cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating Potential Efficiency Improvement for Light-Duty Transportation Applications Through Simulation of an Organic Rankine Cycle for Waste-Heat Recovery

Modern diesel engines used in light-duty transportation applications have peak brake thermal efficiencies in the range of 40–42% for high-load operation with substantially lower efficiencies at realistic road-load conditions. Thermodynamic energy and exergy analysis reveals that the largest losses from these engines are due to heat loss and combustion irreversibility. Substantial improvement in overall engine efficiency requires reducing or recovering these losses. Unfortunately, much of the heat transfer either occurs at relatively low temperatures resulting in large entropy generation (such as in the air-charge cooler), is transferred to low-exergy flow streams (such as the oil and engine coolant), or is radiated or convected directly to the environment. While there are significant opportunities for recovery from the exhaust and EGR cooler for heavy-duty applications, the potential benefits of such a strategy for light-duty diesel applications are unknown due to transient operation, the low thermal quality of exhaust gases at typical driving conditions, and the added mass of the system. Waste-heat recovery efforts will directly compete with NOx aftertreatment systems for the limited thermal energy in the exhaust during low-load operation. We have developed an organic Rankine cycle model using GT-Suite® to investigate the potential for efficiency improvement through waste-heat recovery from the exhaust and EGR cooler of a light-duty diesel engine. Results from steady-state and drive-cycle simulations are presented, and we discuss the operational difficulties associated with transient drive cycles and competition between waste-heat recovery systems, turbochargers, aftertreatment devices, and other systems for the limited thermal resources at typical driving conditions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Transesophageal echocardiographic imaging of the pulmonary veins.

This report focuses on the technical aspects of the assessment of pulmonary veins using biplane transesophageal echocardiography, taking into account their spatial anatomical orientation and relationship to neighboring structures. This is aimed at increasing the echocardiographer's ability to visualize the proximal segments of all four pulmonary veins. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, November 1991)
A pair of species of Tauschia Schltdl. (Umbelliferae/Apiaceae) from Mexico

Two species of Tauschia—T. spellenbergii from Chihuahua and T. beruloides from Michoacan and Mexico—are described as new.
New Solar Wind Diagnostic Using Both in Situ and Spectroscopic Measurements

We develop a new diagnostic technique that utilizes, at the same time, two completely different types of observations—in situ determinations of solar wind charge states and high-resolution spectroscopy of the inner solar corona—in order to study the temperature, density, and velocity of the solar wind as a function of height in the inner corona below the plasma freeze-in point. This technique relies on the ability to calculate the evolution of the ion charge composition as the solar wind escapes the Sun given the wind temperature, density, and velocity profiles as a function of distance. The resulting charge state composition can be used to predict frozen-in charge states as well as spectral line intensities. The predicted spectra and ion charge compositions can be compared with observations carried out when spectrometers and in situ instruments are in quadrature configuration to quantitatively test a set of assumptions regarding density, temperature, and velocity profiles in the low corona. Such a comparison can be used in two ways. If the input profiles are predicted by a theoretical solar wind model, this technique allows the benchmarking of the model. Otherwise, an empirical determination of the velocity, temperature, and density profiles can be achieved below the plasma freeze-in point applying a trial-and-error procedure to initial, user-specified profiles. To demonstrate this methodology, we have applied this technique to a state-of-the-art coronal hole and equatorial streamer model.
Nicotinic neuromodulation in auditory cortex requires MAPK activation in thalamocortical and intracortical circuits.

Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) by systemic nicotine enhances sensory-cognitive function and sensory-evoked cortical responses. Although nAChRs mediate fast neurotransmission at many synapses in the nervous system, nicotinic regulation of cortical processing is neuromodulatory. To explore potential mechanisms of nicotinic neuromodulation, we examined whether intracellular signal transduction involving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) contributes to regulation of tone-evoked responses in primary auditory cortex (A1) in the mouse. Systemic nicotine enhanced characteristic frequency (CF) tone-evoked current-source density (CSD) profiles in A1, including the shortest-latency (presumed thalamocortical) current sink in layer 4 and longer-latency (presumed intracortical) sinks in layers 2–4, by increasing response amplitudes and decreasing response latencies. Microinjection of the MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 into the thalamus, targeting the auditory thalamocortical pathway, blocked the effect of nicotine on the initial (thalamocortical) CSD component but did not block enhancement of longer-latency (intracortical) responses. Conversely, microinjection of U0126 into supragranular layers of A1 blocked nicotine's effect on intracortical, but not thalamocortical, CSD components. Simultaneously with enhancement of CF-evoked responses, responses to spectrally distant (nonCF) stimuli were reduced, implying nicotinic “sharpening” of frequency receptive fields, an effect also blocked by MEK inhibition. Consistent with these physiological results, acoustic stimulation with nicotine produced immunolabel for activated MAPK in A1, primarily in layer 2/3 cell bodies. Immunolabel was blocked by intracortical microinjection of the nAChR antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine, but not methyllycaconitine, implicating α4β2*, but not α7, nAChRs. Thus activation of MAPK in functionally distinct forebrain circuits—thalamocortical, local intracortical, and long-range intracortical—underlies nicotinic neuromodulation of A1.
Quantitative analysis of enzymic digests of DNA using gel electrophoresis

Quantitative electrophoresis of enzymic digests of DNA and its applications are reviewed. Factors affecting the overall analysis such as DNA length distribution, labels for visualizing DNA, techniques for quantitation, and electrophoresis itself are studied. Methods to analyze restriction fragments and lesions in DNA by gel electrophoresis are presented.
Improved energy detectors with data/decision fusion of partitioned time-domain samples

This article proposes several new and improved energy detectors for detecting unknown deterministic signals perturbed by zero-mean Gaussian noise and/or fading. In contrast to the conventional total energy detector (that computes the signal energy by summing the square of all time-domain signals), we first partition the time-domain samples in pairs and then combine the signal energy estimates from each of these partitions using different rules (i.e., data fusion) to develop new detectors that provide varying levels of primary user (PU) signal protection. Both numerical and simulation results show that all of our modified energy detectors outperform the conventional total energy detector. Decision fusion of the local binary hard decisions made at the sample partitions is also considered to provide a greater flexibility for the PU signal protection and/or to improve the detection performance of the stand-alone energy detector. The efficacy of cooperative spectrum sensing using the average energy detector is also studied.
The epidemiology of hospitalized postpartum depression in New York State, 1995-2004.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe the patterns of hospitalization for depression in the year after delivery in relation to social, demographic, and behavioral characteristics. Methods Data on births were linked to hospitalizations for depression over the subsequent year to describe the frequency and patterns of hospitalized postpartum depression among 2,355,886 deliveries in New York State from 1995 to 2004. We identified “definite postpartum depression” based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes indicative of “mental disorders specific to pregnancy,” and “possible postpartum depression” by ICD codes for hospitalization with any depressive disorders. Results In New York State, we identified 1363 women (5.8 per 10,000) who were hospitalized with definite postpartum depression, and 6041 women (25.6 per 10,000) with possible postpartum depression, with lower risks in the New York City area. Postpartum depression was more common in later years and among mothers who were older, Black, smokers, lacking private insurance, and with multiple gestations, and was rarer among Asians. For possible postpartum depression, socioeconomic gradients were enhanced. Conclusions Risk of hospitalized postpartum depression is strongly associated with socioeconomic deprivation and varies markedly by ethnicity, with direct implications for screening and health services, also providing suggestions for etiologic studies.
Unusual Cases of Memory Loss: Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of Memory, Alan J. Parkin (Ed.). 1997. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. 240 pp., $44.95.

In recent years, edited books presenting unusual case studies of neuropsychological disorders have appeared in the literature with increasing frequency. In general, I have found these books to be fascinating, illustrating the seemingly endless variety of ways in which damage to the nervous system can affect the cognitive functioning and the day-to-day lives of previously normal individuals. These volumes, which focus on the uniqueness or specificity of an individual neuropsychological deficit rather than on the commonality of dysfunction across individuals, always include at least some cases that are unlike any that I have previously encountered and almost always present some real surprises—cases that seem to defy easy explanation in terms of existing theories. In these respects, Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of Memory, edited by Alan Parkin, is no exception. The descriptions of the cases reported in the 10 chapters of this book are unique and intriguing. They are presented as stand-alone case studies without any cross-referencing to other cases in the book, which highlights their uniqueness. There is little in the way of editorial intrusion. A brief introduction tells us what to expect, provides some rationale for the selection of cases that appear in the book, and includes a sentence or two of the accepted theory that may be challenged by the reported case studies.
Neutron wall loading of Tokamak reactors

Abstract Neutron wall loading (Γn) is a key parameter for the selection of fusion power core component materials. It also impacts the economic, performance, design, safety and environmental aspect of the fusion power plant. This paper reports the determination of the range of Γn for economically competitive fusion power plants based on the analysis that couples the MHD stability physics results to a system design code. Cost of electricity (COE) was selected as the parameter to be minimized. For both normal conducting and superconducting coil options, at thermal efficiency of 46% and at the power output range of 1–2 GW(e) the average neutron wall loading is 4–7 MW/m2. For a given power output, higher thermal efficiency will allow lower Γn. At the above range of Γn, in order to have economical fusion power reactors, for the solid first wall design option, high thermal efficiency of 46% to 57.5% requires the use of alloys like V and W-alloy, respectively. The corresponding COE can be projected to be in the economically competitive range of 62–54.6 mill/kWh.
A more direct and cost effective use of wind power for buildings in cold climates

In cold climates heating a home or building can consume a large amount of energy. The heating load on a building grows even larger when the cold is accompanied by wind. This paper proposes an environmentally friendly concept that offsets this load by directly and instantaneously using wind power. Current wind turbines that produce electricity have a high cost per energy unit. A large part of this cost comes from the generator, inverter, wiring, and their inefficiencies. This concept bypasses these components and creates low cost heat directly off of the turbine shaft. The heat is produced by rotating strong magnets inside a copper housing. Fields of the magnets induce a current in the copper housing which acts like a short circuit causing the energy to become heat. The heat that the housing produces can be transported by water lines or air ventilation to the building. With a promising low payback period this concept is very appealing to consumers interested in alternative energy systems. It can be added to any building design or any existing structure. The system is also maintenance free and in relation to other alternative energy systems its initial investment is very low. The turbine of choice for this concept is a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. It performs well in industrial or residential areas even though these areas create turbulence in the wind. An experimental setup has been constructed for this concept and tested to find its performance characteristics.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Genomic Analysis of Gastrulation and Organogenesis in the Mouse

We developed a comprehensive dataset that samples the mouse transcriptome every 6 hr, from gastrulation through organogenesis. We observe an abrupt increase in overall transcript diversity at the onset of organogenesis (e8.0); the genes that comprise these changes are preferentially clustered along chromosome 7 and contain a significant enrichment of Gli binding sites. Furthermore, we identify seven dominant patterns of gene expression during gastrulation and organogenesis. Genes clustered according to these seven patterns constitute distinct functional classes, including a cluster enriched for gastrulation and pluripotency genes, two clusters differentially regulating localization and ion metabolism, and three clusters involved in discrete aspects of organogenesis. The last cluster is defined by a dramatic transient decrease in the expression of genes that regulate RNA processing and the cell cycle. Drosophila homologs of these genes are also coordinately downregulated following gastrulation, suggesting that the combined function of these genes has been conserved during metazoan evolution.
Coffee ground vomitus in 84-year-old male

An 84-year-old man presented to our emergency department because of coffee ground vomitus over several days. Physical examination revealed right scrotal swelling with crepitus (figure 1). kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB) radiography (figure 2) was arranged; however, 2 h later, his condition deteriorated. CT revealed extensive pneumoretroperitoneum extending from the posterior surface of the liver down to the right inguinal canal (figure 3). Emergent surgery …
Discriminative stimulus properties of clonidine: Substitution by ergot derivatives

Abstract Bromocriptine, lergotrile and lisuride but not apomorphine, ergonovine or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) mimicked clonidine in rats trained to discriminate this compound (0.02 mg/kg) from saline. BC 105, ketanserin and haloperidol failed to block the clonidine cue. Yohimbine was an effective antagonist of clonidine but not of the lisuride substitution for clonidine. Since dopamine does not appear to be involved in the stimulus effects of clonidine, the behavioral similarities between clonidine and some ergots may be related to α-adrenoceptor stimulation; however, the role of blood pressure changes in the stimulus effects of all these of compunds should not be overlooked.
Supertertiary Structure of the MAGUK Core from PSD-95

The family of membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) scaffold proteins comprises members that function at neuronal synapses, tight junctions, immunological synapses, and neutrophil membranes. Through their multiple domains, MAGUKs organize events of signal transduction, cell adhesion, and molecular trafficking. Here, we use nuclear magnetic resonance, small-angle X-ray scattering, and Rosetta modeling to reveal the structural preferences and interdomain dynamics of the MAGUK core (PDZ3-SH3-guanylate kinase) from postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), the best known MAUGK. PSD-95 is highly abundant in the postsynaptic density of excitatory neurons and is responsible for coupling glutamate receptors with internal postsynaptic structures. These solution-based studies show that the MAGUK core PDZ domain (PDZ3) interacts directly with the SH3 domain via its canonical peptide binding groove, with the connecting linker serving as an adhesive. This weak interaction, however, is dynamic and weakened further by PDZ3 ligands and linker phosphorylation, suggesting that domain dynamics may be central to MAGUK function.
The Effect of Marital Disruption on Child's Attachment to Parents

Using data from a sample of 2135 midwestern college students, this article examines the consequences of marital disruption on child-parent attachment. Among the factors considered in the analysis are death versus divorce, amount of conflict in intact and divorced homes, sex of custodial parent, custodial parent's remarriage, and relationships with stepparents. The results show that disruption does not reduce a child's attachment to the custodial parent. Divorce does reduce a child's attachment to the noncustodial parent, however, and thus reduces the child's total affectional network. This pattern is particularly problematic in father-custody homes.
Costs and benefits of mate choice in the lek-breeding reed frog,Hyperolius marmoratus

Direct benefits to females of choosing mates have recently been suggested to play a role in the evolution of female preferences even in non-resource-based mating systems. Direct benefits affect the fecundity or survival of females whereas females gain indirectly from being choosy by passing on good genes to offspring or by producing sons that are themselves more attractive to females. I investigated two potential direct benefits that females gain from being choosy in the lek-breeding painted reed frog, Hyperolius marmoratus broadleyi: assurance of fertilization and reduction in search costs. Males did not differ in their fertilization rates, indicating that choosy females did not benefit by gaining higher rates of fertilization. However, costs of mate searching were high due to predation risk by brown water snakes, Lycodonomorphus rufulus, at the breeding site. Small natural choruses were monitored using an acoustic localization technique based on the measurement of arrival time differences of a male's signal at an array of microphones. Females preferred males that were near to their release site and that called at high rates. These preferences were corroborated experimentally in two-choice arena trials and are consistent with the notion that females should reduce search time under high predatory pressure. Because sampling costs are high, females are selected to reduce search time and males are predicted to call so that females can locate them easily. High sampling costs also make direct selection on female preferences a plausible solution to the lek paradox.
Properties of soluble protein powders from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

Summary Soluble protein powders were produced from pollock by-products and evaluated for their functional, nutritional and rheological properties. Soluble protein powders were made from pollock viscera (PVSP), viscera without liver (PVWLSP), heads (PHSP), frames (PFSP), trimmings (PTSP), and liver (PLSP) and had protein contents ranging from 65.0% to 78.9%. Yield of PVWLSP was higher than that of other pollock proteins powder and PTSP had the highest nitrogen solubility value (85.7%). Emulsion capacity and emulsion stability of the pollock protein powders ranged from 29% to 34.5% (mL of oil per 200 mg of protein) and 65.3% to 77.6%, respectively. Highest and lowest fat adsorption values were observed for PFSP (10.6 mL of oil per gram of protein) and PVSP (4.1 mL of oil per gram of protein), respectively. Fish protein powder samples were good sources in K, P, and Mg and amino acids. Emulsions made with pollock soluble protein powders exhibited viscoelastic characteristics.
44-Year-Old Man With Shortness of Breath, Fatigue, and Paresthesia

44-year-old man presented to the Primary Care Internal Medicine clinic with a 1-month history of shortness of breath, fatigue, and paresthesia. He reported increasing shortness of breath while stocking shelves at work and recently stopped recreational jogging because of this symptom. He also described a new, painless numbness and tingling in his fingertips bilaterally. The patient denied any history of chest pain, syn- cope, palpitations, muscle weakness, incontinence, weight changes, or recent illness. He was taking no prescription or over-the-counter medications or food supplements. He had no other relevant medical or surgical history. He had never used tobacco or illicit drugs and consumed an average of 1 alcoholic beverage per month. He had no siblings. Family history was remarkable for coronary artery disease in his father and osteoarthritis in his mother. Physical examination revealed a blood pressure of 101/58 mm Hg, with a regular pulse of 86 beats/min. The patient was afebrile, alert, and well nourished. Head and neck evaluation demonstrated a supple neck without ten- derness to palpation or carotid bruits. Scleras were normal. Neck range of motion and strength were normal. Findings on thyroid and lymph node examinations were unremark- able. Cardiac examination revealed normal first and second heart sounds without murmurs, gallops, or rubs. Lung sounds were clear. The patient's skin was pale. Abdominal examination revealed no tenderness, masses, or hepatosple- nomegaly. Cranial nerve examination revealed no abnor - malities in cranial nerves II through XII. Sensation was intact throughout, except for reduced pinpoint discrimina- tion of the bilateral finger tips. The Phalen maneuver and Tinel sign were negative. The extremities, including the th- enar musculature, were of normal tone, bulk, and strength, with symmetric and normal reflexes throughout. The lower extremities had mild varicosities but were not edematous. Babinski testing was normal. Gait testing was normal ex- cept for mild unsteadiness during the tandem walk.
The relationship between vascular wall shear stress and flow-mediated dilation: endothelial function assessed by phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought: 1) to investigate the relationship between vascular wall shear stress and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in humans, and 2) to investigate whether this relationship could explain why FMD is greater in small arteries. BACKGROUND Arterial wall shear stress (WSS) is considered to be the primary stimulus for the endothelial-dependent FMD response. However, the relationship between WSS and FMD has not been investigated in humans. Furthermore, FMD is greater in small arteries, though the reasons for this phenomenon are unclear. METHODS Using phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography (PMRCA), we measured hyperemic WSS and FMD in 18 healthy volunteers. Peak systolic WSS was calculated assuming a blunted parabolic velocity profile. Diameter by PCMRA and by ultrasound was compared in nine subjects. RESULTS Flow-mediated dilation was linearly proportional to hyperemic peak systolic WSS (r = 0.79, p = 0.0001). Flow-mediated dilation was inversely related to baseline diameter (r = 0.62, p = 0.006), but the hyperemic peak WSS stimulus was also inversely related to baseline diameter (r = 0.47, p = 0.049). Phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography and ultrasound diameters were compared in nine subjects and correlated well (r = 0.84, p CONCLUSIONS Arterial FMD is linearly proportional to peak hyperemic WSS in normal subjects. Thus, the endothelial response is linearly proportional to the stimulus. Furthermore, the greater FMD response in small arteries is accounted for, at least partially, by a greater hyperemic WSS stimulus in small arteries. By allowing the calculation of vascular WSS, which is the stimulus for FMD, and by imaging a fixed arterial cross-section, thus reducing operator dependence, PCMRA enhances the assessment of vascular endothelial function.
Decreasing errors in pediatric continuous intravenous infusions.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a Web-based calculator and decision-support system on infusion ordering errors and to estimate error frequency in pharmacy infusion preparation. DESIGN Data on ordering error frequency and typology were collected before and after implementation of an online infusion ordering system. Data on pharmacy preparation errors of infusions were collected. SETTING A children's hospital at an academic medical center. PATIENTS None. Data were abstracted from infusion orders. INTERVENTIONS Introduction of a voluntary-use Web-based calculator into infusion ordering workflow. Observation only. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number and type of errors in handwritten and calculator-generated orders. Number and type of errors in pharmacy infusion preparation. RESULTS Before calculator deployment, 129 sequential handwritten infusion orders were collected over 5 weeks. After deployment, of 162 sequential infusion orders, 88% (142) were calculator-generated. Calculator-generated infusion orders contained 83% fewer (p < .001) orders containing one or more errors than handwritten orders. Calculator-generated orders contained no high-risk errors (incorrect decimal, dose, or unit of measure) when compared with handwritten orders and were associated with fewer pharmacy interventions. In 118 sequential pharmacy infusion preparations over 4 wks, there were no errors observed. CONCLUSION A Web-based calculator reduced significantly the total number of errors and eliminated all high-risk errors in the prescribing process for continuous pediatric infusions. With no observed errors in pharmacy preparation, this study provides data to support the use of computerized ordering as an independent safe and viable method for ordering continuous pediatric infusions.
Sacral Neural Crest-Derived Cells Enter the Aganglionic Colon of Ednrb−/− Mice Along Extrinsic Nerve Fibers

Both vagal and sacral neural crest cells contribute to the enteric nervous system in the hindgut. Because it is difficult to visualize sacral crest cells independently of vagal crest, the nature and extent of the sacral crest contribution to the enteric nervous system are not well established in rodents. To overcome this problem we generated mice in which only the fluorescent protein-labeled sacral crest are present in the terminal colon. We found that sacral crest cells were associated with extrinsic nerve fibers. We investigated the source, time of appearance, and characteristics of the extrinsic nerve fibers found in the aganglionic colon. We observed that the pelvic ganglion neurons contributed a number of extrinsic fibers that travel within the hindgut between circular and longitudinal muscles and within the submucosa and serosa. Sacral crest-derived cells along these fibers diminished in number from fetal to postnatal stages. A small number of sacral crest-derived cells were found between the muscle layers and expressed the neuronal marker Hu. We conclude that sacral crest cells enter the hindgut by advancing on extrinsic fibers and, in aganglionic preparations, they form a small number of neurons at sites normally occupied by myenteric ganglia. We also examined the colons of ganglionated preparations and found sacral crest-derived cells associated with both extrinsic nerve fibers and nascent ganglia. Extrinsic nerve fibers serve as a route of entry for both rodent and avian sacral crest into the hindgut.
Catalysis of ATP Hydrolysis by Two NH2-terminal Fragments of Yeast DNA Topoisomerase II

Abstract Catalysis of ATP hydrolysis by two NH2-terminal fragments of yeast DNA topoisomerase II was studied in the absence and presence of DNA, and in the absence and presence of inhibitor ICRF-193. The results indicate that purified Top2-(1–409), a fragment containing the NH2-terminal 409 amino acids of the yeast enzyme, is predominantly monomeric, with a low level of ATPase owing to weak association of two monomers to form a catalytically active dimer. The ATPase activity of Top2-(1–409) is independent of DNA in a buffer containing 100 mm NaCl, in which intact yeast DNA topoisomerase II exhibits robust DNA-dependent ATPase and DNA transport activities. Purified Top2-(1–660), a fragment containing the NH2-terminal 660 amino acid of the yeast enzyme, appears to be dimeric in the absence or presence of DNA, and the ATPase activity of the protein is significantly stimulated by DNA. These results are consistent with a model in which binding of an intact DNA topoisomerase II to DNA places the various subfragments of the enzyme in a way that makes the intramolecular dimerization of the ATPase domains more favorable. We believe that this alignment of subfragments is mainly achieved through the binding of the enzyme to the DNA segment within which the enzyme makes transient breaks. The ATPase activity of Top2-(1–409) is inhibited by ICRF-193, suggesting that the bisdioxopiperazine class of DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors directly interacts with the paired ATPase domains of the enzyme.
Thermal Modeling of Steady State Contact Resistance Between Two Dissimilar Materials

Abstract Contact resistance between two dissimilar materials of finite thickness is formulated as two cylinders in contact over a small area at their centers with their lateral surfaces insulated while the top and bottom surfaces are kept at constant temperatures. Heat diffusion equations in the cylinders are transformed to an integral equation for the heat flux through the contact area. The integral equation is solved numerically and no assumption regarding the heat flux distribution on the contact surface is made. An expression for the dimensionless contact resistance is developed using the rate of heat transfer through the contact area. The effect of the length of the cylinders on contact resistance is evaluated. The limiting case of contact resistance for long cylinders is compared with the solution reported in literature. A correlation is developed for the heat flux distribution for long cylinders as a function of dimensionless contact radius. The results are reported in dimensionless form convenient for parametric study and design analysis.
Abstract 5202: Bone marrow-derived epithelial cells contribute to chronic skin inflammation and skin tumor formation in the mouse

Although a stem cell origin for tumors was postulated nearly 200 years ago, a critical role of keratin-15 expressing hair follicle stem cells in skin tumorigenesis has only recently been established. In addition to tissue stem cells, bone marrow cells can play a reparative function in damaged organs and contribute to cancer development as recently demonstrated in a gastric cancer model of Helicobacter felis-induced chronic inflammation. We report here that bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) are an exogenous source of epithelial cells in tumor development in the multistage skin carcinogenesis model following gender mismatched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. First, clusters of BMDCs were detected in the epithelium of 37.78% papilloma samples with a genetic marker (EGFP) indicating their bone marrow donor origin. Second, clusters of keratin immunoreactive BMDCs were located primarily in the basal epithelium of the papillomas. Third, a subset of BMDCs in the basal epithelium was found to be highly proliferative as measured by incorporation of BrdU and expression of Ki67. Furthermore, a significant contribution of BMDCs was identified in 53.06% of ulcer-associated dysplastic skin samples by immunostaining and confirmed by presence of a Y chromosome. Moreover, an enhanced contribution of bone marrow-derived epithelial cells was observed in the dysplastic epidermis. Therefore, these results demonstrate that a subset of BMDCs participates as a new epithelial cell source in chronically damaged skin lesions including papillomas and ulcers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5202. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5202
A comparative study of cranial growth in Homo and Macaca.

This study deals with the postnatal growth and remodeling changes that take place in the cranial bone of Macaca mulatta. Multiple ground sections were prepared throughout each component bone from the calvaria and cranial floor of young, rapidly growing specimens having primary or mixed dentition. These sections were then analyzed for (1) the different types of inward-growing and outward-growing bone tissues present, and (2) the distribution of resorptive and depository periosteal and endosteal surfaces. Using this information, the remodeling history of each bone was reconstructed and the overall growth pattern of the craninum as a whole was determined. The growth changes that characterize the brain case of the monkey were then compared and contrasted with those in Homo. While a number of distinct similarities were observed in their respective growth and remodeling processes, several marked differences were also found. These occurred largely in certain parts of the cranial floor and they appeared to be associated with corresponding differences in the size, configuration, and disposition of the brain in the two species and also with factors related to body posture and facial prognathism.
Spectroscopy simulation and scattering, and the medium range order problem in glass

Consideration is given to phenomena which we believe to be controlled by the fluctuations in the poorly understood intermediate range order in liquids and glasses. These include structural relaxation, crystal nucleation and incipient liquid-liquid phase separation. Techniques which show promise for investigating the intermediate range order are considered, and predictable or conceivable developments in these techniques which may, by the year 2004 (N.J. Kreidl's 100th), greatly increase or even revolutionize our knowledge of the intermediate range order, are discussed. These include difference spectroscopy, difference scattering, and computer simulation techniques. Finally, we consider possible developments in system preparation or system manipulation techniques which may lead to new insights into relations between physical properties and intermediate range order. An example of special interest is the preparation of noncommunicating microsystems of the same size as the clusters which many believe are the building blocks of the glassy state.
A multiple-scales model of the shock-cell structure of imperfectly expanded supersonic jets

The present investigation is concerned with the development of an analytical model of the quasi-periodic shock-cell structure of an imperfectly expanded supersonic jet. The investigation represents a part of a program to develop a mathematical theory of broadband shock-associated noise of supersonic jets. Tam and Tanna (1982) have suggested that this type of noise is generated by the weak interaction between the quasi-periodic shock cells and the downstream-propagating large turbulence structures in the mixing layer of the jet. In the model developed in this paper, the effect of turbulence in the mixing layer of the jet is simulated by the addition of turbulent eddy-viscosity terms to the momentum equation. Attention is given to the mean-flow profile and the numerical solution, and a comparison of the numerical results with experimental data.
Atomistic modelling of nematic liquid crystals: a study of structure-property relationships in steroidal mesogen based liquid crystals

Abstract In this study we report molecular mechanics calculations designed to predict and interpret structure property relationships in nematic liquid crystals. A family of liquid crystals with steroidal mesogens were studied and the results were compared with available X-ray data. Low energy conformations of dimers were analysed to provide quantitative information about the local intermolecular interactions and their anisotropic nature. Important contributions to the molecular packing could be identified and the geometry of the dimers and the extent of their positional correlation was successfully related to their observed packing behaviour. By monitoring the relative orientation of the two molecules, a qualitative study of liquid crystalline phase stability was accomplished. Simulations were also carried out with a modified energy function which includes a nematic contribution representing the cumulative intermolecular interactions owing to long range orientational order present in liquid crystals. Along with providing a systematic study of the relative importance of the various competing forces (steric repulsion, attractive forces, long-range electrostatic interactions) in the formation of liquid crystalline phases, this method can also be expected to be useful in predicting mesophase behaviour.
The preparation and physical chemical properties of ribonucleic acid from microsomal particles

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) prepared by phenol extraction from solutions of nearly-homogeneous microsomal particles isolated from calf liver was found to consist of two nearly homogeneous components having sedimentation constants of 28 and 18 S. These two components occurred in the ratio of about 1 to 0·6 and could be assigned molecular weights of about 1,300,000 and 600,000 respectively. Amolecule of each of these components would then account for the RNA content of a single microsomal particle which is found to have a molecular weight of 3,700,000. These two RNA components appear to be constructed of subunits having molecular weights of about 120,000. Dissociation of the RNA components into these subunits is brought about by heating to 85° C. The RNA then has a sedimentation constant of about 8·2 S and exhibits a single, relatively narrow, sedimenting peak which resembled the RNA obtained previously by a detergent method followed by heating. If the optical density at 285 mμ is followed during the heating cycle it is found to rise 27 % and return to its original value. On the basis of absorbance and optical rotation studies on polynucleotide helices reported elsewhere this is interpreted as indicating that about 40 % of the nucleotides are united through hydrogen bonds at room temperature and are released at higher temperatures. Upon cooling an equivalent number of hydrogen bonds re-form. The extent of reactivity with formaldehyde supports this interpretation. Similar studies on the microsomal particles themselves show an abrupt, reversible change that can be interpreted as arising from the melting out of base-paired regions that constitute about 30 % of the nucleotides. It is concluded that the phenol method, in contrast to the detergent method, preserves in the RNA that is isolated much of the secondary structure that existed in the microsomal particle.
Why the world needs heroes

Can thoughts ignite revolutions? How can one person’s imagination empower millions to challenge tyranny and injustice in the name of freedom and democracy? In recent times, the world has been witnessing just such a mindful, viral transference of power in the uprisings and revolutions spreading across the Middle East. In Cairo, Egyptian youth, with neither a political leader of an opposition party, nor armed weapons to fight against the government militia, have been able to create a largely peaceful coup d’etat. Remarkably, they achieved their goal in less than one month. Their success inoculated untold numbers of others in that region with a newfound moral courage, which is critical for translating personal intentions into civic action. We also have to acknowledge the power of the Internet and TV media for creating connectivity among the revolutionaries and the global spread of the unfolding events witnessed by millions worldwide, hour-by-hour.
Evidence for Anderson-Brinkman-Morel – type state in a heavy-fermion superconductor from ultrasonic attenuation

The ultrasonic attenuation for a superconductor with generalized pairing is calculated via a scalar quasiparticle Boltzmann equation in the relaxation-time approximation, in the hydrodynamic limit. The attenuation follows a power law as a function of temperature T if the gap vanishes at points or lines on the Fermi surface. With an Anderson-Brinkman-Morel--type excitation spectrum, a ${\mathrm{T}}^{2}$ behavior is obtained for the sound attenuation, which is consistent with the recently measured attenuation for the heavy-fermion system ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$.
Evidence for electron-electron correlations in La2CuO4 and La2−xSrxCuO4 superconductors

Abstract We report a study of the magnetic susceptibility of La2−xSrxCuO4for x=0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 from 4–350K. Our data suggest that La2CuO4 has a spin-density wave or antiferromagnetic transition near 250K. The Sr doped superconductors have a Pauli susceptibility above Tc=35−40K that is enhanced by electron-electron correlations. The variation in Tc with Sr doping is not directly correlated with the change in electron density of states.
Dental CAD-CAM Systems: What Is the State of the Art?

Dr. E. Dianne Rekow updates practitioners on six state-of-the-art systems that are revolutionizing restoration planning and fabrication in “Dental CADCAM Systems.” The author compares six CAD-CAM systems, addressing differences in configuration, capabilities, learning curves to use the system successfully, costs and fit of CAD-CAM-produced restorations.
Two-component high-solid polyurethane coating systems based on soy polyols

Soybean oil based polyols—soybean oil phosphate ester polyols (SOPEPs)—having varying hydroxyl content and viscosity were prepared as low cost and low-VOC polyols for coatings applications. These SOPEPs were used as the hydroxyl component of “two-component polyurethane (2K-PU)” coating compositions and their film properties were studied. Blends of commercial polyester polyol and SOPEP in varying proportions were also used to formulate PU coatings. Their film properties were studied and compared. We found that SOPEP can be used as the sole hydroxyl component or as the reactive diluent for polyester polyols in 2K-PU coating systems. SOPEP, is derived from a relatively inexpensive and renewable resource and the use of SOPEP can substantially reduce VOC and cost of PU coating formulations.
EFFICACY OF REPRESENTING QUANTITIES WITH DIFFERENT PICTURES IN SOLVING ARITHMETIC WORD PROBLEMS

In recent years, the need to have students learn to solve word problems has become a major focus for arithmetic instruction, with one aspect being use of concrete aids. In general, previous research has indicated that using pictures or self-generated drawings tends to facilitate the solution of problems (1, 2). However, relatively little research has been done to investigate the efficacy of representing quantities in word problems with pictures of different objects. The present purpose was to assess whether word problems whose sets were pictures representing different objects (5 stegosaurs and 1 brontosaur) would produce higher scores than word problems whose sets were of pictures representing the same objects (5 stegosaurs and 1 stegosaur). I t was hypothesized that word problems whose sets were pictures representing different objects would present a clearer visual array, allowing the student to form contrasting perceptions of the quantities in each set, thereby increasing the likelihood of successfuI completion. A random sample of 20 first-grade students of comparable arithmetic ability (as assessed by the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills) was selected and randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions: word problems whose sets were pictures representing different objects or pictures representing the same objects. A series of 10 arithmetic word problems requiring either addition or subtraction was presented to each student. Analysis indicated that the students who used sets representing different objects scored significantly higher than students who saw sets representing the same objects ( t = 3.23, p<.O5). The mean number of correct responses for the sets with different objects was 8.20 (SD of 1.08), while for the same objects the mean was 6.20 (SD of 1.54). This suggests that students may experience more success when introduced to arithmetic word problems or in remediation classes if sets are of pictures representing different objects because this allows students to discriminate better between the two sets of quantities. Inclusion of different objects may also provide a more interesting and novel visual array, thereby increasing attention.
Leading beyond borders: insights and case studies from IBM's Global Chief Human Resource Officer study

Purpose – As organizations operate in an increasingly borderless world where work is performed across various cultures, geographies and time zones, modern strategies and approaches for effective, global leadership are a necessity. The aim of this paper is to explore how leaders can successfully address the challenges of global leadership in order to improve business performance and take advantage of new business opportunities.Design/methodology/approach – IBM's recently published Global Chief Human Resource Officer (CHRO) study – to which more than 700 HR executives and workforce strategists across 61 countries contributed – reveals that organizations continue to struggle to resolve a number of critical leadership challenges.Findings – The authors explore the key levers that leaders need to apply in order to maximize workforce performance and capitalize on collective intelligence. Analysis of our study shows that many organizations will need to work very differently from how they operate today, engaging m...
The political feasibility of rural poverty reduction

Abstract Policies oriented at the reduction of rural poverty will only be introduced if politically feasible. Computable general equilibrium and multimarket models have been widely used to measure the complex economic and welfare effects of these policies. Based on the body of theoretical and empirical knowledge on the determinants of influence by groups in civil society and on the role of the state in policy-making, an index of the political feasibility of policy outcomes is constructed. Use of this index with data from India and Ecuador allows to identify a number of promising avenues to politically feasible reforms, in particular by choosing policies that induce the emergence of supportive coalitions dominated by the nonpoor. The general equilibrium effects and the leakages of antipoverty instruments are key in inducing emergence of these coalitions.