cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anisole is an environmentally friendly fumigant for postharvest pest control

Plant essential oils have demonstrated insecticidal effects but not many are as effective as currently used fumigants. We evaluated anisole, a volatile compound extracted from aniseed, for control of four insect pests including adult rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and a fresh produce product pest, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in the laboratory tests. Anisole fumigations were effective against all four pests. At a dose of 100 μL/L, anisole fumigation completely controlled S. granarius and S. oryzae in 24 and 16 h, respectively. At a dose of 150 μL/L, complete control of the two weevils was achieved in 16 and 8 h, respectively. T. confusum was completely controlled in 16 and 8 h with anisole fumigations at 400 μL/L and 600 μL/L respectively. F. occidentalis was 100% controlled in 8 and 6 h treatments with anisole at doses of 150 μL/L and 300 μL/L, respectively. The median lethal times (LT₅₀) of anisole fumigation at 50 μL/L were 0.6 and 0.5 h for S. granarius and S. oryzae, respectively. LT₅₀ for T. confusum at 600 μL/L was 2.9 h. In a 16 h confirmatory test in a mini silo, anisole fumigation achieved 100% control of rice weevil at different depth of stored corn. This study demonstrated that anisole fumigation was effective against insects. Therefore, anisole fumigation has potential as an environmentally friendly, alternative fumigant for postharvest pest control.
Improving Student Training Through Computer-Based Tutorials

The use of computer-based training for student employees was explored through a recent project. Tutorials were designed and created using a free software program, Wink. The tutorials covered use of electronic resources and circulation programs and were used in training newly hired and continuing student employees. Written exercises requiring use of the information covered in the tutorials were administered subsequently. The advantages of computer-based training for aspects of student library employment were contrasted with its disadvantages. Computerbased training was found to be an effective part of training student
The Power of Normative Coercion

Mr. Glass used two types of power to teach language arts in an orderly classroom climate—normative power and coercive power. He did not use interactively established contracts or charm. Mr. Glass’s overreliance on suspension combined with a lack of charm and interactively established contracts increased the importance of normative and coercive power in this classroom.
Homegrown partnerships that make a difference for youth

Abstract Comprehensive community change initiatives have attracted attention and resources in recent decades as a way to improve outcomes for young people through aligning local systems and services. They have yielded positive outcomes and useful and inspiring lessons. However, they have also resulted in local disillusionment and outcomes that fall short of their goals. This article suggests that more organic approaches, based on purpose-driven partnerships, are worth considering, especially for communities that are just starting to think about collaboration or that lack the resources for more ambitious system change attempts. The authors discuss four such partnerships and suggest that they offer an alternative, practical, sustainable approach to community change.
Using International Human Rights Law in US Courts: Lessons from the Campaign Against the Juvenile Death Penalty

This paper constitutes Chapter 5 of the book "What Is Right For Children?: The Competing Paradigms of Religion and Human Rights" (Ashgate, 2009), edited by Martha Albertson Fineman and Karen Worthington (who also hold the copyright; this chapter is posted on SSRN by permission). In this chapter, Linda M. Keller examines the intersection of international human rights law and the United States Supreme Court’s juvenile death penalty jurisprudence. In 1988, when the Supreme Court first banned capital punishment for those under the age of sixteen at the time of the crime, international human rights treaty law was relegated to a mere footnote (Thompson v. Oklahoma, 1988). International instruments, however, played a key role in the more recent 2005 decision finding that execution for crimes committed under the age of eighteen violates the Eighth Amendment, which provides that “[e]xcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted” (Roper v. Simmons, 2005). The majority opinion in Roper cited several international human rights treaties to support its conclusion, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Drawing on Supreme Court opinions and amicus briefs, Keller explores how advocates against the juvenile death penalty moved international human rights standards from the periphery to the center of the debate. The chapter shows how a majority of justices of the Supreme Court is receptive to international and foreign law as a tool to confirm interpretations of constitutional provisions, particularly the Eighth Amendment. It examines the relevant treaties as well as impermissible reservations to treaties, customary international law, and jus cogens norms. It contends that the Roper majority legitimately used international law in the decision. In illustrating how the Court could have adopted a far more radical interpretation of international law, this chapter demonstrates the potential for broader reliance on international law in the courts. Finally, the chapter suggests ways to use international human rights to advocate for children in the United States. The success of the campaign against the juvenile death penalty can be used as a model for advocacy on other issues, such as reforming the juvenile justice system and enhancing economic rights for children.
Expression of Interferon-γ Receptor Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Is Associated With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Radiographic Severity in African Americans.

Objective The factors responsible for radiographic severity in African American patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are poorly understood. We sought to identify genes whose expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with radiographic severity in RA. Methods In the first phase of the study, we performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to analyze the expression of 182 candidate genes in 40 African American RA patients with extremes of radiographic damage (low versus high radiographic scores) and disease duration (≤2 years versus >2 years) and 20 healthy African American control subjects; the genes were selected based on plausible immune pathways. In the second phase, we analyzed the expression of the genes that were shown to be significantly associated with radiographic scores in 576 African American patients with RA and 51 African American control subjects who had not been studied previously, accounting for autoantibody status and disease duration. Results We observed significant differences in IFNGR1 expression between patients with RA and control subjects (adjusted P [Padj] = 6 × 10−14) and in IFNGR2 expression between RA patients with erosions and those with no erosions (Padj = 0.01 by Wilcoxon's rank sum test). We also observed significant correlations between IFNGR2 expression and radiographic scores (Padj = 0.03 for erosions, Padj = 0.04 for joint space narrowing, and Padj = 0.03 for total radiographic score [zero-inflated negative binomial regression model]) and annualized progression rate (Padj = 0.0024 by Spearman's correlation analysis). Conclusion These findings have important implications with respect to the role of interferon-γ (IFNγ) in the pathogenesis of RA and may lead to identification of a biomarker for radiographic damage. Additional studies are needed to define the cell subsets responsible for the association of IFNγ receptor gene expression with radiographic findings, which downstream mechanisms are involved, and generalizability to other RA populations.
Optimizing power of many-core systems by exploiting dynamic voltage, frequency and core scaling

To address the well-known “power wall” issue, many-core processors with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) are widely investigated. To further improve the energy efficiency, DVFS with core scaling (DVFCS) has been proposed. In this paper, we address the problem of minimizing the power dissipation of many-core systems under performance constraints by choosing appropriate number of active cores and per-core voltage/frequency levels. A genetic algorithm based solution is proposed to solve the problem. Experiments with real applications show that (1) dynamically scaling the number of active cores can save up to 72% power compared with per-core DVFS; (2) the amount of extra power saving brought by core scaling is highly dependent on performance constraints.
A Compositional Model for Layered Distributed Systems

Composition and layering are important mechanisms for constructing modular descriptions of distributed systems. Composition is a symmetric operator that allows system components to communicate with each other across module boundaries. Layering is an asymmetric relationship that allows one system component to observe the state of another.
The Importance of Accounting Discretion in Mandatory Accounting Changes: An Examination of the Adoption of SFAS 142

This study examines SFAS 142 adoption decisions focusing on the trade-off between recording certain current goodwill impairment charges below-the-line versus uncertain future impairment charges included in income from continuing operations. We examine several potentially important economic incentives that firms face when making this accounting choice. We find evidence suggesting that firms' asset pricing considerations affect their preference for above-the-line vs. below-the-line accounting treatment, and firms' debt contracting, bonus, turnover and exchange delisting incentives affect their decisions to accelerate or delay expense recognition. We also examine the disclosures of the method used to calculate fair values and provide preliminary evidence that the extent of disclosure is associated with the accounting choices made when adopting SFAS 142. Our study contributes to the accounting choice literature by examining the manager's use of discretion when adopting a mandatory accounting change and by developing and testing explicit cross-sectional hypotheses of the determinants of firm's preferences for immediate below-the-line versus delayed above-the-line expense recognition.
A-Wristocracy: Deep learning on wrist-worn sensing for recognition of user complex activities

In this work we present A-Wristocracy, a novel framework for recognizing very fine-grained and complex inhome activities of human users (particularly elderly people) with wrist-worn device sensing. Our designed A-Wristocracy system improves upon the state-of-the-art works on in-home activity recognition using wearables. These works are mostly able to detect coarse-grained ADLs (Activities of Daily Living) but not large number of fine-grained and complex IADLs (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living). These are also not able to distinguish similar activities but with different context (such as sit on floor vs. sit on bed vs. sit on sofa). Our solution helps accurate detection of in-home ADLs/ IADLs and contextual activities, which are all critically important for remote elderly care in tracking their physical and cognitive capabilities. A-Wristocracy makes it feasible to classify large number of fine-grained and complex activities, through Deep Learning based data analytics and exploiting multi-modal sensing on wrist-worn device. It exploits minimal functionality from very light additional infrastructure (through only few Bluetooth beacons), for coarse level location context. A-Wristocracy preserves direct user privacy by excluding camera/ video imaging on wearable or infrastructure. The classification procedure consists of practical feature set extraction from multi-modal wearable sensor suites, followed by Deep Learning based supervised fine-level classification algorithm. We have collected exhaustive home-based ADLs and IADLs data from multiple users. Our designed classifier is validated to be able to recognize very fine-grained complex 22 daily activities (much larger number than 6–12 activities detected by state-of-the-art works using wearable and no camera/ video) with high average test accuracies of 90% or more for two users in two different home environments.
Semi-discrete matrix transforms (SDD) for image and video compression

Summary form only given. A wide variety of matrix transforms have been used for compression of image and video data. Transforms have also been used for motion estimation and quantization. One such transform is the singular-value decomposition (SVD) that relies on low rank approximations of the matrix for computational and storage efficiency. In this study, we describe the use of a variant of SVD in image and video compression. This variant, first proposed by Peleg and O'Leary, called semidiscrete decomposition (SDD), restricts the elements of the outer product vectors to 0/1/-1. Thus approximations of much higher rank can be stored for the same amount of storage. We demonstrate the superiority of SDD over SVD for a variety of compression schemes. We also show that DCT-based compression is still superior to SDD-based compression. We also demonstrate that SDD facilitates fast and accurate pattern matching and motion estimation; thus presenting excellent opportunities for improved compression.
Erfahrungen und Konsequenzen aus Halle 54

Die Halle 54 im Volkswagenwerk Wolfsburg sties wahrend ihres Aufbaus und Anlaufs auf ein breites offentliches Interesse. Die Inbetriebnahme wurde von der Presse teilweise mit den Schlagworten “japanische Verhaltnisse bei VW”, “Geisterhalle”, “Roboterfertigung” usw. kommentiert (Bild 1).
Remote Sensing With Simulated Unmanned Aircraft Imagery for Precision Agriculture Applications

An important application of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) may be remote-sensing for precision agriculture, because of its ability to acquire images with very small pixel sizes from low altitude flights. The objective of this study was to compare information obtained from two different pixel sizes, one about a meter (the size of a small vegetation plot) and one about a millimeter. Cereal rye ( Secale cereale ) was planted at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center for a winter cover crop with fall and spring fertilizer applications, which produced differences in biomass and leaf chlorophyll content. UAS imagery was simulated by placing a Fuji IS-Pro UVIR digital camera at 3-m height looking nadir. An external UV-IR cut filter was used to acquire true-color images; an external red cut filter was used to obtain color-infrared-like images with bands at near-infrared, green, and blue wavelengths. Plot-scale Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was correlated with dry aboveground biomass ( ${\mbi {r}} = 0.58$ ), whereas the Triangular Greenness Index (TGI) was not correlated with chlorophyll content. We used the SamplePoint program to select 100 pixels systematically; we visually identified the cover type and acquired the digital numbers. The number of rye pixels in each image was better correlated with biomass ( ${\mbi {r}} = 0.73$ ), and the average TGI from only leaf pixels was negatively correlated with chlorophyll content ( ${\mbi {r}} = -0.72$ ). Thus, better information for crop requirements may be obtained using very small pixel sizes, but new algorithms based on computer vision are needed for analysis. It may not be necessary to geospatially register large numbers of photographs with very small pixel sizes. Instead, images could be analyzed as single plots along field transects.
Minimally Invasive Alternative Therapeutic Options for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Many minimally invasive techniques designed to alleviate lower urinary tract symptoms have been evaluated, each of which offers a glimpse of the next generation of treatment. These minimally invasive techniques improve upon transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) by reducing the risk of postoperative complications. However, none have been compared with TURP in large-scale controlled trials, and therefore will not be able to replace TURP until their long-term durability is known.
Postnatal changes in serine/threonine protein phosphatases and their association with the microtubules

Abstract The activities and protein levels of three serine/threonine protein phosphatases were determined in homogenates and microtubule preparations from rat brain at various ages from postnatal day 1 (P1) through adulthood. The activities and levels of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, phosphatase 2B increased significantly from P1 to P21 in brain homogenates and remained elevated in the adult. The association of phosphatase 213 with microtubules was also found to be increased in the adult compared to the neonate (P3). In contrast, protein phosphatase 2A in brain homogenates decreased significantly from P1 to adult. However, the association of phosphatase 2A with the microtubules was found to increase with age. Finally, the activity and levels of phosphatase 1 in brain homogenates did not change with postnatal age, although the association of phosphatase 1 with microtubules was significantly decreased in the adult brain compared to P3. These studies clearly indicate that the activity, levels and association of these serine/threonine phosphatases with microtubules are independently regulated during postnatal development and suggest unique roles of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A and phosphatase 213 in modulating the phosphorylation state and function of microtubule-associated proteins at different postnatal ages.
Vulvar Clear Cells of Toker: Precursors of Extramammary Paget's Disease

Clear cells of Toker are intraepithelial cells with clear to pale staining cytoplasm and bland cytologic features found with H&E staining in approximately 10% of normal nipples. Toker cells have been hypothesized as a precursor of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD), although Toker cells have not been identified as a normal component of genital skin. Using immunohistochemistry, we studied 11 vulvectomies for the presence of Toker cells in association with mammary-like glands of the vulva (MLG). A retrospective study of 11 vulvectomies was performed using routine hematoxylin and eosin staining, as well as immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 7 (CK7). Control sections of skin not involving the milk line from age-matched patients were also examined. Four of eleven vulvectomies (36%) demonstrated Toker cells with CK7 staining. Toker cells were associated with the openings of the ducts of mammary-like glands of the vulva. Toker cells were not seen in control tissues. Toker cells occur as a normal constituent of genital skin in association with mammary-like glands of the vulva. Previous morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural evidence have pointed to Toker cells as a precursor of EMPD. The demonstration of Toker cells in genital skin strengthens the evidence of their role in the development of EMPD.
A Direct Liquid Chromatography Method for Serum Caffeine Analysis

Abstract A rapid sensitive method for serum caffeine analysis is reported. One hundred microliters of serum is mixed with 50 microliters of the acetonitrile/internal standard mixture, centrifuged, and 10 microliters of the supernatant is injected into the liquid chromatograph. Caffeine and internal standard are eluted at 6.09 and 7.17 minutes respectively. The procedure is linear to at least 20 micrograms/milliliter. The within run precision was 2.3% and 3.8% (N=10) respectively for mean concentrations of 7.77 and 15.73 micrograms/milliter. Between day precision was 11.0% and 8.6% respectively for mean concentrations of 7.63 and 15.55 micrograms/milliliter. Recovery of caffeine over the analytical range averaged 104%.
cMAC: A Centralized MAC Protocol for High Speed Wireless LANs

We propose cMAC, a centralized, polling-based protocol for wireless LANs. With cMAC, the access point (AP) sets nodes into the polling mode if they have backlogged data and polls them during the polling period. The AP also periodically opens the contention period to allow nodes with newly arrived data to send data and at the same time announce their queue states. The main feature of cMAC is that it aggressively sets nodes into the polling mode to reduce collision and overhead. We design an algorithm to determine the length of the contention period according to the maximum likelihood estimation of the number of competing nodes. We also show that cMAC is robust against message losses. We test cMAC using ns2 simulator and the results show (1) cMAC achieves significant gain, e.g., 56% with 50 nodes, over 802.11 DCF in throughput with lower average packet delay; (2) cMAC can handle uplink and downlink traffic simultaneously and (3) cMAC is backward compatible with legacy 802.11 nodes.
Science teachers' attempts at integrating feminist pedagogy through collaborative action research

The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of three science teachers attempting to transform their practice by conducting action research on feminist science teaching. The teachers engaged in systematic, self-critical inquiry of their own practice and joined 8 other science teachers to engage in collaborative conversations about the nature of science, science teaching, and science education as a way of coming to a better understanding of how science can be taught for a more diverse group of students. Data were gathered via semistructured interviews, whole-group discussions, classroom observations, and review of supporting documents. Data analysis was based on narrative inquiry, where particular attention was given to the construction and reconstruction of the teachers' stories of their practical inquiries. Results indicated that the teachers as researchers of their own practice gained new knowledge about feminist science teaching and, furthermore, generated a cluster of pedagogical possibilities for inclusive, dynamic science teaching. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach
"Did this drug cause my patient's hepatitis?" and related questions.

What should the busy internist do when his or her patient, while taking several medications, suddenly develops a new clinical problem, such as hepatitis? Is the acute hepatitis drug related? If so,...
Application of virtual reality in hospital facilities design

The airborne particles present in certain hospital environments, such as the tuberculosis isolation or operating rooms, can be extremely harmful for patients and/or hospital personnel. An important issue during the design of hospital facilities is an efficient airborne particle removal system. A near-optimal setup of the parameters that affect the airflow, and consequently the airborne particle trajectories within the room is desirable. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is an alternative to tedious and time-consuming experimental investigations during the design phase, when a large number of alternatives need to be evaluated. The main limitations of CFD application in building design are the high level of skill required, the complexity of the setup phase, and the difficulty of output data interpretation using common 2D (two-dimensional) display devices. A virtual reality (VR) environment can help in overcoming some of these limitations. A CFD/VR procedure for design of contaminant-free hospital facilities is presented in this paper. By means of a VR preprocessing step, inferior solutions can be discharged to drastically reduce the number of configurations to investigate. Then, a CFD/VR tool is used to explore the restricted set of room layouts. The 3D (three-dimensional), immersive visualisation of an indoor space and of the particle motion inside it allows the user to really see the particle flows and consequently understand the effects of room parameters on particle motion throughout the room. In this way a close-to-optimal configuration of the room layout and of the ventilation system can be achieved more speedily and more conveniently compared to traditional CFD investigations.
Extrapolating leaf CO2 exchange to the canopy: a generalized model of forest photosynthesis compared with measurements by eddy correlation.

Over the last 4 years, two data sets have emerged which allow increased accuracy and resolution in the definition and validation of a photosynthesis model for whole forest canopies. The first is a greatly expanded set of data on the nitrogen-photosynthesis relationship for temperate and tropical woody species. The second is a unique set of long-term (4 year) daily carbon balance measurements at the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts, collected by the eddy-correlation technique. A model (PhET-Day) is presented which is derived directly from, and validated against, these data sets. The PnET-Day model uses foliar nitrogen concentration to calculate maximum instantaneous rates of gross and net photosynthesis which are then reduced for suboptimal temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Predicted daily gross photosynthesis is closely related to gross carbon exchange at the Harvard Forest as determined by eddy-correlation measurements. Predictions made by the full canopy model were significantly better than those produced by a multiple linear regression model. Sensitivity analyses for this model for a deciduous broad-leaved forest showed results to be much more sensitive to parameters related to maximum leaf-level photosynthetic rate (A max) than to those related to light, temperature, VPD or total foliar mass. Aggregation analyses suggest that using monthly mean climatic data to drive the canopy model will give results similar to those achieved by averaging daily eddy correlation measurements of gross carbon exchange (GCE).
Effects of adsorbed polyelectrolytes on convective flow and diffusion in porous membranes

Poly(acrylic acid) and poly(styrene sulfonate) were adsorbed from aqueous solutions to track-etched mica membranes with pores of radius 290 to 1400 A. Effects of the adsorbed polymers on momentum and mass transport within the pores were studied by measuring the decrease in both the hydraulic and diffusional permeabilities caused by the presence of the polymers. The diffusional permeability was determined by measuring the flux of a small, uncharged solute molecule (thiourea). Polymer-free, aqueous solutions of potassium chloride (KCl) were used in all transport experiments. The reduction in hydraulic permeability increased with a decrease in KCl concentration in the range 10-2 to 10-1 molarity (M), but was independent of electrolyte concentration below 10-2 M, presumably because the small pores constrained expansion of the adsorbed polymer chains. Shear thickening effects, that is, a decrease in hydraulic permeability with increasing solvent velocity through the pores, was observed with both polymers at 10-1 M KCl in pores of 600 A or smaller. Effects of the polymer on diffusional permeability of thiourea, on the other hand, were relatively insensitive to electrolyte concentration. Perhaps the most significant result is that the reduction in diffusional permeability was substantially less than the reduction in hydraulic permeability at each pore size and electrolyte concentration, indicating that the blockage of momentum transport by these adsorbed polymers is greater than the blockage of diffusion of a small solute. Measurements of thiourea transport by simultaneous diffusion and convection over a range in Peclet numbers from -2 to +2 showed that thiourea was filtered by the polymer. This filtration was probably not due to steric limitations on the thiourea, rather it is likely that thiourea was excluded from the water which solvated densely packed regions of the polymer chains.
Nanodiamond/Polyimide High Temperature Dielectric Films for Energy Storage Applications

CP2 polyimide (prepd. from 6FDA and 1,3-bis (3-aminophenoxy) benzene) was blended with (1-50 wt.%) detonation nanodiamonds (DND, pristine, acetone-washed, and 4-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy) benzoic acid-functionalized), and the blends were evaluated as thin films for its potential utility in high-energy-density capacitors that would have stable dielectric properties over a wide temperature range (-55 to 300°C) and at frequencies up to or greater than 100 kHz. Both the dielectric storage and loss increased substantially with DND content. Surface functionalization (with the above benzoic acid derivative) significantly reduced the dielectric loss, while the use of acetone-washed DNDs had no effect on the dielectric loss. DND was also blended with CP2 via in-situ polymerization and found to have little effect on the dielectric properties.
Progesterone receptor polymorphisms and clinical response to 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate.

Objective Seventeen-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) reduces recurrent preterm birth (PTB). We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human progesterone receptor (PGR) affect response to 17-OHPC in the prevention of recurrent PTB. Study Design We conducted secondary analysis of a study of 17-OHPC vs placebo for recurrent PTB prevention. Twenty PGR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms were studied. Multivariable logistic regression assessed for an interaction between PGR genotype and treatment status in modulating the risk of recurrent PTB. Results A total of 380 women were included; 253 (66.6%) received 17-OHPC and 127 (33.4%) received placebo. In all, 61.1% of women were African American. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated significant treatment-genotype interactions (either a beneficial or harmful treatment response) for African Americans delivering Conclusion The clinical efficacy and safety of 17-OHPC for recurrent PTB prevention may be altered by PGR gene polymorphisms.
Ethical Challenges to Citizens of ‘The Automatic Age’: Norbert Wiener on the Information Society

This article discusses the foresight of philosopher/mathematician Norbert Wiener who, in the 1940s, founded Information Ethics as a research discipline. Wiener envisioned the coming of an “automatic age” in which information technology would have profound social and ethical impacts upon the world. He predicted, for example, machines that will learn, reason and play games; “automatic factories” that will replace assembly‐line workers and middle managers with computerized devices; workers who will perform their jobs over great distances with the aid of new communication technologies; and people who will gain remarkable powers by adding computerized “prostheses” to their bodies. To analyze the ethical implications of such developments, Wiener presented some principles of justice and employed a powerful practical method of ethical analysis.
Delayed Initiation of the Pharyngeal Swallow: Normal Variability in Adult Swallows

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to determine bolus head timing and location relations with the onset of hyoid movement at the initiation of the pharyngeal swallow and at the onset of ...
Purification of a novel glycosylated ferritin from horse heart

We have previously shown that mRNA coding for ferritin L subunit is present on both cytosolic ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum-bound ribosomes in rat heart tissue [Campbell et al. (1989) Arch Biochem Biophys 273:89-98]; from this we infer that heart tissue is capable of making a secreted ferritin. We now report the purification from horse heart, of a ferritin that specifically binds to Concanavalin A-Sepharose and is immunologically cross-reactive with antibodies raised against both horse cellular ferritin and horse serum ferritin. Where cellular ferritin is 10 nm in diameter and contains primarily 21-kDa subunits (as determined by gel exclusion chromatography and electron microscopy), the glycosylated heart ferritin is smaller with diameters of 3-5 nm. Antisera raised against serum ferritin cross-reacted with the glycosylated heart ferritin did but did not show significant cross-reactivity with cellular ferritin thus indicating that serum ferritin and glycosylated heart ferritin have antigenic determinants which may not be present on cellular ferritin. The glycosylated ferritin also differs from cellular ferritin in subunit composition, with subunits of 66, 60.5, 53.5, 43.5, and 29.5 kDa, as shown by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Interestingly, ferritin purified from horse serum contains subunits of similar size.
Management of regional lymph nodes in penile carcinoma. Five-year results following therapeutic groin dissections.

Abstract Twenty-two patients with sguamous carcinoma of the penis underwent groin dissections for histologically proved inguinal lymph node metastases, either around the time that the primary tumor was treated (early therapeutic dissection, 14 patients) or later, after they had been clinically judged free of regional nodal metastases at diagnosis (late therapeutic dissections, 8 patients). Three- and five-year survival rates for the patients who underwent early therapeutic dissections were 71 per cent and 57 per cent, respectively, as opposed to 50 per cent and 13 per cent, respectively, for patients who underwent late therapeutic dissections. These findings suggest that a “wait and watch” policy in patients with clinically negative nodes at diagnosis is no longer justified.
Blood Vessel Growth and Hypertrophic Scarring

Summary The technique of transcutaneous microscopy has been used to investigate blood vessel growth in hypertrophic scars. Hypertrophic scars were observed to contain large bore vessels with a dendritic pattern of growth. Many vessels grew from the edges of the original burn wound but few vessels appeared to grow from the base of the wound. The observations suggest that the degree of development of the scar is determined by the pattern of vessel growth. It is suggested that where the surface of the dermis is destroyed by the burn wound and subsequent healing processes, blood vessels may outgrow the boundaries normally imposed by a preserved dermis. It is also suggested that the volume of the fibrous tissue laid down in association with growing blood vessels is inversely proportional to the number of viable vessels remaining in the wound bed as start points for vessel growth. This proposal would explain the lack of hypertrophy observed under grafts and the cosmetic appearance of mesh grafted wounds.
Patterns of journal use in a departmental library: A citation analysis

Citation analysis of faculty publications, doctoral dissertations, and preliminary doctoral qualifying briefs produced by faculty and students of the Biology Department, Temple University, is used to assess journal use in the Biology Library during the years 1975-1977. There are 3739 citations to 336 journals in the combined sources ranking. The distribution of citations in each user group ranking and the combined sources ranking takes the form of a Bradford distribution; slope and x-intercept values are given for each ranking. Sixty highly cited titles are examined in detail. Dissertation citations are dependent on active faculty participation in the doctoral program. Citations in qualifying briefs cover a broader range of topics and interests than either of the other two sources. Citation frequencies of volumes published in the periods 1960-1969 and 1970-1977 are examined. The post-1960 citation frequency for 51 titles is 80% or higher. Several collection maintenance and development decisions have been made, based on the results of this study. Citation analysis is shown to be a useful tool in assessing actual and potential journal use by a heterogeneous clientele in a departmental library.
Quantum wave function simulation of the resonance fluorescence spectrum from one-dimensional optical molasses.

Using recently developed quantum wave function techniques, we have performed a simulation of $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in a one-dimensional optical molasses, formed from counterpropagating laser beams with orthogonal linear polarizations. Both internal and external degrees of freedom are treated quantum mechanically in one dimension and the spectrum of resonance fluorescence is calculated and compared to recent experiments. Excellent agreement is obtained for the spectrum and additional insight is gained into the experimental evidence for quantized motion in the optical potentials.
The influence of subject instruction on horizontal and vertical vergence tracking

Previously it has been reported that horizontal disparity vergence is strongly influenced by subject instructions to vary attention or tracking effort. This paper describes experiments which compared these instruction effects on horizontal and vertical disparity vergence. Within-trial comparisons were made possible by use of oblique (combined horizontal and vertical) disparity modulation. Subjects viewed a flat, fully correlated, dynamic random noise stereogram pattern through stationary circular apertures, with a small stationary fixation cross superimposed in the center. The disparity of the noise pattern was either modulated sinusoidally or changed abruptly. Subjects were instructed either to (1) hold fixation on the cross and ignore the disparity modulation of the noise pattern; or (2) follow the movement of the noise pattern as accurately as possible. Subjects showed clear effects of instruction on the horizontal component of tracking, but showed little or no effect on the vertical component. Horizontal and vertical components of oblique vergence tracking appear to be largely independent, and vertical vergence is affected minimally, if at all, by an effort to track.
Treatment of fulminant hepatic failure with intravenous prostaglandin E1

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a severe, lifethreatening disorder. Previous studies have suggested that intravenous prostaglandin treatment may improve survival in FHF. The present study was performed to further investigate the possible benefit of intravenous prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) for patients with FHF. A total of 18 patients, all excluded as candidates for hepatic transplantation, were studied. Thirteen of 18 participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PGE1 was administered by continuous infusion at a dose of 10 to 40 mg/h as tolerated. After 48 hours of blinded treatment, 3 of 7 patients randomized to placebo were converted to open-label PGE1 for lack of biochemical and/or clinical improvement. Mean values for alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total bilirubin, prothrombin time, factor V percent, factor VII percent, hepatic encephalopathy score, days from onset of symptoms to initiation of treatment, and cause of FHF were similar between treatment groups. Ten of 18 patients (55%) enrolled in this trial survived. However, survival was not different between PGE1(60%) and placebo (50%) treated patients. The greatest predictor of survival was the number of days from onset of symptoms to hospitalization, which was significantly (P 5 .002) shorter for survivors (3.3 v 12.4 days), regardless of PGE1 treatment. Six of 8 patients (75%) who began PGE1 therapy and 4 of 5 placebo-treated patients (80%) hospitalized within 10 days of onset of symptoms survived. By contrast, all 5 patients who were hospitalized and subsequently began PGE1 treatment 10 days or longer after the onset of symptoms died. We conclude that early recognition and hospitalization is the most important factor in reduction of mortality from FHF. It is unclear whether PGE1 treatment is beneficial when administered during this period. However, it is apparent that PGE1 was not effective for treatment of FHF if treatment started more than 10 days after onset of this clinical syndrome. Copyright r 1998 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
How Mangroves Desalinate Seawater

Water relations of a number of mangroves and other halophytes were studied. All mangroves had high negative pressure in the xylem (30 to 60 atm) which more than balances the osmotic pressure of the seawater (25 atm). Freezing a short stem section of an attached twig always resulted in wilting caused by eavitation of the tensile sap. Semipemeable membranes in the leaves remained functioning in spite of being iced or healed (50°C), or being poisoned by dinitrophenol and carbon monoxide (13 atm). Chloroform and ether ruptured the membranes. When some 40 atm pressure was applied to the root system of a decapitated seedling potted in seawater, a flow of nearly fresh water ensued. This separation kept on for hours in spile of chilling and poisoning with dinitrophenol or 20 atm carbon monoxide. A reversal of the gradient made roots lose water to the seawater. One may conclude, therefore, that mangroves separate fresh water from the sea by a simple non-metabolic ultrafiltration process, in a system where high tension obtains in the xylem and where turgor of the living cells is produced by an active maintenance of high solute pressure.
Abundance of type I toxin–antitoxin systems in bacteria: searches for new candidates and discovery of novel families

Small, hydrophobic proteins whose synthesis is repressed by small RNAs (sRNAs), denoted type I toxin-antitoxin modules, were first discovered on plasmids where they regulate plasmid stability, but were subsequently found on a few bacterial chromosomes. We used exhaustive PSI-BLAST and TBLASTN searches across 774 bacterial genomes to identify homologs of known type I toxins. These searches substantially expanded the collection of predicted type I toxins, revealed homology of the Ldr and Fst toxins, and suggested that type I toxin-antitoxin loci are not spread by horizontal gene transfer. To discover novel type I toxin-antitoxin systems, we developed a set of search parameters based on characteristics of known loci including the presence of tandem repeats and clusters of charged and bulky amino acids at the C-termini of short proteins containing predicted transmembrane regions. We detected sRNAs for three predicted toxins from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, and showed that two of the respective proteins indeed are toxic when overexpressed. We also demonstrated that the local free-energy minima of RNA folding can be used to detect the positions of the sRNA genes. Our results suggest that type I toxin-antitoxin modules are much more widely distributed among bacteria than previously appreciated.
Analysis of cross-compatibility in Eriastrum densifolium ( Polemoniaceae )

Cross-compatibility within and among populations of the perennialEriastrum densifolium was investigated to determine if sterility barriers have evolved within this polytypic species, and to correlate any such barriers to previously known patterns of genetic and morphological variation. Furthermore, the reproductive affinities of the endangeredE. densifolium subsp.sanctorum are investigated. Results indicate that no single population or group of populations is reproductively isolated from all other populations, and that F1 hybrids are fully fertile. Interspecific crosses (withE. eremicum andE. sapphirinum) were largely unsuccessful. The endangeredE. densifolium subsp.sanctorum demonstrates high interfertility with all other populations.
A dynamic model of advertising by the regulated firm

A profit-maximizing firm subject to price regulation typically seeks alternative variables to control if the regulatory constraint is binding. Advertising may be one such variable. By shifting the demand curve inward or outward between rate hearings, the firm may increase its earnings above the allowed level. Here, a simple discrete-time optimal-control model is proposed to examine the dynamic implications of advertising by the regulated firm. Our results indicate that, in the long run, the combined effect of regulation and advertising leads to a steady-state equilibrium that is closer to the minimum point on the firm's long-run average-cost curve than the original output level. Thus, an invisible-hand property is established that pushes the regulated firm to shift its demand curve toward the minimum point on its long-run average-cost curve in the presence of regulation. As a result, the well-known allocative inefficiency created by rate-of-return regulation (P≠MC), on which so much has been written over the past 100 years, is reduced (and, under certain conditions, eliminated) if the regulated firm is allowed to advertise.
The influence of obesity on falls and quality of life

Objective To determine (1) whether obese older adults had higher prevalence of falls and ambulatory stumbling, impaired balance and lower health-related quality of life (HRQL) than their normal weight counterparts, and (2) whether the falls and balance measures were associated with HRQL in obese adults.
Data for the cutting of Vermont marble with continuous water jets

Abstract A recent paper [1] has provided comprehensive and consistent data on the cutting of rocks with continuous water jets. The target materials were three common experimental rocks, Barre granite, Indiana limestone and Berea sandstone. Effects of nozzle pressure were investigated over the range 1000–60,000 lbf/in2, and traverse velocity was varied from 0·002–5·5 ft/sec. The same apparatus and experimental procedures have now been used to establish data for the water jet cutting of Vermont marble. The highest pressure used was 30,000 lbf/in2, because the pumping equipment commercially available for higher pressures is generally of laboratory-type and therefore low-powered, and we wished to generate data directly applicable to practical use. For all the traverse speeds except 0·012 ft/sec, the lowest pressure used was 5000 lbf/in2. At these higher traverse speeds a minimum specific energy was found at pressures above 5000 lbf/in2, and cuts at pressures lower than this were scarcely measurable. With a traverse speed of 0·012 ft/sec, measurable slots were produced down to 3000 lbf/in2. Traverse speeds were chosen to correspond to those in [1] over the range 0·012–5·35 ft/sec. Several slots were cut using the rotating nozzle device reported in [2], and these data are also reported for purposes of record and to place them within the context of those for the single nozzle cuts.
A Case of Trastuzumab-Associated Cardiomyopathy Presenting as an Acute Coronary Syndrome: Acute Trastuzumab Cardiotoxicity

Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody highly effective in the treatment of several cancers, but its use is associated with cardiac toxicity which usually responds to cessation of the drug and/or medical therapy. We present an unusual case of acute cardiac toxicity temporally related to administration of trastuzumab in which the clinical presentation suggested an acute coronary syndrome. Coronary angiography, however, demonstrated minimal epicardial disease, but new wall motion abnormalities. Furthermore, the patient did not respond to withdrawal of the drug or medical therapy for heart failure.
Constructing maximal geodesics in strongly causal space-times

Let ( M, g ) be an arbitrary space-time of dimension ≥ 2 and let d = d ( g ): M × M → ℝ ∪ {∞} (where d ( p, q ) = 0 for q ∉ J + ( p )) denote the Lorentzian distance function of ( M, g ). Also let C ( M, g ) denote the space of Lorentzian metrics for M globally con-formal to g . Here g 1 is said to be globally conformal to g if there exists a smooth function Ω: M → (0, ∞) such that g 1 = Ω g .
Wohin geht die Chemie in den nächsten zwanzig Jahren

Der zukunftige Weg der Chemie wird sowohl von Forderungen der Gesellschaft als auch von der Entwicklung neuer Ideen durch die Grundlagenforschung gepragt werden. Dieser Aufsatz skizziert vier Gesellschaftsbereiche, in denen die Chemie zur Losung von Problemen gefordert sein wird - nationale Sicherheit, Gesundheitsfursorge, Umweltschutz und Energieversorgung -, sowie vier Bereiche, in denen die Grundlagenforschung wichtige Impulse geben wird - Materialforschung, Biochemie, Computerchemie und die Erforschung der Grenzen von Grose und Geschwindigkeit chemischer Phanomene.