cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereotype Development and Formation

CHAPTER Steven j. Sherman,]effreyVV. Sherman, Elise J. Percy, and Courtney K. Soderberg Stereotype Development and Formation Abstract -. 9’ This chapter reviews research and theory on the social cognitive underpinnings of both stereotype development in children and stereotype formation among adults. Although research on these topics has developed largely independently from another, the two areas of research may inform one another in important ways. Toward this end, the authors have tried to draw attention to both similarities and differences in the ways that stereotypes form in these two contexts. Although children and adults appear to possess many of the same fundamental cognitive abilities that support categorization and stereotype formation, there are important differences in how the processes operate and in the important roles that social motives play among adults. In addressing these issues, focus will be placed on the concepts of essentialism, illusory correlation, and category accentuation. The authors believe that a more robust integration of these research topics would offer a rich source of progress in understanding stereotyping. Key Words: stereotype development, stereotype formation, essentialism, illusory correlation, category accentuation Stereotypes are the knowledge, beliefs, and expectations We hold about human groups (e.g., Hamilton 85 Sherman, 1994; Hamilton 86 Trolier, 1986). The purpose of this chapter is to describe how stereotypes are formed. Toward this end, we describe both the development of stereotypes in children and the formation of novel stereotypes arnong adults. Given the social cognitive focus of this book, the primary emphasis will be on the cognitive processes that underlie stereotype forma— tion.‘ An important foundational principle of the social cognitive approach is that stereotypes serve the same essential functions as other categorical knowledge in structuring and simplifying the vast quantities of things and people we encounter so that we may understand and navigate the world more effectively (Allport, 1954; Lippmann, 1922; Tajfel, 1969). As such, the cognitive processes that support stereotype formation are assumed to be largely the 548 same as those that contribute to the formation of all categorical knowledge. These basic processes are sufficient to produce stereotypic knowledge, even in the absence of important sociomotivational factors that encourage stereotyping. However, there also are important differences, between stereotypes and other kinds of categori- cal knowledge. Otherwise, there would be no rea- son to study stereotypes as a specialized form 0f knowledge. Most obviously, because stereotyp€5 refer to categories of people, they are self—relevanI and socially relevant in ways that most categ0ri€5 are not. Consequently, stereotype formation i5 inﬂuenced not only by motives of comprehension and eﬂiciency but also by social motives, such as thﬁ desire to enhance feelings of self-worth. (e.g., Fein 55 Spencer, 1997; Katz, 1960; Lippmann, 1922;Tajf€l 8: Turner, 1986) and to explain and justify the social order (e.g., Allport, 1954; Eagly 86 Steffen:
Cyanobacteria and Endotoxins in Drinking Water Supplies

Field and laboratory studies were performed to evaluate the quantitative distribution and sources of endotoxins (lipopoly- saccharides = LPS) in drinking water supplies. The Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test was used to measure total, bound and free endotoxins in six drinking water systems.
Quality circles as a means for achieving worker satisfaction - or just a healthy managerial climate? A South African sample

There is very little evidence that participative work programmes such as quality circles (QCs) improve the subjective experience of workers, either on the job, or in their lives generally. Part of the reason for such limited success is offered by literature suggesting that interventions such as QCs should reflect a general organizational philosophy of participation, rather than being the means to enforce organizational change. This study was undertaken in a large South African electrical utility, and consisted of 187 QC members and 63 non-QC members. Managerial climate was measured using a short form of Likert's organizational climate questionnaire, while worker satisfaction was measured using five different measures. Results revealed QC members scored higher on life satisfaction, self-esteem and purpose-in-life than non-QC members. Significant positive correlation was found between managerial climate and satisfaction indices. Regression analysis indicated that managerial climate variables accounted for the major share of the total variance in satisfaction indices, while participation in the QC programme accounted for relatively little: the implication is that QC participation may bring about increased worker satisfaction, but a critical prerequisite appears to be a suitably participative climate in the organization.
The Effects of Chewing Gum on the Driving Performance of Emergency Medicine Residents After Overnight Shift Work

This is a comparison study evaluating the influence of chewing gum on driving performance by computer simulation in emergency medicine residents doing overnight shift work. A total of eleven subjects were tested. Four simulations were randomized to each test subject at different points in the study. Data was analyzed comparing pre- and post-shift tests for each study group, as well as chewing gum versus non-chewing gum use during testing. Results showed no significant difference in lateral deviation, described as the root mean squared of lane departure measured in feet, or braking reaction time, defined as the time to break measured in seconds when triggered by a predetermined cue, in those using gum versus no gum. Between- and within-group differences were assessed by split-plot analysis measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Our study showed statistical significance in that divided attention response time, designated as the time in seconds to perform a secondary task while driving, was longer in those driving with chewing gum versus without chewing gum (p < 0.05). This pilot study serves as a potential foundation for further investigation into augmenting the driving performance of emergency medicine residents performing overnight shift work with chewing gum use.
About Face: Seeing the Talker Improves Spoken Word Recognition but Increases Listening Effort.

It is widely accepted that seeing a talker improves a listener’s ability to understand what a talker is saying in background noise (e.g., Erber, 1969; Sumby & Pollack, 1954). The literature is mixed, however, regarding the influence of the visual modality on the listening effort required to recognize speech (e.g., Fraser, Gagne, Alepins, & Dubois, 2010; Sommers & Phelps, 2016). Here, we present data showing that even when the visual modality robustly benefits recognition, processing audiovisual speech can still result in greater cognitive load than processing speech in the auditory modality alone. We show using a dual-task paradigm that the costs associated with audiovisual speech processing are more pronounced in easy listening conditions, in which speech can be recognized at high rates in the auditory modality alone—indeed, effort did not differ between audiovisual and audio-only conditions when the background noise was presented at a more difficult level. Further, we show that though these effects replicate with different stimuli and participants, they do not emerge when effort is assessed with a recall paradigm rather than a dual-task paradigm. Together, these results suggest that the widely cited audiovisual recognition benefit may come at a cost under more favorable listening conditions, and add to the growing body of research suggesting that various measures of effort may not be tapping into the same underlying construct (Strand et al., 2018).
A Short History of Cancer: How Did We Get Here?

Cancer is a disease that is integral to our biologic nature as multicellular organisms that evolve through the basic process of mutation and selection. Although it has existed for mega-anna, its origins and causes have been only recently understood on a basic level. For much of human existence, magical thinking and superstition dominated beliefs about cancer. Until the last century, it was thought to be an incurable scourge. Milestones in the biological and physical sciences that enabled an increasingly greater understanding of the nature of cancer led to the identification of cancer causation on an environmental and molecular level. Approaches to treatment evolved in parallel, shaping modern medical oncology, radiation oncology, and oncological surgery. Today, orchestrated team science approaches to the investigation of cancer biology and the development and testing of new treatments are enabled by advances in technology development and data science. Although much remains unknown, both scientifically and medically, the rate of process has increased exponentially. This chapter traces the evolution of our understanding of cancer and advances in treatment that have increased survival and enabled cure for many cancers. Seminal discoveries and major contributions are highlighted in this brief summary of progress in cancer biomedicine and bioscience.
GRAVITY GRADIENT STABILIZED SOLAR POWER SATELLITE

The concept of a solar power satellite (SPS) is reviewed, and a design proposed for such a satellite taking advantage of solar radiation pressure and gravity gradient forces to eliminate much of the structure from the baseline configuration. This SPS design consists of a solar cell array lying in the orbital plane and a free floating mirror above to reflect sunlight down onto it. The structural modes of the solar cell array are analyzed and found to be well within control limitations. Preliminary calculations concerning the free floating mirror and its position-keeping propellant requirements are also performed. A numerical example is presented, which shows that, even in terms of mass only, this configuration is a competitive design when compared to the conventional Department of Energy reference design. Other advantages, such as easier assembly in orbit, lower position-keeping propellant requirements, possibilities for decreasing necessary solar cell area, and longer solar cell life, may make this design superior.
X-ray Spectral States and High-Frequency QPOs in Black Hole Binaries

The high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations in the X-ray emission of black hole binaries and candidates are briefly examined with respect to the question of X-ray states. We use the prescription of McClintock and Remillard (2005), in which X-ray spectra and power density spectra are used to differentiate three main states of active accretion: "thermal", "hard", and "steep power-law". For the sources that exhibit pairs of HFQPOs with frequencies that scale in a 3:2 ratio, the QPO detections are associated with the steep power-law state. Furthermore, there is a clear trend in which the oscillation at twice the fundamental frequency is seen when the source has high X-ray luminosity, while the QPO at three times the fundamental frequency is seen at lower luminosity.
Incidence and Outcomes of COVID-19 in Kidney and Liver Transplant Recipients With HIV: Report From the National HOPE in Action Consortium.

BACKGROUND: Transplant recipients with HIV may have worse outcomes with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to impaired T-cell function coupled with immunosuppressive drugs. Alternatively, immunosuppression might reduce inflammatory complications and/or antiretrovirals could be protective. METHODS: Prospective reporting of all cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection was required within the HOPE in Action Multicenter Consortium, a cohort of kidney and liver transplant recipients with HIV who have received organs from donors with and without HIV at 32 transplant centers in the United States. RESULTS: Between March 20, 2020 and September 25, 2020, there were 11 COVID-19 cases among 291 kidney and liver recipients with HIV (4%). In those with COVID-19, median age was 59 y, 10 were male, 8 were kidney recipients, and 5 had donors with HIV. A higher proportion of recipients with COVID-19 compared with the overall HOPE in the Action cohort were Hispanic (55% versus 12%) and received transplants in New York City (73% versus 34%, P < 0.05). Most (10/11, 91%) were hospitalized. High-level oxygen support was required in 7 and intensive care in 5; 1 participant opted for palliative care instead of transfer to the intensive care unit. HIV RNA was undetectable in all. Median absolute lymphocyte count was 0.3 × 103 cells/µL. Median CD4 pre-COVID-19 was 298 cells/µL, declining to <200 cells/µl in 6/7 with measurements on admission. Treatment included high-dose steroids (n = 6), tocilizumab (n = 3), remdesivir (n = 2), and convalescent plasma (n = 2). Four patients (36%) died. CONCLUSIONS: Within a national prospective cohort of kidney and liver transplant recipients with HIV, we report high mortality from COVID-19.
Leverage Surface Chemistry for High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators.

Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) are a highly efficient approach for mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion based on the coupling effects of contact electrification and electrostatic induction. TENGs have been intensively applied as both sustainable power sources and self-powered active sensors with a collection of compelling features, including lightweight, low cost, flexible structures, extensive material selections, and high performances at low operating frequencies. The output performance of TENGs is largely determined by the surface triboelectric charges density. Thus, manipulating the surface chemical properties via appropriate modification methods is one of the most fundamental strategies to improve the output performances of TENGs. This article systematically reviews the recently reported chemical modification methods for building up high-performance TENGs from four aspects: functional groups modification, ion implantation and decoration, dielectric property engineering, and functional sublayers insertion. This review will highlight the contribution of surface chemistry to the field of triboelectric nanogenerators by assessing the problems that are in desperate need of solving and discussing the field's future directions.
Effectiveness and impact of a structured research approach for health-system pharmacy administration and leadership residents.

Purpose Required competency areas, goals, and objectives for both postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residencies and postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) health-system pharmacy administration and leadership (HSPAL) residencies indicate the importance of research in the residency program by specifying it as a required part of the training process. Research is critical in the field of health-system pharmacy administration, which is built upon the principles of evaluation and assessment, ensuring that all activities implemented in an organization are evaluated through data collection and assessment to determine their impact. Additionally, the research structure provides residents the opportunity to share research broadly, and it also provides the platform for other institutions to implement successful ideas of interest to them. Summary This article describes the impact of having a structured, publication-focused research program in an HSPAL residency. The research process has provided follow-up projects (n = 7) and grant participation (n = 6). Additionally, the process has yielded a 66% publication rate, with 21 of 32 thesis substitutes published in various journals. The department of pharmacy at the residency site has noticed that the continued refinement, scoping, and robust methodologies of projects have been essential to their impact in the literature and in dissemination of the accumulated body of knowledge. Conclusion A structured residency research program has provided direction to HSPAL residents and ensured successful scoping and completion of their research. Intentionality in this aspect has provided HSPAL residents with opportunities for publications, grants, and strong research experiences. Overall, the department of pharmacy has been positively impacted through implementation of services that were evaluated through a structured HSPAL pharmacy residency research program.
Implementation of Evidence-Based Presurgical Testing Guidelines in Patients Undergoing Ambulatory Surgery for Endometrial Cancer.

PURPOSE:The aim of this quality improvement intervention was to evaluate the safety and cost savings of presurgical testing (PST) guidelines for patients undergoing hysterectomy for endometrial pat...
Putting patients first: ambulatory surgery facilitates patient-centered care.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ambulatory surgery is associated with improved patient experience while reducing overall costs without compromising patient safety. Patient-centered care is crucial for further expansion and success of ambulatory surgery because it is associated with superior patient experience and improved patient satisfaction. This article discusses the approach to improving patient-centered care and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). RECENT FINDINGS It is necessary to recognize that each patient is different and may have different needs and preferences. Patient education and shared decision-making are critical components of patient-centered care. Shared decision-making emphasizes patient engagement in an effort to improve PROs. Implementation of enhanced recovery after surgery principles in ambulatory surgery is necessary to improve PROs. SUMMARY Delivery of patient-centered care will require modification of the current approach to perioperative care. It is imperative to measure PROs by implementing a comprehensive continuous quality improvement program.
Capacity of Single-Track Railway Lines with Short Sidings to Support Operation of Long Freight Trains

Use of distributed-power locomotives in heavy-haul service has allowed for greater efficiencies through operation of longer freight trains. In North America, where the majority of main-line routes are single track, the potential economic and operational advantages offered by long trains are constrained by the inadequate length of many existing passing sidings. To implement longer trains, railroad operators may run long trains in a single direction or fleet trains or extend sidings enough to facilitate bidirectional operation of long trains. This research seeks to characterize the interaction between passing siding and train lengths and the subsequent effect on train delay. The operation of a single-track line is simulated under different combinations of freight throughput, percent of long sidings, percent of railcars in long trains, and directional distribution of long trains. The experiment design scenarios are simulated by using Rail Traffic Controller software. Results indicate that routes with roughly...
Inhibition of Stress-Induced Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Responses in the Rat by Prepro-Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone 178–199

A corticotropin release-inhibiting factor (CRIF) in brain has been postulated for several decades, based on increased plasma levels of ACTH and corticosterone after hypothalamic-pituitary disconnection. Recent in vitro studies indicate that prepro-TRH178-199 may function as an endogenous CRIF, prompting us to examine stress-related neuroendocrine and behavioral responses after in vivo administration to the adult male rat. Animals that were administered prepro-TRH178-199 intravenously 5 min before restraint stress exhibited a significant attenuation of stress-induced elevations of ACTH, corticosterone, and prolactin, as compared with controls infused with vehicle, whereas thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion was not changed. In behavioral studies of stress responsiveness, either the vehicle or prepro-TRH178-199 was administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) 5 min before testing. In the open field, prepro-TRH178-199 significantly increased grooming, locomotor activity, rearing, and sniffing behaviors. In the light/dark box, it significantly increased the time animals spent in the light compartment and increased the number of crossings between the light/dark compartments. In the plus maze, the peptide significantly increased the amount of time animals spent in the open arms. The same dose of peptide, administered ICV, had no effect on peripheral hormone release in response to restraint stress. Overall, these results support a role for prepro-TRH178-199 in the inhibition of the neuroendocrine responses to stress at the level of the pituitary and indicate that it has central modulatory influences over stress-related behaviors.
How parental drug use and drug treatment compliance relate to family reunification.

This study uses Cox regression to assess the relationships among parental drug use, drug treatment compliance, and reunification from substitute care. The study finds that drug treatment compliance is associated with faster reunification, even when accounting for ongoing drug use and three parenting measures. The findings are consistent with a conceptual framework suggesting that certain client actions, such as drug treatment compliance, may serve as markers that substantially affect client outcomes. Language: en
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF TRANSPLANTED CHORIOCARCINOMA AND ITS ENDOCRINE IMPLICATIONS.

T H E unique biological characteristics of choriocarcinoma have resulted in a degree of interest far out of proportion to its incidence among malignant neoplasms. Although investigations of the tumor by light microscopy have added little to the fundamental studies of Hertig,g Novak,l” and their co-workers, Hertz’s successful transplantation of the human choriocarcinoma to the hamster cheek pouch* has provided a valuable new tool for studying the natural history of the neoplasm grossly and microscopically, and for observing the effects of endocrine and potentially significant chemotherapeutic agents on its growth. Correlative ultrastructural examination of the transplant, however, has not previously been reported.* Electron microscopic studies of the human placenta have, in general, been hampered by difficulties in fixation, problems common to somatic embryonic tissues as well. In English literature, the description of the
Thermal parameter estimation in the presence of uncertainty [packaging]

Thermal properties are inferred from experiments by inverse techniques. In contrast to most mechanical and electrical experiments, thermal experiments usually involve boundary conditions and properties that have a degree of uncertainty. This uncertainty complicates the analysis and may lead to increased errors of estimation. This paper describes the application of an extended maximum likelihood principle to better quantify the amount of information yielded by the experiment and to reduce the effect of the uncertainty. The method is applied to an example of determining the contact resistance between a die and a substrate to demonstrate its use.
The Static Derivation of Concurrency and its Mechanzed Certification

This is an attempt to combine the two research areas of programming methodology and automated theorem proving. We investigate the potential for automation of a programming methodology that supports the compile-time derivation of concurrency in imperative programs. In this methodology, concurrency is identified by the declaration of certain semantic properties (so-called "semantic relations") of appropriate program parts. Semantic declarations can be exploited to transform the sequential execution of the program into a parallel execution. We make observations about the automation of correctness proofs of such transformations for a limited domain of programs: sorting networks.
Light to moderate intake of alcohol, drinking patterns, and risk of cancer: results from two prospective US cohort studies

ObjeCtives To quantify risk of overall cancer across all levels of alcohol consumption among women and men separately, with a focus on light to moderate drinking and never smokers; and assess the influence of drinking patterns on overall cancer risk. Design Two prospective cohort studies. s etting Health professionals in the United States. PartiC iPants 88 084 women and 47 881 men participating in the Nurses’ Health Study (from 1980) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (from 1986), followed until 2010. Main Out COMes anD Measures Relative risks of cancer. results 19 269 and 7571 (excluding non-advanced prostate cancers) incident cancers were documented among women and men, respectively, over 3 144 853 person years. Compared with non-drinkers, light to moderate drinkers had relative risks of total cancer of 1.02 (95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.06) and 1.04 (1.00 to 1.09; Ptrend=0.12) for alcohol intake of 0.1-4.9 and 5-14.9 g/day among women, respectively. Corresponding values for men were 1.03 (0.96 to 1.11), 1.05 (0.97 to 1.12), and 1.06 (0.98 to 1.15; Ptrend=0.31) for alcohol intake of 0.1-4.9, 5-14.9, and 15-29.9 g/day, respectively. Associations for light to moderate drinking and total cancer were similar among ever or never smokers, although alcohol consumption above moderate levels (in particular ≥30 g/day) was more strongly associated with risk of total cancer among ever smokers than never smokers. For a priori defined alcohol related cancers in men, risk was not appreciably increased for light and moderate drinkers who never smoked (Ptrend=0.18). However, for women, even an alcohol consumption of 5-14.9 g/day was associated with increased risk of alcohol related cancer (relative risk 1.13 (95% confidence interval 1.06 to 1.20)), driven by breast cancer. More frequent and heavy episodic drinking was not further associated with risk of total cancer after adjusting for total alcohol intake. COnClusiOn Light to moderate drinking is associated with minimally increased risk of overall cancer. For men who have never smoked, risk of alcohol related cancers is not appreciably increased for light and moderate drinking (up to two drinks per day). However, for women who have never smoked, risk of alcohol related cancers (mainly breast cancer) increases even within the range of up to one alcoholic drink a day.
GABA(B) receptors couple to Gαq to mediate increases in voltage-dependent calcium current during development.

Metabotropic GABA(B) receptors are known to modulate the activity of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Previously, we have shown that GABA(B) receptors couple to a non-Gi/o G-protein to enhance calcium influx through L-type calcium channels by activating protein kinase C in neonatal rat hippocampal neurons. In this study, the components of this signaling pathway were investigated further. Gαq was knocked down using morpholino oligonucleotides prior to examining GABA(B) -mediated enhancement of calcium influx. When Gαq G-proteins were eliminated using morpholino-mediated knockdown, the enhancing effects of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen (10 μM) on calcium current or entry were eliminated. These data suggest that GABA(B) receptors couple to Gαq to regulate calcium influx. Confocal imaging analysis illustrating colocalization of GABA(B) receptors with Gαq supports this hypothesis. Furthermore, baclofen treatment caused translocation of PKCα (protein kinase C α) but not PKCβ or PKCe, suggesting that it is the α isoform of PKC that mediates calcium current enhancement. Inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II did not affect the baclofen-mediated enhancement of calcium levels. In summary, activation of GABA(B) receptors during development leads to increased calcium in a subset of neurons through Gαq signaling and PKCα activation without the involvement of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II. Activation of GABA(B) receptors in the neonatal rat hippocampus enhances voltage-dependent calcium currents independently of Gi/o . In this study, knockdown of Gαq with morpholino oligonucleotides abolished enhancement of calcium influx and protein kinase Cα was activated by GABA(B) receptors. Therefore, we hypothesize that GABA(B) receptors couple to Gq to activate PKCα leading to enhancement of L-type calcium current.
Differential activity of lipoic acid enantiomers in cell culture.

It is unclear whether the two enantiomeric forms (R & S) of lipoic acid (LA) share similar pharmacological activity and the exact cellular targets of LA are not well identified. We oxidatively stressed 3 cell culture systems representing different cell types. Mitochondrial metabolism was the primary endpoint. When C6 glioma was damaged by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), all forms of LA protected. Racemic and S-LA were less effective than the R-isomer that was also protective in tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-damaged C6 glioma. In PC12 cells, little damage was produced by TBHP; R-LA increased mito-chondrial metabolism above the level of non-damaged control. In H2O2damaged PC12 cells, R-LA and racemic LA (but not S-LA) not only protected against damage, but increased mitochondrial metabolism above the non-damaged control level. When BAE cells were damaged with H2O2, R- and racemic LA protected while S-LA was ineffective.
Electroelastic coupling between membrane surface fluctuations and membrane-embedded charges: continuum multidielectric treatment.

The coupling of electric fields and charges with membrane-water interfacial fluctuations affects membrane electroporation, ionic conductance, and voltage gating. A modified continuum model is introduced to study charge interaction with membrane-water interfacial fluctuations in multidielectric environments. By surrounding a point charge with a low dielectric sphere, the linear Poisson–Boltzmann equation is directly solved by calculating the reaction field potential via a method that eliminates singularity contributions. This allows treatment of charges located at dielectric boundaries. Two complementary mechanisms governing charge-fluctuation interactions are considered: (1) electroelastic deformation (EED), treating the membrane as an elastic slab (smectic bilayer model), and (2) electrohydrophobic solvation (EHS), accounting for water penetration into the membrane’s hydrophobic core. EED often leads to large membrane thickness perturbations, far larger than those consistent with elastic model descriptions [M. B. Partenskii, G. V. Miloshevsky, and P. C. Jordan, Isr. J. Chem. 47, 385 (2007)]. We argue that a switch from EED to EHS can be energetically advantageous at intermediate perturbation amplitudes. Both perturbation mechanisms are simulated by introducing adjustable shapes optimized by the kinetic Monte Carlo reaction path following approach [G. V. Miloshevsky and P. C. Jordan, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 214901 (2005)]. The resulting energy profiles agree with those of recent atomistic molecular dynamics studies on translating a charged residue across a lipid bilayer [S. Dorairaj and T. W. Allen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 4943 (2007)].
Preparing Teachers for Inclusive Classrooms Learning from a Collaborative Inquiry Group

Designing preservice teacher education partially around voluntary study groups offers teacher educators a unique chance to examine group members’ perspectives and understandings. This article examines the topics of concern and questions expressed by six general education student teachers in a collaborative dialogue group focused on inclusive classrooms. Culled from seven meeting transcripts over the course of one semester, we extracted the themes of inexperience, equity, levels, normalcy, labels, and belonging as presented by these teachers in their individual inquiries into inclusive education. We consider how useful the themes, tensions, and issues unearthed in this research are for constructing a preservice teacher education curriculum for inclusive teacher preparation.
Human drug addiction is more than faulty decision-making

We commend Redish et al. for the progress they have made in bringing a measure of theoretical order to the processes that underlie drug addiction. However, incorporating information about situations in which drug users do not exhibit faulty decision-making into the theory would greatly enhance its generality and practical value. This commentary draws attention to the relevant human substance abuse literature.
ALS-resistant Helianthus annuus interference in Glycine max

Abstract Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of early-season and early- plus late-season acetolactate synthase–resistant Helianthus annuus interference on Glycine max and H. annuus growth and yield at two sites in Missouri. Helianthus annuus densities of 3 plants m−2 were established shortly after G. max emergence in all plots except the weed-free check. To study early-season interference, H. annuus were removed with postemergence glyphosate (0.84 kg ae ha−1) 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk after planting (WAP) and kept weed-free for the rest of the growing season. Glycine max yields were not different with 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk of early-season interference at either location. To study early- plus late-season interference, H. annuus densities were established at 3 plants m−2. They were then removed 2, 4, 6, or 8 WAP with glyphosate and subsequently reestablished at the same density within 2 wk after removal by newly emerging and transplanted H. annuus. These H. annuus were allowed to remain in the field for...
Genetic testing as part of the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) process

s: Grandori F, Hayes D, editors. The International Conference on Newborn Hearing Screening: Diagnosis and Intervention; 2004; Cernobbio, Italy: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CNR; 2004:156. 36. Schimmenti LA, Martinez A, Fox M, Crandall B, Shapiro N, Telatar M et al. Perceived personal control as an outcome measure of genetic testing for hearing loss. In: Program and Book of Abstracts, Grandori F, Hayes D, editors. The International Conference on Newborn Hearing Screening: Diagnosis and Intervention; 2004; Cernobbio, Italy: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CNR; 2004:133. 37. Mandl KD, Feit S, Larson C, Kohane IS. Newborn screening program practices in the United States: notification, research, and consent. Pediatrics 2002;109:269 –273. 38. Centers for Disease Control, 2004. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/ births.htm. Accessed October 18, 2004. 39. Vohr B. Overview: Infants and children with hearing loss, part I. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2003;9:62– 64. 40. White KR. The current status of EHDI programs in the United States. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2003;9:79 – 88. EHDI and genetic testing November/December 2004 Vol. 6 No. 6 525
[Perfluorosulfonate ionomer]/silicate hybrid membranes via base-catalyzed in situ sol–gel processes for tetraethylorthosilicate

Abstract Base-catalyzed sol–gel reactions for tetraethylorthosilicate were conducted within Nafion® sulfonate membranes. Silicate percent mass uptake, for all counterion forms and imposed conditions, decreases with increasing pH. Environmental scanning electron microscopy-EDAX studies of the distribution of silicon across the Nafion® membrane thickness direction revealed rather uniform concentration profiles except for upturns or downturns in the near-surface regions and demonstrated that it is possible to incorporate silicate structures deep within these membranes. 29Si solid-state NMR spectroscopic studies revealed that, for Li+ and Na+ counterion forms, bonding in the silicate phase is such that there is more intra-molecular coordination at high pH. FT-IR spectroscopy uncovered all the signature peaks characteristic of silicate structures in the near-surface regions. Fingerprints of Si–O–Si groups in cyclic and linear molecular substructures, as well as SiOH ‘defects’ are present. The spectra of Li+ form hybrids reflect a silicate network that becomes increasingly more interconnected with increasing pH, in harmony with the NMR results. The relationship between the spectroscopic information, porosity of the silicate phase, and possible permselectivity based on a molecular-sieving effect, is discussed.
Classifying nonsingular quadratic forms of rank three

Abstract The determinant on 2 by 2 matrices of trace zero gives a quadratic form. Linear algebra shows that its orthogonal group is the matrix algebra automorphisms together with scalars of square 1. As this holds over all commutative rings, descent theory can be applied to it to get a quick classification of all nonsingular quadratic forms of rank 3. Further descent arguments show how this classification yields the Witt invariant and discriminant.
Reliability of brain structure morphometry in hydrocephalic children using MR images

To assess the ability of human operators to make decisions about region boundaries in significantly malformed brains, we performed a study of the reliability of morphometric measurements of specific brain structures from MRI in children with hydrocephalus and controls. Cross-sectional area measures of the corpus callosum, internal capsules and centrum semiovale, and volumes of the lateral ventricles were made in 50 children. Independent measurements were made by two raters on T1 and T2-weighted MR images. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) between the two rater's sets of measures were computed for each structure across all subjects. ICCs ranged from a low of 0.7502 to a high of 0.9895. All ICCs were significant at the p < .0001 level and were generally less than or equal to the corresponding Pearson's r value in every case. Therefore, the Pearson's r may overestimate the reliability. The results of this study support the claim that the ICC should be used rather than the Pearson's r when assessing interater reliability in situations where large between-group differences are present. In addition, the results show that brains malformed by disorders, such as hydrocephalus, can be reliably assessed using morphometric measures of MR images.
Vascular protection from atherosclerosis: Potential of calcium antagonists

Abstract Atherosclerosis is the result of complex, interrelated processes, many of which involve calcium. Interventions that interfere with calcium uptake by cells retard lesion development in experimental models of atherosclerosis, underscoring calcium's critical role in atherogenesis. A wide variety of calcium antagonists, including nifedipine, verapamil and dittiazem, have been shown to protect against atherosclerosis in animal models. While these drugs are quite different from each other pharmacologically, they all block intracellular calcium influx. This common property is thus the proposed mechanism for their antiatheroscterotic effects. The effectiveness of the calcium antagonists against the development of atherosclerosis in experimental models may be relevant in the selection of antihypertensive therapy—provided that their protective effects can be demonstrated in future clinical trials as well.
Pineal-induced alteration of estrous cycles in blinded hamsters.

Abstract Estrous cycles, as evaluated by vaginal smears of adult hamsters, were examined under a variety of experimental conditions. Normal females cycled regularly with oval and elongate nucleated epithelial cells usually observed one of every four days. Cycles of blinded hamsters did not vary from those of normal or blinded-pinealectomized hamsters until approximately 7 weeks after eye removal. Thereafter, blinded hamsters became acyclic, exhibiting a vaginal smear which contained cornified cells predominantly and varying numbers of leukocytes. An absence of follicles and corpora lutea also was observed in the ovaries of blinded hamsters. In addition, blinded hamsters possessed smaller than normal uteri. Cycles of blinded-pinealectomized hamsters never varied from those of normal hamsters; in each of these groups approximately 25% of the smears were routinely of the estrous type. Bilateral ovariectomy in animals blinded for 7 weeks had no effect on pattern of vaginal smears. Ovariectomy in normal and blinded-pinealectomized hamsters induced a cessation of cyclic epithelial changes and thereafter the smears appeared similar to those obtained from blinded or blinded-ovariectomized hamsters.
Direct observation of fast protein folding: the initial collapse of apomyoglobin

Abstract The rapid refolding dynamics of apomyoglobin are followed by a new temperature-jump fluorescence technique on a 15-ns to 0.5-ms time scale in vitro. The apparatus measures the protein-folding history in a single sweep in standard aqueous buffers. The earliest steps during folding to a compact state are observed and are complete in under 20 micros. Experiments on mutants and consideration of steady-state CD and fluorescence spectra indicate that the observed microsecond phase monitors assembly of an A x (H x G) helix subunit. Measurements at different viscosities indicate diffusive behavior even at low viscosities, in agreement with motions of a solvent-exposed protein during the initial collapse.
Hydrology, morphology, and sedimentology of the Guadalupe fluvial-deltaic system

Third-dimensional channel characteristics, bed forms, sediment load, and discharge data are described for two suspended-load streams (Guadalupe and San Antonio Rivers) and a mixed-load stream (Coleto Creek) that together make up the suspended-load fluvial system of the Guadalupe delta of Texas. Discharge of the Guadalupe River is highly variable and increases downstream, but (1) percentage of sand and mean grain size of bed material, (2) channel gradient, (3) valley gradient, (4) channel sinuosity, and (5) channel width/depth ratio all decrease downstream. The most marked decreases in these parameters occur between the alluvial plain and the delta plain. The relationships between percentage of silt-clay in channel perimeters, width/depth ratios, and sinuosities for these small coastal-plain rivers with single channels support the classification and empirical relationships established by Schumm for modern alluvial channels. One notable exception is that downstream increases in silt and clay from alluvial plains to delta plains do not necessarily yield higher sinuosity channels. The low channel sinuosities and lack of point-bar accretion along lower reaches of many suspended-load alluvial channels and delta distributaries are related to extremely low channel gradients and a natural gradient threshold below which meandering is minimal.
Frequency Response Characteristics of Recording Instruments

Simple and direct methods are presented for ascertaining the magnitude of errors which arise from the dynamic limitations of instrument movements, and which appear in records obtained with recording instruments. Charts are given from which the a-c steady-state response may be obtained directly from the undamped natural frequency (or period) and the relative damping. These two basic constants of a particular instrument may be measured readily by the simple test methods described. Proper damping is emphasized, and certain techniques are suggested by which the frequency response may be improved beyond that obtainable with optimum damping. A simplified analysis of servo-actuated recorders suitable for application work also is included. The methods and the use of the charts presented are illustrated by means of numerical examples.
Long-Term Outcomes of Early Intervention in 6-Year-Old Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Objective We prospectively examined evidence for the sustained effects of early intervention based on a follow-up study of 39 children with ASD who began participation in a randomized clinical trial testing the effectiveness of the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) at age 18 to 30 months. The intervention, conducted at a high level of intensity in-home for 2 years, showed evidence of efficacy immediately posttreatment. Method This group of children was assessed at age 6 years, 2 years after the intervention ended, across multiple domains of functioning by clinicians naive to previous intervention group status. Results The ESDM group, on average, maintained gains made in early intervention during the 2-year follow-up period in overall intellectual ability, adaptive behavior, symptom severity, and challenging behavior. No group differences in core autism symptoms were found immediately posttreatment; however, 2 years later, the ESDM group demonstrated improved core autism symptoms and adaptive behavior as compared with the community-intervention-as-usual (COM) group. The 2 groups were not significantly different in terms of intellectual functioning at age 6 years. Both groups received equivalent intervention hours during the original study, but the ESDM group received fewer hours during the follow-up period. Conclusion These results provide evidence that gains from early intensive intervention are maintained 2 years later. Notably, core autism symptoms improved in the ESDM group over the follow-up period relative to the COM group. This improvement occurred at the same time that the ESDM group received significantly fewer services. This is the first study to examine the role of early ESDM behavioral intervention initiated at less than 30 months of age in altering the longer-term developmental course of autism.
Supporting dynamic aspect-oriented features

Dynamic aspect-oriented (AO) features have important software engineering benefits such as allowing unanticipated software evolution and maintenance. It is thus important to efficiently support these features in language implementations. Current implementations incur unnecessary design-time and runtime overhead due to the lack of support in underlying intermediate language (IL) models. To address this problem, we present a flexible and dynamic IL model that we call Nu. The Nu model provides a higher level of abstraction compared to traditional object-oriented ILs, making it easier to efficiently support dynamic AO features. We demonstrate these benefits by providing an industrial-strength VM implementation for Nu, by showing translation strategies from dynamic source-level constructs to Nu and by analyzing the performance of the resulting IL code. Nu's VM extends the Sun Hotspot VM interpreter and uses a novel caching mechanism to significantly reduce the amortized costs of join point dispatch. Our evaluation using standard benchmarks shows that the overhead of supporting a dynamic deployment model can be reduced to as little as ˜1.5p. Nu provides an improved compilation target for dynamic deployment features, which makes it easier to support such features with corresponding software engineering benefits in software evolution and maintenance and in runtime verification.
Extramammary Paget's disease with diffuse involvement of the lower female genito‐urinary system

Extramammary Paget's disease of the lower female genito-urinary system is an uncommon neoplasm with a high rate of recurrence. A 52-year-old white female with a history of extramammary Paget's disease, originally excised in 1985 by skinning vulvectomy and who had multiple recurrences, including two in a vaginal graft and with extension to the urethra and the uterine cervix, in 1992 underwent an anterior pelvic exenteration for control of the disease process. Standard surgical management for extramammary Paget's disease without invasion or without an underlying adenocarcinoma is simple or skinning vulvectomy. However, because the disease commonly recurs, diffuse involvement may require more extensive surgery including pelvic exenteration in extraordinary cases.
Power-law falloff in the kosterlitz-Thouless phase of a two-dimensional lattice Coulomb gas

We give a rigorous proof of power-law falloff in the Kosterlitz-Thouless phase of a two-dimensional Coulomb gas in the sense that there exists a critical inverse temperaturegb and a constant Θ>0 such that for allβ>β and all external charges ξ∈R we have $$G_\xi (x) \leqslant C/|x|^{\Theta \beta \eta ^2 } $$ , whereG ξ (x) is the two-point external charges correlation function,η=dist(ξ, Z), and $$C = C(\beta , \bar \eta )< \infty $$ for $$\bar \eta = dist (\xi , Z - \{ 0\} ) > 0$$ . In the case of a hard-core or standard Coulomb gas with activityz, we may chooseβ=β(z) such thatβ(z)→24π asz↘0.
An application of artificial intelligence to operations research

An extension of critical path scheduling to a case where there are alternate methods for completing a project is introduced. Three solution methods are presented including one based on the heuristic search algorithm used in artificial intelligence.