cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Moral Economy of Communities: Structured Populations and the Evolution of Pro-Social Norms

Abstract Why do communities persist despite their inability to exploit the efficiency-enhancing properties of markets and the advantages of universal enforcement of rules provided by states? One reason is the capacity of communities to foster cooperative behavior. Communities align the individual and collective benefits and costs of people's actions. We model three mechanisms by which communities raise the net benefits to individual pro-social behaviors: reputation , retaliation , and segmentation . Unlike most treatments of the evolution of group-beneficial traits our communities promote pro-social behaviors in the absence of group selection. We further show that the restricted mobility associated with communities ( parochialism ) enhances these mechanisms. Communities are thus specifically adapted to settings that make formal property rights systems untenable and preclude the efficient centralized determination of outcomes.
Measurements of organic and elemental carbon in Asian outflow during ACE‐Asia from the NSF/NCAR C‐130

[1] During the spring 2001 Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) intensive observation period, we measured elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC) from the National Science Foundation/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NSF/NCAR) C-130 aircraft. Samples were collected on quartz filters using a Particle Concentrator–Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (PC-BOSS) to minimize positive and negative artifacts and analyzed using a Sunset Labs thermal/optical analyzer. Although short aircraft sampling times limited our sensitivity, total carbon (EC plus OC) was quantifiable on all but one level flight leg. We could not confidently apportion total carbon (TC) between EC and OC on about a quarter of the legs, mostly in the free troposphere (FT). About a third of the samples showed significant evaporation of collected aerosols from their quartz filter (a median of 20% on these samples), while a similar number had too little evaporation to detect. We found that TC and OC concentrations were generally higher in the boundary layer (medians of 7.6 μg TC/m3 and 5.8 μg OC/m3) than in the free troposphere (medians of 3.1 μg TC/m3 and 3.9 μg OC/m3, the latter from only a few samples). The same appears to be true for EC, but the free troposphere (FT) statistics for EC are also poor. Average concentrations were somewhat higher than the medians, reflecting the impact of a few more polluted samples. OC was much more variable than was EC. In the FT the TC to non-sea-salt sulfate ratio ranged from 3.2 to 6.0, so carbonaceous aerosols were considerably more concentrated than non-sea-salt sulfate in the upper troposphere. When dust mass was included, organic matter ranged from about 0.1 to 0.7 of the fine particle mass. TC/EC ratios ranged from 2 to 15, with medians of ∼4–5. Air in the Yellow Sea, the Korea Strait, and the Sea of Japan had generally higher concentrations of OC than that in the East China Sea or the Pacific south and east of Japan.
A Procedure for Measuring Excised Muscle Contraction

A procedure was developed to accurately measure the contraction of excised Pectoralis major muscles (along the longitudinal axis) from broilers during the development of rigor. A linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) and computer equipment were used to continuously monitor contraction through the course of rigor. A holding tank was designed and constructed and in conjunction with the LVDT allowed cooling of the muscle while contraction was being monitored over a predetermined time period. Applying the procedure to broiler Pectoralis major muscles, the results indicated much less variation using the LVDT in comparison with a technique of manual measurement; however, mean values were not significantly different.
Accurately modeling superscalar processor performance with reduced trace

Trace-driven simulation of out-of-order superscalar processors is far from straightforward. The dynamic nature of out-of-order superscalar processors combined with the static nature of traces can lead to large inaccuracies in the results when the traces contain only a subset of executed instructions for trace reduction. In this paper, we describe and comprehensively evaluate the pairwise dependent cache miss model (PDCM), a framework for fast and accurate trace-driven simulation of out-of-order superscalar processors. The model determines how to treat a cache miss with respect to other cache misses recorded in the trace by dynamically reconstructing the reorder buffer state during simulation and honoring the dependencies between the trace items. Our experimental results demonstrate that a PDCM-based simulator produces highly accurate simulation results (less than 3% error) with fast simulation speeds (62.5x on average) compared with an execution-driven simulator. Moreover, we observed that the proposed simulation method is capable of preserving a processor's dynamic off-core memory access behavior and accurately predicting the relative performance change when a processor's low-level memory hierarchy parameters are changed.
Response: The application of theory in childhood asthma self-help programs

Three points will be raised in response to Dr. Bruhn’s study on the application of theory in childhood asthma self-help programs. These points relate primarily to practical problems in the application of existing theory to asthma self-management programs. The first point concerns the complexity of asthma as a disease. The second point regards the inadequacy of existing theory given that complexity. The third point pertains to the kind of research that may prove to be more fruitful in assisting families and health care providers to control asthma and its effects.
Current and Future Challenges in Groundwater. I: Modeling and Management of Resources

AbstractGroundwater, one of the world’s most important natural resources, is under constant threat of exploitation with increasing population and economic development. Proper understanding and modeling of subsurface water movement has been an enduring challenge for hydrologists and practitioners. Current modeling efforts are plagued by the complex heterogeneity within the subsurface, reconciliation with spatial and temporal scales, and lack of supporting data. Long-term consequences of droughts in aquifers and efficient management of the available resources in arid and semiarid regions of the world deserve special attention. Assessing the potential impacts of climate change on groundwater is yet another long-term challenge that confounds both researchers and managers. With groundwater being likened to fossil fuels in some parts of the world, conservation and management of these resources have become imperative. Developing new models that account for uncertainties and provide more realistic assessment of p...
A Trap for Planet Formation

The raw material for forming planets is micrometer to millimeter-sized particles of dust that orbit along with gas in protoplanetary disks around young low-mass stars. These disks are known to be common and to persist for several million years ( 1 ). The Kepler mission ( 2 ) showed that mature planetary systems are also common. What is not known, however, is the full sequence of steps that allows the dust within protoplanetary disks to grow into planets. On page 1199 of this issue, van der Marel et al. ( 3 ) report observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) that hint at how the most problematic step may be surmounted—millimeter-sized particles are seen to be accumulating into a giant trap that acts as a holding pen for growth into larger bodies.
Effects of Age on Ranking for Reduction in Work Force

A laboratory experiment tested the hypothesis that age and written descriptions of performance affected simulated evaluations for reduction in work force. 56 supervisors and managers attending night school reviewed written descriptions of seven individuals' performance. Seven different ages ranging from 25 to 63 years were paired with each individual's performance in a within-subject Latin square design. Each subject rated seven simulated individuals on 10 attributes and made recommendations in the form of comparative rankings for a simulated reduction in force. Chronological age effects on performance rankings were not found. Statistically removing rating components (work performance and sociability) from rankings using an analysis of covariance also yielded no age-related bias but did indicate that the subjects were able to distinguish among performance descriptions. These findings are discussed in relation to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act.
Strategic Restructuring of China's Pharmaceutical Industry: Mergers and Acquisitions

ABSTRACTMergers and acquisitions (M&As) have greatly shaped China's pharmaceutical industry since the early 1990s. To study the M&As' causal factors and impact, a literature review and interviews were used to examine this rapidly changing era in the nation's development. The Chinese government made M&A a strategic choice to revive the thousands of state-owned enterprises and to restructure its weaker industries, including the pharmaceutical industry. Hundreds of failed pharmaceutical companies were saved. Advanced management and technology have been fostered and distributed through M&As. The competitive capability of the pharmaceutical industry has been improved. However, due to the legacy from the central planning time, there remain problems that need to be solved. As China takes further steps toward a market economy now under World Trade Organization directions, M&As will play an even more active role.
Creating the future

Recently, I came across photos of the Taubman Health Sciences Library (THL) from 2006 showing the circulation desk in the background and the reference desk across from it, with one of the THL librarians sitting at the desk, completing paperwork, and waiting for a question. That same view today would show our combined service desk staffed by a paraprofessional or a graduate student and clearly labeled “Information” rather than “Circulation.” What was once the reference desk is now space occupied by public workstations. You would not see librarians in the picture at all, because they are working all over campus, going to places where the library's clients are found.
The electrical engineering profession in the past century

During the past 100 years, electricity has evolved from a parlor trick to the tremendous and vital role that it plays in American life today. Paralleling the advances in engineering has been the rise of the engineering societies, with the first of these, the American Society of Civil Engineers, being founded in 1852. The AIEE was organized 32 years later.
A new theoretical equation for thermal conductivity of two-phase systems

A new theoretical equation that describes the thermal conductivity of two-phase composite materials has been proposed. The Cheng-Vachon equation has been modified by introducing a new parameter named Pd max, permitting the new equation to describe the thermal conductivity of composite materials for a wide variety of filler shapes and states of dispersion. The new equation can describe the thermal conductivity of two-phase materials more accurately than any of the previous equa- tions. Furthermore, this new equation will make it possible to evaluate the dispersion state of the discontinuous phase by measuring the thermal conductivity of the filled polymers or the polymer blends. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 1689 -1697, 1999
Sudden unexplained death in young persons with primary epilepsy

A population based study was carried out at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (GHC) to estimate the incidence of sudden unexplained death occurring in individuals 15–49 years of age with presumed chronic primary epilepsy. Eleven deaths, considered to be sudden and unexplained, occurred in an estimated 8460 person years at risk for an estimated rate of 1.3 per 1000 years at risk.
Efficacy of surface charge in targeting pegylated nanoparticles of sulpiride to the brain

The objective of the study was to formulate sulpiride-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) that can improve bioretention and achieve dose reduction by passively targeting the drug near the site of action. Methoxy PEG-PLA and maleimide PEG-PLA were synthesized via ring opening polymerization of L-lactide and used to prepare pegylated nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with sulpiride by emulsification and solvent evaporation method. Thiolated cationized bovine serum albumin (CBSA) was conjugated through the maleimide function to the NPs. Rhodamine B and Alexa Fluor 488 were used as fluorescent markers for nanoparticle uptake studies. The nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, zeta potential and drug loading. Sprague Dawley rats were administered with each of CBSA-NPs, BSA-NPs and uncoated NPs (10mg/kg) via tail vein; plasma and urine concentrations were measured and tissue sections were observed under fluorescence microscope. Characterized particles (mean particle size 329+/-44 nm) indicated the conjugation of cationic albumin to NPs (zeta potential shift from -39 mV to -19 mV). Fluorescence showed a high accumulation of CBSA-NPs in brain compared to that of BSA-NPs and uncoated NPs supported by plasma and urine profile. The significant results proved that CBSA-NPs could be a promising brain drug delivery for sulpiride.
Migratory behaviour of underyearling Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and survival to adulthood as related to prerelease gill (Na+K+)-ATPase development

Abstract Fall run, underyearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were released to the Columbia River from Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery over the period 1978–1982 at various stages of smolt development as indicated by measurements of gill (Na+K+)-ATPase activity. The outmigrant populations which had experienced more completely developed enzyme cycles (from low to elevated, back to low activities) during hatchery rearing tended to: (1) be caught in greater numbers at the juvenile recovery site at the upper entrance to the estuary, (2) be caught in mid-river as contrasted with near shore, and (3) contribute greater numbers of adults. Adult recovery was not correlated with size at or time of release.
Automated analytical systems for drug development studies. V. A system for enzyme kinetic studies

Two similar automated analytical systems using liquid chromatography (LC) and microdialysis as an on-line sampling technique were applied to studies of enzyme kinetics. 2',3',5'-Triacetyl-6-azauridine (azaribine) with porcine liver esterase (PLE) and N-acetylphenylalanyl-3,5-diiodotyrosine (AcFY') with pepsin were used as model compounds. The microdialysis sampling technique permitted the rapid separation of low molecular weight analytes from macromolecules, thus simultaneously achieving clean-up of the samples and quenching of the reaction. The combination of rapid LC analysis and microdialysis sampling provided selectivity and automation. The systems are rugged and give reproducible results in agreement with those from manual sampling methods.
Technology transfer from university research in regional development strategies

The involvement of universities in state and local technology-based economic development initiatives is discussed, emphasizing programs designed to exploit technology transfer from university research. The university role is examined in relation to the reality of the difficulties technologically less-developed regions face in creating the technological infrastructure required for the success of such efforts. Generic and specific examples of university programs are described and some appropriate recommendations are made for federal policies to support and encourage these programs.
Acute effects of troglitazone on in vivo insulin action in normal rats

Troglitazone is a newly developed antidiabetic agent that shows hypoglycemic effects in insulin-resistant animal models and non-insulin-dependent diabetic humans. To determine whether this drug could affect in vivo insulin action acutely, insulin-stimulated glucose utilization was measured with the euglycemic glucose clamp technique before, during, and after troglitazone infusion (20 micrograms/min) in normal rats. Hepatic glucose production (HGP) was measured with a tracer-dilution technique (D-[3-3H]-glucose). At 18-pmol/kg/min insulin infusion rate, steady-state glucose disposal rate (GDR) was significantly increased during troglitazone infusion versus control vehicle infusion (162 +/- 6.1 v 142.3 +/- 4.4 mumol/kg/min, P < .02). The glucose infusion rate (GIR) required to maintain euglycemia increased shortly (10 to 20 minutes) after initiation of troglitazone infusion and was significantly greater until 30 minutes after cessation of the drug versus the vehicle infusion. At 9-pmol/kg/min insulin infusion rate, HGP was significantly decreased during troglitazone infusion as compared with control vehicle infusion (21.7 +/- 3.5 v 39.5 +/- 3.7 mumol/kg/min, P < .02). These results indicate that troglitazone can acutely increase in vivo insulin action in normal rats, and some possible mechanisms are discussed.
Criteria to Determine which Schools to Close The Role of Subjective as well as Objective Considerations in New York City

Which school to close is determined by both management and social factors. As with most other areas in education, political issues also arise.
Degradation of imidazolium- and quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(fluorenyl ether ketone sulfone) anion exchange membranes

Imidazolium and quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(fluorenyl ether ketone sulfone)s were synthesized successfully with the same degree of cationic functionalization and identical polymer backbones for a comparative study of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for solid-state alkaline membrane fuel cells (AMFCs). Both anion exchange membranes were synthesized using a new methyl-containing monomer that avoided the use of toxic chloromethylation reagents. The polymer chemical structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR. The derived AEMs were fully characterized by water uptake, anion conductivity, stability under aqueous basic conditions, and thermal stability. Interestingly, both the cationic groups and the polymer backbone were found to be degraded in 1 M NaOH solution at 60 °C over 48 h as measured by changes of ion exchange capacity and intrinsic viscosity. Imidazolium-functionalized poly(fluorenyl ether ketone sulfone)s had similar aqueous alkaline stability to quaternary ammonium-functionalized mater...
The Systemic Inflammatory Response

Many of the components currently used to perform cardiovascular operations lead to systemic insults that result from cardiopulmonary bypass circuit-induced contact activation, circulatory shock, and resuscitation, and a syndrome similar to endotoxemia. Experimental observations have demonstrated that these events have profound effects on activating endothelial cells to recruit neutrophils from the circulation. Once adherent to the endothelium, neutrophils release cytotoxic proteases and oxygen-derived free radicals, which are responsible for much of the end-organ damage seen after cardiovascular operations. Recently the cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell activation have become increasingly understood. It is conceivable that once the molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell activation are better defined, therapies will be developed allowing the selective or collective inhibition of vascular endothelial activation during the perioperative period.
Reply to McAdams and Milhoan

We thank Drs McAdams and Milhoan for their interest and comments on our paper. The circumstances that they describe in which pediatric cardiologists are not readily available in the neonatal intensive care unit are what we had in mind as we embarked on our pilot study. To clarify some of their questions regarding the study design, the study cardiologist reviewed all of the studies performed by the neonatologist on the Acuson Cypress (Siemens USA, Malvern, PA, USA), the portable ultrasound device.1 The cardiologist was aware that they were all performed by the neonatologist. He did not review the studies or reports of the echocardiograms done by the cardiology service until after review of the neonatologists' exams. He then reviewed selected ultrasounds performed by the cardiology service on the Acuson Sequoia (Siemens USA). Comparison of measured ductal size determinations would indeed be of interest for future studies, but this was not the primary outcome of our analysis. Estimated ductal size is not routinely recorded by our cardiology service, and was not recorded by the study neonatologist.
Phylogeography of the western jumping mouse (Zapus princeps) detects deep and persistent allopatry with expansion

Understanding how diversity is partitioned across the landscape provides perspectives on the environmental processes that have influenced the evolutionary history of organisms. We analyzed spatial demography, historical biogeography, and niche divergence of the western jumping mouse (Zapus princeps) using molecular sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA recovered from 7 of the 11 subspecies in western North America. Phylogeographic structure within Z. princeps was partitioned across 5 clades (Boreal, Northern Sierra, Southern Rockies, Southern Sierra, and Uinta). Two lineages detected in the Sierra Nevada of California (Northern Sierra and Southern Sierra) were more closely allied to Z. trinotatus than to other lineages of Z. princeps and species distribution models mirror these phylogenetic signatures by detecting wide overlap in niches for Sierran jumping mice and Z. trinotatus as compared to other Z. princeps. Four southern lineages are deeply divergent and limited to disjunct mesic and montane habitats within the xeric southwestern United States, whereas the 5th lineage is widespread, extending from Wyoming to Alaska and reflecting expansion northward following deglaciation, a common pattern in boreal mammals.
On the development of a microsphere-based multiplexed immunoassay for influenza virus typing and subtyping by flow cytometry

Abstract A rapid and sensitive multiplexed, microsphere-based immunoassay was developed for simultaneous typing and subtyping of the influenza virus by flow cytometry. Influenza virus type- and/or subtype-specific monoclonal antibodies (capture antibodies) were covalently coupled to size- or color-coded microspheres. The antibody-coupled microspheres were used to capture the influenza viruses in the sample, and the bound viruses were then detected and quantified with a cocktail of fluorochrome-conjugated, influenza virus-specific polyclonal antibodies (reporter antibodies) using flow cytometry. By utilizing appropriate size- or color-coded microspheres, the multiplexed immunoassay can be readily formatted into a duplexed assay for influenza virus typing (A vs. B) or a four-plexed assay for simultaneous typing and subtyping (A vs. B and H1 vs. H3).
Effect of lipid ozonation products on liposomal membranes detected by Laurdan fluorescence

We report here the influence of the lipid ozonation products, 1-palmitoyl-2-(9-oxononanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC-aldehyde) and 1-palmitoyl-2[8-(5-octyl-1, 2, 4-trioxolan-3-yl)-octanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PC-Criegee ozonide), on the phase domains of small unilamellar vesicles. (See Scheme 1 for structures.) 6-Lauroyl-2-dimethylaminonaphtalene (Laurdan) fluorescence excitation and emission spectra and generalized polarization measurements allowed us to study how lipid ozonation products affect the phase components of phospholipid membranes. A shift of excitation and emission spectra and a decrease in generalized polarization reveal the presence of a more polar environment surrounding the probe. We find that when either PC-aldehyde or PC-Criegee ozonide are incorporated into a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) membrane, or when the POPC membrane is directly ozonated, a change in polarity of the phospholipid environment occurs that changes the properties of the bilayer. The introduction of more oxygenated and more polar phospholipids creates a more polar environment allowing the deeper penetration of water molecules into the membrane. Water penetration also is facilitated by the membrane disorder-producing effect of the ozonation products. The presence of an increased number of water molecules in the membrane effects the bilayer, altering packing order and cooperativity among fatty acyl chains as well as enhancing membrane fluidity.
Born Again Status as a Factor in Death Anxiety

Over the last few years a dumber of investigators have studied different aspects of death anxiety. Several of these studies have been concerned with the role of religiosity in the development of death anxiety or fear of death (Williams & Cole, 1968; Leming, 1976; Minton & Spilka, 1976; Spilka, Stout, Minton, & Sizemore, 1977). A rather unique approach to the study of religiosity and death was employed by Cerny (1977) who evaluated death perspectives with reference to being "Born Again." As a result of his work with community college students Cerny concluded that being born .again, in the biblical sense of the term, may be the most significant factor in relationship to death perspectives and religious orientation which has been identified. The purpose of the present study was to examine possible differences in death anxiety among high school youth grouped according to their born again status. Subjects for the study were 312 students from two rural high schools in East Alabama, randomly selected from lists which included the total enrollment of both schools. This study group included 31 black males, 62 black females, 89 white males and 130 white females. a The Templer Death Anxiety Scale (1970) was utilized to provide a measure of death anxiety. The items reflect a wide range of personal experiences as death concern, fear of the dying process, and fear of corpses. According to Kurlychek (1978) more normative data are available on the scale than on any other death attitude measure. The scale has 15 items to which an individual responds either "True" or "False", i.e., "The thought of death never bothers me" and "The subject of life after death bothers me greatly." The number of responses reflecting death anxiety are counted and recorded as the individual's score. Scores may range from 0 (no death anxiety) to 15 (vety high death anxiety). Subjects selected to participate in the study voluntarily compleced in their regular classroom the Templer Death Anxiety scale and a general data sheet which included information concerning race, sex, and born again status. Subjects were self-classified as (1) born again Christians, (2) Christians but not born again, and (3) non
Enzymatic desymmetrization/resolution of epoxydiols derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone, 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone

Abstract The enzymatic desymmetrization/resolution of epoxydiols generated from the basic epoxidation and reduction of 1,4-naphthoquoinone, 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone is described. 2,3-Epoxy-1α,2α,3α,4α-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,4-diol and 5,8-diallyloxy-2,3-epoxy-1α,2α,3α,4α-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,4-diol were desymmetrized in the presence of isopropenyl acetate using Burholderia cepacia lipase and Candida antartica lipase B, respectively. An enzymatic resolution of 8-benzyloxy-2,3-epoxy-1α,2α,3α,4α-tetrahydronaphthalene-1,4-diol using B. cepacia lipase in isopropenyl acetate is also described.
SU-E-T-531: Performance Evaluation of Multithreaded Geant4 for Proton Therapy Dose Calculations in a High Performance Computing Facility

Purpose: To evaluate the efficiency of multithreaded Geant4 (Geant4-MT, version 10.0) for proton Monte Carlo dose calculations using a high performance computing facility. Methods: Geant4-MT was used to calculate 3D dose distributions in 1×1×1 mm3 voxels in a water phantom and patient's head with a 150 MeV proton beam covering approximately 5×5 cm2 in the water phantom. Three timestamps were measured on the fly to separately analyze the required time for initialization (which cannot be parallelized), processing time of individual threads, and completion time. Scalability of averaged processing time per thread was calculated as a function of thread number (1, 100, 150, and 200) for both 1M and 50 M histories. The total memory usage was recorded. Results: Simulations with 50 M histories were fastest with 100 threads, taking approximately 1.3 hours and 6 hours for the water phantom and the CT data, respectively with better than 1.0 % statistical uncertainty. The calculations show 1/N scalability in the event loops for both cases. The gains from parallel calculations started to decrease with 150 threads. The memory usage increases linearly with number of threads. No critical failures were observed during the simulations. Conclusion: Multithreading in Geant4-MT decreased simulation time in proton dose distribution calculations by a factor of 64 and 54 at a near optimal 100 threads for water phantom and patient's data respectively. Further simulations will be done to determine the efficiency at the optimal thread number. Considering the trend of computer architecture development, utilizing Geant4-MT for radiotherapy simulations is an excellent cost-effective alternative for a distributed batch queuing system. However, because the scalability depends highly on simulation details, i.e., the ratio of the processing time of one event versus waiting time to access for the shared event queue, a performance evaluation as described is recommended.
Development and applications of an interactive digital filter design program.

Abstract We have implemented an interactive digital filter design program in the HP 1000 computer at the Department of Electrical Engineering of the University of Washington. This program allows users to design different types of filters interactively with both amplitude and phase responses displayed on graphic devises. The performance of each designed filter can be evaluated conveniently before the best one is chosen and implemented for any particular application. This program can design recursive filters, e.g. Butterworth, Chebyshev and elliptic, or nonrecursive filters with one out of six different windows, i.e. rectangular, triangular, Hann, Hamming, Blackman and Kaiser. The main outputs from this program are coefficient of a transfer function of an analog filter, a digital filter, or both. Therefore, the design of both analog and digital filters is facilitated by using this program. The program is very simple to use and does not require background in analog or digital filter principles in order to run it. The program is written in standard FORTRAN and is about 30 kbytes in size excluding the graphics display routines. Since it uses standard FORTRAN, it can be easily transported to microcomputer and microcomputer systems that have a FORTRAN compiler and minimal graphics capabilities. This program is available for distribution to interested institutions and laboratories.
Diaprepes abbreviatus: Fate of Diflubenzuron and Effect on Nontarget Pests and Beneficial Species after Application to Citrus for Weevil Control

When IGR diflubenzuron, 25W, was applied aerially to a commercial citrus grove for control of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.), residues in ppm on fruit harvested 27 days after the 6th application (350 g AI/ha/application) were: unwashed fruit, 0.34; washed fruit, 0.11; dried pulp, 0.26; peel frit, 0.31; chopped peel, 0.12; and oil, 20.55. No detectable residue (<0.05 ppm) of diflubenzuron was found in finisher pulp, fruit juice, pressed liquor, molasses, prewash or afterwash water, and emulsion water fractions. No residue (<0.05 ppm) of 4-chlorophenylurea or 4-chloroaniline was found in any of the citrus fractions. Also, the total sealed brood in colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., from the check and sprayed groves was not significantly different at 7 months. No detectable residue (<0.05 ppm) of diflubenzuron, 4-chlorophenylurea, or 4-chloroaniline was found in the honey obtained after 8 aerial sprays. Populations of nontarget citrus pests and beneficial species apparently were not affected by the spray program.
Identification of the Immunodominant Protein and Other Proteins of the Bacillus anthracis Exosporium

Spores of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, are enclosed by a prominent loose-fitting, balloon-like layer called the exosporium. Although the exosporium serves as the source of surface antigens and a primary permeability barrier of the spore, its molecular structure and function are not well characterized. In this study, we identified five major proteins in purified B. anthracis (Sterne strain) exosporia. One protein was the recently identified collagen-like glycoprotein BclA, which appears to be a structural component of the exosporium hair-like nap. Using a large panel of unique antispore monoclonal antibodies, we demonstrated that BclA is the immunodominant antigen on the B. anthracis spore surface. We also showed that the BclA protein and not a carbohydrate constituent directs the dominant immune response. In addition, the length of the central (GXX)n repeat region of BclA appears to be strain specific. Two other unique proteins, BxpA and BxpB, were identified. BxpA is unusually rich in Gln and Pro residues and contains several different tandem repeats, which also exhibit strain-specific variation. In addition, BxpA was found to be cleaved approximately in half. BxpB appears to be glycosylated or associated with glycosylated material and is encoded by a gene that (along with bclA) may be part of an exosporium genomic island. The other two proteins identified were alanine racemase and superoxide dismutase, both of which were reported to be associated with the surface of other Bacillus spores. Possible functions of the newly identified proteins are discussed.
Particle shape chromatography — The sieve cascadograph

Abstract Developed recently in the writer's laboratory, particle chromatography is the most powerful technique in existence both for characterizing and separating particle shapes in the 10 micrometer to 1 centimeter size range. The first of a family of instruments, using this new technique, is called the sieve cascadograph, and is specifically designed to characterize a number of naturally occurring and manufactured powders such as abrasives and comminuted material, food grains such as wheat and corn, and naturally occurring materials such as sand and soils. Capable of separating particles with subtle differences in shape, the Sieve Cascadograph is an ideal laboratory instrument for quantitative differentiation between similar powder samples. It is relatively inexpensive, easy to operate and interpretation of the results is both simple and straightforward During the next several years, major improvements in technique, resolving power and equipment are expected.
Cytotoxicity of Bacterial-Derived Toxins to Immortal Lung Epithelial and Macrophage Cells

Health risks associated with inhalation and deposition of biological materials have been a topic of great concern due to highly publicized cases of inhalation anthrax, of new regulations on the release of particulate matter, and to increased concerns on the hazards of indoor air pollution. Here, we present an evaluation of the sensitivity of two immortal cell lines (A549, human lung carcinoma epithelia) and NR8383 (rat alveolar macrophages) to a variety of bacterial-derived inhalation hazards and simulants including etoposide, gliotoxin, streptolysin O, and warfarin. The cell response is evaluated through quantification of changes in mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity, release of lactate dehydrogenase, initiation of apoptosis, and through changes in morphology as determined by visible light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. These cells display dose-response relations to each toxin, except for triton which has a step change response. The first observable responses of the epithelial cells to these compounds are changes in metabolism for one toxin (warfarin) and alterations in membrane permeability for another (gliotoxin). The other four toxins display a similar time course in response as gauged by changes in metabolism and loss of membrane integrity. Macrophages are more sensitive to most toxins; however, they display a lower level of stability. This information can be used in the design of cell-based sensors responding to these and similar hazards.
Urban Water Management: Best Practice Cases

Current water resources management practices in most developing countries result in unnecessarily high economic and environmental costs. The magnitude and consequences of such costs have spurred the emergence of a global consensus on principles for improving water resource management. India will face an acute scarcity of water by 2025, more than most nations in the developing world. There is compelling evidence that improved water resources policies can have major impacts. In a number of cases in developed and developing countries pricing and tariff combined with regulations have produced savings of 20% to 30% and more. Improving water management will require that developing countries address the major constraints that currently undermine the allocation and efficient use of their water resources. Experiences in both developing and developed countries, as presented in this article, showed that improved policies for conservation and reallocation can have major benefits. The concerned authorities should look for various alternatives such as rainwater harvesting, recycling of wastewater, reducing un-accounted water and other options. Rainwater harvesting should be made compulsory; wastewater reuse has to be made with dual water supply system for new layouts. As the suburbs in the city are increasing day by day, rainwater harvesting would be able to serve the city for much longer time.
An Approach for Using Full Thickness Skin Grafts for Complex Penile Surgeries in Children

Purpose: Many problems in pediatric urology derive from a paucity of penile skin resulting from prior surgical interventions. While hypospadias surgery is most often responsible for creating this problem, excessive circumcision also can leave a patient with too little skin to cover the penis. To our knowledge we describe the first series of pediatric patients in whom FTSGs were used in a variety of difficult circumstances where penile skin was lacking.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied a cohort of 11 children 2 to 13 years old who underwent urethral repair and adjunctive skin grafting due to circumcision injuries (4 patients), traumatic urethral injury (1) or congenital lymphangiectasis (1), or for congenital hypospadias with previous failed surgery (5). In our patients available penile skin was used to reconstruct the urethra, while full thickness inguinal skin grafts were fashioned to resurface the denuded penis following reconstruction.Results: All patients underwent successful reconstru...
Gorilla society: What we know and don't know

Science is fairly certain that the gorilla lineage separated from the remainder of the hominoid clade about eight million years ago,2, 4 and that the chimpanzee lineage and hominin clade did so about a million years after that.1, 2 However, just this year, 2007, it was discovered that although the human head louse separated from the congeneric chimpanzee body louse (Pediculus) around the same time as the chimpanzee and hominin lineages split,3 the human pubic louse apparently split from its sister species, the congeneric gorilla louse, Pthirus, 4.5 million years after their host lineages split.3 No tested explanations exist for the discrepancy. Much is known about hominin evolution, but much remains to be discovered. The same is true of primate socioecology in general and gorilla socioecology in particular.
The Process Concept of God and Pacifism

In this article I argue for the superiority of the neoclassical (or process) concept of God to the classical concept of God as static, especially as the former relates to the moral superiority of pacifism to just war theory. However, the two main proponents of neoclassical or process theism—Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne—failed to see the full ramifications of their improved concept of God in that they tended to stop short of pacifism by maintaining an uneasy alliance with the violence often associated with classical theism.
Structure or Noise

Author(s): Still, Susanne; Crutchfield, James P | Abstract: We show how rate-distortion theory provides a mechanism for automated theory building by naturally distinguishing between regularity and randomness. We start from the simple principle that model variables should, as much as possible, render the future and past conditionally independent. From this, we construct an objective function for model making whose extrema embody the trade-off between a model's structural complexity and its predictive power. The solutions correspond to a hierarchy of models that, at each level of complexity, achieve optimal predictive power at minimal cost. In the limit of maximal prediction the resulting optimal model identifies a process's intrinsic organization by extracting the underlying causal states. In this limit, the model's complexity is given by the statistical complexity, which is known to be minimal for achieving maximum prediction. Examples show how theory building can profit from analyzing a process's causal compressibility, which is reflected in the optimal models' rate-distortion curve--the process's characteristic for optimally balancing structure and noise at different levels of representation.
Identification of an I-Ed-Restricted T-Cell Epitope of Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Protein F

A predominant T-cell epitope of Escherichia coli outer membrane protein F (OmpF) that encompasses amino acids 295 to 314 was identified in H-2d mice. BALB/c-derived T-cell hybridomas generated against this region were CD3+, CD4+, CD8−, and T-cell receptor αβ+ and secreted TH-1-associated cytokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2] and gamma interferon), but not a TH-2-associated cytokine (IL-4), when restimulated with peptide 295-314. Class II+ mouse lymphoma (A20) cells, but not class II(−) mouse mastocytoma (P815) cells, supported IL-2 secretion of hybridomas when substituted for syngeneic splenocytes as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Antibodies specific for I-Ed blocked IL-2 secretion by hybridomas, but I-Ad-specific antiserum did not. When transfected L cells expressing I-Ad (AαAβd), I-Ed (EαEβd), or the hybrid molecule I-EαAβd were used as APCs, hybridomas recognized peptide only when presented by the I-Ed-transfected cells. When peptide 295-314 truncated at either the C or the N terminus of the sequence was used, the minimal epitope was determined. Critical residues were determined by using alanine-substituted peptide analogues. T-cell hybridomas were only stimulated by peptides that encompassed amino acids 295 to 303 (9-mer), and the core sequence required a minimum of three additional amino acids at either the amino or the carboxy terminus to induce IL-2 secretion. Critical residues were determined to be phenylalanine at position 295, threonine at position 300, and tyrosines at positions 301 and 302. This study is the first to identify a minimal T-cell epitope and major histocompatibility complex restriction element of the OmpF protein and confirms previous observations that there is considerable degeneracy in the length of peptides that can bind I-Ed and variability in the amino acid composition of the C and N termini of these peptides.
Mucous lysozyme levels in hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and spring chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) early in the parr-smolt transformation

Abstract Mucous lysozyme concentrations were determined in juvenile coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) and spring chinook salmon ( O . tshawytscha ) to establish reference levels during the time associated with the parr–smolt transformation. The first reported naris and vent mucous lysozyme levels are provided for spring chinook salmon and coho salmon. Naris mucous lysozyme levels ranged between 300 and 700 μg ml −1 , vent mucous lysozyme from 100 to 300 μg ml −1 , and skin mucous lysozyme levels were below 130 μg ml −1 . Lysozyme levels in the two species showed the same relationship with the highest levels in naris mucous, and the lowest in skin mucous. A seasonal decrease occurred in both species with a significant decrease in naris mucous lysozyme between February and March. Gill ATPase levels used to monitor smolt development during the same period did not reach ranges reported for smolts for either species during emigration. Identification of seasonal levels of lysozyme activity in mucous provides an alternative determination of developmental status prior to release of fish from the hatchery when salmonids are still undergoing the parr–smolt transformation.
Integrated guided-wave crossbar interconnection of SEED arrays

A unique architecture has been developed for a compact programmable optoelectronic logic array. The system is comprised of two arrays of symmetric self electro-optic effect devices (S- SEED) and a 3 dimensional integrated guided-wave crossbar interconnection network. Presently emerging technologies would allow densities of a few hundred thousand S-SEEDs, connected in a wide sense nonblocking manner, per cubic inch. Such arbitrary connectivity, in effect a `virtual 3-D hologram,' would allow execution of complex logic functions.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nonaffective motivation modulates the sustained LPP (1,000-2,000 ms).

Past work has demonstrated that the sustained late positive potential (LPP) is modulated by motivational demands of affective content. The current experiment sought to investigate how motivational demands in nonaffective tasks would modulate the sustained LPP. Using a modified oddball paradigm, participants either counted the number of appearances of a nonaffective target or determined the duration length of the target. Results showed that targets in both the counted and duration tasks produced larger LPPs in the early window (400–1,000 ms) than the neutral standard. Only the duration target produced larger LPPs in the late time window (1,000–2,000 ms) than the neutral standard. These results suggest that the late LPP is a measure of persistent motivated attentional processing and can be modulated by nonaffective motivation. Descriptors: Late positive potential, Motivation, Task relevance, Affect
Comparative evaluation of the electrical configurations for the two-dimensional electric potential method of damage monitoring in carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite

The effectiveness of the two-dimensional electric potential method of damage sensing in a quasi-isotropic carbon fiber polymer–matrix composite depends on the electrical configuration, i.e., the current direction relative to the surface fibers and the electrical contact scheme. Oblique current application in any direction provides effective damage sensing, as shown by using electrical contacts on the opposite in-plane surfaces. In-plane current application through the cross section in any direction also provides effective damage sensing, as shown by using electrical contacts that are either on the edge surfaces or in holes through the composite. In-plane surface current application is effective when the current is perpendicular to the surface fibers (due to the low resistivity in the direction of the fibers) and is ineffective when the current is parallel to the surface fibers (due to the high resistivity in the direction perpendicular to the fibers). The oblique configuration is recommended for practical implementation. In general, the potential method is reliable when (i) the resistance between the electric current line and the nearly parallel electric potential gradient line is sufficiently low, as attained when these lines are sufficiently close, and (ii) the resistance between the current line and the damage location is sufficiently low, as attained when the distance of separation is sufficiently small.