cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of the Relationship between Speed and Mental Ability

Resume Cette enquěte est un essai experimental de determiner le role de la vitesse dans la capacite mentale. Dans les deux premieres etudes, on a fait subir a quatre et a cinq sujets respectivement quinze types differents de tests variant en complexite et en nombre de 300 reponses auditives simples a 90 problěmes complexes. Dans les deux etudes les sujets ont maintenu leurs resultats relatifs de vitesse avec une regularite marquee, c'est-a-dire, presque toutes les correlations ont ete au-dessus de, 70. Ces resultats ont ete confirmes par une troisieme etude ou on a fait subir a 34 sujets dix types differents de tests. Les correlations de capacite par rapport a la vitesse ont ete signifiantes, la moyenne etant approximativement de, 68. Dans chaque etude les differences individuelles des resultats par rapport a la capacite de vitesse ont ete signifiantes quand traitees d'une facon statistique. Dans ees etudes on a presente chaque partie separement a chaque sujet individuellement au moyen d'un cadre glissant...
Pediatric resuscitation pharmacology

The goal of resuscitation pharmacology is to restart the heart as quickly as possible while preserving vital organ function during chest compression. Unfortunately, the application of advanced life support to pediatric cardiac arrest patients is often unsuccessful. The goal of this paper is to review the scientific rationale and educational considerations used to derive the guidelines for medication use in the pediatric patient during CPR. The first step in drug delivery during CPR is to achieve vascular access. The endotracheal route and intraosseous route may be used, although the former is not reliable. To maximize endotracheal drug effect, a larger dose should be instilled into the airway as deeply as possible. Any vascular access, including intraosseous, is preferable to endotracheal drug administration. Although other α-adrenergic agents are theoretically superior, epinephrine remains the drug of choice in pediatric resuscitation. The previously recommended dose, however, may be inadequate; a dose 10 to 20 times larger (100–200 μg/kg) should be considered, particularly if the standard dose is ineffective. Lacking convincing data, the indications and dose for calcium are unchanged. Similarly, there are no data advocating a change in the indications or dose for lidocaine, bretylium, or atropine. The treatment of arrest-induced acidosis remains controversial. The mainstay of therapy consists of efforts to maximize oxygenation and tissue perfusion. Bicarbonate is not a first-line drug; its use should be considered when the patient fails to respond to advanced life support efforts, including the administration of high-dose epinephrine. Bicarbonate may be helpful in the postresuscitation setting, but its use should not supplant efforts to maximize tissue perfusion. Adenosine is an effective and generally safe medication for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in infants and children. Therefore, its indications, dose, and toxicities should be included in the new guidelines. Finally, a summary of research initiatives are included, including a call for the development of a multi-institutional pediatric clinical resuscitation research group. Large numbers of patients must be enrolled in a standardized manner to better evaluate the benefits and adverse effects of various therapies. This includes the use of high-dose epinephrine, calcium, bicarbonate, and other buffer agents such as Carbicarb® and THAM. Animal models simulating the etiology and pathophysiology of pediatric arrest also are needed. In both clinical and animal studies, neurologic outcome and long-term survival should be assessed rather than simply the rate of restoration of spontaneous circulation.
Estimates of Exposure Rates and Fallout Arrival Times Near the Nevada Test Site

One of the tasks of the Off-Site Radiation Exposure Review Project (ORERP) was to estimate doses to individuals resulting from exposure to fallout from nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Dose estimates are based on estimates of the exposure rate 12 h post-detonation (H + 12) and the time of fallout arrival from events producing discernible fallout at locations off the NTS. These estimates are derived from both published fallout patterns and survey meter readings taken by monitors in the field. Each fallout pattern is digitized, and kriging is used to interpolate estimates of exposure rate and arrival time onto a 10-km grid covering the contours of the pattern. These grid values are then used to calculate estimates at any location of interest within the pattern. Exposure rate is also estimated from the survey meter readings for a particular nuclear event by decay-correcting the measurements near a selected location to H + 12 and then aggregating them into one estimate. Estimates of discernible exposure rate and time of fallout arrival from 74 nuclear events at the NTS are contained in the Town Data Base. Estimates are given for 352 locations in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah. Each record in the data base contains estimates for a specified event and location. The distribution of exposure rate is represented by a geometric mean and standard deviation; the distribution of fallout arrival time is represented by an arithmetic mean and standard deviation. A more extensive description and a listing of the Town Data Base are included in a separate report.
Influence of salinity on atrazine toxicity to a Chesapeake Bay copepod (Eurytemora affinis) and fish (Cyprinodon variegatus)

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of a range of salinities (5%., 15%., and 25%.) on the acute toxicity of atrazine to nauplii of the copepodEurytemora affinis and larvae of the sheepshead minnow,Cyprinodon variegatus. Ninety-six-hour LC50 values for the copepod were 0.5 mg 1−1, 2.6 mg 1−1, and 13.2 mg 1−1 at salimities of 5%., 15%. and 25%. respectively. A comparison of LC50 values between adjacent salinities showed a statistical difference between 15%. and 25%. but not between 5%. and 15%.. Atrazine was more toxic toE. affinis at the lowest salinity. The 96-h LC50s for the sheepshead minnow were 16.2 mg 1−1, 2.3 mg 1−1, and 2.0 mg 1−1 at salinities of 5%., 15%., and 25%., respectively. There was a statistical difference between LC50 values at 5%. and 15%. but not between 15%. and 25%.. In contrast toE. affinis results, atrazine was more toxic toC. variegatus at the highest salinity. The toxicity data from these species suggest that development of estuarine water quality criteria is warranted.
Framing for Success: Nocebo Effects in Thoracic Surgery

Contemporary clinical ethics emphasizes informed consent for medical treatment, which in turn is based on the principles of respect for individual self-determination (respect for autonomy), doing what is best for the patient (beneficence), and minimizing harm (nonmaleficence). Information can be presented to patients in various ways during the informed consent process, each of which has different effects on their attitudes, judgments, and decision making. Surgeons minimize potential harms to their patients in many ways, such as maintaining their own knowledge base and technical skills and ensuring that the surgical team is caring and well-prepared. Surgeons can add another protective strategy: minimizing the nocebo effect. The inverse of placebo effects are called nocebo effects—psychologically-generated harmful or undesirable outcomes of medical encounters.[1] Such effects have been acknowledged in the medical literature for decades; however, in clinical practice, they have been largely unrecognized and insufficiently controlled. Both placebo and nocebo effects are known to be associated with surgical interventions as well as with medical therapies. Many factors influence the occurrence of psychologically-generated adverse outcomes, some of which can be controlled or managed by physicians. Understanding these factors can help surgeons minimize such outcomes. Perhaps the most important factor surgeons can control is the way they manage the informed consent process, particularly the way they frame the risks of the procedure.
Generically free choice

This paper discusses free-choice like effects in generics. Just as Jane may drink coffee or tea can be used to convey Jane may drink coffee and Jane may drink tea (she is “free to choose”), some generics with disjunctive predicates can be used to convey conjunctions of simpler generics: elephants live in Africa or Asia can be used to convey elephants live in Africa and elephants live in Asia. Investigating these logically slightly more complex generics and especially the free-choice like effects throws light on both the semantics of generics and the interaction between world knowledge and the interpretive options generics offer. This paper presents a package of semantic and pragmatic hypotheses to account for the data, including why the effect is absent in the superficially logically similar elephants live in Africa or give birth to live young.
Toughening vinyl ester networks with polypropylene meso-fibers: Interface modification and composite properties

Abstract Polymer–polymer composites comprised of vinyl ester matrices (VE) and polypropylene (PP) fiber meshes were fabricated and tested in this investigation. Results indicated that PP fibers greatly enhanced fracture toughness; however, strength of the VE was significantly reduced as voids were observed at the interface of the PP and VE. A two-step surface modification, oxygen plasma treatment followed by grafting vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), was conducted on PP fibers in an effort to improve interfacial strength. Interfacial discontinuities of composites were improved after surface modification of PP. The oxygen plasma treatment added hydrophilic functional groups but caused surface roughness. Surface treatment of PP slightly increased fracture toughness of the PP-VE composite by enhancing energy absorption capacity at the interface. However, mechanical strength and modulus did not significantly increase for the composite using VTMS grafted PP fibers due to the weak fiber material. Small PP fibers with higher strength may attain the expected improvement in mechanical properties after surface treatment.
Measurements of Electron Cloud Growth and Mitigation in Dipole, Quadrupole, and Wiggler Magnets

Abstract Retarding field analyzers (RFAs), which provide a localized measurement of the electron cloud, have been installed throughout the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), in different magnetic field environments. This paper describes the RFA designs developed for dipole, quadrupole, and wiggler field regions, and provides an overview of measurements made in each environment. The effectiveness of electron cloud mitigations, including coatings, grooves, and clearing electrodes, are assessed with the RFA measurements.
The mediating role of non-suicidal self-injury in the relationship between impulsivity and suicidal behavior among inpatients receiving treatment for substance use disorders

Several theories posit a direct role of impulsivity in suicidal behavior. The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior (IPTS) argues that the relationship between impulsivity and suicidal behavior is explained by the painful and/or provocative experiences (PPEs) often encountered by impulsive individuals. It thus seems plausible that nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), itself associated with impulsivity, might account for the relationship between impulsivity and suicidal behavior. We examined data from 93 adult inpatients (54.8% male) seeking treatment for substance use disorders. Patients completed a structured interview assessing prior suicidal behavior and a series of self-report questionnaires examining impulsivity, NSSI, and psychopathology. Four impulsivity dimensions (negative urgency, positive urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance) were associated with lifetime number of suicide attempts and/or suicide potential. Furthermore, results supported our hypotheses, as all but one relation was better accounted for by NSSI and, in the one exception, the direct effect was non-significant. Findings are consistent with the IPTS and suggest that suicidal behavior may not be a direct manifestation of impulsivity, but facilitated through exposure to PPEs capable of altering an individual׳s relationship to pain and fear of death.
Unusual molybdenum mediated C–N bond activation

The compounds [Mo(NPh)(η2-olefin){o-(Me3SiN) 2C6H4}] (olefin = propene 1a or isobutene 1b) react with excess pyridine affording the Mo(IV) bis-pyridine complex, [Mo(NPh)(Py)2{o-(Me3SiN)2C 6H4}] 2 which when heated to 90 °C in toluene undergoes a C–N bond cleavage reaction and is converted to 3, a bimetallic molybdenum species; the crystal structures of both 2 and 3 are reported.
A Comparison of the GroE Chaperonin Requirements for Sequentially and Structurally Homologous Malate Dehydrogenases THE IMPORTANCE OF FOLDING KINETICS AND SOLUTION ENVIRONMENT

Abstract Escherichia coli malate dehydrogenase (EcMDH) and its eukaryotic counterpart, porcine mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (PmMDH), are highly homologous proteins with significant sequence identity (60%) and virtually identical native structural folds. Despite this homology, EcMDH folds rapidly and efficiently in vitro and does not seem to interact with GroE chaperonins at physiological temperatures (37 °C), whereas PmMDH folds much slower than EcMDH and requires these chaperonins to fold to the native state at 37 °C. Double jump experiments indicate that the slow folding behavior of PmMDH is not limited by proline isomerization. Although the folding enhancer glycerol (<5 m) does not alter the renaturation kinetics of EcMDH, it dramatically accelerates the spontaneous renaturation of PmMDH at all temperatures tested. Kinetic analysis of PmMDH renaturation with increasing glycerol concentrations suggests that this osmolyte increases the on-pathway kinetics of the monomer folding to assembly-competent forms. Other osmolytes such as trimethylamine N-oxide, sucrose, and betaine also reactivate PmMDH at nonpermissive temperatures (37 °C). Glycerol jump experiments with preformed GroEL·PmMDH complexes indicate that the shift between stringent (requires ATP and GroES) and relaxed (only requires ATP) complex conformations is rapid (<3–5 s). The similarity in irreversible misfolding kinetics of PmMDH measured with glycerol or the activated chaperonin complex (GroEL·GroES·ATP) suggests that these folding aids may influence the same step in the PmMDH folding reaction. Moreover, the interactions between glycerol-induced PmMDH folding intermediates and GroEL·GroES·ATP are diminished. Our results support the notion that the protein folding kinetics of sequentially and structurally homologous proteins, rather than the structural fold, dictates the GroE chaperonin requirement.
The diagnosis and treatment of nail disorders: systemic antifungal therapy

Systemic antifungals have been used in the treatment of fungal infections since the introduction of griseofulvin in 1958. Since then, new antifungal medications have been introduced, broadening the spectrum of therapies available. Onychomycosis is one of the most common complaints presented to the dermatologist. Fungal infection of the nails, though usually not an urgent medical condition, can be extremely distressing to the patient. Since current topical antifungal medications have little or no efficacy in the treatment of fungal infections of the nail, it is incumbent upon the dermatologist to be familiar with the use of systemic antifungals in the treatment of onychomycosis. In this article, the treatment of fungal infections of the nail with systemic antifungals is discussed. A brief review of the most common types of nail fungal infection is presented and the use of systemic antifungals relevant to dermatology is addressed.
Low‐grade heat‐driven Rankine cycle, a feasibility study

Conversion of low-grade heat to high-quality energy such as electricity using the Rankine cycle poses serious challenges. When such conversion is possible, it is invariably expensive or unacceptable due to environmental concerns associated with the working medium. The low-grade heat can either be from exhaust systems or from solar radiation. Thus, the topic addresses a very useful subject, combining energy efficiency and renewable energy. Although high-grade heat recovery and energy conversion is a mature technology widely covered by the literature, low-grade energy conversion, especially using thermodynamic cycles, has not been sufficiently addressed to date. This paper addresses the feasibility of a low-grade heat-driven Rankine cycle to produce power using a scroll expander, a low toxicity, low flammability, and ozone-neutral working fluid. A cost benefit analysis of the recommended system shows that it is a viable option for solar power generation, at about one-third the cost of a comparable photovoltaic system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stage-specific antigens on the surface membrane of sporozoites of malaria parasites

EFFECTIVE immunisation against malaria has been achieved in hosts ranging from birds to man by repeated inoculation of irradiated sporozoites derived from the mosquito vector1–4. In all host–parasite systems so far investigated both the protection against challenge1–3 and the concomitant antibody response2,5,6 are strictly stage-specific, that is, directed exclusively against the sporozoites. The question of whether antisporozoite immunity might also develop in natural conditions in individuals in endemic malaria areas has not been investigated, except for a preliminary study which gave negative results7. Monitoring for antisporozoite antibodies requires a serological test which must differentiate between antibodies directed at sporozoite versus blood stage-specific antigens and must also be highly sensitive (capable of detecting the low level of immunity which might occur in response to the small numbers of sporozoites introduced into the host by the mosquito bite). We report here the development of such a serological test in rodent and simian malaria systems, and the initial results of its application to the sera of a few individuals exposed to Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
Pre- and postnatal development of the catecholamine innervation of the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat: an immunocytochemical study

The pre- and postnatal development of the catecholamine (CA) innervation to the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) in the rat was investigated immunocytochemically with antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Immunoreactive profiles positive for TH were first identified in nXII on gestational day (GD) 16. By GD 18, the adult-like distribution pattern was evident, characterized by the preferential targeting of the ventromedial region of nXII, but this pattern was not consistently found in all fetuses until GD 19. From GD 19 to postnatal day (PD) 180, the overall density of TH immunoreactivity, particularly in the ventromedial region, increased with further growth and maturation of nXII. These results establish the early prenatal CA innervation of nXII and support the hypothesis that CA are important in regulating motor tongue behavior in the newborn. Moreover, because the ventral compartment of nXII contains motoneurons that innervate protrusor muscles of the tongue, and tongue protrusor mechanisms play an essential role in suckling, deglutition, and respiratory (maintaining a patent upper airway) behaviors, it is further proposed that the CA innervation of nXII is critical to the survival of the newborn.
Effects of partial dopamine loss in the medial prefrontal cortex on local baseline and stress-evoked extracellular dopamine concentrations.

Abstract A reduction in the activity of mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons has been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Indeed, a recent study indicates that the density of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons is decreased in the deep layers of the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic subjects [Akil et al. , (1999) Am. J. Psychiatry , in press]. To determine the impact of partial loss of prefrontal dopamine axons on the activity of the remaining dopamine axons, we examined the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex on local extracellular dopamine concentrations in the rat. In rats sustaining an average 63% loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons and no loss of dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons in the medial prefrontal cortex (smaller lesion), the baseline extracellular dopamine concentration was reduced by 63±9%. Thirty minutes of tail pressure increased extracellular dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex by a maximum of 1.28±0.28 pg in control rats, but only 0.74±0.18 pg in rats with smaller lesions. In rats sustaining an average 80% loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons and 25% loss of dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons (larger lesion), the baseline extracellular dopamine concentration in the medial prefrontal cortex did not differ from control values. In addition, the maximum stress-evoked increase in dopamine concentration was also similar to that observed in control rats (+1.04±0.28 pg). The stress-induced increase in extracellular dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats sustaining smaller and larger lesions may occur in the absence of a corresponding increase in dopamine synthesis in mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons. This proposal is supported by our observation that stress did not alter tissue or extracellular 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in the medial prefrontal cortex of lesioned rats. These data suggest that moderate loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to reduce extracellular dopamine concentrations in this brain region. In addition, a further reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons in the medial prefrontal cortex, combined with the loss of dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons, results in normal extracellular dopamine concentrations in this area. We propose that the latter effect is due to increased neurochemical activity of remaining mesoprefrontal dopamine axons and/or decreased clearance of extracellular dopamine due to loss of both dopamine and norepinephrine transporters.
Oceanographic results of project Skijump I and Skijump II in the Polar Sea, 1951–1952

Oceanographic observations made from ice floes by United States naval aircraft in 1951 and 1952 indicate that the circulation of the Polar Sea is more complicated than the cyclonic system suggested by Nansen. The chief feature observed is a large anticyclonic eddy north of Alaska. Some evidence is produced of the existence of a submarine ridge running across the center of the North Polar Basin.
PREDICTING WOODY‐PLANT SPECIES RICHNESS IN TROPICAL DRY FORESTS: A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTH FLORIDA, USA

Tropical dry forests are one of the world's most endangered forest types. Currently there are no comparative data on extent or levels of species richness for remaining forest fragments. This research identifies landscape metrics and spectral indices that can be applied at the stand and patch level to predict woody-plant species richness in tropical dry forests. This study was undertaken in 18 stands of tropical dry forest with nine sites in the Florida Keys and nine sites within an urban–agricultural matrix in mainland Florida, USA. Woody-plant species richness was quantified at the stand level (belt transects totaling 500 m2) and patch level (presence/absence data for 65 native tropical plants ≤2.5 cm dbh) for all study sites. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) satellite images (pixel resolution 30 × 30 m) were used to assess the utility of landscape metrics (forest patch area, nearest neighbor distance, shape index, boundary complexity) and spectral indices (normalized-difference vegetation index [NDVI] for nine pixels and 500 pixels directly over transects, and all pixels in the forest patch area) for predicting stand- and patch-level species richness. The 18 stands of tropical dry forest sampled in this study included 4248 woody plants, representing 71 species. Islands in the Florida Keys had higher levels of woody-plant species richness than mainland sites. There was a significant positive relationship between mean NDVI for the nine pixels over each stand and stand species richness and a significant negative relationship between species richness and standard deviation of NDVI for nine pixels over each stand. The density of evergreen plants explained 66% of the variability in mean NDVI. At the patch level, forest patch area and mean NDVI at the stand, 500-pixel, and patch level were all positively associated with patch species richness. However, combining forest patch area with NDVI significantly improved the prediction of patch species richness. Results from this study support the species–energy theory at the level of a forest stand and patch and suggest that a first-order approximation of woody-plant species richness in stands and patches of tropical dry forest is possible in biodiversity hot spots.
On optimizing functions which are defined in part by an approximation process

This paper studies an optimization problem in which the objective function can not be completely given in closed form. In particular, we assume that some part of the objective function must be computed by an approximation process. This paper develops a technique for solving a class of such problems. Examples demonstrating the technique and problem areas in which it has been successfully applied are also given.
Two novel mouse genes--Nubp2, mapped to the t-complex on chromosome 17, and Nubp1, mapped to chromosome 16--establish a new gene family of nucleotide-binding proteins in eukaryotes.

Abstract Two novel mouse genes and one novel human gene that define distinctive eukaryotic nucleotide-binding proteins (NUBP) and are related to the mrp gene of prokaryotes are characterized. Phylogenetic analyses of the genes, encoding a short form (Nubp2) and a long form (Nubp1) of NUBP, clearly establish them as a new NUBP/MRP gene family that is well conserved throughout phylogeny. In addition to conserved ATP/GTP-binding motifs A (P-loop) and A′, members of this family share at least two highly conserved sequence motifs, NUBP/MRP motifs α and β. Only one type of NUBP/MRP gene has been observed thus far in prokaryotes, but there are two types in eukaryotes. One group includes mouse Nubp1, human NBP, yeast NBP35, and Caenorhabditis elegans F10G8.6 and is characterized by a unique N-terminal sequence with four cysteine residues that is lacking in the other group, which includes mouse Nubp2, human NUBP2, and yeast YIA3w. Northern blot analyses of the two mouse genes show distinctive patterns consistent with this classification. Mouse Nubp2 is mapped to the t-complex region of mouse Chromosome 17, whereas Nubp1 is mapped to the proximal region of mouse Chromosome 16. Interestingly, both regions are syntenic with human chromosome 16p13.1–p13.3, suggesting that a chromosomal breakage between Nubp2 and Nubp1 probably occurred during the evolution of mouse chromosomes.
Metallic Nanostructures via Static Plowing Lithography

A facile route to metallic nano- and microstructures of varying size and geometry is reported. Both nanoparticle formations as well as continuous structures are formed spontaneously on Ge(111) substrates via galvanic displacement from aqueous metal salt solutions. Utilizing an atomic force microscope, patterning is achieved via static plowing lithography through a thin polymeric photoresist. Metal deposition proceeds on exposed portions of the substrate, and the resist is subsequently removed to yield the desired metallic features.
Effective and clinically meaningful non-hormonal hot flash therapies

Although many non-hormonal compounds have shown statistically significant benefit over placebo in hot flash randomized controlled trials (RCTs), these studies have varied considerably in basic methodology making it challenging to deduce which compounds have the greatest potential to provide clinically meaningful benefit. This review used evidence-based methodology closely mirroring the FDA and EMEA guidelines as a template to identify "well-designed" RCTs from which effective and clinically meaningful non-hormonal hot flash therapies could be identified. In addition, pertinent safety information was reviewed. Out of 3548 MEDLINE citations and abstracts, 51 well-designed hot flash RCTs were identified. From these trials, gabapentin, oxybutynin ER, desvenlafaxine, soy-derived isoflavones and black cohosh each showed a clinically meaningful treatment effect in at least 1 RCT. Among these 5 compounds, only gabapentin demonstrated consistent and statistically significant benefit over placebo in all of its well-designed RCTs. Desvenlafaxine, soy-derived isoflavones, and black cohosh demonstrated statistically significant benefit over placebo in 75%, 21%, and 17% of the well-designed RCTs for each compound, respectively. There was only 1 well-designed RCT using oxybutynin ER, which showed it to have a robust and clinically meaningful benefit. In terms of safety, there have been cardiovascular risks associated with desvenlafaxine use in postmenopausal women with hot flashes. The use of anticonvulsants, in general, has been associated with an absolute 0.21% increase in suicidal thoughts and behavior. Further research is needed with several of these nonhormonal compounds to replicate these findings and to also directly compare their efficacy and tolerability with those of hormone replacement therapy.
Density functional theory (DFT)/IGLO 29Si NMR study of trialkylsilylated arenium, bromonium, oxonium and nitrilium ions, comparison with experimental data and the question of persistent trialkylsilicenium ions in solution

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT)/IGLO 29 Si NMR studies show that there is no significant silicenium ion nature in trialkylsilyl substituted arenium, bromonium, oxonium and nitrilium ions. High electrophilicity of trivalent silicon and its affinity for π-donor arene solvents, as well as for oxygen, halogen and nitrogen heteroatoms of solvents or counter ions, is responsible for the inability to observe long-lived trisubstituted silyl cations.
An strawman reference model in transaction processing for an Object-Oriented Database

Abstract This position paper provides a strawman reference model which can be used to compare and reason about transaction management in an Object-Oriented Data Base system (OODB). The model is described as consisting of a collection of characteristics that can be used for comparing existing and future features in transaction management of an OODB. Some of the features in this collection are really alternatives to one another. The purpose of inclusion of these alternatives is to help the evaluation process when developing standards.
Health care costs in old age are related to overweight and obesity earlier in life.

ABSTRACT: Obesity is responsible for at least $90 billion in direct U.S. health care costs annually. A high proportion of people who were overweight or obese at younger ages survives past age sixty...
Conventional and dye laser optical spectra of zinc porphin in anthracene

Abstract Conventional polarized optical absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra of single crystal and polycrystalline samples of zinc porphin in anthracene have been obtained at 4.2 K. Narrow band excitation of fluorescence using a tunable dye laser was used for site selection to eliminate ambiguities due to impurities and multiple sites. The spectra are compared to those of zinc porphin in a different aromatic host (triphenylene) and in n-octane. Some of the vibronic energies are assigned to calculated vibrations of a similar metalloporphin, copper porphin.
Arsenic distributions in porewaters and sediments of Puget Sound, Lake Washington, the Washington coast and Saanich Inlet, B.C.

Solid phase As, Mn, Al, and excess 210Pb and dissolved total As, As+3 As+5, Mn+2, Fe+2, PO−34, NH+4, and H2S profiles in 12 cores from Puget Sound, Lake Washington, the Washington coast, and Saanich Inlet, B.C., are presented. Typically, strong correlations between solid phase As and Mn concentration maxima in surficial sediments are a result of intense As scavenging in the overlying waters by Mn or Ferich phases, or solid phase As dissolution at depth followed by upward diffusion and co-precipitation with Mn or Fe oxides at or near the sediment-water interface. Atypically, anthropogenic inputs cause high sedimentary As concentrations without accompanying high Mn levels. Sedimentary As fluxes are an order of magnitude greater in Puget Sound and Lake Washington than off the Washington coast and in Saanich Inlet. Porewater total As concentration profiles exhibit sub-surface maxima with magnitudes 10–60 times greater than in overlying bottom waters. Porewater maxima in marine environments are proportional to associated solid phase As concentrations. These maxima consistently occur within ± 1.0 cm of the bottom of the 210Pb-derived surface mixed layer, suggesting solid phase As release to porewater in response to a redox gradient across this mixing boundary. Dissolved As behavior beneath these maxima indicates As removal to solid phases in marine, but not lacustrine porewaters. Porewater As+3As+5 ratios are <1.0 for Washington coastal environments and usually between 1.0–4.0 for Puget Sound and Lake Washington. As+5 is below the detection limit in porewaters of Saanich Inlet when the overlying bottom water is anoxic, but As+3As+5 ratios as low as 2.8 exist in near surface porewater under oxic bottom water conditions.
Ultrastructural analysis of dissolution of shell of the bivalve Mytilus edulis by the accessory boring organ of the gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea

The shell penetrating mechanism of the muricid gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea follyensis Baker was examined with reference to solubilizing effects of the secretion of the accessory boring organ (ABO) on the ultrastructural organic and mineral components of the shell of the bivalve Mytilus edulis Linne. The fine structure of shell etched by the secretion was contrasted with normal shell and shell solubilized artificially by acids, a chelating agent, and enzymes as an aid in interpreting the pattern etched by the secretion. A synoptic series of scanning electron micrographs of representative regions of the normal shell of M. edulis was prepared to serve as a standard for ultrastructural interpretation of the patterns of dissolution. Intercrystalline conchiolin of the mosaicostracal, prismatic, myostracal, and nacreous strata was dissolved as readily as the periostracum by the ABO secretion. In the prismatic region, maximum depth of dissolution of intercrystalline organic matrix occurred when long axes of prisms were approximately perpendicular to the surface being dissolved. Microscopic solubilization of organic matrix noticeably preceded dissolution of mineral crystals, revealing subsurface prisms and lamellae similar in size and form to the distinctively shaped normal shell units. After solubilization of intercrystalline conchiolin, further dissolution by the ABO secretion revealed a variety of what appeared like internal structures in prisms and lamellae. The form of these subunits varied from that of platelets to nodules in prisms and from laths to nodules in lamellae. These intracrystalline patterns of dissolution probably resulted from preferential etching of (a) soluble intracrystalline conchiolin membranes or other internal aggregates of nacrin, (b) heterogeneously distributed trace and minor elements, or (c) from both. Carriker and Williams (1978) hypothesized that a combination of HCl, chelating agents, and enzymes in a hypertonic mucoid secretion released by the ABO dissolve shell during hole boring. The similarity of patterns of dissolution etched by the ABO secretion and those produced artificially by HCl and EDTA in the present study support the hypothesis that these chemicals, or chemicals similar to them, are constituents of the ABO secretion. Lactic and succinic acids and a chitinase-like enzyme were also suggested by Carriker and Williams as possible agents in shell dissolution. Alteration of the shell surface by experimental application of these, and other, chemical agents was not sufficiently comparable to that etched by the ABO secretion to support the suggestion. Preferential dissolution of shell matrix by the ABO secretion is functionally advantageous to boring gastropods because it increases the surface area of mineral crystals exposed to solubilization and facilitates removal of shell units from the surface of the borehole by the radula.
Microscopic Driving Forces For Electromigration

Electromigration in metals is due to microscopic forces acting on mobile defects. These microscopic forces arise from the local electric field that accompanies electron transport, and the resulting defect migration is a consequence of the dynamic response of the defect to this local field. Theoretical results are given for the local electric field and the electromigration driving force on impurities in bulk systems and in metallic microstructures where surfaces, grain boundaries and dislocations play an important role. Extensions of the theory are described for mesoscopic systems, and local heating is shown to be an important effect as the size of the system becomes smaller and the electron current is larger.
Chemokine Receptor Ccr1 Drives Neutrophil-Mediated Kidney Immunopathology and Mortality in Invasive Candidiasis

Invasive candidiasis is the 4th leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection in the US with mortality that exceeds 40% despite administration of antifungal therapy; neutropenia is a major risk factor for poor outcome after invasive candidiasis. In a fatal mouse model of invasive candidiasis that mimics human bloodstream-derived invasive candidiasis, the most highly infected organ is the kidney and neutrophils are the major cellular mediators of host defense; however, factors regulating neutrophil recruitment have not been previously defined. Here we show that mice lacking chemokine receptor Ccr1, which is widely expressed on leukocytes, had selectively impaired accumulation of neutrophils in the kidney limited to the late phase of the time course of the model; surprisingly, this was associated with improved renal function and survival without affecting tissue fungal burden. Consistent with this, neutrophils from wild-type mice in blood and kidney switched from Ccr1lo to Ccr1high at late time-points post-infection, when Ccr1 ligands were produced at high levels in the kidney and were chemotactic for kidney neutrophils ex vivo. Further, when a 1∶1 mixture of Ccr1+/+ and Ccr1−/− donor neutrophils was adoptively transferred intravenously into Candida-infected Ccr1+/+ recipient mice, neutrophil trafficking into the kidney was significantly skewed toward Ccr1+/+ cells. Thus, neutrophil Ccr1 amplifies late renal immunopathology and increases mortality in invasive candidiasis by mediating excessive recruitment of neutrophils from the blood to the target organ.
Effects of place attachment on users’ perceptions of social and environmental conditions in a natural setting

Abstract Research on place attachment has provided insight on the diversity of meanings humans associate with the physical environment. We provide further insight on the nature of human–place bonding by examining place attachment's effect on respondents’ perceptions of social and environmental conditions along the Appalachian Trail (AT) in the United States. Using a social judgment framework, our results indicated that the two dimensions of place attachment, place identity and place dependence, had opposing effects on the condition domains. For all condition domains, as respondents’ scores on the place identity dimension increased, they were more inclined to perceive the condition encountered as problematic. The opposite pattern of relations was observed for place dependence. These results indicate that the two dimensions of place attachment, while moderately and positively correlated, examine different sources of meaning for AT hikers.
Social inferences concerning male and female homeowners who use a gun to shoot an intruder

Two experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that gender stereotypes influence social inferences about homeowners who use a gun to shoot an intruder. It was predicted that homeowners who violate stereotypical norms would be perceived more negatively, and would be perceived as more responsible for the consequences of their weapon use than would homeowners of both genders who represent stereotype-consistency. The data from the first experiment provided some support for this notion. Male homeowners who shot incompetently were perceived more negatively than were men who shot the intruder with competence. The opposite trend was observed for female homeowners. The second experiment tested a refinement of this hypothesis and revealed how attitudes toward guns, specifically degree of acceptance of the notion that guns provide their owners with protection, moderates the social judgments formed about homeowners who use weapons as a means of defending their property during a burglary, Persons for whom the event is inconsistent with their attitude-based expectancies blamed the stereotype-inconsistent homeowners more than the gender stereotype-consistent homeowners, particularly the skillful female shooters. Individuals with relatively negative attitudes toward guns, in contrast, tended to perceive the skillful female shooters more positively than the other homeowners. Perceptions of weapons users who find themselves and their actions scrutinized by the media and the court system may depend upon perceivers' pre-existing category expectations and attitudes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Startups and requirements (keynote)

Tech startups typically approach requirements gathering differently from the process that is used to develop requirements in existing businesses and for existing products. Many of these startups operate in "stealth mode", taking care to minimize the number of people with whom they share their innovative ideas. It’s common for these startups to create a succession of early releases, and apply user feedback from those releases to evolve the features and functions of their products. This talk describes various approaches used by tech startups to define product requirements, and contrasts those approaches with those used in more traditional requirements engineering activities.
Optimal neural network architecture selection: effects on computer-aided detection of mammographic microcalcifications

We evaluated the effectiveness of an optimal convolution neural network (CNN) architecture selected by simulated annealing for improving the performance of a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system designed for the detection of microcalcification clusters on digitized mammograms. The performances of the CAD programs with manually and optimally selected CNNs were compared using an independent test set. This set included 472 mammograms and contained 253 biopsy-proven malignant clusters. Free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis was used for evaluation of the detection accuracy. At a false positive (FP) rate of 0.7 per image, the film-based sensitivity was 84.6% with the optimized CNN, in comparison with 77.2% with the manually selected CNN. If clusters having images in both craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views were analyzed together and a cluster was considered to be detected when it was detected in one or both views, at 0.7 FPs/image, the sensitivity was 93.3% with the optimized CNN and 87.0% with the manually selected CNN. This study indicates that classification of true positive and FP signals is an important step of the CAD program and that the detection accuracy of the program can be considerably improved by optimizing this step with an automated optimization algorithm.
Structural, electronic, and chemisorption properties of small aluminum clusters.

The results of total-energy calculations for optimized structures of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{n} (n=2\ensuremath{-}6)$ and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{n}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ are presented in which properties are found to be at variance with the predictions of the electronic shell model. These differences are understood by the introduction of atomic potentials as a perturbation on the shell model. Ionization energies (5.8-6.6 eV) and electron affinities (0.1-2.1 eV) are mostly larger than for an Al atom. Bond lengths increase from 2.51 to 2.81 \AA{}. ${\mathrm{Al}}_{6}$ is found to be the smallest cluster that will adsorb ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$.
What You Need to Know PhDs in Counselor Education and Supervision

To date, there is no article that addresses the dissertation process in the vocative case to demystify doctoral expectations. This article provides guidance to doctoral students, within accredited ...
Optical properties of stretched CuClBr-containing glasses

Glasses containing a post-thermally developed CuClBr microcrystalline phase were stretched under an applied stress at a temperature above the strain-point. The resulting glass was optically transparent and birefringent. The stretched glass was heated under reducing conditions to effect the reduction of the Cu-halide particles to Cu metal thereby rendering the glass polarizing. The polarizing behavior is compared to that of Ag/Ag-halide containing glasses which are made in the same manner. The polarizing behavior of the two glasses is very similar except for the wavelength region below 500 nm. The absence of a crossover of the parallel and perpendicular polarization transmittances in the Cu/Cu-halide glass suggests a visible polarizer application.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An integral equation approach to eddy-current calculations

An integral-equation approach has been used to solve eddy current problems. The conducting material is represented by a network of current-carrying line elements. Consequently, Maxwell's field equations can be replaced by Kirchhoff's circuit rules. The loop equations for voltages, supplemented by the node equations for the currents, comprise a set of linear equations that can be solved repeatedly to give the time development of the eddy currents. Currents, magnetic fields, and power are calculated at each step. For a two-dimensional geometry, either thin plates or infinite cylinders can be calculated. Rectangular and circular cross sections have been calculated with good agreement to analytical expressions. Thin curved shells have also been calculated.
Periodic Realization of Synchronous Sequential Machines

A new realization scheme is proposed for implementing sequential machines with nontrivial periods. The scheme is primarily based on state assignments related to cyclic partitions on internal states of a sequential machine. Operational linkages of cyclic partitions to the input-independent autonomous clocks of sequential machines are established. Special logic design and IC implementation advantages of the scheme are demonstrated in terms of input and/or state dependencies, logic complexities, and memory requirements of sequential machines.
Ultrastructure of cylindrical inclusions induced by viruses of the potato Y group as visualized by freeze-etching.

Cylindrical inclusions induced by tobacco etch virus (TEV), potato virus Y (PVY), and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) were examined by freeze-etch electron microscopy. The inclusion morphology in situ was similar to that previously reported from thin-sectioning studies, thus confirming that viruses in the potato Y group induce inclusions of characteristic morphology. Freeze-etching was also found to be useful for studying substructure. Inclusion subunits were clearly resolved when inclusions induced by TEV and PVY were examined both in situ and in isolated form.