cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sphingosine-1-phosphate regulates the expression of the liver receptor homologue-1

In this study, we examined the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in regulating the transcription of the liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) in breast cancer cells. We show that S1P induces LRH-1 mRNA expression in MCF-7 cells in a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-dependent manner. Both S1P and PGE2 stimulate the recruitment of LRH-1, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP), and RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) to the LRH-1 promoter, as well as increase acetylation of histone H3 in this region of chromatin. S1P and PGE2 promote the direct interaction of CREB and LRH-1, which is potentiated by C/EBPdelta and the coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP), and steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3). CREB and LRH-1 synergistically increase LRH-1 transcription, suggesting an integral role for LRH-1 in regulating the transcription of its own gene.
Short range order and the metal-insulator transition in disordered systems

Abstract The effect of short range order on the electronic density of states, the conductivity, and localization is calculated for a model binary alloy in the simple cubic configuration using a cluster extension of CPA. In the presence of short range order a metal insulator transition takes place as the concentration passes through a critical range.
Microwave Measurement For Wavefront Reconstruction Via Infrared Detection

A unique technique for microwave wavefront measurement using infrared (IR) detection for the purpose of wavefront reconstruction is presented. This paper extends previously reported IR detection results of microwave interactions, to the measurement of tangential electric or magnetic field magnitudes using resistive paper or a ferrite-loaded material respectively. Partial phase information is obtained by using subapertures, coated for IR detection, each oriented in the direction of maximum power transfer, which provides noisy phase difference measurements. This limited spatial relative phase information is used along with the measured magnitude to reconstruct the incident wavefront. Two previously reported algorithms are described for this reconstruction. The first algorithm uses relaxation techniques while the second more general algorithm is a Kalman filter type iterative algorithm.
Estimating aggregate wind plant capacity from historical time series data

In investigating the large-scale integration of wind plants into the electric system, researchers are often in need of a realistic time series of aggregate wind plant power output corresponding to various capacity levels. One appealing approach to producing the time series is to use normalized historical data, which can then be scaled to the appropriate capacity levels for the analyses. A fundamental challenge in this approach is that the total wind plant capacity level in a system often changes throughout the historical data set, making accurate normalization difficult. This work presents an algorithm for estimating the capacity level for each datum in a data set of aggregate wind plant power output. The algorithm is tested on actual data from the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) and Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) systems. It is shown that capacity levels estimated by the algorithm follow the trend of reported values and account for incremental increases in wind plant capacity.
The effect of abdominal incisions on early motor development of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis

Eighteen very low-birthweight infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) underwent periodic neurodevelopmental testing until two years of age. They were grouped according to whether they had had surgical intervention (N = 6) or non-surgical therapy (N = 12). At eight and 15 months corrected age, a significantly greater number of the surgical group exhibited motor delay. At 24 months, only one infant in the surgical group had persistent motor delays. These findings indicate a higher incidence of motor delays in infants requiring surgery for NEC. The delays involved skills influenced by the abdominal musculature. These motor delays persisted up to 24 months, but appeared to resolve with time.
Bistratified ganglion cells of rabbit retina: neural architecture for contrast-independent visual responses.

Bistratified (BS) ganglion cells have long been recognized in vertebrate retina. Thirty years ago, it became clear that bistratification allows the integration of ON and OFF retinal pathways to produce contrast-independent responses in ganglion cells. Best studied is the type 1 bistratified (BS1) ganglion cell of rabbit retina, the physiologically wellcharacterized ON-OFF directionally selective (DS) ganglion cell, which is co-stratified with the two types of starburst amacrine (SA) cells in sublaminae a and b of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). DS responses have recently been documented in the latter. In this report, BS1 cells are further studied and are used as ‘‘fiducials’’ to characterize a second type of BS ganglion cell. An example of a possible third type is shown to be distinct from examples of BS1 and BS2 cells. All three have two distinct, narrowly stratified arborizations, one in sublamina a and one in sublamina b. All have similar dimensions, except for their dendritic trees, differing also in branching pattern. BS1 cells have compact, regular, highly branched trees; BS2 cells have significantly larger, more sparsely branched, irregular, radiate trees; the proposed BS3 type is intermediate in field size, and its branching pattern is different from the first two. BS2 and BS3 cells are co-stratified, branching nearer to the margins of the IPL, out of range of SA cells. In a previous report by others, illustrating the morphology of intracellularly stained ganglion cells, one example each of both ‘‘orientation-selective’’ ganglion cells and ‘‘uniformity detectors’’ resembles the BS2 cell. A rationale is presented for correlating BS2 cells with uniformity detectors.
Bedside ureteral stenting for the critically ill patient: technical considerations

Bedside ureteral stenting, although a challenging technique, can be achieved with frequent success by using some simple endoscopic maneuvers. By understanding the relationship of the working port to the lens and light source, surgeons can supinate or pronate their wrist to cannulate the ureteral orifices with greater success.
Seasonal cycles of Myiopharus aberrans and M. doryphorae (Diptera: Tachinidae) parasitizing Colorado potato beetles in upstate New York

Abstract Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae in potato fields were parasitized by two species of Myiopharus: M. aberrans and M. doryphorae . In both species, males eclosed about 1 day earlier than females, and adult flies were active in July, August, and early September. M. doryphorae appeared to parasitize second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae, and the parasitoid adults emerged from dead fourth-instar hosts. There were two or more generations per year; however, most parasitism occurred late in the season after a large proportion of the host population had entered diapause and dug into the soil. M. doryphorae's overwintering stage is unknown; this is a significant handicap in using this species in biological control. Unlike M. doryphorae , M. aberrans ' females parasitized only fourth-instar larvae, and its developmental time was approximately 2 days longer than that of M. doryphorae . M. aberrans ' life cycle also appeared to follow closely that of its host. Maggots that were larviposited early in July completed development and adults eclosed from fourth-instar hosts after they dug into the soil. Those that were larviposited late in the season entered an estival-autumnal-hibernal diapause, overwintered, and emerged from the adult beetles during the following spring. Moist soil conditions increased the incidence of successful emergence of M. aberrans from these beetles. Field populations of M. aberrans could be conserved and enhanced by habitat manipulation during spring and summer.
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal effectiveness in an acid soil amended with fresh organic matter

A greenhouse investigation was undertaken to determine the influence of fresh organic matter on the formation and functioning of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Leucaena leucocephala grown in an acid aluminum-rich ultisol. In soil not amended with fresh organic matter or lime, plants failed to grow. Mycorrhizal infection level, mycorrhizal effectiveness measured in terms of pinnule P content of L. leucocephala leaves and dry matter yield of the legume increased with increase in fresh organic matter. Although VAM colonization level and dry matter yield of L. leucocephala were significantly higher if the test soil was limed (7.2 cmole OH−) than if amended with fresh organic matter, the latter was as effective as lime in off-setting the detrimental effect of aluminum on mycorrhizal effectiveness. The lower mycorrhizal colonization level and the lower dry matter yield noted in the soil treated with fresh organic matter appears to be related to the inadequacy of Ca in the soil amended with fresh organic matter. These observations are supported by the low calcium status of soil and plant tissues in the absence of lime. It is concluded that while fresh organic matter, in appropriate amounts, could protect sensitive plants and VAM symbiosis against Al toxicity in acid soils, maximum mycorrhizal inoculation effects are not likely to be attained unless the soils are also amended with Ca.
Detection of protective oxide layers on Cr formed by exposure to air by STEM-ELS method

Abstract Relatively thick (1000 A) and very thin (30 A) Cr specimens have been observed with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-loss spectroscopy (ELS). They show marked differences in both diffraction (selected area electron diffraction and microdiffraction) and composition (ELS) data. The extra 2.5 A ring in SAED and oxygen K edge loss peak in ELS are attributed to the protective oxide layer formed at the surface of Cr by exposure to air at 25°C. The average thickness of the layer is estimated to be about 10 A.
Optimization of parameterized lightpipes

Parameterization via the bend locus curve allows optimization of single-spherical-bend lightpipes. It takes into account the bend radii, the bend ratio, allowable volume, thickness, and other terms. The modified simplex method is used for optimization.
Spontaneous biliary perforation: Does external drainage constitute adequate therapy?

Abstract Spontaneous perforation of the biliary tract in infancy is rare; fewer than 100 cases have been reported. The authours report on two patients with spontaneous biliary perforation (SBP) who were treated during the past 5 years. One of the patients, a 10-month-old boy, presented with an extensive retroperitoneal mass, without jaundice. He was found to have a perforation in the pancreatic portion of the common bile duct (CBD). The second patient, a 6-week-old boy, had insidious onset of jaundice, abdominal distension, and acholic stools. He was found to have a perforation at the cystic duct/CBD junction and distal CBD stricture. Both patients initially underwent cholecystostomy and drainage. The second patient had a persistent external biliary fistula and high-grade stricture, and subsequently underwent CBD excision and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, at age 12 weeks. The authors' findings do not support the widely held concepts proposing that (1) the diminished distal ductal caliber often associated with these lesions occurs secondary to the perforation rather than is a primary causative factor and (2) the distal biliary obstruction does not require treatment because it resolves with adequate drainage. In the absence of ductal abnormalities, the authors advocate external drainage. For SBP associated with an underlying stricture, prompt biliary intestinal bypass is necessary to avoid biliary cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
Recent Trends in HIV-1 Drug Resistance

Once considered an inevitable consequence of HIV treatment, drug resistance is declining. This decline supports the hypothesis that antiretroviral therapy can arrest replication and prevent the evolution of resistance. Further support comes from excellent clinical outcomes, the failure of treatment intensification to reduce residual viremia, the lack of viral evolution in patients on optimal therapy, pharmacodynamics studies explaining the extraordinarily high antiviral activity of modern regimens, and recent reports of potential cures. Evidence supporting ongoing replication includes higher rates of certain complications in treated patients and an increase in circular forms of the viral genome after intensification with integrase inhibitors. Recent studies also provide an explanation for the observation that some patients fail protease-inhibitor based regimens without evidence for resistance.
Atg7 Overcomes Senescence and Promotes Growth of BrafV600E-Driven Melanoma

Macroautophagy (autophagy hereafter) may promote survival and growth of spontaneous tumors, including melanoma. We utilized a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) driven by oncogenic BRAFV600E and deficiency in the Pten tumor suppressor gene in melanocytes to test the functional consequences of loss of the essential autophagy gene autophagy-related-7, Atg7. Atg7 deficiency prevented melanoma development by BRAFV600E and allelic Pten loss, indicating that autophagy is essential for melanomagenesis. Moreover, BRAFV600E mutant, Pten-null, Atg7-deficient melanomas displayed accumulation of autophagy substrates and growth defects, which extended animal survival. Atg7-deleted tumors showed increased oxidative stress and senescence, a known barrier to melanomagenesis. Treatment with the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib decreased tumor growth and induced senescence that was more pronounced in tumors with Atg7 deficiency. Thus Atg7 promotes melanoma by limiting oxidative stress and overcoming senescence, and autophagy inhibition may be of therapeutic value by augmenting the anti-tumor activity of BRAF inhibitors.
Absence of linkage of apparently single gene mediated ADHD with the human syntenic region of the mouse mutant coloboma

Attention deficit disorder (ADHD) is a complex biobehavioral phenotype which affects up to 8% of the general population and often impairs social, academic, and job performance. Its origins are heterogeneous, but a significant genetic component is suggested by family and twin studies. The murine strain, coloboma, displays a spontaneously hyperactive phenotype that is responsive to dextroamphetamine and has been proposed as a genetic model for ADHD. Coloboma is a semi-dominant mutation that is caused by a hemizygous deletion of the SNAP-25 and other genes on mouse chromosome 2q. To test the possibility that the human homolog of the mouse coloboma gene(s) could be responsible for ADHD, we have carried out linkage studies with polymorphic markers in the region syntenic to coloboma (20p11-p12). Five families in which the pattern of inheritance of ADHD appears to be autosomal dominant were studied. Segregation analysis of the traits studied suggested that the best fitting model was a sex-influenced, single gene, Mendelian pattern. Several genetic models were evaluated based on estimates of penetrance, phenocopy rate, and allele frequency derived from our patient population and those of other investigators. No significant linkage was detected between the disease locus and markers spanning this chromosome 20 interval.
The Effects of Age of Bird and Season of the Year on Egg Quality. II. Haugh Units and Compositional Attributes

Abstract Eggs were obtained from eight commercial egg production houses over 12 months. The effects of age of bird and season of the year on Haugh units and egg composition were analyzed. Haugh units decreased significantly and egg weight increased significantly as age of bird increased. No seasonal effects on either Haugh units or egg weight were observed. Yolk weight and percentage of yolk increased significantly as the bird aged but were not significantly affected by season of the year. Albumen weight increased as the age of bird increased, whereas percentage of albumen decreased due to the increase in percentage of yolk associated with increasing age of bird. No seasonal effects were noted.
Microwave Phonon-Attenuation Measurements in Quartz

Measurements have been made of the temperature dependence of the attenuation at 9000 Mc/sec of two slow transverse, two fast transverse, and three longitudinal phonon modes in "perfect" natural-quartz specimens. The attenuation of the slow transverse waves follows the theory of Landau and Rumer. The attenuation of the longitudinal and fast transverse waves follow the theories of Maris and Shiren, which take into account the finite lifetime of the thermal phonons with which the microwave phonons interact, but some discrepancies still exist in the magnitude of the attenuation. The steps observed in the attenuation of imperfect quartz are identified as two peaks at 16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, sumperimposed on a phonon-phonon background. Possible mechanisms for these attenuation peaks are discussed.
Epithelial barrier function: At the front line of asthma immunology and allergic airway inflammation

Airway epithelial cells form a barrier to the outside world and are at the front line of mucosal immunity. Epithelial apical junctional complexes are multiprotein subunits that promote cell-cell adhesion and barrier integrity. Recent studies in the skin and gastrointestinal tract suggest that disruption of cell-cell junctions is required to initiate epithelial immune responses, but how this applies to mucosal immunity in the lung is not clear. Increasing evidence indicates that defective epithelial barrier function is a feature of airway inflammation in asthmatic patients. One challenge in this area is that barrier function and junctional integrity are difficult to study in the intact lung, but innovative approaches should provide new knowledge in this area in the near future. In this article we review the structure and function of epithelial apical junctional complexes, emphasizing how regulation of the epithelial barrier affects innate and adaptive immunity. We discuss why defective epithelial barrier function might be linked to TH2 polarization in asthmatic patients and propose a rheostat model of barrier dysfunction that implicates the size of inhaled allergen particles as an important factor influencing adaptive immunity.
An African-Centered Approach to Domestic Violence

African-centered social work offers a set of principles upon which to develop a culturally competent response to domestic violence as experienced by African American families. Finding creative and relevant solutions for addressing domestic violence can keep family members safe, identify and address abuse, and keep children in the home when appropriate. Such efforts can promote greater awareness of healthy family relationships and the empowerment of individuals to shape their lives in a healthy and safe manner. In this article, in addition to examining principles of the African-centered paradigm, the author offers specific ways in which the paradigm can be applied to domestic violence.
A model for group B Streptococcus pilus type 1: the structure of a 35-kDa C-terminal fragment of the major pilin GBS80.

Abstract The Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae, known as group B Streptococcus (GBS), is the leading cause of bacterial septicemia, pneumonia, and meningitis among neonates. GBS assembles two types of pili—pilus islands (PIs) 1 and 2—on its surface to adhere to host cells and to initiate colonization for pathogenesis. The GBS PI-1 pilus is made of one major pilin, GBS80, which forms the pilus shaft, and two secondary pilins, GBS104 and GBS52, which are incorporated into the pilus at various places. We report here the crystal structure of the 35-kDa C-terminal fragment from GBS80, which is composed of two IgG-like domains (N2–N3). The structure was solved by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion using sodium-iodide-soaked crystals and diffraction data collected at the home source. The N2 domain exhibits a cnaA/DEv-IgG fold with two calcium-binding sites, while the N3 domain displays a cnaB/IgG-rev fold. We have built a model for full-length GBS80 (N1, N2, and N3) with the help of available homologous major pilin structures, and we propose a model for the GBS PI-1 pilus shaft. The N2 and N3 domains are arranged in tandem along the pilus shaft, whereas the respective N1 domain is tilted by approximately 20° away from the pilus axis. We have also identified a pilin-like motif in the minor pilin GBS52, which might aid its incorporation at the pilus base.
Phospholipids and the origin of cationic gating charges in voltage sensors

Cells communicate with their external environment through physical and chemical processes that take place in the cell-surrounding membrane. The membrane serves as a barrier as well as a special environment in which membrane proteins are able to carry out important processes. Certain membrane proteins have the ability to detect the membrane voltage and regulate ion conduction or enzyme activity. Such voltage-dependent processes rely on the action of protein domains known as voltage sensors, which are embedded inside the cell membrane and contain an excess of positively charged amino acids, which react to an electric field. How does the membrane create an environment suitable for voltage sensors? Here we show under a variety of conditions that the function of a voltage-dependent K+ channel is dependent on the negatively charged phosphodiester of phospholipid molecules. A non-voltage-dependent K+ channel does not exhibit the same dependence. The data lead us to propose that the phospholipid membrane, by providing stabilizing interactions between positively charged voltage-sensor arginine residues and negatively charged lipid phosphodiester groups, provides an appropriate environment for the energetic stability and operation of the voltage-sensing machinery. We suggest that the usage of arginine residues in voltage sensors is an adaptation to the phospholipid composition of cell membranes.
Short Communication: On the accuracy of the parallel diagonal dominant algorithm

The Parallel Diagonal Dominant (PDD) Algorithm has been proposed for solving certain types of tridiagonal linear systems. The algorithm uses a matrix approximation. Both theoretical and experimental results have shown that the PDD algorithm is a highly efficient parallel algorithm for a variety of architectures. In this paper, the effect of this approximation is studied and discussed. The numerical results are presented.
Sulfur Hexafluoride in Owl Monkey Vitreous Cavity

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas, tested in the vitreous chamber of owl monkey eyes, remained in the vitreous cavity about twice as long as air (ten to 11 days vs. five to six days). Its volume expanded from the diffusion of other gases into the created gas pocket. Lens opacities developed when the lens was in continuous contact with SF6 or air. Sulfur hexafluoride appeared to be no more toxic to the retina than air, using electroretinographic, histologic, and electron microscopic criteria.
Multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the pediatric spine: a case report and literature review

An 11-month-old boy presented with a 3-month history of lower extremity weakness. CT and MRI of the spine revealed an enhancing epidural mass, extending from T1 through T5 and exiting through multiple foramina. The largest extraspinal extent was located at the T3 vertebral level and was accompanied by complete T3 vertebral collapse. A second lytic lesion at the L2 vertebral body without an obvious enhancing mass was also noted. Open biopsy and decompression of the spinal cord were performed, and histopathological analysis revealed a mixed inflammatory lesion with abundant S-100 and CD1a immunoreactive Langerhans cells consistent with the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). The authors present a very rare pediatric case of spinal LCH causing spinal cord compression. Possible clues to early detection, consideration of differential diagnoses, and a brief literature review are presented.
Hyperoxia and paraquat alter the kinetics of platelet serotonin uptake

Abstract Platelets and serotonin (5-HT) have been increasingly implicated in the pathophysiological response to lung microvascular injury. These experiments were undertaken to study the effect of agents known to injure the pulmonary microvasculature on platelet function, i.e., 5-HT uptake kinetics. Mice were exposed to 100% normobaric oxygen (24 to 96 hr) or pretreated ip (3 to 24 hr) with paraquat dichloride (50 mg/kg), diquat dibromide (68 mg/kg), or α-naphthylthiourea (ANTU, 10 mg/kg). Mouse platelet 5-HT accumulation was described by a saturable uptake system, possessing high affinity and low capacity, acting in conjunction with passive diffusion. The kinetic constants for the saturable uptake system in control mice were K m 3.37 ± 0.32 × 10 −7 m and V max 46.7 ± 3.5 pmol 10 8 platelets −1 4 min −1 . Exposure to oxygen for 24 hr resulted in an increased affinity, K m 1.91 ± 0.67 × 10 −7 m , and a decreased V max , 20.0 ± 5.0 pmol 10 8 platelets −1 4 min −1 , with no change in the passive diffusion component. Pretreatment with paraquat (3 hr) produced similar changes ( K m 1.71 ± 0.27 × 10 −7 m and V max 15.8 ± 1.6 pmol 10 8 platelets −1 4 min −1 ), while diquat and ANTU failed to alter the kinetics of platelet 5-HT uptake. These changes appeared to require a pulmonary toxicant capable of generating a flux of oxygen radicals, and were not due to either the presence of residual toxicant, the presence of an endogenous inhibitor in platelet-rich plasma, or changes in the platelet content of endogenous 5-HT. This study has shown that hyperoxia and paraquat affect platelet function, and suggests that this alteration may contribute to the pathophysiological response of the pulmonary microvasculature to injury produced by these agents.
The crystal structure of La3Ru3O11: A new cubic KSbO3 derivative oxide with no metal-metal bonding

Abstract La3Ru3O11 was prepared by the reaction of La2O3, RuO2, and NaClO3 in a KCl flux under vacuum at 950°C. The crystal structure of this new cubic KSbO3 derivative oxide was determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected on an automated diffractometer with MoKα radiation. Principal crystallographic data: Cubic, space group Pn3; a = 9.451(2), A; V = 844.2A3; dX = 7.049 g cm−3. Final discrepancy indices R = 0.036, Rw = 0.042. La3Ru3O11 is isomorphous with Bi3Ru3O11, but is notably different in showing no direct bonding between ruthenium atoms; the closest RuRu contact in this new oxide is 2.994(1) A.
PATTERNS OF CONNECTIVITY IN A DROSOPHILA NERVE

We investigated the spatial patterns of synaptic profiles in en passant synapses between the premotor axon of a peripherally synapsing interneuron (PAPSI) and a set of individually identifiable motoneuron axons in Drosophila melanogaster. These synaptic profiles are distributed as the axons travel parallel to each other in a bundle; the synapses begin as the axons leave the thoracic ganglion and continue peripherally for 45-65 microm. We found that the number of synaptic profiles per micron length of the motoneuron axons was greatest close to the ganglion; the cumulative distribution of profiles could be fitted to curves of the form f(x) = alpha(1 - e(-beta x)), where x = the distance from the thoracic ganglion, and alpha and beta are constants. The distribution of synaptic profiles was also examined in a mutant strain, Passover (Pas), known to affect connectivity in a pathway that includes the PAPSI. The synaptic profiles between the PAPSI and the motoneuron axons appeared ultrastructurally unremarkable in Pas. Also, the total number of synaptic profiles between the PAPSI and the motoneuron axons did not differ between Pas and wild type flies. However, the distribution of synaptic profiles among the individual motoneuron axons did differ significantly from wild type flies, as did the area of contiguity between the motoneuron axons and the PAPSI, which was much greater in Pas than in wild type flies.
Thickness sorting of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides via copolymer-assisted density gradient ultracentrifugation

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides have emerged as leading successors to graphene due to their diverse properties, which depend sensitively on sample thickness. Although solution-based exfoliation methods hold promise for scalable production of these materials, existing techniques introduce irreversible structural defects and/or lack sufficient control over the sample thickness. In contrast, previous work on carbon nanotubes and graphene has shown that isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation can produce structurally and electronically monodisperse nanomaterial populations. However, this approach cannot be directly applied to transition metal dichalcogenides due to their high intrinsic buoyant densities when encapsulated with ionic small molecule surfactants. Here, we overcome this limitation and thus demonstrate thickness sorting of pristine molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by employing a block copolymer dispersant composed of a central hydrophobic unit flanked by hydrophilic chains that effectively reduces the overall buoyant density in aqueous solution. The resulting solution-processed monolayer MoS2 samples exhibit strong photoluminescence without further chemical treatment.
“You are not enough”: The “faceless” lives of Biethnic and biracial Americans, a challenge for truly inclusive multicultural education

(1999). “You are not enough”: The “faceless” lives of Biethnic and biracial Americans, a challenge for truly inclusive multicultural education. Multicultural Perspectives: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 3-8.
Pattern organization on Cu(1 1 1) in perchlorate solutions

Abstract The first in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of Pb underpotential deposition (upd) on Cu(1 1 1) in perchlorate solutions is presented. High resolution STM shows a (4 × 4) Moire structure of a full density close-packed lead monolayer that is identical to that observed in ultrahigh vacuum. Interestingly, the STM experiments revealed nano-organization morphologies of the topmost Cu(1 1 1) layer following stripping of the lead monolayer in naturally aerated solutions. The length-scale and nature of the ordered structures was found to depend on solution pH. A Moire structure indicative of an anion adsorption-induced reconstruction was observed in pH 2 and a star-pattern type of dislocation network structure was observed in pH
The significance of squamous metaplasia in the development of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in young women

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine, prospectively, the presence and extent of cervical epithelial immaturity as well as the rate of squamous metaplastic activity as a risk for the development of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). METHODS The study was a nested case-control design that used subjects from an ongoing cohort study of human papillomavirus infection. Fifty-four sexually active young women who developed LSIL were matched for age and number of visits with 54 women who had never developed LSIL. The percent of cervical immaturity was interpreted from colpophotography using a computer-generated pixel count of delineated immature and total cervical areas. Activity of squamous metaplasia was interpreted as the percent change in the area of immaturity over a defined time period. Conditional logistic regression analysis examined risks for the development of LSIL. RESULTS Baseline area of biologic immaturity was not a predictor of LSIL. However, women with the a high degree of metaplastic activity near the SIL event were more likely to develop LSIL (odds ratio = 3.01 [95% confidence interval, 1.3, 6.8] for every 10% unit change in area of immaturity). CONCLUSIONS A rapid rate of metaplastic change within the transformation zone, rather than the initial area of biologic immaturity, is a significant risk factor for the development of LSIL. Cancer 1999;85:1139–44. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Preliminary study of endophytic fungi in a tropical palm

Endophytic fungi were isolated for the first time from a tropical palm tree, Licuala ramsayi . Eleven fungi, mostly Xylariaceous anamorphs, were isolated. A new species, Idriella licualae , is described. Brief descriptions of unidentified species of Nodulisporium, Phomopsis , and Stagonospora , and an unusual isolate of Fusarium aquaeductuum are provided.
Energy expenditure while standing or walking slowly uphill or downhill with loads

Eight fit male subjects (24 yr, 176 cm, 79 kg) stood, or walked at speeds of 0·5 or 0·9 m s−1 for 20-min periods on grades of − 10 to + 25% with loads of 20 or 40 kg. Energy expenditure (watt) was not significantly different in any of the standing conditions; grade and load increased energy expenditure while standing but not significantly. Although all the standing energy expenditure means were relatively low, high perceived exertion ratings suggest limits to tolerance time in some of these conditions. All the standing means were significantly lower than the walking means. Walking 0·9 m s−1 on a −10% grade was significantly lower than walking 0·5 m s−1 on a + 10% grade, which was significantly lower than walking 0·9 m s−1 on a + 10% grade. In the walking conditions there was a significant difference between loads: means for the 20 kg loads were lower than means for the 40 kg loads. As the condition became more strenuous by increasing load, speed, and/or grade (while walking), energy expenditure became mor...
The equivalence of models of tasking

A technique for proving the equivalence of implementations of multi-tasking programming languages is developed and applied to proving the equivalence of the contour model and a multi-tasking version of the copy rule.
Rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation in the presence of an off-resonance radio frequency field. Investigation of intermediate molecular motions

Abstract An NMR relaxation technique is described that should prove valuable in studies of intermediate molecular motions, i.e., these motions having correlation times greater than the inverse of the Larmor frequency. The technique is applicable to multiline spectra, the experiment being carried out on a commmercial Fourier transform NMR spectrometer. The experiment consists of measuring resonance peak intensities in the absence and presence of a radio frequency field applied far off-resonance as a function of the off-resonance frequency. Although it is not necessary to determine relaxation times in order to examine molecular motions, a value for the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame with off-resonance rf irradiation, T1Qoff, may be determined if a value for T1, the nuclear Zeeman spin-lattice relaxation time, is known. This technique is thus designed to supplement or supercede spin-spin relaxation time (T2) and normal on-resonance rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation time (T1Q) measurements. The utility of the off-resonance T1Q technique for investigating molecular motions is illustrated with a viscous liquid, glycerol, at low temperatures.
Implicit solution methods in computational fluid dynamics

A class of implicit finite difference schemes of the Beam and Warming approximate factorization type will be addressed. The development and analysis of various aspects of this class of schemes will be given along with the motivations behind many of the choices. Various acceleration and efficiency modifications such as matrix reduction, diagonalization and flux split schemes will be presented. The methods are demonstrated in fully vectorized codes for a CRAY type architecture. The emphasis will be on the Euler equations in generalized coordinates.
Transcending Dualistic Thinking in Conflict Resolution

Dualism, a doctrine espousing that everything in the universe is divided into polar opposites, is a defining characteristic of social discourse around the world. This article examines this phenomenon and suggests that dualism's centrality in language, thought, and action produces divisiveness and limits conflict resolution options. This essay proposes that more dynamical systems of interpretation originating from a broad range of disciplines including linguistics, the physical sciences, and Eastern religions can be useful in a variety of conflict resolution situations because they encourage more complex and creative thinking.
Experimental Testing of a Wind Tunnel Model for Use in a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Experimental testing was performed on a circulation controlled airfoil with upper and lower trailing edge blowing slots, controlled by span wise pneumatic valves. The augmented blade was designed for application to a circulation controlled vertical axis wind turbine. The design is based upon a conventional NACA0018 shape, replacing the sharp trailing edge with a rounded Coanda surface and blowing slots. A scale model with a chord of 8 inches and span of 16.5 inches was created using an ABS plastic rapid prototyping machine. In the past, circulation control wind tunnel models have been constructed with a separate blowing slot and trailing edge using conventional machining methods. The slot must be tediously aligned along the span for a consistent height which ultimately affects the uniformity and performance of the circulation control jet in combination with the flow rate. The rapid prototyping machine eased fabrication as a modular trailing edge section was printed which includes the Coanda surface, blowing slot, and diffuser all in one piece. Pressure taps were integrated by the prototyping machine into both the printed skin and trailing edge module. This method left additional space inside the model for circulation control valving components and eliminated the need for machining pressure ports. This paper will outline the model building procedures, wind tunnel test rig, and experimental results. Aerodynamic forces were determined by both load cells and surface pressure measurements; the agreement between the two methods will be analyzed and addressed. Test conditions include various angles of attack (±20°) at Cμ = 0, 0.02, 0.06, and 0.10; the test Reynolds number was kept constant at 300K. The results indicate that the blade performed at ΔCl /Cμ near 30 for Cμ = 0.02.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Instrument design and test results of the new all-reflection spatial heterodyne spectrometer

An all-reflection spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS) has been recently developed. The advantages over conventional high-resolution grating spectrometers are that the SHS requires no mechanical scanning, a self-compensating optical design permits easy alignment, and it is much smaller than other spectrometers of comparable resolution. Since all beam-splits and recombinations occur by reflection off of a diffraction grating, the interferometer is capable of operating well into the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and possibly into the soft X-ray region. A description of the design and the characteristics of the instrument is presented. Also, test results, including sample interferograms as well as their Fourier-transformed spectra, at both visible and UV wavelengths are shown. Finally, we report on future developments and possible applications.
Solving PDEs in Irregular Geometries with Multiresolution Methods I: Embedded Dirichlet Boundary Conditions

In this work, we develop and analyze a formalism for solving boundary value problems in arbitrarily-shaped domains using the MADNESS (multiresolution adaptive numerical environment for scientific simulation) package for adaptive computation with multiresolution algorithms. We begin by implementing a previously-reported diffuse domain approximation for embedding the domain of interest into a larger domain (Li et al., 2009 [1]). Numerical and analytical tests both demonstrate that this approximation yields non-physical solutions with zero first and second derivatives at the boundary. This excessive smoothness leads to large numerical cancellation and confounds the dynamically-adaptive, multiresolution algorithms inside MADNESS. We thus generalize the diffuse domain approximation, producing a formalism that demonstrates first-order convergence in both near- and far-field errors. We finally apply our formalism to an electrostatics problem from nanoscience with characteristic length scales ranging from 0.0001 to 300 nm.
An aromatic acid fraction of cigar smoke condensate

Abstract The esterified acid fraction of cigar smoke condensate has been further fractionated according to the degree of unsaturation by column chromatography on silicic acid coated with silver nitrate. The following acids have been identified as the corresponding methyl esters by Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods: benzoic, phenylacetic, 2-phenylpropionic, sorbic, and m - and p -toluic acid.
The advanced technology program, its evaluation plan, and progress in implementation

The Advanced Technology Program (ATP) partners with U.S. businesses in high-risk research to develop enabling technologies with strong potential for economic benefits to the nation. Universities, nonprofit research laboratories, and firms of all sizes participate in ATP-funded projects. ATP’s evaluation effort seeks not only to measure the impacts of the technology development projects it funds, but also to understand the underlying relationships among research, technological change, and economic impact, and to provide feedback to the program to increase its broad-based benefits. Evaluation activities encompass developing models, conducting surveys, compiling databases, conducting micro- and macro-economic case studies, and performing statistical and econometric analyses. Program metrics include private rates of return, social rates of return, and public rates of return—the social-rate-of-return component attributable to the ATP. Topics of special interest, in addition to performance metrics, include spillover pathways, benefits and costs of collaboration, financing issues, and new models of impact assessment.
Polypeptides similar to the α and β subunits of tubulin are exposed on the neuronal surface

THE finding by Borisy and Taylor1 that nervous tissue was the source of large amounts of soluble tubulin, the subunit protein of microtubules, has greatly facilitated the biochemical study of microtubular structure. From 10% to 20% of the total protein of developing brain is in the form of soluble tubulin2,3 and most studies have focused on this form of the protein. In 1970, however, Feit and Barondes demonstrated a large amount of colchicine binding activity, a term which has become associated with the presence of tubulin, in particulate fractions of brain4—fractions expected to be free of microtubule-derived tubulin. Recent studies indicate that polypeptides with the same size and drug-binding properties as soluble tubulin are present in synaptosomal plasma membranes5–7. These studies suggest a membrane-associated form of the protein which is insoluble in non-chaotropic buffers. I here report experiments which provide additional evidence for membrane-associated tubulin-like proteins and also suggest that a portion of this polypeptide(s) may be exposed on the external surface of the cell.
Skin biopsy for inflammatory and common neoplastic skin diseases: optimum time, best location and preferred techniques. A critical review

The diagnosis of skin diseases, particularly inflammatory dermatoses, is based primarily on clinical information. Pathologic examination of the biopsied specimen often serves as a complementary or confirmative part of the diagnosis. However, the clinical diagnosis of skin diseases may be challenging, as the clinical information and appearance of skin lesions invariably overlap. Evidence for a correct diagnosis may be lacking without histopathologic examination of skin biopsies. It is well known that the histologic diagnosis of inflammatory and other skin diseases requires clinicopathologic correlation, and there is evolution of skin lesions into different stages as the diseases progress. Other factors important for accurate dermatopathologic diagnosis are optimum time, best location and preferred techniques of skin biopsy. In searching for available information concerning when, where and how to take skin biopsies, it is noted that there are only limited practical guidelines currently available. We present this review article in hopes that our collective dermatopathologic and dermatologic experience can provide a quick reference for accurate diagnosis and proper management of skin diseases.
Biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids by mouse neuroblastoma (nb41a), rat glia (rgc-6) and human glia (chb-4) in cell culture.

Summary A mouse neuroblastoma cell line was found to synthesize at least four of the gangliosides characteristic of nervous tissue, G M2 , G M1 , G D2 and G D1a . Since hematoside (G M3 ) is virtually absent from the neuroblastoma cell line, the data suggest that asialo-G M2 is an intermediate in the synthesis and catabolism of gangliosides. Glial tumor cell lines of both rat and human origin contained mainly G M3 (90% of the total glycolipid content) and negligible amounts of hexosamine-containing glycosphingolipids.
Cellular localization of thiol-proteinase inhibitor in the epidermis of the newborn rat.

Subcellular distribution of a thiol-proteinase inhibitor protein was determined in the epidermis of the newborn rat by light and electron microscopy. This protein was highly soluble in basal cells and concentrated on ribosomes in the perinuclear region. Solubility in Tris buffer decreased in granular and cornified cells in which the protein appeared on polysomes which were attached on other cellular structures such as dense homogenous deposits and tonofilaments. The protein also appeared to be deposited on the plasma membrane and became insoluble in Tris buffer at 37° C, but solubilized in 1 M phosphate buffer. Location of the protein around keratohyalin granules or by the plasma membrane suggested that the inhibitor protein bound to cysteinerich protein of the epidermis with or without forming a thiol-proteinase inhibitor complex. The thiol-proteinase inhibitor protein seems to contribute to epidermal cell differentiation at multiple points through changes in its solubility and subcellular localization from basal cells to cornified cells.
1,2-Dihydro-1,1,6-trimethylnaphthalene from strawberry oil

Abstract 1,2-Dihydro-1,1,6-trimethylnaphthalene (3,4-dehydroionene) has been identified in the essential oil of strawberry fruit and foliage.
Some contributions of the Department of Veterans Affairs to the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis

The first class 1 treatment trial ever conducted in multiple sclerosis (MS) was a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. This led us to explore MS in the military-veteran populations of the United States in three main series: Army men hospitalized with final diagnoses of MS in World War II, all veterans of World War II and the Korean Conflict, and veterans of later service up to 1994. In each series, all cases had been matched with pre-illness military peers. These series provide major information on its clinical features, course and prognosis, including survival, by sex and race (white men and women; black men), as well as risk factors for occurrence, course, and survival. They comprise the only available nationwide morbidity distributions of MS in the United States. Veterans who are service-connected for MS by the Department of Veterans Affairs and matched with their military peers remain a unique and currently available resource for further clinical and epidemiological study of this disease.