cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of regular mammography use among American Indian women in Oklahoma: a cross-sectional study

There are significant disparities in breast cancer screening and survivorship between American Indian (AI) and non-Hispanic white women. This study aimed to identify the salient beliefs AI women from Oklahoma have on regular mammography screening, and to determine which beliefs and health- related practices are associated with past mammography screening behavior. This study used an integrated model of the Theory of Planned Behavior as the guiding theoretical framework. Data were collected from 255 (mean age = 51 years, SD 7.64 years) AI women randomly selected from a rural Oklahoma medical clinic (response rate: 79%). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with self-reported past mammography within the last two years while controlling for demographic variables. Associations were summarized using odds ratios (OR), the ratio of the odds of past mammography per a 1-unit increase in continuous independent factor scales (subjective physician norm, cultural affiliation, fatalism, knowledge of mammography screening guidelines, and perceived behavior control barriers) or between groups defined by categorical variables, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Of the participants, 65% (n = 167) reported a screening mammogram within the last two years. After adjustment for age and educational status, women with a higher total subjective-norm physician score (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.06-1.24), a higher knowledge of mammography screening guidelines (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.00-2.31), a family history of breast cancer (OR = 9.97, 95% CI: 3.05-32.62), or reporting an annual versus none or a single physician breast examination (OR = 5.57, 95% CI: 1.79-17.37) had a higher odds of past mammography. On the other hand, women who were more culturally affiliated (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.24-0.74), perceived more barriers (OR = 0.86, 0.78-0.94), or had higher fatalistic attitudes toward breast cancer (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82-0.99) had lower odds of past mammography. In the development of culturally-appropriate interventions promoting mammography among AI communities, emphasis could be put on the following: a) promoting clinic-related practices (e.g. physician recommendation, physician breast examination); b) promoting community-related practices (e.g. knowledge about mammography while eliminating fatalistic attitudes); and c) reducing environmental barriers.
On the composition of the preimmune repertoire of T cells specific for Peptide-major histocompatibility complex ligands.

Millions of T cells are produced in the thymus, each expressing a unique α/β T cell receptor (TCR) capable of binding to a foreign peptide in the binding groove of a host major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. T cell–mediated immunity to infection is due to the proliferation and differentiation of rare clones in the preimmune repertoire that by chance express TCRs specific for peptide-MHC (pMHC) ligands derived from the microorganism. Here we review recent findings that have altered our understanding of how the preimmune repertoire is established. Recent structural studies indicate that a germline-encoded tendency of TCRs to bind MHC molecules contributes to the MHC bias of T cell repertoires. It has also become clear that the preimmune repertoire contains functionally heterogeneous subsets including recent thymic emigrants, mature naive phenotype cells, memory phenotype cells, and natural regulatory T cells. In addition, sensitive new detection methods have revealed that the repertoire of naive...
Evaluating the intervention of an ethics class in students' ethical decision-making

In this pilot study, the author evaluated the impact of an ethics class in terms of students’ ethical decision-making. The research compares aggregate responses from scenario-based pre- and post-survey open-ended survey questions designed to elicit changes in ethical decision-making by comparing students’ cognitive and affective perceptions about ethical workplace behavior. Grounded in constructivist theory, which explains how individuals “know” and “come to know something (Reeves, 2003), this intervention encourages students to make better and more informed ethical decisions in the workplace based on their understanding of their value and belief system. The findings suggest increased positive cognitive and affective changes in student perceptions that inform one’s value and belief system, the student’s ability to remain open-minded and reconsider previous beliefs and actions from a 360 degree perspective, and the student’s ability to apply new information to ethical dilemmas in the workplace. 2
Programming the data structure accelerator

A fine-grained, massively parallel SIMD (single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream) architecture, called the data structure accelerator, is presented, and its use in a number of problems in computational geometry is demonstrated. This architecture is extremely dense and highly scalable. Systems of 10/sup 6/ processing elements can be feasibly embedded in workstations. It is proposed that this architecture be used in tandem with conventional, single-sequence machines and with small-scale, shared-memory multiprocessors. A language for programming such heterogeneous systems that smoothly incorporates the SIMD instructions of the data structure accelerator with conventional single sequence code is presented. >
Aphasia as the sole manifestation of simple partial status epilepticus

Summary: Aphasia due to simple partial status epilepticus is rare, particularly in the absence of a seizure history. No previous report describes acute aphasia as the sole clinical manifestation of EEG-monitored status epilepticus, with prompt resolution with treatment. We report a 45-year-old man with a left temporal glioblastoma who acutely developed a global aphasia, during which an EEG revealed continual repetitive sharp waves emanating from the left hemisphere. After injection of i.v. diazepam, the EEG seizure activity ceased, and the patient's language output returned to preseizure levels. RESUME L'aphasie est liee a un etat de mal epileptique partiel simple et rare, en particulier en I'absence d'antecedents de crises. II n'y a pas de cas publies qui decrivent l'aphasie comme seule manifestation clinique d'un etat de ma1 epileptique surveille par EEG, disparaissant rapidement avec le traitement. Les auteurs rapportent l'observation d'un homme de 45 ans presentant un glioblastome temporal gauche qui a presente une aphasie globale aigue; pendant cet episode I'EEG a mis en evidence des ondes lentes angulaires continues, repetees, hemispheriques gauches. Apres injection de diazepam intraveineux, I'activite EEG critique a disparu et le langage du patient a recupere son niveau anterieur. RESUMEN La afasia, como manifestacion de un status epilepticus parcial simple, ocurre raramente, particularmente, en ausencia de una historia de ataques. No hay informes previos que describa la fase aguda como la unica manifestacion de status epilepticus monitorizado con EEG y rapida resolucion con el tratamiento. Los autores describen un hombre con 45 anos que tenia un glioblastoma del lobulo temporal izquierdo que presento, de forma aguda, una afasia global durante la cual un EEG mostro ondas agudas repetitivas y continuas que se originaban en el hemisferior izquierdo. Despues de la inyeccion intravenosa de diacepam la actividad del EEG ceso y el lenguaje expresivo del enfermo volvio a los niveles preataque. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Aphasie als Status epilepticus einfacher Partialanfalle ist selten, besonders bei Abwesenheit von Anfallen in der Vorgeschichte. Bisher gibt es keinen Bericht uber eine Aphasie als einziges klinisches Zeichen eines irn EEG aufgezeichneten Status epilepticus mit prompten Ansprechen auf Therapie. Wir beschreiben einen 45 Jahre alten Patienten mit einem linkstemporalem Glioblastom, welcher akut eine globale Aphasie entwickelte. Im EEG fanden sich kontinuierlich repetitive sharpwaves im Bereich der linken Hemisphare. Nach intervenoser GAbe von Diazepam sistierte die Krampfaktivitat im EEG und die Sprache des Patienten kehrt zu ihrer ursprunglichen Funktion zuruck.
Thrust Belt of Northern Utah, Southwestern Idaho and Western Wyoming: ABSTRACT

The thrust belt of western Wyoming and adjacent parts of Idaho and Utah is arcuate eastward with the major thrust sheets having been overthrust toward the east. The northern end is crowded against the Teton--Gros Ventre--Wind River tectonic unit and the southern end against the Uinta Mountains mass. The distance between the buttressing elements is 180 miles. One thrust, the Absaroka has been traced the entire length of the belt; others are fairly long, and most have branch faults. The thrust sheets of the forward or eastern part of the belt are stacked in shingle fashion on each other, and for the most part dip fairly steeply at outcrop, although it is evident from stratigraphic displacements that horizontal movement has been considerable in a number of places. The imbric te thrusts of the eastern part of the belt involve mostly Mesozoic strata at the surface. In the back part of the belt is a master thrust called the Bannock, and it involves both Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata. The original view has recently been questioned that it is a great horizontal shallow thrust sheet that was later folded and eroded through in one place. Instead of one master sheet it may be a complex of several imbricate thrusts. Sharp anticlines and synclines either in front of, or within, the Bannock thrust sheet have attracted the attention of petroleum geologists, and have been drilled without success. A disturbed belt in front of the thrusts involving Cretaceous and early Tertiary strata has been proved productive of oil and gas in several places. Considerable attention is now being given this belt. South of the La Barge oil field the thrust sheets are extensively covered by the lower Eocene Knight formation, and this renders exploration difficult. End_of_Article - Last_Page 791------------
Fast variance image predictions for quadratically regularized statistical image reconstruction in fan-beam tomography

Accurate predictions of variance can be useful for algorithm analysis and for the design of regularization methods. Computing predicted variances at every pixel using matrix-based approximations is impractical. Even the recently adopted methods that are based on local discrete Fourier approximations are impractical since they would require two 2D FFT calculations for every pixel, particularly for shift-variant systems like fan-beam tomography. This paper describes a new analytical approach to predict the approximate variance maps of images reconstructed by penalized likelihood estimation with quadratic regularization in a fan-beam geometry. This analytical approach requires computation equivalent to one backprojection and some simple summations, so it is computationally practical even for the data sizes in X-ray CT. Simulation results show that it gives accurate predictions of the variance maps. The parallel-beam geometry is a simple special case of the fan-beam analysis.
Future Perspectives for Optimizing Oral Antiplatelet Therapy

Secondary prevention of stroke and other manifestations of atherothrombosis is essential if the burden of disease associated with these events is to be reduced. Therefore, it is important to identify
Identities and left cancellation in distributively generated near-rings

Given a semigroup S , we define { N ( S ), +, ·} to be the ‘free’ distributively generated near-ring. Since all words in N ( S ) can be expressed as the sum and difference of elements of S , we are able to define a length function on the words of N ( S ). The following theorems then follow: Theorem 1. N ( S ) contains a multiplicatice identity e if and only if e ∈ S . Theorem 2. If S is the free semigroup in the cariety of all semi—groups then N(S) is left cancellatice .
More time is better : an evaluation of the full-time school program in Uruguay

This paper estimates the impact of the full-time school program in Uruguay on standardized test scores of 6th grade students. The program lengthened the school day from a half day to a full day, and provided additional inputs to schools to make this possible, such as additional teachers and construction of classrooms. The program was not randomly placed, but targeted poor urban schools. Using propensity score matching, the authors construct a comparable group of schools, and show that students in very disadvantaged schools improved in their test scores by 0.07 of a standard deviation per year of participation in the full-time program in mathematics, and 0.04 in language. While the program is expensive, it may, if well targeted, help address inequalities in education in Uruguay, at an increase in cost per student not larger than the current deficit in spending between Uruguay and the rest of the region.
Tax, price and cigarette smoking: evidence from the tobacco documents and implications for tobacco company marketing strategies

Objective: To examine tobacco company documents to determine what the companies knew about the impact of cigarette prices on smoking among youth, young adults, and adults, and to evaluate how this understanding affected their pricing and price related marketing strategies. Methods: Data for this study come from tobacco industry documents contained in the Youth and Marketing database created by the Roswell Park Cancer Institute and available through http:// roswell.tobaccodocuments.org, supplemented with documents obtained from http://www.tobaccodocuments.org. Results: Tobacco company documents provide clear evidence on the impact of cigarette prices on cigarette smoking, describing how tax related and other price increases lead to significant reductions in smoking, particularly among young persons. This information was very important in developing the industry9s pricing strategies, including the development of lower price branded generics and the pass through of cigarette excise tax increases, and in developing a variety of price related marketing efforts, including multi-pack discounts, couponing, and others. Conclusions: Pricing and price related promotions are among the most important marketing tools employed by tobacco companies. Future tobacco control efforts that aim to raise prices and limit price related marketing efforts are likely to be important in achieving reductions in tobacco use and the public health toll caused by tobacco.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Primary Care Brief Mindfulness Training for Veterans with PTSD.

Objectives Primary care (PC) patients typically do not receive adequate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment. This study tested if a brief mindfulness training (BMT) offered in PC can decrease PTSD severity. Method VA PC patients with PTSD (N = 62) were recruited for a randomized clinical trial comparing PCBMT with PC treatment as usual. PCBMT is a 4-session program adapted from mindfulness-based stress reduction. Results PTSD severity decreased in both conditions, although PCBMT completers reported significantly larger decreases in PTSD and depression from pre- to posttreatment and maintained gains at the 8-week follow-up compared with the control group. Exploratory analyses revealed that the describing, nonjudging, and acting with awareness facets of mindfulness may account for decreases in PTSD. Conclusion Our data support preliminary efficacy of BMT for Veterans with PTSD. Whether PCBMT facilitates engagement into, or improves outcomes of, full-length empirically supported treatment for PTSD remains to be evaluated.
Plasmepsin V shows its carnivorous side.

Export of effector proteins is crucial for the virulence program of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. A crystal structure of the Plasmodium vivax processing enzyme essential for protein export reveals noncanonical aspartic protease features and provides an avenue for antimalarial drug development.
Measuring Health Status After Critical Illness: Where Are We and Where Do We Go From Here?

In the past, research concerning the outcomes of critical illness often focused on physiologic endpoints (such as oxygenation, ventilation, and tissue perfusion) and clinical endpoints (such as extubation rates, ICU survival, and hospital survival). Such outcomes are very appropriate for many critical care studies because of the high short-term mortality and life-threatening physiologic abnormalities in these patients. However, there is increasing evidence that mechanical ventilation strategies and critical care treatments such as sedation and restoration of tissue perfusion may have important effects not just on short-term physiology and survival, but also on long-term survival and the quality of that survival. For example, recent studies suggest that survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have marked reductions in the quality of their lives compared to other individuals with comparable critical illness but no ARDS [1]. Furthermore, patients with sepsis may survive to hospital discharge but have ongoing decrements in their survival for years that seems to be a result of their critical illness rather than their underlying medical problems [2]. Finally, there is growing evidence that critical care treatment strategies effect long-term cognitive function [3] and influence the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder [4 6]. These studies suggest that critical care therapies may influence not just organ function and short-term survival, but also long-term survival and quality of life. These findings imply that critical care clinical research should expand its horizons and look at some of the longer-term outcomes of critical care if we are to maximize the survival and the quality of that survival for our patients.
2,2',5,5'-Tetra-chloro-benzidine.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C12H8Cl4N2, mol­ecules lie on crystallographic twofold axes at the centre of the C—C bonds linking the benzene rings, such that the asymmetric unit consists of a half-mol­ecule. The individual mol­ecules participate in inter­molecular N—H⋯N, N—H⋯Cl, C—H⋯Cl and Cl⋯Cl [3.4503 (3) A] inter­actions.
Credit Ratings and the Use of Private Debt

This paper examines how firm credit ratings affect the use of outstanding private debt and unused lines of credit. Firms not having credit ratings have more outstanding private debt and unused lines of credit than firms having credit ratings. Firms of low credit ratings also use more private debt than firms of high credit ratings. Firms rated speculative grades increase unused credit lines more than firms rated investment grades when their credit ratings deteriorate. Moreover, firms with high credit ratings have more unused lines of credit relative to outstanding private debt than firms with low credit ratings. Firms also use more private debt when they are near credit rating upgrades or downgrades between investment grades and speculative grades.
Field Work Among Scottish Shepherds and German Peasants: “Wholes” and Their Handicaps

scientific method, it is not to suggest that we use hunches or indefinite observations as a substitute for precise measurements. We must recognize, however, thatbothgeographicallyandmethodologically there are frontiers to our science and some of us must have courage enough to work on these frontiers rather than seek the safe haven of certain well-accepted, tried-and-true techniques. We all would recognize, I am sure, that there are traditions of the laboratory or of any profession which have to be handed from the more experienced to the novice in extracurricular fashion. These traditions seldom appear in the textbooks; they are neither weighty in content nor is each one greatly significant in itself. But only when they are absorbed, bit by bit, by the beginner will he gain self-confidence and the ability to inspire others. I am suggesting that we sociologists too have certain traditions-extracurricular, if you will-which must be shared with each other and with those who take our places. When these are combined with a full appreciation for and skill in the scientific method and advanced sociological theory, then we can say that the young sociologist is becoming mature in the exercise of his profession. One of the best possible ways to gain this maturity is to undertake research with peasants who will test your mettle and make you re-examine many of the ideas and procedures which you had taken for granted simply because you had accepted them from an instructor in the classroom. As an air force officer once told me, "I didn't really learn to fly until I got my wings." So the sociologist can really master his grasp of our discipline only as he seeks to apply it in situations where he is definitely on his own. The peasant world, comprising about two-thirds of the world's people, will continue to be an excellent provingground for those who are not afraid of frontiersnot merely of geography but of method and theory as well.
Chronic hypoxia increases peroxynitrite, MMP9 expression, and collagen accumulation in fetal guinea pig hearts

Chronic hypoxia increases peroxynitrite, MMP9 expression, and collagen accumulation in fetal guinea pig hearts
Effect of Temperature on Resistance in Lima Bean, Tomato, and Chrysanthemum to Liriomyza munda

The effect of temperature on mortality and time for larval development (considered as the expression of resistance) of a leaf miner, Liriomyza munda Frick, in 17 tomato varieties and 19 chrysanthemum cultivars was compared with that of larvae in lima bean, the susceptible standard. Mortality in lima beans ranged from 8 to 16% at temperatures between 15.6 and 35.4°C, but the mortality was not consistent with the changes in temperature. Time for larval development on bean decreased as temperatures increased from 15.6 to 26°C, but little additional decrease occurred with temperature above 26°C. Mortality was highest in the 1st larval instar, intermediate in the 2nd instar, and least in the 3rd. At comparable temperatures, larval development was more rapid in bean than in tomato or chrysanthemum and was generally more rapid in tomato than in chrysanthemum. Also, mortality in tomato and chrysanthemum increased significantly with decreasing temperatures. With chrysanthemum, there was a correlation between the longer time for larval development and the higher larval mortalities in those cultivars considered resistant; none was observed with tomato varieties.
The Brenner-Wallerstein Debate

One of the most critical evaluations of Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems perspective comes from Marxists who dislike the dominant role played by trade as opposed to class interaction in his analysis. At the forefront of this critique is Robert Brenner, whose article in New Left Review , “The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism,” has elicited far less of a debate than is warranted. In the first part of this article we carefully outline the various parts of this important critique, briefly drawing attention to some of the much more fundamental issues each addresses. In the second part we consider one of the most important of these issues, that of the most appropriate level of analysis for understanding political phenomena. The debate over this point revolves largely around events in Poland in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Thus this rather arcane topic takes center stage in an argument with far broader implications. We conclude that while one should maintain a wider system level of analysis, more attention must be paid to the concrete determinants of power within political units as well.
Clinical Examples of "Guizhi Fuling Capsule"in Treating Pain Syndrome

Guizhi Fuling Capsule"was employed to treat the pain syndrome due to the blood stasis in the lower energizer.Three cases were listed.
A role of inhaled disodium cromoglycate in child asthma

Inhalation of disodium clomoglycate (DSCG) is main therapy for childhood asthma in Japan. Regular inhalation of both DSCG and beta 2 stimulant is recommended for the treatment of severe asthma in the guideline which was made in 1993. Characteristic of childhood asthma such as retardation of growth and exercise-induced asthma is considered as an important view point in Japanese pediatric field. On the other hand inhalation of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) is used for the treatment of adult-hood asthma in Japan and WHO global storategy. In the future new treatment will be developed using both DSCG and BDP.
Dialogic, dialectic, and rhetoric: Exploring human dialogue across the discipline

In the communication discipline, human dialogue is studied by both social scientists and humanists. Social scientists situate dialogue in dialectic; humanists situate dialogue in rhetoric. Generally, their work proceeds without acknowledgment of the other, perpetuating what we identify as central concerns for the discipline: (a) The isolation of dialectic and rhetoric as distinct subjects of analysis; (b) the theoretical antagonism of dialectic and rhetoric; (c) the political antagonism of the humanistic and social scientific sides of the discipline; and (d) the stabilization of both the theory of human dialogue and the methods used to study it. This essay problematizes the study of human dialogue in the communication discipline and suggests that future directions in dialogic theory and research show ways of engaging dialectic and rhetoric in an authentic rather than antagonistic dialogue.
ThermalSense: determining dynamic thermal comfort preferences using thermographic imaging

We present ThermalSense, a method for dynamically detecting and predicting thermal comfort by using thermographic imaging to look for the physiological markers of vasodilation or vasoconstriction. We describe how ThermalSense can be used to infer how to control heating and cooling systems and reduce energy use while maintaining comfort. We evaluate ThermalSense using a study involving thirty individuals over five weeks in an office building. Our study shows that, on around 40% of occasions, the HVAC system could have expended less energy to achieve comfort. It further demonstrates that thermographic imaging can be used to infer whether heating or cooling must be activated to maintain comfort, with an accuracy of 94-95%.
Direct and Indirect Effects of the Physical Aspects of the Environment on Mental Well-Being:

This study investigated the mediating role of neighborhood satisfaction and use of outdoor spaces in the effects of the physical environment on mental well-being. Four planning/design-related aspects of the environment were examined: perceived proximity of home to green/social spaces, open lawn with trees, and building-dominated spaces as well as perceived barriers to neighborhood use. A random sample of 434 Chicago residents participated in a photo survey. The results of linear regression modeling and mediation analyses support the hypothesis that satisfaction with quality of public space and frequency of use of green/social spaces have a significant mediating role in the relationship between nearby environmental attributes and mental well-being. Perceived barriers were also found to have both direct and indirect effects on mental well-being. Recognition of the differential roles played by environmental attributes, neighborhood satisfaction, and use patterns can help guide planners/designers to create ou...
Identifying stably expressed genes from multiple RNA-Seq data sets

We examined RNA-Seq data on 211 biological samples from 24 different Arabidopsis experiments carried out by different labs. We grouped the samples according to tissue types, and in each of the groups, we identified genes that are stably expressed across biological samples, treatment conditions, and experiments. We fit a Poisson log-linear mixed-effect model to the read counts for each gene and decomposed the total variance into between-sample, between-treatment and between-experiment variance components. Identifying stably expressed genes is useful for count normalization and differential expression analysis. The variance component analysis that we explore here is a first step towards understanding the sources and nature of the RNA-Seq count variation. When using a numerical measure to identify stably expressed genes, the outcome depends on multiple factors: the background sample set and the reference gene set used for count normalization, the technology used for measuring gene expression, and the specific numerical stability measure used. Since differential expression (DE) is measured by relative frequencies, we argue that DE is a relative concept. We advocate using an explicit reference gene set for count normalization to improve interpretability of DE results, and recommend using a common reference gene set when analyzing multiple RNA-Seq experiments to avoid potential inconsistent conclusions.
Simulation and verification of synchronous set relations in rewriting logic

This paper presents a mathematical foundation and a rewriting logic infrastructure for the execution and property verification of synchronous set relations. The mathematical foundation is given in the language of abstract set relations. The infrastructure consists of an order-sorted rewrite theory in Maude, a rewriting logic system, that enables the synchronous execution of a set relation provided by the user. By using the infrastructure, existing algorithm verification techniques already available in Maude for traditional asynchronous rewriting, such as reachability analysis and model checking, are automatically available to synchronous set rewriting. The use of the infrastructure is illustrated with an executable operational semantics of a simple synchronous language and the verification of temporal properties of a synchronous system.
Too liberal for global governance? International legal human rights system and indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination:

This article considers whether the international legal human rights system founded on liberal individualism, as endorsed by liberal theorists, can function as a fair universal legal regime. This question is examined in relation to the collective right to self-determination demanded by indigenous peoples, who are paradigmatic decent nonliberal peoples. Indigenous peoples’ collective right to self-determination has been internationally recognized in the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which was adopted by the United Nations in 2007. This historic event may seem to exemplify the international legal human rights system’s ability to function as a truly global legal regime applicable cross-culturally to all well-ordered societies, whether liberal or nonliberal. The article argues, however, that the collective right to self-determination advocated by indigenous peoples for the sake of cultural integrity is inconsistent with the international legal human rights system founded on liberal individua...
Induced polarization response of porous media with metallic particles — Part 5: Influence of the background polarization

ABSTRACTVery often, ore bodies are found in altered porous materials that are rich in clay minerals. These altered rocks are in turn characterized by a relatively high normalized chargeability (product of the chargeability by the high frequency conductivity) or electrical quadrature conductivity with respect to clay-free materials. We have performed 36 experiments in which dispersed pyrite grains were mixed with a background host material composed of some pore water (NaCl, 500–1000 μS cm−1 at 25°C or tap water), Na-exchanged bentonite, and silica grains. The induced polarization spectra were obtained in the frequency range of 1 mHz to 45 kHz at room temperature (21±1°C). The spectra of the background porous materials alone (i.e., without pyrite) were also measured. The normalized chargeability and the quadrature conductivity of the sand-clay mixtures are consistent with available theoretical relationships. These new data complete previous data sets showing a clear relationship among the normalized charge...
Hot Spot Formation in Mock Materials in Impact Sensitivity Testing by Drop Hammer

Powder and granulated sugars were exposed to the drop hammer impact test configured with 120- and 180-grit Si/C sandpapers. The sugars were selected as mock materials for HMX (Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine). The drop heights ranged from 24.2 to 40.7 cm. Samples were examined by visible microscopy before and after testing and the appearance of yellow and brown discolorations in the spent samples were assigned as hot spots. These discolorations were divided into two types; those collocated with grit particles and those that were not. Hot spots are found in the spent samples in almost every test condition. Powder sugar appears to be more active in producing hot spots than the granulated sugar based on comparisons at identical conditions. Drop height, within this specific range, has little effect on the formation of hot spots, except for 40.7 cm high-end limit, which causes a dramatic increase in spot formation. The predominant hot spot type formed is collocated with grit particles, suggesting association of hot spot formation due to grit, something that has been discussed in previous treaties. Foreign objects were also observed, some imbedded and some not imbedded. Discoloration was not observed around these sites, suggesting these types of foreign materials are not responsible for hot spot formation, at least under these conditions. Grit associated with a visible tail was observed in some instances, suggesting that grit can be quite mobile through the sample when the pressure is applied by the drop weight (through the striker).
Early Post-Therapy Prescription Drug Usage among Childhood and Adolescent Cancer Survivors

Objective To describe the patterns of prescription drug use among child and adolescent survivors of cancer in the early post-therapy period compared with matched peers without a cancer history. Study design Using the MarketScan commercial insurance claims database, we performed a retrospective cohort study identifying survivors of pediatric (0-21 years of age at diagnosis) leukemia, lymphoma, central nervous system, bone, or gonadal cancers who completed therapy from 2000 to 2011 and remained insured for 3 years post-therapy. Prescription fills during the first 3 years post-therapy were examined, categorized by drug class, and compared with age-, sex-, and region-matched individuals without cancer. Results We identified 1414 survivors and 14 007 comparators. Compared with those without cancer, survivors had 1.5-4.5 times greater risk for filling opioids. Survivors of leukemia, lymphoma, central nervous system, and bone cancers had 2-5 times the risk for antidepressant and 3-7 times the risk for anxiolytic use. Survivors of leukemia, lymphoma, and bone tumors had 3-13 times the risk for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by the third year post-therapy. Conclusion Compared with peers without cancer, survivors of childhood cancer have greater rates of prescription use across many drug classes, suggesting greater medical morbidity. Survivors were more likely to use opioid, psychoactive, hormone, and cardiovascular medications. All general pediatricians and subspecialists should be aware of potentially emerging morbidities during the early post-therapy period to guide risk-based surveillance and survivorship care.
Eine explizit lösbare Optimierungsaufgabe

Man bilde auf die folgende Weise eine n × n — Matrix A(n): In der ersten Spalte ist jedes Element 1, in der zweiten Spalte ist jedes zweite Element 1, in der dritten Spalte ist jedes dritte Element 1, usw. Die anderen Elemente sind alle 0.
Transcending the Criminal Law's 'One Size Fits All' Response to Domestic Violence

Domestic violence is no longer a private matter confined within the four walls of the home. The shift from private to public is connected with marked progress within the legal system, which strives to protect victims and hold batterers accountable through a myriad of specific responses that have ranged from attitudinal and logistical shifts from law enforcement to increased attention within legal education to a general acknowledgment of the impact of domestic violence on individual victims, children, families, and the broader community to the passage of federal and state legislation. The state legislative landscape has historically centered around a very narrow subset of laws that mandate or encourage arrest and criminalize domestic violence-related acts. Research demonstrates both compelling support for and against the effectiveness of these laws, making it difficult to draw meaningful conclusions about their actual impact. Scholars and advocates have also expressed diverging opinions about the desirability of this response. This article takes a different approach to exploring the criminalization of domestic violence by transcending the pervasive either/or dichotomy that dominates the field. It builds on my previous body of work that examines how mandatory arrest laws are often incorrectly categorized into a uniform classification scheme, leading to a complexity of problems like different research outcomes. Despite the actual variance in these laws, however, there remains a problematic uniformity that is characteristic of the current approach: many of the existing laws, policies, and practices tend to impose a “one size fits all” solution to a problem that is incredibly complex. The current singular approach might be necessary as a matter of practicality and public welfare, but it does not adequately respond to all of a particular victim’s needs or to the needs of all victims. Many never become engaged with the criminal justice system in the first place. Others, who do, still face tremendous barriers that compromise their safety and/or impede their ability to leave their abuser. Reconciling these competing ideas has proved challenging.Through analysis of recent state-based legislative and policy innovations focused on two areas that are particularly relevant for victims — housing and victim safety as it relates to improving the effectiveness of orders of protection — this article proposes a new conceptual framework. Using these victim-centered state laws and policies as a starting place, this article illustrates how the existence of a myriad of strategies and innovations can ultimately transcend the limitations inherent in the existing one size fits all response of the criminal law.
Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars with Topical Silicone Gel

Hypertrophic scar (HS) frequently occurs after cutaneous trauma of any cause that extends to or beyond the deep, reticular layer of the dermis. Burn wounds are particularly prone to HS formation, which arguably now constitutes the single most important and most frequent complication of thermal injury. Although partial resolution of HS may take place after a variable period of 6–12 months following trauma, complete or near-complete resolution of HS to a cosmetically satisfactory endpoint in burn patients is infrequent. A variety of treatments of HS exist, but none is consistently effective and some are impractical for use in the widespread HS that is common in burn patients; these include meticulous surgical wound closure, early skin grafting of burns, scar massage, intraluminal corticosteroid injection and radiotherapy. During the last 25 years, custom-fitted elastic compression garments have come into widespread use for the treatment of HS in burn patients (Larson, 1979). These garments, which are unsightly, uncomfortable in hot weather or during exercise and expensive, must be worn near-continuously in order to be effective. A prospective randomized trial of the efficacy of elastic compression garments has not been published, although a recent preliminary report of such a trial (now long overdue) indicated that their use did not influence the rate of burn scar maturation (Chang, 1994).
The Role of Enticement in a Violation of a Protection Order

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1474II. Background 1480A. Requirements for Obtaining an Order of Protection 1481B. Relief Available 1484C. Duration of the Order 1485D. Violation of the Order 14871. The Violation 14872. Processing the Violation 1488III. The Injustice of the Current System 1490A. Disparity in Enforcement 1490B. The Rationale Behind the Protection 1492IV. The Legal System's Approach to the Problem 1494A. The Protected Party as an Aider and Abetter........1495B. Reconciliation of the Parties 1498C. Fining the Protected Party 1500D. Issuing a Mutual Protection Order 15021. Obtaining a Mutual Protection Order 15022. The Problems with Mutual Protection Orders 1504V. Preventing the Victim from Enticing Her Abuser 1506A. Implementing a Fining System 1507B. Providing Mediation Rather than an Order 1508C. Providing a Remedy at the Back End of Enticement 15111. A Factor-Based Approach 15112. Issuing Mutual Protection Orders Post-Enticement 1514D. Uniform Application of the Remedies 1515VI. Conclusion 1517I. Introduction"You going to pay for this shit you're doing. I don't give a fuck if you call the cops or not. Fuck them. Fuck the cops. Fuck the Judge. Fuck your God damn lawyer, period."1 This is one of the many threatening messages Eric Nolen left on his ex-girlfriend's voicemail three hours before showing up at her house and attacking her.2 After leaving this message, Nolen drove to his exgirlfriend's house and brutally attacked her; Nolen forced his exgirlfriend to the ground, kicked her fifteen to twenty times in the chest and abdomen, and caused her to urinate on herself.3 Throughout the attack the victim was screaming so loud that multiple neighbors came to the scene and witnessed the abuse.4 As a result, the victim was left with a bloody lip, large bruises on her chest and abdomen, and bruises on her face in the shape of a shoeprint.5 In the voicemail message, Nolen was referring to his disregard for the protection order that his ex-girlfriend of fourteen years had received approximately two weeks before the encounter.6 Following the incident, Nolen was arrested and convicted after a bench trial for felonious violation of a protection order.7This is the typical situation where a protection order must be fully and rigorously enforced in order to protect a woman8 who is the victim of an abusive relationship.9 In contrast, consider Mark Hunt's arrest for his violation of a protection order.10 On February 16, 2010, Stephanie Hunt obtained a protection order against her husband that prevented Mark from having any 7. Nolen v. Commonwealth, 673 S.E.2d 920, 921 (Va. 2009).8. For the purpose of uniformity, this Note refers to the petitioner as female and the respondent as male because this is the traditional situation in which reports of abuse arise, with the male as the batterer and the female as the victim. See Linda M. Peterman & Charlotte G. Dixon, Assessment and Evaluation of Men Who Batter Women, J. OF REHABILITATION, Oct. 1, 2001, at 38 ("[I]t has been reported . .. that the male is the abuser in 95% of domestic violence cases . …
Biomechanical ECM Switches and Tumor Metastasis

Data is rapidly emerging that physical or biomechanical changes in extracellular matrix molecules (ECM) may allow differential control of cell signaling pathways and therefore, these structural alterations may actively regulate diverse cell types that comprise the tumor stroma. These mechanical changes in the structure of ECM molecules may trigger the exposure of cryptic ECM ­elements that help create a local microenvironment that facilitates initiation and progression of ­inflammation, tumor growth and metastasis. To this end, we will highlight the accumulating experimental evidence for the existence of biomechanical ECM switches and discuss how the selective triggering of these switches may be used by diverse cell types to promote malignant tumor progression. Finally, we will discuss ­scientific and clinical advancements that have lead to the recent translation of these exciting biological concepts into human clinical trials for cancer imaging and therapy.
Practices “Odious Among the Northern and Western Nations of Europe”: Whiteness and Religious Freedom in the United States

Since the late nineteenth century, two trends have characterized court cases about the right to practise minority religions in the United States. First, white adherents are usually the subject of the most pivotal cases about the freedom to engage in minority religious practices. Second, appellate courts frequently rule against these litigants, for a variety of reasons ranging from the preservation of European norms to doubts about the sincerity of the practitioner’s beliefs. Through the examination of cases about religious drug use, animal sacrifice, and religious head-coverings, this chapter explores the relationship between race and the right to practise minority religions in the United States and the subtext about the boundaries of whiteness embedded in these free exercise cases.
Corruption and the Multinational Corporation

This chapter provides an introduction to corruption in international business. It includes an overview of the harms of corruption (including the connection between corruption and human rights violations), the emergence of a global anti-corruption norm, recent efforts to criminalize bribery in international business, and the role of corporations to combat corruption in their operations and in their institutional environments.
Nutritional and Therapeutic Applications of Prickly Pear Cacti

Abstract Prickly pear cactus is commonly known to both the Mexican and Mexican American population by its vernacular name, “nopal.” Prickly pear cactus includes various species of food and fodder plants that people on both sides of the United States-Mexico border have used for both nourishment as well as medicine for centuries. Diverse species of prickly pear cactus have been studied for their hypoglycemic properties, and potential application as a safe and effective treatment for type 2 diabetes. This chapter mainly reviews the principal studies that investigated the effects of the cacti on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes, a rapidly spreading noninfectious disease, especially among Hispanics. The potential applications of the cacti as functional foods are also mentioned. Research in both humans and animals suggests that various species of prickly pear cacti possess both nutritional as well as therapeutic value for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, among many other health issues. For this reason, more clinically controlled studies are necessary in order to confirm these plants' potential benefits as natural and safe phytotherapeutic agents, as well as nutritionally valuable supplements.
“We are people, not transactions”: Trust as a precursor to dialogue with LGBTQ publics

Abstract This research focuses on trust as a precursor to dialogic communication with diverse publics. Through a grounded theory approach, this research explicates the concept of trust in dialogue within organization-public relations to refine and advance research about enhancing dialogue and trust in diverse societies. Based on in-depth interviews with 33 LGBTQ communication professionals, findings suggest that trust is a precursor to dialogue and is impacted by cultural competency, organizational congruency, authenticity, and stakeholder empowerment.
Wakeful Prone "Tummy Time" During Infancy: How Can We Help Parents?

This study’s purpose is to present facilitators and barriers for wakeful prone positioning or “tummy time” during infancy by exploring the personal perspectives of infant caregivers attempting to p...