cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Logistic discriminant parametric mapping: a novel method for the pixel-based differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.

Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission tomography (SPET) imaging of the dopaminergic system is a powerful tool for distinguishing groups of patients with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the differential diagnosis of individual subjects presenting early in the progress of the disease is much more difficult, particularly using region-of-interest analysis where small localized differences between subjects are diluted. In this paper we present a novel pixel-based technique using logistic discriminant analysis to distinguish between a group of PD patients and age-matched healthy controls. Simulated images of an anthropomorphic head phantom were used to test the sensitivity of the technique to striatal lesions of known size. The methodology was applied to real clinical SPET images of binding of technetium-99m labelled TRODAT-1 to dopamine transporters in PD patients (n=42) and age-matched controls (n=23). The discriminant model was trained on a subset (n=17) of patients for whom the diagnosis was unequivocal. Logistic discriminant parametric maps were obtained for all subjects, showing the probability distribution of pixels classified as being consistent with PD. The probability maps were corrected for correlated multiple comparisons assuming an isotropic Gaussian point spread function. Simulated lesion sizes measured by logistic discriminant parametric mapping (LDPM) gave strong correlations with the known data (r2=0.985, P<0.001). LDPM correctly classified all PD patients (sensitivity 100%) and only misclassified one control (specificity 95%). All patients who had equivocal clinical symptoms associated with early onset PD (n=4) were correctly assigned to the patient group. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) had a sensitivity of only 24% on the same patient group. LDPM is a powerful pixel-based tool for the differential diagnosis of patients with PD and healthy controls. The diagnosis of disease even before clinical symptoms become apparent may be possible, and ultimately this technique could be most useful in differentiating between several neurodegenerative disorders, incorporating images of multiple neuroreceptor systems.
AN ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF AUTOMOTIVE PROPULSION SYSTEMS

A number of existing and proposed automotive propulsion systems are analyzed and their specific energy and specific peak power in terms of mechanical energy delivered from the propulsion system's energy-conversion device are compared. The calculations account for losses due to the energy-conversion process and include the masses of both the fuel (or energy-storage device) and the energy-conversion components. Values used in the comparisons range from the current state of the art, or most-probable forecasts of characteristics, to highly optimistic projections of device characteristics. On the basis of this analysis, the range and acceleration for passenger vehicles utilizing the various propulsion systems are estimated. Power-boosted hybrid systems are also examined.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF SCOUR IN COHESIVE SOILS AROUND ARTIFICIAL ROCK ISLAND OF COOPER RIVER BRIDGE

A new laboratory-based methodology for prediction of the maximum scour depth in cohesive soil has recently been developed at the University of South Carolina. Because of the absence of field data, a computational fluid dynamics model, FLUENT, is used to test the scale effects associated with such a methodology. The numerical model was first verified against measurements obtained in the laboratory. The numerical results agreed satisfactorily with the measurements. Then, the numerical model was applied to the rock island protecting the main piers of the Cooper River Bridge, located in Charleston, South Carolina. The scour hole created around the island in the laboratory was scaled up and used in the numerical model. The computed bed shear stresses compared satisfactorily with those scaled up from the measurements and the shear stress at which the field sample begins to erode. It was found that the scour depth of 3.7 m represents the equilibrium state, which is similar to the results scaled up from the labor...
RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF THE ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF ADRENAL LESIONS IN 21 FERRETS

Clinical signs and follow-up information were recorded. Histopathologic diagnoses were obtained for 25 adrenal glands in 21 ferrets. Adrenal lesions included ten adenocarcinomas, nine adenomas, one hyperplasia and one cortical cyst. Four adrenal glands (all right-sided) were diagnosed as unspecified adrenal tumors but lacked a definite histopathologic diagnosis (adenoma vs. adenocarcinoma) due to incomplete surgical resection and consequent small sample sizes. Bilateral adrenal lesions were identified in 4 ferrets (19%). Adrenal shape, size, echogenicity, laterality, and the presence of vascular invasion were evaluated with ultrasound. Size and shape were variable and not specific to lesion type. Both benign and malignant adrenal tumors (adenomas, adenocarcinomas) appeared most often as masses with increased thickness and a normal length (11/23), less frequently as larger masses with increased thickness and length (4/23) or as nodules focally deforming the normal adrenal shape (6/23). The only cortical cyst appeared as a nodule. Three adrenal glands had a normal size and shape and were diagnosed as adenomas (2) or hyperplasia (1). Therefore treatment may be warranted based solely on clinical signs if adrenal glands are ultrasonographically normal. Vascular invasion was not identified ultrasonographically. However, focal absence of periglandular fat resulting in contact of 8 adrenal glands with either caudal vena cava (6), aorta (1) or liver (1) identified ultrasonographically, correlated with incomplete surgical resectability (6/8) and histopathologic diagnoses of carcinoma (4/8) or unspecified tumors (4/8). Therefore, a focal absence of periglandular fat between the adrenal gland and the large vessels or liver, deviation or compression of the large vessels by the adrenal lesion may indicate malignancy. Adrenal tumors (benign and malignant) were often associated with a prominent uterus, uterine stump or prostate with or without prostatic cysts.
Equivalent circuit of a metal-insulator-semiconductor structure

Abstract An exact mathematical analysis of the impedance of a semiconductor-insulator interface has been performed with the help of a computer, in order to overcome the difficulties related to the practical handling of the available implicit formulae. The considered structure consists of an isotropic and isothermal semiconductor body, bounded by an insulating layer, where no leakage current occurs; all types of semiconductor surface band bending are considered, provided that no free charge carrier degeneracy is present anywhere. Harmonic generation is disregarded, since we are dealing with an impedance problem. The results are suitably expressed in terms of an equivalent circuit, whose elements turn out to be dependent in a simple way either upon the bulk semiconductor properties or upon the interface parameters. Each circuit element acquires a peculiar physical meaning. The proposed circuit can be properly applied to practical situations as easily as the already reported ones, based on intuitive considerations, are. However, the strict mathematical analysis guarantees a more faithful validity.
A reconsideration of negro-white mortality differentials in the united states

This paper summarizes the results of an investigation of the validity of Negro-white mortality differentials as reflected in the series of official United States life tables since the turn of the century. Pertinent excerpts from these often-quoted tables are reproduced in Appendix Table A-1 for convenient reference. The paper divides into two main parts. First, mortality levels and differentials beyond early childhood are derived, without use of the existing vital records, by interpreting the series of ten-year cumulative survival rates implicit in the census records for native whites and for Negroes. The results are in general agreement with the official figures, particularly for males. Second, mortality levels and differentials in early childhood are estimated by extrapolating the official 1)5 values via model life tables; that is, by the analytical procedure that would be followed in the absence of direct information on early childhood mortality. Unless it is assumed that age patterns of death for United States Negroes were extremely deviant from those found in populations with reliable census and vital statistics, one must conclude that the official figures grossly underestimate early childhood mortality for Negroes, at least for the period, 1910-40. It follows that, during those decades, Negro-white mortality differentials in terms of expectation of life at birth were also substantially higher than is suggested by the official estimates.
Cross-sectional and Longitudinal associations in coping strategies and physical health outcomes among HIV-Positive youth

This study assessed whether coping styles had an influence on physical health outcomes either concurrently or longitudinally in a sample of HIV-positive youth. Coping styles were characterized as positive, passive, depressive withdrawal, and escapist. A cross-sectional latent variable analysis (N = 279) assessed associations among environmental stress, self-esteem, social support, coping styles, AIDS symptoms, and CD4 count. A more restricted longitudinal analysis (N = 174) tested associations among earlier environmental stress, self-esteem, coping styles, and AIDS symptoms at follow-up. CD4 count was not associated with coping styles in the cross-sectional analysis. Concurrent AIDS symptoms were significantly predicted by depressive withdrawal and environmental stress. A passive coping style modestly predicted more AIDS symptoms longitudinally. Correlates of perceived health and well-being of persons with HIV/AIDS are important to investigate in addition to more objective measures such as CD4 count that ...
Skeletal muscle as an endogenous nitrate reservoir.

Abstract The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family of enzymes form nitric oxide (NO) from arginine in the presence of oxygen. At reduced oxygen availability NO is also generated from nitrate in a two step process by bacterial and mammalian molybdopterin proteins, and also directly from nitrite by a variety of five-coordinated ferrous hemoproteins. The mammalian NO cycle also involves direct oxidation of NO to nitrite, and both NO and nitrite to nitrate by oxy-ferrous hemoproteins. The liver and blood are considered the sites of active mammalian NO metabolism and nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the liver and blood of several mammalian species, including human, have been determined. However, the large tissue mass of skeletal muscle had not been generally considered in the analysis of the NO cycle, in spite of its long-known presence of significant levels of active neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS1). We hypothesized that skeletal muscle participates in the NO cycle and, due to its NO oxidizing heme protein, oxymyoglobin has high concentrations of nitrate ions. We measured nitrite and nitrate concentrations in rat and mouse leg skeletal muscle and found unusually high concentrations of nitrate but similar levels of nitrite, when compared to the liver. The nitrate reservoir in muscle is easily accessible via the bloodstream and therefore nitrate is available for transport to internal organs where it can be reduced to nitrite and NO. Nitrate levels in skeletal muscle and blood in nNOS−/− mice were dramatically lower when compared with controls, which support further our hypothesis. Although the nitrate reductase activity of xanthine oxidoreductase in muscle is less than that of liver, the residual activity in muscle could be very important in view of its total mass and the high basal level of nitrate. We suggest that skeletal muscle participates in overall NO metabolism, serving as a nitrate reservoir, for direct formation of nitrite and NO, and for determining levels of nitrate in other organs.
The upstream conserved regions (UCRs) mediate homo- and hetero-oligomerization of type 4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE4s)

PDE4s (type 4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases) are divided into long and short forms by the presence or absence of conserved N-terminal domains termed UCRs (upstream conserved regions). We have shown previously that PDE4D2, a short variant, is a monomer, whereas PDE4D3, a long variant, is a dimer. In the present study, we have determined the apparent molecular masses of various long and short PDE4 variants by size-exclusion chromatography and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. Our results indicate that dimerization is a conserved property of all long PDE4 forms, whereas short forms are monomers. Dimerization is mediated by the UCR domains. Given their high sequence conservation, the UCR domains mediate not only homo-oligomerization, but also hetero-oligomerization of distinct PDE4 long forms as detected by co-immunoprecipitation assays and FRET microscopy. Endogenous PDE4 hetero-oligomers are, however, low in abundance compared with homo-dimers, revealing the presence of mechanisms that predispose PDE4s towards homo-oligomerization. Oligomerization is a prerequisite for the regulatory properties of the PDE4 long forms, such as their PKA (protein kinase A)-dependent activation, but is not necessary for PDE4 protein–protein interactions. As a result, individual PDE4 protomers may independently mediate protein–protein interactions, providing a mechanism whereby PDE4s contribute to the assembly of macromolecular signalling complexes.
Presence of enamel on the incisors of the llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos).

Attempts have been made to define the relationships among the South American camelids, the guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuna, by comparing the morphology of their incisors. The alpaca has been reported to have an incisor morphology similar to the vicuna, lacking enamel on the lingual surface. The llama and guanaco are said to have enamel on both the labial and lingual surface of their incisor teeth. These comparisons have been based on gross morphological observations and not on histologic analysis. This study was undertaken to determine whether or not alpaca teeth have enamel on the lingual surface. The cross-sectional histologic anatomy of the incisor teeth was compared in two closely related South American camelid species, the llama (Lama glama), and the alpaca (Lama pacos). Thick sections (300 μm) and scanning electron microscopy were the techniques utilized. The mandibular first, second, and third incisors were examined in four llamas and five alpacas. A substantial layer of enamel was present on all surfaces of all llama incisors. The enamel layer on the labial surface of the alpaca incisors closely resembled that found in the llama. The enamel layer on the lingual surface of the alpaca incisors, although greatly reduced, was distinctly present. Alpacas may be more closely related to guanacos and llamas than to vicunas. A histologic study of vicuna incisors would help to better define the relationships of the four camelids. Anat Rec. 249:441–449, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Promoting Positive Social Beavior in Physical Education

(2004). Promoting Positive Social Beavior in Physical Education. Strategies: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 17-19.
The Relative Value of the Methylene Blue Reduction Test, the Bromthymol Blue Test, and the Bromcresol Purple Test in Determining the Keeping Quality of Milk

Summary In a comparison of the three tests, methylene blue reduction, bromthymol blue, and bromcresol purple for the determination of the keeping quality of milk, it is shown that the methylene blue reduction test is the preferable because of its greater sensitiveness to biological differences in milks; because it measures the number of bacteria rather than the by-products of their growth; and because of its simplicity and practicable advantages.
Measurement of the ratio of the speed of sound to the speed of light.

Measurements of the resonance frequencies of the acoustic modes and of the microwave modes of a single cavity can determine u/c, the ratio of the speed of sound of a gas to the speed of light. Such measurements with a monatomic gas would determine the thermodynamic temperature T with unprecedented accuracy. By judicious choices of cavity geometry and resonance modes, u/c can be measured to part-per-million accuracy using cavities whose geometry is known only to parts per thousand. These techniques can also be applied to measurements of the universal gas constant R. A measurement of R would also require an accurate determination of the average atomic mass of the monatomic gas.
Synthesis of isomeric 1,4-[13C]2-labeled 2-ethoxycarbonyl-1,4-diphenylbutadienes

Abstract The 1,4-bis-13C-labeled isomeric compounds (Z,E)- and (E,E)-2-ethoxycarbonyl-1,4-diphenylbutadiene have been synthesized by two different methods. A double Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) strategy was employed for the synthesis of the Z,E isomer. On the other hand, synthesis of the E,E isomer was achieved by Baylis–Hillman reaction of benzaldehyde with ethyl acrylate and subsequent rearrangement, followed by Wittig olefination with benzaldehyde. These routes provide stereoselective access to labeled compounds in good yields.
8-Nitroxanthine, a product of myeloperoxidase, peroxynitrite, and activated human neutrophils, enhances generation of superoxide by xanthine oxidase.

Abstract Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species are implicated in the damage of ischemic tissue that is reperfused. One important pathway may involve xanthine oxidase. Xanthine oxidase uses xanthine, a product of ATP degradation in ischemic tissue, to produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide reacts rapidly with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite, a powerful oxidant. Another potential source of reactive nitrogen species is the myeloperoxidase–hydrogen peroxide–nitrite system of activated phagocytes. We demonstrate that peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase nitrate xanthine in vitro. Through 13 C NMR spectroscopy, UV/visible spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, the major product was identified as 8-nitroxanthine. Xanthine nitration by peroxynitrite was optimal at neutral pH and was markedly stimulated by physiological concentrations of bicarbonate. Xanthine nitration by myeloperoxidase required hydrogen peroxide and nitrite. However, it was independent of chloride ion and little affected by scavengers of hypochlorous acid, suggesting that the reactive agent is a nitrogen dioxide-like species. 8-Nitroxanthine was generated by a low, steady flux of peroxynitrite, and also by the myeloperoxidase–hydrogen peroxide–nitrite system of activated human neutrophils, suggesting that the reactions may be physiologically relevant. 8-Nitroxanthine may exert biological effects because it markedly increased the production of superoxide by the xanthine oxidase–xanthine system. Our observations suggest a mechanism for the enhanced formation of superoxide in reperfused tissue, which might increase the production of peroxynitrite and 8-nitroxanthine. Generation of 8-nitroxanthine by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase could represent a positive feedback mechanism that enhances further the production of both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in ischemic tissue that is reperfused.
Implementing data abstractions and monitors in UCSD Pascal

Numerous modern programming languages provide constructs for implementing data abstractions and monitors. This paper discusses practical techniques for realizing these programming constructs in the UCSD dialect of Pascal. Although the Pascal language as defined by Wirth [Jen74] is not amenable to the use of these programming constructs, the extensions provided by the UCSD dialect [Cla82] provide an excellent basis for implementing both data abstractions and monitors.
Intensity of halothane- and hypercapnia-induced cerebral hyperemia is strain-dependent in rats.

Cerebrovascular responses to physiologic and pharmacologic stimuli vary between laboratories using different strains of the same species. We tested whether the cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to 1% halothane or hypercapnia is strain-dependent in rats. Age-matched adult male (n = 14 of each strain) Wistar, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were anesthetized with pentobarbital and mechanically ventilated. Under baseline conditions blood flow to cerebrum (microspheres) in WKY (66 ± 5 mL. min -1 . 100 g -1 ) was less than (P < 0.05) in Wistar (88 ± 5 mL. min -1 . 100 g -1 ) and SHR (83 ± 5 mL. min -1 .100 g -1 ). Blood flow to brainstem was greater (P < 0.05) in Wistar (106 ± 8 mL. min -1 . 100 g -1 ) than in WKY (71 ± 5 mL. min -1 . 100 g -1 ) and SHR (84 ± 4 mL. min -1 . 100 g -1 ). In the halothane protocol (n = 8 each strain), administration of 1% halothane, during normocapnia, increased blood flow to the cerebrum in WKY (64 ± 6 to 120 ± 12 mL. min -1 . 100 g -1 , P < 0.05) and SHR (78 ± 6 to 115 ± 8 mL. min -1 . 100 g -1 , P < 0.05) but not Wistar rats (88 ± 8 to 102 ± 5 mL. min -1 . 100 g -1 , not significant). Discontinuing halothane caused blood flow to return to baseline values. In the hypercapnia protocol (n = 6 each strain), exposure to 3% CO 2 (to achieve a Paco 2 of 50-55 mm Hg) and 6% CO 2 (to achieve a Paco 2 of 60-70 mm Hg) caused blood flow to the cerebrum to increase in Wistar (87 ± 11 to 112 ± 15 to 162 ± 23) to a similar amount as observed in WKY (69 ± 7 to 115 ± 13 to 162 ± 23 mL. min -1 . 100 g -1 ) but less than that observed in SHR (89 ± 7 to 174 ± 24 to 237 ± 28 mL. min -1 . 100 g -1 ). These data demonstrate that the cerebral hyperemic response to vasodilator stimuli is strain-dependent in rats.
Circadian Rhythm of Serotonin in the Pineal Body of Immunosympathectomized Immature Rats

In the pineal body of the immature rat the circadian rhythm of serotonin persists when sympathetic innervation is abolished by the administration of nerve growth factor antiserum. This rhythm is regulated by a mechanism that does not involve the sympathetic innervation and is, therefore, fundamentally different from that in the adult.
Technology and Ethics for Engineering Students

Many engineering schools still do not allocate enough resources to the process of understanding the social and ethical dimensions of scientific and technological activities. This article argues tha...
Optomotor reaction, locomotory bias, and reactive inhibition in the milkweed bug Ooncopeltus and the beetle Zophobas

1. Reactive inhibition in a locomotory turn choice situation in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus is shown probably to be no more than the delayed optomotor reaction which follows an induced turn. The two reactions have similar time constants of decay. Neither reaction occurs in infrared light or in blinded specimens of Oncopeltus. 2. In two situations of open-loop optomotor feedback conditions, individual Oncopeltus often show strong turning biases. In infrared light they may walk in circles. In ordinary light on the Y maze globe they make significantly long runs of turns in a single direction. When freed in ordinary light, the same individuals do not exhibit the bias. Apparently, the optomotor reaction can correct this central error. 3. The larvae of the beetle Zophobas rugipes do not exhibit an optomotor response. They do show a strong reactive inhibition which must therefore depend upon some other input modality. Adults of Zophobas do have an optomotor reaction, but they show reactive inhibition in turn choices even in infrared light. 4. Locomotory reactive inhibition depends upon different input modalities in different species of insects.
Unified theory of automation in process planning utilizing multiobjectives under real world constraints

Abstract This paper investigates the unified theory of automation in process planning of the milling operation. The unified function has been developed based on the cost and rate of production. The unified objective function thus developed is supposed to act as a true arbiter of individual objective functions. The unified objective function is optimized under a large number of real-world constraints. Because of the discrete nature of machine settings the feed and speed are discretized, and integrality constraints are imposed on the feed and speed. Because of these constraints the process planning automation of the milling operation becomes a nonlinear mixed integer programming (NLMIP) problem. The approach has been illustrated with an example. The results obtained show relevance to real-world practice.
Comparison of After-Laundering Residues of Cypermethrin and Cyfluthrin in Fabrics: A Meta-Analytical Approach:

This study is a meta-analysis of four experiments with two pyrethroids, cypermethrin and cyfluthrin, in two formulations, emulsifiable concentrates and wettable powders. Contributions of fabric weight, detergent type, and detergent concentration are evaluated for residue remaining in fabrics after laundering. Each of the four experiments is a factorial experiment, with two fabric weights (10 ozlyd2 and 14.5 ozlyd2), two detergent types (heavy-duty liquid and phosphate) and four detergent concentrations (0.0x, 0.5x, 1.0x, and 1.5x, where x = package label recommendations). Fabric specimens were contaminated, laundered, and residues remaining after laundering determined gas chromatographically.The heavier the fabric, the more residues were retained. Cypermethrin was more completely removed by laundering than was cyfluthrin. The emulsifiable concentrate formulation was more difficult to remove than the wettable-powder formulation. The cyfluthrin emulsifiable concentrate residue was greater following launderi...
Alternatives to construct-based programming misconceptions

In this paper, we investigate whether or not most novice programming bugs arise because students have misconceptions about the semantics of particular language constructs. Three high frequency bugs are examined in detail — one that clearly arises from a construct-based misconception, one that does not, and one that is less cut and dry. Based on our empirical study of 101 bug types from three programming problems, we will argue that most bugs are not due to misconceptions about the semantics of language constructs.
Depth of sternal compression and intra-arterial blood pressure during CPR in infants following cardiac surgery

The optimal depth of sternal compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in infants is unknown; current guidelines recommend compressing to a depth of 1/3rd to 1/2 the anterior-posterior (AP) diameter of the chest. Our experience to compress the chest at 1/3rd the AP diameter often fails to provide an adequate blood pressure response. We reviewed our experience with CPR, depth of compressions, and arterial blood pressure response in a cohort of 6 infants having cardiac surgery and subsequent cardiac arrest. Pediatric advanced life support measures were initiated, with attempted compressions to 1/3rd the AP chest diameter. Depth of attempted compressions was increased to approximately 1/2 the AP chest diameter if systolic BP response was inadequate (i.e., <60mm Hg systolic). BP tracings were reviewed and contiguous recordings were evaluated as compressions were attempted at 1/3rd and 1/2 the AP chest diameter. The age range was from 2 weeks to 7.3 months, and median age was of 1.0 month. The mean systolic BP was 83.4mm Hg for the 1/2 AP chest diameter technique vs. 51.6mm Hg for the 1/3rd AP diameter approach, p<0.001. The mean diastolic pressure was similar with both strategies (30.5 vs. 30.6mm Hg, p=0.99). In this cohort of 6 infants having cardiac surgery and subsequent cardiac arrest, attempting to compress the chest at 1/2 the AP diameter increased systolic blood pressure by 62% compared to attempting to compress 1/3rd the AP diameter. Perhaps resuscitators should attempt to compress infants' chests 1/2 rather than 1/3rd the AP diameter of the chest.
Digital radiography and film scanners: automating the transition to filmless radiology.

To facilitate the integration of digital radiography (DR) and legacy film/screen technology, we have devised a methodology for film digitization that optimizes workflow and integrates well with the picture archiving and communication system (PACS). This work was performed at Mercy Medical Center (Cedar Rapids, IA) using a film digitizer with built-in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) communication. The radiology department at Mercy has one DR system and three separate film/screen systems. The DR system software suite features DICOM Modality Worklist capability to provide complete radiology information system (RIS) integration functionality. This provides for patient demographic information to be automatically downloaded from the RIS worklist to populate the DICOM image header. Likewise, we have taken advantage of the film scanner’s DICOM capability to develop software linking it with the hospital RIS. This capability provides a worklist downloading functionality equivalent to that of the DR. Patient demographics can then be rapidly downloaded as each film is digitized. The worklist capability of the scanner is essential in several respects. First, it guarantees that patient demographic information is completely accurate and, therefore, that the digitized x-ray image will be merged with the correct patient file in the PACS. Additionally, high film scanner throughput is achieved, guaranteeing that all inpatient-digitized films are as readily available on the PACS as their DR image counterparts. The digitized images have proven to be of diagnostic quality on the typical 1K by IK PACS workstation. Also, as patients are admitted to the hospital, prior films from the radiology archive are digitized to form a readily available patient history for in-house physicians. Over time, we are building archival patient histories of soft-copy images that will enable increased availability of patient x-rays to both in-hospital and outside referring physicians, especially as more internet-viewing software becomes available to the out-of-hospital medical community. Finally, the results of this study show that high-throughput RIS integraton of film scanning equipment is a key component to making a graceful transition to the filmless hospital as more DR systems are installed.
NaAlSi: Self-doped semimetallic superconductor with free electrons and covalent holes

The layered ternary $sp$ conductor NaAlSi, possessing the iron-pnictide ``111'' crystal structure, superconducts at 7 K. Using density-functional methods, we show that this compound is an intrinsic (self-doped) low-carrier-density semimetal with a number of unusual features. Covalent Al-Si valence bands provide the holes, and free-electronlike $\text{Al}\text{ }3s$ bands, which propagate in the channel between the neighboring Si layers, dip just below the Fermi level to create the electron carriers. The Fermi level (and therefore the superconducting carriers) lies in a narrow and sharp peak within a pseudogap in the density of states. The small peak arises from valence bands which are nearly of pure Si, quasi-two-dimensional, flat, and coupled to Al conduction bands. Isostructural NaAlGe, which is not superconducting above 1.6 K, has almost exactly the same band structure except for one missing piece of small Fermi surface. Certain deformation potentials induced by Si and Na displacements along the $c$ axis are calculated and discussed. It seems likely that the mechanism of pairing is related to that of several other lightly doped two-dimensional nonmagnetic semiconductors (TiNCl, ZrNCl, HfNCl), which is not well understood but apparently not of phonon origin.
The vibrational spectrum of thionynyl fluoride and its oxygen-18 isotopomer[1]

Abstract The vibrational spectrum of thionyl fluoride, SOF2, has been reinvestigated by means of high resolution infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Substitution of oxygen-16 by oxygen-18 led to a definitive identification of those modes to which sulfur-oxygen motion makes a large contribution. The band structure of the sulfur-oxygen stretching vibration, which is obscured by Fermi resonance with a combination band in S16OF2, has been resolved in S18OF2. The experimental isotopic splittings are compared with those calculated by previous investigators.
Elutriation Particle Separator

An elutriation particle separator is described which provides an inexpensive, efficient, and accurate method of obtaining from an original mixed sample sizable fractions of particles with diameters within preselected size ranges. Preliminary results for three size ranges between 10 and 100 μ are presented, together with proposed modifications (including a connected series of separators) for more efficient operation.
Similar epithelial-stromal interactions in the regulation of hyaluronate production during limb morphogenesis and tumor invasion

Abstract Changes in extracellular hyaluronate occur during the onset of cell migratory stages of development, wound healing, regeneration, and tumor invasion. During development, the production of hyaluronate, which is spatially and temporally patterned, is regulated, in part, by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, as demonstrated in the developing limb (Knudson, and Toole (1988) Biochem. Int., 17, 735). Analogous regulatory interactions occur during tumor invasion. One of us (Knudson, W. et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 6767) has shown that several human carcinoma cells interact with normal human fibroblasts in co-culture to effect the stimulation of hyaluronate production. This type of interaction in vivo may account for the large accumulations of hyaluronate often associated with invasive tumors. Heterologous coculture experiments were performed to determine whether carcinoma cells and embryonic epithelial cells express a common regulatory mechanism to effect the stimulation of hyaluronate production by stromal cells. Human LX-1 lung carcinoma cells or human HCV-29T bladder carcinoma cells cultured together with chick embryo limb bud mesoderm synthesized 2- to 4-fold more hyaluronate than the sum of that produced by carcinoma and mesoderm cultures grown separately. Co-cultures of chick embryo limb bud epithelial cells with adult human skin fibroblasts also synthesized 1.5- to 2.5-fold more hyaluronate. The increase in hyaluronate in these co-cultures was not due to a stimulation of cell proliferation and was additive to the effect of fetal bovine serum. The results suggest a common mechanism of epithelial-stromal interaction in the regulation of hyaluronate production during embryonic development and tumor invasion.
Hydrogen isotope study of large-scale meteoric water transport in Northern California and Nevada

Abstract The depletion of deuterium in surface- and shallow groundwaters along a traverse through Northern California and Nevada is used to model the local hydrologic balance as controlled by the eastward flux of meteoric water in a way not possible by conventional methods. When plotted against distance from the Pacific Ocean, our data indicate three hydrologic provinces which differ in their relative degree of openness. Isotopic variations of groundwater in the first province are governed by Rayleigh distillation from the eastward-moving storm clouds. Some 40% of the storm water vapor precipitates out before reaching the California coast, and another 16% in the first 55 km across the continent. The isotopic depletion in the second hydrologic province is linear with distance, and this suggests extensive recycling of terrestrial water. The third province constitutes the Great Basin, characterized by the lack of significant hydrogen isotope variation of groundwater, is thought to be an isotopically closed system. The quantity of water crossing the coast calculated from a model that incorporates the Rayleigh distillation equation is approximately equal to the quantity of precipitation along the Northern California part of the transect studied. This illustrates the importance of evapotranspiration in the terrestrial water budget, as well as the dependency of inland areas on the eastward flux of recycled terrestrial water.
Comparing atomistic simulations and experimental measurements for CH4/CF4 mixture permeation through silicalite membranes

We have directly compared detailed atomistic simulations and experimental measurements of CH4/CF4 mixture permeation through a silicalite membrane at room temperature. The predicted membrane properties are fully specified by the interatomic potentials used in the atomistic simulations, since we used these simulations to describe the full binary transport diffusion and binary adsorption. This approach does not require any assumptions about the relationship between self-diffusion and transport diffusion or about the behavior of cross-species coefficients. This is the first time that predictions from a detailed model of this kind have been compared with experimental data for mixture permeation through a zeolite membrane. The atomistic theory correctly predicts that the silicalite membrane is CF4-selective to mixed CH4/CF4 feeds while the ideal selectivity of the same membrane predicts CH4 selectivity. While some quantitative discrepancies between the predicted and experimentally observed selectivities exist, these can be related to known shortcomings of the interatomic potentials used in our atomistic simulations.
Espacios urbanos en la ciencia ficción distópica

El analisis del paradigma urbano nos permite distinguir el genero de la ciencia ficcion distopica de otros generos abiertamente anti-realistas, como pueden serlo lo fantastico, lo maravilloso o el space-opera. La ciudad, como manifestacion explicita y pervertida de los ideales de la pos-ilustracion – progreso, bien comun, pragmatismo y, en ultima instancia, materialismo– complementa semioticamente la duda epistemologica expresada por la ciencia ficcion distopica, que, a diferencia de la duda sugerida por el universo fantastico, no esta basada en lo impredecible sino en lo predecible. Respecto a la funcion narrativa del espacio urbano dentro del universo de la ciencia ficcion distopica, ?Suenan los androides con ovejas electricas?, de Phillip K. Dick, y Neuromancero, de William Gibson, constituyen un corpus altamente significativo, pues ambas novelas, que corresponden cada una a un momento decisivo en la evolucion del genero, incorporan la ciudad como factor determinante dentro de la economia semiotica de la narracion
The political economy of the Fordney-McCumber and Smoot-Hawley tariff acts☆

Abstract Two tariff acts that rank among the most important in the history of the United States are the Fordney-McCumber tariff act of 1922 and the Smoot-Hawley tariff of 1930. Within the historical literature there exist two main hypotheses concerning the passage of these tariff acts. Schattschneider (1935; Politics, Pressures and the Tariff: A Study of Free Private Enterprise in Pressure Politics, as Shown in the 1929–1930 Revision of the Tariff . Prentice-Hall: New York) argues that the passage of Smoot-Hawley was due to pressure group politics. Pastor (1980; Congress and Politics of the United States Foreign Economic Policy 1929–1976 . Univ. of California Press: Berkeley) argues that the two tariff acts were the consequence of party politics. Our paper investigates the extent to which these alternative hypotheses, integrated with the more general empirical literature on the politic economy of commercial policy, can explain the post Fordney-McCumber and post Smoot-Hawley tariff structure and the change in the tariff structure from 1923 to 1930.
Electromagnetic modeling of foliage-obscured point source response

This paper investigates the attenuation and phase fluctuations of electromagnetic waves propagating through foliage. These fluctuations are important in determining how well an object obscured by foliage can be imaged with synthetic aperture radar. A theoretical model is developed to calculate the mean attenuation and the amplitude and phase fluctuations. The attenuation of average received field is obtained from the sum of absorption loss and scattering loss. The amplitude fluctuation of electromagnetic wave is calculated from the bistatic scattering coefficients using the radiative transfer theory. The phase fluctuation is obtained from the amplitude fluctuation assuming the phase of the fluctuation field is uniformly distributed from -(pi) to (pi) . The average received power is obtained from the sum of the power of average field and the power of fluctuation field. The attenuation is then obtained by comparing the radiated power from a source under foliage to the received power from a source in free space. Theoretical results are compared with experimental data collected by MIT Lincoln Laboratory during the 1990 Foliage Penetration Experiment. This theoretical model is also used to illustrate the polarization and angular dependencies of attenuation and phase fluctuations.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of Actin and Poly-L-proline Binding Sites of Acanthamoeba Profilin with Monoclonal Antibodies and by Mutagenesis

Abstract We characterized several deletion and substitution mutations of Acanthamoeba profilin and nine monoclonal antibodies to Acanthamoeba profilin. The results provide two independent lines of evidence about the binding sites for actin and poly- L -proline on the profilin molecule. This new evidence is consistent with the main conclusions about these binding sites from previous structural and mutagenic studies. Mutagenesis also revealed that the native structure of profilin is very sensitive to substitutions and deletions at the C terminus. For example, profilin with a deletion of the eight C-terminal residues has many of the physical properties of a molten globule, yet remarkably still binds to actin. This instability may account for the lack of function of similar mutants in yeast.
Redefining Ecological Ethics: Science, Policy, and Philosophy at Cape Horn

In the twentieth century, philosophy (especially within the United States) embraced the notion of disciplinary expertise: philosophical research consists of working with and writing for other philosophers. Projects that involve non-philosophers earn the deprecating title of “applied” philosophy. The University of North Texas (UNT) doctoral program in philosophy exemplifies the possibility of a new model for philosophy, where graduate students are trained in academic philosophy and in how to work with scientists, engineers, and policy makers. This “field” (rather than “applied”) approach emphasizes the inter- and transdisciplinary nature of the philosophical enterprise where theory and practice dialectically inform one another. UNT’s field station in philosophy at Cape Horn, Patagonia, Chile is one site for developing this ongoing experiment in the theory and practice of interdisciplinary philosophic research and education.
Effects of sulfhydryl reagents on [3H] inositol trisphosphate binding to dog cerebellar membranes.

AbstractHomogenates from dog cerebellum were fractionated using sucrose gradient centrifugation. The [3H]inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate binding and the glucose 6-phosphatase activities were found to co-purify. The binding was saturable and had high affinity (Bmax=44 pmol/mg protein, Kd=116 nM). Selective chemical modification was used to examine amino acid residues of the microsomal receptor that might be critical for the binding of inositol trisphophate. Sulfhydryl reagents, p-chloromercuric-phenyl sulfonic acid, eosin 5-maleimide, N-ethyl maleimide and fluorescein 5-maleimide were found to be highly potent inhibitors of the binding with half-maximal inhibition occurring at about 20 µM, 70 µM, 1 mM, and 0.1 mM, respectively. The inhibition was specific since the presence of 10 µM of inositol trisphosphate during the reaction completely protected against the inhibition by these reagents. These results suggest that sulfhydryl group is essential for inositol trisphosphate binding to its receptor.
The Impact of Family Interactions on Recovery from Stroke: Help or Hindrance?

The family networks of 47 geriatric stroke patients were examined for social supports and social problems as they related to well-being after hospital discharge. Structured interviews assessed positive and negative family interactions and patients' independence in activities of daily living (ADL), time use, personal adjustment, and cognitive functioning. After controlling for patients' medical status at hospital discharge, social supports were not associated with any of the outcomes examined. Social problems explained additional variance in personal adjustment and ADL independence.
Comparative Techno-Economic Analysis and Reviews of n-Butanol Production from Corn Grain and Corn Stover

This work presents a detailed review and comparative analysis of the process design and economics of n-butanol production using corn grain and corn stover. This includes reviewing the most recent n-butanol technologies; demonstrating the impact of key parameters (e.g. plant capacity, raw material pricing, yield) on the overall n-butanol process economics; and comparing how cellulosic biomass conversion technologies and challenges differ from traditional sugar-based n-butanol conversion technology. A major challenge of n-butanol production is the low n-butanol yield (compared to ethanol), resulting in higher production costs. However, recent research efforts have achieved significant yield improvements using a combination of genetic engineering, fermentation techniques, and integrated process development using continuous fermentation with online stripping to remove n-butanol during fermentation. This study presents the advances in n-butanol research for both sugar-based (corn) and cellulosic (corn stover) feedstocks, and also provides a comparison of overall process technologies and process economics. In addition, the results of a sensitivity analysis comparing various technologies, sugar yields, and coproduct distributions are discussed in order to provide research guidance. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A Feminist Analysis of Self-Help Bestsellers for Improving Relationships: A Decade Review.

Self-help literature is pervasive and influential in the United States. A critical analysis of self-help books would help therapists to determine their utility for the therapeutic process and assist them in making reading recommendations to clients. In this study, a content analysis was conducted of the top I I relationship self-help books on the New York Times Bestseller List over a period of 10 years (1988-1998) to determine the degree to which these books support a feminist approach to therapy. This study yielded three major findings. First, the number of feminist books, the number of nonfeminist books, and those falling in the middle across four components of feminist family therapy are about equal. However; the second major jinding was that the top-selling books are more likely to be nonfeminist than feminist. The third finding is that most best-selling self-help books appear to have become less compatible with a feminist approach to relationships over time. This analysis encourages therapists to think critically about these best-selling books; it will also allow therapists to consider this methodology as a model for critically analyzing other books that they recommend to clients or use in their own professional development.