cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a Global Evolutionary Model of Protoplanetary Disks

A global evolution picture of protoplanetary disks (PPDs) is key to understanding almost every aspect of planet formation, where standard alpha-disk models have been constantly employed for its simplicity. In the mean time, disk mass loss has been conventionally attributed to photoevaporation, which controls disk dispersal. However, a paradigm shift towards accretion driven by magnetized disk winds has been realized in the recent years, thanks to studies of non-ideal magneto-hydrodynamic effects in PPDs. I present a framework of global PPD evolution aiming to incorporate these advances, highlighting the role of wind-driven accretion and wind mass loss. Disk evolution is found to be largely dominated by wind-driven processes, and viscous spreading is suppressed. The timescale of disk evolution is controlled primarily by the amount of external magnetic flux threading the disks, and how rapidly the disk loses the flux. Rapid disk dispersal can be achieved if the disk is able to hold most of its magnetic flux during the evolution. In addition, because wind launching requires sufficient level of ionization at disk surface (mainly via external far-UV radiation), wind kinematics is also affected by far-UV penetration depth and disk geometry. For typical disk lifetime of a few Myrs, the disk loses approximately the same amount of mass through the wind as through accretion onto the protostar, and most of the wind mass loss proceeds from the outer disk via a slow wind. Fractional wind mass loss increases with increasing disk lifetime. Significant wind mass loss likely substantially enhances the dust to gas mass ratio, and promotes planet formation.
Change in Size of Hamstring Grafts During Preparation for ACL Reconstruction: Effect of Tension and Circumferential Compression on Graft Diameter.

Background: There is good consensus that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts should be pretensioned to remove creep prior to implantation, but the literature contains little information on the influence of graft preparation or circumferential compression on graft size. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the size of hamstring allografts changes as they are prepared for ACL reconstruction. We hypothesized that grafts decrease in diameter as they are prepared with both tension and circumferential compression. We also investigated the interrater reliability of graft diameter measurements during each step of graft preparation. Methods: Twenty pairs of fresh-frozen human hamstring tendons obtained from an allograft supplier were prepared in a standardized fashion for ACL reconstruction (suturing followed by longitudinal tensioning followed by circumferential compression followed by relaxation). Four blinded raters measured each graft in a sequential manner after each graft preparation step. Interrater reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient ICC(2,1). The mean allograft diameter at each time point was calculated and compared across all time points using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Subjecting the grafts to both tension and circumferential compression significantly decreased their mean diameter (to 7.38 mm compared with 8.28 mm at baseline; p = 0.044). Interrater reliability revealed almost perfect agreement at each measurement interval, with the ICC ranging from 0.933 to 0.961. Conclusions: The average diameter of hamstring ACL grafts decreases by almost 1 mm after they are subjected to both tension and circumferential compression within a standard cylindrical sizing block. Clinical Relevance: Because ACL bone tunnels are drilled in 0.5-mm increments, preparing soft-tissue grafts with circumferential compression in addition to tension may allow creation of tunnels that are one to two incremental sizes smaller. This could permit less bone removal, which may be particularly applicable for certain reconstruction techniques such as pediatric, double-bundle, or revision ACL reconstruction, in which limited space is available for tunnel drilling.
Shockwave Induced Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation Control with Plasma Actuators

In this study we report Acetone Planar Laser Scattering (PLS) visualization of the boundary layer structure inside Mach 2.6 indraft wind tunnel at Princeton University. The aim is to better understand the surface plasma control of shockwave boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) region and separation. These experiments are designed to evaluate magnetically driven surface plasma actuators for effective shockwave induced boundary layer separation control within supersonic inlets. Static pressure measurements and Schlieren images of the shockwave boundary layer interaction region were reported earlier and it was shown that when a weak shock generator (10) is used to generate the impinging shockwave, while no separation occurs without plasma control, a small current plasma column (< 100mA) at 1-3 Tesla is enough to induce separation by flow retardation in the interaction region. Strong shockwave from a (14) generator was shown to induce separation and experiments are done at high currents 100-250 mA; for flow acceleration in the interaction region. At these relatively high currents, the plasma actuation is able to delay the incipient separation. Also, in the absence of magnetic field, no change in the flow structure is seen, indicating marginal role of joule heating in the process. Acetone PLS imaging provides boundary layer flow structure in relative detail and direct evidence of separation control.
Mechanical bioeffects from diagnostic ultrasound: AIUM consensus statements. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.

Diagnostic ultrasonography has provided an incredible wealth of knowledge in medicine. Few would be willing to deny the impact this modality has had on patient care, particularly for women and children. With millions of ultrasound examinations performed each year, ultrasonography remains one of the fastest growing imaging modalities. This growth is due to its low cost, real-time image display, and, to no lesser extent, its apparent lack of bioeffects.
Evidence supporting laparoscopic major hepatectomy

Laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) has been increasing in frequency with over 9,000 cases done worldwide. Benefits of laparoscopic resection include less blood loss, smaller incisions, decreased postoperative morbidity, and shorter length of stay compared to open liver resection. With increased experience, several centers have reported series of laparoscopic major hepatectomy, although this represents only about 25% of total LLR performed. Evidence is accumulating to support laparoscopic major hepatectomy with the understanding that there is a steep learning curve, and surgeons should begin with minor LLR before moving on to laparoscopic major hepatectomy. Controversy still remains concerning indications, techniques, learning curve, risks, and long-term cancer outcomes with laparoscopic major hepatectomy.
Best of the 2007 AUA Annual Meeting (2): Bladder Cancer Highlights from the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association, May 19-24, 2007, Anaheim, CA.

More than 1700 abstracts were presented at the annual scientific meeting of the American Urological Association, including the full spectrum of superficial, invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. Reviews in Urology continues its coverage with contributing editor John Stein’s report on the work that he considered most clinically relevant to the treatment of bladder cancer. (For additional reports, see: Brawer MK, Makarov DV, Partin AW, et al. Best of the 2007 AUA Annual Meeting: Highlights from the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association, May 19–24, 2007, Anaheim, CA. Rev Urol. 2007;9:133–154 [PubMed].)
The Periodic Health Examination

The benefits and risks of periodic multiphasic screening examinations are explored. Although testing for the general population does not appear to be justified, selected screening tests for diseases with significant morbidity or mortality that can be effectively treated if diagnosed early and that have an asymptomatic stage are recommended for patients at risk.
Properties of GaAlAs/GaAs Quantum Well Heterostractures Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition

The existence of the heterojunction and the recent development of methods for growing a variety of epitaxial ultrathin III–V semiconductor layers (wider-gap or narrower-gap, doped or undoped, abrupt or graded) enables the fabrication of sophisticated quantum-well heterostructures. In the past few years, one of these techniques, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MO-CVD), has become increasingly popular as a consequence of its versatility and economy. The chemistry of MO-CVD growth of III–V compounds was pioneered by Manasevit as early as 1968 [1]; however, it was DUPUIS and DAPKUS [2] in 1977 who demonstrated that high quality GaAlAs/GaAs heterostructure lasers can be grown by MO-CVD.
Big Questions about Small Firms

Latin America has many small firms, and many of these suffer from low productivity. Governments in the region have increasingly invested in policies to support micro-, small, and medium enterprises (SMEs). The justification for these policies has been that SMEs face extraordinary challenges that hinder their productivity and growth, and thus their potential to provide jobs and incomes for vast segments of the population. However, despite the enthusiasm with which SME policies are often promoted, little is known about their effectiveness or impact. This chapter provides a framework for analyzing the rationale and potential impact of SME policies on both firm performance and aggregate productivity.
5-GHz V2V Channel Characteristics for Parking Garages

Aiming for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure applications, we provide radio propagation channel characterization results for parking garage channels in the 5 GHz, based on experimental data collected in four typical above-ground parking garages. As a common scenario in urban or suburban settings, such garages provide an indoor propagation environment for vehicular communication systems. Multiple measurements were conducted to characterize the parking garage channel, including same floor and different floor measurements, with and without line of sight, with full and empty garages, and in both motionless and mobile conditions. Path loss, small-scale fading Ricean K -factor, and root-mean-square delay spread (RMS-DS) are quantified. Statistical tapped delay line models with Markov chains that describe the birth/death of multipath components are also provided. Our results provide channel impulse responses for in-garage driving tests, allowing the performance of V2V communication systems in parking garages to be evaluated or simulated based upon the channel models provided in this paper.
Functional nanostructures for enzyme based biosensors: properties, fabrication and applications

With the increased use of nanobiotechnology-enabled solutions for diagnostics, therapeutics, bioelectronics, environmental, and energy-related applications, there exists a great demand for developing manufacturing processes that can reliably and reproducibly generate functional nanostructures with bioactive properties at low cost and in large quantities for implementation in practical devices. Interest in the development of field portable monitoring devices has increased throughout the past decade. Herein we describe fabrication, characterization and performance of portable and printable enzyme biosensors based on functional enzyme–nanoparticle conjugates. We review specific physicochemical and surface properties of nanoparticles used as carriers and sensing components for the design of portable biosensors and describe the role of these parameters in enhancing the performance, stability and field operability of these devices. Assembly of enzyme–nanoparticle conjugates is also discussed with an overview of current and emerging techniques enabling large scale roll-to-roll fabrication and miniaturization, including screen-printing, inkjet and 3D printing methods and their integration in flexible, wearable and inexpensive point-of-use devices. Current status and implementation challenges are provided with examples of applications in the clinical, environmental, public safety and food monitoring fields.
Managing Data Mining Technologies in Organizations: Techniques and Applications

Bayesian Networks as a Decision Support Tool in Credit Scoring Domain Frontier Versus Ordinary Regression Models for Data Mining An Evolutionary Misclassification Cost Minimization Approach for Medical Diagnosis Guiding Knowledge Discovery through Interactive Data Mining A Proposed Process for Performing Data Mining Projects Data Mining for Optimal Combination Demand Forecasts The Myth of Enterprise Database Redesign New Information Technologies and Other Pertinent Issues Impacting The Strategic Dimension of CRM for Business Excellence Utilization of Data Mining Techniques to Detect and Predict. Accounting Fraud: A Comparison of Neural Networks and Discriminant Analysis A Multidimensional Data Warehouse Development Methodology A Telecommunications Model for Managing Complexity of Voice and Data Networks and Services Combination Forecasts Based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo Estimation of the Mode
Assessment of a modified technique for air delivery during fluoroscopic-monitored pneumatic intussusception reduction

Background Intussusception is one of the most common causes of acute abdominal emergency in children. Image-monitored pressure reduction is the first line of treatment. Objective We report on a modified technique of air delivery during fluoroscopic-monitored pneumatic intussusception reductions, and compare it with an established technique. Materials and methods We modified the Shiels intussusception reduction device so that the air used for intussusception reduction is delivered not by the device's insufflator bulb, but rather by the hospital medical air supply system, eliminating the need for continuous pumping of the insufflator bulb during the procedure. Subsequently, we retrospectively compared sequential fluoroscopy-monitored pneumatic intussusception reduction procedures performed in patients younger than 18 years using either the standard or modified devices, evaluating technical procedure parameters (i.e. median procedure time length, fluoroscopy time length and radiation dose) and patient outcomes (i.e. number of complete intussusception reductions, number of incomplete intussusception reductions, number of intussusception recurrences within 3 days of the procedure, number of procedures followed by surgery). Results We found no statistically significant differences between procedures performed with the standard and modified techniques. Conclusion The device modification allows for increased operator comfort. Evaluated procedure parameters and patient outcomes appear similar to those of the standard technique.
Basin formation on Mercury: Caloris and the origin of its low-reflectance material

Abstract The ∼1500 km diameter Caloris basin is the largest, most well-preserved impact structure on Mercury. The interior of Caloris contains an enigmatic geological unit at depth subsequently excavated by smaller impacts – low-reflectance material (LRM). LRM is interpreted to be the original basin floor material and be composed of melted and re-crystallized mantle material. In this work, a comprehensive numerical modeling study of Caloris basin formation is undertaken to provide insight into basin formation on Mercury (which may differ to that on the Moon), and to address the origin of the LRM. Analysis of the modeled basin attributes demonstrates that the Caloris impact would have penetrated to depths approaching the core/mantle boundary, excavating mantle material to the surface and producing melt volumes on the order of 10 7 km 3 . Such a melt volume could differentiate, forming a layer (buried beneath later volcanism) that could be the LRM, in agreement with previous spectroscopic analyses. Furthermore, LRM deposits at other smaller basins on Mercury may also represent impact melted mantle material. A comparison to lunar basin counterparts demonstrates that basin formation on Mercury is similar to that on the Moon. This observation suggests that the observed difference in the number of large basins between the two bodies (fewer on Mercury) is due to processes that modify basins (i.e., greater impact melt volume and more extensive volcanism on Mercury), rather than first-order impact process differences. The greater average impact velocity and gravity exert a slight effect on some basin properties, including an increased excavation depth-to-transient crater diameter ratio on Mercury.
MTD 2017: Fourth ACM Workshop on Moving Target Defense (MTD)

The fourth ACM Workshop on Moving Target Defense (MTD) is held in Dallas, Texas, USA on October 30, 2017, co-located with the 24th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). The main objective of the workshop is to discuss novel randomization, diversification, and dynamism techniques for computer systems and networks, new metric and analysis frameworks to assess and quantify the effectiveness of MTD, and discuss challenges and opportunities that such defenses provide. We have constructed an exciting and diverse program of nine refereed papers and two invited keynote talks that will provide the participant with a vibrant and thought-provoking set of ideas and insights.
The Growth of Trochlear Dysplasia During Adolescence

BACKGROUND Femoral trochlear dysplasia is a known risk factor for patellar instability. The growth pattern of the normal trochlea is known, but there have been no studies investigating the growth and development of the dysplastic trochlea. The purpose of this study was to assess the growth pattern of trochlear dysplasia in adolescents. METHODS In a retrospective analysis, magnetic resonance images of adolescents with patellar instability and trochlear dysplasia were evaluated. These images were measured for lateral and medial condylar height, trochlear height, cartilaginous and bony trochlear bump, and cartilaginous and bony sulcus angle. The type of trochlear dysplasia was classified as per Dejour classification. These measurements were plotted against age, and their growth patterns were evaluated using statistical methods. RESULTS Of 235 knees with patellar instability, trochlear dysplasia was present in 175 knees (74% knees) and these were further analyzed. With increasing age, the mean lateral and medial condylar heights and mean trochlear height showed statistically significant increase (P<0.01). Cartilaginous trochlear bump (slope=0.15, P=0.013) and bony trochlear bump (slope=0.22, P<0.01) increased with age, with some reaching the pathologic value by age of 15.1 years. After age 11 years, there were no significant changes for cartilaginous and bony sulcus angles (cartilage: slope=0.03, P=0.96; bony: slope=-0.90, P=0.11). The mean cartilaginous sulcus angle was significantly greater than the mean bony sulcus angle (P<0.01). All Dejour types of trochlear dysplasia were present across all age groups. CONCLUSIONS All linear measurements of trochlear dysplasia (condylar height, trochlear height, trochlear bump) increased with age. However, the shape of trochlear dysplasia, as reflected by sulcus angle and Dejour classification, did not change with increasing age. The shape of trochlear dysplasia is most likely a genetic predisposition and does not necessarily change during skeletal growth. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II-diagnostic, cross-sectional.
Convective Variability Associated with the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation in the South China Sea Region

AbstractThis study investigates the convective cloud population, precipitation microphysics, and lightning activity associated with the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) over the Sout...
Earth Science Satellite Remote Sensing Data from the EOS Data and Information System

The Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS), NASA’s largest and most complex data system, was developed and is being operated by the Earth Sciences Data and Information System project (ESDIS) at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. It was conceived in the late 1980s for ground-based spacecraft operations, and for collection, processing, archiving, and distribution of Earth science data, with a focus on the EOS missions (Fig. 2.1). The development of EOSDIS started in the early 1990’s along with the beginning of the EOS program. An initial version of EOSDIS (called Version 0 and used to manage non-EOS, legacy datasets) grew to operational status in 1994. The version of EOSDIS supporting EOS missions became operational in incremental steps—first in 1997 supporting EOS instruments on TRMM, next in 1999 supporting Landsat-7 and Terra, and subsequently, the other EOS missions. For this discussion, focusing on the data themselves, the pertinent components of the EOSDIS include the EOSDIS Core System (ECS), the Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs), the Science Computing Facilities (SCFs, funded separately from the ESDIS Project), the Science Investigator-led Processing Systems (SIPS), and the various data access interfaces (Fig. 2.2). There are eight DAACs, each with expertise in one or more specific disciplines in Earth science, which archive and distribute EOS data (Table 2.1). The Land Processes Distributed Archive Center (LP DAAC) in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, for example, specializes in land imagery.
Studies on influenza virus replicon particle vaccines in pigs

An influenza A virus (IAV) vaccine that provides better cross protection to pigs against heterologous strain infection and overrides maternal antibodies interference is desirable. A replicon particle (RP) platform has been developed for influenza vaccine for swine use by expressing influenza proteins. Chapter 2 presented a review of influenza virus infection in swine, including a discussion of current vaccine approaches and techniques used for novel vaccine development. The first animal study (Chapter 3), composing two experiments, demonstrated the efficacy of intranasal (IN) administration of RP expressing hemagglutin (HA) protein (HA RP) of Pandemic H1N1 (A/CA/04/2009) strain. Prime/boost HA RP vaccination was administered IN/IN to pigs, with IM/IM administration as positive control and sham vaccination as negative control (five pigs each group). All pigs were challenged by homologous challenge following two doses vaccination. Pigs were not protected by IN/IN administration of RP against IAV challenge. Virus titers and pneumonia were not reduced significantly in RP IN/IN administered group, compared with control group. In the second experiment, pigs were administered with one dose HA RP vaccine IM or IN, or with a combination of IN/IM routes with an interval of three weeks. At most, two pigs at 2 DPC and 3 DPC, and no pigs at 3 DPC to 5DPC in IN/IM or one dose IM administered pigs were isolated with live virus, while all five pigs were detected with live virus from one dose RP IN administered pigs and sham vaccinated pigs. We also found that one dose IM and
Regulation of the distribution of excitation energy in Ochromonas danica, an organism containing a chlorophyll-A/C/carotenoid light harvesting antenna

A chlorophyll a, c-fucoxanthin pigment-protein complex8 functions as the major light harvesting antenna in the Chrysophyte Ochromonas danica. The regulated distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems was investigated in these organisms and was shown to be strongly wavelength dependent. A light state transition was induced by pre-illumination of cells using light 2 (640 nm) and light 1 (700 nm) of equal absorbed intensity, and detected by reversible changes in the 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra. Peaks at ∼ 690 nm and ∼ 720 nm in the low temperature spectra are most likely associated with PS2 and PS1 respectively. A room temperature fluorescence emission at 680 nm induced by modulated light 2 (500 nm) was strongly quenched in the presence of background light 1 (720 nm). Removal of light 1 led to an increase in fluorescence followed by a slow quenching. The room temperature fluorescence changes were directly correlated with changes in the 77 K emission spectra that indicated a change in the distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems. It was established that DCMU (1 μmol) prevented the state 2. The conversion to state 1 followed a simple photochemical dose dependence and had a half-time of 20 s-1.5 min at 6 W m-2. In contrast, the conversion to state 2 was independent of light intensity. These data indicate that O. danica undergoes a light state transition in response to the preferential excitation of PS2 or PS1.
Situational Use of Child Restraint Systems and Carpooling Behaviors in Parents and Caregivers

Suboptimal compliance with child restraint system (CRS) recommendations can increase risk for injury or death in a motor vehicle crash. The purpose of this study was to examine scenarios associated with incomplete CRS use and non-use in children ages 4⁻10 years. We used a cross-sectional online survey with a convenience sample of parent/caregivers from the United States, age ≥18 years, with a child age 4⁻10 years in their home, who could read and spoke English, and drove child ≥6 times in previous three months. We used descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U to describe and compare the distribution of responses to situational use of CRSs among car seat users and booster seat users. We also used descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U to describe and compare the distribution of responses to carpooling items among booster seat users and non-booster seat users. There were significant differences among those who reported most often using booster seats (n = 282) and car seats (n = 127) in situations involving rental cars, driving just around the corner, car too crowded to fit the CRS, not enough CRSs in the vehicle, the CRS is missing from the car, or the child is in someone else's car without a CRS (p < 0.05). Among those who reported most often using booster seats and who carpooled other children (n = 159), 71.7% (n = 114) always used a booster seat for their own child. When carpooling other children, booster seat users were significantly more likely to use booster seats for other children ages 4⁻10 than the non-booster seat users (p < 0.01). Continued education and programs surrounding CRS use is critical, particularly for children who should be in booster seats.
Don Quijote y la novela moderna

Al enfocar el tema de este articulo lo mas obvio fue empezar con la parodia , algo basico al genero. Cervantes es uno de los mas grandes parodistas de la literatura universal como James Joyce, para mencionar un autor moderno. Ademas, Don Quijote fue uno de los primeros ejemplos de intertextualidad. Tambien, hay momentos en la novela en que vemos claramente una teoria literaria en accion. Importante tambien fue enfocar puntos de vista y angulos narrativos, una de las razones por las que la novela nos parece tan cercana a muchas novelas contemporeaneas. Y esto, al final, llevo a considerar tambien versiones narrativas.
GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN

There is a growing alarming concern that global warming may lead to a great disaster. Green supply chain is an emerging concept motivated by the need for environmental consciousness. It aims at integrating environmental thinking into supply chain. Its principles can be applied throughout the entire supply chain. Companies must now include “green” or “environmental strategies” in order to retain competitive advantage. This paper provides a brief introduction to green supply chain.
Contracting for public stewardship in public-private partnerships

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are potentially solutions to some governmental challenges but the differing motives of the private and public sectors pose issues regarding accountability. Through a public stewardship framework, a prescriptive analysis is presented to demonstrate how both value-for-money (VFM) and the pursuit of public values can be simultaneously achieved in benefitting both sectors. Best value, leadership and collaboration emerge as outcome variables of public stewardship that serve to improve accountability for PPPs. The findings reveal public stewardship as the critical link between VFM and public values to reconcile accountability issues that have been identified as obstacles to the successful formation and implementation of PPPs.
Low-temperature CO oxidation at persistent low-valent Cu nanoparticles on TiO2 aerogels

Abstract We exploit interfacial charge transfer from titania (TiO2) to copper (Cu) to design catalytic Cu/TiO2 composite aerogels that shift the chemical state of Cu nanoparticles away from Cu2+, making them highly active for low-temperature CO oxidation. The high degree of interfacial contact between ∼2–3 nm–diameter Cu particles and the networked ∼10 nm–diameter TiO2 particles in ultraporous aerogel stabilizes a high ratio of Cu0/1+:Cu2+. The reduced nature of Cu in Cu/TiO2 aerogels is evidenced by a strong surface plasmon resonance in its diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectrum, by its X-ray photoelectron spectral features, and by infrared spectroscopic evidence of CO binding at the catalyst surface. In contrast, when larger diameter (∼50–60 nm), non–networked TiO2 particles are used to support Cu nanoparticles, the single planar nanoscale interface between Cu and the support particle stabilizes a much lower fraction of low-valent Cu. The Cu0/1+ speciation stabilized within the aerogel catalyzes low-temperature CO oxidation (
Visual Thresholds of Steady Point Sources of Light in Fields of Brightness from Dark to Daylight

The threshold illumination i at the eye from a steady source of light of 1′ angular diameter in a field of brightness b was measured for b ranging from zero to about 1500 candles per square foot. The data were obtained by five young experienced observers using both eyes unaided and with natural pupil. A bend in the i, b curve at about b = 1000 mμL occurred at the transition from foveal to extra-foveal vision. The relation i=10−10(1+b)12, where i is in footcandles and b is in millimicrolamberts, expressed the experimental data within a factor of 3 over the entire range.
Interventions with Family Violence Survivors: Assistance for Abused Women and Children

There are many evidence-based interventions for women who are survivors of IPV and for children who have experienced exposure to IPV and/or child maltreatment. For women, battered women’s shelters offer physical safety from abuse as well as many other services for the women and their children. However, many women never seek services from shelters, and turn instead to other sources of help, as do men since the shelters are generally receptive only to female survivors of abuse from a male partner. One of the services often offered at the shelters is referral to one of the formal treatment programs described in the chapter.
How Much is One American Worth? How Competition Affects Trade Preferences

When forming opinions, mass publics may implicitly or explicitly value some people’s well-being more than others. Here we examine how two forms of this phenomenon—ethnocentric valuation and moral exclusion—affect attitudes toward international trade. We hypothesize that attitudes toward competition and believing that trade is a competition moderate the extent of ethnocentric valuation and moral exclusion; although all citizens value their co-nationals’ livelihoods systematically more than those of people in trading partner countries, greater ethnocentric valuation and moral exclusion occur when trade is seen as a competition and when individuals hold more positive attitudes toward competition.Using two survey experiments conducted on representative samples of both Americans and Canadians, we examine how differential valuation of in-country and out-country job gains and losses influences trade policy preferences. We test a series of hypotheses using multiple variables tied to competitive attitudes across two countries that differ in their attitudes toward competition.
Redesigning HVEM Interface for Selective Binding to LIGHT, BTLA, and CD160.

Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) regulates positive and negative signals for T cell activation through co-signaling pathways. Dysfunction of the HVEM co-signaling network is associated with multiple pathologies related to autoimmunity, infectious disease, and cancer, making the associated molecules biologically and therapeutically attractive targets. HVEM interacts with three ligands from two different superfamilies using two different binding interfaces. The engagement with ligands CD160 and B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), members of immunoglobulin superfamily, is associated with inhibitory signals, whereas inflammatory responses are regulated through the interaction with LIGHT from the TNF superfamily. We computationally redesigned the HVEM recognition interfaces using a residue-specific pharmacophore approach, ProtLID, to achieve switchable-binding specificity. In subsequent cell-based binding assays the new interfaces, designed with only single or double mutations, exhibited selective binding to only one or two out of the three cognate ligands.
Systematic and comprehensive benchmarking of an exome sequencing based germline copy-number analysis pipeline to detect clinically relevant CNVs

Abstract Purpose Detecting germline copy-number variants (CNVs) from exome sequencing (ES) is not a standard practice in clinical settings owing to several reasons concerning performance. We comprehensively characterized an ES-based CNV pipeline and developed frameworks for minimizing false-positives and assess the reproducibility. Methods We used a cohort of 387 individuals with both clinical chromosomal microarray (CMA) and ES data available to estimate the initial performance by comparing CNVs from both platforms. A modification of the default workflow was performed to reduce the number of false positives and the reproducibility of the CNVs was assessed using an iterative variant calling process. Results The default pipeline was 93% sensitive with a high false-discovery rate of 44%. The modified workflow had a higher sensitivity of 96% while reducing the total number of CNVs identified and improving the false-discovery rate to 11.4%. With the modified workflow, we demonstrated a 100% validation rate for the CNVs identified in the STRC, a challenging gene to ascertain by short-read NGS. The exome-based pipeline was 100% sensitive for clinically-relevant, rare variants (including single exon deletions), and was reproducible. Conclusion We demonstrate with our modified workflow and the benchmarking data that an exome-based CNV detection pipeline can be reliably used to detect clinically-relevant CNVs.
An Analytic Benchmark for Neutron Boltzmann Transport with Downscattering—Part I: Flux and Eigenvalue Solutions

Computing in the energy dimension is one of the greatest challenges confronting present-day deterministic neutron transport solvers. Accurately resolving the neutron flux as neutrons downscatter ac...
Healthcare provider knowledge, attitudes, and preferences in management of genitourinary syndrome of menopause in the Mid-South.

Objective This study explored the clinical management practices of healthcare providers who treat menopausal women in an urban Mid-South area. The study specifically examined their knowledge of prescribing and counseling related to the care of women who present with complaints or clinical findings of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Methods An electronic questionnaire was distributed to healthcare providers involved in the care of women undergoing menopausal transition spanning a variety of medical specialties. The questionnaire was distributed to academic program directors, coordinators, and ListServ administrators to forward to targeted respondents. Items included demographic questions, clinical knowledge, management practices, and preferences. Statistical analysis for associations between demographics was performed using Chi-squared tests and between age groups with Kruskal Wallis tests. Results The final sample contained 106 healthcare providers. Respondents were demographically diverse and encompassed multiple levels of professional training including Attendings, Trainees (Residents and Fellows), as well as Advanced Practice Registered Nurses. Significant differences were noted in many areas examined in our questionnaire, comprising knowledge, management, counseling, and prescribing practices surrounding the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause when accounting for training level, specialty, and years in practice. Among all respondents, 10.4% reported rarely or never discussing menopausal symptoms with their patients. Most respondents (76.4%) stated they had prescribed topical therapies for genitourinary syndrome of menopause, with over 90% of practitioners prescribing lubricants/moisturizers and estradiol cream; however, only 55% reported being familiar with the US Food and Drug Administration's boxed warning on low-dose vaginal estrogen. Nearly half of the respondents (49%) reported being uncomfortable counseling about the boxed warning on low-dose vaginal estrogen. Conclusion This study identifies gaps in Mid-South healthcare providers' awareness of the boxed warning on low-dose vaginal estrogen as well as their comfort level in providing counseling regarding the risks, benefits, and alternatives to vaginal estrogen. Integrated practice between physicians and Advanced Practice Registered Nurses can lead to a significant benefit to patients experiencing menopause as shared experience and knowledge are shared between each group. Our survey does reveal gaps in knowledge and practice for optimal outcomes for patients experiencing genitourinary syndrome of menopause. These results will be useful in providing continuing education to providers and more effective communication, evaluation, and treatment to patients.
Backscatter measurements of soil surfaces at millimeter wave frequencies

The measured backscattering coefficients of three sandy soil surfaces are presented. The measurements were conducted using 35 and 94 GHz polarimetric scatterometers. The measured backscattering coefficients are compared to those predicted by the classical surface scattering models (physical optics and geometric optics). Furthermore, the results are compared to a recently developed empirical model based on observations made at microwave frequencies. Preliminary analysis shows that none of the above models is capable of predicting the measured backscattering coefficients accurately and that volume scattering from the voids inside the soil layer, computed via the radiative transfer theory, must be considered. It is shown that a combination of surface and volume scattering terms will adequately characterize the backscattering from soil surface at millimeter wave frequencies. >
Characterization of a human teratocarcinoma cell assay for inhibitors of metabolic cooperation.

Although a Chinese hamster V79 cell-based assay for inhibitors of metabolic cooperation is currently available, the development of a human cell-based assay is desirable in order to avoid inappropriate extrapolation from animal cells to human cells. Cells derived from a human teratocarcinoma cell line (designated PA-1), which has a stable pseudodiploid karyotype and excellent in vitro growth properties, were used in a metabolic cooperation assay. The assay was based on the metabolic isolation of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)-deficient variants in the presence of HGPRT-proficient cells and 6-thioguanine. Chemicals which inhibit the transfer of the lethal metabolite of 6-thioguanine from HGPRT-proficient to HGPRT-deficient cells will allow for recovery of the 6-thioguanine-resistant (HGPRT-deficient) cells. Chemicals tested included 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and related analogues phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, mezerein, and 4-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate. Concurring with results previously obtained in V79 cells, 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and phorbol-12,13-didecanoate strongly inhibited metabolic cooperation, whereas mezerein was moderately inhibitory and 4α-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate was inactive. These cells thus hold promise as a human cell-based assay for inhibitors of metabolic cooperation.
Theria of Metatherian-Eutherian Grade and the Origin of Marsupials

Although a growing number of metatherian-eutherian grade and primitive marsupial taxa are becoming known, the early radiations of the Tribosphenida and the origin of Marsupialia remain poorly understood, largely because the nature of the fossil record severely restricts the data available. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the early history of tribosphenic mammals was complex. One group of archaic Tribosphenida, including Picopsis and presumed allies, is tentatively recognized; another, Deltatheridiidae, is more adequately supported by synapomorphy. Deltatheridium and allied taxa lack dental specializations seen in marsupials, eutherians, and various “higher” tribotheres, and for this reason do not appear to constitute a likely sister taxon to Marsupialia. Several metatherian-eutherian grade taxa, together with Eutheria and Marsupialia, can be derived from a morphotype that is advanced with respect to the condition seen in Pappotheriidae. Although no diagnostic dental specialization for Marsupialia is known, a complex of characters associated with upper molar protocone enlargement and modification of lower molar embrasures best distinguishes Cretaceous members of the group with respect to non-marsupial contemporaries. Stylar cusps D and C, in that order, probably appeared later in marsupial evolution. The hypothesized relationships among Cretaceous marsupials, together with meager negative evidence from the fossil record of South America, support a North American origin for the group.
Sexual Behaviors and Sexually Transmitted Diseases of Lesbians

ABSTRACT The Boston Lesbian Health Project surveyed 1633 lesbians about their health status, health related behaviors and health problems. This paper reports on those parts of the questionnaire that dealt with sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted diseases. The sample was predominantly monogamous, but few had been in their present relationship for more than five years. Sexual practices were similar to those reported in previous studies of lesbians and to those reported in a study of heterosexual women. Sexually transmitted diseases were rare in women who had never had sex with a male partner. The majority of the sample did report a history of male sexual partners and therefore are at risk for abnormal pap smears and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Phase diagrams of interaction site fluids

We present results for the vapour-liquid coexistence properties of dipolar diatomic fluids modelled using interaction site potentials, calculated via a recently developed theory which is based upon resummations of interaction site cluster expansions. The model under consideration is a homonuclear diatomic with site-site Lennard-Jones interactions and dipole-dipole interactions produced by the presence of a discrete charge distribution obtained by placing a positive charge on one site and a negative charge upon the other. The theory includes contributions to the free energy beyond first order through resummation of the interaction site cluster expansions of the correlation functions and the Helmholtz free energy. The theoretical results are used to describe the effects of molecular shape and polarity upon the phase diagram.
Coronal Heating: Theoretical Ideas

After four decades of study, the mechanisms for heating the corona are not understood. However, the development of the field is vigorous. A variety of new ideas have been proposed, and these new ideas have generated lively debate. The goal of this short review is to present a broad overview of the ideas currently under consideration.
A search algorithm for the design of multinested cellular neural networks

In this paper, we propose a search algorithm that can be used to effectively find multinested cellular neural networks (CNN) implementations for Boolean functions in high dimensional input spaces. For the purposes of this paper, the algorithm is illustrated for the five-dimensional case, although it is completely general and can be applied to find functions with an arbitrary number of inputs. Preliminary results for the 4-bit parameter resolution case are presented.
Spaces of Suppression, Resistance; Strategies of Cohesion, Momentum

Resistance occurs across a broad spectrum. Strategies exercised in the space between covert, or diffuse, and demonstrative, or revolutionary, resistance have not been fully clarified. Five themes inductively emerged from analysis of modern social movements in repressive contexts within Argentina, Chile, Egypt, Estonia, Guyana, Kenya, Korea, Mexico, Myanmar (Burma), Nicaragua, Nigeria, Suriname, and Thailand. Focusing on these strategies brings a new understanding of representations of "middle-of-the-spectrum" resistance. These may be keys to expanding concepts of how cohesion and momentum are achieved. Further, no current social movement theory adequately allowed for analysis of the cases; thus a new social movement theory must emerge.
Effect of Electronic Secondary Markets on the Supply Chain

We present a model to investigate the competitive implications of electronic secondary markets that promote concurrent selling of new and used goods on a supply chain. In secondary markets where suppliers cannot directly utilize used goods for practicing intertemporal price discrimination and where transaction costs of resales are negligible, the threat of cannibalization of new goods by used goods becomes significant. We examine conditions under which it is optimal for suppliers to operate in such markets, explaining why these markets may not always be detrimental for them. Intuitively, secondary markets provide an active outlet for some high-valuation consumers to sell their used goods. The potential for such resales leads to an increase in consumers' valuation for a new good, leading them to buy an additional new good. Given sufficient heterogeneity in consumers' affinity across multiple suppliers' products, the "market expansion effect" accruing from consumers' cross-product purchase affinity can mitigate the losses incurred by suppliers from the direct "cannibalization effect." We also highlight the strategic role that the used goods commission set by the retailer plays in determining profits for suppliers. We conclude the paper by empirically testing some implications of our model using a unique data set from the online book industry, which has a flourishing secondary market.
Differential infection of receptor-modified host cells by receptor-specific influenza viruses

Abstract Influenza viruses of contrasting receptor specificity have been examined for their ability to infect receptor-modified MDCK cells containing sialyloligosaccharide receptor determinants of defined sequence. Cells were treated with sialidase to remove sialic acid and render them resistant to infection and were then incubated with sialyltransferase and CMP-sialic acid to restore sialic acid in the SAα2,6Gal or SAα2,3Gal linkages. The viruses A/RI/5 +/57 and A/duck/Ukraine/1/63, previously shown to exhibit preferential binding of SAα2,6Gal and SAα2,3Gal linkages, respectively, were found to exhibit differential infection of the receptor-modified cells in accord with their receptor specificity. Coinfection of SAα2,3Gal derivatized cells with a mixture of the two viruses resulted in selective propagation of the SAα2,3Gal-specific A/duck/Ukraine/1/63 virus. The results demonstrate the potential for cell surface receptors to mediate selection of receptor-specific variants of influenza virus.