cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo Simulation of Oil Slick Movements

A random walk analogy and a time series model are described to simulate, by the Monte Carlo method, the movement of an instantaneous oil slick under the influence of deterministic water currents and random wind effects. The technique is based on model sampling or repeated trials. Therefore, the slick motion is imitated by the movement of a large number of particles, each of which undergoes a sequence of deterministic steps due to a prescribed water current field and a different sequence of random steps due to a random wind field. This enables one to estimate the probability distributions of the position of the oil slick centroid and nearshore pollution after a spill occurs. An illustrative example based on some empirical formulas and actual field data from Delaware Bay is given. Of the two models on which the simulation is based, it is judged that the time series simulation model represents a more realistic and conservative approach.
The global attractor for the Landau-Lifschitz equations

The Landau-Lifschitz equations describe the time evolution of magnetization in classical ferromagnets and are of basic importance for the understanding of magnetism. Under quite general conditions, we have shown that dissipative versions of these equations have attracting sets which are finite dimensional in a suitable sense. It follows from these results that, after an initial transient period, only a finite number of spin-wave modes contribute to the spin-wave instabilities responsible for the chaotic behavior recently found in ferromagnetic resonance (“spin-wave turbulence”), in both the transverse and parallel pumping versions. The physical significance of the “global attractor” is mentioned, and estimates of upper and lower bounds for its dimension are discussed. The numerical estimates of this dimension are very large, and physical reasons for this circumstance are discussed.
Upscaling of Biological Processes and Multiphase Flow in Highly Heterogeneous Media

In order to remediate contamination of our aquifers or optimize the recovery of hydrocarbon from subsurface reservoirs, one must be able to accurately simulate the multiphase flow of fluids through highly heterogeneous media. The fine-scale interfacial interactions greatly influence flow properties particularly in the presence of bioprocesses; these effects must be upscaled through many scales of heterogeneities in the subsurface lithologies. Large-scale correlations of flow properties in the subsurface can cause chanelling, which greatly influences the production or remediation strategies. We will discuss various difficulties in this upscaling process in the context of bioremediation and will present some directions for future research.
Passive-submissive and active-emotional trait dependency: evidence for a two-factor model.

Dependency plays an important role in both normal and abnormal personality, but the construct remains loosely defined, both in clinical practice and the research literature. Moreover, although a number of measures purport to measure trait dependency, little agreement exists as to the structure of dependency within or across these instruments. Furthermore, what constitutes the low end of trait dependency remains unclear. Five hundred nine undergraduates completed a battery of 14 dependency scales and subscales, a subset of whom (n = 322) also completed a broad measure of personality pathology (SNAP-2). Exploratory factor analysis of the dependency measures yielded two correlated factors—Passive—Submissive and Active-Emotional dependency—as well as a third, unrelated factor, Detachment/Autonomy, all with differential correlates to the pathological personality traits of the SNAP-2. Taken together, these data suggest a clear, 2-factor model for trait dependency that is distinct from detachment/autonomy.
1,2-Phosphaborines: Hybrid Inorganic/Organic P-B Analogues of Benzene

Photolysis of the cyclic phosphine oligomer [PPh]5 in the presence of pentaarylboroles leads to the formation of 1,2-phosphaborines by the formal insertion of a phenylphosphinidene fragment into the endocyclic CB bond. The solid-state structure features a virtually planar central ring with bond lengths indicating significant delocalization. Appreciable ring current in the 1,2-phosphaborine core, detected in nuclear independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations, are consistent with aromatic character. These products are the first reported 1,2-BPC4 conjugated heterocycles and open a new avenue for BP as a valence isoelectronic substitute for CC in arene systems.
Neuroenteric axis modulates the balance of regulatory T cells and T-helper 17 cells in the mesenteric lymph node following trauma/hemorrhagic shock.

CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) continuously migrate from the intestine to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and maintain tolerance by driving the development of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the gut. The relative expression of Treg and T-helper 17 (Th17) cells determines the balance between tolerance and immunity in the gut. We hypothesized that trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) would decrease the CD103+ DC population in the mesenteric lymph and alter the Treg-to-Th17 ratio in the MLN. We further hypothesized that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) would promote tolerance to inflammation by increasing the Treg-to-Th17 ratio in the MLN after injury. Male rats were assigned to sham shock (SS), trauma/sham shock (T/SS), or T/HS. T/HS was induced by laparotomy and 60 min of HS (blood pressure 35 mmHg) followed by fluid resuscitation. A separate cohort of animals underwent cervical VNS after the HS phase. MLN samples were collected 24 h after resuscitation. The CD103+ DC population and Treg-to-Th17 cell ratio in the MLN...
Unraveling the three-dimensional morphology of Archean microbialites

Fenestrate microbialites from the 2521±3 Ma Gamohaan Formation, South Africa, are composed of calcite with traces of kerogen that represent the remains of ancient microbial mats. To delineate the 3-D geometry of these microbialites, specimens were serial-sectioned; sequential slices were polished in 120 μm increments and scanned to yield an image stack, which was rendered into a virtual model of the microbialites. The resulting virtual representation allowed for visualization and characterization of microbial growth geometries that were not visible from 2-D surfaces. Several new insights into the structure of microbialites emerged from characterizing their 3-D structure including the recognition of two new features, linear structures and tubular structures. The long, thin nature of these structures makes them difficult to identify in two dimensions. However, in three dimensions, they can be traced as thin ropes of fossilized microbial communities emerging from more typical microbial mat structures. Overall, these results demonstrate a new set of microbial features in the Gamohaan Formation that were only characterized by reconstructing the full geometry of the microbialites in three dimensions.
Gynecologic cancers metastatic to the breast

Abstract Background: We report a series of gynecologic cancers metastatic to the breast, illustrating the diagnostic and prognostic implications of this rare event. Study Design: By reviewing the gynecologic oncology data base, we identified 10 women with gynecologic cancer metastatic to the breast who were treated at Indiana University School of Medicine between August 1978 and February 1995. Medical records were reviewed for pertinent data concerning the presentation, evaluation, and treatment of the primary gynecologic malignancy and the metastatic breast tumor. Results: The mean patient age was 56.8 years (range, 30–80 years). The most common gynecologic malignancy was ovarian cancer (five patients), followed by cervical cancer (two patients) and cancers of the vagina, endometrium, or peritoneum (one patient each). A palpable solitary breast mass was found in 8 of 10 patients (80%), and the upper outer quadrant of the breast was the most common site of tumor involvement. One woman presented with examination findings resembling inflammatory breast cancer, and one patient presented with multiple firm subcutaneous nodules. Despite further treatment, which in all cases consisted of systemic chemotherapy, 83% of the patients died with a breast metastasis within 1 year of presentation. Conclusions: Secondary breast malignancy should be suspected in any patient with a breast tumor and a known history of gynecologic cancer. A breast metastasis implies widespread tumor dissemination and a poor prognosis. Radical breast surgery should be avoided.
Physical characterization of FeTiO2 model supported catalysts: III. Combined electron microscopic and spectroscopic studies of reduction and oxidation behavior

Abstract The combination of results from transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy are used to summarize and discuss the behavior of Fe TiO 2 model supported catalytic specimens following hydrogen and oxygen treatments at progressively higher temperatures. During hydrogen treatment, initial iron overlayers (ca. 5 nm thick) on TiO2 undergo reduction, nucleation, and growth to small metallic iron particles at temperatures from 608 to 707 K; these iron crystallites spread over (or wet) the titania support at 773 K, forming particles with a “thin-crystal” morphology; and at 875 K, iron facilitates reduction of titania, accompanied by the diffusion of iron into the support. Following this high-temperature reduction, samples were treated in oxygen at ca. 950 K. Some of the iron that had diffused into the support returned to the surface. This high-temperature oxidation does not, however, simply reverse the effect of high-temperature reduction. Instead, the iron is converted into large particles of FeTi2O5. The lack of reversibility during sequential hydrogen and oxygen treatments at high temperatures is attributed to strong interactions between iron and titanium, manifested by the formation of dispersed and strongly interacting iron (e.g., γ-Fe; FexTi, 1 ≲ x ≲ 2) or FeTi2O5 under reducing or oxidizing conditions, respectively.
Phase measurement of light propagating in a linearly accelerating rigid-mirror system

Abstract A measurement of the phase of light reflecting from parallel mirrors which are fixed to a linearly accelerating platform is described. The angle of incidence of the beam on these mirrors is varied from 4° to 65°, and the acceleration is 0.05 m/s2. It is shown, for terms proportional to c−2, that the phase of the wave is independent of the acceleration of the mirrors. Acceleration effects should be observable for terms proportional to c−3. A modified version of the apparatus which could measure such effects is discussed.
Budget deficits, money growth and causality: Further OECD evidence

Abstract This paper investigates the causal linkage between budget deficits and money growth in seven major OECD countries using multivariate Granger-causality tests combined with Akaike's AIC criterion and Zellner's iterative seemingly unrelated regressions. The accommodation hypothesis that deficits Granger-cause positive long-run changes in money growth is systematically rejected across all countries. The reverse hypothesis that money growth Granger-causes long-run changes in deficits is also rejected across countries. These results suggest that monetary and fiscal policies are set independently in each of the OECD countries.
Red coloration of male northern cardinals correlates with mate quality and territory quality

I investigated how mate quality and territory quality influence an extravagant ornament in a socially monogamous species that defends multipurpose territories. Northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) are a highly dichromatic, socially monogamous species, and males are a brilliant red. I conducted a 3-year field study of northern cardinals and found that redder males produced more offspring in a breeding season. Two selective factors mediated this fitness gain. Redder males were paired with earlier breeding females, an established measure of mate quality in birds. Second, redder males obtained territories of higher quality, as measured by vegetation density. Interactions among these factors were also important in explaining variance in male reproductive success. Multivariate analysis indicated that earlier breeding increased reproductive success independent of territory quality. In turn, territory quality contributed to male reproductive success through its effect on nest survival and possibly through its role in attracting an earlier breeding female.
Helium-surface interaction potential: Determination and applications

Abstract Extensive interest in the field of elastic helium atom-surface scattering is due to encouraging progress made for surface structure determination. An important ingredient in this development is a reliable atom-surface interaction potential. We briefly review the theoretical activity in this area and present our results for the He-Cu(110) interaction potential. From these studies we conclude that the Esbjerg-Norskov relation between helium-surface repulsive potential and the surface charge density works well. The addition of the Zaremba-Kohn attractive part to the calculated repulsive part completely specifies the total interaction potential. We also reconcile different values for the Cu(110) corrugation obtained with and without using the Esbjerg-Norskov relation. For application purposes we find that the Esbjerg-Norskov relation with charge densities derived from atomic superposition is more convenient to use. We illustrate this by examining chemisorption of oxygen on Ni(001). For this a p(2 × 2) structure at low exposures changes to a c(2 × 2) at higher exposures. There have been conflicting suggestions about the vertical height for oxygen in the two phases. We compare our calculated corrugations with Rieder's data and conclude that in both phases oxygen is at a vertical distance of about 0.9 A. Chlorine adsorption on Ag(001) is another system for which He diffraction work of Cardillo et al. has clearly distinguished between two competing structural alternatives. Another application is taken to show how helium diffraction can give site specific information. Here we study the He-H/Pt(111) system and demonstrate that H chemisorbs on a three-fold hcp site at a vertical distance of about 1 A on Pt(111). As a last example, we present some new results for the Cu(110)-O(2 × 1) system. In particular, we show that He diffraction results are in agreement with the recent findings of EXAFS measurements.
Stiff, strong, and tough hydrogels with good chemical stability

Most hydrogels have poor mechanical properties, severely limiting their scope of applications. Here a hybrid hydrogel, consisting of hydrophilic and crystalline polymer networks, achieves an elastic modulus of 5 MPa, a strength of 2.5 MPa, and a fracture energy of 14 000 J m−2, while maintaining physical integrity in concentrated electrolyte solutions.
Normals to a parabola

Given a parabola in the standard form corresponding to three points on the parabola, such that the normals at these three points concur at a point the equation of the circumscribing circle through the three points provides a tremendous opportunity to illustrate ‘The Art of Algebraic Manipulations’. The equation of the circle exists as a separate entity depending on the values of the parameters The graphical illustrations are based on Scientific WorkPlace 5.5 and they provide interesting interpretations of the roots of cubic equations. Geometry, algebra and the theory of cubic equations are amply illustrated in this article.
Microemboli detected by transcranial Doppler monitoring in patients during carotid angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy.

Abstract Microemboli, as detected by transcranial Doppler monitoring, have been shown to be a potential cause of strokes after carotid endarterectomy. We retrospectively reviewed 105 patients who underwent transcranial Doppler monitoring during 112 procedures for the treatment of 115 carotid bifurcation stenoses: 40 by percutaneous angioplasty with stenting and 75 by carotid endarterectomy. In PTAS procedures (n=40), there was a mean of 74.0 emboli per stenosis (range 0–398, P =0.0001) with 4 neurologic events per patient ( P =0.08). In CEA procedures ( n =76), there was a mean of 8.8. emboli per stenosis (range 0–102, P =0.0001) with 1 neurologic event per patient ( P =0.08). The post-procedural neurological events in the percutaneous angioplasty with stenting population included two strokes (5.6%) and two transient ischemia attacks (5.6%). Microemboli for each of these cases totalled 133, 17, 29 and 47 (with one shower), respectively. One postoperative carotid endarterectomy patient was noted to have a stroke (1.4%), with 48 microemboli noted during that procedure. The mean emboli rate for percutaneous angioplasty with stenting patients with neurological events was 59.0: without complications it was 85.1. The mean emboli rate for carotid endarterectomy patients without complications was 8.3. Three percutaneous angioplasty with stenting patients had no emboli (7.5%), whereas 29 carotid endarterectomy patients had no emboli (38.7%). Conclusion: The percutaneous angioplasty with stenting procedure is associated with more than eight times the rate of microemboli seen during carotid endarterectomy when evaluated with transcranial Doppler monitoring. Larger patient groups are needed to determine if this greater embolization rate has an associated risk of higher morbidity or mortality.
Staged Reads: Mitigating the impact of DRAM writes on DRAM reads

Main memory latencies have always been a concern for system performance. Given that reads are on the critical path for CPU progress, reads must be prioritized over writes. However, writes must be eventually processed and they often delay pending reads. In fact, a single channel in the main memory system offers almost no parallelism between reads and writes. This is because a single off-chip memory bus is shared by reads and writes and the direction of the bus has to be explicitly turned around when switching from writes to reads. This is an expensive operation and its cost is amortized by carrying out a burst of writes or reads every time the bus direction is switched. As a result, no reads can be processed while a memory channel is busy servicing writes. This paper proposes a novel mechanism to boost read-write parallelism and perform useful components of read operations even when the memory system is busy performing writes. If some of the banks are busy servicing writes, we start issuing reads to the other idle banks. The results of these reads are stored in a few registers near the memory chip's I/O pads. These results are quickly returned immediately following the bus turnaround. The process is referred to as a Staged Read because it decouples a single read operation into two stages, with the first step being performed in parallel with writes. This innovation can also be viewed as a form of prefetch that is internal to a memory chip. The proposed technique works best when there is bank imbalance in the write stream. We also introduce a write scheduling algorithm that artificially creates bank imbalance and allows useful read operations to be performed during the write drain. Across a suite of memory-intensive workloads, we show that Staged Reads can boost throughput by up to 33% (average 7%) with an average DRAM access latency improvement of 17%, while incurring a very small cost (0.25%) in terms of memory chip area. The throughput improvements are even greater when considering write-intensive workloads (average 11%) or future systems (average 12%).
Effect of food deprivation on the approach and escape components of VMH self-stimulation

Abstract Rats implanted with VMH electrodes were trained to control the temporal pattern of stimulation. Food deprivation did not affect stimulus duration but did decrease interstimulus time at the lower of 2 intensities. A subsequent stimulus bound feeding test was uniformly unsuccessful whereas stimulation invariably interfered with feeding. The disagreement between these effects and the reciprocal model of the VMH and LH was discussed.
Putting flesh and polish on autoimmune hepatitis and moving the disease of exclusion to inclusion

Autoimmune hepatitis emerged during an era when concepts of neonatal immune tolerance, clonal selection of lymphocytes, and "forbidden clones" of activated immune cells were forming. The diagnosis had to be deduced from circumstantial evidence and by exclusion of other conditions. The goals of this review are to demonstrate how a clinician nonscientist can contribute to the maturation of autoimmune hepatitis and to illustrate the principles of clinical investigation that can be applied broadly to other projects. Autoimmune hepatitis initially had to be distinguished from other diseases, and improvements in the tests for viral and immune markers were instrumental in this regard. Diversification of the clinical phenotype to accommodate acute severe, asymptomatic, elderly, and variant forms enhanced the pertinence of the disease, and the formation of the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group standardized the diagnosis, interconnected investigators, and promoted global acceptance of the condition. Subsequent studies refined current corticosteroid-based therapies, identified prognostic markers, assessed genetic predispositions, explored new pharmacological agents, and forecast the emergence of cellular and molecular interventions. Good fortune, stimulating mentors, career dedication, practical goal selection, protocol compliance, compulsive record keeping, personal resilience, and strong collaborations were the bases for progress. Autoimmune hepatitis exemplifies an evolutionary process in the science of autoimmunity and the people committed to its study. Lessons derived from this experience can be far-reaching.
Multiwavelength EDM measurements in southern California

Abstract We installed a precise geodetic network along the San Andreas fault near Pearblossom, California in November, 1980. The network is within the region frequently referred to as the “Palmdale Uplift” and consists of 13 lines radiating from a central benchmark. The lines range in length from 3.2 to 8.1 km are generally measured several times each week. The multiwavelength distance measuring (MWDM) instrument is located at the central benchmark and is housed in a small protective shelter. The MWDM instrument has demonstrated a capability to make measurements to a precision of 1 part in 10 million. Using a coordinate system whose x-axis is parallel to the local trace of the San Andreas fault the following strain rates were observed during the first 10 months of this effort: ⋗e xx = −0.180 ± 0.025 μstr/yr ⋗e yy = −0.031 ± 0.029 μstr/yr ⋗e xy = +0.077 ± 0.024 μstr/yr Δ = −0.213 ± 0.039 μstr/yr The observed strain rates do not appear to be constant in time, much of the deformation occurs in fairly well defined episodes. These changes in strain rate are particularly obvious in the \ .ge yy component.
Serum calcium and phosphate changes in thyroidectomized dogs.

The thyroid glands were removed from dogs without interfering with the superior parathyroid glands. Levels of serum calcium, phosphate, and specific gravity were measured subsequently for 24 hours, and these values were compared with values obtained from a control group of dogs in which a mock operation was done. Immediately after thyroidectomy, the level of phosphate was greater than the calcium level. The phosphate level remained high longer after thyroidectomy than did the calcium level. The relationship between the increase in phosphate level and the initial serum phosphate value in each animal indicated normal variations in calcitonin levels in different animals.
Atmospheric Cosmic Dust Fluxes in the Size Range 10–4 to 10 Centimeters

We show that the long-time-averaged "effective" flux of extraterrestrial particles (ETPs) on the Earth over a wide range of particle sizes is significantly different from that of particles incident on the Earth's atmosphere, as a result of the ablation and fragmentation of larger incident objects in the atmosphere. We have analytically deduced the "modified" size spectrum of the ETPs using the equilibrium fragmentation model developed by Dohnanyi for meteoroid population in the interplanetary space and direct observations on fragmentation of a large number of meteorites in the atmosphere. Our model shows that most of the secondary particles are produced in the fragmentation of objects of radii from 1 cm to 1 m, the size range where the differential number spectrum is relatively much flatter, compared to the spectrum on either end. A significant fraction of impacting mass, about 50%, is volatilized during ablation and would be globally deposited, as will particles of size smaller than a few microns, in contrast to the remaining mass of particles of greater than 10-20 μm size, which we expect would be deposited close to the point of impact of the object. Although the long-time-averaged particle fluxes of smaller particles are greatly enhanced, these particles would not be sampled efficiently in stratospheric collections, since they are produced in fragmentation of larger size objects whose impact rates are small. Thus, stratospheric collections would be biased toward collection of the primary incident ETPs, whereas terrestrial accumulations representing large (area × time) products, as in the case of ocean sediments, would efficiently sample the fragmented particles.
Chain confinement in polymer nanocomposites and its effect on polymer bulk properties

The issue of chain confinement in nanocomposites remains largely unanswered because experimental systems are plagued by additional complicating variables such as particle-polymer interactions and free volume increases brought upon by the addition of the particles. Using computer simulation of high length chain polymers, we show that simple excluded volume interactions between polymer and nanoparticles lead to a wealth of changes in the diffusion coefficient and entanglement density of the chains. This opens up the possibility of using nanoparticles for tuning polymer properties, such as toughness, melt viscosity, and transient rubberlike behavior.
A note on an analytical valuation formula for unprotected American call options on stocks with known dividends

Abstract This note provides simple analytic formulas for the value of an American call option on a stock with known dividends.
Flow Instabilities From a Parabolic Thermal Wall Profile in an Annular Cavity

During the drawing of optical fibers in an enclosed furnace the heat transfer to the fiber is due to both radiation from the furnace walls and free convection from the ambient gas. The stability of the free convection is a function of the furnace wall temperature distribution and of the iris temperatures. Experimental results are presented that show how the iris temperature affects the frequency of the convective flow oscillation in a simplified annular geometry. The flow possesses hysteresis in that as the iris temperature is increased and then decreased, the oscillatory flow does not return to its initial condition. All of the flow behavior studied in the annular geometry was three-dimensional.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
1H-[13C] NMR measurements of [4-13C]glutamate turnover in human brain.

Abstract A limitation of previous methods for studying human brain glucose metabolism, such as positron emission tomography, is that metabolic steps beyond glucose uptake cannot be studied. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has the advantage of allowing the nondestructive measurement of 13C distribution in specific carbon positions of metabolites. In this study 1H-[13C] NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with volume localization was used to measure the rate of incorporation of 13C isotope from infused enriched [1-13C]glucose to human brain [4-13C]glutamate. In three studies C4 glutamate turnover time constants of 25, 20, and 17 min were measured in a 21-cm3 volume centered in the region of the visual cortex. Based on an analysis of spectrometer sensitivity the spatial resolution of the method can be improved to < 4 cm3. In conjunction with metabolic modeling and other NMR measurements this method can provide a measure of regional rates of the brain tricarboxylic acid cycle and other metabolic pathways.
Using Ultrasonic Signal Reflection to Characterize the Density and Viscosity of Fluids and Slurries

Ultrasonic signals can be used to interrogate many forms of two-phase systems, dense slurry-laden and three-phase suspensions. This paper describes using ultrasonic signal reflection at a fluid-sensor interface to characterize fluid and slurry density and viscosity. The sensor consists of a series of transducers mounted on a wedge with the base of the wedge in contact with the liquid. Ultrasonic beams, striking the wedge base at several angles, are reflected at the base-liquid interface to the receive transducers. The amount of reflection at this interface depends upon the density of the liquid, the speed of sound in the liquid, and the wedge parameters. The response of a shear wave transducer, in conjunction with a density measurement, is used to determine the viscosity. The sensor can be mounted in a pipeline configuration or submerged in a tank for process control of food products. Novel features include: the small size of the probe and the sensor robustness. Performance is not affected by fluid flow rate, entrained air, or vibration. Experimental measurements of the density and viscosity for fluids and slurries are presented.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Backcalculation of Asphalt Concrete Modulus Master Curve from Field-Measured Falling Weight Deflectometer Data: Using a New Time Domain Viscoelastic Dynamic Solution and Genetic Algorithm

A new backcalculation program, DYNABACK-VE, was used to backcalculate pavement layer properties with field data. DYNABACK-VE used a time domain viscoelastic dynamic solution (ViscoWave-II) as a forward routine and a genetic algorithm for backcalculation analysis. The genetic algorithm search method was selected because it had a high potential for converging efficiently to a global solution. The forward solution used continuous integral transforms (Laplace and Hankel) that were more appropriate for transient, nonperiodic signals in the time domain. The algorithm was implemented in C++ and coded for parallel processing with multithreading for achieving better computational efficiency. Field falling weight deflectometer load and deflection sensor time histories from three sites (Waverly Road near Lansing, Michigan, and two long-term pavement performance sections) were used for validation. The backcalculated asphalt concrete modulus master curves were compared with those obtained from laboratory testing. Very...
Radiation control in the intensive care unit for high intensity iridium-192 brain implants

A bedside lead cubicle was designed to minimize the radiation exposure of intensive care unit staff during routine interstitial brain irradiation by removable, high intensity iridium-192. The cubicle shields the patient without restricting intensive care routines. The design specifications were confirmed by exposure measurements around the shield with an implanted anthropomorphic phantom simulating the patient situation. The cubicle reduces the exposure rate around an implant patient by as much as 90%, with the exposure level not exceeding 0.1 mR/hour/mg of radium-equivalent /sup 192/Ir. Evaluation of data accumulated for the past 3 years has shown that the exposure levels of individual attending nurses are 0.12 to 0.36 mR/mg of radium-equivalent /sup 192/Ir per 12-hour shift. The corresponding range for entire nursing teams varies between 0.18 and 0.26. A radiation control index (exposure per mg of radium-equivalent /sup 192/Ir per nurse-hour) is thus defined for individual nurses and nursing teams; this index is a significant guide to the planning of nurse rotations for brain implant patients with various /sup 192/Ir loads. The bedside shield reduces exposure from /sup 192/Ir implants by a factor of about 20, as expected, and the exposure from the lower energy radioisotope iodine-125 is barely detectable.
A Quantum Theory of the Impulse Radiation

A quantum theory of the impulse radiation.---Evidence is presented which indicates that the quantum ejects the photo-electron by a sideways impulsive action in the direction of the "electric force." It is therefore assumed that a similar sideways reaction perpendicular to the direction of emission of the quantum acts on the cathode electron during the creation of the quantum. From this it follows that the frequency of the radiation emitted at an angle $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ with the cathode beam cannot exceed the value ${v}_{0}=\frac{m{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}{c}^{2}{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\varphi}}{[2h\sqrt{1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}cos\ensuremath{\varphi})]}$ where $\ensuremath{\beta}c$ is the velocity of the cathode electron; hence the forward radiation exceeds the backward in hardness, in agreement with observation. Assuming the "electric force" of the quantum is determined by the sideways impulse acting in the creation of the quantum, results for polarization are obtained which agree with those of the wave theory and hence with observation. The problem of intensity distribution of the radiation from a target is a statistical one which will be treated later; but it is shown that the results of Stark and Loebe are in accord with this theory. The quantum is supposed to be a tiny corpuscle which undergoes a sideways cyclic vibration as it proceeds. This theory is seen to include a momentum relation as well as the Einstein photoelectric relation. It agrees in most formal results with Sommerfeld's wave theory.
Neutron scattering study of hysteresis near Tc in a d = 3 Random Field Ising system

Abstract The hysteretic properties of a d = 3 Random Field Ising Model (RFIM) system, Fe 0.6 Zn 0.4 F 2 , were studied, using neutron scattering. If zero-field-cooled to any T below T N , the antiferromagnetic (AF) state remains stable up to the sharp phase transition at T c ( H ), for all T and H . If field-cooled (FC) through T c ( H ) the Bragg peak width narrows as T or H decreases but remains constant if T or H is then increased. Hence the AF state is stable and the FC one is not, indicating the lower critical dimensionality d l d l = 2.
XPS characterization of surface fluorinated poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene)

The fluorinated surface layer of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) membranes exposed to a dilute stream of fluorine gas has been characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The concentration and profile of reacted fluorine as a function of exposure time is determined. A computer routine was employed to deconvolute the poorly resolved carbon spectra after various fluorine exposure times. The concentrations of mono-, di-, and trifluorocarbon groups thus determined were used to propose specific structures of PMP at the surface after 1 and 15 min of fluorination. The carbon spectra collected at electron takeoff angles of 15°, 30°, and 90° were also deconvoluted, giving insight into the placement of fluorine as a function of depth. Oxygen is incorporated into the polymer during the fluorination reaction, and the O1s spectra was deconvoluted to determine how the oxygen is bound.
SkyWords: an engagement machine at chicago city hall

When governments make new policies they often have limited methods for engaging the public and gathering opinions. As a result, policy-making is not always inclusive and too often important decisions are made by just a few. SkyWords is a site-specific installation or "civic engagement machine". SkyWords leveraged technology, interaction design and the universal appeal of play to give hundreds of people the opportunity to participate in government.
The Case for Accelerated Depreciation

Introduction, 493. — I. Assumptions, 494. — II. Financing investment from internal funds, 496. — III. Various schemes of accelerated depreciation, 499: the American system, 500; the British system, 504; the hybrid system, 506. — IV. Conclusion, 508. — Mathematical appendix, 513.
Tin Chloride Catalysed Oxidation of Acetone with Hydrogen Peroxide to Tetrameric Acetone Peroxide

SnCl4·5H2O and SnCl2·2H2O are efficient catalysts for the oxidation of acetone with 30% hydrogen peroxide at room temperature and produce tetrameric acetone peroxide which is identified by molecular weight determination, elemental analysis, FTIR, NMR and MS.
Fragmentation and Tenderness in Breast Muscle from Broiler Carcasses Treated with Electrical Stimulation and High-Temperature Conditioning

Abstract In each of four replications, broiler carcasses were treated with electrical stimulation (ES) (100 V, 1 A, 1 s on and 1 s off, 14 min) and high-temperature conditioning (HTC) in a 39 C water bath or conventionally processed and chilled. After harvesting at 1 h post-mortem, Pectoralis fillets were aged 23 h more and evaluated for cooked meat shear value. Pectoralis samples also were collected at 1 h post-mortem, aged for 0 or 23 h more, and analyzed for gravimetric fragmentation index using room air or an oven for drying the residue-laden screens. The results suggested that the ES and HTC treatments prevented myofibrillar fragmentation that occurred in the control carcasses. Also, although fragmentation index and shear value were correlated within the combined ES and HTC treatments, these two parameters were not correlated when the data from all treatment combinations were combined. Oven drying improved both the ability of the fragmentation index measurement to resolve differences between treatment means and to evaluate the correlation between this parameter and shear value. Sample aging time was observed to have little effect on the relative differences between treatment means but improved the correlation between fragmentation index and shear value.
Update on the Healthful Lipid Constituents of Commercially Important Tree Nuts

Uncharacteristic of most whole foods, the major component of tree nuts is lipid; surprisingly, information on the lipid constituents in tree nuts has been sporadic and, for the most part, not well reported. Most published papers focus on only one nut type, or those that report a cultivar lack a quality control program, thus making data comparisons difficult. The present study was designed to quantify the healthful lipid constituents of 10 different types of commercially important tree nuts (i.e., almonds, black walnuts, Brazil nuts, cashews, English walnuts, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, and pistachios) according to standardized, validated methods. The total lipid content of each nut type ranged from 44.4 ± 1.9% for cashews to 77.1 ± 1.7% for macadamias. As expected, the major fatty acids present in the tree nuts were unsaturated: oleic (18:1 ω9) and linoleic (18:2 ω6) acids. A majority of the lipid extracts contained <10% saturated fatty acids with the exceptions of Brazil nuts (24.5%), cashews (20.9%), macadamias (17.1%), and pistachios (13.3%). The total tocopherol (T) content ranged from 1.60 ± 1.27 mg/100 g nutmeat in macadamias to 32.99 ± 0.78 in black walnuts. The predominant T isomers in the nut types were α- and γ-T. Tocotrienols were also detected, but only in 6 of the 10 nut types (i.e., Brazil nut, cashews, English walnuts, macadamias, pine nuts, and pistachios). In most cases, total phytosterol contents were greater in the present study than reported in peer-reviewed journal papers and the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, which is attributed to total lipid extraction and the inclusion of steryl glucosides in the analysis; the levels were highest for pistachios (301.8 ± 15.4 mg/100 g nutmeat) and pine nuts (271.7 ± 9.1 mg/100 g nutmeat). Minor sterols were also quantified and identified using GC-FID and GC-MS techniques.
Parallel multilevel preconditioned conjugate-gradient approach to variable-charge molecular dynamics

Abstract Physical realism of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations is greatly enhanced by incorporating variable atomic charges which adapt to the local environment dynamically. In the electrostatic plus (ES+) model, atomic charges are determined to equalize electronegativity. However, this model involves costly minimization of the electrostatic energy at each MD step. A preconditioned conjugate-gradient method is developed for this minimization problem by splitting the Coulomb-interaction matrix into short- and long-range components; the computationally less intensive short-range matrix is used as a preconditioner. This preconditioning scheme is found to speed up the convergence significantly. Numerical tests involving up to 26.5 million atoms are performed on a parallel computer, and the preconditioner is shown to improve the parallel efficiency by increasing data locality. The computational cost is further amortized due to the algorithmic similarity to the multiple-time-scale MD.
A phase 1-2 study of a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, tipifarnib, combined with idarubicin and cytarabine for patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The authors conducted a phase 1/2 study of tipifarnib in combination with idarubicin and cytarabine (IA) in 95 patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. METHODS: Induction consisted of idarubicin 12 mg/m2 a day on days 1-3, cytarabine 1.5 g/m2 intravenously continuously daily on days 1-4 (days 1-3 if age ≥60 years), and tipifarnib, with the first cohort (n = 6) receiving 200 mg orally twice a day and all others receiving 300 mg twice a day for 21 days every 28 days. Consolidation consisted of 5 courses of idarubicin 8 mg/m2 a day on days 1-2, cytarabine 0.75 g/m2 a day on days 1-3, and tipifarnib 300 mg twice a day for 14 days every 4-6 weeks. Maintenance with tipifarnib 300 mg twice a day for 21 days every 4-6 weeks was continued for 6 months. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 33 months, 61 patients achieved complete remission (CR) (64%), and 9 achieved complete remission with incomplete platelet recovery (CRp) (9%). The median duration of CR was not reached. Median overall survival was 17 months. The most common grade 3 adverse events were gastrointestinal toxicities, liver dysfunction, and skin rash. Compared with historical IA, IA and tipifarnib showed a better CR duration (P = .04) and a trend toward a higher CR rate in patients with chromosome 5/7 abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of IA and tipifarnib is safe and active. Further studies exploring different dosages and schedules are warranted, particularly in patients with poor-risk AML. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Involvement of other neurotransmitters in behaviors induced by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716A in naive mice

The receptor mechanisms by which the selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, SR 141716A [N-piperidino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-3-pyrazole-carboxamide] produces scratching and head-twitch response (HTR) in naive mice were examined. Acute intraperitoneal administration of varying doses of SR 141716A produced both scratchings (ED50 = 3.9 mg/kg) and head-twitches (ED50 = 4.6 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. A dose of 10 mg/kg SR 141716A was used to induce the cited behaviors for drug interaction studies. The selective 5-HT2A/C receptor antagonist, SR 46349B [trans-4-[(3Z)3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) oxyimino-3-(2-fluorophenyl) propen-1-yl] phenol] potently and completely blocked the head-twitches produced by SR 141716A (ID50 = 0.08 mg/kg). The induced scratching behavior was partially (68%) and less potently (ID50 = 0.6 mg/kg) blocked by SR 46349B pretreatment. The AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, CNQX [6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione), partially attenuated (68–78%) the induced scratching and head-twitching behaviors. On the contrary, the selective NMDA antagonist, AP-3 [(±)-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid), had no significant effect on these behaviors. The selective tachykinin NK1 antagonist, CP 94, 994 [(±)-(2S, 3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine], also partially attenuated both the scratching (64%) and the head-twitching (76%) symptoms produced by SR 141716A. Since SR 141716A lacks affinity for the discussed receptors, it appears that the induction of the cited behaviors probably involve indirect activation of their respective neurotransmitter systems.
Enhanced performance of SiO/Fe2O3 composite as an anode for rechargeable Li-ion batteries

Iron oxide (Fe2O3) was utilized to enhance the electrochemical properties of SiO as a promising anode for Li-ion batteries. An SiO/Fe2O3 composite, composed of SiO coated with Fe2O3 nanoparticles, was synthesized by mechanical milling and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of the SiO/Fe2O3 composite, SiO, and mechanically milled SiO as anodes for Li-ion batteries were then investigated. The SiO/Fe2O3 composite showed superior performance compared with the two Fe2O3-free SiO samples, including an increased initial coulombic efficiency, enhanced rate capability, and better capacity retention.
Does Effective Management of Sleep Disorders Reduce Substance Dependence

Insomnia is often associated with substance dependence, with evidence suggesting that individuals seeking medical attention for sleep complaints are more likely to have drug or alcohol abuse problems than the general population. Disturbed sleep is associated with the abuse of a variety of drugs, with patients dependent on nicotine, alcohol and illicit drugs all reporting poor sleep. In addition, withdrawal from nicotine, alcohol and drugs of abuse is also associated with insomnia, and this may result in an increased risk of relapse if the sleep problems remain unresolved. Although studies suggest that the majority of pharmacological and behavioural interventions for insomnia are effective in treating sleep disturbances in dependent patients undergoing short-term drug withdrawal and short and long-term alcohol withdrawal, several questions remain unanswered. For example, little is known about the risk of relapse in abstinent drug-dependent patients experiencing withdrawal-related insomnia, the effect of insomnia treatment on nicotine withdrawal, or whether insomnia interventions prevent relapse. Participants of a workshop, held at the 6th annual meeting of The International Sleep Disorders Forum: The Art of Good Sleep in 2008, evaluated whether the effective management of sleep disorders could reduce substance dependence and the risk of relapse. Following the workshop a targeted literature review was conducted addressing this question. Data from this review that either pharmacological or cognitive behavioural treatment of insomnia could reduce the risk of relapse in substance dependence were substantially lacking. Further research is therefore required to increase our understanding of the impact of insomnia on patients with substance dependence.
Sex Prejudice Injury Simulation

Summary This study of 84 male and 101 female college students tested the hypothesis that male and female Ss respond differentially to male and female defendants in a criminal jury trial. Ss read a synopsis of a murder trial in which the defendant was either a man who allegedly murdered his wife or a woman who allegedly murdered her husband. Ss were asked to render verdicts and sentences (if appropriate) either individually or in like-sex groups of three. There was a significant interaction between sex of S (juror) and sex of defendant in the rendering of the verdicts: Ss were less likey to find a defendant of their own sex guilty than they were to find a defendant of the opposite sex guilty. The possible effect of this finding upon the guarantee of “equal justice under law” was discussed.