cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscarinic cholinergic receptor M1 in the rat basolateral amygdala: ultrastructural localization and synaptic relationships to cholinergic axons

Muscarinic neurotransmission in the anterior basolateral amygdalar nucleus (BLa) mediated by the M1 receptor (M1R) is critical for memory consolidation. Although knowledge of the subcellular localization of M1R in the BLa would contribute to an understanding of cholinergic mechanisms involved in mnemonic function, there have been no ultrastructural studies of this receptor in the BLa. In the present investigation, immunocytochemistry at the electron microscopic level was used to determine which structures in the BLa express M1R. The innervation of these structures by cholinergic axons expressing the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was also studied. All perikarya of pyramidal neurons were labeled, and about 90% of dendritic shafts and 60% of dendritic spines were M1R+. Some dendrites had spines suggesting that they belonged to pyramidal cells, whereas others had morphological features typical of interneurons. M1R immunoreactivity (M1R-ir) was also seen in axon terminals, most of which formed asymmetrical synapses. The main targets of M1R+ terminals forming asymmetrical synapses were dendritic spines, most of which were M1R+. The main targets of M1R+ terminals forming symmetrical synapses were M1R+ perikarya and dendritic shafts. About three-quarters of VAChT+ cholinergic terminals formed synapses; the main postsynaptic targets were M1R+ dendritic shafts and spines. In some cases M1R-ir was seen near the postsynaptic membrane of these processes, but in other cases it was found outside of the active zone of VAChT+ synapses. These findings suggest that M1R mechanisms in the BLa are complex, involving postsynaptic effects as well as regulating release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminals.
Kernel design techniques for alias-free time-frequency distributions

This paper presents a modification of the alias-free generalized discrete time-frequency distribution (AF-GDTFD) which reduces the computations necessary to implement the algorithm from O(N/sup 3/) to O(N/sup 2/log N). With this new implementation, we examine the problem of designing/modifying kernels defined in the ambiguity plane for use with the AF-GDTFD. We present three different methods to allow the use of these kernels and demonstrate them using the Butterworth kernel. >
RISC approach to design of fuzzy processor architecture

An attempt is made to design a fuzzy information processor as an application-specific processor using a quantitative approach. The approach was developed by reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture designers. The basic architecture proposed consists of a RISC as a core processor with special hardware functional units for fuzzy-logic-related operations. Fuzzy-related functional units should be either integrated into a core or placed as a coprocessor. In particular, the following two issues are considered: an instruction set for fuzzy information processing; and vector instruction for fuzzy theoretic operations. >
The Relationship Between the WRAML Memory Screening and General Memory Indices in a Clinical Population

Fifty-one children between the ages of 5 and 16 years referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluations were administered the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML), a standardized battery of memory and learning for children. This test yields four main indices, including a General Memory Index (GMI), which is a composite score of the child's performance across all subtests. A short form, the Memory Screening Index (MSI), composed of the first four WRAML subtests, can also be calculated. For each of the 51 WRAMLs administered, an MSI was calculated and compared to the GMI to evaluate the relationship between the two indices. In this sample, the MSI significantly overestimated the GMI (mean = 5.3 points, range = −8 to +23). The MSI was higher than the GMI in 41 out of 51 cases. In 95% of the sample, the MSI fell within 14 points of the GMI.
goods, names, and selves: rethinking the Tsimshian potlatch

I reexamine the Tsimshian (Northwest Coast) potlatch as a ritual circulation of wealth in which successors to vacated name-titles assume political and social agency. At mortuary potlatches the payment of witnesses with household articles monetarily indexes the value of territorial and heraldic privileges thereby recognized as retained by the host lineage. This ritual equation of alienable and inalienable wealth is the crucible of the reproduction of Tsimshian society as a hierarchy of embodied names. [Northwest Coast, potlatch, social reproduction, exchange, agency, inalienable wealth, naming practices]
Are tannins a double-edged sword in biology and health?

Abstract Vegetable tannins are water-soluble polyphenols that are present in many plant foods. They can be divided into hydrolysable and condensed tannins. Tannins are considered nutritionally undesirable because they precipitate proteins, inhibit digestive enzymes and affect the utilization of vitamins and minerals. Tannin components have also been implicated in the high levels of cheek and oesophageal cancers in certain regions of the world. However, many tannin molecules have been reported to reduce the mutagenicity of a number of mutagens. Tannins were also reported to have anticarcinogenic activity. The growth of fungi, bacteria, and viruses has been inhibited by tannins. Tannins in food plants serve as a natural defence mechanism against microbial infections. Thus, tannins can theoretically serve as natural regulators of the microbial population in different habitats including the human gastrointestinal tract. Tannins have also been reported to produce other physiological effects such as immune response, hepatotoxicity and lipid metabolism. Ingestion of large quantities of tannins may result in adverse health effects. However, the intake of a small quantity of the right kind of tannins may be beneficial to human health.
Post-transcriptional Regulation of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme-A Reductase by 3β-Hydroxy-Lanost-8-en-32-Al, an Intermediate in the Conversion of Lanosterol to Cholesterol

Abstract The lanosterol demethylation intermediate 3β-hydroxy-lanost-8-en-32-al is a known suppressor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis. Studies on the mechanism of action of this compound have been hampered by its rapid metabolism. As one approach to this problem, the effects of 3β-hydroxy-lanost-8-en-32-al on HMGR gene expression were examined using a mutant cell line which lacks lanosterol 14α-methyl demethylase activity. Data are presented which suggest that 3β-hydroxy-lanost-8-en-32-al inhibits HMGR gene expression by reducing the translational efficiency of the HMGR mRNA. We have recently reported that 15α-fluoro-3β-hydroxy-lanost-7-en-32-aldehyde, a compound which is structurally similar to 3β-hydroxy-lanost-8-en-32-aldehyde, suppresses HMGR activity in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells by a post-transcriptional process, inhibiting translation without affecting either transcription or enzyme degradation (Trzaskos et al. , 1993, J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22591-22599). In contrast to the results obtained with the 15α-fluorolanostenol, the lanostenol 32-aldehyde increased the rate of degradation of HMGR in a manner similar to that reported for oxycholesterols. These data suggest that 15α-fluoro-3β-hydroxy-lanost-7-en-32-aldehyde and 3β-hydroxy-lanost-8-en-32-aldehyde, although structurally similar post-transcriptional regulators of HMGR suppress enzyme activity, at least in part, by different mechanisms.
Robust Multi-Sensor Fusion: A Decision-Theoretic Approach

Many tasks in active perception require that we be able to combine different information from a variety of sensors which relate to one or more features of the environment. Prior to combining these data, we must test our observations for consistency. The purpose of this paper is to examine sensor fusion problems for linear location data models using statistical decision theory (SDT). The contribution of this paper is the application of SDT to obtain: (i) a robust test of the hypothesis that data from different sensors are consistent; and (ii) a robust procedure for combining the data which pass this preliminary consistency test. Here, robustness refers to the statistical effectiveness of the decision rules when the probability distributions of the observation noise and the a priori position information associated with the individual sensors are uncertain. The standard linear location data model refers to observations of the form: Z = θ + V, where V represents additive sensor noise and 0 denotes the "sensed" parameter of interest to the observer. While the theory addressed in this paper applies to many uncertainty classes, the primary focus of this paper is on asymmetric and/or multimodal model, which allow one to account for very general deviations from nominal sampling distributions. This paper extends earlier results in SDT and multi-sensor fusion obtained by Zeytinoglu and Mintz (1984, 1988), and McKendall and Mintz (1988).
Document familiarity, relevance, and Bradford's law: the Getty online searching project report no. 5

Abstract The Getty Online Searching Project studied the end-user searching behavior of 27 humanities scholars over a 2-year period. Surprising results were that a number of scholars anticipated—and found—that they were already familiar with a very high percentage of the records their searches retrieved. Previous familiarity with documents has been mentioned in discussion of relevance and information retrieval (IR) theory, but it has generally not been considered a significant factor. However, these experiences indicate that high document familiarity can be a significant factor in searching. Some implications are drawn regarding the impact of high document familiarity on relevance and IR theory. Finally, some speculations are made regarding high document familiarity and Bradford's Law.
Mechanisms of electroless metal plating: I. mixed potential theory and the interdependence of partial reactions

Electroless plating reactions are classified according to four overall reaction schemes in which each partial reaction is either under diffusion control or electrochemical control. The theory of a technique, based on the observation of the mixed potential as a function of agitation, concentration of the reducing agent, and concentration of metal ions, is presented. By using this technique it is shown that in electroless copper plating the copper deposition reaction is diffusion-controlled, while the formaldehyde decomposition reaction is activation-controlled. Values of the kinetic and mechanistic parameters for the partial reactions obtained by this method and by other electrochemical methods indicate that the two partial reactions are not independent of each other.
Picosecond Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Organic Molecules on Sodium Nitrate Crystallites

We demonstrate that organic molecules embedded in sodium nitrate crystallites can be desorbed and detected as charged species using a picosecond, mid-infrared laser tuned to excite a nitrate stretching mode. We also detected all components of a mixture of carboxylic acid compounds, and carried out a preliminary quantitation of the mixture. The ionization mechanism and additional applications of the technique are discussed.
Co-polymerization of diallyl phthalate with alkyl methacrylates and styrene

In previous work [ 1 ] we reported diallyl phthalate resins as a replacement for the moisture sensitive epoxies currently in use in light emitting diode displays. We were able to co-polymerize diallyl phthalate with alkyl methacrylates, e. g., lauryl methacrylate. In another related work [2] we described reactions of newly developed diallyl phthalate (DAP)-lauryl methacrylate (LMA) and DAPepoxy interpenetrating polymer network encapsulating resins with various kinds of plastic display cap materials. This short communication describes why DAP can be co-polymerized with alkyl methacrylates and not with styrene. The reactivity ratios of alkyl methacrylates, e.g., lauryl methacrylate and diallyl phthatate (DPA) are not known. However, the reactivity ratios, rl and r2, (at 60 ° C) can be calculated from the Q and e values, where Q is a measure of the resonance stabilization of the monomer and corresponding radical and e is a measure of the polarity of the monomer and corresponding radical: for the lauryl methacrylate monomer, M 1 , e = 0.07 and Q = 0.99 ; for the diallyl phthalate monomer, M2, e = 0 . 3 6 and Q=0 .044 . rl and r2 can be calculated from
Using the Eigenvalues of Multivariate Spectral Matrices to Achieve Cutting Direction and Sensor Orientation Independence

There is a strong need for monitoring techniques capable of tracking the health of cutting tools under varying conditions. Unfortunately, most monitoring techniques are dependent on the cutting direction and/or the sensor orientation, limiting their effectiveness in the typical industrial environment. With this in mind, this research develops a monitoring technique that is independent of both of these factors. This is accomplished by using multivariate autoregressive models that are fit to the output from a triaxial accelerometer. The work shows that the eigenvalues of multivariate spectral matrices, calculated at the machining frequencies, are not only sensitive to the condition of the tool but are also independent of the direction of cutting and the orientation of the sensor. This independence is verified experimentally through tests conducted under a variety of cutting directions and sensor orientations.
Dependence of Crushing Specific Energy on the Aspect Ratio and the Structure Velocity

An experimental study was undertaken to determine the dependence of crushing specific energy of urea ice on the aspect ratio (structure diameter/ice thickness) and the structure velocity. The experiments were conducted by pushing an instrumented, vertical, cylindrical structure into ice sheets at different velocities. Two parameters were varied during the experimental program: diameter (50 to 500 mm) and velocity (10 to 210 mm/s). The urea concentration was changed slightly from 0.84 to 0.93% by weight. The results are presented graphically to show the dependence of the ratio of specific energy to unconfined uniaxial compressive strength on the aspect ratio for different ratios of velocity to ice thickness.
Support for a 'Center of Origin' in the Coral Triangle: cryptic diversity, recent speciation, and local endemism in a diverse lineage of reef fishes (Gobiidae: Eviota).

Abstract The Coral Triangle is widely regarded as the richest marine biodiversity hot-spot in the world. One factor that has been proposed to explain elevated species-richness within the Coral Triangle is a high rate of in situ speciation within the region itself. Dwarfgobies (Gobiidae: Eviota) are a diverse genus of diminutive cryptobenthic reef fishes with limited dispersal ability, and life histories and ecologies that increase potential for speciation. We use molecular phylogenetic and biogeographic data from two clades of Eviota species to examine patterns, processes and timing associated with species origination within the Coral Triangle. Sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA were used to generate molecular phylogenies and median-joining haplotype networks for the genus Eviota, with emphasis on the E. nigriventris and E. bifasciata complexes – two species groups with distributions centered in the Coral Triangle. The E. nigriventris and E. bifasciata complexes both contain multiple genetically distinct, geographically restricted color morphs indicative of recently-diverged species originating within the Coral Triangle. Relaxed molecular-clock dating estimates indicate that most speciation events occurred within the Pleistocene, and the geographic pattern of genetic breaks between species corresponds well with similar breaks in other marine fishes and sessile invertebrates. Regional isolation due to sea-level fluctuations may explain some speciation events in these species groups, yet other species formed with no evidence of physical isolation. The timing of diversification events and present day distributions of Eviota species within the Coral Triangle suggest that both allopatric speciation (driven by ephemeral and/or ‘soft’ physical barriers to gene flow) and sympatric speciation (driven by niche partitioning and assortative mating) may be driving diversification at local scales within the Coral Triangle. The presence of multiple young, highly-endemic cryptic species of Eviota within the Coral Triangle suggests that (i) the Coral Triangle is indeed a “cradle” of reef fish biodiversity and that (ii) our current approximations of reef fish diversity in the region may be significantly underestimated.
Application of ridge regression analysis to water resources studies

Abstract Ridge regression has been introduced to solve the multicollinearity in multiple regression. The water storage computation for Lake Okeechobee, Florida was used as an example to demonstrate the techniques of applications. The performance of optimum ridge regression analysis (OPT) was compared with the ordinary least-squares method (OLS). The results of ridge regression analysis showed that the computed lake storage deviation from record was affected not only by the inflow, as inferred from the OLS method, but also by both rainfall and inflow. The mean square error of estimation obtained by the OPT method has decreased about 42% from that obtained by the OLS method.
Chlamydia and gonorrhea screening in asymptomatic young women.

Background: Adolescent and young adult mi- nority women are at high risk for chlamydia (CT) and gonor- rhea (NGC) cervical infections, which are significant causes of pelvic inflammatory disease, impaired fertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pain. The purpose of this article is to review among young women in the United States: (1) the epidemiology of CT and NGC cervical infection and their medical complications; (2) current public health recommen- dations to promote asymptomatic CT and NGC screening; (3) current screening practices and challenges of implementing public health recommendations; (4) testing and cost issues; and (5) future directions in promoting asymptomatic CT and NGC screening. Methods: We conducted a MEDLINE search for articles published over the last two decades relating to CT and NGC screening in young women and then systematically reviewed all relevant articles. Results: The data indicate that CT and NGC infection are geographically widespread in the U.S. and asymptomatic infection is highly prevalent among economically disadvan- taged young females. Public health recommendations pro- moting CT and NGC screening in asymptomatic young women are directed to both health care providers and clients. However, strategies to promote screening efforts have been primarily directed toward health care providers; there are no published studies on client-initiated screening strategies. Challenges of implementing public health recommenda- tions and future directions for CT and NGC screening are discussed. Conclusions: Young sexually active women continue to be at high risk for CT and NGC infection. The data indicate that implementation of health provider-based and client- initiated screening in private and public health care settings is a challenge. However, there is a great need to develop
Central Nervous System Imprinting of the G Protein Gsα and Its Role in Metabolic Regulation

Summary In Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, a monogenic obesity disorder linked to heterozygous mutations of G s α, the G protein that mediates receptor-stimulated cAMP generation, obesity develops only when the mutation is on the maternal allele. Likewise, mice with maternal (but not paternal) germline G s α mutation develop obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. These parent-of-origin effects are due to G s α imprinting, with preferential expression from the maternal allele in some tissues. As G s α is ubiquitously expressed, the tissue involved in this metabolic imprinting effect is unknown. Using brain-specific G s α knockout mice, we show that G s α imprinting within the central nervous system underlies these effects and that G s α is imprinted in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Maternal G s α mutation impaired melanocortin stimulation of energy expenditure but did not affect melanocortin's effect on food intake, suggesting that melanocortins may regulate energy balance in the central nervous system through both G s α-dependent and -independent pathways.
Fecal indicator bacteria are abundant in wet sand at freshwater beaches

Abstract Potential fecal contamination of sand in the wave-washed zone of public bathing beaches is overlooked in beach monitoring programs. Activity in this zone can bring pathogens to the sand surface or into the water, presenting a health risk to sensitive populations. On a unit weight basis (colony forming units per 100 g), the mean summer abundance of the fecal indicator bacteria enterococci and Escherichia coli was 3–38 times higher in the top 20 cm of wet-sand cores than in the water column at six freshwater bathing beaches. E. coli were 4 times more abundant than enterococci in water but counts were similar in the sand. A correlation ( r =0.60) existed between E. coli counts in the water and in the top 5 cm of sand only, whereas no relationship existed between enterococci abundance in water and sand. In general, enterococci were most numerous in the 5–10 cm sand stratum and E. coli in the 0–5 cm stratum . These preliminary data show that wet freshwater beach sand is a reservoir of fecal indicator bacteria. Enteric pathogens may also be present in beach sand.
High-energy behavior of fermion-meson and meson-meson scattering in a supersymmetric field theory

The high-energy behavior of fermion-boson and boson-boson scattering amplitudes of a supersymmetric field theory containing a spin-1/2 fermion field, a scalar field, and a pseudoscalar field is investigated. The results can be easily modified to apply to the Yukawa model and the neutral version of the linear sigma model. The results are also compared to those of fermion-fermion scattering in the same model. In the leading-logarithm approximation, ladders with fermions running along the sides in the t channel and mesons as rungs dominate in each order of two classes of diagrams. The sum of the dominant series give rise to fixed Regge cuts for all amplitudes in each of the three theories. All amplitudes in the supersymmetric theory possess a definite signature factor, while the amplitudes for fermion-fermion and fermion-antifermion scattering in the Y model and the sigma model lack it. The results of the supersymmetric theory are also compared to the results of the spontaneously broken non-Abelian gauge theory.
Synthesis and Characterization of [Ru(dpop‘)2](PF6)2. A Ruthenium(II) Complex with the Novel Mixed-Denticity Bridging Ligand Dipyrido(2,3-a:3‘,2‘-j)phenazine (dpop‘)

A unique complex, [Ru(dpop‘)2](PF6)2 with dpop‘ a novel mixed-denticity ligand, has been prepared and the physical properties studied. The UV−vis absorption spectrum of the bis-tridentate chelated complex displays intense MLCT absorptions at 517 and 356 nm, and a dpop‘ IL transition at 306 nm. The reversible Ru2+/3+ redox couple at +1.74 V indicates that dpop‘ is a strong π-withdrawing ligand. Electrochemical studies also show sequential dpop‘ 0/- redox couples are separated by 0.28 V. 1H and 13C NMR resonances are assigned and data support the structure.
Constraint abstraction for vectorless power grid verification

Vectorless power grid verification is a formal approach to analyze power supply noises across the chip without detailed current waveforms. It is typically formulated and solved as linear programs, which demand intensive computational power, especially for large-scale power grids. In this paper, we propose a constraint abstraction technique to reduce the computation cost of vectorless verification. The boundary condition of a subgrid is modeled by boundary constraints, which enable efficient calculation of conservative bounds of power supply noises in a divide-and-conquer manner. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves significant speedup over prior art while maintaining good solution quality.
Preparation of a chiral, 2-dimensional network containing metallacrown and copper benzoate building blocks.

Chiral metallacrowns have been fused into layers using neutral copper benzoate paddlewheel dimers and nitrate anions to link each 12-MC-4 molecule. The solid contains approximately 9 A channels that are filled with solvent and a benzoic acid guest. A related chain structure that is generated by connecting metallacrowns with the copper dimer, but which does not have nitrate bridges in the second dimension, also has channels of similar size. These observations suggest a generalizable strategy for the preparation of microporous chiral solids in bulk quantities.
The estimation of turnover of spermidine in Anacystis nidulans.

Abstract The turnover of spermidine in Anacystis nidulans was studied using [2- 14 C]methionine to prelabel intracellular spermidine. It was found that there is essentially neither excretion nor degradation of spermidine in exponentially growing Anacystis nidulans . Spermidine was degraded rapidly in stationary phase cells. The half-life of specific activity of spermidine in exponential phase was 8.3 h, a period similar to that of the doubling time (7.5 h) of the bacterium. The rate of synthesis of spermidine was calculated to be 0.04 nmol/10 8 cells/h.
Antarctic sea-ice altimetry: Scale and resolution effects on derived ice thickness distribution

Three ice type regimes at Ice Station Belgica (ISB), during the 2007 International Polar Year SIMBA (Sea Ice Mass Balance in Antarctica) expedition, were characterized and assessed for elevation, snow depth, ice freeboard and thickness. Analyses of the probability distribution functions showed great potential for satellite-based altimetry for estimating ice thickness. In question is the required altimeter sampling density for reasonably accurate estimation of snow surface elevation given inherent spatial averaging. This study assesses an effort to determine the number of laser altimeter 'hits' of the ISB floe, as a representative Antarctic floe of mixed first- and multi-year ice types, for the purpose of statistically recreating the in situ-determined ice-thickness and snow depth distribution based on the fractional coverage of each ice type. Estimates of the fractional coverage and spatial distribution of the ice types, referred to as ice 'towns', for the 5 km 2 floe were assessed by in situ mapping and photo-visual documentation. Simulated ICESat altimeter tracks, with spot size �� 70 m and spacing �� 170 m, sampled the floe's towns, generating a buoyancy-derived ice thickness distribution. 115 altimeter hits were required to statistically recreate the regional thickness mean and distribution for a three-town assemblage of mixed first- and multi-year ice, and 85 hits for a two-town assemblage of first-year ice only: equivalent to 19.5 and 14.5 km respectively of continuous altimeter track over a floe region of similar structure. Results have significant implications toward model development of sea-ice sampling performance of the ICESat laser altimeter record as well as maximizing sampling characteristics of satellite/airborne laser and radar altimetry missions for sea-ice thickness.
Current and Emerging Therapies in Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Mantle Cell Lymphoma, characterized by the t(11;14)(q13; q32) chromosomal translocation and cyclin D1 expression, remains one of the most challenging lymphoma subtypes to treat. Therapy can be divided into treatment modalities for younger, stem cell transplant (SCT)-eligible patients vs older, SCT-ineligible patients. For clinically fit patients younger than 60–65 years of age we recommend cytarabine-containing induction and conditioning regimens such as Rituximab (R)-CHOP alternating with R-DHAP followed by autologous SCT consolidation. Elderly patients benefit from R-bendamustine or R-CHOP with maintenance rituximab following induction therapy, especially after R-CHOP. While standard chemoimmunotherapy provides high overall response rates, the responses are not durable and sequential therapies are thus necessary. MCL is proving to be sensitive to novel therapies that may in the near future become useful adjuncts to standard regimens. For example, bortezomib, lenalidomide, and temsirolimus each have single-agent efficacy in relapsed and refractory disease. Several targeted agents are emerging that likewise may transform management of MCL. The B-cell receptor pathway appears to be critical in the pathogenesis of MCL, and novel agents such as ibrutinib and idelalisib that target this signaling pathway are highly active in relapsed and refractory MCL. Similarly, cell cycle inhibitors targeting cyclin dependent kinases as well as HDAC inhibitors have shown promise in early studies.
Doing Well While Doing Bad? CSR in Controversial Industry Sectors

In this article, we examine the empirical association between firm value and CSR engagement for firms in sinful industries, such as tobacco, gambling, and alcohol, as well as industries involved with emerging environmental, social, or ethical issues, i.e., weapon, oil, cement, and biotech. We develop and test three hypotheses, the window-dressing hypothesis, the value-enhancement hypothesis, and the value-irrelevance hypothesis. Using an extensive US sample from 1995 to 2009, we find that CSR engagement of firms in controversial industries positively affects firm value after controlling for various firm characteristics. To address the potential endogeneity problem, we further estimate a system of equations and change regression and continue to find a positive relation between CSR engagement and firm value. Our findings support the value-enhancement hypothesis and are consistent with the premise that the top management of US firms in controversial industries, in general, considers social responsibility important even though their products are harmful to human being, society, or environment.
Optimizing Transport Systems to Integrate TDM and Packet Services

Transport elements must evolve to seamlessly integrate TDM and packet services into a single platform. This integration is best achieved using a hybrid switch that is capable of switching both TDM and packet flows.
Innate Immune Function as a Bioindicator of Pollution Stress in Fish

Immunotoxicological studies, based on processing of samples in the field and laboratory, were conducted on fish collected from a stream receiving point-source contaminants near its headwaters. Previous studies in this stream have revealed that cytochrome P4501A activity, liver somatic indices, macrophage aggregates, and parasitic liver lesions are significantly elevated in sunfish with the degree of impact decreasing with distance from the contaminant source. Fish collected from each sampling site were equally divided, One group was sacrificed in the field and the spleen and anterior kidney tissues were removed and placed in buffer on ice. The other group was kept in MS-222 for 2 hr and transported to the laboratory for processing. The spleen and anterior kidney from each fish were then prepared as a single cell suspension and shipped overnight to Mississippi State University. Cells were then evaluated for PMA-stimulated phagocyte oxidative burst and non-specific cytotoxic cell (NCC) activity against K562 tumor targets. Oxidative burst responses were dramatically suppressed in both groups at sampling sites near the headwaters but returned to reference levels further downstream. There were no differences between processing strategies at each station. NCC activities did not follow gradient-response patterns observed with phagocyte oxidative burst data and there were inconsistent differences between processing strategies at each site. These data indicate that simple immune function assays, such as phagocyte oxidative burst responses, can be used as a ancillary bioindicator in fish health monitoring and that immune function in these fish can be reliably assessed even if samples are not immediately processed.
Reliability Analyses for the ADSI: Test-Retest and Internal Consistency

Objective: This article reports on two separate studies of reliability of the Adolescent Domain Screening Inventory (ADSI), test-retest and internal consistency analyses. The ADSI has shown adequate validity, although reliability has not been established. Methods: Study 1: Students were recruited from two undergraduate courses (N = 29). Participants were administered the ADSI twice, 14 days apart. Data were analyzed using SPSS software; correlations were computed for all four domains and the total score. Study 2: A secondary data analysis of 6,661 cases was conducted using the Scale – Reliability Analysis function in SPSS to determine the Cronbach alpha for each domain in the ADSI. Results: Study 1: Correlations were as follow: Total – r = .95; school – r = .84; family – r = .85; community – r = .80; and individual/peer – r = .95. Study 2: Alphas were as follow: .53 – school, .62 – family, .55 – community, and .82 – individual/peer. Conclusions: Together, these studies provide evidence for the reliability...
Studies in variation associated with the measurement of solid tumors.

The existing system for solid tumor evaluation is criticized and revised criteria are proposed. The foundation for this analysis is a tumor stimulation experiment to determine the distribution associated with measurement of solid tumors. This tumor simulation experiment was conducted among 26 oncologists in order to assess the errors associated with the measurement of solid tumors by means of palpation. Tumor size, shape, and texture were included as study factors. Tumor texture did not appear to affect measurement outcome. Overall, the statistical law governing tumor area measurement is best described as a log-normal distribution. Under this assumption, the sufficient statistic for the evaluation of tumor response or progression is simply the ratio of the tumor areas at each evaluation. The data generalize to permit the construction of statistical power curves for the probability of declaring response or progression, based upon the theoretic tumor/area ratios. Response and progression criteria are related in logarithmic proportion, i.e., a 50% decrease for response corresponds to a 100% increase for progression. The use of more sensitive progression criteria (a 25% increase in solid tumor area), in light of the nature of tumor measurement error, can lead to premature rejection of any therapy that stabilizes or reduces disease. Furthermore, the use of specified cutoffs for progression and response introduce a significant error into clinical evaluations of solid tumors.
Antimonide-based Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes for SWIR and MWIR photon counting

At MIT Lincoln Laboratory, avalanche photodiodes (APDs) have been developed for both 2-μm and 3.4-μm detection using the antimonide material system. These bulk, lattice-matched detectors operate in Geiger mode at temperatures up to 160 K. The 2-μm APDs use a separate-absorber-multiplier design with an InGaAsSb absorber and electron-initiated avalanching in the multiplier. These APDs have exhibited normalized avalanche probability (product of avalanche probability and photo-carrier-injection probability) of 0.4 and dark count rates of ~150 kHz at 77 K for a 30-μm-diameter device. A 1000- element imaging array of the 2-μm detectors has been demonstrated, which operate in a 5 kg dewar with an integrated Stirling-cycle cooler. The APD array is interfaced with a CMOS readout circuit, which provides photon time-of-arrival information for each pixel, allowing the focal plane array to be used in a photon-counting laser radar system. The 3.4-μm APDs use an InAsSb absorber and hole-initiated avalanching and have shown dark count rates of ~500 kHz at 77 K but normalized avalanche probability of < 1%. Research is ongoing to determine the cause of the low avalanche probability and improve the device performance.
Radiogenic heat production of crustal rocks: An assessment based on geochemical data

A survey of the geochemical literature and unpublished data has resulted in the classification of U, Th, and K concentrations by rock type. Over 2500 data entries have been compiled, permitting calculation of their radiogenic heat production. In the igneous rocks mean heat production ranges from highs of 12-20 heat production units (HPU: µWm−3) in some peralkaline intrusives, through ∼ 4 HPU in acidic, ∼ 2 in intermediate, and ∼ 1 in basic rocks, to a low of 0.3 HPU in ultramafic rocks. Siliceous clastic rocks generally have greater heat production (2 to 4 HPU) than do chemical sedimentary rocks, including the carbonates (0.4 to 2 HPU). The heat production of metamorphic rocks generally depends on the radioelement contents of their igneous and sedimentary predecessors, modified by metamorphic processes. Based on estimates of the proportion of the continental crust that specific rock types occupy, the weighted mean radiogenic heat production of the upper continental crust estimated from this data base is ∼ 3 HPU.
Computations of Unsteady Separating Flows over an Oscillating Airfoil

Our primary objective is to identify the most accurate, robust and economic turbulence model for dynamic stall computations. However, testing all of the turbulence models available is simply impractical. Alternatively, only a few popular and representative models are selected after surveying papers and reports on separated flows.
Characterization of pUCD5000 involved in pink disease color formation by Pantoea citrea.

Abstract Pantoea citrea, the causal agent of pink disease of pineapple, harbors a cryptic plasmid of 5229 bp, designated pUCD5000. On the basis of nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses, pUCD5000 contains both replication and mobilization loci ( bom and mobCABD ) that are similar to those in plasmids pSW100 and pSW200 in Pantoea stewartii and pEC3 in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. The survival of P. citrea on pineapple does not depend on pUCD5000. However, full pink coloration development, which is characteristic of the pink disease, appears to require this plasmid.
Chirality of nuclear rotation.

It is shown that the rotating mean field of triaxial nuclei can break the chiral symmetry. Two nearly degenerate $\ensuremath{\Delta}I\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$ rotational bands originate from the left-handed and right-handed solutions.
Interpretation of resonance raman excitation profiles of iodine in chloroform

Abstract The observed Raman excitation profiles of iodine in chloroform are analysed in Terms of Morse potentials in the ground and excited states. It is shown that excitation profiles and absorption spectra peak at different frequencies due to the anharmonicity of the vibrations and that the vibrational potential in the B 3νo+u state is very sensitive to solvent interactions.
Surface and internal strain fields near coldworked holes obtained by a multiple embedded-grid moire method

Abstract Surface and internal radial, hoop, and transverse strains created by tapered mandrel were measured. Multi-layer polycarbonate specimens with surface and embedded gratings were studied using moire methods. The technique involved high-resolution photography of the gratings for each specimen state, optical processing of the grating replicas, and digital data reduction to create strain maps. The strains on the surfaces were not the same. The hoop and radial strains on the specimen midplane were smaller than on either surface. The compressive transverse strain is maximum at the midplane, but it has a small tensile value near the mandrel entry side. The strain fields, in general, are much more complex than existing theoretical solutions suggest.
Comparison of different techniques for passivation of small-grain polycrystalline-Si MOSFET's

Different hydrogen passivation techniques have been investigated and correlated with the device characteristics of accumulation mode p-channel MOSFET's fabricated in small-grain polycrystalline Si (poly-Si). The dependence of characteristics on a) annealing time and temperature, b) different poly-Si deposition conditions, and c) different encapsulation layers has been studied. Using hydrogenation by ion implantation with a subsequent anneal of 10 min at 400°C or an anneal of 25s at 450°C in the presence of a top encapsulating LPCVD Si 3 N 4 layer, MOSFET's with ON/OFF current ratio of 4 × 107have been obtained with drain-to-source voltage of -5 V.
Absolute stability of dynamic system containing non-linear functions of several state variables

Recently the convenient criterion of Popov and its extensions have been developed to examine the absolute stability of a dynamic system with a special class of non-linearities. Each non-linear element of this system is a function of a linear combination of the state variables and possibly a function of the independent variable, time. In this paper, a system of non-linear differential equations of a general nature is considered. The equations, in general, contain multiple non-linearities where each non-linear element is a function of several linear combinations of the state variables, and of the independent variable, time. The equations in addition have forcing terms. These equations can be written in the form: [email protected]?=Ax+Bf(@d,t) @d=Cx+r(t) where x, @s, and r are n-vectors; A, B, and C are n x n constant matrices; and f is n-vector whose transpose is denoted by f'(@d,t)=[f"1(@d"1,@d"2,...,@d"n,t), f"2(@d"1,@d"2,...,@d"n,t),...,f"n(@d"1,...,@d"n,t]. A special case of such a non-linear system is the system which contains a ''Product Type'' non-linearity. Sufficient conditions for absolute stability of these systems are derived. These conditions are in the frequency domain and are easy to verify. Two examples are given to show the practical application of the results. The results are applicable to the corresponding class of integral equations as well as differential equations. The proof of the theorem is developed along the lines of the proof of Popov's theorem and the lemmas are basically extensions of the lemmas developed for proof of Popov's theorem.
Monte Carlo simulations of photon migration path distributions in multiple scattering media

Various characteristics of photon diffusion process in biological tissues are examined for the following geometries: (1) a semi-infinite homogeneous medium, (2) a homogeneous slab with thickness d equals 10 mm, and (3) an infinite host medium containing an inclusion object of different optical properties, using a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique. Our simulation results are compared with both the diffusion theory and a discrete lattice model (when applicable). We discuss the applicability of using MC simulations as a means to characterize absorbing objects in realistic biological tissue systems.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of the CIN85 adaptor protein and identification of components involved in CIN85 complexes.

Abstract CIN85 is an 85-kDa adaptor protein whose functions in signaling pathways are presently unknown. Using the yeast two-hybrid screen, the B cell linker protein (BLNK) was identified as a binding partner of CIN85. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments using mammalian cells revealed that CIN85 directly bound to BLNK through its SH3 domains. Immunostaining analysis showed that CIN85 and BLNK were colocalized in the cytoplasm. These results indicate a potential role of CIN85 in the B cell receptor-mediated signaling pathway. It was also found that Crk-I, Crk-II, p130Cas, p85-PI3K, Grb2, and Sos1 were components of CIN85 complexes. CIN85 interacted with itself through its coiled-coil region, resulting in formation of a tetramer. Both the coiled-coil region and SH3 domains of CIN85 were responsible for its subcellular localization. Our data suggest that CIN85 may serve for regulation of various signaling events through formation of its diverse complexes.
Lithium electrode in polymer electrolytes

Abstract Although solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) lithium rechargeable battery technologies have been demonstrated, in some instances, at the pilot-scale level, the characterization of the reversibility of the lithium anode remains incomplete. Reversibility of the lithium electrode in solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) has been assumed, in most instances, to be better than the reversibility of the lithium electrode in liquid electrolytes. However, approaches recently used to increase the ionic conductivity of the SPE at ambient temperature, which involved the addition of large fractions of liquid electrolytes to the SPE, are likely to reduce severely if not eliminated completely, the benefit, if any, that is associated with using SPEs to improve the reversibility of the lithium electrode. This paper reviews the literature and establishes the status of the state-of-the-art of lithium electrode reversibility in polymer electrolytes.
Prediction of the Condensation Coefficient on Horizontal Integral-Fin Tubes

Construction d'un modele theorique pour la prevision des coefficients de condensation sur des tubes a ailettes pour des fluides a tension superficielle elevee et faible. Utilisation du modele au calcul du coefficient de condensation du freon 11 sur des tubes a ailettes horizontaux avec 748, 1024 et 1378 ailettes/metre. Comparaison avec des donnees experimentales
Speciation of organic carbon in the atmosphere

Organic compounds often are the largest contributors to the fine particle concentration in the atmosphere of cities as well as many rural areas. Typically 30 to 40 % of the mass concentration of those particles smaller than one or two micrometers in diameter consists of organic material. In many cases, only the total organic carbon concentration is known from measurements made by thermal evolution and combustion analysis. In this presentation, methods will be described for investigation of the organic compound distribution that exists within the atmospheric particle mixture. A mass balance approach will be adopted that seeks to relate the individual organic compounds and compound classes to their relative abundance in the overall particulate organic compound and fine particle mass concentration in the atmosphere.
Long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists or tiotropium bromide for patients with COPD: is combination therapy justified?

Bronchodilators are the mainstay of therapy for patients with established chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but, at present, the majority of patients use short-acting agents. There is increasing evidence that long-acting agents, such as the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists salmeterol and formeterol, and the new anticholinergic tiotropium bromide provide a better therapeutic option. In the treatment of COPD, long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists (LABAs) given twice daily cause the same degree of bronchodilation as tiotropium bromide given once daily. Combined use of an inhaled LABA with tiotropium bromide should provide important therapeutic benefits, as these drugs have distinct and complementary pharmacological actions in the airways. Although clinical trials of this combination have not been performed, clinical experience with Combivent, a combination of a short-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist (salbutamol) and a short-acting anticholinergic (ipratropium bromide), in COPD is encouraging because the bronchodilation produced is of a magnitude greater than that of either component alone. However, because LABAs are given twice daily but tiotropium bromide is required only once daily, the challenge is to develop a combined inhaler that can be employed on a daily basis.
Current status of the EPR method to detect irradiated food

This review gives a brief outline of the principles of the EPR detection method for irradiated foods by food type. For each food type, the scope, limitations and status of the method are given. The extensive reference list aims to include all which define the method, as well as some rarely cited works of historical importance.