cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survivability and Traffic Grooming in WDM Optical Networks: Light trail architecture for grooming

The conventional lightpath is an end-to-end system that is exclusively occupied by its source and destination nodes, with no wavelength multiplexing between the multiple intermediate nodes along the lightpath. Thus if there are not enough IP streams to share the lightpath, the wavelength capacity is severely underutilized for low-rate IP bursts unless the wavelength is filled up by the efficiently aggregated IP traffic. The light trail is an architecture concept that has been proposed as a novel architecture designed for carrying finer granularity IP traffic. A light trail is a unidirectional optical trail between the start node and the end node. It is similar to a lightpath with one important difference in that the intermediate nodes can also access this unidirectional trail. Moreover, the light trail architecture, as detailed later on, does not involve any active switching components. However, these differences make the light trail an ideal candidate for traffic grooming. In light trails, the wavelength is shared in time by the nodes on the light trail. Medium access is arbitrated by a control protocol among the nodes that have data ready to transmit at the same time. In a simple algorithm, upstream nodes have a higher priority compared to the nodes downstream. Current technologies that transport IP-centric traffic in optical networks are often too expensive, due to their reliance on an expensive optical and opto-electronic approach. Consumers generate diverse granularity traffic and service providers need technologies that are affordable and seamlessly upgradable.
Composition of the TV Picture: Some Hypotheses to Test the Forces Operating within the Television Screen.

This article examines the structure of television pictures as based on the theory of field forces and suggests a series of hypotheses, experimental designs, and statistical treatments to be used in empirical investigations. Various theoretical concepts of composition (field forces) — asymmetry of the screen, main direction, magnetism of the frame, attraction of mass, figure/ground relationships, psychological closure, and vectors — are discussed. The author hopes to encourage future research on the structure of TV pictures that will enhance our understanding of the effects of visual communication media on viewers.
A Gly421->Asp substitution causes unusual electrophoretic mobility ofα2(I) chain in a lethal case of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. † 602

Biochemical analysis of type I collagen synthesized by cultured skin fibroblasts was performed to characterized the defect in a patient affected by lethal Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), a dominant heritable brittle bone disorder caused by mutations in one of the two genes coding for the α1 and α2 chains of type I collagen. The SDS-urea-PAGE of procollagen and collagen revealed a broad α1(I) chain, a normal α2(I) and anα2(I) migrating half way between α1 and α2. Procollagen and collagen of media and cell layers, synthesized in the presence ofαα′-dipyridyl, revealed both normal and slower α2(I) suggesting an insertion in COL1A2 gene. CNBr peptide digestion of collagen yielded overmodified α1(I) CB3 and CB7 peptides and a delayed migration of the α2(I) CB3-5 peptide. A delayed CB3-5 persisted also afterαα′-dipyridyl treatment, supporting an alteration ofα2(I) size. The mutation was localized, by this data, between aa 353-551 in α2(I) (CB 3-5). The sequence of this region revealed a G->A transition at nt 1671 in one allele, changing Gly421->Asp in oneα2(I) chain. Procollagen processing was normal. The Tm of the slowα2(I) collagen was 2iC lower than the control, indicating a decrease in triple helix stability. The mutant protein was incorporated in the extracellular matrix synthesized by long term cultured fibroblasts.
Sugar Transport in Chick Embryo Fibroblasts III. EVIDENCE FOR POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION OF TRANSPORT FOLLOWING SERUM ADDITION

Abstract The addition of fetal calf serum to the culture medium of chick embryo fibroblasts resulted in a biphasic increase in the rate of 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake. The first increase in the rate of sugar uptake occurred within 10 min of serum addition and was not blocked by cycloheximide. A second increase in the rate of transport was noted by 1 hour following serum addition, and the increase continued for about 5 hours. The second increase was blocked by cycloheximide, but neither increase was blocked by actinomycin D. Transport rather than phosphorylation was responsible for the serum-stimulated increase in 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake. No difference could be detected in the level of hexokinase activity between fibroblasts in serum-deficient medium and those in serum-containing medium. Studies with the transport inhibitor, cytochalasin B, indicated that transport was the rate-limiting step in 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake at early time points. Analysis of the initial rates of 2-deoxy-d-glucose or 3-O-methyl-d-glucose transport by Lineweaver-Burk plots showed that increases in sugar uptake following the addition of fetal calf serum to the culture medium were due to increases in the Vmax for transport, with the Km remaining constant.
Comparison of Patients with Coronary Artery or Valve Disease: Intraoperative Differences in Blood Volume and Observations of Vasomotor Response

Abstract A review of 296 patients undergoing cardiac operations has shown that those with coronary artery disease have a blood volume deficit. The 148 patients with valve disease had a normal blood volume of 78 ml/kg (normal range, 68–88 ml/kg), while the 148 with coronary artery disease had a blood volume of 69 ml/kg ( p p
T4 DNA injection. I. Growth cycle of a gene 2 mutant.

Abstract When gene 2 amber mutants of T4 infect su − cells, whole particles are produced (2.Su − ) which appear normal in electron micrographs. 2.Su − particles plate less than 0.5% as efficiently as wild type phage on su + hosts. These particles adsorb, contract, and kill their host normally. Up to 40% of 2.Su − DNA is rapidly degraded to acid-soluble fragments after infection of Escherichia coli B, E. coli CR63 rgl − and E. coli B 40 SuI. 2.Su − particles provide gene products for in vivo complementation only 10–20% as efficiently as 2.Su + phage. 2.Su − DNA is glucosylated and unnicked inside the phage head. Morphogenesis of 2.Su − progeny is delayed and the burst of 2.Su − phage is decreased compared to wild-type infections. Thus, the absence of gene 2 product during phage synthesis affects both morphogenesis and particle infectivity. 2.Su − particles are defective at an early stage of infection, probably after DNA ejection and before gene expression.
Automated debugging with tractable probabilistic programming

Probabilistic programming languages allow domain experts to specify generative models in a high-level language, and reason about those models using domainindependent algorithms. Given an input, a probabilistic program generates a distribution over outputs. In this work, we instead use probabilistic programming to explicitly reason about the distribution over programs, rather than outputs. We propose Tractable Probabilistic Programs (TPP), a language to represent rich probabilistic dependencies between different parts of a program; we make use of the recent work on sum-product networks to ensure that inference remains tractable. We explain how TPP can be applied to the problem of automated program debugging; given a corpus of buggy programs, a TPP model can be learned to capture a probability distribution over the location of the bug. The model can also incorporate additional sources of information, such as coverage statistics on test suites. We also briefly outline how TPP can be used to solve the more ambitious problem of fault correction, i.e. predicting the most probable true program conditioned on a buggy one. The ability to learn common patterns of bugs and incorporate multiple sources of information potentially makes TPP useful as a unifying framework for automated program debugging.
Novel tyrosine kinase identified by phosphotyrosine antibody screening of cDNA libraries.

Abstract In an attempt to clone protein tyrosine kinases, antiphosphotyrosine antibodies were used to screen lambda gt11 cDNA expression libraries. By this method, a 2.5-kilobase cDNA encoding a novel tyrosine kinase was isolated from a mouse liver cDNA library. This new gene is most closely related to the receptor tyrosine kinases ret, fms, and kit.
Electric-field-induced strong enhancement of electroluminescence in multilayer molybdenum disulfide

The layered transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted considerable interest for their unique electronic and optical properties. While the monolayer MoS2 exhibits a direct bandgap, the multilayer MoS2 is an indirect bandgap semiconductor and generally optically inactive. Here we report electric-field-induced strong electroluminescence in multilayer MoS2. We show that GaN-Al2O3-MoS2 and GaN-Al2O3-MoS2-Al2O3-graphene vertical heterojunctions can be created with excellent rectification behaviour. Electroluminescence studies demonstrate prominent direct bandgap excitonic emission in multilayer MoS2 over the entire vertical junction area. Importantly, the electroluminescence efficiency observed in multilayer MoS2 is comparable to or higher than that in monolayers. This strong electroluminescence can be attributed to electric-field-induced carrier redistribution from the lowest energy points (indirect bandgap) to higher energy points (direct bandgap) in k-space. The electric-field-induced electroluminescence is general for other layered materials including WSe2 and can open up a new pathway towards transition metal dichalcogenide-based optoelectronic devices.
Abstract P167: The Body Adiposity Index in Africans is a more Practical Measure of Percent Fat than Bioelectric Impedance

As the obesity epidemic overtakes Africa, practical methods to measure percent body fat need identification. Possibilities which have not been validated in Africans are the Body Adiposity Index (BAI), which uses hip circumference and height and the same formula for men and women, and bioelectric impedance (BIA) derived from NHANES III data and uses different equations for men and women. Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans as the reference method, 107 Africans (71% male; age 39.5∓10.3 y, range 22 to 64 y; BMI 27.9∓4.5 kg/m2, range 19.7 to 41.2 kg/m2) had percent body fat assessed in two ways. Method 1 was: BAI (Hip circumference/Height1.5)-18). Method 2 was: BIA (Men: weight - (-10.678 + 0.262*weight + 0.652*height2/resistance + 0.015*resistance))/weight*100; Women: (weight - (-9.529 + 0.168*weight + 0.696*height2/resistance + 0.016*resistance))/weight*100)). Percent body fat by DXA, BAI and BIA are shown in the Figure. Concordance was between 0.5 and 0.6 with P<0.001 for DXA and BAI as well...
Application of high‐throughput mini‐bioreactor system for systematic scale‐down modeling, process characterization, and control strategy development

High-throughput systems and processes have typically been targeted for process development and optimization in the bioprocessing industry. For process characterization, bench scale bioreactors have been the system of choice. Due to the need for performing different process conditions for multiple process parameters, the process characterization studies typically span several months and are considered time and resource intensive. In this study, we have shown the application of a high-throughput mini-bioreactor system viz. the Advanced Microscale Bioreactor (ambr15(TM) ), to perform process characterization in less than a month and develop an input control strategy. As a pre-requisite to process characterization, a scale-down model was first developed in the ambr system (15 mL) using statistical multivariate analysis techniques that showed comparability with both manufacturing scale (15,000 L) and bench scale (5 L). Volumetric sparge rates were matched between ambr and manufacturing scale, and the ambr process matched the pCO2 profiles as well as several other process and product quality parameters. The scale-down model was used to perform the process characterization DoE study and product quality results were generated. Upon comparison with DoE data from the bench scale bioreactors, similar effects of process parameters on process yield and product quality were identified between the two systems. We used the ambr data for setting action limits for the critical controlled parameters (CCPs), which were comparable to those from bench scale bioreactor data. In other words, the current work shows that the ambr15(TM) system is capable of replacing the bench scale bioreactor system for routine process development and process characterization.
Sirtuin Chemical Mechanisms

Sirtuins are ancient proteins widely distributed in all lifeforms of earth. These proteins are universally able to bind NAD(+), and activate it to effect ADP-ribosylation of cellular nucleophiles. The most commonly observed sirtuin reaction is the ADP-ribosylation of acetyllysine, which leads to NAD(+)-dependent deacetylation. Other types of ADP-ribosylation have also been observed, including protein ADP-ribosylation, NAD(+) solvolysis and ADP-ribosyltransfer to 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, a reaction involved in eubacterial cobalamin biosynthesis. This review broadly surveys the chemistries and chemical mechanisms of these enzymes.
Hypertension and cardiovascular hypertrophy during chronic catecholamine infusion in rats

Chronic continuous infusion of norepinephrine (NE) or epinephrine (Epi) subcutaneously in rats resulted in rapid elevation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 40 mm Hg. Pressure remained high for the duration of the infusion but rapidly returned to control levels after its termination. Pronounced hypertrophy of the thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta and heart was evident within 2 days of the initiation of NE infusion and a plateau was attained by 5 days of infusion. The activity of tissue ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, was elevated preceeding the onset of tissue hypertrophy, and returned to control levels coincidentally with the cessation of accelerated tissue growth. It is concluded that high blood pressure in this animal model of hypertension is dependent upon the continued presence of exogenous catecholamine, and that pronounced cardiovascular hypertrophy per se is not sufficient to maintain the hypertension. The elevation and decline of vascular ODC activity is consistent with reports that in other tissues an elevation of ODC activity is an obligatory early event in hypertrophy.
The morbidity and mortality of colostomy closure.

Retrospective analysis was done of 304 patients who underwent colostomy closure at Henry Ford Hospital between 1967 and 1977. A mortality of less than 0.3 per cent and a morbidity rate of 14 per cent, with an average hospital stay of 15 days, is hereby reported. Wound infection was the most common complication with an incidence of 9.5 per cent. Late complications during the study period were less than 3 per cent.
Preoperative Localization of Parathyroid Adenomas Using 4-Dimensional Computed Tomography: A Pictorial Essay

Accurate preoperative localization is the key to successful parathyroid surgery in the era of minimally invasive parathyroid surgery. This article presents and discusses the embryologic basis of parathyroid gland and ectopic location and different imaging modalities helpful in diagnosing and localizing parathyroid adenomas and/or hyperplasia. We also aim to review the current surgical concepts in treatment of parathyroid adenomas and/or hyperplasia, the utility of 4-dimensional computed tomography for accurate preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands, imaging classification of adenomas and/or hyperplasia, and, finally, present some of the limitations of 4-dimensional computed tomography.
Modeling monetary policy as an unobserved variable

Abstract This paper presents a model of the U.S. Monetary Authority. It is assumed that monetary policy is a single dimensioned unobserved variable that links changes in a set of ‘causal’ variables representing economic goals and changes in money market ‘indicator’ variables. Several issues are examined pertaining to the weights attached to the causal variables including: the lag structure, changes over time, and asymmetric effects of positive and negative changes. As a by product of the model, the paper presents an estimated index of monetary policy for the years 1955–1975.
ERRORS IN THE PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF CHILDREN WITH ACHONDROPLASIA

To provide data about the frequency of prenatal misdiagnosis in achondroplasia (Ach), we retrospectively abstracted data from 37 consecutive referrals of infants with Ach where ultrasound was performed prenatally. Nine of 37 (24 per cent) had a positive family history of Ach; all nine were correctly diagnosed prenatally. Of the 28 with no family history of Ach, 16 (57 per cent) were recognized to have abnormalities on ultrasound but none was given a definite diagnosis of Ach. Five families received an appropriate diagnosis of "most likely' Ach and four others were given a non-specific (but appropriate) diagnosis of some dwarfing disorder, not otherwise specified. In seven instances (25 per cent), an incorrect diagnosis of a lethal or very severe disorder was provided. These results illustrate the difficulty of making a specific prenatal diagnosis of Ach. In the face of the resulting uncertainty, physicians appear to elect to emphasize the most severe of alternative diagnoses. Given the homogeneity of mutations within the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene in the vast majority of patients with Ach, FGFR3 mutational analysis can be offered in every instance where a short-limb disorder is ultrasonographically detected in the latter stages of pregnancy. This would reduce the amount of incorrect and potentially harmful information provided to families.
A prototype segmental model for blood flow and heat transfer in the limb

Abstract A general modeling technique for characterizing the blood flow and heat transfer properties in the human limb is reported in this paper. The basic idea is to take the segmental approach so that a lumped model for each segment can be constructed. Consequently, a prototype segmental computer model is proposed which describes, in general terms, the interrelationships between the circulatory system and the thermal system of the limb. Simulation study of digital response to hand cooling is made and the results agree very well with the experimental data.
Immunosuppressive therapy in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.

To evaluate the efficacy of systemic immunosuppressive drugs, including corticosteroids, in the long-term treatment of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, we conducted a prospective clinical trial in 57 patients (34 women and 23 men ranging in age from 46 to 94 years). Each patient was assigned to one of five groups. Group 1 (26 patients) served as the control group (four patients in this group who showed progression were later switched to treatment groups). Group 2 (eight patients) received combination therapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisone; Group 3 (13 patients) received cyclophosphamide alone; Group 4 (nine patients) received azathioprine; and Group 5 (five patients) received prednisone alone. We found that untreated ocular cicatricial pemphigoid has a variable course and does not necessarily progress. Further, the disease may be asymmetric in severity and progression; progression is more likely in advanced stages than in the earlier stages. Although immunosuppressive therapy inhibited conjunctival shrinking in all four treatment groups, some eyes in each group progressed despite treatment. Serious complications included hemorrhagic cystitis, dermatitis, anorexia and weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, and leukopenia.
Prediction of exposure degree diagram and sites of limited proteolysis in globular proteins as an approach to computer‐aided design of protein bioregulators with prolonged action

In order to prolong the lifetime of protein bioregulators in blood it is possible to engineer analogs with protected sites of limited proteolysis. To determine the sites, primarily accessible to trypsin-like proteases, a computer procedure has been developed, including a prediction algorithm, to produce the residue diagram of a globular protein and a discriminant algorithm to determine the sites most liable to proteolysis. The accuracy of prediction of amino acid residue exposure is characterised by correlation coefficients between experimental and theoretical exposure values, the coefficients being about 0.7 as calculated for 10 globular proteins. The classification of Arg and Lys residues into two groups, susceptible or insusceptible to protease, has an error percentage of about 25.
High order correction and sampling strategy for 45nm immersion lithography overlay control

As advanced semiconductor companies move forward to the 45nm technology node, traditional overlay sampling and linear correction used in dry lithography become less feasible to bring overlay control into the desired budget. New overlay control methodologies need to be established to meet the needs of much tighter overlay budgets in the immersion lithography process. Overlay source of variance (SOV) was first investigated to understand the major contributor of overlay error sources. The SOVis broken down into wafer, field, and random components in order to utilize the SOV information to prioritize overlay improvement decisions. High order wafer level or field level error components are commonly observed as a significant contributor and requires attention to bring the overlay residual into the desired limit. Optimal sample is determined in considering sample plan robustness and throughput impact while increasing sampling becomes a necessity in 45nm technology node.
Equivalent Static Analysis Method for Barge Impact-Resistant Bridge Design

In the United States, barge impact-resistant bridge design typically involves static application of code-prescribed impact loads. However, the existing static analysis procedure neglects crucial dynamic effects in the impacted bridge. Recent experimental and analytical studies have uncovered important impact-related dynamic amplification of pier member demands, primarily stemming from superstructure inertial effects. These studies have focused on the use of dynamic structural analysis as a means of accounting for dynamic amplification. Although time-domain dynamic analysis techniques are capable of accurately predicting amplified member design forces, such techniques may not be warranted during preliminary design iterations when detailed structural parameters have not yet been established. In this paper, a static analysis procedure is developed that emulates pier response modes that arise during dynamic barge impact events. The proposed method provides a simplified means of approximating dynamic amplification effects and is shown to produce conservative predictions (in relation to dynamic analysis) of both pier and foundation design forces.
Can a single action have many different descriptions

To say that a single human action can be given different descriptions is to imply that the contrast between action and description is intelligible. There are several ways in which such a contrast is easily understood, but those ways do not meet philosophers’ needs. They have said that the descriptions are all true, thereby excluding that interpretation in which no more than one description could be true. They have emphasized the word ‘different’, therefore that interpretation in which the descriptions are partial and consequently combinable into one larger description is excluded. The descriptions must be different and true while remaining descriptions of the same single action. How can we conceive of this sort of contrast between description and action? It is not a familiar one. Several attempts are made in this paper to provide a way of conceiving of the contrast. All fail. The conclusion is hesitantly drawn that we have no other way to conceive of different human actions than by descriptions which are ...
Human mesenchymal stem cell subpopulations express a variety of neuro-regulatory molecules and promote neuronal cell survival and neuritogenesis

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplanted at sites of nerve injury are thought to promote functional recovery by producing trophic factors that induce survival and regeneration of host neurons. To evaluate this phenomenon further, we quantified in human MSCs neurotrophin expression levels and their effects on neuronal cell survival and neuritogenesis. Screening a human MSC cDNA library revealed expressed transcripts encoding BDNF and β-NGF but not NT-3 and NT-4. Immunostaining demonstrated that BDNF and β-NGF proteins were restricted to specific MSC subpopulations, which was confirmed by ELISA analysis of 56 separate subclones. Using a co-culture assay, we also demonstrated that BDNF expression levels correlated with the ability of MSC populations or subclones to induce survival and neurite outgrowth in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. However, these MSC-induced effects were only partially inhibited by a neutralizing anti-BDNF antibody. MSCs were also shown to promote neurite outgrowth within dorsal root ganglion explants despite secreting 25-fold lower level of β-NGF required exogenously to produce a similar effect. Interrogation of the human MSC transcriptome identified expressed mRNAs encoding various neurite-inducing factors, axon guidance and neural cell adhesion molecules. Moreover, a subset of these transcripts was shown to correlate with BDNF expression in MSC subclones. Collectively, these studies reveal the existence of MSC subpopulations that co-express neurotrophins and other potent neuro-regulatory molecules, which contribute to MSC-induced effects on neuronal cell survival and nerve regeneration. These subpopulations may represent more potent vectors for treating a variety of neurological disorders.
Novel animal models for Sjögren's syndrome: expression and transfer of salivary gland dysfunction from regulatory T cell-deficient mice.

IL-2 knockout (KO), IL-2Ralpha KO and scurfy mice lack the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and develop severe inflammation in multiple organs, although organs affected vary among these strains. We asked if salivary and lacrimal glands, the main organs affected in Sjogren's syndrome, are targeted in these strains. Severe lymphocyte and neutrophil infiltration in the salivary and lacrimal glands and a decrease in salivary secretory function were observed in IL-2 KO and IL-2Ralpha KO mice, but not in scurfy mice. Interestingly, transfer of lymph node cells from scurfy mice to RAG-1 KO recipients rapidly and effectively induced inflammation and loss of function in the salivary glands. Furthermore, we observed that daily LPS feeding in scurfy mice also induced inflammation in the salivary glands. Our study demonstrates several novel models for Sjogren's syndrome, including an adoptive transfer model that shows that scurfy mice have dormant salivary gland-specific autoreactive lymphocytes that can be activated by certain environmental factors, such as those present in RAG-1 KO mice.
Pathophysiology of hypertension in response to placental ischemia during pregnancy: a central role for endothelin?

Abstract Background: Preeclampsia is new-onset hypertension with proteinuria during pregnancy. The initiating event in preeclampsia has been postulated to involve reduced placental perfusion, which leads to widespread dysfunction of the maternal vascular endothelium. Objective: The main objective of this brief review was to highlight some of the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms whereby the endothelin (ET) system, via ET type A (ETA) receptor activation, modulates blood pressure in preeclamptic women and in animal models of pregnancy-related hypertension. Methods: This review focused on the role of ET and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in preeclampsia, with emphasis on the pathophysiology of hypertension in response to placental ischemia in animal models of pregnancy. Relevant published data were identified by searching PubMed and supplemented with contributions from our laboratory. Results: Studies in preeclamptic women indicate that their hypertension is associated with increases in ET synthesis. Recent studies in pregnant rats indicate that the ET system is activated in response to reductions in uterine perfusion pressure and to chronic elevations in serum TNF-α concentrations. In these 2 animal models, the findings also suggest that ET A receptor activation may play a role in mediating hypertension. Conclusions: Although recent studies in animal models implicate an important role for the ET system in preeclampsia, the usefulness of selective ET A receptor antagonists for the treatment of hypertension in women with preeclampsia remains unclear. This important question will not be answered until well-controlled clinical studies using specific ET A receptor antagonists are conducted for women with preeclampsia.
A statistical theory of void growth and time-lag

The Langevin method using the system-size expansion is applied to the nucleation and growth of voids in irradiated metals. The evolution of the average void size and the fluctuations are ordered with respect to the “system-size” inverse, where the system-size is defined as the concentration of nucleating centers. To the lowest order, the average void size satisfies the equations used for swelling calculations, and the fluctuations about the mean are Gaussian. The growth of critical sized clusters into voids is due to the higher order terms. Void growth under steady-state irradiation depends on the higher order non-Gaussian corrections until the voids become large enough. The cooling cycle of an ICFR is also considered. It is found that the non-Gaussian correction terms may play a significant role in the final void size at the end of the pulse period. The two-time cluster size correlation function φ(t, t') is evaluated near the critical size. φ(t, t') is exponentially increasing with an e-folding time, which is within a factor of about two of nucleation time-lag estimates using multistate kinetics. For sizes greater than the critical size, an exact equation is derived relating φ(t, t') to the void size current I(x, t).
On the classification of spaces of Hölder continuous functions

Abstract Let M be a compact C ∞ -Riemanian n -manifold and let Λ k ,α ( M ) denote the C k -differentiable functions whose k -th derivatives satisfy a Holder condition with exponent α and with λ k ,α ( M ) the closure of the C ∞ -function in Λ k ,α . In this paper we show that Λ k ,α ( M ) is isomorphic to the Banach space l ∞ with the isomorphism carrying Λ k ,α ( M ) onto c 0 . In addition, Λ k, α (M) ∗∗ the second adjoint space is naturally isomorphic to Λ k ,α ( M ).
Modeling the influence of decomposing organic solids on sulfate reduction rates for iron precipitation.

The influence of decomposing organic solids on sulfate (SO42-) reduction rates for metals precipitation in sulfate-reducing systems, such as in bioreactors and permeable reactive barriers for treatment of acid mine drainage, is modeled. The results are evaluated by comparing the model simulations with published experimental data for two single-substrate and two multiple-substrate batch equilibrium experiments. The comparisons are based on the temporal trends in SO42-, ferrous iron (Fe2+), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations, as well as on rates of sulfate reduction. The temporal behaviors of organic solid materials, dissolved organic substrates, and different bacterial populations also are simulated. The simulated results using Contois kinetics for polysaccharide decomposi tion, Monod kinetics for lactate-based sulfate reduction, instantaneous or kinetically controlled precipitation of ferrous iron mono-sulfide (FeS), and partial volatilization of H2S to the gas phase compare favorably with the expe...
Pregnancy Outcomes after Maternal Exposure to Fluconazole

We evaluated pregnancy outcomes in 234 women exposed to fluconazole, 492 exposed to a topically administered azole preparation, 88 exposed to an oral azole preparation other than fluconazole, and 1629 not exposed to any of these agents during the first trimester of pregnancy. Relative risks of having a baby with a congenital disorder for women exposed to fluconazole, oral azoles, and topical azoles in the first trimester of pregnancy compared with those who were unexposed were 1.1 (95% CI 0.4–3.3), 2.1 (95% CI 0.7–6.8), and 0.6 (95% CI 0.2–1.6), respectively. These results provide reassurance that fluconazole exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy does not materially increase the risk of congenital disorders in infants.
The Nieo and the Distribution of American Assistance

IN RECENT YEARS the linkage between international organizations and nations has generated a variety of research approaches. Charles Pentland (1976: 621-59) has summarized these linkages into three principal approaches. First, international organizations can serve as instruments of national policy. In this kind of linkage, international organizations are examined primarily as means that states use to obtain their own national goals. International institutions are in effect another tool of statecraft along with the traditional military, economic, and diplomatic instruments which nations possess. Second, international organizations can act as autonomous international actors above and beyond the nation-state system. In this context, previous research has assessed how far international autonomy has gone and how far these organizations have contributed to international integration. Third, international organizations can intercede as "systemic modifiers" of state behavior. In this linkage, international organizations are analyzed neither as independent actors in global politics nor as instruments of policy for a particular state. Instead, research in this tradition examines the impact of international organizations behavior upon state behavior, rather than assessing the effect of state behavior upon international organizations as in the first linkage. The aim is to assess how far international organization activities affect nation-state behavior.1
Playing but Losing: Women’s Sports after Title IX

Girls and women have more opportunities since Title IX, but the playing field is still far from level. Cheryl Cooky and Nicole M. Lavoi explore how major inequities remain, especially in terms of media attention, distribution of institutional resources and opportunities to coach and lead in the world of sport.
Anatomy of the Fully Formed Chondrocranium of Emydura subglobosa (Chelidae): A Pleurodiran Turtle

The chondrocranium is a cartilaginous structure that forms around and protects the brain and sensory organs of the head. Through ontogeny, this skel- etal structure may become more elaborate, remodeled and reabsorbed, and/or ossified. Though considerable attention has been given to the formation of the chon- drocranium and a great amount of data has been gath- ered on the development of this structure among many craniates, the anatomy of this structure in turtles often is neglected. We describe the mature chondrocranium of the pleurodiran turtle, Emydura subglobosa (Chelidae) based on hatchling specimens. Though formation and ossification of bony elements has been studied previously in this species, a detailed description of the chondrocra- nium of this pleurodiran turtle has not been presented. Anatomy of the chondrocranium was described for E. subglobosa by examination of cleared and double-stained specimens. The orbitotemporal region of E. subglobosa is dramatically different from that of other described turtles (e.g., Apalone spinifera, Pelodiscus sinensis, Chelydra serpentina, Macrochelys temminckii, Trachemys scripta, Chrysemys picta, and Eretmochelys imbricata) in that a prominent taenia mar- ginalis spans the space between the planum suprasep- tale and otic capsules, and the pila antotica (which becomes modified and ossified through ontogeny to form the processus clinoideus) is greatly reduced and essen- tially absent in hatchling specimens. The morphology seen in E. subglobosa is similar to that of Caretta caretta, particularly as it relates to the taenia margina- lis. Variation in the orbitotemporal region is briefly dis- cussed in the context of the taenia marginalis, taenia medialis, pila metoptica, and pila antotica. J. Morphol.
Morphologies of strongly segregated polystyrene-poly(dimethylsiloxane) diblock copolymers

Abstract Five polystyrene—poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PS/PDMS) diblocks were synthesized by sequential anionic polymerization, and their morphologies characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All materials are microphase-separated in toluene-cast films, and estimates of the interaction parameter χ indicate that these materials are all strongly segregated. The experimentally determined phase diagram is strongly skewed towards low styrene volume fractions, even more than the styrene—isoprene (SI) diblock phase diagram, even though little conformational asymmetry should exist in the PS/PDMS system. The PS/PDMS diblocks form substantially larger microdomain structures than the analogous SI diblocks, reflecting the stronger segregation strength.
Sputum Mast Cell Markers Reflect Invasive Measures and Represent a Noninvasive Biologic Marker of Asthma Control and Severity

S U N D A Y 494 Sputum Mast Cell Markers Reflect Invasive Measures and Represent a Noninvasive Biologic Marker of Asthma Control and Severity M. L. Fajt, S. Balzar, J. F. Alcorn, J. B. Trudeau, S. E. Wenzel; The Asthma Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA. RATIONALE: Prior studies have shown that chymase positive mast cells (MCTC) predominate in the submucosa, epithelium [Balzar, AJRCCM, epub 2010] and bronchoalveolar (BAL) cells of severe asthmatics (SA) [Fajt, ATS, 2009] and predict a poorly controlled SA phenotype. We hypothesized that sputumMCmarkers would reflect those measured using bronchoscopy. METHODS: Sputum from 6 NC, 13 mild/moderate asthmatics (MMA) (10 on inhaled corticosteroids) and 15 SA was evaluated for the MC markers, tryptase and carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3), by quantitative realtime-PCR. A subgroup (N517) had matching bronchoscopy MC mRNA. The average time between sputum induction and bronchoscopy was 32.1 days. Data were normalized to GAPDH, log transformed and compared between groups. RESULTS: Sputum CPA3 mRNA levels were highest in SA [39.25 (21.4871.74) arbitrary units (AU)] compared to MMA [3.94 (2.935.28) AU] and NC [6.62 (4.59-9.55) AU] [overall p50.004, SA vs. MMA p 1 month apart, the MC signature appears stable. Sputum analysis maybeuseful in longitudinal clinical and researchevaluationof severeasthma.
In situ analysis of centromere segregation in C57BL/6 x Mus spretus interspecific backcrosses

The analysis of major satellite sequence differences between Mus spretus and laboratory mice provides a robust method for analyzing the centromere location for the genetic maps of each mouse chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of a genomic probe, pMR196, for the laboratory mouse major satellite sequences was used to identify C57BL/6Ros (B6) pericentromeric heterochromatin in progeny of reciprocal backcross matings. These included 80 (B6xM. spretus)F1xM. spretus progeny (BSS) and 70 (B6xM. spretus)F1xB6 (BSB) progeny. FISH analysis of pericentromeric heterochromatin was conducted on the same metaphase spreads that were karyotypically analyzed for chromosomespecific banding patterns. Analysis of chromosomal segregation suggested that there was not primary deviation from random assortment during meiosis in the interspecific hybrid female, because nearly all of the 190 pair-wise comparisons did not deviate from expected and because there was no consistent pattern of deviation of the same chromosomes in the reciprocal backcross progeny from similar (C57BL/6xM. spretus)F1 hybrid females. These results affirm the value of using the major satellite to genetically mark pericentromeric heterochromatin in the analysis of the segregation and assortment of centromeres in Mus interspecific crosses.
Universal approach to predicting saturated flow boiling heat transfer in mini/micro-channels - Part II. Two-phase heat transfer coefficient

Abstract This second part of a two-part study examines the prediction of saturated flow boiling heat transfer in mini/micro-channels. The first part culminated in a technique for determining the dryout incipience quality corresponding to substantial deterioration in the heat transfer coefficient. In this part, a consolidated database for flow boiling in mini/micro-channels is amassed from 31 sources, of which 10,805 data points are designated as pre-dryout. The pre-dryout database consists of 18 working fluids, hydraulic diameters of 0.19–6.5 mm, mass velocities of 19–1608 kg/m2 s, liquid-only Reynolds numbers of 57–49,820, qualities of 0–1, and reduced pressures of 0.005–0.69. The pre-dryout database is used to evaluate prior correlations that have been recommended for both macro-channels and mini/micro-channels. A few of these correlations are shown to provide fair overall performance, but their accuracy is compromised against specific portions of the database, especially high pressures and very small diameters. A new generalized correlation is constructed by superpositioning the contributions of nucleate boiling and convective boiling. This correlation is shown to provide very good predictions against the entire pre-dryout database, evidenced by an overall MAE of 20.3%, with 79.9% and 95.5% of the data falling within ±30% and ±50% error bands, respectively. Evenly good predictions are achieved for all working fluids and all ranges of the database parameters.
Studies on the electron transport system. X. Preparation and spectral properties of a particulate DPNH and succinate cytochrome c reductase from heart muscle.

Abstract 1. 1. The electron transport particle (ETP) has been fractionated with a mixture of cholate and ammonium sulfate. A particulate fraction has been obtained (DPNH-DC-SDC) which catalyzes the oxidation of both DPNH and succinate by cytochrome c. At a higher concentration of ammonium sulfate, another particulate fraction (SDC) has been obtained which is active only with succinate. 2. 2. DPNH-DC-SDC contains cytochromes b and c1 (but not c or cytochrome oxidase) in the molecular ratio 1:8:1.0. The enzyme bound hemoproteins are reduced to the same degree by either succinate or DPNH. 65% of the total cytochrome b is reducible by substrate whereas 80% of the total cytochrome c1 is reducible by substrate. 3. 3. In aged preparations, the rates of reduction of cytochromes b, c1 and of externally added c by DPNH are greatly decreased and the extent of reduction of cytochrome b is diminished. The reducibility of the hemes by succinate is less labile.
Prevalence, characteristics and significance of ventricular tachycardia (three or more complexes) detected with ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction☆

Abstract A 24 hour electrocardiographic recording was performed before hospital discharge in 430 patients who survived the cardiac care unit phase of acute myocardial infarction. Fifty patients (11.6 percent) had ventricular tachycardia, that is, three or more consecutive ventricular complexes. In 25 (50 percent) of these 50 patients, there was only one episode of ventricular tachycardia and, in 15 patients (30 percent), the longest run of ventricular tachycardia was only three consecutive ventricular premature depolarizations. The average rate of tachycardia was 119/min. Tachycardia rarely started with R on T ventricular premature complexes (4 of 1,370 episodes in 50 patients). There was no difference between the groups with and without ventricular tachycardia with respect to age and sex, but the patients with tachycardia had a significantly greater prevalence of previous myocardial infarction, left ventricular failure in the cardiac care unit, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation in the cardiac care unit and significantly more frequent use of digitalis and diuretic and antiarrhythmic drugs at the time of hospital discharge. The group with tachycardia had a 38.0 percent 1 year mortality rate compared with the rate of 11.6 percent in the group without tachycardia. Ventricular tachycardia had a strong association with 1 year mortality (odds ratio = 4.7). Although ventricular tachycardia had a significant association with many other postinfarction risk factors, it was still significantly associated with the 1 year mortality (p
Exploiting stopped-flow injection methods for quantitative chemical assays

Abstract Advantages of the stopped-flow injection techniques are emphasized and illustrated by examples of assays developed in the authors' laboratory, including enzymatic measurements for bioporcess monitoring, the monitoring of enzyme reactions on solid surfaces, the determination of reaction rate constants, membrance preconcentration of molecular species, flow-injection-Fourier transform IR measurements and a novel type of flow-injection coulometric titration. Sequential injection analysis, a next generation of stopped-flow injection methodologies, is discussed together with new ways of propelling and controlling flows, including novel syringe-based devices.
Late Auditory Event-Related Potentials in Children With Cochlear Implants: A Review

The body of event-related potential (ERP) literature focusing on children with cochlear implants is growing. By studying ERPs with late latencies (>75 msec), it is possible to (a) document the emergence and quality of higher-order auditory skills prior to when valid behavioral testing is possible, (b) determine the existence of a critical period for auditory stimulation, and (c) establish whether late latency ERPs are predictive of speech and language outcomes. These topics and future directions are addressed in this review of P1 through P600 ERP studies on children with cochlear implants.
Relative Importance of Rehabilitation Therapy Characteristics on Functional Outcomes for Persons With Stroke

Background and Purpose— The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative importance of therapy focus, intensity, and length of stay on greater than expected functional gain, controlling for stroke severity. Methods— This observational study included 198 first-stroke patients who were recruited from 8 in-patient rehabilitation facilities and 5 subacute programs. Stroke severity (motor, sensory and cognitive impairment) at admission was measured using an instrument combining all 3 aspects; self-care, mobility, and cognitive status at admission and discharge were measured with the Functional Independence Measure. Time spent by physical, occupational, and speech-language therapists on function- and impairment-focused activities were used to compute therapy intensity by discipline and type of activity. Residual change scores, estimated by regressing discharge on admission functional status, were modeled using patient and therapy characteristics. Results— Controlling for the stroke severity, greater than ...
Sensation seeking, Eysenck's personality dimensions and reinforcement sensitivity in concept formation☆

Abstract The relationship between the SSS and EPQ personality dimensions and reinforcement sensitivity was examined in 140 undergraduates using a non-reversal shift concept formation task. Differences in reinforcement sensitivity related to sensation seeking (SS) were not found, although this trait and the EPQ scales were correlated with the Reward and Punishment Expectancy scales from a newly developed questionnaire (GRAPES). The superior concept learning of high neuroticism subjects was markedly disrupted by the frustration of an abrupt change in reinforcement contingency. There was some support for past research findings that introverts and low psychoticism (P) subjects were more inhibited by punishment than extraverts and high P subjects.