cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining the Location of the Fovea Centralis Via En-Face SLO and Cross-Sectional OCT Imaging in Patients Without Retinal Pathology

Purpose The purpose was to establish the position of the fovea centralis to the optic nerve via en-face, near-infrared spectral domain optical coherence tomography (NIR-OCT) in healthy patients. This may shed light on physiological variability and be used for studying subtle cases of foveal ectopia in macular pathology and after retinal detachment. Methods SD-OCT data of 890 healthy eyes were retrospectively analyzed. Exclusion criteria included axial myopia causing tilting of the optic disc, peripapillary atrophy >1/3 the width of the disc, macular images excluding greater than half of the optic disc, and patients unable to maintain vertical head positioning. Two independent reviewers measured the horizontal and vertical distance from the fovea to the optic disc center and optic disc diameter via cross-sectional and en-face scanning laser ophthalmoloscopy OCT imaging. Results 890 eyes were included in the study. The right and left eyes differed in the horizontal distance from the fovea to the disc center (4359 vs. 4248 µm, P < 0.001) and vertical distance from the fovea to the disc center (464 µm vs. 647, P < 0.001). This corresponded to a smaller angle between the right and left eyes (6.07° vs. 8.67°, P < 0.001). Older age was associated with a larger horizontal (P = 0.008) and vertical distance (0.025). These differences persisted after correcting for axial length in the 487 patients with axial-length data. Conclusions This study compares the position of the fovea centralis among individuals without macular pathology on a micron level basis. The significant variability between right and left eyes indicates that contralateral eye evaluation cannot be reliably used. Rather, true foveal ectopia requires assessments of preoperative and postoperative NIR-OCT scans. This finding is relevant to retinal detachment cases and evaluation of subtle foveal ectopia. Translational Relevance This finding is relevant to retinal detachment cases and evaluation of subtle foveal ectopia.
Interference in the gg →h →γγ On-Shell Rate and the Higgs Boson Total Width

We consider interference between the Higgs signal and QCD background in gg→h→γγ and its effect on the on-shell Higgs rate. The existence of sizable strong phases leads to destructive interference of about 2% of the on-shell cross section in the standard model. This effect can be enhanced by beyond the standard model physics. In particular, since it scales differently from the usual rates, the presence of interference allows indirect limits to be placed on the Higgs width in a novel way, using on-shell rate measurements. Our study motivates further QCD calculations to reduce uncertainties. We discuss possible width-sensitive observables, both using total and differential rates and find that the HL-LHC can potentially indirectly constrain widths of order tens of MeV.
Racial and ethnic disparities in nasopharyngeal cancer with an emphasis among Asian Americans.

118Background: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is characterized by a distinct geographic distribution which reflects genetic predispositions, with highest incidence in Southeastern Asia and Southern Ch...
Working at Play: Survey Results from Game Industry Professionals on Hobbyist Experience

This paper reports out on a survey of games industry professionals asking participants to weigh the potential value of hobbyist and volunteer experience as "work" experience. These types of volunteer experiences are offered as possible alternatives to internships, an important tool for professionalization that may be inaccessible to some students, particularly some of those historically sidelined in the games industry. Demonstrating expanded opportunities for job seekers in the games industry could be an important step forward in helping to diversify a field traditionally dominated by white cis men, and could also have implications for how we as educators teach students to self-evaluate when creating professionalization documents.
From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1830

From Africa to Brazil traces the flows of enslaved Africans from the broad region of Africa called Upper Guinea to Amazonia, Brazil. These two regions, though separated by an ocean, were made one by a slave route. Walter Hawthorne considers why planters in Amazonia wanted African slaves, why and how those sent to Amazonia were enslaved, and what their Middle Passage experience was like. The book is also concerned with how Africans in diaspora shaped labor regimes, determined the nature of their family lives, and crafted religious beliefs that were similar to those they had known before enslavement. It presents the only book-length examination of African slavery in Amazonia and identifies with precision the locations in Africa from where members of a large diaspora in the Americas hailed. From Africa to Brazil also proposes new directions for scholarship focused on how immigrant groups created new or recreated old cultures.
Intracellular pattern reversal in Tetrahymena thermophila. II. Transient expression of a janus phenocopy in balanced doublets

Homopolar doublets of Tetrahymena thermophila which have two normal oral systems directly opposite one another may undergo a global transformation of cell surface geometry to create transient imitations of mirror-image configurations brought about by mutations at janus gene loci. The process by which a typical doublet transforms into a janus-like organization involves loss of capacity to form oral structures at one of the two normal oral meridians, followed by interpolation of reversed oral structures at a new location to the cell's right of the disappearing normal oral meridian. At the same time, the contractile vacuole pore (CVP) set on the side of the cell that is undergoing the transformation shifts to the left. The combination of these events creates a symmetrical large-scale organization in which both of the CVP sets are situated on one side of the cell, between the normal and the partially reversed oral apparatus. This unilateral positioning of CVP sets is commonly manifested even when reversed oral structures are absent. These configurations probably represent intermediate stages in the transformation of balanced typical doublets into singlets. We propose that this pathway of regulation from the doublet to the singlet state, like the more common one that starts from unbalanced typical doublets (described in the preceding paper), involves reverse intercalation. The remarkable resemblance between the transient configuration described here and the stable configuration of janus mutant cells leads us to suggest that the phenotype of the mutant is also a consequence of reverse-intercalation, in that case provoked by a loss of capacity to maintain positional values rather than by a geometrical instability in the system of positional values.
Engineering a Space Based Construction Robot

This paper describes a machine, to quarry construction material, sinter walls, and assemble future space station modules. In prior work, we explored the solar energy requirements to build a 50m diameter, 50m high, cylindrical module out of pulverized rock from a NearEarth Object, using tailored radio wave fields. In this paper, we describe the issues in the conceptual design of the robotic construction machines. The 4-legged Rock breaker is designed to fit the payload bay of a modern heavy-lift booster to reach Low Earth Orbit, and primary solar-sail propulsion for most of its journey. It uses beamed microwave energy for its cutting operations. Rotating, telescoping arms use integrated laser/plasma jet cutter arrays to dig trenches in spiral patterns which will form blocks of material. Cut blocks are sent into a toroidal cloud of material for use in the force field tailoring for automatic module formation. In this paper, the constraints, basic dimensions and masses of the various system components are discussed. A unique Integrated Rendezvous, Anchoring and Maneuvering System is described. Solid pulsed plasma thrusters are used for maneuvering and as impact torque-hammers to anchor the craft to NEOs. Dynamic analysis of these systems shows how the total system mass is reduced.
Pseudovitamin B12 Biosynthesis ENZYMATIC FORMATION OF A NEW ADENYLIC ACID, 7-α-d-RIBOFURANOSYLADENINE 5'-PHOSPHATE

Abstract A transferase from Clostridium sticklandii catalyzes the formation of a new 5'-adenylic acid by reaction between adenine and β-nicotinate mononucleotide. A method for purification of the nucleotide on Dowex 1 is described. Although the composition and the ionophoretic behavior of the compound correspond to those of AMP, the chromatographic, optical, and stability properties do not. Evidence is presented for assigning to this nucleotide the structure 7-α-d-ribofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate. The substance is a likely precursor of pseudovitamin B12.
Association of a cellular heat shock protein with simian virus 40 large T antigen in transformed cells.

Abstract The viral oncoprotein of simian virus 40, large T antigen (T-ag), is essential for viral replication and cellular transformation. To understand the mechanisms by which T-ag mediates its multifunctional properties, it is important to identify the cellular targets with which it interacts. A cellular protein of 73 kilodaltons (p73) which specifically associates with T-ag in simian virus 40-transformed BALB/c 3T3E cells has been identified. The binding of p73 to T-ag was demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation analyses using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for T-ag. The interaction of p73 with T-ag was independent of T-ag complex formation with the cellular protein p53. Partial V8 protease cleavage maps for p73 and the cellular heat shock protein hsp70 were identical. Immunoblot analyses indicated that p73 complexed to T-ag was antigenically related to hsp70. T-ag deletion mutants were constructed that remove internal, amino-terminal, and carboxy-terminal sequences. These mutants mapped the p73 binding domain to the amino terminus of T-ag. The specific dissociation of p73 from the p73/T-ag complex was mediated by ATP; GTP, CTP, and UTP were also utilized as substrates. These characteristics suggest that p73 may be a member of the hsp70 family of heat shock proteins. The biologic significance of p73/T-ag complex formation has yet to be determined.
Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Heart Muscle: II. EFFECT OF AMINO ACID LEVELS AND INSULIN ON RIBOSOMAL AGGREGATION

Abstract Components of the ribosome cycle, subunits and polysomes, were extracted from heart muscle and analyzed on exponential sucrose gradients. When MgCl2 was added in concentrations above 2 mm, subunits were aggregated and sedimented in the position in which monomeric ribosomes would be expected. Subunit peaks were identified by extraction and analysis of RNA. Perfusion of hearts with buffer containing phenylalanine and glucose decreased polysomes and increased levels of ribosomal subunits. These findings, together with a fall in the rate of protein synthesis, indicated that a block in initiation of peptide chains had developed during perfusion of the heart. When 1 or 5 times normal plasma levels of amino acids were added to the buffer, protein synthesis increased and levels of subunits decreased, indicating that initiation had been facilitated. However, levels of subunits and polysomes were not restored to levels in vivo. Protein synthesis in perfused hearts was inhibited by cycloheximide in association with lower levels of subunits and increased polysomes. These findings indicated that steps involved in elongation of peptide chains had been inhibited. When protein synthesis of hearts perfused with buffer containing glucose and amino acids was stimulated by addition of insulin, levels of subunits decreased and levels of polysomes rose, indicating that insulin had accelerated steps involved in initiation of peptide chains.
A century of genetic change and metapopulation dynamics in the Galápagos warbler finches (Certhidea).

Populations that are connected by immigrants play an important role in evolutionary and conservation biology, yet we have little direct evidence of how such metapopulations change genetically over evolutionary time. We compared historic (1894-1906) to modern (1988-2006) genetic variation in 11 populations of warbler finches at 14 microsatellite loci. Although several lines of evidence suggest that Darwin's finches may be in decline, we found that the genetic diversity of warbler finches has not generally declined, and broad-scale patterns of variation remained similar over time. Contrary to expectations, inferred population sizes have generally increased over time (6-8%) as have immigration rates (8-16%), which may reflect a recent increase in the frequency and intensity of El Nino events. Individual island populations showed significant declines (18-19%) and also substantial gains (18-20%) in allelic richness over time. Changes in genetic diversity were correlated with changes in immigration rates, but did not correspond to population size or human disturbance. These results reflect the expected stabilizing properties of whole metapopulations over time. However, the dramatic and unpredictable changes observed in individual populations during this short time interval suggests that care should be taken when monitoring individual population fragments with snapshots of genetic variation.
Long-term treatment goals: enhancing healthy outcomes

The long-term management of schizophrenia with a goal of functional rehabilitation remains an enormous challenge to clinicians despite improvements in drug therapy, psychosocial treatments, and family and community interventions. The goals of long-term therapy are to preserve the gains made during acute treatment, prevent symptom exacerbation, enhance psychosocial functioning, and improve quality of life. Schizophrenia is an illness that disrupts broad areas of mental function, including thought, cognition, affect, and motor performance. The new antipsychotics should aid physicians in meeting higher treatment goals for persons with schizophrenia. These agents combine high efficacy with improved tolerability, mainly through a low liability for extrapyramidal symptoms and probably improve cognitive affect. Recent studies have demonstrated efficacy of these new antipsychotics in improving psychopathology and symptoms and in preventing relapse during long-term use. These drugs are likely to provide physicians with an increasingly viable option in the long-term treatment and rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia.
Effects of thiamin antagonists on drug hydroxylation and properties of cytochrome P-450 in the rat.

Abstract The administration of small amounts of thiamin (0.3 μg day or more, i.p., for 21 days) depressed musomal cytochrome P-450 content and the V max of aniline hydroxylase when compared to values obtained from rats fed a thiamin-deficient diet (approximately 0.1 μg of thiamine/day in basal diet). The concurrent administration of neopyrithiamin (50 μg day , i.p.) eliminated the depressant effect of 10.0 μig of thiamin/ day, but was without significant effect in rats receiving more than 100 μg of thiamin/ day. In contrast, 100 μg of oxythiamin/day had no thiamin-opposing effect on cytochrome P-450 content and only partially counteracted the effects of 1 μg of thiamin/day on aniline hydroxylase activity. These treatments were without significant effect on the K m for this reaction. Using ethyl isocyanide as the ligand, there appears to be a qualitative change induced in the cytochrome P-450 from thiamin-deficient rats. The absorption peak height ratios indicate that cytochrome P 1 -450 is increased in a manner analogous to that produced by the administration of 3-methylcholanthrene. This was supported by the fact that aniline binding, as evidenced by increased ΔA max , is enchanced in musomes from thiamin-deficient animals, whereas the hexobarbital spectral shift was unaltered.
CPA theory with correlative effects: application to the νs(PF3) stretch of PF3/Pt(111)

Abstract We present an approach based on the coherent potential approximation (CPA) with allowance for small to moderate correlations among sites and apply it to a vibrational Hamiltonian for less than full coverage. The CPA averaged Hamiltonian is employed to interpret the IRAS spectra of the νs(PF3) stretch of PF3/Pt(111). Island formation is modeled by introducing a correlation between occupied and unoccupied sites (admolecules and “holes”), which results in an additional effective potential term in the averaged Hamiltonian. The correlative effect is thought to originate from the band formation of the PF3 orbitals at intermediate coverages; which perturbs the vibrational frequency of oscillators in near proximity. The model suggests a different interpretation of the split band structure of the νs(PF3) lineshape at intermediate coverages than has been previously purported. The parameters invoked in the model are either readily determined from, or consistent with those inferred from, the experimental system.
Culprit-only or multivessel revascularization in patients with acute coronary syndromes: an American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Database Registry report

Background Multivessel (MV) coronary artery disease (CAD) frequently exists in patients presenting with non–ST-elevation (NSTE) acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). Although an early invasive strategy improves outcome in these patients, there are limited data on culprit-only, single-vessel (SV) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or MV PCI in the NSTE ACS setting. Methods To identify the predictors of SV versus MV PCI in patients with ACS and compare their outcomes up to hospital discharge, we analyzed the records of 105866 patients undergoing PCI with ACS and MV CAD from 402 centers reported to the American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Database Registry between 2000 and 2004. Demographic, clinical, and angiographic characteristics of the patients were used to create a propensity score for SV versus MV PCI. Results Single-vessel PCI was performed in 68% (72048 patients), whereas the remaining 32% (33818 patients) had MV PCI. Factors independently associated with the performance of SV versus MV PCI were presentation with NSTE infarction (vs unstable angina), adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.29 (95% CI 1.24-1.34); being older, adjusted OR of 1.09 (95% CI 1.08-1.11) per decade; and presence of total occlusion, adjusted OR of 1.25 (95% CI 1.16-1.36). The c-statistic for the model was 0.70. Procedural success was achieved in 91% of SV PCI and 88% of MV PCI ( P P = .09; adjusted OR 1.11 [95% CI 0.97-1.27], P = .13). Rates of morbidity, such as bleeding, development of renal failure, or nonfatal cardiogenic shock, were similar for both groups. Conclusions In patients with MV CAD, presenting with ACS and selected for PCI, performance of MV PCI appears to be associated with at least as successful an inhospital outcome as SV PCI.
Terraforming and the coming charm industries

Abstract We will only begin to develop a truly spacefaring civilization when it is in our interest to do so. One key issue is what constitutes a human “interest;” and even more important, how will human interests change during the coming era in which planetary engineering will become feasible. The European exploration of the Americas is a valuable analogy; the true beneficiaries of the Columbian discovery were not the aristocrats, sailors and warriors but the farmers and planters that followed them. If we are to get an accurate picture of the potential wealth to be gained from the solar system, we must recognize the successive waves of economic energy through which our civilization is passing. It is already clear that the shrinkage of employment and investment that occurred in farming is already happening to the extractive and manufacturing sectors and will happen to the information industries and the biotech/nanotech industries that will succeed them. Finally, we will be left with the irreducibly labor- and capital-intensive human industries of what we might call “charm”. The chief natural resources required for these industries are empty space and empty time, which would be plentiful in the new planetary habitats opened up by terraforming. The paper will explore a few of the practical and visionary possibilities of such a perspective.
Evaluating the Teaching of Introductory Psychology

Classes which perform better rate their teachers higher even when a “trade-off” is avoided.
The role of GABA(A) receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol: a decade of progress.

The past decade has brought many advances in our understanding of GABAA receptor-mediated ethanol action in the central nervous system. We now know that specific GABAA receptor subtypes are sensitive to ethanol at doses attained during social drinking while other subtypes respond to ethanol at doses attained by severe intoxication. Furthermore, ethanol increases GABAergic neurotransmission through indirect effects, including the elevation of endogenous GABAergic neuroactive steroids, presynaptic release of GABA, and dephosphorylation of GABAA receptors promoting increases in GABA sensitivity. Ethanol’s effects on intracellular signaling also influence GABAergic transmission in multiple ways that vary across brain regions and cell types. The effects of chronic ethanol administration are influenced by adaptations in GABAA receptor function, expression, trafficking, and subcellular localization that contribute to ethanol tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal hyperexcitability. Adolescents exhibit altered sensitivity to ethanol actions, the tendency for higher drinking and longer lasting GABAergic adaptations to chronic ethanol administration. The elucidation of the mechanisms that underlie adaptations to ethanol exposure are leading to a better understanding of the regulation of inhibitory transmission and new targets for therapies to support recovery from ethanol withdrawal and alcoholism.
Learning at the level of synergies for a robot weightlifter

Abstract Human motor coordination is associated with “synergies” in the neuromuscular system that cause our bodies to behave as coordinated units rather than collections of decoupled degrees of freedom. The focus of this paper is the role that synergies play for robot motor coordination, and in particular, we use a weightlifting task to demonstrate how trial-and-error learning can cause synergies to evolve from a simple control system and crude kinematic path. We also show how a robot learns to exploit its intrinsic dynamics, thereby improving performance, as individual joint motions become actively coupled via the control system.
The inhibition of the Neurospora crassa nitrate reductase complex by metal-binding agents.

Abstract 1. 1.|The Neurospora crassa nitrate reductase complex is sensitive to inhibition by the metal-binding agents cyanide, sulfide and thiourea. The degree of sensitivity and the inhibitory pattern produced by these inhibitors is dependent on the oxidation state of the enzyme. When oxidized, the nitrate reductase is less sensitive to the inhibitors, and their action is competitive with respect to nitrate. However, if the enzyme is reduced by preincubation with NADPH and FAD, its sensitivity to these particular metal-binding agents is increased and nitrate can no longer competitively alleviate their action. 2. 2.|Artificial electron acceptors for the diaphorase activity of the nitrate reductase complex can, in varying degrees, effect a reversal of this non-competitive inhibition of the reduced enzyme. 3. 3.|Presumably, the molybdenum moiety of the nitrate reductase complex has a greater affinity for the metal-binding agents when it is reduced. The phenomenon could serve to regulate the activity of the nitrate reductase complex.
Cytokines in viral diseases

As in many other areas of cytokine biology, recent studies of the role of cytokines in viral disease reveal numerous complex interactions that in many instances may contribute directly to the development of pathology. For example, data from the rapidly evolving field of human retrovirology has shown that these viruses, as well as inducing the expression of many cellular cytokine genes, can be activated from latency and driven into replication/expression by the very same cytokines. The continuing rapid expansion of knowledge in the cytokine area augers well for eventual development of novel antiviral therapeutic strategies based on manipulation of the cytokine network.
The role for microRNAs in drug toxicity and in safety assessment.

Introduction: Adverse drug reactions present significant challenges that impact pharmaceutical development and are major burdens to public health services worldwide. In response to this need, the field of toxicology is rapidly expanding to identify key pathways involved in drug toxicity.Areas covered: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small evolutionary conserved endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate the translation of protein-coding genes. A wide range of toxicants alter miRNA levels in target organs and these altered miRNAs can also be detected in easily accessible biological fluids. This, combined with an early miRNA response to toxic insults and miRNA stability, substantiates the potential for these small molecules to be useful biomarkers for drug safety assessment.Expert opinion: miRNAs are early indicators and useful tools to detect drug-induced toxicity. Incorporation of miRNA profiling into the drug safety testing process will complement currently used techniques and may substantially enhance d...
Radiative properties of optically anisotropic spheres and their climatic implications

The radiative properties of a multiply scattering atmosphere composed of optically anisotropic spheres are analyzed by using the Mie-eikonal approximation for the refractive-index tensor. Our preliminary conclusion is that, in evaluations of climatic implications of atmospheric particulates, it is important to incorporate specifically the radiative effects that are due to (1) nonspherical shape, (2) nonhomogeneity, (3) orientation, (4) optical anisotropy, and corresponding distributions, in addition to those of particle size and distribution.
Persistence and Inherent Predictability of Arctic Sea Ice in a GCM Ensemble and Observations

Abstract The temporal characteristics of Arctic sea ice extent and area are analyzed in terms of their lagged correlation in observations and a GCM ensemble. Observations and model output generally match, exhibiting a red-noise spectrum, where significant correlation (or memory) is lost within 2–5 months. September sea ice extent is significantly correlated with extent of the previous August and July, and thus these months show a predictive skill of the summer minimum extent. Beyond this initial loss of memory, there is an increase in correlation—a reemergence of memory—that is more ubiquitous in the model than observations. There are two distinct modes of memory reemergence in the model. The first, a summer-to-summer reemergence arises within the model from the persistence of thickness anomalies and their influence on ice area. The second, which is also seen in observations, is associated with anomalies in the growth season that originate in the melt season. This reemergence stems from the several-month ...
A confirmatory structural equations analysis of the job characteristics model

Abstract K. H. Roberts and W. Glick (1981 , Journal of Applied Psychology , 66 , 193–217) noted that research on J. R. Hackman and G. R. Oldham's (1976 , Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 16 , 250–279) job characteristics model has lacked consistency along a number of dimensions, including the nature and direction of the relationships hypothesized and the variables studied. Further, no variation on the model has been tested as a whole. This study was designed with two objectives: (1) to compare competing interpretations of the job characteristics model and (2) to test the job characteristics model more comprehensively than has been done in previous research. The question of which variation on the model is most useful has important implications, given the widespread use of job characteristics theory to guide productivity and satisfaction improvement efforts. Structural equations analysis can yield information to compare competing variations of the job characteristics model, and allow assessment of each interpretation's ability to describe data. Such analyses were performed on data collected by survey from 208 white-collar government employees. Findings indicate that a single-factor model, with that factor interpretable either as common method variance or generalized affect, explains these data at least as well as any traditional variation on job characteristics theory. The results are discussed in terms of further research on job characteristics, satisfaction, and performance.
A new perspective on global warming

Until recently, virtually all studies of changes and projected changes of near-surface temperature focused on the mean temperature. This value is often derived from the average of temperatures selected at various times of the day or from the daily maximum and minimum. Information on mean temperatures has been exchanged throughout the world and, in many areas, it extends back for well over a century. Unfortunately, even elementary observations such as the daily maximum and minimum temperatures have not been routinely available, despite their fundamental importance to understanding the impact of climate change in such spheres as agriculture, water resources, and the atmosphere.
Estimation of allowable errors for tilt parameter determination in protein electron crystallography

A three-dimensional reconstruction of a thin protein crystal requires an accurate assignment of amplitudes and phases in the three-dimensional reciprocal space. This assignment depends upon the tilt parameters which are experimentally determined. A theoretical estimate is made of the tolerable error in the determination of tilt parameters as a function of resolution and crystal thickness.
Fabry-Perot optical intensity modulator using merged epitaxial lateral overgrowth silicon films

ABSTRACT Single-crystal silicon is suitable for low-loss optoelectronic devices at the fiber-optical communicationswavelength of = 1.3 and 1.55 jim. Currently, there is a trend to achieve higher levels of integration in optoelectronicsystems. Usually, this involves hybrid packaging of silicon electronics with active optical devices. Optoelectronicsystems based on silicon have the potential to achieve high densities of integration, as well as provide incorporation of silicon electronics, long-wavelength integrated optical components1, and detectors24 . Thus, It is of great technologicalimportance to be able to make active optoelectronic devices in silicon which can be used as interfaces betweep siliconelectronic circuitry and fiber optics. For fiber-to-home and local area networks, robust and low cost components, whichare integrated circuits compatible with silicon electronic devices, are desirable at the user interface. A reflection or transmission type intensity modulator in silicon offers the possibility of such a realization.
Triage in medical practices: an unacceptable model?

Abstract Because many medical practices in conditions of scarcity mimic triage decisions, this paper undertakes an examination of justifications for such practices. The paper addresses, first, a very important principle commonly accepted in medical ethics—namely, other things being equal, it is ‘better’ to save more lives rather than less. It is argued that there are compelling reasons to challenge this principle—among them: (1) that acceptance of the principle commits one to an odd conception of valuing human life; and (2) that while ‘more is better’ may be a perfectly good reason for choosing the larger number, it doesn't have the status of a universally binding moral evaluation. In the final section of the paper, it is argued that there is a basic disanalogy between triage in wartime or disaster contexts and in more general allocation contexts in medicine.
Mentorship and career mobility: An empirical investigation

The literature on mentorship is briefly reviewed, revealing that many studies have documented the functions that mentors provide to proteges, including vocational and psychosocial support. This study investigates the link between these functions and the career mobility outcomes of proteges. Results from a random sample of 244 manufacturing managers supports previous research on the dimensions of mentoring. Further, vocational (coaching) and psycho-social (social support) were found to be related to managers' salary level and promotions. Implications of these results for future studies of mentoring are discussed.
A path defense approach to the multiplayer reach-avoid game

We consider a multiplayer reach-avoid game played between N attackers and N defenders moving with simple dynamics on a general two-dimensional domain. The attackers attempt to win the game by sending at least M of them (1 ≤ M ≤ N) to a target location while the defenders try to prevent the attackers from doing so by capturing them. The analysis of this game plays an important role in collision avoidance, motion planning, and aircraft control, among other applications involving cooperative agents. The high dimensionality of the game makes computing an optimal solution for either side intractable when N > 1. The solution is difficult even when N = 1. To address this issue, we present an efficient, approximate solution to the 1 vs. 1 problem. We call the approximate solution the “path defense solution”, which is conservative towards the defenders. This serves as a building block for an approximate solution of the multiplayer game. Compared to the classical Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs approach for solving the 1 vs. 1 game, our new method is orders of magnitude faster, and scales much better with the number of players.
Equations of state for calcite minerals. I. theoretical model for dry calcium carbonate

Abstract This paper describes a theoretical equation of state (EOS) for calcium carbonate that includes a treatment of solid-solid phase transitions and melting. The thermodynamic properties for each of four solid polymorphs are calculated by combining contributions from ion-ion interactions (cold curve) and lattice vibrational motion. A model for the liquid phase is constructed using fluid perturbation theory. The phase boundaries and multiphase EOS are computed by finding the phase having minimum Gibbs free energy at constant temperature and pressure. A discussion of the phase transitions under dynamic loading conditions is given. The model is in good agreement with experimental thermophysical properties, phase boundaries, and shock wave data.
The diffusion of boron in f.c.c. iron

Abstract Lattice parameter and solute diffusion data suggest that the solid solutions of boron in f.c.c. iron constitute a hybrid system, where the B-atoms simultaneously occupy both interstitial and substitutional sites. A thermodynamic and kinetic analysis based on first-order cluster statistics indicates that, although the substitutional solution mode dominates, solute transport is almost entirely due to interstitial hopping.
The game of matrix rings for cryptography

The security of any cryptosystem and key distribution scheme cannot be proved by mathematical inference. Only if a feasible attack method is revealed to be capable of breaking the scheme can we say that the corresponding scheme is not secure. In this paper we discuss the application of a matrix ring in the design of PKDS and the attack of some PKDSs.
Multifocal cytomegalovirus demyelinative polyneuropathy associated with AIDS.

A 47-year-old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presented 3 months antemortem with the onset of lower extremity sensory abnormalities. A progressive course of multifocal weakness and sensory disturbances ensued. Electrophysiologic studies revealed a generalized asymmetric demyelinating polyneuropathy with secondary axonal loss. The patient was sequentially treated with plasmapheresis, high dose corticosteroids, intravenous immune globulin, and ganciclovir. His neuropathy progressed, and he died of a fulminant bronchopneumonia. At autopsy the patient had a multifocal cytomegalovirus polyradiculoneuropathy, with both demyelinative and necrotizing features. While cytomegalovirus may be associated with a variety of peripheral nerve syndromes, its clinical presentation as a primary demyelinating polyneuropathy is unusual. Its importance vis-a-vis potential therapy for AIDS-associated neuropathies is discussed.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TEXTURED WHEY PROTEIN PRODUCED AT VARYING PROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS

This research investigated the range of whey protein in a whey protein/starch mixture needed to produce an extrusion-textured whey product that contained a fibrous texture. It was determined that protein levels ranging from 48 to 64% were necessary for fiber formation. The functionality of textured whey protein (TWP) extrudates produced at three protein levels (48, 53 and 64%) from three different whey sources was characterized at three pH values (3, 5 and 7) and four temperatures (25, 50, 70 and 90C) with respect to solids lost (SL) and water-holding capacity (WHC). Significant differences were found in SL and WHC for each of the four variables. The consumer acceptability of beef patties extended by 50% TWP containing 48% protein was more acceptable to consumers than patties containing 50% textured vegetable protein, but scored lower than the 100% beef patties. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This study determined the maximum and minimum amount of whey protein in a whey protein/starch mixture required to produce an extrusion-textured whey product that contained a fibrous texture for use as a meat extender. There were no functional benefits of increasing the concentration of whey protein from 48%, which would not likely be practiced because whey protein is more costly than starch. Beef patties extended with 50% textured whey protein showed less cook loss, fat loss and diameter reduction than 100% beef patties while having sensory scores that were higher than patties extended with 50% textured vegetable protein.
Inhibition of mouse oocyte cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase by steroid hormones: a possible mechanism for steroid hormone inhibition of oocyte maturation

Testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol-17 beta each inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase activity of mouse oocyte extracts in a concentration-dependent manner. This finding provides an explanation for the inhibitory effect of steroid hormones on germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) of mouse oocytes in vitro. Furthermore, it raises the possibility that steroid hormones present in follicular fluid participate in maintaining meiotic arrest in vivo by acting in a nonclassical manner.
Quality of Emergency Care on the Night Shift

Objectives: To determine whether performance decrements at night actually translate into worsened measures of quality of patient care in the emergency department (ED). Emergency physicians and healthcare workers are sleepier and less cognitively proficient at night than during the day. Despite a lack of data, medical errors have been attributed to these deficits, and pharmacologic solutions recently have been suggested. Methods: The authors studied 36 months of emergency care and measured quality indicators, including early mortality (deaths occurring after arrival in the ED or within 48 hours of hospital admission), frequency of return after ED discharge, time to thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), frequency of aspirin use in AMI, and performance of endotracheal intubation. Comparisons were by time of day in eight-hour epochs. Results: There were 345,000 patient encounters in the study period. The distribution in time was determined for 25,079 sampled ED visits, 3,666 admissions, and 507 early deaths. Estimated early mortality was 0.5% (95% CI = 0.0 to 1.0%) greater at night compared with during the day. There was no effect of time of day on 1,828 returns with admission after ED discharge. In 257 patients who received thrombolytics for AMI, mean time-to-treatment and frequency of aspirin use were not worse at night. In 443 emergent endotracheal intubations, there was no difference at night in the duration or number of attempts required, or in protocol adherence. Conclusions: Quality indicators used in this study do not demonstrate marked deficits in patient care occurring at night. A very small, but measurable, increase in early mortality was identified. Improved measures to counter circadian disruption warrant study but may result in minimal improvements in patient care.
Current algebras and liquid helium

Abstract Several theories for elementary excitations in liquid 4 He are examined within the formalism of the nonrelativistic current algebra. We make use of the Helmholtz decomposition for the current operator, and an appropriate collective approximation to the algebra. The Bogoliubov spectrum is obtained, as has been done previously. An appropriate rescaling of the phonon operators then yields the Landau condition for superfluid flow. The transverse part of the Hamiltonian yields the Hamiltonian for vortex-vortex interactions in three dimensions. Examination of the current operators under the Helmholtz decomposition yields the operators describing a quantum vortex, first given by Rasetti and Regge, and their theory follows directly. Further examination of the smeared operators yields the roton theory of Feynman and Feynman and Cohen, which we modify using the Helmholtz decomposition.
Estimation of Adaptive Antenna Induced Code and Carrier Phase Bias in GNSS Receivers

An approach to estimate the adaptive antenna induced code phase and carrier phase biases in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receivers is described. In the approach, the in situ volumetric patterns of individual antenna elements are used. Since these patterns do not vary with the incident signal scenario, the patterns can be measured/analyzed in advance and can be stored for the estimation of antenna induced biases. We demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed approach by comparing the estimated biases with the results obtained using computer simulations. In practice, GNSS receivers use early and late time responses to find the peak of the cross-correlation function. Early minus late based discriminators assume the cross correlation function to be symmetrical. Due to the non-linear phase of GNSS antennas (fixed as well as adaptive antennas) over the satellite signal bandwidth, the cross-correlation function may not be symmetrical, leading to an additional bias. In this paper, we also present an extension to our estimation approach to include this receiver induced bias in the antenna bias.
Organische Verbindungen in Feinstaub

Die Eigenschaften von Feinstaub in der Atmosphare sind kaum bekannt, ein Grosteil der organischen Substanzen in den Partikeln ist noch nicht identifiziert. Hier sind Methoden gefragt, mit denen sich kontinuierlich uber Jahre die Zusammensetzung der Staube beobachten lasst.
Large magnetostriction in Fe-based alloys predicted by density functional theory

Through systematic density functional calculations using the full potential linearized augmented plane-wave method, extraordinary large magnetostrictions are found in Fe-based alloys with appropriate mixing of metalloid and $5d$ element. For instance, tetragonal magnetostrictive coefficients of ${\text{Fe}}_{87.5}{\text{Pt}}_{6.25}{\text{Ga}}_{6.25}$ and ${\text{Fe}}_{75}{\text{Pt}}_{6.25}{\text{Ge}}_{18.75}$ in their model structures can reach to $+943\text{ }\text{ppm}$ and $\ensuremath{-}3553\text{ }\text{ppm}$, respectively. This was assigned to the availability of nonbonding states around the Fermi level and the large spin-orbit coupling of $5d$ atoms. The effects of distribution patterns of $5d$ and metalloid elements and their hybridization are discussed to provide insights for further experimental explorations.
A Krasnosel'skii-type theorem for nonclosed sets in the plane

This work will be concerned with a Krasnosel'skii-type theorem for nonclosed bounded sets in R2, and the following result will be obtained: Let S be a nonempty bounded set in R2 whose complement consists of a finite number of locally compact components. Assume that every 4 or fewer points in S see a common point via S. Then for some point p in cl S, the set A ≡ {s ∶ s in S and (p,s] $$\not \subseteq$$ S} is nowhere dense in S. The number 4 is best possible.
Interactions between target and masking stimuli: Perceptual and event-related potential effects

Abstract Two separate experiments were conducted to determine the nature of the visual event related potential (ERP) at two different cortical areas under conditions of backward visual masking and to see the effects of varied inter-stimulus-intervals (ISIs) upon both masking and the ERP. The results of the first experiment clearly demonstrated visual ERP attenuation at a target-mask ISI of 40 ms, an ISI which consistently produced masking. Both experiments showed that this effect was specific for the occipital recording site since amplitude reductions were not observed at the vertex under this condition. The mask alone condition produced the largest amplitude ERPs in both experiments. Again, this was specific for Oz. In the second experiment target-mask ISIs which did not produce backward masking (i.e., 10 ms and 100 ms) were not accompanied by ERP amplitude reductions. The results may be explained by a cortical excitatory-inhibitory model. That is, when successive stimuli are presented to the visual system, the visual cortical excitation produced by the initial stimuli is inhibited by the presentation of subsequent stimuli when temporal and spatial intervals are appropriate.
High correlations of norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine and their major metabolite excretion rates.

• We have previously reported high correlations between norepinephrine and its metabolite outputs in depressed patients. In this article, we expand this finding to healthy volunteers and alcoholic patients. Furthermore, we find similar high correlations between urinary outputs of dopamine, norepinephrine, and their major metabolites. The same is true, to a lesser degree, for epinephrine and metanephrine outputs. There are implications of these findings for psychobiological research on the monoamine systems.
Representations of nilpotent Lie algebras

Let (L,[p]) a finite dimensional nilpotent restricted Lie algebra of characteristic \(p \geq 3, \chi \in L^*\) a linear form. In this paper we study the representation theory of the reduced universal enveloping algebra \(u(L,\chi )\). It is shown that \(u(L,\chi )\) does not admit blocks of tame representation type. As an application, we prove that the nonregular AR-components of \(u(L,\chi )\) are of types \(\Bbb Z [A_\infty ]\) or \(\Bbb Z [A_n]/(\tau )\).