cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiology for Practicing Physicians

This month's article has been prepared in collaboration with Dr. Robert D. Moseley, Jr., Chairman of the Department of Radiology at the University of Chicago. Dr. Moseley came to the University of Chicago in January 1949 as an assistant resident in radiology, having received his M.D. degree from the Louisiana State University School of Medicine. He was assigned by the University as its representative at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory for the year 1950, and subsequently served two years in the United States Navy. He returned to the University of Chicago as an instructor in radiology in July 1954, and in July 1958 he became a professor and chairman of the department.—Paul C. Hodges, M.D.
Creating developmentally auspicious school environments for African American boys.

Abstract African American (AA) boys face serious barriers to academic success, many of which are uncommon—or absent—in the lives of AA girls, other children of color, and European American children. In this chapter, we identify nine critical challenges to the successful education of AA boys and review possible solutions. In addition, we evaluate one particular reform, public single-sex schooling, as a possible solution to the challenges facing AA boys. Considering the evidence, we argue that recent efforts to expand the existence of public single-sex schools are rarely grounded in empirical findings. Given the lack of compelling evidence and the high stakes for AA boys, we call for more rigorous evaluations of the outcomes of sex-segregated programs that specifically target AA boys.
Benign conditions of the external genitalia.

SUMMARY Benign mass lesions of the scrotum include spermatocele, hydrocele, varicocele, sperm granuloma after vasectomy, tuberculous masses, and epididymitis. A careful history and physical examination are paramount in making the diagnosis of a scrotal mass. Referral to a urologist is indicated for masses that do not transilluminate, are solid or fixed to the testicle, or for epididymitis that does not respond to antibiotics. Hydroceles associated with significant symptoms or with hernia and varicoceles with symptoms or associated infertility are also reasons for referral. After a sexual history is obtained, lesions of the anogenital area should be carefully inspected. Male partners of women with cervical dysplasia should be examined for evidence of human papillomavirus infection. Treatment of anogenital lesions resulting from a sexually transmitted disease involves both partners.
Reviving Ossian's Female Corpses: Mourners and Warriors in The Poems of Ossian

James Macpherson's Ossian appealed strongly to eighteenth-century female readers, writers and artists, but women constitute a kind of vanishing point in recent feminist readings of the poems. This essay aims to rectify this oversight by examining two of the poems’ most prominent female figures: the warrior and the mourner. In both roles Ossian's women participate in a long tradition of feminised representations of the nation. Many female warriors seek death in battle, and female mourners often kill themselves as a means of extinguishing their insufferable grief. Both mourners and warriors lead us back to the figure of the female corpse.
Controllability Criteria for Soils Saturated by a Compressible Fluid

AbstractThe liquefaction of sediments with gas bubbles occluded in the pore fluid can be studied neither through classical methods for saturated soils nor through concepts valid for unsaturated soils with continuous fluid phases. To fill this gap, this paper proposes to adapt to gas-charged soils a set of techniques that until now has been used only for fully saturated soils or unsaturated media with a continuous gas phase. In particular, the pore fluid has been modeled as a homogenized liquid-gas mixture of nonnegligible compressibility, and an expression of second-order work for porous media filled by such a compressible fluid has been derived. The use of incremental constitutive relations for the solid-fluid mixture has thus enabled the definition of controllability criteria specific for quasi-saturated soils subjected to drained and/or undrained loading paths. Such criteria have been computed through an elastoplastic model for loose granular soils and have been used to reinterpret evidence from labora...
The Scope of the Burden

The burdensharing debate has become a feature of relations between the US and most places where its military forces are present. The debate between the US and her European allies and that between the US and Japan have many similarities, although it is with the European aspects of the debate that we are concerned. What justifies this concern with Europe specifically?
Cinematherapy: Using Movie Metaphors to Explore Real Relationships in Counseling and Coaching

In this chapter, “cinematherapy” is reviewed and evaluated as a tool and technique in therapy, counseling, and coaching to help individuals and couples become aware of and cope with real-life problems. In using this approach, film characters and scenarios present metaphors, or archetypes, which can serve as triggers for reflection and discussion. Specific details about the method of using this technique are presented, as well as case examples of assigning viewing of particular films for specific situations, for example, when facing dating, divorce, or abuse. Special issues are explored, including application of the technique in particular settings and with new client populations. Cautions in using the technique, and the need for systematic research, are also discussed.
Maia and Mandos: Tools for Integrity Protection on Arbitrary Files

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CropMAP: A Location-specific Resource for Crops in the United States

A location-specific resource about crops called CropMAP was developed as part of a web-based project of the Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products. The prototype was developed from the 1992 agricultural census for the state of Indiana. Subsequently, the concept was extended to all states using the agricultural census data for 1997 and was recently updated by adding data from the 2007 census. CropMAP has been available on the NewCROP website but the resource has not been generally publicized. The objective of this communication is to make CropMAP better known since it has proven to be a useful and unique resource.
N-player Bertrand-Cournot games in queues: Existence of equilibrium

We develop a framework to study implications of Quality of service (QoS)-sensitive users on market equilibrium. We consider multiple competing providers each offering a queued service. Each provider posts a price and expected delay. Arriving users then pick the queue with the smallest price plus expected delay cost. We first consider the case where the providers are strategic and compete on price, when their capacity is fixed. We obtain conditions for existence of Nash equilibrium in such a game. We then consider the case where the providers invest in capacity and set price simultaneously. We intend to extend this to queues with multiple classes of service as a framework to study differentiated services in networks.
1957 Psychophysical Laws

The relationship between stimulus strength and sensory response is nonlinear. For example, the perceived loudness of sound is a logarithm of the energy in the sound; this is the decibel scale. Other sensory modalities display similar stimulus–response relationships.
Perceptions of Health Care and Access to Preventive Services Among Young Adults

The enactment of the Affordable Care Act increased the emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention by making preventive care accessible for many Americans, especially young adults, who could remain on their parents or legal guardians' health insurance until the age of 26. Yet, many Americans receive only half of the recommended preventive care services, which highlight the need for the improvement of health promotion and prevention services. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship among access to health care insurance, perceptions about health insurance, and use of preventive care services among young adults. Nine hundred and forty-six participants ages 19-34 completed a 40 question web-based survey. Data analysis suggested that while the majority of participants had health insurance, there were significant differences in opinions about the ACA, health insurance, and use of preventive services by gender, education level, and health insurance status. Overall, participants with health insurance were more likely to have received at least three of the basic preventive care services; however, most of them were not getting the preventive care as recommended. Results reaffirm the need for further studies on the impact of health insurance among young adults and the need for the emphasis on health promotion to educate young adults about the importance of disease prevention and preventive services.
Three-Hand Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery: Experience With an Anatomy-Preserving Mononostril Approach Technique.

BACKGROUND Variations on the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach present unique surgical techniques that have unique effects on surgical outcomes, extent of resection (EOR), and anatomical complications. OBJECTIVE To analyze the learning curve and perioperative outcomes of the 3-hand endoscopic endonasal mononostril transsphenoidal technique. METHODS Prospective case series and retrospective data analysis of patients who were treated with the 3-hand transsphenoidal technique between January 2007 and May 2015 by a single neurosurgeon. Patient characteristics, preoperative presentation, tumor characteristics, operative times, learning curve, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Volumetric EOR was evaluated, and a logistic regression analysis was used to assess predictors of EOR. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-five patients underwent an endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery using the 3-hand technique. One hundred eighteen patients in the early group had surgery between 2007 and 2010, while 157 patients in the late group had surgery between 2011 and 2015. Operative time was significantly shorter in the late group (161.6 min) compared to the early group (211.3 min, P = .001). Both cohorts had similar EOR (early group 84.6% vs late group 85.5%, P = .846) and postoperative outcomes. The learning curve showed that it took 54 cases to achieve operative proficiency with the 3-handed technique. Multivariate modeling suggested that prior resections and preoperative tumor size are important predictors for EOR. CONCLUSION We describe a 3-hand, mononostril endoscopic transsphenoidal technique performed by a single neurosurgeon that has minimal anatomic distortion and postoperative complications. During the learning curve of this technique, operative time can significantly decrease, while EOR, postoperative outcomes, and complications are not jeopardized.
Community Vulnerability to Health Impacts of Wildland Fire Smoke Exposure

Identifying communities vulnerable to adverse health effects from exposure to wildfire smoke may help prepare responses, increase the resilience to smoke and improve public health outcomes during smoke days. We developed a Community Health-Vulnerability Index (CHVI) based on factors known to increase the risks of health effects from air pollution and wildfire smoke exposures. These factors included county prevalence rates for asthma in children and adults, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, percent of population 65 years of age and older, and indicators of socioeconomic status including poverty, education, income and unemployment. Using air quality simulated for the period between 2008 and 2012 over the continental U.S. we also characterized the population size at risk with respect to the level and duration of exposure to fire-originated fine particulate matter (fire-PM2.5) and CHVI. We estimate that 10% of the population (30.5 million) lived in the areas where the con...
Wound dehiscence from a prominent external occipital protuberance: An indication for prophylactic drilling?

Abstract Background Wound complications including CSF leaks, pseudomeningoceles, and infections after a craniotomy is a known risk, but dehiscence after suboccipital approaches remain a rare event. Objective Here we present a patient whose exceptionally prominent external occipital protuberance caused wound breakdown after a suboccipital craniotomy, and suggest that prophylactic drilling of this protuberance would have prevented this complication. Methods A 52 year old male on Aspirin and Plavix presents with sudden onset headache, nausea, and vomiting, with a computed tomography (CT) scan of the head showing a 60 cm 3 right cerebellar hemorrhage. He underwent a suboccipital paramedian craniotomy for hematoma evacuation, and external ventricular drain placement. His hospitalization was complicated by respiratory failure, pneumonia, bacteremia, and finally sterile wound breakdown over his prominent external occipital protuberance 5 weeks after his initial operation. Results The wound was debrided and his 14 mm tall occipital protuberance drilled flush allowing for excellent healing without further complications. Conclusion While the incidence of prominent external occipital protuberances is unknown, we suggest that surgeons consider prophylactic drilling of this prominence or making a paramedian incision when performing suboccipital approaches to prevent subsequent wound complications.
The Next Generation of Hemorrhage Therapy

The management of major bleeding has significantly improved over the course of time. Patients are no longer relegated to inferior hemorrhage control strategies strictly focused on applying pressure to the wound. Despite these advances, major bleeding remains the most common source of preventable death in both the battlefield and civilian settings. Devices and intervention strategies are continuously being researched and developed to decrease complications and death related to these serious injuries at the trauma scene, in transit, and at higher echelons of care. In addition, further understanding of the pathophysiology of hemorrhage has allowed for the development of novel strategies that work at the cellular and subcellular level to improve outcomes in the setting of massive hemorrhage. This chapter reviews some of the latest developments in hemorrhage therapy and provides perspective on emerging technologies in its management.
Avatar Creation: The Social Construction of “Beauty” in Second Life:

Rooted in the theory of Social Construction of Reality and informed by media portrayal of female beauty and virtual community research, this study examined how beauty is socially constructed by gat...
Contesting the Biblical Adam and Eve Narrative: Jesus on Sexual Diversity

Religious predisposition influences the politics of homosexuality in Africa. This chapter opens with an intersex person’s story challenging the religious binary in Creation—Adam/Eve/male/female. I argue that unlike in the West, African sexual minorities are committed Christians. I then explore how sexual diversity is attested to in the Christian Bible. This is critical since it breaks the binary—male/female. I provide a detailed study of Matthew 19:12 to challenge a dualistic perception of Creation, as well as memes that gender diversity is un-Christian. In addition to challenging the assumption that all human beings were created for procreation, I conclude that Christianity can learn from Jesus to accept non-heterosexuals as full members of the human family.
A Comparison of Comprehension Accuracy and Rate: Repeated Readings and Listening While Reading in Second-Grade Students

Researchers have evaluated the effects of repeated reading and listening-while-reading interventions on oral reading fluency and comprehension, and have compared the effects of these two interventions on indirect measures of comprehension. The current study was designed to extend this research by evaluating and comparing the effects of these two interventions using direct measures of reading comprehension and reading comprehension rates, or the amount of passage comprehended per time spent reading. To determine if an interaction exists between passage difficulty and intervention condition, students read two passages for each condition, one easier and one harder passage. Results revealed main effects on comprehension rate, but not on comprehension accuracy. These findings suggest that neither intervention enhanced comprehension, but listening while reading enhanced comprehension rates on both easier and harder passages, indicating that it may be a significantly more efficient procedure for enhancing comprehension. Implications for measurement, academic accommodations, class-wide instruction, and future research are discussed.
Comparing gender discrimination and inequality in indie and traditional publishing

In traditional publishing, female authors' titles command nearly half (45%) the price of male authors' and are underrepresented in more prestigious genres, and books are published by publishing houses, which determined whose books get published, subject classification, and retail price. In the last decade, the growth of digital technologies and sales platforms have enabled unprecedented numbers of authors to bypass publishers to publish and sell books. The rise of indie publishing (aka self-publishing) reflects the growth of the "gig" economy, where the influence of firms has diminished and workers are exposed more directly to external markets. Encompassing the traditional and the gig economy, the book industry illuminates how the gig economy may disrupt, replicate, or transform the gender discrimination mechanisms and inequality found in the traditional economy. In a natural experiment spanning from 2002 to 2012 and including over two million book titles, we compare discrimination mechanisms and inequality in indie and traditional publishing. We find that indie publishing, though more egalitarian, largely replicates traditional publishing's gender discrimination patterns, showing an unequal distribution of male and female authors by genre (allocative discrimination), devaluation of genres written predominantly by female authors (valuative discrimination), and lower prices within genres for books by female authors (within-job discrimination). However, these discrimination mechanisms are associated with far less price inequality in indie, only 7%, in large part due to the smaller and lower range of prices in indie publishing compared to traditional publishing. We conclude that, with greater freedom, workers in the gig economy may be inclined to greater equality but will largely replicate existing labor market segmentation and the lower valuation of female-typical work and of female workers. Nonetheless, price setting for work may be more similar for workers in the gig economy due to market competition that will compress prices ranges.
Contesting Sentimentalism: Human–Animal Bonds and Boundaries in Grace Greenwood’s History of My Pets

History of My Pets was immensely popular during the nineteenth century, but has since moved to the margins of scholarly attention. The chapter uses liminality, a concept that evokes the dynamic interplay between the center and the margin as well as a crossing of thresholds and boundaries of various sorts, to argue two points. First, the essay recovers Greenwood as an influential nineteenth-century author. Second, while History of My Pets’ emphasis on the close bond between children and animals, replete with stock images of cross-species kindness and premature deaths, seems to center Greenwood’s book squarely in the register of sentimentality, the author contends that Greenwood’s representation of human–animal bonds is often unrulier. History of My Pets invites us to dig beyond the traditional understanding of camaraderie between humans and pets and instead contemplate the more radical—symbiotic and transformative—implications of human–animal bonds.
A mixed alchemical and equilibrium dynamics to simulate heterogeneous dense fluids: Illustrations for Lennard-Jones mixtures and phospholipid membranes.

An algorithm to efficiently simulate multi-component fluids is proposed and illustrated. The focus is on biological membranes that are heterogeneous and challenging to investigate quantitatively. To achieve rapid equilibration of spatially inhomogeneous fluids, we mix conventional molecular dynamics simulations with alchemical trajectories. The alchemical trajectory switches the positions of randomly selected pairs of molecules and plays the role of an efficient Monte Carlo move. It assists in accomplishing rapid spatial de-correlations. Examples of phase separation and mixing are given in two-dimensional binary Lennard-Jones fluid and a DOPC-POPC membrane. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed, and tools to maximize its efficiency are provided. It is concluded that the algorithm is vastly superior to conventional molecular dynamics for the equilibrium study of biological membranes.An algorithm to efficiently simulate multi-component fluids is proposed and illustrated. The focus is on biological membranes that are heterogeneous and challenging to investigate quantitatively. To achieve rapid equilibration of spatially inhomogeneous fluids, we mix conventional molecular dynamics simulations with alchemical trajectories. The alchemical trajectory switches the positions of randomly selected pairs of molecules and plays the role of an efficient Monte Carlo move. It assists in accomplishing rapid spatial de-correlations. Examples of phase separation and mixing are given in two-dimensional binary Lennard-Jones fluid and a DOPC-POPC membrane. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed, and tools to maximize its efficiency are provided. It is concluded that the algorithm is vastly superior to conventional molecular dynamics for the equilibrium study of biological membranes.
Nuclear Medicine and PET Phantoms

Nuclear medicine is a medical field where radioactive materials are administered to patients to either obtain diagnostic information or deliver a therapeutic radiation dose. Although the therapeutic application of nuclear medicine is primarily limited to the treatment for hyperthyroid conditions and several cancers (e.g., thyroid cancer, lymphoma, and bone metastases palliation), there are diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures for virtually every tissue and organ system of the body. Table 11.1 summarizes common nuclear medicine procedures. Table 11.1 Example nuclear medicine procedures Procedures Indication Radiopharmaceutical Brain perfusion Stroke and epilepsy Tc-99 m HMPAO, Tc-99 m ECD, F-18 FDG*(PET) Thyroid scan Graves disease, thyroid cancer I-123 NaI, Tc-99 m pertechnetate Bone scintigraphy Metastatic cancer, hairline fractures Tc-99 m MDP Myocardial perfusion Coronary artery disease Tc-99 m sestamibi, Tc- 99 m tetrofosmin, Tl- 201 chloride, Rb-82 chloride (PET) Lung ventilation/perfusion Pulmonary embolism Tc-99 m DTPA aerosol, Tc-99 m MAAA Hepatobiliary function Acute cholecystitis, common bile duct obstruction Tc-99 m mebrofenin Renal function Renal obstruction, acute tubular necrosis Tc-99 m MAG3, Tc- 99 m DTPA GI bleeding Identify sites of active bleeding Tc-99 m labeled red blood cells Gastric emptying Gastroparesis, gastroesophageal reflux Tc-99 m sulfur colloid Lymphoscintigraphy Sentinel node location for melanoma and breast cancer Tc-99 m sulfur colloid PET whole-body Imaging Lung, colon, breast, thyroid cancer F-18 FDG* *(fluorodeoxyglucose)
New Advances in Volitional Human Mobility Simulation

The use of computerized kinematic models of the human body has greatly increased in the last few years. This paper describes the results of research conducted to quantify the configurations of the human body most often chosen by people when reaching with one hand about their immediate environment. In performing this research basic size and volitional mobility data of the human torso were developed. These data have been used in constructing a computerized kinematic model, the output of which is a linkage representation of the body which is either displayed on a CRT or drawn by a computer driven X−Y plotter.
Anti-AIDS agents 83. Efficient microwave-assisted one-pot preparation of angular 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromone containing compounds

A novel and efficient microwave-assisted one-pot reaction was developed to synthesize angular 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromone-containing compounds, which is the first and key step in the synthesis of potent DCK and DCP anti-HIV agents. The newly developed microwave synthesis conditions dramatically shortened the reaction time from 2 days to 4 h with improved yields.
Nuclear power's burdened future

Although governments of the world's leading nations are reiterating their faith in nuclear power, Chernobyl has brought into focus the public's overwhelming feeling that the current generation of nuclear technology is simply not working.The Faustian bargain of nuclear energy has been lost. It is high time to leave the path pursued in the use of nuclear energy in the past, to develop new alternative and clean sources of energy supply and, during the transition period, devote all efforts to ensure maximum safety. This is the price to pay to enable life to continue on this planet.
Ligation Of The C-Terminus Of The D1 Polypeptide Of Photosystem Ii To The Oxygen Evolving Complex: A Dft-Qm/Mm Study

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) models of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) position the α-COO− group of D1-Ala344 near calcium. In contrast, the analysis of S2-minus-S1 FTIR difference spectra of PSII particles show a red-shift of the symmetric stretch of the α-COO− of D1-Ala344, but no change when Sr2+ is substituted for Ca2+ and have been interpreted to rule out calcium ligation. This paper addresses the apparent contradiction between FTIR and XRD models, regarding ligation of the C-terminal carboxylate of the mature D1 polypeptide in terms of the computational analysis of structural, vibrational and electronic properties of models of the OEC of PSII in the S1 and S2 states. The models are constructed and analyzed by using state-of-theart quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid methods. Consistently with FTIR data, it is found that the S1→S2 oxidation of the OEC induces a red-shift in the symmetric-stretch vibrational frequency of the α-COO− group of D1-Ala344, even when the C-terminus is coordinated to calcium as suggested by X-ray diffraction models. These results suggest that ligation of the C-terminal carboxylate to calcium is consistent with both FTIR and X-ray diffraction experiments.
Aggressive prefetching: an idea whose time has come

I/O prefetching serves to hide the latency of slow peripheral devices. Traditional OS-level prefetching strategies have tended to be conservative, fetching only those data that are very likely to be needed according to some simple heuristic, and only just in time for them to arrive before the first access. More aggressive policies, which might speculate more about which data to fetch, or fetch them earlier in time, have typically not been considered a prudent use of computational, memory, or bandwidth resources. We argue, however, that technological trends and emerging system design goals have dramatically reduced the potential costs and dramatically increased the potential benefits of highly aggressive prefetching policies. We propose that memory management be redesigned to embrace such policies.
Resonant Raman quantification of zeaxanthin production from Flavobacterium multivorum.

Resonant Raman scattering was used as a novel, rapid, non-destructive optical technique to measure zeaxanthin levels in Flavobacterium multivorum ATCC 55238. Culture broth, after bacterial growth for 40 h, exhibited characteristic resonance Raman vibrational modes at 1159 cm−1 (C-C stretch) and 1525 cm−1 (C=C stretch) upon excitation at 488 nm. A striking correlation was observed between the carotenoid level as estimated by HPLC and by resonance Raman spectroscopy.
Doing well by doing good: agricultural biotechnology in the fight against hunger

A recent FAO report estimates that more than 800 million people around the world have been facing malnutrition and hunger. This article develops a simple, empirically relevant multimarket framework of heterogeneous consumers and an imperfectly competitive innovating firm to analyze the profit‐maximizing strategies of innovating firms in hunger‐stricken areas of the world. The analysis shows that, when the association of the GM technology with malnutrition and hunger reduction in food insecure areas of the world decreases consumer aversion to the GM technology in the rest of the world, the innovating firm can find it economically optimal to reduce its price and increase consumer access to nutritious food in these hunger‐stricken areas. When the impact of hunger reduction on consumer attitudes toward the GM technology is relatively strong, the firm will find it optimal to offer its GM technology in the hunger‐stricken areas for free as its losses in these areas are more than compensated by its gains in the rest of the world. This result is in contrast with the standard assumption of innovators’ desire to exercise the market power conferred by their intellectual property rights and provides some analytical support to the strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) hypothesis.
A reinforced thermal barrier coat of a Na─tannic acid complex from the view of thermal kinetics

The poor burning resistance of cotton necessitates the control of its pyrolytic reactions, but many approaches have relied on the use of synthetically engineered chemicals. Herein, we show how a natural polyphenol from plants—tannic acid—acts with sodium ions to create a robust thermal barrier coat on cotton, with a focus on thermal kinetics. The kinetic information, combined with thermal and spectral analyses, revealed that the outer layer of galloyl units in tannic acid decomposes via a two-step reaction, producing a multicellular char of crosslinked aromatic rings, followed by the blowing of carbonaceous cells into a further expanded structure. This intumescent function of tannic acid was found to be enhanced upon its complexation with sodium ions, which greatly increased the activation energy for the first step of the reaction of tannic acid, to promote the formation of a stable char. The resulting blown char coated the cotton fiber below the thermal decomposition temperature of cellulose and was sustained throughout the decomposition. The enhanced thermal barrier performance of the Na–tannic acid complex was demonstrated by the reduced heat release capacity of cotton, the value of which was only about one-third that of tannic acid itself, and the inhibition of flame generation on cotton.
Exact Solutions for Diffraction-Induced Crack Propagation and Dislocation Emission

The importance of fracture-dislocation interaction has been demonstrated, but generally by quasi-static analyses. Here, exact dynamic solution development is outlined, and some results are utilized to study this interaction in order to gain inśight into some important aspects of fracture under dynamic loading.
GABAergic cell types in the superficial layers of the mouse superior colliculus.

To begin to unravel the complexities of GABAergic circuits in the superior colliculus (SC), we utilized mouse lines that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in cells that contain the 67 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67-GFP), or Cre-recombinase in cells that contain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; GAD2-cre). We used Cre-dependent virus injections in GAD2-Cre mice and tracer injections in GAD67-GFP mice, as well as immunocytochemical staining for gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and parvalbumin (PV) to characterize GABAergic cells that project to the pretectum (PT), ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) or parabigeminal nucleus (PBG), and interneurons in the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) that do not project outside the SC. We found that approximately 30% of SGS neurons in the mouse are GABAergic. Of these GABAergic neurons, we identified three categories of potential interneurons in the GAD67-GFP line (GABA+GFP ~45%, GABA+GFP + PV ~15%, and GABA+PV ~10%). GABAergic cells that did not contain GFP or PV were identified as potential projection neurons (GABA only ~30%). We found that GABAergic neurons that project to the PBG are primarily located in the SGS and exhibit narrow field vertical, stellate, and horizontal dendritic morphologies, while GABAergic neurons that project to the PT and vLGN are primarily located in layers ventral to the SGS. In addition, we examined GABA and GAD67-containing elements of the mouse SGS using electron microscopy to further delineate the relationship between GABAergic circuits and retinotectal input. Approximately 30% of retinotectal synaptic targets are the presynaptic dendrites of GABAergic interneurons, and GAD67-GFP interneurons are a source of these presynaptic dendrites.
Predicting depth vertical jumping distance

If independent variables collectively account for each person's ability to vertically jump, then appropriate manipulations of any or all of these factors would be expected to improve jumping performance. Furthermore, if training may elicit the desired manipulations, then the identification of specific weaknesses would enable clinicians and scientists to individualize interventions so as to maximize the effects. In the present exploratory investigation, equations were developed predicting depth vertical jumping (DVJ) distance, a technique roughly simulating the myriad of scenarios in which a rapidly decelerated linear movement precedes vertical jumping. To accomplish this, body composition and 32 variables generated during the performance of concentric-only velocity-spectrum squats were obtained using 52 men and 50 women. At each of four different squatting velocities four force and four power variables met conservative reliability standards for selection as potential predictors of jumping performance. Two explanatory regression equations generated via a forward stepwise approach yielded R-values of 0.89 and 0.90 and SEE ranging from 0.059 to 0.060 meters (2.32 to 2.36 inches). Relative peak power (peak-power-to-body-weight ratio) during squatting exercises performed at 1.43 meters.sec -1 as well as at each individual's optimal velocity for power production were significant predictors of DVJ distance. The predicted distance was also significantly attenuated if subjects were female. Based upon the variables assessed in this investigation, it appears that for young adults, the higher the relative peak squatting power at moderately fast velocities the greater the DVJ performance, and being female negatively impacts this type of jumping.
P139 Partial trisomy 3p – a case report

Introduction Partial trisomy 3p results from an unbalanced translocation or de novo duplication. Clinical features include of structural brain abnormalities, dysmorphic facies, congenital heart defects, learning disability and hypoplastic genitalia. We report the clinical manifestations of a case of partial trisomy 3p. Case report The female proband, now 3 years and 9 month female was born to a 33 year old Caucasian mother with 2 neurodevelopmentally normal male children. Intrauterine growth restriction and microcephaly identified antenatally prompted investigation. Fetal MRI at 21 weeks gestation demonstrated dilation of the occipital horn of the right lateral ventricle. Amniocentesis confirmed partial trisomy of chromosome 3 The infant was born at term with no resuscitation or respiratory support required. Echocardiogram revealed a secundum atrial septal defect, muscular ventricular septal defect and a restrictive patent ductus arteriosus. Neonatal MRI demonstrated several structural abnormalities: A parieto–occipital encephalocele measuring 2×3.7 cm containing brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid Dilation of the occipital horn Bilateral atresia of lateral ventricles Areas of cortical malformation An abnormal corpus callosum Abdominal and hip ultrasound examination were normal. The encephalocele was successfully repaired in the neonatal period. Post operative recovery was complicated by development of hydrocephalus requiring a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. At 10 and 18 months the patient had seizures related to intercurrent illness and fever. She has never had an afebrile seizure. At present this child is 3 years 9 months with global developmentally delay in all domains. She can walk unaided but has difficulty running. She can use stairs with support but has not progressed to cycling a tricycle. She is visually impaired secondary to a cortical impairment, requiring corrective lenses. She has bilateral sensorineural hearing loss with a cochlear implant. E has remained medically well to this point and has avoided hospital admissions. She requires intensive multidisciplinary involvement by community allied health professionals including physiotherapy, speech and language therapy and occupational therapy. Her parents hope she will be able to access mainstream education with support. Given the rarity of her condition with few reported cases in the medical literature, her long term developmental outcome remains unclear. References Partial 3p trisomy and different rearrangements involving chromosome 3 in the proposita’s family, De Pinto Neto et al, American Journal of Medical Genetics, 1980
Development of low-fat fried fish using a two-prong strategy

espanolPara la realizacion del presente estudio se diseno una estrategia de dos vertices con el objetivo de reducir la absorcion de grasa en el pescado frito en abundante grasa, creando un recubrimiento comestible, sostenible y amigable con el producto, de bajo costo. Para ello se utilizaron subproductos provenientes del procesamiento de pescado y en la masa se remplazo el almidon de maiz con almidon de camote [batata]. Asi, se prepararon recubrimientos comestibles (concentraciones de proteina de 0, 5%, 10% y 15%) a partir de aislados de proteinas de pescado usando solubilizacion isoelectrica y precipitacion. El recubrimiento con 15% de proteina y masa de almidon de camote propicio la mayor reduccion en la absorcion de grasa y en la perdida de humedad del pescado frito, en 85% y 8.21%, respectivamente. Las muestras recubiertas registraron valores mas bajos de L*. Sin embargo, las muestras con masa a base de almidon de camote exhibieron mejores propiedades de textura. Los resultados de este estudio dan cuenta de que el recubrimiento comestible en combinacion con una masa que contiene almidon de camote puede ser util para reducir la absorcion de grasa y mejorar las propiedades fisicoquimicas del pescado frito. EnglishIn this study, a two-prong strategy was devised to reduce fat-uptake in deep-fat fried fish by developing a low cost, sustainable and product-friendly edible coating using fish processing by-products and replacement of corn starch in batter with sweet potato starch. Edible coatings (protein concentrations of 0, 5%, 10%, and 15%) were prepared from fish protein isolates using isoelectric solubilization and precipitation. Coating with 15% protein and sweet potato starch-based batter resulted in the highest reduction of fat-uptake and moisture loss of fried fish by 85% and 8.21%, respectively. Coated samples had lower L* values. However, samples with sweet potato starch-based batter had better textural properties. The results of this study suggest that edible coating in combination with a batter containing sweet potato starch could be useful in reducing the fat-uptake reduction and improve the physicochemical properties of the fried fish.
El pasado es de todos. Neoliberalismo y normalización de la memoria en las post-dictaduras de España y Argentina

Despite their historical differences, the Spanish and Argentine democracies articulate a shared language of consensus and national reconciliation to face the recent past. This discourse conveys a specific memory regime of political violence, one which requires the forgetting and overcoming of the conflict as conditions for the desired democratic normalization. I propose to think about this desire / promise and its consensual semantics as inherent to the process of capitalist modernization initiated during the dictatorships and perpetuated in democracies with the implementation of neoliberalism. Understanding its continuities allows us, on the one hand, to reveal a systemic violence rendered invisible by the celebratory narratives of neoliberal modernization and, on the other, to defy the depoliticization of the past, resignifying their struggles as a common –and still in force– legacy.
Effects of Obtrusive Observation and Rules on Classroom Behavior of Adolescents in a Juvenile Residential Treatment Setting.

Several studies have used interdependent group contingencies to decrease disruptive behavior and increase appropriate behavior for groups of adolescents. In addition, one study demonstrated that ru...
An empirical discourse on forecasting the use of autonomous vehicles using consumers’ preferences

Abstract Given many known and unknown uncertainties, it is hard to forecast reliably the mode choices, expected to prevail with autonomous vehicle (AV) technology; however, the key to getting some idea lies in understanding the preferences of end users. In this vein, a random parameters logit model is employed to study the consumers’ preferences in small- and medium-sized metropolitan areas, based on their travel behavior and household characteristics, socio-demographic features, awareness about AV technology and new travel choices, psychological factors, and built environment features. Most of the past studies hypothesize that due to a wide range of anticipated benefits, there would be increased use of AVs especially as a shared service where multiple travelers use the same AV concomitantly. However, the results from this study do not support the hypothesis that vehicle ownership will be an obsolete model at least during the early phase of transitioning to the self-driving era (when roads are expected to contain vehicles with and without human drivers). The findings of this study reveal key factors influencing consumer preferences and offer important insights to technology developers and service providers in understanding the ways consumers would like to use this technology and hence, defining the business model.
Acute Liver Failure and Acute Decompensation of Chronic Liver Failure

Acute liver failure is a relatively rare entity that requires complex management. The emergency provider must simultaneously evaluate and treat the causative etiology of liver failure, address manifestations of coagulopathy and encephalopathy, and treat related conditions such as infection and renal failure. Appropriate management of the patient with liver failure who presents emergently, including timely consideration of liver transplant if appropriate, is necessary to ensure the best possible outcome. Acute decompensation of chronic liver failure represents a number of clinical entities including acute alcoholic hepatitis, GI bleed, infection, and portal vein thrombosis among others. Management of these conditions requires an understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of both the underlying cirrhosis and the superimposed disease.
Highly Distorted Chiral Two-Dimensional Tin Iodide Perovskites for Spin Polarized Charge Transport.

Incorporating chiral organic molecules into organic/inorganic hybrid 2D metal-halide perovskites results in a novel family of chiral hybrid semiconductors with unique spin-dependent properties. The embedded chiral organic moieties induce a chiroptical response from the inorganic metal-halide sublattice. However, the structural interplay between the chiral organic molecules and the inorganic sublattice, as well as their synergic effect on the resulting electronic band structure need to be explored in a broader material scope. Here we present three new layered tin iodide perovskites templated by chiral (R/S-)methylbenzylammonium (R/S-MBA), i.e., (R-/S-MBA)2SnI4, and their racemic phase (rac-MBA)2SnI4. These MBA2SnI4 compounds exhibit the largest level of octahedral bond distortion compared to any other reported layered tin iodide perovskite. The incorporation of chiral MBA cations leads to circularly polarized absorption from the inorganic Sn-I sublattice, displaying chiroptical activity in the 300-500 nm wavelength range. The bandgap and chiroptical activity are modulated by alloying Sn with Pb, in the series of (MBA)2Pb1-xSnxI4. Finally, we show that vertical charge transport through oriented (R-/S-MBA)2SnI4 thin films is highly spin-dependent, arising from a chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. We demonstrate a spin-polarization in the current-voltage characteristics as high as 94%. Our work shows the tremendous potential of these chiral hybrid semiconductors for controlling both spin and charge degrees of freedom.
Opioid Overdose Risk in Patients Returning to the Emergency Department for Pain.

OBJECTIVE Using the Risk Index for Overdose or Serious Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression (CIP-RIOSORD) in patients returning to the emergency department (ED) for pain and discharged with an opioid prescription, we assessed overall opioid overdose risk and compared risk in opioid naive patients to those who are non-opioid naive. DESIGN This was a secondary analysis from a prospective observational study of patients ≥ 18 years old returning to the ED within 30 days. Data were collected from patient interviews and chart reviews. Patients were categorized as Group 1 (not using prescription opioids) or Group 2 (consuming prescription opioids). Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon's rank sum tests. Risk class and probability of overdose was determined using Risk Index for Overdose or Serious Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression (CIP-RIOSORD). RESULTS Of the 389 enrollees who returned to the ED due to pain within 30 days of an initial visit, 67 (17%) were prescribed opioids. The majority of these patients were in Group 1 (60%). Both Group 1 (n = 40) and Group 2 (n = 27) held an average CIP-RIOSORD risk class of 3. Race significantly differed between groups; the majority of Group 1 self-identified as African American (80%) (P = .0267). There were no differences in age, gender, or CIP-RIOSORD risk class between groups. However, Group 2 had nearly double the number of predictive factors (median = 1.93) as Group 1 (median = 1.18) (P = .0267). CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of patients (25%) were high risk for opioid overdose. CIP-RIOSORD may prove beneficial in risk stratification of patients discharged with prescription opioids from the ED.
Impact of New Grading System and New Hemodynamic Classification on Long-Term Outcome in Patients With Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation.

Background: A new grading of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) beyond severe has been proposed. However, few studies assessing the validity of such a new grading scheme of TR have been conducted. Theref...