cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Natural Convection Heat Transfer From a Uniformly Heated Vertical Plate

Research is presented in this paper where the integral technique is utilized to find a primary dimensionless group for natural convection heat transfer from vertical flat plates. The discovery of this group from fundamental principles demonstrates the value of the chronologically mature integral technique even in this advanced era where numerical techniques are prevalent. The integral solution in the current research compares very favorably with experimental data for a wide range of Prandtl numbers, and also with several numerical models in the archival literature as well as empirical correlations, including one based on the fundamental dimensionless group proposed in this paper. The good agreement, coupled with the closed-from nature of the solutions, should once again affirm the usefulness of the integral technique as a research as well as an educational tool.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Random projections of residuals as an alternative to co-occurrences in steganalysis

Today, the most reliable detectors of steganography in empirical cover sources, such as digital images coming from a known source, are built using machine-learning by representing images with joint distributions (co-occurrences) of neighboring noise residual samples computed using local pixel predictors. In this paper, we propose an alternative statistical description of residuals by binning their random projections on local neighborhoods. The size and shape of the neighborhoods allow the steganalyst to further diversify the statistical description and thus improve detection accuracy, especially for highly adaptive steganography. Other key advantages of this approach include the possibility to model long-range dependencies among pixels and making use of information that was previously underutilized in the marginals of co-occurrences. Moreover, the proposed approach is much more flexible than the previously proposed spatial rich model, allowing the steganalyst to obtain a significantly better trade off between detection accuracy and feature dimensionality. We call the new image representation the Projection Spatial Rich Model (PSRM) and demonstrate its effectiveness on HUGO and WOW – two current state-of-the-art spatial-domain embedding schemes.
The Changing Shape of the Electronic Journal

In ten years--perhaps fewer--you may be reading articles like this one on your computer screen, rather than on paper, as journal publication becomes an increasingly computerized procedure and the electronic journal comes into its own. A true electronic journal is defined as one that exists in electronic format only, rather than a "parallel" version of a print journal. These journals are generally available through the major telecommunications networks, likeBitnet, Internet, and UseNet. A review of the information technology literature yields a profusion of contradictory predictions about the electronic journal: it will both reduce the proliferation of superfluous scholarly publication and expand opportunities for scholars to publish more, faster, and with fewer restrictions; it will offset the high cost of up-front journal subscriptions fees and it will encumber library budgets with the necessity to purchase machinery and online time to capture electronic articles; it will open up untold new avenues of access to information and it will create a new underclass of information impoverished. The start of the debate about the status of the electronic journal is typically traced to F.W. Lancaster's 1978 treatise, Toward Paperless Information Systems.1 Building on Lancaster's premise of moving towards electronic publication, some early experiments in electronic journal publishing developed. One such project, undertaken in the late 1970s, was the New Jersey Institute of Technology's EIES (Electronic
An x-ray crystallographic study of hemerythrin.

The non-heme iron protein, hemerythrin, has been crystallized from Themiste dyscritum. The crystals belong to the tetragonal space group P4 with unit cell dimensions a = b = 86.5 A, c = 80.6 A. A 2-fold molecular axis is suggested, implying that the asymmetric unit contains four subunits each with a molecular weight of 12,600.
Carpal coalition: A review of current knowledge and report of a single institution's experience with asymptomatic intercarpal fusion.

Background Carpal coalition is a relatively common, yet poorly recognized, anomaly that may present independently or in association with syndromic or metabolic disorders. While largely asymptomatic, symptoms may manifest secondary to biomechanical stress at the site of fusion. The purpose of this report is to describe 103 cases of carpal synostosis and provide a review of the etiology, classification, and clinical significance of intercarpal fusion.
Pu Electronic Structure and Photoelectron Spectroscopy

The electronic structure of PuCoGa5, Pu metal, and PuO2 is explored using photoelectron spectroscopy. Ground state electronic properties are inferred from temperature dependent photoemission near the Fermi energy for Pu metal. Angle-resolved photoemission details the energy vs. crystal momentum landscape near the Fermi energy for PuCoGa5 which shows significant dispersion in the quasiparticle peak near the Fermi energy. For the Mott insulators AnO2(An = U, Pu) the photoemission results are compared against hybrid functional calculations and the model prediction of a crossover from ionic to covalent bonding is found to be reasonable.
Rays and secondary craters of Tycho

Abstract The large, fresh crater Tycho in the nearside lunar highlands has an extensive system of bright rays covering approximately 560,000 km 2 , containing dense clusters of secondary craters. Examination of crater densities in several clusters shows that Tycho produced almost 10 6 secondary craters larger than 63 m diameter. This is a lower limit, because small crater densities are reduced, most likely by mass wasting. We estimate a crater erasure rate of 2–6 cm/Myr, varying with crater size, and consistent with previous results. This process has removed many small craters, and it is probable that the original number of secondary craters formed by Tycho was higher. Also, we can only identify distant secondaries of Tycho where they occur in bright rays. Craters on Mars and Europa also formed large numbers of secondaries, but under possibly ideal conditions for spallation as a mechanism to produce high-velocity ejecta fragments. The results from Tycho show that large numbers of such fragments can be produced even from impact into a heavily fragmented target on which spallation is expected to be less important.
The Representation of 'Race' in Ondaatje's In the Skin of a Lion

Glen Lowry, in his paper "The Representation of 'Race' in Ondaatje's In the Skin of a Lion" bases his discussion on the observation that critics tend to view Ondaatje's writing in terms of a progression towards complex issues of "race" and post-coloniality. In contrast, Lowry argues that the matter of "race" forms an integral aspect of Ondaatje's oeuvre and Lowry proposes that In the Skin of a Lion is a key site in the development of Ondaatje's engagement with issues of "race" and the cultural politics of post-coloniality. Focusing on Ondaatje's depiction of Toronto in terms of its complex history of shifting social spaces and his representation of Patrick and Caravaggio as "racialized" figures, Lowry discusses Ondaatje's engagement with whiteness as a social construct. Rather than critiquing Ondaatje's novel for an apparent absence of race-writing, i.e., writing about so-called "visible minorities," Lowry suggests that Ondaatje in fact "reverses the gaze" and throws the question of "race" back on the readers. Adding the figures of Patrick and Caravaggio to the writing of the city, In the Skin of a Lion undermines presumptions about the racial stability and hegemonic power of Toronto 's and ethnic communities. Last, Lowry argues for a more thorough discussion of Ondaatje's critique of nationalism and multiculturalism vis-a-vis the cultural politics of reading and the construction of "whiteness." Glen Lowry, "The Representation of 'Race' in Ondaatje's In the Skin of a Lion" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 6.3 (2004):
IPRStats: visualization of the functional potential of an InterProScan run.

InterPro is a collection of protein signatures for the classification and automated annotation of proteins. Interproscan is a software tool that scans protein sequences against Interpro member databases using a variety of profile-based, hidden markov model and positional specific score matrix methods. It not only combines a set of analysis tools, but also performs data look-up from various sources, as well as some redundancy removal. Interproscan is robust and scalable, able to perform on any machine from a netbook to a large cluster. However, when performing whole-genome or metagenome analysis, there is a need for a fast statistical visualization of the results to have good initial grasp on the functional potential of the sequences in the analyzed data set. This is especially important when analyzing and comparing metagenomic or metaproteomic data-sets. IPRStats is a tool for the visualization of Interproscan results. Interproscan results are parsed from the Interproscan XML or EBIXML file into an SQLite or MySQL database. The results for each signature database scan are read and displayed as pie-charts or bar charts as summary statistics. A table is also provided, where each entry is a signature (e.g. a Pfam entry) accompanied by one or more Gene Ontology terms, if Interproscan was run using the Gene Ontology option. We present an platform-independent, open source licensed tool that is useful for Interproscan users who wish to view the summary of their results in a rapid and concise fashion.
PDE3 inhibition in dilated cardiomyopathy.

In dilated cardiomyopathy, a condition characterized by chamber enlargement and reduced myocardial contractility, decreases in β-adrenergic receptor density and increases in Gαi and β-adrenergic receptor kinase activities attenuate the stimulation of adenylyl cyclase in response to catecholamines. PDE3 inhibitors have been used to ‘overcome’ the reduction in cAMP generation by blocking cAMP hydrolysis. These drugs increase contractility in the short-term, but long-term administration leads to an increase in mortality that correlates with an increase in sudden cardiac death. Whether separate mechanisms account for these beneficial and harmful effects, and, if so, whether PDE3 can be targeted so as to increase contractility without increasing mortality are questions that remain unanswered.
Simultaneous outer volume and blood suppression by quadruple inversion‐recovery

A new method has been developed for reduced field-of-view (FOV) imaging with simultaneous blood suppression. This method combines suppression of signals from the outer volume and inflowing blood by using a small-FOV quadruple inversion-recovery (SFQIR) preparative pulse sequence consisting of two double-inversion pulse pairs separated by appropriate delays. Within each pair, inversion pulses are successively applied to the imaged slice and the slab orthogonal to the imaging plane with the thickness equal to the FOV size in the phase-encoding direction. Each double inversion results in the reinversion of the magnetization in the central part of the FOV, while the outer areas of the FOV and inflowing blood remain inverted. The SFQIR module was implemented for single- and multislice acquisition with a fast spin-echo readout sequence. Based on a theoretical model of the signal, the timing parameters of the sequence corresponding to the maximal suppression efficiency can be found by minimizing the variation of the normalized signal over the entire range of T1's that occur in tissues. The method was tested for black-blood imaging of the aorta and carotid arteries, and the results demonstrated its ability to eliminate motion and flow artifacts, reduce scan time, and improve spatial resolution. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Queue monitor toolkit for tracking of PACS clinical workflow

Expectation of rapid image retrieval and distribution from PACS contributes to increased information technology (IT) infrastructure investments and continuing demands upon PACS administrators to respond to "slow" system calls. Studies show that it is important for computer users to be able to check on the progress of their task via progress indicators (e.g., time left to download file) to know that the computer is still working. By analogy, the ability to provide predicted delivery times to a PACS user may curb user expectations for "fast" response especially during peak hours. Allowing for some periods of slow response means PACS infrastructure do not have to be overbuilt and also reduce time spent by PACS administrators fielding user inquiries on image status. For this condition, a queryable PACS queue monitor is the cornerstone for providing a progress indicator to the user. The typical PACS server holds image file information and destination workstation information in a queue until the RetrieveSend process can send the image. We developed an agent that queries the contents of the PACS RetrieveSend queue in real-time and coded an algorithm to predict delivery time. Delivery time can be predicted from the number and types of images in progress and the download time of prior images that accounts for network load and performance at that time of day. We have developed a PACS queue monitor prototype that is being tested on clinical data using the PACS Simulator at the Imaging Processing and Informatics (IPI) Laboratory of the University of Southern California (USC).© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
AN INDEX TO HUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, 1974–1983

The articles appearing in HCR during the preceding nine years (from Fall 1974 through Summer 1983) have been indexed by authors' names as well as key words to indicate the primary content area(s) addressed in each article. One or two key words were usually selected from the title of the article. If the title did not seem to provide words that adequately described the primary subject matter, key words were selected from the abstract, the article itself, or, on rare occasions, words chosen by those compiling the index.
Calibration of Linearized Solutions for Satellite Relative Motion

F OR a wide variety of space missions, it is desirable to describe the motion of a “deputy” satellite relative to a “chief” satellite. Cartesian coordinates and orbital-element differences are two methods to describe this motion. Cartesian coordinates offer an advantage in direct, intuitive feel for the relative motion. The equations of motion for each description are nonlinear, but can be linearized for close proximity between the chief and deputy. The linearized equations offer an advantage in simplicity. This Note is focused on two observations. First, the linearized descriptions for Cartesian coordinates and orbital-element differences share an equivalence. Second, this equivalence can be used in a simple manner to calibrate the Cartesian initial conditions such that linearization error is greatly reduced comparedwith initial conditions calculated purely fromkinematics. The first observationwas reported by Sengupta and Vadali [1]. However, this observation appears to have been underappreciated, because the second observation follows directly from the first but has not been previously published. These calibrated initial conditions greatly increase the domain of validity of the linearized approximation and provide far greater accuracy in matching the nonlinear solution over a larger range of separations. The calibration process leverages the lower nonlinearity of the orbital-element differences, which was reported by Junkins et al. [2]. These observations are related to additional work in the literature describing the degree of nonlinearity in various parameterizations of a given system [3–6]. Much of that work, however, focused on calculating an index of nonlinearity directly from properties of the nonlinear representations. This Note is focused on the linearization error in comparing nonlinear and linearized forms of each representation. In the following sections, the nonlinear and linearized descriptions of relative motion in Cartesian coordinates and orbital-element differences are reviewed. Then, the equivalence of the linearized descriptions is shown. Finally, the calibration of the Cartesian initial conditions is described and several numerical examples are shown. In the following, parameters related to the deputy’s orbit about the central body are indicated with a subscript d. For notational compactness, parameters related to the chief’s orbit about the central body are left without subscript.
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-mediated systemic co-promotion in the murine skin multistage carcinogenesis protocol

The systemic promoting and co-promoting activities of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) were examined in a murine skin multistage carcinogenesis protocol. The dorsal skins of female inbred SENCAR (SSIN) mice were initiated with 25 nmol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Topical treatment of initiated dorsal skin with 20 mg of benzoyl peroxide (BzP) promoted the eventual development of 8-15 dorsal papillomas per mouse. Repeated application of 2 micrograms of TPA to the ventral skins of dorsally initiated mice did not promote the formation of dorsal tumors. However, the latency of dorsal papilloma development was significantly decreased in initiated mice treated with 0.4 or 2 micrograms TPA (ventral application) and promoted with BzP (dorsal application). The co-promoting effects of topically applied TPA could not be mimicked by administering the promoter i.v. Only 6/23 initiated, BzP-promoted SSIN mice developed squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) during a 61 week promotion period. In contrast, during the same time-frame 12/24 and 11/24 BzP-promoted mice cotreated with 2 or 0.4 microgram of TPA developed SCC respectively. Repeated application of 2 micrograms of TPA to the ventral skins of dorsally initiated mice resulted in the development of ventral tumors. Ventral tumor incidence and multiplicities could be dramatically reduced by housing the mice individually, as opposed to collectively, for a day following initiation. Collectively these findings suggest that TPA can function as a co-promoter in the murine skin multistage carcinogenesis model through a systemic mechanism. The systemic co-promoting activity may be mediated by a factor(s) produced by the skin in response to TPA exposure. Furthermore, inter-mouse transfer of topically applied initiator from one cutaneous site to another occurs as a consequence of the huddling habits of mice.
Symmetries and double fibrations

Abstract In the setting of double fibrations, we point out the symmetries of moment maps, i.e., the duality of orbits of two symmetries. The orbit correspondence induces the representation correspondence.
Passive socialization to humans: Effects on tonic immobility in chickens (Gallus gallus)

Chicks whose primary source of visual stimulation during rearing was in the form of human caretakers showed significantly shorter durations of tonic immobility. Birds with only human visual exposure were also more likely to behave in affiliative ways toward the experimenter than were birds from the other rearing groups. Birds reared in a similar manner but tested for tonic immobility in the absence of the experimenter failed to show an effect. The results are discussed in terms of the phylogenetic generality of ontogenetic-dependent reactivity to humans, and the possibility that the ecological validity of experimental studies in which animals are reared in isolation from conspecifics, or otherwise become socialized to humans, may be compromised.
Dynamic models and the simulation of ecological systems.

Abstract Recent developments in computer programming have made it possible to build general simulation models for digital co*iputers. These programs, while retaining most of the advantages of digital machines, permit the model builder to view his system in much the same manner as if he were employing an analog computer. Three models of population growth for rotifers are presented which utilize the DYNAMO simulation language. Implications of such simulation models are discussed with reference to experimental design, the concept of limiting factors, and the development of general ecological theory.
Rapid prototyping of computing systems

Pervasive or ubiquitous computing requires the integration of multiple technologies, including software, hardware and human-computer interaction (HCI). To prepare students for this new paradigm in computing, we need multi-disciplinary academic programs and courses. Furthermore, real-world design projects, design processes and team experiences must play a primary role. The course "Rapid Prototyping of Computing Systems" at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) combines all these elements in a single innovative course offered in multiple departments at CMU. Students learn topics in multiple disciplines and complete an industry-driven, team-based project using a well-defined design process. Although the course prepares students for a wide range of computing applications, the topics and projects focus on pervasive computing.
TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE METABOLISM OF CHLORELLA : II. THE RATE OF RESPIRATION OF CULTURES OF CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA AS A FUNCTION OF TIME AND OF TEMPERATURE.

The respiration of the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa, suspended in Knop's solution, has been studied in the dark as a function of time and of temperature. The rates of oxygen consumption and of carbon dioxide production (at constant temperature) decline for about 25 hours to a low, constant level. From an analysis of the curves it is suggested that two substances, A and B, are utilized, whose respiratory quotients are 1 and 0.65 respectively. The values of the temperature characteristics were found to be: for oxidation of A, 19,500 (0.6 to 11.5 degrees C.) and 3,500 (11.5 to 28 degrees C.); for oxidation of B, 5,600 (23.4 to 0.6 degrees C.).
Coordination problems at negligible degrees of market power

Abstract A Cournotian analysis shows that coordination problems may appear at negligible degrees of market power only if either autarky is an equilibrium, or indirect demand fails to be well defined.
Implementing a Standardized Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis Protocol for Neonates Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

Background A lack of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines for neonates undergoing cardiac surgery has resulted in a wide variation in practice. We sought to do the following: (1) Determine the safety of a perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis protocol for neonatal cardiac surgery as measured by surgical site infections (SSIs) rates before and after implementation of the protocol; and (2) evaluate compliance with selected process measures for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Methods This quasi-experimental study included all cardiac procedures performed on neonates from July 2009 to June 2012 at a single center. An interdisciplinary task force developed a standardized perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis protocol in the fourth quarter of 2010. The SSI rates were compared in the preintervention (July 2009 to December 2010) versus the postintervention periods (January 2011 to June 2012). Compliance with process measures (appropriate drug, dose, timing, and discontinuation of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis) was compared in the 2 periods. Results During the study period, 283 cardiac procedures were performed. The SSI rates were similar in the preintervention and postintervention periods (6.21 vs 5.80 per 100 procedures, respectively). Compliance with the 4 process measures significantly improved postintervention. Conclusions Restricting the duration of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis after neonatal cardiac surgery to 48 hours in neonates with a closed sternum and to 24 hours after sternal closure was safe and did not increase the rate of SSIs. Compliance with selected process measures improved in the postintervention period. Additional multicenter studies are needed to develop national guidelines for perioperative prophylaxis for this population.
RBCD: redundant binary coded decimal adder

The major advantage of the binary coded decimal (BCD) system is in providing rapid binary-decimal conversion. The shortcoming of the BCD system is that BCD arithmetic operations are often slow and require complex hardware. The performance of BCD operations can be improved through a redundant binary coded decimal (RBCD) representation which leads to carry-free operations. This paper introduces the VLSI design of an RBCD adder. The design consists of two small PLAs and two 40-bit binary adders for one digit of the RBCD adder. The addition delay is constant for n-digit RBCD addition (no carry propagation delay). The VLSI time and space complexities of the design as well as its layout are presented. In addition, the authors show that BCD to RBCD conversion can be carried out in a constant time. However, RBCD to BCD conversion requires a carry-ripple operation which can be accomplished with a complexity equivalent to that of the carry-look-ahead circuitry.< >
A measure of the extent of burn injury based on fluid resuscitation

Abstract This study was undertaken in an attempt to develop an objective method of measuring the severity of burn injury not subject to the personal bias of the observer. The classic method of assessing burn size—the estimation of the percentage body surface area burned—provides a systematic error peculiar to each observer so that it is not possible to compare results from one burn treatment centre to another. To assess the accuracy of a new objective method for measuring the extent of burn injury—the estimation of fluid retention over the first 48 h after burning—and to compare the new method with the classic method, we measured net fluid retention and the percentage body surface area burned for 52 patients who were treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital or Shriners Burns Institute, Boston Unit, between November 1968 and July 1980, and compared these measurements with clinical scores indicating the extent of burn injury. Analyses of the data showed that net fluid retention is an accurate measure of the extent of burn injury, and approximately equivalent to the percentage body surface area burned when the estimates of percentage burn are made by a small, consistent clinical team in a single burn care system.
Electronic structure of the energetic material 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene

Synchrotron radiation is used to study the electronic structure of the energetic material 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB). Element and site-specific density of unoccupied electronic states in TATB is probed by x-ray-absorption spectroscopy at the C, N, and O K edges. In addition to illuminating the electronic structure of TATB, the absorption data enable the understanding of microscopic changes occurring in such compounds due to various damage mechanisms. The absorption data are further supplemented by data from the core-level and valence-band photoelectron spectroscopy of thin films of TATB.
Atmospheric chemistry: phase matters for aerosols.

Organic aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. In forests, such particles can occur in solid form — a finding that will lead to a re-evaluation of how they are formed, and their properties and effects. See Letter p.824 Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles can scatter radiation and act as cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby influence Earth's radiation balance. It is generally assumed that such particles are liquid, but this experimental study shows that they can adopt an amorphous — probably glassy — solid state under ambient conditions. The findings of the study — which monitored SOA particles formed from oxidation products of volatile organic compounds from seedlings grown in plant chambers, and used measurements made in forests following atmospheric oxidation events — challenge traditional views of the kinetics and thermodynamics of SOA formation and transformation in the atmosphere.
A domain-specific visual language for domain model evolution

Abstract Domain-specific visual languages (DSVLs) are concise and useful tools that allow the rapid development of the behavior and/or structure of applications in well-defined domains. These languages are typically developed specifically for a domain, and have a strong cohesion to the domain concepts, which often appear as primitives in the language. The strong cohesion between DSVL language primitives and the domain is a benefit for development by domain experts, but can be a drawback when the domain evolves—even when that evolution appears to be insignificant. This paper presents a domain-specific visual language developed expressly for the evolution of domain-specific visual languages, and uses concepts from graph rewriting to specify and carry out the transformation of the models built using the original DSVL.
Membrane reactor for enzymic deamidation of food proteins

A soy protein hydrolysate was deamidated with peptidoglutaminase (PGase) retained within a 30kd spiral membrane. Reactor was operated at 30°C and 6.5 L/m2/hr flux in recycle mode to 60% conversion, then in diafiltration mode for 2 hr. Time course, predicted by a Michaelis-Menten equation integrated for mixed zero- and first-order kinetics with the corrections for the ultrafiltration (UF) interactions, matched that measured experimentally. The equation could be used to predict the potential activity and performance of PGase in UF reactors to achieve control of reactions for the optimal enzymic process. At the end of the run, 96% conversion and 99% of PGase were obtained. This method has the potential of being scaled-up for the production of enzyme-free deamidated proteins.
Large changes in serum free tryptophan levels do not alter brain tryptophan levels: Studies in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Abstract The effect of meal-induced changes in serum free trytophan (TRP) levels on brain TRP levels was examined in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetic rats, fasted overnight, were given free access to a non-protein food containing either no fat or large amounts of fat (45% by weight), and were killed 1, 2 or 3 hr thereafter. Ingestion of the high-fat meal produced large increases in both serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA; 2-fold) and free TRP levels (2.5-fold), but no increments in cerebral cortical or hypothalamic TRP levels or in the rate of serotonin synthesis in these brain regions. Because the rats were diabetic, serum levels of the other large neutral amino acids (which complete with TRP for transport into brain) did not vary from fasting values in any of the treatment groups. There thus was no uncontrolled variation in the competitive transport of TRP into brain that might have obscured potential effects due to the alterations in serum free TRP levels. The results add further evidence to the notion that TRP transport into the central nervous system is not influenced by the size of the free TRP pool in blood.
Second-order response surface designs in computer simulation:

Computer simulation models are frequently used to determine the combination of levels for a set of independent variables at which a response variable is optimized. This process leads to problems of experi mental design, i.e., the choice of levels of the independent variables at which the simulation model is to be run and at which the model's responses are to be observed. This paper considers second-order response-surface designs and optimization procedures for use in this situation. Several classes of designs are constructed and applied to surfaces typically generated by computer simulation models. Results are obtained which should assist in the selection of de signs in general or for use on specific surfaces. An application of second-order response-surface de signs to a digital simulator of a street network is presented; the object is to find optimal settings for the traffic signals during the morning peak of traffic flow.
The NASA Pollution-Reduction Technology Program for small jet aircraft engines - A status report

A three-phase experimental program is described which has the objective of enabling EPA Class T1 jet engines to meet the 1979 EPA emissions standards. In Phase I, three advanced combustor concepts, designed for the AiResearch TFE 731-2 turbofan engine, were evaluated in screening tests. Goals for carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons were met or closely approached with two of the concepts with relatively modest departures from conventional combustor design practices. A more advanced premixing/prevaporizing combustor, while appearing to have the potential for meeting the oxides of nitrogen goal as well, will require extensive development to make it a practical combustion system. Smoke numbers for the two combustor concepts which will be carried forward into Phase II of the program were well within the EPA smoke standard. Phase II, Combustor-Engine Compatibility Testing, which is in its early stages, and planned Phase III, Combustor-Engine Demonstration Testing, are also described.
Lethal chickenpox infection during treatment with infliximab and methotrexate

Methods In a seven-year-old boy treatment with methotrexate and infliximab for bilateral panuveitis complicated by glaucoma and cataract was initiated. During treatment the uveitis went into remission and oral treatment with prednisolone could be stopped. The intraocular pressure dropped and surgical intervention for glaucoma was cancelled. The child underwent screening for tuberculosis before treatment was started. Also, as the child had not received any vaccinations in his entire life, vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps (part of the normal Danish vaccination strategy of children) was performed before treatment. After four months of treatment the boy showed signs of chickenpox and was admitted to hospital due to viral pneumonia. The immunosuppressive drugs were withdrawn and antiviral treatment initiated immediately in high doses. He developed progressively respiratory insufficiency and required mechanical ventilation and as the condition worsened Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). He finally died from increased intracranial pressure due to encephalitis. Conclusion Before initiating treatment with immunosuppressive drugs it is of severe importance to evaluate the immunity of the patient towards viruses able of causing severe infection. Vaccination prior to treatment must be considered.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in hop, Humulus lupulus: level of genetic variability and segregation in F1 progeny

The level of genetic variation in 24 hop genotypes was studied using the recently developed technique for producing random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Of the 60 primers screened, eight produced polymorphic RAPD bands, 38 produced bands that were monomorphic for all genotypes and 19 did not produce any amplification product. It appeared that the level of polymorphism among the genotypes was generally low. Three of the primers, A11, A17 and C9, were used to determine the stability and segregation of RAPD markers in five families with a total of 182 F1 progeny. The segregation ratios of these markers in the f1 progeny suggested that they were inherited in a Mendelian manner. RAPD markers were stable and may be useful for the construction of linkage maps in hop.
Characterization of Thin Dielectric Films as Copper Diffusion Barriers using Triangular Voltage Sweep

As technology progresses, the need for thinner Cu diffusion barrier caps is becoming more important, and it is advantageous if these barriers have low dielectric constants (κ). Towards this end, we characterized Cu penetration in several thin (35 nm to 70 nm) dielectrics, including silicon nitrides, silicon oxynitrides, an amorphous hydrogenated carbon film, and a methyl silsesquioxane layer. Metal Insulator Silicon (MIS) structures were used as the test vehicle. The barrier dielectrics were deposited on 100 nm thermal oxide which was grown on 2 Ω-cm, n-type Si wafers. After the deposition of 50 nm TEOS capping layers, both Al and Cu dots were evaporated on each wafer through a mask. Both Al and Cu dot samples were stressed at +2.7 MV/cm at 300°C for 10 minutes. For Cu dots, the applied stress pushed Cu ions into the dielectric stack. Stressing Al dots characterized the effects of the stress on the dielectric stacks and the quantity of Na ions in the films. Since C-V shifts are subject to stress-related instabilities in the interfaces as well as within the dielectrics themselves, triangular voltage sweep (TVS) was used after the applied stress to measure the concentration of Cu which reached the underlying thermal oxide film. The sensitivity of the TVS test with the structures used is about 5×109/cm2. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analyses were performed on some of these samples to verify the electrical results.
Methodological Issues in Clinical Drug Development for Essential Tremor

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common tremor disorders in the world. Despite this, only two medications have received Level A recommendations from the American Academy of Neurology to treat it (primidone and propranolol). Even though these medications provide relief to a large group of ET patients, up to 50% of patients are non-responders. Additional medications to treat ET are needed. This review discusses some of the methodological issues that should be addressed for quality clinical drug development in ET.
Plasmid-induced abortive infection in lactococci: a review.

Abstract The longevity of mesophilic lactococci in dairy fermentations depends to a large extent on whether or not the strains carry effective phage-resistance mechanisms. Among the different systems that exist in lactococci, abortive infection is highly significant because it is the cell's strongest defense against the phages that most often disrupt cheese making. Phage-resistant strains that carry plasmids encoding abortive defenses have already been constructed using genetic strategies. These strains have been used successfully in commercial cheese making since 1986. Still, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying abortive infection and the means through which it retards phage development is limited. This review addresses abortive infection in lactococci relative to similar phenomena in other bacteria. Further understanding of the abortive infection process should accelerate genetic efforts to strengthen this phage defense as well as facilitate efforts to combine it with other mechanisms in the construction of specialized strains that are insensitive to attack by phage.
Giving Till it Helps? Alumnae Giving and Children’s College Options

This paper examines whether donations to colleges and universities are partly motivated by the desire of alumni to increase their children’s admissions probabilities. The paper uses data from a single-sex college, so that only alums with a daughter would evince this motive. We find that alums with a teenage daughter, as opposed to a teenage son, are more likely to make donations of at least $5,000. The same relationship is not evident for smaller donations, or when children are older than 18. Further, we find evidence that this difference in the probability of a donation by alums with teenage daughters and teenage sons does not exist when acceptance rates are higher in an earlier period.
Evaluation of Novel Adjuvant Eimeria Profilin Complex on Intestinal Host Immune Responses Against Live E. acervulina Challenge Infection

SUMMARY. The effects against avian coccidiosis of two novel adjuvants, Quil A/cholesterol/dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide/Carbopol (QCDC) and QCDC/Bay R1005 (R)/cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN [T]) (QCDCRT) emulsified with profilin, a conserved Eimeria recombinant protein, were determined in broiler chickens. Chickens were subcutaneously immunized with isotonic saline (control group), profilin (P), profilin emulsified with QCDC (P-Q), or profilin with QCDCRT (P-QR) at 2 and 9 days post-hatch and orally challenged with 1.0 × 104 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina (EA) at 7 days postimmunization. All profilin-immunized groups showed increased body weight gain when compared to the control group, and the P-QR group had significantly higher body weight gain than did those of the P and P-Q groups following EA challenge infection. All groups immunized with profilin showed significantly decreased intestinal lesions compared with the control group, with the P-QR group ...
Is the island biogeography model a poor predictor of biodiversity patterns in shallow lakes

SUMMARY 1. The classic island biogeography model (IBM) predicts highest species richness in large, connectedhabitats due to colonisation and reduced risk of extinction. Promoting large, connected habitats hassubsequently become a common theme in conservation biology.2. However, the IBM does not account for direct and indirect interactions among species. For exam-ple, planktivorous and benthivorous ﬁsh may reduce biodiversity in shallow lakes by inducing shiftsto a turbid-water lake state with low habitat complexity.3. We assessed relationships between species richness, landscape features, ﬁsh biomass and lake statein 104 shallow lakes in Minnesota, U.S.A. First, we tested whether lake size and connectivityinﬂuenced species richness of ﬁsh and biomass of planktivores and benthivores (ﬁsh biomass). Wesubsequently tested whether ﬁsh biomass affected the probability that lakes were in turbid versusclear-water states. Finally, we tested whether species richness of macrophytes and taxon richness ofaquatic invertebrates showed stronger relationships with lake size and connectivity or with ﬁshbiomass and lake state.4. Fish richness and biomass both increased with lake size and were higher in connected basins. Fishbiomass, in turn, increased the probability that lakes would be turbid. In contrast, macrophyte andinvertebrate richness were unrelated to lake size or connectivity. Instead, macrophyte richness wasbest predicted by lake state, while invertebrate richness was predicted by lake state and ﬁsh biomass.Richness of both macrophytes and invertebrates was higher in clear lakes, and invertebrate richnesswas inversely related to ﬁsh biomass.5. Our results indicate the IBM poorly explains the diversity of macrophytes and invertebrates inshallow lakes, with diversity more strongly driven by biotic interactions and inﬂuences associatedwith ﬁsh. We suggest that ecological implications of increased connectivity and lake size should beconsidered in future conservation strategies for shallow lakes.Keywords: biodiversity, biotic interactions, island biogeography, lake state, shallow lakes
A review of demineralized bone matrices for spinal fusion: the evidence for efficacy.

Abstract Background and purpose Autologous Iliac Crest Bone Grafting (ICBG) is considered the gold-standard graft choice for spinal arthrodesis; however, it is associated with donor site morbidity and a limited graft supply. Bone graft alternatives to replace autograft and augment arthrodesis are a topic of ongoing research. This article will review properties of Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM) and review the evidence for its use, including animal models and human clinical trials. Methods A systematic and critical review of the English-language literature was conducted on Pubmed, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Google Scholar using search key terms such as ‘Demineralized Bone Matrix', ‘Spine' and ‘Fusion'. Papers that were included were original research articles in peer-reviewed journals that investigated fusion outcomes. Scientific validity of articles was appraised using the PRISMA methodology. Articles were critically examined and compared according to study design, DBM type, outcomes, and results. Primary outcome of interest was fusion rate. Secondary outcomes included Oswestry Disability Index; Short Form-36 survey; Odom's criteria; Visual Analog Scale neurologic pain score; Japanese Orthopedic Association myelopathy score; Neck Disability and Ishihara Curvature Indices; and pseudarthrosis and surgical failure rates. Results Demineralized Bone Matrix has been evaluated in animal models and human clinical trials of spine fusion. Results of animal studies indicate variation in performance within and among DBM products. The majority of human clinical trials report high fusion rates when DBM is employed as a graft extender or a graft enhancer. Few prospective randomized controlled trials have been performed comparing DBM to autologous iliac crest bone graft in spine fusion. Conclusions Although many animal and human studies demonstrate comparable efficacy of DBM when combined with autograft or compared to autograft alone, additional high level of evidence studies are required to clearly define the indications for its use in spine fusion surgeries and the appropriate patient population that will benefit from DBM.
Cell-Type-Specific Repression of Internal Ribosome Entry Site Activity by Double-Stranded RNA-Binding Protein 76

Translation of picornavirus plus-strand RNA genomes occurs via internal ribosomal entry at highly structured 5′ untranslated regions. In addition to canonical translation factors, translation rate is likely influenced by supplementary host and viral trans-acting factors. We previously reported that insertion of a heterologous human rhinovirus type 2 internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) into the poliovirus (PV) genome, generating the chimeric virus PV-RIPO, selectively abrogates viral translation and propagation in neurons, which eliminate poliovirus's signature neuropathogenicity. While severely deficient in cells of neuronal lineage, the rhinovirus IRES promotes efficient propagation of PV-RIPO in cancer cells. Tumor-specific IRES function can be therapeutically exploited to direct viral cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Neuron-glioma heterokaryon analysis implicates neuronal trans-dominant inhibition in this effect, suggesting that host trans-acting factors repress IRES function in a cell-type-specific manner. We identified a set of proteins from neuronal cells with affinity for the rhinovirus IRES, including double-stranded RNA-binding protein 76 (DRBP76). DRBP76 associates with the IRES in neuronal but not in malignant glioma cells. Moreover, DRBP76 depletion in neuronal cells enhances rhinovirus IRES-driven translation and virus propagation. Our observations suggest that cell-type-specific association of DRBP76 with the rhinovirus IRES represses PV-RIPO translation and propagation in neuronal cells.
Another look at number signals and preview sentences

The combined effect of number signals and preview sentences on readers’ recall of text material was examined. Subjects who read a passage in which both types of signals were used recalled significantly more signal-relevant information than did subjects in a number-signals only, a preview-sentence only, or a control condition. The effectiveness of number signals is discussed in terms of both encoding and retrieval effects. The influence of preview sentences is discussed in terms of how these devices may guide readers’ attention.
Livelihood and Tribal Government on the Klamath Indian Reservation

The capacity to concert action, which is so distinctive an attribute of society, may take many forms, of which the political is the most inclusive. Upon Indian reservations today, the vitality and effectiveness of tribal government may be taken to constitute a dynamic expression of their shared community; and their readiness to enter into relationship with non-Indian entities, either as participant individuals or through the collective instrumentality of the tribe, may provide a measure of their adjustment to the larger society which embraces the reservation.
Adrenoleukodystrophy: Failure of Immunosuppression to Prevent Neurological Progression

• Severe immunosuppression with prednisone and cyclophosphamide failed to prevent neurological progression in a patient with adrenoleukodystrophy.