cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supplement to the AHA Guidelines for the Management of Transient Ischemic Attacks

To the Editor: I must respectfully disagree with the recent AHA Scientific Statement on the management of transient ischemic attacks.1 First, the inclusion of the combination antiplatelet agent extended release dipyridamole and aspirin (ERDP/ASA) as a “recommended therapy” is premature. The current data are insufficient to definitively establish that ERDP/ASA offers anything in addition to aspirin alone. Although the results of the ESPS-2 trial2 of ERDP/ASA are encouraging and generate great optimism for this and other combination strategies, serious questions remain. The ESPS-2 results are highly inconsistent with previous data on 5317 patients treated with the combination.3 Although a heterogeneous set of trials, these data were sufficient to all but abandon use of dipyridamole in the 1980s. Further, the high rate of subject dropout,2 the lack of …
Cytochemical Localization of Catalase Activity in Yeast Peroxisomes

Diaminobenzidine oxidation product occurred in peroxisomes and in the intracristate spaces of mitochondria. The reaction was inhibited only in peroxisomes when 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole was present, but cyanide and azide inhibited deposition in both kinds of organelles. Images
Paper-based plasticizer-free sodium ion-selective sensor with camera phone as a detector

An ionophore-based ion-selective optode platform on paper is described for the first time with a sodium optode as the example. Cellulose paper is shown to be an excellent substrate for adsorption of the required chromoionophore, ionophore, and ion-exchanger species. These adsorbed components form a hydrophobic phase that enables heterogeneous optical ion sensing in the absence of any plasticizer or organic polymer phase.
Adenovirus-directed expression of dominant negative estrogen receptor induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells and regression of tumors in nude mice.

BACKGROUND: Estrogen receptors (ER) are expressed in about two thirds of human breast cancer, and are an important pharmacological target for treatment of these tumors. Dominant negative forms of the ER have been suggested as an alternative method to disrupt ER function. In this study, we examined the effect of dominant negative ER mutants (ER1-536 and L540Q) on ER-positive breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ER-positive T47D breast cancer cells were infected with adenoviral vectors expressing ER1-536 and L540Q to examine the effects of the mutants on gene expression and cell growth. Adenoviral vectors containing the wild type ER (AdwtER) and beta-galactosidase gene (AdGal) were used as controls. RESULTS: Ad1-536 or AdL540Q infection inhibited T47D cell growth and induced apoptosis, increasing Bax protein and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated-protein kinase (MAPK). Consistent with the apoptotic effects in vitro, pre-infection of T47D cells with Ad1-536 or AdL540Q inhibited tumor formation when these cells were introduced into nude mice. In addition, injection of Ad1-536 and AdL540Q into pre-established T47D tumors induced tumor regression. Apoptosis, in conjunction with the activation of caspase-3 and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, was detected in the shrinking tumors. Overexpression of wild-type ER by AdwtER infection also produced antiproliferative and apoptotic effects, but to a lesser extent than the ER1-536 and L540Q mutants. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that dominant negative ER mutants have the potential to induce apoptosis of T47D cells and regression of tumors. The delivery of dominant negative ERs by adenoviral vectors may provide a useful tool for targeted therapy of ER-positive breast cancer.
An ITS for medical classification problem-solving: Effects of tutoring and representations

We report on the first evaluation of SlideTutor --a cognitive tutor in a medical diagnostic domain. The study was designed to evaluate both the overall impact of the tutoring system on diagnostic performance, and the effect of using two alternative interfaces to the system. The case-structured interface provides a case-centric view of the task, and the knowledge-structured interface provides a knowledge-centric view of the task. The study showed a strong effect of tutoring on performance in both multiple choice and case diagnosis tests for all students. Performance gains were maintained at one week. There were no significant differences between interface conditions on performance measures. Students in the knowledge-structured interface condition showed a significant improvement in correlating their certainty to their performance, which was not true of the case-structured condition. Ratings on a survey of user acceptance were significantly higher for the knowledge-structured interface.
Intestinal HCO3- secretion in Amphiuma: stimulation by mucosal Cl- and serosal Na+.

The requirement for Na+ and Cl− in the bathing media to obtain a maximal HCO3− secretory flux (\(J^{HCO_3^ - } \)) across isolated short-circuitedAmphiuma duodenum was investigated using titration techniques and ion substitution. Upon substitution of media Na+ with choline, HCO3− secretion was markedly reduced. Replacement of media Cl− produced a smaller reduction of\(J^{HCO_3^ - } \). The presence of Cl− enhanced HCO3− secretion only if Na+ was also in the media. Elevation of media Na+ or Cl− in the presence of the other ion produced a saturable increase of\(J^{HCO_3^ - } \). In the presence of Na+, Cl− stimulated\(J^{HCO_3^ - } \) when added to the mucosal but not the serosal medium. In the presence of Cl−, Na+ elevated\(J^{HCO_3^ - } \) when added to the serosal but not the mucosal medium. The ability of mucosal Cl− to stimulate\(J^{HCO_3^ - } \) was not apparently dependent on mucosal Na+. Simultaneous addition of 10mm Cl− to the Na+-free mucosal medium and 10mm Na+ to the Cl−-free serosal medium stimulated\(J^{HCO_3^ - } \) above levels produced by serosal Na+ alone. In conclusion, intestinal HCO3− secretion required mucosal Cl− and serosal Na+ and did not involve mucosal NaCl cotransport. The results are consistent with a mucosal Cl− absorptive mechanism in series with parallel basolateral Na+−H+ and Cl−−HCO3− exchange mechanisms.
Model-based verification and validation of the SMAP uplink processes

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is being used increasingly within the spacecraft design community because of its benefits when compared to document-based approaches. As the complexity of projects expands dramatically with continually increasing computational power and technology infusion, the time and effort needed for verification and validation (V&V) increases geometrically. Using simulation to perform design validation with system-level models earlier in the life cycle stands to bridge the gap between design of the system (based on system-level requirements) and verifying those requirements/validating the system as a whole.
Direct eIF2-eIF3 contact in the multifactor complex is important for translation initiation in vivo.

Translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) of Saccharo myces cerevisiae forms a multifactor complex (MFC) with eIFs 1, 2, 5 and Met-tRNAiMet. We previously constructed a subunit interaction model for the MFC. Here we incorporated affinity tags into the three largest eIF3 subunits (eIF3a/TIF32, eIF3b/PRT1 and eIF3c/NIP1) and deleted predicted binding domains in each tagged protein. By characterizing the mutant subcomplexes, we confirmed all key predictions of our model and uncovered new interactions of NIP1 with PRT1 and of TIF32 with eIF1. In addition to the contact between eIF2 and the N-terminal domain (NTD) of NIP1 bridged by eIF5, the C-terminal domain (CTD) of TIF32 binds eIF2 directly and is required for eIF2–eIF3 association in vivo. Overexpressing a CTD-less form of TIF32 exacerbated the initiation defect of an eIF5 mutation that weakens the NIP1–eIF5–eIF2 connection. Thus, the two independent eIF2–eIF3 contacts have additive effects on translation in vivo. Overexpressing the NIP1-NTD sequestered eIF1–eIF5–eIF2 in a defective subcomplex that derepressed GCN4 translation, providing the first in vivo evidence that association with eIF3 promotes binding of eIF2 and Met-tRNAiMet to 40S ribosomes.
Bayesian modelling of differential item functioning: type I error and power rates in the presence of non-normal ability distributions, impact, and anchor set contamination

Differential item functioning (DIF) refers to the case where performance on an item differs between groups of examinees when the underlying latent trait being assessed is held constant. The DIF literature supports the conclusion that standard detection methods are effective across many conditions; however, there are other situations in which these methods lack accuracy. There has been increased interest in the use of Bayesian estimation across a wide area of statistical practice, including in educational measurement. Bayesian methods may be able to assist with the lack of accuracy. The goal of this simulation study was to examine the performance of Bayesian models with informative priors for detecting DIF under a variety of conditions. Results illustrate a positive performance of two such methods, Bayesian versions of logistic regression, and the MIMIC model. Type I error rates for these approaches were controlled when the distribution of θ differed between groups, while power rates were comparable across methods and conditions. This paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for practice, and directions for future research.
Enlisting taxonomists to survey poorly known taxa for biodiversity conservation: A lichen case study

: A comprehensive approach to conserving endangered species requires data on the geographic distribution, habitat, and abundance of species from a wide array of taxa, including invertebrates, lichens, bryophytes, and other poorly known groups. Such information can also contribute to ecosystem-based conservation efforts. Unstructured surveys by taxonomists can identify species that appear to be rare, but such surveys are inadequate for most conservation purposes. We describe simple approaches for systematically gathering and analyzing more–useful data: using time- and area-constrained searches, recording abundances, listing common as well as rare species, using “control” areas, and characterizing the environmental context of each survey site. The particular methods described are for lichen surveys, but they are directly applicable to bryophyte surveys, and the general principles are relevant to all species surveys designed to inform conservation efforts. Resumen: Un enfoque amplio a la conservacion de especies requiere de datos sobre la distribucion geografica, el habitat y la abundancia de especies desde una amplia coleccion de taxones incluyendo invertebrados, liquenes, briofitas y otros grupos poco conocidos. Esta informacion puede tambien contribuir a los esfuerzos de conservacion basados en el ecosistema. Las prospecciones no estructuradas realizadas por taxonomos pueden identificar especies que aparentan ser raras, pero estas prospecciones son inadecuadas para la mayoria de los propositos de la conservacion. Describimos acercamientos simples para la recoleccion y el analisis sistematico de datos mas utiles: usando busquedas restringidas en el tiempo y la superficie registrando abundancias, haciendo listas de especies tanto comunes como raras usando areas “control” y caracterizando el contexto ambiental de cada sitio de reconocimiento. Los metodos particulares descritos son para sondeos de liquenes, pero son directamente aplicables a sondeos para briofitas y los principios generales son pertinentes a todos los sondeos de especies disenados para proveer informacion para los esfuerzos de conservacion.
Isolation of P700-chlorophyll-protein complex from a blue-green alga by a nondetergent method.

Abstract A procedure has been developed for the isolation of a P700-chlorophyll-protein complex from a blue-green alga by a nondetergent method. The use of a Sepharose 4B column in conjunction with sucrose density-gradient centrifugation allows the separation of this complex from three other chlorophyll a-containing fractions which have higher ratios of carotenoids to chlorophyll a. Isoelectric focusing results in a single band with an isoelectric point at 4.5. Analysis of the major (green) fraction reveals the presence of P700. The absorption and emission spectra of this complex are reported.
Influence of Resonance Transfer and Exciton Diffusion on Luminescence Decay

Theoretical equations are formulated to describe the luminescence decay of donors and acceptors including both the effects of exciton diffusion and resonance energy transfer. Closed form expressions for the population and decay of excited donors and acceptors are developed using the Pade approximant method with the diffusion coefficient as an expansion parameter. Possible experiments are suggested. Es werden Gleichungen aufgestellt, die den Lumineszenzzerfall von Donatoren und Akzeptoren beschreiben, wobei die Exzitonendiffusion und die Resonanze-Energieubertragung berucksichtigt werden. Mit der Padeschen Naherungsmethode unter Verwendung des Diffusionskoeffizienten als Parameter werden geschlossene Ausdrucke fur die Besetzung und den Zerfall von angeregten Donatoren und Akzeptoren entwickelt. Mogliche Experimente werden vorgeschlagen.
Uniform CLT for Markov chains and its invariance principle: A martingale approach

The convergence of stochastic processes indexed by parameters which are elements of a metric space is investigated in the context of an invariance principle of the uniform central limit theorem (UCLT) for stationary Markov chains. We assume the integrability condition on metric entropy with bracketing. An eventual uniform equicontinuity result is developed which essentially gives the invariance principle of the UCLT. We translate the problem into that of a martingale difference sequence as in Gordin and Lifsic.(7) Then we use the chaining argument with stratification adapted from that of Ossiander.(11) The results of this paper generalize those of Levental(10) and Ossiander.(11)
Pathways of ions from soil into root according to diffusion models

It is postulated that in nutrient solutions of moderate concentrations (e.g. Hoagland solution) the rate-limiting step in nutrient uptake by roots resides in the metabolic activity of plasma membrane and cytoplasm, but that in very dilute solutions and in infertile soils diffusion from soil through mucigel and cell wall regions to the metabolic sites may become the rate-limiting process. For specific models of soil-root boundary regions isotopic transport of K* from soil into root was calculated with the aid of pertinent diffusion equations. Contact exchange between clay particles and root surfaces gains in importance as the concentration of ions in the soil solution is reduced. Two-phase experiments with soil and sand columns demonstrate proximity effects between root surface and soil matrix, including double-layer interaction.
Localization of visceral pain and other sensations before and after anesthesia

The localization of sensations in sense organs that developed ontogenetically from the ectoderm layer, like vision, hearing, and skin, is much more precise than sensations inside the body, like pain in the chest or viscera, which are produced by receptors developed from the entoderm layer. Pain on the surface of the skin is much more sharply localized than is pain in the viscera. Personal experiences of pain sensations produced by an obstruction in the colon and the effects of anesthesia are described. It became evident that anesthesia can influence the activity of the vestibular organ for many days.
A generalized particle algorithm for high velocity impact computations

This paper presents a Generalized Particle Algorithm (GPA) for high velocity impact and other dynamics problems. A velocity smoothing algorithm is also presented. This generalized algorithm allows for both variable nodal connectivity and fixed nodal connectivity. The variable connectivity option allows for severe distortions with a Lagrangian approach. With fixed nodal connectivity and smoothing it is possible to provide stable computations for large tensile strains. The algorithms are provided for 2D axisymmetric geometry and 3D geometry, and examples are included to demonstrate some of the capabilities. A discussion of interface problems and solutions is also included.
Stability and characterization of perphenazine aerosols generated using the capillary aerosol generator

Abstract Perphenazine (a potent antiemetic) was aerosolized using capillary aerosol generator to generate respirable condensation aerosols from drug in propylene glycol (PG) solutions, by pumping the liquids through a heated capillary tube. The study characterized the stability of perphenazine during and following aerosol generation. The stability-indicating HPLC method (C-8 column with a mobile phase of 52% 0.01 M pH 3.0 acetate buffer + 48% acetonitrile) also enabled the study of perphenazine stability in solution under acidic, basic, oxidizing and photolysing conditions. An LC–MS (ESI+) method was used to characterize the degradation products. Perphenazine was found to be stable in acidic and basic conditions, while perphenazine sulfoxide was the major product formed in dilute peroxide solutions. Two photo-degradation products were formed in PG that were tentatively identified by LC–MS; one of these was synthesized and confirmed to be 2-[4-(3-phenothiazin-10-yl-propyl)-piperazino]-ethanol. Both photolysis products showed that aromatic dechlorination had occurred and one appeared to also result from interaction with the solvent. Within an aerosolization energy window of 84–95 J, fine particle aerosols were generated from perphenazine PG formulations with no significant degradation. Small amounts of degradation products were produced in all samples during aerosolization at elevated (non-optimal) energies. These were largely consistent with those seen to result from oxidation and photolysis in solution, showing that oxidation and dehalogenation appeared to be the main degradation pathways followed when the CAG system was overheated.
DECREASING CHILDREN'S RISK TAKING ON THE PLAYGROUND

Playground mishaps are some of the most common sources of injury and are the leading killer of children. The present study used a multiple baseline design across three classrooms (N = 379 children). With minimal teaching and rewards, children decreased and maintained decreased risky playground behaviors on slides. Floor effects on climbers prevented the demonstration of similar effects. The decreases seen in risky slide behavior are discussed within the context of preventive safety training for playground injuries.
Pharmacokinetics of verapamil: Experience with a sustained intravenous infusion regimen☆

Disappearance kinetic characteristics of verapamil were determined in 9 patients after a single intravenous dose. From the pharmacokinetic variables determined, we designed an intravenous regimen to maintain a plasma verapamil concentration of 150 ng/ml consisting of (1) a loading bolus (10 mg over 2 minutes), followed by (2) a rapid loading infusion (0.375 mg/min) for 30 minutes, and finally (3) a maintenance infusion (0.125 mg/min). We tested this regimen in 7 patients for 2 to 12 hours, and found it to be safe and to produce stable prolongation of the P-R interval. Verapamil concentration was highest immediately after the bolus administration and was prevented from falling below 67 ng/ml by the rapid infusion. Maintenance concentration remained between 77 and 156 ng/ml for all patients, and averaged 122 ng/ml. Transient and slight decreases in brachial blood pressure and sinus cycle length occurred coincident with the maximum verapamil concentration. Maximum P-R prolongation lagged behind peak plasma concentration but was sustained for the duration of the infusion. Prolongation of the P-R interval was not significantly different at the end of the infusion from that 90 minutes after the start of the regimen. No patient demonstrated significant side effects, arrhythmia, or clinically important hypotension. Although the specified regimen produced a final concentration averaging 125 ng/ml, it is predicted that infusion regimens producing other plasma concentrations can be similarly devised by changing the bolus, rapid loading infusion, and maintenance infusion doses in proportion to the desired final plasma concentration.
Defective DNA methylation and CD70 overexpression in CD4+ T cells in MRL/lpr lupus‐prone mice

We have determined that abnormal DNA methylation in T cells coincides with the development of autoimmunity, using a mouse model that exhibits an age-dependent lupus-like disease (MRL/lpr mice). Splenic CD4(+) T cells were isolated from these mice at 5 and 16 wk of age (before and after autoimmunity is established) and the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) and the methylation-sensitive gene Tnfsf7 (CD70) was measured. Bisulfite DNA sequencing was used to monitor the methylation status of the Tnfsf7 gene. We found that Dnmt1 steady-state mRNA levels were significantly lower in 16-wk-old MRL/lpr mice, which had established autoimmunity, compared to the 5-wk-old MRL/lpr mice. Furthermore, the expression of CD70 was higher in MRL/lpr mice at 16 wk. CD70 was overexpressed in MRL/lpr mice compared to age- and sex-matched MRL(+/+) controls. Bisulfite DNA sequencing of the Tnfsf7 gene in MRL/lpr mice revealed that at 16 wk, CG pairs were hypomethylated compared to 5-wk-old mice, and that Tnfsf7 from MRL/lpr mice was hypomethylated at 16 wk relative to age-matched MRL(+/+) controls. Our data indicate that decreased expression of Dnmt1 and the corresponding T cell DNA hypomethylation correlate with the development of age-dependent autoimmunity in MRL/lpr mice.
Photoelastic Determination of Stress Intensity Factor of an Interfacial Crack in a Bi-material

The stress intensity factor can be represented by a complex vector whose phase changes as a function of r, the radial distance from a crack tip. Two photoelasticity approaches are proposed for the determination fo both the magnitude and the phase angle of this complex vector
Lateral Mobility of E-Cadherin Enhances Rac1 Response in Epithelial Cells

The fluidity of cellular membranes imparts lateral mobility of proteins across the cell surface. To understand the impact of lateral mobility on cell-cell communication, a protein consisting of the extracellular recognition domains of E-cadherin was associated with the surface of silica beads by either tethering to a bead-supported lipid bilayer or direct adsorption, resulting in laterally mobile and immobile presentations of this protein. These beads were then seeded onto the upper surface of MDCK cells. Functional engagement of these beads was compared by measurement of Rac1 recruitment around the bead. Lateral mobility enhanced recognition of E-cadherin, promoting cell response to the beads at lower per-area concentrations than their immobilized counterparts. A more complete understanding of how lateral mobility of membrane-associated proteins influences molecular recognition, and potentially other downstream responses, could provide new strategies for the design of materials and devices intended to capture the architecture of natural tissues.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION : I. FIXATION OF VITAL DYES IN INFLAMED AREAS.

Trypan blue injected into normal subcutaneous tissue passes rapidly to the regional lymphatic node and is found in lymph drawn from its efferent lymphatic. When the dye is injected into the normal peritoneal cavity it rapidly appears in the lymph of the retrosternal lymphatics and stains deeply the retrosternal lymphatic nodes. Trypan blue injected into the site of inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue or in the peritoneal cavity is fixed in the inflamed area and fails to reach the regional lymphatic nodes. If an inflammatory reaction has been produced in the dermis or in the subcutaneous tissue, trypan blue injected into the circulating blood enters the site of inflammation and is fixed so that the tissues are deeply stained.
Electrical resistivity of an equiatomic solid and liquid AuCd alloy

Electrical resistivity of an equiatomatic AuCd alloy is measured from about 300 to 1200 K by using a contactless technique. In the solid state, the plot of resistivity, ϱ, versus temperature T, shows a broad shallow peak in the temperature range of 550 to 800 K. The temperature derivative, (dϱ/dT), shows a distinct peak at about 595 K. This peak temperature can be compared with the temperature range of 540 to 575 K at which various anomalous effects and discontinuities of other physical properties are reported by other investigators. It is concluded that a domain formation or clustering of defects are responsible for this observed peak rather than a order-disorder reaction. The liquid alloy shows a small negative temperature coefficient of resistivity. From the resistivity change on melting, the enthalpy and entropy of fusion are calculated by using Mott's analysis. From these results, it is suggested that the solid alloy retains its long range order up to the congruent fusion temperature and there is a strong molecular association in the liquid phase immediately above the fusion temperature. Der elektrische Widerstand einer Au–50 At% Cd-Legierung wird von 300 bis 1200 K mit einer kontaktlosen Methode gemessen. Im festen Zustand zeigt die Auftragung des Widerstandes gegen die Temperatur T ein breites und f laches Maximum im Temperaturbereich von 500 bie 800 K. Die Temperaturempfindlichkeit (dϱ/dT) zeigt ein deutliches Maximum bei etwa 595 K. Die Temperatur dieses Maximums kann mit dem Temperaturbereich von 540 bis 575 K verglichen werden, in dem verschiedene Anomalien und Diskontinuitaten anderer physikalischer Eigenschaften von anderen Autoren berichtet werden. Es wird geschlossen, das eine Domanenbildung oder Defekt-klusterbildung fur das beobachtet Maximum verantwortlich sind und nicht ein Ordnungsvorgang. Die flussige Legierung zeigt einen kleinen negativen Temperaturkoeffizienten des Widerstandes. Aus der Widerstandsanderung beim Schmelzen werden die Schmelzenthalpie und-entropie nach der Mottschen Analyse berechnet. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse wird angenommen, das die Legierung im festen Zustand ihre Fernordnung bis zur entsprechenden Schmelztemperatur aufrecht erhalt und das es eine starke Nahordnung in der flussigen Phase unmittelbar oberhalb der Schmelz-temperatur gibt.
Metal-Metal versus Ceramic-Ceramic: How to Choose?

Longevity of total hip arthroplasty (THR) is of increasing concern to the surgeon faced with ever younger patient populations, increased life expectancy, and increased activity expectations. Highly cross-linked polyethylene appears to reduce wear by about 50% compared with conventional polyethylene; however, its long-term success in avoidance of osteolysis is as yet unproven. Thus, the surgeon faces the alternatives of ceramic-on-ceramic (CC) or metal-on-metal (MM). This review will examine the advantages and disadvantages of each wear couple and present a clinical algorithm and rationale to guide the surgeon in the selection of the bearing surface.
Programmable optical perfect shuffle interconnection network using fredkin gates

An efficient optical implementation of perfect shuffle interconnection network using Fredkin gates is presented. The proposed architecture is programmable, uses very few switching elements, and is suitable for digital/optical multiprocessor systems. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cognizing mediating: Unpacking the entanglement of artifacts with collective minds

The age of simple objects like well-designed artifacts, minds confined inside of skulls, and cultures cloistered in the tacit background has been left in the fading past according to current socio-cultural theory. We are now enmeshed in dialectical processes of social enactment, whereby designed objects continue to evolve well after they enter into the structuring of our thought patterns. Biological human evolution has long since transformed itself into cultural evolution, proceeding at an exponential pace. Along the way, thought overcame the limits of individual minds to expand with the power of discourses, inscriptions, digital memories, computational devices, technological infrastructures, computer-supported group cognition, and virtual communities. Both human cognition and its mediation by technological artifacts morph from fixed nouns into process verbs, like “cognizing mediating”—where human cognition and technological media shape each other in ways we are just beginning to conceptualize. The owl of Minerva flies only at night, according to Hegel’ s( 1807/1967) metaphor: theory—which is one’s time grasped in concepts—lags behind the continuous unfolding of practice. As today’s viral software successes rapidly outstrip our design theories, we must try to understand the ways in which new generations of users adopt and adapt their digital tools, thereby defining and redefining their conceptual, social, and pragmatic ties to their worlds. Hegel theorized the dialectic between subject and object, proposing that the identity of the human subject is formed when a subject subjects an object to goal-oriented design (Stahl 2006, p. 333f), creating an artifact within the effort to forge intersubjectivity and its spin-off, the individual’s self. Vygotsky (1930/1978) recognized the role of double stimulation in mediated cognizing: that the subject’s access to an object is mediated by tools such as hammers, names, and physical-symbolic inscriptions, so that in higher-order human cognizing we are stimulated by both an intentional object and a cognizing-mediating tool. It is this mediation of cognition by artifacts and via other people that opens the zone of proximal development, allowing the individual mind to first exceed and then later extend its limits. Engestrom’ s( 1987) concept of expansive learning added the cultural dimensions from Marx’social theory to Vygotsky’s
Collagen type II differs from type I in native molecular packing

Native molecular packing of types I and II collagens were compared by low-angle X-ray diffraction. Fibers from human intervertebral disc that contained different proportions of types I and II collagens were studied by X-ray diffraction, and were then analyzed biochemically to measure the constituent collagen species. Other cartilages, containing exclusively type I or type II collagen, were also examined. The equatorial diffraction established that in wet, native type II collagen, the molecules are spaced farther apart laterally than in type I collagen under the same conditions. For the disc the average lateral spacing ranged from about 14 A for a fiber from the outer annulus fibrosus containing mostly type I collagen, to 16-17 A for nucleus pulposus that contained all type II collagen. No differences were evident among dried specimens. We have also found that the meridional diffraction pattern from dry fibers of type II collagen differed from that of type I collagen. The findings indicate that under physiological conditions type II collagen fibrils contain more water than type I fibrils. Calculations suggest 50-100% more water. We propose that this difference is an inherent property of type II collagen and that it may be significant for the function of type II collagen in tissues that dissipate compressive forces. The content of glycosylated hydroxylysine residues is the chemical variable likely to be modulating fibrillar hydration.
Blockade of dynorphin A(1-13) overt psychomotor effects by naloxone.

Abstract Each of the dynorphin A(1–13) or dynorphin (dyn) treatment groups receiving naloxone showed a significant overall reduction of overt signs compared with the dyn controls. The data suggested that the overt psychomotor effects of dyn in the rhesus monkey were especially prone to blockade by naloxone, and probably involved opioid mechanisms.
Hologram Visual Displays

Methods of storing a sequence of frames by holographic methods are described, along with various problems of readout and projection. An animated hologram has been produced using multiple image storage and Bragg angle readout.
Performance of refractory metal multilevel interconnection system

High-temperature multilevel interconnection systems are discussed from a materials fabrication, yield, and circuit performance point of view. Refractory metal interconnections are compared to diffused Si planar runs and heavily doped polycrystalline Si films. Circuit configurations and their relative importance for these material-circuit performance considerations are considered. All of the high-temperature refractory systems will have higher yield and better passivation properties than many low-temperature systems. Metallic interconnections are always best from a circuit performance point of view. The relative difference between the high-temperature systems considered depends on circuit configuration. In particular, high-temperature refractory metal (Mo, W) interconnections which are a natural by-product of the self-registered refractory metal gate MOS technology (RMOS) are superior for memory circuits where long address lines are used.
Voltaire's contribution to the spread of newtonianism—I. letters from england: Les lettres philosophiques

Abstract Part I: In early middle life Voltaire had a considerable interest in science, provoked by a visit to London and by learning at close range of the work of men like Newton and Locke, which had developed in a more scientific direction than that of the Cartesianism then current and almost universal in France. With courage, and to the chagrin of his own countrymen, Voltaire advocated the empirically based work or Natural Philosophy of Newton. He published a thin volume known as the Letters from England, 1733 or Les Lettres Philosophiques in 1734, which brought him into conflict with the officialdom of France and then exile. We describe and discuss the contents and background of this very influential book and entertain some comments made about it, then and since. For us, the philosopher John Locke here comes to play a larger role in this subject than he normally assumes in discussions of Newtonianism. We endeavour to show too the roles played by Jacques Rohault and Samuel Clarke. Part II: Resting on Part I we discuss Voltaire's larger volume of 1738, on Elements of Newton's Philosophy. Mme Emilie du Châtelet (or Chastelet) was enormously influential in the writing of it and indeed is often credited as having been truly a co-author. She made a translation of Newton's Principia which was posthumously and openly published for her in 1759, by Clairaut, 10 years after her death. Mme du Châtelet and Voltaire were greatly responsible for spreading Newton's views in France; wrote Miller in [1(a)], “... he conquered the mind of the Continent by popularising Newton”. We review the translation of the Elements, its reception, and again describe the background of the period. Our subject is a little-known story that might well have been an entertaining and timely lecture for students of mechanics three years ago on the occasion of the tercentenary of the Principia [1(b)].
Injection Characteristics of Coal-Water Slurries in Medium-Speed Diesel Equipment

The injection characteristics of several micronized coal-water slurries (CWSs, where “s” implies plural) were investigated at high injection pressures (40 to 140 MPa, or 6,000 to 20,000 psi). Detailed spray characteristics including drop-size distributions and cone angles were measured using a continuous, high-pressure injection system spraying through various hole shapes and sizes into a continuous, elevated-pressure air flow. Penetration and cone angle were also measured using intermittent injection into an elevated-pressure quiescent chamber. Cone angles and fuel-air mixing increased rapidly with the relatively constant cone angles of diesel fuel. However, even at high injection pressures the CWSs mixed with air more slowly than diesel fuel at the same pressure. The narrower CWS sprays penetrated more rapidly than diesel fuel at the same injection pressures. Increasing injection pressure dramatically reduced drop sizes in the CWS sprays, while increasing injection pressure reduced drop sizes in the diesel fuel sprays more gradually. The CWSs produced larger average drop sizes than the diesel fuel at all conditions, except for some hole shapes at the highest injection pressures where the average sizes were about the same. Varying the hole shape using converging and diverging holes had a minimal impact on the spray characteristics. A turbulent jet mixing model was used to predict the penetration rate of the CWS fuel jets through different orifice sizes and into different air densities. The jet model also computes the liquid fuel-air ratio through the jet. The work reported here was abstracted from the more complete report by Schwalb et al. (1991).
Structure-preserving wavelet decompositions of intermittent turbulence

We have analyzed signals containing intermittent coherent structures using a nonorthogonal dyadic wavelet transform. The coherent structures may be zones of concentrated shear or zones determined by regions of turbulent transport of scalar fields. Coherent structures in velocity or scalars have important influences on flux transport. Additionally, coherent structures in velocity determine certain spectral characteristics of the velocity signals. Therefore, the decomposition of observed signals into structures and non-structures is important for associating mechanisms to flux transport and characterizing spectra of signals exhibiting intermittent events.
Single nanoparticle semiconductor devices

Using a new technique for forming cubic, single crystal silicon nanoparticles about 40 nm on a side, the authors have demonstrated a vertical flow, surround gate, Schottky barrier transistor. This approach allows the use of well known approaches to surface passivation and contact formation within the context of deposited single crystal materials for device applications. It opens the door to novel three dimensional integrated circuits and new approaches to hyper-integration. The fabrication process involves successive deposition and planarization and does not require any type of nonoptical lithography. Device characteristics show reasonable turn- off characteristics and on-current densities of more than 10 7 A/cm 2 .
Student Perceptions of Sustainability Education in Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology

AbstractFor sustainable engineering to contribute to sustainability, curricular reforms are needed to train sustainability-conscious engineers. Examining student perceptions of sustainability education can provide insights for benchmarking the current quality of a curriculum and for identifying strategies for reforming a curriculum. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine student interest in, knowledge of, and experiences related to sustainability in civil and environmental engineering (CEE) at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). A survey was developed and administered to students (n=153) enrolled in CEE capstone courses. The results indicated that although students are interested in sustainable development, there is potential for further enhancing sustainability learning. In addition, students reported that CEE courses strongly impacted their learning, which underscores the importance of curricular quality. Finally, although students were generally satisfied with CEE sustainability ed...
The 1995 ratings of doctoral programs: A hedonic model

Abstract We describe how one can use multivariate regression models and data collected by the National Research Council as part of its recent ranking of doctoral programs ( Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States: Continuity and Change ) to analyse how measures of program size, faculty seniority, faculty research productivity, and faculty productivity in producing doctoral degrees influence subjective ratings of doctoral programs in 35 academic fields. Using data for one of the fields, economics, we illustrate how university administrators can use the models to compute the impact of changing the number of faculty positions they allocate to the field on the ranking of their programs. Finally, we illustrate how administrators can “decompose” the differences between a department's rating and the ratings of a group of higher ranked departments in the field into difference due to faculty size, faculty seniority, faculty research productivity, and faculty productivity in producing doctoral students. This decomposition suggests the types of questions that a department and a university should be addressing if they are serious about wanting to improve the department's ranking.
Belowground responses as indicators of environmental change

Abstract This paper discusses when and under what circumstances belowground parameters become advantageous to monitor as sensitive, early indicators of an environment being exposed to anthropogenic stress. The following specific belowground attributes are presented as useful parameters to monitor because they are sensitive to stress and should be influenced prior to the occurrence of visible aboveground symptoms: fine root biomass and turnover, mycorrhizal biomass and species of fungi colonizing the roots, secondary defensive chemical production in roots, carbohydrate reserves in roots, and nutrient and/or trace element concentrations and ratios in roots.
Two-photon excitation of rhenium metal-ligand complexes

We describe the emission spectral properties of two rhenium metal‐ligand complexes with one and two-photon excitation, Re(bpy)2(CO)3Cl and [Re(bpy)(CO)3CH3CN] a , where bpy is 2,2 0 -bipyridyl and CH3CN is acetonitrile. Similar emission spectra and intensity decay times characteristic of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer state were observed for one- and two-photon excitation. The lifetime and quantum yield of the acetonitrile complex are approximately 14-fold higher than that of the chloride complex. Both complexes display high anisotropies near 0.33 in frozen solution with one-photon excitation. Two-photon excitation results in anisotropies about 40% larger, consistent with the increased photoselection expected for two-photon absorption. These complexes display single rotational correlation times in glycerol, but the correlation time of the charged acetonitrile complex is 3 to 4-fold larger. These results show that rhenium complexes can be used as hydrodynamic probes with one- or two-photon excitation. # 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Divergent pearlite in a manganese eutectoid steel

Abstract An unusual structural feature, diverging lamellae, has provided new insight to the influence of composition on transformations in steel. Samples from a high-purity ternary alloy of iron containing 5.2 per cent manganese and 0.6 per cent carbon were austenitized, isothermally transformed within the temperature range 500°–675°C, and quenched. Neither pearlite growth rate nor interlamellar spacing remain constant with time, but they vary over several orders of magnitude during the course of a single isothermal reaction. The nodules initially grow rapidly and possess a fine spacing; with longer times, growth rate decreases and interlamellar spacing increases. Nodules approaching impingement are characterized by a very slow growth rate and coarse spacing at the advancing interface. This is quite different from the time-invariant behavior observed in plain-carbon steels. It is shown that manganese diffusion is too slow to give a zone of manganese-enriched austenite, and so an austenite of continuously changing carbon content must cause the observed phenomenon.
Doubly Truncated FosB Isoform (Δ2ΔFosB) Induces Osteosclerosis in Transgenic Mice and Modulates Expression and Phosphorylation of Smads in Osteoblasts Independent of Intrinsic AP‐1 Activity

Introduction: Activator protein (AP)-1 family members play important roles in the development and maintenance of the adult skeleton. Transgenic mice that overexpress the naturally occurring ΔFosB splice variant of FosB develop severe osteosclerosis. Translation of Δfosb mRNA produces both ΔFosB and a further truncated isoform (Δ2ΔFosB) that lacks known transactivation domains but, like ΔFosB, induces increased expression of osteoblast marker genes. Materials and Methods: To test Δ2ΔFosB's ability to induce bone formation in vivo, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress only Δ2ΔFosB using the enolase 2 (ENO2) promoter-driven bitransgenic Tet-Off system. Results: Despite Δ2ΔFosB's failure to induce transcription of an AP-1 reporter gene, the transgenic mice exhibited both the bone and the fat phenotypes seen in the ENO2-ΔFosB mice. Both ΔFosB and Δ2ΔFosB activated the BMP-responsive Xvent-luc reporter gene and increased Smad1 expression. Δ2ΔFosB enhanced BMP-induced Smad1 phosphorylation and the translocation of phospho-Smad1 (pSmad1) to the nucleus more efficiently than ΔFosB and showed a reduced induction of inhibitory Smad6 expression. Conclusions: ΔFosB's AP-1 transactivating function is not needed to induce increased bone formation, and Δ2ΔFosB may act, at least in part, by increasing Smad1 expression, phosphorylation, and translocation to the nucleus.
Macrosegregation during plane front directional solidification of CsI-1 wt% T1I alloy

Abstract Macrosegregation produced during vertical Bridgman directional solidification of CsI-1 wt% T1I in crucibles of varying diameter, from 0.5 to 2.0 cm, has been examined. Gravity driven convection is present in the melt even in the smallest crucible diameter of 0.5 cm. Observed solutal profiles are in agreement with the analytical boundary layer model of Favier, which describes macrosegregation in the presence of convection. The scintillation efficiency of CsI decreases along the specimen length as the thallium iodine content of the alloy increases.
Quality assessment of collection development through tiered checklists: can you prove you are a good collection developer?

The most widely used collection assessment tool is checklisting. Interpretation of checklist studies has usually been by comparison to other libraries or by a subjective response to the ownership percentage. Using or creating tiered checklists and subjecting the results to a goodness of fit statistical test provides an analysis of the selection quality. If more highly rated materials are selected at a significantly higher rate, then the selector(s) is shown to be prudent, even if the total amount selected in the subject area appears to be inadequate. This separates the performance of the selector from the amount of resources allocated to the selector.
Observations of soot during droplet combustion at low gravity: heptane and heptane/monochloroalkane mixtures

Experimental observations of the combustion of sooting fuel droplets, performed in a drop tower to create a low gravity environment, are reported. Free n-heptane droplets and suspended droplets of heptane, monochloroalkanes, and mixtures of monochloro-octane and heptane were studied. Initial droplet diameters ranged from 0.4 to 1.1. mm. The results suggest that soot may influence droplet vaporization rates. Spherical symmetry of the flame allowed for extended observation of soot agglomerates inside the droplet flame. Effects of slight convective flows were also observed, both through variations of natural convection around the suspended droplets and through variations in the drift velocities of the unsupported droplets. Slight convective flows around the suspended droplets reduced flame luminosity as well as soot accumulation inside the flame and increased droplet vaporization rates. Mixing monochloro-octane with n-heptane demonstrated the effectiveness of n-heptane in reducing soot emissions from the flames of the chlorinated fuels. Finally, trends of initial droplet diameter with burning rate were observed and may be linked to the effect of droplet size upon soot formation inside the flame.
The inhibitory effects of anti-androgen (SH-714) on erythropoietic activity.

Der erythropoietische stimulierende Effekt von Depo-Testosteron-Zyklopentylpropionat in plethorischen Mausen kann durch ein neues Antiandrogenpraparat (Cyproteronazetat — SH-714) verhindert werden. Dasselbe Praparat verhindert in plethorischen Mausen ebenfalls die nach einer Standarddosis von Erythropoietin erwartete Blutneubildung.