cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunity to carcinogen-induced transplantable fibrosarcoma in B2B2 chickens: V. Relationship to tumor cell-specific delayed hypersensitivity and serum antibody

Abstract Lasting immunity to the chemically induced (DMBA) fibrosarcomas (CHCT-NYU1, 2, and 4) of SC chickens ( B2 B2 ) can be obtained by injection of Corynebacterium parvum (CP)-primed chickens with tumor cells and CP in one wing and tumor cells alone in the other wing. The local delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction to CP in the wing inhibits local growth completely, whereas the tumor on the contralateral side shows transient growth. In the present studies, the development of tumor immunity was studied in detail by monitoring DH and antibody formation to the tumor cells and adoptive immunity with spleen cells in Winn tests. Injection of NYU1 cells alone in normal or CP-treated animals induced transient immunity in Winn tests in 50% of the animals, weak DH reactivity, and antibody detectable by immunofluorescence within the first 2 weeks. Chickens receiving both NYU1 cells and CP in one wing and NYU1 cells alone on the other side developed stronger DH reactions to the tumor cells and a higher incidence of immunity in Winn tests which was sustained throughout the period of observation. Antibody levels were similar to those of animals receiving tumor cells alone. In contrast, injection of CP and tumor cells on one side without a tumor challenge on the contralateral side did not induce detectable immunity in CP-primed chickens. Chickens immunized to NYU2 and 4 cells were also tested for DH reactivity and antibody formation. Studies on the cross-reactivity between the tumor lines showed that there was cross-reactivity at the humoral level while at the cellular level this was not apparent. However, animals immune to one tumor line rejected transplants of another tumor line. Observations on the antibody specificity(s) suggested that it was not directed against minor histocompatibility or avian sarcoma viral antigens. SC embryo fibroblasts could induce DH, and serum antibody induced by tumor cells usually reacted also with such embryo cells.
Clock net optimization using active shielding

We propose the use of active shields, which are shield wires that are switched concurrently with the signal wire, to improve performance and reduce inductive ringing for RLC wires. This technique significantly reduces ringing behaviour (up to 4.5/spl times/) and offers better slopes (up to 40% reduction) and signal propagation delays than the traditional (passive) shielding approach, all of which are shown in the context of a clock net optimization.
On reducing the degree of second-order scaling in network traffic

While it is well known that second order scaling in network traffic can lead to larger queueing delays, higher drop rates and extended periods of congestion, reducing the scaling exponents has remained an open problem. In this paper we evaluate some techniques to reduce the degree of scaling in TCP traffic, specifically by reducing two related causes: (1) timeouts and exponential backoffs; and (2) burstiness and ACK compression. We propose a simple modification to the RED algorithm, and show that it can lead to significant reductions in both multi and mono fractal properties of TCP traffic as compared to the currently implemented active and passive buffer management policies. We then evaluate TCP pacing and show that it too can reduce the multi and mono fractal scaling of traffic. We also show that though our techniques are aimed at small time-scale TCP related causes of scaling, they are also effective in reducing the degree of self-similarity in traffic even when application and user level causes are also present, as long as TCP is used as the underlying transport protocol.
Data Analysis Tools for DNA Microarrays

PREFACE INTRODUCTION Bioinformatics - An Emerging Discipline The Building Blocks of Genomic Information Expression of Genetic Information The Need for Microarrays MICROARRAYS Microarrays - Tools for Gene Expression Analysis Fabrication of Microarrays Applications of Microarrays Challenges in Using Microarrays in Gene Expression Studies Sources of Variability IMAGE PROCESSING Introduction Basic Elements of Digital Imaging Microarray Image Processing Image Processing of cDNA Microarrays Image Processing of Affymetrix Microarrrays ELEMENTS OF STATISTICS Introduction Some Basic Terms Elementary Statistics Probabilities Bayes' Theorem Probability Distributions Central Limit Theorem Are Replicates Useful? Summary Solved Problems Exercises STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS TESTING Introduction The framework Hypothesis Testing and Significance "I Do Not Believe God Does Not Exist" An Algorithm for Hypothesis Testing Errors in Hypothesis Testing Solved Problems CLASSICAL APPROACHES TO DATA ANALYSIS Introduction Tests Involving a Single Sample Tests Involving Two Samples Exercises ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE - ANOVA Introduction One-Way ANOVA Two-Way ANOVA Quality Control Exercises EXPERIMENT DESIGN The Concept of Experiment Design Comparing Varieties Improving the Production Process Principles of Experimental Design Guidelines for Experimental Design A Short Synthesis of Statistical Experiment Designs Some Microarray Specific Experiment Designs MULTIPLE COMPARISONS Introduction The Problem of Multiple Comparisons A More Precise Argument Corrections for Multiple Comparisons ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION TOOLS Introduction Box Plots Gene Pies Scatter Plots Histograms Time Series Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Independent Component Analysis (ICA) CLUSTER ANALYSIS Introduction Metric Distances Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering Kohonen Maps (SOFM) DATA PRE-PROCESSING AND NORMALIZATION Introduction General Pre-Processing Techniques Normalization Issues Specific to cDNA Data Normalization Issues Specific to Affymetrix Data Other Approaches to the Normalization of Affymetrix Data Useful Pre-Processing and Normalization Sequences Appendix METHODS FOR SELECTING DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED GENES Introduction Criteria Fold Change Unusual Ratio Hypothesis Testing, Corrections for Multiple Comparisons and Resampling ANOVA Noise Sampling Model Based Maximum Likelihood Estimation Methods Affymetrix Comparison Calls Other Methods Appendix FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND BIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF MICROARRAY DATA Introduction The Gene Ontology Other Related Resources Translating Lists of Differentially Regulated Genes into Biological Knowledge Onto-Express Summary FOCUSED MICROARRAYS - COMPARISON AND SELECTION Introduction Criteria for Array Selection Onto-Compare Some Comparisons COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS Introduction Significance Testing Among Groups Using GeneSight Statistical Analysis of Microarray Data Using S-PLUS and Insightful ArrayAnalyzer SAS Software for Genomics Spofire's Decision Site THE ROAD AHEAD What Next? Molecular Diagnosis Gene Regulatory Networks Conclusions REFERENCES
Alaska's Freshwater Resources: Issues Affecting Local and International Interests

The State of Alaska faces a broad range of freshwater challenges including limited resource access in rural communities, increasing freshwater use, and a pressing need to better understand and prepare for climate-driven change. Despite these significant issues, Alaska is relatively water-rich and far more equipped to address its water resource concerns compared with other regions of the world. Globally, simultaneous and rapid water stresses have influenced and complicated conflicts and are motivating nations to develop markets and trade as one of the primary means to manage their needs for this resource. This paper presents these interacting issues in the context of Alaska's relationship with a world undergoing significant social and ecological changes that affect freshwater supplies. We present the challenges faced by Alaska in the context of a larger global perspective, and briefly explore the relative effects these issues have on local, regional, and global scales. We present the argument that Alaska needs to develop more robust institutions and policies that can alleviate both household concerns and ensure that Alaska plays a significant role in the international freshwater arena for its long-term resilience.
Serotonin and the small cardioactive peptides differentially modulate two motor neurons that innervate the same muscle fibers in Aplysia.

The anterior portion of intrinsic buccal muscle 3 (I3a) is innervated by two motor neurons, B3 and B38, which appear to use glutamate as their fast excitatory transmitter. B3 and B38 express the neuropeptides FMRFamide and the small cardioactive peptides (SCPs), respectively. We have shown previously that stimulation of B38 causes release of the SCPs from terminals in the muscle. The I3a muscle also receives input from neurons that use 5HT as a modulatory transmitter. The SCPs and 5HT potently facilitated B38-evoked excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) but had only a small effect on B3-evoked EJPs; however, both the SCPs and 5HT strongly potentiated contractions evoked by both B3 and B38, indicating that the two substances must also act on excitation–contraction coupling. The selective facilitation of B38-evoked EJPs, however, did manifest itself in other parameters. Decreases in the firing frequencies and burst durations that were threshold to evoke contractions and decreases in the latency between the onset of a burst and the onset of the evoked contraction were all much larger for B38 than for B3. Indeed, B38 bursts recorded during feeding-like behavior would be subthreshold for evoking contractions in the absence of this modulation. All of the effects of the SCPs reversed during washout, whereas those of 5HT were persistent, lasting many hours after washout. Thus, the SCPs and 5HT dramatically change the behavioral output of these motor neurons, increasing the amplitude of contractions evoked by both B3 and B38, and shifting the temporal relationship between bursts in B38 and its evoked contractions.
Indexing of Spatiotemporal Trajectories for Efficient Distance Threshold Similarity Searches on the GPU

Applications in many domains search moving object trajectory databases. The distance threshold search finds all trajectories within a given distance of a query trajectory. We develop three GPU distance threshold search implementations that use indexing techniques significantly different from those used in CPU implementations. We determine experimentally under which conditions each approach performs well using one real-world astrophysics dataset and two synthetic datasets. Overall, we find that the GPU is an attractive technology for a broad range of relevant trajectory database scenarios.
The Inner Magnetosphere Imager Mission

The Inner Magnetosphere Imager (IMI) mission will carry instruments to globally image energetic neutral atoms, far and extreme ultraviolet light, and X-rays. These imagers will see the ring current, inner plasmasheet, plasmasphere, aurora, and geocorona. With these observations it will be possible, for the first time, to develop an understanding of the global shape of the inner magnetosphere and the interrelationships between its parts. Seven instruments are currently envisioned on a single spinning spacecraft with a despun platform. IMI will be launched into an elliptical, polar orbit with an apogee of approximately 7 Earth radii altitude and perigee of 4800 km altitude.
Recapitulation of in vivo -like neutrophil transendothelial migration using a microfluidic platform

Neutrophil transendothelial migration (TEM) is an essential physiological process that regulates the recruitment of neutrophils in response to inflammatory signals. Herein, a versatile hydrogel scaffold is embedded in a microfluidic platform that supports an endothelial cell layer cultured in the vertical direction and highly stable chemical gradients; this construct is employed to mimic the in vivo neutrophil TEM process. We found that the number of neutrophils migrating across the endothelial cell layer is dependent on the presented chemoattractant concentration and the spatial profile of the chemical gradient. Endothelial cells play a critical role in neutrophil TEM by promoting neutrophil morphological changes as well as expressing surface receptor molecules that are indispensable for inducing neutrophil attachment and migration. Furthermore, the microfluidic device also supports competing chemoattractant gradients to facilitate neutrophil TEM studies in complex microenvironments that more accurately model the in vivo system than simplified microenvironments without the complexity of chemical gradients. This work demonstrates that combinations of any two different chemoattractants induce more significant neutrophil migration than a single chemoattractant in the same total amount, indicating synergistic effects between distinct chemoattractants. The in vitro reconstitution of neutrophil TEM successfully translates planar neutrophil movement into in vivo-like neutrophil recruitment and accelerates understanding of cellular interactions between neutrophils and endothelial cells within the complicated physiological milieu.
The Cambrian of the western part of the Pomeranian Caledonides foreland, Peribaltic Syneclise: microfloral evidence

This paper describes the microfloral succession in Cambrian deposits in the Kościerzyna IG 1 and Gdansk IG 1 boreholes drilled in the western part of the Peribaltic Syneclise, immediately adjoining the T-T Zone in the Pomeranian Caledonides foreland. Both these boreholes have yielded abundant acritarch assemblages that allow the partial zonation of the Lower and Middle Cambrian deposits. The Cambrian deposits of the Kościerzyna IG 1 borehole comprise the following microfloral zones: Asteridium tornatum-Comasphaeridium velvetum, Skiagia ornata-Fimbriaglomerella membranacea and Heliosphaeridium dissimilare-Skiagia ciliosa. The Volkovia dentifera-Liepaina plana Zone may also be present. The Acadoparadoxides pinus Zooe (upper part of the A. oelandicus Superzone), well documented by trilobites, might correlate with the Cristallinum cambriense-Eliasum Superzone. This conflicts with the findings of Jankauskas and Lendzion (1992), who restricted the rage of the commonly occurring C. cambriense (Slavikova) only to the Paradoxides paradoxissimus Superzone and younger deposits. The Lower Cambrian Skiagia-Fimbriaglomerella and (or) Heliosphaeridium Skiagia Zones have been documented in the Gdansk IG 1 borehole. As in the Kościerzyna GI 1 borehole, abundant Middle Cambrian acritarchs of the C. cambriense-Eliasum Superzone define the presence of rocks not older than equivalents of the A. pinus Zone. Palynomorphs from the Kościerzyna IG 1 borehole correspond to stage 6 of the AMOCO thermal alteration scale, i.e. to palaeotemperatures considerably exceeding 100°C. The maximum palaeotemperature of the Cambrian racks at Gdansk has not exceeded 100°C.
The Arab uprising and the persistence of monarchy

The Arab uprising that began in 2010 saw the fall of rulers in states that had republican governments, yet the monarchs in their states survived. This is ironic in light of the fact that many monarchs throughout history have been vulnerable to revolutions. What explains this discrepancy? Although the literature has emphasized the impact of petrodollars in preserving the rule of the monarchs, this article stresses ideological and institutional factors. Like the Soviet Union's embrace of Marxism–Leninism, the Arab republics had regimes based on the failed ideology of revolutionary nationalism. Although revolutionary nationalism, which fused the nation and state, declined by the late 1960s, it left an institutional legacy that made it difficult for the republican states to change. On the contrary, in defining themselves in opposition to revolutionary nationalism, the monarchs provided for security and stability in making themselves somewhat immune to transnational revolutionary movements like the Arab uprising. In differentiating the state from the nation, the monarchs, paradoxically, showed more respect for different societal interests within the nation than the republican rulers
THE DICHOTOMY OF MYOCARDIAL AND CEREBRAL INFARCTION

The Mayo Clinic medical record linkage and indexing system was used to examine changes in incidence and case fatality of myocardial infarction (MI), sudden unexpected death (SUD), and cerebral infarction (CI). The average annual age and sex adjusted incidence rates for MI (including SUD) and CI declined by 14% and 55%, respectively, between 1950-54 and 1975-79. The decline in the incidence of MI was due to a reduction in sudden unexpected death (SUD), greatest in younger persons. 30-day case fatality after MI declined from 50% to 35% during this period.
Joint Equalization and Coding for On-Chip Bus Communication

In this paper, we propose using joint equalization and coding to improve on-chip communication speeds by signaling at rates beyond the rate governed by resistance-capacitance (RC) delay of the interconnect. Operating beyond the RC limit introduces inter-symbol interference (ISI). We mitigate the effects of ISI by employing equalization. The proposed equalizer employs a variable threshold inverter whose switching threshold is modified as a function of past output of the bus. We demonstrate even higher speedups by combining equalization with crosstalk avoidance coding. Specifically, simulation results for a 10-mm 32-bit bus in 0.13-mum CMOS technology show that 1.28 speedup is achievable by equalization alone and 2.30 speedup is achievable by joint equalization and coding.
What Immanence? What Transcendence? The Prioritization of Intuition Over Language in Bergson

(2004). What Immanence? What Transcendence? The Prioritization of Intuition Over Language in Bergson. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology: Vol. 35, Bergson Now, pp. 24-41.
Impact loading of an aluminum/alumina composite

La conjonction des demandes d'augmenter la resistance mecanique et de reduire le poids dans les applications modernes de la dynamique des structures requierent une comprehension approfondie des phenomenes d'impact dans les materiaux composites. Dans le but d'isoler et d'identifier les contributions individuelles du comportement d'un materiau composite, sous ces conditions, un programme experimental et theorique a ete mis en route pour examiner le comportement dynamique d'un compose aluminum/alumine constitue d'une matrice d'aluminum 6061-T6 contenant des inclusions elastiques et spheriques d'Al 2 O 3 (10 pour cent par volume, diametre moyen ∼25 microns)
Hormone specific phosphorylation and transformation of chicken oviduct progesterone receptor.

Abstract Phosphorylation of chick progesterone receptor (PR) was attempted by incubating tissue minces from estrogen-primed oviducts with ortho [ 32 P]phosphate in the absence and presence of different steroids. The phosphorylated PR was immunopurified from the cytosol using anti-PR monoclonal antibody αPR22 (Sullivan et al., 1986). Although all three known peptides of PR, peptides B (110K), A (79K) and the 90 kDa nonhormone binding peptide (heat shock protein, hsp-90), were phosphorylated, the presence of only progesterone increased the degree of phosphorylation of receptor peptides A and B and the dissociation of the hsp-90 from the PR heterooligomer. Other steroids, cortisol, estradiol and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) had no effect on the phosphorylation or on the dissociation of hsp-90 from the PR. Incubation of phosphorylated PR at 23°C or at 4°C with 0.3 M KCl or 10 mM ATP also caused dissociation of the hsp-90. Presence of progesterone in vitro increased dissociation of the hsp-90 and the subsequent PR binding to DNA-cellulose. Transformation in vivo or under cell free conditions did not alter the degree of phosphorylation of PR peptides A and B. Our results demonstrate that PR is phosphorylated in a hormone-specific manner and that its transformation by various agents leads to loss of the hsp-90 from the oligomeric structure without an apparent involvement of dephosphorylation.
Toward an integration of competencies for advanced practice mental health nursing

Abstract As new models of health care delivery evolve, the work of advanced practice nurses is growing in importance. Graduate programs in nursing have traditionally prepared advanced practice nurses for separate roles as clinical nurse specialists or as nurse practitioners. However, there are increasing trends toward the blurring of boundaries between these two types of advanced practice roles. Hence, a future blended role is projected by many nurse educators. The merger of clinical nurse specialist and nurse practitioner roles, however, requires corresponding shifts in academic programs. The purposes of this article are to discuss the need for a blended clinical specialist-nurse practitioner role in mental health, to identify populations of clients who would be served by a blended role provider, to discuss the competencies associated with such a role, and to share an approach to the preparation of advanced practice mental health specialist/practitioners.
Mulattoes and métis. Attitudes toward miscegenation in the United States and France since the seventeenth century

This essay surveys and compares American and French attitudes toward miscegenation or metissage since the extensive contacts with non-European peoples that began in the Atlantic world of the seventeenth century. It develops a typology of possible responses to such race mixture and argues that the English colonies that became the United States quickly developed a highly restrictive attitude toward racial intermarriage, especially between blacks and whites, that has persisted through most of American history and is still influential today. The French in the eighteenth, nineteenth and early-to-mid twentieth century often adhered to concepts of race as innate or biologically determined, but their attitudes toward interracial marriage or concubinage tended to be more pragmatic. In some situations French theorists of race and empire defended and even advocated certain forms of metissage. The difference can be summed up as follows: white Americans have historically pursued the ideal of racial purity with much more intensity and consistency than the French. The difference is best explained with reference to the unique status of African-Americans as a colour-coded pariah group with no real equivalent in metropolitan France.
Particulate titanium and cobalt-chrome metallic debris in failed total knee arthroplasty. A quantitative histologic analysis.

Histologic examination of synovial tissue from the revisions of six cobalt-chrome and six titanium alloy total knee arthroplasties was made. Aseptic polyethylene wear-through had resulted in metal-on-metal contact of bearing surfaces and was the primary indication for revision surgery in all knees. The cobalt-chrome alloy prostheses failed at the femorotibial articulation at a mean of 92 months, while the titanium prostheses experienced patellofemoral failure at a mean of 39 months after implantation. Neither alloy was associated with any meaningful inflammatory infiltrate, and cement debris was comparable in both groups. Titanium alloy knees generated significantly more metallic debris than the cobalt-chrome alloy knees (P < .001). Cobalt-chrome alloy knees had more polyethylene debris (P < .01) and a greater number of histiocytes (P < .005). Titanium and polyethylene debris were associated with a prominent giant cell reaction. Titanium exhibited greater abrasive wear and elicited a different cellular response than cobalt-chrome under conditions of polyethylene failure allowing metal-on-metal contact. The variability of this foreign body reaction may be due to important differences in particle size and number, as well as in the material properties of the two alloys.
Die Abweichungen vom Ohmschen Gesetz bei hohen Stromdichten im Lichte der Sommerfeldschen Elektronentheorie

Die Comptonsche Berechnung der freien Weglange der Leitungselektronen im Silber auf Grund der beobachteten Abweichungen vom Ohmschen Gesetz wird nach Masgabe der neuen Statistik modifiziert. Der so erhaltene Wert der freien Weglange stimmt befriedigend mit dem der Sommerfeldschen Theorie uberein und weicht erheblich vom klassischen ab.
Improved Adjusting Capacitor Method for Piezoelectric Frequency Tuning and Maximum Energy Harvesting

Energy harvesting refers to conversion of ambient energy into electrical energy. A typical way to accomplish this conversion is through the use of a piezoelectric harvester. This device produces a maximum power when its natural resonance frequency matches that of the ambient vibration. This property is the main limitation to developing many application. To address this restriction, it has been proposed by several investigators that a capacitor be connected in parallel to a piezoelectric cantilever as a method of electrical tuning. When such passive element is connected, the power decreases from its original value. In this paper an improvement to this approach is proposed. Once the tuning capacitor is connected, an inductor value is chosen such that conjugate impedance matching becomes reasonable and plugging this component can give an improvement for both the voltage and power generated. Capacitors of 0.2 μF to 1.5μF values were connected in parallel to a piezoelectric unimorph Type TH-7R with an inherent capacitance of 166 nF and a 208 Hz resonance frequency to develop a tuning range of four Hz. The harvested power during the tuning was proved to be correlated inversely to the shunt capacitor value. By connecting a 700 mH and 2 H inductors in parallel to the system, a significant improvement in power was obtained. In addition, a correlation between the resonance frequency and optimal load resistance with the shunt capacitor value has been studied. The results show that this innovative method is an efficient method for frequency tuning and maximum power extraction.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Exclusive dealing through resellers in auctions with stochastic bidder participation

This paper demonstrates that a seller prefers to exclude final consumers from an auction and sell only to resellers when these resellers can gain access, at a cost, to a sufficiently bigger market than the seller himself. The intuition is that resellers recoup their expenses for marketing the item by reselling it to final consumers. If some consumers participate in the first auction and are outbid by the resellers, then their values for the item are relatively low. Outbidding part of their customer base is “bad news” for the resellers, and this depresses their bids when consumers compete with them. The socially optimal and revenue-maximizing choices of auction format may not coincide: Restricting participation of consumers may be socially optimal but privately suboptimal and vice-versa. The results suggest that (i) the exclusion of final consumers in some auctions may not be driven by transaction cost considerations, and (ii) sellers should not necessarily sell directly to consumers, even though new technologies allow them to do so at essentially zero cost, unless they can access a sufficiently large portion of the market.
Male gender is associated with increased risk for postinjury pneumonia.

Nosocomial pneumonia in trauma patients is a significant source of resource utilization and mortality. We have previously described increased rates of pneumonia in male trauma patients in a single institution study. In that study, female trauma patients had a lower incidence of postinjury pneumonia but a higher relative risk for mortality when they did develop pneumonia. We sought to investigate the hypothesis that male trauma patients have an increased incidence of postinjury pneumonia in a separate population-based dataset. Prospective data were collected on 30,288 trauma patients (26,231 blunt injuries, 4057 penetrating injuries) admitted to all trauma centers (n = 26) in Pennsylvania over 24 months (January 1996 to December 1997). Gender differences in pneumonia were determined for the entire dataset. A second analysis examined all blunt injury patients and excluded all patients with a hospital length of stay less than 24 h, eliminating patients who expired early after admission. In trauma patients with minor injury (ISS 15), male trauma patients had a significantly increased incidence of postinjury pneumonia (ISS 15-30, male 8.85%, female 6.45%; ISS > 30, male 24.35%, female 17.30%). Logistic regression analysis of blunt trauma patients revealed that gender, ISS, injury type, admission Revised Trauma Score (RTS), admission respiratory rate, history of cardiac disease, and history of cancer were all independent predictors of pneumonia. Trauma patients with nosocomial pneumonia had a significantly higher mortality rate (P < 0.001) than patients without pneumonia. There was no gender-specific difference in mortality among pneumonia patients. Male gender is significantly associated with an increased incidence of postinjury pneumonia. In contrast to our initial study, there was no gender difference in postinjury pneumonia mortality rates identified in this population-based study.
Immunoglobulin degradation and D-penicillamine action

Treatment of human IgG with pancreatic elastase gave a product of higher molecular weight than IgG. Its formation was inhibited by blocking IgG sulfhydryl groups with iodoacetamide. Incubation of the high molecular weight product with either glutathione or D-penicillamine yielded Fab- and Fc-like fragments. Addition of oxidized glutathione to mixtures containing either reduced thiol gave a new product of molecular weight intermediate between the high molecular weight product and Fab- and Fc-like fragments. Oxidized D-penicillamine did not substitute for oxidized glutathione. This new product was formed under conditions that favor protein sulfhydryl-disulfide exchange. The effect of D-penicillamine on its formation was discussed in terms of D-penicillamine's mode of action in rheumatoid arthritis.
Altered phospholipid secretion in type II pneumocytes isolated from streptozotocin-diabetic rats

To study the effect of diabetes on pulmonary surfactant secretion, type II pneumocytes from adult streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were placed in short-term culture. As opposed to a linear secretory rate by control type II cells, the secretory rate of type II cells from diabetic animals was biphasic reaching a minimum at 1.5 h. When exogenous surfactant containing radioactive phosphatidylcholine was added to the incubation media for 1.5 h, the cells from diabetic animals incorporated more exogenous phosphatidylcholine into lamellar bodies than control cells. This suggests that in the type II cell from diabetic animals, the rate of reutilization is greater than the rate of secretion until 1.5 h, at which time the rate of secretion becomes greater. The altered secretory pattern was reversed by in vivo insulin treatment 30 min prior to killing but not by the addition of insulin to the incubation media. When challenged by isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, the secretory pattern of cells from diabetic animals was biphasic as observed with basal secretion; however, secretion was stimulated 30% as opposed to 100% increase in control cells. These data suggest that basal and stimulated secretion are altered in the cultured type II cell from diabetic animals and restored by in vivo but not in vitro insulin treatment.
An immunohistochemical study of the telencephalon of the senegal bichir (Polypterus senegalus)

The telencephalon in ray-finned fish (actinopterygians) is everted, in contrast to the evaginated telencephalic hemispheres in all other vertebrates. In the more derived ray-finned fish, the teleosts, proliferation of neurons and their migration from the ependymal zone of the pallium renders comparisons between telencephalic cell groups of the teleosts and members of other vertebrate groups extremely difficult. The telencephalon of Polypterus (a primitive living ray-finned fish), although everted, is cytoarchitecturally much simpler than that of teleosts. We have thus applied immunohistochemical techniques to the study of the telencephalon of Polypterus to help clarify the evolution of the telencephalon in teleosts and facilitate comparisons between the telencephalon in ray-finned fish and other vertebrates. Antisera against the following neuroactive substances were used: 1) serotonin (5HT), 2) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 3) substance P (SP), 4) leucine-enkephalin (ENK), 5) neuropeptide Y (NPY), and 6) the neurotensin-related hexapeptide LANT6. Several features of the labeling patterns obtained suggested that the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the area ventralis are homologous as a field to the basal ganglia and septum plus other basal telencephalic regions of land vertebrates, sharks and lungfish: 1) an abundance of SP +, NPY +, and ENK+ fibers; 2) an abundance of TH+ fibers, possibly of posterior tubercle/tegmental origin; 3) the presence of an SP + fiber bundle that appeared to descend from basal telencephalic levels and terminate in the posterior tubercle/tegmentum, which contain TH + (possibly dopaminergic) neurons; and 4) an abundance of 5HT+ fibers, presumably of posterior tubercle/tegmental origin. It was not possible, however, to recognize distinct pallidal and striatal subdivisions within the area ventralis of Polypterus. The olfactory pallium (Pl) was generally poor in most of the substances examined, except for the presence of LANT6+ fibers. The P3 pallid field was conspicuously rich in SP+ and ENK+ fibers throughout its extent, and the caudal and lateral parts of the P2 field were rich in SP+ fibers and ENK+ fibers. Since this is characteristic of the medial pallial and/or dorsomedial pallial walls of the telencephalon in lungfish, sharks, frogs, and reptiles, the P3 field and caudolateral part of the P2 field may be homologous to these portions of the telencephalon in other vertebrates. More rostromedial parts of P2 may correspond to those parts of the pallium in land vertebrates that are in receipt of specific sensory input from the thalamus, since low neuropeptide levels are characteristic of these regions. These results indicate that the dorsal part of the ventral area of the telencephalon in ray-finned fish may be homologous to the basal ganglia in other vertebrates. These results also suggest that the pallial portions of the telencephalon in Polypterus may include a region comparable to part of the isocortex or its homologues in amniotes. o 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quasi-primary fields and associativity of chiral algebras

As a step towards writing down associativity conditions for a general extended conformal algebra, we consider Jacobi's identity for a set of quasi-primary fields. In particular, we show that the identity for the subalgebra of operators which generate symmetries of the vacuum can be written in terms of Racah coefficients for su(2). The associativity condition for the full algebra is obtained in an explicit form by considering crossing symmetry of the four-point functions.
Chapter 13a. Human Antiparasitic Agents

Publisher Summary This chapter describes studies focusing on human antiparasitic agents. The binding of 8-aminoquinoline antimalarials to DNA comparable to that with chloroquine was analyzed. It was suggested that the effect on DNA function may be involved with antimalarial activity. Co-enzyme Q that is associated with the mitochondrial oxidation of DPNH and succinate and is present in the metabolism of the parasite was shown to be inhibited by chloroquine, primaquine, quinacrine, and menoctone, thus suggesting diversity of action for antimalarial drugs. Metachloridine was shown to be active in rodent malaria. It was less active than some of the newer sulfonamides, but was considerably less toxic. The phenazine derivative, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-isopropylimino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,5-dihydrophenazine, which was shown to have antileprosy activity in man, was found to be active against Plasmodium berghei. In another study, the antiamebic properties of metronidazole both in intestinal and hepatic infections were demonstrated. The results suggested that a high concentration of the drug is more important than duration of treatment. Doses of 1.2–2.4 g per day for five days were effective. Teclozan, a bis(dichoroacetamido) compound used for intestinal amebiasis, was investigated in a mental hospital as a prophylactic agent. In a six-month study, a weekly dose of 200–300 mg resulted in a reduced reinfection rate compared to a control group of untreated patients.
Running on Empty? How Folk Science Gets By With Less:

Despite having highly impoverished understandings of the world at the mechanistic level, children and adults alike have strong interests in mechanistic explanations. These interests in mechanisms may support the development of folk-scientific understandings by enabling even the very young to build a sense of causal patterns that exist far above the level of mechanisms. That sense of causal patterns then works in combination with strategies for identifying and evaluating both experts and their explanations, enabling lay people of all ages to supplement their highly incomplete knowledge by accessing and relying on the divisions of cognitive labor that exist in all cultures.
Bioluminescent countershading in midwater animals: evidence from living squid

Midwater squid respond to overhead illumination by turning on numerous downward-directed photophores; they turn off the photophores when overhead illumination is eliminated. The squid are invisible when the intensity of the photophores matches the intensity of the overhead illumination. These results strongly support the theory of ventral bioluminescent countershading.
Calmodulin antagonists inhibit apoptosis of CD4+ T-cells from patients with AIDS

Recent studies indicate that Fas and Fas ligand are involved in apoptosis of T-cells in HIV-infected patients. We have demonstrated that calcium/calmodulin is involved in Fas-mediated apoptosis in human T-cell lines transfected with HIV recombinant cDNA. In the present study, we examined spontaneous apoptosis of T-cells in vitro in peripheral blood obtained from 11 patients with AIDS and 8 HIV-seronegative normal donors and the effect of the calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperazine (TFP) or tamoxifen (TMX), on apoptosis. The results show that: (1) levels of spontaneous apoptosis were higher in PBMCs obtained from patients with AIDS than HIV-negative normal controls and the levels of apoptosis correlated with the severity of disease. (2) The accelerated apoptosis occurred predominantly in CD4+ cells in patients with AIDS. (3) Calmodulin antagonists inhibited the spontaneous apoptosis of CD4+ T-cells from patients with AIDS, which resulted in an increase in the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T-cells. (4) The inhibitory effect of calmodulin antagonists on apoptosis was more significant in patients with advanced disease (CDC category C) compared to less severe disease (CDC category B). These results indicate that calmodulin antagonists inhibit HIV-associated apoptosis of CD4+ T-cells, and imply that the calcium/calmodulin play important roles in mediating apoptosis of CD4+ T-cells induced by HIV infection.
Characteristics of falls and risk of hip fracture in elderly men.

The steep rise in hip fracture incidence rates with age is not fully explained by an increase in the frequency of falls or by reduction in bone mineral density, suggesting that circumstances of falls may also affect the risk of hip fracture. Previous studies conducted mainly among women have identified the importance of the orientation of a fall in the etiology of hip fracture. In this case–control study among men of 45 years and older, we evaluated how the circumstances of falls affect the risk of hip fracture. We compared 214 cases with hip fracture due to a fall with 86 controls who had fallen within the past year but did not sustain a hip fracture. As expected, in multivariable age-adjusted analyses men who reported hitting the hip/thigh in a fall had a markedly elevated risk of hip fracture (OR = 97.8; 95% CI = 31.7–302). Hitting the knee in a fall was associated with reduced risk (OR = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.09–0.67). Other factors that were associated with reduced risk of hip fracture among men who fell were more hours of physical activity in the past year (OR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.73–0.97, for each additional 4 h per week), a greater body mass index (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.40–0.90, for each additional 4 kg/m2), and a history of a fracture when age 45 years or older (OR = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.10–0.69). Reported lower limb dysfunction was associated with increased risk of hip fracture (OR = 6.41; 95% CI = 2.09–19.6) among fallers. The increased risk associated with hitting the hip/thigh in a fall and the reduced risk associated with high body mass index suggest that preventive efforts for older men at high risk might include protective hip pads to reduce the force on the hip in a fall. Exercise and strength training programs may also reduce the risk of hip fracture among men who fall.
Neighborhood Social Cohesion and Smoking among Legal and Unauthorized Brazilian Migrants in Metropolitan Boston

Tobacco smoking is estimated to be the largest preventable cause of mortality in the USA, but little is known about the relationship between neighborhood social environment and current smoking behavior or how this may differ by population and geography. We investigate how neighborhood social cohesion and disorder are associated with smoking behavior among legal and unauthorized Brazilian migrant adults using data from the 2007 Harvard-UMASS Boston Metropolitan Immigrant Health and Legal Status Survey (BM-IHLSS), a probabilistic household survey of adult Brazilian migrants. We employ logistic regression to estimate associations between neighborhood social cohesion, neighborhood disorder, and current smoking. We find that neighborhood-level social cohesion is associated with lower likelihood of being a current smoker (O.R. = .836; p < .05), and neighborhood disorder, measured as crime experienced in the neighborhood, is not associated with current smoking. Neighborhood population density, age, being male, and residing with someone who smokes are each positively associated with current smoking (p < .10). The health of participants’ parents at the age of 35, being married, and individual earnings are associated with a reduction in the probability of being a current smoker (p < .05). Migrant legal status and length of residence in the USA are not associated with current smoking. Our findings suggest that neighborhood social cohesion may be protective against smoking. Alternatively, neighborhood disorder does not appear to be related to current smoking among Brazilian migrants.
SIGNIFICANT X‐RAY FINDINGS IN SOME DERMATOSES

Summary Changes in bone, soft tissue and the digestive and urinary tracts as demonstrated by radiographic examination have been correlated with selected dermatoses. Roentgenologic findings, clinical signs, the histopathology, and other laboratory observations have been collected in a few of these, chosen to illustrate the value of multiple system examination. Roentgenograms may further substantiate the diagnosis as in tuberous sclerosis or Sturge Kalischer Weber Syndrome. Identification of the, skin disorder may compel search, often by radiographic examination, for the heralded neoplasm in adult-type acanthosis nigricans. Sometimes a skin lesion relates a less overt symptom to yield the diagnosis as in intussusception due to intestinal polyposis forecast by the mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation of Peutz Jeghers'syndrome. The presence of cutaneous signs and awareness of their established association with other systems may lead to the identification of the disorder as the syndrome of multiple nevoid basal-cell epithelioma, jaw cysts, and skeletal defects. Usually, however, the chief reward for selective radiographic examination is the establishment of the systemic nature of the dermatosis and the reminder once again specialization is neither isolation nor fragmentation. The subject, ‘Significant X-ray Findings in Some Dermatoses' was chosen for this very reason but quite aside and with apologies to Dylan Thomas I like to call it ‘Adventures in the Skin Trade’.
The relationship between local feature distributions and object recognition

• Edge filters can produce successful computational models (Bell & Sejnowskii, 1997) • Aligned orientations are important for contour detection (Field, Hayes & Hess, 1993) • Junctions may not be detected by local sensors (McDermott, 2004) •Regions of curvature may define important features (Biederman, 1987) •Junctions involved in judging shape, transparency, and reflectance (Malik, 1987) (Anderson, 1997) (Adelson, 1993) • Computational models of mid-level vision based upon junctions (Sajda &Finkel, 1995)
The Emergence of local capacity: Lessons from Colombia☆

Abstract The paper analyzes the process of capacity development in a sample of Colombian local governments which resulted from a strategy of state decentralization initiated in the mid-1980s. The central message of the study is that competition for political office opened the door to responsible and innovative leadership that, in turn, became the driving force behind capacity building efforts. More widespread community participation expanded the range of possibilities open to local governments and provided the basis to sustain capacity over time. The experience of these municipios suggests that capacity can be enhanced through skillful innovations even under difficult circumstances.
Normal growth and development with unrestricted protein intake after severe infantile propionic acidaemia

A child with propionic acidaemia, after a stormy infantile course complicated by microcephaly, has shown normal subsequent growth and development without dietary protein restriction.
Immunoadsorbent affinity purification of the fifth component (C5) of human complement and development of a highly sensitive hemolytic assay.

Abstract The fifth component of complement (C5) has been isolated from human serum in fully hemolytically active form by immunoadsorbent and anion exchange column chromatography. The immunoadsorbent column was prepared by the covalent coupling of the purified IgG fraction obtained from monospecific goat anti-human C5 antiserum to CNBr activated Sepharose 4B. Establishment of appropriate conditions for the dissociation and elution of functionally active C5 from the immunoadsorbent column was of central importance in the development of this purification procedure. The C5 preparations exhibited final yields of 20–50% with 570–710-fold purification factors based on recovery of specific hemolytic activity. These preparations were free of contaminating serum proteins as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoretic and immunochemical criteria. A C5-depleted reagent (C5D) was generated from the non-adsorbed protein containing fractions obtained subsequent to the passage of freshly drawn NHS plus 10 mM EDTA through the monospecific anti-C5 Sepharose 4B columb. Upon reconstitution of C5D with Ca2+, Mg2+, and Clq, this reagent was utilized for the detection and quantitation of C5 hemolytic activity. The purified C5 preparations contained 1.5 × 1012 effective molecules/mg protein and NHS expressed 0.5−2.0 × 1011 effective molecules/ml.
Dowling Geometries Representable over Rings

It is found that every Dowling geometry over a finite group G is also representable over some ring (or equivalently, over some skew partial field) if and only if G is a Frobenius Complement. These groups have been completely characterized.