cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulp reactions to crown preparation, impression, temporary crown fixation, and permanent cementation

E ACH STEP in full crown procedure presents hazards which may injure the pulp. To the dentist, the result may be pulpitis or, even, necrosis. To the patient, pulp injury may mean pain and eventual loss of the tooth. The only well-founded method of assessing pulp injury is by histologic examination. While numerous reports have been published on all facets of operative dentistry,‘.l5 to our knowledge, there are only two publications on the histologic response of the dental pulp to full crown procedures. 16*17 These reports implicated heat and drying as the offending factors. It is reasonable to assume that full crown procedures should cause more severe pulp reactions than other operative procedures, because many more dentinal tubules are exposed. This report illustrates the histologic effect of each step in full crown techniques and offers guides for the reduction of pulp injury.
Estimating Differences in Restricted Mean Lifetime Using Observational Data Subject to Dependent Censoring

In epidemiologic studies of time to an event, mean lifetime is often of direct interest. We propose methods to estimate group- (e.g., treatment-) specific differences in restricted mean lifetime for studies where treatment is not randomized and lifetimes are subject to both dependent and independent censoring. The proposed methods may be viewed as a hybrid of two general approaches to accounting for confounders. Specifically, treatment-specific proportional hazards models are employed to account for baseline covariates, while inverse probability of censoring weighting is used to accommodate time-dependent predictors of censoring. The average causal effect is then obtained by averaging over differences in fitted values based on the proportional hazards models. Large-sample properties of the proposed estimators are derived and simulation studies are conducted to assess their finite-sample applicability. We apply the proposed methods to liver wait list mortality data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients.
Lethal encephalopathy complicating childhood shigellosis.

A 6-year-old girl is described who died following rapid neurological deterioration, ending in lethal cerebral oedema. Despite the absence of severe intestinal and metabolic derangement, Shigella was cultured from the stool. Toxic encephalopathy is responsible for death following this rare complication of childhood shigellosis in developed countries. The pathophysiology is unknown.
α-Selective Sialylations at −78 °C in Nitrile Solvents with a 1-Adamantanyl Thiosialoside

Novel 1-adamantanylthio sialosides were synthesized and coupled to acceptors under NIS/TfOH promotion conditions. These donors showed higher reactivity than the phenylthio sialosides and could be activated by NIS/TfOH in nitrile solvents at -78 degrees C to afford improved alpha-sialylations. With the N-acetyl-5-N,4-O-oxazolidinone-protected 1-adamantanylthio sialyl donor high alpha-selectivities could be achieved in the sialylations of both primary and sterically hindered secondary acceptors, including the important galactose 3-OH acceptors.
Screening depression aging services clients.

Objectives To establish the psychometric characteristics of the Patient Heath Questionnaire (PHQ) (PHQ-2, −9, and their sequential administration) in older adults who use community-based, social service care management. Design Comparison of screening tools with criterion standard diagnostic interview. Setting A community-based aging services agency. Participants Three hundred seventy-eight adults aged 60 years or older undergoing in-home aging services care management assessments. Measurements Subjects were administered the PHQ-9 and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR– fourth edition. The authors examined the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 separately, and for a two-stage screening process that used each in sequence (the PHQ-2/9). Results Using a cut score of 3, the sensitivity of the PHQ-2 was 0.80 and the specificity was 0.78. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the PHQ-2 was 0.87. Using a cut score of 10, the sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-9 were 0.82 and 0.87. The AUC was 0.91. The sensitivity and specificity of the two-stage PHQ-2/9 were 0.81 and 0.89, respectively, and the AUC was 0.91. Conclusions The greater specificity of the PHQ-9 is an advantage over the PHQ-2 in aging service settings in which false-positive tests have potentially high cost. The PHQ-2/9 performed equally well as the PHQ-9, but would be more efficient for the agency to administer. Combined with an appropriate referral system to healthcare providers, use of the PHQ-2/9 sequence by aging services personnel can efficiently assist in reducing the burden of late-life depression.
Speech recognition performance as an effective perceived quality predictor

Determining the perceived quality of packet audio under packet loss usually requires human-based mean opinion score (MOS) listening tests. We propose a new MOS estimation method based on machine speech recognition. Its automated, machine-based nature facilitates real-time monitoring of transmission quality without the need to conduct time-consuming listening tests. Our evaluation of this new method shows that it can use the word recognition ratio metric to reliably predict perceived quality. In particular, we find that although the absolute word recognition ratio of a speech recognizer may vary depending on the speaker, the relative word recognition ratio, obtained by dividing the absolute word recognition ratio with its own value at 0% loss, is speaker-independent. Therefore the relative word recognition ratio is well suited as a universal, speaker-independent MOS predictor. Finally we have also conducted human-based word recognition tests and examined its relationship with machine-based recognition results. Our analysis shows that they are correlated although not very linearly. Also we find that human-based word recognition ratio does not degrade significantly once packet loss is large (/spl ges/10%).
Holdup and interfacial area measurements using dynamic gas disengagement

The dynamic gas disengagement technique is discussed comprehensively in this paper. Also outlined is the procedure for estimating holdup structures and bubble rise velocities in a bubble column, which is extended to include the methodology for estimating the Sauter mean bubble diameter and therefore the specific gas-liquid interfacial area. The error limits for the estimated quantities are established using two extreme cases to describe the disengagement process: constant rate disengagement and interactive disengagement of bubbles. The analysis is done assuming a bimodal bubble size distribution; however, generalized equations for a multimodal bubble size distribution are also presented. Sensitivity of results to the two cases is illustrated using results obtained from experiments conducted with the air-tap water system in two bubble columns (0.05 and 0.23 m in diameter, 3 m tall). Sauter mean bubble diameters and specific interfacial areas estimated using the two approaches provide lower and upper limits for values reported in the literature.
Movement and vulnerability of bigeye (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in relation to FADs and natural aggregation points

A Hawai, diverses flottilles de peche artisanale ou semi-industrielle concentrent leur effort de peche sur des DCP mouilles pres des cotes, sur des points d'agregation naturels dans la zone cotiere, sur des monts sous-marins au large, ou encore sur des bouees meteorologiques situees au large. Les palangriers de gros tonnage operent egalement dans la zone economique exclusive (ZEE) d'Hawai et au-dela. Ces conditions fournissent un cadre ideal pour des experiences de marquage/recapture afin d'etudier les deplacements, les temps de residence, les taux d'echanges et la vulnerabilite du thon obese (Thunnus obesus) et de l'albacore (Thunnus albacares) dans la ZEE d'Hawaii. Des donnees preliminaires de recapture indiquent que les DCP, les plateaux recifaux des iles, ainsi que les monts sous-marins exercent une tres forte influence sur la capturabilite des thons. Les taux de recapture provenant de ces sites sous-estiment largement les retours des thons dont le marquage a ete effectue au large. Ainsi, le 31 aout 1999, un total de 15 387 thons obeses et albacores, respectivement de 29 a 133 cm et 26 a 143 cm (longueur a la fourche), soit une moyenne respective de 59,8 ± 14,1 cm et 58,4 ± 17,3 cm, ont ete marques et relâches dans la ZEE d'Hawai. Les taux de recapture pour les deux especes sont similaires, avec un taux de recapture total de 10,3 %. Le lieu des marquages reflete l'importance du comportement associatif et gregaire des thons sur leur vulnerabilite ; mont sous-marins et DCP comptent pour 72,4 % et 23,5 % de l'ensemble des remises en liberte. Dans le groupe d'iles principales d'Hawaii (a l'exception des monts sous-marins et des bouees oceanographiques), 83,1 % de toutes les recaptures ont ete faites sous les DCP ancres et 11,9 % des recaptures viennent du plateau corallien ou des zones de regroupement des thons, a proximite des iles ou ces deux especes deviennent vulnerables aux palangres « a main » (verticales). Ces etudes n'etant pas terminees, de nouvelles recaptures a long terme apporteront de plus en plus d'informations sur les deplacements et la vulnerabilite du thon obese et de l'albacore pendant leur croissance, leurs deplacements et leur recrutement dans les differentes zones de peche.
Student Achievement and College Selectivity: How Changes in Achievement During High School Affect the Selectivity of College Attended:

Researchers who examine the link between high school achievement and educational outcomes include measures of achievement that conflate high school effects with achievement effects established prior to high school. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, this article disaggregates achievement into achievement prior to high school (in the eighth grade) and changes in achievement during high school. The authors find that the prestige of the colleges that students attend is largely solidified by the time students enter high school. They also find that among high socioeconomic status (SES) students, lower achievers can enhance the prestige of the colleges they will attend by moving up the achievement distribution during high school. However, even if their gains are well above average, the prestige of the colleges they are predicted to attend will not surpass students who enter high school at the top or middle of the eighth-grade achievement distribution. These findings are similar for low-S...
Tunable quantum phase transitions in a resonant level coupled to two dissipative baths

We study tunneling through a resonant level connected to two dissipative bosonic baths: one is the resistive environment of the source and drain leads, while the second comes from coupling to potential fluctuations on a resistive gate. We show that several quantum phase transitions (QPT) occur in such a model, transitions which emulate those found in interacting systems such as Luttinger liquids or Kondo systems. We first use bosonization to map this dissipative resonant level model to a resonant level in a Luttinger liquid, one with, curiously, two interaction parameters. Drawing on methods for analyzing Luttinger liquids at both weak and strong coupling, we obtain the phase diagram. For strong dissipation, a Berezinsky-Kosterlitz-Thouless QPT separates strong-coupling and weak-coupling (charge localized) phases. In the source-drain symmetric case, all relevant backscattering processes disappear at strong coupling, leading to perfect transmission at zero temperature. In fact, a QPT occurs as a function of the coupling asymmetry or energy of the resonant level: the two phases are (i) the system is cut into two disconnected pieces (zero transmission), or (ii) the system is a single connected piece with perfect transmission, except for a disconnected fractional degree of freedom. The latter arises from the competition between the two fermionic leads (source and drain), as in the two-channel Kondo effect.
Profile: Herbert G. Ponting

Herbert Ponting, Robert Falcon Scott's photographer and cinematographer on the Terra Nova expedition, was the first specialized, professional photographer to accompany a polar expedition. Born in 1870, he had already acquired an international reputation as a travel writer and photographer before joining Scott in 1910. His personality did not mesh readily with those of other expedition members, but in his film 90° North Ponting produced what is arguably the finest travel documentary before Robert Flaherty's Nanook of the North. His work compares favourably with professional film records of much later exploration, for example those of Hillary and Tenzing on Everest in 1953. After his year in Antarctica he produced various versions of the film, and undertook a number of unsuccessful enterprises. He died in 1935. We can still learn from the work of this pompous British photographic artist from the early years of the century.
Adaptive deadlock-free worm-hole routing in hypercubes

Two new algorithms for worm-hole routing in the hypercube are presented. The first hypercube algorithm is adaptive, but non-minimal in the sense that some derouting is permitted. Then another deadlock-free adaptive worm-hole based routing algorithm for the hypercube interconnection is presented which is minimal. Finally some well-known worm-hole algorithms for the hypercube were evaluated together with the new ones on a hypercube of 2/sup 10/ nodes. One oblivious algorithm, the Dimension-Order, or E-Cube routing algorithm (W. Dally, C. Seitz, 1987) was tried. In addition, three partially adaptive algorithms were considered: the Hanging algorithm (Y. Birk, P. Gibbons, D. Soroker, J. Sanz, 1989 and S. Konstantinidou, 1990), the Zenith algorithm (S. Konstantinidou, 1990), and the Hanging-Order algorithm (G.-M. Chia, S. Chalasani, C.S. Raghavendra, 1991). Finally, a fully adaptive minimal algorithm presented independently by L. Gravano, G. Pifarre, S.A. Felperin and J. Sanz (1991) and J. Duato was tried. This algorithm allows each message to choose adaptively among all the shortest paths from its source to its destination. Only four virtual channels per physical link are needed to achieve this. This technique is referred to as Fully. The results obtained show that the two new algorithms are good candidates as a choice for worm-hole routing in the hypercube network. >
Analysis of nonlinear, dynamic coupled thermoviscoelasticity problems by the finite element method

Abstract This investigation deals with the numerical solution of a class of nonlinear problem in transient, coupled, thermoviscoelastidty. Equations of motion and heat conduction are derived for finite elements of thermomechanically simple materials and these are adapted to special classes of thermorheologically simple materials. The analysis involves the solution of large systems of nonlinear integrodifferential equations in the nodal displacements and temperatures and their histories. As a representative example, the general equations are applied to the problem of transient response of a thick-walled hollow cylinder subjected to time-varying internal and external pressures, temperatures, and heat fluxes. The integration scheme used to solve the nonlinear equations employs a linear acceleration assumption, representation of nonlinear integral terms by Simpson's rule, and the iterative solution of large systems of nonlinear algebraic equations at each reduced time step by the Newton-Raphson method. Various numerical results are given and are compared with the linearized, isothermal, and quasi-static solutions.
Stochastically driven dynamical systems

Initially, this study arose from questions concerning the scattering of tsunamis as they propagate over the irregular topography of the deep waters of the ocean. The mathematical problem to which this led is pertinent to many other phenomena, however, and we direct the analysis, here, to the propagation of gravity waves over an irregular bottom topography and to the lateral oscillations of an elastic string whose ends undergo random longitudinal displacements. Several facets of the mathematical problem are rather fascinating but the results do suggest that scattering is not the most important part of the tsunami propagation.
MAGNETOTELLURICS WITH A REMOTE MAGNETIC REFERENCE

Magnetotelluric measurements were performed simultaneously at two sites 4.8 km apart near Hollister, California. SQUID magnetometers were used to measure fluctuations in two orthogonal horizontal components of the magnetic field. The data obtained at each site were analyzed using the magnetic fields at the other site as a remote reference. In this technique, one mUltiplies the equations relating the Fourier components of the electric and magnetic fields by a component of magnetic field from the remote reference. By averaging the various crossproducts, one can obtain estimates of the impedance tensor that are unbiased by noise, provided there are no correlations between the noises in the remote channels and the noises in the local channels. Even for data for which the E-E predicted coherencies were as low as 0.1, the apparent resistivities obtained from this technique were consistent with apparent resistivities calculated from high coherency data at adjacent periods. Apparent resistivities calculated by conventional analysis of the same data were biased by as much as two orders of magnitude. The estimated standard deviation for periods shorter than 3 s was less than 5%, and, for 87% of the data, was less than 2%. Where data bands overlapped between periods of 0.33more » s and 1 s,the average discrepancy between the apparent resistivities was 1.8%.« less
Morality and Codes of Honour

There is one grand question that lies beneath most of what follows. That question is: what is morality I mean morality as it is contrasted with the non-moral, not as it is opposed to the immoral. The question does not ask, say, whether lying to a friend in a certain situation is moral or immoral, but asks what makes something, for instance lying to a friend, a moral problem. Parts of the same question ask what counts as a moral consideration, as opposed to, say, one of efficiency or aesthetics, or ask what makes a motivation moral as opposed to prudential. The question asks for the boundaries of the domain of morality.
Using Geographically Weighted Regression to Explore Local Crime Patterns

The present research examines a structural model of violent crime in Portland, Oregon, exploring spatial patterns of both crime and its covariates. Using standard structural measures drawn from an opportunity framework, the study provides results from a global ordinary least squares model, assumed to fit for all locations within the study area. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) is then introduced as an alternative to such traditional approaches to modeling crime. The GWR procedure estimates a local model, producing a set of mappable parameter estimates and t-values of significance that vary over space. Several structural measures are found to have relationships with crime that vary significantly with location. Results indicate that a mixed model— with both spatially varying and fixed parameters—may provide the most accurate model of crime. The present study demonstrates the utility of GWR for exploring local processes that drive crime levels and examining misspecification of a global model of urban violence.
Industry Support of Key Opinion Leaders

Background: Our objective was to determine whether industry support of researchers has a significant role in creating key opinion leaders (KOL). Methods: First-authored publications of the 162 speakers who delivered the 2008 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) refresher courses, a sample of KOLs, were comprehensively evaluated for acknowledgment of industry support and their relevance to each lecture. Results: The data indicate that 3 of the 162 refresher course speakers had more than half of their publications supported by industry, whereas 106 of the 162 speakers disclosed no industry support. Overall, 9.4% of refresher course speaker first-authored publications disclosed industry support related to their lectures. Conclusions: Our data indicate that industry-supported career development does not occur with the majority of key opinion leaders in anesthesiology, a subset of KOLs in medicine in general. The data do not support the notion of widespread industry support creating bias through career ...
Good candidates for least area soap films

Soap films are presented as potential global area minimizers subject to a topological constraint. Experimentally, this constraint is the shape of the soapy water in a soap film experiment. In this context, soap films which are probable area minimizers for rectangular n-prisms are described. By allowing area minimizers which arise as deformations of higher genus surfaces, we are able to discover previously unknown soap films spanning rectangular n-prisms with large aspect ratios and n ≥ 5. For n = 3, 4, 5, we show that the central film contracts to a point as the aspect ratio of the prism increases. We also prove that the area of the central hexagon for a soap film spanning a tall 6-prism approaches zero like (height)−4 as the height approaches infinity, provided we fix the length of the hexagon base. Finally, we prove that, if the aspect ratio is large enough, the soap film produced experimentally spanning a 4-prism has films which look planar but in reality are non-planar.
Communication system for high-performance distributed computing†

With the current advances in computer and networking technology coupled with the availability of software tools for parallel and distributed computing, there has been increased interest in high-performance distributed computing (HPDC). We envision that HPDC environments with supercomputing capabilities will be available in the near future. However, a number of issues have to be resolved before future network-based applications can fully exploit the potential of the HPDC environment. In the paper we present an architecture for a high-speed local area network and a communication system that provides HPDC applications with high bandwidth and low latency. We also characterize the message-passing primitives required in HPDC applications and develop a communication protocol that implements these primitives efficiently.
Spatiotemporal resolution of mast cell granule exocytosis reveals correlation with Ca2+ wave initiation

Mast cell activation initiated by antigen-mediated crosslinking of IgE receptors results in stimulated exocytosis of secretory lysosomes in the process known as degranulation. Much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms important for this process, including the crucial role of Ca2+ mobilization, but spatio-temporal relationships between stimulated Ca2+ mobilization and granule exocytosis are incompletely understood. Here we use a novel imaging-based method that uses fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran as a reporter for granule exocytosis in RBL mast cells and takes advantage of the pH sensitivity of FITC. We demonstrate the selectivity of FITC–dextran, accumulated by fluid-phase uptake, as a marker for secretory lysosomes, and we characterize its capacity to delineate different exocytotic events, including full fusion, kiss-and-run transient fusion and compound exocytosis. Using this method, we find strong dependence of degranulation kinetics on the duration of cell to substrate attachment. We combine imaging of degranulation and Ca2+ dynamics to demonstrate a spatial relationship between the sites of Ca2+ wave initiation in extended cell protrusions and exocytosis under conditions of limited antigen stimulation. In addition, we find that the spatially proximal Ca2+ signaling and secretory events correlate with participation of TRPC1 channels in Ca2+ mobilization.
Solar ultraviolet radiation induced variations in the stratosphere and mesosphere

The detectability and interpretation of short-term solar UV induced responses of middle atmospheric ozone, temperature, and dynamics are reviewed. The detectability of solar UV induced perturbations in the middle atmosphere is studied in terms of seasonal and endogenic dynamical variations. The interpretation of low-latitude ozone and possible temperature responses on the solar rotation time scale is examined. The use of these data to constrain or test photochemical model predictions is discussed.
Superficial femoral—popliteal veins and reversed saphenous veins as primary femoropopliteal bypass grafts: A randomized comparative study

From April 1981 to April 1985, 128 limbs in 120 patients who had primary femoropopliteal bypasses were entered in a randomized comparative study. Grafts used were 56 randomized and five obligatory reversed saphenous veins (RSVs), 41 randomized and 24 obligatory superficial femoral-popliteal veins (SF-PVs), and two obligatory prosthetic grafts. The primary patency rates of randomized SF-PVs (64% at 3 years) and RSVs (60% at 3 years) were not significantly different. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference in the secondary patency rates of 68% for SF-PVs and 63% for RSVs at 3 years. Combinations of obesity, hypertension, and poor medical condition mandated obligatory RSV use. Obligatory SF-PV use was necessitated by absence (eight cases) or inadequacy (16 cases) of the saphenous vein. Indications for bypass were critical ischemia (RSVs, 93% and SF-PVs, 92%) and claudication (RSVs, 7% and SF-PVs, 8%). Diabetes was present in 69% of patients with SF-PV bypass and 49% of those with RSV bypass. Limb retention, operative mortality, and patient survival rates were not significantly different with each graft. Continuation of the study as originally structured, with nonselective SF-PV use, became ethically untenable when it was appreciated that results in black patients and patients with excessively large grafts were markedly inferior and that construction of 3 cm moderately tapered anastomoses significantly reduced the incidence of distal anastomotic hyperplasia. These results, obtained during a period when important lessons about SF-PV use were being learned, indicate that during the first three years of observation after primary femoropopliteal bypass, the differences in cumulative primary and secondary patency rates of SF-PVs and RSVs were not statistically significant. Results in the most recent 76 SF-PV grafts, with primary and secondary patency rates of 82% and 89% at 3 years, provide a more realistic picture of the effectiveness of SF-PVs as primary femoropopliteal bypass grafts.
Metropolitan growth and decline in the United States: an empirical analysis.

Urban growth rates are documented for the largest United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas for the periods 1965–70 and 1975–80. The spatial pattern associated with these growth rates tends to reinforce the sunbelt-frostbelt dichotomy, as the majority of cities with positive migration rates for both time periods are located outside of the heavily industrialized Northeast and Midwest regions of the country. Two and three-group discriminant analyses indicate that manufacturing activity, local tax rates, and spending on education, are particularly important discriminators between growing and declining cities. A simultaneous-equations framework is used to formally model the interrelationships between migration rates for SMSA's and other variables, such as income, unemployment, taxes, public spending, and housing costs. Using two-stage least squares analysis, the estimated coefficients, and their associated standard errors suggest that the net migration equation works better for the 1975-80 data than for the previous time period.
Human Amniotic Membrane–Derived Products in Sports Medicine Basic Science, Early Results, and Potential Clinical Applications

Background:Amniotic membrane (AM)–derived products have been successfully used in ophthalmology, plastic surgery, and wound care, but little is known about their potential applications in orthopaedic sports medicine.Purpose:To provide an updated review of the basic science and preclinical and clinical data supporting the use of AM-derived products and to review their current applications in sports medicine.Study Design:Systematic review.Methods:A systematic search of the literature was conducted using the Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The search term amniotic membrane was used alone and in conjunction with stem cell, orthopaedic, tissue engineering, scaffold, and sports medicine.Results:The search identified 6870 articles, 80 of which, after screening of the titles and abstracts, were considered relevant to this study. Fifty-five articles described the anatomy, basic science, and nonorthopaedic applications of AM-derived products. Twenty-five articles described preclinical and clinical trials o...
Melanocytoma of the Cavernous Sinus: CT and MR Findings

We present the CT, MR angiographic, and histologic findings of a rare primary meningeal melanocytoma of the cavernous sinus. The primary differential diagnosis is between a melanin-containing tumor and an extraaxial cavernous angioma. Radiologic imaging cannot distinguish between the less aggressive primary meningeal melanocytoma and the more aggressive meningeal melanoma.
Inflammatory, lipid, and body composition responses to interval training or moderate aerobic training

The goal of this study was to compare the effect of work- and duration-matched interval training (HIIT) versus moderate aerobic endurance training (ET) on acute and chronic inflammation, along with changes in the lipid profile, to determine which may be more beneficial for improving cardiovascular health. Twelve sedentary males (maximal oxygen consumption = 41.6 ± 5.4 mL kg−1 min−1) completed 8 weeks of aerobic interval training or moderate aerobic training, with variables including C-reactive protein (CRP) for chronic inflammation, interleukin-6 (IL-6) response for the acute inflammatory response, plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TRG), and low-density lipoprotein, and body composition measured before and after the training period. HIIT decreased plasma TRG from 92 ± 32 to 61 ± 12 mg dL−1, which was significantly different from ET, while ET improved the TC:HDL ratio from 4.67 ± 0.85 to 4.07 ± 0.96 and reduced the percentage of android fat from 36.78 ± 9.60 to 34.18 ± 11.39 %. Neither training protocol resulted in an acute IL-6 response on the first nor the last day of exercise, a change in chronic levels of CRP, or a significant increase in HDL, despite previous research finding these changes. It seems that in order to maximize the health outcomes from physical activity, both HIIT and ET should be included. The acute inflammatory response and reductions in chronic inflammation resulting from exercise training may not be as common as the literature suggests.
The diffusion of computer applications in medical settings

Medical information science, or medical informatics, has been defined as the application of computer science, information technology, and communication systems to medicine [1]. During the past 30 years, medical computing has progressed from the processing of data and information to its current concern with the application of rules that define relationships between information and data [2]. Current areas of research and development include: clinical decision support systems, clinical data bases, clinical specialty systems, and continuing medical education.
SUPERMARKET USE AND EXCLUSIVE CLAUSES, PART THREE—HORRENDOUS WORLD WAR REMOLDS THE AMERICAN SUPERMARKET

To avoid the problems shopping center landlords and tenants face as a result of poorly drafted use and exclusive clauses, lease negotiators need to draft clauses that accurately and appropriately regulate the tenant’s business operations. To get there, they obviously need to learn what the tenant’s business is — but not only that. They need to anticipate the twists and turns the tenant’s business might take in the future. That’s the tough part. Our best guide to future shifts in retail operations is to trace the history of a retail enterprise from its origins to the present. Long-term trends in product mix, store size, and sales techniques can provide insightful clues into potential future changes. Retail enterprises are in constant flux. Merchants change their sales methods. They introduce new products, and they discard others. Sometimes the shift works well and boosts sales and profits — but not always. Yesterday’s discarded technique often bounces back with a new name and becomes the fresh, new, and exciting way of doing business. Retailers change their ways in response to external events over which they have no control. Their success depends on fulfilling the public’s needs in good times and to continue doing that when circumstances change. To survive and thrive hey must serve the public’s needs despite dramatic technological and sociological changes, through recessions and depressions, through inflation and deflation, and through war and peace. In particular, the American supermarket could not have existed without the invention of the automobile and the transformation of American roads from unpaved winding trails to the highly-efficient paved roads and highway on which we travel today. Its birth responded to the great depression, and its business model was repositioned in reaction to World War II. This article, one of six (originally planned as five) installments, traces the changes wrought on the supermarket business model by the rekindling of the U.S. economy between September 1, 1939 and December 7, 1941 as America mobilized to prepare for World War II.
The Effect of Firm-Imposed Insider Trading Restrictions on Cost of Equity Capital

This paper examines the impact of self-imposed blackout period insider trading restrictions on a firm's cost of equity capital. We investigate both cross-sectional differences between firms with blackout period restrictions versus those without such restrictions as well as the time-series impact of firms initiating such a restriction. Cross-sectionally, we find that firms with blackout period trading restrictions have lower cost of equity capital. Using a time-series analysis, we find that when firms initiate such a restriction, their costs of equity capital subsequently drop. In addition to the direct impact of the restriction, we also examine how the restriction affects the analyst following and management earnings forecast practice and how these changes in the information environment indirectly influence the cost of equity capital. We do not find a significant change in either analyst following or management forecast practices after the initiation of the blackout period restriction.
Best Practice Model

This chapter describes how a forensically involved person who is mentally ill might go through a criminal justice system (CJS) that uses the proposed Best Practice Model (BPM). We understand that the costs of some of what we are recommending may exceed the current budget allocated for this population. We are also aware that the people who will utilize these services have tremendous needs in many areas besides medical and psychological, such as housing and other types of social services. Nonetheless, we have developed our BPM as the theoretical model, as if there were no constraints, understanding that all communities will have to prioritize its finite resources.
Digital/Analog Hybrid Simulation of Tibet Grid Integrated With ±400 kV DC Transmission Line From Qinghai to Tibet

After the integration of Tibet power grid with ?400kV DC transmission line from Qinghai to Tibet,the peculiarity of high capacity of DC system and low capacity of AC power grid appears.The interaction between the DC system and the AC system,including the special reduced voltage start and stop modes of the DC system,the post-fault restart logic for DC transmission line and the influences of faults occurred in AC grid on DC system,is researched by simulation.The primary systems of Qinghai power grid,Tibet power grid and DC system connecting Qinghai power grid with Tibet power grid are simulated by full-digital real-time simulator Hypersim;the Mach2 system,whose control characteristics are consistent with those of the devices adopted in engineering practice,is utilized to simulate control and protection functions of DC system.The feasibility of the special reduced voltage start and stop modes for the DC system and that of the modified post-fault restart logic for DC transmission line are fully validated by simulation results,thus the two measures can provide technological support for smoothly putting the ?400kV DC transmission project from Qinghai to Tibet into service and secure operation of this DC transmission project.
Cost Containment in Sports Rehabilitation

Defining high-quality care and cost-effectiveness is not an easy task. In this article, the authors describe several strategies that have practical applicability for the clinician treating patients with sports-related injuries. Integration of some of these strategies may allow the more quality-based, cost-efficient use of available resources in sports rehabilitation.
Closed state-coupled C-type inactivation in BK channels

Ion channels regulate ion flow by opening and closing their pore gates. K(+) channels commonly possess two pore gates, one at the intracellular end for fast channel activation/deactivation and the other at the selectivity filter for slow C-type inactivation/recovery. The large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel lacks a classic intracellular bundle-crossing activation gate and normally show no C-type inactivation. We hypothesized that the BK channel's activation gate may spatially overlap or coexist with the C-type inactivation gate at or near the selectivity filter. We induced C-type inactivation in BK channels and studied the relationship between activation/deactivation and C-type inactivation/recovery. We observed prominent slow C-type inactivation/recovery in BK channels by an extreme low concentration of extracellular K(+) together with a Y294E/K/Q/S or Y279F mutation whose equivalent in Shaker channels (T449E/K/D/Q/S or W434F) caused a greatly accelerated rate of C-type inactivation or constitutive C-inactivation. C-type inactivation in most K(+) channels occurs upon sustained membrane depolarization or channel opening and then recovers during hyperpolarized membrane potentials or channel closure. However, we found that the BK channel C-type inactivation occurred during hyperpolarized membrane potentials or with decreased intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) and recovered with depolarized membrane potentials or elevated [Ca(2+)]i Constitutively open mutation prevented BK channels from C-type inactivation. We concluded that BK channel C-type inactivation is closed state-dependent and that its extents and rates inversely correlate with channel-open probability. Because C-type inactivation can involve multiple conformational changes at the selectivity filter, we propose that the BK channel's normal closing may represent an early conformational stage of C-type inactivation.
Epitaxial Lift-Off and Transfer of III-N Materials and Devices from SiC Substrates

In this paper, electrical characterization results of N-polar GaN high-electron-mobility transistors that have been released from a 6H-SiC wafer and manually transferred to a Si wafer using a novel epitaxial lift-off (ELO) technique are presented. This recently developed ELO method uses a thin sacrificial layer of Nb2N, a hexagonal epitaxial conductor with less than 1% lattice mismatch to 4H- and 6H-SiC, to serve as the template for III-N device heterostructure growth. Measured results of transferred devices indicate that electron transport properties and low power density electrical performance are nominally unchanged relative to values measured before release. This technique has several advantages over competing ELO techniques, such as the well-known smart cut method, including bonding-ready released material with atomically-smooth backsides (≤ 0.5 nm rms), easy substrate reclaim with indefinite recycling potential, and a transfer process that can be performed after full front-side device processing and yield screening has been completed.
Combustion of ammonium perchlorate-polymer sandwiches

Abstract A series of experimental studies of combustion of sandwiches is reported, and the results are used to develop a relatively detailed qualitative model for the combustion zone microstructure.
Optimum Design of Fiber Reinforced Shells of Revolution

Designing with fiber reinforced materials is motivated by their desirable properties, cost saving potential for structural applications, and the ability to design more efficient load carrying structures by varying material thickness and fiber reinforcement directions. The importance of these materials in structural design is reflected by the large and ever growing number of papers, journals and book dealing with composite materials.
How Much Are We Alike and How Much Are We Apart? The Case of Technology Advancement

Technology advancement is an important competitive action that enables a firm to escape competition or to combat competitive pressure from its competitors. By simultaneously considering resource si...
Social Referencing Research

This chapter considers the prospects of social referencing research as we move from experimental to more naturalistic and clinical settings. Five topics of theoretical importance are highlighted. These include (1) fundamental strategic issues, (2) early self-development, (3) early moral development, (4) emotional availability and its development, and (5) individual differences and psychopathology.
Novel oral anticoagulant and kidney injury: apixaban-related acute interstitial nephritis

Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are being increasingly prescribed. These drugs act rapidly, have predictable dose-related anticoagulation effect and require no routine laboratory monitoring, making them attractive for both patients and healthcare providers. All NOACs are at least partially excreted thought the kidneys. Renal injury related to NOAC use is being increasingly reported. NOAC-related acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) has only been reported once and that was in context of dabigatran use. We describe the first case of apixaban-related AIN. This case adds an important differential diagnoses that should be considered for any patient presenting with renal injury while being treated with NOACs.
Cancer Vaccines in Pediatrics

Cancer vaccines are antigen-specific biological agents that stimulate the immune system’s ability to fight malignancy. In children, cancer vaccines have the potential for far-reaching benefits while avoiding short and long-term toxicities associated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, obstacles to their use in pediatrics include a paucity of tumor-specific antigens, severe chemotherapy-related immunosuppression, and relatively little interest in the pharmaceutical industry to devote major resources to develop immunotherapies for rare malignancies. Cancer vaccines seek to recruit a sustained cellular immune response against tumor antigens. This requires activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells; in addition NK cell involvement is probably significant. In children with neuroblastoma the early success of a humoral vaccine suggests that B-cell responses are also important. In this chapter we focus on the current status of pediatric cancer vaccines with an emphasis on current and completed clinical trials, and on approaches that might inform future directions in their use.
Deriving Consensus for Multi-Parallel Corpora: an English Bible Study.

What can you do with multiple noisy versions of the same text? We present a method which generates a single consensus between multi-parallel corpora. By maximizing a function of linguistic features between word pairs, we jointly learn a single corpus-wide multiway alignment: a consensus between 27 versions of the English Bible. We additionally produce English paraphrases, word-level distributions of tags, and consensus dependency parses. Our method is language independent and applicable to any multi-parallel corpora. Given the Bible’s unique role as alignable bitext for over 800 of the world’s languages, this consensus alignment and resulting resources offer value for multilingual annotation projection, and also shed potential insights into the Bible itself.
Current Protection Against CWAs

Immediately after the first vast scale deployment of CWAs in battlefields, the development of protection medias for the soldiers, and predominantly gas mask, became an important research target.
The emerging clinical relevance of genomics in cancer medicine.

The combination of next-generation sequencing and advanced computational data analysis approaches has revolutionized our understanding of the genomic underpinnings of cancer development and progression. The coincident development of targeted small molecule and antibody-based therapies that target a cancer’s genomic dependencies has fuelled the transition of genomic assays into clinical use in patients with cancer. Beyond the identification of individual targetable alterations, genomic methods can gauge mutational load, which might predict a therapeutic response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors or identify cancer-specific proteins that inform the design of personalized anticancer vaccines. Emerging clinical applications of cancer genomics include monitoring treatment responses and characterizing mechanisms of resistance. The increasing relevance of genomics to clinical cancer care also highlights several considerable challenges, including the need to promote equal access to genomic testing.
Nonlinear Optical Conversion of Photon Spin to Orbital Angular Momentum

We demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first optical spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion using second harmonic generation in underdense plasmas, enabling the generation of arbitrary orbital angular momentum beams using a single focusing optic.
Network Diffusion and Place Formation

Extending the discussions in Chapter 7, this chapter revisits the topic of first mover advantages. Chapter 7 examined the existence or absence of first mover advantages in the transportation sector based on empirical observations. Examining the empirical case of London rails suggested the existence of first mover advantages in surface transportation networks, and revealed its close relationship with the spatio-temporal location of stations and network connectivity.