cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harsh parenting, child behavior problems, and the dynamic coupling of parents' and children's positive behaviors

We examined self-reported maternal and paternal harsh parenting (HP) and its effect on the moment-to-moment dynamic coupling of maternal autonomy support and children's positive, autonomous behavior. This positive behavior coupling was measured via hidden Markov models as the likelihood of transitions into specific positive dyadic states in real time. We also examined whether positive behavior coupling, in turn, predicted later HP and child behavior problems. Children (N = 96; age = 3.5 years at Time 1) and mothers completed structured clean-up and puzzle tasks in the laboratory. Mothers' and fathers' HP was associated with children's being less likely to respond positively to maternal autonomy support; mothers' HP was also associated with mothers' being less likely to respond positively to children's autonomous behavior. When mothers responded to children's autonomous behavior with greater autonomy support, children showed fewer externalizing and internalizing problems over time and mothers showed less HP over time. These results were unique to the dynamic coupling of maternal autonomy support and children's autonomous behavior: The overall amount of these positive behaviors did not similarly predict reduced problems. Findings suggest that HP in the family system compromises the coregulation of positive behavior between mother and child and that improving mothers' and children's abilities to respond optimally to one another's autonomy-supportive behaviors may reduce HP and child behavior problems over time. (PsycINFO Database Record
Do Memory CD4 T Cells Keep Their Cell-Type Programming: Plasticity versus Fate Commitment? Complexities of Interpretation due to the Heterogeneity of Memory CD4 T Cells, Including T Follicular Helper Cells

Plasticity is the ability of a cell type to convert to another cell type. There are multiple effector CD4 T-cell subtypes, including TH1, TH2, TH17, TH1*, CD4 CTL, TH9, and TFH cells. It is commonly thought that a CD4 T cell can readily show full plasticity-full conversion from one differentiated cell-and this propensity to plasticity is possessed by memory CD4 T cells. However, there remains no direct demonstration of in vivo-generated resting memory CD4 T-cell conversion to a different subtype on secondary antigen challenge in vivo in an intact animal at the single-cell level. What has been clearly shown is that CD4 T cells possess extraordinary capacity for phenotypic heterogeneity, but that is a distinct property from plasticity. Heterogeneity is diversity of the resting memory CD4 T-cell population, not conversion of a single differentiated cell into another subtype. Apparently, plasticity at the population level can be accomplished by either mechanism, as heterogeneity of CD4 T-cell subpopulations could affect large shifts in subtype distribution at the overall population level via differential exponential expansion and death.
A new modulated model predictive control for permanent magnet synchronous motor

Variable switching frequency and regulating the dq-axes current of the motor with noticeable ripples are of the problems pertaining to finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) of a motor drive. In this paper a novel method has been developed to modulate the selected voltage vector of the FCS-MPC method. This method first choses the voltage vectors that should be applied to the motor in the next sampling time and then solves a set of equations to find the duration of application of each voltage vector. The equations have been obtained through an analytical method which drives the dq-axes currents exactly to their references at the end of each sampling time. Simulation results are provided to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Signal Clustering Using Temporal Logics

This paper introduces a new method for clustering signals using their temporal logic properties. Specifically, we propose a hierarchical clustering algorithm for efficiently processing a set of input signals. The input data is unlabeled, that is, no further information about properties of the signals are available to the learning algorithm other than the signals themselves. The algorithm produces a hierarchical structure where the internal nodes test some temporal properties of the data, and each terminal node contains a cluster (i.e., a group of similar signals). Each cluster can be mapped to a Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formula that describes its signals. The obtained formulae can be used directly for monitoring purposes but also, more generally, to acquire knowledge about the system under analysis. We present two case studies to illustrate the characteristics of our proposed algorithm. The first case study is related to a maritime surveillance problem, and the second is a fault classification problem in an automatic transmission system.
Hierarchical self-assembly of zwitterionic dendrimer–anionic surfactant complexes into multiple stimuli-responsive dynamic nanotubes

Zwitterionic materials attract a wide range of attention due to their unique molecular structures and properties, which make them an interesting candidate to solve multiple problems e.g. in biological and industrial applications. Here, we show that the incorporation of zwitterions into supramolecular assemblies of ionic building blocks can be an effective way to design responsive nanostructures with well-defined morphologies. We report the hierarchical assembly of stimuli-responsive nanotubes with tunable diameters in aqueous solutions via the selective attachment of anionic surfactants to dendrimers with uniquely engineered zwitterionic peripheries. We found that the packing number of the dendrimer-surfactant hybrids can be reversibly controlled, which will trigger their assembly into tubular-like structures. These tubes can grow up to the micro-scale, their diameter is responsive to the ionic strength of the solution, and they can reversibly assemble/disassemble with a change in pH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of dynamic nanotubes formed through controlled ionic interactions involving zwitterionic dendrimers in solution. This not only provides a bottom-up method to make stimuli responsive and dynamic tubes but also introduce a pathway to design complicated nanostructures by controlling the electrostatic interactions of building blocks using zwitterionic functionalities.
Results of Breast Biopsies for Mammographic Findings: An Update

(1992). Results of Breast Biopsies for Mammographic Findings: An Update. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 48-49.
Commentary: The neonatal brain and the challenge of imaging biomarkers, reflections on Batalle et al. (2018).

This review by Batalle et al. comes at an important time in the field as neonatal imaging has matured to a point that important questions can now be asked in a more definitive way. Identifying imaging biosmarkers that reflect the prenatal and early childhood origins of cognitive ability, behavior, and risk for neuropsychiatric disorders is now possible, and this commentary offers suggestions for addressing some of the challenges that lie ahead.
The Functional and Dysfunctional Aspects of Happiness: Cognitive, Physiological, Behavioral, and Health Considerations

Research on happiness and the positive effects it has on cognition, physiology, behavior, and health have been on the rise. This chapter seeks to refine these positions through a functionalist approach, arguing that happiness is largely beneficial. However, all is not sanguine as happiness facilitates distraction and mindlessness, seeking happiness can reduce happiness, and excessive happiness can push others away. This chapter reviews the evidence for when happiness is functional and dysfunctional, providing a theoretical framework for knowing when it is favorable to be happy and when it is not.
Abstract 392: Nanoparticle-based Biosensors for Measuring Apolipoprotein A-I and HDL Function

Background: High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are dynamic circulating nanoparticles that carry cholesterol and have numerous functions. Rapid measurement of HDL, the HDL-associated protein apolipopro...
Metabolic remodeling contributes towards an immune-suppressive phenotype in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive tumors. Numerous studies in the field of immunotherapy have focused their efforts on identifying various pathways linked with tumor-induced immunosuppression. Recent research has demonstrated that metabolic reprogramming in a tumor can contribute towards immune tolerance. To begin to understand the interface between metabolic remodeling and the immune-suppressive state in GBM, we performed a focused, integrative analysis coupling metabolomics with gene-expression profiling in patient-derived GBM (n = 80) and compared them to low-grade astrocytoma (LGA; n = 28). Metabolic intermediates of tryptophan, arginine, prostaglandin, and adenosine emerged as immuno-metabolic nodes in GBM specific to the mesenchymal and classical molecular subtypes of GBM. Integrative analyses emphasized the importance of downstream metabolism of several of these metabolic pathways in GBM. Using CIBERSORT to analyze immune components from the transcriptional profiles of individual tumors, we demonstrated that tryptophan and adenosine metabolism resulted in an accumulation of Tregs and M2 macrophages, respectively, and was recapitulated in mouse models. Furthermore, we extended these findings to preclinical models to determine their potential utility in defining the biologic and/or immunologic consequences of the identified metabolic programs. Collectively, through integrative analysis, we uncovered multifaceted ways by which metabolic reprogramming may contribute towards immune tolerance in GBM, providing the framework for further investigations designed to determine the specific immunologic consequence of these metabolic programs and their therapeutic potential.
Purification and Improved Nuclear Radiation Detection of Tl6SI4 Semiconductor

The wide-band-gap semiconductor Tl6SI4 (2.14 eV) has high photon stopping power and is a promising material for detecting X-rays. In order to improve its photoresponse to low-flux γ-rays, material ...
A 71-76 and 81-86GHz, Scaled 16-Element Transceiver Phased Array with Shared Image Selection Weaver Architecture, 25% EIRP to PDC, and Low EVM Variation

A 16-element, compact phased array transceiver is demonstrated at E-band (71-76 and 81-86GHz). A Weaver image selection architecture reduces the LO tuning range to 3GHz while covering the 10GHz band. The bidirectional and efficient implementation of Weaver architecture in scalable array is proposed using a bidirectional shared image selection IF mixer. The beam is steered across +/-30° with an average 30dBm EIRP across the upper and lower bands using narrowband LO phase shifter. A 1.5 GHz modulation bandwidth for 16 QAM and 64 QAM waveform is generated with EVM better than -19 dB/ -24 dB, respectively. The 2x2 transceiver die is implemented in SiGe BiCMOS and is assembled with 16-elements while operating at a 25% EIRP/PDC efficiency.
Service Provider Protocols

Routing in a large ISP requires a different viewpoint than routing in an organization’s network. Large networks need to make use of techniques to summarize routes and often view organization’s networks as nothing more than nodes on their network.
Modification of Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery Manual Skills Curriculum with Addition of a Vaginal Cuff Closure Task.

Study Objective Obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) residents are required to pass a Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) exam to qualify for written boards. FLS exam validity evidence has been questioned recently and concerns have been raised with its applicability to gynecologic surgical training. We present preliminary data from a pilot study which aims to correlate performance on FLS manual skills to a vaginal cuff closure model in a simulated setting. Design Prospective descriptive study Setting OBGYN residency program at a large urban academic medical center. Patients or Participants OBGYN residents in post-graduate year three. Interventions In addition to the standard five FLS tasks, participants are introduced to a previously studied vaginal cuff closure model during a teaching session. Before taking FLS exam, they are evaluated on a cuff closure using the modified Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) and a task-specific checklist. After assessment, residents filled out a usability survey. Measurements and Main Results Seven residents participated between July and December 2019. The mean time to completion of the cuff closure was 14.6 minutes (SD= 2.2 minutes) and range of 12.5 to 18.5 minutes. In our sample size of 7, we did not detect a correlation between official composite FLS and vaginal cuff scores as measured with GOALS (rho = 0.1070, p = 0.819) or the checklist (rho = 0.359, p = 0.429). All residents found the cuff to be a useful addition to curriculum and preferred to replace an FLS task with the cuff model. We plan to continue enrollment of 11 residents per year for four years, to reach a sample size of 44. Conclusion In this preliminary analysis of a pilot study, we did not find a correlation between performance on a vaginal cuff task trainer and FLS manual skills. Residents preferred cuff closure to FLS tasks.
High Schools Struggle to Adopt Evidence Based Practices for the Management of Exertional Heat Stroke

Context Exertional heat stroke (EHS) deaths can be prevented by adhering to best practices. Objective We investigated the adoption of policies and procedures for the recognition and treatment of EHS and the factors influencing the adoption of a comprehensive policy. Design Cross Sectional. Setting Online questionnaire. Patients or other participants Athletic trainers (ATs) practicing in the high school (HS) setting. Main outcome measure(s) Using the NATA Position Statement: Exertional Heat Illness, an online questionnaire was developed and distributed to ATs to ascertain their schools' current written policies for the use of rectal temperature and cold-water immersion (CWI). The Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM), allowed for responses to be presented across the various health behavior stages ("Unaware if have the policy", "Unaware for the need for the policy", "Unengaged", "Undecided", "Decided Not to Act", "Decided to Act", "Acting", and "Maintaining"). Additional questions included perceptions of facilitators and barriers. Data are presented as proportions. Results A total of 531 ATs completed this questionnaire. Overall, 16.9% (n=62) report adoption of all components for proper recognition and treatment of EHS. The policy component with the highest adoption was "cool first transport second" with 74.1% (n=110) of ATs reporting "Acting" or "Maintaining." The most variability in the PAPM responses was for a rectal temperature policy, with 28.7% (n=103) of ATs reporting "Decided not to Act" and 20.1% (n=72) reporting "Maintaining." The most commonly reported facilitator and barrier for rectal temperature included state mandate from state HS athletics association (n=274,51.5%) and resistance or apprehension from parents or legal guardians (n=311,58.5%), respectively. Conclusions ATs in the HS setting appear to be struggling to adopt a comprehensive EHS strategy, with rectal temperature continuing to appear as the biggest undertaking. Tailored strategies based on health behavior, facilitators and barriers may aid in changing this paradigm.
Effectiveness of a Computerized Cognitive Training Program for Reducing Head Impact Kinematics in Youth Ice Hockey Players

Cognitive training (CT) is an effective technique to improve neurological performance, but has not been investigated as a head impact primary prevention strategy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the CT's effectiveness in reducing head impact kinematics in youth ice hockey players. Twenty youth were divided into two groups: a CT and Control group. The CT group performed two 30-minute sessions of IntelliGym CT weekly for 20 weeks and the control group performed two 30-minute sessions weekly evaluating hockey videos. The dependent variables, number of head impacts, cumulative linear acceleration (CLA) and rotational acceleration (CRA) and mean linear and rotation peak acceleration, were compared with repeated measures ANOVAs, with post-hoc for main effect of time for each group, between the first and second half of the season. There were significant interactions for number of head impacts (p = 0.014) and CLA (p = 0.043) and post-hoc testing identified reductions in the second half of the season for the CT, but not control, group. There were no interactions for CRA, mean peak linear acceleration, and mean peak rotational acceleration. These preliminary results suggest CT may be an effective primary prevention strategy to reduce head impacts and cumulative linear acceleration in youth ice hockey players.
Actual versus perceived infection rates of COVID-19: Impact on distress, behavior and disability.

Abstract Objective Accurate threat appraisal is central to survival. In the case of the coronavirus pandemic, accurate threat appraisal is difficult due to incomplete medical knowledge as well as complex social factors (e.g., mixed public health messages). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree to which individuals accurately perceive COVID-19 infection rates and to explore the role of COVID-19 threat perception on emotional and behavioral responses both cross sectionally and prospectively. Methods: A community sample (N = 249) was assessed using online crowdsourcing and followed for one month. COVID-19 threat appraisal was compared with actual COVID-19 infection rates and deaths at the time of data collection in each participant's county and state. It was predicted that actual versus perceived COVID-19 infection rates would only be modestly associated. Relative to actual infection rates, perceived infection rates were hypothesized to be a better predictor of COVID-related behaviors, distress, and impairment. Results: Findings indicated that relative to actual infection, perceived infection was a better predictor of COVID-related outcomes cross sectionally and longitudinally. Interestingly, actual infection rates were negatively related to behaviors cross sectionally (e.g., less stockpiling). Prospectively, these variables interacted to predict avoidance behaviors over time such that the relationship between perceived infection and avoidance was stronger as actual infection increased. Conclusions: These data suggest that perceived COVID-19 infection is significantly associated with COVID-related behaviors, distress and impairment whereas actual infection rates have a less important and perhaps even paradoxical influence on behavioral responses to the pandemic.
Development and operationalization of an electronic palliative care registry in a large integrated health system

Background: Palliative care teams generally lack prospective tools to identify individuals who could benefit from specialty palliative care, which hinders their ability to find and treat patients early in their illness trajectories. Health systems are also limited in their ability to assess how well their palliative care services reach the population in need, which in turn makes it much more difficult to determine the quality, value, and effectiveness of those services. This study describes the creation, validation, and operationalization of an electronic registry of patients potentially eligible for palliative care at Sutter Health, a large integrated health system in northern California, US. Results: The electronic palliative care eligibility algorithm performed well within the chart review validation sample, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.903 and area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) of 0.545. Within the 2.4 million individuals who contacted the SH electronic health record (EHR) during 2017, the final algorithm identified 1.1%-1.8% of patients (26,773-42,847) as potentially eligible for palliative care services. This included approximately 12.9%-17.7% of inpatients (16,392-22,507 out of 126,916), and 1.2%-1.9% of ambulatory care patients (20,140-32,212 out of 1.7 million). Conclusions: A palliative care electronic patient registry was successfully created and operationalized. Performance based on an extensive chart review sample of Sutter Health patients indicated good capture of the palliative care-appropriate population, and this is further supported by successful identification of a majority of enrollees in Sutter Health9s palliative care programs during 2017.
Modular optimization in metabolic engineering.

There is an increasing demand for bioproducts produced by metabolically engineered microbes, such as pharmaceuticals, biofuels, biochemicals and other high value compounds. In order to meet this de...
Outcomes and role of peripheral revascularization in type A aortic dissection (TAAD) presenting with acute lower extremity ischemia.

Abstract Objective Limited data exists on management and outcomes of patients presenting with type A aortic dissection (TAAD) and acute lower extremity ischemia (ALI). The role of limb-related revascularization and optimal treatment strategy remains undefined. The objective of this study was to analyze dissection characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes of patients undergoing proximal aortic repair for TAAD with ALI. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent proximal aortic repair for TAAD were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Clinical data, imaging, operative details, and outcomes of patients with TAAD and ALI were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier methodology was used to estimate overall and amputation-free survival. Log-rank tests were used to compare overall curves. Predictors of revascularization and in-hospital mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results From 2010 to 2018, 463 patients with TAAD underwent proximal aortic repair. A total of 81 patients (17%) presented with ALI; 48% (39/81) with isolated ALI, and 52% (42/81) with ALI and renovisceral malperfusion. Thirty percent (24/81) required revascularization in addition to proximal aortic repair. Revascularization strategies involved endovascular (46%; 11/24), open (33%; 8/24), and hybrid (21%; 5/24) interventions. The major amputation rate was 4% (3/81), and in-hospital mortality was 21% (17/81). Amputation-free survival was significantly lower in patients requiring revascularization compared with those who did not (log-rank P = .023). Overall survival did not significantly differ between the two groups (log-rank P = .095). Overall survival was significantly lower in patients with concomitant ALI and renovisceral malperfusion compared with those with isolated ALI (log-rank P = .0017). Distal extent of dissection flap into zone 11 (odds ratio [OR], 5.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58-20.2; P = .008) and partial/complete thrombosis of any iliac artery (OR, 3.94; 95% CI, 1.23-12.6; P = .021) were associated with increased risk of requiring an additional revascularization procedure. True lumen collapse at level of renovisceral aorta (OR, 8.84; 95% CI, 1.74-44.9; P = .0086) was associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality. Conclusions ALI resolves after proximal aortic repair of TAAD in most cases. Distal extent of aortic dissection into zone 11 and iliac thrombosis are risk factors for additional peripheral revascularization. True lumen collapse at the renovisceral aorta and TAAD with concomitant ALI and renovisceral malperfusion portends a poor prognosis. A multi-disciplinary team approach to manage these patients who present with ascending aortic dissection and distal malperfusion may improve outcomes in this complex population.
Nonlinear Control of Crystallization

In this chapter, we present two applications of the nonlinear control method proposed in Chapter 2 to continuous and batch crystallization systems. Low-dimensional approximations of the population balances are derived and used for nonlinear controller design. The performance of the nonlinear controllers is successfully tested through simulations using the detailed population balance models and is shown to be superior to the one of linear control schemes.
Management of meningomyelocele

Abstract Data relevant to the management of 62 children with meningomyelocele seen at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center and the Helen Hayes Hospital in West Haverstraw, New York, are presented. The lot of these children is at best only fair. Generalized treatment protocols are difficult to make; rather, children so afflicted must receive care based on parameters that may change.
Nanotechnological Approaches to Cancer Diagnosis: Imaging and Quantification of Pericellular Proteolytic Activity

The sections in this article are Introduction Quantification of Local Proteolytic Activity – an Objective Regulation of Protease Activity Secretion Activation Inactivation Endogenous Protease Inhibitors Glycosylation Oligomerization Protein Trafficking Mechanisms of Confining Proteolytic Activity Membrane-type Matrix Metalloproteinases Cell Surface Receptors for Protease Binding ECM Binding of Proteases Cellular Microdomains The Tumor–Host Conspiracy Local Proteolytic Activity Regulates Complex Cellular Functions Local Proteolytic Activity in Cancer Cell Migration Local Proteolytic Activity and Cell Signaling Functional Insights from Matrix-metalloprotease Deficient Mice Evaluation of Classical Methods for Quantification of Net Proteolytic Activity Functional Detection of Local Proteolytic Activity by In Situ Zymography Tumor Cell Invasion Assays Electrical Resistance Breakdown Assay In vivo Detection of Proteolytic Activity Multiphoton Microscopy and Second-harmonic Generation In vitro Detection of Local Proteolytic Activity by Labeled Substrates Novel Approaches to Local Proteolytic Activity Conclusions and Perspectives Acknowledgments
Why a Coercion Test is of No Value in Establishment Clause Cases

Courts have increasingly referred to some sort of ‘coercion’ test in resolving Establishment Clause cases. This is not surprising, given the references to coercion in other areas of the law, and the serious criticism received by other, familiar Establishment Clause tests. As it turns out, though, the literature of the social sciences and humanities, and of philosophy especially, show, initially, the discouraging complexity of trying to rely on any form of coercion test in the Establishment Clause cases. The crucial problem, however, is not precisely one of the complexity, in this context, of the idea of coercion. Rather, the idea of coercion turns out to be remarkably unclear, open, and in various ways crucially undeveloped and incomplete. What this means, unfortunately, is that courts must either leave the idea of coercion hopelessly unclear and underdeveloped, or must crucially flesh out the meaning of coercion in ways that inescapably depend upon the logic underlying other, rival tests for deciding Establishment Clause cases. Coercion tests in the Establishment Clause area thus crucially and inevitably rely on the logic of their rival tests, and offer no distinctive independent value in resolving the cases.
Landing on a moving target using an autonomous helicopter

We present a vision-based algorithm designed to enable an autonomous helicopter to land on a moving target. The helicopter is required to identify a target, track it, and land on it while the target is in motion. We use Hu’s moments of inertia for precise target recognition and a Kalman filter for target tracking. Based on the output of the tracker a simple trajectory controller is implemented which (within the given constraints) ensures that the helicopter is able to land on the target. We present results from data collected from manual flights which validate our tracking algorithm. Tests on actual landing with the helicopter UAV are ongoing.
Depletion and recovery of lymphoid subsets following morphine administration

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Opioid use and abuse has been linked to significant immunosuppression, which has been attributed, in part, to drug-induced depletion of lymphocytes. We sought to define the mechanisms by which lymphocyte populations are depleted and recover following morphine treatment in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were implanted with morphine pellets and B- and T-cell subsets in the bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes were analysed at various time points. We also examined the effects of morphine on T-cell development using an ex vivo assay. KEY RESULTS The lymphocyte populations most susceptible to morphine-induced depletion were the precursor cells undergoing selection. As the lymphocytes recovered, more lymphocyte precursors proliferated than in control mice. In addition, peripheral T-cells displayed evidence that they had undergone homeostatic proliferation during the recovery phase of the experiments. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The recovery of lymphocytes following morphine-induced depletion occurred in the presence of morphine and via increased proliferation of lymphoid precursors and homeostatic proliferation of T-cells. LINKED ARTICLE This article is commented on by Eisenstein, pp. 1826–1828 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01513.x
Isolation of the Fourth Enzyme (Isomerase) of Histidine Biosynthesis from Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract A method is presented for the purification of the isomerase catalyzing the fourth step of histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. The enzyme was isolated from extracts of histidine auxotrophs which (when derepressed) produced 25 to 30 times the wild type levels of enzyme. The purification procedure involved fractionation with protamine sulfate and ammonium sulfate, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex, and continuous flow high voltage electrophoresis. The final product is homogeneous with respect to size, with a weight average molecular weight of 29,000, but is composed of three enzymically active forms (in the ratio 90:9:1) which may be distinguished by their differing electrophoretic mobilities in alkaline polyacrylamide gels.
Calculation of Relativistic Effects in Atoms and Molecules from the Schrödinger Wave Function

The traditional method for dealing with relativistic effects in atoms and molecules consists of a somewhat heuristic combination of quantum electrodynamics and a many-electron generalization of the one-electron Dirac theory. On the whole, results calculated from this theory agree with experimental data. Nevertheless, the theory is by no means entirely satisfactory; in its development, certain ambiguities and divergencies are resolved by somewhat arbitrary or questionable means. In this paper we attempt to illuminate — and sidestep — some of the more questionable aspects of the traditional method, by reformulating electromagnetic interactions between particles in a different way. In the following we shall be concerned mostly with electrons, although in many instances our considerations will apply equally well to other electromagnetic particles, in particular to nuclei.
Taking on the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards: Alignment, Recognition and Representation

The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) was established in 1987 to develop and operate a system of advanced certification; including a set of high and rigorous standards of accomplished teaching and an assessment system designed to measure these standards. Utilizing a qualitative, case study framework, this research project was designed to investigate the meaning perspectives associated with the NBPTS certification process from the point of view of a National Board candidate interacting with the procedures, assessments and requirements necessary to achieve certification. The study asserts the candidate focused on the alignment of her teaching to the vision of accomplished practice set forth in the NBPTS standards, the possible recognition of being NBPTS certified, and the challenges with representing teaching practices through the assessment vehicles provided in the certification process.
NATURALIZING COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN INFORMATION STUDIES

Researchers and professionals in the information fields are increasingly recognizing that they should engage themselves more closely with local, marginalized and under-empowered communities in addressing a range of challenges in diverse information contexts. Education employing critical pedagogy and dialogic action can provide a fertile ground for preparing future graduates for such engagement, and break down over-simplified dichotomies between academic and external community identities. The authors argue that non-traditional, mutually beneficial partnerships between grassroots communities and graduate students in information studies that have been nurtured through this pedagogical approach can help to raise students' consciousness of and sensitivity to authentic grassroots community information needs. At the same time, such activities can provide communities with a low-overhead entry-point into academic partnerships. In support of this argument, and using a basic qualitative descriptive approach, the aut...
Transmitter regulation of voltage-dependent K+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Voltage-dependent K+ channels (RBK1, RBK2 and RGK5) were co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2) receptors. K+ currents measured 2-4 days later were inhibited by 5-HT (100 nM-10 microM, 20-30 s application) by up to 90%. The effect of 5-HT was mimicked by intracellular injection of Ins(1,4,5)P3. Increasing the Ca2+ concentration at the inner surface of excised membrane patches did not decrease the K+ current.
Invention, Innovation, and New APIs

Keeping computing standards up with the pace of change in software and hardware development requires paying attention to methods by which such innovations are created, adopted, updated, and socialized within their target user communities. Significant changes are taking place in practice, led by work from individual contributors as well as formal and informal organizations. This column discusses some recent developments in application programmer interfaces (APIs) and factors that affect them, and explores new trends that are emerging from both standards organizations and software companies.
Making a good impression: resource allocation, home styles, and Washington work

Members of Congress engage in a variety of representational activities, but existing research suggests that the effect of these activities on reelection margins is mixed. Reframing the question, we examined whether or not constituents notice the home styles of members and members' efforts to communicate their activities through the allocation of official resources. Combining new data on members' office expenditures with data from the American National Election Studies, we found evidence that constituents perceive the representational activities of their members in a meaningful fashion. Franking, office expenditures, and travel back home to the district provide positive benefits to incumbents, shaping how constituents view these members and their activities.
On the conformation of tiazofurin analogues.

Tiazofurin, an important inhibitor of inosine 5‘-monophosphate dehydrogenase, has been argued to possess a restricted glycosylic bond due to an energetically favorable intramolecular (1−4) electrostatic interaction between the partial positive sulfur and the negative oxygen of the ribose. This rigidity has been appointed as a plausible cause that leads to activity in the sulfur containing compounds as opposed to the inactive oxazofurin-like analogues (i.e. S is replaced by an oxygen) that lack this favorable interaction. We reinvestigated this notion by using computational methods to report that although the above interaction (or its lack) is likely to contribute to the low-energy conformation of these classes of molecules, the flexibility of the glycosylic bond is ultimately determined by steric interaction of the heteroatoms with the C2‘-H and O4‘ of the ribose. Application of this theory in the design of new analogues is presented as well.
Alcohol and “bursts” of aggressive behavior: ethological analysis of individual differences in rats

A quantitative ethological analysis of rodent aggression was performed in order to characterize the aggression-heightening effects of alcohol in certain individuals. In dyadic confrontations, a resident rat pursues, threatens and attacks an intruder, who reacts with defensive, flight and submissive behaviors. The behavioral data from five series of experiments conducted from 1984 through 1989 were subjected to a lag sequential analysis that identified highly predictable sequences of aggressive behavior, and to interval analysis that delineated a burst pattern of aggressive behavior. These analyses revealed a distinct behavioral sequence of pursuit → sideways threat → attack bite → aggressive posture that occurs in bursts with an inter-event interval of less than 6.6 s. In the total population, alcohol heightened attack behavior at low acute doses (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 g/kg) in 47% of the animals (n=44), suppressed reliably attack behavior in another 25% (0.1–3.0 g/kg;n=23) and had unreliable effects in the remaining 28% (n=24). The peak enhancement of aggressive behavior was seen over more than a log cycle of alcohol doses (0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 g/kg) in different individuals. In an additional group of rats (n=20), individuals were identified according to whether or not acute low alcohol doses enhanced or suppressed the frequency of attack bites. In the subgroup of five rats who doubled their attack frequency upon acute alcohol challenge, this aggression-heightening effect was confirmed on repeated occasions. The aggression-heightening effects of alcohol were seen during the high-rate interactions in the initial phase of the confrontation and particularly during the lower level of fighting later on. Regardless of alcohol dose and subgroup, the highly predictable sequence of pursuit → sideways threat → attack bite → aggressive posture remained intact as long as the individual was able to fight. The present analysis identifies those individuals in whom low alcohol doses increase the frequency of attack behavior, the number of aggressive elements in bursts and particularly the “time in burst”. Alcohol produces these changes without altering the latency to initiate aggressive behavior, the rate of aggressive behavior within a burst or the number of bursts in an encounter. Alcohol may lengthen aggressive bursts by preventing termination of longer aggressive sequences rather than by altering the initiation of this behavior.
Gender differences in spatial perception of body tilt

The tendency for observers to overestimate slant is not simply a visual illusion but can also occur with another sense, such as proprioception, as in the case of overestimation of self-body tilt. In the present study, distortion in the perception of body tilt was examined as a function of gender and multisensory spatial information. We used a full-body-tilt apparatus to test when participants experienced being tilted by 45°, with visual and auditory cues present or absent. Body tilt was overestimated in all conditions, with the largest bias occurring when there were no visual or auditory cues. Both visual and auditory information independently improved performance. We also found a gender difference, with women exhibiting more bias in the absence of auditory information and more improvement when auditory information was added. The findings support the view that perception of body tilt is multisensory and that women more strongly utilize auditory information in such multisensory spatial judgments.
Electromagnetically induced transparency via exciton correlations

Electromagnetically induced transparency resulting from exciton spin coherence is demonstrated in transient optical response in GaAs quantum wells. The spin coherence is induced via correlations between excitons with opposite spins, including correlations associated with bound and unbound biexcitons.
Phenoxybenzamine stability in aqueous ethanolic solutions. II. Solvent effects upon kinetics

Abstract Determination of phenoxybenzamine (I) cyclization kinetics utilizing the pH stat method required that studies be conducted at apparent pH values below the apparent pK a values of the drug. This condition confers the benefit of improved I solubility and enables the cyclization rate constant (k 1,app ) to be measured in solvent mixtures from 7: 3 ethanol:water up to and including water. I conjugate acid apparent pK a values were determined in solvents up to 4:6 ethanol:water and allowed specific rate constants for cyclization (k 1 ) to be determined over the 7:3 to 4:6 ethanol:water range. A semilogarithmic plot of k 1 versus solvent ionizing power was linear and enabled values over the 3:7 to 0:10 ethanol:water range to be obtained by extrapolation. The apparent pK a of I conjugate acid in water was calculated from experimental k 1,app and extrapolated k 1 values in water. The ethylenimonium ion [N-benzyl-N-(1-phenoxy-2-propyl)ethylenimonium ion, II] solvolysis rate constants (k 2 , the sum of the individual rate constants k w and k alc for reaction of II with water and ethanol, respectively) were obtained over the 1:1 to 3:7 ethanol:water range. The pH stat method required that this process be measured at apparent pH values above the apparent pK a , where drug solubility is low. k 2 in water was thus estimated by extrapolation of a log k 2 versus dielectric constant reciprocal plot. The rate constant for reformation of I (k −1 ) was negligible over the 3:7 to 0:10 ethanol:water range.
Replication of spleen lymphocytes in the young rat, in vivo.

Tritiated thymidine effects on splenic lymphocytes regeneration, discussing DNA synthesis, cycle completion and resident populations
A low-current DC-coupled compander

A compander that uses DC-coupling, a fixed 1.5-V reference, a class-B variable-gain stage, and a class-AB amplifier output stage capable of swinging within a saturation voltage of supply and ground is described. Implementation of the design on a standard 20-V bipolar process yields channel separation of -64 dB for the compressor and -80 dB for the expander, a power supply rejection of -46 dB, and a drain current of 1.2 mA. The application requires six 1 mu F surface-mount capacitors and takes advantage of thin-film resistor technology for critical matching requirements. >
Difunctional blocking groups for rotaxanes and polyrotaxanes

Abstract Several bulky monomers for polyrotaxanes, including α,α,ω,ω-tetraarylmethyl bisphenol 9 , diethyl di( p-t -butylbenzyl)malonate ( 10 ), and 1,1-di( p-t -butylphenyl)ethene ( 12 ), were synthesized. All the intermediates ( 8, 11 ) and final products ( 9, 10, and 12 ) are new compounds.
Network connectivity in silicon dioxide

Abstract We have examined the ring statistics in computer generated models of two-, fourfold coordinated structures including for the first time constraints on the dihedral angle distribution imposed by chemical bonding. Treating the bonding angle at the two-fold coordinated site as a variable, we find a significant variation in the ring statistics and connectivity of the samples as a function of this parameter.
Extracellular matrix and the maintenance of the differentiated state: Proteoglycans synthesized by replated chondrocytes and nonchondrocytes☆

It has been previously shown that undifferentiated stage 23 to 24 chick limb bud mesenchymal cells can be maintained in culture under conditions which promote chondrogenesis. As the chondrocytes mature in vitro, their proteoglycan synthesis progresses through a specific and reproducible biosynthetic program. By the eighth day of culture, the chondrocytes are making proteoglycans that are similar to proteoglycans isolated from adult animal tissues. Relative to the Day 8 proteoglycans, the proteoglycans synthesized by chick limb bud chondrocytes earlier in culture have a smaller monomer size, longer chondroitin sulfate chains, shorter keratan sulfate chains, a higher ratio of chondroitin-6-sulfate to chondroitin-4-sulfate, and a decreased ability to interact with hyaluronic acid. We have reported a procedure to remove the cells from Day 8 cultures and strip away most, if not all, of the extracellular matrix. In addition, the chondrocytes can be separated from the 40–50% nonchondrocytic cells normally found in Day 8 cultures, and the two cell populations replated separately. This report describes the analysis of the proteoglycans synthesized by replated cells; this analysis demonstrates quantitative and qualitative differences between chondrocyte and nonchondrocyte proteoglycans. The overall rate of proteoglycan synthesis is fourfold higher and the rate of synthesis of high buoyant density proteoglycans 30-fold higher for replated chondrocytes relative to nonchondrocytes. Qualitatively, more newly synthesized nonchondrocyte proteoglycans partition at lower buoyant density on CsCl equilibrium density gradients than do chondrocyte proteoglycans. Nonchondrocyte proteoglycans are of two major classes: One has a monomer size slightly smaller than that of Day 8 chondrocyte proteoglycan, but has much longer glycosaminoglycan chains. The other is considerably smaller than Day 8 chondrocyte proteoglycans, but has glycosaminoglycans of slightly larger size. In contrast, replated chondrocytes synthesize, even as soon as 4.5 hr after replating, proteoglycans that are identical to Day 8 chondrocyte proteoglycan in monomer size, in glycosaminoglycan chain size, in aggregability, and in the ratio of 6-sulfated to 4-sulfated chondroitin. Since denuding mature Day 8 chondrocytes of their extracellular matrix does not cause them to recapitulate their developmentally regulated program for the biosynthesis of proteoglycans, it is concluded that the quality of mature chondrocyte proteoglycan is not altered by the absence of extracellular matrix.
A new computational approach for project management networks

Abstract Every project, whether large or small, requires a plan, a schedule, a system of control. One method of accomplishing the required function is with an activity network — most notably PERT networks. Recent research has shown numerical approximation methods to be superior to either deterministic analysis (such as critical paths) or simulation sampling techniques in terms of accuracy and run time on comparable problems. In this paper, a new family of Polygonal Approximation and Reduction Techniques (PART) for the linear polynomial approximation of activity time probability distributions in stochastic project management networks is presented. PART is based on the development of the first new method for network approximation and reduction to be advanced since discretization, which was the basis of all previously developed numerical approximation methods. Polygonal approximation overcomes several shortcomings of the previous methods. It provides the user with a menu of available probability distributions (in addition to the beta distribution which is traditionally used) to represent individual tasks. A much smaller amount of computer storage is required to represent a project network. The central limit theorem is not used as an approximation, since the direct convolution of activity task times is calculated. In this paper, we present a description of the PART concept and the construction of PART-based network approximation and reduction algorithms. We have also constructed, though not reported here, a wide range of project management network models using a random network generator to challenge both the new and existing methods. Analysis of algorithm performance over these models has shown that PART executes an order of magnitude faster while requiring less computer memory than its competitors. This means that for the same investment of time and computer resources, larger networks may be analyzed than were previously possible.