cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a human erythroid progenitor cell population which expresses the CD34 antigen and binds the plant lectin Ulex europaeus I.

Two and three color flow cytometry of normal human bone marrow was used to identify CD34+ progenitor cells and examine their binding to the plant lectin Ulex europaeus I (Ulex). In normal bone marrow, 48.48 +/- 17.4% of the CD34+ cells bind to Ulex. Two color flow cytometry was used to sort CD34 + cells, and subsets of CD34+ cells, CD34+ Ulex+ and CD34+ Ulex-. These populations were sorted into colony assays to assess myeloid (CFU-GM) and erythroid (BFU-E) progenitors. The CD34+ Ulex+ subset was 84 +/- 14% BFU-E colonies (mean +/- S.D.) and had the highest cloning efficiency of 28 +/- 13%. Three color analysis of CD34+ Ulex+ cells showed staining with other erythroid (CD71, GlyA) antibodies and lack of stain. ing with myeloid (CD13, CD45RA) antibodies. These studies confirmed the erythroid characteristics of this subpopulation.
On the screw dislocation in an inhomogeneous elastic medium: the case of continuously varying elastic moduli

Abstract The elastic fields associated with a screw dislocation at ( x *, 0) in an infinite inhomogeneous elastic medium of an arbitrarily varying shear modulus u(x) are obtained by Fourier analysis for the case in which u(x) and its derivatives are everywhere continuous and bounded. Using the elastic energy-momentum tensor, the self glide force on the dislocation is calculated. The resulting expression for self-force contains a term and ( b 2 4r)(du/d x ) x* In 1ke, where k=(1u(x*))(du/d x ) x* and e is the dislocation core radius. Thus k may be viewed as a reciprocal characteristic length which is introduced by the inhomogeneity. Also included is an extension of the results to include the effects of a free surface at x = 0.
Intensity-field and intensity-intensity correlations for a two-level atom in an optical parametric oscillator

We consider intensity-field correlation functions for a two-level atom in a degenerate optical parametric oscillator (OPO). Analytic results are obtained in the limit of weak driving fields using quantum trajectory methods. We find large violations of inequalities satisfied by classical fields. We compare our results to those of an ordinary OPO. We also calculate the second-order intensity correlation function for transmitted and fluorescent light, as well as for cross correlations. Here we report large violations of inequalities for the intensity cross-correlation functions in the weak field limit.
Effects of experimental spinal cord transection on substance P receptors: A quantitative autoradiography study

Abstract The autoradiographic localisation of Substance P (SP) receptors was investigated in the rat spinal cord following cordotomy at the thoracic 8–9 level. The binding of [ 125 I]-BH-SP was measured in discrete gray matter structures above (C6-C7 level) and below (L2-L3 level) the injury site, and expressed in fmol/mg protein. There was a statistically significant increase in SP receptor density 1 week after cordotomy in the dorsal horn and in the central canal of lumbar region, in laminae 3-4-5 and also in the ventral horn of cervical spinal cord. Elevated SP receptor density was also noted in cervical ventral horn at 3 weeks after thoracic cordotomy, whereas the increase seen at 1 week was normalized at 3 weeks everywhere else. Since SP concentration has been reported to show a similar localized increase below a spinal transection, the present results are consistent with an up-regulation of SP receptors. A similar direct relationship between SP receptors and SP content appears to occur also in the ventral horn above the injury site.
Egg-harvesting allows large scale rearing of Amblyseius finlandicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory

An improved method to rearAmblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) in the laboratory is described that allows large numbers to be produced. Mites developed faster and had a higher ovipositional rate when fed on pollen and reared on a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaf substrate than when fed on pollen on an artificial arena. Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) were an inferior food source forA. finlandicus mainly because of their profuse webbing.A. finlandicus was able to develop and reproduce on all 11 types of pollen tested although immature mortality was high on cedar (Cedrus sp.) pollen. Total number of mites increased almost 100-fold in three weeks on bean leaf substrate when eggs were collected and transferred (=egg-harvesting) in cotton tufts from the base colonies every two or three days to initiate new colonies. Only about a 13-fold population increase occurred when egg-harvesting was not employed, probably due to a combination of cannibalism and reduced fecundity. Egg-harvesting using cotton tufts is especially suitable for large scale rearing of species likeA. finlandicus that are cannibalistic and/or lay fewer eggs with increasing population density. In addition, the phytoseiidsAmblyseius reductus Wainstein andAnthoseius rhenanus (Oudemans) were reared successfully on pollen and spider mites using either leaf or artificial arenas. This is the first record of successful rearing ofA. rhenanus in the laboratory and ofA. reductus in the laboratory on pollen.
Case management for the individualized family service plan under public law 99-457

Abstract Based on an overview of PL 94-142 and its Individualized Education Program (IEP), this article analyzes PL 99-457 and its Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP). The legislative intent for family involvement in psychoeducational services is examined and connected to social systems principles in the schools. It is noted that psychoeducational training programs have, heretofore, given scant attention to family systems theory and interventions; therefore, family therapists have an opportunity to influence the training of other professionals important to family service planning and case management. Since case management is a critical ingredient of PL 99-457 and must accommodate family therapy theories and techniques, the case manager's role, functions, duties, and responsibilities are discussed. Five recommendations for effective psychoeductional planning and case management are offered.
Fluorescence ambient NO(2) monitor with flashlamp pumping.

A pulsed xenon flashlamp unit was developed to provide a sensitive, economical, and compact device for determination of ambient NO2 concentrations. The basic principles of operation are similar to a laser fluorescence monitor previously developed at the Aerospace Corporation that detects the atmospheric NO2 by the fluorescence resulting from absorption of laser radiation. The prototype flashlamp unit has a sensitivity of 5 ppb for a 1.3-min integration time, a linear response, and provides a direct digital readout in real time. Results obtained in monitoring ambient NO2 levels in the vicinity of the Aerospace Corporation are presented.
Neuropathology, biochemistry, and biophysics of α-synuclein aggregation

Aggregation of α-synuclein, an abundant and conserved pre-synaptic brain protein, is implicated as a critical factor in several neurodegenerative diseases. These diseases, known as synucleinopathies, include Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies (LBs), diffuse LB disease, the LB variant of Alzheimer’s disease, multiple system atrophy, and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type I. Although the precise nature of in vivoα-synuclein function remains elusive, considerable knowledge has been accumulated about its structural properties and conformational behavior. α-Synuclein is a typical natively unfolded protein. It is characterized by the lack of rigid, well-defined, 3-D structure and possesses remarkable conformational plasticity. The structure of this protein depends dramatically on its environment and it accommodates a number of unrelated conformations. This paper provides an overview of the biochemistry, biophysics, and neuropathology of α-synuclein aggregation.
Refraction of diffuse photon density waves.

Experiments are performed which illustrate the properties of damped traveling waves in diffusive media. Our observations demonstrate the manipulation of these waves by adjustment of the photon diffusion coefficients of adjacent turbid media. The waves are imaged, and are shown to obey simple relations such as Snell's law. The extent to which analogies from physical optics may be used to understand these waves is further explored, and the implications for medical imaging are briefly discussed.
Home Field Advantage: New Stadium Construction and Team Performance in Professional Sports

To identify the relations between new stadiums and home team performance and attendance for professional baseball (MLB) (n = 14), basketball (NBA) (n = 13), and football (NFL) (n = 25) teams in the...
Current Management of Acute Symptomatic Deep Vein Thrombosis

Venous thromboembolism is a common and potentially fatal disease. If properly used, anticoagulation therapy is effective in preventing recurrence of venous thromboembolism and in improving survival. Symptomatic patients with an objective diagnosis of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) should receive immediate systemic heparin anticoagulation at dosages sufficient to rapidly prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time into the laboratory-specific therapeutic range; this range corresponds to a plasma heparin concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 IU/ml (as measured by protamine sulfate titration), or 0.3 to 0.7 anti-Xa IU/ml. An oral vitamin K antagonist (e.g. warfarin) should be started within 24 hours after starting heparin; the starting dose should be the estimated patient-specific daily dose with no loading dose. Heparin and warfarin anticoagulation should be overlapped for at least 4 to 5 days and until the international normalized ratio (INR) is within the therapeutic range (2.0 to 3.0) on 2 measurements made at least 24 hours apart. The duration of warfarin anticoagulation should be individualized based on the respective risks of venous thromboembolism recurrence and anticoagulant-related bleeding. In general, warfarin should be continued for at least 3 months, and longer for patients with recurrent or idiopathic venous thromboembolism, malignant neoplasm, neurologic disease with extremity paresis, obesity, or laboratory evidence of a lupus anticoagulant/anticardiolipin antibody, homozygous carrier or combined heterozygous carrier for the factor V R506Q (Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A mutations, and possibly deficiency of either antithrombin, protein C, or protein S. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is effective and well tolerated as acute therapy for patients with DVT or stable PE, and does not require laboratory monitoring or dose adjustment. Outpatient LMWH therapy is also well tolerated and cost effective for most patients with DVT, and possibly for selected patients with PE.
On the adsorption of hydrocarbons on deformable surfaces

The dimple appearing on a deformable metal surface upon physisorption of a foreign molecule is studied, and its effect on the adsorption energy is calculated. The surface energy contributes to the latter, the end effect being an increase of the adsorption energy due to the dimple formation. Specific attention is given to the case of hydrocarbons adsorbed on Au(111), for which the dependence of the dimple shape and of the adsorption energy on the number of C atoms is studied, and the results are compared with the experimental data. The repulsion from the metal ion cores appears to be important for the longer molecules. The effect of molecular bending is also briefly considered.
Rapid kidney function decline and mortality risk in older adults.

Background: Impaired kidney function is associated with increased mortality risk in older adults. It remains unknown, however, whether longitudinal declines in kidney function are independently associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in older adults. Methods: The Cardiovascular Health Study evaluated a cohort of community-dwelling older adults enrolled from 1989 to 1993 in 4 US communities with follow-up through 2005. Among 4380 participants, the slope of annual decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated using both serum creatinine (eGFRcreat) and cystatin C (eGFRcys) rates, which were measured at baseline, year 3, and year 7 of follow-up. Rapid decline in eGFR was defined as a loss greater than 3 mL/min/1.73 m 2 per year, and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality were assessed over a mean of 9.9 years of follow-up. Results: Mean (SD) levels of creatinine and cystatin C were 0.93 (0.30) mg/dL and 1.03 (0.25) mg/L, respectively; mean (SD) eGFRcreat and eGFRcys were 79 (23) mL/min/1.73 m 2 and 79 (19) mL/min/1.73 m 2 , respectively. Individuals with rapid decline measured by eGFRcreat (n=714; 16%) had increased risk of cardiovascular (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-2.06) and allcause (AHR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.54-1.94) mortality. Individuals with rapid decline measured by eGFRcys (n=1083; 25%) also had increased risk of cardiovascular (AHR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.29-1.80) and all-cause (AHR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.381.69) mortality. The association of rapid decline in eGFR with elevated mortality risk did not differ across subgroups based on baseline kidney function, age, sex, race, or prevalent coronary heart disease. Conclusion: Rapid decline in eGFR is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in older adults, independent of baseline eGFR and other demographic variables.
Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki and defoliation by the gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)] on native arthropods in West Virginia

Impacts of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) and defoliation by gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.)] on native, non-target arthropods were evaluated in eastern West Virginia from 1990 to 1992. Adult and larval arthropods were collected by foliage sampling and light-trapping at 24 20-ha (50-acre) plots, representing six replicates of four treatments: unsprayed, gypsy moth absent (control); unsprayed, gypsy moth present (defoliation); sprayed, gypsy moth absent; and sprayed, gypsy moth present. Pre-treatment data were collected in 1990. In May 1991, one application of Btk was made to 12 plots at a dosage of 14.4 BIU/ha (36 BIU/acre). Post-treatment data were collected in 1991 and 1992. With few exceptions, detectable effects from Btk application were restricted to Lepidoptera. Although abundance and species richness of larval and adult non-target Lepidoptera decreased at all plots between 1990 and 1992, abundance and species richness were reduced at Btk-treated plots relative to untreated plots. Richness and abundance of some larval and adult Lepidoptera declined at defoliation plots. Although the short-term ( 1 year) of reduced abundance of gypsy moth larvae may be beneficial for some native species. Although Btk application and defoliation reduce abundance of native Lepidoptera, environmental conditions such as weather may have a greater influence on population fluctuations.
Determining breakthrough of the soil fumigant chloropicrin from 120 mg XAD-4 sorbent tubes

Abstract The emission to the atmosphere of soil fumigants such as chloropicrin represents a potentially important human exposure pathway. Commonly, determining the air concentration of fumigants is carried out by pumping air through sorbent tubes which chemically retain the fumigant. In order to obtain an accurate measurement, it is essential that the fumigant does not break through the sorbent tubes, since this would result in an underestimation. Using a simple apparatus, we tested the potential for chloropicrin breakthrough from 120 mg XAD-4 sorbent tubes. The effects of chloropicrin loading (0.33 and 3.3 mg) and air flow rate (50 and 1000 mL min −1 ) on the transport of chloropicrin through six XAD-4 tubes (connected in series) were examined over time periods ranging from 1 to 360 min. The higher flow rate led to rapid and high breakthrough of the chloropicrin, especially at the longer time periods. At 360 min, all six tubes together retained only 46–54% (depending on initial loading) of the added chloropicrin. At the lower flow rate, essentially all of the added chloropicrin was always retained on the first two tubes. The effect of flow rate was greater than that of initial chloropicrin loading and sampling time. It is concluded that when 120 mg XAD-4 tubes are used in soil fumigant emission studies, it should be at low flow rates only and always with at least one back-up tube.
Automated classification of bacterial particles in flow by multiangle scatter measurement and support vector machine classifier.

Biological microparticles, including bacteria, scatter light in all directions when illuminated. The complex scatter pattern is dependent on particle size, shape, refraction index, density, and morphology. Commercial flow cytometers allow measurement of scattered light intensity at forward and perpendicular (side) angles (2° ≤ θ1 ≤ 20° and 70° ≤ θ2 ≤ 110°, respectively) with a speed varying from 10 to 10,000 particles per second. The choice of angle is dictated by the fact that scattered light in the forward region is primarily dependent on cell size and refractive index, whereas side-scatter intensity is dependent on the granularity of cellular structures. However, these two-parameter measurements cannot be used to separate populations of cells of similar shape, size, or structure. Hence, there have been several attempts in flow cytometry to measure the entire scatter patterns. The published concepts require the use of unique custom-built flow cytometers and cannot be applied to existing instruments. It was also not clear how much information about patterns is really necessary to separate various populations of cells present in a given sample. The presented work demonstrates application of pattern-recognition techniques to classify particles on the basis of their discrete scatter patterns collected at just five different angles, and accompanied by the measurement of axial light loss. The proposed approach can be potentially used with existing instruments because it requires only the addition of a compact enhanced scatter detector. An analytical model of scatter of laser beams by individual bacterial cells suspended in a fluid was used to determine the location of scatter sensors. Experimental results were used to train the support vector machine-based pattern recognition system. It has been shown that information provided just by five angles of scatter and axial light loss can be sufficient to recognize various bacteria with 68–99% success rate. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Synergism of diazinon toxicity and inhibition of diazinon metabolism in the house fly by tridiphane: Inhibition of glutathione S-transferase activity☆

Abstract Diazinon toxicity to a susceptible strain of house fly ( Musca domestica L.) was synergized by tridiphane [2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)oxirane], a herbicide synergist. Both diazinon and tridiphane were partially metabolized in the house fly by glutathione (GSH) conjugation. Synergism appeared to be due to inhibition of diazinon metabolism/detoxification. Crude glutathione S -transferase (GST) preparations from the house fly catalyzed GSH conjugation of diazinon, tridiphane, 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB), and chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). Tridiphane and the GSH conjugate of tridiphane appeared to inhibit diazinon GSH conjugation, but diazinon did not inhibit tridiphane GSH conjugation. The enzymatic rate of tridiphane GSH conjugation was 22 times the rate of diazinon GSH conjugation; therefore, attempts to assay tridiphane as an inhibitor of diazinon GSH conjugation were inconclusive because of the high concentration of tridiphane GSH conjugate produced during the assay. CDNB underwent enzymatic GSH conjugation at a rate 240 times faster than that of tridiphane and 5000 times faster than that of diazinon. GSH conjugation of CDNB was not inhibited by tridiphane, but was inhibited by the GSH conjugate of tridiphane. In vivo , the GSH conjugate of tridiphane was produced in sufficient concentration to cause the observed inhibition of diazinon metabolism and synergism of diazinon toxicity. However, the possibility that parent tridiphane caused or contributed to the inhibition of diazinon metabolism and synergism of diazinon toxicity could not be excluded. Inhibition of diazinon metabolism did not appear to be due to depletion of either GSH or GST.
Corner detection from chain-code

Abstract Corner detection techniques have been widely used as the first step in many applications involving shape classification. This paper evaluates a number of corner detectors and addresses some questions, such as number of responses to a single corner and noise sensitivity. Corner detectors considered here include Medioni-Yasumoto corner detector, Beus-Tiu corner detector, weighted-K-curvature corner detector, Rosenfeld-Johnston corner detector, Rosenfeld-Weszka corner detector, and Cheng-Hsu corner detector. Experimental results are presented to compare the performance of the algorithms.
A Model for Analysis of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Plant With Carbon Dioxide Capture

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is believed to be one of the most promising technologies to offer electricity and other de-carbon fuels with carbon capture requirement at a relatively low cost. With the process of carbon dioxide capture, it can also actually meet strict regulations for other pollutants emission. However, the performances can vary depending on what kinds of technologies or processes are used. This paper has developed a model and calculated by using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) program to determine and compare different available technologies and processes. There are four main components in the model: Gasification Island; Gas Cleanup Island; Carbon Dioxide Capture Island and Power Island. Among them, the different options of Gasification Island; and Carbon Dioxide Capture Island are expected to be the most effective factors to influence the performance of the plant. Therefore, different gasification processes are examined in this paper, including Shell, GE (Texaco) and Lurgi. The carbon dioxide capture processes are based on SELEXOL, a physical absorption process, because of the high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the syngas. A process called “double-absorption” is used for capturing sulfur compounds and carbon dioxide. This paper calculated and compared the net outputs, efficiency penalties for CO2 capture part, and net plant efficiencies for different technologies and processes by using EES program. This model tries to treat the IGCC with carbon dioxide capture part as a whole thermal system, instead of just looking at the capture system alone. Different gasification technologies mentioned above will result in various paths and efficiencies of using steam and waste energy in the system. It will make reasonable use of various waste energies and steams for both mechanical and chemical processes to improve the performance of the plant, and incorporate a CO2 capture system into the design concept of the power plant.© 2008 ASME
Use of mineral magnetic measurements to investigate soil erosion and sediment delivery in a small agricultural catchment in limestone terrain

Abstract Understanding sediment delivery at the hillslope scale requires information on the spatial distributions and magnitudes of erosion and deposition. Empirical models such as the RUSLE may be useful for predicting erosion, but are poorly suited for quantifying deposition. Cesium-137 (Cs-137) is useful for quantifying both erosion and deposition, but is costly to inventory over a large area, and directly gauges soil redistribution only for recent decades. The use of rapidly acquired magnetic measurements represents a relatively new potential means of mapping and measuring soil redistribution. In this study, variations in surface magnetism are analyzed to determine patterns of erosion and sedimentation in a small agricultural catchment in northwestern Alabama (USA). Magnetic indicators of erosion are combined with published soil morphology, Cs-137 and short-term suspended sediment data from this former experimental watershed to evaluate long-term sediment delivery. All magnetic parameters measured could be related to soil erosion, although their patterns in space are not identical. Magnetic evidence suggests approximately 30 cm of soil loss on the steepest mid-slope portions of the catchment. Distributing soil loss across space according to magnetic patterns gives average long-term values lower than a prior estimate based on Cs-137 data. Long-term sediment delivery calculated using soil morphology to determine depositional volume ranges up to 45% depending on the magnetic parameter used to index soil loss, and assumptions regarding deposit geometry. These results suggest the need for continued refinement of magnetic techniques for purposes of erosion model validation and general sediment tracing applications.
Suicide and Alcohol: Conceptualizing the Relationship From a Cognitive‐Social Paradigm

This article presents a formulation of the association between alcohol consumption and suicidal behavior derived from recent advances in the area of social cognition. It is suggested that the social cognitive mechanism of alcohol-induced myopia may serve an important role in developing a comprehensive conceptualization of the alcohol-suicide relationship. Implications for practitioners and ethical considerations of further research in this area are discussed.
A Review of Software for Sample Size Determination

The size of a sample is an important element in determining the statistical precision with which population values can be estimated. This article identifies and describes free and commercial programs for sample size determination. Programs are categorized as follows: (a) multiple procedure for sample size determination; (b) single procedure for sample size determination; and (c) Web-based. Programs are described in terms of (a) cost; (b) ease of use, including interface, operating system and hardware requirements, and availability of documentation and technical support; (c) file management, including input and output formats; and (d) analytical and graphical capabilities.
Effect of Methylxanthines on the Spontaneous Appetite for NaCl Solutions in Rats

AbstractDietary administration of theophylline (2.5 g/kg of food) induced a spontaneous appetite for NaCl solution in female rats given a choice between water and 0.25 M NaCl solution to drink. The appetite was accompanied by a reduction in preference threshold to one-third that of controls as determined by the two-bottle choice technique. Dietary administration of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) (2.50 g/kg of food) was also accompanied by a spontaneous appetite for 0.25 M NaCl solution when female rats were allowed to choose between it and distilled water to drink. The mechanism by which theophylline and IBMX affect the appetite for NaCl solutions is unknown but could be related to their phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity and/or to their ability to block adenosine receptors.
Reference Ranges for LVEF and LV Volumes from Electrocardiographically Gated 82Rb Cardiac PET/CT Using Commercially Available Software

Electrocardiographic gating is increasingly used for 82Rb cardiac PET/CT, but reference ranges for global functional parameters are not well defined. We sought to establish reference values for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), end systolic volume (ESV), and end diastolic volume (EDV) using 4 different commercial software packages. Additionally, we compared 2 different approaches for the definition of a healthy individual. Methods: Sixty-two subjects (mean age ± SD, 49 ± 9 y; 85% women; mean body mass index ± SD, 34 ± 10 kg/m2) who underwent 82Rb-gated myocardial perfusion PET/CT were evaluated. All subjects had normal myocardial perfusion and no history of coronary artery disease (CAD) or cardiomyopathy. Subgroup 1 consisted of 34 individuals with low pretest probability of CAD (
TNM classification of thyroid carcinoma.

The understanding of biology of well-differentiated thyroid cancer has improved in the last two decades with the detailed understanding of prognostic factors and risk group stratification. The risk groups are crucial in the management of thyroid cancer and overall prognosis. The TNM staging system has been used in all human cancers, and it adheres to the biology of tumors. The data in thyroid cancer comes from retrospective studies, as there are no prospective randomized trials. The most recent TNM staging system was revised and published (6th edition) in 2002. The major attributes of the staging system include: age as the most important prognostic factor, and age is included in the staging system, below and above the age of 45; T1 tumors are considered to be those below 2 cm; T3 tumors include minor extrathyroidal extension invading the strap muscles; T4 tumors includes T4a and T4b, T4a being operable tumors; all anaplastic cancers are T4, although operable anaplastic thyroid cancers are considered to be T4a. These changes in the TNM system are consistent with our current philosophy in the overall management of thyroid cancer and adjuvant therapy. The N staging system includes N1a and N1b—N1a being level VI lymph nodes, while N1b includes level IV and superior mediastinal and contralateral neck nodes. The TNM staging system helps reporting our data and comparing results in different parts of the world. However, there is no level I evidence in thyroid cancer.
MYC Association with Cancer Risk and a New Model of MYC-Mediated Repression

MYC is one of the most frequently mutated and overexpressed genes in human cancer but the regulation of MYC expression and the ability of MYC protein to repress cellular genes (including itself) have remained mysterious. Recent genome-wide association studies show that many genetic polymorphisms associated with disease risk map to distal regulatory elements that regulate the MYC promoter through large chromatin loops. Cancer risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contain more potent enhancer activity, promoting higher MYC levels and a greater risk of disease. The MYC promoter is also subject to complex regulatory circuits and limits its own expression by a feedback loop. A model for MYC autoregulation is discussed which involves a signaling pathway between the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) tumor suppressor and repressive histone modifications laid down by the EZH2 methyltransferase.
Taking a light approach to treating acute ischemic stroke patients: Transcranial near-infrared laser therapy translational science

AbstractTranscranial near-infrared laser therapy (NILT) has been investigated as a novel neuroprotective treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), for approximately 10 years. Two clinical trials, NeuroThera Effectiveness and Safety Trial (NEST)-1 and NEST-2, have evaluated the use of NILT to promote clinical recovery in patients with AIS. This review covers preclinical, translational, and clinical studies documented during the period 1997–2010. The primary aim of this article is to detail the development profile of NILT to treat AIS. Secondly, insight into possible mechanisms involved in light therapy will be presented. Lastly, possible new directions that should be considered to improve the efficacy profile of NILT in AIS patients will be discussed. The use of NILT was advanced to clinical trials based upon extensive translational research using multiple species. NILT, which may promote functional and behavioral recovery via a mitochondrial mechanism and by enhancing cerebral blood flow, may eventually ...
SIR-A signature of Al Umchaimin crater, western Iraq

(1989). SIR-A signature of Al Umchaimin crater, western Iraq. International Journal of Remote Sensing: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 451-452.
Surface-Controlled Reactivity of Metal Carbonates

Metal carbonate surfaces are a common component of soils, sediments, terrestrial organisms, and many engineered structures. The surface-controlled growth and dissolution of metal carbonate minerals (e.g. calcite) often affects fluid flow in pipes (through scaling) as well as the nanoscale assembly of complex biologic structures (similar reactions control Ca levels in the oceans, and ultimately, long-term CO2 levels). Engineering metal carbonate surface chemistry to enhance or inhibit growth, dissolution, or crystal nucleation is therefore an area with obvious economic impact. Metal carbonate superstructures are rapidly altered by dissolution/re-precipitation reactions, necessitating the measurement of surface chemistry near equilibrium. Measurements of metal sorption using limited residence time reactors point to the importance of adsorbed/exchanged metal ions in controlling surface charge and electrokinetic behavior. The same reactions appear to control growth and dissolution rates as well.
The FastTrack overlay: A measurement study

Both in terms of number of participating users and in traffic volume, FastTrack is one of the most important applications in the Internet today. Nevertheless, because FastTrack is proprietary and uses encryption, little is understood about FastTrack's overlay structure and dynamics, its messaging protocol, and its index management. We have built two measurement apparatus--the FastTrack Sniffing Platform and the FastTrack Probing Tool--to unravel many of the mysteries behind FastTrack. We deploy the apparatus to study FastTrack's overlay structure and dynamics, its neighbor selection, its use of dynamic port numbers to circumvent firewalls, and its index management. Although this study does not fully solve the FastTrack puzzle, it nevertheless leads to a coherent description of FastTrack and its overlay. Furthermore, we leverage the measurement results to set forth a number of key principles for the design of a successful unstructured P2P overlay. The measurement results and resulting design principles in this paper should be useful for future architects of P2P overlay networks as well as for engineers managing ISPs.
A Three-Dimensional Receiver Operator Characteristic Surface Diagnostic Metric

Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves are commonly applied as metrics for quantifying the performance of binary fault detection systems. An ROC curve provides a visual representation of a detection system’s True Positive Rate versus False Positive Rate sensitivity as the detection threshold is varied. The area under the curve provides a measure of fault detection performance independent of the applied detection threshold. While the standard ROC curve is well suited for quantifying binary fault detection performance, it is not suitable for quantifying the classification performance of multi-fault classification problems. Furthermore, it does not provide a measure of diagnostic latency. To address these shortcomings, a novel three-dimensional receiver operator characteristic (3D ROC) surface metric has been developed. This is done by generating and applying two separate curves: the standard ROC curve reflecting fault detection performance, and a second curve reflecting fault classification performance. A third dimension, diagnostic latency, is added giving rise to three-dimensional ROC surfaces. Applying numerical integration techniques, the volumes under and between the surfaces are calculated to produce metrics of the diagnostic system’s detection and classification performance. This paper will describe the 3D ROC surface metric in detail, and present an example of its application for quantifying the performance of aircraft engine gas path diagnostic methods. Metric limitations and potential enhancements are also discussed.
Urban Inequality Revisited The Determinants of Income Distribution in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

Urban size and growth rates have been the focus in the analysis of variation in income inequality among U.S. metropolises. Here, the author builds upon elements identified in the literature to examine 1990 census data for the total, white, and black populations. The regression results indicate that the causal structure of inequality has changed and that the determinants of intraracial inequality are different. The author argues that now the most significant determinants relate to local employment, and social and demographic conditions, reflecting a fundamental transformation from the importance of income level, industry mix, and race.
WebMapReduce: an accessible and adaptable tool for teaching map-reduce computing

WebMapReduce (WMR) is a strategically simplified user interface for the Hadoop implementation of the map-reduce model for distributed computing on clusters, designed so that novice programmers in an introductory CS courses can perform authentic data-intensive scalable computations using the programming language they are learning in their course. The open-source WMR software currently supports Java, C++, Python, and Scheme computations, and can readily be extended to support additional programming languages, and configured to adapt to the practices at a particular institution for teaching introductory programming. Potential applications in courses at all undergraduate levels are indicated, and implementation of the WMR software is described.
Grip Lock Injury in Male Gymnasts

Background:Grip lock is a high bar injury in male gymnastics and occurs while the gymnast is rotating around the high bar. Its mechanism and treatment have been poorly documented.Study Design:Case ...
Anterior subtemporal approach for posterolateral brainstem cavernomas: report of ten cases

The neuronavigation-assisted anterior subtemporal approach is proposed in this article as an alternative to surgery of posterolateral brainstem cavernomas. Brainstem cavernomas represent a neurosurgical challenge because of the high morbidity and mortality rate related to their surgical removal. Several nerve nuclei, ascending and descending fibers make this region at high risk of serious postoperative deficits. Between 1998 and 2010, 24 patients underwent surgical removal of brainstem cavernomas in our institution. Ten of these patients presented a cavernous malformation in the posterolateral region of the brainstem and underwent surgical removal by means of a neuronavigation-assisted anterior subtemporal approach. Lesion removal was complete for all patients. There were no cases of surgery-related death. Neurological status improved or remained unchanged after surgery in all cases. All patients presented good outcomes at 12 to 154 months' follow-up (mean 70 months; GOS = 5 in 8/10 patients, 4 in 2/10 patients; mRS = 0–1 in all patients). Only one patient presented transient confusion, aphasia and seizures related to temporal lobe swelling, which resolved completely within a few days. One patient developed cranial nerve III palsy and left hemiparesis with gradual recovery. This approach represents a valid alternative to the “more classical” approaches for the surgery of posterolateral cavernomas of the pontomesenchephalic junction reaching the tentorial incisura, reducing the risk of damaging the vein of Labbe, temporal lobe swelling, cerebellar swelling, ophtalmoparesis, fourth ventricle cranial nerve nuclei lesions. Skeletonization of sigmoidal sinus provides with good outcomes, low morbidity and mortality.
Aromatase and other steroidogenic genes in endometriosis: translational aspects

Endometriosis is a common, chronic and estrogen-dependent gynaecological disorder associated with pelvic pain and infertility. In addition to, or perhaps as a consequence of, immune, environmental and genetic factors, endometriotic lesions show high estradiol (E(2)) biosynthesis and low E(2) inactivation compared with normal endometrium. Current medical therapies of pain, which aim to lower circulating E(2) concentrations, are not effective in at least half of these patients. We and others recently demonstrated the expression of a few steroidogenic genes in endometriosis. The most important genes in this group are steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and aromatase. Both are essential for E(2) production. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is the most potent known stimulator of both StAR and aromatase. PGE(2) production in endometriosis is up-regulated by increased levels of the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) in this tissue. COX-2 in turn is stimulated by E(2), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and PGE(2) itself in endometrial and endometriotic cells. Thus, there is a positive feedback loop that favours continuous formation of E(2) and PGE(2) in endometriosis. These basic findings led to recent phase-II studies employing aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of endometriosis. Aromatase inhibitors treat both postmenopausal and premenopausal endometriosis at least as effectively as the existing medical treatments. In premenopausal women, we and others administered aromatase inhibitors in combination with an ovarian-suppressant treatment. In this review, we emphasize the most recent basic studies in detail and provide a short summary of recent clinical trials.
Find the Nano in Your Life: Using Interactive Museum Demonstrations to Engage a Public Audience in Nanotechnology Research and Policy

To many Americans, nanotechnology remains a science of the future; most are unaware that nanoscale science is already being incorporated into products they use in their everyday lives. Informal learning environments are an ideal venue in which to not only educate the public about current applications of nanotechnology but also engage them in a discussion of its impacts. Developed through a partnership between two NSF-funded Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers at Penn State and Cornell Universities and The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, the “Small Wonders: Find the Nano in Your Life” program has been distributed to 20 science and children’s museums around the United States. This cart-based program includes interactive demonstrations of commercially available products that use nanoscale technology, including sunblock, nanosilver food containers, and nanoiron for environmental remediation. Macroscale models enable visitors to understand the underlying science, while real products allow visitors to explore the hope, hype, and reality of each. Here, we discuss the educational goals of the program, our approach to presenting questions of both science and policy, and methods and results of visitor evaluation. This third collaborative project continues to build on a model of program development and distribution that has been highly successful at reaching a broad audience.
Lessons Learned from Failures of the Building Envelope in Windstorms

Lessons learned from failures of the building envelope in windstorms are encapsulated in three principal findings. The building envelope is crucial to the performance of buildings in windstorms. Windborne debris is decisive in shaping the performance of the building envelope. Design attention should be given to postimpact behavior of building-envelope systems. Reviews of damage documentation, insurance records, and computer simulations of building failures establish the importance of the building envelope to satisfactory building performance. These reviews also establish the decisive role of windborne debris in causing damage. The imperative for considering the postimpact behavior of building envelope systems is discussed, and innovative glazing products that meet new design criteria are presented. It is concluded that the building envelope should be given status equal to the principal structural frame in terms of design attention.
More uniform perturbation theory of the Vlasov equation

The Vlasov—Poisson equations are reformulated by applying an arbitrary transformation to the velocity variable in such a way that perturbation theory of the transformed equations does not exhibit the customary secularity in time (or space) in second or higher order. The lowest order approximation of the new formulation is discussed and compared with conventional results. The source of the non-uniformity appears to be the divergence of Particle trajectories as calculated by perturbation methods, from the exact ones after long times. The transformation which allows one to follow the particle trajectories is a transformation to a frame of reference moving with a plasma test particle in the self-consistent field.
Spectral flatness factor and ‘intermittency’ in turbulence and in non-linear noise

The flatness factor F of the signal transmitted through a band-pass filter has been measured for the turbulence in a free shear layer and for a squared Gaussian noise. They both show flatness factor increasing with centre frequency f c . In the turbulence, band-passed signals look intermittent and have larger F than the full signal, but in the squared noise, band-passed signals all have smaller F than the full signal although they look more intermittent. It is shown analytically that the derivative of a smoothed, squared Gaussian noise may have flatness factor either greater or less than the undifferentiated signal.
Charge Carriers at milliKelvin Temperatures

We describe an experimental cell which enables the cooling of electrons in a solid state host to milliKelvin temperatures. In order to achieve a good thermal contact as well as electrical isolation we use sintered Silver sample heatsinks which are immersed into liquid He-3. We have evaluated our experimental cell by measuring the resistance of a carbon composition thermometer connected to these sample heatsinks. While we cannot directly measure electronic temperatures, we find that the resistance of the carbon thermometer is a strong function of the temperature down to 5 mK. We interpret these results as evidence of electron temperatures in the mK range.
Oceans and Estuaries: The Ocean Commissions' Unfulfilled Vision

By some estimates, oceans and coasts provide almost two-thirds of the value of the world's ecosystem services. In the United States, goods and services from the oceans and coasts have been valued at over $1 trillion - about one-tenth of the nation's gross domestic product. Protection of these marine ecosystem goods and services is thus decidedly in the United States' social and economic interests. In May 2003, the Pew Oceans Commission issued its comprehensive review of the United States' management of its living marine resources, America's Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change. Over a year later, and in response to the Oceans Act of 2000, the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy released its comprehensive review report, An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century. While the scope of each report differed, their conclusions were remarkably consistent. In particular, both Commissions recommended that the federal government adopt a comprehensive, integrated, ecosystem-based ocean policy for the nation's more than four million square miles of marine territory to replace the fragmented, species-by-species, resource-by-resource, and medium-by-medium regulatory regime that has dominated marine management since the early 1970s. Since the Commissions' reports appeared, moreover, increased knowledge regarding the effects of climate change on the oceans and the existence of ocean acidification have only underscored the need for an ecosystem-based and adapative management approach to regulating marine resources. This short article reviews the federal government's progress (or lack thereof) since 2004 in implementing the Commissions' vision of ocean management. It concludes that if the United States wants to protect its marine resources and their ecosystem services, especially in the face of climate change and its effects, Congress should enact comprehensive legislation along the lines of H.R. 21, currently being debated in the U.S. House of Representatives.
A Comment concerning Stimuli in Discrimination Learning Experiments

The use of alphabetic characters to represent the stimuli in discrimination learning experiments is discussed and related to a key property: mutual distinctiveness.