cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[Pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and clinical profile of eletriptan (Relpax), a new triptan for migraine]

Eletriptan (Relpax) is a new anti-migraine medication commonly referred to as triptans. Eletriptan is considered to reduce neuronal transmission of pain by causing vasoconstriction of dilated cranial vessels and inhibiting the release of neuropeptides from trigeminal nerves via activation of the 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors. Eletriptan showed selectivity, high affinities, and potent agonistic activity to human 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors. It selectively constricted the cranial artery relative to the coronary artery of the anesthetized dog and the isolated human specimen. The affinity to the 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors and the selectivity for the cranial artery over the coronary artery of eletriptan are higher than those of sumatriptan. Eletriptan inhibited the trigeminal nerve mediated inflammation in the rat dura mater with equal potency and efficacy to sumatriptan. Orally taken eletriptan was rapidly absorbed with good bioavailability. In clinical trials, eletriptan improved the headache response rate with rapid onset, and reduced headache recurrence. The functional impairments as well as associated symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and photophobia were also improved by eletriptan. Eletriptan showed stable efficacy in chronic use against multiple attacks with no increase in adverse events. Eletriptan was well tolerated in patients and most adverse events were mild-to-moderate in nature.
For Love or Money? Welfare Reform and Immigrant Naturalization

The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 generally restricted immigrants' eligibility for welfare to those who had naturalized. By increasing the salience of naturalization, the law provides a unique opportunity to examine how social and economic contexts of reception influence immigrants' pursuit of citizenship. This paper summarizes instrumental-legal (IL) and social-contextual (SC) theoretical perspectives on the foundations of citizenship and develops hypotheses on how social and economic contexts of immigrant reception after welfare reform influence naturalization behavior. Using General Social Survey (GSS) data and longitudinal data from the Survey of Program Dynamics (SPD) for 1988-2002, the research finds that hypotheses about the influence of the social context of reception, as reflected in state-level favorability of attitudes toward immigrants, are most consistently supported in the data. The results hold important implications for both theories of immigrant incorporation and ideas about what constitutes the most effective policy instruments to enhance the social and economic status of immigrants.
Clarification of the Nature of the “First Chiral and Highly Lewis Acidic Silyl Cationic Catalyst”. Concerning the Question of Siliconium Ions vs Silyl Cations1

Density functional theory (DFT)/IGLO NMR studies show that the “first chiral and highly Lewis acidic silyl cationic catalyst” (Jorgensen et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 7637) is not a free tertiary alkylsilicenium ion or a somewhat coordinatively stabilized silyl cation but a de facto silylated acetonitrilium ion 4 which possesses some chirality and thus is capable of catalyzing reported reactions, however, with very low enantioselectivity. Attempts to find a minimum energy structure for the free silicenium ion 1 calculationally at the B3LYP/6-31G* level were unsuccessful and resulted instead in showing the stability of the derived intramolecularly silylated spirosilacyclopropylarenium ion 2 (a Cram-type aronium ion). In benzene solution a silylated benzenium ion 5 (Wheland intermediate) is obtained.
Alumina/cerium oxide nano-composite electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cell applications

Abstract Gadolinium-doped ceria has demonstrated a high-ionic conductivity at moderate temperatures and is a potential candidate as electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) devices. However, Ce ions can undergo a valency change from +IV to +III under reducing conditions. That valency change then leads to electronic (polaron) conduction and thus, degrades the ionic conduction. It has been demonstrated that the incorporation of electrically insulating particles will reduce the electronic conduction by an ‘electron-trapping’ mechanism (ideally) without affecting the ionic conductivity. This design is principally similar to the grain boundary design in zinc-oxide varistors. In order to make this design effective, the insulating (electron trapping) particles have to be spaced close to each other. The spacing between 50 and 100 nm is assumed to be necessary for optimum performance. In order to not overload the entire composition with insulating particles (and thus reducing the ionic conductivity substantially due to volumetric dilution) the insulating grains have to be small (nanometer sized) and uniformly distributed throughout the matrix (cerium oxide). Moreover, the insulating grains should not dissolve or otherwise alter the cerium oxide matrix. The present study now focuses on the precipitation of nanometer-sized alumina particles and coating these ‘seed’ particles with a 50 nm layer of gadolinium-doped cerium oxide. Small sizes for the alumina particles will prevent the overall composition from being overloaded with non-conducting particles and the coating process will enhance a very uniform distribution of the alumina particles in the cerium oxide matrix. Afterwards, the powders were calcined, compacted and (microwave) sintered. Characterization by SEM, TEM, XRD, density, and conductivity measurements are presented to evaluate properties of the proposed nano-composite electrolyte.
"I've spent a lot of time looking at these images": The "Viewing 'I'" in Contemporary Autobiographical Documentary

I look at three recent documentaries in which the self is framed as an interactive viewer of images that fragment the narratives of these filmmakers' autobiographies. In Agnes Varda's The Beaches of Agnes, Ross McElwee's Time Indefinite, and Jonathan Caouette's Tarnation, the directors' use of and engagement with key images stages the tension between narrative coherence and a non-unified autobiographical self.
Generation of a Silylene Complex by the 1,2‐Migration of Hydrogen from Silicon to Platinum

An extraordinary downfield-shifted 29 Si{1 H} NMR signal is seen at δ=338.5 for the platinum silylene complex [(dippe)(H)Pt=SiMes2 ][MeB(C6 F5 )3 ] (2). This remarkably stable metal silylene complex was obtained from 1 in the first intramolecular 1,2-hydride migration from silicon to a transition metal. dippe=iPr2 PCH2 CH2 PiPr2 , Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 .
Reversible decrease of the flexural dynamic modulus of cement pastes upon heating

Abstract The flexural storage modulus was found to decrease gradually and reversibly with increasing temperature from 30 to 150 °C for cement pastes. Among the admixtures used (latex, methylcellulose and silica fume), silica fume (15% by weight of cement) gave the highest flexural storage modulus at all temperatures (30–150 °C), but also the greatest fractional decrease in modulus upon heating. Methylcellulose (0.4% by weight of cement) gave higher modulus than latex (20–30% by weight of cement). The modulus increased with increasing latex cement ratio. Cement paste without admixture gave the lowest modulus.
Ethylene oxide hydrate non-stoichiometry: measurements and implications

Abstract Clathrate hydrates have long been known as non-stoichiometric compounds, but the relation between hydrate and overall system composition is often overlooked. Previous density measurements showed that the composition of ethylene oxide (EO) structure I (sI) hydrate changes when formed from different EO solutions. In our X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments, it was found that at 263.15 K , the unit cell (11.987 A ) of EO hydrate formed from EO-lean ( 14%) solutions (12.020 A ) . Since all conditions except overall composition were constant, the hydrate lattice parameter could only be changed via hydrate composition. Raman spectroscopy measurements also showed that the hydrate composition changes when formed from different solutions. The hydrate composition change was predicted using the statistical mechanics model developed by van der Waals and Platteeuw. The predictions agreed well with the measured data. An EO–H 2 O phase diagram with a hydrate solid solution range is proposed based upon these measurements and calculations. It is probable that a solid solution range also exists in CH 4 and CO 2 hydrates. This may impact energy recovery from sea-floor methane hydrates and CO 2 sequestration in the deep ocean. Schematic phase diagrams are presented for CH 4 +H 2 O and CO 2 +H 2 O which account for the hydrate solid solution range.
Down‐regulation of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase regulatory subunit gene expression in rat brain tissue during aging

The mechanism underlying age-related neurodegenerative diseases is still an area of significant controversy. Increased evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes importantly to neuronal damage observed in the brains of aged animals and in neurodegenerative diseases. Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant intracellular nonprotein thiol, plays an important role in antioxidant defense. The concentration of this important antioxidant decreases with age in the brain, which is accompanied by an increase in oxidative damage to macromolecules. The mechanism underlying the age-associated decline in GSH content in the brain, however, is not clear. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that the expression of the regulatory subunit of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo GSH synthesis, decreases with age in cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus of Fisher 344 rats. This was accompanied by a decline in GCS activity and GSH content. There were no significant differences in either the concentrations of cysteine and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) or the activities of glutathione synthetase (GS), γ-glutamyl traspeptidase (GGT), and glutathione reductase (GR) in the brains from different age groups. Our results suggest that the age-associated decrease in GSH in the brain may result from the down-regulation of GCS regulatory subunit and consequently a decrease in the activity of GCS. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Congenital paroxysmal tachycardia

Summary A case of congenital auricular flutter is described, and a review is made of the nine previously described cases of congenital paroxysmal tachycardias. The prognosis is uniformly good, with all cases showing a reversion to normal rhythm. Only one case was associated with a known heart defect. Recommended drug treatment is digitoxin in a dosage of 0.06 mg. per 1.0 kilogram of body weight. Congenital paroxysmal tachycardia differs from that commencing in the early months of infancy by its equal occurrence in males and females and by the preponderance of flutter arrhythmias.
Structural and electronic effects of helium interstitials in Y2Ti2O7: A first-principles study

Abstract Results describing the interaction of helium with the Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 structure are presented. Density functional theory has been used to determine the solution energy of a variety of interstitial sites in Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 , as well as to explain the effects of helium on the electronic structure. A large effect due to electron–electron repulsion is observed between the oxygen and helium electrons and an overall change in the bonding nature of atoms in the immediate vicinity is noticed when helium interstitials are present. This is a preliminary study to understanding the mechanisms causing complex oxide nanoclusters to serve as trapping sites for helium in nanostructured ferritic alloys.
A survey of adults' attitudes toward orthodontic therapy

This study was designed to discover the nature of concerns that adult patients have toward their orthodontic therapy. I had observed, after many years of treating this age group, that concerns brought to my office by prospective and active patients were similar. All patients, however, felt that their attitudes and feelings were unique. Initially, the investigation was carried out in the presence of a psychologist during evening meetings. This was then followed by giving questionnaires to thirty-five patients. The first questionnaire was distributed to patients who had decided to undergo therapy but had not yet started. The second was given to that same group of patients upon completion, or imminent completion, of their treatment. Thirty-three patients returned both questionnaires. The principal conclusion was that negative concerns and fears that the patients had about their course of treatment were soon dissipated. Perseverance toward the treatment goal was an overriding characteristic of every patient, and satisfaction with the end result was uniformly favorable. These patients would encourage all others to undergo treatment if it was required.
An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the albino rat and the cat.

The efferent connections of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv) of the albino rat and the cat have been studied using the autoradiographic method for tracing axonal pathways. Following the injection of 3H-proline or 3H-leucine into the LGNv of the rat, label transported in the rapid phase of axonal flow was found bilaterally in the olivary pretectal nuclei, the lateral terminal nuclei of the accessory optic system, and the ventral portion of the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, and ipsilaterally in the rostrolateral portion of the superior colliculus. Since these regions are known to receive a direct projection from the retina, comparisons have been made of the distribution of silver grains in autoradiographs of each region following injections of 3H-proline into the eye and into the LGNv; in every nuclear region except the superior colliculus the grain distributions were found to overlap precisely and, in the suprachiasmatic nuclei there also appears to be a similarity in the relative intensity of the input to the nuclei on the two sides. In the superior colliculus, the retinal fibers end mainly within the more superficial laminae, whereas those from the LGNv are distributed mainly to the deeper layers where they overlap the projection from the striate and peristriate cortex. The LGNv has also been found to project to the zona incerta on the same side and to the contralateral LGNv, In the cat a similar set of projections to the lateral terminal nuclei of the accessory optic tract, the suprachiasmatic nuclei, and the pretectal areas of both sides has been found, together with a projection to the ipsilateral superior colliculus and the zona incerta of both sides. No evidence could be found in either species for a projection from the LGNv to the visual cortex.
Hot-Line Drug Counseling and Rogerian Methods.

Recent literature attests to the growth of programs that deal with drug abusers. Most of these programs are located on campuses and are oriented to the campus population. This article deals with a broader-based, community-oriented, hot-line counseling service designed to assist drug abusers. The authors have attempted to apply a modified Rogerian counseling model to hot-line counseling of the drug abuser.
Interactions between early life experience and biological factors in schizophrenia

THIS research is based on the life histories of 97 persons who through accident of birth and rearing were eligible for inclusions in a natural experiment bearing on the etiology of schizophrenia. Of these persons, 47 were born to schizophrenic mothers while the remaining 50 were born to mothers with no known history of psychiatric disorder. All mother-child pairs were permanently separated during the first two post-partum weeks. A comparison between these groups allowed assessment of the genetic contribution to schizophrenia where the effects of an environment distorted by the ambivalence and thinking disorder of a schizophrenic parent were separated from the effects of genes from such a parent. The separation of the children from their mothers entailed special rearing for the children. About one-half were partially reared in foundling homes and most of these subjects were eventually adopted. The remaining half were mostly reared in foster families, usually composed of relatives. This made possible assessment of the effects of several environmental variables.
Recruitment of Multiple Spontaneous Ca2+ Release Initiation Sites Promotes Ca2+ Waves in Myocytes of Intact Rat Heart Under Conditions of Ca2+ Overload

Spontaneous Ca2+ release (SCR) in the form of Ca2+ waves is responsible for cardiac myocyte depolarization and delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) that can produce triggered beats. Whether or not a cell reaches threshold is determined by the magnitude and rate of spread of the Ca2+ wave in the cell and the resultant activation of inward current via forward mode Na-Ca exchange. In this study, we combined experimental observations with computer simulations in order to investigate the mechanisms by which the characteristics of Ca2+ wave activation influences DAD magnitude. Ca2+ waves were measured in individual myocytes in the left ventricular subepicardium in rat hearts using confocal microscopy (fluo-4 Ca2+ fluorescence). Extracellular Ca2+, [Ca2+]e, was raised to increase sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ load and induce Ca2+ waves. With increasing [Ca2+]e, the number of SCR sites increased along with the incidence of Ca2+ waves within myocytes. Interestingly, Ca2+ wave velocity at higher [Ca2+]e was considerably heterogeneous_both faster as well as nearly equivalent to that at normal [Ca2+]e, the average at higher [Ca2+]e being only moderately faster. Computer simulations demonstrated that the recruitment of multiple SCR sites is a highly effective means of increasing the magnitude and rate of cytoplasmic Ca2+. The rapid delivery of Ca2+ to the Na-Ca exchanger increases DAD magnitude and the probability of producing a triggered beat. Our results suggest that it is the recruitment of multiple SCR initiation sites that determines DAD magnitude and whether or not depolarization can reach threshold. This mechanism is likely to contribute to arrhythmogenesis under conditions of SR Ca2+ overload and in genetically-based disease states in which ryanodine receptor function is altered, such as in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.
The (ν1 + ν3) combination band of ozone

Abstract A high resolution spectrum of the ozone 4.75-μ band has been analyzed. Wilson and Badger's assignment as the ( ν 1 + ν 3 ) combination band has been confirmed. The rotational constants and band center are: A = 3.50 3 , B = 0.438 4 , C = 0.387 0 , cm −1 , and ν 0 = 2110.7 9 , cm −1 . The observed spectrum can be well reproduced up to J = 20 without taking into account centrifugal distortion. The anharmonicity constant, x 1,3 has the value of −34.4 cm −1 .
Fuel-containment requirements for gaseous-fuel nuclear rockets

Fuel-containment requirements for open-cycle gaseous-fuel nuclear rockets are examined for systems in which there is physical contact between propellant and fuel. Such systems necessarily allow some loss of nuclear material. Analysis shows that the total fuel lost during the propulsion period is the prime constraint in determining containment requirements. A parameter, the containment factor, is introduced to provide a measure of fuel-containment efficiency. Application to representative high-thrust (booster) and low-thrust (interplanetary) vehicles is considered. The analysis indicates that containment factors fifty times as large as those presently demonstrated experimentally are required, in order to limit nuclear fuel loss during propulsion to the order of 1000 kg.
Spaces of Wald-Berestovskii curvature bounded below

We consider inner metric spaces of curvature bounded below in the sense of Wald, without assuming local compactness or existence of minimal curves. We first extend the Hopf-Rinow theorem by proving existence, uniqueness, and “almost extendability” of minimal curves from any point to a denseGδ subset. An immediate consequence is that Alexandrov’s comparisons are meaningful in this setting. We then prove Toponogov’s theorem in this generality, and a rigidity theorem which characterizes spheres. Finally, we use our characterization to show the existence of spheres in the space of directions at points in a denseGδ set. This allows us to define a notion of “local dimension” of the space using the dimension of such spheres. If the local dimension is finite, the space is an Alexandrov space.
What a tangled web he weaves Race, reproductive strategies and Rushton's life history theory

The last decade of the 20th century experienced a resurgence of genetically based theories of racial hierarchy regarding intelligence and morality. Most notably was Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve (1994), that claimed genetic causality for long-standing racial differences in IQ. In addition, it raised the time worn argument that the over-reproduction of genetically deficient individuals within our population would lead to a serious decline in average American intelligence. These authors provided no specific rationale for why these genetic differences should exist between human `races'. Instead, they relied heavily on the work of Canadian psychologist J. Philipe Rushton (in The Bell Curve, 1994, Appendix 5: 642—3). Rushton has advanced a specific evolutionary genetic rationale for how gene frequencies are differentiated between the `races' relative to intelligence. He claims that human racial differences result from natural selection for particular reproductive strategies in the various racial group...
Hands‐On Experiences: An Integral Part of Engineering Curriculum Reform

The concept of “hands-on” experiences, through Mechanical Dissection classes, as a part of engineering curriculum reform is presented. Mechanical Dissection in this context refers to a process of studying the function of a mechanical system and dismantling it in order to see how its specific function is realized. The functions of various components within the artifact and interaction between the components are also studied. Awareness of the design process, multiple solutions to a design problem, and the evolution of the technology of various artifacts and their components are focused upon. This is followed by systematic re-assembly of the artifact. The courseware and supporting laboratory modules were developed to address specific objectives. They provide the foundation for better understanding of sophomore, junior and senior courses, particularly the design oriented ones. Seven in-depth dissection modules form the basis of this course. These are a weighing scale, a money sorting machine, an electric lawn mower, an electric hand drill, a gasoline engine, a centrifugal pump and an eighteen speed bike. This course is targeted at freshman or sophomore level engineering students. Some of these modules can be simplified and transported to K-14 students. Assessment of this course has shown an overwhelming positive response from students in all aspects. This makes the course an integral part of engineering curriculum reform.
Posterior Bone Grafting for Glenoid Defects of the Shoulder

Posterior shoulder instability is a challenging clinical entity that requires a comprehensive history and physical examination, as well as relevant imaging studies, to confidently make the diagnosis. Posterior shoulder instability may cause significant shoulder dysfunction and pain. Several anatomical features contribute to posterior instability, including soft tissue lesions and posterior glenoid bone loss. Posterior shoulder stabilization with bone graft transfer procedures and glenoid osteotomies to restore the normal glenohumeral arc have been revisited in recent years to address posterior glenoid bone erosion and glenoid version issue. This review article provides a comprehensive description of posterior shoulder instability with a focus on the treatment of posterior glenoid bone defects and glenoid version issues.
A Contextual Model of Employee Turnover Intentions

An integrative and expanded contextual model for investigating employee intentions to stay or leave an organization is proposed. Four structural/process variables (upward mobility, distributive jus...
The effects of ion implantation on the initial stages of hot corrosion attack of cast Co22Cr11Al at 700 °C☆

Abstract The initiation and early propagation stages of low temperature hot corrosion (LTHC) attack of CoCrAlY-type overlay coatings is under study so that improved coatings can be developed through an understanding of the deterioration mechanisms. In an attempt to resolve the role played by the active element addition ( i.e. yttrium, hafnium etc.), the LTHC of both a cast Co22Cr11Al alloy and ion-implanted Co22Cr11Al alloys was studied. In this paper, results for yttrium-implanted and cobalt-implanted Co22Cr11Al are presented. Implanted and unimplanted alloy surfaces were pre-oxidized for 1 h at 700 °C before exposure to conditions that simulate the LTHC attack that is typically observed on hot-end components of gas turbines operated in a marine environment. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis were used to characterize the oxide scales both prior to and after LTHC exposures. The LTHC attack was markedly more severe in the yttrium-implanted surfaces than in the unimplanted or the cobalt-implanted surfaces. Moreover, little difference was observed in the LTHC response between the cobalt-implanted and the unimplanted alloy. Both for yttrium-implanted and cobalt-implanted alloys and for the unimplanted alloy, the β-CoAl matrix phase was preferentially attacked whereas the α-Co solid solution phase showed little attack; the relative degree of LTHC attack on the alloy surfaces increased with exposure time. Mechanisms are proposed to explain the enhanced LTHC attack observed in the yttrium-implanted CoCrAl alloy.
Treatment of Hypertension in the Institutionalized Elderly.

The goal of antihypertensive therapy in elderly institutionalized persons is to reduce the blood pressure to less than 140/90 mm Hg if possible. Elderly persons with diastolic hypertension should have their diastolic blood pressure lowered to 80-85 mm Hg. Elderly persons with stage 2 or 3 hypertension, stage 1 hypertension and target organ damage, evidence of clinical cardiovascular disease, or diabetes mellitus should be treated with antihypertensive drug therapy immediately in addition to lifestyle modification. The initial antihypertensive drug in elderly persons without associated medical conditions should be a diuretic or A -blocker because these drugs have been shown to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in controlled clinical trials. The initial antihypertensive drug in elderly persons should depend on the associated medical condition. If a second antihypertensive drug is indicated, a drug from another class should be administered. If a diuretic is not the initial drug, it is usually indicated as the second drug. If the antihypertensive response is inadequate after reaching the full dose of two classes of drugs, a third drug from another class should be added. Causes of secondary hypertension should be identified and treated. (c)2000 by CVRR, Inc.
Utilising the RoseK2IC lens as a miniscleral lens in patients with small corneas

discontinuation of lens wear was -3.25/-0.75x5 (RE) and -2.75/0.75x170 (LE). Axial elongation was found to be 0.28mm and 0.08mm at the end of the treatment period in the right and left eyes, respectively. Lags in corneal rebound were 0.43D (RE) and 0.60D (LE) along the flattest meridians. Central corneal thickness (RE) was 552 m and 544 m before treatment and after 3 months of no lens wear, respectively. Conclusions: Subjective refraction did not rebound to the pretreatment level even after three months of ceasing ortho-k lens wear in spite of axial elongation observed in both eyes during the treatment period. The discrepancy in refractive errors may be partially due to the changes in the corneal curvatures and central corneal thickness. Further investigation on the significance of corneal biometry in themechanism ofmyopic reduction in ortho-k treatment is needed.
Brain acetylcholinesterase activity of the American pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) collected from the US Army Dugway Proving Ground, Utah

Brain tissue was analyzed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity from 24 American pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) collected on the US Army Dugway Proving Ground (DPG) (latitude 40°13' 52" N, longitude 112°45' 01" W), Tooele County, Utah. Pronghorn antelope from DPG were evaluated against 26 pronghorn antelope collected in Wyoming. The mean AChE activity was significantly greater (P < 0.001) in the Wyoming control group (4.612 ± 0.193 µM/gm brain tissue/min) relative to DPG (4.032 ± 0.621 µM/gm brain tissue/min). The DPG database exhibited a fourfold greater coefficient of variation, a tenfold greater variance, and a threefold increase in the standard deviation when compared to control AChE activity. Furthermore, the 95% confidence interval for the control and for the DPG data were not overlapping; the entire control data set was greater than the mean DPG AChE activity. A post hoc sequential Bonferroni statistical procedure showed two significantly (P < 0.001) distinct subsets in the DPG data. Mean DPG Subset I AChE activity (4.528 ± 0.347 µM/gm brain tissue/min) was indistinct from the mean control AChE value (4.612 ± 0.193 µM/gm brain tissue/min). The mean DPG Subset II AChE activity (3.537 ± 0.387 µM/gm brain tissue/min) differed significantly (P < 0.001) from the mean control AChE activity. The sum of resulting α values from the multiple statistical tests did not exceed the selected α value of P < 0.05, validating the post hoc sequential Bonferroni statistical procedure. Pronghorn antelope represented by Subset II, experienced a 23.3% mean loss of AChE activity suggesting sub-lethal organophosphate (OP) exposure rather than a low level chronic environmental influence was experienced by a population subset of the DPG pronghorn antelope herd. The origin of the DPG sublethal OP exposure and its long-term effects are speculative.
Replication Report: Age and Open-Field Activity of Rats

Female albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, 31, 70, and 110 days of age, received 10 tests in an open field. The youngest animals increased their locomotor activity during successive tests; there was no increase among the older groups. Results demonstrate the hyperreactivity of immature rats and the possible role of this age-related effect on learning and memory is discussed.
The effects of CS intensity upon learning and performance of the conditioned eyelid response in monkeys

A replication of the design reported by Grice & Hunter (1964) was performed using squirrel monkeys as Ss. In addition, extinction data were collected under a factorial design wherein groups trained to a single intensity CS were subdivided at the beginning of extinction and half of each group shifted to the other value of CS intensity. The results indicate that the within-Ss procedure leads to inferior learning as well as acquisition performance and the learning is superior in the presence of a single soft CS as opposed to a single loud CS.
Racial and ethnic minority nurses' job satisfaction in the U.S

Abstract Background Understanding minority nurses' job satisfaction is a critical first step to inform strategies designed to retain minority nurses and improve institutional climate to ensure sustained diversity. Yet, empirical evidence is limited in this regard, especially comparisons across racial and ethnic groups in a national sample in the U.S. Objectives To determine minority nurses' job satisfaction across racial and ethnic groups relative to White nurses using a national representative sample. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the 2008 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses. The sample includes registered nurses who were primarily employed in nursing in the U.S. Job satisfaction was measured by a single survey item. Racial and ethnic minority status was defined as self-identified membership in a group other than White non-Hispanic, including Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Multiracial. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to compare job satisfaction across racial and ethnic groups while adjusting for individual and job-related characteristics. Results The majority of nurses were satisfied with their job. The nurse group that had the highest proportion of being satisfied with their job was Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (88.8%), followed by White (81.6%), Asian (81%), Hispanic (78.9%), Black (76%), Multiracial (75.7%), and American Indian/Alaska Native (74.3%). Adjusting for individual and job-related characteristics, evidence indicated the potential for lower job satisfaction among Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Multiracial nurses compared to White nurses. Asian nurses reported the highest levels of neutral (versus dissatisfaction) compared to White nurses. There was no evidence indicating a clear difference in job satisfaction between Hispanic, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and White nurses. Conclusions Moderate differences in job satisfaction were observed across racial and ethnic groups. More research is needed to understand factors underlying these differences, so that nursing and hospital administrators can develop effective strategies to improve job satisfaction and retain minority nurses.
Prairie plant guilds: a multivariate analysis of prairie species based on ecological and morphological traits

An ecomorphological analysis of the tallgrass prairie of central North America divided representative species of the native grassland flora into eight guilds or groups of species with similar life-form, phenology, and ecology. The guilds, segregated by multivariate analysis, are: (1) warm-season graminoids with Kranz anatomy and the Hatch-Slack photosynthetic pathway (‘C4’ grasses); (2) cool-season graminoids without Kranz anatomy, but with the common Calvin or C3 photosynthetic pathway (C3 grasses and sedges); (3) annuals and biennial forbs; (4) ephemeral spring forbs; (5) spring forbs; (6) summer/fall forbs; (7) legumes; and (8) woody shrubs. The study was based on 158 plant species indigenous to three upland prairie sites in northeastern Kansas. Each species was scored for 32 traits which fall into five broad categories: plant habit, leaf characteristics, stem structures, root structures, and reproductive traits, including phenology. A multivariate, detrended correspondence analysis sorted the 158 species into the eight principal groups or guilds. These groups were further supported by a cluster analysis and discriminant function analysis of the same data set. The discriminant function analysis determined that 94.3% of the species were correctly classified in their respective guilds, and that the guilds were statistically different. Results indicate that guild analysis offers a basis for detailed classification of grassland vegetation that is more ecologically focused than species composition, as the myriad of species (about 1,000 prairie species on the central plains of North America) vary in presence, cover, and importance with their individualistic distribution.
Strong Artifactual Effect of Starting Distance on Flight Initiation Distance in the Actively Foraging Lizard Aspidoscelis exsanguis

Escape theory predicts flight initiation distance (FID), distance between predator and prey when escape begins, for factors affecting costs of fleeing and not fleeing. Starting distance (SD), distance between predator and prey when approach begins, appears to affect FID for some species and risk levels, but not others. I predicted that in an active forager under low risk FID would appear to increase as SD increases due to (1) inclusion of SDs shorter than optimal FID and (2) spontaneous movements not motivated by escape. I predicted that FID and SD are unrelated at low risk when SDs shorter than optimal FID and spontaneous movements are excluded. When I approached the lizard Aspidoscelis exsanguis, an active forager, all predictions were confirmed. Effects of short SD and spontaneous movement might account for relationships between FID and SD in some birds and lizards. Nevertheless, as a predator approaches, costs of monitoring may increase, as may assessed risk and risk-averse errors due to shorter avail...
Litigation and Special Education The Past, Present, and Future Direction for Resolving Conflicts Between Parents and School Districts

As we prepare for the upcoming reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), recommendations about restructuring dispute resolution options will likely surface. Conflict between parents and school districts has been a topic of high importance during previous IDEA reauthorizations, with Congress focused on the implementation of dispute resolution procedures that encourage meaningful problem solving and shared decision making. Studies indicate due process hearings can reach extreme costs and diminish opportunities to repair the parent–school partnership. These outcomes are not productive for any of the parties involved, especially the student. Over the past decade, due process hearing rates have decreased and researchers have identified a number of promising conflict prevention and resolution practices. This article provides a discussion of the changing relationship between litigation and special education through the interpretation of IDEA regulations, national data, and resear...
An Experimental and Finite Element Study of Thermal Fatigue Fracture of PbSn Solder Joints

A solder joint specimen has been designed to determine the stress/strain hysteresis response and fracture behavior of 90 percent wtPb/10 percent wtSn solder alloy. The specimen consists of an Al2 O3 beam and an Al 2024-T4 beam bonded together at the ends with solder. The specimen is subjected to thermal cycling to failure between 40°C to 140°C with a 10°C/min ramp rate and 10-minute hold times. Stress/strain hysteresis loops were experimentally determined as a function of thermal cycles. A method based on the stress relaxation data at hold times has been developed to determine the steady state creep parameters of the solder. A constitutive equation for the solder alloy based on elastic and creep deformation has been formulated and implemented in a finite element code, ABAQUS. Good agreement was obtained between the finite element model and the experimental results. In the thermal fatigue test, crack length versus number of thermal cycles was measured for two different shear strain ranges, and the fracture surface was examined with SEM. The SEM results show a combined transgranular and intergranular fracture. In addition, a significant amount of secondary cracks and voids were generated during thermal fatigue which led to material weakening. A thermal fatigue model based on the C* integral, the measured stress history, and creep properties was employed to model the fracture behavior.
Substitution of strictly conserved Y111 in catalase-peroxidases : Impact of remote interdomain contacts on active site structure and catalytic performance

Abstract Catalase–peroxidase function is strictly dependent on a gene-duplicated C-terminal domain. This domain no longer has a functioning active site, but from 25 to 30 A away it is essential for preventing the coordination of an active site base (His106) to the heme. The mechanisms by which this distant structure supports active site function have not yet been elucidated. Tyr111 is a strictly conserved member of an interdomain H-bonding network that supports the loop connecting the N-terminal B (bearing His106) and C helices. Spectroscopic evaluation of the Tyr111Ala variant of KatG showed a substantial increase in hexa-coordinate low-spin heme, giving it the appearance of a transition between the wild type (primarily high-spin) and the N-terminal domain alone (pure low-spin). Concomitant with the spectral changes was decreased activity compared to the wild type enzyme, suggesting that Tyr111 does have a role in preventing His106 coordination. Substitution of Tyr111 diminishes catalase activity more substantially than peroxidase activity. Such an effect cannot be explained by His106 coordination alone, suggesting that these interdomain interactions may help tune the catalase–peroxidase active site for bifunctionality.
Ultrasonography of Small Intestinal Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases in Dogs and Cats

Ultrasonography, which has become a mainstay of diagnosing intestinal diseases in dogs and cats, is often one of the first diagnostic tools used to differentiate inflammatory from neoplastic infiltration of the small intestine. Although overlap in the sonographic appearances of inflammatory and neoplastic infiltration make a definitive diagnosis difficult, awareness of features of both diseases is important for the accurate interpretation of the sonographic findings. Full-thickness intestinal biopsy remains the gold standard for differentiating inflammatory from neoplastic disease of the small intestine.
Deployment framework for mobile underwater wireless networks with node reuse

A mobile underwater wireless sensor network is a system of mobile underwater sensors which are acoustically networked. Existing ocean studies using independent mobile sensors have led to many interesting discoveries. Therefore, the networking capability will extend the capability of existing approaches and enable novel applications because it provides more control and coordination of the sensors. However, network mobility and environment uncertainty create numerous challenging issues which need to be addressed before such a paradigm becomes reality. Network deployment is among the most important problems because it has a significant impact on other research areas. In this paper, we consider the reuse-based deployment scheme in which a mobile underwater sensor network operates in a bounded area and a sensor, when reaching beyond the area, is deployed back into it. We propose a deployment framework to study the connectivity and coverage of such networks and show its effectiveness through two case studies. Our framework is based on the idea that the reuse of network nodes stabilizes these network metrics. By modeling them, we can estimate the number of nodes needed to achieve a requirement on network coverage or network connectivity only by solving algebraic equations rather than running more simulations.
Access-Aware Memory Thermal Management

Recently, thermal management of memory subsystem has become an issue for server platforms. An effective solution is to gate processor cores and thus stop sending memory requests when memory thermal emergency happens. Existing schemes usually treat all the programs running on a system equally upon memory thermal emergency. However, since the memory temperature is closely related to the memory throughput and each program generates different amount of memory traffic, the memory heat produced by each program can be very different. As a result, the existing schemes may cause severe performance loss with a low efficiency on memory temperature reduction. To address this issue, we propose a new memory thermal management scheme that halts memory-intensive applications longer than non-memory-intensive ones upon memory thermal emergency. Thus, the memory can be cooled down more quickly, which in turn brings down the performance loss. We implement and evaluate our scheme on a real system. Compared to an existing memory thermal management scheme that halts the running programs equally in a round-robin way, our scheme can improve performance by 14.3% on average (up to 21.4%).
Antifungal agents in the 1990s. Current status and future developments.

Significant advances in antifungal therapy have occurred in the last decade. Most of these advances have been tied to the introduction of the triazoles, itraconazole and fluconazole. Itraconazole has proved efficacious for the treatment of subacute to chronic infections with the endemic mycoses and other opportunistic filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus spp. Fluconazole is now routinely used for mucocutaneous and systemic candidiasis, and its use for coccidioidal meningitis has obviated the need for intrathecal amphotericin B in most patients. Large, well controlled trials in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis have shown the benefit of induction therapy with amphotericin B and flucytosine, followed by consolidation and life-long maintenance therapy with fluconazole. Concomitant with the increased use of these well tolerated, effective oral triazole agents has come the emergence of drug resistance in AIDS patients and shifts in the species of yeasts causing infection in hospitalised patients. Amphotericin B remains the drug of choice for many fungal infections, especially those that are life-threatening. Lipid-containing formulations of amphotericin B have recently been approved: these preparations significantly reduce the risk of amphotericin B–induced nephrotoxicity. Several new fungicidal agents are currently in early trials. With the increasing number of available antifungal drugs, future studies will help define the appropriate niche for each and the possible benefit of therapy with combinations of drugs.
THE Relation between toxicity and metabolism of paraoxon in the frog, mouse and cockroach

Paraoxon is degraded extremely rapidly in the intact mouse, and about half as fast in the frog and American cockroach. At no time are the paraoxon levels in body and central nervous system substantially different. Paraoxon in vitro has relative potencies against nerve Cholinesterase of mouse, frog and cockroach of 79: 1: 8. Its relative LD50's by injection are 3.3: 73: 1. It is concluded that the insensitivity of the frog to paraoxon poisoning is due to its insensitive Cholinesterase, and is unconnected with degradation rates. Zusammenfassung DIE BEZIEHUNG ZWISCHEN TOXIZITAT UND UMWANDLUNG VON PARAOXON IM FROSCH, IN DER MAUS UND IN DER SCHABE (PERIPLANETA AMERICANA) Paraoxon wird in der Maus in vivo sehr rasch abgebaut und nur halb so schnell im Frosch und in Periplaneta americana. In keinem Fall waren die Paraoxon-Mengen pro Gewicht im Korper und ZNS dieser drei Tierarten wesentlich verschieden. Die relative Wirksamkeit von Paraoxon in vitro gegenuber der Nervencholinesterase von Maus, Frosch und Schabe verhult sich wie 79: 1: 8, die entsprechenden LD50-Werte wie 3,3: 73: 1. Wir vermuten, dass die relative Nichtansprechbarkeit des Frosches auf Paraoxon durch die Unempfindlichkeit seiner Cholinesterase und nicht durch erhohten Abbau bedingt wird.
Mobility and distribution of water in cassava and potato starches by 1H and 2H NMR.

Mobility and distribution of water in cassava (rainy and drought crops) and potato starches were studied by solid state and NMR relaxometry as a function of H2O and D2O contents ranging from 0 to 44% (dry basis). Measurements of relative mobility derived from 2H solid state NMR were based on relative area and line shape analysis. The narrow peak (mobile component) started to show at 5% and increased with increasing D2O content. This increase in mobile fraction was accompanied by a line narrowing. The mobile fractions of deuterons reached a >98% level above 15% D2O, which is well below the water holding capacity of starch (∼27%) and the previously assigned “glassy−rubbery transition point” (24.3%; Jouppila, K.; Roos, Y. H. The physical state of amorphous corn starch and its impact on crystallization. Carbohydr. Polym. 1997, 32, 95−104). This reconfirms the liquidlike nature of water in the so-called glassy state of starch granules. The plasticization effect of water on starch chains was observed at 14−17% ...