cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Round Goby Predation on Zebra Mussel Size Distribution at Calumet Harbor, Lake Michigan

Abstract The size distribution of zebra mussels atop (exposed to predation) and beneath (protected from predation) rocks were compared at a round goby infested site (Calumet Harbor, IL/IN) and round goby-free site (Evanston, IL) in southern Lake Michigan. The largest zebra mussels were atop rocks at both sites and those from Calumet Harbor were significantly larger than those from Evanston. The smallest zebra mussels were beneath the rocks at both sites and those from Calumet Harbor were smaller than those from Evanston. Nearly all zebra mussels from Calumet Harbor rock tops were larger than the size range preferred by round gobies in published laboratory experiments. Conversely, most of the zebra mussels from rock tops from Evanston were within the size range preferred by round gobies. In a field experiment, glass sheets colonized with zebra mussels from Evanston rock tops were exposed to round goby predation. Predation was videotaped to determine what size zebra mussels were eaten by round gobies. Smaller zebra mussels were consumed more frequently and surviving zebra mussels were either very large or had refuge in the space between larger zebra mussels. The study showed that more effort is required to remove larger zebra mussels than smaller zebra mussels. The results indicate that, while round gobies prefer smaller zebra mussels, the underside of rocks, as well as proximity to larger zebra mussels, can provide refuge for the smaller zebra mussels. Hence round gobies are unlikely to totally remove zebra mussels from a habitat and their impact will likely vary between habitats.
Anthropogenic, Polyhalogenated, Organic Compounds in Sedentary Fish from Lake Huron and Lake Superior Tributaries and Embayments

Abstract Composite samples of fish taken from some of the major tributaries and embayments of Lake Superior and Lake Huron were analyzed for halogenated xenobiotics with the objective of detecting potential environmental problem areas, point source discharges of toxic materials, and previously unrecognized pollutants. The analyses were done by gas chromatographic, methane enhanced, negative ion, mass spectrometry. A variety of halogen-containing organic compounds and pesticides were identified. The highest concentration and variety of compounds were found in the fish from the highly industrialized Saginaw Bay drainage basin; fish from Lake Superior tributaries showed much lower concentrations.
The Peptidyl-prolyl Isomerase Domain of the CyP-40 Cyclophilin Homolog Cpr7 Is Not Required to Support Growth or Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae*

CyP-40 cyclophilins are found in association with molecular chaperone Hsp90·steroid receptor complexes. The amino-terminal portion of these cyclophilins harbors the characteristic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) domain, whereas three copies of the tetratricopeptide (TPR) motif, a structure shown to be involved in protein-protein interactions, and a putative calmodulin-binding domain are located in the carboxyl-terminal half of the protein. The TPR domains mediate binding to Hsp90, but a requirement for the PPIase domain has not been established. To address this, we have investigated the effects of mutations that alter the PPIase domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CyP-40 homolog, Cpr7. Because Cpr7 is required for rapid growth and full Hsp90 activity, a functional assessment of the PPIase domain could be performed in vivo. A mutation in the catalytic domain altering a conserved site predicted to be essential for isomerase activity did not compromise Cpr7 function. Furthermore, deletion of the entire PPIase domain did not significantly affect growth or Hsp90-mediated steroid receptor activity. These results indicate that the TPR-containing carboxyl terminus of Cpr7 is sufficient for fundamental Cpr7-dependent activity.
Multiple Alfven wave reflections excited by Io: Origin of the Jovian decametric arcs

The recent Voyager radio astronomy measurements near Jupiter show that the Jovian decametric radiation consists of numerous discrete features called decametric arcs which are observed at all Jovian longitudes. It is generally believed that these arcs are produced by an interaction of Io with the Jovian magnetosphere. In this paper we propose that the large number of decametric arcs is caused by multiple reflections of a standing Alfven wave current system excited by Io. Estimates of the reflection coefficient at the ionosphere and other damping processes show that a large number of reflections can occur, with the Alfven wave current system possibly extending completely around Jupiter. This source geometry can account for a number of otherwise puzzling characteristics of the Jovian decametric radiations,
The Chemical Induction of Parthenocarpy in the Calimyrna Fig and its Physiological Significance

14. SCHREVEN, D. A. VAN. 1959. Effects of added sugars and nitrogen on nodulation of legumes. Plant Soil 11: 93-112. 15. TANNER, J. W. AND I. C. ANDERSON. 1963. Aii external effect of inorganic nitrogen in root nodulation. Nature 198: 303-04. 16. TIIORNTON, H. G. 1936. The action of sodium nitrate upoln the inifectioni of lucernie root lairs by nodule bacteria. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 119: 474-92. 17. THORNTON, H. G. The discovery of the use of dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in controlling plant growth. Rept. Rothamsted Expt. Sta. for 19391945: 83. 18. THORNTON, H. G. AND J. RUDORF. 1936. The abnormal structure induced in nodules on lucerne (Medicago sa.tiva L.) by the supply of sodium nitrate to the host plant. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 120: 240-52. 19. TONHAZY, N. E. AND M. J. PELCZAR, JR. 1954. Oxidation of indoleacetic acid by ani extracelltular enzym.e from Polyporius zersicolor and a similar oxidation catalyzed by nitrate. Science 120: 14142. 20. WILSON, P. W. 1940. The biochemistry of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. University of 'Wisconsin Press, Madison.
On the loss of ammonia from phenylalkyl amines

The molecular ion-minus-ammonia [M – NHJ] fragmentation of (3-phenylpropyl) primary amines is a major contributor to the total ion current. This fragmentation occurs to a lesser extent in the lower and higher homologs, (2-phenethy1)- and (4-phenylbuty1)amine. The loss of methylamine and dimethylamine from N-methyl-(3-phenylpropyl)amine and N,N-dimethyl-(3-phenylpropy1)amine respectively is essentially absent. Deuterium labeling has shown that C-3 is the primary source of hydrogen abstracted in the [M NHJ] fragmentation of (3-pheny1propyl)amine.
The Differential Association between Alexithymia and Primary versus Secondary Psychopathy

Abstract Using a sample of 104 college students, this study tested the hypothesis that alexithymia is positively related to secondary (also known as “neurotic psychopathy”), but not primary psychopathy (i.e., inability to form emotional bonds with others and a fear insensitivity). Participants completed the TAS-20 (alexithymia), the LSRP (primary and secondary psychopathy), the PPI-R (psychopathy), and the trait version of the STAI (trait anxiety). The interaction between the latter two measures was used as a second index of primary and secondary psychopathy. Support was found for the study hypothesis with both methods of assessing psychopathy (i.e., the LSRP subscales or the combination of the PPI-R and the STAI). These results further our understanding of both alexithymia and psychopathy.
Tropical–Extratropical Interactions Associated with an Atlantic Tropical Plume and Subtropical Jet Streak

Abstract Tropical plumes (TPs) are elongated bands of upper- and midlevel clouds stretching from the Tropics poleward and eastward into the subtropics, typically accompanied by a subtropical jet (STJ) streak and a trough on their poleward side. This study uses ECMWF analyses and high-resolution University of Wisconsin–Nonhydrostatic Modeling System trajectories to analyze the multiscale complex tropical–extratropical interactions involved in the genesis of a pronounced TP and STJ over the NH Atlantic Ocean in late March 2002 that was associated with extreme precipitation in arid northwest Africa. Previous concepts for TP genesis from the literature are discussed in the light of this case study. Analysis of the upper-level flow prior to the TP formation shows a northeastward propagation and a continuous acceleration of the STJ over the Atlantic Ocean equatorward of a positively tilted upper-level trough to the west of northwest Africa. Both dynamic and advective processes contribute to the generation of th...
Intramolecular Paternò-Büchi reaction of atropisomeric α-oxoamides in solution and in the solid-state.

Atropisomeric α-oxoamides were synthesized and employed for intramolecular Paterno–Buchi reaction leading to very high enantio- and diastereoselectivity in the bicyclic oxetane photoproduct. A reversal of product selectivity was observed in solution and in the solid-state.
Abstract 5256: The identification of fatty acid synthase (FASN) as a candidate oncogene and therapeutic target in neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a common and lethal pediatric cancer. More than half of patients are at high-risk for relapse and die despite intensive therapy; thus presenting an urgent need for new, rationally designed drugs. To address the need for new therapeutic targets we sought to identify metabolic genes that are critical to neuroblastoma growth and survival. We restricted our analysis to a set of 12 metabolic genes that can be targeted therapeutically and had previously been implicated in other cancers. Analysis of 188 primary human neuroblastomas genotyped on the Illumina HumanHap SNP Array identified high-level, unbalanced gain at the FASN locus (17q25) in 23% of tumors. Analysis of FASN mRNA expression in 99 of these primary neuroblastomas using the IlluminaHT Expression Array identified significant increases in FASN expression restricted to high-risk neuroblastomas with amplification of the MYCN oncogene (P=0.0001). Within the subset of high-risk tumors with MYCN amplification, those that harbored FASN DNA copy number gains showed greater FASN mRNA expression than those with two copy FASN DNA. We next tested siRNAs targeted to the set of 12 metabolic genes in a panel of 12 neuroblastoma cell lines. We found that siRNA inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and hexokinase 2 (HK2) resulted in significant growth inhibition in 9/12 and 6/12 cell lines, respectively, whereas the others showed no appreciable cytotoxicity. Inhibition of FASN resulted in significant growth inhibition and apoptosis in 8/8 neuroblastoma cell lines with MYCN amplification, suggesting a synthetic lethal effect of FASN inhibition in neuroblastomas with MYCN amplification. Taken together, an integrated genomic and functional analytic approach has identified fatty acid synthase, a key enzymatic mediator of de novo fatty acid metabolism, as a candidate oncogene and therapeutic target in neuroblastoma, especially those harboring MYCN amplification. Ongoing analyses of pharmacologic inhibitors of FASN in neuroblastoma cell line animal models, including impact on global lipidomic profiles will be reported. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5256.
Conformational Variability of NAD+ in the Free and Bound States: a Nicotinamide Sandwich in NAD+ Crystals

X-ray analysis of the free-acid crystal form of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) revealed a conformational difference between the free NAD+ molecule and one bound in enzymes or complexed to Li+ ions. The pyrophosphate group showed asymmetry in the phosphate-oxygen bonds of the phosphate-oxygen-phosphate link; this bond at the nicotinamide side of the link is longer than that at the adenosine side by 0.04 angstrom. The crystal structure showed a novel intermolecular stacking of adenine and water molecules on opposite sides of nicotinamide that gives rise to a nicotinamide sandwich.
Plasma components affect accuracy of circulating cancer-related microRNA quantitation

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as candidate biomarkers of various diseases and conditions including malignancy and pregnancy. This approach requires sensitive and accurate quantitation of miRNA concentrations in body fluids. Herein we report that enzyme-based miRNA quantitation, which is currently the mainstream approach for identifying differences in miRNA abundance among samples, is skewed by endogenous serum factors that co-purify with miRNAs and anticoagulant agents used during collection. Of importance, different miRNAs were affected to varying extent among patient samples. By developing measures to overcome these interfering activities, we increased the accuracy, and improved the sensitivity of miRNA detection up to 30-fold. Overall, the present study outlines key factors that prevent accurate miRNA quantitation in body fluids and provides approaches that enable faithful quantitation of miRNA abundance in body fluids.
Differences in direct immunofluorescence staining patterns in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and bullous pemphigoid

Abstract Background: Both bullous pemphigoid (BP) and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) are characterized by linear IgG deposits along the basement membrane zone (BMZ). Although these diseases can be distinguished by special tests, the staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence (DIF) is identical. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to reevaluate DIF as a diagnostic tool in differentiating EBA from BP. Methods: We performed DIF studies on biopsy specimens from eight consecutive patients with EBA and 18 consecutive patients with BP. Results: In five of eight cases of EBA, C3 deposition was essentially absent. IgG was the predominant class of immunoglobulins in the deposits and was present along the BMZ in all eight cases. C3 was present in 17 of 18 cases of BP. IgG was the predominant immunoglobulin present in 15 of these 18. Conclusion: Patients with EBA are more likely to have linear IgG staining along the BMZ without concomitant C3 deposition than are patients with BP. This difference may be a function of the ability of the autoantibodies to fix complement.
The death of Smithfield Market: Urbanization and the meat markets of 19th-century London

Although farmers’ markets are making a comeback today, they are nothing like the public food markets of the 19th century, particularly if you are looking for fresh meat. The history of fresh meat markets offers insights into society's relationship to meat, their cities, and to the animals that produce their food. Urban markets, such as the Smithfield Live Cattle Market in central London, became the focus of modernization during the 19th century. In 1852, Parliament passed the Smithfield Market Removal Act to abolish the Smithfield Market, London's historic live cattle market. The removal of the market from the city center was a metaphor for the rupture of modern British society with the old order of pre-industrial Britain. According to George Dodd, who wrote The Food of London in 1856, Smithfield represented a “continued manifestation of prejudiced adherence to an old system,” a “continued display of the meat-buying powers of the London Public,” and a “perennial declaration of the wonderful improvements gradually introduced in the size, quality, and condition of grazing-stock,” a testament to the industrialization and modernization of London. British economic statistics, the arrival of new technology, public discourse, and social reform movements point to a more complicated assessment Smithfield. The interplay between multiple interests includes those of Smithfield's managers, the consumers, butchers, Parliament, and social reformers. Meat would reappear in the city center, but this time as a frozen commodity, separated from live animals and their slaughter. What impact did this have upon the urban food landscape? How did the farmers respond? Perhaps a consideration of the Smithfield Live Cattle Market will shed light on similar market changes in other modern cities during the 19th century.
Miocene coral assemblages in Anguilla, B.W.I., and their implications for the interpretation of vertical succession on fossil reefs

Three common coral assemblages have been quantitatively identified in the middle Miocene Anguilla Formation of Anguilla (Lesser Antilles) using cluster analysis on three-dimensional coordinates derived from nonmetric multidimensional scaling The data consisted of tallies of coral species identified at 25 points within 178 1 -meter-square quadrats placed haphazardly across vertical exposures of coral-rich lenses at five localities. Eighteen species were recorded. The resulting clusters intergrade and are characterized by moderately high diversities which are not significantly different. They include: 1) a thick-branched assemblage dominated by Porites portoricensis, 2) a mound-shaped assemblage including Porites waylandi, Siderastrea conferta, Goniopora hill, and G. imperatoris, and 3) a platylthin-branched assemblage composed of Porites macdonaldi and Porites baracoaensis. The results of chi-square tests show that the assemblages are randomly distributed, both in space and in stratigraphic sequence. The patchy, intergradational distribution of the assemblages, their equally variable but high diversities, and their association with calcareous sand lenses suggest that they probably all developed as small patch reefs or thickets of varying composition on a shallow, gently sloping backreef platform. The three assemblages developed under similar environmental conditions in one major reef zone on a platform subjected to frequent abiotic disturbance by shifting sand. The mere existence of distinctive assemblages of reef-building corals having different shapes, therefore, needs not in itself imply ecological succession or large-scale physical environmental gradients, as is commonly interpreted in many similar fossil reef sequences.
Logic-based eDRAM: origins and rationale for use

The IBM logic-based eDRAM (embedded DRAM) technology integrates a trench DRAM (dynamic random access memory) storage-cell technology into a logic-circuit technology, merging the two previously separate technologies. Since its introduction in the 1970s, the DRAM technology has been driven by cost while the logic technology has been driven by speed, leading to an ever-widening gap between slower memory and faster logic devices. That has led to the need for increasingly complex levels of memory hierarchies, resulting in considerable degradation of system performance despite many design and architecture compromises. DRAM can provide six to eight times as much memory as SRAM (static random access memory) in the same area, but has been too slow to be used at any cache level. Our studies, highlighted in this paper, indicated that the use of logic-based DRAM could resolve that difficulty--and was necessary for integrating systems on a chip. This has led to the inclusion of logic-based eDRAM as a memory option in the IBM ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits) product.
Preterm Labor, Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes, and Chorioamnionitis

In this article, the author reviews the etiology and biochemical links between infection and preterm birth, the problem of preterm birth, and the management of infection-related risks of preterm birth. The management section reviews current opinions regarding prophylactic antibiotic therapy in the prevention of preterm birth, adjunctive antibiotic therapy in the treatment of preterm labor with and without rupture of membranes, and antibiotic therapy of intra-amniotic infection (clinical chorioamnionitis, IAI). Finally, the article reviews the risk of neurodevelopmental handicap potentially associated with IAI.
Comparison of Filter and Wall Deposits From Samplers Used to Collect Airborne Lead-Containing Dusts at Field Sites

Pairs of Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) and 37 mm closed face cassette samplers (CFC) were deployed where occupational exposures to lead-containing dusts were known to occur. Discrete particle analyses of wall and filter deposits were performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy—Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDX). From the elemental composition and projected area diameter of each particle a density, volume, and mass were calculated, and a mass-weighted size distribution for each filter and corresponding wall deposit determined. Comparison of pairs of wall and filter mass-weighted size distributions by Mann–Whitney statistical analysis shows that in only 3 of 72 examples from either sampler were the distributions significantly different that suggests that the mechanisms of particle deposition on the sampler walls for particles in this size range (0.5 μm through 20 μm) do not differ for the different samplers. Furthermore, in only 4 of 33 sampler pairs did the IOM and CFC results differ. ...
After Hayek: On Theodore Burczak’s socialism after Hayek

Burczak reformulates socialism to escape Hayek’s strictures against central planning. While Hayek supports a social safety net as well as other liberal reforms, Burczak points out that these reforms fall outside Hayek’s theoretical framework. We explain that this is because Hayek narrowed the classical economists’ conception of sympathetic agency to imitation and rule following. By contrast, liberal reform proposals follow from the theoretical framework of Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill. For Smith and Mill, sympathy is a richer concept in which people change places imaginatively with others. Sympathetic agency allows a wide range of other regarding actions and political reforms.
Low Cardiovascular Risk Is Associated with Favorable Left Ventricular Mass, Left Ventricular Relative Wall Thickness, and Left Atrial Size: The CARDIA Study

Background Echocardiographic measures of left ventricular (LV) mass and relative wall thickness and left atrial (LA) size predict future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to compare young adults with low cardiovascular risk (body mass index, 18.5–24.9 kg/m 2 ; blood pressure Methods Cross-sectional assessment of 4059 black and white men and women aged 23 to 35 years in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study at the year 5-examination, when risk factors were measured, and echocardiography to assess LV mass and relative wall thickness were performed. Physical fitness was measured at baseline using a symptom-limited maximal treadmill test. All other covariates were measured concurrently with echocardiography. Results Gender, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure were associated with LV mass and relative wall thickness and LA size in multivariate models. Additional correlates of LV mass/height 2.7 ratio were tobacco use, resting heart rate (inverse), self-reported physical activity, gender (male higher), and age. Age was associated with LV relative wall thickness but not other measures of LV size. Additional correlates of LA diameter/height ratio were tobacco use, resting heart rate (inverse), serum glucose, and self-reported physical activity. Seven hundred ninety of 4059 subjects (19%) were classified as having low risk; black race was less likely in the low-risk group. Those with low risk had lower LV mass/height 2.7 ratios (32.0 vs 34.6 g/m 2.7 , P P P Conclusions A low cardiovascular risk profile in young adulthood is associated with more favorable LV mass, LV relative wall thickness, and LA size. This may be one mechanism of lifestyle protection against cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
The Founders of Lineages at Copan and other Maya Sites

Decipherments and interpretations presented by Peter Mathews and Bertold Riese a decade ago led to the identification of numbered-successor titles that list individual rulers according to their numerical position in a historical succession of kings. Work on the inscriptions of Copan has shown that the “counts of successors” there began with a single founding ancestor, who has been identified archaeologically. Since the rulers of other kingdoms calculated their descent from different founding ancestors, the evidence suggests that Maya kingdoms were ruled by lineages or dynasties of males who calculated their descent for a single anchoring ancestor, who was very probably a historical individual. Evidence from Naranjo also suggests that alternative descent lines were calculated from supernatural anchoring ancestors. The metaphorical term for these lineages was “spout-tree-house.” All of the people in the lineage descending from these founders were called “sprouts,” while the ruling patriarch was the ahau of the descent line.
Baseline Regional Perfusion Impacts Exercise Response to Endobronchial Valve Therapy in Advanced Pulmonary Emphysema

Background Advanced heterogeneous emphysema with hyperinflation impacts exercise tolerance in COPD. Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction using Zephyr endobronchial valves (EBVs) has been shown to improve lung function in patients with heterogeneous emphysema. It is unclear whether the target lobe perfusion of patients receiving EBV therapy impacts exercise tolerance as measured by the 6-min walk test distance (6MWTD). Methods We performed a retrospective analysis on the treatment group of the Endobronchial Valve for Emphysema Palliation Trial (VENT) to evaluate the impact of perfusion, measured by 99m Tc-MAA-perfusion scintigraphy, on the 6-month improvement in 6MWTD. A mixed-model analysis was performed for the treatment outcome, adjusting for other variables such as age, target lobe position, fissure integrity, BMI, sex, destruction score, and lobar exclusion. Results Dichotomized at the median, of the 169 patients who received EBV therapy, 88 had a low target lobe regional perfusion and 81 had high target lobe regional perfusion at baseline. Patients with a low target lobe regional perfusion had a significant improvement in 6MWTD when compared with those with a high baseline target lobe regional perfusion (30.24 m vs 3.72 m, P = .03). Shifts in perfusion after EBV therapy occurred only in patients with high baseline perfusion and did not correlate with improved 6MWTD. Conclusions Patients having heterogeneous emphysema with a low baseline target lobe regional perfusion benefit from EBV therapy, independent of the degree of target lobe destruction. This effect is attenuated if the EBV therapy is not occlusive. Characterization of baseline perfusion may enhance clinical results of patients with emphysema undergoing EBV therapy. Trial registry ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00000606; URL: www.clincialtrials.gov
Levels of total cyanide and NaCl in surface waters adjacent to road salt storage facilities.

Abstract Concentrations of Na, Cl and total cyanide (simple+complex forms of cyanide) in surface waters adjacent to uncovered, outdoor sand-salt storage facilities were monitored for the calendar year 1988. Runoff of deicing salt from these unprotected sand-salt piles resulted in Cl concentrations up to 13 500 mg liter−1 in surrounding surface waters indicating substantial leaching of road salt from sand-salt storage lots. The use of sodium hexacyanoferrate (II) as an anti-caking agent in road salt resulted in up to 200 μg liter−1 total cyanide (CN) in surface waters adjacent to sand-salt piles. Concentrations of Na and Cl were highest during the summer months whereas the concentrations of total CN were highest during the autumn months. The observed concentrations of total CN were less than the calculated maximum concentrations based on total CN content of pure road salt indicating that sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) was being adsorbed during overland flow onto soils and/or sediments of the wetlands. A laboratory adsorption study using five soils and a road salt solution showed that the soils adsorbed from 25 to 83% of the sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) present in the soil-road salt suspensions. The percentage of sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) adsorbed on soils increased with decreasing soil pH.
Stability of partial difference equations governing control gains in infinite-dimensional backstepping☆

Abstract We examine the stability properties of a class of LTV difference equations on an infinite-dimensional state space that arise in backstepping designs for parabolic PDEs. The nominal system matrix of the difference equation has a special structure: all of its powers have entries that are −1, 0, or 1, and all of the eigenvalues of the matrix are on the unit circle. The difference equation is driven by initial conditions, additive forcing, and a system matrix perturbation, all of which depend on problem data (for example, viscosity and reactivity in the case of a reaction–diffusion equation), and all of which go to zero as the discretization step in the backstepping design goes to zero. All of these observations, combined with the fact that the equation evolves only in a number of steps equal to the dimension of its state space, combined with the discrete Gronwall inequality, establish that the difference equation has bounded solutions. This, in turn, guarantees the existence of a state-feedback gain kernel in the backstepping control law. With this approach we greatly expand, relative to our previous results, the class of parabolic PDEs to which backstepping is applicable.
PLANNING MULTIPLE LOCATION INVENTORIES.

Supplying customer demand from comparable alternate inventory locations when an item is out of stock at its primary stocking point creates a virtual inventory for that item. The expectation is that if more inventories can be drawn upon, the inventory for an item would be lower, the fill rate would be higher, or both. While generally true that safety stocks will be lower, regular stocks, on the other hand, may rise with such cross filling of demand. In this study, a methodology is developed that balances the cross filling effects on both regular and safety stocks for determining whether an inventoried item should be cross-filled. An example and guidelines are given to show how the methodology can be simplified and applied in practice.
Coordination of EOD frequency and pulse duration in a weakly electric wave fish: the influence of androgens

1. The electric organ discharge (EOD) of wave-type weakly electric fish is generated as an extremely regular series of electric organ pulses. Measurements of pulse duration and EOD frequency were made in the speciesSternopygus andEigenmannia. Pulse duration is highly inversely correlated with EOD frequency in a population of fish, so that the EOD waveform remains quasisinusoidal over the species range of EOD frequencies. This places most of the energy of the EOD within the fundamental harmonic to which the electroreceptors are most sensitive. 2. Treatment with the anesthetic MS-222 transiently lowers EOD frequency, but does not change pulse duration. This demonstrates that pulse duration is independent of immediate EOD frequency and, therefore, of the medullary pacemaker nucleus (PMN). 3. InSternopygus, small monophasic potentials could be recorded outside the tails of curarized fish. These were of constant duration and shape across all fish regardless of the fish's EOD frequency. The location along the body where this potential reversed polarity was close to, although not identical with, the isopotential line for the EOD pulse. These potentials were partially blocked by the curare. They probably represent the summed psps of the synchronously-firing electrocytes. This result supports the hypothesis that differences in EOD waveform, specifically pulse duration, arise from electrocyte membrane events following the psp (postsynaptic potential). 4. Implantation ofSternopygus with 5-α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in silastic capsules results in decreased EOD frequencies, as previously reported for this species (Meyer and Zakon 1982; Meyer 1983). In addition, corresponding significant increases in EOD pulse duration occurred (a mean increase of about 1.3 ms or 24%). No changes were measured in controls implanted with empty capsules. The maximum decrease in EOD frequency and increase in pulse duration plateau at different times, suggesting that they are the result of different processes. After removal of the hormone capsules, EOD frequency and pulse duration reverted to baseline levels within a few weeks. 5. These results demonstrate a degree of coordination between the PMN and the electric organ not previously recognized. It is likely that androgens play a role in this process. If, as proposed, the electrocyte membrane properties determine the characteristics of the waveform, then the androgen must act on both the PMN and the electrocytes to keep EOD frequency and pulse duration in register.
The Causal Linkage of Control Policy and Its Targets: The Case of Wheat

Measurement of the impact of a policy instrument (I) on a target variable (X) which is the object of control traditionally has relied upon the hypothesis that I is exogenous to X. Given this hypothesis, a reduced form equation relating X to I is specified and estimated. However, this specification ignores the fact that the level at which the instrument I is set and the desired level of the variable X are both
Genome-wide identification of binding sites for NAC and YABBY transcription factors and co-regulated genes during soybean seedling development by ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq

Two plant-specific transcription factors, NAC and YABBY, are involved in important plant developmental processes. However their molecular mechanisms, especially DNA binding sites and co-regulated genes, are largely unknown during soybean seedling development. In order to identify genome-wide binding sites of specific members of the NAC and YABBY transcription factors and co-regulated genes, we performed Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) using cotyledons from soybean seedling developmental stages. Our RNA-Seq data revealed that these particular NAC and YABBY transcription factors showed a clear pattern in their expression during soybean seedling development. The highest level of their expression was found in seedling developmental stage 4 when cotyledons undergo a physiological transition from non-photosynthetic storage tissue to a metabolically active photosynthetic tissue. Our ChIP-Seq data identified 72 genes potentially regulated by the NAC and 96 genes by the YABBY transcription factors examined. Our RNA-Seq data revealed highly differentially expressed candidate genes regulated by the NAC transcription factor include lipoxygense, pectin methyl esterase inhibitor, DEAD/DEAH box helicase and homeobox associated proteins. YABBY-regulated genes include AP2 transcription factor, fatty acid desaturase and WRKY transcription factor. Additionally, we have identified DNA binding motifs for the NAC and YABBY transcription factors. Genome-wide determination of binding sites for NAC and YABBY transcription factors and identification of candidate genes regulated by these transcription factors will advance the understanding of complex gene regulatory networks during soybean seedling development. Our data imply that there is transcriptional reprogramming during the functional transition of cotyledons from non-photosynthetic storage tissue to metabolically active photosynthetic tissue.
Adjuvant hormonal therapy for early-stage breast cancer

Adjuvant endocrine treatment is an essential component in therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Among postmenopausal patients, options include tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, or a sequence of these agents. Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors have distinctive side-effect profiles. Among premenopausal women, tamoxifen remains the standard treatment. The role of ovarian suppression in addition to tamoxifen is under investigation. Questions about the duration of adjuvant endocrine therapy, the use of biomarkers for treatment selection and prognosis, and the management of side effects of adjuvant endocrine therapy remain key areas of investigation.
Interspecific hybrid identification of Vitis aestivalis-derived ‘Norton’-based populations using microsatellite markers

Abstract The Vitis aestivalis -derived ‘Norton’ is one of the very few commercial red grape varieties that can be grown in regions with high disease pressure and cold temperatures in winter and spring where V. vinifera is difficult to grow. This study began with the objectives of generating interspecific hybrids of Norton and V. vinifera (Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, Syrah, and Merlot) in order to combine the disease resistance and cold hardiness characters of V. aestivalis with the excellent wine quality of V. vinifera . Norton grapes were also crossed with the Vitis interspecific hybrid ‘Vignoles’ for the same reason. The true hybrids obtained from all of the crosses were identified using microsatellite markers. A high percentage of hybrids (70–92%) were obtained in all crosses except Norton × Merlot (17%). Results demonstrate the reliability of SSR markers for Norton-based interspecific hybrid identification.
Effects of intratesticular aflatoxin B1 on rat testes and blood estrogens

Abstract An investigation of the effects of aflatoxin B 1 on rat testes and plasma estrogens is reported. A normal saline-suspended aflatoxin B 1 was injected into right testes of mature Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 0, 5, 10, 25 or 50 μg. Effects were evaluated by histopathological alterations of the testes and by levels of plasma estrogens estimated by a modified Dextron-Charcoal radioimmune assay. Significant gross lesions were present in testes injected with the 50 μg dose. There was a 50% reduction in size and weight as compared to the left testis. Histological changes were dose-dependent, with minimal or no changes at 5 μg and maximal effects at 50 μg. The lesions varied from mild testicular degeneration to complete disappearance of cellular components. Interstitial cell proliferation, occasional calcification of seminiferous tubules, and absence of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa were extreme toxic effects. Estrogen concentrations in injected rats were reduced compared to those of control and normal rats. This study suggested that following intratesticular aflatoxin B 1 exerts a direct toxic effect on testes with a reduction in plasma estrogen levels.
HAWAII'S HEPATITIS B PERINATAL PROGRAM. † 650

Hawaii's Hepatitis B Perinatal Program was established within the State Department of Health in December 1985. On May 24, 1990, the state law was amended to require prenatal screening of all pregnant women for hepatitis B. The effectiveness of identifying HBsAg-positive pregnant women through this universal screening and consequent post-exposure prophylaxis of infants born to those women was examined. Between January 1, 1986 and December 31, 1992, a total of 108,797 infants were born in the state. During that same period, 1,772 infants born to HBV-carrier mothers were identified by the Program. At an estimated HBV-carrier rate of 1.5%, this number represented an identification rate of 93%.
Diminished photoisomerization of active ruthenium water oxidation catalyst by anchoring to metal oxide electrodes

Abstract Surface-binding of molecular water oxidation catalysts through phosphonated ligands offers a promising strategy for attaching homogeneous catalysts onto conductive or semiconductive oxide surfaces for heterogeneous catalysis. In this work, the highly active [Ru(tpy)(pynap)OH2]2+ (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine; pynap = 2-(pyrid-2′-yl)-1,8-naphthyridine) water oxidation catalyst is attached onto metal oxide electrodes through a phosphate group. Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical results confirm that ruthenium oxidation chemistries and water oxidation proficiency remain largely unaffected by phosphonation. Surface-binding reveals minimal photoisomerization of the active d-form and allows us to evaluate photoelectrochemical and mechanistic properties of the catalyst. Spectroelectrochemical experiments support the evolution of multiple ruthenium oxidation states in agreement with Pourbaix diagrams. Although photoisomerization of d-[Ru(H2PO3-tpy)(pynap)OH2]2+ is considerably hindered when the catalyst is attached onto a rigid oxide electrode, surface desorption remains a major challenge.
Mars: Are Observed White Clouds composed of H2O?

A total of 252 occurrences of white clouds are studied. Water abundances are compared with those of white clouds as a function of latitude on Mars. It appears not necessarily to be the case that observed cloud frequencies will always follow water abundances. Martian white cloud frequencies tend to follow the distribution of water both seasonally and latitudinally on the planet, which strongly suggests that most white clouds are formed from water vapor.
Acid Rock in the Great Smokies: Unanticipated Impact on Aquatic Biota of Road Construction in Regions of Sulfide Mineralization

Abstract After the completion of a highway construction project in Great Smoky Mountains National Park in 1963, a fish kill was noted in a small stream draining an area of roadbed fill. After 10 years, the stream remained devoid of fish for at least 8 km downstream from the fill. The downstream water had a pH of 4.5 to 5.9; upstream from the fill the pH was 6.5 to 7.0. The rock material in the fill contains iron sulfide minerals. Other streams in the area flowing on the sulfide-rich rocks also showed low pH values. Survivability tests and stream surveys showed that brook trout cannot tolerate conditions in the stream below the road fill or in a stream flowing over natural outcrops of the same rock used in construction of the road fill. Native salamanders were also adversely affected downstream from the road fill. Chemical analyses of stream water and leaching tests indicated that lowered pH and increased sulfate and metals concentrations derived from the leaching of the sulfide-rich rocks were responsible...
Microscopic investigation of single-wall carbon nanotube uptake by Daphnia magna

The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of absorption of functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) across the gut epithelial cells in Daphnia magna. Several microscopic...
Frequency Response of Gas-Filled Tube With Minor Losses

The results of a study of the frequency response of a pneumatic system designed to provide pulsed flow for flow control applications are presented. The system consists of a high pressure air source, a high-frequency solenoid valve, a length of tube and a minor loss. The experiment mimics the pneumatic drive for our Coanda-Assisted Spray Manipulation actuator and applies to many flow control applications involving pulsed flow. Square wave signals of various frequency were fed to the solenoid valve. The flow at the exit of the flow system was measured with a single hot wire and compared to steady flow through the same geometry. The effect of the inlet pressure, tube length and the size and position of the minor loss were tested. These data are modeled using a Transmission Matrix Model in.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Structure of the E. Coli Gyrase DNA Binding and Cleavage Core Reveals A Unique Domain

DNA topoisomerases are essential enzymes that sustain chromosome supercoiling homeostasis in all forms of life. DNA gyrase, a heterotetrameric type IIA topoisomerase, has the unique ability to introduce negative supercoils into DNA, helping maintain bacterial genomes in a compact, underwound state. Though all gyrase orthologs use a set of homologous domains and a central “two-gate” mechanism for passing one DNA segment through another, they also exhibit critical family-specific differences. For example, the metal- and DNA-binding TOPRIM domain of gyrases found in many gamma- and beta-proteobacteria contains a 170-amino acid insertion of unknown function. We have solved the crystal structure of the E.coli gyrase DNA binding and cleavage core, visualizing this insertion for the first time. Biochemical analyses of a structure-guided deletion mutant lacking this region reveal that it may help coordinate the activities of gyrase's distal ATPase and DNA binding gates.
Capacity of composite networks: Combining social and wireless ad hoc networks

We define composite networks when nodes communicate only with their long-range social contacts and there is no direct link between a node and its long-range contact. Each node has a single long-range contact and all nodes within its transmission range are local contacts for the node. The long-range contact is the destination for each node in the network and since there is no direct link from source to its destination, nodes communicate using multi-hop communications. This is an extension of the famous work by Kleinberg [3] to random wireless ad hoc networks. The throughput capacity of such networks is studied. The routing is based on each node sending the packets to one of its local contacts until the packets reach the destination. The long-range contact distance from a source follows power law distribution with parameter a which is a characteristic of social networks. A tight bound of throughput capacity for different values of a is derived. The results demonstrate that when a increases or equivalently the distance between source and destination decreases, the throughput capacity increases. For a > 3, throughput capacity of 0(1/ log n) is achieved by utilizing simple point-to-point communications where n is the total number of nodes in the network. This is the maximum feasible throughput that can be achieved in point-to-point communications. The result demonstrates the effect of social groups on wireless ad hoc networks. A new parameter called degradation factor is defined which illustrates the asymptotic behavior of networks for large values of n1.
Maximizing all margins: Pushing face recognition with Kernel Plurality

We present two theses in this paper: First, performance of most existing face recognition algorithms improves if instead of the whole image, smaller patches are individually classified followed by label aggregation using voting. Second, weighted plurality1 voting outperforms other popular voting methods if the weights are set such that they maximize the victory margin for the winner with respect to each of the losers. Moreover, this can be done while taking higher order relationships among patches into account using kernels. We call this scheme Kernel Plurality. We verify our proposals with detailed experimental results and show that our framework with Kernel Plurality improves the performance of various face recognition algorithms beyond what has been previously reported in the literature. Furthermore, on five different benchmark datasets - Yale A, CMU PIE, MERL Dome, Extended Yale B and Multi-PIE, we show that Kernel Plurality in conjunction with recent face recognition algorithms can provide state-of-the-art results in terms of face recognition rates.
A Broadband CMOS Amplitude Detector for On-Chip RF Measurements

This paper presents a CMOS RF amplitude detector as a practical integrated test device and demonstrates its application for on-chip testing. The proposed circuit performs full-wave rectification and generates a dc voltage proportional to the amplitude of an RF signal over a wide frequency range. The design considerations and analysis of operation for the employed class-AB rectifier are described. Fabricated in a standard 0.35-mum CMOS process, the RF detector uses only 0.031 of area and presents an equivalent input capacitance of 13 fF. Measurements show that this RF test device has a detection dynamic range of 30 dB from 900 MHz to 2.4 GHz. Experimental results for the application of the RF amplitude detector in the built-in measurement of the gain and compression of a 1.6-GHz low-noise amplifier fabricated in the same chip are also presented.