cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2007 Special Issue: The interaction of implicit learning, explicit hypothesis testing learning and implicit-to-explicit knowledge extraction

To further explore the interaction between the implicit and explicit learning processes in skill acquisition (which have been tackled before, e.g. in [Sun, R., Merrill, E., & Peterson, T. (2001). From implicit skill to explicit knowledge: A bottom-up model of skill learning. Cognitive Science, 25(2), 203-244; Sun, R., Slusarz, P., & Terry, C. (2005). The interaction of the explicit and the implicit in skill learning: A dual-process approach. Psychological Review, 112(1), 159-192]), this paper explores details of the interaction of different learning modes: implicit learning, explicit hypothesis testing learning, and implicit-to-explicit knowledge extraction. Contrary to the common tendency in the literature to study each type of learning in isolation, this paper highlights the interaction among them and various effects of the interaction on learning, including the synergy effect. This work advocates an integrated model of skill learning that takes into account both implicit and explicit learning processes; moreover, it also uniquely embodies a bottom-up (implicit-to-explicit) learning approach in addition to other types of learning. The paper shows that this model accounts for various effects in the human behavioural data from the psychological experiments with the process control task, in addition to accounting for other data in other psychological experiments (which has been reported elsewhere). The paper shows that to account for these effects, implicit learning, bottom-up implicit-to-explicit extraction and explicit hypothesis testing learning are all needed.
Intact Reflexive but Deficient Voluntary Social Orienting in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Impairment in social interactions is a primary characteristic of people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although these individuals tend to orient less to naturalistic social cues than do typically developing (TD) individuals, laboratory experiments testing social orienting in ASD have been inconclusive, possibly because of a failure to fully isolate reflexive (stimulus-driven) and voluntary (goal-directed) social orienting processes. The purpose of the present study was to separately examine potential reflexive and/or voluntary social orienting differences in individuals with ASD relative to TD controls. Subjects (ages 7-14) with high-functioning ASD and a matched control group completed three gaze cueing tasks on an iPad in which individuals briefly saw a face with averted gaze followed by a target after a variable delay. Two tasks were 100% predictive with either all congruent (target appears in gaze direction) or all incongruent (target appears opposite from gaze direction) trials, respectively. Another task was non-predictive with these same trials (half congruent and half incongruent) intermixed randomly. Response times (RTs) to the target were used to calculate reflexive (incongruent condition RT – congruent condition RT) and voluntary (non-predictive condition RT – predictive condition RT) gaze cueing effects. Subjects also completed two additional non-social orienting tasks (ProPoint and AntiPoint). Subjects with ASD demonstrate intact reflexive but deficient voluntary gaze following. Similar results were found in a separate test of non-social orienting. This suggests problems with using social cues, but only in a goal-directed fashion, in our sample of high-functioning individuals with ASD. Such findings may not only explain inconclusive previous findings but more importantly be critical for understanding social dysfunctions in ASD and for developing future interventions.
Design and Development of the 2002 Michigan Tech FutureTruck, a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

In this paper, the conversion of a production sport utility vehicle (SUV) to a hybrid electric vehicle utilizing a through-the-road parallel hybrid configuration is presented. The uniqueness of this design comes from its ability to decouple the front and rear drivetrain to simplify the packaging of underbody components. The Hybrid Theory utilizes a 2.0L, 4-cylinder engine that supplies 101 kW (135 hp) to the front wheels and a DC motor that supplies an additional 53 kW (70 hp) to the rear wheels to achieve the competition goals of a 25% improvement in fuel economy, a reduction in Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, as well as maintaining stock performance. The effects on drivability, manufacturing, fuel economy, emissions, and performance are presented along with the design, selection, and implementation of all of the vehicle conversion components. The result is a simple, low-cost option that increases the environmental friendliness that customers expect without compromising the performance they demand.
Perfecting Political Diaspora

This contribution to a memorial symposium in honor of Kim Barry confronts the political rights of non-resident citizens. It first describes the trend towards extending to and facilitating the exercise of the franchise by external citizens. An increasing number of states permit non-residents to vote, in many cases without requiring return to the homeland. The trend requires a changed conception of citizenship and nationhood, as political membership decouples from territorial location. The essay addresses objections to non-resident voting rights, including those based on assumptions that non-residents will be irresponsible and uninformed voters, that they will form unpredictable and destabilizing voting blocs, and that non-resident voting will impose unsustainable logistical costs. None of these objections carry enough weight, empirically or normatively, to deny the franchise to non-resident citizens, voting rights validated by the increasing degree to which non-residents can access information and maintain significant interests in their home states. Nevertheless, voting rights need not be extended on a one-person, one-vote basis. In certain circumstances - in particular, cases in which the home state sets a low bar for non-resident citizenship and where the non-resident citizen population is large relative to the resident population - it may be justifiable to accord lower proportional voting power to non-residents, at least where their interests are discretely represented in national legislatures. In other words, once the concepts of nationhood and full citizenship are no longer bounded by geography, it may be normatively acceptable to derogate from the creed of formal equality between citizens and within the nation. The increasingly prominent practice of non-resident voting, the piece concludes, thus presents a formidable challenge to political liberalism.
The Heats of Combustion of Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and Graphite in Elemental Fluorine.

Bomb calorimetric measurements are reported for the combustion in fluorine of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and graphite-polytetrafluoroethylene mixtures. Mass spectrometric examination of the product gases showed CF4 to be the only major product with C2F6(g) present in only very small amounts. The completeness of combustion of the graphite was determined by chemical analysis of combustion residues and found to range from 97 to better than 99 percent. From the combustion data, the heats of formation ΔHf298°[CF4(g)] and ΔHf298°[C2F4(solid polymer)] were determined to be -222.87 ±0.38 kcal mol-1 and -197.82 ±0.39 kcal (gfw C2F4)-1, respectively. The uncertainties are estimates of the overall experimental errors. A previously reported value for the heat of formation of AlF3(c) is adjusted to be consistent with the present work. An evaluation of other data on CF4 is presented. The heat of formation of CF4(g) is combined with other work to derive the heats of formation of HF solutions at three specific concentrations.
238 USE OF A GENERAL MEDICINE CONSULT SERVICE TO EVALUATE AND IMPROVE MEDICAL STUDENT AND RESIDENT KNOWLEDGE OF CONSULTATIVE MEDICINE

Background General internists are frequently asked to provide preoperative consultation for a variety of surgical services. As primary care physicians, they may be faced with assessing their own patients prior to surgical referral. Unfortunately, many medical students and internal medicine residents leave training feeling unequipped to provide quality preoperative consultation. Purpose We evaluated medical student and resident knowledge of consultative medicine before and after rotating on the General Internal Medicine Consult Service. Methods A 20-item pretest derived from 14 core articles was administered at the beginning of the rotation. The residents and students read the articles and discussed them formally with their consult faculty during the month-long rotation. A 14-item post-test derived from the same articles was administered at the end of the rotation. Pre- and post-test scores were analyzed using SPSS. Results Thirty-two percent of the participants were fourth year medical students and 68% were internal medicine residents (R2-R4). Residents performed better on the pretest (p Conclusions Resident and medical student knowledge of consultative medicine is poor. However, their knowledge base improved after completing a 1-month rotation on the General Internal Medicine Consult Service.
On the statistical modeling of cleavage fracture toughness of structural steels

Abstract The prevailing statistical models of cleavage fracture of structural steels for probabilistic risk assessment all infer a two- or three- parameter Weibull distribution of fracture toughness with a modulus of 4 and a fixed-value threshold independent of temperature and plastic constraint. This work starts with a critical review of three major statistical models of cleavage fracture toughness, namely the Beremin model, the Master Curve approach and the Prometey Unified Curve model, with a focus on their theoretical foundations, followed by a brief introduction and further extension of a newly developed statistical cleavage fracture toughness model. Then the Euro fracture toughness dataset is employed to assess these four models. The basic formulations of all the three existing models are not normative and defy the assumption of plastic yielding as a prerequisite to cleavage fracture. The key points of the new model are validated by the Euro dataset that cleavage fracture toughness does not necessarily obey the Weibull statistics while the threshold fracture toughness varies with temperature and plastic constraint.
Semantic technologies for enhancing knowledge management systems

Over the years, organizations have built knowledge management (KM) systems to gain competitive advantage. Though several organizations have reported successful KM initiatives, there are many failures due to lack of alignment between strategic and KM objectives and lack of appropriate tools and technologies for supporting KM activities. This chapter presents a framework for knowledge management that can deal with different types of knowledge elements within an organization and the necessary tools and technologies. In particular, semantic technologies are well suited for implementing various KM activities, and the architecture of a KM system that incorporates semantic technologies such as intelligent agents, ontologies, OWL and RDF, and XML is presented.
Outstanding surface plasmon resonance performance enabled by templated oxide gratings

Here we report a simple and scalable soft-lithography-based templating technology for fabricating Au-covered oxide (titania and zirconia) gratings by using DVDs as a structural template. The resulting plasmonic gratings simultaneously exhibit very high surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensitivity (up to ∼940 nm per refractive index unit, nm per RIU) and figure of merit (FOM, up to 62.5). The effects of thermal annealing of the templated oxide gratings on their final plasmonic properties have been systematically investigated by both experiments and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. Higher SPR sensitivities and slightly reduced FOMs have been observed for the annealed gratings. Additionally, the amplitude of the SPR dips gradually decreases with increasing annealing temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction show that the annealing process enlarges the crystal domain sizes of the oxides and smoothens the final plasmonic grating surface. Systematic FDTD simulations reveal that the SPR properties (e.g., dip amplitude) of Au-covered oxide gratings are significantly affected by the deformation of the track-pitch structure caused by thermal annealing, agreeing with the experimental results. The outstanding SPR performance combined with the high thermal stability of the crystalline oxides could make the templated plasmonic gratings a promising SPR platform for many important sensing applications, such as in situ probing heterogeneous catalytic reactions under realistic conditions.
The Knowledge Collective Framework Makes Ontology Based Information Accessible, Maintainable, and Reusable

The Knowledge Collective is a multi-layer, multi-agent framework for information reuse in an intelligent knowledge base that supports a collection of agents called MicroDroids, which provide information management capabilities through a variety of interfaces for experts, human users, and software components. This information is stored in a variety of internal structures (e.g., Java objects, rules, database structures). The main concept is that information is stored in a format that is natural to the type of information being maintained (e.g., data, metadata, ontologies, concept maps, lexicons, rules). The Knowledge Collective will make ontology based information accessible to many end users, maintainable by domain experts and reusable by many users across many applications without knowing how or where the information is stored. The Knowledge Collective’s first use is in version 4 of CIRCSIM-Tutor, an Intelligent Tutoring System developed at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, IL.
Single Donor 4/6 Matched Banked Unrelated Cord Blood Is An Effective Graft Source for Children Undergoing Myeloablative Transplantation for Malignant and Nonmalignant Disorders: Single Center Analysis of 318 Patients.

Background: Despite millions of donors in unrelated registries, many patients, in particular those belonging to ethnic minorities can not find a suitable donor in a timely fashion. In contrast, with an inventory of 250,000 banked cord blood unit, almost every patient will find a 4/6 cord blood unit matched by low resolution HLA-A and –B and high resolution –DRB1 typing. The current study evaluates the outcomes of umbilical cord blood transplants (UCBT) performed using a 4/6 matched donor treated at a single center. Methods: Between August 1993 and November 2007 a total of 318 consecutive pediatric patients (under 21 years old) underwent UCBT from a single 4/6 unit after myeloablative conditioning regimen. The patients were a median of 6.1 (range 0.05–20.33) years and weighed a median of 21.2 (range 3.27–118.4) kg at transplant. Overall, 36.5% (n=116) were girls and 39.2% (n=123) were CMV seropositive. A significant proportion (34.6%) of patient identified as belonging to ethnic and racial minorities. Sixty-five percent (n=205) of the patients had malignant diseases including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n=87), acute myeloid leukemia (n=58), infant leukemia (n=14), and others (n=46). The nonmalignant patients (n=113) included inherited metabolic disorders (n=75), primary immunodeficiency diseases (n=16), bone marrow failure syndromes (n=11), and others (n=11). The cellular composition of the donor cord blood unit showed a median pre-cryopreservation total nucleated cell (TNC) dose of 6.2×10 7 /kg (range 0.9–38.2), infused TNC of 4.8×10 7 /kg (range 0.5–27.4), infused CD34 of 1.8×10 5 /kg (range 0.02–104.8), and infused CFU of 3.6×10 4 /kg (range 0.0–49.9). Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival were calculated using log-rank test. Descriptive statistics were used for other analyses. Results: The median time to engraftment (ANC>500/mm 3 and platelets>50K/uL) were 25 and 83 days. By day 42, 87.4% had achieved ANC>500/mm 3 and by day 180, 74.7% had achieved platelets>50K/uL. Acute grades III/IV GvHD developed in 15.5% while the incidence of extensive chronic GvHD at 2 years was 15.2% in evaluable patients. A total of 9.7% of patients had either primary graft failure (n=19) or autologous recovery (n=12). The probabilities of overall survival (OS) are presented in the table. Conclusions: A 4/6 single donor unit is an effective graft source for patients younger than 21 yrs and should be seriously considered if the cryopreserved cell dose is more than 2.5×10 7 TNC/kg. The use of 4/6 matched units will make transplant accessible to many more patients in particular those of ethnic and racial minorities who are unable to find a suitable adult unrelated donor.
Casting of electron field defining apertures: casting with the metal mold kits.

Abstract Cerrobend alloy casts are made to define the desired electron field shapes. These custom casts are fabricated for the selected electron applicator size that has been chosen for the patient. When the cast is placed into that selected electron applicator, it will block out areas that are not to be treated. When an all metal mold assembly was used for the fabrication of these casts, the lip region of the cast which is used to accurately align the cast in the actual treatment applicator, had an irregular edge that prevented an accurate alignment of the cast. To eliminate the irregular edges on the lip region of the cast, the metal mold assembly was heated to approximately 80–85°C before the molten cerrobend alloy was poured into it. The heating of the metal mold assembly helps eliminate the irregular edges on the lip region of the cast. Unfortunately it also created new flaws such as holes, dents, cracks and/or crystallization of the cast as it solidified. These flaws were controlled by cooling the metal mold assembly and the cast immediately after the pouring of the molten cerrobend alloy, evenly with water.
ON-TREATMENT LDL-C LEVELS WHEN ALIROCUMAB DOSE IS DECREASED FROM 150 TO 75 MG EVERY 2 WEEKS IN PATIENTS WITH HETEROZYGOUS FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA: RESULTS FROM ODYSSEY OLE

Background: Alirocumab (ALI) is available in two doses, 75 and 150 mg (to be administered once every 2 weeks [Q2W]). ODYSSEY LONG TERM was a 78-week double-blind trial of ALI 150 mg Q2W versus placebo, as add-on to maximally tolerated statin ± other lipid-lowering therapy (LLT). Patients with
Materials Education—A Renewal

Materials have always been interwoven throughout the very fabric of man's history. The present reawakening to the value and importance of materials, however, has become a dominant factor in manufacturing, national security, international competition and trade, consumer products (quality and reliability), and even education. Other renewals of interest have occurred over the centuries, probably beginning with the formation of the first pot from clay. These renewals were associated with discoveries such as copper, iron, and the transistor. However, in the past 40 years the base for renewed interest has broadened. A true coupling of science and engineering into the field of materials was probably initiated in the 1940s and 1950s. Emphasis at that time was on metals and the “new” semiconductors, with an interest that incubated and grew to where their central position in national economies and man's daily life was recognized. In 1970 the National Academy of Sciences appointed a committee to conduct a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the field of “materials science and engineering.” The COSMAT report which resulted from that study had a dramatic impact on the field and has been a frame of reference for the past 17 years. These years have seen a virtual explosion of ideas, processes, and materials in the field.
Cardiomyocyte Injury Assessed by a Highly Sensitive Troponin Assay and Sudden Cardiac Death in the Community: The Cardiovascular Health Study

Objectives This study sought to determine the association between markers of cardiomyocyte injury in ambulatory subjects and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Background The pathophysiology of SCD is complex but is believed to be associated with an abnormal cardiac substrate in most cases. The association between biomarkers of cardiomyocyte injury in ambulatory subjects and SCD has not been investigated. Methods Levels of cardiac troponin T, a biomarker of cardiomyocyte injury, were measured by a highly sensitive assay (hsTnT) in 4,431 ambulatory participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a longitudinal community-based prospective cohort study. Serial measures were obtained in 3,089 subjects. All deaths, including SCD, were adjudicated by a central events committee. Results Over a median follow-up of 13.1 years, 246 participants had SCD. Baseline levels of hsTnT were significantly associated with SCD (hazard ratio [HR] for +1 log(hsTnT): 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.78 to 2.34]. This association persisted in covariate-adjusted Cox analyses accounting for baseline risk factors (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.62), as well as for incident heart failure and myocardial infarction (HR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.57). The population was also categorized into 3 groups based on baseline hsTnT levels and SCD risk [fully adjusted HR: 1.89 vs. 1.55 vs. 1 (reference group) for hsTnT ≥12.10 vs. 5.01 to 12.09 vs. ≤5.00 pg/ml, respectively; ptrend = 0.005]. On serial measurements, change in hsTnT levels was also associated with SCD risk (fully adjusted HR for +1 pg/ml per year increase from baseline: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.06). Conclusions The findings suggest an association between cardiomyocyte injury in ambulatory subjects and SCD risk beyond that of traditional risk factors.
Mobilizing the dead in wartime Chongqing

ABSTRACTThis paper examines how Republican China mobilized the war dead for nation building during the 1940s. In 1940, the Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek, having evacuated to Chongqing, sought to affirm its status against Wang Jingwei’s collaborationist government in Nanjing by building a Loyal Martyrs’ Shrine (zhonglie ci) at the site of the Guan-Yue Temple. The existing temple and its estate provided an island of normalcy and livelihood for Daoist followers, spiritual cultivation advocates, business owners, and refugee farmers, whose presence and memories of war were erased by the government’s urgent need to monopolize religiosity, power, and prestige. Ironically, after the Loyal Martyrs’ Shrine in the alternate capital was completed, it immediately fell into disuse. In 1945, a victory celebration was held at Fuxing (Futu) Pass, an open space, signaling the need for a different mode of war commemoration that would resonate more with the role the Chinese military had played during World War...
The Efficacy of Conventionally Fractionated Radiation in the Management of Osseous Metastases from Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Background. There is little data regarding the effectiveness of palliative radiation with conventional fractionation for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which has been described as radioresistant. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with metastatic bony disease from RCC treated with radiation therapy at our institution. Methods. Forty patients with histologically confirmed RCC with a total of 53 treatment courses were included. Pain response after radiotherapy was recorded and freedom from progression was generated using posttreatment radiographs. Patient data was analyzed to assess influence on local control. Results. Patients had a median age of 63. Median follow-up was 9.3 months. The most common radiation dose was 30 Gy in 10 fractions. Pain control after radiotherapy was achieved in 73.6% of patients. Increasing age was associated with nonresponse at the initial pain assessment post-RT . In lesions with initial pain response, nonclear cell histology was associated with increased pain recurrence and a shorter duration to pain recurrence . Radiographic control at 1 year was 62%. Conclusions. Pain response and control rates for osseous metastatic disease in RCC are comparable to other histologies when treated with conventional fractionation. These appear to be inferior to reported control rates from stereotactic treatments.
Properties of a Joint Reconstruction Method for Edge-Illumination X-ray Phase-Contrast Tomography

Edge illumination X-ray phase-contrast tomography (EIXPCT) is an emerging technique for estimating the complex-valued refractive index distribution of an imaged object. A conventional EIXPCT system requires measurement of multiple images at each tomographic view angle, leading to prolonged data acquisition times. Recently, a joint reconstruction (JR) method has been developed to enable single-shot EIXPCT imaging without restrictive assumptions related to the object, imaging geometry or hardware. In the JR method, estimates of the refractive index distribution are recast as the solution to a nonlinear optimization problem. While a preliminary study has demonstrated the potential usefulness of the JR method, its numerical properties remain largely unexplored. In this project, the convexity, cross-talk properties and noise properties of the JR method are investigated.
A multi-stage linear approach to structure from motion

We present a new structure from motion (Sfm) technique based on point and vanishing point (VP) matches in images. First, all global camera rotations are computed from VP matches as well as relative rotation estimates obtained from pairwise image matches. A new multi-staged linear technique is then used to estimate all camera translations and 3D points simultaneously. The proposed method involves first performing pairwise reconstructions, then robustly aligning these in pairs, and finally aligning all of them globally by simultaneously estimating their unknown relative scales and translations. In doing so, measurements inconsistent in three views are efficiently removed. Unlike sequential Sfm, the proposed method treats all images equally, is easy to parallelize and does not require intermediate bundle adjustments. There is also a reduction of drift and significant speedups up to two order of magnitude over sequential Sfm. We compare our method with a standard Sfm pipeline [1] and demonstrate that our linear estimates are accurate on a variety of datasets, and can serve as good initializations for final bundle adjustment. Because we exploit VPs when available, our approach is particularly well-suited to the reconstruction of man-made scenes.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

This chapter discusses type I Diabetes Mellitus, type II Diabetes Mellitus, and gestational Diabetes Mellitus. It also discusses the acute and chronic complications of Diabetes Mellitus and the fetal complications of maternal Diabetes Mellitus.
Association of angiosarcoma/lymphangiosarcoma with rosacea.

e21511 Background: Case reports have suggested that rosacea (and particularly rhinophyma, a consequence of rosacea), might cause angiosarcoma (AS) or lymphangiosarcoma (LAS) in rosacea-affected sit...
Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research

This year's gathering marks the 16th year of the Annual Digital Government Research Conference. It also marks the nine year anniversary of the founding of the Digital Government Society. Throughout these years the Society and the conference have served as vehicles for bringing together academics and government officials interested in the development and impacts of digital government. Together we have built one of the strongest academic conferences in the digital government field and a growing and thriving professional community.
An animal model of female adolescent cannabinoid exposure elicits a long-lasting deficit in presynaptic long-term plasticity

Cannabis continues to be the most accessible and popular illicit recreational drug. Whereas current data link adolescence cannabinoid exposure to increased risk for dependence on other drugs, depression, anxiety disorders and psychosis, the mechanism(s) underlying these adverse effects remains controversial. Here we show in a mouse model of female adolescent cannabinoid exposure deficient endocannabinoid (eCB)-mediated signaling and presynaptic forms of long-term depression at adult central glutamatergic synapses in the prefrontal cortex. Increasing endocannabinoid levels by blockade of monoacylglycerol lipase, the primary enzyme responsible for degrading the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), with the specific inhibitor JZL 184 ameliorates eCB-LTD deficits. The observed deficit in cortical presynaptic signaling may represent a neural maladaptation underlying network instability and abnormal cognitive functioning. Our study suggests that adolescent cannabinoid exposure may permanently impair brain functions, including the brain's intrinsic ability to appropriately adapt to external influences.
Meta-Analyses as a Multi-Level Model:

Meta-analyses are well known and widely implemented in almost every domain of research in management as well as the social, medical, and behavioral sciences. While this technique is useful for dete...
The Process and Content of Sexual Communication with Adolescents in Two-Parent Families: Associations with Sexual Risk-Taking Behavior

This study examined two aspects of sexual communication—process and content—between adolescents and both parents, as well as the relationship between parent–adolescent sexual communication and adolescent sexual risk-taking behavior. The participants were 332 adolescents whose biological parents were married and living together. Adolescents were between 14 and 16 years of age and self-identified as either Black or Hispanic. Correlational analyses indicate that the process and the content of sexual communication are significantly and positively correlated. In addition, both process and content of sexual communication are positively associated across parents. Hierarchical regression analyses indicate that only mothers' sexual communication, both process and content, is related to adolescent risk-taking behavior for both male and female adolescents.
Why did Donald Trump really get elected

Objectives: Many explanations have been offered of Donald Trump’s rise to the presidency of the United States. Most focus on the candidates and events in or around their campaigns. This paper argues that a much-neglected part of the story lies in long-developing structural and historical trends in the U.S. political economy upon which the Trump campaign capitalized. Research Design & Methods: The paper provides an historical analysis of the structural changes in American political conomy that contributed to Trump’s rise to power. Findings: Trump’s rise to power was premised on decades-long changes in the U.S. economy, race relations, ideology, party politics and Obama’s presidency. Implications/Recommendations: To understand Trump’s rise to power we need to understand the changes in American political and economic life that sowed the seeds for his election. Contribution/Value Added: Othe r accounts of Trump’s victory focus on short- or medium-term factors. This paper puts them all into longer historical perspective.
Respiratory Feature Extraction for Radar-Based Continuous Identity Authentication

Radar is an attractive approach for identity authentication because it requires no contact and is unobtrusive. Most reported results have focused only on sedentary breathing patterns, without considering how respiratory patterns may change due to physiological activities or emotional stress. In this research the feasibility of extracting identifying features from radar respiratory traces was tested, for sedentary subject conditions as well as just after performing physiological activities (walking upstairs). Respiratory breathing dynamics related features (breathing rate, spectral entropy, breathing depth, inhale/exhale area ratio, mean and standard deviation of the peaks) were extracted from radar captured respiration patterns, and variations in feature parameters after physiological activities were assessed. Experimental results demonstrated that, after short exertions dynamically segmented respiratory pattern exhale area and breathing depth increased by more than 1.4 times for all participants, which made evident the uniqueness of residual heart volume after expiration for recognizing each subject even after short exertions. Our proposed approach is also integrated with a Support Vector Machine (SVM) with a radial basis function kernel to demonstrate an identification success rate of almost 98.55% for sedentary-only conditions and almost 92% for a combined mixture of conditions (sedentary and after short exertion). While the efficacy was reduced, the method still shows significant potential. The proposed identity authentication approach has several potential applications including security/surveillance, IOT applications, virtual reality and health monitoring as well.
Management of Infections in Neutropenic Patients

Neutropenia is a decrease in the circulating pool of neutrophils. This may be secondary to margination, increased consumption following bacterial infection, antibody-mediated destruction, and bone marrow suppression due to viral infections, medications, or chemotherapy. The host with severe neutropenia is at risk of bacterial and fungal disease. In severe neutropenia, the inflammatory response is muted and, therefore, fever in a neutropenic host could be a sign of serious infection. Febrile neutropenia in children is a heterogeneous entity with potential for severe outcomes, and management of these children is based on clinical judgment in conjunction with physical and laboratory findings.
The Los Alamos fission yield evaluation pipeline

The nuclear data team at Los Alamos National Laboratory has undertaken a campaign to construct new fission yield evaluation. Significant advances have been made on a number of fronts. Nuclear potential energy surfaces can now be generated with the newly developed MicMac code based off the Finite Range Liquid-Drop Model (FRLDM). This model can be incorporated into the Los Alamos de-excitation framework codes BeOH and CGMF to perform modeling of prompt, independent (IFY) and cumulative (CFY) fission yields that take into account prompt and beta-delayed neutrons and photons consistent with decay data. This is in stark contrast to what exists in evaluated nuclear data libraries today, where only a few incident energy points are used with limited physical insights and no consistency between IFY, CFY and decay data. We highlight the latest progress with application of neutron-induced fission of 235 U and 239 Pu.
Effect of Soil and Foliar Application of Zinc Sulfate Fertilizer on Zn and Protein Content of Grain, and Zn Content of Rice Tissues at Different Growth Stages

Although there are numerous studies on the effect of soil and foliar application of Zn on rice yield, knowledge on Zn distribution in rice tissues through simultaneous soil and foliar application of Zn is limited. Therefore, The current experiment was conducted to explore the effect of soil and foliar application of zinc sulfate fertilizer on Zn and protein content of grain, and Zn content of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) tissues at different growth stages of Hashemi local cultivar. This filed experiment was carried out on two factors (soil application of Zn at three levels and foliar application of Zn at four levels) using complete randomized block design with three replications. The maximum grain yield (4283 kg ha-1) was recorded at simultaneous application of 20 kg Zn ha-1 (basal soil application) with foliar application of Zn solution at ripening stage, giving 32% increase compared to the control (2915 kgha-1). The highest increase in leaves and stems Zn content (2 times) was recorded at the combined treatments (10 kg Zn ha-1 and foliar spray at the maximum tillering stage). Also, the maximum increase in panicle and rice grain Zn (around 2.5 times) was obtained by application of 10 kg Zn ha-1 and foliar spray at the flowering stage. The highest linear correlation coefficient was found between grain and panicle Zn content (0.58**). Meanwhile, the grain protein content positively correlated with grain Zn content (0.68**), panicle Zn content (0.64**) and Zn content of stem (0.64**). Among the aerial parts, the highest linear correlation coefficient was found between Zn content of panicle and leaves at ripening stage (0.69**), Zn content of leaves and stems at flowering stage (0.65**), Zn content of stems at ripening stage and root Zn content at flowering stage (0.45**). The fitted stepwise multiple regression analysis among protein content of rice grains and Zn content of all rice tissues at different rice growth stages indicated that grain Zn content, Zn content of leaves and stems at ripening stage had positive significant relationship with protein content of grains. According to adjusted coefficient of determination, these characters demonstrated 56% of protein content variations. It can be concluded that soil application of 20 kg Zn ha-1 in combination with Zn foliar application of 0.5% Zn sulfate at flowering stage of rice plant enhance grain yield and quality.
Preoperative Opioid Use Is Associated With Persistent Use, Readmission and Postoperative Complications After Arthroscopic Knee Surgery

Purpose To evaluate factors associated with prolonged opioid use after arthroscopic knee surgery and to identify associations between preoperative usage and postoperative complications. Methods The MarketScan commercial database was searched to identify patients who underwent arthroscopic knee surgery from 2005 to 2014 (based on Current Procedure Terminology code). Preoperative comorbidities including Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders mental health disorders, chronic pain, chronic regional pain syndrome, obesity, tobacco use, non-narcotic medications and diabetes were queried and documented. Patients who filled opioid prescriptions 1 to 3 months before surgery were identified. Patients who filled opioid prescriptions after surgery were identified. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with prolonged postoperative opioid use. Results In total, 1,012,486 patients who underwent arthroscopic knee surgery were identified, and we determined which of these patients were on preoperative opioids. Preoperative opioid usage was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of usage out to 1 year. There was a statistically significant association between postoperative usage and preoperative variables (mental health diagnosis, smokers, chronic pain, chronic regional pain syndrome, and use of non-narcotic medications). There was a statistically significant association between preoperative opioid use and 90-day readmission and postoperative complications. Conclusion In this study, we found that patients taking opioids 1 to 3 months before arthroscopic knee surgery have increased risk of postoperative use. Additionally, chronic opioid use, chronic pain, or use of non-narcotic medications has the highest risk of postoperative opioid use. Finally, preoperative use was associated with an increased risk of 90-day readmission. Evidence Prognostic Level IV Evidence.
Textualism and the Indian Canons of Statutory Construction

When interpreting statutes enacted for the benefit or regulation of Indians or construing treaties signed with Indian Nations, courts are supposed to apply any of five specific canons of construction relating to the field of Indian Affairs. Through an examination of the Supreme Court’s cases involving statutory or treaty interpretation relating to Indian nations since 1987, this Article demonstrates that the Court has generally been faithful in applying canons relating to treaty interpretation or abrogation. The Court has also respected the canon requiring unequivocal expression of congressional intent before finding an abrogation of tribal sovereign immunity. However, there are two other canons that the Court almost never applies. One requires clear intent to interfere with tribal sovereign rights, the other requires statutes to be construed liberally with ambiguities resolved to the benefit of Indians. After reviewing the possible reasons why textualist jurists might be opposed to the use of substantive canons, this Article makes two arguments to remedy any reluctance to use these two canons: First, these canons have constitutional roots and as such even textualists on the Court should not be reluctant to use them. Secondly, the canon applicable to abrogation of tribal sovereign immunity should also be applied to statutes interfering with tribal sovereign rights. There are no normative reasons to treat abrogation of sovereign immunity differently than other statutory interference with tribal sovereignty.
Firm Location and the Value-Growth Premium

We investigate the value-growth premium puzzle by merging insights from urban economics and finance that relate firm location to its stock performance. The value-growth premium in locations with high historical house price appreciation is 3.6% larger per year than the premium in areas that experienced little house price appreciation. The link between housing value appreciation and the cross-section of returns supports investment-based models explaining the value premium; moreover we find the house price channel reduces growth firm returns rather than increasing returns of value firms. House price appreciation remains significant after controlling for common explanations of the premium.
An Automated Aerosol Collection and Extraction System to Characterize Electronic Cigarette Aerosols.

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) market increased by 122% during 2014-2020 and is expected to continue growing rapidly. Despite their popularity, e-cigarettes are known to emit dangerous levels of toxic compounds (e.g., carbonyls), but a lack of accurate and efficient testing methods is hindering the characterization of e-cigarette aerosols emitted by a wide variety of e-cigarette devices, e-liquids, and use patterns. The aim of this study is to fill this gap by developing an automated E-cigarette Aerosol Collection and Extraction System (E-ACES) consisting of a vaping machine and a collection/extraction system. The puffing system was designed to mimic e-cigarette use patterns (i.e., power output and puff topography) by means of a variable power-supply and a flow control system. The sampling system collects e-cigarette aerosols using a combination of glass wool and a continuously wetted denuder. After the collection stage, the system is automatically washed with absorbing and extracting liquids (e.g., methanol, an acetaldehyde-DNPH solution). The entire system is controlled by a computer. E-ACES performance was evaluated against conventional methods during measurements of nicotine and carbonyl emissions from a tank type e-cigarette. Nicotine levels measured using glass fiber filters and E-ACES were not significantly different: 201.2 ± 6.2 and 212.5 ± 17 μg/puff (p = 0.377), respectively. Differences in formaldehyde and acetaldehyde levels between filter-DNPH cartridges and the E-ACES were 14% (p = 0.057) and 13% (p = 0.380), respectively. The E-ACES showed reproducible nicotine and carbonyl testing results for the selected e-cigarette vaping conditions.
The Influence of Music on Speed in the Six Day Bicycle Race

(1911). The Influence of Music on Speed in the Six Day Bicycle Race. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 321-324.
A New Angle on Ocular Development

Primary congenital glaucoma is a tragic blinding disease characterized by developmental defects in the meshwork that drains fluid from the eye resulting in an elevated intraocular pressure. In a Perspective, Alward discusses work by Libby et al. showing that double mutant mice with mutations in the CYP1B1 gene and lacking the enzyme tyrosinase have severe developmental ocular abnormalities similar to those of human primary congenital glaucoma patients. However, the severity of the abnormalities was reduced by providing the mothers of these mice with-dopa, the product of tyrosinase, thus opening the door to a potential new therapy for treating some forms of glaucoma.
Assessing student learning outcomes using graduating senior exit surveys and alumni surveys

In Spring of 1994, the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering began the process of surveying both graduating seniors and alumni from the graduating classes of 1992, 1988, 1984 and 1980. These surveys were again distributed in Spring of 1995 to alumni in the classes of 1993, 1989, 1985, and 1981, as well as all students enrolled in the senior engineering design course. The primary purpose of the surveys distributed to our alumni and graduating seniors was to begin the process of "assessment of student learning outcomes". The department has developed four primary educational objectives. These educational objectives are intended to probe not only our students attainment of knowledge specific to the field, but also to cause them to reflect upon how those aspects of education unique to Marquette University as a Catholic, Jesuit institution of higher learning have fostered their attitudes toward their jobs and their fellow humans. From the objectives, several assessment criteria were proposed which then led to the development of the survey instruments that were used. A secondary purpose of these surveys was to determine alumni attitudes to various features of the electrical engineering curriculum and to see if these attitudes change as our alumni progress through their careers. A third purpose of the survey was to develop some demographic information about our alumni. The specific details of the graduate exit surveys and alumni surveys used by the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering are discussed including the educational objectives, assessment criteria, and resulting survey instruments. In addition, partial results from these surveys are described particularly referencing the success of the department in attaining its educational objectives and as a planning document for curriculum modification.
Symmetry-restricted profiles for maximizing the output diffraction efficiencies of zone plates in the soft-x-ray range

A zone-plate transfer function of importance in practical optical systems is the output efficiency, I(1)/IOUT, where I(1) is the total power diffracted into the first order by the zone plate. We apply variational analysis to derive a special symmetry-restricted zone-plate profile that maximizes this output efficiency. Our solution, which we have named the generalized symmetry-restricted output efficiency maximizing zone plate, is demonstrably the optimum such symmetry-restricted solution for materials of arbitrary indices of refraction n^ [n^=(1-δ)+ik], where k is the absorption constant and δ is the phase-difference constant. For purely absorbing materials, i.e., for δ = 0, we show that a simple extension of our general solution in the far field leads to the well-known, but less-efficient, Gabor zone plate, which also has the desirable property of suppressing all diffracted orders higher than the first and minus first. Our theoretical solution, which is optimum in both the near and far fields, is of importance for research in the soft-x-ray range, where most materials are in fact both absorbers and phase shifters, i.e., where neither k nor δ is evanescent.
The sins of the fathers: urban decay and social pathology.

Clinical study of emotionally disturbed foster children raises disquieting questions as to the adequacy of the care foster children are receiving from understaffed public agencies. Members of the orthopsychiatric professions bear a heavy moral responsibility, precisely because of our scientific knowledge of the needs of children, to provide leadership for community action to correct social and institutional hazards that impair the physical and mental health of children.