cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Things: Dead Labor, Nonhuman Actors, and the Persistence of Marxism

This article is about the question of social agency in the animation of things, and about how this problematic has been conceptualized in Marxist and Actor-Network Theory (ANT) approaches to human–nature–technology relations. Notwithstanding many obvious differences, we note that each tradition was founded on a radical shift to a relational ontology, a world of relations and processes and not things-in-themselves, and that each has developed, partly as a consequence of this move, analytically useful ways of investigating and talking about the work that things do, or appear to do, in the world. By relating the ANT category of non-human actors to the Marxist concept of dead labor, and by revisiting Marx's own dialectics of technology as embodied in his figure of the “living machine” in Capital, we explore the different implications of these approaches for our understandings of the nature, materiality, and the efficacy of social agents. We argue that ANT's reconfiguration of agency as a collective social and technical process—a process wherein the “nonhuman” can have very real social effects—can be deepened and given some political efficacy only if we take seriously the ontological problems of causality, accountability, and the directedness of social relations (and things) which ANT, and its wider, still evolving ethos among the social sciences and cultural studies, would have us forestall.
Poly(3-methylthiophene)-coated electrodes: optical and electrical properties as a function of redox potential and amplification of electrical and chemical signals using poly(3-methylthiophene)-based microelectrochemical transistors

Abstract : Optical and electrical properties of anodically grown poly-3-methythiophene are reported as a function of redox potential in CH3CN/0.1M (n-Bu4N)ClO4. Poly-3-methylthiophene can be grown by the oxidation of 3-methylthiophene and deposited onto Au or Pt electrode surfaces. A pair of poly-3-methylthiophene-connected microelectrodes can function as a transistor where one of the electrodes is regarded as 'source' and the other as 'drain' with the source being referenced to the solution as a gate. The poly-3-methylthiophene is the analogue of the channel of a solid state field effect transistor, since its conductivity changes by 100,000,000 depending on the potential. Large optical (300-800 nm) and electrical changes for the poly-3-methylthiophene occur between approx. +0.3 V and approx. +0.8 V vs. SCE. The reduced material has an absorption maximum at 490 nm and the oxidized material has an absorption maximum at 750 nm. The optical density changes parallel the resistant changes that occur as the potential of the polymer changes between approx. +0.3 and approx. +0.8 V vs. SCE. The charging of a 1.5 micrometer thick film of poly-3-methylthiophene involves approx. 10,000 time more charge per unit of projected area then a smooth Pt electrode, consistent with a large effective internal surface area for the conducting polymer.
Morphological predictors of acute complications after percutaneous excimer laser coronary angioplasty. Results of a comprehensive angiographic analysis: importance of the eccentricity index.

BACKGROUND Percutaneous excimer laser coronary angioplasty (ELCA) is a new technique for recanalization of arteries obstructed by coronary atherosclerosis. This study was conducted to assess the complication rate and determine the influence of clinical and angiographic characteristics on complications after ELCA. METHODS AND RESULTS A detailed, quantitative, angiographic core laboratory analysis of patients undergoing ELCA was performed by two experienced angiographers who were not the primary laser angioplasty operators. Two hundred patients underwent 203 separate procedures on 220 lesions at three medical centers. Laser success was achieved in 180 lesions (81.8%) and procedural success in 199 (90.5%). Emergency coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) was required in five patients (2.5%). One patient suffered a Q wave myocardial infarction; there were no deaths. Also, acute closure and perforation occurred in 10 (4.5%) and three (1.4%) vessels, respectively. Coronary dissections after laser treatment were seen in 36 vessels (16.4%). Multivariate analysis found two independent preprocedural factors related to complications: eccentricity index, which is the percent deviation of the lesion lumen from the center of the artery (p = 0.0007), and proximal vessel diameter (p = 0.033). In addition, an abrupt proximal face of the lesion was associated with angiographic complications by univariate analysis (p = 0.051). Multivariate analysis showed the eccentricity index (p = 0.032) to be the only independent predictor for the occurrence of any one or more of the important complications (emergency CABG, perforation, acute closure, or Q wave myocardial infarction), whereas lesion angle greater than 45 degrees was a significant univariate predictor (p = 0.029). Other predictors of complications with balloon percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, such as increased lesion length, rough edges, calcification, ulceration, and branch point, were not predictive of complications with the excimer laser. CONCLUSIONS The degree of lesion eccentricity is the most powerful predictor of complications after ELCA. This and other morphological predictors may be of benefit in the selection of patients for ELCA as well as directing future development of this new technology.
Indoor air: Spatial variations of chlorinated pesticides

Abstract The concentrations of two classes of chlorinated pesticides were measured in various locations within four homes. The prevalent compounds were chlorinated derivatives of cyclopentadiene which had been used as termiticides. These compounds were found in basement areas at higher concentrations than in upstairs areas of the homes. Another class of chlorinated pesticide was represented by chlorpyrifos; its spatial profile was consistent with its application in upstairs areas.
Phosphonate inhibitors of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase

Abstract Several bisphosphonates were examined as inhibitors of yeast GPD (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, EC 1.2.1.12) and PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase, EC 2.7.2.3). The phosphonomethyl analog of 2-deoxy-1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (i.e., 2-oxo-1,5-bisphosphonopentane, 2-oxo-PC5P) is a good inhibitor of PGK (Ki = 0.2 ± 0.08 mM at pH 8.5, 27°C) and a poor inhibitor of GPD (Ki = 20 ± 1 mM, pH 8.5). The shorter, butane, analog (2-oxo-PC4P) binds more tightly to PGK (Ki = 84 ± 6 μM), and about equally well to GPD, as does 2-oxo-PC5P. The 2-oxo-bisphosphonates bind to PGK more tightly (by approx. 4 kJ/mol) than do the corresponding non-carbonyl analogues (1,4-bisphosphonobutane and 1,5-bisphosphonopentane).
A suit for protecting chronically implanted devices in monkeys

The plastic barrel suit provides complete protection of chronically implanted fistulas and electrical connectors. The lost time, expense, and the frustrations of having these devices damaged was avoided.
Undergraduate College Students’ Perceptions of Psychiatric Nurses

We surveyed undergraduate students' perceptions of psychiatric nurses' effectiveness and analyzed other sources of data. Students reported that psychiatric nurses' strengths include helping in situations that involve psychiatric symptoms, mental health evaluation, and drug abuse. Psychiatric nurses also were said to be effective when helping an individual with psychiatric symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations. Friends or associates, common knowledge, school and education, and movies are some sources by which students learn about psychiatric nurses. Sources that provided less influential information include insurance carriers, newspapers, and personal experience.
Object classification using local subspace projection

We consider the problem of object classification from image data. Significant challenges are presented when objects can be imaged from different view angles and have different distortions. For example, a vehicle will appear completely different depending on the viewing angle of the sensor but must still be classified as the same vehicle. In regards to face recognition, a person may have a variety of facial expressions and a pattern recognition algorithm would need to account for these distortions. Traditional algorithms such as PCA filters are linear in nature and cannot account for the underlying non-linear structure which characterizes an object. We examine nonlinear manifold techniques applied to the pattern recognition problem. One mathematical construct receiving significant research attention is diffusion maps, whereby the underlying training data are remapped so that Euclidean distance in the mapped data is equivalent to the manifold distance of the original dataset. This technique has been used successfully for applications such as data organization, noise filtering, and anomaly detection with only limited experiments with object classification. For very large datasets (size N), pattern classification with diffusion maps becomes rather onerous as there is a requirement for the eigenvectors of an NxN matrix. We characterize the performance of a 40 person facial recognition problem with standard K-NN classifier, a diffusion distance classifier, and standard PCA. We then develop a local subspace projection algorithm which approximates the diffusion distance without the prohibitive computations and shows comparable classification performance.
Cardiac Surgery in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

In a retrospective study we analyzed the clinical features of 85 patients with end-stage renal disease who underwent cardiac operation. Seventy-eight patients were from reports in the literature, and 7 were from our experience. The cardiac procedures were primarily valve replacements and aortocoronary bypass (ACB) operations. The indication for valve replacement was most commonly infective endocarditis (73%), affecting most frequently the aortic valve (68%). The most common organism was Staphylococcus aureus, and there was a recent episode of angioaccess site infection in at least 17.5% of patients with documented endocarditis. The 30-day mortality was 57% for patients undergoing emergency valve replacement and only 3% for similar elective operations. Cumulative survival at 48 months was equal to that of the overall hemodialysis population not having cardiac operations. The mean age (50 years), male to female ratio (9:1), number of vessels bypassed per patient (2.4), and operative mortality for ACB were equal to those reported in comparable series of patients with normal renal function. Cumulative survival at 48 months for ACB patients was similar (60% versus 56%) to that of the overall hemodialysis population. Cardiac operations can be performed safely in patients with end-stage renal disease; the morbidity and mortality are similar to those encountered in patients with normal renal function. The long-term survival after cardiac procedures in patients with end-stage renal disease is similar to that reported for the overall hemodialysis population not having cardiac operations.
SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, AND THE SEARCH FOR IDENTITY: CANADA'S NORTHERN NATIVE PEOPLES IN TRANSITION

(1988). SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, AND THE SEARCH FOR IDENTITY: CANADA'S NORTHERN NATIVE PEOPLES IN TRANSITION. American Review of Canadian Studies: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 295-316.
Optical Model Potential at the Nuclear Surface for the Elastic Scattering of Alpha Particles

The elastic scattering of 18-Mev alpha particles from argon, 40-Mev alpha particles from copper, and 48-Mev alpha particles from lead was analyzed in terms of the optical model. The family of nuclear potentials which can be generated by changing all four parameters (V, W, gamma /sub o/,d) was employed. (W.D.M.)
MARKETING ANALYSIS TRAINING EXERCISE.

MATE (Marketing Analysis Training Exercise) simulates a market for one multi-branded product—packaged detergents— in form of a game. It can be used to train marketing students and junior executives as well as to screen and experiment with marketing strategies prior to trial runs in the actual market, thus paralleling the use of a pilot plant.
Hepatic iron stores and plasma ferritin concentration in patients with sickle cell anemia and thalassemia major

To examine the relationship between hepatic iron stores and plasma ferritin concentration in individuals treated with red cell transfusion and iron chelation therapy, 37 patients with sickle cell anemia and 74 patients with thalassemia major were studied. In each patient, hepatic iron stores were measured by an independently validated noninvasive magnetic method, and plasma ferritin was determined by immunoassay. The correlation between hepatic iron and plasma ferritin was significant both in patients with sickle cell anemia (R = 0.75, P < 0.0001) and in those with thalassemia major (R = 0.76, P < 0.0001). Regression analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups in the linear relationships between hepatic iron stores and plasma ferritin. Considering all 111 transfused patients as a group, the coefficient of correlation between hepatic iron stores and plasma ferritin was highly significant (R = 0.76, P < 0.0001). Regression analysis found that variation in body iron stores, as assessed by magnetic determinations of hepatic iron, accounted for only ∼57% of the variation in plasma ferritin, suggesting that the remainder was the result of other factors, such as hemolysis, ineffective erythropoiesis, ascorbate deficiency, inflammation, and liver disease. The 95% prediction intervals for hepatic iron concentration, given the plasma ferritin, were so broad as to make a single determination of plasma ferritin an unreliable predictor of body iron stores. Variability resulting from factors other than iron status limits the clinical usefulness of the plasma ferritin concentration as a predictor of body iron stores. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Estimating clear-sky beam irradiation from sunshine duration

Abstract Monthly-averaged climate and turbidity data from five sites in North America and Europe are employed to evaluate the relationships among monthly-averaged observed beam irradiation ( H b and H bn ), clear-sky beam irradiation ( H bc and H bnc ), sunshine duration (s), and daylength (S). Linear regression model fits to H b / H bc =a+b( s / S ) and H bn / H bnc =a+b( s / S ) indicate that the intercept (a) and slope (b) of the fits are close to 0.0 and 1.0, respectively. Thus, in locations where the absence of empirical data prevents finding the ‘true’ values of these coefficients, it is proposed that a=0 and b=1 be used to estimate the clear-sky beam irradiation from observed irradiation and sunshine duration. The analysis has utility in turbidity studies and solar applications, such as the performance prediction of solar energy systems, where the average daily clear-sky beam irradiation needs to be known.
Climatic influences on the Paleogene evolution of alkenones

Application of the alkenone paleotemperature proxy (UK’37) for marine sediments is typically constrained by three factors: (i) an absence of alkatrienones in sediments deposited where ocean temperatures exceed ~28°C, (ii) loss of alkenones in thermally altered sediments, and (iii) poor preservation of alkenone signals due to oxidative degradation. In addition, there appears to be a temporal limit on the occurrence of alkatrienones, which are conspicuously absent in all alkenone-containing sediments from the early Aptian to the immediate aftermath of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) when they first appeared in Arctic Ocean sediments. Compilation of reported and previously unpublished alkenone distributions for the Paleogene coupled with assessment of co-occurring calcareous nannoplankton genera within the Noelaerhabdaceae provide evidence that evolutionary developments in alkenone occurrences include biosynthetic responses likely triggered by climate change. The timing of emergence of alkatrienones post-EECO and their subsequent appearance at all latitudes during the middle Eocene accompanies expansion of the calcareous nannoplankton genus Reticulofenestra coincident with significant climate-driven changes in oceanic conditions, including (i) modification of trophic structure associated with weakened thermal stratification, (ii) higher productivity facilitated by enhanced nutrient influx, and (iii) changes in seasonality, initially at high latitudes, related to greater latitudinal temperature gradients. Collectively, these changes would serve to favor eurythermal/eurytrophic algae, like Reticulofenestra, with a biomechanism to store energy through production of lipid bodies rich in alkenones during episodes of higher nutrient availability. This ability likely enhanced the viability of this marine haptophyte when nutrients were limiting, ultimately ensuring its evolutionary success.
Physical and psychologic rehabilitation outcomes for pediatric patients who suffer 80% or more TBSA, 70% or more third degree burns.

Advances in medical management have dramatically decreased the mortality of children with massive burn injuries, which raises many questions about the expected quality of life for these young survivors. In this article, we address this issue by examining the functional and psychological adaptation of 41 young survivors with 88% mean total body surface area (TBSA) burns and 85% mean third degree TBSA burns. Patient scores were compared with normative data on standardized psychological measures of adjustment and on performance of age appropriate activities of daily living (ADL) skills. Thirty-three of the 41 patients (80%) were independent in basic ADL skills. Eighty-six percent of the patients who were aged 10 years and older were independent in advanced ADL skills. Patients with amputated fingers were significantly more dependent in ADL skills than those without amputations (P < .05). Mean psychosocial adjustment scores were within normal limits and were not significantly related to functional independence in ADL skills.
Energetic cost to develop to the first feeding stage of Euphausia superba Dana and the effect of delays in food availability

Abstract C and N lost or gained during development and the substratum utilized were determined from measurements of the C and N content of laboratory-reared larvae of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana from hatching through mid-Calyptopis 1 (Cl, the first feeding stage) at 0, 1 and 2 °C. The relative and absolute use of C and N during early development supported the hypothesis that lipid stores were the primary catabolic substratum during development to Cl and mid-way through Cl. Both measured and calculated estimates of the C required to develop from hatching to Cl indicated that larvae developing at higher temperatures used less energy to reach the Cl stage. After metamorphosis to the Cl stage, internal C reserves continued to satisfy ≈90% of calculated C requirements of fed larvae but the availability of food during this time may be important for development of the digestive enzyme system or of efficient feeding behavior. Development, growth, survival and elemental composition of larvae that experienced delays in food availability after metamorphosis to Cl were observed at 0 and 2 °C. Results of these experiments were used to determine the point-of-no-return (PNR) and quantify the importance of energy reserves to the first feeding stage. If initial delays in food availability exceed a certain point (PNR), starved larvae cannot recover when refed and eventually die. Short delays in food availability affected the timing of development, not the ability to continue to develop, but after iong delays the larvae lost the ability to metamorphose. The PNR depends not only on the initial energy reserves of the embryo but also on the amount of energy needed to reach Cl which in turn depends on the effect of temperature on O2 consumption rates and developmental times. The PNR of 10–14 days from the food availability experiments was similar to the calculated PNR from metabolic requirements and known lipid reserves. The calculated PNR increased with increasing temperature, from 9 to 15 days within the environmental range. Despite the narrow temperature range in the Southern Ocean, both temperature and food availability will affect the survival and recruitment of the early larvae of E. superba.
Double aortic arch with bilateral coarctations.

Abstract A previously unreported combination of coarctation of both limbs of a double aortic arch is described.
Molecular biology and transgenetics of prion diseases.

Considerable progress has been made deciphering the role of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein (PrP) in scrapie of animals and Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome (GSS) of humans. Some transgenic (Tg) mouse (Mo) lines that carry and express a Syrian hamster (Ha) PrP gene developed scrapie 75 d after inoculation with Ha prions; non-Tg mice failed to show symptoms after greater than 500 d. Brains of these infected Tg(HaPrP) mice featured protease-resistant HaPrPSc, amyloid plaques characteristic for Ha scrapie, and 10(9) ID50 units of Ha-specific prions upon bioassay. Studies on Syrian, Armenian, and Chinese hamsters suggest that the domain of the PrP molecule between codons 100 and 120 controls both the length of the incubation time and the deposition of PrP in amyloid plaques. Ataxic GSS in families shows genetic linkage to a mutation in the PrP gene, leading to the substitution of Leu for Pro at codon 102. Discovery of a point mutation in the Prp gene from humans with GSS established that GSS is unique among human diseases--it is both genetic and infectious. These results have revised thinking about sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, suggesting it may arise from a somatic mutation. These findings combined with those from many other studies assert that PrPSc is a component of the transmissible particle, and the PrP amino acid sequence controls the neuropathology and species specificity of prion infectivity. The precise mechanism of PrPSc formation remains to be established. Attempts to demonstrate a scrapie-specific nucleic acid within highly purified preparations of prions have been unrewarding to date. Whether transmissible prions are composed only of PrPSc molecules or do they also contain a second component such as small polynucleotide remains uncertain.
Tetrazolium oxidase phenotypes of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)

Abstract 1. 1. A broad range of tetrazolium oxidase mobility was found among rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) native to North America. 2. 2. Three forms of polymorphisms in rainbow trout and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) were interpreted as reflecting allelic relationships. Three-banded heterozygous phenotypes suggested that the active enzyme is a dimer. 3. 3. Similar gene frequencies were observed for rainbow trout sampled over a broad geographic range; a significant difference in gene frequencies was found between chinook salmon taken from high seas areas of the North Pacific Ocean and those from Seattle, Washington.
Tracking volcanic sulfur dioxide clouds for aviation hazard mitigation

Satellite measurements of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions can provide critical information for aviation hazard mitigation, particularly when ash detection techniques fail. Recent developments in space-based SO2 monitoring are discussed, focusing on daily, global ultraviolet (UV) measurements by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite. OMI’s high sensitivity to SO2 permits long-range tracking of volcanic clouds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) and accurate mapping of their perimeters to facilitate avoidance. Examples from 2006 to 2007 include eruptions of Soufriere Hills (Montserrat), Rabaul (Papua New Guinea), Nyamuragira (DR Congo), and Jebel at Tair (Yemen). A tendency for some volcanic clouds to occupy the jet stream suggests an increased threat to aircraft that exploit this phenomenon. Synergy between NASA A-Train sensors such as OMI and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the Aqua satellite can provide critical information on volcanic cloud altitude. OMI and AIRS SO2 data products are being produced in near real-time for distribution to Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs) via a NOAA website. Operational issues arising from these improved SO2 measurements include the reliability of SO2 as proxy for co-erupted ash, the duration of VAAC advisories for long-lived volcanic clouds, and the potential effects of elevated concentrations of SO2 and sulfate aerosol in ash-poor clouds on aircraft and avionics (including cumulative effects after multiple inadvertent transits through dilute clouds). Further research is required in these areas. Aviation community assistance is sought through continued reporting of sulfurous odors or other indications of diffuse volcanic cloud encounters, in order to validate the satellite retrievals.
Sub-Regional Transportation Initiatives: Implications For Governance

Abstract This paper examines the role of selected institutional forms and formal initiatives (councils of governments and joint power authorities) as integrative functions among local governments of the metropolitan region. These sub-regional networks provide integrative functions and enjoy greater success in implementing regional projects than their regional counterparts. This paper draws lessons from different examples of initiatives in the Greater Los Angeles area. These associations may signal a shift to a governance paradigm where policy creation and implementation is less a product of top-down intentional design, as it is individual vision, initiative, and leadership at the local levels.
On the Kolmogorov complexity of arbitrary objects

Abstract The notion of Kolmogorov program-size complexity (or algorithmic information) is defined here for arbitrary objects. Using a special form of recursive topological spaces, called partition spaces, we define a recursive topology which uses a level of partition for approximation of arbitrary objects instead of the usual metric. It is shown that the formulation for arbitrary objects satisfies most of the previous results obtained usually for natural numbers and for sequences of symbols. Thus we claim the existence of abstract computers formalizes the idea that many real-life objects may, in fact, be calculated (or approximated) effectively. We also show the existence of a universal probability measure for our arbitrary objects.
Left Atrial Myxoma as a Neurological Problem: A Case Report and Review

A puzzling neurological illness in a patient with a clinically normal heart was explained at autopsy by cerebral embolization from a left atrial myxoma (LAM). Constitutional symptoms associated with LAM were present. Cerebral angiography revealed aneurysms and focal areas of abnormal blushing. Cerebral and cardiac pathology is presented. The surgical follow-up of seven other cases is reported to determine the "curability" of such tumors. We believe that echocardiography should be performed in any case of suspected cerebral embolization even though cardiac symptoms and signs may be absent.
An overview of the HORNE logic programming system

HORNE is a PROLOG-based logic-programming system embedded in LISP. Programming in HORNE involves a careful mixture of logic programming and LISP programming. Since the summer of 1981, HORNE has been continually evolving from its origin HCPRVR (Chester, 1979). The main implementation is in FRANZ LISP on a VAX; a scaled-down implementation also exists in UCI LISP on a PDP-10. Today, HORNE bears little resemblance to HCPRVR; the primary similarity being the manner of embedding logic in LISP and the LISP-logic interface. This paper conveys the flavor of the current state of the system sacrificing detail and completeness for succinctness and simplicity. After a brief overview of the basic system, this paper highlights those aspects of HORNE that differ from more conventional PROLOG systems. We assume that the reader is familiar with the rudiments of PROLOG and LISP. A more thorough account of the system may be found in the "Horne User's Manual" (Allen and Frisch, 1982).
The biosynthesis of folic acid. X. Evidence for an Amadori rearrangement in the enzymatic formation of dihydroneopterin triphosphate from GTP.

Abstract Evidence is presented that an Amadori rearrangement occurs during the enzymatic conversion of GTP to the triphospho ester of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-( d -erythro-1′,2′,3′-trihydroxypropyl)7,8-dihydropteridine (dihydroneopterin triphosphate). This rearrangement results in the conversion of the ribose triphosphate portion of GTP to a 1-deoxy-2-ribulose triphosphate unit.
Balancing Linguistic and Social Needs: Evaluating Texts Using a Critical Language Awareness Approach

English as a second language (ESL) content-based texts are often evaluated for their presentation of sound second-language teaching practices. While such reviews are important and valuable, they ignore an examination of the race, class, and gender issues introduced in the texts. A critical perspective on textbook evaluation organized around the concept of critical language awareness (CLA) is introduced as an alternative and provides an appropriate tool for ESL teachers and administrators to gauge how deeply current content-based texts consider critical social issues in ESL students' lives. Two popular content-based texts are used to illustrate how texts can be reviewed. Findings reveal that neither text fully addresses all of the stages of CLA. Implications for practice discuss how teachers and administrators can use the instrument to complement findings from other evaluations and as a template to supplement discussions on issues of race, class, and gender.
Parallel computation with adaptive methods for elliptic and hyperbolic systems

Abstract We consider the solution of two-dimensional vector systems of elliptic and hyperbolic partial differential equations on a shared memory parallel computer. For elliptic problems, the spatial domain is discretized using a finite quadtree mesh generation procedure and the differential system is discretized by a finite element-Galerkin technique with a piecewise linear polynomial basis. Resulting linear algebraic systems are solved using the conjugate gradient technique with element-by-element and symmetric successive over-relaxation preconditioners. Stiffness matrix assembly and linear system solutions are processed in parallel with computations schedules on noncontiguous quadrants of the tree in order to minimize process synchronization. Determining noncontiguous regions by coloring the regular finite quadtree structure is far simpler than coloring elements of the unstructured mesh that the finite quadtree procedure generates. We describe linear-time complexity coloring procedures that use six and eight colors. For hyperbolic problems, the rectangular spatial domain is discretized into a grid of rectangular cells, and the differential system is discretized by an explicit finite difference technique. Recursive local refinement of the time steps and spatial cells of a coarse base mesh is performed in regions where a refinement indicator exceeds a prescribed tolerance. Data management involves the use of a tree of grids with finer grids regarded as offspring of coarser ones. Computational procedures that sequentially traverse the tree structure while processing solutions on each grid in parallel and that process solutions at the same tree level in parallel have been developed. Computational results using the sequential tree traversal scheme are presented and compared with results using a non-adaptive strategy. Heuristic processor load balancing techniques are suggested for the parallel tree traversal procedure.
Women and science

Synopsis This article explores two interconnected questions: why are there not more women scientists, and what would scientific inquiry and subject matter consist of if there were equal numbers of male and female scientists. The latter question relates additionally to the problem of how to change the forms of scientific inquiry and teaching in order to achieve full entry of women into the scientific workplace. In answering these questions I have pointed out that the reconstruction of the real history of women in science is only in its earliest stages. Furthermore, examination of the evidence indicates that the assertions that women are less mathematically able and less scientifically creative than men are more myth than fact. Finally, I have pointed out that science is a social construct, and have explored the likelihood that full equality for women in science would profoundly alter the structure of scientific practice itself.
Understanding Hypertext Navigation through Cluster Analysis

Hypertext documents are unlike traditional text for not only do they represent a computer-based medium, but also readers can process the hypertext in a nonlinear, random access fashion. The ability to navigate through hypertext sometimes presents individuals with difficulty perhaps because these readers do not possess adequate domain knowledge or interest in the topics encountered. This study was designed to inspect the navigational profiles of participants as they process a hypertext document. Using cluster analysis, three performance profiles emerged: 1) knowledge seekers, 2) feature explorers, and, 3) apathetic hypertext users. Analyses demonstrated that domain knowledge seems to differentiate among the cluster groups. Results indicated that students who are interested in computers and hypertext but who do not possess relevant amounts of domain knowledge aligned with the text material experienced difficulty when trying to comprehend hypertext. Implications for learning, assessment, and teaching are dis...
A study of the 23Na+p reactions to determine 23Mg consumption in stars☆

Abstract Statistical model calculations have been made to determine 23 Mg+n reaction rates in the temperature range 0.5−5 × 10 9 o K and to investigate their competition with the β + decay of 23 Mg during carbon burning in stars. To check the validity of the statistical model in this mass region, the 23 Na(p, n) 23 Mg reaction cross section was measured from E c.m. = 4.85−10.5 MeV, with particular attention to the astrophysically relevant energy range E c.m. = 4.85−5.9 MeV. As a further test of the model, the cross sections for other 23 Na+p reaction channels were measured over the narrower energy interval and compared with the model.
Coupled-circuit-model simulation and airgap-field calculation of a dual-stator-winding induction machine

The computer-simulation model of the dual-stator-winding induction machine in which the space harmonics of the stator windings and those of the rotor circuits are accounted for has been presented. The winding-function method is used to calculate the inductances in the machine. The phase-voltage and torque equations thus obtained are further transformed to the rotor reference frame to facilitate simplicity of modelling and using an n×n complex-variable reference frame transformation. Simulation results of the no-load starting transient are presented with the response of the machine to a change in the load torque. The balance of the paper presents an approach, using the stator-winding and rotor-bar currents determined from the coupled-circuit model and the winding functions of the stator windings and the rotor loops, to generate the airgap flux density. A simplified correction scheme, using the B/H curve of the magnetic steel material to account for magnetic saturation in the airgap is introduced, improving the prediction accuracy. Some measurements of no-load and full-load flux densities confirm the computer simulation and FEA results.
Price and quantity regulation in general equilibrium

Abstract We consider a general equilibrium model with a production externality (e.g. pollution), where the regulator does not observe firm productivity shocks. We examine quantity (permit) regulation and price (tax) regulation. The quantity of permits issued by the regulator are independent of the productivity shock, since shocks are unobserved. Price regulation implies use of the regulated input is an increasing function of the productivity shock because firms take advantage of a good productivity shock by increasing input use. Thus price regulation generates higher average, but more variable, production. Therefore, we show that in general equilibrium the relative advantage of quantity versus price regulation depends not only on the slopes of marginal benefits and costs, but on general equilibrium effects such as risk aversion. The general equilibrium effects are often more important than the slopes of the marginal benefits and cost curves. In the simplest model, a reasonable risk aversion coefficient implies quantity regulation generates higher welfare regardless of the benefit function.
Predicting multiprocessing efficiency on the Cray multiprocessors in a (CTSS) time-sharing environment/application to a 3-D magnetohydrodynamics code

A formula is derived for predicting multiprocessing efficiency on Cray supercomputers equipped with the Cray Time‐Sharing System (CTSS). The model is applicable to an intensive time‐sharing environment. The actual efficiency estimate depends on three factors: the code size, task length, and job mix. The implementation of multitasking in a three‐dimensional plasma magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) code, TEMCO, is discussed. TEMCO solves the primitive one‐fluid compressible MHD equations and includes resistive and Hall effects in Ohm’s law. Virtually all segments of the main time‐integration loop are multitasked. The multiprocessing efficiency model is applied to TEMCO. Excellent agreement is obtained between the actual multiprocessing efficiency and the theoretical prediction.
Biomimetic rules for design of complex adaptive structures

Nature builds by 1) use of local, inexpensive, available often recycled materials which 2) are self-ordering or growing by attributes shared between the material and environment, 3) repair themselves, 4) sense and adapt to changes in the environment daily, seasonally, and yearly; 5) easily disintegrate and recycle back into the material sink when their usefulness is at an end; and 6) do not harm the environment, but perhaps enhance it or resolve problems.
Prediction of future cardiovascular outcomes by flow-mediated vasodilatation of brachial artery: a meta-analysis

We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies which examined the association between flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of brachial artery, a noninvasive measure of endothelial function, and future cardiovascular events. Electronic databases were searched using a predefined search strategy. Data was independently abstracted on study characteristics, study quality, and outcomes by two reviewers. The multivariate relative risks, adjusted for confounding factors, were calculated from individual studies and then pooled using random-effects models. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using I2 statistics. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the meta-analysis. Publication bias was examined with funnel plot analysis and Egger’s test. Four population-based cohort studies and ten convenience-cohort studies, involving 5,547 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled relative risks of cardiovascular events per 1% increase in brachial FMD, adjusted for confounding risk factors, was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.83- 0.91). The significant associations between brachial FMD and cardiovascular events were consistent among all subgroups evaluated, suggesting the robustness of the meta-analysis. However, the presence of heterogeneity in study quality, the remaining confounding factors, and publication bias in the available literature prevent a definitive evaluation of the additional predictive value of brachial FMD beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The meta-analysis of heterogeneous studies with moderate methodological quality suggested that impairment of brachial FMD is significantly associated with future cardiovascular events. Further prospective randomized trials are warranted to confirm the efficacy of the usage of brachial FMD in the management of cardiovascular diseases.
Transport energy demand modeling of South Korea using artificial neural network

Artificial neural network models were developed to forecast South Korea's transport energy demand. Various independent variables, such as GDP, population, oil price, number of vehicle registrations, and passenger transport amount, were considered and several good models (Model 1 with GDP, population, and passenger transport amount; Model 2 with GDP, number of vehicle registrations, and passenger transport amount; and Model 3 with oil price, number of vehicle registrations, and passenger transport amount) were selected by comparing with multiple linear regression models. Although certain regression models obtained better R-squared values than neural network models, this does not guarantee the fact that the former is better than the latter because root mean squared errors of the former were much inferior to those of the latter. Also, certain regression model had structural weakness based on P-value. Instead, neural network models produced more robust results. Forecasted results using the neural network models show that South Korea will consume around 37 MTOE of transport energy in 2025.
Osteoblast-specific Transcription Factor Osterix (Osx) Is an Upstream Regulator of Satb2 during Bone Formation

Osterix (Osx) is an osteoblast-specific transcription factor essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Osx knock-out mice lack bone completely. Satb2 is critical for osteoblast differentiation as a special AT-rich binding transcription factor. It is not known how Satb2 is transcriptionally regulated during bone formation. In this study, quantitative real-time RT-PCR results demonstrated that Satb2 was down-regulated in Osx-null calvaria. In stable C2C12 mesenchymal cells using the tetracycline (Tet)-Off system, overexpression of Osx stimulated Satb2 expression. Moreover, inhibition of Osx by siRNA led to repression of Satb2 expression in osteoblasts. These results suggest that Osx controls Satb2 expression. Transient transfection assay showed that Osx activated 1kb Satb2 promoter reporter activity in a dose-dependent manner. To define the region of Satb2 promoter responsive to Osx activation, a series of deletion mutants of Satb2 constructs were made, and the minimal region was narrowed down to the proximal 130 bp of the Satb2 promoter. Further point mutation studies found that two GC-rich region mutations disrupted the Satb2 130bp promoter activation by Osx, suggesting that these GC-rich binding sites were responsible for Satb2 activation by Osx. Gel shift assay showed that Osx bound to the Satb2 promoter sequence directly. ChIP assays indicated that endogenous Osx associated with the native Satb2 promoter in osteoblasts. Importantly, Satb2 siRNA significantly inhibited Osx-induced osteoblast marker gene expressions. Taken together, our findings indicate that Osx is an upstream regulator of Satb2 during bone formation. This reveals a new additional link of the transcriptional regulation mechanism that Osx controls bone formation.
Acoustic conditioning for recall/recapture of escaped Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout

Abstract Escape of salmon from sea cages is a problem that continues to plague the aquaculture industry. Data collected during the past 15 years from Norway, Scotland, Ireland, Canada and U.S. suggest significant impacts on natural runs of fish and economic losses to producers. The present report investigated the feasibility of using acoustic conditioning as a means of recalling/recapturing escaped fish. Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) were found to respond to frequencies in the range of 50 – 400 Hz equally well. Subsequently, both species were conditioned to a 250 Hz acoustic tone during feeding. Juvenile and sub-adult fish readily conditioned to the acoustic signal within four days, with the maximum number of fish responding (85% salmon, 96% trout) by day seven. To assess retention of conditioning, fish were exposed to a single tone without feed reinforcement every one, two or four weeks. Salmon and trout continued to respond for a seven month period with no significant decrease (88% salmon, 97% trout) in response. No significant differences were observed in the response of either species to tones differing in frequency by up to 200 Hz (89% salmon, 96% trout) and intensity by 20 dB (91% salmon, 96% trout). Both species were reproducibly recalled to a cage or feeding ring in a 3.7 m tank, but were reluctant to re-enter the cage. The findings indicate that salmon and trout are readily conditioned to acoustic signals and retain that conditioning for an extended period of time without reinforcement. These characteristics suggest that acoustic conditioning has potential as a means to recall escaped salmon and when coupled with recapture, can reduce interactions with wild stocks and losses to the producer.
Determination of Trace Level Hydrocarbons in Marine Biota

ABSTRACT A method is described for the determination of hydrocarbons in marine biota. This method utilizes dynamic headspace sampling of an aqueous caustic tissue homogenate to extract and collect volatile organic components. Interfering polar biogenic (non-anthropogenic) components are removed by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) prior to quantitation and identification of the hydrocarbons by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After headspace sampling the non-volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are solvent extracted from the tissue homogenate, isolated using normal-phase HPLC, and analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence detection. Results of an interlaboratory comparison of determinations of hydrocarbons in mussel tissue are also reported. KEY WORDS: aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, gas chromatography, headspace sampling, high-performance liquid chromatography, interlaboratory comparison, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
INFORMED TRADING RISK AND BID‐ASK SPREAD CHANGES AROUND OPEN MARKET STOCK REPURCHASES IN THE NASDAQ MARKET

Microstructure theory contends that dealers' bid-ask spreads should vary intertemporally with changes in the asymmetric information component of the spread. Corporate theory suggests that stock repurchase announcements signal management's private information to the securities markets. An examination of dealers' spread behavior around firms' open market repurchases in the NASDAQ market reveals a decline in spreads adjusted for dealers' inventory-holding and order-processing costs. This decline is attributed to a reduction in informed trading risk associated with the open market repurchase announcements.
Leukoencephalopathy following the administration of methotrexate into the cerebrospinal fluid in the treatment of primary brain tumors

Four children having recurrent primary malignant posterior fossa tumors de-developed a leukoencephalopathy during treatment with methotrexate administered via a ventriculocisternal catheter. Symptoms and signs, including visual disturbances; seizures, quadriparesis, and organic dementia appeared from 3 to 15 months following the initiation of methotrexate therapy. At autopsy all four patients had severe leukoencephalopathy, chiefly involving die central white matter of the cerebral hemispheres; one patient had no residual tumor. All patients had received earlier irradiation, but the lesions within the brain are believed not to represent irradiation necrosis. It is postulated that the changes occurring within the brain are secondary to the disturbances in brain folic acid metabolism produced by the methotrexate; this effect may have been accentuated by the blockage of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways, the delayed effects of irradiation, or the administration of anticonvulsants. Intrathecal methotrexate is capable of eradicating certain intracranial malignancies, but its administration must be more judicious in order to avoid lethal complications.