine were evaluated. Intranasal immunization with influenza virus subunit vaccine plus cholera toxin/cholera toxin B subunit (CT/CTB) induced significant influenza virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in the serum and nasal passages of both IgA(-/-) and IgA(+/+) mice, while IgA antibodies were induced only in IgA(+/+) mice. IgA KO mice exhibited an IgG1 subclass haemagglutinin (HA)-specific response but no detectable IgG2a and IgG2b responses. In contrast, IgA(+/+) mice exhibited significant IgG1 as well as IgG2a responses. This indicates a predominant Th2-type response in IgA KO mice compared to normal mice. Following stimulation with influenza virus in vitro, splenic lymphocytes from immunized IgA(-/-) mice produced significantly lower levels of IFN-gamma than IgA(+/+) mice (P < 0.001), but elaborated similar levels of IL-4 and IL-5. This was true at both protein and mRNA levels. Immunized mice were challenged intranasally with a small inoculum of influenza virus to allow deposition of virus in the nasal mucosal passages. Compared to non-immunized mice, immunized IgA(-/-) and IgA(+/+) mice exhibited significant, but similar levels of reduction in virus titres in the nose and lung. These results demonstrate that in addition to IgA deficiency, IgA gene deletion also resulted in down-regulated Th1-type immune responses and confirm our previous data that IgA antibody is not indispensable for the prevention of influenza virus infection.
Critique of present wetlands mitigation policies in the united states based on an analysis of past restoration projects in San Francisco Bay

A detailed evaluation of past wetland restoration projects in San Francisco Bay was undertaken to determine their present status and degree of success. Many of the projects never reached the level of success purported and others have been plagued by serious problems. On the basis of these findings, it is debatable whether any sites in San Francisco Bay can be described as completed, active, or successful restoration projects at present. In spite of these limited accomplishments, wetland creation and restoration have been adopted in the coastal permit process as mitigation to offset environmental damage or loss of habitat. However, because the technology is still largely experimental, there is no guarantee that man-made wetlands will persist as permanent substitutes for sacrificed natural habitats. Existing permit policies should be reanalyzed to insure that they actually succeed in safeguarding diminishing wetlands resources rather than bartering them away for questionable habitat substitutes. Coastal managers must be more specific about project requirements and goals before approval is granted. Continued research on a regional basis is needed to advance marsh establishment techniques into a proven technology. In the meantime, policies encouraging or allowing quid pro quo exchanges of natural wetlands with man-made replacements should proceed with caution. The technology and management policies used at present are many steps ahead of the needed supporting documentation.
Single nucleotide polymorphism upstream of interleukin 28B associated with phase 1 and phase 2 of early viral kinetics in patients infected with HCV genotype 1.

Background & Aims We studied the relationship between IL28B gene-related SNP rs12979860 and early viral kinetics (day 0–28) during peginterferon and ribavirin treatment, in 173 African Americans (AA) and 188 Caucasian Americans (CA) with HCV genotype 1. Methods We studied the relationship between IL28B 16 gene-related SNP rs12979860 and early viral kinetics (day 0–28) 17 during peginterferon and ribavirin treatment, in 171 African 18 Americans (AA) and 188 Caucasian Americans (CA) with HCV 19 genotype 1. Results Compared to non-C/C genotypes, C/C was associated with greater declines in serum HCV RNA during phase 1 (day 0–2), phase 2 (day 7–28), and day 0–28 and higher response (undetected HCV RNA) rates at weeks 4 and 12 in AA and CA. A static phase and increases in HCV RNA from day 2 to 7 were more common in patients with non-C/C genotypes. C/C was also associated with higher week 24, 48, and 72 response rates in CA ( p p p =0.03). SNP C/C predicted higher SVR rates in AA and CA with high baseline HCV RNA (⩾600,000IU/ml), and in CA with ⩾1log 10 IU/ml decrease in HCV RNA from day 0 to 28. Conclusions SNP rs12979860 is strongly associated with both phase 1 and phase 2 HCV RNA kinetics in AA and CA with HCV genotype 1.
The genome-enabled electronic medical record

The integration of patient-specific genomic information into the electronic medical record (EMR) will create many opportunities to improve patient care. Key to the successful incorporation of genomic information into the EMR will be the development of laboratory information systems capable of appropriately formatting molecular diagnostic and cytogenetic findings in the EMR. Due to the lack of granular genomics-related content in existing medical vocabularies, the adoption of new standards for describing clinically significant genomic information will be an important step toward recognizing the genome-enabled EMR. Appropriate capture of patient-specific genomic results in the EMR will generate new opportunities to utilize this information in clinical decision support, including automated response to pharmacogenomic-based risks.
Political Polling and the Lost-Letter Technique

(1971). Political Polling and the Lost-Letter Technique. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 209-212.
Improving language models for radiology speech recognition

Speech recognition systems have become increasingly popular as a means to produce radiology reports, for reasons both of efficiency and of cost. However, the suboptimal recognition accuracy of these systems can affect the productivity of the radiologists creating the text reports. We analyzed a database of over two million de-identified radiology reports to determine the strongest determinants of word frequency. Our results showed that body site and imaging modality had a similar influence on the frequency of words and of three-word phrases as did the identity of the speaker. These findings suggest that the accuracy of speech recognition systems could be significantly enhanced by further tailoring their language models to body site and imaging modality, which are readily available at the time of report creation.
Changes in the Canadian River Fish Assemblage Associated with Reservoir Construction

ABSTRACT The fish assemblage of the Canadian River in Texas historically was dominated by Hybognathus placitus and Notropis girardi. These species represented > 90% of fishes collected from the Canadian River in 1954–1955. Construction of two reservoirs on the Canadian River in the 1960s (Ute Reservoir, New Mexico, 1962; Lake Meredith, Texas, 1965) altered hydrologic conditions in the river and affected the fish assemblage. Downstream from Ute Reservoir, mean annual discharge decreased by about 38% after impoundment, but H. placitus, N. girardi, and other mainstem species still dominate the assemblage. Downstream from Lake Meredith, mean annual discharge decreased by 76% and the historic mainstem fish assemblage has been almost completely replaced by species that formerly were restricted to tributary streams. The magnitude of post-impoundment changes in the fish assemblage of the Canadian River appears to be related to the degree that discharge has declined, especially during the spawning season.
19-nor-deoxycorticosterone excretion in primary aldosteronism and low renin hypertension.

Nonaldosterone mineralocorticoids, such as deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 18-hydroxy-DOC, have been reported to be elevated in some patients with primary aldosteronism (PA). Since DOC is a probable precursor of a more potent mineralocorticoid, 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone (19-nor-DOC), this study evaluated urinary free (UF) 19-nor-DOC excretion in 6 patients with PA and compared the results to those from 11 patients with low renin hypertension (LRH) and 7 normotensive subjects. PA was due to either an aldosteroneproducing adenoma (APA; 4 patients) or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (2 patients) diagnosed by adrenal venous catheterization or surgery. Compared to LRH subjects, patients with PA had a higher mean blood pressure (137 ±9 vs. 114 ± 3 mm Hg), a lower plasma potassium level (3.1 ± 0.2 vs. 3.9 ±0.1 meq/1) and greater renin suppression (0.3 ±0.1 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1 ng angiotensin I/ml-h). UF 19-nor-DOC levels were elevated in PA subjects compared to those in normotensives (3,716 ± 1,517 vs. 428 ±112 ng/day) bu...
Energy-Dissipating Polymer Matrix Composite-Infill Wall System for Seismic Retrofitting

Polymer matrix composite ~PMC!-infill walls hold great promise for energy dissipation when used in retrofitting applications where seismic activity is a consideration. This paper presents the analysis, design, and testing of PMC-infill walls developed for seismic retrofitting applications. The PMC-infill wall system consists of two fiber-reinforced polymer laminates with an infill of vinyl sheet foam. At the interface between the laminates, viscoelastic honeycomb is used to dissipate energy and improve the damping characteristics of the structure. As part of this research, analytical and experimental studies were performed to explore the effectiveness of this seismic retrofitting strategy and to examine the behavior of the PMC-infill wall system when subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. A steel frame retrofitted with a PMC-infill wall was monitored to assess the resultant enhancements to its seismic-energy resistance capacity. In testing the PMC-infill wall system in this research, a large-scale steel frame was used to avoid the typical uncertainties associated with scaling the dimensions. The optimal design for the stacking sequence of a PMC-infill wall panel was determined based on the performance and material cost using the finite-element analysis. Finally, the observed behavior of the PMC-infilled frame was assessed on the bases of stiffness, strength, modes of failure, and energy dissipation output. The experimental and analytical studies demonstrate that the intro- duction of a PMC-infill wall panel in a semirigidly connected steel frame produces significant enhancements to stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation.
Recent Progress in Scalable Nanomanufacturing

As the size of materials becomes close to 10 nm, materials exhibit a unique electronic band structure that is not observed in traditional bulk materials. The modified band structure offers new opportunities for future technological innovation because it exhibits unprecedented electrical, optical and magnetic properties that are absent in their bulk counterparts. Fabrication and manufacturing of such novel nanomaterials have been significantly improved in the past few years. The section sponsored by the Nanomaterials Committee in the January issue of JOM has a unique combination of short review papers and research papers on the scale-up and integration of nanomaterials into functional architectures and bulk systems for engineering applications. A paper written by Graeve et al. shows recent progress and current status of spark plasma sintering (SPS) which is beneficial in manufacturing of bulk materials comprised of nanosize grains. Manufacturing of nanostructured bulk material has been a daunting challenge, since the dramatic growth of nanocrystals is accompanied by the densification during the sintering. SPS addresses this trade-off between densification and grain growth. In this paper, principles of SPS sintering and materials prepared by SPS are summarized, showing that various materials (metal, ceramics and polymers) can be sintered without substantial growth of nanosize particles in SPS. In addition, SPS has an economic benefit over other sintering techniques such as hot press, reducing equipment cost and electricity consumption, and increasing a throughput rate. Technical and economical strengths of SPS indicate that SPS may pave a way toward commercialization of bulk nanostructured materials. Therefore, interest in SPS continues to grow in academic and industrial communities. Currently remaining tasks for the commercialization of SPS are near-net and net-shape forming, scalability, and high-throughput systems, and several groups are working to solve these problems. Two-dimensional (2-D) dimensional materials are very attractive, since electrons confined in 2-D planes produce intriguing responses to external optical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal stimuli. Graphene is a well-known 2-D material which exhibits extremely
William Osler: on Chorea: on Charcot.

As the first Professor of Diseases of the Nervous System at the Faculte de Paris, Jean-Martin Charcot was an immensely powerful figure at the end of the 19th century who engendered both wide admiration and resentment. William Osler offers a particularly valuable resource to view Charcot's place in neurology in a relatively unbiased and balanced perspective. Although Osler made numerous seminal neurological contributions, he never considered himself a neurologist, had no formal training with Charcot, and, as a North American, was not tied to the European academic hierarchy of university medicine. One year after Charcot's death, Osler published On Chorea and Choreiform Affectations (1894), and in this pithy monograph, Osler offered a particularly useful evaluation of Charcot's neurological contributions. Whereas in most instances, Osler and Charcot agreed, Osler used data from the new fields of genetics and bacteriology to draw a dear distinction between two entities that Charcot had failed to separate, Sydenham's chorea and Huntington's disease. Osler's On Chorea uniquely captures the transition period between the 19th and 20th centuries. With clarity and insight, Osler documents Charcot's important contributions on disease description, differential diagnosis, and treatment. But with equal sobriety, he delineates Charcot's and his generation's limitation, as the 20th century opens toward the search for neurological causes and embraces new laboratory and experimental methodologies.
Serenity as a goal for nursing practice.

Purpose: To extend a conceptual analysis of serenity by explaining how serenity develops and to present an analysis of serenity interventions. Significance: Serenity is highly desired by many. There is evidence that the experience of serenity improves health. The information presented proposes how nurses can use knowledge about serenity in practice. Organizing Framework: Serenity is viewed as a learned, positive emotion of inner peace that can be sustained. It is a spiritual concept that decreases perceived stress and improves physical and emotional health. Sources and Approach: Results of a conceptual analysis of serenity, research findings related to development of a Serenity Scale, practice experience, and the literature provided a foundation for the analysis. Inductive reasoning and substruction were the primary methods of constructing the proposed relationships. A nursing practice example is included. Conclusions: The experience of serenity is related to development of the higher self. Four levels of serenity are a safe, wise, beneficent, and universal self. Knowledge about serenity can help nurses to select interventions that promote clients' health.
Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in infants

Abstract Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) is the most common cause of recurrent hypoglycemia in neonates and infants. It is a disorder of glucose homeostasis characterized by unregulated hyperinsulinemia and profound hypoglycemia. PHHI may be differentiated from other causes of hypoglycemia by demonstrating the persistence of inappropriately high insulin levels regardless of blood glucose concentration. Prompt recognition and treatment of PHHI is critical because uncorrected hypoglycemia in the newborn period is associated with permanent damage to the central nervous system and subsequent mental retardation. The aim of therapy is to maintain euglycemia to protect the developing brain from possible damage. Despite recent advances in medical treatment, subtotal pancreatectomy is often necessary. This article will review the function of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, pathophysiology of hyperinsulinism, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, management, and reported neurologic outcomes of newborns and infants with PHHI. Ce—feature article Link to www.nainr.com , click “CE Articles” to access the approved and accredited Continuing Education Questions for this featured article. Approval and accreditation are through Mosby Continuing Education and Training. Specific instructions and information on the number of credits available and the testing processes can be viewed on the website Download : Download Acrobat PDF file (285KB) CE Articles . .