cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Galacturonate in Pectic Substances from Fruits and Vegetables: Comparison of Anion Exchange HPLC with Pulsed Amperometric Detection to Standard Colorimetric Procedure

A HPLC method was developed to identify and quantify galacturonate; results were compared with those from a standard colorimetric procedure. HPLC was also used to determine neutral monosaccharide profile of isolated pectic substances (PS). The PS, isolated with ammonium oxalate from the total dietary fiber of apple, cucumber, celery, grapefruit and radish, were analyzed. Mean PS on original dry matter basis ranged from 6.0 ± 0.51% for apple to 18.5 ± 0.1% for celery. Galacturonate of isolated PS determined using anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection was not significantly different (P > .2) from that determined colorimetrically. Major monosaccharides in PS of all substrates were arabinose and galactose. Rhamnose, xylose and glucose also were detected in certain sources in much lower amounts. This HPLC method allows precise quantification of galacturonate and will be a useful tool for study of chemical composition of pectin.
Investigations of model polymers: Dynamics of melts and statics of a long chain in a dilute melt of shorter chains

We report additional results on a simple model of polymers, namely the diffusion in concentrated polymer systems and the static properties of one long chain in a dilute melt of shorter chains. It is found, for the polymer sizes and time scales amenable to our computer calculations, that there is as yet no evidence for a ’’reptation’’ regime in a melt. There is some indication of reptation in the case of a single chain moving through fixed obstacles. No statistically significant effect of the change, from excluded volume behavior of the long chain to ideal behavior as the shorter chains grow, is observed.
Long-term follow-up of patients treated with multiple fluocinolone acetonide implants for noninfectious uveitis

To evaluate long-term outcomes in eyes undergoing exchange of fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implants for noninfectious uveitis. In this retrospective case series, chart review was conducted of all patients treated for noninfectious uveitis with fluocinolone acetonide implants. All patients were seen at a single center between 2007 and 2010.We studied eight eyes of eight patients who received second implants in exchange for previously placed implants and received follow-up care after the implant was exchanged. Main outcome measures were visual acuity (VA), recurrence of inflammation, need for adjunctive systemic anti-inflammatory treatment and adverse events. We studied eight eyes of eight patients. Average length of follow-up after the second implant was 32.3 months. Of the eight patients, five experienced improvement or stabilization of VA when acuity prior to the initial implant was compared to acuity on long-term follow-up. After their first implant, five patients experienced disease recurrence. Including all eight patients, the estimated median time to recurrence was 35.7 months after the first implant. The mean time to reimplantation was 42.7 months. After the second implant, three patients experienced recurrence. Including all eight patients, the estimated median time to recurrence was 30.1 months after the second implant. Adverse events included perioperative complications, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and cataracts. Exchanging FA intravitreal implants used to treat noninfectious uveitis may be useful in preventing vision loss and recurrence of inflammation. Development of elevated IOP and cataract is a potentially serious complication. The risks and benefits of implant exchange must be carefully considered with this intervention.
Short-term trends in crime and delinquency: A comparison of UCR, NCS, and self-report data

This study examines short-term (five- to ten-year) trends in crime and juvenile delinquency using FBI Uniform Crime Reports data on arrests and offenses known to the police, National Crime Survey data on victimization, and National Youth Survey data on self-reported delinquency. The focus is on FBI Index offenses, but less serious offenses are also considered. FBI statistics indicate generally increasing rates of crime, while NCS and NYS data indicate stable and occasionally decreasing rates. Data on the self-reported incidence of delinquency are more compatible with arrest data than are data on the self-reported prevalence of delinquency, but the two self-report measures are more compatible with one another than with arrest data. Attempts to reconcile official statistics with victimization surveys and self-report studies seem unlikely to overcome the differences among the sources when trends in crime, rather than rates of crime at a single time, are considered.
The cytoplasmic concentration of free calcium in platelets is controlled by stimulators of cyclic AMP production (PGD2, PGE1, forskolin)

Maximal stimulation of platelets with thrombin results in a rapid increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ (from 0.1 microM to 1-3 microM), as measured with the fluorescent intracellular Ca2+ indicator Quin-2. Prior addition of the adenylate cyclase stimulators PGD2, PGE1 or forskolin inhibited the rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+. When added after the maximal response to thrombin was attained adenylate cyclase stimulators caused a rapid fall of cytoplasmic Ca2+ back to the original "resting" level. This effect coincides with the reversal of thrombin-induced, Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation, and cytoskeleton assembly. It is suggested that cAMP-dependent reactions maintain low levels of cytoplasmic Ca2+ by promoting transport and/or binding of Ca2+.
Antecedents of Envy Reaction

Summary Antecedents of envy were studied in a multivariate design by means of a semi-projective questionnaire depicting stories of the differential fates of two heroes. Thirty Ss participated. The results supported the predictions that the content and intensity of satisfaction of the other, as well as background information about the heroes describing the “requirements of justice” for both of them, were systematically related to the intensity of envy reaction. Theoretical implications are discussed, mainly relating to Heider's Cognitive Balance Theory.
A study of 206Pb by inelastic scattering of 35 MeV protons

Abstract Using high-resolution techniques the inelastic scattering of 35 MeV protons by 206 Pb was measured. Approximately 180 levels with excitation energies up to 6.8 MeV were identified and angular distributions of most of these states were measured. The L -transfers and deformation parameters are determined by comparison of the measured angular distributions to collectivemodel calculations. Microscopic calculations of natural-parity states are presented and allow a test of RPA and TDA wave functions. Unnatural-parity states were also studied microscopically and permit an examination of the central and noncentral forces in the effective interaction.
Russian Nihilism: The Cultural Legacy of the Conflict Between Fathers and Sons

I argue that the Nineteenth Century phenomenon of Russian nihilism, rather than belonging to the spiritual crisis that threatened Europe, was an independent and historically specific attitude of the Russian intelligentsia in their wholesale and utopian rejection of the prevailing values of their parents' generation. Turgenev's novel, Fathers and Sons, exemplifies this revolt in the literary character Bazarov, who embodies an archetypical account of the conflict between generations, social values, and traditions in Russian—but not just Russian—culture.
Is Maxwell's displacement current a current?

A recent TPT article describes an experiment in which a toroidal coil is placed between the plates of a capacitor that is connected to an alternating voltage source. An alternating voltage signal is developed between the ends of the toroid. It is often claimed that such an experiment demonstrates the magnetic field produced by Maxwell’s displacement current. The purpose of this note is to examine that claim. The key question is: Does the displacement current act as a source of magnetic field in the same way as a current in a wire? Our answer — although it is not new — may surprise some readers.
Treatment-seeking delay among women with acute myocardial infarction: Decision trajectories and their predictors

Background Women's delay in seeking treatment for acute myocardial infarction symptoms results in higher rates of mortality and morbidity for women. Objectives To describe decision trajectories used by women when experiencing symptoms of acute myocardial infarction, and to identify predictors of the decision trajectory used by women with acute myocardial infarction. Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive design was used. The nonprobability sample included 52 women hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction. To elicit descriptions of decision making, focused, semistructured interviews were used in this mixed-methods study. Predictors of decision trajectories were measured with standardized instruments among the same women. Narrative analysis was used to examine the stories from the qualitative data and to identify decision trajectory types. Discriminant analysis was used to predict trajectory type membership. Results The median delay time was 4.25 hours. Most of the women used one of two trajectory types: knowing (defined as those women who knew almost immediately that they would seek help, n = 25) and managing (those women who managed an alternative hypothesis or minimized their symptoms, n = 23). Discriminant analysis correctly classified 71% (chi [4] = 11.2; n = 48; p =.02) of the cases into trajectory types on the basis of four predictor variables: social support, personal control, heart disease threat, and neuroticism. Discussion Women's behaviors during the period between onset of acute myocardial infarction symptoms and treatment seeking can be categorized into a small number of patterns termed decision trajectories. A profile of sociostructural and intrapersonal factors with potential for predicting behavior in relation to future coronary events was developed.
Identification of disulfide-containing peptides by performic acid oxidation and mass spectrometry.

Abstract In addition to reducing the analysis time, the direct examination of proteolytic digests by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) greatly extends the information that is available from peptide mapping experiments. Mass spectral data are particularly useful for identifying post-translationally modified peptides. For example, the molecular weight of a disulfide-containing peptide may be used to locate the disulfide bond in the protein from which the peptide was derived. This paper describes a new procedure, which is useful for identifying disulfide-bonded peptides. Peptides are treated with performic acid to modify certain residues and thereby cause a characteristic change in the peptide molecular weight. This change in molecular weight is determined by FABMS and used to help identify peptides. Results for a series of small peptides demonstrate that Cys, Met, and Trp are the only residues that undergo a change in molecular weight under the conditions used here. Furthermore, these changes in molecular weight are diagnostic for each of the residues. Cysteinyl-containing peptides are of particular interest, because their identification is essential for locating disulfide bonds. The molecular weight of a peptide increases by 48 mu for each cysteinyl residue present. This approach is used to identify peptides that contain both cysteinyl and cystinyl residues in the peptic digest of bovine insulin. The method is extended to the analysis of a tryptic digest of cyanogen bromide-treated ribonuclease A. A computer-assisted analysis procedure is used to demonstrate the specifity with which peptide molecular weight is related to specific segments of the protein. These results demonstrate that the shift in peptide molecular weight, after the digest is treated with performic acid, leads to unique assignment of the six cysteinyl-containing peptides found in the digest.
A general investigation of integration in finite form of differential equations of the first order article 1

Numerous investigations on integration in finite form of Abelian integrals are based on theorems of Liouville [6,7,8] and Abel [1].
The Effects of Inlet Guide Vane-Wake Impingement on the Boundary Layer and the Near-Wake of a Rotor Blade

This paper examines the response of a rotor blade boundary layer and a rotor near-wake to an impinging wake of an inlet guide vane (IGV) located upstream of the rotor blade. Two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are performed in a refractive index matched turbomachinery facility that provides unobstructed view of the entire flow field. Data obtained at several rotor phases enable us to examine the IGV-wake-induced changes to the structure of the boundary layer and how these changes affect the flow and turbulence within the rotor near-wake. We focus on the suction surface boundary layer, near the blade trailing edge, but analyze the evolution of both the pressure and suction sides of the near-wake. During the IGV-wake impingement, the boundary layer becomes significantly thinner, with lower momentum thickness and more stable profile compared with other phases at the same location. Analysis of available terms in the integral momentum equation indicates that the phase-averaged unsteady term is the main contributor to the decrease in momentum thickness within the impinging wake. Thinning of the boundary/shear layer extends into the rotor near-wake, making it narrower and increasing the phase-averaged shear velocity gradients and associated turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) production rate. Consequently, the TKE increases during wake thinning, with as much as 75% phase-dependent variations in its peak magnitude. This paper introduces a new way of looking at the PIV data by defining a wake-oriented coordinate system, which enables to study the structure of turbulence around the trailing edge in great detail.
Non-equilibrium grain boundary structure and inelastic deformation using atomistic simulations

Grain boundary influence on material properties becomes increasingly significant as grain size is reduced to the nanoscale. Nanostructured materials produced by severe plastic deformation techniques often contain a higher percentage of high-angle grain boundaries in a non-equilibrium or energetically metastable state. Differences in the mechanical behavior and observed deformation mechanisms are common due to deviations in grain boundary structure. Fundamental interfacial attributes such as atomic mobility and energy are affected due to a higher non-equilibrium state, which in turn affects deformation response. In this research, atomistic simulations employing a biased Monte Carlo method are used to approximate representative non-equilibrium bicrystalline grain boundaries based on an embedded atom method potential, leveraging the concept of excess free volume. An advantage of this approach is that non-equilibrium boundaries can be instantiated without the need of simulating numerous defect/grain boundary interactions. Differences in grain boundary structure and deformation response are investigated as a function of non-equilibrium state using Molecular Dynamics. A detailed comparison between copper and aluminum bicrystals is provided with regard to boundary strength, observed deformation mechanisms, and stress-assisted free volume evolution during both tensile and shear simulations.
Disorders of mitochondrial β-oxidation: prenatal and early postnatal diagnosis and their relevance to Reye's syndrome and sudden infant death

There are still many problems with the diagnosis and classification of inherited disorders of mitochondrial β-oxidation. At present only the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase step of the β-oxidation spiral has been explored in any detail and a large number of patients have disorders that cannot be properly characterized. β-Oxidation defects may present in a wide variety of ways, the most dramatic being acute encephalopathy with hepatic involvement (atypical Reye's syndrome) or ‘sudden’ death. Investigations may include urinary and plasma organic acids, metabolic stress tests and assays of overall metabolic pathways or of specific enzymes in cultured fibroblasts, lymphocytes, or other material. Early postnatal diagnosis presents particular difficulties but in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency the diagnosis may be apparent from careful examination of urine. There is as yet little general experience in prenatal diagnosis of this group of disorders except for glutaric aciduria type II. Single prenatal diagnoses of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and of an incompletely characterized defect of medium-chain fatty acid oxidation have been performed.
Toward Holistic Soft-Error-Resilient Shared-Memory Multicores

A proposed lightweight, soft-error-resilient architecture for shared-memory multicores enables cores to autonomously perform redundant execution of uninterrupted instruction sequences. The distributed redundancy control mechanism operates in concert with the coherence protocol to provide resiliency for both computation and communication hardware. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/9A3oiIerI0w is a video interview in which guest editor Srinivas Devadas and author Omer Khan expand on how a proposed lightweight, soft-error-resilient architecture for shared-memory multicores enables cores to autonomously perform redundant execution of uninterrupted instruction sequences.
Blazing the trailway: Nuclear electric propulsion and its technology program plans

An overview is given of the plans for a program in nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) technology for space applications being considered by NASA, DOE, and DOD. Possible missions using NEP are examined, and NEP technology plans are addressed regarding concept development, systems engineering, nuclear fuels, power conversion, thermal management, power management and distribution, electric thrusters, facilities, and issues related to safety and environment. The programmatic characteristics are considered.
Effect of nanoscale Fe3O4, TiO2 and carbon particles on cucumber seed germination

The effects of Fe3O4, TiO2 and carbon nanoparticles on the cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seed germination rate, root elongation and germination index were studied. The nanoparticles used ranged in average particle size from 30–50 nm, and their concentration ranged from 0 to 5000 μg/mL. Inhibitory effects were observed and the reduction in root growth was more obvious than the seed germination percentages. In all cases some perturbations of the normal functions with respect to control in germinating test were observed. The results obtained provide a better understanding of the phytotoxicity of the nanomaterials used in this study, and may help to further understand the interaction of nanoparticles with the environment prior to their use in agriculture.
A study of the antioxidant effectiveness of several compounds on vegetable fats and oils

1. A number of compounds and combinations of compounds have been examined for antioxidant properties. 2. The most effective single compound was gallic acid, although NDGA, ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate each about doubled the keeping time of any given vegetable fat or oil. 3. Amino acids were negative with the exception of methionine. 4. NDGA in combination with either citric acid or phosphoric acid showed marked synergism. These combinations were very effective antioxidants.
Factors influencing use of hearing protection among farmers: a test of the pender health promotion model.

BACKGROUND: Most farmers are exposed to potentially hazardous noise levels through many of their work activities, such as operating tractors, grain dryers, and chain saws. Rates of noise-induced hearing loss in this group are high. Although this condition is preventable through the use of hearing protection, rates of protective device use are low. Understanding factors influencing the use of hearing protection devices will provide direction for programs to increase their use and decrease risk of noise-induced hearing loss. OBJECTIVES: A study was designed using the Pender Health Promotion Model to identify factors affecting farmers' use of hearing protection devices. METHOD: Model testing was conducted with a convenience sample of 139 farmers. Prior to model testing, existing instruments designed to measure concepts from the Health Promotion Model were modified for use with farmers through interviews, validity testing with an expert panel, and reliability testing with first a small (n = 36) then a second larger (n = 139) convenience sample of farmers. Instruments measuring cognitive and affective factors related to hearing protection device use were administered to farmers at a regional farm show in the Midwest. RESULTS: A logistic regression analysis identified interpersonal support, barriers, and situational influences as statistically significant predictors of this health behavior, correctly predicting 78% of the cases. Results of model testing were consistent with results of previous studies of Health Promotion Model variables with other worker groups' use of hearing protection. CONCLUSIONS: Information from this study can be used to design and evaluate interventions to promote hearing protection device use among farmers and reduce the level of noise-induced hearing loss in this high-risk and underserved worker group.
Theory and Experiment in High-Temperature Superconductivity

While Anderson (1992) states that his theory of high-temperature conductivity is consistent with many experimental constraints, most (and perhaps all) of his observations and explanations have been produced after obtaining experimental results. It is suggested that he describe an experimental test that might prove his theory wrong. Anderson replies that the predictive power of his theory is attested by three notable post-theory confirmations, and notes that the theory has passed all experimental tests to date. 4 refs.
Capillary electrophoresis analysis of concanavalin A and its succinyl derivative

Abstract A high-performance capillary electrophoresis (CE) system has been developed for concanavalin A (Con A) and its succinyl derivative (SCA). Under the CE system, the tetramer, trimer, dimer, monomer and protein fragments of CA were separated in less than 50 min. SCA was resolved into more than 10 components which were believed to be isomeric succinyl derivatives of Con A. The CE system is a simple and sensitive analytical technique to profile the composition of Con A and SCA preparations. The minimum concentration of Con A in water detectable by the CE system is 1 μg ml −1 .
Natural language processing to extract medical problems from electronic clinical documents: Performance evaluation

In this study, we evaluate the performance of a Natural Language Processing (NLP) application designed to extract medical problems from narrative text clinical documents. The documents come from a patient's electronic medical record and medical problems are proposed for inclusion in the patient's electronic problem list. This application has been developed to help maintain the problem list and make it more accurate, complete, and up-to-date. The NLP part of this system-analyzed in this study-uses the UMLS MetaMap Transfer (MMTx) application and a negation detection algorithm called NegEx to extract 80 different medical problems selected for their frequency of use in our institution. When using MMTx with its default data set, we measured a recall of 0.74 and a precision of 0.756. A custom data subset for MMTx was created, making it faster and significantly improving the recall to 0.896 with a non-significant reduction in precision.
Stochastic Learning of Time-Varying Parameters in Random Environment

The problem of learning in nonstationary environment is formulated as that of estimating time-varying parameters of a probability distribution which characterizes the process under study. Dynamic stochastic approximation algorithms are proposed to estimate the unknown time-varying parameters in a recursive fashion. Both supervised and nonsupervised learning schemes are discussed and their convergence properties are investigated. An accelerated scheme for the possible improvement of the dynamic algorithm is given. Numerical examples and an application of the proposed algorithm to a problem in weather forecasting are presented.
Dietary agents for prevention and treatment of lung cancer

Lung cancer is a prominent cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. The main reason for high mortality due to lung cancer is attributable to the fact that the diagnosis is generally made when it has spread beyond a curable stage and cannot be treated surgically or with radiation therapy. Therefore, new approaches like dietary modifications could be extremely useful in reducing lung cancer incidences. Several fruits and vegetables offer a variety of bioactive compounds to afford protection against several diseases, including lung cancer. A number of research studies involving dietary agents provide strong evidence for their role in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer, and have identified their molecular mechanisms of action and potential targets. In this review article, we summarize data from in-vitro and in-vivo studies and where available, in clinical trials, on the effects of some of the most promising dietary agents against lung cancer.
Direct numerical simulations of the turbulence evolution in a uniformly sheared and stably stratified flow

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate the evolution of turbulence in a uniformly sheared and stably stratified flow. The spatial discretization is accomplished by a spectral collocation method, and the solution is advanced in time with a third-order Runge–Kutta scheme. The turbulence evolution is found to depend strongly on at least three parameters: the gradient Richardson number Ri, the initial value of the Taylor microscale Reynolds number Reλ, and the initial value of the shear number SK/<e. The effect of each parameter is individually studied while the remaining parameters are kept constant. The evolution of the turbulent kinetic energy K is found to follow approximately an exponential law. The shear number SK/<e, whose effect has not been investigated in previous studies, was found to have a strong non-monotone influence on the turbulence evolution. Larger values of the shear number do not necessarily lead to a larger value of the eventual growth rate of the turbulent kinetic energy. Variation of the Reynolds number Reλ indicated that the turbulence growth rate tends to become insensitive to Reλ at the higher end of the Reλ range studied here. The dependence of the critical Richardson number Ricr, which separates asymptotic growth of the turbulent kinetic energy K from asymptotic decay, on the initial values of the Reynolds number Reλ and the shear number SK/<e was also obtained. It was found that the critical Richardson number varied over the range 0.04<Ricr<0.17 in our DNS due to its strong dependence on Reynolds and shear numbers.
The prevalence of diseases of the heart in an urban center as estimated from medical examination of a probability sample.

Abstract This paper reports the methods and findings regarding prevalence of heart disease of a recently completed study conducted in the Arsenal Health District of Pittsburgh. The study involved a thorough physical examination of a random sample of the persons residing in the district by a team of cardiologists. The findings included an over-all estimate of 14 per cent for the prevalence of heart disease in the age group 15 years and over, 4 per cent prevalence in the age group 15 to 44 years, and 29 per cent prevalence in the age group of those over 45 years. Therapeutic classification and rates for rheumatic, arteriosclerotic, and hypertensive heart disease are also included. Problems arising due to nonparticipation of a large fraction of the selected sample are discussed.
Analyzing and managing exchange-rate crises

This paper reviews theoretical work on exchange-rate crises and discusses recent attempts to reduce the risk of crises and manage them more effectively. Models usually used to explain crises—those in which they are due to bad policies and those in which they are due to self-fulfilling speculative attacks—do not often explain the timing of crises. Bad policies often play a role, but the onset of a crisis is frequently due to a political shock that leads market participants to revise their views about a government’s ability to improve its policies. For this reason, efforts of the IMF to promote the publication of more economic data may not be very helpful in preventing crises. Turning to crisis management, the paper criticizes plans like those of Jeffrey Sachs, which would give sovereign debtors protection resembling that afforded by bankruptcy law. It favors instead the pragmatic approach developed in the report recently endorsed by the major industrial countries.
Prediction and classification of cardiovascular disease risk in older adults with diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis We sought to derive and validate a cardiovascular disease (CVD) prediction algorithm for older adults with diabetes, and evaluate the incremental benefit of adding novel circulating biomarkers and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis.
Orthogonality, Projections and Equivalent Bases

If there is a basis for a closed linear subspace Y of Banach space X, a very general condition allows to define a projection of X on Y On the other hand, projections are very useful tools for existence proofs of bases. Indeed, they can be applied in the proof of the existence theorem of Nikol’Skiĭ given in the first paragraph. The theorem is quite essential in the theory and in the application of the theory of bases and, accordingly, we have to make reference to it in many of the subsequent theorems and corollaries. The second paragraph refers to the very nice fact that the concept of orthogonality can be extended from Hilbert spaces to the normed linear spaces. It gives the relation between total orthogonal systems, simple N 1-spaces and monotone bases. The last section is concerned with equivalent bases, block bases and the theorem that every infinite dimensional Banach space contains an infinite dimensional subspace with a basis.
A comparative study of discriminating human heart failure etiology using gene expression profiles

Human heart failure is a complex disease that manifests from multiple genetic and environmental factors. Although ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease present clinically with many similar decreases in ventricular function, emerging work suggests that they are distinct diseases with different responses to therapy. The ability to distinguish between ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure may be essential to guide appropriate therapy and determine prognosis for successful treatment. In this paper we consider discriminating the etiologies of heart failure using gene expression libraries from two separate institutions. We apply five new statistical methods, including partial least squares, penalized partial least squares, LASSO, nearest shrunken centroids and random forest, to two real datasets and compare their performance for multiclass classification. It is found that the five statistical methods perform similarly on each of the two datasets: it is difficult to correctly distinguish the etiologies of heart failure in one dataset whereas it is easy for the other one. In a simulation study, it is confirmed that the five methods tend to have close performance, though the random forest seems to have a slight edge. For some gene expression data, several recently developed discriminant methods may perform similarly. More importantly, one must remain cautious when assessing the discriminating performance using gene expression profiles based on a small dataset; our analysis suggests the importance of utilizing multiple or larger datasets.
Room Enough: America, Natural Liberty, and Consent in Locke' Second Treatise

This essay scrutinizes political obligation in the Second Treatise by analyzing the “natural liberty” Locke attributes to children, savages, some foreigners, and other tacit consenters. Both natural liberty and the voluntarism of consent require certain conditions to be actualized, one of the most important of which is “room enough”: unoccupied space like that found in America in which it is possible to “exit” from the potentially coercive dilemmas of tacit consent and perhaps to originate a founding (express) consent. Insofar as consent and natural liberty rely on the availability of open space, though, Lockean liberalism justifies, maybe requires, settler colonialism.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting after total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil or alfentanil: how important is the opioid?

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the frequency and duration of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) following total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and either remifentanil or alfentanil in outpatients undergoing arthroscopic surgery of the extremities. Design: Randomized, third-party blinded study. Setting: University medical center. Patients: 100 ASA physical status I and II patients scheduled for arthroscopic surgery of the knee or shoulder. Interventions: The anesthesia regimen consisted of a bolus followed by continuous infusion of propofol (2 mg/kg followed by 120 μ g/kg/min) and the opioid (remifentanil 0.5 μ g/kg followed by 0.1 μ g/kg/min or alfentanil 10 μ g/kg followed by 0.25 μ g/kg/min). Patients breathed 100% oxygen spontaneously through a Laryngeal Mask Airway™ (or an endotracheal tube when medically indicated). Opioids were titrated to maintain blood pressure and heart rate within 20% of baseline and a respiratory rate of 10 to 16 breaths/min. Propofol was titrated downward as low as possible without permitting patient movement. Measurements: Nausea was determined by an 11-point categorical scale and was recorded before surgery and multiple time points thereafter. The times of emetic episodes were recorded. Treatment of PONV was at the discretion of the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) nurses who were blinded to the identity of the opioid used. Main Results: Nausea scores were 0 at all time points in over 70% of the patients in each group. None of the 100 patients vomited while in the hospital, and only one patient required antiemetic therapy. Conclusion: When propofol-based TIVA is used for arthroscopic surgery, short-acting opioids do not significantly affect the risk of PONV.
Immunologic Similarities of Thrombopoietin from Different Sources

Thrombopoietin (TSF) has been detected in kidney cell culture media and human urine fractions by both a bioassay and an immunoassay using antisera raised against TSF-rich kidney cell culture medium and human urinary thrombopoietin. Both antisera cross-reacted with the 2 sources of TSF and gave essentially the same results in the HAI assay, a finding that suggests similarities in immunologic determinants of these 2 thrombopoietin preparations.
Communication Research and the Practice of Lawyering: Is the Tail Wagging the Dog?

The proceedings of the 1983 Summer Conference on Communication Strategies in the Practice of Lawyering (Matlon and Crawford, 1983) outlined five areas in which the interests of communication researchers and practicing attorneys intersect: Legal Interviewing and Counseling, Legal Negotiating and Bargaining, Jury Selection and Jury Behavior, Direct and Cross Examination, and Opening Statements and Closing Arguments. Three of the five categories concern the behavior of lawyers during trials. Most of the published research on communication and the law reflects this emphasis. Specifically, analysis of the actions of judges (Wright, 1984; Goss, 1974; Makau, 1984), lawyers (Dickens & Schwartz, 1971; Abbott, 1974; Dicks, 1981; Beach, 1985) and juries (Bennett, 1978; 1979; Buchanan et al., 1978; Miller et al., 1983; Bennett & Feldman, 1985) comprise the lion’s share of Communication and Law research. These studies each provide important insight concerning the ways in which communication affects the practice of lawyering. However, they distort our understanding of the role of symbols in the legal process and unnecessarily restrict the scope of research in this area.
A portfolio approach to learning professional skills

In addition to the myriad of technical skills that engineers learn during their undergraduate years, ABET as well as employers, now require that students have exposure to additional professional skills. However, in most programs, it is unrealistic to add courses to teach students skills such as goal setting, leadership, diversity, and global interactions. To enable students to learn and hone these invaluable skills a portfolio approach has been instituted. This portfolio, termed the Professional Development Transcript, allows students to identify instances throughout their undergraduate careers in which they are exposed to the seven identified professional skills and then use those experiences to undergo a self- assessment, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and develop strategies to improve their skills. One positive aspect of this approach is that students set their own long and short term goals and then self-assess their performance in each of the seven areas. However, faculty support is also necessary to ensure each student's self- assessment and goals are realistic. The student's quarterly progress is discussed during advising sessions and within some courses. The use of the Professional Development Transcript allows students to hone professional skills that are necessary to their success in industry without forcing new content into already overburdened curricula. However, the usefulness of this tool is linked to the engagement of the students and faculty interaction during advising sessions.
Augmented Emotion and its Remote Embodiment: The Importance of Design from Fiction to Reality

In this work, we address the under-emphasized need for attention to the emotional dynamics involved in human-robot interaction. This becomes more prominent as robots continue to transition from a tool-based role to a role of a teammate or companion. A theoretical review of robotic design through both current technology and fictional media provides a foundation for understanding domains in which the remote embodiment of human emotions can be used. Current and prior research is discussed, as well as limitations and necessities. Recommendations are established for an initial Best Practices approach that can provide optimal benefits to the user with regard to design implementation.
Not “out of Nantucket”: Babesia microti in southern New England comprises at least two major populations

Deer tick-transmitted human babesiosis due to Babesia microti appears to be expanding its distribution and prevalence in the northeastern United States. One hypothesis for this emergence is the introduction of parasites into new sites from areas of long-standing transmission, such as Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. We developed a typing system based on variable number tandem repeat loci that distinguished individual B. microti genotypes. We thereby analyzed the population structure of parasites from 11 sites, representing long-standing and newly emerging transmission in southern New England (northeastern United States), and compared their haplotypes and allele frequencies to determine the most probable number of B. microti populations represented by our enzootic collections. We expected to find evidence for a point source introduction across southern New England, with all parasites clearly derived from Nantucket, the site with the most intense longstanding transmission. B. microti in southern New England comprises at least two major populations, arguing against a single source. The Nantucket group comprises Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and nearby Cape Cod. The Connecticut/Rhode Island (CT/RI) group consists of all the samples from those states along with samples from emerging sites in Massachusetts. The expansion of B. microti in the southern New England mainland is not due to parasites from the nearby terminal moraine islands (Nantucket group), but rather from the CT/RI group. The development of new B. microti foci is likely due to a mix of local intensification of transmission within relict foci across southern New England as well as long distance introduction events.
Introduction: Non‐standard orthography and non‐standard speech

This Introduction provides a framework of the key issues surrounding the non-standard orthographic representation of non-standard language varieties. Orthographic choices and their interpretation are framed as metalinguistic, socially conditioned phenomena which shed light on people's attitudes towards both specific language varieties and social identities and on the relationship between linguistic form and the social world in general. From this perspective, the introduction addresses the following specific topics: 1) the selective nature of orthographic choice; 2) the relational and contrastive meaning of orthographic conventions; 3) the interplay of sameness and difference in the use of orthography to make claims on linguistic and cultural identity; 4) orthography and representational control: writing the self vs. representing others and 5) orthographic esthetics: the role of the visual in the interpretation of the oral.
Some characteristics of human problem-solving in chess

Abstract Following the design of de Groot (1965) and Newell and Simon (1965) , two Ss were asked to produce a total of six verbal chess protocols over a variety of conditions involving: middle and end game positions; real and artificial board positions; and differing time constraints. The analysis of these protocols yielded problem-solving episodes similar to those described by Newell and Simon. To account for these data, a modification of the Newell and Simon model was developed. The modified model gives a good account both of the data obtained in this study and also those described by Newell and Simon.
Comparative photon statistics of several ultraviolet laser systems determined by transient two-photon absorption

The photon statistics of several different laser systems operating at 226 nm are probed by measuring absolutely the fluorescence following two-photon absorption in atomic oxygen. The integrated fluorescence, obtained by scanning the laser frequency through the two-photon resonance, is theoretically shown to be proportional to G(2) (0) σ0(2). The second-order intensity-correlation function at time zero, G(2)(0), characterizes the laser, and σ0(2) is a fundamental atomic property. Measurement of the integrated fluorescence permits determination of the relative value of G(2) (0) for each laser. The assumption that G(2)(0) = 1 for one of the lasers, a single-frequency source, allows G(2)(0) for the other lasers to be placed on an absolute scale. The values thereby obtained range from 0.8 ± 0.2 to 3.2 ± 0.4. Different values are obtained when the radiation is generated by frequency mixing or Raman shifting of the same frequency-doubled visible dye laser, suggesting that frequency-conversion processes have a significant effect on G(2)(0).
Susceptibility genes for AIDS and AIDS-related lymphoma.

HIV-1-infected individuals are at greatly increased risk of Burkitt’s and other high- grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, which arise as a late complication in the setting of advanced immunodeficiency [1]. Heterogeneous acquired lesions are present in varying subsets of these B-cell tumors, including activation of the c-myc (especially in Burkitt’s lymphoma), bcl-6, and ras protooncogenes, inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, and latent infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) [2,3]. The mechanisms by which immune dysregulation leads to B-cell lymphoma are poorly understood, but may be related to disruption of cytokine control and chronic B-cell hyperactivation. Lymphomagenesis may be a multistage process progressing from polyclonal B-cell proliferation to oligoclonal expansion of antigen-selected clones to subsequent outgrowth of a monoclonal tumor [4].
Reduced-port surgery: preservation of the critical view in single-port-access cholecystectomy

Over the past 3 years, minimal-access surgery has seen movement toward single-port-access (SPA) surgery. Since its inception in the spring of 2007, a number of differing approaches and technologies for reduced-port surgery have become available to move the field toward “scarless” surgery. As with any advance, a cautious eye needs to observe changes with respect to the risks and benefits of new procedures or devices. Although the adoption of reduced-port techniques in cholecystectomy may move the field of surgery forward, there is a need to ensure that basic tenets of safety are not left behind. In cholecystectomy, one of the gold standards for safety is preservation of the critical view of safety during cystic duct dissection and transection. Early in the development of SPA surgery, a standardized procedure was sought that could be extended safely to laparoscopic surgeons. With this ideal in mind, the technique of SPA cholecystectomy was evaluated early. Deeming exposure to be critical, specifically the view of the cystic-to-common duct relationship beneath the liver, the authors aimed to evaluate whether this critical view of safety can be maintained during the procedure and before the cystic port is clipped and transected. To determine reproducibility, the authors did a simple comparison of their initial 10 two-instrument SPA cholecystectomies with their subsequent 10 three-instrument cholecystectomies by reviewing the videos of each case. The authors’ review confirmed that the critical view of safety was obtained in all the three-instrument cases but was difficult to obtain in the two-instrument procedures. In addition, they were able to demonstrate the critical angle of clip placement in all three-instrument cases. The authors present their initial results in an attempt to demonstrate that as new procedures develop, there is a need to ascertain their safety and adherence to underlying principles already established before advancing them further at the risk of compromise and complication.
Expression of human intestinal mucin is modulated by the β-galactoside binding protein galectin-3 in colon cancer☆☆☆

Abstract Background & Aims: Alterations in the production of the β-galactoside binding protein galectin-3 and of MUC2 intestinal mucin have been independently correlated with the malignant behavior of human colon cancer cells. MUC2 mucin is a major ligand for galectin-3, and colon cancer cells that differ quantitatively in MUC2 expression may also vary in expression of galectin-3. The current study was designed to investigate the relationship between galectin-3 production and MUC2 mucin synthesis by human colon cancer cells. Methods: The effect of galectin-3 on MUC2 mucin production was assessed by stable transfection of sense and antisense galectin-3 expression constructs under the control of constitutive or tetracycline-inducible promoters into human colon cancer cells. Galectin-3 and MUC2 expression were determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (cell surface galectin-3), Western and Northern analysis (galectin-3, MUC2), and gel filtration of secreted high-weight glycoprotein (MUC2). In vitro results were confirmed in vivo by analysis of cecal xenografts in athymic mice. Results: Colon cancer cells with high levels of galectin-3 also had high levels of MUC2 mucin, whereas those with low galectin-3 levels had low MUC2 levels. Alterations in galectin-3 levels by expression of sense or antisense galectin-3 constructs resulted in parallel alterations of MUC2 protein and RNA. Induction of antisense to galectin-3 in vivo was associated with decreases in both galectin-3 and MUC2 protein in cecal xenografts. Conclusions: The β-galactoside binding protein galectin-3 modulates the expression of its major ligand MUC2 mucin in human colon cancer cells. This may have important implications for understanding the role of galectin-3 in colon cancer metastasis. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;123:817-826