cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 6 – Epithelial Ovarian Neoplasms

Epithelial ovarian neoplasms represent about 90% of all primary malignant ovarian tumors. Their origin is in the surface or germinal epithelium that covers the ovary in continuity with the peritoneal mesothelium. Epithelialstromal tumors include elements from the adjacent stroma. The tendency for ovarian neoplasms to be associated with peritoneal neoplasms, and occasionally with endometrial neoplasms can be explained by an “area response” or “field effect” to carcinogens. The histologic patterns of epithelial neoplasm tumors show similarities regardless of their location: serous papillary tumors of the ovary are histologically identical to serous papillary tumors of the peritoneum; endometrioid tumors of ovary to endometrial carcinoma; ovarian mucinous carcinoma to endocervical carcinoma; and clear cell carcinomas are histologically identical in the endocervix, endometrium, and ovary. The classification of epithelial ovarian neoplasms is based on the WHO classification. This chapter emphasizes on epithelial ovarian neoplasms and its most common types in detail. Majority of epithelial neoplasms are benign in nature and are represented by serous and mucinous cystadenomas, which can be occasionally combined.
Understanding the Role of Parental Opiate or Marijuana Use in Child Welfare Substantiation Decisions

Parental drug misuse is a risk factor that child welfare workers must consider during investigations of alleged maltreatment. Little is known, however about how workers view substance use, particul...
Harnessing natural modularity of cellular metabolism to design a modular chassis cell for a diverse class of products by using goal attainment optimization

Living cells optimize their fitness against constantly changing environments to survive. Goal attainment optimization is a mathematical framework to describe the simultaneous optimization of multiple conflicting objectives that must all reach a performance above a threshold or goal. In this study, we applied goal attainment optimization to harness natural modularity of cellular metabolism to design a modular chassis cell for optimal production of a diverse class of products, where each goal corresponds to the minimum biosynthesis requirements (e.g., yields and rates) of a target product. This modular cell design approach enables rapid generation of optimal production strains that can be assembled from a modular cell and various exchangeable production modules and hence accelerates the prohibitively slow and costly strain design process. We formulated the modular cell design problem as a blended or goal attainment mixed integer linear program, using mass-balance metabolic models as biological constraints. By applying the modular cell design framework for a genome-scale metabolic model of Escherichia coli, we demonstrated that a library of biochemically diverse products could be effectively synthesized at high yields and rates from a modular (chassis) cell with only a few genetic manipulations. Flux analysis revealed this broad modularity phenotype is supported by the natural modularity and flexible flux capacity of core metabolic pathways. Overall, we envision the developed modular cell design framework provides a powerful tool for synthetic biology and metabolic engineering applications such as industrial biocatalysis to effectively produce fuels, chemicals, and therapeutics from renewable and sustainable feedstocks, bioremediation, and biosensing.
Ectopic Expression of Virus Innexins in Heliothis virescens Disrupts Hemocyte-Mediated Encapsulation and Host Viability

1.Polydnaviruses are dsDNA viruses associated with endoparasitoid wasps. Delivery of the virus during parasitization of a caterpillar and subsequent virus gene expression is required for production of an amenable environment for parasitoid offspring development. Consequently, understanding of Polydnavirus gene function provides insight into mechanisms of host susceptibility and parasitoid wasp host range. Polydnavirus genes predominantly are arranged in multimember gene families, one of which is the vinnexins, which are virus homologues of insect gap junction genes, the innexins. Previous studies of Campoletis sonorensis Ichnovirus Vinnexins using various heterologous systems have suggested the four encoded members may provide different functionality in the infected caterpillar host. Here, we expressed two of the members, vnxG and vnxQ2, using recombinant baculoviruses in susceptible host, the caterpillar Heliothis virescens. Following intrahemocoelic injections, we observed >90% of hemocytes (blood cells) were infected, producing recombinant protein. Larvae infected with a vinnexin-recombinant baculovirus exhibited significantly reduced molting rates relative to larvae infected with a control recombinant baculovirus and mock infected larvae. Similarly, larvae infected with vinnexin-recombinant baculoviruses were less likely to molt relative to controls, and showed reduced ability to encapsulate chromatography beads in an immune assay. In most assays, the VnxG protein was associated with more severe pathology than VnxQ2. These results, in light of previous findings, support that Polydnavirus Vinnexin gene family members may provide complementary, rather than redundant, effects. This in turn indicates a need to test gene family member functionality across infected hosts for effects to determine member contribution to host range. 2. ImportancePolydnaviruses are obligate mutualistic associates of highly speciose wasp taxa that parasitize caterpillars. Expression of Polydnavirus-encoded genes in hosts parasitized by wasps is necessary for successful parasitization, and an unusual genome structure including multiple-membered gene families is hypothesized to contribute to host manipulation. We have tested this hypothesis by in vivo expression of two members of a family of Polydnavirus homologues of Innexins, or insect gap junction proteins. Previous findings demonstrated that the two Vinnexins induce different physiological alterations in heterologous systems. Here, in host caterpillars, we observed differential alteration by the two proteins of host immune cell (hemocyte) bioelectrical physiology and the immune response of encapsulation. Not only do our data suggest a linkage between cellular bioelectricity and immunity in insects, but they support that gene family expansion has functional consequences to both Polydnavirus and host wasp success.
Growth and demography of a declining, endangered cactus in the Sonoran Desert

Increases in the incidence and severity of drought threaten the viability of rare plants in arid regions. The endangered Nichol's Turk's head cactus (Echinocactus horizonthalonius Lemaire var. nicholii L. Benson) occurs only in four small, isolated populations in the Sonoran Desert of North America. Since 1995 we have monitored a population in southeastern Arizona (USA). Here we report 23 years of observations on abundance, growth, mortality, flowering and recruitment. Abundance of plants decreased from 132 in 1996 to 40 in 2017, with 100 individuals recruited and 203 dying during the study. Individual plants grew slowly, increasing annually by an average of 0.22 cm (95% confidence interval, 0.18–0.26 cm) in diameter and 0.27 cm (0.20–0.33 cm) in height. Growth was slowest when drought was most severe and slowed as plants reached maximum size. Annual mortality increased markedly across the study period and did not vary with plant size. Annual probability of flowering increased as plants increased in diameter but not in height, and varied with precipitation and drought but not with mean annual temperature. Recruitment was higher when average temperature was higher and the number of recruits per capita increased across the study period. The annual rate of change in abundance averaged −6%, but shifted markedly from −1% during 1995–2008 to −11% during 2008–2017. Our results indicate that the population's decline was not a consequence of failed recruitment but of increased mortality, which we discuss in the context of climate and herbivory.
Signaling across the senses: a captive case study in pair-bonded red-bellied lemurs (Eulemur rubriventer) at the Duke Lemur Center, NC, USA.

We provide a preliminary case study in red-bellied lemurs (Eulemur rubriventer) to illustrate a multimodal approach to understanding communication strategies within a species with obligate pair-bonds. From June to August 2012, we observed and analyzed signaling behaviors across three established red-bellied lemur pairs at Duke Lemur Center (Durham, NC, USA). Our aim was to assess how individuals combine signal modalities to communicate with pair-mates, and to determine whether these strategies vary by time of day, sex, or pair. We analyzed rates of occurrence of touch (allogrooming, mutual grooming, physical contact, and huddling), scent (scent marking and allomarking), and sound (close-distance contact calls) using Wilcoxon rank sum and exact binomial tests. Time of day impacted rates of occurrence across signal modalities, with higher rates of combined signaling within each modality occurring earlier in the day (p 0.1), with the exception of scent marking, which males used more frequently (p < 0.01). The results of this study will aid in developing methods and hypotheses to determine how wild red-bellied lemurs communicate to form, maintain, and advertise their pair-bonds.
Heterogeneous correlations between hippocampus volume and cognitive map accuracy among healthy young adults

Abstract Marked individual differences in the ability to mentally map our environment are pronounced not only among people of different ages or clinical conditions, but also within healthy young adults. Previous studies have shown that hippocampus size positively correlated with spatial navigation ability in healthy young adults, navigation experts, and patients with hippocampus lesions. However, a recent pre-registered study (Weisberg, Newcombe, & Chatterjee, 2019) with a large sample size (n = 90) did not observe this correlation in healthy young adults. Motivated by evidence that self-report sense of direction (SOD) could have a profound impact on how individuals utilize environmental cues, and that different navigation strategies could have opposite impacts on wayfinding performance in individuals with different cognitive map formation (CMF) abilities, we reanalyzed the publicly available dataset from Weisberg et al.'s study. We tested the influence of participants' SOD and CMF abilities on hippocampal volume–performance relationships. We find evidence that the non-significant correlation could envelop heterogeneous correlations among subgroups of individuals: the correlation between the right posterior hippocampal volume and spatial learning performance is significantly higher among individuals with high spatial ability than individuals with low spatial ability. This pattern of performance was observed for both SOD and CMF moderations of the relationship between hippocampal volume and spatial learning. While our re-analyses are fundamentally exploratory in nature, the new results imply that the relationship between hippocampal volume and spatial learning performance might be more complicated than previously thought.
Disentangling the links between risk factors and adolescent substance use

Background: Drug policies aimed at youth often adopt “scare tactics” approaches, which highlight harms of substances to dissuade youth from using them. However, the success of deterrent approaches ...
Pulmonary Embolism in Acute Asthma Exacerbation: Clinical Characteristics, Prediction Model and Hospital Outcomes

Little is known about the characteristics and impact of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) during episodes of asthma exacerbation. We aimed to characterize patients diagnosed with acute PE in the setting of asthma exacerbation, develop a prediction model to help identify future patients and assess the impact of acute PE on hospital outcomes. We included 758 patients who were treated for asthma exacerbation and underwent a computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTA) during the same encounter at a university-based hospital between June 2011 and October 2018. We compared clinical characteristics of patients with and without acute PE and developed a machine learning prediction model to classify the PE status based on the clinical variables. We used multivariable regression analysis to evaluate the impact of acute PE on hospital outcomes. Twenty percent of the asthma exacerbation patients who underwent CTA had an acute PE. Factors associated with acute PE included previous history of PE, high CHA2DS2-VASc score, hyperlipidemia, history of deep vein thrombosis, malignancy, chronic systemic corticosteroids use, high body mass index and atrial fibrillation. Using these factors, we developed a random forest machine learning prediction model which had an 88% accuracy in classifying the acute PE status of the patients (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.899; 95% confidence interval: 0.885–0.913). Acute PE in asthma exacerbation was associated with longer hospital stay and intensive care unit stay. It is important to consider acute PE, a potentially life-threatening event, in the setting of asthma exacerbation especially when other risk factors are present.
Submucous Cleft Palate Repair in Patients With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.

Objective:To determine whether surgical intervention for submucous cleft palate (SMCP) is more common in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q DS) compared to children without 22q DS.Design:...
Remembering Benita Parry

One of only a handful of postcolonial studies’ true pioneers, Benita Parry died at the age of 88 on January 19, 2020 in Gwynedd Hospital in northern Wales. Cantankerous, elegant, and immensely gene...
Caregiver Involvement in Communication Skills for Individuals with ASD and IDD: a Meta-analytic Review of Single-Case Research on the English, Chinese, and Japanese Literature

The current meta-analytic review analyzed 43 studies published in English, Chinese, and Japanese to determine the effects of caregiver involvement for promoting communication skills of individuals with ASD and IDD. Tau-U effect sizes, the Kruskal-Wallis H test, and the Dunn post hoc test were employed to calculate for moderator analyses: child age, settings, service delivery formats, and dosages of services provided to caregivers. The overall effect size for family involvement had a moderate effect on child communicative outcomes, as well as on child ages, settings, delivery formats, and dosages of services provided to caregivers of individuals with ASD and IDD. A statistically significant difference was found in children’s communication outcomes between the four dosage groups of services provided to caregivers.
Odontogenesis-associated phosphoprotein truncation blocks ameloblast transition into maturation in Odaph C41*/C41* mice

Mutations of Odontogenesis-Associated Phosphoprotein (ODAPH, OMIM *614829) cause autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta, however, the function of ODAPH during amelogenesis is unknown. Here we characterized normal Odaph expression by in situ hybridization, generated Odaph truncation mice using CRISPR/Cas9 to replace the TGC codon encoding Cys41 into a TGA translation termination codon, and characterized and compared molar and incisor tooth formation in Odaph+/+, Odaph+/C41*, and OdaphC41*/C41* mice. We also searched genomes to determine when Odaph first appeared phylogenetically. We determined that tooth development in Odaph+/+ and Odaph+/C41* mice was indistinguishable in all respects, so the condition in mice is inherited in a recessive pattern, as it is in humans. Odaph is specifically expressed by ameloblasts starting with the onset of post-secretory transition and continues until mid-maturation. Based upon histological and ultrastructural analyses, we determined that the secretory stage of amelogenesis is not affected in OdaphC41*/C41* mice. The enamel layer achieves a normal shape and contour, normal thickness, and normal rod decussation. The fundamental problem in OdaphC41*/C41* mice starts during post-secretory transition, which fails to generate maturation stage ameloblasts. At the onset of what should be enamel maturation, a cyst forms that separates flattened ameloblasts from the enamel surface. The maturation stage fails completely.
Singapore’s Teacher Education Model for the 21st Century (TE21)

Singapore introduced the Teacher Education Model for the 21st Century (TE21) in 2009 as a framework to propose a set of 21st century competencies that Singaporean teachers should be equipped with. The introduction of TE21 catalyzed the reform of existing programs and the implementation of new initiatives in initial teacher preparation programs and lifelong teacher professional development. This chapter first examines the local and international driving forces that led to the conceptualization of TE21 since Singapore’s independence. Then, the recommendations of TE21 are scrutinized along with the implementation of two new initiatives in the initial teacher preparation program. The findings are twofold. First, we find that Singapore has extensively performed a comparative review of global 21st century recommendations over four decades to customize an education system for their local context. Second, by synthesizing information sourced from interviews, government documents, and quantitative data, we find that the progress towards developing a cadre of 21st century teachers and producing holistic students in Singapore is largely successful. However, students are found to be at the receiving end of a generational cultural clash between them and their parents’ beliefs about the core of education.
U.S. Administrative Law

The number of administrative law texts is vast. The approach of this one, now in its second edition, is simple. It is: (1) to focus on the richest and most canonical cases; (2) to provide more extensive extracts of them than most casebooks; and (3) to keep the notes to a bare minimum. This manuscript reflects the current state of the law as of February 2021, but also includes some older classics that many contemporary casebooks cut. The text includes older cases because they are foundational; because they frequently lay out core concepts clearly; and because arguments about historical practices and precedents currently enjoy substantial weight in administrative law discourse. Students whose knowledge of caselaw only goes back a couple of decades will be ill-equipped to make or parry arguments rooted in older legal developments.
Use of ITS 1 to identify Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera occipitalis (Diptera: Tephritidae): a case study using flies trapped in California from 2008 to 2018

Molecular methods are necessary to diagnose immature life stages of the agricultural pest fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and are useful to corroborate identifications based on adults because morphological variation within the species can overlap with congeners. DNA sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) has been adopted by the International Plant Protection Convention as an internationally accepted method to distinguish between the 2 pestiferous fruit fly species Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera carambolae (Drew & Hancock). Reported ITS-1 sequences also are distinct and diagnostically informative to distinguish several other Bactrocera species related to B. dorsalis. In this study, we applied DNA sequencing of ITS-1 to a collection of 513 adult flies trapped in California, USA, in the yr 2008 to 2018. Internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences were successfully recovered from 504 (98%) of these flies. One fly had an ITS-1 sequence that matched B. occipitalis (Bezzi) records. Re-examination of that fly using cytochrome c oxidase I, elongation factor 1-alpha, and morphology supports it as the second record of B. occipitalis trapped in California. The other 503 flies had ITS-1 sequences consistent with B. dorsalis. Six unique ITS-1 sequences (or DNA types) were observed in the collection of 503 B. dorsalis. Three of the ITS-1 sequences (types A, B, and C) were present in 84% of the 503 flies and match ITS-1 records reported in prior publications on B. dorsalis. The other 3 sequences (types D, E, and F) observed in 4% of the 503 B. dorsalis have not been reported in publications. Ambiguous nucleotides were observed from 12% of the 503 B. dorsalis flies, precluding designation of a sequence type. Including the 3 new types from the current study, a total of 15 unique ITS-1 sequences now are known for B. dorsalis. The study, therefore, documents additional intraspecific variation of ITS-1 that aids in future applications for species identification.
Global transitioning: beyond the Covid-19 pandemic

Picking up on Fernand Braudel’s schematic of three speeds of time, this article examines the overlapping periods of vaccine nationalism, viral globalization, and runaway capitalism: running away, m...
Machine learning accelerated particle-in-cell plasma simulations.

Particle-In-Cell (PIC) methods are frequently used for kinetic, high-fidelity simulations of plasmas. Implicit formulations of PIC algorithms feature strong conservation properties, up to numerical round-off errors, and are not subject to time-step limitations which make them an attractive candidate to use in simulations fusion plasmas. Currently they remain prohibitively expensive for high-fidelity simulation of macroscopic plasmas. We investigate how amortized solvers can be incorporated with PIC methods for simulations of plasmas. Incorporated into the amortized solver, a neural network predicts a vector space that entails an approximate solution of the PIC system. The network uses only fluid moments and the electric field as input and its output is used to augment the vector space of an iterative linear solver. We find that this approach reduces the average number of required solver iterations by about 25% when simulating electron plasma oscillations. This novel approach may allow to accelerate implicit PIC simulations while retaining all conservation laws and may also be appropriate for multi-scale systems.
The Department as a Third Sector Planner: Implementing Civic Capacity through the Planning Core Curriculum

Community-university partnerships are an established concept but are not typically central to the core planning curriculum. This study highlights a model of teaching innovation, Integrated Communit...
Increased p-type conductivity through use of an indium surfactant in the growth of Mg-doped GaN

We have examined the effect of an indium surfactant on the growth of p-type GaN by ammonia-based molecular beam epitaxy. p-type GaN was grown at temperatures ranging from 700 to 780 °C with and without an indium surfactant. The Mg concentration in all films in this study was 4.5–6 × 1019 cm−3 as measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. All p-type GaN films grown with an indium surfactant had higher p-type conductivities and higher hole concentrations than similar films grown without an indium surfactant. The lowest p-type GaN room temperature resistivity was 0.59 Ω-cm, and the highest room temperature carrier concentration was 1.6 × 1018 cm−3. Fits of the temperature-dependent carrier concentration data showed a one to two order of magnitude lower unintentional compensating defect concentration in samples grown with the indium surfactant. Samples grown at higher temperature had a lower active acceptor concentration. Improvements in band-edge luminescence were seen by cathodoluminescence for samples gr...
Evaluation of Soft-Tissue Model Parameters

Computer-based techniques for the simulation of craniofacial surgical procedures and for the prediction of the surgical outcome have been shown to be very useful. However, the assessment of the accuracy of the simulated surgical outcome is difficult. In this paper, a robust registration technique is described which allows to compare the simulated surgical outcome and the actual surgical result.
Acute Hyperglycemic Syndromes: Diabetic Ketoacidosis and the Hyperosmolar State

After increasing urination and thirst, come nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Dehydration, weakness and dizziness follow. The patient is confused and slips into coma. The respiratory compensation that accompanies acidemia causes rapid breathing. The sweet smell of the volatile ketone body acetone signals the possibility of ketoacidosis.
Distinct roles of IFNβ and IFNγ in the production of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BA12P.109)

IFNβ and IFNγ play distinct roles in MS/EAE. IFNγ exacerbates whereas IFNβ ameliorates the disease of EAE. Dendritic cells (DC) paly a sentinel role in the immune system, and are recruited to the CNS to restimulate encephalitogenic T cells during the course of EAE. We investigate how DC are regulated differently by IFNβ and IFNγ on the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-23 and of antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms of IFNβ and IFNγ-mediated regulatory effects are also investigated. Our results show IFNβ inhibited the production of IL-12 and IL-23, whereas enhanced the production of IL-10 in activated DC. Although both IFNβ and IFNγ inhibited IL-23 production, IFNγ enhanced IL-12 but suppressed IL-10 production. IFNγ-induced STAT-1/IRF-1 activation is required for IL-12 upregulation and IL-23 downregulation. Although STAT-1 activation is responsible for IFNγ-mediated IL-10 downregulation, IRF-1 activation is not involved in STAT-1-mediated IL-10 downregulation. Similar to IFNγ, IFNβ induced STAT-1 activation to suppress IL-23 production, however, the effect is independent of IRF-1 activation. IFNβ-induced Akt activation and GSK3β inactivation might be responsible for IL-12 downregulation and IL-10 upregulation as GSK3β activation is linked to inflammatory responses. In conclusion, our results provide the molecular mechanisms by which IFNβ and IFNγ utilize distinct signaling pathways to regulate the cytokine productions in DCs.
On the Ramifications of Leegin V. PSKS: Are Tie-Ins Next

Better late than never. From an economic perspective, the per se rule against resale price maintenance - established by the 1911 Supreme Court decision, Dr. Miles - was unquestionably one of the worst antitrust decisions of the twentieth century. Yet, in intransigent and pertinacious fashion, the Court refused to overrule its former erroneous decision despite having had several opportunities to do so. As a result, and notwithstanding the bedrock principle that antitrust cases must make economic sense, the rule that vertically imposed minimum price based restraints are illegal has remained in force for almost a hundred years. The Supreme Court’s 2007 decision in Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc. to overrule Dr. Miles, then, was not so much an iconoclastic judgment as it was a long overdue implementation of ubiquitously accepted principles of price theory. Nevertheless, the case arguably stands for more than the correction of a century old mistake. It sends a meaningful message about the direction the Roberts Court is taking in analytic jurisprudence.
Thiamin Diphosphate and Vitamin B1

Thiamin diphosphate is the active form of thiamin (vitamin B1) required as an enzyme cofactor to assist in fission and formation of carbon–carbon bonds in biosynthetic and bioenergetic reactions. Keywords: Thiamin; vitamin B1; enzyme cofactor; bioenergetic reactions; carbon–carbon bond cleavage
Differential expression of the transcription factor ARID3a in lupus patient hematopoietic progenitors may affect function (BA12P.101)

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplants have been used for severe cases of autoimmune disease, but success rates for systemic lupus erythrematosus (SLE) patients are less than for other autoimmune diseases. We recently found >40% of SLE patients had increased numbers of peripheral B lymphocytes that express the DNA-binding protein ARID3a, and that numbers of ARID3a+ B cells were associated with increased disease activity. Because ARID3a is also expressed in HSCs, we queried if SLE CD34+ cells abnormally express ARID3a. Indeed, nearly 40% of SLE patients had increased numbers of CD34+ cells with higher expression of ARID3a compared to healthy controls. Progenitors with increased ARID3a expression showed enhanced proliferation in vitro relative to other SLE cultures, and those progenitors generated increased numbers of cells that retained CD34 expression. We hypothesize that variation in ARID3a expression in hematopoietic progenitors contributes to variability in engraftment and are testing that hypothesis using humanized mice. Together, these data suggest new functions for ARID3a in HSCs and autoimmunity.
A structured methodology for waste management facility accident analysis

Guidance from the US Department of Energy (DOE) for the performance of accident analysis in support of environmental impact assessments calls for a graded approach that considers frequencies as well as consequences of accidents, focuses on high-risk scenarios, and avoids bounding analyses that can obfuscate comparisons of alternative actions. This guidance reflects the fact that at the heart of an environmental impact statement is a comparative analysis of alternatives, including the proposed action; this analysis should address the environmental impacts in proportion to their potential significance, avoid addressing insignificant impacts in detail, and focus analysis resources to be as cost-effective as possible. Accordingly, a probabilistic risk analysis-based methodology to satisfy DOE guidance was developed and implemented for the DOE Waste Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (WM PEIS). The methods are described and illustrated, and an outline of the computational framework is presented. This methodology, although developed for the WM PEIS, is, of course, applicable to general safety analyses. The implementation of the methods for the WM PEIS is summarized, and the extension of the methods to site-specific applications is explained.
Challenges in University Technology Transfer and the Promising Role of Entrepreneurship Education

This paper outlines the many challenges that confront efforts to commercialize university technologies via spinouts or startups, and it discusses the role of entrepreneurship education in relation to these challenges. We begin by considering the role of startups vis‐a‐vis other mechanisms in the commercialization of university research. We then outline the resource requirements for successful startups, including financial resources; facilities; specialized equipment; and people, including potential managers, team members, board members and advisors. Next, we consider the role of entrepreneurship education in addressing these resource requirements and, drawing upon an extensive literature review, we elaborate on best practices for entrepreneurship education in terms of audience, curriculum, and external engagement. Finally, we highlight a number of important distinctions between entrepreneurship education and technology transfer, and we propose a set of questions that can aid programs in assessing the relationship between these areas. Ultimately, we point to a number of ways by which entrepreneurship education can enhance technology transfer, but we caution against excessively close relationships and the cooptation of entrepreneurship education for technology transfer aims.
Coupling physical processes in simulations of chemically reactive flows

The exact way the processes are coupled depends on the individual properties of the different algorithms used and the regimes in which the competing physical processes interact. In particular, we have found that the best form of the coupling to use varies according to whether the convection is treated by an implicit or explicit approach. Other processes may be done explicitly or implicitly, and still not alter the basic procedure. In an explicit computation, we believe that the order in which the processes are integrated and their effects applied should not affect the final answer. However, implicit acoustic coupling involves using a pressure-like equation either instead of or in addition to an energy equation. In this case, we add up the pressure differences caused by each process and then at the end of a timestep use the pressure equation to evaluate the fluid variables for the new timestep.
Survey of commercial manual controllers for a generic telerobotics architecture

The purpose of this study was to determine an input device for the Air Force's generic telerobotics architecture for large aircraft maintenance and repair. Our area of concern was the human to machine interface, more specifically, which manual controller or input device should be used for the specified tasks in this architecture. We mailed a survey to 68 companies in order to compile a list of possible input devices that the telerobotics architecture could use. Thirty two companies responded giving us enough data to generate a list that described the physical traits of the input devices. The physical traits were divided into two main categories. The first category, called device category, deals with items such as external power, type of communication interface, and the number of degrees of freedom. The second category called user category, discusses items such as cost, size, weight and dexterity. We then divided the required tasks that the Air Force's generic telerobotics architecture must perform into actions and analyzed them to generate a list of traits required by an input device. Both the task analysis and device listings were combined mathematically to form a performance table which compared the input devices that could perform each individual action.
Loss of a Mr 78,000 Marker in Chemically Induced Transplantable Carcinomas and Primary Carcinoma of Human Pancreas

Toward the identification of steps in the multiphasic process of human pancreas carcinogenesis we have developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies to normal and carcinogen-treated human pancreas cells. One of these, an IgG3 with strong affinity for a membrane-associated Mr 78,000 protein in fetal and adult parenchymal cells, was purified by high performance liquid chromatography, and used for the detection and characterization of tumorigenic stage in human pancreas carcinogenesis. This protein was present on the cell surface of human pancreas explants exposed to methylnitrosourea for up to 4 months and in nontumorigenic cell lines derived from these explants. It was absent in a morphologically transformed subpopulation of cells in explants treated with methylnitrosourea for longer than 4 months, in tumorigenic cell lines derived from these explants, and in primary carcinomas of human pancreas. The presence of this marker in normal pancreas adjacent to tumors, in hyperplastic cells induced by methylnitrosurea and in nontumorigenic cell lines suggests a correlation between the loss of this membrane-associated marker and cell tumorigenicity.
New Views of Life

Biswas M., Padmanaban G., Shalia M.S., Vishveshwara S., The Web of Life, 1997, Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 161, $57Gilbert S.F., Developmental Biology, 1997, Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 918, $64.95Gutman Y., Lazarovici P., Toxins and Signal Transduction, 1997, Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 501, $150.00Houdebine L.M., Transgenic Animals, Generation and Use, 1997, Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 574, $90.00
Model-based assessment of cardiovascular health from noninvasive measurements.

Cardiovascular health is currently assessed through a variety of hemodynamic parameters, many of which can only be determined by invasive measurement often requiring hospitalization. A noninvasive method of evaluating several of these parameters such as systemic vascular resistance (SVR), maximum left ventricular elasticity E_LV end diastolic volume VED and cardiac output, is presented. The method has three elements: (1) a distributed model of the human cardiovascular system (Ozawa [et_al.], Ann. Biomed. Eng. 29:284–297, 2001) to generate a solution library that spans the anticipated range of parameter values, (2) a method for establishing the multidimensional relationship between features computed from the arterial blood pressure and/or flow traces (e.g., mean arterial pressure, pulse amplitude, mean flow velocity) and the critical hemodynamic parameters, and (3) a parameter estimation method that yields the best fit between measured and computed data. Sensitivity analyses were used to determine the critical parameters, and the influence of fixed model parameters. Using computer-generated brachial pressure and velocity profiles (which can be measured noninvasively), the error associated with this method was found to be less than 3% for SVR, and less than 10% for ELV and VED Simulations were also performed to test the ability of the approach to predict changes in SVR and ELV from an initial base line state. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Improving Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab reconstitution times.

Abstract Background Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (CroFab) is used to treat rattlesnake envenomations in the United States. Time to infusion may be a critical factor in the treatment of these bites. Per manufacturer's instructions, 10 mL of sterile water for injection (SWI) and hand swirling are recommended for reconstitution. We wondered whether completely filling vials with 25 mL of SWI would result in shorter reconstitution times than using 10-mL volumes and how hand mixing compared to mechanical agitation of vials or leaving vials undisturbed. Methods Six sets of 5 vials were filled with either 10 mL or 25 mL. Three mixing techniques were used as follows: undisturbed; agitation with a mechanical agitator; and continuous hand rolling and inverting of vials. Dissolution was determined by observation and time to complete dissolution for each vial. Nonparametric 2-tailed P values were calculated. Results Filling vials completely with 25 mL resulted in quicker dissolution than using 10-mL volumes, regardless of mixing method (2-tailed P = .024). Mixing by hand was shorter than other methods ( P Conclusion Hand mixing after filling vials completely with 25 mL results in shorter dissolution times than using 10 mL or other methods of mixing and is recommended, especially when preparing initial doses of CroFab.
Plant essential oils as arrestants and repellents for neonate larvae of the codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)

Nonhost chemicals may be useful for controlling insect pests of crop plants by interfering with orientation to, and selection of, host plants. Essential oils of 27 plant species were tested in 2 different laboratory assays for evidence of arrest and repellency of neonate larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. In an olfactometer in which larval upwind movement toward apples was assessed, greatest arrest was achieved with oils of lavender, Lavandula officinalis L.; pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium L.; and cypress, Cupressus sempervirens L. . Oil of lavender was most effective in preventing larvae from moving upwind in the olfactometer. In a barrier assay, essential plant oils were applied to the distal ends of a glass rod (15 cm long) on which larvae were placed. Larvae crossed the barrier to reach apples impaled on each end of the glass rod. The most effective repellents in this barrier assay were rue, Ruta graveolens L.; garlic, Allium sativum L.; patchouly, Pogostemom cablin (Blanco); and tansy, Tanacetum vulgare L., oils. These 4 plant essential oils were most effective in causing larvae to turn away at the oil barrier. These materials, or their active ingredients, may be useful in protecting fruit from attack by codling moth larvae by preventing larvae from orienting to and arriving at fruit.
Integral Methods in the Calculation of Correlation Factors in Diffusion

Correlation factors are calculated for vacancy motion over various anisotropic lattices. The calculations exploit the relationship between diffusion and generalized random walks over related lattices, and thus involve the Green's functions for these lattices. Tables of the Green's functions for anisotropic cubic lattices are given.
A Thermomechanical Model for a One Variant Shape Memory Material

A model is examined for thermoelastic materials, such as those that display the shape memory and pseudoelastic effect. As is common with models for these materials, an internal variable is utilized...
Genetic Pathways of Vascular Calcification

Vascular calcification is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Arterial calcification of the aorta and coronary, carotid, and peripheral arteries becomes more prevalent with age. Genome-wide association studies have identified regions of the genome linked to vascular calcification, and these same regions are linked to myocardial infarction risk. The 9p21 region linked to vascular disease and inflammation also associates with vascular calcification. In addition to these common variants, rare genetic defects can serve as primary triggers of accelerated and premature calcification. Infancy-associated calcific disorders are caused by loss-of-function mutations in ENPP1, an enzyme that produces extracellular pyrophosphate. Adult-onset vascular calcification is linked to mutations in NTE5, another enzyme that regulates extracellular phosphate metabolism. Common conditions that secondarily enhance vascular calcification include atherosclerosis, metabolic dysfunction, diabetes, and impaired renal clearance. Oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, along with biophysical properties, converge with these predisposing factors to promote soft tissue mineralization. Vascular calcification is accompanied by an osteogenic profile, and this osteogenic conversion is seen within the vascular smooth muscle as well as the matrix. Here, we review the genetic causes of medial calcification in the smooth muscle layer, focusing on recent discoveries of gene mutations that regulate extracellular matrix phosphate production and the role of S100 proteins as promoters of vascular calcification.
ON INVERSE EQUATIONS FOR VEHICLE DYNAMICS

Abstract Instead of writing equations which when solved yield the response of a vehicle to an input such as the front wheel steer angle, one can often invert the equations so that a response quantity is specified as an input and a new set of equations is solved yielding the steer angle required as an output. Using these equations one can discover the input steer angle a driver would need to impose in order to accomplish a specific maneuver for various vehicles. It is shown that there are many possible inverse equation sets and that the eigenvalues of the inverse equations are hard to interpret since they may have little to do with the vehicle parameters. The linear single-input single-output case is studied first to fix ideas using a simple example. For the bicycle model vehicle, it is shown that any vehicle may have unstable inverse equations depending upon the response quantity used. Extensions to nonlinear and multiple-input multiple output systems are discussed.
Do Object and Gesture Imitation Skills Represent Independent Dimensions in Autism

Children with autism exhibit significant deficits in imitation. Previous research has suggested that object and gesture imitation are independent in autism, and that object imitation may be related to play skills, while gesture imitation may be related to expressive language. However, this finding has not been replicated in the literature. This study examined the concurrent relationship between imitation and language and play in 27 young children with autism. After controlling for developmental age, total imitation was related to child expressive vocabulary. Object imitation had a unique relationship with symbolic play; however, gesture imitation was not uniquely correlated with language. Object and gesture imitation skills were highly correlated, questioning the true independence of these skills in children with autism. Different types of imitation skills in children with autism may be better described as involving a general imitative capacity along with other more specific skills.
Magnesium Promotes Both Parathyroid Hormone Secretion and Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Production in Rat Parathyroid Tissues and Reverses the Inhibitory Effects of Calcium on Adenylate Cyclase*

Reduced extracellular Ca2+ is known to promote PTH secretion, while severe Mg2+ depletion has the opposite effect. We have correlated the effects of Mg2+ and Ca2+ on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and cAMP accumulation by rat parathyroid tissues in vitro with the effects of these two metals on adenylate cyclase activity in broken membrane preparations. PTH secretion was maximal at 0.5 mM Ca2+, falling to low levels as the Ca2+ concentration was increased to 2.5 mM. Deletion of Mg2+ from the medium resulted in a marked decrease in PTH secretion at any given Ca2+ concentration. At a constant Ca2+ concentration of 1 mM, both PTH secretion and cAMP production rose to maximal rates as the Mg2+ concentration was increased from 0 to 2 mM. The adenylate cyclase of rat parathyroid membranes was stimulated by both GTP and guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p]. EDTA-treated membranes could not be stimulated by Gpp(NH)p. Repletion with Mg2+ was more effective than repletion with Ca2+ in restoring responsiveness to the guanine nucleotide. When membranes were maximally preactivated by Gpp(NH)p and then assayed in the presence of variable concentrations of metal ions, enzyme activity was directly inhibited by Ca2+ and stimulated by Mg2+. Adenylate cyclase sensitivity to Ca2+ inhibition was dependent upon the Mg2+ concentration; in the presence of 0.6 mM Mg2+ a 50% inhibition was produced by 0.05 mM Ca2+, while in the presence of 8 mM Mg2+ a 10-fold higher Ca2+ concentration was required for a similar inhibitory effect. The results suggest that Ca2+ may decrease PTH secretion at least in part by a direct inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Mg2+ may promote PTH secretion either by enhancing the activation of adenylate cyclase by endogenous guanine nucleotides or by competing with Ca2+ for binding to a distinct regulatory site on the enzyme.
Computational experience with an exact penalty function technique (EPT)

Abstract In this paper, constrained nonlinear programming problems are solved by using an exact piecewise-differentiable penalty function. The algorithm is structured such that all parameters are determined prior to actual problem solution and are fixed throughout the procedure. Further, since the penalty function is exact and no iterative parameters are used, the execution times are impressive when compared to conventional approaches. In addition to algorithm efficiency, the method often solves many difficult problems wherein other methods fail. The exact penalty function algorithm was compared to SUMT through solution to twenty five test problems extracted from current literature, including most of the problems from Colville's study. This paper presents a computational comparison of both algorithms on these problems. The solution values and execution times are presented for the new algorithm and compared to SUMT. The results indicate that the exact penalty function technique is both robust and efficient.
Moral Responsibility and History Revisited

Compatibilists about determinism and moral responsibility disagree with one another about the bearing of agents' histories on whether or not they are morally responsible for some of their actions. Some stories about manipulated agents prompt such disagreements. In this article, I call attention to some of the main features of my own "history-sensitive" compatibilist proposal about moral responsibility, and I argue that arguments advanced by Michael McKenna and Manuel Vargas leave that proposal unscathed.
The novel synthesis of a [6:5:6] linear isoguanosine type tricyclic nucleoside using carbonyl sulfide

Abstract The novel one-step synthesis of a fused pyrimidin-2-one-4-thione derivative from an o -aminonitrile using carbonyl sulfide is described.