cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmission Network Estimation Using Linear Programming

One aspect of long-range planning of electric power systems involves the exploration of various designs for the bulk power transmission network. The use of linear programming for network analysis to determine where capacity shortages exist and, most importantly, where to add new circuits to relieve the shortages is presented. The new method of network estimation produces a feasible transmission network with near-minimum circuit miles using as input any existing network plus a load and generation schedule. An example is used to present the two steps of the method: 1) linear flow estimation and 2) new circuit selection. The method has become a fundamental part of computer programs for transmission network synthesis.
Detailed analysis of the error associated with the rainfall retrieved by the NOAA/NESDIS Special Sensor Microwave/Imager algorithm 2. Rainfall over land

[1] This study has investigated the error associated with the estimation of instantaneous areal rain rate over land by the NOAA/NESDIS Office of Research and Application's Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) algorithm. By comparing with ground-based rain observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet rain gage network, the error inherent in the SSM/I-based areal rain estimate is quantified. Since the ground-based gauges use point measurements to estimate areal rain, the gauges do not make a perfect estimate and contain an associated error. A formulation has been developed by which the difference between the SSM/I- and Mesonet-based estimates is divided into two parts: one due to the error in the Mesonet and the other due to the error in the SSM/I. A separate formulation has also been developed by which the error in Mesonet-based rain measurement is quantified according to the gage density and the statistics of rain (variance and spatial correlation). A nine-month data set of 15-min rain accumulation for over 100 gages from the Mesonet has been used to obtain the rain statistics and to compare with the SSM/I estimate over various spatial scales. Results show that the error for the instantaneous SSM/I rain rate over 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5-degree boxes are approximately 150%, 100%, and 70% of the mean areal rain rate, respectively.
Planar dipole loops.

This is a theoretic discussion of characteristics of body surface potentials produced when the equivalent heart dipole is confined to a plane. Various experimental findings are unified by a single theory, and broad comprehension of the potential behavior is possible.
Elemental and Organometallic Analyses of Soil Using Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) have been evaluated as techniques for total elemental assay in soil. GDMS analysis demonstrated accurate elemental quantification for lead and tin (approximately 20% error at the 10 ppm level). Limitations were encountered, however, when the element of interest was volatile, as in the case of mercury, or when the element was not an inorganic salt but a volatile organometallic compound. GC/MS was investigated as an alternative means of providing both organometallic compound analysis and elemental quantification. A solid-phase microextraction fiber was demonstrated to be an effective sampling medium for several organometallic compounds in both water and a water/soil slurry. Quantification of inorganic mercury species was facilitated by using an alkylating reagent (methylpentacyanocobaltate (III)) to produce an organomercurial that could be analyzed by GC/MS. Although the reaction proceeded as anticipated, several additional observations were made that may be exploited in future studies.
A manual approach and analysis of Voltage and Frequency Scaling using SCC

The current trend of Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques involve algorithms that predict when a processor is in a period of accessing off chip memory and dial down its voltage/frequency during this phase in order to reduce energy consumption with minimal, if any, effect on execution time. These algorithms often operate with a parameter that defines the tolerable performance degradation, because the various operating frequencies that a processor can be set to are often limited. This limit makes it practically impossible to dial down a processor's frequency to the exact optimal frequency that will provide maximal energy efficiency but not affect performance. This leads to a need for these algorithms to include the previously stated parameter to identify cases where choices which degrade performance to an unacceptable level and/or without providing a benefit in energy consumption are avoided. However, the overhead costs incurred by the process of voltage and frequency scaling must also be taken into consideration. We propose a study to determine the impact of these overhead costs on the overall benefit of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling.
Distribution of the Number of Prompt Neutrons from the Spontaneous Fission of Pu 240

A measurement of the distribution of the number of neutrons per fission of ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{240}$ yielded the following probabilities, ${P}_{m}$, for 0,1,2, etc. neutrons: ${P}_{0}=0.062$, ${P}_{1}=0.198$, ${P}_{2}=0.374$, ${P}_{3}=0.228$, ${P}_{4}=0.114$, ${P}_{5}=0.027$, ${P}_{6}=0.000$. The measurement was made with a liquid scintillation counter.
Ribosome Builder: A software project to simulate the ribosome

The Ribosome Builder is a software project that provides tools and techniques to create dynamic models of macromolecular systems from the rapidly growing numbers of atomic structural models. It includes a computer program that allows the user to assemble the multiple molecular components within a 3D space and to define the hypothetical interactions of these components with the initial goal of understanding protein translation at an atomic level of detail. The program employs a simplified molecular dynamics forcefield that can simulate the long time-scale events, such as docking of translation factors and mRNA translocation. An embedded scripting language and Application Programming Interface (API) enable the creation of Steered Molecular Dynamics (SMD) simulations through the programmable application of external forces and torques on atoms and bonds. A graphical interface is provided for displaying and interacting with models, recording movies of molecular dynamics movements, and creating annotated 3D simulations of complex macromolecular events. Initial applications of the project include simulation of tetraloop folding, docking of an mRNA on the 30S subunit and a schematic simulation of the translation elongation cycle. The program is an open source project released under the GNU public license.
Source parameters of moderate‐sized earthquakes in the Tien Shan, central Asia from regional moment tensor inversion

We estimate faulting geometry, depth, and seismic moment of 32 moderate-sized earthquakes in the Tien Shan by matching observed and synthetic seismograms recorded at regional distances. The moment-tensor compression axes are oriented in the direction 170°–350°, consistent with the orientation of India-Eurasia convergence. This compression is manifested in reverse faulting on roughly east-west trending fault planes. Faults within the mountain system have moderate-to-steep dips, but range-bounding faults appear to dip more gently. Earthquake source depths are in the range 5–25 km, consistent with those determined from local earthquake studies. The distribution and mechanism of earthquakes in the Tien Shan suggests that a significant proportion of the active deformation in the Tien Shan is absorbed by shortening across intramontane basins. The absence of strike-slip earthquake mechanisms associated with the Talas-Ferghana Fault suggests that the fault is presently locked, with deformation accommodated on neighboring compressional structures.
Control of the Responsiveness of the Blowfly to Water

‘HUNGER’ in the blowfly (Phormia regina, Meig.) has been the subject of several studies. The present experiments were undertaken to examine the related problem of ‘thirst’ or the control of water intake. Bolwig2 showed that blood osmotic pressure was correlated with responsiveness to water applied to the tarsi of a fly. Wolbarsht3 suggested that the response of the contact chemoreceptors to water was increased in desiccated flies. Since ingestion is primarily controlled by the taste receptors1, such a relationship would provide for a direct and specific regulation of water ingestion.
Development of sources and a testbed for CERTS microgrid testing

The development of the CERTS microgrid concept is discussed, in addition to discussion of modifications necessary to the controls of microsources (microturbines, for example) that are necessary for operation in the CERTS microgrid. Also described is a testbed that will be constructed to test the CERTS microgrid concept.
Connected and disconnected fields

Abstract Examples are sought of Hausdorff ring topologies on a field that are (i) arcwise connected; (ii) connected but not arcwise connected; (iii) totally disconnected but not ultraregular; (iv) ultraregular but not basically disconnected; (v) basically disconnected but neither a P-space nor extremally disconnected; (vi) P-spaces; (vii) extremally disconnected. Examples of type (i), (ii), (iv) and (vi) are given. For a field with a ring topology, properties of F-zerosets are considered. In particular, it is shown that the intersection of each pair of F-zerosets is again an F-zeroset if and only if {(0, 0)} is an F-zeroset of F2.
The Latent Structure of the Salvation Opinionnaire, a Measure of Religious Attitudes in the American Christian Tradition

Data gathered on the Salvation Opinionnaire, a 25-item religious attitude questionnaire, from 778 individuals representing a broad spectrum of religious attitudes was analyzed by the structural equations program, LISREL 7, to determine the instrument's latent structure. By exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses a predicted four-factor structure was demonstrated. The data were divided into odd and even cases of 389 apiece and confirmatory analyses carried out, again with confirmation of a four-factor structure in each case. Comparisons of the two sets of structures of the odd and even cases achieved a high degree of comparability with the use of the Ahmavaara transformation and the congruence coefficient, but testing equality by means of LISREL proved impossible on account of lack of positive definiteness of one covariance matrix. Some (logical) parallels were found between the dimensions of the Salvation Opinionnaire and the dimensions of others' instruments.
Association testing of TCF7L2 polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes in multi-ethnic youth.

Aim/hypothesis Common variants in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene have been associated with type 2 diabetes in adults. However, it is not known whether TCF7L2 variation increases the risk of early onset type 2 diabetes. Using a case–control design, we examined whether the reported variants [rs12255372 (T/G) and rs7903146 (T/C)] are associated with type 2 diabetes in SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study participants.
Visualization of freezing progression in turfgrasses using infrared video thermography

Freezing injury can be a significant problem in turfgrasses. Understanding how freezing develops and ramifies throughout the plant could assist in the development of improved management or screening processes for cultivar improvement. The development of freezing injury is not well understood due partly to lack of technology to view freezing origin and progression of whole plants in real time. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and supina bluegrass (Poa supina Schrad.) plants were incubated in either cold-acclimating or nonacclimating temperatures. Droplets containing ice-nucleating bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae) were placed on turf leaves, crowns, and roots. Plants were then subjected to progressively decreasing freezing temperatures in a controlled environment. An infrared thermal imaging radiometer (camera) was used to view ice initiation and propagation in whole plants in real time. Freezing always originated in roots, spreading acropetally and basipetally throughout connecting root tissues until it contacted the crown. Freezing was slow in the crown, then occurred rapidly upwards into shoots, then leaves. The time (i.e., temperatures) required for freezing was similar between the two species of nonacclimated plants. In acclimated plants, supina bluegrass roots froze earlier than roots of perennial ryegrass, though freezing times were similar for crown and leaf tissues. Ice-nucleating bacteria did not incite freezing of turf tissues. The project demonstrated the utility of infrared imaging for detecting freezing events in whole turfgrass plants. Results suggest that root tissue in the vicinity of the crown can be a source of ice which propagates into the crown and kills the plant.
N-period contracts with ordering constraints and total minimum commitments: Optimal and heuristic solutions

Abstract We consider long-term supply contracts with commitments and purchasing constraints. Under a commitment, the buyer agrees that the quantities purchased over the length of the contract will exceed a pre-specified amount. Purchasing constraints restrict the size of the quantity purchased each period. We present the optimal purchasing policy for an N -period contract, and a more readily implementable heuristic policy. By computing the expected profits of following such a policy, the user can easily choose between contracts with different commitments, constraints, and prices. We present computational results demonstrating this procedure.
Clinical evaluation of interfractional variations for whole breast radiotherapy using 3-dimensional surface imaging

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the impact of 3-dimensional (3D) surface imaging on daily patient setup for breast radiotherapy. Materials and Methods Fifty patients undergoing treatment for whole breast radiotherapy were setup daily using an AlignRT system (VisionRT, London, UK) for 3D surface-based alignment. Daily alignments were performed against a reference surface topogram and shifts from skin marks were recorded daily. This investigation evaluated the following: (1) the performance of the surface-based imaging system for daily breast alignment; (2) the absolute displacements between setup with skin marks and setup with the surface-based imaging system; and (3) the dosimetric effect of daily alignments with skin marks versus surface-based alignments. Results Displacements from 1258 treatment fractions were analyzed. Sixty percent of those fractions (749) were reviewed against MV portal imaging in order to assess the performance of the AlignRT system. Daily setup errors were given as absolute displacements, comparing setup marks against shifts determined using the surface-based imaging system. Averaged over all patients, the mean displacements were 4.1 ± 2.6 mm, 2.7 ± 1.4 mm, and 2.6 ± 1.2 mm in the anteroposterior (AP), superoinferior (S/I), and left-right (L/R) directions, respectively. Furthermore, the standard deviation of the random error (σ) was 3.2 mm, 2.2 mm, and 2.2 mm in the A/P, S/I, and L/R directions, respectively. Conclusions Daily alignment with 3D surface imaging was found to be valuable for reducing setup errors when comparing with patient alignment from skin marks. The result of the surface-based alignments specifically showed that alignment with skin marks was noticeably poor in the anteroposterior directions. The overall dosimetric effect of the interfractional variations was small, but these variations showed a potential for increased dose deposition to both the heart and lung tissues. Although these interfractional variations would not negatively affect the quality of patient care for whole breast radiotherapy, it may require an increase in PTV margin, especially in cases of partial breast irradiation.
Synthesis and Study of Cyclic π-Systems Containing Silicon and Germanium. The Question of Aromaticity in Cyclopentadienyl Analogues

Synthetic routes to the metallole species C4Me4E(H)R (9, E = Si, R = Si(SiMe3)3; 10, E = Si, R = Mes (mesityl); 11, E = Ge, R = Si(SiMe3)3; 12, E = Ge, R = Mes), C4R4E(SiMe3)2 (13, E = Si, R = Me; 14, E = Ge, R = Me; 19, E = Si, R = Et; 20, E = Ge, R = Et), and C4Me4E(R)E(R)Me4C4 (15, E = Si, R = SiMe3; 16, E = Si, R = Me; 17, E = Ge, R = SiMe3; 18, E = Ge, R = Me) are described. In the presence of 18-crown-6, dihalides 1 and 2 are reduced by potassium in tetrahydrofuran to give crystalline samples of the silole dianion [K(18-crown-6)+]2[C4Me4Si2-] (21) and the germole dianion [K4(18-crown-6)3][C4Me4Ge]2 (22). Compound 21 adopts an inverse-sandwich geometry, while 22 is a dimer with a bridging [K(18-crown-6)K]2+ group and η5-binding modes for all of the potassium atoms. The metallole dianions in these structures appear to possess delocalized π-systems, as evidenced by nearly equivalent C−C bond lengths in the five-membered rings. Silolyl and germolyl anions have been obtained by various methods involving ...
Positive Surgical Margins in Soft Tissue Following Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer and Cancer Specific Survival

Purpose: We evaluated risk factors for positive soft tissue surgical margins and the impact of soft tissue surgical margins on metastatic progression and disease specific survival in patients treated with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: A total of 1,589 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for primary urothelial cancer at our institution were included in the study. Several variables were analyzed including gender, age, use of perioperative chemotherapy, tumor stage, tumor grade, presence of carcinoma in situ, pathological vascular invasion, bladder pathology, status of soft tissue surgical margins, lymph node status, number of lymph nodes removed and number of positive lymph nodes. End points were freedom from progression to metastases and disease specific survival.Results: Positive soft tissue surgical margins were detected in 67 patients (4.2%). Risk factors for positive soft tissue surgical margins were female gender (p = 0.04), pathological stage, vascular invasion in...
Reversible Acetylation of Metabolic Enzymes Celebration: SIRT2 and p300 Join the Party

Compelling evidence suggests that metabolic pathways are coordinated through reversible acetylation of metabolic enzymes in response to nutrient availability. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Jiang et al. (2011) show that the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, is regulated through reversible acetylation by SIRT2 and p300.
Serum Gc system in liver cirrhosis and hepatoma.

Serum Gc polymorphism was studied in 85 patients with liver cirrhosis, in 65 with cirrhosis plus hepatoma, and in 40 with hepatoma without cirrhosis. Six hundred unrelated healthy Greeks served as controls. The Gc 1-1 phenotype was found more frequently in patients who had cirrhosis with or without hepatoma but the incidence of the Gc1 gene was significantly higher in patients with cryptogenic-HBsAg negative cirrhosis. On the other hand, the Gc 2-2 phenotype was found about three times more frequently in patients who had hepatoma without cirrhosis, and the incidence of the Gc2 gene was significantly higher in the same group than in the controls. Consequently, it could be surmised that the Gc1 and the Gc2 genes predispose, under the influence of various factors, the development of cryptogenic cirrhosis and hepatoma without cirrhosis, respectively.
Infrared absorption by H 2 -Ar collisional complexes and the anisotropy of the intermolecular interaction potential

${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Ar}$ scattering processes in the presence of a weak photon field are considered. Calculations are based on an accurate ab initio interaction-induced electric dipole surface and an anisotropic intermolecular potential energy surface. The close-coupled scheme of integrating the Schr\"odinger equation is employed to calculate the rototranslational absorption spectrum of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Ar}$ pairs in the far-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The results are compared with previous work where the weak anisotropy of the intermolecular interaction potential was suppressed. Under the conditions considered, accounting for the anisotropy modifies the rototranslational absorption spectrum discernibly, but only at some frequency bands where the corrections are negative, typically below 10%.
Systematic Need Assessment: A Primer

The purpose of this article is to provide information on conducting program-related needs assessment. A step-by-step approach to designing need assessments is given. Attention is directed to the importance of prioritizing needs; a scaling procedure for ensuring prioritization is reviewed; and an example of a need assessment using the scaling technique is presented.
Defects in Platinum Silicide Formation

Four types of cause related defects in the formation of platinum silicide were examined by scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM). These are: “Dark Platinum”, a dark rough patch on the platinum silicide, “Aqua Regia Attack”, the apparent etch of the platinum silicide by the aqua regia used to remove pure Pt metal, “Spot Defects”, holes in the Pt-Si layer and Ti-W strip defects, the apparent defects left in the Pt-Si by the stripping of a Ti-W overlayer. Elemental Auger maps show that silicide formation was prevented, in the first three cases, by remaining oxide from a masking step. The fourth case was caused by a layer of titanium oxide overlying the Pt-Si.
Long-term results of microcoil embolization for colonic haemorrhage: how common is rebleeding?

Objective:To determine the long-term results of patients undergoing transcatheter coil embolization for the treatment of acute colonic haemorrhage.Methods:Patients undergoing angiography for suspected colonic bleeding between January 2002 and December 2012 were reviewed (average age, 60 years; 38.4% male). Baseline, procedural and outcome parameters were recorded following the Society of Interventional Radiology guidelines. Primary outcome measures included early ( 30 days) rebleeding events and adverse procedure-related complication. Average follow-up time was 996 days (median, 232 days; range, 30–3663 days).Results:One or multiple sites of bleeding were identified in 40 cases. Coil embolization was performed in 39 patients, 26 (66.7%, 26/39) of whom were treated successfully without technical/clinical failure (n = 12) or loss to follow-up (n = 1). Three patients (11.5%, 3/26) rebled in the early period within 30 days; one patient went on to hemicolectomy. Four patients (15.3%, 4/2...
Culture as a Variable in the Study of Leisure

Leisure researchers increasingly have invoked culture, either implicitly or explicitly, with the claim that it accounts for differences either in leisure behavior or in attitudes, motivations, or other feelings about leisure among putatively different cultural groups. Unfortunately, they have generally been unclear on what they mean by the term “culture.” Instead, they have relied on either presumably universally understood folk definitions or on proxy measures such as nationality, language, ethnicity or race to distinguish among “cultures” and, thereby, to understand how culture allegedly affects leisure. Unfortunately, serious problems exist with this practice. The concepts of race and ethnicity, for example, are so heavily imbued with political meanings that their worth as scientific constructs is dubious at best (Brubaker, 2004; Chick et al., 2007). Moreover, whether they genuinely reflect cultural differences is an empirical issue, not one to be simply assumed. Finally, comparing leisure behavior bet...
Post-extubation stridor: The call for objectivity

In this issue of Indian Pediatrics, Sinha, et al.(1) have reported the results of a single center randomized controlled trial evaluating aerosolized L-epinephrine vs budesonide for the treatment of post-extubation stridor. While the benefits of intravenous corticosteroids on postextubation stridor are still unclear(2), the authors propose inhaled steroids may provide similar action to intravenous steroids, with fewer side effects.
Cryoablative response of prostate cancer cells is influenced by androgen receptor expression

OBJECTIVE To investigate in prostate cancer cells the consequences of androgen-insensitivity (AI) development on the cellular and molecular responses to freezing, as a challenge in prostate cancer treatment occurs when the androgen-sensitive (AS) phenotype switches to an AI phenotype, the latter of which is often refractory to many therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS PC-3 (AI) and LNCaP (AS) were each genetically altered to express the opposite phenotype and subjected to an in vitro freezing model. Viability, caspase inhibitor and Western blot studies were used to determine the basis of the differential responses of AI and AS cells. RESULTS LNCaP high-passage cells, formed by repeated passage of LNCaP (AS) cells, were AI and showed a phenotypic shift to freeze resistance matching the freeze response of PC-3 cells (AI). While stably transfected androgen receptor (AR)-transfected cells (PC-3 AR) had a freezing sensitivity similar to that of the LNCaP (AS) cell line. Importantly, AI cell lines survived and recovered from freezing exposure to temperatures as low as −40 °C whereas AS cell lines did not. Caspase inhibition studies and related fluorescent probes showed an elevated level of apoptotic involvement in both AS cell lines after freezing compared with their AI counterparts. Western blot analysis showed that AR expression was modified after exposure to freezing. CONCLUSION This study suggests that AS cancers may be far more sensitive to a freezing insult and this might be linked to elevated apoptosis and caspase activity. As such, cryoablation may prove most effective in cancer cells that have not yet progressed to a more resistant AI phenotype, but both generic variants can be fully ablated at sufficiently low temperatures.
Pap smear follow-up of possible role of mucopurulent exudate as a prognosticator of a negative pregnancy outcome

Our objective was to study a cohort of women by various means to detect sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and to correlate the presence of mucopurulent exudate (PEX) on Papanicolaou (Pap) smears with pregnancy outcome. Bacteriologic cultures taken from swabs for chlamydia and gonorrhea were correlated with Gen-Probe results. Smears were examined for trichomonas, yeast, HPV, obscuring mucopurulent exudate, and squamous intraepithelial abnormalities. There was no positive correlation between STD and negative pregnancy outcome. Mucopurulent exudate on Pap smears was very high in this population. Continuing study of this population of women is needed to see if larger cohorts will demonstrate any positive correlations between PEX and pregnancy outcome. Placing women with obscuring mucopurulent exudate in a "high-risk" category for complications may prevent adverse side effects to the birth product. The Pap smear works as well as the Gram stain for detection of bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis. Eliminating the Gram stain from routine pelvic exam results in cost savings.
THE SPECIFIC METABOLIC PRINCIPLE OF THE PITUITARY

THAT THE PITUITARY can exert a control on heat metabolism other than by the II thyrotropic hormone has been indicated by the work of many laboratories. (I,2) Gaebler (i, 2) in 1933 reported that a growth promoting fraction of beef anterior lobes produced “all its characteristic effects” (on metabolism) in thy r e parathyroidectomized bitches kept in good condition by means of parathormone. In normal dogs, he obtained slight increases in metabolic rate 3 hours after injection. The respiratory quotient simultaneously dropped. The active material was thermc labile, since 5 minutes boiling over gauze destroyed its efficacy. Diefenbach (3), using rabbits, guinea pigs and rats, reported a definite rise in the B.M.R. within 2 hours after subcutaneous injection of a thyrotropic concentrate of the anterior pi'tuitary.
Reliability degradation with electrical, thermal and thermal gradient stress in interconnects

An empirical reliability model for electromigration-induced failure in metal interconnects under thermal, electrical, and thermal gradient stress is introduced. Based upon the limited reported measurements on static thermal gradient stress that are available, this model incorporates thermal gradient stress into the probability density function of the time to failure, tF. With this model, temperature measurement accuracy and temperature gradient measurement accuracy requirements for multi-site on-chip sensors that can be used in power/thermal management algorithms are developed that target achieving 10% accuracy in the median time to failure (MTF) of a circuit.
Prediction of birth weight by ultrasound in the third trimester.

Abstract Objective: To compare the accuracy of predicted birth weight by the gestation-adjusted projection method using ultrasonographic measurements obtained just before and at term. Methods: The study group comprised patients with singleton pregnancies who underwent sonograms between 34.0 and 36.9 weeks’ gestation (period 1) and at 37 weeks and beyond (period 2). The mean error in birth weight prediction, absolute birth weight error, and signed and absolute percent errors were compared with paired t tests. Thus, each patient served as her own control. Results: The study included 138 patients undergoing 276 sonograms. The mean absolute error of the predicted birth weight was smaller for period 1 than for period 2 (197 ± 167 g compared with 235 ± 209 g, P = .019). The mean absolute percent error was 6.2 ± 5.2% for period 1 compared with 7.4 ± 6.3% for period 2 (P = .019). These same trends were observed when fetuses with suspected growth abnormalities were examined separately. Averaging data from both gestational periods did not improve the prediction of birth weight. Conclusion: Sonograms between 34.0 and 36.9 weeks’ gestation allow for more accurate prediction of birth weight than sonograms later in gestation. Though these differences are small and not clinically significant, this study indicates that serial sonograms in the late third trimester do not improve the ability to predict birth weight, even in abnormally grown fetuses. A single sonogram between 34 and 37 weeks’ gestation is recommended for prediction of birth weight.
Excitation of the K lines of copper by alkali-metal ions in the energy range of 1 to 5 MeV

Energy shifts and thick target yields of the copper K alpha and K BETA x-ray lines have been produced with alkali-metal ions of a few MeV. Sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium give shifts that are nearly independent of energy and atomic number and slightly larger than the shift that would be observed for one hole in the L shell. The yields are very strongly dependent on both energy and atomic number. Coulomb excitation with a binding-energy corvection reproduces the yields for lithium and sodium but fails by many orders of magnitude for potassium, rubidium, and cesium, suggesting electron promotion as the excitation mechanism. (auth)
The polish crisis in the 1980s and adaptation in Soviet ideology

(1986). The polish crisis in the 1980s and adaptation in Soviet ideology. Journal of Communist Studies: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 263-285.
The faces and friends of RhoGDI2

RhoGDI2 is a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) specific for the Rho family of small GTPases that plays dual opposite roles in tumor progression, being both a promoter in tissues such as breast and a metastasis suppressor in tissues such as the bladder. Despite a clear role for this protein in modulating the invasive and metastatic process, the mechanisms through which RhoGDI2 executes these functions remain unclear. This review will highlight the current state of our knowledge regarding how RhoGDI2 functions in metastasis with a focus on bladder cancer and will also seek to highlight other potential underappreciated avenues through which this protein may affect cancer cell behavior.
Symmetric wiener-hopf and Toeplitz operators

We explain the relationship between the principal function of A C* algebra generated by a pair of unitary operators with commutator of one dimensional range and the deficiency spaces of symmetric Toeplitz operators defined by real unbounded symbols.
Effect of trypanocidal drugs on terminal respiration of Crithidia fasciculata.

Abstract A particulate electron-transport system, consisting primarily of mitochondria and kinetoplasts, was prepared from Crithidia fasciculata by differential centrifugation. The cells were broken by grinding with alumina. The mitochondrial pellet sedimented at 12,000 g after centrifugation at 1,000 g and was used to study possible modes of action of trypanocides. Suramin inhibited succinic dehydrogenase activity 50% at 0.4 m M . Suramin and Antrycide were the most effective drugs against mitochondrial respiration, inhibiting at 1.0 m M . Respiration of the intact cells was most affected by 2-hydroxystilbamidine (81% at 1.0 m M ). Inhibition by other diamidines (e.g., pentamidine, propamidine, and stilbamidine isethionate) was reflected in the oxygen uptake of the intact cells. The energy-yielding reactions of trypanosomes may be the main target of certain trypanocides.
“So Manifest a Signe from Heaven”: Monstrosity and Heresy in the Antinomian Controversy

Several months after being banished from Massachusetts Bay for her antinomian beliefs, Anne Hutchinson miscarried. Heralding it as a sign from God, authorities insisted that Hutchinson's “monstrous birth” was indisputable proof of her monstrous views, evidence that inspired fear and awe and would undoubtedly return the wayward to orthdoxy's fold.
Abstract 5063: Matrilysin cleavage of perlecan produces bioactive fragments acting as a molecular switch to alter prostate cancer cell behavior.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Perlecan/HSPG2[PLN], a large heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan, is expressed in the basement membrane (BM) underlying epithelial and endothelial cells. During prostate cancer (PCa) cell invasion, a variety of proteolytic enzymes are expressed that digest BM components including PLN. After proteolysis, fragments of PLN can be released into circulation. A sandwich ELISA with antibodies generated across PLN detected fragments of PLN from IG-repeat domain IV in PCa patient serum. An enzyme upregulated in invasive PCa cells, matrilysin/matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), was examined as a candidate for PLN proteolysis both in silico and in vitro. Purified PLN showed high sensitivity to MMP-7 digestion even when fully decorated with HS or when embedded with other BM proteins. MMP-7 fragments of PLN were detected as limit peptides by western blot. While not predicted in silico, MMP-7 cleaved every subpart of recombinantly generated PLN domain IV. The resultant MMP-7 generated PLN Dm IV fragments were identified by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and MALDI) and Edman degradation N-terminal sequencing. Other PCa relevant enzymes had limited ability to cleave PLN including prostate specific antigen, hepsin and fibroblast activation protein. To determine if PLN digestion affects metastatic PCa cells, C4-2B cells were seeded on plates coated with different forms of PLN. Cells on intact PLN formed large clusters of poorly adherent cells, while those on PLN digested with MMP-7 or heparitinase to remove the HS chains attached and spread within 30 minutes. Immunohistochemistry of PCa patient tissue indicates MMP-7 and PLN are in direct contact at interfaces in the stroma. We conclude that enzymatic processing of PLN in the BM and stroma as occurs in the tumor microenvironment can alter PCa cell behavior and favor cell dispersion and invasiveness. Citation Format: Brian J. Grindel. Matrilysin cleavage of perlecan produces bioactive fragments acting as a molecular switch to alter prostate cancer cell behavior. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5063. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5063
Sensitivity of control parameters in a model of saccadic eye tracking and estimation of resultant nervous activity.

A model for the extraocular plant of the human visual eye tracking mechanisms is discussed. Its sensitivity to variation of controller signal nervous activity is studied in order to determine the type of activity that yields realistic simulations characteristic of typical saccadic eye movements.
Aqueous solubilities and transformations of tetrahalogenated benzenes and effects of aquatic fulvic acids.

The fate of organic pollutants in the environment is largely dependent on their physical and chemical properties. Many of the previous studies on halogenated benzenes have been focused on their photochemistry in an organic solvent system. Studies of halogenated benzenes in aqueous conditions without photochemical effect are rare. Recently, aqueous solubility enhancement of hydrophobic organic pollutants by humic substances was studied. Aqueous solubility enhancement did not occur with all test compounds. In this paper, the authors investigated the transformation of the three most symmetrical tetrahalogenated (fluoro, chloro, bromo) benzenes in absence of the photo effect. Solute and solvent interactions, and influence of aquatic fulvic acids (FA) on aqueous solubilities and transformation of the three tetrachlorobenzenes and 1,2,4,5-TeBB were studied.
Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake Occurs in Specialized Cells within the Cumulus Oocyte Complex

The oocyte exists within the mammalian follicle surrounded by somatic cumulus cells. These cumulus cells metabolize the majority of the glucose within the cumulus oocyte complex and provide energy substrates and intermediates such as pyruvate to the oocyte. The insulin receptor is present in cumulus cells and oocytes; however, it is unknown whether insulin-stimulated glucose uptake occurs in either cell type. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is thought to be unique to adipocytes, skeletal and cardiac muscle, and the blastocyst. Here, we show for the first time that many of the components required for insulin signaling are present in both cumulus cells and oocytes. We performed a set of experiments on mouse cumulus cells and oocytes and human cumulus cells using the nonmetabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxy-d-glucose to measure basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. We show that insulin-stimulated glucose uptake occurs in both compact and expanded cumulus cells of mice, as well as in human cumulus cells. Oocytes, however, do not display insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in cumulus cells is mediated through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling as shown by inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and Akt phosphorylation with the specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002. To test the effect of systemic in vivo insulin resistance on insulin sensitivity in the cumulus cell, cumulus cells from high fat-fed, insulin-resistant mice and women with polycystic ovary syndrome were examined. Both sets of cells displayed blunted insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Our studies identify another tissue that, through a classical insulin-signaling pathway, demonstrates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Moreover, these findings suggest insulin resistance occurs in these cells under conditions of systemic insulin resistance.
Distribution of [32P]-chromic phosphate colloid in cystic brain tumors.

To suppress cyst formation in 42 brain tumors, 32P has been stereotactically instilled in doses calculated to deliver 20,000–40,000 rad to the cyst wall, assuming uniform dispersal of the r
Tissue mechanics and fibrosis

Mechanical forces are essential to the development and progression of fibrosis, and are likely to be as important as soluble factors. These forces regulate the phenotype and proliferation of myofibroblasts and other cells in damaged tissues, the activation of growth factors, the structure and mechanics of the matrix, and, potentially, tissue patterning. Better understanding of the variety and magnitude of forces, the characteristics of those forces in biological tissues, and their impact on fibrosis in multiple tissues is needed and may lead to identification of important new therapeutic targets. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fibrosis: Translation of basic research to human disease.
Electrophysiological and urodynamic studies to monitor surgical outcome in children with tethered spinal cords.

Children with myelodysplasia often develop tethering of their spinal cord within 2–3 years after correction of their initial birth defect, leading to either neurological or urological dysfunction. Surveillance of these children includes electrophysiologic/urodynamic (EMG/UDS) studies to monitor improvement or deterioration of their neurourological function. We reviewed 39 patients who underwent surgical untethering from 1979 to 1994 to determine whether postoperative EMG/UDS studies were useful in assessing outcome after surgery. All patients had a complete neurologic examination and an EMG/UDS prior to and 3 months after surgery. Twenty patients (51%) showed improvement in their EMG/UDS study after untethering, 15 (39%) demonstrated no significant change, and 4 (10%) showed deterioration. Improvement consisted of either return of previously absent motor units, return of sacral reflexes, or improved bladder dynamics. In a further 3 patients, subsequent deterioration on serial postoperative EMG/UDS testing was the first indication of recurrent tethering. We conclude that serial EMG/UDS evaluation in patients at risk for tethering of the spinal cord may serve as a useful adjunct to close clinical observation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Editorial Commentary: Resilience in child development – interconnected pathways to wellbeing

Resilience offers the promise of a paradigm shift in many fields of research, clinical practice, and policy. A lens on resilience shifts the focus of attention - from concerted efforts to appraise risk or vulnerability, towards concerted efforts to enhance strength or capability. It also shifts the focus of analysis - from asking relatively limited questions regarding health outcomes, such as what are the linkages between risk exposures and functional deficits, to asking more complex questions regarding wellbeing, such as when, how, why and for whom do resources truly matter. Thus we might ask when interventions are most effective, within the time frame of human development and evolutionary life history; and how do we best measure pathways of human experience, to uncover ways in which individuals and communities withstand adversity. To many, resilience is an intuitive, albeit opaque, concept - akin to fortitude in the face of adversity. We may have an intuitive grasp of what resilience means, but fall short of measuring it comprehensively and meaningfully (the same is true of risk). This Annual Research Review issue features ten articles from leaders in the field on how resilience can transform the field of child development. Each articulates important lessons on resilience some of which we editors wish to summarize at the outset. First, resilience is best understood as a process that unfolds over the course of development; consequently, we seek to understand human experience of adversity as pathways of risk and resilience. Second, research on resilience focuses attention on the biological and social trade-offs in human experience: issues of timing, process, and context to understand change or adaptability. Language: en
MANAGING A TIME‐AND‐THE ANALYST

This issue's column explores some of the data‐processing problems associated with performing a time‐and‐cost study of a library operation. The data are real, coming from a study I did for a client who operated a centralized ILL clearinghouse operation and wanted to know the basic unit costs of that operation. But the methodology is applicable to time‐and‐cost studies of many financial management operations.
Intergenerational households headed by grandparents: Contexts, realities, and implications for policy

Abstract More than one in ten grandparents has primary responsibility for raising a grandchild at some point, with this care often lasting for a period of several years. This paper provides a critical look at the growing phenomenon of intergenerational households headed by grandparents. A brief review of the demographics of grandparent caregiving is followed by an exploration of several of the sociological contexts which help situate and explain the meaning and significance of such caregiving in late 20th century America. Key findings concerning the physical, emotional, and “economic health” of grandparent caregivers and their families are presented to further flesh out our understanding of this trend. The paper concludes by offering implications for policy and related areas, with special attention to the need to critically examine recent welfare reform efforts in terms of their impacts on intergenerational households headed by grandparents.
What do mothers say? Korean mothers' perceptions of children's participation in extra-curricular musical activities

A recent study of Korean middle-class mothers' perceptions and parenting practices associated with children's participation in musical activities reported unique forms of musical parenting, which closely correspond with previous studies of concerted cultivation in Western middle-class families. Are these unique patterns exclusive to middle-class families? This study aims to explore typical Korean mothers' general perceptions and parenting practices regarding their children's participation in extra-curricular musical activities. In addition, this study also looks at how their perceptions and musical parenting practices differ from those of Korean middle-class mothers. Fourteen Korean mothers, whose children (aged 5 to 15) were engaged in some type of musical activities, participated in in-depth telephone interviews that explored their beliefs, expectations and parenting practices regarding their children's musical activities. Findings, analysed through the lens of concerted cultivation, revealed that most ...
A temperature-sensitive mutant of TMV with unstable coat protein.

Abstract A temperature-sensitive mutant of TMV with a functional defect in the coat protein was isolated after nitrous acid treatment of the common strain. At 23 ° infected plants contained characteristic nucleoprotein virions and crystalline inclusions composed of disks of viral coat protein. At 35 ° no such particles or inclusions were produced; only free viral RNA and insoluble viral protein were found. The coat protein isolated from the virus differed from common strain protein in that it was stable only in low ionic strength buffers at neutral pH, did not aggregate very readily into virus-like rods, and denatured readily when aggregated at low pH. The protein has two amino acid exchanges involving a change from threonine to alanine at position 81 and serine to phenylalanine at position 143.
A kinetic theory of diffusely reflecting Brownian particles

An analysis is made of the motion of a spherical Brownian particle whose surface can diffusely reflect the molecules of an equilibrium host gas. The analysis is based on Newton's second law and a limiting form of Markov's method. It is shown, both for specular and diffuse reflections, that equipartition of energy is a consequence of the dynamics and randomness of the motion. In addition, it is demonstrated that the diffusion coefficient can depend on the temperature of the particle. The entire analysis is restricted to the case for which the Knudsen number of the particle is large compared to unity.