cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Social Media in Emergency Ultrasound Fellowship Programs.

Objective Social media has been gaining traction among learners and educators for its ability to stimulate discussion, increase participation, and promote knowledge sharing. Despite the growing research around the benefits of social media in education, there is little evidence on how it is being incorporated into emergency ultrasound (EUS) fellowships. This study aims to determine the preference and use of social media by engaging with program directors across EUS programs in the United States to assess the current landscape of and attitudes toward social media use. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. An online questionnaire was electronically sent to all EUS fellowship directors across the country. The survey consisted of questions regarding current practice patterns, policies, and perceptions regarding the use of social media in EUS fellowship programs. Results Ninety-six ultrasound fellowship programs were identified for inclusion into this study. A total of 64 participants completed the survey, representing a 63% response rate. Thirty-eight percent (95% confidence interval [CI] = 26% – 50%) of responding fellowship programs have an official social media outlet and 25% have a separate ultrasound handle for their EM residency program. Fifty-eight percent (95% CI = 46% – 70%) of programs do not provide training to fellows and residents on the social media outlets used by their program. The top two social media outlets currently being used by programs are Twitter and YouTube to disseminate educational content and knowledge sharing. Twenty-eight percent (95% CI = 17% – 39%) of programs create or post new ultrasound content at least once per month. Regarding barriers in the use of social media in EUS fellowships, 57% (95% CI = 45% – 69%) of program directors sited lack of time as the primary reason for decreased usage and implementation. Eighty-four percent (95% CI = 75% – 93%) of responders felt that social media has the potential to impact patient care. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that there is perceived value in utilizing social media resources in EUS education; however, certain challenges need to be further evaluated.
Ultramylonite generation via phase mixing in high‐strain experiments

Dynamic recrystallization and phase mixing are considered to be important processes in ductile shear zone formation, as they collectively enable a permanent transition to the strain-weakening, grain-size sensitive deformation regime. While dynamic recrystallization is well understood, the underlying physical processes and timescales required for phase mixing remain enigmatic. Here, we present results from high-strain phase mixing experiments on calcite-anhydrite composites. A poorly mixed starting material was synthesized from fine-grained calcite and anhydrite powders. Samples were deformed in the Large Volume Torsion apparatus at 500°C and shear strain rates of 5 × 10−5 to 5 × 10−4 s−1, to finite shear strains of up to γ = 57. Microstructural evolution is quantified through analysis of backscattered electron images and electron backscatter diffraction data. During deformation, polycrystalline domains of the individual phases are geometrically stretched and thinned, causing an increase in the spatial density of interphase boundaries. At moderate shear strains (γ ≥ 6), domains are so severely thinned that they become “monolayers” of only one or two grain's width and form a thin compositional layering. Monolayer formation is accompanied by a critical increase in the degree of grain boundary pinning and, consequently, grain-size reduction below the theoretical limit established by the grain-size piezometer or deformation mechanism field boundary. Ultimately, monolayers neck and disaggregate at high strains (17 <γ <57) to complete the phase mixing process. This “geometric” phase mixing mechanism is consistent with observations of mylonites, where layer (i.e., foliation) formation is associated with strain localization, and layers are ultimately destroyed at the mylonite-ultramylonite transition.
P-16 Partnership to Improve Students' Postsecondary Mathematics Achievement.

Increasing students’ academic success in postsecondary endeavors is an important goal for both high school and college institutions today. However, the standards for high school graduation and coll...
Clinical outcomes following self-expanding metal stent placement for esophageal salvage.

Abstract Objectives To assess the efficacy of self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) for esophageal salvage in patients who would otherwise require esophageal/conduit resection. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients who had SEMS placed from January 2010 to December 2015. Patient demographics, esophageal stent characteristics, and outcomes were assessed in our patient cohort. Results Our study included a total of 83 patients. A total of 148 SEMS were placed, with 121 partially covered SEMS (pcSEMS) and 27 fully covered SEMS (cSEMS). A stent was placed more than once in 42.2% of the patients. Median duration of stent placement was 23 days. Indications for SEMS placement included esophageal leak after esophageal resection (45.8%), spontaneous esophageal perforation (22.9%), iatrogenic esophageal perforation (20.5%), and esophageal obstruction (9.6%). Complications from SEMS placement included 6 stent migrations and 1 esophageal perforation. Of the 6 stents that migrated, 2 were pcSEMS and 4 were cSEMS. In a patient who underwent stent placement for a stricture refractory to dilation, a perforation at the distal end was discovered 2 days after stent removal. The perforation healed after the second SEMS placement. Ultimately, 15 patients (18.1%) had to undergo a subsequent esophagectomy or takedown of their conduit with an overall 81.9% salvage of native esophagus or conduits. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the successful use of SEMS in patients with anastomotic leaks, perforations, and recalcitrant strictures.
Short lung transplant donor telomere length is associated with decreased CLAD-free survival.

Telomere length (TL) decreases with cellular ageing and biological stressors. As advanced donor and recipient ages are risk factors for chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), we hypothesised that decreased age-adjusted donor TL would predict earlier onset of CLAD. Shorter donor TL was associated with increased risk of CLAD or death (HR 1.26 per 1 kb TL decrease, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.54), particularly for young donors. Recipient TL was associated with cytopenias but not CLAD. Shorter TL was also seen in airway epithelium for subjects progressing to CLAD (p=0.02). Allograft TL may contribute to CLAD pathogenesis and facilitate risk stratification.
Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures in the Emergency Department: What the Orthopedic Surgeon Wants to Know

This article discusses the criteria for the Vancouver classification of periprosthetic fractures and reviews total hip arthroplasty images, the most common periprosthetic fracture patterns, and multiple case examples to emphasize how imaging findings affect management decisions made by orthopedic surgeons.
Prenatal phthalate exposures and child temperament at 12 and 24 months

Abstract Introduction Gestational phthalate exposures have been adversely associated with attention, externalizing, and internalizing behaviors in childhood. Early childhood temperament may be a marker of later behavioral patterns. We therefore sought to determine whether gestational phthalate exposures were associated with infant and toddler temperament. Methods The Mount Sinai Children’s Environmental Health Study is a prospective cohort study of children born between May 1998 and July 2001 in New York City (N = 404). Phthalate metabolites were measured in spot urine samples collected from pregnant women in their third trimester. Child temperament was assessed by parental report at 12-months using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) (N = 204) and at 24-months using the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire (TBAQ) (N = 279). We used multiple linear regression to evaluate associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and eleven temperament domains. Results Phthalate biomarker concentrations were weakly associated with lower gross motor activity levels as well as higher duration of orienting at the 12-month assessment. Mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) and the sum of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHP) were associated with lower levels of smiling and laughing at 12 months. At 24-months, social fear and lower pleasure was linked to higher concentrations of MCPP and MBzP, and higher ∑DEHP was weakly associated with increased anger levels at 24-months. Conclusions Though we observed some weak associations between biomarkers of prenatal exposure to phthalates and temperament at 12- and 24-months, overall phthalates biomarkers were not strongly associated with alterations in temperament.
Effect of clenbuterol on arterial oxygen tension in the anaesthetised horse

In horses in dorsal recumbency, spontaneously breathing oxygen, with halothane at a constant endtidal concentration, the arterial oxygen tension (P o 2) increased from 9·9 ± 0·3 sem kPa to 21·7 ± 4·0 kPa with 0·8 μg kg−1 clenbuterol and to 29·1 ± 3·8 kPa with 2·4 μg kg−1 clenbuterol. In horses initially in dorsal recumbency then turned to sternal recumbency the Pa o 2 rose to 54·0 ± 3·0 kPa, but this rise was unaffected by clenbuterol administration. The response in dorsal recumbency was consistent with clenbuterol counteracting the factor postulated to direct the pulmonary blood flow caudodorsally, but the response to clenbuterol in sternal recumbency was not. Although these results do not unequivocally characterise the postulated factor, the effect of the clenbuterol itself is of interest because of its potential as a treatment for the low Pa o 2 often observed in anaesthetised horses.
Performance Feedback and the Cognition of Entrepreneurial Firms

The research on performance feedback explains how organizations react to a discrepancy between aspiration and performance. It offers two distinct explanations for firm performance below aspiration....
19 Things We Learned from the 2016 Election

We can all agree that the presidential election result was a shocker. According to news reports, even the Trump campaign team was stunned to come up a winner. So now seems like a good time to go ov...
The Primary Care Dilemma

There is a great demand for primary care and outpatient services but a declining number of US medical trainees enter primary care each year. There is a mismatch between the need for care and service availability and society has hitherto exhibited a lackluster investment in the primary care infrastructure. Revitalizing primary care is crucial to value-based healthcare transformation.
Strain-Induced, Self Rolled-Up Semiconductor Microtube Resonators: A New Architecture for Photonic Device Applications

A semiconductor heterojunction is a junction between two chemically different semiconductors, such as GaAs and In x Ga1-x As, or silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge). Semiconductor heterostructure-based electronics and photonics have been widely used in high-power lasers, light-emitting diodes, heterojunction bipolar transistors, and high-efficiency solar cells. The versatile heterojunctions, especially in compound semiconductors, allow the control of fundamental semiconductor parameters such as electronic band structure, strain, and mobility.
Chapter 50 Understanding Political Corruption in Low Income Countries

Abstract Building on the large and growing empirical literature on the political behavior of individuals in low income countries, this Chapter seeks to understand corruption through the lens of political economy – particularly in terms of the political and economic differences between rich and poor countries. Our focus is on the political behavior of individuals exposed to democratic political institutions. We review the existing literature on the determinants of individual political behavior to ask whether we can understand the choice of political actors to be corrupt and, importantly, of other individuals to permit it, as a rational response to the social or the economic environment they inhabit. We also discuss the implications of this view of corruption for anti-corruption policies.
Adjective order in English: A semantic account with cross-linguistic applications

Which is more correct, the “big fat cat” or the “fat big cat?” Why is a particular order preferred? In English, established Phrase Structure rules place no limit on the number of adjectives before a noun. The adjectives, however, cannot occur in just any order, and native speakers of English have very particular intuitions about what order is more correct, even if they have never been explicitly taught ordering rules. In this study, I seek to describe the mechanics of an underlying adjective order in English and explore if the same principles operate cross-linguistically. After outlining some previous work across disciplines on the subject, I prove the existence of a preferred order using the results of searches from the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus. Additionally, I briefly discuss the prosodic differences between a given order and its alternative. Secondly, I develop a semantic theory that describes how pre-nominal adjectives are ordered based on their semantic properties, with adjectives that depict “intrinsic” properties closer to the noun, and adjectives that are “speaker relative” in a more distant position. In the theory, the use of multiple adjectives is described as being equivalent to a sequential series of restrictions placed on the set of properties for a given noun. This allows for a change in adjective order to affect the way in which we conceptualize of a noun, while also establishing an underlying order that is the most cognitively efficient. Lastly, I apply the theory to languages from different families, namely Italian, Sakha, Hebrew, and Welsh. My findings demonstrate that a uniquely semantic theory is successful in describing what native speakers perceive as the “proper” order of adjectives in a diverse group of languages.
A quantitative method for the radiological assessment of skeletal maturity using the distal femur

Aims Using 90% of final height as a benchmark, we sought to develop a quick, quantitative and reproducible method of estimating skeletal maturity based on topographical changes in the distal femora...
Abstract IA13: Systems approach to drug development

One of the key lessons of the last century of cancer therapy is that combination therapy is, in most cases, necessary, particularly in advanced disease and complex epithelial tumors, to increase tumor control. However, as we have matured in the era of precision oncology which includes small-molecule targeted therapeutics and immuno-oncology agents, while response to targeted therapies are relatively frequent, durable responses are rare and in contrast responses to immuno-oncology agents are less frequent but are commonly durable and can approximate cures. It is thus clear that rational combination therapy approaches not only within a single modality but across different therapy approaches such as targeted and immunotherapy will be necessary to fulfill the promise of precision medicine. Indeed, in terms of the emerging fields of target therapy and immuno-oncology, we are at the end of the beginning. A number of monotherapies have demonstrated remarkable activity. However, only a portion of patients with our best biomarkers respond and responses are in general short for monotherapy with targeted therapies. Responses to immuno-oncology monotherapy and even initial attempts at combination therapy are extremely exciting in that although only subpopulations of patients still benefit, responses can be remarkably durable, approximating cures. Given the intrinsic heterogeneity of tumors as well as the many mechanisms underlying resistance to targeted and immunotherapy, the limited benefit from monotherapy is to be expected. The short term of response to therapy for most patients is due to a major degree to the almost inevitable emergence of resistance. We have used PARP inhibitors as an effective emerging therapy to explore genomic and adaptive mechanisms of resistance. Importantly, the tumor as well as the tumor ecosystem adapts to the stress induced by targeted or immunotherapy agents. These adaptive responses, which can be observed in tissue culture, animal models, and patient samples, offer therapeutic opportunities that can be targeted to increase the fraction of patients who will benefit as well as the depth and duration of responses. Based on this paradigm, we have identified a series of unexpected mechanisms of resistance to PARP inhibitors and have developed rational combination therapies to interdict emerging resistance. Based on these preclinical studies, we have promoted a number of therapies to clinical trials and have demonstrated exciting preliminary responses. Citation Format: Gordon B. Mills. Systems approach to drug development. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Conference: Addressing Critical Questions in Ovarian Cancer Research and Treatment; Oct 1-4, 2017; Pittsburgh, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(15_Suppl):Abstract nr IA13.
Wearable Technologies for Human Performance and Health

The development and use of wearable technology has greatly increased in recent years to the extent that the use of wearable technology has garnered interested with the Department of Defense (DoD). In the DoD, wearable sensing technologies can be used for monitoring the health and performance of our warfighters, to assess operator readiness and be an enabler for human-machine teaming. However, there are some unique DoD challenges associated with the implementation of wearables in a military domain to include device robustness, data analytics and augmentation strategies. Consequently, the Air Force is addressing key technical challenges and the use of wearables to monitoring warfighter health and performance.
Korean Cultural Adaptation of WHODAS 2.0 (36-Item Version): Reliability and Linking to ICF

Purpose: This study was to conduct a Korean cultural adaptation of the WHO disability assessment schedule (WHODAS) 2.0: 36-item version. Methods: An internationally standardized process of translation and cultural adaptation of an instrument was used to develop a Korean version of WHODAS 2.0: 36-item version. Linking each item into the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) was also conducted in order to ensure the concepts in the translated instrument were compatible with ICF. All translated versions of the instrument, linking results and feedback from participants were used for the final adaptation of the Korean version of the instrument. The Korean version of the instrument was assessed twice on different occasions to examine inter- and intra-rater reliability, and the intra- class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Results: Twelve participants were involved in the translation and linking process. Ninety-five volunteers were invited to participate to examine the reliability of the instrument. Fifty participants completed the self-rated version of the instrument and 45 finished the interviewer version. The Korean WHODAS 2.0: 36-item version was found to have excellent reliability: self-rated version and interviewer version reliability coefficients were ICC=0.92 and ICC=0.94, respectively. Thirty-four items of the translated instrument were to be linked to ICF categories. Some adaptation was made; details and a familiar example were added to help respondents answer the questions. Conclusion: The study results show that the adaptation of the 36-item version of WHODAS 2.0 to Korean was successful and the instrument is ready for use in testing its psychometric properties.
Why Do We Disagree about our Obligations to the Poor

People disagree about whether individuals in rich countries like the United States have an obligation to aid the world’s poorest people. A tempting thought is that this disagreement comes down to a non-moral matter. I argue that we should be suspicious of this view. Drawing on psychological evidence, I show that we should be more pessimistic about our ability to attribute the disagreement to a difference in factual beliefs.
Antibacterial effectiveness of metallic nanoparticles deposited on water filter paper by magnetron sputtering

Abstract There is a high interest in nanomaterials that effectively deactivate different types of bacteria and provide alternatives to chemical substances and antibiotics. This research is reporting the antibacterial performance in contaminated water of flexible structures consisting of thin metallic films deposited on water filter paper. Coatings were performed at low temperatures using high vacuum direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering deposition. The effectiveness of different metallic nanoparticles in functionalizing the fibrous surfaces and deactivating bacteria from water was tested during the experiment. The surface morphology of coated filter paper was characterized using digital optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fibrous substrates provided large area of exposure for metals to bacteria. X-ray diffraction and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS) were used to identify the chemical composition of the structures. The antibacterial performance was evaluated against Escherichia coli (E-coli) and total coliforms using the standardized membrane filtering technique for water and wastewater examination. Silver and copper effectively deactivate coliforms from water with copper providing higher performance. The antibacterial effect of copper and silver coatings with different thicknesses as well as the nanolayered combination of the two metals was also investigated. It was observed that coatings remained adherent to substrates and the antibacterial performance was maintained over consecutive exposures.
Roll to Roll Manufacturing of Fast charging, Mechanically Robust 0D/2D nanolayered Si-graphene Anode with Well-Interfaced and Defect Engineered Structures

Abstract Silicon/graphene composite is a promising material for Li-ion battery anodes towards high energy/power densities and reliable performances. Tuning the nanostructure in silicon/graphene composite can lead to many desired properties, such as high capacity, high rate performance and good cycle stability. However, the silicon/graphene products of many existing approaches have many problems that are not fully resolved, including poor nanoscale uniformity, low mechanical strength, loose contacts and interfaces, low volumetric density and poor permeability of ions or electrolyte. These issues would cause the silicon/graphene anodes fail to deliver its best electrochemical performance. In this work, we report a layer-by-layer coated nanocomposite anode with well-integrated nanostructures, fabricated by a scalable laser shock assisted roll to roll deposition process. The nanocomposite anode consists of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets. The alternating SiNP and RGO nanolayers are compactly bonded with fine interfaces and wrapping effects after laser shock compression, resulting in higher mechanical strength of the overall electrode, without any binder addition. Moreover, highly dense nanoscale pores are found on the graphene sheets after laser shock compression and annealing, which help the infiltration of electrolyte and thus provides the extract channels for Li diffusion. The Si/RGO composite anode can deliver a high specific capacity of 1956 mAh/g at a high cyclic rate of 15 A/g and retain 71.3% of the initial capacity after 1000 cycles. This work provides a general methodology to fabricate layered 0D/2D nanostructures with well-interfaced and defect-engineered nanostructures for many applications in electro-optics, molecule sensing, and energy storage.
Effects of local ambient air temperatures on wind park performance: case of the Kaberten wind park

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of extreme high ambient air temperature on the performance of a wind farm operating in Algeria Saharan area. The analysis is carried out using in-s...
POINT/COUNTER-POINT-Beyond the headlines: the actual evidence that traumatic brain injury is a risk factor for later-in-life dementia.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a risk factor for developing dementia later in life has been a subject of debate and controversy. TBI has been found to be associated with an increased likelihood for developing dementia 10-30 years later in several retrospective studies using population records. However, understanding the link between TBI and dementia requires looking beyond calculated risk estimates and delving into the association TBI has with pathological changes seen in Alzheimer's disease and related conditions, as well as those seen in normal aging. Some individuals with TBI, notably those with more serious injuries, show evidence of AD-related pathological changes, such as tau aggregates, at a much earlier age than healthy older individuals without a history of TBI. This would suggest that some people may be more susceptible to the effects of TBI, accumulating additional pathological changes seen in Alzheimer disease and related conditions, which may synergistically and/or cumulatively interact with factors associated with aging. The strongest support to date suggests that TBI may confer an increased risk for earlier onset of neurodegenerative changes in some individuals, possibly as a function of an accumulation of additional pathological changes. While there appears to be a link between TBI and the development of dementia in group studies, the evidence to date does not suggest an association between TBI and progressive cognitive decline during normal aging nor a greater rate of decline in those with dementia. Thus, there remains much to be learned about the pathophysiology of this apparent relationship.
SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Are Expressed in the Microvasculature and Ducts of Human Pancreas but Are Not Enriched in β Cells

Summary Isolated reports of new-onset diabetes in individuals with COVID-19 have led to the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 is directly cytotoxic to pancreatic islet β cells. This would require binding and entry of SARS-CoV-2 into β cells via co-expression of its canonical cell entry factors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2); however, their expression in human pancreas has not been clearly defined. We analyzed six transcriptional datasets of primary human islet cells and found that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were not co-expressed in single β cells. In pancreatic sections, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein was not detected in β cells from donors with and without diabetes. Instead, ACE2 protein was expressed in islet and exocrine tissue microvasculature and in a subset of pancreatic ducts, whereas TMPRSS2 protein was restricted to ductal cells. These findings reduce the likelihood that SARS-CoV-2 directly infects β cells in vivo through ACE2 and TMPRSS2.
Field Methods to quantify emergency responder fatigue: Lessons learned from sUAS deployment at the 2018 Kilauea Volcano Eruption

There has been increasing use of small unmanned aerial systems in disaster and incident response. We evaluated sUAS pilot states during the tactical response to the 2018 Kilauea Volcano Lower East ...
Incorporating patient safety into early undergraduate medical education: teaching medical students to perform surgical time outs during anatomy.

Objectives To introduce surgical safety checklists and time outs to future physicians through early incorporation of time outs in the first year gross anatomy course. Setting The Wayne State University School of Medicine Anatomy Lab. Participants Approximately 300 first year medical students per year participated in the intervention. Interventions An educational presentation on medical errors focusing on surgical errors was developed. Students in 2017–2018 viewed the presentation and completed two time outs, one with the first anatomy dissection and a second with the last dissection. Preintervention and postintervention surveys were completed and results compared. Students completed a second postintervention survey after the second time out. Students in 2018–2019 were asked to complete the time outs before every dissection. Time out procedure sheets were collected to determine completion rates. The intervention was further modified for academic year 2019–2020 and time out sheets were again collected. Outcome measures Four domains of learning were surveyed: (1) major components and goals/limitations of universal protocol, (2) medical error lexicon, (3) components of a time out, and (4) confidence in completing time out checklists. Results Postintervention surveys demonstrated significant improvement in each domain. Students found time outs easy to complete and developed confidence in performing time outs. Following a successful pilot, time outs were incorporated into every dissection. Students continued to perform this procedure despite absence of adverse consequences for not doing so. Conclusion Students found the time outs easy to complete and developed the confidence and ability to perform a surgical time out early in their medical education. The new skills, knowledge and attitudes that these medical students have developed will hopefully improve the care they provide to patients, thereby advancing the practice of quality improvement and patient safety in the clinical setting.
Design of system interface modules

A design methodology and high-level synthesis techniques for integrating hardware modules into a system are presented. The interface between modules, which can obey arbitrary protocols, is generated from a high-level specification developed especially for describing intermodule communication. Central to the design methodology are libraries which contain system-level module generators and a strategy to capture the protocol and timing information necessary for interface synthesis. The main impact of this work is raising the interface design abstraction and reducing the effort required from a designer to produce a system using various IC technologies. >
The Use of Handheld Ultrasound Devices in Emergency Medicine.

Ultraportable handheld ultrasound (HHU) devices are being rapidly adopted by emergency medicine (EM) physicians. Though knowledge of the breadth of their utility and functionality is still limited compared to cart-based systems, these machines are becoming more common due to ease-of-use, extreme affordability, and improving technology. Images obtained with HHU are comparable to those obtained with traditional machines but create unique issues regarding billing and data management. HHU devices are increasingly used successfully to augment the education of practitioners-in-training, by emergency physicians in austere environments, and in the burgeoning fields of “tele-ultrasound” and augmented reality scanning. This review seeks to describe the current state of use of HHU devices in the emergency department (ED) including device overview, institutional concerns, unique areas of use, recent literature since their adoption into clinical EM, and their future potential.
Effects of cold work, stress and temperature on the dielectric behavior of copper

Abstract This work reports for the first time the effect of cold work (mechanical rolling) on the dielectric behavior of a conductive dielectric, namely copper (not poled). The positive end of the electret's voltage is where the rolling-induced plastic flow originates. Cold work (37%) increases the relative permittivity κ (2 kHz) from 2380 to 2660, and increases the fraction of carriers that participate in the electret through interaction with the atoms from 4.8 × 10−6 to 4.3 × 10−4, in addition to increasing the electret's DC electric field E, power density and energy density by 1730%, 30,500% and 135,000%, respectively. The cold work slows down the electret discharge/charge, but decreases the discharge/charge time per unit participating charge. Annealing after cold work greatly decreases E and the power density. The microstructure, which is obviously affected by cold work and annealing, greatly affects the behavior. During short-circuited discharge and subsequent open-circuited charge, E changes reversibly. The E increases linearly with increasing inter-electrode distance. The electret is also supported by the directional asymmetry in the polarization-induced apparent resistance upon polarity reversal. The effects of tensile stress (elastic regime) and temperature on the dielectric behavior are also reported. The cold work weakens the positive piezopermittivity (the fractional change in κ per unit strain decreasing from 4.0 × 103 to 9.7 × 102), negative piezoelectret (the piezoelectret coefficient changing from −1.64 × 10−9 pC/N to −2.82 × 10−10 pC/N) and negative piezoresisitivty (the gage factor changing from −342 to −167). This work also reports the pyropermittivity (change of κ with temperature) and pyroelectret (change of E with temperature), which are useful for temperature sensing and thermal energy harvesting. The dielectric/electret behavior is strengthened by mild heating. Upon heating from 20 °C to 70 °C, κ (2 kHz) increases reversibly from 2660 to 3200 and E (DC) increases reversibly by 800%, corresponding to pyroelectret coefficient 9.2 × 10−14 C/(m2. K).
Fault Lines of Refugee Exclusion: Statelessness, Gender, and COVID-19 in South Asia

Despite widespread recognition of the right to a nationality, statelessness and its attendant vulnerabilities continue to characterize the lives of millions in South Asia. During the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, when states turned inward to protect their own citizens, refugees and de facto stateless persons found themselves excluded from humanitarian services and health care and were denied the ability to claim rights. Stateless women faced the additional burden of gender-based violence, a hostile labor market, and the threat of trafficking. This paper analyzes gender and statelessness as vectors of exclusion in South Asia, where asylum seekers are neither recognized by law nor protected by social institutions. We argue that citizenship constitutes an unearned form of social capital that is claimed and experienced in distinctively gendered ways. The pandemic has shone a bright light on the perils of statelessness, particularly for women, who face exacerbated economic inequities, the forced commodification of their sexuality, and exclusion from mechanisms of justice.
The Myth of the Laboratories of Democracy

A classic constitutional parable teaches that our federal system of government allows the American states to function as “laboratories of democracy.” This tale has been passed down from generation to generation, often to justify constitutional protections for state autonomy from the federal government. But scholars have failed to explain how state governments man-age to overcome numerous impediments to experimentation, including re-source scarcity, free-rider problems, and misaligned incentives. This Article maintains that the laboratories account is missing a proper appreciation for the coordinated networks of third-party organizations (such as interest groups, activists, and funders) that often fuel policy innovation. These groups are the real laboratories of democracy today, as they perform the lion’s share of tasks necessary to enact new policies; they create incentives that motivate elected officials to support their preferred policies; and they mobilize the power of the federal government to change the land-scape against which state experimentation occurs. If our federal system of government seeks to encourage policy experimentation, this insight has several implications for legal doctrine. At a high level of generality, courts should endeavor to create ground rules for regulating competition between political networks, rather than continuing futile efforts to protect state autonomy. The Article concludes by sketching the outlines of this approach in several areas of legal doctrine, including federal preemption of state law, conditional spending, and the anticommandeering principle.
Emotion and mood disorders associated with epilepsy

Abstract Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Epilepsy can alter mood and emotions. Treatments for epilepsy can also alter mood and emotions. This chapter reviews the emotional changes that can occur before, during, and after a seizure, such as fear and anger, the interictal mood disorders associated with epilepsy, such as depression and anxiety, as well as alterations of emotional processing including comprehending and expressing emotional prosody and faces. The possible treatments of these emotional and mood disorders are also reviewed.
Formation and Repair of Adducts that Lead to Cross-Links in DNA Treated with Chloroethylating Agents

The chloroethylnitrosoureas (CENUs) represent a class of bifunctional alkylating agents that have proved clinically useful for cancer chemotherapy. The group includes carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), semustine (MeCCNU) and chlorozotocin (DCNU) (Figure 1). Most recently two novel, non-nitrosourea compounds, mitozolomide and clomesome (Figure 2), have been added tentatively to the CENU class based on the perception that their mechanism of antitumor activity, in common with the CENUs, depends on their chloroethylating function. None of these compounds require metabolic activation because they are unstable and decompose spontaneously in aqueous solution to yield bifunctional alkylating species which can react with nucleophilic sites on cellular macromolecules. It is generally accepted that the formation of cross-links between complimentary strands of duplex DNA represents the crucial mechanism for the cytotoxic, antitumor activity of these drugs.
Die Funktion der Gewerkschaften

Wir konnen die Funktion einer Organisation zu verstehen suchen, indem wir ihre Tatigkeiten und ihre erklarten Ziele prufen in der Annahme, das diese die tatsachlichen Aufgaben der Organisation sind.
Age and Memory: Perceptions of Forgetful Young and Older Adults

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relation between the age and memory performance. The chapter explains that memory has received a great deal of attention in the study of aging. Indeed, there is considerable evidence for the existence of age-related differences in memory. Moreover, older adults often complain about memory failures. However, memory failures can happen to anyone, regardless of age. That young and old targets are perceived as having equivalent capability can be related to a number of factors, including individuating information about the target, schemas perceivers may hold about compensating traits considered more typical of older than of young adults, and the context in which capability judgments are made. Moreover, targets that experience semantic failures are considered less capable than targets that experience episodic failures. With regard to the age of the perceivers, the findings suggest that older perceivers are more lenient when judging others who experience memory failures. Compared with young perceivers, older perceivers consider memory failures less serious in an absolute sense. In any case, the results of this study suggest that older perceivers may not be so lenient when judging an age peer whose forgetting has immediate negative consequences, particularly when that age peer has a lifestyle that differs from their own. Finally such affective responses can have implications for the self-image, and possibly the mental health, of the individuals who are forgetful.
Chapter 24. G-proteins as Receptor-Effector Couplers

Publisher Summary “G-proteins” is the term used to designate a distinct subset of the family of guanine nucleotide binding proteins. Like other members of the family, G-proteins bind guaninc nucleotides with high affinity and specificity, possess intrinsic GTPase activity, and undergo a functionally important change in conformation, depending upon that guanine nucleotide, GDP or GTP, are bound. Numerous G-proteins have been identified through classic protein purification and through complementary DNA (cDNA) cloning. The number of receptors and effectors known to be regulated by G-proteins has also increased substantially. This chapter discusses the features of structure and function shared by all G-proteins and details those features that distinguish individual G-proteins. It is already clear that quantitative and qualitative changes in the G-proteins may profoundly influence transmembrane signalling. G-proteins serve as receptor–effector couple. Receptors for many different types of “first messenger” are coupled to G-proteins. Examples include the photon receptor, rhodopsin, neurotransmitter receptors, such as the β-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors, classical hormone receptors, such as those for gonadotropins, glucagon, and parathyroid hormone, receptors for prostaglandins, and receptors for chemotactic factors, such as f-Met-Leu-Phe. Transduction quantitative and qualitative changes in G-proteins may be an important cause of alterations in target cell response to extracellular “first messengers.” Covalent modifications of G-proteins, such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation catalyzed by bacterial toxins provide a striking example. The possibility that endogenous cellular enzymes covalently modify G-proteins remains unproven, but deserves further investigation.
The Stable Door is Open: New York's Statutes to Protect Farm Land

Daniel Webster, in his Remarks on Agriculture, asserted that "When tillage begins, other arts follow. The farmers,. therefore, are the founders of human civilization." If Webster is right, civilization in New York State is floundering. Dutchess County recently witnessed the closing of the county's oldest dairy operation, Kay-Ray Farm. With Kay-Ray gone, Dutchess now has just over 50 farms left, down from over 100 in 1987 and from nearly 300 in 1972. What happened to this farm and this county is happening, to varying degrees, throughout the state. Legislatively, we have left the barn door ajar and the state's productive agricultural land is disappearing through it. Webster was right to associate farming with "other arts" and the flourishing of human civilization. We value agricultural land, and the unspoiled rural countryside, for a variety of subjective reasons that appeal to residents of rural areas and their urban visitors. Webster should have gone on, however, to define the economic importance of agricultural land.
Fine-needle aspiration of gray zone lesions of the breast: fibroadenoma versus ductal carcinoma.

While breast lesions have characteristic cytological features, some lesions, particularly adenocarcinoma and fibroadenoma, may present with overlapping features causing erroneous diagnoses. The current study aimed to define significant cytomorphologic features predictive of fibroadenoma and adenocarcinoma, respectively. Further, we intended to evaluate the predictive characteristics for differentiation between gray zone lesions and to identify root causes contributing to misdiagnoses. First, direct smears prepared from 14 histology-confirmed fibroadenomas and 14 adenocarcinomas were reviewed and characteristics of commonly encountered morphologic features were assessed. We then retrospectively and blindly reviewed nine cytohistologic discrepant cases using the significant characteristic as a guideline, in order to assess whether these discrepant cases could be correctly categorized. Morphologic characteristics predictive of fibroadenoma included moderate cellularity, large, folded cellular sheets/aggregates, staghorn projections, smooth and round borders, monolayers, honeycomb arrangement, smaller nuclear size, and background bipolar cells. Predictive characteristics of adenocarcinoma included high cellularity, loose cohesive sheets/aggregates, pointed projections, irregular borders, larger nuclear size, irregular nuclear membrane, prominent nucleoli, and single atypical epithelial cells. Retrospective, blind review correctly re-classified seven out of nine cytohistologic discrepant cases, including five false negative cases and two false positive cases. Root causes contributing to the misdiagnoses were large branching sheets of carcinoma mimicking folded sheets of fibroadenoma; fibroblasts mimicking myoepithelial cells; apocrine cells mimicking carcinoma cells; and not recognizing the loose myxoid matrix presenting as soap bubbles in fibroadenoma. In conclusion, this study identified significant characteristics that can assist in achieving accurate diagnosis in a subpopulation of breast aspirates that present with overlapping features. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:806–811. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Aharonov-Bohm effect—A second opinion

Publisher Summary In 1949, Ehrenberg and Siday proposed an experiment for detecting phase shifts in an interference pattern due to the presence of a magnetic field confined to a region that is not accessible to the electrons. Ten years later, Aharonov and Bohm made a detailed study of such a system, in which a coherent beam of electrons is directed around two sides of a solenoid. One sees clearly that the Aharonov–Bohm (AB) effect is a right–left shift in an interference pattern. There has been ample experimental evidence for the AB effect, from the early experiments to the elegant experiments of Tonomura and coworkers. Quantum theory predicts an AB effect, and the theory appears to be well understood by the experimental community that works in electron optics. AB effect is an effect of the vector potential. In the AB effect, there is no force on the electron.
Multi-task feature learning via efficient l 2, 1 -norm minimization

The problem of joint feature selection across a group of related tasks has applications in many areas including biomedical informatics and computer vision. We consider the l2, 1-norm regularized regression model for joint feature selection from multiple tasks, which can be derived in the probabilistic framework by assuming a suitable prior from the exponential family. One appealing feature of the l2, 1-norm regularization is that it encourages multiple predictors to share similar sparsity patterns. However, the resulting optimization problem is challenging to solve due to the non-smoothness of the l2, 1-norm regularization. In this paper, we propose to accelerate the computation by reformulating it as two equivalent smooth convex optimization problems which are then solved via the Nesterov's method---an optimal first-order black-box method for smooth convex optimization. A key building block in solving the reformulations is the Euclidean projection. We show that the Euclidean projection for the first reformulation can be analytically computed, while the Euclidean projection for the second one can be computed in linear time. Empirical evaluations on several data sets verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
Microcycle Sporogenesis of Bacillus cereus in a Chemically Defined Medium

A chemically defined medium which allowed germination, outgrowth, and subsequent resporulation of Bacillus cereus T spores, without intervening cell division (microcycle sporogenesis), is described. No medium replacement was required. The second-stage spores were heat-stable and had similar germination characteristics and dipicolinic acid content to primary spores. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication began soon after germination and there was a doubling in the DNA content of the cells within 2 hr.