cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic Layer Deposition of High Performance Ultrathin TiO2 Blocking Layers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) often use a thin insulating or semiconducting layer (typically TiO₂) between the transparent conductive oxide and the mesoporous TiO₂ to block electron/hole recombination at the conducting oxide/electrolyte interface. The blocking layer (BL) is essential to maintain efficient charge generation under low light conditions, at which DSSCs perform well compared to common semiconductor-based photovoltaic devices. In this work, we show that atomic layer deposition (ALD) can produce ultrathin (<10 nm) BLs that significantly impede charge recombination in functional DSSCs, leading to improved photocurrents, open-circuit photovoltages, and fill factors; this results in an increase in the overall efficiency from ≈7% to ≈8.4% under AM 1.5G illumination. The 5-10 nm ALD BLs are the thinnest optimized DSSC BLs reported to date. The BL retards the open-circuit voltage decay and extends the electron lifetime from ≈0.2 s to more than 10 s at 0.3 V, confirming that the ALD films significantly impede photogenerated charge recombination. By preparing BLs through other deposition techniques, we directly demonstrate that ALD results in better performance, even with thinner films, which is ascribed to the lower pinhole density of ALD materials.
A simulation from combat systems development and acceptance testing

The Combat Direction System (CDS) subsystem performs command and control of the combat system aboard ship. To perform this function, sensor information from radars, sonars and communication data links is required. A coordinated picture, based on these sensor inputs, is presented for proper decision making on what ordnance should be placed on each threat. Development of CDS programs necessitates actual or reasonable simulation of the various sensor, data link, and weapon system interfaces, for proper stimulus during the latter stages of development and subsequent testing. The author describes the US Navy's Integrated Combat Systems Test Facility involvement in the development of a real-time simulation program used by program developers and testers. The Combat System Simulation (CSS) provides a coordinated environment of vehicular targets and ownship motion. CSS also provides control linkages between itself and the SATSIMs (satellite simulations) to allow for specific operator or scenario control of the different SATSIMs. Events such as missile launch are fed back to the CSS for vehicular track generation. >
Dynamic behavior of perimeter lateral‐system structures with flexible diaphragms

Building structures are typically designed using the assumption that the floor systems serve as a rigid diaphragm between the vertical elements of the lateral load-resisting system. However, long-floor span structures with perimeter lateral load-resisting systems possess diaphragms which behave quite flexibly. The dynamic behaviour of such structures is dissimilar to the behavior expected of typical structures. This difference can lead to unexpected force and drift patterns. If force levels are sufficiently under-estimated, inelastic diaphragm behaviour can occur, exacerbating the effects of diaphragm flexibility. Such response may lead to a non-ductile diaphragm failure or structural instability due to high drift demands in the gravity system. Analytical models were developed which capture the diaphragm flexibility of structures with long-floor spans and perimeter lateral-systems. Modal examination and time-history analyses were performed to determine the effect of diaphragm flexibility and diaphragm inelastic behaviour on the dynamic behaviour of these structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of Pichia pastoris genes involved in ER-to-Golgi transport

Pichia pastoris has discrete transitional ER sites and coherent Golgi stacks, making this yeast an ideal system for studying the organization of the early secretory pathway. To provide molecular tools for this endeavour, we isolated P. pastoris homologues of the SEC12, SEC13, SEC17, SEC18 and SAR1 genes. The P. pastorisSEC12, SEC13, SEC17 and SEC18 genes were shown to complement the corresponding S. cerevisiae mutants. The SEC17 and SAR1 genes contain introns at the same relative positions in both P. pastoris and S. cerevisiae, whereas the SEC13 gene contains an intron in P. pastoris but not in S. cerevisiae. Intron structure is similar in the two yeasts, although the favoured 5′ splice sequence appears to be GTAAGT in P. pastoris vs. GTATGT in S. cerevisiae. The predicted amino acid sequences of Sec13p, Sec17p, Sec18p and Sar1p show strong conservation in the two yeasts. By contrast, the predicted lumenal domain of Sec12p is much larger in P. pastoris, suggesting that this domain may help localize Sec12p to transitional ER sites. A comparison of the SEC12 loci in various budding yeasts indicates that the SEC12-related gene SED4 is probably unique to the Saccharomyces lineage. GenBank Accession Nos are: SEC12, AF216960; SEC13, AF242186; SEC17, AF216957; SEC18, AF216958; SAR1, AF216959; ACT1, AF216956. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
History to Prehistory: an Archaeology of Being Indian

This paper explores a conception of being Indian in New Orleans that complicates and localizes Indian histories and identities. It poses that the notion of “being Indian” may be approached not only through the history and archaeology of persons but also as an identity such that being Indian itself is an artifact produced by a wide range of people in the development of New Orleans in the colonial and post-colonial periods. Employing a critical reading of intercultural relations, I explore archaeological evidence that suggests colonial New Orleans was created in both Indian and non-Indian terms through exchange. In this process archaeology shows that being Indian was part of a widely-shared colonial strategy that places a fluid Indian identity at the center of local history. The paper also considers how the marginalization of Indian people in the early nineteenth century was one way New Orleans and the greater southeast connected with dominant American sensibilities. Developing with the idea of “prehistory,” nineteenth-century Native Americans were distanced as a cultural other and pushed to margins of New Orleans society. The subsequent internal tensions of assimilation and removal derailed Indian challenges to White domination they had employed over the previous 100 years. As this action coincides with the invention of American archaeology as the science of prehistory, the paper concludes with a critical reflection on archaeological terminology.
An Equivalence Result for VC Classes of Sets

Let R and θ be infinite sets and let A # R × θ. We show that the class of projections of A onto R is a Vapnik–Chervonenkis (VC) class of sets if and only if the class of projections of A onto θ is a VC class. We illustrate the result in the context of semiparametric estimation of a transformation model. In this application, the VC property is hard to establish for the projection class of interest but easy to establish for the other projection class.
Insect Immune Defense System, Part III: Prophenoloxidase Cascade and Post-Attachment Processes of Phagocytosis

Phenoloxidases, the enzymes involved in the production of melanin pigments, are widespread among microorganisms, plants, and animals. In arthropods, melanin is formed during hardening and darkening of the cuticle and in response to cuticular wounding and to invasion of foreign matter into the hemocoel. Recent studies on crustacean and insect systems have demonstrated that phenoloxidases occur as inactive precursors, termed the prophenoloxidases. Prophenoloxidases are activated by a proteolytic cascade system referred to as the proPO system. Activation of the cascade produces melanin and stimulates cellular defense activities including hemocyte attachment, spreading and degranulation, phagocytosis, nodule formation and encapsulation, and hemocyte locomotion. The cascade is activated by microbial cell wall components such as bacterial LPS and peptidoglycans as well as the fungal β-1,3-glucans (Chapters 5, 8).
Type IIB String Theory on AdS 3 ×S 3 ×T 4

In this proceedings we have discussed the current algebras which define a worldsheet conformal field theory operator algebra for the type IIB superstring compactified on AdS 3 ×S 3 ×T 4 in the case where the background supports a NS-NS 2-form vev. Furthermore we displayed the Kaluza-Klein spectrum for the supergravity field theory associated with this compactification, and identified certain massless scalars in this spectrum as moduli. The vertex operators for these scalars were described in terms of their SU(1, 1)2 and SU(2)2 quantum numbers of the supergroup SU(1, 1/2)2.
Systems Biophysics: Multiscale Biophysical Modeling of Organ Systems

The reductionist movement of twentieth century biological science successfully used the tools of biochemistry, molecular biology, and structural biology to provide us with an increasingly detailed parts list of living systems. As the troves of molecular data grew, the advent of bioinformatics brought to bear information technologies that allowed biological scientists to annotate, query, search, and integrate these data with relative ease. This gave birth to systems biology, which seeks to reconstruct networks of the molecular interactions that give rise to the essential biochemical, biophysical, and regulatory functions of cells, and that give the different cell types the unique properties they need to build specialized organ systems such as the central nervous system, the musculoskeletal system, and the cardiovascular system.
Measurement of Robot Link Joint Parameters Using Multiple Accelerometers and Gyroscope

A novel approach of dynamic, non-contact measurement of joint parameters using the planar Vestibular Dynamic Inclinometer (pVDI) is proposed in this paper. The gravity-invariant planar Vestibular Dynamic Inclinometer (pVDI) is a non-contact sensor that consists of symmetrically placed four dual-axis accelerometers and one tri-axial gyroscope. The deployment of the non-contact sensor is strategic and need not be at the joints. The paper proposes measurement of joint parameters — base angle, joint angle, angular velocity and angular acceleration, that are independent of integration errors/drift.© 2013 ASME
Eicosatetraynoic and eicosatriynoic acids, lipoxygenase inhibitors, block meiosis via antioxidant action.

We previously showed that nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and other antioxidants inhibit the resumption of meiosis in oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC) and denuded oocytes (DO). Because NDGA is well ...
Hybrid real-time Linux operating system

The development of multimedia applications and high-speed networks has significantly increases the application requirements. Many applications not only have strict real-time requirements, but also require a wide variety of system services. However, Linux limits speeds when a wide range of applications are used. The performance of Linux systems was analyzad to develop a hybrid real-time Linux operating system (KLinux). The kernel architecture design emphasizes hybrid real-time scheduling and fault handling. Tests show that these improvements effectively enhance the real-time capability of the Linux kernel. Task scheduling is increased by 253%, context switching by 177% and CPU speed by 255%. KLinux also allows real-time and non-real-time applications to coexist, so it can handle most applications.
IgE and Mast Cells: The Endogenous Adjuvant

Mast cells and IgE are most familiar as the effectors of type I hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. It is becoming clear however that this pair has important immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive cells of the immune system. In this purview, they act as endogenous adjuvants to ignite evolving immune responses, promote the transition of allergic disease into chronic illness and disrupt the development of active mechanisms of tolerance to ingested foods. Suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell activation can be exerted by molecules targeting IgE, FcɛRI or signaling kinases including Syk, or by IgG antibodies acting via inhibitory Fcγ receptors. In 2015 we reviewed the evidence for the adjuvant functions of mast cells. This update includes the original text, incorporates some important developments in the field over the past five years and discusses how interventions targeting these pathways might have promise in the development of strategies to treat allergic disease.
Ministering to Native Americans

Native American religion is often sought for study and “borrowing.” The respect that is generally accorded to the study of religions other than one's own is typically lacking with Native American religions. When visiting a Buddhist temple, one removes one's shoes. When attending a Muslim prayer service, one might use a prayer rug. If one attends a Jewish service, a male would don a yarmulke and remove his jacket and tie. The non-Jewish visitor would not wear the tallit or prayer shawl out of respect for Jewish traditions. Native Americans generally prefer that strangers not attend spiritual services unless invited, yet people come to watch, take pictures, record, or videotape services without permission. One does not take the Muslim prayer rug home after using it, yet many will take sand paintings, dream-catchers, pipes, or other sacred items from Native American services. The lack of respect for Native American religions is not natural or inevitable. What caused the U.S. culture to disrespect Native Amer...
Princes as men, women, rulers, patrons, and Oriental stereotypes

Indian princes played multiple roles on diverse stages. Thus their actions triggered complex and sometimes conflicting perceptions among various audiences. The last chapter documented shifting British official images of the princes from natural Indian leaders to loyal allies to naughty schoolboys. But just as British policies did not create the Indian princes as rulers, they influenced but did not circumscribe princely lives and political functions. This chapter explores what it meant to be a ruling prince in India, with particular emphasis on the period from 1870 to 1947. There are four main themes. First, the life cycle of a prince from birth through education to marriage to succession to rulership will exemplify their interlocking private and public lives. Second, an analysis of the sources of legitimacy for Indian rulers and the inconstancy of British policies will disclose opportunities for princes to manoeuvre in the interstices of indirect rule. Third, princely patronage of religious specialists and institutions, visual and performing arts, luxury crafts, secular scholarship, and sports will reveal how princes fostered cultural nationalism while fulfilling their princely dharma. Fourth, an examination of the construction of the princes as concerned, indulgent or decadent rulers, as benevolent fathers and as cunning, inept or naive politicians will detail the shifting perceptions of their disparate audiences as well as the unequal abilities, ambitions and achievements of Indian princes. These images reflect the ambiguous sources of political authority, the tangled ritual and social status of princes, and a mixture of fact and fantasy in public consciousness.
Designing for STEM Faculty: The Use of Personas for Evaluating and Improving Design

We demonstrate in a case study how we used a qualitative method for user modeling, persona, to evaluate and refine the design of an interactive visual analytics tool. We explain the literature and our methods for building the persona, and its used to (a) evaluate existing design decisions; (b) make new design decisions in order to serve a specific user group, faculty in STEM. We present the results of 24 in-depth, qualitative interviews with STEM faculty. The interviews addressed topics such as daily work, sources of work satisfaction and success, work goals, activities, needs, and difficulties. The results provide an insight into the busy lives of STEM academics and can be useful to other efforts that aim to design for this user group. We discuss how we used these results, presented in the form of a persona, to evaluate existing design decisions and to create new features that would serve this audience.
Computer-based Risk Management in Software Planning/Scheduling

Abstract Like many manufacturing fields in their early stages, software manufacturing has had its share of project failures. Experimental studies [24] show that these failures could have been avoided or strongly reduced if there had been an explicit early concern with identifying and resolving their high-risk elements [2]. This paper studies the problem of risk management during the planning/scheduling of a software project and presents a model for computer based risk driven construction and repair of software project plans/schedules. The main contribution of our approach is that it takes into account the uncertainty data during the planning/scheduling process. This is in contrast to other approaches that into account for the uncertainty only after they have fixed the plan/schedule. It is important to carry the risk management into the planning/ scheduling because is affects the resource allocation plan and task durations.
Observations of Passerines and a Falcon from a Research Vessel in the Western North Atlantic Ocean

ABSTRACT Ornithologists have observed migratory landbirds from offshore ships for over a century. These birds are often in poor condition and thrown off course by storms. We report observations of migratory landbirds on a research vessel that was 320 km offshore in the western North Atlantic Ocean, shortly after Hurricane Gonzalo moved through the area. Between 19 and 25 October 2014, we observed nine passerine species and one falcon species. Two of these passerine species have not previously been observed on offshore ships. We also describe passerine and falcon foraging behaviors that have not been reported before. We examined six passerine birds found dead on the ship and concluded that they likely died of starvation and exhaustion. The passerines we observed may have been disturbed by Hurricane Gonzalo, forcing birds in poor condition to land on the ship. We encourage ornithologists to publish offshore accounts of migratory landbirds to improve our understanding of avian migration.
Dextrocardia: Why Significant Left-Axis Deviation?

A 29-year-old male presented to the cardiology department with a 2-day history of aggravating choking sensation in the chest and symptoms of heart failure. He had a history of congenital heart disease diagnosed at 2 years of age. Physical examination revealed orthopnea, cyanosis, apical impulse located on the right side of his chest, and hepatic dullness located in the left subcostal region. A 12-lead ECG is shown in Figure 1. The ECG was inconsistent with typical ECG characteristics of mirror-image dextrocardia because R wave progression occurred in leads V1 through V6, although the R wave amplitude decreased progressively. How should we analyze ECG combined with clinical findings to confirm our diagnosis? Figure 1. Standard 12-lead ECG on admission. The 12-lead ECG on admission showed an inverted P wave in leads I and aVL (downward arrows), and the electric axis of the heart was −75°. The QRS complexes …
Regulating Feelings During Interpersonal Conflicts by Changing Voice Self-perception

Emotions play a major role in how interpersonal conflicts unfold. Although several strategies and technological approaches have been proposed for emotion regulation, they often require conscious attention and effort. This often limits their efficacy in practice. In this paper, we propose a different approach inspired by self-perception theory: noticing that people are often reacting to the perception of their own behavior, we artificially change their perceptions to influence their emotions. We conducted two studies to evaluate the potential of this approach by automatically and subtly altering how people perceive their own voice. In one study, participants that received voice feedback with a calmer tone during relationship conflicts felt less anxious. In the other study, participants who listened to their own voices with a lower pitch during contentious debates felt more powerful. We discuss the implications of our findings and the opportunities for designing automatic and less perceptible emotion regulation systems.
Ultrahigh Flux Thin Film Boiling Heat Transfer Through Nanoporous Membranes.

Phase change heat transfer is fundamentally important for thermal energy conversion and management, such as in electronics with power density over 1 kW/cm2. The critical heat flux (CHF) of phase change heat transfer, either evaporation or boiling, is limited by vapor flux from the liquid–vapor interface, known as the upper limit of heat flux. This limit could in theory be greater than 1 kW/cm2 on a planar surface, but its experimental realization has remained elusive. Here, we utilized nanoporous membranes to realize a new “thin film boiling” regime that resulted in an unprecedentedly high CHF of over 1.2 kW/cm2 on a planar surface, which is within a factor of 4 of the theoretical limit, and can be increased to a higher value if mechanical strength of the membranes can be improved (demonstrated with 1.85 kW/cm2 CHF in this work). The liquid supply is achieved through a simple nanoporous membrane that supports the liquid film where its thickness automatically decreases as heat flux increases. The thin film...
Abstract LB-038: Predicting breast cancer therapy response using a patient-derived xenograft organoid screening platform

Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) are valuable, clinically-relevant models of cancer. Their close genomic, phenotypic, and temporal association with patient tumors makes them well-suited for pre-clinical and co-clinical studies that assess the potential of new therapeutics. However, PDX models are not amenable to large-scale drug sensitivity studies due to their high cost and low throughput capacity. To address this, we established and characterized long-term PDX organoid (PDxO) cultures from breast cancer (BC) PDXs and evaluated their utility in therapeutic studies. To establish PDxO culture conditions, we extensively tested medium supplements, including growth factors, kinase inhibitors, conditioned medium, and antioxidants, along with extracellular matrix composition in 3D gels. Using optimized culture conditions for each BC subtype, we established PDxOs from 16 PDX lines in the HCI series, with a PDX to PDxO success rate of 85%. Around 20% of PDxOs contained aggressive mouse stroma, which had to be eliminated by FACS for long-term culture success. PDxOs were maintained for over 1 year, during which we tracked viability, doubling time, organoid size, genomics, epithelial character, and tumorigenicity. Doubling times stabilized after 60 days of initial culture, with a mean of 6.4±1.7 days for triple negative (TN) lines and 7.2±1 days for ER+ lines. Mean organoid size remained stable, with ER+ PDxOs significantly smaller than TN PDxOs, at 91 and 262 cells/organoid respectively (p=0.0012). PDxOs histologically resembled their PDX counterparts when stained for HE p = 0.045-0.12, across 3 PDXs and 9 compounds). Ongoing work aims to confirm concordance between PDX and PDxO models. Our work demonstrates that PDxO models are cost-efficient, easy to maintain, and grow indefinitely - making them renewable and accessible cancer models. PDxOs are a powerful parallel resource to PDX models, especially useful for efficient determination of PDX drug response. We are currently expanding our PDxO bank to include 100 models which will be deposited with the NCI as part of the PDXNet effort. Citation Format: Katrin P. Guillen, Sandra D. Scherer, Yi Qiao, Satya S. Pathi, James M. Graham, Maihi Fujita, Yoko S. DeRose, Jason Gertz, Gabor T. Marth, Katherine E. Varley, Alana L. Welm, Bryan E. Welm. Predicting breast cancer therapy response using a patient-derived xenograft organoid screening platform [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-038.
Use of Brachytherapy Techniques in the Management of Carcinoma of the Prostate

Prostate cancer is the most common as well as the most frequently irradiated malignancy involving the genitourinary tract. In 1995, the American Cancer Society anticipates that in the United States there will be 244 000 new cases diagnosed with 40 400 deaths due to the disease process American Cancer Society 1995). In addition, it is among the most successfully treated cancers of the genitourinary tract in terms of both definitive outcome and metastatic presentations.
46 656 Varianten des Bayes-Theorems

Im krassen Gegensatz zur der Super-Geheimhaltung von Madanskys Wasserstoffbomben-Bericht auserte sich das Schisma zwischen den etablierten Frequentisten und den durchstartenden Bayesianern uberaus lautstark. Wie ublich ging die Auseinandersetzung hauptsachlich um die Subjektivitat der lastigen Bayes’schen Prioren. Die Idee, Wissen einzubeziehen, das nicht aus den vorliegenden statistischen Daten stammte, war fur das anti-Bayes’sche Duo Fisher und Neyman ein Grauel. Da sie ohne Prioren Schlusse aus den Daten zogen und Vorhersagen wagten, waren die Bayes’schen Theoretiker in der Defensive und versuchten, Prioren generell zu vermeiden.
Six Lessons Learned in Applying Science in Coastal Ecosystem Restoration

October 2013 San Francisco Estuary & Watershed Science: A Broad Perspective Six Lessons Learned in Applying Science to Coastal Ecosystem Restoration Donald F. Boesch University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Cambridge, MD 21613 USA boesch@umces.edu INTRODUCTION The commitment of the state and federal leadership for the Bay Delta Conservation Plan (BDCP) stating that science will guide how to best restore the ecosystem and how much water can be exported is welcome, of course. Further, the invitation from the Delta Stewardship Council to the scientific community to indicate what is needed and how the scientific engagement should be structured offers an opportunity to pro- vide that guidance. However, excellent and internationally recognized science has long been generated on the Bay–Delta ecosystem and programs and structures to develop and apply science in Bay–Delta decision-making have existed for several decades. Is this new commitment to science-guided decision-making merely lip service or does it present an unprec- edented opportunity? If so, how can scientific engagement be more effective going forward? And, is the scientific and engineering community really up to it? Here I offer six lessons learned from 40 years of experience conducting and apply- ing science for the management and restoration of coastal ecosystems in many parts of the United States and internationally. In particular, I have worked many years on the Chesapeake Bay, the Mississippi Delta, the Florida Everglades, and the Baltic Sea. Recently, I was called on by President Obama to serve on the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (Oil Spill Commission 2011). In that effort, I was on the other side of the fence, gaining rare experience for a practicing scientist in sifting though voluminous information to determine what really matters for making decisions and policies, and on a very condensed time-table. From these experiences I offer this advice to scientists, engineers, and technical man- agers on how best to take advantage of the opportunity available for science-based decision-making under the BDCP, recognizing that policymaking itself is outside of
Improved Asymptotics of Zeros

In Section 6.3 we derived the asymptotic formulas (6.3.14) and (6.3.15) for the zeros of the basic sine S q (η; ω) and basic cosine C q ((η; ω)) functions, respectively. In this chapter we shall find improved asymptotics for these zeros by a different method using the Lagrange inversion formula.
Experimental rabbit models of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection

Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR), a common cause of acute respiratory disease in humans, has recently been associated with coronary and aortic atherosclerosis. In this study, we evaluated rabbit models of chlamydial infection to investigate the pathogenesis of C. pneumoniae infection. New Zealand White rabbits were inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with C. pneumoniae, strain AR-39, and primary and repeated infection were assessed. After a single inoculation, lung pathology was characterized by a moderate self-resolving interstitial pneumonia with bronchiolitis of 21 days in duration. Chlamydial DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) intermittently in the upper respiratory tract and lung tissue through day 21 postinoculation, spleen tissue at day 14, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells at days 3 and 21. After repeated inoculations, chlamydial DNA was detected by PCR in the upper respiratory tract and lung tissue through day 42. Lung lesions consisted of multifocal interstitial mononuclear cell aggregates that persisted up to day 42. Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits were less susceptible to C. pneumoniae infection. After multiple inoculations of Watanabe rabbits, C. pneumoniae was detected by PCR and/or immunocytochemistry until day 21. In conclusion, C. pneumoniae induced a moderate respiratory infection in these rabbit models.
Processes Underlying One Form of Synaptic Plasticity: Facilitation

Facilitation is one of the most prevalent forms of synaptic plasticity, and is often invoked as a quality which is important in the nervous system’s ability to generate adaptive behavior. The squid giant synapse provides an excellent opportunity to explore the biophysical mechanism of synaptic facilitation. Previous studies showed that facilitation is not due to changes in presynaptic action potentials or after-potentials. Evidence summarized here indicates that facilitation is also not a consequence of presynaptic calcium channel properties, nor is it a reflection of growing increments in presynaptic calcium concentration with repeated activity. Moreover, arsenazo III absorbance microspectrophotometry has revealed a residual calcium following presynaptic activity, and injection of calcium presynaptically facilitates spike-evoked transmitter release. A nonlinear relation between calcium and transmitter release is demonstrated, and this plus a mathematical model of diffusive calcium movements within the presynaptic terminal account for both the time course of transmitter release and the magnitude and decay of facilitation following an action potential.
Communities of Weavers: A Methodology for Analyzing Textile and Cloth Production

Abstract Variation in textile production processes from archaeological contexts can distinguish communities of weavers and signal distinct group identities. In this paper, we present an analysis of 141 textiles recovered from a single grave located in the mid-Chincha Valley, Peru that dates from the Late Horizon (1400–1532 CE) to the Colonial Period (1532–1825 CE). This sample represents one of the largest and best-preserved textile assemblages from a clearly defined and radiocarbon-dated archaeological context in the Chincha Valley. For this study, we document techniques used in two distinct phases of textile production: yarn production (spinning and plying) and weaving. We 1) develop a manual hierarchical classification method for identifying groups of textiles featuring consistent associations among techniques used for each production phase and 2) assess how these groups vary in terms of thread count, size, garment type, and design. Our results reveal six groupings of textile production techniques that account for 71% of the assemblage by count. We compare these results to that of an independent cluster analysis that examines the joint co-occurrence of yarn production and weaving techniques and find that they are largely in accordance with each other. We suggest that these multiple textile groups corresponded to distinct communities or households of weavers associated with this grave. Our study provides a methodology for analyzing the variation and consistency of textile production to learn about communities of weavers within and outside the Andes.
Blocking Flying Crosstalk in BEOL Validated in Antenna Switches in 45-nm SOI CMOS

Flying crosstalk through the back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) above the silicon substrate is an emerging design challenge to RF ICs, which cannot be addressed by conventional in-Si noise reduction structures. This letter reports a new concept of using in-BEOL metal wall structures, implemented by 3-D heterogeneous integration, to efficiently suppress the above-Si flying global crosstalk. It was validated using a set of single-pole-double-throw transmitter/receiver (T/Rx) antenna switches fabricated in a foundry 45-nm silicon-on-insulator CMOS process. Measurement shows significant interswitch crosstalk reduction of ~18.5 dB or ~98.6% suppression clearly.
EXPERIMENTAL AND MATHEMATICAL STUDIES OF OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN THE FETAL CEREBRAL MICROCIRCULATION

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the experimental and mathematical studies of oxygen transport in the fetal cerebral microcirculation. Investigations have shown that if fetal tissues are deprived of oxygen for any reason, then depletion of oxygen in the tissues leads to anoxemia, hypercarbia, and acidemia. Respiratory acidosis ensues, followed by metabolic acidosis, accumulation of lactic acid, and potassium loss from cells. Tissues revert to anaerobic metabolism, depending on carbohydrate stores for energy. In the brain, the site and extent of lesions result from asphyxia. Studies of cerebral blood flow show that sites of greatest blood flow correspond to those areas most affected by asphyxia. One of the most interesting characteristics about the fetus is its ability to withstand hypoxic insults. This resistance to hypoxia may be because of differences in regional cerebral blood flow, regional differences in cerebral metabolic rate with respect to capillaries, and/or cellular differences in metabolic rate. The chapter describes experimental research efforts that have been directed toward characterizing the oxygen tension and extracellular K + activity of adult and fetal cerebral cortex to various challenges. The research was carried out to determine extracellular K + concentration in the fetal cortex under steady and transient conditions, to characterize the fetal cerebral oxygen disappearance curve following abrupt global ischemia, and (3) to interpret the oxygen disappearance curves using the experimental results combined with existing mathematical models already employed in adult preparation.
Classification of Lymphomas

Lymphomas are hematologic malignancies arising from lymphocytes, and this group of diseases has seen drastic changes in both treatment and diagnosis over the last 50 years. What once could be described as simply Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin is now divided and subdivided into a wide array of diseases based on histology, immunohistochemistry, genetic testing evaluating specific chromosomal translocations, and other techniques. With the recent release of the 2016 update of the World Health Organization classification system for lymphomas, the latest advances and discoveries have been integrated into its organization of lymphoma into five broad categories: mature B cell neoplasms, mature T and NK cell neoplasms, Hodgkin lymphoma, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, and histiocytic/dendritic cell neoplasms.
Unusual presentation of classic Hodgkin lymphoma

![Figure][1] A 23-year-old man with classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) involving multiple lymph nodes, stage IIIB, International Prognostic Score 5, was treated with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine, with a partial response. By the end of chemotherapy, his B symptoms resolved,
Testing of a 3 MW High Speed Generator and Turbine Drive for a Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion System

The need for increased design flexibility and reduced weight and volume for electric power generation infrastructure has driven an increased interest in the use of high speed generators directly driven by gas turbine prime movers for both military and commercial power generation applications. This transition has been facilitated by the use of dc distribution and recent advances in the performance of solid state power conversion equipment, enabling designers to decouple the power generation frequency from typical 60 Hz ac loads. Operation of the generator at the turbine output speed eliminates the need for a speed reduction gearbox and can significantly increase the volumetric and gravimetric power density of the power generation system. This is particularly true for turbines in the 3 to 10 MW power range which typically operate with power turbine speeds of 7,000 to 16,000 rpm. The University of Texas at Austin, Center for Electromechanics (UT-CEM) is currently developing a 3 MW high speed generator and turbine drive system for a hybrid vehicle propulsion system as a part of the Federal Railroad Administration’s Advanced Locomotive Propulsion System (ALPS) Program. The ALPS system consists of a 3 MW turbine/alternator prime mover coupled with a 480 MJ, 2 MW flywheel energy storage system. Although designed as the prime mover for a high speed passenger locomotive, the compact turbine/alternator package is well suited for use in marine applications as an auxiliary turbine generator set or as the primary propulsion system for smaller vessels. The ALPS 3 MW high speed generator and turbine drive system were originally presented at the ASME Turbo Expo 2005 [1]. This follow-on paper presents the results of mechanical spin testing and No-Load electrical testing of the high speed generator and the Static Load testing of the generator and turbine drive system at NAVSEA (Philadelphia, PA) with a fixed resistive load. The generator has been tested to a 1.5 MW power level in the Static Load procedures and is being prepared for the final test phase to include dynamic power exchange with the flywheel.© 2008 ASME
Pre-K teachers’ perspectives on factors that influence their experiences through universal Pre-K policy changes in New York City:

The focus of this study is preschool teachers’ perspectives on their experiences during a Pre-K expansion in New York City. The expansion brought on neoliberal approaches to curriculum, child asses...
Who Should Manage a Patient’s Airway?

Ear, nose, and throat procedures in intraoperative environments often involve surgeons' and anesthesiologists' use of shared and sometimes competing approaches to managing a patient's airway. Both clinicians have expertise in laryngoscopy and unique skill sets needed for advanced airway management. This article explores how joint decision making is best achieved despite disagreements and how collegial, collaborative relationships can be preserved to prioritize patients' safety during risk assessment and goal setting.
Carboplatin versus cetuximab chemoradiation in cisplatin ineligible locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

e18555Background: Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of Head and neck are associated with tobacco, alcohol use and HPV infection. About 60% of patients with head and neck cancers(HNC) are locally advan...
Early Crowdfunding Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Background As the number of COVID-19 cases increased precipitously in the US, policymakers and health officials marshalled their pandemic responses. As the economic impacts multiplied, anecdotal reports noted the increased use of online crowdfunding to defray these costs. We examined the online crowdfunding response in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Methods On May 16, 2020, we extracted all available data available on US campaigns created between January 1 and May 10, 2020 on GoFundMe and identified the subset of COVID-related campaigns using keywords relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic. We explored incidence of COVID-related campaigns by geography, by category, and over time and compared campaign characteristics to non-COVID-related campaigns after March 11 when the pandemic was declared. Results We found that there was a substantial increase in overall GoFundMe online crowdfunding campaigns in March, largely attributable to COVID-related campaigns. However, as the COVID-19 pandemic persisted and progressed, the number of campaigns per COVID-19 cases declined more than tenfold across all states. COVID-related campaigns raised more money, had a longer narrative description, and were more likely to be shared on Facebook than other campaigns in the study period. Conclusions Online crowdfunding appears to be a transient stopgap, predicated on the novelty of an emergency rather than the true sustained need of a community. Rather, crowdfunding activity is likely an early marker for communities in acute distress that could be used by governments and aid organizations to guide disaster relief and policy. Trial registration N/A
Kinematics-Based Control of an Inflatable Soft Wearable Robot for Assisting the Shoulder of Industrial Workers

Recent developments in soft active wearable robots can be used for upper extremity injury prevention for healthy industrial workers with better comfort than rigid systems, but there has not been control strategy proposals for such use cases. In this letter, we introduce a kinematics-based controller for an inflatable soft wearable robot that provides assistance to the shoulder quickly and accurately when needed during industrial use cases. Our approach is to use a state machine to classify user intent using shoulder and trunk kinematics estimated with body-worn inertial measurement units. We recruited eight participants to perform various tasks common in the workplace and assessed the controller's intent classification accuracy and response times, by using the users’ reactions to cues as their ground truth intentions. On average, we found that the kinematics controller had 99% classification accuracy, and responded 0.8 seconds after the users reacted to the cue to begin work and 0.5 seconds after the users reacted to a cue to stop the task. In addition, we implemented an EMG-based controller for comparison, with state transitions determined by EMG-based thresholds instead of kinematics. Compared to the EMG controller, the kinematics controller required similar time to detect the users’ intentions to stop overhead work but an additional 0.17 seconds on average for detecting users’ intentions to begin. Although slightly slower, the kinematics controller still provided support prior to users’ work initiations. We also implemented an online adaptive tuning algorithm for the kinematics controller to speed up response time while ensuring accuracy during offset transitions. This research paves the way for a further study of kinematics-based controller in a mobile system in real work environments.
Case report: Vitreous hemorrhage as the presenting sign of retinal cavernous hemangioma in a newborn.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of vitreous hemorrhage as the presenting sign of retinal cavernous hemangioma (RCH) in a newborn. Observations A five-week-old full-term male with a history of seizures and birth trauma underwent ophthalmology screening. Initial eye examination revealed vitreous hemorrhage. Subsequent examination under anesthesia with multi-modal imaging revealed vitreous hemorrhage and an intra-retinal mass with numerous sac-like aneurysmal dilatations, consistent with RCH. Conclusions and importance Vitreous hemorrhage in a neonate is an atypical presentation of RCH. Clinicians should be aware that birth trauma may lead to vitreous hemorrhage from RCH. This is the first description of RCH, a rare retinal vascular tumor, in a newborn.
The Last Breath: Historical Controversies Surrounding Determination of Cardiopulmonary Death.

Cardiopulmonary determination of death is a mainstay of the practice of internal medicine and pulmonary physicians. Despite this, there is considerable variability in death examinations. This article tracks the evolution of the tripartite death examination, initially developed in the middle of the 19th century to protect against premature burial. Although the societal context for controversies about death determination has shifted to discussions about end-of-life care in ICUs and organ transplantation, the cardiopulmonary death examination has largely remained unchanged from its original formulation. The recognition of coma depasse and brain death has further pushed the focus of the death examination onto the neurological system. Despite advancing diagnostics and legislative attempts to standardize the definition of death, cardiopulmonary death determination largely remains an ad hoc process.
Novel Approaches to T-Cell ALL

Introduction Survival for children and young adults with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has improved remarkably over the past 50 years. While 5-year overall survival (OS) exceeds 85% for newly diagnosed patients, the majority of patients with relapsed and refractory (R/R) T-ALL are not curable (3-year OS
Effects of Herbal Adaptogen Feed-Additive on Growth Performance, Carcass Parameters, and Muscle Amino Acid Profile in Heat-Stressed Modern Broilers

Heat stress has strong adverse effects on poultry production and, thereby, threats its sustainability, which energized scientists to search for innovative and effective solutions. Here, we undertook this study to evaluate the effects of in-feed herbal adaptogen (stress response modifier) supplementation on growth performances, meat quality, and breast amino acid profile in chronic cyclic heat-stressed broilers. Day-old male Cobb 500 chicks (n=720) were randomly assigned, in environmental chambers (n=12, 24 pens), to 3 diet-treatments: a 3-phase corn-soybean based diet fed as such (Control, C), or supplemented with the herbal adaptogen at 500g/1000kg control diet (NR-PHY-500) or at 1kg/1000 kg control diet (NR-PHY-1000). From d29 to d42, birds from 9 chambers were exposed to cyclic heat stress (HS, 35°C from 9:30 am-5:30 pm), however the rest of the chamber were maintained at thermoneutral conditions (24°C, TN), which creates 4 experimental groups: C-TN, C-HS, NR-PHY-500HS, and NR-PHY-1000HS (6 pens/group, 168 birds/group). HS altered growth performance via depression of feed intake and body weight. Adaptogen supplementation stimulated feed intake and averaged 65.95g and 83.25g better body weight and 5 and 10 points better FCR at low and high dose, respectively, compared to heat-stressed birds. This increase in body weight was mirrored in enhanced weights of body parts (breast, tender, wings, and legs). Adaptogen supplementation modulated also breast amino acid profile, pH, color, and quality. Together, these data suggested that adaptogen supplementation could be a promising solution to alleviate heat stress, however further in-depth investigation for its mode of action and its underlying mechanisms are warranted.
Understanding the 'How' and 'Why' Aspects of Racial/Ethnic Discrimination: A Multi-Method Approach to Audit Studies

Researchers have used audit studies to provide causal evidence of racial discrimination for nearly sixty years. While audits are excellent methodological tools to investigate the “what,” “where,” and “when” aspects of racial/ethnic discrimination, they are less appropriate, by themselves, to investigate the “how,” and “why” aspects of racial/ethnic discrimination. In this article, I review why audit studies are necessary to study racial/ethnic discrimination, the evidence from audit studies, and their limitations. I then argue that scholars should adopt a multi-method approach to audit studies to move from documenting the existence of racial/ethnic discrimination to examining how and why racial/ethnic discrimination occurs. Adoption of this multi-method approach will result in a deeper understanding of racial/ethnic discrimination with the potential to shape both opinions and policy surrounding discrimination.