cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time in the Laboratory, but Not Exposure to a Chytrid Fungus, Results in Rapid Change in Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) Skin Bacterial Communities

Interactions between pathogens and the symbiotic microbial communities that reside in hosts can impact disease processes. Symbiotic microbial communities can act to prevent pathogen infection in some instances, while in other instances, pathogens can disrupt these symbiotic communities. We sought to address these interactions between the fungal skin pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and the skin bacterial communities of adult Spring Peepers (Pseudacris crucifer). In the laboratory, frogs were exposed to Bd zoospores for a 12-hour period and then monitored for five days. Bacterial community composition on the skin was assessed upon initial collection, 24 hours post-exposure, and at the conclusion of the experiment using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Little impact on the bacterial community was observed as a result of Bd exposure, suggesting that the timeline was either too short to observe the effects of Bd, or that the skin communities are resilient in the face of such short exposure periods. In contrast, laboratory housing was associated with changes in skin bacterial community composition, in terms of both relative abundances and bacterial taxa that were present. These findings suggest that even a short time away from their natural environment can have strong effects on the composition of amphibian skin communities and that Bd exposure may not always disrupt these skin communities.
Uncertainty Indicators of Russian Industrial Sector

Business survey laboratory of Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy conducted on-line computation of uncertainty indicators for the Russian industrial sector. As it appears from this computation, in 2020 the peak of uncertainty in projections for demand, output, and employment accounted for May. If in the wake of April lockdown and related economic shock the majority of enterprises held together in their negative projections, then from May the situation commenced to change for the better.
Networks of Nations: The Evolution, Structure, and Impact of International Networks, 1816-2001

Part I. What Are International Networks?: 1. Social networks analysis and the study of world politics 2. Fundamental issues in social networks analysis - concepts, measures, methods 3. The network structure of the international system, 1816-2001 4. Security egonets: strategic reference groups and the microfoundations of national security policy Part II. The Formation of International Networks - Theory and Evidence: 5. Networked international politics: a theory of network formation and evolution 6. Testing the theory of international network formation 7. Nations in networks: prestige, status-inconsistency, influence, and conflict Part III. The Implications of the Theory of International Network Formation: 8. Democratic networks: resolving the democratic peace puzzle 9. Interdependence and international conflict: the consequences of strategic and economic networks 10. Evolution and change in the world system: a structural analysis of dependence, growth, and conflict in a class society 11. An international system of networks: interdependence, polarization, balance, and international stability 12. The network analysis of international politics: insights and evidence.
A fast algorithm for solving hybrid integral equation

Based on the fast multipole method and the T-matrix formulation, an efficient approach is presented for reducing the operation count of matrix-vector multiplications in the conjugate gradient (CG) iterations to solve a hybrid (surface-volume) integral equation for a dielectric-coated metallic scatterer. The problem considered is the electromagnetic scattering of two-dimensional conductors with dielectric coating. Numerical results are given. The method given here has a computational complexity of N/sup 1.5/. It is seen that the method is more efficient than using CG directly, when the matrix filling for small N consumes a large portion of CPU time, while for the fast algorithm, there is no need to fully generate the coefficient matrix. >
Research Spotlight: Tectonic plates relocked after 2005 earthquake in northeastern Japan

[1] In August 2005 a magnitude 7.2 earthquake shook northeastern Japan. The quake occurred on the boundary of the North American plate and the Pacific plate off Miyagi prefecture. Earthquakes with a magnitude of about 7.5 have been occurring in this area approximately every 37 years. Sato et al. used seafloor geodetic observations from a combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) and acoustic measurements to detect seafloor movements during and after the earthquake. They focused on the movement of a seafloor reference point located about 10 kilometers east of the epicenter of the 2005 quake. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2010GL045689, 2011)
Fault monitoring and diagnosis in mining equipment: current and future developments

The authors survey monitoring and diagnosis technologies which offer opportunities for improving equipment availability in mining. They briefly present a framework for comparing and contrasting different techniques, and examine the application of expert systems and knowledge-based methods to mining applications. Model-based methods are discussed from the viewpoint of both analytical models and qualitative models. Neural nets and other pattern recognition techniques are described. The special problems of monitoring and diagnosis that mining poses are discussed, and the relative benefits of the various methods are summarized. >
Biogeochemical changes within the Benguela Current upwelling system during the Matuyama Diatom Maximum: Nitrogen isotope evidence from Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1082 and 1084

[1] The Matuyama Diatom Maximum (MDM) is a time of peak opal accumulation from 2.6 to ∼2.0 Ma within the Benguela Current upwelling system that was initiated by increased influence of Southern Ocean water on the eastern South Atlantic. We measured opal, total organic carbon (TOC), and CaCO3 fluxes and C and N stable isotopes in sediments deposited from 2.4 to 1.95 Ma at Sites 1082 and 1084 to explore the biogeochemical dynamics within the Benguela region. The infusion of Southern Ocean water delivered dissolved nutrients and Southern Ocean flora and fauna, resulting in local opal accumulation increasing up to 8 g/cm2ky and the production of diatom mats. Some δ15N measurements of diatom-bound organic matter indicate that the mats grew within the Benguela region. The bulk sediment δ15N records are taken to reflect changes in the δ15N of nitrate in the incoming water, where lower values at 2.4 Ma reflect less nitrate utilization in the Antarctic. A long-term increase in relative nitrate uptake in the Southern Ocean is evidenced by the gradual increase in δ15N toward 1.9 Ma.
Role of the D 13 ( 1520 ) resonance in η electroproduction

We investigate electroproduction of $\ensuremath{\eta}$ mesons below a W of 1.6 GeV, with particular emphasis on the roles of the ${N}^{*}(1535)$ and ${N}^{*}(1520)$ resonances. Using the effective Lagrangian approach, we show that the transverse helicity amplitude of ${N}^{*}(1535)$ can be extracted with good accuracy from the new data, under reasonable assumptions for the strength of the longitudinal helicity amplitude. In addition, although the differential cross section is found to have a small sensitivity to the ${N}^{*}(1520)$ resonance, it is shown that a recently completed double polarization experiment is very sensitive to this resonance.
Social Networking Phenomena in the First-Year Experience.

The transition from high school to college is never an easy process. New freedoms and new independence provides for an exciting first year. There is no debate as to the importance of starting college off well. However, juggling these new opportunities with increased academic rigor is not an easy process. Several authors have described the importance of peer relationships and participation in social networks as key to reducing some of the stress involved in the transition process. Employing a phenomenological method of analysis, this study investigated the composition of those social networks. Having an increased understanding of who comprises these groups provides higher education administrators with more opportunities to alleviate transition difficulty. This study combines interviews and observations, conducted in various campus locations, to identify potential phenomena within these student relationships. Unique occurrences are presented in text, as well as graphic representation when possible.
Patriarchy, property and death in the Roman family: Familia and domus : defining and representing the Roman family and household

The subject of “family” may seem self-explanatory, but different cultures have defined the “family” and its boundaries in various fashions. This chapter seeks to elucidate the Roman understanding of family through a close examination of the basic Latin vocabulary and how this fundamental social unit was represented in certain important contexts. An analysis of the semantic ranges of familia and domus will enable us to explore some of the implications of Roman characterizations and representations of their families and households. Understanding the Roman conception of the family is a delicate task, encountering the problematic relation between words and patterns of social behavior. There is no easy, one-to-one correspondence between vocabulary and social entities, and it is well to recognize from the outset the futility of attempting to define or to characterize the Roman family. Certain definitions were appropriate to, and clarified by, particular contexts. In other contexts the meaning of the word was left ambiguous, sometimes deliberately so. Moreover, the Romans represented their family bonds and household groups in visual art, ritual, and symbolic behavior in varying but related ways. Finally, if the Romans conceived of family and household variously according to context, each Roman had to construct his or her own family and household out of the kin and resources available, with the consequence that in the real world family and household came in innumerable shapes and sizes. In view of the definitional messiness of familia and domus , and, even more, of the real living unit, it is pointless to endeavor to identify the form of the Roman family.
Differences in glycogen, lipids, and enzymes in livers from rats flown on Cosmos 2044

Livers from rats flown aboard COSMOS 2044 were analyzed for protein, carbohydrate (glycogen), and lipids as well as the activities of a number of key enzymes involved in metabolism of these compounds and xenobiotics. The major differences between the flight group and the synchronous control were elevations in microsomal protein, liver glycogen content, tyrosine aminotransferase, and tryptophan oxygenase and reductions in sphingolipids and the rate-limiting enzyme of heme biosynthesis, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase. These results provide further evidence that spaceflight has pronounced and diverse effects on liver function; however, some of the results with samples from COSMOS 2044 differed notably from those from previous spaceflights. This may be due to conditions of spaceflight and/or the postflight recovery period for COSMOS 2044.
UV Resonance Raman Spectra of Ligand Binding Intermediates of Sol-Gel Encapsulated Hemoglobin

Abstract We report for the first time specific conformational changes for a homogeneous population of ligand-bound adult deoxy human hemoglobin A (HbA) generated by introducing CO into a sample of deoxy-HbA with the effector, inositol hexaphosphate, encapsulated in a porous sol-gel. The preparation of ligand-bound deoxy-HbA results from the speed of ligand diffusion relative to globin conformational dynamics within the sol-gel (1). The ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) difference spectra obtained reveal that E helix motion is initiated upon ligand binding, as signaled by the appearance of an α14β15 Trp W3 band difference at 1559 cm−1. The subsequent appearance of Tyr (Y8a and Y9a) and W3 (1549 cm−1) UVRR difference bands suggest conformational shifts for the penultimate Tyrα140 on the F helix, the “switch” region Tyrα42, and the “hinge” region Trpβ37. The UVRR results expose a sequence of conformational steps leading up to the ligation-induced T to R quaternary structure transition as opposed to a single, concerted switch. More generally, this report demonstrates that sol-gel encapsulation of proteins can be used to study a sequence of specific conformational events triggered by substrate binding because the traditional limitation of substrate diffusion times is overcome.
Optical fiber sensors for energy-production and energy-intensive industries

This paper presents a review of the sensor research at Virginia Tech Center for Photonics Technology. Some of these sensors are intended for energy-production and energy-intensive industries, such as power, oil, coal, transportation, metal casting, and glass manufacturing. The sensors of different types are presented. Some recent experimental results are briefly discussed.
The influence of a heat treatment on the tribological performance of a high wear resistant high Si Al-Si alloy weld overlay

Abstract A high silicon (Si)-containing aluminum–silicon (Al–Si) alloy surface weld overlay, deposited on 319 Al alloys, has been developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in order to improve surface-dependent properties, like resistance to wear. The overlay deposition process relies on standard techniques for Al manufacturing, therefore no unusual equipment is required. Microscopic examination of the high Si Al–Si weld overlays show a fine eutectic microstructure containing large Si particles, with the overall microstructure characteristic of a hypereutectic Al–Si alloy, similar to 390 Al alloy. The deposition process is versatile enough to be able to place the overlay in critical areas where high wear resistance is needed, thus reducing the overall cost of a component. In order to quantify the wear resistance of the high Si Al–Si overlays, they have been evaluated alongside 390 Al alloy which exhibits high wear resistance. Pin-on-disk (POD) wear tests have been performed on heat-treated (HT) and non-heat-treated specimens consisting of the high Si Al–Si overlays deposited on 319 Al alloy, bulk 390 Al alloys, and bulk 319 Al alloys. The high Si Al–Si weld overlay shows potential as a replacement of bulk 390 Al alloy for applications requiring high wear resistance.
Should vardenafil be used for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with BPH

This Practice Point commentary discusses the study by Stief and colleagues, and the relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), erectile dysfunction (ED), and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This randomized, placebo-controlled study analyzed the effects of the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor vardenafil (a treatment for ED) on LUTS related to BPH. Significant improvements in LUTS were observed in patients in the vardenafil group compared with those in the placebo group, and improvements in erectile function and quality of life were reported in both groups. The treatment was well tolerated. The design of this study and the characteristics of the selected study populations were not typical for a BPH study. Consequently, while this study demonstrates that vardenafil is a promising treatment for symptoms secondary to BPH, including LUTS and ED, further studies are needed before phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors become a treatment for LUTS associated with BPH.
DISTRIBUTIONS OF SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS ATTACKS, EMERGENCE, AND PARASITES IN GRAND FIR

The distributions of Scolytus ventralis LeConte attacks, emergence, and parasites were studied by stratified sampling of 20 grand fir. Of the theoretical distributions tested the negative binomial gave the best fit to all three sets of data. Three sample unit sizes were analyzed (1/4, 1/2, and 1 sq. ft) and all gave similar estimates of the mean, although the smallest sample unit influenced the distribution by increasing the frequency of the zero class. Approximate normality was achieved by applying logarithmic transformation to the attack data and the Taylor power transformation to the emergence and parasite data. Analysis of variance showed that the vertical position of the sample in the tree was die most consistent factor influencing the distribution of attacks, emergence, and parasitism, while cardinal aspect had little effect. Considerable variation also occurred among trees within a group. The density of attacks was extremely variable both within and between trees, although it was slightly higher on rough bark. Emergence was generally greater in the basal half of the tree, being reduced in the upper levels by competition with other insects. Emergence increased with attack density up to about 13 attacks per square foot. Thereafter survival was probably limited by intraspecific competition. Parasitism appeared to be reduced near the base of the tree by thick bark and at the top by lack of host larvae. Sampling designs for the fir engraver will have to consider variations between trees and vertical strata within the tree.
New media and political dissent in Egypt

This paper explores some of the ways that the Internet, and particularly the practice of blogging, has opened up new political possibilities in Egypt. As I examine, political bloggers in this country (Islamist as well as secularist) have pioneered new language forms and video styles in order to articulate an arena of political life they refer to as “the street.” Egyptian bloggers render visible and publicly speakable practices of state violence that other media outlets cannot easily disclose. In discussing the sensory epistemology informing these blogging practices, I give particular attention to the way traditions concerning the sonority of the Arabic language and the relation of written to spoken forms are exploited and reworked by some of Egypt’s most prominent political bloggers. I also examine how these language practices find a visual and aural analogy in the grainy cellphone video recordings found on many of Egypt’s political blogs. This paper analyzes such practices in relation to emergent forms of political agency and contestation in contemporary Egypt.
Temporal changes in limb proportionality among skeletal samples of Arikara Indians

SummaryRelative lengths of the radius, humerus, tibia and femur were examined in children obtained from ten archaeological sites in South Dakota. The sites range in time from about ad1600 to 1830, and all are attributed to the Arikara Indians or their immediate ancestors. Changes in long bone proportions were examined by regressing the log of each bone on the log of the sum of all four bones. The regression coefficient which results represents the relative rate of change of the bone in relation to the sum of all bones. Proximal bones were found to increase faster than distal bones in both upper and lower limbs, and lower limbs increase faster than upper ones. The regression coefficients for tibia and femur exhibit significant heterogeneity over the ten sites, indicating that the pattern of proportional changes with growth is not the same for all groups. Furthermore, variation in regression coefficients among sites is temporally patterned, early sites being characterized by relatively longer femora and sho...
Large Area Contrast Prediction In Screen-Film Systems

A method for the prediction of radiographic contrast rendered by screen-film systems is described. The observed invariance of H & D curve shape with x-ray energy is used to postulate the existence of a single characteristicyrve for a given system. Densities are then described from this curve in terms of an effective exposure S(E)0(E)dE, where S(E) and 0(E) are the energy dependent sensitivity of the system and the x-ray spectral fluence respectively. We used two experiments to demonstrate the validity of this approach for typical screen-film systems. Contrast predictions based on fs(E)o(E)dE were made for screen-film systems having different phosphor materials. Results, which show contrast advantages for calcium tungstate systems in the no scatter case are consistent with the calculations of others based on screen x-ray energy absorption.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Computer-based catalog of viral diseases of insects: A FAMULUS application

Abstract The volume of information accumulated on the viruses pathogenic for insects is no longer manageable in a conventional cross-indexed card format. FAMULUS, a computer program developed by Burton et al. (1969) and consisting of eight subsystems, is used to generate a rigorously structured worldwide catalog of viral diseases of insects, of host species, genera, and families, and of subject matters. The uniqueness of the insect virus catalog is the result of a highly specialized literature coverage coupled with a thorough analysis of the information content of each publication. A descriptive outline of the computer-aided information system is published with the hope of stimulating those specialists working in other areas of invertebrate pathology to undertake similar endeavors.
Geriatric Emergency Medicine and the 2006 Institute of Medicine Reports from the Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the U.S. Health System

Three recently published Institute of Medicine reports, Hospital-Based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point, Emergency Medical Services: At the Crossroads, and Emergency Care for Children: Growing Pains, examined the current state of emergency care in the United States. They concluded that the emergency medicine system as a whole is overburdened, underfunded, and highly fragmented. These reports did not specifically discuss the effect the aging population has on emergency care now and in the future and did not discuss special needs of older patients. This report focuses on the emergency care of older patients, with the intent to provide information that will help shape discussions on this issue.
A Review of Neutron Scattering Applications to Nuclear Materials

The growing demand for electric energy will require expansion of the amount of nuclear power production in many countries of the world. Research and development in this field will continue to grow to further increase safety and efficiency of nuclear power generation. Neutrons are a unique probe for a wide range of problems related to these efforts, ranging from crystal chemistry of nuclear fuels to engineering diffraction on cladding or structural materials used in nuclear reactors. Increased flux at modern neutron sources combined with advanced sample environments allows nowadays, for example, studies of reaction kinetics at operating temperatures in a nuclear reactor. Neutrons provide unique data to benchmark simulations and modeling of crystal structure evolution and thermomechanical treatment. Advances in neutron detection recently opened up new avenues of materials characterization using neutron imaging with unparalleled opportunities especially for nuclear materials, where heavy elements (e.g., uranium) need to be imaged together with light elements (e.g., hydrogen, oxygen). This paper summarizes applications of neutron scattering techniques for nuclear materials. Directions for future research, extending the trends observed over the past decade, are discussed.
Controlling urban climate: Using a computational method to study and improve indoor environments

(1997). Controlling urban climate: Using a computational method to study and improve indoor environments. Journal of Urban Technology: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 69-83.
Toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in chick embryos gel electrophoretic analysis of serum proteins.

Abstract 1. Effects of commercially available di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the development of 3-day old chick embryos were studied. 2. DEHP (0.05 ml/embryo) was highly toxic, but produced neither specific malformations nor apparent changes in serum proteins. 3. The most conspicuous change in affected embryos was the degeneration of extraembryonic blood vessels.
The student counsellor as a team member

Abstract Describing the future roles and services of British counsellors in higher and further education must not be done in professional isolation. We need to consider how the future roles of professional counsellors will positively affect the counselling done by academic staff Furthermore, rather than making generalisations about counselling needs, it may be better for working parties or task forces to develop counselling models which are appropriate to particular institutions. Such task forces should address some of the pressing issues confronting academic institutions: for example, (1) the revitalisation of the curriculum; (2) the improvement of the out-of-classroom relationships between academic staff and students; and (3) the development and maintenance of effective systems of academic government. If counsellors are to develop services which will help to resolve some of the problems associated with these issues, they will have to be increasingly clear about their own values.
Human breast tumor imaging using 111In labeled monoclonal antibody: athymic mouse model.

The monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 323/A3, an IgG1, was raised against the human breast tumor cell line MCF-7 and recognized a 43 Kd membrane associated glycoprotein. Histochemical studies with the antibody detected 75% of metastatic lymph nodes, 59% of primary breast tumors, and showed some staining in 20% of benign breast lesions. For radionuclide imaging, the MoAb 323/A3 was labeled with both 125I and 111In, via covalently coupled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) by the mixed anhydride method. The antibody activity of the DTPA modified 323/A3 was assessed by an immunoassay using viable and fixed MCF-7 target cells. Male athymic nude mice bearing BT-20 human mammary tumors were injected with dual 125I/111In labeled DTPA 323/A3 via the tail veins. The animals were imaged with a gamma camera equipped with a pinhole collimator at 1–3 h, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days after the tracer administration. On day 5 or 6, the animals were killed, and the biodistribution of the radiotracers was determined for the blood, thyroid, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and tumor. Target to blood ratio at 6 days for the 111In tracer was 24:1 in the group with a mean tumor weight of 0.492 g, and 13:1 in another group with a mean tumor weight of 0.1906 g (day 5). However, the 125I activity showed only 3.6:1 and 5.4:1 target to blood ratios in the corresponding groups. The larger tumors localized less 111In tracer (27.13%±7.57% injected dose/g, Mean±SD) than the smaller tumors (52.75%±22.25% ID/g). Analysis of the gamma images showed that the maximum tracer concentration occurred in the tumors at about 2 to 3 days after intravenous tracer administration. The excellent tumor resolution observed with BT-20 tumors may be due to increased 43 Kd glycoprotein antigen density in this tumor cell line.
Index of refraction for scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational waves in weak gravitational fields

We consider the solutions of the scattering of scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational waves by the gravitational field of a single particle, for the case of small wave amplitudes and weak gravitational fields. Scatterings are considered for both incident plane waves and incident spherical waves. For plane waves incident on a thin sheet of matter composed of free particles, the superimposed wave solutions give rise to a phase change arising from the coordinate dependence of the speed of light on the gravitational potential, focusing of the incident wave by the sheet, and, in some cases, a phase change due to dispersion of the wave by the matter. For gravitational waves, the index of refraction $n$ is given by $n\ensuremath{-}1=\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}G\ensuremath{\rho}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}}$, assuming $n\ensuremath{-}1$ is small, and for electromagnetic waves $n=1$ to the same order. The index of refraction for scalar waves depends on the form of the scalar-wave equation used. The generation of back-scattered waves is also treated. Calculations are repeated for spherical waves incident on a thin spherical shell of matter. The propagation of $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function wave packets is then treated in order to show that the solutions are consistent with causality, even though, in some cases, the group velocity exceeds the velocity of light.
Experimental studies on the olfactory marker protein. I. Presence of the olfactory marker protein in tufted and mitral cells

Abstract Partial, unilateral olfactory nerve section was performed in mice, and the behavior of the olfactory marker protein (OMP) studied, after this experimental manipulation, with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The protein, which in normal mice is present only in mature olfactory sensory neurons, after unilateral lesion of the fila olfactoria was observed in mitral and tufted cells of both olfactory bulbs. Positive elements, present at 5 days postperative, increased in number up to 30 days and some could still be detected at 60 days. The functional implications of this finding are briefly discussed.
Pre- Versus Postmenopausal Age, Estradiol, and Peptide-Secretagogue Type Determine Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion in Healthy Women: Studies Using Submaximal Agonist Drive and an Estrogen Clamp

Context: GH-releasing peptide (GHRP), GHRH, and somatostatin are physiological regulators of pulsatile GH secretion. Hypothesis: Age, independently of abdominal visceral fat (AVF) and basal (nonpulsatile) GH secretion, damps pulsatile GH secretion driven by physiological (rather than pharmacological) amounts of GHRP and GHRH in an experimentally controlled estradiol (E2) milieu. Design and Setting: A prospectively randomized, double-blind parallel-cohort study was conducted at an academic medical center. Participants: Community-dwelling healthy premenopausal (PRE, age 24 ± 0.8 yr, n = 20) and postmenopausal (POST, age 63 ± 1.8 yr, n = 22) women participated in the study. Interventions: Gonadal-axis down-regulation with leuprolide was followed by randomized addback of placebo or transdermal E2 and separate-day iv bolus injections of a half-maximally stimulatory dose of GHRP-2 or GHRH (each 0.33 μg/kg). Analysis: Three-way analysis of covariance included main factors age, E2 status, and secretagogue type and covariates AVF and basal GH secretion. Results: Submaximally stimulated pulsatile GH secretion was positively determined by PRE vs. POST age (P < 0.001), E2 repletion vs. depletion (P = 0.001) and GHRP-2 vs. GHRH stimulation (P < 0.001), after adjustment for AVF and basal secretion. E2 vs. placebo elevated fasting mean GH concentrations in both PRE and POST women (P = 0.006) but increased basal (nonpulsatile) GH secretion in PRE only (P = 0.002). PRE vs. POST age prolonged GHRH-driven GH secretory bursts by 36% (P = 0.006). Conclusion: PRE vs. POST age, E2 availability, and physiological peptide drive are triple determinants of pulsatile GH secretion independently of abdominal visceral fat and nonpulsatile GH secretion in healthy women.
Dynamical Properties of Phospholipid Bilayers from Computer Simulation

Abstract We present the results of a 10-ns molecular dynamics simulation of a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/water system. The main emphasis of the present study is on the investigation of the stability over a long time and the dynamic properties of the water/membrane system. The motion of the lipid molecules is characterized by the center of mass movement and the displacement of individual atom groups. Because of the slow movement of the headgroup atoms, their contributions to the dipole potential vary slowly and with a large amplitude. Nevertheless, the water molecules compensate the strong fluctuations and maintain an almost constant total dipole potential. From the lateral displacement of the center of masses, we calculate the lateral diffusion coefficient to be D lat =(3±0.6)×10 −7 cm 2 /s, in agreement with neutron scattering results. The rotational motion is also investigated in our simulations. The calculated value for the rotational diffusion coefficient parallel to the molecular long axis, D ∥ =(1.6±0.1)×10 8 s −1 , is in good agreement with the experiment.
Elastic scattering of electrons from singly ionized argon

Recently, Greenwood {ital et} {ital al}. [Phys. Rev. Lett. {bold 75}, 1062 (1995)] reported measurements of large-angle elastic scattering of electrons from singly ionized argon at an energy of 3.3 eV. They compared their results for the differential cross section with cross sections determined using phase shifts obtained from two different scattering potentials and found large discrepancies between theory and experiment at large angles. They state that these differences may be due to the effects of polarization of the target, which are not included in their calculations, as well as inaccurate representations of electron exchange in the local scattering potentials that are employed to determine the phase shifts. In order to test these proposed explanations of the discrepancies, we have carried out calculations of elastic scattering from Ar{sup +} using the {ital R}-matrix method. We compare both a single-state calculation, which does not include polarization, and a 17-state calculation, in which the effects of dipole polarizability are included through the use of polarization pseudostates within the close-coupling expansion, to each other and with the measurements. We find some differences between the two calculations at intermediate scattering angles, but very close agreement at angles above 100{degree}. Although the calculated cross sectionsmore » agree with experiment between 120{degree} and 135{degree}, large discrepancies persist at angles above 135{degree}. We conclude that the differences between the measurements and theory cannot be explained on the basis of an inaccurate representation of electron exchange or polarization of the target. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less
Impact of a waiting room videotape message on parent attitudes toward pediatric antibiotic use.

Objective. To reduce the injudicious use of antibiotics, we developed an educational strategy that focused on parents of pediatric patients and their physicians. Methods. This intervention was conducted in 5 pediatric practices in Arkansas during a 9-month period. Baseline data on parent attitudes about antibiotics and physician practice habits were measured by questionnaire. During the following 36 weeks, an educational videotape about the judicious use of antibiotics was played in waiting rooms. The videotape on antibiotics used a standard script based on the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics. The physicians and staff at each site were actors in the videotape. During week 2 and week 36 of videotape use, parent attitudes were measured again. After the baseline week, the physicians and staff in each site were provided a standard in-service review of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for judicious use of antibiotics. A study nurse recruited patients, administered questionnaires, and reviewed charts onsite. Results. Parents who were exposed to the videotape were significantly less inclined to seek antibiotics for viral infections. Passively provided pamphlets were not read. No significant change in antibiotic prescribing by physicians was seen. Conclusion. Parent-focused passive education tools are effective at changing parent attitudes toward the use of antibiotics. Although physicians have blamed parent attitudes and demands for the overuse of antibiotics, changes in parent attitudes in this study were not associated with changes in prescribing rates. Changes in parent attitudes may be necessary but do not seem sufficient for changes in antimicrobial prescribing patterns.
Critical phenomena in randomly stirred fluids

A continuum model for critical phenomena in binary mixtures subjected to long-range passive stirring is analyzed in an \ensuremath{\epsilon} expansion near d=4 using the renormalization group. The random stirring destabilizes the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}^{4}$ fixed point and a new nonanalytic, O(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}^{1/2}$), stable fixed point appears with nonanalytic \ensuremath{\epsilon} expansions for the critical exponents. The exponent governing the critical temperature lowering as a function of the stirring Reynolds number is 1.74 in d=3.
Two-color quantum-dot DFB laser for terahertz applications

A two-color quantum dot DFB laser with 8 THz mode separation is demonstrated. The combination of the inhomogeneous broadening and a large coupling coefficient allows the manipulation of the quantum dot states through external optical stabilization.
Multiblock mixed finite element methods for singularly perturbed problems

Abstract A generic multiblock mixed finite element method is constructed for the singularly perturbed problem −e2Δp+ap=f in the rectangle [0,1]2. The problem domain is decomposed into non-overlapping subdomains which separate the boundary layer subregions totally from other subregions. The global convergences of O(N−1), independent of e for p and e∇p in L2 -norm are obtained for the lowest Raviart–Thomas spaces on our specially designed piecewise rectangular mesh, where N is the number of divisions in each direction. Numerical results using an efficient domain decomposition algorithm are presented, which show that our special domain decomposition performs much better than a general decomposition. Some possible extensions and open problems are discussed.
The geriatric patient and general hospital psychiatry

The geriatric population in the United States is large and growing. General hospital psychiatrists need to be especially knowledgeable about the issues presented by elderly patients because of their high proportion on medical and surgical services. The special problems involved in treating such patients on inpatient psychiatric units are also discussed.
Age-standardized death rates by the indirect method: A program for use on a computer terminal

Description. In comparing, for example, the healthconditions of two or more countries, the demographer isfaced with the ponderous task of collating the numerousage-specificdeath rates of each of the countries. What isneeded is one single rate which applies to the wholepopulation. The crude death rate is often used for thispurpose. But the crude death rate is highly affected bythe demographic composition of the population understudy. In particular, age composition can have a strongbearing on the rate. For instance, if a population has ahigh proportion of young people, the crude death ratemay be comparatively low. Conversely, the crude deathrate of a population will be high if there is a largeproportion of persons in the older ages.One way of controlling for age composition is throughthe use of the agestandardized death rate calculated bythe indirect method. The formula for indirectstandardization is:where, for the "standard" population, Ma representsage-specific death rates, and M signifies the crudedeath rate; and, for the population being studied, drepresents the total number of deaths and Pa representsthe population at each age. (Shryock, Siegel,
Matrix influence on the tumor cell stimulation of fibroblast collagenase production

Cocultures of rabbit fibroblasts and mouse B-16 melanoma cells produce increased levels of collagenase against type I collagen. This stimulatory effect was also found when fibroblasts were cultured in conditioned media from tumor cells. However, the level of the stimulatory factor in conditioned media was influenced by matrix deposited by fibroblasts. Thus, conditioned media collected from mono-layers of B-16 plated on fibroblast matrix consistently showed high levels of the factor activity. The influence of the matrix on the level of the factor was not removed by treating the fibroblast matrix with collagenase or chondroitinase ABC and was not reproduced by collagen-coated dishes.
Synthesis of Rutile (α-TiO2) Nanocrystals with Controlled Size and Shape by Low-Temperature Hydrolysis: Effects of Solvent Composition

A new methodology was developed to synthesize uniform rutile (α-TiO2) nanocrystals by the thermohydrolysis of titanium(IV) chloride in hydrochloric acid−alcohol aqueous solutions at 40−90 °C. Depending on the acidity, the solvent used, and the aging temperature, rod-shaped rutile nanocrystals in sizes ranging from ∼100 nm to 800 nm were obtained. Nanocrystal size and shape are shown to be strongly and systematically related to the type and the concentration of alcohol used in the alcohol−water solvent, as well as the presence or absence of both cationic and anionic surfactants. No other titania phases, such as anatase or brookite, were detected using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy.
Patient motivation: a new challenge to the dental profession for effective control of plaque.

Principles of educational psychology are used in a model with which dentists can motivate patients toward an effective plaque control program. The steps in planning a model are identification of the educational needs of the patient, establishment of his educational needs, motivation stimulus and goal setting, achievement of goals by action of the patient, learning reinforcement, and result evaluation. A prescription for treatment should be individualized for each patient and group methods can be used to stimulate behavior change. However, success of the model depends on the team approach to dental care with the practitioner acting as leader and coordinator.
Tidal marsh restoration: trends in vegetation change using a geographical information system (GIS)

Adequately evaluating the success of coastal tidal marsh restoration has lagged behind the actual practice of restoring tidally restricted salt marshes. A Spartina-dominated valley marsh at Barn Island Wildlife Management Area, Stonington, Connecticut, was tidally restricted in 1946 and consequently converted mostly to Typha angustifolia. With the re-introduction of tidal flooding in 1978, much of the marsh has reverted to Spartina alterniflora. Using a geographical information system (GIS), this study measures restoration success by the extent of geographical similarity between the vegetation of the restored marsh and the pre-impounded marsh. Based on geographical comparisons among different hydrologic states, pre-impounded (1946), impounded (1976), and restored (1988) tidal marsh restoration is a convergent process. Although salt marsh species currently dominate the restored system, the magnitude of actual agreement between the pre-impounded vegetation and that of the restored marsh is only moderate. Further restoration of the salt marsh vegetation may be limited by continued tidal restriction, marsh surface subsidence, and reduced accretion rates. General trends of recovery are identified using a gradient approach and the geographic pattern’ of vegetation change. In the strictest sense, if restoration refers only to vegetation types that geographically replicate preexisting types, then only 28% of the marsh has been restored. Restoration in a broader sense, however, representing the original salt marsh vegetation regardless of spatial position, amounts to 63% restored. Unrestored marsh, dominated by Typha angustifolia and Phragmites australis, remains at 37%. By emphasizing trends during vegetation recovery, this evaluation technique aims to understand the restoration process, direct future research goals, and ultimately aid in future restoration projects.
Radiation damage measurements in room-temperature semiconductor radiation detectors

Abstract The literature of radiation damage measurements on cadmium zinc telluride (CZT), cadmium telluride (CT), and mercuric iodide (HgI 2 ) is reviewed and in the case of CZT supplemented by new alpha particle data. CZT strip detectors exposed to intermediate energy (1.3 MeV) proton fluences exhibit increased interstrip leakage after 10 10 p/cm 2 and significant bulk leakage after 10 12 p/cm 2 . CZT exposed to 200 MeV protons shows a two-fold loss in energy resolution after a fluence of 5×10 9 p/cm 2 in thick (3 mm) planar devices but little effect in 2 mm devices. No energy resolution effects were noted from a moderated fission spectrum of neutrons after fluences up to 10 10 n/cm 2 , although activation was evident. Exposures of CZT to 5 MeV α particles at fluences up to 1.5×10 10 α/cm 2 produced a near linear decrease in peak position with fluence and increases in FWHM beginning at about 7.5×10 9 α/cm 2 . CT detectors show resolution losses after fluences of 3×10 9 p/cm 2 at 33 MeV for chlorine-doped detectors. Indium-doped material may be more resistant. Neutron exposures (8 MeV) caused resolution losses after fluences of 2×10 10 n/cm 2 . Mercuric iodide has been studied with intermediate energy protons (10–33 MeV) at fluences up to 10 12 p/cm 2 and with 1.5 GeV protons at fluences up to 1.2×10 8 p/cm 2 . Neutron exposures at 8 MeV have been reported at fluences up to 10 15 n/cm 2 . No radiation damage was reported under these irradiation conditions.
Temporal constraints on the meaning of evidentiality

This paper explores how the meaning of evidentiality is temporally constrained, by investigating the meaning of Korean evidential sentences with –te. Unlike evidential sentences in languages that have previously been formally analyzed , e.g. Cuzco Quechua and Cheyenne, Korean evidential sentences with –te are compatible with both direct and indirect evidence types. In this paper, I analyze –te as an evidential that lexically encodes the meaning of a ‘sensory observation’. I account for the availability of both direct and indirect evidential readings in terms of the variable temporal relation between relevant eventualities. I show that this temporal relation is compositionally determined by the interaction between –te and tense, and that it in turn constrains possible (direct vs. indirect) evidence types. I also provide empirical evidence for the modal meaning contributions of –te sentences, and develop a formal analysis in terms of Kratzer’s modal theory. The paper concludes by discussing the empirical and theoretical improvements of the proposed analysis over earlier analyses by Chung, and the implications for crosslinguistic studies of evidentials.
An analysis of high-frequency noise in RF active CMOS mixers

An analysis of high-frequency noise in RF active CMOS mixers including single-balanced and double-balanced architectures is presented. The analysis investigates the contribution of non-white gate-induced noise to the output noise power as well as the spot noise figure (NF) of the RF CMOS mixer. It accounts for the non-zero correlation between the gate-induced noise and the channel's thermal noise. The noise contribution of the RF transconductor and the switching pair to the output noise power is studied. Experimental results verify the accuracy of the analytical model.