cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of exercise training and chronic ethanol ingestion on antioxidant system of rat brain regions.

This study investigates the interactive effects of chronic ethanol ingestion and exercise training on the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation in cortex, cerebellum, medulla, striatum and hypothalamus of the rat brain. Exercise training (6.5 weeks) significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in striatum, the region associated with motor activity, but decreased SOD activity in other brain regions. Catalase (CAT) activity decreased significantly in hypothalamus, the region associated with behavior, due to exercise. The training significantly increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in brain regions studied with the exception of cerebellum. In addition, glutathione reductase (GR) activity increased in brain regions, with the exception of medulla. The training significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in all brain regions studied, which is due to training adaptation. Ethanol (20%) (2.0 g kg−1, p.o. for 6.5 weeks) significantly decreased SOD activity in all regions except cortex, CAT activity in cortex, striatum and hypothalamus, GSH-Px activity in cerebellum and GR activity in medulla. Similarly, ethanol significantly decreased the GSH level in cortex, medulla and striatum and the GSH/GSSG ratio in medulla and cerebellum. Conversely, ethanol significantly augmented GR activity in cortex, cerebellum and striatum. When ethanol and exercise were combined, there was significantly increased SOD and CAT activity in striatum, GSH-Px activity in cortex, striatum and hypothalamus and GR activity in cortex and striatum. The GSH level was significantly depleted in cortex, striatum and medulla. Combining training and ethanol also decreased MDA levels in medulla and cerebellum. In conclusion, the sensitivity of specific brain regions in reaction to chronic ethanol ingestion or training is a function of variability in antioxidant system activity. Thus, exercise training protects specific brain regions against ethanol-induced oxidative injury. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A WEIGHTED COVERING MODEL TO AID IN DRACUNCULIASIS ERADICATION

Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) is a parasitic disease that is endemic to 18 African and 2 Asian countries. It has a marked potential for eradication through a combination of water supply management, health education, and controlled medical intervention. These intervention methods require the development of water wells and establishment of schools. Each has a different cost, a different success rate for eradication of the disease, and a different distance that people are willing and able to travel in order to utilize the facility.
Effects of massed versus distributed practice of test taking on achievement and test anxiety

The effects of massed versus distributed practice on achievement and test anxiety were investigated using a quasi-experimental design employing 56 college students under two conditions. Test anxiety was assessed using Sarason's four-dimensional Reactions to Tests, while classroom achievement was measured on tests using multiple-choice applications. Experimental subjects were given four Reactions to Tests items and 10-item examinations on a weekly basis for 10 weeks, while control subjects had only a 100-item final examination. Analysis indicated (1) significantly higher final examination performance for the distributed testing condition; (2) a significant reduction in test anxiety between initial sessions and the remainder of the term in the distributed testing condition; (3) no difference in test anxiety between the distributed testing and control conditions when test anxiety was assessed at the end of the term; and (4) nonsignificant correlations between test anxiety dimensions of the Reactions to Tests and achievement in both the control and distributed testing conditions. Results support the contention that relationships between achievement and test anxiety may be more complex than previously thought.
Collateral sprouting of somatosensory corticofugal axons into the cerebellar deafferented red nucleus.

Abstract Light microscopic-autoradiographic findings indicate that, following chronic lesions of cerebellorubral projections in the adult cat, somatosensory corticofugal axons in the cerebral crus give rise to collateral sprouts which reinnervate the deafferented red nucleus. These data strongly suggest that these new axons reinnervate the deafferented soma and proximal dendrites of the rubral neurons. This reactive synaptogenesis may compete with terminal sprouting from motor corticorubral synapses already present on the distal dendrites of the rubral neurons.
Criteria for Predicting the Transition to Turbulence in Natural Convection Along a Vertical Surface

We evaluate the existing criteria far predicting the transition to turbulence in natural convection adjacent to a vertical surface. We have conducted an experiment that establishes the point of transition in mercury by means of both hot-film anemometry and local heat transfer measurements. These results confirm the claim of Bejan and Lage that the Grashof number correlates transition data better than the Rayleigh number. We have also concluded that the laminar-turbulent transition in liquid metals as well as regular fluids occurs in the vicinity of Gr x =10 9 . Furthermore, we show that the E parameter suggested by Gebhart and his co-workers for predicting the onset of transition, when appropriately modified, yields a criterion that depends on the Grashof number alone
National Analysis of Differences Among Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes: College Student and Nonstudent Emerging Adults

AbstractObjective: To discover differences between student and nonstudent substance abuse treatment demographics, treatment characteristics, and outcomes. Participants: Conducted February 2014, clients without prior treatment admissions, aged 18–24, not in methadone maintenance therapy, and in nonintensive and ambulatory intensive outpatient treatment settings (N = 467,233). Methods: Chi-square was used to analyze differences. Multivariate logistic regression including covariates and the student status predicted successful completion with risk differences (RD). Results: Students were more likely to successfully complete treatment than nonstudents (56.15% vs 41.96%; χ2 = 1355.04, df = 1, p < .0001, RD = 14.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] [13.43, 14.95]), and students were 6.92 (95% CI [6.26, 7.58]) percentage points less likely than nonstudents to remain in treatment for longer than 4 months (χ2 = 367.24, df = 1, p < .0001). Conclusions: Treatment providers seem to have greater results retaining students ...
Bernoulliflows over maps of the interval

We consider special flowsT′ built over shift automorphismϕ with a Holder function. We introduce two properties forϕ (R and WM) s.t. weak-mixing forT′ impliesK ifϕ is R and it implies Bernoulliness ifϕ is WM. We apply this to maps of the interval to show that for the Lorentz Attractor Flow with a natural measure weak-mixing implies Bernoulliness.
A series of ileal carcinoids detected during routine colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening

A series of ileal carcinoids detected during routine colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening
The human side of systems: an experiential approach

Abstract Research is presented on the effect of human relations training on the interpersonal orientation of information systems professionals. The results indicate that training can make a difference. Interpersonal orientation is significant because the more systems professionals can effectively express their feelings on substantive issues and help others to do so, the more likely they are to be effective in problem solving and decision making. Increased effectiveness is a meaningful step towards the important goal of effective management information systems that truly meet the needs of their users.
Readout electronics architecture and packaging for the CDF silicon upgrade

Abstract The CDF Collaboration is replacing its silicon vertex detector (SVX') with an enhanced, completely new detector (SVXII). The SVXII design seeks to improve upon SVX' in many aspects simultaneously. Unlike SVX', SVXII information will be used for a second level trigger, demanding the ability to read out the detector at a very high rate. Additionally, the interaction period will now be significantly shorter than the lowest level trigger latency, which requires the use of a data pipeline in the front end. A desire for greater acceptance than SVX' confines the SVXII readout electronics to be directly on active sensor area. This demands small size (high interconnection density) and low mass, while at the same time the faster electronics call for improved thermal performance. New “deadtimeless” readout electronics and packaging to meet the above needs are discussed in this article. Preliminary results on performance of prototypes are presented.
Phenomenology of autobiographical memories: the memory experiences questionnaire

The phenomenology of autobiographical memories varies on a number of dimensions: some memories are vivid and others dim; some are emotionally intense and others lack emotional content. The present research sought to develop a psychometrically-sound scale to assess the entire range of dimensions on which autobiographical memories differ. We reviewed the literature on memory experiences and identified 10 relevant dimensions: Vividness, Coherence, Accessibility, Time Perspective, Sensory Details, Visual Perspective, Emotional Intensity, Sharing, Distancing, and Valence. We constructed a comprehensive item pool to assess these dimensions and, using data from several large samples (Ns=941; 510; 212), we showed that: (a) all 10 scales had adequate reliability (median alpha=.87; range=.72 to .97), (b) the 10-factor structure provided a good fit to the data, and (c) gender, personality, and memory recency had theoretically meaningful relations with the 10 scales. For example, gender and ethnicity differences in phenomenology were mediated by memory content, and early and recent memories had distinct phenomenologies. The discussion focuses on the theoretical and practical utility of the 10 scales.
Effect of transition noise on turbo decoding for optical data storage

We present the results of a simulation study of applying turbo decoding to optical data storage channel in the presence of transition noise. We use an optical recording channel model that captures the storage density effects, the effects of transition noise, the effects of finite equalizer lengths and the noise coloring caused by the equalizers. Our simulator uses the least mean squares (LMS) adaptive algorithm for the partial response (PR) equalizer design and thus captures the effect of a limited training set. We consider three iterative decoding architectures, three different partial response (PR) targets suitable for optical recording, two different precoders, and two different normalized recording densities.
1782 DIETHLYCARBAMAZINE(DEC)DOES NOT BLOCK HYPOXIC PULMONARY VASOCONSTRICTION (HPVC) IN AWAKE LAMBS

We and others have reported that certain leukotriene (LT) antagonists abolish HPVC. If LTs are necessary for HPVC, all (LT) antagonists should block HPVC. We therefore studied the LT synthesis blocker DEC. Six lambs (7-14 dy old) were chronically instrumented for cardiac output (CO;1/min.), pulmonary artery (PA), left atrial (LA;n=4), and aortic (Ao) pressures (P;mmHg). Five days later, with the lambs awake, PAP, LAP, AoP, and CO were measured in normoxia (N), in hypoxia prior to DEC(H), in H after IV boluses of DEC (H+DEC; 1, 3, 10, and 20 mg/kg), and after hypoxia was stopped (N2). We found: 1) DEC caused an early (+10 sec.), transient (lasting .05). At no dose was: DEC ven a transient pulmonary vasodilator. 2) These parameters, and pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance (PR and SR; units), measured after 45 min. of H and a total of at least 34 mg/kg of DEC, were not different from those in H prior to DEC. Pulmonary arteriolar resistance (n=4) was also unchanged (22.7 vs. 22.1 units). Hence, DEC does not block HPVC in the awake lamb, unlike other LT antagonists. This data does not support the hypothesis that LTs are necessary for the generation of HPVC.
Absolute measurement of the amplitude of a.c. Josephson effect in a superconducting weak link

Abstract Absolute measurement of the amplitude of the a.c. Josephson Effect in a superconducting weak link has been achieved thus resolving the previous discrepancies between theory and experiment.
Absorption edge spectrum of scandium oxide

Abstract The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of single crystals of nominally pure Sc2O3 was measured at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen temperature. The results are compared with the probable energy level structure of the system. An estimate of the expected position of the absorption threshold based on a simple charge transfer model gives reasonable agreement with the observed absorption edge.
The untapped promise of digital mind maps

Digital mind mapping tools present a fertile area for research on human-computer interaction. We evaluated numerous existing mind mapping software applications, performed ethnographic research with a variety of users, and developed a framework of principles to inform the design of future tools for collaborative knowledge management. Our findings suggest an opportunity to advance digital mind mapping beyond the existing state-of-the-art, particularly in the areas of improving workflow, facilitating collaboration, and supporting information storage and retrieval. We conclude with suggestions for how to improve digital mind mapping systems, specifically with regard to real-time collaborative thinking.
Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions Applied to Anger Management

This article applies the Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions (PESI) in counseling psychology to anger management with adults. The review suggests that there is empirical support for cognitive-behavioral interventions generally and for four specific interventions (relaxation, cognitive, behavioral skill enhancement, and combinations of these three interventions). Moderate effect sizes for these interventions were found on targeted anger measures and for all measures combined. The PESI proved to be flexible, multidimensional principles against which to assess counseling interventions and from which to identify what is known and what needs to be learned.
Coverage and latency aware actor placement mechanisms in WSANs

In Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs), responsiveness to serious events is of utmost importance and thus, minimal latency should be experienced. In addition, since these actions can be taken at any spot within the monitored area, the actors should provide maximal coverage of the area. In this paper, we propose two actor placement mechanisms for WSANs, namely COLA and COCOLA that consider both the delay requirements of data collection and the coverage of the area. COLA evenly distributes the actors in the region for maximised coverage first. Actors then collaboratively form clusters. Each individual actor repositions itself at a new location that enables minimal latency in collecting data in its cluster. COCOLA is an extension to COLA which additionally enforces connectivity among the actors by assigning appropriate locations to each actor for improved coverage and reduced latency. The effectiveness of both approaches is evaluated through extensive simulation experiments.
The Lck Binding Domain of Herpesvirus Saimiri Tip-484 Constitutively Activates Lck and STAT3 in T Cells

Constitutive activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) has been associated with oncogenesis. Previously, a protein required for T-cell transformation by the DNA tumor virus herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) strain 484, designated tyrosine kinase-interacting protein (Tip-484), was shown to interact with and dramatically upregulate the activity of the STATs in an Lck-dependent manner. The minimal region of Tip-484 responsible for binding Lck was defined as a 10-residue C-terminal Src-related kinase homology domain, an 18-amino-acid spacer, and a 10-residue potential SH3 binding domain. This region is termed the LBD (for Lck binding domain). The present data show that only the LBD of Tip-484 is needed to activate Lck in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the LBD was shown to form a complex with STAT3 in vitro, and expression of the LBD in T cells led to STAT3 activation equal to that of full-length Tip-484. These studies demonstrate that the 48-amino-acid LBD of Tip-484 can perform as effectively as the full-length protein in vitro and in vivo.
Informatics challenges in structured RNA

The world of regulatory RNAs is fast expanding into mainstream molecular biology as both a subject of intense mechanistic study and as a tool for functional characterization. The RNA world is one of complex structures that carry out catalysis, sense metabolites and synthesize proteins. The dynamic and structural nature of RNAs presents a whole new set of informatics challenges to the computational community. The ability to relate structure and dynamics to function will be key to understanding this complex world. I review several important classes of structured RNAs that present our community with a series of biologically novel informatics challenges. I also review available informatics tools that have been recently developed in the field.
Affect and Belonging in Late Capitalism: A Speculative Narrative on Reality TV

This essay puts forward a theory of communication apart from the dominant practices of ideology analysis and political economic inquiry. To do so, it connects affect to the Marxist theory of value production and tracks its circulation throughout activities inspired by reality TV participation. It follows the transmissions of affect through its cultural, political, and economic expressions and studies the habituated practices engendered from this television form, exploring the contradictions within different moments, some of which produce cultural and political values and others of which produce economic value.
The FTO gene rs9939609 obesity-risk allele and loss of control over eating

Background: Children with rs9939609 FTO variant alleles (homozygous = AA and heterozygous = AT) are predisposed to greater adiposity than are those with 2 wild-type alleles (TT). Objective: Because FTO is highly expressed in hypothalamic regions that are important for appetite, FTO genotype may affect energy balance by influencing eating behavior. Loss of control (LOC) eating, a behavior commonly reported by overweight youth, predicts excessive weight gain in children. However, the relation between FTO genotype and LOC eating has not been previously examined. Design: Two-hundred eighty-nine youth aged 6–19 y were genotyped for rs9939609, underwent body-composition measurements, and were interviewed to determine the presence or absence of LOC eating. A subset (n = 190) participated in a lunch buffet test meal designed to model an LOC eating episode. Subjects with AA and AT genotypes were grouped together for comparison with wild-type TT subjects. Results: Subjects with at least one A allele (67.7%) had significantly greater body mass indexes, body mass index z scores (P < 0.01), and fat mass (P < 0.05). Of the AA/AT subjects, 34.7% reported LOC compared with 18.2% of the TT subjects (P = 0.002). Although total energy intake at the test meal did not differ significantly by genotype (P = 0.61), AA/AT subjects consumed a greater percentage of energy from fat than did the TT subjects (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Children and adolescents with 1 or 2 FTO rs9939609 obesity-risk alleles report more frequent LOC eating episodes and select foods higher in fat at a buffet meal. Both LOC eating and more frequent selection of energy-dense, palatable foods may be mechanisms through which variant FTO alleles lead to excess body weight.
Fetal Hematopoietic Stem Cells Are the Canaries in the Coal Mine That Portend Later Life Immune Deficiency

Disorders of the blood system are a significant and growing global health concern and include a spectrum of diseases ranging from aplastic anemia and leukemias to immune suppression. This array of hematological disorders is attributed to the fact that the blood system undergoes a perpetual cycle of turn over with aged and exhausted red and white blood cells undergoing daily replacement. The foundational cells of this replenishment process are comprised of rare hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) located in the bone marrow that possess the dual function of long-term self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. This constant turnover makes the hematopoietic system uniquely vulnerable to changes in the environment that impact multilineage differentiation, self-renewal, or both. Notably, environmental endocrine-disrupting exposures occurring during development, when HSCs are first emerging, can lead to alterations in HSC programming that impacts the blood and immune systems throughout life. In this review, we describe the process of fetal hematopoiesis and provide an overview of the intrauterine environmental and endocrine-disrupting compounds that disrupt this process. Finally, we describe research opportunities for fetal HSCs as potential sentinels of later-life blood and immune system disorders.
The emerging role of the receptor for advanced glycation end products on innate immunity

Cells from innate immune system are activated by the engagement of germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) in response to the microbial insult. These receptors are able to recognize either the presence of highly conserved microbial components called pathogen-associated molecular patterns or endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns. These danger signals are recognized by different types of (PRRs), including the receptor for advanced glycation end products. This new PRR share both ligands and intracellular signaling with Toll-like receptors and thus may cooperate with each other as essential partners to strength inflammatory response. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the promiscuity of this receptor as well as its role in the context of innate immunity by triggering an inflammatory response when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury.
Nonmammalian Models for Sunlight Carcinogenesis: Genetic Analysis of Melanoma Formation in Xiphophorus Hybrid Fish

Genetic hybrids of Xiphophorus fishes have been used for decades to study heritable melanoma formation. In these models, overexpression of pigmentation patterns from melanin-producing pigment cells can lead to genetically regulated melanoma formation in backcross hybrids. In the best studied of these models, the Gordon-Kosswig hybrid melanoma, tumors form spontaneously in all individuals of a subset of backcross hybrids between the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus Jp 163 A and the swordtail species Xiphophorus helleri. Backcross hybrids susceptible to melanoma formation inherit a sex-linked oncogene, Xmrk, associated with the spotted dorsal (Sd) pigment pattern and have lost both copies of an autosomal gene, DIFF, from the X. maculatus parent. Spontaneous melanoma formation conforms to simple, two-gene Mendelian inheritance in which DIFF behaves as a recessive tumor suppressor gene. Recently, Xiphophorus hybrids in which melanomas can be induced by UV and near-UV visible light exposure have been described. We report here results of genetic linkage analysis of one of these Xiphophorus light-inducible hybrid melanoma models, in backcross hybrids between the two platyfish species X. maculatus Jp 163 B and Xiphophorus couchianus. Our linkage results provide the first estimate of recombination between the tumor suppressor locus, DIFF, and glycerate-2-dehydrogenase (GLYDH) in Xiphophorus linkage group V. Also, they demonstrate that DIFF regulates hyperplasia of spotted side (Sp) pigment cells in this hybrid model, analogous to its regulation of hyperplasia of Sd pigment cells in the "classical" Gordon-Kosswig hybrid. Joint segregation analyses of melanoma-bearing fish indicate that segregation of DIFF is genetically linked to melanoma induction by 405 nm light in this model but that induction of melanomas by UV wavelengths apparently does not depend on segregation of the DIFF locus.
Nonunity active PFC methods for filter size optimization

Active power factor correction seeks to obtain unity power factor and sinusoidal line currents. Optimized nonsinusoidal line currents reduce filter capacitor requirements with a nonunity target power factor. Implementation methods are presented that permit reduced power factor to be traded off against filter size in a nearly optimum manner. A simple waveform shape can reduce filter component size by about 40% in active PFC converters at the same level of complexity as in conventional PFC designs while yielding power factor as high as 0.9. Two approximate methods to generate appropriate shapes are presented. They offer direct practical implementation of nonunity power factor solutions and have been verified experimentally. Such solutions meet power quality standards and deliver acceptable power factor with reduced converter cost.
Epigenetic Activation of the Human Growth Hormone Gene Cluster during Placental Cytotrophoblast Differentiation

The hGH cluster contains a single human pituitary growth hormone gene (hGH-N) and four placenta-specific paralogs. Activation of the cluster in both tissues depends on 5' remote regulatory elements. The pituitary-specific locus control elements DNase I-hypersensitive site I (HSI) and HSII, located 14.5 kb 5' of the cluster (position -14.5), establish a continuous domain of histone acetylation that extends to and activates hGH-N in the pituitary gland. In contrast, histone modifications in placental chromatin are restricted to the more 5'-remote HSV-HSIII region (kb -28 to -32) and to the placentally expressed genes in the cluster, with minimal modification between these two regions. These data predict distinct modes of hGH cluster gene activation in the pituitary and placenta. Here we used cell culture models to track structural changes at the hGH locus through placental-gene activation. The data revealed that this process was initiated in primary cytotrophoblasts by histone H3K4 di- and trimethylation and H4 acetylation restricted to HSV and to the individual placental-gene repeat (PGR) units within the cluster. Later stages of transcriptional induction were accompanied by enhancement and extension of these modifications and by robust H3 acetylation at HSV, at HSIII, and throughout the placental-gene regions. These data suggested that elements restricted to HSIII-HSV regions and each individual PGR might be sufficient for activation of the hCS genes. This model was tested by comparing hCS transgene expression in the placentas of mouse embryos carrying a full hGH cluster to that in placentas in which the HSIII-HSV region was directly linked to the individual hCS-A PGR unit. The findings indicate that the HSIII-HSV region and the PGR units, although targeted for initial chromatin structural modifications, are insufficient to activate gene expression and that this process is dependent on additional, as-yet-unidentified chromatin determinants.
Topoisomerase IIα Binding Domains of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Influence Cell Cycle Progression and Aneuploidy

This work was funded in part by NIH RO1 CA10922 (Y.W. and K.L.N.), GI Special Program of Research Excellence CA95103 (R.J.C), NCI RO1 CA46413 (R.J.C), GM33944 (N.O.), Higuchi Biosciences Center J.R. & Inez Jay Award (Y.W. and K.L.N.), and the KUCC Pilot Project Award (Y.W. and K.L.N.).
A Zonal Analysis Model for Comparative Politics: A Partial Soviet Application

Improved analysis of the Soviet and communist political systems requires a greater effort to locate that enterprise in the mainstream of comparative political inquiry. Toward this end the article (1) surveys Soviet and Western political process similarities and differences and identifies consequent conceptual implications; (2) introduces a model for comparative politics built in part from political process similarities evident in both Soviet and Western systems; and (3) reports a case study involving a partial application of the zonal model using Soviet political data. The comparative model integrates micro-, intermediate-, and macro-level zones of analysis as research foci and operational variables for empirical testing and generation of theory. The case study—the politics of Soviet industrial reform, 1962–1965—examines the relationship between two analytic zones, and concludes that changes in both the process and the content of economic interest articulation were strongly associated with prior changes in Soviet policy making.
African Diasporas: Toward a Global History

This article interrogates the development of African diaspora studies. Based a global research project that seeks to map out the dispersals of African peoples in all the major regions of the world, compare the processes of diasporization, and examine the patterns of diaspora engagements, it offers a vigorous critique of the hegemonous Afro-Atlantic model in African diaspora studies. It focuses on two critical challenges that students of African diasporas must confront: the terms of analysis that are adopted, and the problems of historical mapping.
How to Integrate International Financial Reporting Standards into Accounting Programs.

It is expected the SEC will require U.S. domestic companies to prepare and file their annual 10Ks in accordance with international financial reporting standards (IFRS) by 2016. Given the probability that the FASB-IASB convergence project (i.e., Norwalk Agreement) will continue subsequent to mandatory adoption, US accounting programs will be inclined to cover the standards in both reporting regimes. Despite the likely prospect of mandatory adoption of IFRS, most US accounting educators have done little to revise their programs, their courses, and their curricula to address the question of how best to incorporate these standards. This paper discusses the pros/cons of three possible approaches in addressing this question: 1) IFRS taught in a standalone course, 2) IFRS taught in all upper-level financial accounting courses, and 3) IFRS taught across the entire accounting curricula. This paper argues in favor of the third alternative since non-accounting business majors will be expected to have a general knowledge of this reporting paradigm, and thus should receive exposure in the introductory courses. Second, if accounting majors obtain exposure to IFRS across the entire accounting curricula, they will obtain a better understanding and appreciation of essential differences between principles and rules based financial reporting systems. Moreover, such exposure across the curricula will allow accounting majors to better evaluate the impact of IFRS vs. US GAAP across the range of accounting disciplines.
Studies on erythropoiesis. XIV. The relationship of humoral stimulation to iron absorption.

A new method for the study of gastrointestinal absorption of iron in mice has been described. Phlebotomy, intravenous hemolysis, hypoxia and cobaltous ion increase iron absorption. Transfusion-induced polycythemia depresses iron absorption in mice. Iron-loading by means of Imferon also depresses iron absorption. Under the conditions described for these experiments, exogenous plasma erythropoietin has no direct effect on iron absorption.
Effect of Hg 203-labeled mercaptomerin on renal sulfhydryl concentration in normal rabbits.

SummaryHg203-labeled mercaptomerin sodium, in a dosage of 14 to 30 mg of mercury/ kg of body weight, was injected intravenously into normal rabbits immediately following a unilateral nephrectomy, and the remaining kidney was removed one hour later. The mean cortical and medullary concentrations of mercury, were, respectively, 2.53 and 0.77 mg/g of dry weight of tissue. The mean sulfhydryl concentration in the control cortices was 10.08 mg/g of dry tissue, expressed as 1-cysteine; the mean value obtained one hour after administration of the tagged organic mercurial agent was 6.76 mg/g. The SH concentration of the cortex decreased in all 12 test animals following the injection of labeled mercaptomerin, and increased in the 2 uninjected control animals.
Influence of Trichome Variations on Populations of Small Phytophagous Insects in Soybean

Small phytophagous insects were sampled with a D-Vac® from genotypes of soybean having trichome variations. The genotypes included PI 229358, which is resistant to the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, and normal, dense, glabrous and deciduous near isogenic lines of the ‘Lee’ variety. Species sampled were a springtail, Deuterosminthurus yumanensis Wray; the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris); a thrips, Sericothrips variabilis (Beach); and the bandedwing whitefly, Trialeurodes abutilonea (Haldeman). Populations of D. yumanensis and E. fabae exhibited dramatic responses to trichome variations, with numbers of both species being highest on glabrous and deciduous genotypes. D. yumanensis numbers were lowest on dense Lee, a genotype which contained 3 times more trichomes per unit of leaf area than normal Lee, whereas E. fabae numbers were lowest on PI 229358, a genotype having long, erect trichomes of a slightly lower density than in normal Lee. Mean seasonal numbers of S. variabilis and T. abutilonea showed no consistent response to trichome variations.
Nocturnal Movements and Behavior of Wild Raccoons at a Winter Feeding Station

The activities of nocturnal mammals are difficult to study under natural conditions due to their wariness and the unfavorable light conditions that limit observations. The success of such studies usually depends importantly upon the type of situations in which animals are observed. The following investigation was initiated when the writers discovered that wild raccoons were utilizing grain at a winter feeding station almost at their doorstep. This station, located 60 feet south of the refuge headquarters residence at the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge, Cherry County, Nebraska, had been maintained over a period of years for grouse and pheasants. Shelled corn was placed on a site, approximately six feet in diameter, during early November and the supply was replenished as needed until the following March. Raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) were seen feeding in November, 1940. Nightly observations were initiated late in this month and were continued through each succeeding winter until February, 1943. The objectives of the study were: (1) To determine the hours of greatest nightly activity, (2) To study gregariousness and pack dominance, (3) To observe the effects of winds and temperature as a limiting factor in winter feeding, and (4) To study periods of inactivity during the winter. The authors extend especial thanks and acknowledgements to Dr. C. R. Carpenter, Professor of Psychology, for valuable suggestions on behavior terminology, and to Dr. E. B. Hale, Professor of Psychological Research, The Pennsylvania State University; Dr. Daniel L. Leedy, Dr. C. R. Bourn, and L. M. Llewellyn, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service for constructive reading of the manuscript. The lawn on which the station was located extended from the residence 150 feet south to the edge of Hackberry Lake. The lake was always frozen over from mid-November to early March. The ice-covered surface served as an avenue for raccoons in …
Techniques for Radiographing and the Accuracy of the X-Ray Method for Identifying and Estimating Numbers of the Mountain Pine Beetle

X-ray-exposure curves using 2 kilovoltages (kv) were developed for lodgepole pine slabs of different thickness and moisture content. X-ray exposure at 25 kv for a wood-and-bark slab containing 30% moisture varied, for example, from 4.5 milliampere minutes (mam) for a 1.5-inch-thick slab to 20 mam for a 3-inch-thick slab. The relationship between wood-and-bark thickness and optimum exposure became increasingly curvilinear as moisture content increased. In contrast, X-ray exposure at 45 kv for wood and bark containing 30% moisture varied from 0.4 mam for a 1.5-inch-thick slab to 1.25 mam for a 3-inch-thick slab. At 45 kv the relationship between wood-and-bark thickness and exposure remained approximately linear for all moisture contents. Identifications and estimates of numbers of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, were obtained from radiographs. Radiographs obtained using an exposure of 25 kv proved to be best for identifying and determining numbers of small and medium-Sized larvae. Radiographs obtained using either 25 or 45 kv could be used with about equal accuracy for identifying and estimating numbers of large larvae, pupae, and callow adults. Errors in identification and in estimating numbers of beetles from radiographs obtained using an exposure of 25 kv were less than 10% of the mean and seem acceptable for population studies of bark beetles.
Catalytic C(sp(3) )-H Arylation of Free Primary Amines with an exo Directing Group Generated In Situ.

Herein, we report the palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of unactivated aliphatic C−H bonds in free primary amines. This method takes advantage of an exo-imine-type directing group (DG) that can be generated and removed in situ. A range of unprotected aliphatic amines are suitable substrates, undergoing site-selective arylation at the γ-position. Methyl as well as cyclic and acyclic methylene groups can be activated. Furthermore, when aniline-derived substrates were used, preliminary success with δ-C−H arylation was achieved. The feasibility of using the DG component in a catalytic fashion was also demonstrated.
Data-driven adaptive optimal output-feedback control of a 2-DOF helicopter

This paper studies a data-driven adaptive optimal control problem of a Quanser's 2-degree-of-freedom (DOF) helicopter via output-feedback. A novel sampled-data-based approximate/adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) approach is developed. We start from a stabilizing controller computed using the bound of model uncertainties. Then the optimal control gain is iteratively learned by input/output information. The convergence of the proposed approach is theoretically ensured and the tradeoff between optimality and sampling period is rigorously studied as well. Finally, we show the performance of the proposed algorithm under bounded model uncertainties.
Reader reaction to news of mass suffering: Assessing the influence of story form and emotional response

Drawing from psychological research, the study examines how story form influences reader reaction to news accounts of mass violence in Africa. An online survey with embedded experimental conditions...
Computational Principles of Value Coding in the Brain

The notion of value is central to theoretical and empirical approaches to decision-making. In psychological and economic choice theory, value functions quantify the relationship between relevant decision information and choice behavior. Evidence for value coding in neural circuits suggests that value information is explicitly represented in brain activity and plays a critical role in the neurobiological choice process. Here, we review a research approach centered on the computations underlying neural value coding. As in sensation and perception, neural information processing in valuation and choice relies on core computational principles including contextual modulation and divisive gain control. The form of these computations reveals details about the nature of decision-related value information and the constraints inherent in computing with biological systems. Understanding value representation at the intermediate level of computation promises insight into decision-making at the level of both the underlying circuit architecture and the resulting choice behavior.
Knowledge at Work: Disputes over the Ownership of Human Capital in the Changing Workplace

In this article, Professor Stone argues that the nature of the employment relationship is changing in ways that are in tension with emerging trends in the law of post-employment restraints. Specifically, she argues that employers today seek to attract talented employees and to motivate employees to use their knowledge, expertise and imaginations on behalf of the firm. To obtain commitment and organizational citizenship behavior, employers implicitly promise to provide employees with training and networking opportunities that will enable them to develop skills that they can use in the labor market. However, employers have also become ever more conscious of the economic value of employees' knowledge. Hence they seek to control how that knowledge is used and thus increasingly seek to impose restraints on employee mobility by means of covenants not to compete or trade secret protection. These trends stand in tension with each other. Rather than address this tension, courts have adopted new doctrinal approaches in the area of noncompete covenants and trade secrets that favor employers. The author argues that courts should reverse their current pro-employer approaches and instead weigh the implicit terms of the employment relationship in their deliberations.
Adapting the Glaser Reaction for Bioconjugation: Robust Access to Structurally Simple, Rigid Linkers

The copper-mediated coupling between alkynes to generate a structurally rigid, linear 1,3-diyne linkage has been known for over a century. However, the mechanistic requirement to simultaneously maintain Cu(I) and an oxidant has limited its practical utility, especially for complex functional molecules in aqueous solution. We find that addition of a specific bpy-diol ligand protects unprotected peptides from Cu(II) mediated oxidative damage through formation of an insoluble Cu(II) gel which solves the critical challenge of applying the Glaser coupling to substrates that are degraded by Cu(II). The generality of this method is illustrated through conjugation of a series of polar and nonpolar labels onto a fully unprotected GLP-1R agonist through a linear 7 A diynyl linker.
New, publicly available flavonoid data products: Valuable resources for emerging science

Abstract Until recently, databases of the flavonoid composition of foods have been lacking, limiting the ability to assess dietary intakes. The objectives of this study are to describe new, publicly available flavonoid-related data products and apply them to assess flavonoid intakes and dietary sources of flavonoids in the U.S. population. Products currently available are the Provisional Flavonoid Addendum, a database of 29 individual flavonoid values for 7174 USDA food codes; the Flavonoid Intake Data Files, which are the result of applying the Addendum to dietary data from What We Eat in America, NHANES; and a set of tables describing flavonoid intakes in the U.S. population by selected sociodemographic characteristics. Mean intake of flavonoids by individuals age 2+ years was 214 mg, with flavan-3-ols accounting for 81% of the total. Taking into account frequency of consumption and amounts consumed, the top food/beverage sources of total flavonoids and each flavonoid class were tea (total flavonoids, 78%; flavan-3-ols, 93%; flavonols, 38%), 100% citrus juice (flavanones, 61%), soy-based protein powders (isoflavones, 29%), berries (anthocyanidins, 27%), and mixed dishes (flavones, 24%). These new flavonoid-related products, which may be downloaded from the Food Surveys Research Group website at www.ars.usda.gov/nea/bhnrc/fsrg, are valuable tools that will enable the research community to conduct more comprehensive investigations concerning relationships between flavonoid intake and health.
Deformation and fracture behavior of Mg alloy, WE43, after various aging heat treatments

Abstract Wrought Mg alloy, WE43, is normally artificially aged after hot working (T5 temper). A solutionizing heat treatment is revealed to weaken the initial basal texture of the hot-rolled plate, which resulted in a reduction of the yield strength anisotropy (by notably lowering the in-plane strength). Solutionizing followed by peak aging (T6 temper) only leads to a marginal increase in hardness. The precipitate size and volume fraction are slightly greater for T6 as compared to T5. Different strategies to increase the number density of the precipitates were explored. T8 treatments (where the solutionized material is cold-deformed prior to aging) were carried out, and although the aging kinetics improved, the peak hardness did not. Similarly, two-step aging (first at 140 °C for 4 h, followed by 210 °C) treatment provided no measurable increase in hardness. The T6 samples showed large grain boundary precipitates and a larger precipitate free zone, as compared to T5, which resulted in extensive intergranular ductile fracture, and reduced ductility. Finally, the lower ductility along the plate normal direction is related to stringers of Y-rich cuboidal dispersoids. The results reveal the incumbent T5 temper to be an optimum in terms of strength, ductility, and energy consumption.
Patient and program costs, and outcomes, of including gender-sensitive services in intensive inpatient programs for substance use

Abstract Gender-sensitive services (GSS) attempt to make substance use treatment better for women, but at what cost and with what results? We sought answers to these questions in a federally-funded study by measuring separately the patient and provider costs of adding GSS, outcomes, and cost-outcome relationships for 12 mixed-gender intensive inpatient programs (IIP) that varied in amounts and types of GSS. GSS costs to female inpatients included time devoted to GSS and expenses for care of dependents while in the IIP. GSS costs to providers included time spent with patients, indirect services, treatment facilities, equipment, and materials. Offering more GSS was expected to consume more patient and provider resources. Offering more GSS also was expected to enhance outcomes and cost-outcome relationships. We found that average GSS costs to patients at the IIPs were $585 ($515–$656) per patient. Average GSS costs to providers at the IIPs were $344 ($42–$544) per patient. GSS costs to patients significantly exceeded GSS costs to providers. Contrary to previous research, offering more GSS services to patients did not result in significantly higher costs to patients or providers. IIPs offering more GSS may have delivered fewer traditional services, but this did not significantly affect outcomes, i.e., days until returning to another substance use treatment. In fact, median cost-outcome for these IIPs was a promising 35 treatment-free days, i.e., over a month, per $100 of GSS resources used by patients and providers.
Giant increase in cross-magnetic-field transport rate as an electron-positron plasma cools

An electron-positron plasma in thermal equilibrium within a uniform magnetic field is studied using a classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulation. The cross-magnetic-field single-particle diffusion coefficient is evaluated as a function of the magnetic field strength and plasma temperature. The transport rate is found to increase by many orders of magnitude as the plasma temperature is lowered, for a magnetic field strength of 1 T. The sharp dependence on temperature is due to electrons and positrons becoming temporarily correlated and drifting across the magnetic field before dissociating.
On the Connections Between Item Response Theory and Classical Test Theory: A Note on True Score Evaluation for Polytomous Items via Item Response Modeling

This note highlights and illustrates the links between item response theory and classical test theory in the context of polytomous items. An item response modeling procedure is discussed that can be used for point and interval estimation of the individual true score on any item in a measuring instrument or item set following the popular and widely applicable graded response model. The method contributes to the body of research on the relationships between classical test theory and item response theory and is illustrated on empirical data.