cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Buying Indifference, Selling Permission: A Formal Model of Mental Health Advocacy

Mental health policy advocacy exhibits some ideological paradoxes. Among advocates, the rhetoric of consumer rights is frequently associated with service contraction rather than expansion. At the same time, advocates of increased provision often also prefer coercive treatment and are most restrictive in their view of the rights of persons with a psychiatric diagnosis. Thus, against expectations derived from other areas of social welfare policy - where rights advocacy accompanies calls for expanded services and spending - actors in the mental health policy arena form unlikely coalitions. Liberals tolerate spending cuts because this “buys” indifference and protects (negative) liberties. Conservatives tolerate rights rhetoric because this “buys” permission to abdicate social service spending. We develop a simple formal model to explain the strategic relationship of advocates who lobby for or against both government funding and the regulation of mental health consumer rights. We demonstrate that multidimensional advocate preferences result in an unexpected policy equilibrium, in which the rights of consumers may be conditionally protected as long as government also decreases spending.
Kinematic Estimation with Neural Networks for Robotic Manipulators

In this paper, we focus on estimating the forward kinematic equation of robots with multilayer feed-forward neural networks. The effectiveness of this approach is tested on a simulated kinematic model of the 7-DOF Sawyer Robotic Arm. In the initial sections of the paper, we discuss related work that associates with the creation of model agnostic control schemes on a kinematic level. Moreover, we formalize the kinematic problem as a supervised problem and we propose an MLP architecture to solve the problem. Lastly, we present experimental results and discuss the potential and importance to create model agnostic control schemes with machine learning.
Poor clinical outcomes associated with community-onset urinary tract infections due to extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

OBJECTIVE Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) among Enterobacteriaceae (EB) is increasingly prevalent. We sought to determine the clinical outcomes associated with community-onset ESC-resistant (ESC-R) EB urinary tract infections (UTIs) in a US health system. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study.PatientsAll patients presenting to the emergency departments (EDs) or outpatient practices with EB UTIs between 2010 and 2013 were included. Exposed patients had ESC-R EB UTIs. Unexposed patients had ESC-susceptible EB UTIs and were matched to exposed subjects 1:1 on study year. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between ESC-R EB UTI and the outcomes of clinical failure and inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy (IIAT). RESULTS A total of 302 patients with community-onset EB UTI were included, with 151 exposed and unexposed. On multivariable analyses, UTI due to an ESC-R EB was significantly associated with clinical failure (odds ratio [OR], 7.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.16-15.82; P<.01). Other independent risk factors for clinical failure included infection with Citrobacter spp and need for hemodialysis. UTI due to an ESC-R EB was also significantly associated with IIAT (OR, 4.40; 95% CI, 2.64-7.33; P<.01). CONCLUSIONS Community-onset UTI due to an ESC-R EB organism is significantly associated with clinical failure, which may be due in part to IIAT. Further studies are needed to determine which patients in the community are at high risk for drug-resistant infection to help inform prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic prescribing for ESC-R EB.
Torque Ripple Minimization Control Technique of High-Speed Single-Phase Brushless DC Motor for Electric Turbocharger

The electrification of a forced induction system (FIS) has emerged as a feasible solution for low greenhouse gas emission and high fuel economy in passenger cars and light-duty trucks. A high-speed electric motor in conjunction with the conventional FIS has numerous benefits including better transient response and higher engine output power. A single-phase brushless dc (BLDC) motor possesses a number of attractive features for this application including high efficiency, low cost, robustness, and high-speed operation capability. However, it generates higher torque ripple than that of three-phase BLDC motor due to the lack of alternate phases and phase current distortion. This paper proposes a new torque ripple minimization control technique, which has a linearly decreasing reference voltage to regulate phase current. The analytical estimation and experimental results verify that the new control technique reduces the motor vibration while improving the maximum speed and the efficiency of the motor drive.
Supervised subgraph augmented non-negative matrix factorization for interpretable manufacturing time series data analytics

Data analytics has been extensively used for manufacturing time series to reduce process variation and mitigate product defects. However, the majority of data analytics approaches are hard to under...
An Idealized Numerical Study of Shear-Relative Low-Level Mean Flow on Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Size

AbstractGiven comparable background vertical wind shear (VWS) magnitudes, the initially imposed shear-relative low-level mean flow (LMF) is hypothesized to modify the structure and convective featu...
Gas Chromatographic Methods for the Detailed Study of Controlled-Temperature Polymer Degradation

A wide variety of methods have been suggested for the analysis of polymer pyrolyzates. In general, these techniques have gained wide acceptance for qualitative identification of homopolymers and copolymers and, in some instances, the quantitative determination of specific complex-polymer compositions. Attempts to apply these methods to the study of the product compositions produced from controlled- temperature polymer degradation have not been particularly successful. Variations in the state of the sample, quantity of sample, and method of heating and controlling the temperature have been examined in some detail in an effort to delineate the changes in these variables as a function of the volatile products produced on controlled-temperature pyrolyses.
Double-layered distributed transient frequency control with regional coordination

This paper proposes a control strategy for power systems with a two-layer structure that achieves global stabilization and, at the same time, delimits the transient frequencies of targeted buses to a desired safe interval. The first layer is a model predictive control that, in a receding horizon fashion, optimally allocates the power resources while softly respecting transient frequency constraints. As the first layer control requires solving an optimization problem online, it only periodically samples the system state and updates its action. The second layer control, however, is implemented in continuous time, assisting the first layer to achieve frequency invariance and attractivity requirements. Furthermore, through network partition, they can be implemented in a distributed fashion, only requiring system information from neighboring partitions. Simulations on the IEEE 39-bus network illustrate our results.
Toward conservation of visual resources at the regional scale

Visual resources are a critical, but often overlooked type of cultural resource. Additionally, visual resources are often dealt with only at the site scale and not as part of a larger landscape or ...
Anatomical Dissection of the Dorsal Nerve of the Clitoris

Background The clitoris is the primary somatosensory organ of female sexual response. Knowledge of its neural anatomy and related landmarks is essential for safe genital surgery. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the distal course of the dorsal nerves of the clitoris and associated structures. Methods Clitorises of 10 fresh cadavers were dissected. Measurements of the dorsal nerves, suspensory ligament, clitoral body, clitoral hood, and clitoral glans were obtained. The course of the dorsal nerves was examined. Results The dorsal nerves of the clitoris were larger than expected, ranging from 2.0 to 3.2 mm in diameter, on average, along their course in the clitoral body. In 9 of 10 specimens, the dorsal nerves could be traced to within 6 mm of the glans. They traveled deep to a superficial clitoral fascia but superficial to the tunica albuginea, were variably located between 10 and 2 o'clock, and were separated by the deep suspensory ligament (DSL) of the clitoris. The mean length of the descending clitoral body, from the angle to the base of the glans, was 37.0 mm. The mean distance from the pubic rim to the DSL was 37.7 mm. Conclusions The clitoral body is substantial in length, mostly lying superficially under the clitoral hood and mons pubis. The dorsal nerves of the clitoris are large and superficial, terminating at or near the base of the clitoral glans. Knowledge of this anatomy is critical prior to performing surgery near the clitoris.
Current status of clinician-educator tracks in internal medicine residency programmes.

Background Residents in internal medicine programmes lack formal training in leadership, curriculum development and clinical teaching. Residency programmes created clinician-educator tracks (CETs) to formally teach residents to become effective educators and to involve them in the science of medical education. However, the curricula in these tracks are often locally developed and remain at the discretion of the individual programmes. Methods This survey evaluates the frequency of CETs in internal medicine residency programmes in the USA and descriptively analyses their logistical and curricular content. During the academic year 2017–2018, directors of all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited internal medicine residency programmes in the USA were invited to participate in this survey (n=420). We developed a web-based 22-question survey to assess the logistics and curricular content of CET programmes. Results A total of 150 programmes responded to the survey invitation (response rate=35.7%). Only 24% (n=36) of programmes offered a CET, the majority of which have been available for only 5 years or less. The track is most frequently offered to postgraduate year (PGY)-2 and PGY-3 residents. Only a minority of participating faculty (27.8%) have protected time to fulfil their CET role. Bedside teaching, feedback, small group teaching and curriculum development are the most commonly taught topics, and faculty mentorship and small group teaching methods are the most commonly used types of instruction. Conclusions CETs are offered in only 24% of internal medicine residency programmes in the USA. The curricula of these tracks vary across programmes, and their success is often countered by logistic and financial challenges.
Separation and characterization of some ribonucleic acids from imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster.

The RNA obtained from mass isolated imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster cultured in vitro in 3H-5-uridine has been studied. A separation procedure employing benzoylated, naphthoylated DEAE cellulose column chromatography was used to obtain several fractions of RNA, including one consisting primarily of ribosomal RNA, and three others relatively free of rRNA and transfer RNA. Other than its behavior in BND-cellulose chromatography, the RNA fractions have been examined with the following procedures: (1) sucrose gradient centrifugation, (2) heat labilities with apparent shifts in S-values, (3) changes in apparent secondary structure due to monovalent cation concentration, (4) Cs2SO4−CsCl equilibrium gradient centrifugation, (5) dimethyl sulfoxide gradient centrifugation, (6) “melting out” studies in different salt (Na+) concentrations, (7) limited digestion with different kinds of RNase, (8) kinetics of labeling, and (9) DNA-RNA hybridization. Marked differences were found among the RNA fractions using these techniques. The addition of β-ecdysone to the cultured imaginal discs induces the production of quantitatively and perhaps qualitatively different RNA when compared with RNA obtained from discs cultured without the hormone. The possible secondary structures of the RNA fractions are also discussed.
Rapid Development of Pernicious Anemia Unmasking Underlying Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies, often detected at later stages as patients remain asymptomatic until later stages. Pernicious anemia (PA), a well-known cause of vitamin B12 deficiency, is a classic risk factor for gastric cancer. Patients with PA usually present with megaloblastic anemia and peripheral neuropathy; however, they can also present with nonspecific symptoms. We describe below the case of a 56-year-old male who presented with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Initial lab work revealed severe B12 deficiency, pancytopenia, and intramedullary hemolysis warranting endoscopy that revealed a gastric fundus mass significant for adenocarcinoma on biopsy.
The standardization of clinical ethics consultation and technique's "long encirclement" of humanity: a response to Brummett and Muaygil.

In their recent article, Brummett and Muaygil reject Bishop et al.’s framing of the debate over standardization in clinical ethics consultation (CEC) “as one between pro-credentialing procedural and anti-credentialing phenomenological,” claiming that this framing “amounts to a false dichotomy between two extreme approaches to CEC.” Instead of accepting proceduralism and phenomenology as a binary, Brummett and Muaygil propose that these two views should be seen as the extreme ends of a spectrum upon which CEC should be done. However, as evidenced by several inconsistencies within their article, they have failed to fully appreciate the concern animating Bishop et al.’s proposal. Additionally, because of this failure, they do not seem to realize that credentialing ethicists for CEC will only create different problems in Saudi Arabia even as it possibly solves some of the current problems they identify. In this commentary, we highlight and clarify Brummet and Muaygil’s five misunderstandings of Bishop et al. This leads us to conclude that while they claim to be advocating a middle way between proceduralism and phenomenology, in fact they would like for us to standardize another proceduralism, albeit one that incorporates some of the “qualitative” values of American bioethics.
Delta-v slope as an indicator of injury.

Objective This study's objective was to examine a crash severity characteristic and the relationship as an indicator of abdominal injury causation. Methods Data were analyzed from 23 CIREN case vehicles involved in a frontal type collision, had an AIS 2+ abdominal injury, and contained an electronic data recorder (EDR) download. Data was downloaded from the NHTSA and IIHS crash test databases for comparison. Data was run through a MATLAB algorithm calculating the maximum velocity-time profile slope. This data was compared to the available crash tests. Results The CIREN vehicle EDR velocity-time slopes ranged from 233 m/s2 to 434 m/s2 for crashes with a delta-v range of 42 km/h to 77 km/h. NHTSA NCAP comparable data was available for all cases, and the slopes ranged from 263 m/s2 to 405 m/s2 calculated from the collected accelerometer. Three comparable tests were available from the IIHS database and the calculated slopes ranged from 252 m/s2 to 298 m/s2. Four test vehicles had EDR data, two each from NHTSA and IIHS and slopes ranged from 245 m/s2 to 281 m/s2. The crash test EDRs slope calculations were lower than the accelerometer data. Nine of the 12 case vehicles had slope values lower than the comparable NCAP accelerometer velocity-time slopes. Conclusions Vehicle velocity-time profile can be beneficial to examine the characteristics of crash severity and potential injury. This small sample of field crashes did not indicate a clear relationship of abdominal injury related to crash severity measured by the EDR delta-v slope. EDR results can be considered when determining crash severity, but the limitations need to be understood.
OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH FLOATING BREAKWATERS

In the past few years floating breakwaters used for the protection of marina facilities have found increasing application. They provide a cost-effective solution at many potential sites and alleviate the environmental damage associated with more traditional breakwater construction. Operational experience has shown that these devices are effective in reducing incident wave heights where they are not subjected to long-period ocean waves. Experience also indicates suitable construction materials. Problems have developed in providing satisfactory connections between segments, but the large anchoring forces that were originally expected have not materialized in field measurements.
Special Education in Middle and High School

This chapter includes three sections addressing historical, current, and emerging issues in teaching reading comprehension to students with disabilities. The first section reviews special education law, statistics, and practices as they relate to middle and school. The second section reviews the information presented in the content area chapters and discusses how the information presented works with students in special education but receiving the majority of their content instruction (80 % or more of the day) in general education settings. The final section presents an overview of effective instructional practices in light of new issues being raised with instructional fidelity and the need to have students more actively engaged in reading diverse texts, including those that are computer-based.
An examination of the relationships between professional quality of life, adverse childhood experiences, resilience, and work environment in a sample of human service providers

Abstract The current study investigated the relationship between ACEs, resilience, and work environment and professional quality of life including compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary trauma stress among a group of child welfare professionals working with children in the foster care system. Participants were 192 professionals representing 48 organizations providing a range of services for children residing in foster care within a large metropolitan area in the southern USA. Data showed that professionals had more ACEs than the norm sample (4 or more ACEs: 25.1% v. 12.5%). However, contrary to our hypotheses, regression analysis revealed that individuals with more ACEs had higher compassion satisfaction and lower rates of burnout. Moreover, number of ACEs was not significantly related to secondary traumatic stress. The variables found most predictive of poor professional quality of life were low levels of resilience and controlling organizational leadership. Ways to improve professional quality of life amid human service professionals and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Dendrimers in Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis

The sections in this article are Overview Introduction Basic Properties and Applications of Dendrimers Structural Features and Chemical and Biological Properties Basic Features of Dendritic Macromolecules are Inspired by Nature Comparison of the Properties of Dendrimers and Conventional Synthetic Polymers Comparison of the Properties of Dendrimers and Proteins (a Biological Polymer) Dendritic Macromolecules Possess a Wealth of Possible Applications Methods for Dendrimer Synthesis History and Basic Strategies Cascade Reactions are the Foundation of Dendrimer Synthesis Dendrimer Synthesis has Expanded Dramatically in the Past Two Decades Strategies, Cores, and Building Blocks for Dendritic Macromolecules Dendrimers are Constructed from Simple “Building Blocks” The Synthesis of Dendrimers Follows Either a Divergent or Convergent Approach Heterogeneously-functionalized Dendrimers Basic Description and Synthetic Considerations Glycosylation is an Example of Surface Modification with Multiple Bioactivities Dendrimers in Drug Delivery Dendrimers are Versatile Nano-devices for the Delivery of Diverse Classes of Drugs Dendritic Drug Delivery: Encapsulation of Guest Molecules Dendrimers have Internal Cavities that can Host Encapsulated Guest Molecules Using Dendrimers for Gene Delivery Release of Encapsulated “Pro-drugs” Covalent Conjugation Strategies Dendrimers Overcome many Limitations Inherent in Polymeric Conjugation Strategies Dendrimer Conjugates can be Used as Vaccines Release of Covalently-delivered “Pro-drugs” Fine-tuning Dendrimer Properties to Facilitate Delivery and Ensure Bioactivity Delivery Requires Avoiding Non-specific Uptake “Local” Considerations: Contact with, and Uptake by, the Target Cell Drug Delivery: Ensuring the Biocompatibility of Dendritic Delivery Vehicles Biocompatibility Entails Avoiding “Side Effects” such as Toxicity and Immunogenicity Water Solubility and Immunogenicity Inherent and Induced Toxicity Dendrimers in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Dendrimers have Attractive Properties for Cancer Treatment Dendrimer-sized Particles Passively Accumulate at the Sites of Tumors Multifunctional Dendrimers can Selectively Target Biomarkers found on Cancer Cells Methods for Targeting Specific Biomarkers of Cancer Targeting by Folate, a Small Molecule Ligand Targeting by Monoclonal Antibodies Dendrimers in Cancer Diagnosis and Imaging Labeled Dendrimers are Important Research Tools for Biodistribution Studies Towards Clinical Use: MRI Imaging Agents Steps Towards the Clinical Realization of Dendrimer-based Cancer Therapies The Stage is now set for Dendrimer-based Cancer Therapy Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Innovations Promise to Speed Progress “Mix-and-Match” Strategy of Bifunctional Dendritic Clusters Towards Therapeutic Exploitation of Glycosylation Abnormalities found in Cancer Towards Targeting Metabolically-engineered Carbohydrate Epitopes Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments
Superficial and Medium-Depth Chemical Peels

We are currently in an era of rapid development of new techniques for skin enhancement and rehabilitation, some of which offer the possibilities of dramatic results, with minimized discomfort and diminished downtime. The goal of chemical peeling is to remove a controlled uniform thickness of damaged skin to improve and smooth the texture of the facial skin by removing the superficial layers and stimulate a wound healing response. In response to the chemical injury, fibroblasts in the papillary dermis increase production of collagen and growth factors. The collagen increase in turns thickens the dermis, which enhances the tensile strength of the skin and yields the clinical appearance of rejuvenation. Skin anatomy, technique of superficial and medium-depth peeling, postoperative care, and possible complications are discussed. Expertly performed chemical peels with healthy wound healing can achieve a significant reduction in facial rhytids, dyschromias, solar changes, acne, and superficial scarring.
A computer laboratory for structural geologists

Abstract The ability to visualize and analyze complex natural patterns and processes is essential for a proper understanding of geologic structures. Personal computers can help students improve their understanding by aiding visual presentations, process simula-tions, and complex calculations. However, most academic institutions lack the funds necessary to set up state-of-the art facilities geared to the needs of structure students. Nevertheless, great improvements in acili-ties may be achieved relatively cheaply by careful selection of hardware and software that is considered obsolete by those in pursuit of the current leading edge. This contribution offers advice on the design of computer laboratory facilities for the impoverished professor.
The atractyloside-sensitive nucleotide binding site in a membrane preparation from rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract Treatment of rat liver mitochondria with the nonionic detergent Lubrol-WX results in loss of 70% of the protein in soluble form. The vesicular membrane preparation recovered after this treatment is freely penetrated by sucrose and no longer can retain a pool of internal adenine nucleotides; however, it retains the capacity to bind adenine nucleotides in an atractyloside-sensitive reaction. The atractyloside-sensitive site was found to be specific for ADP and ATP; AMP is not bound. The affinity of the preparation for ADP and ATP at the atractyloside-sensitive sites is very high (Kd about 1 µm). The maximum amount of nucleotide bound to these sites has been estimated as about 0.2 nmole per mg of total mitochondrial protein. The affinity for atractyloside is also extremely high; Ki is less than 1 µm. ADP or ATP bound to the atractyloside-sensitive sites is readily exchangeable with free nucleotides in the medium. Atractyloside cannot displace nucleotides from their binding sites. Furthermore, since no competition between nucleotide and atractyloside is apparent, atractyloside and ADP are probably bound at different specific sites on the "carrier" molecule. When atractyloside is bound first, neither ATP nor ADP can be bound at the nucleotide site. On the other hand, when the nucleotide site is occupied first, subsequent binding of atractyloside at its site prevents the loss or exchange of the bound ADP (or ATP). These properties suggest that the specific ADP-ATP exchange diffusion carrier in the membrane may undergo conformational changes on binding atractyloside so that nucleotides cannot be bound or, if they have already been bound, they cannot be lost.
Making Synapses: A Balancing Act

How do excitatory and inhibitory synapses form between billions of neurons in the brain during development. As Hussain and Sheng discuss in their Perspective, one clue comes from recent work published here ( Chih et al.) and elsewhere. Apparently, interactions between proteins called neuroligins and the protein-neurexin help to bring presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes together in the correct alignment, thus enabling formation of synapses.
Neuropsychological Assessment in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults. It represents a significant public health concern because of its associated personal, social, and economic burden. As such, AD is the focus of considerable research worldwide. This unit reviews the major cognitive and behavioral impairments associated with AD, and the practical application of current neuropsychological procedures used to assess these deficits.
Relax, compensate and then recover: a theory of anytime, approximate inference

This talk is based on two main ideas, one concerning exact probabilistic inference and the second concerning approximate probabilistic inference. Both ideas have their roots in symbolic inference and do complement each other.
Localized hypertrophic emphysema.

Localized hypertrophic emphysema is a distinct clinical entity occurring in infants which seems to be congenital in etiology. The possible explanations of the mechanical factors causing this condition are discussed. Resection of the involved segments or lobe is indicated to improve respiration and prevent the occurrence of pectus excavatum.
The Polemics of Exile in Jeremiah 26–45: THE REDACTION OF JEREMIAH 1–25:13+OAN

jeremiah 30–31 were updated at a time when major units of Jeremianic literature were already circulating among the exiles of 597 BCE. The oracles make reference to the independent collection of chs. 27–29 (30:3 invokes 29:14) as well as important older passages currently found outside of that collection (31:27 refers to 1:10–12; 31:33 refers to 24:7). That the closing lines of chs. 30–31 make reference to passages from early in the prophet's career (1:10–12) and a relatively contemporaneous oracle (Jer 24:7) speaks to the likelihood that the prophet's “active corpus” circa 594/3 was comprised of oracles spanning Jeremiah 1–24, a conclusion supported by form-critical and rhetorical considerations as well. We may surmise that the redaction of chs. 30–31 was also connected to the event narrated in the colophon of Seraiah (Jer 51:59–64), which was affixed to an early form of the oracle against Babylon (Jeremiah 50–51) that Seraiah was commanded to read and throw into the Euphrates as a symbolic act. By the end of the first decade of the sixth century, Jeremiah 27–29/30–31/50–51 constituted a distinct collection directed to the favored 597 community, conveying teachings specifically geared for them but presenting them in rhetorical forms that supported those teachings. But this unique literary collection could not obviate the earlier collections of oracles that the prophet had composed, the force of which still applied to the corrupt Judeans living in the homeland who had yet to endure the inevitable wrath of yhwh .
Demand‐driven propagation‐based strategies for testing changes

SUMMARY Test-suite augmentation techniques enhance test suites for software changes. In previous work, we introduced an augmentation technique that enumerates the conditions for the propagation of the effects of changes. Empirical studies showed that this technique can test changes effectively but, because of the high complexity of the technique, the experiments were small and the propagation distances from each change were limited. In this paper, we present a new, demand-driven approach for performing this propagation-based testing of changes that achieves much greater distances and that enables larger and more significant studies. We implemented this new approach and studied it on a set of changes in Java programs by comparing, to a larger extent than possible before, propagation-based strategies with other change testing techniques. Our results confirm, with statistical significance, the superiority of propagation-based strategies over other techniques, and show that these strategies are especially effective for those changes that are the most difficult to test.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells: a model system to study Chlamydia interaction with host cells

Chlamydia spp. are major causes of important human diseases, but dissecting the host-pathogen interactions has been hampered by the lack of bacterial genetics and the difficulty in carrying out forward genetic screens in mammalian hosts. RNA interference (RNAi)-based methodologies for gene inactivation can now be easily carried out in genetically tractable model hosts, such as Drosophila melanogaster, and offer a new approach to identifying host genes required for pathogenesis. We tested whether Chlamydia trachomatis infection of D. melanogaster S2 cells recapitulated critical aspects of mammalian cell infections. As in mammalian cells, C. trachomatis entry was greatly reduced by heparin and cytochalasin D. Inclusions were formed in S2 cells, acquired Golgi-derived sphingolipids, and avoided phagolysosomal fusion. Elementary body (EB) to reticulate body (RB) differentiation was observed, however, no RB to EB development or host cell killing was observed. RNAi-mediated inactivation of Rac, a Rho GTPase recently shown to be required for C. trachomatis entry in mammalian cells, inhibits C. trachomatis infection in S2 cells. We conclude that Drosophila S2 cells faithfully mimic early events in Chlamydia host cell interactions and provides a bona fide system to systematically dissect host functions important in the pathogenesis of obligate intracellular pathogens.
Use of a Dual-Marker Form of Analysis to Estimate Binding Constants Between Receptors and Ligands by Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis

This work describes the use of a dual-standard analysis approach termed the time-average ratio (TAR) in affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) to estimate binding constants of receptors to ligands. In this form of analysis the TAR is the migration time of the receptor divided by the average of the sum of the migration times of two non-interacting standards. This change in TAR as a function of the concentration of ligand yields a value for the binding constant. This concept is demonstrated using three model systems: carbonic anhydrase B (CAB, EC 4.2.1.1) and arylsulfonamides, vancomycin (Van) and ristocetin (Rist) from Streptomyces orientalis and Nocardia lurida, respectively, and d-Ala- d-Ala terminus peptides. Three ACE techniques are used to examine the three systems: standard ACE, flow-through partial-filling ACE (FTPFACE), and on-column derivatization coupled to ACE. The findings described here demonstrate that ACE data analyzed using the TAR form of analysis yield binding constants between receptors and ligands comparable to those estimated using other ACE forms of analysis. A comparison to three other forms of analysis is described.
Effect of hydration ratio on the degree of counterion binding and pH distribution in reverse micelles with aqueous core

Abstract The effects of the hydration ratio, the addition of an electrolyte, and the pH of the stock aqueous solution on the degree of counterion binding, the surface charge density, the concentrations, and the pH distributions in the water pool solubilized by reverse micelles of ionic surfactants in an organic solvent are theoretically investigated. The Poisson-Boltzmann equation along with a site binding model based on the dissociation equilibria of surfactant molecules is employed to determine the electrical potential distribution inside the water pool. Two cases are considered: In Case I, the water pool is assumed to be present only in the interior of the reverse micelles; in this case the Poisson-Boltzmann equation combined with the mass balance equations for the ionic species does not have a unique solution in the potential but has unique solutions in the surface charge density, the degree of counterion binding, and the ionic species concentrations distributions. In Case II, the water pool is assumed to be in equilibrium with a large reservoir of the aqueous stock solution; in this case the solution in the potential is shown to be unique. In the absence of a buffer, the results obtained in Cases I and II for the surface charge density, the degree of counterion binding, and the ionic species concentrations are found to be marginally different from each other. The degree of counterion binding slightly increases, while the absolute surface charge density slightly decreases with increasing hydration ratio and increasing electrolyte concentration. The decrease of the dielectric constant with decreasing hydration ratio leads to an additional increase in the degree of counterion binding. However, in the presence of a buffer, the pH distributions for Cases I and II differ significantly. The calculated results for Case II of the local pH at the reverse micellar surface show qualitative and quantitative agreement with the few experimental results available in literature.
Variations in the spectrum of lesions produced in the DNA of cells from mouse tissues after exposure to gamma-rays in air-breathing or in artificially anoxic animals.

SummaryGamma-ray-induced DNA-protein crosslinks (dpc) are preferentially induced in cultured cells irradiated at very low oxygen tensions (Meyn et al. 1987). Since some cells within mouse tumors may be radiobiologically hypoxic, dpc may also be induced in such cells after irradiation in vivo. To examine this possibility, mice bearing either an FSa or NFSa fibrosarcoma in their hind legs were whole-body irradiated either while breathing atmospheric oxygen or 15 min after cervical dislocation, which induces uniform anoxia. DNA single-strand breaks (ssb) and dpc were then assayed both in tumors and normal tissues by alkaline elution. The level of dpc was inferred from the observed increase in ssb yield after digestion of the cell lysates with proteinase K. In addition, cell suspensions were irradiated in vitro, on ice, exposed to atmospheric oxygen tensions. Few dpc were detected in the DNA from tumor cells irradiated in vitro; however, in cells from both FSa and NFSa tumors irradiated in situ there was a si...
The structure of educational research: The role of multivocality in promoting cohesion in an article interlock network

Researchers interested in the social and intellectual features of scholarly knowledge have emphasized the importance of small-scale, informally organized groups of people interested in the same or closely related research problems. The structure of these social networks, in large part, influences the way which research problems are identified, studied and transformed into policy. Building on popular concerns about the state of the educational research field, this study examines what its structure implies about the field's ability to integrate ideas and practices. Using data about which articles readers access from the online database of the Teachers College Record, one of the field's more popular journals, it is shown that the article interlock network exhibits a structure that fits parameters of both small-world and structurally cohesive models. Furthermore, this study unpacks the network's community structure to show that those articles that serve as the core through which much of the network is connected possess a multivocal identity; an ambiguous identity that appeals to multiple audiences simultaneously. Results are suggestive of mechanisms that could be used to promote greater cohesion across the network's distinct communities.
The role of Cis dimerization of signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) in binding to CD47

Interaction of SIRPα with its ligand, CD47, regulates leukocyte functions, including transmigration, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and cytokine secretion. Recent progress has provided significant insights into the structural details of the distal IgV domain (D1) of SIRPα. However, the structural roles of proximal IgC domains (D2 and D3) have been largely unstudied. The high degree of conservation of D2 and D3 among members of the SIRP family as well as the propensity of known IgC domains to assemble in cis has led others to hypothesize that SIRPα forms higher order structures on the cell surface. Here we report that SIRPα forms noncovalently linked cis homodimers. Treatment of SIRPα-expressing cells with a membrane-impermeable cross-linker resulted in the formation of SDS-stable SIRPα dimers and oligomers. Biochemical analyses of soluble recombinant extracellular regions of SIRPα, including domain truncation mutants, revealed that each of the three extracellular immunoglobulin loops of SIRPα formed dimers in solution. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments using cells transfected with different affinity-tagged SIRPα molecules revealed that SIRPα forms cis dimers. Interestingly, in cells treated with tunicamycin, SIRPα dimerization but not CD47 binding was inhibited, suggesting that a SIRPα dimer is probably bivalent. Last, we demonstrate robust dimerization of SIRPa in adherent, stimulated human neutrophils. Collectively, these data are consistent with SIRPα being expressed on the cell surface as a functional cis-linked dimer.
Biperiden enhances L-DOPA methyl ester and dopamine Dl receptor agonist SKF-82958 but antagonizes D2/D3 receptor agonist rotigotine antihemiparkinsonian actions

Abstract The effects of biperiden (0, 100, and 320 µg/kg), a selective muscarinic M 1 /M 4 receptor cholinergic antagonist, were studied alone and in combination with those of L -DOPA methyl ester (16.7 mg/kg), a selective dopamine D 1 receptor agonist SKF-82958 (74.8 µg/kg), or a selective D 2 /D 3 receptor agonist rotigotine (32 µg/kg) on circling behavior in MPTP induced hemiparkinsonian monkeys. The doses selected were given i.m. in approximately equieffective doses to produce contraversive circling. Biperiden alone with 5% dextrose vehicle produced a slight increase in contraversive circling in a dose related manner. When combined with L -DOPA methyl ester, it enhanced contraversive circling and decreased ipsiversive circling. When biperiden was combined with SKF-82958, contraversive circling also was enhanced and ipsiversive circling decreased. Exactly the opposite was observed with the combination of biperiden and rotigotine. The results indicate a dramatic difference in effects of a prototypic muscarinic M 1 /M 4 receptor cholinergic antagonist in combination with prototypic full dopamine D 1 or D 2 /D 3 receptor agonists. Biperiden interactions with L -DOPA methyl ester were more predominantly D l than D 2 /D 3 receptor-like in this animal model of hemiparkinsonism.
Nociception and inflammatory hyperalgesia evaluated in rodents using infrared laser stimulation after Trpv1 gene knockout or resiniferatoxin lesion

TRPV1 is expressed in a subpopulation of myelinated Aδ and unmyelinated C-fibers. TRPV1+ fibers are essential for the transmission of nociceptive thermal stimuli and for the establishment and maintenance of inflammatory hyperalgesia. We have previously shown that high-power, short-duration pulses from an infrared diode laser are capable of predominantly activating cutaneous TRPV1+ Aδ-fibers. Here we show that stimulating either subtype of TRPV1+ fiber in the paw during carrageenan-induced inflammation or following hind-paw incision elicits pronounced hyperalgesic responses, including prolonged paw guarding. The ultrapotent TRPV1 agonist resiniferatoxin (RTX) dose-dependently deactivates TRPV1+ fibers and blocks thermal nociceptive responses in baseline or inflamed conditions. Injecting sufficient doses of RTX peripherally renders animals unresponsive to laser stimulation even at the point of acute thermal skin damage. In contrast, Trpv1−/− mice, which are generally unresponsive to noxious thermal stimuli at lower power settings, exhibit withdrawal responses and inflammation-induced sensitization using high-power, short duration Aδ stimuli. In rats, systemic morphine suppresses paw withdrawal, inflammatory guarding, and hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent fashion using the same Aδ stimuli. The qualitative intensity of Aδ responses, the leftward shift of the stimulus-response curve, the increased guarding behaviors during carrageenan inflammation or after incision, and the reduction of Aδ responses with morphine suggest multiple roles for TRPV1+ Aδ fibers in nociceptive processes and their modulation of pathological pain conditions.
Studies on oxygen poisoning: protective effect of beta-mercaptoethylamine.

ConclusionsMice exposed to 6 atmospheres of oxygen are protected and their survival prolonged 70% by previous intraperitoneal injection of 3.33 mg of β-mercaptoethylamine per 20 g body weight.
A mechanical device for enhancing the halo density in the TMX-U tandem mirror

Abstract The halo recycler, a mechanical device similar to pump limiters used in tokamaks, is studied as a means of enhancing the halo plasma density in the Tandem Mirror Experiment Upgrade (TMX-U). The recycler structure consists of an annular chamber at each end of the tandem mirror device where the halo plasma is collected. The halo plasma density is increased by recycling the halo ions as they are neutralized by the collector plate. With sufficient power fed into the halo electrons, the recycler can sustain an upstream electron temperature of 30 eV for effective halo shielding while maintaining a low temperature of 5 eV near the collector plate to reduce sputtering. A power flow model has shown that the required power for heating the halo is low enough to make the halo recycler a practical concept.
Platelet Function: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Martin Quinn, Desmond Fitzgerald, eds 397 pages. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2005. $125.00. ISBN 1-58829-244-4 The delicate balance of prothrombotic and antithrombotic processes responsible for clot formation is critical in the prevention of hemorrhage after injury and the maintenance of a patent vessel after plaque rupture. Platelets are anucleate cell-like particles pivotal in the prevention of hemorrhage and central in the formation of clot resulting from arterial disruption. Platelets are often viewed as simple structures; however, there is a growing appreciation of the importance of complex platelet signaling, intercellular interactions, and their modulation of nonthrombotic processes in the vasculature. In this context, the editors of Platelet Function: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment assemble a group of experts in the field of platelet function and biology to examine relevant receptors and signaling pathways and to discuss their impact on platelet function. Early characterization of platelet function involved examination of arachidonic acid metabolism, furthering an understanding of the therapeutic utility of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in vascular disease, most notably aspirin. The discovery and characterization of platelet receptors such as the adenosine diphosphate receptor and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa have been associated with the development of novel classes …
Is bad news always bad? Cue and feedback effects on intrinsic motivation.

Although previous research has suggested that, in general, negative feedback concerning performance reduces intrinsically motivated activity, results of the present study indicate that mild negative feedback can increase intrinsic motivation when associated with environmental cues signalling self-determination (Deci & Ryan, 1985). Subjects working on brain-teasers who were given mild negative feedback—but who had a choice of problems to solve, no expectation of evaluation, and who received scores privately—retained as much or more intrinsic motivation than subjects given positive feedback under the same conditions. Subjects in controlling contexts showed less intrinsic motivation. The measure of intrinsic motivation used in this study was a sum of standardized mood and target activity, following recent criticisms of the use of strictly behavioral measures to operationalize intrinsic motivation (Ryan & Deci, 1986).
Displacement Measurement System For Implantable Hearing Aid

An optoelectronic system for measuring vibrational amplitudes below one micron has been developed. It was used to determine the microvibrational characteristics of the ossicles elicited by a prototype stimulator of an implantable middle ear hearing aid and the vibrational amplitude of a piezo-minifilm or silicon minidiaphragm of an implantable microphone design. Using a laser as light source a resolution of .005 micron was reached. Practical design using commercially available devices are surveyed.
Incorporation of exogenous glycosphingolipids in plasma membranes of cultured hamster cells and concurrent change of growth behavior.

Abstract Globoside added to culture medium was taken up by NIL cells and accumulated as a component of plasma membrane. This was evidenced by the recovery of 3 H-labelled globoside from plasma membrane fractions and by the higher chemical quantity of globoside found in NIL cells cultured in medium containing globoside. Concomitantly the following changes in growth behavior were manifested: a reduction in growth rate due to an extended prereplicative phase and a reduced saturation density which may result from changed adhesive properties of cells.
Hollow sapphire waveguides for remote radiometric temperature measurements

Hollow sapphire waveguides have been successfully employed for remote radiometric temperature measurements over an extended temperature range (30°C to 1650°Q. These waveguides not only exhibit an infrared transmission window from 10 to 17μm, which permits low temperature blackbody detection, but the sapphire also possesses an intrinsic melting point of 2053°C, enabling their operation in high temperature environments.
Men Facing Their Vulnerabilities: Group Processes for Men Who Have Sexually Offended:

This essay describes the clinical work the author has been doing for ten years with men who have committed sex offenses, specifically the major factors that have contributed to their behavior. Of t...