cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Vocal Fold Nodules on Glottal Cycle Measurements Derived from High-Speed Videoendoscopy in Children

The goal of this study is to quantify the effects of vocal fold nodules on vibratory motion in children using high-speed videoendoscopy. Differences in vibratory motion were evaluated in 20 children with vocal fold nodules (5-11 years) and 20 age and gender matched typically developing children (5-11 years) during sustained phonation at typical pitch and loudness. Normalized kinematic features of vocal fold displacements from the mid-membranous vocal fold point were extracted from the steady-state high-speed video. A total of 12 kinematic features representing spatial and temporal characteristics of vibratory motion were calculated. Average values and standard deviations (cycle-to-cycle variability) of the following kinematic features were computed: normalized peak displacement, normalized average opening velocity, normalized average closing velocity, normalized peak closing velocity, speed quotient, and open quotient. Group differences between children with and without vocal fold nodules were statistically investigated. While a moderate effect size was observed for the spatial feature of speed quotient, and the temporal feature of normalized average closing velocity in children with nodules compared to vocally normal children, none of the features were statistically significant between the groups after Bonferroni correction. The kinematic analysis of the mid-membranous vocal fold displacement revealed that children with nodules primarily differ from typically developing children in closing phase kinematics of the glottal cycle, whereas the opening phase kinematics are similar. Higher speed quotients and similar opening phase velocities suggest greater relative forces are acting on vocal fold in the closing phase. These findings suggest that future large-scale studies should focus on spatial and temporal features related to the closing phase of the glottal cycle for differentiating the kinematics of children with and without vocal fold nodules.
Pharmaceutlcal Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems.

Abstract The new edition of this widely used textbook on pharmaceutical dosage forms contains several updates, revisions, and additions to the title, authorship, and content of the fourth edition. The first chapter provides background on the heritage and practice of pharmacy and the development of new drugs, while the second presents basic information on nomenclature, chemical and physical characteristics, and mechanisms of action and adverse effects of drug substances. The next chapter deals with the biopharmaceutic and bioavailability concepts of dosage forms and the general principles of pharmacokinetics. General aspects of drug formulation, stability, appearance, labeling, packaging, and Good Manufacturing Practice are discussed in the fourth chapter. The remaining nine chapters discuss the various dosage forms classified under oral, parenteral, transdermal, ophthalmic, nasal, otic, rectal, inhalation, and other miscellaneous preparations. Each chapter concludes with a list of suggested additional readings as well as notes and references. The book includes an appendix on definitions of selected terms and another on measurement techniques of pharmaceutical systems.
Asynchronous High Speed Serial Links Analysis using Integrated Charge for Event Detection

We present a metric for event detection, targeted for the analysis of CMOS asynchronous serial data links. Our metric is used to analyze signaling strategies that allow for coincident or nearly coincident detection of both data and event timing. The metric predicts that the CMOS link signaling mechanism has substantial implicit dispersion and inter-symbol interference [ISI] tolerance when compared to conventionally timed links. In fact, it predicts correct link operation in situations where eye-diagram techniques predict link failure. Practical operation margins and metrics are described and evaluated for PCB and cabling solutions suggesting 10+ Gb/s low-power asynchronous links could be implemented in CMOS 130nm technology.
Application of the Transportable Low Speed Balancing Machine in the Overhaul of Turbo-generator

This paper,combining with the on-site actual example briefs the low speed balancing and maintenance-fabrication work of turbo-generator finished on site by using the transportable low speed dynamic balancing machine.the successful application of dynamic balancing machine in the overhaul of turbo-generator provides the necessary and reliable means for the on-site maintenance and repair of turbo-generator,being worth spreading.
Probabilistic low-rank matrix completion from quantized measurements

We consider the recovery of a low rank real-valued matrix M given a subset of noisy discrete (or quantized) measurements. Such problems arise in several applications such as collaborative filtering, learning and content analytics, and sensor network localization. We consider constrained maximum likelihood estimation of M, under a constraint on the entry-wise infinity-norm of M and an exact rank constraint. We provide upper bounds on the Frobenius norm of matrix estimation error under this model. Previous theoretical investigations have focused on binary (1-bit) quantizers, and been based on convex relaxation of the rank. Compared to the existing binary results, our performance upper bound has faster convergence rate with matrix dimensions when the fraction of revealed observations is fixed. We also propose a globally convergent optimization algorithm based on low rank factorization of M and validate the method on synthetic and real data, with improved performance over previous methods.
Jahangir 1605–1627

For Jahangir, the most irksome internal problem was that of the Rana of Mewar, head of the Sisodia clan of Rajputs at Udaipur who had successfully defied Akbar. The capitulation of the Rana of Mewar signalled that resistance to the Mughal was futile. Much of Jahangir energy was devoted to the courtly culture of the Mughals. A widely-known Muslim religious figure, Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi did not fare so well with Jahangir. His concern for Islamic revivalism and his anti-Hindu sentiments undoubtedly contributed to the sharpening division between the Islamic community and the Hindu community in the seventeenth century. As soon as Jahangir expired, the wazir Asaf Khan, who had long been a quiet partisan of Prince Khurram, acted with unexpected forcefulness and determination to forestall his sister, Nur Jahan's plans for Shahryar. He then proclaimed Khurram emperor under the title of Shah Jahan by having his name read in the Friday prayers.
Achieving Predictive Description of Molecular Conductance by Using a Range-Separated Hybrid Functional

The conductance of molecular bridges tends to be overestimated by computational studies in comparison to measured values. While this well-established trend may be related to difficulties for achieving robust bridges, the employed computational scheme can also contribute to this tendency. In particular, caveats of the traditional functionals employed in first-principles-based calculations can lead to discrepancies reflected in exaggerated conductance. Here, we show that by employing a range-separated hybrid functional the calculated values are within the same order as the measured conductance for all four considered cases. On the other hand, with B3LYP, which is a widely used functional, the calculated values greatly overestimate the conductance (by about 1–2 orders of magnitude). The improved description of the conductance with a RSH functional builds on achieving a physically meaningful treatment of the quasi particles associated with the frontier orbitals.
Is the Proposed World Health Organization (WHO) Classification for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) of Clinical Value in the Imatinib Era

The criteria to define chronic (CP), accelerated (AP) and blast phase (BP) CML vary in the literature. The WHO recently proposed, based on the literature and collective experience of the clinical advisory committee, new criteria for myeloid malignancies including CML in an attempt to provide more uniform criteria (Blood 2002; 100:2292). Imatinib is the current standard therapy for CML, and the criteria used in most studies using imatinib are shown below in contrast to the WHO proposal: | Phase | Criteria | Imatinib | WHO | |:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------:| -------------------------------- | ----------- | --------------------- | | *Unrelated to therapy (Rx), **Unresponsive to Rx, Plts=platelets, BM=bone marrow | | AP | Blasts | 15–29% | 10–19% | | | Blasts + promyelocytes | ≥ 30% | NA | | | Basophils | ≥ 20% | ≥ 20% | | | Plts <100 x 109/L* | Yes | Yes | | | Plts >1000 x 109/L** | No | Yes | | | Increasing spleen size and WBC** | No | Yes | | | CE | At any time | Not at diagnosis (Dx) | | BP | Blasts | ≥ 30% | ≥ 20% | | | Extramedullary disease | Yes | Yes | | | Large clusters of blasts in BM | NA | Yes | We investigated the clinical validity of the WHO proposal among 809 patients (pts) with CML in all stages treated with imatinib at MDACC since 1999. According to the imatinib classification, 537 (66%) pts were in CP, 196 (24%) in AP, and 76 (9%) in BP. When analyzing the specific subsets of pts where the classifications differ, major findings are: 1) Pts with CE at Dx (n=14) have similar cytogenetic (CG) complete remission (CR) rate (86%) than pts (n=477) with imatinib CP (75%, p=.53), but it is lower when CE develops after Dx (34/64, 53%; p=.0005). Similar results are found for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). 2) CG CR rate among pts with 20%–29% blasts (4/19, 21%) is more similar to that of AP (37/99, 37%)(p=0.19) than to pts with ≥30% blasts (5/76, p=0.07). This trend is more significant for OS and PFS. 3) Pts with increasing WBC and spleen, or plts >1000 x109/L unresponsive to Rx have a CG CR rate (9/42, 21%; p=.07) lower than others with AP, but there is no difference in OS or PFS. 4) Pts with plts >1000 x109/L without prior Rx have similar outcome as those with CE developing on therapy. In conclusion, based on results imatinib therapy, AP can be defined as blasts ≥10%, basophils ≥20%, plt 1000 x109/L (unresponsive to Rx), increasing WBC and spleen (unresponsive to Rx), and CE not at diagnosis; BP is defined by blasts ≥30% or extramedullary disease; pts who develop CE during the course of Rx of with plts >1000 x109/L not related to Rx constitute an intermediate group between CP and AP; all others are CP.
Hypertension Management: Ripe for Disruption.

In 1994, Jeff Bezos began to sell books online. With the virtual bookstore that would eventually become Amazon.com, he engaged customers more often than brick‐and‐mortar bookstores and delivered books to the customers’ destinations of choice, commonly the customers' homes. Books were chosen as
Performance of Low Afterpulsing Probability Multi-Pixel Photon Counters for Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Hamamatsu's Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs) satisfy the requirements of simultaneous Time-of-Flight (ToF) PET-MR operation, matching the gain and speed of vacuum photomultipliers while being immune to magnetic fields. They have been used to construct MR-compatible PET detectors that have demonstrated excellent timing performance on a prototype whole-body PET/MR scanner. Charge amplification in MPPCs relies on a Geiger mode avalanche developed in an individual silicon diode microcell. The primary noise sources in MPPCs include dark counts, optical crosstalk and afterpulsing. Afterpulses occur over a time range sufficiently long to increase the tail of the average MPPC output in response to incident optical photons. Hamamatsu Photonics continues to make improvements to their MPPCs aimed at lowering afterpulsing (and thus dark current) by using silicon with reduced impurities and a new junction profile. We characterized the operation of these Low Afterpulsing Probability (LAP) MPPCs and compared the timing performance of a ToF-PET detector block constructed using these devices with a block constructed using standard MPPCs. We found that the LAP MPPCs demonstrated significantly lower afterpulsing than their standard MPPC counterparts, which resulted in lower dark current at a fixed overvoltage. This feature ensured a more stable operating range for a LAP-based ToF-PET detector block. Despite this useful feature, the maximum photon detection efficiency of the LAP MPPC was similar to a standard MPPC, which limited any additional improvement in the CRT of a LAP-based block. Future improvements in the MPPC design that improve the PDE while concurrently retaining the low afterpulsing feature could benefit the timing performance of the ToF-PET detector block.
Myasthenia Gravis: Clinical Features, Immunology, and Therapies

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorder. This uncommon disease is characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness that worsens with exertion and improves with rest. The initial presentation is consistent with involvement of the extrinsic ocular muscle. The myasthenia usually progresses to involve other bulbar muscles and limb musculature, resulting in generalized myasthenia gravis. Although the etiology of the disorder remains unknown, the role of circulating antibodies directed against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in its pathogenesis is well recognized. The disease is treatable; therefore, prompt diagnosis is crucial. Fortunately, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the disease, leading to new treatment modalities and a significant reduction in the related morbidity and mortality.
Drug development against the hippo pathway in mesothelioma

Advances in the treatments for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) have been disappointing until recently. Conventional cytotoxic drugs fail in MPM in part because they do not address the cancer stem cell population or stem cell pathways that drive tumor resistance and resurgence following treatment. The Hippo stem cell pathway regulates cell contact inhibition with tumor suppressor genes such as NF2 (Neurofibromatosis 2) upstream controlling YAP (Yes-associated protein 1) oncogenes. NF2 is mutated in 40-50% of all MPM and downstream YAP is constitutively active in greater than 70% of MPM, making the downstream YAP/TEAD (transcriptional enhancer associate domain) complex the ultimate target. Novel small molecule YAP inhibitors are showing promising results in preclinical studies and may prove to be effective chemotherapy drugs in MPM.
Photon Irradiation for Spinal Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas

Abstract While surgical excision represents the primary curative modality for chondrosarcomas and chordomas, tumor-free surgical margins can be difficult or impossible to achieve in the spine without significant morbidity. Therefore, additional therapy is usually needed for durable local control. Adjuvant radiotherapy to a minimum of 60–65 Gy is recommended following incomplete resection or positive margins, though data are limited to largely retrospective series. Radiotherapy has also been given preoperatively in conjunction with a postoperative boost. The advent of intensity-modulated radiation therapy has allowed safer delivery of higher doses of radiation to spinal tumors with conventional fractionation. Perhaps more promising, however, is the emergence of stereotactic radiosurgery to deliver high-dose radiotherapy to tumors with a steep dose gradient around the spinal cord. By overcoming radioresistance typically associated with chordoma and chondrosarcoma, stereotactic radiosurgery may offer definitive local control as a surgical replacement or adjuvant.
Outcome of 9 dogs treated with stereotactic radiation therapy for primary or metastatic vertebral osteosarcoma

Primary and metastatic vertebral osteosarcoma (OSA) in the dog carries an overall guarded prognosis. Previously reported definitive treatments in dogs with vertebral OSA have included surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of those therapies. This retrospective study was completed to determine patterns of failure, duration of local control and survival time in dogs with vertebral OSA treated with stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT). Nine dogs were treated with SRT for vertebral OSA. Protocols ranged from 1 to 5 fractions with total prescription ranging from 13.5 to 36 Gy. Six dogs had primary lesions and 3 had metastatic lesions. Neurologic score improved in 4 patients, remained the same in 4 and worsened in 1. Five of the 6 dogs that presented with assessable spinal pain had reported improvement in pain. Overall median survival time was 139 days and median duration of pain control was 77 days. There was not a statistically significant survival difference between dogs presenting with primary or metastatic disease, or dogs that had improvement in neurologic score following SRT. The data suggests similar survival times to the previously reported definitive treatments in dogs with vertebral OSA and displays continued difficulty in controlling this tumour. The dose limiting structure is the late responding spinal cord, but many of the patients herein died prior to the expected time to development of late radiation side effects.
Management dilemma of cholecysto-colonic fistula: Case report.

Abstract Introduction Cholecystocolonic fistula is a rare condition and is found in roughly 1 in every 10,000. It represents 6.3% to 26.5% of all cholecystenteric fistulas (Chowbey et al., 2006; Angrisani et al., 2001; Yamashita et al., 1997). Cholecystocolonic fistula is the second most common intestinal fistula after cholecystoduodenal fistula (Costi et al., 2009). Rarity of this condition, atypical presentation, diagnostic and management challenges, makes it a unique surgical entity. Case presentation A 77-year old male presented with progressive abdominal distension and diarrhea. After initial evaluation, a cholecystocolonic fistula was suspected. Further diagnostic studies including Hepatobiliary Imino-Diacetic Acid (HIDA) scan and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiography (ERC) revealed complete occlusion of the cystic duct that could not be relieved. Shortly after, the patient developed septic shock likely of biliary origin and required an urgent open partial cholecystectomy and segmental resection of the involved colonic segment. Discussion In this particular case, the acute presentation together with the inflammatory features around the gallbladder pointed toward an acute inflammatory process and therefore we have tried to delay any operative intervention to allow the inflammation to subside and avoid operating in an inflamed field. Furthermore, our aim was to relieve any sort of biliary obstruction to allow the fistula −if present- to heal by minimizing bile flow through the fistula. Relieving biliary obstruction was not successful in our patient. Conclusion Based on our experience with this particular case, we could safely conclude that an operation for cholecystocolonic fistula presence in the setting of biliary obstruction that failed decompressive attempts should be performed in an urgent fashion to avoid biliary sepsis development.
Current Perspectives in Imaging Modalities for the Assessment of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms: A Comparative Analysis and Review.

Background Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are pathologic dilatations of cerebral arteries. This systematic review summarizes and compares imaging techniques for assessing unruptured IAs (UIAs). This review also addresses their uses in different scopes of practice. Pathophysiologic mechanisms are reviewed to better understand the clinical usefulness of each imaging modality. Methods A literature review was performed using PubMed with these search terms: “intracranial aneurysm,” “cerebral aneurysm,” “magnetic resonance angiography (MRA),” computed tomography angiography (CTA),” “catheter angiography,” “digital subtraction angiography,” “molecular imaging,” “ferumoxytol,” and “myeloperoxidase”. Only studies in English were cited. Results Since the development and improvement of noninvasive diagnostic imaging (computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography), many prospective studies and meta-analyses have compared these tests with gold standard digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Although computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography have lower detection rates for UIAs, they are vital in the treatment and follow-up of UIAs. The reduction in ionizing radiation and lack of endovascular instrumentation with these modalities provide benefits compared with DSA. Novel molecular imaging techniques to detect inflammation within the aneurysmal wall with the goal of stratifying risk based on level of inflammation are under investigation. Conclusions DSA remains the gold standard for preoperative planning and follow-up for patients with IA. Newer imaging modalities such as ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging are emerging techniques that provide critical in vivo information about the inflammatory milieu within aneurysm walls. With further study, these techniques may provide aneurysm rupture risk and prediction models for individualized patient care.
Pan-cancer microsatellite instability to predict for presence of Lynch syndrome.

LBA1509Background: The success of immunotherapy in microsatellite unstable (MSI-H) and/or DNA mismatch repair deficient (MMR-D) tumors has resulted in routine MSI-H/MMR-D testing in advanced solid tumors. Unlike colorectal (CRC) and endometrial cancer (EC), where this has long been undertaken, the characterization of Lynch syndrome (LS) across heterogeneous MSI-H/MMR-D tumors is unknown. Methods: Through a targeted NGS panel, MSI status was determined via MSIsensor. Scores of 50 cancers , 93.2% were MSS, 4.6% MSI-I, and 2.2% MSI-H. Germline mutations were identified in 0.3% (37/14,020), 1.9% (13/699), and 16....
Injectable liquid polymers extend the delivery of corticosteroids for the treatment of osteoarthritis

Drug delivery strategies generally use inert materials, such as high molecular weight polymers, to encapsulate and control the release rate of therapeutic drugs. Diffusion governs release and depends on the ease of permeation of the polymer alongside the device thickness. Yet in applications such as osteoarthritis, the physiological constraints and limited intra-articular joint space prevent the use of large, solid drug delivery implants. Other investigators have explored the use of micro- and nanoparticle drug delivery systems. However, the small size of the systems limits the total drug that may be encapsulated and its short diffusion distance causes rapid release. Ordinarily, the extremely low diffusivity of a polymer fluid would make this an unsuitable delivery system. Our technology takes advantage of specific molecular interactions between drug and polymer, which can control the rate of release beyond diffusion. With this "affinity-based drug delivery", we have shown that delivery rates from solid polymer can be prolonged from hours and days, to weeks and months. In this paper, we demonstrate that this affinity-based mechanism also applies to low diffusivity fluid-phase polymers. They show release rates that are substantially slower than chemically similar polymers incapable of forming those inclusion complexes. The similarity of this study's liquid polymers to the viscoelastic fluids used in current clinical practice makes it an ample delivery system for osteoarthritic application. We confirmed the capacity of anti-inflammatory delivery of corticosteroids: hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, and dexamethasone; from both solid implants and polymer fluids. Further, we demonstrated that viscoelastic properties are widely tunable, and within the range of native synovial fluid. Lastly, we determined these polymer fluids have no impact on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to cartilage and are not cytotoxic to a common cell line.
Methionine as a safe and effective novel biorational mosquito larvicide.

Background Mosquito larvicides provide a source-reduction strategy to diminish adult females that bite and potentially spread pathogens. Demands are mounting for new and innovative effective biorational larvicides, due to the development of resistance to some currently utilized mosquito larvicides, undesirable non-target effects, and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) restrictions. Methionine is a human nutrient essential amino acid that unexpectedly has been shown to be a valuable safe pest management tool against select insect pests that possess alkaline gut physiology. The present study evaluated larvicidal toxicity of methionine in several pestiferous mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) genera. Results Concentration-dependent DL-methionine kinetics assays of survival and pupation were conducted in larvae of Aedes albopictus Skuse, Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, and Culex tarsalis Coquillett in glass jars. High concentrations of DL-methionine yielded 100% mortality for all test species and prevented pupation at a rate equivalent to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) treatments. Concentration kinetics indicated that An. quadrimaculatus was 10-fold more sensitive to DL-methionine than Ae. albopictus and Cx. tarsalis. Conclusions EPA regulations currently exempt methionine in pesticide formulations applied to agricultural crops. This study demonstrates that methionine is a highly effective mosquito larvicide that can provide a beneficial new biorational, environmentally sustainable tool to control pestiferous mosquitoes. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
High-Speed Cross-Correlation for Spectrum Sensing and Direction Finding of Time-Varying Signals

Cross-correlation is a promising method for highly sensitive spectrum sensing. By computing the cross-power spectrum from a pair of sensors and performing time averaging, significant reduction of noise can be achieved, even between incoherent sensors. However, this improvement requires a large number of time-averages and is thus not useful for sensing of time-varying electromagnetic environments. To alleviate this long sample-time requirement, we propose using more than two sensors to capture data and cross-correlate between all possible sensor-pair combinations. This exchanges a long sample-time requirement for more sensors to achieve a given spur-free dynamic range, thus taking advantage of a large number of easily obtained low-cost software-defined radios. We quantify the rate of change of spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) due to attenuating a sensor as well as the rate of change of SFDR for collections of sensors. Then, we show that the proposed approach is effective in detecting time varying signals. Finally, we detail a modification to the method which allows for time-varying, angle-dependent sensing, and results in a new approach for direction finding based upon cooperative cross-correlation.
Interface Structure and Growth Kinetics

Implicit in our discussions of solid–liquid interfaces are the related concepts of local equilibrium and molecular accommodation. The former was carefully detailed in several earlier chapters, whereas the latter, thus far, has not been explored critically. Chalmers has discussed molecular accommodation at solid–liquid interfaces, and describes the relative ease of individual and small groups of atoms or molecules making energetic and configurational transitions between the crystalline and molten phases [1].
Simulations of complex systems across multiple length scales

Publisher Summary A variety of physical phenomena involves multiple length and time scales in their manifestation. In the complex physical systems, the changes in bonding and atomic configurations on the microscopic level have profound effects on the macroscopic properties, be they of mechanical or electrical nature. Linking the processes at the two extremes of the length scale spectrum is the only means of achieving a deeper understanding of these phenomena and of ultimately being able to control them. The chapter discusses the development of methodologies for the simulation of physical phenomena that involve multiple length and time scales. The methodologies are based on different approaches for the microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic scales.
The influence of time of birth and seasonal variations on weight loss in breastfeeding neonates

BACKGROUND Breastfeeding (BF) neonates generally lose weight after birth. Neonatal factors like gestational age, birth weight and mode of delivery can affect the neonatal weight loss after birth. Similarly, maternal age, parity and illness may contribute to newborn weight loss. However, influence of the time of birth and season on changes in weight is not well elucidated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine the effect of birth time and the seasonal variations on weight loss in BF newborns. METHODS In this retrospective study of a prospectively maintained database of two sets of groups, from January 2013 to October 2016, were evaluated- Birth time group and Seasonal group; Birth time of the groups was: night time 7pm to 7am and day time 7am to 7pm; and the seasonal variations groups studies were summer, fall, winter and spring. Weight loss of >5%, 7%, and 10% at 5% of birth weight at 7% birth weight at 10% at 12 h were significant contributing factors. Whereas, seasonal variations were not associated with weight loss in neonates. CONCLUSION BF babies born at night time lose significantly more weight during the first two days of life and seasonal association was not found to affect weight loss in the neonates.
Coarse-grained modeling of sheared granular beds

Abstract In this work, a volume-filtered Eulerian–Lagrangian (VFEL) approach is employed to evaluate the model fidelity required to accurately predict the dynamics of sub-aqueous sedimentary flows. The VFEL approach allows for interphase exchange terms (e.g., volume fraction and drag) to be computed on a length scale independent of the grid resolution, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the errors associated with numerical discretization and physical models on bed height, particle flux, and bed wavelength. Simulations of initially flat granular beds under both laminar and turbulent shear flow are carried out in featureless and pattern forming regimes. Resulting errors are evaluated by comparing VFEL to the direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of [1,2]. Grid refinement demonstrates convergence of the bed height and particle flux in all of the cases considered. However, traditional drag laws based on local volume fraction and particle Reynolds number lead to systematic errors in the featureless laminar regime. A stochastic drag law that accounts for the variance in local particle configuration provides improvement of the steady state statistics. The use of a stochastic drag law was found to be less important when the rise in bed height is minimal. Finally, the VFEL approach with stochastic drag is used in a large-eddy simulation framework to simulate pattern formation in turbulent shear flow at relatively high Galileo numbers.
Invalidly cued targets are well localized when detected.

Considerable attention has been devoted to understanding how objects are localized when there is ample time and attention to detect them. However, in the real world, we often must react to, or act upon, objects that we have glimpsed only briefly and are not directly at the focus of our attention. This paper describes two experiments examining the role of attentional constraints on 2-D (directional) localization, particularly in cases in which targets have been detected but are not within the spatial focus of attention. Targets were asterisks presented briefly (34–150 ms) above or below a central fixation point. Just prior to the target’s appearance, a cue directed attention toward, or away from, the target. Participants indicated whether or not they saw the target, and then used a mouse to indicate the target’s location. The impact of guessing was mitigated by removing trials that participants had flagged as not detected. Longer glimpses generally benefitted localization; by contrast, cue validity had very little effect on response sensitivity, bias or precision. At very brief durations, invalid cueing did result in a small increase in foveal bias. These results indicate that the directional location of objects can be extracted reasonably well from brief glimpses even with reduced attention. This directional information provides an important basis for 3-D localization of objects on the ground, via their angular declination. The current studies suggest that egocentric distance perception might be similarly robust to reduced attention when localization is based primarily on a target’s angular declination.
General Approach to Direct Measurement of the Hydration State of Coordination Complexes in the Gas Phase: Variable Temperature Mass Spectrometry

The formation of ternary aqua complexes of metal-based diagnostics and therapeutics is closely correlated to their in vivo efficacy but approaches to quantify the presence of coordinated water ligands are limited. We introduce a general and high-throughput method for characterizing the hydration state of para- and diamagnetic coordination complexes in the gas phase based on variable-temperature ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Ternary aqua complexes are directly observed in the mass spectrum and quantified as a function of ion trap temperature. We recover expected periodic trends for hydration across the lanthanides and distinguish complexes with several inner-sphere water ligands by inspection of temperature-dependent speciation curves. We derive gas-phase thermodynamic parameters for discernible inner- and second-sphere hydration events, and discuss their application to predict solution-phase behavior. The differences in temperature at which water binds in the inner and outer spheres arise primarily from entropic effects. The broad applicability of this method allows us to estimate the hydration states of Ga, Sc, and Zr complexes under active preclinical and clinical study with as-yet undetermined hydration number. Variable-temperature mass spectrometry emerges as a general tool to characterize and quantitate trends in inner-sphere hydration across the periodic table.
Autonomous 3D Semantic Mapping of Coral Reefs

This paper presents the first-ever approach for autonomous 3D semantic mapping of coral reefs. The position of corals in 3D coordinates and the type of the coral are presented in such a3D semantic map. The intended application of this work is coral reef health monitoring, as the current assessment is based entirely on direct or indirect human observation. The proposed system joins a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a direct visual odometry approach and a correlation filter based tracker, Kernelized Correlation Filter (KCF), to identify the different coral species detected. In addition to the coral classification, the 3D position of each coral is identified producing a semantic map of the observed reef. Each coral is identified once and tracked to prevent a recount. The number of different coral species encountered in two separate traversed areas is reported. Furthermore, the shape and size of a coral can be extracted from the 3D reconstruction enabling the extraction of volumetric data for subsequent studies. Experimental results from the coral reefs of Barbados verify the robustness and accuracy of the proposed approach.
Statewide Pediatric Facility Recognition Programs and Their Association with Pediatric Readiness in Emergency Departments in the United States

Objective To describe the relationship between statewide pediatric facility recognition (PFR) programs and pediatric readiness in emergency departments (EDs) in the US. Study design Data were extracted from the 2013 National Pediatric Readiness Project assessment (4083 EDs). Pediatric readiness was assessed using the weighted pediatric readiness score (WPRS) based on a 100-point scale. Descriptive statistics were used to compare WPRS between recognized and nonrecognized EDs and between states with or without a PFR program. A linear mixed model with WPRS was used to evaluate state PFR programs on pediatric readiness. Results Eight states were identified with a PFR program. EDs in states with a PFR program had a higher WPRS compared with states without a PFR program (overall a 9.1-point higher median WPRS; P Conclusions Statewide PFR programs are based on national guidelines and identify those EDs that adhere to a standard level of readiness for children. These statewide PFR initiatives are associated with higher pediatric readiness. As scalable strategies are needed to improve emergency care for children, our study suggests that statewide PFR programs may be one way to improve pediatric readiness and underscores the need for further implementation and evaluation.
Military Veterans Who Are Sexual Offenders: What We Know and What We Don’t Know

Nationwide justice surveys have repeatedly found that military veterans are incarcerated at a proportionately higher rate for sexual offenses than other offenses when compared to civilians. The reasons for such over-representation remain unclear. This chapter will review the limited existing literature on military veterans who are sexual offenders and focus on three areas: (1) Does the military culture increase the risk of sexual offending? (2) Are risk factors for sexual offending in military veterans similar or dissimilar to civilians? (3) What community re-entry challenges are unique to military veterans with sexual offenses? The few studies reviewed suggest that military veterans who are sex offenders are older, better educated, and with limited criminal histories when compared to their civilian counterparts. Veterans who are repeat sex offenders may disproportionately target minors; and in one study of high-risk sex offenders were found to have a twofold higher rate of pedophilic disorder (targeting minor male victims) than their civilian counterparts. Housing remains a re-entry challenge for military veterans with sex offenders and remains one of top three unmet needs of veterans who are registered sexual offenders.
Iowa's Medicaid Healthy Behaviors Program Associated With Reduced Hospital-Based Care But Higher Spending, 2012-17

Health behavior incentive programs are increasingly common in Medicaid programs nationwide. Iowa's Healthy Behaviors Program (HBP) requires Medicaid expansion enrollees to complete an annual wellness exam and health risk assessment or pay monthly premiums to avoid disenrollment. The extent to which the program reduces the use of hospital-based care and lowers health care spending is unknown. Using data for 2012-17 from Medicaid and for 2014-17 from HBP, we evaluated changes in use and spending associated with HBP participation. Compared to nonparticipants, HBP participants were less likely to have an emergency department visit or be hospitalized (by 9.6 percentage points and 2.8 percentage points, respectively) but had higher total health care spending ($1,594). Meanwhile, Iowa's Medicaid expansion was associated with increased use and spending independent of HBP participation-that is, applying to both participants and nonparticipants. Overall, our findings suggest that the HBP was associated with substantial reductions in hospital-based care but increased health care spending.
Concussion Symptoms by Mechanism of Injury in Elementary School–Aged Children

Research in pediatric concussion has investigated mechanism of injury and symptom reporting separately, but there is no study that examines differences in symptom reporting across multiple mechanisms of injury in elementary school–aged children. The purpose of the study was to examine symptom presentation and determine if symptoms of concussed children in middle childhood differ based upon mechanism of injury. Participants included 104 children between the ages of 6 and 10 years enrolled from area concussion clinics within 30 days of injury. All participants completed an initial clinic visit that collected demographic and injury characteristics as well as measures of post-concussion symptoms, anxiety, and depression based on parent report. We grouped the participants based on mechanism of injury (sports related, fall, hit by object, and motor vehicle accident). There was a significant group difference for age (p = 0.02) and history of previous concussion. Headache, fatigue, and trouble concentrating were the most commonly reported symptoms (> 50% of sample). We found no significant group differences in reported symptoms, although sleep disturbance approached significance. We also found no significant differences for total post-concussion symptom counts or total scores on a screener for anxiety or depression. Overall, there were no symptom differences by mechanism of injury in this young age group; however, research with larger samples is needed to enhance knowledge of the physical and emotional sequelae of concussion in younger children and inform best practices for timely interventions.
Microbiome and food allergy

Abstract Food allergies have increased in prevalence over the past few decades, particularly among children. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of the pathogenesis of IgE-mediated food allergies followed by a review of epidemiologic, murine, and human cohort studies that have suggested relationships between microbial communities and the development and course of food allergy. We explore potential mechanisms underlying these findings, and we discuss modalities for microbiome-based therapies for food allergy.
Effects of Fiber Density and Strain Rate on the Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Nanofiber Mats.

This study examines the effects of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fiber density and strain rate on nanofiber mat mechanical properties. An automated track collection system was employed to control fiber number per mat and promote uniform individual fiber properties regardless of the duration of collection. Fiber density is correlated to the mechanical properties of the nanofiber mats. Young’s modulus was reduced as fiber density increased, from 14,901 MPa for samples electrospun for 30 seconds (717 fibers +/- 345) to 3,615 MPa for samples electrospun for 40 minutes (8,310 fibers +/- 1,904). Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased with increasing fiber density, where samples electrospun for 30 seconds resulted in a UTS of 594 MPa while samples electrospun for 40 minutes demonstrated a UTS of 1,250 MPa. An average toughness of 0.239 GJ/m3 was seen in the 30 second group, whereas a toughness of 0.515 GJ/m3 was observed at 40 minutes. The ultimate tensile strain for samples electrospun for 30 seconds was observed to be 0.39 and 0.48 for samples electrospun for 40 minutes. The relationships between UTS, Young’s modulus, toughness, and ultimate tensile strain with increasing fiber density are the result of fiber-fiber interactions which leads to network mesh interactions.
Barriers to help-seeking for memory problems in older adults

The aim of this study was to investigate potential barriers to help-seeking for memory problems as well as outreach to providers. Participants who endorsed having hearing problems were the most likely to endorse barriers to help-seeking as well as speaking to a physician. Physicians and healthcare agencies can work to design outreach for persons who experience barriers, particularly hearing loss. Early detection of age- and disease-related cognitive problems affords patients the opportunities to receive medical treatment, engage in research, and plan for the future. Understanding help-seeking behavior has potential to aid both patients and clinicians. This study was designed to identify predictors of endorsed barriers to memory-related help-seeking as well as medical help-seeking endorsement. This cross-sectional correlational study used a convenience sample of 97 older adults. The participants answered anonymous questionnaires about subjective memory, mood, and health and several items designed to investigate help-seeking for memory issues. Persons who endorsed multiple barriers to help-seeking were more likely to also endorse having hearing problems. In addition, participants who reported that they would not talk to a doctor or physician about memory concerns also had significantly worse subjective hearing. Hearing loss may be a particular risk for not seeking help for memory problems. Physicians and healthcare agencies can work to design outreach for persons who experience barriers, such as hearing loss and the concomitant outcomes.
Synergistic Interplay of Covalent and Non-Covalent Interactions in Reactive Polymer Nanoassembly Facilitates Intracellular Delivery of Antibodies.

The primary impediments in developing large antibodies as drugs against intracellular targets involve their low transfection efficiency and suitable reversible encapsulation strategies for intracellular delivery with retention of biological activity. To address this, we outline an electrostatics-enhanced covalent self-assembly strategy to generate polymer-protein/antibody nanoassemblies. Through structure-activity studies, we down-select the best performing self-immolative pentafluorophenyl containing activated carbonate polymer for bioconjugation. With the help of an electrostatics-aided covalent self-assembly approach, we demonstrate efficient encapsulation of medium to large proteins (HRP, 44 kDa and β-gal, 465 kDa) and antibodies (ca. 150 kDa). The designed polymeric nanoassemblies are shown to successfully traffic functional antibodies (anti-NPC and anti-pAkt) to cytosol to elicit their bioactivity towards binding intracellular protein epitopes and inducing apoptosis.
Focusing a round coherent beam by spatial filtering the horizontal source

This paper illustrates the use of spatial filtering with a horizontal slit near the source to enlarge the horizontal coherence in an experimental station and produce a diffraction-limited round focus at an insertion device beamline for X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy experiments. Simple expressions are provided to guide the optical layout, and wave propagation simulations confirm their applicability. The two-dimensional focusing performance of Be compound refractive lenses to produce a round diffraction-limited focus at 11 keV capable of generating a high-contrast speckle pattern of an aerogel sample is demonstrated. The coherent scattering patterns have comparable speckle sizes in both horizontal and vertical directions. The focal spot sizes are consistent with hybrid ray-tracing calculations. Producing a two-dimensional focus on the sample can be helpful to resolve speckle patterns with modern pixel array detectors with high visibility. This scheme has now been in use since 2019 for the 8-ID beamline at the Advanced Photon Source, sharing the undulator beam with two separate beamlines, 8-ID-E and 8-ID-I at 7.35 keV, with increased partially coherent flux, reduced horizontal spot sizes on samples, and good speckle contrast.