cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management Implications Associated with Unusual Morphologic Entities of the Prostate

Although the vast majority of malignant neoplasms of the prostate clinicians manage are conventional acinar prostatic adenocarcinomas, this chapter will focus exclusively on the management implications associated with unusual morphologic entities involving the prostate gland. This chapter will discuss the management of unusual primary and secondary epithelial tumors of the prostate such as: primary urothelial carcinoma of the prostate, mucin-producing urothelial-type adenocarcinoma (prostatic urethral adenocarcinoma), mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate, prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma, intraductal carcinoma of prostate, squamous cell carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, prostatic carcinoid, small cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma with secondary prostate involvement, and colorectal adenocarcinoma involving the prostate. The management of unusual primary and secondary mesenchymal tumors of the prostate that will be discussed in this chapter include: management of prostatic stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential, management of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and management of prostatic stromal sarcoma.
Statin-Induced Cardioprotection Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Potential Drug-Drug Interactions. Lesson to Be Learnt by Translating Results From Animal Models to the Clinical Settings

Numerous interventions have been shown to limit myocardial infarct size in animal models; however, most of these interventions have failed to have a significant effect in clinical trials. One potential explanation for the lack of efficacy in the clinical setting is that in bench models, a single intervention is studied without the background of other interventions or modalities. This is in contrast to the clinical setting in which new medications are added to the "standard of care" treatment that by now includes a growing number of medications. Drug-drug interaction may lead to alteration, dampening, augmenting or masking the effects of the intended intervention. We use the well described model of statin-induced myocardial protection to demonstrate potential interactions with agents which are commonly concomitantly used in patients with stable coronary artery disease and/or acute coronary syndromes. These interactions could potentially explain the reduced efficacy of statins in the clinical trials compared to the animal models. In particular, caffeine and aspirin could attenuate the infarct size limiting effects of statins; morphine could delay the onset of protection or mask the protective effect in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction, whereas other anti-platelet agents (dipyridamole, cilostazol and ticagrelor) may augment (or mask) the effect due to their favorable effects on adenosine cell reuptake and intracellular cAMP levels. We recommend that after characterizing the effects of new modalities in single intervention bench research, studies should be repeated in the background of standard-of-care medications to assure that the magnitude of the effect is not altered before proceeding with clinical trials.
A New Apparatus for the Lengthening of Legs

Rexford L. Diveley was born in Bazine, Kansas, in 1892, to the owner of a variety store. The family moved to the Oklahoma Territory (which had been opened for settlement in 1890). He returned to his home state, graduated from Hutchinson High School, and obtained his undergraduate and medical degrees (1917) from the University of Kansas. During WW I he served as head of a radiology unit in Limoges, France. After the armistice, he spent a year at Johns Hopkins in medicine, and then briefly went into private practice in St. Joseph’s, Missouri, north of Kansas City. He then established a radiology unit at Mercy Hospital in Kansas City. Shortly thereafter, he began working with Dr. Frank Dickson at the Christian Church Hospital, and changed his practice to orthopaedic surgery. In 1927 they established the Dickson-Diveley Clinic and by 1928 moved their practice to the St. Luke’s Hospital.
The Impact of Organizational Structural Design on Internal and External Integration: An Empirical Assessment and a Cross-Regional Examination

We examine the effect of organizational structure on internal integration, supplier integration, and customer integration and assess whether such effects vary by region. Specifically, we draw from organization theory to propose that centralization (at the macro and micro levels), formalization, and complexity (vertical. and horizontal - employee cross-training and managerial job rotation) influence internal, supplier, and customer integration. Relationships are studied across Western and Asian environments using data collected from multiple respondents at 238 manufacturing plants in eight countries. We found that organizational structure dimensions have differing impacts on internal, customer, and supplier integration and these effects appear to vary across regions. Data analyses revealed that beyond detecting differences in patterns across regions, there are also differences in mean levels. These differences in level are identified both at the region and country level.
Laminar Boundary Layer in Symmetry Plane of Blunt-Nosed Body,

Abstract : The report presents the prediction of the points of instability, transition and separation together with the calculation of the incompressible laminar boundary layer properties on the windward and leeward meridians of a hemispheric nosed body of revolution at angles of attack, alpha=0 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees and 20 degrees using an experimental pressure distribution. The three-dimensional solution for the boundary layer equations was obtained using a finite difference method. The prediction of the instability and transition points was made utilizing semi-empirical methods over a range of Reynolds numbers. (Modified author abstract)
Further observations of vestibular ototoxicity in the chick: Effects of streptomycin on the ampullary sensory epithelium

Starting eight days after hatching, chicks received daily subcutaneous injections of streptomycin sulfate, either 400 mg/kg for 30 days or 1,200 mg/kg for 15 days. Randomly selected chicks from each group were killed at intervals during the injection period, and the ampullae were examined for signs of vestibulotoxicity. Ampullary cell types differed in sensitivity to streptomycin. First, dark cell processes withered. Second, vacuoles formed in the apices of the light cells of the planum semilunatum. Third, nerve terminals swelled, and their organelles and ground substance clumped together, creating cleared areas. Last, hair cells and supporting cells became slightly vacuolated. However, these cells showed less overt damage than the other cell types. The onset of damage was earlier and the damage more severe with the 1,200-mg than with the 400-mg dosage. There was no evidence of hair cell loss during the experiment.
Liver immune-pathogenesis and therapy of human liver tropic virus infection in humanized mouse models

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infect and replicate primarily in human hepatocytes. Few reliable and easy accessible animal models are available for studying the immune system's contribution to the liver disease progression during hepatitis virus infection. Humanized mouse models reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been developed to study human immunology, human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection, and immunopathogenesis. However, a humanized mouse model engrafted with both human immune and human liver cells is needed to study infection and immunopathogenesis of HBV/HCV infection in vivo. We have recently developed the humanized mouse model with both human immune and human liver cells (AFC8-hu HSC/Hep) to study immunopathogenesis and therapy of HCV infection in vivo. In this review, we summarize the current models of HBV/HCV infection and their limitations in immunopathogenesis. We will then present our recent findings of HCV infection and immunopathogenesis in the AFC8-hu HSC/Hep mouse, which supports HCV infection, human T-cell response and associated liver pathogenesis. Inoculation of humanized mice with primary HCV isolates resulted in long-term HCV infection. HCV infection induced elevated infiltration of human immune cells in the livers of HCV-infected humanized mice. HCV infection also induced HCV-specific T-cell immune response in lymphoid tissues of humanized mice. Additionally, HCV infection induced liver fibrosis in humanized mice. Anti-human alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) staining showed elevated human hepatic stellate cell activation in HCV-infected humanized mice. We discuss the limitation and future improvements of the AFC8-hu HSC/Hep mouse model and its application in evaluating novel therapeutics, as well as studying both HCV and HBV infection, human immune responses, and associated human liver fibrosis and cancer.
Depression with anger attacks

A number of phenomenologic studies have demonstrated the marked heterogeneity of unipolar depressive disorders. We have recently identified a subtype of depression characterized by the presence of irritability and anger attacks. These attacks are sudden spells of anger accompanied by symptoms of autonomic activation such as tachycardia, sweating, flushing, and tightness of the chest. They are experienced by depressed patients as uncharacteristic of them and inappropriate to the situations in which they occur. Approximately one third of depressed outpatients present with anger attacks. Patients with unipolar depression and anger attacks frequently experience significant anxiety and somatic symptoms, and are relatively more likely to meet criteria for avoidant, dependent, borderline, narcissistic, and antisocial personality disorders than depressed patients without these attacks. Anger attacks subside in 53% to 71% of depressed outpatients treated with antidepressants, and the degree of improvement in depressive symptoms after antidepressant treatment is comparable in depressed patients with and without anger attacks. In addition, the rate of emergence of anger attacks after treatment with antidepressants (6%-10%) appears to be lower than the rate with placebo (20%). Finally, antidepressants that affect serotonergic neurotransmission, known to be involved in the modulation of aggressive behavior in animals and humans, may be particularly effective in this subtype of depression, but further studies are needed to support this hypothesis.
Fuzzy cognitive maps for decision support in an intelligent intrusion detection system

The health of a computer network needs to be assessed and protected in much the same manner as the health of a person. The task of an intrusion detection system is to protect a computer system by detecting and diagnosing attempted breaches of the integrity of the system. A robust intrusion detection system for a computer network will necessarily use multiple sensors, each providing different types of information about some aspect of the monitored system. In addition, the sensor data will often be analyzed in several different ways. We describe a decision engine for an intelligent intrusion detection system that fuses information from different intrusion detection modules using a causal knowledge based inference technique. Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) and fuzzy rule-bases are used for the causal knowledge acquisition and to support the causal knowledge reasoning process.
Hope, Self-Esteem, and Self-Regulation: Positive Characteristics among Men and Women in Recovery.

Hopefulness remains unclear in relation to aspects of self-control and self-esteem among adults in substance abuse recovery. The present study explored the relationship between dispositional hope (agency and pathway) with self-esteem (self-liking, self-competency, and self-confidence) and self-regulation (impulse control and self-discipline), using a latent variable measurement model and structural equation modeling among adults (n = 601) residing in a communal living setting for persons in substance abuse recovery. Results showed that multiple dimensions of these constructs were significant as individual predictors. With persons in recovery, self-regulation included impulsivity control and self-discipline, while self-esteem reflected self-liking, competence, and a sense of self-confidence. Furthermore, both hope-pathways and hope-agency significantly related to self-control/impulse control but not self-control/discipline, and self-esteem/competency was associated with hope-pathways but not hope-agency.
Functional Topographies in the Primary Auditory Cortex of the Cat

One of the fundamental organizational principles of the mammalian sensory cortex is the topographic representation of the sensory epithelium. A cochleotopic topographic organization has been demonstrated for a number of auditory cortical fields, including the primary auditory field (AI). In the spatial cortical dimension orthogonal to the cochleotopic frequency gradient, systematic arrangements of other functional parameters have been observed. The first evidence of a spatial segregation of functional parameters along the isofrequency domain of cat AI was the discovery of binaural interaction bands. Recent studies show topographic representations of additional functional parameters in the central auditory system of the cat. Among the functional parameters that are evidence of systematic and topographic representations in cat auditory cortical fields are spectral resolution (sharpness of tuning), temporal resolution (preferred repetition rate), and inhibitory properties related to the coding of broadband s...
Heart failure in rural Haiti: Descriptive epidemiology and outcomes

Findings: 57 of the 60 VHA in attendance during the 2-day training completed the survey (Response Rate1⁄495%). The mean age was 40.24 years. A majority of participants were females (78.9%) aged 40-49 (42.1%), married (66.7%), college educated (56.1%), employed (61.4%) and reside in rural areas (58%). Most respondents indicated that mental illness is caused by alcohol or drug misuse (98%), inherited (89%) and possession by evil spirits (74%). Respondents agree that virtually anyone can become mentally ill (78%) and people with mental illness can be treated outside the hospital (67%). However, 69% believe that people with mental illness are a nuisance and less than half (45%) believe that mental disorder is an illness like any other. Interpretation: Significant stigmatizing negative beliefs and attitudes exist among the general population. Individuals selected to implement programs aimed to screen, assess and link individuals with mental illness to care should first receive training to provide accurate informations on mental health illnesses. Funding: Supported in part by the National Institutes of Health and PEPFAR through grant #R01HD 075050, HealthySunrise Foundation and PeTR-GS. Abstract #: 01NCD016
Paul's Odyssey in Acts: Status Struggles and Island Adventures

The story of Saul-Paul in Acts traces not only his remarkable transformation from archenemy of the gospel to its most avid, dynamic promoter—especially among Gentiles—but also his persisting strugg...
The Pleasure of Your Company in Late‐Victorian Clubland

Come to the club with Basil and myself. We will smoke cigarettes … —Lord Henry, in Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray (111) About his iconic protagonist, Jules Verne need only write, “Phileas Fogg ...
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONAL PROCESSING AMONG BEREAVED OLDER ADULTS

This study investigated gender differences in an emotional disclosure intervention for bereaved older adults. Participants verbally disclosed their thoughts and feelings about the death of their spouse in four 20-minute sessions, in accordance with the Pennebaker (1985) disclosure paradigm. Results showed similar therapeutic benefits for males ( n =13) and females ( n =23) over 3 time periods, but process measures indicated that males experienced a greater upsurge in negative feelings from presession to postsession. Females showed a steady decrease in negative feelings across disclosure sessions, whereas males remained moderately negative. Correlational analyses indicated differential mechanisms of improvement among males and females. For females, higher levels of negative affect and greater decreases in negative thoughts were associated with greater therapeutic changes. For males, the mechanisms of change were less clear. Despite differences in the way widowers and widows experience the process of emotio...
Inadmissibility of the maximum likelihood estimator in the sequential estimation of the size of a population

SUMMARY For the sequential estimation of the size of a finite population, the maximum likelihood estimator is a commonly used estimator but has no explicit expression. In this paper, it is shown that the maximum likelihood estimator is inadmissible. An estimator which is simple in form and dominates the maximum likelihood estimator asymptotically is proposed. To study the optimality property of the estimator for the stopping rule SB from a decision theoretical approach, we investigate the admissibility of the estimator under a general weighted squared error loss function. Although the maximum likelihood estimator and its risk have no closed form expression, the estimator will be shown to be inadmissible by means of a general theorem that we establish later as Theorem 2-1. In this paper, we only consider the simple capture-capture model discussed by Samuel (1968). More complex and realistic capture-recapture models have been developed subsequently (Pollack & Otto, 1983; Pickands & Raghavachari, 1987; Bonett, Woodward & Bentler, 1987; Cormack, 1989; Huggins, 1989). We conjecture that many of the
Improved genetic algorithm for minimum thickness composite laminate design

Abstract The use of a genetic algorithm for the minimum thickness design of composite laminated plates is explored. A previously developed genetic algorithm for laminate design is thoroughly revised and improved, by incorporating knowledge of the physics of the problem into the genetic algorithm. Constraints are accounted for by combining fixed and progressive penalty functions. Improved selection, mutation, and permutation operators are proposed. The use of an operator called scaling mutation that projects designs toward the feasible domain is investigated. The improvements in the genetic algorithm are shown to reduce the average price of a genetic search by more than 50%.
Abnormal grain growth and microcracking in boron carbide

Boron carbide compacts sintered between 2220° and 2250° C showed abnormal grain growth that was associated with twinning and microcracking. The twin direction was 〈011〉. The microcracking was linked to thermal expansion anisotropy determined by high-temperature lattice constant measurement.
Parasympathetic ganglia innervating the canine atrioventricular nodal region.

Abstract Surgical disruption of the small (approximately 0.7 × 1.0 cm) epicardial fat pad situated at the junction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and inferior surface of the left atrium (ILA) interrupts both right and left vagal input to the atrioventricular nodal (AVN) region of the canine heart. This intervention eliminates AV block during supramaximal stimulation of both cervical vagi, without interfering with sinus bradycardia normally associated with sinoatrial nodal (SAN) suppression. Independent modulation of SAN and AVN activities by the parasympathetic system is thereby revealed. Histology of the excised IVC-ILA fat pad reveals multiple well organized autonomic ganglia. These ganglia range from 2 to 80 cells per cluster and are associated with numerous nerve trunks. Individual ganglia are commonly surrounded by fatty connective tissue closely adjacent to epicardial muscle. They have not been found imbedded within atrial muscle and have never been found in or close to endocardial muscle layers. Other ganglia, imbedded in the fat pad overlying the posterior surface of the left atrium or in the atrioventricular groove, do not directly modulate A-V conduction. Surgical dissection around the extreme left or middle segments of the great cardiac vein and the coronary sinus failed to interrupt either left or right vagal input to the AVN region. Parasympathetic, preganglionic pathways to these AVN synapses do not, therefore, course from left to right along the atrioventricular groove. However, dissection around the extreme right portion of the coronary sinus at its penetration of the inferior interatrial septum, did interrupt vagal influences upon A-V conduction. Thus, numerous autonomic ganglia have been localized in the canine heart which serve as synaptic stations mediating both right and left vagal regulation of A-V conduction.
Hospital lymph node counts and survival after radical cystectomy

BACKGROUND. Several studies suggest that patients in whom more lymph nodes are examined have improved survival after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Despite growing calls for using lymph node counts as a hospital quality indicator, it has not been established that hospitals that obtain more lymph node have better outcomes. METHODS. Using the national Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database (1992–2003), all patients undergoing radical cystectomy for cancer were identified (n = 3603). Hospitals were ranked and sorted into 3 evenly sized groups: low (no patients with ≥10 lymph nodes removed), medium (up to 20% of patients), and high (greater than 20% of patients). Survival rates were assessed for each hospital group, adjusting for potentially confounding patient and hospital characteristics. RESULTS. On average, low lymph node count hospitals had higher observed mortality rates compared with high lymph node count hospitals (unadjusted hazards ratio [HR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.13–1.39). Low lymph node count hospitals tended to treat patients who were older, had more comorbidity, were of lower socioeconomic status, had higher admission acuity, and had lower procedure volumes. After adjusting for these differences, low lymph node count hospitals tended to have slightly higher mortality (adjusted HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.99–1.27), although this finding did not reach statistical significance. Similar findings were evident when other thresholds (lymph node counts ≥5, ≥14, and ≥20) were used. CONCLUSIONS. Hospitals with high lymph node counts tend to have higher survival rates after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. However, this effect is modest and is explained, in large part, by confounding patient and hospital factors. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Direct and indirect ecosystem consequences of an invasive pest on forests dominated by eastern hemlock

Aim This study compares the magnitude and trajectory of vegetation and ecosystem function dynamics associated with the direct impact of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand; HWA) infestation vs. the indirect consequences of HWA-induced damage in the form of salvage and pre-emptive logging of hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere] forests. Location The study was conducted within an area extending from southern Connecticut up to and including the Connecticut River lowlands west to the Berkshire Plateau in central Massaschusetts, USA. Methods Overstorey and understorey vegetation and ecosystem function parameters such as decomposition and nitrogen cycling were examined in logged and unlogged portions of ten hemlock stands varying in HWA damage intensity. Results Intensive hemlock logging generated more rapid and pronounced microenvironment and vegetation changes than chronic HWA damage. Black birch (Betula lenta L.) seedling densities and percent cover of brambles (Rubus L. spp.), sedges (Carex L. spp.) and hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula Michx.) were significantly higher in recent harvests vs. HWA-damaged and undamaged sites. High black birch sapling densities (>7000 ha )1 ) were common in the older harvests but not in adjacent, HWAdamaged portions of these sites. Undamaged sites had 20% more forest floor mass than HWA-damaged sites and double the mass of older cuts. Mass loss rates of cellulose paper suggest that conditions were more favourable for decomposition in the damaged and older logged sites. Recently cut sites had significantly larger inorganic N pools than undamaged forests, although total net nitrogen (N) mineralization rates were not significantly different among treatments. Nitrification rates of 0.2 kg ha )1 day )1 measured in the oldest cuts were three times greater than in HWA-damaged sites and over 200 times greater than in undamaged hemlock sites. However, resin bag capture in the older cuts was similar to amounts captured in undamaged and damaged forests, suggesting that excess nitrogen was being utilized in vegetative uptake. In contrast, relatively large amounts of ammonium and nitrate captured in recent harvests indicate higher N availability, less vegetative uptake, and a greater potential for N leaching. Main conclusions Results suggest that both the decline associated with HWA infestation and the indirect effects of HWA in the form of logging are generating profound changes in structure, composition, and ecosystem function in these forests, although at different spatial and temporal scales. Hemlock harvesting imposed more abrupt microenvironmental changes, and rapidly reduced vegetative cover while chronic HWA infestation led to gradually thinning canopies. Both disturbances led to black birch dominated forests, although logging resulted in greater amounts of shade-intolerant regeneration, higher soil pH and nitrification rates, and reduced forest floor mass. Preemptive cutting of undamaged forests may lead to greater N losses than those associated
Enhanced Glycemic Control With Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an increasingly common medical problem for primary care clinicians to address. Treatment of diabetes has evolved from simple replacement of insulin (directly or through insulin secretagogs) through capture of mechanisms such as insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and incretins. Only very recently has recognition of the critical role of the gastrointestinal system as a major culprit in glucose dysregulation been established. Since glycated hemoglobin A(1c) reductions provide meaningful risk reduction as well as improved quality of life, it is worthwhile to explore evolving paths for more efficient use of the currently available pharmacotherapies. Because diabetes is a progressive disease, even transiently successful treatment will likely require augmentation as the disorder progresses. Pharmacotherapies with complementary mechanisms of action will be necessary to achieve glycemic goals. Hence, clinicians need to be well informed about the various noninsulin alternatives that have been shown to be successful in glycemic goal attainment. This article reviews the benefits of glucose control, the current status of diabetes control, pertinent pathophysiology, available pharmacological classes for combination, limitations of current therapies, and suggestions for appropriate combination therapies, including specific suggestions for thresholds at which different strategies might be most effectively utilized by primary care clinicians.
Anatomic correlates of the ten-twenty electrode placement system in infants

Abstract The relationships of the standard ten-twenty electrode placement system to the infant cerebral cortex were studied in seven cadavers at the time of autopsy. In contradistinction to previous studies, the average location of our central electrode (C 3,4) was over the postcentral gyrus. In addition, our entire temporal line of electrodes (F 7, 8: T 3, 4: T 5, 6) was more inferiorly placed than that of a previous study. The inferior frontal electrode actually lay inferior to the frontal lobe in most instances. Despite meticulous measurement of electrode positions, a discrete but definite variability of anatomic correlation between brains and between hemispheres of the same brain was found for most electrode positions.
Neuroticism and autobiographical memory for positive and negative events

Abstract Highly neurotic individuals tend to ruminate about negative aspects of their lives. Using an autobiographical memory task, the relation between neuroticism and recall latency of specific events was studied. It was predicted that the inverse relation between neuroticism and recall latency would be (a) strongest when subjects were given negative affect prompts and a negative prime; and (b) weakest when subjects were given positive affect prompts and a positive prime. Eighty college students completed a neuroticism scale and were randomly assigned to one of four cells formed by crossing Affect Prompt (positive vs negative) with Affect Prime (positive vs negative). Response times were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Contrary to the hypothesis, no significant effects were observed. Based upon a two component model of autobiographical memory, it was suggested that highly neurotic individuals may be fast at searching for negative experiences, but because they are under chronic psychological distress, they find it difficult to link specific negative emotions with particular classes of daily events.
Increased susceptibility to memory intrusions and the Stroop interference effect during acute marijuana intoxication.

The marijuana-induced acute memory impairment was assessed in a double-blind, crossover experiment. Twelve males smoked NIDA-supplied cigarettes containing 1.2% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabinoid-exhausted marijuana (placebo) in counterbalanced order on 2 days 1–3 weeks apart. Practice, pre- and postsmoking test sessions were conducted with the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, Stroop Color and Word Test, and alternate forms of the Randt Memory Battery and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. A significantly greater number of short story omissions and intrusions occurred in delayed free recall after marijuana. Immediate and sustained attention, controlled retrieval from semantic memory, and speed of reading and naming colors were not affected. The Stroop interference effect was significantly greater following marijuana. Subjects appeared to experience parallel difficulties in inhibiting associations to the new material and inhibiting the overlearned response of reading in a new learning task. Marijuana may compromise associative control, presumably a cognitive process inherent in memory function.
Enhancing the Attendee's Experience through Creative Design of the Event Environment: Applying Goffman's Dramaturgical Perspective

Environmental psychologists who have studied transactions between individuals and their physical settings have known for almost 40 years that when an individual's environment is changed, his/her behavior and experience are also changed by the environment (Gifford, 2002). This article explores the relationship between the design elements utilized in experience creation and emotional connection for event attendees, as well as for those who provide the experiences including the service, through the application of Goffman's dramaturgical perspective (1959) and the components of atmospherics (Kotler, 1973) and servicescapes (Bitner, 1992). Relevant design elements of these existing models are then applied to the event environment, where the dramatic elements of an event unfold in an interactive theatrical setting.
Evaporation and combustion of thin films of liquid fuels

We consider the evaporation and subsequent burning of thin films of liquid fuels. Previous studies on liquid films, with and without evaporation, have primarily considered the gas phase to be passive. The new element in this study is the introduction of combustion and the examination of both the liquid and gas phases and their effect on the film's behaviour. For the case of a liquid film burning in quiescent air we show that the problem can be simplified to a single nonlinear evolution equation for the film thickness. All remaining variables, which are simply expressed in terms of the function describing the instantaneous position of the liquid-vapour interface, are subsequently determined. This equation is then solved in order to understand the dynamics of the film in the presence of evaporation and combustion. The planar configuration is discussed first. Predictions for the total evaporation time are obtained, along with the time history of the film thickness, the interfacial surface temperature, the flame standoff distance and its temperature, and the mass burning rate. The dependence of the burning characteristics on the fuel and oxidizer Lewis numbers, which measure the relative importance of thermal and molecular diffusivities, is also determined. Second, we analyse the case of a non-planar interface, where temperature variations along the film's surface cause fluid motion in the liquid that could either dampen or amplify spatial non-uniformities. We show that, while thermocapillarity has the tendency to destabilize the planar interface, combustion acts to reduce this effect. In particular, when the heat release by combustion is substantial, all disturbances are obliterated, the film remains nearly planar and the burning occurs along nearly horizontal surfaces.
Background reduction in FEL-generated γ-ray beam experiments using giant high-peak power pulses

Abstract A new method to eliminate beam-uncorrelated background in photonuclear experiments has been developed at the High Intensity Gamma-Ray Source (HIγS). Background suppression of over 3 orders-of-magnitude has been achieved by using a gain modulation technique to generate giant high-peak power (GHPP) pulses in the OK-4/ Duke storage ring FEL. The time structure of these laser pulses was tuned so that their duration was ∼100 μs , repeated every 50 ms . The associated FEL photons were backscattered from 780 MeV electrons to produce linearly polarized 40 MeV γ -rays having the same time structure as the FEL pulses. As an initial test of the technique, a nearly background-free measurement of the analyzing power in the Compton scattering reaction 16 O ( γ → , γ ) 16 O was performed.
Combined haplotype relative risk (CHRR): a general and simple genetic association test that combines trios and unrelated case-controls.

In some genetic association studies, samples contain both parental and unrelated controls. Under such scenarios, instead of analyzing only trios using family-based association tests or only unrelated subjects using a case-control study design, Nagelkerke et al. ([2004] Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 12:964–970) and Epstein et al. ([2005] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76:592–608) proposed methods that implemented a likelihood ratio test to combine the two different types of data. In this article, we put forward a more powerful and simplified strategy to combine trios with unrelated subjects based on the haplotype relative risk (HRR) (Falk and Rubinstein [1987] Ann. Hum. Genet. 51:227–233). The HRR compares parental marker alleles transmitted to an affected offspring to those not transmitted as a test for association, a strategy that is similar to a case-control study that compares allele frequencies in diseased cases to those of unrelated controls. We prove that affected offspring can be pooled with diseased cases and that parental controls can be treated as unrelated controls when the trios and unrelated subjects are randomly sampled from the same population. Therefore, unrelated subjects can be incorporated into the HRR intuitively and effortlessly. For trios without complete parental genotypes, we adopted the strategy proposed by (Guo et al. [2005a] BMC Genet. 6:S90; [2005b] Hum. Hered. 59: 125–135), which is more feasible than the one proposed by Weinberg ([1999] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64:1186–1193). In addition, simulation results suggest that the combined haplotype relative risk is more powerful than Epstein et al.'s method regardless of the disease prevalence in a homogeneous population. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modeling the Primary Drainage Curve of Prefractal Porous Media

during monotonic wetting. Assuming continuous drainage occurs from complete saturation to oven dryness Fractal models for the soil water retention curve have largely ig
Soil chronosequence studies in temperate to subtropical, low-latitude, low-relief terrain with data from the eastern United States

Abstract The Coastal Plain of the eastern United States is a low-latitude, low-altitude, low-relief terrain composed primarily of gently dipping marine and marginal-marine sediments that range in age from Cretaceous to Quaternary. Population density of the area is moderate, and most of the population is concentrated along the coast. Inland of the coast, agriculture, including growing trees for pulp, is the dominant economy. In this region, soils have developed along two different pathways. One pathway is dominated by the dissolution and movement of oxyhydroxides and the accumulation of organic matter; the other by the accumulation of clays and oxyhydroxyides and the adsorption or oxidation of organic matter. The first pathway has resulted in the formation of Spodosols; the second, in the development of Ultisols. No clearly distinguishable age trends have been identified in the Spodosols, but the properties of Ultisols can be measured to quantify surface material alteration through time. Ultisols are, therefore, suited to order-of-magnitude chronostratigraphic interpretations. Potentially, data derived through the study of Ultisols can be used to develop models that predict how surface processes will change due to continued weathering and pedogenesis or as the result of climate change.
Distributed asset insight

It is commonly thought that the average utility distribution system is 50 to 80% utilized on peak. Today, distribution utilization can only be measured at the distribution substation, and the utilization downstream of the substation is usually unknown. Optimizing the use of distribution assets and systems requires having accurate loading information for any weather scenario and at any point on the system. The basis for all distribution system loading is distribution transformer loading, which is the aggregate of individual customer loads. This article looks at a different methodology, called the Distributed Asset Optimization (DAO) model. The DAO model has been developed to provide an engineering basis for predicting hourly loading at any point between the substation and the customer. It works to integrate systems and process while improving process productivity and it facilitates better sharing of existing IT investments. The DAO model provides utilities with the best data available without installing meters on every distribution asset and the analysis tools to act upon the information.
Gender and Attitudes toward Protected Areas in Myanmar

From grassroots conservation projects to international committees on the environment, women's representation is an important component of a fair, inclusive, and effective conservation process. In this article, we focus on gender differences in local residents’ attitudes toward protected areas in Myanmar. We found women are less likely to have a positive attitude toward the protected areas and are less likely to express perceptions of problems and benefits associated with the areas than men. Using decomposition analysis, we find that the majority of the difference between men's and women's attitudes is explained by these differences in perceptions. Further, much of the difference is explained by men being more likely to perceive conservation and ecosystem service benefits than women, which is the most influential determinant of attitude.
Two hospitals with 1 trauma system: a joint approach to the care of the injured patient

Abstract Background Trauma centers are closing at an alarming rate, but the need for trauma care persists. This article shows the sustainability and feasibility of a joint trauma system whereby 2 university-affiliated hospitals function as a single trauma center system in a moderate-sized city. Methods Since 1994, 3 days per week, trauma patients are transported by emergency medical services (EMS) to hospital A. The other 4 days they are transported to hospital B. Trauma registry data from 1994 to 2008 were analyzed. Cost data were also examined. Results The joint system admitted 28,338 trauma patients. On each center's nontrauma days, trauma team activation was required infrequently. The 2 centers share costs; they perform joint outreach, educational training, and quality control. The joint trauma system has been sustained since 1994. Conclusions Two hospitals functioning as a single trauma center system is a viable model of care for injured patients in a moderate-sized city with mostly blunt trauma.
THEORY OF SEMICONDUCTOR-TO-METAL TRANSITIONS

This paper discusses a general model for a semiconductor-to-metal transition, in which the energy gap between the valence and conduction bands decreases linearly with the number of electrons excited across the gap. It is shown that this model results in a rapid disappearance of the forbidden gap with rising temperature according to either a first-order or a second-order phase transition, depending on the magnitude of the relative change in gap with the number of excited carriers. Two possible physical models are treated in detail. In one the energy gap results from the splitting of the first Brillouin zone by an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction, and in the other it results from a crystalline-structure distortion to lower symmetry. The latter model is considered in detail in terms of the pairing of ions in a one-dimensional crystal. With these models, using plausible values of the parameters, the explicit relationship between energy gap and freecarrier concentration is estimated. The thermodynamic theory is worked out for the limiting cases of band width large and small compared to the zero-temperature gap. In the narrow-band limit it is found that the parameters of the model are such as to give a second-order transition for the antiferromagnetic case and a first-order transition in the crystalline-distortion model. Using these models, the transition temperature can be evaluated explicitly in terms of the zero-temperature gap. A number of results relating experimentally measurable quantities such as the pressure coefficient of the transition temperature and the energy gap can be derived.
Utility of breast MRI for evaluation of residual disease following excisional biopsy

Background Because benign postoperative changes may overlap those of malignancy, the utility of breast MRI following an excisional biopsy is unclear. We sought to investigate the ability of MRI to predict residual disease following an excisional biopsy for breast cancer. Materials and Methods We reviewed 93 patients who underwent surgical treatment for stage 0-III breast cancer at our institution from January 2005 to May 2008. All patients had previously undergone excisional biopsy with subsequent MRI. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were collected. Descriptive statistics were utilized for data summary and data were compared using Fisher’s exact or χ 2 tests. Results The mean age of the 84 patients who had additional surgery following MRI was 51 ± 7 y. Thirteen (15%) patients had only postoperative changes on MRI; six had residual disease on final pathology. Of 71 patients with MRI findings suspicious for residual disease, 54 (76%) had pathologic confirmation, while 17 (24%) had only benign pathology. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI following excisional biopsy were 90% and 29%, respectively. Overall, 49 (58%) of the 84 patients underwent mastectomy, including 11 of 24 (46%) with negative final pathology. Patient age, tumor size, tumor grade, biomarker profile, nodal status, and MRI findings were not predictive of surgical treatment type ( P > 0.05). Conclusion Although excisional biopsy decreases the specificity of breast MRI, its sensitivity remains high. Nearly 50% of patients with a suspicious MRI and negative final pathology underwent mastectomy, suggesting that additional biopsy of all suspicious MRI findings is necessary to avoid surgical overtreatment.
Low-temperature ozone exposure technique to modulate the stoichiometry of WOx nanorods and optimize the electrochromic performance.

A low-temperature ozone exposure technique was employed for the post-treatment of WOx nanorod thin films fabricated from hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) and ultrasonic spray deposition (USD) techniques. The resulting films were characterized with x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, UV?vis?NIR spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The stoichiometry and surface crystallinity of the WOx thin films were subsequently modulated upon ozone exposure and thermal annealing without particle growth. The electrochromic performance was studied in a LiClO4?propylene carbonate electrolyte, and the results suggest that the low-temperature ozone exposure technique is superior to the traditional high-temperature thermal annealing (employed to more fully oxidize the WOx). The optical modulation at 670?nm was improved from 35% for the as-deposited film to 57% for the film after ozone exposure at 150??C. The coloration efficiency was improved and the switching speed to the darkened state was significantly accelerated from 18.0?s for the as-deposited film to 11.8?s for the film after the ozone exposure. The process opens an avenue for low-temperature and cost-effective manufacturing of electrochromic films, especially on flexible polymer substrates.
Anthelmintic activity of a benzimidazoline compound in sheep by abomasal infusion

In vitro and in vivo data on the benzimidazoline compound indicate anthelmintic potential when introduced directly into the abomasum.
Right ventricular pressure dynamics during exercise: relationship to stress echocardiography.

Summary Thorough evaluation of myocardial function remains difficult to evaluate under exercising conditions. This study described right ventricular (RV) pressure dynamics during and immediately following exercise. Nine Thoroughbreds without evidence of cardiac disease completed treadmill exercise at 110% of the speed necessary to elicit VO2max while RV pressures were recorded. RV pressure dynamics were calculated at rest, maximal speed and at 10 s intervals for 2 min after exercise. Stress echocardiography was performed at rest and within 120 s after exercise. Mean dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin values were significantly greater at maximal speed and up to 30 s immediately postexercise than at rest and all time points from 60 to 120 s postexercise. Mean dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin were not significantly different from resting values after 60 s postexercise. Tau (the time constant for ventricular relaxation) decreased significantly with exercise, but was not significantly different from rest at time points from 60 to 120 s following exercise. Mean % fractional shortening (FS) increased postexercise; however, the coefficient of variability was large. Wall motion indices also showed large variability postexercise. These temporal changes in normal horses suggest that exercising RV pressure dynamics may provide a better estimation of cardiac function during exercise than postexercise stress echocardiography.
Preparation of a ouabain-binding membrane fraction from brain

Abstract A procedure employing 2 M NaClO 4 is presented that allows the mild disruption of brain microsomal membranes and yields three distinct fractions. One fraction has a relatively high ouabain-binding capacity but low (Na + , K + )-ATPase activity. This fraction was shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be very similar in protein composition to that of the initial microsomes but the phospholipid content was lower. It is suggested that the enzyme in this fraction lacks either necessary phospholipids or a membrane matrix needed for complete activity. The presence of enzyme as indicated by the binding of this specific inhibitor may be useful in further purification of the (Na + , K + )-ATPase enzyme system.