cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Roles for insulin-supported skeletal muscle growth

Basic principles governing skeletal muscle growth and development, from a cellular point of view, have been realized for several decades. Skeletal muscle is marked by the capacity for rapid hypertrophy and increases in protein content. Ultimately, skeletal muscle growth is controlled by 2 basic means: 1) myonuclear accumulation stemming from satellite cell (myoblast) proliferation and 2) the balance of protein synthesis and degradation. Each process underlies the rapid changes in lean tissue accretion evident during fetal and neonatal growth and is particularly sensitive to nutritional manipulation. Although multiple signals converge to alter skeletal muscle mass, postprandial changes in the anabolic hormone insulin link feed intake with enhanced rates of protein synthesis in the neonate. Indeed, a consequence of insulin-deficient states such as malnutrition is reduced myoblast activity and a net loss of body protein. A well-characterized mechanism mediating the anabolic effect of insulin involves the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Activation of mTOR leads to translation initiation control via the phosphorylation of downstream targets. Modulation of this pathway by insulin, as well as by other hormones and nutrients, accounts for enhanced protein synthesis leading to efficient lean tissue accretion and rapid skeletal muscle gain in the growing animal. Dysfunctional insulin activity during fetal and neonatal stages likely alters growth through cellular and protein synthetic capacities.
Morning rounds and the search for evidence-based answers to clinical questions.

Morning rounds is a time-honored clinical activity in modern American teaching hospitals. One story has it that bedside rounds originated with Sir William Osler at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and literally were named for the unique circular architecture of the original building that caused the faculty and residents to go round from ward to ward to see their patients. Sit-down teaching sessions developed with time and became known as chart rounds, dry rounds, . sit-down rounds, or simply morning rounds. Morning rounds have been part of our family practice residency program at the University of Washington since its inception in 1972. The now thrice-weekly rounds are conducted at the model teaching unit, the Family Medical Center (FMC). Attendees include the first-year and second-year residents who are on the family medicine inpatient service, third-year residents on call for the FMC, third-year residents scheduled to see patients in their continuity clinic that morning, the inpatient attending faculty, other faculty, a clinical pharmacist, a behavioral science coordinator, physician assistant· faculty, nurses who handle daytime telephone triage and follow-up, a social worker, a medical librarian, and medical and pharmacy students. This meeting has from 12 to 20 participants and allows for wide-ranging input. Telephone calls, emergency department visits, inpatients (including obstetric), interesting clinical problems, problem patients, and mini-didactic presentations form the grist for discussion and teaching. Often these brief clinical presentations give rise to questions to which there are no clear answers. One of the participants, usually a faculty member or resident, will take on the challenge of finding the answer to present at a future morning rounds session.
GoPro as an Ethnographic Tool: A Wayfinding Study in an Academic Library.

ABSTRACTIn this study, researchers sought to capture students’ authentic experience of finding books in the main library using a GoPro camera and the think-aloud protocol. The GoPro provided a first-person perspective and was an effective ethnographic tool for observing a student's individual experience, while also demonstrating what tools they use to find items. Using the think-aloud protocol, observers could hear students express their internal decisions, thoughts, and feelings about the process. Results confirmed trouble spots in the building and that directories are not typically used and need updating. GoPro footage revealed that there are certain qualities of the help-desk experience that can make a search more or less successful. No major sex differences were found in preference of wayfinding tools and behaviors, except that males appear to have used directories marginally more than females. In a debriefing survey, students still affirmed human help and online maps as the most useful wayfinding too...
Buffon's Needle Problem for a Rectangular Grid.

If a needle of length I is dropped onto a floor con structed of evenly spaced wooden planks of width k, what is the probability that the needle crosses a crack between planks? This question is "Buffon's needle problem.* Schroeder (1974), in an article in the Mathematics Teacher, considers this problem and shows that for the case I where / < k. He also asks what is the probability that the needle will cross a crack in the floor. To solve this problem, it is necessary to repre sent the possible positions in which the needle could land, relative to the cracks in the floor, by a set of independent variables. How many such vari ables would be needed? Two variables?an jc coordinate and ay-coordinate?are required to spec ify the position of one point on the needle. But the needle could fall in infinitely many positions that have this point in the same position, relative to the cracks in the floor, but different "slopes." To deter mine a unique position of the needle, in addition to specifying the position of a particular point, we could specify the "slope" of the needle. This process would require a third variable. Thus we see that three independent variables are required to deter mine the result of a needle toss. In solving his vari ation of the needle problem, Schroeder mistakenly uses two variables to represent the set of all possi ble needle tosses and obtains an incorrect answer, P = 21V2 kn
Physical and Sexual Victimization Predicts Suicidality among Women in Prison: Understanding Ethnic and Trauma-Specific Domains of Risk

Few studies have addressed the association between specific forms of trauma and suicidality among incarcerated women. This study examined domains of trauma as predictors of suicidality, and also evaluated ethnicity as a moderator of the association between physical and sexual victimization and suicidality. Participants were 224 treatment-seeking incarcerated women who completed self-report measures of trauma exposure, suicidal behavior, and ethnicity. Women in this sample reported significant histories of trauma exposure and suicidal behavior, and physical and sexual victimization significantly predicted suicidality. Ethnicity moderated this association such that there was a significant positive association between victimization and suicidality for European-American women; however, this association was not statistically significant for ethnic minority women. These findings demonstrate the specific risk conferred by physical and sexual victimization and European-American ethnicity among women in prison.
Detection of coronary artery disease in women. The pitfalls of noninvasive tests.

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in women over 40 years of age. However, the noninvasive methods for detecting this condition are hindered by a higher rate of false positive results in women than in men. This effect is probably related to gender differences in the cardiac response to stress. In addition, some gender preferences seem to be apparent in the referral pattern for coronary angiography and revascularization procedures. Nurses should participate in the education of their female patients and families on these diagnostic issues and encourage them to be proactive in their decision making with regard to the diagnostic plan and treatment of coronary artery disease.
Pipeline River Crossings: A Design Method

A simple mathematical model based on tractive bed theory is outlined which can estimate the width and depth of a river channel as it scours in response to an assigned large discharge. The time required to complete each scour iteration episode is also calculated. Three examples illustrating the results are presented, with comparisons to results from regime theory methods. An advantage of the method is that the results can be expressed in a probabilistic format. A goal of the model is that it be simple enough to be run on a desk-top computer.
Collective Killings in Rural China During the Cultural Revolution: Understanding Atrocities in Plain Sight

The twin tasks of this book are to make historical and theoretical cases about collective killings in the countryside during the Cultural Revolution. I want to explain what happened and why. For the historical case, I establish the facts and patterns of collective killings in 1967 and 1968 in two provinces during the Cultural Revolution. I also document key aspects of Maoism between the 1949 revolution and the eve of the extreme atrocities. These aspects – the formation and transformation of a rural culture, the creation and maintenance of a class divide, the social mobility of the rural population, and the demobilization of legal institutions – provide a historical narrative and backdrop for understanding the collective killings. A central theme in this narrative is “actually existing Maoism”: a set of practices that were not only inspired by the communist ideology but also shaped by real-life challenges and contradictions. The leaders, their cadres, and ordinary citizens did not follow a master plan in the revolutionary transformations but rather reacted to reality – in specific times and places – in a pragmatic and often ad hoc fashion, improvising as they went along. In this context, collective killings, like many other actions, were emergent actions rather than part of routine politics. The overall nature of the regime and its explicit policies are insufficient to account for these emergent outcomes.
Glial Cell Calcium Signaling Mediates Capillary Regulation of Blood Flow in the Retina.

The brain is critically dependent on the regulation of blood flow to nourish active neurons. One widely held hypothesis of blood flow regulation holds that active neurons stimulate Ca 2+ increases in glial cells, triggering glial release of vasodilating agents. This hypothesis has been challenged, as arteriole dilation can occur in the absence of glial Ca 2+ signaling. We address this controversy by imaging glial Ca 2+ signaling and vessel dilation in the mouse retina. We find that sensory stimulation results in Ca 2+ increases in the glial endfeet contacting capillaries, but not arterioles, and that capillary dilations often follow spontaneous Ca 2+ signaling. In IP3R2 −/− mice, where glial Ca 2+ signaling is reduced, light-evoked capillary, but not arteriole, dilation is abolished. The results show that, independent of arterioles, capillaries actively dilate and regulate blood flow. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that glial Ca 2+ signaling regulates capillary but not arteriole blood flow. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that a Ca 2+ -dependent glial cell signaling mechanism is responsible for regulating capillary but not arteriole diameter. This finding resolves a long-standing controversy regarding the role of glial cells in regulating blood flow, demonstrating that glial Ca 2+ signaling is both necessary and sufficient to dilate capillaries. While the relative contributions of capillaries and arterioles to blood flow regulation remain unclear, elucidating the mechanisms that regulate capillary blood flow may ultimately lead to the development of therapies for treating diseases where blood flow regulation is disrupted, including Alzheimer9s disease, stroke, and diabetic retinopathy. This finding may also aid in revealing the underlying neuronal activity that generates BOLD fMRI signals.
Lactate-guided conditioning program using variable exercise intensities improves fitness and alters muscle enzyme activity but not inflammatory response in horses

Blood lactate concentration ([LA]) response to exercise challenges can be used to assess fitness in horses. Most equine conditioning programs (CP) that have been studied are based on regular bouts of exercise of similar to increasing levels of intensity. We hypothesised that a lactate-guided CP implementing 2× weekly short-duration high-intensity exercise bouts and 1× weekly low-intensity longer-duration exercise bout effectively increases fitness in horses. Six untrained adult horses followed a 12 week CP that consisted of 2× weekly exercise on an equine treadmill (6% incline) for 25 min at a velocity at which [LA] was 4.0 mmol/l (VLA4.0) and 1× weekly for 45 min at a velocity at which [LA] was 2.5 mmol/l (VLA2.5). VLA2.5 and VLA4.0 were determined by incremental-step standardised-exercisetest (SET) before the CP and adjusted every 3 weeks. Blood was collected for [LA], creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum amyloid A (SAA), and fibrinogen (Fb) before each speed increase and 30 min...
Liderazgos juveniles en construcción: el proceso de asambleas en la Casa de la Juventud (Canoas, Brasil)

Este articulo tiene como objetivo analizar como la construccion de espacios de liderazgo juvenil contribuyo a una politica de prevencion de la violencia en la municipalidad de Canoas, Brasil, asi como proporcionar una discusion sobre el proceso que llevo a la construccion de espacios concretos de liderazgo de los jovenes en el proyecto social de la seguridad publica Casa de la Juventud orientado a jovenes y adolescentes expuestos a factores de riesgo de la delincuencia. Se busca demostrar como la construccion de la cultura de paz por medio de la participacion de los jovenes en dicho proyecto se presenta como un aspecto positivo de prevencion de la violencia.
Effect of chain length distribution on mechanical behavior of polymeric networks

Abstract The effect of network chain distribution on mechanical behavior of elastomers is one of the long standing problems in rubber mechanics. The classical theory of rubber elasticity is built upon the assumption of entropic elasticity of networks whose constitutive strands are of uniform length. The kinetic theories for vulcanization, computer simulations, and indirect experimental measurements all indicate that the microstructure of vulcanizates is made of polymer strands with a random distribution of length. The polydispersity in strand length is expected to control the mechanical strength of rubber as the overloaded short strands break at small deformations and transfer the load to the longer strands. The purpose of this contribution is to present a simple theory of rubber mechanics which takes into account the length distribution of strands and its effect on the onset of bulk failure.
Horton Hears a Who, and I Do Too!

“A person’s a person, no matter how small.”— HortonIn Dr. Seuss’s (1954) beloved classic, the lumbering elephant hears the residents of Whoville, a minuscule town living on a speck of dust, crying ...
Methodological Artifacts in Subception Research and the Tendency to Reify: A Rejoinder

The present interchange turns around two problems: (a) how to obtain GSR measures uncontaminated by verbal responses, which led us to propose a distinction between “preverbal” and “verbal” GSR measures; and (b) how to combine GSR response categories for the subception index that control for verbal response contamination.
Big bang nucleosynthesis with stable Be 8 and the primordial lithium problem

A change in the fundamental constants of nature or plasma effects in the early universe could stabilize $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ against decay into two $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ nuclei. Coc et al. examined the former effect on big bang nucleosynthesis as a function of ${B}_{8}$, the mass difference between two $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ nuclei and a single $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ nucleus, and found no effects for ${B}_{8}\ensuremath{\le}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$. Here we examine stable $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ with larger ${B}_{8}$ and also allow for a variation in the rate for $^{4}\text{He}+^{4}\text{He}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ to determine the threshold for interesting effects. We find no change to standard big bang nucleosynthesis for ${B}_{8}l1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$. For ${B}_{8}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ and a sufficiently large reaction rate, a significant fraction of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is burned into $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$, which fissions back into $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ when ${B}_{8}$ assumes its present-day value, leaving the primordial $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ abundance unchanged. However, this sequestration of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ results in a decrease in the primordial $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ abundance. Primordial abundances of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ consistent with observationally inferred values can be obtained for reaction rates similar to those calculated for the present-day (unbound $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$) case. Even for the largest binding energies and largest reaction rates examined here, only a small fraction of $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ is burned into heavier elements, consistent with earlier studies. There is no change in the predicted deuterium abundance for any model we examined.
Self-Adaptive Timing Repair

Editor’s note: This article describes a method to continuously monitor paths delays in an operational FPGA design and to improve slow paths by incremental partial reconfiguration. Since online delay measuring is more accurate than design time estimation, this approach allows to balance delays which can be used to improve performance or reduce power consumption. In addition, it counteracts aging effects and prolongs the system’s useful life time. —Axel Jantsch, TU Wien
Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Lymphocyte Signaling

Through fusion of innovations in high-throughput chromatographic separations of phosphopeptides, detection by mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic analysis, we have assembled a formidable tool to complement the traditional methodologies typically used to study signaling pathways. Although discovery of a large and dynamic set of cell-derived phosphorylation sites in a single proteomics experiment is an impressive accomplishment, understanding which of these sites participate in a given signaling pathway and the nature of this participation is the fundamental challenge confronting the proteomics researcher. It is simply not feasible to make hundreds of site-directed mutants and the associated knockout mice with current methodologies within a single lab in a reasonable amount of time. Therefore, complimentary high-throughput follow-up strategies must be developed to ascertain whether newly discovered phosphorylation sites participate in pathways and the nature of this participation. Our new approach streamlines the usual signaling pathway analysis paradigm by allowing for the production of mutants of phosphorylation sites and signaling proteins shown to exist within cells as opposed to the usual motif-driven site-directed mutagenesis approach. Also, phosphoproteomic characterization of perturbations of global phosphorylation patterns in mutant cells will likely provide a useful perspective on signaling pathways and ultimately a more rapid understanding of the molecular basis of a wide array of diseases.
Electron Transfer in Model Systems for Photosynthesis

Organic model systems consisting of porphyrins, carotenoid polyenes, and quinones joined by covalent linkages have been found to mimic photosynthetic electron and energy transfer processes. In these models, the covalent linkages model the structural role of proteins. Studies of a series of carotenoporphyrin-quinone triads have yielded information concerning the dependence of photoinitiated electron transfer rates on molecular structure, and have revealed that the resulting long-lived charge separated states return to the neutral ground state via a two-step mechanism. This information in turn has suggested designs for more complex tetrad systems which mimic additional aspects of photosynthesis.
Stressing the other paraventricular nucleus.

Often overlooked, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus is a stress-sensitive region in the midline thalamus essential for stress-induced adaptations. Using cutting edge in vivo monitoring approaches, Beas, Wright et al. identify a circuit by which stress disinhibits the midline thalamus through dopaminergic modulation arising from the locus coeruleus.
The Role of the Family and the Community in the Clinical Setting

When providers care for immigrant patients or clients, we are usually working with human beings whose backgrounds, values, health seeking behaviors, and coping strategies strongly differ from our own. In order to accomplish our goals of reducing suffering, improving quality of life, and helping them gain or develop control over their health, we clearly need biomedical information. This must be supplemented by information about patients’ social and economic situations and their beliefs and values, as these are strongly related to their mental and physical health and our ability to provide effective care.
Vernix Caseosa and Its Substitutes: Lipid Composition and Physicochemical Properties

Appropriate moisturization is essential for optimum stratum corneum (SC) function [1, 2]. Among the multiple functions of the skin affected by SC water content are desquamation and self-renewal, restoration of barrier integrity after wounding, acid mantle formation, microbial colonization, tactile discrimination, infection control, immunosurveillance, and protection against ultraviolet light and environmental irritants [3]. Operationally, “appropriate” hydration may be defined as: that amount of SC water which optimizes local SC biomechanics while facilitating terminal differentiation, programmed cell death, and orderly corneocyte incorporation into the inner SC with balanced pH-dependent desquamation of the outer SC. Overhydration can cause maceration, disruption of the intercellular lipid bilayers, degradation of desmosomes and creation of amorphous regions, corneocyte swelling, and enhanced molecular transport with increased permeability [4–6], as well as inflammation, irritation, and urticaria [7–12]. Low hydration can cause visible dryness/scaling, aberrant desquamation via reduced enzyme activity, cracking, reduced flexibility, tightness, and itching. On balance, the SC water-handling properties must be sufficiently robust to respond to local, potentially disruptive forces, for example, friction, heat, humidity, bathing, clothing, secretions, and topical product applications [13].
Achievement of complete remission (CR) as an endpoint for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with ibrutinib.

7522Background: Achievement of a deep response with chemoimmunotherapy associates with prolonged survival in patients with CLL. However, it remains unclear whether this is a desirable endpoint also...
T-Cell Mechanobiology: Force Sensation, Potentiation, and Translation

A T cell is a sensitive self-referential mechanical sensor. Mechanical forces influence the recognition, activation, differentiation, and function throughout the lifetime of a T cell. T cells constantly perceive and respond to physical stimuli through their surface receptors, cytoskeleton, and subcellular structures. Surface receptors receive physical cues in the form of forces generated through receptor-ligand binding events, which are dynamically regulated by contact tension, shear stress, and substrate rigidity. The resulting mechanotransduction not only influences T-cell recognition and signaling but also possibly modulates cell metabolism and gene expression. Moreover, forces also dynamically regulate the deformation, organization, and translocation of cytoskeleton and subcellular structures, leading to changes in T-cell mobility, migration, and infiltration. However, the roles and mechanisms of how mechanical forces modulate T-cell recognition, signaling, metabolism, and gene expression, are largely unknown and underappreciated. Here, we review recent technological and scientific advances in T-cell mechanobiology, discuss possible roles and mechanisms of T-cell mechanotransduction, and propose new research directions of this emerging field in health and disease.
ADDENDUM: Neutron Time Interval Distributions with Background Neutrons

Very careful examination indicated that two key formulas in our paper “Neutron Time Interval Distributions with Background Neutrons”1 had errors. We revise here the derivation and results for the probability to obtain a count between T and T+ΔT following a trigger count when the neutrons come both from fission chains and either correlated backgrounds or an external random source, Eqs. (76) and (79) (Ref. 1).
From Primate Communication to Human Language: Anthropological & Philosophical Speculations

Mluvena řec nezanechava v lidske evoluci žadne přime empiricky vysledovatelne stopy. Původ a rana historie lidske komunikace stale cekaji na vědecký výklad. Řec slouži jako nastroj mysleni, který neni omezen casem a prostorem. Je to unikatni system podporujici nekonecnou lidskou kreativitu. Pro spravnou analýzu jazyka musi vědci nalezt vztahy spolecne vsem formam komunikace. Při připravě tohoto přispěvku byly proto využity poznatky ziskane ze studia komunikacnich systemů primatů, zejmena lidoopů. Posun od systemů zviřeci komunikace k lidským symbolickým jazykům byl zapřiciněn celou řadou faktorů. Rani hominide uživali a rozvijeli stale komplexnějsi jazyk jako nastroj v ramci sve adaptacni a reprodukcni strategie.
MetaAnalysis of Methods for Scaling Blockchain Technology for Automotive Uses

The automotive industry has seen an increased need for connectivity, both as a result of the advent of autonomous driving and the rise of connected cars and truck fleets. This shift has led to issues such as trusted coordination and a wider attack surface have come to light, leading to higher costs and bureaucratic interventions. Due to the increasing adoption of connected vehicles, as well as other connected infrastructure, trustless peer to peer systems including blockchain are being explored as potential solution to this efficiency problem. All the while, scalability is still a significant concern for industry players. Current blockchain based systems have difficulty scaling: Bitcoin can only process seven transactions per second (tx/s) whereas Ethereum's fifteen tx/s is not a major improvement. Combined with the high cost of consensus and low throughput, such platforms are unusable with the mobility sector. This paper will address the latest advances in the field that aim to resolve parts of this problem as well as inform its readers about the scalability technologies that could push blockchain automotive infrastructure into the mainstream. This paper will also introduce the theoretical tools and advancements that, if implemented, could bring the mobility industry closer toward adopting efficient, scalable, and cost effective decentralized solutions.
Debiasing Personal Identities in Toxicity Classification.

As Machine Learning models continue to be relied upon for making automated decisions, the issue of model bias becomes more and more prevalent. In this paper, we approach training a text classifica-tion model and optimize on bias minimization by measuring not only the models performance on our dataset as a whole, but also how it performs across different subgroups. This requires measuring per-formance independently for different demographic subgroups and measuring bias by comparing them to results from the rest of our data. We show how unintended bias can be detected using these metrics and how removing bias from a dataset completely can result in worse results.
Sociodemographic disparities in access to ovarian cancer treatment

Background: Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Failure to receive optimal treatment and poorer survival rates have been reported for older women, African-American women, women with low income, and women with public health insurance coverage or no coverage. Additionally, regional differences in geographic access influence the type of treatment women may seek. This paper explores geographic accessibility and sociodemographic vulnerability in Georgia, which influence receipt of optimal ovarian cancer treatment. Methods: An enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA), defining physical access, was created for each census tract and gynecologic oncologist clinic. Secondly, sociodemographic variables reflecting potential social vulnerability were selected from U.S. Census and American Community Survey data at the tract level. These two measures were combined to create a measure of Geosocial Vulnerability. This framework was tested using Georgia ovarian cancer mortality records. Results: Geospatial access was higher in urban areas with less accessibility in suburban and rural areas. Sociodemographic vulnerability varied geospatially, with higher vulnerability in urban citers and rural areas. Sociodemographic measures were combined with geospatial access to create a Geosocial Vulnerability Indicator, which showed a significant positive association with ovarian cancer mortality. Conclusions: Spatial and sociodemographic measures pinpointed areas of healthcare access vulnerability not revealed by either spatial analysis or sociodemographic assessment alone. Whereas lower healthcare accessibility in rural areas has been well described, our analysis shows considerable heterogeneity in access to care in urban areas where the disadvantaged census tracts can be easily identified.
Fast Neutron Detection with Varying-Length Trans-Stilbene Scintillators

In recent years, solution grown trans-stilbene crystals have become widely used for gamma ray and fast neutron detection in many applications, including nuclear safeguards and nonproliferation. These crystals exhibit excellent pulse shape discrimination (PSD), enabling simultaneous detection and identification of gamma rays and fast neutrons. Stilbene crystals have been made widely available in 5 cm by 5 cm cylinders by Inrad Optics; production of cylinders up to 10 cm long have been demonstrated. Time-of-flight experiments using a 252Cf source have been performed to characterize 5 cm diameter stilbene crystals with 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.6 cm, and 10 cm lengths: all four crystals were coupled to photomultiplier tubes and symmetrically placed around the source, 1 m away. These data have been analyzed to obtain detector response functions (scintillation light output as a function of neutron energy deposited) for each of the four crystals. These functions can be used in Monte Carlo simulations to model the absolute detector response. Results will compare the performance of these stilbene cylinders as a function of length using the following quantities: neutron detection efficiency, gamma-ray detection efficiency, PSD figure of merit, and the total detector response function. Additionally, the measured detector response will be compared to Monte Carlo simulations using the MCNPX-PoliMi code.
Die Lernsoftware auf CD-ROM

Wir wollen einen Vorgeschmack auf das gesamte HTML-basierte Kursmaterial auf der CD-ROM vermitteln. Hier ist zuerst ein Bildschirm-Dump des Hauptmenus abgebildet.
Wetter Summers Mitigated Temperature Stress on Rocky Mountain Forests During the Last Interglacial Warm Period

Rising summer temperatures are expected to increase tree mortality rates across the western United States. Here, we analyze subfossil wood samples from Colorado dating to the last interglacial to a...
Interpretable Emotion Classification Using Temporal Convolutional Models

As with many problems solved by deep neural networks, existing solutions rarely explain, precisely, the important factors responsible for the predictions made by the model. This work looks to investigate how different spatial regions and landmark points change in position over time, to better explain the underlying factors responsible for various facial emotion expressions. By pinpointing the specific regions or points responsible for the classification of a particular facial expression, we gain better insight into the dynamics of the face when displaying that emotion. To accomplish this, we examine two spatiotemporal representations of moving faces, while expressing different emotions. The representations are then presented to a convolutional neural network for emotion classification. Class activation maps are used in highlighting the regions of interest and the results are qualitatively compared with the well known facial action units, using the facial action coding system. The model was originally trained and tested on the CK+ dataset for emotion classification, and then generalized to the SAMM dataset. In so doing, we successfully present an interpretable technique for understanding the dynamics that occur during convolutional-based prediction tasks on sequences of face data.
Understanding Associations Between Exposure to Violent Pornography and Teen Dating Violence Among Female Sexual Minority High School Students.

Previous research indicates that teen dating violence (TDV) is more common among sexual minority than heterosexual adolescents, with approximately half of female sexual minority adolescents (SMA) e...
Challenging U.S. Security Assessments in Africa

For decades, Africa lay at the periphery of US security policy. Attention to the continent intensified after the 9/11 terrorist attacks amid claims that East Africa and the Sahel had become hubs of terrorist activity. Despite this shift, US analysts and policymakers continue to frame security threats in Africa using a traditional, Cold War-influenced paradigm. Commonly used indicators are based on mainstream security studies, which provides a narrow view of security. Using Critical Security Studies, this article provides a broader and more inclusive assessment of security threats in Africa.
Consumer Wearables for Patient Monitoring in Otolaryngology: A State of the Art Review.

OBJECTIVE Consumer wearables, such as the Apple Watch or Fitbit devices, have become increasingly commonplace over the past decade. The application of these devices to health care remains an area of significant yet ill-defined promise. This review aims to identify the potential role of consumer wearables for the monitoring of otolaryngology patients. DATA SOURCES PubMed. REVIEW METHODS A PubMed search was conducted to identify the use of consumer wearables for the assessment of clinical outcomes relevant to otolaryngology. Articles were included if they described the use of wearables that were designed for continuous wear and were available for consumer purchase in the United States. Articles meeting inclusion criteria were synthesized into a final narrative review. CONCLUSIONS In the perioperative setting, consumer wearables could facilitate prehabilitation before major surgery and prediction of clinical outcomes. The use of consumer wearables in the inpatient setting could allow for early recognition of parameters suggestive of poor or declining health. The real-time feedback provided by these devices in the remote setting could be incorporated into behavioral interventions to promote patients' engagement with healthy behaviors. Various concerns surrounding the privacy, ownership, and validity of wearable-derived data must be addressed before their widespread adoption in health care. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Understanding how to leverage the wealth of biometric data collected by consumer wearables to improve health outcomes will become a high-impact area of research and clinical care. Well-designed comparative studies that elucidate the value and clinical applicability of these data are needed.
Progradational Holocene carbonate tidal flats of Crooked Island, south‐east Bahamas: An alternative to the humid channelled belt model

The stratigraphic record of many cratonic carbonate sequences includes thick successions of stacked peritidal deposits. Representing accumulation at or near sea-level, these deposits have provided insights into past palaeoenvironments, sea-level and climate change. To expand understanding of carbonate peritidal systems, this study describes the geomorphology, sedimentology and stratigraphy of the tidal flats on the Crooked-Acklins Platform, south-east Bahamas. The Crooked Island tidal flats extend continuously for ca 18 km on the platformward flank of Crooked Island, reaching up to 2 km across. Tidal flats include four environmental zones with specific faunal and floral associations and depositional characteristics: (i) supratidal (continuous supratidal crust and pavement); (ii) upper intertidal, with the mangrove Avicennia germinans and the cyanobacteria Scytonema; (iii) lower intertidal (with the mangrove Rhizophora mangal) and (iv) non-vegetated, heavily burrowed subtidal (submarine). These zones have gradational boundaries but follow shore-parallel belts. Coring reveals that the thickness of this mud-dominated sediment package generally is <2 m, with depth to Pleistocene bedrock gradually shallowing landward. The facies succession under much of the tidal flat includes a basal compacted, organic-rich skeletal-lithoclast lag above the bedrock contact (suggesting initial flooding). This unit grades upward into rhizoturbated skeletal sandy mud (subtidal) overlain by coarsening-upward peloid-foraminifera-gastropod muddy sand (reflecting shallowing to intertidal elevations). Cores from landward positions include stacked thin indurated layers with autoclastic breccia, root tubules and fenestrae (interpreted as supratidal conditions). Collectively, the data reveal an offlapping pattern on this prograding low-energy shoreline, and these Holocene tidal flats may represent an actualistic analogue for ancient humid progradational tidal flats. Nonetheless, their vertical facies succession is akin to that present beneath channelled belt examples, suggesting that facies successions alone may not provide unambiguous criteria for prediction of the palaeogeomorphology, lateral facies changes and heterogeneity in stratigraphic analogues.
Liberal Education and Reading for Meaning

In his study Philosophers and Orators: A History of the Idea of Liberal Education Bruce Kimball distinguishes two traditions of liberal education: the tradition of philosophers and the tradition of orators. Philosophers prioritize critical thinking and the pursuit of knowledge as the core of liberal learning. Orators, in tension with philosophers, view liberal education as fundamentally about appropriating established virtues and the cultivation of practical wisdom. Liberal education for orators is a way of living more than a than a way of thinking.
A case of osteomalacia: the pivotal role of the non-decalcified bone biopsy.

A postmenopausal osteopenic woman presented with recurrent stress fractures of the feet and normal parameters of mineral homeostasis. Despite the absence of biochemical or radiographic evidence, severe osteomalacia was documented by histomorphometric analysis of a tetracycline labeled, non-decalcified bone biopsy. This observation underscores the need for specific bone biopsy confirmation of skeletal disease in patients with fracture-prone osteopenia.
A novel high voltage RF vertical MOSFET for high power applications

In this paper, an RF vertical MOSFET (VDMOS) is discussed. The results show a new vertical RF transistor that achieves excellent RF performance for high power applications utilizing a high breakdown capability. The VDMOS device can achieve an operating voltage of 48 V.
Bladder cancer in cystoscopically normal‐appearing mucosa: a case of mistaken identity?

Study Type – Diagnosis (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b OBJECTIVE To test the frequency of malignancy in normal-appearing urothelium in patients with high-risk bladder cancer, as biopsy of normal-appearing mucosa using standard white-light cystoscopy (WLC) reportedly shows carcinoma in situ (CIS) in some patients with bladder tumours. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cold-cup biopsies of normal-appearing mucosa were obtained by two experienced oncological urologists from 63 patients during transurethral resection of bladder cancers. Each biopsy labelled as ‘normal’ was interpreted by two expert uropathologists. RESULTS Each of the biopsies in all 63 patients was interpreted by both urological pathologists as showing normal or benign histology, except that one showed focal CIS. CONCLUSIONS Bladder urothelium appearing normal to expert urological oncologists using standard WLC rarely shows CIS when biopsies are evaluated by experienced uropathologists.
Multiple unilateral traumatic carotid-cavernous sphenoid sinus fistulas with associated massive epistaxis: a consequence of parkour.

Background Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) present the clinician with diagnostic and surgical challenges. Extension of a CCF into the sphenoid sinus presents additional management difficulties. Endovascular interventions using various thrombogenic materials such as balloons, coils, or liquids are effective treatment strategies. Ideally, these techniques are used to obliterate the fistula while maintaining the patency of the parent artery. Case Report We present a rare case of traumatic carotid-cavernous sphenoid sinus fistulas complicated by multiple tears in the internal carotid artery with direct communication to the cavernous and sphenoid sinus. As a result, the patient developed massive epistaxis requiring emergent endovascular intervention. A total of 87 detachable coils were placed into the cavernous and sphenoid sinuses via transarterial and transvenous routes in a staged procedure, resulting in complete obliteration of the patient9s multiple fistulas. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of multiple fistulous tears in the internal carotid artery with extension to the cavernous and sphenoid sinus. This report emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and neurosurgical intervention.
Tumbling Snow: Vulnerability to Avalanches in the Soviet North

AbstractOn December 5, 1935, a series of catastrophic avalanches in the Khibiny Mountains in the Soviet Union took eighty-nine lives. The victims included miners for a new industrial enterprise, fo...
Effects of Anions on Swelling, Respiration, and Phosphorylation of Isolated Corn Mitochondria

The effects of a series of anions on swelling, respiration, and oxidative phosphorylation of corn mitochondria were studied. Active mitochondrial swelling similar to that found with HPO4−2 was demonstrated in the presence of IO3−, NO2−, MoO4−2, SO4−2, HAsO4−2, acetate, S2O3−2, SeO4−2, CrO4−2, and WoO4−2. In general, those anions which caused active swelling also released respiration and reduced the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation with exogenous NADH as substrate. The degree of passive swelling in the presence of certain of the monovalent anions was found to approximate the order of the lyotropic series (SCN− > CIO4− > I− > NO3− > CI−).
Distinguishing between the catalytic potential and apparent expression of tyrosinase activities

ABSTRACT Assays were developed to investigate the catalytic potential and apparent expression of tyrosinase activities. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity determined with cell lysates (in vitro), entire fixed cells (postfixation), or intact living cells (in situ), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidase assayed spectrophotometrically or by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine staining on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, demonstrated the following results: 1) The in situ assay displayed reduced tyrosine hydroxylase activity in all three tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albino (OCA) lines except for Chediak-Higashi Syndrome melanocytes, which displayed normal activity; 2) The in vitro assay had comparable activity of tyrosinase-positive OCA melanocytes as controls, except for one tyrosinase-positive OCA cell line, which demonstrated increased activity; 3) The postfixation assay, compared with the in situ assay, had elevated activity (ie, normalization) of tyrosinase in OCA cells but reduced activity in controls; 4) The spectrophotometric assay for 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidase activity correlated very well with the tyrosine hydroxylase activity determined by the in vitro assay; 5) sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of melanocyte lysates either stained with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine or immunoblotted with anti-tyrosinase detected abnormal tyrosinase bands in the Chediak-Higashi Syndrome and one line of tyrosinase positive OCA melanocytes, and both lines had release of tyrosinase into the growth media. In conclusion, the selection and combination of these tyrosinase assays would be informative for differentiation and characterization of human albinism.
Analysis of Tn916-induced mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum altered in solventogenesis and sporulation.

The conjugative transposon Tn916 was used for mutagenesis ofClostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Tetracycline-resistant mutants were screened for loss of granulose synthesis and five classes of granulose mutants, that contained single transposon insertions, were identified on the basis of altered solvent production. Class 1 mutants did not make acetone or butanol, lacked activity of enzymes induced during solventogenesis, and did not sporulate, indicating that they are regulatory mutants. The class 2 mutant strains also did not produce acetone but did form small amounts of butanol and ethanol while the class 3 mutants produced low amounts of all solvents. Class 4 and 5 mutants produced essentially the same or higher amounts of solvents than the parent strain. Transposon insertions in the class 1 mutants were used as markers for in vitro synthesis of flanking chromosomal DNA using Tn916-specific primers. The DNA fragments were labeled to produce specific probes. Transposon insertion sites in the chromosomes of 13 different class 1 regulatory mutants were compared by hybridization of the specific probes to Southern blots of restriction endonuclease-digested parental chromosomal DNA. Insertions in two mutants appeared to be, in the same region of the chromosome. These results predict, that multiple regulatory elements are required to induce solvent production and sporulation.
Steric Control of Substituted Phenoxide Ligands on Product Structures of Uranyl Aryloxide Complexes

A series of uranyl aryloxide complexes has been prepared via metathesis reactions between [UO2Cl2(THF)2]2 and di-ortho-substituted phenoxides. Reaction of 4 equiv of KO-2,6-tBu2C6H3 with [UO2Cl2(THF)2]2 in THF produces the dark red uranyl compound, UO2(O-2,6-tBu2C6H3)2(THF)2·THF, 1. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 1 reveals a monomer in which the uranium is coordinated in a pseudooctahedral fashion by two apical oxo groups, two cis-aryloxides, and two THF ligands. A similar product is prepared by reaction of KO-2,6-Ph2C6H3 with [UO2Cl2(THF)2]2 in THF. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of this compound reveals it to be the trans-monomer UO2(O-2,6-Ph2C6H3)2(THF)2, 2. Dimeric structures result from the reactions of [UO2Cl2(THF)2]2 with less sterically imposing aryloxide salts, KO-2,6-Cl2C6H3 or KO-2,6-Me2C6H3. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of [UO2(O-2,6-Cl2C6H3)2(THF)2]2, 3, and [UO2Cl(O-2,6-Me2C6H3)(THF)2]2, 4, reveal similar structures in which each U atom is coordinated by...