cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural, dynamic, and electrostatic properties of fully hydrated DMPC bilayers from molecular dynamics simulations accelerated with graphical processing units (GPUs).

We present results of molecular dynamics simulations of fully hydrated DMPC bilayers performed on graphics processing units (GPUs) using current state-of-the-art non-polarizable force fields and a local GPU-enabled molecular dynamics code named FEN ZI. We treat the conditionally convergent electrostatic interaction energy exactly using the Particle Mesh Ewald method (PME) for solution of Poisson’s Equation for the electrostatic potential under periodic boundary conditions. We discuss elements of our implementation of the PME algorithm on GPUs as well as pertinent performance issues. We proceed to show results of simulations of extended lipid bilayer systems using our program, FEN ZI. We performed simulations of DMPC bilayer systems consisting of 17004, 68484 and 273936 atoms in explicit solvent. We present bilayer structural properties (atomic number densities, electron density profiles), deuterium order parameters (SCD), electrostatic properties (dipole potential, water dipole moments), and orientational properties of water. Predicted properties demonstrate excellent agreement with experiment and previous allatom molecular dynamics simulations. We observe no statistically significant differences in calculated structural or electrostatic properties for different system sizes, suggesting the small bilayer simulations (less than 100 lipid molecules) provide equivalent representation of structural and electrostatic properties associated with significantly larger systems (over 1000 lipid molecules). We stress that the three system size representations will have differences in other properties such as surface capillary wave dynamics or surface tension related effects that are not probed in the current study. The latter properties are inherently dependent on system size. This contribution suggests the suitability of applying emerging GPU technologies to studies of an important class of biological environments, that of lipid bilayers and their associated integral membrane proteins. We envision that this technology will push the boundaries of fully atomicresolution modeling of these biological systems, thus enabling unprecedented exploration of meso-scale phenomena (mechanisms, kinetics, energetics) with atomic detail at commodity hardware prices.
GEOSYNTHETIC USE IN TRENCHLESS PIPE REMEDIATION AND REHABILITATION

Abstract The traditional method of repairing broken or otherwise nonserviceable underground pipes is by excavation (usually requiring sheeting and shoring), pipe removal, pipe replacement, backfilling and then restoration of the site to its original condition. With the advent of an array of trenchless pipe construction techniques, the remediation and rehabilitation of underground pipes (particularly sewers) has drastically changed. These trenchless methods only require access at periodic locations (often at existing manholes) thereby eliminating most of the objections associated with traditional construction operations, e.g. congestion, traffic, dust, mud, debris, noise, etc. The currently used trenchless techniques for pipe remediation and rehabilitation are described in this paper. They will be accompanied with commentary on their respective advantages and disadvantages. Typical costs and other details will also be presented. Focus is placed on those systems which employ geosynthetics or other polymeric materials. While the main application area is on underground sewer pipelines, the transition of the presented material to other underground pipeline and tunnel situations can readily be made.
Generalized mixture models, semi-supervised learning, and unknown class inference

In this paper, we discuss generalized mixture models and related semi-supervised learning methods, and show how they can be used to provide explicit methods for unknown class inference. After a brief description of standard mixture modeling and current model-based semi-supervised learning methods, we provide the generalization and discuss its computational implementation using three-stage expectation–maximization algorithm.
Randomized Clinical Trials in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma is among the most common solid tumors, ranking behind only lung and gastric for cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite improved surveillance programs in many countries, most patients present with advanced-stage cancer and chronic hepatic dysfunction limiting the available treatment options. This article reviews the most pertinent randomized controlled trials with respect to surgical and adjuvant interventions that shape the current treatment algorithm for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Derivatization of hydrophilic peptides for liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry at the picomole level.

A simple procedure for preparing alkyl and benzyl esters of peptides is described. The procedure can provide an increase in the secondary ion yield of a factor of 25 or more in the liquid secondary ion mass spectra of hydrophilic peptides. The procedure allows rapid in situ derivatization of, e.g., collected, lyophilized HPLC fractions. No sample transfers are required and excess reagents are easily removed. Mass spectrometry of such fractions is typically required to prepare a mass map of the peptides produced by proteolytic digestion of a protein. However, small hydrophilic peptides are often not detected because their low secondary ion yield. Relative yields of MH+ ions from peptides esterified with various alcohols are compared: methanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, and benzyl alcohol. The best combination of ion yield and ease of reagent removal is obtained with 1-hexanol. The degree of improvement depends on the specific peptide; the greatest improvement is generally observed with the most hydrophilic peptides. The procedure does not affect side-chain amides. Partial derivatization is sometimes observed with peptides containing more than one carboxyl group. Hexylation is shown to have a leveling effect on the mass spectra of peptide mixtures, allowing detection of surface-inactive peptides in the presence of surface-active ones. Benzyl alcohol is useful for derivatizing peptides that are not retained or that elute very early from reverse-phase HPLC columns. The derivatives have longer retention times and greater uv molar absorptivity and are more easily detected by subsequent mass spectrometry than the underivatized peptides.
Representational roles and representative/constituency agreement: The democratic national party convention of 1976

Representational Role Theory is applied to presidential nominating conventions. Delegates to the 1976 Democratic convention are compared to the voters who selected their slates in 10 key presidential preference primaries. Because of party rule restrictions on delegates' behavior, representational roles are not pertinent to what is typically the most important decision of the convention, the first ballet vote for the party's presidential nominee. However, role orientations appear to be useful in understanding two other sets of decisions: (1) the creation of the party platform and (2) voting for the party's presidential nominee in the event that the nomination requires more than one ballot. Other than the first ballot, the Delegate role is not very popular among convention delegates.
Aerosol collection in the jet region of fluidized filters

A method is proposed for calculating aerosol collection in the jet region of fluidized filters with sieve plate distributors. With the use of the model proposed earlier by Lefroy and Davidson and a new correlation for the single-collector efficiency, which was established as part of this study, a compartment-to-compartment procedure was developed for estimating aerosol collection. The results were compared with experimental data for model validation.
Glomerular hypertension and injury in desoxycorticosterone–salt rats on antihypertensive therapy

Glomerular hypertension and injury persist in desoxycorticosterone–salt rats on antihypertensive therapy. Uninephrectomized male Munich–Wistar rats received either weekly subcutaneous injections of vehicle and water for drinking; injections of desoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 1% saline (SALT) for drinking; or DOC and SALT with hydrochlorthiazide, hydralazine, reserpine and KC1 added. All studies were performed six weeks after UNX. At that time, rats receiving DOC and SALT alone were hypertensive and had significantly more proteinuria and morphologic evidence of glomerular injury than rats given vehicle and tap water which were normotensive. Antihypertensive therapy normalized mean arterial pressure in DOC-SALT rats, but failed to prevent proteinuria, mesangial expansion or focal segmental glomerular lesions. Micropuncture studies revealed that glomerular capillary pressure was elevated in both untreated and treated DOC-SALT animals. We conclude that drugs which successfully reduce systemic blood pressure may fail to correct glomerular capillary hypertension in DOC-SALT rats. As persistence of intrarenal hypertension is associated with significant glomerular injury, normalization of glomerular capillary pressure rather than systemic arterial pressure is crucial to the prevention of glomerular injury in this model.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Naproxen by Supported Aqueous-Phase Catalysis

Abstract A supported aqueous-phase, asymmetric, hydrogenation catalyst, SAP-Ru-BINAP-4SO 3 Na, is synthesized. Impregnation of water from an organic phase, ethyl acetate, is used to hydrate the SAP catalyst. Both the activity and enantioselectivity for the asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-(6′-methoxy-2′-naphthyl)acrylic acid to naproxen are found to be dependent on the water content. Maximum activity and e.e. are observed when water-saturated ethyl acetate is used to hydrate the SAP catalyst, an initial turnover frequency of 18.2 hr −1 and a 70.0% e.e. at room temperature under ≅ 1350 psig of hydrogen pressure. At similar conditions, initial turnover frequencies of 131 and 0.34 hr −1 are observed from Ru-BINAP-4SO 3 Na in homogeneous (methanol as solvent) and two-phase (water-ethyl acetate) reaction systems, respectively. Although an excellent 96.1 % e. e. (at 4°C and 1230 psig of H 2 ) is found in neat methanol (homogeneous), the enantioselectivity of the SAP catalyst (up to 70% e.e.) is bounded by the intrinsic enantioselectivity limit of the ruthenium complex in water. Recycling of the SAP catalyst is easily achieved without any leaching of ruthenium into the organic phase.
Polarization by gratings used at grazing incidence.

The polarization introduced by gold-coated and aluminum-coated concave reflection gratings used in a grazing incidence monochromator has been measured over the spectral range from 20 nm to 130 nm. In every case the polarization ratio (P = Rp/Rs) is greater than 0.8 for wavelengths less than 40 nm and appears to be approaching unity below 20 nm. For both new and aged or contaminated gratings, the observed polarizations are consistent with those calculated assuming reflection occurs at a plane thin multilayer region with the optical constants chosen to simulate the grating surface.
Student Opinion Survey: Development of Measures of Student Motivation:

This research describes the development of measures of student motivation. Using the expectancy-value model of motivation as a theoretical rationale, instruments were developed to measure self-effi...
Promoter elements involved in the expression of the Aspergillus parasiticus aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway gene avnA.

Abstract One of the early genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis, avnA , encodes a pathway-specific cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the polyketide anthraquinone, averantin. Based on β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, promoter sites upstream of −118 bp in the 367-bp verB–avnA intergenic region are not required for avnA gene activity. Therefore, only the −100 to −110 site of the four putative binding sites for AFLR, the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway transcription regulatory protein (consensus binding sequence: 5′-TCGN 5 CGR-3′) was required for elevated avnA expression.
Tissue effects of neodymium:YAG laser photoradiation of canine ureters

Although the entire ureter and renal collecting system are accessible for endoscopic treatment with a neodymium:YAG, (Nd:YAG) laser, specifications for safe laser application within the ureter are not established. After various doses of Nd:YAG laser energy were delivered, the midureters of six mongrel dogs were studied to determine tissue effects. Doses which are appropriate within the bladder (35 watts X 2 seconds) resulted in perforation and urine leak from the ureters. Higher doses (60-65 watts) of short duration were tolerated without problems and nonstrictured healing ensued. Further studies are necessary before Nd:YAG laser treatment of mid-ureteral tumors is recommended.
Universe expansion or reference system contraction

Abstract Motions induced by a change of reference system do not alter observables, although the interpretation of a phenomenon may change drastically. Universe expansion is in this category if space-time admits a comoving coordinate system.
Health, Wealth, and Air Pollution: Advancing Theory and Methods

The effects of both ambient air pollution and socioeconomic position (SEP) on health are well documented. A limited number of recent studies suggest that SEP may itself play a role in the epidemiology of disease and death associated with exposure to air pollution. Together with evidence that poor and working-class communities are often more exposed to air pollution, these studies have stimulated discussion among scientists, policy makers, and the public about the differential distribution of the health impacts from air pollution. Science and public policy would benefit from additional research that integrates the theory and practice from both air pollution and social epidemiologies to gain a better understanding of this issue. In this article we aim to promote such research by introducing readers to methodologic and conceptual approaches in the fields of air pollution and social epidemiology; by proposing theories and hypotheses about how air pollution and socioeconomic factors may interact to influence health, drawing on studies conducted worldwide; by discussing methodologic issues in the design and analysis of studies to determine whether health effects of exposure to ambient air pollution are modified by SEP; and by proposing specific steps that will advance knowledge in this field, fill information gaps, and apply research results to improve public health in collaboration with affected communities.
Software thread integration for instruction-level parallelism

Multimedia applications require a significantly higher level of performance than previous workloads of embedded systems. They have driven digital signal processor (DSP) makers to adopt high-performance architectures like VLIW (Very-Long Instruction Word). Despite many efforts to exploit instruction-level parallelism (ILP) in the application, the speed is a fraction of what it could be, limited by the difficulty of finding enough independent instructions to keep all of the processor's functional units busy.This article proposes Software Thread Integration (STI) for instruction-level parallelism. STI is a software technique for interleaving multiple threads of control into a single implicitly multithreaded one. We use STI to improve the performance on ILP processors by merging parallel procedures into one, increasing the compiler's scope and hence allowing it to create a more efficient instruction schedule. Assuming the parallel procedures are given, we define a methodology for finding the best performing integrated procedure with a minimum compilation time.We quantitatively estimate the performance impact of integration, allowing various integration scenarios to be compared and ranked via profitability analysis. During integration of threads, different ILP-improving code transformations are selectively applied according to the control structure and the ILP characteristics of the code, driven by interactions with software pipelining. The estimated profitability is verified and corrected by an iterative compilation approach, compensating for possible estimation inaccuracy. Our modeling methods combined with limited compilation quickly find the best integration scenario without requiring exhaustive integration.
Reasoning with Atomic-Scale Molecular Dynamic Models

The studies reported in this paper are an initial effort to explore the applicability of computational models in introductory science learning. Two instructional interventions are described that use a molecular dynamics model embedded in a set of online learning activities with middle and high school students in 10 classrooms. The studies indicate that middle and high schools students can acquire robust mental models of the states of matter through guided explorations of computational models of matter based on molecular dynamics. Using this approach, students accurately recall arrangements of the different states of matter, and can reason about atomic interactions. These results are independent of gender and they hold for a number of different classroom contexts. Follow-up interviews indicate that students are able to transfer their understanding of phases of matter to new contexts.
Diagnosing mixing in stratified turbulent flows with a locally defined available potential energy

A local available potential energy (APE) density useful as suitable diagnostic tool in turbulent stratified flows is considered under the Boussinesq approximation. The local APE is positive, and in the limit of infinitesimal perturbation from an equilibrium state recovers the Lorenz energy cycle definition of APE. In a turbulent stratified flow, the APE can be Reynolds-decomposed into non-trivial mean and turbulent components, which are connected to the mean and turbulent kinetic energy by suitably defined fluxes. We show that the turbulent buoyancy flux and the rate of production of turbulent APE coincide only under very special circumstances. The framework is applied to derive some global bounds on the mixing efficiency of some representative flows.
Analysis of deletions in DNA from patients with Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder for which the biochemical defect is as yet unknown. Recently, two cloned segments of human X-chromosome DNA have been described which detect structural alterations within or near the genetic locus responsible for the disorder. Both of these cloned segments were described as tightly linked to the locus and were capable of detecting deletions in the DNA of boys affected with DMD. In an attempt to determine more precisely the occurrence of these deletions within a large population of DMD patients and the accuracy of one of the segments, DXS164 (pERT87), in determining the inheritance of the DMD X chromosome, the subclones 1, 8 and 15 were made available to many investigators throughout the world. Here we describe the combined results of more than 20 research laboratories with respect to the occurrence of deletions at the DXS164 locus in DNA samples isolated from patients with DMD and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). The results indicate that the DXS164 locus apparently recombines with DMD 5% of the time, but is probably located between independent sites of mutation which yield DMD. The breakpoints of some deletions are delineated within the DXS164 locus, and it is evident that the deletions at the DMD locus are frequent and extremely large.
The United States Supreme Court on libel

This essay surveys key decisions on libel handed down by the United States Supreme Court and the resulting distinction between private persons and public officials/public figures. A corresponding distinction in treatment of the two categories with respect to proof of defamation is also examined. Criticism of the Court's position is offered and a change in policy is recommended.
The relationship between egg load and fecundity among Trichogramma parasitoids

1. The relationships between parasitoid egg load, size, and age (3-72 h) for Trichogramma minutum, T. platneri, and T. pretiosum, reared from two factitious hosts, Ephestia kuehniella and Sitotroga cerealella, were evaluated to test the hypothesis that 24-h egg load can be used to estimate the fecundity of Trichogramma parasitoids. 2. Egg load increased in relation to female age over the first 3 days of adult life for all three Trichogramma species to a mean egg storage capacity of 46.7 eggs for T. minutum, 41.1 for T. pretiosum, and 35.7 for T. platneri. At 24 h of age, T. minutum had matured enough eggs to fill 67% of its storage capacity, in comparison with 74% for T. pretiosum and 91% for T. platneri. There was a positive relationship between egg load and parasitoid size for all ages of the three Trichogramma species reared from both hosts (with the exception of T. platneri at 3 h post emergence), accounting for 14-69% of the variance in egg load. 3. The potential fecundity, realised (3 day cumulative) fecundity, and oviposition rate (potential fecundity/longevity) of T. platneri were all related linearly to size-dependent variation in 24-h egg load, but only the realised fecundity of T. pretiosum, and none of the reproductive characteristics of T. minutum. It is suggested that 24-h egg load may not be an accurate measure of egg storage capacity in parasitoids and should be used cautiously to represent fecundity. 4. The potential fecundity of seven Trichogramma species reared from E. kuehniella varied from 55 to 150, but neither potential fecundity nor oviposition rate was related significantly to egg load (represented by eggs laid during first 24 h). Selection to avoid egg depletion in the attack of gregarious hosts appears most likely to account for the variation in potential fecundity among Trichogramma species.
Aspergillus fumigatus vegetation of a prosthetic aortic root graft with mycotic aneurysm and subarachnoid hemorrhage

A 58-year-old woman with a history of Bentall aortic graft and bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement 3 months prior to admission, presented with headache and fever. Imaging yielded a large obstructive filling defect in the ascending aorta, a subarachnoid hemorrhage, and a mycotic aneurysm. Intraoperative specimens grew Aspergillus fumigatus, and despite aggressive measures the patient died. Aspergillus infections of prosthetic vascular grafts are rare surgical complications and are difficult to diagnose given the low incidence of positive microbiology cultures and the long median time between surgery and diagnosis. Treatment has consisted of antifungal and surgical treatment, although mortality remains high.
Dose-escalating vinblastine for the treatment of canine mast cell tumour

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term adverse events (AEs) in dogs with mast cell tumours (MCT) receiving prednisone and dose-escalating vinblastine (VBL). Twenty-four dogs were treated with intravenous VBL starting at 2 mg m(-2) and then escalating in weekly increments to 2.33, 2.67 and 3 mg m(-2). AEs were graded using a standardized scoring system. No dogs receiving 2 or 2.33 mg m(-2) experienced grade 3 or 4 AEs. Among the dogs, 9.5 and 5.9% had grade 3 or 4 AEs at dosages of 2.67 and 3 mg m(-2), respectively. Serious AEs included neutropaenia (n = 3) and vomiting (n = 1), only one of which required hospitalization. These data indicate that VBL chemotherapy may be safe to administer at higher than the traditional 2 mg m(-2) dosage for dogs with MCT. Randomized prospective trials are necessary to establish whether dose escalation will translate into improved response rates when compared with the standard 2 mg m(-2) dosage.
PSN: A prolog declarative model of conceptual knowledge

This paper introduces a declarative model of semantic memory, called PSN, written in Prolog. It is shown to be a descendant of Quillian’s (1969) Teachable Language Comprehender (TLC) in its structuring of knowledge as a conceptual reticulum and in its use of spreading activation as a retrieval mechanism. PSN goes beyond TLC, however, in its ability to instantiate the essential benchmark properties of human semantic retrieval. As such, it can provide cognitive science with a normative model on which to assess further research and it demonstrates the value of the Prolog language for modeling psychological processes.
Ethylene Adsorption and Reaction on Pd(111): An Angle-Dependent EELS Analysis.

Abstract : The chemisorption and surface reactivity of ethylene on a palladium (111) surface near room temperature has been studied by high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The C2H4 molecule reacts with the Pd(111) surface to form a rather stable surface species which is identified as ethylidyne (C(3+)-CH3) by analysis of the EELS vibrational spectra. This molecule is also formed on Pt(111) and Rh(111) and is believed to be symmetrically bonded at threefold surface sites. Angle-dependent EELS spectra are reported and show the relative importance of impact and dipole excitation mechanisms Off-specular data is found to be of critical importance in drawing conclusions about surface bonding symmetry from EELS spectra.
INP51, a Yeast Inositol Polyphosphate 5-phosphatase Required for Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate Homeostasis and Whose Absence Confers a Cold-Resistant Phenotype

Sequence analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome IX identified a 946 amino acid open reading frame (YIL002C), designated here as INP51, that has carboxyl- and amino-terminal regions similar to mammalian inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases and to yeast SAC1. This two-domain primary structure resembles the mammalian 5-phosphatase, synaptojanin. We report that Inp51p is associated with a particulate fraction and that recombinant Inp51p exhibits intrinsic phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity. Deletion of INP51 (inp51) results in a "cold-tolerant" phenotype, enabling significantly faster growth at temperatures below 15 degreesC as compared with a parental strain. Complementation analysis of an inp51 mutant strain demonstrates that the cold tolerance is strictly due to loss of 5-phosphatase catalytic activity. Furthermore, deletion of PLC1 in an inp51 mutant does not abrogate cold tolerance, indicating that Plc1p-mediated production of soluble inositol phosphates is not required. Cells lacking INP51 have a 2-4-fold increase in levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate, whereas cells overexpressing Inp51p exhibit a 35% decrease in levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. We conclude that INP51 function is critical for proper phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate homeostasis. In addition, we define a novel role for a 5-phosphatase loss of function mutant that improves the growth of cells at colder temperatures without alteration of growth at normal temperatures, which may have useful commercial applications.
Quantifying Postdepositional Redistribution of the Archaeological Record Produced by Freeze–Thaw and Other Mechanisms: An Experimental Approach

Archaeologists regularly cite frost-related mechanisms as potential transport agents capable of redistributing the archaeological record. Specific data quantifying the scale of frost-induced disturbances, however, are regrettably few. In this paper I present several sets of empirical data obtained from the initial results of a long-term experiment. Test objects positioned in a control plot configured to minimize forces extraneous to frost activity (e.g., wind) demonstrated an average lateral movement of 7.8 cm over a 3-year period. In a second plot that lacked restraints on other variables, test objects migrated an average of 31.8 cm over the same period. Extrapolated over prolonged periods, these data have profound implications for the interpretation of intrasite spatial patterning.
The effect of guanylyl-5'-methylene diphosphonate on binding of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid to ribosomes.

The effect of guanylyl-5′-methylene diphosphonate (GMD) on the binding of Phe-tRNA to the acceptor site of a ribosome·poly (U)·AcPhe-tRNA complex and on the subsequent incorporation of the Phe-tRNA into peptide linkage has been studied. The binding that occurs in the presence of TIs, TIu, and GMD differs in several respects not only from that obtained in the presence of TIs, TIu, and GTP but also from that obtained in the absence of TIs and TIu, i.e., nonenzymatically. Nonenzymatic binding of Phe-tRNA to the acceptor site of the ribosome·poly (U)·AcPhe-tRNA complex occurs at high concentrations of Mg2+ (8–20 mM) and a significant portion of the Phe-tRNA interacts with AcPhe-tRNA to form AcPhe-Phe-tRNA. In the presence of TIs, TIu, and GTP, maximal binding of Phe-tRNA to the ribosomal complex occurs at low concentrations of Mg2+ (4–6 mM); the GTP is hydrolyzed; TIu·GDP, and Pi are released from the ribosome; and most of the Phe-tRNA bound to the ribosomes interacts with the AcPhe-tRNA to form dipeptide. In contrast, the concentration of Mg2+ required to obtain maximal binding of Phe-tRNA to the ribosomes in the presence of TIs, TIu, and GMD is about 12 mM; the TIu and GMD remain bound to the ribosomes; and very little dipeptide is formed. Moreover, the binding of Phe-tRNA to the ribosomes in the presence of GMD and transfer factors is very unstable. These data indicate that the presence of TIu and GMD on the ribosomes prevents the interaction of the Phe-tRNA at the acceptor site with the AcPhe-tRNA at the donor site, and suggest that hydrolysis of GTP and release of TIu and GDP from the ribosomes are prerequisites for peptide bond formation. In addition, evidence is presented which demonstrates that Phe-tRNA bound to the ribosomes in the presence of GMD is not incorporated into dipeptide upon the subsequent addition of GTP, indicating that the GMD bound to the ribosomes does not exchange with GTP.
Glass formation and crystallization in highly undercooled Te-Cu alloys

Abstract The large undercoolings required for glass formation have been achieved by the slow cooling (10-20°C/min) of liquid Te-Cu alloys in the form of a fine droplet emulsion. Within the region of glass formation, between 19 and 39 at.% Cu, DTA measurements indicate that the glass ( T g ) and crystallization ( T c ) temperatures during heating exhibit a broad maximum at the eutectic. During slow cooling of Te-rich alloy droplets, the maximum undercooling for nucleation increases from 213°C for pure Te to 264°C for Te-12.5 at.% Cu. An enhanced depression of the nucleation ( T n ) temperature compared with the change of the liquidus develops in Te-rich alloys upon approaching the glass forming composition range and can be a useful feature in assessing the glass forming tendency. Thermal cycling experiments indicate that even at an undercooling of 181°C crystallization in an eutectic Te-29 at.% Cu alloy is limited by an inadequate nucleation rate in clean droplet samples. For a eutectic alloy, at undercoolings in excess of 200°C crystal nucleation does develop in the droplet samples, but complete crystallization is hindered by a rapidly rising liquid viscosity with increased undercooling.
Mining the digital universe of data to develop personalized cancer therapies

The development of a personalized approach to medical care is now well recognized as an urgent priority. This approach is particularly important in oncology, where it is well understood that each cancer diagnosis is unique at the molecular level, arising from a particular and specific collection of genetic alterations. Furthermore, taking a personalized approach to oncology may expedite the treatment process, pre-empting therapeutic decisions based on fewer data in favor of treatments targeted to an individual's tumor. This directed course may be key to survival for many patients who are terminal or have failed standard therapies.
Influence of processing parameters on thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide pellets prepared by spark plasma sintering

Abstract High density uranium dioxide (UO2) pellets with grain sizes between 0.9 μm and 9 μm were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS). A systematic study was performed by varying the sintering temperature between 750 °C and 1450 °C and hold time between 0.5 min and 20 min to obtain UO2 pellets with a range of theoretical densities (TD) and grain sizes. The microstructure development in terms of grain size, density and porosity distribution was investigated. The oxygen/uranium (O/U) ratio of the resulting pellets was found to decrease after SPS. The thermal conductivity of UO2 pellets increased with the theoretical density but the grain size in the investigated range had no significant influence. The measured thermal conductivity values up to 900 °C were consistent with the reported literature for conventionally sintered UO2 pellets. The benefits of using SPS over the conventional sintering of UO2 are summarized.
Rapid exploration of processing and design guidelines to overcome carbon nanotube variations

Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) are promising candidates for building energy-efficient digital systems at highly-scaled technology nodes. However, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are inherently subject to variations that reduce circuit yield, increase susceptibility to noise, and severely degrade their anticipated energy and speed benefits. Joint exploration and optimization of CNT processing options and CNFET circuit design are required to overcome this outstanding challenge. Unfortunately, existing approaches for such exploration and optimization are computationally expensive, and mostly rely on trial-and-error-based ad-hoc techniques. In this paper, we present a systematic framework which quickly evaluates the impact of CNT variations on circuit delay and noise margin, and automatically explores the large space of CNT processing options to derive optimized CNT processing and CNFET circuit design guidelines. We demonstrate that: 1. Our new framework runs over 100X faster than existing approaches. 2. It accurately identifies the most important CNT processing parameters, together with CNFET circuit sizing, to minimize the impact of CNT variations while meeting circuit-level noise margin constraints.
An alternative resin-bonded restoration.

T he etched-Imetal, resin-bonded (EMRB) fixed partial denture has been advocated as a conservative and reversible method for the replacement of missing teeth. The proximal and lingual enamel of intact teeth is used to retain the restoration. The innovative laboratory etching of the metal framework creates a micropitted surface similar to etched enamel, which provides retention for the bonding medium.’ Because of the novelty of the EMRB restoration, analysis of clinical failures is important. After a 2-year field evaluation, the University of Maryland study has experienced only three debonding failures from a total of 124 restorati0ns.t Four of 45 EMRB restorations placed during a 12-month period at the University of the Pacific, School of Dentistry, were dislodged. All four failures occurred at the metal-composite interface, and most of the composite remained on the enamel. This mode of failure was unexpected, because the metal-composite bond is stronger under ideal conditions than the enamel-composite bond. Bond failure between metal and composite indicated that the metal was improperly etched, and/or the etched surface was contaminated. The University of the Pacific had their EMRB restorations fabricated by commercial laboratories. However, Sloan et al.2 reported a wide variation in bonding strengths among metal specimens that had been etched at commercial laboratories. One limitation of the EMRB technique is that a faulty or contaminated metal etch may not be obvious to the dentist before the restoration is placed. Macroreten,tive devices that are more readily verified than an etched surface and less affected by contamination during m;inipulation can be designed for the metal. The perforated design provides countersunk holes for retention of th.e bonding resin, but the resin is exposed to the oral environment and stress is concentrated around each p&oration. A mesh can be incorporated inside a solid lingual retainer (Dura lingual bonded
Biofilm and planktonic Enterococcus faecalis elicit different responses from host phagocytes in vitro.

Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal organism of the gastrointestinal tract but can also cause serious opportunistic infections. In addition to high levels of antibiotic resistance, the ability to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces and on in-dwelling devices within the host complicates treatment strategies and successful outcomes of antibiotic therapy. Despite rapid advances made in recent years in understanding the genomics and virulence of this organism, much remains to be learned regarding the host response to enterococcal infections. In this study, we investigated the interaction of RAW264.7 macrophages and JAWS II dendritic cells with biofilm and planktonic E. faecalis, in vitro. Specifically, we compared phagocytosis, intracellular survival, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and the activation and maturation of phagocytes. Our results revealed that both macrophages and dendritic cells phagocytize biofilm mode cells at levels equal to or better than their planktonic counterparts. Internalized biofilm bacteria showed relatively greater survival at 24 h in macrophages than in dendritic cells and led to slightly higher expression of phagocyte activation markers. Macrophages infected with biofilm cells also secreted lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines studied. Overall, these results suggest that biofilm E. faecalis may be better adapted to overcome host defenses in vivo.
Occurrence of glyceryl tridocosahexaenoate in the eye of the sand troutCynoscion arenarius

The pigment epithelium of the eye of the sand trout (Cynoscion arenarius) contains a reflecting layer or tapetum lucidum, consisting of lipid spherules approximately 400 nm in diameter. The lipids consist amost exclusively of triglycerides and the fatty acids contain up to 95% docosahexaenoic acid. Thus the lipid of this reflecting layer appears to be nearly pure glyceryl tridocosahexaenoate. The adjacent tissues contain much less docosahexaenoic acid (retina 65%; choroid 9%) and little, if any, tridocosahexaenoin. The possible importance of this nearly pure, highly unsaturated, mono acid triglyceride is briefly discussed.
Fast and accurate NCBI BLASTP: acceleration with multiphase FPGA-based prefiltering

NCBI BLAST has become the de facto standard in bioinformatic approximate string matching and so its acceleration is of fundamental importance. The problem is that it uses complex heuristics which make it difficult to simultaneously achieve both substantial speed-up and exact agreement with the original output. We have previously described how a novel FPGA-based prefilter that performs exhaustive ungapped alignment (EUA) could be used to reduce the computation by over 99.9% without loss of sensitivity. The primary contribution here is to show how the EUA filter can be combined with another filter, this one based on standard 2-hit seeding. The result is a doubling of performance over the previous best implementation, which itself is an order of magnitude faster than the unaccelerated original. Other contributions include new algorithms for both the original EUA and the 2-hit filters and experimental results demonstrating their utility. This new multiphase FPGA-accelerated NCBI BLASTP scales easily and is appropriate for use in large FPGA-based servers such as the Novo-G.
The slower the better: on the instability of gas jets in a model of pneumatic retinopexy.

PURPOSE. To investigate the effect of injection technique parameters on the formation of multiple gas bubbles in a porcine eye model for pneumatic retinopexy. METHODS. Three hundred twenty-four adult porcine eyes were injected with 0.4 mL of C3F8 with variations in the depth of injection, speed of injection, and size of needle bore. The number of gas bubbles in the eye was assessed with indirect ophthalmoscopy. RESULTS. Shallow injections resulted in a higher incidence of a single bubble than did deep injections (P < 0.001; Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests). Slow injections were significantly advantageous in producing a single gas bubble during shallow as well as during deep injections (P < 0.001, Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests). With a shallow needle insertion, the slow speed of injection produced a single bubble in 75.9% of the eyes, whereas moderately brisk injections resulted in one bubble in 50.9% of the eyes. During deep needle insertion, 44.4% of the eyes had one bubble if the gas was injected slowly and only 11.1% had a single bubble with moderately brisk gas injections. The bore of the needle did not significantly change the number of bubbles during deep or shallow injections. CONCLUSIONS. The factors that were found to be important in reducing the formation of multiple gas bubbles in the eye were shallow depth of injection and slow speed of gas delivery.
Assessing the impact of weir construction on recent sedimentation using cesium-137

Ten cores were obtained from a marsh developed along Mad Island Slough, Texas, USA, upstream of a weir constructed in 1948. The cores were analyzed for cesium-137 to identify time-stratigraphic marker horizons and calculate recent sedimentation rates. The cesium-137 analysis provided a 1954 marker horizon in nine of the ten cores. A second marker horizon, present in all ten cores, consisted of an abrupt downcore change in lithology from dark organic-rich muds to grey organic-poor sands. This transition was tentatively identified as coinciding with 1948 and the beginning of marsh sedimentation. Resulting sedimentation rates show that surprisingly little sedimentation has occurred behind the weir, averaging only 27 cm in almost 50 years. Sedimentation rates in the marsh declined from an average of 2.4 cm yr−1 in 1948–1954 to 0.32 cm yr−1 in 1954–1994. A similar trend of declining sedimentation has been documented for adjoining Mad Island Lake, suggesting that land-use changes in the lake's watershed have reduced the sediment supply in recent decades. The results also suggest that the weir is not a very efficient sediment trap in this watershed.
Relationship between locus of control and reactions of employees to work characteristics.

To determine whether employees' locus of control moderated the relationship between several work characteristics (autonomy, feedback, performance-reward connections, job involvement) and job satisfaction 193 managers in a large utility company participated. Internals (n = 58) perceived more autonomy, feedback, and performance-reward connections on their jobs than externals (n = 69). Internals were more involved and satisfied with their jobs than were externals. However, the correlations between the work characteristics and job satisfaction were generally positive for both internals and externals but small.
The stability of bacteriophages in long term storage at liquid nitrogen temperatures

Summary In 1960, a number of strains of bacteriophages were frozen and stored at the American Type Culture Collection under lionid nitrogen refrigeration. After 3- to 5-year storage, samples of some of these strains were thawed and titered to determine viability. Selected samples were compared with unfrozen stocks (carried in the Collection as broth lysates at +4°C) with respect to 1) plaque morphology, 2) host range, 3) rate of inactivation by homologous antisera, and 4) survival from osmotic shock. Titers remained bigh. No change was detected in the properties studied, except for a possible selection of osmotically resistant forms in several strains.
Effect of estradiol on splenic repopulation by endogenous and exogenous hemopoietic cells in irradiated mice.

Estradiol treatment of irradiated mice during repopulation of their spleens by endogenous hemopoietic cells reduced the number of myelocytic colonies and increased the numbers of erythropoietic and undifferentiated colonies. The inhibitory effects of the hormone on myelopoiesis were not dependent on stimulation of erythropoiesis, since they occurred in the absence of erythropoiesis in mice made polycythemic by hypertransfusion. Treatment of bone marrow donors with estradiol reduced the ability of their marrow cells to form spleen colonies, particularly reducing the proportion of myelopoietic colonies relative to the total number of colonies of all types. Conversely erythropoietic colonies, though reduced in absolute number, were increased in relative number. Such treatment also decreased the volume and cell content of the marrow cavity through stimulation of endosteal bone formation. Estradiol treatment of lethally irradiated recipient mice did not detectably alter the total numbers or types of hemopoietic spleen colonies formed in these animals from transplanted marrow cells; however, without estradiol treatment, myelopoietic colonies were so few and erythropoietic colonies so numerous that the effects of the hormones may have been undetectable by the methods employed. The sex of the donor or recipient mouse did not affect the numbers or types of colonies formed, suggesting that endogenous levels of estradiol were too low to exert effects dectectable by the methods used. However, since our mice were only 8 weeks old, the data do not exclude the possibility that older female mice, with higher levels of estradiol, would have differed from males in relative numbers of myelopoietic as compared with erythropoietic colonies.
Single-photon time-dependent spectra in coupled cavity arrays

We show how the input–output formalism for cascaded quantum systems combined with the quantum trajectory approach yields a compact and physically intuitive description of single photons propagating through a coupled cavity array. As a new application, we obtain the time-dependent spectrum of such a single photon, which directly reflects the fact that only certain frequency components of single-photon wavepackets are trapped inside the cavities and hence are delayed in time. We include in our description the actual generation of the single photon, by assuming we have a single emitter in one of the resonators.
Fair Trade: Dynamic and Dilemmas of a Market Oriented Global Social Movement

Fair Trade is analysed as a new economic social movement to the extent that it is based on new forms of collective action and directs its demands primarily to the market rather than to the State. In addition, it is intrinsically a global movement harnessing development goals to new market relations. It differs, however, from similar movements (organics, animal welfare) to the extent that it focuses primarily on traditional issues of redistributive justice rather than a new generation of rights and duties. Fair Trade is understood as having three components: (i) the organization of alternative trading networks; (ii) the marketing of Fair Trade labelled products through licensed conventional traders and retailers; and (iii) the campaign-based promotion of Fair Trade to change both purchasing practices and the rules of conventional trade. As a market oriented movement, Fair Trade relies crucially on the emergence of a new politicization of consumer activity comprising not only “consumer-activists” but also the State as consumer and a new layer of political consumers sensitive to issues of social justice in their daily purchasing practices.