cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of 2-F-ara-A (9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine) in cancer patients during the phase I clinical investigation of fludarabine phosphate.

In vitro and in vivo studies with N,N',N''-triethylene-thiophosphoramide (thiotepa) alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide (CTX) were carried out using the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line and the EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma cell line. In vitro, survival curves were essentially linear. The cytotoxicity of thiotepa toward MCF-7 cells was markedly dependent on the presence of oxygen during the period of drug exposure, with a 3-log greater cell kill at 500 mumol with cells that were normally oxygenated compared with hypoxic cells. Incubation of thiotepa with an Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S-9 homogenate in the presence of a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-regenerating system resulted in an eightfold increase in cytotoxicity toward the MCF-7 cells over a wide range of drug concentrations. The thiotepa metabolite N,N',N''-triethylenephosphoramide (TEPA) was significantly less cytotoxic toward the MCF-7 cells than was thiotepa. Simultaneous and immediately sequential treatments with thiotepa and CTX produced supra-additive cell killing of both cell lines, although the magnitude of the supra-additivity was greater in the MCF-7 cell line than in the EMT6 cell line. These drugs Vppeared to be equally effective as thiol-depleting agents. By DNA alkaline elution, there was a pattern of increasing DNA cross-linking similar to the increasing levels of cytotoxicity of this drug combination as the concentrations of thiotepa increased. In the EMT6 tumor in vivo, the maximally tolerated combination therapy (5 mg/kg x 6, thiotepa, and 100 mg/kg x 3, CTX) produced about 25 days of tumor growth delay, which was not significantly different than expected for additivity of the individual drugs. The survival of EMT6 tumor cells after treatment of the animals with the various single doses of thiotepa and CTX was assayed. Tumor cell killing by thiotepa produced a very steep, linear survival curve through 5 logs with increasing dose. The tumor cell survival cure for CTX to 500 mg/kg had linear tumor cell kill through almost 4 logs. In vivo modeling of quasicontinuous exposure (3 intraperitoneal over 9 hours) versus pulse (single-dose) administration of thiotepa and CTX compared EMT6 tumor cell survival with survival of bone marrow as a representative sensitive normal tissue. With CTX, there was a considerable increase in the therapeutic index (killing of tumor cells/killing of colony forming units-granulocyte macrophage) when the same total dose of drug was administered in multiple injections versus a single injection. For thiotepa, smaller increases in therapeutic index were also observed with the multiple-injection schedule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Assessing the impact of curricular collections use at a liberal arts college

ABSTRACTResearch suggests that object-based, active learning enhances student experiences and learning outcomes. The Logan Museum of Anthropology has devoted significant resources to student-centered, inquiry-based learning. To determine if and how collections use was associated with enhanced learning across the curriculum of Beloit College, the museum’s parent institution, we conducted two surveys of instructors and students. The purposes were (1) to define how deeply and intensely engaged students were with collections and (2) to evaluate the correlation of self-reported student learning outcomes with collections use in general and with deeply engaged collections use in particular. We found that enhanced student learning was associated with collections use across the liberal arts curriculum. Further, we found that positive learning outcomes positively correlated with deeper collections engagement. We also gathered qualitative student observations that provide examples of how collections use helped stude...
Development of a unified design, test, and research platform for wind energy systems based on hardware-in-the-loop real time simulation

Traditionally, off-line modeling and simulation has been the tool of choice for improving wind energy system control strategies their utility system integration. This paper exploits how a newly established real-time hardware-in-loop (HIL) test facility, designed for testing all-electric ship propulsion systems, can be utilized for wind energy research. The test site uses two 2.5 MW/220 rpm dynamometers and a 5 MW variable voltage and frequency converter to emulate a realistic dynamic environment, both mechanically and electrically. The facility is controlled by a digital real-time electric power system simulator (RTDS), capable of simulating electrical networks and control systems of substantial complexity, typically with 50 microseconds time step. Substantial I/O allows the feedback of measured quantities into the simulation. A 15 kW mock-up motor-generator set is used to demonstrate some critical aspects of the concept. From dynamic test results presented it is concluded that the proposed system shows great potential for development of a one-of-a-kind wind energy research platform.
Probing Allosteric Inhibition Mechanisms of the Hsp70 Chaperone Proteins Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Analysis of the Residue Interaction Networks.

Although molecular mechanisms of allosteric regulation in the Hsp70 chaperones have been extensively studied at both structural and functional levels, the current understanding of allosteric inhibition of chaperone activities by small molecules is still lacking. In the current study, using a battery of computational approaches, we probed allosteric inhibition mechanisms of E. coli Hsp70 (DnaK) and human Hsp70 proteins by small molecule inhibitors PET-16 and novolactone. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy analysis were combined with network-based modeling of residue interactions and allosteric communications to systematically characterize and compare molecular signatures of the apo form, substrate-bound, and inhibitor-bound chaperone complexes. The results suggested a mechanism by which the allosteric inhibitors may leverage binding energy hotspots in the interaction networks to stabilize a specific conformational state and impair the interdomain allosteric control. Using the network-ba...
Clinical application of hybrid imaging of pancreatic lesions: Pictorial review of applications, merits and pitfalls

1360 Learning Objectives This educational exhibit reviews current clinical applications of PET-CT for pancreatic lesions. Authors’ institutional experience is presented along with a comprehensive review of the current literature. Multiple merits along with potential limitations and pitfalls are presented. Multitude of benign and malignant pancreatic processes are being evaluated by PET-CT. The role of PET-CT in pancreatic lesions continues to evolve as more studies emerge in the current literature. PET-CT applications in lesion characterization, initial locoregional and systemic staging, response to therapy, as well as to evaluate for recurrence post-operatively are demonstrated. Examples of management altering outcomes are presented along with imaging features. Comparison with contrast-enhanced CT (CECT)/ CT angiography (CTA) in accuracy of staging, including the presence or absence of vascular invasion is elaborated. Role of PET-CT in characterizing benign vs malignant cystic pancreatic neoplasms is discussed. Brief comparison with other conventional imaging modalities, such as endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) and MRI is also reviewed. Potential pitfalls including artifacts and causes for false positive and false negative results are presented with imaging examples.
Special Considerations for the Acquisition and Wrangling of Big Data

Organizational scientists must capitalize on the big data revolution to better understand the nomothetic, idiographic, multilevel, and/or dynamic processes that make up today’s workplace. Simultane...
Elevated GM3 plasma concentration in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: A lipidomic analysis

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease whose pathological hallmark is the accumulation of intracellular α-synuclein aggregates in Lewy bodies. Lipid metabolism dysregulation may play a significant role in PD pathogenesis; however, large plasma lipidomic studies in PD are lacking. In the current study, we analyzed the lipidomic profile of plasma obtained from 150 idiopathic PD patients and 100 controls, taken from the ‘Spot’ study at Columbia University Medical Center in New York. Our mass spectrometry based analytical panel consisted of 520 lipid species from 39 lipid subclasses including all major classes of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerolipids and sterols. Each lipid species was analyzed using a logistic regression model. The plasma concentrations of two lipid subclasses, triglycerides and monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3), were different between PD and control participants. GM3 ganglioside concentration had the most significant difference between PD and controls (1.531±0.037 pmol/μl versus 1.337±0.040 pmol/μl respectively; p-value = 5.96E-04; q-value = 0.048; when normalized to total lipid: p-value = 2.890E-05; q-value = 2.933E-03). Next, we used a collection of 20 GM3 and glucosylceramide (GlcCer) species concentrations normalized to total lipid to perform a ROC curve analysis, and found that these lipids compare favorably with biomarkers reported in previous studies (AUC = 0.742 for males, AUC = 0.644 for females). Our results suggest that higher plasma GM3 levels are associated with PD. GM3 lies in the same glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway as GlcCer, a substrate of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which has been associated with PD. These findings are consistent with previous reports implicating lower glucocerebrosidase activity with PD risk.
People with Parkinson’s disease and dysarthria benefit equally from Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD) delivered via tele-rehabilitation compared with conventional face-to-face version of the treatment1

(1) To determine the non-inferiority of a home-based intensive speech treatment (Lee Silverman Voice Treatment [LSVT LOUD]) for people with Parkinsons Disease (PD) living in a metropolitan area com...
Influence of facial hair length, coarseness, and areal density on seal leakage of a tight-fitting half-face respirator.

Background: OSHA regulations state that an employer shall not permit tight-fitting respirators to be worn by employees who have facial hair that comes between the skin and facepiece seal. Studies h...
Values and Beliefs as Risk and Protective Factors for Physical Punishment

Physical punishment is widely used in the U.S., despite links to several negative child outcomes. Considering the increasing cultural diversity and that researchers who link cultural values to physical punishment focus within instead of across groups, it is worthwhile to explore whether certain values that have been linked to physical punishment within groups are applicable to other group that may share similar beliefs. Further, while researchers typically focus on exploring risk factors for physical punishment, the current study explores both risk (e.g., filial piety, machismo attitudes) and protective (e.g., familism) factors. Using a survey of 736 racially/ethnically diverse undergraduate students, this study addresses how students varied in their experiences of physical punishment growing up, based on their ratings of their caregivers’ values. Regression results indicate that having a caregiver with stronger machismo attitudes was linked to higher odds of experiencing any, AOR = 1.48, p < .001, 95% CI [1.23, 1.78], as well as moderate to severe, AOR = 1.57, p < .001, 95% CI [1.28, 1.91] physical punishment; this was true across the full sample, despite machismo attitudes being studied in Hispanic/Latino populations typically. However, familism and filial piety were not associated with physical punishment for the sample. These findings suggest that it is worthwhile to explore how traditional values that are typically attributed to certain groups may be linked to physical punishment across more diverse populations, as different groups may share similar beliefs that are linked to physical punishment in similar ways.
Nosology of Eating and Growth Disorders in Early Childhood

In this article the authors discuss the classification of eating disorders of infancy and early childhood, including pica, rumination disorder of infancy, nonorganic failure to thrive, and psychosocial dwarfism.
Streptobacillus actinoides (Bacillus actinoides): isolation from pneumonic lungs of calves and pathogenicity studies in gnotobiotic calves

Pneumonic lungs of 56 calves were examined and 12 (21 per ceni) of Ihcm yielded Streptobacillus monili-formis-tike organisms. These organisms resembled those previously described as Bacillus actinoides or Actinobacillus actinoides. After intratracheal inoculation of cultures of two strains of these organisms, pneumonic consolidation developed in five out of six gnotobiotic calves and involved up to 16 per cent of the lung surface. Histological lesions of interstitial pneumonia were observed in the lungs of all six calves. Swellings at the site of the infection followed intradermal and subcutaneous inoculation of cultures of all strains in calves. Mice showed no signs of illness following intraperitoneal injection of three strains. The bacteriological findings suggested that a more appropriate name for these organisms would be Streptobacillus actinoides.
Security for safety: a path toward building trusted autonomous vehicles

Automotive systems have always been designed with safety in mind. In this regard, the functional safety standard, ISO 26262, was drafted with the intention of minimizing risk due to random hardware faults or systematic failure in design of electrical and electronic components of an automobile. However, growing complexity of a modern car has added another potential point of failure in the form of cyber or sensor attacks. Recently, researchers have demonstrated that vulnerability in vehicle's software or sensing units could enable them to remotely alter the intended operation of the vehicle. As such, in addition to safety, security should be considered as an important design goal. However, designing security solutions without the consideration of safety objectives could result in potential hazards. Consequently, in this paper we propose the notion of security for safety and show that by integrating safety conditions with our system-level security solution, which comprises of a modified Kalman filter and a Chi-squared detector, we can prevent potential hazards that could occur due to violation of safety objectives during an attack. Furthermore, with the help of a car-following case study, where the follower car is equipped with an adaptive-cruise control unit, we show that our proposed system-level security solution preserves the safety constraints and prevent collision between vehicle while under sensor attack.
Quantitative EEG predicts outcomes in children after cardiac arrest.

Objective To determine whether quantitative EEG (QEEG) features predict neurologic outcomes in children after cardiac arrest. Methods We performed a single-center prospective observational study of 87 consecutive children resuscitated and admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit after cardiac arrest. Full-array conventional EEG data were obtained as part of clinical management. We computed 8 QEEG features from 5-minute epochs every hour after return of circulation. We developed predictive models utilizing random forest classifiers trained on patient age and 8 QEEG features to predict outcome. The features included SD of each EEG channel, normalized band power in alpha, beta, theta, delta, and gamma wave frequencies, line length, and regularity function scores. We measured outcomes using Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) scores. We evaluated the models using 5-fold cross-validation and 1,000 bootstrap samples. Results The best performing model had a 5-fold cross-validation accuracy of 0.8 (0.88 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve). It had a positive predictive value of 0.79 and a sensitivity of 0.84 in predicting patients with favorable outcomes (PCPC score of 1–3). It had a negative predictive value of 0.8 and a specificity of 0.75 in predicting patients with unfavorable outcomes (PCPC score of 4–6). The model also identified the relative importance of each feature. Analyses using only frontal electrodes did not differ in prediction performance compared to analyses using all electrodes. Conclusions QEEG features can standardize EEG interpretation and predict neurologic outcomes in children after cardiac arrest.
"Beautiful Seams": Strategic Revelations and Concealments

This paper tracks a debate that occurred, first, within the field of Ubiquitous Computing but quickly spread to CHI and beyond, in which design scholars argued that seamlessness had long been an implicit and privileged design virtue, often at the expense of seamfulness. Seamless design emphasizes clarity, simplicity, ease of use, and consistency to facilitate technological interaction. Seamful design emphasizes configurability, user appropriation, and revelation of complexity, ambiguity or inconsistency. Here we review these literatures together and argue that, rather than rival approaches, seamful and seamless design are complements, each emphasizing different aspects of downstream user agency. Ultimately, we situate this debate within the larger, perennial discussion about the strategic revelation and concealment of human and technological operations, and therein the role of design.
Behavioral Comparative Law: Its Relevance to Global Commercial Law-Making

This is a book chapter written for a British Society of Legal Scholars funded conference held at Durham University Law School. It develops a framework by which to evaluate the making of commercial law at the global level. It offers an approach to evaluating the process by which primarily intergovernmental organisations produce commercial law. The approach grounds in both behavioural science and comparative law. The focus is mainly but not exclusively on global rule makers such as the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT). It articulates what appears to be an emerging school of comparative law, which I call behavioural comparative law or BCL for short. BCL has the potential to advance substantially the ability to explain why commercial law is produced the way it is at the global level. The discussion will lead us to findings about the methods that global commercial law makers use, how they choose areas of law to work on, and how they go about doing their work. This chapter finds that because of the cognitive limitations on the participants in the global commercial law-making process, when feasible, global commercial law makers should use methods of cost-benefit analysis when evaluating project selection or get as close to they can in doing so when cost-benefit analysis is not feasible. It may not usually be feasible, due to methodological constraints and the lack of data, though other quantitative approaches might be able to substitute so long as they produce reliable results. The chapter also tentatively explores how cognitive constraints may be at work at the level of implementation of global commercial law at the domestic level.
Visible light Terrestrial Planet Finder: planet detection and spectroscopy by nulling interferometry with a single aperture telescope

Planet detection around a bright star is dependent on the resolution of the imaging system and the degree of light suppression of the star relative to the planet. We present a concept and a scaled precursor for a visible light Terrestrial Planet Finding (VTPF) mission. Its major feature is an imaging system for planet detection using a nulling interferometer behind a single aperture telescope. This configuration is capable of detecting earth-like planets with a 4m aperture using both imaging and spectroscopic imaging modes. We will describe the principles of the system, and show results of studies demonstrating its feasibility.
Using Administrative Law to Challenge IRS Determinations

A warrior who does not use all weapons risks unnecessary defeat. Taxpayers engaged in controversy with the IRS have often neglected to use - or even know they had - substantial arguments available to them under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. §551, et seq., and administrative common law. This article encourages taxpayers' counsel to explore such arguments. The article first establishes that administrative law principles apply in tax. The article then illustrates the possibilities through six examples of administrative law arguments that, depending on the facts of the particular case, could prove successful in litigating against the IRS.
Valley selective optical control of excitons in 2D semiconductors using a chiral metasurface [Invited]

Recent advances in condensed matter physics have shown that the valley degree of freedom of electrons in 2D materials with hexagonal symmetry, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), can be efficiently exploited, leading to the emergent field of valleytronics, which offers unique opportunities for efficient data transfer, computing and storage. The ability to couple the valley degree of freedom of electrons with light can further expand the ways one manipulates this degree of freedom, thus envisioning a new class of solid-state-photonic interfaces and devices. Besides this expansion of control of valley by light-waves, coupling of photons with valley-polarized electrons can dramatically expand the landscape of available optical responses, which may bring new means of controlling light in photonic devices. In this work we design such hybrid solid-state photonic metasurface integrating 2D TMD and photonic all-dielectric metasurface. While TMD is naturally endowed with the property of valley to optical-polarization coupling, the photonic metasurface is designed to produce chiral field which selectively couples to the valley degree of freedom of solid-state TMD component. We experimentally demonstrate that such coupling leads to controlled valley polarization due to the coupling of 2D materials with the chiral photonic metasurface. The measured emission from valley excitons in this hybrid system yields the preferential emission of specific helicity.
(De)legitimation of monolingual ideologies in a US teachers’ online forum

The prevalence of English monolingualism in the current sociopolitical public has well been documented in the field of educational linguistics. In the United States, the monolingual underpinnings o...
Outcomes After Revision Anterior Shoulder Stabilization: A Systematic Review.

Background:Primary shoulder stabilization is successful, but there continues to be a risk of recurrence after operative repair, particularly in the young athlete. It is important for surgeons to un...
Examining the role of emotion in online consumer reviews of various attributes in the surprise Box shopping model

Abstract The fierce competition among retailers demands the creation of new retail models. Emotional marketing aiming to arouse consumers' positive emotions attracts demand. In this context, the surprise box model, in which a business notifies consumers through a subscription and then mails boxes of new products without repetition, has emerged to rapidly develop. This study examines the role of consumer emotions in their online review writing behavior in the context of the surprise box shopping model. We find for the attributes of product, service, and fulfillment, but not for value; consumers tend to comment more in reviews when they have an extreme emotion, either positive or negative. Consumers comment even more when they have an extremely negative emotion than when they have an extremely positive emotion. In addition, we find that subscription period, experience, and consumers' overall satisfaction affect their review behavior, which depends on the particular attributes on which consumers comment. Further, we find that consumers' positive and negative emotions play different moderating roles in affecting the influence of the subscription period, subscription experience, and satisfaction on consumers' comments depending on the attribute types. This study helps firms understand how consumers perceive and evaluate various product and service attributes in the new surprise box business model. In this way, firms can better understand consumers' need to improve those attributes with different priorities. In addition, firms can use the positive electronic word-of-mouth effects generated from online consumer reviews to achieve both cognitive and affective empathy to attract future consumers.
Tau-related white-matter alterations along spatially selective pathways.

Abstract Progressive accumulation of tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain is a defining pathologic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau pathology exhibits a predictable spatiotemporal spreading pattern, but the underlying mechanisms of this spread are poorly understood. Although AD is conventionally considered a disease of the gray matter, it is also associated with pronounced and progressive deterioration of the white matter (WM). A link between abnormal tau and WM degeneration is suggested by findings from both animal and postmortem studies, but few studies demonstrated their interplay in vivo. Recent advances in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and the availability of tau positron emission tomography (PET) have made it possible to evaluate the association of tau and WM degeneration (tau-WM) in vivo. In this study, we explored the spatial pattern of tau-WM associations across the whole brain to evaluate the hypothesis that tau deposition is associated with WM microstructural alterations not only in isolated tracts, but in continuous structural connections in a stereotypic pattern. Sixty-two participants, including 22 cognitively normal subjects, 22 individuals with subjective cognitive decline, and 18 with mild cognitive impairment were included in the study. WM characteristics were inferred by classic diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and a complementary diffusion compartment model – neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) that provides a proxy for axonal density. A data-driven iterative searching (DDIS) approach, coupled with whole-brain graph theory analyses, was developed to continuously track tau-WM association patterns. Without applying prior knowledge of the tau spread, we observed a distinct spatial pattern that resembled the typical propagation of tau pathology in AD. Such association pattern was not observed between diffusion and amyloid-β PET signal. Tau-related WM degeneration is characterized by an increase in the mean diffusivity (with a dominant change in the radial direction) and a decrease in the intra-axonal volume fraction. These findings suggest that cortical tau deposition (as measured in tau PET) is associated with a lower axonal packing density and greater diffusion freedom. In conclusion, our in vivo findings using a data-driven method on cross-sectional data underline the important role of WM alterations in the AD pathological cascade with an association pattern similar to the postmortem Braak staging of AD. Future studies will focus on longitudinal analyses to provide in vivo evidence of tau pathology spreads along neuroanatomically connected brain areas.
Integrating Behavioral Health into Primary Care: The Role of Psychiatric Nursing in the Development of the Interprofessional Team

Integrated behavioral health in a primary care setting is a paradigm shift that requires academic reconfiguration on how health care professionals are educated and trained in the clinical arena. An...
Synovial sarcoma with overwhelming glandular (adenocarcinoma-like) component: A case report and review of the literature

Synovial sarcoma is an uncommon tumor of soft tissue, characterized by a specific SS18-SSX1/2/4 fusion gene. It is generally a lesion composed of monomorphic spindle cells, and can sometimes show variable epithelial differentiation. Here, we present the case of a young woman with a synovial sarcoma of the abdominal wall that showed an overwhelming (>90 %) epithelial glandular component mimicking adenocarcinoma, and only rare spindled areas. The diagnosis was confirmed by detection of targeted fusion transcripts associated with synovial sarcoma. We review the literature pertaining to synovial sarcoma, and we show that this case is only the sixth molecularly proven epithelial predominant synovial sarcoma in the literature. This report emphasizes the importance of molecular approaches in modern soft tissue pathology. Recognition of synovial sarcoma with predominant glandular component is imperative in order to avoid misdiagnosis of the tumor as metastatic adenocarcinoma, another type of sarcoma with epithelial differentiation, or a carcinoma with a sarcomatous component (sarcomatoid carcinoma), all of which have markedly different clinical management.
Virtual Dispersive Network in the Prevention of Third Party Interception: A Way of Dealing with Cyber Threat

Virtual Dispersive Network (VDN) in preventing third party interception - a way of dealing with cyber threats. VDN is a unique approach to cybersecurity, wherein a signal is transmitted in short bursts or quantum packets, which can't be covertly read without disrupting their content. No one can intercept data sent to you without introducing some noise in it. In this study, we have explored the use of Virtual Dispersive Network in cybersecurity which is still an innovation in the fight against cyberattacks however is still shows considerable potential in reducing cyberattacks on wireless networks drastically.
Structural Chemistry of Soil Humic Substances

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an insight into the humic molecular structure. Humic substances are those materials produced in soils that are either yellow or brown-to-black colored, acidic, polydisperse substances of relatively high molecular weight. Curtain electrophoresis is the most appropriate method for fractionating humic substances. The molecular weights of soil humic substances range from 2,000–3,000 for the alkali-soluble, acid-soluble fractions to well over 300,000 for the fractions insoluble in both alkali and acid. Many kinds of degradative procedures have been applied to humus fractions. These procedures include acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, pyrolysis, and thermogravimetry. The chapter discusses several chemical methods of functional group (for e.g., total acidity, carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups, and carbonyl groups) analysis. The results obtained by chemical methods of functional group analysis are difficult to interpret and often contradictory. Spectrographic methods such as ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy are among the most useful of the nondestructive methods of examining unknown chemical compounds. Several techniques that may have applications to humic substances in soils are also discussed in the chapter. These techniques include halogenation, acid hydrolysis, hydrogenolysis, spectroscopy, and estimation of aromaticity. Finally, the chapter suggests several hypotheses on structure of humic substances.
Calcium and Neuronal Injury in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is defined by degeneration of specific populations of neurons and the presence of insoluble aggregates of cytoskeletal proteins and amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) within affected brain regions. Alzheimer's disease does not appear to result from a single alteration, but in some cases of inherited AD a specific genetic defect can precipitate the disease. In this article, metabolic compromise, altered metabolism of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP), and an excitotoxic form of neuronal injury are considered central to the pathogenesis AD. The hypothesis is forwarded that destabilization of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis underlies neuronal degeneration and that multiple age-associated and/or genetic alterations contribute to the loss of Ca2+ homeostasis. Recent studies showed that the secreted forms of beta APP (APPss) stabilize intracellular free calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) and protect neurons against excitotoxic insults. In contrast, A beta which arises from alternative processing of beta APP forms free radical peptides and aggregates that destabilize [Ca2+]i and make neurons vulnerable to metabolic insults. Increased expression (eg, Down's syndrome) or altered processing (eg, beta APP mutations) of beta APP may increase the A beta/APPs ratio. The death of neurons in AD most likely has an excitotoxic component because: the vulnerable neurons possess high levels of glutamate receptors; experimentally induced excitotoxicity shows several features similar to those of neurofibrillary tangles; and A beta can destabilize [Ca2+]i homeostasis and render neurons vulnerable to neurofibrillary degeneration. Selective vulnerability may result from cell type-specific differences in expression of proteins involved in regulating [Ca+]i. In addition, many intercellular signals are involved in determining whether a neuron is able to maintain [Ca2+]i within a range of concentrations conducive to cell survival and adaptive plasticity. In this regard, it was recently shown that several growth factors can stabilize [Ca]i and protect neurons against excitotoxic injury and A beta toxicity. Age-related changes in the brain (eg, ischemic conditions, reduced glucose uptake, and increased glucocorticoid levels) may compromise the mechanisms that normally regulate [Ca2+]i adaptively.
Just in Case or Just in Time? Outcomes of a 15-Month Patron-Driven Acquisition of E-Books at the University of Arkansas Libraries

This article provides an in-depth analysis of one academic library's experience with a modest sample of titles and 15-month results of a patron-driven acquisition program. We report on the analysis of the books purchased and used based on the ebrary patron-driven acquisition titles loaded in the University of Arkansas Libraries’ catalog from June 1, 2012 to September 4, 2013. This article presents an overview of the project, the objectives and methodology used in the study, and an analysis of the characteristics of the books that were used and purchased. It also includes a comparative evaluation of the titles selected by patrons to those selected by other libraries to determine whether the patrons made good choices, and recommendations on whether it is advantageous to buy the books on the first or subsequent uses.
Mycotoxin-Producing Potential of Mold Flora of Dried Beans

To evaluate the potential for mycotoxin production by molds in dried beans, the mold flora of 114 samples was determined both before and after surface disinfection of the beans with 5% NaOCl. Surface disinfection substantially reduced mold incidence, indicating that contamination was mainly on the surface. The flora, both before and after disinfection, was dominated by species of the Aspergillus glaucus group, the toxicogenic species A. ochraceus, Penicillium cyclopium, and P. viridicatum, and species of Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. The toxicogenic species Aspergillus flavis, A. versicolor, Penicillium citrinum, P. expansum, P. islandicum, and P. urticae were encountered less frequently. Of 209 species of Aspergillus and Penicillium screened for mycotoxin production on sterile rice substrate, 114 produced one or more of the following mycotoxins: A. flavus, aflatoxins; A. ochraceus, ochratoxins; A. nidulans, A. unguis, and A. versicolor, sterigmatocystin; P. cyclopium, penicillic acid; P. citrinum and P. viridicatum, citrinin; P. urticae, patulin and griseofulvin. Sterigmatocystin production by A. unguis is reported for the first time.
Chapter 10 Using Phosphopantetheinyl Transferases for Enzyme Posttranslational Activation, Site Specific Protein Labeling and Identification of Natural Product Biosynthetic Gene Clusters from Bacterial Genomes

Abstract Phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) covalently attach the phosphopantetheinyl group derived from coenzyme A (CoA) to acyl carrier proteins or peptidyl carrier proteins as part of the enzymatic assembly lines of fatty acid synthases (FAS), polyketide synthases (PKS), and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). PPTases have demonstrated broad substrate specificities for cross‐species modification of carrier proteins embedded in PKS or NRPS modules. PPTase Sfp from Bacillus subtilis and AcpS from Escherichia coli also transfer small molecules of diverse structures from their CoA conjugates to the carrier proteins. Short peptide tags have thus been developed as efficient substrates of Sfp and AcpS for site‐specific labeling of the peptide‐tagged fusion proteins with biotin or organic fluorophores. This chapter discusses the use of PPTases for in vivo and in vitro modification of PKS and NRPS enzymes and for site‐specific protein labeling. We also describe a phage selection method based on PPTase‐catalyzed carrier protein modification for the identification of PKS or NRPS genes from bacterial genomes.
Rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase: studies of the subunit molecular weight and structure. Isolation of carboxymethylated cysteinyl peptides and sedimentation equilibrium studies.

Abstract The molecular weight of the subunit of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase has been investigated by techniques which include sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibrium experiments, and the isolation of carboxymethylcysteine-containing tryptic peptides. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments in high concentrations of guanidine, in 0.5 m acetic or propionic acid, yield values of 75,000 to 85,000 for the subunit molecular weight. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis resulted in values usually about 75,000 with the protein migrating as a single band. On the other hand, only eight to nine peptides containing carboxymethylcysteine were isolated from the trypsin digestion mixture, which would indicate a molecular weight of about 42,500 to 47,500. These peptides comprise about 40% of the amino acid residues for this molecular weight. From the data presented here, we have concluded that the subunit molecular weight of phosphofructokinase is 75,000 to 85,000. Not only are these subunits identical, but each subunit seems to consist of 2 similar units. Furthermore, these units appear to be linked in such a way as to be resistant to denaturing conditions.
Effect of eye rubbing on signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in cat-sensitive individuals.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of eye rubbing on signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in cat-sensitive individuals. Design Two prospective, nonrandomized comparative studies. Participants Thirteen patients in the first study and 20 patients in the second study with a documented history of acute allergic conjunctivitis induced by exposure to cats were enrolled. Intervention In the first trial, all patients had one eye rubbed 15 times by the investigator without exposure to airborne allergens. Both eyes were evaluated after 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes using subject questionnaires and slit-lamp examination. At least 1 week later, each patient was exposed to cat dander for 75 minutes; 15 minutes after entering the cat room, each patient had one eye rubbed 15 times by the examiner. Subjects' eyes were then evaluated using questionnaires and slit-lamp examination. In the second trial, the visits were identical to the first trial, except that the rubbed eye in each visit was rubbed 20 times and with more force, and that patients wore masks during exposure to cat dander. Main outcome measures In both studies, the difference between patients' rubbed and nonrubbed eyes with respect to ocular itching, chemosis, and hyperemia was noted 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after controlled eye rubbing. Results Without exposure to the cat room, rubbed eyes exhibited increased itching at 5 minutes in both studies and at 15 minutes in the second study ( P P P P P Conclusions Firm eye rubbing causes a mild and transient increase in ocular itching, chemosis, and hyperemia. However, after exposure to cat allergens in cat-sensitive individuals, the effects of eye rubbing are longer and more dramatic. Eye rubbing may play a role in ocular signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in cat-sensitive individuals, especially after exposure to cat dander.
Development, implementation and applications of efficient methodologies for density functional calculations

Publisher Summary This chapter presents development work on Kohn-Sham (KS) density functional theory (DFT) computational methodologies. The approach taken does not involve certain undesirable approximations which in earlier implementations were necessary for efficiency reasons, and thus is more directly comparable to conventional ab initio implementations. The KS energy procedure is defined, and is furthermore treated carefully and consistently when computing energy derivatives; no additional approximations are introduced, which can lead to complications—for example, in computed structures and vibrational frequencies. The economy of DFT methods makes them a promising alternative approach to the study of many chemical problems, which are not feasible by conventional correlated ab initio methods, and hence there is considerable interest in advancing the capabilities of practical DFT programs. The chapter also discusses the development of highly efficient algorithms for evaluating the exchange-correlation (XC) contribution. This lays the groundwork for the application of KS methods to larger problems.
Gas chromatography of N-methyl and N-aryl carbamates by flash-heater reaction with trimethylanilinium hydroxide

Abstract A simple derivatization procedure employing trimethylanilinium hydroxide (Methelute®) is described. This method may prove useful in the analysis of certain pesticidal carbamate residues. The flash-heater reaction product derived from N-aryl carbamates was identified as the N-methyl-N-aryl carbamate. For the N-methyl carbamates, however, a methyl substitution product (aryl methyl ether) was obtained rather than the anticipated N,N-dimethyl carbamate. Using propham and carbaryl as representative compounds for the two classes of carbamates, the degree of reaction for each with Methelute was estimated to be essentially quantiative. Chromatographic response was observed to be linear with increased concentration for the synthetic standards and the flash-heater products of propham and carbaryl. At the nanogram level, flash-heater reaction improved the sensitivity of detection of propham and carbaryl by approximately 30% and 400%, respectively.
Effects of Parathyroid Extract on the Rupture Strength of Intact Skin of the Rat

Rats were injected with parathyroid extract (PTE) to search for possible effects on connective tissue of the skin. Rupture strength analysis of skin samples showed a significant increase in strength of skin from PTE-treated rats. The explanation for this effect is not understood at present.
Long-term visual results following primary trabeculectomy for infantile glaucoma.

. Purpose: To report the long-term visual outcome of eyes that underwent primary trabeculectomy for infantile glaucoma and to evaluate factors that affect visual prognosis. Methods: Thirty-five eyes of 22 consecutive patients presenting between 1980 and 1995 were included. Visual acuity, visual fields and refractive status were assessed and patient records reviewed. Results: Nineteen of 22 patients (86.3%) achieved 6/12 or better, (21 of 35 eyes; 60%). Reasons for decreased vision included amblyopia (5 eyes), field loss (4 eyes), corneal opacification (2 eyes), and uncontrolled IOP (1 eye). Primary glaucoma had a better outcome than secondary glaucoma. Vision was frequently unequal despite controlled pressure, clear media and full fields in both eyes. This was associated with myopic anisometropia and apparent amblyopia. Ten patients responded to patching. Eyes with field defects were unresponsive to patching. Conclusions: Field defects, corneal scarring, marked anisometropia and severe astigmatism result in poor vision. Anisometropic amblyopia is frequently present and responds well to patching. Visual outcome is dependent on early and sustained control of intraocular pressure and aggressive treatment of amblyopia.
Search for X-ray emission from AO0235+164

Limits to the first-order Compton scattering, brightness temperature, and angular size of the compact radio source AO0235+164 were calculated on the basis of a flux density of less than about 1 microJy at 10 to the 18th Hz calculated from observations of the source with the rotating modulation collimator aboard the SAS 3 X-ray observatory. It was found that the maximum brightness temperature at this frequency is less than 2.4 times 10 to the 11th K, corresponding to a minimum angular size of 0.38 msec of arc, assuming the synchrotron self-absorption turnover coefficient is 0.5. On the basis of the distance implied by the largest redshift present, the energy contained in relativistic particles and the magnetic field are calculated, and the ratio of particle to magnetic energy is greater than 10, so the dynamics must be particle dominated. This indicates relativistic expansion if the mean energy per particle is comparable to or greater than the rest of those particles that neutralize the electron plasma.
A user programmable macrocell generator for the IEEE 1149.1 boundary scan standard interface port

Abstract A silicon compilable macrocell implementing the IEEE S1149.1 Test Port has been developed and implemented to facilitate the use of the 1149.1 standard in application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). The macrocell is intended as a drop-in block which supports the basic boundary-scan functions. Options are provided to support different possible user configurations (as supported by the 1149.1 standard) by merely recompiling the macrocell generator with a different set of user parameters.
The effects of control on perceived fairness of procedures and outcomes

Abstract On the basis of Thibaut and Walker's theory of procedural justice, it was predicted that subjects who experienced control through choosing a trial decision rule would be more satisfied with the outcome of a dispute and the conflict resolution procedure than would yoked subjects who were not given control. Two additional conditions were added to the design in order to investigate the extent to which control had an influence on trial evaluations independent of being allowed to discuss the rules and obtaining a preferred rule in the absence of actual choice. Regardless of role in the dispute (accuser, accused, or no knowledge) and the nature of the rule adopted, those subjects who exercised control through rule choice evaluated all aspects of the trial experience more positively than subjects who did not exercise control through rule choice. The results also revealed that discussion of the rules and obtaining the preferred rule without choice contributed positively to evaluations of the trial procedure and verdict.
Nanoindentation of Cu2O Nanocubes

Nanoindentation tests were performed directly on solid and hollow cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanocubes. The hardness and elastic modulus of solid Cu2O nanocubes were measured and compared with the values of bulk Cu2O. It is found that the hollow cube top wall acts as a membrane that bends under an indentation load. The Cu2O nanocubes are more ductile rather than brittle. Deformation behavior and fracture mechanics are discussed in conjunction with the structure of the Cu2O nanocube.