cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Education and the Construction Industry: Graduated for Work in Construction

To point out what one civil engineering educator believes should be included in a modernized under-graduate curriculum to particularly benefit construction industry, this paper recommends that the coverage need not be all inclusive, yet it is desirable to study report writing, public speaking, basic sciences, engineering sciences, analysis, economics and management, and some humanities.
Distributed Randomized Kaczmarz and Applications to Seismic Imaging in Sensor Network

Many real-world wireless sensor network applications such as environmental monitoring, structural health monitoring, and smart grid can be formulated as a least-squares problem. In distributed Cyber-Physical System (CPS), each sensor node observes partial phenomena due to spatial and temporal restriction and is able to form only partial rows of least-squares. Traditionally, these partial measurements were gathered at a centralized location. However, with the increase in sensors and their measurements, aggregation is becoming challenging and infeasible. In this paper, we propose distributed randomized kaczmarz that performs in-network computation to solve least-squares over the network by avoiding costly communication. As a case study, we present a volcano monitoring application on a distributed CORE emulator and use real data from Mt. St. Helens to evaluate our proposed method.
The Sacromonte and the Geography of the Sacred in Early Modern Granada

In the last decades of the sixteenth century, a series of forged documents and supposed saints' relics were discovered in the Spanish city of Granada. This article examines how the Sacromonte, the site of the most prominent of the finds, became the symbolic landscape of Granadino spiritual identity. The relics and the miraculous events associated with them reconfigured the city's sacred geography, transforming a morisco holy site into a center of Christian holiness and a principal symbol of the religious aspects of early modem Granadino civic identity. This article also considers how this new sacred landscape found graphic expression in contemporary cartographic representations of Granada.
The random projection method

Random projection Combinatorial optimization: Rounding via random projection Embedding metrics in Euclidean space Euclidean embeddings: Beyond distance preservation Learning theory: Robust concepts Intersections of half-spaces Information retrieval: Nearest neighbors Indexing and clustering Bibliography Appendix.
Vertical accretion and shallow subsidence in a mangrove forest of southwestern Florida, U.S.A

Simultaneous measurements of vertical accretion from artificial soilmarker horizons and soil elevation change from sedimentation-erosion table(SET) plots were used to evaluate the processes related to soil building infringe, basin, and overwash mangrove forests located in a low-energy lagoonwhich receives minor inputs of terrigenous sediments. Vertical accretionmeasures reflect the contribution of surficial sedimentation (sedimentdeposition and surface root growth). Measures of elevation change reflectnot only the contributions of vertical accretion but also those ofsubsurface processes such as compaction, decomposition and shrink-swell. Thetwo measures were used to calculate amounts of shallow subsidence (accretionminus elevation change) in each mangrove forest. The three forest typesrepresent different accretionary environments. The basin forest was locatedbehind a natural berm. Hydroperiod here was controlled primarily by rainfallrather than tidal exchange, although the basin flooded during extreme tidalevents. Soil accretion here occurred primarily by autochthonous organicmatter inputs, and elevation was controlled by accretion and shrink-swell ofthe substrate apparently related to cycles of flooding-drying and/or rootgrowth-decomposition. This hydrologically-restricted forest did notexperience an accretion or elevation deficit relative to sea-level rise. Thetidally dominated fringe and overwash island forests accreted throughmineral sediment inputs bound in place by plant roots. Filamentous turfalgae played an important role in stabilizing loose muds in the fringeforest where erosion was prevalent. Elevation in these high-energyenvironments was controlled not only by accretion but also by erosion and/orshallow subsidence. The rate of shallow subsidence was consistently3–4 mm y–1 in the fringe and overwash island forests butwas negligible in the basin forest. Hence, the vertical development ofmangrove soils was influenced by both surface and subsurface processes andthe processes controlling soil elevation differed among forest types. The mangrove ecosystem at Rookery Bay has remained stable as sea levelhas risen during the past 70 years. Yet, lead-210 accretion data suggest asubstantial accretion deficit has occurred in the past century (accretionwas 10–20 cm < sea-level rise from 1930 to 1990) in the fringe andisland forests at Rookery Bay. In contrast, our measures of elevation changemostly equalled the estimates of sea-level rise and our short term estimatesof vertial accretion exceeded the estimates by the amount of shallowsubsidence. These data suggest that (1) vertical accretion in this system isdriven by local sea-level rise and shallow subsidence, and (2) the mangroveforests are mostly keeping pace with sea-level rise. Thus, the vulnerabilityof this mangrove ecosystem to sea-level rise is best described in terms ofan elevation deficit (elevation change minus sea-level rise) based on annualmeasures rather than an accretion deficit (accretion minus sea-level rise)based on decadal measures.
Transport Methods and Interactions for Space Radiations

A review of the program in space-radiation protection at the Langley Research Center is given. The relevant Boltzmann equations are given with a discussion of approximation procedures for space applications. The interaction coefficients are related to the solution of the many-body Schrodinger equations with nuclear and electromagnetic forces. Various solution techniques are discussed to obtain relevant interaction cross sections with extensive comparison with experiments. Solution techniques for the Boltzmann equations are discussed in detail. Transport computer code validation is discussed through analytical benchmarking, comparison with other codes, comparison with laboratory experiments, and measurements in space. Applications to missions to the Moon and Mars are discussed.
Discrete Choice Model of Agricultural Shipper's Mode Choice

This article presents disaggregate mode choice model for shippers of agricultural freight. We have used disaggregated revealed preference (RP) data of grain movement from elevators to develop the model. The utility function includes attributes of the modes, attributes of the shippers, and interaction between the two. We initially estimate the mode choice probability assuming the random component of the utility function to have logit distribution. Price agreement between shippers and carriers, variation of railcars availability, and variation of equipment ownership annul the assumptions of the logit model. To overcome this problem we introduced heteroscedastic extreme value model, probit model and mixed-logit model. Based on estimated McFadden’s likelihood ratio, it is observed that probit model is the best fit. We estimated demand elasticity to assess the sensitivity of mode choice probability to changes in cost of shipment, elevator capacity and quantity of shipment. To validate the model’s prediction accuracy we estimated hit ratio of the forecast mode choice for individual shipment; the result was satisfactory.
Evaluation of accuracy and precision of organ activity estimates from quantitative I-131 SPECT

611 Objectives: Estimating organ activities is essential in targeted radionuclide therapy treatment planning. A number of therapies involve I-131 labeled agents where septal penetration and scatter are significant factors. The goal of this work was to adapt quantitative SPECT (QSPECT) reconstruction methods that include various combinations of attenuation (A), scatter (S), and the geometric (G) or full (D) collimator-detector response for I-131 imaging and evaluate them for organ activity estimation. Methods: We used the realistic 3D NCAT phantom to model patient anatomy and organ activities based on I-131 Bexxar patient scans. Simulated projection data were generated using previously-validated Monte Carlo simulation techniques. We generated 50 projection datasets with independent, clinically realistic noise levels. Images were then reconstructed using the ordered subsets-expectation maximization (OS-EM) algorithm with A, AS, AGS or ADS compensation. The resulting images were evaluated in terms of the error and standard deviation (SD) of the organ activity estimates in the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen. Results: In almost all cases, the rankings of the compensation methods in terms of accuracy, from worst to best, was A, AGS, AS and ADS. All combinations of compensations except ADS and AS (in one organ) resulted in overestimation of organ activities by more than 10% for all organs, while the average error for ADS was better than 5% for all organs. In all cases, the percent SD was much smaller than the percent error. Conclusions: We conclude that the use of ADS compensation dramatically improves the accuracy of activity estimates in I-131 SPECT, and can provide errors in organ activity estimates better than 5%.
Low interleukin-2 synthesis by type 1 diabetics is regulated at the pretranslational level.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is believed to be a consequence of an autoimmune attack on β cells by T cells. We have previously reported that T cells from the majority of patients with IDDM produced decreased levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) following activation with phytohemagglutinin. In this study we began to characterize the basis for this defect. First, we tested whether the decreased IL-2 synthesis was due to the secretion of a factor which inhibited the ability of indicator cells to respond to IL-2 or which inhibited IL-2 release by responder cells. Second, we examined steady-state levels of IL-2 mRNA in IDDMs and controls. To make this feasible, given the limited number of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) available from our patients, we depended upon an approach which enabled the generation of large numbers of resting T cells, called G0/G1 cells, from small numbers of PBL. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that G0/G1 cells from IDDMs reproduced the IL-2 defect seen originally with PBL. Our results suggested that the secretion of inhibitory factors could not explain the IL-2 defect. A comparison of steady-state levels of IL-2 mRNA from activated T cells of IDDMs and age-matched controls, however, demonstrated lower levels of IL-2 mRNA in IDDMs compared to controls. Finally, we observed that the IL-2 mRNA in IDDM T cells was less stabile than that in the control cells, suggesting a possible mechanism for the defect.
Transition metal ion binding studies of carnosine and histidine: Biologically relevant antioxidants

Abstract Carnosine and histidine are biologically interesting antioxidants. In order to probe whether they exert their antioxidant effect through metal ion chelation, the Cu(II) ion chelating abilities of these compounds were measured by UV–vis spectroscopy. Both of these compounds showed 1:1 complexations with Cu(II) ions as shown by their Job's plot. The binding constants for histidine and carnosine, as determined by Benesi–Hildebrand method, at pH 7.84 ± 0.18, were found to be 71 and 1.1 M −1 , respectively. The unexpectedly lower binding constant values of carnosine show the relatively minor role of the transition metal ion chelation in their antioxidant abilities.
Insulin and human adipose tissue in vitro: A brief review

Abstract The metabolic differences between rat and human adipose tissue have been briefly reviewed. In addition, newer studies have been discussed on hormonal control of glucose metabolism by human adipose tissue in vitro. Contrary to earlier reports, human adipose tissue does appear to be quite sensitive to physiologic doses of insulin, particularly in children under 15 years of age. With advancing age, a gradual insulin insensitivity develops, most pronounced over the age of 50. At present, one can only speculate how this may correlate with the increased incidence of obesity and/or diabetes in the older population. Failure to observe an insulin effect on human adipose tissue in vitro had previously led to the assumption that in man the liver may play a major role in lipid synthesis from glucose; however, the more recent data would place emphasis back in adipose tissue.
Case report: Computed tomography findings in spinal arachnoiditis ossificans

Spinal arachnoiditis ossificans is rarely diagnosed radiologically. We present such a case with its spinal computed tomography findings, the second such case reported in the radiology literature.
Radical cascade transformations of tris(o-aryleneethynylenes) into substituted benzo[a]indeno[2,1-c]fluorenes.

Oligomeric o-aryleneethynylenes with three triple bonds undergo cascade radical transformations in reaction with a Bu3SnH/AIBN system. These cascades involve three consecutive cycle closures with the formation of substituted benzo[a]indeno[2,1-c]fluorene or benzo[1,2]fluoreno[4,3-b]silole derivatives. The success of this sequence depends on regioselectivity of the initial attack of the Bu3Sn radical at the central triple bond of the o-aryleneethynylene moiety. The cascade is propagated through the sequence of 5-exo-dig and 6-exo-dig cyclizations which is followed by either a radical attack at the terminal Ar substituent or radical transposition which involves H-abstraction from the terminal TMS group and 5-endo-trig cyclization. Overall, the transformation has potential to be developed into an approach to a new type of graphite ribbons.
Chaotic two-mode lasing

Abstract We consider a homogeneously broadened, two-mode laser under conditions of rapid relaxation of off-diagonal density-matrix elements. Treating as an example the case of two transverse modes, we show that a spatially inhomogeneous pumping rate in such a laser can give rise to chaotic emission.
Mapping patterns of local recurrence after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A new approach to adjuvant radiation field design

Purpose To generate a map of local recurrences after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and to model an adjuvant radiation therapy planning treatment volume (PTV) that encompasses a majority of local recurrences. Methods and Materials Consecutive patients with resectable PDA undergoing PD and 1 or more computed tomography (CT) scans more than 60 days after PD at our institution were reviewed. Patients were divided into 3 groups: no adjuvant treatment (NA), chemotherapy alone (CTA), or chemoradiation (CRT). Cross-sectional scans were centrally reviewed, and local recurrences were plotted to scale with respect to the celiac axis (CA), superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and renal veins on 1 CT scan of a template post-PD patient. An adjuvant clinical treatment volume comprising 90% of local failures based on standard expansions of the CA and SMA was created and simulated on 3 post-PD CT scans to assess the feasibility of this planning approach. Results Of the 202 patients in the study, 40 (20%), 34 (17%), and 128 (63%) received NA, CTA, and CRT adjuvant therapy, respectively. The rate of margin-positive resections was greater in CRT patients than in CTA patients (28% vs 9%, P =.023). Local recurrence occurred in 90 of the 202 patients overall (45%) and in 19 (48%), 22 (65%), and 49 (38%) in the NA, CTA, and CRT groups, respectively. Ninety percent of recurrences were within a 3.0-cm right-lateral, 2.0-cm left-lateral, 1.5-cm anterior, 1.0-cm posterior, 1.0-cm superior, and 2.0-cm inferior expansion of the combined CA and SMA contours. Three simulated radiation treatment plans using these expansions with adjustments to avoid nearby structures were created to demonstrate the use of this treatment volume. Conclusions Modified PTVs targeting high-risk areas may improve local control while minimizing toxicities, allowing dose escalation with intensity-modulated or stereotactic body radiation therapy.
PROTECTION AFFORDED BY WC3 ROTAVIRUS VACCINE AGAINST NATURAL (PREDOMINANTLY SEROTYPE 1) ROTAVIRUS INFECTION IN A PLACEBO-BLINDED EFFICACY TRIAL

WC3 rotavirus vaccine or a placebo preparation was administered to 104 infants aged 3-12 months from Sept. 1985 to Jan. 1986 in a suburban Phila. middle class population. Infants were given a single dose of WC3 vaccine (107.3 pfu) or placebo and were monitored daily for one week for vaccine sequelae. Active surveillance for rotavirus diarrhea was performed until June, 1986. Sequelae observed during 7 days post vaccination for vaccine (V) and placebo (P) groups were: loose stools: 12%V, 9%P; vomiting: 10%V, 6%P; fever (≥100.6°): 16%V, 11%P; irritability: 41%V, 44%P; the observed differences were not statistically significant. Rotavirus-associated diarrhea occurred between Jan. and May, 1986 in 14/55 placebo recipients and 3/49 vaccinees (protection rate = 76%, p = <0.02). Clinical scoring of gastroenteritis (GE) revealed an incidence of moderate to severe rotavirus disease of 11/55 in (P) recipients and 0/49 in (V) (protection = 100%, p = <0.001). A rotavirus strain that was isolated and identified as serotype 1 was associated with 14/17 cases of rotavirus diarrhea. Preliminary serological data suggests that serotype 1 or serotype 3 rotavirus infection also occurred in approximately 20% of infants in whom rotavirus GE was not detected, in both vaccine and placebo groups. The results suggest that WC3 vaccine protects against severe rotavirus disease and may also protect against rotavirus infection.
Characterization of the infections of permissive and nonpermissive cells by host range mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus defective in RNA methylation.

Two host range mutants of VSV, hr 1 and hr 8, which, unlike the wild-type virus, have a mRNA methylation defect and direct the in vitro synthesis of full-length capped but unmethylated viral mRNAs have been described previously (S.M. Horikami and S.A. Moyer, 1982, Proc. Natl, Acad. Sci. USA 79, 7694-7698). It is shown that the in vivo nonpermissive infection of HEp-2 cells by either of these two mutants is characterized by the reduced synthesis of full-length mRNAs at levels characteristic of primary transcription and the total lack of synthesis of genome-length RNA. The VSV mRNAs synthesized by either mutant in HEp-2 cells are not translated either in vivo or in vitro in mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Subsequent isolation and analysis of the mRNAs from infected HEp-2 cells has shown that the 5' termini of the messages contain a cap structure which is guanylylated, but unmethylated (GpppA), a finding that might account for the lack of translatability. Hence these mutants are unable to properly methylate mRNAs whether they are synthesized in vitro or in vivo within nonpermissively infected cells. It is also shown that unlike hr 1, the undermethylation of mRNA synthesized by hr 8 is partially reversible by the addition of high levels of AdoMet in vitro. It is interesting to note, therefore, that permissive baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells have a 10-fold higher level of endogenous AdoMet than the nonpermissive HEp-2 cells. Unlike singly infected cells, the coinfection of HEp-2 cells with either hr mutant and a poxvirus yields a permissive infection for these two host range mutants. Analysis of the VSV mRNAs produced in vivo under the conditions of rescue reveals the presence of fully methylated caps (7mGppp(m)Am), suggesting that poxvirus may rescue the mutants by converting the VSV mRNAs to a translationally active form due to methylation by the cytoplasmic poxvirus mRNA methyltransferase enzymes. Both mutants are, however, able to grow normally in permissive BHK cells. An analysis of the translationally active mRNAs from infected permissive cells shows the presence primarily of a 5'-monomethylated cap, 7mGpppA. Finally, we have examined the nonpermissive infections of two other host range mutants of VSV (hr 5 and hr 7). Unlike mutants hr 1 and hr 8 described above, these two mutants synthesize mRNA in HEp-2 cells which is translated both in vivo and in vitro.
Raman scattering and luminescence polarization anisotropy in porous Si

Polarization anisotropy of the phonon and luminescence bands are observed in porous Si of different porosity. The depolarization ratio r, defined as ((Ixy−Ixx)/(Ixx+Ixy)), of the t2g phonon (521 cm−1) peak in crystalline Si decreases from 1 to 0.1 with increasing porosity. This is attributed to the increasing disorder in high porosity films. On annealing the 70% porosity sample at higher temperatures in air, the value of ρ decreases from 0.5 to 0.3 which is indicative of an increasing disorder in Si nanostructures. We believe that Si crystallites form a random network structure surrounded by a thick SiO2 matrix upon annealing, and the Si phonon mode becomes depolarized as it is observed in amorphous Si. A small (5%) excitation wavelength dependence of ρ is detected. The luminescence polarization anisotropy is only detected (∼8%) at shorter excitation wavelengths. This indicates that the dipole created by the electron-hole pair gets randomly oriented possibly owing to the irregular shapes and sizes of the nanocrystallites; a phonon-mediated recombination of the exciton also depolarizes the emission.
THE ENERGY ACQUIRED BY THE ATMOSPHERE OVER THE OCEANS THROUGH CONDENSATION AND THROUGH HEATING FROM THE SEA SURFACE

Abstract Making use of previously derived seasonal and annual values of sensible heat exchange and precipitation for the oceans, charts have been prepared which show the total energy acquired by the atmosphere over the North Atlantic and North Pacific through the conduction of sensible heat from the sea surface and through the condensation of water vapor. The winter values for the total energy have been compared with Wexler's (1944) values for the total heat acquired by the atmosphere within the layer from the surface to 3 km over the northern hemisphere during February. An excellent agreement is found between the two sets of values within the western Atlantic area. However, a difference chart of the two sets of data indicates that Wexler obtains higher values in the far western and southeastern portions of the oceans but lower values over the central and northeastern portions of the oceans. An analysis of the problem leads to the conclusion that the two quantities arrived at by different methods should a...
A CO2 Charged Asthenosphere

Solubility considerations lead to a model of the asthenosphere which contains a CO2-rich liquid phase. The model explains variations in the asthenosphere between ocean and shield areas.
Recent Advances in Research on Cognition and Emotion in OCD: A Review

The cognitive model of OCD suggests that misinterpreting intrusive thoughts as unacceptable leads to increased anxiety and attempts to suppress or ignore the thoughts through avoidance or compulsive rituals. An insidious negative feedback loop develops as one's attention focuses on these thoughts and in turn the unwanted thoughts do not respond to efforts to avoid or suppress. This article is a current review of the research on cognitive processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We review research that has (1) empirically validated the theoretical underpinnings of the cognitive model, (2) altered maladaptive cognitive processes through state-of-the-art experimental procedures, (3) refined our understanding of the relationship between obsessive beliefs and OC symptoms and (4) examined how underlying traits (e.g., anxiety and disgust sensitivity) relate to the development and maintenance of OCD. We discuss the clinical implications of this research.
Construction of a regional cerebral blood flow probe using a Peltier device.

Abstract A commercially available Peltier device has been used to construct a probe for the determination of regional cerebral blood flow in experimental animals. The Peltier device provides a hot and a cold brass surface for application to the exposed cortex. Blood flowing through the tissue affects the temperature of the hot and cold plates in different directions whereas a change in ambient temperature affects the two plates equally. A thermocouple attached to each plate and connected in series monitors the differential temperature. The output of the flow probe is stable and very sensitive to changes in cerebral blood flow, but is not linear.
Abstract PR05: Reversing the oncogenic roles of misdirected chromatin remodeling: Disruption of mSWI/SNF (BAF) complexes by the SS18-SSX fusion in human synovial sarcoma

Recent exon- and genome-wide sequencing studies of human cancers have revealed frequent mutations in genes encoding subunits of mSWI/SNF or BAF complexes and implicated them as tumor suppressors. Indeed, we estimate that they are mutated in >20% of human cancers (Kadoch et al, Nature Genetics 2013). Interestingly, the subunits most commonly mutated are not required for chromatin remodeling in vitro and thus may contribute to chromatin regulation in a novel way. One difficultly in understanding the oncogenic role(s) of these complexes is distinguishing primary driving mutations from passenger mutations. To investigate the mechanism underlying oncogenesis, we studied human synovial sarcoma (SS), in which transformation results from a remarkably precise and uniform translocation of exactly 78 amino acids of SSX (SSX1, 2 or 4) to the SS18 protein. In a proteomic study we discovered that SS18 is a dedicated, non-exchangeable subunit of BAF complexes. We demonstrate that the hallmark SS18-SSX fusion incorporates into BAF complexes, evicting both the wild-type SS18 protein and the tumor suppressor, hSNF5 (BAF47), which is known to be biallelically inactivated in malignant rhabdoid tumors. The altered complex binds the Sox2 locus, reversing polycomb-mediated H3K27me3 repression and activating Sox2. Sox2 is uniformly expressed in SS tumors and is essential for proliferation. Remarkably, increasing the concentration of wild-type SS18 leads to reassembly of wild-type complexes, retargeting of BAF complexes, returned polycomb-mediated repression at the Sox2 locus and cessation of SS cell proliferation. This mechanism of transformation depends on a two amino acid hydrophilic region of SSX and hence provides a potential foundation for therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Cigall Kadoch, Gerald R. Crabtree. Reversing the oncogenic roles of misdirected chromatin remodeling: Disruption of mSWI/SNF (BAF) complexes by the SS18-SSX fusion in human synovial sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr PR05.
Pulverized coal combustion: The influence of flame temperature and coal composition on thermal and fuel NOx

A laboratory combustor was used to investigate the factors that influence the conversion of fuel nitrogen in coal during coal combustion. Fuel NO was isolated by experimentation utilizing Argon/Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide mixtures as the oxidant, and care was taken to compare cases with air at matched conditions. For both well mixed and slowly mixed flame types, fuel NO contributed over 75% of the total NO emissions for all conditions examined. Fuel NO was insensitive to temperature changes except when the adiabatic flame temperatures were above 2480°K (4000°F). At the highest adiabatic flame temperature, 2580°K (4200°F), a 10% increase in fuel NO was observed. Four different coals and one coal char were investigated. Fuel NO could not be correlated with fuel nitrogen content alone, even though aerodynamic conditions were kept constant. Fuel nitrogen conversion to NO during pulverized char combustion was 12–16% at a stoichiometric ratio of 1.15 compared to 28% for a pulverized coal of the same nitrogen content. Furthermore, in contrast to the coal results, NO emissions from char combustion were not greatly influenced by changes in injector design. The implication is that although conversion of fuel nitrogen to NO may be relatively low during the char burnout regime of coal combustion, the residual “char NO” may be especially resistant to abatement by modifications of the burner aerodynamics.
Patches and the responses of lake benthos to sunfish nest-building.

Males of three sunfish species (Centrarchidae) construct nests for spawning and often share them sequentially in the littoral zone of a 4-hectare lake in New York State. To determine spatial and temporal effects of this reproductive behavior on zoobenthos in “patches,” I sampled bottom assemblages from inside nests and from adjacent (<1 m from nest perimeter), relatively undisturbed sites during the reproductive season of 1986 and immediately prior to nest-building in 1987. The reproductive behaviors of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus), and pumpkinseeds (L. gibbosus) altered relative abundances and significantly decreased benthic invertebrate diversity and density. These effects were extremely pronounced during the reproductive season and were partially detectable the following year. Community changes were probably the result of both bioturbation (modification of sediment size and organic content) and predation. The ecosystem-wide effects of nest-building are evaluated in terms of the number, distribution, and longevity of patches.
Dependence of benzyl alcohol loss on C‐terminal amino acid in tandem mass spectrometry of N‐protected tripeptides

The effect of the basicity and chain length of the C-terminal amino acid on the fragmentation of N-protected tripeptides was investigated with a hybrid tandem instrument. Positive-ion unimolecular decomposition and colisionally activated decomposition studies on the [M + H]+ ions of a series of N-benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz or Z)-protected tripeptides, Cbz–Gly–Leu–Xxx–OMe and Cbz–Gly–Pro–Xxx–OMe, where Xxx = Arg, Lys, Orn, Gln and Glu, indicate that substitution of leucine with proline at the second position in the tripeptides facilitates the loss of benzyl alcohol (108 u) from the precursor. Additionally, higher gas-phase basicity and longer chain length of the C-terminal side-chain group promote the formation of the [M + H – 108]+ ion.
Application Of Fiber Optics In Spacecraft

The unique requirements placed on an optical fiber data system in space are briefly reviewed in this paper. These include temperature extremes, particle radiation, and, in some cases, a stringent electrical power budget. An overriding need is for the best possible reliability. Results related to the power consumption of a fiber terminal pair are reported, with the conclusion that a 32-port transmission star bus configuration could be operated error-free at 10 Mbits/s on 1/8 watt per transmitting terminal. The design of a transmitter terminal optimized for low idling power consumption is discussed. Although the electronic elements on a spacecraft are protected, the fiber cable may be subjected to large temperature extremes. Measured effects of temperature on fibers and cables are discussed and related to bus design. Radiation effects are briefly reviewed, with special reference to the long-duration low dose rate environment of a spacecraft.
First-principles study of multiple order-disorder transitions in Cd2AgAu Heusler alloys.

The bcc-based Heusler alloys exhibit a series of order-disorder phase transitions as a function of temperature. The high-temperature phase is a disordered bcc solid solution, and the low-temperature phase is the Heusler structure. An intermediate ordered phase is also typically observed in real systems. A prototype cluster variation method (CVM) analysis is presented that shows that the relative stabilities of the Heusler and intermediate phases can vary continuously, depending on a fine balance between ordering tendencies in the constituent binary systems. Given these basic conclusions, a first-principles analysis of order-disorder transitions in ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}$AgAu was performed. A cluster expansion Hamiltonian was constructed based on a series of linearized muffin-tin orbital calculations in the atomic sphere approximation. CVM calculations were then performed in the ternary bcc tetrahedron approximation. In addition to the transition temperatures, long-range order parameters, and sublattice occupations for ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}$AgAu, an isoplethal section of the ternary phase diagram was also calculated. In general, agreement with experiment is excellent, given the first-principles nature of the calculation. This study clearly demonstrates the ability of first-principles statistical-mechanical calculations to treat complex ordering phenomena in ternary systems. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Pressure-induced disproportionation in CuBr

Abstract CuBr has been pressurized to 8.3 GPa in four separate runs. Prima facie evidence of pressure-induced disproportionation of cuprous bromide into cupric bromide has been observed on release of pressure from 7 GPa. Evidence is also seen of a phase change in CuBr2 above 5.5 GPa.
Evaluation of Evaluation '85

Summary Overall, Evaluation '85 was viewed by the participants in a very positive manner. A high percentage of pre-session participants were satisfied or very satisfied with the quality of their sessions. The most popular features of Evaluation '85 (paper presentation, panels/symposia, and invited speakers) were rated as effective. The exhibits at Evaluation '85 were less favorably viewed by the participants.
A case of rheumatoid arthritis and anthrax vaccination

Abstract Rationale To report a new association of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) following anthrax vaccination. Methods A 42 year old Caucasian Avionics Master Sergeant with history of arrhythmia after ASD repair developed stiffness followed by pain of his knees and all proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints starting day 5 after the first anthrax vaccine dose. Chills, fever, joint and neck pain with nodule at injection site occurred with Dose 2. Dose 3 associated with fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, neck, hand, and shoulder pain. Doses 2 and 3 were coupled with Typhoid Vi and Yellow Fever respectively with no known prior adverse reaction to either vaccine. Symptoms of pain and stiffness persisted for 9 months with anorexia and 6.8 kg weight loss. Vaccination was terminated after the third dose. Results Physical exam revealed swelling of bilateral PIP joints with presence of Bouchard's nodules. CBC was normal, Rheumatoid Factor 198, ESR 53, ANA negative, CRP 2.7, anti CCP antibody 168 (detected by ELISA, indicates recent onset of RA). X Rays reveal mild degenerative changes of hands and knees bilaterally. Conclusions Anthrax Vaccine was licensed in 1970 and is currently used to protect against biological warfare. No prior association with RA has been documented. Predictable reactions include skin redness, swelling at the injection site with rare malaise, arthralgia, and myalgia. Anti Squalene antibodies (ASA), an experimental vaccine adjuvant found in some anthrax vaccines has been implicated in Gulf War Syndrome characterized by multisystemic symptoms, and autoimmune diseases in experimental animals. Further studies are required to implicate ASA with RA.
Spectacle and Contact Lens Wearing Six Years after Radial Keratotomy in the Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy Study

Background: Patients in the Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy (PERK) Study stated that a major reason for obtaining radial keratotomy was to see without dependence on corrective lenses. The authors examined lens-wearing patterns 6 years after surgery. Methods: Of the 435 patients in the PERK Study, the authors analyzed the responses of 328 (75.4%) who elected to have surgery on both eyes, who completed a questionnaire at 6 years, and for whom visual acuity and cycloplegic refraction were available. Results: Sixty-four percent (106/167) of patients younger than 40 years of age and 38% (64/161) of patients older than 40 years of age wore no lenses for distance or near vision. The proportion of time lenses were worn increased with age for those who wore them for close work only (from 18% younger than 40 years of age to 25% older than 40 years of age) and decreased with age for those who wore them for distance only (from 41% to 27%). The authors examined the visual acuity and refractive error criteria for patients to be free of distance lenses. Of the 359 patients who saw 20/20 or better uncorrected in one or both eyes, 77% (n = 198) wore no distance correction, whereas of the 53 patients who saw 20/25 to 20/40 in both eyes or their best eye, only 34% (n = 18) wore no distance correction. Of the 72 patients with a residual refractive error of ±0.50 diopters (D) in both eyes, 85% (n = 61) wore no distance correction, whereas of the 87 patients with ±1.00 D in both eyes, only 39% (n = 34) wore no distance correction. Of the 328 patients, 60% (n = 197) were highly satisfied with the results of surgery, and satisfaction was primarily predicted by having a visual acuity 20/20 or better in at least one eye and not wearing spectacles for distance vision. Before surgery, 57% of patients reported worrying about their eyesight and 47% reported restrictions in activities because of their eyes; these rates dropped to 31% and 9%, respectively, at 6 years. Of the 328 patients, 74% (n = 243) said their preoperative goals were completely met and 94% (n = 308) said they would have radial keratotomy again. Conclusion: The use of 20/40 uncorrected visual acuity and a residual refractive error of ±1.00 D were insensitive criteria for evaluating distance spectacle independence. The ability to function without lenses increased substantially only when patients had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better in at least one eye, and a refractive error within ±0.50 D.
An analysis of the reliability and validity of the Ishihara color plates with mentally retarded males.

Summary.-The Ishihara Color Plates were administered to 69 institutionalized mentally retarded boys to determine the test's reliability and validity. The results indicated the test has high internal consistency, but the diagnostic stability and validity are too low for accurate screening. Post published "all data on sex-linked color vision deficiency based on the Ishihara Plates" (1962, p. 135). For 33 European, British and United States samples he found a rate of about 8.0%. This figure has been generally accepted as an accurate estimate of the prevalence rate of color blindness in the general population. Recent studies by Archer (1964), Krause (1967) and Salvia (1969) have indicated that the 8 0% may not be accurate for a specific sample of the general population, mentally retarded children. Archer tested 1008 mentally retarded children in Colorado public schools and found a prevalence rate of 30.9% for the boys. Krause tested 609 mentally retarded children and found a male prevalence rate of 22.3%. Salvia compared the percentages of mentally retarded children identified as color blind by four different tests. In a sample of 100 institutionalized retarded children, the HRR Pseudoisochromatic Plates identified 36.0% of the children as color blind; the Dvorine Numbers identified 34.0% as color blind; the Dvorine Trails identified 33.0% as color blind; the Farnsworth Test identified 20.96 of the sample as color blind. Intercorrelations among the four tests ranged from .38 to .75. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the reliability (stability and internal consistency) and criterion validity of the Ishihara Color Plates with boys of low intelligence. Moreover, since individual plates are considered important indices of both the degree and type of defect, they are examined for stability and validity. METHOD All of the males in the specified chronological age range 8.0 to 16-11 whose IQs (from the institutional records) were between 40 and 75 were selected from the population of students at Lincoln State School, Lincoln, Illinois. An additional 17 children who met the above criteria were selected from the population of students at the A. L. Bowen Center, Harrisburg, Illinois. Sixty-nine students participated in the study, two having been eliminated, one because he was a cerebral palsied child, the other because of questionable visual acuity. The 69 Ss received all of the Ishihara plates, the Peabody Picrure Vocabulary Test
Single and double mode-locked ring dye lasers - Theory and experiment

A computer model is made of the colliding-pulse ring dye laser for mode-locked production of short pulses. Initial conditions of either noise or a small CW oscillation eventually result in the same final solution. Resolution is 10 ps in the model, and a digital filter represents dispersion. A gain-sharing long pulse mode often results, but large effective absorption cross section in the mode-locking dye and optimum separation of the two dyes (one quarter of the total resonator length) favor the desired short pulse formation. The model does not include the transient grating effect. Experiments with a ring laser using rhodamine 6G and DODCI confirmed the parameters important to the two regions. Double mode locking, in which the mode-locking dye also lases, was also studied both in the model and experimentally. It is not yet clear if the advantages of colliding pulse mode locking apply to double mode locking.
Administration Order Effects on the Test of Memory Malingering

Using a sample of 72 university students, we determined whether administering the Boston Naming Test (BNT) before the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) affects scores on the latter test and whether administration of a visual test during the interval between TOMM Trial 2 and the TOMM Retention Trial (TOMM-R) influences results on TOMM-R. Four orders of administration were used. A series of nonparametric tests indicated that when the BNT was given before the TOMM, a lower median TOMM Trial 1 (TOMM-1) score emerged. However, of the 36 participants who completed the BNT prior to administration of the TOMM, only one achieved a score < 45 on TOMM-1. There were no other significant findings. Overall, the results suggest that order of test administration is probably not a determinant of TOMM scores.
Experimental evidence on the effect of earnings targets on managers' estimates in the financial statements

Abstract This paper reports on an experiment designed to provide evidence on whether external earnings targets, such as those imposed by analysts, influence managers' judgments about (and the related accuracy of) the value of assets/liabilities reported in the financial statements. Data from the experiment indicate that higher earnings targets result in managers reporting higher estimates of profitability/asset values, but also produce larger errors in estimating those amounts. The biased estimates and related errors are a result of managers being overly optimistic about their ability to generate outcomes that fully support their estimates. In addition, data indicate that managers, over-time, learn to make better estimates, but the relation between targets, estimates, and estimation errors persists. All of this occurred in a setting in which there were financial incentives to produce the most accurate estimates possible—nothing was to be gained by deliberately biasing estimates. This suggests that the earnings targets affected managers' judgment about amounts to be reported in the financial statements, and led to sub-conscious biases that produced results causing managers' estimates to be erroneously correlated with external earnings targets.
Microdynamic Characterization of Modal Parameters for a Deployable Space Structure

Results are presented from an experimental investigation of the microdynamics of deployable space structures. The dynamic response of a representative deployable truss at submicrostrain levels of vibration was characterized in terms of modal parameters. The test article was subjected to stepped-sine sweeps through its fundamental flexible modes over a range of excitation amplitudes. High-sensitivity piezoceramic strain sensors were used in conjunction with a lock-in amplifier to measure the truss response from tens of microstrain down to one nanostrain. The results show that the values of modal frequency and damping ratio are strain dependent at high response amplitudes and strain independent at low amplitudes. It is inferred that, at microdynamic levels of excitation, the internal loads needed to overcome the joint friction are not attained. The nonlinear mechanisms in the deployable structure are, thus, not activated, resulting in a linear truss response.
The Quality of Care of International Medical Graduates: How does it Compare to that of U.S. Medical Graduates?

This article reviews the literature on the quality of care provided by foreign-trained physicians (international medical graduates or IMGs) compared with that of U.S. medical graduates (USMGs). As concerns are raised about IMGs in the U.S. physician workforce, there are suggestions that IMGs do not deliver care equal in quality to that of USMGs. The review of process and outcome studies finds little support for this claim. However, lower IMG levels of performance on structural measures of quality like credentialing examinations exist and may indicate quality differences. Because no consistent evidence exists that there is a connection between IMG test scores and process or outcome measures of quality of care, whether test scores matter in clinical practice and its outcome is uncertain. Until research shows the contrary, one should be cautious in accepting IMG-USMG quality arguments to support policy to reduce the size of the IMG component of the physician workforce.
The effect of ionizing radiation on deoxyribonuclease activities of body fluids. I. The effect of total body exposure on the urinary excretion of deoxyribonucleases.

Abstract 1. 1. Some of the properties of urinary DNases of the rat have been described. 2. 2. It has been shown that there is increased acid and neutral DNase activity in the urine of rats exposed to total body x-rays.
Economic Issues in Faculty Retirement Plans in American Higher Education Institutions.

Abstract Almost every faculty member in an American college or university has a contractual arrangement for retirement income. In recent years a number of factors have encouraged both faculty members and institutional administrators to consider the features of their retirement plans including changes in the assets in which funds are accumulated while the faculty member is working, options for payout at retirement, early retirement incentives, and whether it will be legal to have a mandatory retirement age. This paper explores these issues and suggests possible changes in retirement plans and employment contracts as a result of them.
Tactile MEMS-based sensor for delicate microsurgery

This paper presents development of a new MEMS-based tactile microsensor to replicate the delicate sense of touch in robotic surgery. Using an epoxy-based photoresist, SU-8, as substrate, the piezoresistive type sensor is flexible, robust, and easy to fabricate in mass. Sensor characteristic tests indicate adequate sensitivity and linearity, and the multiple sensor elements can match full range of surgical tissue stiffness. Such characteristic nearly match the most delicate sense of touch at the human fingertip. It is expected such a sensor is essential for delicate surgeries, such as handling delicate tissues and microsurgery.
Global governance and legitimacy

My topic is the legitimacy of global governance institutions. I will try in this comment to propose some general standards for the legitimacy of these institutions, and to apply these standards to ...