cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of head assembly and DNA encapsulation in Salmonella phage P22: II. Morphogenetic pathway

Abstract We have identified and characterized structural intermediates in phage P22 assembly. Three classes of particles can be isolated from P22-infected cells: 500 S full heads or phage, 170 S empty heads, and 240 S “proheads”. One or more of these classes are missing from cells infected with mutants defective in the genes for phage head assembly. By determining the protein composition of all classes of particles from wild type and mutant-infected cells, and examining the time-course of particle assembly, we have been able to define many steps in the pathway of P22 morphogenesis. In pulse-chase experiments, the earliest structural intermediate we find is a 240 S prohead; it contains two major protein species, the products of genes 5 and 8 . Gene 5 protein (p5) is the major phage coat protein. Gene 8 protein is not found in mature phage. The proheads contain, in addition, four minor protein species, PI, P16, P20 and PX. Similar prohead structures accumulate in lysates made with mutants of three genes, 1, 2 and 3 , which accumulate uncut DNA. The second intermediate, which we identify indirectly, is a newly filled (with DNA) head that breaks down on isolation to 170 S empty heads. This form contains no P8, but does contain five of the six protein species of complete heads. Such structures accumulate in lysates made with mutants of two genes, 10 and 26 . Experiments with a temperature-sensitive mutant in gene 3 show that proheads from such 3 − infected cells are convertible to mature phage in vivo , with concomitant loss of P8. The molecules of P8 are not cleaved during this process and the data suggest that they may be re-used to form further proheads. Detailed examination of 8 − lysates revealed aberrant aggregates of P5. Since P8 is required for phage morphogenesis, but is removed from proheads during DNA encapsulation, we have termed it a scaffolding protein, though it may have DNA encapsulation functions as well. All the experimental observations of this and the accompanying paper can be accounted for by an assembly pathway, in which the scaffolding protein P8 complexes with the major coat protein P5 to form a properly dimensioned prohead. With the function of the products of genes 1, 2 and 3 , the prohead encapsulates and cuts a headful of DNA from the concatemer. Coupled with this process is the exit of the P8 molecules, which may then recycle to form further proheads. The newly filled heads are then stabilized by the action of P26 and gene 10 product to give complete phage heads.
Inviting Darwin into the Family

Abstract This paper presents reasons why Darwinism should be of use to family research. I argue: (1) that most social scientists are Darwinians; (2) that Darwinism is a theory of nepotism and conjugal relations; (3) that Darwinism cannot subsume other fields of inquiry because it is not monolithic; (4) that Darwinism needs psychological and sociological depictions of current environments; and (5) that the popularity of Darwinian ideas may lead to the formation of social constructions and representations of family and conjugal relations within families.
[M3V18O42(H2O)12(XO4)]⋅24 H2O (M = Fe, Co; X = V, S): auf Metalloxiden basierende Gerüste aus Polyoxovanadatclustern

Neue Gerustmaterialien, die aus wohldefinierten Vanadiumoxidclustern bestehen, wurden durch Niedertemperatursynthesen hergestellt und rontgenographisch charakterisiert. In den Strukturen dieser Feststoffe sind {V18O42}-Kafige vorhanden, die uber {M(H2O)4}-Brucken (M = FeII, CoII) zu zwei sich gegenseitig durchdringenden dreidimensionalen Netzen verknupft sind (siehe Bild).
On the nature and evolution of the windy binary pulsar PSR 1744 - 24A

It is suggested that the companion of the pulsar PSR 1744 - 24A is an approximately 0.1 solar mass main-sequence star that slightly underfills its Roche lobe and is sending off a cool wind due to excitation by radiation from the pulsar. Unlike in the similarly excited system of pulsar PSR 1957 + 20, pulsar radiation pressure here almost balances wind pressure at the companion distance, leading to vastly fluctuating eclipse patterns and to occasional attempted accretion episodes that are aborted by the propeller effect and result in X-ray bursts. If this picture is correct, multiwavelength continuous observations of PSR 1744 - 24A will give valuable information about the accretion process onto neutron stars rotating with millisecond periods.
Principles of Ground Relaying for High Voltage and Extra High Voltage Transmission Lines

This paper is a tutorial discussion of the basic principles of ground relaying for high voltage and extra high voltage transmission lines. Three different HV configurations are considered: Long lines, lines with a weak mid-point station, and mutually-coupled lines. Application criteria for EHV circuits are also discussed, and specific setting calculations are included where appropriate.
Neurotrophin potentiation of iron-induced spinal cord injury.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that pretreatment with neurotrophins can potentiate the vulnerability of cultured neurons to excitotoxic and free radical-induced necrosis, in contrast to their well known neuroprotective effects against apoptosis. Here we tested the hypothesis that this unexpected injury-potentiating effect of neurotrophins would also take place in the adult rat spinal cord. Fe 3+ -citrate was injected stereotaxically into spinal cord gray matter in adult rats in amounts sufficient to produce minimal tissue injury 24 h later. Twenty-four-hour pretreatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, or neurotrophin-4/5, but not nerve growth factor, markedly enhanced tissue injury in the gray matter as evidenced by an increase in the damaged area, as well as the loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Consistent with maintained free radical mediation, the neurotrophin-potentiated iron-induced spinal cord damage was blocked by co-application of the antioxidant N - tert -butyl-(2-sulfophenyl)-nitrone. These data support the hypothesis that the overall neuroprotective properties of neurotrophins in models of acute injury to the spinal cord may be limited by an underlying potentiation of free radical-mediated necrosis.
Robustness of digital filters with respect to limit-cycle behavior under coefficient perturbations

ABSTRACT A digital filter which has been designed to be limit cycle free may exhibit limit cycles at the implementationstage. This is due to the inability to implement filter coefficients exactly in hardware when they are quantizedto satisfy available wordlength requirements. Given a digital filter which is limit cycle free under zero input conditions, the work below presents an algorithm which finds a region in the coefficient space, about the nominalfilter coefficient values, wherein the filter remains limit cycle free. Furthermore the results of the algorithm will alsoindicate the availability of other machine representable numbers for the coefficients that fall within this robustnessregion. Hence one may even choose shorter wordlength registers for coefficient storage if the corresponding grid falls within the constructed robustness region.Keywords: Limit Cycles, Robustness, Coefficient sensitivity. 1 INTRODUCTION Over the years many papers have been published regarding limit cycle properties of digital filters15. Granular
Experimental observations of a long-range surface mode in metal island films

The excitation of a long-range surface mode supported by gold, copper, aluminum, and iron metal island films has been investigated. These metal island films have an imaginary part of the effective dielectric constant larger than the real part at the wavelength 632.8 nm, which is distinctly different from those of the bulk metals. This indicates that the surface mode supported by these metal island films is not the free-electron surface-plasmon mode but another type of long-range surface mode. This type of surface mode can exist in any metal island film as long as the film has the proper thickness and appropriate boundary layers.
A new scheme for reinforcing concepts in CS2

Instructors of introductory Computer Science coursesoften look for new pedagogical tools to help studentslearn concepts like recursion, bg-oh notation, abstractio~and sorting. Whether these concepts are introduced attheendof the first Computer Science course or duringthe second, students often encounter difficulty inmastering them. Since these concepts are interwovenwith many subsequent topics, failure to master themcompletely can make it difficult for students to continuetheir study of computer science.In this paper the authors relate an approach toreinforcing key topics such as recursion, big-oh notation,abstraction, and sorting. This approach--adding a shortScheme unit to the CS2 course--yields additional benefits,all compatible with
An empirical plasmasphere and trough density model: CRRES observations

Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) sweep frequency receiver data were used to develop an empirical model of the plasmasphere and trough number density. The over 1000 CRRES orbits provided good statistical coverage of all local times between an L shell of 3 to 7. The CRRES density data were separated into plasmaspheric-like and trough-like by assuming a minimum density value for the plasmasphere as a function of L shell. For the plasmasphere the average number density (in cm−3) as a function of L shell (3 ≤ L ≤ 7) was found to be: np = 1390 (3/L)4.8 ± 440 (3/L)3.6. For the trough the average number density (in cm−3) as a function of L-shell (3 ≤ L ≤ 7) and magnetic local time (0 ≤ LT ≤ 24) was found to be nt = l24 (3/L)4.0 + 36(3/L)3.5 cos({LT-[7.7(3/L)2.0+12]}π/12) ± {78 (3/L)4.7 + 17 (3/L)3.7 cos[(LT - 22)π/12]}. No clear dependence on magnetic activity was found for either density model. This empirical model is an improvement over earlier models in that it is continuous in local time and can be used to track densities based on refilling history. The model standard deviations are representative of either early time or late time refilling of the trough or newly filled or saturated plasmaspheric densities.
Allozyme variation and phylogeny in annual species of Cicer ( Leguminosae )

Allozymic variation at 30 isozyme loci was examined electrophoretically in nine annual and one perennial species ofCicer. While most of the accessions examined were monomorphic, species can be differentiated on the basis of their enzyme phenotypes. Several groups of species were identified based upon genetic distance values. For example,C. arietinum, C. reticulatum, andC. echinospermum shared the same alleles for most of the loci exmained. PerennialC. anatolicum is also closely related to this group. Similarly,C. judaicum, C. bijugum, andC. pinnatifidum formed another group. Two annual species,C. chorassanicum andC. yamashitae clustered together, whereasC. cuneatum was the most distantly related species. Correlations were found between genetic distances and geographic distribution. Results from enzyme electrophoresis tend to support the previously reported taxonomic treatments based upon crossability and morphological similarity. However,C. yamashitae, which has been classified in the second crossability group, is quite distinct genetically and morphologically from the remaining species of the group. An isozyme gene duplication observed in the genus suggested the monophyletic origin of the species examined in the present study.
Transient aggregation of major histocompatibility complex class II chains during assembly in normal spleen cells.

Abstract Many cell surface proteins exist as complexes of multiple subunits.It is well established that most such complexes are assembled within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the mechanistic details of the assembly process are largely unknown. We show here that α and β subunits of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens in spleen cells of normal mice pass through a transiently aggregated phase in the ER prior to assembly with the invariant chain (Ii). Aggregates form immediately after synthesis and disappear concomitantly with assembly of mature αβIi complexes. In spleen cells lacking Ii, aggregates fail to be efficiently dissociated over time, implicating subunit assembly as a requirement for disaggregation. Two ER chaperones, BiP and calnexin, bind to newly synthesized class II MHC chains but do not contribute appreciably to the large size of the aggregates. Our observations suggest that some subunits of multisubunit complexes pass through a transient, dynamic high molecular weight aggregate phase during the physiological process of assembly. The results further suggest a novel role for Ii in promoting stable dissociation of preformed aggregates containing α and β subunits rather than in preventing their formation.
ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR AND SUBORDINATE LOYALTY: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT

The theoretical and practical significance of the concept of subordinate loyalty to immediate superior is developed, and then, an empirical exploration of administration behavior that best predicts subordinate loyalty to elementary and secondary principals is undertaken. Data were collected from the principals and faculties in eighty public schools. Those characteristics of principal behavior accounting for the greatest explanation of loyalty are Thrust, Consideration, Initiating Structure, and Nonauthoritarianism; however, somewhat contrasting profiles emerge in predicting teacher loyalty in elementary and secondary schools. While Initiating Structure of the principal has high value in the secondary schools, it is Consideration, not Initiating Structure, which is most salient in elementary schools.
ANALYZING POWER, POLARIZATION, AND SPIN FLIP IN INELASTIC SCATTERING AT ISOBARIC ANALOG RESONANCES.

Measurement of the spin-flip probability with a polarized proton beam leads to a straightforward determination of both polarization ($P$) and analyzing power ($A$) in inelastic scattering at analog resonances. Calculations including direct-reaction background indicate that $P\ensuremath{-}A$ is insensitive to precise values of background parameters but quite sensitive to the configuration assumed for the analog state.
Stationary States of Scalar and Vector Fields

In the presence of an electrostatic field (but not for a static world scalar or magnetostatic field) the stationary solutions of the quadratic relativistic wave equation for scalar particles do not form an orthonormal set. In spite of this they may in general be used to introduce normal coordinates for the quantum theory of this field. If the wave field and its canonical conjugate are expanded in terms of these stationary solutions, then the commutation laws for the amplitudes follow from the wave field commutators and the assumption of the integrability of the classical wave equation for arbitrary initial function and time derivative. Parallel considerations are applied to the vector field. An alternative method is described that involves the introduction of orthonormal functions and the construction of a "particle Hamiltonian."
Steroid-induced adaptive proton planning in a pediatric patient with low grade glioma: a case report and literature review.

Adaptive radiation therapy treatment planning (ARTP) is a valuable tool for modifying radiation therapy. As a feedback technique, ARTP has gained momentum with the use of image guided radiation therapy, deformable image registration software, and image fusion advances. ARTP can account for changes in target (shrinkage, growth, cystic expansion) and patient characteristics (weight changes, edema, setup errors) during fractionated radiation therapy. With highly conformal treatments and smaller planning target volumes (PTV) now common, anatomic changes that affect target and organs at risk (OAR) dosimetry mandates adaptation awareness moving forward. Yan et al1 have proposed that ARTP may supplant generic margin expansions resulting in improved OAR dosimetry while guaranteeing tumor coverage. Current indications for ARTP include cystic changes in craniopharyngioma and bulky disease regression where initial planning exceeds OAR tolerances. Though advantageous, Bragg peak properties of proton beam therapy (PBT) create dosimetric challenges secondary to OARmotion and end of range uncertainty. Less well described is the unique challenge of PBT dosimetry due to
Minimal access surgery for gastroesophageal reflux: laparoscopic placement of the Angelchik prosthesis in pigs.

Conventional surgery for gastroesophageal reflux is effective but requires laparotomy. Minimal access surgery for gastroesophageal reflux could provide a decrease in morbidity. The Angelchik antireflux prosthesis is an alternative to fundoplication for the treatment of this ailment. We evaluated the results of laparoscopic placement of the Angelchik prosthesis in 10 pigs. The duration of the procedure averaged 44 min. The mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure increased from 12.2 ±2.8 mmHg at baseline to 45.2±7.8 (P 0.05) as measured immediately postoperatively, at 1 week, and at 3 weeks, respectively, following placement of the prosthesis. There was no instance of prosthetic migration or esophageal perforation. One postoperative death due to distention and perforation of the colon occurred. Two animals developed distal esophageal impaction of food. We conclude that the antireflux prosthesis can be safely and effectively placed using laparoscopic methods in a porcine model. Further development of this technique is warranted.
Evidence vs. Anecdote: Using Syllabi to Plan Curriculum-Integrated Information Literacy Instruction

Many academic library instruction programs seek to integrate information literacy skills into the curriculum of academic departments. Previous literature on this topic generally recommends a “tiered” approach to curriculum-integrated instruction (CII); these tiered approaches suggest teaching basic skills to first- and second-year students and advanced skills to third- and fourth-year students. Many authors identify skills to teach at each level; however, their recommendations appear to be based on anecdote and common sense. While both anecdote and common sense are useful as starting points, librarians who plan CII programs should use evidence to make instructional decisions. To provide evidence for CII planning, this syllabus study investigated the research skills required of first-year students in their first semester at college. The results demonstrate that most first-semester students are required to find articles and Web sites to support their assignments, and many students are required to find books. Some must also find reference books as well as data and statistical sources to complete their course assignments. These results suggest that previous recommendations regarding tiered instructional approaches should be investigated further and revised.
Mapping disease genes: family-based association studies.

With recent rapid advances in mapping of the human genome, including highly polymorphic and closely linked markers, studies of marker associations with disease are increasingly relevant for mapping disease genes. The use of nuclear-family data in association studies was initially developed to avoid possible ethnic mismatching between patients and randomly ascertained controls. The parental marker alleles not transmitted to an affected child or never transmitted to an affected sib pair form the so-called AFBAC (affected family-based controls) population. In this paper, the theroetical foundation of the AFBAC method is proved for any single-locus model of disease and for any nuclear family-based ascertainment scheme. In a random-mating population, when there is a marker association with disease, the AFBAC population provides an unbiased estimate of the overall population (control) marker alleles when the recombination fraction {theta} between the marker and disease genes is sufficiently small that it can be taken as zero ({theta}=0). With population stratification, only marker associations present in the subpopulations will be detected with family-based analyses. Of more importance, however, is the fact that, when {theta}=0, differences between transmitted parental (patient) marker allele frequencies and non-or never-transmitted parental marker allele frequencies (implying a marker association with disease) can onlymore » be observed for marker genes linked to a disease gene ({theta}<{1/2}). Thus, associations of unlinked marker loci with disease at the population level, caused by population stratification, migration, or admixture, are eliminated. This validates the use of family-based association tests as an appropriate strategy for mapping disease genes. 52 refs., 1 fig.« less
IEEE Working Group Report of Problems with Hydrogenerator Thermoset Stator Windings. Part 1. Analysis of Survey

Various modes of premature failure of hydrogenerator stator insulation systems have been noted and the Working Group survey results are presented. Failure modes are correlated with salient features of the insulation system and of the generator. The results may be used to improve the design and maintenance of stator insulation systems. The paper forms the basis for two companion papers: Part II-Detection, Correction and Prevention; and Part III-Bibliography.
A combinatorial F box protein directed pathway controls TRAF adaptor stability to regulate inflammation

Uncontrolled activation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins may result in profound tissue injury by linking surface signals to cytokine release. Here we show that a ubiquitin E3 ligase component, Fbxo3, potently stimulates cytokine secretion from human inflammatory cells by destabilizing a sentinel TRAF inhibitor, Fbxl2. Fbxo3 and TRAF protein in circulation positively correlated with cytokine responses in subjects with sepsis, and we identified a polymorphism in human Fbxo3, with one variant being hypofunctional. A small-molecule inhibitor targeting Fbxo3 was sufficient to lessen severity of cytokine-driven inflammation in several mouse disease models. These studies identified a pathway of innate immunity that may be useful to detect subjects with altered immune responses during critical illness or provide a basis for therapeutic intervention targeting TRAF protein abundance.
Injection of the insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon in horses using radiographic guidance

Insertional tendinopathies of the DDFT have been reported both as the sole lesion and as part of a multifocal lesion (Dyson et al. 2003). Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging allow specific diagnosis of deep digital flexor tendon lesions within the hoof capsule; however, direct intralesional treatment of such lesions is difficult because of the hoof’s rigid structure. A technique designed to mimic intralesional injection of insertional tendinopathies of the DDFT in the standing horse using radiographic guidance was assessed. Radiographic and contrast CT imaging and sectioning of the limbs confirmed accurate injection in all cases although inadvertant administration of injectate into adjacent structures was also evident.
Spatial and temporal task characteristics as stress: A test of the dynamic adaptability theory of stress, workload, and performance

The goal for this study was to test assertions of the dynamic adaptability theory of stress, which proposes two fundamental task dimensions, information rate (temporal properties of a task) and information structure (spatial properties of a task). The theory predicts adaptive stability across stress magnitudes, with progressive and precipitous changes in adaptive response manifesting first as increases in perceived workload and stress and then as performance failure. Information structure was manipulated by varying the number of displays to be monitored (1, 2, 4 or 8 displays). Information rate was manipulated by varying stimulus presentation rate (8, 12, 16, or 20 events/min). A signal detection task was used in which critical signals were pairs of digits that differed by 0 or 1. Performance accuracy declined and workload and stress increased as a function of increased task demand, with a precipitous decline in accuracy at the highest demand levels. However, the form of performance change as well as the pattern of relationships between speed and accuracy and between performance and workload/stress indicates that some aspects of the theory need revision. Implications of the results for the theory and for future research are discussed.
Abstract 2270: Non-invasive radiofrequency increases the anticancer effect of gemcitabine in treating pancreatic cancer via autophagy

Pancreatic cancer has a high mortality rate. Currently the main treatment for unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma is chemotherapy based on gemcitabine (GCB) use. Trials of GCB, combined with radiation therapy and other cytotoxic agents, did not produce a substantial improvement in patient response over GCB alone. This indicates that new therapeutic approaches should be developed for the treatment of this disease. In our laboratory we developed a new method based on the use of non-invasive radiofrequency (RF) field. Electromagnetic energy produced by 220 MHz was shown to have low tissue specific absorption rate and therefore, excellent whole body tissue penetration with documented safety in humans exposed to the RF field for several hours. The RF frequency of our device is lower, 13.56 MHz and generates mild hyperthermia. In the current study we used human Panc-1 tumor cells, known for their poor response to GCB, and studied the effect of RF on tumor cells with and without GCB. Combination of GCB with RF (GCB+RF) significantly inhibited proliferation of Panc-1 cells in vitro when compared with either treatment alone (P Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2270. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2270
Effects of Triamcinolone on Dialysis of Kidney Mercury in Chicks Resistant and Susceptible to Leukosis

Abstract MILLER et al. (1959a, b, 1967) have reported that one strain of inbred chicks (R) retained more mercury in the liver and kidneys than another strain (S) following injection of mercuric chloride (MC) or phenylmercuric acetate. These lines were selected for resistance (R) and susceptibility (S) to the avian leukosis complex by Bearse et al. (1963). A triamcinolone diacetate (TR) injection of 1.0 mg. per kg. body weight given 24 hours before MC had been found to increase the retention of mercury in the kidneys of the R chicks 96 hours later (Miller et al., 1969). Since mercury was deposited primarily in the kidney, this paper reports some aspects of the stability of the kidney-mercury complex based on the percentage of the mercury dialyzable against dilute thiomalate (TM) from kidney homogenates of both strains. The effect of preinjection of TR on the percent of dialyzable mercury is also reported. METHODS. . .
Spoof surface plasmon waveguide forces

Spoof surface plasmons (SP) are SP-like waves that propagate along metal surfaces with deeply sub-wavelength corrugations and whose dispersive properties are determined primarily by the corrugation dimensions. Two parallel corrugated surfaces separated by a sub-wavelength dielectric gap create a “spoof” analog of the plasmonic metal–insulator–metal waveguides, dubbed a “spoof-insulator-spoof” (SIS) waveguide. Here we study the optical forces generated by the propagating “bonding” and “anti-bonding” waveguide modes of the SIS geometry and the role that surface structuring plays in determining the modal properties. By changing the dimensions of the grooves, strong attractive and repulsive optical forces between the surfaces can be generated at nearly any frequency.
A prospective, randomized comparison of an in-line heat moisture exchange filter and heated wire humidifiers: rates of ventilator-associated early-onset (community-acquired) or late-onset (hospital-acquired) pneumonia and incidence of endotracheal tube occlusion.

Purpose To compare the performance of an in-line heat moisture exchanging filter (HMEF) (Pall BB-100; Pall Corporation; East Hills, NY) to a conventional heated wire humidifier (H-wH) (Marquest Medical Products Inc., Englewood, Colo) in the mechanical ventilator circuit on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and the rate of endotracheal tube occlusion. Methods This report describes a prospective, randomized trial of 280 consecutive trauma patients in a 20-bed trauma ICU (TICU). All intubated patients not ventilated elsewhere in the medical center prior to their TICU admission were randomized to either an in-line HMEF or a H-wH in the breathing circuit. Ventilator circuits were changed routinely every 7 days, and closed system suction catheters were changed every 3 days. HMEFs were changed every 24 h, or more frequently if necessary. A specific endotracheal tube suction and lavage protocol was not employed. Patients were dropped from the HMEF group if the filter was changed more than three times a day or the patient was placed on a regimen of ultra high-frequency ventilation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria for diagnosis of pneumonia were used; early-onset, community-acquired pneumonia was defined if CDC criteria were met in ≤3 days, and late-onset, hospital-acquired pneumonia was defined if criteria were met in >3 days. Laboratory and chest radiograph interpretation were blinded. Results The patient ages ranged from 15 to 95 years in the HMEF group and 16 to 87 years in the H-wH group (p=not significant), with a mean age of 46 years and 48 years, respectively. The male to female ratio ranged between 78 to 82%/22 to 18%, respectively, and 55% of all admissions were related to blunt trauma, 40% secondary to penetrating trauma, and 5% to major burns. There was no difference in Injury Severity Score (ISS) between the two groups. Moreover, there was no significant difference in mean ISS among those who did not develop pneumonia and those patients who developed either early-onset, community-acquired or late-onset, hospital-acquired pneumonia. The HMEF nosocomial VAP rate was 6% compared to 16% for the H-wH group (p Conclusions The HMEF used in this study reduced the incidence of late-onset, hospital-acquired VAP, but not early-onset, community-acquired VAP, compared to the conventional H-wH circuit. This was associated with a significant reduction in total ICU stay. Disposable ventilator circuit costs in the HMEF group were reduced compared to the H-wH group in whom circuit changes occurred at 7-day intervals. Clinical implications The use of the HMEF is a cost-effective clinical practice associated with fewer late-onset, hospital-acquired VAPs, and should result in improved resource allocation and utilization.
Minimizing pseudoconvex functions on convex compact sets

An algorithm is presented which minimizes continuously differentiable pseudoconvex functions on convex compact sets which are characterized by their support functions. If the function can be minimized exactly on affine sets in a finite number of operations and the constraint set is a polytope, the algorithm has finite convergence. Numerical results are reported which illustrate the performance of the algorithm when applied to a specific search direction problem. The algorithm differs from existing algorithms in that it has proven convergence when applied to any convex compact set, and not just polytopal sets.
Implications of twin research for legal issues involving young twins

Twin studies have generated numerous findings that have had substantial impact upon research conducted in psychological and medical science disciplines. Twin research has, however, been underutilized utilized as an information base relevant to decision making in the legal domain. Current empirical knowledge of twins and the various legal issues for which they offer implications are reviewed. Selected case studies of young twins, illustrative of a meaningful relationship between twin research and the legal field, are presented. A research program to further address issues raised by the collaborative efforts of twin investigators and legal experts is proposed.
FINANCE VS OWNERSHIP: MILL'S TWO ABSTINENCES AND THE LINK BETWEEN PROFIT AND INTEREST

The difference between profit and interest was never clarified by the early classicalists, but J. S. Mill provided a partial answer: It was based on his two concepts of "abstinence". Interest was the reward for anonymous or "contract" personal saving without ownership--savings' financial function--while profit was the reward for personal saving to increase ownership. Although he focused on abstinence in the Seniorian tradition, Mill emphasized personal, not business, saving, as did Senior. Furthermore, Mill's "abstinence theory of interest and profit" has never been taken seriously as a complete theory, as has Senior's. This was because of his "loanable" funds' theory of interest, which was taken up by later writers. It is shown that this theory predicted that net profits and interest would vary indirectly. It used the net profit to help determine the interest rate, so it perpetuated the confusion between these two rates. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Individual Cognitive Structuring and the Sociocultural Context: Strategy Shifts in the Game of Dominoes

In this article, I explore the relation between the sociocultural and individual cognitive structuring as elementary school students, high school students, and adults play the strategic game of dominoes. I present data from a study in which players at each level were observed and video-recorded during domino tournament play. Findings reveal the cognitive and mathematical skills players developed as well as how those skills were fundamentally integrated with shifts in the activity structures of the game as players got older. Implications for understanding cognition and context and for teaching and learning are discussed.
Hypersonic interactions near sharp leading edges.

Abstract : Numerical solutions of a set of parabolic equations, uniformly valid throughout the entire continuum flow domain, were obtained for the axi-symmetric flow over slender sharp nose cones at zero angle of attack, the hypersonic interference flow between two finite length flat plates and the flow over a sharp flat plate of finite span. The regions of interest are the leading edge merged layer and the initial portion of the strong interaction flow. The analysis represents an extension of the theory first used successfully for the flow over two-dimensional sharp flat plates. Merged layer interference, the merging of streams at different pressures in the wake of the channel geometry, the three-dimensional flow and shock structure, as well as the significant differences between two-dimensional, and axi-symmetric or three-dimensional flow fields are discussed. Comparisons with available experimental data are good, as evidenced by surface pressure and heat transfer results, for the flow over cones. (Author)
Macrosegregation in Rotated Remelted Ingots

A computer model is presented for predicting macrosegregation in rotated electroslag or vacuum arc remelted ingots. Sample calculations of segregation are carried out for ingots of the model alloy Sn-12 pet Pb in which the liquid density increases during solidification and for two hypothetical alloys; in one, the liquid density decreases during solidification, and in the other, liquid density first increases and then decreases during solidification. In alloys such as Sn-Pb in which liquid density increases during solidification, segregation is positive at the ingot centerline and if solidification is sufficiently slow, “freckles” form near the centerline. Positive segregation and freckles are found at the outer periphery of the ingot when liquid density decreases during solidification. Positive segregation and freckles are found at midradius when liquid density first increases and then decreases during solidification, and when the solidus isotherm changes shape abruptly at midradius (with density increasing during solidification). Ingot rotation, by introducing a radial component to the force field, alters interdendritic flow behavior and therefore macrosegregation. Modest rotation speeds eliminate “freckles” and reduce macrosegregation in all modeling studies conducted. Greater rotational speeds can accentuate the segregation. Experiments were conducted on simulated remelted ingots of Sn-Pb alloy. The ingots were 8 cm diam, rotated at speeds up to 119 rpm and solidified at rates from 5.3 × 10−3 to 1.36 × 10−2 cm/s. Segregation behavior obtained agrees qualitatively and quantitatively with theory.
How American Treaty Behavior Threatens National Security

In recent years, American treaty behavior has produced growing concern among both allies and less friendly nations. On such fundamental issues as nuclear proliferation, terrorism, human rights, civil liberties, environmental disasters, and commerce, the United States has generated confusion and anger abroad. Such a climate is not conducive to needed cooperation in the conduct of foreign and security policy. Among U.S. actions that have caused concern are the failure to ratify several treaties; the attachment of reservations, understandings, and declarations before ratification; the failure to support a treaty regime once ratified; and treaty withdrawal. The structural and historical reasons for American treaty behavior are deeply rooted in the United States' system of government and do not merely reflect superpower arrogance.
Immune Complex Assays in Rheumatoid Disorders

Excerpt To the editor: In their study of vasculitis complicating rheumatoid arthritis, Abel and associates (1) pointed out that circulating immune complexes are temporarily associated with clinical...
Evaluation of reproductive function among men occupationally exposed to a stilbene derivative. II: Perceived libido and potency

This is the second of two reports of a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Health Hazard Evaluation conducted in response to complaints of sexual dysfunction among men who manufacture the stilbene derivative 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DAS; CAS 81-11-8), an intermediate in the manufacture of fluorescent whitening agents. The first report [Grajewski et al. (1995): Am J Ind Med 29:53-61] describes results of the analysis of reproductive hormone levels. This second report provides results from the analysis of perceived libido and potency. In a cross-sectional design, self-reported sexual function of 30 male workers who manufacture DAS and 20 former DAS workers was compared to that of 35 workers who manufactured plastics additives in a different manufacturing area. Questionnaire items were examined by factor analysis, reducing the data to these components of sexual function: sexual activity/performance (two factors), interest, satisfaction, and physiologic competence. Adjusting for age, currently exposed workers were more likely than unexposed workers to have a value in the lowest quartile for interest (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-7.2), physiologic competence (adjusted OR = 1.9, 95% CI 0.6-6.4), and activity/performance factor II (adjusted OR = 5.8, 95% CI 1.3-27.3). Former DAS workers reported problems associated with activity/performance factors I and II compared to unexposed workers (adjusted OR = 2.2, 95% CI 0.5-10.1 and adjusted OR = 6.7, 95% CI 1.2-35.9, respectively). Although the small study size limits the precision of the effect estimates, the pattern of results suggests a possible effect on sexual function of working in the DAS manufacturing area. (This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.) © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison between computed and field measured thermal parameters in an atrium building

Abstract This paper presents a comparison study between simulation and filed measurements of thermal parameters of an atrium building in Ottawa, Canada. The selected atrium was an enclosed three-storey building with a pyramidal skylight. The atrium was fully conditioned and has open corridors at each storey connecting it to adjacent spaces. The atrium space was used for circulation and reception while adjacent spaces are offices and meeting rooms. The atrium was monitored in June 1995 and in December 1995 to consider extreme conditions of the outdoor climate. The simulation results were obtained using ESP-r computer program. The comparison included those of predicted and measured solar radiation entering the atrium space at the rooftop, and predicted and measured indoor temperatures of the atrium floors. Results for the solar radiation showed good agreement between the measured and predicted values. When the mechanical system was turned off, the predicted temperatures were within ±2°C of the measured temperatures in winter. In summer, however, the predicted temperatures were 2–3°C higher than the measured temperatures.
ALTERATIONS IN BRAIN OCTOPAMINE AND BRAIN TYROSINE FOLLOWING PORTACAVAL ANASTOMOSIS IN RATS

— Following portacaval anastomosis in the rat, plasma and brain tyrosine are markedly elevated, although brain tyrosine is increased to a significantly greater degree than plasma tyrosine. Both plasma and brain tyrosine as well as brain octopamine correlated well with a presumed index of impaired hepatic function, the ratio of liver weight to body weight in shunted rats. A significant positive correlation was observed between brain octopamine and brain tyrosine. The significance of these findings to the etiology and treatment of clinical hepatic encephalopathy is discussed.
Studies of hypothermia in ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction.

Abstract The risk of ventricular fibrillation was evaluated in dogs with ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction when the animals were exposed to hypothermia (26° to 30° C. rectal temperature). Eight of 10 dogs with infarction but without ventricular tachycardia survived cooling. Of 10 animals with both infarction and arrhythmia, only 1 survived hypothermia while breathing spontaneously. Three dogs with infarction and arrhythmia survived cooling while hyperventilated but died when hyperventilation was discontinued. Of 12 dogs with infarction and ventricular tachycardia which were hyperventilated throughout cooling, 10 survived. Five dogs with ventricular tachycardia survived infusion of hydrochloric acid which lowered the arterial pH to 6.84 (mean), but a drop in pH below 6.0 proved fatal to 2 dogs. Reduction of the ph to 6.53 with inhalation of 25 to 30 per cent carbon dioxide was fatal to 5 of 6 dogs with ventricular tachycardia. Hypothermia slowed the heart rate irrespective of the origin of the heart beat, but had no antiarrhythmic effect in this preparation. These studies support the concept that hyperventilation protects against the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation during hypothermia in ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. It is suggested that hyperventilation probably opposes the hypercapneic acidosis associated with cooling.
A variable-rate decision support tool

Profitable precision or variable application of inputs depends on many factors; however, the inherent variability in a soil and or crop property and the relative responsiveness of yield to fertilizer inputs at different soil concentration levels are the most important factors in influencing economic gain. Generally, the greater is the spatial variation in the property influencing the input rate, the greater is the potential economic return from precision application compared to uniform application of an input. Based on a quantitative assessment of the spatial variation in soil properties that influence rates of input, a variable-rate decision support tool (VRDST) was developed to: (1) assess the potential profitability of variable-rate compared to uniform application and (2) identify the economic optimal uniform application rate if this is selected. The VRDST was evaluated using spatially distributed soil data from selected fields in North Carolina. Net return from variable-rate application and the economically optimal uniform rates are illustrated. Varying fertilizer cost, crop price and sampling costs greatly influenced net return from variable-rate application.
Rare earth partitioning between immiscible carbonate and silicate liquids and CO 2 vapor: Results and implications for the formation of light rare earth-enriched rocks

Melting relations at 5 and 20 kbar on the composition join sanidine-potassium carbonate are dominated by a two-liquid region that covers over 60% of the join at 1,300 ° C. At this temperature, the silicate melt contains approximately 19 wt% carbonate component at 5 kbar and 32 wt% carbonate component at 20 kbar. The conjugate carbonate melt contains less than 5 wt% silicate component, and it varies less as a function of temperature than does the silicate melt. Partition coefficients for Ce, Sm, and Tm between the immiscible carbonate and silicate melts at 1,200 ° and 1,300 ° C at 5 and 20 kbar are in favor of the carbonate melt by a factor of 2–3 for light REE and 5–8 for heavy REE. The effect of pressure on partitioning cannot be evaluated independently because of complementary changes in melt compositions. Minimum REE partition coefficients for CO2 vapor/carbonate melt and CO2 vapor/silicate melt can be calculated from the carbonate melt/silicate melt partition coefficients, the known proportions of melt, and maximum estimates of the proportion of CO2 vapor. The vapor phase is enriched in light REE relative to both melts at 20 kbar and enriched in all REE, especially the light elements, at 5 kbar. The enrichment of REE in CO2 vapor relative to both melts is 3–4 orders of magnitude in excess of that in water vapor (Mysen, 1979) at 5 kbar and is approximately the same as that in water vapor at 20 kbar. Mantle metasomatism by a CO2-rich vapor enriched in light REE, occurring as a precursor to magma genesis, may explain the enhanced REE contents and light REE enrichment of carbonatites, alkali-rich silicate melts, and kimberlites. Light REE enrichment in fenites and the granular suite of nodules from kimberlites attests to the mobility of REE in CO2-rich fluids under both mantle and crustal conditions.
“Mediating Modernism”: Charles Briggs, Catholic Modernism, and an Ecumenical “Plot”

Historians of religion in America, as enamored of marking “watersheds” in our culture as other scholars, have long used the famous “Briggs Case” as an event for marking that cultural moment when American mainline Protestants, mostly kicking and screaming, began to confront officially the higher criticism of the Bible. Charles Augustus Briggs, as students of Gilded Age religion know well, was a professor of scripture at New York's Union Theological Seminary who, between 1891 and 1893, underwent a peripatetic heresy trial in various Presbyterian church courts—“the most notorious event in 19th century American church history,” as one of its chroniclers has described it—for advocating the application of modern historical-critical methods to the biblical record.
Quantitative differences in mitochondrial ultrastructure of a thiobiotic and an oxybiotic turbellarian

Specimens of the thiobiotic acoel Solenofilomorpha funilis Crezee, 1975 and the oxybiotic acoel Otocelis sp. were collected from Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA in spring and summer of 1982, and the ultrastructure and distribution of their mitochondria were compared. The volume density and the surface density of the mitochondria are significantly higher in the epidermis and parenchyma of S. funilis than in the corresponding tissues of Otocelis sp. Surface densities of mitochondrial cristae are higher in all tissues studied (epidermis, muscle, and parenchyma) of S. funilis than in Otocelis sp. The differences in mitochondrial ultrastructure of these two species suggest that mitochondria in anaerobic tissues differ in function from their aerobic counterparts.