cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Situ Mechanical Properties of Chamotte Particulate Reinforced, Potassium Geopolymer

Geopolymers are an inorganic polymeric material composed of alumina, silica, and alkali metal oxides. Monolithic geopolymer is brittle and susceptible to dehydration cracking at elevated temperatures. The addition of a reinforcing phase not only improves strength and toughness but also maintains the structural integrity of the material at elevated temperatures. For this study, potassium-based geopolymer (KGP) is reinforced with varying weight percent of chamotte particles. Chamotte is kaolinite grade clay calcined at 1350°C to produce 38% crystalline mullite, as well as metastable cristobalite and quartz. The chemical composition of the chamotte is almost identical to that of the metakaolin used to create the geopolymer, however, its crystalline nature prevents reactivity with the caustic potassium silicate solution and it remains as a particulate reinforcement. Flexural strength is evaluated at room temperature and in situ at elevated temperatures to just below the leucite crystallization temperature. Reinforcement with 25 wt% chamotte has shown a two-fold increase in room-temperature flexural strength. Flexural strength is also evaluated at room temperature after heating above the leucite crystallization temperature to determine if the chamotte aids in maintaining structural integrity during the volumetric contraction and destructive transformation from cubic to tetragonal symmetry upon forming leucite.
Effects of griseofulvin on mitosis in PtK1 cells

The concentration dependent effects of griseofulvin (GF) on mitosis in PtK1 cells were studied using a combination of time lapse cinematography and polarization and electron microscopy. Low concentrations of GF (4×10−5 M) allowed a substantial number of cells to enter and complete an apparently normal mitosis. At higher concentrations of GF (1×10−4 M and 2.5×10−4 M) all cells entering mitosis were arrested. Typical c-mitotic chromosome arrays were observed at 1×10−4 M GF with microtubules present but no spindle formed. At 2.5×10−4 M GF chromosomes did not orient toward a common center to form a c-mitotic figure, but instead remained in a loosely clustered grouping at the center of the cell. Electron microscopy showed microtubules to be absent but revealed an irregularly shaped electron dense cloud around the centrioles. Quantitative polarization microscopy of metaphase cells perfused with GF showed rapid loss of spindle birefringence after exposure to the drug. Coinciding with loss of birefringence the spindle shrank rapidly with a pronounced shortening of pole to pole distance.
THE STABILITY OF WARRANTED GROWTH1

In the twenty-one years since Harrod published his “Essay in Dynamic Theory”2 the feature of his growth model that has attracted most attention is the marked instability of the equilibrium or warranted rate of growth. Given Harrod’s assumptions about an economy there is an equilibrium rate of growth of income which, if established, will be maintained, but this equilibrium rate is so unstable that any slight deviation from it will cause increasingly large deviations in the same direction. This proposition has wide ramifications and is particularly relevant to a basic question in growth economics, namely, whether growth in a free enterprise economy will occur at a rate determined by supply conditions or at one determined by effective demand. In Harrod’s terminology, will an expanding free enterprise economy tend to grow at a rate, Gn, which is the maximum “rate of advance which the increase in population and technological improvements allow”3 or will it grow at a rate Gw, the rate which ensures that investment is precisely “warranted”, i.e. that there are neither surpluses nor deficiencies of capital. As G w, is also Harrod’s equilibrium rate of growth, the stability of this equilibrium rate is of some relevance to the question. If one accepts Harrod’s thesis that Gw is an unstable equilibrium, then it follows that growth will tend to occur at a rate equal to Gn. Whenever the rate of growth is less than Gw it will diminish until there is no growth at all.
Computational Modeling of Organizations Comes of Age

As they are maturing—i.e., as they are becoming validated, calibrated and refined—computational emulation models of organizations are evolving into: powerful new kinds of organizational design tools for predicting and mitigating organizational riskss and flexible new kinds of organizational theorem-provers for validating extant organization theory and developing new theory. Over the past 50 years, computational modeling and simulation have had enormous impacts on the rate of advancement of knowledge in fields like physics, chemistry and, more recently, biologys and their subsequent application has enabled whole new areas of engineering practice. In the same way, as our young discipline comes of age, computational organizational models are beginning to impact behavioral, organizational and economic science, and management consulting practice. This paper attempts to draw parallels between computational modeling in natural sciences and computational modeling of organizations as a contributor to both social science and management practice. To illustrate the lifecycle of a computational organizational model that is now relatively mature, this paper traces the evolution of the Virtual Design Team (VDT) computational modeling and simulation research project at Stanford University from its origins in 1988 to the present. It lays out the steps in the process of validating VDT as a “computational emulation” model of organizations to the point that VDT began to influence management practice and, subsequently, to advance organizational science. We discuss alternate research trajectories that can be taken by computational and mathematical modelers who prefer the typical natural science validation trajectory—i.e., who attempt to impact organizational science first and, perhaps subsequently, to impact management practice. The paper concludes with a discussion of the current state-of-the-art of computational modeling of organizations and some thoughts about where, and how rapidly, the field is headed.
Nutritional Basis for Colonization Resistance by Human Commensal Escherichia coli Strains HS and Nissle 1917 against E. coli O157:H7 in the Mouse Intestine

Escherichia coli is a single species consisting of many biotypes, some of which are commensal colonizers of mammals and others that cause disease. Humans are colonized on average with five commensal biotypes, and it is widely thought that the commensals serve as a barrier to infection by pathogens. Previous studies showed that a combination of three pre-colonized commensal E. coli strains prevents colonization of E. coli O157:H7 in a mouse model (Leatham, et al., 2010, Infect Immun 77: 2876–7886). The commensal biotypes included E. coli HS, which is known to successfully colonize humans at high doses with no adverse effects, and E. coli Nissle 1917, a human commensal strain that is used in Europe as a preventative of traveler's diarrhea. We hypothesized that commensal biotypes could exert colonization resistance by consuming nutrients needed by E. coli O157:H7 to colonize, thus preventing this first step in infection. Here we report that to colonize streptomycin-treated mice E. coli HS consumes six of the twelve sugars tested and E. coli Nissle 1917 uses a complementary yet divergent set of seven sugars to colonize, thus establishing a nutritional basis for the ability of E. coli HS and Nissle 1917 to occupy distinct niches in the mouse intestine. Together these two commensals use the five sugars previously determined to be most important for colonization of E. coli EDL933, an O157:H7 strain. As predicted, the two commensals prevented E. coli EDL933 colonization. The results support a model in which invading pathogenic E. coli must compete with the gut microbiota to obtain the nutrients needed to colonize and establish infection; accordingly, the outcome of the challenge is determined by the aggregate capacity of the native microbiota to consume the nutrients required by the pathogen.
Government Policy, Continental Collaboration and the Diffusion of Open Source Software in China, Japan and South Korea

The scale of development and deployment of open source software in the three North East Asian countries - China, Japan and South Korea - is large enough to be noticed at the global level. OSS has redefined the dynamics of software markets in the three countries and has brought significant structural changes in their software industries. Governments have played a pivotal role in the development of OSS industry in the region. Governments in the three countries have also created impetus for continental collaborations in OSS projects. This paper examines the roles and contributions of governments to the OSS initiative in the three countries in terms of a number of technology visions and goals.
Protective processes in adolescence: Matching stressors with social resources

Working within the “matching theory” of social supports, this research focuses on depressed mood and examines how resilience to stress during adolescence is shaped by developmental constraints on the use of support for coping with problems in the family, peer, and personal arenas. The sample is 1,036 adolescents systematically drawn from 3 community high schools in the Boston area. Predictions center on the efficacy of peer and family supports, and two intraindividual protective factors: sense of mastery and sense of social integration. Findings indicate little evidence of cross-domain stress buffering (where family support buffers the effects of peer stress on mood, and vice versa), suggesting that family and peer domains are more distinct during this stage of development. Protective effects for friendship stresses are evidenced, but boys are more able than girls to marshal their personal and support resources in managing friendship problems. Discussion centers on matching theory and the role of development in shaping coping responses to stress.
Household Composition, Routine Activity, and Victimization: A Comparative Analysis

Adults living in single-parent households report high rates of personal and household victimization. Data from the 1982 British Crime Survey and from the 1983 Victim Risk Supplement to the U.S. National Crime Survey are used to determine whether this higher risk is due to particular patterns of routine activity among members of single-parent households. Findings indicate that these persons are disproportionately victimized by present or former spouses. Often unemployed, they are at greatest risk in the home domain. Deleting close prior relationship incidents eliminates the effects of household composition on personal victimization and produces logit models that are similar for the U.S. and British surveys.
Characterization of a boron-stabilized carbanion, tris(trimethylenedioxyboryl)methide ion, and its reactions with carbonyl compounds☆

Abstract Addition of butyllithium to tetrakis(trimethylenedioxyboryl)methane, C[BO2(CH2)3]4 (I), in tetrahydrofuran at −70°C precipitates lithium tris(trimethylenedioxyboryl)methide. Li+ −C[BO2(CH2)3]3 (II), which has been isolated and characterized. The IIB NMR spectrum of II in hexamethylphosphoramide consists of one peak 1.05 ppm downfield from boron trifluoride etherate. The 1H NMR spectrum of II after solvolysis in protic solvents shows that the B-butyl group has been cleaved off to the extent of 90–100%, presemably as the butaneboronic ester III. The identity of II has been further checked by its conversion to the known triphenyltin derivative VI and to the bromo derivative XI, which was difficult to purify if II was not isolated before reaction with bromine. For condensation with aldehydes and ketones, II was not conveniently generated from I with methyllithium and not isolated, and alkene-1,1-diboronic esters XII and XIV were obtained in good yields. The condensation product from paraformaldehyde (XII, R = H) underwent Diels-Alder reactions with cyclopentadiene and perchlorocyclopentadiene, and the chemistry of the benzaldehyde derivative XII (R = Ph) was investigated briefly.
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PRIMARY COOLANT PIPE STEEL

Etude par sonde atomique-microscopie ionique a emission de champ, microscopie electronique analytique et microscopie optique de la variation de microstructure de l'acier inoxydable moule CF8 (20% Cr-8% Ni-1% Si) apres vieillissement thermique de longue duree. Decomposition spinodale de la ferrite, et precipitation de la phase G dans la ferrite
Shear Wave Propagation of the Ferret Brain at Multiple Frequencies In Vivo

Mathematical modeling and computer simulations are widely used for understanding traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, accurate tissue parameters are needed, especially for the brain in vivo. In this study, we used the ferret as the animal model because it is the smallest mammal with a folded brain and significant white matter tracts. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) has proven useful for in vivo measurement of biological tissue properties. Mechanical properties of the ferret brain over a range of frequencies from 400–800 Hz were studied using MRE. Experiment results show both that storage and loss modulus increases with frequency and that dissipative effects in the white matter (characterized by the loss modulus G″) were significant larger than in gray matter.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
On the Theory of the Electron and Positive

In this paper we develop Dirac's suggestions for the interpretation of his theory of the electron to give a consistent theory of electrons and positives. In Section 1, we discuss the physical interpretation of the theory, the limits which it imposes on the spatiotemporal description of a system and in particular on the localizability of the electron. In Section 2, we set up the corresponding formalism, introducing wave functions to describe the state of the electrons and positives in the system, and constructing operators to represent the energy, charge and current density, etc. It is shown that the theory is Lorentz invariant, and has just that invariance under contact transformations which the physical interpretation requires. The electromagnetic interaction of the electrons and positives is formulated, and certain ambiguities which arise here are discussed. In Section 3, it is shown that in all problems to which the Dirac equation is directly applicable it gives the correct energy levels for an electron, and the correct radiative and collision transition probabilities. In these problems the wave functions are constructed from the solutions of the Dirac equation. In Section 4, we discuss certain problems which have no analogue in the original Dirac theory of the electron, show that a certain part of the energy of an electromagnetic field in general resides in the electrons and positives, and consider the extent to which, in the present state of theory, this can be detected by experiment. For two charges within a Compton wave-length of each other the law of force is not quite Coulomb's law. The deviations though small should in principle be detectable when protons are scattered in hydrogen.
Diurnal Variation of the Metabolic Clearance Rate of Cortisol. Effect on Measurement of Cortisol Production Rate

The effects of changes in plasma concentration of cortisol (F) on the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of this hormone were investigated in 11 normal adult males as follows: constant blood withdrawal was carried out using a portable pump attached to a non-thrombogenic catheter which itself was placed in the antecubital vein. Two pulse-injections of radioactive F were administered, first 14C-F at 8 pm and then 3H-F at 5 am. Six-hr blood collections were started immediately before each of these injections. The integrated plasma concentrations (I.C.) of endogenous and radioactive F were determined in each 6-hr pool. The MCR was calculated as radioactive F injected/I.C. of radioactive F. The MCR values of the 5 am-11 am period (149 ± 28 l/M2/24 hr) were significantly (p < 0.005) higher than those obtained during the 8 pm-2 am period (91 ± 19 l/M2/24 hr). The I.C. of endogenous F were 10.9 ± 1.7 (SD) μg/100 ml and 3.3 ± 1.0 μg/100 ml for the 2 periods of study respectively. The marked changes in MCR invalidate t...
Detection of heterogeneous drug–protein binding by frontal analysis and high-performance affinity chromatography

Abstract This study examined the use of frontal analysis and high-performance affinity chromatography for detecting heterogeneous binding in biomolecular interactions, using the binding of acetohexamide with human serum albumin (HSA) as a model. It was found through the use of this model system and chromatographic theory that double-reciprocal plots could be used more easily than traditional isotherms for the initial detection of binding site heterogeneity. The deviations from linearity that were seen in double-reciprocal plots as a result of heterogeneity were a function of the analyte concentration, the relative affinities of the binding sites in the system and the amount of each type of site that was present. The size of these deviations was determined and compared under various conditions. Plots were also generated to show what experimental conditions would be needed to observe these deviations for general heterogeneous systems or for cases in which some preliminary information was available on the extent of binding heterogeneity. The methods developed in this work for the detection of binding heterogeneity are not limited to drug interactions with HSA but could be applied to other types of drug–protein binding or to additional biological systems with heterogeneous binding.
Surgical Ventricular Restoration: Technique and Outcomes

Surgical ventricular restoration is a surgical procedure developed in an attempt to reverse the negative remodeling that occurs following myocardial infarction. The goal of the procedure is to: 1) reduce the size and restore the normal elliptical shape of the heart; 2) perform a complete myocardial revascularization; and 3) repair any mitral insufficiency. This article will review the surgical procedure and describe outcomes achieved with surgical ventricular restoration.
Heat Transfer and Turbulent Flow Characteristics of Isolated Three-Dimensional Protrusions in Channels

The flow structure and average heat transfer characteristics of single, isolated three-dimensional protrusions in a flow channel have been investigated experimentally. This configuration has relevance in the electronics industry. The study was designed to identify the influence of the three-dimensional flow around a heated protrusion on its average heat transfer. Heated protrusions varying in width between 0.12 and 1.0 channel widths for a fixed protrusion height and streamwise length were studied in the channel Reynolds number range 500≤Re≤10,000. The channel wall spacing was also varied parametrically between 1.25 and 2.5 streamwise protrusion lengths. The study included both average heat transfer measurements, and detailed local velocity and turbulent flow structure measurements made using laser-Doppler velocimetry. The experimental results show that the Nusselt number increases with both decreasing channel wall spacing and decreasing protrusion width. The increase in heat transfer with decreasing wall spacing is explained by the accelerated flow due to the protrusion-obstructed channel. Increasing Nusselt number with decreasing protrusion width is a result of increased three-dimensional flow and associated turbulent mixing. Both of these flow-related phenomena are illustrated with local mean velocity and turbulence intensity measurements. The presence of recirculation zones both upstream and downstream of the module is revealed. The flow acceleration around the heated protrusions, and three dimensionality of the flow and heat transfer are competing mechanisms; the higher heat transfer due to flow acceleration around the protrusions for larger protrusions goes counter to the trend for higher heat transfer due to increased three-dimensional flow and transport for smaller protrusions. A Nusselt number correlation is developed as a function of channel Reynolds number and protrusion and channel geometric parameters, which describes the tradeoffs discussed.
Sexually differentiated, androgen-regulated, larynx-specific myosin heavy-chain isoforms in Xenopus tropicalis ; comparison to Xenopus laevis

We have shown that the sarcoplasmic myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform xtMyHC-101d is highly and specifically expressed in the larynx of the aquatic anuran, Xenopus tropicalis. In male larynges, the predominant MyHC isoform is xtMyHC-101d, while in females, another isoform, xtMyHC-270c, predominates. The X. tropicalis genome has been sequenced in its entirety, and xtMyHC-101d is part of a specific array of xtMyHC genes expressed otherwise in embryonic muscles (Nasipak and Kelley, Dev Genes Evol, in press, 2008). The administration of the androgen dihydrotestosterone increases the expression of xtMyHC-101d in juvenile larynges of both sexes. Using ATPase histochemistry, we found that in adults, X. tropicalis male laryngeal muscle contains only fast-twitch fibers, while the female laryngeal muscle contains a mix of fast- and slow-twitch fibers. Juvenile larynges are female-like in fiber type composition (44% slow twitch, 56% fast twitch); androgen treatment increases the percentage of fast-twitch fibers to 86%. xtMyHC-101d predominates in larynges of dihydrotestosterone-treated juveniles but not in larynges of untreated juveniles. We compared the larynx-specific expression of xtMyHC genes in X. tropicalis to the MyHC gene expressed in X. laevis larynx (xlMyHC-LM) by sequencing the entire xlMyHC-LM gene. The androgen-regulated xtMyHC that predominates in the male larynx of X. tropicalis is not the gene phylogenetically most similar to xlMyHC-LM at the nucleotide level but is instead a similar isoform found in the same MyHC array and expressed in the embryonic muscle.
Performance bounds for planning in unknown terrain

Planning in nondeterministic domains is typically intractable due to the large number of contingencies. Two techniques for speeding up planning in nondeterministic domains are agent-centered search and assumption-based planning. Both techniques interleave planning in deterministic domains with plan execution. They differ in how they make planning deterministic. To determine how suboptimal their plans are, we study two planning methods for robot navigation in initially unknown terrain that have successfully been used on mobile robots but not been analyzed before. The planning methods differ both in the technique they use to speed up planning and in the robotnavigation task they solve. Greedy Mapping uses agent-centered search to map unknown terrain. Dynamic A* uses assumption-based planning to navigate to a given goal location in unknown terrain. When we formalize abstractions of these planning methods on undirected graphs G = (V, E), they turn out to be similar enough that we are able to analyze their travel distance in a unified way. We discover that neither method is optimal in a worst-case sense, by a factor of Ω (log |V|/log log |V|). We also derive factor O(√|V|) upper bounds to show that these methods are not very badly sub-optimal in this sense. These results provide a first step towards explaining the good empirical results that have been reported about Greedy Mapping and Dynamic A* in the experimental literature. More generally, they show how to use tools from graph theory to analyze the plan quality of practical planning methods for nondeterministic domains.
How Resources (or Lack Thereof) Influence Advice Seeking on Psychological Well-being and Marital Risk: Testing Pathways of the Lack of Financial Stability, Support, and Strain

Using the model of conservation of resources (Hobfoll in The ecology of stress. Hempshire, New York, 1988; Hobfoll in Am Psychol 44:513–524, 1989; Hobfoll in Stress, culture, and community: the psychology and philosophy of stress. Plenum, New York, 1998; Hobfoll in Appl Psychol Int Rev 50:337–421, 2001), we explore how advice seeking, as influenced by lack of financial stability and support and strain from others (i.e., spouse, friends, and family) predicts psychological well-being and marital risk. Married and committed individuals (n = 1,798) were drawn from a nationally representative sample, the MIDUS. We found that advice seeking predicted psychological well-being and marital risk, but that the relationships depended on the availability of resources (i.e., financial stability, support, strain) and from whom support or strain was received. For example, for individuals lacking financial stability, marital risk decreased with advice seeking for those reporting high support from friends, whereas for individuals with financial stability, marital risk increased with advice seeking for those reporting high support from friends. We explain how understanding advice seeking and its outcomes must be considered within the context of available resources (or lack thereof).
Spontaneous Echo Contrast in a Polycythemic Patient with a Ventricular Septal Defect

We describe the unusual case of spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) and thrombus occurring in a 23-year-old male with a ventricular septal defect (VSD), Eisenmenger's complex, and severe polycythemia. The contrast effect was faintly seen by transthoracic echocardiography, and was seen clearly by transesophageal echocardiography. The SEC was present in all four cardiac chambers and was particularly obvious in the left ventricle (LV). In addition, there was a large thrombus in the LV. The velocity across the VSD was 1 ml sec. The patient's hematocrit was 74%. The platelet count was normal and total proteins were 8.9 gm%. The widespread SEC may be related to rheologic abnormalities related to the secondary polycythemia and, perhaps, became more obvious due to the moderate LV dysfunction.
Music therapy as procedural support for invasive medical procedures: toward the development of music therapy theory

In partial response to the demand for evidence-based practice, there is an increasing interest in the use of music therapy as procedural support for both invasive and non-invasive medical procedures. Clinicians and researchers are attempting to define how music therapy functions as procedural support in order to advance clinical practice and research, but concepts remain inadequately specified in the literature. The current philosophical inquiry used qualitative document analysis to critically examine the extant literature in music therapy as procedural support during invasive medical procedures. The aims of the analysis were to identify key concepts, provide definitions of those concepts, and begin to explicate the interrelationships among concepts related to music therapy as procedural support. A total of 19 clinical practice articles, clinical practice book chapters, and research articles met the criteria for inclusion in the analysis. Data analysis and synthesis resulted in a working model of music th...
Clinical studies with N'pyridyl, N'benzyl, dimethyl-ethylenediamine monohydrochloride (Pyribenzamine)

Abstract 1.1. Clinical studies with pyribenzamine were done on 495 patients, having a total of 565 allergic manifestations (Table XII). 2.2. Pyribenzamine relieved sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal occlusion in 75 per cent of 313 patients with allergic rhinitis. 3.3. Pyribenzamine relieved or prevented dyspnea, and cough in 48 per cent of the 98 patients with bronchial asthma. 4.4. It relieved the pruritus and lessened the degree of erythema and wheal formation in 83 per cent of the 154 patients with urticaria. 5.5. Pyribenzamine is apparently harmless in effective doses. It has some undesirable, although not serious, side effects.
Mechanism of Signal Propagation upon Retinal Isomerization: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Rhodopsin Restrained by Normal Modes

As one of the best studied members of the pharmaceutically relevant family of G-protein-coupled receptors, rhodopsin serves as a prototype for understanding the mechanism of G-protein-coupled receptor activation. Here, we aim at exploring functionally relevant conformational changes and signal transmission mechanisms involved in its photoactivation brought about through a cis-trans photoisomerization of retinal. For this exploration, we propose a molecular dynamics simulation protocol that utilizes normal modes derived from the anisotropic network model for proteins. Deformations along multiple low-frequency modes of motion are used to efficiently sample collective conformational changes in the presence of explicit membrane and water environment, consistent with interresidue interactions. We identify two highly stable regions in rhodopsin, one clustered near the chromophore, the other near the cytoplasmic ends of transmembrane helices H1, H2, and H7. Due to redistribution of interactions in the neighborhood of retinal upon stabilization of the trans form, local structural rearrangements in the adjoining H3–H6 residues are efficiently propagated to the cytoplasmic end of these particular helices. In the structures obtained by our simulations, all-trans retinal interacts with Cys167 on H4 and Phe203 on H5, which were not accessible in the dark state, and exhibits stronger interactions with H5, while some of the contacts made (in the cis form) with H6 are lost.
The Big Wrench versus Integrated Approaches: The Great Media Debate.

This article sums up the current state of the media debate by comparing and contrasting the seven positions presented in the ETR&D special issue (Vol. 42(2), 1994). Presented first is a review of the science-wide conflict between advocates of a given approach versus proponents of integrated approaches to the solving of complex problems. Advocates of a given approach are characterized as offering a “big wrench” (i.e., panacea) solution that can be generalized across problems. While in contrast are integrated approaches (e.g., the Swiss knife) that attempt to solve problems by bringing together a variety of variables and conditions. In section two is presented an example of an integrated approach that deals directly with the role of media in learning. Finally, the positions of the seven authors are compared and contrasted employing eight instructional design variables.
ROMS to bubbles. The selection of nonvolatile memories

An overview of the nonvolatile memory market is presented with the advantages and limitations of the alternative technologies discussed, together with the application areas most suited to the different choices. Each choice can still offer the user a specific advantage for his application depending on his primary concern, which may be cost, flexibility, reliability or environmental needs
Coma and respiratory arrest after exposure to butyrolactone

A 2-year-old male was found unresponsive approximately 40 min after oral exposure to butyrolactone (Figure 1), a solvent used to remove methacrylate glues. The patient was apneic, bradycardic, and flaccid. He was given atropine and orally intubated, and his heart rate increased and blood pressure remained normal. He remained unresponsive to deep painful stimuli. Six hours after admission, the patient was alert and breathing spontaneously. He was extubated and discharged home the following day. Previous cases of serious toxicity following oral exposure to butyrolactone reported in Denmark have shown a similar propensity to bradycardia and coma. The use of butyrolactone is likely to increase, paralleling the popularity of acrylate adhesives. Emergency physicians should be aware of its potential for life-threatening toxicity.
Presenilin-1 and Memories of the Forebrain

In this issue of Neuron, report that forebrain-specific Presenilin-1 conditional knockout mice show defects in enrichment-induced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. This defect in neurogenesis is associated with enhanced fear memory of contextual cues when animals are subjected to enrichment between training and testing. The authors suggest that neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus may serve to clear out old memory traces from the hippocampus, thus leaving the hippocampus available for new memory processing.
Are they really so different? Climate change rule development in the USA and UK

Climate change is an increasingly complex and global environmental issue. As a result, scholars have begun to compare the efforts of specific countries such as the UK and the USA in dealing with climate change. However, missing within this comparative literature is a discussion of the important role that administrative agencies play in implementing climate change policy through rulemaking. More specifically, it is unclear how administrative processes may impact or explain variations in the policy implemented within a given country. In fact, it has been over 25 years since Vogel's work compared the regulatory processes of the USA and UK. As a result, this paper's interviews with agency rule writers in both countries provide an updated comparison of their rulemaking processes, which is essential to understanding why countries may vary in the climate change policy they implement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of EUT position on Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell correlation algorithms

Previous work has shown that the transverse and longitudinal position of an emissions source within a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell will affect the measured voltages at the apex of the cell. Since the emissions source(s) on an EUT may not always correspond with the measurement position origin, this may have an effect on the correlation algorithm used to simulate radiated emissions at an open-air test site (OATS). This paper analyzes why such measurement differences occur and shows the effect shifts in the emissions source location relative to the measurement position origin has on two correlation algorithms. Specifically, it examines the 3-position total radiated power algorithm and the 9-position multipole algorithm.
Deletion of SHP-2 in mesenchymal stem cells causes growth retardation, limb and chest deformity, and calvarial defects in mice

In mice, induced global disruption of the Ptpn11 gene, which encodes the SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase, results in severe skeletal abnormalities. To understand the extent to which skeletal abnormalities can be attributed to perturbation of SHP-2 function in bone-forming osteoblasts and chondrocytes, we generated mice in which disruption of Ptpn11 is restricted to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their progeny, which include both cell types. MSC-lineage-specific SHP-2 knockout (MSC SHP-2 KO) mice exhibited postnatal growth retardation, limb and chest deformity, and calvarial defects. These skeletal abnormalities were associated with an absence of mature osteoblasts and massive chondrodysplasia with a vast increase in the number of terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes in affected bones. Activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and protein kinase B (PKB; also known as AKT) was impaired in bone-forming cells of MSC SHP-2 KO mice, which provides an explanation for the skeletal defects that developed. These findings reveal a cell-autonomous role for SHP-2 in bone-forming cells in mice in the regulation of skeletal development. The results add to our understanding of the pathophysiology of skeletal abnormalities observed in humans with germline mutations in the PTPN11 gene (e.g. Noonan syndrome and LEOPARD syndrome).
Detection of defects in wind turbine composite blades using statistically enhanced Lock-In Thermography:

Delaminations are a common type of defect that occurs in composite structures such as wind turbine blades. In this study, a nondestructive testing technique based on Lock-In Thermography is propose...
Engineering immunity in the mucosal niche against sexually transmitted infections

The mucosal surfaces of the genital tract are the site of entry to over 30 different bacterial, parasitic, and viral pathogens that are the cause of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. Women and adolescent girls are more severely impacted by STIs than men due in part to a greater biological susceptibility for acquiring infections and differences in disease sequelae. While it is widely accepted that preventative vaccines against the most commonly transmitted STIs would have a major impact on decreasing the global health burden of STIs for women worldwide, several challenges preclude their development. The female genital tract is a complex niche of microflora, hormonal influences, and immune tissues and cells that result in a mucosal immune system that is distinct from other mucosal sites and from our systemic immune system. An appreciation of these differences and their effect on shaping mucosal immunity to sexually transmitted pathogens is an important determinant for the design of effective STI vaccines. Here we describe the anatomy and mucosal immune system of the female reproductive tract, and discuss bioengineering strategies to design mucosal vaccines that overcome delivery challenges and coordinate the presentation kinetics and compartmentalization of antigens and adjuvants to relevant mucosal immune cell subsets. In particular, we describe recent progress in understanding the role of specific mucosal dendritic cell subsets in facilitating immune responses to pathogenic microbes in the genital mucosa. We also discuss the development of pathogen-mimicking materials that may be useful for engineering protective immunity in this mucosal niche.
The American Studies of Sigmund Skard

One European scholar who anticipated this Jubilee issue of JAS was Sigmund Skard: his "Memoirs of a Norwegian Americanist" appeared in 1978. In a memo to the editor of JAS, Professor Skard has described the book as his "swan song,'' but anyone who knows him or follows this account of his remarkably varied and energetic career will find it impossible to imagine him without a poem, a lecture, or a bit of translation in hand. The bibliography of his publications appended to his Memoirs fills nine crowded pages, but it is no more than a supplement to the full scale list compiled by Jan Erik R0ed for Volume IV of Americana Norvegica in 1973. Between 1914 and 1978, Skard has seen his work in print more than 1000 times a conservative estimate, since neither bibliography lays claim to completeness. Much of this activity reflects his prominence in Norwegian life, his generous gifts as a poet, his early commitment to librarianship, and his impor tant role in Norwegian-American relations during and after his stay in Washing ton as a fugitive from Hitler. But running through his memoir what in hind sight provides its unity and its title is his gradual discovery of modern America, his slow but prophetic realization of its importance to the future of Europe and his eventual decision to seek to understand it through studying its literature and culture. It is this career that comes to dominate the life narrative of Trans Atl?ntica
Dimensions of Nutrition Knowledge Among Preadolescent Girls

This report examines the underlying dimensionality of a nutrition knowledge test for preadolescent girls. Two hundred and six nine-year-old girls were given the items. In contrast to the manner in which nutrition knowledge has previously been measured in research, analysis of the results indicates that their nutrition knowledge is multidimen sional. One of the dimensions is conceptualized as “differentiated eating” and the other as “vitamin importance.” Further analytic work should be enhanced using a mul tidimensional perspective on nutrition knowledge rather than the less precise approach of assuming that such knowledge is monolithic.
Ultraviolet radiation and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced interaction of mouse epidermal protein kinase Cε with Stat3 involve integration with ERK1/2

We have reported that protein kinase C epsilon (PKCe) expression level in epidermis dictates the susceptibility of mice to the development of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) elicited either by repeated exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) or by the DMBA-TPA tumor promotion protocol. To find clues about the mechanism by which PKCe mediates susceptibility to UVR-induced development of SCC, we found that PKCe-over-expressing transgenic mice, as compared to their wild-type littermates, when exposed to UVR, elicit enhanced phosphorylation of Stat3 at Ser727 residues. Stat3 is constitutively activated in SCC and UVR fails to induce SCC in Stat3 mutant mice. Stat3Ser727 phosphorylation is essential for Stat3 transcriptional activity (Cancer Res. 67: 1385, 2007). We now present severa novel findings including that PKCe integrates with its downstream partner ERK1/2 to phosphorylate Stat3Ser727. In these experiments, mice were either exposed to UVR (2 kJ/m2/dose) emitted by Kodacel-filtered FS-40 sun lamps or treated with TPA (5 nmol). Both UVR and TPA treatment stimulated PKCe-Stat3 interaction, Stat3Ser727 phosphorylation and Stat3-regulated gene COX-2 expression. PKCe-Stat3 interaction and Stat3Ser727 phosphorylation was also observed in SCC elicited by repeated UVR exposures of mice. PKCe-Stat3 interaction was PKCe specific. UVR or TPA-stimulated Stat3Ser727 phosphorylation accompanied interaction of PKCe with ERK1/2 in intact mouse skin in vivo. Deletion of PKCe in wild-type mice attenuated both TPA and UVR-induced expression of phosphoforms of ERK1/2 and Stat3Ser727. These results indicate that PKCe integrates with ERK1/2 to mediate both TPA and UVR-induced epidermal Stat3Ser727 phosphorylation. PKCe and Stat3 may be potential molecular targets for SCC prevention.
Use of an Organosilane Coupling Agent in Colloidal Silica Coatings

Coatings were prepared from suspensions containing colloidal silica (20 nm) in isopropanol and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPS). Thicker coatings without cracks were achieved by increased addition of GPS. The microstructure of the resultant coatings contained well packed colloids with some pore space. When high amounts of GPS were added (i.e., GPS:silica weight ratio (R) greater than 0.5), polymeric material appeared and covered the necks between particles and filled in pores. {sup 29}Si NMR of coating suspensions (R = 1) showed GPS hydrolysis within a few minutes and GPS adsorption on the silica surface within a few hours. The excess silane remained in solution and further polymerized, instead of forming a thick multilayer on the colloids. Diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy data suggests saturated surface coverage beginning around 2 to 3 molecules/nm{sup 2} based on observed depletion of silica surface hydroxyls.
Experimental Study of Forced Convection Heat Transfer of Water in a Short Microduct at a Turbulent Reynolds Number

The present study deals with experimental investigation of cooling of machining tools, by water flowing through a microduct at the tip of the tool. The average diameter of the microduct is 200 μm and the flow takes place at a turbulent Reynolds number. The outer wall temperature of the tool and the temperature of water at inlet and exit have been measured. The convective heat transfer coefficient is calculated at different wall temperatures and mass flux. The experimental results show that the average Nusselt numbers in the short microduct are higher than those predicted by conventional correlations for large-diameter ducts. This enhancement may be attributed to the micro size of the duct, entry effects, transition from laminar to turbulent flow at the microduct entrance, suspended microscopic particles in coolant water, and Prandtl number estimation based on the mean fluid temperature. A correlation has been proposed to compute convective heat transfer during turbulent flow through a short microduct of a...
The Fabrication of Turkey Bacon

Abstract Turkey thigh, breast, and skin were used in the fabrication of turkey bacon. The thigh and breast meat were included to give the alternating colors of white and red characteristic of pork bacon. The turkey thigh meat was ground (9.5 mm) or cut in 1 × 5 cm pieces. It was then mixed with curing brine to prepare the dark portion of the bacon. Breast meat was ground (6.35 mm) or chopped, and mixed with the other nonmeat ingredients except nitrite. A skin paste at a level of 10 to 20% was blended with the meat materials, or added to the breast meat only in one treatment. The dark and white portions were alternately layered in aluminum foil pans. The fabricated loaves were fully smoke-cooked to 60 C. After chilling, the bacons were removed from the pans and sliced. Turkey bacon was analyzed before reheating for serving and found to contain 70.1% water, 8.7% fat, 17.8% protein, and 3.6% ash. Microwave heating of the product decreased the amount of water more than heating by pan frying. A consumer taste panel evaluated the appearance, texture, flavor, and greasiness of pork bacon, Sizzlean®, and turkey bacon, and found the turkey bacon to have acceptable sensory qualities when compared with the other products.
Browning susceptibility and changes in composition during storage of carambola slices

Browning and changes in the composition of sliced and whole carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) fruit during storage were investigated. Susceptibility to browning after slicing, packaging and storage for 4 wk at 4.4°C varied considerably between four cultivars and five selections. There was no difference in browning susceptibility between fruit harvested at mature green or breaker stages of maturity. Freshly sliced carambola browned only slightly when exposed to air, but packaged slices that had been stored for 2 or more wk at 4.4°C browned rapidly (within 6 hr) when exposed to air. Whole fruit stored at 4.4°C for up to 6 wk, then sliced, showed much less susceptibility to browning. Ascorbic acid decreased and polyphenoloxidase activity increased in carambola slices during storage, but less in whole fruit. Treating slices with 1.0 or 2.5% citric acid + 0.25% ascorbic acid (in water) prior to packaging was very effective in limiting browning.
Unsteady Aeroelastic Optimization in the Transonic Regime

A methodology for including transonic e utter requirements in the preliminary automated structural design environment is developed and tested. The problem of minimizing structural weight while satisfying behavioral constraints is stated in nonlinear mathematical programming form and is solved using a gradient-based optimizing technique. The structure is modeled by using e nite elements, and the associated design variables consist of the structural properties: thicknesses of skins, spars, and ribs; cross-sectional areas of posts and spar and rib caps; and concentrated masses. The method requires that the transonic unsteady aerodynamic forces be represented in the frequency or Laplace domain. In this work, the indicial response method is used to transform time-domain aerodynamic forces found by solving the transonic small disturbance (TSD) equations into the Laplace domain. The indicial responses are calculated about static aeroelastic equilibriums found using the TSD equations for the steady aerodynamics. Once in the Laplace domain, the unsteady aerodynamic forces are used to determine system dynamic stability by the p-method and in semianalytic equations for the e utter constraint sensitivities. With constraint values and the required gradients, a Taylor series approximation is used to develop an approximate nonlinear mathematical programming problem for weight minimization. This approximate optimization problem is iteratively solved by the method of modie ed feasible directions until convergence of the exact problem is obtained. Examples of the redesign methodology are given for the simultaneous consideration of constraints on transonic e utter, stresses, and displacements. Results found using nonlinear aerodynamics show that designs can differ considerably from those obtained using linear unsteady aerodynamics when in the transonic e ight regime.
Inhibition of K+ conductance in descending vasa recta pericytes by ANG II.

We tested whether K+ channel inhibition accompanies ANG II-induced depolarization of descending vasa recta (DVR) pericytes. An increase in extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) from 5 to 100 mM de...