cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Processing spatial skyline queries in both vector spaces and spatial network databases

In this article, we first introduce the concept of Spatial Skyline Queries (SSQ). Given a set of data points P and a set of query points Q, each data point has a number of derived spatial attributes each of which is the point's distance to a query point. An SSQ retrieves those points of P which are not dominated by any other point in P considering their derived spatial attributes. The main difference with the regular skyline query is that this spatial domination depends on the location of the query points Q. SSQ has application in several domains such as emergency response and online maps. The main intuition and novelty behind our approaches is that we exploit the geometric properties of the SSQ problem space to avoid the exhaustive examination of all the point pairs in P and Q. Consequently, we reduce the complexity of SSQ search from O(vPv2vQv) to O(vSv2vCv + √vPv), where vSv and vCv are the solution size and the number of vertices of the convex hull of Q, respectively.Considering Euclidean distance, we propose two algorithms, B2S2 and VS2, for static query points and one algorithm, VCS2, for streaming Q whose points change location over time (e.g., are mobile). VCS2 exploits the pattern of change in Q to avoid unnecessary recomputation of the skyline and hence efficiently perform updates. We also propose two algorithms, SNS2 and VSNS2, that compute the spatial skyline with respect to the network distance in a spatial network database. Our extensive experiments using real-world datasets verify that both R-tree-based B2S2 and Voronoi-based VS2 outperform the best competitor approach in terms of both processing time and I/O cost. Furthermore, their output computed based on Euclidean distance is a good approximation of the spatial skyline in network space. For accurate computation of spatial skylines in network space, our experiments showed the superiority of VSNS2 over SNS2.
Overlapping product‐benefit segments in the lodging industry: a canonical correlation approach

Segmenting techniques used in the lodging industry typically assume that individuals fall into mutually exclusive groups, that is, they are assigned to one type of lodging concept by the segmenting method used. In reality, however, travelers often use several types of lodging alternatives. This study utilized a canonical correlation approach to segment the senior pleasure traveler market. The analysis resulted in both uniquely defined and overlapping segments based on the relationship between lodging preferences and benefits/attributes sought in a lodging accommodation. The study also revealed implications dealing with overlapping segments as well as loyalty to specific lodging segments.
Cytochalasin-B-induced immunosuppression of murine allogeneic anti-tumor response and the effect of recombinant human interleukin-2

Cytochalasin B (CB), administered i.p. to C57B1/6 mice in a single dose as a suspension in carboxymethylcellulose 2%/Tween 20 1%, inhibits in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner the ability of spleen cells to respond to allogeneic P815 mastocytoma tumor cells in vitro. Spleen cells from CB-treated animals sensitized to X-irradiated P815 cells in 4-day cultures at a 50 : 1 responder: stimulator ratio and tested for specific cytotoxicity against51Cr-labelled P815 target cells showed strong inhibition 3 h after CB treatment at a dose of 50 mg/kg. A dose of 25 mg/kg showed measureable but not statistically significant inhibition at 3 h, whereas 10 mg/kg produced only slight inhibition, and 5 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg were non-inhibitory. None of the doses produced significant suppression 19 h or 72 h after CB treatment. Addition to the sensitization cultures of human recombinant interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) at 350 BRMP units/ml completely restored tumor lytic capacity. C57B1/1 mice treated with CB 50 mg/kg, i.p. and challenged i.p. with 3 × 107 allogeneic P815 mastocytoma cells showed a brief, time-dependent, statistically significant abrogation of allogeneic responsiveness consistent with transient reversible immunosuppression within 3–12 h following CB treatment. No such inhibition of host allogeneic responsiveness in vivo was observed when CB was administered 24 h prior to, simultaneously with, or 1, 2, or 4 days after tumor challenge. Thus CB at the highest tolerated i. p. dose in vivo causes only a transient inhibition of anti-allo-responsiveness measured in culture, and rhIL-2 used in vitro restores lytic capacity. The anti-allo effect of CB is also seen to be transient directly in vivo since allogeneic tumor outgrowth is permitted for only a brief period following administration of CB. These results indicate that the use of CB in vivo in anti-tumor chemotherapy protocols will not be complicated by profound or prolonged immunosuppressive effects.
Use of metal chlorides to buffer neutral ambient temperature molten salts

Abstract Mixtures of AlCl 3 and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride form ionic liquids at ambient temperatures. It is shown that they may be buffered around their neutral composition point by metal chlorides. Fe(III) electrochemistry studied in a neutral melt buffered by the CdCl 2 /CdCl 2− 4 couple is identical to that in a basic melt. The electrochemical window of Cd(II) buffered melts is 3.5 V. Deposition of Cd was observed at ca. −1 V.
Environmental and occupational remediation subsequent to the World Trade Center bombing

Abstract The bombing of the World Trade Center in New York in February of 1993 caused a great deal of damage. The removal of the debris required the consideration of the presence of asbestos, various cleaning agents, refrigerants, and other chemicals present for maintenance of a complex building like this. Furthermore, the explosion and subsequent fire generated toxic materials. This paper describes the monitoring program and precautionary actions for the protection of the workers. and reoccupants of the center. There was no over-exposure of any regulated or toxic material to the workers. The reoccupants found environmental conditions comparable to those prior to the event.
Exploring interfaces to botanical species classification

We have developed several prototype user interfaces for botanical species identification and data collection across a diversity of platforms including Tablet PC, Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC), Apple iPhone, Augmented Reality, and Microsoft Surface. In our demonstration, we show UMPC and iPhone user interfaces, discuss the commonalities and distinctions across the different interfaces, and invite visitors to explore these differences. Our prototypes address several issues of interest to the CHI community including mobile interfaces, interfaces to object recognition, and visualization.
AVIAN FORELIMB MUSCLES AND NONSTEADY FLIGHT: CAN BIRDS FLY WITHOUT USING THE MUSCLES IN THEIR WINGS?

AlsTRACT.--Intensity patterns of electromyographic (EMG) signals from selected muscles of the wing were studied during different modes of flight in trained Rock doves (Columba livia). Shoulder muscles exhibited a stereotypic pattern producing maximal EMG intensity during the deceleration phases of the upstroke and the downstroke, whereas the muscles of the brachium and antebrachium acted primarily as joint stabilizers during level flapping flight. During nonsteady flight (e.g. takeoff, landing, vertical ascending flight), the distal forelimb muscles exhibited maximal EMG intensity; their primary function appears to be associated with changing the camber and planform of the wing during rapid oscillation. During steady flight, an automatic linkage system consisting of forelimb skeletal elements and ligamentous attachments is thought to permit proper excursion of the wing as a result of forces generated solely by proximal muscles of the wing. To test this hypothesis, the medianoulnaris and radialis nerves were cut in five animals, thus eliminating the contribution of the forearm muscles, and flight tests were performed. Even though forearm muscles were incapable of contracting, the birds were capable of sustained level flapping flight. They were unable to take off independently or perform controlled landings. Received 3 October 1991, accepted 29 March 1992. DESPITE THE large number of bird species, the wide range of wing shapes (Savile 1957), and variation in flight styles or wing-beat gaits (Ray- net 1988), natural selection has acted to retain the basic musculoskeletal design of the avian forelimb. Few data exist on the functional re- lationship between a species' flying capabilities and its forelimb musculoskeletal architecture. Previous studies of the musculoskeletal system document structural variation, but few studies (see Brown 1948, Fisher 1946, Sy 1936) address the functional aspects of forelimb components. Compared with terrestrial locomotion, flying is metabolically efficient per unit distance trav- elled, but energetically expensive per unit time (Tucker 1968, Schmidt-Nielsen 1984); this is due to the muscular demands associated with gen- erating lift using a rapidly oscillating append- age. Consequently, the musculoskeletal appa- ratus of the avian forelimb should be subject to considerable selective pressures. One way to minimize the moment of inertia of a rapidly moving appendage is to distribute the mass closer to the pivot (Hildebrand 1988). This phe- nomenon is evident among birds as the bulk of the wing's mass is positioned proximally. In
Transglutaminase modifies the carboxy-terminal intracellular region of HLA-A and -B antigens.

The HLA-A and -B antigens, encoded in the major histocompatibility complex, are transmembrane proteins whose carboxy termini project inwards from the cell membrane. The intracellular region of the HLA-B7 antigen is known to include two glutamine residues1. We have used guinea pig transglutaminase to show that in vitro the enzyme couples amines specifically to glutamine residues in the carboxy-terminal region of the HLA-B7 and -A2 antigens. The specificity of this reaction has an immediate practical significance, but may also have a wider biological interest.
M m: A variable-period mantle magnitude for intermediate and deep earthquakes

We extend to the case of intermediate and deep earthquakes the mantle magnitude developed for shallow shocks byokal andTalandier (1989). Specifically, from the measurement of the spectral amplitude of Rayleigh waves at a single station, we obtain a mantle magnitude,Mm, theoretically related to the seismic moment of the event through $$M_m = \log _{10} M_0 - 20.$$ The computation ofMminvolves two corrections. The distance correction is the same as for shallow shocks. For the purpose of computing the frequency-dependent source correction, we define three depth windows: Intermediate (A) (75 to 200 km); Intermediate (B) (200–400 km) and Deep (over 400 km). In each window, the source correctionCS is modeled by a cubic spline of log10T.
A Servo-Controlled, Whole Body, Blood Perfusion System as a Pressure/Flow Clamp

To study the peripheral vascular system of anesthetized dogs, a whole body, blood perfusion system was developed to provide 1) a nonpulsatile output of 2) constant pressure (0-300 mm Hg), or 3) constant flow (0-3 liters/minute), or 4) any output characteristic between these extremes, and 5) the output controllable from a voltage command signal. Output is determined by pneumatic pressure, adjusted by a servo valve from the error signal, which drives the blood from a reservoir into the animal's aorta. The error signal is derived from the difference between either a flowmeter or pressure-gage signal and an adjustable set-point voltage, or any combination of these signals. Response time is less than 1 sec. Heat and gas exchange are provided by a double-walled disk oxygenator. Plasma hemoglobin accumulation is typically 0.2 mg/ml hour.
Integrated military and civilian surgical residency: a review of one program, its development, and future trends.

A freestanding general surgery program was established at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in 1978. This would be integrated with other local surgery programs to have a citywide integrated civilian and military general surgery residency program. The idea of having military residencies emerged with the recognized need to have a steady supply of military doctors and surgeons. The idea of integrating was fostered by educational and economic opportunities to the program. This article focuses on the evolution of this integrated program, the performance of its residents, the changes it has experienced, and a look at the future of military and integrated general surgery residency programs.
Plasma mitigation of shock wave: experiments and theory

Two types of plasma spikes, generated by on-board 60 Hz periodic and pulsed dc electric discharges in front of two slightly different wind tunnel models, were used to demonstrate the non-thermal plasma techniques for shock wave mitigation. The experiments were conducted in a Mach 2.5 wind tunnel. (1) In the periodic discharge case, the results show a transformation of the shock from a well-defined attached shock into a highly curved shock structure, which has increased shock angle and also appears in diffused form. As shown in a sequence with increasing discharge intensity, the shock in front of the model moves upstream to become detached with increasing standoff distance from the model and is eliminated near the peak of the discharge. The power measurements exclude the heating effect as a possible cause of the observed shock wave modification. A theory using a cone model as the shock wave generator is presented to explain the observed plasma effect on shock wave. The analysis shows that the plasma generated in front of the model can effectively deflect the incoming flow; such a flow deflection modifies the structure of the shock wave generated by the cone model, as shown by the numerical results, from a conic shape to a curved one. The shock front moves upstream with a larger shock angle, matching well with that observed in the experiment. (2) In the pulsed dc discharge case, hollow cone-shaped plasma that envelops the physical spike of a truncated cone model is produced in the discharge; consequently, the original bow shock is modified to a conical shock, equivalent to reinstating the model into a perfect cone and to increase the body aspect ratio by 70%. A significant wave drag reduction in each discharge is inferred from the pressure measurements; at the discharge maximum, the pressure on the frontal surface of the body decreases by more than 30%, the pressure on the cone surface increases by about 5%, whereas the pressure on the cylinder surface remains unchanged. The energy saving from drag reduction is estimated to make up two-thirds of the energy consumed in the electric discharge for the plasma generation. The measurements also show that the plasma effect on the shock structure lasts much longer than the discharge period.
A NOTE ON THE REGULARITY OF SOLUTIONS OF INFINITE DIMENSIONAL RICCATI EQUATIONS

This note is concerned with the regularity of solutions of algebraic Riccati equations arising from infinite dimensional LQR and LQG control problems. We show that distributed parameter systems described by certain parabolic partial differential equations often have a special structure that smoothes solutions of the corresponding Riccati equation. This analysis is motivated by the need to find specific representations for Riccati operators that can be used in the development of computational schemes for problems where the input and output operators are not Hilbert-Schmidt. This situation occurs in many boundary control problems and in certain distributed control problems associated with optimal sensor/actuator placement.
Entropy of microstructure

Two points are made in this paper: first, energy of random structures is not determined uniquely by any finite set of the characteristics of microstructure. The information lost is characterized by entropy of microstructure; it describes the scattering of the values of energy. Therefore, entropy of microstructure is a key thermodynamic parameter in phenomenological modeling of the behavior of random structures. Second, mathematical modeling of a random structure is based on the construction of its probabilistic measure; a way to select the probabilistic measure from the experimental data is outlined. The corresponding probabilistic measure is remarkably similar to that of classical statistical mechanics, though the underlying physics is quite different. After the probabilistic measure is chosen, the entropy of microstructure can be found from the analysis of the homogenization problem. Entropy of microstructure is computed in two example problems. Applications to phenomenological modeling of work hardening are discussed.
Nano-optics: Plasmon-boosted magneto-optics

Enhancing magneto-optic effects may help to reduce the size of photonic devices. Recent research by several groups shows that the features of metal optical components can be exploited to enhance typically weak magneto-optic effects.
Lymphedema following the surgical treatment of breast cancer: A review of pathophysiology and treatment

Lymphedema is often accepted as an inevitable and untreatable common consequence of breast cancer management. There has been little investigation of its pathophysiology, but reasonable hypotheses can be elaborated based on the known physiology of lymph production and removal. Both diagnosis and treatment remain largely empirical. A large clinical experience suggests that outcome is best with a multidisciplinary team approach that is based in an outpatient setting and combines gradient compression garments, sequential pneumatic pumps, and ancillary support services. Through this program, a majority of patients see greater than 50% reduction in their lymphedema.
Evaluation of compositional nonrandomness in proteins

Cornish-Bowden and Marson have recently suggested that the finite sampling component of Q, a measure of nonrandomness in the amino acid composition of proteins, may have been underestimated because it was calculated on the basis of the genetic code table frequencies rather than on the basis of the average natural abundance with which the twenty amino acids actually occur in proteins. This underestimate would lead to an overestimate of Qc a measure of selective effects above and beyond those imposed by the average natural abundance of the amino acids. In this paper the finite sampling component of Q is quantitatively estimated on the basis of these natural abundances and found to reduce Qc from its previous average value of 24.3 to the lower value of 9.7, with the standard deviation of the population of Qc values being 12.5. Individual Qc values are given for 81 protein families of mean composition per 61 codons of Ala5.3 Arg2.4 Asn3.0 Asp3.6 Cys1.5 Gln2.6 Glu3.5 Gly4.7 His1.3 Ile3.4 Leu4.5 Lys4.2 Met1.0 Phe2.3 Pro2.3 Ser4.2 Thr3.6 Trp0.8 Tyr2.6 Val4.2. The mean Qc value of 9.7 is notably small, and indicates that quantitatively minimal adjustments away from the average protein composition are necessary to maintain many different biological functions. This small value, however, is shown to differ significantly from the value of zero expected were the natural abundances of the amino acids the only selective constraint. These small deviations from the natural abundances are thus effectively selected for in the Darwinian sense.
Intracerebroventricular injection of erythropoietin enhances sleep in the rat.

Systemic injection of erythropoietin (EPO) over several days reduces sleep fragmentation in patients with periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS). However, there are no studies concerning the effects of EPO on spontaneous sleep. In this study, we determined the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of EPO on spontaneous rat sleep. Three doses of EPO (25, 75, and 125 ng) were injected i.c.v. at the onset of the dark period. All doses of EPO increased non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS). In addition, high and low doses of EPO (125 and 25 ng) increased rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), but the medium dose of EPO (75 ng) inhibited REMS. Electroencephalogram slow-wave activity during NREMS also increased following the two higher doses of EPO. In contrast, EPO injection during the light period failed to affect sleep. Brain temperature (Tbr) was not affected by any dose of EPO. These results suggest that EPO could be part of the cytokine network involved in sleep regulation.
Classification for clinical practice: How to make ICD and DSM better able to serve clinicians

With DSM-V and ICD-11 on the horizon, now is an excellent time to consider options for improving their utility in clinical practice. A prerequisite for determining what can be done to improve their clinical utility is to establish a baseline from which to work. Surprisingly, there is virtually no information available that illuminates how clinicians actually use the DSM-IV and ICD-10 in clinical practice settings. Our first recommendation is for studies to be conducted that examine how the DSM-IV and ICD-10 is being used in the field and then to identify areas in need of improvement. We then propose two new diagnostic approaches to be considered that might significantly improve the system's clinical utility: (1) the addition of clinically useful dimensions (i.e., dimensions for indicating disorder severity, dimensions that cut across various disorders that would quantify symptoms of particular treatment-relevance such as psychosis, and dimensions to measure functioning) and (2) the augmentation of the DSM...
Tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens in mice and humans.

Purpose of review—Exposure to non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMA) in fetal and neonatal life has lifelong immunological consequences. Though there is a plethora of evidence of effects of mother on the immune responses of her offspring, there is very little knowledge available on how exposure to NIMA can result in either tolerance or sensitization. Understanding the mechanism of NIMA effects will impact different fields of immunology including transplantation, autoimmunity, and tumor immunotherapy. Recent findings—Following the discoveries of beneficial effects of NIMA exposure on clinical outcomes in solid organ and bone marrow transplantation, it has now been shown that the exposure to NIMA induces various types of T regulatory cells (TR) in fetus and adult, which may partially account for tolerance to allografts bearing the NIMA. Though all offspring are exposed to the maternal antigens, they exhibit a great variability in the NIMA effects, which can be explained by the variability in the extent of maternal microchimerism (MMc). Summary—Exposure to NIMA can have tolerogenic or sensitizing effects on the offspring, resulting in acceptance or rejection of allografts expressing the NIMA. This variability may be partly explained by the level and distribution of maternal cells persisting in the offspring.
Temporal and spatial characteristics of selective encoding from visual displays.

The time required for Ss to voice a target letter in a visual display was studied as a function of the spatial proximity of two kinds of noise elements (letters or disks) to the target and as a function of when the noise elements were presented following the onset of the target letter. The results were not consistent with a focusing model of attention or selective encoding. Instead, there appears to be a small area in the visual field (about 1 deg of angle) in which all stimuli are processed in detail.
The cancer burden attributable to biologic agents.

Purpose: A review of cohort and case-control studies that attempt to quantify the proportion of cancer cases diagnosed in the United States and throughout the world that may be attributed to biologic or infectious agents. Methods: Epidemiologic studies published primarily since the year 2000 are summarized that estimate population attributable fractions based on consensus estimates of relative risk and of the exposure prevalence to putative oncogenic infectious agents in representative populations. Results: The proportion of incident cancers attributable to infectious agents diagnosed in low- and middle-income countries, comprising more than 80% of the world’s population, has been estimated to vary from 20% to 30%, in contrast to a range of 5% or less to 10% in the United States and other highly industrialized populations. More than 90% of the global cancer cases attributed to infectious agents have been caused by hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomaviruses, and the gram-negative bacterium, Helicobacter pylori. Conclusions: Epidemiologic and pathologic studies that use molecular diagnostic probes and immunologic and biochemical assays have described the substantial impact of infectious agents on global cancer incidence. These compelling observations have stimulated the development of effective hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus vaccines and the rationale for eradication of Helicobacter pylori.
Selective deficiency of the bone-related Runx2-II unexpectedly preserves osteoblast-mediated skeletogenesis

Runx2 (runt-related transcription factor 2) is a master regulator of skeletogenesis. Distinct promoters in the Runx2 gene transcribe the "bone-related" Runx2-II and non-osseous Runx2-I isoforms that differ only in their respective N termini. Existing mutant mouse models with both isoforms deleted exhibit an arrest of osteoblast and chondrocyte maturation and the complete absence of mineralized bone, but they do not distinguish the separate functions of the two N-terminal isoforms. To elucidate the function of the bone-related isoform, we generated selective Runx2-II-deficient mice by the targeted deletion of the distal promoter and exon 1. Homozygous Runx2-II-deficient (Runx2-II(-/-)) mice unexpectedly formed axial, appendicular, and craniofacial bones derived from either intramembranous ossification or mesenchymal cells of the bone collar, but they failed to form the posterior cranium and other bones derived from endochondral ossification. Heterozygous Runx2-II-deficient mice had grossly normal skeletons, but were osteopenic. The commitment of mesenchymal cells ex vivo to the osteoblast lineage occurred in Runx2-II(-/-) mice, but osteoblastic gene expression was impaired. Chondrocyte maturation appeared normal, but the zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes was not transformed into metaphyseal bone, leading to widened growth plates in Runx2-II(-/-) mice. Compensatory increments in Runx2-I expression occurred in Runx2-II(-/-) mice but were not sufficient to normalize osteoblastic maturation or transcriptional activity. Our findings support distinct functions of Runx2-II and -I in the control of skeletogenesis. Runx2-I is sufficient for early osteoblastogenesis and intramembranous bone formation, whereas Runx2-II is necessary for complete osteoblastic maturation and endochondral bone formation.
Principles relating social regard to size and density of personal networks, with applications to stigma

Abstract Shared social evaluations (social regard) of individuals can have important consequences for those individuals. This paper presents basic principles relating social regard to the size and density of individuals’ networks. We suggest that more positive regard tends to be accompanied by positive interaction that encourages more social interaction. Thus, positive social regard is associated with larger personal networks. We then suggest that interaction among alters exacerbates effects of social regard, such that positive regard by a dense set of alters especially encourages interaction with that set. Consequently, positive regard is associated with denser networks. We present empirical support for our predictions and consider implications especially for stigmatized individuals, the objects of negative regard.
E-Leadership in the New Century

This article argues that E-leadership emerged out of technological development among all other major developments in our society. In the virtual environment, leaders are required to lead followers by using different approaches. This is not to say that traditional leadership has no place in the new virtual environment characterized by the constant use of technology. Rather, traditional leadership and leadership style studied and conceptualized by researchers and scholars enhance E-leadership supported by Rogersâ€™ facilitative leadership. Leadership theories are meant to be applied to practice. Further, leadership theories can be applied in part or in whole. They are not ideologies that must be followed to the letter.
A Deterministic Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Model of High-Speed Rotorcraft Transmission Components

This paper describes a deterministic approach to analyze elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of helicopter transmission gear surfaces with asperities. A thermal, non-Newtonian, model, accompanied by three specialized models is used to study the mechanisms of film generation, pressure distribution and temperature distributions within the fluid and on the surface, in an EHL line contact. A two-slope viscosity-pressure model is used to avoid overestimation of the viscosity of the lubricant under heavy loads. The three-dimensional roughness description of an actual gear tooth surface is measured using a non-contact surface profiler. The pressure distribution, film thickness distribution and the temperature rise at the contact surface are predicted as a function of the gear operating conditions including normal load, lubricant temperature and rolling/sliding speed. Presented at the 57th Annual Meeting in Houston, Texas May 19–23, 2002
The R5 to X4 coreceptor switch

In this paper, we show how a game theoretic analysis can provide a model to explain the interdependence of host produced APOBEC3G levels and limited X4 transmission. From our analysis, we show that when APOBEC3G strongly favors mutation from an R5 strain to an X4 strain, it can be optimal for the HIV-1 virus to suppress transmission of the X4 variant, despite the loss of X4 fitness potential. This is particularly true when the X4 strain significantly interferes with the host adaptive immune response. Transmitting only R5 viruses has two advantages so far as HIV-1 is concerned. First, it allows for an increased host lifespan, since deadly viral loads will not be reached as rapidly with only one independently replicating strain. Second, R5 viruses can, as a result of under-repression of APOBEC3G, generate X4 viruses which interfere with immune defense. In contrast, X4 viruses do not have this capability, since they are already more A-rich than R5 viruses, and will only continue to progress towards an A-rich ceiling as a result of APOBEC3G action.
Biphasic Effects of Antiserum to HCG- plus Gonadotropin-Enhancing Factor (s) on HCG Response of the Immature Mouse

SummaryAntisera prepared to HCG/GEF (abbreviated AS) inhibited the uterotropic response of immature mice when HCG was assayed in sera diluted 1:120. The response to HCG dissolved in AS diluted 1:2400 or 1:4800 was enhanced. Enhancement was also produced by normal rabbit serum similarly employed at all dilutions tested, 1:120 to 1:4800. Anti-HCG serum, powerfully inhibitory at all dilutions tested as a solvent for the hormone, revealed enhancing activity when subjected to 60 min of heat at 92-95°. The latter treatment also abolished HCG antagonism by AS, although the respective antibodies of both the latter and the former sera were stable to treatment at 65° for 1 hr. These combined data suggest that each of the antisera studied contained not only their respective antibody species, which inhibited the response to HCG, but also possessed some degree of gonadotropin-enhancing potency. Thus, the results obtained can be interpreted as the resultant of superimposition of an inhibitory influence upon enhancing a...
Odor Detection in Manduca sexta Is Optimized when Odor Stimuli Are Pulsed at a Frequency Matching the Wing Beat during Flight

Sensory systems sample the external world actively, within the context of self-motion induced disturbances. Mammals sample olfactory cues within the context of respiratory cycles and have adapted to process olfactory information within the time frame of a single sniff cycle. In plume tracking insects, it remains unknown whether olfactory processing is adapted to wing beating, which causes similar physical effects as sniffing. To explore this we first characterized the physical properties of our odor delivery system using hotwire anemometry and photo ionization detection, which confirmed that odor stimuli were temporally structured. Electroantennograms confirmed that pulse trains were tracked physiologically. Next, we quantified odor detection in moths in a series of psychophysical experiments to determine whether pulsing odor affected acuity. Moths were first conditioned to respond to a target odorant using Pavlovian olfactory conditioning. At 24 and 48 h after conditioning, moths were tested with a dilution series of the conditioned odor. On separate days odor was presented either continuously or as 20 Hz pulse trains to simulate wing beating effects. We varied pulse train duty cycle, olfactometer outflow velocity, pulsing method, and odor. Results of these studies, established that detection was enhanced when odors were pulsed. Higher velocity and briefer pulses also enhanced detection. Post hoc analysis indicated enhanced detection was the result of a significantly lower behavioral response to blank stimuli when presented as pulse trains. Since blank responses are a measure of false positive responses, this suggests that the olfactory system makes fewer errors (i.e. is more reliable) when odors are experienced as pulse trains. We therefore postulate that the olfactory system of Manduca sexta may have evolved mechanisms to enhance odor detection during flight, where the effects of wing beating represent the norm. This system may even exploit temporal structure in a manner similar to sniffing.
ELECTROMAGNETIC EXCITATIONS OF THE NUCLEON IN A RELATIVISTIC QUARK MODEL.

A variation of the relativistic quark model of Feynman, Ravndal, and Kislinger is considered that admits spatial wave functions normalizable in all components of the relative variables. With these wave functions, the matrix elements of the hadronic electromagnetic current between the nucleon and excited states are calculated for final states up to 1700 MeV in mass. Very good agreement between the predicted elastic nucleon electromagnetic form factors and experiment is obtained. Cross sections for the electroproduction of nucleon resonances through the third resonance are derived and compared with experiment. A discussion of the consistency and limitations of the model is presented.
Multigrid Acceleration of a High-Resolution

A multigrid method is applied to a fourth-order accurate (spatially and temporally) ® nite difference Runge± Kutta time-marching scheme. This is used to solve the nonlinearEuler equations for the ef® cient prediction of noise radiation from turbofan engine inlets. This noise prediction approach computes a steady-state solution ® rst, and thena source is turnedonand theunsteadysolution is computed.Thishas the advantageofusingthe samenumerical scheme to evaluate the residuals of the governing equations in both the steady and unsteady calculations, which means that the steady-state solution is smoothand nonumerical errors contaminate the acoustic solution.The highresolution steady-state ow® elds are calculated ef® ciently using a full approximation storage multigrid method. This makes it to possible to attain steady-state solutions on extremely ® ne meshes designed for high-frequency turbofan noise problems. It is also shown that acoustic results for a JT15D inlet are accurately represented by the present approach.
Interpersonal Relations as a Context For the Effects of Appraisal Interviews on Performance and Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Study

The field study reported here examined the effect of interpersonal relations between supervisors and subordinates on the content and efficacy of performance appraisal reviews. One to two months aft...
Prevention of Hepatitis B Infection

The control of infectious diseases generally involves three successive steps: first, the identification of the etiologic agent, second, the development of means for interruption of transmission, and, lastly the utilization of these means. Tremendous progress has been made in the first two of the above steps during the past 30 years. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) have been identified and characterized to the level of nucleotide sequence. Safe and effective HBV and hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccines have been developed and licensed. Sensitive and specific screening assays are available for the identification of blood donors infected with HBV and HCV. As described elsewhere at this meeting, progress is being made towards development of vaccines for HDV and HEV. However, progress in the utilization of these measures on a worldwide basis has been disappointingly slow. Indeed, it has become evident that implementation of control measures is a problem of greater magnitude and complexity than the development of the vaccines to be used in control of the disease. This report will illustrate this problem in the context of HBV control, and will describe efforts being made to accelerate the rate of progress.
Adhesion Molecule Expression in Fibroblasts: Alteration in Fibroblast Biology After Transfection With LOX-1 Plasmids

The endothelial lectinlike, oxidatively (ox-) modified LDL receptor LOX-1 is a critical player in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia. Ox-LDL binding of LOX-1 results in the expression of various adhesion molecules, which attract monocytes to endothelial cells, an initial step in atherogenesis. We wished to examine the role of the ox-LDL/LOX-1 signaling pathway in fibroblasts, which naturally express low levels of LOX-1. Rat cardiac fibroblasts were transfected with either cytomegalovirus (CMV)-LOX-1 wt (amino acids (aa) 1 to 273) or CMV-LOX-1 1-261 (an ox-LDL-binding negative mutant, aa 1 to 261) plasmid. Western blots showed that LOX-1 protein expression was increased significantly in cells transfected with CMV-LOX-1 wt or CMV-LOX-1 1-261 plasmid (P0.01 vs control). Fibroblasts transfected with CMV-LOX-1 wt showed ox-LDL binding, whereas fibroblasts without transfection and those transfected with CMV-LOX-1 1-261 did not bind ox-LDL. Compared with untransfected cells, ox-LDL treatment (50 g/mL, 24 hours) markedly induced the expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM)-1 as well as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 in cells transfected with CMV-LOX-1 wt (P0.05) but not in cells transfected with CMV-LOX-1 1-261 . Concurrently, ox-LDL treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (P0.05 vs control) in CMV-LOX-1 wt -transfected cells. These data suggest that in cardiac fibroblasts, ox-LDL binds to LOX-1 and activates p38 MAPK, followed by the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MMP-1. Thus, fibroblasts transform into an endothelial phenotype on transfection with CMV-LOX-1 wt and subsequent exposure to ox-LDL. This study provides a useful model system (plasmid-transfected fibroblasts) to study the molecular biology of LOX-1. (Hypertension. 2005;46:622-627.)
Polylactic acid composites incorporating casein functionalized cellulose nanowhiskers

Background Polylactic acid (PLA) is considered to be a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based polymers for many applications. Using cellulose fiber to reinforce PLA is of great interest recently due to its complete biodegradability and potential improvement of the mechanical performance. However, the dispersion of hydrophilic cellulose fibers in the hydrophobic polymer matrix is usually poor without using hazardous surfactants. The goal of this study was to develop homogenously dispersed cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) reinforced PLA composites using whole milk casein protein, which is an environmentally compatible dispersant.
A Practical Guide for Mentoring Scientific Inquiry

Science is a process of acquiring understanding, not just a collection of facts. The literature on teaching science emphasizes the importance of student research—teaching students to develop new knowledge, rather than solely assimilating facts. As student research becomes more widely integrated into curricula, there is an ongoing opportunity to develop and refine explicit techniques and tactics for facilitating authentic research by students. Here, we draw on our experience as instructors in the tropical biology field course at Dartmouth College to provide specific strategies and approaches that we have used to help students conceive and conduct original research projects. We organize our suggestions around the stages of the research process, from generating and refining questions, optimizing methods, and interpreting data, through presenting findings and placing research in a broader context. Although research skills often develop organically through immersion in research environments, it is our experien...
Multiple instance ranking

This paper introduces a novel machine learning model called multiple instance ranking (MIRank) that enables ranking to be performed in a multiple instance learning setting. The motivation for MIRank stems from the hydrogen abstraction problem in computational chemistry, that of predicting the group of hydrogen atoms from which a hydrogen is abstracted (removed) during metabolism. The model predicts the preferred hydrogen group within a molecule by ranking the groups, with the ambiguity of not knowing which hydrogen atom within the preferred group is actually abstracted. This paper formulates MIRank in its general context and proposes an algorithm for solving MIRank problems using successive linear programming. The method outperforms multiple instance classification models on several real and synthetic datasets.
What Does it Mean for an Executive to 'Make' $1 Million?

The press and other third-party observers frequently discuss executive compensation. However, executive compensation figures are not always what they seem. Executive pay packages contain a diverse mix of cash and non-cash incentives, payable in one or multiple years and subject to accruals, estimates, and restrictions that often render their ultimate value quite different from their expected value. Even total compensation figures disclosed in the annual proxy comingle forward- and backward-looking amounts as well as fixed and contingent payments that make it difficult for investors to understand what compensation has been promised to executives and what they eventually earn.We untangle the mess and examine three basic methods for calculating compensation: expected value, earned value, and realized value. We discuss the applicability of each, illustrating concepts with real examples and summary statistics.Why don't companies voluntarily disclose these figures so stakeholders can better evaluate incentives and pay for performance?Topics, Issues and Controversies in Corporate Governance and Leadership: The Closer Look series is a collection of short case studies through which we explore topics, issues, and controversies in corporate governance. In each study, we take a targeted look at a specific issue that is relevant to the current debate on governance and explain why it is so important. Larcker and Tayan are co-authors of the book Corporate Governance Matters, and A Real Look at Real World Corporate Governance.
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome Complicated by Extrafetal Umbilical Vein Varix

Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber (KTW) syndrome is a rare vascular malformation including soft-tissue hypertrophy, varicose veins, cutaneous hemangiomas, and arteriovenous fistulas.The majority of reported cases were discovered at birth; only 7 cases have been reported in utero.Varicosities of the umbilical vein in utero involving the extrafetal portion of the cord are rare.Thrombosis of these varicies often re sults in the death of the fetus.No articles, at this time, report a case of KTW associated with an umbilical varix and subsequent thrombosis.The following case describes the sonographic appearance of both these abnormalities.
Caenorhabditis elegans period homolog lin-42 regulates the timing of heterochronic miRNA expression

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally via the 3′ UTR of target mRNAs and were first identified in the Caenorhabditis elegans heterochronic pathway. miRNAs have since been found in many organisms and have broad functions, including control of differentiation and pluripotency in humans. lin-4 and let-7–family miRNAs regulate developmental timing in C. elegans, and their proper temporal expression ensures cell lineage patterns are correctly timed and sequentially executed. Although much is known about miRNA biogenesis, less is understood about how miRNA expression is timed and regulated. lin-42, the worm homolog of the circadian rhythm gene period of flies and mammals, is another core component of the heterochronic gene pathway. lin-42 mutants have a precocious phenotype, in which later-stage programs are executed too early, but the placement of lin-42 in the timing pathway is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that lin-42 negatively regulates heterochronic miRNA transcription. let-7 and the related miRNA miR-48 accumulate precociously in lin-42 mutants. This defect reflects transcriptional misregulation because enhanced expression of both primary miRNA transcripts (pri-miRNAs) and a let-7 promoter::gfp fusion are observed. The pri-miRNA levels oscillate during larval development, in a pattern reminiscent of lin-42 expression. Importantly, we show that lin-42 is not required for this cycling; instead, peak amplitude is increased. Genetic analyses further confirm that lin-42 acts through let-7 family miRNAs. Taken together, these data show that a key function of lin-42 in developmental timing is to dampen pri-miRNAs levels, preventing their premature expression as mature miRNAs.
Estimation and identification for 2-D block Kalman filtering

The development of a recursive identification and estimation procedure for two-dimensional block Kalman filtering is discussed. The recursive identification scheme can be used online to update the image model parameters at each iteration based on the local statistics within a block of the observed noisy image. The covariance matrix of the driving noise can also be estimated at each iteration of this algorithm. A recursive procedure for computing the parameters of the higher order models is given. Simulation results are also provided. >
Time-Resolved Doubly-Stimulated Two-Photon Emission in Gallium Arsenide

We perform degenerate pump-probe experiments at 1700 nm on GaAs with an additional 780 nm excitation pulse generating free carriers. An increased normalized transmission of the probe is observed, indicative of doubly-stimulated two-photon emission.
Maternal age and trajectories of cannabis use

Background Becoming a mother is a developmental transition that has been linked to desistance from substance use. However, timing of motherhood may be a key determinant of cannabis use in women, based on preliminary evidence from teenage mothers. The goal of this study was to identify trajectories of maternal cannabis use, and to determine if maternal age was associated with different trajectories of use.
Sliding Versus Deciding: A Theme Analysis of Deciding Conversations of Non-Engaged Cohabiting Couples

The goal of the study was to examine conversations about living together between cohabiting partners. Survey responses of 103 non-engaged cohabiting couples (206 individuals) were assessed using theme analysis procedures. Results show that 84% of the sample did have a conversation about the transition prior to moving in together. The conversations ranged from relational and logistical issues to justifications for why cohabitation was the right choice. The theme analysis also revealed that for some couples, the decision to cohabit was dependent on having a conversation, while for others the conversation seemed to occur after the decision had been made.