cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mere physical distance and integrative agreements: When more space improves negotiation outcomes

We examined the effects of negotiating non-face-to-face with someone that is physically nearby versus faraway on integrative (mutually beneficial) agreements. Across Studies 1 and 2, we found that individuals who negotiated with another person that they believed was physically faraway (several thousand feet away) rather than nearby (a few feet away) attained more integrative agreements (higher joint outcome, more Pareto efficient agreements). In Study 3, we found that the effect of different magnitudes of physical distance between negotiators on integrative agreements depended on negotiators' construal level: individuals who negotiated with another person who was purportedly farther away achieved more integrative agreements when their level of construal was not constrained, but had no effect when they adopted a high-level of construal. The implications for non-face-to-face communication are discussed.
THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS : I. DEMONSTRATION OF A TYPE-SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE IN EXTRACTS OF STREPTOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS.

1. Hydrochloric acid extracts of Streptococcus haemolyticus contain type-specific, as well as non-type-specific, substances. The precipitates formed by these crude extracts with homologous antibacterial serum are flocculent, while those obtained with heterologous serum are usually disc-like. 2. The type-specific substance may be detected by the use of anti-bacterial sera absorbed with heterologous strains of hemolytic streptococci. Such absorbed sera are type-specific: they are precipitated only by extracts of strains of the homologous type. 3. Any heterologous strain of hemolytic streptococcus absorbs the antibodies for all other heterologous strains, but homologous strains absorb type-specific antibodies as well. Numerous repeated absorptions with heterologous hemolytic streptococci tend to lower the titer of the type-specific antibody. A possible explanation of this fact is suggested. 4. Three strains did not yield a type-specific substance; and it seems probable that they had lost this function because of long continued cultivation in artificial media. 5. Classification based on the precipitin test with absorbed serum agrees with that previously determined by agglutination and protection tests. The method is, therefore, applicable to the problem of classification of the hemolytic streptococci.
Stochastic neuronal cell fate choices

Though many neuronal cell fate decisions result in reproducible outcomes, stochastic choices often lead to spatial randomization of cell subtypes. This is often the case in sensory systems where expression of a specific sensory receptor gene is selected randomly from a set of possible outcomes. Here, we describe recent findings elucidating the mechanisms controlling color photoreceptor subtypes in flies and olfactory receptor subtypes in worms and mice. Although well-known biological concepts such as lateral signaling and promoter selection play roles in these cases, fundamental questions concerning these choice mechanisms remain.
The Contribution of Eduard Lindeman to the Development of Theory and Philosophy in Adult Education

This paper attempts to assess the extent to which Eduard Lindeman has created the framework of discourse and analysis predominant in adult education. Six contributions to, the development of concep...
Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A Theory of Planned Behavior approach

Abstract Research indicates that family experiences constitute a powerful socializing influence on the values, attitudes, and behaviors people adopt over the course of their lives. Incorporating theoretical research using the Theory of Planned Behavior [Ajzen, I. Residual effects of past on later behavior: Habituation and reasoned action perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2002; 6(2): 107–122.] the mediating effects of attitudes towards business startup, perceived family support, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) on entrepreneurial intent are tested using a sample of 308 individuals. Consistent with theory, results suggest significant direct and indirect effects of prior family business exposure on entrepreneurial intent, through the mediation variables of attitudes towards business ownership, perceived family support, and ESE.
Attenuated outward potassium currents in carotid body glomus cells of heart failure rabbit: involvement of nitric oxide.

It has been shown that peripheral chemoreceptor sensitivity is enhanced in both clinical and experimental heart failure (HF) and that impairment of nitric oxide (NO) production contributes to this enhancement. In order to understand the cellular mechanisms associated with the alterations of chemoreceptor function and the actions of NO in the carotid body (CB), we compared the outward K+ currents (IK) of glomus cells in sham rabbits with that in HF rabbits and monitored the effects of NO on these currents. Ik was measured in glomus cells using conventional and perforated whole-cell configurations. IK was attenuated in glomus cells of HF rabbits, and their resting membrane potentials (−34.7 ± 1.0 mV) were depolarized as compared with those in sham rabbits (−47.2 ± 1.9 mV). The selective Ca2+-dependent K+ channel (KCa) blocker iberiotoxin (IbTx, 100 nm) reduced IK in glomus cells from sham rabbits, but had no effect on IK from HF rabbits. In perforated whole-cell mode, the NO donor SNAP (100 μm) increased IK in glomus cells from HF rabbits to a greater extent than that in sham rabbits (P < 0.01), and IbTx inhibited the effects of SNAP. However, in conventional whole-cell mode, SNAP had no effect. Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, NO synthase inhibitor) decreased Ik in sham rabbits but not in HF rabbits. The guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) inhibited the effect of SNAP on Ik. These results demonstrate that IK is reduced in CB glomus cells from HF rabbits. This effect is due mainly to the suppression of KCa channel activity caused by decreased availability of NO. In addition, intracellular cGMP is necessary for the KCa channel modulation by NO.
Competitive binding comparison of endocrine-disrupting compounds to recombinant androgen receptor from fathead minnow, rainbow trout, and human.

Typically, in vitro hazard assessments for the identification of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), including those outlined in the Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC) Tier 1 Screening protocols, utilize mammalian receptors. Evidence, however, exists that fish sex steroid hormone receptors differ from mammalian receptors both structurally and in their binding affinities for some steroids and environmental chemicals. Most of the binding studies to date have been conducted using cytosolic preparations from various tissues. In the present study, we compare competitive binding of a set of compounds to full-length recombinant rainbow trout androgen receptor α (rtAR), fathead minnow androgen receptor (fhAR), and human androgen receptor (hAR), each expressed in COS cells. Saturation binding and subsequent Scatchard analysis using [3H]R1881, a high-affinity synthetic androgen, revealed an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.11 nM for the rtAR, 1.8 nM for the fhAR, and 0.84 nM for the hAR. Compounds, including endogenous and synthetic steroids, known mammalian antiandrogens, and environmental compounds, were tested for competitive binding to each of the three receptors. Overall, agreement existed across receptors as to binding versus nonbinding for all compounds tested in this study. Minor differences, however, were found in the relative order of binding of the compounds to the individual receptors. Studies such as these will facilitate the identification of EDCs that may differentially affect specific species and aid in the development and support of future risk assessment protocols.
Cooperative ligand binding on multidimensional lattices: Bethe approximation

A binding isotherm for ligands on multidimensional lattices has been calculated in the Bethe approximation. In this lattice model, a single bound ligand is assumed to occupy a contiguous sequence of lattice sites in all possible configurations; interactions between neighboring bound ligands are included. This lattice model is equivalent to one used for treating polymer solutions; a configurational entropy of athermal polymer solutions has been utilized directly to represent bound ligands. Binding isotherms are examined for their dependences on lattice coordination numbers and the number of sites occupied by a single bound ligand. Critical conditions for phase transitions in single-ligand-species systems are also presented. The binding isotherm reported here can be applied to a wide variety of binding phenomena; it is exact for one-dimensional cases, i.e., it reduces to the binding isotherm of McGhee and von Hippel [(1974) J. Mol. Biol.86, 469–489] and should serve as a good approximation for higher-dimensional binding phenomena.
Crack Heads and Roots Daughters: The Therapeutic Use of Cannabis in Jamaica

SUMMARY. An ethnographic study of women and drug use in inner city neighborhoods in Kingston, Jamaica, revealed that cannabis is commonly used in conjunction with crack cocaine to minimize the undesirable effects of crack pipe smoking, specifically paranoia and weight loss. According to 33 current or former crack using women, who were followed for a period of nine months, cannabis cigarettes (“spliffs”) constitute the cheapest, most effective and readily available therapy for discontinuing crack consumption. The findings of this research suggest the need to reframe “multiple drug use” within the cultural meanings that attend cannabis in Jamaica as a medicine and a sacrament. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website:
Genetic Relationship among Worldwide Strains of Xanthomonas Causing Canker in Citrus Species and Design of New Primers for Their Identification by PCR

Partial sequence analysis of the ribosomal operon in Xanthomonas axonopodis allowed discrimination among strains causing the A, B, and C types of citrus bacterial canker (CBC) and quantification of the relationship of these organisms with other species and pathovars in the same genus. Sets of primers based on sequence differences in the internally transcribed spacer and on a sequence from the plasmid gene pthA involved in virulence were designed for specific identification of xanthomonads causing CBC diseases. The two sets were validated with a collection of Xanthomonas strains associated with citrus species. The primer set based on ribosomal sequences had a high level of specificity for X. axonopodis pv. citri, whereas the set based on the pthA gene was universal for all types of CBC organisms. Moreover, the relationships among worldwide Xanthomonas strains causing CBC were analyzed by amplification of repetitive sequences (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus and BOX elements). Under specific conditions, pathotypes of these Xanthomonas strains could be discerned, and subgroups of the pathotypes were identified. Subgroups of strains were associated with certain geographic areas of the world, and on this basis the origin of type A strains introduced into Florida could be inferred.
Bullet trains: a study of NIC burst behavior at microsecond timescales

While numerous studies have examined the macro-level behavior of traffic in data center networks---overall flow sizes, destination variability, and TCP burstiness---little information is available on the behavior of data center traffic at packet-level timescales. Whereas one might assume that flows from different applications fairly share available link bandwidth, and that packets within a single flow are uniformly paced, the reality is more complex. To meet increasingly high link rates of 10 Gbps and beyond, batching is typically introduced across the network stack---at the application, middleware, OS, transport, and NIC layers. This batching results in short-term packet bursts, which have implications for the design and performance requirements of packet processing devices along the path, including middleboxes, SDN-enabled switches, and virtual machine hypervisors. In this paper, we study the burst behavior of traffic emanating from a 10-Gbps end host across a variety of data center applications. We find that at 10--100 microsecond timescales, the traffic exhibits large bursts (i.e., 10s of packets in length). We further find that this level of burstiness is largely outside of application control, and independent of the high-level behavior of applications.
Particle induced damage on heads and discs due to fine particles of different materials

Fine particles of aluminum, stainless steel, silicon, slider ceramic (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-TiC) and sputtered alumina were introduced at the head/disc interface of hard disc drives. Experiments were conducted with discs made from aluminum and glass substrates. Glass substrates were much harder than aluminum substrates. It was found that the type of damage introduced on the disc and slider was to some extent unique for each material, and also closely related to the relative hardness of the interacting materials. The introduced particles could be deformed, embedded, disintegrated or sheared. Typical damages on disc caused by particle interaction varied from light deformation to very deep circumferential scratches. From AFM, SEM/EDX and materials hardness/elastic modulus data, we proposed mechanisms by which particles of different materials could cause damages on the two types of discs.
Natural language processing by reasoning and learning

This paper reports the preliminary experiments in a general-purpose reasoning system to carry out natural language comprehension and production using a reasoning-learning mechanism designed to realize general intelligence.
Reasons given by college students for drinking: a discriminant analysis investigation.

Based on self-reported levels of alcohol consumption, 473 college students (295 female and 178 male) were placed into at-risk or not-at-risk groups. Using reasons given for drinking as the independent variables, discriminant analysis procedures were conducted separately on the males and females to determine if a function could be found which would discriminate between the groups. For the female group, 11 of 22 reasons defined a discriminant function which accounted for 36% of the variance between the groups (p < .001). This function was also able to correctly classify 71% of the holdout sample. For the males, five of the 22 reasons defined a discriminant function which accounted for 36% of the variance between the groups (p < .001). This function was able to correctly classify 69% of the holdout sample.
A Social-Cognitive Framework for Pedagogical Agents as Learning Companions

Teaching and learning are highly social activities. Seminal psychologists such as Vygotsky, Piaget, and Bandura have theorized that social interaction is a key mechanism in the process of learning and development. In particular, the benefits of peer interaction for learning and motivation in classrooms have been broadly demonstrated through empirical studies. Hence, it would be valuable if computer-based environments could support a mechanism for a peer interaction. Though no claim of peer equivalence is made, pedagogical agents as learning companions (PALs)—animated digital characters functioning to simulate human-peer-like interaction—might provide an opportunity to simulate such social interaction in computer-based learning. In this article we ground the instructional potential of PALs in several social-cognitive theories, including distributed cognition, social interaction, and Bandura’s social-cognitive theory. We discuss how specific concepts of the theories might support various instructional functions of PALs, acknowledging concepts that PALs cannot address. Based on the theoretical perspectives, we suggest key constituents for designing PALs that in human-peer interactions have proven significant. Finally, we review the current status of PAL research with respect to these constituents and suggest where further empirical research is necessary.
Cholesterol mediation of progesterone production and oocyte maturation in cultured amphibian (Rana pipiens) ovarian follicles.

Treatment of isolated amphibian ovarian follicles with frog pituitary homogenate (FPH) increases follicular progesterone levels, which, in turn, initiate oocyte maturation. Recent studies have demonstrated that follicular progesterone production requires concomitant protein synthesis at some stage preceding pregnenolone formation. Experiments were carried out to determine whether cholesterol metabolism plays a role in mediating these biochemical and physiological processes. Aminoglutethimide (&'GI, and inhibitor of P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme) inhibited FPH-induced intrafollicular progesterone acchmulation and oocyte maturation (or germinal vesicle breakdown, G VBD) in a dose-dependent manner. Follicular progesterone accumulation and G VBD were both stimulated, in the absence of FPH, after addition of 25-OH-cholesterol, but not cholesterol, to the culture medium. Higher levels of progesterone were present in defolliculated oocytes as compared to intact ovarian follicles after incubation with 25-OH-cholesterol. The results indicate that the surface epithelium and theca layer in the follicle wall retard 25-OH-cholesterol access to steroid-producing follicle cells. AGI blocked 25-OHcholesterol-induced accumulation of progesterone and G VBD in defolliculated oocytes, suggesting that 25-OHcholesterol does not directly induce G VBD and is metabolized by the follicle cells. The capacity of follicles to accumulate progesterone following preincubation with FPH or 25-OH-cholesterol along with AGI was compared. Intrafollicular levels of progesterone increased after AGI- and 25-OH-cholesterol-treated follicles were washed. In contrast, progesterone levels decreased in follicles pretreated with AGI and FPH after washing. The results indicate that considerable 25-OH-cholesterol, but not endogenous cholesterol (FPH stimulation), remains available for steroidogenesis after removal of AGI. A signvicant, but incomplete, inhibition of progesterone accumulation occurred when follicles were incubated in the presence of 25-OH-cholesterol and cycloheximide. This partial blockage produced by the protein synthesis inhibitor indicates that some basal protein synthesis is required for progesterone accumulation from exogenous 25-OH-cholesterol. We conclude that intracellular cholesterol stores in the follicle wall are utilized to mediate FPH induction of progesterone accumulation and oocyte maturation in amphibian follicles.
Zeeman relaxation of cold atomic iron and nickel in collisions with 3 He

We have measured the ratio γ of the diffusion cross section to the angular momentum reorientation cross section in the colliding Fe-\(^3\)He and Ni-\(^3\)He systems. Nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe) atoms are introduced via laser ablation into a cryogenically cooled experimental cell containing cold (<1 K) \(^3\)He buffer gas. Elastic collisions rapidly cool the translational temperature of the ablated atoms to the \(^3\)He temperature. γ is extracted by measuring the decays of the atomic Zeeman sublevels. For our experimental conditions, thermal energy is comparable to the Zeeman splitting. As a result, thermal excitations between Zeeman sublevels significantly impact the observed decay. To determine γ accurately, we introduce a model of Zeeman state dynamics that includes thermal excitations. We find γ\(_{Ni-^{3}He}=5×10^3\) and γ\(_{Fe-^{3}He}\leq3×10^3\) at 0.75 K in a 0.8 T magnetic field. These measurements are interpreted in the context of submerged shell suppression of spin relaxation, as studied previously in transition metals and rare earth atoms.
An analytical model for computing hypercube availability

An analytical model is presented for computing the availability of an n-dimensional hypercube. The model computes the probability of j connected working nodes in a hypercube by multiplying two probabilistic terms. The first term is the probability of x connected nodes (x>or=j) working out of 2/sup n/ fully connected nodes. This is obtained from the numerical solution of the well-known machine repairman model, modified to capture imperfect coverage and imprecise repair. The second term, which is the probability of having j connected nodes in a hypercube, is computed from an approximate model of the hypercube. The approximate model, in turn, is based on a decomposition principle, where an n-cube connectivity is computed from a two-cube base model using a recursive equation. The availability model studied in this paper is known as task-based availability, where a system remains operational as long as a task can be executed on the system. Analytical results from n-dimensional cubes are given for various task requirements. The model is validated by comparing the analytical results with those from simulation. >
Thermal degradation of esters/ethers derived from tartaric acid

Because of the increasing concern about the potential risks to human health presented by phthalate esters and, in particular, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate the development of non-toxic, environmentally-friendly plasticizers is rather urgent. Biobased materials derived from an annually renewable source are particularly attractive in this regard. A series of esters/ethers generated from tartaric acid, an edible, renewable by-product of wine-making, has been synthesized and fully characterized using chromatographic, spectroscopic and thermal methods. The thermal degradation characteristics of these compounds have been established using thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy. These materials are stable to temperatures approaching 200 °C and degrade via elimination processes. They should function as effective plasticizers for a variety of polymeric materials including poly(vinyl chloride).
Secular Changes of Annual and Interannual Variability in the Tropics during the Past Century

Abstract Wavelet transforms, which can unfold signals in both time and frequency domains, are used to analyze the Comprehensive Ocean and Atmospheric Data Sets for the period 1870–1988. The focus is on secular changes in the interannual variability and the annual cycle of selected equatorial regions. The amplitude of El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is found to be large from 1885 to 1915, to be small during the period 1915–1950, and to increase rapidly after about 1960. Surprisingly, the decadal variations in the amplitude of ENSO are not matched by similar decadal variations in the amplitude of the annual cycle. On short timescales of 2–5 years, ENSO strongly influences the annual cycle in certain parts of the central and eastern tropical Pacific where the thermocline is shallow. The annual cycle is weak in warm El Nino years and is strong in cold La Nina years. This result suggests that the amplitude of the seasonal cycle is affected by interannual variations in the depth of the thermocline and in th...
Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Mutation Detection and Genotyping

Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) is an accurate and efficient screening technique used for detecting DNA sequence changes by heteroduplex analysis. It can also be used for genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The high sensitivity of DHPLC has made this technique one of the most reliable approaches to mutation analysis and, therefore, used in various areas of genetics, both in the research and clinical arena. This chapter describes the methods used for mutation detection analysis and the genotyping of SNPs by DHPLC on the WAVE™ system from Transgenomic Inc. ("WAVE" and "DNASep" are registered trademarks, and "Navigator" is a trademark, of Transgenomic, used with permission. All other trademarks are property of the respective owners).
Research Moratoria and Off-Label Use of Ketamine.

We wish to point out an additional consequence of the Catch-22 described by Andreae and colleagues (Andreae et al. 2016). The decades-long research gridlock of controlled drugs has unintentionally ...
Norstictic Acid as a Hymenial Constituent of Letharia

The depsidone norstictic acid was identified from the hymenium of about half the individuals studied of the commonly apotheciate lichen Letharia californica (Lev.) Hue. This is the first report of ...
DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION OF A MULTIVARIABLE ROOT LOCUS FLIGHT CONTROL DESIGN TOOL

New results are summarized which extend the Evans root locus design technique to fully coupled, twochannel control law architectures. The new results are based upon various root migration plots, and the underlying framework concerning how the plots influence one another, for the closed-loop poles and zeros in each channel, as key system gains are varied. A new computerized tool is presented that allows efficient construction of these root migration plots. This control design software program is coded in MATLAB® with a graphical user interface. Instead of sequentially closing each feedback loop, the software facilitates closure of all loops simultaneously, allowing efficient assessment of stability and performance levels in all channels. The new tool is used to explore the additional benefits in tailoring of handling qualities when using a two-channel, two-directional crossfeed control law architecture for lateral-directional flight dynamics. Utilization of this additional design freedom to tailor handling qualities, or increase performance levels and stability margins, is highly desirable.
Determination of all planar sloshing containers found analytically using the inverse solution method

A study is conducted to determine all possible prescriptions of frequency with fluid depth H for sloshing in planar geometries using the inverse method of solution for potential functions of separable form. Known solutions for the rectangular well, the wedge, a hyperbolic basin and the isochronous container are recovered. In addition, three new families of containers, here denoted C1, C2 and C3, parameterized by streamfunction separation constant B are found. Containers C1 exist for correspond to a family of hyperbolic cotangent variations of frequency with depth. Containers C2 exist for correspond to a family of hyperbolic tangent variations of frequency with depth. Containers C3 exist for correspond to a family of cotangent variations of frequency with depth. There is an affinity between the C1 and C2 families in that their limiting container profiles, found as , take the shape of identical isochronous containers. Also there is an affinity between the C1 and C3 families in that their shapes asymptotical...
Prospects for Economic Development in Indonesia

M OST American forecasters in the first half of 1955 were optimistic about the United States economy, but many were gloomy about the prospects for Asia. The head-shaking over Indonesia was particularly grave.1 Such a pessimistic outlook was perhaps a natural reaction to the sanguine attitude that followed the Indonesian achievement of freedom from the Dutch on December 27, 1949. In Indonesia itself, a battle raged in 1955—culminating in the overthrow of the Ali cabinet—between those out of power who blamed the cabinet for inflation, insecurity, and corruption, and those in power who tried to place the onus on previous cabinets, the Dutch, and remnants of colonialism. Indonesian newspapers played up these disputes with perhaps even more vigor than the American press handles party differences within the United States. Indonesia is a classic example of a recently freed, former colony. Winning sovereignty from the Netherlands ended the first and basically the simpler phase of the revolution. The second phase, more difficult and much more gradual, must evolve new institutions to make the country a truly independent power and ensure economic development with a rising standard of living for her people. She is struggling with the usual boom-and-bust cycle that characterizes araw-material producing country. In the 1930's, she suffered through the sugar depression. Since she gained her freedom, rubber, tin, and copra, comprising over 70 per cent of her exports, have give hera hectic ride on the roller coaster of world prices.
Use of a Grant Writing Class in Training PhD Students.

A well-written application for funding in support of basic biological or biomedical research or individual training fellowship requires that the author perform several functions well. They must (i) identify an important topic, (ii) provide a brief but persuasive introduction to highlight its significance, (iii) identify one or two key questions that if answered would impact the field, (iv) present a series of logical experiments and convince the reader that the approaches are feasible, doable within a certain period of time and have the potential to answer the questions posed, and (v) include citations that demonstrate both scholarship and an appropriate command of the relevant literature and techniques involved in the proposed research study. In addition, preparation of any compelling application requires formal scientific writing and editing skills that are invaluable in any career. These are also all key components in a doctoral dissertation and encompass many of the skills that we expect graduate students to master. Almost 20 years ago, we began a grant writing course as a mechanism to train students in these specific skills. Here, we describe the use of this course in training of our graduate students as well as our experiences and lessons learned.
Effect of Textile Properties on the Bidirectional Solar-Optical Properties of Shading Fabrics

This paper presents an experimental approach to and preliminary results of measurements of bidirectional solar-optical properties of shading fabrics. Transmittance and reflectance profiles for three woven and three knitted fabrics are presented as a function of altitude and azimuth angle for selected incidence angles of simulated direct solar radiation. The woven fabrics exhibit transmittance profiles that are sharply peaked in line with the incident beam. At normal incidence, woven fabrics with transparent yarns result in high peak transmittance of approximately 41%, whereas opaque yarns and dense structures result in low peaks of 0.5–2%. All of the wovens tested exhibit low reflectances of 1–2%. Knitted fabrics also show sharply peaked transmittance profiles in line with the incident beam. However, the open knits have peak values of up to 63% at normal incidence, whereas opaque knits show peaks of only 1–4%. Peak reflectance values for all the knits were low at approximately 1–2%, even with metallized yarns.
Electrocatalytic Activity and Stability Enhancement through Preferential Deposition of Phosphide on Carbide

Phosphides and carbides are among the most promising families of materials based on earth-abundant elements for renewable energy conversion and storage technologies such as electrochemical water splitting, batteries, and capacitors. Nickel phosphide and molybdenum carbide in particular have been extensively investigated for electrochemical water splitting. However, a composite of the two compounds has not been explored. Here, we demonstrate preferential deposition of nickel phosphide on molybdenum carbide in the presence of carbon by using a hydrothermal synthesis method. We employ the hydrogen evolution reaction in acid and base to analyze the catalytic activity of phosphide-deposited carbide. The composite material also shows superior electrochemical stability in comparison to unsupported phosphide. We anticipate that the enhanced electrochemical activity and stability of carbide deposited with phosphide will stimulate investigations into the preparation of other carbide–phosphide composite materials.
Unanticipated hospital admissions (UHA) in patients undergoing palliative radiotherapy (RT) with or without concurrent chemotherapy.

e20661 Background: Patients with metastatic/incurable cancer often receive RT for palliation of symptoms, with the primary goal of improving quality of life. Unplanned hospital admissions during or...
Meniscus beyond mechanics: Using biology to advance our understanding of meniscus injury and treatment.

Meniscus tissues were historically considered vestigial structures in the knee, and largely remained an unexplored and underappreciated area of research. However, this concept was refuted with the ...
Heart-Specific Activin Signaling Promotes Cardiomyopathy And Organismal Aging Through Autophagy Inhibition

Age-dependent loss of cardiac tissue homeostasis largely impacts heart performance and contributes significantly to cardiovascular diseases later in life. Cellular quality control machinery, such as autophagy/lysosome system, plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiac health and preventing age-induced cardiomyopathy and heart failure. However, how aging alters autophagy/lysosome system to impact cardiac function remain largely unknown. Here using Drosophila model system, we show that cellular autophagic flux and lysosome number decrease in aging heart, which is associated with increased cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrhythmias. Among many known autophagy regulators, activin signaling (a member of TGF-beta superfamily) was identified in our recent study as a negative factor of autophagy and protein homeostasis in flight muscle. In this study, we find that cardiac-specific knockdown of Daw, an activin-like protein in Drosophila, prevents age-dependent increases in cardiac arrhythmias and diastolic dysfunction. Furthermore, cardiac-specific expressed activin type I receptor Babo results in pre-matured cardiac aging phenotypes at young ages. Similar to our previous flight muscle study, Daw silencing strongly promotes early step of autophagy process (i.e. autophagosome formation), and shows less impacts on autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Flies with Daw knockdown also maintain robust autophagic flux in aged fly hearts. Interestingly, reduction in cardiac activin signaling significantly prolongs lifespan and improves the functions of distal tissues (such as age-dependent climbing ability). Thus, our findings highlight the emerging role of activin signaling in autophagic regulation, cardiac aging, as well as systemic control of longevity.
Sex differences in ability tilt in the right tail of cognitive abilities: A 35-year examination

Abstract Sex differences in cognitive ability level and cognitive ability pattern or tilt (e.g., math > verbal) have been linked to educational and occupational outcomes in STEM and other fields. The present study examines cognitive ability tilt across the last 35 years in 2,053,265 academically talented students in the U.S. (SAT, ACT, EXPLORE) and 7119 students in India (ASSET) who were in the top 5% of cognitive ability, populations that largely feed high level STEM and other occupations. Across all measures and samples, sex differences in ability tilt were uncovered, favoring males for math > verbal and favoring females for verbal > math. As ability tilt increased, sex differences in ability tilt appeared to increase. Additionally, sex differences in tilt increased as ability selectivity increased. Broadly, sex differences in ability tilt remained fairly stable over time, were consistent across most measures, and replicated across the U.S. and India. Such trends should be carefully monitored given their potential to impact future workforce trends.
Analysis of supercapacitor charge redistribution through constant power experiments

A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the supercapacitor characteristics is critical for the design, management, and control of supercapacitor-based energy storage systems for a variety of applications. This paper analyzes the charge redistribution behavior of supercapacitors through constant power charge and discharge experiments. An equivalent circuit model is adopted to determine the initial state of the charge redistribution process and a formula is derived to relate the supercapacitor voltage change to the initial state. Two sets of constant power experiments are conducted to verify the analysis. These analytical and experimental results reveal that the supercapacitor voltage change during charge redistribution is dependent on the initial state built by the constant power experiment.
Friends without benefits: when we react negatively to helpful and generous friends

Abstract Being able to identify reliable friends and allies is key to surviving and thriving in the social world. Many cooperative accounts of friendship argue that people select friends based on how helpful and generous they are. While people certainly like helpful and generous others, here we explore a context in which people might respond negatively to a friend being prosocial: When one's friend is more helpful or generous toward another friend. We argue that such preferential prosociality prompts negative reactions, even when the alternative is a friend being less prosocial overall, because giving preferentially to another friend may be viewed as a threat of potential displacement of one's own friendship. In four studies ( N = 702), we predict and find that people respond negatively to a friend who was more helpful (Studies 1–2) and generous (Studies 3–4), preferring instead that a friend be less helpful and generous overall. Importantly, this preferential prosociality was viewed as particularly negative when the recipient was another friend and was seen as much less negative when the recipient was a relative (Study 1 and 4) or a romantic partner (Study 2). We discuss the implications of these results for cooperation and alliance-based accounts of friendship.
Villa y la subjetividad política popular: un acercamiento subalternista a "Los de abajo" de Mariano Azuela

Proponemos una lectura revisionista de "Los de abajo" apoyandonos conceptual y metodologicamente en algunos planteamientos formulados desde los estudios subalternos. Luego de examinar la supresion de la subjetividad politica popular en los discursos culturales dominantes del periodo postrevolucionario, y la contribucion de Azuela a este proceso, realizamos una 'contralectura' de la novela con el fin de explorar aquellos elementos que revelan la presencia de una politica popular alternativa, cuyo punto de referencia es el general Villa, y que, en buena medida, complica y desdice la tesis del autor en cuanto a la falta de racionalidad politica de los personajes populares.
E-journal Management Systems: Trends, Trials, and Trade-offs

Abstract Electronic journals are being added to library collections at exponential rates. Recent developments in e-journal management systems offer libraries a variety of solutions for enhancing the visibility and flexibility of their electronic journals. This article examines and compares Serials Solutions, JournalWebCite, TDNet, and Serials Cybrarian, four current e-journal management programs that create and integrate multiple lists of journal titles, regardless of format, into a single list. These systems can reduce or even eliminate common serials control problems for librarians. Readers will gain insights that will enable them to better understand and consider the value of an e-journal management system. Serials Review 2002; 28:176–194.
SORTS: a human-level approach to real-time strategy AI

We developed knowledge-rich agents to play real-time strategy games by interfacing the ORTS game engine to the Soar cognitive architecture. The middleware we developed supports grouping, attention, coordinated path finding, and FSM control of low-level unit behaviors. The middleware attempts to provide information humans use to reason about RTS games, and facilitates creating agent behaviors in Soar. Agents implemented with this system won two out of three categories in the AIIDE 2006 ORTS competition.
Machine Learning of Spatiotemporal Bursting Behavior in Developing Neural Networks

As with other modern sciences (and their computational counterparts), neuroscience experiments can now produce data that, in terms of both quantity and complexity, challenge our interpretative abilities. It is relatively common to be faced with datasets containing many millions of neural spikes collected from tens of thousands of neurons. Traditional data analysis methods can, in a relatively straightforward manner, identify large-scale features in such data (e.g., on the scale of entire networks). What these approaches often cannot do is to connect macroscopic activity to the relevant small-scale behaviors of individual cells, especially in the face of ongoing background activity that is not relevant. This communication presents an application of machine learning techniques to bridge the gap between microscopic and macroscopic behaviors and identify the small-scale activity that leads to large-scale behavior, reducing data complexity to a level that can be amenable to further analysis. A small number of spatiotemporal spikes (among many millions) were found to provide reliable information about if and where a burst will occur.
Exploring Bloom’s Taxonomy as a Basis for Interactive Storytelling

Prior work has called for Bloom’s taxonomy of learning objectives to be incorporated in educational games, but little research has explored how to achieve this within a generative context. We formalize aspects of Bloom’s taxonomy as logical assertions, thereby enabling metaphorical bridges to be generated between learning objectives and narrative elements. Through this lens, we present an example of a dynamic narrative framework driven by Bloom’s cognitive model.
High performance copper-water heat pipes with nanoengineered evaporator sections

Abstract This experimental investigation aims to enhance the performance of heat pipes through nanoengineering the evaporator section, by integrating hydrophilic copper oxide (CuO) nanowires on the inner surface. Two types of CuO nanowires have been employed. Copper pipes measuring 440 mm in length with 12.7 mm O.D. and 0.8 mm wall thickness with inner grooves were used to manufacture heat pipes. All heat pipes were charged with ultra-filtered deionized (DI) water as a working fluid. By employing the hydrophilic CuO nanowires coating in the evaporator section of a heat pipe, its performance is substantially enhanced compared to a heat pipe with identical dimensions without the coating. Specifically, thermal resistance is reduced by 81.2% when using Type I CuO and 72% using Type II CuO nanowires compared to a heat pipe without coatings. The effects of the working load and orientation on the heat pipe thermal resistance have been systematically examined.
Online optimization in the Non-Stationary Cloud: Change Point Detection for Resource Provisioning (Invited Paper)

The rapid mainstream adoption of cloud computing and the corresponding spike in the energy usage of big data systems make the efficient management of cloud computing resources a more pressing issue than ever before. To this end, numerous online algorithms such as Receding Horizon Control and Online Balanced Descent have been designed. However it is difficult for cloud service providers to select the best control algorithm dynamically for resource provisioning when confronted with consumer resource demands that are notoriously unpredictable and volatile. Furthermore, it highly possible that it might not be the case for any one algorithm to consistently perform well over the months-long contract period. In this paper, we first exemplify the need to address non-stationarity in cloud computing by showcasing traces from MS Azure. We then develop a novel meta-algorithm that combines change point detection and online optimization. The new algorithm is shown to outperform existing solutions in real-world trace-driven simulations.
Elder mistreatment and social network composition: an exploratory study

Abstract Elder mistreatment, affecting an estimated one in ten older adults, has devastating consequences for individuals, families and communities. The magnitude of the issue and known barriers to addressing it through formal systems necessitate innovative approaches to identification and response. This study explores network composition change following elder mistreatment in order to assess the viability of leveraging network members in future intervention efforts. Multiply imputed linear regression models show associations between elder mistreatment and small increases in net change and the number of specific network additions. No association between elder mistreatment and network member losses or network density were found. These findings highlight the complexity of social network change in older adulthood and point to a need for future research considering the influence of Adult Protective Service intervention as well as qualitative work assessing older adults’ own perceptions of mistreatment and network change.
Time for a Twenty-First Century Understanding of Older Workers, Aging, and Discrimination

Age discrimination in the workplace continues to be common and accepted 50 years after the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) took effect in 1968. One reason is that judges and employers are stuck in a 1960s view of older workers, aging, and discrimination. They see age discrimination as “different” from other types of discrimination and fail to condemn and prevent it as they would race or sex discrimination. Their outdated views about older workers and skeptical views about age discrimination perpetuate unfounded stereotypes. Three judge-made rules—stray comments, same actor, and same group—are used frequently and widely to dismiss age discrimination cases. However, these judge-made rules are contrary to social science research and an understanding of how bias operates. Educating employers and judges about contemporary research on older workers, aging, and discrimination could update their perspectives to better understand and value the abilities and experiences of workers of all ages. Rejecting ageist stereotyping as we reject sexist or racist stereotyping would be a meaningful step forward to achieving the promise of the ADEA that all should be judged based on ability not age.
Susceptibility to papillomavirus

Abstract Human papillomavirus causes warts and is a common infection that is rarely highly pathologic. Most HPV infections are cleared although some patients have an infection that can be progressive, causing disfigurement. The differential diagnosis for a patient with extensive warts is broad, encompassing T cell deficiencies, innate immune deficiencies, and primary defects of keratinocytes. This chapter will cover a diagnostic approach and review of the individual conditions most closely aligned with extensive papillomaviral infections.
Résultats d’une méta-analyse sur la valeur perçue de magasinage

La valeur reste un concept tres etudie en marketing, notamment selon l’approche de la valeur percue de magasinage de Babin et al., qui est l’un des outils les plus utilises pour evaluer la valeur s...
Essentials of Disaster Anesthesia

Whether a mass casualty, earthquake or weather event at home, or a disaster abroad, proper preparation is essential for providing high-quality care. This concise guide brings together the views and knowledge of experienced responders to offer a much-needed review of the essential elements of anesthesia and intensive care for disasters and austere environments. Combining academic theory and practical advice, the book covers topics such as emergency and trauma surgery; airway management; chemical, biological and radiological exposure; personal protective equipment; and the psychological impact of working in the operating room in disaster situations. As successful care depends on the incident response team working collaboratively, the text also covers emergency communications, infrastructure preservation, and topics relevant to other medical specialists such as pain management and obstetrics. Featuring numerous high-quality illustrations, Essentials of Disaster Anesthesia is a vital, relevant resource for anesthetists, emergency physicians, nurses, and ancillary personnel.