cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wake modes of rotationally oscillating cylinders at Re=150

Abstract The wake structure of a circular cylinder undergoing forced rotary oscillations is studied at Re=150. Cylinder forcing conditions range between 0.17≤ θ PP ≤5.58, where θ PP is the peak-to-peak oscillation amplitude in radians and 0.67≤ F R ≤3.5, where F R is the ratio of forcing frequency to natural shedding frequency. DPIV and spectral analysis are used to obtain quantitative data about the wake structure. Wake modes and their dependence on forcing conditions are identified. These include previously unknown wake modes present at higher frequencies. Wake mode boundaries are identified on the parameter space. These lead to a better understanding of wake formation at low Re.
Effects of route traveled on the distance estimates of children and adults

Abstract Second graders, sixth graders, and adults walked about an experimental environment containing seven stimulus locations and three large barriers. Each individual learned the environment while traveling along a prescribed route. The environment was constructed such that 12 of the interlocation distances represented the factorial combination of route (traveled vs not traveled), barrier (absent vs present), and distance (4-, 6-, and 8-ft). After criterial performance in learning the environment, each person gave distance estimates of the 12 critical distances. In general, the estimates of the length of routes that were traveled, were long and had no intervening barrier were more accurate than the estimates of the length of routes which were not traveled, were short, and had intervening barriers to prevent direct travel. In addition, for 4- and 6-ft distances, subjects overestimated barrier present paths which were not traveled relative to the other three estimates for each distance (barrier present traveled, barrier absent traveled, barrier absent not traveled). These findings emphasize the generative nature of the construction of spatial representations and suggest that functional distance, or ease of travel, does not influence this construction in a simple manner. Results are discussed in terms of the ability to coordinate spatial information with general knowledge of spatial relationships.
Familingual and Familinear Relationships: Two Patterns of Control by the Invoking of Family Roles1

Two concepts are developed in this paper: familingualization and familinearization. Familingualization is defined as reinforcement of social control by linguistic prescription of family roles. Familinearization is defined as attempts to develop personal control of one over another by linguistic usage of family roles. It is concluded that these two patterns of behavior are likely not only in the family and the community, but also in fraternities and sororities, revolutionary organizations, some underground crime syndicates, religious orders, etc.
INHIBITION OF T'ANG TRACHOMA AGENT BY 5'-FLUORODEOXYCYTIDINE.

SummaryMaturation of T'ang trachoma agent in McCoy cells was inhibited with high therapeutic efficiency by 5-FDC. The virus was most sensitive to 5-FDC at 12–16 hours after onset of infection which may be the period in which new viral DNA was synthesized. The inhibition by 10 μg of 5-FDC was reversed by 100 μg of thymidine at 0–10 hours after infection, and the reversal effect declined thereafter.
The Use of C150 and 1502 Steady-State Imaging to Monitor Radiation Treatment Effects

Methods for monitoring the response of tumor and normal tissues to radiation therapy are extremely limited. Development of a method for monitoring physiologic parameters of these tissues sensitive enough to provide evidence of tumor regrowth and possibly predicting unacceptable effects upon normal tissues at an early time would be highly desirable. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine if serial C150 and 1502 steady-state images taken before, during and post-radiation therapy would show changes sufficiently large to suggest their application as therapy monitoring methods. A canine with a spontaneous osteosarcoma in the distal tibia was treated with a two week course of cobalt-60 radiotherapy and monitored. The ratio of tumor to contralateral control first increased in both the C150 and 1502 images to 170 and 140%, respectively, and then gradually decreased to 80 and 60% of their initial values by day 39. When venous blood normalized C150 images were subtracted from 1502 images taken on the same day, the decrease at day 39 reached 60%. The large changes observed in this study provides positive evidence that these methods may prove useful as monitors for radiotherapy treatment.
Ceramic nanopatterned surfaces to explore the effects of nanotopography on cell attachment

Abstract Surfaces with ordered, nanopatterned roughness have demonstrated considerable promise in directing cell morphology, migration, proliferation, and gene expression. However, further investigation of these phenomena has been limited by the lack of simple, inexpensive methods of nanofabrication. Here, we report a facile, low-cost nanofabrication approach based on self-assembly of a thin-film of gadolinium-doped ceria on yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates (GDC/YSZ). This approach yields three distinct, randomly-oriented nanofeatures of variable dimensions, similar to those produced via polymer demixing, which can be reproducibly fabricated over tens to hundreds of microns. As a proof-of-concept, we examined the response of SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells to features produced by this system, and observed significant changes in cell spreading, circularity, and cytoskeletal protein distribution. Additionally, we show that these features can be imprinted into commonly used rigid hydrogel biomaterials, demonstrating the potential broad applicability of this approach. Thus, GDC/YSZ substrates offer an efficient, economical alternative to lithographic methods for investigating cell response to randomly-oriented nanotopographical features.
Resistive transition of high-temperature superconductors.

The model proposed recently by Yeshurun and Malozemoff to explain the "irreversibility line" in high-temperature superconductors is extended to account for the experimentally measured width and shape of the resistive transition in a magnetic field, without invoking material inhomogeneity. It is argues that high ${T}_{c}$ and ${H}_{c2}$ are necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for such materials to show zero resistance at room temperature in substantial magnetic fields.
Unusual particle arrays in the plasma membrane of zebrafish spermatozoa

Examination of freeze-fracture replicas of zebrafish spermatozoa with the transmission electron microscope has demonstrated an unique assemblage of intramembranous particles associated with a localized portion of plasma membrane. The intramembranous particle arrays form a network or grating such that they enclose smooth portions of the plasma membrane that either appear as simple hexagons or parallelograms, and the possibility that these configurations might result from the addition of solitary intramembranous particles is considered. The specialized region of the sperm plasma membrane does not completely surround the sperm head region, but is frequently localized in an equatorial position. The nature of the specialization is not known, but its presence is discussed in relation to possible functional significance.
Effects of home nest odors on black-white preference in the developing rat: implications for developmental learning research.

Developing animals 17 and 30 days of age were tested for black—white preference in the presence of either clean shavings or soiled bedding material from the home cage. Home nest shavings markedly reduced dark preference in 17-day-old rats but had no effect on dark preference in 30-day-old rats. Because many developmental studies have used two-compartment, black and white chambers to study the effects of familiar home nest shavings on learning and memory, it may be that differential preference for black influenced the results obtained. The apparent alleviation of learning and memory deficits produced by the presence of home nest shavings may have been the result of changes in black—white preference rather than differences in learning and memory per se. Similar influences may underlie the effects of home nest stimuli on other learning tasks such as spatial alternation.
Evaluation of academic librarians' instructional performance: Report of a national survey

Abstract Some types of library instruction easily allow student learning to be assessed (i.e., the self-paced workbook and credit-bearing library instruction), but there is no generally accepted means of measuring learning gained from the typical one-shot library instruction session. Instead, evaluation of library instruction tends to focus upon attendees' perceptions of the librarian's performance. This study reports the results of a survey of evaluation practices reported by library instruction coordinators at forty-four colleges and universities throughout the United States. Among the respondents' organizations, “reaction data” is most frequently used to assess the effectiveness of library instruction, although it provides little evidence concerning what students have learned. Nearly three-fourths of the library instruction coordinators who answered the survey indicated that evaluative feedback is solicited from students at their institutions. More than one fourth of the respondents indicated that their libraries use student responses as a basis for performance appraisal, while slightly less than sixteen percent reported that evaluative responses solicited from faculty are used to assess performance. Peer observation of library instruction as an evaluative tool was also frequently reported. Survey results are analyzed and discussed, as are benefits and limitations of various types of evaluation. The author argues that subjective data alone are inadequate to measure student learning, guide programmatic improvements in library instruction, or be used as a basis for librarians' performance appraisals. It is suggested that, due to its limitations, course-related library instruction can render little useful evaluative information. Librarians need to identify and implement teaching strategies that increase the amount of meaningful instruction and allow student learning to be assessed.
Simultaneous demonstration of catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase in peripheral autonomic nerves.

Certain primary catecholamines remain well localized during brief fixation with cold, buffered formalin. In the present study, the diffusibility of catecholamines was further explored, using guinea-pigs and cats pretreated with Nialamide and norepinephrine. Preliminary experiments showed that catecholamines were well localized after perfusion fixation with buffered formalin. Furthermore, catecholamines remained in situ in tissues immersed in cold fixative or phosphate buffer for as long as six hours. It seemed, therefore, that catecholamines might remain localized in fixed tissue, during incubation for acetylcholinesterase. To test this hypothesis, formaldehyde-fixed, cryostat sections were incubated in a cold thiocholine medium for two to four hours to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase activity. They were then exposed to formaldehyde gas to demonstrate catecholamines. Acetylcholinesterase-positive and catecholaminecontaining nerve fibers were identified simultaneously in the same section under mixed ultraviolet and red light. When a dark-field condenser was used, adrenergic nerves appeared green and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves red on a black background. We were able to demonstrate adrenergic presynaptic terminals on cholinergic myenteric ganglion cells and acetylcholinesterase-positive terminals close to cardiac chromaffin cells. We also have observed contiguities between peripheral adrenergic and cholinesterase-positive nerves.
Modeling energy demand by the paper industry: an economic/engineering approach☆

Abstract This paper presents a model of energy demand by the paper industry. The industry is conceptually separated into two sectors: pulp and paper production, and energy generation and conversion. The first sector includes the major pulp and paper production processes while the second includes the energy and material balances in converting primary energy sources to steam and electricity. The present model is used to evaluate important energy issues such as future energy demand, fuel substitution, and cogeneration. The base case projection results show that total energy consumption will grow much slower than paper production in the next 20 years. Specifically, steam and purchased fuel consumption are projected to increase at much lower rates than total electricity and recovered fuel consumption. The results also show that a coal conversion program based entirely on price inducement may not be effective as the industry is more inclined to switch from natural gas to oil, rather than coal.
Determining Who Voted in Historical Elections: An Aggregated Logit Approach

Abstract The ecological fallacy literature suggests aggregate data cannot be used for microlevel inference. Building upon an aggregated logit model developed by Kelejian (1995), I am able to show that the estimated coefficients from aggregate data regressions are directly related to the true underlying microcoefficients, so meaningful interpretations can still be made. It is also suggested that in the cases where aggregation bias can be rejected, the microcoefficients can be directly estimated. An application of the model is shown using state-level data for historical elections in which survey data are unavailable.
Cyclic sequencing problems in the two‐machine permutation flow shop: Complexity, worst‐case, and average‐case analysis

In this article, we formalize the cyclic sequencing problem in the two-machine flow shop. When jobs are processed in a repetitive cycle, the size of a scheduling problem is significantly reduced, and the resulting schedule is easy to implement because of its simplicity. Two types of cyclic sequencing problems are considered: the no-wait problem and the minimum-wait problem. The no-wait problem maximizes the throughput rate subject to the condition that there is no buffer space between the two machines. The minimum-wait problem minimizes the average WIP level subject to the conditions that the maximum throughput rate is maintained and that the FIFO dispatching rule is used in the intermediate buffer space. The no-wait problem is a well-known special case of the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and is polynomially solvable. The minimum-wait problem is shown to be NP-hard; therefore, we develop a heuristic procedure along with the analysis of its worst-case and average-case performance. Here, the average-case analysis is based on the expected length of the Hamiltonian tour for this special case of the TSP. The average-case analysis indicates that when the number of jobs in a cycle is small, the derived cyclic schedule yields a low WIP level.
Exploitation of the coffee-ring effect to realize mechanically enhanced inkjet-printed microelectromechanical relays with U-bar-shaped cantilevers

We report a mechanically enhanced inkjet-printed microelectromechanical (MEM) relay with a U-bar-shaped cantilever by exploiting the coffee-ring effect. The printed cantilever shape, especially the effective thickness caused by the elevated walls, can be controlled during the drying process by outward convective flow of silver nanoparticles. This enhances mechanical stiffness to efficiently produce a strongly suspended cantilever that is immune to collapse- and curling-related failures. This approach to enhancing cantilever stiffness is unique to printing-based processes using metal-nanoparticle inks and is not feasible for conventional photolithography processes. The resulting printed MEM relays show a pull-in voltage of only 6.6 V and an on/off ratio of 108 with extremely low on-state resistance (∼14.3 Ω) and off-state leakage that is comparable to those of conventional silicon-based MEM relays.
Asymptotics of orthogonal polynomials and point perturbation on the unit circle

In the first five sections, we deal with the class of probability measures with asymptotically periodic Verblunsky coefficients of p-type bounded variation. The goal is to investigate the perturbation of the Verblunsky coefficients when we add a pure point to a gap of the essential spectrum. For the asymptotically constant case, we give an asymptotic formula for the orthonormal polynomials in the gap, prove that the perturbation term converges and show the limit explicitly. Furthermore, we prove that the perturbation is of bounded variation. Then we generalize the method to the asymptotically periodic case and prove similar results. In the last two sections, we show that the bounded variation condition can be removed if a certain symmetry condition is satisfied. Finally, we consider the special case when the Verblunsky coefficients are real with the rate of convergence being c"n. We prove that the rate of convergence of the perturbation is in fact O(c"n). In particular, the special case c"n=1/n will serve as a counterexample to the possibility that the convergence of the perturbed Verblunsky coefficients should be exponentially fast when a point is added to a gap.
Late Quaternary vegetation in the Southwestern Columbia Basin, Washington

A 33,000-yr pollen record from Carp Lake provides information on the vegetation history of the forest/steppe border in the southwestern Columbia Basin. The site is located in the Pinus ponderosa Zone but through much of late Quaternary time the area was probably treeless. Pollen assemblages in sediments dating from 33,000 to 23,500 yr B.P. suggest a period of temperate climate and steppe coinciding with the end of the Olympia Interglaciation. The Fraser Glaciation (ca. 25,000–10,000 yr B.P.) was a period of periglacial steppe or tundra vegetation and conditions too dry and cold to support forests at low altitudes. Aridity is also inferred from the low level of the lake between 21,000 and 8500 yr B.P., and especially after about 13,500 yr B.P. About 10,000 yr B.P. Chenopodiineae and other temperate taxa spread locally, providing palynological evidence for a shift from cold, dry to warm, dry conditions. Pine woodland developed at the site with the onset of humid conditions at 8500 yr B.P.; further cooling is suggested at 4000 yr B.P., when Pseudotsuga and Abies were established locally.
Pharmacophore analysis of the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXRα

A cell-free assay was developed for the orphan nuclear receptor LXRalpha that measures the ligand-dependent recruitment of a peptide from the steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC1) to the nuclear receptor. Using this ligand-sensing assay (LiSA), the structural requirements for activation of the receptor by oxysterols and related compounds were studied. The minimal pharmacophore for receptor activation was shown to be a sterol with a hydrogen bond acceptor at C24. 24(S),25-Epoxycholesterol (1), which meets this criterion, is among the most efficacious of the oxysterols and is an attractive candidate as the LXRalpha natural hormone. Cholenic acid dimethylamide (14) showed increased efficacy compared to 1, whereas the unnatural oxysterol 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol (4) was shown to be an antagonist of 1 in the LiSA. The structural requirements for SRC1 recruitment in the LiSA correlated with the transcriptional activity of compounds in a cell-based reporter assay employing LXRalpha-GAL4 chimeric receptors. Site-directed mutagenesis identified Trp(443) as an amino acid critical for activation of LXRalpha by oxysterol ligands. This information was combined with the structure-activity relationship developed from the LiSA to develop a 3D homology model of LXRalpha. This model may aid the design of synthetic drugs targeted at this transcriptional regulator of cholesterol homeostasis.
Fractionation of Aspergillus niger cellulases by combined ion exchange affinity chromatography

Eight chemically modified cellulose supports were tested for their ability to adsorb components of the Aspergillus niger cellulase system. At least two of the most effective adsorbents, aminoethyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, were shown to be useful for the fractionation of cellulases. These supports apparently owe their resolving capacity to both ion exchange and biospecific binding effects; however, the relative importance of each effect is unknown. These observations form the basis for a new cellulase fractionation technique, combined ion exchange-affinity chromatography. 22 references.
Developing ESL writing materials

Abstract This paper addresses three main questions in the framework of a second language learning situation: What are the benefits of developing writing skill? What strategies can learners use to become better writers? What role can materials play in helping students develop their writing strategies? The author lays aside the debate over the process vs product approach and encourages using the best of both approaches for enhancing writing in a second language.
Hertzian contact of orthotropic materials

Contact loading of orthotropic materials is of interest in impact problems and other applications with composite materials. Although solutions are available for special cases such as transversely isotropic materials, solutions for contact loading for more general orthotropic materials have appeared much less frequently in the literature. The present work shows that a general procedure for calculating stresses due to contact loading can be obtained by combining two previous solution techniques. The first is the procedure outlined by Willis, that uses numerical contour integration to determine the size and aspect ratio of the elliptical contact area, and the contact pressure distribution. Detailed stress fields are then obtained by using these parameters in the general solution for transverse pressure loading of laminated orthotropic materials due to Pagano and Srinivas and Rao. Comparisons with known results for special cases, along with comparisons of surface displacements and the indentor profile, indicate that good accuracy of the solution can be achieved.
A Reduction of Spontaneous Beating Rate of Adult Rabbit Pacemaker Cells in Culture is Reversed by RGS2 Overexpression, Gi Inhibition or β-Ar Stimulation

Genetic manipulation of signaling proteins is an important tool to study signaling mechanisms. While rabbit sinoatrial node cells (SANC) are an excellent model for the study of autonomic signaling, genetic manipulation of freshly isolated rabbit SANC (f-SANC) is not possible. Here we report important characteristics of a cultured rabbit SANC model (c-SANC) that is suitable for manipulation of gene expression. C-SANC generate regular and rhythmic APs at 34±0.5oC, and beat spontaneously at a lower rate (1.35±0.02Hz, n=803) than f-SANC (2.79±0.04Hz, n=203 p<0.001). The durations of AP and Ca2+-transient are prolonged in c-SANC. Spontaneous Local Ca2+-Releases (LCR) beneath cell membrane during diastolic depolarization have prolonged period that is highly correlated with c-SANC's reduced spontaneous beating rate. The phosphorylation levels of RyR2 at Ser2809 and phospholamban at Ser16 are substantially lower in c-SANC, suggesting that PKA signaling in c-SANC is down-regulated. Additionally, the level of RGS2 protein is substantially lower in c-SANC (149.9±4.0, n=100) than in f-SANC (201.9±6.0, n=88, p<0.001). β-AR stimulation with 1μM isoproterenol for 10min increases phospholamban and RyR2 phosphorylation, accelerates AP and Ca2+-transient kinetics, reduces the LCR period, and accelerates the AP firing rate to a similar maximum in c-SANC (3.34±0.05Hz, n=150) and f-SANC (3.55±0.06Hz, n=126). A 2 hour incubation of 1μM isoproterenol enhances RGS2 staining density. A specific PKA inhibitor, PKI, completely inhibits all isoproterenol effects. Overexpression of RGS2 (Ad-RGS2), or overnight pertussis toxin treatment to disable Gi signaling, partially (66% and 85%, respectively) rescues the reduced spontaneous beating rate. These results indicate that a reduction in PKA-dependent Ca2+-cycling protein phosphorylation that is Gi-dependent is involved in the reduced spontaneous beating rate of c-SANC, and that this deficit can be reversed by pharmacologic or genetic manipulation.
Autonomous wireless radar sensor mote for target material classification

Autonomous wireless sensor networks consisting of different types of sensor modalities have been receiving greater attention from researchers due to their versatility and portability. These autonomous sensor networks commonly include passive sensors such as infrared, acoustic, vibration, and magnetic nodes. However, fusion of active sensors in the integrated sensor network, such as Doppler radars, may offer powerful capabilities for many different sensing and classification tasks. In this work, we demonstrate the design and implementation of an autonomous wireless sensor network integrating a Doppler sensor with commercial off-the-shelf components. We investigate the effect of various types of target materials on the measured radar signal as one of the applications of the newly designed radar-mote network. Different types of materials affect the amount of energy reflected back to the source of an electromagnetic wave. We obtain mathematical and simulation models for the reflectivity of different homogeneous non-conducting materials and study the effect of such reflectivity on the classification of targets. We validate our simulation results using real experimental data collected through our autonomous radar-mote sensor network using various types of targets.
Treatment of an adult patient with severely crowded bimaxillary protrusive Class II malocclusion with atypical extractions.

Bimaxillary dental protrusion has traditionally been treated with premolar extractions. However, protrusion, when combined with severe crowding and midline discrepancy, can be difficult to correct with orthodontics alone. The space gained from the extractions must be used to alleviate the crowding rather than for incisor retraction and midline correction. Often these patients must be treated with premolar extraction in combination with orthognathic surgery. However, there is another nonsurgical option. Extracting 2 premolars or a premolar and a molar in the same quadrant can generate enough space to alleviate severe crowding and allow for incisor retraction. The purpose of this article is to report a Class II malocclusion, with severe dental protrusion and crowding, treated with atypical extractions.
The relationship of p53 and stress proteins in response to bleomycin and retinoic acid in the p53 heterozygous mouse.

Abstract A single, i.p. dose of bleomycin was administered simultaneously with [ 35 S]methionine to 4-month-old p53 wild type (+/+) and p53 heterozygous (+/−) C57BL/6 mice. Following a period of 3.5 h from dosing, the bone marrow nuclei were examined by two-dimensional PAGE and fluorography for induction of stress proteins (sps). Eight sps ranging from 22 000 to 100 000 M r were synthesized in p53 +/− and p53 +/+ mice following elicitation by bleomycin. No quantitative or qualitative differences were observed in sp expression in these two groups of animals. In a second experiment, three doses of retinoic acid were given i.p. to p53 +/− and p53 +/+ mice over a 36 h period. The p53 isoforms in bone marrow nuclei from these mice were analyzed by PAGE for incorporation of [ 35 S]methionine following retinoic acid injections. Quantitative and qualitative alterations in p53 isotypes were substantially increased in p53 +/+ as compared with p53 +/− mice. The increased complexity in the synthesis patterns in both groups of dosed mice consisted of additional isoforms possessing more acidic isoelectric values. In an in vitro binding assay, individual p53 isoforms demonstrated varying degrees of association with sps 25a, 70i, 72c and 90 which was consistently greater in p53 +/+ mice. Both the synthesis and binding of isoforms were greater in G 1 than in S+G 2 phase, in both groups of animals, reflecting a cell cycle regulated mechanism for these events. Collectively, these data implied that the synthesis and the binding characteristics of p53 isoforms with sps were enhanced in the p53 +/+ mice relative to the p53 +/− mouse; however, sp labeling was not affected by p53 genotype.
Administration of interleukin-7 after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation improves immune reconstitution without aggravating graft-versus-host disease.

Prolonged immunodeficiency after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) causes significant morbidity and mortality from infection. This study examined in murine models the effects of interleukin-7 (IL-7) given to young and middle-aged (9-month-old) recipients of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–matched or –mismatched allogeneic BMT. Although administration of IL-7 from day 0 to 14 after syngeneic BMT promoted lymphoid reconstitution, this regimen was ineffective after allogeneic BMT. However, IL-7 administration from day 14 (or 21) to 27 after allogeneic BMT accelerated restoration of the major lymphoid cell populations even in middle-aged recipients. This regimen significantly expanded donor-derived thymocytes and peripheral T cells, B-lineage cells in bone marrow and spleen, splenic natural killer (NK) cells, NK T cells, and monocytes and macrophages. Interestingly, although recipients treated with IL-7 had significant increases in CD4+ and CD8+ memory T-cell populations, increases in naive T cells were less profound. Most notable, however, were the observations that IL-7 treatment did not exacerbate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in recipients of an MHC-matched BMT, and would ameliorate GVHD in recipients of a MHC-mismatched BMT. Nonetheless, graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) activity (measured against 32Dp210 leukemia) remained intact. Although activated and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells normally express high levels of IL-7 receptor (IL-7R, CD127), activated and memory alloreactive donor-derived T cells from recipients of allogeneic BMT expressed little IL-7R. This might explain the failure of IL-7 administration to exacerbate GVHD. In conclusion, posttransplant IL-7 administration to recipients of an allogeneic BMT enhances lymphoid reconstitution without aggravating GVHD while preserving GVL.
A finite element solution algorithm for nonlinear thermal problems with severe gradients

An implicit enthalpy - flux component finite element algorithm is presented for nonlinear thermal problems with severe gradients. The algorithm is formulated to permit efficient solution of nonlinear heat transfer problems for unstructured meshes with a large range of element sizes. Two transient conduction examples illustrate the effectiveness of the approach for problems with high temperatures and steep gradients.
Structural characterization of the HSP70 interaction domain of the hepatitis C viral protein NS5A

We previously identified the NS5A/HSP70 binding site to be a hairpin moiety at C-terminus of NS5A domain I and showed a corresponding cyclized polyarginine-tagged synthetic peptide (HCV4) significantly blocks virus production. Here, sequence comparison confirmed five residues to be conserved. Based on NS5A domain I crystal structure, Phe171, Val173, and Tyr178 were predicted to form the binding interface. Substitution of Phe171 and Val173 with more hydrophobic unusual amino acids improved peptide antiviral activity and HSP70 binding, while similar substitutions at Tyr178 had a negative effect. Substitution of non-conserved residues with arginines maintained antiviral activity and HSP70 binding and dispensed with polyarginine tag for cellular entry. Peptide cyclization improved antiviral activity and HSP70 binding. The cyclic retro-inverso analog displayed the best antiviral properties. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed a secondary structure consisting of an N-terminal beta-sheet followed by a turn and a C-terminal beta-sheet. These peptides constitute a new class of anti-HCV compounds.
Diet and immunological memory of lines of White Leghorn chickens divergently selected for antibody response to sheep red blood cells

Abstract Antibody responses to a first, second, and third injection with SRBC, and growth were studied in lines of White Leghorn chickens selected for high (HA) or low (LA) 5-d antibody titers to an i.v. inoculation with 0.1 mL of a 0.25% suspension of SRBC. The experiment involved parallel studies on two groups of chicks hatched from the same matings of parental lines HA and LA at a 14-d interval. Chicks of each age-line subclass were fed either a high or low nutrient density diet from hatch onwards. When chicks of Hatches 1 and 2 were 28 and 14 d of age (doa) respectively, they were injected with 0.1 mL of 0.25% suspension of SRBC, and antibody titers measured 3 and 6 d later. A second and a third injection of the same concentration of SRBC was given to chicks of each age-line-diet subclass at 10-d intervals and antibody titers measured 3 and 6 d after each injection in different chicks randomly sampled from each age-line-diet subclass. After the first injection, antibody (primary) responses of HA chicks were higher than those of LA chicks regardless of age and diet. This difference (HA > LA) observed for the primary response was seldom evident in the responses to the second (secondary) and third (tertiary) injections. Antibody responses of LA chicks after the second and third injections were anamnestic. For HA chicks given the first injection at 28 doa, neither the secondary nor tertiary responses suggested anamnestic capacities, whereas there was apparent memory exhibited by the secondary and tertiary responses of HA chicks initially injected at 14 doa. The LA chicks were significantly heavier than HA chicks at all ages. Even though the higher nutrient density diet increased BW of chicks of both lines, its effect on memory responses was sporadic. The results of this experiment show that, even though divergent selection has been successful in the primary responses, correlated responses in immunological memory were not always observed, suggesting that the two types of responses might be under different genetic control.
Nonlinear optical signals in active highly scattering media

The intensity of two photon excited fluorescence (TPF) in highly scattering media generated by ultrashort laser pulses as a function of depth of focal point inside the media were measured for investigating the spatial location of TPF in scattering media. Scattering medium attenuates the intensity of incident beam. TPF signal decayed exponentially as the focal point was scanned into the medium. TPF was not confined in the focal region and had a wider distribution as the scattering strength of the medium increased resulting degradation of optical sectioning ability.
Partial mapping of methylated sequences in Xenopus laevis ribosomal RNA by preparative hybridization to cloned fragments of ribosomal DNA

Xenopus laevis rRNA was hybridised to either of two cloned fragments of ribosomal DNA. One fragment, designated X1r11, contains a short region of the 18 S rRNA gene and most of the 28 S rRNA gene. The other fragment, X1r14, contains a short region of the 28 S gene and most of the 18 S gene. After hybridization the non-complementary rRNA was removed by digestion with T1 RNase and the hybridized RNA was then eluted and examined by fingerprinting analysis. The 3' terminal sequence and the dimethyl-A-containing sequence of 18 S rRNA both hybridized to X1r11 rDNA, in agreement with the known direction of transcription of rDNA. The distribution of other methylated oligonucleotides between the various fingerprints permitted assigment of nearly all of the methylated sequences in 18 S and 28 s rRNA to either the short 3' region or the long 5' region of the respective molecules.
Teacher Verbal Behavior and Teacher and Pupil Thinking in Elementary School

AbstractIn this study the authors attempted to (1) investigate relationships that exist between modes of teacher verbal influence and the sophistication of pupil thinking, and (2) examine the relationships that exist between the levels of teacher and pupil thinking. Modes of teacher influence and teacher and pupil cognitive data were collected from fifteen second grade classrooms using an 18-category verbal interaction observation system. Using the Mann- Whitney U test and Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient, a significant relationship was found between modes of teacher influence and use of cognitive levels, as well as between levels of teacher cognition and that of his pupils in pupil response categories but not in pupil initiation categories.
Platelet aggregation induced by type IIb platelet von Willebrand factor

Summary Platelet lysates from five patients with a form of type IIb von Willebrand's disease (vWd), associated with spontaneous platelet aggregation and thrombocytopenia, induced platelet aggregation of normal and other vWd's platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Platelet lysate from normals, type I or type IIa vWd did not cause platelet aggregation of normal PRP. When polyclonal monospecific antibodies directed against plasma von Willebrand factor (vWf) were incubated with the type IIb platelet lysate, they inhibited the platelet aggregation. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the glycoprotein (GP) Ib binding domain of plasma vWf incubated with the type IIb platelet lysate did not inhibit the platelet aggregation. Normal platelets suspended in afibrinogenaemic plasma did not aggregate when type IIb vWd platelet lysate was added. Normal platelets incubated with monoclonal antibodies directed against the fibrinogen and vWf binding site(s) on the GPIIb/IIIa were not aggregated by the type IIb platelet lysate. Bernard-Soulier PRP aggregated when type IIb vWd platelet lysate was added, while Glanzmann's thrombasthenic platelets did not. Peptides containing the RGDS sequence or the sequence of the carboxy terminal 15 amino acids of the gamma chain of fibrinogen inhibited the type IIb vWd platelet lysate-induced platelet aggregation. These data suggest that type IIb platelet vWf can cause platelet aggregation of PRP without the addition of any agonist. This interaction is different from that observed with the plasma vWf from these patients.
Bone growth is stimulated by BMP4 and FGF in an in vitro bone model

Abstract Introduction: Analysis of extrinsic stimuli on osteoblast biology is limited to isolated cell cultures where cell-cell interactions cannot be adequately explored. In vivo experiments circumvent these short-comings but are expensive and difficult to isolate. Our objective was to develop a useful in vitro bone culture model to enable more complex analysis of osteoblast biology. Methods: After Fisher rat (n = 19) sacrifice on neonatal day 1, tibias were microdissected from surrounding structures and cultured on tissue culture inserts. Serum free media supplementation determined tibia groups (n = 12 each): Group 1 without supplementation, Group 2 with rh-FGF-2, and Group 3 with rh-BMP4. On days 2 and 5, half the bones from each group were weighed and prepared for analysis. Results: Histological analysis showed intact cortical and cancellous bone architecture. Further, proximal and distal epiphysis remained intact. All groups experienced initial weight decreases by day 2, but stimulated bones increased in weight by day 5. When non-stimulated versus stimulated mean weight changes were compared, Group 3 showed the greatest increases by day 5 (p Conclusions: We have demonstrated that the neonatal rat tibia is an excellent long bone organ culture model capable of sustained growth in vitro. Further, these cultures retain the ability to respond to known bone growth factors. This model is useful for analyzing complex epigenetic manipulations in culture.
Crumbling diversity: comparison of historical archived and contemporary natural populations indicate reduced genetic diversity and increasing genetic differentiation in the golden-cheeked warbler

Genetic viability of threatened and endangered species is of increasing concern with habitat loss and fragmentation. Valuable assessments of the genetic status of endangered species are difficult in most cases, where only single sample estimates are available. Using historical and contemporary samples, we assessed the impact of both historical and recent demographic changes on population genetics of the endangered golden-cheeked warbler, (Dendroica chrysoparia). Our study documents a steep decline in genetic diversity in an endangered species over a 100-year period, along with concurrent increase in genetic differentiation, and low contemporary effective sizes for all the populations we evaluated. While adding to the growing body of literature that describes the genetic impacts of habitat fragmentation, our study may also serve as an informative guide to future management of endangered species. Our study underlines the importance of long term population genetic monitoring in understanding the full extent of genetic changes in endangered species.
The decomposition of M(λ) surfaces using Niessen's limit circles

Abstract A connection is made between the M(λ) matrix of Hinton-Shaw and the two dimensional subspaces of H. D. Niessen. It is shown that the surface on which the M(λ) matrices lie can be represented as a generalization of a sum of Niessen circles, namely ellipsoids, some of whose directions may have collapsed.
Searching for zeroes : Unconventional superconductors in a magnetic field

We review the results of the microscopic approach to the calculation of the anisotropy in the specific heat in unconventional superconductors under rotated field. Treating vortex scattering on equal footing with the energy shift we find that the electronic specific heat may have minima or maxima when the field is aligned with the nodes, depending on the temperature and field range. We discuss the influence of the paramagnetic limiting and Fermi surface shape on the location of the inversion line.
The effects of perceived and actual similarity in values and personality in the process of interpersonal attraction

The effects of perceived and actual similarity in personality and values were examined in a five-wave longitudinal panel study. The study featured six eight-person natural living groups of initial strangers in a residence hall setting. Although actual value similarity caused perceived value similarity and both caused attraction as generally predicted by Newcomb's AB-X model, no consistent pattern of relationships was found for personality similarity and attraction. Non-obvious differences between these two types of similarity were then discussed. The magnitude of the effects of the value and personality similarity on the attractions formed in the natural setting were not nearly as pronounced as those reported by Byrne and his associates in their laboratory studies. Differences between the laboratory and the natural setting were then discussed to explain these diminished effects.
Intraventricular alloxan impairs feeding to both central and systemic glucoprivation.

Abstract Fourth ventricular alloxan injections impair the feeding response to systemically induced glucoprivation. However, the effect of alloxan on responses to centrally administered glucoprivic agents has not been assessed. Therefore, rats implanted with fourth ventricular cannulas were tested for feeding and glycemic responses to centrally administered 5-thioglucose (5TG, 120 μg/5 μl) and subcutaneously administered 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG, 250 mg/kg, IP). Subsequently, alloxan (200 μg in 5 μl), alloxan plus 3 M D-glucose, or the saline vehicle solution was injected into the fourth ventricle and the animals were then retested with systemic 2DG and intraventricular 5TG. Feeding responses to both centrally and systemically induced glucoprivic challenge were greatly impaired by alloxan treatment. Thus, feeding elicited by both centrally and systemically induced glucoprivation appears to be mediated by the same central neural substrate. The possibility that the alloxan-damaged cells are glucoreceptors is discussed. In contrast to glucoprivic feeding, the hyperglycemic response to glucoprivation was not impaired by alloxan. Therefore, the neural elements controlling this response may differ biochemically from those controlling feeding.
Temporal variation and persistence of bacteria in streams

Better understanding of bacterial fate and transport in watersheds is necessary for improved regulatory management of impaired streams. Novel statistical time series analyses of coliform data can be a useful tool for evaluating the dynamics of temporal variation and persistence of bacteria within a watershed. For this study, daily total coliform data for the Little River in East Tennessee from 1 Oct. 2000 to 31 Dec. 2005 were evaluated using novel time series techniques. The objective of this study was to analyze the total coliform concentration data to: (i) evaluate the temporal variation of the total coliform, and (ii) determine whether the total coliform concentration data demonstrated any long-term or short-term persistence. For robust analysis and comparison, both time domain and frequency domain approaches were used for the analysis. In the time domain, an autoregressive moving average approach was used; whereas in the frequency domain, spectral analysis was applied. As expected, the analyses showed that total coliform concentrations were higher in summer months and lower in winter months. However, the more interesting results showed that the total coliform concentration exhibited short-term as well as long-term persistence ranging from about 4 wk to approximately 1 yr, respectively. Comparison of the total coliform data to hydrologic data indicated both runoff and baseflow are responsible for the persistence.
Effects of Varying Weed Communities in Corn on European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Oviposition, and Egg Mass Predation

Recent advances in weed control technology have changed how vegetational diversity can be managed in agroecosystems. This 2-yr study assessed the impact of altering the timing of herbicide application in herbicide-resistant field corn on the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), and on the beneficial insects that prey on O. nubilalis egg masses. Treatments in this study were intended to allow weed presence in the field for varying periods of time, but control the weeds before crop yield was negatively impacted. Effects on O. nubilalis oviposition were assessed directly by counting egg masses and indirectly by assessing damage to corn stalks resulting from O. nubilalis infestations. The impact of weeds on the main generalist predators in this system was quantified through direct counts and predation trials on sentinel egg masses. In this study, altering the timing of herbicide application in herbicide-resistant field corn did not appear to affect the oviposition preference of O. nubilalis or the beneficial insects that prey on its egg masses. End-of-season stalk comparisons showed no differences in O. nubilalis infestation levels among the treatments. Predation on sentinel egg masses showed few significant differences among treatments, and predator densities were only rarely significantly different by treatment and showed no evident trends. Thus, our data suggest that under the conditions of this experiment, manipulating herbicide applications to minimize O. nubilalis damage is not a viable management technique in field corn.
Characterization of a New Microporous Lithozincosilicate with ANA Topology

A new microporous lithozincosilicate (Cs 12 Li 13 [Li 3 Zn 8 Si 37 O 96 ].4H 2 O), an analogue of pollucite (CsAlSi 2 O 6 ) and analcime (NaAlSi 2 O 6 ), contains lithium in both framework and nonframework sites. This represents the first example of the incorporation of lithium into the ANA framework structure type. The analysis of the crystal structure used X-ray and neutron powder diffraction techniques, which reveal partially ordered sites in the framework occupied by Li, Zn, and Si atoms. The framework sites are occupied in a manner to distribute the low valent cations as far apart as possible. The pore system of the material consists of large cuboctahedra, occupied by Cs and water molecules, and smaller vacancies available for siting of nonframework Li bounded by six- and eight-membered rings of framework tetrahedra.