cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ACRL Conferences: A Profile of its Presenters

This study provides a profile of the authors of contributed papers at the first twelve ACRL conferences. It found that the conference presenters tend to be female academic librarians (administrators, reference librarians, and subject specialists) from Doctoral Research institutions in the Midwest. It also discovered several trends. During its 27-year history, there have been increases in the number of female authors, library school faculty giving papers, and authors from master’s and baccalaureate institutions. In addition, the rate of collaboration has grown. The profile and its related trends were very similar to what has been reported in C&RL authorship studies—with one exception. Women are more likely to appear as conference presenters than journal authors. Further research should explore the role of gender in scholarly communication.
Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century

This paper uses historical fluctuations in temperature within countries to identify its effects on aggregate economic outcomes. We find three primary results. First, higher temperatures substantially reduce economic growth in poor countries. Second, higher temperatures may reduce growth rates, not just the level of output. Third, higher temperatures have wide-ranging effects, reducing agricultural output, industrial output, and political stability. These findings inform debates over climate’s role in economic development and suggest the possibility of substantial negative impacts of higher temperatures on poor countries. (JEL E23, O13, Q54, Q56)
Opposing time trends of peptic ulcer and reflux disease

Background —Gastritis associated hypochlorhydria may be protective against gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. It was hypothesised that the historic decline in Helicobacter pylori infection resulted in a decline in peptic ulcer and a concomitant rise in reflux disease. Aims —To study the time trends of peptic ulcer and reflux disease. Methods —Hospitalisation rates were analysed using the computerised database of the US Department of Veterans Affairs from 1970 until 1995. Death rates were calculated from the Vital Statistics of the United States. Results —From 1970 to 1995, hospitalisation rates for gastric and duodenal ulcer, as well as gastric cancer fell, while the hospitalisation rates for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and those for oesophageal adenocarcinoma rose significantly. Similar time trends were observed with respect to the death rates. There were notable ethnic differences. White subjects incurred higher rates of reflux disease and oesophageal adenocarcinoma and lower rates of gastric ulcer or cancer compared with non-whites. Conclusions —The ethnic variations and the opposing time trends of gastroduodenal versus oesophageal disease are consistent with the hypothesis that the declining infection rates of H pylori in the general population have led to a rise in the occurrence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and associated oesophageal adenocarcinoma.
High-Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Carcinogenic N-Nitroso Derivatives of Piperazine Resulting from Drug-Nitrite Interactions

A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous analysis of N-nitroso and N,N;dinitroso derivatives of piperazlne Is described. Its application in assaying these toxic nitrosamines formed under in vitro conditions in human saliva and in vivo conditions In rat stomach Is reported. Piperazine is a highly effective and widely used anthelmintic agent in the management of round worm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and pin worm (Oxyuris vermicularis) infections (1). Recently, piperazine was found to react with sodium nitrite under in vitro and in vivo conditions to yield N-nitroso (MNP) 1 and N,N'-dinitroso (DNP) derivatives (2-6). Both MNP and DNP were carcinogenic to mice and rats (7-11). Concurrent oral administration of piperazine and sodium nitrite to mice produced lung adenomas attributable to in vivo nitrosation of the drug (7). The recommended maximum oral dose of piperazine (as its adipate, calcium editate, citrate or tartrate salt) is 3.5g/day for 2 days for ascariasis and 2.Sg/day for 8 days for oxyuriasis. Because of this high intake of a readily nitrosatable drug, some investigators have expressed concern regarding its nitrosative toxification in the stomach, especially in the absence of proper attention to dietary intake of nitrite (4,6,7). Recently, a spectrophotometric (12) and several thin-layer (4,6) and gas chromatographic (2,5,13) methods were reported for the analysis of N-nitroso derivatives of piperazine. The present paper describes a convenient and rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the simultaneous analysis of MNP and DNP formed under in vitro and in vivo conditions.
Fuzzy rule based depth controller for variable ballast system of autonomous underwater vehicles

Summary form only given. Variable ballast (VB) systems of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) are designed to compensate for changes in weights, variable loads, and displacement which occur during dive so as to keep submersibles at design condition such as neutral buoyancy and zero-trim. VB is also designed to create positive/negative buoyancy, so AW will ascend/descend to a desired depth. VB is composed of variable ballast tanks which may be flooded or blown to attain the required buoyancy. By investigating the dynamic response of VB system, a robust and energy saving depth control strategy is formed. The key point is to find a critical depth point at which a certain amount of water needs to be added to or subtracted from the VB tank. The critical depth point has nonlinear relationship with the desired depth, initial set weight, and VB dynamic parameters. The use of fuzzy logic controller is investigated for VB depth control. Fuzzy rules are developed to get the critical depth point. They are derived from qualitative analysis of VB dynamic systems. >
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: manifestation in adulthood

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the manifestation of ADHD in adults using a combination of structured clinical interview, behavioral self-report, and a range of neuropsychological measures. Symptom criteria that are endorsed by adults with ADHD as compared to non-diagnosed adults and an adult sample with other clinical disorders tend to reflect problems with follow-through, forgetting, organization, and losing things. Notably, adults in the No Diagnosis group endorsed a higher frequency of symptoms than base rates reported elsewhere. Related to sense of time, adults with ADHD endorsed problems with meeting deadlines, not completing tasks, not planning ahead, and having a poorer sense of time significantly more frequently than adults in either the No-Diagnosis or Other Clinical Disorder group. Results highlighted the need for further research specific to the manifestation of ADHD in adulthood and the development of diagnostic criteria that take into account the differences in development as well as age-related differences in contextual demands.
EmVis—a visual e-mail analysis tool

Author(s): Heckel, Bjoern; Hamann, Bernd | Editor(s): Ebert, David S.; Nicholas, C. K. | Abstract: EmVis is an information visualization tool for the analysis of e-mail exchange among people in an organizaiton. A company-specific organizational hierarchy is used to provide the basic layout for a graph-based visualization of e-mail exchange. Various parameters are mapped to the nodes and edges in this graph: rank within the company, frequency/amount of e-mail exchange between subjects, possibly information content. The system we describe also supports more general graph-based visualizations not necessarily based on a company's hierarchy; it is possible to use EmVis for queries regarding any group of employees and the e-mail exchange among them. We employ geralizations of traditional information visualization concepts, such as cone tree and hyperbolic space representations
Modeling the Factors Affecting Bus Stop Dwell Time: Use of Automatic Passenger Counting, Automatic Fare Counting, and Automatic Vehicle Location Data

Dwell time at bus stops represents a significant portion of bus operating time and contributes to its variability. Although dwell time is highly correlated with the number of passengers boarding and alighting, there are also secondary factors such as crowding, fare type, and bus design that may affect it. These secondary factors may strongly influence the effectiveness of different strategies used to improve service. Automatic data collection systems provide a plethora of data, but they require preprocessing to combine records from different collection systems to control for measurement error and to determine the significant factors influencing dwell time. Using data from the automatic passenger counting, automatic fare counting, and automatic vehicle location systems installed on Chicago Transit Authority buses, the paper develops and implements preprocessing techniques, estimates a dwell time model, and analyzes the impact of the secondary factors. Smart media farecards are estimated to have a 1.5-s fas...
Population pharmacokinetic analysis of atomoxetine in pediatric patients

Atomoxetine is a novel treatment of ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults. The purpose of this analysis was to characterize atomoxetine pharmacokinetics and the potential influence of patient factors in pediatric patients. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using the combined sparse and serial plasma data of 420 patients with 2354 observations from 5 pediatric studies. Patient factors with clinical and demographic significance were identified a priori and evaluated on model parameters. The final model was a 1-compartment model and was validated using several methods. Covariates retained in the final model included CYP2D6 genotype, body weight, and food consumption. The results demonstrate linear pharmacokinetics across the dose range evaluated of 5 to 45 mg twice-daily. CYP2D6 poor metabolizers had a 9-fold lower clearance compared to extensive metabolizers. Clearance and volume of distribution increased nearly proportional to increased body weight, indicating dosing based on body weight is appropriate. Simulations showed that weight-based dosing provides a more narrow and predictable range of exposures in patients. Food consumption decreased the rate of atomoxetine absorption, however the decrease (9% lower Cmax) was deemed clinically insignificant. Age, gender, ethnic origin, and caffeine consumption did not influence atomoxetine disposition. This analysis provided valuable data concerning these patient factors in the target patient population. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P46–P46; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.173
Melt‐intercalation nanocomposites with chlorinated polymers

Polyolefins and chlorine-containing polymers were investigated to produce polymer nanocomposites. Natural and organic-treated montmorillonite clays were melt compounded with the polymers. Organic-treated montmorillonite clay dispersed well in polychloroprene, chlorinated-polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated-polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinylidenechloride polymers, and formed nanocomposites. They were not well dispersed in polyolefins that contain no chlorine. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques indicated the separation of montmorillonite layers and indicated the formation of polymer nanocomposites in chlorine-containing polymers. Mechanical testing showed enhanced tensile strength and Young's modulus of chlorinated-polymers/clay compounds, but not polyolefins/clay compounds. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1581–1588, 2003
Confirmation of Phosphorus Availability in Low-Phytate and High- Protein Corn to Growing-Finishing Large White Toms

A 115-d (16.5-wk) experiment was conducted to validate the estimated availability of P in a high nutrient-dense (amino acids and calories), low-phytic acid (NDLP) corn variety as compared with conventional yellow dent (YD) corn when fed to commercial toms. The NDLP corn contained 0.32% P and 90% of this was nonphytate P (NPP) compared with YD corn, which had 0.25% P and 32% of the total P was NPP. Toms consuming NDLP corn were fed diets formulated to have the same dietary NPP level as the control diet with reduced levels of total P. Phosphorus was successfully formulated at 90% availability for NDLP corn with no compromise to growth performance or bone integrity measurements compared with the control diet with YD corn. Ulna breaking strength was the most sensitive measurement of dietary P adequacy under the conditions of the experiment. Excretion of P from toms was decreased by 30% when NDLP corn was fed in place of YD corn during the finishing phase, and litter P was decreased by 19% by replacement of YD corn with NDLP corn.
GRB-7 facilitates HER-2/Neu-mediated signal transduction and tumor formation

Growth factor receptor-bound protein-7 (GRB-7), an adaptor molecule, can interact with multiple signal transduction molecules. GRB-7 is amplified concurrently with HER-2/Neu in most, if not all, of breast cancer with chromosome 17q11-21 amplification. GRB-7 gene amplification is associated with RNA over-expression. We show GRB-7 protein is over-expressed by immunoblotting in breast cancer cell lines and primary breast tumors with HER-2/Neu protein over-expression. Over-expression of GRB-7 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells that over-express HER-2/Neu leads to activation of tyrosine phosphorylation of HER-2/Neu. Knockdown of GRB-7 expression in SKBR-3 breast cancer cells with naturally occurring HER-2/Neu gene amplification decreases tyrosine phosphorylation of HER-2/Neu. Activation of HER-2/Neu phosphorylation is associated with increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of phosphoinositide-specific lipase C-gamma-1 (PLC-gamma-1) and recruitment of PLC-gamma-1 to HER-2/Neu protein molecule. Activation of downstream protein kinase C (PKC) pathway is evidenced by increase in the phosphorylation of a common PKC substrate-myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS). In addition, over-expression of GRB-7 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells that over-express HER-2/Neu leads to activation of AKT phosphorylation. Knockdown of GRB-7 expression in MB-453 and SKBR-3 breast cancer cells results in decrease in AKT phosphorylation. GRB-7 over-expression therefore facilitates activation of phosphorylation of HER-2/Neu and AKT in breast cancer cells with HER-2/Neu over-expression. GRB-7 over-expression in MCF-7 cells over-expressing HER-2/Neu leads to morphologic change of cells and promotes tumor xenograft growth in nude mice. GRB-7 over-expression therefore plays pivotal roles in activating signal transduction and promoting tumor growth in breast cancer cells with chromosome 17q11-21 amplification.
When cryptography meets storage

Confidential data storage through encryption is becoming increasingly important. Designers and implementers of encryption methods of storage media must be aware that storage has different usage patterns and properties compared to securing other information media such as networks. In this paper, we empirically demonstrate two-time pad vulnerabilities in storage that are exposed via shifting file contents, in-place file updates, storage mechanisms hidden by layers of abstractions, inconsistencies between memory and disk content, and backups. We also demonstrate how a simple application of Bloom filters can automatically extract plaintexts from two-time pads. Further, our experience sheds light on system research directions to better support cryptographic assumptions and guarantees.
Implementing the recommended curriculum in a biochemistry and molecular biology degree program in a biochemistry and molecular biology department: THE MISSISSIPPI STATE EXPERIENCE

Biochemistry and molecular biology are relatively new disciplines that have evolved from chemistry and biology. Undergraduate programs in these areas are also new, and their structures may reflect their evolutionary path. Some programs will be dominated by chemistry, others by biology. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) has provided a recommended curriculum that attempts to address the diverse needs of students in these areas. Mississippi State University is a research-intensive university and has a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The departmental curriculum provides a broad core of courses that meet the suggested ASBMB standards. In addition, use of appropriate electives allows students to design flexible programs unique to their specific career goals. This report is the second in a series illustrating how different departments are implementing the new ASBMB-recommended curriculum in biochemistry and molecular biology.
Idle Arts: Reconsidering the Curator

In this article, I propose a way for philosophical aesthetics to make sense of the curator's work and specifically its claim to creativity and value making. My thesis is that selecting art should be thought of as a fine art in itself. This thesis, in various formulations, has been a source of controversy for art historians, critics, and theorists for more than a century. Even though philosophers have barely addressed the issue, philosophical aesthetics has been complicit in the prevalent modes of resistance. The unspoken reason that various figures of the artworld find it problematic to identify curators as artists is that the divisions of labor they protect are inherently normative. The inadvertent application of this normativity in equal measure affects curators who style themselves as artists. I offer a critique of the historical and philosophical underpinnings of this normative picture, which sets the stage for a reconsideration of curatorship and its stake on a place among the rest of the fine arts.
Enzymes on Immobilized Substrate Surfaces: Reaction

Abstract The goal of this paper is to measure the overall reaction rate of irreversibly adsorbed but mobile enzymes on substrate-coated surfaces and to model the interplay between reaction and diffusion in this system. Our model system uses collagenase, an enzyme that degrades native collagen, and synthetic surfaces covered with a peptide that is a substrate for collagenase. We employ a multisurface flow cell device to measure the change of ultraviolet absorbance as collagenase hydrolyzes the surface-bound peptide substrate. The overall reaction rate is enhanced as the surface enzyme concentration is increased. By changing the buffer pH we discern the influence of the intrinsic kinetic rate on the overall reaction rate. Employing surfaces containing fewer bound substrates, we probe the effect of the distance between substrates on the overall reaction rate to show that this process is governed by both reaction and diffusion. Using a modified Smoluchowski theory, we model this interplay to determine the intrinsic reaction rate of the surface process and compare this value to those found for collagenase reaction in solution.
Waiting for the millennium bug

Abstract With increasing appreciation that the Y2K problem may turn out to have unpredictable and potentially far‐reaching effects, we are faced with what in some ways resembles the looming global ecological crisis, only this time what is at stake are not vital ecosystem services but rather the vital structures of our highly complex socially constructed reality—and this time we have a date‐certain deadline for the onset of the crisis. Regardless of what actually happens when the calendar turns from 1999 to 2000, this period of waiting for the millennium bug can be a productive one if it induces some of us to contemplate what things we actually depend upon to sustain our lives and, utilizing John Searle's analysis, in what ways we might reconstruct our social reality if faced with the opportunity—and why we haven't begun to do so sooner.
The Thoracic Cage of KSD-VP-1/1

Ribs are naturally fragile and, as a consequence, are rarely preserved in the fossil record. The costal elements recovered from the KSD-VP-1/1 partial skeleton are important evidence allowing reconstruction of the hominin thoracic cage. The ribs of KSD-VP-1/1 are examined with respect to their implications for the evolution of Australopithecus afarensis thoracic morphology. Angulation and torsion along the rib corpus and rib declination indicate a broad upper thorax and a deeply invaginated thoracic vertebral column. Implications for the early hominin thoracic bauplan are discussed.
Treating the Patient - Not the Disease

"Treating the Patient-Not the Disease" analyzes national and international outbreak response measures through a therapeutic jurisprudence lens using the Ebola outbreak as a reference measure. This analysis reviews case law, constitutional law, law reviews, international regulations and other scientific data to reach its proposal. In the United States, federal and state governments have the authority to invade privacy and compromise a citizen's liberty to serve the compelling interest of preventing the spread of an infectious disease. For this reason there are surveillance measures in place and communication channels between necessary stakeholders. Additionally, in the event of an outbreak, those exposed may be subjected to mandatory quarantine, while those infected are subjected to isolation. Furthermore, each state outlines its own quarantine measures. Such actions are necessary to protect the public, but at what cost? Some subjected to quarantine during the Ebola outbreak stated their conditions were inhumane, humiliating and emotionally damaging.Additionally, the media's involvement in the sharing of personal private information regarding those infected and exposed is perhaps most debilitating. The laws that health care providers and other obligated agencies are required to follow regarding to maintenance of patient privacy do not apply to the media. Shortly after Thomas Duncan was hospitalized, his name, photos, pictures of the apartment where he was staying, and information about his girlfriend and family were on the internet, television and print media. There should be more safeguards in place to consciously review the information shared to the media and then publicly, so that only the essential information is shared. From a global approach, many countries overreact during an outbreak and turn to an isolationist, protectionist mode, following the precautionary principle that it is better to be safe than sorry. Such actions do not just affect the international trade, which from an economic standpoint is considerable, but it also pulls the community further apart. From a therapeutic end, this results in behaviors that are inherently more individually focused rather than community focused which could have a trickle down effect in a country’s own legislation and outbreak response measures. This paper also reviews the International Health Regulations and its role in outbreak response; its strengths and weaknesses; and identifies opportunities for improvement.The purpose is to identify ways, both nationally and internationally, in which policies and standardized approaches can change to better serve those exposed and potentially infected with an infectious disease, while still protecting the community at large. It is critical as a local, national, and global community to treat those afflicted or exposed to a disease as well as protecting the rest of the community.
The Impact of Organizational Environment on the Likelihood that Social Workers Will Report Child Maltreatment

This study examined the impact of organizational factors on the decision of social workers to report child maltreatment to Child Protective Services (CPS). Data were collected by a mail survey of a random sample of 520 members of a northeast chapter of the National Association of Social Workers who worked with families and children in an agency setting. The following agency variables, both individually and in combination, significantly influenced reporting: the presence of an expressed mandate to report; worker involvement in decision-making; and the interaction of an expressed mandate and negative sanctions for failing to report. Implications for practice and further research are proposed.
Theoretical and Empirical Approaches to Program Selection Within the Feeder Cattle Enterprise

S TIMULATED by von Neumann and Morgenstem's, "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior," and a recognition of the importance of risk and uncertainty, much theoretical work has been done in developing a mathematical framework for decision making in economic situations.' Some laboratory type experiments have also been made.2 However, few empirical analyses involving these procedures have yet been published.3 The mathematical framework appears to have been overemphasized to the neglect of realities, or more fairly, the economists have not kept up with the mathematicians. This paper considers a real situation. The example shows that for a broad class of situations involving competitive market transactions, the decision problem can and should be posed in a simpler way than as an n-person game. The avenue of presentation in through the decision problems facing an individual farmer in the selection of alternatives within his feeder cattle enterprise in a given season. Direct concern is not given to the total number of cattle to be purchased but to the types of cattle feeding programs and their relative proportions. Given prevailing conditions of uncertainty, the question of total number is more relevant to the relation between the beef and other enterprises. Moreover, the decision models are set up for the planning situation of the farmer and not the specific market situation which he faces when he actually enters a buying or selling market. So far as space permits, empirical data will be introduced to enable comparisons to be made between the assumptions of the mathematical decision structures and the behavior of an actual group of farmers. The data refer to 77 out of 97 owner operators of three years standing between the ages of 30 and 50 in Marshall County, Iowa, who had fed an average of at least 25 feeder cattle in each of the three seasons prior to 1957-1958. Discussions were had with each farmer in June, August and October of 1957 and (by mail) in January, 1958.
Michel de Certeau's microsubversions

Abstract This informal essay moves, against a background of personal and stylistic observations, towards an attempt to get at a few of the essential ‘Certolian’ themes: authorial anonymity, a restlessly mystic elan, the inscrutability of the other, and expose of the ‘real’ (the objectivity of which is one of power's masks) that tends to champion the powerless yet resourceful (hu)man in the street, whose ‘microsubversions’ craft a slight but spunky form of freedom.
Reductive Cleavage of Nitrite to Form Terminal Uranium Mono-Oxo Complexes

Uranium terminal mono-oxo complexes are prepared with a unique activation of nitrite following reductive cleavage of an N-O bond with loss of nitric oxide. The thermodynamic driving force of U═O bond formation differentiates this reactivity from known mechanisms of nitrite reduction, which are typically mediated by proton transfer. Mechanistic details are explored by DFT supporting a simple homolytic cleavage pathway from a κ(1)-ONO bound intermediate. Complexes of the formula U(VI)OX[N(SiMe(3))(2)](3) are formed providing a trigonal bipyramidal framework into which ligands trans to the U═O bond may be installed.
Proof without Words: sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y for x + y < π

(1991). Proof without Words: sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y for x + y < π. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 97-97.
Do children with optic pathway tumors have an increased frequency of other central nervous system tumors

We questioned whether children with optic pathway tumors (OPTs) have an increased frequency of other CNS tumors on the basis of experience with a number of such children treated at our institution. The medical records of all patients with OPTs treated at Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong at the University of Rochester from 1957 to 2000 were reviewed to determine the incidence of additional CNS tumors in these children and whether the occurrence of these other CNS tumors is associated with any risk factors. Twenty-six children had OPTs. Twelve of the 26 children had biopsy-proved tumors; the remaining 14 were diagnosed on the basis of CT or MRI scans. Eight of the 26 patients (31%) had a total of 11 additional CNS tumors. (One child had 2 additional CNS neoplasms, and a second child had 3.) Nine were biopsy proved (3 glioblastoma, 3 anaplastic astrocytoma, 3 low-grade astrocytoma), and 2 were diagnosed by imaging studies alone (acoustic neuromas). Eight of the 11 tumors occurred at a median of 5 years (0.8-25 years) subsequent to the diagnosis of the OPTs; 3 were diagnosed simultaneously with the OPT. Of the 17 children with neurofibromatosis (NF) and OPTs, 8 (47%) had additional CNS tumors, while none of the 9 children (0%) without NF had other CNS tumors (P = 0.023). There was no association between radiation treatment of the primary OPT and subsequent development of other CNS tumors in the group as a whole, or when the analysis was confined to children with NF. Despite this lack of statistical association, all 7 CNS tumors that occurred following radiation arose in irradiated areas. The risk of simultaneous or subsequent CNS tumors in children with NF and OPTs is high. These children should be closely monitored for the simultaneous or subsequent occurrence of other CNS tumors.
Status Quo and Development Trend of Distribution Network Construction

This paper introduces the policy and the development status quo of domestic distribution network construction,analyzes the distribution network layout,construction investment and power supply reliability in China,summarizes the spearheading cases of worldwide advanced urban distribution network construction,and finally analyzes the development trend and prospect of distribution network technology.
Are fluctuations in personality states more than fluctuations in affect

Abstract People fluctuate in their behavior as they go about their daily lives, but little is known about the processes underlying these fluctuations. In two ecological momentary assessment studies (Ns = 124, 415), we examined the extent to which negative and positive affect accounted for the within-person variance in Big Five states. Participants were prompted six times a day over six days (Study 1) or four times a day over two weeks (Study 2) to report their recent thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Multilevel modeling results indicated that negative and positive affect account for most, but not all, of the within-person variance in personality states. Importantly, situation variables predicted variance in some personality states even after accounting for fluctuations in affect, indicating that fluctuations in personality states may be more than fluctuations in state affect.
Old Turkic Oracle Books

Professor WilhelmWhen I began research on this topic some months ago, I had expected to find many obvious influences of the I Ching on the Turkic works. As you will see, the results were quite different; nonetheless, I hope you will find my short study interesting and enjoyable.
Diarrhea in Cancer Patients

The causes of diarrhea among cancer patients are diverse and include paraneoplastic, chemotherapy-induced, radiation-induced, and infectious etiologies. Malignant diseases such as neuroendocrine tumors (VIPoma, gastrinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, carcinoid tumors) may cause paraneoplastic syndromes with severe secretory diarrhea. Treatment-induced diarrhea can result from cytotoxic chemotherapy agents such as fluorouracil, capecitabine, irinotecan, paclitaxel, docetaxel, and vinorelbine, as well as exposure of the gastrointestinal tract during radiotherapy. In addition to food poisoning and infectious gastroenteritis (including Clostridium difficile), immunocompromised neutropenic cancer patients are at risk for ileitis, typhlitis, and colitis that may be life threatening. Treatment with immune checkpoint therapy agents (e.g., ipilimumab, nivolumab) and graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation can cause diarrhea through immune mechanisms. In addition to supportive clinical management, diagnosis of the cause of diarrhea is very important in order to safely apply cause-specific treatment.
Principles of wafer bonding

Wafer direct bonding is based on the short range intermolecular attraction forces at the bonding interface. Wafer bonding and layer transfer technology is VLSI compatible, highly flexible and manufacturable. It appears that two solid-state plates of almost any materials can be directly bonded to each other at room temperature provided that their surfaces are sufficiently smooth, flat and clean. Combined with generic layer thinning methods, transfer of almost any layer onto any substrate may be possible. Not only can integrated materials be made, but also 3-D devices and 3-D SOC may be developed. The major challenge appears to be wafer bonding and layer cutting at low or room temperature that retain integrity of the layer. Innovative low temperature wafer bonding technologies have shown that room temperature covalent bonding and low temperature epitaxial or hetero-epitaxial-like bonding are feasible. It is likely that wafer bonding and layer transfer technology will be an indispensable part of future integrated circuit or system-on-chip fabrication processes, similar to diffusion, oxidation and photolithography technologies in today's semiconductor industry.
Facilitating mental health screening of war-torn populations using mobile applications

War-torn populations are often hard to screen for mental health disorders. Classical data collection approaches, such as paper-based, online, or SMS-operated, are either infeasible or lack accuracy due to a variety of challenges associated with dynamics and consequences of war. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for accurate and fast screening using free open-source software, Open Data Kit (ODK) mobile application. This approach was developed by the Palestine Children’s Relief Fund (PCRF) to assess the mental health symptoms of 986 Palestinian children (age 6–18) in the aftermath of Israel’s Operation Protective Edge (OPE) in 2014. The organization developed assessment questionnaires and trained local field workers on the use of the mobile application, and on recruiting and interviewing war victims. War-affected children were found to suffer from several alarming symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and somatic symptoms. Children with highest number of psychological symptoms were referred for further evaluation and treatment. The use of ODK mobile technologies facilitated efficient screening of affected children in war zones. The offline data collection capability was crucial for handling the difficult conditions associated with war-torn areas, enabling timely intervention for urgent cases. Further applications of the novel mobile technology are to be explored.
Membrane Oxidation in Cell Delivery and Cell Killing Applications

Cell delivery or cell killing processes often involve the crossing or disruption of cellular membranes. We review how, by modifying the composition and properties of membranes, membrane oxidation can be exploited to enhance the delivery of macromolecular cargoes into live human cells. We also describe how membrane oxidation can be utilized to achieve efficient killing of bacteria by antimicrobial peptides. Finally, we present recent evidence highlighting how membrane oxidation is intimately engaged in natural biological processes such as antigen delivery in dendritic cells and in the killing of bacteria by antimicrobial peptides. Overall, the insights that have been recently gained in this area should facilitate the development of more effective delivery technologies and antimicrobial therapeutic approaches.
Prospects for Treating Acquired Pendular Nystagmus with Servo-Controlled Optics

PURPOSE: To determine whether a device featuring electronically controlled motor-driven prisms can reduce oscillopsia and improve acuity in patients with acquired pendular nystagmus (APN). METHODS: A device was developed that senses eye movements and, by the use of motor-driven prisms, oscillates the image of the world in lockstep with the pathologic nystagmus, to negate its deleterious visual effects. Unlike existing optical and surgical treatments for nystagmus, the device negates only the pathologic movements. Voluntary and normal reflex eye movements required for normal vision are unaffected. The benefits of the device were assessed by its impact on acuity in five patients with medication-refractory APN. RESULTS: All patients reported decreases in oscillopsia when the device was in operation. Averaged across patients, the device increased the percentage of time in which retinal image velocity was within +/-4 degrees/sec from 12.8% to 33.3%. Acuities improved in four of five patients, by an average of 0.21 logMAR units. CONCLUSIONS: The symptoms of pendular nystagmus can be treated with a servomechanical device. Further refinements in the device should result in greater improvements in acuity, and a portable, wearable version is feasible using existing technologies.
Decentralized Frequency Shaping and Modal Sensitivities for Optimal Control of Large Space Structures

Abstract In recent years methods from the area of decentralized control have emerged for analysis and control of large flexible space structures. Many critical issues remain for consideration in control problems of flexible spacecraft, including the need for incorporation of actuator dynamics in the system model, the need for an initial stabilizing feedback solution to initiate computation in optimal controller design, and the need for inclusion of frequency domain constraints into the state-space formulation. In this paper we present approaches cast in a decentralized setting which address each of these issues.
Drug–Target Kinetics in Drug Discovery

The development of therapies for the treatment of neurological cancer faces a number of major challenges including the synthesis of small molecule agents that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Given the likelihood that in many cases drug exposure will be lower in the CNS than in systemic circulation, it follows that strategies should be employed that can sustain target engagement at low drug concentration. Time dependent target occupancy is a function of both the drug and target concentration as well as the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters that describe the binding reaction coordinate, and sustained target occupancy can be achieved through structural modifications that increase target (re)binding and/or that decrease the rate of drug dissociation. The discovery and deployment of compounds with optimized kinetic effects requires information on the structure–kinetic relationships that modulate the kinetics of binding, and the molecular factors that control the translation of drug–target kinet...
Independent associations of dairy and calcium intakes with colorectal cancers in the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort.

Objective Results associating dairy and Ca intakes with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk have been mixed. Most previous analyses have suffered from confounding between dairy and Ca intakes. We examined independent associations between these variables, also dairy foods, and CRC incidence in a population with a large range of dairy intakes. Design Adventist Health Study-2 is a cohort study where subjects were enrolled 2002-2007. Proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to estimate hazard ratios (HR). Regression calibration was used to correct for dietary measurement error. Setting The population lived in all states of the USA. Subjects There were 77712 analytic subjects, all of whom were Seventh-day Adventists. Much of their dietary Ca came from non-dairy sources. Subjects During a mean follow-up of 7·8 years, 380 incident colon cancer and 111 incident rectal cancer cases were observed. Results Comparing extreme quintiles of intake in measurement error-corrected analyses, dairy intake (HR=0·31; 95 % CI 0·09, 0·88), independent of total Ca, was inversely related with risk of rectal cancer but gave little indication of association with colon cancer. However, total Ca intake (independent of dairy) was associated with risk of colon cancer (HR=0·55; 95 % CI 0·28, 0·98) and there was little indication of association with rectal cancer. Traditional regression analyses and associations with macronutrients from dairy generally supported these results. Milk intake was also negatively associated with CRC (HR=0·63; 95 % CI 0·43, 0·89). Conclusions Dairy intake may decrease the risk of rectal cancer, and Ca may reduce risk of colon cancer and CRC.
A Novel Enamel and Dentin Etching Protocol Using α-hydroxy Glycolic Acid: Surface Property, Etching Pattern, and Bond Strength Studies.

Clinical Relevance Glycolic acid is a mild etchant that effectively etches enamel and dentin surfaces, a necessary step to successfully placing dental adhesive restorations.
The Influence of the Community on a Student’s Academic Performance

This article examines several key community factors that impact individual learning. Specifically, the impact of wealth, parent support, single-parent families, mobility, and school organization on academic achievement at the community level and on individuals in the context of the community is considered. Key definitions and specific indicators often cited in the literature are presented. The interrelations among these factors are emphasized.
Kinetic control of eukaryotic chromatin structure by recursive topological restraints

Chromatin structure undergoes many changes during the cell cycle and in response to regulatory events. A basic unit of chromatin organization is the nucleosome core particle. However, very little is known about how nucleosomes are arranged into higher-order structures in vivo, even though the efficiency and precision of cell division imply high levels of structural organization. We propose abandoning the current paradigm of chromatin organization based on thermodynamics of the lowest energy state and replace it with the idea of a topologically restrained, high-energy structure. We propose that DNA is subject to a recursive topological restraint, and is anchored by hemicatenates that are part of the chromosomal scaffold. Long-distance _cis_-regulation of transcription is a natural consequence of recursive topological restraint. This new theory of chromatin structure has a multitude of consequences for key aspects of cellular biology.
Implications of Urbanization for Conservation and Biodiversity Protection

This article discusses the main implications of global urbanization on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and conservation. It first presents the demographic realities and discusses whether there is any alternative to significant global urbanization. It then discusses the impact of cities on biodiversity and the environment, before detailing the economic and ecological dependence of cities on biodiversity and the environment. The article ends by presenting a few solutions that have been proposed to reduce the negative impacts of cities on the environment and maximize ecosystem service provision to cities.
CALCIUM TRANSPORT IN THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

In 1963, Lassiter and coworkers, using micropuncture techniques, provided the first quantitative assessment of calcium transport along the nephron (1). Compiling their data and those of subsequent investigators, it is apparent that about 65% of the filtered calcium load is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, another 25% in the loop of Henle and about 8% in the distal tubule. While the quantitative contribution of the distal convoluted tubule seems small, it should be noted that comparably small fractions of sodium and water are reabsorbed distally (2). At the same time, the distal nephron is a major regulatory site for these substances (2). Thus it seemed worthwhile to characterize distal tubular calcium transport and to study the potential hormonal regulation and effects of diuretic agents.
Transforming Educational Pathways for Chicana/o Students: A Critical Race Feminista Praxis, edited by Dolores Delgado Bernal and Enrique Alemán, Jr.: 2017. New York, NY: Teachers College Press, 126 pp

Transforming Educational Pathways for Chicana/o Students arrives at a critical juncture in these contemporary times. As the largest and fastest-growing ethnic minority group in schools, Chicana/o L...
A Comment on Informed Consent

Circumcision is an ancient procedure and, despite its long history, there remain significant doubts as to its medical benefits. Honest advocates on either side of this issue have to temper their enthusiasm based upon the lack of overwhelming medical evidence with which to definitively silence dissenters.
Optical Constants of Insulators: Dispersion Relations

The optical behavior of an optically isotropic solid (e.g., a cubic crystal) is determined by the spectral dependence of two parameters: the real and the imaginary part of the refractive index n = n r +in i (n i is usually referred to as k in the literature and called the extinction index), or the real and the imaginary part of the dielectric constant e = e r + ie i . The two spectral functions which determine the optical behavior are most readily determined by measuring the transmission and the reflection of a plane-parallel slab as a function of frequency [1]. In the region of interband transitions, however, the absorption coefficient reaches very large values (105−106 cm−1) and the preparation of single-crystal samples thin enough for transmission measurements becomes extremely difficult [2]. Because of the large number of imperfections associated with vacuum-deposited samples, thin films prepared by this method are not very trustworthy for optical measurements, although progress has been made recently by using epitaxial deposition methods [3]. Absorption in the substrate or film backing can also become a problem, especially in the far ultraviolet region, and therefore techniques based exclusively on reflection measurements have been most widely used for the determination of optical constants in the region of electronic interband transitions of metals, semiconductors, and insulators. The same considerations apply to the intraband (or free-carrier) absorption in metals [4], since the corresponding absorption coefficients are also very high.
Treatment of Cricopharyngeal Muscle Dysfunction

Swallowing is a complex physiologic process in which the upper esophageal sphincter plays an important role. Dysfunction of the cricopharyngeal muscle, the main component of the upper esophageal sphincter, can lead to dysphagia, weight loss, and aspiration pneumonia. Several treatment options directed at the cricopharyngeal muscle including dilation, botulinum toxin injections, and transcervical or endoscopic myotomy can improve swallowing function. This chapter will discuss the various treatment options for dysfunction of the cricopharyngeal muscle.