cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Random length-spectrum rigidity for free groups

We say that a subset $S\subseteq F_N$ is \emph{spectrally rigid} if whenever $T_1, T_2\in cv_N$ are points of the (unprojectivized) Outer space such that $||g||_{T_1}=||g||_{T_2}$ for every $g\in S$ then $T_1=T_2$ in $\cvn$. It is well-known that $F_N$ itself is spectrally rigid; it also follows from the result of Smillie and Vogtmann that there does not exist a finite spectrally rigid subset of $F_N$. We prove that if $A$ is a free basis of $F_N$ (where $N\ge 2$) then almost every trajectory of a non-backtracking simple random walk on $F_N$ with respect to $A$ is a spectrally rigid subset of $F_N$.
NON-COMMUTATIVE YANG-MILLS AND THE ADS/CFT CORRESPONDENCE

Abstract We study the non-commutative supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory at strong coupling using the AdS/CFT correspondence. The supergravity description and the UV/IR relation confirms the expectation that the non-commutativity affects the ultra-violet but not the infra-red of the Yang-Mills dynamics. We show that the supergravity solution dual to the non-commutative N =4 SYM in four dimensions has no boundary and defines a minimal scale. We also show that the relation between the B field and the scale of non-commutativity is corrected at large coupling and determine its dependence on the 't Hooft coupling λ.
Differential cavity ring-down spectroscopy

High-precision cavity-enhanced spectroscopic measurements are commonly compromised by interferences caused by external etalons. Here, we present the differential cavity ring-down spectroscopy (D-CRDS) technique for reducing these perturbations. We discuss how etalons are caused by coupled-cavity interactions between the primary ring-down cavity and other optical elements of the experiment, and we model and experimentally verify how drift in cavity base loss correlates with barometric pressure and laboratory temperature. D-CRDS measurements of near-infrared CO2 spectra that are insensitive to etalon-induced distortions are then presented. Based on an average of ∼100 spectra, these results yield a signal-to-noise ratio of 170,000∶1 and a minimum detectable absorption coefficient of 4×10−12 cm−1.
WIYN/Hydra Detection of Lithium Depletion in F Stars of the Young Open Cluster M35 and Implications for the Development of the Lithium Gap

We report the discovery of significant depletion of Li on the surfaces of F dwarf stars in the 150 Myr old open cluster M35, analagous to a feature in the 700 Myr old Hyades that has been referred to as the "Li gap." We have caught the gap in the act of forming: using high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio WIYN/Hydra observations, we detect Li in all but a few M35 F stars; the maximum depletion lies at least 0.6-0.8 dex below minimally depleted (or undepleted) stars. The M35 Li depletion region (1) is quite wide, with clear depletion seen from 6000 to 6700 K or hotter, (2) shows a significant dispersion in Li abundance at all Teff, even with stars of the same Teff, and (3) contains undepleted stars (as well as depleted ones) in the (narrow) classical Hyades gap region, which itself shows no undepleted stars. All of these M35 Li depletion properties support rotationally induced slow mixing as the primary physical mechanism that forms the gap and argue against other proposed mechanisms, particularly diffusion and steady main-sequence mass loss. When viewed in the context of the M35 Li depletion properties, the Hyades Li gap may well be wider than is usually recognized.
Higher-order metric subregularity and its applications

This paper is devoted to the study of metric subregularity and strong subregularity of any positive order $$q$$q for set-valued mappings in finite and infinite dimensions. While these notions have been studied and applied earlier for $$q=1$$q=1 and--to a much lesser extent--for $$q\in (0,1)$$q?(0,1), no results are available for the case $$q>1$$q>1. We derive characterizations of these notions for subgradient mappings, develop their sensitivity analysis under small perturbations, and provide applications to the convergence rate of Newton-type methods for solving generalized equations.
X-ray emission from Be star binaries

A model in which a neutron star in an eccentric inclined orbit around a Be star passes through a ring of matter around the Be star has been used to explain the recurrent flares of X-ray emission from these systems. The optical emission during X-ray flares is due to partial absorption and reprocessing of the X-rays in the ring.
Equilibrium play and adaptive learning in a three-person centipede game

The two-person centipede game is one of the most celebrated paradoxes of backward induction in complete information extensive form games. An experimental investigation of a three-person centipede game shows that the paradoxical results are strongly affected by the size of the stakes. When the number of players in the game is increased from two to three and the game is played for unusually high stakes with group composition being randomly changed from trial to trial, the paradox is considerably weakened as players approach equilibrium play with multiple iterations of the stage game. When the game is played with low stakes, there is no evidence for equilibrium play or learning across iterations of the stage game. An adaptive learning model that assumes updating of the individual probabilities of choice outperforms alternative static and dynamic models in accounting for the major results observed in the high-stake experiment.
Farmland Prices in the Presence of Transaction Costs: Comment

Sergio Lence (L) provides a cautionary note stressing some of the difficulties in analyzing empirically the effects of transaction costs on dynamic asset pricing. He also points out some errors in the Chavas and Thomas (CT) article analyzing dynamic land prices. A brief evaluation of the analytical results and discussion presented by professor Lence is presented below. Professor Lence shows that some results
Mild stereoselective formation of tri- and tetrasubstituted olefins by regioselective ring opening of 1,1-disubstituted vinyl oxiranes with dialkyl dithiophosphates

Abstract Presented in this Letter is a mild new method to stereoselectively ring open 1,1-disubstituted vinyl oxiranes using dialkyl dithiophosphate nucleophiles. This new reaction proceeds in toluene at room temperature to afford tri- and tetrasubstituted allylic alcohols with high Z -selectivity. The syn relationship between the alcohol and the newly incorporated dithiophosphate moiety presented an opportunity to evaluate the anionic hopping properties of the ring opening product. Treatment of the ring opening product with base results in a facile phosphate hopping followed by a selective thiolate 3- exo-trig instead of a 5- exo-tet cyclization.
The instability of robust aggregation

Levi’s ‘robust aggregation’ suggests a generalization of the standard ‘ex ante’ mode of aggregating individuals’ expected utilities into a social choice function. This generalization applies some social choice rule not only to the actual individuals but also to hypothetical individuals with all possible combinations of the actual individuals’ probabilities and utilities. We show that robust aggregation can lead to preference reversals in the social choice when the very same decision situation is described with different degrees of detail, thus violating a desirable stability condition. We also show that any stable robust social choice rule must collapse back into the ex ante mode without recourse to hypothetical individuals. Under sufficient conditions, such as strong Pareto optimality, robust aggregation even leads to an infinite series of reversals in group choices. By contrast, stability is ubiquitous in the standard ex ante mode and is closely related to independence of irrelevant alternatives.
On the flow-level dynamics of a packet-switched network

The packet is the fundamental unit of transportation in modern communication networks such as the Internet. Physical layer scheduling decisions are made at the level of packets, and packet-level models with exogenous arrival processes have long been employed to study network performance, as well as design scheduling policies that more efficiently utilize network resources. On the other hand, a user of the network is more concerned with end-to-end bandwidth, which is allocated through congestion control policies such as TCP. Utility-based flow-level models have played an important role in understanding congestion control protocols. In summary, these two classes of models have provided separate insights for flow-level and packet-level dynamics of a network. In this paper, we wish to study these two dynamics together. We propose a joint flow-level and packet-level stochastic model for the dynamics of a network, and an associated policy for congestion control and packet scheduling that is based on alpha-weighted policies from the literature. We provide a fluid analysis for the model that establishes the throughput optimality of the proposed policy, thus validating prior insights based on separate packet-level and flow-level models. By analyzing a critically scaled fluid model under the proposed policy, we provide constant factor performance bounds on the delay performance and characterize the invariant states of the system.
Photoelectron spectroscopy of doubly and singly charged group VIB dimetalate anions: M2O72-, MM'O72-, and M2O7- (M, M' = Cr, Mo, W).

We produced both doubly and singly charged Group VIB dimetalate species-M2O7 2-, MM'O72-, and M2O7 - (M, M'=) Cr, Mo, W)susing two different experimental techniques (electrospray ionization for the doubly charged anions and laser vaporization for the singly charged anions) and investigated their electronic and geometric structures using photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations. Distinct changes in the electronic and geometric structures were observed as a function of the metal and charge state. The electron binding energies of the heteronuclear dianions MM'O7 2- were observed to be roughly the average of those of their homonuclear counterparts (M2O7 2- and M'2O7 2-). Density functional calculations indicated that W2O7 2-, W2O7-, and W2O7 possess different ground-state structures: the dianion is highly symmetric (D3d,1A1g) with a single bridging oxo ligand, the monoanion is a doublet (C1, 2A) with two bridging oxo ligands and a radical terminal oxo ligand, whereas the neutral is a singlet (C1, 1A) with two bridging oxo ligands and a terminal peroxo ligand. The combined experimental and theoretical study provides insights into the evolution of geometric and electronic structures as a function of charge state. The clusters identified might provide insights into the possible structures of reactive species present inmore » early transition-metal oxide catalysts that are relevant to their reactivity and catalytic function.« less
Fast structural similarity index algorithm

The development of real-time image and video quality assessment algorithms is an important direction on which little research has focused. Towards this end, we present a design of real-time implementable full-reference image/video quality algorithms that are based on the Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) index and multi-scale SSIM (MS-SSIM) index. The proposed algorithms, which modify SSIM/MS-SSIM to achieve speed of execution, were tested on the LIVE Image Quality Database and LIVE Video Quality Database. The experimental results show that the performance of the new, fast algorithms is commensurate with that of SSIM and MS-SSIM, but with much lower computational complexity. Indeed, the proposed Fast MS-SSIM algorithm is 10 times faster (lower complexity) than the MS-SSIM algorithm, while the proposed Fast SSIM is 2.68 times faster than SSIM without parallel computing optimization.
Regioselective iodination of phenol and analogues using N-iodosuccinimide and p-toluenesulfonic acid

Mild and highly regioselective monoiodination of phenol and analogues is achieved in high to excellent yields at room temperature with a combination of stoichiometric p-toluenesulfonic acid and N-iodosuccinimide.
Relative importance of crystal field versus bandwidth to the high pressure spin transition in transition metal monoxides

The crystal field splitting and d bandwidth of the 3d transition metal monoxides MnO, FeO, CoO and NiO are analyzed as a function of pressure within density functional theory. In all four cases the 3d bandwidth is significantly larger than the crystal field splitting over a wide range of compressions. The bandwidth actually increases more as pressure is increased than the crystal field splitting. Therefore the role of increasing bandwidth must be considered in any explanation of a possible spin collapse that these materials may exhibit under pressure.
On relatively analytic and Borel subsets

Define &#120223; to be the smallest cardinality of a function f : X→ Y with X,Y ⊆ 2ω such that there is no Borel function g⊇ f. In this paper we prove that it is relatively consistent with ZFC to have &#120095; < &#120119; where &#120095; is, as usual, smallest cardinality of an unbounded family in ωω. This answers a question raised by Zapletal. We also show that it is relatively consistent with ZFC that there exists X⊆ 2ω such that the Borel order of X is bounded but there exists a relatively analytic subset of X which is not relatively coanalytic. This answers a question of Mauldin.
Effect of solids retention time on the bioavailability of organic carbon in anaerobically digested swine waste

Anaerobic digestion (AD) can be used to stabilize and produce energy from livestock waste; however, digester effluents may require further treatment to remove nitrogen. This paper quantifies the effects of varying solids retention time (SRT) methane yield, volatile solids (VS) reduction and organic carbon bioavailability for denitrification during swine waste AD. Four bench-scale anaerobic digesters, with SRTs of 14, 21, 28 and 42 days, operated with swine waste feed. Effluent organic carbon bioavailability was measured using anoxic microcosms and respirometry. Excellent performance was observed for all four digesters, with >60% VS removal and CH4 yields between 0.1 and 0.3(m(3)CH4)/(kg VS added). Organic carbon in the centrate as an internal organic carbon source for denitrification supported maximum specific denitrification rates between 47 and 56(mg NO3(-)-N)/(g VSS h). The digester with the 21-day SRT had the highest CH4 yield and maximum specific denitrification rates.
Osmium-Promoted Electrophilic Substitution of Anisoles: A Versatile New Method for the Incorporation of Carbon Substituents.

A structurally and electronically diverse set of anisoles are dihapto-coordinated to the π-base pentaammineosmium(II) and treated with a variety of carbon electrophiles (e.g. Michael acceptors, acetals). After deprotonation of a 4H-anisolium intermediate with a tertiary amine base, C(4)-substituted anisole complexes are isolated. The functionalized arenes are removed from the metal center either by mild heating or treatment with an oxidant (e.g. AgOTf, DDQ, CAN). The resulting substituted anisoles are isolated with yields ranging from 55−95%.
Government Decentralization and Prevalence of the Shadow Economy

This article examines the effects of various types of decentralization of government functions on the cross-national prevalence of the shadow economy. Do countries with different prevalence of the shadow economy respond differently to government decentralization? We consider four dimensions of decentralization: (1) the tiers of government, (2) subnational government expenditures, (3) subnational government revenues, and (4) subnational government employment. While baseline results show decentralization to reduce the shadow economy, we uniquely find differences in the effectiveness across physical and fiscal decentralization—greater physical decentralization is more effective at reducing widespread shadow economies, while fiscal decentralization is more effective with small shadow sectors.
Vortex generation and mixing in three-dimensional supersonic combustors

The generation and evolution of the flow vorticity established by instream injector ramps in a high Mach number/high enthalpy scramjet combustor flow-field are described in detail for a number of computational cases. Classical fluid dynamic circulation is presented for these cases in order to clarify the spatial distribution and convection of the vorticity. The ability of the simulations to accurately represent Stokes Law of circulation is discussed and shown. In addition, the conservation of swirl (effectively the moment-of-momentum theorem) is presented for these flows. The impact of both turbulent diffusion and the vortex/ramp non-uniformity on the downstream mixing rate is clearly illustrated. A correlation over the length of the combustor between fuel-air mixing and a parameter called the vortex stirring length is demonstrated. Finally, computational results for a representative ramp injector are compared with experimental data. Influence of the stream vorticity on the effective turbulent Prandtl number used in the simulation is discussed.
Magnetic resonance venography of congenital vascular malformations of the extremities.

Contrast angiography can demonstrate the vascular components of a vascular malformation, but can be technically challenging in small patients with complex venous anomalies. We reviewed the role of magnetic resonance venography (MRV) in the evaluation of children with predominantly low-flow, vascular malformations of the extremities. MRV (2D time-of-flight technique) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examinations were performed in ten young patients with congenital predominantly low-flow vascular malformations of the extremities. MR imaging was used to characterize and determine the extent of the malformations, and MRV to evaluate the deep and superficial venous channels. In all patients, MRV studies were reviewed in conjunction with contrast angiograms, considered the gold standard, to confirm the findings. All significant channel anomalies seen with contrast angiography were identified with MRV In addition, MRV demonstrated some veins that were not intentionally opacified during contrast studies. MRV demonstrates both the superficial and deep conducting veins, whereas contrast angiography is a more directed study, evaluating only those channels in tentionally opacified. Together, MR imaging and MRV data can non-invasively form the basis for determining the prognosis and choosing the individual treatment of congenital vascular malformations of the extremities.
New Challenges in Multihospital Kidney Exchange

Abstract The growth of kidney exchange presents new challenges for the design of kidney exchange clearinghouses. The players now include directors of transplant centers, who see sets of patient-donor pairs, and can choose to reveal only difficult-to-match pairs to the clearinghouse, while withholding easy-to-match pairs to transplant locally. This reduces the number of transplants. We discuss how the incentives for hospitals to enroll all pairs in kidney exchange can be achieved, and how the concentration of hard to match pairs increases the importance of long, non-simultaneous nondirected donor chains.
Injectivity of the symmetric map for line bundles

Let C be a generic non-singular curve of genus g defined over a field of characteristic different from two. We show that for every line bundle on C of degree at most g+1, the natural product map \({{S^2(H^0(C,L))\rightarrow H^0(C,L^2)}}\) is injective. We also show that the bound on the degree of L is sharp
Synthesis of aza-C-disaccharides - a new class of sugar mimics

Abstract Synthesis of a novel aza- C -disaccharide is described using a Suzuki coupling of the alkyl boron reagent 8 and vinyl bromide 7 as the key step.
Improved Cs2Co3 Promoted O-Alkylation of Phenols

Abstract Cesium carbonate mediated O-alkylation of phenols was carried out under mild conditions to give the corresponding phenol ethers exclusively. The methodology is more efficient than previous methods since harsh conditions such as higher temperatures and longer reaction times are avoided.
Opioid and nonopioid mechanisms of stress analgesia

Inescapable foot shock in rats caused profound analgesia that was antagonized by naloxone or dexamethasone when shock was delivered intermittently for 30 minutes, but not when it was delivered continuously for 3 minutes. Thus, depending only on its temporal characteristics, foot-shock stress appears to activate opioid or nonopioid analgesia mechanisms. Certain forms of stress may act as natural inputs to an endogenous opiate analgesia system.
1,5-Asymmetric Induction in Boron-Mediated β-Alkoxy Methyl Ketone Aldol Addition Reactions

This article presents studies that illustrate β-alkoxy methyl ketone-derived boron enolates undergo diastereoselective aldol addition to afford the 1,5-anti diol relationship. The stereochemical outcome of this reaction is documented to be general for a variety of β-alkoxy methyl ketone analogues and aldehyde partners. The double stereodifferentiating reactions of these enolates with chiral β-alkoxy aldehydes have also been investigated in conjunction with the possibility of controlling the absolute stereochemistry of the aldol process. With the proper selection of reaction conditions, the proximal alkoxy substituent on either the aldehyde (1,3-induction) or the enolate fragment (1,5-induction) can be employed to control facial selectivity of the aldol addition. Selection of a boron enolate ensures dominant 1,5-anti induction from the β-alkoxy methyl ketone-derived enolate partner while negating any influence of the β-alkoxy aldehyde substituent. Conversely, if stereochemical control from the β-alkoxy ald...
The safety of fluoroscopically-assisted thoracic pedicle screw instrumentation for spine trauma.

Background: Pedicle screw fixation is considered biomechanically superior to other stabilization constructs. However, the potential for severe complications have discouraged its use in the thoracic spine. Our goal is to determine the incidence of major perioperative complications following the placement of thoracic pedicle screws using anatomic landmarks and intraoperative fluoroscopy in patients with spine fractures. Methods: Retrospective review of 245 consecutive patients with spine fractures requiring pedicle screw fixation between T1 and T10 at a regional Level I trauma center between 1995 and 2001. Database and medical record review were used to identify the incidence of major perioperative complications. A major complication was defined as a potentially life-threatening vascular injury, neurologic deterioration, pneumothorax or hemothorax, and tracheoesophageal injury. Patients were monitored for these complications from the time of surgery until discharge. Results: In all, 1,533 pedicle screws were placed between T1 and T10 in 245 patients. No patient sustained a major complication related to screw placement. Three patients (1.2%) required a secondary procedure for prophylactic revision of four (0.26%) malpositioned screws. Conclusions: This study supports the safety of pedicle screws in the thoracic spine using preoperative imaging evaluation, standard posterior element landmarks and intraoperative fluoroscopy.
Financial conditions indexes for the United States and euro area

Abstract Financial conditions indexes are developed for the United States and euro area using a wide range of financial indicators and a dynamic factor model. The financial conditions indexes are shown to be useful for forecasting economic activity and have good revision properties. Variants of the indexes that allow for cross-economy effects reveal very strong financial linkages across the United States and euro area.
Synthesis and study of N-acetyl d-glucosamine triazole derivatives as effective low molecular weight gelators

Abstract Sugar based low molecular weight gelators have many potential uses for the formation of advanced soft materials. Here we have synthesized a series of peracetylated d -glucosamine triazole derivatives via the Cu catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAc) and studied their self-assembling properties in several organic solvents, aqueous solutions, and water. Among the sixteen compounds synthesized and studied, many were able to function as organogelators for multiple solvents. Also seven compounds were able to form hydrogels at low concentrations such as 0.2–1.0 wt %. These indicate that peracetylated d -glucosamine triazole analogs are effective small molecular gelators.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NONLOCAL DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY AND AB INITIO METHODS : THE POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACE OF SYM-TRIAZINE REACTIONS

Abstract : Critical points on the potential energy surface (PES) for sym-triazine (C3N3H3) have been calculated using nonlocal density functional (NDFT) methods. The two decomposition mechanisms for sym-triazine investigated are a concerted triple dissociation of the sym-triazine ring to form the HCN products, where three-fold symmetry is maintained along the reaction path, and a step-wise decomposition mechanism involving formation of an intermediate dimer species. The NDFT structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and corresponding eigenvectors are compared with previously reported MP2 calculations. QCISD(T) energy refinements of the MP2 critical points are used for comparison with NDFT predictions. The NDFTs used are BP86; BLYP; B3LYP; and BPW91. Basis sets used are 631G**, 6-311++G**, and cc-pVTZ. The reaction endothermicity predicted by B3LYP and BPW91 are in closer agreement with experiment than the QCISD(T) and MP2 predictions using the largest basis set B3LYP predictions are within 1.1 kcal/mol of experiment BPW91, BP86, and BLYP frequencies agree most closely with experimental values for sym-triazine and HCN. DFT eigenvectors corresponding to vibrational modes for critical points on the PES compare well with MP2 predictions for most modes, indicating similarity in force fields and, therefore, atomic motion for the vibrations. Geometries predicted by all methods are in excellent agreement with experimental values for sym-triazine and HCN. All methods predict the concerted triple dissociation mechanism to be the low-energy decomposition pathway for sym-triazine.
SKEIN MODULES AT THE 4TH ROOTS OF UNITY

The Kauffman bracket skein modules, ${\mathcal S}(M,A)$, have been calculated for A=±1 for all 3-manifolds M by relating them to the $SL_2({\mathbb C})$-character varieties. We extend this description to the case when A is a 4th root of 1 and M is either a surface×[0,1] or a rational homology sphere (or its submanifold).
Light waving: estimating light positions from photographs alone

Figure 1: Images are acquired with an uncalibrated camera while a handheld light is waved around the object. We use Isomap to reduce the dimensionality of input images to 3-D. The resulting co-ordinates are mapped onto the upper half of a sphere. Light positions and image samples can then be used for image-based relighting, in this case using a synthetic light-probe simulating opposing red and blue lights.
A comparison of different approaches to Markush structure handling

The history of the development of computer systems for storage and retrieval of Markush structures is reviewed briefly. The systems currently being developed by Chemical Abstracts Service, Derwent Publications/Questel/INPI, and International Documentation Company for Chemistry (IDC) are introduced, and the similarities and differences between the approaches they use for input representation and search are examined, especially in relation to the handling of generic nomenclature, the prospects for future development of such systems is discussed in light of recent and continuing research work, as is the potential for exchange of Markush structure databases between the different search systems.
Transient epileptic amnesia

In 1889, the British neurologist John Hughlings Jackson described the case of Dr Z, a medical practitioner who suffered from an unusual variety of epilepsy. During his seizures, he retained consciousness and was able to engage in complex, purposeful behaviour for which he was later amnesic. On one occasion he felt the onset of a seizure while examining a patient. During this attack, he correctly diagnosed pneumonia, prescribed treatment and wrote in the patient’s notes, but later had no recollection of having done so (fig 1). Figure 1 John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911) documented the case of Dr Z, who describes one of his amnestic seizures in the extract ( Brain , 1889). Reports of pure amnestic seizures have appeared sporadically in the literature over the past 50 years. Recent work, however, has suggested that such cases are underrecognised and appear to have several clinical features in common. A 69 year old, retired teacher of French, was staying with her daughter over the Christmas period. She awoke one morning and asked her husband “Where are we? What day is it? Why are we here?” She had no recollection for events of the previous few days and, when reminded, appeared to be unable to retain the information. She was understandably concerned by this, but her appearance and behaviour were otherwise normal. By the time she had got up, dressed and had breakfast, her repetitive questioning had stopped and memories for the past had returned. She had a hazy recollection of what had just happened to her. Apart from treated hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, her past medical history was unremarkable, there were no symptoms of depression or anxiety and physical examination was normal. A diagnosis of transient global amnesia (TGA) was made and she was reassured that the problem was unlikely to recur. However, she went on …
On-the-Fly Doppler Broadening for Monte Carlo Codes

A methodology to allow on-the-fly Doppler broadening of neutron cross sections for use in Monte Carlo codes has been developed. The Monte Carlo code only needs to store 0K cross sections for each isotope and the method will broaden the 0K cross sections for any isotope in the library to any temperature in the range 77K-3200K. The methodology is based on a combination of Taylor series expansions and asymptotic series expansions. The type of series representation was determined by investigating the temperature dependence of U238 resonance cross sections in three regions: near the resonance peaks, mid-resonance, and the resonance wings. The coefficients for these series expansions were determined by a regression over the energy and temperature range of interest. Since the resonance parameters are a function of the neutron energy and target nuclide, the ψ and χ functions in the Adler-Adler multi-level resonance model can be represented by series expansions in temperature only, allowing the least number of terms to approximate the temperature dependent cross sections within a given accuracy. The comparison of the broadened cross sections using this methodology with the NJOY cross sections was excellent over the entire temperature range (77K-3200K) and energy range. A Monte Carlo code was implemented to apply the combined regression model and used to estimate the additional computing cost which was found to be less than <1%.
Relating External Support, Business Growth & Creating Strategies for Survival: A Comparative Case Study Analyses of Small Manufacturing Firms (SMFs) and Entrepreneurs

Using a comparative case study approach, this paper presents three of thirty-two findings on Small Plastic Manufacturing Firms' (SPMFs) and Entrepreneurs in Nigeria. The selected firms represent performance differences between firms that have received external support and those that did not. Due to lack of support, some entrepreneurs had to independently sustain themselves through their creativeabilities. Findings from the study revealed that Small Plastic Manufacturing Entrepreneurs in Nigeria are constrained by certain external and internal factors. Ironically, these constraints seem to have challenged some entrepreneurs to invent original strategies on their own, to cope, survive and to remain in business. Lack of financial capital, especially foreign exchange needed to import vital operating inputs from abroad has been the most serious constraint. Other serious external constraints identified are inadequate infrastructure facilities, competition from large firms, unfavorable government policies, dearth of machines and spare parts and paucity of raw materials. Internal obstacles like incompetent planning, poor organizational skills and limited knowledge among others were common obstacles faced by the entrepreneurs. In addition, another discovery is that funding assistance to entrepreneurs by relevant institutions concerned is not free from bias on the basis, of favoritism. It is therefore recommended that funding institutions should give due consideration and encouragement to promising talents. Two have especially been identified from the study as typical examples of potential avant-garde entrepreneurs and such should not be neglected or wasted. Guidance for further progress through training is another helpful approach to take and give succor to such admirable talents. Entrepreneurs, who qualify for grants from institutions, should completely be decided on compliance to standard selection procedures, rules and evidence of superior entrepreneurial qualities. In addition, those who qualify for support should be determined only after feasible business plans have been presented.
Intracranial pressure monitors. Epidemiologic study of risk factors and infections

An increase in the number of cases of gram-negative ventriculomeningitis in patients followed with intracranial pressure monitors when compared with patients with craniotomy alone was revealed by routine surveillance data. A study was undertaken at four area institutions to describe the infections, risk factors, and management. Two hundred fifty-five patients with diagnoses of intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 86), closed trauma (n = 66), open trauma (n = 21), tumor (n = 66), and miscellaneous other conditions were compared with their nonmonitored counterparts for type of intracranial pressure monitor used, use of drains, prophylactic antibiotics, and steroids, and remote presence of infection. The presence of intracranial pressure monitor with craniotomy was associated with an 11 percent infection rate whereas craniotomy alone demonstrated a 6 percent rate. Of the intracranial pressure monitors used, the subarachnoid screw was associated with the lowest infection rate (7.5 percent) followed by the subdural cup catheter (14.9 percent) and the ventriculostomy catheter (21.9 percent). Regardless of the monitor used, infection was twice as likely to develop in patients with open trauma or hemorrhage. The use of bacitracin flush solutions for maintenance of lumen patency was more often associated with infections. Use of prophylactic antibiotics did not significantly influence outcome.
A new chiral oxazolidinone derived from diphenylalaninol. Aldol, alkylation, and diels-alder reactions

Summary The chemistry of a new chiral oxazolidinone derived from D-diphenylalamnol is described. Aldol. alkylation. and Diels-Alder reactions using this auxiliary proceed in good chemical and excellent optical yields.
Chebyshev's bias for products of two primes

Under two assumptions, we determine the distribution of the difference between two functions each counting the numbers less than or equal to x that are in a given arithmetic progression modulo q and the product of two primes. The two assumptions are (i) the extended Riemann hypothesis for Dirichlet L-functions modulo q, and (ii) that the imaginary parts of the nontrivial zeros of these L-functions are linearly independent over the rationals. Our results are analogues of similar results proved for primes in arithmetic progressions by Rubinstein and Sarnak.
High transverse momentum results from the STAR collaboration

Abstract The STAR collaboration presents new measurements of high p T hadron production in Au+Au and p+p collisions at RHIC. We extend the previously reported suppression of inclusive hadrons and large azimuthal anisotropies to much higher transverse momentum, decisively establishing the existence of strong medium effects on hadron production well into the perturbative regime. Near-angle two-particle correlations show directly that hadrons at p T > 4GeV/c result from the fragmentation of jets. Additional evidence for the onset of perturbative QCD in this region comes from the flavor dependence of the inclusive yields and elliptic flow. Finally, comparison of back-to-back hadron pairs at high p T in p+p and in Au+Au collisions at various centralities reveals a striking suppression of high p T back-to-back pairs in the most central Au+Au collisions. All of these phenomena suggest a picture in which partons or their hadronic fragments are strongly absorbed in the bulk matter, with the observed hadrons resulting from jets produced on the periphery of the collision zone and directed outwards.
Stability of Erythrocyte Suspensions Layered on Stationary and Flowing Liquids

The apparent stability of erythrocyte suspensions layered on stationary and flowing Ficoll solutions was studied considering the effects of particle concentration, type and size, and the different flow rates of the particle suspensions and chamber liquid. The data from the flowing system were empirically fitted and, when extrapolated to zero chamber liquid flow rate, gave values comparable to the data from the stationary system, thus confirming the validity of the data and our approach to obtain that data.
Ozone Adsorption on Graphene: Ab Initio Study and Experimental Validation

We have investigated ozone adsorption on graphene using the ab initio density functional theory method. Ozone molecules adsorb on the graphene basal plane with a binding energy of 0.25 eV, and the physisorbed molecule can chemically react with graphene to form an epoxide group and an oxygen molecule. The activation energy barrier from physisorption to chemisorption is 0.72 eV, and the chemisorbed state has the binding energy of 0.33 eV. These binding energies and energy barrier indicate that the ozone adsorption on graphene is gentle and reversible. An atomic layer deposition experiment on ozone treated graphite has confirmed the presence of uniform hydrophilic groups on the graphene basal plane. This finding can be applied to diverse chemical functionalization of graphene basal planes.
Ferrite films for microwave and millimeter-wave devices

For microwave and millimeter-wave applications, there is increasing interest in using films rather than bulk ferrites. In some cases, such as magnetostatic wave devices, films provide definite performance advantages. In other cases, films may provide lower cost, smaller size, and enhanced compatibility with planar circuit designs such as monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC). The author reviews some of the progress that has been made in development of single-crystal and polycrystalline ferrite films. He describes some of the ideas that are currently being considered for making these ferrites compatible with MMICs. The materials considered include garnets, spinels, and hexagonal ferrites. >
Thermodynamic assessment of the Al–Ni–Gd glass-forming system

Abstract The thermodynamics of the Al–Ni–Gd system in its Al-rich corner were assessed using the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) approach. Parameters describing the Gibbs free energy of various phases of the Al–Ni–Gd systems were manually optimized in this study. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of 46 alloys yielded critical temperatures pertaining to the solid–liquid equilibria. Model-calculated phase equilibria and phase boundaries gave good agreement with DTA data from this study. Calculations of phase fraction vs. temperature agreed closely with the microstructure of alloys cooled after isothermal holding at intermediate temperatures.
Japan's financial deregulation and linkage of the Gensaki and Euroyen deposit markets

SUMMARY This paper examines whether Japan's financial deregulation weakened the linkage between the Euroyen and Gensaki markets. It defines and analyses the linkage of the two markets in terms of the persistence and predictability of yield spreads, as well as cross-market causality. By using Johansen tests and an error correction model, this paper shows first, cross-market causality before and after deregulation; and second, one common trend in interest rates, substantial Gensaki-Euroyen yield spreads, and a slower response of the one-month Gensaki-Euroyen yield spread to a shock after deregulation.
Determinants of Foreign Ownership in Newly Privatized Companies in Transition Economies

We investigate determinants of foreign ownership in newly privatized firms. We analyze data on privatized Czech firms to address two related general questions. First, what characteristics distinguish transition firms that attract a foreign investor? Second, how do firm-specific characteristics influence the size of the foreign equity stake? Our results suggest that foreign investors i) seek safe, profitable firms in which they can exert unchallenged influence on corporate governance and then ii) structure their equity stakes to mitigate agency costs and political risk.
What is L? Anatomy of the Galaxy Luminosity Function

Using the empirical relations between the central galaxy luminosity and the halo mass, and between the total galaxy luminosity in a halo and the halo mass, we construct the galaxy luminosity function (LF). To the luminosity of the central galaxy in a halo of a given mass, we assign lognormal scatter with a mean calibrated against the observations. In halos where the total galaxy luminosity exceeds that of the central galaxy, satellite galaxies are distributed as a power law in luminosity. Combined with the halo mass function, this description reproduces the observed characteristics of the galaxy LF, including a shape consistent with the Schechter function. The L in the LF is the luminosity above which the central galaxy luminosity-halo mass relation begins to flatten in halos above ~1013 M☉. In surveys in which central galaxies in massive clusters are neglected, either by design or because of the cosmic variance, L is simply the mean luminosity of central galaxies in halos at the upper end of the selected mass range. The smooth, exponential decay of the Schechter function toward high luminosities reflects the intrinsic scatter in the central galaxy luminosity-halo mass relation. In addition to the LF, the model successfully reproduces the observed dependence of galaxy clustering bias on luminosity.
Superconformal black hole quantum mechanics

In recent work, the superconformal quantum mechanics describing D0 branes in the AdS2 × S2 × CY3 attractor geometry of a Calabi-Yau black hole with D4 brane charges pA has been constructed and found to contain a large degeneracy of chiral primary bound states. In this paper it is shown that the asymptotic growth of chiral primaries for N D0 branes exactly matches the Bekenstein-Hawking area law for a black hole with D4 brane charge pA and D0 brane charge N. This large degeneracy arises from D0 branes in lowest Landau levels which tile the CY3 × S2 horizon. It is conjectured that such a multi-D0 brane CFT1 is holographically dual to IIA string theory on AdS2 × S2 × CY3.
Transonic Limit Cycle Flutter of High-Aspect-Ratio Swept Wings

This paper is motivated by the observed transonic limit cycle flutter of a high-aspect-ratio swept wing tested at DLR, German Aerospace Center in Gottingen. We show that the aeroelastic mechanism responsible for the limit cycle flutter behavior can be explained in terms of the structural washout effect, which is strongly stabilizing at transonic Mach numbers. This limits the energy transfer rate to the wing, resulting in a limit cycle flutter mode in which bending and torsion are almost perfectly in phase, and the streamwise wing-section motion resembles a single-degree-of-freedom torsion mode with an axis of rotation forward of the leading edge. For swept wings, the apparent pitching motion of the wing sections arises naturally through the structural washout and is present in the first bending mode that enters limit cycle flutter. The aeroelastic washout effect may produce counterintuitive results, and increasing the dynamic pressure may actually be stabilizing. In such a case, decreasing the dynamic pressure would increase the limit cycle amplitude, and high-altitude transonic flutter becomes a real possibility. The results demonstrate the importance of using a nonlinear structural model in these calculations. If a linear structural model is used, the critical dynamic pressure at limit cycle flutter onset is overpredicted by a factor of nearly 3, and the predicted flutter mode is at a frequency much higher than was observed during wind-tunnel tests.
Opportunities beyond single-core microprocessors

Designers of future hardware and software face many challenges. Performance scaling of sequential cores is not what it once was. The best architectures for many cores, or equivalents, are not clear. Software, especially on clients, does not make abundant parallelism clear. Computer use and disposal is not so green. Smarter phones must not burn your pocket. Transistors and wires are getting less reliable. CMOS may run out of steam for technical or economic reasons. And the list goes on.But in challenges, optimists find opportunities. This panel will be about opportunities. I have invited experts with experience in academia, industry, and government to discuss the great possibilities ahead. I have asked them to identify two or three topics, where, at most, one is part of their current work. Then we will have a discussion.
Pd-catalyzed alkynylation of 2-chloroacetates and 2-chloroacetamides with potassium alkynyltrifluoroborates.

The synthesis of β,γ-alkynyl esters and amides using air-stable potassium alkynyltrifluoroborates as nucleophilic partners in a mild Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction has been achieved. Propargyl esters and amides were obtained in high yields using a low catalyst loading, and the substrate scope of the reaction has been significantly improved over previous methods.
Coupled Belt-Pulley Vibration in Serpentine Drives With Belt Bending Stiffness

A method is developed to evaluate the natural frequencies and vibration modes of serpentine belt drives where the belt is modeled as a moving beam with bending stiffness. Inclusion of bending stiffness leads to belt-pulley coupling not captured in moving string models. New dynamic characteristics of the system induced by belt bending stiffness are investigated. The belt-pulley coupling is studied through the evolution of the vibration modes. When the belt-pulley coupling is strong, the dynamic behavior of the system is quite different from that of the string model where there is no such coupling. The effects of major design variables on the system are discussed. The spatial discretization can be used to solve other hybrid continuous/discrete eigenvalue problems.
A new theory of simple classical fluids

Abstract A theory of simple classical fluids is presented in which both the static structure (on the pair level) and the thermodynamics, of all systems describable by pair potentials, can be calculated by a unified approach.
A sum-division estimate of reals

Let A be a finite set of positive real numbers. We present a sum-division estimate: |A + A| 2 |A/A| ≥ |A|4 / 4 . .
Global anomalies and the gauge boson equivalence theorem

We discuss the various resolutions which have been suggested in the literature for the way that the equivalence theorem can be satisfied in theories with global anomalies. We provide a model-independent proof for the resolution originally suggested in the context of a toy model by Kilgore.