cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Five-Year Outcomes From a Prospective Comparative Effectiveness Study Evaluating External Beam Radiotherapy With Low Dose-Rate Brachytherapy Boost and Prostatectomy for Localized Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) High-quality data comparing radical prostatectomy (RP) and external beam radiotherapy plus low dose-rate brachytherapy boost (EBRT-LDR) are lacking. To better inform treatment selection, we compared patient reported functional outcomes (PROs) through 5 years following RP or EBRT-LDR for localized prostate cancer. MATERIALS/METHODS Men were enrolled from 2011-2012 on this multicenter prospective study. Enrollment criteria were: 1) age < 80 years, 2) prostate-specific antigen < 50 ng/dL, and 3) a pathologically-confirmed diagnosis of localized prostate adenocarcinoma within 6 months of enrollment. PROs collected at baseline, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 years included the Expanded Prostate Index Composite (EPIC), Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the Clark treatment-related regret scale. Regression models adjusted for patient characteristics and baseline function. Minimum clinically important point differences for EPIC domains were defined: 4-6 bowel function, 5-7 urinary irritation, 6-9 urinary incontinence, and 10-12 sexual function. RESULTS Among the entire cohort, 112 received EBRT-LDR and 1553 RP. EBRT-LDR patients were older (median [quartiles]: 66 [60-71] vs. 62 [57-66); P < 0.001) and more commonly had high-risk disease (24% vs. 17%; P = 0.039). Compared to treatment with RP, treatment with EBRT-LDR was associated with clinically meaningful worse bowel (adjusted mean difference, [95% confidence interval]: -9.1 [-11.9, -6.4] P < 0.001 at 1 year; -4.0 [-6.9, -1.1], P = 0.006 at 5 years), worse urinary irritative (1 year: -13.4 [-17.6, -9.2], P < 0.001; 5 year: -5.0 [-8.7, -1.3], P = 0.008), and better urinary incontinence function (1 year: 15.1 [11.0, 19.2], P < 0.001; 5 years: 13.3 [7.7, 18.9], P < 0.001) through 5 years. Men reported similar frequency of moderate to big problem with urinary function between treatment groups through 5 years (1 year: 12% RP vs. 15% EBRT-LDR, P = 0.52; 5 years: 13% vs. 15%, P = 0.50). EBRT-LDR was associated with clinically meaningful better sexual function through 1 year (12 [6.5, 17.5]; P < 0.001 at 1 year), however, sexual function was not clinically different at subsequent timepoints (6.7 [-0.1, 13.4], P = 0.05 at 5 years). There were no clinically meaningful differences between treatment groups in physical functioning, emotional well-being, or energy and fatigue. There was no difference in treatment-related regret between groups at 5 years. CONCLUSION Compared to RP, EBRT-LDR was associated with clinically meaningful worse urinary irritative and bowel function and better urinary incontinence function through 5 years after treatment. These patient-reported functional outcomes may clarify treatment expectations and help men make informed treatment choices for their localized prostate cancer.
High-Grade Surface Osteosarcoma

High-grade surface osteosarcoma is a high-grade bone-forming neoplasm which arises on the surface of the bone. It has a male predominance. Peak incidence is in the second decade of life. A majority of patients are in the second and third decades of life. Radiologically, the lesion presents a large mass with a broad-based attachment to the underlying bone. There is a dense to moderate mineralization with a fluffy immature appearance. There is partial cortical destruction and periosteal new bone. Histologically, it is identical to conventional osteosarcoma (osteoblastic, chondroblastic, fibroblastic subtypes). All tumors are high grade. Treatment consists of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical resection with a wide margin.
Death-Defining Immune Responses After Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death whereby characteristic internal cellular dismantling is accompanied by the preservation of plasma membrane integrity. Maintaining this order during apoptosis prevents the release of cellular contents and ensures a noninflammatory death. Here, we consider examples of apoptosis in different contexts and discuss how the same form of cell death could have different immunological consequences. Multiple parameters such as cell death as a result of microbial infection, the nature of the inflammatory microenvironment, the type of responding phagocytic cells and the genetic background of the host organism all differentially influence the immunological consequences of apoptosis.
Optimized poly-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/-gate technology for dual gate CMOS application

Scaling of CMOS technology to the deep-submicron regime has been driven by the need for higher speed and integration density, as well as lower power operation. Dual-gate technology offers several advantages, including reduced short-channel effect (SCE) by surface-channel operation of both NMOS and PMOS devices, and low and symmetrical threshold voltages required for low supply voltages. However, new problems such as the poly-gate-depletion effect (PDE) emerge as the dimensions of devices enter the deep-submicron regime. Poly-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ has recently been reported as a promising alternative gate material. Poly-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/-gated devices with lower gate sheet resistance, higher current drive and less PDE as compared to conventional poly-Si-gated devices have been demonstrated. In this work poly-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ dual-gate CMOS performance is demonstrated to be optimized at /spl sim/20% Ge content in terms of SCE and PDE. The use of poly-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ gate can help to alleviate boron penetration problem without degrading gate oxide reliability.
Role Change of Developed Countries and Emerging Economic Entities in Global Governance

with rapid development of globalization, numerous global problems appear, and global governance thus emerges. For a long time, the elite club G8 Group which consists of developed countries monopolizes and leads global governance, while vast developing countries are at the edge of global governance stage. However, due to increasingly complex and severe global problems, defects of G8 mechanism, low execution efficiency and legality problem, governance ability of G8 declines continuously. As emerging economic entities rise, G20 gradually replaces G8 and becomes a main mode of global governance. The role that emerging economic entities play stands out increasingly. In addition, participation in global governance by emerging economic entities intensively reflects interests and appeals of developing countries. In the future, emerging economic entities will become important force in politic and economic fields in the world.
Metastatic prostate cancer mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

![Figure][1] A 47-year-old African American man presented with lightheadedness and exertional dyspnea. Laboratory work revealed: hemoglobin, 2.9 g/dL; platelets, 17 × 109/L; and lactate dehydrogenase, 1492 IU/L. Folate, B12, and coagulation studies were normal. His peripheral smear showed
Municipal solid waste landfill leachate treatment and electricity production using microbial fuel cells.

Microbial fuel cells were designed and operated to treat landfill leachate while simultaneously producing electricity. Two designs were tested in batch cycles using landfill leachate as a substrate without inoculation (908 to 3,200 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD)): Circle (934 mL) and large-scale microbial fuel cells (MFC) (18.3 L). A total of seven cycles were completed for the Circle MFC and two cycles for the larger-scale MFC. Maximum power densities of 24 to 31 mW/m2 (653 to 824 mW/m3) were achieved using the Circle MFC, and a maximum voltage of 635 mV was produced using the larger-scale MFC. In the Circle MFC, COD, biological oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), and ammonia were removed at an average of 16%, 62%, 23%, and 20%, respectively. The larger-scale MFC achieved an average of 74% BOD removal, 27% TOC removal, and 25% ammonia reduction while operating over 52 days. Analysis of the microbial characteristics of the leachate indicates that there might be both supportive and inhibiting bacteria in landfill leachate for operation of an MFC. Issues related to scale-up and heterogeneity of a mixed substrate remain.
Exciton relaxation and energy transfer dynamics in size selected polythiophenes

Using fluorescence upconversion and two-color photon echo spectroscopy we have investigated the initial relaxation and subsequent energy transfer dynamics in a series of size-selected polythiophenes with and without fullerene termination.
“I don't belong here”: Chicanas/Latinas at a Hispanic Serving Institution Creating Community Through Muxerista Mentoring

In order to create more diverse communities and greater social justice in academia, a group of Chicana/Latina junior faculty at a Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI) established a research collaborative, Research for the Educational Advancement of Latin@s (REAL). Using a co-operative inquiry and dialogical epistemology, we document how REAL is an agency of transformative resistance to combat racism and sexism within academia. Also we reveal the importance of peer “muxerista mentoring” as an ideology and practice in building a supportive community in the bid for tenure. We provide implications and recommendations for the retention, tenure, and promotion of Chicana/Latina faculty.
Healing Options during the Plague: Survivor Stories from a Fourteenth-Century Canonization Inquest

Witness testimonies in the 1363 canonization inquest for Countess Delphine de Puimchel help us explore differing reactions to the first two waves of plague in 1348 and 1361, the diverse social and healing networks available to the sick, and the importance of affect in the healing process. Every witness in the inquest had lived through both the 1348 and 1361 epidemics. Their testimonies show that sufferers actively sought out healing even when they feared that none existed, healing practitioners continued to care for the sick through both waves of epidemic, and emotion played an important role in sufferers’ healing. Their language allows us to look at the interaction between miracle and medicine, the interaction of healing practitioners, and the expectations of sufferers during severe epidemics in the later Middle Ages.
Timing and magnitude of systolic stretch affect myofilament activation and mechanical work.

Dyssynchronous activation of the heart leads to abnormal regional systolic stretch. In vivo studies have suggested that the timing of systolic stretch can affect regional tension and external work development. In the present study, we measured the direct effects of systolic stretch timing on the magnitude of tension and external work development in isolated murine right ventricular papillary muscles. A servomotor was used to impose precisely timed stretches relative to electrical activation while a force transducer measured force output and strain was monitored using a charge-couple device camera and topical markers. Stretches taking place during peak intracellular Ca2+ statistically increased peak tension up to 270%, whereas external work due to stretches in this interval reached values of 500 J/m. An experimental analysis showed that time-varying elastance overestimated peak tension by 100% for stretches occurring after peak isometric tension. The addition of the force-velocity relation explained some effects of stretches occurring before the peak of the Ca2+ transient but had no effect in later stretches. An estimate of transient deactivation was measured by performing quick stretches to dissociate cross-bridges. The timing of transient deactivation explained the remaining differences between the model and experiment. These results suggest that stretch near the start of cardiac tension development substantially increases twitch tension and mechanical work production, whereas late stretches decrease external work. While the increased work can mostly be explained by the time-varying elastance of cardiac muscle, the decreased work in muscles stretched after the peak of the Ca2+ transient is largely due to myofilament deactivation.
Microstructure and Fatigue Behavior of Nickel-base Eutectic Composites

The high cycle fatigue bahavior of three advanced nickel-base eutectic composites, Nitac 14B, Cotac 744 and AG-170 (γ/γ′-α) has been determined at 25°C and 825°C. Nitac 14B displays superior fatigue resistance at high stress levels at 25°C, and at all stress levels at 825°C. Transmission electron microscopy revealed dislocation motion in TaC fibers of Nitac 14B during fatigue at 25°C and in molybdenum fibers (AG-170) at both 25°C and 825°C. In addition, precipitate particles have been observed within the molybdenum fibers after cyclic loading at 825°C. The relationships among observed microstructural changes, fractographic features and fatigue behavior is discussed.
Gravity studies on Montana, Wyoming, and Washington

Since the previous report [Bonini, 1965] the Princeton gravity program has been directed mostly toward detailed studies to aid in the solution of specific geologic problems. Some stations have been observed, however, purely to fill in blank areas as a contribution to the preparation of state maps. Worden meter W-57 was used before 1966 and LaCoste-Romberg instruments were used in 1966 and later. Figure 1 identifies by numbers the areas covered by specific projects, summarized below, for which some preliminary unpublished interpretations are presented. Area 1 covers the Teton Range and Jackson Hole, Wyoming, where Princeton gravity data have been incorporated with additional gravity, seismic-refraction, and aeromagnetic data into a comprehensive report [Behrendt et al., 1968]. Similarly, the gravity map and interpretation of area 2, the Boulder batholith of Montana, have been published [Biehler and Bonini, 1969].
High-Resolution Airglow and Aurora Spectrograph (HIRAAS) sounding rocket experiment

The High Resolution Airglow and Aurora Spectrograph flew on sounding rockets in 1990, 1992, and 1994. The instrument obtained over 300 exposures (600 spectra) varying in length from 0.3 seconds to 10 seconds during the three flights. The first two flights observed the UV dayglow above the White Sands Missile Range, Las Cruces, NM. The instrument was flown a third time from the Poker Flat Research Range, Fairbanks, AK where it observed a proton aurora. We will present an overview of the instrument and discuss its calibration and its performance during the three flights.
An investigation of the accuracy of manifold methods and splitting schemes in the computational implementation of combustion chemistry

Abstract This paper is concerned with the efficient computational implementation of combustion chemistry, for use in PDF methods and other applications. A new method of coupling reactions and mixing processes based on manifold points with detailed chemistry is developed. Investigations are made of three different kinds of methods: the direct numerical integration of the coupled reaction and mixing equations; the direct numerical integration of the equations obtained by using operator-splitting to split reaction and mixing; and the new method—solving the split system based on manifold points with detailed chemical kinetics. Errors between the solutions are studied. It is found that chemical reactions have a significant influence on the accuracy of operator-splitting methods. The solution of the split systems based on manifold points provides an accurate representation for the solution of the full coupled equations. This means that tabulations can be made on manifolds with no simplification made to the chemistry.
Open Doors and Iron Cages Supervisors’ Responses to Employee Dissent

Organizational dissent and employee voice have been linked to benefits for companies and employees, but part of realizing those benefits is how a supervisor responds to subordinates’ communication. Two studies presented here explored supervisors’ responses to dissent. Results from Study One indicated a continuum of responses to dissent from instrumental support to rejection. However, managers in all points along that continuum claimed to be “open” to employees. In contrast to previous research, supervisors were apt to choose not to act on dissent rather than sanctioning the dissenter. Results also specified conditions that increased the likelihood of employee dissent being successful. Study Two further explored those conditions by comparing supervisors’ recollections of dissent to their perceptions of the effectiveness and appropriateness of that dissent. Both studies draw attention to multiple perspectives of employee dissent and to the importance of supervisors’ perceptions in their responses and in the...
Rotational bands with identical transition energies in actinide nuclei.

We point out the existence of ground-state rotational bands with identical transition energies (up to spin 8\ensuremath{\Elzxh}) in $^{240}\mathrm{Pu}$, $^{244}\mathrm{Cm}$, $^{246}\mathrm{Cm}$, and $^{250}\mathrm{Cf}$. The corresponding transitions in the ground-state bands of $^{236}\mathrm{U}$ and $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ have identical energies (within \ensuremath{\sim}2 keV) up to spin 24\ensuremath{\Elzxh}. These features are very similar to those recently observed for superdeformed bands in the mass-150 and mass-190 regions and suggest that the phenomenon of identical bands is not restricted to superdeformed bands.
Parents' preferences regarding appearance and attire of orthodontists

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate parents' preferences regarding the appearance and attire of orthodontists. Materials and Methods: Parents attending their child's first orthodontic appointment were asked to choose from among sets of photographs of potential orthodontic providers. Selected factors were varied within the sets, including sex and age of the provider as well as attire (casual, formal, white coat, or scrubs), hairstyle (loose or tied back for women, facial hair or clean shaven for men), and presence of a nametag. Results: A total of 77 parents participated. There were significant differences in choice of provider in terms of the provider's sex (P .05). Conclusion: Parents of orthodontic patients demonstrated clear preferences for choosing a provider related to factors that are not within the control of the pra...
Pneumonia preceding respiratory failure. A rare, easily misleading clinical manifestation in adult Arnold-Chiari malformation.

A 47-year-old woman was admitted for bilateral lower lobe pneumonia with respiratory distress. Two episodes of respiratory failure developed despite improvement of pneumonia after antibiotic chemotherapy. Loss of consciousness and quadriplegia accompanied the last episode of respiratory failure. Arnold-Chiari malformation type 1 was diagnosed and a suboccipital craniectomy was performed. The neuromuscular and respiratory disorders greatly improved after operation. We believe that ACM 1 should be considered when an adult develops unexpected respiratory failure after improvement of the primary pulmonary condition. This disease is potentially treatable by surgical management, and if it is misdiagnosed, will be fatal. (Chest 1991; 99:1294-95)
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

Munchausen Syndrome by proxy as a form of child abuse is appearing with greater frequency in the literature. It is essential for pediatric nurses to know this form of child abuse and to aid in early detection, diagnosis, and intervention. The purpose of this article is to present a model of care to assist nurses in detecting and managing affected children and their families.
TAPED VOCALIZATION AS A REINFORCER OF VOCAL BEHAVIOR IN A SIAMANG GIBBON (SYMPHALANGUS SYNDACTYLUS)

Summary.-The experiment demonstrated operant control of the vocal behavior of an adult male siamang by using taped vocalizations of wild siamangs as the reinforcer. The procedure consisted of 38 sessions divided into five phases. Baseline (three sessions) : taped vocalizations were presented continuously until the subjea made two vocal responses, then were terminated entirely. Opwani 1 (five sessions) : following elicitation of vocal behavior, taped vocalizations were presented contingently on any vocal response by the subject. Operant 2 (nine sessions) : a 5-min. elicitation period preceded rhe onset of the contingency period. Discrimination-extincrion ( 12 sessions) : the 5-min. elicitation period was followed by an extinction period in which no taped answering calls were presented. Reconditioning (nine sessions) : the procedure was identical to that for Operant 2. During all phases, the session continued until the subject ceased emitting vocal responses. Mean times spent calling for the last three sessions of each phase were: Baseline, 0.0 (min.); Operant 1, 1.60; Operant 2, 6.50; Discrimination-extinction, 3.56; and Reconditioning, 6.71. The results represent the operant control of a prepotent, species-typical pattern of behavior by use of a reinforcing stimulus that is specifically relevant to that behavior.
Lipase-catalysed condensation of fatty acids with hydroxylamine.

Abstract A lipase-catalysed condensation of fatty acid and hydroxylamine is described. Reaction in liver extracts follows the inhibition pattern of liver lipase, hexyl resorcinol and fluoride acting as powerful inhibitors. On fractionation of hog liver extract, the esterase and condensation activities remain associated. An analogous reaction is found with pancreatine. The condensation with hydroxylamine on lipase occurs only with relatively high concentrations of hydroxylamine and the reaction is further enhanced by increase of the fatty acid concentration. To obtain considerable hydroxamic acid formation, the concentration of 0.4 to 0.6 molar of hydroxylamine is required. With liver esterase, the chain length optimun is found with octanoate, while pancreas lipase reacts little with compounds containing below 8 carbons, and shows optimum activity with dodecanoate. The observations indicate that a relatively small change of free energy occurs with condensation of fatty acids with hydroxylamine to form hydroxamic acid. For the determination of the hydroxamic acid of long-chain fatty acids, a 50% alcoholic medium is required because of the water insolubility of this compound. The hydroxamic acid determination was modified for 50% ethanol-water.
Exploring Differences in Family Involvement and Depressive Symptoms across Latino Adolescent Groups

This study investigated the association between family involvement and depressive symptoms among a sample of 187 Dominican, Mexican, and Central American adolescents from the Longitudinal Immigrant Student Adaptation Study. The study used the transactional stress model as its theoretical foundation. Findings from a multiple regression model suggest that low levels of family involvement were significantly related to higher levels of depressive symptoms for Dominican youths but not for Mexican or Central American youths. Latina adolescents were significantly more likely to have higher rates of depressive symptoms than their male counterparts. Research and practice implications are discussed.
13C13C spin coupling constants in tetrahydronaphthylene, hexahydrobenzanthracene and benzo[a]pyrene derivatives

The 13C13C spin coupling constants have been determined in substituted [1-13C]tetrahydronaphthylenes, [5-13C]hexahydrobenzanthracenes and [5-13C]benzanthracene. In addition, the 13C13C spin coupling constants for 7-hydroxy[7-13C]benzopyrene, trans-7,8-dihydro[7-13C]benzopyrene-7,8-diol and trans-7,8-dihydro[10-13C]benzopyrene-7,8-diol are reported, together with the one-bond carbon-carbon coupling constants between C-4 and C-5 in selected 4,5-disubstituted benzopyrenes. Values for the directly bonded coupling constants and long-range coupling constants are similar to those reported previously for other aromatic and aliphatic systems. Substituent effects on carbon-carbon coupling are compared for similarly substituted cyclic and acyclic systems.
Prediction of turbulent combustion flowfields behind a backward-facing step

Turbulent combustion flowfields behind a backward-facin g step are examined by using different boundary conditions and various computational assumptions. The effect of combustion on the flow is also studied. Hydrogen and methane are the two gaseous fuels chosen for this investigation. Both a conventional law of the wall method and a recently developed low Reynolds number model are tested. Two types of statistical models are employed in the combustion simulations to take into account species fluctuations. The results are primarily fourfold: 1) The fluctuation of the fuel mass fraction is insignificant for the Reynolds number examined in this paper; 2) different statistical models produce almost identical results; 3) the law of the wall model predicts a shorter reattachment length than the low Reynolds number model does; and 4) the effect of combustion is to shorten the reattachment length of the flow field, and the reattachment length is more a function of the amount of heat input to the system than a function of the type of fuel or a function of the injection rate in a reactive flow system.
Renal medullary cystic disease: assessment by MRI

Medullary cystic disease is an important cause of renal failure in adolescent patients. Imaging plays a primary role in the diagnosis of this entity as cysts are characteristically seen in the renal medulla and corticomedullary junction with normal to small sized kidneys. Imaging studies that do not use intravenous contrast or ionizing radiation are particularly useful given the young age of these patients and presence of renal failure. In this case, we demonstrate the imaging findings of medullary cystic disease by MRI.
Gamma ray and π0 production from hydrogen and complex nuclei by 270–375 MeV gamma rays

Abstract Measurements are reported on the differential cross section for secondary gamma ray production on hydrogen and nuclear targets at 90° in the laboratory through the interactions of primary gamma rays in the energy range 270–375 MeV. A difference method using bremsstrahlung beams at different end point energies was employed. The gamma ray detector was a high resolution Nal(Tl) spectrometer and time of flight discrimination was used to reject neutrons. For incident gamma rays in the range 270–375 MeV the first pion nucleon resonance is strongly excited and the observed gamma ray yields are consistent with those expected due to an admixture of coherent and incoherent π0 photoproduction in the resonance region. The experiment marks the first successful use of a large Nal(Tl) crystals as a gamma ray spectrometer at a high energy electron linear accelerator, despite the low duty cycle and its accompanying difficulties for such detectors.
Penn Square Bank, upstream correspondents, and CD contagion effects

Abstract Penn Square Bank was the largest failed bank to be liquidated by the FDIC. This paper examines the effects of this failure in the market for negotiable CDs. In particular, two major upstream banks, Continental Illinois and Northern Trust, are investigated, as well as First Chicago and the general CD market. Only Continental Illinois was found to be affected, paying an average of more than 50 basis points on CDs over the 6-month period following the Penn Square failure.
Assessing metacognitive awareness

Abstract We constructed a 52-item inventory to measure adults′ metacognitive awareness. Items were classified into eight subcomponents subsumed under two broader categories, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition. Two experiments supported the two-factor model. Factors were reliable (i.e., α = .90) and inter-correlated ( r = .54). Experiment 2 reported the knowledge of cognition factor was related to pre-test judgments of monitoring ability and performance on a reading comprehension test, but was unrelated to monitoring accuracy. Implications for educational assessment and future research were discussed.
Elementary School Teachers' Use of Technology during Mathematics Teaching.

Various educational technologies have been advanced as potential vehicles to transform teaching and learning. Still, research studies have documented that primary school teachers struggle to integrate technology in meaningful ways. This article presents the findings of a year-long study in which the author frequently observed three primary school teachers’ enactments of technology into their mathematics teaching. Each teacher was observed between 25 and 30 times during the school year. The types of technologies used as well as the types of mathematical tasks and problems that participants posed while teaching with technology were inductively analyzed. Inductive qualitative analyses indicated that participants’ technology use focused on presentation technologies such as the document camera or interactive whiteboard more than computer-based technologies or interactive activities. Further, teachers varied widely in their enacted pedagogies while integrating technology, and two participants demonstrated more ...
Comparative major ion geochemistry of Piedmont streams in the Atlanta, Georgia region: possible effects of urbanization

The major ion stream chemistry for an urbanized basin (Peachtree Creek) in the Atlanta (Georgia, USA) metropolitan region was analyzed and compared upon a time-series basis with the stream chemistry of a nearby, but far less developed basin (Sweetwater Creek). The major ion chemistry from both streams indicated that all parameters fell below safe drinking water standards as would be expected in watersheds underlain by low-solubility aluminosilicate bedrock. Base flow TDS concentrations for the urbanized basin (Peachtree Creek) were ~30% greater than Sweetwater Creek and were characterized by elevated concentrations of base cations (Ca, Mg, Na), alkalinity, sulfate, and chloride. The less-urbanized Sweetwater Creek basin is underlain by a higher percentage of more soluble amphibolite and, therefore, the higher concentration of solutes within the urban base flow can not readily be explained by differential mineral weathering. The increased inorganic solute loads might have resulted from pollution input (leaky underground sewer lines?) and/or evaporative concentration; however, these explanations are presently speculative. Major ion concentrations within the urban Peachtree Creek basin were diluted by an average of ~50% compared with only ~25% in the Sweetwater Creek basin as a result of the increased contribution of direct surface runoff. The regression correlation coefficients for the ions that evolve through mineral weathering (Ca, Mg, Na, and HCO3) are much higher in urban stream flow than in Sweetwater Creek waters. This might indicate that storm waters in the urban basin are more closely derived from a two end member mixture (groundwater and street runoff) than waters from Sweetwater Creek, which represent a more complex mixture.
Thin-layer separation and quantitative elution of nucleosides and nucleotides.

Abstract A simple, rapid procedure for the separation and quantitative elution of tritium-labeled pyrimidine derivatives has been described. Studies carried out on tissue extracts following the injection of animals with 3 H-cytidine or 3 H-uridine indicate that the procedure offers an excellent method for preliminary study of the kinetics of in corporation of these tritiated precursors into RNA and its precursor pools. The method also shows promise for rapidly testing the purity of commercially available tritium-labeled compounds. The chromatographic procedure may be extended for use in the determination of the nucleotide composition of RNA.
Prognostic significance and treatment implications of positive peritoneal cytology in endometrial adenocarcinoma: Unraveling a mystery.

Abstract Objective Review the literature on positive peritoneal cytology in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma, its prognostic value, proposed treatment strategies, and future avenues of investigation. Methods PubMed search of articles pertaining to stage IIIA endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma identified over 50 articles that were reviewed. Low-risk stage IIIA1 was defined as those with grade 1 or 2 disease, no evidence of cervical involvement, myometrial invasion less than 50% and no lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI). Analysis of available data was completed with weighted averages, Student's- t -test and Chi square statistical analyses. Results Incidence of positive washings is approximately 11%. In low-risk stage IIIA1 endometrial carcinoma patients, the rate of recurrence is 4.1%. In contrast, in high-risk stage IIIA1 endometrial carcinoma patients the rate of recurrence is 32%, a statistically significant difference ( p Conclusions To date there is no definitive consensus on the prognostic significance of positive peritoneal cytology alone. However, even in the low-risk cohort with stage IIIA1 some patients will recur. Adjuvant therapy for low-risk stage IIIA diseased may or may not be of benefit. High-risk disease should be treated with chemotherapy, radiation or a combination thereof. A prospective, multicenter trial of comprehensively surgically staged patients with stage IIIA endometrial cancer is indicated in order to clearly define prognosis and treatment for these patients.
Gastric function in Caiman crocodilus (Crocodylia: Reptilia)--II. Effects of temperature on pH and proteolysis

Abstract 1. 1. In Caiman crocodilus, the pH of the gastric secretions during digestion may reach 1·2 in specimens kept between 20 and 30°C. C. crocodilus feeds and digests at 15°C, but the pH of gastric secretions did not drop below 1·8. 2. 2. The gastric secretion increased in rate and hydrochloric acid concentration after injections of histamine (400 μg/kg body weight, given in four hourly doses). The rate increased from 0·05 ml/kg.hr (resting rate, at 20°C) up to an average of 0·66 ml/kg.hr, at 30°C. 3. 3. There is a latent period of 4–8 hr before the effects of histamine can be detected in tests carried out at 20, 25 and 30°C. 4. 4. Peptic proteolysis of gastric secretions has pH optima in the range 2·0–2·6, when carried out at 25°C, using the hemoglobin method of Anson & Mirsky. 5. 5. There were instances of more than one pH optimum for proteolysis, suggesting the occurrence of isozymes. 6. 6. Inside the range in which C. crocodilus feeds and digests, peptic proteolysis has an average Q10 of 1·62 (between 15 and 25°C) and of 1·50 (between 25 and 35°C). 7. 7. In animals maintained at 25°C peptic proteolysis was highest at 24–48 hr after feeding.
Gestational retinoic acid exposure: a sensitive period for effects on neonatal mortality and cerebellar development.

Abstract This is the first in a series of studies investigating the developmental stage-specific neurobehavioral effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) exposure. Because high doses of this compound are known to be lethal to the developing organism, we first conducted a dose-response study to identify RA doses that produce low enough levels of gestational/postnatal mortality to make a behavioral analysis possible in survivors. Secondarily, at doses found to produce sufficient survivors on PND 28, effects on body and regional brain weights were examined. Finally, at these doses, effects on somatic malformations were evaluated. Four separate exposure periods were analyzed: gestational days (GD) 8 through 10, 11 through 13, 14 through 16, or postnatal days (PND) 3 through 5. In the postnatal exposure period rat pups were injected (SC) with three consecutive daily doses of 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg RA on PND 3 through 5. This postnatal exposure had no detectable effect on survival, body or brain weight. In contrast, there was a marked sensitivity to RA in the GD 11–13 group. Many pups from dams given 10 mg/kg RA PO on GD 11–13 were found dead in the cage on the day of birth, and all surviving pups died within 4 days of birth. Examination of milkbands revealed no evidence of effective suckling in these short-term survivors. The same 10 mg/kg dose at GD 8–10 or GD 14–16 produced much lower mortality and pups appeared to suckle normally. To produce adequate PND 28 survival in the GD 11–13 group, it was necessary to reduce dosage to 2.5 mg/kg daily. Even this lower exposure produced effects on PND 28 body and brain weight, significantly lowering weights of body (84% of control), whole brain (94%), and cerebellum (90%). Cerebellar weight was also depressed as percent of whole brain weight, suggesting an effect focused specifically on this region. RA at 10 or 12.5 mg/kg over GD 14–16 also reduced cerebellar weight (92% and 91% of control, respectively). Thus, exposure on GD 14–16 had effects similar to those seen at GD 11–13, but only at considerably higher doses. In contrast, exposure to RA on GD 8–10 did not affect whole body or brain weight, and of eight brain regions examined, only brain stem weight was reduced (91% of control). The GD 8–10 exposure also differed substantially from later exposures in that it was the only treatment to produce substantial malformations, including exencephaly, eye and skeletal defects. We conclude that gestational exposure to RA produces lethality and regional brain stunting that is dose and developmental stage specific, with a pronounced sensitive period on GD 11–13. In contrast, the GD 8–10 period is most sensitive for production of malformations, albeit at somewhat higher doses.
A study of interocclusal record materials

An investigation of casts assembled by the use of seven interocclusal record materials and manipulated by three operators disclosed that: 1. Aluwax was the most variable and least reliable of all materials. 2. Superbite consistently resulted in open cast relationships. 3. The five elastomers consistently resulted in the least amount of errors. 4. The two different thicknesses of elastomeric records resulted in statistically significant different mounting discrepancies. 5. On an average, an inexperienced student performed as well as the two experienced dentists.
Reactive mass transfer at gas–liquid interfaces: impact of micro-scale fluid dynamics on yield and selectivity of liquid-phase cyclohexane oxidation

The impact of single-bubble wake dynamics on the reaction-enhanced mass transfer and on the yield and selectivity of the cyclohexane oxidation reaction was studied using a two-dimensional CFD-reaction model that was developed by our group. Temperature and the concentrations of the (desired) intermediate and (undesired) final products of this autocatalytic reaction were the parameters of this study. Two bubble types were studied: (a) a circular bubble with closed wake, and (b) an elliptical bubble with an unsteady, vortex-shedding wake. The main results of our work are: (1) Film theory over-predicts reaction-enhanced mass transfer since the assumption of an average film thickness is not justified. In order to study fast reaction systems on a reactor scale using coarse-grid CFD codes, a full bubble model, or correlations based on it, should be incorporated as a sub-grid micro model. (2) The bubble wake does not contribute to mass transfer in systems where reaction rates are low. For fast reactions, the local mass transfer rate in the wake can increase by several thousand percent. (3) Vortex shedding causes qualitatively different mixing since patches rich in the dissolved gas are quickly convected away from the bubble. Bubbles that cause vortex shedding will lead to a significantly higher conversion per volume than spherical bubbles. (4) Parallel–consecutive reactions with a high liquid-phase reactant concentration and with reaction rates that depend in an identical way on the dissolved gas concentration, are not micro-mixing sensitive in terms of selectivity. Since bubble shapes and sizes can be controlled by changing operating and design parameters, the yield of this reaction can be controlled.
Differential immunostaining for substance P in Huntington's diseased and normal spinal cord: significance of serial (optimal, supra-optimal and end-point) dilutions of primary anti-serum in comparing biological specimens.

Using immunocytochemistry (ICC), the number of immunoreaction products (IRPs) visualized for the peptide substance P (SP) appears reduced within the human spinal cord (also substantia nigra) taken at autopsy from cases diagnosed with Huntington's disease (HD) compared with the non-HD cases (Vacca 1983). The reductions of SR-IRPs become apparent in the HD specimens when primary anti-SP serum is applied to the tissue sections at “supra-optimal” dilutions; that is, dilutions greater than the “optimal” dilutions which visualize maximal numbers of SP-IRPs and concomitantly give maximal staining intensity. Curiously, the application of “optimal” dilutions to the HD and non-HD specimens visualizes equivalent numbers of SP-IRPs; therefore, the qualitative and quantitative differences between the specimens become masked. Applying “supra-optimal” dilutions of the anti-SP serum unmasks the difference, and also reveals different end-points for the immunostain deposited in each type of specimen. In both the HD and non-HD specimens, two sizes of SP-IRPs could be identified, large (3 μm) and small (0.7 μm). Presumably they mark two different categories of axons defined by caliber (e.g.; C-type and A γ), or origin (e.g., sensory intrinsic, or supraspinal). Alternatively the large SP-IRPs label tangentially-cut or large axons and nerve terminals. In the present report, counts of the large and small SP-IRPs visualized in the HD and the non-HD specimens have been plotted against the serial dilutions (optimal, supra-optimal and endpoint) of the primary anti-SP serum used for ICC. The graphs which result, describe a “titration curve” characteristic for the large SP-IRPs in each specimen. Applying supra-optimal dilutions of the primary antibody, causes the numbers of large and small SP-IRPs to decrease differentially. The numerical decrease probably largely reflects the concentration of immunoreactive antigen in different anatomic or metabolic tissue compartments. Alternatively, or perhaps to a lesser degree, the small and large SP-IRPs represent cross-reacting components which have different staining end-points, and may have biological significance in HD. Criteria are given for the proper use of ICC, and have significance regarding the use of commercial kits especially for pathological diagnosis.
ECONOMICS OF SPACE ALLOCATION FOR GROWER-FINISHER HOGS: A SIMULATION APPROACH

The economics of animal space allocation for grower-finisher hogs in a confinement facility with partial slats was examined using a simulation model. Additional crowding over that previously recommended may be warranted based on results from the model. The pig performance penalty is more than offset by spreading the fixed costs over greater output. In order to remain competitive, swine producers are currently considering major investments in new or remodeled facilities for growing-finishing pigs. These investments are estimated to range from $100 to over $150 per nominal pig space' for new grower-finisher facilities. Pig performance (daily gain, daily feed intake, and feed to gain) varies with the allocation of space, with insufficient space adversely affecting performance. Conversely,
Perfect colorings of multipatterns in the plane

Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of finding nontrivial perfect colorings of planar multipatterns. By a ‘multipattern’ we mean a symmetric planar figure, with symmetry group G, having several classes of motifs each transitive under the action of G. A perfect or symmetric coloring, then, is an assignment of colors to the motifs such that each symmetry operation of the group induces a unique permutation of the colors; we will here assume further that the action of G on the colors is transitive. If G is a wallpaper or frieze group, this is always possible and there is a number N(G), the coloring number of G, which is the minimum number (>1) of colors which suffice to color any multipattern with symmetry group G. In the case of finite groups, all multipatterns have nontrivial perfect colorings with the following exceptions: there are no nontrivial perfect colorings if some motif is fixed by all gϵG, or if G is the dihedral group dn with n=2r,r⩾1 and motifs lie on all reflection axes. For wallpaper groups, 2⩽N(G)⩽25. As a consequence it follows that every periodic k-isohedral tiling of the plane has a perfect coloring using at most 25 colors.
Localization of ISG15 and conjugated proteins in bovine endometrium using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy

The interferon-stimulated gene ISG15, a ubiquitin homolog, becomes conjugated to and regulates uterine proteins in response to conceptus-derived interferon-tau on d 18 of pregnancy. It was hypothesized here that cellular localization of ISG15 within endometrial cells might provide insight regarding function. Uteri were collected from cows (approximately 21-d estrous cycle) on d 17-21/0 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy and d 23, 45, and 50 of pregnancy. Intracellular ISG15 and its conjugates were present on d 17 of pregnancy, peaked to highest levels from d 18 to 23 and then declined to low but detectable levels by d 45 (P < 0.05) based on Western blotting. ISG15 and its conjugates were not detected on d 50 of pregnancy or during the estrous cycle. Immunohistochemistry revealed that ISG15 was localized throughout the endometrium on d 18-23, with heaviest staining in the sublumenal stratum compactum and the glandular epithelium throughout the stratum spongiosum. By d 45 and 50, ISG15 was lightly stained only in the stratum compactum immediately beneath the lumenal epithelium. Using transmission electron microscopy and immunogold labeling, ISG15 was specifically localized to organelles and compartments of endometrial epithelial cells and stromal cells: nucleus, perinuclear space, cytosol, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and cell membrane. This specific localization in epithelial and stromal cells led to the conclusion that ISG15 has diverse intracellular functions. The sustained presence of conjugated ISG15 through d 50 of pregnancy might reflect stabilization of conjugated proteins in response to implantation and the development of the placenta.
The effect of TEPC-183 plasmacytoma growth on β-glucuronidase activity in serum and tissues of tumor-bearing mice

Abstract β-Glucuronidase activity increased in the serum of BALB c mice during the growth of the IgM-secreting plasmacytoma, TEPC-183. The increase appeared to correlate with tumor burden. The β-glucuronidase activity in tissue homogenates of spleen, liver, and kidney from tumor-bearing mice also increased significantly compared to the levels found in corresponding tissues from normal control mice. Assays of lysosomal and microsomal fractions from livers of TEPC-bearing mice indicated that approximately 70% of the enzyme activity was associated with the lysosomal fraction and the remainder with the microsomal fraction. A similar distribution was found in homogenates prepared from the plasmacytoma itself. In contrast to this the β-glucuronidase activity in livers from normal BALB c mice is nearly equally distributed between lysosomal and microsomal fractions.
Separation and identification of subpicomole amounts of methotrexate polyglutamates in animal and human biopsy material.

Abstract A rapid, quantitative procedure for separating methotrexate (MTX) polyglutamates utilizing molecular-sieve column chromatography has been developed. MTX polyglutamates were separated in 25 min and detected by a radioassay with a sensitivity of 0.1 pmol MTX, allowing analysis on 2 to 5 mg of tissue. This technique has been used to demonstrate and quantitate the levels of MTX polyglutamates in liver, kidney, and brain tissues of rats treated with weekly low doses of MTX, and in liver and red cells of patients with acute leukemia treated with weekly low doses of MTX.