cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular cloning and sequencing of the coat protein gene of a Nebraskan isolate of tobacco necrosis virus: the deduced coat protein sequence has only moderate homology with those of strain A and strain D.

A partial nucleotide sequence spanning the coat protein (CP) gene of a Nebraskan isolate of tobacco necrosis virus (TNV-NE) has been determined. The sequence contains at least four open reading frames (ORFs). The 5′-terminal ORF encodes a protein that has 86% and 38% homology with the polymerases of strains A (TNV-A) and D (TNV-D), respectively. The second and third ORFs probably encode 10.7 kDa and 6.2 kDa proteins (p 10.7 and p 6.2). These are respectively 90% and 96% amino acid homologous encoded by similar ORFs in TNV-A but only 26% and 20% homologous with those in TNV-D. The fourth 3′-proximal ORF encodes the 30.3 kDa CP. The amino acid sequence of TNV-NE CP is only 51% and 44% homologous to those of TNV-A and TNV-D, respectively. Thus, the CP genes of TNV-NE, TNV-A, and TNV-D are quite different. Like the sequences to the 5′ side of the CP gene, that of TNV-NE is more closely related to TNV-A than to TNV-D.
Using price distributions to estimate search costs

We show how the equilibrium restrictions implied by standard search models can be used to estimate search-cost distributions using price data alone. We consider both sequential and nonsequential search strategies, and develop estimation methodologies that exploit equilibrium restrictions to recover estimates of search-cost heterogeneity that are theoretically consistent with the search models.We illustrate the method using online prices for several economics and statistics textbooks.
RAIDING OF BODY TISSUE PROTEIN TO FORM PLASMA PROTEIN AND HEMOGLOBIN : WHAT IS PREMORTAL RISE OF URINARY NITROGEN?

Dogs with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia due to bleeding and a continuing low protein or protein-free diet with abundant iron will continue to produce much new hemoglobin and plasma protein for many weeks. The stimulus of double depletion (anemia and hypoproteinemia) leads to raiding of body and tissue protein to fill the demand for new hemoglobin and plasma protein. The blood proteins in these experiments take priority over the organ and tissue proteins. This is another illustration of the "ebb and flow" or dynamic equilibrium between organ or tissue protein and blood proteins. The average dog cannot tolerate this drain of double depletion for more than 7 to 11 weeks and during this time may lose 30 to 40 per cent of body weight. Some dogs are much more resistant to this raiding than others. Some dogs show a high blood protein output during every week up to the danger point. With the largest blood protein output one usually observes the most rapid weight loss. For every kilogram of weight loss we observe 50 to 140 gm. blood protein output. The weekly blood protein production ranges from 40 to 66 gm. These experiments make heavy demands on the body protein and we expected to record a "premortal rise" in urinary nitrogen. No such observations are noted, rather a most frugal use of all protein and minimum figures for urinary nitrogen. We suspect that "premortal rise" in many experiments means a terminal infection with the related catabolism of tissue protein and high urinary nitrogen.
Beginning Special Educators' Forays into General Education

The purpose of the current study was to examine beginning special educators' experiences in their attempts to implement two key requirements associated with reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1997: access to the general education curriculum and participation in general education programs. We conducted in-depth interviews with 36 beginning special educators. Eighty-one percent of the teachers reported facing significant barriers in implementing the two IDEA 1997 requirements. Specific barriers are reported with implications for changes in teacher preparation and organizational structures in schools to support teachers in meeting the requirements of federal legislation supporting individual with disabilities.
Characterizations of Some Discrete Distribution Models Arising in Pollen Studies

Characterizations are obtained for multinomial and multiple binominal mixtures. Examples are given when the beta distribution is used as the mixing distribution. Biological applications are indicated.
Update on Alzheimer drugs (donepezil).

Background: Several clinical trials have been conducted over a period of many years reporting the benefits of donepezil for Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Review Summary: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of 3‐6 months’ duration have demonstrated significant benefits for 5 mg/D and 10 mg/D of donepezil compared with placebo. The results include benefits for cognition, activities of daily living, and abnormal behaviors associated with AD. The benefits are independently detectable by clinicians based upon direct patient assessment with input from a caregiver. Populations studied include mild-to-moderate AD patients, moderate-tosevere AD patients, nursing home patients, and outpatients. Open label studies that took place after the double-blind phase and 1-year double-blind, placebo-controlled trials demonstrated that benefits persist for more than a year. Adverse event (AE) profiles, generated in studies that used a 1-week forced dose titration, show a low incidence of primarily cholinegic AEs such as nausea and diarrhea. There are no significant laboratory AEs or drug interactions. Recent studies have assessed the benefits of donepezil in patients with ischemic vascular dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and other cognitive disorders. Conclusions: Donepezil benefits AD patients by improving, stabilizing, or retarding decline of the cognitive, functional, and possibly behavioral features of the disease. The duration of benefits is not known but extends beyond 1 year. The drug is safe and well tolerated.
An example of a seven joint manipulator optimized for kinematic fault tolerance

It is common practice to design a robot's kinematics from the desired properties that are locally specified by a manipulator Jacobian. For the case of local optimality with respect to fault tolerance, one common definition is that the post- failure Jacobian possesses the largest possible minimum singular value over all possible locked-joint failures. This work considers the global analysis of seven-joint manipulators that have been designed to be locally optimal in terms of fault tolerance when used for six-dimensional tasks. An algorithm for calculating a six-dimensional volume that is composed of a three-dimensional positioning component and a three-dimensional orientation com- ponent is presented. Two example manipulators are then analyzed and compared, illustrating a wide degree of variability between their global fault tolerant properties. It is further shown that there are 7! = 5040 different such manipulator designs due to the number of permutations of the Jacobian matrix.
Identification of an Octamer‐1 Transcription Factor Binding Site in the Promoter of the Mouse μ‐Opioid Receptor Gene

In a previous study we showed that a region from -182 to +10 bp in the mouse mu-opioid receptor (MOR) promoter exhibited strong promoter activity. To identify protein-DNA interactions in this fragment, gel shift and DNase I footprint analyses were performed using nuclear extracts from mouse brain and the human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH. Two regions, nucleotide (nt) -121 to -100 and nt -42 to -22, were identified as being specific protein binding sites. The protein-DNA interaction in the nt -42 to -22 region was characterized in detail in this study. Methylation interference analysis of this region showed that nuclear protein from SK-N-SH cells contracted nucleotides within the sequence ATG-CAAAT, which is a binding motif for octamer trans-acting factors. An octamer-1 (Oct-1)-specific antibody super-shifted the protein-DNA complex in a gel shift assay. A UV cross-linking experiment showed that a nuclear protein, whose molecular weight is similar to that of the Oct-1 factor, bound to the octamer element in the nt -42 to -22 region. Mutagenesis of four base pairs within the octamer cis-acting element eliminated the specific protein binding in vitro. When the MOR-luciferase reporter construct (-182 to +10 bp) with the same four base pairs mutated was transiently transfected into SK-N-SH cells, a 200% increase in transcriptional activity was observed. Collectively, these data suggest that Oct-1 is binding to the octamer motif in the MOR gene and negatively modulating MOR gene expression.
Toward an integrated understanding of dyslexia: genetic, neurological, and cognitive mechanisms.

This paper reviews what is known about developmental dyslexia at three levels of analysis: cognitive, neurological, and genetic. It also considers the difficult problem of establishing causal links between these levels of analysis, and argues that solving the gene–behavior problem is paradoxically easier than solving the brain–behavior problem.
Treating Elderly Chronic Patients in State Hospitals

The custodial approach to care found in many state hospitals is an added burden for geriatric patients. Their medical and psychiatric problems are complex, and their susceptibility to iatrogenic complications is greater than that of the general patient population. Rather than requiring less treatment, geriatric patients need a more intensive clinical approach. State hospitals often are not prepared to meet these needs because they lack adequate facilities, appropriate programs, or the necessary specialized services. Notwithstanding these barriers, recognition of some common age-related problems and understanding of the elderly's basic clinical needs may lead to an improved level of care in many state hospitals.
Trap and corral: a two-step approach for constructing and constraining dynamic cell contact events in differentiating progenitor cell populations

Cells are constantly subjected to a host of external signals which can influence their state, phenotype and behavior. Mammalian cells are dependent on signals from surrounding cells to maintain viability, proliferate and coordinate their actions. During developmental and regenerative processes, these lateral signals between cells provide instructive cues informing stem cells how, when and where to differentiate. Moreover, differentiating cells often experience cell–cell contact events interspersed with bouts of motility, process extension and multi-cell agglomeration (Gage 2000 Science 287 1433–8) processes which are not easily recapitulated in existing cell capture devices. Here, we present a two-step process involving microwells to trap cells with high efficiency followed by the alignment of a PDMS mesh around the cells to corral them after the trapping. The microwells trap single cells and paired cells with up to 90% and 80% efficiencies, respectively. After seeding, the PDMS mesh is aligned with the seeded wells to create a 150 µm × 150 µm corral around each trap, allowing cells to interact in a larger arena. The corralling must be done in liquid after seeding because the seeding requires high cell densities to achieve near-full occupancy in the wells. Low-density seeding of the PDMS corrals alone can result in two cells being trapped in each well, but in those conditions, the two cells often engage in very little contact or none at all (and seeding obeys a non-desirable Poisson distribution). Interestingly, trapping cells in proximity and then corralling them elicits much higher contact times than simply seeding into corrals.
Respiration and denitrification in permeable continental shelf deposits on the South Atlantic Bight: N2:Ar and isotope pairing measurements in sediment column experiments

Abstract Mechanisms of N removal in permeable sediments were examined using sediment columns packed with southeastern US continental shelf sands. While significant N 2 production was observed in oxic SAB sands, the addition of 20 μM 15 NO 3 − tracer in oxic sediment columns for periods of up to 12 days yielded a delayed production of 29 N 2 and 30 N 2 which, at the end of the incubation period, was still small relative to previously measured total N 2 production rates. Possible explanations for these results include N removal via tightly coupled nitrification–denitrification in microenvironments isolated from the bulk porewater or denitrification mediated by aerobic denitrifiers. The addition of 15 NO 3 − to porewater at levels above natural concentrations caused N assimilation and increases in sediment respiration rates in oxic columns, indicating N limitation. Delays in achieving steady-state denitrification rates following disturbances may be associated with deep penetration of O 2 in advective regimes and amplified by isolation of respiration and denitrification in reactive microenvironments. Isolation of microzone denitrification, delays in achieving steady-state conditions, and the response of sediment community respiration and denitrification rates to increases in low background NO 3 − may interfere with the accuracy of denitrification rate measurements in sandy sediments on oligotrophic continental shelves with isotope pairing and traditional core incubation techniques. In columns with anoxic outflow, the immediate appearance of 29 N 2 and 30 N 2 following 15 NO 3 − addition indicates that denitrification in suboxic or anoxic sands relies on external sources of NO 3 − rather than only on in situ nitrification, which is the main NO 3 − source for denitrification in oxic SAB sands.
Contour metamorphosis in space and scale domains using the wavelet descriptor

A framework of physically based shape morphing with the multiscale wavelet descriptor is proposed. We formulate the problem of shape metamorphosis with the Lagrangian dynamic equation which simulates the deformation as a process driven by a certain force as the result of being released from strain energy. Then we show the discretization of Lagrange's equation with respect to the wavelet representation and derive the corresponding mass and stiffness matrices. We show the computation of entries of the stiffness matrix by solving a system of linear algebraic equations. Due to the multiscale representation capability of the wavelet descriptor, the graph in intermediate frames can be generated via multiresolution rendering. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed physically based morphing algorithm.
Observations of High CO Rotational Lines in Post-Agbs and PN

We present a preliminary interpretation of high CO rotational line data obtained from KAO. The possibility of either a PDR or a shock model is considered in order to explain the observations.
A constitutive equation for the Mullins effect in stress controlled uniaxial extension experiments

A one-dimensional constitutive equation for the Mullins effect in rubberlike materials, which is motivated by the two phase microstructural material model proposed by Mullins and Tobin [I], is developed in [2]. The constitutive equation is used in [2] to predict the effect of stress softening on the small transverse vibration of a rubber string loaded in uniaxial extension. The two functions which comprise the constitutive equation were assumed to be monotone, but no further analysis of the actual nature of these functions was necessary. In this paper, we examine more closely how the results of a stress controlled uniaxial extension experiment can be used to gain insight into the specific nature of the microstructural strain and the strain amplification functions which comprise the constitutive equation. We examine experimental representations of the two functions which are independent of any special microstructural interpretations. Stress controlled uniaxial extension experiments with buna-n, neoprene, and silicone rubber cords are examined. We demonstrate how the experimental data can be applied to yield representations of the functions of interest to within a multiplicative constant; but no attempt is made to find specific analytical representations of these functions. For buna-n and neoprene samples, we observe behavior consistent with our monotone assumptions, while anomalous behavior is observed with silicone rubber.
Discovering the Intrinsic Cardinality and Dimensionality of Time Series Using MDL

Most algorithms for mining or indexing time series data do not operate directly on the original data, but instead they consider alternative representations that include transforms, quantization, approximation, and multi-resolution abstractions. Choosing the best representation and abstraction level for a given task/dataset is arguably the most critical step in time series data mining. In this paper, we investigate techniques to discover the natural intrinsic representation model, dimensionality and alphabet cardinality of a time series. The ability to discover these intrinsic features has implications beyond selecting the best parameters for particular algorithms, as characterizing data in such a manner is useful in its own right and an important sub-routine in algorithms for classification, clustering and outlier discovery. We will frame the discovery of these intrinsic features in the Minimal Description Length (MDL) framework. Extensive empirical tests show that our method is simpler, more general and significantly more accurate than previous methods, and has the important advantage of being essentially parameter-free.
White public regard: associations among eating disorder symptomatology, guilt, and White guilt in young adult women.

Abstract Objective As a novel investigation of the role of White racial identity, the current study explored the link between White guilt and disordered eating. Participants Young adult women (N = 375), 200 of whom self-identified as White. Methods Measures assessed disordered eating, trait guilt, White guilt, and affect. Results White guilt is interrelated with disordered eating, particularly bulimic symptomatology. Distress tolerance and tendency to experience negative affect moderated the relation between White guilt and several disordered eating variables. Conclusions Exploration of White guilt in clinical and research settings can inform understanding and treatment of disordered eating.
Reduction in Pulmonary Vascular Resistance with Long-Term Epoprostenol (Prostacyclin) Therapy in Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

Background Primary (idiopathic) pulmonary hypertension is a progressive, fatal disease. Conventional therapy with anticoagulant and vasodilator drugs may improve symptoms and survival among selected patients, but there is no evidence that the disease can be reversed. Methods We evaluated the effects of long-term therapy (i.e., for more than one year) with intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) in patients with advanced primary pulmonary hypertension. The base-line evaluation included an assessment of pulmonary vascular dilation in response to intravenous adenosine. The epoprostenol dose was increased monthly to the maximum tolerated. Long-term therapy was evaluated by measuring improvement in symptoms, exercise capacity, and hemodynamic variables. Results We evaluated 27 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension over a mean (±SD) period of 16.7±5.2 months. Intravenous adenosine had a variable effect on pulmonary vascular resistance (mean reduction, 27 percent; range, 0 to 56; P<0.001). Epoprostenol th...
Systematics ofJusticia sect.Pentaloba (Acanthaceae)

The transfer of the four taxa ofSiphonoglossa sect.Pentaloba toJusticia is proposed. It is shown that the taxa of this section were placed inSiphonoglossa primarily because of a single-character phenetic relationship and that they correctly belong inJusticia. In addition to morphology, data from cytology and flavonoid chemistry are also presented that support this intergeneric transfer. A key to the taxa and a detailed taxonomic treatment of the section are provided.
The Imprecision of Sonographic Assessment of Jugular Venous Distension Among Novice Operators

Objective To assess the precision of sonographic assessment of jugular venous distension (US-JVD). Methods Sixteen emergency physicians underwent a short training in US-JVD comparable to a previously described training module. Then, they each performed US-JVD on three healthy individuals: Participant 1 with a "long, thin neck," Participant 2 with a "normal neck," and Participant 3 with a "short, thick neck." The criterion standard for US-JVD was the measurements by an expert sonographer who had previously performed 100 US-JVD exams. Results There were a total of 48 US-JVD measurements. Twenty-five measurements were within 1 cmH 2 O of the criterion standard (52%). Ten out of 16 operators were within 1 cmH 2 O for Participant 1, as opposed to six of out 16 and nine of out 16 for Participants 2 and 3, respectively. The range of values was largest for Participant 2 (4-11 cmH 2 O) and smallest for Participant 3 (6-10 cmH 2 O). Five measurements (10%) were wrong, indicating abnormally low measurements consistent with hypovolemia. Conclusion Physicians were the most precise while performing US-JVD on the participant with a "short, thick neck," and the least precise in the participant with a "normal neck." Ten percent of the measurements misidentified these healthy participants as having hypovolemia.
Procedure timing as a predictor of inhospital adverse outcomes from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry.

Background Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) procedures performed later in the day and on weekends/holidays may be associated with adverse events due to a variety of factors including operator fatigue, handoffs, reduced staffing, and limited resource availability. We sought to determine whether patients implanted with ICDs in the afternoon/evening and on weekends/holidays are at increased risk for adverse events. Methods We studied 148,004 first-time ICD recipients in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry–ICD Registry implanted between April 2010 and March 2012. Using hierarchical multivariable logistic regression adjusting for patient, implanting physician, and hospital characteristics, we examined the association between both ICD implant start time and day of week with any complication, a prolonged hospital stay, and mortality. Results Most ICD implants (52.6%; n=77,853) were performed in the morning (6 am-12 pm) and during the regular workweek (97.5%; n=144,266). After multivariable adjustment, ICD recipients implanted in the afternoon (12 pm-5 pm)/evening (5 pm-6 am) compared with the morning experienced a greater odds of any complication (odds ratio [OR] 1.08; 95% CI 1.01-1.15; P = .0168), hospital stay >1 day (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.25-1.33; P P = .5322). Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator recipients implanted on weekend/holidays compared with the mid-workweek also experienced a significantly greater odds of hospital stay >1 day (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.29-1.53; P P = .1371), and a trend toward more inhospital death (OR 1.52; 95% CI 0.98-2.38; P = .0642). Conclusions In a large, real-world population, ICD recipients implanted in the afternoon/evening and on weekends/holidays more often experienced adverse events, particularly prolonged hospital stays.
Production of no-carrier-added 199Au for gold cluster-labelled antibodies.

Abstract The production of no-carrier-added (NCA) 199Au by neutron activation of 198Pt was developed and the radiochemical separation of 199Au from Pt targets was investigated. Three different procedures, based on anion exchange in mixed solvent media, solvent extraction and extraction chromatography, are reported. The extraction chromatography method was superior in terms of yield (>95%), Pt separation factor (⩽10−5), and separation time (≈ 1 hr). This scheme has been used to successfully process large amounts (>30 GBq) of 199Au, with an average specific activity of 7.59 GBq/μg (205 mCi/μg).
Dendritic cells of the gastrointestinal tract

The studies of PP, LP, mesenteric LN, and thoracic duct lymph DCs now allow us to propose a basic outline of DC function in the mucosal immune system. In the organized lymphoid follicles, such as the PP, DCs in the subepithelial dome acquire luminal antigens after transport of the latter by M cells. They then present antigens to CD4+ T cells in the subepithelial dome or B cell follicles or, following activation/maturation and migration to the interfollicular T cell regions, to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Alternatively, the DCs migrate via afferent lymphatics to the mesenteric LNs where they prime T cells at this site. In the diffuse lymphoid area of the LP, DCs acquire antigen via cellular extensions that pierce the basement membrane, or by DCs present in the epithelium. DCs above or below the basement membrane could process antigens transported across the basolateral membranes by epithelial cells, or alternatively, could directly sample intestinal antigens by dendrites that reach the intestinal lumen. These DCs then present antigen to IELS within the epithelium, to T cells in the LP, or following migration, to T cells in mesenteric LNs. A major unanswered question concerning this distribution of professional antigen-presenting cells is whether presentation of antigen by different DC populations has different outcomes. In addition, it remains unclear whether DCs from non-mucosal locations migrate to mucosal sites, or whether DCs from mucosal sites migrate to systemic lymphoid organs beyond the mesenteric LNs. Many active studies of mucosal immunity are centered around these questions and we await their outcome.
Neuropsychological performance in treatment-seeking Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury

Introduction: Clinical neuropsychological presentation of treatment-seeking Veterans with a remote history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is widely variable. This manuscript seeks to better characterize cognitive concerns in the post-acute phase following mTBI and to identify the neuropsychological profiles of a large sample of clinically referred Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) Veterans with a history of mTBI and current cognitive complaints. We hypothesized that a minority of cases would exhibit valid and widespread neuropsychological deficits. Method: Retrospective chart reviews of neuropsychological testing and mental health symptoms and diagnoses were conducted on 411 clinically referred OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with a history of mTBI. Groups were created based on scores on performance validity measures and based on overall neuropsychological performance. Results: A total of 29.9% of the sample performed below normative expectations on at least o...
Characterization of a one-layer overlay standard

This paper describes the characterization of a specially designed one-layer overlay wafer by taking measurements on an optical metrology system and the scanning electron microscope, as well as measurements at the 0- and 180-degree rotational positions on the optical system. The characterized wafer was then compared with an overlay standard provided by VLSI Standards Inc. Results are in good agreement and within a few nanometers of nominal values. This characterized wafer is now accepted and used as an in-house standard.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The distribution of zeros of asymptotically extremal polynomials

Abstract In this paper, we study the asymptotic behavior of the zeros of a sequence of polynomials whose weighted norms have the same n th root behavior as the weighted norms for certain extremal polynomials. Our results include as special cases several of the previous results of Erdős, Freud, Jentzsch, Szegő and Blatt, Saff, and Simkani. Applications are given concerning the zeros of orthogonal polynomials over a smooth Jordan curve (in particular, on the unit circle) and the zeros of polynomials of best approximation on R to nonentire functions.
The Market Phenomenon: An Alternative Theory and Some Metatheoretical Research Considerations

Past definitions of the construct “market” are examined and analyzed for explanatory power of the market phenomenon. A counter definition and theory supporting it is forwarded. Additionally, a metatheoretical research paradigm is presented as a framework for future research into theory of the market.
The behavior of polyharmonic cardinal splines as their degree tends to infinity

Abstract The behavior of cardinal splines interpolating elements of l k 2 as their degree tends to infinity in R 1 has been determined by I. J. Schoenberg in the 1970s. In this paper we consider the generalized problem in R n by replacing cardinal splines by polyharmonic cardinal splines.
Active skin for turbulent drag reduction

Drag reduction for aerial vehicles has a range of positive ramifications: reduced fuel consumption with the associated economic and environmental consequences, larger flight range and endurance and higher achievable flight speeds. This work capitalizes on recent advances in active turbulent drag reduction and active material based actuation to develop an active or 'smart' skin for turbulent drag reduction in realistic flight conditions. The skin operation principle is based on computational evidence that spanwise traveling waves of the right amplitude, wavelength and frequency can result in significant turbulent drag reduction. Such traveling waves can be induced in the smart skin via active-material actuation. The flow control technique pursued is 'micro' in the sense that only micro-scale wave amplitudes (order of 30mm) and energy inputs are sufficient to produce significant benefits. Two actuation principles have been proposed and analyzed. Different skin designs based on these two actuation principles have been discussed. The feasibility of these different actuation possibilities (such as Shape Memory Alloys and Piezoelectric material based actuators) and relative merits of different skin designs are discussed. The realization of a mechanically actuated prototype skin capable of generating a traveling wave, using a rapid prototyping machine, for the purpose of validating the proposed drag reduction technique is also presented.
Going for the money: Transthoracic assessment of coronary artery flow reserve.

Assessment of coronary flow reserve (CFR) is a valuable clinical tool in the cardiac catheterization laboratory; however, CFR and endothelial function also can be assessed noninvasively using Doppler transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Consider the anatomy of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), which travels within the epicardial fat of the anterior interventricular sulcus. Initial attempts to visualize coronary artery anatomy with echocardiography concentrated on proximal artery anatomy; however, the distal LAD courses just a few centimeters from the chest wall and is readily accessible for evaluation with TTE.
Waisman syndrome, a human X-linked recessive basal ganglia disorder with mental retardation: localization to Xq27.3-qter.

Abstract Linkage of the gene responsible for an X-linked early onset parkinsonism disorder with mental retardation (MeKusick 311510) to DNA probes that detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms is described. The disease gene is linked to the F8C gene, and to DNA probes detecting polymorphic loci DXS52, DXS15, DXS134, and DXS374 with maximum lod scores at θ = 0 of 5.08, 5.19, 5.00, 5.03, and 4.46, respectively. Multipoint linkage analysis gives a maximum multipoint lod score of 6.75 at the F8C gene. This places the disease gene in chromosomal region Xq27.3-qter.
Swallowtail porphyrins: synthesis, characterization and incorporation into porphyrin dyads.

The incorporation of symmetrically branched tridecyl (“swallowtail”) substituents at the meso positions of porphyrins results in highly soluble building blocks. Synthetic routes have been investigated to obtain porphyrin building blocks bearing 1−4 swallowtail groups. Porphyrin dyads have been synthesized in which the zinc or free base (Fb) porphyrins are joined by a 4,4‘-diphenylethyne linker and bear swallowtail (or n-pentyl) groups at the nonlinking meso positions. The swallowtail-substituted Zn2- and ZnFb-dyads are readily soluble in common organic solvents. Static absorption and fluorescence spectra and electrochemical data show that the presence of the swallowtail groups slightly raises the energy level of the filled a2u(π) HOMO. EPR studies of the π-cation radicals of the swallowtail porphyrins indicate that the torsional angle between the proton on the alkyl carbon and p-orbital on the meso carbon of the porphyrin is different from that of a porphyrin bearing linear pentyl groups. Regardless, the ...
Single-Subject Evaluation in Health Education

The utilization of single-subject methodology represents a means to improve evaluation efforts in health education. This article provides a rationale for the application of the methodology in health education evaluation. Two variations of the single-subject evaluation methodology (ABAB and multiple baseline) are described. Appropriate methods of data analysis are recommended. Applications of single-subject designs in health education settings are presented. Dilemmas in health education evaluation are identified and reviewed in light of the potential contributions of single-subject methodology.
Hydrogenation of a Pharmaceutical Intermediate by a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor System

A proof of concept study on the continuous hydrogenation of a pharmaceutical intermediate is presented. A slurry feed of CP-548495, a dintro intermediate in a smoking cessation drug, was reduced in a two-reactor continuous stirred tank train to the diamine product. The reactors were found to operate within different kinetic regimes, with the upstream reactor exhibiting hydrogen mass transfer limited behavior, and the downstream reactor, substrate concentration limited behavior. A longer-term catalyst degradation study was conducted to explore the potential for extended operation.
Dipyrone approach toward the synthesis of the cytotoxic natural product auripyrone A

An approach to the synthesis of the cytotoxic natural product auripyrone A 1 via the cyclization of an alcohol onto a γ-pyrone in 3 is described. The bis(pyrone) alcohol 3 was prepared efficiently from the advanced aldolate 4 via silyl ether cleavage, oxidation, pyrone formation, and PMB ether removal. Instead of providing auripyrone A 1, the attempted cyclization of 3 gave the product of 1,5-acyl migration 8. Model studies show this to be a general process; therefore, cyclization of an alcohol on such a hindered γ-pyrone under normal conditions is very difficult.
Solar deflection of thin-walled cylindrical, extendible structures

An analytical expression is derived which describes the steady-state deflection of a long, thin, tubular structure with a locked overlapped cross section subjected to solar heating in a 0 g environment. By transforming the angular coordinate to correspond to the solar direction, it is possible to obtain a single expression which describes the circumferential temperature distribution. Thermal bending is found by closed form integration of the temperature-induced loading about the principal axes as dictated by overlap geometry. Maximum thermal bending is evaluated for various overlap angles as a function of dimensionless groups which include all thermal and geometric parameters. It is concluded that an optimum design is one which incorporates an overlap angle at 155°. The results are presented in graphical form suitable for engineering design, and a specific example is discussed. Nomenclature a = cross-sectional area of tube A = temperature parameter B — dimensionless parameter e = thermal coefficient of expansion E = Young's modulus of elasticity f(08) = function defined by Eq. (16) F = heat input function / = area moment of inertia k — thermal conductivity M = thermal bending moment r = element radius
Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on isoproterenol-induced cardiomegaly in rats.

Abstract Cardiac enlargement was induced in rats by isoproterenol (5 mg/kg, sc) administered twice daily for 4 days. The magnitude of the cardiomegaly was significantly less in animals which had been pretreated 3 days before and then during the isoproterenol treatments with one of the following monoamine oxidase inhibitors: β-phenylethylhydrazine (phenelzine), 3-methyl-3-piperidinopyrazine (modaline), N-benzyl-N-methyl-2-propynylamine (pargyline), 2-phenylcyclopropylamine (tranylcypromine), 1 benzyl-2-(5-methyl)-3-isoxazolylcarbonylhydrazine (isocarboxazid). These compounds inhibited heart monoamine oxidase activity 71–96% when administered for 3 days in doses smaller than those required to significantly antagonize isoproterenol-induced cardiomegaly. N-Isonicotinyl-N-β-(N-benzylcarboxamido)ethylhydrazine (nialamide) inhibited monoamine oxidase activity but did not protect the animals from the cardiac enlargement elicited by isoproternol. Nicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid) was inactive in both regards. The levels of protein, RNA and DNA, as well as the incorporation of glycine-2-14C into the protein or nucleic acids, were significantly elevated in the hearts of rats treated with 2 doses of isoproterenol (5 mg/kg, sc). When rats were pretreated with phenelzine (20 mg/kg, sc) or pargyline (40 mg/kg, sc), the following cardiac biochemical parameters were significantly reduced when compared with those from animals treated with isoproterenol alone: (1) wet weight, (2) protein, (3) RNA, (4) glycine-2-14C incorporation into protein, RNA, and DNA.
Mechanisms of carcinogenesis: Chemical exposure and molecular changes

34. Alexander M, Newmark H, Miler RG. Oral beta-carotene can increase the number of OKT4+ cells in human blood. ZmmuncZLen 1985,9,221-224. 41. 35. Prabhala RH, Garewal HS, Hicks MJ, Sampliner RE, Watson RR. The effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid and beta-carotene on cellular immunity in humans. Cancer 1991,67,1556-1560. 42. 36. Watson RR, Prabhala RH, Plexia PM, Alberts DS. Effect of betacarotene on lymphocyte subpopulations in elderly humans: evidence for a dose-response relationship. Am3 Clin Nun 1991,53,90-94. 43. 37. Bryant DG, Prasad C. Effect of beta-carotene on lymphocyte subpopulations in elderly humans. Am 3 Clin Nun 1991, 54, 44. 432-433. 38. Ringer TV, De Loof MJ, Winterowd GE, et al. Beta-carotene’s effect on serum lipoproteins and immunologic indices in humans. 45.
The influence of heat conduction on evaporation from sunken pans in hot, dry environment

Abstract Lateral heat conduction across a large circular sunken pan located in a hot, dry environment is evaluated using a numerical procedure. Heat flow across the sunken pan–adjacent soil boundary is calculated using a two-dimensional soil plane. Calculations show that a large temperature differential across the pan–substrate boundary develops during the entire diurnal cycle during January and July, leading to consistently positive heat flow from the soil towards the sunken pan. Heat conduction across the pan–substrate boundary represents 10 and 34% of net radiation over the sunken pan during July and January, respectively. This additional heat source, which is not available for shallow lakes, increases annual evaporation from the sunken pan by about 5–8% in July and January, respectively. In hot arid environments, a sunken pan will overestimate evaporation from a nearby shallow lake/dam due to a larger surface roughness and consistently positive conduction heat flow across the pan–substrate boundary.
Is Cygnus X-3 Strange?

Abstract We discuss the recently reported measurements of the properties of high energy cosmic rays arriving from the direction of the compact binary X-ray source Cygnus X-3. We argue that the source of these events may be a strange quark star, and that the primary which directly produces them is a low baryon number neutral hadron with multiple strangeness which is stable up to (at least) simultaneous double strangeness changing weak decays.
Eligibility Effects on College Access: Under-represented Student Perceptions of Tennessee’s Merit Aid Program

As state-level merit-based financial aid programs proliferate, analysts both find that these programs have a disproportionate effect on students traditionally under-represented in postsecondary education and question the use of limited public resources in an inefficient and inequitable manner. This study, using survey data regarding the perceptions of all potentially eligible scholarship recipients, explores the impact the Tennessee Education Lottery Scholarship on college access for minority and low-income students. The empirical results indicate that African American and low-income students are more likely to perceive their eligibility for merit-based scholarships as having an impact on their decision on whether or not to attend college. A consequential policy implication is that a liberally awarded merit-based scholarship program, while inefficient, may provide sustainable access for those students in greatest need of financial aid.
Correction to Klinkenberg slip theory for gas flow in nano-capillaries

Abstract Using a lattice Boltzmann (coarse grain) simulation of gas dynamics we show that the apparent permeability values of nano-scale capillaries could be significantly higher than those predicted by the Klinkenberg slip theory. The difference is due to kinetic effects of gas molecules that have gone through inelastic collisions with the capillary walls on those molecules that make up the bulk fluid in the capillary. The kinetic energy that the bouncing-back molecules have and the associated momentum carried to the bulk fluid is not a trivial matter in capillaries with diameter, h, less than 100 nm. Momentum carried by bouncing-back molecules amplifies the velocity profile developing across the diameter of the capillary. In a sense, it is not only the molecules interacting with the capillary wall that slip but also those interacting with the bulk fluid, i.e., double‐slip. The double-slip effect is shown using measured permeability data of two crushed nano-porous samples, Pyrophyllite, and three different shale samples at varying pore pressures. Using the simulation results, we propose a modification to the Klinkenberg equation. Our new double-slip Klinkenberg equation includes a characteristic length scale (LKe) that is proportional to the kinetic energy per capillary cross-sectional area of the bouncing-back molecules by the capillary walls. The new length scale of the molecular kinetic effects in nano-capillaries is larger than the mean free path of the molecules. The double-slip Klinkenberg equation reduces to the classical equation for slip flow in large capillaries, i.e., h/LKe >> 1, and converges to the absolute permeability value at high pressure.
Inferring sequences produced by pseudo-random number generators

In this paper, efficient algorithms are given for inferring sequences produced by certain pseudo-random number generators. The generators considered are all of the form Xn = Σkj-l αjφj(Xo, Xl, . . ., Xn-l) (mod m). In each case, we assume that the functions φj are known and polynomial time computable, but that the coefficients aj and the modulus m are unknown. Using this general method, specific examples of generators having this form, the linear congruential method, linear congruences with n terms in the recurrence, and quadratic congruences are shown to be cryptographically insecure.
Genetic variation of polygenic characters and the evolution of genetic degeneracy

The classical model of mutation–selection balance for quantitative characters sums the effects of individual sites to determine overall character value. I develop an alternative version of this classical model in which character value depends on the averaging of the effects of the individual sites. In this new averaging model, the equilibrium patterns of variance in allelic effects and character values change with the number of sites that affect a character in a different way from the classical model of summing effects. Besides changing the patterns of variance, the averaging model favours the addition of loci to the control of character values, perhaps explaining in part the recent observation of widespread genetic degeneracy.
C1q: Its Functions within the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and its Role in Lupus Autoimmunity

The complement cascade is a multi-faced effector component of the innate immune response. C1q is the recognition component of the classical pathway of complement activation. In addition, C1q has been recognized to serve a number of other biological functions including a modulating role on cellular functions within the adaptive immune response. The importance of C1q to normal immune regulation is reflected by the fact that greater than 90% of individuals who have complete congenital deficiency of C1q have been observed to develop early-onset photosensitive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). As a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in three C1q genes, it is possible that more subtle variations in C1q expression could be a risk factor for cutaneous LE and SLE. Thus, a more comprehensive delineation of complotype could be of increasing clinical importance in the future.
Real-space imaging of structural transitions in the vortex lattice of V 3 Si

The predictions of nonlocal London theory are confirmed by real-space measurements of the hexagonal-to-square transition in the vortex lattice structure of ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}\mathrm{Si}.$ We observe that the lattice transforms from hexagonal to nearly square over the field range of 0--4 T for fields applied along the [001] direction. Above $\ensuremath{\approx}0.75\mathrm{T},$ we find that the lattice orientation is strongly linked to the symmetry of the underlying ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}\mathrm{Si}$ crystal and has a (100) symmetry plane. Near the rhombus-to-square transition at 4 T, we observe anisotropic long-range translational order, consistent with predictions of the elasticity of the lattice near this transition.
Amperometric biosensing of organic peroxides with peroxidase-modified electrodes

Abstract An amperometric enzyme electrode for organic peroxides, based on the incorporation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into a carbon paste matrix, is reported. The electrode responds rapidly to low (micromolar) concentrations of such peroxides, in accordance to the following sensitivity trend: butanone peroxide > tert-butyl peroxibenzoate > cumene hydroperoxides > triphenylmethyl hydroperoxide > tert-butyl hydroperoxide > tert-amyl perbenzoate > tertbutyl peroxiacetate. The effect of various operational parameters is explored for optimum analytical performance. The dynamic properties of this electrode are exploited for detection in flow injection systems. Work in mixed nonaqueous-aqueous media allows the quantitation of highly hydrophobic peroxides and extension of the linear range. Similar organic peroxide detection is reported for the incorporation of HRP within a rigid graphite-epoxy matrix, and for a tissue (horseradish-root) modified electrode. Applicability of the HRP electrode for assays of drinking water is illustrated and prospects for its utility in environmental work are discussed. Analogous measurements using another (fungal) peroxidase are reported.
Theoretical investigation of optical fiber-length-dependent phase noise in opto-electronic oscillators

Optical fiber-length-dependent flicker phase noise has been identified as a major limit to the reduction of phase noise in opto-electronic oscillators (OEOs). We outline a systematic approach to model the optical path of the OEO, and investigate the sources of length-dependent phase noise in the optical path and how they are effected by the dispersion and Kerr nonlinearity of the optical fiber.
Microcavity Brillouin laser with high coherence

The first chip-based stimulated Brillouin laser (SBL) is demonstrated. It has efficiency of 90% and exhibits record coherence for an on-chip device, featuring Schawlow-Townes frequency noise of 60 milliHz2/Hz. Low technical noise is also observed.