cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electric field investigations and a model for electrical liquid spraying

Abstract The equation generally used for determining the electric field at the liquid tip in electrical spraying of liquids was originally derived for determining the electric field around a metal tip in the extraction of electrons from metals. In the present paper experimental data were taken at the instant of spraying to determine the validity of using this equation for liquid tips. the results indicate that the value of electric field given by this equation needs to be increased by about 20% in the normal range of operation. A model for the spraying mechanism of the liquid is also presented.
A phylogenetic revision of Calydna and relatives (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

A phylogenetic revision of the Neotropical riodinid genus Calydna Doubleday and relatives is presented. A phylogenetic analysis for all twenty species of Calydna using thirty-eight characters of adult morphology generated four most parsimonious cladograms. Calydna is characterised to contain eighteen species, divided here into three monophyletic species groups with the relationship caieta group + (thersander group + hiria group). A new genus Echydna Hall gen. n. is described for the most basal clade, containing chaseba Hewitson and punctata C. & R. Felder, which are transferred from Calydna (combs. n.). The taxonomy, morphology, biogeography and biology of both genera are discussed, locality data is listed and mapped, and the adults and male and female genitalia are illustrated for all species. Concealed male abdominal androconial scales, which phylogenetically unite the thersander and hiria groups, are reported for the first time outside of the tribes Symmachiini and Nymphidiini. Two new species are described, Calydna jeannea sp. n. and Calydna nicolayi sp. n., and the replacement name fissilisima is provided for the unavailable name fissilis Stichel; maculosa Bates is transferred from Calydna to Callistium Stichel (comb. n.).
Diagnostic tools in laryngology.

Purpose of reviewLaryngology has become recognized as a subspecialty within the field of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery over the course of the past 30 years. The evolution of laryngology stems primarily from our better understanding of the physiology of vocal production, society’s increased re
Diffusion of gold and native defects in mercury cadmium telluride

The diffusion of defects is of great importance in nanoscale device fabrication, making it essential to understand theoretically the microscopic mechanisms governing how native and dopant defects diffuse. To gain this insight, we have performed, for the first time, ab initio density functional calculations to determine the diffusion barriers for multiple pathways of Au impurities and native species in mercury cadmium telluride (MCT). We consider interstitial and vacancy-mediated diffusion mechanisms and calculate the corresponding activation energies using ab initio pseudopotential total energy calculations. Depending on the stoichiometry, the activation energies for Hg self-diffusion are calculated to range from 1.35 eV to 1.60 eV (interstitial mechanism) and from 1.60 eV to 1.85 eV (vacancy mechanism). These theoretical values suggest that Hg self-diffusion is predominantly interstitial mediated, and are in good agreement with existing experimental estimates, which suggest possible activation energies ranging from 1.05 eV to 1.75 eV. For Te self-diffusion via the interstitial mechanism, the calculated activation energy ranging from 2.35 eV to 2.60 eV is also in good agreement with the experimental estimates near 2.30 eV. For Au impurities, whether they are incorporated into the interstitial or Hg site, we find the interstitial mediated mechanism to be the dominant one. Our calculated barrier of 0.35 eV for Au interstitials is also in good agreement with the experimental estimate of 0.45 eV.
A Simulation Study of Some Ridge Estimators

Abstract Ridge regression, which defines a class of estimators indexed by a biasing parameter k, is an alternative to least squares estimation in the multiple linear regression model. Many algorithms for the biasing parameter have been proposed in the statistical literature. The present study identifies 10 promising algorithms and systematically evaluates and compares them using Monte Carlo methods. Three algorithms perform well overall. A two-parameter estimator offers potential improvement over one-parameter ridge estimators.
Spin resonance conditions for intrinsic and induced electric dipole moments of a spin-1 particle

We show that spin resonance caused by the tensor polarizability of a spin-1 particle rotating in a storage ring designed to measure the intrinsic electric dipole moment (EDM) is canceled on the average over time when conditions for the spin resonance caused by this EDM are precisely met. This solves the problem of a false EDM signal created by polarizability.
Problems in Establishing Norms for Cross-Cultural Comparisons

Abstract Problems de l'etablissement des normes dans les comparaisons interculturelles.— En examinant plusieurs des methodes employees pour comparer les attitudes et les pratiques de parents allemands et americains relativement a l'education des enfants, nous avons abouti aux conclusions suivantes, susceptibles de s'appliquer a toutes les etudes comparatives interculturelles. 1. Les observations collectees dans une culture et reduites a des moyennes ne peuvent servir a en evaluer une autre. — 2. II faudrait etudier des problemes specifiques plutot que des problemes generaux ou globaux; on peut s'attendre a trouver des configurations complexes dans les differences observees. — 3. Les variables susceptibles ou non de modification selon l'[acaron]ge de l'enfant, augmentent la complexite des comparaisons entre cultures. — 4. Une norme basee sur une culture n'est probablement pas valable pour une autre. — 5. Les methodes basees sur l'utilisation d'observateurs bi-culturels semblent reduire au minimum la possib...
Cost Analysis and Tradeoffs in Regression Testing using FSMWeb

Web applications have become software commodities of choice due to advances in internet, and wireless communications. Web applications need to be tested during new development, and thereafter during maintenance when presented with changes. Models can be used to represent the desired behavior or to represent the desired testing strategies and testing environment. FSMWeb is a black box model-based testing, and regression testing approach for web applications.This paper elaborates, extends the previous works on FSMWeb's features, and introduces patching as a regression testing technique in which test cases are repaired (patched) versus being fully regenerated. Patching may lead to cost saving when regression testing.These enhancements lead to construction, and analysis of cost models used to compare various regression testing approaches resulting to selection of a regression testing approach that achieves a favorable (reduced) cost.The determination of favorable cost is subject to number of assumptions, and tradeoffs.
Effects of ploidy and linear energy transfer on radiobiological survival curves.

Abstract The radiobiological influence of linear energy transfer (energy transferred per unit length of the track of an ionizing particle) was investigated with respect to inhibition of cell division in three microorganisms: a diploid strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; a haploid yeast derived form the diploid; and the unicellular green alga Stichococcus. Complete survival curves were obtained for each organism at each of nine different values of linear energy transfer (LET), ranging from 0.73 to 190 k.e.v. per micron of path in tissue. Most of these values of LET were obtained by using different portions of the paths of very speedy deuterons, accelerated helium nuclei, and natural α-particles in such fashion that, in any given exposure, the value of LET was essentially the same for all particles that traversed the cell sample. At all values of LET, the survival curves of the haploid yeast were exponential, while those of the diploid were strongly sigmoid and of a shape essentially independent of LET. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) (a quantity inversely proportional to the 50 % survival dose) of the nine radiations for both yeasts was practically constant for LET values from 0.73 to 27 k.e.v./μ but increased by about a factor of four or five between 27 and 190 k.e.v./μ. The yeast survival curves are consistent with a theory that, in the haploid, cell division can be inhibited by inactivating any one of some tens of chromosomal sites by means of a single ionizing particle, whereas in the diploid it is necessary to inactivate both members of any one allelic pair of corresponding sites. The variation of RBE with LET is not consistent with simple target theory but is readily explained in terms of chemical intermediates which can diffuse from their places of origin in the ionization tracks to the chromosomal sites. The survival curve of Stichococcus was sigmoid, and the RBE increased by a factor of twelve as LET varied from 1.5 to 190 k.e.v./μ.
Multiplicative sensitivity analysis and its role in development of simulation models

Abstract A procedure of extended sensitivity analysis for simulation models is developed which is applicable to the situation in which input uncertainties are specified in a multiplicative (rather than an additive) way. This type of specification usually occurs when error estimates are large relative to the parameter values. The input parameter errors are assumed to have log-normal distributions and the basis for this assumption is explained along with the advantages it provides. The new procedure, multiplicative sensitivity analysis, is developed for the purposes of internal model validation and identification of priorities for specific experimental and theoretical studies needed for a particular system being modelled. The applicability of the procedure in the very early stages of a research program is its main advantage and further expands the role of simulation models.
Thermomechanical Behavior of Poly(carborane-siloxane)s Containing -CB5H5C- Cages.

The thermomechanical spectra of two new carborane–siloxane polymers containing five-boron carborane cages in the backbones are reported and discussed. The polymers are the homopolymer, HO[Si(CH3)2CB5H5CSi(CH3)2O]nH, and the random copolymer with 20 mole-% of the ten-boron meta-carborane analogue, [Si(CH3)2CB10H10CSi(CH3)2O]. The mechanical spectra (∼1 cps) were determined from −180° +625° −180°C (ΔT/Δl = 3.6°C/min for T > 25°C and 2°C/min for T < 25°C) using the semimicro thermomechanical technique, torsional braid analysis. In nitrogen, both polymers displayed secondary transitions at −140°C. The glass transition (Tg) for the homopolymer was −60°C and for the copolymer was −52°C. The homopolymer had a melting point of +70°C. The copolymer was amorphous. The high-temperature stability in nitrogen of both polymers appeared to be identical; thermal stiffening commenced at 400°C, continued to 625°C, and resulted in materials that were typical of highly crosslinked resins. In air, the homopolymer began to stiffen catastrophically near 270°C, while the copolymer began to stiffen similarly nearly 50°C higher. The intrinsic elastomeric nature together with the thermomechanical results prompted further study of the copolymer. Thermomechanical cycling studies in nitrogen and air are reported for the copolymer. Some correlating TGA and DTA are also discussed.
2002 Carolyn Sherif Award Address: Gender, Race, and Generation in a Midwest High School: Using Ethnographically Informed Methods in Psychology.

Abigail Stewart Sherif Award Citation. For your exceptional contributions to feminist psychology, the Society for the Psychology of Women presents to you the Carolyn Wood Sherif Award. Your entire career has been marked by distinction; you have been as prolific in publishing as you have been in mentoring. You have illuminated women's lives, their personalities, their development, and their adaptation to change. You have advanced feminist theory, and your academic leadership has created the opportunity for students to do graduate work in feminist psychology. We honor you and your work with gratitude.In this essay I make two arguments. First, I argue for the value of ethnographically informed methods in psychology in general and particularly for the psychology of women. Second, I argue for the importance of the role of generation in psychology, perhaps particularly in the study of values and social identities. In advancing these arguments, I draw on evidence from an ongoing, ethnographically informed study ...
ARGININE VASOTOCIN PRODUCTION RATES AND METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATE IN THE FETUS, PREGNANT & NONPREGNANT EWE

Arginine vasotocin (AVT), a neurohypophyseal peptide (NHP) with antidiuretic and oxytocic actions, is widely distributed in lower vertebrates and has been identified in fetal mammalian pituitary glands by bioassay and RIA methods. To determine whether AVT is present in ovine blood we extracted pooled fetal and maternal plasma using Sep-Pak cartridges and characterized the recovered NHP immunoreactivity (IR) by RIA and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). AVT-IR migrated similarly to synthetic AVT by HPLC. AVP and OT-IR were well separated from the AVT peak. We measured AVT metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and production rates (PR) in chronically catheterized (124-129 days' gestation) fetal/maternal sheep and in nonpregnant ewes using constant infusion methodology. Three (5 ml) blood samples were obtained over 1 hr. and AVT was infused to steady state conditions; blood samples for AVT were obtained at +30, +40, +50 and +60 minutes. Thus: 1) AVT is present in ovine fetal and maternal plasma, 2) MCR and PR are similar among ovine fetuses, pregnant and nonpregnant ewes.
Construction of a pulmonary artery pump for unifocalization and repair of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collaterals

Single-stage repair has been presented as the treatment of choice for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collaterals. This surgical approach may result in the difficult decision of whether to close the ventricular septal defect. This decision may significantly affect the postoperative course of the patient. There are several diagnostic techniques clinicians may use to help them decide if closure is indicated. One technique is to modify an extracorporeal circuit to deliver precise flow rates of blood into the newly created pulmonary arterial system, at the same time supporting the patient during the operative procedure. While this technique is not novel, there is only a single published description of the circuit. This report is brief and does not discuss potential complications that these modifications may cause. Therefore, it is the purpose of this paper to describe a circuit modification to perform this diagnostic measurement as well as elucidating potential risks of this technique.
METROPOLITAN, URBAN, AND RURAL COMMUTING AREAS: TOWARD A BETTER DEPICTION OF THE UNITED STATES SETTLEMENT SYSTEM

Discontent with the current definition of metropolitan areas and the lack of differentiation within nonmetropolitan territory provided the incentive for the research presented here. Census tracts rather than counties were used as the building blocks for assignment of tracts, not just to metropolitan areas, but also to larger towns (10,000 to 49,999) and to smaller urban places (2,500 to 9,999). The analysis used 1990 census-defined urbanized areas and tract-to-tract commuter flows. Results include a modest shift of population from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan, as well as a significant reduction in the areal size of metropolitan areas, disaggregation of many areas, and frequent reconfiguration to a more realistic settlement form. [Key words: metropolitan, urban-rural, commuting.]
SU-GG-I-67: Variation of MOSFET Calibration Factor as a Function of Dosimeter Age

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the variation of the calibration factor (mV/cGy) as a function of the dosimeter age in diagnostic and therapeuticMOSFET dosimeters. Method and Materials: Two of each diagnostic and therapeuticMOSFET dosimeters (TN‐1002RD and TN‐502RD, Best Medical Canada) were used in the study. They were irradiated side by side next to a 0.18 cc MDH RadCal 9015 ion chamber. An AGFA X‐RAD 320 Orthovoltage x‐ray irradiator was used with the beam quality of HVL 7.9 mm Al equivalent to a typical CT beam at 120 kVp. The desired beam quality was achieved by adding a filter (2.5mm Al and 0.1 mm Cu) to the tube. The diagnosticMOSFETs with a high sensitivity bias setting were exposed at 120 kVp over the lifetime of MOSFET, i.e., the age of 0 to 20,000 mV and calibration factor obtained as specified by the manufacturer. Similarly, the therapeuticMOSFETs, using a standard sensitivity bias setting, were exposed at 250 kVp (commonly used in small animal dosimetry) over the lifetime of MOSFET.Results: It was observed that the diagnosticMOSFETcalibration factor remained within ±4% from the initial value from 0 mV up to the age of 12,000 mV (corresponding to a dose of ∼450 cGy), and then, the calibration factor decreased on average by 19% from 12,000 mV to 18,000 mV. The therapeuticMOSFETscalibration factor decreased linearly by approximately 3% every 3,000 mV up to the age of 18,000 mV. Conclusion: The diagnosticMOSFET detectors (TN‐1002RD) maintain their initial calibration up to 12,000 mV (approximately 450 cGy), and thereafter, a larger percentage uncertainty was seen; therefore, we recommend a recalibration after the age of 15,000 mV. The therapeuticMOSFET (TN‐502RD) should be recalibrated every 5,000mV over the life of the MOSFET.
Rate Constants of Electron Transfer Processes in Solution: Dependence on the Redox Potential of the Acceptor

ONE-ELECTRON oxidation–reduction reactions have been established in several enzymatic reactions, and electron transport has been found to be necessary in phosphorylation and mitochondrial systems1–4. The role of semiquinone radicals as active agents in biochemical electron transfer reactions has been indicated1,2, and correlations between the redox potential of the quinones and their effectiveness in catalysing a particular type of phosphorylation reaction have been suggested1,2,5. This principle has never been demonstrated quantitatively by chemical kinetics.
Aerobic Repression of the Rhodobacter capsulatus bchCPromoter Involves Cooperative Interactions between CrtJ Bound to Neighboring Palindromes

Previous studies demonstrated that bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoid, and light harvesting gene expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus is repressed under aerobic growth conditions by the repressor CrtJ. Isolated CrtJ is known to bind to the palindrome TGTN12ACA, which is present in two copies in the bchC promoter, one of which spans the -35 and the other the -10 sigma-70 recognition sequences. In this study, we demonstrate that CrtJ binds to the two palindromic sites in the bchC promoter in a cooperative manner. The level of cooperativity of CrtJ binding to the -35 palindrome was shown to be 26-fold. A distance of 8 base pairs between the two palindromic sites was shown to be critical for cooperative binding, as evidenced by the disruption of binding that resulted when +6 and +11 base pairs were inserted between the palindromes.
Frequency of alternative to restraints and seclusion and uses of agitation reduction techniques in the emergency department

Abstract Introduction The use of restraints to manage patients in the emergency department (ED) is controversial. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization (JCAHO) and numerous advocacy groups have pushed for the use of alternatives to restraints. The need to protect the patients' rights while also reducing the risks they may pose to themselves, other patients, and medical staff is difficult to balance. The purpose of this study was to assess which agitation reduction techniques, if any, are used prior to restraints in the ED as recommended by the JCAHO. The second purpose was to determine the reasons for differing levels of usage and/or compliance with the JCAHO recommendations. Methods A survey tool was developed to include the new restraint and seclusion standards from Joint JCAHO. It was sent to a random sample of the EDs from a randomized list of hospitals in the United States and to all psychiatric EDs from the American Association for Emergency Psychiatrists (AAEP). A mailed survey allowed for institutions to review their yearly census for the information to questions. The survey included questions on the use of agitation reduction techniques, what are those methods, what methods are most effective for ED doctors, has staff received training in how and when to use those methods, and reasons why they do or do not use them in the ED. The study was IRB approved as exempt. Results A 40% response rate was obtained overall (391 out of 960). The majority, 70%, of general ED have no psychiatric unit vs. 87% of specialized EDs having a unit attached. The overwhelming majority of both, at 90% to 98%, do use alternatives to restraints prior to restraints. When restraints are used, 30% used physical and 30% used physical and chemical restraints combined. A management protocol is in place at 90% of the institutions to use alternative first and 76% of the staff is educated on the use of alternative methods. The methods in order of popularity are verbal interventions at 84%, one-to-one at 79%, decrease in stimulation at 74%, and food or drink at 69%. The rating of the effectiveness of those methods is low, with the following percentages feeling that the respective techniques were effective: one-to-one, less than 48%; verbal intervention, 36%; decreasing stimulation, 15%; and food or drink, 18%. However, 61% feel that chemical restraints were effective. Discussion The majority of respondents have training on alternatives to restraints. They do use alternatives to restraints, with one-to-one, food or drink, and verbal interventions being the most frequently used. These are seen as not very effective. The use of physical and/or a combination of physical and chemical restraints is used by 60% of respondents due to the perceived high level of effectiveness.
UAV airspace management system UAMS

As technology advances, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are capable of more complex missions. Miniaturization results in a migration of capability from larger to smaller UAV platforms and in cost reduction. According to the DoDs Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap 2005-2030, military UAVs are now required to execute intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, strike, suppression of enemy air defense, electronic attack, communications, aerial delivery, and resupply missions. It is therefore evident that UAV developments require a more intelligent and autonomous airspace and mission management approach then ever.
Automated system for on-line adsorptive stripping voltammetric monitoring of trace levels of uranium

An automated system for on-line monitoring of trace uranium, based on a flow-through adsorptive stripping operation, is described. The on-line formation of the uranium-oxine complex is followed by its adsorptive accumulation and voltammetric quantitation at the downstream working electrode. About 10–60 runs can be made every hour with high reproducibility (RSD of 3–5%) and a detection limit of 0.7 μg/L. The dependence of the peak current on different experimental variables is reported. The sequence of events involved in the adsorptive stripping voltammetric cycle is controlled by a computer. Analogous on-line monitoring of chromium (VI) are also reported with 36 runs/h (2.1% RSD), and detection limit of 1.5 μg/L. The system holds great promise for field-based operation.
The economics of identity: The origin and persistence of racial identity norms

Abstract This study uses evolutionary game theory to model the relationship between racial identity formation and inter-racial disparities in economic and non-economic outcomes. Starting with a fixed population of persons who are easily identified according to an exogenous criterion, for example, phenotype, we then allow individuals to pursue either a racialist or an individualist identity strategy in social interactions. The formation of identity norms imposes both positive and negative externalities on each person's identity actions. There are forces in the model that might push society toward racialism, individualism, or a mixed identity equilibrium, depending on matching assumptions, dynamic assumptions, parameter values, and initial conditions.
Stokes flow through a coiled tube

Stokes flow through a coiled tube with arbitrary cross-section is investigated by perturbation expansions in the limit where the helical pitch is either small or large compared to the radius of the helical centerline. The problem is formulated using two alternative non-orthogonal helical coordinate systems applicable to these two opposing limits. The solutions of the respective zeroth-, first-, and second-order perturbation problems are computed by finite element methods for unidirectional, axisymmetric, and two-dimensional Stokes flow. Computations are carried out for tubes with circular and square cross-sections oriented in different ways. The results illustrate the effect of the tube geometry on the hydraulic conductivity and kinematic structure of the flow.
Dual Stereoselectivity in the Dialkylzinc Reaction Using (-)-β-Pinene Derived Amino Alcohol Chiral Auxiliaries

(+)-Nopinone, prepared from naturally occurring (−)-β-pinene, was converted to the two regioisomeric amino alcohols 3-MAP and 2-MAP in very good yield and excellent isomeric purity. Amino alcohol 3-MAP was synthesized by converting (+)-nopinone to the corresponding α-ketooxime. This was reduced to the primary amino alcohol and was converted to the morpholino group through a simple substitution reaction. 3-MAP was characterized by X-ray crystallography, which displayed the rigidity of the pinane framework. Amino alcohol 2-MAP was prepared from its trans isomer 2, which in turn was synthesized via hydroboration/oxidation of the morpholine enamine of (+)-nopinone. Two-dimensional NMR was used to characterize amino alcohol 2-MAP, and NOE was used to confirm its relative stereochemistry. These amino alcohols were employed as chiral auxiliaries in the addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde to obtain near-quantitative asymmetric induction in the products. The use of 3-MAP yielded (S)-phenylpropanol in 99% ee, a...
Occurrence of Asian Soybean Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Mississippi

Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow is one of the most destructive diseases of soybean. The first detection of ASR in Mississippi on soybean was in Adams Co. on 16 November 2004. As of November 2006, ASR was found in Claiborne, George, Issaquena, Jackson, Jefferson, Lee, Warren, Washington, and Yazoo counties in 20 locations.
Singularity structure of the two-point function in quantum field theory in curved spacetime, II

Abstract We prove that, for a massive, scalar, quantum field in a wide class of static spacetimes, the two-point function 〈0|φ( x ) φ( y ) + φ( y ) φ( x )|0〉 has singularity structure of the Hadamard form. In particular, this implies that the point-splitting renormalization prescription is well defined in these spacetimes. As a corollary of this result and a previous result of Fulling. Sweeny, and Wald, we show that in an arbitrary globally hyperbolic spacetime there always exists a large class of states for which the singular part of the two-point function has the Hadamard form. In addition, we prove that, for a closed universe which is both initially and finally static, the S-matrix exists.
Life History Implications of rRNA Gene Copy Number in Escherichia coli

The role of the rRNA gene copy number as a central component of bacterial life histories was studied by using strains of Escherichia coli in which one or two of the seven rRNA operons (rrnA and/or rrnB) were deleted. The relative fitness of these strains was determined in competition experiments in both batch and chemostat cultures. In batch cultures, the decrease in relative fitness corresponded to the number of rRNA operons deleted, which could be accounted for completely by increased lag times and decreased growth rates. The magnitude of the deleterious effect varied with the environment in which fitness was measured: the negative consequences of rRNA operon deletions increased under culture conditions permitting more-rapid growth. The rRNA operon deletion strains were not more effective competitors under the regimen of constant, limited resources provided in chemostat cultures. Enhanced fitness in chemostat cultures would have suggested a simple tradeoff in which deletion strains grew faster (due to more efficient resource utilization) under resource limitation. The contributions of growth rate, lag time, Ks, and death rate to the fitness of each strain were verified through mathematical simulation of competition experiments. These data support the hypothesis that multiple rRNA operons are a component of bacterial life history and that they confer a selective advantage permitting microbes to respond quickly and grow rapidly in environments characterized by fluctuations in resource availability.
A role model program to promote institutional changes for management of acute and cancer pain

This report describes an 18-month project to make acute and cancer pain management an institutional priority in Southeastern Wisconsin health-care facilities. Facility-based teams, each of which included a nurse in a leadership position, were recruited to participate in a project based on the Cancer Pain Role Model Program. The project was conducted in three stages: (a) a 1-day conference focusing on basic pain management issues and clinical standards, (b) a preceptorship at the Medical College of Wisconsin, and (c) a follow-up conference focusing on institutional change. Participants completed an Action Plan, outlining activities aimed at changing practice in their facility. Participants from 17 of the 32 participating facilities partially or completely met their Action Plan goals. Lack of ongoing facility commitment, staff turnover and facility closures were cited as reasons for failure to meet goals. Nurses in key positions, provided with strong institutional commitment and given suitable educational training and nurturing, are ideally suited to help facilitate changes in institutional pain practices.
A design-centric view of the economy: abstract

Designs are the instructions based on knowledge that turn resources into things that people use and value. All goods and services have designs, and a new design lies behind every innovation. Following Herbert Simon, I argue that designs can be studied scientifically and deserve focused attention from scholars in a number of disciplines.
Utility of snout wipe samples for influenza A virus surveillance in exhibition swine populations.

Background Sporadic influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks in humans and swine have resulted from commingling of large numbers of people and pigs at agricultural fairs in the United States. Current antemortem IAV surveillance strategies in swine require collecting nasal swabs, which entails restraining pigs with snares. Restraint is labor-intensive for samplers, stressful for pigs, and displeasing to onlookers because pigs often resist and vocalize. Objective To evaluate the utility of snout wipes in exhibition swine as a method to make IAV surveillance efforts less intrusive, less labor-intensive, and more widely accepted among pig owners and exhibition officials. Methods Three materials (rayon/polyester gauze, cotton gauze, and Swiffer® Sweeper dry cloths) were inoculated with IAV, and viral recoveries from these materials were quantified using qRT-PCR and TCID50 assays. In a field trial, paired cotton gauze snout wipes and gold standard polyester-tipped nasal swabs were collected from 553 pigs representing 29 agricultural fairs and the qualitative results of rRT-PCR and viral isolation were compared. Results and Conclusions Viral recoveries from potential snout wipe materials ranged from 0·26 to 1·59 log10 TCID50/ml less than that of the positive control in which no substrate was included; rayon/polyester gauze performed significantly worse than the other materials. In the field, snout wipes and nasal swabs had high levels of agreement for both rRT-PCR detection and virus isolation. Although further investigation and refinement of the sampling method is needed, results indicate that snout wipes will facilitate convenient and undisruptive IAV surveillance in pigs at agricultural fairs.
Fabrication and characterization of cesium telluride photocathodes: A promising electron source for the Los Alamos Advanced FEL

Abstract The Advanced FEL at Los Alamos embodies a K 2 CsSb photocathode as an electron source. The photocathode consists of a K 2 CsSb film deposited on a molybdenum plug that can be inserted into the linac of the FEL. However, because K 2 CsSb is easily contaminated and has a half-life of less than a day when in use, switching to a more rugged high quantum efficiency (QE) material such as Cs 2 Te is considered as a means to lengthen the beam time. Cs 2 Te films were deposited on molybdenum plugs in an ultrahigh-vacuum research chamber. Several Cs 2 Te films were measured in situ for their spectral responses with a bias voltage of 90 V; the resulting QEs were 15–18% at a wavelength of 251 nm, 0.3–1% at 334 nm, 1–3 × 10 −4 at 365 nm, and 10 −7 – 10 −6 at 546 nm. For this cathode to be useful, we need to frequency quadruple the 1053 nm line of the Nd:YLF laser to achieve a wavelength of 263 nm. Initial studies showed that the 251-nm QE of Cs 2 Te is much less sensitive to contamination than the 526-nm QE of K 2 CsSb. We exposed Cs 2 Te photocathodes to air at 10 −4 Torr for five minutes. As a result, the QEs at 254 nm dropped from 16–18% to 1–2%. However, heating the cathode to 165°C revived the QE to about 10%. We conclude that Cs 2 Te is a very rugged photocathode material for use in an rf photoelectron source.
A genetic algorithm for service level based vehicle scheduling

Abstract In many practical applications, vehicle scheduling problems involve more complex evaluation criteria than simple distance or travel time minimization. Scheduling to minimize delays between the accumulation and delivery of correspondence represents a class of vehicle scheduling problems, where: the evaluation of candidate solutions is costly, there are no efficient schemes for evaluation of partial solutions or perturbations to existing solutions, and dimensionality is limiting even for problems with relatively few locations. Several features of genetic algorithms (GA's) suggest that they may have advantages relative to alternative heuristic solution algorithms for such problems. These include ease of implementation through efficient coding of solution alternatives, simultaneous emphasis on global as well as local search, and the use of randomization in the search process. In addition, a GA may realize advantages usually associated with interactive methods by replicating the positive attributes of existing solutions in the search process, without explicitly defining or measuring these attributes. This study investigates these potential advantages through application of a GA to a service level based vehicle scheduling problem. The procedure is demonstrated for a vehicle scheduling problem with 15 locations where the objective is to minimize the time between the accumulation of correspondence at each location and delivery to destination locations. The results suggest that genetic algorithms can be effective for finding good quality scheduling solutions with only limited search of the solution space.
Metal abundances in the hot ISM of early-type galaxies

Understanding the process of metal enrichment is one of the key problems for our picture of structure formation and evolution, in which early-type galaxies are a crucial ingredient. X-ray observations provide a powerful tool for measuring the metal distributions in their hot ISM, which is shaped by their entire history of star-formation, evolution and feedback. In Fig 1 (left panel), we summarize the results of a Chandra survey of metals in early-type galaxies, supplemented with Suzaku data (Humphrey & Buote 2006, P. Humphrey et al ., in prep.). Chandra is particularly suited to this study, as it enables temperature gradients and X-ray point sources to be resolved, mitigating two important sources of bias (e.g., Buote & Fabian 1998; Fabbiano et al . 1994). We found on average that the ISM is at least as metal-rich as the stars, and we did not find the problematical, highly sub-solar, abundances historically reported. The abundance ratios of O, Ne, Mg, Si and S with respect to Fe are similar to the centres of massive groups and clusters, suggesting homology in the enrichment process over a wide mass range. Finally, using high-quality Suzaku data, we were able to resolve, for the first time in a galaxy-scale (≲10 13 M ⊙ ) object, a radial abundance gradient similar to those seen in some bright galaxy groups (Fig. 1, right panel).
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Mediates Sustained Membrane Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor and the Related Cytokine LIGHT on Activated T Cells

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Nef downregulates the antigen recognition molecules major histocompatibility complex class I and CD4. Downregulation of surface CD4 by Nef relies on the ability of this viral protein to redirect the endocytic machinery to CD4. However, by redirecting the endocytic machinery, Nef may affect the internalization rates of other proteins. Here we show that Nef simultaneously enhances surface expression of the effector cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and LIGHT, leading to enhanced cytokine activity. A dileucine motif in Nef, which is essential for CD4 downregulation and is involved in the recruitment of adapter protein complexes by Nef, was required to increase surface levels of both cytokines. The physiological impact of the Nef-mediated interference with endocytosis was demonstrated by the fact that a TNF-responsive T-cell line chronically infected with HIV produced higher levels of p24 viral protein following expression of a Nef-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein. This enhancement was dependent on the levels of membrane-bound TNF, since it was abrogated by a recombinant soluble TNF receptor. Expression of Nef-GFP in human 293T cells reduced the endocytosis of LIGHT, whereas at the same time CD4 internalization was accelerated. Taken together, these results suggest that in infected cells Nef interferes with the internalization of these effector cytokines. By increasing TNF expression, Nef could accelerate disease progression in infected individuals. These findings may help explain the pleiotropic functions that Nef plays during infection and disease.
Wavelet Basis Function Neural Networks

In this paper, a new kind of neural networks for sequential learning is proposed, which are called wavelet basis function neural networks (WBFNNs). They are analogous to radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) and to wavelet neural networks (WNNs). In WBFNNs, both the scaling function and the wavelet function of a multiresolution approximation (MRA) are adopted as the basis for approximating functions. A sequential learning algorithm for WBFNNs is presented and compared to the sequential learning algorithm for RBFNNs. Experimental results show that WBFNNs has better generalization property and require shorter training time than RBFNNs.
Application of a gelatinous zooplankton tank for the mass production of larval Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus

Successful commercial aquaculture production of spiny lobster is, for the most part, still constrained by an array challenges including the development of nutritionally complete and cost-effective feeds, control of disease vectors, and the design of larval mass culture tanks. Culture tank designs for larval production are a critical step to facilitating the most favorable combinations of water flow, food contact, and larval survivorship over the course of development. The evolution of new plankton-kreisels that are used by aquariums to culture and exhibit gelatinous zooplankton (e.g., jellyfish) provide a unique opportunity for testing the feasibility for spiny lobster larval culture, particularly with tropical species such as Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) whose larval duration, although complex, is comparatively shorter than other spiny lobsters. Here, we report on the feasibility of culturing P. argus larvae (i.e., phyllosoma) from hatch to Stage VI using large (180 L) modified acrylic plankton-kreisels. We compared overall growth and survival of phyllosoma at starting densities of 5000 (~27.8 larvae L-1 ) and 2500 individuals (~13.8 larvae L-1 ) and found no significant difference with respect to survival or mortality through to 65 days (χ 2 = 1.595; df = 1; p = 0.2066) resulting in mean survival rates of 60.7% (s.e. = ±3.7) and 54.5% (s.e. = ±3.2), respectively. Comparable growth was also achieved between both densities to Stages V and VI (mean body lengths of 7.5 and 10.2 mm, respectively) at 25.1 ± 0.41 °C and pH = 8.1. Phyllosoma utilized the entire tank volume and displayed minimal entanglement. The application of such tank designs for larval spiny lobster culture not only contributes to future designs for aquaculture production, but also provides a useful platform for conducting behavioral studies for this complex larval phase.
Computing policies and performance bounds for deterministic dynamic programs using mixed integer programming

In this paper we present a mixed integer programming approach to deterministic dynamic programming. We consider the problem of computing a policy that maximizes the total discounted reward earned over an infinite time horizon. While problems of this form are difficult in general, suboptimal solutions and performance bounds can be computed by approximating the dynamic programming value function. Here we provide a linear programming-based method for approximating the value function, and show how suboptimal policies can be computed through repeated solution of mixed integer programs that directly utilize this approximation. We have applied this approach to problems with states described by binary vectors with dimension as large as several hundred. Although the number of distinct states associated with such a problem is extremely large, we are able to obtain suboptimal policies with surprisingly tight performance guarantees. We illustrate the application of this method on a class of infinite horizon job shop scheduling problems.
Accurate moment computation using the GPU

We present algorithms for computing accurate moments of solid models that are represented using multiple trimmed NURBS surfaces. Our algorithms make use of programmable Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to accelerate the computations. We evaluate the surface coordinates and normals accurately, with theoretical bounds, using our GPU NURBS evaluator. We have developed a framework that makes use of this data to evaluate surface integrals of trimmed NURBS surfaces in real time. With our framework, we can compute volume and moments of solid models with theoretical guarantees. The framework also supports local geometry changes, which is useful for providing interactive feedback to the designer while the solid model is being designed. We can compute the center of mass and check for stability of the solid model interactively. Applications of such real-time moment computation include deformation modeling, animation, and physically based simulations.
Accuracy of constant density and constant pressure assumptions for radiating shock waves.

A method of calculating radiation-resisted shock structure was developed by Raizer." The first step in his method involves the assumption of a strong shock wave, which leads to formulas describing constant density heating upstream and constant pressure cooling downstream from the shock front. (The shock front is represented by a discontinuity since heat conduction and viscous effects are neglected.) In particular, Raizer showed that for a perfect gas the radiative flux F may be related to the local temperature T by means of the following formulas:
Genotype Division for Shared Memory Parallel Genetic Algorithm Across Platforms and Systems

In this paper we present a concurrent implementation of coevolutionary genetic algorith m (GA ) designed for shared memo ry architectures such as multi-core processor platforms. Our algorith m div ides the chromosome among the processes, and not the population as it is the case for most parallel imp lementations of the GA. This approach results in a division of the problem to be solved by the GA into sub-problems. We analyze the influence on performance and speedup of several parameters defining the algorith m, such as: a synchronous or asynchronous informat ion exchange between processes and the frequency of communication between processes. We also examine how the problem separability influ- ences the general algorith m performance. Finally, we co mpare different operating systems and platforms in the evaluation process. Our paper shows that this approach is a good way to take advantage of mu lti-core processers and improve not only the execution time, but also the fitness in many cases.
Will mercury impurities impact CO2 injectivity in deep sedimentary formations? II. Mineral dissolution and precipitation

Numerical simulations of carbon dioxide (CO2) injection into a sandstone reservoir (∼2 km depth) were used to investigate the geochemical effects of trace amounts of mercury (Hg, 7 and 190 ppbV), with and without hydrogen sulfide (H2S, 200 ppm). Geochemical reaction-path modeling shows that cinnabar precipitates as soon as the Hg-bearing CO2 reacts with the formation. Mercury does not condense to liquid, and the net volume change from mineral dissolution and precipitation is found to be negligible. Two-dimensional radial reactive transport simulations of CO2 injection at a rate of 14.5 kg/s (∼0.5 Mt/y) into a 400-m-thick formation at 106°C and 215 bar, with varying amounts of Hg and H2S, show that porosity changes only by about ±0.05% absolute (i.e., new porosity% = initial porosity% ±0.05), and that Hg readily precipitates as cinnabar in a zone mostly coinciding with the single-phase CO2 plume. This essentially negligible porosity change is not expected to affect permeability and CO2 injectivity. The precipitation of minerals other than cinnabar dominates the evolution of porosity. Although the predicted porosity change is small, the dissolution and precipitation predicted for individual minerals is not negligible. The main reactions include the replacement of primarily Fe-chlorite by siderite, of calcite by dolomite, and of K-feldspar by muscovite. Chalcedony is also predicted to precipitate from the dissolution of feldspars. Except for some replacement of pyrite by ankerite when H2S is deficient, the cases with and without H2S show similar results. Experimental measurements are needed to decrease uncertainty in simulation results.
The siren's call: terror management and the threat of men's sexual attraction to women.

Why do sexually appealing women often attract derogation and aggression? According to terror management theory, women's sexual allure threatens to increase men's awareness of their corporeality and thus mortality. Accordingly, in Study 1 a subliminal mortality prime decreased men's but not women's attractiveness ratings of alluring women. In Study' 2, mortality salience (MS) led men to downplay their sexual intent toward a sexy woman. In Study 3, MS decreased men's interest in a seductive but not a wholesome woman. In Study 4, MS decreased men's but not women's attraction to a sexy opposite-sex target. In Study 5, MS and a corporeal lust prime increased men's tolerance of aggression toward women. Discussion focuses on mortality concerns and male sexual ambivalence.