cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE HISTORY OF SAVINGS AND LOAN IN TEXAS

s of Doctoral Dissertations 87 erals. The final year of this period, 1936, was the last year for well over a decade in which there were more state than federal associations operating in Texas. The period from 1937 through 1945 begins with the year in which it can be said that the savings and loan industry was emerging from the depression and continues through World War II. During these years the number of associations in Texas decreased, but their assets increased. Probably more significant than the increase in assets was the improvement in the quality of assets; by 1945, reserves were high and liquidity had improved. In many respects the period from 1946 through 1953 is the most interesting period of savings and loan history in Texas. Within these years, Texas has enjoyed the highest level of building activity in its history and the savings and loan industry has experienced a corresponding growth. Many new associations have been organized and these have been permanent-stock institutions. The year 1953 was the first one since 1936 in which the number of state associations exceeded federals in Texas. To a large extent, an understanding of the savings and loan industry presupposes an understanding of the laws relating to their activities. Part of this study is devoted to a treatment of both federal and state laws which affect savings and loan operations. The chapter dealing with federal legislation treats both tax laws and laws which relate to
Changes in Red Blood Cell Electrolytes and ATP in Newborn Shock

ABSTRACT: Previous studies show an inability of the skeletal muscle cell and red blood cell to maintain sodium, potassium, and calcium homeostasis during hemorrhagic shock in adults. However, there is no information on the cellular effects of shock in the neonate. This study examined the effects of hemorrhagic shock on red cell membrane function in a newborn canine model. Changes in sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in red blood cells and plasma were correlated with changes in intracellular and plasma ATP levels. Newborn dogs (n = 36), 10 to 14 days of age and weighing 501 to 707 g, were studied. After baseline studies (blood pressure, heart rate, temperature), electrolyte and ATP concentrations in red blood cells and plasma were measured. The dogs were then bled 40% of their estimated blood volumes. All parameters were measured after 1 h of shock. This shock model produced hypotension, bradycardia, and acidosis. The red blood cell sodium, calcium, water, and ATP content increased in shock, whereas intracellular magnesium fell. Red blood cell potassium levels, plasma sodium, and calcium concentrations were not significantly altered in shock, although plasma potassium and magnesium levels rose. Our data show that shock in the newborn disrupts cell membrane integrity. Intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium occurred despite cellular ATP uptake, suggesting that high energy deficits are not the primary mechanism contributing to electrolyte imbalance in newborn shock.
Structures and magnetic properties of transition metal complexes of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid

Abstract Treatment of the potassium salt of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid with transition metal ions in aqueous solution produced a series of coordination complexes. Reaction of Ni(ClO4)2·6H2O with K3[C6H3(CO2)3] gave complexes 1, Ni3[C6H3(CO2)3]2(H2O)14·4H2O. The compound crystallized as trimers with two terminal Ni(H2O)5 units bridged by two benzenetricarboxylate ligands to a central Ni(H2O)4. Magnetic susceptibility data indicate the presence of either weak antiferromagnetic interactions between metal ions, or single ion anisotropy. Reaction of Co(ClO4)2·6H2O with K3[C6H3(CO2)3] gave complexes 2, Co3[C6H3(CO2)3]2(H2O)12. The complexes exists as a pendant chain coordination polymer with both bridging and terminal Co2+ ions. Each cobalt center is also coordinated to four water molecules. A systematic linear decrease in effective moment is observed below 100 K. This decrease can be understood entirely in term of crystal field and spin-orbit coupling effects on the individual Co(II) ions and implies magnetic interaction are weak. Magnetic susceptibility data were also obtained for the Co–BTCA complexes 3, Co(BTCA)(py)2·0.67py. These data can also be described as arising solely from single-ion effects due to the non-cubic environment around the Co2+ ion with no evidence of the presence of magnetic interactions. Reaction of Mn(ClO4)2·6H2O with K3[C6H3(CO2)3] gave complexes 4, Mn3(C6H3(CO2)3)2·8H2O. Magnetic susceptibility data indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions and suggest that the complexes have a low dimensional structures.
Prognostic significance of ischemic electrocardiographic changes during adenosine infusion in patients with normal myocardial perfusion imaging

Background. The development of ST-segment depression during adenosine myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has been shown to be an independent predictor of subsequent cardiac events and worse outcome, particularly in association with ischemic defects. However, the prognostic significance of ST-segment depression with adenosine in patients with normal MPI is not known. Methods and Results. We performed a retrospective analysis of 3231 patients undergoing adenosine MPI. Patients with baseline electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities were excluded. Overall, 228 patients (7%) had ischemic ECG changes develop during adenosine infusion. Of these, 66 (29% [2% of all patients]) had normal MPI (+ECG group). An age- and sex-matched group of 200 patients with normal MPI without ECG changes served as control subjects (-ECG group). During a mean follow-up of 29 ± 12 months, patients in the +ECG group had significantly more adverse cardiac events than those in the -ECG group (nonfatal myocardial infarction, 7.6% vs 0.5%, respectively, P = .004; subsequent revascularization, 13.6% vs 2.5%, respectively, P = .0015). Although cardiac death alone did not differ between the 2 groups (+ECG, 3.0%, vs -ECG, 1.0%; P = .25), cumulative survival free from cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction was worse in patients with ST-segment depression during adenosine infusion and normal MPI (+ECG, 10.6%, vs -ECG, 1.5%; log-rank X2 = 11.82; P = .0006). Conclusions. Patients with normal myocardial perfusion images in whom ST-segment depression develops during adenosine administration appear to be at increased risk for future cardiac events compared with similar patients without ECG evidence of ischemia. Ischemic ECG changes during adenosine MPI should warrant further evaluation, even when perfusion images are reassuring.(J Nucl Cardiol 2003;10:9-16.)
Calculation of spreading resistance correction factors

Abstract Two schemes for the efficient calculation of spreading resistance correction factors are presented. The study reveals that the integration factor in the Schumann-Gardner's multilayer theory is well approximated by a power law within suitably defined spans. Further, appropriate partitioning of space grid with suitable resistivity averaging scheme can economize computations both in time and computer core size requirement. With these two schemes, it is now possible to make spreading resistance correction a routine matter. Certain practical aspects affect the accuracy of the calculated correction factor.
On the applications of orthogonal functions in pattern recognition

The properties of the hybrid functions which consists of block-pulse functions plus Chebyshev polynomials are presented. By using these hybrid functions, the differential and integral expressions which arise in the radiative transfer equation are converted into some linear systems of differential equations which can be solved for the unknown coefficient. A numerical example is included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique and a comparison is made with existing results.
Development and infinity

Abstract This article examines the links between development and the infinite, suggesting that the idea of sustainable development is simply a means of extending the idea of development indefinitely. Western society is viewed as operating under the “prime symbol” or “imaginary social signification” of infinity and infinite development. The article then proposes an interpretation of perception through the use of metaphor, arguing that metaphors shape interpretations of development, and that contemporary ecological projects such as sustainable development are largely metaphorical. The conclusions note that the mainstream concept of sustainable development is inherently conservative and therefore adds little to a clearer understanding of nature-society relations and development policy.
A Statically Balanced Shape Shifting Surface

This paper presents a concept for producing a Statically Balanced Shape-Shifting Surface (SB-SSS). In this context, an SB-SSS is a surface that can require near-zero magnitude force changes to accomplish a change in shape while retaining effectiveness as a physical barrier. This paper focuses on how to statically balance a specifically-designed compliant mechanism and how to incorporate this mechanism into a polygonal cell. The mechanism consists of a compliant Peaucellier-Lipkin linkage layered with a pre-stressed link as the balancer. Prior art is presented that can show how a polygonal cell can be incorporated into a surface via a tiling array. Specifically shaped overlapping thin plates are used to retain the physical barrier requirement. The demonstration of a virtually zero-force Shape-Shifting Surface (SSS) suggests that SSS’s can be designed with a wide range of force-displacement properties, i.e. ranging from that of a square of the parent material to the zero-force mechanism presented here. Applications for an SB-SSS may be macro-scale or micro-scale and may include sensors, biomedical applications, defense applications, and variable stiffness materials.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Understanding mechanisms of inhaled toxicants: implications for replacing default factors with chemical-specific data☆

Assessing risk of inhaled materials is a challenging endeavor because of the profound interspecies differences in respiratory tract anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. Recent advances in the availability of mechanistic data and mathematical models for describing dosimetry behavior of particles and gases has lead to improvements in default approaches to risk assessment of inhaled materials. An overview of some of the more well-understood differences between species in factors controlling dosimetry and response, and the default approach of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that accounts for many of these factors, are presented. The default methodology also creates a framework which inhalation toxicologists can use to direct research at reducing uncertainty in risk assessments that might otherwise be handled through default uncertainty factors. The optimal approach to risk assessment is to develop chemical-specific mode of action and dosimetry data that can be used quantitatively to replace the entire default approach. The toxicology of vinyl acetate and recent efforts to develop data to supplant assumptions made in the default approach are presented. The conclusion is drawn that the future of inhalation toxicity risk assessment lies in reducing uncertainties associated with interspecies extrapolation and that to do this effectively requires approaches to toxicology that are outside of routine testing paradigms, and are aimed at elucidating mechanisms of action through hypothesis-driven research.
The case for an intermediate representation for programmable data planes

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) switch vendors are interested in extending switch data planes to support new and continuously evolving network protocols (e.g., NVGRE, VXLAN). Numerous commercial programmable data plane devices already enable a programmer to specify various aspects of the data plane including packet parsing, actions, and the layout of packet processing on the hardware device itself. Unlike OpenFlow-based devices, which only expose a series of fixed match-action table (MAT) abstraction, these specialized devices provide a more flexible abstraction for packet processing. Despite the increased programmability that these devices offer, however, the architecture of the target restricts the features that can be exposed to the programmer. Similarly, existing languages for programming the data planes in such devices (e.g., P4) assume a specific computational model, resembling the architecture of the device for which they are targeted for. Unfortunately, this model leads to similar limitations as in OpenFlow, where the high-level specification is coupled to the underlying device model.In this paper, we introduce NetASM, an intermediate representation for programmable data planes. NetASM is a device-independent language that is expressive enough to act as the target language for compilers for high-level languages, yet low-level enough to be efficiently assembled on various device architectures. It enables conventional compiler optimization techniques to significantly improve the performance and resource utilization of custom packet-processing pipelines on a variety of targets.
Self-Coexistence in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Multi-Stage Perception Learning

In this paper, we study the self-coexistence problem among competitive Cognitive Radio (CR) networks in an uncoordinated distributed wireless environment of homogeneous and heterogeneous bands. This problem can be correlated with famous optimal foraging theory, where the humming birds forage to explore islands in search of food sources to survive. The behavior of learning from observations leads them to find island of optimal resources. The proposed perception based learning mechanism for homogeneous spectra, helps the CR networks to strategize their choice of actions on the basis of rewards gathered from the accessed spectrum bands and successfully grab a clear chunk of spectrum. However, in heterogeneous bands scenario, the CR networks inadvertently choose the best suitable band greedily which lead them to collision. We incorporate a regret minimization technique with the proposed learning mechanism to resolve the contention among them and maximize system performance. Experimental results conclude that the networks could achieve the objective of finding a free spectrum with maximized system utility using the proposed heuristic within limited number of interactions.
Interleukins 1α and 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α are paracrine inhibitors of human melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis

Interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are epidermal cytokines that produce many similar biologic effects. We have investigated the possibility that these cytokines act as regulators of melanization and proliferation of cultured normal human melanocytes (NHM). All three cytokines elicited a dose-dependent decrease in the activity of the enzyme tyrosinase after 48 h of treatment. IL-1 alpha had the greatest inhibitory effect, resulting in a 22% inhibition of tyrosinase activity at a concentration of 3 x 10(-14) M. An equivalent effect was elicited by 4 x 10(-11) M IL-6 and 10(-11) M TNF-alpha. All three cytokines also inhibited melanocyte proliferation, as measured by a decrease in the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation and an increase in doubling time. IL-1 alpha at 6 x 10(-14) M, 6 x 10(-13) M, and 3 x 10(-12) M, TNF-alpha at 10(-10) M, 10(-9) M, and 10(-8) M, and IL-6 at 4 x 10(-10) and 1.2 x 10(-9) M produced a dose-dependent inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation. The effects of IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 were cytostatic, not cytotoxic, because melanocytes remained viable following several treatments with the cytokines. Also, melanocytes treated with IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha recovered and resumed proliferation after cessation of treatment. These effects of IL-1 alpha, IL-6 and TNF-alpha do not seem to be mediated by stimulation of eicosanoid production, because inhibition of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, did not reverse the inhibitory effects on either proliferation or tyrosinase activity of NHM. This is the first demonstration that NHM respond to epidermal cytokines, and suggests a role for paracrine and possibly autocrine regulation of melanocytes by immune modulators.
Commissioning results and applications

Abstract This section describes both: successful commissioning of RHIC and the state of the art RHIC accelerator physics tools/applications. The commissioning provided collisions of the fully stripped gold ions at a beam energy of 65 GeV/nucleon in all four experiments “STAR”, “PHENIX”, “PHOBOS”, and “BRAHMS”. They collected more than 3 μb −1 of data. Measurements of betatron and dispersion functions have shown excellent agreement with predictions. Diagnostic results from tune-meter, wall current monitor, chromaticity, decoupling measurements, ionization beam profile monitor, Schottky monitors, etc. are shown. Progress towards stable gold ion beam stores with optimized luminosity is described [Proceedings of the HEACC2001 The 18th International Conference On High Energy Accelerators, March 26–30, 2001, Tsukuba, Japan, March, 2001]. Few major commissioning challenges are described first. The most important results, from some of the RHIC systems, are shown in the next section. In the following section bringing beams from two separate “blue” and “yellow” rings into collisions and measurements during long beam stores are described. In the summary part necessary steps and commissioning of additional systems during the next RHIC-2001 run are mentioned.
Computer aided evolutionary design for software engineering

The purpose of this project is to explore the fundamental principles underlying the design and construction of large software systems, and to construct a prototype computer aided design tool to support this activity.
Perceiving the Metropolis: Seeing the City Through a Prism of Race

Investigating the role of preferences in causing persistent patterns of racial residential segregation in the United States has a long history. In this paper, we bring a new perspective - and new data from the 2004 Detroit Area Study - to the question of how best to characterize black and white preferences toward living in neighborhoods with people of different races. White and black residents of the Detroit metropolitan area (n = 734) were asked in an area probability sample survey about their evaluations of 33 actual communities throughout their metro area. These evaluations are used as an indirect measure of racial residential preferences by viewing how race - both of the respondent and of the community - shapes them. We find modest racial agreement about which communities would be "seriously considered" and "never considered" as a place to live, but by and large perceptions of the metropolis are racialized. Whites are influenced by the percentage white in a community (net of the community's social class characteristics) and very unlikely to consider communities where they are anything but the strong majority. African Americans are also influenced by race, but in different ways and less fundamentally: 1.) Communities with high percentages of African Americans are among those most likely to be "seriously considered," but so are communities with just a handful of African Americans; 2.) African Americans are less likely to "never consider" all communities, and more likely than whites to consider both communities where they are in the majority and in the minority; 3.) African Americans are unaffected by a community's percent white net of community social class characteristics. We place these results in the context of the debate about racial residential preferences, arguing for the importance of grounding our understanding - and measures - of racial residential preferences in the context of real urban landscapes.
Risk factors for and outcomes of detention of patients with TB in New York City: an update: 2002-2009.

Background One of the most controversial aspects of New York City's highly effective TB control program is the use of public health law and court-ordered detention to treat persistently recalcitrant patients with active TB. We now report on characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing detention for completion of TB treatment due to nonadherence in New York City from 2002 through 2009. Methods A retrospective cohort study was designed to compare patients undergoing court-ordered detention (n = 79) and time-matched control subjects undergoing TB treatment in outpatient directly observed therapy (DOT) at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. Results From January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2009, 79 patients underwent court-ordered detention for TB treatment. Compared with patients completing treatment in DOT, univariate analysis found that detainees were younger; more likely to be of minority race/ethnicity; to have a history of substance abuse, tobacco use, homelessness, incarceration, HIV infection; and to be born in the United States. Multivariate analysis adjusting for other variables found smear positivity (OR = 3.93; 95% CI, 1.05-14.75; P = .04), mental illness (OR = 5.80; 95% CI, 1.18-28.51; P = .03), and substance abuse (OR = 9.25; 95% CI, 2.81-30.39; P Conclusions The majority of patients undergoing court-ordered detention for TB treatment (95%) successfully completed therapy. Likelihood of detention was most strongly associated with factors expected to be associated with poor adherence, including mental illness and substance abuse.
Building a GIS database for space and facilities management

Growth and technology have driven a public university to build a GIS database for its facilities and space management. This chapter reviews the benefits and challenges that come with this implementation.
Aflatoxin Contamination in Haitian and Kenyan Peanut Butter and Two Solutions for Reducing Such Contamination

All peanut butter samples collected from Haitian and Kenyan grocery stores during 2009 and 2010 were contaminated with aflatoxin. Aflatoxin levels ranged from 7.9 to 799.8 ppb (parts per billion or μg/kg). Hand sorting peanuts in the shell reduced aflatoxin concentrations by 97.72% and should be performed before storage and again on kernels before processing into other food products. Rejected contaminated peanuts can be transformed into cooking briquettes for boiling water on local Haitian low-efficiency stoves. The results from this study inform nutritionists and peanut butter manufacturers of this issue and some intervention strategies that can be used to minimize contamination in communities with limited resources.
Thermal decomposition of PrCo2 and NdCo2 under ultra-high vacuum

Abstract We have found that under conditions of high temperature and ultra-high vacuum the phases PrCo2 and NdCo2 decompose with the reaction RECo2 → RECo3 + RE.
Detection ofsalmonella typhimurium by hand-held ion mobility spectrometer: A quantitative assessment of response characteristics

Salmonella typhimurium was determined with the use of a combination of an enzyme-linked inmmunosorbent assay (ELISA), a phosphatase mediated end step, and a hand-held ion mobility spectrometer for detecting phenol, the ELISA reaction product. Elevated temperature and low solution pH improved the efficiency for thermal desorption of phenol from filter paper strips; still, the thermal desorption profile was broad and occurred over a 2–3.5-min range. As a result, the detection limits were restricted to ∼104 bacteria in 10-μl aliquots of sample. Precision of quantitative response with a hand-held ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) analyzer ranged from 0.7%–42% relative standard deviation (RSD) for 0–10 μg of phenol, and the precision mean was 12% RSD. Thermal and hydrolytic stability of phenylphosphate, the substrate for ELISA reactions, was excellent in buffer solution, without detectable degradation for over 60 days at temperatures from −70 to 45 °C. Response to increasing levels of S. typhimurium antigen by IMS correlated with a traditional optical spectrophotometric method and showed comparable detection limits. Calculations portend a 100-fold improvement in detection limits through only improved engineering of an ELISA-IMS interface. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Not the Words: Hymnody, Enacted Theology, and the Lutheran Inupiat

: The theology of hymnody is not text-bound. This article asserts that for the Lutheran Inupiat of Anchorage (Alaska), the practice of singing enacts the important theology. The Lutheran Inupiat still use the missionary hymns of the 1880s—early 1900s. This article explores how singing hymns simultaneously perpetuates Inupiaq spiritual culture and participates in the adopted Lutheran heritage. Inupiaq naming-practices and song-genealogies enrich Christian understandings of the ‘communion of saints’, which is enacted through singing.
Design a Smart Control Strategy to Implement an Intelligent Energy Safety and Management System

The energy saving and electricity safety are today a cause for increasing concern for homes and buildings. Integrating the radio frequency identification (RFID) and ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN) mature technologies, the paper designs a smart control strategy to implement an intelligent energy safety and management system (IESMS) which performs energy measuring, controlling, monitoring, and saving of the power outlet system. The presented RFID and billing module is used to identify user, activate smart power outlet (SPO) module, deduct payable for electricity, and cut off power supply to the outlets by taking away the RFID card. Further work on the SPO module, a control strategy based on the minimum effect and first-in first-out rule, is designed to autonomously shut down some of the power outlets instantly to prevent electrical circuit overload. In addition, the WSN transfers the power parameters of each SPO module to central energy monitoring platform, and the monitoring platform with graphical user interface (GUI) displays the real-time information and power charge of the electricity. Numerous tests validate the proposed IESMS and the effectiveness of the smart control strategy. The empirical findings may provide some valuable references for smart homes or smart buildings.
Cattle in Hawai'i: Biological and Cultural Exchange

Capt. George Vancouver fifirst introduced cattle to the Hawaiian Islands in 1793, and the animals rapidly multiplied, roaming wild and causing environmental destruction for decades. In 1832 the Hawaiian monarch imported Mexican vaqueros to train Native Hawaiians in the skills necessary to manage and control the wild livestock, which led to the development of Hawaiian cowboys, known as paniolos, with a unique and locally celebrated cowboy culture that mixes Native Hawaiian elements with vaquero influences. This study of biotic and cultural exchange and native adaptation complicates and adds to our understanding of Hawai‘‘i’’s place in the American West and the cultural factors that encourage and mediate biological invasions .
Digitisation: Do We Have a Strategy?

The notion that we are living through times of great change in the communication of information and the transmission of texts is a truism which will bring a weary look to most professionals with any kind of involvement in the area. The digital age, the information age, the electronic age — we've all heard these terms so many times and have sat through innumerable discussions, and seen even more documents, trying to sort out what it all means. There are almost as many views on the likely pace of change and the shape of the landscape 10 or 20 years from now as there are librarians to hold forth on the subject. Perhaps this helps to explain why the library community as a whole seems to be in such a rudderless state regarding the creation of digital content; no shortage of action, but no overall sense of direction. I am talking here about digitisation of our documentary heritage, that vast mass of books, archives and other media which fill our library shelves today.
A Small, Glutamine-Free Domain Propagates the (SWI) Prion in Budding Yeast

Yeast prions are self-propagating protein conformations that transmit heritable phenotypes in an epigenetic manner. The recently identified yeast prion [SWI] is an alternative conformation of Swi1, a component of the evolutionarily conserved SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. Formation of the [SWI] prion results in a partial loss-of-function phenotype for Swi1. The amino-terminal region of Swi1 is dispensable for its normal function but is required for [SWI] formation and propagation; however, the precise prion domain (PrD) of Swi1 has not been elucidated. Here, we define the minimal Swi1 PrD as the first 37 amino acids of the protein. This region is extremely asparagine rich but, unexpectedly, contains no glutamine residues. This unusually small prion domain is sufficient for aggregation, propagation, and transmission of the [SWI] prion. Because of its unusual size and composition, the Swi1 prion domain defined here has important implications for describing and identifying novel prions.
Altered Aβ Formation and Long-Term Potentiation in a Calsenilin Knock-Out

Calsenilin has been identified as a presenilin-binding protein, a transcription factor regulating dynorphin expression, and a β-subunit of Kv4 channels and could, thus, be a multifunctional protein. To study these functions of calsenilin in vivo and to determine the neuroanatomical expression pattern of calsenilin, we generated mice with a disruption of the calsenilin gene by the targeted insertion of the β-galactosidase gene. We found that calsenilin expression (as represented by β-galactosidase activity) is very restricted but overlaps better with that of presenilins and Kv4 channels than with dynorphin, suggesting that calsenilin may regulate presenilin and Kv4 channels in brain. Aβ peptide levels are reduced in calsenilin knock-out mice, demonstrating that calsenilin affects presenilin-dependent γ-cleavage in vivo. Furthermore, long-term potentiation (LTP) in dentate gyrus of hippocampus, in which calsenilin is strongly and selectively expressed, is enhanced in calsenilin knock-out mice. This enhancement of LTP coincides with a downregulation of the Kv4 channel-dependent A-type current and can be mimicked in wild-type animals by a Kv4 channel blocker. The data presented here show that lack of calsenilin affects both Aβ formation and the A-type current. We suggest that these effects are separate events, caused by a common mechanism possibly involving protein transport.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF PARTICULATE SUSPENSIONS VIA A DISCRETIZED BOLTZMANN EQUATION: PART 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

A new and very general technique for simulating solid–fluid suspensions is described; its most important feature is that the computational cost scales linearly with the number of particles. The method combines Newtonian dynamics of the solid particles with a discretized Boltzmann equation for the fluid phase; the many-body hydrodynamic interactions are fully accounted for, both in the creeping-flow regime and at higher Reynolds numbers. Brownian motion of the solid particles arises spontaneously from stochastic fluctuations in the fluid stress tensor, rather than from random forces or displacements applied directly to the particles. In this paper, the theoretical foundations of the technique are laid out, illustrated by simple analytical and numerical examples; in a companion paper (Part 2), extensive numerical tests of the method, for stationary flows, time-dependent flows, and finite-Reynolds-number flows, are reported.
The Association Between Impulsivity, Trait Anger, and the Perpetration of Intimate Partner and General Violence Among Women Arrested for Domestic Violence

The problem of domestic violence is widespread, with research indicating men and women both perpetrate a substantial amount of aggression. However, aggression perpetrated by women is a relatively understudied area compared to aggression perpetrated by men. Additionally, research is needed to determine the correlates of aggression perpetration among women, as this can inform more effective treatment programs. Thus, the current study sought to examine the association between trait anger and impulsivity and the perpetration of physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) and general aggression among women arrested for domestic violence (N = 80). Findings indicated that both trait anger and impulsivity were significantly associated with aggression perpetration and trait anger mediated the relationship between impulsivity and aggression perpetration. Directions for future research and violence intervention programs are discussed.
Heuristic approaches to the solution of very large sparse Lyapunov and algebraic Riccati equations

The authors present several algorithms that compute approximate solutions to the Lyapunov equation AX+XA/sup T/+BB/sup T/=0 and the algebraic Riccati equation A/sup T/X+XA-XBR/sup -1/ B/sup T/X+C/sup T/C=0, where A is large and sparse and B and C are low rank. In particular, they test the Krylov subspace approximation and reduced rank integration for the Riccati equation. Although the algorithms are heuristically good, no convergence proofs are as yet available. >
Codes with synchronization capability

A synchronizable (SC_{s}) code has the property that the punctuation (comma or no comma, comma indicating that the next symbol is the beginning of a new code word) at a given position in a code symbol stream can always be determined by observing at most s code symbols in the neighborhood of the position in question. The construction of SC_{s} dictionaries and the mechanization of synchronizers using nonlinear shift registers are explained in detail. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of SC_{s} codes with specified word lengths are derived. By allowing unequal word lengths in the code, it is demonstrated that a substantial saving in average word length and information rate can be accomplished over other recently proposed codes having synchronization capability.
Novel, critical roles of autophagy in dendritic cells and neutrophils to mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice (BA3P.201)

Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, affects more than a million people worldwide. Insufficient understanding of pathogenesis has precluded curative therapy for MS. Autophagy, a conserved bulk degradation process, is important in several immune functions, such as antigen presentation and infection control, but the potential roles of autophagy in regulating autoimmune diseases including MS are not well understood. To test our hypothesis that autophagy in innate immune cells is required to mediate MS, we generated conditional autophagy deficient mice where Atg7 or Atg5, essential autophagy genes, were deleted from dendritic cells (DC) or myeloid cells, induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS, and monitored disease severity. We found that autophagy deficiency in neutrophils ameliorated EAE by reducing neutrophil degranulation, resulting in failure of breakdown of blood-central nervous system barrier, a process required for EAE progression. Moreover, autophagy deficiency in neutrophils resulted in global reduction in neutrophil mediated-inflammation. Autophagy deficiency in DC, on the other hand, reduced both incidence and severity of EAE, secondary to decreased antigen presentation to T cells in the periphery. Our data show that autophagy is required for neutrophil-mediated inflammation. Our data further suggest that autophagy is a potential target for treating autoimmune diseases such as MS.
The role of portable electric fencing in biodiversity-friendly pasture management

World population is growing, and with it, the demand for food. In order to feed the world and attempt to slow the biodiversity crisis on the planet, farming practices must be altered to preserve species richness and ecological health. The fertile soil found in grassland biomes throughout the world provides a base for rich microorganism biodiversity, carbon sequestration, as well as water and nutrient cycling. Diverse biological communities are found in both natural and semi-natural grasslands; habitat destruction as a result of agricultural practices is a threat to biodiversity in these regions. While critics often blame modernized farming practices for agricultural pollution and habitat fragmentation, 21st century technology will likely be a means for updating farming practices to address both biodiversity conservation and enhanced efficiency for increased food demand. Recently developed portable electric fences, made of plastic netting and stainless steel, have made eco-agricultural practices, such as rotational grazing (RG) and multi-species pasture systems, easier and less expensive for farmers to put into practice than traditional electric fencing. Conflicting literature exists regarding whether or not RG systems outperform continuous grazing systems. Many studies suggest that more research is needed to observe the ecological benefits of RG on active farmland. Portable electric fences could be a valuable tool for completing additional research.
Experimental Studies on the Single Crystal to Single Crystal Transformation of 5-Methyl-1-thia-5-azacyclooctane-1-Oxide (TACO) Perchlorate. Evidence for an Intermediate State

The Single crystal transformation of the perchlorate salt of 5-methyl-l-thia-5-azacyclooctane-l-oxide (TACO) has been studied by X-ray, microscopic, and differential scanning calorimetric methods. ...
Crosstalk analysis of asynchronous optical chip interconnects with direct detection

We provide a crosstalk analysis of optical interconnects via single-mode waveguides with asynchronous transmission. Our crosstalk model is general and can be used for any type of waveguide network. The analysis takes into account the coupling-induced crosstalks between adjacent waveguides, the laser linewidth, the shot noise and the dark current generated by the photodiode, and the postdetection thermal noise. A comparison to synchronous transmission is also provided. >
A contemplated revision of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory

Abstract Previous item factor analyses and readability analyses suggested that 14 of the 60 items in the NEO Five-Factor Inventory might usefully be replaced. New analyses in high school (N=1959) and adult (N=1492) samples led to the selection of new items from the remaining pool of Revised NEO Personality Inventory items. The resulting scales showed modest improvements in reliability and factor structure, and equivalent validity. These new scales should be appropriate for most respondents age 14 and up. However, continued use of the current instrument is also reasonable for most applications.
Reasoning with uncertainty using conditional logic and probability

Conditional propositions do for logic what fractions do for the integers. The resulting system allows systematic simplification and probabilistic determination of complex conditional expressions used extensively in expert systems and other information processing. The distinction between wholly true versus partially true propositions and the resulting distinction between conditional propositions that are true, false or inapplicable (undefined) leads to various plausible forms of deduction in the realm of conditionals, thus illustrating the non-monotonicity of conditional logic and probability. >
Speech as Process

The emphasis on assessment of oral proficiency that is inherent in the proficiency movement has favored a view of speech as a product, to which a certain rating is attached. However, with proficiency's growing impact on language learning and teaching it is imperative that proficiency testing take a stronger learner stance. This article advocates a “process” viewpoint of language use and explores its potential for greater insights from five perspectives: text linguistics and discourse analysis, interlanguage, expectancy, negotiation and interaction, and communication strategies.
Individual Differences in the Self-image of Adolescents with Learning Disabilities: The Roles of Severity, Time of Diagnosis, and Parental Perceptions

The self-images of 49 adolescents with learning disabilities (Grades 9 through 12, mean age=15.9) and 49 normally achieving peers (Grades 9 through 12, mean age=16.0) were compared using the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire (OSIQ). The group with LD scored significantly lower than the comparison group on 4 of the 10 OSIQ scales. Later diagnosed adolescents with LD scored significantly higher than early-diagnosed adolescents on two of the scales. Severity of the learning disability was not found to be related to self-image scores. In a second study, parental perceptions of the self-images of 28 of the 49 students with LD were studied by administering the Offer Parent-Adolescent Questionnaire (OPAQ) and an informal questionnaire to their parents. On 6 of the 10 OPAQ scales, parents perceived their children as having a lower self-image than the adolescents themselves reported. Significant but moderate relationships were found between parents'perceptions and adolescent self-image scores. Results of the two stud...
Effects of non-uniform strains on tensile fracture of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites

Effects of non-uniform strains on tensile fracture of fiber-reinforced ceramic–matrix composites have not been satisfactorily explained by existing mechanics-based models. In this paper, we use an exact model of fiber fragmentation under global load sharing conditions to predict fracture in three model problems in which non-uniform strains occur: (i) an end-constrained plate subject to a linear transverse temperature gradient; (ii) an internally-pressurized cylindrical tube with a linear through-thickness temperature gradient; and (iii) a rectangular beam under combined bending and tension. Fracture is assumed to occur when the global load reaches a maximum value. Approximations to the exact fragmentation model are also assessed, with the goal of decoupling the effects of two important parts of the computed stress–strain response: the rate of post-peak strain softening and the magnitude of the plateau “flow” stress once fiber fragmentation is complete. We find that for cases in which the fiber Weibull modulus is low and hence its plateau strength is high relative to its peak and the loading yields a sufficiently high strain gradient, the failure strain lies in the plateau regime. Consequently, the results can be predicted with good accuracy using a perfectly-plastic representation of the post-peak response. In contrast, for cases in which the fiber Weibull modulus is high, the failure strain lies in the softening portion of the curve. Here a linear-softening model is found to yield accurate results. A preliminary assessment of the model has been made by comparing predicted and measured bending/tension strength and failure strain ratios for one specific composite. The correlations appear good, though additional experiments are required in order to critically assess the model predictions over a range of loading scenarios.
Fundamentals of Pricing

This note introduces students to the concepts of a pricing ceiling, a pricing floor, and suggests principles for narrowing the range of acceptable prices.
Abstract 3183: Prognosis of Mild Ischemic Stroke with Large Vessel Occlusion

Background and purpose Large vessel occlusion (LVO) in acute ischemic stroke has been reported to be an independent predictor of unfavorable clinical outcome. However, the prognosis and optimal treatment of patients with only mild neurologic deficits due to LVO are not known. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review from a database of stroke patients admitted to our large academic medical center between July 1, 2010 and June 30 , 2011. Inclusion criteria were acute stroke or TIA, presentation within 9 hours from symptom onset, large vessel occlusion as a culprit of ischemic symptoms, and mild stroke severity with initial NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score Results We identified 59 patients with mild ischemic stroke or TIA, who were evaluated within 9 hours from onset. Of these, 13 (22%) had culprit large vessel occlusions. Five were female, 1 had diabetes, 12 had hypertension, 7 had hyperlipidemia, 2 had atrial fibrillation and 7 were smokers. The median NIHSS score was 5. The location of arterial occlusions were 5 in M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), 6 in M2 segment of MCA, 1 each in posterior cerebral and vertebral arteries. Two patients received acute therapy, 1 with intravenous thrombolysis and 1 with endovascular therapy. Reasons for withholding thrombolytic therapy were time window in 8, mild stroke severity in 2, and atypical presentations in 2. Reasons for withholding acute endovascular therapy were mild stroke severity in 7, imaging finding in 2, technical considerations in 2, and lack of consent in 1. From hospital admission to discharge, 10 (77%) patients had symptom improvement, 2 had worsening, and one was unchanged. At 30 days, 5 (38%) had good outcome with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0-1. Three (23%) had mRS of 2, one (8%) patient had mRS of 3. Outcomes for 4 patients were unknown. Conclusions A significant proportion of patients presenting with mild ischemic symptoms has large vessel occlusion. Acute treatment in this population is frequently withheld due to mild severity or thrombolytic time window. Despite mild symptoms at presentation, some patients are left with moderate disability. Optimal treatment options for this population should be further evaluated in a larger group of patients.
Conformity, Trust, and Value: A Detailed Look at Global Spanning Networks

The global dynamic, built on a foundation of technological advancements, is changing. Globalization has accelerated at a pace never before seen. There are those who contend we are living in a new society, which is emerging - or has already emerged throughout the world. Riding in the wake of an information technology revolution, social change is occurring as a result of new media of communication coinciding with globalization. Globalization has been defined as the ability of an institution or system to function on a global scale, in real-time, utilizing technological and organizational components. Societies and nations of the world are increasingly becoming interdependent through economic and technological forces, politics, and governance. As a result of today's global paradigm, an old form of social organization, the network, has increased in value and importance. A network in its most basic form can be described as a set or group of interconnected or interrelated nodes. However, the networks which have, and continue to emerge throughout the globe, are becoming increasingly complicated. Within these networks each node may represent an individual actor, a community, an organization, or a government. As will be described in this paper, networks can be utilized for numerous reasons and have gained significance as a result of the expansive contemporary global climate. With the rapid burst in populations, advances in technology, and dependence on foreign markets and economies the internationalization of issues is on the rise. As a result, the need to combine expertise, knowledge, and information has arisen to find solutions to problems and address issues. Networks are ideal for these types of situations; they combine expertise, transfer knowledge and allow nodes (or actors) within the network to build upon the ideas of others. Such networks can exist where the combining and sharing of knowledge can occur and benefit those involved. Further, the sharing and building of knowledge within a network leads to an overall collective knowledge, from which value can be extracted. The value of this collective knowledge has been described as social capital.