cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-reference procedure to reduce uncertainty in module calibration

This paper presents a composite measurement approach that capitalizes on complimentary strengths of 3 different test beds to significantly reduce uncertainty in I- V parameters for secondary module calibration. This approach addresses PV manufacturers' need for reduced uncertainty in the calibration modules that provide the basis for their module power ratings. This new method enables NREL to reduce uncertainty for secondary module calibration in commercial c-Si modules from $\pm 3.2\%$ to $\pm 0.7\%$ for $\mathbf{I}_{\mathrm{SC}}$ and from $\pm 3.3\%$ to $\pm 1.1\%$ for $\mathbf{P}_{\mathrm{MAX}}$ . This new module self-reference, or MSR procedure is based on the sensitivity of module voltage to temperature plus the uniformity of outdoor sunlight. By calibrating module $\mathbf{v}_{\mathrm{oc}}$ in thermal equilibrium on a flash simulator we provide an accurate gauge of junction temperature for subsequent measurements. By calibrating $\mathbf{I}_{\mathrm{SC}}$ outdoors in natural sunlight we enable the module to serve as its own reference device in setting the intensity of a continuous simulator, effectively eliminating the impact of spatial non-uniformity and spectral mismatch on the I-V measurement. These procedures significantly reduce measurement errors due to temperature uncertainty, spatial non-uniformity, and spectral mismatch.
Dative Beneficiaries and Dative Possessors

When used as agreement markers, the dative prefixes introduced in Chapter 1 are most commonly determined by indirect objects.1
Agronomic evaluations of grass and legume forage species collected in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China and Mongolia

Because rangelands in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) and Mongolia are typicallyseverely overgrazed, bilateral (U.S./ PRC, U.S./Mongolia)efforts have been initiated to expedite capture of the remaining geneticdiversity. The current study was designed to evaluate selected germplasm of thefollowing forage species collected in these threatened areas: Bromusinermis Leyss., Dactylis glomerata L.,Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Festucaovina L., Festuca rubra L., Phleumphleoides (L.) Karsten, Phleumpratense L., Poa palustris L., Poapratensis ssp. angustifolia (L.) H.Lindb., Medicago sativa ssp. falcataArcengeli, Medicago sativa L. ssp. sativa, Medicago lupulina L.,Medicago ruthenica (L.) Ledebour,Trifolium fragiferum L., Trifoliumlupinaster L., Trifolium pratense L., andTrifolium repens L. Accessions were evaluated in the fieldat Beltsville MD (USA) on an Iuka sandy loam(coarse-loamy, siliceous, acid, thermic, Aquic Udigluvent; pH6.5) in a two-year study. Comparative check cultivars were included.There was significant variation in days to 50% heading (grassspecies) or flowering (legume species), leaf texture (grassspecies), growth habit, spring vigor, and dry matter yield among accessionsof at least some genera. Accessions did not demonstrate higher diseasesusceptibility relative to check cultivars, except in the case of severalF. arundinacea and oneM. sativa ssp.falcata entries. There was no significant variation in leafshape among the legume accessions, nor were leaf shapes significantly differentfrom those of the check cultivars. Several F.ovina, F. rubra,and Poa pratensis accessions may have potential in turfgrass breeding programs. There were apparent positive relationships amongupright growth habit, spring vigor, late development, and yield.
The Importance of Language-Learning Environments to Child Language Outcomes.

* Abbreviation: SES — : socioeconomic status A strong foundation in language skills is associated with positive, long-term academic, occupational, and social outcomes. Individual differences in the rate of language development appear early. Approximately 16% of children experience delays in initial phases of language learning; approximately half of those show persistent difficulties that may lead to clinical disorders.1 Because of the high prevalence of language disorders and lifelong implications of early delays, prevention is of utmost importance. Primary prevention takes place before any problems are detected, preventing the condition from occurring. Secondary prevention takes place after early detection of a disorder, resulting in a mild rather than severe variant. Children learn language from their interactions with caregivers in their environment. An obvious direction for both primary and secondary prevention is improving language-learning environments. In the study entitled “Parenting Behavior and Child Language: A Meta-analysis” by Madigan et al2 in this issue of Pediatrics , the authors summarize evidence about “2 primary types of parenting” in relation to child language outcomes. Sensitive responsiveness refers to a parent’s ability to perceive, interpret, and respond quickly and appropriately to the … Address correspondence to Heidi M. Feldman, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Rd, MC 5415, Stanford, CA 94305. E-mail: hfeldman{at}stanford.edu
Time Estimation and Planning Abilities: Students with and without Mild Disabilities.

In this study we sought to examine differences among groups of elementary students with and without disabilities on a measure of time estimation. We assessed the time estimation recall of 51 studen...
A Review of Self-Heating Effects in Advanced CMOS Technologies

The march toward dimensional scaling and higher performance has led the semiconductor industry to consider nonplanar topologies and different material systems. These choices have led to an increase in the local power dissipation and, correspondingly, a rise in the local self-heating (SH). This article is a review of the history and trends of SH effects, the characterization techniques thereof, and the manifestations, sensitivities, and impacts of this heating on reliability mechanisms. Future pathways are also highlighted to indicate the challenges that exist for CMOS technologies.
An update on pediatric surgical epilepsy: Part II.

Epilepsy affects many children worldwide, with drug-resistant epilepsy affecting 20-40% of all children with epilepsy. This carries a significant burden for patients and their families and is strongly correlated with poor cognitive outcomes, depression, anxiety, developmental delay, and impaired activities of daily living. For this reason, we sought to explore the role of pediatric epilepsy surgery and provide an overview of the factors contributing to epilepsy surgery planning and execution. We review the necessary preoperative evaluations, surgical indications, planning considerations, and surgical options to provide a clear pathway in the evaluation and planning of pediatric epilepsy surgery.
Assessing nurse practitioner and medical student experience and self-efficacy caring for patients and families living in poverty

Purpose: There is a lack of data on the effectiveness of medical and nurse practitioner (NP) programs in preparing students to address the social determinants of health (SDH). The purpose of this study was to assess and compare medical and NP students' experience and self-efficacy caring for patients and families living in poverty. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted via online survey administered to a sample of 4th-year medical and 2nd-year primary care NP students. Ninety-eight (72 NP and 26 medical) students completed the survey, 34.8% and 15.8% of the classes respectively participated. The survey was administered via E-mails sent by NP program directors and medical school course directors, with several reminder E-mails. Results: A small percentage of medical and NP students rated their educational programs as excellent in preparing them for primary care practice and addressing SDH, however NP students felt more comfortable providing care to low-income patients than did medical students. Lack of time and knowledge of resources was the most significant barrier cited by both medical and NP students. Discussion: Curricular redesign and intraprofessional education are areas of research to understand how to better prepare medical and NP program graduates to care for patients living in poverty.
Does Pregnancy Predict Incisional Hernia Repair after Abdominally Based Autologous Breast Reconstruction? A Retrospective Review of 890 Free Flaps.

BACKGROUND The abdomen is a common donor site in autologous breast reconstruction. The authors aimed to determine whether pregnancy following autologous breast reconstruction increases the risk of incisional hernia repair. METHODS All women younger than 50 years who underwent abdominally based autologous breast reconstruction between 2005 and 2016 were identified. Patients with less than 20 months of follow-up were excluded. Demographics, operative details, outcomes, incisional hernia repair occurrence, and pregnancy history were analyzed. RESULTS Five hundred nineteen patients underwent autologous breast reconstruction with 890 free flaps [free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous, n = 645 (72.5 percent); deep inferior epigastric perforator, n = 214 (24.0 percent); pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous, n = 18 (2.0 percent); and superficial inferior epigastric artery, n = 13 (1.5 percent)]. Average follow-up was 57.2 months (range, 9.5 to 312.8 months). Fourteen women became pregnant, with mean postpregnancy follow-up of 31.2 months (range, 5.4 to 70.8 months; pregnancies, n = 18). Age of nonpregnant patients (mean, 43.1 years; range, 20.6 to 50.0 years) was higher than that of pregnant patients (mean, 32.1 years; range, 27.1 to 37.9 years) (p < 0.0001); in univariate analysis, age was not associated with incisional hernia repair. Twelve pregnant patients (66.7 percent) underwent cesarean delivery. No statistically significant differences existed between groups regarding flap type and closure technique. Zero pregnant patients underwent incisional hernia repair, compared with a 6.1 percent incisional hernia repair rate in nonpregnant patients (p = 0.339). In multivariate analysis, prior incisional hernia, hematoma, fascial dehiscence, and reoperation predicted incisional hernia repair. CONCLUSION The authors' results demonstrate that there may not be an increased risk of incisional hernia repair associated with pregnancy following autologous breast reconstruction despite additional weakening of the abdominal wall. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, II.
Existence of Latin Maps

The Latin square (or Latin cube) plays an important role in comparative experiment design. It is generally restricted to 2 or 3 dimensions [1]. For higher dimensions, a new definition - the Latin map - is used [5]. In this paper, the Latin map is studied in 3 aspects. Firstly, the distribution lemma is proved, which gives two conditions for a map to be a Latin map. Secondly, the distribution lemma is used to prove the existence and non-existence of two classes of Latin maps. Finally, an algorithm of finding a Latin map is introduced.
An algorithm competition for automatic species identification from herbarium specimens

Premise Plant biodiversity is threatened, yet many species remain undescribed. It is estimated that >50% of undescribed species have already been collected and are awaiting discovery in herbaria. Robust automatic species identification algorithms using machine learning could accelerate species discovery. Methods To encourage the development of an automatic species identification algorithm, we submitted our Herbarium 2019 data set to the Fine-Grained Visual Categorization sub-competition (FGVC6) hosted on the Kaggle platform. We chose to focus on the flowering plant family Melastomataceae because we have a large collection of imaged herbarium specimens (46,469 specimens representing 683 species) and taxonomic expertise in the family. As is common for herbarium collections, some species in this data set are represented by few specimens and others by many. Results In less than three months, the FGVC6 Herbarium 2019 Challenge drew 22 teams who entered 254 models for Melastomataceae species identification. The four best algorithms identified species with >88% accuracy. Discussion The FGVC competitions provide a unique opportunity for computer vision and machine learning experts to address difficult species-recognition problems. The Herbarium 2019 Challenge brought together a novel combination of collections resources, taxonomic expertise, and collaboration between botanists and computer scientists.
How Policy and Place Matter

Our analysis of 50 interviews with grandparents caring for children with disabilities reveals that they have very diverse experiences. Nearly all talk about love, laughter, and close bonds. From the moment their grandchildren are diagnosed with disabilities, a process that is much easier for some than others, they begin to provide care. For some the care work is minimal and they can easily take it in stride. For others it is intense and performed over many hours and years. To various degrees grandparents struggle to manage the demands of employment, other family members, financial needs, or becoming coresidential or custodial grandparents. Care work reshapes their retirement and travel plans, as well as their financial, social, emotional, and physical wellbeing. We found strong support for cumulative inequality theory in that those providing the most care with the fewest resources are more likely to contribute more funds than they can afford, retire early, forego social lives, report emotional distress, and neglect their own physical health by foregoing exercise, proper nutrition, and medical and dental care. For the most part, they need more support than they are getting. They need fully-enforced federal laws so they do not have to use much-needed money, time, and energy fighting for ramps and special education. They need support groups for grandparent care workers, responsive and empathetic schools and health care providers, and social welfare programs that are stable and expansive. Clearly our dearth of national programs to support working families, particularly those who have children with disabilities, is most harmful to families with less income, education, and expertise. Developing such supports would provide the greatest assistance to those who need it most.
Disparities in patient-centered communication for Black and Latino men in the U.S.: Cross-sectional results from the 2010 health and retirement study.

Background A lack of patient-centered communication (PCC) with health providers plays an important role in perpetuating disparities in health care outcomes and experiences for minority men. This study aimed to identify factors associated with any racial differences in the experience of PCC among Black and Latino men in a nationally representative sample. Methods We employed a cross-sectional analysis of four indicators of PCC representative of interactions with doctors and nurses from (N = 3082) non-Latino White, Latino, and Black males from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Core and the linked HRS Health Care Mail in Survey (HCMS). Men’s mean age was 66.76 years. The primary independent variable was Race/Ethnicity (i.e. Black and Hispanic/Latino compared to white males) and covariates included age, education, marital status, insurance status, place of care, and self-rated health. Results Bivariate manova analyses revealed racial differences across each of the four facets of PCC experience such that non-Hispanic white men reported PC experiences most frequently followed by black then Hispanic/Latino men. Multivariate linear regressions predictive of PCC by race/ethnicity revealed that for Black men, fewer PCC experiences were predicted by discriminatory experiences, reporting fewer chronic conditions and a lack of insurance coverage. For Hispanic/Latino men, access to a provider proved key where not having a place of usual care solely predicted lower PCC frequency. Implications Researchers and health practitioners should continue to explore the impact of inadequate health care coverage, time-limited medical visits and implicit racial bias on medical encounters for underrepresented patients, and to advocate for accessible, inclusive and responsive communication between minority male patients and their health providers.
Preparing Highly Viable Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Pancreatic Islets for Single-Cell RNA Sequencing.

Summary Pancreatic islets consist of several cell types, including alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, and PP cells. Due to cellular heterogeneity, it is challenging to interpret whole-islet transcriptome data. Single-cell transcriptomics offers a powerful method for investigating gene expression at the single-cell level and identifying cellular heterogeneity and subpopulations. Here, we describe a protocol for mouse pancreatic islet isolation, culturing, and dissociation into a single-cell suspension. This protocol yields highly viable cells for successful library preparation and single-cell RNA sequencing. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Lee et al. (2020) .
Hybrid physics-informed neural networks for main bearing fatigue prognosis with visual grease inspection

Abstract Field failures of wind turbine main bearings yield to undesired downtime and significant maintenance costs. Fatigue failure is a dominant mode for legacy turbines, which can be expressed with physics-informed models to some extent. However, these models often inherent large uncertainties due to unknown lubricant degradation mechanism. Therefore, periodical assessment of the grease state plays a crucial role in calibration of bearing fatigue models. As opposed to detailed laboratory analysis, grease visual inspection can lead to large uncertainties in characterization of grease condition (although visual inspection can be cost and time effective). In this paper, we introduce a hybrid model for main bearing fatigue damage accumulation and calibrated using only visual grease inspections. In our hybrid model, bearing fatigue damage portion consists of known physics formulations, and unknown grease degradation is represented with deep neural networks. In addition, we introduce a custom tailored classifier that enables the model to map from damage scale to visual rankings. Results showed that the bearing fatigue prognosis model can be successfully calibrated, even with limited and noisy field observations. Moreover, the model can help optimizing park reliability by suggesting turbine-specific regreasing intervals. The source codes and links to the data can be found in the following GitHub repository https://github.com/PML-UCF/pinn_wind_bearing .
Effect of pressure and temperature on carbon dioxide reduction at a plasmonically active silver cathode

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction at a plasmonically active silver cathode was investigated by varying the pressure and temperature at multiple applied potentials under both dark and illuminated conditions to understand the mechanism of selectivity changes driven by plasmon-enhanced electrochemical conversion. CO2 partial pressures (P CO 2 ) from 0.2 to 1 atm were studied during linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry at − 0.7, − 0.9, and − 1.1 V RHE . At a given applied overpotential the total current density increased with increasing P CO 2 in both the dark and the light, but there were significant differences in the Tafel behavior between dark and illuminated conditions. The reduction of CO 2 to carbon monoxide (CO) was found to have first-order behavior with respect to P CO 2 at all applied potentials in both the dark and the light, likely indicating no change in the rate-determining step upon illumination. Activity for the hydrogen ( H 2 ) evolution reaction decreased with increasing P CO 2 at slightly different rates in the dark and the light at each applied potential, making it unclear if light is influencing CO or H 2 intermediate adsorbate coverage. Both formate and methanol production showed no dependence on P CO 2 under any conditions, but the true reaction orders may be masked by the much higher activity for CO and H 2 at the silver cathode. The investigation of product distribution with temperature at 14, 22, and 32 ∘ C at − 0.7, − 0.9, and − 1.1 V RHE in both the dark and the light demonstrated that the selectivity changes observed upon illumination are not caused by local heating of the cathode surface.
The Politics of Spatial Policies

A wide variety of policies have spatially concentrated costs and diffuse benefits. In many cases, such policies exhibit severe governance failures. We present a formal model to investigate how these policy failures relate to institutions for resident participation. In the model, residents of two districts compete to oppose a locally costly (but socially beneficial) proposal. Participatory institutions allow residents to send a costly signal of their preferences to an official. But this signal produces inefficiencies in the regulatory process. The official only establishes participatory institutions when they are moderately biased toward one district. When extremely biased, the official unilaterally benefits one district at the other’s expense; when sufficiently egalitarian, the official allows each district to approve or veto projects themselves. We connect the establishment of participatory institutions to the changing structure of urban politics in the wake of the Great Society, reflecting both increased equality across neighborhoods and persistent inequality.
PET-RAFT Polymerization: Mechanistic Perspectives for Future Materials

In the past decade, photochemistry has emerged as a growing area in organic and polymer chemistry. Use of light to drive polymerization has advantages by imparting spatial and temporal control over...
ConDySTA: Context-Aware Dynamic Supplement to Static Taint Analysis

Static taint analyses are widely-applied techniques to detect taint flows in software systems. Although they are theoretically conservative and de-signed to detect all possible taint flows, static taint analyses almost always exhibit false negatives due to a variety of implementation limitations. Dynamic programming language features, inaccessible code, and the usage of multiple programming languages in a software project are some of the major causes. To alleviate this problem, we developed a novel approach, DySTA, which uses dynamic taint analysis results as additional sources for static taint analysis. However, naively adding sources causes static analysis to lose context sensitivity and thus produce false positives. Thus, we developed a hybrid context matching algorithm and corresponding tool, ConDySTA, to preserve context sensitivity in DySTA. We applied REPRODROID [1], a comprehensive benchmarking framework for Android analysis tools, to evaluate ConDySTA. The results show that across 28 apps (1) ConDySTA was able to detect 12 out of 28 taint flows which were not detected by any of the six state-of-the-art static taint analyses considered in ReproDroid, and (2) ConDySTA reported no false positives, whereas nine were reported by DySTA alone. We further applied ConDySTA and FlowDroid to 100 top Android apps from Google Play, and ConDySTA was able to detect 39 additional taint flows (besides 281 taint flows found by FlowDroid) while preserving the context sensitivity of FlowDroid.
Vesicle-Based Sensors for Extracellular Potassium Detection

The design of sensors that can detect biological ions in situ remains challenging. While many fluorescent indicators exist that can provide a fast, easy readout, they are often nonspecific, particularly to ions with similar charge states. To address this issue, we developed a vesicle-based sensor that harnesses membrane channels to gate access of potassium (K+) ions to an encapsulated fluorescent indicator. We assembled phospholipid vesicles that incorporated valinomycin, a K+ specific membrane transporter, and that encapsulated benzofuran isophthalate (PBFI), a K+ sensitive dye that nonspecifically fluoresces in the presence of other ions, like sodium (Na+). The specificity, kinetics, and reversibility of encapsulated PBFI fluorescence was determined in a plate reader and fluorimeter. The sensors were then added to E. coli bacterial cultures to evaluate K+ levels in media as a function of cell density. Vesicle sensors significantly improved specificity of K+ detection in the presence of a competing monovalent ion, sodium (Na+), and a divalent cation, calcium (Ca2+), relative to controls where the dye was free in solution. The sensor was able to report both increases and decreases in K+ concentration. Finally, we observed our vesicle sensors could detect changes in K+ concentration in bacterial cultures. Our data present a new platform for extracellular ion detection that harnesses ion-specific membrane transporters to improve the specificity of ion detection. By changing the membrane transporter and encapsulated sensor, our approach should be broadly useful for designing biological sensors that detect an array of biological analytes in traditionally hard-to-monitor environments.
Development and Testing of the Time-Domain Microwave Nondestructive Evaluation System

There has been a continuing pursuit in developing an ultra-wideband (UWB) time-domain microwave impulse radar nondestructive evaluation (NDE) system at the University of Ilinois at Urbana-Champaign [1]. The UWB time-domain microwave NDE system employs a low power and UWB monocycle pulse source [1]. The advantages of the UWB time-domain system are its better spatial resolution, more information of the test targets, and shorter measurement time. However, the time-domain system suffers a worse signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to the frequency-domain system. In order to improve the SNR of the time-domain system, the averaging (stacking), time-gating, and wavelets techniques [8,9] can be applied to the measurement data.
A novel method for determining target detection thresholds

Target detection is the act of isolating objects of interest from the surrounding clutter, generally using some form of test to include objects in the found class. However, the method of determining the threshold is overlooked relying on manual determination either through empirical observation or guesswork. The question remains: how does an analyst identify the detection threshold that will produce the optimum results? This work proposes the concept of a target detection sweet spot where the missed detection probability curve crosses the false detection curve; this represents the point at which missed detects are traded for false detects in order to effect positive or negative changes in the detection probability. ROC curves are used to characterize detection probabilities and false alarm rates based on empirically derived data. It identifies the relationship between the empirically derived results and the first moment statistic of the histogram of the pixel target value data and then proposes a new method of applying the histogram results in an automated fashion to predict the target detection sweet spot at which to begin automated target detection.
Vitamin A Deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency affects an estimated 190 million preschool-aged children and 10 million pregnant women in low-income countries. Prevalent cases of xerophthalmia in young children are believed to number ~5 million. Of these, 10% can be considered potentially blinding, such that this ocular condition remains the leading cause of preventable pediatric blindness in the developing world. Although there has been a significant decrease in the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency during the past couple of decades, vitamin A deficiency remains an underlying cause of at least 157,000 early childhood deaths due to diarrhea, measles, malaria, and other infections each year. Vitamin A deficiency is also recognized as a problem that reflects chronic dietary deficiency that may extend from early childhood into adolescence and adulthood, especially for women of child-bearing age. This chapter describes the chemical structure of vitamin A and its precursors, dietary sources, absorption, metabolism and functions, followed by discussions on the epidemiology of vitamin A deficiency, and its role in morbidity and mortality. The chapter concludes with insights on its diagnosis, treatment, and approaches to prevention through dietary improvement, supplementation, fortification, and biofortification.
Analysis of a self-optimizing wireless data network using autonomous mobile wireless routers

A self-optimizing wireless data network that can dynamically optimize the network performance by itself is presented. The wireless data network consists of autonomous mobile wireless routers that can change their locations to optimize the connections with users. The performance improvement is demonstrated by packet-level simulations, where the packets are passing through all seven OSI layers. IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN protocol is used in the simulations. The physical layer (PHY) is modeled by transceivers operating at 2.472 GHz frequency with 1 Mbps data rate, BPSK modulation, 15 dBm transmit power, and 100 m coverage range. Different scenarios and navigation algorithms have been investigated and a navigation algorithm combining the trajectory prediction, and the modified circular Hough transform is proposed. By using the algorithm, four mobile wireless routers each has coverage range of 100 m can efficiently cover a wide area of 500 m /spl times/ 500 m. Compared to a conventional network using fixed wireless routers, the proposed network using mobile wireless routers and center of gravity navigation algorithm achieves 38% improvement in dropped packets and 40% improvement in outage time. The trajectory prediction and the modified circular Hough transform further reduce dropped packets by 40% when the mobile wireless router is moving at the same speed as the mobile users.
Emotion Regulation in Children and Adolescents: A Practitioner's Guide

I. Background on Emotions and Emotion Regulation 1. Introduction 2. Conceptual Background: The Science of Emotions 3. Emotion-Related Assessment 4. Case Conceptualization: Using Functional Analysis to Define Problems and Identify Targets for Intervention 5. Treatment Planning: Combining Functional Analysis and Modularity 6. Final Considerations: Caregivers, Culture, and Engaging Challenging Clients II.Treatment Modules Module 1. Emotion Awareness Skills Module 2. Emotion Understanding Skills Module 3. Empathy Skills Module 4. Emotion Regulation Skills I: Prevention Skills Module 5. Emotion Regulation Skills II: Mastery Module 6. Emotion Regulation Skills III: Expression Skills Module 7. Emotion Regulation Skills IV: Basic Cognitive Skills Module 8. Emotion Regulation Skills V: Emotion-Specific Cognitive Skills
Box‐Meyer Method for Dispersion Effects

One aspect of product quality is variability in finished product. Taguchi showed the world that variability is a consequence of product design and not just manufacturing performance. He also showed us that variability can be studied in engineering optimization experiments. Product variables that affect variability are said to have dispersion effects (see Dispersion Effects). Using the Box-Meyer method, dispersion effects can be estimated simply from the same unreplicated two-level designs used to study effects on the mean performance. Keywords: dispersion effect; fractional design; unreplicated design; variance reduction; effect sparsity
Classical and Quantum Mechanics of the Driven Double Well

Tunneling is one of the most alluring concepts in quantum mechanics and is often considered in introductory expositions of the subject with reference to the symmetric double well potential. The consequences of tunneling have long been recognized: In 1927 Hund1 discussed tunneling in pyramidal molecules like ammonia where tunneling between two symmetric equilibria gives rise to splittings in vibrational spectra. Similarly other molecules (e.g., methanol) may contain barriers to internal rotation through which tunneling occurs, also giving rise to splittings in the spectra.2 In addition to these relatively simple examples, tunneling is important in a wide variety of chemical processes3 including biological situations. For example, electron transfer in proteins is often based on electron and nuclear tunneling in order to effect charge separation.4,5 The strong distance dependence of tunneling has allowed the construction of the scanning tunneling microscope6 and many devices in solid state physics are based on the tunnel effect.7 Particularly fascinating is the prediction of meso-scopic tunneling of magnetic flux in superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs).8 In many of these situations a simple double well potential provides the most useful and generally applicable model.
Ocean front detection and tracking by an autonomous underwater vehicle

In this paper we present a method of using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to detect and track an ocean front created by coastal upwelling. In an upwelling water column, temperature, salinity, and other properties are more homogeneous over depth as compared with non-upwelling water which is typically stratified. We use the vertical homogeneity of temperature as the classifier for differentiating upwelling and stratified water columns. On 27 April 2011, the Tethys long-range AUV ran the algorithm to autonomously detect and track a front in a dynamic coastal upwelling region in Monterey Bay, CA. The AUV transected the front 14 times over two days, providing a very high-resolution depiction of the front.
A Hush Falls Over the Crowd: Diminished Online Civic Expression Among Young Civic Actors

An earlier investigation of civically engaged youth’s online civic expression, conducted by the authors, revealed that most youth expressed their off-line civic views in their online lives. But do youth change their online civic expression over time? If so, how and why? A follow-up study of the original participants about two years later provides a longitudinal perspective on online civic expression. Survey responses from 41 U.S.-based civic youth reveal that over 40% changed their expression patterns over the two-year period, with most quieting or silencing expression. These changes correspond to a group-level shift: Withholding civic expression on social media is most common at the time of our follow-up study. Key rationales for individual shifts, as stated by participants, are described.
Studies on the Relationship Between Motility and Absorption in the Human Small Intestine

The mechanisms underlying the defective absorption in sprue are not yet fully understood. There has been some evidence presented in the past to suggest that the associated gastrointestinal hypomotility may playa role in this deficient absorption. Wadel, in 1936, demonstrated a clinical improvement in two cases of celiac disease in children after treating them with certain irritant laxatives and small doses of posterior pituitary extract to increase peristaltic activity. In both patients there was weight gain, reduction in the number of stools, and elevation of a previously flattened oral glucose tolerance curve. May and McCreary2 were able in some cases of celiac disease to cause reversion of the flattened glucose tolerance curve to normal by delivering the sugar by tube directly into the duodenum. They reasoned that due to delay in gastric emptying orally administered glucose might be retained in the stomach, where little or no absorption occurs, and be released into the intestine so slowly as to account for the flattened curve. In about one-fourth of their subjects, however, the tolerance curve still remained flat after this procedure. In these it could be brought to normal by the simultaneous intraduodenal administration of methacholine which produced an increase in small bowel activity as judged by fluoroscopic observation of a barium meal. These authors concluded that, in sprue, there is no intrinsic mucosal absorptive defect and that the major factor in malabsorption lay in bowel hypomotility with consequent deficient contact between nutritive material and absorbing surface. Ingelfinger, Moss, and HelmS have extended these observations by showing that the vitamin A tolerance curve could be lowered in normal subjects by the administration of atropine, which produced a pattern of intestinal hypomotility not unlike that found in sprue on kymographically recorded tracings from balloons in the small bowel4• They felt that some of this effect might have been produced by an associated inhibition of pancreatic and biliary secretions, but could not exclude a direct inhibitory effect on absorption of the vitamin. Believing that the action of hypomotility on absorption might reside in a lack of sufficient "churning action" to bring the substance intimately in
Enhanced hindlimb collateralization induced by acidic fibroblast growth factor is dependent upon femoral artery extraction.

Recent investigations have established the feasibility of using exogenously delivered angiogenic growth factors to increase collateral artery development in animal models of myocardial and hindlimb ischemia. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the ability of a stabilized form of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF-S117) to stimulate collateralization and arteriogenesis in the rabbit hindlimb following the surgical induction of ischemia by femoral artery extraction. A secondary objective was to examine angiogenic and arteriogenic effects of aFGF-S117 in the absence of a peripheral blood flow deficit. Methods and results: Five days after femoral artery removal, aFGF-S117 (1, 3, or 30 μg/kg) was intramuscularly delivered into the hindlimb, three times per week for 2 consecutive weeks. End-point measurements performed on day 20 found that hindlimb reserve blood flow was significantly improved in rabbits that received 3 or 30 μg/kg of aFGF-S117, with no difference in efficacy between these two doses. These hemodynamic results were supported by angiographic evidence showing enhanced density of collateral vessels in the medial thigh region and histological findings of increased capillary density within the gastrocnemius muscle from rabbits treated with aFGF-S117. When an efficacious dose of 3 μg/kg of aFGF-S117 was administered to sham-operated rabbits with intact femoral arteries, there was no change in any of the blood flow, angiographic or histological parameters measured. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that a stabilized form of aFGF stimulated the development of functional collateral arteries in the rabbit hindlimb, an effect which was dependent upon removal of the femoral artery. These results suggest that aFGF-S117 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of arterial occlusive disorders.
The outcome of research training during surgical residency

Abstract Background/Purpose: The exposure to research during residency is currently an integral part of most academic surgical training programs. In this study, graduates of two surgical programs were surveyed to characterize their research experience and to determine the effects on their careers. Methods: Between 1975 and 1990, 86 and 61 residents completed general surgical training programs at UCLA Medical Center and at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, respectively. An anonymous survey was sent to each graduate regarding his research experience and current practice. Results: Of the graduates who spent 2 years in research, 47% now hold academic positions, compared with 23% for those who spent less than 2 years ( P = .18). When the graduates were segregated according to their desire to enter the laboratory, 49% of graduates who requested research time hold academic positions, whereas only 13% of those who would not request research are in academic positions ( P = .01). Conclusions: Residents who strongly desire a period of research during surgical residency are also more productive in the laboratory. This information should be considered in selecting residents for research training in the current era of academic budget restriction and managed health care.
The relaxation energy of vacancies and impurities in a molecular lattice

Abstract The energy of relaxation and relaxation of surrounding atoms are computed for vacancies, large and small impurity atoms, vacancy impurity atom di-defects, and di-vacancies in a f.c.c. (argon) lattice, assuming a Lennard-Jones potential and neglecting all kinetic energy effects. It is found that at normal lattice spacing the energy correction is small for all types of defects considered. Under compression, relaxation energy increases rapidly. Relaxations are always small. It is found that formation of a vacancy next to an impurity is preferred to formation of an isolated vacancy. Concentration of di-vacancies is found to be very small except at temperatures approaching the melting point.
The wavelength dependence of phase coefficients

It is pointed out that spectral reflectance curves depend largely upon the optical constants of the surface materials. In the present study, the results of laboratory measurements are employed to investigate the wavelength dependence of disk-integrated phase coefficients of some materials, taking into account a basalt, the ordinary chondrite Bruderheim, the carbonaceous chondrite Allende, and sulfur. These materials have been selected as appropriate analogs to the surfaces of the moon, S- and C-class asteroids, and the Jovian satellite Io, respectively. It is shown that the observed wavelength dependence of phase coefficients can be predicted (at least qualitatively) once the spectrum of an object is known. Attention is given to phase variation of disk-integrated spectral reflectance curves, the wavelength dependence of phase coefficients, a comparison with observations, and the effects of surface roughness on phase coefficients.
A Brief History of Minimally Invasive Plastic Surgery

It could be argued that a basic principle establishing plastic surgery as a distinct specialty always has been minimal invasive surgery. Although perhaps lagging behind the other surgical specialties specifically in adopting the surgical endoscope, this merely is a new tool to better achieve just that objective. Outcome enhancements initially predominated in aesthetic applications, but widespread use also in reconstructive endeavors has proved that there is indeed today a broad role for minimally invasive plastic surgery.
Sibling rivalry and brood sex ratios in polyembryonic wasps

FEMALE-BIASED sex ratios are predicted under local mate competition where offspring of one or a few females mate in isolated subpopulations1. Haplodiploid sex determination allows parasitic wasps to bias their sex ratios by controlling fertilization2, but parental control is not solely responsible for the broods of polyembryonic wasps. The eggs of these parasites divide to form many offspring and often two larval morphs3,4. Precocious larvae die without pupating while reproductive larvae become adults. Copidosoma floridanum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) produces 1,000–1,400 offspring per host and most broods contain both sexes (mixed)5. Mixed broods are female-biased and wasps mate before dispersing, but these broods develop from the mother laying one male and one female egg and adult males probably obtain additional matings away from the host5,6. Thus, intersexual conflict may exist over the number of offspring to produce per host. Here we show that precocious larvae in mixed broods are predominantly female and that they bias the sex ratio by killing males.
Column experiments for microbiological treatment of acid mine drainage: low-temperature, low-pH and matrix investigations.

Abstract The lifetime of traditional sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) bioreactors that utilize a source of reducing equivalents contained within the matrix (e.g. manure) is limited by the amount of readily available reducing equivalents within that matrix. In order to extend bioreactor lifetime indefinitely, the addition of known concentrations of alternative reducing equivalents (methanol and ethanol) to a depleted matrix was tested at low pH and low temperatures. Following acclimation, up to 100% efficiencies of reducing equivalents were directed toward sulfate reduction. Alcohol was added in stoichiometric concentrations to remove 50% of the added sulfate (900 mg/L), producing sufficient sulfide to precipitate all of the iron from solution. An average of 42% of the sulfate was removed following acclimation, reflecting 84% efficiency. An average of 93% of the iron was removed (93 mg/L). Bacteria acclimated to ethanol more rapidly than methanol, although both alcohols were effective as carbon sources. Efficient treatment was observed at the lowest temperatures (6°C) and lowest pHs (pH=2.5) tested. The use of ethanol-fed, highly permeable bioreactor matrices of wood chip, pulverized plastic and rock was also examined to determine which of these porous matrices could be implemented in a field bioreactor. Results indicated that >95% of the 100 mg/L iron added was removed by all matrices. Sufficient reducing equivalents were added to remove 450 mg/L of sulfate, wood and rock matrices removed ∼350 mg/L plastic removed ∼225 mg/L. A study comparing rock size indicated that small rocks removed iron and sulfate more efficiently than medium- and large-size rocks. The results suggest that wood and rock in conjunction with ethanol are viable alternatives to traditional bioreactor matrices. These findings have direct application to semi-passive sustained operation of SRB bioreactors for treatment of acidic drainage at remote sites.
Elf5 is an epithelium-specific, fibroblast growth factor-sensitive transcription factor in the embryonic lung.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling has been shown to be essential for many aspects of normal lung development. To determine epithelial targets of FGF signaling, we cultured embryonic day (E) 11.5 mouse lungs for 24 hr in the presence or absence of the FGF receptor antagonist SU5402, which inhibited branching morphogenesis. Affymetrix gene chip analysis of treated and control epithelia identified several genes regulated by FGF signaling, including Elf5, a member of the Epithelial-specific Ets family of transcription factors. SU5402 reduced Elf5 expression in mesenchyme-free cultures of E12.5 epithelium, demonstrating that the inhibition was direct. In situ hybridization revealed that Elf5 had a dynamic pattern of expression during lung development. We found that expression of Elf5 was induced by FGF7 and FGF10, ligands that primarily bind FGFR2b. To further define the pathways by which FGFs activate Elf5 expression, we cultured E11.5 lung tips in the presence of compounds to inhibit FGF receptors (SU5402), PI3-Kinase/Akt–mediated signaling (LY294002), and MAP Kinase/Erk-mediated signaling (U0126). We found that SU5402 and LY294002 significantly reduced Elf5 expression, whereas U0126 had no effect. LY294002 also reduced Elf5 expression in cultures of purified epithelium. Finally, pAkt was coexpressed with Elf5 in the proximal epithelial airways of E17.5 lungs. These results demonstrate that Elf5 is an FGF-sensitive transcription factor in the lung with a dynamic pattern of expression and that FGF regulation of Elf5 by means of FGFR2b occurs through the PI3-Kinase/Akt pathway. Developmental Dynamics 236:1175–1192, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.