cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smartphones in Surgery

Smartphones have the capability of enhancing many aspects of the continuum of surgical care by providing an efficient means of multimedia communication among surgeons and healthcare personnel. The ability for mobile Internet and email access, along with features such as built-in cameras and video calling, allow surgeons to rapidly access, send and receive patient information without being restricted by issues of connectivity. Smartphones create an unrestricted network of data sharing, improving the flexibility of patient consultation, timeliness of preoperative preparation, efficiency of post-operative care and the effectiveness of a surgical team. Furthermore, smartphones provide mobile access to a multitude of surgical resources to bolster continued surgical education. This article presents a review of the current literature on the utilizations of smartphones in surgery, discusses their benefits and limitations, and addresses the possibility of incorporating smartphones into the protocol of surgical care.
Effectiveness of stuck-at test sets to detect bridging faults in Iddq environment

Recently, it has been recognized that logic testing is very inefficient to detect physical defects in CMOS circuits. Most of the physical defects are modeled as bridging and open faults, which are not detected using a stuck-at fault model. In this study, we examined the detect efficiency of stuck-at test sets for bridging faults in Iddq environment. Our stuck-at test vectors are generated by standard ATPG programs. These test vectors are applied while power supply current is monitored. A high current state in the circuit is considered as a presence of a fault. Sets of combinational and sequential circuits are used in this study. The results are given in terms of intra-transistor and gate-level bridging fault coverages. >
Histological study of motor innervation of nuclear bag1 intrafusal muscle fibers in the cat

The nerve supply to spindles of the cat tenuissimus muscle was reconstructed with light and electron microscopy of serial transverse sections. Fifty-two poles of the nuclear bag1 intrafusal muscle fiber were examined for motor innervation. The fiber poles were supplied by 71 myelinated motor axons that either terminated on bag1 fibers exclusively (93%) or coinnervated a chain fiber of the same intrafusal bundle (7%). No axons coinnervated both the bag1 and bag2 fibers. The unmyelinated preterminal segments of the axons were frequently short. Lengths and pre- and postsynaptic features of motor endings on bag1 fibers were variable. These features did not permit reliable classification of the endings into more than one morphological category. Moreover, the terminals of fusimotor (gamma) and skeletofusimotor (beta) axons on bag1 fibers appeared similar in cross-section. The degree of indentation of axon terminals into the surface of bag1 fibers increased with increasing distance from the spindle equator. However, cross-sectional areas of sole plates and axon terminals were relatively constant regardless of distance from the equator. The subjunctional membranes of both gamma and beta bag1 endings were typically smooth in contour. Bag1 endings differed from those on bag2 and typical chain fibers in having a thicker sole plate, frequently indented axon terminals, and unfolded subjunctional membranes. None of the bag1 endings resembled an extrafusal end plate. These observations indicated that (1) the dynamic (bag1) and static (bag2 and chain) intrafusal systems of the cat spindle are under separate motor control, and (2) the type of intrafusal fiber and the distance of the motor ending from the equator have a greater influence on the form and structure of bag1 endings than do supplying axons.
Physics of Carrier Backscattering in One- and Two-Dimensional Nanotransistors

The physics of carrier backscattering in 1-D and 2-D transistors is examined analytically and by numerical simulation. An analytical formula for the backscattering coefficient is derived for elastic scattering in a 1-D channel. This formula shows that the critical length for backscattering is somewhat longer than the kT length, and it depends on the shape of the channel potential profile. For inelastic scattering, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations show that the critical length is related to the phonon energy. The MC simulations also show that although the scattering physics in 1-D and 2-D transistors is very different, the overall backscattering characteristics are surprisingly similar. For an elastic process, this similarity is due to the compensating effects of the scattering rate and the fraction of scattered carriers, which contribute to the backscattering coefficient. For an inelastic process, the critical length is determined from the phonon energy for both 1-D and 2-D channels.
Seeing patterns in the noise

How do observers detect the presence of objects or features in visual images? Stochastic stimuli (for example, white noise) have become popular choices for providing a linear characterization of early sensory mechanisms. A recent paper by Neri and Heeger takes this type of methodology a step further, and succeeds in isolating and characterizing non-linear mechanisms responsible for the detection and identification of a specific visual target.
Strategies to Develop Students’ Conceptual Understanding and Singing Accuracy of Pitch

Students’ skill development in the production and discrimination of music pitches is a goal for most music education programs. The development of these skills can begin with students’ earliest musi...
Victim Confidentiality on Sexual Assault Response Teams (SART)

The purpose of this study is to examine how professionals and paraprofessionals involved with a Sexual Assault Response Team (SART) understand and navigate different professional statutory requirements for victim confidentiality. Telephone surveys are conducted with 78 professionals: medical (27.8%), criminal justice (44.3%), and victim advocacy (27.8%). The majority of participants (58.2%) disagree with the statement that maintaining victim confidentiality posed a challenge to coordination on SART, 10.1% were neutral, and 31.7% agreed with the statement. Significantly more victim advocates than criminal justice and medical professionals perceive that maintaining victim confidentiality posed a challenge to coordination on SART. Consensus on how best to conceptualize victim confidentiality within SART has not been attained. Findings show that not all criminal justice and medical professionals understood the statutory provision of privilege to communications between rape crisis victim advocates and victims. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Limited Audience Costs in International Crises

Do audience costs have to be extremely large in order to credibly signal resolve and affect international crises? Existing theoretical work on audience costs suggests an affirmative answer, and recent empirical work on audience costs focuses on whether a leader can generate such large audience costs as to create a commitment to fight where no such commitment previously existed. We analyze a richer crisis bargaining model with audience costs and find that (1) audience costs can have war-reducing effects on incomplete-information crisis bargaining through a noninformative, bargaining-leverage mechanism and (2) audience costs can have war-reducing effects even when such large audience costs are not being generated as to create a commitment to fight where no such commitment previously existed. Even more limited audience costs can have war-reducing effects in international crises. We discuss how the bargaining-leverage mechanism is consistent with a number of prominent historical cases.
Minimal late Holocene sea level rise in the Chukchi Sea: arctic insensitivity to global change?

Long-term estimates of sea level rise are essential for planning responses to anthropogenic global change. The tectonically stable, unglaciated eastern Chukchi Sea coast has numerous depositional environments for extracting long-term records in the absence of tide gauge data. Radiocarbon ages (n=27) on paleo-marsh beds along several Seward Peninsula lagoons allows the reconstruction of sea level over the last 6000 years in northwest Alaska and indicate a modest sea level rise, 1.5 m, or 0.27 mm year 1 . Neoglacial (1600–200 cal BC) storm deposits from Kotzebue Sound to Barrow are 1–1.5 m below modern storm surge elevations, supporting the inference of a lower eustatic sea level. Our data-constrained sea level curve establishes that the Chukchi Sea responds at a considerably slower rate than other regions of the world, supporting recent models of isostatic response for the arctic. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Kinetics of the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with alkanes and cycloalkanes

Abstract. The available database concerning rate constants for gas-phase reactions of the hydroxyl (OH) radical with alkanes through early 2003 is presented over the entire temperature range for which measurements have been made (~180-2000 K). Measurements made using relative rate methods are re-evaluated using recent rate data for the reference compound (generally recommendations from this review). In general, whenever more than one study has been carried out over an overlapping temperature range, recommended rate constants or temperature-dependent rate expressions are presented. The recommended 298 K rate constants, temperature-dependent parameters, and temperature ranges over which these recommendations are applicable are listed in Table 1.
Does Height Matter? An Examination of Height Preferences in Romantic Coupling:

Amidst increasingly equality in belief and in practice between the sexes, we ask if height preferences still matter, and if so, why people say they matter. First, we collected data from Yahoo! dating personal advertisements. Second, we used answers to open-ended questions in an online survey. The Yahoo! data document that height is still important in decisions to date but that it is more important to females than to males. Results from the online survey indicate that women wanted tall men for a variety of reasons, but most of the explanations of our respondents were connected to societal expectations or gender stereotypes. Gender-based legitimation of height preferences seem to be more central than evolutionary-based legitimation, but future work may discover a more nuanced interpretation.
Integrating time alignment and neural networks for high performance continuous speech recognition

The authors describe two systems in which neural network classifiers are merged with dynamic programming (DP) time alignment methods to produce high-performance continuous speech recognizers. One system uses the connectionist Viterbi-training (CVT) procedure, in which a neural network with frame-level outputs is trained using guidance from a time alignment procedure. The other system uses multi-state time-delay neural networks (MS-TDNNs), in which embedded DP time alignment allows network training with only word-level external supervision. The CVT results on the, TI Digits are 99.1% word accuracy and 98.0% string accuracy. The MS-TDNNs are described in detail, with attention focused on their architecture, the training procedure, and results of applying the MS-TDNNs to continuous speaker-dependent alphabet recognition: on two speakers, word accuracy is respectively 97.5% and 89.7%. >
A process-centric data mining and visual analytic tool for exploring complex social networks

Social scientists and observational scientists have a need to analyze complex network data sets. Examples of such exploratory tasks include: finding communities that exist in the data, comparing results from different graph mining algorithms, identifying regions of similarity or dissimilarity in the data sets, and highlighting nodes with important centrality properties. While many methods, algorithms, and visualizations exist, the capability to apply and combine them for ad-hoc visual exploration or as part of an analytic workflow process is still an open problem that needs to be addressed to help scientists, especially those without extensive programming knowledge. In this paper, we present Invenio-Workflow, a tool that supports exploratory analysis of network data by integrating workflow, querying, data mining, statistics, and visualization to enable scientific inquiry. Invenio-Workflow can be used to create custom exploration tasks, in addition to the standard task templates. After describing the features of the system, we illustrate its utility through several use cases based on networks from different domains.
C&RL Spotlight

role of librarians in providing data services to researchers and the role of the library in establishing and implementing data management plans as a component of the broader academic research enterprise. The combination of uncertainty and optimism about the librarian’s role in a swiftly changing research landscape reported by the participants in this study reflects themes also prominent in reports of the ALA Summit, including the need to embrace new roles for the library that remain consistent with core values and the need to consider the professional skill set(s) that will characterize the successful academic library of the future. The future of staffing for library services is also a theme reflected in Julie Mitchell and Nathalie Soini’s “Student Involvement for Student Success: Student Staff in the Learning Commons,” a study of the learning commons service models at libraries that depend on undergraduate students to answer “the diverse and complex questions” received at public service desks. These and other issues discussed at the Summit (and at
Increasing Teacher Use of Career-Relevant Instruction A Randomized Control Trial of CareerStart

Student engagement is a critical aspect of the learning process and a known predictor of school success. We report on an evaluation of a classroom intervention, CareerStart, designed to promote engagement through the use of career-relevant instruction whereby teachers use examples to tie the lesson material to knowledge and skills students can see as relevant to potential future careers. Evidence from a randomized control trial indicates that among math teachers, CareerStart increases the use of career-relevant instruction. We discuss research and policy implications of these findings. We argue that CareerStart should be investigated further, and that policymakers and educators should consider this program or similar relevance-based efforts when looking to reform teaching practice.
The genetic basis of colony opacity in Streptococcus pneumoniae: evidence for the effect of box elements on the frequency of phenotypic variation

Summary Streptococcus pneumoniae undergoes spontaneous phase variation in colony morphology. Differences in colony opacity have previously been shown to correlate with differences in the ability of organisms to colonize the mucosal surface of the nasopharynx in an animal model. The genetic basis of opacity variation was identified in transformation experiments. A DNA library, from a strain that varies at high frequency, was screened to identify a single clone capable of transforming a transparent recipient strain which varies at low frequency to an opaque phenotype. Analysis of this opacity locus revealed two genes, glpD and glpF, with similarity to genes required for glycerol metabolism in other bacteria. Following the pneumococcal glpF, repetitive intergenic elements, boxes A and C, were identified. These stem-loop-forming elements were not present in the same locus of the recipient strain. Although not required for phase variation in colony opacity, the box element was necessary for expression of phase variation at high frequency. Introduction of the box elements during transformation affected colony morphology, possibly by altering expression of a putative regulatory gene downstream from the box element. Mutagenesis within this region confirmed the contribution of the putative regulatory gene to the expression of colony opacity. Growth characteristics of strains generated in this study provide additional evidence for an association of differences in cell wall autolysis and variation in colony opacity.
Factors Affecting the Fertilizer-use Decision of Maize Farmers in Ghana

This work examines the factors that influence whether or not a farmer applies inorganic fertilizer in the Ghanaian context. Current maize yields in Ghana average only one-third of their estimated potential, but this yield gap can be reduced by improving farming practices and growing conditions in Ghana; specifically, yields in Ghana can likely be increased by intensifying the use of inorganic fertilizer, other inputs, and irrigation systems. Recently, Ghana introduced a fertilizer subsidy program to help increase fertilizer-use rates. This paper examines alternate instruments for increasing fertilizer use by determining farm-holder characteristics correlated with inorganic fertilizer use. The results show that the farmer's distance from the closest weekly market, whether the farmer has a pre-harvest contract, and whether the farmer has property rights on the field have a significant effect on fertilizer use.
The Full Story: Automatic detection of unique news content in Microblogs

In recent years a large portion of news dissemination has shifted from traditional outlets to individual users on platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. Accordingly, methods for detecting newsworthy and otherwise useful information on these platforms have received a lot of research attention. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm to automatically capture core differences in newsworthy content between microblog and traditional news media streams and discuss why it is difficult to capture such information using traditional text-based search mechanisms. We describe an experiment to tune and evaluate the algorithm using a corpus of 35 million Twitter messages and 6,112 New York Times articles on a variety of topics. Finally, we describe an online user study (N=200) to evaluate user perceptions of content recommended by our algorithm. Results show significant differences in user perception of newsworthiness and uniqueness of content from our algorithm.
The fate of challenge schistosome cercariae in a monkey immunized by cercariae exposed to high doses of x-irradiation.

SummaryIn a rhesus monkey immunized by cercariae of S. japonicum exposed to high doses of X-irradiation, the perishment of challenge cervariae was found mainly in the skin. Thus our former statement that a strong resistance against schistosome infection in rhesus monkeys can be induced by previous immunizations with cercariae exposed to a large amount of X-irradiation is confirmed. The fact that the perishment of the immunizing cercariae took place in the skin of the rhesus monkey, and the death of the challenge cercariae occurred also in the skin, strongly suggests that a stage specific anti-schistosomular antibody may function in this case.
Surface Enzyme Chemistries for Ultrasensitive Microarray Biosensing with SPR Imaging.

The sensitivity and selectivity of surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) biosensing with nucleic acid microarrays can be greatly enhanced by exploiting various nucleic acid ligases, nucleases, and polymerases that manipulate the surface-bound DNA and RNA. We describe here various examples from each of these different classes of surface enzyme chemistries that have been incorporated into novel detection strategies that either drastically enhance the sensitivity of or create uniquely selective methods for the SPRI biosensing of proteins and nucleic acids. A dual-element generator–detector microarray approach that couples a bioaffinity adsorption event on one microarray element to nanoparticle-enhanced SPRI measurements of nucleic acid hybridization adsorption on a different microarray element is used to quantitatively detect DNA, RNA, and proteins at femtomolar concentrations. Additionally, this dual-element format can be combined with the transcription and translation of RNA from surface-bound double-st...
Phototaxis and Geotaxis of Light-adapted Zoeae of the Golden King Crab Lithodes Aequispinus (Anomura: Lithodidae) in the Laboratory

ABSTRACT Phototaxis and gcotaxis of light-adapted zoeae of the golden king crab Lithodes aequispinus Benedict were investigated in the laboratory. Stages I, II, and III zoeae were positively phototactic to white-light intensities of 1.5 x 1015 q s ' cm 2 and 3.1 x 10" q s ' cm 2. No significant response was observed in zoeae of any stage to 7.3 x 10" q s-1 cm-2. Negative geotaxis was observed in all three stages, although this response was significantly diminished in stages II and III. These behaviors are similar to those seen in stage I larvae of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus, as well as in later zoeal stages of several brachyuran crabs.
When Loggers Were Green: Lumber, Labor, and Conservation, 1937–1948

From 1937 to 1948, the International Woodworkers of America challenged the timber industry's forestry practices, attempting to reshape the Northwest's timber industry to work for the sustainability of logging communities and the forest instead of corporate profits. Their activities demonstrate the long history of unions pressing for the environmental agenda of their members.
The Strength and Fracture of Passive Oxide Films on Metals

Passive films have been grown electrochemically on a polycrystalline titanium alloy. By varying the applied voltages, the film thickness is varied. A testing apparatus has been constructed to allow measurements of nanomechanical properties during electrochemical testing using a Ag/AgCl reference electrode in a traditional three-electrode potentiostatic scan. The stress at which oxide film fracture occurs is correlated to the applied potential. Observations of in situ film fracture measurements on single grains during immersion show the strength of the film remains constant in environments in which the film is inert, but decreases by approximately 20% in solutions which lead to corrosion. The fracture mode of the oxide has been observed using atomic force microscopy, and is shown to qualitatively match the largest tensile stresses which develop using elastic contact mechanics. A simplified model for determining the maximum tensile stress around an indentation is presented, and is used to show the stress required for fracture increases approximately linearly with increasing applied anodic polarization, from 850 MiPa to approximately 3 GPa for applied potentials between 1 and 9 V.
Pattern of the insulin-like growth factor II gene expression during rat embryogenesis.

The rat insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene, encoding a fetal somatomedin, expresses a family of transcripts in embryonic/fetal tissues, and also in the adult choroid plexus and the leptomeninges. We have localized IGF-II gene transcripts in sections of rat embryos of embryonic days 10–16 by performing in situ hybridization. These transcripts are present in the head mesenchyme, formed from both the mesoderm and the cephalic portion of the neural crest, and also in the majority of other tissues of mesodermal origin, predominantly those derived from the somites and the lateral mesoderm. Intense labelling was detected in muscle cells, and their precursors, throughout the examined stages, whereas in chondrocytes the initial high level of hybridization declined substantially prior to ossification. IGF-II gene transcripts are also present in derivatives of other germ layers, but in restricted sites. Thus, from the derivatives of the endoderm, only the liver and the bronchial epithelium yielded hybridization signals. Ectoderm-derived tissues, including the central and peripheral nervous system, were negative for hybridization, with the exception of the choroid plexus, the newly forming pituitary rudiment and, to a lesser extent, the auditory placode. The pattern of IGF-II gene expression during embryogenesis overlaps significantly with the reported distribution of immunohistochemically detected TGF-beta 1. A paracrine/autocrine role for IGF-II in the developmental process is discussed.
Restudy on Electrolytic Corrosion on Fittings of DC Cap and Pin Insulators

There is electrolytic corrosion phenomenon on the fittings of cap and pin insulator of DC transmission line.For the insulator strings of positive pole line the steel foots are corroded easily,and the iron caps for the insulators of negative pole line are also corroded.When polluted V-shaped insulator strings are affected with damp,the density of local surface leakage current from the axial direction of insulator string to its lower edge will increase and the local electrolytic corrosion is much more serious than that happened in I-shaped insulator strings.To ensure the reliability of insulator strings’ mechanical strength in their long-term operation,it is necessary to add sacrifice electrodes to the iron caps and steel foots according to service conditions.It has aroused much concern that electrolytic corrosion leads to premature rust on iron caps for V-shaped insulator strings of negative pole line,however in view of the difficulty of observation the rust on the zinc sleeves of steel foots for V-shaped insulator strings of positive pole line is ignored,thus the design of zinc sleeve of steel foot for V-shaped insulator strings of positive pole line has to be improved while special attention is paid to install zinc rings to the iron caps for V-shaped insulator strings of negative pole line.
Research on the Web Impacts of Three Portal Websites of Chinese Resources

To enhance Web impacts of portal websites of Chinese resources and promote the building of them,this paper use three index systems which are Web Impact Factor,Alexa ranking and Gozee score to evaluate three portal websites of Chinese resources such as Tsinghua Tongfang,wanfang,vip.Web impacts of three portal websites of Chinese resources are compared and then propose their appropriate Countermeasures.
Marshall’s vs Wicksell’s Theory of the Cumulative Process

AbstractIt has generally not been emphasized that both Marshall and Wicksell used an identical mechanism based on the “cumulative process” to explain how inflation would occur during an expansionary cycle in the relatively short period. The differences between their versions of the cumulative process will be emphasized, including their respective interest mechanisms. Then, it will be shown that although Wicksell put the assumption of full employment and inflation on center stage, Marshall, in analyzing how an economy could escape a troubling depression, described how new employment, as well as a moderate inflation would occur during the upward cycle. Marshall’s analysis of cycles was much more realistic than Wicksell’s.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Retropepsin

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the structural chemistry and the biological aspects of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) retropepsin. FIV is a member of the lentivirus subfamily. The dimeric FIV retropepsin has been crystallized and its structure has been determined. The enzyme resembles HIV retropepsin in most details; however, the longer length of the FIV enzyme (116 versus 99 amino acid residues) results in three surface loops that are larger in the FIV enzyme. These can be thought of as insertions in the HIV sequence/structure, and include residues 48–50, 77–81 and 94–96 of the FIV sequence. This allows the central ‘core’ components of the FIV enzyme to superimpose exactly on the HIV structure. The now familiar ‘flaps' that cover the active-site cleft are nearly identical between FIV and HIV retropepsins. The FIV sequence naturally contains substitutions that are identical to the amino acids that arise in HIV retropepsin in response to drug challenge. The enzyme has been chemically synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli.
IYL 2015 celebrations

The International Year of Light 2015 was designed to raise awareness of light sciences. In order to raise awareness, events were encouraged to get the public involved. Both Central Carolina Community College (CCCC) and Indian River State College (IRSC) held a total of three lectures in 2015 celebrating the IYL 2015. IRSC hosted lectures on March 6th and June 11th. CCCC hosted a lecture on November 17th. These lectures drew a total of over 400 attendees. Lectures revolved around their own unique themes relating to light sciences in industry and academia. With great support from Laser-Tec, SPIE, and NSF, these lectures were successful at exposing and advertising the optics field to the public, as well as promising up-and-coming students. These lectures hosted several keynote speakers on behalf of both industry and academia. The speakers were successful at keeping the audience engaged through presentations and question-and-answer sessions. In addition, lab tours allowed the attendees a chance to see the programs in action. Many takeaways will prove to be invaluable when pursuing such events in the future. This paper will not only speak to the tremendous success of these lectures, but will take an honest look at the areas for improvement. It is important to note that independent events can be held for the expansion of local programs leading to national, if not global, increase in communal awareness and participation. These events will serve as a continuation for what the IYL 2015 was designed.
Gender similarities in response to figure-size feedback in a selected nonclinical population

In this study we examined the effect of figure-size feedback on the body image, self-esteem, and negative mood states of college men and women who were within normal body weight and did not show symptoms of eating disorders. The feedback was manipulated to represent the opinions of their classmates. Men were expected to show a positive bias in their response to the feedback, whereas women were expected to respond in accordance with the positive and negative valence of the feedback. Multivariate analysis of covariance, controlled for pretest scores, revealed nonsignificant differences between men and women. Those in the negative feedback condition reported fewer instances of negative appearance-related feedback in their past than did those in the no feedback condition and those from a more inclusive population that was the normative sample for the measure. This suggests a compensatory strategy to refute the negative feedback.
Dynamical System Modeling to Simulate Donor T Cell Response to Whole Exome Sequencing-Derived Recipient Peptides: Understanding Randomness in Clinical Outcomes Following Stem Cell Transplantation

Alloreactivity following stem cell transplantation (SCT) is difficult to predict in patients undergoing transplantation from HLA matched donors. In this study we performed whole exome sequencing of SCT donor-recipient pairs (DRP). This allowed determination of entire library of alloreactive peptide sequences which would bind HLA class I molecules in each DRP. Utilizing the HLA binding affinity (IC50) and tissue expression levels of the parent proteins, an aggregate donor T cell response to the recipient alloreactive peptides was calculated using a vector-operator dynamical system model. Marked variability in the simulated CD8+ T cell responses was observed in all the donor recipient pairs.
Looking Back: Safety of Current Treatments

The clinical use of corticosteroid, viscosupplementation, and local anesthestic injections for intra-articular musculoskeletal pathologies remains a popular treatment option. For patients, these options offer a low-risk, minimally invasive, pain-relieving solution for a variety of joint-related complaints. For clinicians, injections often provide diagnostic information in addition to providing therapeutic benefit to the patient. In general, intra-articular injections are considered safe with a low-risk profile; however, adverse events have been reported, and it is critical for patients to understand all possible outcomes after an injection, including complications. In this article, we provide an overview of several common injectable agents for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries and pathologies, with a special focus on the safety profile of corticosteroids, viscosupplementation, and local anesthesic agents.
A Density Functional + U Assessment of Oxygen Evolution Reaction Mechanisms on β-NiOOH

NiOx has long been studied both as a battery cathode material and electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Numerous investigations have demonstrated that Fe-doped nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) is one of the most active OER catalysts in alkaline media. Despite extensive research, however, many unanswered questions pertaining to the OER mechanism on this material remain. Here, using density functional theory + U calculations, we compare several surfaces of β-NiOOH studied for the OER and determine that unlike some earlier models selected, the (001) surface is the most stable surface under electrochemical conditions. We then examine several magnetic states of this material and predict that, unlike bulk β-NiOOH, (001)-β-NiOOH manifests a slight preference to be ferromagnetic. We then use the resulting structural model to compare in detail four commonly proposed OER mechanisms. In addition to excluding a proposed mechanism involving hydrogen peroxide formation, we identify multiple binuclear mech...
Information Flow in a Boolean Network Model of Collective Behavior

In animal groups, leaders have often been proposed to be those individuals who possess additional knowledge about their surroundings, such as the location of a food source or a potential predator. Understanding how this information propagates through the group to shape collective response is an important step to elucidate the evolutionary basis of leadership. In this paper, we study a Boolean model of collective behavior, in which a single leader interacts with a group of followers in a binary decision-making process. Through an analytical treatment of the associated Markov chain, we establish closed-form solutions for the transition probability matrix and the stationary distribution, as functions of the noise in the decision-making process and the size of the group. We leverage these expressions to quantify information transfer within the group, measured through the information-theoretic construct of transfer entropy. We find that information transfer depends nonlinearly on the group size and noise. For low noise intensities, the system is nearly deterministic, such that no information is shared within the group; an equivalent effect is observed for large noise intensities, which mask the information transfer. We determine the existence of critical noise intensities at which the leader maximizes information transfer to a follower or followers maximize information sharing between each other for a given group size. These analytical findings suggest that noise might have a positive role in collective behavior, facilitating the transfer of knowledge within the group, from leaders to followers.
Fast Quasi-Static Time-Series (QSTS) for yearlong PV impact studies using vector quantization

Abstract The rapidly growing penetration levels of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems requires more comprehensive studies to understand their impact on distribution feeders. IEEE P.1547 highlights the need for Quasi-Static Time Series (QSTS) simulation in conducting distribution impact studies for distributed resource interconnection. Unlike conventional scenario-based simulation, the time series simulation can realistically assess time-dependent impacts such as the operation of various controllable elements (e.g. voltage regulating tap changers) or impacts of power fluctuations. However, QSTS simulations are still not widely used in the industry because of the computational burden associated with running yearlong simulations at a 1-s granularity, which is needed to capture device controller effects responding to PV variability. This paper presents a novel algorithm that reduces the number of times that the non-linear 3-phase unbalanced AC power flow must be solved by storing and reassigning power flow solutions as it progresses through the simulation. Each unique power flow solution is defined by a set of factors affecting the solution that can easily be queried. We demonstrate a computational time reduction of 98.9% for a yearlong simulation at 1-s resolution with minimal errors for metrics including: number of tap changes, capacitor actions, highest and lowest voltage on the feeder, line losses, and ANSI voltage violations. The key contribution of this work is the formulation of an algorithm capable of: (i) drastically reducing the computational time of QSTS simulations, (ii) accurately modeling distribution system voltage-control elements with hysteresis, and (iii) efficiently compressing result time series data for post-simulation analysis.
What do we know about suicide bombing

In this article, the present status of our knowledge about the phenomenon of “suicide” bombing or “martyrdom” operations is identified. A review of many studies located at different levels of analysis is conducted, followed by an analysis and evaluation of the state of the research at each level. In addition, an exploration of the evolution in the characteristics of this tactic and the differences, if any, between subnational and transnational acts is undertaken. The conclusion identifies what we know and what may be appropriate for future research and public policy initiatives.
On pseudo-resultants

Given an integral domain D and an indeterminate X over D, there exist many functionals mapping D[X]×D[X] into D that are similar to the resultant. If D is a Unique Factorization Domain, a specific functional, called the “minimal resultant”, could be useful in many places where a resultant would be required, and also for solving certain Diophantine Equations.
Theme and Variation: Proteomic Changes Across Three Organs in Hibernation Cycles of the 13-Lined Ground Squirrel

Circannual hibernation is characterized by two cycles—the annual cycle between summer homeothermy and winter heterothermy as well as the individual torpor-arousal cycles within winter heterothermy. We hypothesized that proteins and pathways that promote or enhance survival throughout hibernation cycles are concordantly regulated in organs throughout the body. In this study, we applied a meta-analysis to previously described proteomic changes in six identical seasonal and physiological states of heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney in order to identify common protective mechanisms underlying resistance to challenges of hibernation. Unexpectedly, we detected little overlap among organs. In heart, few protein spots changed in abundance among the six states, while in kidney more than half of the spots detected differed among these same states. Only two significantly changing proteins were shared among all three datasets, and of proteins common between any two organs, many were discordant for abundance pattern changes among states. In sum, most proteomic changes accompanying hibernation appear to be organ-specific.
The Availability and Information Content of Fisheries Data

The availability of catch, age/size composition, effort, tagging, and survey data of various sorts is summarized according to the state of development and economic importance of the fishery. Fairly complete catch weight data are usually a prerequisite for any meaningful assessment or management. Data of all these types are available only in very rare cases, and even then the assessment of the stock may be ambiguous.
Prognostic Factors in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer with Bone-Only Metastases

Background Patients with metastatic breast cancer with bone-only metastases (BOM) are a unique patient population without consensus regarding high-risk characteristics, which we sought to establish. Methods We identified 1,445 patients with BOM followed for at least 6 months at MD Anderson Cancer Center from January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2015. Results Seventy-one percent (n = 936) of the 1,325 patients with BOM with available pain characterization were symptomatic at time of BOM diagnosis. Pain was more common in patients with lytic compared with blastic or sclerotic metastases (odds ratio [OR], 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI,] 1.26-2.53) and multiple versus single bone metastases (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.03-1.83). Poorer overall survival (OS) was also noted in patients with multiple bone metastases (median OS, 4.80 years; 95% CI, 4.49-5.07) compared with single bone metastasis (median OS, 7.54 years; 95% CI, 6.28-10.10) and in patients with metastases in both the axial and appendicular skeleton (median OS, 4.58 years; 95% CI, 4.23-4.96) compared with appendicular-only (median OS, 6.78 years; 95% CI, 5.26-7.96) or axial-only metastases (median OS, 5.62 years; 95% CI, 4.81-6.69). Black/non-Hispanic patients had poorer outcomes, and patients aged 40-49 years at time of breast cancer diagnosis had significantly better OS compared with both younger and older patient groups. Conclusion Overall, several risk features for decreased OS were identified, including multiple bone metastases and both axial and appendicular skeleton involvement. Multiple bone metastases and lytic bone metastases were associated with increased pain. Implications for practice Patients with metastatic breast cancer and bone-only metastases (BOM) represent a poorly characterized patient subset. The ability to identify unique patient characteristics at time of BOM diagnosis associated with increased morbidity or mortality would allow for recognition of patients who would benefit from more aggressive therapy. In this study, the largest sample of patients with BOM thus far reported is characterized, highlighting several higher-risk BOM groups, including those with multiple bone metastases and bone metastases in both the axial and appendicular skeleton at time of BOM diagnosis. In addition to tailoring current practices for these high-risk patients, ongoing studies of these patients are indicated.
Resurgence of Diabetes-Related Nontraumatic Lower-Extremity Amputation in the Young and Middle-Aged Adult U.S. Population

OBJECTIVES To determine whether declining trends in lower extremity amputations have continued into the current decade. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We calculated hospitalization rates for nontraumatic lower extremity amputation (NLEA) for the years 2000–2015 using nationally representative, serial cross-sectional data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample on NLEA procedures and from the National Health Interview Survey for estimates of the populations with and without diabetes. RESULTS Age-adjusted NLEA rates per 1,000 adults with diabetes decreased 43% between 2000 (5.38 [95% CI 4.93–5.84]) and 2009 (3.07 [95% CI 2.79–3.34]) ( P P P P CONCLUSIONS After a two-decade decline in lower extremity amputations, the U.S. may now be experiencing a reversal in the progress particularly in young and middle-aged adults.
Mobile Devices as Musical Instruments - State of the Art and Future Prospects

Mobile music making has established itself as a maturing field of inquiry, scholarship, and artistic practice. While mobile devices were used before the advent of the iPhone, its introduction no doubt drastically accelerated the field. We take a look at the current state of the art of mobile devices as musical instruments, and explore future prospects for research in the field.
The Way They Care: An Ethnography of Social Justice Physical Education Teacher Education

AbstractThe concept of teacher education (TE) for social justice has limited exploration contexts of historically Black colleges and universities, preservice teachers of color, and physical educati...
Mixed-mode fracture of concrete

Mixed-mode fracture of concrete is encountered frequently in design of concrete structures. To accurately analyzed and design a concrete structure, it is essential to understand the failure mechanisms of concrete under mixed-mode types of loading. A model, which was originally proposed for mode I failure of concrete, is extended to characterized mixed-mode crack propagation. Crack initiation angles, final failure path, and crack instability of concrete specimens/structures are discussed. A series of mixed-mode notched beam tests were performed to verify the proposed model. The theoretical predictions were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
Supercharging enables organized assembly of synthetic biomolecules

There are few methods for the assembly of defined protein oligomers and higher order structures that could serve as novel biomaterials. Using fluorescent proteins as a model system, we have engineered novel oligomerization states by combining oppositely supercharged variants. A well-defined, highly symmetrical 16- mer (two stacked, circular octamers) can be formed from alternating charged proteins; higher order structures then form in a hierarchical fashion from this discrete protomer. During SUpercharged PRotein Assembly (SuPrA), electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged variants drives interaction, while shape and patchy physicochemical interactions lead to spatial organization along specific interfaces, ultimately resulting in protein assemblies never before seen in nature.
Essential Role for Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule in Transendothelial Migration.

Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) is a member of the immunoglobulin cell adhesion super family, which has been implicated in diverse physiological and pathophysiological events involving cell migration. Hitherto, ALCAM’s role in inflammation has not been determined. In this study, we show ALCAM is involved in controlling migration of mononuclear leukocytes across the pulmonary endothelium. We demonstrated that ALCAM is localized at intercellular junctions in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo . ALCAM co-localized with multiple adherens junction molecules including cadherins, catenins and Dlg, as determined by confocal microscopy, and these observations were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and co-distribution assays. Treatment of endothelial cultures with EGTA and cytochalasin D translocated ALCAM from intercellular junctions to the cytosol indicating a requirement for homotypic cadherin adhesion and an intact endothelial cytoskeleton for maintaining ALCAM at endothelial cell junctions. Collectively, these data supports the conclusion that ALCAM contributes to the adherens junction complex in endothelial cells. To determine ALCAM’s role in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, adult Sprague Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with macrophage inflammatory protein-1, and this treatment caused acute expression of ALCAM exclusively in newly recruited mononuclear but not polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the alveolar airway. Given that no ALCAM reactivity was observed in peripheral blood leukocytes, we concluded ALCAM is activated as part of the phenotypic switch by mononuclear leukocytes transitioning from circulation to interstitial tissue compartments. To determine the physiological relevance of this finding we examined whether ALCAM was required for transendothelial migration using monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). MCP-1 dose- and time-dependently increased the number of transmigrated THP-1 monocytes across pulmonary microvascular endothelial monolayers. Recombinant soluble ALCAM dose-dependently reduced the number of transmigrated THP-1 monocytes, whereas in control experiments recombinant soluble vascular endothelial cadherin had no effect on transmigration. This study shows for the first time that ALCAM is located at endothelial cell junctions where it is intimately involved in controlling the number of monocytes that pass through endothelial barriers. ALCAM may therefore play an essential role in the response to inflammation by enhancing recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes by inflamed tissues.
How Should Physicians Respond When They Learn Patients Are Using Unapproved Gene Editing Interventions

Hundreds of gene therapies are currently in various stages of research and development. A subset of these involve gene editing technologies such as CRISPR. In this hypothetical case