cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On causality in commutant lifting theorem. I

Two functionals μ(A) and\(\bar \mu (A)\) for an operatorA were introduced in [11] for the study of causality in commutant lifting theory. In this paper we give sufficient and necessary conditions for\(\mu (A) = \bar \mu (A)\) in a special case. We prove that in this case\(\bar \mu (A) \leqslant \sqrt 2 \mu (A)\), and we show by some examples related to nonlinear system control that\(\sqrt 2\) is the best constant in our inequality.
What do attending physicians contribute in a house officer-based ambulatory continuity clinic?

OBJECTIVE: To study the educational contributions of attending physicians in an internal medicine house staff ambulatory clinic.
QUANTITATIVE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF AMINO ACIDS.

Received March 5, 1965 Because of its speed, accuracy, and sensitivity, gas chromatography offers advantages over other chromatographic methods for the determination of amino acids. Among derivatives which have been investigated are the trimethylsilyl Ntrimethylsilyl esters (h Hagen and Black, 1964; Cruickshank and Sheehan, 1964). Each of these derivatives has proved to be useful for gas-chromatographic separations, but none has been studied in sufficient detail to permit general analytical use. It was recognized that quantitative, reproducible derivative formation was an essential prerequisite for an accurate gas-chromatographic method, thus studies were made to investigate the organic reaction conditions necessary for quantitatively converting amino acids to volatile derivatives. This paper describes a general method for quantitative and
Bilingualism in need of a conceptual overhaul

Abstract The concept of bilingualism has long been a focus of research in linguistics, one encompassing psychology, pedagogy and, increasingly, sociology. Research in this area has spawned a wide range of terminology which is used, like the term bilingualism itself, with varying degrees of precision. In this article the diverse characterizations as to the kinds and degrees of bilingualism found in the literature are examined with the end in view of providing a more concise and workable conceptual framework. Bilingualism as it is distinguished from bi-dialectalism, stylistic variation and diglossia is considered and the author proposes that the term “plurilingualism” be adopted as a generic term covering the cases of two or more languages, while “bilingualism” be redefined in the more restrictive sense of being a fair degree of proficency on the part of an individual using two languages, these two concepts providing the basic categories into which diglossia and stylistic/dialect variations are reintegrated.
NMR relaxation studies in water-alcohol mixtures: the water-rich region

Abstract NMR proton relaxation time measurements in water-alcohol mixtures have been performed for an alcohol mole fraction X ranging from 0 to 0.1. By varying the 17 O-content in water, different contributions to the proton relaxation rate could be separated and from the 17 OH dipolee interacton contribution the correlation time of the OH bond in the water molecule was determined. This reorientational correlation time of water increases by addition of alcohol molecules and depends linearly on the number of proton donors and acceptors. These results are compared to recent computer simulation and dielectric relaxation data. Additional oxygen-17 relaxation measurements on water yielded the quadrupole coupling constant, which shows a significant dependence on the alcohol concentration. The decreased mobility and the increased structural order of water in these mixtures can be related to the hydrophobic hydration.
Explicit scoring criteria for the Rey-Osterrieth and Taylor complex figures

Abstract Explicit scoring criteria based on the Taylor-Osterrieth method were developed for the Rey-Osterrieth and Taylor Complex Figure Tests. Without such criteria, clinicians and researchers are left to develop their own idiographic scoring systems, leading to low interrater reliability, especially in the middle range of scores. Criteria were applied to the copy and 30-min recall protocols of 101 subjects infected with HIV. Results indicate that the criteria presented are reliable across a wide range of scores, making them useful for tracking subtle changes over time. Independent raters were within two points of each other on 90.1 % of the copy and 88.1% of recall scores, with a maximum disagreement of five points on two copy protocols. The Taylor figure was also found to be more easily remembered than the Rey-Osterrieth, calling into question their interchangeability. Explicit criteria are particularly useful in research settings. They ensure interrater reliability over time and across examiners in lo...
Case study of the Falcon code project

The field of computational science is growing rapidly. Yet there have been few detailed studies of the development processes for high performance computing applications. As part of the High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) program we are conducting a series of case studies of representative computational science projects to identify the steps involved in developing such applications, including the life cycle, workflows and tasks, and technical and organizational challenges. We are seeking to identify how software development tools are used and the enhancements that would increase the productivity of code developers. The studies are also designed to develop a set of "lessons learned" that can be transferred to the general computational science community to improve the code development process. We have carried a detailed study of the Falcon (Fig.1) code project. That project is located at a large institution under contract to a national sponsor. The project team consisted of about 15 scientists charged with developing a multi-physics simulation that would utilize large-scale supercomputers with 1000s of processors. The expected life time of the code project is about 30 years. The case study findings reinforced the importance of sound software project management and the challenges associated with verification and validation.
Disseminated intravascular meconium in a newborn with meconium peritonitis

Abstract A 3-day-old premature infant with meconium peritonitis, periventricular leukomalacia, and pulmonary hypertension died with respiratory insufficiency. An autopsy disclosed intravascular squamous cells in the lungs, brain, liver, pancreas, and kidneys. Numerous pulmonary capillaries and arterioles were occluded by squamous cells, accounting for pulmonary hypertension. Brain parenchyma surrounding occluded cerebral vessels showed infarct and gliosis. A mediastinal lymph node filled with squamous cells alluded to the mechanism by which these cells from the peritoneal cavity likely entered the bloodstream—namely, via diaphragmatic pores connecting with lymphatics. Thus, disseminated intravascular meconium rarely may complicate meconium peritonitis and have devastating consequences.
Backgating in GaAs devices and integrated circuits

This paper reviews current understanding of backgating in GaAs integrated circuits and discusses approaches used to predict and mitigate its effect. Current theoretical approaches to explain backgating are reviewed and the impact of materials, process techniques, and design on backgating are also discussed. A standard backgating test structure and test proposed at the 1990 GaAs IC Symposium are described.
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone promoter activity in AtT-20 cells and in a transformed hypothalamic cell line.

The regulation of CRH promoter activity by cAMP was studied in two cell lines, the pituitary corticotroph cell line AtT-20 and the immortalized hypothalamic cell line 4B, which expresses CRH and vasopressin. In 4B cells transfected with a CRH promoter-luciferase construct, the adenylyl cyclase stimulator, forskolin, increased luciferase activity in parallel with increases in intracellular cAMP. In 4B cells, however, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, isobutylmethylxanthine, potentiated forskolin-stimulated cAMP without affecting further increases in luciferase activity. In AtT-20 cells, forskolin plus isobutylmethylxanthine elevated cAMP only slightly, but increased luciferase activity to levels similar to those observed in 4B cells. AtT-20 cells were also unresponsive to 8-bromo-cAMP, due in part to higher phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities. Although both cells contained PDE1, -3, and -4, inhibition of either PDE4 or PDE1 potentiated luciferase activity stimulated by submaximal forskolin concentrations in ...
The effects of three potential aids for making strategic decisions on prediction accuracy

Abstract The effects of three techniques for potentially improving strategic decisions were examined within the Social Judgment Theory paradigm. The first technique (the expert approach) involved the presentation of a plan by “Expert A.” The second technique (the devil's advocate approach) involved the presentation of the plan by Expert A plus a critique of the plan by “Expert”. Finally, the dialectical inquiry approach included Expert A's plan and presentation of a “counterplan” (a contradiction of the plan) by Expert B. Two measures were used to determine prediction accuracy in three “states of the world”. Using the mean absolute prediction error over a series of decisions, subjects in the devil's advocate condition predicted significantly better than subjects in the dialectical inquiry or expert conditions in the state of the world where the counterplan represented the correct world view. When the achievement index was examined, subjects in the devil's advocate condition predicted significantly better than subjects in the expert condition in the counterplan best world state. Under no circumstances was the devil's advocate technique significantly inferior to the dialectical inquiry or expert techniques. These results suggest it may be advisable for decision makers to use the devil's advocate technique when making predictions of future world states in uncertain environments.
Learnability of latent position network models

The latent position model is a well known model for social network analysis which has also found application in other fields, such as analysis of marketing and e-commerce data. In such applications, the data sets are increasingly massive and only partially observed, giving rise to the possibility of overfitting by the model. Using tools from statistical learning theory, we bound the VC dimension of the latent position model, leading to bounds on the overfit of the model. We find that the overfit can decay to zero with increasing network size even if only a vanishing fraction of the total network is observed. However, the amount of observed data on a per-node basis should increase with the size of the graph.
APEXTRIN, A NOVEL EXTRACELLULAR PROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH LARVAL ECTODERM EVOLUTION IN HELIOCIDARIS ERYTHROGRAMMA

Abstract During the evolution of direct development in the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma major modifications occurred, which allowed the precocious formation of adult-specific structures and led to a novel larval body that surrounds these structures. The HeET-1 gene was isolated in a differential screen for transcripts enriched in the early embryos of H. erythrogramma relative to those of its indirect-developing congener, H. tuberculata. HeET-1 was unique among the three genes found in that no homologous transcript was detected in H. tuberculata total embryonic RNA blots. To verify this apparently extreme differential expression of the HeET-1 genes in Heliocidaris, we isolated the HeET-1 homologue from H. tuberculata genomic DNA and used it to probe blots of poly(A)+ RNA prepared from H. tuberculata embryos. It is expressed in H. tuberculata embryos at levels undetectable by this technique. The predicted amino acid sequence of HeET-1 suggested that it encodes a novel secreted protein. To assess the function of HeET-1, we raised polyclonal antisera to the HeET-1-encoded protein. We find that it is present in eggs in a type of secretory vesicle and that this maternal pool is gradually secreted after fertilization. As cells acquire apical–basal polarity in the blastula the protein becomes localized to the apical extracellular matrix, leading us to name the protein apextrin. The apical extracellular localization of apextrin is maintained in the columnar cells of the larval ectoderm until their internalization at metamorphosis. Ingressing mesenchyme cells rapidly endocytose apextrin upon leaving the vegetal plate. Comparison with fibropellin III, an apical lamina component, suggests that apextrin is an extracellular protein that is in tighter association with the plasma membrane than is the hyalin layer or apical lamina. We propose that apextrin is involved in apical cell adhesion and that its high level of expression may represent an adaptive cooption necessary for strengthening the large H. erythrogramma embryo.
A 64-bit High-Speed Read-Write Look-Up Table Memory Implemented in GaAs HBT

This work describes a novel low-density bipolar memory circuit which functions near the maximum clock rate of the technology. An InGaP/GaAs HBT implementation of a 64-bit programmable Look Up Table memory is demonstrated. By simulation, the read function shows a 23ps delay through the memory array. Measurements of the circuit in package validates successful read operation at 5GHz.
Response to Treatment for Pectoralis Minor Myofascial Pain Syndrome After Whiplash

Objective: This case study was conducted to investigate the role of myofascial trigger points of the pectoralis minor muscle in producing symptoms following whiplash injury. Methods: To be included in this retrospective study, patents were required to exhibit an active myofascial trigger point in at least one pectoralis minor muscle and should not have received therapy directed at myofascial pain syndrome prior to evaluation by the authors. other exclusions included bone fracture, cervical radiculopathy/myelopathy, and brain injury. Treatment without controls of the 37 patients included physical therapy measures selected to relieve the myofascial pain syndrome. Patients whose symptoms proved resistant to physical therapy received two or more courses of therapy and injection of their trigger points. By assessment that was not blinded as to intervention, a successful outcome lasting at least 6 months depended upon the subject being pain free or sufficiently improved with a continuing home self-stretch progr...
Point-of-care diagnostics enter the mouth.

In this succinct review, I delineate a case supporting point-of- care (POC) diagnostics to provide a brief outline of why oral fluid/saliva- based POC offer several advantages over more traditional blood-based tests and conclude with a focused overview of the ethical, legal, and social implications of more widespread access to oral fluid/saliva-based POC diagnostics.
Insulin-like growth factor-II expression in developing skeletal muscle of double muscled and normal cattle.

Double muscled (DM) cattle possess nearly 40% more muscle fibers than normal muscled (NM) beef or dairy cattle. Previous work showed that serum from DM fetuses stimulated proliferation of L6 myoblasts to a greater extent than serum from NM fetuses. Although the exact role of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) in the regulation of fetal myogenesis is unknown, it has been shown to serve as a autocrine-acting growth factor during terminal differentiation of myoblasts in mitogen-depleted culture media. Delay of IGF-II expression may alter the ultimate number of muscle fibers formed during fetal development. To investigate this, forty-seven skeletal muscle and twenty-nine liver samples were collected from NM fetuses representing fetuses grouped by crown-rump lengths (CRL) of 70 cm. Twelve DM fetuses representing 20, 40, 50, and 85 cm were compared to NM groups with the same CRL. Total RNA preparations from these samples were subjected to northern and dot blot analysis using rat IGF-II and beta actin cDNAs and a human 28S rRNA oligomer. IGF-II transcripts of 4.5, 3.6, 2.75, 2.5, and 1.15 kilobases (kb) were detected in liver and muscle RNA from both DM and NM fetuses. Liver IGF-II expression increased (P < 0.05) in both DM and NM fetuses with CRL. Mean concentrations of muscle IGF-II mRNA initially increased (P < 0.05), then decreased (P < 0.05) with CRL in DM and NM fetuses. Muscle IGF-II mRNA was greater (P < 0.05) for NM fetuses compared to DM fetuses at 20 cm CRL, whereas at 53 cm CRL, DM muscle IGF-II was greater (P < 0.05) than that of NM fetuses. These results show that the maximum expression of muscle IGF-II is delayed in DM fetuses compared to NM fetuses. This delayed expression may play an explicit role in controlling myogenesis in the development of double muscle cattle.
The variable gradient method for generating liapunov functions

A logical and systematic method of generating Liapunov functions for determining stability of nonlinear autonomous systems is introduced. The method is based upon the assumption of a variable gradient function from which both V and V may be determined. The n-un-known elements of each of the n-components of the variable gradient are determined from constraints on V and n(n?1)/2 generalized curl equations. The type of V-functions produced include those involving higher order terms, one or more integrals, and terms with more than two state variables as factors. Nontrivial examples of the above cases are included.
Magnetorheological fluid durability test—Organics analysis

This report describes the analytical techniques used to characterize the organic fluid components of certain magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) which had been subjected to durability testing. Samples of MRF subjected to 540 and 108 h of service in a MRF fan clutch on a test stand were characterized along with neat and unused materials for comparison. The results indicated a surprising lack of oxidation of the poly-α-olefin (PAO) with only a small decrease in the molecular weight of one of the oligomers of the mixture. An increased amount of olefinic bonds was detected in the used fluid which suggests a mechanism for some of the chemical changes observed in the material.
Dual antiplatelet therapy plus postoperative heparin and dextran is safe and effective for reducing risk of embolic stroke during aneurysm coiling

Thromboembolic events represent a clinically significant cause of neurological morbidity during the endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms. We have implemented an anti-thromboembolic regimen consisting of pre- and postoperative dual antiplatelet therapy, as well as postoperative anticoagulation using heparin and dextran. The aims of our study were to examine the effect of this regimen on thromboembolic rates during elective aneurysm coiling, and to elucidate risk factors associated with the development of thromboembolic events in this setting. We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent elective intracranial aneurysm coiling between January 2005 and February 2012. The primary outcome of interest was the occurrence of a clinically significant peri-procedural thromboembolic event. Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of a central nervous system (CNS) or systemic hemorrhage. During the study period, 312 patients underwent elective aneurysm coiling and six (2 %) thromboembolic events occurred; three (1 %) occurred in the group that received the anti-thromboembolic regimen (261 patients) and three (6 %) occurred in the group that did not receive the regimen (51 patients), resulting in a statistically significant difference (P = 0.024). Both the presence of a hypercoagulable state (P = 0.014) and the lack of the anti-thromboembolic regimen (P = 0.043) were significantly associated with the occurrence of a thromboembolic event. This study provides evidence that the regimen described here is safe and reduces thromboembolic complications during elective aneurysm coiling. Ours is likely the most aggressive regimen in the published literature and significantly reduced the rate of thromboembolism without any significant increase hemorrhagic complications.
Internationalism and the early years of the Japanese peace corps

Abstract This study examines the purported lack of an international orientation among the Japanese. People who make this observation about the Japanese point to historical isolation or to cultural proclivities such as localism. The case study of the early years of the Japanese Peace Corps demonstrates that factors pertaining to a specific organization may also contribute to the difficulty an individual experiences in adopting an international orientation. The Japanese Peace Corps is an appropriate case because it is an organization whose economic assistance activities in developing countries would seem to require such an orientation among staff members. An analysis of career strategies of employees, managerial practices, and organizational dynamics reveals that it may not always be in employees' interests to present themselves as kokusaijin “international persons.” The study is based on the author's three-year association with the organization .
Controlling chaotic scattering: Impulsively driven Morse potential.

We investigate classical chaotic scattering between two atoms interacting via a Morse potential in the presence of a laser field. We find that stable resonance islands appear in phase space above the field-free dissociation energy in an impulsively driven model. A local expansion relating this model to the Henon map predicts the existence of such resonance islands within some finite domain in parameter space for any similar impulsively driven potential model. By switching on the external field during the collision we show how stable field-dressed molecules can be formed with energy above the field-free dissociation threshold
pH Sensing by the Calcium-sensing Receptor

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is activated by small changes in the ionic extracellular calcium concentration (Ca(o)) within the physiological range, allowing the parathyroid gland to regulate serum Ca(o); however, the CaR is also distributed in a number of other tissues where it may sense other endogenous agonists and modulators. CaR agonists are polycationic molecules, and our previous studies suggest that charged residues in the extracellular domain of the CaR are critical for receptor activation through electrostatic interactions. Therefore, pH could also potentially modulate CaR activation by its polycationic agonists. Changes in the concentration of extracellular H(+) substantially altered the activation of the CaR by Ca(o) and other CaR agonists. The effects of external pH on the CaR's sensitivity to its agonists were observed for both acidic and basic deviations from physiological pH of 7.4, with increases in pH rendering the receptor more sensitive to activation by Ca(o) and decreases in pH producing the converse effect. At pH values more acidic than 5.5, CaR sensitivity to its agonists showed some recovery. Changes in the intracellular pH could not account for the effects of external pH on CaR sensitivity to its agonists. Other G-protein-coupled receptors, which are endogenously expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, showed little change in activity with alterations in external pH or effects opposite those found for the CaR. Extracellular pH directly alters the CaR in the case of Ca(o) and Mg(o) activation; however, the charges on many organic and inorganic agonists are pH-dependent. Activating CaR mutations show reduced pH(o) modulation, suggesting a molecular mechanism for increased CaR activity at physiological pH(o). Several CaR-expressing tissues, including regions of the stomach, the kidney, bone, and the brain, could potentially use the CaR as a sensor for pH and acid-base status.
Antibiotic Resistance in Anaerobic Bacteria: Molecular Biology and Clinical Aspects

The patterns of antibiotic susceptibility among anaerobes isolated in the United States during the past 14 years were reviewed. Resistance to the tetracyclines, the penicillins, clindamycin, and other antibiotics has emerged among strains of Bacteroides, Clostridium, and anaerobic cocci. Genetic transfer of antibiotic resistance has been documented in anaerobic environments. Inter- and intrageneric transfer by conjugation and transformation has been described. Plasmids have been identified in anaerobes, and conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance has been reported. The biochemical mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in anaerobes are similar to those described for aerobes. There are some differences in drug transport and inhibitory actions. Antibiotic resistant anaerobes have been isolated from patients participating in large comparative studies of anaerobic infections involving abdominal, pelvic, and pleuropulmonary sites, but instances in which treatment has failed as a result of resistance have not been found. Reports describing small numbers of patients or individual cases have documented the failure of therapy in clinical and laboratory infections caused by both sensitive or resistant anaerobic bacteria. Patterns of antibiotic susceptibility among clinically important anaerobes need to be monitored periodically in several geographic regions.
Integration of Marine CSEM And Seismic AVA Data For Reservoir Parameter Estimation

Reservoir fluid saturations and porosity are estimated using a two-stage process consisting of an uncoupled geophysical inversion of marine seismic amplitude versus angle (AVA) and controlled source electromagnetic data, followed by a Bayesian inversion, using the geophysical parameters derived in the first stage and a rock-physics model to estimate reservoir parameters. The two-stage process has the advantage that it can be done using existing industry software, with only the addition of the electromagnetic inversions to estimate electrical conductivity. The estimated water saturation and porosity compare well to both log data and those derived from a formal joint inversion of marine AVA and electromagnetic data. However, the two-stage estimates of oil and gas saturation do not compare favorably to those obtained using a formal joint inversion of both data sets simultaneously.
A new sufficient condition for Hamiltonicity of graphs

Rahman and Kaykobad proved the following theorem on Hamiltonian paths in graphs. Let G be a connected graph with n vertices. If d(u)+d(v)+δ(u, v) ≥ n+1 for each pair of distinct non-adjacent vertices u and v in G, where δ(u, v) is the length of a shortest path between u and v in G, then G has a Hamiltonian path. It is shown that except for two families of graphs a graph is Hamiltonian if it satisfies the condition in Rahman and Kaykobad's theorem. The result obtained in this note is also an answer for a question posed by Rahman and Kaykobad.
Hybridization enhancement using cavitation microstreaming.

Conventional DNA microarray hybridization relies on diffusion of target to surface-bound probes, and thus is a rate-limited process. In this paper, a micromixing technique based on cavitation microstreaming principle that was developed to accelerate hybridization process is explained. Fluidic experiments showed that air bubbles resting on a solid surface and set into vibration by a sound field generated steady circulatory flows, resulting in global convection flows and, thus, rapid mixing. The time to fully mix dyed solutions in a 50-μL chamber using cavitation microstreaming was significantly reduced from hours (a pure diffusion-based mixing) to 6 s. Cavitation microstreaming was implemented to enhance DNA hybridization in both fluorescence-detection-based and electrochemical-detection-based DNA microarray chips. The former showed that cavitation microstreaming results in up to 5-fold hybridization signal enhancement with significantly improved signal uniformity, as compared to the results obtained in co...
Statistical comparison of Fourier transform infrared spectra.

Spectroscopic assessment of whether a biological sample has changed as a result of processing or degradation is generally carried out by qualitative comparison of spectra, without statistical analysis, resulting in a subjective evaluation of sample stability. Here, we present a formalism for quantitative statistical comparison of signal-averaged Fourier transform infrared spectra, commonly used to assess molecular properties of biological samples. Expressions are derived permitting the comparison of 1. single beam spectra; 2. transmittance spectra obtained by calculating the ratio of single beam spectra of a sample and background; and 3. absorbance spectra derived from transmittance spectra. An application of these results to the degradation of cartilage is presented. Two absorbance spectra of a cartilage sample taken in succession are found to be statistically identical with respect to the ratio of the amplitude of the amide I band to the amplitude of the amide II band. However, a spectrum of the same sample acquired after a 24-h degradation period, while similar to the spectrum of the fresh sample, is found to have an altered ratio of these spectral band amplitudes, consistent with degradation of the cartilage matrix
Terahertz and infrared conductivity of large-area graphene

We use terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to investigate carrier dynamics in large-area chemical-vapor-deposition-grown graphene, and observed that the Fermi level of graphene can be tuned by both thermal annealing and electrical gating.
Optode positional calibration in diffuse optical tomography.

Although diffuse optical tomography is a highly promising technique used to noninvasively image blood volume and oxygenation, the reconstructed data are sensitive to systemic differences between the forward model and the actual experimental conditions. In particular, small changes in optode location or in the optode-tissue coupling coefficient significantly degrade the quality of the reconstruction images. Accurate system calibration therefore is an essential part of any experimental protocol. We present a technique for simultaneously calibrating optode positions and reconstructing images that significantly improves image quality, as we demonstrate with simulations and phantom experiments.
Evaluations of Competence as a Function of Sex and Marital Status.

A total of 160 female and male college students read a completed job application and an article written by the applicant. Both the job and the article were in nonsex-typed fields. The applicant was described as either female or male, and as either married, never married, widowed, or divorced. Subjects answered eight evaluate questions concerning the competence of the applicant and the merits of the article. Neither the sex nor the marital status of the applicant had a strong or consistent effect on the subjects' evaluations.
Particle cloud impingement damage

Single impact data considered ineffective in estimating target damage induced by micron-sized particle cloud impingement
Dominant Zero and Excess Phase of a Hurwitz Polynomial

In the analysis and design of linear electronic circuits, it is often necessary and desirable to restrict attention to first-order effects only. Simplifications of the circuit may take the form of a dominant natural frequency (or time-constant) description. That is, of the total natural frequencies of the circuit, one may be found to be dominant over a frequency or time interval of interest. For the low-pass situation, necessary conditions are presented in this paper to establish the dominant zero of a polynomial in terms of the coefficients of the polynomial. Simple expressions are also given to estimate the second-order effect of excess phase (or dead time). A simple transistor amplifier is used as an example.
Questioning the cheater-detection hypothesis: New studies with the selection task

The cheater-detection (CD) hypothesis suggests that people who otherwise perform poorly on the Wason selection task perform well when the task is couched in cheater-detection contexts. We report three studies with new selection problems that are similar to the originals but that question the CD hypothesis. The first two studies document a pattern heretofore attributed to CD mechanisms, namely good performance with “regular” rules and inferior performance with “switched” rules, all in problems that lack a cheater-detection context. The final study finds an interaction: not only is good performance elicited on non-CD problems, but poor performance is found in the context of CD problems. Performance on the selection task cannot be predicted based on the presence or absence of cheater-detection contexts, which brings into question the need to invoke a specialised cheater-detection module.
Determination of O‐(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol (TNP‐470; AGM‐1470) and two metabolites in plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

High performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using a heat nebulizer atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface was investigated as a sensitive and selective technique for the chromatographic separation and quantitation of the anti-angiogenic drug TNP-470 and its polar metabolites MII and MIV. Upon extraction from plasma, the analytes were measured using selected-ion monitoring in the positive ionization mode and single quadrapole mass spectrometric detection. A trideuterated 13C-labeled analog of TNP-470 was used as an internal standard. Two plasma extraction procedures were evaluated. An acetonitrile precipitation method resulted in a recovery of 65.9% and 44.4% for MIV and TNP-470, respectively, and a limit of quantitation of 2.5 ng ml−1 with a limit of detection of 0.63 ng ml−1 for both analytes. In contrast, a solid-phase extraction method led to a higher recovery of 92.9% and 111.0% for MIV and TNP-470, respectively, and a limit of quantitation of 0.63 ng ml−1 with a limit of detection of 0.16 ng ml−1 for both analytes. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were <10% and <18% for both analytes. The solid-phase extraction, by decreasing plasma interferences present within the column capacity, also allowed the detection and quantitation of MII, a highly polar metabolite of TNP-470. The recovery of MII in plasma was 77.4% with a limit of quantitation and detection of 2.5 and 1.25 ng ml−1, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were 6.19% and 2.99%. Quantitative analysis of plasma samples from a patient receiving 10 mg m−2 of TNP-470 by a 1 h intravenous infusion is reported.
From Petascale to the Pocket: Adaptively Scaling Parallel Programs for Mobile SoCs

With resource-constrained mobile and embedded devices being outfitted with multicore processors, there exists a need to allow existing parallel programs to be scaled down to efficiently utilize these devices. We study the marriage of programming models originally designed for distributed-memory supercomputers with smaller scale parallel architectures that are shared-memory and generally resource-constrained.
The hydrodynamics of hovering in Antarctic krill

Negatively buoyant pelagic animals such as the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) must maintain their position in the water column through a constant downward transfer of momentum to the surrounding fluid. Antarctic krill, which operate in a low-to-intermediate Reynolds number regime, hover by beating their pleopods (or swimming legs) in a metachronal wave from back to front. The objective of this paper is to examine how hovering in Antarctic krill is facilitated by the flow produced by a metachronal stroke pattern. A high-speed tomographic particle image velocimetry system was used to measure both the flow around the pleopods and in the wake. The flow measurements and actuator disk theory were used to estimate the energy required for hovering in Antarctic krill. Lift-generating tip vortices were found on the pleopod exopodites. These vortices, as well as pleopod spacing and exopodite kinematics, integrate the design and kinematics of the appendages with the resulting flow to make the metachronal swimming system used by the krill an effective tool to generate lift for hovering. The Strouhal number (St )o f most drag-based paddlers, such as the Antarctic krill, was found to fall within the range of 0.2!St!0.4. Whereas it is known that an efficiency peak for lift-based locomotion lies in this St range, it is hypothesized here that a similar efficiency peak exists for metachronal drag-based locomotion.
Workshop on remote measurement of underwater parameters

This workshop was held at Bolkesjo, Norway, October 30 to November 1, 1980. It was arranged by the Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Space Activity Division; Institute of Geophysical Research, University of Bergen; and Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia. It was sponsored by the Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the Office of Naval Research.
Ecological Consequences of Body Size

More of the intraclass evolution of animals has been linked to body size than to any other characteristic. Adult body size exerts a quantitative dominance over how an animal lives and for how long and on its rate of living and extraction of resources from its environment, and consequently on how many of its kind can live simultaneously on a unit of habitat. Size thus determines how the species fits into its ecological community. Continuity is revealed by similar exponents on body mass for functions ranging from metabolism and its physiological support to ecology and conservation. These size-dependent relationships give us a marvellous basis for understanding ecology and predicting conservation outcomes. Keywords: scaling; population; density; conservation; convergence; energetics; allometry
The Effect of Age on Rule-Based Category Learning

An explicit, rule-based, category-learning task with abstract visual stimuli was administered to 50 healthy older adults and 48 younger adults. Accuracy and reaction time (RT) were examined for the effects of age, perceptual abilities, rule memory, rule complexity, stimulus novelty, and response competition. Older adults performed at equivalent levels to younger adults when applying a simple rule, but showed performance decrements when applying a more complex rule. The age effect interacted with both stimulus novelty and response competition, and was not eliminated after controlling for basic perceptual abilities and rule memory. The authors suggest that older adults show category learning deficits in conditions that require enhanced cognitive control. These results are discussed in reference to the growing body of literature regarding age-related change in executive abilities and frontal lobe function.
Economic Design of Control Charts with Different Control Limits for Different Assignable Causes

The use of multiple control limits and multiple corresponding levels of response for processes is an effective way for statistical process control when different assignable causes exist which lead to different out-of-control states of the processes, and different restoration procedures. This paper examines the optimal economic design of such process control charts. The exact mathematical model is developed and the expected cost per time unit function is derived. The costs associated with the statistical process control are minimized by means of an optimization procedure involving a quasi-Newton method and a Fibonacci lattice search. Sensitivity analysis performed on a large number of numerical examples reveals key relationships between model parameters. A comparison between the proposed control chart and an approximate matched single-cause chart shows that the former can be a significant improvement over the latter. Several model extensions and managerial implications are also discussed.
Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Infant Health Practices Among Low-Income Women

Objectives. To determine the relationships between maternal depressive symptoms and the use of infant health services, parenting practices, and injury-prevention measures. Methods. A prospective, community-based survey of women attending Philadelphia public health centers between February 2000 and November 2001 was conducted. Women were surveyed at 3 time points before and after parturition. Depressive symptoms were determined with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale at each time point. We studied 6 outcomes, clustered into 3 categories: 1) infant health service use (adequate well-child care and ever being hospitalized); 2) parenting practices (breastfeeding for ≥1 month and use of corporal punishment); and 3) injury-prevention measures (having a smoke alarm and using the back sleep position). Results. The sample consisted of 774 largely single (74%), uninsured (63%), African American (65%) women, with a mean age of 24 ± 6 years and a mean annual income of $8063. Forty-eight percent of women had depressive symptoms at 1 or 2 time points (ever symptoms) and 12% had depressive symptoms at all points (persistent symptoms). Compared with women who never had depressive symptoms (without symptoms), women with persistent symptoms were nearly 3 times as likely to have their child ever hospitalized (adjusted odds ratio: 2.89; 95% confidence interval: 1.61–5.07) and twice as likely to use corporal punishment (adjusted odds ratio: 1.90; 95% confidence interval: 1.08–3.34). Mothers with persistent depressive symptoms were nearly three-quarters less likely to have smoke alarms in their homes (adjusted odds ratio: 0.28; 95% confidence interval: 0.11–0.70) and one-half as likely to use the back sleep position (adjusted odds ratio: 0.56; 95% confidence interval: 0.35–0.91), compared with women without symptoms. There was no association between maternal depressive symptoms and infant receipt of well-child care or the likelihood of breastfeeding for ≥1 month. Conclusions. Maternal depressive symptoms persisting from the prepartum to postpartum periods were associated with increased risks of infant hospitalization and use of corporal punishment and with lower likelihood of having a smoke alarm and using the back sleep position. Additional efforts are needed to identify and evaluate mothers with depressive symptoms to improve the health and safety of young infants.
The inflammation-induced pathological chaperones ACT and apo-E are necessary catalysts of Alzheimer amyloid formation.

Biochemical, genetic, and epidemiological evidence indicates that inflammation is an essential part of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Over the last decade, we and others have focused on the mechanism by which specific inflammatory molecules contribute to the Alzheimer pathogenic pathway. In particular, we have learned that several acute phase/inflammatory molecules, specifically alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and apolipoprotein E (apoE) that are overproduced in the AD brain can promote the formation of, and are associated with, the neurotoxic amyloid deposits that are a key pathological hallmark of the disease. Because both of these proteins bind to the Abeta peptide and catalyze its polymerization into amyloid filaments, they have been termed "pathological chaperones".ACT, and, to a lesser extent, apoE are greatly overproduced only in areas of the AD brain that are prone to amyloid formation. This restriction suggests a local inflammatory reaction may underlie the regional specificity of amyloid deposition by inducing the production of pathological chaperones. The data that will be discussed indicate that ACT over-expression is caused by the activation of ACT mRNA synthesis in astrocytes in response to increased production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1. IL-1 is released from microglia that become activated by pre-amyloid seeds of Abeta. Recently, this inflammatory cascade has been extended to include the amyloid precursor protein (APP), for IL-1 also upregulates the production of APP in astrocytes, but at the translational rather that the transcriptional level. Thus many of the key elements of the Alzheimer's disease pathogenic pathway are products of a local inflammatory reaction in the brain. Further support for a mechanistic role of inflammation in the Alzheimer's disease pathogenic pathway has been provided by genetic studies, which have associated an increased risk of developing AD with specific polymorphisms in the apoE, ACT, and the IL-1 genes. Most recently, transgenic mouse models of AD have demonstrated that ACT and apoE are amyloid promoters/pathological chaperones in vivo whose contribution is necessary for both amyloid formation and for amyloid-associated cognitive decline and memory loss. The importance of these findings is that they help to place inflammation at the center of the pathogenic pathway to Alzheimer's disease and identify specific steps in the pathway that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
World Congress on Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease: part 4.

This is the third of four reports on the 8th Annual World Congress on Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease, held on 4–6 November 2010, in Los Angeles, California. Ronald Krauss (Berkley, CA) discussed lipid effects of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors (PPARs). PPARα activation reduces triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as a consequence of combined intrahepatic actions increasing fatty acid oxidation, increasing apolipoprotein (apo)A-5, and decreasing apoC-3. The LDL phenotype B, defined by small dense LDL cholesterol with low peak particle size, may be considered a specific marker for atherogenic dyslipidemia or, as Krauss termed it, “a fingerprint for this dyslipidemic phenotype” with high triglyceride, low HDL cholesterol, and high levels of apoB for a given LDL cholesterol concentration. A study of lipoprotein particle size and concentration as assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy among 26,836 nondiabetic women in the Women's Health Study showed that LDL cholesterol was not associated with the pattern B phenotype and that both LDL particle concentration and size were strongly and independently associated with diabetes to nearly the same degree as the A1C level (1). HDL size, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and VLDL size also displayed the association with the small dense LDL cholesterol phenotype, suggesting that all these measures reflect the interplay between fatty acids and lipid metabolism as they relate to insulin resistance. PPARα activation decreases VLDL cholesterol, changes LDL cholesterol from smaller to larger size, and raises HDL cholesterol, while the lipoprotein effects of PPARδ are less well understood. Both are reported to be activated by hydrolyzed VLDL lipids, although endogenous factors activating these receptors have not been well characterized. In an in vitro study in the absence of albumin, cellular fatty acid uptake determined PPARα activation but at fatty acid levels not achievable in plasma because of the effect of albumin binding (2). One therefore needs …