cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tyrosine motifs are required for prestin basolateral membrane targeting

Prestin is targeted to the lateral wall of outer hair cells (OHCs) where its electromotility is critical for cochlear amplification. Using MDCK cells as a model system for polarized epithelial sorting, we demonstrate that prestin uses tyrosine residues, in a YXXΦ motif, to target the basolateral surface. Both Y520 and Y667 are important for basolateral targeting of prestin. Mutation of these residues to glutamine or alanine resulted in retention within the Golgi and delayed egress from the Golgi in Y667Q. Basolateral targeting is restored upon mutation to phenylalanine suggesting the importance of a phenol ring in the tyrosine side chain. We also demonstrate that prestin targeting to the basolateral surface is dependent on AP1B (μ1B), and that prestin uses transferrin containing early endosomes in its passage from the Golgi to the basolateral plasma membrane. The presence of AP1B (μ1B) in OHCs, and parallels between prestin targeting to the basolateral surface of OHCs and polarized epithelial cells suggest that outer hair cells resemble polarized epithelia rather than neurons in this important phenotypic measure.
The diagnostic challenges of separating chronic ulcerative stomatitis from oral lichen planus

Objective To attempt to establish criteria to differentiate between chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CUS) and oral lichen planus (OLP) with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining alone. Study Design Ten confirmed cases of CUS were reviewed from the Stomatology Clinic at the Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry. Results The original diagnosis on H&E evaluation was OLP, chronic mucositis, or mucositis with lichenoid features, but subsequent direct immunofluorescence (DIF) revealed a positive speckled intranuclear deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the basal and parabasal layers of the epithelium, confirming a diagnosis of CUS. Conclusions No consistent histopathologic features were present that would allow recognition of CUS from H&E analysis alone. DIF remains the gold standard for diagnosis.
World Bank Structural Adjustment, Water, and Sanitation: A Cross-National Analysis of Child Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa

The authors conduct a cross-national analysis that seeks to accomplish two important goals. First, they test dependency theory’s hypotheses that World Bank structural adjustment adversely affects child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Second, they empirically evaluate the effect of access to clean water and basic sanitation on child mortality. In doing so, they use two-way fixed effects regression models to analyze child mortality using data on 31 nations and four time points (1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005). They find substantial support for their first goal relating to dependency theory that when a Sub-Saharan African nation is under a World Bank structural adjustment loan, then it tends to have higher levels of child mortality. They also find support for their second goal concerning the importance of including environmental variables in cross-national research on health. Specifically, they find that higher levels of access to an improved water source and an improved sanitation facility are associated with ...
A multimaterial electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing system

Electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing has emerged as a high-resolution alternative to other forms of direct solution-based fabrication approaches, such as ink-jet printing. This paper discusses the design, integration and operation of a unique E-jet printing platform. The uniqueness lies in the ability to utilize multiple materials in the same overall print-head, thereby enabling increased degrees of heterogeneous integration of different functionalities on a single substrate. By utilizing multiple individual print-heads, with a carrousel indexing among them, increased material flexibility is achieved. The hardware design and system operation for a relatively inexpensive system are developed and presented. Crossover interconnects and multiple fluorescent tagged proteins, demonstrating printed electronics and biological sensing applications, respectively.
Annular erythema of Sjögren's syndrome in a white woman

Annular erythema of Sjogren's syndrome (AE-SS) is believed to be the Asian counterpart of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) in white persons. We report the second case of a white person with AE-SS, diagnosed by clinical and serologic findings, as well as the absence of histologic criteria for SCLE. The diagnosis of AE-SS was established by symptoms of xerophthalmia and xerostomia, as well as by examination of skin and salivary gland biopsy specimens. Evaluation showed the presence of anti-Ro(SS-A) and anti-La(SS-B) autoantibody, with the presence of anti-Ro(SS-A) antibody against the 60-kd, but not the 52-kd, epitope, a pattern frequently seen in both the Asians with AE-SS and in white patients with SCLE. Both skin and sicca symptoms were alleviated with combination antimalarial therapy, which included hydroxychloroquine and quinacrine. This case demonstrates that AE-SS can occur in white patients and that the autoantibody profile is similar to that described in Asians with this disease.
Words can hurt you; or, who said what to whom about regimes

Much of the confusion in the current literature on regimes is due to the fact that two very different metaphors about nature, science, and culture inform the discussion. The two metaphors—the organic and the mechanical—imply six different approaches to world order studies, and hence to the analysis and advocacy of regimes. Each of the six—eco-environmentalism, eco-reformism, egalitarianism, liberalism, mercantilism, and mainstream views—advances different arguments about the origin of regimes, the structural principles that explain their growth and decay, their functioning, and the values they serve. Yet each approach uses the same basic vocabulary: system, structure, process, costs-and-benefits, public goods, management, learning, organization, hegemony, and collaboration. Clarity about each argument, and a possible synthesis of views, can be achieved only if we understand the semantic and philosophical contexts in which the terminology is embedded. This article attempts the task of terminological and contextual explication in the setting of evolutionary epistemology and of contending theories of international relations. It opts for a synthesis of the analyses of regimes offered by mainstream views and by a normative view of world order represented by the eco-reformist approach. The discussion is illustrated with references to the Law of the Sea negotiations.
Detection of medullary thyroid cancer: a focus on serum calcitonin levels

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor derived from the C cells of the thyroid. C cells are responsible for the production of calcitonin, a sensitive and specific marker for MTC. Early detection of MTC is essential; overall survival from MTC is related to patient age, stage of disease and extent of surgical resection. Elevated preoperative serum calcitonin levels have been shown to predict the likelihood of biochemical remission postoperatively. The use of routine serum calcitonin measurements as a screening measure for MTC in patients with thyroid nodules has been advocated in Europe. To date, routine calcitonin measurement has not been widely practiced in the USA; a recent cost–effectiveness analysis suggests routine serum calcitonin measurements in patients with thyroid nodules may be comparable to other widely accepted screening programs.
Microwave measurements of simulated atmospheric particles

Holographic synthetic aperture radar (HSAR) images of a hexagonal polystyrene cylinder are presented. Two different measurement geometries have been examined: 1) frequency diversity with target azimuthal diversity and 2) frequency diversity with receiver azimuthal diversity. The first geometry is very similar to focused inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging. The second geometry is nonconventional in that only a single set of equivalent sources are illuminated on the target. Both vv and hh polarized results are shown. All measurements were performed at waterline.
Humic Acids as Electron Acceptors for Anaerobic Microbial Oxidation of Vinyl Chloride and Dichloroethene

Anaerobic oxidation of [1,2-14C]vinyl chloride and [1,2-14C]dichloroethene to 14CO2 under humic acid-reducing conditions was demonstrated. The results indicate that waterborne contaminants can be oxidized by using humic acid compounds as electron acceptors and suggest that natural aquatic systems have a much larger capacity for contaminant oxidation than previously thought.
Review: Multiscale Thermal Modeling in Nanoelectronics

Subcontinuum phonon conduction phenomena impede the cooling of field-effect transistors with gate lengths less than 100 nm, which degrades their performance and reliability. Thermal modeling of these nanodevices requires attention to a broad range of length scales and physical phenomena, ranging from continuum heat diffusion to atomic-scale interactions and phonon confinement. This review describes the state of the art in subcontinuum thermal modeling. Although the focus is on the silicon field-effect transistor, the models are general enough to apply to other semiconductor devices as well. Special attention is given to the recent advances in applying statistical and atomistic simulation methods to thermal transport.
A VARIABLE TEMPERATURE PREPARATIVE SCALE PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTOR. CIS-DIMETHYL BICYCLO[3.2.0]HEPTANE-1,5-DICARBOXYLATE

(1971). A VARIABLE TEMPERATURE PREPARATIVE SCALE PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTOR. CIS-DIMETHYL BICYCLO[3.2.0]HEPTANE-1,5-DICARBOXYLATE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 61-70.
Gas‐phase chemistry of dihydromyrcenol with ozone and OH radical: Rate constants and products

A bimolecular rate constant, kOH + dihydromyrcenol, of (38 ± 9) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was measured using the relative rate technique for the reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with 2,6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol (dihydromyrcenol,) at 297 ± 3 K and 1 atm total pressure. Additionally, an upper limit of the bimolecular rate constant, k, of approximately 2 × 10−18 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was determined by monitoring the decrease in ozone (O3) concentration in an excess of dihydromyrcenol. To more clearly define part of dihydromyrcenol's indoor environment degradation mechanism, the products of the dihydromyrcenol + OH and dihydromyrcenol + O3 reactions were also investigated. The positively identified dihydromyrcenol/OH and dihydromyrcenol/O3 reaction products were acetone, 2-methylpropanal (OCHCH(CH3)2), 2-methylbutanal (OCHCH(CH3)CH2CH3), ethanedial (glyoxal, HC(O)C(O)H), 2-oxopropanal (methylglyoxal, CH3C(O)C(O)H). The use of derivatizing agents O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) clearly indicated that several other reaction products were formed. The elucidation of these other reaction products was facilitated by mass spectrometry of the derivatized reaction products coupled with plausible dihydromyrcenol/OH and dihydromyrcenol/O3 reaction mechanisms based on previously published volatile organic compound/OH and volatile organic compound/O3 gas-phase reaction mechanisms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* Int J Chem Kinet 38: 451–463, 2006
Mucosal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.

Since the beginning of the AIDS pandemic, and following the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the etiological agent of the disease, it was clear that the virus gains access to the human host predominantly through the mucosal tissue after sexual exposure. As a consequence, the female genital tract (vaginal and cervical), as well as the rectal, penile, and oral mucosae have been extensively studied over the last thirty years towards a better understanding of - and to develop strategies to prevent - sexual HIV transmission. This review seeks to describe the biology of the events leading to HIV infection through the human mucosa and introduce some of the approaches attempted to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV.
Outcomes from the Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is increasingly recognized as an important clinical problem in children; however, the clinical, anatomic, and physiologic correlates of SDB have not been studied extensively in a general population sample using polysomnography to document the presence of SDB. The Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study is a longitudinal cohort study of 503 Caucasian and Hispanic children aged 6 to 12 years old who underwent polysomnography and neurocognitive testing at the time of recruitment. Subsets of the cohort had additional MR imaging and pulmonary physiologic testing. Initial cross-sectional analyses indicate that SDB is associated with behavioral abnormalities, hypertension, learning problems, and clinical symptoms such as snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness. Future follow-up of the cohort will assess the impact of SDB on subsequent childhood development.
Living Arrangements and the Role of Caregivers among the Elderly in Latin America

Using the SABE(1) data set, this paper describes the support that the elderly receive from family members, siblings, friends and the community where they live in four Latin American cities. It also reports the activities that the elderly do for their family members. In the four distinct cities included in the study, we find similar trends in terms of living arrangements, the role of caregivers and the type of activities that elderly people provide for their family members. Our findings indicate the elderly without any support tend to be in better health and socio-economic conditions than elderly persons with family or community support; this is likely because healthier individuals need less assistance. Surprisingly, most of the elderly without any help from family members do not receive support from the community either. Daughters inside the household are the most likely caregivers and receive most assistance from the elderly in return. The exchange of services and activities within the household reflects the higher gains that female caregivers receive from taking care of elderly relatives, or the lower wages and consequently their lower cost of providing care. Among the providers of money, sons and daughters share similar characteristics. A significant number of caregivers are in the productive years of their life. A discussion of the policy options to increase elderly health and to improve the role of caregivers is included.
Confucian friendship ( You 友) as spousal relationship: a feminist imagination

This paper intends to propose a hybrid conceptual paradigm incorporating both Confucian you 友 and Greek philia to replace the spousal relationship. So in response to the question of “What is a spouse for?” the answer is friendship. And in rethinking spousal relationship as a hybridized Confucian you 友 with a blend of Greek philia, the functionary and oppressive aspects of marriage are thus made incompatible with this friendship based marital union. At the same time, by incorporating marital relationship into friendship, the concept of friendship is made ever more perfect. Just as in a good marriage both spouses are lifted up by their marital union, the union between marriage and friendship uplifts both conceptually as well. Spouses, in short, should be best friends who lead one another to moral goodness through mutual cutting and polishing one’s critical moral sense with penetrating understanding and enduring faith, and the spousal relationship, in turn, is also the best friendship that is perpetual and complete in its form and content by building a truly shared life with all aspects of human capacities, eros and all. In short, a feminist marriage should be a marriage of moral friendship and passionate love. It is a new conceptual paradigm of marriage that is made in a Confucian image for feminists; it is also a practical feminist paradigm that we mortals can strive for and realize in our human all-too-human life.
Hurdles: An Activity for Homosexuality Education

An activity designed to elucidate the various and conflicting processes of coming out is described. Hurdles are used as an analogy for the obstacles individuals face in coming out. Activity participants are given an opportunity to role-play the decision to come out and to challenge their beliefs about the simplicity of this process. Both college students and participants in professional training seminars report increased understanding and empathy for the daily “hurdles” faced by gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. The activity may be of particular benefit for homosexual youth.
Three Reasons Why the Challenged Judge Should Not Rule on a Judicial Recusal Motion

My remarks as a panelist at the New York University symposium, "Courts, Campaigns, and Corruption: Judicial Recusal Five Years After Caperton," focused on the need for alternative or additional decision-makers to decide judicial disqualification motions due to the extensively documented phenomenon of unconscious bias, whereby individuals do not always recognize their own biases and prejudices. I previously have written about the significance of unconscious bias in the judicial recusal and other contexts. Taking this opportunity to elaborate on this topic, I would like to offer three reasons why a challenged judge should not rule on his or her own judicial recusal motion. These three reasons, which have the potential to overlap, include unconscious bias, the bias blind spot, and the impact of publicly stating a position. Due to the automatic nature of these mental processes, the challenged judge typically will not be aware of their effect on his or her decision-making process. Accordingly, the use of additional or substitute decision-makers can bring a more impartial perspective to the recusal motion, ensuring that the challenged judge does not deny the motion for reasons personal to, but unrecognized by, the judge.
The Jaws of Nereis: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

The jaws of the marine worm Nereis sp. are made of protein fibers and are reinforced by zinc. Here we study a transverse section through the jaw using optical microscopy and nanoindentation. Optical microscopy images demonstrate a complex microstructure which includes channels that extend throughout the jaw. We suggest that these channels may be related to jaw remodeling. The mechanical results reveal spatial variations in both indentation hardness and reduced modulus. Specifically, the toothed side of the jaw (used for grasping food) is harder than the remainder of the jaw and the very exterior surface is hardest.
Selecting Delivery Patterns for Grocery Chains

On a tactical level retailers face the problem of determining on which weekdays stores should be delivered, and of setting a frame for short-term vehicle routing. We therefore propose a binary program that considers the decision-relevant costs and capacities at the distribution center, in transportation and instore. To resolve the trade-off between the different cost components aligned to the delivery pattern decision, we propose a sequential solution approach. A numerical example illustrates first results.
Research on status of implementation of Harvard's Teaching for Understanding 1 (TfU1) online course and analysis of factors

Using some research methods such as survey,education narrative and interview,studying with 91 students and some related Chinese coaches of the training of "TfU1 which is focused on student understanding",which was implemented by TfU online course in Shanghai in the spring of 2008,the paper researches and analyzes the questionnaire data,and summarizes the status of implementation of Harvard's TfU1 online course in Shanghai at that time.Based on the work above,the paper arrives at the analysis of factors affecting effectiveness.
Sampling Method for Fast Training of Support Vector Data Description

Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) is a popular outlier detection technique which constructs a flexible description of the input data. SVDD computation time is high for large training datasets which limits its use in big-data process-monitoring applications. We propose a new iterative sampling-based method for SVDD training. The method incrementally learns the training data description at each iteration by computing SVDD on an independent random sample selected with replacement from the training data set. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method is extremely fast and provides a good data description .
A prospective study of dietary patterns and cancer mortality among Blacks and Whites in the REGARDS cohort

Marked racial differences exist in dietary patterns and obesity, as well as cancer mortality. This study aims to assess whether dietary patterns are associated with cancer mortality overall and by race. We identified 22,041 participants from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort. Dietary patterns were categorized into: Convenience (Chinese and Mexican foods, pasta, pizza), Plant-based (fruits, vegetables), Southern (added fats, fried foods, sugar-sweetened beverages), Sweets/Fats (sugary foods) and Alcohol/Salads (alcohol, green-leafy vegetables, salad dressing). Using Cox regression, we examined the association between quartiles of dietary patterns and cancer mortality, adjusted for potential confounders, overall among all participants and stratified by race. A total of 873 cancer deaths were observed over the 10-year observation period: 582 (66.7%) in Whites and 291 (33.3%) in Blacks. Greater adherence to the Southern dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of cancer mortality (4th vs. 1st quartile HR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.32-2.10) overall, especially among Whites (4th vs. 1st quartile HR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.22-2.08). The convenience (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56-0.94) and Plant-based (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.55-0.93) dietary patterns were associated with up to a 28% reduced risk of cancer mortality, but only among Whites. Greater adherence to the Southern dietary pattern increased the risk of cancer mortality, while greater adherence to the convenience and Plant-based diets reduced the risk of cancer mortality among Whites. Racial differences were observed in the association between dietary patterns and cancer mortality, but warrant further study.
Bullying Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth

Bullying of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth is prevalent in the United States, and represents LGBT stigma when tied to sexual orientation and/or gender identity or expression. LGBT youth commonly report verbal, relational, and physical bullying, and damage to property. Bullying undermines the well-being of LGBT youth, with implications for risky health behaviors, poor mental health, and poor physical health that may last into adulthood. Pediatricians can play a vital role in preventing and identifying bullying, providing counseling to youth and their parents, and advocating for programs and policies to address LGBT bullying.
“It Just Works Better”: Introducing the 2:1 Model of Co-Teaching in Teacher Preparation

Many issues influence reform in teacher preparation including national accountability efforts, professional teaching standards, and local or regional factors. This study examines a rurally-located teacher education program’s efforts to reform clinical preparation through co-teaching. Researchers argue that their adaption of the typical one-to-one (1:1) model of co-teaching to a two-to-one (2:1) model, where two teacher candidates work collaboratively with one cooperating teacher, greatly enhances the student teaching experience. This phenomenological research describes the first year of implementation. Despite cooperating teacher concerns about teacher candidates being prepared for their own classrooms, student teachers learned valuable lessons in collaboration and co-planning, built strong relationships with peers and cooperating teachers, and greatly impacted K-6 student learning. Implications suggest a 2:1 co-teaching model of student teaching allows for fewer placements, which ultimately allows selection of quality cooperating teachers who mentor teacher candidates in powerful ways.
Quantum information with highly-accessible continuous variable state of light: local oscillators and long-range quantum networks (Conference Presentation)

Continuous variables (CV) have become important across all facets of quantum information. From quantum sensing to quantum computing to quantum key distribution, the benefits of deterministic quantum state generation clearly make a compelling case to seek full CV-based quantum information solutions from top to bottom. Long range quantum networks have become of interest for their potential use in all three quantum information scenarios: second generation, distributed quantum sensors over quantum networks, multi-user QKD protocols across long range networks, and distributed quantum computing. However, a long range CV quantum network is impossible without overcoming two major roadblocks. First, to enable quantum state measurement or tomography at network nodes, coherent detection is required, which itself requires sending a powerful local oscillator across the network. Sending such a local oscillator across long distances presents a practical limitation: it cannot coexist on the same network infrastructure as with quantum signals. Second, very long range networks require robust quantum states and third-generation quantum repeaters, which themselves require a nonGaussian gate in the CV world. We will present our recent results on long range CV network generation made possible by feed forward phase recovery schemes for “locally” generated local oscillators. In addition, we will present our work on deterministic quantum network generation with highly accessible, cost effective, integrated sources of quantum entanglement. Finally, in order to enable all applications across true quantum networks, a non Gaussian quantum gate is required. We will outline our proposed cubic phase gate and our experimental progress towards achieving this goal.
Processing Attributes and Performance of Sweet Sorghum Biomass for Large-Scale Biorefineries: A 1-Year Comparison of Commercial Hybrids and a Cultivar

Processing attributes of sweet sorghum biomass are critical for the manufacture of biofuels and bioproducts. Two commercial sweet sorghum hybrids 105 and 106, late and early maturing, respectively, were compared to inbred, later-maturing Top 76-6 cultivar, for processing attributes at the soft dough (SD) and hard dough (HD) maturity stages. Crops were grown in South Louisiana, and juice extracted from topped whole-stalks was pilot plant clarified and vacuum evaporated to syrups. Hybrid 106 contained a marked amount of auxiliary seed-head/stalk (side-branch tillers), which reduced growth of the main stalk and detrimentally affected juice sugar content and turbidity, as well as clarification and evaporation performance. Except for 105 at the HD stage, turbidity removal across clarification was very acceptable (>92%) and directly related to the median size of the starch granules in the initial raw juice. Clarification was generally better at SD than HD stage. Considerable variation (P >> Top 76-6 > 105; insoluble and soluble starch were both removed in the clarification mud. Overall, the hybrids processed similarly to cultivar Top 76-6, and 105 had the additional advantages of having low starch and no auxiliary seed-head/stalk. Further studies are now warranted to ascertain environmental effects on processing.
Trigger factor chaperone acts as a mechanical foldase.

Proteins fold under mechanical forces in a number of biological processes, ranging from muscle contraction to co-translational folding. As force hinders the folding transition, chaperones must play a role in this scenario, although their influence on protein folding under force has not been directly monitored yet. Here, we introduce single-molecule magnetic tweezers to study the folding dynamics of protein L in presence of the prototypical molecular chaperone trigger factor over the range of physiological forces (4–10 pN). Our results show that trigger factor increases prominently the probability of folding against force and accelerates the refolding kinetics. Moreover, we find that trigger factor catalyzes the folding reaction in a force-dependent manner; as the force increases, higher concentrations of trigger factor are needed to rescue folding. We propose that chaperones such as trigger factor can work as foldases under force, a mechanism which could be of relevance for several physiological processes. Proteins fold under mechanical force during co-translational folding at the ribosome. Here, the authors use single molecule magnetic tweezers to study the influence of chaperones on protein folding and show that the ribosomal chaperone trigger factor acts as a mechanical foldase by promoting protein folding under force.
Pharmacotherapy in Developmental Disabilities

It is a pleasure to discuss a chapter that so admirably sets forth the major issues in behavioral assessment of pharmacotherapy with the developmentally disabled. Schroeder (Chapter 9) presents, in highly compact form, a number of insights that have been painstakingly achieved during the relatively brief history of pharmacotherapy of the developmentally disabled child. The chapter highlights the importance of bridging the gaps between the “two cultures” of behavior and neuropharmacology, at both the methodologie and conceptual levels. The interplay between the behaviorally oriented clinician, the basic neuropharmacologist and neurobiologist, the animal pharmacologist, and the child psychiatrist is evident in this chapter and undoubtedly reflects a point of view nurtured by the interaction of these disciplines in a clinical-academic setting. The paper provides a useful outline of both methodological and conceptual issues, some of which I will consider further.
Rotavirus Immunization for Hospitalized Infants: Are We There Yet?

* Abbreviation: RV5 — : pentavalent rotavirus vaccine The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and the American Academy of Pediatrics support rotavirus vaccination of preterm infants according to the same schedule and precautions as term infants with an important stipulation: the requirement that the vaccine should be administered at or after hospital discharge because of the concern for rotavirus vaccine shedding and the unknown impact of potential nosocomial spread.1,2 This requirement leads to unnecessarily missed vaccinations. Some hospitals have opted to immunize premature eligible infants before discharge because they perceive the risk of leaving an infant susceptible to rotavirus disease outweighs the risk of nosocomial spread. Monk et al3 have previously reported their experience immunizing infants in the NICU with pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5) and found that all immunized infants tolerated vaccination: 25% were asymptomatic, 51% were symptomatic but unchanged from baseline, and 24% had clinical status changes that were not attributed to RV5. They examined the clinical status of neighboring unimmunized infants and found that only 1% developed nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms or fever, not attributed to RV5, although shedding was not evaluated.3 In this issue of Pediatrics , Hofstetter et al … Address correspondence to Barbara Pahud, MD, MPH, Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Mercy Hospital Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108. E-mail: bapahud{at}cmh.edu
Navigating the Policy Directive of Child Autonomy in Universal Pre-Kindergarten Practice.

Drawing on case-study data, this inquiry explores the lived experiences of four universal pre-kindergarten teachers to address the question: How do practitioners narratively interpret a local schoo...
A Case Report of Hypertensive Emergency and Intracranial Hemorrhage Due to Intracavernosal Phenylephrine.

Background: Intracavernosal injection of phenylephrine is a commonly used therapy for ischemic priapism and is typically well tolerated with few severe adverse side effects. We report a case of int...
TRPV4 increases cardiomyocyte calcium cycling and contractility yet contributes to damage in the aged heart following hypoosmotic stress.

Aims Cardiomyocyte Ca2+ homeostasis is altered with aging via poorly-understood mechanisms. The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) ion channel is an osmotically-activated Ca2+ channel, and there is limited information on the role of TRPV4 in cardiomyocytes. Our data show that TRPV4 protein expression increases in cardiomyocytes of the aged heart. The objective of this study was to examine the role of TRPV4 in cardiomyocyte Ca2+ homeostasis following hypoosmotic stress and to assess the contribution of TRPV4 to cardiac contractility and tissue damage following ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R), a pathological condition associated with cardiomyocyte osmotic stress. Methods and results TRPV4 protein expression increased in cardiomyocytes of Aged (24-27 months) mice compared with Young (3-6 months) mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed TRPV4 localization to microtubules and the t-tubule network of cardiomyocytes of Aged mice, as well as in left ventricular myocardium of elderly patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis. Following hypoosmotic stress, cardiomyocytes of Aged, but not Young exhibited an increase in action-potential induced Ca2+ transients. This effect was mediated via increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content and facilitation of Ryanodine Receptor Ca2+ release and was prevented by TRPV4 antagonism (1 μmol/L HC067047). A similar hypoosmotic stress-induced facilitation of Ca2+ transients was observed in Young transgenic mice with inducible TRPV4 expression in cardiomyocytes. Following I/R, isolated hearts of Young mice with transgenic TRPV4 expression exhibited enhanced contractility vs. hearts of Young control mice. Similarly, hearts of Aged mice exhibited enhanced contractility vs. hearts of Aged TRPV4 knock-out (TRPV4-/-) mice. In Aged, pharmacological inhibition of TRPV4 (1 μmol/L, HC067047) prevented hypoosmotic stress-induced cardiomyocyte death and I/R-induced cardiac damage. Conclusions Our findings provide a new mechanism for hypoosmotic stress-induced cardiomyocyte Ca2+ entry and cell damage in the aged heart. These finding have potential implications in treatment of elderly populations at increased risk of myocardial infarction and I/R injury.
Inhibitory Amino Acid Synapses and Pathways in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus

The processing of auditory information requires neurons to fire at a rapid rate. Hair cells can, for example, respond to tones by oscillations of membrane potential at rates as high as many hundred times per second. This response rate firing conveys important information about intensity and frequency and so is maintained throughout the initial processing in the auditory brain stem. The first synapse through which response rate information must be accurately passed is between the inner hair cells and the auditory nerve. It is not surprising that evidence supports an excitatory amino acid transmitter and an ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptor at this synapse (Bledsoe et al.,’ 88; Altschuler et al.,’ 89), since this is one of the few known excitatory transmitter — receptor combinations capable of such speed. The next synapse in the ascending auditory pathway is obligatory, in the cochlear nucleus (CN). Firing rate information transfer is maintained at many auditory nerve — CN synapses, leading to the expectation that these synapses would also have an excitatory transmitter — receptor combination capable of considerable speed. Much evidence suggests that an excitatory amino acid is the auditory nerve transmitter (chapter in this volume by Juiz et al.; Wenthold,’ 91 and Caspary,’ 86) and that most CN projection neurons receive this input via an ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptor (see Wenthold et al. and Morest, chapters this volume), currently termed a glutamate receptor (GluR).
Selective Flotation of Dolomite From Francolite Using Two-Stage Conditioning

It was reported earlier that francolite and dolomite from south Florida deposits cannot be selectively floated using conventional conditioning with sodium oleate as the collector. However, dolomite could be separated from francolite if the minerals were first conditioned at pH 10 followed by reconditioning at a lower pH. An optimum separation was achieved after reconditioning at a pH below 4.5. Reconditioning pH and collector concentration were determined to exert a major influence on the selectivity. Flotation, adsorption, and transmission infrared spectroscopic results are presented to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed selectivity.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is a rare, aggressive malignancy. Unlike urothelial cell carcinoma, SCC is resistant to chemotherapy and guidelines recommend radical cystectomy (RC) without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). We aimed to evaluate the current management and survival of patients with invasive SCC treated with or without NAC. 671 patients with invasive SCC bladder cancer from 2004 to 2015 in the National Cancer Data Base were identified. Patients were stratified by treatment with RC alone or NAC prior to RC (NAC + RC). Survival analysis was performed with Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression. Secondary outcomes included length of stay and readmission. Of 671 patients, 92.8% were treated with RC alone and 7.2% with NAC + RC. Cox regression for mortality was performed including age, Charlson score, clinical stage, and NAC. Increased risk of mortality was noted with increasing age (OR 1.01, p = 0.023) and Charlson score of 1–3 (HR 1.58–1.68, p < 0.05). NAC did not confer survival advantage (HR 1.17, p = 0.46). On Kaplan–Meier analysis, the overall survival was equivalent (log-rank p = 0.804). Hospital stay and readmission were similar between RC and NAC + RC groups. Analysis of a national tumor registry suggests a lack of overall survival benefit for NAC with localized, muscle invasive SCC of the bladder. Further research directed at chemotherapy regimens for SCC is needed to optimize treatment and improve survival outcomes.
Deregulation of PP2A-Akt Interaction Contributes to Sucrose Non-Fermenting Related Kinase (SNRK) Deficiency Induced Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue (P21-071-19)

Objectives Sucrose Non-Fermenting Related Kinase (SNRK), a serine/threonine kinase, is a novel member of the AMPK/SNF1 family. We previously reported that adipose specific SNRK deficiency induced systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. In this study, we aimed to dissect the role of SNRK in white versus brown adipose tissue in insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis.
Three approaches to the classification of American English diphthongs

Various investigations of diphthongs suggest that they can be effectively classified in terms of (1) the pattern of fundamental frequency and formants at the onset and offset of the production, (2) the onset formant pattern and the F2 rate of transition or (3) the onset formant pattern and the direction of formant movement in an acoustic space. These three hypotheses were assessed in (a) a log F1 × log F2 space and (b) an “auditory–perceptual space” in which the dimensions are based on ratios between pairs of formants and between F1 and a reference value related to the vowel’s average formant frequency. Values for relevant parameters were obtained for a corpus of 768 tokens of six American English diphthongs produced in two contexts ([b_d], [h_d]) at two tempos (slow, fast) with differing stress (stressed, unstressed). The hypotheses were evaluated in respect to classification performance using a statistical pattern recognition procedure. All three hypotheses produced correct classification of the corpus exceeding 90%, although highest correct classification was obtained by specification of onset and offset formant patterns (an average of 96%). Slightly higher percent correct classifications were obtained for each hypothesis when parameters are specified in the auditory–perceptual space rather than in the log F1 × log F2 space.
Teaching Skill Acquisition to Individuals with Blindness: A Systematic Review of Response-Prompting Procedures

Abstract A search of the literature on prompting procedures to teach skill acquisition yielded 22 single-subject studies that included participants with little to no functional vision. Studies were published between 1984 and 2012 in 13 different journals. Quality indicators for single-subject research ( Horner et al., 2005 ) were applied to identify studies that met high quality standards. Findings from high-quality studies were aggregated to determine if prompting could be considered an evidence-based practice (EBP) for this population. Across the 12 studies meeting high quality standards, 8 different research groups taught 35 different behaviors to 27 participants. Behaviors included chained and discrete skills across domains of communication, motor skills, self-care, vocational/leisure, and community/living. System of least prompts was used most frequently with several procedural variations. Research supports the conclusion that prompting is an evidence-based practice to teach new skills to learners with blindness.
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE: BY WHOSE STANDARDS?

Distributive justice research within the realm of the Eastern world has been based primarily on the application of a Western cultural theoretical perspective to Eastern cultures. This paper questions the foundational assumptions upon which much of the past cross-cultural equity research has been based and offers a new perspective. This new perspective isolates the major factors that previous research has found to impact an equitable or equal reward decision, and then integrates and manipulates these variables to illustrate their individual and cumulative influence on a managers allocation. The independent variables utilized in this paradigm include: group membership, performance differentiation, and individualism/ collectivism. A cross-cultural framework is provided within which the rewards are allocated and testable propositions are offered. The paper concludes with the implications for both researchers and managers and directions for future inquiry.
Necrotizing Otitis Externa: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Changing Trends.

OBJECTIVE To assess for changes in trends of the disease process, management, and outcomes of necrotizing otitis externa (NOE) over the last decade. DATA SOURCES Articles in English, published between January 2011 and June 2019, were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Database. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria: 1) reported evidence of NOE, 2) details on patient demographic and underlying medical disorder, 3) details on treatments, 4) documented outcomes, and 5) greater than 10 cases. DATA EXTRACTION Study demographics, underlying conditions, infectious etiology, treatments, signs and symptoms, and outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS Ten studies, totalling 284 patients with a mean age of 67.8 years, were included. The time period of collected patient data ranged from 2000 to 2018. Temporal subgroup analysis was conducted before and after 2009. Cure rate was lower in the post-2009 group (76.0 versus 94.1%, p < 0.01) while disease-specific mortality remained stable. Increases in proportions of diabetes and culture negative results (p < 0.01) were also observed in this latter group. Rate of extensive surgery and the use of ciprofloxacin decreased (p < 0.01), while the use of ceftazidime increased in the post-2009 group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION A decrease in cure rate of NOE patients was observed in the setting of an increase in prevalence of diabetes. Various antipseudomonal agents are being used and an increase in culture negative results is seen.
Parallel Paths Through the Storm: Three Autoethnographic Sketches:

In this article, we share three autoethnographic sketches about childhood experiences with stormy weather. We are a student–professor authorial team. Jordan wrote the first autoethnographic sketch,...
Epidemiology of thoracic outlet syndrome

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) describes a complex disease process with three anatomic variations each with their own individual characteristics. Understanding the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of TOS is challenging for many providers. For this reason, the establishment of comprehensive care models and expert leadership by dedicated vascular surgeons with TOS experience has been invaluable.
Deaf adults at higher risk for severe illness: COVID-19 information preference and perceived health consequences.

Abstract Objectives This study explores deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) individuals’ preferred sources of information for COVID-19 and their perceptions of developing severe illness from COVID-19 given underlying medical conditions. Methods A national online bilingual American Sign Language/English survey was conducted from April 17 to May 1, 2020. Weighted sample of 474 DHH adults living in the United States. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine independent associations of sociodemographic variables and health indicators with perceived COVID-19 health consequences. Results About 44% of the medical condition sample used the Internet (English-based text) first for COVID-19 information, followed by TV (24%). Only 1% selected healthcare provider as the go-to source; the remainder got information from family or friends. Perceived health consequences increased with age (adjusted OR = 1.04; CI 95% = 1.02, 1.06). At-risk respondents who self-identified as persons of color were nearly three times more likely to believe that their health will be severely affected by COVID-19 compared to respondents who self-identified as white (adjusted OR = 2.94; CI 95% = 1.20, 7.18). Conclusions Perception of COVID-19 health consequences vary among DHH adults at higher risk for severe illness. Practice implications Information delivery methods must be flexible and comprehensive to meet the diverse community’s needs, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Parametric Study of Separation and Reattachment in Transonic Airfoil Flows

Shock and boundary-layer interactions in transonic airfoils are investigated by means of wall-modeled large-eddy simulation. A distinctive flow model, organized and chaotic, occurs in this regime d...
Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema

This review highlights indications and evidence on laser therapy in the management of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Particular focus is placed upon the benefits and limitations of conventional laser photocoagulation versus more modern laser photocoagulation techniques, as well as the role of laser photocoagulation in treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema with the frequent utilization of pharmacologic, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), therapy. Laser photocoagulation remains the gold-standard therapy for the effective, definitive treatment of PDR, and also is highly effective in the management of DME. However, numerous recent studies have demonstrated the clinical efficacy and improved functional and anatomic outcomes of combination therapy with pharmacologic treatment. Continuing innovations in laser technology and improved understanding of laser-retinal interactions and pathophysiology demonstrate that laser therapy will continue to play a critical role in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema for many years to come.