cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison Between Handgrip Dynamometry and Manual Muscle Testing Performed by Registered Dietitians in Measuring Muscle Strength and Function of Hospitalized Patients

Background: The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Society the Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) Consensus Statement recommends a standardized set of diagnostic characteristics to identify adult malnutrition. Due to lack of a consensus definition and challenges with measurements, physical function or performance has traditionally been difficult to assess. The purpose of this study was to determine whether manual muscle testing (MMT) performed by registered dietitians (RDs) can be used as a surrogate measurement of muscle strength and function in hospitalized patients. Method: Patients admitted to the heart failure service on the cardiac stepdown units at the Cleveland Clinic Main Campus in Cleveland, Ohio, were eligible for the study, and those who met the inclusion criteria underwent handgrip strength (HGS) testing and evaluation of nutrition status using the Academy/ASPEN Characteristics Recommended for the Identification of Adult Malnutrition. MMT was then performed within 24 hours ...
EARNINGS FORECAST REVISIONS ASSOCIATED WITH STOCK SPLIT ANNOUNCEMENTS

Recent studies document abnormal stock returns at stock split announcements. Three hypotheses related to expected future earnings—the trading range, attention, and signaling hypotheses—have been offered as explanations. Evidence has also been provided that splitting firms have greater postannouncement earnings growth than control nonsplitting firms. Using earnings expectation data from the Institutional Brokers Estimate System, significantly greater forecast revisions are found in this study for split firms than for control nonsplit firms. The difference is significantly related to abnormal stock returns of splitting firms.
An improved data analysis method for interleukin 2 microassay.

Abstract Development of the interleukin 2 (IL 2) microassay, coupled with the use of highly purified or recombinant factors has allowed a detailed examination of the mechanism of action of this important biological response modifier. However, probit analysis of the microassay data does not allow inherent error of the system to be approximated nor can units of activity be assessed for significance. A computer program was developed to analyze the validity of each regression line and to generate 95% confidence intervals around each line. This program employs analysis of variance, linear regression analysis and the parallel line assay to fix confidence intervals for each IL 2 unit value. The use of recombinant IL 2 as an immunomodulator in clinical settings warrants a more precise statistical method to evaluate normal fluctuations of this factor than currently in use. The development of such a method is presented here.
Roles of Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis in Virus Infection and Antiviral Immunity

Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) is a signaling mechanism through which transmembrane precursor proteins are cleaved to liberate their cytoplasmic and/or luminal/extracellular fragments from membranes so that these fragments are able to function at a new location. Recent studies have indicated that this proteolytic reaction plays an important role in host-virus interaction. On one hand, RIP transfers the signal from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nucleus to activate antiviral genes in response to alteration of the ER caused by viral infection. On the other hand, RIP can be hijacked by virus to process transmembrane viral protein precursors and to destroy transmembrane antiviral proteins. Understanding this Yin and Yang side of RIP may lead to new strategies to combat viral infection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Intramembrane Proteases.
A Dilemma of Late Life Memory

Unexpected but vivid and compelling memories are a wide-spread experience in late life. The experience has often been described in literature, and in recent years has been the object of extensive gerontological research under the label ‘life review’. Such memories often include a reversal of judgment about a past act, relationship, event, etc. What earlier was judged to be so is, in the retrospect of late life, judged not to have been so after all. This presents a question: which judgment—the earlier or the later—has better epistemological credentials in such cases? Some obvious possible answers are considered and rejected. It would seem that the issue is not resolvable on epistemological grounds. A parallel dilemma seems to appear in other dimensions of experience. An example from aesthetic experience is briefly considered.
Distribution of thromboembolism in valvular versus non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

The most feared consequence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is thromboembolism, either to the brain causing stroke or to the non-cerebral circulation. Valvular atrial fibrillation (VAF) and non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) differ not only by morphological substrate of arrhythmia but also by the rate of thromboembolic complications, predisposing factors and destination of embolism. In the setting of VAF, there is a higher risk of thromboembolism and a higher prevalence of thrombus location within the body of the left atrium compared to NVAF. VAF is also associated with a proportionally higher propensity for non-cerebral thromboemboli than in NVAF. The distribution of non-cerebral thromboemboli appears to be similar in VAF and NVAF; however, more research needs to be done in this area, particularly with regard to VAF.
Dual-energy micro-CT imaging for differentiation of iodine- and gold-based nanoparticles

Spectral CT imaging is expected to play a major role in the diagnostic arena as it provides material decomposition on an elemental basis. One fascinating possibility is the ability to discriminate multiple contrast agents targeting different biological sites. We investigate the feasibility of dual energy micro-CT for discrimination of iodine (I) and gold (Au) contrast agents when simultaneously present in the body. Simulations and experiments were performed to measure the CT enhancement for I and Au over a range of voltages from 40-to-150 kVp using a dual source micro-CT system. The selected voltages for dual energy micro-CT imaging of Au and I were 40 kVp and 80 kVp. On a massconcentration basis, the relative average enhancement of Au to I was 2.75 at 40 kVp and 1.58 at 80 kVp. We have demonstrated the method in a preclinical model of colon cancer to differentiate vascular architecture and extravasation. The concentration maps of Au and I allow quantitative measure of the bio-distribution of both agents. In conclusion, dual energy micro-CT can be used to discriminate probes containing I and Au with immediate impact in pre-clinical research.
The BOTRYTIS SUSCEPTIBLE1 Gene Encodes an R2R3MYB Transcription Factor Protein That Is Required for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses in Arabidopsis

The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in plant resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and their genetic control are poorly understood. Botrytis causes severe disease in a wide range of plant species, both in the field and in postharvest situations, resulting in significant economic losses. We have isolated the BOS1 (BOTRYTIS-SUSCEPTIBLE1) gene of Arabidopsis based on a T-DNA insertion allele that resulted in increased susceptibility to Botrytis infection. The BOS1 gene is required to restrict the spread of another necrotrophic pathogen, Alternaria brassicicola, suggesting a common host response strategy against these pathogens. In the case of the biotrophic pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato and the oomycete parasite Peronospora parasitica, bos1 exhibits enhanced disease symptoms, but pathogen growth is similar in bos1 and wild-type plants. Strikingly, bos1 plants have impaired tolerance to water deficit, increased salinity, and oxidative stress. Botrytis infection induces the expression of the BOS1 gene. This increased expression is severely impaired in the coi1 mutant, suggesting an interaction of BOS1 with the jasmonate signaling pathway. BOS1 encodes an R2R3MYB transcription factor protein, and our results suggest that it mediates responses to signals, possibly mediated by reactive oxygen intermediates from both biotic and abiotic stress agents.
Absorption and urinary execretion of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: results with single doses in normal young adults and preliminary observations during therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

in the urine in 24 hr; nearly two thirds of the latter was unconjugated. Concentrations of TMP and SMZ in blood of patients treated with TMP-SMZ corresponded to those expected from the findings in the normal subjects. The ratio of TMP to SMZ in blood increased with time from 1:30, and in urine from 1:3 to >1:5. High concentrations of TMP and SMZ were demonstrated in sputum and in pleural and cerebrospinal fluids. TMP was equally distributed between plasma and erythrocytes, but the concentration of SMZ was much higher in plasma.
A distributed capability-based architecture for the transform model

The Transform model is based on the concept of transformation of access rights. It unifies a number of diverse access-control mechanisms such as amplification, copy flags, separation of duties and synergistic authorization. In this paper we describe a distributed architecture for implementing Transform. Our architecture is based on capabilities with identities of subjects buried in them. This ensures unforgeability of capabilities and enables enforcement of non-discretionary controls on propagation of capabilities from one subject to another. The design provides for immediate, selective, partial and complete revocation on a temporary as well as a permanent basis. We also show that Transform has an efficient algorithm for safety analysis of the propagation of access rights (i.e., the determination of whether or not a given subject can ever acquire access to a given object).
Mortality of life stages of cowpea weevil (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) exposed to low pressure at different temperatures.

Previous studies have shown that low pressure creates a low oxygen controlled atmosphere that can kill stored-product insects. The current study was conducted to determine the mortality of life stages of the cowpea weevil, Callosbruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), exposed to different low pressures and temperatures for various exposure periods. The adults were the most susceptible life stage to low pressure; 99% mortality was achieved within 0.8 h at 32.5 mmHg, 30°C. The pupae were the most tolerant life stage to low pressure, requiring exposure periods between 28.98 and 153.20 h at temperatures of 20–35°C to achieve 99% mortality. Mortality increased with exposure time and also with increasing temperature in all life stages. Early stage eggs (3 h old) and late stage eggs (48 h old) experienced higher mortality (values for LT99 of 42.331 and 46.652 h, respectively) compared with intermediate aged eggs (24 h old; LT99 of 74.735 h) under the same conditions of low pressure and temperature. Dried beans, including cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (Walp.), are currently protected with fumigants. Application of low pressure as a pest management tool represents a potential nonchemical alternative to fumigants such as methyl bromide and phosphine for controlling the cowpea weevil and related bruchids.
Characterization of the Cell Wall Microdomain Surrounding Plasmodesmata in Apple Fruit.

In fleshy fruits ripening is generally associated with a loss in tissue firmness resulting from depolymerization of wall components and separation of adjacent cells. In the regions of the wall that contain plasmodesmata, the usual sequences of ripening events, i.e. depolymerization of the middle lamellae and splitting of the walls, are not observed. In the present study we attempted to characterize in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit the structural microdomain of the cell wall that surrounds the plasmodesmata by in muro visualization of the cell wall components. Anionic sites of galacturonic acids were labeled with cationic gold. Low-esterified homogalacturonans were labeled with the monoclonal antibody JIM 5. In addition, a polyclonal antibody directed toward [beta](1->3)-glucopyranose was used to target callose in situ. The results indicated that the plasmodesmata-wall complexes were surrounded by a pectic microdomain. This domain was composed of low-esterified homogalacturonans that were not involved in calcium cross-bridging but were probably surrounded by a cationic environment. These structural features may result in the prevention of normal cell wall separation in regions containing plasmodesmata. However, observations by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy suggested that splitting of these walls ruptured the plasmodesmata and ultimately resulted in the spatial separation of adjacent cells.
Interplay of Circadian Clocks and Metabolic Rhythms

AbstractThis review examines the connections between circadian and metabolic rhythms. Examples from a wide variety of well-studied organisms are used to illustrate some of the genetic and molecular pathways linking circadian timekeeping to metabolism. The principles underlying biological timekeeping by intrinsic circadian clocks are discussed briefly. Genetic and molecular studies have unambiguously identified the importance of gene expression feedback circuits to the generation of overt circadian rhythms. This is illustrated particularly well by the results of genome-wide expression studies, which have uncovered hundreds of clock-controlled genes in cyanobacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. The potential connections between circadian oscillations in gene expression and circadian oscillations in metabolic activity are a major focus of this review.
Cytoplasmic microtubules in polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Effects of chemotactic stimulation and colchicine

Abstract Indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) techniques employing antitutulin and anticentrosome antibodies were modified for studies of migrating polymorphonuclear (PMNs) leukocytes exposed to gradients or uniform concentrations of chemotactic factor (CF). No significant changes in microtubule (MT) number per cell occurred with chemotactic activation. Significant increases in average MT length per cell occurred upon exposure to gradients or uniform concentrations of CFs. Elongation of MT parallel to the direction of cell migration occurred coincident with shortening of other sets of MTs perpendicular to the direction of cell migration. MT extended radially from a single microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in >99.9% of cells. Following chemotactic activation, the location of the MTOC was observed between nuclear lobes in 65% of fully polarized cells, "posterior" to the nucleus in ⋍34% and "anterior" in less than 1%. Thus alterations of MT array occur coincident with cell orientation or migration in response to chemotactic stimuli.
ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS: COMMUNITY‐BASED STRATEGIES TO COMBAT HUNGER

Anthropologists have long recognized the value of community participation in development planning and project implementation, and this paper discusses a new strategy to engage communities to monitor conditions of food insecurity and vulnerability, and to develop strategies for mitigation against shocks. Community based early warning programs (CEWS) complement existing hunger early warning systems that rely on satellite and agroclimatic data by collecting and monitoring data in rural communities. These strategies build on existing community awareness of local conditions, provide support for locally identified mitigation activities, and foster community participation. Examples from programs in Mozambique illustrate the potential of the CEWS strategies for effecting sustainable change and combating chronic food insecurity and vulnerability.
Nuclear import and export signals are essential for proper cellular trafficking and function of ZIC3

Missense, frameshift and nonsense mutations in the zinc finger transcription factor ZIC3 cause heterotaxy as well as isolated congenital heart disease. Previously, we developed transactivation and subcellular localization assays to test the function of ZIC3 point mutations. Aberrant cytoplasmic localization suggested that the pathogenesis of ZIC3 mutations results, at least in part, from failure of appropriate cellular trafficking. To further investigate this hypothesis, the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling properties of ZIC3 have been examined. Subcellular localization assays designed to span the entire open-reading frame of wild-type and mutant ZIC3 proteins identified the presence of nucleocytoplasmic transport signals. ZIC3 domain mapping indicates that a relatively large region containing the zinc finger binding sites and a known GLI interacting domain is required for transport to the nucleus. Site-directed mutagenesis of critical residues within two putative nuclear localization signals (NLSs) leads to loss of nuclear localization. No further decrease was observed when both NLS sites were mutated, suggesting that mutation of either NLS site is sufficient for loss of importin-mediated nuclear localization. Additionally, we identify a cryptic CRM-1-dependent nuclear export signal (NES) within ZIC3, and identify a mutation within this region in a patient with heterotaxy. These results provide the first evidence that control of cellular trafficking of ZIC3 is critical for function and suggest a possible mechanism for transcriptional control during left-right patterning. Identification of mutations in mapped NLS or NES domains in heterotaxy patients demonstrates the functional importance of these domains in cardiac morphogenesis and allows for integration of structural analysis with developmental function.
Corrosion Behavior Of Carbon Steel In Supercritical CO2-Water Environments

The corrosion behavior of carbon steel was investigated under supercritical CO2 (scCO2) – water systems to simulate the condition of CO2 transportation pipeline in the CO2 sequestration applications. To understand the thermodynamic properties of scCO2-water systems related to the corrosion phenomena, thermodynamic modeling were conducted to determine the mutual solubilities of CO2 and water in the two coexisting phases, and to calculate the concentrations of corrosive species in the free water at various pressures and temperatures. Carbon steel samples were exposed to water-saturated CO2, and CO2-saturated water in the pressure range of 40 to 80 bar at 50 o C. The corrosion rate of samples was determined by weight loss measurements. The surface morphology and the composition of the corrosion product layers were analyzed by using surface analytical techniques (SEM and EDS).
UWB miniature antenna limitations and design issues

A small conformal ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna has many important commercial and military applications. This stems from a multitude of factors such as cost reduction, space, payload, and, most importantly, the number of antenna systems. A common approach to reducing the number of antennas on a platform is to use a single broadband element, such as a spiral antenna. However, the issue is complicated by the fact that a single antenna element may need to operate over more than 10:1 bandwidth, such as 20 MHz to 2000 MHz. To cover such a vast frequency range with a single antenna using conventional designs would require a large physical size to achieve a desirable gain. Therefore, miniaturization techniques, such as the use of dielectric materials or reactive loading, must be used in an attempt to increase the electrical size of the antenna without increasing its physical size. We focus on antenna miniaturization using dielectrics and discuss some of the design issues related to the actual implementation of a miniature antenna.
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY AND EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH TO THE TEACHING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES.

AT AN international congress where many new developments and new ideas are brought forth it is appropriate also to think about the role of research and theory not only in guiding these new developments and new ideas, but also in providing a sound basis for foreign language teaching in all its aspects. This paper will concern research and theory specifically in the psychological foundations of foreign language teaching; it will not treat the role of linguistic theory in this field. We shall have to treat research and theory somewhat separately, for on the one hand, certain kinds of research do not depend much on theory, and on the other, some kinds of theories are extremely difficult to test by any empirical research. But as I hope to show, the best research is based on theory and interacts with it, and the best theories are those that can be tested
Genetic mapping reveals that sinefungin resistance in Toxoplasma gondii is controlled by a putative amino acid transporter locus that can be used as a negative selectable marker.

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies have been integral in identifying and understanding virulence mechanisms in the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In this study, we interrogated a different phenotype by mapping sinefungin (SNF) resistance in the genetic cross between type 2 ME49-FUDRr and type 10 VAND-SNFr. The genetic map of this cross was generated by whole-genome sequencing of the progeny and subsequent identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inherited from the parents. Based on this high-density genetic map, we were able to pinpoint the sinefungin resistance phenotype to one significant locus on chromosome IX. Within this locus, a single nonsynonymous SNP (nsSNP) resulting in an early stop codon in the TGVAND_290860 gene was identified, occurring only in the sinefungin-resistant progeny. Using CRISPR/CAS9, we were able to confirm that targeted disruption of TGVAND_290860 renders parasites sinefungin resistant. Because disruption of the SNR1 gene confers resistance, we also show that it can be used as a negative selectable marker to insert either a positive drug selection cassette or a heterologous reporter. These data demonstrate the power of combining classical genetic mapping, whole-genome sequencing, and CRISPR-mediated gene disruption for combined forward and reverse genetic strategies in T. gondii.
Must You Know the Code of f to Securely Compute f

When Alice and Bob want to securely evaluate a function of their shared inputs, they typically first express the function as a boolean or arithmetic circuit and then securely evaluate that circuit, gate-by-gate. In other words, a secure protocol for evaluating f is typically obtained in a non-black-box-way from f itself. Consequently, secure computation protocols have high overhead in communication & computation that is directly linked to the circuit-description complexity of f. In other settings throughout cryptography, black-box constructions invariably lead to better practical efficiency than comparable non-black-box constructions. Could secure computation protocols similarly be made more practical by eliminating their dependence on a circuit representation of the target function? Or, in other words, must one know the code of f to securely evaluate f? In this work we initiate the theoretical study of this question. We show the following:1.A complete characterization of the 2-party tasks which admit such security against semi-honest adversaries. The characterization is inspired by notions of autoreducibility from computational complexity theory. From this characterization, we show a class of pseudorandom functions that cannot be securely evaluated when one party holds the seed and the other holds the input without "knowing" the code of the function in question. On the positive side, we show a class of functions related to blind signatures that can indeed be securely computed without "knowing" the code of the function.2.Sufficient conditions for such security against malicious adversaries, also based on autoreducibility. We show that it is not possible to prove membership in the image of a one-way function in zero-knowledge, without "knowing" the code of the one-way function. We also describe a variant of the GMW compiler for transforming semi-honest to malicious security while preserving the specific black-box property considered here.
On the coupling between the plant and controller optimization problems

Examines plant and controller optimization problems. One can solve these problems sequentially, iteratively, using a nested (or bi-level) strategy, or simultaneously. Unlike the nested and simultaneous strategies, the sequential and iterative strategies fail to guarantee system-level optimality. This is because the plant and controller optimization problems are coupled. This coupling is introduced using a simple experiment. To prove it theoretically, the necessary conditions for combined plant and controller optimality are derived. These combined optimality conditions differ from the individual sets of necessary conditions for plant and controller optimality by a coupling term that reflects the plant design's influence on the plant dynamics and control input constraints.
Polynomial Time and Space Shift-Reduce Parsing of Arbitrary Context-free Grammars.

We introduce an algorithm for designing a predictive left to right shift-reduce non-determinisic push-down machine corresponding to an arbitrary unrestricted context-free grammar and an algorithm for efficiently driving this machine in pseudo-parallel. The performance of the resulting parser is formally proven to be superior to Earley's parser (1970).The technique employed consists in constructing before run-time a parsing table that encodes a non-deterministic machine in the which the predictive behavior has been compiled out. At run time, the machine is driven in pseudo-parallel with the help of a chart.The recognizer behaves in the worst case in O(|G|2n3)-time and O(|G|n2)-space. However in practice it is always superior to Earley's parser since the prediction steps have been compiled before run-time.Finally, we explain how other more efficient variants of the basic parser can be obtained by determinizing portions of the basic non-deterministic push-down machine while still using the same pseudo-parallel driver.
Insulin Pumps and Glucose Sensors in the Hospital

An insulin pump is a small mechanical device that, through a flexible catheter, delivers insulin via a patient’s subcutaneous tissue. The pump supplies a continuous infusion of insulin (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion [CSII]). CSII is standard of care in the management of type 1 diabetes and also can be used for management of type 2 diabetes. CSII provides tremendous flexibility for patients but also requires a thorough understanding of the hardware as well as proven ability to perform diabetes self-care.
Chemical and Spectroscopic Studies on Dopamine- β -Hydroxylase and other Copper Monooxygenases

The copper containing monooxygenases are vital to a number of different areas of human physiology and medical science. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) is of central importance in the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to noradrenalin, both of which act as neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system. Hence this enzyme has long been associated with affective disorders, schizophrenia, clinical depression and more recently the pathology of neuroblastoma. In addition, DBH inhibitors have been recognized as potent antihypertensive agents. Phenylalanine hydroxylase, (PAH), synthesizes tyrosine from phenylalanine, and thus occupies a central role in amino acid synthesis and metabolism. A third member of this class of proteins, peptidyl-α-amidase, catalyzes the conversion of C-terminal glycine-extended peptides to their bioactive amidated forms, and hence is responsible for the biosynthesis of essential neuropeptide hormones such as gonadotropin, vasopressin, calcitonin and oxytocin. This review summarizes recent comparative studies on the catalytic role of the active-site Cu ions in these related enzymes aimed at obtaining a deeper understanding of the reaction chemistry of copper proteins at the molecular level. Most of this work has been directed towards dopaniine-β-hydroxylase, but sequence comparisons with peptydyl-α-amidase and preliminary EXAFS results on phenylalanine hydroxylase are also included.
Twenty-First Century Pillow-Talk: Applicability of the Marital Communications Privilege to Electronic Mail

The marital privilege has two parts: the testimonial privilege and the communications privilege. Originally, the testimonial privilege prevented one spouse from testifying against another. According to the United States Supreme Court, spousal disqualification sprang from two canons of medieval jurisprudence: first, the rule that an accused was not permitted to testify in his own behalf because of his interest in the proceeding; second, the concept that husband and wife were one, and that since the woman had no recognized separate legal existence, the husband was that one. Thus, if a husband were not permitted to testify, then his wife, as a part of the husband, likewise should not be permitted to testify. In 1933, the United States Supreme Court abolished the rule disqualifying spouses from testifying in federal court on each other's behalf; however, a privilege remained that prevented either spouse from providing adverse testimony against the other. The rationale for the testimonial privilege is its role in protecting marital harmony and the sanctity of the marital relationship. This Article takes a fresh and innovative look at whether the marital communication privilege should protect communications between husband and wife sent via electronic means. Traditionally, the marital communications privilege is destroyed when a third party, without the knowledge or involvement of the recipient-spouse, intentionally or inadvertently discovers the communication. In the context of electronic communication, where Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have access to otherwise confidential communications, the marital communications privilege may not apply at all. Indeed, it is possible to argue that the marital communications privilege is inherently at odds with this form of communication. This Article has two purposes. First, it explores whether the marital communications privilege currently protects e-mail communication and whether the privilege should protect such communication. Second, it addresses whether the marital communications privilege should continue to exist, considering the traditional purposes of the privilege. Part II of the Article discusses the history of the marital communications privilege. Part III explores the details of e-mail storage and addresses constitutional and statutory provisions outside the context of the marital communications privilege that provide some privacy protection for electronic communications. Part IV takes a critical look at whether the marital communications privilege applies to electronic communication based on more traditional applications of the privilege and highlights three legislative solutions that have been put in place to protect privileged communications made electronically. Part V discusses whether courts should reconsider the marital communications privilege as a whole considering the stated purposes of the privilege.
Self-reported emotion reactivity among early-adolescent girls: evidence for convergent and discriminant validity in an urban community sample

Emotion reactivity, measured via the self-report Emotion Reactivity Scale (ERS), has shown unique associations with different forms of psychopathology and suicidal thoughts and behaviors; however, this limited body of research has been conducted among adults and older adolescents of predominantly White/European ethnic backgrounds. The present study investigated the validity of ERS scores for measuring emotion reactivity among an urban community sample of middle-school-age girls. Participants (N = 93, ages 11-15, 76% African-American, 18% Latina) completed the ERS and measures of emotion coping, internalizing problems, proactive and reactive aggression, negative life events, and lifetime suicidal ideation and substance use. As hypothesized, ERS scores were significantly associated with internalizing problems, poor emotion coping, negative life events, reactive aggression, and suicidal ideation (evidence for convergent validity), but showed little to no association with proactive aggression or lifetime substance use (evidence for discriminant validity). A series of logistic regressions were conducted to further explore the associations among internalizing problems, emotion reactivity, and suicidal ideation. With depressive symptoms included in the model, emotion reactivity was no longer uniquely predictive of lifetime suicidal ideation, nor did it serve as a moderator of other associations. In conjunction with previous research, these findings offer further support for the construct validity and research utility of the ERS as a self-report measure of emotion reactivity in adolescents.Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Language: en
A Quantitative Analysis of the Contributions of Female Mammalogists from 1919 to 1994

We quantified the contributions that women have made to mammalogy by surveying the 75 volumes (301 issues) of the Journal of Mammalogy from its origin in 1919 through 1994. Data were collected on publications (articles and notes), participation in The American Society of Mammalogists (ASM; membership, meeting attendees, committee members, and officers), and awards and honoraria. We found that women played a small, but significant, role in the Society from the outset, and that involvement in all facets has increased substantially since the late 1970s. As of 1994, women constituted 25% of the membership, and 38% of articles published in the Journal of Mammalogy contained at least one female author. We also found, however, that the actual contributions of women as measured by order of author lagged behind these figures, presumably reflecting demographic trends in the ages and positions of female mammalogists. The most frequent topics of publication have been reproduction and development, and population ecology, followed closely by behavior. More female authors have been affiliated with universities in California (11%) than in any other state or country. Since the 1970s, women have been represented on the Board of Directors of the ASM, albeit generally in low numbers. The percentage of women serving on committees has varied considerably, averaging 29% in 1994. Most heavily represented are those committees with education and outreach-oriented missions. Of the honorary memberships given by the Society, only one has been awarded to a female mam-malogist, but two of the Hartley H. T. Jackson awardees have been women. There has been one female recipient of the C. Hart Merriam Award. The percentage of female students receiving honoraria or grants-in-aid has increased significantly since the mid-1980s, and currently averages 25%. Overall, 17% of the Shadle Award winners have been women, with all but one receiving their award in the past decade.
What is the sound of fear? Behavioral responses of white-crowned sparrows Zonotrichia leucophrys to synthesized nonlinear acoustic phenomena

Fear and anxiety may be adaptive responses to life-threatening situations, and animals may communicate fear to oth- ers vocally. A fundamental understanding of fear inducing sounds is important for both wildlife conservation and management because it helps us understand how to design repellents and also how (and why) animals may be negatively impacted by anthro- pogenic sounds. Nonlinear phenomena—sounds produced by the desynchronization of vibrations in a sound production sys- tem—are commonly found in stress-induced animal vocalizations, such as in alarm calls, mobbing calls, and fear screams. There are several functional hypotheses for these nonlinear phenomena. One specific hypothesis is the unpredictability hypothesis, which suggests that because nonlinear phenomena are more variable and somewhat unpredictable, animals are less likely to ha- bituate to them. Animals should, therefore, have a prolonged response to sounds with nonlinear phenomena than sounds without them. Most of the studies involving nonlinear phenomena have used mammalian subjects and conspecific stimuli. Our study fo- cused on white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys ssp. oriantha) and used synthesized acoustic stimuli to investigate behavioral responses to stimuli with and without nonlinear phenomena. We predicted that birds would be less relaxed after hear- ing a stimulus with a nonlinear component. We calculated the difference from baseline of proportion of time spent in relaxed be- haviors and performed pair-wise comparisons between a pure tone control stimulus and each of three experimental stimuli, in- cluding a frequency jump up, a frequency jump down, and white noise. These comparisons showed that in the 30-60 s after the playback experiment, birds were significantly less relaxed after hearing noise or an abrupt frequency jump down an octave but not an abrupt frequency jump up an octave or a pure tone. Nonlinear phenomena, therefore, may be generally arousing to animals and may explain why these acoustic properties are commonly found in animal signals associated with fear (Current Zoology 60 (4): 534-541, 2014).
Influence on newly decorated housing pollution with different seasons,temperature and humidity

Objective To investigate the influence on newly decorated housing pollution with different seasons,temperature and humidity. Methods The monitoring data of newly decorated housing was analysed. Results The over-limit ratio of formaldehyde was 10. 2%,11. 4%,19. 4% and 4. 4% in spring,summer,autumn and winter with significant statistical difference( P 0. 01). while that of toluene was 7. 9%,6. 9%,2. 6% and 8. 3% with significant statistical difference( P 0. 01). The over-limit ratios of formaldehyde and benzene were significantly higher in the high tempture( ≥20 ℃) than in the low tempture( 20 ℃)( χ2= 30. 65,P 4. 67; χ2= 4. 666,P 0. 05). The concentration difference of various pollutants had no statistical significance in different humidity condition( P 0. 05). The grade of air quality was best in the condition that tempture was under 20 ℃ and humidity was under 30%( χ2= 32. 46,P 0. 01). Conclusion The formaldehyde and toluene of the indoor air were obviously influenced by season. The pollution of formaldehyde and benzene was more serious with tempeture increase. It was the best condition that tempture was under 20 ℃ and humidity was under 30% for controling air pollution of newly decorated housing.
Inhibition of a specific DNA repair system and nitrosourea cytotoxicity in resistant human cancer cells.

In this report we present evidence which suggests that pretreatment of a highly nitrosourea-resistant human colon tumor cell line with non-cytotoxic doses of streptozotocin (STZ) prior to, or simultaneously with, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) exposure produces synergistic increases in cytotoxicity of several logs over the cytotoxicity produced by exposure to BCNU alone. STZ pretreatment or simultaneous treatment with BCNU allowed BCNU-induced DNA interstrand crosslinks to form in this cell line, in which BCNU alone did not induce DNA interstrand-crosslinks. Reversal of the schedule (i.e., STZ following BCNU) was less effective in producing synergistic cell kill or increased DNA interstrand crosslinking. Replacement of BCNU with fresh BCNU was not effective in producing increased cell kill and produced no observable interstrand crosslinking. Direct assays for guanine O6-DNA alkyltransferase activity confirmed that more than 75% inhibition of this important DNA repair system occurred following exposure to 2.5 mM STZ and that the inhibition was virtually complete when STZ pretreatment was combined with BCNU exposure.
RESEARCH NOTE, The Impact of Safety Warnings on Perception and Memory:

Little research has been done concerning consumer product safety warnings. This study, using 91 undergraduates, attempts to alleviate this void through an experiment in which the design and presenc...
Digital image libraries and the teaching of art and architectural history

Can museums and libraries profit from sharing their information, visual or textual? Is direct access to digital archives a more logical or economic way to develop access to images for teaching and research than assembling local collections? Recent digital image library projects in the United States, and their impact on the teaching practices of art and architectural historians, show the advantages of focusing on issues such as licensing and intellectual property, metadata and evolving cataloging practice, image quality, and the different costs of creation and delivery. But there are other potential benefits such as document delivery and the dissemination of archival information, as well as the preservation of fragile illustrated texts through digital imaging.
Detecting Stop Episodes from GPS Trajectories with Gaps

Given increased access to a stream of data collected by location acquisition technologies, the potential of GPS trajectory data is waiting to be realized in various application domains relevant to urban informatics—namely in understanding travel behavior, estimating carbon emission from vehicles, and further building healthy and sustainable cities. Partitioning GPS trajectories into meaningful elements is crucial to improve the performance of further analysis. We propose a method for detecting a stay point (where an individual stays for a while) using a density-based spatial clustering algorithm where temporal criterion and gaps are also taken into account. The proposed method fills gaps using linear interpolation, and identifies a stay point that meets two criteria (spatial density and time duration). To evaluate the proposed method, we compare the number of stay points detected from the proposed method to that of stay points identified by manual inspection. Evaluation is performed on 9 weeks of trajectory data. Results show that clustering-based stay point detection combined with gap treatment can reliably detect stop episodes. Further, comparison of performance between using the method with versus without gap treatment indicates that gap treatment improves the performance of the clustering-based stay point detection.
Human-computer integration

The era of human-computer interaction is giving way to the era of human-computer integration—integration in the broad sense of a partnership or symbiotic relationship in which humans and software act with autonomy, giving rise to patterns of behavior that must be considered holistically. Cyborgs or brain-computer interfaces may come later, but integration is already well under way.
Basic Structural Design of Concrete Chimneys

The paper summarizes additional problems that, at the present time, are not incorporated in the ACI Chimney Code. Besides the static wind loading, which is covered in the ACI Code, the paper outlines the effect of the radial pressure distribution and the effect of ovalling and swaying due to resonant wind conditions. The procedure and formulas for computing the model magnification factor for resonant conditions are included. The paper also treats the earthquake response problem and makes recommendations based on studies conducted on actual chimneys that were subjected to actual accelerogram records. Formulas for computing and distributing the based shear along the chimney are given. Finally, the paper emphasizes the importance of a maximum stress investigation based on a load factor times the working load moments. This is necessary because of the nonlinear variation of the stress in the vertical steel with respect to the changes in the moment.
Current Trends in Candidiasis

In the 1940s, coincident with the introduction of antibacterial antibiotics into therapeutic strategies, a gradual increase in the number of reports of serious, deep organ candidal infections began to appear in the medical literature. Since then, there has been an abrupt increase in the incidence of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis and its complications. Candidiasis now represents the third-to-fourth most frequent nosocomial infection in hospitals in the US and worldwide. An important reason for this is that Candida species have a propensity to infect devices, and there has been a highly significant increase in the implantation of devices including indwelling catheters, artificial hips, knees and shoulders and prosthetic heart components, in recent years. The gravity of the situation deepens with the emergence of novel multidrug resistant species of Candida, such as C. auris, and the inability of existing diagnostic techniques to identify such species. Here, we discuss the current trends in the field of Candidiasis: epidemiology, most common or unusual clinical manifestations, and latest development in the areas of immunology and diagnostic testing. While this chapter is not meant to be exhaustive in content related to Candida, we have attempted to inform most recent updates in the field.
Power and Provocativeness: The Effects of Subtle Changes in Clothing on Perceptions of Working Women

ABSTRACTThe current study investigates the effects of subtle changes in professional women’s dress on women’s perceptions of power and competence. We replicate and extend Howlett, Pine, Cahill, Orakcioglu, and Fletcher’s (2015) research showing that women in provocative clothing are rated as less competent. We used a larger sample, tested a second independent variable, and fine-tuned the design for higher face validity. Participants (N = 198, 170 women and 29 men) from a Midwestern university in the USA rated four photographs of professionally dressed women whose blouses varied in the number of buttons left undone and whether they wore a camisole. We found main effects of buttons (undone/done) and camisoles (on/off) for participants perceptions of intelligence, competence, powerfulness, and on a global rating score. Results also showed significant interaction effects between buttons and camisoles on ratings of powerfulness. The results have many implications for how women dress professionally.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SYMPATHETIC GANGLION IN VIVO

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study examining growth and development of a sympathetic ganglion in vivo. In this study, the maturation of mouse superior cervical ganglion (SCG) in vivo is described. Choline acetyltransferase (Acetyl-Co A; choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.6.), (ChAc), the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of acetyl CoA and choline to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, is employed as a marker for the development of presynaptic cholinergic fibers. The enzyme is highly localized to these presynaptic terminals. Maturation of postsynaptic neurons is followed by measuring the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of noradrenaline, the postganglionic neurotransmitter. Visualization of ganglion synapses with the electron microscope allows estimation of the development of synaptic connections. Correlation of these biochemical and morphological parameters suggests that presynaptic nerve terminals might regulate the development of the postsynaptic neuron. The results of surgical transection of the preganglionic nerve trunk in neonatal animals confirm this hypothesis.