cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial/Ethnic Residential Segregation, Obesity, and Diabetes Mellitus

Persistent racial/ethnic disparities in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus seen in the US are likely due to a combination of social, biological, and environmental factors. A growing number of studies have examined the role of racial/ethnic residential segregation with respect to these outcomes because this macro-level process is believed to be a fundamental cause of many of the factors that contribute to these disparities. This review provides an overview of findings from studies of racial/ethnic residential segregation with obesity and diabetes published between 2013 and 2015. Findings for obesity varied by geographic scale of the segregation measure, gender, ethnicity, and racial identity (among Hispanics/Latinos). Recent studies found no association between racial/ethnic residential segregation and diabetes prevalence, but higher segregation of Blacks was related to higher diabetes mortality. Implications of these recent studies are discussed as well as promising areas of future research.
Metamaterial design for a metamaterial-enhanced resistive wall amplifier

The metamaterial-enhanced resistive wall amplifier (ME-RWA) has been shown to theoretically have higher wideband gain than many commercially available high power microwave amplifiers. Previous work has idealized the situation by assuming the metamaterial of the structure to be a homogenous dielectric with a Drude dispersion model. This work investigates a practical meander line implementation of the metamaterial liner for the ME-RWA.
Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanoparticles

There is increasing evidence that stimuli-responsive nanomaterials have become significantly critical components of modern materials design and technological developments. Recent advances in synthesis and fabrication of stimuli-responsive polymeric nanoparticles with built-in stimuli-responsive components (Part A) and surface modifications of functional nanoparticles that facilitate responsiveness (Part B) are outlined here. The synthesis and construction of stimuli-responsive spherical, core-shell, concentric, hollow, Janus, gibbous/inverse gibbous, and cocklebur morphologies are discussed in Part A, with the focus on shape, color, or size changes resulting from external stimuli. Although inorganic/metallic nanoparticles exhibit many useful properties, including thermal or electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, or magnetic properties, their assemblies and formation of higher order constructs are often enhanced by surface modifications. Section B focuses on selected surface reactions that lead to responsiveness achieved by decorating nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive polymers. Although grafting-to and grafting-from dominate these synthetic efforts, there are opportunities for developing novel synthetic approaches facilitating controllable recognition, signaling, or sequential responses. Many nanotechnologies utilize a combination of organic and inorganic phases to produce ceramic or metallic nanoparticles. One can envision the development of new properties by combining inorganic (metals, metal oxides) and organic (polymer) phases into one nanoparticle designated as "ceramers" (inorganics) and "metamers" (metallic).
System-level optimal yield: increased value, less risk, improved stability, and better fisheries

The discipline and practice of fisheries science and management have had an useful, successful, and interesting history. The discipline has developed over the past century and a half into a very re...
Expert Report on Russian Judicial Corruption, in Norex Petroleum v. Access Industries

This report assesses the extent of Russian judicial corruption, and concludes that a plaintiff, not itself an oligarch-controlled company, cannot expect to receive a fair hearing in a suit against an oligarch-controlled Russian company.
A psychometric evaluation of the english version of the dimensions of attitudes toward science instrument with a U.S. population of elementary educators

Abstract The purpose of this study was to review the development and evolution of the Dimensions of Attitudes toward Science Instrument (DAS), translate the DAS into English, and examine its psychometric properties with a U.S. sample of pre-service and in-service elementary educators. After translation and expert review, the DAS was administered to a sample of 300 U.S. in-service and pre-service teachers. Confirmatory factor analysis and fit indices values supported a seven-factor theoretical model. The entire DAS was found to have good internal consistency. This study confirmed the DAS is a valid instrument for a U.S., English-speaking elementary education teacher population.
Spin-Orbit Coupling via Four-Component Multireference Methods: Benchmarking on p-Block Elements and Tentative Recommendations.

Within current electronic structure theory methods, fully relativistic four-component (4c) approaches based on the Dirac Hamiltonian treat spin–orbit coupling with the most rigor. The spin treatment arises naturally from the formulation and does not need to be included ad hoc. Spin–orbit splittings can provide insightful benchmark criteria for the assessment of 4c methods; however, there have not been extensive studies in this respect. Spin–orbit splittings of the p-block elements B–I were computed using the 4c-CASSCF, 4c-CASPT2, and 4c-MR-CISD+Q methods, as recently implemented in BAGEL, with uncontracted Dunning basis sets. Comparison with experiment reveals that the four-component methods yield good results, with most of the computed splittings falling within 15% of the experimental values. A large basis set is needed to obtain accurate splittings of the light elements B–F, while splittings of heavier elements show little basis dependence. The 4c-MR-CISD+Q method gave the best splittings for light elem...
FlexCCT: A Methodological Framework and Software for Ratings Analysis and Wisdom of the Crowd Applications

Flexible cultural consensus theory (FlexCCT) provides an integrated framework and tool set for analyzing and aggregating ratings. It utilizes a likelihood-based statistical model to create aggregate ratings weighted for rater competencies and rater biases. It has features for the analysis of multiple rating cultures and for consensus adjusted reliability. Multiple optimization algorithms are implemented for FlexCCT, along with a range of model identifiability options to restrict certain subsets of the model parameters. Bootstrapping- and jackknifing-based methods are implemented to give confidence intervals for parameters. A holdout validation method that generates a measure of “prediction log-likelihood” allows for the testing of solution reliability and stability. Empirical work demonstrates the utility of FlexCCT on unsupervised wisdom of the crowd problems, and an example shows how FlexCCT can be used to analyze educational grading data.
Use of Objective Metrics in Dynamic Facial Reanimation: A Systematic Review

ImportanceFacial nerve deficits cause significant functional and social consequences for those affected. Existing techniques for dynamic restoration of facial nerve function are imperfect and resul...
Biochemistry and Physiology of Tuftsin Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg

The discovery of the tetrapeptide tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) came about in an unexpected manner during our early studies on the mechanism of phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear granulocytes (Fidalgo et al., 1967a,b).
Wishful hearing: The effect of chronic dieting on auditory perceptual biases and eating behavior

In this research, I propose a novel theoretical phenomenon called "wishful hearing," which establishes that ambient product sounds can be perceived as more spatially proximal when internal motivations (i.e., chronic dieting) render the product more desirable and as a result, lead to increased purchase intentions and consumption. Across three studies, I document the existence of wishful hearing and demonstrate how this phenomenon influences people's food consumption decisions. The first study provides field evidence of the phenomenon of "wishful hearing". The second two experimental studies demonstrate that individuals' dietary motivations influence their perceptions of the proximity of product sounds, and this proximity is in turn associated with greater purchase intentions and food consumption.
Aprendizagem significativa e efetiva:: desenvolvendo competências em harmonia com as habilidades

Escrever sobre educacao e o mesmo que escrever sobre transformacao, mudanca, utopia. Este pai­s parece nao aprender com a historia, e acumula equi­vocos educacionais desde sua descoberta. Precisamos nos reinventar no quesito educacao, cultura e sociedade. A luz no final do tunel, representa a resistencia dos brasileiros avidos por uma nacao melhor, onde a educacao perpasse por toda sua extensao territorial, de forma instigante, significativa, atraente e eficaz. Valorizando quem ensina e quem aprende, apostando no protagonismo discente para transformar a nossa nacao num pai­s de vanguarda, onde o ensino tenha qualidade, de verdade. Faz-se necessario uma reengenharia educacional ampla e propositiva, capaz de atingir o pai­s como um todo, promovendo as reformas educativas tao sonhadas pela nossa populacao. So desta maneira vamos nos candidatar a frequentar os mesmos i­ndices educacionais das grandes potencias mundiais.
A Double Discontinuity and a Triple Approach: Felix Klein’s Perspective on Mathematics Teacher Education

Felix Klein was the first to identify a central problem in the preparation of mathematics teachers: a double discontinuity encountered in going from school to university and then back to school to teach. In his series of books for prospective teachers, Klein attempted to show how problems in the main branches of mathematics are connected and how they are related to the problems of school mathematics. He took three approaches: The first volume built on the unity of arithmetic, algebra, and analysis; the second volume attempted a comprehensive overview of geometry; and the third volume showed how mathematics arises from observation. Klein’s courses for teachers were part of his efforts to improve secondary mathematics by improving teacher preparation. Despite the many setbacks he encountered, no mathematician has had a more profound influence on mathematics education as a field of scholarship and practice.
Cancer Rehabilitation in Geriatric Patients

The goal of cancer rehabilitation is to diagnose and treat patients’ physical, psychological, and cognitive impairments, throughout the oncology care continuum. Rehabilitation professionals aim to help patients restore function, reduce symptom burden, improve quality of life, and maximize independence. Geriatric cancer patients and survivors are prone to developing disabilities from cancer and its treatments, significantly impairing their functional independence. By forming dynamic and clinically appropriate goals with patients and their families, health-related outcomes can be improved. The stages of cancer rehabilitation include preventative, restorative, supportive, and palliative. Delivery settings include acute, subacute, home health, outpatient, and home exercise prescriptions. Precautions are discussed, as well as the impact of falls and pathologic fractures. Specific oncologic knowledge in regards to indications and contraindications is needed to prescribe various modalities. Cancer rehabilitation requires an understanding of several unique neurologic and musculoskeletal impairments related to cancer and its treatment. We discuss the role of rehabilitation in palliative care patients and barriers to referral across disease stages. We also discuss research and further work to standardize the efficiency and efficacy of various cancer rehabilitation treatments. Older adults with multiple comorbidities and fragility can result in greater functional decline, requiring special attention to developing patient- and family-centered rehabilitation plans for this population.
Cognitive behavioral therapy around the globe

Abstract The overwhelming burden of unmet mental health need occurs in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). A robust body of research demonstrates the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy, one of the most commonly used and widely applicable therapies for preventing and treating mental disorders. However, the majority of this research originates in high-income countries. The transportability of cognitive behavioral therapy models from high-income country settings to LMIC is not always appropriate or guaranteed. Culture, language, poverty, human resource shortages, health system capacity, and other social and structural determinants of health may adversely affect engagement in and response to therapeutic approaches designed in high-income countries and used without adaptation in LMIC. We need scientific methods that facilitate the rigorous adaptation of efficacious cognitive behavioral therapy tested in high-income country settings to LMIC. Promoting the translation of cognitive behavioral therapy via adaptation holds great promise for helping to close the mental health treatment gap in LMIC.
Wide area measurements based fault detection and location method for transmission lines

Electric power grids are critical infrastructure for delivering energy from generation stations to load centers. To maximize utilization of assets, it is desirable to increase the power transferred over transmission systems. Reliable protection of transmission systems is essential for safeguarding the integrity and reliability of the power grid. Distance protection is the most widely used scheme for protecting transmission lines. Most existing protection systems use local measurements to make a decision while pilot protection is used in some circumstances. Distance protection may fail under stressed operating conditions, which could lead to cascading faults. This paper proposes a system integrity protection scheme by utilizing wide area measurements. The scheme partitions the system into subnetworks or protection zones and employs current measurements to derive a fault identification vector indicating the faulted zone. Then the fault location is pinpointed based on wide area measurements and network data. The proposed method is able to deal with multiple, simultaneous faults, and is applicable to both transposed and untransposed lines. Evaluation studies based on simulation studies are presented.
Vascular Trauma—Open or Endovascular

This review discusses the trends in management of vascular trauma comparing open management with endovascular strategies. Endovascular vascular approaches to vascular trauma has evolved significantly in the past several decades, providing an option for reduced morbidity and mortality in the carefully selected trauma patient. While open surgery is a critical skill to maintain, there are strategies more than ever before that can be applied to a hemorrhaging trauma patient which include stent-graft placement, the use of temporary vascular shunts, and vascular balloon occlusion. Vascular trauma management has evolved over the last several decades, introducing promising endovascular treatment strategies, particularly in junctional and torso hemorrhage.
Temporal Distance and Price Responsiveness: Empirical Investigation of the Cruise Industry

Temporal distance refers to the time between purchase and consumption in advanced-sales industries. We explore how the response of aggregate demand to price changes with temporal distance in a larg...
Autoregressive Modeling and Prediction of Annual Worldwide Cybercrimes for Cloud Environments

Recently, cybercrimes are causing huge impact on different cyber systems that might include vital information such as financial transactions and medical records. A better understanding of the accelerating numbers of cybercrimes and their enormous cost could help the global in bridging the gap between their defenses and the escalating numbers cyber criminals. In this paper, we present an estimation model of cybercrimes time series using auto-regressive (AR) model by employing the optimal modeling order that maximizes the estimation accuracy while maintaining minimum prediction error. The proposed model was developed using Matlab to estimate the time series for yearly global number of cybersecurity incidents activity during the period from 2009-2018 and forecast the figures for next upcoming years 2019-2020. The simulation results showed that the optimal model order to estimate the given cybercrime activity is AR(4) since its corresponds to minimum acceptable predication error values to estimate the signal recording an estimation accuracy of 93.5%.
Online Size Exclusion Chromatography-Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins Allows for Targeted Structural Analysis of Conformationally Heterogeneous Mixtures

Structural analysis of proteins in a conformationally heterogeneous mixture has long been a difficult problem in structural biology, resulting in complex challenges in data analysis or complete failure of the method. In structural analysis by covalent labeling mass spectrometry, conformational heterogeneity will result in data reflecting a weighted average of all conformers, greatly complicating data analysis and potentially causing misinterpretation of results. Here, we describe a method coupling size exclusion chromatography in an HPLC format with Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting (HRPF) using online Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins (FPOP). Using controlled mixtures of myoglobin and apomyoglobin as a model system to allow for controllable conformational heterogeneity, we demonstrate that we can obtain HRPF footprints of both holomyoglobin and apomyoglobin as they elute off of the SEC column. Comparison of online SEC-FPOP data of both mixture components with traditional FPOP data of each individual component shows that we can obtain the exact same footprinting pattern for each conformation in an online format with real-time FPOP. Using this method, conformations within conformationally heterogeneous mixtures can now be individually probed by SEC-FPOP, and the stability of the FPOP label allows this structural information to be retained.
Spatial and temporal changes in buccal pressure during prey-capture in the trumpetfish ( Aulostomus maculatus )

Suction feeding involves the coordinated contraction of numerous muscles to rapidly expand the buccal cavity to create hydrodynamic loading. The expanding buccal cavity generates forces that draw water and the prey item in as the pressure is equalized between the buccal cavity and the external environment. Here we quantified the spatial and temporal aspects of subambient pressure generation in the elongated buccal cavity of trumpetfish (Aulostomus maculatus) during feeding strikes. Pressure was measured with two Millar micro-tip catheter pressure transducers (SPR-407) and was synchronized with high-speed videography. There was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.03) between the mean pressure generated in the caudal buccal cavity (− 24.67 ± 0.72 kPa) and the rostral buccal cavity (− 18.69 ± 0.66 kPa). There was also a statistically significant difference (p = 0.01) in the time between rostral and caudal peak pressure generation. The caudal peak pressure is generated 5.56 ± 0.38 ms before the rostral peak pressure and is nearly synchronous with maximum hyoid depression. Kinematic data reveal that, after subambient pressure is generated by hyoid depression, the buccal cavity first expands laterally at the mouth opening and proceeds in a caudal direction. Morphological data suggest that trumpetfish evolved lengthened sesamoid tendons that translate whole-body contractile forces to cranial elevation and buccal cavity expansion during feeding. These tendons may have evolved to compensate for the lengthy moment arm created by the elongated skull of trumpetfish in order to overcome the resultant increased water resistance.
Development, Demonstration and Validation of Data-Driven Compact Diode Models for Circuit Simulation and Analysis

Compact semiconductor device models are essential for efficiently designing and analyzing large circuits. However, traditional compact model development requires a large amount of manual effort and can span many years. Moreover, inclusion of new physics (eg, radiation effects) into an existing compact model is not trivial and may require redevelopment from scratch. Machine Learning (ML) techniques have the potential to automate and significantly speed up the development of compact models. In addition, ML provides a range of modeling options that can be used to develop hierarchies of compact models tailored to specific circuit design stages. In this paper, we explore three such options: (1) table-based interpolation, (2)Generalized Moving Least-Squares, and (3) feed-forward Deep Neural Networks, to develop compact models for a p-n junction diode. We evaluate the performance of these "data-driven" compact models by (1) comparing their voltage-current characteristics against laboratory data, and (2) building a bridge rectifier circuit using these devices, predicting the circuit's behavior using SPICE-like circuit simulations, and then comparing these predictions against laboratory measurements of the same circuit.
Extracellular cGAMP is a cancer cell-produced immunotransmitter involved in radiation-induced anti-cancer immunity.

2′3′-Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) is an intracellular second messenger that is synthesized in response to cytosolic double-stranded DNA and activates the innate immune STING pathway. Our previous discovery of its extracellular hydrolase ENPP1 hinted at the existence of extracellular cGAMP. Here we detected that cGAMP is continuously exported but then efficiently cleared by ENPP1, explaining why it has previously escaped detection. By developing potent, specific and cell-impermeable ENPP1 inhibitors, we found that cancer cells continuously export cGAMP in culture at steady state and at higher levels when treated with ionizing radiation (IR). In mouse tumors, depletion of extracellular cGAMP decreased tumor-associated immune cell infiltration and abolished the curative effect of IR. Boosting extracellular cGAMP with ENPP1 inhibitors synergized with IR to delay tumor growth. In conclusion, extracellular cGAMP is an anticancer immunotransmitter that could be harnessed to treat cancers with low immunogenicity. Li and colleagues report that extracellular cGAMP produced by cancer cells acts as an immunotransmitter that, when combined with ionizing radiation, can reduce tumor volume.
Room temperature water infusion during colonoscopy insertion induces rectosigmoid colon mucus production

Background Water filling during colonoscopy improves several colonoscopy outcomes. We evaluated an anecdotal observation that room temperature water filling during colonoscope insertion results in mucus production in the left colon, which may impair mucosal visualization during withdrawal. Methods We performed 55 colonoscopies with either water or saline filling during insertion, and video recorded the examinations. Three blinded observers scored the amount of mucus visible on the video recordings. Results 29 patients had water filling and 26 patients had saline filling during insertion. Demographic features, procedure indications, volume of infused fluid, and insertion time to the cecum were similar in the two groups. All three blinded observers rated the mucus as greater after water filling than after saline (median 3 out of 5 vs. 1 out of 5; P Conclusion Room temperature water filling is associated with mucus production by the rectosigmoid colon, requiring additional cleansing during withdrawal.
Radiosurgery for Benign Spinal Tumors

Stereotactic radiosurgery is a standard of care for the definitive treatment of benign intracranial tumors such as meningiomas, schwannomas, neurofibromas, and hemangioblastomas. Stereotactic radiosurgery for benign spinal tumors was not practical with frame-based radiosurgery devices. With the advent of frameless radiosurgical treatment pioneered by the CyberKnife, intracranial radiosurgical principles are now applied in the spine. Treatment outcomes from early reports in the 2000s of radiosurgery for benign spinal tumors suggested short-term efficacy for controlling tumor growth. Recently, published series demonstrate long-term durable tumor control with limited toxicity similar to what is seen for radiosurgery to benign intracranial tumors. Treatment outcomes and planning guidelines are presented that support single fraction or hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery as a standard of care for benign spinal tumors.
Liquidity Characteristics of Market Anomalies and Institutional Trading

This study examines the liquidity characteristics of market anomalies and how liquidity affects institutional trading on those anomalies. We find that long-short portfolios based on market anomalies have pervasive liquidity exposures. For long-horizon anomalies, the long legs of the portfolios are less liquid and suffer from deteriorating liquidity relative to the short legs. Short-horizon anomaly portfolios exhibit the opposite pattern. Consistent with such liquidity characteristics and institutional liquidity preference, aggregate institutional trades appear to be in the right direction for short-horizon anomalies but in the wrong direction for long-horizon anomalies. Perverse institutional trading on long-horizon anomalies disappears after we control for liquidity. We further find that liquidity-driven and non-liquidity components of institutional trades have different impact on market mispricing. The magnitude of long-horizon anomalies is exacerbated by the liquidity-driven institutional trading when such trading is in the wrong direction, but not affected by the direction of the non-liquidity component of institutional trading.
Early educators’ perspective and experience using pedagogical documentation to support individualizing for children with disabilities in inclusive settings

This mixed-method, three-phased study examined four early educators’ experiences in implementing pedagogical documentation. Pedagogical documentation is a collaborative process between adults and c...
Garnering Support for Complementary and Integrative Health Implementation: A Qualitative Study of VA Healthcare Organization Leaders

Objectives: Healthcare organization leaders' support is critical for successful implementation of new practices, including complementary and integrative health (CIH) therapies. Yet little is known about how to garner this support and what motivates leaders to support these therapies. We examined reasons leaders provided or withheld support for CIH therapy implementation, using a multilevel lens to understand motivations influenced by individual, interpersonal, organizational, and system determinants. Design and setting: We conducted qualitative interviews with leaders in seven Veterans Health Administration medical centers that offered at least three CIH therapies to Veterans and were identified as early adopters of CIH therapies. Subjects: Participants included 12 executive leaders and 34 leaders of key clinical services, including primary care, mental health, physical medicine and rehabilitation, and pain. Measures: We used a thematic analysis to examine leaders' narratives of barriers and facilitators to implementation including their attitudes toward CIH therapies, perceptions of evidence, engagement in implementation, and decisions to provide concrete support for CIH therapies. Drawing from Greenhalgh's Diffusion of Innovation framework, we organized themes according to the influence of individual determinants, two levels of inner setting, and outer system context on CIH implementation. Results: Leaders' decisions to provide or withhold support were driven by considerations across multiple levels including (1) individual attitudes/knowledge, perceptions of evidence, and personal experiences; (2) interpersonal interactions with trusted brokers, patients, and loved ones/colleagues/staff; (3) organizational concerns surrounding relative priorities, local resources, and metrics/quality/safety; and (4) system-level policy, bureaucracy, and interorganizational networks. These considerations interacted across levels, with components at organizational and system levels sometimes prevailing over individual perceptions and experiences. Conclusions: Garnering leaders' support for CIH therapy implementation should address their considerations at multiple levels. Implementation strategies designed to shift individual attitudes alone may be insufficient for securing leaders' support without attention to broader organizational and system-level contextual issues.
Alaskan plants and their assembled rhizosphere communities vary in their responses to soil antimony

Abstract Arctic and subarctic soils are undergoing rapid changes that influence vegetation, bacteria, and their interactions with each other and the environment. Our objective was to understand how rhizosphere bacterial communities from diverse Alaskan boreal and tundra habitats and common Alaskan plant species interact with an anthropogenic soil stressor. A variety of soil types associated with plant communities from Interior and Arctic Alaska were selected. Soils were seeded with a forb, grass, or tree, spiked with antimony (Sb) or kept as a control, and grown for 60 days under warm conditions. Plant growth and Sb uptake, rhizosphere prokaryote composition, and mycorrhizal colonization data were collected. Antimony altered rhizosphere bacterial community richness, diversity, and composition, dependent on soil type and plant identity. Of 20 rhizosphere bacterial orders, Burkholderiales proved most responsive to Sb, but the responses varied by plant species. Plant species' uptake of Sb were strongly influenced by soil biological, chemical, and physical properties. Picea glauca (white spruce) accumulated hyperaccumulator-level Sb concentrations in its roots in 2 of 6 soils. Future biotechnology applications to mitigate land degradation in this environment must acknowledge the complex interactions between vegetation, soils, microbes, and climate for successful utilization.
Multimorbidity phenotypes in patients presenting to the emergency department with possible acute coronary syndrome.

Abstract Background Multimorbidity (> 2 conditions) increases the risk of adverse outcomes and challenges health care systems for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). These complications may be partially attributed to ACS clinical care which is driven by single-disease-based practice guidelines; current guidelines do not consider multimorbidity. Objectives To identify multimorbidity phenotypes (combinations of conditions) with suspected ACS. We hypothesized that: 1) subgroups of patients with similar multimorbidity phenotypes could be identified, 2) classes would differ according to diagnosis, and 3) class membership would differ by sex, age, functional status, family history, and discharge diagnosis. Methods This was a secondary analysis of data from a large multi-site clinical study of patients with suspected ACS. Conditions were determined by items on the Charlson Comorbidity Index and the ACS Patient Information Questionnaire. Latent class analysis was used to identify phenotypes. Results The sample (n = 935) was predominantly male (68%) and middle-aged (mean= 59 years). Four multimorbidity phenotypes were identified: 1) high multimorbidity (Class 1) included hyperlipidemia, hypertension (HTN), obesity, diabetes, and respiratory disorders (COPD or asthma); 2) low multimorbidity (Class 2) included only obesity; 3) cardiovascular multimorbidity (Class 3) included HTN, hyperlipidemia, and coronary heart disease; and 4) cardio-oncology multimorbidity (Class 4) included HTN, hyperlipidemia, and cancer. Patients ruled-in for ACS primarily clustered in Classes 3 and 4 (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.95–4.05, p = 0.001 and OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.13–2.74, p = 0.01). Conclusion Identifying and understanding multimorbidity phenotypes may assist with risk-stratification and better triage of high-risk patients in the emergency department.
Alternative Tobacco Product Use and Smoking Quit Attempts Among Teenagers in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Public health interventions have heightened awareness of risk factors and ill effects of tobacco use. Though sales of conventional tobacco products have been steadily declining, there is the advent of a new generation of alternative tobacco products marketed with claims of reduced harms and smoking cessation aids. These products are increasing in prevalence and popularity among adolescents. Aim The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of tobacco quit attempts in adolescents in the United States and examine its relationship to the use and self-reported awareness of two alternative tobacco products: e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs). Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of data (2,271) from the 2019 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) of middle and high school students in the United States. Logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the odds of tobacco quit attempts adjusting for age, race, gender, school type, and household tobacco exposure. Results The overall prevalence of tobacco quit attempts among e-cigarette users and HTP users was 52.50% and 5.20%, respectively. Results of multivariate regression analyses identified age (OR=0.74, 95% CI:0.57-0.96), race (OR=1.41, 95% CI:1.14-1.75), and household tobacco smoke exposure (OR=1.19, 95% CI:1.01-1.39) as the main factors that are significantly associated with tobacco quit attempts adjusting for all other covariates. Conclusion This study did not show a statistically significant association between the awareness and use of e-cigarettes, and heated tobacco products and tobacco smoking quit attempts. Race, age, and exposure to household tobacco smoking were positively associated with quit attempts. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the use and awareness of e-cigarettes and HTPs are associated with tobacco smoking quit attempts within the US adolescent population.
Quantitative assessment of the role of spin fluctuations in 2D Ising superconductor NbSe2

Abstract Accurate determination of the full momentum-dependent spin susceptibility χ ( q ) is very important for the description of magnetism and superconductivity. While in principle the formalism for calculating χ ( q ) in the linear response density functional theory (DFT) is well established, hardly any publicly available code includes this capability. Here, we describe an alternative way to calculate the static χ ( q ) , which can be applied to most common DFT codes without additional programming. The method combines standard fixed-spin-moment calculations of χ ( 0 ) with direct calculations of the energy of spin spirals stabilized by an artificial Hubbard interaction. From these calculations, χ DFT ( q ) can be extracted by inverting the RPA formula. We apply this recipe to the recently discovered Ising superconductivity in NbSe2 monolayer, one of the most exciting findings in superconductivity in recent years. It was proposed that spin fluctuations may strongly affect the parity of the order parameter. Previous estimates suggested proximity to ferromagnetism, i . e ., χ ( q ) peaked at q = 0 . We find that the structure of spin fluctuations is more complicated, with the fluctuation spectrum sharply peaked at q ≈ ( 0.2 , 0 ) . Such a spectrum would change the interband pairing interaction and considerably affect the superconducting state.
Physiology and whole-plant carbon partitioning during stem sugar accumulation in sweet dwarf sorghum

A greater rate of phloem unloading and storage in the stem, not a higher rate of sugar production by photosynthesis or sugar export from leaves, is the main factor that results in sugar accumulation in sweet dwarf sorghum compared to grain sorghum. At maturity, the stem internodes of sweet sorghum varieties accumulate high concentrations of fermentable sugars and represent an efficient feedstock for bioethanol production. Although stem sugar accumulation is a heritable trait, additional factors that drive sugar accumulation in sorghum have not been identified. To identify the constraints on stem sugar accumulation in sweet sorghum, we used a combination of carbon-11 (11C) radiotracer, physiological and biochemical approaches, and compared a grain sorghum and sweet dwarf sorghum line that have similar growth characteristics including height. Photosynthesis did not increase during development or differ between the sorghum lines. During the developmental transition to the reproductive stage, export of 11C from leaves approximately doubled in both sorghum lines, but 11C export in the sweet dwarf line did not exceed that of the grain sorghum. Defoliation to manipulate relative sink demand did not result in increased photosynthetic rates, indicating that the combined accumulation of C by all sink tissues was limited by the maximum photosynthetic capacity of source leaves. Nearly 3/4 of the 11C exported from leaves was transported to the lower stem in sweet sorghum within 2 h, whereas in grain sorghum nearly 3/4 of the 11C was in the panicle. Accordingly, the transcripts of several sucrose transporter (SUT) genes were more abundant in the stem internodes of the sweet dwarf line compared to the grain sorghum. Overall, these results indicate that sugar accumulation in sweet sorghum stems is influenced by the interplay of different sink tissues for the same sugars, but is likely driven by elevated sugar phloem unloading and uptake capacity in mature stem internodes.
Harnessing the Potential of Mobile Technologies for Children and Learning

This chapter considers ways to harness the potential of mobile technologies for learning in children. Mobile technologies, combined with high-quality teaching, authentic assessment approaches, and extended learning beyond the school day, have unique potential to help children develop important new skills they need to succeed in the 21st century. Based on their ubiquity, low cost, and familiarity, the anytime, anywhere availability of mobile devices can support deeper learning opportunities and promote a more integrated 360-degree learning experience for children. Mobile technologies can help practitioners assess and monitor student progress while building new tools for effective instruction, and create personalized experiences that can help integrate informal and formal learning Mobile technologies also have the potential to reach and inspire populations of children from economically disadvantaged communities and those who are geographically isolated. However, there are substantial design and market challenges to the effective use of these technologies. Multisector leadership is needed to connect disparate efforts by research, industry, and policy professionals. Through industry innovation and policy incentives, mobile technologies may support learning in new and profound ways.
Reliable data delivery in event-driven wireless sensor networks

Protocols for sensor networks have traditionally been designed using the best effort delivery model. However, there are many specific applications that need a reliable data dissemination protocol. We present a protocol for efficient and reliable data delivery to all sensor nodes in an energy-constrained, event-driven sensor network in which nodes are mobile or static. The new protocol, SPROID (scalable protocol for robust information dissemination), identifies data generated by a unique tag, uses content tables for faster dissemination of information and guarantees reliable dissemination to all nodes in the network within a finite time. SPROID can be made to work with any kind of physical layer requirements, but we focus on the case of a single-channel broadcast medium. Simulations results show that SPROID achieves complete data dissemination in shorter time and with more energy efficiency than SPIN (sensor network protocols using information negotiation).
Bischler-Möhlau indole synthesis

The Bischler–Mohlau indole synthesis, also known as the Bischler indole synthesis, refers to the synthesis of 2-arylindoles from the cyclization of α- arylamino-ketones and excess anilines.
Experimental Transient Stability Analysis of MicroGrid systems: Lessons learned

A Transient Stability Analysis of a low inertia microgrid system is presented in this paper. The analysis is performed on experimental data collected for different case scenarios of grid disturbances. The test bed consists of a reconfigurable 100kW MicroGrid system with more than 10 rotating generators, PV, and Wind penetration capabilities. Both islanded and non-islanded situations are considered for a solid three phase fault analysis and comparison. The paper also presents the results of fault scenario when the rotating machines are pushed to an unstable region. The experimental results and system behavior observed show interesting phenomena. The MicroGrid showed higher resiliency for faults than expected even if the relative angles are more than 160° and even if the fault is sustained for a long time.
Non-faithful representations of surface groups into \( SL (2,\mathbb C)\) which kill no simple closed curve

We give counterexamples to a version of the simple loop conjecture in which the target group is $$ PSL (2,\mathbb C)$$ . These examples answer a question of Minsky in the negative.
Thermal actuation, a suitable mechanism for high frequency electromechanical resonators

This work presents high-frequency thermally actuated micromechanical resonators and demonstrates potential suitability of thermal actuation for high frequency applications. Thermally actuated single crystal silicon resonators with frequencies up 61 MHz have been successfully fabricated and characterized. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that as opposed to the general perception, thermal actuation is a more efficient actuation mechanism for higher frequency rather than lower frequency applications. Thermal actuation can become a viable and competitive approach as the electromechanical device dimensions reach the lower micron and nanometer range.
The Delphi method: Substance, context, a critique and an annotated bibliography

Abstract This paper is concerned with a methodology for efficiently obtaining concensus from a panel of evaluators on questions which are shrouded in uncertainty and can not be measured or evaluated in the classical sense. The methodology and its historical development are described, it is placed in context vis-a-vis other methods of subjective scaling, and a critique is provided. An extensive and current annotated bibliography is presented.
Irreversible platelet aggregation does not depend on lipoxygenase metabolites.

Abstract Previous investigations in our laboratory demonstrated the existence of an intrinsic mechanism, termed membrane modulation, capable of restoring sensitivity to aspirin treated platelets, resulting in irreversible aggregation in response to arachidonic acid (AA). The mechanism underlying correction of aspirin induced inhibition of platelet function, however, was not clear. In the present study we have evaluated the role of lipoxygenase (LO) metabolites of AA in securing irreversible aggregation of drug induced cyclooxygenase (CO) deficient platelets. Platelets treated with aspirin or Ibuprofen did not convert radiolabeled AA to thromboxane, but generated significant quantities of hydroxy acids via the LO pathway. However, drug exposed platelets, when stirred with epinephrine first and then challenged with AA, aggregated irreversibly. Eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA 1, U53119) inhibited AA conversion by the LO pathway, whereas 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA 2) inhibited AA conversion by both CO and LO enzymes. Yet, at the inhibitory concentration these fatty acids failed to prevent AA induced irreversible aggregation of CO deficient, alpha adrenergic receptor stimulated platelets. Results of our studies show that the generation of LO metabolites of AA are not essential for securing irreversible aggregation of platelets.
Toward A Pinta|[sol]|o Human Rights? New|[sol]|Old Strategies For Chicana|[sol]|o Prisoner Research and Activism

This essay examines past and ongoing models of prisoner activism and advocacy in order to recuperate and redeploy earlier Chicana/o prisoner invocations of human rights discourses. I show how the War on Crime has converged with the War on Terror through the deliberate subversions of international treaties and protocols to which the US is a signatory. This convergence ultimately demands and enables recourse to human rights regimes. I thus propose a relocation of US prison work onto an international sphere, through the use of human rights discourses and strategies.
Gamma–delta T cell subsets are differentially associated with granuloma development and organization in a bovine model of mycobacterial disease

The characteristic lesion in bovine tuberculosis is well-organized respiratory granulomas. This is typically associated with a strong T-helper 1 biased cell-mediated immune response and eventual containment of the infection. In bovine paratuberculosis, the classic lesion is unorganized granulomatous intestinal inflammation. Clinical paratuberculosis is associated with a T-helper 2 biased humoral immune response and eventual death because of inability of the host to contain the infection. Recent reports have suggested that gamma-delta (gammadelta) T cells play a significant role in granuloma development and/or maintenance during initial stages of infection and may influence the subsequent adaptive immune response. The objective of this study was to use an in vivo bovine model to evaluate gammadelta T cells during the early host immune response to mycobacterial infection. We used immunofluorescent staining, hyperspectral microscopy, and computerized assisted morphometry to evaluate staining and distribution of gammadelta T cells during development of organized and unorganized granulomas. Our data suggest that bovine gammadelta T cell subsets are differentially recruited to early infection sites, and may be instrumental during the initial antimycobacterial host immune response as well as for granuloma organization.
Perspective review of the impacts of overfishing on coral reef food web linkages

Overﬁshing is increasingly understood to result in indi-rect alterations of habitat structure and function(McClanahan et al. 1995; Bowen 1997; Jackson 2001;Jackson et al. 2001; Gardner et al. 2003). The intenseharvesting of sea otters from kelp forests, for example,created ‘‘low- predation refuges’’ for their sea urchinprey. Following otter removal, sea urchin grazing ex-ploded resulting in large regional losses of kelp (Estesand Palmisano 1974; Duggins 1980). Further supportfor the impacts of large consumers was found in Alaskanembayments where inshore migration of killer whaleschanged the strength of interactions between sea ottersand their herbivorous sea urchin prey, again resulting inlocal losses of kelp forests (Estes et al. 1998). Similarly,McClanahan et al. (1995) found that intense harvestingof predatory trigger ﬁshes promoted large-scale habitatchanges as their sea urchin prey, once released frompredation, increased. More urchins subsequently led tomore coral reef erosion and the eventual replacement ofcorals by seagrasses (McClanahan and Kurtis 1991).Moreover, the intense harvesting of both large piscivo-rous and herbivorous ﬁshes, coupled with the die-oﬀ ofherbivorous sea urchins, is thought to be responsible forwidespread macroalgal overgrowth of coral reefs inJamaica (Hughes 1994 but see Aronson and Precht2001).Given that the dramatic impacts of ﬁshing on marinefood webs preceded the development of most theory inmarine ecology, it is understandable that managementagencies have predominantly focused their eﬀorts on therole of bottom-up processes (nutrient concentration) inregulating the productivity of coastal ecosystems. Butgiven the increasing evidence that food web alterationshave ﬁgured prominently in the collapse of marineecosystems, it seems clear that new studies are urgentlyneeded to assess the degree to which large-scale foodweb alterations have changed the structure and functionof marine ecosystems (Estes and Peterson 2000; Jackson2001; Pandolﬁ et al. 2003).