cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earnings, occupation, and human capital investment

In recent years the human capital earnings model has been widely used as a framework for examining the determination of earnings. A specification of the human capital earnings function developed by Chiswick and Mincer has been employed to examine earnings determination across individuals [Mincer, 1974b], states [Chiswick, 1974], metropolitan areas [Hirsch, 1978], occupations [Rahm, 1971], and over time [Chiswick-Mincer, 1972]. However, empirical studies utilizing the human capital framework have assumed that the effects of workexperience (postschool investment) on earnings are identical for individuals, regardless of occupation. This assumption runs counter to the current emphasis of many labor economists on the importance to lifetime earnings of gaining early access to certain occupational job ladders and of receiving firm specific on-the-job training [Doeringer and Piore, 1971 ; Thurow, 1975]. Likewise, human capital economists stress the importance of postschool training investments and at least recognize the fact that these investments vary across occupations. Indeed, Mincer has stated that [Mincer, 1974a, p. 33] : "an analysis in which these effects [of schooling and of experience] are allowed to differ [across occupations] would be desirable for a number of purposes, not the least of which is an insight into differential post-school job skill investments." This paper examines whether schooling, experience, and weeks worked have different effects on individual earnings in nine separate occupational categories. The Chiswick-Mincer spec*University of North Carolina at Greensboro. The research is drawn in part from my doctoral dissertation on which William R. Johnson and Roger Sherman provided helpful comments. Support by a doctoral dissertation grant from the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, is gratefully acknowledged. ification of the human capital earnings function is modified in order to focus on differences across occupations in their earnings-experience profiles. This makes possible several inferences regarding the intensity, length, and rate of return to postschool human investments across occupational job ladders. In addition, we examine the manner in which occupation interacts with schooling in the earnings generation process and discuss analytical problems which arise in modeling this process. Finally, the relationship between wage rates, weeks worked, and occupation is examined. The Theoretical Framework
Influence of Impurity Segregation on Temper Embrittlement and on Slow Fatigue Crack Growth and Threshold Behavior in 300-M High Strength Steel

Interactions between hydrogen embrittlement and temper embrittlement have been examined in a study of fracture and low growth rate (near-threshold) fatigue crack propagation in 300-M high strength steel, tested in humid air. The steel was investigated in an unembrittled condition (oil quenched after tempering at 650°C) and temper embrittled condition (step-cooled after tempering at 650°C). Step-cooling resulted in a severe loss of toughness (approximately 50 pct reduction), without loss in strength, concurrent with a change in fracture mode from micr ovoid coalescence to inter granular. Using Auger spectroscopy analysis, the embrittlement was attributed to the cosegregation of alloying elements (Ni and Mn) and impurity elements (P and Si) to prior austenite grain boundaries. Prior temper embrittlement gave rise to a substantial reduction in resistance to fatigue crack propagation, particularly at lower stress intensities approaching the threshold for crack growth(x0394;Ko). At intermediate growth rates (10-5 to 10-3 mmJcycle), propagation rates in both unembrittled and embrittled material were largely similar, and only weakly dependent on the load ratio, consistent with the striation mechanism of growth observed. At near-threshold growth rates (<10−5 to 10−6 mmJcycle), embrittled material exhibited significantly higher growth rates, 30 pct reduction in threshold ΔKo values and intergranular facets on fatigue fracture surfaces. Near-threshold propagation rates (and ΔKo values) were also found to be strongly dependent on the load ratio. The results are discussed in terms of the combined influence of segregated impurity atoms (temper embrittlement) and hydrogen atoms, evolved from crack tip surface reactions with water vapor in the moist air environment (hydrogen embrittlement). The significance of crack closure concepts on this model is briefly described. ntmis]formerly with the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California in Berkeley.
Induced circular dichroism of DNA–dye complexes

The binding of methylene blue, proflavine, and ethidium bromide with DNA has been studied by spectrophotometric titration. Methylene blue and proflavine or methylene blue and ethidium bromide were simultaneously titrated by DNA. The results indicate that all of these dyes compete for the same bindine sites. The binding properties are discussed in terms of symmetry. The optical properties of the dye–DNA complexes have been studied as a function of DNA/dye ratio. The induced circular dichriosm due to dye–dye interaction was measured at low dye/DNA ratios for cases involving both the same dye and different dyes. A positive Cotton effect for DNA–proflavine complex may be induced at 465 mμ by eithr proflavine or ethidium bromide, whereas a netgative Cotton effect at 465 mμ may be induced by methylene blue. The limiting circular dichroism, with no dye–dye interaction, and the induced circular dichroism spectra are discussed in terms of symmetry rules.
The effects of encoded memory traces for numerical data on accounting decision making

Abstract In a previous issue of this journal, we proposed a model that concerns the encoding and retrieval of numerical data by accounting decision makers (Kida, T. & Smith, J. (1995). We argued in the model that decision makers will be better able to retrieve affective reactions to numerical data from memory structures as compared to other forms of encoded representations and that, as a consequence, affective reactions will significantly impact future data recall and decision making. This paper empirically examines these key propositions of the model. Three studies were conducted that investigate the memory retrievals and decisions of experienced managers in stock investment and financial difficulty contexts. The results are consistent with our expectations, pointing to the importance of considering affective reactions when attempting to better understand encoding, retrieval and decision making with accounting data.
Thin-film silicon-on-sapphire deep depletion MOS transistors

This paper describes thin-film MOS transistors in which the entire silicon film forms the conducting channel, not just the surface inversion layer. Single crystal silicon which is epitaxially deposited on sapphire to a thickness of 0.5 to 2.0 microns forms the channel of the field-effect transistor. The oxidations for the channel oxide were done in both steam and dry oxygen ambients resulting in very little oxide charge (0-2 × 1011cm-2) on both [111] and [100] silicon orientations. No orientation dependence was observed. The absence of an active substrate leads to device characteristics that are significantly different from MOS transistors made on thick silicon. Analysis of the output characteristics and the C-V curve of these devices enables one to study the characteristics of the silicon film and its two surfaces. It is shown that the silicon-sapphire interface region has similar characteristics to the silicon-silicon dioxide interface region in its tendency to support donor sites after heating in hydrogen. To facilitate analysis of the C-V curve, two interesting relations are derived: specifically, the slope of the curve is related to the doping density of the silicon, and the 0.95 level on the normalized curve is shown to be offset approximately one volt from flat-band potential regardless of oxide thickness or doping density, provided these parameters set the normalized flat-band capacitance significantly below 0.95. The use of thin high resistivity p-type films allows one to fabricate p-type enhancement transistors which exhibit a low threshold voltage due to the fact that the silicon surface does not have to be inverted before the channel conducts. Finally, partial-gate deep depletion transistors are examined and it is shown that a substantial increase in drain breakdown voltage may be obtained with thiss geometry.
Nonstructural elements in performance-based seismic design of wood frame structures

This paper presents the method and analysis of a study whose objective was to numerically examine the effect that nonstructural finishes and nonstructural partition walls would have on the performance-based seismic design of a wood frame structure at the system level. The incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) approach was modified slightly, termed incremental mass analysis (IMA), and used as an investigative tool in order to determine what seismic mass numerically produces a prescribed performance level for a wood frame structure or subassembly. An illustrative example for a single wood shearwall using the IMA method that utilized an existing suite of 20 earthquakes at three different seismic hazard levels produced 60 curves. These curves for weight per unit length versus resulting transient drift from nonlinear dynamic time history analysis were analyzed using basic statistics to produce 16th, 50th, and 84th percentile IMA curves for the wood shearwalls. A one-story wood frame house was designed based on standard wood frame design concepts including windows and doors. Then, using the IMA approach presented for the wood shearwall, but with a single earthquake record, the weight at roof level versus transient drift curve was developed for three different seismic hazard levels. In order to investigate the effect of nonstructural elements numerically, analyses were performed for four versions of the wood frame structure: (1) the exterior wood shearwalls with only oriented strand board (OSB) and no finishes; (2) the exterior wood shearwalls with OSB and gypsum wall board (GWB); (3) the exterior wood shearwalls with OSB and GWB and a nonstructural partition wall; and (4) the finished structure with stucco included. Based on the analysis presented in this study, it is concluded that the allowable seismic mass can be significantly increased when non-structural elements are included in the design, in some cases more than 70 percent.
A Constitutive Model for Powder Materials

A new elastic/viscoplastic constitutive model for compaction of powder materials has been proposed. The model can be determined from a few conventional compression triaxial tests. In this model the irreversible volumetric strain is taken as work-hardening parameter. The model prediction matches reasonably well the experimental data.
Larval-Pupal Transformation: Control by Juvenile Hormone

Purified extract of juvenile hormone from the cecropia silkmoth prevents the transformation of larva to pupa in Galleria. The injected extract acts independently of the insect's own corpora allata....
Deuteron electrodisintegration and the nucleon axial vector form factor

Calculated deuteron electrodisintegration cross-sections by back-scattered electrons give the major contribution at momentum transfer squares above 6 fm−2 as arising from the catastrophic process, which in PCAC-current algebra theories is proportional to the axial vector form factor. Experimental data is reasonably fitted by FA(Δ2) = (1+Δ2m2A)−2 with mA = 0.81 GeV.
Representational effects on the solving of an unstructured decision problem

The use of graphic problem representations in problem structuring or formulation is considered, as well as the potential effects of incomplete representations on problem solving. Empirical results suggest that humans cannot reliably identify key problem elements and that the availability of incomplete graphic depictions can constrain the scope of problem-solving activity, harming overall performance. The nature of these process effects is investigated, with implications being drawn for decision-aiding practice. The analysis of how the adverse performance effects occur is shown to have significant implications for decision analysis, decision-support systems and other decision-aiding technologies. >
When Does Semantic Similarity Help Episodic Retrieval

Abstract Free recall illustrates the spontaneous organization of memory. This organization comes in two forms, the temporal organization of the list and the semantic relations among list items. Using estimates of semantic similarity provided by latent semantic analysis (LSA; Landauer & Dumais, 1997), we simultaneously assessed the effects of temporal and semantic proximity on output order in delayed and continuous-distractor free recall of random word lists. These analyses revealed that subtle variations in semantic similarity have large effects on recall transitions in delayed free recall. Further, these effects decrease as the duration of the interitem distractor (IPI) was increased from 2–16 s. In contrast, the effect of temporal proximity on recall transitions did not change with increasing IPI. This dissociation in the effects of interitem distraction on semantic and temporal similarity effects presents a new challenge for models of free recall and episodic memory retrieval.
Outbreeding effect on embryo development in hybrids of allopatric pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) populations, a potential consequence of stock translocation

Abstract Previously, we demonstrated that F 2 pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) hybrids between spatially separated even-broodline populations had significantly lower survivals than their controls and that both F 1 and F 2 hybrids between spatially separated odd-broodline pink salmon populations had reduced survivals. Those observations confirmed that outbreeding depression occurs, but did not provide insight into the mechanism. Development time, which often has a genetic basis in pink salmon, is probably locally adaptive. It is a trait that may contribute to outbreeding depression in intercrosses of genetically divergent fish populations. We analyzed development times (accumulation of temperature days; ATUs) at hatching of hybrids from the same even- and odd-year broodline crosses in which reduced survival had been observed. First-generation hybrids between Auke Creek (Juneau, eastern Gulf of Alaska) females and Pillar Creek (Kodiak, western Gulf of Alaska) males and Auke Creek controls were made in 1996 and 1997, incubated at Auke Creek, and released to the ocean. Second-generation hybrids, controls, and both backcrosses were made in 1998 and 1999. In 2001, F 1 hybrids were made between Pillar Creek females and both Auke and Pillar creek males and incubated at Pillar Creek. All crosses of Pillar Creek fish (hybrids at Auke Creek and controls at Pillar Creek) developed more slowly (hatched after accumulating more ATUs) in both the first and second generations. Trajectories of development times of back-crossed salmon lay between those of F 2 controls and hybrids. Comparison of development times of F 2 crosses and backcrosses suggested that neither an ecological (locus-by-locus) nor a genetic (epistatic) model of outbreeding alone adequately explained observed differences. Prudent conservation of biodiversity requires consideration of biogeographic history as well as the genetic structure and local environment of the populations involved when actions are contemplated in which there is potential for intercrosses.
Graphics robot simulator for teaching introductory robotics

The design and features of microcomputer software developed for teaching robot motion concepts are presented. The experience acquired in the first semester of use in an introductory robotics course is also reported. >
A Comprehensive Study of the Reactions of Methyl Fragments from Methyl Iodide Dissociation on Reduced and Oxidized Silica-Supported Copper Nanoparticles

Transmission infrared spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption have been used to investigate the chemistry of CH3I adsorbed on silica-supported copper nanoparticles. The following three factors affect the chemistry of CH3I on Cu/SiO2: (i) the oxidation state of the copper, (ii) the hydroxyl group coverage on the silica support, and (iii) the surface roughness of the copper particles. These three factors can be controlled by sample preparation. On reduced-Cu/SiO2 samples, C−I bond dissociation in adsorbed methyl iodide results in the formation of adsorbed methyl groups on the copper surface. The frequency of the symmetric stretch of adsorbed methyl groups is at 2913 cm-1 for copper nanoparticles with atomically smooth surface morphology and at 2924 cm-1 for copper nanoparticles with atomically rough surface morphology. In addition to methyl groups adsorbed on the copper nanoparticles, for reduced Cu/SiO2 samples with Si−OH groups present in close proximity to the copper particles, methyl groups ...
The role of bonded phase composition on the ligand-exchange chromatography of dansyl-D,L-amino acids

Abstract This paper examines the role of bonded phase composition in the ligand-exchange chromatographic separation of dansyl amino acids (Dns- D , L -AAs). As the bonded optically active chelate, we have synthesized N-ϖ-(dimethylsiloxyl)undecanoyl- L -valine and as the metal, we used Cu(II). Bonded phases, where the chelate coverage is 2.5 μmol/m 2 , have been compared with mixed or diluted phases, in which the contribution of the bonded chelate to the total coverage is less than 0.2 μmol/m 2 . Using a decyl group as diluent, it has been shown that capacity factors and enantio selectivities of Dns- D , L -AAs are much higher on the diluted phases relative to the concentrated phase, in spite of the fact that the amount of copper loaded on the latter column is roughly 40 times greater. This result has been interpreted in terms of the formation of his complexes between the metal ion and the bonded phase chelate, i . e ., 2:1 chelate to metal, in the case of the concentrated phase. For the diluted phases, the mono complex, i.e ., 1:1 metal to chelate, is the predominant form. Not only does the diluted phase yield improved separation, but it is in principle a simpler system to manipulate and optimize. We have been able to develop a simple model to analyze the chromatographic behavior on diluted phases relative to the concen trated phase. Based on this model, we have compared four diluents: a polyether, n - butyl, n -decyl and n -eicosyl ligands. By normalizing for the amount of copper loaded on the stationary phase, it is shown that the apparent complexation constants in crease from the ether to the C 20 phase. Moreover, due to differences in the character of the side chains of the amino acids, additional selectivity is observed between the different solutes. This selectivity is useful in separation applications. In addition, it is shown that the diluted bonded phases yield high performance, approximately 4000 plates for 15 cm columns, with good peak symmetry. Also included is a detailed discussion of the characterization of the bonded phases along with its optical purity.
Neighborhood Characteristics, Peer Networks, and Adolescent Violence

Although ecological researchers consistently find high rates of crime and violence within socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods, there is little consensus as to why this pattern exists. To address this question, we use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n=12,747) to examine three related research questions. Are neighborhood characteristics associated with adolescent violence net of compositional and selection effects? Are neighborhood characteristics associated with adolescents’ exposure to violent and prosocial peers? Does peer exposure mediate the neighborhood characteristics–violence association? Results indicate that across a wide range of neighborhoods, socioeconomic disadvantage is positively related to adolescent violence net of compositional and selection effects. Additionally, neighborhood disadvantage is associated with exposure to violent peers, and peer exposure mediates part of the neighborhood disadvantage–violence association. Joining structural and cultural explanations for violence, our findings suggest that neighborhood disadvantage influences adolescent violence indirectly by increasing opportunities for youth to become involved in violent peer networks.
New Advanced RAIM with Improved Availability for Detecting Constellation‐wide Faults, Using Two Independent Constellations

There has been much interest in providing a robust LPV-200 service worldwide through the 2020s relying on RAIM. However, conventional RAIM methods that were developed for the en route through non-precision approach phases of flight and based on the assumption of at most a single fault at any given time are not adequate for LPV-200 applications. For these applications, constellation-wide faults may need to be considered, among which faults caused by erroneous Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) have been identified to be of particular concern. Inter-constellation comparison (ICC) methods, which were previously proposed to detect constellation-wide faults, do not provide as high an LPV-200 availability as desired. This paper presents a new method that can detect constellation-wide faults using two independent constellations and examines its LPV-200 availability. This method has been shown to be very effective in detecting the EOP fault and provides significantly higher LPV-200 availability than the ICC methods. Copyright © 2013 Institute of Navigation.
Microstructures and properties of powder metallurgy TiAl alloys

Abstract The microstructures and properties of powder metallurgy (PM) TiAl alloys fabricated by hot-extrusion of gas-atomized powder at different temperatures (1150, 1250 and 1400 °C) have been investigated. Microstructure of the alloy fabricated at 1150 °C consists of fine grains of γ and α 2 phases in association with coarse grains of B2 (ordered bcc) phase. Metastable ω particles of ordered hexagonal phase were observed within some B2 grains. This alloy (containing metastable B2 phase) displayed a low-temperature superplastic behavior, i.e. a tensile elongation of 310% was obtained when the alloy was tested at 800 °C under a strain rate of 2×10 −5 s −1 . Microstructure of the alloy fabricated at 1250 °C consists of coarse grains of α 2 phase and fine grains of γ and α 2 phases. This alloy (containing no B2 phase) on the other hand displayed no low-temperature superplasticity, as recorded from the alloy fabricated at 1150 °C. A refined fully lamellar (FL) microstructure was successfully developed within the alloys fabricated at 1400 °C. The widths of γ lamellae are in a range between 100 and 350 nm and the widths of α 2 lamellae are in a range between 10 and 50 nm. Solute effects on the creep resistance of refined FL-TiAl alloy were critically investigated.
Molecular aspects of chromatin elimination in Ascaris lumbricoides

Abstract DNA from spermatids, 4-cell stages, and larvae of Ascaris lumbricoides was isolated, and the genome size before and after chromatin elimination was determined by isotope dilution. According to these determinations, 27% of the DNA is lost during the process of chromatin elimination. This value is based on the assumption that larval nuclei are diploid. The genomes were then characterized by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation and renaturation kinetics. The eliminated DNA does not differ from the retained DNA in base composition. About 26% of the DNA of 4-cell stage embryos sediments as a light satellite and was shown to be mitochondrial DNA by electron microscopy. Renaturation kinetics revealed that 10% of the retained somatic DNA is repetitious with an average family size of 5500 to 7000 copies, whereas 90% of the retained DNA is presumably composed of unique sequences. By contrast, germ-line DNA contains 23% fast renaturing DNA with a family size of 7000 to 10,000 copies. Thus, eliminated DNA consists of repetitious and unique sequences in a ratio of about 1:1. Hybridization experiments of heterologous rRNA to 4-cell stage and larval DNA have shown that the eliminated DNA is not selectively enriched for ribosomal DNA. The results are consistent with the assumption that eliminated DNA does not comprise any rDNA cistrons. Studies with complementary RNA indicate that the eliminated DNA contains repetitious DNA sequences that are not present in the somatic repetitious DNA.
Dynamical vertex mass generation and chiral symmetry breaking on the light front

Naively, helicity flip amplitudes for fermions seem to vanish in the chiral limit of light-front QCD, which would make it nearly impossible to generate a small pion mass in this framework. Using a simple model, it is illustrated how a large helicity flip amplitude is generated dynamically by summing over an infinite number of Fock space components. While the kinetic mass is basically generated by a zero-mode induced counter-term, the vertex mass is generated dynamically by infinitesimally small, but nonzero, momenta. Implications for the renormalization of light-front Hamiltonians for fermions are discussed. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
THE INTERACTION OF LIGHT AND GRAVITY ON THE TRANSMISSION OF ECHINOSTOMA CAPRONI (DIGENEA: ECHINOSTOMATIDAE) CERCARIAE TO THE SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOST, BIOMPHALARIA GLABRATA (GASTROPODA: PULMONATA)

The current experiments were designed to assess the interaction of light and gravity on the transmission of Echinostoma caproni cercariae to the second intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata. Transmission chambers were constructed of clear polyvinyl chloride pipe covered with a black sleeve to exclude light. Snails were constrained within the chamber to prevent movement, while permitting the cercariae to swim freely. A trial consisted of 2 infected B. glabrata shedding E. caproni cercariae placed at the center of the chamber with 5 uninfected B. glabrata placed 10 cm above and below the shedding snails as sentinels. Three experiments, consisting of 12 trials each, were conducted under the following lighting conditions, i.e., above and below the transmission chamber, and in complete darkness. In all 3 experiments, the proportion of metacercariae was significantly higher in snails at the top of the chamber. The results suggest that a negative geotaxis is the primary factor in the initial dispersal of E. caproni cercariae. Coupling negative geotaxis and positive phototaxis (light from above) resulted in a significantly higher proportion of metacercariae in sentinel snails at the top of the transmission chamber when corrected for cercarial density. There was no significant difference in the proportion of metacercariae in snails at the top or bottom of the transmission chamber with light at the bottom of the chamber or in complete darkness. Cercariae of E. caproni only respond to light in context, i.e., from above, and ignore the light stimulus when it comes from an unexpected location (bottom of the water column). Significantly greater numbers of cercariae were released from shedding snails when light was present, suggesting that emergence of cercariae from B. glabrata is dependent on light regardless of the position of the light source.
Placental infection with human papillomavirus is associated with spontaneous preterm delivery

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine if human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of extravillous trophoblast cells reduces cell invasion and if placental infection is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes attributed to placental dysfunction. METHODS: We conducted apoptosis and invasion assays using extravillous trophoblast (HTR-8/ SVneo) cells that were transfected with a plasmid (pAT-HPV-16) containing the entire HPV-16 genome. In order to associate HPV infection with reproductive outcomes, we conducted a case-control study to detect HPV DNA in the extravillous trophoblast region of placentas from cases of spontaneous preterm delivery, severe pre-eclampsia requiring delivery at <37 weeks and controls who delivered at term. RESULTS: Rates of apoptosis were 3- to 6-fold greater in transfected cells than in non-transfected cells or cells transfected with an empty plasmid. Invasion of transfected cells through extracellular matrices was 25-58% lower than that of the controls. HPV was detected more frequently in placentas from spontaneous preterm deliveries than in placentas from controls (P = 0.03). Identification of HPV in placentas from cases of pre-eclampsia was not significantly different to controls. CONCLUSIONS: HPV infection of extravillous trophoblast induces cell death and may reduce placental invasion into the uterine wall. Thus, HPV infection may cause placental dysfunction and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including spontaneous preterm delivery.
Redescription of the Pupae of Ochlerotatus dorsalis and Ochlerotatus squamiger

The pupae of Ochlerotatus dorsalis and Oc. squamiger are completely described and illustrated for the first time. Considering the entire pupal morphology, characters to separate the 2 pupae are discussed.
Regulation of collagenolysis and cell death by plasmin within the formative stigma of preovulatory ovine follicles

Collagen breakdown and apoptotic cell death within the apex of the preovulatory ovine follicle are characteristic of impending rupture. It has been hypothesized that plasmin regulates these two responses by activating collagenases and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), respectively. Apical plasmin bioactivity, collagenolysis, TNF-alpha-mediated fragmentation of cellular DNA (a marker of apoptosis), stigma formation, and follicular rupture in sheep were inhibited by intrafollicular injection of alpha 2-antiplasmin. Explants of follicular wall released hydroxyproline-containing peptides (degraded collagen) and bioactive TNF-alpha upon exposure to plasmin. These results indicate that plasmin has an essential intermediary role in the biomechanics of ovulatory ovarian tissue dissolution.
Shoemaker's moderate qualia realism and the transparency of qualia

Qualia realists hold that experience's phenomenal character is a non-representational property of experience, what they call qualia. Repre- sentationalists hold that phenomenal character is a representational prop- erty of experience — there are no qualia (in this particular sense of the word). The transparency of qualia to introspection would seem to count as reason for rejecting qualia realism and favouring representationalism. Sydney Shoemaker defends a middle ground, call it moderate qualia realism, which seems to provide a response to the problem of transparency that in consistent with qualia realism. According to this view, while phenomenal character is a representational property of experience, it is determined by certain non-representational properties of experience, namely qualia. Shoemaker explains the apparent transparency of qualia by claiming that, while qualia are not directly introspectible, they are indirectly intro- spectible. I argue that neither Shoemaker's moderate qualia realism nor his account of indirect introspection provide the qualia realist with a plausible solution to the problem of transparency.
Effect of Surfactant on Tetracycline Absorption across Everted Rat Intestine

Absorption of tetracycline hydrochloride (500 μg/ml) from oxygenated modified Krebs buffer in randomized everted rat jejunal segments was determined alone and in the presence of calcium, polysorbate 80, and calcium plus polysorbate 80. Surfactant increased absorption of tetracycline in the presence and absence of calcium, with 0.01% (w/v) polysorbate 80 increasing transfer to the greatest extent of the concentrations examined (0.005,0.01,0.05,0.1, and 1%); tetracycline hydrochloride + 12.5 mM CaCl2, 143 ± 45 μg/ml; tetracycline hydrochloride + polysorbate 80, 389 ± 18 μg/ml; tetracycline hydrochloride + 12.5 mM CaCl2 + polysorbate 80,255 ± 31 μg/ml. On the premise that the effective surfactant concentration is similar to the critical micelle concentration, an absorption mechanism based on micellar solubilization is postulated.
Context dependent vector quantization for continuous speech recognition

The authors present a method for designing a vector quantizer for speech recognition that uses decision networks constructed by examining the phonetic context to obtain models for classes in the quantizer. Diagonal Gaussian models are constructed for the vector quantizer classes at each terminal node of the network and are used to label speech parameter vectors during recognition. Experimental results indicate that this method leads to superior vector quantizers for continuous speech. >
Matrix metalloproteinases and collagen catabolism

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/matrixin family has been implicated in both normal tissue remodeling and a variety of diseases associated with abnormal turnover of extracellular matrix components. The mechanism by which MMPs catabolize collagen (collagenolysis) is still largely unknown. Substrate flexibility, MMP active sites, and MMP exosites all contribute to collagen degradation. It has recently been demonstrated that the ability to cleave a triple helix (triple-helical peptidase activity) can be distinguished from the ability to cleave collagen (collagenolytic activity). This suggests that the ability to cleave a triple helix is not the limiting factor for collagenolytic activity-the ability to properly orient and potentially destabilize collagen is. For the MMP family, the catalytic domain can unwind and cleave a triple-helical structure, while the C-terminal hemopexin-like domain appears to be responsible for properly orienting collagen and destabilizing it to some degree. It is also possible that exosites within the catalytic and/or C-terminal hemopexin-like domain may exclude some MMPs from cleaving collagen. Overall, it appears that many proteases of distinct mechanisms possess triple-helical peptidase activity, and that convergent evolution led to a few proteases possessing collagenolytic activity. Proper orientation and distortion of the triple helix may be the key factor for collagenolysis.
A novel fuzzy-logic controller for an artificial heart

An algorithm for implementing a novel fuzzy-logic controller is developed for a theoretical model of an artificial heart. The human heart is a complex organism. An artificial heart tries to simulate the workings of a natural heart, by implementing a complex control system to adapt to the changing physiological parameters. An artificial heart needs to take the biological considerations of the human body in order to have comparable performance. In this paper, the controller is designed with information from the electrical system of the natural heart, making it adaptive to physiological changes.
Interannual variability in the Northern California Current food web structure: Changes in energy flow pathways and the role of forage fish, euphausiids, and jellyfish

The Northern California Current (NCC) is a seasonally productive and open ecosystem. It is home to both a diverse endemic community and to seasonally transient species. Productivity and food web structure vary seasonally, interannually, and decadally due to variability in coastal upwelling, climate-scale physical processes, and the migratory species entering the system. The composition of the pelagic community varies between years, including changes to mid-trophic level groups that represent alternate energy-transfer pathways between lower and upper trophic levels (forage fishes, euphausiids, jellyfish). Multiple data sets, including annual spring and summer mesoscale surveys of the zooplankton, pelagic fish, and seabird communities, were used to infer NCC trophic network arrangements and develop end-to-end models for each of the 2003–2007 upwelling seasons. Each model was used to quantify the interannual variability in energytransfer efficiency from bottom to top trophic levels. When each model was driven under an identical nutrient input rate, substantial differences in the energy available to each functional group were evident. Scenario analyses were used to examine the roles of forage fishes, euphausiids, and jellyfish (small gelatinous zooplankton and large carnivorous jellyfish) as alternate energy transfer pathways. Euphausiids were the more important energy transfer pathway; a large proportion of the lower trophic production consumed was transferred to higher trophic levels. In contrast, jellyfish acted as a production loss pathway; little of the production consumed was passed upwards. Analysis of the range of ecosystem states observed interannually and understanding system sensitivity to variability among key trophic groups improves our ability to predict NCC ecosystem response to short- and long-term environmental change.
Clinico-pathologic conference: status epilepticus in a 5-year-old girl.

The patient was a 5-year old Caucasian female admitted in status epilepticus. At 5 months prior to the most recent admission, the patient presented to hospital with seizures. There was no history o...
Patron-Driven Acquisition and Circulation at an Academic Library: Interaction Effects and Circulation Performance of Print Books Acquired via Librarians’ Orders, Approval Plans, and Patrons’ Interlibrary Loan Requests

Numerous publications on patron-driven acquisition (PDA) for print books and similar materials have reported that patron-requested materials circulate more. Tying circulation to selector may be failing to address the complex of factors that contributes to items' circulation. In the present study, the authors revisit a PDA program's data and to determine whether PDA print books' circulation advantage persists when the potential interactions of several additional variables are taken into account. As with prior studies, library patrons were significantly better predictors of circulation than were librarians or approval plans. However, librarians proved to be significantly better predictors than were approval plans.
Specialized areas for value updating and goal selection in the primate orbitofrontal cortex

The macaque orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is essential for selecting goals based on current, updated values of expected reward outcomes. As monkeys consume a given type of reward to satiety, its value diminishes, and OFC damage impairs the ability to shift goal choices away from devalued outcomes. To examine the contributions of OFC's components to goal selection, we reversibly inactivated either its anterior (area 11) or posterior (area 13) parts. We found that neurons in area 13 must be active during the selective satiation procedure to enable the updating of outcome valuations. After this updating has occurred, however, area 13 is not needed to select goals based on this knowledge. In contrast, neurons in area 11 do not need to be active during the value-updating process. Instead, inactivation of this area during choices causes an impairment. These findings demonstrate selective and complementary specializations within the OFC.
Investigating the Social Interactions of Beginning Teachers Using a Video Annotation Tool.

This study examines the use of a digital video annotation tool used by beginning in-service secondary science and mathematics teachers in the Teacher Induction Network (TIN). TIN is an online induction program in its ninth year of existence and has served over 180 teachers. The need to provide spaces for beginning teachers to reflect on their practice and seek support of their colleagues is critical to their professional growth. The current study specifically examines the social interactions and potential supports of a video annotation tool (VideoANT) to promote collaborative interactions toward the development of reflective practices. Results suggest that in the absence of additional scaffolding, teachers overwhelmingly used VideoANT to respond to their peers’ teaching practices with praise and agreement. Given the aims and objectives of the induction course, this finding indicates the need to give beginning teachers specific supports and scaffolds to further their development as reflective practitioners. This study adds to the literature on online video clubs for teacher education and identifies changes intended to improve the current design of the video activity in TIN.
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogues.

Close to 700 analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) have been made since its sequence was described in 1971. Since all peptide hormones have very transient effects after injection analog studies have attempted to find compounds which have increased and prolonged activities. Analog studies described here have produced several potent analogs which have been tested in humans. These include (D-Ala6 desGly-NH210)-LH-RH ethylamide (D-Leu6 desGly-NH210)-LH-RH ethylamide and (D-Trp6)-LH-RH all of which promote massive release of gonadotropins the levels of which can remain elevated for 24 hours in men and women after subcutaneous injection. These powerful compounds have use for inducing ovulation in amenorrheic women and treating oligospermia in men. Though LH-RH is an ideal candidate for developing antagonists since they could represent a relatively safe method of disrupting the reproductive cycle no inhibitory analogs exist which are powerful enough for extensive clinical use. Several of the most potent inhibitory peptides successfully blocked gonadotropin release and/or ovulation in a number of animal species other than rats. More importantly 1 inhibitory analog is capable of blocking LH release in normal men after injection of LH-RH. Some branched-chain analogs which block rat ovulation at a single dose of less than .5 mg/kg provide excellent possibilities for further increases in inhibitory activity.
Professional Responsibilities and Liabilities of the Pathologist Concerning the Problem Drinker

The single area of operation in which the clinical laboratory is involved with the law most frequently is that concerning blood alcohol levels. Whether drawing a specimen at the request of a police officer or analyzing it for a blood alcohol level, the laboratory is involved in the legal process. This article discusses the various legal theories and problems surrounding this procedure to give the pathologist and technologist the knowledge required to respond to a request by a police officer. The legal problems surrounding the analysis of such a specimen are also elaborated upon. Since court testimony may be required, the article discusses how to prepare for such testimony and what to expect in court as a witness.
Suitability of Foliage of Tomatoes and Three Weed Hosts for Oviposition and Development of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Ovipositional preference, fecundity, and development of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) were studied under laboratory conditions on tomatoes, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Walter; American black nightshade, Solanum americanum Mill.; common beggartick, Bidens alba (L.) DC.; and downy groundcherry, Physalis pubescens L. Tomato-reared L. trifolii were studied on all four hosts, and nightshade- and beggar-tick-reared L. trifolii were studied on tomatoes. L. trifolii reared from tomatoes and beggar-tick preferred tomatoes and nightshade for oviposition, whereas females reared from nightshade preferred nightshade. Fecundity of females reared from tomatoes was significantly greater on foliage of tomatoes and nightshade than on foliage of beggar-tick and groundcherry. L. trifolii reared from nightshade were more fecund on tomato foliage than females reared from beggar-tick. Larval and pupal development times in tomato foliage were similar regardless of the origin of the females. Development for larvae that hatched from eggs laid by tomato-reared females was significantly shorter in foliage of nightshade and tomatoes.
Promising Pathway for Algal Biofuels through Wastewater Cultivation and Hydrothermal Conversion

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate feasibility of an integrated wastewater algae-to-biocrude process that can sustainably cultivate algal biomass for biofuel production. This process used pilot-scale algal cultivation ponds fed with municipal wastewater as the nutrient source. The open ponds were self-inoculated from the wastewater source, resulting in a mixed-culture microalgal community with distinct differences compared to laboratory-maintained and fertilized monocultures: 29.0% dry weight (dw) ash, 48.9% ash-free dry weight (afdw) carbon, 37.5% afdw oxygen, and 14.0% afdw lipid. The harvested algae was processed using hydrothermal liquefaction at 350 °C (autogenous pressures up to 2000 psig) for 1 h using 3 g of freeze-dried algae and 50 mL of water. The yield of biocrude was 44.5 ± 4.7% afdw, with an elemental weight percent composition of 78.7% carbon, 10.1% hydrogen, 4.4% nitrogen, and 5.5% oxygen and an energy content of 39 MJ/kg. Hydrothermal processing also resulted in the formation of ...
A Primary Exploration of the Spoken English Teaching Method for TCSOL Majors

Spoken English is important for students majoring in Teaching Chinese to speakers of other language(TCSOL).Through many years of teaching,the author has acquired a comprehensive understanding of teaching spoken English to English majors,TCSOL majors,and other non-English majors,and found that the current teaching methods can not satisfy the need of TCSOL majors.Based on the analysis of the two current teaching methods,this article attempts to form a new teaching method that meets the need of TCSOL majors.
Management of the Difficult Nephrotic Patient

Most children with nephrotic syndrome do well with the disease resolving without sequelae, usually after several relapses that can be treated with short courses of oral prednisone. This article discusses two groups of children who do not follow this course. Some nephrotic children are steroid-dependent, requiring prolonged exposure to high doses of oral prednisone that results in significant steroid side effects. A minority of nephrotic children do not respond to treatment with oral prednisone. The most common biopsy finding in these steroid-resistant patients is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, a condition that frequently progresses to end-stage renal failure. The treatment of steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome or of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is considered in detail.
When and how to stop a clinical trial

It may seem strange to begin a conference like this with the question of when and how to stop a clinical trial. But it becomes less strange when one considers the impact answers to these questions have on the overall design and operation of a trial.
Children with AIDS.

Eighty per cent of children with AIDS acquire their infection perinatally from infected mothers. Symptoms and signs appear in the first year of life and include failure to thrive, an increased number of bacterial infections, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and progressive encephalopathy. Serious and multiple opportunistic infections are the rule. Antibody tests are difficult to interpret in the first year of life because of the presence of transmitted maternal antibodies. Management includes vigorous therapy for infections and attention to caloric intake and other aspects of child life, that is, foster care, day care, and schooling. Specific antiretroviral therapy is not yet established. Monthly intravenous immunoglobulin and sulfa-trimethoprim are recommended to prevent infections. The key to prevention is education.