cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Hyperinfection Syndrome with Strongyloides stercoralis

A 65-year-old man with steroid-dependent chronic airflow obstruction presented with progressive dyspnea and weight loss. Travel history included a military tour in southeast Asia. A chest roentgenogram revealed hyperexpanded lung fields with diffusely increased interstitial markings. The Papanicolaou stain of expectorated sputum demonstrated the rhabditiform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. Endemic areas of infection include the southeastern United States, Puerto Rico, Central America, the Pacific basin, and central Africa. In recent immigrant groups and veterans of the Vietnam conflict, rates of infection are as high as 6 percent. The hyperinfection syndrome occurs in immunocompromised hosts and is associated with glucocorticoid steroid therapy. This allows massive proliferation of larval forms. Clinical clues include an appropriate travel history (even in the remote past), gastrointestinal symptoms, cutaneous symptoms, eosinophilia, or thrombocytosis. Our patient demonstrated a classic presentation of the hyperinfection syndrome, and the condition responded well to thiabendazole.
Integration of Control and Fuel System Components Today and Tomorrow

New gas turbine engines, because of their requirements for improved performance at lower weights, are placing additional requirements on the control and fuel system. At the same time control and fuel system must weigh less. Integration of certain control and fuel system components is one approach which has allowed some of these seemingly conflicting requirements to be met. While future control systems may be able to achieve some additional weight savings by additional integration, further use of new techniques particularly those in electronic and pneumatic computational components seem areas to be explored if step reductions in control weight and volume are to be attained.Copyright © 1969 by ASME
THE CATIONIC CHELATE OF CHROMIUM AND ALUMINON AS A SELECTIVE NUCLEAR STAIN.

The chelate k prepared by adding 4.5 gm of aluminon and 100 gm of chrome alum to 200 ml of distilled water, boiling gently for 20 min., filtering, and allowing the filtrate to drop into 3.5 liters of absolute alcohol. The alcoholic suspension is filtered and its precipitate is dried at room temperature. To prepare the staining solution 3 gm of chelate are dissolved in 100 ml of 3% HCI. Hydrated sections—paraffin, frozen, or celloidin—are stained for 30 min to 18 hr at room temperature. The stain is self-limiting and requires no differentiation. Since the stain is not removed by alcohol or weak acids, a large variety of counterstains my be used.
Work-Time Reduction: Possibilities and Problems

Once, it was possible to think of reducing the workweek. Is it still? The author discusses the possibilities and many obstacles, economic and political. Yes, it might create jobs, but can it really be done without offering an equivalent wage for fewer hours? But if we do not think about the gains from work reduction (such as the modern invention of the weekend), it surely will not happen.
Flow-induced transport and enrichment of erosional sediment from a well-aggregated and uniformly-textured Oxisol

Sediment enrichment and transport from a highly weathered, well-aggregated, and uniformly-textured soil were determined using field rainfall simulation. Overland flow on an agriculturally-managed ridge-and-furrow system was generated by applying four successive rainfall events: a dry run on bare soil with a rainfall intensity of 35 mm h−1 a wet run on bare soil with the same rainfall intensity, a very wet run on bare soil with a rainfall intensity of 62 mm h−1 and a final run on partially plastic-mulched soil (to simulate pineapple culture) with a rainfall intensity of 50 mm h−1. Stream power and shear stress of overland flow during the dry and wet runs did not exceed the critical level for rill flow detachment, and resulted in runoff sediment concentrations between 1.7–3.5 g L−1, with 70–90% of sediment consisting of fine aggregates ( wet run (1.1 for OC and 1.2 for Ext-P) > very wet run (1.03 for OC and 1.1 for Ext-P) > plastic mulch run (close to 1 for both OC and Ext-P). This enrichment was associated with selective transport of fine aggregates which were chemically richer than the coarser ones.
Frequency-domain digital filtering techniques for the removal of powerline noise with application to the electrocardiogram

This paper presents two new local processing frequency-domain methods for the removal of powerline noise from electrophysiological signals. The first is based on an iterative division or a multiplication of a set of frequencies centered at 60 Hz. The second users a basic property of the natural logarithm to smooth the 60-Hz noise. Both methods are intended to reduce powerline noise without affecting the frequency spectrum of the signal in the regions surrounding 60 Hz. For illustration, these local processing methods are applied to artificial and real electrocardiographic (ECG) data and are compared to a fixed IIR notch digital filter which is designed by pole-zero placements on the unit circle. The performance of each method is measured by the error squared, which is the square of the difference between the original noise-free signal and the filtered noisy ECG. Finally, since the two methods are iterative processes, comparison of their rate of convergence to a predefined noise reduction level is considered.
Hybrid fiber co-axial CATV network design with variable capacity optical network units

Abstract Recent changes in telecommunication regulations and changing market forces are making the market for broadband network services to the home an extremely lucrative and competitive area. Of the many competing technologies for such broadband services, major CATV companies are banking heavily on Hybrid Fiber Co-axial (HFC) networks as a delivery mechanism. In this paper we provide a mathematical model for the design of HFC networks. We extend the model developed by Pirkul and Gupta (1997) to allow the location of Optical Network Units (ONUs) of different capacities. Analysis of the model shows that it belongs to the NP-Complete class of problems. We provide a heuristic solution procedure for the design task. Computational testing of our procedure demonstrates that it is applicable for the design of relatively large networks and provides solutions that are of reasonably good quality.
Temperature acceleration of time-dependent dielectric breakdown

A model is proposed for predicting the temperature dependence of time-to-breakdown t/sub BD/ in MOS circuits. While a previous study proposed a field-dependent activation energy, this model predicts that the activation energy for t/sub BD/ is dependent on both the oxide quality and the applied field. This explains the wide range of activation energies reported in the literature. The modeling of the activation energy and temperature acceleration factor as a function of t/sub BD/ is introduced in order to compare test results from different oxide technologies. The activation energy is found to increase with the breakdown time. This model provides good estimates of oxide lifetime for voltages down to 5 V and for temperatures between 25 and 150 degrees C. On the basis of the proposed model, an oxide with a lifetime of 1000 years at 25 degrees C is expected to last 47 years at 75 degrees C and 4.8 years at 125 degrees C. >
The paraventricular nucleus: an important component of the central neurocircuitry regulating sympathetic nerve outflow

Aim: The sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of physiological homeostasis under basal conditions and in response to acute and chronic stressors. It is known that multiple levels of the neuroaxis, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, are involved in regulation of efferent sympathetic nerve discharge (SND). This review focuses on the role of the PVN in regulation of functional characteristics of efferent SND. Results: The available experimental evidence indicates that the level of efferent sympathetic nerve activity is altered after microinjection of numerous substances into the PVN, including excitatory amino acids, -aminobutyric acid (GABA A ) receptor agonists and antagonists, and PVN nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. In addition, antagonism of PVN GABA A receptors changes the pattern of synchronized discharge bursts in efferent sympathetic nerves and enhances the frequency-domain coupling between low-frequency bursts in sympathetic nerve pairs. Finally, PVN microinjections of excitatory amino acids (L-glutamate, D,L-homocysteic acid) have been shown to produce non-uniform changes in the level of efferent sympathetic nerve activity. Conclusion: These findings support the concept that the PVN is an important component of the central neurocircuitry regulating functional characteristics (basal level of activity, bursting pattern, and relationships between discharges in nerves innervating different targets) of efferent sympathetic nerve outflow.
Metastable Dissociation Study of Nitric Oxide Clusters

Mass spectra of neat (NO)n+ clusters and mixed (N2O)m(NO)n+ and (NO2)m(NO)n+ clusters are obtained and investigated by nonresonant multiphoton ionization with a femtosecond laser. Intensity alterna...
Economics of practice and inpatient care

Abstract The nature and structure of inpatient psychiatric services are rapidly evolving. This article identifies and explores how these changes are being influenced by four interrelated areas: rapid growth in general and private hospital psychiatric practice; increased connections of public, private, and voluntary sectors of care; the emergence and quick acceptance of capitated and managed care programs; and dramatic change and growth in the insurance industry. These four interrelated areas further the development of a two-tier system in psychiatry: one for those with insurance, and one for the poor and the severely disabled. The changes in these four areas have also led to greater and more complex regulatory and monitoring activities, greater demand for increased economic competition among services, and new alliances and innovations in the delivery of treatment. This article discusses how the four areas have combined to support a two-tier system and how they are likely to affect the future evolution of general and private hospital inpatient psychiatric practice.
Determination of calcium in official calcium phosphates

The assay of official calcium phosphates for calcium can be brought into the general method for calcium determination by titration with EDTA using hydroxynaphthol blue indicator by dissolving the sample in a strictly limited amount of hydrochloric acid, passing an aliquot of the solution through a column of anion-exchange resin in the chloride form, washing out the calcium ion with water, and determining calcium in the eluate. The method is comparable in precision with the official method for calcium in dibasic calcium phosphate, but requires much less time.
A Novel Evaluation Methodology for Combined Performance of Warning and Braking in Crash Imminent Braking Systems

Crash imminent braking (CIB) systems are equipped in high-end passenger vehicles by many auto manufactures. Due to the complex nature of the CIB technology, the features and performance of various CIB systems differ significantly. To date, there are no standards to evaluate and compare the comprehensive performance of different CIB systems. This paper describes a systematic methodology for the evaluation of CIB systems which include both warning and braking features. The percentage kinetic energy reduction is a measure used in the performance evaluation. The information collected from some ongoing vehicle active safety testing projects will be used to validate the proposed methodology.
A People Apart Coping with National Security Problems in Israel

Israelis believe their country faces serious threat and they will succeed in overcoming these threats. The mechanisms employed for dealing with these two attitude clusters are explored. Based on a national sample (N = 1,116), three mechanisms are shown to dominate: perceived success, denial, and a belief system identified as the People Apart Syndrome. The syndrome consisted of two constructs: God-and-us, relating to a special, mystical relation perceived by many between God, Israel, and Jewish history; and go-it-alone, dealing with feelings of isolation and the belief that ultimately Jewish destiny depends on the Jews. Psychological factors were shown to be much more powerful than demographic variables in explaining these distributions. The widely shared syndrome captured the tone of Israeli political discourse and the mindset of a large portion of the population. Its distribution among place of birth groups by policy preference and religious observance revealed the pervasive nature of the syndrome.
Cell-wall polysaccharides of Sagebrush☆

Abstract The woody tissues of Artemisia tridentata vaseyana were found to contain 34·5 per cent cellulose, 29·2 per cent O -acetyl-4- O -methylglucuronoxylan, 1·3 per cent glucomannan, 29·2 per cent Klason lignin and 7·6 per cent extractives.
Treatment of Cyclophosphamide Induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis with Neodymium: YAG Laser in Pediatric Patients

AbstractPurpose: Hemorrhagic cystitis is a significant and sometimes fatal complication of cyclophosphamide therapy. We report our recent experience using a neodymium (Nd):YAG laser to treat 3 pediatric patients with cyclophosphamide induced cystitis.Materials and Methods: Between May 1994 and March 1995 we treated 3 pediatric patients 6 to 8 years old with an Nd:YAG laser for severe hemorrhagic cyclophosphamide induced cystitis. All patients presented with gross hematuria and conservative measures failed. The Nd:YAG laser (20 watts and 2-second pulse mode) was used to fulgurate bleeding endoscopically. All patients required 2 laser treatment sessions with a total energy range of 8,011 to 16,595 J. and strict parameters to avoid small bowel injury.Results: All 3 patients had resolution of gross hematuria with Nd:YAG therapy. They were discharged home within 3 days after repeat laser treatment with grossly clear urine and stable hematocrit. At followup of 11 to 18 months the patients have grossly clear uri...
Kinematics of the Eastern California shear zone: Evidence for slip transfer from Owens and Saline Valley fault zones to Fish Lake Valley fault zone

Late Quaternary slip rates and satellite-based geodetic data for the western Great Basin constrain regional fault-slip distribution and evolution. The geologic slip rate on the Fish Lake Valley fault zone (the northwest extension of the Furnace Creek fault zone) increases northward from about 3 to 5 mm/yr, in agreement with modeled geodetic data. The increase coincides with the intersections of the Deep Springs fault, connected to the Owens Valley fault zone, and of other faults connected to the Saline Valley fault. The combined geologic and geodetic data suggest that (1) the northwest-striking faults of the Eastern California shear zone north of the Garlock fault are connected by north- to northeast-striking normal faults that transfer slip in a series of right steps, and (2) the amount and distribution of slip among the many faults of this broad, complex plate boundary have changed through time.
SOME INSTRUMENTALITY‐VALENCE MODELS OF UNDERGRADUATE COLLEGE CHOICE

This paper reports an extension of valence-instrumentality-expectancy (VIE) type models of organizational choice to the decision process of high school students selecting undergraduate colleges. Using questionnaire data from 714 respondents, interactive vatence-instrumentality models correctly predicted 68% of actual choices. A number of alternative models are evaluated, and several areas for refinement and extension of this study are identified.
The incidence of learning disabilities and mental retardation in youth under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court

The incidence rate of learning disabled and mentally retarded youth among three groups of youth under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court is examined. These three groups are institutionalized delinquents, nonconfined delinquents, and status offenders. The chi-square statistic indicated no significant differences (p > .05) with respect to the presence of either learning disabilities or mental retardation among the three groups.
Changes in Renal Tissue Composition Induced in Rabbits by Various Intravenous Doses of Mercaptomerin Sodium.

SummarySodium, potassium and water content of the renal cortex and medulla were determined in normal rabbits and in rabbits given intravenous injections of mercury, as mercaptomerin sodium, in doses of 0.5 to 20 mg/kg of body weight. Concentration of sodium in the normal medulla (103.1) meq/kg wet tissue) was considerably higher than that in the normal cortex (68.9 meq/kg). With administration of mercury in doses of 10 mg or more/kg, cortical sodium concentration and water content increased and potassium concentration decreased; medullary sodium and potassium concentrations both decreased.
Utilizing Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction to Evaluate Prostate Stem Cell Antigen as a Tumor Marker in Pancreatic Cancer

Background Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) may prove to be a sensitive technique by which to evaluate potential tumor markers in pancreatic cancer.
Species differences in susceptibility to 1,3-dinitrobenzene-induced testicular toxicity and methemoglobinemia

The testicular toxicity and methemoglobinemia induced by 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) was compared in two species, the Sprague-Dawley rat and the golden Syrian hamster. A marked difference in susceptibility to both endpoints of toxicity was observed. The hamster showed no testicular lesions at dose levels up to 50 mg/kg whereas, as previously reported by others, damage to rat testicular tubules in later stages of spermatogenesis was readily apparent at a 25 mg/kg dose level. Similarly, administration of 1,3-DNB induced substantially less methemoglobinemia in the hamster than in the rat. For example, at the 25 mg/kg dose level peak levels of methemoglobin in the hamster were 15% compared with 80% in the rat. Mortality in the rat also occurred at lower doses than in the hamster (50 vs 100 mg/kg, respectively). In in vitro studies, the capacity of 1,3-DNB and 1,3-DNB metabolites (nitroaniline, nitroacetanilide, aminoacetanilide, diacetamidobenzene) to induce methemoglobinemia was examined in suspensions of red blood cells obtained from both species. Only 1,3-DNB caused the formation of methemoglobin and rat red blood cells were twice as sensitive as hamster red blood cells. The species difference in susceptibility to both methemoglobinemia and testicular toxicity could indicate differences in 1,3-DNB clearance and/or formation of toxic metabolites. Additional metabolic work is under way. This study demonstrates that the hamster is more resistant than the rat to the testicular lesion and methemoglobinemia induced by 1,3-DNB.
Mortality of olive fruit fly pupae in California

Efforts to control the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae), in California have focused on insecticidal baits and biological control by parasitoids, which primarily target the adult and larval stages, respectively. The pupal stage, which occurs in the soil, has largely been overlooked. This study investigated mortality factors for olive fruit fly pupae in California olive orchards, using a combination of exclusion experiments and observation and trapping of potential predators. Results show predation and climatic factors contribute to pupal mortality. Ants (Formicidae) were the most numerous predators observed. Soil-borne pathogens caused no mortality in this study. Potential applications of these results in the development of a sustainable management program are discussed.
Influence of intrinsic electric fields on passive film chemistry and structure

Abstract Alloys and their oxides are a very important class of materials on which modern society depends. Yet, today we do not have an adequate fundamental physical-chemical model of how oxides evolve on alloys under oxidizing conditions. In a research program examining the parameters, temperature and O 2 activity, which control the driving potential for alloy oxidation, a new extended model for alloy oxidation has been developed that allows for prediction of the resulting passive layer structures.
An experimental and modeling study of isothermal charge/discharge behavior of commercial Ni–MH cells

Abstract In this study, a previously developed nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH) battery model is applied in conjunction with experimental characterization. Important geometric parameters, including the active surface area and micro-diffusion length for both electrodes, are measured and incorporated in the model. The kinetic parameters of the oxygen evolution reaction are also characterized using constant potential experiments. Two separate equilibrium equations for the Ni electrode, one for charge and the other for discharge, are determined to provide a better description of the electrode hysteresis effect, and their use results in better agreement of simulation results with experimental data on both charge and discharge. The Ni electrode kinetic parameters are re-calibrated for the battery studied. The Ni–MH cell model coupled with the updated electrochemical properties is then used to simulate a wide range of experimental discharge and charge curves with satisfactory agreement. The experimentally validated model is used to predict and compare various charge algorithms so as to provide guidelines for application-specific optimization.
Identification of radiation-induced triglyceride adducts by mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometric evidence is given to show the formation of 4 types of adduct compounds induced by radiolysis of triglycerides. These are the triglyceride 2,2’ dimer, the propanedioldiester dimer (i.e., a 1,2,5,6-hexanetetraol tetraester), a 2-propanedioldiester-triglyceride adduct and an a branched alkyl substituted triglyceride. Analogous compounds have been adduced for both tributyrin and tripalmitin. Adduct formation was observed at a position α to the carbonyl group.
Dipole-dipole interaction between rubidium Rydberg atoms

Ultracold Rydberg atoms in a static electric field can exchange energy via the dipole-dipole interaction. The Stark effect shifts the energy levels of the atoms which tunes the energy exchange into resonance at specific values of the electric field (F\"orster resonances). We excite rubidium atoms to Rydberg states by focusing either a 480 nm beam from a tunable dye laser or a pair of diode lasers into a magneto-optical trap. The trap lies at the center of a configuration of electrodes. We scan the electric field by controlling the voltage on the electrodes while measuring the fraction of atoms that interact. Dipole-dipole interaction spectra are presented for initially excited rubidium $nd$ states for $n=31$ to 46 and for four different pairs of initially excited rubidium $ns$ states. We also present the dipole-dipole interaction spectra for individual rubidium 32$d$ $(j,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{m}_{j})$ fine structure levels that have been selectively excited. The data are compared to calculated spectra.
Permeation measurements of chemical agent simulants through protective clothing materials

Abstract Effective procedures associated with storage and disposal of chemical warfare (CW) agents are important for the protection of civilian populations from inadvertent release of these agents. Emergency groups as well as citizens in surrounding communities need to know the relative effectiveness of various chemical protective clothing (CPC) ensembles in the unlikely event of such releases. A method has been developed for studying permeation of chemical warfare agent simulants through CPC materials. The experimental results characterize some commercially available CPC materials. Thirteen different CPC materials having widely differing compositions were chosen to study the permeation of four different liquid CW simulants (dimethyl methyl phosphonate, diisopropyl methyl phosphonate, malathion, and dibutyl sulfide) through these CPC materials at 25 °C. This permeation study involved a newly developed analytical technique employing room temperature fluorescence quenching of an indicator compound, phenanthrene, on filter paper. Various experimental factors such as breakthrough time, rate of permeation and uptake were investigated. On the basis of breakthrough time, the 13 CPC materials could be divided into three groups: most resistant, moderately resistant, and least resistant. Materials in the most resistant category exhibited no permeation by any of the simulants for at least 24 hours. Breakthrough occurred in the least resistant materials in generally less than an hour, and sometimes as soon as a few minutes.
The Ethics of Deceptive Interrogation

This article focuses on the interrogatory stage of police investigation, considering (1) how and why the rather muddled legal theory authorizing deceptive interrogation developed; (2) what deceptive interrogation practices police, in fact, engage in; and  a far more difficult question  (3) whether police should ever employ trickery and deception during interrogation in a democratic society valuing fairness in its judicial process.
Ethnographic Mapmaking: Part 1—Principles:

Ethnographers often overlook the importance of space in people’s lives. When ethnographers make maps, they often lack key information on scale, orientation, and dimension that is essential for understanding what a map represents. The authors outline basic principles of mapmaking and demonstrate how easily maps can be made under field conditions. If ethnographers take the short amount of time to make decent maps of human cultural behavior, the crucially important spatial dimension of people’s lives will not be lost. Guides to ethnographic research note the critical importance of mapmaking: “Maps and plans of the area under investigation are essential to a clear understanding of the economic and social life of a people,” such as “small-scale sketch maps of the whole area and plans (large-scale maps) of small areas” (A Committee of the Royal Anthropological Institute 1951:47). Our concern in this article is with large-scale maps of relatively small areas. Most maps one can buy are small scale, perhaps 1:25,000, where 50 millimeters (roughly 2 inches) on the map corresponds to 25,000 × 50 mm, or 1.25 km (a little more than 3/4 mile) in the real world. By large-scale maps, we mean scale drawings with a ratio of 1:100 or so, that is, where 50 mm on the map corresponds to 5,000 mm, or 5 meters (or 1 inch corresponds to 100 inches). Large-scale mapping is best suited to the recording of house sites, camps, or a few structures at a religious or perhaps food-extraction site. In this age of Global Positioning Systems and laser/computer technology, mapping can be very easy and precise. However, the average ethnographer still lacks access to these sometimes expensive and delicate technologies and is left with only pencil, paper, and his or her own wits. We argue that much valuable information can be preserved with such traditional, if rudimentary, tools.
Acute myocardial infarction during coronary angioplasty associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a well-recognized complication after cardiac or vascular surgery, but it has not been previously reported during percutaneous coronary interventions. This case study describes a patient who developed an acute myocardial infarction during coronary angioplasty in association with the abrupt onset of heparininduced thrombocytopenia. Since balloon angioplasty achieved a satisfactory angiographic result with a widely patent epicardial vessel, it is postulated that acute myocardial infarction in this patient may have been caused by platelet aggregation and activation resulting in distal small vessel thrombosis and spasm. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polynomial Method for Grain Boundary Diffusion Parameter Determination

It is proposed that grain boundary penetration profiles In versus depth be least-square fitted by a polynomial of an optimal degree. Using the polynomial coefficients such obtained it appears possible to deduce accurate values of the boundary characteristics D′ or D′δ, or both D′ and δ depending on the kinetic regime. The method is applied to process a set of penetration profiles previously prepared by means of numerical simulation of grain boundary diffusion experiments. Comparison with the 6/5 method is made; advantages and limitations of the polynomial method are discussed in detail.
Multiple equilibria in thermosolutal convection due to salt-flux boundary conditions

Long-term variability in the ocean’s thermohaline circulation has attracted considerable attention recently in the context of past and future climate change. Drastic circulation changes are documented in paleoceanographic data and have been simulated by general circulation models of the ocean. The mechanism of spontaneous, abrupt changes in thermohaline circulation is studied here in an idealized context, using a two-dimensional Boussinesq fluid in a rectangular container, over 5 decades of Rayleigh number. When such a fluid is forced with a specified distribution of temperature and salinity at the surface - symmetric about a vertical axis - it attains a stable two-cell circulation, with the same symmetry. On the other hand, replacement of the specified salinity surface condition with an appropriate symmetric salt-flux condition leads to loss of stability of the symmetric circulation and gives rise to a new, asymmetric state. The extent of asymmetry depends on the magnitude of the thermal Rayleigh number, Ra, and on the strength of the salinity flux, y. An approximate stability curve in the y-Ra space, dividing the symmetric from the asymmetric states, is obtained numerically, and the entire range of asymmetric flows, from very slight dominance of one cell to its complete annihilation of the other cell, is explored. The physical mechanism of the pitchfork bifurcation from symmetric to asymmetric states is outlined. The effects of three other parameters of the problem are also discussed, along with implications of our results for glaciation cycles of the geological past and for interdecadal oscillations of the present ocean-atmosphere system.
The MSU Educational Technology Certificate Courses and Their Impact on Teachers’ Growth as Technology Integrators

The Educational Technology Certificate (ETC.) courses at Michigan State University are a set of three courses that can be taken as a standalone qualification or as the first three courses in the Master’s of Educational Technology degree. Together, the courses emphasize the development of technology skills and advanced mindsets for technology integration in the classroom. In this article, we provide examples of our approach to the teaching of technology skills and mindsets in ways that are adaptable across four distinct modes of instruction (online, hybrid, overseas and faceto-face). We also present student feedback and survey data that inform a critical evaluation of the program’s effectiveness. Findings suggest that the certificate courses help students to gain technological skills, to become more confident users of technology and more likely to help colleagues with tech-related questions. Interestingly, respondents also reported feeling like better teachers, in general, after taking these courses.
Comparison of four particulate substances as wildlife feeding repellents

Abstract We compared the effectiveness of dolomitic lime, activated charcoal, Nutra-lite (a silica-based compound), and white quartz sand as feeding repellents for brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and Canada geese (Branta canadensis). In 4 day, two-choice aviary tests with cowbirds, consumption of treated millet (1–4% g g−1) was less than consumption of untreated millet for all particulates except Nutra-lite at 1% g g−1. Greatest reductions in consumption occurred with lime-treated millet, followed by charcoal, Nutra-lite, and sand. Overall mean daily consumption of treated millet by cowbirds in one-choice tests was similar to total consumption of millet in comparable two-choice tests for each particulate. However, millet treated with 4% lime reduced cowbird consumption for 1 day. Similarly, in 4 day, two-choice field tests involving free-ranging deer, deer consumed less corn treated (4% g g−1) with lime or charcoal than corn treated with Nutra-lite or sand. Corn treated with sand did not reduce consumption by deer relative to untreated corn. Lime applied to turf in 10 m × 21 m enclosures at an application rate of 270 kg ha−1 did not suppress grazing by geese. Nutra-lite applied to turf at the manufacturer-recommended rate of 2568 kg ha−1 reduced overall goose presence on treated plots in enclosures for 3 days but suppressed goose grazing for 1 day only. We conclude that lime is more effective overall as a white-tailed deer and brown-headed cowbird feeding repellent than is charcoal, Nutra-lite, or sand. Lime has considerable potential as a feeding repellent in agricultural and possibly turf situations. Charcoal could be used effectively in situations where lime is impractical.
Entropy and Search Theory

A recent article by Pierce (1978) has brought search theory to the attention of workers in related fields that also use statistical theory. In recounting history, he noted that early workers tried to relate detection probability pp and search effort to the posterior entropy HND conditional on nondetection [Eq. (4) below] or to the “expected posterior entropy” HE = pD HD + (1 − pD) HND, discovered quickly that no general relation exists, and concluded that information theory has no useful connection with search theory.
EFFECTS OF RESPONSE COST AND REINFORCEMENT MAGNITUDE ON PERFORMANCE ON PROGRAMMED MATERIALS

Berman (1967a, 1967b) has shown that speed and accuracy on programmed materials can be experimentally manipulated by changing the payoff matrix. Berman (1967a) used a response cosc contingency to examine preference for working under speed or acalracy contingencies on programmed materials, in addition to investigating the absolute speed and accuracy generated under such conditions. The effect of response cost attached co unsuccessful attempts to meet accuracy criteria was a marked reference for speed criteria. In an earlier s t ~ ~ d y (Berman, 1967b) it was found that with no response cost involved Ss chose to meet accuracy criteria approx~mately 87% of the time. In the study involving response cost, Ss' accuracy choices dropped to approximately 33%. The present study was designed to fill part of the lacunae in research on response cosc. Programmed texts comprised the experimental vehicles, and Ss' cask involved behavior found commonly both inside and outside the classroom setting, namely, rading and learning textual material. The points earned or deducted from past earnings as a result of successful or unsuccessf~~l performance had monetary exchange value. Response cosc was systematically manipulated over a large range of values for each group of Ss. Four groups of eight Ss each were ~ ~ s e d , each group having a different reinforcement (as opposed to response cost) magnitude, which was constant thro~~ghout the experiment. "Order" effects were controlled by exposing half of the Ss to a response cost series which began at low magnitude (i.e., 10 cents) and increased by 10-cent increments to high magnitude (i.e., 40 cents), then decreased to its original magnitude by 10-cent decrements. The other half of the Ss were presented first with response cost of high magnitude. The cost was then decreased by 10-cent decrements to the lowesc level, at which point it increased to its original high magnitude in 10-cent incremencs. A programmed text in linguistics was divided into 66 sections of approximately 52 written responses each. These 66 sections were grouped into 11 parts
Automated multi-model reconstruction from single-particle electron microscopy data

Biological macromolecules can adopt multiple conformational and compositional states due to structural flexibility and alternative subunit assemblies. This structural heterogeneity poses a major challenge in the study of macromolecular structure using single-particle electron microscopy. We propose a fully automated, unsupervised method for the three-dimensional reconstruction of multiple structural models from heterogeneous data. As a starting reference, our method employs an initial structure that does not account for any heterogeneity. Then, a multi-stage clustering is used to create multiple models representative of the heterogeneity within the sample. The multi-stage clustering combines an existing approach based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis to perform clustering within individual Euler angles, and a newly developed approach to sort out class averages from individual Euler angles into homogeneous groups. Structural models are computed from individual clusters. The whole data classification is further refined using an iterative multi-model projection-matching approach. We tested our method on one synthetic and three distinct experimental datasets. The tests include the cases where a macromolecular complex exhibits structural flexibility and cases where a molecule is found in ligand-bound and unbound states. We propose the use of our approach as an efficient way to reconstruct distinct multiple models from heterogeneous data.
Spatial analysis of road weather safety data using a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach

Adverse weather has a major safety impact on travelers on highways. Weather events and their impact on highways can be viewed as predictable, non-recurring incidents that display strong geographic patterns. This study attempts to address the Wisconsin counties with high crash relative risk (RR) under various inclement weather conditions such as snow, rain and fog. Within a Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework, a Poisson model with a log link function including a spatial random effect is proposed. In particular, two types of spatial models are considered. One is a conditional autoregressive (CAR) model that specifies spatial dependence via autoregression among neighboring counties. The other is an exponential model that assumes an exponential decline of spatial dependence as the distance between two counties increases. A spatially independent model is also considered as a baseline model. Bayesian statistical inference results show fairly consistent crash patterns with weather impact. Higher-thanexpected snow-related crashes occurred in the northern Wisconsin counties where more snowfall was experienced throughout the long winter. Rain-related crashes clustered in the areas close to Lake Michigan with more rainfall than other parts of the state. The counties in the southwestern region have overrepresented fog-related crashes partially because of more foggy days in the mountainous valley terrain. Our modeling approach can be recommended to rank the counties for road weather safety planning and programming.
Mixed Research in Gifted Education: A Mixed Research Investigation of Trends in the Literature.

The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of mixed research techniques in empirical studies published in gifted education journals. During Phase 1, empirical full-text databases and ...
Synthesis of Na-2-mica from talc and kaolinite: characterization and Sr2+ uptake

Na-2-mica, a highly charged sodium fluorophlogopite mica of ideal composition, Na2Mg6Si6Al2O20F4·xH2O was synthesized from a mixture of talc, kaolinite, ultrafine magnesium oxide or magnesium nitrate, and sodium fluoride at a temperature of 825 °C for 12 h. The resulting powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both magnesium sources resulted in the formation of highly charged expandable mica; however, the sample prepared with magnesium nitrate also contained forsterite as an impurity. The presence of forsterite in the sample was confirmed by a strong resonance at −62 ppm relative to the tetramethylsilane reference. Each mica had four distinctly non-equivalent Si environments. The 27Al MAS-NMR spectra indicated that all Al in the samples was tetrahedrally coordinated. Use of magnesium nitrate as a magnesium source rather than magnesium oxide resulted in slightly smaller particles; however, both sources resulted in mica flakes less than 2 µm. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the mica prepared from MgO was close to the theoretical value for Na-2-mica (247 meq 100 g−1); however, the CEC of the sample prepared from magnesium nitrate was much larger than expected. Part of the layer charge for these samples was the result of cation vacancies in the octahedral sheet of the mica as indicated by a Li-migration technique. Ion exchange studies indicated that both micas were highly selective for strontium, whose radioisotope Sr-90 is commonly present in nuclear waste.
Layered dielectric composite evaluation

Dielectric sheet materials are extensively used in a variety of applications. Furthermore, composites made of several such layers, adhesively bonded together, are finding their way as structural members in a broad range of applications as well. Whether one is interested in obtaining accurate information about the thickness of a rubber sheet or a thin plastic film or inspecting a thick multi-layer (sandwich) composite structure for the presence of disbonds and delaminations, the inspection technique must be capable, robust and easy to use. When inspecting such composites, standard non-destructive techniques may not always be suitable particularly when these composites are relatively thick and are made of porous, low-permittivity and low-loss dielectric materials. In addition, the usual planar geometry of defects, such as disbonds, limit the application of some of the standard non-destructive techniques. Ultrasonic techniques, which usually require a couplant, are of limited use due to the high attenuation experienced by the signal when inspecting thick and porous composites. X-ray radiography may also be used for inspection of thick composites, however it has some limitations. Some of these limitations may be overcome using neutron radiography, but equipment size and weight make this approach limited in its practicality (Bovig, 1989; Carriveau, 1994). Microwave signals can penetrate deep inside low-loss dielectric materials and interact with their inner structure without suffering from high attenuation.
Challenges for magnetic design of a compact booster fed by single power supply

In design of full energy Booster injectors, commonly used in the modern accelerator facilities, there is a tendency of avoiding saturation of the magnetic elements in order to avoid losses associated with tune change during the energy ramp. Typical maximum field in the bending magnets of the modern Booster projects of 1.0-1.4 T results in the large circumference. For 0.27-1.2 GeV full energy Booster injector for the Duke FEL storage ring, recently under design and fabrication, there was an ultimate goal to fit it into existing storage ring room to avoid cost extensive building construction. Therefore, the Booster ring has to be compact, therefore the maximum field in the bending magnets was accepted 1.76 T. With a different level of saturation in the bending magnets, focusing and defocusing quadruples it was not possible to avoid a tune change with the energy rise. However, the ratio of saturation levels for the elements was optimized to avoid crossing of any significant resonance while ramping through the entire energy range. The lattice was simulated for different energies based on the results of 3D calculations of the magnetic elements with the use of MERMAID 3D code. Another challenging part of the design was supplying all the dipoles and quadrupoles by single power supply.
Use of High-pressure Processing for Oyster Shucking and Shelf-life Extension

Whole Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were processed using high-pressure processing (HPP) treatment from 207 to 310 MPa at 0, 1, and 2 min and stored at < 4 degrees C and evaluated over 27 d. The pH of HPP samples decreased slightly from 6.3 to 5.8 during storage while the control (hand-shucked oysters) dropped to pH 4.1. Moisture content of the controls decreased slightly while HPP samples increased slightly. Pressure treatment did not significantly inhibit lipase activity during the shelf-life study. HPP reduced initial microbial load by 2 to 3 logs and counts remained at a reduced level through the storage study. Descriptive evaluation showed that HPP-treated oysters received higher quality scores than controls during the storage trial.
Seeking open-ended evolution in Swarm Chemistry

This paper reports several new simulation results obtained with the revised Swarm Chemistry model. The model extensions included local transmission of recipes (kinetic rules) between particles, their stochastic differentiation, and competition and mutation of recipes. These extensions aimed to make the swarms capable of demonstrating open-ended evolution. The results indicated that “cooperation” among particles is essential for creating and maintaining macroscopic coherent structures, and that high mutation rates and dynamic environmental conditions may promote continuing evolutionary changes.
"Just How Much Diversity Will the Law Permit?": The Americans with Disabilities Act, Diversity and Disability in Higher Education

Civil rights laws including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of 1972, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 worked to protect classes and individuals for whom discrimination had been documented. In an effort to further remedy educational inequality, colleges and universities increasingly used identity categories to enable access and participation in postsecondary life. In addition to anti-discrimination statutes, attention to marginalized groups evolved to include larger networks of academic and co-curricular support such as formations of identity centers, cultural events, fields of study and scholarships yet disability is largely absent from this work as much of higher education maintains a singular focus on legal compliance. This study investigates how disability law is conceived and enacted on five divergent campuses and how participants understood both the function of disability law and other cultural, social and political aspects of disability-related identities.
Power and control: contracts and the patient–physician relationship

Contracts with patients have become increasingly common in clinical practice and the medical literature. These include behavioral contracts for managing “difficult patients” 1, opioid contracts2–5, suicide prevention contracts6,7, and healthy living contracts8. Some physician practices have even asked patients to sign contracts promising not to litigate or post defamatory comments on the Internet9. Despite widespread adoption, few have stopped to consider the potential risks and ethical concerns with using these documents. This perspective will describe how patient contracts are ultimately about power and control, and if not used carefully could damage the patient-physician relationship.