cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental Changes in the Representation of Faces

Abstract Children from age 6 to 16 judged which of two photographs of unfamiliar faces showed the same person as an inspection photograph. Recognition accuracy improved markedly between ages 6 and 10 with little change thereafter. Six- and eight-year-old children were especially susceptible to error when certain disguises were provided, in both memory and simultaneous presentation conditions. In contrast, when the stimuli depicted familiar faces, six-year-old children made few errors and showed no susceptibility to confounding paraphernalia. We concluded that young children encode new faces in terms of striking, relatively isolated, features. By age 10 or 12 the adult capacity has emerged, enabling configurational representation of a face from very little exposure to it.
Altered Expression of Wild-Type p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene during Murine Epithelial Cell Transformation

Abstract An epidermal cell model in which initiated, benign tumor-producing and carcinoma stages were derived from a cloned parental cell strain was used to examine p53 expression during multistage epithelial carcinogenesis. Increased steady-state levels of p53 RNA were detected in squamous cell carcinomas compared to papilloma and normal epidermal cells. Nontumorigenic initiated cell precursors of the carcinomas exhibited normal p53 expression, localizing altered p53 regulation to the malignant conversion stage. Immunoprecipitation and Western immunoblot analyses demonstrated elevated levels of p53 protein in the moderately differentiated carcinoma compared to normal cells, and negligible levels of p53 in the poorly differentiated carcinoma cells. Sequence analysis of p53 complementary DNA from normal and carcinoma cells revealed no mutations in the coding or 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions, suggesting a novel mechanism of p53 inactivation.
Visceroatrial situs solitus with atrioventricular alignment discordance double outlet right ventricle and superoinferior ventricles: fetal and neonatal echocardiographic findings.

Abstract Visceroatrial situs, ventricular morphology, and atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial alignments can reliably be assessed with fetal echocardiography. We herein describe, to our knowledge, the first reported fetal echocardiographic diagnosis of a fetus with visceroatrial situs solitus, atrioventricular alignment discordance, double outlet right ventricle, and superoinferior ventricles of a 22-year-old gravida III para II woman with a previous history of intrauterine fetal death. She had been evaluated at another center and was referred to our unit because of the suspicion about her diagnosis and underwent fetal ultrasonographic evaluation at 39 weeks gestation. Neonatal echocardiographic evaluation and autopsy findings confirmed the diagnosis. Accordingly there was (solitus, L-loop ventricle, and anterior aorta) double outlet right ventricle, superoinferior ventricles with diminutive right ventricle, noncommitted trabecular ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary hypertension. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:749-52.)
Quantitative studies on tumor enhancement in mice. I. Enhancement of sarcoma i induced by igm, igg1, and igg2.

The concentration of specific alloantibody in purified mouse immunoglobulin preparations was determined. When passively transferred in adequate doses, IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 antibodies all induced tumor enhancement in allogeneic hosts. IgM and IgG2 antibodies in high concentration led to inhibition of tumor growth. IgM and either IgG1 or IgG2 had additive effects on tumor enhancement. IgG1, but not IgG2, suppressed the inhibitory effect of IgM in high concentration.
Tuber Cinereum Diverticula in a 28-Month-Old with Xq21 Deletion Syndrome

A developmentally delayed 28-month-old male toddler was referred to us for brain MRI. Imaging revealed corpus callosum dysgenesis, forniceal hypoplasia, vermian hypoplasia, and hypothalamic dysmorphism characterized by tuber cinereum diverticula. Subsequent chromosomal microarray showed an Xq21 deletion. We present a case of Xq21 deletion syndrome with midline brain anomalies and a novel hypothalamic malformation.
The x-Kernel: an architecture for implementing network protocols

A description is given of an operating system kernel, called the x-Kernel, that provides an explicit architecture for constructing and composing network protocols. The authors' experience implementing and evaluation several protocols in the x-Kernel shows that this architecture is general enough to accommodate a wide range of protocols, yet efficient enough to perform competitively with less-structured operating systems. Experimental results demonstrating the architecture's generality and efficiency are provided. The explicit structure provided by the x-Kernel has the following advantages. First, the architecture simplifies the process of implementing protocols in the kernel, making it easier to build and test novel protocols. Second, the uniformity of the interface between protocols avoids the significant cost of changing abstractions and makes protocol performance predictable. Third, it is possible to write efficient protocols by tuning the underlying architecture rather than heavily optimizing protocols themselves. >
Longitudinal study of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection using viral dynamic modelling.

Objectives: Rates of reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) change over time and these changes affect transmission and clinical management strategies. We conducted a longitudinal study of HSV-2 infection to quantify rates of change in HSV-2 reactivation, mucosal shedding and recurrences of genital lesions, using a newly available model of HSV within-host dynamics. Methods: A cohort of 18 women was studied at two time periods spaced two years apart. The cohort provided daily mucosal swabs for HSV PCR analysis for 10 weeks during each time period and recorded recurrences in diaries. We fit the model of HSV dynamics to the mucosal shedding data using Bayesian methods to produce estimates of HSV reactivation, shedding and longitudinal rates of change. The model was validated using a separate group of 67 individuals. Results: According to the viral dynamic modeling results, rates of HSV-2 reactivation from latency in the ganglia varied more than tenfold among the women, and were estimated to be >10% higher than rates of mucosal shedding episodes for many individuals. The mucosal shedding associated with each reactivation typically lasted 1-3 days. Reactivation frequency was estimated to be declining by 3 reactivations/yr on average. The median number of recurrences, based on patient diaries, declined from 6.8/yr to 2.1/yr over the 2-year period. Conclusions: Rates of HSV-2 reactivation, shedding and recurrence generally decline over time but remain high in some individuals 4-5 years after primary infection. Viral dynamic modeling provides quantification of HSV infection that cannot be obtained by other methods.
UPTAKE AND RETENTION OF Cs137 BY A BLUE‐GREEN ALGA IN CONTINUOUS FLOW AND BATCH CULTURE SYSTEMS

Since routine monitoring data show that blue-green algae concentrate radioactivity from water by factors as great as 10,000, this study was initiated to investigate the uptake and retention patterns of specific radionuclides by the dominant genera of blue-green algae in the reactor effluents. Plectonema purpureum was selected for this study.
Testing check bits at no cost in RAMs with on-chip ECC

The paper addresses the problem of testing the check bits in RAMs with on-chip ECC. A solution is proposed in which the check bits are tested in parallel with the testing of the information bits. The solution entails finding a class of parity-check matrices that have the property that all the check bits can be tested for pattern-sensitive faults while the information bits are being tested, without any increase in the length of the test sequence. Further, the parity-check matrices are such that there is no loss in error-correction capabilities, and there is no penalty in the worst-case delay of the error-correcting logic.
From the Inside/Out: Greene County Jail Inmates on Restorative ReEntry

The application of criminal justice sanctions is often misguided by a failure to recognize the need for a comprehensive approach in the transformation of offenders into law-abiding citizens. Restorative justice is a growing movement within criminal justice that recognizes the disconnect between offender rehabilitative measures and the social dynamics within which offender reentry takes place. By using restorative approaches to justice, what one hopes of these alternative processes is that the offenders become reconnected to the community and its values, something rarely seen in retributive models in which punishment is imposed and offenders can often experience further alienation from society. In this study, the authors wish to examine factors that contribute to failed prisoner reentry and reintegration and explore how restorative reintegration processes can address these factors as well as the needs, attitudes, and perceptions that help construct and maintain many of the obstacles and barriers returning inmates face when attempting to reintegrate into society.
Experiments on Quantum Transport of Ultra-Cold Atoms in Optical Potentials

In this chapter, we describe our experiments with ultra cold atoms in optical potentials and show how we can address fundamental issues of time in quantum mechanics. The high degree of experimental control and the conceptual simplicity are the main advantages of our system. We start with an overview of the basic interaction of atoms and light and make the connection between atoms in optical lattices and solid state physics. While this latter connection has evolved into a major theme in physics over the past decade, at the time of this work it was still new and unexplored. After introduction of the theoretical model and the basic equations, we introduce the experimental apparatus. We then review our experiments to observe the Wannier–Stark ladder in an accelerating lattice. This system was used to study quantum tunneling where short-time non-exponential decay was first observed for an
Multivariate control of a phase separation process

This paper presents a nonequilibrium mathematical model of a vapor-liquid separator. The model is used as the focus of a computer simulation control study conducted to provide the foundation for applying recent multivariate control developments to distillation systems. Greenfield and Ward's structural analysis was found to provide reasonably good feedforward and decoupling control of pressure, liquid temperature, and liquid pressure. Because of implicit relationships between product composition variables and their manipulative inputs, structural analysis was inapplicable when these composition variables were among the controlled variables. A method is presented which provides feedforward and some decoupling control for linear multivariable systems despite the existence of implicit relationships between controlled variables and their manipulative inputs. It is seen however that genuinely decoupled servo action on isolated state variables requires control through derivatives and thus an expansion of state space.
Efficient Electronic Energy Functionals for Tight-Binding

Generalized functionals are constructed from the exchange-correlation energy by a Legendre transformation which makes the new functionals stationary at the electronic charge density, potential, and wave functions for the ground-state. Using generalized functionals, the density, potential, and wave functions can be independently parameterized and varied to determine the ground-state energy-surface for a system of atoms. This eliminates the computationally awkward steps of constructing densities from wave functions or potentials from densities, and is particularly well suited to parameterizations using tight-binding orbitale together with atomic-like densities and potentials. For each choice of parameters, the only quantities which must be computed are the electron-electron energy for the density, the integral of the potential over the density, and the band structure energy for the wave functions. To second order in the density, potential, and wave functions, the energy for a configuration of atoms is given by the generalized functional evaluated at a superposition of atomic densities, a potential made by stitching together the atomic potentials where they are equal, and atomic wave functions. For more accurate stationary energies the densities, potentials, and wave functions can be improved by one or more conjugate gradient steps.
A Computational Gene Expression Score for Predicting Immune Injury in Renal Allografts.

Whole genome microarray meta-analyses of 1030 kidney, heart, lung and liver allograft biopsies identified a common immune response module (CRM) of 11 genes that define acute rejection (AR) across different engrafted tissues. We evaluated if the CRM genes c
Validation of High Dynamic Range Imaging to Luminance Measurement

AbstractHigh dynamic range imaging is a set of techniques that allows for a far greater dynamic range of exposure than normal digital imaging techniques. The intention is to accurately represent the dynamic range of lighting levels found in real scenes, ranging from direct sunlight to deep shadows. Various software packages have emerged that translate these HDR images into high resolution luminance maps. This paper tests the accuracy of one such package, taking into consideration different Munsell hues, values and chroma. It investigates the impact of different light spectra, spatial frequency, vignetting, and thermal noise on the accuracy of luminance measurements and determines the potential errors.
It's 10 P.M. Do You Know Where Your Children Are?

Although we now have a decade of experience in administering the federal statutes enacted to prevent trafficking in women and children and to punish traffickers when detected, American children remain vulnerable to trafficking for sexual exploitation. This Article briefly examines the federal statutory framework for addressing trafficking, particularly domestic trafficking in children, in Part I. It discusses how state statutes are supplementing that statutory framework in Part II. It concludes with a brief discussion of unresolved service issues and legal needs in Part III.
Human RPE Stem Cell-Derived RPE Preserves Photoreceptors in the Royal College of Surgeons Rat: Method for Quantifying the Area of Photoreceptor Sparing.

Abstract Purpose: Numerous preclinical studies have shown that transplantation of stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE) preserves photoreceptor cell anatomy in the dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat. How rescue is spatially distributed over the eye, relative to the transplantation site, is less clear. To understand spatial variations in transplant efficacy, we have developed a method to measure the spatial distribution of rescued photoreceptor cells. Methods: Human RPE Stem Cell-derived RPE (RPESC-RPE) cells were subretinally injected into RCS rat eyes. After tissue recovery and orientating the globe, a series of retinal sections were cut through the injected area. Sections were stained with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and a number of photoreceptor nuclei were counted across the nasal-temporal and superior–inferior axes. These data were used to construct 2D maps of the area of photoreceptor cell saving. Results: Photoreceptor cell preservation was detected in the inj...
Examining patient-provider relationship (PPR) quality and patient activation in the Medicare population.

Patient activation describes an individual’s willingness and ability to take actions to independently manage health. Additional qualities of the relationship between a patient and provider may play a role in patient decision-making and motivation. (1) To describe patient characteristics for groups who perceive different quality levels of PPR. (2) To examine the association and determine the effect of PPR on patient activation. The Medicare Current Beneficiary Surveys was used to gather information on patient confidence, information seeking behaviors, and PPR. Scores for each variable set were categorized and described. Odds ratios were calculated using multinomial logistic regression models adjusting for sociodemographic variables. The study included 15,185 beneficiaries, 4198 (27.6 %) were categorized as low PPR, 6752 (44.5 %) were moderate PPR, and 4235 (27.9 %) high PPR. Adjusting for covariates, patients with moderate PPR and high PPR were more likely to have higher confidence when making healthcare decisions and exhibit information seeking behaviors compared to low PPR beneficiaries. This study supports the notion that patients with stronger relationships with their providers are also more active in healthcare decisions. After adjusting for gender, race, age, education, and income, high-quality PPR was still found to be associated with increased levels of activation in the Medicare population. High-quality patient–provider relationships are associated with improved patient confidence and information seeking behaviors. Provider-centered strategies to improve patients’ connections to their physicians may motivate patients to engage in the healthcare process.
Contemporary management of large-volume arteriovenous malformations: a clinician’s review

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) represent a heterogeneous group of lesions, and as such, there exist several treatment options and approaches depending on size, location, grading, and symptoms. Large-volume AVMs represent a particularly challenging subset of AVMs with controversy over the very classification with definitions based on size, volume, and Spetzler-Martin grade. With regards to treatment paradigms, the natural history of these lesions is an important foundation upon which management principles have been built. At this time, management options range from observation with medical management to interventions including radiosurgery, microsurgery, embolization, or a combination of these approaches. In light of the challenges facing clinicians, we performed a literature review of AVMs with a specific focus on the management of large-volume AVMs with respect to outcomes, toxicity, and future treatment options. Based on the review, we have proposed a comprehensive risk-based treatment algorithm for the management of large-volume AVMs.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Baseband Transmitter

As today’s mixed signal chips often require both digital and analog system components on the same substrate, an interesting area of application for silicon nanowire technology is to build a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) baseband transmitter. A basic baseband transmitter contains an 8-Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK) modulator, a fourth order PN generator, a binary bit mapper, and two bit multipliers. This chapter uses the BSIMSOI models of NMOS and PMOS SNTs developed in Chapter 3 to simulate all transmitter circuits and shows the design and analysis of a typical DSSS baseband transmitter. All electrical data and the transmitter layout are included in this chapter.
Hoodoo as Literary Method

In his first novel, The FreeLance Pallbearers (1967), Ishmael Reed introduced several methods of development which would later become parts of a matrix of stylistic devices that he would use throughout his other works; indeed, The FreeLance Pallbearers, a novel whose stylistics were generally ignored by critics, offers more examples of Reed’s general methods than do his other works combined.
PARAMETRIZATION, ALIGNMENT AND SHAPE OF SPHERICAL SURFACES

We develop parametrization and alignment techniques for shapes of spherical surfaces in 3D space with the goals of quantifying shape similarities and dissimilarities and modeling shape variations observed within a class of objects. The parametrization techniques are refinements of methods due to Praun and Hoppe and yield parametric mesh representations of spherical surfaces. The main new element is an automated technique to align parametric meshes for shape interpolation and comparison. We sample aligned surfaces at the vertices of a dense common mesh structure to obtain a representation of the shapes as organized point-clouds. We apply Kendall’s shape theory to these dense point clouds to define geodesic shape distance, to obtain geodesic interpolations, and to study statistical properties of shapes that are relevant to problems in computer vision. Applications to the construction of compatible texture maps for a family of surfaces are also discussed.
The Impact of Radiation and Its Timing on Donor Internal Mammary Vessel Histopathology at the Time of Autologous Microvascular Breast Reconstruction.

Background We evaluate the impact of radiation and its early versus late effects on internal mammary vessel histomorphometry and implications for autologous breast reconstruction. Methods Patients received no radiation or radiation within the previous 6 weeks (early) or at least 6 months prior to biopsy (late) of the internal mammary vessels during free flap surgery. Clinical outcomes, and vessel measurements and markers for macrophages, smooth muscle actin (SM-ACTIN), elastin, and collagen were analyzed. Results We analyzed 36 internal mammary arteries (IMAs) and veins (IMV) in 22 patients. Six had no radiation, 12 had radiation less than 6 weeks, and 18 had radiation more than 6 months ago. Demographics, surgical variables, and cardiovascular comorbidity did not differ between groups. Macrophage counts were higher in patients who had radiation ( p p = 0.03). There were similar findings in the IMV. Intimal thickness of the IMA increased significantly after radiation ( p p = 0.007). Intima–media thickness of the IMV was significantly elevated ( p = 0.02) after radiotherapy. Radiation decreased percentage of SM-ACTIN in the IMA ( p = 0.05). Other histomorphometric parameters did not differ significantly. Conclusion Higher macrophage counts but less intimal thickening of the IMA differentiates donor vessels utilized within 6 weeks of radiotherapy and those performed after 6 months or more. Although the timing of reconstruction is based on several other factors, histologic parameters support reconstruction within 6 weeks of radiation therapy.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Interfacial Region between Boehmite and Gibbsite Basal Surfaces and High Ionic Strength Aqueous Solutions

Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to study the interactions of up to 2 M NaCl and NaNO3 aqueous solutions with the presumed inert boehmite (010) and gibbsite (001) surfaces. The force field parameters used in these simulations were validated against density functional theory calculations of Na+ and Cl– hydrated complexes adsorbed at the boehmite (010) surface. In all the classical MD simulations and regardless of the ionic strength or the nature of the anion, Na+ ions were found to preferably form inner-sphere complexes over outer-sphere complexes at the aluminum (oxy)hydroxide surfaces, adsorbing closer to the surface than both water molecules and anions. In contrast, Cl– ions were predicted to distribute preferably in outer-sphere positions. The resulting asymmetry in adsorption strengths offers molecular-scale evidence for the observed isoelectric point (IEP) shift to higher pH at high ionic strength for aluminum (oxy)hydroxides. As such, the MD simulations also provided clear evi...
Focused ultrasound-facilitated molecular delivery to the brain using drug-loaded nanodroplets

Acoustically-activated nanodroplets facilitate localized drug delivery after vaporization with improved in vivo stability, drug payload, and minimal interference outside of the ultrasound focal zone compared with microbubbles. They are new acoustic mediators to induce blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening for drug delivery to the brain, with promising potential of extravasation to enhance targeted delivery in the extravascular space due to the nano sizes.)
Obligate Overdiagnosis Due to Mammographic Screening: A Direct Estimate for U.S. Women

Obligate overdiagnosis occurs in 9% of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and approximately 7% of both invasive breast cancer and all breast cancers in the U.S. mammographic screening population, with screening of women ages 40–49 years (or premenopausal women starting at age 40 years) making a negligible contribution of 0.15% to obligate overdiagnosis of DCIS and a contribution of less than 0.1% to the obligate overdiagnosis rates of invasive breast cancer and all breast cancers.
GTA3 2018: Workshop on Graph Techniques for Adversarial Activity Analytics

Networks are natural analytic tools in modeling adversarial activities(e.g., human trafficking, illicit drug production, terrorist financial transaction) using different intelligence data sources. However, such activities are often covert and embedded across multiple domains and contexts. They are generally not detectable and recognizable from the perspective of an isolated network, and only become apparent when multiple networks are analyzed in a joint manner. Thus, one of the main research topics in modeling adversarial activities is to develop effective techniques to align and fuse information from different networks into a unified representation for global analysis. Based on the combined network representation, an equally important research topic is on detecting and matching indicating patterns to recognize the underlining adversarial activities in the integrated network. The focus of this workshop is to gather together the researchers from all relevant fields to share their experience and opinions on graph mining techniques in the era of big data, with emphasis on two fundamental problems - "Connecting the dots" and "finding a needle in a haystack", in the context of graph-based adversarial activity analytics.
CALCULATION OF OPTICAL GAPS IN SILICON IN THE SCREENED EXCHANGE-COULOMB HOLE APPROXIMATION

The electronic excitation energies have been calculated for Si using the ab initio pseudopotential approach and the screened exchange-coulomb hole approximation for the electron self energy. Within the approximation of neglecting local field effects in screening the coulomb interaction, the direct gaps are found to be in much better agreement with experiment than standard density functional calculations. We argue that the inclusion of local field effects are necessary to reproduce the band dispersions and hence the indirect gap.
Centrality fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions

Volume or centrality fluctuations (CF) are one of the main uncertainties for interpreting the centrality dependence of many experimental observables. The CF is constrained by centrality selection based on particle multiplicity in a reference subevent and contributes to observables measured in another subevent. Using a Glauber-based independent source model, we study the influence of CF on several distributions of multiplicity $N$ and eccentricities ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{n}$: $p(N),\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}p({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{n}),\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}p({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{n},{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{m})$, and $p(N,{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{n})$, where the effects of CF are quantified using multiparticle cumulants of these distributions. In midcentral collisions, a general relation is established between the multiplicity fluctuation and resulting CF in the reference subevent. In ultracentral collisions, where distribution of particle production sources is strongly distorted, we find these cumulants exhibit rich sign-change patterns, due to observable-dependent non-Gaussianity in the underlying distributions. The details of sign-change pattern change with the size of the collision systems. Simultaneous comparison of these different types of cumulants between model prediction and experimental data can be used to constrain the CF and particle production mechanism in heavy-ion collisions. Since the concepts of centrality and CF are expected to fluctuate in the longitudinal direction within a single event, we propose to use the pseudorapidity-separated subevent cumulant method to explore the nature of intraevent fluctuations of centrality and collective dynamics. The subevent method can be applied for any bulk observable that is sensitive to centrality and has the potential to separate different mechanisms for multiplicity and flow fluctuations happening at different timescales. The forward detector upgrades at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider will greatly enhance such studies in the future.
Articular Cartilage Physiology

Articular cartilage is mainly hyaline articular cartilage. It is an avascular and aneural tissue; thus its potential for healing is limited—if not nonexistent.
Investigating occupancy profiles using convolutional neural networks

In this paper, we implement a convolutional neural networks (CNN) based autoencoder to investigate occupancy profiles. We use the American time use survey (ATUS) data, which contains 191,558 schedules with binary occupancy information. Our results suggest that the trained filters provide an important insight of occupancy profiles (i.e., dominant and distinct patterns), and the latent space compresses the profiles with representative information.
Algebraic formula predicting interstitial fluid pressure homeostasis from the interaction of microvascular filtration and lymphatic transport

Interstitial fluid pressure remains relatively low despite fairly large increases in capillary and lymphatic outlet pressures. This maintenance of interstitial fluid pressure imposes competing requ...
Diagnostics for eddy viscosity models of turbulence including data-driven/neural network based parameterizations

Abstract Classical eddy viscosity models add a viscosity term with turbulent viscosity coefficient whose specification varies from model to model. Turbulent viscosity coefficient approximations of unknown accuracy are typically constructed by solving associated systems of nonlinear evolution equations or by data driven approaches such as deep neural networks. Often eddy viscosity models over-diffuse, so additional fixes are added. This process increases model complexity and decreases model comprehensibility, leading to the following two questions: Is an eddy viscosity model needed? Does the eddy viscosity model fail? This report derives diagnostic quantities of interest that answer these two questions. A notable quality of the derived quantities of interest for the eddy viscosity model is that they are a posteriori computable and require no a priori knowledge of the parameterization. For neural network based parameterizations these diagnostic quantities provide an indication of when the eddy viscosity model fails due to over diffusion of the flow.
Axial load biaxial moment interaction (PMM) diagrams for shallow foundations: Design aids, experimental verification, and examples

Abstract This paper presents the development of design aids and simplified closed-form equations to estimate the coupled vertical load and biaxial moment capacity (PMM) of solid and hollow rectangular and circular shallow foundations as limited by bearing strength of the supporting soil. It is demonstrated that the resulting simplified equations are generalized versions of the widely accepted equivalent width concept proposed by Meyerhof nearly seven decades ago. The formulation can be used in soil-structure analyses where foundation strength influences the seismic response of bridges or buildings. Whether the design philosophy is to capacity protect the foundations or allow rocking and energy dissipation through soil yielding, the proposed formulation and charts allow sizing shallow footings in an expedite manner and using a pocket calculator. Results from four experimental programs comprising over fifty scaled foundation models under biaxial loading are included to show that the proposed simplified equations are useful to reasonably estimate the measured capacities. In addition, two examples are presented to illustrate the versatility of the formulation and ease of implementation.
Changing how we build hydropower infrastructure for the common good: lessons from the Brazilian Amazon

Infrastructure projects like roads and hydroelectric dams are meant to help achieve national economic development goals in Brazil and the Amazon. In the case of hydropower dams, they have a very specific goal: that of producing energy from water sources. Unfortunately, that objective is frequently associated with environmental and social damages that result from the construction of dams. In the Amazon these damages are more serious in terms of the impacts on biological and cultural diversity. The research for this paper is based on 5 years of study by an interdisciplinary team using survey and ethnographic methods, both qualitative and quantitative. This history is repeated frequently, and it becomes necessary to ask what types of changes would be necessary to hydropower projects to begin to have social and environmental positive results. This paper explores the causes of the problems posed by dams and suggests solutions in the process of approval, construction and operation of hydropower dams that could lead to better outcomes for the common good of society. ***Mudando a maneira como construimos a infraestrutura hidreletrica para o bem comum: licoes da Amazonia brasileira*** Projetos de infraestrutura como estradas e hidreletricas sao usados para o desenvolvimento economico e nacional no Brasil e na Amazonia. As hidreletricas, em particular, tem um foco na producao de energia de fontes hidricas. Infelizmente, frequentemente, esse objetivo esta associado a danos ambientais e sociais que resultam da construcao das barragens hidreletricas. Na Amazonia tais danos sao ainda mais serios em termos dos impactos sobre a diversidade biologica e cultural. Esta pesquisa de cinco anos envolveu uma equipe interdisciplinar usando metodos de survey, etnograficos, qualitativos e quantitativos. Esta historia se repete com frequencia e torna-se necessario questionar quais alteracoes seriam necessarias para que projetos hidreletricos possam gerar resultados mais positivos em termos ambientais e sociais. Este trabalho explora as causas dos problemas causados pelas hidreletricas e sugere solucoes de melhorias dos processos de aprovacao, construcao, e operacao desses empreendimentos a fim de alcancar o bem comum da sociedade. Palavras-chave: Hidreletricas. Barragens. Avaliacao de impactos sociais. Avaliacao de impactos ambientais. Desmatamento. Reassentamento.
Regulatory Constraints for Medical Products Using Biomaterials

Abstract Medical products using biomaterials are subject to controls by regulatory agencies around the globe and despite earnest efforts to harmonize these regulations often reflect the specific cultural experiences with medical devices. Not only do the regulations for market entry vary, but countries do not even agree on what constitutes a reportable adverse event. Quality systems requirements are similar, but not identical, despite efforts to create a unified system of inspections for multi-national companies. The common regulatory controls are: 1) registration/listing or licensing, 2) premarket approval, 3) reporting adverse events, but beyond those similar barriers the methods of controls are highly differentiated.
Unfolded Protein Response in Leukemia: From Basic Understanding to Therapeutic Opportunities

Understanding genetic and epigenetic changes that underlie abnormal proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is critical for development of new approaches to monitor and treat leukemia. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved adaptive signaling pathway that governs protein folding, secretion, and energy production and serves to maintain protein homeostasis in various cellular compartments. Deregulated UPR signaling, which often occurs in hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia, defines the degree of cellular toxicity and perturbs protein homeostasis, and at the same time, offers a novel therapeutic target. Here, we review current knowledge related to altered UPR signaling in leukemia and highlight possible strategies for exploiting the UPR as treatment for this disease.
Allopatry, hybridization, and reproductive isolation in Arctostaphylos.

Premise Hybridization plays a key role in introgressive adaptation, speciation, and adaptive radiation as a source of evolutionary innovation. Hybridization is considered common in Arctostaphylos, yet species boundaries are retained in stands containing multiple species. Arctostaphylos contains diploids and tetraploids, and recent phylogenies indicate two clades; we hypothesize combinations of these traits limit or promote hybridization rates. Methods We statistically analyzed co-occurrence patterns of species by clade membership and ploidy level from 87 random 0.1 ha plots. We sampled multiple sites to analyze for percent hybridization based on morphology. Finally, phenophases were analyzed by scoring herbarium sheets for a large number of taxa from both clades as well as tetraploids, and second, surveying three field sites over two years for divergence in phenological stages between co-occurring taxa. Results Most taxa in Arctostaphylos are allopatric relative to other congenerics. When two taxa co-occur, the patterns are a diploid with a tetraploid, or two diploids from different clades. When three taxa co-occur, the pattern is two diploids from different clades and a tetraploid. Field and herbarium data both indicate flowering phenology is displaced between diploids from the two clades; one of the diploid clades and tetraploids overlap considerably. Conclusions The two deep clades in Arctostaphylos are genetically distant, with hybrids rare or non-existent when taxa co-occur. Reproductive isolation between clades is enhanced by displaced flowering phenology for co-occurring species. Within clades, taxa appear to have few reproductive barriers other than an allopatric distribution or different ploidy levels.
Geometrical Optics Solution for Periodic Multilayer Anisotropic Slab Scattering

In this paper, a Geometrical Optics (GO) solution for electromagnetic scattering from a periodic multilayer anisotropic slab is presented. An approach based on the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) is used to determine effective slab reflection and transmission coefficients. Numerical results for various scattering problems showing excellent agreement with reference solutions are provided.
Flow Measurements on an Axially Symmetric Body at Large Angle of Attack

Computations have meager success in predicting the forces and moments acting on an axially symmetric body at large angles of attack because of error in separation locations. Work was done to provide experimental data for use in improving computational algorithms. Fluid flow measurements were performed at 15° and 10° angles of attack on an axially symmetric body of length L=25.9" and a ratio of length to diameter of L/d = 9.5. In our tests, we used three tunnel speeds, corresponding to length Reynolds Numbers, Re L = 0.7 × 106, 1.3 × 106, and 1.8 × 106.
Characterization and quantification of necrotic tissues and morphology in multicellular ovarian cancer tumor spheroids using optical coherence tomography

The three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid model is a critical tool for high-throughput ovarian cancer research and anticancer drug development in vitro. However, the 3D structure prevents high-resolution imaging of the inner side of the spheroids. We aim to visualize and characterize 3D morphological and physiological information of the contact multicellular ovarian tumor spheroids growing over time. We intend to further evaluate the distinctive evolutions of the tumor spheroid and necrotic tissue volumes in different cell numbers and determine the most appropriate mathematical model for fitting the growth of tumor spheroids and necrotic tissues. A label-free and noninvasive swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) imaging platform was applied to obtain two-dimensional (2D) and 3D morphologies of ovarian tumor spheroids over 18 days. Ovarian tumor spheroids of two different initial cell numbers (5,000- and 50,000- cells) were cultured and imaged (each day) over the time of growth in 18 days. Four mathematical models (Exponential-Linear, Gompertz, logistic, and Boltzmann) were employed to describe the growth kinetics of the tumor spheroids volume and necrotic tissues. Ovarian tumor spheroids have different growth curves with different initial cell numbers and their growths contain different stages with various growth rates over 18 days. The volumes of 50,000-cells spheroids and the corresponding necrotic tissues are larger than that of the 5,000-cells spheroids. The formation of necrotic tissue in 5,000-cells numbers is slower than that in the 50,000-cells ones. Moreover, the Boltzmann model exhibits the best fitting performance for the growth of tumor spheroids and necrotic tissues. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can serve as a promising imaging modality to visualize and characterize morphological and physiological features of multicellular ovarian tumor spheroids. The Boltzmann model integrating with 3D OCT data of ovarian tumor spheroids provides great potential for high-throughput cancer research in vitro and aiding in drug development.
Separation of Powers and the APA

Testimony in the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary's Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial, and Administrative Law Hearing on “The Administrative Procedure Act at 75: Ensuring the Rulemaking Process is Transparent, Accountable, and Effective”
Nest relocations in ants

Ant nest relocation was studied in a decidous forest in the eastern U.S. Nests were located by tuna baiting and were re-checked every 2–3 weeks for continued occupation or desertion by the colonies. Nest half lives for four species were calculated and varied from 12.9 days forTapinoma sessile to 89.9 days forFormica subsericea.
Friendship Talk as Identity Work: Defining the Self Through Friend Relationships

This paper places friendships at the center of individuals' identity work, examining how individuals construct self-identities through their talk about friend relationships and networks. We conceptualize this “friendship talk” as a subcategory of identity talk. From interviews with emerging adults, we find three strategies of friendship talk: envisioning self through others, betterment distancing, and situating with networks. These strategies demonstrate unique ways identity construction occurs through talk about friends. Individuals verbally connect with and separate from friends while constructing desired selves and moral identities. We suggest that friendship talk strategies may be generic social processes that apply beyond emerging adulthood.
Expression profile of genes regulated by activity of the Na-H exchanger NHE1

In mammalian cells changes in intracellular pH (pHi), which are predominantly controlled by activity of plasma membrane ion exchangers, regulate a diverse range of normal and pathological cellular processes. How changes in pHi affect distinct cellular processes has primarily been determined by evaluating protein activities and we know little about how pHi regulates gene expression. A global profile of genes regulated in mammalian fibroblasts by decreased pHi induced by impaired activity of the plasma membrane Na-H exchanger NHE1 was characterized by using cDNA microarrays. Analysis of selected genes by quantitative RT-PCR, TaqMan, and immunoblot analyses confirmed results obtained from cDNA arrays. Consistent with established roles of pHi and NHE1 activity in cell proliferation and oncogenic transformation, grouping regulated genes into functional categories and biological pathways indicated a predominant number of genes with altered expression were associated with growth factor signaling, oncogenesis, and cell cycle progression. A comprehensive analysis of genes selectively regulated by pHi provides insight on candidate targets that might mediate established effects of pHi on a number of normal and pathological cell functions.
Christmas Foodways and Ritual in Northern Germany: Distinctions East and West of the Former Border

© 2003 Susan Mazur-Stommen All Rights Reserved The copyright for individual articles in both the print and online version of the Anthropology of East Europe Review is retained by the individual authors. They reserve all rights other than those stated here. Please contact the managing editor for details on contacting these authors. Permission is granted for reproducing these articles for scholarly and classroom use as long as only the cost of reproduction is charged to the students. Commercial reproduction of these articles requires the permission of the authors.
Corynebacterium vaginale vaginitis. Review of the literature and presentation of data based on vaginal cultures from 1,008 patients.

Abstract A partial review of the literature concerning vaginitis due to Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis) is presented. Evaluation of cultures from 1,008 patients is presented. The data strongly support the concept that Corynebacterium vaginale is a major cause of a mild though well-defined vaginitis.
Effect of the food production chain from farm practices to vegetable processing on outbreak incidence

The popularity in the consumption of fresh and fresh-cut vegetables continues to increase globally. Fresh vegetables are an integral part of a healthy diet, providing vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other health-promoting compounds. The diversity of fresh vegetables and packaging formats (spring mix in clamshell container, bagged heads of lettuce) support increased consumption. Unfortunately, vegetable production and processing practices are not sufficient to ensure complete microbial safety. This review highlights a few specific areas that require greater attention and research. Selected outbreaks are presented to emphasize the need for science-based ‘best practices’. Laboratory and field studies have focused on inactivation of pathogens associated with manure in liquid, slurry or solid forms. As production practices change, other forms and types of soil amendments are being used more prevalently. Information regarding the microbial safety of fish emulsion and pellet form of manure is limited. The topic of global climate change is controversial, but the potential effect on agriculture cannot be ignored. Changes in temperature, precipitation, humidity and wind can impact crops and the microorganisms that are associated with production environments. Climate change could potentially enhance the ability of pathogens to survive and persist in soil, water and crops, increasing human health risks. Limited research has focused on the prevalence and behaviour of viruses in pre and post-harvest environments and on vegetable commodities. Globally, viruses are a major cause of foodborne illnesses, but are seldom tested for in soil, soil amendments, manure and crops. Greater attention must also be given to the improvement in the microbial quality of seeds used in sprout production. Human pathogens associated with seeds can result in contamination of sprouts intended for human consumption, even when all appropriate ‘best practices’ are used by sprout growers.