cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Immigrant Right to Work

Federal and state policies that make immigrant work putatively illegal are in tension with a constitutional right to work that is deeply rooted in United States history and jurisprudence. The Department of Homeland Security ("DHS") regulates immigrant work through a system of employment authorization and sanctions on employers who hire unauthorized immigrant workers. This system has become such a central feature of immigration law that few recognize it is a relatively recent innovation. While the United States has always regulated its domestic labor market by modulating immigration, regulation of work as a mechanism of immigration enforcement has only existed since the 1980s. In order for that system to come into being, a radical shift needed to occur: immigrants' right to work had to be forgotten. From the late nineteenth through the early twentieth centuries, courts accepted that immigrants had a right to work based on substantive due process and natural law. This article contends that there are strong constitutional reasons to return to that principle, which has lapsed but has never been overruled. The right of immigrants to work is "objectively, deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradition," which is sufficient to trigger a rigorous form of substantive due process review. No statute has ever been passed that revokes immigrants' right to work; the laws that exist today do not ban unauthorized immigrants from working but instead utilize employer sanctions to relegate them to various forms of contingent work. In these positions, immigrant workers are denied the bundle of rights and protections that go along with the traditional employment relationship. They face exploitation, lower wages, unsafe conditions, and retaliatory discharge or reporting to DHS. This system of subordination arose during the late 1970s after a dramatic curtailment in legal Western Hemisphere immigration virtually assured a constant campaign of deportation against millions of predominately Latin American unauthorized immigrants. Policymakers discouraged unauthorized immigrant employment as a strategy to reduce the wave of illegal immigration they had created—a goal that has so far not been met. This history shows that the ineffective policies of the present day raise significant constitutional concerns, and it is time to reconsider them. One way to do so is by taking a second look at the right to work that was well established during an earlier era of United States history.
The Role of Surgical Resection for Metastatic Brain Tumors

Brain metastasis is the most common intracranial neoplasm in adults. The treatment of brain metastases requires a robust multidisciplinary approach. The roles of surgical resection, radiosurgery and whole brain radiation have been explored in great depths over the past several years. Although controversies exist regarding each treatment modality, it is generally agreed that the best results, in terms of both tumor response and patient survival, can be achieved by using a combination of local (surgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery) and more generalized (whole brain radiotherapy, for example) treatments. Considering our current armamentarium of preoperative imaging, advanced intraoperative techniques followed by adjunct therapies, surgery plays an indispensible role in relieving increased intracranial pressure and significant mass effect, decreasing tumor burden as well as providing neuropathological diagnosis. Hemorrhagic and radioresistant lesions may also be treated most effectively with surgical interventions. However, important patient-specific and tumor-specific variables must be taken under consideration, and risks must be weighed against benefits to dictate patient selection and treatment. In this chapter, surgical treatment of brain metastases will be discussed with emphasis on current guidelines and controversies.
Studies of Lepton Flavor Violation at the LHC

Abstract We examine the charged lepton flavor violating process g g → μ ± τ ∓ at the s = 13 TeV LHC. Operators generating this process can be induced by new physics (NP) at dimension 8. Despite the power suppression associated with dimension 8 operators, we show that the LHC's large gluon luminosity makes it possible to probe this channel. For an integrated luminosity of 100 fb −1 at the LHC, we predict a constraint on the NP scale Λ ≳ 3 TeV. In addition, we point out that such operators can be induced through top quark loops in models that generate dimension 6 operators of the form t ‾ t μ τ . We find that the NP scale of these dimension 6 operators can be constrained to be Λ ≳ 3.4 –4.1 TeV with 100 fb −1 of data.
The Effect of Nasoalveolar Molding on Nasal Airway Anatomy: A 9-Year Follow-up of Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.

Objective:To determine the effects of nasoalveolar molding (NAM) on nasal airway architecture.Design:Retrospective case-control study of patients with unilateral cleft lip treated with NAM vs without NAM.Setting:Tertiary referral center specializing in cleft and craniofacial care.Patients, Participants, and Interventions:Thirty-six patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and alveolus: 19 with NAM therapy and 17 without NAM therapy.Main Outcome Measures:Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were compared in multiple coronal sections and were evaluated for linear and angular septal deviation, inferior turbinate hypertrophy, and linear and 2-dimensional airway area.Results:There were no significant differences in linear or angular septal deviation, inferior turbinate area, linear stenosis, or airway area between NAM- and non-NAM-treated patients.Conclusions:NAM effectively molds the external nasal cartilage and structures but may have limited effects on internal nasal structures.
Intraoperative Monitoring of Jugular Venous Oxygen Saturation in Patients with Severe Head Injury

Recent studies have suggested that secondary insults occuring during the early hospitalization period and resulting in hypoxia/ischemia of the brain may significantly contribute to a poor outcome [1, 2, 3]. The continuous monitoring of jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjVO2) has been shown to be useful in the identification of causes and in early treatment of jugular venous oxygen desaturation episodes [2, 4].
The Development of Behavior from Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives in Mammals and Birds

Comprehensive studies of behavior must consider at least four major topics, evolution, adaptation,causation, and development (Tinbergen, 1951, 1963). In this chapter, we argue that separation of developmental questions from consideration of (1) the historical routes by which behavioral traits evolve, (2) their adaptive significance, somehow, but rarely, measured in terms of inclusive fitness, and (3) the factors (internal and external) responsible for causing the trait to be expressed, though possible, produces results of limited applicability. Because all populations are age-structured (Charlesworth, 1980), developmental questions are important to consider in evolutionary and ecological research in behavioral biology (e.g., Alexander, 1974; Gould, 1977; Burghardt and Bekoff, 1978; Cairns, 1979; Fagen, 1981; Gubernick and Klopfer, 1981; Immelmann et al.,1981; Hinde, 1982, 1983; Cheverud et al., 1983; Stamps, 1983; A. Bekoff, 1981, 1985; Patenaude, 1984; M. Bekoff, 1985; Price and Grant, 1985).
Intrinsic Distances for Domains

Let X be a complex space. We denote its Caratheodory pseudo-distance by c x , (see (3.1.1)), and the induced inner pseudo-distance by c i x , (see (1.1.2)). While the Kobayashi pseudo-distance d x is always inner (see (3.1.15)), the Caratheodory pseudo-distance c x need not be (see Examples (3.1.25), (3.1.26), (3.1.27) and (3.1.28).
Engineering Growth Factor/Receptor Processes: Effects of EGF Receptor Trafficking Dynamics on Cell Proliferation Responses To EGF

A central issue in modern biotechnology is the control of mammalian cell proliferation by hormones and growth factors. The bioprocessing industry is attempting to produce a wide range of peptide growth factors for mammalian cells, for applications in human and animal health care such as wound healing and immune response stimulation. Roughly 60% of sales in the bioprocessing industry over the next decade are projected to be in human therapeutics, and over 3/4 of the current or planned therapeutic products are peptide growth factors [1]. At the same time, use of mammalian cell themselves in bioreactors to produce pharmaceutical agents is gaining favor, due to their specialized capability to synthesize proteins with appropriate conformation and activity [2, 3]. Proliferation of these cells require growth factors or complex mixtures of regulatory proteins. Finally, growth factor interactions with their cellular targets are critically implicated in many issues arising in the investigation of cancer [4]. Clearly, an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which growth factors regulate mammalian cell proliferation would have tremendous beneficial consequences for both production and application aspects of growth factor-based biotechnology.
The Evolving Treatment of Rectal Cancer

Rectal cancer treatment has advanced in nearly 300 years from a hopeless, morbid outcome to potentially curative treatments with constant improvement in quality of life. This chapter briefly outlines and reviews the historical evolution of the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the rectum. The earliest procedures were mostly palliative with the first proposed resections for rectal cancer appearing in the eighteenth century. Extirpative procedures utilizing the perineal, vaginal and sacral approaches prevailed until Miles’ abdominoperineal resection in 1908 revolutionized the principles for a correct oncological resection. In time, the focus of interest shifted towards less radical procedures centered on the restoration of intestinal continuity. Later on, sphincter preservation procedures and pouch surgery emerged in an attempt to achieve better functional outcomes. Heald’s total mesorectal excision proposed in the 1980s represented another milestone in the treatment of rectal cancer by significantly reducing local recurrence rates. Over recent years, combined multimodality therapy and the development of laparoscopic surgery have brought major advancements to the field. In the twenty-first century, the limits of rectal cancer treatment continue to be pushed with surgery still representing the primary form of therapy for optimal oncologic and functional results.
Perpetuating the cycle of silence: the intersection of uncertainty and sexual health communication among couples after breast cancer treatment.

The aims of this study are (1) to identify sources of uncertainty breast cancer survivors and partners of breast cancer survivors (BCS) report as a result of sexual health changes after primary treatment and (2) to investigate the challenges they experience when attempting to communicate about sexual health-related uncertainty. Forty BCS and 13 partners completed written reflections and participated in semi-structured interviews. Analyses revealed five predominant sources of uncertainty for BCS and partners: perceptions of post-treatment body, worry about effects on relational partners, ethical concerns about dissatisfaction with sexual relationship (partners only), fears about future of the relationship, and apprehension about SH treatment futility. These concerns are linked to communication challenges for couples: supporting survivors’ body esteem, navigating potentially hurtful disclosures, responding to partners’ “obstructive behavior,” and believing communication is futile. Findings suggest women and partners find themselves caught in a destructive cycle that reinforces uncertainty and inadvertently perpetuates silence and relational distress. To disrupt the cycle of silence, BCS and partners need to know that their interpretation of the other person’s behaviors/needs is not always accurate. Strategies are required to help women and their partners express uncomfortable thoughts and feelings in safe and supportive environments. Practitioners should be conscious of potential SH issues, be familiar with existing support resources for survivors, and be prepared to disseminate information that will empower women and their partners.
Correcting Subverted Random Oracles

The random oracle methodology has proven to be a powerful tool for designing and reasoning about cryptographic schemes, and can often act as an effective bridge between theory and practice. In this paper, we focus on the basic problem of correcting faulty—or adversarially corrupted—random oracles, so that they can be confidently applied for such cryptographic purposes.
Abstract 165: Challenges to Self-Management of Heart Failure Among Homeless Individuals: A Qualitative Study

Background: Outpatient heart failure (HF) care involves intensive self-management (SM). Effective HF SM is associated with improved HF outcomes. Homelessness poses challenges to successful SM of ma...
A model for the evaluation of environmental impact indicators for a sustainable maritime transportation systems

Maritime shipping is considered the most efficient, low-cost means for transporting large quantities of freight over significant distances. However, this process also causes negative environmental and societal impacts. Therefore, environmental sustainability is a pressing issue for maritime shipping management, given the interest in addressing important issues that affect the safety, security, and air and water quality as part of the efficient movement of freight throughout the coasts and waterways and associated port facilities worldwide. In-depth studies of maritime transportation systems (MTS) can be used to identify key environmental impact indicators within the transportation system. This paper develops a tool for decision making in complex environments; this tool will quantify and rank preferred environmental impact indicators within a MTS. Such a model will help decision-makers to achieve the goals of improved environmental sustainability. The model will also provide environmental policy-makers in the shipping industry with an analytical tool that can evaluate tradeoffs within the system and identify possible alternatives to mitigate detrimental effects on the environment.
Reduced vancomycin susceptibility and increased macrophage survival in Staphylococcus aureus strains sequentially isolated from a bacteraemic patient during a short course of antibiotic therapy.

Purpose. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relatedness of Staphylococcus aureus strains successively isolated over a 7-day period from a single bacteraemic patient undergoing antibiotic treatment with vancomycin. Methods. The S. aureus strains had been isolated and sequenced previously. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, population analysis profiling, and lysostaphin sensitivity and phagocytic killing assays were used to characterize these clonal isolates. Results. The seven isolates (MEH1–MEH7) were determined to belong to a common multilocus sequence type (MLST) and spa type. Within the third and fifth day of vancomycin treatment, mutations were observed in the vraS and rpsU genes, respectively. Population analysis profiles revealed that the initial isolate (MEH1) was vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA), while those isolated on day 7 were mostly heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA). Supporting these findings, MEH7 was also observed to be slower in growth, to have an increase in cell wall width and to have reduced sensitivity to lysostaphin, all characteristics of VISA and hVISA strains. In addition, MEH7, although phagocytosed at numbers comparable to the initial isolate, MEH1, survived in higher numbers in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Macrophages infected with MEH7 also released more TNF-α and IFN-1β. Conclusion. We report an increasing resistance to vancomycin coupled with daptomycin that occurred within approximately 3 days of receiving vancomycin and steadily increased until the infection was cleared with an alternative antibiotic therapy. This study reiterates the need for rapid, efficient and accurate detection of hVISA and VISA infections, especially in high-bacterial load, metastatic infections like bacteraemia.
Advanced, Interactive, Image-based Education: Technology and Pedagogy.

Abstract An audience response system (ARS) is an excellent tool for improving interactive learning in radiology residents. Traditional ARSs have long allowed text-based interactions between teacher and students. However, little attention has been given to techniques which allow students in large groups to interact directly with an image. Fortunately, a growing number of ARSs are beginning to add this ability. However, it is not the technology but the pedagogy that matters the most. The purpose of this article is to review those ARSs, and to present an array of pedagogical techniques that can take advantage of this technology.
Mechanisms of nucleation and growth in the formation of charge transfer nanocrystals

Nanocrystals of the charge transfer compound perylene:7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) were created using the reprecipitation method, a simple technique for inducing crystallization in solution by the rapid addition of a miscible non-solvent. The nanocrystal size was followed in situ using dynamic light scattering, showing rapid formation of crystals with sizes on the order of 100 nm followed by much slower growth. The complexation of the electron donor perylene and electron acceptor TCNQ was monitored in situ through the appearance of the charge transfer band in the infrared. Both 1:1 and 3:1 cocrystal stoichiometries could be obtained, but the ratio of the components did not always result in the same stoichiometry in the nanocrystals. In particular, a sample prepared with equal molar amounts of the constituents contained both 1:1 and 3:1 forms, as well as pure perylene and TCNQ nanocrystals. This sample also demonstrated non-classical nucleation, with solid particles forming immediately, but longer range order appearing later.
Fatigue Failure Mechanisms in a Unidirectionally Reinforced Composite Material

The fatigue failure mechanisms in a unidirectional glass fiber-epoxy material were studied. Specimens were made by filament winding the glass fiber roving and vacuum impregnating with a low viscosity room temperature curing resin. The fatigue response could be divided into three distinct life ranges. In the first region ( 10 6 reversals), the applied stress was below the microcrack initiation stress and none of the few specimens tested failed. Unlike behavior in the first two regions, where defects were formed in the first cycle and subsequently propagated, most of the cycles in this region were used in crack nucleation.
Influence of carrot puree incorporation on quality characteristics of instant noodles

The present investigation was undertaken to develop carrot puree‐incorporated noodles and increase vegetable intake in the diet of consumers. Carrot puree was incorporated at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g per 100 g of refined wheat flour. Cold extrusion and air‐drying method were used to prepare noodles. Carrot noodles were analyzed for nutritional, sensory, cooking, and textural properties. Forty grams of vegetable puree per 100 g of refined wheat flour was preferred in sensory evaluation. The nutritional analysis results of 100 g dried carrot noodles indicated increase in total carotenoids (1.58 mg) and minerals such as calcium (36.3 mg), phosphorous (140.4 mg), iron (9.5 mg), potassium (192.4 mg), and crude fiber (3.85 g) compared with control. Carrot noodles in comparison with control (14.33%) showed decreased cooking loss (8.74%) which affirmed better binding of fiber particles with starch–protein matrix. The texture analysis of test noodles showed reduction in hardness (27.06%), springiness (79.78%), and cohesiveness values (0.74%) compared with control noodles. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Instant noodle enrichment with vegetable source (carrot) will not only find a new avenue for the noodle industry to provide healthier option to the consumers but also nutritionally enhance the noodles with micronutrients such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, and phytochemicals. The carrot in puree incorporation improves the sensory, cooking, and nutritional qualities of noodles. The enrichment with vegetable source (carrot) will develop low‐energy dense air‐dried instant noodles and can help increase vegetable intake in the diet of consumers through a food matrix that is well appreciated by all age groups.
Immigrant Health Care Providers in the United States

Immigrants have played a significant role in the provision of health care to Americans. The experience of immigrant physicians, nurses, and other health care providers, especially their reception by Americans, has been shaped over time by various political, social, and economic circumstances in their host country. At times they have been considered lifesavers; at other times they have been perceived as substandard practitioners (Friedman, 1979). They have been acknowledged for practicing in geographic areas and in medical specialties considered undesirable by U.S.-born citizens and have also been accused of taking jobs away from Americans. Some say that their numbers should be reduced in the United States; others say that their work is indispensable.
Resection of a Large Carotid Body Tumor with Mandibular Subluxation

A large carotid body tumor extending to the base of the skull was resected with mandibular subluxation. During the operation, the patient developed ischemic EEG changes and underwent carotid thrombectomy with patch grafting. He exhibited postoperative stroke with proximal mild right upper extremity weakness which gradually improved.
A Case Report of a Migrated Pelvic Coil Causing Pulmonary Infarct in an Adult Female.

Author(s): Guerrero, Angel; Theophanous, Rebecca G. | Abstract: Introduction: It is possible but rare for a pelvic coil to migrate to the pulmonary vasculature, which can cause cardiac damage, arrhythmias, pulmonary infarct, and thrombophlebitis. The few cases reported typically do not describe removal of the coils, as patients were asymptomatic.Case report: A 39-year-old female with recent coil embolization of her left internal iliac and ovarian veins for pelvic congestion syndrome presented with one month of right-sided chest pain and dyspnea. Imaging revealed a migrated pelvic coil in the patient’s right main pulmonary artery with pulmonary infarcts and a pleural effusion.Conclusion: Interventional radiology successfully removed the coil endovascularly, with significant symptom improvement. This prevented a more-invasive open surgical procedure and resolved symptoms without requiring long-term anticoagulation or monitoring.
Trametinib for the treatment of recurrent/progressive pediatric low-grade glioma

Pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGGs) are the most common CNS tumor of childhood and comprise a heterogenous group of tumors. Children with progressive pLGG often require numerous treatment modalities including surgery, chemotherapy, rarely radiation therapy and, more recently, molecularly targeted therapy. We describe our institutional experience using the MEK inhibitor, trametinib, for recurrent/progressive pLGGs. We performed a retrospective, IRB-approved, chart review of all pediatric patients treated with trametinib for recurrent/progressive pLGGs at Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorder Center between 2016 and 2018. Eleven patients were identified, of which 10 were evaluable for response. Median age at commencement of trametinib treatment was 14.7 years (range 7.3–25.9 years). Tumor molecular status included KIAA1549-BRAF fusion (n = 4), NF1 mutation (n = 4), FGFR mutation (n = 1) and CDKN2A loss (n = 1). Median number of prior treatment regimens was 5 (range 1–12). Median duration of treatment with trametinib was 19.2 months (range 3.8–29.8 months). Based on modified RANO criteria, best responses included partial (n = 2), minor response (n = 2) and stable disease (n = 6). Two patients remain on therapy (29.8 and 25.9 months, respectively). The most common toxicities attributable to trametinib were rash, fatigue and gastrointestinal disturbance. Five patients required dose reduction for toxicities. Two patients experienced significant intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) while on trametinib. While it is unclear whether ICH was directly attributable to trametinib, therapy was discontinued. Trametinib appears to be an effective treatment for patients with recurrent/progressive pLGG. The toxicities of this therapy warrant further investigation, with particular attention to the potential risk for intracranial hemorrhage. Early phase multi-institutional clinical trials are underway.
The Value of Residential Forests for Plethodontid Salamanders on the Cumberland Plateau, USA

The southeastern United States contains the largest area on Earth devoted to intensive pine growth and represents an area experiencing rapid forest conversion for residential development. This region also harbors the highest lungless salamander diversity in the world. Studies repeatedly demonstrate that this taxon responds negatively to forest conversion. In this study, we evaluated terrestrial salamander abundance in four forest types commonly found on the southern Cumberland Plateau, USA: unmanaged, residential, burned, and harvested. Our results indicate that terrestrial salamanders occur in low surface abundance in this landscape but are found at their highest abundance in residential forest patches. Although we are unable to assess if these areas have always harbored higher abundances of terrestrial salamanders, these residential forest fragments have high conservation value to retain terrestrial salamanders in a heavily managed landscape.
Executive Discretion in Administering the Government's Rights and the Delegation Problem

Governments regulate private conduct. They also exercise rights of ownership and contract that are like those of private people. From the founding to today, executive officials have exercised substantial policy discretion in managing the government's own resources. That practice is consistent with the text and structure of the Constitution. Administering the government's resources, and making policy judgments in doing so, is at the core of carrying the law into execution. The executive itself does not have power to create programs that employ federal resources such as federal funds, but when Congress creates such a program, it may leave many important choices to the executive. At most, the Constitution requires that Congress provide an intelligible principle to guide that discretion. The non-delegation principle concerning regulation of private conduct may be more demanding than that, but the exercise of the government's own rights is a distinct category of executive activity. The practical scope of this principle is substantial. Federal spending today is a major tool through which Congress affects behavior. Like spending and contracting, federal regulation through licensing takes the form of the administration of the government's resources. Licensing of broadcasting, for example, rests on the principle that the airwaves are public and not private property, and that private people may use that resource only on terms the government sets. Licensing schemes put the government in the position of an owner, able to give licenses that permit conduct that otherwise would violate the owner's rights. Congress therefore may give executive officials substantial discretion when it creates a licensing system. The important question is the extent of Congress's power to put the government in the position of an owner. Two well-known early examples of delegation to the executive, the Indian Commerce Act of 1790, and the regulation of steamboat safety, took the form of licensing. The historical evidence does not indicate that proponents of those systems justified delegation on the grounds suggested here. It does suggest that steamboat licensing was understood to be based on federal control of the public right of navigation of interstate waterways. The executive function of administering the government's resources is a distinct category of executive activity from the standpoint of constitutional structure, and the principles that apply to delegation in other contexts need not apply in that context.
Self-Advocacy as Precariousness in University Education

Self-advocacy has arguably become one of the most centrally positioned priorities in Canadian post-secondary disability service-provision frameworks. It is widely understood to be an indispensable skill for disabled students working to implement academic accommodations at university, and it has become the focus of numerous efforts to prepare them for transition from high school settings. This article draws on findings from a doctoral study that explored the self- advocacy experiences of disabled students and their professors in three small liberal arts universities in Nova Scotia, Canada in order to theorize self-advocacy as precariousness. Detailed research findings are reported elsewhere, but this account offers a theoretical analysis of participant experiences in order to broaden understandings of self-advocacy as a relational access requirement that generates persistent uncertainty for disabled learners.
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in an Adult.

Abstract Background Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is a phenomenon that has emerged during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. There are, however, few reported cases of a similar disease in adults. Case Report We describe a 25-year-old man who presented with prolonged fever and conjunctivitis and was found to have a post-COVID inflammatory syndrome. His symptoms improved with colchicine, steroids, and a truncated course of intravenous immunoglobulin. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Post-COVID inflammatory syndrome has the potential to lead to dangerous complications. In addition, the identification of occult COVID infections could have public health implications.
Demand, Growth, and Deleveraging

We present evidence that weak household demand contributed to a reduction in firm and establishment entry in the Great Recession. Motivated by this evidence, we characterize aggregate growth dynamics in response to demand shocks in a broad class of endogenous growth models. We show that the aggregate impacts of demand shocks are determined completely through their impact on current profits, and take a tractable form. We then study quantitatively the response of growth to a severe deleveraging event in general equilibrium, by coupling this class with the classic incomplete markets setting for households. We find a persistent recession induced by deleveraging can significantly influence growth in productivity. In turn, the growth slowdown provides a novel source of propagation; households increase savings in response to future slow growth, exacerbating the fall in demand, and slowing the recovery.
Some ultrastructural aspects of genetic activity in eukaryotes.

SUMMARY A brief overview is given of the types of information that have been obtained by chromatin spreading methods regarding the ultrastructure and regulation of genetic units. The examples used are: ribosomal RNA genes of the spotted newt; the silk fibroin gene of Bombyx mori ; chorion gene amplification in Drosophila melanogaster ; RNA synthesis patterns during early embryogenesis of D. melanogaster ; regulation of transcription on homologous non-ribosomal transcription units of D. melanogaster ; specific nascent transcript cleavage in insects; and nascent polypeptides on insect polyribosomes. The conclusion is drawn that further innovations will be required before significant advances in the use of chromatin spreading techniques to study ultrastructural aspects of genetic activity can occur.
Memory resources recover gradually over time: The effects of word frequency, presentation rate, and list composition on binding errors and mnemonic precision in source memory.

Normative word frequency has played a key role in the study of human memory, but there is little agreement as to the mechanism responsible for its effects. To determine whether word frequency affects binding probability or memory precision, we used a continuous reproduction task to examine working memory for spatial positions of words. In three experiments, after studying a list of five words, participants had to report the spatial location of one of them on a circle. Across experiments we varied word frequency, presentation rate, and the proportion of low-frequency words on each trial. A mixture model dissociated memory precision, binding failure, and guessing rate parameters from the continuous distribution of errors. On trials that contained only low- or only high-frequency words, low-frequency words led to a greater degree of error in recalling the associated location. This was due to a higher word-location binding failure and not due to differences in memory precision or guessing rates. Slowing down the presentation rate eliminated the word frequency effect by reducing binding failures for low-frequency words. Mixing frequencies in a single trial hurt high-frequency and helped low-frequency words. These findings support the idea that word frequency can lead to both positive and negative mnemonic effects depending on a trade-off between an HF encoding advantage and a LF retrieval cue advantage. We suggest that (1) low-frequency words require more resources for binding, (2) that these resources recover gradually over time, and that (3) binding fails when these resources are insufficient. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Presence and correlation of Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol accumulation in silage corn plant parts.

Corn silage, made from Zea mays, is a high energy feed that is important for feeding dairy cows. Plant diseases, such as those caused by Fusarium graminearum , can decrease silage corn yields and quality. Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is an ascomycete fungus that causes Gibberella ear and stalk rot in corn. Fusarium graminearum produces deoxynivalenol (DON), a secondary metabolite toxic to humans and animals. An understanding of the distribution of DON and F. graminearum throughout the corn plant is important for determining the quality of corn silage. A partitioned sample experiment that included two brown-midrib silage hybrids and three fungicide treatments was conducted in research plots located in Arlington, Wisconsin in 2018 and 2019. At harvest, stalk and ear parts were physically separated, dried, and ground for analysis. DON concentration (ppm) was determined using ELISA and F. graminearum DNA concentration (pg/ng) was determined using qPCR. Both DON and F. graminearum DNA were detected in all samples, demonstrating accumulation of the fungus in both stalks and ears of the plant. In 2018, DON contamination was as high as 30 ppm and varied drastically between stalks and ears. In 2019, DON concentrations were much lower (<5ppm), but were consistently higher in stalk samples than ear samples. Across all samples DON concentrations and F. graminearum accumulation were highly correlated within the separated stalk (r=0.78) and ear portions (r=0.87) but were not correlated between ears and stalks. Depending on the weather and planting conditions in a given year, either stalk infections or ear infections may occur by F. graminearum leading to subsequent DON increases in those respective parts that are independent of each other.
Galileo as a Logician: A Model and a Data Basis

For several reasons it is now time to engage in a minute critical analysis of the arguments put forth in Galileo’s book. In part, it is time to evaluate the arguments which in Chapter 2 were merely described; in part it is useful to reanalyze the Dialogue in accordance with the results of Chapter 7, which suggest the idea of Galileo as being first and foremost a methodologist of reasoning; in part it is important to give content to the program outlined in Chapters 11, 12, and 13; in part it is important to put to work the technical framework developed in Chapter 14; finally one needs examples of Galileo’s critiques of arguments, in accordance with the suggestions in the last chapter.
Panel on cooperative multiagent systems for the Web

There is an explosion in the amount of information that is accessible by the public, especially with the advent of the World Wide Web. With this information only expected to increase as time goes on, there is an obvious need for mechanisms which would allow individuals to access the right information. In the context of the Web, this can be referred to as personalization of the information source(s). The author touches upon various issues and technologies, as well as their interrelationships. These include interaction between agents, cooperation amongst heterogeneous information sources, and coordinating the activities of these agents using workflow.
The acid hydrolysis of glycosides : V. Effect of the nature of the aglycon on the hydrolysis of glycosiduronic acids (glycuronides)

Abstract Rate coefficients and kinetic parameters have been determined for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of fourteen β- D -glucopyranosiduronic acids containing aglycons of different electron-affinity. Energies and entropies of activation of all of these compounds were lower than those of the corresponding β- D -glucopyranosides. The glucopyranosiduronic acids were hydrolyzed at rates that were inversely proportional to the electron affinity of the aglycon, whereas the rates of hydrolysis of the glucopyranosides were independent of the polarity of the aglycon. (Carboxymethyl) β- D -glucopyranosiduronic acid was hydrolyzed at one hundredth of the rate expected. The phenomena are discussed, assuming a catalytic interaction between the carboxyl groups and the glycosidic oxygen atom. Substitution, in the aglycon, of alkyl groups for hydrogen atoms at the carbon atom adjacent to the glycosidic oxygen atom increased the rate of hydrolysis both of the glucopyranosiduronic acids and of the glucopyranosides.
Nuclear Envelope and Lamins: Organization and Dynamics

The nuclear envelope (NE) separates the nucleus and the cytoplasm and plays an important role in the maintenance of nuclear structure. The NE undergoes a complex cycle of assembly and disassembly during cell divisions to allow proper segregation of the chromosomes. Recent advances in basic and clinical research, especially in light of a number of human diseases that are collectively called laminopathies (diseases caused by mutations in A-type lamins or lamin-binding proteins), suggest that the NE not only acts as a structural barrier separating the nuclear genome and transcriptional machinery from the cytoplasm, but also serves as a node that integrates the different structural and signalling networks between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Key concepts There are three structural components of the nuclear envelope: the outer and inner nuclear membranes, the nuclear pore complexes and the nuclear lamina. The nuclear lamina is mainly composed of type V intermediate filament proteins called lamins, which contain a C-terminal CAAX motif and undergo extensive post-translational processing. Lamins are grouped into A- and B-types based on their sequence homologies, biochemical properties and behaviors during mitosis. Mutations in LMNA, which encodes the A-type lamins, cause multiple distinct diseases that are collectively called laminopathies in humans, including diseases of striated muscle, peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy syndromes and premature aging or progeroid syndromes. Lamins exert multiple functions via interacting with various lamin-binding proteins, including an increasing number of proteins located at the inner nuclear membrane that are retained there because of their interactions with lamin. The lamin-binding inner nuclear membrane proteins also function to modulate the output of cell–cell signalling via interacting with transcription factors of different signalling pathways and integrate nuclear and cytoplasmic architecture via the LINC complex (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton). The nuclear pore complexes are large protein assemblies that are organized into structures with eightfold rotational symmetry and serve as gated channels that mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport across the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope undergoes ordered disassembly and assembly during mitosis. Disassembly of the nuclear envelope during mitosis is caused by the mitotic phosphorylation of nuclear envelope components. Even during interphase, the nuclear envelope is not static. Keywords: nuclear envelope; nuclear lamina; lamin; nuclear membrane; nuclear pore complex; nucleoporin
C4 Photosynthetic Gene Expression in Light- and Dark-Grown Amaranth Cotyledons

The patterns of expression for genes encoding several C4 photosynthetic enzymes were examined in light-grown and dark-grown (etiolated) cotyledons of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus), a dicotyledonous C4 plant. The large subunit and small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPdK) were all present in the cotyledons by d 2 after planting when the seedlings first emerged from the seed coat. Kranz anatomy was apparent in light-grown cotyledons throughout development, and the overall patterns of C4 gene expression were similar to those recently described for developing amaranth leaves (J.L. Wang, D.F. Klessig, J.O. Berry [1992] Plant Cell 4: 173–184). RuBPCase mRNA and proteins were present in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in a C3-like pattern during early development and became progressively more localized to bundle sheath cells in the C4-type pattern as the cotyledons expanded over 2 to 7 d. PEPCase and PPdK polypeptides were localized to mesophyll cells throughout development, even though PEPCase transcripts were detected in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. Kranz anatomy also developed in cotyledons grown in complete darkness. In 7-d-old dark-grown cotyledons, RuBPCase, PPdK, and PEPCase were all localized to the appropriate cell types, although at somewhat lower levels than in light-grown cotyledons. These findings demonstrate that the leaves and postembryonic cotyledons of amaranth undergo common developmental programs of C4 gene expression during maturation. Furthermore, light is not required for the cell-type-specific expression of genes encoding RuBPCase and other photosynthetic enzymes in this dicotyledonous C4 plant.
Evidence-Based Communication Practices for Children with Visual Impairments and Additional Disabilities: An Examination of Single-Subject Design Studies

This review examines practices for building effective communication strategies for children with visual impairments, including those with additional disabilities, that have been tested by single-su...
Acyclic and positive responsive social choice with infinite individuals

Abstract In this paper, we investigate some versions of Arrovian Impossibility Theorem with infinite individuals, and with the collective rationality condition weakened from transitivity into acyclicity. We have an ‘invisible dictator’ theorem, being different from Kirman and Sondermann's one.
Cervical bacterial flora in patients with gynecologic malignancies.

Abstract Radiation and gynecologic oncologists agree that pelvic irradiation in the presence of pelvic inflammatory disease, parametritis, or pyometra can be catastrophic. A temperature elevation in a patient having intrauterine radiation is very perplexing. This study was designed to investigate one of the three reported etiologies for this condition. Some investigators have suggested an exacerbation of a quiescent infection as a possible etiology because of the necrotic condition of many cancerous cervices. Aerobic, anaerobic, and fungus cultures were performed on 32 patients prior to intrauterine administration of cesium. The organisms cultured were similar to those identified as the normal cervical flora. The frequency of the organisms seemed independent of the amount of irradlation. The number of organisms cultured did not vary with the use or nonuse of cleansing vaginal suppositories. This study indicated no increase in bacterial growth in these cancerous necrotic cervices; also it did not indicate the growth of any unusual pathologic bacteria.
Characteristics and Initial-Value Problems

Roughly speaking, characteristics are curves which carry information. They are particularly relevant in the study of “initial-value” problems ; that is, in solving partial differential equations, in which the solution surface is required to assume prescribed values “initially.” Such a problem presupposes the existence of a distinguished coordinate, ξ, where the equation ξ, = 0 defines the “initial ” surface. Of course, as we have seen in the last chapter, one needs some kind of compatibility between the equation and the initial surface. The notion of characteristic serves to classify and make more precise these intuitive ideas.
Assessing Chinese Consumers Likelihood To Adopt Self-Service Technologies

The proliferation of new self-service technology in retailing suggests a need to assess the extent to which consumers are ready and willing to actually use the technology. This study examines the influence that the dimensions of the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) has on the propensity of consumers in China, one of the fastest growing economies in the world, to use self-service technology to complete retail transactions. Cluster analysis was also used to classify Chinese consumers into consumer types based on their TRI scores. The findings indicate that the dimensions of TRI impacts consumer types differently with respect to influencing the likelihood of using self-service technology. Implications of the consumer classifications are also discussed.
Foliage in Madrid

A report on the 'Leaf Development' workshop hosted by the Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones, Madrid, Spain, 11-13 February 2002.
The differential enzyme susceptibility of bovine immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G2 to pepsin and papain.

Abstract Purified bovine immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2 were subjected to enzymatic degradation with pepsin and papain. Results were monitored using density gradient ultracentrifugation, acrylamide electrophoresis and immunodiffusion employing subclass- and light chain-specific antisera. The results indicated a marked enzymatic susceptibility of IgG1 to digestion with pepsin. This differential susceptibility can also be demonstrated in unfractionated bovine γ-globulin. No striking differences between the two subclasses were observed during treatment with papain in the presence of cysteine and after 24 h, most IgG1 and IgG2 was degraded to Fc and Fab fragments. The pepsin Fc fragment generated from IgG2 was larger than that generated from IgG1 although the F(ab′)2 fragments were similar in size. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the Fc region of IgG1 contains multiple cleavage sites for pepsin whereas IgG2 has few. Rabbits immunized with the first elution peak from a 30 h pepsin digest of bovine γ-globulin fractionated on Sephadex G-150, responded primarily to common γ-chain and IgG2-specific determinants. Thus, the differential susceptibility of bovine subclasses to pepsin provides a method for stimulating IgG2-specific antibodies in rabbits.