cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age- and position-of-origin and rootstock effects in Douglas-fir plantlet growth and plagiotropism

Plagiotropic angle of seedling-derived Douglas-fir plantlets varied with position of adventitious bud origin on the explanted cotyledon rosette, being least at its center (18°) and greatest (45°) along the basal third of the cotyledon. When the tops of plagiotropic plantlets (55°) were grafted to seedling rootstock, they assumed a near-vertical orientation (10°), with pectinate changed to radial leaf arrangement, within 5 months. Conversely, seedling tops grafted to plagiotropic plantlet rootstock grew plagiotropically (56°). These, and other observations lead to a hypothesis that plagiotropism in cotyledon-derived plantlets results in part from an incomplete vascular connection of the root system to the shoot. In contrast, the greater plagiotropic angle in plantlets from a 12 year-old tree, decreased by only half (from 72° to 34°) after grafting to seedling rootstock. First-season height increment of these plantlets was only 60 percent of seedling or juvenile plantlet height increment, and was unaffected by rootstock type. The adult-origin plantlets exhibited mature shoot morphology, and unchanged plagiotropism after 2 years growth in large pots. Thus it appears that the culture-induced juvenile appearance and behaviour noted for this material when maintained in vitro, is dependent on the continued presence of the culture conditions.
Incidence of Occult Lymph Node Metastases in Pathological Stage C (pT3NO) Prostate Cancer

AbstractPurpose: To determine the incidence of occult lymph node metastases in patients with stage pT3NO prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Lymph nodes from 95 patients with stage pT3NO prostate cancer were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for extrinsic epithelial cells using epithelial-specific monoclonal antibodies. The extrinsic epithelial cells were also tested for prostate specific antigen expression.Results: Occult lymph node metastases were identified in 15 cases (16 percent) and were more frequent in patients with high primary Gleason grade tumors and seminal vesicle invasion (p = 0.03). In all cases the extrinsic cells were of prostate origin based on prostate specific antigen expression.Conclusions: Occult lymph node metastases can be detected in a substantial proportion of patients with stage pT3NO prostate cancer, are associated with known predictors of disease progression, and may be useful in identifying patients at risk for recurrence and progression.
On weighted utilitarianism and an application

This paper discusses and evaluates some axiomatic approaches to weighted utilitarianism. It then offers a new and direct proof for weighted utilitarianism under full comparability which yields, as a corollary, U. Ebert’s result on rank-weighted utilitarianism.
X-Linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein gene-based neuroprotection for the peripheral nervous system.

Objective The recently discovered X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is among the most potent inhibitors of programmed cell death. In the current experiment, we examine the potential of adenoviral XIAP gene delivery to protect neurons of the peripheral nervous system using in vitro models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and diabetic neuropathy. Methods XIAP complementary deoxyribonucleic acid was fused in frame with the green fluorescent protein sequence and cloned into a first generation adenoviral vector. The impact of XIAP gene expression on glutamate-induced apoptosis was measured in the neuronal SH-SY5Y cell line with immunohistochemistry for active caspase-3 and with cell density assays. Next, the effect of XIAP expressing neurons on the survival of uninfected neighboring neurons was measured. Finally, the impact of XIAP gene expression on glutamate-induced apoptosis was assessed in embryonic motor neuron and dorsal root ganglion cultures. Results XIAP gene expression reduced the percentage of active caspase-3 positive SH-SY5Y neurons and preserved cell density after glutamate exposure. In heterogeneously infected cultures, cells infected with XIAP were protected, but uninfected neighboring cells were not. In primary E15 models, inhibition of proapoptotic effects was demonstrated after glutamate insult in motor neurons and glucose insult in dorsal root ganglion cells. Conclusion XIAP gene delivery through the neurosurgical delivery of viral vectors may provide a means for neuroprotection in ALS and diabetic neuropathy.
Magnetic Properties and Petrology of Rocks near the Crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

MAGNETIC and petrological studies have been made on nine dredge samples taken in the course of detailed geological and geophysical investigations of a small area near the crest of the mid-Atlantic Ridge, 22° 30′ N., 45° 30′ W. (refs. 1 and 2). Samples were taken in 1964–65 on cruises Chain-44 and Washington 1965–1 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The magnetic properties of the samples were examined in order to help in the interpretation of observed magnetic anomalies in the area. The remanent magnetizations of twenty cores (2.5 cm by about 3 cm) taken from the nine samples were measured on an astatic magnetometer at the Scripps Institution. Susceptibilities were measured on a susceptibility bridge. The samples were not demagnetized of any isothermal or viscous remanent magnetization components which may have been present. Because all dredge samples were unoriented, the cores were also unoriented. Care was taken to avoid coring outer visibly weathered zones in some samples.
H-2 antigens as genetic markers: a two-dimensional gel electrophoretic study.

Direct immunoprecipitation and two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis have been used to identify and characterize genetic variation of theH-2K andH-2D regions. Using inbred strains of mice and alloantisera, haplotype-specific polypeptides were defined for five differentH-2 haplotypes. Specific immunoprecipitates prepared from strains of different haplotypes were applied to 2D gels in pairwise combinations to determine whether peptides specific to one haplotype can be distinguished from peptides specific to another. Those haplotype-specific peptides that migrate to unique positions on 2D gels with respect to the positions occupied by haplotype-specific peptides of another haplotype are useful as biochemical genetic markers. Cross-reactivity amongK- andD-region antigens of different haplotypes was identified on 2D gels and found to correlate well with existing data based on serological cross-reactivity. An anti-mouse β2-microglobulin serum was found to be a useful general reagent for immunoprecipitating haplotype-specific H-2 antigens to permit their visualization on 2D gels.
Numerical Simulations of Capillary Electrokinetic Pinched Injection Separation Flows in Microchannels

Numerical simulations were performed to study the capillary electrokinetic flow in microchannels. A sample stream consisting of three different species is focused during the loading step and driven into a separation channel during the dispensing step. Flow fields and species distributions are simulated for both the loading and the dispensing steps in a two dimensional cross channel device. The evolution of each sample species concentration at the end of the separation channel is predicted. The separation resolution is defined from the sample species concentration band retention time and band width. Different separation performances can be obtained by manipulating the electric field strengths. A series of simulations for different electric field distributions and field magnitudes in the channel are presented. The goal of these simulations is to identify the parameters providing optimal separation performance. The effect of both loading and dispensing schemes on species concentration and separation resolution is presented.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The Zebrafish Thrombospondin 3 and 4 Genes ( thbs3 and thbs4 ): cDNA and Protein Structure

The cDNA sequences of the zebrafish thrombospondin 3 gene ( thbs3 ) and thrombospondin 4 gene ( thbs4 ) have been determined, and the encoded amino acid sequences (Thbs3 and Thbs4) have been analyz...
1853 CALIBRATION OF THE RESPIRATORY INDUCTIVE PLETHYSMOGRAPH IN INFANTS

Following appropriate calibration of the respiratory inductive plethysmograph (RIP) utilizing simultaneous integrated pneumotachography (PNT) as the volume standard, pulmonary function can be measured without an airway connection. Scaling factors that describe the electrical gains of the rib cage (RC) and abdomen (AB) bands were calculated with a single position least squares equation (SPLSQ) technique in 70 awake infants (17 supine, 51 prine). Calibration utilizes 2 breaths with different RC/PNT and AB/PNT ratios for gain factor calculation. Validation was performed by assessing % deviation of RIP volume from PNT volume. Accuracy was also evaluated following reversal of body position. Initial calibration procedure time ranged between 10 and 15 minutes. Following position change, 24 infants could not be revalidated due to agitation. This study suggests that the SPLSQ technique provides time-efficient and accurate calibration of RIP in the infant. Accuracy is maintained through position change if the infant remains quietly awake.
The effect of methyleneaminoacetonitrile on the growth and production of chondroitin sulfate by embryonic chick tibiotarsi in organ culture.

Abstract The effect of the lathyrogenic agent methyleneaminoacetonitrile (MAAN) has been studied on the growth and synthesis of chondroitin sulfate of embryonic chick tibiotarsi in organ culture. Effects on the growth of the tibiotarsi were dependent on the concentrations of MAAN. High concentrations were completely inhibitory. Lower concentrations had variable effects on growth, stimulating elongation and gain in wet weight while inhibiting gain in dry weight. The inhibitory effect of MAAN on chondroitin sulfate synthesis closely paralleled the inhibitory effect of the compound on the growth of the tibiotarsi as measured by gain in dry weight. Chondroitin sulfate isolated by cetyl pyridinium chloride precipitation from pooled normal tibiotarsi and pooled lathyritic tibiotarsi contained uronic acid, galactosamine, and sulfate in equimolar amounts.
Ascorbic acid influences the development and immunocompetence of larval Heliothis virescens

Ascorbic acid, known to be a free radical scavenger and vital to insect development, is important in larval resistance to baculovirus infection. We sequentially elevated the ascorbic acid content in an ascorbic acid-depleted diet and evaluated the effect on larval Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) development and immunocompetence. Dietary ascorbic acid levels lower than 0.7 g 1- 1 slowed the growth rate of larvae, reduced pupal weights significantly, and severely inhibited adult emergence. Larvae developing on ascorbic acid-free diet experienced far higher levels of mortality following per os infection with virus. Additionally, viral infection in larvae fed an ascorbic acid-free diet, as monitored by epifluorescence microscopy, showed signs of infection much earlier than larvae fed control levels of ascorbic acid. These results demonstrate an indirect correlation between the level of ascorbic acid in the food stream of larval H. virescens and the susceptibility of the insect to baculoviral infection.
Association of posterior p-values of S.A.G.E. SIBPAL proportion-IBD and Haseman-Elston statistics for ACTHR112.

A common practice among researchers performing linkage studies is the use of equal allele frequencies as input when reporting p-values from computer linkage programs such as S.A.G.E. SIBPAL. Our results, using 5,000 sets from a uniform-prior distribution of allele frequencies, showed that such input may be problematic. Further, we found that the S.A.G.E. SIBPAL test for proportion of alleles shared identical by descent among concordantly affected sib pairs showed a greater percentage of significant p-values with decreasing parental genotype information (Table III), while the S.A.G.E. SIBPAL Haseman-Elston test produced significant p-values comparatively less frequently (Table IV).
Likelihood methods for missing covariate data in highly stratified studies

Summary. The paper considers canonical link generalized linear models with stratum-specific nuisance intercepts and missing covariate data. This family includes the conditional logistic regression model. Existing methods for this problem, each of which uses a conditioning argu- ment to eliminate the nuisance intercept, model either the missing covariate data or the missingness process. The paper compares these methods under a common likelihood framework. The semiparametric efficient estimator is identified, and a new estimator, which reduces dependence on the model for the missing covariate, is proposed. A simulation study compares the methods with respect to efficiency and robustness to model misspecification.
Prospective evaluation of the absorptive capacity of the bowel after major and minor resections in the neonate

The outcome after major bowel resection in the neonatal period depends primarily on the time needed for bowel adaptation. A prospective study was begun in neonates after small bowel resection to evaluate the absorptive capacity of the bowel and growth parameters as a result of adaptation of the bowel. Twenty-four neonates who underwent bowel resection were included. The underlying diagnoses were necrotising enterocolitis (12), jejunal atresia (3), meconium peritonitis (3), and other (6). During the study, a standardized treatment with respect to nutrition was followed. At predetermined times, enterostomy fluid or faeces were collected for analysis of carbohydrate content, fat content, and fatty acids, together with a xylose test and a hydrogen breath test. Growth parameters included weight and height. The 24 patients were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of eight patients with short bowel syndrome (defined as loss of more than 50% of the original small bowel length related to gestational age). The mean remaining small bowel length in this group was 34.0% (24% to 42%). Group B consisted of 16 patients who had only minor bowel resections. Retarded growth was observed in four group A patients. Low levels of carbohydrate absorption were found 2 and 4 weeks after the initial operation in group A, and 2 weeks after the initial operation in group B. Low levels of fat absorption were found 4 and 8 weeks after the initial operation in group A. The coefficient of absorption of the different fatty acids showed complete absorption of caprylic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Triplet states of the amide group. Trapped electron spectra of formamide and related molecules

Abstract Trapped electron (TE) spectra are obtained using ion cyclotron resonance detection of scavenged electrons. The lowest singlet-triplet transitions, 3 (n→π * ), in formamide (HCONH 2 ) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (HCONMe 2 ) are found at vertical energies of 5.30 and 5.00 eV, respectively. An unresolved band containing the 3 (π→π * ) and 3 (n→3s) states appears at higher energies, centered at 6.60 and 6.00 eV, respectively. The TE spectra of formaldehyde (HCHO), acetaldehyde (MeCHO) and acetone (Me 2 CO) are obtained for comparison and are used along with results from ab initio theoretical calculations in establishing assignments. Singlet-triplet transitions dominate the spectra of all of these carbonyl containing molecules, to the exclusion of low lying singlet-singlet transitions. This is in agreement with other TE spectra and the expectation that (dσ/d E ) will be higher near threshold for singlet-triplet as compared to singlet-singlet transitions.
Postpartum Pleural Effusions

Excerpt To the editor: Hughson and associates (1) state that postpartum pleural effusions are common, but that a search of the literature failed to yield any other data on their frequency. Such a s...
Flux-tube divergence, coronal heating, and the solar wind

Using model calculations based on a self-consistent treatment of the coronal energy balance, we show how the magnetic flux-tube divergence rate controls the coronal temperature and the properties of the solar wind. For a fixed input of mechanical and Alfven-wave energy at the coronal base, we find that as the divergence rate increases, the maximum coronal temperature decreases but the mass flux leaving the sun gradually increases. As a result, the asymptotic wind speed decreases with increasing expansion factor near the sun, in agreement with empirical studies. As noted earlier by Withbroe, the calculated mass flux at the sun is remarkably insensitive to parameter variations; when combined with magnetohydrodynamic considerations, this self-regulatory property of the model explains the observed constancy of the mass flux at earth.
Binding of transcription factor TFIID to the major late promoter during in vitro nucleosome assembly potentiates subsequent initiation by RNA polymerase II

A plasmid containing the major late promoter was assembled into nucleosomes in a Xenopus oocyte extract, isolated by gel filtration, and found to be refractory to transcription initiation in vitro. However, exposure of the promoter to HeLa nuclear extract or to a mixture of isolated transcription factors prior to nucleosome assembly prevented nucleosome-mediated repression of the promoter. Inactivation or elimination of the TATA box-binding factor (TFIID) abolished the ability of these treatments to preserve promoter function. Preincubation with TFIID alone prevented repression and resulted in TFIID being sequestered into the nucleosome-assembled templates. Preincubation with all the transcription factors resulted in the assembly of nucleosome templates containing a near complete preinitiation complex, which required only the addition of TFIIE for transcription initiation.
Surgery for Carcinoma of the Thoracic Esophagus: Adams and Phemister in Perspective

Although carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus was well known by the early nineteenth century, surgical removal of these tumors was stifled for several reasons. The pioneer work of Drs. Adams and Phemister was a major step in the development of an esophagogastrectomy that is still performed.
Evaluation of Shadowing and Flare Effect for EUV Tool

One of the major issues introduced by development of Extreme Ultra Violet Lithography (EUV) is high level of flare and shadowing introduced by the system. Effect of the high level flare degrades the aerial images and may introduce unbalanced Critical Dimension Uniformity (CDU) and so on. Also due to formation of the EUV tool, shadowing of the pattern is another concern added from EUVL. Shadowing of the pattern will cause CD variation for pattern directionality and position of the pattern along the slit. Therefore, in order to acquire high resolution wafer result, correction of the shadowing and flare effect is inevitable for EUV lithography. In this study, we will analyze the effect of shadowing and flare effect of EUV alpha demo tool at IMEC. Simulation and wafer testing will be analyzed to characterize the effect of shadowing on angle and slit position of the pattern. Also, flare of EUV tool will be plotted using Kirk's disappearing pad method and flare to pattern density will also be analyzed. Additionally, initial investigation into actual sub 30nm Technology DRAM critical layer will be performed. Finally simulation to wafer result will be analyzed for both shadowing and flare effect of EUV tool.
The ν1-2ν2 Fermi diads of N214O16, N15N14O16, and N215O16

Abstract The 100-000, 1110–0110, 0200-000, and 0310–0110 bands of N214O16, N15N14O16, and N215O16 have been measured with a high resolution echelle-prism spectrometer. Values of ν0, B, ΔD, k122, and g22 have been derived from the measurements.
Urinary arginine vasopressin: pattern of excretion in the neonatal period.

ABSTRACT. The pattern of arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion in the immediate neonatal period is unclear. Plasma concentrations of AVP are reflected by its urinary excretion, thus providing a noninvasive method for studying the pattern of AVP release in the neonate. In these studies, we determined the pattern of urinary AVP excretion (μU/ mg creatinine) during the first 2-4 days after birth in 78 neonates, 53 of whom had various prenatal and/or neonatal complications. In well term (n = 12) and preterm (n =13) infants mean urinary AVP excretion decreased gradually during the first 24-36 h after birth. Although term and preterm infants with perinatal asphyxia had highest initial levels of urinary AVP (>200 μU/mg creatinine) and a significant negative correlation with the 1-min Apgar score was obtained, their pattern of excretion was similar to respective controls. After delivery, elevated values for urinary AVP excretion were found among infants with neonatal courses complicated by intracranial hemorrhage, hypoxic encephalopathy, and pneumothorax. Urine osmolality did not correlate linearly with urinary AVP levels, but rather attained a maximum value of ˜400 mosmol/kg at urinary AVP levels <200 μU/mg creatinine and then plateaued. It is concluded that the decrease in urinary AVP excretion observed soon after birth generally reflects diminution of the hypersecretion of AVP during parturition; neonates with evidence of intrapartum asphyxia initially have increased urinary AVP excretion; however, the pattern of excretion is similar to normal infants. During the neonatal period insults such as pneumothorax and intracranial hemorrhage may cause hypersecretion of this hormone.
Parathyroid Hormone Up‐Regulation of Connexin 43 Gene Expression in Osteoblasts Depends on Cell Phenotype

Accumulating evidence indicates that gap junctions, primarily composed of connexin 43 (Cx43), are distributed extensively throughout bone. We have previously reported that in osteoblastic cells parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases both the steady-state levels of transcripts for Cx43 and gap-junctional intercellular communication in a process involving cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). We now present data showing that the mechanism of stimulation of Cx43 gene expression by PTH involves an increased rate of Cx43 gene transcription without affecting Cx43 transcript stability in UMR 106 osteoblastic cells. Activation of the protein kinase C pathway is not involved in this process. Inhibiting translation consistently decreases the PTH-mediated stimulation of Cx43 gene expression at all the times we tested (1–3 h). However, this effect is only partial, demonstrating that de novo protein synthesis is required for full stimulation. PTH increases the steady-state levels of Cx43 mRNA in several osteoblastic cell lines, albeit to different levels. We were unable to detect PTH stimulation in ROS 17/2.8 osteoblastic cells, suggesting that the effect of PTH on Cx43 gene expression may depend on the developmental state of the cell along the osteoblastic differentiation pathway. In the MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cell line, we find that PTH increases Cx43 gene expression in proliferating and maturing osteoblastic cells, but not in nondividing, differentiated osteoblasts, where the basal level of Cx43 gene expression is elevated. Unlike PTH, the osteotropic hormones 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 17β-estradiol do not appear to affect Cx43 gene expression in UMR 106 osteoblastic cells.
Unsaturated Flow Characterization Utilizing Water Content Data Collected within the Capillary Fringe

An analysis is presented to determine unsaturated zone hydraulic parameters based on detailed water content profiles, which can be readily acquired during hydrological investigations. Core samples taken through the unsaturated zone allow for the acquisition of gravimetrically determined water content data as a function of elevation at 3 inch intervals. This dense spacing of data provides several measurements of the water content within the capillary fringe, which are utilized to determine capillary pressure function parameters via least-squares calibration. The water content data collected above the capillary fringe are used to calculate dimensionless flow as a function of elevation providing a snapshot characterization of flow through the unsaturated zone. The water content at a flow stagnation point provides an in situ estimate of specific yield. In situ determinations of capillary pressure function parameters utilizing this method, together with particle-size distributions, can provide a valuable supplement to data libraries of unsaturated zone hydraulic parameters. The method is illustrated using data collected from plots within an agricultural research facility in Wisconsin.
Effect of superconductor phase fluctuations upon penetration depth

Abstract The effect of phase fluctuations of the superconducting order parameter upon the penetration depth of a 3D superconductor is considered. A Josephson-coupled layer model is used to find the mean square phase fluctuation in intermediate parallel magnetic field. The implications for low temperature studies of Δλ ≡ λ ( T ) − λ (0) are discussed as are possible extensions of the model.
The innate and early immune response to pathogen challenge in the female genital tract and the pivotal role of epithelial cells.

The female reproductive tract is immunologically unique in its requirement for tolerance to allogeneic sperm and, in the upper tract, to the conceptus. However, it must also be appropriately protected from, and respond to, a diverse array of sexually transmitted pathogens. Some of these infections can be lethal (e.g. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)), and others (e.g. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae) can have potentially devastating reproductive sequelae. Interactions between a host and a pathogen are complex, diverse and regulated, and are a function of the individual pathogen, and host immunity. Although there is undoubtedly commonality in the mucosal immune response, there is also evidence of a degree of site-specificity in immune mechanisms, dependent upon the function and anatomical location of an organ. In this article, we review the evidence on the pivotal role of epithelial cells in the innate and early immune response to pathogen challenge in female genital tract tissues, and examine the evidence that the 'sterile' upper and the 'non-sterile' lower female genital tract may maintain a different immunological surveillance milieu, and may also respond differentially to pathogen challenge. We also review the unique characteristics, and subsequent ramifications of the acute cervical immune response to C. trachomatis, and discuss how natural antimicrobial mediators of immunity may be utilized to decrease the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
T-lymphocyte function in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Abstract Unfractionated and T-enriched lymphocyte populations from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were compared to similar lymphocytic populations from normal age-matched controls for their ability to respond to phytohemagglutinin. The T-enriched lymphocyte populations from patients with CLL and from controls were also evaluated for their capacity to respond to allogeneic antigens in mixed lymphocyte cultures and to generate cytotoxic effector cells. Although unfractionated peripheral blood lymphocytes from CLL patients responded poorly to phytohemagglutinin, T-enriched lymphocyte populations responded normally to PHA and to allogeneic antigen. In addition, T-enriched lymphocytes from patients with CLL were able to from cytotoxic effector cells normally. Therefore, T-lymphocyte function in patients with CLL as measured by these three assays is normal.
Calibration Of A Digital Radiography System For Quantitative Studies

The generation of contrast signals through digital mask-mode subtraction is studied with an emphasis on the Low contrast situations. The effects of beam hardening, radiation scattering, and veiling glare are discussed. The linearity between the contrast signal and the iodine concentration is tested at contrast levels from 3.7 mg/cm3 to 370 mg/cm3 of iodine in a plastic tube of 2.7 urn in diameter. A xenon perfusion study of a canine brain is presented.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A decision-making framework to determine the value of serviceability in space telescopes

On-orbit servicing can provide significant benefits for scientific space programs through maintenance and upgrades of scientific spacecraft. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) captured these benefits throughout its life because it was designed to be serviceable. However, serviceability has often been excluded from other telescope programs since the cost of serviceability could not be quantitatively justified. This paper develops a framework to determine the value of including serviceability in a space telescope. The framework incorporates three main principles: separation of cost and benefits, calculation of value through comparison of servicing to replacement, and the use of Monte-Carlo simulation and decision rule analysis to account for programmatic uncertainty and management flexibility. To demonstrate how the framework can be used in practice, a case study was performed with representative data from HST.
Heat transfer on a rotationally oscillating cylinder in crossflow

Abstract The response of laminar skin friction and surface heat transfer to the rotational oscillation of a circular cylinder is analyzed using the series method of Blasius and Howarth and the perturbation method of Lighthill. While the unsteady skin friction component is as much as 38% of the total and increases with frequency, the unsteady heat transfer is found to contribute only 4% near the separation point and decreases with frequency.
Competition between Geminate Recombination and Solvation of Polar Radicals following Ultrafast Photodissociation of Bis(p-aminophenyl) Disulfide

Supercontinuum probe pulses are used for studying the ultrafast photodissociation of bis(p-aminophenyl) disulfide into two p-aminophenylthiyl radicals and their subsequent geminate recombination in polar solvents. The kinetic investigations are complicated by a spectral absorption shift of the photolytically generated radicals due to solvation. The dissociation and recombination dynamics are separated from the solvation dynamics by a moment analysis of the transient spectra. Geminate recombination in polar solvents is observed only if the time scale for dielectric relaxation of the solvent is comparable to or slower than the time scale for recombination. The latter depends on the initial distance distribution of the radical pairs.
Erratum to: Robot-assisted modifications of gait in healthy individuals

Average ratio in integrated hip extensor and knee flexor moments between each of the post-training tests and the baseline test. Values greater or less than 1.0 indicate an increase or decrease, respectively, of the joint moment relative to the baseline test. FFC ? VG force-field constraint plus visual guidance, FFC force-field constraint, VG visual guidance, IPT immediate post-training, R1 retention 1, R2 retention 2. Error bars represent SEM
Abrasive wear behavior of NiAl and NiAl-TiB2 composites

Abstract Abrasive wear of NiAl and NiAl with 10, 20, and 40 vol.% TiB 2 has been investigated using particles of different types and sizes. The addition of TiB 2 as a particulate reinforcement to NiAl increases the hardness of the composite with respect to NiAl, and reduces the wear rate at all volume fractions on garnet and Al 2 O 3 abrasives. Abrasion on SiC resulted in a minimum of the wear rate for the composite with 20% TiB 2 for most conditions. The composite with 40% TiB 2 consistently exhibited wear rates higher than the other composites when abraded on SiC. The only instance when the NiAl–40% TiB 2 composite had a lower wear rate was when it was abraded on 16 and 37 μm SiC particles. The NiAl–TiB 2 composite serves as a model system for studying the effect of reinforcement volume fraction on composite wear behavior and is discussed in terms of a composite wear model developed by Axen and Jacobson.
Abnormal chemical element concentrations in lichens of Isle Royale National Park

Abstract Lichens have been used for many years to monitor changes in deposited airborne chemical elements in many areas, but few studies have focused on areas suspected of experiencing slightly elevated pollution. Detection of subtle patterns of slightly elevated pollutants calls for developing several lines of evidence as opposed to single line studies used in heavily polluted areas. This study of two lichen species, Hypogymnia physodes and Evernia mesomorpha, in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan compares the concentrations and ranks of elements with the concentrations and ranks of the elements in the earth's crust, changes in element concentrations over a nine year period, and the geography of element concentrations in the park. S, Zn, Pb, Cd and Se were elevated in both species and higher in rank compared to the concentrations and ranks in the earth's crust. Toxic elements increased 123% in Hypogymnia and 62% in Evernia over 9 years, compared to increases of 45% and 59% for non-toxic elements in each species, respectively. Geographically, the lichens at certain localities with higher exposures experienced higher than average element concentrations. Finally, tissue concentrations of Mn, S and Se at some localities were above levels known to be either toxic or similar to those found in polluted areas. These four lines of evidence suggest that Isle Royale National Park is experiencing the onset of chronic air pollution stress from a number of sources.
Soybean seed quality in relation to days between development stages

Delayed maturity in male-sterile and depodded soybeans resulted in increased seed infection by field seed pathogens probably by lengthening the period during which infection and colonization could take place. Early maturing, maturity isolines were associated with increased infection by Phomopsis spp. which is related to favorable environmental conditions such as warm temperatures and high humidity, which favor spread and growth of this pathogen
Continuity and Boundedness of Infinitely Divisible Processes: A Poisson Point Process Approach

Sufficient conditions for boundedness and continuity are obtained for stochastically continuous infinitely divisible processes, without Gaussian component, {Y(t),t ∈T}, where T is a compact metric space or pseudo-metric space. Such processes have a version given by Y(t)=X(t)+b(t),t∈T where b is a deterministic drift function and $$X(t) = \int_S f(t,s) \left[N(ds)-(|f(t,s)|\vee 1)^{-1}\nu(ds)\right].$$ Here N is a Poisson random measure on a Borel space S with σ−finite mean measure ν, and $$f{:} T \times S \mapsto R$$ is a measurable deterministic function. Let τ: T2 → R+ be a continuous pseudo–metric on T. Define the τ-Lipschitz norm of the sections of f by $$ \|f\|_{\tau} (s)=D^{-1}f(t_0,s) + \sup\limits_{u,v\in T} {{|f(u,s)-f(v,s)|}\over{\tau(u,v)}}$$ for some t0 ∈T, where D is the diameter of (T,τ). The sufficient conditions for boundedness and continuity of X are given in terms of the measure $$\nu,\||f\||_\tau$$ and majorizing measure and or metric entropy conditions determined by τ. They are applied to stochastic integrals of the form $$Y(t) = \int_S g(t,s)M(ds)\quad t\in T,$$ where M is a zero-mean, independently scattered, infinitely divisible random measure without Gaussian component. Several examples are given which show that in many cases the conditions obtained are quite sharp. In addition to obtaining conditions for continuity and boundedness, bounds are obtained for the weak and strong L p norms of $$\sup_{t\in T}|X(t)|$$ and $$\sup_{\tau (t,u)\leqslant\delta,t,u \in T}|X(t) - X(u)|$$ for all $$0<\delta \leqslant D$$ . These results depend on inequalities for moments and related functions of the weak and strong $$\ell^p$$ norms of sequences {x j }, which are the events of Poisson point process M on R+ and are given in terms of the intensity measure of M. These results are of independent interest.
Dynamics of yolk steroid hormones during development in a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination.

Many oviparous reptiles exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD); i.e., the temperature at which the egg is incubated determines the sex of the offspring. In TSD reptiles, yolk steroids not only may influence sex determination, but also may mediate hormonal effects on subsequent growth and behavior, as in some avian species. We investigated changes in the levels of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) during development in yolks of snapping turtle eggs, examined how incubation temperature affects hormone levels, and determined how hormones in turtle eggs are influenced by individual females (=clutch effects). Results indicate significant decreases in both hormones (>50% decline) by the end of the sex-determining period, when two-thirds of the development is complete. The declines in both E2 and T were significantly affected by incubation temperature, but in different ways. Eggs incubated at female-producing temperatures maintained high levels, those incubated at male-producing temperatures had low E2 values, and eggs incubated at pivotal temperatures had intermediate levels of E2. At all three temperatures, T values underwent significant but approximately equal declines, except during the developmental stages just after the sex-determining period, when T levels decreased more at the male-producing temperature than at either of the other two temperatures. Initially, there were significant clutch effects in both hormones, but such differences, attributable to individual females, were maintained only for E2 later in development. Here we report for the first time that incubation temperature significantly affects the hormonal environment of the developing embryo of a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination. Based on this and related findings, we propose that yolk sex steroids influence sexual differentiation in these TSD species and play a role in sex determination at pivotal temperatures.
Improved Results of Liver Transplantation in Patients With Portal Vein Thrombosis

Objective: To analyze the impact of preexisting portal vein thrombosis (PVT) on the operative management and outcome of liver transplantation. Design: Retrospective review of 1423 patients who received transplants over 11 years. Setting: Tertiary referral center. Patients or Other Participants: Seventy patients who underwent liver transplantation who had preexisting PVT. Interventions: Portal vein thromboendovenectomy, vein grafting, or use of portal collateral veins for inflow during liver transplantation. Main Outcome Measures: Postoperative PVT, intraoperative transfusion, retransplantation rate, 30-day and 1-year actuarial survival rates. Results: Operative management consisted of thromboendovenectomy in 61 cases, vein graft to the superior mesenteric vein in 6 cases, and vein graft to other mesenteric veins in 3 cases. The incidence of posttransplant PVT was 3% (n=2). The mean±SD transfusion requirement was 23±18 U. The 1-year actuarial survival rate was 74% but improved from 66% in the first 35 cases to 82% in the latter 35 cases. Conclusions: Thromboendovenectomy is the procedure of choice for PVT. Results of liver transplantation in patients with PVT improve significantly with experience gained and are equivalent to results in patients without PVT. Arch Surg. 1996;131:840-845
Holistic Context Models for Visual Recognition

A novel framework to context modeling based on the probability of co-occurrence of objects and scenes is proposed. The modeling is quite simple, and builds upon the availability of robust appearance classifiers. Images are represented by their posterior probabilities with respect to a set of contextual models, built upon the bag-of-features image representation, through two layers of probabilistic modeling. The first layer represents the image in a semantic space, where each dimension encodes an appearance-based posterior probability with respect to a concept. Due to the inherent ambiguity of classifying image patches, this representation suffers from a certain amount of contextual noise. The second layer enables robust inference in the presence of this noise by modeling the distribution of each concept in the semantic space. A thorough and systematic experimental evaluation of the proposed context modeling is presented. It is shown that it captures the contextual “gist” of natural images. Scene classification experiments show that contextual classifiers outperform their appearance-based counterparts, irrespective of the precise choice and accuracy of the latter. The effectiveness of the proposed approach to context modeling is further demonstrated through a comparison to existing approaches on scene classification and image retrieval, on benchmark data sets. In all cases, the proposed approach achieves superior results.
Assessment of microalloying effects on the high temperature fatigue behavior of NiAl

Binary NiAl suffers from a lack of strength and poor creep properties at and above 1000 K. Poor creep resistance in turn affects low cycle fatigue (LCF) lives at low strain ranges due to the additional interactions of creep damage. One approach for improving these properties involved microalloying with either Zr or N. As an integral part of a much larger alloying program the low cycle fatigue behavior of Zr and N doped nickel aluminides produced by extrusion of prealloyed powders has been investigated. Strain controlled LCF tests were performed in air at 1000 K. The influence of these microalloying additions on the fatigue life and cyclic stress response of polycrystalline NiAl are discussed.
Entropy of amorphous ice

THE configurational entropies of amorphous solids reflect certain aspects of their structures, in particular the numbers of accessible molecular configurations. The configurational entropy of vitreous silica has been estimated theoretically1 as no more than 5.8 J K−1 mol−1, which agrees reasonably with experiment. That of low-density amorphous ice has been estimated theoretically2 as ∼6.3 J K−1 mol−1 more than that of ice Ih, using a model that assumes a continuous random network of hydrogen bonds. This value corresponds to ∼ 2.1 more configurations per molecule than in ice Ih, and seems consistent with the result for vitreous silica1. In principle, these entropies can be obtained from the change of heat capacity from the glass to the liquid and the entropy of freezing of the liquid at equilibrium, but such measurements have not proved possible because the liquid generally crystallizes too quickly. Here we show that the entropies can be estimated approxi-mately by another method: from the thermodynamics of the transformations of, for example, both ice Ih3 and low-density amorphous ice4 to high-density amorphous ice. The entropy of high-density amorphous ice relative to that of ice Ih is estimated as 2± 1 J K−1 mol−1 and that of high-density relative to low-density amorphous ice is estimated as 1 ±0.5 J K−1 mol−1. The entropy of low-density amorphous ice relative to ice Ih is therefore ∼ 1 J K−1 mol−1. The earlier estimates2,5 of this quantity are there-fore several times too high. These low values limit the amount of disorder that can be present in the amorphous phases.
System analysis in different social settings

A one-year project was conducted jointly in 1981-2, between the University of Michigan and Qinghua University, with participation from the Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB), to compare and improve system analysis methodologies and utilization in the different social settings of the United States and China. The research was done in the context of the comprehensive planning for water pollution control of the Huangpu River in Shanghai. Four system analysis methodologies were applied in an interrelated manner to the case study: —water quality modeling —cost minimization of wastewater treatment —cost-benefit analysis —decision analysis. Attention was also given to both the de jure and the de facto decision processes, especially in regard to knowledge utilization and technology transfer in these processes. The first two methodologies are more physically and instrumentally oriented than the latter two. Therefore the first two were easily adapted to different social settings although their proper use required close cooperation. The third, cost-benefit analysis, is anchored more upon economic theory. It was more difficult to adapt, especially to a nonmarket economy or a mixed (planned and market) economy, in which many important prices are administered. The fourth, decision analysis, is basically culturally independent. However, the specific techniques for its practical applications requires a style of interpersonal skills and relationships which are predicted on certain Western traditions. The adaption of decision analysis techniques to the Oriental culture remains a great challenge.
Effects of increasing syringe availability on syringe-exchange use and HIV risk: Connecticut, 1990–2001

Syringe-exchange programs (SEPs) in Connecticut operate with caps on the number of syringes exchanged per visit. We investigated the effects of legislation increasing the cap on drug injectors' access to clean syringes through the SEPs in New Haven and Hartford. The mixed design of this study included longitudinal and crosssectional data from individuals and ecological data from program operations. Five parameters—syringe return rate, syringes per visit to the SEP, syringe reuse rate, syringe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence, and syringe sharing—were monitored through syringe tracking and testing of SEP syringes and by interviewing injectors. Two increases in the cap—from 5 to 10 and then from 10 to 30—had little effect on the five parameters that measured injectors' access to clean syringes. In contrast, access to clean syringes increased when the New Haven SEP first began operations, when syringes first became available at pharmacies in Hartford, and when the agency running the Hartford SEP changed. Legislation providing piecemeal increases in the cap may not, by themselves, be sufficient to increase injectors' access to clean syringes and decrease the risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission in this population.
The relationship between regional SO2 emissions and downwind aerosol sulfate concentrations in the northeastern US.

Abstract Our research group has been continuously measuring aerosol sulfate at Whiteface Mountain, New York, since 1979 and at Mayville, New York, since 1984. Monthly aerosol SO2−4 concentrations for these sites are reported here through 1997. Seasonal and long-term profiles of SO2−4 are presented along with SO2 concentrations. As these sites are directly downwind of the high SO2 emission region in the Midwestern United States and the same sampling and analytical protocol has been maintained, they are ideally suited to evaluate long-term trends. The recent reductions in SO2 emissions in response to provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act provide an excellent opportunity to evaluate the sulfur source–receptor relationship. A linear relationship is demonstrated between aerosol SO2−4 and total sulfur (ST, sum of S present as SO4 and SO2) concentrations at these sites and SO2 emissions upwind in the Midwest. This is the most direct evidence to date that deposition of sulfur in the Northeast is linearly related to upwind SO2 emissions. The results support the possibility of using the ratio of SO2−4/SO2 emissions to develop an empirical source–receptor relationship for the region.