cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Current State of Emergency Medical Training in US Schools of Podiatric Medicine

Background: There is no information available in the medical literature regarding emergency medical training in the podiatric medicine predoctoral curriculum. This study was undertaken to describe the current state of emergency medical training in US schools of podiatric medicine. Methods: A Web-based descriptive survey was developed to assess course logistics, the curricular topics covered, and the teaching methods used. All of the US schools of podiatric medicine were surveyed. Results: Completed surveys were returned from all nine schools. All of the institutions incorporate training on the management of medical emergencies into their predoctoral curricula. Four schools (44.4%) reported initiating this training before 2000. All of the schools incorporate a didactic (lecture) component, and eight (88.9%) incorporate a clinical (hands-on) component into their training. Conclusions: All of the schools of podiatric medicine in the United States incorporate emergency medical training into their predoctoral ...
Orientation, oxygen activity and temperature dependencies of the diffusion of cobalt in cobalt orthosilicate, Co2SiO4

Abstract To contribute to a better understanding of point defects and defect-related transport properties in cobalt orthosilicate, Co 2 SiO 4 , the orientation-dependent diffusion of cobalt in high purity, synthetic single crystals of Co 2 SiO 4 being in thermodynamic equilibrium with silica was experimentally studied as a function of crystallographic orientation, oxygen activity and temperature. The oxygen activity dependence of the diffusion of cobalt in Co 2 SiO 4 along the three principle orientations at 1300 °C is at high oxygen activities compatible with cobalt vacancies and holes as majority defects. At lower oxygen activities the oxygen activity dependence of the cobalt tracer diffusion coefficients becomes smaller than at high oxygen activities. This is most likely related to an increase of the concentrations of cobalt interstitials at lower oxygen activities and at such oxygen activities also to an increased influence of the impurity ions being present in the samples used. The latter is due to smaller overall point defect concentrations at lower oxygen activities compared to those found at higher oxygen activities. The temperature dependence of the cobalt tracer diffusion along the orientations denoted above was investigated in the range between 1200 and 1300 °C at a O 2 = 1 (a O 2 = P O 2 /P° O 2 and P° O 2 = 1 atm). The results obtained suggest that the anisotropy of the diffusion of Co in Co 2 SiO 4 does not very significantly vary with the temperature. When using the space group Pbnm when assigning crystal orientations the ratio found for the cobalt tracer diffusion coefficients at a O 2 = 1 is approximately D ⁎ Co[001] :D ⁎ Co[010] :D ⁎ Co[100] = 30:3:1.
Expression and cAMP-mediated regulation of the human gonadotropin alpha subunit gene in transfected mouse L-cells

Expression of the dimeric glycoprotein hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), occurs either eutopically in placental trophoblast cells and trophoblastic tumor cells (choriocarcinoma) or ectopically in nontrophoblastic tumor cells. However, regulation of constitutive HCG-subunit mRNA production appears to differ in trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic cells, as evidenced by the fact that cAMP analogs and agonists enhance eutopic but not ectopic HCG-subunit mRNA synthesis. In the present study, we compared the effects of cAMP on HCG alpha-subunit expression in human choriocarcinoma cells and in nontrophoblastic mouse L-cells stably transfected with the HCG alpha-subunit gene. Constitutive levels of alpha-subunit expression in transfected mouse L-cells were equivalent to or exceeded those found in choriocarcinoma cells as determined by Northern blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence for alpha-subunit protein. However, cAMP-mediated induction of alpha-subunit gene expression was retained in nontrophoblastic L-cells and closely paralleled that observed in human choriocarcinoma cells. These findings indicate that cells distinctly nontrophoblastic in origin may share the necessary cellular factors for cAMP-mediated induction of alpha-subunit gene expression. Failure of ectopic HCG-producing tumor cells to be stimulated by cAMP may thus be the result of deletion or mutation of such factors.
Psychosocial Risk Factors and Musculoskeletal Symptoms among White and Blue-collar Workers at Private and Public Sectors

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate musculoskeletal and psychosocial perception and compare these conditions regarding the type of job (white or blue-collar) and the type of management model (private or public). Methods: Forty-seven public white-collar (PuWC), 84 private white-collar (PrWC) and 83 blue-collar workers (PrBC) were evaluated. Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) were applied to evaluate psychosocial factors. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to assess musculoskeletal symptoms. Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) was measured to evaluate sensory responses. Results: According to JCQ, all groups were classified as active profile. There was a significant association between work engagement and workers’ categories (p 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed differences in psychosocial risk factors and musculoskeletal symptoms in workers engaged in different types of jobs and work organization. Personal and work-related characteristics, psychosocial factors and PPT responses were different across workers’ group. Despite all, there was no significant difference in reported symptoms across the groups, possibly indicating that the physical load is similar among the sectors.
Coping Strategies of Female Victims of Child Abuse in Treatment for Substance Abuse Relapse: Their Advice to Other Women and Healthcare Professionals

This study was a part of a larger qualitative descriptive study designed to explore chronic sorrow as a relapse trigger among female victims of child abuse who were currently enrolled in substance abuse treatment for relapse. The purpose of this study was to identify coping strategies and other factors these women perceived as helpful to their recovery. A purposive sample of twelve women participated in interviews using a semistructured interview schedule. The advice the participants offered to women in similar situations reflected interpersonal, cognitive and action-focused positive coping strategies. They encouraged clinicians in primary care facilities to approach persons suspected of substance abuse in a nonjudgmental manner. Healthcare professionals should be more assertive in recommending resources for substance abuse treatment.
Discrepancy Between Subjective Symptomatology and Objective Neuropsychological Performance in Insomnia

Results: Overall, PIs reported worse sleep, diminished activity levels, and a greater number and severity of daytime complaints. However, PIs did not show deficits on neuropsychological tests. Additionally, neuropsychological measures were not associated with severity of daytime complaints. Objectively measured sleep was found to be associated with performance (motor speed), while prospective and objective sleep measures were associated with level of daytime complaint. Conclusions: The discrepancy between subjective daytime complaints and objective performance in individuals with insomnia is common, but poorly understood. This discordance may suggest that daytime impairment corresponds less to “output” and more to attentional bias or to the realistic appraisal that “effort” is required to maintain normal performance.
The Social Context of First Marijuana Use

(1973). The Social Context of First Marijuana Use. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 317-324.
Personal Touch-Identification Tokens

Touch-based personal tokens would let devices unobtrusively identify who is interacting with the device at any given time. Devices could then tailor services to users and control access to sensitive information and online services. The authors present an approach for using a wearable personal token, in the form of a ring, to send an identification code to devices through touch.
Verbal mediation of number knowledge: evidence from semantic dementia and corticobasal degeneration.

Abstract Patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) appear to have impaired number knowledge. We examined the nature of their number deficit while we tested the hypothesis that comprehension of larger numbers depends in part on verbal mediation. We evaluated magnitude judgments and performance on number conservation measures rooted in Piagetian theory in nonaphasic patients with CBD ( n = 13) and patients with a fluent form of progressive aphasia known as semantic dementia (SD; n = 15). We manipulated the numbers of the arrays and the visual–spatial properties of the stimuli being compared during magnitude judgments and Piagetian conservation measures. CBD patients were consistently impaired judging the magnitudes of larger numbers (4–9), while they had minimal difficulty with smaller numbers (magnitudes ⩽3). By comparison, SD patients performed all measures of number knowledge at a ceiling level regardless of number magnitude. Neither patient group was significantly impacted by manipulations of the spatial properties of the stimuli. CBD patients’ impairment with larger numbers despite minimal aphasia, and SD patients’ intact performance despite an aphasia, challenge the proposal that understanding larger numbers depends on verbal mediation.
Computational modeling of drug delivery by microvascular networks

We have previously developed general computational models for studying blood flow and oxygen transport in complex microvascular networks. Here we describe how these models can be used to study delivery of other chemical species such as therapeutic drugs. We first describe our model of microvascular blood flow and a three-dimensional, time-dependent transport model applicable when the species of interest is carried mainly in dissolved form in the blood and the systemic concentration is fixed. We then present results of numerical simulations of blood flow in a constructed three-dimensional capillary network. Finally, we perform simulations of mass transport in the network and present results indicating the spatial heterogeneity of the concentration in the tissue.
Assessing Hydrosystem Influence on Delayed Mortality of Snake River Stream-Type Chinook Salmon

Abstract Snake River stream-type Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha exhibited substantial delayed mortality despite recent improvements in oceanic and climatic conditions. These salmon declined sharply with the completion of the Columbia River hydrosystem in addition to other anthropogenic impacts and changes in oceanic conditions. Previous analytical approaches have compared management options for halting the population decline. The predicted benefits of these options on salmon recovery hinged on whether the source of the mortality that takes place in the estuary and during early ocean residence is related to earlier hydrosystem experience during downstream migration (i.e., delayed hydrosystem mortality). We analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of mortality for Chinook salmon populations to determine whether delayed mortality for the Snake River populations decreased during the recent period of favorable oceanic and climatic conditions. We found that Snake River stream-type Chinook salmon popu...
EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION : EFFECT OF FIGURAL SIMILARITY UPON MAGNITUDE OF ILLUSION WHEN CONTEXT ELEMENTS ARE EQUAL IN PERCEIVED SIZE

The magnitude of the Ebbinghaus illusion has been reported to be greater when test element and context elements are figurally similar as opposed to figurally dissimilar. In the current investigation with 16 observers, illusion magnitude was greater for a figurally similar configuration even though the context elements of the figurally similar configuration were perceived as smaller than the context elements of a figurally dissimilar configuration. Hence, figural similarity appears to have a prepotent effect in the Ebbinghaus illusion.
Reverse-engineering ‘esotericism': how to prepare a complex cultural concept for the cognitive science of religion

The article introduces a framework for preparing complex cultural concepts for the cognitive science of religion (CSR) and applies it to the field of Western esotericism. The research process (‘reverse engineering') rests on a building block approach that, after problematic categories have been deconstructed, seeks to reconstruct new scholarly objects in generic terms that can be operationalized in interdisciplinary contexts like CSR. A four-step research process is delineated, illustrated by a short discussion of previous work on ‘Gnosticism,' ‘magic,' and ‘religion,' before applying it to ‘esotericism.' It is suggested that the implicit scholarly objects of esotericism scholarship can be reconstituted in generic terms as concerned with processes of creating and disseminating ‘special knowledge.' Five definitional clusters are identified in the literature; these provide a basis for formulating research programs on the psychological and cognitive level, drawing on metarepresentational processes, event cog...
Bower building and decoration by the bowerbird Amblyornis inornatus

Bowers of the little-known bowerbird Amblyornis inornatus are the most elaborately decorated structures erected by an animal other than humans. I studied populations in two mountain ranges. South Kumawa bowers consisted of a tower of sticks glued together, up to 2.6 m high, resting on an almost perfectly circular mat of black moss. Decorations were black, brown, or grey: leaves, snail shells, acorns, sticks, stones, and elytrae. The mat, decorative sticks, and elytrae were painted shiny black, possibly with an oily material in excrement. Another group of bowers 8 km distant differed in also using colored fruits as decorations. Wandamen bowers differed drastically in the much lower stick tower, woven but not glued, covered with a stick hut up to 2 m in diameter, resting on an unpainted green moss mat, and decorated with colored fruits, flowers, fungi, butterfly wings, and leaves. Objects tended to be grouped by color, with certain types of objects at specific locations. Within either mountain range there was individual and age-related variation among bowers. Many or most decorations were objects commonly available in the forest. Decorations turned over from day to day. Wandamen birds were tame. The diverse vocalizations included vocal mimicry. Males raided each others' bowers and chased off other bird species. Bowerbirds may modify their environment by dispersing fresh fruits used as decorations, dispersing seeds of fruit eaten, and caching fruit. Colors of objects used as decorations are not a passive sample of locally available objects, nor do they necessarily match the plumage of females or of rival males, nor are they necessarily rare or habitat-specific. Instead, color preference and many other features of bower design appear to be arbitrary characteristics of species or populations. I suggest that bower style is partly learned, and that geographic variation in bower style may depend upon culturally transmitted behavior, analogous to geographic variation in bird song dialects.
Screening Breast Ultrasound: Past, Present, and Future

OBJECTIVE. This article discusses breast ultrasound for the detection of breast cancer in the screening environment, as well as strategies for integrating screening breast ultrasound, including automated breast ultrasound. CONCLUSION. Breast density is an increasingly pertinent issue in breast cancer diagnosis. Breast density results in a decrease in the sensitivity of mammography for cancer detection, with a significant increase in the risk of breast cancer. Ultrasound detects additional cancers.
Storage stability of injection-molded starch-zein plastics under dry and humid conditions

Corn starch and zein mixtures (4 : 1 dry weight) were extruded and injection-molded in the presence of plasticizers (glycerol and water). Tensile strength and percentage elongation of the molded plastics were measured before and after 1 week of storage under a dry or humid condition (11 or 93% RH). With 10–12% glycerol and 6–8% water, injection-molded plastics had relatively good tensile properties (20- to 25-MPa tensile strength and 3.5–4.7% elongation). But while exposed to dry conditions (11% RH), the molded plastics lost weight (0.5–1.5% in 7 days) and became very brittle, with significant decreases in tensile strength and elongation. Partial replacement (5–10%) of starch with a maltodextrin (average DE 5) reduced the glass transition and melting temperatures of the starch-zein mixture as well as the dry storage stability. Using potato starch instead of corn starch significantly improved the dry storage stability of the injection-molded starch-zein plastics (18- vs 11-MPa tensile strength). Anionic corn starches with a maleate or succinate group (DS<0.01) produced injection-molded plastics with improved tensile properties and storage stability. Plastics prepared from the starch maleate and zein mixture retained the strength during 1 week of dry storage without a significant change (26-MPa tensile strength and 3.7% elongation after 1 week of storage).
Examination of a conceptual model of child neglect

This study attempted to provide empirical support for conceptual definitions of child neglect. We identified 12 types of needs, conceptualizing neglect as occurring when children's basic needs are not adequately met. We examined measures administered to 377 children and caregivers at ages 4 and 6 years participating in longitudinal studies on child mal-treatment to identify potential indicators of these needs. Indicators were found for latent constructs, operationalizing three of the basic needs (emotional support and/or affection, protection from family conflict and/or violence, and from community violence). These latent constructs were used in a measurement model; this supported the conceptual definitions of neglect. A structural equation model then assessed whether the latent constructs were associated with child adjustment at age 8 years. Low level of perceived support from mother was associated with internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Exposure to family conflict was also linked to these problems, and to social difficulties. Finally, children's sense of experiencing little early affection was associated with subsequent externalizing behavior and social problems. The approach of conceptualizing neglect in terms of unmet child needs, developing a measurement model to define latent neglect constructs, and relating these constructs to subsequent adjustment can build our understanding of neglect.
Planetary Sample Caching System Design Options

Potential Mars Sample Return missions would aspire to collect small core and regolith samples using a rover with a sample acquisition tool and sample caching system. Samples would need to be stored in individual sealed tubes in a canister that could be transfered to a Mars ascent vehicle and returned to Earth. A sample handling, encapsulation and containerization system (SHEC) has been developed as part of an integrated system for acquiring and storing core samples for application to future potential MSR and other potential sample return missions. Requirements and design options for the SHEC system were studied and a recommended design concept developed. Two families of solutions were explored: 1)transfer of a raw sample from the tool to the SHEC subsystem and 2)transfer of a tube containing the sample to the SHEC subsystem. The recommended design utilizes sample tool bit change out as the mechanism for transferring tubes to and samples in tubes from the tool. The SHEC subsystem design, called the Bit Changeout Caching(BiCC) design, is intended for operations on a MER class rover.
Latent phonetic analysis: Use of singular value decomposition to determine features for CRF phone recognition

We exploit an analogy between document retrieval and phone recognition, and adapt the method of latent semantic analysis for the latter task. By mapping into a space of reduced dimensionality, we hope to uncover previously unexploited relationships between posterior estimates of phonetic events and the parts of phones represented by HMM states. We find that features defined over the reduced space complement those previously known, such as, for example, phonological features. We are able to effectively combine all of these features in a phone recognition task by using the constraint-based framework of conditional random fields (CRFs), which allows the use of large and highly redundant feature spaces.
Reviewing Business Method Patents (BMPs): A Strategic Asset For Companies And Inventors

Ever since the State Street Bank decision by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, BMPs have been validated as patentable subject matter and as a consequence have become a point of discussion and debate among professionals in the industry. Along with this, criticism for the validity and advantages of BMPs has also increased, especially in the wake of some Bad Patents granted by the USPTO immediately after the State Street Decision. This paper contradicts this opinion and tries to reinforce the significance and advantages of awarding BMPs to companies in todays global marketplace. BMPs are here to stay. Some fine tuning of its rules and regulations over time might make them more beneficial and efficient; however, it is definite that implementation and use of BMPs is sound policy. The necessary groundwork is laid by conducting a review of the various topics involved while dealing with BMPs including, history, example cases, advantages, legal requirements and procedures, and international aspects among others. This paper should be used as a comprehensive review for conducting an introductory research on BMPs. An interested researcher can look at the USPTO website on BMPs for more detailed and specific information pertaining to various aspects of BMPs.
Identification and estimation of semiparametric two‐step models

Let H0(X) be a function that can be nonparametrically estimated. Suppose E [Y|X]=F0[X⊤β0, H0(X)]. Many models fit this framework, including latent index models with an endogenous regressor and nonlinear models with sample selection. We show that the vector β0 and unknown function F0 are generally point identified without exclusion restrictions or instruments, in contrast to the usual assumption that identification without instruments requires fully specified functional forms. We propose an estimator with asymptotic properties allowing for data dependent bandwidths and random trimming. A Monte Carlo experiment and an empirical application to migration decisions are also included. Identification by functional form double index models two‐step estimators semiparametric regression control function estimators sample selection models empirical process theory limited dependent variables migration C13 C14 C21 D24
CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 Is Required for Fast Recycling of Cellulose Synthase Complexes to the Plasma Membrane in Arabidopsis

Plants are constantly subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses and have evolved complex strategies to cope with these stresses. For example, plant cells endocytose plasma membrane material under stress and subsequently recycle it back when the stress conditions are relieved. Cellulose biosynthesis is a tightly regulated process that is performed by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). However, the regulatory mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis under abiotic stress has not been well explored. In this study, we show that small CESA compartments (SmaCCs) or microtubule-associated cellulose synthase compartments (MASCs) are critical for fast recovery of CSCs to the plasma membrane after stress is relieved in Arabidopsis thaliana. This SmaCC/MASC-mediated fast recovery of CSCs is dependent on CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 (CSI1), a protein previously known to represent the link between CSCs and cortical microtubules. Independently, AP2M, a core component in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, plays a role in the formation of SmaCCs/MASCs. Together, our study establishes a model in which CSI1-dependent SmaCCs/MASCs are formed through a process that involves endocytosis, which represents an important mechanism for plants to quickly regulate cellulose synthesis under abiotic stress.
The Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act: Provisions Affecting the Relationship of the Firm and Its Members to Third Parties

In 1916, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws promulgated the original Uniform Limited Partnership Act (1916 Act) to ameliorate the effect of the overly strict existing law. The 1916 Act has since been revised many times and this article focuses on revised sections that principally affect the relationship of the limited partnership and its members to the public in general and to third parties dealing with the firm or its members in particular.
Subtlety, Storytelling Keys to Writing Persuasively

The article discusses techniques to persuade readers in written advocacy by involving them in the argument using facts and details that lead them to the conclusion you want them to reach.
Medellin v. Texas: Supreme Court Holds ICJ Decisions Under the Consular Convention Not Binding Federal Law, Rejects Presidential Enforcement of ICJ Judgments Over State Proceedings

On March 25, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Medellin v. Texas, a case in which a Mexican national on death row in Texas challenged his conviction on the basis that he was not afforded his right of consular notification under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR). In a 6-3 decision, the Court held that the 2004 decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in Mexico v. United States (Avena), requiring the United States to provide further "review and reconsideration" of the convictions of petitioner Medellin and 51 other Mexican nationals on death row in the U.S., was not binding federal law and was therefore, absent an implementing statute, not enforceable by federal courts against Texas, and thus did not preempt the state procedural bar to Medellin's habeas claim. The Court further held that a 2005 memorandum issued by President Bush, stating his intention to enforce Avena, did not create binding law that could be enforced against Texas. The decision will effectively end the federal habeas claims of petitioner Jose Ernesto Medellin and the other death row inmates affected by the Avena decision. Mexico may pursue political remedies at the international, federal and state level to address the problem of consular non-notification in death row cases. The Court noted that Congress is free to enact the legislation required to give domestic legal effect to decisions of the ICJ reached under the VCCR Optional Protocol, but there are no current efforts to do so. The decision leaves unresolved whether criminal defendants may bring a direct VCCR non-notification claim in cases where the claim has not been procedurally defaulted, and also leaves open the possibility of civil claims in non-notification cases brought under 42 U.S.C. §1983, which permits remedies for violations of federally protected rights.
Simulation optimization when facing input uncertainty

Stochastic simulation is driven by the input model, which is a collection of distributions that model the randomness in the system. The input model is often constructed from data, and hence input uncertainty arises due to the finiteness of data. Simulation optimization has been mostly studied under the assumption of a known input model, without accounting for input uncertainty. We propose a new framework to study simulation optimization under input uncertainty, with the goal to balance the trade-off between optimizing under the estimated input model and hedging against the risk brought by input uncertainty. A simple numerical example illustrates different formulations under the new framework, compared with the usual formulation for simulation optimization.
Numerical Simulation of Aero-Optical Distortions by a Turbulent Boundary Layer and Separated Shear Layer

Compressible large-eddy simulations are carried out to study the aero-optical distortions caused by a Mach 0.5 flat-plate turbulent boundary layer and a separated shear layer over a cylindrical turret with a flat window. The fluctuations of refractive index are calculated from the density field and ray tracing is employed to compute the optical path differences (OPD). In the flat-plate boundary layer, the log layer and wake region contribute most to the optical wavefront distortions. Consistent with previous experimental findings, the distortion magnitude is dependent on the propagation direction due to anisotropy of the boundary-layer vortical structures. In the case of separated shear layer over a cylindrical turret, wavefronts are tilted toward downstream due to the angle between the flat window and separated shear layer, and the low-density region therein. The root-mean-square of OPD (OPDrms) caused by the separated shear layer is found to be five times as large as that caused by the attached boundary layer upstream of the turret. The predicted OPDrms for both flows are in good agreement with experimental values despite much reduced Reynolds numbers in the simulations, suggesting relative insensitivity to the Reynolds number.
Phase-Selective Synthesis of Calcium Carbonate Polymorphs

Through the use of solubilizing agents, simple salt metathesis reactions may be translated from aqueous solution to the milieu of organic solvents. When applied to the crystallization of calcium carbonate through the reaction of calcium chloride with sodium bicarbonate in ‘complexation-mediated’ crystallization leads to the selective formation of a metastable phase, vaterite, rather than to calcite, the phase obtained from aqueous solution. Impacts on the formation of the third anhydrous phase of calcium carbonate, aragonite, are also noted. These studies suggest an additional mechanism whereby Nature may control the morphology and phase of the calcium carbonate biominerals.
A NEW PORIA FROM SOUTHERN ARIZONA

SUMMARY Poria apacheriensis is described as a new species from southern Arizona. It causes a white rot of wood of several desert plants, canyon hardwoods, and juniper, and is associated with a root rot of dying or dead plants in some localities. It is similar to Poria versipora but differs in having broader, subglobose basidiospores. Fungi in the genus Poria are ecologically and economically important in the decay of wood. For this reason they have been studied intensively for many years and several taxonomic works on North American species have been published. These are cited in Lowe's (1966) monograph on North American species of Poria. Field work in southern Arizona over the past 5 years has indicated that the resupinate polypores of this area, however, are still not completely known. An example is a distinctive species of Poria associated with a root rot and slash rot of a number of desert shrubs and trees. We have not been able to find this fungus described in the literature and it is reported here as a new species. Collection numbers preceded by the initials HHB are those of Dr. H. H. Burdsall, Jr. Capitalized color names are from Ridgway (1912).
Electrochemical Behaviors of Organic Coating/Matal Substrate under Simulated Deep Sea Environment PartI.Effects of Seawater Pressure on Transportation Behavior of Water Through Coating and Coating′s Protective Performance

By means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),the electrochemical behaviors of organic coating/metal substrate were studied under simulated deep sea environment in the laboratory.Effects of seawater pressure on the transportation behavior of water through coating and the protective performance of coating were analyzed.The experimental results showed that,compared to normal pressured seawater,there were different impedance characteristics of coating in 3.5 MPa pressured seawater.The main observations were that high seawater pressure accelerated the process of water uptake and invalidation of coating,increased water absorption,and lowered the anti-corrosion property of coating.
A study on undernutrition and its socioeconomic correlates among toddlers in a rural area of Uttarakhand, India

Backgro u nd: The prevention of malnutrition is crucial for improving human resources. Child malnutrition is the major public health issue in many developing countries such as India. Despite global efforts for improving nutritional status of children, desired outcomes could not be achieved. Me t hodology The study was carried out in the villages under RHTC, field practice area of department of community Medicine, Dehradun. A sample of 500 mothers with children in the age group of 0-36 months living in the registered population of RHTC were included, where socio demographic profile were recorded. Results : Factors as Religion, family size and type parental education, father’s occupation emerged as significant predictors of under nutrition. Conclusion: The findings confirm the association of sociodemographic factors with malnutrition of their children.
Low thermal budget, photonic-cured compact TiO2 layers for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells

Rapid advances in organometallic trihalide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have positioned them to be one of the leading next generation photovoltaic technologies. However, most of the high-performance PSCs, particularly those using compact TiO2 as an electron transport layer, require a high-temperature sintering step, which is not compatible with flexible polymer-based substrates. Considering the materials of interest for PSCs and corresponding device configurations, it is technologically imperative to fabricate high-efficiency cells at low thermal budget so that they can be realized on low-temperature plastic substrates. We report on a new photonic curing technique that produces crystalline anatase-phase TiO2 films on indium tin oxide-coated glass and flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The planar PSCs, using photonic-cured TiO2 films, exhibit PCEs as high as 15.0% and 11.2% on glass and flexible PET substrates, respectively, comparable to the device performance of PSCs incorporating furnace annealed TiO2 films.
Motivated To Get It Right: Closing the Gap Between Group and Individual Decision Quality

While putting people into groups amplifies their cognitive capacity, it can either intensify or impair people’s motivational level. Resting on the premise of groups as motivated-information-processors, the current paper proposes that factors that vary a group’s motivation level might hold the key to understanding when and why groups would make better decisions than individuals. Three studies, using a simple economic game (the 2-person-beauty-contest-game), systematically demonstrated the determining role of motivation in group versus individual decisions. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that social- and epistemic-motivation, two global motivations stimulating both individuals and groups, exert orthogonal and positive effects on face-to-face group members, which lead groups to make better decisions than individuals. Study 3 showed that the joint effects of the two motivations indeed contribute to the discrepancy between group and individual decision qualities. The current paper shows that while groups have the head (cognitive capacity) to make better decisions than individuals, their hearts (motivation) determine whether this is actualized. When the heart is in the right place, the head will follow.
Sense of Community and Its Impact on the Life Satisfaction of Adults With Brain Injury

Sense of community (SOC) refers to feelings of belonging and attachment one has for a community. Despite a growing focus on adjustment and community outcomes following disability, this construct has received little attention in the rehabilitation literature. The primary aim of this study was to examine the extent to which SOC and social identification with one’s town contribute to life satisfaction outcomes among adults with brain injury, controlling for demographic, disability, and other related social constructs (e.g., social support and social integration). Members from brain injury associations across the United States (N = 177) participated in a survey-based study. Results from hierarchical regression analysis indicated that the final model accounted for 45% of the variance in life satisfaction, with SOC variables contributing 11%. Symptom severity, perceived emotional support, and the SOC dimension reinforcement of needs were significant independent predictors of life satisfaction. Findings from thi...
Latency, Power, and Security Optimization in Distributed Reconfigurable Embedded Systems

Distributed embedded systems are increasingly prevalent in numerous applications, and with pervasive network access within these systems, security is also a critical design concern. In this paper, we present a modeling and optimization framework for distributed reconfigurable embedded systems, which maps tasks on a distributed embedded system with the goal of optimizing latency, energy, and/or security across all computing and communication levels. The proposed modeling framework for dataflow applications integrates models for computational latency, security levels for inter-task and intra-task communication, communication latency, and power consumption. We evaluate the proposed methodology using a video-based object detection and tracking application.
Notch: A Multi-Functional Integrating System of Microenvironmental Signals

The Notch signaling cascade is an evolutionarily ancient system that allows cells to interact with their microenvironmental neighbors through direct cell-cell interactions, thereby directing a variety of developmental processes. Recent research is discovering that Notch signaling is also responsive to a broad variety of stimuli beyond cell-cell interactions, including: ECM composition, crosstalk with other signaling systems, shear stress, hypoxia, and hyperglycemia. Given this emerging understanding of Notch responsiveness to microenvironmental conditions, it appears that the classical view of Notch as a mechanism enabling cell-cell interactions, is only a part of a broader function to integrate microenvironmental cues. In this review, we summarize and discuss published data supporting the idea that the full function of Notch signaling is to serve as an integrator of microenvironmental signals thus allowing cells to sense and respond to a multitude of conditions around them.
Boldness, Dominance, and Territoriality in the Color Polymorphic Tree Lizard, Urosaurus ornatus

Social dynamics in territorial species often reflect underlying variation in aggression and other aspects of social dominance among individuals. In ornate tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus), males differing in dewlap color differ in social dominance: while blue males are the dominant, aggressive morph and always territorial, yellow males tend to exhibit a less-aggressive satellite behavioral tactic. However, in habitats with fewer available territorial resources, yellow males defend territories and increase in relative abundance. These observations suggest that consideration of social dominance alone may be insufficient to explain U. ornatus' territorial dynamics in the wild. Here, we tested how both dominance and another important behavioral trait, boldness, contribute to the outcome of territorial disputes in tree lizards. We recorded the territorial behavior of blue and yellow male tree lizards (entered in pairs) in an experimental arena. At the end of each trial, we then approached each male and recorded whether it fled (shy) or not (bold) in response to our approach. As expected, dominant blue males exploited the higher quality perch more often than yellow males. However, when approached by a simulated predator, blue males were more likely to flee than yellow males. Thus, while blue males are more dominant, yellow is likely the bolder morph. As a result, this morph may be better equipped to defend territories in riskier environments. We conclude that although dominance asymmetries may predictably drive initial territorial interactions among competing males, variation in other behaviors (like boldness) may perturb the long-term outcome of these interactions across variable environments.
Characterization of superelastic shape memory alloy fiber-reinforced polymer composites under tensile cyclic loading

Abstract Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been increasingly used in engineering applications due to their lightweights, high strength, and high corrosion resistance. However, the conventional FRPs exhibit brittle failure at relatively low ultimate tensile strains, low toughness, and limited fatigue strength. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are a class of metallic alloys that can recover large strains upon load removal with minimal residual deformations. Besides their ability to recover large deformations, SMAs possess excellent corrosion resistance, good energy dissipation capacity, and high fatigue properties. This study investigates the cyclic behavior of composite materials that consists of a thermoset polymer matrix reinforced with superelastic NiTi SMAs wires. SMA-FRP coupons with three different reinforcement ratios were fabricated using a special-made mold and following a modified hand lay-up technique. The uniaxial tensile tests were conducted under cyclic loading protocols at various stress levels to characterize the behavior of the composite. Low-cycle fatigue properties of SMA-FRPs were also investigated. Microstructural analysis using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was conducted on fractured surfaces to fully understand the failure mechanism. Results revealed that the SMA-FRP composites can recover relatively high strains upon unloading and exhibit very high failure strains.
R-type bacteriocins in related strains of Xenorhabdus bovienii: Xenorhabdicin tail fiber modularity and contribution to competitiveness.

R-type bacteriocins are contractile phage tail-like structures that are bactericidal towards related bacterial species. The C-terminal region of the phage tail fiber protein determines target-binding specificity. The mutualistic bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila and X. bovienii produce R-type bacteriocins (xenorhabdicins) that are selectively active against different Xenorhabdus species. We analyzed the P2-type remnant prophage clusters in draft sequences of nine strains of X. bovienii . The C-terminal tail fiber region in each of the respective strains was unique and consisted of mosaics of modular units. The region between the main tail fiber gene ( xbpH1 ) and the sheath gene ( xbpS1 ) contained a variable number of modules encoding tail fiber fragments. DNA inversion and module exchange between strains was involved in generating tail fiber diversity. Xenorhabdicin-enriched fractions from three different X. bovienii strains isolated from the same nematode species displayed distinct activities against each other. In one set of strains, the strain that produced highly active xenorhabdicin was able to eliminate a sensitive strain. In contrast, xenorhabdicin activity was not a determining factor in the competitive fitness of a second set of strains. These findings suggest that related strains of X. bovienii use xenorhabdicin and additional antagonistic molecules to compete against each other.
Readout electronics for the FVTX detector at PHENIX

The PHENIX experiment at RHIC at Brookhaven National Laboratory has been providing high quality physics data for over 8 years. The current PHENIX physics program will be significantly enhanced by addition of the Forward Silicon Vertex upgrade detector (FVTX) in the acceptance of existing muon arm detectors. The proposed tracker is planned to be put into operation in FY2011. Each arm of the FVTX detector consist of 4 discs of silicon strip sensors combined with FPHX readout chips, designed at FNAL. Full detector consists of over 1 Million active mini-strip channels with instantaneous bandwidth topping 3.4 Tb/s. The FPHX chip utilizes data push architecture with 2 serial output streams at 200 MHz. The readout electronics design require a split of DAQ into two separate pieces: 1) Read-Out Cards (ROC) located in the vicinity of the detector, 2) Front End Modules (FEM) located in the Counting House. ROC boards, based on the rad-tolerant ACTEL ProAsic3E FPGAs, combine the data from several chips, synchronize data streams and send them to FEM over a Fiber Optics Link. The data are being buffered in the FEM (built on Xilinx Virtex-4 large-scale FPGAs) for 64 consecutive beam crossings and data from appropriate beam bucket are sent to a standard PHENIX DAQ interface upon Level-1 trigger request. I am going to present the current status of the readout electronics development and testing.
Low Yield and High Cost of Gastric and Duodenal Biopsies for Investigation of Symptoms of Abdominal Pain During Routine Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) referrals for symptoms of abdominal pain are common. Current guidelines for dyspepsia recommend biopsies of gastric mucosa for Helicobacter pylori in all patients referred for EGD. Our study aimed to determine the clinical yield and cost-effectiveness of gastric and duodenal biopsy in EGDs performed for abdominal pain. Three hundred and ninety-one outpatient EGDs performed at a single academic tertiary care center were studied. For each procedure, endoscopic as well as pathologic findings from the stomach and duodenum were then recorded. Charge of biopsy was calculated using the increased charges for professional fees, forceps, and pathology fees when a biopsy was performed. Gastric biopsies were obtained on 304 EGDs performed with 13 (4.2%) patients diagnosed with H. pylori. In patients with abnormal gastric mucosa on EGD, 11 of 167 (6.5%) were positive for H. pylori compared to 2 of 137 (1.4%) with normal appearing mucosa (p = 0.02). Charge per diagnosis of H. pylori for normal mucosa was calculated to be $43,073. Duodenal biopsies were performed in 263 cases. Celiac disease was diagnosed in 4 of 263 cases (1.5%). Of patients with abnormal duodenal mucosa on EGD, 1 of 36 (2.7%) were positive for celiac disease compared to 3 of 227 (1.3%) with normal mucosa (p = 0.57). Charge per diagnosis of celiac disease for normal mucosa was calculated to be $47,580. Routine biopsy during EGD for symptoms of abdominal pain has low yield with high costs. Practice of routine biopsies of normal appearing tissue and the present guidelines should be reconsidered in the investigation of abdominal pain with EGD.
When tobacco company executives speak to people

A30 What should we do with 50 million pages of tobacco industry documents? This poster will show how the Roswell Park Tobacco Control program has attempted to bring them to life using audio and video clips from the tobacco industry files to illustrate how the tobacco industry actually deceived the public about the hazards of smoking and secondhand smoke over the past 50 years. Most of the materials for this presentation were derived from the Tobacco Institute archives comprised of over 18 million pages of material and over 4000 audio and videotapes. This unique archive has recently been digitized and placed online. Audio- and video-tapes, documents and testimony from the tobacco industry files will be shown to illustrate the common messages created by the industry to create a false controversy about the health risk of smoking, secondhand smoke and nicotine addiction. Future generations need to learn from the mistakes of the past and there is no better way to start than seeing and listening to what the tobacco industry said about smoking and health in their own words.