cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proposing a Tentative Cut Point for the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory

Bivariate analyses were utilized in order to identify the relations between scores on the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI) and self-report of risky sexual behavior and drug abuse among 482 racially and ethnically diverse men and women. CSBI scores were associated with both risky sexual behavior and drug abuse among a diverse non-clinical sample, thereby providing evidence of criterion-related validity. The variables that demonstrated a high association with the CSBI were subsequently entered into a multiple regression model. Four variables (number of sexual partners in the last 30 days, self-report of trading drugs for sex, having paid for sex, and perceived chance of acquiring HIV) were retained as variables with good model fit. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were conducted in order to determine the optimal tentative cut point for the CSBI. The four variables retained in the multiple regression model were utilized as exploratory gold standards in order to construct ROC curves. The ROC curves were then compared to one another in order to determine the point that maximized both sensitivity and specificity in the identification of compulsive sexual behavior with the CSBI scale. The current findings suggest that a tentative cut point of 40 may prove clinically useful in discriminating between persons who exhibit compulsive sexual behavior and those who do not. Because of the association between compulsive sexual behavior and HIV, STIs, and drug abuse, it is paramount that a psychometrically sound measure of compulsive sexual behavior is made available to all healthcare professionals working in disease prevention and other areas.
Effects of the selective EP4 antagonist, CJ-023,423 on chronic inflammation and bone destruction in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by cyclooxygenase (COX) is a potent pro-inflammatory mediator. We have recently discovered CJ-023,423, a highly selective antagonist of EP4 receptors, one of the PGE2 receptors. This agent is suitable for exploring the effects of blocking EP4 receptors following oral administration in rats. In this study, CJ-023,423 was used in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) to investigate the role of the EP4 receptor in chronic inflammation and bone destruction. These effects were compared with those of rofecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. CJ-023,423 had significant inhibitory effects on paw swelling, inflammatory biomarkers, synovial inflammation and bone destruction in AIA rats. In particular, the inhibitory effect on paw swelling in AIA rats was comparable to that of rofecoxib. These results suggest that PGE2 acting via the EP4 receptor is involved in the development of chronic inflammation and bone destruction, particularly with respect to oedema in AIA rats. This is the first study to confirm the in-vivo effects of EP4 receptor blockade on inflammation and bone destruction in AIA rats with a small-molecule compound.
Life Expectancy, Fertility, and Women's Lives: A Life-History Perspective

Women’s reproductive lives vary considerably around the world, yet there are patterns to this variation. We explore reproductive patterns in 177 nations using the framework of human behavioral ecol...
Coagulopathy and platelet activation in Kawasaki syndrome: Identification of patients at high risk for development of coronary artery aneurysms

Prospective evaluation of platelet activation and hypercoagulability was performed in 31 patients with Kawasaki syndrome. Most patients had elevated acute-phase reactants when studied during the first 3 weeks of their illness; 17 of 25 (68%) patients had factor VIII activity >150%, 18 of 24 (75%) had fibrinogen >400 mg/dl, and 17 of 31 (55%) had a platelet count >450.000/mm 3 . Antithrombin III was depressed initially in 17 of 25 (68%) patients. Depleted fibrinolytic activity, as measured by a euglobulin lysis time >300 minutes, was documented in nine of 20 (45%) patients. Plasma β-thromboglobulin (BTG) measured at 0 to 3 weeks was elevated (>43 ng/ml) in seven of 24 (29%) patients. All patients with coronary artery aneurysms had elevated BTG values. The mean BTG in the group with aneurysms was 72.3 ng/ml when measured during the first 3 weeks after onset of fever, and 87.7 ng/ml at 4 to 7 weeks. The group without aneurysms had mean BTG values of 29.4 and 28.3 ng/ml at 0 to 3 and 4 to 7 weeks, respectively. The difference between the two groups was significant (P P
Transient solution of the diffusion equation by the finite element method

This paper describes the application of the finite element method for solving transient electromagnetic field problems. Galerkin’s procedure is used to derive the element equations and first order triangular elements are used to discretize the field region. An implicit tie step integration technique is employed to convert the resulting discrete differential equations into a set of nonlinear algebraic equations which are then solved at each time step. The method is applied to a one‐dimensional field problem and to an electrical machine under transient operating condition.
Identity of anomalous product reported in synthesis of dimethallyl

The product, b.p. 136°, reported in the reaction between methallyl chloride and magnesium, is identified as diisocrotyl (2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene) resulting from rearrangement of dimethallyl, b.p. 114°.
Precise determination of the superconducting gap along the diagonal direction of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 + y : Evidence for an extended s -wave gap symmetry

We report high-resolution spectra of the second derivative $\ensuremath{-}{d}^{2}(\mathrm{Re}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\Sigma})∕d{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ of the real part of electron self-energy $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ along the diagonal direction (where $\ensuremath{\omega}={E}_{F}\ensuremath{-}E\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{D}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{D}$ is the diagonal superconducting gap) for a nonsuperconducting ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.97}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.03}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ (LSCO) crystal and a superconducting ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+y}$ (BSCCO) crystal with ${T}_{c}=91\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The $\ensuremath{-}{d}^{2}(\mathrm{Re}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\Sigma})∕d{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ spectrum of the nonsuperconducting LSCO shows clear peak features, which match precisely with those in the phonon density of states obtained from neutron scattering. Similarly, if we assign ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{D}=7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$ for the superconducting BSCCO, the peak features in $\ensuremath{-}{d}^{2}(\mathrm{Re}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\Sigma})∕d{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ of this compound also match precisely with those in the phonon density of states and the tunneling spectrum. The present results rule out seemingly well accepted $d$-wave gap symmetry and strongly support an extended $s$-wave gap symmetry with eight line nodes.
Catalytic oxidation of methanol on nanoscale copper oxide and nickel oxide

Nanoscale copper oxide and nickel oxide, prepared by a modified sol−gel process, were investigated for their destruction efficiencies for methanol. The activity, selectivity, and stability of nanoscale CuO and NiO were compared with those of commercial microscale CuO and NiO. Nanoscale CuO and NiO were highly active and stable catalysts for complete methanol oxidation, catalyzing methanol oxidation at temperatures ∼100 °C lower than their microscale counterparts. The higher activity per gram of the nanoscale catalysts can be attributed to their higher surface areas, which were roughly 2 orders of magnitude higher than the microscale catalysts.
Modeling the long-term effects of fuelwood harvests on pinyon-juniper woodlands

In the Southwestern United States, increasing demand for firewood has quickly promoted pinyon-juniper woodlands to commercial status. Slow recovery rates for pinyon and juniper and inadequate mensuration data present significant obstacles to predictive management efforts. Many National Forest districts have witnessed continued fuel use for at least the past 100 years. To explore the need for long-term analysis at the district level, we have developed FORMAN I, a computer simulation written in FORTRAN IV that models prolonged fuel harvesting and its impact on pinyon-juniper woodlands. The technique is well-suited for historical analyses and we comply with an initial application that involves the suggested impact of prehistoric peoples on a marginal woodland in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. To accentuate the significance of the simulation, we have deliberately overestimated woodland parameters while maintaining conservative annual rates for firewood procurement. A low-density woodland (less than 14.8 cords/ha) is completely depleted within 200 years when subjected to tenth-through-twelfth century estimates of human demography for the canyon. Interesting conclusions are drawn from the lack of pinyon-juniper recovery at Chaco over the past millennium. Traditional assumptions, such as the pristine state of Southwestern vegetation prior to historic settlement and subsequent invasion of marginal grasslands by pinyon and juniper, are questioned.
Imitative pecking in chicks as a function of early social experience

Three groups of seven White Leghorn Chicks were reared for five weeks in one of three conditions of social stimulation. It was found that group reared chicks exhibited more imitative pecking than chicks reared in semi-isolation and that the semi-isolates imitated more than chicks reared in total social isolation.
The structure of NH3–acetylene

The microwave spectrum of the weakly bound complex NH3–acetylene has been measured by molecular beam electric resonance spectroscopy. A spectrum characteristic of a symmetric top is observed and the following spectroscopic constants are determined: The observed spectrum is consistent with an axially symmetric complex in which the acetylene hydrogen bonds to the ammonia with a hydrogen bond length of 2.33 A.
Cerebellar contributions to verbal working memory: beyond cognitive theory.

Neuropsychological findings together with recent advances in neuroanatomical and neuroimaging techniques have spurred the investigation of cerebellar contributions to cognition. One cognitive process that has been the focus of much research is working memory, in particular its verbal component. Influenced by Baddeley’s cognitive theory of working memory, cerebellar activation during verbal working memory tasks has been predominantly attributed to the cerebellum’s involvement in an articulatory rehearsal network. Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological findings are inconsistent with a simple motor view of the cerebellum’s function in verbal working memory. The present article examines these findings and their implications for an articulatory rehearsal proposal of cerebellar function. Moving beyond cognitive theory, we propose two alternative explanations for cerebellar involvement in verbal working memory: Error-driven adjustment and internal timing. These general theories of cerebellar function have been successfully adapted from the motor literature to explain cognitive functions of the cerebellum. We argue that these theories may also provide a useful framework to understand the non-motor contributions of the cerebellum to verbal working memory.
ac permeability of defect-free type-II superconductors

A theoretical and experimental study is presented of ac losses in the mixed state of type-II superconductors when viscous damping dominates flux line motion. The theory describes the ac response of a cylindrical superconductor in the mixed state in a dc magnetic field H and a superposed parallel ac field of arbitrary frequency. The complex ac permeability is found to be related to the flux-flow resistivity rho/sub f/(B), the differential permeability ..mu..' (B) = dB/dH, the frequency, and the sample radius. Measurements were made of the ac permeability in the frequency range 45--1000 Hz of two NbTa alloys which were prepared to minimize bulk-pinning and surface losses. Values of rho/sub f/(B) and ..mu..' (B) derived from the measurements agree qualitatively with the model, but rho/sub f/(B) shows a weak frequency dependence that may arise from the presence of remnant nonviscous losses. (AIP)
Pinta: a system for visualizing anatomical structures of the brain from MR imaging

Pinta is a system for segmentation and visualization of anatomical structures obtained from serial sections reconstructed from Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The system approaches the segmentation problem by assigning each volumetric region to an anatomical structure. This is accomplished by satisfying constraints at the pixel level, slice level, and volumetric level. Each slice is represented by an attributed graph, where nodes correspond to regions and links correspond to the relations between regions. Next, the slice level attributed graphs are coerced to form a volumetric attributed graph, where volumetric consistency can be verified. The main novelty of our approach is in the use of the volumetric graph to ensure consistency from symbolic representations obtained from individual slices. In this fashion, the system allows errors to be made at the slice level, yet removes them when the volumetric consistency can not be verified. Once the segmentation is complete, surfaces of the 3D brain structures can be constructed and visualized. We present results obtained from real data and examine the performance of our system.
Paraelectric Behavior of PbTe

Capacitance-voltage measurements on graded junction diodes of PbTe which suggest that the static dielectric constant obeys a Curie-law temperature dependence with ${T}_{C}\ensuremath{\simeq}(\ensuremath{-}79\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are reported. Evidence for nonlinear dependence of dielectric polarization on electric field is also given.
Catecholamine turnover rates in discrete hypothalamic areas and associated changes in median eminence luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and serum gonadotropins on proestrus and diestrous day 1.

We have correlated catecholamine [CA; i.e. norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and epinephrine (E)] turnover rates in discrete hypothalamic nuclei and in the median eminence (ME), with concentration changes in ME LHRH and serum LH, FSH, PRL, estradiol, and progesterone levels at various times during proestrus and diestrous day 1 in 4-day cyclic rats. CA concentrations were measured with a radioenzymatic assay at 0, 60, and 120 min after ip injection of 400 mg/kg alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, and rate constants and turnover rates were calculated. In a separate assay NE, DA, and E were separated by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography, and concentrations and turnover rates of CAs were calculated. The microdissected hypothalamic nuclei examined for NE turnover rates included the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), arcuate nucleus (AN), and ME. DA turnover rates also were measured in the MPN, ME, and AN. ME LHRH and serum hormone concentrations were measured by RIA. Between 0900--1200 h, proestrous serum estradiol was elevated, but other serum hormones were basal, and CA turnover rates in the brain were low. However, ME LHRH concentrations increased significantly between 0900--1200 h on proestrus. Between 1200--1500 h, serum LH, FSH, PRL, and progesterone levels increased and ME LHRH levels declined significantly; during this time interval (1200--1400 h), a significant rise in ME NE and DA turnover rates occurred. Between 1500--1700 h on proestrus, while serum gonadotropins were still rising toward peak concentrations, increased ME NE turnover rates were maintained, but increased NE turnover rates also were evident in MPN, SCN, and AN. During this same time interval (1500--1700 h), a marked decline in ME and AN DA turnover rates occurred, although such rates remained unchanged within the MPN. There were no corresponding changes in MPN E turnover rates at any of the time intervals studied. The increased turnover rates of ME NE coupled with the concomitant decline in ME LHRH levels and the rise in plasma LH and FSH levels suggest that increased NE release may be important in initiating preovulatory LH and FSH surges. These changes in brain neurotransmitters and serum hormones are not the result of a diurnal rhythm, since corresponding changes in CA turnover rates or serum gonadotropins did not occur between 0900--1100 h and 1500--1700 h diestrous day 1.
Mitochondrial alterations in heart, kidney and liver of rats subjected to anemic hypoxia

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of anemic hypoxia on the mitochondrial respiratory components of heart, kidney, and liver. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (60 mg/kg body weight/48 hr) for 28 days. Determinations on body weight, organ protein, liver glycogen, urea excretion, and plasma glucose concentration suggested that the anemic animals underwent a mild nutritional deficiency during the initial phase of the anemia but that they fully recovered by Day 22. However, the rates of systemic oxygen consumption of the animals fell with the onset of anemia and remained significantly below normal during the 4 weeks of observations. Determinations on the specific activity of cytochrome oxidase on Days 0, 10, and 21 of anemia suggested that no significant changes in the ratios of mitochondrial mass to organ mass occurred for heart, kidney, and liver except for a major diminution in liver at Day 10. However, mitochondria isolated on Days 10 and 21 from heart, kidney, and liver of anemic animals were consistently deficient in one or more of the cytochromes in the b to c portion of the electron transport chain when compared to mitochondria isolated from control animals. This suggested a relationship between systemic hypoxia and cytochrome depletions.
Creating a Giant Component

Let $c$ be a constant and $(e_1,f_1), (e_2,f_2), \dots, (e_{cn},f_{cn})$ be a sequence of ordered pairs of edges on vertex set $[n]$ chosen uniformly and independently at random. Let $A$ be an algorithm for the on-line choice of one edge from each presented pair, and for $i= 1,\hellip,cn$ let $G_A(i)$ be the graph on vertex set $[n]$ consisting of the first $i$ edges chosen by $A$. We prove that all algorithms in a certain class have a critical value $c_A$ for the emergence of a giant component in $G_A(cn) (ie$, if $c \gt c_A$, then with high probability the largest component in $G_A(cn)$ has $o(n)$ vertices, and if $c > c_A$ then with high probability there is a component of size $\Omega(n)$ in $G_A(cn))$. We show that a particular algorithm in this class with high probability produces a giant component before $0.385 n$ steps in the process ($ie$, we exhibit an algorithm that creates a giant component relatively quickly). The fact that another specific algorithm that is in this class has a critical value resolves a conjecture of Spencer.In addition, we establish a lower bound on the time of emergence of a giant component in any process produced by an on-line algorithm and show that there is a phase transition for the off-line version of the problem of creating a giant component.
Prediction of the gas–condensate well productivity

Abstract A semi-implicit, equation of state (EOS)-based compositional, and one-dimensional radial reservoir simulator was developed for well-test data interpretation and performance prediction for a single gas–condensate well. An implicit-pressure/explicit-composition numerical solution approach was used for simplicity and adaptability. The Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) was used to model the fluid-phase behavior, and volumetric predictions were improved by considering shift factors. The model was used to design a comprehensive methodology for field application of a compositional simulator, which consists of four steps: parametric study, well-test design, well-test interpretation, and productivity forecasting. The non-Darcy effects were studied by analyzing the relative influence of inertial and drag forces in systems controlled by the viscous and capillary forces. A generalized equation to estimate relative inertial resistance was developed and incorporated into the model. At relatively low gas-flow rates, the effects of high viscous-to-capillary force ratio dominate the non-Darcy effects by reducing the condensate saturation. The drag force effect was considered in a gas–condensate flow study and no experimental data are available for testing of these systems. When the pressure drop does not generate an appreciable liquid saturation, below 40%, drag force effects are found negligible in the near-wellbore fluid flow. At high condensate saturation ( S o >50%), drag force effects reduce liquid saturation, improving gas–condensate well performance. A technique for well-test interpretation was also introduced, which is based on simulator output data for analysis of a field pressure-transient data. It was shown that current techniques can be applied for determination of gas–condensate well performance by means of the pseudo-pressure and pseudo-time functions, as defined in this study.
Total internal reflection second-harmonic generation: Probing the alkane water interface

Total internal reflection Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) has been used to study a series of neat n-alkane/water interfaces. Polarization and incident angular-dependent measurements of the SH response show good agreement with theoretical predictions. Analysis of the incident and polarization angular-dependent SH response allows for determination of the nonlinear optical properties of molecules comprising the interfacial region. Based on Kleinman symmetry, the measured surface nonlinear susceptibilities suggest a high degree of interfacial order for octane and decane with less order indicated by the odd carbon n-alkanes examined, heptane and nonane. The SH response in reflection and transmission has been measured under a Total Internal Reflection (TIR) of the fundamental. The measured nonlinear susceptibilities in each case are found to be identical.
Elastic scattering with and without the odderon

We present the results of fitting all data for pp and pp scattering at √s ≥ 10 GeV and up to the collider energy with various analytic parametrizations of the forward scattering amplitudes involving the Pomeron, Odderon, and Reggeon components. These parametrizations can be thought of as solutions to the simplest derivative dispersion relations that satisfy the maximal asymptotic behaviors or as the unitarized color-singlet multigluon exchange contributions. It is found that the simplets model containing the Pomeron and an exchange-degenerate Reggeon term can describe the data equally well as any other model, thus making the role of the odderon rather insignificant.
Surface properties of SnO2nanowires for enhanced performance with dye-sensitized solar cells

Our recent studies showed that nanowire based DSSCs exhibited over 250 mV higher open circuit potentials (VOC) compared to those using nanoparticles. In this study, the electron transport and surface properties of nanowires and nanoparticles are investigated to understand the reasons for the observed higher photovoltages with NW based solar cells. It was seen that, in addition to slow recombination kinetics, the lower work function of SnO2nanowires compared to the nanoparticle counterparts also significantly contributes to the high VOC observed for the nanowire based DSSCs.
Bronchodilator Action of the Anticholinergic Drug, Ipratropium Bromide (Sch 1000), as an Aerosol in Chronic Bronchitis and Asthma

Ipratropium bromide (also known as Sch 1000) is a new atropine-like bronchodilator drug whose mechanism of action is via an anticholinergic pathway and may decrease cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Although of established efficacy in asthma, there are no studies of the use of ipratropium in patients with chronic bronchitis. The single metered aerosol doses of 10µg, 20µg, 40µg and 80µg of ipratropium bromide, 75µg and 150µg of isoproterenol, and placebo were studied in 20 adult patients, half with asthma and half with chronic bronchitis. To qualify, all patients demonstrated at least 20 percent improvement in the forced expiratory volume in one second while in the drug-free state when tested with isoproterenol. All subjects were tested for six hours with each agent in a double-blind crossover design. The dose-response aspects of the study indicate that in bronchial asthma the optimal range of dosage is 40µg to 80µg of ipratropium bromide. These doses are superior to isoproterenol in duration of action. In chronic bronchitis, all doses of ipratropium showed prolonged efficacy, but 80µg was superior. Isoproterenol lacked this sustained efficacy. No significant alteration in pulse or blood pressure was observed. Ipratropium appears to be an important addition to the bronchodilator agents used in isoproterenol-responsive obstructive pulmonary disease.
Adult and Group Influences on Participation in Youth Empowerment Programs

This study examined adult and group influences on youth participation in youth empowerment (YE) Statewide Youth Movement Against Tobacco Use programs. Adults provide individual guidance to youth groups and through existing tobacco control networks affect the social context in which YE programs are implemented. The authors tested hypotheses about the direct and indirect relationships between adults, groups, and youth collective participation. They used data from adults and youths to develop a measurement model of four higher order factors: adult involvement, group structure, group climate, and collective participation. They tested relationships between these factors in a structural equation model. Results showed that adult involvement did not have a meaningful direct effect on group factors or collective participation. Group factors mediated the relationship between adult involvement and collective participation. Further research is needed on how to measure adult involvement and its relationship to youth participation.
Autonomous task assignment of multiple operators for human robot interaction

This paper reports some extensions to recent results in attention allocation and task assignment schemes in human robot interaction. The general scenario of task processing by multiple human operators is considered. Motivated by the single operator model, an optimization problem is posed to provide task processing and attention allocation solutions for multiple operators with appropriate performance measures. An alternative formulation is proposed to simplify the resulting optimization problem and reduce the dimensionality of the policy space. Numerical examples are shown to demonstrate the utility of the proposed formulation.
Ethanol modulation of synaptic plasticity

Synaptic plasticity in the most general terms represents the flexibility of neurotransmission in response to neuronal activity. Synaptic plasticity is essential both for the moment-by-moment modulation of neural activity in response to dynamic environmental cues and for long-term learning and memory formation. These temporal characteristics are served by an array of pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms that are frequently modulated by ethanol exposure. This modulation likely makes significant contributions to both alcohol abuse and dependence. In this review, I discuss the modulation of both short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity in the context of specific ethanol-sensitive cellular substrates. A general discussion of the available preclinical, animal-model based neurophysiology literature provides a comparison between results from in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, in the context of alcohol abuse and dependence, the review proposes potential behavioral contributions by ethanol modulation of plasticity.
Musical Aesthetics and Creativity in Beethoven: A Computer Analysis of 105 Compositions:

A fundamental task in empirical aesthetics is to determine why some artistic creations earn the label “masterpiece” whereas others slip into oblivion. Computer content analyses can help us achieve this goal, first, by isolating connections between the differential aesthetic success of diverse works and their content attributes, and, second, by identifying the compositional, biographical, and historical correlates of those content analytical predictors. After reviewing the key findings with respect to the thousands of musical pieces defining the classical repertoire, this investigation strategy is applied to 105 compositions (containing 593 themes) by Beethoven. Two distinct measures of artistic impact, compositional popularity and aesthetic significance, were shown to be associated—often in a curvilinear fashion—with four content characteristics: melodic originality and variation and metric originality and variation. Some of these attributes are linked to such circumstances as the work's key, the instrume...
Comparison of omission training and extinction training in mentally retarded individuals

The present study used a within-subject design to compare the response-eliminating effectiveness of omission training (OT) and extinction training (ET) in institutionalized Down’s Syndrome individuals. An interval-by-interval inspection of the data for all subjects indicated that OT and ET did not differ consistently or noticeably in their effects on responding. Similarly, using an overall suppression measure, there was no significant difference between the effects of OT and ET when all of the individuals were considered. However, when overall suppression scores were analyzed in those subjects that reached a response-elimination criterion and in those subjects that showed overall suppression in both the OT and ET conditions, it was found that significantly more overall suppression was associated with OT than with ET. Possible explanations of these results were discussed.
CVD epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC on porous SiC substrates

Hot-wall chemical vapor deposition has been used to epitaxially grow SiC layers on porous n-type 4H-SiC substrates. The growth was carried out at different speeds on porous layers of two different thicknesses. The quality of the SiC films was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence techniques. Based on the measurements, both the growth speed and the thickness of the porous layer buried underneath the epilayers do not appear to influence the structural integrity of the films. The intensity of the near bandedge low temperature photoluminescence appears stronger by a factor of two in films grown on porous layers.
Association of thoracic epidural analgesia with risk of atrial arrhythmias after pulmonary resection: a retrospective cohort study.

Purpose Atrial arrhythmias are common after non-cardiac thoracic surgery. We tested the hypothesis that TEA reduces the risk of new-onset atrial arrhythmias after pulmonary resection.
Orthene® toxicity to little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, coordination loss, and mortality

The 24-h LD50 of Orthener (active ingredient acephate, acetylphosphoramidothioic acid o,s-dimethyl ester, CAS 30560-19–1) to little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) was high (> 1,500 mg acephate/kg) and at least several times greater than the LD50 for mice (Mus musculus) (720 mg/kg). Twenty-four hours after dosing, all surviving mice appeared behaviorally normal, but 9 of 30 surviving bats could not right themselves when placed on their backs. When dead and incapacitated bats were combined to calculate an ED50 (median effective dose), the resultant estimate (687 mg/kg) did not differ (p > 0.05) from the LD50 for mice. Serum cholinesterase (ChE) activity in control bats was 3.2 times greater than in mice. The relationship between this naturally high level of ChE and the relative tolerance of bats to organophosphorus insecticides is unexplained. Toxicity of Orthene was clearly less than that reported elsewhere for methyl parathion (phosphorothioic acid o,o-dimethyl o-[4-nitrophenyl] ester, CAS 298–00-0). This finding may be useful in selection of a chemical for agricultural use, but conclusions about the safety of Orthene to this bat species, or to others, must remain tentative until confirmed by studies under field conditions. Because bats are long-lived with low reproductive rates and slow recruitment, any additional mortality in the wild could be critical to population survival.
Met5-enkephalin is localized within axon terminals in the subfornical organ: vascular contacts and interactions with neurons containing gamma-aminobutyric acid.

Met5-enkephalin inhibits sodium and water excretion and antagonzes the central actions of angiotensin II in subfornical organ of rat brain. We examined the ultrastructural basis for enkephalin modulation in this circumventricular region. Additionally, we examined the possibility that there might be cellular sites for functional interactions involving Met5-enkephalin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a known inhibitory transmitter throughout the central nervous system. Met5-enkephalin and GABA were indentified in single coronal sections through the subfornical organ using immunoperoxidase and silver-enhanced immunogold labeling methods, repectively, Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was most prominently localized within axon terminals. These were distributed primarily in the central, highly vascular, regions of the subfornical organ. Enkephalinlabeled terminals were apposed to the basement membranes of fenestrated capillaries and also formed symmetric, inhibitory type synapses with neurons. In terminals associated with either blood vessels or neurons, the enkephalin immunoreactivity was enriched in large (80–150nm) dense core vesicles. The immunoreactive vesicles were usually located within portions of the axon in close proximity to astrocytic processes. In contrast, smaller vesicles in the same terminals were more often aggregated near the basement membrane of the capillaries and the active zone of the synape. The targets of enkephalin-immunoreactive terminals were either unlabeled or GABA-labeled dendrites of local neurons. Enkephalin was also co-localized with GABA in perikarya and in axons terminals. Terminals containing only GABA were far more abundant than those containing enkephalin or enkephalin and GABA. GABA-immunoreactive terminals formed symmetric synapses on unlabeled dendrites some of which also received convergent input from terminals containing enkephalin. Additionally, the enkephalin-immunoreactive terminals were closely apposed to GABA-labeled and unlabedled terminals. These results suggest sites for nonsynaptic release of Met5-enkephalin from dense core vesicles in contact with astrocyes near blood vessels and synaptic complexes in the rat subfornical organ. Moreover, the observed dual localization and pre-and postsynaptic associations between neurons containing Met5-enkephalin and GABA indicate that inhibitory effects of opioids in the subfornical organ may be mediated or potentiated by GABA. Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stress, strain, and fracturing around self-consistent models of salt and sediments

As salt diapirs and salt sheets move through sediments, both the sedimentary horizons being deposited as well as pre-existing sedimentary beds are distorted by the moving salt and, in turn, influence the shape of salt bodies. Self consistent models have been constructed to examine this interactive situation. The model behaviors include sedimentary strain and associated stress of the distorted beds, so that rock failure under Mohr`s criterion can be evaluated for timing and spatial location of the sedimentary beds in relation to the evolving salt. In this way likely locations of fractured formations and their relation to the timing of hydrocarbon generation and migration can be evaluated in order to increase the chance of finding commercial oil and gas in sub-salt prospects. Two examples are presented to illustrate the diversity of fracturing patterns that can arise dependent on sediment deposition rates, mechanical strength of sediments, and on salt motion and shape changes with time. The main results indicate that around and under the moving ``nose`` of a salt overhang are the dominant locations for shear failure of contiguous sedimentary beds. Secondary locations for failure are associated with withdrawal of the salt from rim syncline areas and in fill of sedimentsmore » into such regions. The ability to set the timing and location of rock failure in relation to evolving salt masses and sedimentary distortion provides information on likely sub-salt fracture permeability and on likely leakage of hydrocarbons into and out of such fractured formations. This relative timing pattern then improves the chances for risking sub-salt hydrocarbon prospects.« less
H2 Desorption from MgH2 Surfaces with Steps and Catalyst-Dopants

Light-metal hydrides, like MgH2, remain under scrutiny as prototypes for reversible H-storage materials. For MgH2, we assess hydrogen desorption/adsorption properties (enthalpy and kinetic barriers) for stepped, catalyst-doped surfaces occurring, e.g., from ball-milling in real samples. Employing density functional theory and simulated annealing in a slab model, we studied initial H2 desorption from stepped surfaces with(out) titanium (Ti) catalytic dopant. Extensive simulated annealing studies were performed to find the dopant’s site preferences. For the most stable initial and final (possibly magnetic) states, nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations were performed to determine the H2-desorption activation energy. We used a moment-transition NEB method to account for the dopant’s transition to the lowest-energy magnetic state at each image along the band. We identify a dopant-related surface-desorption mechanism that reloads via bulk H diffusion. While reproducing the observed bulk enthalpy of desorption,...
Identity, power, and shifting participation in a mathematics workshop: Latin@ students' negotiation of self and success

This article describes and explains shifts in participation among eight mathematically successful Latin@ undergraduate students who were enrolled in a culturally diverse calculus I workshop that was part of a university-based Emerging Scholars program. Two questions are explored: (a) How do students explain success-oriented shifts in participation that occurred over time in the workshop setting? and (b) How were these success-oriented shifts related to students’ evolving mathematical and racial identities? Drawing on Wenger’s (1998) social ecology of identity framework, the analysis shows that participants constructed strengthened identities of participation over time through three modes of belonging (engagement, imagination, and alignment) within two dimensions (identification and negotiability). Given the predominantly White university context, Latin@ Critical Theory was used to help uncover how strengthened participation was related to what it meant for participants to be Latin@. Findings also support intentional collaborative learning environments as one way to foster mathematics success and positive identity development among Latin@ students.
Postreinforcement delay training effect on runway speed patterning

Two groups of eight rats each were trained in a straight-alley runway for 100 acquisition trials and 40 extinction trials. Group SAPR-D was trained on a single-alternation partial-reinforcement schedule with a 15-sec postreward delay period following the rewarded trials. Group SAPR-ND received no delay period on rewarded trials. While Group SAPR-ND showed a reliable patterning effect, no patterning was observed in Ss in Group SAPR-D. During extinction the Ss in Group SAPR-D were less resistant to extinction in the goal segment of the runway. The findings were seen as in general agreement with Capaldi’s (1966) sequential aftereffects hypothesis.
The association of copper with tyrosinase activity and internal discoloration (blackspot) in Russet Burbank potatoes

During 1964 and 1965, field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine if copper was associated with susceptibility to blackspot. When the copper content of tubers was increased by CuSO4 · 5H2O soil drenches, no change in intensity of discoloration or tyrosinase activity was found. However, when chelated copper was sprayed on plants, tyrosinase activity was decreased even though the copper content of the tuber tissue was increased more than three times that of the control. When the copper content of several lots of tubers, both susceptible and resistant to blackspot, was determined, it was found that tissue from the stem end of resistant tubers was higher in copper than that of stem-end tissue from susceptible tubers. Also, tissue at the bud end, where blackspot blemishes rarely occurred, was found to contain nearly one and one-half times as much copper as susceptible stem-end tissue. Tissue taken from Red Pontiac, a very blackspot resistant variety, contained more than two times as much copper as the most susceptible Russet Burbank stem-end tissue. These studies showed that copper content was not directly associated with blackspot susceptibility. In fact, the data suggest that copper content may be associated with resistance.
EEF2 Analysis Challenges the Monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata

Background Classification of eukaryotes provides a fundamental phylogenetic framework for ecological, medical, and industrial research. In recent years eukaryotes have been classified into six major supergroups: Amoebozoa, Archaeplastida, Chromalveolata, Excavata, Opisthokonta, and Rhizaria. According to this supergroup classification, Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata each arose from a single plastid-generating endosymbiotic event involving a cyanobacterium (Archaeplastida) or red alga (Chromalveolata). Although the plastids within members of the Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata share some features, no nucleocytoplasmic synapomorphies supporting these supergroups are currently known. Methodology/Principal Findings This study was designed to test the validity of the Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata through the analysis of nucleus-encoded eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (EEF2) and cytosolic heat-shock protein of 70 kDa (HSP70) sequences generated from the glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa, the cryptophytes Goniomonas truncata and Guillardia theta, the katablepharid Leucocryptos marina, the rhizarian Thaumatomonas sp. and the green alga Mesostigma viride. The HSP70 phylogeny was largely unresolved except for certain well-established groups. In contrast, EEF2 phylogeny recovered many well-established eukaryotic groups and, most interestingly, revealed a well-supported clade composed of cryptophytes, katablepharids, haptophytes, rhodophytes, and Viridiplantae (green algae and land plants). This clade is further supported by the presence of a two amino acid signature within EEF2, which appears to have arisen from amino acid replacement before the common origin of these eukaryotic groups. Conclusions/Significance Our EEF2 analysis strongly refutes the monophyly of the Archaeplastida and the Chromalveolata, adding to a growing body of evidence that limits the utility of these supergroups. In view of EEF2 phylogeny and other morphological evidence, we discuss the possibility of an alternative eukaryotic supergroup.
Red rural, blue rural? Presidential voting patterns in a changing rural America

Abstract This paper examines individual and aggregate data to document the growing political diversity in rural America. This political diversity is evident in the various economies within rural America. The new rural economy is reflected in recreational counties, where natural and built amenities combined with the provision of services to residents and visitors are the basis for the local economy. Residents of recreational counties tend to be more liberal than their rural peers on a variety of political issues, and supported Barack Obama at significantly higher levels in 2008 and 2012. In contrast, in regions dominated by the old rural economy of farming, political views are more conservative and there is far less support for Democrats in general and President Obama in particular. An analysis of survey data combined with multivariate spatial regression analysis demonstrates that these differences between the old and new rural economy persist even when a variety of demographic, economic, social and geographic variables are controlled.
Evaluating Differential Item Functioning of the CES-D Scale According to Caregiver Status and Cultural Context in Korean Women

BACKGROUND: Proper evaluation of the generalizability of an instrument is critical for its use across different social contexts such as caregiver status. OBJECTIVE:To examine the differential item functioning of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale, patterns of response to each item of the CES-D Scale attributable to caregiver status was assessed.STUDY DESIGN:Using a cross-study comparison method, a sample of 58 matched pairs of Korean American caregivers and noncaregivers was used for matched moderated regression analysis on the CES-D Scale. RESULTS:The authors identified three items that vary according to caregiver status in the present study: Item 2 (My appetite was poor), Item 4 (I felt that I was as good as other people), and Item 14 (I felt lonely).CONCLUSIONS:Beyond assessing the level of depression through total CES-D scores, it is important to examine variations in the items of the CES-D Scale across different social contexts.J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 2009; 15(4), 240-...
Synthesis and Conformational Transition of Surface-Tethered Polypeptide: Poly(l-lysine)

Poly(l-lysine) (PLL) was end-grafted onto silicon oxide surfaces to study its conformational transition among α-helix, β-sheet, and random coil at the solid−water interface. Surface-grafted PLL films were prepared from surface-grafted poly(Ne-carbobenzyloxy-l-lysine) (PCBL) thin films, which were fabricated by the surface-initiated vapor-deposition polymerization (SI-VDP) of N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) of Ne-carbobenzyloxy-l-lysine. The reaction parameters during the SI-VDP process, including NCA concentration, substrate temperature, and reaction time, were optimized in order to synthesize homogeneous PCBL films with well-controlled thickness. Under the optimal conditions (substrate temperature at 105 °C, NCA evaporating temperature at 100 °C, and 8 mg of NCA at 0.1 Pa), α-helical PCBL films with thickness ranging from 4 to 120 nm can be synthesized by controlling the reaction time from 5 to 120 min. The conversion from PCBL to PLL was accomplished by removing Ne-carbobenzyloxy groups in the hydrogen bromide...
Utility of MIB-1 in evaluating cauterized cervical cone biopsy margins

Interpretation of cervical cone biopsy margins removed by loop electrosurgical excision procedure is often problematic as a result of cautery artifacts. In this study, MIB-1 expression in cauterized tissues was almost identical to that in the adjacent noncauterized epithelium (correlation coefficients 0.97-0.98). Cauterized dysplastic/condylomatous epithelium showed significantly greater expression of MIB-1 than cauterized normal epithelium (p 15%, 30%, 5%, and 1% of cells in the basal, basal one-third, middle one-third, and surface one-third of epithelium, respectively.