cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive molecular map of bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract Physical and genetic mapping of deletion mutations has been correlated with the available molecular sizes of the λ gene products and the DNA base sequence to construct a comprehensive molecular map of the phage λ genome. The physical length of the DNA making up the left arm from the cos site through gene J is not sufficient to account in a nonoverlapping manner for all the proteins of the sizes reported to be coded, especially in the Nu 1− C region. In the right arm all the coding capacity has not been accounted for, and it appears to be oversaturated only in the gam-ral region. The positions of several IS and Tn elements, and of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites are specified.
Turn-specific and pigment-dependent differences in the stria vascularis of normal and gentamicin-treated albino and pigmented guinea pigs

The aims of the present study were to determine which structures in the stria vascularis (SV) may depend upon the presence of pigmented melanocytes both for normal morphology and for the expression of gentamicin ototoxicity in the inner ear. These pigment-dependent influences were inferred through comparisons of the SV in pigmented guinea pigs and in albinos containing nonpigmented melanocytes. Results were obtained from 6 albino and 8 pigmented guinea pigs given gentamicin, and from 3 albino and 3 pigmented control animals not receiving the drug. One-month old animals received gentamicin daily (100 mg/kg) for 14 days and recovered for an additional 14 days before being prepared for electron microscopy. The SV from each of the 4 cochlear turns was analyzed using stereological point counting procedures. In control animals, differences were found in the higher cochlear turns, where volume density for the marginal cells in albinos was abnormally large (turns 3 and 4), while the volume density for intermediate cells (melanocytes) was abnormally small (turn 3). Cell volume estimates for the intermediate cells were significantly smaller in the albino than pigmented control animals in the higher cochlear turns, indicating that functional abnormalities may be found in the albino cochlea. In animals exposed to gentamicin, marginal cell volume density was reduced significantly in turn 4 of albinos, but not in any region of the pigmented inner ears. Radial area of SV and estimates of the absolute volumes for marginal cells in albinos given gentamicin also were significantly reduced in turn 1 compared to their controls; such differences were not observed in the pigmented animals. The results indicate that marginal cell size is significantly reduced in albino but not pigmented animals 14 days after gentamicin exposure, and further suggest a role of pigmented melanocytes in ameliorating gentamicin-induced cochlear damage.
Tubercle bacillary extracts immunogenic for mice. 3. Chemical degradation studies on the immunogen extracted from tubercle bacilli by trypsin digestion.

Summary A water-soluble antigen which can be extracted from acetone-washed tubercle bacilli by digesting them with trypsin and which immunizes mice against experimental tuberculosis has been analysed by selective chemical degradation. Its immunogenicity resists destruction by proteolytic enzymes, by α- and β-amylases, and by nucleases. But its activity is abolished by mild acid hydrolysis or by periodate oxidation. These data suggest that the immunogenic moiety may be a polysaccharide. Treatment of trypsin extract with ribonuclease significantly increases its immunogenicity, so that the immunity which it induces is superior qualitatively to that obtainable optimally by either the unaltered extract or by entire tubercle bacilli. From this finding. and other evidence which is discussed, we deduce that the immunogenic carbohydrate is closely associated with ribonucleic acid located in the bacterial cell wall.
Primary tumor volume is an important predictor of clinical outcomes among patients with locally advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy.

Purpose The tumor volume has been established as a significant predictor of outcomes among patients with head-and-neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy alone. The present study attempted to add to the existing data on tumor volume as a prognostic factor among patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. Methods and Materials A total of 78 patients who had undergone definitive chemoradiotherapy for Stage III-IV squamous cell cancer of the hypopharynx, oropharynx, and larynx were identified. The primary tumor volumes were calculated from the treatment planning computed tomography scans, and these were correlated to the survival and tumor control data obtained from the retrospective analysis. Results The interval to progression correlated with the primary tumor volume ( p = .007). The critical cutoff point for the tumor volume was identified as 35 cm 3 , and patients with a tumor volume 3 had a significantly better prognosis than those with a tumor volume >35 cm 3 at 5 years (43% vs. 71%, p = .010). Longer survival was also correlated with smaller primary tumor volumes ( p = .022). Similarly, patients with a primary tumor volume 3 had a better prognosis in terms of both progression-free survival (61% vs. 33%, p = .004) and overall survival (84% vs. 41%, p = p = .001) and survival (hazard ratio 10.0, 95% confidence interval 2.9–35.1; p = 3 larger than tumors without locoregional failure ( p = .028) and 27.1-cm 3 larger than tumors that recurred as distant metastases ( p = .020). Conclusion The results of our study have shown that the primary tumor volume is a significant prognostic factor in patients with advanced cancer of the head and neck undergoing definitive chemoradiotherapy and correlated with the treatment outcomes better than the T or N stage.
Histopathology of herpes simplex virus keratouveitis

Twenty-four eyes removed for complications of HSV keratitis were studied histopathologically. There were 20 men and 4 women with an average age of 61 years. Severe keratitis was seen in 11, moderate in 7, and mild in 3 eyes. Common features associated with severe keratitis were: acute perforation, granulomatous keratitis with giant cells in the stroma and Descemet's region, stromal inflammatory cells, angle-closure, severe iridocyclitis with diffuse or focal infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells, low-grade vitritis, choroiditis, and/or retinal periphlebitis. Specimens with moderate to mild keratitis had a similar distribution of inflammation but a lower incidence of granulomatous keratitis.
Pharmacological effects of 1,2,3,5,6,10b-hexahydropyrido[2,3g]indolizine, a bridged-nicotine analog

Abstract The racemate of a bridged-nicotine (BN) analog was synthesized and resolved into its enantiomers for pharmacological comparisons to (+)- and (−)-nicotine. The EC50 values for (−)- and (+)-nicotine and (−)- and (+)-BN were 4, 170, 53 and 400 μM, respectively, for producing contractions of guinea-pig ilea. (−)-Nicotine was an effective antinociceptive agent in the mouse tail-flick procedure at i.v. doses of 0.1–0.3 mg/kg, whereas the isomers of BN failed to alter tail-flick response in doses up to 5 mg/kg. (−)-Nicotine (0.01–0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) increased blood pressure and decreased heart rate in anesthetized rats. Neither (+)- nor (−)-BN altered blood pressure and heart rate in rats in this dosage range. At doses of 3–100 mg/kg, (+)-BN produced an increase in blood pressure without changing heart rate, while (−)-BN decreased both blood pressure and heart rate. Bridging the pyrrolidine and pyridine rings decreased biologic activity and did not result in stereoselectivity greater than that observed with (+)- and (−)-nicotine. It appears that there may be subpopulations of nicotine receptors to which the isomers of BN do not interact.
PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUBCOATING OF COMPRESSED TABLETS. I. INSTRUMENTATION.

The objective of this study is to measure the effect of the many physical factors involved in subcoating; this paper deals with a description of an instrument designed for the study. The relative smoothness (or the relative absence of roughness) is being used as the index for evaluation of the subcoating. This has necessitated the development of an instrument which makes possible the quantification of roughness. The “tablet roughness recorder” is a specially designed distance transducer for recording an enlarged profile of a small part of the surfaces of a series of tablets. The area enclosed by these profiles or curves can be measured; thus, comparisons can be made between different batches of tablets. This establishes the relative significance of the physical factors. Their exact quantitative influence can then be individually studied.
The Precautionary Principle and Electric and Magnetic Fields

Current environmental regulation represents a paternalistic policy, more concerned to avoid false positives than false negatives, limiting opportunities for individuals to make choices between risk-avoidance and risk-taking alternatives. For example, many exposures to magnetic fields could be reduced at little or no cost but are not considered seriously, owing to the uncertainty of risk and the concern to avoid false positives. Even though precautionary approaches that focus on avoiding false negatives often do not lead to adverse economic consequences or irrational choices, such approaches usually are not taken. The value of autonomy and the proper role of governmental paternalism with respect to environmental policy need to be considered more carefully in environmental decision making.
A variational formulation for coupled physicochemical flows during finite deformations of charged porous media

Polymer gels, hydrated biological tissues and other charged porous media may exhibit macroscopic coupling between solid deformations and internal fluid, chemical and electrical flows. In this manuscript, we develop a variationally motivated finite deformation theory for describing such coupled phenomena. The formulation combines mathematical descriptions of the power balance associated with solid deformation and fluid and solute flows for an arbitrary number of solute species, and includes the macroscopic phenomenological coupling relations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Particular implementations of the theory are discussed for a charged, porous medium interacting with a binary electrolyte and for the addition of a third, possibly charged solute species to such a system. This theoretical framework is suitable for modeling physicochemical interactions in a large class of hydrated porous media.
Teaching teachers: “Nation at risk” and the issue of knowledge in teacher education

Teacher education in the United States is historically grounded in a nineteenth century conception of education, influenced to some degree by social darwinism, and based on an efficiency, scientific deterministic model of teaching and learning. The knowledge disseminated in teacher training programs gives legitimacy to certain conceptions of reality and perpetuates a hierarchical structure without questioning the relationship between values, facts, and assumptions inherent in knowledge production: such knowledge must be viewed as problematic. This article argues for the efficacy of a critical consciousness in teacher preparation paradigms. By studying the methodological accounts of several master teachers, students of education can receive a theoretical grounding in and practical examples of emancipatory pedagogy in daily classroom activities.
An Evaluation of a Multiyear Gun Buy-Back Programme: Re-Examining the Impact on Violent Crimes:

The purpose of this study is to examine gun buy-backs as a policy response to gun-related crime. It improves upon past studies by examining a city that has used multiple gun buy-backs as a standard crime prevention approach, allowing the multiple intervention points to be assessed. Further, the study examined crime data over a longer period and included a comparison group of similar crime trends without a gun. Total crime, homicide, robbery and assault data spanning several years are subject to an interrupted time-series analysis. Non-gun crimes served as control variables. Examining the first two intervention dates indicated that the gun buy-back programme had no impact on reducing crimes. Specifically, the gun buy-back programme in the study location reduced gun homicide levels, but results failed to reach statistical significance. When the third intervention date was examined, the gun buy-back programme resulted in a significant decrease in gun robbery levels, controlling for non-gun robbery levels and...
A Chemical Route to High Molecular Weight Vegetable Oil-Based Polyhydroxyalkanoate

To our knowledge, this is the first description of the material properties of a high molecular weight linear polyester prepared from the methyl ester of 9-hydoxynonanoic acid (HNME). The HNME of high purity was prepared by ozonolysis of castor oil, followed by methanolysis of triglycerides. High molecular weight polyester prepared in bulk by transesterification was a highly crystalline material with limited solubility in chlorinated solvents. The polyester is an analogue of polycaprolactone (PCL), but the longer hydrocarbon chain between ester groups imparted intermediate properties between polyesters and polyethylene, characterized by a higher melting point, higher Tg, better thermal stability, and lower solubility in chlorinated solvents than PCL. Differential scanning calorimetry showed only a single transition-melting at 70 °C with melting enthalpy of 95 J/g. Properties of the material were strongly dependent on the molecular weight. Lower molecular weight material was brittle with low mechanical stre...
Effects of Pipe-Outlet Terracing on Ground-Water Quantity Near Churchtown, Pennsylvania

Ground-water quantity data were collected at a 22-acre farm site near Churchtown, Pennsylvania, to determine if terracing changed the quantity of water recharging the aquifer. Double-mass comparisons of water-level data from six wells at the site were used to determine that the construction and operation of six pipe-outlet terraces caused no statistically significant changes in the quantity of recharge to the carbonate aquifer. Analyses of water-table altitude data from site wells indicate that terracing did not change mean annual water-table altitudes at the site.
Solar Absorption in a Stratosphere Perturbed by NOx Injection.

The changes in the solar absorption by nitrogen dioxide and ozone induced by the injection of NOx (oxides of nitrogen) in the stratosphere are complementary, even though the nitrogen dioxide absorption is only a small fraction of the ozone absorption for an unperturbed stratosphere. The factors causing this effect are described, and an analysis is made of the perturbed solar radiation budget.
Employment-Related Differences between Male and Female School Psychologists.

A total of 636 full-time school psychologist practitioners in Pennsylvania were surveyed and asked to complete a demographic data form and to estimate the actual percentage of time they spent in assessment, counseling, consultation, research, clerical tasks, and administrative tasks, and the amount of time they desired to spend in each of these roles. No statistically significant differences were found between male and female school psychologists in actual time spent in various roles or the time desired to be spent in various roles. Male school psychologists were found to work longer contract lengths and to make more money than their female counterparts. When monthly salaries were compared (adjusted for differences in contract length), statistically significant salary differences between male and female school psychologists were found.
The actin filament disrupter cytochalasin D activates the recombinant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl- channel in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts.

1. Cytochalasin D (CD; 5 microM) readily stimulated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel activity in cell-attached and whole-cell patch recordings from 3T3 fibroblasts expressing recombinant CFTR but not in mock-transfected cells. CD-stimulated currents were indistinguishable from those evoked by forskolin stimulation. Kinetic analysis of CFTR gating showed identical channel behaviour independent of the agonist used. 2. To elucidate the mechanism of action of CD we tested its effects on cAMP, protein kinase A, and the CFTR itself during CD stimulation. In contrast to forskolin treatment, CD did not increase cellular cAMP content. 3. A direct interaction of CD with the CFTR was ruled out because CD showed no effect on CFTR in excised inside-out patches. 4. CD effects were fully blocked when the cellular protein kinase A was inhibited by treatment of cells with RpcAMPS in cell-attached patches or when protein kinase inhibitor peptide was dialysed into cells in whole-cell experiments. 5. Addition of G-actin to excised patches had no effects on CFTR. 6. We conclude that the stimulatory effect of CD is cAMP independent, but needs a functional protein kinase A in order to activate the CFTR. We propose that cytochalasin D activates CFTR by releasing a cellular inhibitor, e.g. a phosphatase, that is held in place by F-actin.
Log-structured cache: trading hit-rate for storage performance (and winning) in mobile devices

Browser caches are typically designed to maximize hit rates---if all other factors are held equal, then the highest hit rate will result in the highest performance. However, if the performance of the underlying cache storage (i.e. the file system) varies with differing workloads, then these other factors may in fact not be equal when comparing different cache strategies.Mobile systems such as smart phones are typically equipped with low-speed flash storage, and suffer severe degradation in file system performance under sufficiently random write workloads. A cache implementation which performs random writes will thus spend more time reading and writing its cache, possibly resulting in lower overall system performance than a lower-hit-rate implementation which achieves higher storage performance.We present a log-structured browser cache, generating almost purely sequential writes, and in which cleaning is efficiently performed by cache eviction. An implementation of this cache for the Chromium browser on Android was developed; using captured user browsing traces we test the log-structured cache and compare its performance to the existing Chromium implementation.We achieve a ten-fold performance improvement in basic cache operations (as measured on a Nexus 7 tablet), while in the worst case increasing miss rate by less than 3% (from 65% to 68%). For network bandwidths of 1Mb/s or higher the increased cache performance more than makes up for the decrease in hit rate; the effect is more pronounced when examining 95th percentile delays.
Political knowledge reduces hindsight memory distortion in election judgements

Hindsight bias occurs when outcome information biases judgements. Previous studies have demonstrated hindsight bias in judgements of election outcomes, but few studies have examined the role of domain knowledge in hindsight bias. The present study examined the relationship between political knowledge and hindsight bias using both memory and hypothetical designs. Participants answered political knowledge questions and some made predictions before the 2012 US Presidential Election. After the election, participants were provided with the outcomes. Those who made predictions were asked to recall them, whereas those who did not make predictions were asked what they would have predicted. Both groups demonstrated hindsight bias: their recalled or hypothetical predictions were closer to the election results than participants' actual predictions. Political knowledge was negatively correlated with hindsight bias in recalled predictions but not significantly correlated with hindsight bias in hypothetical predictions...
Drug product modeling predictions for scale-up of tablet film coating—A quality by design approach

Abstract This work describes the use of two fundamental tablet film coating models in a quality by design (QbD) approach to determine the operating parameters for scale-up of Varenicline IR (Chantix ® /Champix ® ) tablet film coating. The models were used in this study to establish an acceptable range of process parameters in a previously unqualified film coater to match the proven acceptable range (PAR) of operating conditions in the existing coaters. The established process parameters were then used to prioritize the experimental design to minimize the number of required trial runs and shift the focus to optimization rather than validation. Based on the model predictions, the following equipment set points were determined: (1) upper and lower inlet air temperatures of 75 °C and 65 °C, respectively, to maintain environmental similarity during film coating, and (2) atomization air pressure of 3.0 bar at the lower spray rate condition and 3.5 bar at the upper spray rate condition to match the coating solution droplet diameter. The recommendations were provided to the commercial site to guide the design of their scale-up trials. The results from the actual trials were compared against the corresponding model predictions to assess the validity of the guidance provided based on the two models. The use of these theoretical models provides a scientific basis for establishing new operating parameters during scale-up of the film coating process.
Characterization of a GDP Dissociation Inhibitory Region of ADP-ribosylation Factor Domain Protein ARD1

Abstract ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are ∼20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins initially identified by their ability to stimulate cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and later recognized as critical components in intracellular vesicular transport and phospholipase D activation. ARF domain protein 1 (ARD1) is a member of the ARF family that differs from other ARFs by the presence of a 46-kDa amino-terminal extension. We previously reported that this extension acts as a GTPase-activating protein for the ARF domain of ARD1 (Vitale, N., Moss, J., and Vaughan, M. (1996)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 1941–1944). Both GTP binding and GTP hydrolysis are necessary for physiological function of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, and the rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTPase activity are critical in the activation/deactivation cycle. Dissociation of GDP from the ARF domain of ARD1 was faster than from ARD1 itself (both proteins synthesized in Escherichia coli). Using deletion mutations, it was demonstrated that the 15 amino acids directly preceding the ARF domain were responsible for decreasing the rate of GDP dissociation but not guanosine 5-[γ-thio]triphosphate dissociation. By site-specific mutagenesis it was shown that hydrophobic amino acids in this region were particularly important in stabilizing the GDP-bound form of ARD1. It is suggested that, like the amino-terminal segment of ARF, the equivalent region in ARD1, located between the GTPase-activating protein and ARF domains, may act as a GDP dissociation inhibitor.
A Comparison of Two Methods for Reducing Broodiness in Turkey Hens

Abstract The occurrence of broodiness in turkeys is under humeral control and can be influenced by environmental factors. It is common practice to disrupt the broodiness cycle by removing the persistent nest-occupiers to wire-floored broody pens for a period of several days. Often, these pens are highly illuminated and males are placed in the pens. The use of high frequency sound was reported to be effective in shortening the broodiness cycle in Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys by Jeannoutot and Adams (1961). Haller and Cherms (1961) found that wire floor broody coops, high-light intensity environment, progestrone, gonadotropins and diethystilbestrol administrations were effective in varying degrees in terminating broodiness in Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys. The use of low voltage, electric stimulation was reported by Pall (1947) and Nakajo (1952) to interrupt the broody cycle in chickens with subsequent restoration of egg production. Most methods for reducing the incidence of broodiness in turkeys are…
Performance of steel slag leach beds in acid mine drainage treatment

Abstract Steel slag leach beds are a popular choice for acid mine drainage treatment in southeastern Ohio. Large amounts of alkalinity leached from the surface of steel slag, a by-product of steel manufacturing, have been added to acid mine drainage-affected streams to neutralize pH and precipitate metals. Results from steel slag leach beds are promising, but alkalinity production has decreased significantly over time in all beds. To determine the cause of the decrease, the effluent flow and chemical characteristics of twelve steel slag leach beds were monitored over a one year period and compared to historical data. Alkalinity production fell and remained below design expectations for two main reasons. First, declining effluent flow rates led to low alkalinity loadings. Thick layers of precipitates in the effluent piping contributed to low flow rates. Precipitates also formed within the slag itself, further lowering flow rates. Recommendations to limit precipitation, improve flow and alkalinity loading rates, included using a low-alkalinity influent, and minimizing carbon dioxide contact with the alkaline effluent. Declining alkalinity loadings were also caused by an inherent limitation in the amount of readily dissolvable calcium compounds on the surface of the slag particles. Past and present data were used to model the declining alkalinity production capabilities of slag with time. All steel slag leach beds studied except one were initially capable of high alkalinity loadings, but typically lost more than 75% of peak alkalinity production within 50 empty bed volumes. Similar results were obtained in the laboratory with slag columns.
Application of an energy-based model for the optimal design of structural materials and topology

This paper describes an implementation of recent developments in modelling for the design of continuum structures into a general program for computational solution of such problems. In the basic model, the unrestricted material tensor appears as the design variable. The algorithm for this program is presented and the method of solution is described. The approach is applicable to predict both the optimal unrestricted material design and as well for design with a specified material. In either case, the distributions (fields) of all designable components of the material tensor are predicted. Results are given for 2D and 3D examples, in the form of continuously varying material properties and for various values of volume fraction. The associated zero-one or topology designs are obtained by application of an additional procedure to these results. Comparison against results from earlier approaches indicates that optimization of the material may lead to considerable improvement in structural performance.
Acute iron ingestion.

Objective : Intoxication is one of the most common causes of admissions to emergency department in pediatric age group. Incidence of iron poisoning gradually increased because of wide spread use of iron containing drugs.Method : In this report, we present five cases of iron ingestion who were admitted to our emergency department within a year.Result : Whole bowel irrigation in addition to gastric lavage with an iron dose of over 50mg/kg as well as deferoxamine treatment for patients in whom clinical and laboratory indications are present.Conclusion : The prompt recognition and treatment of children with acute iron poisoning is the single and the most critical point for decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with iron containing products.
Chemistry of a Binuclear Cadmium(II) Hydroxide Complex: Formation from Water, CO2 Reactivity, and Comparison to a Zinc Analog

Treatment of the bmnpa (N,N-bis-2-(methylthio)ethyl-N-((6-neopentylamino-2-pyridyl)methyl)amine) ligand with equimolar amounts of Cd(ClO(4))(2).5H(2)O and Me(4)NOH.5H(2)O in CH(3)CN yielded the binuclear cadmium hydroxide complex [((bmnpa)Cd)(2)(mu-OH)(2)](ClO(4))(2).CH(3)CN (1). Complex 1 may also be prepared (a) by treatment of a CH(3)CN solution of (bmnpa)Cd(ClO(4))(2) (2) with 1 equiv of n-BuLi, followed by treatment with water or (b) from 2 in the presence of 1 equiv each of water and NEt(3). The hydroxide derivative 1 is not produced from 2 and water in the absence of an added base. Complex 1 possesses a binuclear structure in the solid state with hydrogen-bonding and CH/pi interactions involving the bmnpa ligand. The overall structural features of 1 differ from the halide derivative [((bmnpa)Cd)(2)(mu-Cl)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (3), particularly in that the Cd(2)(mu-OH)(2) core of 1 is symmetric whereas the Cd(2)(mu-Cl)(2) core of 3 is asymmetric. In acetonitrile solution, 1 behaves as a 1:2 electrolyte and retains a binuclear structure and secondary hydrogen-bonding and CH/pi interactions, whereas 3 is a 1:1 electrolyte, indicating formation of a mononuclear [(bmnpa)CdCl]ClO(4) species in solution. Treatment of 1 with CO(2) in anhydrous CH(3)CN yields the bridging carbonate complex [((bmnpa)Cd)(2)(mu-CO(3))](ClO(4))(2).CH(3)CN (4). Treatment of a chemically similar zinc hydroxide complex, [((benpa)Zn)(2)(mu-OH)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (benpa = N,N-bis-2-(ethylthio)ethyl-N-((6-neopentylamino-2-pyridyl)methyl)amine, with CO(2) also results in the formation of a carbonate derivative, [((benpa)Zn)(2)(mu-CO(3))](ClO(4))(2) (5), albeit the coordination mode of the bridging carbonate moiety is different. Treatment of 4 with added water results in no reaction, whereas 5 under identical conditions will undergo reaction to yield the zinc hydroxide complex [((benpa)Zn)(2)(mu-OH)(2)](ClO(4))(2).
(P1-45) Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI) and Federal University of Paraiba (UFP) Joint Emergency Medicine and Disaster Preparedness Training Center A Model for Academic and Clinical Exchange of Expertise

Introduction Evolving health systems frequently seek guidance with emergency medicine related topics. This has lead to countless international collaboration between organizations attempting to meet this need. Background Paraiba, a state of 3.6 million, ranks near the bottom in Brazil for per capita income. The medical establishment has private, public and military systems without emergency medicine training and no disaster plans. HHI and Harvard International Emergency Medicine Fellowship are academic research and service oriented organizations with an emergency medicine and disaster preparedness focus. In 2009 a request for technical assistance was made to HHI from Paraiba, concerning disaster preparedness, clinical emergency medicine and pre-hospital training. Methods Exchange of correspondence surrounding needs and expectations of the partner organizations was conducted until the August 2010. During August a series of meetings was conducted among the civilian, military and federal representatives and a collaborating body was formed under the guidance of UFP consisting of SAMU (prehospital care), the medical school and the five main hospitals of the city. In September HHI staff conducted a series of meetings and assessments in Paraiba. Plan Evaluation, educational and programmatic steps were decided on to be conducted over the several year project. Space and resources for the training center at the UFP was allocated. Establishment of 8–12 teaching modules for practicing physicians and nurses, built and taught by local staff with HHI support will be implemented and become a requirement to work in emergency areas. An assessment of disaster risks and emergency metrics will be conducted concomitantly. Exchange of staff between Brazil and USA will occur throughout the project. Conclusion No standard model of collaboration exists regarding international emergency medicine and disaster planning but ours demonstrates that exchange of information can evolve to match the abilities and expectations of both parties.
Communication apprehension, nonverbal immediacy, and negative expectations for learning

Data was collected to determine the effects of communication apprehension and nonverbal immediacy upon students' expectations of themselves as learners and to examine relationships among students' trait‐like communication apprehension, self‐perceived immediacy and instructors' evaluations. As expected, as apprehension went up, immediacy went down. Students who were high in apprehension or low in immediacy expected to achieve less in the classroom. Instructors' grades varied in predicted directions. Highly apprehensive and lowly immediate students received lower grades on average, but differences between high, moderate, and low levels were not significant. It is suggested that in some cases high motivation to achieve may compensate for being high in oral anxiety or low in nonverbal immediacy behaviors. All too often, however, lowered expectations for learning develop and set off a spiral of negative reciprocity which leads to lower evaluations by instructors.
Reachability of nonnegative equilibrium states for the semilinear vibrating string by varying its axial load and the gain of damping

We show that the set of nonnegative equilibrium-like states, namely, like of the semilinear vibrating string that can be reached from any non-zero initial state , by varying its axial load and the gain of damping, is dense in the “nonnegative” part of the subspace of . Our main results deal with nonlinear terms which admit at most the linear growth at infinity in and satisfy certain restriction on their total impact on (0,∞) with respect to the time-variable.
Instructional Feedback in Context

Summary.-Feedback is often used to assist instruction but different situations may call for different kinds of feedback. This analysis of the varieties of task, of feedback mode, and of learner is intended to encourage the use of feedback in specifically appropriate situations and to begin systematizing the empirical validation of relevant parameters. Information feedback has been an informal part of instruction for a very long time. Students seem naturally to know when they need help, and teachers develop an intuitive sense of what kind of information is needed. This historic dependence on intuition derived from experience has been in many ways a sensible course to follow. Today, however, new expectations are making new demands on instruction, and it has become necessary to articulate the parameters of instructional feedback in more explicit ways. Disciplined analysis is needed to ensure better training of instructors and better design of intelligent tutoring systems. What, then, is the relation of the disciplinary scientist to the practitioner? The obligation of the laboratory psychologist is to press for a better theoretical model. Basic disciplines must find principles that are demonstrable in reliable data and find coherent sets of principles to evaluate as models. The obligation of instructional and other applied psychologists is to select basic principles which are relevant to their several clients and their specific settings. The differences are great. In the basic science some variables are controlled experimentally to permit interpretation of effects and estimation of errors. In practical applications all the real-world variables operate concurrently in interaction. Any parameter value may amplify another while attenuating a third. The analysis offered here describes some uses and misuses of instructional feedback, explicates some parameters of feedback and situation, and recommends increased specification of context in feedback research.
Population genetics of human copy number variations: models and simulation of their evolution along and across the genomes

Population genetic models play a significant role in human genetic research, since they promise to provide a better understanding of both evolution of normal variations of the genomes as well as development of disease promoting genomic segments. In this paper, we propose and computationally simulate a model of evolution for unique and segmentally duplicated regions of human genome, which manifest in genome-wide Variations in Copy Number. Copy Number Variations (CNVs) are known for their possible association with genomic diseases and predisposition to various health conditions, and yet, the underlying population genetic models, needed for association studies, have remained largely undeveloped. Additionally, Segmentally Duplicated (SD) regions of the human genome are of a specific interest, since they exhibit a complex behavior of copy number changes and are specifically known for catalyzing pathogenic and unstable genomic rearrangements. Our main contribution is in suggesting mechanisms for evolution of Copy Number changes in regions of segmental duplication of the human genome, which is essential for association studies involving CNV markers and estimation of parameters of stochastic diffusion that determine asymptotic behavior of such evolutionary processes.
Amaranthus Cruentus: Milling Characteristics, Distribution of Nutrients within Seed Components, and the Effects of Temperature on Nutritional Quality

Distribution of nutrients within Amaranthus cruentus seed components and the effects of dry heat on nutritional quality were investigated. Histological, chemical, and nutritional methods were used to characterize the effects of successive milling of the seed by a modified barley pearler. In general, nutrients were more highly concentrated in the seed coat-embryo fraction. This fraction contained 2.3–2.6 times as much nitrogen, fat, fiber and ash; 2.4–3 times the quantity of thiamin, riboflavin and niacin; and 1.4–2.5 times the concentration of several mineral elements as did the original, intact seed. Hot-air popping resulted in a PER of 1.7 and an apparent nitrogen digestibility of 77% which were not significantly different from those of the control seed.
Thermomechanical Properties of Cycled Ceramic/Glass Composite Seals for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

The present research focuses on a novel ceramic/glass composite seal. These seals ﬁrstunderwent a curing cycle. The cycled seal was then characterized with a laser dilatome-ter to identify the glass transition, softening temperature, and thermal expansion proper-ties. High temperature ring-on-ring (RoR) experiments were performed to study the effectof glass transition and softening temperatures on mechanical response. X-ray diffraction(XRD) techniques in conjunction with post-test micrographs were used to understand theobserved mechanical response. In addition, Weibull statistical analysis performed oncycled seals showed that Weibull modulus had decreased and Weibull characteristicsstrength had increased with multiple thermal cycles. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4029876]Keywords: solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), ceramic/glass seals, glass transition tempera-ture, biaxial ﬂexural strength, Weibull parameters
An Exploratory Study of Trust and Material Hardship in Ghana

We explore associations among interpersonal (thick and thin) and institutional (legislative, executive, and judicial) trust and material hardship outcomes in Ghana. We use data from the 2008 Afrobarometer survey. Material hardship is conceptualized in terms of frequency of going without five basic necessities/consumptive deprivations, each of which a separate outcome (food, water, medical care, cooking fuel, and cash income). Five multinomial logistic regression models are estimated. Models also include relevant socioeconomic and cultural factors. The stepwise forward entry method was used to identify important variables for each model, and common and unique predictors of each outcome are discussed. Results suggest that deprivations are trust-specific in Ghana. Interpersonal and institutional trust types matter differentially (for example, trust in parliament/national assembly is a unique food deprivation predictor; trust in courts is a unique water deprivation predictor; and trust in police is a unique cash income deprivation predictor). Common trust predictors across models are thin trust (trust in other Ghanaians) for predicting food and cooking fuel infrequency outcomes and executive trust for predicting water, medical care, and cash income infrequency outcomes. Some of the non-trust variables, like education and ethnicity, were prominent predictors of deprivation outcomes across all models. This is one of the beginning studies to explore micro-level data in an important area of trust and material hardship in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study also attempts to conceptualize material hardship within the context of a developing country and provides insightful results that could be beneficial to other research investigators and further probed in future studies building on this work. The study draws important implications for intervention policies based on analyses of material hardship composite parts which provide insights with great detail into specific target groups on specific component-outcomes.
Prediction of response to class I antiarrhythmic drugs during electrophysiologic study of ventricular tachycardia

Abstract We have retrospectively examined data from 41 patients studied in our laboratory for symptomatic ventricular arrhythmia in order to test whether any clinical or electrophysiologic variables could be identified which would predict the patient's response to class I antiarrhythmic drugs. All patients had (1) clinically documented paroxysmal sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation remote from acute myocardial infarction, (2) inducible sustained VT during control electrophysiologic study (EPS), and (3) EPS after one or more of the following class I antiarrhythmic drugs: intravenous procainamide (36 patients), oral quinidine (30 patients), and oral disopyramide (36 patients). Initially, patients were divided into those who had noninducible or only nonsustained VT after any of the tested drugs (responders), and those who continued to have inducible sustained VT after all tested drugs (nonresponders). A logistic regression technique demonstrated no independent contribution to drug response by any of the following variables: sex, arteriosclerotic heart disease, cardiomegaly, age, time since the initial episode of VT, and cycle length of VT during control study. The number of antiarrhythmic drugs the patient had received prior to study was found to be a significant independent contributor ( p
ELEVATED LEVELS OF 70,000 DALTON HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN IN TRANSIENTLY THERMOTOLERANT CHINESE HAMSTER FIBROBLASTS AND IN THEIR STABLE HEAT RESISTANT VARIANTS

The function of one or more shock proteins (HSPs) may be to confer protection of cells against thermal damage. The quantitative relationship between heat sensitivity and concentration of several HSPs was examined in thermotolerant Chinese hamster HA-1 cells and in their heat-resistant variants. Low molecular weight HSPs (22-27 kd) showed no correlation with cell survival. The best correlation was found between concentration of 70 kd HSP and the logarithm of cell survival. There was no difference between the HSP 70 induced by heat shock and that present in a constitutive form. The 70 kd HSP may actually confer heat resistance on cells, but in any case HSP 70 appeared to be the best predictor of heat response.
For Jimmy and the boys and girls of America : Publicizing childhood cancers in twentieth-century America

This paper examines a collection of images of children printed in cancer education and fund-raising materials distributed by voluntary health organizations, released by public relations departments of specialized cancer hospitals, and featured in popular magazines and newspapers beginning in the late 1940s. Children represented only a small fraction of all persons with cancer, yet they became a key component of the media campaign for the disease. What narratives were embedded in the photographs and profiles? Like the March of Dimes' use of young polio patients to promote their programs, "poster children" were strategically used throughout the mid-to-late twentieth century to advance principles of early cancer detection and prompt treatment; to illustrate or, at times, exaggerate promising biomedical advances in the field; and to elicit emotional responses and donations from a wide audience during the escalation of the war against cancer.
Surface lattice dynamics of Cu(111)

We present and analyze off-specular electron-energy-loss data which explore surface vibrations of Cu(111), along the line from \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} to M\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} in the two-dimensional surface Brillouin zone. The dispersion relation of the Rayleigh surface phonon and the longitudinal resonance found in inelastic-He-scattering studies have been measured out to M\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, thus extending the earlier He work. In addition, we obtain the frequency of a (high-frequency) surface phonon which exists at and near M\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, in a gap in the projected bulk-phonon density of states. The data are analyzed within a simple model of surface lattice dynamics. We have also carried out extensive calculations of the energy variation of the various features observed in the electron-loss spectrum, using multiple-scattering theory. Very good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained within a model where the intraplanar force constant between surface atoms is softened by a modest amount, 15%. In our view, the results presented here raise questions about recent suggestions that a very large (70%) softening of the intraplanar surface force constant is present in the Cu(111) surface.
Preferential angular momentum transfer in state-to-state reactive scattering

An investigation is presented of how each angular momentum transfer during reaction contributes to a given state-to-state reactive transition. The new finding from this study is that some direct state-to-state reactive scattering systems which favor collinear configuration prefer the largest angular momentum transfer as a result of reactive collision and that such a preference of the largest angular momentum transfer is shown to occur in both forward- and backward-peaked reactive scattering.
The Costs of Mycotoxin Management to the USA: Management of Aflatoxins in the United States

Mycotoxin losses and costs of mycotoxin management are overlapping areas of concern. Costs of mycotoxin management include research production practices, testing and research necessary to try to pr...
Uniformly Most Powerful Unbiased Tests on the Scale Parameter of a Gamma Distribution With a Nuisance Shape Parameter

Conditional tests on the scale parameter of the gamma distribution with an unknown nuisance shape parameter are considered. Such tests, based upon the conditional distribution of the sample mean x (or equivalently Wi , = x/x) given the geometric mean x, are uniformly most powerful unbiased tests. Percentage points of the conditional distribution are tabulated for small sample sizes and an asymptotic normal approximation is also obtained.
Mathematical multi-locus approaches to localizing complex human trait genes

Statistical analysis methods for gene mapping originated in counting recombinant and non-recombinant offspring, but have now progressed to sophisticated approaches for the mapping of complex trait genes. Here, we outline new statistical methods that capture the simultaneous effects of multiple gene loci and thereby achieve a more global view of gene action and interaction than is possible by traditional gene-by-gene analysis. We aim to show that the work of statisticians goes far beyond the running of computer programs.