cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Southeast Indian Ridge between 88°E and 118°E: Variations in crustal accretion at constant spreading rate

The temperature of the mantle and the rate of melt production are parameters which play important roles in controlling the style of crustal accretion along mid-ocean ridges. To investigate the variability in crustal accretion that develops in response to variations in mantle temperature, we have conducted a geophysical investigation of the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between the Amsterdam hotspot and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (88°E–118°E). The spreading center deepens by 2100 m from west to east within the study area. Despite a uniform, intermediate spreading rate (69–75 mm yr−1), the SEIR exhibits the range in axial morphology displayed by the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and usually associated with variations in spreading rate. The spreading center is characterized by an axial high west of 102°45′E, whereas an axial valley is prevalent east of this longitude. Both the deepening of the ridge axis and the general evolution of axial morphology from an axial high to a rift valley are not uniform. A region of intermediate morphology separates axial highs and MAR-like rift valleys. Local transitions in axial morphology occur in three areas along the ridge axis. The increase in axial depth toward the Australian-Antarctic Discordance may be explained by the thinning of the oceanic crust by ∼4 km and the change in axial topography. The long-wavelength changes observed along the SEIR can be attributed to a gradient in mantle temperature between regions influenced by the Amsterdam and Kerguelen hot spots and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance. However, local processes, perhaps associated with an heterogeneous mantle or along-axis asthenospheric flow, may give rise to local transitions in axial topography and depth anomalies.
Magnetic hardness in Sm0.167Co0.833−xNix

Abstract The magnetic hardness of Sm 0.167 Co 0.833−x Ni x is investigated from 4.2K to above room temperature. Coercive forces of bulk materials increase at 4.2K on Ni substitution for Co to values larger than 50 kOe around compositions from x = 0.4 to 0.6.
Effects of alloying on crack-tip deformation and shielding in gamma-based titanium aluminides

Abstract The effects of ternary alloying of Ti-48Al (with 1–3 at.% Mn, Cr and V), and micro-alloying with 0.2% W, on crack-tip deformation and shielding mechanisms are discussed in this paper, for failure under cyclic (fatigue) loading. Crack-tip deformation mechanisms are elucidated by crack-tip transmission electron microscopy examination. Twin process zone dimensions and the degree of deformation-induced twinning are also determined via optical interference and transmission electron microscopy techniques, respectively. A micromechanics-based model is proposed for the estimation of twin toughening ratios under monotonic or cyclic loading. The model, which is based on non-linear fracture mechanics concepts, assumes an average ‘smeared’ plastic stress distribution across the twin process zone. Differences in the resistance to crack growth in the ternary alloys are related to intrinsic microstructural features and crack-tip shielding phenomena.
Elements of dynamics. II: Psychodynamic prescribing

Scientific pharmacotherapy, as it should be, is based upon the results of aggregates of patient responses to treatments of specific target conditions for drugs. Although enduring personality traits are increasingly included as targets for pharmacotherapy, in the real world of psychiatric practice transference issues and the patient's character or personality traits play a larger role in the selection, dosage, tolerability, and outcome of treatment than is generally recognized or admitted, other than to attribute undifferentiated placebo effects. Transference and countertransference issues from the marketplace are described, as well as operational parameters of character, character-based decision making, and specific suggestions for medicating according to character types. A new field of psychodynamic pharmacotherapy is encouraged along with attention to culturally informed prescribing.
From Poughkeepsie to Peoria to the Persian Gulf: A Novice's ICONS Odyssey

Although events in the last few years in Moscow, Baghdad, Berlin, Beijing, and Panama City have clearly demonstrated to me the importance of world politics, I sometimes have been frustrated that my students did not always feel the same. Thus, like the surfer searching for the perfect wave, I embarked on a journey to seek a better way of teaching courses in international politics. Many others had ventured before me (Walcott 1980). I didn't really know exactly what I was looking for, but I was nevertheless undaunted. I'd recognize my destination once I got there!
Assessing Higher Level Learning: Developing Rubrics for Case Analysis

Case study analyses allow students to demonstrate proficiency in executing authentic tasks in marketing and management, facilitating faculty evaluation of higher order learning outcomes. Effective and consistent assessment of case analyses depends in large part on the development of sound rubrics. The authors explored the process of rubric development as it relates to assessing problem-solving and decision-making skills through the use of case analysis. Suggestions and guidance for this process are offered based on the literature and compared with the methods used by the authors.
Variations in the electrical short-circuit current decay for recombination lifetime and velocity measurements

An improved measurement system for electrical short-circuit current decay is presented that extends applicability of the method to silicon solar cells having an effective lifetime as low as 1 microsec. The system uses metal/oxide/semiconductor transistors as voltage-controlled switches. Advances in theory developed here increase precision and sensitivity in the determination of the minority-carrier recombination lifetime and recombination velocity. A variation of the method, which exploits measurements made on related back-surface field and back-ohmic contact devices, further improves precision and sensitivity. The improvements are illustrated by application to 15 different silicon solar cells.
Leptin in human physiology and therapeutics.

Leptin regulates energy homeostasis and reproductive, neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic functions. In this review, we describe the role of leptin in human physiology and review evidence from recent “proof of concept” clinical trials using recombinant human leptin in subjects with congenital leptin deficiency, hypoleptinemia associated with energy-deficient states, and hyperleptinemia associated with garden-variety obesity. Since most obese individuals are largely leptin-tolerant or -resistant, therapeutic uses of leptin are currently limited to patients with complete or partial leptin deficiency, including hypothalamic amenorrhea and lipoatrophy. Leptin administration in these energy-deficient states may help restore associated neuroendocrine, metabolic, and immune function and bone metabolism. Leptin treatment is currently available for individuals with congenital leptin deficiency and congenital lipoatrophy. The long-term efficacy and safety of leptin treatment in hypothalamic amenorrhea and acquired lipoatrophy are currently under investigation. Whether combination therapy with leptin and potential leptin sensitizers will prove effective in the treatment of garden-variety obesity and whether leptin may have a role in weight loss maintenance is being greatly anticipated.
Experimental investigation of air breakdown utilizing a 1.5-MW, 110 GHz gyrotron

We present experimental results from air breakdown utilizing a 1.5 MW, 110 GHz 3 µs pulse length gyrotron beam in atmospheric pressure air. The beam is focused to a peak intensity of 5 MW/cm2 and the plasma formed is a two-dimensional array of filaments oriented along the electric field lines with spacing one quarter of the microwave wavelength (∼0.68 mm) that propagate back toward the microwave source.1 The effect of beam polarization on air breakdown structures is examined with a slow and fast gating camera. The periodic filament arrays that are repeatedly observed with the linearly polarized beam disappear when the gyrotron beam is given a circular polarization. This discovery fits with the explanation that array development arises from the result of diffraction of the beam on plasma filaments, and filament formation therefore requires the beam to have linear polarization. A fast gating, high-resolution spectrometer and a broadband spectrometer are used to study breakdown plasma temperature and electron density. Furthermore, diodes are used to measure power reflection and transmission through the plasma. Breakdown field/intensity threshold, power transmission/reflection, and plasma temperature and density measurements are all important in predicting the transmission of high-power millimeter-waves through atmospheric air at various altitudes.
Constitutive theories for thermoelastic solids in Lagrangian description using Gibbs potential

This paper presents constitutive theories for finite deformation of homogeneous, isotropic thermoelastic solids in Lagrangian description using Gibbs potential. Since conservation of mass, balance of momenta and the energy equation are independent of the constitution of the matter, the second law of thermodynamics, that is, entropy inequality, must form the basis for all constitutive theories of the deforming matter to ensure thermodynamic equilibrium during the evolution (Surana and Reddy in Continuum mechanics, 2012; Eringen in Nonlinear theory of continuous media. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962). The entropy inequality expressed in terms of Helmholtz free energy is recast in terms of Gibbs potential. The conditions resulting from the entropy inequality expressed in terms of Gibbs potential permit the derivation of the constitutive theory for the strain tensor in terms of the conjugate stress tensor and the constitutive theory for the heat vector. In the work presented here, it is shown that using the conditions resulting from the entropy inequality, the constitutive theory for the strain tensor can be derived using three different approaches: (i) assuming the Gibbs potential to be a function of the invariants of the conjugate stress tensor and then using the conditions resulting from the entropy inequality, (ii) using theory of generators and invariants and (iii) expanding Gibbs potential in the conjugate stress tensor using Taylor series about a known configuration and then using the conditions resulting from the entropy inequality. The constitutive theories resulting from these three approaches are compared for equivalence between them as well as their merits and shortcomings. The constitutive theory for the heat vector can also be derived either directly using the conditions resulting from the entropy inequality or using the theory of generators and invariants. The derivation of the constitutive theory for the heat vector using the theory of generators and invariants with the complete set of argument tensors yields a more comprehensive constitutive theory for the heat vector. In the work, we consider both approaches. Summaries of the constitutive theories using parallel approaches (as described above) resulting from the entropy inequality expressed in terms of Helmholtz free-energy density are also presented and compared for equivalence with the constitutive theories derived using Gibbs potential.
Using Web Technologies for Integrative Drug Discovery

Recent years have seen a huge increase in the amount of publicly-available information relevant to drug discovery, including online databases of compound and bioassay information; scholarly publications linking compounds with genes, targets and diseases; and predictive models that can suggest new links between compounds, genes, targets and diseases. However, there is a lack of tools and methods to integrate this information, and in particular to look for pertinent knowledge and relationships across multiple sources. At Indiana University we are tackling this problem by applying aggregative data mining tools and semantic web technologies including using an extensive web service infrastructure, RDF networks and inference engines, ontologies, and automated extraction of information from scholarly literature.
Sucrase-isomaltase Gene Transcription Requires the Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1 (HNF-1) Regulatory Element and Is Regulated by the Ratio of HNF-1α to HNF-1β

The mouse sucrase-isomaltase (SI) gene is an enterocyte-specific gene expressed in a complex developmental pattern. We previously reported that a short, evolutionarily conserved gene promoter regulates developmental expression of SI in mouse small intestine. Herein, we investigated the role of a hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 (HNF-1) cis-acting element to regulate SI gene expression in vivo. Transgenic SI gene constructs with a mutated HNF-1 element (SIF3) revealed a strong reduction in promoter activity in comparison with a wild-type construct in mice and during Caco-2 cell differentiation. Nuclear proteins isolated from enterocytes showed increased binding of the HNF-1α complex with a concomitant decrease in the HNF-1β-containing complex to the SIF3 element both during the suckling-weaning developmental transition and Caco-2 cell differentiation. These changes coincided with a strong induction of SI gene transcription. In transfection experiments, HNF-1α activated the SI promoter via the SIF3 element, and co-expression of HNF-1β impaired this transcriptional activation. These findings demonstrate the essential role of the HNF-1 regulatory element to support SI gene transcription in vivo and suggest that the ratio of HNF-1α to HNF-1β plays a role in the transcriptional activity of this gene during intestinal development.
Deep-sea measurements without wires or cables

In the deep-sea seismic measurements which were commenced last summer on the Atlantis, the principal problems for which no good solution is in sight are connected with the cable. It seems likely that the best solution is to dispense with the cable altogether. Figure 1 shows the apparatus as used last year. It consists of a series of bombs, a series of seismographs, and an oscillograph-chamber. The cable leading from the ship to the oscillograph is a wire rope which serves only to lower and hoist the apparatus. It is necessary to place the 600-pound oscillograph-chamber on the bottom of the ocean in such a way that the 4200-foot string of seismographs and bombs shall lead away from it in a line which is very nearly straight. The actual distances from each bomb to each seismograph are determined from the travel-time of the water-wave. Only three tests have been made to date, but it is revealed by the water-waves that the line of instruments did not extend to nearly its full length in any test. In one test the 20-pound bomb was actually less than 600 feet from the oscillograph. Perhaps further practice in the maneuver of laying out the apparatus would overcome this difficulty to some extent, but it will always be difficult to stretch this line out straight without parting it. This is the first problem to be solved.
The USA and the Caribbean Interdiction Program

The principal focus of this paper is on interdiction at sea, in the Caribbean, by the United States. It is directed against one particular group of boat people - Haitians. There will, however, be some brief references to related United States programs and to US interdiction of non-Haitians. Haitian asylum seekers began arriving in the United States by boat as early as 1963. The numbers started becoming significant in the 1970s and surged dramatically in 1980 and 1981. The Haitians were fleeing persecution, poverty, and in some cases both. In response to the influx, in 1981 President Reagan entered into an agreement with the Haitian government. This paper will discuss the asserted justifications for interdiction, the resulting policy and legal problems, and the consequences of combining interdiction with related non-entree policies, such as detention, expedited removal, and other practices. It will suggest that the combination of measures is more lethal than the sum of its parts, sometimes leaving refugees with no acceptable options. If interdiction must be used, it will be argued, adequate provision for full and fair refugee status determinations is critical.
Expression of the low calcium response in Yersinia pestis

Pathogenic yersiniae undergo an established low calcium response (LCR) at 37 degrees C in Ca2+-deficient media characterized by restricted growth with synthesis of Lcr plasmid-encoded virulence functions. The latter include outer membrane peptides (Yops) known to undergo Pst plasmid-mediated post-translational degradation in Yersinia pestis but not in enteropathogenic yersiniae lacking this plasmid. Salient Yops of Y. pestis are shown here to be either maintained in the steady state or to exist as a stable degradation product (p24 of Yop E). Processing of plague plasminogen activator (p36 to p33), responsible for hydrolysis of Yops, required 2 h. Avirulence of mutants with inserted Mu dl1 (Apr lac) in yopE was verified and shown to occur independently of introduced fusion-dependent peptides. However, avirulence of such yopE mutants but not that of isolates lacking the Lcr plasmid was phenotypically suppressed in mice injected with iron. Appearance of 20,500 and 40,500 Da heat-shock peptides preceded onset of the LCR. Lcr plasmid mediated V antigen (p38) and p20, Pst plasmid-encoded p36, and chromosomally promoted p56 and p70 were synthesized throughout the LCR. Classical antigen 5 was equated with p70 which was shared by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis but not Yersinia enterocolitica.
The utility of the zebrafish model in conditioned place preference to assess the rewarding effects of drugs

Substance abuse is a significant public health concern both domestically and worldwide. The persistent use of substances regardless of aversive consequences forces the user to give higher priority to the drug than to normal activities and obligations. The harmful and hazardous use of psychoactive substances can lead to a dependence syndrome. In this regard, the genetic and neurobiological underpinnings of reward-seeking behavior need to be fully understood in order to develop effective pharmacotherapies and other methods of treatment. Animal models are often implemented in preclinical screening for testing the efficacy of novel treatments. Several paradigms exist that model various facets of addiction including sensitization, tolerance, withdrawal, drug seeking, extinction, and relapse. Self-administration and, most notably, conditioned place preference (CPP) are relatively simple tests that serve as indicators of the aforementioned aspects of addiction by means of behavioral quantification. CPP is a commonly used technique to evaluate the motivational effects of compounds and experiences that have been associated with a positive or negative reward, which capitalizes on the basic principles of Pavlovian conditioning. During training, the unconditioned stimulus is consistently paired with a neutral set of environmental stimuli, which obtain, during conditioning, secondary motivational properties that elicit approach behavior in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. For over 50 years, rodents have been the primary test subjects. However, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is gaining favor as a valuable model organism in the fields of biology, genetics, and behavioral neuroscience. This paper presents a discussion on the merits, advantages, and limitations of the zebrafish model and its utility in relation to CPP.
ALCOHOLISM AMONG PARENTS OF MALE AND FEMALE ALCOHOLICS

It is commonly assumed that female alcoholics have a higher percentage of family history of alcoholism than male alcoholics (3, 4, 5). These findings were taken to be an indication of deprived childhood, followed by maladjusunent and a higher degree of pathology among female alcoholics (5). Other clinical studies, however, demonstrated only small sex differences either on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (2) or in regard to psychiatric symptomatology, with females being only slightly more neurotic (1). The present smdy was designed to investigate on a large population of alcoholics, whether females report a higher degree of alcoholism for their parents than do males, with special consideration given the sex of the parent. Ss were 1474 male alcoholics (MnEs 46 yr.) and 220 female alcoholics (M.,. 44 yr.) consecutively admitted to Willmar State Hospital during the year 1971-72. Ss were administered a demographic inventory including drinking behavior of their relatives. The rate of abstinence reported among mothers of female alcoholics was 63% and of male alcoholics 67% (x" 1.1 1, dt = 1). Alcoholism among mothers was reported to be 6% for female alcoholics and 5% lor male alcoholics (xa = 1.06, dj = 1). The rate of alcoholism reported among fathers of female alcoholics was 26% and of male alcoholics 24% (X2 = .36, df = 1). Abstinence among fathers was reported to be 32% for female alcoholics and 25% for male alcoholics (x' = 4.39, df = 1, p < .05). It is concluded that sex differences among alcoholics with respect to parental drinking are of minor importances, just as assessed pathology established only minor differences for sex. REFERENCES 1. HOFFMANN, H., & WEFRING, L. R. Sex and age differences in psychiatric symptoms of alcoholics. Psychological Reports, 1972, 30, 887-889.
Self-induced irradiance fluctuations of a laser beam in an absorbing, turbulent medium

The log-irradiance variance of an intense laser beam that propagates in an absorbing medium with a turbulent velocity is determined. The irradiance fluctuations result from the random refractive-index variations created by turbulent convection of the energy absorbed from the beam. The index of refraction, assumed to depend only upon temperature, is found by linearizing the heat-transport equation. Linearization is shown to be valid because of the finite extent of the induced temperature gradient. The results are valid in the geometrical-optics approximation with the restriction that l0/5.91 ≪ a ≪ L0, where l0 and L0 are the inner and outer scales of turbulence, respectively, and a is the laser-beam radius.
The Influence of the Marginal Sense Organs on Functional Activity in Cassiopea xamachana.

3. In a race of Paramecium which upon extended examination shows no hereditary abnormalities, conjugation results in the appearance of many lines which are hereditarily abnormal, others which are normal throughout. 4. In the diverse lines descended from the separate exconjugants of a conjugating culture, the two lines descended from the two individuals that have conjugated together tend to be alike in respect to normality or abnormality. That is, if the progeny of the exconjugant a are abnormal, the progeny of its mate b are more frequently abnormal than would be the case if the distribution of abnormal races were not affected by conjugation. Our main result, therefore, is that in respect to these abnormalities, while some lines are constant in hereditary character, in others bereditable variations do occur within the line, so that by selection it is possible to break the single stock into a number of stocks differing hereditarily. The genotype in these cases therefore does not remain constant in uniparental reproduction. The condition on which evolution through selection depends is therefore realized in respect to these characters. The complete paper of which this a summary appears in the Journal of Experimental Zoology.
Insoluble starch xanthate: Use in heavy metal removal

Water-insoluble starch xanthates were prepared by xanthation of highly crosslinked starches under various conditions. After isolation of the products by solvent dehydration, freeze drying, or spray drying, their properties were determined. These products were very effective in removing heavy metals from water.
Analysis of the October 3-7 2000 GEM storm with the WINDMI model

[1] The 8 dimensional physics model WINDMI is used to analyze the October 3–7, 2000 geomagnetic storm using solar wind input data from the ACE satellite. This period was chosen because it contains an extended interval of well-defined and quasi-periodic auroral activations called sawtooth oscillations, a phenomena whose relationship to substorm processes and to upstream solar wind drivers is still under debate. The question of whether multiple sawtooth oscillations are triggered by periodic upstream solar wind features or by internal magnetospheric processes is addressed. The model predicts both the occurrence of 8 auroral activations identified as sawtooth events during the 24 hour period on the 4th of October, in agreement with the measured AL index, and also an earlier multiple sawtooth interval on the 3rd of October, in agreement with the measured AL index. These intervals occur during steady but moderate solar wind IMF Bz values and the periodicity of the sawtooth events was not directly related to any periodic features in the upstream solar wind. The model also predicts the geomagnetic Dst index through the main and recovery phase of the storm.
Effect of oxygen surfactant on the magnetic and structural properties of Co films grown on Cu(110)

It was found that atomically flat Co(110) film could be grown on Cu(110) using O as a surfactant. To obtain detailed knowledge on the effect of O on the growth, as well as on the magnetic properties of Co overlayer, we carried out an investigation on this system using Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED), Surface Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect (SMOKE), and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). With O as a surfactant, the initial growth of Co (< 1 ML) results in a flat monolayer structure. When the Co is thicker than 1 ML, three-dimensional clusters begin to form. These clusters become ordered islands at 3 ML Co and coalesce at about 5 ML Co. Above 5 ML Co, layer-by-layer growth resumes. No Cu segregation is observed. SMOKE studies at room temperature show that the Co film is magnetic above about 5 ML Co, with the magnetization easy axis along the [001] direction. On the other hand, without using oxygen as a surfactant, Co grows three-dimensionally on Cu(110). The Co overlayer has its easy magnetization axis along the [001] direction, but the onset of the magnetization was observed at 11 ML Co at room temperature.
Reinfestation of Endophtye‐Infected Tall Fescue in Renovated Endophyte‐Free Pastures under Rotational Stocking

Endophyte-infected (E + ) tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire] is problematic in pastures because it produces alkaloids that can be toxic to cattle (Bos taurus). Replacement of E+ tall fescue pasture with endophyte-free (E-) fescue may effectively eliminate this problem. Endophyte-free cultivars, however, are less competitive than E+ fescue and are usually displaced over time. The main objective of this study was to determine whether E+ fescue would reinfest pastures planted with mixtures of E- fescue and other species and grazed under rotational stocking. In 2001, nine tall fescue pastures in western Illinois were renovated and planted with mixtures that contained E- fescue (Barcel) and two, four, or seven additional species. Pastures were grazed by beef cattle over 3 yr. Tall fescue tillers were collected each September and subjected to microscopic analysis for endophyte presence. After renovation, E + still accounted for 18 to 38% of tall fescue. Relative to all other species, however, E+ fescue was <10% of pasture communities. The species mixtures sown with E- fescue had little influence on E+ fescue reinfestation (P = 0.70). Contrary to other studies, percentage of E+ fescue in E- pastures did not increase in the 3 yr of this study. Moderate grazing pressure under rotational stocking combined with relatively wet growing seasons likely favored E- fescue and suppressed E+ reinfestation. We also suggest that if pasture renovation can reduce E+ fescue percentage to <10%, it is unlikely that E+ fescue will reinfest pastures to an extent that may cause fescue toxicosis in cattle.
Membrane Anchoring of Epstein-Barr Virus gp42 Inhibits Fusion with B Cells Even with Increased Flexibility Allowed by Engineered Spacers

ABSTRACT We recently described the architecture of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) fusion-triggering complex consisting of the EBV B cell receptor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II and the EBV-encoded proteins gp42 and gH/gL. The architecture of this structure positioned the main body of gp42, comprising the C-type lectin domain (CTLD), away from the membrane and distant from where the membrane-bound form of gp42 might be tethered. gp42 is a type II membrane glycoprotein, with functional gp42 formed by cleavage near the gp42 amino-terminal transmembrane domain. This cleavage results in an approximately 50-amino-acid unstructured region that is responsible for binding gH/gL with nanomolar affinity. Our previous studies had shown that membrane-bound gp42 is not functional in B cell fusion. To investigate whether we could restore gp42 function by extending it from the membrane, we introduced one, two, and four structured immunoglobulin-like domains from muscle protein titin into a membrane-bound form of gp42 and tested function in binding to gHgL and HLA class II and function in fusion. We hypothesized that cleavage of gp42 generates a soluble functional form that relieves steric hindrance imposed on gHgL by membrane-bound gp42. All of the linker mutants had a dominant-negative effect on gp42 function, indicating that gp42 fusion function could not be restored simply by the addition of one to four titin domains. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with numerous diseases from benign mononucleosis to Burkitt’s and Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma, and lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with immune dysfunction resulting from immune suppression. Among the glycoproteins important for fusion, gp42, along with gH/gL, determines EBV tropism between epithelial and B cells. The function of gp42 is dependent on N-terminal cleavage, since membrane-bound gp42 cannot mediate fusion. We further investigated whether insertion of a linker into membrane-bound gp42 would relieve steric hindrance imposed on membrane-bound gp42 and restore fusion function. However, adding one, two, or four structured immunoglobulin-like domains to membrane gp42 did not restore fusion activity, indicating that the architecture and membrane orientation of the B cell fusion-triggering complex of EBV may be easily perturbed and that gp42 cleavage is essential for B cell fusion.
Lack of evidence for effect modification by estrogen of association between body mass index and colorectal cancer risk among postmenopausal women

Previous studies of the association between body mass index (BMI) and colorectal cancer among women found increased risk only among women who were premenopausal or used hormone replacement therapy (HRT). These results led to the hypothesis that BMI may increase risk more strongly among women with higher levels of circulating estrogen. We examined the association between BMI and colorectal cancer incidence by use of HRT, and number of postmenopausal years without HRT, a measure of duration of exposure to lower levels of estrogen. During follow-up from 1992–2003, 814 incident colorectal cancer cases were identified among 73,842 postmenopausal women in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort. Information on BMI and other risk factors was obtained from questionnaires completed at enrollment in 1992–1993 and during follow-up. Hazard ratios were calculated using proportional hazards modeling. The association between BMI and colorectal cancer incidence was similar among never–users of HRT (hazard ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.25 per 5-unit increase in BMI) and current-users of HRT (hazard ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 0.92–1.27 per 5-unit increase in BMI). Among women not currently using HRT, the association between BMI and colorectal cancer did not differ by postmenopausal years without HRT. Our results do not support the hypothesis that BMI increases risk of colorectal cancer more strongly among women with higher levels of estrogen.
Common and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: Relationships to function

The goals of the present study were to assess the interrelationships among tasks from the MATRICS and CNTRACS batteries, to determine the degree to which tasks from each battery capture unique variance in cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, and to determine the ability of tasks from each battery to predict functional outcome. Subjects were 104 schizophrenia patients and 132 healthy control subjects recruited as part of the CNTRACS initiative. All subjects completed four CNTRACS tasks and two tasks from the MATRICS battery: Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia Symbol Coding and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. Functional outcome was also assessed in the schizophrenia subjects. In both the patient and control groups, we found significant intercorrelations between all higher order cognitive tasks (episodic memory, goal maintenance, processing speed, verbal learning) but minimal relationships with the visual task. For almost all tasks, scores were significantly related to measures of functional outcome, with higher associations between CNTRACS tasks and performance-based measures of function and between one of the MATRICS tasks and self-reported functioning, relative to the other functioning measures. After regressing out variance shared by other tasks, we continued to observe group differences in performance among task residuals, particularly for measures of episodic memory from both batteries, although these residuals did not correlate as robustly with functional outcome as raw test scores. These findings suggest that there exists both shared and specific variance across cognitive tasks related to cognitive and functional impairments in schizophrenia and that measures derived from cognitive neuroscience can predict functional capacity and status in schizophrenia.
Picosecond nonlinear optical response of a Cu:silica nanocluster composite

We describe the picosecond nonlinear optical response of a metal-dielectric composite made by implanting Cu ions in fused silica. The implanted Cu ions aggregate during implantation to form nanometer-diameter clusters in a dense, thin (~150 nm) layer just beneath the surface of the substrate. The third-order susceptibility X((3)) has an electronic component with a magnitude of the order of 10(-8) esu and is enhanced for laser wavelengths near the surface plasmon resonance of the copper colloids.
A note on 1-factors in certain regular multigraphs

Abstract Claude Berge has given sufficient conditions under which each edge of a regular multigraph belongs to some 1-factor. His proof-technique actually yields the same conclusion under less restrictive conditions. Here we point out that this stronger version of Berge's theorem follows easily from a theorem on doubly-stochastic matrices proved previously by the author.
Liver transplantation for nonviral, nonmalignant diseases:problem of recurrence.

La transplantation hepatique a evolue rapidement, d'un traitement experimentalement realisable a une therapeutique universellement acceptee pour toute maladie terminale du foie. Les indications de la transplantation hepatique se sont etendues pour inclure les insuffisances hepatiques d'origine metabolique, virale, maligne et acquise. Comme le nombre de receveurs de transplantation hepatique avec un suivi a long terme ne cesse d'augmenter, on commence a observer des cas de recidive de maladie sur le foie transplante, un veritable dilemme. La valeur du procede de la transplantation doit etre evaluee certes par rapport a la survie mais aussi en termes de potentiel de recidive et de l'eventualite d'une nouvelle transplantation. Cette etude represente une compilation de donnees provenant de patients adultes ayant eu une transplantation du foie pour affection non-viral, non-maligne a l'Universite de Californie a San Francisco et sert de comparaison de donnees avec d'autres centres. Entre fevrier 1988 et janvier 1997, 654 transplantations hepatiques ont ete realisees chez 623 patients. A partir de ce groupe, 406 receveurs ont ete identifies qui remplissaient les conditions d'inclusion: âge > 18 ans, et transplantation pour insuffisance hepatique non-maligne, non-virale. Les indications de la transplantation hepatique ont ete la cirrhose biliaire primitive (n = 65), la cholangite sclerosante primitive (n = 49), l'hepatite auto-immune (n = 37), le syndrome de Budd-Chiari (n = 7), la cirrhose cryptogenetique (n = 88) et l'hepatite alcoolique (n = 160). Les extremes du suivi a l'interieur des groupes diagnostiques allaient de 4,9 a 5,6 ans. On a evalue les donnees cliniques, immunosuppressives et anatomopathologiques pour chaque groupe afin de determiner l'incidence, l'intervalle libre avant la recidive, la presentation clinique et les sequelles de la recidive.
Ambiguity resolution in the dmTrans Plus

We present a cost-based (or energy-based) model of disambiguation. When a sentence is ambiguous, a parse with the least cost is chosen from among multiple hypotheses. Each hypothesis is assigned a cost which is added when: (1) a new instance is created to satisfy reference success, (2) links between instances are created or removed to satisfy constraints on concept sequences, and (3) a concept node with insufficient priming is used for further processing. This method of ambiguity resolution is implemented in DMTRANS PLUS, which is a second generation bi-directional English/Japanese machine translation system based on a massively parallel spreading activation paradigm developed at the Center for Machine Translation at Carnegie Mellon University.
AN APPLICATION OF A BAYESIAN HIERARCHICAL MODEL FOR ITEM FAMILY CALIBRATION

Item families, which are groups of items related to each other in some way, are increasingly used in complex educational assessments. For example, in automatic item generation (AIG) systems, a test may consist of multiple items generated from a number of item models. Item calibration or scoring for such an assessment requires fitting models that can take into account the dependence structure inherent among the items that belong to the same item family. Glas and van der Linden (2001) suggest a Bayesian hierarchical model to analyze data involving item families. We fit that hierarchical model using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. Formulating the MCMC algorithm provides little additional difficulty (compared to fitting a simple item response theory model) even with the additional complexity in the form of hierarchy in the model. We show that the model can take into account the dependence structure inherent among the items and hence is an improvement over the models currently used in similar situations. We introduce the notion of the family expected response function (FERF) as a way to summarize the probability of a correct response to an item randomly generated from an item family and suggest a way to estimate the FERFs. Our work is a step towards creating a tool that can save significant amount of resources for tests with item families, because calibrating only the item families might be enough rather than calibrating each item in the families separately.
Effects of experience on agonistic behavior among American goldfinches.

Abstract I investigated the effect of a winning or losing experience on the outcome of an individual's next aggressive encounter among captive American Goldfinches ( Carduelis tristis ). Aggressive encounters occurring over access to a feeder were videotaped during the winter of 1985–1986. Both dominants and subordinates were more likely to win their next encounter after a win than after a loss. Individuals were more likely to initiate their next encounter and use higher risk displays after a win than after a loss.
Psychosocial Predictors of Goal Orientations in Youth Soccer

Abstract Little is known about the nature of task and ego orientations that are key motivation constructs. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the extent to which perceived social, contextual, and personal factors predicted the goal orientations of youth sport participants. The sample consisted of 166 male and female adolescent soccer players, who completed self-report measures at the end of a 7-week competitive season. A canonical correlation analysis revealed that the set of predictor variables accounted for 24% of the variance in player goal orientations. Higher scores on perceived soccer competence, perceived parent task orientation, and particularly perceived parent ego orientation were primarily associated with higher scores on player ego orientation. In addition, higher scores on perceived soccer competence, perceived parent task orientation, and perceived mastery climate, as well as lower scores on perceived performance climate, were associated with a higher level of player task o...
The Child and Its Family: The Social Network Model

The classical attachment theory holds to the notion of a monotropic model. Such a model leads to a view of the mother as first and most important figure in an infant’s life. A polytropic view of attac
Alterations in interprotein interactions between translation initiation factors assessed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer.

Abstract Interaction of the translational repressor 4E-BP1 with the mRNA cap binding protein eIF4E plays an important role in the regulation of translation initiation. This interaction is modulated by phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 on at least six residues. However, analysis of the functional importance of the individual phosphorylation sites is complicated by the lack of information about the kinases and phosphatases involved in modulating phosphorylation of each site. The goal of the present study was to establish a system whereby alterations in the interaction of 4E-BP1 with eIF4E could be easily and directly measured. In initial studies, both eIF4E and 4E-BP1 were expressed as recombinant proteins coupled to variants of green fluorescent protein (ECFP and EYFP, respectively). Addition of purified EYFP–4E-BP1 to ECFP–eIF4E caused both a decrease in emission intensity at 480 nm and an increase at 535 nm indicating that protein–protein interaction had occurred. The interaction was stoichiometric and was blocked by eIF4G. Phosphorylation of EYFP–4E-BP1 by the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2, but not by casein kinase CK-II, also attenuated the interaction. Results using proteins in which the fluorescent protein tag was located at either the N- or C-terminus suggested that, in the protein complex, the N-termini of the two proteins are in close spatial proximity, as are the C-termini. Overall, the results demonstrate that fluorescence resonance energy transfer between EYFP–4E-BP1 and ECFP–eIF4E is a valuable tool in directly measuring alterations in the interaction of the two proteins.
Particle acceleration at planetary bow shock waves

We can extend our understanding of collisionless shocks by comparing their behaviour in a variety of plasma conditions at several different planets. One property of such shocks is the occurrence of upstream magnetohydrodynamic waves associated with particle beams accelerated at these shocks, and flowing back towards the Sun1. We report here observations of one of these classes of wave at Mercury, Venus, Earth and Jupiter. First, we show that the empirical relationship between the interplanetary field strength and the frequency of the waves in the observer's rest frame, derived originally from ground-based pulsation studies, and later, in situ, is approximately true at all the planets. Second, the observed frequencies are consistent with resonance with beams of ions of essentially the same energy at each of the planets. This observation is consistent with Sonnerup's2 geometrical model of ion reflection at collisionless shocks. The universality of this ion acceleration mechanism in the Solar System suggests that like acceleration occurs in similar astrophysical systems outside our Solar System and thus may provide a source of acceleration for cosmic rays.
The Application of Automatic Differentiation to Problems in Engineering Analysis

Automatic differentiation is a technique of computing the derivative of a function or a subroutine written in a higher level language such as FORTRAN or C. Significant progress has been made in this field in the last few years. Here, we give a short exposition to automatic differentiation and demonstrate its applicability to several fields of engineering analysis.
Perspectives on children’s navigation of the World Wide Web: does the type of search task make a difference?

Reports the key findings of a three‐part research project that examined the information seeking behaviour and success of 22 seventh grade science students in using the Web. Children used the Yahooligans! search engine/directory to locate information for three different types of search tasks: one assigned fact‐finding task, one assigned research‐oriented task, and one fully self‐generated task. Children’s information‐seeking behaviour was studied from the cognitive, affective, and physical perspectives. Both quantitative and qualitative inquiry methods were employed to collect the data. Children’s behaviour and success were compared on the three tasks. Children were more successful on the fully self‐generated task than the fact‐based and the research‐oriented tasks. Children experienced difficulty in using Yahooligans! Their inadequate knowledge of how to use the engine, their poor level of research skills, as well as the poor structure of Yahooligans! keyword searching all surfaced as problems. Implications for Web training and system design improvements are provided.
Spatial working memory deficits in schizophrenia patients and their first degree relatives from Palau, Micronesia.

Spatial working memory deficits associated with dorsolateral prefrontal dysfunction have been found in Caucasian samples of schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives. This study evaluated spatial working memory function in affected and unaffected members of multiplex schizophrenia families from the Republic of Palau to determine whether the spatial working memory deficits associated with schizophrenia extend to this non-Caucasian population. Palau is an isolated island nation in Micronesia with an elevated prevalence of schizophrenia and an aggregation of cases in large multigenerational families. Our objective was to evaluate the potential for spatial working memory function to serve as one of multiple endophenotypes in a genetic linkage study of these Palauan schizophrenia families. A spatial delayed response task requiring resistance to distraction and a sensorimotor control task were used to assess spatial working memory in 32 schizophrenia patients, 28 of their healthy first-degree relatives, and 19 normal control subjects. Schizophrenia patients and their relatives were significantly less accurate than normal control subjects on the spatial delayed response task but not on the sensorimotor control task. On both tasks, patients and relatives were slower to respond than the normal controls. There were no age or gender effects on accuracy, and working memory performance in schizophrenia patients was not significantly correlated with medication dosage. In summary, spatial working memory deficits that have been found in Caucasian schizophrenia patients and relatives were confirmed in this isolated Pacific Island family sample. These results suggest that spatial working memory deficits may be a potentially useful addition to the endophenotypic characterization of family members to be used in a comprehensive genome wide linkage analysis of these Palauan families.