cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical Solutions for Determination of Non‐Steady‐ State and Steady‐State Capture Zones

This paper presents analytical solutions for determining non-steady-state capture zones produced by a single recovery well and steady-state capture zones produced by multiple recovery wells. Analysis of non-steady-slate capture zones is based on the lime-dependent location of caplure zone stagnation points and the geometric similarity between steady-slate and non-steady-state capture zones. The analytical solution of steady-state capture zones is obtained from spatial variations of discharge potential across the capture zone boundary. Both capture zone analyses are based on the assumptions of uniform flow field with a constant hydraulic conductivity, the Dupuit assumption of insignificant vertical flow, a negligible delayed yield, and a fully penetrating well with a constant pumping rate. For a ground water pump-and-trcat remediation program, the pumping rate and well location design variables can be adjusted to ensure containment of the ground water contaminant plume.
Modeling Household Vehicle Transaction Behavior: Competing Risk Duration Approach

Household vehicle ownership analysis is an important and emerging topic in transportation research. Transportation researchers are interested in examining policy scenarios that can decrease the number of vehicles in a household fleet or encourage alternative transit. Many researchers have studied aspects of vehicle ownership and developed various aggregate and disaggregate models in different frameworks, including hazard-based duration models. Duration models can model the competing nature of vehicle transactions in a household and predict the timing of a change in vehicle ownership. Competing duration models are used to analyze the household vehicle ownership decision. Three vehicle transaction decisions (purchase, trade, and disposal of a vehicle) are considered. Dynamic variables that represent the state of the household and household location characteristics, an exogenous logsum variable representing maximum utility of vehicle class and vintage choice, and time-varying covariates (e.g., number of adul...
Synthesis of Long-Chain Branched Propylene Polymers via Macromonomer Incorporation

Long-chain branched (LCB) poly(propylene)s (PP) are synthesized by the incorporation of pre-formed, vinyl-terminated macromonomers using metallocene catalysts. LCB-PP polymers made with isotactic PP macromonomers are characterized by means of multi-angle laser light scattering and extensional viscosimetry. The LCB polymers exhibit enhanced melt properties, such as strain hardening and shear thinning. These properties are critical in many polymer fabrication processes, such as thermoforming, blow molding and foaming.
Z Expansion of Hartree-Fock Wave Functions

Let a many-electron Hartree-Fock radial function ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}^{\mathrm{HF}}(nl; r)=\ensuremath{\Pi}\stackrel{N}{i=1}[{P}^{\mathrm{HF}}({n}^{i}{l}^{i}; {r}_{i})]$ and the corresponding nonseparable variational function $\ensuremath{\Phi}(nl; r)$ be expanded in hydrogenic product functions ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}^{\mathrm{H}}(nl; r)$. The expansion coefficients $〈\mathrm{H}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}l|nl〉$ of $\ensuremath{\Phi}$ are $O({Z}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ for ${n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\not\equiv}n$; they vanish when the sets $n$, ${n}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ differ by more than two one-electron quantum numbers. It is shown that the expansion coefficients $〈\mathrm{H}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}l|\mathrm{HF}n〉$ are $O({Z}^{\ensuremath{-}2})$ when $\ensuremath{\nu}(n, {n}^{\ensuremath{'}})=N\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\stackrel{N}{i=1}\ensuremath{\delta}({n}^{i}{n}^{i\ensuremath{'}})=2,$ i.e., when $n$ and ${n}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ differ in two places, and are $O({Z}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ when $\ensuremath{\nu}(n, {n}^{\ensuremath{'}})=1$. In the second case $〈\mathrm{H}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}l|\mathrm{HF}\mathrm{nl}〉=〈\mathrm{H}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}l|nl〉+O({Z}^{\ensuremath{-}2})$; the Hartree-Fock and the nonseparable expansion coefficients coincide to first order. This result holds only if the one-electron Hartree-Fock functions ${P}^{\mathrm{HF}}$ are not restricted by auxiliary conditions other than normalization. It does not hold, for example, if one requires the ${P}^{\mathrm{HF}}$ to satisfy the orthogonality condition $〈{P}^{\mathrm{HF}}(nl; r){P}^{\mathrm{HF}}({n}^{\ensuremath{'}}l; r)〉=\ensuremath{\delta}(n, {n}^{\ensuremath{'}})$. From the result just stated, it follows that many electron Hartree-Fock functions characterized by distinct sets of principal quantum numbers but the same set of azimuthal quantum numbers are orthogonal to first order in ${Z}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (but not to higher orders). It also follows from the stated result that the coefficient ${W}_{0}$ in the $Z$ expansion ${W}^{\mathrm{HF}}={W}_{2}{Z}^{2}+{W}_{1}Z+{W}_{0}+O({Z}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ of a Hartree-Fock energy is given (in atomic units) by the formula ${W}_{0}=\underset{\ensuremath{\nu}(n, {n}^{\ensuremath{'}})=1}{\mathrm{S}}\frac{{|〈\mathrm{H}n|V|\mathrm{H}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}〉|}^{2},}{{W}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{{W}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}} {W}_{2}=\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\stackrel{N}{i=1}\frac{1}{2{n}^{i2}},$ where $V$ is the mutual electrostatic interaction of the electrons.
Misdiagnosis of transient ischemic attacks in the emergency room.

Background: To determine a pattern of symptoms and/or risk factors that distinguishes transient ischemic attack (TIA) from nonischemic causes of transient neurologic attacks (NI-TNA
Cognitions, emotions, and evaluations: An elaboration likelihood model for workplace aggression.

We present a model that captures processes leading to aggressive behaviors in the workplace. Starting with trigger events, the model outlines the development of aggressive behaviors via three processing routes that vary in their level of deliberate, mindful processing. The model outlines how repeated exposure to trigger events can lead to the escalation of workplace aggression while also highlighting the moderating role of such factors as an individual's level of self-control and attitude toward revenge.
Conflicting identities in Somalia

The question of conflicting identities arose most poignantly in Somalia after the fall of Mogadishu in January 1991. Outsiders who knew something about Somalia were originally encouraged by the Somalis’ determination to rid themselves of what had become a brutal and predatory regime. Group after group saw the necessity of joining the Issaq clan in their rebellion, which culminated in a generalized revolt in 1989. Once Mohamed Siad Barre had withdrawn from Villa Somalia, his residence in Mogadishu, and returned to the land of his Marehan clan in the south, Somalis awaited the emergence of a new government. In the meantime, a Mogadishu businessman, Ali Mahdi Mohamed assumed the position of interim President. Unfortunately, this did not sit well with General Mohamed Farah Aideed, the man who led the united clan effort to victory over the Barre regime. What is most noteworthy about this period is the split in the Hawiye family, occasioned by the contest between these two men for leadership of the new order. T...
Serum levels of tetracycline after different administration forms.

Abstract Serum levels of tetracycline after oral administration were studied by different methods. A generally used microbiological dilution method is of no value; there is agreement between an agar plate diffusion technique and a fluorimetric procedure. It seems that addition of chelating compounds has a good effect on intestinal resorption while the use of coated tablets gives less favourable results.
Mariana Trough basalts (MTB): trace element and SrNd isotopic evidence for mixing between MORB-like and Arc-like melts

Abstract Mariana Trough basalt (MTB) glasses from zones of of active seafloor volcanism have incompatible trace element compositions which are intermediate between normal MORB and basaltic rocks from the active northern Mariana Island Arc (MIAB). The chemical variation is observed in trace elemental abundances and ratios such as LIL/LIL and LIL/HFS. MTB glasses with high LIL/HFS and Ba/Sm ratios, and low K/Rb, K/Ba, and Sm/Nd ratios have more enriched Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. Comparison of the Sr Nd isotopic compositions of MTB and MIAB suggests that the source region within the mantle wedge is heterogeneous. The diverse trace element and isotopic compositions of MTB glasses both within and between dredge sites near 18°N imply small-scale source heterogeneity. Correlation between Sm/Nd and143Nd/144Nd of the MTB glasses is interpreted as due to recent binary mixing, rather than closed system evolution of a common homogeneous source. Mixing of melts at or near the source region between a mantle component with long-term LREE and LIL element depletion (MORB-like) and a relatively enriched component with lower integrated143Nd/144Nd (Arc-like) is suggested by trends of the MTB data on ratio-ratio, ratio-element and element-element plots.
Coping with sexual concerns after cancer

Purpose of reviewThis review presents an overview of recent developments in research examining coping with the effects of cancer treatment on sexuality.Recent findingsA search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Knowledge to find papers published or in press in 2010. Papers examining coping effort
Impact of Apartheid on Economic Growth: Implications and Empirical Evidence from South Africa

Even with the end of apartheid in South Africa, the impact of apartheid-like policies on economic growth remains an important policy issue. Our results, from two panels of ‘peer’ countries, which were roughly comparable to South Africa, show that apartheid policies that led to insufficient investment in physical and human capital and high shares of government consumption contributed to South Africa's poor growth performance during apartheid. We also find some support for the hypothesis that apartheid policies caused low productivity and inefficient use of inputs, but South Africa's abundance of natural resources at times obscured this effect.
Higher Blood Glucose within the Normal Range Is Associated with More Severe Strokes

Background. Higher fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentrations in the hyperglycemic range are associated with more severe strokes. Whether this association also extends into patients with FBG in the normoglycemic range is unclear. We studied the association of stroke severity and FBG in normoglycemic patients with ischemic stroke in a median of 7 days after stroke when the initial glycemic stress response has resolved. Method and Material. Included were 361 nondiabetic ischemic stroke patients with admission fasting blood glucose within 70–130 mg/dL admitted into an acute stroke rehabilitation unit in a median of 7 days after stroke. Data including neuroimaging, vital signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and admission functional independence measure (AFIM) were recorded prospectively. Results. FBG correlated with stroke severity in the normoglycemic 70–130 mg/dL range (FBG-AFIM correlation coefficient ; ). Odds ratio for more severe injury (below average AFIM score) was 2.02 for patients with FBG 110–130 mg/dL compared to FBG 70–90 mg/dL (95% confidence interval 1.10–3.73, ). Each mg/dL increase in FBG was associated with an average decrease of 0.25 FIM points. In a multiple linear regression model, FBG was associated with more severe stroke (). Conclusion. One week after ischemic stroke, FBG within the normoglycemic range was associated with stroke severity.
Is ATP-sensitive K+ channel (K+ATP) recruitment a common mechanism for ECG-ST segment depression and elevation?

Abstract ATP sensitive (K + ATP ) potassium cardiac channels are recruited when ATP levels are low as in ischemic injury and acute trauma. Such activation results in ECG-ST elevation and cardiac arrhythmias. K + ATP channel recruitment may be blocked by the sulfonylurea glibenclamide, permitting a wide variety of animal experimentation designed to test the genesis of ECG-ST segment elevations and depressions in diverse conditions including digitalis effect, acute arterial occlusion, tachycardias, and acute pericarditis. A specific series of animal experiments designed to test this hypothesis is proposed. Clinical implications are discussed.
Planetary-scale fluctuations of pressure in the E-layer, ƒ-min, and pressure in the stratosphere

Abstract Fluctuations of the height of an electron density isopleth in the E-layer, estimated from Aberystwyth ionosonde observations by Brown and Wiliams (1971), are shown to be well correlated with simultaneous planetary-scale fluctuations of ƒ-min analyzed by Deland and Friedman (1972). The magnitudes of wind speed and temperature fluctuations in the lower ionosphere associated with these fluctuations are estimated from the observations.
Water-soluble polymers. LXXXIII. Correlation of experimentally determined drag reduction efficiency and extensional viscosity of high molecular weight polymers in dilute aqueous solution

The extensional viscosity for aqueous solutions of high molecular weight poly(acrylamide) copolymers and poly(ethylene oxide) homopolymers was measured using a laboratory-designed screen extensional rheometer. A Bingham model was developed to estimate the average local polymer coil extensional viscosity (ηcoil). A strong correlation was found between the measured ηcoil values and the polymer extensional viscosity predicted by a bead-spring model. The dilute aqueous solution drag reduction was measured with a rotating disk instrument under conditions minimizing the effects of shear degradation. Extensional viscosity and drag reduction measurements were performed in deionized water and in 0.514M sodium chloride. The relative drag reduction efficiency values (Δ) in both solvents were found to strongly correlate with measured ηcoil values. This is the first report of the accurate prediction of drag reduction behavior for a wide range of polymer types in various solvents from the independently measured molecular parameters ηcoil and [η]C. The often-used relative drag reduction efficiency expressed as the product of [η]C and Δ can now be replaced by the absolute drag reduction efficiency [η]Cηcoil. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1222–1231, 2001
Disparities in access to residential plumbing: a binational comparison of environmental injustice in El Paso and Ciudad Juárez

Waterborne diseases are a serious concern in the sister cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, where many residents still lack access to plumbing. After using a relative risk method to illustrate the characteristics of neighborhoods at risk for waterborne diseases based on lack of plumbing, we ran spatial regression models predicting lack of plumbing to uncover similarities and differences between the two cities. In terms of similarities, lower mean education and higher proportions of young children were associated with lacking plumbing in both cities. Lower population density and higher proportions of female-headed households were significant only in Juarez, and proportion renting was negatively associated with lacking plumbing in Juarez, but positively associated in El Paso, pointing to differences in socio-spatial structure between the cities. In framing this issue as an environmental injustice, this study draws attention of the existence of households lacking plumbing in the United States and Mexico.
Evaluating the dual target binding capabilities of immobilized aptamers using flow cytometry

In the current study, the authors quantify the binding activity of particle-immobilized DNA aptamers to their nucleotide and non-nucleotide targets. For the purposes of this work, DNA and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding analysis was carried out for VEGF-binding aptamers and compared to that of an ampicillin-binding aptamer as well as a non-aptamer DNA probe. Binding analysis followed incubation of one target type, coincubation of both DNA and VEGF targets, and serial incubations of each target type. Moreover, recovery of aptamer binding activity following displacement of the DNA target from aptamer:DNA duplexes was also explored. Flow cytometry served as the quantitative tool to directly monitor binding events of both the DNA target and protein target to the various aptamer and non-aptamer functionalized particles. The current work demonstrates how processing steps such as annealing and binding history of particle-immobilized aptamers can affect subsequent binding activity. To this end, the authors demonstrate the ability to fully recover DNA target binding activity capabilities and to partially recover protein target binding activity.
A permeabilized cell system identifies the endoplasmic reticulum as a site of protein degradation.

Analysis of the fate of a variety of newly synthesized proteins in the secretory pathway has provided evidence for the existence of a novel protein degradation system distinct from that of the lysosome. Although current evidence suggests that proteins degraded by this system are localized to a pre-Golgi compartment before degradation, the site of proteolysis has not been determined. A permeabilized cell system was developed to examine whether degradation by this pathway required transport out of the ER, and to define the biochemical characteristics of this process. Studies were performed on fibroblast cell lines expressing proteins known to be sensitive substrates for this degradative process, such as the chimeric integral membrane proteins, Tac-TCR alpha and Tac-TCR beta. By immunofluorescence microscopy, these proteins were found to be localized to the ER. Treatment with cycloheximide resulted in the progressive disappearance of intracellular staining without change in the ER localization of the chimeric proteins. Cells permeabilized with the pore-forming toxin streptolysin O were able to degrade these newly synthesized proteins. The protein degradation seen in permeabilized cells was representative of that seen in intact cells, as judged by the similar speed of degradation, substrate selectivity, temperature dependence, and involvement of free sulfhydryl groups. Degradation of these proteins in permeabilized cells took place in the absence of transport between the ER and the Golgi system. Moreover, degradation occurred in the absence of added ATP or cytosol, and in the presence of apyrase, GTP gamma S, or EDTA; i.e., under conditions which prevent transport of proteins out of the ER. The efficiency and selectivity of degradation of newly synthesized proteins were also conserved in an isolated ER fraction. These data indicate that the machinery responsible for pre-Golgi degradation of newly synthesized proteins exists within the ER itself, and can operate independent of exogenously added ATP and cytosolic factors.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy— Summary for Nutritional Care: The Consensus Statement for Standard of Care in Spinal Muscular Atrophy

The Consensus Statement for Standard of Care in Spinal Muscular Atrophy was published in 2007 and provided guidance for interdisciplinary teams charged with the care of patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). This standard was developed by the International Standard of Care Committee for Spinal Muscular Atrophy, which was formed in 2005. It was the goal of this committee to establish practice guidelines for clinical care of patients with SMA. The practice guidelines in this consensus statement were developed based on “well-designed clinical studies,” where available, and the results of a survey of more than 60 SMA experts. This article provides a summary and overview of the gastrointestinal-/nutrition-related standard of care. A case study on nutrition management of a child with SMA type 1 is included as illustration of the standard in practice. Topics in nutrition care in need of further study are identified in the statement article and included in this overview.
Web-Based Intervention for Returning Veterans with Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Risky Alcohol Use

A substantial number of military personnel who have served in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom; OIF) and Afghanistan (Operating Enduring Freedom; OEF) develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to their military experiences and many of these same individuals will drink in a risky or problematic manner following deployment. If left untreated, PTSD symptoms and alcohol problems can become chronic and have a significant, negative impact on the lives of veterans, their families and communities. Further, OIF and OEF service members are often reluctant to seek treatment for mental health symptoms or alcohol problems secondary to stigma. In order to reach this population it is essential that new strategies and venues for delivering evidence-based care are explored. Web-based interventions are uniquely suited to this cohort of veterans in that they have the potential to reach a significant number of veterans who commonly use the Web and who might not otherwise receive care. This article will review the prevalence of PTSD and alcohol problems among OIF and OEF veterans, common barriers they experience with accessing care in traditional mental health settings, and what is known about the effectiveness of Web-based approaches for PTSD and alcohol problems. It also describes the components of a new Web-based intervention, developed by the authors, that uses motivational enhancement and cognitive-behavioral strategies to intervene with returning veterans who report PTSD symptoms and problem drinking. Recommendations for future directions in working with returning veterans with PTSD and alcohol problems will be offered.
A National Assessment of Colleges and University School Health Education Methods Courses

BACKGROUND Across the United States, school health education programs provide a wide variety of knowledge and skills to their students. There are currently no guidelines for school health methods courses. METHODS Using a 2-wave mailing followed by a third wave e-mail reminder, a final population of 226 university school health methods instructors at school health preparation programs were surveyed. RESULTS A total of 138 completed surveys (61%) were returned. The topics taught in school health education methods courses emphasized the most included aligning objectives, instruction, and assessment (79%); development of lesson plans (73%); teaching methods that engage learners (72%); and application of the National Health Education Standards and performance indicators (69%). The content taught and how the instructors assessed their students differed statistically by 1 or more of the following: whether they had a health education degree, had experience teaching in the public schools, and if their program was accredited. CONCLUSIONS This study provides information regarding what school health methods instructors across the United States are teaching in their classes. Using this information as a baseline can serve as a guide for preservice faculty teaching a school health methods course.
Negative patterning in classical conditioning: Summation of response tendencies to isolable and configurai components

Six rabbits were given classical eyelid discrimination training involving “negative patterning,” i.e., the reinforced presentation of two isolable cues, A+ and B+, and the nonreinforced presentation of their compound, AB—. The basis for discriminative responding which was thereby produced was evaluated by additionally reinforcing a third single cue, C+, and testing the responding to the novel compounds AC and BC as well as the responding to AB, A, B, and C. Although there was less responding to the nonreinforced compound than to any of the single cues, there was significantly more responding to the novel compounds, AC and BC. The results are consistent with the view that component response strengths summate to determine compound responding, but that there are functional, configurational components relatively unique to a stimulus compound.
A fiber-bridged crack with rate-dependent bridging forces

A rate-dependent model is used to represent the bridging forces acting across a fiber-bridged slit crack in a homogeneous anisotropic elastic material, with the potential to characterize the inelastic behavior of bridged cracks in composites. The basic equilibrium equations are presented and solved, using a series of Chebychev polynomials and a suitable approximation numerical scheme. An example of a bridged crack in an isotropic homogeneous material is examined in detail. Results show that, under a constant external load, the stress intensity factors and the energy release rate increase with time until a critical time is reached, after which all these quantities approach the corresponding values for an unbridged crack.
Letters to the editor: Measuring speed of light

INSTITUTE members and subscribers are invited to contribute to these columns expressions of opinion dealing with published articles, technical papers, or other subjects of general professional interest. While endeavoring to publish as many letters as possible, Electrical Engineering reserves the right to publish them in whole or in part or to reject them entirety. Statements in letters are expressly understood to be made by the writers. Publication her in no wise constitutes endorsement or recognition by the AIEE. All letters submitted for publication should be typewritten, double-spaced, not carbo copies. Any illustrations should be submitted i duplicate, one copy an inked drawing withot lettering, the other lettered. Captions should be supplied for all illustrations.
Need for achievement, career mobility, and the Mexican-American college graduate.

Abstract Need for achievement and career mobility were measured for 111 Mexican-American college graduates. Those with a moderate need for achievement were found to have the highest upward mobility. Those with either a high or low need for achievement had lower mobility. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Simultaneously recorded retinal and cortical responses to patterned stimuli.

The method of stimulus alternation was used to record simultaneously electroretinograms (ERGs) and visually evoked cortical potentials (VECPs) to stimuli of differing luminance and pattern. Stimuli consisted of checked and striped patterns with a variety of spatial frequencies. ERGs of approximately equal amplitudes were elicited by patterns of the same spatial frequency regardless of pattern. ERG amplitude decreased monotonically with increasing spatial frequencies of the patterns. Simultaneously recorded VECPs were consistently larger for checked patterns than for striped patterns of equal spatial frequency. The largest VECPs were seen with checked patterns having spatial frequencies of approximately 1 cycle/deg of visual angle: frequencies both higher and lower than this value produced smaller responses.
Stability of neuropsychological assessments early in alcoholism treatment.

Objective: Current trends in managed mental health care have telescoped the assessment and treatment of individuals diagnosed with an alcohol or other drug use disorder. Yet, there is limited empirical information about the short-term stability of neuropsychological status and other person characteristics that are useful to assess early in treatment. This study examined the stability of neuropsychological test scores within the first 3 weeks following diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder. Method: An eclectic neuropsychological battery made up of commonly used, sensitive tests of abstraction, executive functions, memory, visuospatial abilities and verbal ability was administered to female and male alcohol use disordered individuals within 3 days of treatment entry (or following detoxification), 3-5 days later and 21 days later. The three test administrations were completed by 35, 32 and 24 subjects, respectively. Results: Across tests, the average stability coefficient (Pearson correlation) was .82 between...
RaNS Analysis of an Inboard Flatback Modification to the NREL Phase VI Rotor

*† The effects of modifying the inboard portion of the experimental NREL Phase VI rotor using a thickened, blunt trailing edge (or flatback) version of the S809 design airfoil are studied using a compressible, three-dimensional, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes method. A motivation for using such a thicker airfoil design coupled with a blunt trailing edge is to alleviate structural constraints while reducing blade weight and maintaining the power performance of the rotor. The numerical results for the baseline Phase VI rotor are benchmarked against wind tunnel measurements obtained at freestream velocities of 5, 7, and 10 meters per second. The calculated results for the modified rotor are compared against those of the baseline rotor. The results of this study demonstrate that a thick, flatback blade profile is viable as a bridge to connect structural requirements with aerodynamic performance in designing future wind turbine rotors.
Selective targeting of magnetic albumin microspheres containing low-dose doxorubicin: Total remission in Yoshida sarcoma-bearing rats

Abstract Magnetically responsive albumin microspheres containing doxorubicin hydrochloride were selectively localized in Yoshida sarcoma tumors. Tumors were implanted subcutaneously in the tail of Holtzman rats and allowed to grow to at least 200 mm 2 size before initiation of experimental treatment. Drug-bearing microspheres at a dose level of either 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg were infused proximal to the tumor via the ventral caudal artery. A bipolar permanent magnet was placed adjacent to the tumor during the infusion to effect localization. Control animals were treated with free doxorubicin infused intra-arterially at 5.0 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg . In other test groups animals received placebo microspheres localized in the tumor via influence of the external magnetic field, or drug-containing microspheres were infused without utilization of the magnet to effect localization. Of the 22 animals receiving magnetically localized doxorubicin microspheres 17 had total histological remission of the tumor. The remaining animals demonstrated marked tumor regression representing as much as 500–600 mm 2 decrease in tumor size. While no deaths or metastases occurred in the groups receiving localized drug, animals treated with free doxorubicin, placebo microspheres or non-localized doxorubicin microspheres exhibited a significant increase in tumor size with metastases and subsequent death in 90–100% of the animals. No significant differences were noted in tumor regression/remission data between the 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg dose levels of magnetically localized doxorubicin spheres. These results represent a significant advance in targeted chemotherapy in that 77% of the animals in the magnetically localized doxorubicin microsphere treatment groups exhibited total remission after only one regimen of drug therapy.
Electron time-of-flight measurements in porous silicon

Transient photocurrent measurements are reported in an electroluminescent porous silicon diode. Electron drift mobilities are obtained from the data as a function of temperature. Electron transport is dispersive, with a typical dispersion parameter α α 0.5. The range of mobilities is 10-5 - 10-4 cm2Vs between 225 K amd 400 K. This temperature-dependence is much less than expected for multiple-trapping models for dispersion, and suggests that a fractal structure causes the dispersion and the small mobilities.
Analytical variability among methods for the measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D: still adding to the noise.

Objectives: To compare total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] results measured by 3 direct immunoassays, including the previous version of the DiaSorin Liaison2 assay and the current versions of the Siemens Centaur2 and the Abbott Architect assays, with results measured in serum extracts by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Methods: Our study sample consisted of 163 consecutive clinical specimens submitted to our laboratory for 25(OH)D testing. Results: Regression and bias analyses of the data revealed that results measured by the 3 direct immunoassay methods had high degrees of random variability and bias relative to the results determined by LC/MS and RIA. The relative biases between results measured by the direct assays and the comparison methods exceeded a recommended criterion for the total allowable error of a 25(OH)D test in as many as 48% of our clinical specimens. Of the subjects in our study sample, 33, 37, 30, 45, and 71 were classified as vitamin D deficient based on results determined by LC/MS, RIA, Liaison2, Architect, and Centaur2, respectively. Conclusions: Intermethod variability in 25(OH)D assays continues to limit our progress toward the establishment of reference values for 25(OH)D in health and our efforts to gain a better understanding of the role of vitamin D insufficiency as a risk factor for disease.
Design and Synthesis of Fluorescence “Turn-on” Chemosensors Based on Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Conjugated Polymers

A new approach to fluorescence “turn-on” chemosensors based on a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) strategy involving conjugated polymers has been developed. Two new conjugated polymers dea-PPETE and tmeda-PPETE were synthesized and characterized. These two polymers use diethylamino and N,N,N‘-trimethylethylenediamino as receptors, respectively, on a poly[p-(phenyleneethylene)-alt-(thienyleneethynylene)] (PPETE) fluorescent conjugated polymer backbone. The polymers were found to be relatively weakly emissive at λmax ∼ 488 nm with quantum yields of 0.11 and 0.09, respectively, at room temperature in THF solution. Initial investigations show that the tmeda-PPETE selectively detects some metal cations by an observed increase in fluoresence. In particular, Hg2+ in aqueous solution causes the fluorescence of tmeda-PPETE to increase by a factor of 2.7 at less than micromolar concentrations. The photophysical results are consistent with a PET mechanism for fluorescence quenching, which is removed upon binding...
A framework to understand the relationship between social factors that reduce resilience in cities: application to the City of Boston

For the first time in human history, more people across the world live in cities than in rural areas: In the U.S., approximately 80% of the population live in cities. Socially vulnerable populations and complex infrastructure exist in higher numbers in cities significantly compounding risk. People facing these social factors have disproportionate exposure to risk and a decreased ability to avoid or absorb potential loss. However, the body of literature available on social vulnerability is disparate with fragmented insight into understanding the relationship between social factors that increase vulnerability and practical approaches to reduce risk. This research focuses on developing a replicable, practical approach to understanding the complexity of social vulnerability in American cities while reducing the likelihood of civil rights violations. The Social Determinants of Vulnerability Framework (The Framework) was developed using a link analysis of social factors from existing literature. The Framework consists of seven interrelated social factors that seem to be driving vulnerability: children, people with disabilities, older adults, chronic and acute medical illness, social isolation, low-to-no income, and people of color. The Framework also includes specific poor outcomes that people with pre-emergency social factors are more likely to experience at disproportionately higher levels after emergencies: lack of access to post-incident services; displacement; injury, illness, and death; property loss or damage; domestic violence; and loss of employment. A quantitative analysis of those social factors based on City of Boston data confirmed many of the relationships among the social factors of vulnerability and the significance of social isolation.
STUDIES ON THE FORMATION AND IONIZATION OF THE COMPOUNDS OF CASEIN WITH ALKALI : I. THE TRANSPORT NUMBERS OF ALKALI CASEINATE SOLUTIONS

1. The deposition of casein on a platinum anode which takes place on the passage of a direct current through solutions of alkali caseinates was quantitatively studied, and it was found that: (a) the amount of casein which is deposited is directly proportional to the current, i.e. it obeys Faraday's law; (b) the amount of casein deposited is inversely proportional (within the limits studied) to the amount of alkali which is combined with the casein. 2. A method of determining the transport numbers of proteins insoluble at their isoelectric point has been developed. 3. A titration method for determining the amount of alkali in a casein solution is given. 4. Data from the results of transference experiments on sodium caseinate, potassium caseinate, cesium caseinate, and rubidium caseinate solutions are given. It is shown that the data are best explained on the assumption that in these solutions the carriers of the current are alkali metal cations and casein anions. 5. On the basis of our transference results an explanation is given of the results which were obtained by Robertson and by Haas in their migration experiments.
“It pleased me much to contend”: John Bunyan as Controversialist

In English history, 1688 is best remembered as the year of the Glorious Revolution. But that same year also witnessed the death of John Bunyan (1628–1688), the Nonconformist Bedford minister widely known as the author of The Pilgrim's Progress (1678; part two, 1684) and a preacher capable of drawing 3,000 persons to Sunday sermons in London. In subsequent centuries his fame increased, and, partly through translations into numerous languages, his story of Christian's pilgrimage became known in nearly every region of the world. In our own time his life and work have drawn the attention of many scholars from several fields, and the publication in modern editions of all of his sixty printed works has been undertaken. In 1988 the tercentenary of his death has been observed by a variety of activities including scholarly conferences and publications.
Neurotoxicological evaluation of hospital sterilizer workers exposed to ethylene oxide.

AbstractEthylene oxide is now frequently used to chemically sterilize heat-sensitive materials in the hospital setting. Previous reports of neurotoxic effects of ethylene oxide have been described in animals and humans. Recent reports suggest that cognitive deficits may be associated with chronic low-level ethylene oxide exposure. We undertook this study of hospital workers with chronic ethylene oxide exposure and compared them with a non-exposed control group in an attempt to detect neurological and neuropsychological abnormalities. Ethylene oxide breathing zone levels of up to 250 ppm in exposed subjects were reported. All evaluations were done without examiners' knowledge of exposure status of the subjects. The exposed group was found to have a statistically significant lower P300 amplitude, bilaterally hypoactive distal deep tendon reflexes and poorer performance on neuropsychological tests involving psychomotor speed. Exposed subjects acknowledged more symptoms and higher levels of depression and anx...
On the computation and use of projections of digital images in general purpose image processing pipeline architectures

This paper deals with the problem of computing, projections of digital images. The novelty of our contribution is that we present algorithms which are suitable for implementation in general purpose image processing and image analysis pipeline architectures. Also, we propose some new pipeline configurations which achieve a remarkable degree of parallelism in the computation of projection data and in fact, of many other geometrical descriptors of digital images. In particular, random access memories and other dedicated hardware devices are not needed in our algorithms. The effectiveness of our approach and feasibility of the proposed architectures are demonstrated by running our algorithms in commercially available short-pipelines for image processing and analysis. Examples are shown of the use of projection data for machine vision applications.
The Effects of Faculty Control of Learning on Student Effort.

It is commonly assumed in health professions education that knowledge and skills are discrete, objective, and quantifiable and that faculty should control the choice of what is to be learned, how it is taught, and decisions about whether students have mastered the material. Evidence is presented from education, psychology, decision science, and management challenging the assumption that faculty can completely control the learning process, When learning is viewed as an open-ended dialogue, it follows that substituting faculty control and effort for student control and effort will be effective only to a point. Twelve propositions are presented showing the effects, some of them negative, of faculty control of learning on student effort to learn.
Quantitative shape analysis of left ventricular cine-CT images

The shape of the endocardial and epicardial borders of excised dog hearts digitized and traced from cine-CT (computer tomography) images have been quantitatively compared with those obtained from actual dissected cross sections digitized and traced with a video camera. Results from a standard Fourier analysis have been compared with those obtained from the proposed boundary matching descriptor method. Both measures indicate that the LV (left ventricle) shape is not altered by the proposed reconstruction procedure. The Fourier analysis indicates that the epicardial borders are more accurately reproduced than the endocardial borders (p >
Evidence that prehypertension is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes

Whether or not blood pressure categories below 140/90 mmHg are associated with incident Type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease is subject to debate. Currently, a blood pressure of 120–139/80–89 mmHg is recognized as prehypertension. This article evaluates the association of prehypertension with incident Type 2 diabetes in the San Antonio Heart study. The authors found that prehypertension in the entire cohort was not related to incident Type 2 diabetes in fully adjusted analyses, but that a blood pressure of 130–139/85–89 mmHg was related to incident diabetes. These results, and conclusions of other studies, suggest that the prehypertension category should be divided for diabetes risk assessment.
Predicting dense nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution using a simplified source depletion model parameterized with partitioning tracers

[1] Simulations of nonpartitioning and partitioning tracer tests were used to parameterize the equilibrium stream tube model (ESM) that predicts the dissolution dynamics of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) as a function of the Lagrangian properties of DNAPL source zones. Lagrangian, or stream-tube-based, approaches characterize source zones with as few as two trajectory-integrated parameters, in contrast to the potentially thousands of parameters required to describe the point-by-point variability in permeability and DNAPL in traditional Eulerian modeling approaches. The spill and subsequent dissolution of DNAPLs were simulated in two-dimensional domains having different hydrologic characteristics (variance of the log conductivity field = 0.2, 1, and 3) using the multiphase flow and transport simulator UTCHEM. Nonpartitioning and partitioning tracers were used to characterize the Lagrangian properties (travel time and trajectory-integrated DNAPL content statistics) of DNAPL source zones, which were in turn shown to be sufficient for accurate prediction of source dissolution behavior using the ESM throughout the relatively broad range of hydraulic conductivity variances tested here. The results were found to be relatively insensitive to travel time variability, suggesting that dissolution could be accurately predicted even if the travel time variance was only coarsely estimated. Estimation of the ESM parameters was also demonstrated using an approximate technique based on Eulerian data in the absence of tracer data; however, determining the minimum amount of such data required remains for future work. Finally, the stream tube model was shown to be a more unique predictor of dissolution behavior than approaches based on the ganglia-to-pool model for source zone characterization.
Human-Centered Fusion Framework

In recent years the benefits of fusing signatures extracted from large amounts of distributed and/or heterogeneous data sources have been largely documented in various problems ranging from biological protein function prediction to cyberspace monitoring. In spite of significant progress in information fusion research, there is still no formal theoretical framework for defining various types of information fusion systems, defining and analyzing relations among such types, and designing information fusion systems using a formal method approach. Consequently, fusion systems are often poorly understood, are less than optimal, and/or do not suit user needs. To start addressing these issues, we outline a formal human-centered fusion framework for reasoning about fusion strategies. Our approach relies on a new taxonomy for fusion strategies, an alternative definition of information fusion in terms of parameterized paths in signature related spaces, an algorithmic formalization of fusion strategies and a library of numeric and dynamic visual tools measuring the impact as well as the impact behavior of fusion strategies. Using a real case of intelligence analysis we demonstrate that the proposed framework enables end users to rapidly 1) develop and implement alternative fusion strategies, 2) understand the impact of each strategy, 3) compare the various strategies, and 4) perform the above steps without having to know the mathematical foundations of the framework. We also demonstrate that the human impact on a fusion system is critical in the sense that small changes in strategies do not necessarily correspond to small changes in results.
Profiling deacetylase activities in cell lysates with peptide arrays and SAMDI mass spectrometry.

The development of arrays that can profile molecular activities in cells is important to understanding signaling pathways in normal and pathological settings. While oligonucleotide arrays are now routinely used to profile global gene expression, there is still a lack of tools for profiling enzyme activities in cell lysates. This paper describes the combination of peptide arrays formed on self-assembled monolayers and mass spectrometry to provide a label-free approach for identifying patterns of enzyme activities in cell lysates. The approach is demonstrated by profiling lysine deacetylase (KDAC) activities in cell lysates of the CHRF megakaryocytic (Mk) cell line. Class-specific deacetylase inhibitors were used to show that terminal Mk differentiation of CHRF cells is marked by a pronounced decrease in sirtuin activity and by little change in activity of KDACs 1-11. This work establishes a platform that can be used to identify changes in global activity profiles of cell lysates for a wide variety of enzym...