cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aprotinin: effective, but risky?

Background: The majority of patients undergoing surgical treatment for ST-elevation myocardial infarction receive antifibrinolytic therapy to limit blood loss. This approach appears counterintuitive to the accepted medical treatment of the same conditionnamely, flbrinolysis to limit thrombosis. Despite this concern, no independent, large-scale safety assessment has been undertaken. Methods: In this observational study involving 4374 patients undergoing revascularization, we prospectively assessed three agents (aprotinin [1295 patients], aminocaproic acid [883], and tranexamic acid [822]) as compared with no agent (1374 patients) with regard to serious outcomes by propensity and multivariable methods. (Although aprotinin is a serine protease inhibitor, here we use the term antifibrinolytic therapy to include all three agents.) Results: In propensity-adjusted, multivariable logistic regression (C-index, 0.72), use of aprotinin was associated with a doubling in the risk of renal failure requiring dialysis among patients undergoing complex coronary-artery surgery (odds ratio, 2.59; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.36 to 4.95) or primary surgery (odds ratio, 2.34; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.27 to 4.311. Similarly, use of aprotinin in the latter group was associated with a 55 percent increase in the risk of myocardial infarction or heart failure (P<0.001) and a 181 percent increase in the risk of stroke or encephalopathy (P=0.001). Neither aminocaproic acid nor tranexamic acid was associated with an increased risk of renal, cardiac, or cerebral events. Adjustment according to propensity score for the use of any one of the three agents as compared with no agent yielded nearly identical findings. All the agents reduced blood loss. Conclusions: The association between aprotinin and serious end-organ damage indicates that continued use is not prudent. In contrast, the less expensive generic medications aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid are safe alternatives.
Models for the large eddy simulation equations to describe multi-species mixing occuring at supercritical pressure

An existing database of direct numerical simulations (DNS) representing mixing of species under supercritical pressure (supercritical-ρ) conditions has been investigated for the purpose of understanding the modeling of the gradient of the filtered pressure, the divergence of the filtered heat flux, and the divergence of the filtered species mass flux, all in the context of large eddy simulation (LES). The analysis consists of two separate parts. The activities of all terms appearing in the LES equations are first evaluated, and the dominant terms for each of the transport equations are identified. These data are used to check whether the standard LES assumptions−i.e., that the three above quantities are equal to the gradient of the pressure and the divergences of the fluxes computed from the filtered flow field, respectively−that are routinely used for atmospheric-ρ flows, continue to be valid also in the realm of supercritical-ρ conditions. Having found that these assumptions do not hold under supercritical-ρ conditions, alternative modeling strategies for these terms are proposed, and their accuracy with respect to the standard LES assumptions is assessed.
Expression of neuronal-NOS in developing basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: Regulation by NGF

Nerve growth factor (NGF) acts through the receptor tyrosine kinase trkA to serve as a trophic factor for cholinergic neurons in the medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the diagonal band. We have previously shown that the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is selectively expressed in a large fraction of trkA-expressing cholinergic neurons in these brain regions in the adult rat, and that NGF induces the expression of neuronal-NOS in these cells. Herein, we show that: 1) neuronal-NOS is also localized to these neurons in the developing septum; 2) the expression of neuronal-NOS is regulated in the developing medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the diagonal band; 3) neuronal-NOS regulation parallels that for other markers of basal forebrain cholinergic neuron differentiation, such as cholineacetyltransferase; and 4) NGF infusion in the postnatal period induces robust increases in neuronal-NOS mRNA and in NOS activity in the basal forebrain. Taken together with earlier findings, our results suggest that neuronal-NOS has a role in the differentiation and mature function of septal cholinergic neurons. Through enhancing neuronal-NOS synthesis, endogenous NGF is likely to regulate NO functions in vivo.
String potential model: Spinless quarks.

We propose a generalization of the usual potential model of quark bound states in which the confining flux tube is a dynamical object carrying both angular momentum and energy. The QQ-bar-string system with spinless quarks is quantized using an implicit operator technique and the resulting relativistic wave equation is solved. For heavy quarks the usual Schroedinger valence-quark model is recovered. The Regge slope with light quarks agrees with the classical rotating-string result and is significantly larger than that given by the normal potential model. Quark mass variation and the effects of short-range forces are also considered.
Preparation of 17α-iodoethynylandrosta- and 17α-(2-iodoethenyl) androsta-4,6-dien-17β-ol-3-ones as active site-directed photoaffinity ligands for androgen-binding proteins☆

Abstract Unsaturated analogues of androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, each with a 17α-iodoethynyl or 17α-(2-iodoethenyl) substituent, were prepared, and their relative binding affinities (RBAs) for androgen-binding protein (ABP) were compared with those of 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one, androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, androsta-4, 6-dien-17β-ol-3-one, and androsta-1,4,6-trien-17β-ol-3-one. These binding studies indicate that the iodine[125I] analogues of 17α-iodoethynyl and 17α-[(E)-2-iodoethenyl] derivatives of androsta-4,6-dien-17β-ol-3-one and androsta-1,4,6-trien-17β-ol-3-one will have RBAs at least twice as great as that of 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one. They can be prepared from 17α-ethynylandrosta-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, the final synthetic step using N-[125I]iodosuccinimide, and are potential radioiodinated, active site-directed photoaffinity ligands for ABP and testosterone-binding globulin.
Induction of Differentiation in Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells by Tumor Promoters

Phorbol diester tumor promoters and the promoter mezerein convert human promyelocytic leukemia cells in culture into adherent, nonproliferating cells with many of the characteristics of macrophages. Other types of promoters such as anthralin, phenobarbital, and saccharin do not have this effect. Various compounds that can inhibit some of the biological and biochemical effects of tumor promoters do not interfere with the induction of cell adherence and differentiation by the effective promoters.
A phospholyl complex of indium

Abstract Reaction of InCl with the phospholyl anion, K(18-crown-6)+[PC4Me4]−, yielded the indium(III) ate complex K(18-crown-6)+[(Me4C4P)2]InCl2]−. Its structure was determined by X-ray diffraction.
The Use of Aquatics with Cerebral Palsied Adolescents

This article demonstrates the use of adaptive aquatics in an occupational therapy treatment program for a physically disabled adolescent. Included are developmental issues as they relate to the handicapped adolescent population, the concept of purposeful activity in occupational therapy, the choice of swimming as an activity for treatment, activity analysis for treatment planning, and an interdisciplinary approach to treatment. A single case study was used to exemplify the use of swimming as a purposeful activity. Therapeutic implications of the program are discussed.
The National Survey of Student Engagement: A university‐level analysis

The National Survey of Student Engagement has been administered to freshmen and seniors at colleges and universities across the USA and Canada, since the spring of 2000, to gather information about the nature and the quality of their education. After each administration, participating schools are provided with an institutional report, including results for five benchmarks of effective educational practice. The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of these benchmark scores at a particular university. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis suggest that the benchmarks are not valid indicators of students’ perceptions at this school. Discussion regarding uses of national data collections for individual institutions is provided.
Information Needs during Viewing of Serious and Routine News.

This survey found differences in information needs during the viewing of serious news versus routine news. During routine news there were more basic awareness questions, while during serious news there were more questions regarding decision making, opinion formation, and checking for accuracy. The study suggests that routine news media could enhance the informing process by including analytic perspectives to engage viewers more in decision making and opinion development.
INTERVIEWER ASSESSMENTS OF APPLICANT “FIT”: AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION

Although both strategic management theorists and practicing recruiters endorse selecting applicants on the basis of “fit,” precise delineation of fit in a selection context remains elusive. Moreover, the majority of previous work in this area has been based on anecdotes, case studies, or prescriptions rather than empirical evidence. The present investigation examines interviewers' assessments of job applicants in terms of both general and firm-specific employability (i.e., fit). Results suggest that (1) assessments of general employability differ from firm-specific assessments, (2) there is a firm-specific component to interviewers' evaluations of job applicants, and (3) interpersonal skills, goal orientation, and physical attractiveness contribute to assessments of fit (holding general employability constant), while objective qualifications (e.g., grade point average, extracurricular offices, years experience) do not. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Multtphase Materials with Lignin. III. Polyblends with Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

Abstract Organosolv lignin (OSL) from red oak, and its corresponding hydroxypropyl lignin (HPL) derivative, were blended in the melt with polyethylene and with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, and injection molded. Lignin (derivative) content and vinyl acetate (VA) content both served as process variables. All mixtures produced immiscible blends, both by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis. However, the compatibility of the two polymers increased with VA content. Both lignin products proved to be effective modulus builders, but. HPI, was more effective than OSL at VA contents above 20%. Modulus increased roughly in accordance with the rule of mixing. Inferior tensile strength properties were observed with the EVA copolymer if VA content was below 10%, and superior characteristics were noted in materials containing more than 25% VA and between 5 and 20% HPL.
A New Java Program for Graphical Illustration of the Franck−Condon Principle: Application to the I2 Spectroscopy Experiment in the Undergraduate Physical Chemistry Laboratory

Requires FCIntensity.jar Themeasurement and subsequent analysis of I2 absorption and emission spectra is a standard experiment in the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory (1-5). The observation of interesting intensity alternations in the dispersed fluorescence spectrum and the lack of clear alternations in the absorption spectrum are a manifestation of the Franck-Condon principle, which is an important concept in physical chemistry. Discussion of the Franck-Condon principle, although often neglected in the undergraduate curriculum, can illustrate the connection between vibrational eigenfunctions and transition probabilities. We have developed a portable, flexible, and user-friendly program to illustrate the relationship between Franck-Condon factors and the observed spectral intensities. Students also explore the effects of changing spectroscopic parameters on the predicted spectra. FCIntensity is a Java program that computes the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the Morse oscillator Hamiltonian using numerical methods. The program is easily uploaded and implemented on a personal computer and permits facile manipulation of input parameters (Figure 1). As part of the analysis of our I2 laboratory, the students are given the ground state Re (2.6664 A) value and asked to obtain the best-fit B-state Re by comparing the calculated intensity distribution to experiment. Although the calculated intensity patterns do not exactly match experiment (given the Morse approximation that can be discussed), only B-state Re values near 3 A provide an acceptable fit. The remarkable sensitivity is surprising to most students. The comparison between calculation and experiment also reveals the dependence of the spectrum to other parameters. For example, changes in Te, ve, and De for the B-state result in shifts of the spectral positions of all emission lines, while changes in De and ve for the ground state result in changes in the spacing between emission lines. Once the emission spectrum has been analyzed, we ask the students to use the program to simulate the measured absorption spectrum using the same parameters. Calculations using v00 =0, 1, 2 provide visual confirmation of the location of the hotbands and, through inspection of the vibrational wave functions, the origins of the nonoscillatory behavior relative to the emission spectrum.
Towards an international framework for communication disorders: use of the ICF.

There has been an interest in the World Health Organization's framework of functioning and disability by those in communication disorders since the original 1980 International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH). In 2001, WHO published the substantially revised International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). This framework is gaining in acceptance as a system that would be beneficial for the field and for our clients. This article describes the basics of the ICF and how it differs from the ICIDH; the possible applications of the ICF to communication disorders; some of the work done with the ICF in communication disorders internationally; and the benefits to the field from increased interdisciplinary and international collaboration using the ICF as a common framework. Learning outcomes: As a result of this activity the reader will be able to: (1) describe the basics of the ICF, (2) describe the applications of the ICF to communication disorders, and (3) describe the possible impact upon the field internationally.
The Alternatively Spliced Δe13 Transcript of the Rabbit Calcitonin Receptor Dimerizes with the C1a Isoform and Inhibits Its Surface Expression

Numerous alternatively spliced transcripts are generated from the gene for the G protein-coupled calcitonin receptor, and some of the splice variants show differences in receptor-mediated signaling events. This study showed that the Δe13 splice variant of the rabbit calcitonin receptor is expressed together with the more common C1a in osteoclast-like cells. Since other G protein-coupled receptors form homo- or heterodimers, we examined whether heterodimerization of the calcitonin receptor splice variants occurs and, if so, whether it affects the function of the receptor. Homodimers of both isoforms and Δe13/C1a heterodimers were detected by co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis. In contrast to the C1a isoform, the Δe13 isoform was not efficiently transported to the cell surface. When co-expressed with the C1a splice variant, the Δe13 isoform colocalized with the C1a isoform within the cell but not at the cell surface. Furthermore, the overexpression of the Δe13 variant led to a significant reduction of the C1a surface expression and consequently a reduction of the cAMP response and Erk phosphorylation after ligand stimulation. We therefore suggest that the Δe13 variant of the rabbit calcitonin receptor acts to regulate the surface expression of the C1a isoform.
Rise of a dark bubble through a quiescent prominence

We report on a dynamical event observed in a quiescent prominence on 2007 November 8: a well-formed dark "bubble" with a bright core rose vertically through the prominence without causing it to erupt. This event was observed in Hα and He I 1083 nm with the instruments of the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory. The dark bubble had a size of over 40'' and rose from the prominence base, at an average speed of ~12 km s−1, forming a bright compression front as it traversed the prominence. It finally assumed a "keyhole" shape before fading. The bright core embedded in the dark bubble was observed to rise from the solar limb, accelerating from ~12 to ~20 km s−1, leaving a thin trail of material behind. Subsequent observations indicate that this was not an exceptional event, but rather that similar disturbances do occur occasionally in prominences without disrupting them. In this Letter we present the November 8 observations, and propose a possible interpretation of the physical mechanism behind these dynamic events.
Effects of baseline anxiety on response to kindling of the right medial amygdala

The effects of kindling of the right anterior medial amygdala of Wistar rats was studied. Kindling lastingly increased anxiety (decreased open-arm exploration) in the elevated plus-maze 1 week after the last kindled seizure, replicating previous findings. Changes in anxiety were independent of changes in exploration or activity in either the plus-maze or hole board. A new finding is the dependence on baseline behavior of kindling induced behavioral changes. Using a novel-retest paradigm, it was possible to retest rats in the plus-maze without changes in their open arm explorations. This permitted pretesting rats to determine their baseline levels of plus-maze anxiety. Controls proved to be stable in their plus-maze behavior over a retest interval of 3 weeks. Rats below the median level of Test 1 open-arm exploration were unaffected by kindling. Those above the Test 1 median level of open-arm exploration showed reduced exploration following kindling. Kindling did not affect closed-arm entries in the plus-maze in this analysis. However, it was discovered that rats with arm entries below a critical level on Test 1 showed an increase in closed-arm entries following kindling. These findings point out how baseline behaviors can interact with kindling to influence behavioral outcome. Risk assessment was unchanged by kindling in this study, unlike previous reports. Subtle changes in focus location within the medial amygdala may have altered the effects of kindling on risk assessment. The electrodes in this study were in a slightly but significantly different location in the medial amygdala than in previous studies. As in previous studies, risk assessment was measured as frequency and duration of stretch attend postures toward the open arm of the plus maze when the hind quarters were in the closed arms. Risk assessment was taken as a ratio of time spent in the closed arms of the maze. This study, along with others reviewed elsewhere, suggest that a complex set of factors contributes to the effects of kindling on behavior. The fact that previous studies have not taken them into account perhaps explains inconsistencies in the reported behavioral effects of kindling on behavior in rodents.
Improved Sensitivity of AlGaN/GaN Field Effect Transistor Biosensors by Optimized Surface Functionalization

In this paper, we optimize the AlGaN surface oxidation methods for AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistor (HFET) biological sensors. Reactive ion etching oxygen plasma, inductively coupled oxygen plasma, and piranha solution are used to oxidize AlGaN surface. After oxidation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements are used to check oxidation effectiveness. Labeled streptavidin (SA) molecules are bound to the oxidized surface through linker molecules for comparison of surface modification effectiveness. Schottky diodes are fabricated to investigate the impacts of oxidation processes on electrical properties, such as Schottky barrier heights, sheet carrier concentrations, and interface trap densities. The results show that the inductively coupled plasma oxidation process has a superior behavior compared to the reactive ion etching oxygen plasma and piranha solution oxidation processes. AlGaN/GaN HFET protein sensors fabricated using the inductively coupled plasma oxidation process have exhibited improved sensitivity. An SA solution with the concentration as low as 4.73 pM were successfully detected.
The effect of race on prospective jurors’ trust in courtroom participants: A research note

Recent controversial trials have again raised questions about the composition of juries and jury members’ attitudes. This study explores the effect of a prospective juror's race on the amount of trust ascribed to major courtroom participants. Based on a survey of individuals eligible for jury duty, we find that race demonstrates an independent effect on trust levels. African‐American prospective jurors were least likely to ascribe trust to prosecution actors (authorities) and most likely to ascribe trust to defense actors, but these attitudinal positions resulted in an essentially neutral position. Hispanics demonstrated levels of trust between African‐Americans and Whites. Whites provided the greatest attitudinal difference between trust of prosecution and defense, with the lowest defense trust scores and the highest prosecution trust scores.
An information theoretic approach to rule induction from databases

An algorithm for the induction of rules from examples is introduced. The algorithm is novel in the sense that it not only learns rules for a given concept (classification), but it simultaneously learns rules relating multiple concepts. This type of learning, known as generalized rule induction, is considerably more general than existing algorithms, which tend to be classification oriented. Initially, it is focused on the problem of determining a quantitative, well-defined rule preference measure. In particular, a quantity called the J-measure is proposed as an information-theoretic alternative to existing approaches. The J-measure quantifies the information content of a rule or a hypothesis. The information theoretic origins of this measure are outlined, and its plausibility as a hypothesis preference measure is examined. The ITRULE algorithm, which uses the measure to learn a set of optimal rules from a set of data samples, is defined. Experimental results on real-world data are analyzed. >
Asymmetric Voltage Sag Control Strategy for Grid-Connected PV System Based on PIR Controller

This paper proposes an improved LVRT control strategy based on PIR controller for grid-connected photovoltaic system under asymmetric voltage sag fault. First, the PIR current controller is designed in the positive synchronous frame without the need to decompose the positive and negative sequence components and the dynamic adjustment method for the current-reference calculation is given in order to gain a constant active power. And then, the principle how control strategies switching between the one in normal state and the other one in fault state is revealed in detail. Finally, simulations and experiment test on a 500kVA grid-connected photovoltaic inverter verify that this control strategy achieves good dynamic performance and it improves the PV inverters’ capacity of riding through asymmetric voltage sag fault effectively.
Analysis of combustion-driven acoustics

Combustion-driven acoustic oscillations are investigated by performing a one-dimensional stability analysis of a burner-stabilized premixed flame. In contrast to other investigators, no initial acoustic wave is assumed in the analysis; the downstream acoustic field results from flame instability. Two models are considered: the thermodiffusive model (uncoupled model) and the fully coupled thermodiffusive-hydrodynamic model. The fully coupled problem exhibits instability at a much lower critical Lewis number than the uncoupled problem.
Does Concentration Matter? Measurement of Petroleum Merger Price Effects

We have estimated the price effects of two changes in market structure resulting from two changes in the ownership of gasoline refineries in the San Francisco Bay area: Tosco's purchase of Unocal's Rodeo refinery in April 1997 and UDS's purchase of Tosco's Avon refinery in August 2000. These events provide a relatively unique opportunity to test a price concentration relationship. If market concentration is related to price, then we should observe prices increase and then decrease by a similar amount following these transactions. We do not find evidence of a consistent price concentration relationship.
Low-density parity-check codes based on finite geometries: a rediscovery and new results

This paper presents a geometric approach to the construction of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Four classes of LDPC codes are constructed based on the lines and points of Euclidean and projective geometries over finite fields. Codes of these four classes have good minimum distances and their Tanner (1981) graphs have girth 6. Finite-geometry LDPC codes can be decoded in various ways, ranging from low to high decoding complexity and from reasonably good to very good performance. They perform very well with iterative decoding. Furthermore, they can be put in either cyclic or quasi-cyclic form. Consequently, their encoding can be achieved in linear time and implemented with simple feedback shift registers. This advantage is not shared by other LDPC codes in general and is important in practice. Finite-geometry LDPC codes can be extended and shortened in various ways to obtain other good LDPC codes. Several techniques of extension and shortening are presented. Long extended finite-geometry LDPC codes have been constructed and they achieve a performance only a few tenths of a decibel away from the Shannon theoretical limit with iterative decoding.
Kinetic modeling of nucleation experiments involving SO 2 and OH: new insights into the underlying nucleation mechanisms

Abstract. Nucleation is an important source of atmospheric aerosols which have significant climatic and health implications. Despite intensive theoretical and field studies over the past decades, the dominant nucleation mechanism in the lower troposphere remains to be mysterious. Several recent laboratory studies on atmospheric nucleation may shed light on this important problem. However, the most interesting finding from those studies was based on the derived H2SO4 concentration whose accuracy has not yet been evaluated by any other means. Moreover, the threshold H2SO4 concentration needed to reach the same degree of nucleation reported by two separate nucleation studies varies by about one order of magnitude. In this study, we apply a recently updated kinetic nucleation model to study the nucleation phenomena observed in those recent experiments. We show that the H2SO4 concentration can be estimated with a higher level of accuracy with the kinetic model by constraining the simulated particle size distributions with observed ones. We find that the required H2SO4 concentrations to achieve the best agreement between modeling and measurements are a factor of ~2 to 4 higher than reported in those experiments. More importantly, by comparing the derived thermodynamic properties associated with the nucleation process, we conclude that different unknown species may participate in the two separate nucleation experimental studies, which may explain the large difference in the reported threshold H2SO4 concentration. Although the unknown species involved has yet to be identified, the derived values of thermodynamic properties can serve as a valuable guideline for the search of their chemical identities using advanced quantum-chemical approaches.
Some considerations concerning the dose and schedule of 5FU and leucovorin: toxicities of two dose schedules from the intergroup colon adjuvant trial (INT-0089).

The therapeutic efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) can be enhanced by the addition of compounds which increase reduced folate pools in tumor cells, thereby increasing the inhibition of thymidylate synthase by 5-FU. In vitro studies have suggested that maximal thymidylate synthase inhibition is achieved when the extracellular folate concentration is 10 mmol/L, which can be achieved in vivo by intravenous doses of 500 mg/M2 of body surface area of leucovorin.1 However, controversy exists concerning the optimal necessary dose of leucovorin, as well as the optimal schedule, when combined with 5-FU. In addition to any theoretical or academic concerns about basing treatment on laboratory-derived, rather than empiric regimens, there are also practical issues involved in choosing an acceptable regimen for clinical practice. In addition to the cost of the leucovorin to the patient, there are also choices to be made concerning the impact of the treatment on nursing facilities, patient travel and patient tolerance.
Differential Radiometers Using Fabry–Perot Interferometric Technique for Remote Sensing of Greenhouse Gases

A new type of remote-sensing radiometer based upon the Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometric technique has been developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and tested from both ground and aircraft platforms. The sensor uses direct or reflected sunlight and has channels for measuring the column concentration of carbon dioxide at 1570 nm, oxygen lines sensitive to pressure and temperature at 762 and 768 nm, and water vapor (940 nm). A solid FP etalon is used as a tunable narrow bandpass filter to restrict the measurement to the gas of interest's absorption bands. By adjusting the temperature of the etalon, which changes the index of refraction of its material, the transmission fringes can be brought into nearly exact correspondence with the absorption lines of the particular species. With this alignment between absorption lines and fringes, changes in the amount of a species in the atmosphere strongly affect the amount of light transmitted by the etalon and can be related to gas concentration. The technique is applicable to different chemical species. We have performed simulations and instrument design studies for CH4, 13CO2 isotope, and CO detection.
Evaluation of sex and lysine during the nursery period.

Split-sex feeding in the grow-finish pe- riod of swine production was an innovative technology of the last decade because of the different growth rates, feed efficiencies, and perhaps different nutrient needs between gilts and barrows. However, due to various weaning strategies, split-sex feeding has not been ade- quately evaluated in the nursery. The objectives of our research were to determine 1) if gilts and barrows re- spondedsimilarlytoincreasedprotein(Lys)afterwean- ing, and 2) if the current NRC estimated requirements for Lys are adequate. Six experiment stations (KS, KY, MI, MN, OH, and SD) utilized 748 pigs (6.7 kg of BW; 19.4 ± 1.1 d of age). The pigs were allotted to 4 treat- ments in 32 replications (5 to 7 pigs/pen) in a random- ized complete block design. Barrows and gilts were penned separately, and complex nursery diets were fed in 3 phases (d 1 to 7, 8 to 21, and 22 to 35). Lysine was provided at the NRC estimated requirements or at 0.20% greater (1.35 vs. 1.55%, 1.25 vs. 1.45%, and 1.15 vs. 1.35% for the 3 phases, respectively). Pigs and feed were weighed initially and at the end of each phase.
The spatio-temporal impulse response of the linearized Navier-Stokes equations

We perform an input-output analysis of the linearized Navier-Stokes equations by investigating their spatio-temporal 'impulse response'. Our first motivation for this problem comes from experimental work, where transition to turbulence is observed to occur either naturally, with so-called 'turbulent spots', or when these spots are intentionally induced in the flow by deliberate external excitation, which can be modeled as a spatio-temporal impulse body force in the Navier-Stokes equations. We compare this computed spatio-temporal impulse response to observed characteristics of turbulent spots and find significant qualitative agreement. Our other motivation is to fully probe the dynamics of the linearized equations, and we find that they exhibit rich and complex structures hitherto unseen by other analysis methods.
DISN global mobile broadband wireless networking services

This paper presents and discusses the Defense Information Service Network (DISN) global mobile wireless networking architecture to extend the range of broadband services to mobile users available to fixed users. The roaming and mobile users will have to operate across a wide range of network performance, and choosing among alternative media and overlays for best performance. Diverse wireless and wired networks are integrated through software that mediates between the mobile terminal and the networks it could possibly connect to, supporting the mobile users as it roams among the multiple networks. The overall objective of the paper is to introduce and resolve technical issues and problems in the development of a mobile and wireless DISN network services, and answer some of the questions on the implementation of the new services and systems.
The effect of fingertip microstructures on tactile edge perception

People rely on tactile edge localization to ascertain the location and structure of edges. When pressure is applied to the skin, skin mechanoreceptors convert compressive stress/strain into neural signals. Many attempts to model this conversion neglect intermediate ridges, on the inside of the stiff epidermis. The receptors associated with detecting compressive and shear stresses reside at the tips of these ridges, suggesting a functional importance in the detection of stress. This work considers how underlying microstructure affects the mechanical propagation of stress to receptors. Two unique indenters are applied to two finite element models of idealized, fingerpad skin - one with ridge microstructure. Findings indicate that microstructure produces high, local stress concentrations at ridge tips near receptors. Because stress is focused at ridges beneath edges, there is a higher contrast of stress between ridge tips near the indenter's edge and those adjacent. This lensing effect mechanism appears to help distinguish edges.
Lifestyle conformity and lifecycle saving: a Veblenian perspective

Since the 1950s, the lifecycle hypothesis has been the dominant explanation for the 'inverse U' in household wealth accumulation. This paper advances an alternative explanation, rooted in the ideas of Veblen, that emphasises the role of lifestyle conformity: Because people tend to adopt lifestyles common to their social group and modify them in standard ways as they age, lifecycle norms impart a certain order to the accumulation of assets and liabilities, which enables people to 'do' lifecycle saving via habitual thinking. After laying out the argument conceptually, the paper provides empirical evidence on the role of conformity in lifecycle saving and discusses its contribution to the current low saving rate in the USA. Copyright The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.
Forelimb kinematics and motor patterns of the slider turtle (Trachemys scripta) during swimming and walking: shared and novel strategies for meeting locomotor demands of water and land

Turtles use their limbs during both aquatic and terrestrial locomotion, but water and land impose dramatically different physical requirements. How must musculoskeletal function be adjusted to produce locomotion through such physically disparate habitats? We addressed this question by quantifying forelimb kinematics and muscle activity during aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in a generalized freshwater turtle, the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta), using digital high-speed video and electromyography (EMG). Comparisons of our forelimb data to previously collected data from the slider hindlimb allow us to test whether limb muscles with similar functional roles show qualitatively similar modulations of activity across habitats. The different functional demands of water and air lead to a prediction that muscle activity for limb protractors (e.g. latissimus dorsi and deltoid for the forelimb) should be greater during swimming than during walking, and activity in retractors (e.g. coracobrachialis and pectoralis for the forelimb) should be greater during walking than during swimming. Differences between aquatic and terrestrial forelimb movements are reflected in temporal modulation of muscle activity bursts between environments, and in some cases the number of EMG bursts as well. Although patterns of modulation between water and land are similar between the fore- and hindlimb in T. scripta for propulsive phase muscles (retractors), we did not find support for the predicted pattern of intensity modulation, suggesting that the functional demands of the locomotor medium alone do not dictate differences in intensity of muscle activity across habitats.
Exploring the Relationship Among the Undesired Self, Health, and Mood in Older Adults

Longitudinal data from older adults were analyzed to examine the impact of health factors on undesired and ideal self-discrepancies; and the association of these 2 self-discrepancies on moods. Results showed that after controlling for self-assessed health (SAH), fatigue/lack of energy was associated with the undesired but not the ideal self. A second set of analyses revealed that the undesired self-discrepancy predicted moods only at high levels of SAH. The ideal self was only associated with anxiety, but only at low levels of SAH. This evidence supports the idea that health-related factors are relevant for the self-discrepancies of older adults, especially the undesired self-discrepancy. We expanded prior evidence by demonstrating that the effects of self-discrepancies on mood are moderated by SAH.
Interrelations of hepatitis B antigen and autoantibodies in chronic idiopathic liver disease.

Autoantibodies to nuclei, smooth muscle, and mitochondria, and the hepatitis Β (HB) antigen were looked for in 94 patients with chronic idiopathic liver disease. Autoantibodies were found in 41 (44%) cases. The HB antigen was found in 18 (19%) cases by counterelectrophoresis, and 22 of 86 cases (26%) by passive hemagglutination inhibition. There was a significant separation of cases into those with autoantibodies but without HB antigen, those with HB antigen but without autoantibodies, and those with neither. However, 3 cases had both the HB antigen and autoantibodies simultaneously: serial serum samples were analyzed in 2 of these cases, and showed that the interrelation of the autoantibody and the HB antigen was not the same in both.
Surgical treatment for pediatric ulcerative colitis

A Ithough ulcerative colitis is primarily a disease of young adults, it is common in children and adolescents. In approximately 30 percent of cases reported by Banks, Xorelitz, and Zetzel,4 in 1957, the onset of the disease was during the first two decades of life. Improved diagnostic techniques and a greater desire by physicians to treat these children in the hospital environment may explain the increase, but a true increased frequency of the disease is also likely. This trend is supported by other clinics in the Umted States, Britain, and Scandinavia.**, “8 The increased frequency of hospital adm&ions for children with ulcerative colitis and the exceedingly poor condition of many pite intensive medical treatment prompted a review of ulcerative colitis in children. The morbidity and mortality of this disease may be lowered appreciably by early elective cokctomy. Removal of this source of chronic infection and hemorrhage may result in rapid growth of the patient, to the normal for the age group, within a few months. Steroids appear to increase the postoperative marbidity and mortality significantly in children with colitis. Ulcerative colitis occurs in infants and favorable results following colec: tomy may also be expected in this age group. The etiolo<gy of ulcerative colitis is obscure and a wide variety of both medical and surgical methods of treatment has been em-
The Natural Look: American Style in the 1970s

The natural look was a trend of the 1970s that emphasized a natural appearance in hair, clothing, makeup, and accessories. The natural look arose from antagonisms in several oppositional cultures a...
Two Monuments, Two Moments: The Night of September 11

I wrote this for myself. It had been a tense day of waiting for my husband, Jed, who was en route to Atlanta on a flight scheduled through Dulles International. Moreover, I work now in student advising at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Some of the students I see are Muslim. Many are mothers. All care deeply about international issues and world peace. I knew that in addition to my own sea of emotions, our center would be a place of venting, raging, crying, comforting. I needed to recall something bright and hold on to it. At the same time, the contrast of the two landmarks gives pause.
Expression of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Tenascin-C Varies During Lactation

Abstract Background: Women diagnosed with pregnancy-associated breast cancer postpartum have a worse prognosis, stage for stage, than other women with breast cancer. The time of breast involution is tumor promotional. The extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C is upregulated during involution in animal models and promotes breast cancer progression. It interacts with transforming growth factor (TGF)β, which also is involved in breast involution and breast cancer progression. Little is known about the expression of tenascin-C during human breast involution, nor its relationship to TGFβ. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of tenascin-C throughout lactation, as well as its relationship to TGFβ1 and TGFβ2. Material and Methodology: Three milk samples from 25 lactating women (transitional, whole, and wean) were collected, separated into components (cells, fat, and skim), and the skim fraction analyzed for total protein, tenascin-C, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2. Tenascin-C, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2 were de...
State Tax Issues Facing Disregarded Entities (Smllcs and Qssss)

Although the federal tax consequences of using disregarded entities have been understood for several years, the state tax consequences continue to evolve. While the guidance has increased steadily over the past few years, some questions still remain regarding the state tax treatment of single-member limited liability companies (SMLLCs) and qualified subchapter S subsidiaries (QSSSs) and their owners. Even though the vast majority of states now conform to the federal income tax classification of SMLLCs and QSSSs, this does not necessarily resolve important state tax issues that the federal income tax rules do not need to address, e.g., income tax and sales tax nexus issues, the reporting of state income tax liability by a multistate SMLLC or QSSS and its owner, and whether transfers of property or services between disregarded entities and their owners will be subject to state sales/use taxes. While the number of states issuing guidance with respect to these issues continues to increase, the positions taken by the states are by no means uniform. Given this landscape, prudent tax planning dictates that businesses and their tax advisors understand the issues involved and the respective positions of those states where the SMLLC or QSSS and their respective owner will operate before using disregarded entities to structure a transaction or reorganize a business.
Is suffering good

To the Editor: I appreciated "Is Suffering the Enemy?" (HCR, March-April 2002) by Richard B. Gunderman. A portion of one paragraph, in particular, caught my attention. The author stated, "We are made for greater things: to explore, to illuminate, to enliven and enrich, to help complete what nature herself is not able to bring to a finish. We are not gods, creating light out of our darkness, giving from to the void, bringing meaning to nothingness, but finite creatures whose life task it is to find
Demonstration and power scaling of edge-pumped zig-zag slab lasers

We have generated 127 W with 42% optical efficiency in a Nd:YAG edge-pumped, conduction-cooled, zig-zag slab laser. Based on this result, we present power scaling calculations which predict efficient operation up 100 kW power levels in Yb:YAG.
Infrared absorption studies of inorganic co-ordination complexes—XXIV. Unsaturated amino acids and halogen substituted allylglycines and their nickel-II, copper-II and zinc-II complexes

Abstract Infrared spectra of 2-amino-4-pentenoic acid (allylglycine), 2-amino-4-methyl-4-pentenoic acid (γ-methylallylglyeine), 2-amino-4-chloro-4-pentenoic acid (γ-chloroallylglycine) and 2-amino-4-bromo-4-pentenoic acid (γ-bromoallylglycine), their nickel-II, copper-II and zinc-II complexes, and their sodium salts and hydrochlorides were measured in the 2–15 μ region. The amino acids in the solid state are present as zwitterions and the anions of these amino acids act as mononegative bidentate ligands forming five-membered chelate rings with metal ions. Essentially covalent nitrogen-to-metal bonds are present in all the metal complexes. The resonance structure of the carboxylate ion is essentially maintained in the metal coordination compounds and the bond between the central metal ion of the complex and the carboxylate group is essentially ionic. All significant infrared absorption bands have been assigned.
Self‐esteem and caregiving in romantic relationships: Self‐ and partner perceptions

Self-esteem may be associated with romantic partners' experience of emotional support and caregiving. Using a sample of 6,385 heterosexual couples in committed relationships gathered from the RELATionship Evaluation (RELATE) data set (see www.relate-institute.org), structural equation modeling was used to compare two actor–partner interdependence models examining the associations between both partners' self-esteem and perceptions of partner caregiving responsiveness (i.e., accessibility, responsiveness, and engagement). Male and female self-esteem was significantly related to partners' caregiving responsiveness while controlling for family-of-origin attachment experiences and relationship stability. Female self-esteem was also significantly associated with females' caregiving responsiveness. These findings yield important implications, demonstrating that higher self-esteem may be associated with improved caregiving behaviors between romantic partners. Relevant implications and future research directions are discussed.
Hematological effects of apholate on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

There have been many reports concerning the toxicological effects of the alkylating agent, apholate (2, 2,4,4,6-hexahydro-2,2,4,4,6,6-hexakis (1-aziridinyl)-1,3,5,2,4,-6-triaza-triphosphorine) in i...
LXR regulation of brain cholesterol: from development to disease

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). The brain, which contains a disproportionately large amount of the body's total cholesterol (∼25%), requires a complex and delicately balanced cholesterol metabolism to maintain neuronal function. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism has been implicated in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Due to their cholesterol-sensing and anti-inflammatory activities, LXRs are positioned centrally in the everyday maintenance of CNS function. This review focuses on recent research into the role of LXRs in the CNS during normal development and homeostasis and in disease states.