cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspectives in ethnopharmacology: forging a closer link between bioscience and traditional empirical knowledge ☆

To what extent do ethnopharmacologists from diverse disciplines share a vision of what ethnopharmacology is and what it might become? This question was explored several years ago through content analysis of the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (JEP), the official journal of the International Society for Ethnopharmacology (ISE). The analysis revealed that although the published articles represent the breadth of natural and social sciences, most studies are themselves not synthetic or interdisciplinary. For the present study, analysis was extended through the most recently published issues of the JEP and compared, for the same time period, to the subject matter of another natural products journal, Pharmaceutical Biology. Whereas research published in the JEP better represents the interdisciplinary objectives of that journal, the difference is not striking. By way of illustration, several studies are reviewed that represent the unique, synthetic perspective that is highlighted in the mission statements of both the JEP and the ISE. The conclusion underscores the lack of clarity in research objectives and suggests that ethnopharmacologists of all backgrounds can enhance their work by projecting pharmacologic data against a backdrop of medical ethnography and by enriching cultural interpretations of medical actions by exploring the physiologic potential of plants.
A Plague on Your City: Observations from TOPOFF

The United States Congress directed the Department of Justice to conduct an exercise engaging key personnel in the management of mock chemical, biological, or cyberterrorist attacks. The resulting exercise was called "TOPOFF," named for its engagement of top officials of the United States government. This article offers a number of medical and public health observations and lessons discovered during the bioterrorism component of the exercise. The TOPOFF exercise illuminated problematic issues of leadership and decision-making; the difficulties of prioritization and distribution of scarce resources; the crisis that contagious epidemics would cause in health care facilities; and the critical need to formulate sound principles of disease containment. These lessons should provoke consideration of future directions for bioterrorism planning and preparedness at all levels of government and among the many communities and practitioners with responsibilities for national security and public health.
Purine salvage in Schistosoma mansoni schistosomules

Purine metabolism in developing Schistosoma mansoni schistosomules was investigated in erythrocyte-free and serum-free media to eliminate possible contamination from host metabolites or enzymes. The absence of de novo purine nucleotide synthesis in the parasite was confirmed by the lack of incorporation of radiolabeled glycine or formate into the nucleotide pool. Adenosine and adenine were equally incorporated into adenine nucleotides. The incorporation was not affected by hadacidin, an inhibitor of succinyl AMP synthetase. Adenosine and adenine therefore appear to be converted to AMP without forming IMP as an intermediate. Guanosine was first converted to guanine which was then incorporated into guanine nucleotides. There was no appreciable interconversion between adenine nucleotides and guanine nucleotides. Hypoxanthine was incorporated into all purine nucleotides, but most of it (90%) was found in the adenine nucleotides. The equilibrium however, was shifted by hadacidin in favor of guanine nucleotides; an indication that hypoxanthine was converted first to IMP and then to AMP or GMP. These findings, together with the previous observation that S. mansoni lacks functional purine nucleoside kinases lead to the conclusion that all purine nucleosides are primarily converted to the corresponding purine bases. The latter are then incorporated into the nucleotide pool via individual purine phosphoribosyl transferases. The three enzymic activities for salvaging adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine thus constitute the major network for purine salvage in S. mansoni schistosomules.
Problems related to interlinking online interactive library networks

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that electronic interlinking of two computerized library networks is an extremely difficult task requiring resolution of at least thirty‐six problems of various types even when both networks are within the same country, and resolution of another twelve if the link is to be international. During the past several years interlinking has been widely discussed, but the vast majority of discussants possessed little or no understanding of the problems involved. For them, the simple question was, “why can't I get a catalog record from another network?” This paper answers that question with a delineation of the unresolved problems that stand in the way of interlinkage.
Energy Dependence of Pion Elastic Scattering from Nuclei across the (3,3) Resonance

Improved agreement between calculation and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ elastic-scattering data across the (3,3) resonance is obtained by assuming the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-nucleon collision energy, $\ensuremath{\omega}$, to be \ensuremath{\simeq} 30 MeV less than the incident pion energy. This effect has been observed for nuclei ranging from $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ to $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$.
Infinite “Backward” Induction Arguments

A large family of paradoxical arguments have been subsumed under the label “backward induction arguments”. These include the iterated prisonerAs dilemma, the centipede game, and the surprise test paradox. They are described as backward because they begin by considering a future hypothetical alternative, rule it out, and then rule out each predecessor. Thus they go backward in time ruling out finitely many alternatives. I present examples that go forward in time and eliminate infinitely many alternatives. These pose problems for solutions that focus on common knowledge assumptions.
Optical and thermal-transport properties of an inhomogeneous d-wave superconductor

We calculate transport properties of disordered 2D d-wave superconductors from solutions of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations, and show that weak localization effects give rise to a finite-frequency peak in the optical conductivity similar to that observed in experiments on disordered cuprates. At low energies, order parameter inhomogeneities induce linear and quadratic temperature dependencies in microwave and thermal conductivities respectively, and appear to drive the system towards a quasiparticle insulating phase.
Adult' conceptualization of irreversibility: implications for the development of the concept of death

Abstract Studies of the development of children's understanding of death typically compare the children's understanding against a presumed mature adult concept. This study examined the validity of one component of that adult concept—irreversibility—by comparing actual adult data to the presumed adult standard and to actual child data. A group of 165 undergraduates took a self-administered questionnaire containing five questions concerning the irreversibility of death. Subjects answered each question by circling one of four responses—“yes,” “no,” “don't know,” or “not sure”—and provided explanations for their answers. In their circled responses the adults, as a group, conformed less well to the presumed adult standard than did the children in an earlier study. However, the adults' explanations indicated that their lower conformation to the presumed adult concept was not the result of some anomalous regression but was a by-product of their more sophisticated understanding of the complexity of present-day ef...
EXTRAGENITAL GONADAL NEOPLASIA AND METASTATIC TESTICULAR TUMOR

Patients with retroperitoneal or mediastinal neoplasms of gonadal tissue type and clinically normal testes pose interesting therapeutic dilemmas. Three major groups of patients are recognized: (1) tumor is primary extragenital gonadal neoplasm; (2) occult microscopic primary neoplasm in a testicle with metastases; (3) area of fibrosis in a testicle representing local regression of tumor, but with distant metastases. Review of case reports often indicates lack of data sufficient for classification. Every effort should be made to group patients into proper categories, since treatment will vary. Two patients classified as group 2 are presented.
Nanostructure-based thermoelectric conversion: an insight into the feasibility and sustainability for large-scale deployment

Significant scientific progress has been achieved using nanostructured materials for thermoelectric energy harvesting and solid-state cooling through the conversion of waste heat into electricity and vice versa. However, the connection between the small-scale proof-of concept results achieved in research labs and real industrial scale manufacture is still missing. Herein we develop an analysis to determine the appropriate thermoelectric nanomaterials for the large-scale manufacture and deployment in the near future. We cover key parameters such as ZT value, cost, abundance, and toxicity. Maximum ZT values are considered at three temperature ranges. Material cost and abundance are visually demonstrated to improve ease of interpretation. Toxicity is also evaluated to minimize the environmental impact during manufacture and recycling. Lastly, a parameter termed “efficiency ratio” is calculated to give a better qualitative understanding of the feasibility and sustainability of these nanomaterials.
Theoretical determination of chromophores in the chromogenic effects of aromatic neurotoxicants.

We report the first computational study of the chromophores responsible for the chromogenic effects of aromatic neurotoxicants containing a 1,2-diacetyl moiety in their oxidation metabolites. A series of ab initio electronic structure calculations was performed on two representative aromatic compounds, 1,2-diacetylbenzene (1,2-DAB) and 1,2-diacetyl tetramethyl tetralin (1,2-DATT), the putative active metabolites of the neurotoxic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds 1,2-diethylbenzene (1,2-DEB) and acetyl ethyl tetramethyl tetralin (AETT), and on the products of their possible reactions with proteins that result in chromogenic effects. The electronic excitation energies determined by three different computational approaches were found to be consistent with each other. The calculated results are consistent with the conclusion/prediction that the chromogenic effects of 1,2-DAB (or 1,2-DEB) and 1,2-DATT (or AETT) could result from ninhydrin-like reactions, rather than the formation of pyrrole-like compounds. Our p...
Abnormal vestibular responses to vertical head motion in cerebellar ataxia

Falls pose an important problem to neurologists caring for patients with cerebellar disorders. Normal human gait is characterized by prominent up-and-down linear head movements (vertical translations). Thus, we asked whether patients with cerebellar gait ataxia showed abnormal responses of otolithic vestibuloocular reflexes to this motion. Compared with healthy subjects, all cerebellar patients showed impaired otolith-ocular responses. Neurologists often test the rotational vestibuloocular reflexes in cerebellar patients, but our results indicate that vestibular responses to vertical linear motion are severely affected. Impairment of the corresponding otolith-spinal reflexes may contribute substantially to falls.
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF LINEAR SYSTEMS TO MOVING STOCHASTIC SOURCES

We present a generalized theory for dealing with the dynamic response of linear systems to moving sources. Stochastic characteristics of the response of linear systems to moving stochastic sources are theoretically analyzed based on the time-convolution expression established in this paper. We show that the random response of a linear system under a moving stationary stochastic source becomes a non-stationary process, for which the commonly used spectral analysis is not valid. To overcome this obstacle, the follow-up spectral analysis procedure is introduced. Statistical characteristics of the dynamic response are then given in the fixed and follow-up co-ordinates. A brief physical explanation related to time-frequency domain analysis is also provided. The theory developed in the paper can be universally applied to the moving source problem for linear systems.
Associations between changes in agriculture and hydrology in the Cache River basin, Arkansas, USA

Impacts to the hydrology of the Cache River, a major river system in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, were assessed by integrating hydrologic analyses with a review of historical land use changes. Extreme low flows have become more frequent in recent years, coincident with a dramatic increase in rice farming in the basin and its associated irrigation. Annual drawdowns in the alluvial aquifer were positively correlated with the annual area of rice crops. There is no evidence that a change in climatic conditions accounts for the increase in extreme low flow frequency. In fact, multiple regression analyses indicate the relationship between climate and flow is weakest in more recent decades when extreme low flows were more prevalent. Low flows in the summer (when rice irrigation occurs) were least associated with climate in most recent decades. Average monthly flows for August and September have increased, which is also an impact consistent with rice agriculture practices. Water is drained from rice fields to surface-water drainages at the end of the summer and may eventually reach the Cache River, thus increasing late summer flows. The timing and nature of changes in agricultural practices within the Cache River basin suggest agricultural impacts have contributed to the observed changes in hydrology.
Hypertension and C-reactive protein.

The recently released World Health Statistics report revealed that one in every 3–4 adults aged 25 worldwide has hypertension.1 According to this report, hypertension is singlehandedly responsible for 13% of all global deaths, 51% of stroke deaths, and 45% of coronary heart disease deaths. Hypertension therefore remains a major public health concern that is associated with substantial healthcare costs. The majority of hypertension (with the exception of secondary hypertension) has no direct identifiable cause. The discovery of novel causal factors of hypertension, or its downstream effects, can lead to more effective therapeutic interventions, which has the potential to translate into millions of lives and money saved. Despite the frequently used but misleading terms of ‘essential’ and ‘idiopathic’ hypertension, much is known about its pathophysiology. Vascular inflammation indeed has an important role in the genesis and progression of hypertension as recently reviewed by Androulakis et al.2
Block Adaptive Filter With Time-Domain Update Using Three Transforms

Implementation of real signal block adaptive filters with time-domain update using three fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) is delineated. The reduction from five to three FFTs is achieved by combining the required convolution and correlation operations into a single complex filtering process. The proposed method requires fewer additions than the conventional five FFT solution. It also has a more elegant architecture that is simpler to implement in hardware or software
Carbon dioxide cleavage by a Ni 2 complex supported by a binucleating bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) framework

A binucleating bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligand was designed as a means to coordinate and proximally constrain two transition metal centers. Using an imidazopyridine-based NHC afforded a framework structurally related to previously reported para-terphenyl diphosphines. Bimetallic copper, cobalt, and nickel complexes supported by this framework were synthesized and structurally characterized. Strong interactions between the metal centers and the central arene were observed in all nickel complexes. Dinickel(0) complexes of this ligand framework were found to react with CO2 to form a dicarbonyl-bridged dinickel(0) product, demonstrating facile CO2 reduction.
Distribution and morphology of sinkholes triggered by flooding following Tropical Storm Alberto at Albany, Georgia, USA

Abstract Flooding of the Flint River in July 1994 triggered the collapse of at least 312 sinkholes in the karstic Dougherty Plain at Albany, Georgia. We examined the distribution and morphology of these new sinkholes to evaluate the mode of formation, to characterize early stages of the evolution of sinkhole form, and to estimate the lowering of the surface associated with the development of new sinkholes. Eighty-eight percent of sinkholes occur inside the limits of flooding, especially in areas of sandy overburden, and they often follow joint-controlled linear trends. Sinkhole dimensions are log-normally distributed with median values of circumference = 5.7 m, length = 1.8 m, width = 1.6 m, and depth = 0.7 m; asymmetry (L:W) = 1.2. Cross-sectional forms range from narrow cylinders to large bowls, with many sinkholes having undercut sides. Flooding triggered the formation of sinkholes by saturating and liquefying overburden, which caused soil arches to collapse and flow into cavities in bedrock. The prevalence of sinkholes near the periphery of flooding suggests that drainage and loss of buoyant support as flood waters subsided may also have contributed to failure. A volume ratio index is used to quantify the three dimensional geometric form of sinkholes. Initially, small cylindrical shafts open over a bedrock joint, followed by progressive slumping that leads to widening and increases in volume to a final bowl form. Estimates of the aggregate volume of overburden transported underground in flooded areas range from 7,990 to 11,130 m3. Averaged over flooded areas, this accounts for 0.26 to 0.37 mm/km2 lowering of the surface. Based on a 500 year recurrence interval for the flood event, values for lowering of the surface range from 0.52 to 0.74 mm per 1,000 years. These values are an order of magnitude less than estimates of carbonate dissolution and suggest that transport of overburden underground is limited by triggering events.
Elasto-plastic deformations in multibody dynamics

The problem of formulating and numerically solving the equations of motion for a multibody system undergoing large motion and clasto-plastic deformations is considered here. Based on the principles of continuum mechanics and the finite element method, the equations of motion for a flexible body are derived. It is shown that the use of a lumped mass formulation and the description of the nodal accelerations relative to a nonmoving reference frame lead to a simple form of these equations. In order to reduce the number of coordinates that describe a deformable body, a Guyan condensation technique is used. The equations of motion of the complete multibody system are then formulated in terms of joint coordinates between the rigid bodies. The kinematic constraints that involve flexible bodies are introduced in the equations of motion through the use of Lagrange multipliers.
The biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols by brain tissue: II. A comparison of in vitro and in vivo methods

When microsomal + soluble preparations of adult or 15-day-old rat brains were incubated with 2-14C-mevalonic acid,14C-squalene accumulated. A metabolic block at the squalene to cholesterol stage was indicated. This prompted a comparison of all methods currently used to study cholesterol biosynthesis by brain tissue. Brain cell-free preparations from newborn, 15-day-old or adult rats accumulated14C-squalene in a similar manner, with either 2-14C-acetate or 2-14C-mevalonic acid as substrates. Homogenates and minced preparations from newborn or 15-day-old rats accumulated some 4,4-dimethyl sterols, but considerable conversion to free 4-desmethyl sterols (cholesterol) was evident. Sterol esters were also present in all the in vitro studies. In general, increased disruption of tissue resulted in decreased free 4-desmethyl sterol formation in vitro. Intraperitoneal injection of labeled acetate or mevalonate to newborn or 15-day-old rats produced labeled brain 4-desmethyl sterol with little accumulation of squalene or 4,4-dimethyl sterols, but the yields in brain were small compared to total amount of labeled material administered. At all ages intracerebral injection produced the best yield of labeled cholesterol for the amount of nonsaponifiable material formed.
Cluster ensemble Kalman filter

A modified ensemble Kalman filter (KF) is proposed which can enhance performance for highly non-linear prognostic models. The algorithm differs from the traditional ensemble KF by the addition of an expectation maximization step, which estimates the parameters of a Gaussian mixture model for the ensemble of forecast states. The algorithm is tested in twin experiments using a simple phytoplankton–zooplankton model.
Awareness of Whale Conservation Status and Whaling Policy in the US—A Preliminary Study on American Youth

ABSTRACTIn 2008, a preliminary study was conducted to provide information on awareness of cetacean (whale, dolphin and porpoise) conservation issues and the US government's policy on whaling, in a test group of US university students (n = 230). When given a list of whale species, 39% of the participants incorrectly thought that the humpback whale was the most threatened whale species (blue whale: 24.8%; northern minke whale: 20.9%; gray whale: 10.4%). Only 4.8% correctly chose the North Pacific right whale from the list. Only 23.5% of respondents stated that they had heard of the International Whaling Commission (IWC), the international body with responsibility for the management of whale species. However, most of those who were aware of the IWC could correctly state its function. The respondents were also asked what they believed the policy was of the US government with respect to hunting whales: 40% believed that the US government was opposed to all whale hunting; 32.2% stated that only aboriginal whali...
The problem of age estimation: A study using rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Accurate estimation of chronological age for animals of unknown birth date is important in a variety of circumstances. This is particularly true for non-human primates and especially true for rhesus monkeys. Data, useful for this purpose, have been organized in a variety of ways. The purpose of this paper is to duplicate some of these methods and to check their accuracy. In general, three methods of organizing data were used. The parameters for each method were estimated from one group of rhesus monkeys. Accuracy of age estimation was determined from a closely related, second group which had been raised under approximately the same conditions and from a third group of unrelated monkeys raised under different conditions. Some methods provided better estimations than others, but none was absolutely accurate. The analyses indicate that the degree of inaccuracy of a method should be determined on a sample which is independent of the one from which the parameters were estimated.
Inequalities for fermion density matrices

A partial trace over the occupation numbers of all but k states in the density matrix of an ensemble with an arbitrary number of single-particle states is defined as the (reduced) k-state density matrix. This matrix is used to obtain a complete, practical solution to the problem of determining the representability of the diagonal elements of the one- and two-particle (reduced) density matrices. This solution is expressed as a series of linear inequalities involving the density-matrix elements; the inequalities are identical with those derived previously by Davidson and McCrae by a different method. In addition, our method is used to obtain nonlinear, matrix inequalities on the off-diagonal elements of the density matrices.
Epigenetics of β-globin gene regulation

It is widely recognized that the next great challenge in the post-genomic period is to understand how the genome establishes the cell and tissue specific patterns of gene expression that underlie development. The β-globin genes are among the most extensively studied tissue specific and developmentally regulated genes. The onset of erythropoiesis in precursor cells and the progressive expression of different members of the β-globin family during development are accompanied by dramatic epigenetic changes in the locus. In this review, we will consider the relationship between histone and DNA modifications and the transcriptional activity of the β-globin genes, the dynamic changes in epigenetic modifications observed during erythroid development, and the potential these changes hold as new targets for therapy in human disease.
The isolation and structure determination of artemisiifolin, a new germacranolide from ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (compositae)

Abstract We describe the isolation and structure determination of artemisiifolin (III), a new gemacranolide from Ambrosia artemisiifolia . The structure assigned to artemisiifolin was previously ascribed to a salonitenolide, a germacranolide from Centaurea saloitana Vis. Preliminary studies suggest that the structure of salonitenolide should be revised to formula II. The final proof that artemisiifolin corresponds to III was provided by its direct formation from cnicin (VII), a germacranolide from Centaurea species. Isabelin (I) was found to occur as a minor constituent with artemisiifolin in a few populations of A. artemisiifolia .
Molecular Cloning of the CA125 Ovarian Cancer Antigen: IDENTIFICATION AS A NEW MUCIN, MUC16

CA125 is an ovarian cancer antigen that is the basis for a widely used serum assay for the monitoring of patients with ovarian cancer; however, detailed information on its biochemical and molecular nature is lacking. We now report the isolation of a long, but partial, cDNA that corresponds to the CA125 antigen. A rabbit polyclonal antibody produced to purified CA125 antigen was used to screen a lambdaZAP cDNA library from OVCAR-3 cells in Escherichia coli. The longest insert from the 54 positive isolated clones had a 5797-base pair sequence containing a stop codon and a poly(A) sequence but no clear 5' initiation sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence has many of the attributes of a mucin molecule and was designated CA125/MUC16 (gene MUC16). These features include a high serine, threonine, and proline content in an N-terminal region of nine partially conserved tandem repeats (156 amino acids each) and a C-terminal region non-tandem repeat sequence containing a possible transmembrane region and a potential tyrosine phosphorylation site. Northern blotting showed that the level of MUC16 mRNA correlated with the expression of CA125 in a panel of cell lines. The molecular cloning of the CA125 antigen will lead to a better understanding of its role in ovarian cancer.
String and M-theory cosmological solutions with Ramond forms

Abstract A general framework for studying a large class of cosmological solutions of the low-energy limit of type II string theory and of M-theory, with non-trivial Ramond form fields excited, is presented. The framework is applicable to space-times decomposable into a set of flat or, more generally, maximally symmetric spatial subspaces, with multiple non-trivial form fields spanning one or more of the subspaces. It is shown that the corresponding low-energy equations of motion are equivalent to those describing a particle moving in a moduli space consisting of the scale factors of the subspaces together with the dilaton. The choice of which form fields are excited controls the potential term in the particle equations. Two classes of exact solutions are given, those corresponding to exciting only a single form and those with multiple forms excited which correspond to Toda theories. Although typically these solutions begin or end in a curvature singularity, there is a subclass with positive spatial curvature which appears to be singularity free. Elements of this class are directly related to certain black p-brane solutions.
Adjustment Among Different Age and Ethnic Groups of Indochinese in the United States

This study examines adjustment among different age and ethnic groups of Indochinese refugees in the United States. The data came from a nationwide probability sample of 3,414 respondents aged 20 or older. Respondents are divided into four age groups (20-29, 30-39, 40-54, and 55 and older). Ordinary least squares regression analysis revealed that education, occupational status, urban/rural location in the country of origin, English language ability, financial problems, gender, age, and length of residence in the U.S. had statistically significant relationships with adjustment in different age and ethnic groups.
Characterization of an Atmospheric-Pressure Helium Plasma Generated by 2.45-GHz Microwave Power

An atmospheric-pressure helium plasma generated in a 2.45-GHz microwave-induced cylindrical plasma torch has been investigated. The atmospheric-pressure helium plasma can be ignited at a microwave power of less than 400 W and sustained at as low as 100 W, at a gas flow of 50 L/min. The electron temperature Te, electron density ne, and gas temperature Tg measured by optical emission spectroscopy are 0.28-0.5 eV, 1015-1016 cm-3, and 1000-2000 K, respectively, at a power of 200-400 W and a gas flow rate of 20-50 L/min. In addition, it is noted that Te ≈ Tv (vibrational temperature) >; Tg ≈ Tr (rotational temperature) for these experiment parameters. These results show that the helium plasma generated in this atmosphericpressure plasma torch is in partial local thermodynamic equilibrium (pLTE).
The rise and fall of great class I genes

Class I major histocompatibility complex molecules are components of the vertebrate immune system. Polymorphic classical class I molecules determine the specificity of cytolytic T cell and natural killer cell responses and are found in all species. During the timeframe of mammalian evolution, the lifetimes of a functional class I locus are short and those of individual alleles even shorter. In this seminar the role of heterozygote advantage frequency-dependent selection, disease-specific selection and drift in driving this rapid evolution is discussed. The other, non-classical genes, perform other functions within the immune system. They are of more recent invention than the classical class I genes and appear to have evolved from classical class I alleles.
Tumor markers for prostate cancer: update

The clinical applications of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PA) have been reviewed. Both PAP and PA cannot be used for screening or detection of intracapsular prostate cancer but simultaneous determination appears to be additive. Also, both are useful for monitoring disease recurrence and treatment response. The identification of either one or both antigens by immunoperoxidase techniques is useful for determining the prostatic origin of metastasis.
Use of a Computer Simulation Model to Determine the Behavior of a New Survey Estimator of Recreational Angling

Abstract We have recently developed a new estimator of recreational fishing effort. Here we used a simulation model to determine and demonstrate the statistical behavior of this new estimator. The estimator is used with access-intercept surveys and was designed to give accurate, efficient estimates of fishing effort over a geographically large and diverse fishery. Because this is a new estimator, little is known about its behavior. Specifically, the form of the estimator's sampling distribution, the variance components (within-day versus between-day), and its t-distribution were unknown and could not be determined analytically. Hence, to assist people who will want to know the statistical properties of this estimator and to characterize it more completely, we studied its behavior numerically by use of a simulation model based on real-world data. Analysis of the simulation results showed the sampling distribution of the estimator to be non-normal when limited to a single survey route; it was more closely a...
Functional paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia.

P AROXYSMAL ventricular tachycardia is generally considered a manifestation of grave underlying organic heart disease. It is not generally recognized that in approximately 10 to 17 per cent of patients with this arrhythmia, no underlying organic heart disease is found.1-5 Functional paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia may be defined as a succession of four or more independent ventricular contractions originating in either the right or left ventricle, occurring in persons without demonstrable underlying organic heart disease. The onset is usually sudden and is frequently preceded by premature ventricular contractions from one or more foci. The rhythm is fairly regular at a rate usually between 150 and 350 impulses per minute. The paroxysm may last for a few beats or persist for several minutes and, if the rate is moderate, it may persist for hours, day or weeks. The nine patients reported in this paper (Table I) have been studied at Vanderbilt University Hospital during the past 18 years. No evidence of underlying organic cardiovascular disease was found. Thirty other patients with the diagnosis of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia were also observed and were found to have organic heart disease or the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. It seems unlikely that this is an expression of the true incidence of this rare variety of tachycardia as most instances of death due to ventricular tachycardia are recorded on the basis of the underlying disease. Another factor which makes the true incidence difIicult to establish is the fact that most episodes of functional paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia are of short duration and these subjects are less likely to be hospitalized. Of these nine cases, five patients were men and four were women. Their ages ranged from 2 months to 40 years.
Stimulated Raman Scattering in Hydrogen Using Capilary Cell

Abstract Stimulated Raman Scattering processes have been studied and intense Stokes and anti—Stokes laser lines have been observed in a capillary Raman cell filled with molecular hydrogen and pumped by the third harmonic of the Nd:YAG laser at wavelength lD = 355 nm. Various parametric studies have been performed to establish an optimum condition for the best operation of the Raman laser. The observation of higher—order Stokes and anti—Stokes has been explained on the basis of four—wave mixing and/or cascade energy transfer processes.
Fluctuating levels of antidepressants premenstrually

Recent reports in the literature have shown that men and women metabolize alcohol and certain drugs differently. We now report on two women with fluctuating serum antidepressant levels during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.ZusammenfassungJungste Berichte in der Litcratur zeigten, das Manner und Fraucn Alkohol und bestimmte Medikamente unterschiedlich metabolisieren. Wir berichten nun uber zwei Fraucn mit fluktuierenden Antidepressiva-serumspiegeln wahrend der Lutealphase des Menstruationszyklus.ResumeDes rapports recents ont indique que les homines et les femmes mctabolisent differemment l'alcool et certains medicaments. Nous soumettons maintcnant un rapport sur deux femmes presentant des fluctuations de niveaux seriques antidepresseurs durant la phase luteale du cycle menstruel.
A measure of pronunciability of CVC trigrams

All 2100 CVC trigrams were scaled for pronunciability by measuring pronunciation latency (PLat). The resulting distribution of PLat scores was extremely leptokurtic and positively skewed. Scores ranged from a minimum of .531 sec to a maximum of 1.726 sec. Average PLat was .81 sec. The relationship of PLat to Archer meaningfulness was linear; however, the degree of relationship was slight (r=−.37). This finding is interpreted as indicating that PLat is relatively free of bias from such other stimulus attributes as meaningfulness. As such, P Lat is viewed as reflecting a basic processing time for such stimulus materials.
Evaluation of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Among Workers Exposed to Metal Removal Fluids

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) was identified among employees in an automobile parts manufacturing facility. Mycobacteria immunogenum (MI) was identified as a metal removal fluid (MRF) contaminant at this facility and had been identified as a contaminant in other facilities where HP had occurred. We therefore questioned whether measurement of MI-specific cell-mediated immunity would be associated with HP in this facility. We also questioned whether measures of cell-mediated immunity would be more informative about the presence of HP than evaluation of serum anti-MI antibody levels. Workers were categorized for exposure and disease status by questionnaire and review of medical records. Cell-mediated immunity to MI was assessed by measuring in vitro secretion of cytokines (interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon-γ) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or anticoagulated whole blood induced by culture with MI antigen. Serum antibodies against MI were also measured. Six study participa...
Molluscum contagiosum and herpes simplex in Maasai pastoralists; refeeding activation of virus infection following famine.

An epidemic of molluscum contagiosum and oro-genital herpes simplex was observed in Maasai pastoralists of the Rift Valley. It coincided with a period of refeeding following famine, when the relief diet was different from normal milk fare. We propose that refeeding may be an important mechanism for activation of certain viral infections previously suppressed by famine.
Lymphocyte development from hematopoietic stem cells

The recent application of new techniques, such as multi-color cell sorting and the production of transgenic and gene-knockout mice, has contributed to a better understanding of lymphocyte development from hematopoietic stem cells. Now that we can purify progenitors at different maturational stages during lymphocyte development, the challenge is to understand the processes that govern each developmental stage transition.
An Antarctic iron meteorite contains preterrestrial impact-produced diamond and lonsdaleite

Of the many meteorites recovered so far from the Allan Hills, Antarctica, only nine have been irons. One of these, ALHA77283, contains troilite(FeS)–graphite(C)–schreibersite((Fe,Ni)3P)–cohenite(Fe3C) inclusions rich in the carbonado-type diamond–lonsdaleite ‘nodules’ previously described from the Canyon Diablo meteorite1,2. The Canyon Diablo, Arizona, meteorite, the excavator of Meteor Crater, is the only other iron meteorite known to contain these high-pressure minerals, and their occurrence in that meteorite has been explained as the result of shock-induced transformation of graphite, most probably at the moment of terrestrial impact and disintegration of the projectile during crater formation3–6. The suggestion7 that formation was by high gravitational pressure has not been accepted. Virtually identical diamond–lonsdaleite-containing material in ALHA77283 occurs in a meteorite specimen with a well developed heat-altered zone produced by atmospheric ablation. It seems, therefore, that the diamond and lonsdaleite were present in the meteoroid before its final ablative passage through the atmosphere and soft landing on the ground. The shock event that produced these high pressure phases, therefore, must have taken place on its parent body or have been associated with the disruption of that body. Here we present the metallographic and X-ray diffraction data on which this conclusion is based.
Effects of various organic compounds and fluoride on dental plaque and caries in rats.

This investigation measured the effect of several organic compounds on dental caries and plaque when used as oral rinses in rats. These compounds were equimolar with regard to their chloride or fluori
Optical limiting of a covalently bonded gold nanoparticle/polylysine hybrid material.

The optical limiting performance of a covalently bonded gold nanoparticle (∼2 nm)/polylysine hybrid material (AuNP−PLL) was investigated using 4.1 ns laser pulses at 532 nm. The hybrid material exhibits enhanced optical limiting in comparison to individual nanoparticles, presumably due to the interparticle electromagnetic interactions between particles in close proximity. Reverse saturable absorption and/or free carrier absorption were found to be the dominant contributor(s) to the optical limiting of the hybrid material.
KrF excimer laser deposition of diamond-like carbon films with germanium interlayers

We have investigated the process of UV laser evaporation of diamond-like carbon films on metallic and semiconducting alloys. High purity targets in vacuum were irradiated with a pulsed KrF excimer laser beam (248 nm). Adhesion of diamond-like carbon films to several materials was improved by applying in situ germanium interlayers. Various process parameters were varied to determine the optimum conditions for deposition. The diamond-like films and germanium interlayers were structurally characterized by inelastic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties such as indenter hardness and friction coefficient were also measured. Preliminary results indicate that films deposited at low substrate temperature and high laser fluence have superior mechanical properties.
ARRHYTHMIAS IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD.

Abstract Serious postoperative arrhythmias were most prevalent in patients who were either inadequately digitalized or demonstrated evidence of digitalis excess prior to surgery. Invariably rapid atrial mechanisms developed in postoperative patients who demonstrated premature atrial systoles in the preoperative period. Arrhythmias were most frequently seen in postoperative thoracic surgical patients and those undergoing open heart operations. Preoperative digitalis was recommended in all instances in which cardiac disease was apparent as well as in those patients with cardiomegaly. Cardiac drugs, particularly depressant agents and large doses of digitalis, should be withheld in the operating room. An electrocardiogram should be taken immediately prior to surgery, as these curves frequently suggest important clues to the likelihood of serious postoperative arrhythmias.
Design principles and specifications for neural-like computation under constraints on information preservation and energy costs as analyzed with statistical theory

Given enough physical constraints, the format of optimal computation may resolve into a rather small set of options, which we call design specifications. Our interest centers on computational problems that are so intensive, relative to the time and energy available, that they can be solved only in a probabilistic fashion. Here we consider just information and energy in one particular computational format, called neural-like (NL), and characterized as massively parallel, analog computation. Within this format, we consider only the design of a single NL element and the nature of its inputs. Importantly, we provide a specific mathematical format of a simple NL element. We consider this format to be minimal and generic and, therefore, extendable to structures composed of several NL compartments. Secondly, the information and energy constraints are linked, via Shannon's entropy, to classical results from mathematical statistics yielding design specifications that go beyond our initial description of a NL element and its inputs. Critically, for a NL element to preserve all of its relevant input-information at minimal energetic cost, it must transform its inputs so as to create and communicate a minimal sufficient statistic. Then, the assumptions associated with producing such a statistic become new design specifications for NL computing.
Hearing in prairie dogs: Transition between surface and subterranean rodents

Behavioral audiograms were determined for four black-tailed and one white-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus and C. leucurus) using a conditioned avoidance procedure. The hearing of black-tailed prairie dogs ranges from 29 Hz to 26 kHz and that of the white-tailed prairie dog from 44 Hz to 26 kHz (at sound pressure levels of 60 dB). Both species have good low-frequency hearing, especially black-tailed prairie dogs which can hear as low as 4 Hz and are more sensitive than any other rodent yet tested at frequencies below 63 Hz. In contrast, prairie dogs are relatively insensitive in their midrange and have poor high-frequency hearing. It is suggested that the reduced midrange sensitivity and high-frequency hearing are related to their adaptation to an underground lifestyle with its reduced selective pressure for sound localization. In this respect they appear to be intermediate between the more exclusively subterranean rodents (such as gophers and mole rats) and surface dwellers (such as chinchillas and kangaroo rats).
Tuberculosis and histoplasmosis in foreign students entering our colleges.

SUMMARY 1) Not a single case of active tuberculosis was found in foreign students enrolling at Ohio State University. 2) The same group had a much higher percentage of inactive demonstrable lesions on entrance to the university than the United States student group entering during the same period. 3) The foreign student group also had a much higher percentage of reactivations during their residence at Ohio State University than the enrollees from the United States. 4) The foreign group showed a much higher incidence of tuberculin reactors. 5) Lesions suggesting benign or healed histoplasmosis could only be demonstrated in the United States student group. 6) United States enrollees had a much greater percentage of histoplasmin reactors than the foreign student group. 7) Lifetime residents of countries other than the United States and Canada were all negative reactors to histoplasmin. 8) Our study suggests that persons from foreign countries may become histoplasmin reactors after living in any of the Mid-western or Mississippi Valley States.
Self-sensing control of a four phase switched reluctance drive using high frequency signal injection including saturation effects

This paper presents a novel position and velocity estimation technique in four-phase switched reluctance drives based on high frequency signal injection methods. To estimate rotor position and velocity, an identical high frequency carrier voltage signal is superimposed on the main phase voltages and injected into the machine. As a result, the phase currents are composed of both main excitation currents for torque production and high frequency currents for rotor position estimation. An appropriate signal processing technique is shown to extract the spatial saliency of the machine, which is used to obtain robust position estimation via a saliency-tracing observer. The impact of saturation on machine saliencies is analyzed. Modified signal injection is developed to improve the position estimation performance in saturation. Simulation and experimental results are presented to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method for continuous rotor position estimation over a range of low speeds and load torques.