cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The problem of initiating controlled islanding of a large interconnected power system solved as a Pareto optimization

Controlled islanding of a large electric power system is proposed under rare circumstances as a measure of last resort to avoid a catastrophic blackout. Controlled islanding appears to be more desirable than uncontrolled islanding. A separate power system operating objective is the retention of synchronous operation of the entire system to ensure the viability of power markets. The problem of when to initiate controlled islanding, accounting for power marketing objectives is formulated as a multiobjective optimization. Pareto optimization is applied in the form of the calculation of a Pareto surface. This formulation may allow power system operators to manage the multiobjectives of mitigating the possibility of a blackout versus the full enabling of power markets. This is a conceptual paper in which the analytical basis and the main points of the solution of when to initiate controlled islanding are outlined. The objective function recommended for the capture of transient stability is the transient stability load margin.
Performance engineering and topological design of metro WDM optical networks using computer simulation

This paper demonstrates the use of computer simulation for topological design and performance engineering of transparent wavelength-division multiplexing metropolitan-area networks. Engineering of these networks involves the study of various transport-layer impairments such as amplifier noise, component ripple, chirp/dispersion, optical crosstalk, waveform distortion due to filter concatenation, fiber nonlinearities, and polarization effects. A computer simulation methodology composed of three main simulation steps is derived and implemented. This methodology obtains performance estimations by applying efficient wavelength-domain simulations on the entire network topology, followed by time-/frequency-domain simulations on selected paths of the network and finally Q-budgeting on an identified worst case path. The above technique provides an efficient tool for topological design and network performance engineering. Accurate simulation models are presented for each of the performance impairments, and the computer simulation methodology is used for the design and engineering of a number of actual metro network architectures.
Increased bronchial collateral circulation in a patient with transposition of the great vessels and pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract The clinical, diagnostic and pathologic findings in a fourteen month old infant with complete transposition of the great vessels, ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension with increased bronchial collateral circulation are presented. It is emphasized that the presence of increased bronchial collateral blood flow is not necessarily associated with decreased pulmonary blood flow due to obstruction to right ventricular outflow, but may also be associated with pulmonary hypertension and elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance. Thus, the presence of enlarged bronchial vessels should not indicate that the patient will benefit from an operation designed to increase the pulmonary blood flow. The importance of right and left ventricular angiocardiograms in the preoperative assessment of the pulmonary vascular bed is discussed.
Indoor quadrotor state estimation using visual markers

This paper discusses the problem of estimating the full state-vector (position/orientation) of an AR.Drone quadrotor using measurements from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and an on-board camera taking images of predefined markers. The platform used is an inexpensive commercial quadrotor. The open-source Robot Operating System (ROS) is used to manage communication with the quadrotor. To estimate the AR.Drone states, an extended Kalman filter is used. The state estimates are propagated using a nonlinear dynamic model of the AR.Drone available in the literature. The estimation error covariance is propagated through the continuous-time Riccati equation using the model Jacobian. The estimated states are updated based on measurements of angular velocity from the IMU along with position and orientation from the camera. Convincing experimental results are presented. The work introduced here allows for an overall inexpensive setup for estimating the states of a quadrotor for flight in GPS denied environments using visual markers.
Assessment of Antitumor Activity for Tumor Xenograft Studies Using Exponential Growth Models

In preclinical tumor xenograft experiments, the antitumor activity of the tested agents is often assessed by endpoints such as tumor doubling time, tumor growth delay (TGD), and log10 cell kill (LCK). In tumor xenograft literature, the values of these endpoints are presented without any statistical inference, which ignores the noise in the experimental data. However, using exponential growth models, these endpoints can be quantified by their growth curve parameters, thus allowing parametric inference, such as an interval estimate, to be used to assess the antitumor activity of the treatment.
Temporal Dynamics of Generalization in Neural Networks

This paper presents a rigorous characterization of how a general nonlinear learning machine generalizes during the training process when it is trained on a random sample using a gradient descent algorithm based on reduction of training error. It is shown, in particular, that best generalization performance occurs, in general, before the global minimum of the training error is achieved. The different roles played by the complexity of the machine class and the complexity of the specific machine in the class during learning are also precisely demarcated.
Abstracts: Reduction‐induced surface modification of human hair

pp. 1–12 A microfluorometric method has been developed to characterize lipid removal or ‘delipidation’ of the human hair cuticula during light exposure and chemical grooming processes such as oxidation (bleaching) and reduction. In the case of photochemical and chemical oxidation, lipid removal (‘delipidation’ of the F-layer or lipid-layer) from the outer-layer of the exposed scale faces and generation of cysteic acid groups occurs. This ‘delipidation,’ which ultimately results in ‘acidification’ of the scale faces, leading to a change in surface chemistry from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, can be detected and quantified by microfluorometry by tagging, e.g. with the cationic fluorochrome Rhodamine B. In the case of reduction, similar tagging of the acid sites on the scale faces is possible, but this time, Rhodamine B reacts with the mixed disulfide containing a carboxyl group that will be ionized above a pH of about 4. In addition to this, we have shown by microfluorometric scanning that the negative charges generated in the cuticle surface can be used to bind low-molecular-weight quaternary conditioners. This process can be considered as ‘relipidation’ or ‘refatting of the scale faces. We have shown in earlier studies (1) that this entire process of oxidation-induced ‘delipidation’ and subsequent ‘relipidation’ of the acidic scale faces with a cationic conditioning molecule can also be reliably quantified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, single-fiber wettability scanning using the Wilhelmy technique, which is highly sensitive to any changes in surface chemistry, is well-suited to detect and characterize treatment-induced changes in the chemical nature of the hair surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic.
Bonding pad models for silicon VLSI technologies and their effects on the noise figure of RF NPNs

VLSI technologies such as BiCMOS and high speed ECL Bipolar are candidates for mixed mode applications which include RF receiver functions. In order for these silicon technologies to achieve low noise characteristics one needs to optimize both the active device and the signal path to the IC interface. Studies in the bonding pad parasitics indicate that these path losses can be Very significant. This paper models the bonding pads and presents measured vs. modeled noise figure data for several bonding pad configurations. >
Ethical Management of the Elderly Patient

Because of the increasing growth of the elderly population, geriatric care is rapidly emerging as a unique medical specialty in its own right. Advancements in medical science and changes in the health care delivery system that impact the care of the elderly are accompanied by myriad ethical dilemmas that confront not only the physician and patient, but social workers, nursing home staff, and relatives. Settings involving the extremes of age and illness are the most complex in ethical deliberation. Although anesthesiologists may confront a variety of ethical issues, such as patient confidentiality, care of Jehovah’s Witnesses, substance abuse, and so forth, this chapter will focus on those issues unique to and more likely to be encountered in the elderly patient.
An empirical analysis of the 2014 Major League Baseball season

AbstractAn econometric analysis of the 2014 Major League Baseball season is conducted with respect to regular season victories. Results obtained confirm many, but not all, results reported in prior research. The importance of solid team pitching and offence is underscored. Team defence did not vary sufficiently to play a statistically significant role in team victory differences. Outcomes for total payrolls and salary disparities differ substantially from prior seasons. History may serve as a guide to what occurs on the field, but it does not always replicate the patterns of bygone years. Ultimately, 2014 represents another departure from the standard baseball norm.
e-Infrastructures for Identity Management and Data Sharing: Perspectives across the Public Sector

The OII strategy forum 'e-Infrastructures for Identity Management and Data Sharing: Perspectives across the Public Sector' was organized to allow the UK public sector to explore how to take advantage of innovations in digital identity management and data sharing. New technologies could help public-sector organizations to identify citizens in ways that enhanced their personal privacy and built confidence in government services; to share relevant data for personalized and interconnected services and fraud reduction; and to enable authentication for different types of transactions. Could an identity infrastructure become a shared service for use across sectors, operating in a simple and secure manner and protecting the privacy of personal information? The group considered challenges from a public-sector practitioner's point of view. In education, people could have educational records accessible through digital identities tailored to that purpose. In transport, people would interact with a system that actively collected personal data (e.g., residence and banking information). The Department of Work and Pensions was working on a 'change of circumstances' mechanism to give citizens a single point of contact any time they needed to change information; customer data could help predict future outlays. Local government aimed to have a relationship with citizens, serving them in line with the democratic process as they accessed services; dynamics among government levels could be analogous to those that would apply if an international identity infrastructure emerged. In considering how common identity management solutions could be implemented across public-sector organizations to bring increased functionality, the group took up a case study on agencies involved in the death and bereavement process, which highlighted: the need for streamlining, gradations in the need for detail, differences in the need for data quality and certainty (risk management), different points of control, and legal checks on data sharing.
Laser induced MoS2/carbon hybrids for hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts

MoS2/carbon hybrid materials have been shown to be promising non-precious metal electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, a facile method for synthesizing them is still a big challenge, let alone patterning them through a design. In this work, we present a novel strategy to synthesize and pattern MoS2/carbon hybrid materials as electrocatalysts for the HER through a one-step direct laser writing (DLW) method under ambient conditions. DLW on citric acid–Mo–S precursors leads to the in situ synthesis of small-sized MoS2 nanoparticles (NPs) anchored to the carbon matrix. Largely exposed catalytically active sites from the MoS2 NPs and the synergetic effect from the carbon matrix make the hybrid materials exhibit superior catalytic performance and stability for the HER in acidic solutions. Through computer-controlled laser beams we can design arbitrary patterns made of these catalysts on targeted substrates, which will open a new route for fabricating on-chip microfuel cells or catalytic microreactors.
Platelet high-molecular-weight kininogen.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the purification and assay of a platelet high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK). The coagulant assay of HMWK is based on the kaolin-activated partial thromboplastin time. The general principle of the assay is a one-stage, phospholipid-dependent, kaolin-activated assay with factor-deficient plasma. HMWK in plasma can be quantified and characterized by radial immunodiffusion, electroimmunodiffusion, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Studies on platelets require the development of a more sensitive immunochemical assay. To determine the total amount of HMWK in lysed platelets, AGGF platelets are used. The quantification of the amount of platelet HMWK expressed on the surface of the platelet is obtained by comparing the values of the slopes produced by each sample of platelet- or platelet supernatant-adsorbed antisera with a standard curve of the anti-HMWK antisera adsorbed with known concentrations of purified HMWK.
Using Phase Change Materials in Clothing

When microcapsules of phase change materials (PCMS) are added to textiles, they absorb heat energy as they change from a solid to a liquid state and release heat as they return to a solid state. This project quantifies the effect of PCMS in clothing on heat flow from the body during temperature transients. One- and two-layer body suits are constructed of a fabric/foam laminate produced with and without PCMS, and heat loss from a thermal manikin is measured as it is moved from a warm chamber to a cold chamber and back again. The results indicate that the heating and cooling effects last approximately 15 minutes. Heat released by PCMS in a cold environment decreases body heat loss by an average of 6.5 W for a one-layer suit and 13.2 W for a two-layer suit compared with non-PCM counterparts. PCM cooling effects increase body heat loss in a similar manner; therefore, PCMS in clothing provide a small, temporary heating/cooling effect during environmental transients.
Pastoral psychology and pastoral care

Any sound knowledge which we have of pastoral psychology will stand us in good stead throughout our ministry of pastoral care. And reflection upon our acts of pastoral care can inform, correct, or deepen our pastoral psychology. This is true regardless of the kind of pastoral care situation in which we are involved. Here we have dealt with parishioners for whom membership in the church was, in some way, a problem. Such situations are not only opportunities in evangelism, but also in pastoral care. If we can learn increasingly to bring our pastoral psychology to bear, and can get genuinely within the frame of reference of the people we try to help, we may indeed succeed in giving that help. And we may become better evangelists besides.
The first American clinical trial of nifedipine in cardioplegia: A report of the first 12 month experience

A clinical trial of nifedipine, a calcium antagonist, in cardioplegic solution was performed based on previous laboratory data demonstrating improved postischemic performance in dogs. During a 12 month interval, 47 patients at increased risk had cardiac operations under a protocol in which a standard cardioplegic solution was used or the same solution with the addition of 275 μg/L of nifedipine. The protocol included formal criteria for entrance into the study, serial radionuclide ventriculograms, 24 hour Holter electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings, creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) analyses, technetium 99 myocardial pyrophosphate scans, and intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamic assessment. Thirty of the 47 received nifedipine and 17 received cardioplegic solution only. The two groups were similar for symptoms, anginal and left ventricular function classifications, sex, age, preoperative hemodynamic status, rate of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), ischemic time-myocardial temperature integrals, and distribution by operation. The results show a difference (p
Innovation Policy in Brazil

The article of Thomas Stehnken shows that even though the Lula government provided a new dynamic to innovation policy the expenditures for research and development (RD (ii) the petty role this policy field plays on the national political agenda; (iii) the yet modest gross national expenditures for RD and (iv) the persistently high (even though decreasing) income inequality. These challenges in the Brazilian innovation system will remain the same for the Rousseff administrations.
Integrin activation protects pulmonary endothelial cells from the genotoxic effects of bleomycin

Integrin activation promotes the survival of endothelial cells undergoing diverse forms of stress. Here we determined the ability of integrins to inhibit DNA strand breakage by bleomycin (BLM), a DNA-cleaving antitumor antibiotic that causes acute endothelial injury and subsequent pulmonary fibrosis. We found that BLM produced DNA breakage in cultured murine lung endothelial cells (MLEC) within 45 min of treatment as measured by DNA sedimentation and in situ labeling of 3'-OH by nick translation (ISNT). Two hours after the removal of BLM, we found a marked but incomplete reduction in DNA strand breakage as measured by ISNT, indicating that the damage was reversible. DNA sedimentation and ISNT demonstrated that strand breakage due to BLM was inhibited in MLEC cultured on fibronectin, and no evidence of breakage was found 2 h after removal of the drug in ISNT experiments. Gelatin, type IV collagen, laminin, and the integrin ligand peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro, but not the inactive Gly-Arg-Ala-Asp-Ser-Pro peptide, also inhibited DNA strand breakage. Activation of integrins, either by coating surfaces with antibodies to alpha 5-, beta 1-, or beta 3-integrin subunits or by receptor clustering with the soluble antibodies, inhibited BLM-induced DNA breakage. Inhibition of BLM-induced DNA strand breakage by soluble beta 1-integrin antibody increased with increasing antibody concentration and duration of receptor clustering before BLM treatment. Thus integrin activation protects pulmonary endothelial cells from the genotoxic effects of BLM.
Succeeding Optical Lithography with Multiple E-Beam Direct Write

This article presents a general review of e-beam lithography as a successor for optical lithography. However, there is no way for e-beam lithography to meet the throughput and resolution target obtained in optical lithography, unless drastically new ideas are implemented to increase parallelism, reduce space charge, and control cost. This article explores these fields briefly.
Prospecting nanomaterials in aqueous environments by cloud-point extraction coupled with transmission electron microscopy.

Abstract Increasing application of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in industry and consumer products inevitably lead to their release into and impact on aquatic environments. To characterize the NMs efficiently in surface water, a fast and simple method is needed to separate and concentrate nanomaterials from the aqueous matrix without altering their shape and size. Applying cloud-point extraction (CPE) using the surfactant Triton 114 to an array of NMs (titanium dioxide, gold, silver, and silicon dioxide) with different sizes or capping agents in nanopure water resulted in extraction efficiency of 83%–107%. Additional CPE experiments were conducted to extract NMs from surface, potable, and sewage waters, and NMs enriched in the surfactant phase were characterized using transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The most abundant nanoparticles identified in surface water were silica, titanium dioxide, and iron oxide with 4–99 nm diameter. The extraction efficiencies of CPE for silicon, titanium, and iron elements from environmental water samples were 51%, 15%, and 99%, respectively. This study applied CPE with TEM to enrich and analyze popular nanoparticles such as SiO2 and TiO2 from natural waters, which has not been well addressed by previous researches. Overall, CPE coupled with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be an effective method to characterize NMs in aqueous water samples, and further optimization will increase the extraction efficiency of NMs in complicated surface water matrix.
Transesophageal Echocardiography for Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained arrhythmia. For patients presenting with their first episode of atrial fibrillation, transthoracic echocardiography is often helpful for initial management and evaluation. Many cardiac disorders associated with atrial fibrillation, including mitral valve disease, hypertensive heart disease [left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy], or focal ischemic heart disease (segmented LV systolic dysfunction) may be recognized by transthoracic echocardiography. The absence of both clinical risk factors and structural heart disease in transthoracic echocardiography identifies patients for whom chronic therapy with aspirin as opposed to warfarin may be preferred. Transthoracic echocardiography is not advocated for identification or exclusion of atrial thrombi because of its inability to detail small thrombi and to image the left atrial appendage. For the detection of left atrial thrombi, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is superior. The author recommends cardioversion for most patients who present with their first episode of atrial fibrillation (assuming the duration of the atrial fibrillation is brief, and reversible potential causes of atrial fibrillation have been treated). Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation of more than 1 year and those with a left atrial dimension of more than 6.0 cm are less likely to have long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm. Patients with atrial fibrillation for at least 2 days have a 6% risk of cardioversion-related clinical thromboembolism if cardioversion is not preceded by 3 to 4 weeks of warfarin. Transesophageal echocardiography may be beneficial in guiding early cardioversion and detecting left atrial thrombi. Systemic anticoagulation for 4 weeks after cardioversion inhibits the formation of new thrombi during the recovery of atrial function, and can be used for prophylaxis should the patient revert to atrial fibrillation. The presence of an atrial thrombus by TEE confers an adverse prognosis despite maintenance of systemic anticoagulation and avoidance of cardioversion.
Abstract 82: Mnsodtg Mice Exhibit Improved Heart and Mitochondrial Function During Chronic Chagas Disease

Background: We observed that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) plays very important roles in the pregression of chagesic disease (CD). In this study, we utilized genetically-modified mice to scavenge mtROS to investigate the impact of improved ROS scavenging capacity on heart function in CD. Methods and Results: C57BL/6 mice (wild-type, MnSODtg, MnSOD+/-) were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi(Tc). Chronically infected mice (≥120dpi) exhibited a substantial decrease in heart tissue MnSOD gene expression, protein level, enzyme activity and antioxidant level; decrease of heart dysfunction via lower of SV, CO, EF, FS and LVPW,s, and increase of ESV/EDS and LVID;s; enhancement of hypertrophy by increase of IVS, LV mass and areas duo to augmentation of collagen expressions. One of our novel observations was that sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) lost its role of maintenance of low cytoplasm free calcium and mediated calcium uptake to intracellular store in Tc-induced chronic chagasic disease. Studies of fresh heart slices using O2K confirmed that Tc diminished heart mitochondrial function like decrease of oxygen flux and respiratory control ratio (RCR), which were caused by enhancements of ROS. Myocardial mitochondrial damage was pronounced and associated with a >x% decline in mitochondrial oxygen flux in chronically infected wild-type and MnSOD transgenic mice. Imaging of intact heart for cardiomyocytes and collagen by the nonlinear optical microscopy techniques showed significant increase in collagen (>x0-fold) in chronically infected wild-type mice; while MnSODtg mice exhibited a basal increase in collagen that did not change during chronic phase. Chronically infected MnSODtg mice exhibited a marginal decline in Tc-induced heart function, heart hypertrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction Conclusions: Overexpression of MnSOD inhibited Tc-induced oxidative damage od heart tissue. , suggesting that enhancing the mitochondrial ROS scavenging capacity was beneficial in controlling the inflammatory and oxidative pathology, and cardiac remodeling responses that are hallmarks of chronic Chagas disease.
Low-Potential Pyridinium Anolyte for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) can serve as inexpensive grid-scale energy storage devices. A key challenge for developing these systems is identifying storage materials that undergo reversible redox events at potentials near the voltaic limits of aqueous media. This work details the development of a benzoylpyridinium-based anolyte for this application. A combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic studies guided the selection of a supporting electrolyte to mitigate anolyte-catalyzed proton reduction at the low potentials. These insights were used to achieve stable one-electron cycling with KOH as the support in both a H cell and in a laboratory-scale flow cell. In the latter experiment, cycling versus iron ferrocyanide afforded an aqueous RFB with an open-circuit voltage exceeding 1 V.
A Construction-Based Approach to Multiple Exponence

This study brings to bear Optimal Construction Morphology (Caballero and Inkelas 2013) on the phenomenon of multiple exponence (ME), in which the same morphological property is exponed by more than one morphological component of a complex word. ME is a prevalent phenomenon that should receive central coverage in any morphological theory. OCM is well suited to capture ME through its intrinsic architecture of local optimization choices driven by the goal of achieving a target meaning for each word that the morphological grammar is tasked with producing. Each type of ME elucidated in Harris (Multiple exponence. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017) is discussed and shown to be emergent from existing principles of OCM; the article pays special attention to compounding-style ME, which is argued to draw upon the same basic construction type utilized by Inkelas and Zoll (Reduplication: doubling in morphology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) in a construction grammar approach to reduplication.
A mechanistic roadmap for the clinical application of cardiac cell therapies

The development of cells for regenerative therapy has encountered many pitfalls on its path to clinical translation. In cardiology, clinical studies of heart-targeted cell therapies began two decades ago, yet progress towards reaching an approved product has been slow. In this Perspective, I provide an overview of recent cardiac cell therapies, with a focus on the hurdles limiting the translation of cell products from research laboratories to clinical practice. By focusing on heart failure as a target indication, I argue that strategies for overcoming limitations in clinical translation require an increasing emphasis on mechanism-supported efficacy, rather than on phenomenological observations. As research progresses from cells to paracrine mechanisms to defined factors, identifying those defined factors that are involved in achieving superior therapeutic efficacy will better inform the use of cells as therapeutic candidates. The next generation of cell-free biologics may provide the benefits of cell therapy without the intrinsic limitations of whole-cell products.
Ethics of Managed Care: In Search of Grounding

Much has changed in American health care. For many years, the medical profession has exercised a virtual monopoly over the training, tools, and concepts of health and disease, primarily through laws of licensure and prescription, and a nearly singular economic control over volume, kind, and price of services. This situation has changed in the last few decades, due in part to the emergence of managed care.’ As those who pay the costs of care reconsider what they will buy and how much they will pay, the medical profession’s influence over consumers’ options for treatment of their disease is weakening rapidly. Physicians are becoming one of the many (including patients, interest groups, employers, government, insurance companies, health care institutions, and bioethicists) who have power over how disease is defined, diagnosed, and treated.
Function Spaces of Whitney Arrays

Here we discuss how to adapt the traditional ways of measuring smoothness for scalar functions (defined on the boundary of a Lipschitz domain) to the case of Whitney arrays.
Nicotine replacement therapy sampling via primary care: Methods from a pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial.

Abstract Background Primary care is the most important point of healthcare contact for smokers. Brief physician advice to quit, based on the 5As/AAR model, offers some efficacy but is inconsistently administered and has limited population impact. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) sampling, defined as provision of a brief NRT starter kit, when added to the 5As/AAR, is well-suited to primary care because it is simple, brief, and can be provided to all smokers. This article describes the design and methods of an ongoing comparative effectiveness trial testing standard care vs. standard care + NRT sampling within primary care. Methods Smokers were recruited directly from primary care practices between July 2014 and December 2017 within an established network of South Carolina clinics. Interventions were delivered randomly by clinic personnel, and phone-based follow-ups were centrally coordinated by research staff to track outcomes through six months post-intervention. Primary study aims are to examine the impact of NRT sampling on smoking, inclusive of cessation, quit attempts, and uptake of evidence-based treatment. Results Twenty-two clinics were recruited. Across clinics, patient census ranged from 985 to 10,957 and number of providers ranged from 1 to 63. Average patient age across clinics was 52.9 years and smoking prevalence across ranged from 10.6% to 28.5%. Conclusion Improving the effectiveness and reach of brief interventions within primary care could have a considerable impact on population quit rates. We consider the advantages and disadvantages of key methodological decisions relevant to the design of future primary care-based cessation trials.
And Then There Was Michelle Obama: Reflections from a Baby-Boomer Educator and a Millennial Young Woman

A baby boomer mother and her millennial daughter reflect on the significance of the role of Michelle Obama as the first women of African American descent to assume the role of First Lady of the USA. Mother and daughter, both highly educated and born on the South Side of Chicago, share unique connections to and perspectives of First Lady Obama, and admire the extraordinary grace and intelligence with which she brought to the role and legacy of the First Lady of America.
Transmembrane Helix Integrity versus Fraying To Expose Hydrogen Bonds at a Membrane–Water Interface

Transmembrane helices dominate the landscape for many membrane proteins. Often flanked by interfacial aromatic residues, these transmembrane helices also contain loops and interhelix segments, which could help in stabilizing a transmembrane orientation. Using 2H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to monitor bilayer-incorporated model GWALP23 family peptides, we address systematically the issue of helix fraying in relation to the dynamics and orientation of highly similar individual transmembrane helices. We inserted aromatic (Phe, Trp, Tyr, and His) or non-aromatic residues (Ala and Gly) into positions 4 and 5 adjacent to a core transmembrane helix to examine the side-chain dependency of the transmembrane orientation, dynamics, and helix integrity (extent and location of unraveling). Incorporation of [2H]alanine labels enables one to assess the helicity of the core sequence and the peptide termini. For most of the helices, we observed substantial unwinding involving at least three residues at both en...
The Significance of Sounds in Updike's “A & P”

—Her voice kind of startled me […] coming out so flat and dumb […] (306)—I go through the punches, 4, 9, GROC, TOT […] and after you do it often enough, it begins to make a little song, that you he...
Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Disempowering Acts: A Comparison of Gender and Identity-Based Explanations for Perceived Offensiveness

Policy-makers, courts, employers, and individuals must understand perceptual differences among individuals when managing workplace behaviors. Offensive acts that lead to employee disempowerment require particular attention as these behaviors are related to several negative organizational consequences. Women tend to be more sensitive to offensive behavior, but it is unknown whether gender or other factors explain this higher sensitivity. In this study, sensitivity to disempowering acts was assessed by measuring perceived offensiveness reported by male and female observers of videotaped segments of highly confrontive verbal exchanges. Competing hypotheses tested gender and identification with the target of disempowering acts as the underlying reason for women’s higher sensitivity. Findings indicated that women reported higher perceived offensiveness regardless of the gender of the target of disempowerment.
Abstract 3780: Spatially resolved transcriptional patterns of PARP inhibitor-resistant high grade serous ovarian cancer PDX tissue

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality among gynecological malignancies; 70% of patients who initially respond to therapy eventually relapse and die. Within highly heterogeneous tumors, resistance originates from a small number of cells that express beneficial genes and receive favorable cues from their microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance therefore requires the knowledge of which cell types compose the tumor, which genes they express, and where they are located respective to other cells and tissue landmarks. To this end, we have explored cell type and transcriptional heterogeneity in homologous recombination deficient patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) treated with the PARP inhibitor talazoparib. We are using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify the discrete cell types present in drug naive and drug resistant PDX tissue and to characterize the transcriptional changes driving the resistant phenotype. We are using single-molecule hybridization chain reaction (smHCR) to fluorescently label mRNAs and diSPIM light sheet microscopy to visualize fluorescently labeled mRNAs within large volumes of PDX tissue. We are currently developing computational strategies to deconvolve the 3D spatial organization of PDX cell types and to understand where and when resistance genes are expressed. This integrated scRNA seq and smHCR microscopy framework has allowed us to identify rare cell populations within HGSOC PDXs and to visualize their 3D localization relative to other cell types and tissue features, and it has the potential to elucidate how transcription of key genes supports transition to a resistant state. The insights gained from single cell transcriptional and 3D spatial profiles has the potential to greatly advance our understanding of how the 3D tumor tissue microenvironment allows and encourages rare cells with pre-resistant transcriptional programs to escape PARP inhibitor treatment. Further, this research has the potential to be predictive of disease progression and to suggest additional therapeutic targets that could be exploited as part of novel and/or personalized combination therapy regimens. An additional advantage is that this approach could be generalizable to many types of cancer to characterize the interplay between tissue organization and diverse processes such as tumor evolution, metastasis, and drug resistance. Citation Format: Benjamin King, Elke Van Oudenhove, Selim Misirlioglu, Ernesto Arostegui Fernandez, Douglas Levine, Timothee Lionnet. Spatially resolved transcriptional patterns of PARP inhibitor-resistant high grade serous ovarian cancer PDX tissue [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3780.
Increasing Depression and Substance Use Among Former Smokers in the United States, 2002-2016.

Introduction Mental health and substance use problems are associated with smoking relapse among former smokers. Yet, little is known about the prevalence of mental health and substance use among former smokers in the U.S. In addition, it is unknown whether the prevalence of these conditions has changed over time as former U.S. smokers have grown to outnumber current U.S. smokers. This study, which was conducted in 2018 and 2019, examined the prevalence and trends over time in depression (2005–2016), marijuana use (2002–2016), and alcohol use problems (2002–2016) among former U.S. smokers. Methods The National Survey on Drug Use and Health is an annual, nationally representative, cross-sectional study. Data from U.S. individuals who were aged ≥18 years in 2002–2016 were included. Former smokers were defined as having smoked ≥100 lifetime cigarettes and no past-year cigarettes. Results From 2005 to 2016, the prevalence of major depression increased from 4.88% to 6.04% (AOR=1.01, 95% CI=1.00, 1.03, p=0.04). From 2002 to 2016, past-year marijuana use rose from 5.35% to 10.09% (AOR=1.08, 95% CI=1.07, 1.09, p Conclusions Depression and substance use, which are factors associated with increased risk for cigarette use relapse, appear to be increasing over time among former U.S. smokers. Increased awareness of these trends may be important for clinical and public health efforts to direct attention to conditions potentially threatening sustained abstinence among former smokers.
Henry Sylvester Williams’s Black Atlantic

For many Africans, the nineteenth century was a transformative period. Depending on their location, they gained their freedom either as early as the 1790s or as late as the 1880s; however, freedom did not always mean political, economic, or social freedom. When slavery ended in the British Empire in 1838, plantation owners received compensation for their lost property, but slaves received no compensation for the lifetime of toil and suffering.
Live-Load Behavior of a Twin I-Girder Bridge

AbstractVery little data exists on the live-load behavior of twin-girder bridges despite their unique configuration and minimal redundancy. To investigate the live-load behavior of twin girder brid...
Genetic influence on the metabolome

Abstract Genome-wide association studies are a powerful tool to analyze how human genetic variation relates to interindividual differences in metabolite levels. These studies have identified numerous genetic loci strongly associated with blood and urine metabolite levels, with larger effect sizes than typically observed in genetic studies of complex human diseases, in many cases attributable to the direct biochemical interaction between gene product (such as enzymes and transporters) and metabolite. Because of the multiplicity of measurements, and because metabolites can be examined as ratios or in the context of pathways, special analytical considerations are required in these studies. Understanding the genetic determinants of the metabolome can yield new insights into gene function, highlight potential targets for modifying metabolite concentrations, and permit assessment of whether select metabolites lie in causal disease pathways. Important future directions include developing the capacity to meta-analyze metabolomics data sets across different cohorts and integrating knowledge about human genetic determinants of the metabolome with our burgeoning understanding of how the microbiome impacts the host metabolome.
Microstructure and ignition mechanisms of reactive aluminum–zirconium ball milled composite metal powders as a function of particle size

Al:Zr composite powders are synthesized via arrested reactive ball milling (ARM) and contain small inclusions of Zr within an Al matrix. We characterize the microstructure and ignition temperatures of the powders as a function of size using the following size ranges: 0–10, 10–32, 32–53, 53–75, and > 75 µm. We observe uniformity in density for all size ranges but the largest (> 75 µm), implying consistent elemental composition, and we observe elongation of Zr inclusions within particles of the larger three size ranges. Williamson–Hall analyses of Zr XRD patterns indicate similar Zr grain sizes across all powder size ranges and negligible residual strain and interfacial energies within the composite powders. TGA shows an increase in oxidation as particle size decreases, which we attribute to surface oxidation through comparison to an analogous Zr-rich composite powder. The onset of ZrO2 formation is compared to that of Al–Zr intermixing and intermetallic formation, and we find that the latter corresponds well to the measured ignition temperature. Unlike pure metal fuels, where ignition is governed by the onset of oxidation and ignition temperatures typically increase with particle size, these particles ignite at much lower temperatures (< 350 °C) with no dependence on size for particles less than 75 µm. Atomic intermixing and the formation of intermetallic and Zr compounds are the primary drivers for ignition in this system at slow to moderate heating rates, and we attribute the similar ignition temperatures across multiple particle sizes to the shortest diffusional intermixing distances being comparable in each size range.
Field Line Resonances in Jupiter’s Magnetosphere

The arrival of the Juno satellite at Jupiter has led to an increased interest in the dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere. Jupiter’s auroral emissions often exhibit quasi-periodic oscillation...
Interdisciplinary Telemedicine Services for Huntington's Disease: A 20-Year Experience

Background: Huntington's disease (HD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that causes impairment in cognitive, motor, and psychological function and requires subspecialty neurological and interdisciplinary care. Access to subspecialty care for HD is restricted by disability from the disease, lack of trained providers, and barriers to care for disadvantaged and rural populations. Program Description: Since 1999, the University of Virginia HD clinic has used telemedicine to provide clinical services, consultation, and staff training. Initially, encounters were scheduled with the neurologist on a case-by-case basis at outlying rural clinics and community hospitals. Since 2015, telemedicine visits have been conducted by the entire interdisciplinary HD team and access has been extended to homes and long-term care facilities. This infrastructure was used to conduct a virtual clinic 2 days after initiation of coronavirus disease (COVID) mitigation. The clinic has continued to provide subspecialty and interdisciplinary care through telemedicine while clinic access has been restricted. A total of 69 individuals have been seen in 127 telemedicine visits, 56 of which were conducted by the interdisciplinary team. Conclusions: Telemedicine can provide high-quality subspecialty neurological and interdisciplinary care for HD that offers continuity across a wide range of care settings, and can overcome both anticipated and unanticipated barriers to access.
Impact of Personality on Nonverbal Behavior Generation

To realize natural-looking virtual agents, one key technical challenge is to automatically generate nonverbal behaviors from spoken language. Since nonverbal behavior varies depending on personality, it is important to generate these nonverbal behaviors to match the expected personality of a virtual agent. In this work, we study how personality traits relate to the process of generating individual nonverbal behaviors from the whole body, including the head, eye gaze, arms, and posture. To study this, we first created a dialogue corpus including transcripts, a broad range of labelled nonverbal behaviors, and the Big Five personality scores of participants in dyad interactions. We constructed models that can predict each nonverbal behavior label given as an input language representation from the participants' spoken sentences. Our experimental results show that personality can help improve the prediction of nonverbal behaviors.
Combining secondary ion mass spectrometry image depth profiling and single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to investigate the uptake and biodistribution of gold nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans

Analytical techniques capable of determining the spatial distribution and quantity (mass and/or particle number) of engineered nanomaterials in organisms are essential for characterizing nano-bio interactions and for nanomaterial risk assessments. Here, we combine the use of dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (dynamic SIMS) and single particle inductively coupled mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) techniques to determine the biodistribution and quantity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) ingested by Caenorhabditis elegans. We report the application of SIMS in image depth profiling mode for visualizing, identifying, and characterizing the biodistribution of AuNPs ingested by nematodes in both the lateral and z (depth) dimensions. In parallel, conventional- and sp-ICP-MS quantified the mean number of AuNPs within the nematode, ranging from 2 to 36 NPs depending on the size of AuNP. The complementary data from both SIMS image depth profiling and spICP-MS provides a complete view of the uptake, translocation, and size distribution of ingested NPs within Caenorhabditis elegans.
The Continuing Challenge of Hatred and Hate Crime.

In the USA where I live, there has been a huge increase in anti-Asian hate crimes, with vicious attacks and even murder of individuals whose physical appearance suggests Chinese heritage. It is bel...