cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hairpin bend and interhelical interactions in α-helical poly(l-alanine) in water

Abstract Conformational energy calculations were carried out to compute the properties of two antiparallel right-handed α-helical sections (with an intervening hairpin bend) of poly ( l -alanine) in water. Such a structure is stabilized by hydrophobic bonding to the extent of −0.25 kcal/mole residue, by electrostatic interaction between the antiparallel backbones to the extent of −0.35 kcal/mole residue, and by other contributions. The hydrophobic contribution comes from the dehydration of side-chain methyl groups of adjacent helices and from nonbonded (van der Waals) interaction between these same methyl groups. The calculations were carried out with hairpin bends consisting of four, five, and six residues, respectively. For the structure with a six-residue bend, the free energy involved in the transition from a straight α-helical structure of 54 residues to one with the antiparallel helical arrangement (with 24 residues per helix) is −0.69 kcal/mole residue. Consequently, this transition is a favorable one, and may account for the great stability of α-helical poly ( l -alanine) in water, and for the formation of incipient globularity in some proteins (whose folding may be initiated around such an antiparallel array of α-helices).
Particle densities and non-equilibrium in a low-pressure argon plasma jet

Plasma diagnostic techniques have been employed to determine particle densities and temperatures in a low-pressure argon plasma jet generated by a cascade arc. These measurements allow characterization of the extent to which the plasma jet deviates from thermodynamic equilibrium and provide a basis for predicting how reactive gases will interact with the excited and ionized species in the plasma jet. It was found that the distribution of atomic states in the plasma jet is not adequately described by either local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) or partial local thermodynamic equilibrium (pLTE), and the jet was optically thick for 3p→4s transitions across the jet radius. Excited argon neutrals outnumber ions by a large ratio, and dominate subsequent dissociation/excitation phenomena. The rate of methane destruction in the plasma jet shows that estimates for particle densities, temperature, and jet velocity are self-consistent.
Calcium channel blockers in congestive heart failure: Theoretic considerations and clinical experience

Although it has been suggested that calcium channel blocking agents may be utilized as vasodilators in patients with congestive heart failure, these agents also have the potential to cause a deterioration in cardiac function because of their negative inotropic actions. There is considerable variation among the available agents with regard to their relative effects on the vasculature, myocardial inotropy, and myocardial chronotropy. Thus, at clinically relevant dosages, nifedipine is a potent systemic and coronary vasodilator, but it has little or no direct effect on inotropy and chronotropy. In contrast, verapamil exerts significant negative inotropic and chronotropic effects at vasodilatory dosages, whereas diltiazem is a potent vasodilator with a negative chronotropic action at dosages that do not affect inotropy. In patients with heart failure, the largest experience so far has been with nifedipine. Data derived from over 100 patients with moderate to severe congestive heart failure indicate a generally beneficial net hemodynamic response to nifedipine, with substantial improvements in cardiac index (+24 percent) and left ventricular filling pressure (-15 percent). The major effect seems to be on arteriolar resistance vessels, resulting in a reduction in afterload, with relatively little effect on venous pressures. Limited data suggest that the initial effect is sustained during long-term therapy. The clinical experience with verapamil and diltiazem in patients with heart failure is at present limited. In patients with normal or mildly impaired left ventricular function, verapamil's vasodilator and negative inotropic effects are counterbalanced. With severe left ventricular dysfunction, however, treatment with verapamil can result in abrupt decompensation and development of overt pulmonary edema and hypotension. Diltiazem's relative lack of negative inotropic effects may allow it to be used safely in patients with congestive heart failure, particularly when control of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia is required.
ZOSTERIFORM INFLAMMATORY METASTATIC CARCINOMA

A 57-year-old man presented with chest wall lesions and swelling of his left arm. The rapid onset of vesicular lesions in a dermatomal distribution resulted in an initial diagnosis of herpes zoster. Cutaneous biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma and further evaluation revealed a primary source of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Lymphatic spread of tumor cells is the most likely source of the zosteriform skin lesions, but other possibilities are discussed.
Effects of extracorporeal circulation upon blood lipids.

Abstract A lipid profile (total lipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and serum lipase) and evidence of fatty emboli were studied in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with median sternotomy or thoracotomy and with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Although hyperlipemia developed in all patients, there was no statistical difference between the thoracotomy and median sternotomy groups. A marked rise in all four lipid profile factors occurred when both cardiopulmonary bypass and median sternotomy were utilized. Examination of the sputum and urine for evidence of fat and funduscopy for evidence of fat embolization proved to be useless. The postoperative rise in lipid profile factors showed no statistically significant effect on the incidence of neurological or pulmonary complications. A Pall blood filter was used in a second group of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, but the incidence of neurological or pulmonary complications was similar.
The influence of self-construal and co-consumption others on consumer complaining behavior

Abstract Consumers show great individual variability in complaining behavior even after experiencing similar service failures. The present study examined the effect of self-construal and co-consumption others on consumer complaining behavior following a service failure. Based on an experimental study with a sample of 202 in a restaurant context, MANCOVA results revealed significant effects of self-construal on voice response and switching behavior. The results also showed a significant interaction effect of self-construal and the presence of co-consumption others on switching behavior. The findings shed light into the intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics at work when consumers react to service failures. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are also discussed.
Limit analysis slope stability with nonlinear yield condition

Kinematic approach of limit analysis is applied to stability of an infinite, homogeneous, free-of-surcharge slope of soil with a nonlinear Mohr–Coulomb yield condition. On operating with a linear yield condition that exceeds the actual nonlinear condition, upper bounds to stability factors are constructed. The solutions overestimate by less than 1% the stability factors given by Zhang and Chen1 for a nonlinear condition.
Do newer-generation bioabsorbable screws become incorporated into bone at two years after ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon graft?: A cohort study.

Background: Bioabsorbable interference screws are used frequently for graft fixation in ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) reconstruction. The resorption properties of many available screws that are marketed as bioabsorbable are not well defined. The CALAXO (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy) and MILAGRO (DePuy Synthes) bioabsorbable screws contain polymers of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) plus additives to encourage osseointegration over time. The purpose of this study was to evaluate radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties and compare patient-reported outcomes at a minimum of two years of follow-up after ACL reconstruction using CALAXO or MILAGRO bioabsorbable interference screws. Methods: A cohort of patients who underwent ACL reconstruction in which the fixation used was either CALAXO or MILAGRO screws returned for repeat radiographs for evaluation of tunnel widening, repeat MRI for evaluation of graft integrity and screw breakdown, and completion of the pain and symptom items of the KOOS (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) questionnaire. Results: At a mean of three years (range, 2.5 to 4.0 years) after surgery, thirty-one patients with sixty-two CALAXO screws and thirty-six patients with seventy-two MILAGRO screws returned for repeat evaluation. Two blinded, independent reviewers found no significant differences between the two screw types when comparing radiographs for tibial or femoral tunnel widening or MRIs for graft integrity, tibial and femoral foreign body reactions, or femoral screw degradation. Both reviewers found a significant difference between the two screw types when comparing tibial screw degradation properties (p < 0.01). All analyzed CALAXO screws were rated as partially intact or degraded; the MILAGRO screws were more likely to be rated as intact. No significant differences were noted between the two screw types when comparing the two KOOS subscales. Conclusions: CALAXO screws in the tibial tunnel were more likely to be rated as degraded or partially degraded compared with MILAGRO screws at a mean of three years after implantation for ACL reconstruction. Although these newer-generation bioabsorbable screws were designed to promote osseointegration, no tunnel narrowing was noted, and in the majority of cases the remains of the screws were present at approximately three years. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. Peer Review: This article was reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and one Deputy Editor, and it underwent blinded review by two or more outside experts. The Deputy Editor reviewed each revision of the article, and it underwent a final review by the Editor-in-Chief prior to publication. Final corrections and clarifications occurred during one or more exchanges between the author(s) and copyeditors.
Self-rated health and factors influencing responses among young Egyptian type 1 diabetes patients

Background Patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) face major daily challenges. Self-rated health (SRH) is a global measure of an individual's health related quality of life (HRQoL) and is based on the question, "In general, how would you rate your health?" Subjects rate their health as excellent, very good, good, poor or very poor. Our objective was to determine the HRQoL using the SRH measure and determine factors influencing responses. We hypothesized that better SRH responses were associated with shorter diabetes duration, better compliance and better glycemic control.
Anesthesia and analgesia for cancer-related amputation

Cancer-related amputations, although more and more infrequent, are responsible for a considerable amount of chronic pain that is often resistant to standard therapies and interventions. Cancer patients are particularly at risk of developing the common pain syndromes of phantom limb pain (PLP) and persistent stump pain, secondary to their underlying disease and side effects of the their treatment. A significant number of anesthetic and pharmacologic therapies have been trialed to eliminate these chronic pain conditions. Many techniques, including preemptive epidural analgesia and perineural blockade, have shown promise in eliminating the development of these conditions, but none has been definitively proven superior. Despite the interventions and multiple medications, this group of symptoms remains resistant and continues to drive the search for a panacea. This article reviews studies examining the effect of reducing PLP and persistent stump pain when specific regional anesthesia techniques, such as epidural anesthesia and perineural blocks, are used both preemptively and continued postoperatively. This article also reviews selected trials of pharmacologic therapies for the treatment of chronic postamputation pain in the cancer patient, such as opioids, select N-methyl d-aspartate antagonists, calcitonin, antidepressants, β-blockers, anticonvulsants, and botulinum toxin. Other therapies, such as mirror treatment, use for the alleviation of PLP, are covered as well. The selected key studies reviewed in this article reveal many promising techniques and pharmacologic modalities in the treatment of postamputation cancer pain, yet none has been reliably proven to completely block PLP or persistent stump pain once and for all. Though there have been no dramatic breakthroughs, it is evident that continued research, specifically for cancer patients, is more urgent than ever.
Selling Outer Space: Kennedy, the Media, and Funding for Project Apollo, 1961-1963

In the early 1960s, the Kennedy administration's public campaign to sell Project Apollo met with little opposition from Congress, the media, or the public. Only in the aftermath of space disasters like the Challenger explosion have Americans seriously questioned the primacy - or even the need - for human beings to explore outer space. This book examines the Kennedy administration's rhetoric to understand why Project Apollo received so little opposition. Although the Kennedy administration advanced a number of political, scientific, military, and economic arguments for a manned moon mission, its rhetoric ultimately "sold" the space project as a great frontier adventure story with deep roots in American history and culture. The administration enticed Congress, the media, and the public to think of Project Apollo not in "logical" terms, but as a reaffirmation of the romantic American frontier myth. By describing space as the New Frontier, the Kennedy administration shaped the way Americans interpreted and gave meaning to space exploration for years to come. The frontier narrative subsumed arguments about the technology and economics of the program, and it established a presumption in favor of massive commitments of the nation's resources to staffed space flight. The continuing influence of the frontier mythology is perhaps nowhere more evident than in the decision to develop the space shuttle program. Ultimately, the shuttle's attraction may have been the symbolic importance of the fact that the astronauts flew the craft as a plane, thereby reaffirming the rugged individualism and daring of the frontier myth.
Quantitative thallium-201 imaging: Limitations in detecting pathophysiologically significant obstructive coronary artery disease

Abstract Washout of thallium-201 after stress testing has been proposed as a method of detecting abnormal zonal myocardial perfusion without relating it to a reference “normal” area. Therefore, 18 patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease, undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, underwent maximum stress testing and thallium imaging. A myocardial perfusion defect was seen in the immediate postexercise images in all 19 zones (one patient studied twice) supplied by the vessel with the obstructive lesion. Delayed images showed improvement in 15 of the 19 segments. Of the four zones which did not improve, three had evidence of a prior nontransmural myocardial infarction. Quantitative analysis of washout curves showed that counts decreased in 17 of 19 zones after background subtraction and in all 19 zones if background was not subtracted. In the corresponding normal zones directionally similar decreases in counts were seen. Thus washout characteristics were similar for both diseased and normal zones. These data indicate that washout curves are limited in their ability to detect the presence of a physiologically significant lesion.
Identification of a new antizyme mRNA +1 frameshifting stimulatory pseudoknot in a subset of diverse invertebrates and its apparent absence in intermediate species

The expression of eukaryotic antizyme genes requires +1 translational frameshifting. The frameshift in decoding most vertebrate antizyme mRNAs is stimulated by an RNA pseudoknot 3' of the frameshift site. Although the frameshifting event itself is conserved in a wide variety of organisms from yeast to mammals, until recently no corresponding 3' RNA pseudoknot was known in invertebrate antizyme mRNAs. A pseudoknot, different in structure and origin from its vertebrate counterparts, is now shown to be encoded by the antizyme genes of distantly related invertebrates. Identification of the 3' frameshifting stimulator in intermediate species or other invertebrates remains unresolved.
International externalities, strategic interaction, and domestic politics

Abstract Domestic politics can sometimes play an influential role when externalities have strategic and international implications. If voters delegate the choice to policymakers and if individual countries independently determine their environmental policy using a consumption tax on the emissions generating good, the result could be an outcome that is inferior to the one preferred by the median voter in the absence of delegation. On the other hand, if the international externality is unilateral in nature, rather than reciprocal, we find that delegation is largely irrelevant, since voters’ choice of policymaker is no longer strategic in character. Similarly, if voters anticipate policymakers successfully coordinating their policies at a later stage, there also will be no difference between the policymakers’ and the median voters’ aggregate weighting of environmental emissions.
Gridded electron guns for high average power

The design and performance of electron guns producing high-average-power beams which are controlled by an intercepting-type grid are described. The design consists of a modification of the design of Pierce-type electron guns to allow for the effect of grid insertion, and calculation of the amplification factors based on the potential distribution. The performance is evaluated in terms of the beam shapes and average beam powers obtainable. Measured amplification factors are compared with calculated values. Factors influencing the measured beam shapes are discussed. Trajectories of electrons emitted as secondaries from the grid and those of electrons deflected by the lens effect of the grid wires were plotted using an analog computer and electrolytic tank. The shapes and focusing properties of electron beams from similar gridded and nongridded guns are compared. Expressions relating the average beam power capability to the gun and grid dimensions are developed. The calculated average beam power capabilities are compared with measured values. Average beam power as high as 8 kw has been obtained with electron guns of a size suitable for use in X-band twt's.
Desorption kinetics with precursor intermediates

Abstract Several models are developed for desorption rates which proceed through precursor intermediate states. These include associative and dissociative chemisorption with one and two types of precursor states. It is shown that the presence of a precursor can lead to a (1 − gq) −1 factor in the rate expression, while distinct precursors over full and empty sites can produce an increase in the apparent order of the desorption processes from first to second and from second to third. These models predict broadening of flash desorption peaks at high coverage and shifts of peak temperature with coverage, effects which have in past experiments been interpreted as anomalous pre-exponential factors, coverage dependent activation energies, or multiple binding states. Experimental desorption kinetics are interpreted in terms of precursor states for several chemisorption systems. It is shown that these desorption rate expressions should be expected whenever sticking coefficients are independent of coverage.
Finite-energy solutions of mixed 3d div-curl systems

This paper describes the existence and representation of certain finite energy (L 2 -)solutions of weighted div-curl systems on bounded 3D regions with C 2 -boundaries and mixed boundary data. Necessary compatibility conditions on the data for the existence of solutions are described. Subject to natural integrability assumptions on the data, it is then shown that there exist L 2 -solutions whenever these compatibility conditions hold. The existence results are proved by using a weighted orthogonal decomposition theorem for L 2 -vector fields in terms of scalar and vector potentials. This representation theorem generalizes the classical Hodge-Weyl decomposition. With this special choice of the potentials, the mixed div-curl problem decouples into separate problems for the scalar and vector potentials. Variational principles for the solutions of these problems are described. Existence theorems, and some estimates, for the solutions of these variational principles are obtained. The unique solution of the mixed system that is orthogonal to the null space of the problem is found and the space of all solutions is described. The second part of the paper treats issues concerning the non-uniqueness of solutions of this problem. Under additional assumptions, this space is shown to be finite dimensional and a lower bound on the dimension is described. Criteria that prescribe the harmonic component of the solution are investigated. Extra conditions that determine a well-posed problem for this system on a simply connected region are given. A number of conjectures regarding the results for bounded regions with handles are stated.
Temperature dependence of carotenoids on C18, C30 and C34 bonded stationary phases

Abstract The influence of temperature on the liquid chromatographic retention of carotenoids was assessed for C 18 , C 30 and C 34 stationary phases. Linear or mostly linear van't Hoff plots were observed for all solutes on the C 18 stationary phase, but solutes displayed a variety of retention behaviors in response to temperature on the C 30 and C 34 stationary phases. Bent carotenoids and non-planar PAHs exhibited unusual retention behavior on the long-chain phases, displaying increases in retention with increasing temperature in some regions of the temperature range studied. Chromatograms are shown that illustrate how these varying responses can be used to optimize carotenoid separations.
Terrorism in the Age of the Internet: The Case of Muslim Arab Foreign Terrorist Organizations

This study focuses on Muslim Arab extremism online. It specifically looks at the case of Muslim Arab organizations identified by the U.S. Department of State as Foreign Terrorist Organizations. The use of the Internet to communicate extremist rhetoric is not a new phenomenon nor is it one that is particular to Muslims or Arabs. This study simply focuses on this specific subgroup, partially due to the increased scholarly attention to the topic of terrorism and to the public's heightened interest in the Muslim and the Arab world since 9/11.
Aspects of the logic of history-of-science explanation

The topic of history-of-science explanation is first briefly introduced as a generally important one for the light it may shed on action theory, on the logic of discovery, and on philosophy's relations with historiography of science, intellectual history, and the sociology of knowledge. Then some problems and some conclusions are formulated by reference to some recent relevant literature: a critical analysis of Laudan's views on the role of normative evaluations in rational explanations occasions the result that one must make aconceptual distinction between evaluations and explanations of belief, and that there are at leastthree subclasses of the latter, rational, critical, and theoretical; I then discuss the problem of whether explanations of discoveries are self-evidencing and predictive by focusing on views of Hempel and Nickles, and I attempt a formalization of some aspects of the problem. Finally, a more systematic and concrete analysis is undertaken by using as an example the explanation of Galileo's rejection of space-proportionality, and it is argued that the historical explanation of scientific beliefs is a type of logical analysis.
Effect of ENSO and the MJO on western North Pacific tropical cyclones

Prior work has suggested that Rossby wave accumulation in the lower troposphere may be an important mechanism for the development of synoptic-scale disturbances in the western north Pacific in northern summer. This work examines the intraseasonal and interannual variability of wave accumulation by computing the barotropic wave activity flux divergence at 850 hPa for different phases of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) and El Nino/southern oscillation (ENSO). Indirectly, and without ruling out other influences, the results suggest a physical mechanism behind previously identified relationships between tropical cyclogenesis statistics and these two modes of variability (MJO and ENSO).
Physiological and Genetic Description of Dissimilatory Perchlorate Reduction by the Novel Marine Bacterium Arcobacter sp. Strain CAB

ABSTRACT A novel dissimilatory perchlorate-reducing bacterium (DPRB), Arcobacter sp. strain CAB, was isolated from a marina in Berkeley, CA. Phylogenetically, this halophile was most closely related to Arcobacter defluvii strain SW30-2 and Arcobacter ellisii. With acetate as the electron donor, strain CAB completely reduced perchlorate (ClO4−) or chlorate (ClO3−) [collectively designated (per)chlorate] to innocuous chloride (Cl−), likely using the perchlorate reductase (Pcr) and chlorite dismutase (Cld) enzymes. When grown with perchlorate, optimum growth was observed at 25 to 30°C, pH 7, and 3% NaCl. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) preparations were dominated by free-swimming straight rods with 1 to 2 polar flagella per cell. Strain CAB utilized a variety of organic acids, fructose, and hydrogen as electron donors coupled to (per)chlorate reduction. Further, under anoxic growth conditions strain CAB utilized the biogenic oxygen produced as a result of chlorite dismutation to oxidize catechol via the meta-cleavage pathway of aerobic catechol degradation and the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme. In addition to (per)chlorate, oxygen and nitrate were alternatively used as electron acceptors. The 3.48-Mb draft genome encoded a distinct perchlorate reduction island (PRI) containing several transposases. The genome lacks the pcrC gene, which was previously thought to be essential for (per)chlorate reduction, and appears to use an unrelated Arcobacter c-type cytochrome to perform the same function. IMPORTANCE The study of dissimilatory perchlorate-reducing bacteria (DPRB) has largely focused on freshwater, mesophilic, neutral-pH environments. This study identifies a novel marine DPRB in the genus Arcobacter that represents the first description of a DPRB associated with the Campylobacteraceae. Strain CAB is currently the only epsilonproteobacterial DPRB in pure culture. The genome of strain CAB lacks the pcrC gene found in all other DPRB tested, demonstrating a new variation on the (per)chlorate reduction pathway. The ability of strain CAB to oxidize catechol via the oxygenase-dependent meta-cleavage pathway in the absence of external oxygen by using the biogenic oxygen produced from the dismutation of chlorite provides a valuable model for understanding the anaerobic degradation of a broad diversity of xenobiotics which are recalcitrant to anaerobic metabolism but labile to oxygenase-dependent mechanisms.
Hyperfine interactions in the anisotropic layer compound FeOCl from57Fe Mössbauer studies

The anisotropic layer compound FeOCl has been synthesized by two different techniques to give, respectively, a large single crystal blade-like product (SC) and a polycrystalline powder product (PC), each of which was examined by temperature dependent57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy over the range 4.2≤T≤300 K. In particular, the onset of magnetic ordering on sample cooling (near 90 K) has been studied in detail, in the light of the 2-dimensional ordering of the paramagnetic ion spins in the crystallographica, c plane. The high temperature (∼300 K) and low temperature (∼4.2 K) Mossbauer parameters for the SC and PC material are identical within experimental error. The persistence in the spectra of the paramagnetic doublet due to h.s. Fe(III) below the magnetic ordering temperature in the PC material is shown to be consistent with the superparamagnetism of small particles in those samples.
THE LYSIS OF CELL WALLS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI BY STREPTOMYCES ALBUS ENZYME TREATED WITH DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LYTIC REACTION AND THE SOLUBLE CELL WALL FRAGMENTS

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) effectively inhibited proteolytic activity in preparations of partially purified Streptomyces albus enzyme used to lyse cell walls of Group A streptococci. Lysis of non-trypsinized Group A cell walls with DFP-treated S. albus enzyme released a soluble protein fraction containing antigenic type-specific M protein, a carbohydrate fraction consisting of Group A and a small amount of A-variant polysaccharides, and a dialyzable fraction. The similarities of the products of DFP-treated S. albus enzyme lysis of streptococcal cell walls to those released by phage muralytic enzyme furnish additional evidence of the close relationship of these wall lysins. In view of small differences in electrophoretic mobility, immunodiffusion, and chemical composition, it is suggested that Group A streptococcal cell wall polysaccharide dissolved by DFP- S. albus enzyme consists of a spectrum of molecules having the same immunological determinants but differing in content of conjugated mucopeptide.
CO2-Based Thermometry of Supercritical Water Oxidation

We have demonstrated the suitability of CO2 Raman spectra as a thermometric probe of the fluid mixtures encountered in supercritical water oxidation. Measured temperature accuracies of ±6% are presented. Measurements were made of the ν1, 2ν2 Fermi resonance features of CO2 in a supercritical water environment. Over the temperature range of interest to researchers of supercritical water oxidation, ∼400-650°C, hot bands appear in the Raman spectrum of CO2 with sufficient spectral intensity to serve as a convenient measure of the fluid temperature. We have analyzed these hot bands by taking the ratio of their integrated intensity with the integrated intensity of the fundamental. Over the temperature range of 390 to 540°C, the intensity ratio of the first pure hot band feature to the fundamental of ν1 shows a very nearly linear dependence on temperature. The experimental ratio measurements are well explained by standard Raman theory if the Fermi resonance is accounted for. As discussed, the CO2 spectral line shape is affected by the high pressure (P > 22.1 MPa) used in supercritical work, but these changes do not affect the extraction of a fluid temperature from the spectra.
Beyond an "Either-Or" Approach to Home- and Center-Based Child Care: Comparing Children and Families who Combine Care Types with Those Who Use Just One.

Most research focuses on preschoolers’ primary non-parental child care arrangement despite evidence that multiple arrangements are relatively common. Using the nationally-representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, we compare characteristics and outcomes of families whose 4-year olds attend both home- and center-based child care with those who attend either home- or center-based care exclusively or receive no non-parental care at all. We find that about one fifth of 4-year olds attend both home- and center-based child care. Mothers’ priorities for care (getting their child ready for school, matching their families’ cultural background) and perceptions of good local care options predict their combining home- and center-based care. Preschoolers score higher on reading and math assessments, on average, when they attend centers, alone or in combination with home-based child care, than when they are cared for only in homes, either by their parents or by others. Preschoolers’ average socioemotional outcomes generally do not differ between families who do and who do not combine care types. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Outcomes assessment for chronic otitis media: the Chronic Ear Survey.

Analysis of outcomes in chronic otitis media has in the past been limited to audiological measurement or physical examination. The Chronic Ear Survey (CES) is an instrument to measure the impact of chronic otitis media and its treatment. The survey provides information regarding total ear-specific health, as well as subscore information regarding activity restriction, symptoms, and medical resource usage attributable to chronic otitis media. Application of the CES to a prospective, nonrandomized series of 147 patients revealed that patients with chronic otitis media have significantly decreased CES scores compared with unaffected controls and that surgical intervention provides a significant improvement in ear-specific outcomes.
Solution of the forced nonlinear schrödinger (nls) equation using pde techniques

It is shown that there exists a unique global classical solution u ∈ C⊃1⊃(L⊃2⊃) ∩ C°(H⊃2⊃) of the forced NLS equation (1.1) below for uo ∈ H2 and Q ∈ C2, with uo(0)=Q(0)and K real
A Comparison of U.S. and European Project Manager Decision-Making Styles

ABSTRACTThis research effort was an exploratory assessment of the decision-making leadership styles of U.S. and European project managers. Data were obtained via the Jerrell/Slevin 20-question survey from 65 U.S. and 63 European project managers during 1993 and 1994. The data reflect a high degree of similarity between U.S. and European managers in both the overall Decision Authority score and the overall Group's Information Input To Decision score. Statistical differences of the variables within the Decision Authority component are evident in the U.S. project managers more-frequent tendency to let groups decide the vacation and work schedules. However, U.S. managers employ less participation in their attempts to obtain quicker results. Within the Group's Information Input To Decision component, statistical differences indicate that the Europeans feel it is easier to make decisions in groups, but the data suggest that U.S. managers are more inclined to use information from subordinates. Although experienc...
VALIDITY OF SOCIAL-COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTS: RESEARCH WITH ELEMENTARY STUDENTS

Within the last decade, researchers have focused on the narure, development, and correlates of social understanding among children. There is now a substantial body of research concerned with a number of social-cognitive abilities, as well ss evidence that these abilities may play an important role as mediators of interpersonal behavior and adjustment (4). There remain many unresolved issues, including the establishment of acceptable validity of social-cognitive constructs, for there has been relatively little research on this topic, particularly with students of elementary school age. As a result much of the theoretical work is speculative. The present experiment was undertaken to provide additional data on validity. Subjects were students in first (n = 20), third (n = 22), and fifth (n = 23) grades, who were tested individually by undergraduate psychology majors. Five measures were administered: (a) Interpersonal Problem Solving,= (b) Means-Ends Problem Solving (3), (c) Positive Justice (I), (d) Impersonal Problem Solving, and (e) the Vocabulary Test of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Higher correlations were expected among measures within the domain of social cognition (the first three measures) and between the two measures within the cognitive domain than berween measures across domains. An over-all correlational analysis was performed, and significant moderate interrelationships were found for all variables (.43 to .52). However, when grade was partialled out, relatively few significant relationships remained. Within-grades correlations among variables varied from grade to grade. Results did not confirm icitial expectations, since there were as many significant correlations across as within domains. This absence of evidence for convergent and discriminant validity is consistent with results of research undertaken with other populations (2) and provides further evidence of the importance of establishing acceptable validity of measures of social cognition to provide a more solid foundation for research.
Pulmonary Autograft Replacement of the Aortic Valve in the Potential Parent

Aortic valve replacement in the child and young adult is often delayed, and multiple operations or invasive procedures are performed to avoid valve replacements. Prosthetic valves, bioprosthetic valves, or allograft valves have been associated with significant complications or early failure and have been a disappointing solution for the patient requiring aortic valve replacement. The pulmonary autograft replacement (PAR) of the aortic valve in children has been shown to be safe and effective with a low incidence of late valve dysfunction. The absence of thromboembolism, the avoidance of anticoagulants, and its viability with the potential for growth and repair strongly support its use for the potential parent, patients of age 35 or less. The experience with 112 patients, 32 females and 80 males, ages 1.5 to 35 years (average 16.1) are reviewed. Twenty-four had aortic insufficiency, 34 had aortic stenosis, and 54 had both aortic stenosis and insufficiency. Actuarial survival was 95.4%± 2.0% at 7 years and freedom from reoperation or significant aortic insufficiency of the autograft valve was 92.7%± 3.7%. Freedom from all valve related complications of the autograft valve and the homograft replacement of the pulmonary valve was 90.0%± 4.0%. Re-operation for the autograft valve was related to limited experience in one, leaflet prolapse and adherence to a VSD patch in one, associated lupus erythematosus in one, and annular and sinotubular dilatation in one. Reoperation of the homograft valve in two patients was secondary to early homograft stenosis, probably due to rejection. Normalization of ventricular function by 1 year postoperative, enlargement of the autograft proportional to somatic growth, and a low risk of valve related complications suggest that the PAR replacement of the aortic valve is the Ideal valve replacement for the potential parent. (J Card Surg 1994;9[Suppl]: 198–203)
Does Ethical Leadership Matter in Government? Effects on Organizational Commitment, Absenteeism, and Willingness to Report Ethical Problems

Recent ethical scandals involving managers in government organizations have highlighted the need for more research on ethical leadership in public sector organizations. To assess the consequences of ethical leadership, 161 managers in a large state government agency and 415 of their direct reports were surveyed, and personnel records were obtained to measure absenteeism. Results indicate that after controlling for the effects of employee characteristics, perceptions of procedural fairness, and supportive leader behavior, ethical leadership reduced absenteeism and had a positive influence on organizational commitment and willingness to report ethical problems. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are presented.
Realism in Organizational Theory: A Reassessment*

Among organizational theorists, the old debate concerning the reality of social groups has been largely settled in favor of a realist position, which portrays organizations as natural entities that have many of the properties of living beings. I argue in this article that an alternative, interactionist view has been too lightly regarded as a general framework for organizational analysis. This view is defended on descriptive grounds, and its normative advantages are discussed.
Studies in the Allergy of Infection: I. Responses of the Skin to BCG Vaccination in Various Categories of Tuberculin Sensitivity

When a large, unselected and statistically valid number of modern city dwellers is tested by intracutaneous injection of tuberculin in the usual test dose of about of a milligram of Old Tuberculin Koch (0.1 cm. of a dilution of 1: 5,000 OTK), some will react and some will not. If such testing is done nowadays on large groups distinguished by ages, the results are likely to be approximately as follows: Between birth and 2 years (in infancy), almost all will fail to react. Between 2 and 10 years, many fewer will react than not. Between 10 and 20 years, reactors and non-reactors will be nearly equal in number. Between 20 and 40 years, there will be significantly more reactors than nonreactors. Between 40 years and extreme old age, the number of non-reactors will be greater in proportion to reactors than in the 20—40 year group. Without citing exact figures in the interest of brevity, these ratios, as a trend, are nevertheless submitted to reflect the true situation in New York City at least, and are graphically presented for emphasis in Chart I. The ratios correspond to the actual figures found by Pascher and Sulzberger (1) in a study of the age incidence of positive tuberculin reactions in the New York Skin and Cancer Unit Clinic. Reference may also be made to the bibliography of that article for other studies that substantiate the trend. Tuberculin testing can be refined by employing the serial dilution method as practised by dermatologists since its introduction by J. Jadassohn. When low concentrations of tuberculin are used, down to j, mg., it will be found that some of the positive reactors still react; and with greater concentrations, up to several milligrams, some of the seeming non-reactors to mg. will be found to begin to react at or 1 mg. But some others of the non-reactors, almost all infants and quite a few adults, will not react to any reasonable concentration or milligrammage of tuberculin. In other words, some persons are practically completely insensitive or anergic to tuberculin.
Structural lesion to ribonuclease A caused by reductive stress: Assessment by Raman spectroscopy

The damages induced by reductive radical stress on bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNAse A) were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. Gamma-irradiation was used to simulate the endogenous formation of reductive species, in particular • H atom that is a simple one-electron equivalent reducing agent. Specific damages occur at sensitive amino acid sites, selec- tively, rather than indiscriminately, leading to the structure modification of the protein. Sulfur-containing residues (Met and Cys) and aromatic residues are appreciably attacked. In particular, extensive changes in the disulfide bridge conformations are induced as well as conformational changes of the protein secondary structure; a gradual conversion of α-helical to pleated-sheet geometry was evidenced, indicating a higher ability of reducing radicals in denaturing the protein structure compared with that of oxidizing radical species.
The Role of Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis

Objective:To evaluate the literature about the role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS).Data Sources:MEDLINE (1966–April 2006) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–April 2006) searches were performed. In addition, pertinent references from identified articles were obtained. Key search terms included vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D deficiency, and multiple sclerosis.Data Synthesis:Vitamin D supplementation prevented the development and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalitis, an animal model of MS, in mice. A large, prospective, cohort study found that vitamin D supplementation was associated with a 40% reduction in the risk of developing MS. Four small, noncontrolled studies suggested that vitamin D supplementation may decrease exacerbation of MS symptoms.Conclusions:Vitamin D supplementation may help prevent the development of MS and may be a useful addition to therapy. However, current studies are in small populations and are confound...
Open multi-methods for c++

Multiple dispatch - the selection of a function to be invoked based on the dynamic type of two or more arguments - is a solution to several classical problems in object-oriented programming. Open multi-methods generalize multiple dispatch towards open-class extensions, which improve separation of concerns and provisions for retroactive design. We present the rationale, design, implementation, and performance of a language feature, called open multi-methods, for C++. Our open multi-methods support both repeated and virtual inheritance. Our call resolution rules generalize both virtual function dispatch and overload resolution semantics. After using all information from argument types, these rules can resolve further ambiguities by using covariant return types. Great care was taken to integrate open multi-methods with existing C++ language features and rules. We describe a model implementation and compare its performance and space requirements to existing open multi-method extensions and workaround techniques for C++. Compared to these techniques, our approach is simpler to use, catches more user mistakes, and resolves more ambiguities through link-time analysis, runs significantly faster, and requires less memory. In particular, the runtime cost of calling an open multi method is constant and less than the cost of a double dispatch (two virtual function calls). Finally, we provide a sketch of a design for open multi-methods in the presence of dynamic loading and linking of libraries.
A local instructional theory for the guided reinvention of the group and isomorphism concepts

Abstract In this paper I describe a local instructional theory for supporting the guided reinvention of the group and isomorphism concepts. This instructional theory takes the form of a sequence of key steps as students reinvent these fundamental group theoretic concepts beginning with an investigation of geometric symmetry. I describe these steps and frame them in terms of the theory of Realistic Mathematics Education. Each step of the local instructional theory is illustrated using samples of students’ written work or discussion excerpts.
Intermittent hypoxia augments carotid body and ventilatory response to hypoxia in neonatal rat pups.

Carotid bodies are functionally immature at birth and exhibit poor sensitivity to hypoxia. Previous studies have shown that continuous hypoxia at birth impairs hypoxic sensing at the carotid body. ...
Worker biting interactions and task performance in a swarm-founding eusocial wasp (Polybia occidentalis, Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Workers in many insect societies interact via body contact with their nest mates, and social biting and other forms of contact may play a general role in regulating task performance. Here I present evidence that social biting affects task performance without direct reproductive conflict in Polybia occidentalis, a swarm-founding eusocial wasp. Polybia occidentalis workers engaged in social biting with nest mates. Most workers that were active on the nest surface participated in biting interactions, but individuals differed significantly in their rates of biting and of being bitten. Rates of being bitten corresponded with nonreproductive task performance: more biting was directed at foragers than nonforagers, and foraging rates were correlated with rates of being bitten. Furthermore, some on-nest workers initiated foraging activity immediately after they were bitten. Together these patterns suggest that social biting influences foraging rates by increasing workers’ probabilities of leaving the nest. Variation in biting rates did not correspond with differences in reproductive physiology: highly active biters and recipients did not differ in body size or in ovary development. In P. occidentalis and in other eusocial insects with large worker forces, biting and other types of social contact among workers may regulate task performance independently of direct reproductive competition. Key words: body size, foraging, ovary development, polyethism, reproductive conflict, social organization. [Behav Ecol 12:353–359 (2001)]