cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Inquiry and the Philosophy of Mind

Artificial intelligence deals with the most concrete and modern of artifacts, digital computers, and at the same time raises abstract and philosophical questions. Can a computer be genuinely intelligent? An answer to this question presupposes that we have an answer to a more general question: What is intelligence? Can a computer simulate intelligence? We then need to know what the difference is between merely simulating intelligence and being intelligent. Can a computer understand a language? What is a language? Can a computer have a mind? Can a sequential digital computer do what a massively parallel neuronal system can? Can a computer have beliefs, desires, intentions? Can a computer make mistakes? Have emotions? Experience sensations? Be creative? Are computers more like programmed texts or like the authors of such texts?
Impurity States in Kondo Insulators

Kondo insulators are compounds with small-gap semiconductor properties. A Mondo hole is the charge neutral substitution of a rare earth or actinide atom by a nonmagnetic analog. Kondo holes break the translational invariance and give rise to boundstates in the gap, which pin the Fermi level and determine the magnetic, thermal and transport properties. A finite concentration of Kondo holes generates an impurity hand inside the gap of the semiconductor. For small concentration, c, the height and width of the impurity band in the density of states are proportional to √c. We consider arbitrary clusters of Kondo holes embedded into the symmetric non-degenerate Anderson lattice with nearest-neighbor tight-binding conduction band on a simple cubic lattice. Properties of boundstates at the Fermi level are related to the connectivity of the cluster. The impurity band undergoes an insulator-metal transition, which is reduced to the classical site percolation of Kondo holes with first, second and fourth nearest-neighbor bonds. The critical percolation concentration is estimated at c cr = 0.10. Of great interest are also the consequences of doping, ligand defects and the effect of Mondo holes on magnetic instabilities. Within a KotliarRuckenstein mean-field approximation the Mondo insulator is unstable to long-range antiferromagnetism for U > U c and to ferromagnetism in sufficiently large fields. The paramagnetic-antiferromagnetic phase boundary is re-entrant as a. function of the concentration of Kondo holes.
Graft-specific immune tolerance is determined by residual antigenicity of xenogeneic extracellular matrix scaffolds

Abstract Antigenicity remains the primary barrier towards expanding the use of unfixed xenogeneic biomaterials in clinical applications. An unfixed xenogeneic biomaterial devoid of antigenicity, with maintained structural and mechanical integrity, has potential to overcome the limitations of current clinically utilized glutaraldehyde-fixed xenogeneic biomaterials, such as heart valve bioprostheses. Unfortunately, the threshold level of residual antigenicity necessary to overcome graft-specific immune responses in unfixed xenogeneic tissue has yet to be determined. Furthermore, little information is known regarding the extent to which in vitro disruption of native ECM properties, resulting from decellularization or antigen removal procedures, are tolerated following in vivo implantation. This manuscript demonstrates that humoral adaptive immune responses are more sensitive to residual xenogeneic biomaterial antigen content than are cell-mediated adaptive responses. Critically, the threshold for tolerable residual antigenicity is identified, with removal of ≥92% of lipophilic antigens required to reduce adaptive immune responses to levels equivalent to glutaraldehyde fixed tissue. Finally, the results demonstrated that the innate immune system tolerates minor changes in protein organization provided that molecular structure is maintained. Antigen removed xenogeneic biomaterials achieving these in vitro success criteria induce in vivo adaptive and innate tolerance, while modulating pro-regenerative constructive remodeling. Statement of Significance Removal of antigenic components from candidate xenogeneic biomaterials is the primary success criteria for development of extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. Currently, the threshold level of residual biomaterial antigenicity required to overcome recipient graft-specific adaptive immune responses is unknown. Additionally, the extent to which the innate immune response tolerates changes to the native ECM, resulting from the ECM scaffold production process, has yet to be determined. This manuscript not only establishes the threshold for tolerable residual antigenicity, but also demonstrates that deviations in protein organization are tolerated by the innate immune system, provided macromolecular structure remains intact. In doing so, we provide the foundation of an immunologically-acceptable unfixed xenogeneic biomaterial for use in clinical applications.
Outcomes of Open vs Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery in Patients 70 Years or Older.

Importance The use of skull base surgery in patients 70 years or older is increasing, but its safety in this age group has not been evaluated to date. Objectives To describe outcomes in a cohort of patients 70 years or older undergoing skull base surgery and to evaluate whether age, type of disease process, and approach (endoscopic vs traditional open surgery) are associated with increased intraoperative and postoperative complications in this population. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study analyzed a population-based sample of 219 patients 70 years or older from a database of 1720 patients who underwent skull base surgery at University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, a tertiary referral center, between October 2007 and June 2017. Data were collected from June 2016 to July 2017 and analyzed in July 2017 and August 2017. Exposure Skull base surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures Data collected included demographic characteristics, surgical approach, and disease process. Intraoperative findings and postoperative complications were analyzed by age, surgical approach, and malignancy status. Results Of the 219 patients, 166 were aged 70.0 to 79.9 years and 53 patients were older than 80 years (mean [SD] age, 76.4 [4.7] years); 120 (54.8%) were men and 160 (73.7%) were white. There were 161 (73.5%) endoscopic and 58 (26.5%) open operations. The most common pathologic processes among the 219 patients were nonsellar malignant (81 [37.0%]), nonsellar benign (53 [24.2%]), and pituitary (49 [22.4%]) tumors. The most common intraoperative and postoperative complications were intraoperative major bleeding (5 of 219 patients [2.3%]) and postoperative bleeding (9 [4.1%]). Thirty-day mortality was zero. There was no clinically meaningful difference in complications between patients aged 70.0 to 79.9 years vs those older than 80 years, endoscopic vs open surgery, or benign vs malignant neoplasms. Specifically, between the endoscopic and open surgery groups, there was no difference in intraoperative major bleeding (3.9%; 95% CI, −0.7% to 12.9%), postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak (−0.6%; 95% CI, −3.4% to 5.6%), or postoperative bleeding (1.5%; 95% CI, −3.9% to 10.6%). Conclusions and Relevance Skull base surgery is a safe option in persons 70 years or older, with similar outcomes across age ranges, surgical approaches, and disease processes.
Tunable 3D Nanofiber Architecture of Polycaprolactone by Divergence Electrospinning for Potential Tissue Engineering Applications

The creation of biomimetic cell environments with micro and nanoscale topographical features resembling native tissues is critical for tissue engineering. To address this challenge, this study focuses on an innovative electrospinning strategy that adopts a symmetrically divergent electric field to induce rapid self-assembly of aligned polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers into a centimeter-scale architecture between separately grounded bevels. The 3D microstructures of the nanofiber scaffolds were characterized through a series of sectioning in both vertical and horizontal directions. PCL/collagen (type I) nanofiber scaffolds with different density gradients were incorporated in sodium alginate hydrogels and subjected to elemental analysis. Human fibroblasts were seeded onto the scaffolds and cultured for 7 days. Our studies showed that the inclination angle of the collector had significant effects on nanofiber attributes, including the mean diameter, density gradient, and alignment gradient. The fiber density and alignment at the peripheral area of the 45°-collector decreased by 21% and 55%, respectively, along the z-axis, while those of the 60°-collector decreased by 71% and 60%, respectively. By altering the geometry of the conductive areas on the collecting bevels, polyhedral and cylindrical scaffolds composed of aligned fibers were directly fabricated. By using a four-bevel collector, the nanofibers formed a matrix of microgrids with a density of 11%. The gradient of nitrogen-to-carbon ratio in the scaffold-incorporated hydrogel was consistent with the nanofiber density gradient. The scaffolds provided biophysical stimuli to facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and morphogenesis in 3D.
Aims, Study Design, and Enrollment Results From the Assessing Predictors of Infant Respiratory Syncytial Virus Effects and Severity Study.

Background: The majority of infants hospitalized with primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection have no obvious risk factors for severe disease. Objective: The aim of this study (Assessing Predictors of Infant RSV Effects and Severity, AsPIRES) was to identify factors associated with severe disease in full-term healthy infants younger than 10 months with primary RSV infection. Methods: RSV infected infants were enrolled from 3 cohorts during consecutive winters from August 2012 to April 2016 in Rochester, New York. A birth cohort was prospectively enrolled and followed through their first winter for development of RSV infection. An outpatient supplemental cohort was enrolled in the emergency department or pediatric offices, and a hospital cohort was enrolled on admission with RSV infection. RSV was diagnosed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Demographic and clinical data were recorded and samples collected for assays: buccal swab (cytomegalovirus polymerase chain reaction, PCR), nasal swab (RSV qualitative PCR, complete viral gene sequence, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid [RNA] amplicon microbiota analysis), nasal wash (chemokine and cytokine assays), nasal brush (nasal respiratory epithelial cell gene expression using RNA sequencing [RNAseq]), and 2 to 3 ml of heparinized blood (flow cytometry, RNAseq analysis of purified cluster of differentiation [CD]4+, CD8+, B cells and natural killer cells, and RSV-specific antibody). Cord blood (RSV-specific antibody) was also collected for the birth cohort. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression will be used for analysis of data using a continuous Global Respiratory Severity Score (GRSS) as the outcome variable. Novel statistical methods will be developed for integration of the large complex datasets. Results: A total of 453 infants were enrolled into the 3 cohorts; 226 in the birth cohort, 60 in the supplemental cohort, and 78 in the hospital cohort. A total of 126 birth cohort infants remained in the study and were evaluated for 150 respiratory illnesses. Of the 60 RSV positive infants in the supplemental cohort, 42 completed the study, whereas all 78 of the RSV positive hospital cohort infants completed the study. A GRSS was calculated for each RSV-infected infant and is being used to analyze each of the complex datasets by correlation with disease severity in univariate and multivariate methods. Conclusions: The AsPIRES study will provide insights into the complex pathogenesis of RSV infection in healthy full-term infants with primary RSV infection. The analysis will allow assessment of multiple factors potentially influencing the severity of RSV infection including the level of RSV specific antibodies, the innate immune response of nasal epithelial cells, the adaptive response by various lymphocyte subsets, the resident airway microbiota, and viral factors. Results of this study will inform disease interventions such as vaccines and antiviral therapies.
My friends, I'm #SOTALLYTOBER: A longitudinal examination of college students' drinking, friends' approval of drinking, and Facebook alcohol-related posts.

BackgroundLiterature has consistently shown a positive relationship between young adults’ social media alcohol-related posts and drinking outcomes; however, the reasons for this association and the...
Secreted IgM: New Tricks for an Old Molecule

Secreted IgM (sIgM) is a multifunctional evolutionary conserved antibody that is critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis as well as the development of fully protective humoral responses to pathogens. Constitutive secretion of self- and polyreactive natural IgM, produced mainly by B-1 cells, provides a circulating antibody that engages with autoantigens as well as invading pathogens, removing apoptotic and other cell debris and initiating strong immune responses. Pathogen-induced IgM production by B-1 and conventional B-2 cells strengthens this early, passive layer of IgM-mediated immune defense and regulates subsequent IgG production. The varied effects of secreted IgM on immune homeostasis and immune defense are facilitated through its binding to numerous different cell types via different receptors. Recent studies identified a novel function for pentameric IgM, namely as a transporter for the effector protein ″apoptosis-inhibitor of macrophages″ (AIM/CD5L). This review aims to provide a summary of the known functions and effects of sIgM on immune homeostasis and immune defense, and its interaction with its various receptors, and to highlight the many critical immune regulatory functions of this ancient and fascinating immunoglobulin.
A Study of Change in Nutritional Status of Haryana People

A large section of population consume diets which are quantitatively and or qualitatively deficient. Malnutrition affects the general health of population and the cost of malnutrition is of great concern for a country like ours. The problem of human hunger has always remained the top most problem through the ages and it has defied the solution in a large part of the world barring some of the developed nations which have tackled this problem. The problem of malnutrition is particularly severe in the third world countries including India.
Applying Deep Learning to Detect Traffic Accidents in Real Time Using Spatiotemporal Sequential Data.

Accident detection is a vital part of traffic safety. Many road users suffer from traffic accidents, as well as their consequences such as delay, congestion, air pollution, and so on. In this study, we utilize two advanced deep learning techniques, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs), to detect traffic accidents in Chicago. These two techniques are selected because they are known to perform well with sequential data (i.e., time series). The full dataset consists of 241 accident and 6,038 non-accident cases selected from Chicago expressway, and it includes traffic spatiotemporal data, weather condition data, and congestion status data. Moreover, because the dataset is imbalanced (i.e., the dataset contains many more non-accident cases than accident cases), Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) is employed. Overall, the two models perform significantly well, both with an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.85. Nonetheless, the GRU model is observed to perform slightly better than LSTM model with respect to detection rate. The performance of both models is similar in terms of false alarm rate.
Definitive Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced, Lymph-node Positive, Nonmetastatic Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Abstract Introduction Locally advanced penile cancer is rare, with few reported studies on the therapeutic role of chemoradiotherapy. We sought to characterize the efficacy and toxicity of definitive chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced, node-positive, squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Materials and Methods Six patients who had refused or were ineligible for surgical resection of clinically staged node-positive squamous cell penile cancer were treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy using either weekly cisplatin or 2 cycles of mitomycin C/5-fluorouracil. The mean radiation dose to the primary sites, involved lymph nodes, involved nodal basins, and uninvolved nodal basins was 57.2, 55.0, 49.7, and 42.3 equivalent dose delivered in 2-Gy fractions. Results With a median follow-up of 7.2 years, 4 of the 6 patients were recurrence-free and 2 had developed recurrence. One of the latter died of penile-specific complications after salvage surgery to treat the recurrence. Of the 6 patients, 4 experienced long-term penectomy-free survival. No patient developed distant metastasis after therapy. The 4 patients with durable penectomy-free survival reported excellent urologic, sexual, and bowel function, as assessed by various validated patient-reported outcome surveys and subjective reports. One of the 2 patients with recurrence was successfully salvaged with penectomy. Lymphedema and stricture were not reported by any of the patients. Conclusions Definitive chemoradiotherapy is an effective organ-sparing treatment of node-positive penile cancer, with durable disease control and maintenance of quality of life. This treatment option should be offered to carefully counseled patients within the context of expert multidisciplinary teams and should be incorporated into expert consensus treatment guidelines.
Chapter 2 – Culture-Bound Syndromes, Cultural Variations, and Psychopathology

An important step during the initial evaluation of clients from culturally diverse groups is the assessment of culture-specific disorders known as “culture-bound syndromes” (e.g., koro among some Asian clients, and ataques de nervios among some Hispanic clients). This chapter suggests that these culture-specific disorders should be distinguished from generic cultural variables (e.g., acculturation, religion rituals, and social unrest) that might also explain symptoms suggesting a given mental disorder. This distinction is accomplished with the identification of those generic cultural variables across most mental disorders in the DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000).
A Chest Shield to Be Used in Phototherapy for Jaundice

Through optical and thermal properties testing, we evaluated four biocompatible and two reflective materials to propose a two-layer chest shield design for neonates undergoing phototherapy for jaundice.
Challenges and Thrills of Legal Arguments

State-of-the-art attention based models, mostly centered around the transformer architecture, solve the problem of sequence-to-sequence translation using the so-called scaled dot-product attention. While this technique is highly effective for estimating inter-token attention, it does not answer the question of inter-sequence attention when we deal with conversation-like scenarios. We propose an extension, HumBERT, that attempts to perform continuous contextual argument generation using locally trained transformers.
Chip Package Interaction (CPI) Stress Modeling

In order to address the Chip-Package Interaction (CPI) risks associated with advanced silicon packaging, GLOBALFOUNDRIES has developed Finite Element (FE) models to simulate the mechanical stress in the Backend of Line (BEoL) and Far Back End of Line (FBEoL) during the flip-chip assembly process and multiple reflow (MR) cycling test. This paper discusses the complexity involved in the CPI mechanical performance and use of various modeling methods to assess and mitigate the CPI failure risk. The paper also highlights the quantitative package model validation against experimental data based on newly developed Cohesive Zone Material (CZM) modeling methodology.
Loyalty, hedging, or exit: How weaker alliance partners respond to the rise of new threats

When new threats arise, how do weaker partners allied with great powers choose among loyalty (remaining allied to their great power patrons), hedging (improving political relations with the challen...
The Role of Neighborhood Context in the Relationship between Parenting Effectiveness and Self-control:

A large body of work has examined the factors contributing to low self-control among adolescents, with a predominant focus on individual and family characteristics. More recently, a small body of r...
Development of a Bioinspired, Self-Adhering, and Drug-Eluting Laryngotracheal Patch.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Novel laryngotracheal wound coverage devices are limited by complex anatomy, smooth surfaces, and dynamic pressure changes and airflow during breathing. We hypothesize that a bioinspired mucoadhesive patch mimicking how geckos climb smooth surfaces will permit sutureless wound coverage and also allow drug delivery. STUDY DESIGN ex-vivo. METHODS Polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers were electrospun onto a substrate and polyethylene glycol (PEG) - acrylate flocks in varying densities were deposited to create a composite patch. Sample topography was assessed with laser profilometry, material stiffness with biaxial mechanical testing, and mucoadhesive testing determined cohesive material failure on porcine tracheal tissue. Degradation rate was measured over 21 days in vitro along with dexamethasone drug release profiles. Material handleability was evaluated via suture retention and in cadaveric larynges. RESULTS Increased flocking density was inversely related to cohesive failure in mucoadhesive testing, with a flocking density of PCL-PEG-2XFLK increasing failure strength to 6880 ± 1810 Pa compared to 3028 ± 791 in PCL-PEG-4XFLK density and 1182 ± 262 in PCL-PEG-6XFLK density. The PCL-PEG-2XFLK specimens had a higher failure strength than PCL alone (1404 ± 545 Pa) or PCL-PEG (2732 ± 840). Flocking progressively reduced composite stiffness from 1347 ± 15 to 763 ± 21 N/m. Degradation increased from 12% at 7 days to 16% after 10 days and 20% after 21 days. Cumulative dexamethasone release at 0.4 mg/cm2 concentration was maintained over 21 days. Optimized PCL-PEG-2XFLK density flocked patches were easy to maneuver endoscopically in laryngeal evaluation. CONCLUSIONS This novel, sutureless, patch is a mucoadhesive platform suitable to laryngeal and tracheal anatomy with drug delivery capability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:1958-1966, 2021.
TV, Body, and Landscape: Nam June Paik’s Show (2016)

This chapter aims to explore how video artist Nam June Paik transformed TV into a living body and shaped the digital landscape through his installation art. Based on some of his artistic works such as David and Marat and Turtle, which were displayed during Nam June Paik’s Show exhibition in 2016, I will firstly outline how Paik used television to reveal his aesthetic strategy. Then I will discuss how TV as an everyday object is transformed into a new living body and thus creates symbolic meanings of space and time in relation to his sense of identity as a media artist. I will also show peculiar aspects of Paik’s artwork in terms of shaping a digital landscape as an expanded framework for the boundaries between reality and fantasy. This chapter will thus shed light on an aesthetical dimension of his artwork from this new perspective.
Designing a high-reflectivity normal-incidence Ge/Si multilayer X-ray mirror for the 44–50 nm wavelength range

For many years, the Mo/Si multilayer mirror has been the standard choice for normal incidence optics in the EUV/X-ray range below 20 nm. As one goes to longer wavelengths, such as the 46.9 nm Ne-like Ar X-ray laser, the absorption in Mo increases substantially, which is why the Sc/Si mirror was developed to operate in this region. To solve the problem of the metastable interface of Sc/Si mirrors due to diffusion between the two materials, this paper looks at an alternative Ge/Si multilayer mirror that replaces Sc with Ge, which offers potential advantages for fabricating a multilayer structure without the additional diffusion barriers needed with Sc. Ge can also be used to produce a narrow band filter in this wavelength regime.
Are declining effective tax rates indicative of tax avoidance? Insight from effective tax rate reconciliations

Abstract Effective tax rates (ETRs) are often used to compare tax avoidance across firms and time. Using firms' detailed tax footnote data, we find that the effect of valuation allowances (VA) related to prior-period losses biases GAAP ETRs. This downward bias explains almost all of the downward trend in domestic firms' ETRs over the last 20 years. We also find that VAs explain cross-sectional differences in ETRs for both domestic and multinational firms. We show this bias extends to cash ETRs and the Henry and Sansing (2018) tax avoidance measure. We develop a methodology for substantially reducing the bias in both time-series and cross-sectional analyses of cash and GAAP ETRs. Overall, our results suggest firms’ loss histories and GAAP rules influence inferences from tax avoidance proxies.
Proximity and the Location and Management of Innovation

We study the effect of proximity to corporate headquarters on the productivity of inventors and research and development (R&D) facilities, and the determinants of inventors and facilities’ proximity to headquarters. About half of sample inventors live within 40 miles of headquarters and about half of sample R&D facilities are located within 60 miles. Distant inventors and R&D facilities are less productive, and plausibly exogenous reductions in the travel time from inventors or facilities to headquarters increase their productivity and creativity. Inventors and facilities located farther away from headquarters are more likely to operate in locations with lower personal and corporate income tax rates, higher R&D tax credits, stronger local economies, and fewer nearby inventors not employed by the firm, relative to headquarters. Firms are more likely to employ distant inventors when they rely less on intangible assets for value creation and have less volatile performance. We conclude that proximity to headquarters increases inventor and R&D facility innovation production, and that firms and inventors balance the benefits of greater proximity against geographic costs and benefits when locating innovation activities.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter: Reliability, Discriminant Validity, and Predictive Validity.

# Background Deficits in dynamic neuromuscular control have been associated with post-injury sequelae and increased injury risk. The Y-Balance Test Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ) has emerged as a tool to identify these deficits. # Purpose To review the reliability of the YBT-LQ, determine if performance on the YBT-LQ varies among populations (i.e., sex, sport/activity, and competition level), and to determine the injury risk identification validity of the YBT-LQ based on asymmetry, individual reach direction performance, or composite score. # Study Design Systematic Review # Methods A comprehensive search was performed of 10 online databases from inception to October 30, 2019. Only studies that tested dynamic single leg balance using the YBT-LQ were included. Studies were excluded if the Y-Balance Test kit was not utilized during testing or if there was a major deviation from the Y-Balance test procedure. For methodological quality assessment, the modified Downs and Black scale and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used. # Results Fifty-seven studies (four in multiple categories) were included with nine studies assessing reliability, 36 assessing population differences, and 16 assessing injury prediction were included. Intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.85-0.91. Sex differences were observed in the posteromedial direction (males: 109.6 \[95%CI 107.4-111.8]; females: 102.3 \[95%CI 97.2-107.4; p = 0.01]) and posterolateral direction (males: 107.0 \[95%CI 105.0-109.1]; females: 102.0 \[95%CI 97.8-106.2]). However, no difference was observed between sexes in the anterior reach direction (males: 71.9 \[95%CI 69.5-74.5]; females: 70.8 \[95%CI 65.7-75.9]; p=0.708). Differences in composite score were noted between soccer (97.6; 95%CI 95.9-99.3) and basketball (92.8; 95%CI 90.4-95.3; p <0.01), and baseball (97.4; 95%CI 94.6-100.2) and basketball (92.8; 95%CI 90.4-95.3; p=0.02). Given the heterogeneity of injury prediction studies, a meta-analysis of these data was not possible. Three of the 13 studies reported a relationship between anterior reach asymmetry reach and injury risk, three of 10 studies for posteromedial and posterolateral reach asymmetry, and one of 13 studies reported relationship with composite reach asymmetry. # Conclusions There was moderate to high quality evidence demonstrating that the YBT-LQ is a reliable dynamic neuromuscular control test. Significant differences in sex and sport were observed. If general cut points (i.e., not population specific) are used, the YBT-LQ may not be predictive of injury. Clinical population specific requirements (e.g., age, sex, sport/activity) should be considered when interpreting YBT-LQ performance, particularly when used to identify risk factors for injury. # Level of Evidence 1b
Action Oriented Research in Education

If you are looking for a simple, straight forward book for conducting an action oriented research in an educational setting than Craig's 2009 Action Research Essentials is for you. This book provides the “essentials” for this type of research . She provide s clear and concise information assisting students that may be using this approach for the first time. Good examples are given for the novice of action oriented research. The author presents the information in an orderly fashion. In this review, I will give my initial appraisal and content analysis regarding the intended audience, objectivity of the author and the writing style presented
Non-chromatographic Methods to Support Stability Program

Testing of pharmaceutical products is critical in assessing the stability and expected performance of the drug product and API. This chapter will discuss several physical tests as well as those chemical tests that focus on the performance of the drug products. It does not delve into the background theory of the testing but rather gives an overview of the tests and practical information for the analyst performing the tests. Most of these tests are described in detail in the USP. Chapter 9 of this book contains an overview of the USP and its USP-NF requirements for stability purposes.
Considerations in Pediatric Oculoplastic Examination

This chapter discusses the pediatric oculoplastic examination, provides tools and techniques to help aid what can be a challenging examination, and highlights important differences between the adult and pediatric examination.
Performance analysis of ultra-wideband spread-spectrum communications in narrowband interference

The robustness of ultra-wideband spread-spectrum (UWB-SS) communications in the presence of single tone and multiple tone continuous-wave (CW) interference or jamming is examined. The performance of antipodal modulation with a hybrid of direct-sequence and time-hopping spread-spectrum (DS/TH-SS) techniques, as well as just DS-SS signaling, is compared to that of binary pulse-position modulation (PPM) with time-hopping spread-spectrum (TH-SS) signaling for the case of correlation receivers.
"Blade-vent" implant resulting in an oro-antral fistula. Report of a case.

Abstract Reported is a case of a full-arch, porcelain-bonded-to-metal prosthesis supported by four “blade-vent” implants placed on the same day as tooth removal. This procedure subsequently resulted in protracted treatment with sequelae painful to the patient. The advisability of the placement of such an implant-prosthesis assembly under these conditions is questioned, and three of the factors leading to early failure are discussed; they are: (1) occlusal disharmonies, (2) retention of plaque, and (3) implantation in the maxillary sinus.
Community Consultation and Public Disclosure: Preliminary Results From a New Model

Emergency medicine research conducted under the exception from informed consent (EFIC) regulation enables critical scientific advancements. When EFIC is proposed, there is a requirement for broad community consultation and public disclosure (CC/PD) regarding the risks and benefits of the study. At the present time, no clear guidelines or standards exist for conducting and evaluating the CC/PD. This preliminary study tested the feasibility and acceptability of a new approach to CC/PD for a large-scale EFIC trial by engaging community members in designing and conducting the strategies. The authors enrolled key community members (called community advocates for research, or CARs) to use community-based participatory methods to design and implement CC/PD. By partnering with community members who represent target populations for the research study, this new approach has demonstrated a feasible CC/PD plan with greater community participation and less cost than previous studies. In a community survey, the percentage of community members reporting having heard about the EFIC trial more than doubled after employing the new approach. This article discusses initial implementation and results.
An Argument Against Sight-Lovers: Knowledge and Belief in Republic V

In Book V of the Republic there is an argument that, depending on how it is read, has the power to completely undermine what Plato has for centuries been interpreted to believe about the nature of knowledge, reality, and education. The traditional reading of this argument was first attacked by Gail Fine in 1978, and since then a number of other scholars have embraced this alternative interpretation as well. This essay offers a critique of the alternative interpretation, demonstrating that it is neither a necessary nor a possible reading of the text, and then explores the implications this has for our understanding of Plato’s philosophy in general and specifically of his philosophy of education.
Word Meanings across Languages Support Efficient Communication

Why do languages have the semantic categories they do? Each language partitions human experience into a system of semantic categories, labeled by words or morphemes, which are used to communicate about experience. These categories often differ widely across languages. Thus, languages do not merely provide different labels for the same universally shared set of categories—instead, both the labels and the categories themselves may be to some extent language-specific. However this cross-language variation is constrained. Words with similar or identical meanings often appear in unrelated languages, and most logically possible meanings are unattested—suggesting that there are universal forces constraining the cross-language diversity. Accounting for this pattern of wide but constrained variation is a central theoretical challenge in understanding why languages have the particular forms they do.
Basic laser tweezers.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basic laser tweezers. The basic information for designing and building a laser tweezers system for force measurements is provided in the chapter. If force measurements are not required, then the considerations about the analysis system, a fine piezo stage, and stability are less important. For the initial alignment and characterization of the system, red blood cells provide an easily trapped sample. For a difficult test sample, the smaller latex beads are stable and easy to obtain. Anyone setting up laser tweezers is encouraged to see a working tweezers system and to compare samples with that system. This basic system would include a low-power infrared (IR) laser, mirrors, and focusing lenses, which can be added to a good research microscope. The major limitations of the basic system are the laser power and stability needed for force measurements, and the proper laser beam configuration required for trapping small particles.
Quality of Informing: Bias and Disinformation Philosophical Background and Roots

This is an inquiry into the background and the origins of bias and disinformation as viewed from the philosophical perspective. This paper demonstrates the undeniable analogy between the philosophical framework defined by Schopenhauer and the informational model of decision situations as viewed today in operations research, management sciences, and decision sciences. Bias, and disinformation—the main concerns of informing science are not aberrations or deviations— are the very nature of all communications among living entities. Within the realm of informing science, research that ignores this fact may produce unreliable results. One must face this reality head on. The inquiry contributes to the theoretical foundations of informing science. The results are presented for challenge, critique, and discussion.
Natural Language Generation and Assistive Technologies

Some people with disabilities find it difficult to access some forms of language. Assistive Technology is a term used to describe a class of technologies/interventions designed to enable people with disabilities to do things that their disabilitie currently make difficult. A large amount of work on Assistive Technology has focused on enabling access to language and communication; this class of interventions could greatly benefit from Natural Language Generation technologies. This talk will briefly survey some Assistive Technology applications that have employed Natural Language Generation technologies -- highlighting some of the needs in this application area along with the opportunities that it provides for investigating hard problems in Natural Language Generation. It will then highlight a project, called the SIGHT System, intended to provide access to information graphics (e.g., bar charts, line graphs) found in popular media to people who have visual impairments. This system employs Natural Language Generation technologies to generate appropriate textual summaries of the information graphics. As such, it makes contributions to several areas within the field of Natural Language Generation while also enabling access to the information in these graphics to people who cannot access it with visual means.
Social Worker or Cop? Measuring the Supervision Styles of Probation & Parole Officers in Kentucky and Missouri

ABSTRACT This study surveyed probation and parole officers in Missouri and Kentucky to determine their supervision styles along a “casework to surveillance” continuum. These self-ratings were correlated with officer self-reports of how they spend their time on the job engaged in various casework or surveillance activities. Additionally, volunteering officers were interviewed to provide clarification on their perceptions regarding the distinctions between a casework approach and a surveillance approach. Results indicate that officers spend more of their time engaged in casework activities, but perceive themselves as more surveillance oriented. Style varied significantly by sex of officer, with female officers spending significantly more time than male officers engaged in casework activities. Caseload size and type were related to style, as well. Interviews indicated that officers believe a surveillance style as necessary for community protection, but recognize the need for a balanced approach. This study h...
Some effects of retained austenife on the fatigue resistance of carburized steel

Cyclic deformation properties have been measured for high carbon steels that simulate the surface layers on carburized AISI 4027 steel. The influence of retained austenite is manifested in cyclic hardening and the development of mean compressive stresses. These responses, which are found to vary in direct proportion to the initial retained austenite content, are attributable to deformation-induced transformation. The importance of such cyclic changes is demonstrated by strain-life relations for carburized 4027; specimens with large amounts of retained austenite in the surface layers possess superior fatigue resistance to otherwise identical specimens that are more completely transformed. It is also shown that the benefits of retained austenite diminish as the intrinsic ductility of the fully transformed material increases.
Nanostructured ultraviolet resistant polymer coatings

Abstract Nanoparticle-embedded acrylic coatings that can absorb copious amounts of UV radiation yet scatter little were developed to protect base fabrics from sun-induced degradation. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 15 to 70 nm were used. Nanoparticles (5 wt%) were dispersed in acrylic emulsions. Nanoparticle-embedded acrylic films of 10 μm and 20 μm thick were prepared and bonded to Kevlar fabric. Mechanical tests as well as infrared, visible and UV spectroscopy were used to characterize nanoparticle-embedded acrylic emulsions and coated Kevlar fabric. The changes in mechanical and chemical properties of Kevlar fabric after a day and week of intense UV exposure were assessed using tear and strip tensile testing, UV, visible and infrared spectroscopy, and wide and small angle X-ray analysis. Tear and tensile data, with support from UV results, showed that 20 μm nanoparticle-embedded coatings largely prevented degradation of Kevlar fabric, allowing only 5% of the degradation that occurred in the unprotected fabric after a week of UV exposure.
Effects of Stress on Male Voiding Function

Psychological stress has long been suspected to worsen voiding dysfunction in men, but the possible causal relationship is poorly understood. Investigators have used many study methods, including observational studies and several prospective trials, intended to elicit psychological stress and then measure symptoms. Prostate growth is noted to decrease in animals that have undergone surgical sympathectomy, suggesting a role for the sympathetic nervous system in the growth of the prostate and not just in the contraction of its smooth muscle component. Prostate-specific antigen is noted to increase in men with poor social support and recent stress. Voiding parameters and prostate volume are also affected in patients with spinal cord injury. A growing body of literature relates stress to voiding dysfunction. Interest in this will likely increase as the knowledge base and understanding of the physiology improve.
Blockage of Sodium Conductance Increase in Lobster Giant Axon by Tarichatoxin (Tetrodotoxin)

Tarichatoxin, isolated from California newt eggs, has been found to selectively block the increase of sodium conductance associated with excitation in lobster giant axons at nanomolar concentrations. This resulted from a reduction in the amplitude of the conductance increase rather than a change in its temporal characteristics. The normal potassium conductance increase with depolarization is not altered. A high concentration of calcium applied concomitantly with the toxin significantly improves the reversibility of the sodium blocking. This toxin has recently been identified as chemically identical with tetrodotoxin from the puffer fish. Toxins from the two sources are equally effective and are shown to have an action which is distinctly different from that of procaine.
CFD of multiphase flow in packed-bed reactors: II. Results and applications

Numerical simulations of multiphase flow using the k-fluid CFD model described in Part I of this issue are presented for packed beds at various operating conditions. Both steady-state and unsteady-state (e.g., periodic operation) feed conditions were studied numerically. Predictions of the k-fluid CFD model are comparable with the experimental data in the literature for liquid upflow in a cylindrical packed bed. In addition to the mean porosity and the longitudinally averaged radial porosity profile, the variance of the porosity distribution is needed for predicting the probability density function of the sectional flow velocity. In the trickling flow regime, the k-fluid CFD model provides reasonable predictions of the global liquid saturation and the pressure gradient. Relevant applications of the k-fluid CFD model are identified in quantifying the relationship between bed structure and flow distribution in various-scale packed beds. The combined flow-reaction modeling scheme is proposed through the “mixing-cell” network concept, in which the k-fluid CFD simulation can provide the information on sectional flow distribution.
Impulse buying: Modeling its precursors

Abstract A model of the precursors of impulse buying is presented and empirically tested with data drawn at two points in time (during pre- and post-shopping interviews) from a regional shopping mall setting. Analysis of the data, utilizing LISREL 8, supported most of the predictions. Situational variables (time available and money available) and individual difference variables (shopping enjoyment and impulse buying tendency) were found to influence a set of endogenous variables, including positive and negative affect, browing activity, felt urge to buy impulsively, and ultimately, whether or not an impulse purchase occurred. Future research and managerial implications are addressed.
Buckling of thin circular rings under uniform pressure

Abstract The twist-buckling of thin rings is investigated. A simple formula for calculating the in-plane buckling of the ring with extensional effects included, is also derived. The load required for twist-buckling is found to be generally less than that for in-plane buckling.
Voltage oscillations in armature windings under lightning impulses-I

Experience has shown that rotating machinery connected directly to overhead lines is more vulnerable to surges than many other types of apparatus. This fact together with a desire on the part of some to connect important units to the line in this manner, has necessitated a study of the protection problem. Such a study is here described, showing oscillograms taken when steep voltage surges were applied to machine windings, measuring internal voltages to ground which are 200 per cent of the voltage allowed by the terminal lightning arrester. A simple traveling wave analysis of these oscillations is developed, which has successfully explained the peculiarities of over 400 oscillograms taken under various terminal conditions. Practical methods of eliminating th. e oscillations with neutral impedance are outlined in the light of the theory developed, and oscillographic evidence supporting their reliability is given. A generalized theory of neutral protection is proposed. The importance of wave-front, surge impedance of incoming line, arrester resistance, and other factors is discussed. Methods for protection of the turn insulation and the insulation to ground of such machines are suggested, showing that the lightning arrester only limits the potential of waves entering the machine and cannot control oscillations which may take place within the machine. The advantages of thyrite as a neutral resistor are pointed out in connection with the short-circuit protection, telephone interference, and lighting protection problems of such machines.
Peripheral Coding of Taste

Five canonical tastes, bitter, sweet, umami (amino acid), salty, and sour (acid), are detected by animals as diverse as fruit flies and humans, consistent with a near-universal drive to consume fundamental nutrients and to avoid toxins or other harmful compounds. Surprisingly, despite this strong conservation of basic taste qualities between vertebrates and invertebrates, the receptors and signaling mechanisms that mediate taste in each are highly divergent. The identification over the last two decades of receptors and other molecules that mediate taste has led to stunning advances in our understanding of the basic mechanisms of transduction and coding of information by the gustatory systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in taste research, mainly from the fly and mammalian systems, and we highlight principles that are common across species, despite stark differences in receptor types.