cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deposition and role of thrombospondin in the histogenesis of the cerebellar cortex

The patterns of deposition of thrombospondin (TSP), a trimeric extracellular matrix glycoprotein, were determined during the initial establishment of the external granule cell layer and the subsequent inward migration of granule cells forming the molecular and (internal) granule cell layers. The early homogeneous deposition of TSP became restricted to the rhombic lip in the region of granule cell exit from the neuroepithelium, and was present between migrating granule cells. During the later inward migration of granule cells, little TSP was associated with dividing granule cells; it was enriched in premigratory granule cells. With the cessation of migration, TSP was lost except in association with fasciculating axons in the molecular layer where staining persisted briefly. At the EM level, TSP was associated with the leading process of granule cells as they associated with Bergmann glial cells and migrated through the molecular layer. TSP was present within granule cell axons; Purkinje cells and their dendrites, as well as Bergmann glial fibers and endfeet were negative for TSP. When anti-TSP antibodies were added to explant cultures of cerebellar cortex during active granule cell migration, a dose-dependent inhibition of migration was observed. In control cultures, granule cells migrated into the (internal) granule cell layer, while granule cells exposed to anti-TSP antibodies were arrested within the external granule cell layer. These results suggest that TSP plays an important role in the histogenesis of the cerebellar cortex by influencing granule cell migration.
An augmentation of BAN-like logics

We address a common problem of a series of logics for analysis of authentication protocols due to Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN), Gong-Needham-Yahalom (GNY), Abadi-Tuttle (AT) and Syverson-Van Oorschot (SVO). The problem can be referred to as that these logics lack a computationally accountable means to perform an important protocol analysis step, called protocol idealization which is to transform some protocol messages into logical formulas. Mistakes may easily occur during the idealization steps in these logics. We propose a rule-based technique to turn the protocol idealization into a job of symbolic manipulation of protocol syntax. The idea is to refine a big step of protocol message transformation in the previous BAN techniques into several smaller ones; each smaller step is simpler and hence easier to understand. Thus, the protocol idealization becomes less error-prone. A number of idealization examples are demonstrated. We hope that these intuitively appealing examples will invite further studies in the correctness of our rules-based technique for protocol idealization.
Finite elements in electromagnetics for undergraduate curriculum

A general partial differential equation which will apply to a variety of problems in magnetics is given. Specific forms of the equation for particular problem types are provided. An application of one of the equations to an electromagnet is used as an example. The versatility of the FEM (finite element method) is demonstrated by a temperature distribution problem. The results from both examples will provide students with simple examples which they can use to validate their finite element program. >
Vibrational Spectra of Hydrogenated Buckminsterfullerene: A Candidate for the Unidentified Infrared Emission

A mixture of hydrides of buckminsterfullerene made by the interaction of atomic hydrogen with C60 is investigated using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) in ultrahigh vacuum. The energy-loss spectra of partially hydrogenated C60 multilayers reveal vibrational features previously observed in infrared emission from interstellar and circumstellar dust clouds, including a broad loss envelope between 1150 and 1310 cm 21 , followed by a band at 1620 cm 21 in remarkable agreement with the canonical interstellar spacing of 300 cm 21 . Additionally, a major Ci H stretching band near 2900 cm 21 is observed and compared with the Galactic center absorption spectrum. Subject headings: dust, extinction — infrared: ISM: lines and bands — methods: laboratory
Comparison of experimental and numerical results for delta wings with vortex flaps

Computational and experimental results are presented for delta wings with vortex flaps. The wings have an undeflected leading-edge sweep of 75 deg. Flap angles of 5 deg and 10 deg, measured in the streamwise direction, are considered. The nominal angle of attack alpha is varied from 4 deg to 12 deg. Results for freestream Mach numbers of 1.7 and 2.4 are shown. Surface pressure, tuft patterns and vapor screens are given for the experimental data. Surface pressure, tuft patterns, cross-flow velocities, total pressure loss and cross-flow Mach number are given for the numerical data. C(l)-vs-alpha curves are shown for experimental and computational results. The flows are shown to be very sensitive to angle of attack, and the agreement between experimental and theoretical results is improved if the calculations are made at angles of attack slightly larger than the experimental angles of attack. The computational model correctly predicts the topology of the flow in each of the cases considered. The lift is predicted well at the higher angles of attack, but slightly overpredicted at the lower angles of attack.
Sadness in older persons: 13-year follow-up of a community sample in Baltimore, Maryland.

Background. Our prior psychometric work suggested that older adults interviewed in 1981 in a community survey were less likely than younger adults to report dysphoria. We hypothesized that this would also be true of older adults interviewed 13 years later.Methods. This study is a population-based 13-year follow-up survey of community-dwelling adults living in East Baltimore in 1981. Subjects were the continuing participants of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. After excluding 269 adults who were 65 years of age and older at initial interview in 1981, 1651 adults remained (347 aged 65 years and older and 1304 who were 30–64 years-old at follow-up).We applied structural equations with a measurement model for dichotomous data (the MIMIC – multiple indicators, multiple causes – model) to compare symptoms between adults who were 65 years and older at follow-up with younger adults, in relation to the nine symptom groups comprising the diagnostic criteria for major depression, adjusting for several potentially influential characteristics (namely, gender, self-reported ethnicity, educational attainment, cognitive impairment, marital status and employment).Results. Older adults were less likely to endorse sadness as evidenced by a direct effect coefficient of −0·335 (95% Confidence Interval −0·643, −0·027). After adjusting for several potentially influential characteristics, the direct effect of age was substantially unchanged (−0·298 (95% CI −0·602, −0·006)).Conclusions. Older adults in 1994, like older adults in 1981, were less likely to endorse sadness than younger persons. This finding suggests, but does not prove, that the observed age difference in reporting depression does not reflect a cohort effect.
SIZE CONTROL : CELL PROLIFERATION DOES NOT EQUAL GROWTH

Division subdivides mass without increasing it. So one should not expect that an increase in cell division would make an organism bigger. Both classic and recent experiments confirm this simple rationale: altering proliferation produces normally sized body structures with either especially small or exceptionally large cells.
Assignment and modeling of the Rev Response Element RNA bound to a Rev peptide using 13C-heteronuclear NMR

The Rev Response Element (RRE) RNA-Rev protein interaction is important for regulation of gene expression in the human immunodeficiency virus. A model system for this interaction, which includes stem IIB of the RRE RNA and an arginine-rich peptide from the RNA-binding domain of Rev, was studied using multidimensional heteronuclear NMR. Assignment of the RNA when bound to the peptide was obtained from NMR experiments utilizing uniformly and specifically 13C-labeled RNA. Isotopic filtering experiments on the specifically labeled RNA enabled unambiguous assignment of unusual nonsequential NOE patterns present in the internal loop of the RRE. A three-dimensional model of the RNA in the complex was obtained using restrained molecular dynamics calculations. The internal loop contains two purine-purine base pairs, which are stacked to form one continuous helix flanked by two A-form regions. The formation of a G-G base pair in the internal loop requires an unusual structure of the phosphate backbone. This structural feature is consistent with mutational data as being important for the binding of Rev to the RRE. The G-G base pair may play an important role in opening the normally narrow major groove of A-form RNA to permit binding of the Rev basic domain.
Towards a conceptual framework for understanding strategic alliances in e-commerce

The changing competitive dynamics in the online environment has resulted in an increased pressure for organizations to gain IT resources and capabilities much ahead of their rivals. This has resulted in a surge in strategic IT alliances and online partnerships among organizations engaged in e-commerce. Combining a resource based view of firm and contingency perspectives, we offer a framework to understand: (i) why firms form strategic IT alliances, and (ii) what influences the nature of their alliance mode. Drawing upon several studies from strategic management and organization theory, we argue that resource discrepancies in terms of knowledge and property resources, and environmental uncertainties posed by business and technological environments largely influence a firm's decision to form an alliance, as well as its choice on the mode of the alliance.
Assessing Contingency, Power, and Efficacy: A Psychometric Investigation of Social Motivation

Research was conducted to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of two locus of control scales. A sample of American students completed measures of perceived contingency (locus of control), interpersonal power (desire to control), and social self-efficacy (interpersonal ability). The findings indicated that measures of these theoretically independent constructs are confounded. Taken together with findings from other studies, the results call into question the convergent and discriminant validity of measures of locus of control, interpersonal power, and social self-efficacy.
Adult stature, body proportions and age at menarche in the United States National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) III.

Background: Previous studies have found that age at menarche is associated with stature, primarily via leg length. However, the effects appear to vary by population and/or time period. Improving socioeconomic conditions might amplify the association.Aim: To test whether the association between early menarche and reduced stature in industrialized countries is mediated by leg length. To further test whether these effects are modified by years of education, as a proxy for socioeconomic conditions.Subjects and methods: The study used data on from 3174 21–40 year-old women who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Survey of the US (NHANES III). The anthropometric measurements employed were stature, sitting height and upper leg length. Leg length, lower leg length and ratio of sitting height to leg length were calculated.Results: Earlier menarche was associated with shorter stature, by ∼ 3.9 mm per year of advancement, all of which was attributable to shorter leg length. Almost two-thirds of t...
Lower bounds on the nonzero capacity of Pauli channels

We study encodings that give the best known thresholds for the non-zero capacity of quantum channels, i.e., the upper bound for correctable noise, using an entropic approach to calculation of the threshold values. Our results show that Pauli noise is correctable up to the hashing bound. For a depolarizing channel, this approach allows one to achieve a non-zero capacity for a fidelity (probability of no error) of f=0.80870.
Long-Term Potentiation in Cultures of Single Hippocampal Granule Cells: A Presynaptic Form of Plasticity

Abstract We have explored the mechanisms of mossy fiber long-term potentiation (LTP) at autapses in single-cell cultures of guinea pig hippocampal dentate granule cells. L−AP4-sensitive, but not insensitive, cells responded to a brief tetanus with a sustained potentiation in the synaptic responses. The induction of this LTP appeared identical to that observed in hippocampal mossy fiber synapses in situ, in that it required a rise in presynaptic Ca 2+ and activation of protein kinase A. Its expression also appeared to be presynaptic and was due, at least in part, to events that occurred after the entry of Ca 2+ and to the switching on of previously silent release sites.
Renal Neoplasms with Predominant Oncocytic Features: Findings of 84 Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsies (FNAB) Specimens from a Single Institution

s S27 Results: The primary source of UC included urinary bladder (26 patients), renal pelvis (4) and no known primary (2). The histologic findings were: Invasive high-grade UC (26 cases; 16 cases with muscularis propria invasion) invasive low-grade UC (1) and no histopathological details available (5). The metastatic sites included: Lymph nodes (13), Lung (4), Liver (4), Pleural/ pericardial fluid (4), Soft tissues (4), Bone (2) and Adrenal (1). There was no obvious correlation with the pathologic findings (depth of invasion) and the clinical presentation (time interval from diagnosis to metastasis that ranged from 1 month to 3 years; or sites of metastasis). In 28 cases; the morphology was fairly distinctive showing loosely cohesive groups of cells with usually numerous single cells with at least moderate “squamoid” cytoplasm, occasional cytoplasmic vacuolization, cytoplasmic tails and stellate cells with tissue culture cytoplasm. The nuclei showed uniform chromatin, usually small indistinct nucleoli and occasional intranuclear inclusions. The nuclei were uniform with occasional binucleate forms with scattered/ random markedly atypical nuclei noted occasionally. In 4 cases, the tumor cells were high-grade with cytologic and architectural features reminiscent of adenocarcinoma. IHC stains (performed in 16 cases) showed CK-7+/CK-20+ profile in 7/11 cases and CK7+/CK-20 negative in 4/11cases. CK34BE12 and p63 were co-expressed in all 7 cases in which those stains were performed. Conclusions: 1. Metastasis from UC can involve a wide range of locations including unusual sites such as soft tissues and body fluids. 2. The presence of loosely cohesive groups of tumor cells with squamoid and tissue culture type cytoplasm should raise the possibility of MUC in the differential diagnosis. 3. In a case of suspected MUC, a panel of commonly utilized antibodies CK-7, CK-20, CK34BE12 and p63 can help support the diagnosis. 4. The combination of above described morphology and IHC panel can help support or establish diagnosis of MUC as a cytologic diagnosis in difficult cases.
Telomeres, Telomerase, and Immortality

A current hypothesis gaining prominence proposes that activation of the enzyme telomerase is necessary for cells to become immortal, or capable of proliferating indefinitely. The theory suggests that almost all cancer cells must attain immortality for progression to malignant states and, hence, require activation of telomerase. This article reviews the function and formation of telomeres as background to evaluating the "telomere hypothesis." Experiments in support of and experiments that challenge the hypothesis are examined. Possible approaches to telomerase inhibition are discussed.
Synthesis of 3-O-benzyl-D-erythrose

Abstract 3- O -Benzyl- D -erythrose has been synthesized from 2,4- O -ethylidene- D -erythrose in four steps. The (2-methyl-2-phenyl)hydrazone, readily obtained in 85–90% yield was benzylated in N , N ,-dimethylformamide with benzyl bromide and silver oxide, to give a 90–95% yield of 3- O -benzyl-2,4- O -ethylidene- D -erythrose(2-methyl-2-phenyl)-hydrazone. The methylphenylhydrazine residue was removed by heating the substituted hydrazone with aqueous acetaldehyde in an autoclave at 80°, to give 3- O -benzyl-2,4- O -ethylidene- D -erythrose in 40% yield. Mild, acidic hydrolysis of the latter gave, in quantitative yield, syrupy 3- O -benzyl- D -erythrose, characterized as the ( p -nitrophenyl)-hydrazone and as the ( p -bromophenyl)osazone.
Investigation of the physical processes in BISPIN structures in pulsation mode

The mechanisms of the formation of the peak value of the electronic component of the total current through a BISPIN-device in various modes of pulsation are considered. The results of the experimental and theoretical studies of the electronic component of the current through the structure on the supply voltage and load resistance are given. A theoretical model to explain the observed dependence is proposed. A good agreement between the calculated and experimental results is obtained.
Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Aging Animals

The passage of time produces changes in both the behavior and the brains of organisms. For most psychologists and neuroscientists, brain-behavior relationships are studied at a single point in time. Learning and memory experiments carried out with one age group provide a snapshot of the organism. However, the passage of time adds an additional dimension that can provide insights about basic mechanisms of learning and memory. For example, Carol Barnes found age-related impairments in maze learning in rodents, and these results led her to study hippocampal place cells in older rats and make significant contributions to knowledge about spatial encoding (Barnes, Suster, Shen & McNaughton, 1997). It was the knowledge that eyeblink conditioning was impaired in normal aging that made this well-characterized model attractive for the investigation of neurobiological substrates of age-related memory impairment. Indeed, Richard F. Thompson suggested that the model system of eyeblink classical conditioning might be “the Rosetta stone for brain substrates of agerelated deficits in learning and memory,” (Thompson, 1988, p. 547). Aging is most typically associated with declines in functioning, both neural and behavioral. However, individual organisms age at different rates. One organism may show a steady decline in functioning while another shows only slight changes over the years. An important goal towards an understanding of the aging process is to determine how changes in neural structures impact on behavior. As such, tasks that engage well-defined neural substrates are particularly valuable. Eyeblink classical conditioning is such a task. In this chapter, we will review research that suggests that age-associated changes in two neural substrates that have been demonstrated to be critical for eyeblink classical conditioning, the hippocampus and the cerebellum, are responsible for age-associated declines in conditioning. These findings have led to the use of eyeblink classical conditioning as a preclinical test for potential cognitionenhancing drugs intended to reverse declines in learning and memory caused by the effects of both normal and pathological aging on the brain.
Sexual Orientation Charges Under the Illinois Human Rights Act - A Preliminary Analysis of the 'Sexual Orientation' Discrimination Charges Filed in the First Eight Months of the Amended Illinois Statute

Discrimination based on sexual orientation became illegal statewide in Illinois on January 1, 2006, when the Illinois Human Rights Act was amended to include sexual orientation. This article published in the Human Rights Newsletter of the Illinois State Bar Association refutes predictions that amending the state statute would lead to an explosion in the number of cases filed before the Illinois Department of Human Rights. To the contrary, the number of cases filed was reasonable and not overwhelming. The article includes a useful illustration of the administrative procedure in a discrimination case.
Behavior Models For Computer Programs

Nowadays, software systems are becoming more and more complex. In many senses, a software system is very similar to a live organism. This motivates us to study a software system by investigating its behavior. A program's behavior is decided by not only the code and data defined by the programs itself, but also the user inputs and the execution environment such as the hardware, the operating system and possibly multiple layers of virtual machines. Program behavior analysis complements the traditional code-based analysis such as data and control flow analysis and dependence theory. Deeper understanding of the program's behavior can help us improve programs' behavior by better utilizing the modern hardware. Based on the traces of a program execution, we build statistical models and identify recurring large-scale patterns. These models are then used to predict the future program behavior and expose opportunities for program optimization. In this thesis, we investigate three behavior models: reference affinity, data locality quality and program phases. We prove the hardness of reference affinity and show its application in divide-and-conquer type computations. We also propose a sampling based method to find approximately the reference affinity groups. We propose a new component-based definition of spatial locality and with the locality attempt to find the limitation to improvement of spacial locality. Based on the behavior models, we adapt programs to improve their performance. From the spatial aspect, we propose to improve the layout of matrix multiplication and code layout based on the reference affinity. From the resource aspect, we propose new resource-based memory management scheme and its extension in multi-programming environment. From the temporal aspect, we propose to monitor program memory usage, detect memory leak and preventive garbage collection based on the program phase behavior. We also propose layout auditing to improve the spatial data locality by continuously measuring and selecting the best garbage collection method during the long-running Java program execution.
Electronic adjust for turbojet engine based on variable parameters PID control

In order to satisfy the high capability of modern aviation turbojet engine,a new aeroengine control system was developed with digital electronic control technique.A turbine rotate speed measure signal was used to unchain the coupling affect between the rotate speed and controlled fuel flux.A fuel flux measure signal was used to compensate the variable gain parameter of turbine rotate speed which influenced by the flight altitude,mach number and rotate speed of turbine.A variable parameters PID control algorithm was used to achieve the zero static error of turbine rotate speed and non-overshooting adjusting of controlled fuel flux.The results show that: the control precision,speed and stability can be improved obviously by using this method;the control effect of electronic adjusted system is better than the one of mechanical hydraulic adjuster.4 figs,8 refs.
Combination of Lipid-Lowering Agents with Antihypertensive Drugs: A Joint Fight Against the Two Most Important Risk Factors?

Elevated blood pressure and lipid problems are among the leading risk factors for mortality globally. The combination of hypertension with dyslipidemia is common, particularly among older persons and those with diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). When hypertension is accompanied by dyslipidemia, the combined risk for future CVD is substantial. Therefore, many studies have examined the effect of combined therapy for hypertension and dyslipidemia as well as their impact on reducing CVD incidence. Future CVD risk decreases when hypertension or dyslipidemia separately are controlled, and the risk is found to reduce more when both are controlled. As people get older, not only do they tend to present with more cardiometabolic risk factors but absolute risk of CVD events becomes substantial, which makes the combined preventive strategies more favorable to them. This chapter will review the practical issues of combined antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy, including adherence, cost-effectiveness, and effect of complementary therapy as well as the future of integrated management.
Management of Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms Invading the Orbit

Sinus tumors can readily invade the orbit through their shared walls. The initial symptoms of a sinus neoplasm are often due to orbital invasion. A comprehensive overview of the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of these tumors is presented.
Genomic and Metagenomic Analysis of Diversity-Generating Retroelements Associated with Treponema denticola

Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) are genetic cassettes that can produce massive protein sequence variation in prokaryotes. Presumably DGRs confer selective advantages to their hosts (bacteria or viruses) by generating variants of target genes—typically resulting in target proteins with altered ligand-binding specificity—through a specialized error-prone reverse transcription process. The only extensively studied DGR system is from the Bordetella phage BPP-1, although DGRs are predicted to exist in other species. Using bioinformatics analysis, we discovered that the DGR system associated with the Treponema denticola species (a human oral-associated periopathogen) is dynamic (with gains/losses of the system found in the isolates) and diverse (with multiple types found in isolated genomes and the human microbiota). The T. denticola DGR is found in only nine of the 17 sequenced T. denticola strains. Analysis of the DGR-associated template regions and reverse transcriptase gene sequences revealed two types of DGR systems in T. denticola: the ATCC35405-type shared by seven isolates including ATCC35405; and the SP32-type shared by two isolates (SP32 and SP33), suggesting multiple DGR acquisitions. We detected additional variants of the T. denticola DGR systems in the human microbiomes, and found that the SP32-type DGR is more abundant than the ATCC35405-type in the healthy human oral microbiome, although the latter is found in more sequenced isolates. This is the first comprehensive study to characterize the DGRs associated with T. denticola in individual genomes as well as human microbiomes, demonstrating the importance of utilizing both individual genomes and metagenomes for characterizing the elements, and for analyzing their diversity and distribution in human populations.
The Effect of Consumers’ Emotional States on the Interpretation of Information on Food Packages: An Abstract

A considerable body of literature on the interaction of emotion and cognition suggests that mood states influence a number of cognitive tasks such as evaluation, choice, and information processing (Batra and Stayman 1990; Schwarz and Bless 1991; Hadjimarcou et al. 1996). While these effects have been widely recognized in the context of advertising, product evaluation, and brand attitude formation (Barone et al. 2000; Howard and Barry 1994; Edell and Burke 1987), the effect of mood on consumers’ ability to process nutrition information on food packages or factors that may moderate such relationship has not been fully investigated. This paper examines the role of context-induced mood in consumers’ evaluation of information presented on packaged food products. Results of this research may be of interest to consumer researchers, marketing managers in the food industry, and public policy makers.
Antecedents, Behaviours, and Court Case Characteristics and Their Effects on Case Outcomes in Litigation for Persons with Schizophrenia.

A 10% random sample of 3543 cases litigated in the United States’ civil and criminal courts were analysed using logistic regression to develop a model that can predict case outcomes for litigants with schizophrenia. Most predictors are related to case characteristics and not to the litigants’ antecedents, behaviours or medication issues. Only the psychologist as an expert witness was found to be related to case outcome, but the concern is expressed that inadequate weight is given to expert testimony. Other significant findings include being represented by counsel, atypical medication and malingering.
Zooarchaeology and Field Ecology: A Photographic Atlas

Zooarchaeologists and students interested in this subfield of archaeology are in constant need of current reference materials, particularly those that encompass a broad geographic area. Zooarchaeol...
A blade element approach to modeling aerodynamic flight of an insect-scale robot

Recent manufacturing advances have allowed for the creation of gram and sub-gram insect-scale flapping robots. Most dynamic models of such robots to date have either assumed stroke-averaged forces or did not account for body motion. In order to design more robust and capable control methods, this paper incorporates blade element theory with a rigid-body dynamic model to calculate instantaneous aerodynamic forces during each wing stroke. As a result, the model accurately predicts body motions during flight.
Climate change knowledge, concerns, and behaviors among Caribbean fishers

The Caribbean, as a collection of Small Island Developing States, has been a hotspot for climate change research. Many studies have examined the consequences of climate change. However, few studies have examined the ways in which marginalized groups in the Caribbean view climate change. What are the levels of knowledge, concerns, and behavioral practices among marginalized groups in the Caribbean? This paper begins to explore this question using Caribbean fishers as a case study. The survey study of 241 fishers is done in one of the largest fish-landing sites in Jamaica. Fishers are asked about levels of knowledge about causes of climate change, concerns and the consequences, and actual adaptation behaviors. Using descriptive and inferential statistical tests, the paper explores the actual levels of knowledge, concerns, and specific strategies used to adapt. However, its goes further by examining the factors that drive the aforementioned variables. This study begins to not only contribute to the environmental psychological literature on the Caribbean, but it also helps to better understand ways in which marginalized communities might be assisted in the adaptation to climate change.
An expanded phylogeny for the genus Phytophthora.

A comprehensive phylogeny representing 142 described and 43 provisionally named Phytophthora species is reported here for this rapidly expanding genus. This phylogeny features signature sequences of 114 ex-types and numerous authentic isolates that were designated as representative isolates by the originators of the respective species. Multiple new subclades were assigned in clades 2, 6, 7, and 9. A single species P lilii was placed basal to clades 1 to 5, and 7. Phytophthora stricta was placed basal to other clade 8 species, P asparagi to clade 6 and P intercalaris to clade 10. On the basis of this phylogeny and ancestral state reconstructions, new hypotheses were proposed for the evolutionary history of sporangial papillation of Phytophthora species. Non-papillate ancestral Phytophthora species were inferred to evolve through separate evolutionary paths to either papillate or semi-papillate species.
Psychological Considerations in the Assessment of Erectile Dysfunction

There has been little written concerning the importance and implementation of a psychological assessment in the evaluation of erectile dysfunction. In fact, recent thinking concerning the primary role of organic factors in the etiology of erectile dysfunction has further minimized the role of psychological and emotional issues. This paper explores the importance of psychological factors in the causation of the sexual dysfunction as well as the impact of the dysfunction on the individual and his relationship. It is hypothesized that a comprehensive assessment and treatment approach must include both organic and psychological factors to insure a positive outcome.
CLUSTERING OF WATER VAPOR ON IONS AND NEUTRAL MOLECULES

Studies have been conducted in the University of Colorado laboratory to determine factors governing the stability and structure of clusters of water vapor on both ions and neutral molecules of atmospheric interest. Data on bonding involving a variety of negative and positive ions enable an assessment of the influence of temperature and water vapor partial pressure on ion cluster distributions. Semi-quantitative quantum mechanical calculations, in conjunction with the measurements, lend insight into cluster structure. Comparison of measured enthalpies and entropies with the classical liquid drop model reveal its shortcomings in predicting nucleation. In the case of neutral clusters, evidence has been obtained for the existence of a clathrate-like structure involving 21 water molecules stabilized by a mobile proton. Clustering of water to neutral acid molecules has been found to lead to the formation of an electrolytic micro-droplet with very few water molecules. The role of these various cluster species in condensation phenomena and as prenucleation embryos to gas-to-particle conversion is discussed.
Human Brain Evolution: II. Embryology and Brain Allometry

The unusually large size of the human brain with respect to the human body as compared to other mammals is a dominating fact in the study of human evolution. No account of the similarities and differences between human and other primate brains is complete without accounting for this quantitative fact. The intuitive correlation between this statistic, encephalization, and the seemingly astronomical gulf between human and non-human intellectual capabilities has led many to argue that this disproportionate size in itself reflects the fundamental adaptation in human brain evolution (Dubois, 1898; 1924; von Bonin, 1952; Jerison, 1973; Van Valen, 1974; Gould, 1975, Passingham, 1975a).
Manufacturing Strategy: an Overview of Current Process and Content Models

In this paper, a content and process model of manufacturing strategy is developed based on our interpretation of the literature. While we argue that both models are inadequate, we conclude that the content model is better established than the process model. We also argue that progress toward a paradigm of manufacturing strategy has been slow. Three main reasons for this lack of progress are offered: a paucity of explicit attempts to build theory, a shortage of empirical research, and too little integration of manufacturing strategy research with research in related disciplines. Suggestions are made to address each of these shortcomings.
Scopolamine does not impact declarative and motor memory consolidation across a night of sleep or a day of wakefulness

Abstract It has been proposed that normal waking levels of acetylcholine (ACH) are important for initial memory acquisition, and that decreased ACH is critical for memory consolidation. Sleep is thought to benefit memory consolidation in part due to the predominance of low ACH levels observed during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Here we examined whether sleep and ACH suppression with the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine impact declarative and motor memory consolidation across a night of sleep or a day of wakefulness. Eighty-seven participants trained on a declarative and motor memory task in the morning or evening. Following training, participants were administered a scopolamine (0.4 mg) or placebo capsule. Participants were retested on the tasks 12 h later after a day of wake or a night of sleep. Reducing ACH levels with scopolamine provided no consolidation benefit for either task. Additionally, we found that sleep had a pronounced beneficial effect for declarative, but not motor memory consolidation. Lastly, in an exploratory analysis of the relationship between motivation and memory performance, we found that indices of intrinsic motivation were associated with improved memory acquisition and consolidation. Our findings show that reducing ACH levels after memory acquisition has no impact on the consolidation of declarative or motor memories. Additionally, sleep benefitted declarative memory but not motor memory consolidation, which highlights the interesting, though uncommon, finding that performance on some tasks might not benefit from sleep. Interestingly, the future study of intrinsic motivation may be warranted given its relationship to memory acquisition and consolidation. These findings add to our understanding of how sleep and acetylcholine impact memory consolidation, and may provide some insight about the role of ACH in memory disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Hohfeld on Legal Language

Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld is well-known for his view that certain terms – “right,” most prominently – do not have a single referent, but may instead encompass a multiplicity of different relationships. And for Hohfeld, distinguishing among these relationships was essential for clear thinking. But an intriguing aspect of Hohfeld’s thought relates to his diagnosis of the cause of the problem he influentially identified. The widely accepted explanation is that Hohfeld believed that lawyers had treated a single word as necessarily having only a single meaning, and as a result, to use contemporary terminology, had “reified” the idea of a right. But another possibility, at times explicit and more often implicit in Hohfeld’s writings, is that the confusion Hohfeld identified is caused by a failure to distinguish specialized (or technical) legal usage, as exemplified in reported cases, and ordinary non-legal usage. Hohfeld’s legacy therefore includes a set of valuable insights on the enduring problem of legal language as technical language, and the relationship between legal language as technical language and legal language as ordinary language.
A Review and Analysis of Patterns of Design Decisions in Recent Media Effects Research

This essay presents a critical analysis of patterns of research design decisions exhibited by authors of recently published empirical tests of media effects. The content of 211 articles published from 2010 to 2015 in six core communication journals was analyzed to document the design decisions made by the authors concerning their use of theory, sampling, measurement, and experiments. We also recorded the amount of variance explained by their tests and use this indicator of strength of findings to explain the patterns of methodological design decisions. The findings indicate that authors of these studies commonly select weaker design options over stronger ones. The reasons for these patterns are explored then critiqued leading to a series of recommendations calling for an evolution in thinking in the areas of method, theory, and paradigm. The methods recommendations attempt to increase (a) awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of options available for each design decision, (b) an understanding that often assumptions made to justify the selection of an option are faulty, and (c) a commitment to meeting a higher degree of challenges. The theory recommendations focus on increasing an understanding about why designers of most tests of media effects ignore the many theories available when designing their studies. Morover, the paradigm recommendations focus on examining more critically the assumptions we make about the nature of human beings, the purpose of our research as challenges evolve, and the defaults in practices we have established in an exploratory phase.
Common reducing subspace model and network alternation analysis

Motivated by brain connectivity analysis and many other network data applications, we study the problem of estimating covariance and precision matrices and their differences across multiple populations. We propose a common reducing subspace model that leads to substantial dimension reduction and efficient parameter estimation. We explicitly quantify the efficiency gain through an asymptotic analysis. Our method is built upon and further extends a nascent technique, the envelope model, which adopts a generalized sparsity principle. This distinguishes our proposal from most xisting covariance and precision estimation methods that assume element-wise sparsity. Moreover, unlike most existing solutions, our method can naturally handle both covariance and precision matrices in a unified way, and work with matrix-valued data. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method through intensive simulations, and illustrate the method with an autism spectrum disorder data analysis.
Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS): A Validated Classwide Program for Improving Reading and Mathematics Performance

In this chapter, we provide an overview of Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies, widely known as PALS, a suite of validated, universal-tier programs, conducted by the classroom teacher in the general education classroom, with the primary goal of improving reading and mathematics outcomes for all learners in the general education classroom. In this chapter, we begin by describing PALS’s purpose, structure, and goal, as well as the processes by which PALS is designed to accomplish that goal. Then we explain PALS’s essential components and describe what research studies tell us about the effects of PALS on reading and math achievement and on social standing. Next, we explain considerations for implementing and draw conclusions.
Nucleic Acid-Associated Protein Genes

This chapter begins a rather lengthy section devoted to the genes transcribed in eukaryotes by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II and their prokaryotic and organellar counterparts that continues through Chapter 9. By far the majority of these class II genes encode proteins of numerous types, and hence the transcripts are messengers. In addition, the group contains those for small nuclear RNAs best represented by the U family in the human genome, along with a heterogeneous mixture of cistrons for inserted elements, but these are not viewed until the steps of processing are discussed in Chapter 12, for they are concerned in that activity. The first protein genes to be explored here are those that are associated in vivo with DNA, namely the histones and relatives, or with RNA, such as the ribosomal proteins. The treatment of the latter types at this point close to the examination of the rRNAs appears a logical step; moreover, the genes for histones seem equally essential prior to a discussion of any other proteinaceous substance, since their products have often been claimed to be active in the control of transcription. Since such regulation has also been considered to be manifested by way of those histone-containing bodies called nucleosomes that adhere to DNA strands (Olins and Olins, 1974), it is expedient to discuss those structures first and then proceed to the genes themselves.
Chapter 17 – Polytetrafluoroethylene matrix nanocomposites for tribological applications

: Solid lubricants comprise an important class of materials and find use in applications where the use of more traditional lubrication techniques is undesirable or precluded. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a notable solid lubricant material, being known for its reputably low friction coefficient, high thermal range and chemical resistance, but a high wear rate limits its application in moving mechanical systems. The use of microfillers can reduce the wear rates to more acceptable values, but large particle size, high filler concentration, increased abrasion and increased friction coefficient all contribute to limit the performance of the composite. The use of nanofillers has been shown to provide further improvements in wear rates without introducing detrimental effects on its other beneficial properties. This work outlines recent studies of the wear resistance mechanisms in these novel systems. Several key wear resistance mechanisms have been identified: (1) bonding and strength at the filler/matrix interface, (2) dispersion and mechanical effects of load support and crack deflection, (3) morphological effects of nanoparticles on the matrix, (4) fibrillation and toughening, (5) transfer film coverage, (6) transfer film orientation and (7) chemical degradation. It is found that the about 1000× improvement in wear resistance that trace loadings of nanofillers impart to PTFE is due to a synergism of wear resistance mechanisms that is activated by the small filler size.
Analysis on occupational health surveillance to workers exposed to toxic environment in Ningbo

Objective To analyze the occupational health surveillance data of toxic and harmful workers in Ningbo, and provide scientific basis for making protective measures. Methods To export the occupational health surveillance data of toxic and harmful workers reported by occupational health examination institutions in Ningbo during the January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2017 from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and analyze the trend of the suspected occupational disease and occupational contraindication detection rate, and compare the the health status of workers in different industry nature, economic type, enterprise scale and occupational hazards. Results From 2011 to 2017, the number of occupational health surveillance of toxic and harmful workers in Ningbo was increasing year by year. The detection rates of suspected occupational diseases and occupational contraindications generally showed a downward trend (P<0.05) . In 2017, the distribution of occupational health care for toxic and harmful workers in Ningbo was mainly based on manufacturing (187 681/220 895, 84.96%) , private economic enterprises (103 960/220 895, 47.06%) and small enterprises (100 357/220 895, 45.43%) , Workers exposed to chemical poisons had the largest number of physical examinations (101 813/220 895, 46.09%) . The highest detection rates of suspected occupational diseases were mining industry (2/1225, 0.16%) , collective economic enterprises (4/2622, 0.15%) and small enterprises (88/100 357, 0.09%) . The highest detection rates of occupational contraindications were rental and business services (16/1 320, 1.21%) , private economic enterprises (1 190/103 960, 1.14%) and small enterprises (995/100 357, 0.99%) . In addition, workers exposed to dust had the highest detection rate of suspected occupational diseases (57/46 740, 0.12%) and workers exposed to physical factors had the highest detection rate of occupational contraindications (1207/69 567, 1.74%) . There were significant differences between the detection rate of suspected occupational disease and occupational contraindication in different industries, economic types, enterprise scale and occupational hazards (P<0.05) . Conclusion The occupational health surveillance of toxic and harmful workers in Ningbo has been strengthened year by year, attention should be paid to small, private enterprises, and strengthen the supervision of occupational health and further standardize the work of occupational health examination so as to effectively protect the health of the occupational population. Key words: Occupational health surveillance; Suspected occupational diseases; Occupational contraindications; Occupational hazards.
A new cell subtype that confers neuroprotection

A subset of neutrophils with an immature phenotype confers neuroprotection in traumatic optic nerve and spinal cord injury. This study identifies a new target population of cells for therapeutic strategies to induce neural regeneration during injury.
The Bakeries of Volubilis: Process, Space, and Interconnectivity

During the 2017 field season, our team cleaned and documented six of the bakeries in Volubilis. The primary goal of this fieldwork was to provide the first detailed study of the interior operations...
Chronic Brain Failure

Chronic brain failure, also known as dementia or major neurocognitive disorder, is a syndrome of progressive functional decline characterized by both cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. It can be conceptualized like other organ failure syndromes and its impact on quality of life can be mitigated with proper treatment. Dementia is a risk factor for delirium, and their symptoms can be similar. Patients with dementia can present with agitation that can lead to injury. Logic and reason are rarely successful when attempting to redirect someone with advanced dementia. Interactions that offer a sense of choice are more likely to succeed.