cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Narrative concepts and analysis in Spiritually- based communities

Researchers from a wide variety of disciplines have found narratives to be useful explaining cross-level psychological phenomena. Narratives with different sources and functions occur at group (dominant cultural and community narratives) and individual levels of analysis (stories). A variety of methods can be used to identify, record, and analyze narratives and stories. Research on narratives may be particularly useful for understanding the relationship between social process and individual experience, especially in spiritually based communities (e.g., religious organizations). Narratives in spiritual settings appear to serve a variety of functions in community life including fostering development of members' identity, defining community membership (i.e., gatekeeping), building a sense of community, and facilitating personal change. As such, local community narratives are vital psychological resources, particularly where dominant cultural narratives fail to adequately represent the lived experience of individuals. The documentation and analysis of narratives is, therefore, a worthy project for community psychologists. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Industrial Responses to Constrained OSHA Regulation

As part of the effort to reduce the size and economic impact of the federal establishment, congressional conservatives are proposing legislation to restrict the regulatory activity of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). These proposals push OSHA toward a purely consultative role, at a corresponding cost in direct regulatory capability. The Clinton administration's reinvention of government initiative is also moving OSHA toward a consultative role based on a strategy of cooperative compliance or industry self-regulation with a strong coercive foundation. Since both camps appear to agree that self-regulation can assure a safe and healthy workplace, the remaining debate concerns the extent to which coercive regulation is still needed. National survey data on the industrial provision of occupational safety and health services in the manufacturing sector were used to measure changes in industrial safety and health activity between 1972–74 and 1981–83. In conjunction with data on OSHA comm...
A discussion on non-blocking/lockup-free caches

Cache memories are commonly used to bridge the gap between processor and memory speed. Caches provide fast access to a subset of memory. When a memory request does not find an address in the cache, a cache miss is incurred. In most commercial processors today, whenever a data cache read miss occurs, the processor will stall until the outstanding miss is serviced. This can severely degrade the overall system performance.To remedy this situation, non-blocking (lockup-free) caches can be employed. A non-blocking cache allows the processor to continue to perform useful work even in the presence of cache misses.This paper summarizes past work on lockup free caches, describing the four main design choices that have been proposed. A summary of the performance of these past studies is presented, followed by a discussion on potential speedup that the processor could obtain when using lockup free caches.
Antibody‐Based Immunosuppression Following Liver Transplantation: The Plot Thickens

The role of antibody-based immunosuppression in liver transplant recipients remains an area in which prospective trials are needed.
Unexpected observation in measurements of transport coefficients in 3He-4He mixtures near T lambda.

Measurements of the shear viscosity \ensuremath{\eta} and thermal conductivity \ensuremath{\kappa} in four $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He mixtures having $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ concentrations X\ensuremath{\le}0.09 indicate different \ensuremath{\lambda}-transition temperatures for \ensuremath{\eta} and \ensuremath{\kappa} at the same X. Absent in additional data on pure $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, this difference in transition temperatures increases with $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ concentration. We tentatively attribute the effect to an unexpectedly large enhancement of the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ concentration near the walls of either the viscometer or the thermal conductivity cell.
Insecticidal control of greenbugs in grain sorghum.

Irrigated grain sorghum yields were significantly increased by controlling Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) with disulfoton granules applied as a furrow treatment at planting time and as a later sidedress. Dosages of 1 and 2 lb active ingredient per acre were effective as furrow treatments at planting, and 0.85 lb/acre was effective as a sidedress. Disulfoton-impregnated fertilizer soil treatments did not control greenbugs or increase irrigated grain sorghum yields. Greenbugs were satisfactorily controlled in irrigated grain sorghum with foliar applications of carbaryl and parathion sprays. Excellent control was also obtained with a foliar application of disulfoton granules. Grain yields were increased with these insecticides. Carbaryl and disulfoton also satisfactorily controlled the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Plant stands of dryland grain sorghum were lowered by disulfoton-granule treatments applied in the furrow along with the seed at planting. Greenbug reduction was generally unsatisfactory. Foliar spray applications of disulfoton, parathion, and dimethoate gave satisfactory greenbug control in dryland grain sorghum. Dimethoate at 1/2 lb/acre was little or no more effective than 0.15 lb/acre for the 3-week period. Disulfoton was as effective at 0.25 lb/acre as at 0.50 lb. Use of these insecticides did not increase dryland grain yields. Foliar applications of disulfoton-impregnated fertilizer gave unsatisfactory green bug control when applied to dryland grain sorghum at the rate of 1.0 lb of disulfoton/acre, but satisfactory results were obtained at the rate of 1.5 lb/acre. Disulfoton granules gave satisfactory greenbug reduction at 1.0 lb AI/acre.
On the Day—Tripathi orientation of the star graphs: connectivity

Abstract Day and Tripathi (1993) proposed an assignment of directions on the star graphs and derived attractive properties for the resulting directed graphs. An important property is that they are strongly connected. In this short paper, we show that the Day–Tripathi orientations are in fact maximally arc-connected when n is odd. For n is even, they can be augmented to maximally arc-connected digraphs by adding a minimum set of arcs.
Resolution scalability for arbitrary wavelet transforms in the JPEG-2000 standard

A new set of boundary-handling algorithms has been developed for discrete wavelet transforms in the ISO/IEC JPEG-2000 Still Image Coding Standard. Two polyphase component extrapolation policies are specfied: a constant extension policy and a symmetric extension policy. Neither policy requires any computations to generate the extrapolation. The constant extension policy is a low-complexity option that buffers just one sample from each end of the input being extrapolated. The symmetric extension policy has slightly higher memory and conditional-logic requirements but is mathematically equivalent to wholesample symmetric pre-extension when used with whole-sample symmetric filter banks. Both policies can be employed with arbitrary lifted filter banks, and both policies preserve resolution scalability and reversibility. These extension policies will appear in Annex H, "Transformation of images using arbitrary wavelet transformations," in Part 2 ("Extensions") of the JPEG-2000 standard.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Modeling Study of the Effects of Inhomogeneous Surface Fluxes on Boundary-Layer Properties.

Abstract A numerical modeling study was conducted to examine the response of the atmospheric boundary layer to inhomogeneous surface fluxes. The study was used to extend the results obtained from a field experiment carried out in spring 1992 in north-central Oregon over a region characterized by warm, dry sagebrush and grassland steppe and cooler, irrigated farmland. Characteristic scales of the two prominent land-use types were on the order of 10 km or more. A series of numerical experiments were carried out to analyze boundary-layer behavior on three days selected for detailed study, to perform a set of sensitivity tests to identify the principal mechanisms responsible for secondary circulations in the region, and, with selected two-dimensional simulations, to verify the role of advection in maintaining well-mixed layers over cool surfaces. Although contrasts in land use produce measurable secondary circulations over the study area, terrain effects and ambient winds can mask much of the response to the ...
Assessing the contribution of individual variables following rejection of a multivariate hypothesis

There are two basic approaches for examining the contribution of in-dividual variables to separation of groups after rejection of a multivariate hypothesis: (1) a multivariate approach showing the contribution of each variable in the presence of the other variables, and (2) a univariate approach showing the contribution of each variable by itself ignoring the other vari-ables. For the multivariate approach, we express the standardized (canonical) discriminant function coefficients in a form showing that the contribution of each variable is due to its multiple correlation with the other variables and how well its separation of groups can be predicted from the other variables. For the univariate approach, we present the results of a Monte Carlo study comparing four methods of testing individual variables. A “protected” pro-cedure that performs F tests only if the overall Wilks' A rejects, appears to be preferred.
Mapping of MN1 sequences necessary for myeloid transformation.

The MN1 oncogene is deregulated in human acute myeloid leukemia and its overexpression induces proliferation and represses myeloid differentiation of primitive human and mouse hematopoietic cells, leading to myeloid leukemia in mouse models. To delineate the sequences within MN1 necessary for MN1-induced leukemia, we tested the transforming capacity of in-frame deletion mutants, using retroviral transduction of mouse bone marrow. We found that integrity of the regions between amino acids 12 to 458 and 1119 to 1273 are required for MN1’s in vivo transforming activity, generating myeloid leukemia with some mutants also producing T-cell lympho-leukemia and megakaryocytic leukemia. Although both full length MN1 and a mutant that lacks the residues between 12–228 (Δ12–228 mutant) repressed myeloid differentiation and increased myeloproliferative activity in vitro, the mutant lost its transforming activity in vivo. Both MN1 and Δ12–228 increased the frequency of common myeloid progentiors (CMP) in vitro and microarray comparisons of purified MN1-CMP and Δ12–228-CMP cells showed many differentially expressed genes including Hoxa9, Meis1, Myb, Runx2, Cebpa, Cebpb and Cebpd. This collection of immediate MN1-responsive candidate genes distinguishes the leukemic activity from the in vitro myeloproliferative capacity of this oncoprotein.
Hope for treatment of thrombocytopenia.

Thrombocytopenia has been a major problem in the treatment of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation or chemotherapy for cancer. Thrombopoietin, the hormone thought to stimulate the produc...
Outcome of intravenous immunoglobulin-transmitted hepatitis C virus infection in primary immunodeficiency

Physicians in the United States who treat patients with primary immunodeficiency were contacted to identify subjects who had been infected with hepatitis C due to exposure to contaminated intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in 1993-1994. From this survey we gathered information on 58 PCR-positive hepatitis C-infected patients; 37 had CVID, 9 had XLA, 5 were IgG subclass deficient, 4 were antibody deficient with normal immunoglobulin levels, 2 had SCID after BMT, and 1 had B cell linker deficiency. Of the 58 subjects, 30 had been treated with IFN-alpha in combination with ribavirin in 5 cases, and 26 other subjects were not treated. Of those who were treated, 11 (37%) resolved the infection and became PCR-negative; of the 26 who were not treated, 5 (19%) have resolved the infection, outcomes not significantly different. Patients 20 years of age or younger had a significantly better outcome compared to those older than age 20 (P = 0.02). Five subjects of the 58 have had a liver transplantation, a sixth has had two transplants, and 10 (17%) of the group have died. This survey demonstrates the heterogeneity of the clinical outcome in subjects with primary immunodeficiency who contracted hepatitis C due to viral contamination of IVIg.
Adsorption and nucleation of boron triiodide on tungsten

Abstract The physical vapor deposition of boron triiodide on macroscopic tungsten substrates was studied by using a Volmer-type apparatus. Data obtained were treated by a modification of the method of Pound. Results showed that nucleation of BI3 on tungsten was preceded by multilayer adsorption. The critical concentration of adsorbed monomers required for nucleation was 1.0 × 1015 molecules/cm2. Adsorption was time dependent at low temperatures. A steady state between impingent and desorption fluxes occurred at temperatures ⋞ 160°K. The nucleation data are described, using a disk model for the critical nucleus. The following Gibbs free energies were determined: (a) for formation of the critical nucleus, 1700 cal/mole; (b) for surface-diffusion activation, 1900 cal/mole; (c) for desorption activation, 11700 cal/mole; and (d) the critical volume free-energy change, − 72 cal/cm3. Weaknesses in both the macroscopic thermodynamic and statistical mechanical theories together with alternative interpretations of nucleation data are discussed.
Sojourns above a high level for a gaussian process with a point of maximum variance

Let X(t), 0≦t≦ 1, be a measurable Gaussian process with mean 0 and variance σ2(t) = EX2(t). Suppose that σ2(t) assumes a unique maximum value σ2 at a point τ [0,1]. Define Lu = mes(t: 0≦t≦1, X(t)>)Under appropriate conditions, there exists a function fσ(u) such that fσ(u) ∞ for u ∞, and The function fσ and the constant δ > 0 are determined by the behavior of the function R(x) = mes(t: 0 ≦ t ≦ 1, σ2 - σ2(t) ≦ x) for x > 0.
Intermodule protocol for register transfer level modules: representation and analytic tools

A distinguishing feature of modular design from ad hoc design is the establishment of an intermodule protocol to which all modules adhere. The problem of representing and analyzing intermodule protocol for the control portion of register transfer level systems is outlined. An introduction to two existing graph models of computation indicates that existing register transfer level module sets are representable by various "token flow" models. A single model that is capable of representing the token flow models and some of its analytical properties are illustrated by example. Finally, three examples of deadlocks in existing modules sets are presented. These deadlocks were uncovered by the analytic properties of the new model. One example is due to incorrect interconnection of modules at the user level. The other two illustrate incorrect signaling conventions between modules necessitating a redesign of some modules.
Diffusion-layer microstructure of Ni on Si(100)

The initial stage of nickel silicide compound formation at Si(100) surfaces is investigated using low-energy electron diffraction and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. Experimental evidence is obtained for the postulated high interface mobility resulting from transforming the bonding of interface Si atoms from covalent to metallic character. The bond transformation is induced by nickel atoms occupying tetrahedral interstitial voids of the Si lattice. The observed interstitial Ni $d$-state binding energy suggests a diffusion-layer microstructure which does not favor nickel-atom occupancy of adjacent tetrahedral voids.
Angiotensin II stimulates changes in the norepinephrine content of primary cultures of rat brain.

Abstract Interactions between norepinephrine and angiotensin II were investigated in neuron-enriched primary brain cell cultures, which have been demonstrated to contain catecholamines, angiotensin II-like immunoreactivity and specific receptors for angiotensin II. Angiotensin II (7.5 and 15.0 μg/ml) caused significant increases in both neuronal and growth media norepinephrine levels, which were inhibited by saralasin. These observations suggest that angiotensin acts at its specific receptors to alter neuronal norepinephrine levels.
Formation and migration energies of interstitials in silicon under strain conditions

Simulation calculations are conducted for Si substrates to analyze formation and diffusion energies of interstitials under strain condition using statics methods .based on a Stillinger-Weber type potential function. Defects in the vicinity of the surface region and in the bulk are examined, and the role played by compressive and tensile strains on the energetics of interstitials is investigated. Results indicate that strain alters defect energetics which, in turn, modifies their diffusion characteristics.
Urine testing in the detection of drugs of abuse.

• It is vital that physicians are alert to signs and symptoms of arcane drug use by their patients and be prepared to order appropriate laboratory tests that will assist in differentiating problems associated with drug use from those stemming from other causes. Physicians should be familiar with the advantages and disadvantages of the more common screening procedures for drugs of abuse. As a result of recent technical improvements in the instrumentation and reagents used to test for drugs of abuse in urine specimens, these tests, properly performed, are highly accurate for cannabinoids and cocaine, the two most frequently abused drugs; a positive test for opiates and amphetamines is much less specific. By using a two-tiered system of confirmation of positive screening tests that employs techniques such as gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, the incidence of false-positive results is minimal. This article presents guidelines for determining when to order a drug screen; a lexicon of terms commonly used in discussions of screening tests; a description of the advantages, disadvantages, technique, and means of interpreting the more widely used tests; and a section on each of the most frequently abused drugs that describes common errors in test interpretation. (Arch Intern Med1988;148:2407-2412)
The shear viscosity and mutual diffusion coefficients of binary mixtures using the modified Enskog Theory

We use an extended form of the modified Enskog Theory (MET) to calculate viscosity and mutual diffusion coefficients for several binary mixtures. Second and third virial coefficients are required for the calculations. We find that the extended MET provides predictions of the shear viscosity for He-Ar and Ne-Ar mixtures with an accuracy of 2% at densities up to 6 mol · L−1. Extended MET values of mutual diffusion coefficients of binary mixtures in which the mole fraction of one component approaches zero were calculated for He-Ar and Kr-Ar mixtures. The MET values fall within 10–15% of the experimental data at densities up to 11 mol · L−1.
Differential effect of isoproterenol on acute glucagon and insulin release in man

In man, the infusion of arginine or isoproterenol elevates immunoreactive glucagon and insulin levels. Since arginine administered as a pulse stimulates the acute secretion of both hormones, and an insulin rise is observed after the bolus injection of isoproterenol, these findings probably represent a direct effect of arginine and isoproterenol on islet cells. To determine if there is an acute alpha-cell response to isoproterenol, we have administered this beta-adrenergic agonist as a bolus to healthy volunteers. Arginine administered as a pulse elicited both insulin and glucagon responses whereas pulses of isoproterenol, at half maximal and maximal insulin-stimulating doses, had little effect on glucagon levels. This relative insensitivity of the alpha cells to stimulation by isoproterenol suggests that endogenous beta-adrenergic tone may have a stronger influence on insulin than on glucagon secretion. Furthermore, these findings raise the possibility that beta-adrenergic regulation of plasma glucagon levels in vivo occurs by an indirect mechanism rather than a direct effect on the alpha cells.
Forest worker exposure to airborne herbicide residues in smoke from prescribed fires in the Southern United States

Occupational safety and health concerns have been raised in a number of southern states by workers conducting prescribed burns on forest lands treated with herbicides. Modeling assessments coupled with laboratory experiments have shown that the risk of airborne herbicide residues to workers is insignificant, even if the fire occurs immediately after herbicide application. However, no field studies had been conducted to confirm these findings. To bridge that gap, a field validation study was conducted in Georgia to measure breathing zone concentrations of smoke suspended particulate matter (SPM), herbicide residues, and carbon monoxide (CO) on 14 operational prescribed fires. Smoke was monitored on sites treated with labeled rates of forestry herbicides containing the active ingredients imazapyr, triclopyr, hexazinone, and picloram. The sites were burned within 30-169 days after herbicide application. Tract size ranged from 2.4 to 154 hectares. Personal monitors and area monitors employing glass fiber filt...
Injerto arteriovenoso con drenaje en vena axilar proximal

El acceso vascular arteriovenoso para hemodialisis puede dar lugar a complicaciones, incluidas isquemia y edema de la extremidad. Es de eleccion el uso de la extremidad superior no dominante porque las complicaciones se asociaran a una discapacidad menos grave. Habitualmente se considera que la vena axilar distal es el ultimo recurso como lugar de abordaje arteriovenoso en la extremidad superior. Los cirujanos vasculares estan familiarizados con la exposicion de la arteria axilar proximal a traves de un abordaje infraclavicular. La vena axilar tambien se expone facilmente a traves de esta tecnica. El uso de esta vena como flujo de salida del injerto arteriovenoso puede preservar el brazo dominante para un futuro uso. Nueve pacientes se sometieron a un procedimiento de creacion de un abordaje arteriovenoso para hemodialisis. En todos ellos se expuso la vena axilar proximal a traves de un abordaje infraclavicular. Se incluyeron seis mujeres y tres hombres. En todos los casos habian fracasado previamente multiples abordajes en la extremidad homolateral. Un paciente era portador de un injerto de configuracion en loop, mientras que los otro seis eran portadores de un injerto recto con flujo de entrada arterial a traves de la arteria humeral. En un paciente el injerto implantado era de vena mesenterica bovina mientras que en el resto se habian implantado injertos de politetrafluoroetileno expandido. En seis de siete pacientes la intervencion fue ambulatoria, mientras que uno fue ingresado en el hospital en el periodo postoperatorio por cambios en el estado mental. Con un seguimiento medio de 16 meses, las tasas de permeabilidad fueron del 78%. Un paciente presento un fracaso precoz debido a un sindrome del robo y otro, un fracaso a los 22 meses. De siete pacientes, seis permanecen vivos en el seguimiento actual. Tres pacientes requirieron procedimientos secundarios, incluida angioplastia venosa (n = 2) y la implantacion de una endoprotesis en la arteria subclavia (n = 1). La vena axilar infraclavicular puede usarse como flujo de salida eficaz de los injertos arteriovenosos. Este procedimiento puede efectuarse como cirugia ambulatoria con una tasa reducida de complicaciones, puede preservar el brazo dominante para un futuro abordaje y representa una posible alternativa a la cirugia en otra extremidad.
Regression Cube: A Technique for Multidimensional Visual Exploration and Interactive Pattern Finding

Scatterplots are commonly used to visualize multidimensional data; however, 2D projections of data offer limited understanding of the high-dimensional interactions between data points. We introduce an interactive 3D extension of scatterplots called the Regression Cube (RC), which augments a 3D scatterplot with three facets on which the correlations between the two variables are revealed by sensitivity lines and sensitivity streamlines. The sensitivity visualization of local regression on the 2D projections provides insights about the shape of the data through its orientation and continuity cues. We also introduce a series of visual operations such as clustering, brushing, and selection supported in RC. By iteratively refining the selection of data points of interest, RC is able to reveal salient local correlation patterns that may otherwise remain hidden with a global analysis. We have demonstrated our system with two examples and a user-oriented evaluation, and we show how RCs enable interactive visual exploration of multidimensional datasets via a variety of classification and information retrieval tasks. A video demo of RC is available.
Treatment of recurrent Rapunzel syndrome and trichotillomania: case report and literature review.

Background Trichotillomania (obsession with one's hair) was first described in the literature over 100 years ago and was recognized by the American Psychiatric Association as a distinct disorder in 1987. Objective The authors discuss a rare presentation of a case of recurrent Rapunzel syndrome in a 37-year-old woman. Method The authors present a biopsychosocial treatment plan for a therapeutic approach. Results This patient was unique for her relatively advanced age at onset, the recurrent nature, association with pancreatitis, and the consumption of artificial hair extensions, rather than her own hair. This patient presented with small-bowel obstruction requiring laparotomy. After surgery, she was evaluated by the psychiatric service; after discharge, she removed her hair extensions, continued to take her prescribed medication, attended a psychiatric program, and was monitored by family and friends. Conclusion There are no definitive guidelines for treating trichotillomania. In this case, quetiapine, hair-extension removal, family involvement, and regular follow-up helped with the initial cessation of her hair consumption. Antidepressant treatment helped control the obsession while behavioral therapy and family involvement provided the means for habit-reversal training. (Psychosomatics 2010; 51:443– 446)
The Black-White Achievement Gap, Family-School Links, and the Importance of Place

African American students continue to drop out of school at a level higher than that of their White counterparts and perform lower, on average, in math and reading achievement. Research has documented influences at the family and school levels, yet little work has dealt with both simultaneously. Equally important, few analyses acknowledge that family and school influences are themselves embedded in, and partially a function of, broader structures and spatial variations in class- and race-based opportunity. The author draws from the restricted-use National Educational Longitudinal Survey and 1990 Census data in addressing these concerns. Findings suggest that disparities in family background and educational resources influence racial gaps in achievement, and sometimes in an interrelated manner. These more proximate influences on achievement are, for all students, influenced by spatial patterns of general, class-based opportunity. Notably, Black disadvantage is exacerbated even further in areas of high racial inequality. Thus, broader structures of racial and class opportunity, rather than one or the other, are important determinants of educational stratification and achievement. Implications for future research are discussed.
Development of a Robust and Cost-Effective Friction Stir Welding Process for Use in Advanced Military Vehicles

To respond to the advent of more lethal threats, recently designed aluminum-armor-based military-vehicle systems have resorted to an increasing use of higher strength aluminum alloys (with superior ballistic resistance against armor piercing (AP) threats and with high vehicle-light weighing potential). Unfortunately, these alloys are not very amenable to conventional fusion-based welding technologies and in-order to obtain high-quality welds, solid-state joining technologies such as Friction stir welding (FSW) have to be employed. However, since FSW is a relatively new and fairly complex joining technology, its introduction into advanced military vehicle structures is not straight forward and entails a comprehensive multi-step approach. One such (three-step) approach is developed in the present work. Within the first step, experimental and computational techniques are utilized to determine the optimal tool design and the optimal FSW process parameters which result in maximal productivity of the joining process and the highest quality of the weld. Within the second step, techniques are developed for the identification and qualification of the optimal weld joint designs in different sections of a prototypical military vehicle structure. In the third step, problems associated with the fabrication of a sub-scale military vehicle test structure and the blast survivability of the structure are assessed. The results obtained and the lessons learned are used to judge the potential of the current approach in shortening the development time and in enhancing reliability and blast survivability of military vehicle structures.
Approach to the Patient with a Sleep Complaint

There have always been sleep disorders, many of which have been recognized for centuries, and some of our treatments have even been dated from the past. However, there has been a dramatic increase in knowledge about sleep disorders and their treatments in the past 20 years. It is now possible to objectively diagnose most sleep disorders and new, specific treatments can be instituted. The recent recognition of chronobiology has resulted in an understanding of the alterations in the sleep-wake pattern of humans. Genetic causes of sleep disorders, such as advanced sleep phase syndrome, have shed new light on disorders that were previously believed to be largely behaviorally produced. Neurochemical changes have led to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of some disorders such as narcolepsy. However, despite advances in our understanding of sleep disorders, accurate diagnosis and treatment always requires a detailed understanding of the patient's sleep-wake cycle and medical history. The art of good sleep medicine still lies in the ability of the clinician to take a thorough history, develop a differential diagnosis, and formulate a treatment plan. This article details the important elements of the clinical evaluation.
Second Language Acquisition as a Clash of Consciousness.

Recent interest in “humanism” in second language teaching and learning has produced a number of interesting paradigms for the examination of psycho-sociological factors in second language learning. Of particular note are the theoretical perspectives developed by Guiora et al. (1972, 1975), Gardner and Lambert (1972), and Schumann (1976). These characterizations of second language learning do not, however, provide explanations which lead directly to the identification and solution of problems faced by students in a foreign culture. This paper presents a theoretical perspective of second language learning which explains cross-cultural problems in terms of conflicting definitions of reality. First, parallels are drawn between the trauma endured by ESL students in the United States and that endured by schizophrenics. Then, culture and language shock are discussed in terms of the conflicts experienced by individuals from traditional societies as they attempt to adjust to a “modernized” society.
To have and have not: Health and health care disparities in chronic kidney disease

A 50-year-old African American man came to the emergency room complaining of substernal chest discomfort over the past 2 months, as well as anorexia, general malaise, and decreased urinary frequency over the past 2 weeks. The patient stated that his chest pain lasted 2 to 3 minutes; did not radiate to the neck, jaw, or shoulder; was precipitated by lifting heavy objects; and did not occur at rest. He admitted to mild shortness of breath when walking up the stairs at home. He noted that for 2 weeks, he had been feeling exhausted and had had poor appetite, weight loss, and less frequent urination than usual. The patient had last seen a physician 4 years ago at an urgent care facility for a pilonidal cyst abscess. Five years prior to that, he had been told by a primary care physician that he had hypertension. He was treated with an unknown medication and, after a follow-up visit, was told that his blood pressure was normal. He has no other known history of cardiovascular or renal disease. He takes no medications. He lost his job as a cook and the health insurance that the job provided; he now says that he is unable to continue seeing the physician. He completed high school, is married, and works as a taxi driver as well as at a local farmers market on weekends. His father had hypertension and died suddenly at age 55. His mother is 71 and has diabetes. He has one older brother who
A sensitive and versatile chromogenic assay for peroxidase and peroxidase-coupled reactions.

A sensitive and versatile chromogenic assay for peroxidase and peroxidase-coupled reactions is described. The assay is based on the oxidative coupling of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) and 3-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid (DMAB). In the presence of H2O2, MBTH and DMAB peroxidase catalyze the formation of a deep purple compound, most likely an indamine dye, which has a broad absorption band between 575 and 600 mm with a peak at 590 mm. Using this assay system, solutions of peroxidase can be determined in picomolar amounts by either a rate or fixed-time method. The assay was adapted for the measurement of free hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 2–20 μm. By coupling the assay with glucose oxidase, it was possible to measure glucose at levels of 5–25 μm; from the data an operational molar extinction coefficient of 47,600 was calculated. Maltose could be assayed by the glucose oxidase modified system by first preincubating with α-glucosidase; a linear relationship between the absorbance and maltose concentrations in the range of 3 to 13 μm was obtained. Comparison of this assay to others shows it to have many more advantages; for example, in addition to its increased sensitivity and versatility, it employs compounds not shown to be carcinogenic and that are very soluble in water. This assay should offer broad applicability to assays based on peroxidase-coupled reactions such as for glucose determination and in enzyme immunoassays.
Anosmia after Intranasal Zinc Gluconate Use

Background: Zinc is an essential mineral. Beneficial zinc absorption takes place via enteral, parenteral, or cutaneous routes. However, direct application to the olfactory epithelium has been reported to cause loss of smell. Recently, intranasal zinc gluconate has been recommended as a treatment for the common cold. Severe posttreatment hyposmia and anosmia have been observed. Methods: The case report of a typical patient is presented and analyzed in detail, followed by a series of patients with severe hyposmia or anosmia after the use of intranasal zinc gluconate. Results: Although interindividual variation in drug response and drug effect is apparent, the severe hyposmia or anosmia appears to be long lasting or permanent in some cases. The mechanism of olfactory loss is thought to be the direct action of the divalent zinc ion on the olfactory receptor cell. Conclusions: Zinc ions are toxic to olfactory epithelium. Reports of severe hyposmia with parosmia or anosmia have occurred after intranasal use of zinc gluconate. (American Journal of Rhinology 18, 137–141, 2004)
Gender and Migration in Southern Europe: Women on the Move

Gender and Migration in Southern Europe: Women on the Move. Floya Anthias and Cabriella Lazarides. eds. New York: Berg, 2000. ix. 263 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
Interface effects on mechanical properties of particle-reinforced composites.

Abstract Objectives: Effective bonding between the filler and matrix components typically improves the mechanical properties of polymer composites containing inorganic fillers. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that composite flexural modulus, flexure strength, and toughness are directly proportional to filler–matrix interfacial shear strength. Methods: The resin matrix component of the experimental composite consisted of a 60:40 blend of BisGMA:TEGDMA. Two levels of photoinitiator components were used: 0.15, and 0.5%. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine degree of cure, and thermogravimetry (TGA) was used to quantify the degree of silane, rubber, or polymer attachment to silica and glass particles. Filler–matrix interfacial shear strengths were measured using a microbond test. Composites containing glass particles with various surface treatments were prepared and the modulus, flexure strength, and fracture toughness of these materials obtained using standard methods. Mechanical properties were measured on dry and soaked specimens. Results: The interfacial strength was greatest for the 5% MPS treated silica, and it increased for polymers prepared with 0.5% initiator compared with 0.15% initiator concentrations. For the mechanical properties measured, the authors found that: (1) the flexural modulus was independent of the type of filler surface treatment, though flexural strength and toughness were highest for the silanated glass; (2) rubber at the interface, whether bonded to the filler and matrix or not, did not improve toughness; (3) less grafting of resin to silanated filler particles was observed when the initiator concentration decreased. Significance: These findings suggest that increasing the strength of the bond between filler and matrix will not result in improvements in the mechanical properties of particulate-reinforced composites in contrast to fiber-reinforced composites. Also, contraction stresses in the 0.5 vs 0.15% initiator concentration composites may be responsible for increases in interfacial shear strengths, moduli, and flexural strengths.
Measurement of Residual Stresses on Ceramic Materials with High Spatial Resolution

Ceramic materials are often used in high performance semiconductor devices. Brazing is used as a common technique of joining the metal pins with the ceramic chip carriers. Brazing of thermally dissimilar materials results in high stress/strain gradients in the ceramic material which ultimately leads to the inferior performance of the device. Steep stress gradients and constantly decreasing size of the chips dictate the necessity of measuring the stresses with the spatial resolution of 100 μm or higher. The standard large area diffraction is not suitable for this purpose. The present research is concerned with the residual stress measurement in brazed kovar-alumina joints using x-ray micro-diffraction technique.
AP-S Members of the 2012 Class of IEEE Fellows [Awards and Fellow Committee]

Congratulations and best wishes for many productive years to the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society members of the 2012 class of IEEE Fellows (asterisks denote those evaluated by AP-S).
Design and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Multicast Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

We propose a new multicast communication paradigm called "spatiotemporal multicast" for supporting applications which require spatiotemporal coordination in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we focus on a special class of spatiotemporal multicast called "mobicast" featuring a message delivery zone that moves at a constant velocity $$\vec v$$ . The key contributions of this work are: (1) the specification of mobicast and its performance metrics, (2) the introduction of four different mobicast protocols along with the analysis of their performance, (3) the introduction of two topological network compactness metrics for facilitating the design and analysis of spatiotemporal protocols, and (4) an experimental evaluation of compactness properties for random sensor networks and their effect on routing protocols.
Making music behave: Metadata and the digital music commodity

This article offers a case study of the Compact Disc Database and ID3 tags, two instrumental information technologies for digital music on computers. Using an interpretive analysis of the technical and cultural features of the Compact Disc Database and ID3 tags as well as press releases and journalistic accounts detailing the rise of these services, this article places digital metadata within the broader history of recorded music specifically and digital objects more generally. Started as hobby projects, the Compact Disc Database and ID3 tags have evolved into central components of the digital music ecosystem. As keystone technologies, they contributed to the emergence of a digital music commodity. Since both technologies derive much of their value from user contributions, this article also contributes to current theorization on the role of users in the production of digital commodities.
Toward the Neurovascular Unit A Journey in Clinical Translation 2012 Thomas Willis Lecture

The Nobel laureate Max Delbruck often said that it is the crossover between disciplines where advances are possible in science. This certainly has been true for our understanding of the vascular biology of the central nervous system in the setting of ischemic stroke. The ability to cross the boundaries of hemostasis, neurology, hematology, and neuroscience has facilitated our research direction to define the relation of the microvasculature to neuron function. Work begun with the clinical scientific exploration of the contributions of arterial thrombosis to the acute injury processes initiated by focal cerebral ischemia has led to an increased understanding of the effects of ischemia on microvessel integrity.
Vitamin D deficiency in residents of academic long-term care facilities despite having been prescribed vitamin D.

Objectives Vitamin D is vitally important in maintaining skeletal health. A low plasma vitamin D concentration is associated with increased parathyroid hormone secretion, increased bone turnover, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. As a result, vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher incidence of hip and other fractures. Although Vitamin D deficiency has been reported in long-term care facilities, optimal methods of replenishment have not been defined. The objective of the present study was to identify the pattern of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in nursing home residents and to identify vitamin D deficiency in residents already on supplement therapy. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Five academic nursing homes staffed by faculty from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. Participants Elderly residents aged 65 and older receiving calcium and vitamin D supplements. Measurements Data on dose, frequency, and levels of calcium and vitamin D were collected. The medication list and creatinine levels were also recorded. Results Forty-four (40%) residents were receiving 1000 mg, 48 (44%) were receiving 1200 mg, and 9 (8.2%) were receiving 1500 mg of calcium carbonate. Similarly, 79 (72%) residents were on 400 IU, 13 (12%) were on 600 IU, and only 8 (7%) were on 800 IU of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Low levels of Vitamin D 25 (OH) D (values Conclusion Despite clear benefit, nursing home residents were not supplemented adequately with calcium and vitamin D.
Does male behavioral type correlate with species recognition and stress

The persistence of gynogenetic organisms is an evolutionary paradox. An ideal system for examining the persistence of gynogens is the unisexual–bisexual mating complex of the unisexual Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa), and the bisexual, parent species, the sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) and the Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana). Insight into the maintenance of this mating complex might be enhanced by taking a more holistic view of male and female behavior through a behavioral syndrome framework. In this study, we examined whether male mate choice is part of a behavioral syndrome. We quantified behaviors related to activity, boldness, exploration, and sociability in male sailfin mollies, as well as their mate preference for conspecific females or the all-female species of Amazon mollies. In addition, we explored the relationship between behavioral type and cortisol (a fish stress hormone) production in male sailfin mollies. We found evidence for behavioral correlations in male sailfin mollies, but individual behavioral type was not correlated with their mate preference or stress hormone production. However, we did find differences in preexperience cortisol production related to male boldness behaviors. The lack of correlation between behavioral types, mate preference, and stress hormone production emphasizes that the nature of behavioral–hormonal interactions is complex. In summary, neither individual traits nor the behavioral types found here are adequate to explain the maintenance of this unisexual–bisexual mating system.
The Puzzle of Drastic Reduction of Point Source Emissions and Continuing High Deposition of Mercury in Florida

This report shows that the combined emissions of mercury from major point sources of mercury in Florida decreased from about 4.8 short tons in 1994 to 1.3 tons in recent years. A similar reduction of mercury emissions was reported by Florida DEP for south Florida where the Everglades Park is located: Point sources of emissions decreased from a high of 3.4 short tons (3,100 kg) of mercury in 1991 to 0.22 tons (204 kg) in 2000. The Florida DEP study of the Everglades also showed that the mercury concentrations in largemouth bass and in great egret nestlings decreased by a factor of six between 1991 and 2000. On the other hand, our analysis of 330 sets of weekly mercury deposition data, obtained by the Everglades station of the national Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) showed that the annual average deposition in the Everglades did not change significantly from December 1995 to January 2004. Two other interesting findings were that 73% of the total mercury deposition during those eight years occurred in the high precipitation season, between May and October; and that 40% of the weekly samples taken during this eight-year period represented only 3.8 % of the recorded total deposition of mercury. This paper examines the reasons why the substantial decrease of local and regional point sources of mercury emission has not affected substantially the local deposition rates. A likely answer is that climatic conditions in Florida, associated mainly with the warmer months and higher rates of precipitation and evaporation, have a large effect on a) re-emission of previously deposited mercury and b) co-precipitation of global mercury from the atmosphere. This may also explain why Florida, where the present annual rate of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants (in kilograms per square kilometer) is one fifth that of Pennsylvania, has mercury deposition rates that are twice those reported by MDN for Pennsylvania.Copyright © 2005 by ASME