cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Newly Forming Cold Flow Protogalactic Disk, a Signature of Cold Accretion from the Cosmic Web

How galaxies form from, and are fueled by, gas from the intergalactic medium (IGM) remains one of the major unsolved problems in galaxy formation. While the classical Cold Dark Matter paradigm posits galaxies forming from cooling virialized gas, recent theory and numerical simulations have highlighted the importance of cold accretion flows—relatively cool (T ~ few × 104 K) unshocked gas streaming along filaments into dark matter halos, including hot, massive, high-redshift halos. These flows are thought to deposit gas and angular momentum into the circumgalactic medium resulting in disk- or ring-like structures, eventually coalescing into galaxies forming at filamentary intersections. We earlier reported a bright, Lyα emitting filament near the QSO HS1549+19 at redshift z = 2.843 discovered with the Palomar Cosmic Web Imager. We now report that the bright part of this filament is an enormous (R > 100 kpc) rotating structure of hydrogen gas with a disk-like velocity profile consistent with a 4 × 10^(12) M_⊙ halo. The orbital time of the outer part of the what we term a "protodisk" is comparable to the virialization time and the age of the universe at this redshift. We propose that this protodisk can only have recently formed from cold gas flowing directly from the cosmic web.
FRI0255 Patients Treated for Behcet's Syndrome in the US Have Higher Disease Activity Scores at Presentation if they Fulfill Diagnostic Criteria and if they are Females

Background Diagnosis of Behcet9s syndrome (BS) is based on clinical signs and symptoms, without the use laboratory or imaging tests and the most commonly used diagnostic criteria are the International Study Group (ISG) criteria. Patients have also been diagnosed with BS not meeting ISG criteria based on the clinical impression of the treating physicians. Objectives To determine differences in disease activity among BS patients meeting and not meeting the ISG criteria. Methods Behcet9s patients seen at the NYU Behcet9s Center had their demographic, clinical features and outcomes data abstracted. Confirmed BS diagnosis was determined if ISG criteria were met at any time during the course of observation. Multiple linear regression estimated any association between meeting ISG criteria and gender with the patient-reported outcomes Behcet9s Syndrome Activity Scale (BSAS), Pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Fatigue VAS, Patient Global Assessment VAS, and RAPID3 as well as Physician Global Assessment VAS. Results First observation data on 832 subjects were abstracted for this analysis. 504 (63%) met ISG criteria for Behcet9s, 616 (74%) were female with an average age of 35 years (±13.8). Mean scores for BSAS, pain, fatigue, patient global, RAPID3 and physician global were uniformly higher in those meeting criteria vs not meeting criteria. Meeting ISG criteria was significantly associated with increases in all clinical outcomes independently of gender, ranging from 5 points on the Physician Global VAS to 13 points on the Fatigue VAS (Table). Conversely, gender was only associated with significant increases in BSAS, Fatigue and RAPID3 independent of meeting ISG criteria. Conclusions Behcet9s patients who fulfill ISG criteria have more active disease, based on all measures of disease activity, including patient and physician based outcomes. Interestingly, females were also at risk for more active disease as measured by composite patient reported outcome measures, reflecting possibly the different character of Behcet9s in non-endemic areas, such as the US. Disclosure of Interest Y. Yazici Grant/research support from: BMS, Celgene, Genentech, Consultant for: BMS, Celgene, H. Bernstein: None declared, C. Swearingen: None declared
The Cases for and against Blindfolding the Jury

One of the most commonly employed techniques for controlling juror decision making is blindfolding; that is, when certain types of information are thought to be unduly biasing, jurors are sometimes denied access to such evidence in court. Blindfolding is typically justified on several grounds, including reducing or avoiding the bias that might be introduced by the undisclosed information; the possibility that some facts are so complicated that they might confuse rather than inform the jury; and the common exclusion of “irrelevant” evidence that by definition lacks probative value and will at best waste the jury’s time and at worse improperly bias its decision. However, the case for blindfolding is not always convincing. In some circumstances, blindfolding may be ineffective or have unanticipated negative effects. Understanding the limits of blindfolding juries is important to avoid what could be an arbitrary element in legal decision making.
Cancer Vaccines in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer—An Evolution in Design

Several therapies for patients with castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have been approved within the last 5 years that have shown safety, tolerability and survival benefits that have far exceeded the expectations of oncologists. The treatment algorithms have sufficiently changed from approving drugs in the post docetaxel and cabazitaxel treatment space, to applying the same drugs much earlier in the prechemotherapy window. This may permit for earlier more effective control of the disease and may allow patients to avoid more toxic therapies later in the treatment arena. While prostate cancer was the first solid tumor malignancy to have an approved immunotherapy Sipuleucel-T™, nevertheless, prostate cancer still falls behind melanoma, renal cell, bladder, and non small cell lung cancers in its response to a novel class of agents, i.e., the checkpoint inhibitors. The rationale for studying immunotherapy in prostate cancer, the current immunologic modalities under development, and how to develop novel immune strategies either alone or in combination with other agents remains a challenge that may yet to be solved as more biologic agents become available for testing. Understanding why prostate cancer remains resistant to certain immune approaches, ie, checkpoint inhibition or may be suboptimally responsive to other vaccine strategies is an important goal in successfully using immunologic agents. This chapter brings to the forefront how to best deal with these issues and how prostate can be viewed as a target for rational immunotherapeutic approaches.
Dissection and Documented Skeletal Collections: Embodiments of Legalized Inequality

Curated osteological collections have been used to develop methodologies and theories associated with the interpretation of skeletal remains. The George S. Huntington Anatomical Collection, the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection, the Hamann–Todd Osteological Collection and the W. Montague Cobb Human Skeletal Collection represent the most well-known and frequently used skeletal teaching collections in the USA. The use of these skeletal collections in education and research has advanced many fields related to anatomy and anthropology. However, the socially sanctioned use of unclaimed cadavers in their development has resulted in the overrepresentation of the most impoverished segments of society. A thorough understanding of the circumstances under which these human remains were acquired poses unique questions and opportunities for researchers. Knowledge of the structural violence that has led to the inclusion of particular individuals within the collections requires current anthropologists to critically reflect upon the power dynamics and impacts of their research.
Probing melt pool dynamics and particle ejection using high speed optical diagnostics

We present experimental results and modeling of melt pool dynamics and particle ejection associated with selective laser melting. High speed optical diagnostics are used to probe morphological changes for SS316L. Data is compared to simulations.
A family of mechanically adaptive supramolecular graphene oxide/poly(ethylenimine) hydrogels from aqueous assembly

Composite hydrogels containing graphene oxide (GO) offer advantageous mechanical properties, but tuning these properties generally requires the synthesis of new hydrogels or if the hydrogel is thermally responsive, utilization of a chemistry determined temperature window. Here, we demonstrate a simple route to generate a family of GO-based hydrogels from aqueous solution based assembly of GO with polycationic poly(ethylenimine), PEI, without any secondary chemical crosslinking. Tuning the ratio of GO : PEI during the assembly produces a family of hydrogels that responds to mechanical compression by irreversibly altering their equilibrium water content and mechanical properties in a controllable manner. Despite the lack of chemical crosslinks, the hydrogels are stable when stored in an excess of water or NaCl solutions (up to 1 M) and exhibit a tunable swelling ratio (mass hydrogel : mass solid) between 44 and 162 based on both composition and compression history. Consequently, the storage modulus from shear rheology can be increased by more than 3 orders of magnitude from this irreversible mechanical compression of the hydrogel. This stiffening of the hydrogels in response to mechanical stimuli enables the prior compression loading of the hydrogel to be determined. We demonstrate that this strategy is generalizable to other anionic 2D materials such as clay (cloisite). This family of mechanically adaptive hydrogels enables facile fabrication and tuning of physical properties that could be advantageous for sensing, energy dissipation, and other applications.
Increased Symptom Reporting in Young Athletes Based on History of Previous Concussions

Research documents increased symptoms in adolescents with a history of two or more concussions. This study examined baseline evaluations of 2,526 younger athletes, ages 10 to 14. Between-groups analyses examined Post Concussion Symptom Scale symptoms by concussion history group (None, One, Two+) and clusters of Physical, Cognitive, Emotional, and Sleep symptoms. Healthy younger athletes with a concussion history reported greater physical, emotional, and sleep-related symptoms than those with no history of concussion, with a greater endorsement in physical/sleep symptom clusters. Findings suggest younger athletes with a history of multiple concussions may experience residual symptoms.
On bases of cardinal functions and their role in approximate sampling methods

This article discusses the structure of various shift-invariant spaces of cardinal functions generated by a single kernel, and their role in some approximate sampling methods. Particularly, conditions on the generating kernel φ are given which imply that the associated L p shift-invariant space coincides with the shift-invariant space for the cardinal function L φ generated by the kernel. Additionally, we discuss how such spaces are used in summability methods for the classical sampling series.
Free Media and Twitter in the 2016 Presidential Election

This article examines the surprising outcome of the 2016 presidential election, which saw Donald Trump defy nearly all of the conventional wisdom to become the 45th president of the United States. ...
Woody plant encroachment amplifies spatial heterogeneity of soil phosphorus to considerable depth

The geographically extensive phenomenon of woody plant encroachment into grass-dominated ecosystems has strong potential to influence biogeochemical cycles at ecosystem to global scales. Previous research has focused almost exclusively on quantifying pool sizes and flux rates of soil carbon and nitrogen (N), while few studies have examined the impact of woody encroachment on soil phosphorus (P) cycling. Moreover, little is known regarding the impact of woody encroachment on the depth distribution of soil total P at the landscape scale. We quantified patterns of spatial heterogeneity in soil total P along a soil profile by taking spatially-explicit soil cores to a depth of 120 cm across a subtropical savanna landscape that has undergone encroachment by Prosopis glandulosa (an N2-fixer) and other tree/shrub species during the past century. Soil total P increased significantly following woody encroachment throughout the entire 120 cm soil profile. Large groves (> 100 m2) and small discrete clusters ( 120 cm) and transfer to upper portions of the profile via litterfall and root turnover. Woody encroachment also altered patterns of spatial heterogeneity in soil total P in the horizontal plane, with highest values at the centers of woody patches, decreasing towards the edges, and reaching lowest values in the surrounding grassland matrix. These spatial patterns were evident throughout the upper 1.2 m of the soil profile, albeit at reduced magnitude deeper in the soil profile. Spatial generalized least squares models indicated that fine root biomass explained a significant proportion of the variation in soil total P both across the landscape and throughout the profile. Our findings suggest that transfer of P from deeper soil layers enlarges the P pool in upper soil layers where it is more actively cycled may be a potential strategy for encroaching woody species to satisfy their P demands. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Taking control: reorganization of the host cytoskeleton by Chlamydia

Both actin and microtubules are major cytoskeletal elements in eukaryotic cells that participate in many cellular processes, including cell division and motility, vesicle and organelle movement, and the maintenance of cell shape. Inside its host cell, the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis manipulates the cytoskeleton to promote its survival and enhance its pathogenicity. In particular, Chlamydia induces the drastic rearrangement of both actin and microtubules, which is vital for its entry, inclusion structure and development, and host cell exit. As significant progress in Chlamydia genetics has greatly enhanced our understanding of how this pathogen co-opts the host cytoskeleton, we will discuss the machinery used by Chlamydia to coordinate the reorganization of actin and microtubules.
Generating Creativity, Ideas and Inventions: Cultivating and Inducing Inventions

(1975). Generating Creativity, Ideas and Inventions: Cultivating and Inducing Inventions. Research Management: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 19-23.
The Liver in Systemic Critical Illness

Liver dysfunction may manifest during systemic illness as a consequence of circulatory compromise — inadequate perfusion, passive congestion, intrahepatic redistribution of blood flow — or as a consequence of hepatocellular or fixed tissue macrophage (Kupffer cell) cytotoxicity. It is probable that hepatic dysfunction exacerbates the hemodynamic sequelae and multisystem dysfunction which results from infection. Certainly, underlying hepatocellular disease such as that caused by steatosis, viral hepatitis which results in changes to the cytoarchitecture will predispose to hepatocellular dysfunction in systemic illness.
MYC sets a tumour-stroma metabolic loop.

How the metabolic crosstalk between cancer and stromal cells affects tumour growth is incompletely defined. MYC-activated cancer cells are now shown to secrete exosomal miR-105, which fuels tumour growth by inducing a MYC-dependent metabolic programme in cancer-associated fibroblasts.
Equivalent Transport Parameters for Volatile Organic Compounds in Coextruded Geomembrane–Containing Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol

AbstractA method to estimate the equivalent diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient of a coextruded ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) geomembrane (GM) is presented. The method is based on the w...
Protective Factors for Mental Health Concerns in Urban Middle School Students: The Moderating Effect of School Connectedness

Addressing mental health in urban schools with youth who are often disadvantaged requires an understanding of protective individual and school contextual influences. Using hierarchical multiple reg...
Cybersecurity in liberal arts general education curriculum

Cybersecurity learning has been explored through different analytical lenses, across a range of grade levels and academic institutions. From attempts to standardize learning with accreditation to refining curricula and labs, there is currently considerable effort to create more programs in this discipline to address a million-job gap within the cybersecurity workforce. One primary challenge in cybersecurity education on the post-secondary level is offering experiential coursework to undergraduate students at liberal arts institutions. While such experiential coursework is already prevalent at research universities, smaller liberal arts institutions are still trying to gain a foothold into offering cybersecurity as a course of study. We address this issue with the design of an undergraduate course and cybersecurity learning modules that fit into the liberal arts education. First, we present the design of a general education course situated in a new educational paradigm, project CyberPaths, aiming at helping primarily undergraduate institutions with limited resources to introduce experiential cybersecurity learning. It takes advantage of experiential learning through a cloud infrastructure called Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI). Then we describe our experience teaching this First Year Experience (FYE) course that exposed freshmen of different majors to cybersecurity. We present the design of pre- and post-course surveys, as well as focus group interviews that were used to evaluate students’ learning experience. Student feedback and direct observation suggest that incorporating flexible cybersecurity modules into general education coursework can be an effective vehicle to demonstrate importance and key concepts of cybersecurity to a diverse student population.
CONSTRUCTION OF SIDE CHAIN GROUPS

This chapter highlights the chemical structure of the various amino acid side chains and presents the framework pieces used to construct framework models of side chains. With the exception of proline, construction of these side chains from the listed component parts and their chemical formulas is straightforward. Forming bonds with tygon tubing is preferable to using the more expensive variable fasteners in side-chain construction. This is a practical alternative because the torsion angles in these residues are often not known with great accuracy. Lengths of tygon tubing 1/2 inch (1.27cm) long are appropriate for adequately covering the winged arms while leaving the necessary 4mm between them. The chapter also presents the pieces necessary to transform the framework models of side chains into space-filling forms.
String Topology in Dimensions Two and Three

Let V denote the vector space with basis the conjugacy classes in the fundamental 4 group of an oriented surface S. In 1986 Goldman [1] constructed a Lie bracket [,] on V. If a and b are conjugacy classes, the bracket [a; b] is defined as the signed sum over intersection points of the conjugacy classes represented by the loop products taken at the intersection points. In 1998 the authors constructed a bracket on higher dimensional manifolds which is part of String Topology [2]. This happened by accident while working on a problem posed by Turaev [3], which was not solved at the time. The problem consisted in characterizing algebraically which conjugacy classes on the surface S are represented by simple closed curves. Turaev was motivated by a theorem of Jaco and Stallings [4,5] that gave a group theoretical statement equivalent to the three dimensional Poincare conjecture. This statement involved simple conjugacy classes. Recently a number of results have been achieved which illuminate the area around Turaev’s problem. Now that the conjecture of Poincar`e has been solved, the statement about groups of Jaco and Stallings is true and one may hope to find a Group Theory proof. Perhaps the results to be described here could play a role in such a proof. See Sect. 3 for some first steps in this direction.
Rotation of Central and Southern Alaska in the Early Tertiary: Oroclinal Bending by Megakinking?

Systematic counterclockwise rotations of paleomagnetic declinations relative to those expected from North American cratonic reference poles are exhibited by latest Cretaceous and early Tertiary volcanic rocks from the western two-thirds of central and southern Alaska. These data suggest that the entire region underwent a tectonic rotation of 44 ± 11° counterclockwise. The most probable rotation mechanism is one that resembles kink folding about a vertical axis, but on a gigantic scale, with the axial plane vertical and nearly coincident with the 148th meridian. The flexural slip required by such megakinking agrees with geological estimates of displacements on known faults. Moreover, this mechanism has the virtue of straightening the sharply bent part of the structural grain of Alaska without opening a huge sphenochasm. A plausible cause of the rotation is convergence between Eurasia and North America, which is predicted to have occurred at the correct time by several analyses of the marine magnetic anomalies in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.
Re-entry and Reintegration After Incarceration

With few exceptions, men and women who are incarcerated are eventually released. Reentry happens when incarceration ends. These individuals face daunting barriers to their successful reintegration and reconnection with society. Successful reentry requires strong family and community support networks and comprehensive services. Interventions that reflect these principles may hold the greatest promise for success.
Risk of cardiovascular disease associated with exposure to abacavir among individuals with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analyses of results from 17 epidemiologic studies

Abstract Objectives Abacavir's potential to cause cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with HIV (PLWH) is debated. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analyses to assess CVD risk from recent and cumulative abacavir exposure. Methods We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, abstracts from Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, and International AIDS Society/AIDS Conferences and bibliographies of review articles to identify research studies published through 2018 on CVD risk associated with abacavir exposure among PLWH. Studies assessing risk of CVD associated with recent (exposure within last 6 months) or cumulative abacavir exposure across all age-groups were eligible. Risks were quantified using fixed- and random-effects models. Results Of 378 unique citations, 68 full-text research articles and abstracts were reviewed. Seventeen studies assessed risk of CVD from recent or cumulative abacavir exposure. Summary relative risk (sRR) is increased for recent exposure ( n =16 studies, sRR=1.61; 95% confidence interval: 1.48–1.75), higher in antiretroviral-therapy-naive population ( n =5, 1.91; 1.48–2.46) and all studies reported RR>1. The sRR for recent exposure was similarly increased for the outcome of acute myocardial infarction, and for studies that adjusted for substance abuse, smoking, prior CVD, traditional CVD risk factors, and CD4 cell-count/HIV viral load. The sRR was increased for cumulative abacavir exposure (per year) ( n =4, 1.12; 1.05–1.20) but no increase was seen after adjusting for recent exposure ( n =5, 1.00; 0.93–1.08). Conclusions Our findings suggest an increased risk of CVD from recent abacavir exposure. The risk remained elevated after adjusting for potential confounders. Further investigations are needed to understand CVD risk from cumulative exposure.
Error Analysis for Shock Equation of State Measurements in Polymers Using Manganin Gauges

Piezoresistive manganin gauges undergo a change in resistance as a function of applied stress and have been used in shock experiments to measure both longitudinal and transverse stress. Careful studies are required to calibrate the gauges where the experimental conditions are well-known. In this paper, a series of shock experiments on PMMA, where manganin gauges are used as input, propagated, and transverse gauges to measure shock velocity and stress will be analyzed to understand the sources and magnitude of error. Discussion of error propagation through the experiment will be provided.
Necrotizing Inflammatory Myopathy Following Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Presenting With Progressive Upper Extremity Weakness (P3.453)

Objective: To describe a case of necrotizing inflammatory myopathy following immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICIT) presenting with atypical clinical presentation. Background: ICIT has been accepted as a treatment paradigm for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Neurological complications of ICIT have recently been described. Design/Methods: Description of a case report Results: A 70 year-old male received nivolumab for the treatment of metastatic squamous cell lung cancer. Within one month, he developed subacute onset of progressive asymmetrical weakness in the upper extremities bilaterally, the left side more severe than the right. He had no weakness in the lower extremities. Four months after the onset, he started having difficulty swallowing liquid food. Nivolumab was continued and stopped after 6 months. However, his muscle weakness continued to progress. At evaluation 10 months after the onset, he was not able to raise the left arm at all and the right arm barely against gravity. His lower extremities had normal strength. Electrophysiological studies revealed diffuse chronic active myopathy with fibrillations. His creatine kinase was 3709 U/L. Antinuclear antibody was positive. Paraneoplastic panel, SRP, JO-1 and HMGCoA reductase antibodies were all negative. A quadriceps muscle biopsy showed severe necrotizing inflammatory myopathy with endomysial inflammation and perimysial pathology with marked interfascicular variability. MHC-1 antigens were diffusely upregulated. Inflammatory infiltrates were predominantly T cells and macrophages. The patient was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone 1 gm daily for 3 days followed by once-a-week doses for 12 weeks. On follow-up 3 months after the start of treatment, he had significant improvement in his motor functions and creatine kinase was 2213 U/L. He was continued on corticosteroid treatment. Conclusions: Necrotizing inflammatory myopathy can be a neurological complication of ICIT and can have atypical clinical presentation. Cessation of ICIT and initiation of immunotherapy can help improve this condition. Disclosure: Dr. Thaisetthawatkul has nothing to disclose. Dr. McComb has nothing to disclose.
The Golden Opportunity: Multidisciplinary Simulation Training Improves Trauma Team Efficiency.

OBJECTIVE Every trauma patient has a golden hour, and resuscitation efficiency within that hour has large implications for patients. We instituted simulation based trauma resuscitation training with the hypothesis that it would improve trauma team efficiency. METHODS Five simulation training sessions were conducted with immediate debriefing. Metrics collected in actual trauma resuscitations before and after simulation training included time of primary and secondary surveys and time to computed tomography (CT) scan. Study participants were from multidisciplinary specialties involved in trauma resuscitations as well as former trauma patients from the Trauma Survivors Network. RESULTS Seventy-three patients undergoing trauma resuscitations were screened and 67 patients were included. Time to CT scan and secondary survey completion were significantly reduced in actual trauma patient activations following implementation of the curriculum (reduction of 23 to 16 minutes for CT scan p CONCLUSIONS Multidisciplinary simulation training was associated with improved trauma team efficiency in the form of reduced assessment time. As emergency department length of stay is an independent predictor of hospital mortality following trauma activation, team-based simulation training has the potential to improve patient outcomes. Multidisciplinary involvement was a key factor, and Trauma Survivors Network involvement brought credibility from the patient perspective.
Notch and its ligands

Abstract Notch receptors relay signals between adjacent cells. Notch/ligand interactions lead to receptor proteolysis and release of the Notch intracellular domain, which translocates to the nucleus where it regulates gene expression. Notch activity must be tightly regulated for the progression of endochondral ossification. Notch induction in osteoblasts inhibits cell differentiation and impairs bone formation, whereas in osteocytes NOTCH1 has distinct effects and inhibits bone resorption by inducing osteoprotegerin. NOTCH1 suppresses osteoclastogenesis with direct effects on osteoclast precursors and indirect actions on osteoblasts, whereas NOTCH2 induces osteoclastogenesis. Notch receptors play a crucial role in skeletal pathologies. Notch signaling in mesenchymal precursors is required for fracture healing. Congenital disorders associated with perturbed Notch activity often present with severe skeletal manifestations, while bone tumors and metastasis harbor somatic mutations associated with enhanced Notch signaling. In conclusion, Notch determines skeletal development, homeostasis, and repair; also, altered Notch activity is associated with various skeletal disorders.
THE CENTRAL GUSTATORY AND VISCERAL AFFERENT SYSTEMS ARISING FROM THE NUCLEUS OF THE SOLITARY TRACT

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the neural mechanisms underlying homeostatic reflexes, neuro-anatomy of the central gustatory, and visceral afferend pathways. The neural mechanisms underlying homeostatic reflexes, particularly those involving the cardio-vascular and respiratory systems, have been located within the pons and medulla, many in close association with the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). On the other hand, the neural controls for feeding and drinking behavior are associated with the limbic forebrain, specifically the hypothalamus. Both the central nucleus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis project directly to the hypothalamus; however, they also have reciprocal connections with the parabrachial and solitary nuclei. On the other hand, gustatory cortex does not project directly to hypothalamus, though it sends axons to gustatory thalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala, parabrachial area, and the NST. The complex, bifurcated sensory system arising from the pontine parabrachial nuclei and distributing to both the thalamo-cortical axis and the limbic forebrain provides an anatomical basis for gustatory and visceral afferent information to influence all the levels of behavioral, hormonal, and autonomic integration.
Aging and strategic prospective memory monitoring

Monitoring the environment for the occurrence of prospective memory (PM) targets is a resource-demanding process that produces cost (e.g., slowing) to ongoing activities. Prior research has shown that older adults are able to monitor strategically, which involves the activation of monitoring when contextually appropriate and deactivation of monitoring when it is not thereby affording conservation of limited-capacity attentional resources. However, the time course and efficiency with which these processes operate with increased age are unknown. In the current study, participants performed an ongoing lexical decision task in which words/nonwords were blocked by font color in sets of ten trials (ten red trials followed by ten blue trials). Importantly, participants were informed that PM targets ("TOR" syllable) would only occur in red trials. Replicating previous work, both younger and older adults were successfully able to disengage monitoring upon encountering the unexpected (i.e., blue) context. However, while younger adults completely disengaged monitoring in the unexpected context, older adults continued to show monitoring across the majority of trials. Additionally, younger, but not older, adults showed a re-engagement of monitoring at the end of the unexpected context in preparation for the upcoming expected context. These findings suggest that while strategic monitoring generally remains intact with increased age, the disengagement and preparatory re-engagement of strategic monitoring may operate less optimally for older adults.
Radiation Dosimetry of Inhaled Radioactive Aerosols: CFPD and MCNP Transport Simulations of Radionuclides in the Lung

Despite extensive efforts in studying radioactive aerosols, including the transmission of radionuclides in different chemical matrices throughout the body, the internal organ-specific radiation dose due to inhaled radioactive aerosols has largely relied on experimental deposition data and simplified human phantoms. Computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) has proven to be a reliable tool in characterizing aerosol transport in the upper airways, while Monte Carlo based radiation codes allow accurate simulation of radiation transport. The objective of this study is to numerically assess the radiation dosimetry due to particles decaying in the respiratory tract from environmental radioactive exposures by coupling CFPD with Monte Carlo N-Particle code, version 6 (MCNP6). A physiologically realistic mouth-lung model extending to the bifurcation generation G9 was used to simulate airflow and particle transport within the respiratory tract. Polydisperse aerosols with different distributions were considered, and deposition distribution of the inhaled aerosols on the internal airway walls was quantified. The deposition mapping of radioactive aerosols was then registered to the respiratory tract of an image-based whole-body adult male model (VIP-Man) to simulate radiation transport and energy deposition. Computer codes were developed for geometry visualization, spatial normalization, and source card definition in MCNP6. Spatial distributions of internal radiation dosimetry were compared for different radionuclides (131I, 134,137Cs, 90Sr-90Y, 103Ru and 239,240Pu) in terms of the radiation fluence, energy deposition density, and dose per decay.
Chapter 1 – The Solar System and Its Place in the Galaxy

Our solar system began with a collapsing interstellar cloud, and 4.567 billion years later we have begun to explore it in great detail. What we see is a complex system of bodies ranging in size from interplanetary dust to Jupiter and the Sun. This chapter provides an introduction to the solar system as a whole, seeking to describe its architecture and also its place in the Milky Way galaxy. We begin to understand the physical and chemical processes that formed and shaped the solar system and which continue to do so today.
Research Note: Horizontal transmission and internal organ colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky in experimentally infected laying hens in indoor cage-free housing.

The transmission of Salmonella to humans via contaminated eggs is an international public health concern. S. Enteritidis is deposited inside eggs after colonizing reproductive tissues of infected hens. Diverse housing facility characteristics and flock management practices influence Salmonella persistence and transmission in poultry, but the food safety consequences of different housing systems for laying hens remain unresolved. The present study compared the horizontal transmission of infection and invasion of internal organs during the first 2 wk after experimental S. Enteritidis and S. Kentucky infection of laying hens in indoor cage-free housing. Groups of 72 hens were housed in isolation rooms simulating commercial cage-free barns, and 1/3 of the hens in each room were orally inoculated with either S. Enteritidis (2 rooms) or S. Kentucky (2 rooms). At 6 d and 12 d postinoculation, 12 inoculated and 24 contact-exposed hens in each room were euthanized, and samples of liver, spleen, ovary, oviduct, and intestinal tract were removed for bacteriologic culturing. All orally inoculated hens were positive for intestinal colonization by S. Enteritidis at 6 d postinfection, and 70.8% of contact-exposed hens had become colonized by 12 d. S. Enteritidis was isolated from 100% of livers and 50.0% of ovaries from inoculated birds at 6 d and from 41.7% of livers and 10.4% of ovaries from contact-exposed birds at 12 d. The majority of both orally inoculated and contact-exposed hens were positive for intestinal colonization by S. Kentucky at 6 d, but S. Kentucky was found in other internal organs of both inoculated and contact-exposed hens significantly (P < 0.05) less often than S. Enteritidis at both sampling intervals. These results indicate that Salmonella infection can spread rapidly and extensively among hens in cage-free indoor housing, including a high frequency of internal organ involvement for invasive S. Enteritidis.
The application of cascading consequences for emergency management operations

How societies organize themselves to respond to cascading impacts exacerbated by climate change will help define the future of disaster planning, mitigation, response, and recovery. Current emergency management risk analyses focus on identifying a broad array of threats and hazards that may affect an area. However, there is limited attention and understanding of the totality of hazard impacts, the relationship of consequences across disasters, and the dangers of not addressing critical capabilities necessary to rapidly managing consequences—including the potential to create new incidents within incidents. Through a focused review of the related literature and guiding policy documents, this study aims to provide a cascading consequence-based framework that can support emergency managers in the analysis of their jurisdictional risks, development of emergency operations plans, and decision-making. Results include the identification of an alternative framework to identify cascading networks, the creation of a supplementary model for downstream risk assessment, and refined Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (THIRA) outputs for improved grant allocation. The proposed framework has the potential to help organizations factor both conspicuous and downstream consequences into their Emergency Operations Plans in the planning and mitigations phases. This proposed refinement, which looks deeper into the progression of a disaster, has both national and international implications.
Artificial Metalloproteins with Dinuclear Iron-Hydroxido Centers

Dinuclear iron centers with a bridging hydroxido or oxido ligand form active sites within a variety of metalloproteins. A key feature of these sites is the ability of the protein to control the structures around the Fe centers, which leads to entatic states that are essential for function. To simulate this controlled environment, artificial proteins have been engineered using biotin-streptavidin (Sav) technology in which Fe complexes from adjacent subunits can assemble to form [FeIII-(μ-OH)-FeIII] cores. The assembly process is promoted by the site-specific localization of the Fe complexes within a subunit through the designed mutation of a tyrosinate side chain to coordinate the Fe centers. An important outcome is that the Sav host can regulate the Fe···Fe separation, which is known to be important for function in natural metalloproteins. Spectroscopic and structural studies from X-ray diffraction methods revealed uncommonly long Fe···Fe separations that change by less than 0.3 A upon the binding of additional bridging ligands. The structural constraints imposed by the protein host on the di-Fe cores are unique and create examples of active sites having entatic states within engineered artificial metalloproteins.
Objects: Inheritance and Polymorphism

This chapter returns to objects and explores the concepts of inheritance. Contours are used to explain how a subclass is extended and inherits data members and methods from a superclass. Further, protected variables and methods along with abstract classes are discussed. Another object-oriented programming concept, polymorphism, which is a useful tool for developing software, is introduced. A complete program implementing inheritance and polymorphism is included.
The Evolving Nature of Social Network Research: A Commentary to Gleibs (2014)

Social networking sites (SNSs) provide researchers with an unprecedented amount of user derived personal information. This wealth of information can be invaluable for research purposes. However, the privacy of the SNS user must be protected from both public and private researchers. New research capabilities raise new ethical concerns. We argue that past research regulation has largely been in reaction to questionable research practices, and therefore new innovations need to be regulated before SNS users’ privacy is irreparably compromised. It is the responsibility of the academic community to start this ethical discourse.
Éxito, (hiper)visibilidad, ambivalencia: las instalaciones de Mona Hatoum

At the end of the 1980s Mona Hatoum decided to give up performance and video and turn instead to installations. This article assesses the conditions in which this change came about and examines the context in which Hatoum’s installations became successful and visible. These works were created at a time when political art was immersed in a crisis in the London art scene. Due to their minimalist aesthetic, Hatoum's installations played an ambivalent role in this context, as the political commitment they sought to embody could easily be deactivated by the place in which where they were exhibited. The article argues that this ambivalence is inextricably linked to the strategies developed by Hatoum in order to negotiate her place in an art system especially concerned with institutionalising cultural differences.
The latitude of the observer of the Almagest star catalogue

L'identite de l'observateur des etoiles et de leur position mentionnees dans l'almageste porte a polemique, car elle concerne a la fois Ptolemee et Hipparque, ou les deux a la fois. L'A. montre l'interet de l'almageste sur les techniques de visibilite des etoiles selectionnees par l'observateur
A Review of Electrostatic Waves in the Topside Ionosphere

The observations of electrostatic waves in the topside ionosphere are reviewed with emphasis on those modes in which ions participate.
Agency relationships and monitoring in electronic commerce

The expansion of electronic commerce may be expected to lead to an increase in the volume of agency relationships, such as outsourcing or business partnerships. Using agency theory, this paper concentrates on using information technology to monitor the investment committed to these relationships. Agency value (rather than agency cost) is proposed as the appropriate criterion for this monitoring. A taxonomy of monitoring effects on agency relationship is proposed and the benefits of pursuing each of the possible policies in electronic commerce are studied.
Remembrance, Public Narratives, and Obstacles to Justice in the Western Balkans

Twenty years since the onset of the traumatic wars of Yugoslav secession, the countries of the Western Balkans continue to nurture narratives of the past that are mutually exclusive, contradictory, and irreconcilable. The troubling ways in which states in the region remember their pasts provide continuing obstacles in the search for acknowledgment and justice. In this essay, I develop an argument for understanding the relationship between justice and remembrance of the past. To illustrate this relationship, I explore ways in which education and memorialization projects contribute to justice efforts. I critically analyze a few ongoing education and memory projects in the region, and then present alternative ideas on mechanisms of public memory that would be more conducive to building the foundational blocks of justice based on trust, respect, and dignity.
Roles for Rho/ROCK and vinculin in parietal endoderm migration.

The first cell migration event in the mouse embryo is the movement of parietal endoderm cells from the surface of the inner cell mass facing the blastocoel cavity to line the inner surface of the trophectoderm. F9 embryoid bodies provide an in vitro model for this event. They have an inner core of undifferentiated stem cells surrounded by an outer visceral endoderm layer. When plated on a laminin coated substrate, visceral endoderm transitions to parietal endoderm and migrates onto the dish, away from the attached embryoid body. We now show that this outgrowth contains abundant focal complexes and focal adhesions, as well as lamellipodia and filopodia. Treatment with the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 promotes a 2-fold increase in outgrowth, and a transition from focal adhesions and associated stress fibers, to focal complexes and a decrease in stress fibers. ROCK inhibition also leads to an increase in lamellipodia. Inhibition of RhoA by transfection of a vector encoding C3 transferase, direct administration of ...
Syntheses of 1-O-methyl-14C-DL-myo-inositol (methyl-14C-bornesitol) and 5-O-methyl-14C-myo-inositol (methyl-14C-sequoyitol)

1-O- and 5-O-Methyl-14C-myo-inositols (methyf-14C-bornesitol and -sequoyitol) were synthesized by methylation of appropriately blocked myo-inositol derivatives with methyl = 14C iodide and potassium hydroxide. The benzyl blocking groups of 1-O-methyl-14C-3,4,5, 6-tetra-O-benzyl-DL-myo-inositol and 1,2,3,4, 6-penta-O-benzyl-5-0-methyl-14C-myo-inositol were cleaved by hydrogenolysis catalyzed by palladium on carbon-palladium chloride (5 : 1) to obtain the 1-O- and 5-O-methyl-14C-myo-inositols respectively.
Wide-area metal detection system for crowd screening

Conventional metal detectors require people to walk through a door-like opening that houses the detection system. Typically, each person must be scanned individually. This creates a “choke point,” and long lines form at the screening point. This paper describes a metal detection sensor system that could screen large crowds of people more efficiently. The new system is called the Wide-Area Metal Detection (WAMD) sensor system. This sensor system is composed of a spatially distributed metal detector and a video surveillance system. The sensor system is designed to continually screen an area and reduce the need for each person to be examined separately.
Autonomic receptors in isolated rainbow trout vasculature

Pre-gill arterial vessels (bulbus arteriosus and ventral aorta) from rainbow trout were easily excised, helically cut, and investigated; whereas, post-gill arterial and venous vessels were either too small or too enmeshed with connective tissue to permit study. Atropine shifted dose-response curves to acetylcholine in the bulbuss arteriousu and ventral aorta to the right. Responses to acetylcholine in the bulbus arteriosus were not antagonized by hexamethonium and tubocurarine. Physostigmine (10−7 M) and diisopropylfluorphosphate (10−4 M) did not alter responses to acetyl-choline in bulbus arteriosus. Contractions to pilocarpine were blocked by atropine. Contractile responses to epinephrine were antagonized by phentolamine, were potentiated by propranolol, and were not altered by cocaine. The potentiation of epinephrine by propranolol was greater in ventral aortic tissue located proximal to the heart. Relaxations of acetylcholine-induced contractions by isoproterenol were antagonized by propranolol. The results in this report indicate that the effects elicited by acetylcholine and pilocarpine in pre-gill arterial vasculature of rainbow trout were mediated by muscarinic receptors. This study also presents evidence for the presence of both α- and β-adrenoceptors in ventral aorta of rainbow trout.