cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Functionality of Ion Channel Biosensing using Stochastic Resonance

Stochastic resonance refers to the increased sensitivity of a system when a finite level of noise is applied to the system. This counter-intuitive concept is evidenced by a maximum in the signal-to-noise ratio with respect to applied noise level. We have applied this technique to a system of alamethicin ion channels incorporated in a planar lipid bilayer. When used as a molecular biosensor, an enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio of such a system improves the sensor's limit of detection. Thus, by adding noise to the biosensor, we can maximize its sensitivity. We also show how this technique can be used to design an inherently optimal molecular biosensor. By varying the lipid membrane area, the alamethicin concentration, and applied voltage in each system, we control the level of noise internal to the system. Then, by noting the level of external noise that induces stochastic resonance, we inferred the level of internal noise that each variable introduces to the system. In doing so, we found that microphonic noise, which is introduced by the lipid membrane, most significantly influences the signature of stochastic resonance. Thus, we have shown that by tuning the membrane area to induce an optimal level of microphonic noise, one can design a molecular biosensor that inherently induces stochastic resonance.
Comparative ureteral microanatomy

Several animals have been used as models for experimental upper urinary tract surgery. Although minipigs have recently gained favor because their upper urinary tract is grossly similar to that of humans, the ureteral microanatomic features of the two species have not been compared. We evaluated the histologic features of human and animal ureters in order to provide addition information regarding experimental models for upper urinary tract surgery. Cross-sections of upper, middle, and lower ureteral segments from human autopsy specimens and animals (farm pig, minipig, dog, sheep, rabbit, and rat) were evaluated after preparation with Masson's trichrome stain. Morphology, computer-assisted morphometry, linear micrometry, and point-count estimation of smooth muscle/connective tissue ratios were assessed. The epithelium was remarkably consistent across all species, both morphologically and in terms of absolute size. The lamina propria was highly vascularized in all species, but the compactness varied with the overall ureteral dimensions. In the muscularis, the relative size and the percentage composed of smooth muscle differed widely among species, as did the ratio of muscularis to lamina propria cross-sectional surface area. Among the species evaluated, the sheep, farm pig, and minipig ureters were the best histologic approximations of the human ureter. Given the difficulties with manipulation of the small sheep ureter, the minipig and farm pig models appear to be optimal for experimental research on upper urinary tract surgery by an endourologic approach.
Neonatal ethanol exposure alters bcl-2 family mRNA levels in the rat cerebellar vermis.

Background: The objective of the present work was to determine whether ethanol-induced cerebellar cell death during development is related to alterations in the expression of bcl-2 family genes. Methods: Rats were exposed to ethanol or control conditions during the neonatal period and transcript levels of bcl-2 family members relative to cyclophilin were determined. Pups exposed in parallel were taken for cerebellar cell counts. Results: Ethanol exposure during the first postnatal week significantly reduced Purkinje and granule cell numbers by postnatal day 21 (P21). Acute first postnatal week ethanol exposure up-regulated mRNA transcripts encoding the cell death-promoting molecules bax and bcl-xs as measured on P4. An additional day of exposure on P5 resulted in no further alterations in bcl-2 family transcripts, likely because Purkinje cell death was detectable as early as P5. To determine whether proapoptotic gene expression changes were specific to first postnatal week ethanol neurotoxicity, we examined bcl-2 family mRNA levels in rats exposed to ethanol during a developmental period of cerebellar insusceptibility, the second postnatal week. Exposure on P7 to P8 produced no change in cerebellar cell number, but also resulted in increased levels of bax, although only after 2-day ethanol exposure and not after acute exposure on P7. Conclusions: These data implicate altered expression of proapoptotic members of the bcl-2 gene family in acute ethanol-mediated cerebellar cell death during the first postnatal week. They also suggest that the differential survival of cerebellar neurons after ethanol exposure during more mature developmental stages may be related to more successful suppression of proapoptotic processes.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEQUENCING PROCEDURES FOR MIXED-MODEL ASSEMBLY LINES IN A JUST-IN-TIME PRODUCTION SYSTEM

In this paper several procedures for sequencing products on a mixed-model assembly line in a just-in-time production system are statistically compared using simulation analysis. The procedures include two 'goal chasing' heuristics developed at Toyota that focus on constant component usage, an algorithm developed by Miltenberg designed to achieve uniform production rates for each model, a time spread method developed by the authors that smooths the work load at each assembly line station, and the familiar batch sequencing procedure frequently used in practice. These five sequencing procedures are evaluated according to four measures of assembly line inefficiency, work not completed, worker idleness, worker station time and a measure of variability in uniform component usage. The results provide assembly line managers with guidelines for selecting the most effective sequencing procedure for achieving their operational objectives.
Organochlorine pesticides in soil sediments and aquatic animals in the upper steele bayou watershed of Mississippi

Soil sediments from 2 depths and tissue samples from 8 species of aquatic animals were collected on or near Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge, Mississippi, and analyzed for organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of 12 organochlorine pesticides were found in most animal samples, and 0.0 to 4.6 mg/kg of 5 compounds were detected in soil sediments. With the exception of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), residues were similarly distributed in soil and animal samples among different watercourses within the watershed.
Selection of genes using long-term influence and sensitivity analysis

This paper presents a novel algorithm to select genes of interest for mining heterogeneous large-scale genomic data. Probabilistic Boolean Genetic Regulatory Networks (PBN), the stochastic generalizations of Boolean networks, have been used in system biology to study biological systems from a holistic perspective in providing a comprehensive, system-level understanding of cellular behavior. Investigation of the gene's long-term behavior such as the attractors of the system, which were hypothesized to characterize cellular phenotype, becomes more important in understanding the interactions between different genes and how the genes collectively behave. Unfortunately, modeling of gene regulatory networks often leads to dynamic models with huge state space surpassing the size of any computer systems by orders of magnitude. It has been known for a long time by biologists that some genes may have more impact than others in determining the value of a target gene. Finding the genes those has the most potent effect is an important task in studying the PBN. Similarly, some genes may be more stable with other genes have little effect on it. However, current computational methods for analysis the long-term behavior of genes require the construction of the network's transition probability matrix, which has a huge size of 2n × 2n where n is the number of genes on the PBN. That said, even a PBN with a small set of 20 genes would require memory surpassing the size of any computer system. We present an algebraic method for direct computation of the long-term influence, sensitivity and impact factor of genes in a PBN. Our novel method only requires O(n2) memory space - a significant improvement in term of space as well as time complexity. We are able to analyze the long-term behavior of genes in artificial PBNs with 500 genes within minutes on a desktop computer. We compare our novel method with previously known methods and report experimental results to illustrate our theoretical arguments. Our method enables the calculation of likelihood of the occurrence of certain events of interest. Thus allow quantitative statements to be made about the system's behavior, expressed as probabilities or expectations of biological systems.
Structure-modulus relationships for injection-molded long fiber-reinforced polyphthalamides

Abstract The structural information needed for modulus evaluation of long fiber-reinforced composites includes the fiber volume fraction, the modulus and the Poisson's ratio of the constituents, the fiber orientation and the fiber length distribution. In this work, the fiber orientation distribution is expressed in terms of three parameters which may vary with spatial location on the part: the average orientation angle on the surface, the average orientation angle on the mid-plane and the thickness of shell-core layers. With the independent evaluation of the fiber length distribution, composite models are used to evaluate mechanical property distribution such as modulus and Poisson's ratio as a function of spatial location on the part. The approach used in this work combines the Halpin-Tsai equations and a stiffness modeling scheme which follows a combination of iso-stress and iso-strain averaging techniques to determine the anisotropic material behavior of these composites. The predictions are compared with experimental data from injection-molded plaques fabricated at different processing conditions. Modulus variation with location is measured by fabricating dog-bone tensile samples from the plaques at four in-flow and four cross-flow positions. Modulus variability is shown to be high with location and the model captures this non-uniformity over the whole range of tested samples.
Terminology Think Tank: Terminology of aggressive behavior

a U a q d C s f o d i c t s i k d There are many approaches to classifying behavior probems, and it is important that an agreed upon terminology esults from this discussion. The approach that we use at ornell University is to classify the problem by the species that nitiates the behavior. For example, if a dog chases a cat, it ould be classified as a canine problem. The victim or the bject of the initiator’s actions is the next modifier. For examle, the dog is chasing the cat, or the dog is clawing and biting he woodwork. Because the species of animal and the object or nimal affected are objective, no one can argue about the lassification so far. When disagreements arise, it is in assigning motivation. Is he dog chasing the cat because he wants to play, or is it a redatory attack that will result in the cat’s death should the cat e caught? Is the dog chewing and clawing the woodwork ecause he is bored, because he is trying to reach a dog outside interdog aggression), or because he is upset in the absence of he owner (separation anxiety)? If the owner can describe the og’s posture, or if the dog will repeat the behavior in front of he veterinary behaviorist, its ear, tail, mouth, and general body osition can be a guide to the dog’s motivation. The most controversial terminology is that of classification f aggression. Everyone agrees that dogs growl, snap, and bite eople, but the types of aggression can be lumped into as few s 3 types (dominance over owner, to children, and to strangrs) (Hart and Hart, 1985) or as many as 15 types (Beaver, 999) (Table 1). One method of creating a terminology is to se an algorithm with a pair of descriptors at each choice point. ood examples of algorithms are found in Karen Overall’s ehavior Medicine for Small Animals (Overall, 1997). Let us
Lutetium Oxide Coatings by PVD.

Due to its high density and cubic structure, Lutetium oxide (Lu2O3) has been extensively researched for scintillating applications. Present manufacturing methods, such as hot pressing and sintering, do not provide adequate resolution due to light scattering of polycrystalline materials. Vapor deposition has been investigated as an alternative manufacturing method. Lutetium oxide transparent optical coatings by magnetron sputtering offer a means of tailoring the coating for optimum scintillation and resolution. Sputter deposited coatings typically have inherent stress and defects that adversely affect transparency and emission. The effect of process parameters on the coating properties is being investigated via x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and emission spectroscopy, and will be presented and discussed.
Shifts in Percentiles of Growth During Early Childhood: Analysis of Longitudinal Data From the California Child Health and Development Study

Objective. To document growth-velocity changes across major percentiles during the preschool years. Design. Analyses of longitudinal data using height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age percentiles were performed to examine crossing of major percentiles of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts. The 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles were defined as the major percentiles. Setting. Data from the California Child Health and Development Study were used. Subjects. A total of 10 844 children up to 60 months of age, with 44 296 height and weight measurements, were included in our final analysis. Results. For height-for-age, 32% of children between birth and 6 months of age, 13% to 15% of children between 6 and 24 months of age, and 2% to 10% of children between 24 and 60 months of age crossed 2 major percentiles. For weight-for-age, 39% of children between birth and 6 months of age, 6% to 15% of children between 6 and 24 months of age, and 1% to 5% of children between 24 and 60 months of age crossed 2 major percentiles. In contrast, for weight-for-height, 62% of children between birth and 6 months of age, 20% to 27% of children between 6 and 24 months of age, and 6% to 15% of children between 24 to 60 months of age crossed 2 major percentiles. Similar to the pattern observed for weight-for-height, 8% to 15% of children between 24 and 60 months of age crossed 2 major BMI-for-age percentiles. During the preschool years, weight-for-height had the highest percentages of children who crossed 2 major percentiles, and weight-for-age had the lowest percentages of children who crossed 2 major percentiles among these 3 indices. Conclusions. Shifts in growth rates were very common for children from birth to 6 months of age, somewhat less common for children 6 to 24 months of age, and least common for children 24 to 60 months of age. Shifts in weight-for-height occurred more frequently than did other growth changes. Pediatricians must consider the prevalence of growth rate shifts during infancy and early childhood before they counsel parents regarding growth or refer children for additional evaluations of growth.
System-Level Simulation of Microsystems

Microelectromechanical systems require a multidisciplinary approach to design, including knowledge of fabrication technology, mechanics, electromechanics, and electronics. In the majority of cases, good MEMS design requires the evaluation of tradeoffs among the fabrication process, micromechanical topology, and sizing. Sensor interface circuits, signal conditioning, and feedback provide additional interactions that affect design choices. This chapter provides an introductory overview to the system-level simulation of microsystems in support of the design effort. Discussion is devoted to microelectromechanical structures with electronics. However, the general methods outlined here have equal applicability in other microsystems, such as microfluidic and micro-optical systems.
A comparison of children's play in six modern cultures

A study was designed to discover whether an essentially national style of play would emerge in five European and Mediterranean countries (England, Norway, Spain, Greece, Egypt), how that style would compare with that in the USA, and whether countries of two loosely differentiated political forms would differ in emphasis in children's play. Ss were middle class boys and girls aged five to 11 from suburban and rural areas in each country. Age was positively related to play socialization for each sex and each country except Greece. Differences between suburban and rural areas were neglibible. Boys led girls in play socialization throughout. Play at school was consistently more demanding in level of socialization required than play at home. Each country was distinctive, however, in its emphasis on particular categories of play. A comparison of countries having an individualistic-democratic form of government with those having a monolithic-authoritarian form suggested that early and prolonged individual-informal play and play with adult involvement occurred more often in the former, and that early and continuing competitive play with peers occured more often in the latter.
Toward a Theory of Cultural Competence in Transcultural Parenting: The Role of Cultural Receptivity

There is a dire need to place the disproportionate number of minority foster children with successful foster families. Because there are more minority foster children than minority foster parents, we suggest placing children with qualified families despite differences in racial, ethnic, or cultural backgrounds. We propose a conceptual model for transcultural parenting that accounts for cultural differences and emphasizes the importance of equipping foster parents with training to preserve children's birth heritages and help them thrive in dual worlds. We address how essential it is for agencies to assess foster parents' cultural receptivity, that is, their openness to participate in activities that stimulate children's cultural development. We suggest a theoretical framework that integrates cultural receptivity and culturally competent transcultural parenting.
TRANSIENT GRATING STUDIES OF ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN REVERSE MICELLAR SOLUTIONS

Abstract We report measurements of ultrasonic attenuation in reverse micelle solutions of water in isooctane, heptane, or decane at gigahertz frequencies using the picosecond transient grating method. The diameters of the micelles ranged from 2.5 to 12.0 nm. The water pools comprising the interior of the micelles enhance the acoustic attenuation constant depending on the concentration and size of the micelles. The additional attenuation resulting from the micelles is consistent with predictions of existing theories of thermal, viscous and scattering contributions to acoustic wave attenuation, which, previously, found verification only at lower acoustic frequencies.
Carbonic Anhydrase IV: Purification of a Secretory Form of the Recombinant Human Enzyme and Identification of the Positions and Importance of Its Disulfide Bonds

Abstract Chinese hamster ovary cells were stably transfected with the cDNA for human carbonic anhydrase IV that was engineered to encode a secretory form of the normally glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein. Overexpression was achieved by amplification of the cDNA and its dihydrofolate reductase-containing expression vector by growth in the presence of methotrexate. The 33-kDa secretory form of the enzyme was purified to homogeneity from cellular secretions by inhibitor affinity chromatography. Occasional CA IV preparations contained proteolytic fragments of 18 and 15 kDa held together by disulfide bonds. N-terminal sequencing identified the 18-kDa fragment as the N-terminus and the 15-kDa fragment as the C-terminal portion. The specific activity of the purified enzyme preparations (2587 ± 149 U/mg protein) was comparable to that of enzyme purified from human tissues. In order to identify the cysteines involved in the two disulfide bonds, enzyme purified following metabolic labeling with [ 35 S]cysteine was subjected to proteolytic cleavage and the N-terminal amino acid sequence determined on the labeled peptides isolated by HPLC. Results indicated that the disulfide bonds in the native enzyme link Cys6 to Cys18 and Cys28 to Cys211. Reduction of the enzyme or reduction followed by alkylation both destroy 70% of the enzyme activity and make the enzyme susceptible to inactivation by denaturants. Furthermore, the loss of activity of reduced enzyme on exposure to denaturants is not recovered on removal of denaturants. By contrast, disulfide-bonded enzyme is not only more resistant to inactivation by denaturants, but any loss of activity is reversed on removal of denaturants. Fluorescence anisotropy measurements provided further evidence that the disulfide-bonded enzyme retains structure in the presence of denaturants. Taken together, these results show that the disulfide bonds contribute significantly both to the retention of structure and of catalytic activity in the presence of denaturants, and to the ability to renature following removal of denaturants.
Selective inhibition of bipyridyl-stimulated NADPH oxidation by ascorbic acid

Abstract The effect of the bipyridyl herbicides, paraquat and diquat (0.01–1.0 mM), on NADPH oxidation was determined in vitro using rat lung microsomal preparations. Experiments were performed in the absence of mixed function oxidation (MFO) substrates, in the presence of substrates (ethylmorphine or benzphetamine), and also in the presence of ascorbic acid (0.1–10.0 mM). NADPH oxidation was stimulated by both herbicides in the absence or presence of either substrate in a concentration-dependent manner. When ascorbic acid was included in incubations along with either bipyridyl, the stimulated rate of NADPH oxidation decreased in the presence of benzphetamine but the stimulation was unaltered in the presence of ethylmorphine or in the absence of substrate. These studies indicate that ascorbic acid may offer some protection from bipyridyl-mediated NADPH oxidation in rat lung microsomal fractions, but that protection appears to be dependent upon the simultaneous presence of specific MFO substrates.
Immunotherapy in the initial treatment of newly diagnosed cancer patients: utilization trend and cost projections for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, metastatic breast cancer, and metastatic colorectal cancer.

ABSTRACTWe analyzed the utilization trend for immunotherapy as initial treatment in the United States and estimated the cost impact of three cancers for which the majority of newly approved immunot...
HSP110 improves the anti-tumor effects of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope E749-57 in mice: HSP110 as a peptide specific chaperone or adjuvant?

Commentary to:Heat shock protein 110 improves the anti-tumor effects of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope E7 in miceFaliang Ren, Yunsheng Xu, Liwei Mao, Rongying Ou, Zhenzhen Ding, Xueqi Zhang, Jun Tang, Bingxu Li, Zhengcai Jia, Zhiqiang Tian, Bing Ni and Yuzhang Wu
Laser frequency stabilization to molecular resonances for TPF-C, LISA, and MAXIM

A number of future space observatories will rely on interferometric length measurements to meet mission requirements. A necessary tool for these measurements is a frequency stabilized laser. We present the use of molecular resonances for the frequency stabilization reference for the TPF-C, LISA, and MAXIM missions. For the TPF-C terrestrial planet finder coronagraph mission we have stabilized a 1542nm fiber laser to acetylene and exceeded the required sensitivity for length measurements of less than 25nm over a length scale of 12m and a time scale of 8 hours. For the LISA gravitational wave interferometer mission we have stabilized a frequency doubled 1064nm NPRO laser to molecular iodine. The laser system meets the frequency noise requirements of 30Hz/√(Hz) at mHz frequencies and shows robustness to temperature and alignment fluctuations. It also supplies an absolute reference frequency which is important for lock acquisition of lasers on separate spacecraft. The radiation hardness of the frequency doubling crystal for iodine stabilization was studied. In addition, simplified optical configurations have also been investigated, where the need for auxiliary modulators was eliminated. For MAXIM, we have constructed a stabilized laser system for stabilization of the position of the x-ray optics in the GSFC prototype testbed, and we report some initial results in the testbed operation.
Varicella-Zoster Virus Gene 63: Transcript Mapping and Regulatory Activity

The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) putative immediate-early (IE) protein encoded by ORF63 is the homolog of HSV-1 ICP-22. To further characterize ORF63 and its function, Northern analysis, primer extension, and S1 nuclease assays were used to map its transcripts, and transient transfection assays were performed with constructs containing ORF63 or its promoter region. Two transcripts were identified: a 0.9-kb transcript spans ORF63 alone, and a 1.8-kb transcript reads through ORF64. Two prominent transcription start sites were identified at -88 and -157 relative to the ORF63 ATG, and two potential TATA elements were identified. In transient transfection assays, the 63 promoter was weakly activated by VZV ORF4 and ORF62 under their homologous promoters, was more strongly activated by ORF62 under the control of a constitutive CMV promoter, and was synergistically activated by ORFs 4 and 62 together. ORF63, driven by its own or by a heterologous SV40 promoter, exerted minimal effects on diverse VZV putative IE and early promoters, showed no clear evidence of autoregulation, and did not directly inhibit the ORF62 promoter as had been reported previously. ORF63's behavior in transient assays suggests that it plays only a limited regulatory role in modulating VZV gene expression.
1,N 2-Deoxyguanosine Adducts of Acrolein, Crotonaldehyde, and trans-4-Hydroxynonenal Cross-link to Peptides via Schiff Base Linkage

DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) are formed upon exposure to a variety of chemical and physical agents and pose a threat to genomic integrity. In particular, acrolein and related aldehydes produce DPCs, although the chemical linkages for such cross-links have not been identified. Here, we report that oligodeoxynucleotides containing 1,N 2-deoxyguanosine adducts of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and trans-4-hydroxynonenal can form cross-links with the tetrapeptide Lys-Trp-Lys-Lys. We concluded that complex formation is mediated by a Schiff base linkage because DNA-peptide complexes were covalently trapped following reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride, and pre-reduction of adducted DNAs inhibited complex formation. A previous NMR study demonstrated that duplex DNA catalyzes ring opening for the acrolein-derived γ-hydroxy-1,N 2-propanodeoxyguanosine adduct to yield an aldehydic function (de los Santos, C., Zaliznyak, T., and Johnson, F. (2001) J. Biol. Chem.276, 9077–9082). Consistent with this earlier observation, the adducts under investigation were more reactive in duplex DNA than in single-stranded DNA, and we concluded that the ring-open aldehydic moiety is the induced tautomer in duplex DNA for adducts exhibiting high relative reactivity. Adducted DNA cross-linked to Arg-Trp-Arg-Arg and Lys-Trp-Lys-Lys with comparable efficiency, andN α-acetylation of peptides dramatically inhibited trapping; thus, the reactive nucleophile is located at the N-terminal α-amine of the peptide. These data suggest that Schiff base chemistry can mediate DPC formation in vivo following the formation of stable aldehyde-derived DNA adducts.
Quantum dynamics of the D=3 abelian Higgs model and spontaneous breaking of parity

Abstract Several D =3 gauge models where the macroscopic Chern-Simons (CS) terms is induced via scalar fields are described. The first is the usual abelian Higgs model where, as shown by Khlebnikov, there is a non-trivial one-loop correction to the tree-level CS coupling. A refined treatment of this model based on the one-loop effective potential is given. Other models include fermions and the fermion-(pseudo) scalar interaction but no tree-level CS term. In all cases the central point for spontaneous parity breaking is the formation of non-zero (pseudo) scalar field condensates.
"Forty acres of cotton waiting to be picked": medical students, storytelling, and the rhetoric of healing.

"'Forty acres of cotton waiting to be picked': Medical Students, Storytelling, and the Rhetoric of Healing," divides medical students' stories into four categories, including stories focusing on 1) factual matters of medical practice; 2) identity; 3) underlying assumptions of medical practice; and 4) the nature of healing. Through their stories, medical students negotiate the difficulties of medical school and move toward an understanding of healing rooted as deeply in language and its rhetorical acts as in the biomedical sciences.
Methemoglobinemia as a Rare Complication During a Transesophageal Echocardiogram

A transesophageal echocardiogram was performed on a 44-year-old patient to rule out endocarditis. After local benzocaine spray was applied to the throat and intravenous sedation was administered, the pulsoximeter showed a drop in oxygen saturation to 84% on room …
A hierarchical strategy for large scale process calculations

Abstract Combined execution of realistic models of large highly integrated process flowsheets using conventinal simulation strategies is prohibitive in terms of computation time and computer storage requirements. Hierarchical solution strategies based on concept first proposed by Rosen discussed. The process flowsheet is viewed as consisting of a collection of process sections each involving multiple equipments items. Process section models are assumed to be assembled using conventional modular simulators. Linear material balance models of various levels of aggregation are proposed for use at the overall process level. The balance models are solved using a novel non-iterative solution method. Trials results indicate that a two level strategy employing sequential single pass execution of the section simulations coupled with solution of a partially aggregated process material blance model which incorporates recycles between sections as well as recycles internal to sections requires least time. Implementation of the mehtod and the required file structure are discussed.
On the added mass and radiation damping of rod bundles oscillating in compressible fluids

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical analysis as well as numerical results for the added mass and radiation damping coefficients of a group of two-dimensional circular cylinders oscillating harmonically in an infinite compressible fluid. The fluid reaction force on these vibrating cylinders is obtained by solving the two-dimensional acoustic wave equation with Neumann conditions on the cylinders and the radiation condition at infinity. Numerical results show that when the acoustic wavelength is large compared with the cylinder radius, the added mass predominates over the radiation damping, and both are independent of the dimensionless wavenumber. On the other hand, when the acoustic wavelength is small compared with the cylinder radius, the radiation damping predominates over the added mass, and both are small.
Sugar occurring in the extrafloral exudates of the orchidaceae

Abstract The sugar content of the extrafloral nectars of thirty orchid species representing twenty genera has been studied by paper and gas chromatography. Fructose, glucose and sucrose were found in all nectars while the presence of raffinose and other oligosaccharides were indicated. The relative α- and β-glucose contents of the nectars were also determined.
Comparative toxicity studies of yttrium‐90 mx‐dtpa and 2‐it‐bad conjugated monoclonal antibody (bre‐3)

Background. BrE-3 is a monoclonal antibody that has promise for imaging and therapy of human adenocarcinoma. Because of observations in therapeutic trials of yttrium-90 ( 90 Y) escape from radioimmunoconjugates and uptake by the skeleton with resultant bone marrow toxicity, the authors attempted to evaluate the importance of this factor by a comparison of the LD 50 in healthy mice treated with 90 Y that had been chelated with either of two high affinity chelators, methylbenzyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) or bromoacetamidobenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazocyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetra-acetic acid (BAD)
An Event History Analysis of Teacher Attrition: Salary, Teacher Tracking, and Socially Disadvantaged Schools

In this event history analysis of the 1990-1991 Schools and Staffing Survey and the 1992 Teacher Follow-up Survey, a retrospective person-year database was constructed to examine teacher attrition over the course of the teaching career. Consistent with prior research, higher teacher salaries reduced attrition, but only slightly so. Teacher attrition was no higher in socially disadvantaged schools, but poor behavioral climates did lead to greater attrition. Despite strong evidence on the effects of teacher tracking on satisfaction and efficacy, there was no evidence of higher rates of attrition among teachers who taught predominantly low-track classes. In general, school- and district-level effects were much weaker than individual-level effects.
Spectrophotometric determination of magnesium with 1-azo-2-hydroxy-3-(2.4-dimethylcarboxanilido)-naphtha- lene-1-(2-hydroxybenzene)

Abstract 1-Azo-2-hydroxy-3-(2.4-dimethylcarboxanilido)-naphthalene-1'-(2-hydroxybenzene) is recommended as a new reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of small quantities of magnesium. Optimum conditions for the determination have been outlined; data concerning the precision, sensitivity, range and effect of diverge ions are presented.
A facilitating effect of latent extinction: Further evidence

An earlier article reported that one 30-sec nonreinforced goal placement resulted in a facilitation of subsequent runway performance. The present experiment indicated that the effect was reliable, but it greatly modified the interpretation offered in the earlier article.
Marijuana effects on long-term memory assessment and retrieval.

The ability of 16 college-educated male subjects to recall from long-term memory a series of common facts was tested during intoxication with marijuana extract calibrated to 0.3 mg/kg·delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and during placebo conditions. The subjects' ability to assess their memory capabilities was then determined by measuring how certain they were about the accuracy of their recall performance and by having them predict their performance on a subsequent recognition test involving the same recall items. Marijuana had no effect on recall or recognition performance. These results do not support the view that marijuana provides access to facts in long-term storage which are inaccessible during non-intoxication. During both marijuana and placebo conditions, subjects could accurately predict their recognition memory performance. Hence, marijuana did not alter the subjects' ability to accurately assess what information resides in long-term memory even though they did not have complete access to that information.
Variances of Locally Minimum Variance Quadratic Unbiased Estimators ("MIVQUE's") of Variance Components

Minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimators (MIVQUE's) of variance components from unbalanced data are functions of the components they are to estimate. To use the MIVQUE expressions for estimation under the one-way classification random model, for example, the unknown between- and within-treatments components, σ2 a and σ2 e , must be replaced by a priori estimates σ2 ao and σ2 eo the resulting estimators are called “MIVQUE's.” For the one-way classification, expressions for the variances and covariance of the “MIVQUE's” are obtained under normality. Numerical comparisons indicate that when σ2 a /σ2 e > 1 (approximately) and unless σ2 ao /σ2 eo Q σ2 a /σ2 e , (a) the “MIVQUE's” have variances near their lower bounds, and (b) the “MIVQUE” of σ2 a is more efftcient than the ANOVA estimator. When σ2 a /σ2 e < 1, the “MIVQUE's” are more dependent on accurate specification of σ2 ao /σ2 eo . The “MIVQUE” and ANOVA estimator of σ2 e have nearly equal variances unless σ2 eo /σ2 eo σ2 a /σ2 e , when the ANOVA e...
Long-Period Superlattices in Alloys. II

A theory, which has been developed recently by the authors to explain the origin and characteristics of the long-period superlattice CuAu II, is used to explain, in a more general way, similar characteristics of long-period superlattices found in face-centered cubic alloys having compositions around the ${A}_{3}B$. Although there is a difference in symmetry in the atomic arrangement between the $\mathrm{AB}$- and ${A}_{3}B$-type alloys, the application of the theory can be made in a straightforward manner. It is found that one- and two-dimensional long-period superlattices can exist in the ${A}_{3}B$-type alloy systems, but that a three-dimensional one should not occur. In the case of the one-dimensional long-period superlattices, the theory can be reduced to the same form as for the CuAu II ($\mathrm{AB}$ type) case. The theory predicts correctly the period of the superlattice, e.g., those found in the Cu-Pd, Cu-Pt, Au-Cd, Ag-Mg, and Au-Zn systems, the type of antiphase, the direction of the period and the sign of the tetragonal distortion which occurs when the long-period superlattice is formed.The theory is also applied to the case of the two-dimensional superlattice, examples of which are found in the Cu-Pd, Au-Mn, and Au-Zn alloys. Since a more detailed knowledge of the electronic structure of the alloys is necessary in dealing with the two-dimensional superlattices, less quantitative information on their characteristics is obtained. However, predictions concerning the period of the structure, type of antiphase, and lattice distortion are reasonably good.An explanation is given for the possible relation between the magnitude of the truncation factor and the shape of the Fermi surface which is based on recent findings in the noble metals.
New Orleans in the Atlantic World, II

People in New Orleans marked the third anniversary of Hurricane Katrina by escaping from Gustav, the mother of all hurricanes according to their rightfully nervous mayor, Ralph Nagin. This time, th...
Exact Averaging of Stochastic Equations for Flow in Porous Media

It is well-known that at present, exact averaging of the equations for flow and transport in random porous media have been proposed for limited special fields. Moreover, approximate averaging methods—for example, the convergence behavior and the accuracy of truncated perturbation series—are not well-studied, and in addition, calculation of high-order perturbations is very complicated. These problems have for a long time stimulated attempts to find the answer to the question: Are there in existence some, exact, and sufficiently general forms of averaged equations? Here, we present an approach for finding the general exactly averaged system of basic equations for steady flow with sources in unbounded stochastically homogeneous fields. We do this by using (1) the existence and some general properties of Green’s functions for the appropriate stochastic problem, and (2) some information about the random field of conductivity. This approach enables us to find the form of the averaged equations without directly solving the stochastic equations or using the usual assumption regarding any small parameters. In the common case of a stochastically homogeneous conductivity field we present the exactly averaged new basic non-local equation with a unique kernel-vector. We show that in the case of some type of global symmetry (isotropy, transversal isotropy, or orthotropy), we can for three-dimensional and two-dimensional flow in the same way derive the exact averaged non-local equations with a unique kernel-tensor. When global symmetry does not exist, the non-local equation with a kernel-tensor involves complications and leads to an ill-posed problem.
Detection And Discrimination Of Known Signals In Inhomogeneous, Random Backgrounds

Two studies of the effect of background inhomogeneity on observer performance in radionuclide emission imaging are presented. In the first, the task is detection of a Gaussian blob, and the imaging aperture is a pinhole of Gaussian profile. In the second, a simple discrimination task called the Rayleigh task is considered, and the aperture has a rectangular profile. In both cases performance of a suboptimal linear observer is calculated; in the first study the observer is one derived in a classic paper by Harold Hotelling, while in the second study the observer is a simple non-prewhitening matched filter. In both studies an important variable is the aperture size, and a key question is whether a small aperture or compact point spread function is advantageous. The main result is that a large aperture may perform very well or even optimally with a spatially uniform background but fail badly when the background is non-uniform. Thus predictions of image quality based on stylized tasks with uniform background must be viewed with caution.
Direct fluorination of alkali metal hexahydroaluminates and amides

Abstract The direct fluorination of very reactive M3AlH6 hexahydroaluminates provides a new high yield synthetic route to M3AlF6 hexafluoroaluminates. A new synthesis for nitrogen trifluoride is reported from the controlled reaction of sodium and lithium amide, MNH2, with elemental fluorine.
Cancer and Its Association With the Development of Coronary Artery Calcification: An Assessment From the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background Although cancer and its corresponding therapies are associated with increased ischemic heart disease, the temporal relationship between cancer and the development of coronary artery calcium (CAC), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, is unknown. Methods and Results Among 3122 men and women free of cardiovascular disease and cancer in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis trial, CAC scoring was performed at baseline (2000–2002) and at follow‐up (2010–2012). Over this 10‐year period, 85 men (age 63.6±8.3 years) and 50 women (age 62.1±9.8 years) were diagnosed with cancer (predominantly breast, lung, or uterine [52%] in women and prostate or colorectal [78%] in men). The other 2987 subjects (age 59.6±9.2 years for men, 59.7±9.4 years for women) remained cancer free. The incidence of new CAC (baseline Agatston score of zero converting to detectable CAC) was modeled with relative risk regression and compared for cancer versus no cancer. Increase in pre‐existing CAC was compared in these groups using linear regression of log transformed CAC. The incidence of CAC was independently associated with cancer history (relative risk 1.32 [ P =0.04] and 1.29 [ P =0.01] for women and men, respectively). In participants with CAC at baseline, a clear difference of CAC progression was not observed between cancer and noncancer participants ( P =0.6 for women, P =0.2 for men). Conclusions A diagnosis of cancer is associated with the development of CAC even after accounting for atherosclerotic risk factors. However, in individuals with pre‐existing CAC, it is not clear whether the presence of cancer accelerates CAC over time.
The Impact of the Ionosphere on Interferometric SAR Processing

The impact of ionospheric propagation effects on the signal properties of SAR systems is significant and increases with decreasing carrier frequency. Besides polarimetric applications, also interferometric SAR processing can be significantly affected. Relative range shifts, internal image deformations, range and azimuth blurring, and interferometric phase errors are the most significant effects to be considered. In this paper we provide the theoretical background for ionospheric effects on InSAR. We quantify expected magnitudes of the respective effects for various existing SAR sensors and discuss methods for their detection and correction. Real data examples, mainly stemming from the ALOS PALSAR mission, are presented to verify the derived theory.
Portably solving file races with hardness amplification

The file-system API of contemporary systems makes programs vulnerable to TOCTTOU (time-of-check-to-time-of-use) race conditions. Existing solutions either help users to detect these problems (by pinpointing their locations in the code), or prevent the problem altogether (by modifying the kernel or its API). But the latter alternative is not prevalent, and the former is just the first step: Programmers must still address TOCTTOU flaws within the limits of the existing API with which several important tasks cannot be accomplished in a portable straightforward manner. Recently, Dean and Hu [2004] addressed this problem and suggested a probabilistic hardness amplification approach that alleviated the matter. Alas, shortly after, Borisov et al. [2005] responded with an attack termed “filesystem maze” that defeated the new approach.We begin by noting that mazes constitute a generic way to deterministically win many TOCTTOU races (gone are the days when the probability was small). In the face of this threat, we: (1) develop a new user-level defense that can withstand mazes; and (2) show that our method is undefeated even by much stronger hypothetical attacks that provide the adversary program with ideal conditions to win the race (enjoying complete and instantaneous knowledge about the defending program's actions and being able to perfectly synchronize accordingly). The fact that our approach is immune to these unrealistic attacks suggests it can be used as a simple and portable solution to a large class of TOCTTOU vulnerabilities, without requiring modifications to the underlying operating system.
Complex Adaptive Systems

▪ Abstract The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of nonlinear dynamical systems, has recently become a major focus of interdisciplinary research in the social and natural sciences. Nonlinear systems are ubiquitous; as mathematician Stanislaw Ulam observed, to speak of “nonlinear science” is like calling zoology the study of “nonelephant animals” (quoted in Campbell et al. 1985, p. 374). The initial phase of research on nonlinear systems focused on deterministic chaos, but more recent studies have investigated the properties of self-organizing systems or anti-chaos. For mathematicians and physicists, the biggest surprise is that complexity lurks within extremely simple systems. For biologists, it is the idea that natural selection is not the sole source of order in the biological world. In the social sciences, it is suggested that emergence—the idea that complex global patterns with new properties can emerge from local interactions—could have a comparable impact.