cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of the greater trochanter marker in the thigh segment model: Implications for hip and knee frontal and transverse plane motion

Abstract Background The greater trochanter marker is commonly used in 3-dimensional (3D) models; however, its influence on hip and knee kinematics during gait is unclear. Understanding the influence of the greater trochanter marker is important when quantifying frontal and transverse plane hip and knee kinematics, parameters which are particularly relevant to investigate in individuals with conditions such as patellofemoral pain, knee osteoarthritis, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, and hip pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of including the greater trochanter in the construction of the thigh segment on hip and knee kinematics during gait. Methods 3D kinematics were collected in 19 healthy subjects during walking using a surface marker system. Hip and knee angles were compared across two thigh segment definitions (with and without greater trochanter) at two time points during stance: peak knee flexion (PKF) and minimum knee flexion (MinKF). Results Hip and knee angles differed in magnitude and direction in the transverse plane at both time points. In the thigh model with the greater trochanter the hip was more externally rotated than in the thigh model without the greater trochanter (PKF: −9.34° ± 5.21° vs . 1.40° ± 5.22°, MinKF: −5.68° ± 4.24° vs . 5.01° ± 4.86°; p vs . 4.33° ± 4.18°, MinKF: 10.54° ± 6.71° vs . −0.01° ± 2.69°; p p Conclusion Hip and knee kinematics differed across different segment definitions including or excluding the greater trochanter marker, especially in the transverse plane. Therefore when considering whether to include the greater trochanter in the thigh segment model when using a surface markers to calculate 3D kinematics for movement assessment, it is important to have a clear understanding of the effect of different marker sets and segment models in use.
EFFECTIVE INTERACTIONS AND THE EXCITATION OF GIANT RESONANCES

The role of projectile-nucleon effective interactions in the excitation of giant resonances is studied. Explicit considerations are limited to proton-induced excitations at intermediate energies where the main features of the probe can be understood in terms of the free nucleon-nucleon t-matrix. The quantitative reliability of a microscopic approach to the study of giant resonances using effective interactions based on G-matrices and free t-matrices is studied and optical mode1 uncertainties are stressed.
Degradation of Plastocyanin in Copper-deficient Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: EVIDENCE FOR A PROTEASE-SUSCEPTIBLE CONFORMATION OF THE APOPROTEINAND REGULATED PROTEOLYSIS (∗)

In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the copper-dependent accumulation of plastocyanin is effected via the altered stability of the protein in copper-deficient versus copper-sufficient medium (t)
Finite element applications in the characterization of elastic solids

Abstract A finite element formulation of the minimum potential energy theorem is used to establish the basis for an experimental test program in composite and non-composite materials. The flexibility of the variational technique permits the experimental program to incorporate specimens of arbitrary geometry with a wide variety of stress and kinematic boundary conditions. The resulting experimental program utilizes comparisons between mathematical results and experimental measurements to evaluate the analytical accuracy of resulting approximate mechanical descriptions.
Toward a behavioral theory of crowding in outdoor recreation: An evaluation and synthesis of research

Abstract Research on crowding in outdoor recreation is critically reviewed and formally integrated with that in social psychology, using a series of theoretical axioms, propositions, and theorems. A distinction is drawn between density as a physical construct and crowding as a psychological evaluation of density. Two theoretical traditions in social psychology, stimulus overload and social interference, are compared and related to crowding research in outdoor recreation. Social “carrying capacity” studies in outdoor recreation are criticized for their failure to distinguish between density and crowding. The role of behavioral goals, objectionable behavior, and minimum physical spatial requirements in determining crowding perceptions is discussed.
From ‘Value-for-Money’ to ‘Values-for-Money’? Ethical Food and Policy in Europe

The author considers how ethical food raises complex challenges for policy makers. Looking mainly at Europe and developed countries, it is suggested that the notion of ethical food is plastic, but that therein lie its strength and appeal. Civil society movements see it as a rallying point to restructure food systems, from land use to consumption. The mainstream corporate sector sees ethical food as an umbrella term under which many, sometimes even competing, aspirations nestle, but which can be incorporated as additional niche markets. Far from being new, the ethical-food banner in the late 20th century has resurrected some older traditions, including those which contested power relations in the food system. But in the 21st century, with the world's food system under economic, environmental, social, and political stress, the ethical-food umbrella faces an uncertain future. It could be submerged by 'value-for-money'; consumerism; or it could become a champion of what the author calls an emerging set of 'omnistandards', under which fragmented single issues coalesce and articulate a new paradigm.
Angiotensin II Increases H+-ATPase B1 Subunit Expression in Medullary Collecting Ducts

Metabolic alkalosis is a common feature of hypokalemic hypertensive syndromes associated with angiotensin II excess. The alkalosis-generating effect of angiotensin II is usually ascribed to its stimulatory effect on aldosterone secretion, a hormone that upregulates collecting duct hydrogen ion secretion. We studied the effect of angiotensin II infusions on the expression of B1 and a4 protein, subunits of the renal H+-ATPase in adrenalectomized rats. Adrenalectomized rats were given either angiotensin II or vehicle for 7 days via osmotic mini-pumps. H+-ATPase B1 protein expression was evaluated by Western blot analysis in isolated medulla and cortex plasma membrane preparations from one kidney, whereas the contralateral kidney was used for immunostaining. By Western blotting, the relative abundance of B1 protein was 2-fold higher in renal medulla membranes from rats with intact adrenal glands (sham surgery) than from adrenalectomized rats (219+/-47%, n=12; P<0.05). In contrast to renal medulla, adrenalectomy did not significantly alter the relative abundance of B1 protein in renal cortex. Angiotensin II also did not significantly alter the relative levels of B1 protein in the cortex, but it increased it significantly in renal medullary membranes (231+/-56%, n=8; P<0.005). Moreover, enhanced H+-ATPase B1 subunit protein immunoreactivity was found in medullary collecting duct segments of rats infused with angiotensin II. In contrast to B1, expression of a4, another subunit of the H+-ATPase was not altered by adrenalectomy or angiotensin II. We conclude that adrenalectomy decreases whereas angiotensin II increases H+-ATPase B1 subunit expression in medullary, but not in cortical collecting ducts. By increasing the relative abundance of the B1 subunit of H+-ATPase in the collecting duct, angiotensin II excess may lead to increased hydrogen ion secretion and thus metabolic alkalosis-a common feature of hypertensive syndromes associated with angiotensin II overactivity.
ASD4, a new GATA factor of Neurospora crassa, displays sequence-specific DNA binding and functions in ascus and ascospore development.

A new gene encoding a novel GATA factor, ASD4, of Neurospora crassa was isolated and demonstrated to possess one intron and to specify an open reading frame encoding a protein with 427 amino acid r...
Enhanced emission of nonequilibrium light particles in the reaction plane

Nonequilibrium light particles were detected in coincidence with two fission fragments for /sup 14/N-induced reactions on /sup 197/Au at 420 MeV incident energy. Coincident binary-fission events were used to define the reaction plane and to suppress contributions from transferlike peripheral reactions. A strong preference for the emission of nonequilibrium light particles in the fission plane was observed, suggesting the presence of an ordered transverse motion of the emitting source in the reaction plane.
Lymphatic mapping for breast cancer: experience at The Ohio State University.

Background Though not yet the standard of care, lymphatic mapping is becoming more widely utilized by surgeons who care for women with breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to report the early experience of lymphatic mapping at a large NCI designated cancer center.
A Soil-Wash Puparia Extractor for Brachycerous Diptera

Advantages of this puparia extractor are: (1) it avoids surface film adhesion of puparia to trash, (2) it automatically concentrates washed puparia onto small screens convenient for placing beneath a dissecting microscope, and (3) it is 30-60% more efficient than conventional soil-wash separation techniques. It was designed to recover Hippelates eye gnat puparia. Puparia recovery from uncultivated debris-laden desert soil was 70-85%; and 86-100% from relatively debris-free soil. Extractor efficiency was not influenced by operator inexperience.
Determination of the survival probability of a launch vehicle risingthrough a random wind field.

Survival probability of launch vehicle rising through random wind field determined from component responses
Solid object visualization of 3D ultrasound data

Visualization of volumetric medical data is challenging. Rapid-prototyping (RP) equipment producing solid object prototype models of computer generated structures is directly applicable to visualization of medical anatomic data. The purpose of this study was to develop methods for transferring 3D Ultrasound (3DUS) data to RP equipment for visualization of patient anatomy. 3DUS data were acquired using research and clinical scanning systems. Scaling information was preserved and the data were segmented using threshold and local operators to extract features of interest, converted from voxel raster coordinate format to a set of polygons representing an iso-surface and transferred to the RP machine to create a solid 3D object. Fabrication required 30 to 60 minutes depending on object size and complexity. After creation the model could be touched and viewed. A '3D visualization hardcopy device' has advantages for conveying spatial relations compared to visualization using computer display systems. The hardcopy model may be used for teaching or therapy planning. Objects may be produced at the exact dimension of the original object or scaled up (or down) to facilitate matching the viewers reference frame more optimally. RP models represent a useful means of communicating important information in a tangible fashion to patients and physicians.
Output Variation Reduction of Production Systems Involving a Large Number of Subprocesses

(1995). Output Variation Reduction of Production Systems Involving a Large Number of Subprocesses. Quality Engineering: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 145-163.
Pure Black: Class, Color, and Intraracial Politics in Toni Morrison's Paradise

This essay explores black class privilege and associated questions of skin color and racial authenticity in Toni Morrison's 1997 novel, Paradise, written during a period fraught with intraracial ambivalence and confusion about what it means to be "black" in the post-Civil Rights era. In their obsession with biological racial purity, Morrison's "8-rock" characters corporealize racial authenticity, a concept that usually exists for African Americans as a cultural ideal. Paradise ultimately critiques the black nationalist desire for a "pure," and purely "authentic," form of African American identity, in the process highlighting the frequent suppression of the multiracial in authenticity discourse.
Ethical leadership: professional challenges and the role of LIS education

Purpose – This article seeks to address the need for ethical and informed leadership in professions in general and library and information science in particular, and the challenges of professional education in library and information science in providing a theoretical basis for professional work that incorporates an understanding of ethical principles.Design/methodology/approach – The article provides an overview and analysis of ethical leadership issues in a range of international, organizational and individual circumstances. While the private and public sectors provide a frame of reference for considering library and information science education, the nature of the professional values in library and information services is also presented. In addition, the research related to limitations in ethical decision‐making ability among individuals is presented, in highlighting the need for educational approaches that support conscious consideration of biases and application of ethical principles.Findings – There...
Optimized design of far-infrared Fabry-Perot resonators fabricated from YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/

The transmittance of a carefully designed YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ Fabry-Perot resonator is predicted analytically. The substrate thickness is shown to strongly influence the transmittance of the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/-on-MgO Fabry-Perot resonator. The peak transmittance and finesse of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/-on-MgO Fabry-Perot resonators fabricated from the best YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ material available are comparable with those of the best metal mesh resonators in the far-infrared spectral region. It is noted that a reduction of the fraction of residual normal-state electrons in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ films will permit the construction of far-infrared Fabry-Perot resonators superior to any existing device. >
Developments in limited data image reconstruction techniques for ultrahigh-resolution x-ray tomographic imaging of microchips

The use of soft x-ray (about 1.8 KeV) nanotomography techniques for the evaluation and failure mode analysis of microchips was investigated. Realistic numerical simulations of the imaging process were performed and a specialized approach to image reconstruction from limited projection data was devised. Prior knowledge of the structure and its component materials was used to eliminate artifacts in the reconstructed images so that defects and deviations from the original design could be visualized. Simulated data sets were generated with a total of 21 projections over three different angular ranges: -50 to +50, - 80 to +80 and -90 to +90 degrees. In addition, a low level of illumination was assumed. It was shown that sub-micron defects within one cell of a microchip (< 10 pm3) could be imaged in 3-D using such an approach.
A comparison of four design methods for real-time systems

The purpose of this paper is to compare four design methods which are of current interest in real-time software development. The comparison presents the relative strengths and weakness of each method with additional information on graphic notation and the recommended sequence of steps involved in the use of each method. The methods selected for comparison were:STRUCTURED DESIGN FOR REAL-TIME SYSTEMSOBJECT ORIENTED DESIGNPAMELA (Process Abstraction Method for Embedded Large Applications)SCR (Software Cost Reduction project - Naval Research Laboratory)Readers interested in a framework for comparing methods, an overview of the four selected methodologies, and an aid to narrowing candidates for adoption should find this find this paper helpful.
Tailored DVDs: A novel strategy for educating racially and ethnically diverse older adults about their medicines

Abstract Introduction The availability of comprehensive and accurate medication history information in electronic medical records and through electronic prescribing provides the opportunity to create tailored interventions based on individuals' particular medication information needs. To meet the challenges of providing medication information to low-literate English and Spanish speaking older adults, we sought to create individualized, culturally and linguistically inclusive medication education materials for older adults from diverse backgrounds. Methods We used a mixed-method design including a systematic review, analysis of existing data, a telephone survey ( n =326), and exploratory focus groups stratified by race/ethnicity and language spoken (11 focus groups; n =106) to identify what information about medications older adults need, want to learn, and in what format. We evaluated reactions to three DVDs at low-income senior community centers (2 focus groups; n =16). Results Exploratory focus groups provided insights on areas for improvement in patient–provider communication, and suggested use of vignettes and testimonials. Upon viewing, participants could relate to the testimonials in which actors portrayed people who have problems with their medications and were interested in the medication advice presented, especially when it was presented by a healthcare professional. Discussion Tailored medication education materials in English and Spanish DVD and print material format are suitable for low-literate audiences, acceptable to older adults, and feasible to implement using health IT. Virtually all households in the United States have a television, with most having a DVD player. DVD segments can be used in Internet links, physician office-based television, and consumer health IT applications.
Design of compact IIIV/Si distributed feedback lasers

In this paper we discuss design and optimization specifics of composite IIIV/Si waveguide gratings with 2D sub-micron optical confinement, as applied to DFB lasers. Specifically we calculate the coupling coefficient, measure and compare the theoretical and experimental results.
Do placental sections accurately reflect umbilical cord nucleated red blood cell and white blood cell differential counts

Objective. Elevated levels of umbilical cord nucleated red blood cells (nRBCs) have been used to assess in utero hypoxia. Although the umbilical nRBC value has been the ‘gold standard’, umbilical blood may not be obtained at delivery. We determined if the levels of nRBCs and white blood cell (WBC) counts in fixed placental sections might serve as a proxy for cord blood values.Study design. Umbilical blood and placenta were collected from 25 deliveries at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. Umbilical blood and placental sections were analyzed for nRBCs (per 100 WBC) and WBC differential, and compared with the t-test or the Mann–Whitney rank sum test.Results. nRBC counts were equivalent in umbilical cord and placental sections (5 vs. 4/100 WBC). Umbilical lymphocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts were normally distributed, averaging 35 ± 9 and 56 ± 2/100 WBC, respectively. Placental lymphocyte (33 ± 2/100 WBC) and PMN (60 ± 2/100 WBC) counts were equivalent to cord blood values.Conclusion. WBC differe...
Density functional theory studies of the methanol radical cation hypersurface

Abstract A variety of density functional theory (DFT) methods and basis sets have been used to study the equilibrium of the formaldehyde and trans -hydroxymethylene radical cations. The Becke3LYP/6-311 + G ∗∗ method is the best compromise between accuracy and computational effort of the methods tested. This method has been used for a comprehensive study of the fragmentation and isomerization reactions of the cations, radicals and radical cations derived from the methanol radical cation. The energies and geometries obtained are compared to those of a G2 study previously reported by Ma et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113 (1991) 7903) and to the available experimental data to evaluate the performance of this DFT method for radical ions. The relative energies of the minima and transition structures studied are in good agreement with the experimental data. The trends and relative stabilities obtained by the Becke3LYP/6-311 + G ∗∗ calculations are very similar to the results from the G2 method, even though the values for the relative energies are systematically higher. With the exception of ion-molecule complexes, the geometries obtained are also very close to those obtained by the G2 method.
Predicting the failure of amyloid-β vaccine

Sir—After the news of the trial suspension, the rush to test a vaccine for Alzheimer’s disease has proven ill-fated. Indeed, although it is no surprise that the inappropriate deposition of protein in the normal mouse brain because of massive overexpression of amyloid-β protein precursor modifies function, nor that its removal can then restore function, there is not, nor ever was, any evidence that interventions designed to remove or alter the deposition of amyloid-β would benefit patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment strategies based on removal of a naturally occurring endogenous substance harkens back to the time of leeches and exorcism for the removal of bad humour and spirits to restore function. Thankfully, such concepts died with the understanding of homoeostatic balance that defines modern biology. Or did they?
Capital Concept Applied to Man

I. Scope of the study, 255. — II. The data used, 257. — III. Method of analysis, 264. — IV. Comparison with costs, 267. — V. The implied assumptions: a representative sample, 269; diifferences between groups, 271; equilibrium adjustment of market factors, 274. — VI. College training: (1) Value of abilities exceeds cost of training, 275; (2) Women graduates, 278. — VII. Values and costs of professional training: M.A. and Ph.D., 278; physicians, 279; engineers, 280; business men, 281; lawyers, 281. — VIII. Non-competing groups again, 283. — IX. Conclusion, 284.
An algorithm to generate space boundaries for building energy simulation

We provide an algorithm based on graph theory to convert a three-dimensional architectural building model without defined thermal space boundaries into geometry suitable for import into a whole-building energy performance simulation engine such as EnergyPlus. Our algorithm expects input specified as an Industry Foundation Classes model, accepts a wide variety of input geometry, and is capable of accounting for a building's construction material configuration as well as its geometry. The described approach is limited to solid-to-solid heat exchange; solid-to-fluid and fluid-to-fluid heat exchanges are not considered. We analyze the performance of our algorithm on some test building models.
Reuse and integration of healthcare information for subjects in a clinical trial for treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis

This paper describes healthcare information reuse and integration in the clinical trial of a drug (Avastin) involving 20 research subjects diagnosed with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) of the vocal cords and treated at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Voice Center. The client/server application designed and developed by the author assisted in clinical trial data entry, storage in a relational database, retrieval, and reporting. The developed clinical trial software included data auditing to satisfy FDA requirements. Auxiliary import/export jobs were employed, which allowed to reuse standard MGH outpatient and surgical schedules and increased the efficiency of the clinical trial data management by avoiding data entry duplication. This clinical data processing design allowed the author to preserve integrity of the healthcare data used in the clinical trial. The clinical data integration allowed doctors to track the overall dynamics of the treatment process covering pre-trial, in-trial and post-trial examinations of the research subjects.
The transcription factor Ifh1 is a key regulator of yeast ribosomal protein genes

Ribosomal protein (RP) genes in eukaryotes are coordinately regulated in response to growth stimuli and environmental stress, thereby permitting cells to adjust ribosome number and overall protein synthetic capacity to physiological conditions1,2,3,4,5. Approximately 50% of RNA polymerase II transcription is devoted to RP genes5. The transcriptional regulator Rap1 binds most yeast RP promoters6, and Rap1 sites are important for coordinate regulation of RP genes7,8,9,10. However, Rap1 is not the specific regulator that controls RP transcription because it also functions as a repressor, and many Rap1-activated promoters are not coordinately regulated with RP promoters11,12. Here we show that the transcription factors Fhl1 and Ifh1 associate almost exclusively with RP promoters; association depends on Rap1 and (to a lesser extent) a DNA element at many RP promoters. Ifh1 is recruited to promoters via the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain of Fhl1; the level of Ifh1 associated with RP promoters determines the level of transcription; and environmental stress causes a marked reduction in the association of Ifh1, but not Fhl1 or Rap1. Thus, Ifh1 association with promoters is the key regulatory step for coordinate expression of RP genes.
Effects of Expansion on Consonant Recognition and Consonant Audibility

Background—Hearing aid expansion is intended to reduce the gain for low-level noise. However, expansion can also degrade low-intensity speech. Although it has been suggested that the poorer performance with expansion is due to reduced audibility, this has not been measured directly. Furthermore, previous studies used relatively high expansion kneepoints. Purpose—This study compared the effect of a 30 dB SPL and 50 dB SPL expansion kneepoint on consonant audibility and recognition. Research Design—Eight consonant-vowel syllables were presented at 50, 60, and 71 dB SPL. Recordings near the tympanic membrane were made of each speech token and used to calculate the Aided Audibility Index (AAI). Study Sample—Thirteen subjects with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Results—Expansion with a high kneepoint resulted in reduced consonant recognition. The AAI correlated significantly with consonant recognition across all conditions and subjects. Conclusion—If consonant recognition is the priority, audibility calculations could be used to determine an optimal expansion kneepoint for a given individual.
Strategy for profiling and structure elucidation of mucin-type oligosaccharides by mass spectrometry.

A strategy combining accurate mass determination, tandem mass spectrometry, structure homology, and exoglycosidases is described that allows the structural characterization of mucin-type O-linked oligosaccharides. The method is used to profile with quantitation the O-linked oligosaccharide (both neutral and anionic) components of the only diploid Xenopus frog, Xenopus tropicalis. Collision-induced dissociation was used to determine connectivity, to identify previously characterized oligosaccharides, and to determine the presence of structural motifs in unknown oligosaccharides. Exoglycosidase digestion was used to identify the individual residues along with the linkages. The enzymes were also used to cleave larger oligosaccharides to smaller units that are similar to previously elucidated components. By using CID, isomeric structures were compared to determine whether they were identical. In this way, the exoglycosidases were more effectively used, and their use was minimized. A total of 35 oligosaccharid...
Plasma and Tissue Concentrations of α-Tocopherol and δ-Tocopherol Following High Dose Dietary Supplementation in Mice

Vitamin E isoforms are essential nutrients that are widely used as dietary supplements and therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases. However, their pharmacokinetic (PK) properties remain poorly characterized, and high dosage animal studies may provide further information on their in vivo functions and pharmacological effects. In this study, alpha-tocopherol (α-toc) and delta-tocopherol (δ-toc) levels were measured in mouse plasma and tissues following their high dosage dietary supplementation. Average α-toc levels at 5, 10 and 20 g α-toc/kg diet increased over baseline levels 6-fold in plasma, 1.6-fold in brain, and 4.9-fold in liver. These elevated α-toc concentrations remained constant from 5 to 20 g α-toc/kg diet, rather than showing further increases across these dosages. No α-toc-related toxicity occurred at these high dosages, and strain-specific differences in liver and brain α-toc levels between Balb/cJ and C57Bl/6J mice were observed. Relatively high-dosage administration of dietary δ-toc for 1 or 4 weeks resulted in 6–30-fold increases in plasma and liver levels between dosages of 0.33 and 1.67 g δ-toc/kg diet. Co-administration of sesamin with δ-toc further increased δ-toc levels between 1.3- and 14-fold in plasma, liver, and brain. These results provide valuable PK information on high dosage α-toc and δ-toc in mouse and show that supplementation of sesamin with δ-toc further increases δ-toc levels over those seen with δ-toc supplementation alone.
Propagation through a slab of irregularities in a magneto-ionic medium.

A theory is developed to describe the propagation of characteristic waves through an infinite slab of irregularities in a magneto-ionic medium. The theory makes use of the asymptotic Green's dyadic. The results show that mode conversion is possible through scattering from irregularities in an anisotropic background. Some special cases are discussed and an example is given.
User-friendly Monte Carlo code for time-resolved fluorescence models of tissues with irregular interfaces

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations can model photon propagation in biological tissues, but often neglect effects from irregular boundaries. We developed a time-resolved MC-algorithm in MATLAB with arbitrarily-shaped surface mesh interfaces for quantitative fluorescence lifetime sensing.
Near-field distance perception in real and virtual environments using both verbal and action responses

Few experiments have been performed to investigate near-field egocentric distance estimation in an Immersive Virtual Environment (IVE) as compared to the Real World (RW). This article investigates near-field distance estimation in IVEs and RW conditions using physical reach and verbal report measures, by using an apparatus similar to that used by Bingham and Pagano [1998]. Analysis of our experiment shows distance compression in both the IVE and RW conditions in participants' perceptual judgments to targets. This is consistent with previous research in both action space in an IVE and reach space with Augmented Reality (AR). Analysis of verbal responses from participants revealed that participants underestimated significantly less in the virtual world as compared to the RW. We also found that verbal reports and reaches provided different results in both IVEs and RW environments.
LP‐8: Late‐News Poster: Polymer Fly's Eye Light Integrator Lens Arrays for Digital Projectors

Polymer Fly's Eye light integrators are now available as an alternative to glass. While the appropriate material is highly dependent on the specifics of the application, plastic integrators offer measurable advantages in certain situations. Key design considerations include weight, performance, cost, birefringence, and temperature resistance. This paper explores each of these design considerations, and presents some guidelines to aid optical engineers in material selection.
Optically guided ultrasound imaging system

This study investigates the potential use of combining near infrared (NIR) diffuse light and ultrasound methods for early detection of small breast tumors. A novel imaging system which combines these two methods has been introduced. A NIR phased array positioner capable of providing the line-of-sight of a small heterogeneity in a scattering medium is incorporated into an ultrasound imaging system. This combined system has been tested using models consisting of few mm emulated tumors buried in a scattering phantom. In each test, the combined system was mechanically translated to scan for a small object. At each scanning position, optical amplitude and phase data and an ultrasound image were acquired. The object line-of- sight information was coded into ultrasound images after scanning. Ultrasound image without and with line-of-sight information were evaluated by two radiologists. ROC curves using ultrasound and combined methods are measured and the areas under the average ROC curves of ultrasound and combined methods are 49% and 82%, respectively. Thus the combined method affords a significant improvement in detection sensitivity and specificity compared with conventional ultrasound in this phantom study.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ultraviolet photolytic vapor generation from particulate ensembles for detection of malathion residues in aerosols

Abstract A method to selectively generate vapor signatures from malathion entrained within matrices of surface-impacted aerosol particles has been demonstrated. The method uses ultraviolet radiation (172 or 222 nm) from a continuous wave discharge lamp to photodissociate malathion molecules collected within and on surface-impacted particles, followed by detection via ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Since surface heating does not occur, only those molecules whose photofragments exhibit high vapor pressure are introduced into the IMS instrument and then only those exhibiting high proton affinity are subsequently detected. This process produces less signal clutter than in pyrolysis-IMS, where the background aerosol is pyrolyzed along with the sample. Quantities of malathion as small as 50 ng could be detected when the malathion was entrained on a clean surface, and as small as 100 ng when co-entrained on a surface with much larger quantities of background aerosols such as diesel soot, road dust, Bacillus globigii, albumin, and cotton lint. This sensitivity indicates that, when combined with a particle collector as an effective pre-concentrator, detection of malathion aerosol concentrations of
An intrasylvian "fibroma" in a child with cystic fibrosis: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Intracranial fibrous tumors are uncommon during childhood. An unusual case of benign intrasylvian "fibroma" that has remained clinically and radiographically stable more than 3 years after a subtotal resection is described. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 9-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis presented with new-onset focal seizures referable to a large calcified left sylvian fissure mass. INTERVENTION: An open biopsy with subtotal resection of the lesion revealed a benign process characterized by exuberant fibrocollagenous tissue intermeshed with chronic inflammatory cells and foreign body giant cells, encompassing islands of gliotic brain tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis showed staining for epithelial membrane antigen and reticulin within some of the spindle cells, although the majority were nonreactive. The majority of tumor cells exhibited staining for laminin; CD34 staining was absent. Ultrastructural studies were also suggestive of a fibroblastic rather than a meningothelial origin of the lesion, with elongated cells separated by abundant extracellular collagen. Although dense adherence of the mass to the pial surface and the middle cerebral artery vessels precluded a complete resection, the patient remains seizure-free without anticonvulsant therapy more than 3 years postoperatively with no evidence of growth of the lesion. CONCLUSION: The lesion in this patient bears morphological similarity to a rare group of tumors referred to as "intracerebral fibromas," although a variety of other rare mesenchymal neoplasms were also considered within the differential diagnosis. However, the absence of any definite neoplastic features, the finding of chronic inflammatory changes, and the lack of growth of the residual tumor during an extended follow-up interval indicate that the mass may represent either an extremely indolent neoplasm or a nonneoplastic process. The differential diagnosis of intracranial fibrous tumors is contrasted with that of the reported case.
Hormone-induced and maturational changes in electric organ discharges and electroreceptor tuning in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus.

Plasticity in the frequency of the electric organ discharge (EOD) and electroreceptor tuning of weakly electric fish was studied in the genusApteronotus. Both hormone-induced and maturational changes in EOD frequency and electroreceptor tuning were examined.Apteronotus is different from all other steroid-responsive weakly electric fish in that estradiol-17β, rather than androgens, induces discharge frequency decreases. This result can account for the ‘reversed’ discharge frequency dimorphism found inApteronotus in which, counter to all other known sexually dimorphic electric fish, females have lower discharge frequencies than males. Studies of electroreceptor tuning inApteronotus indicate that electroreceptors are closely tuned to the frequency of the EOD. This finding was noted not only in adult animals, but also in juvenile animals shortly after the onset of their EODs. Tuning plasticity inApteronotus, as in other species studied, is associated with altered EOD frequencies and was noted in both maturational EOD changes and in estrogen-induced changes. Thus, tuning plasticity appears to be a general phenomenon which occurs concurrent with a variety of EOD changes.
User behavior based automatical navigation system on Android platform

Nowadays, navigation applications in smartphones are widely used in our daily lives. But the problem existing in using the applications is that a lot of operations between users and smartphones are needed, such as destination setting, options setting and zooming in/out. Potential dangers may bring to the users when they are walking on the street or especially driving. In this paper, we study providing an automatical navigation system, in which the number of users' operations is largely reduced. The navigation system can automatically predict user's future possible destinations and routes without any operation from users. The prediction is performed by analyzing both user's current position and historical tracing data. We implement the proposed system on the Android platform. The experimental results show that the application works effectively to provide anticipated routes and destinations for a single user.
Neutrality of Molecules by a New Method

We report a new experimental technique for testing the electrical neutrality of molecules. An alternating electric field applied to an acoustic cavity containing S${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$ gas will generate sound at the electric field frequency if the gas has a charge. With a suitably calibrated microphone in the cavity the sound pressure can be measured yielding an upper limit for the charge per molecule $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. Dividing by the mass number of the molecule (146) yields an upper limit for an electron-proton charge difference. (This last result assumes that the electron-proton charge difference equals the neutron charge.) The results: $|\ensuremath{\epsilon}|\ensuremath{\le}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}e$ and $\frac{|\ensuremath{\epsilon}|}{M}\ensuremath{\le}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}e$, where $e$ is the magnitude of the electronic charge, are consistent with the fundamental belief of zero charge imbalance. The measurement is less affected by the presence of ions than other macroscopic neutrality measurements and has an estimated maximum sensitivity of $|\ensuremath{\epsilon}|\ensuremath{\le}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}22}e$.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Selected Antimicrobial Agents for Serpulina Isolated from Chickens and Rheas

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Absence of sterol synthesis in larvae of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and of the spider crab Libinia emarginata

A dietary requirement for sterols in crustacean larvae was established by the use of isotopic tracer techniques. Larvae of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and larvae of the spider crab Libinia emarginata were exposed to acetate-14C or mevalonate-14C. Radioanalysis of the fatty acids of each species indicated sufficient incorporation of acetate for lipid synthesis. No radioactivity was detected in the sterols of animals exposed to either acetate-14C or mevalonate-14C. It was concluded that R. harrisii and L. emarginata larvae are unable to synthesize sterols from acetate or mevalonate and, therefore, require them in their diet.
Worsening right flank pain over a 24-hr period

Summary AML is a benign renal tumor composed of variable quantities of mature vascular, smooth muscle and fatty elements. They occur as an isolated finding, classically in middle-aged females, or in association with tuberous sclerosis. When symptomatic, they typically present with flank pain secondary to hemorrhage. CT is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice. The diagnosis can usually be made based on the recognition of fat within the lesion. When discovered, asymptomatic lesions are generally monitored by follow-up imaging studies, and if they remain stable, no intervention is required. Arterial embolization has become the recommended treatment of choice in some instances, particularly in cases with associated hemorrhage.
Fast algorithms for close-to-Toeplitz-plus-Hankel systems of equation

The authors extend the low-displacement rank definition of close-to-Toeplitz (CT) matrices to close-to-Toeplitz-plus-Hankel (CTPH) matrices and develop fast algorithms for solving CTPH systems of equations. A matrix is defined as CTPH if it is the sum of a CT matrix and a second CT matrix postmultiplied by an exchange matrix; an equivalent definition in terms of UV rank is also given. This definition is motivated by the application of the algorithms to two-sided prediction in which both past and future time-series values are used to estimate the present value. >
Characterization of maghemite ferric oxide crystals processed by an acrosol technique

Abstract An aerosol technique is used to produce submicrometer-sized γ-Fe 2 O 3 particles in two steps using ferrous oxalate dihydrate as the starting precursor. In the first step, a submicrometer-sized powder was produced by decomposing the precursor solution in an aerosol reactor. In the second step the powder was heat treated in a reducing ambient to produce maghemite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ). The kinetics of the maghemite formation are elucidated using a microscopic probe.
Improving software quality: an ethics based approach

Software quality in recent years has been plagued by significant quality issues. One of these issues is the rush to market of commercial software. This has resulted in poor quality leading to numerous updates and patches to correct inherent problems and to prevent malicious software attacks from viruses, worms, or other nefarious external hacking. The author believes that poor software quality presents an ethical issue for society. The issue of improvement in software quality is proposed to relate to fundamental ethical issues that need to be addressed by software developers. The author explores various philosophical ethical theories to address this issue including Aristotelian virtue ethics, and Humean virtue ethics, settling on Humean virtue ethics as the most effective approach. The author then proposes changes to industry codes of ethics as well as strengthening of the international software organizations as a social network to support necessary emphasis on proper software quality.
Road runoff and sediment sampling for determining road sediment yield at the watershed scale

In this study, we demonstrate that watershed-scale estimates of road sediment production are improved if field measurements of road runoff and sediment production are used in the analysis. We used ...
"Getting it on"--GDI displacement and small GTPase membrane recruitment.

Abstract Understanding the mechanisms by which signaling events are localized and the physiological consequences of spatial restriction are major questions in cell biology. A recent issue of Nature reports the identification of an endosomal factor that can directly recruit Rab GTPases from the cytosol onto membranes (Sivars et al., 2003). Together with work describing the structure of prenylRab with Rab-GDI (Rak et al., 2003), this provides us both with new avenues and important insights into long-standing questions of Rab GTPase signaling and membrane traffic.
Plankton composition and water quality in a pond of spring origin in Turkey

Phyto/zooplankton composition, chlorophyll a, and some water quality parameters were investigated in a spring-originated pond in Central Anatolia between February 2001 and January 2002. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, Secchi depth, total and calcium hardness, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, total phosphorus, and soluble reactive phosphorus levels were analyzed. A total of 49 species belonging to Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Cryptophyceae, and Dinophyceae were identified. The highest phytoplankton abundance was found in August, whereas the lowest was determined in January. Phytoplankton abundance increased from February to August and declined in the following months. The Bacillariophyceae were dominant in the phytoplankton community. A total of 21 species of Rotifera, 2 species of Cladocera, and 1 genus of Copepoda were found. The zooplankton community was dominated by Rotifera. The highest abundance of zooplankton was recorded in July and the lowest value in November. The annual mean concentration of chlorophyll a was measured as 1.90 µg l−1. In spite of these eutrophic levels (mean values of total phosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen: 0.069 mg P l−1 and 0.68 mg N l−1), phytoplankton cannot grow satisfactorily because of the short water retention time (0.6 day−1). The shallowness of the pond together with the low phytoplankton biomass and the high concentrations of nutrients are discussed.