cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent Findings on the Prevalence of E-Cigarette Use Among Adults in the U.S.

Introduction This study uses a recent source of nationally representative data from in-person surveys to examine national estimates of e-cigarette use among adults and their relationship with demographic, socioeconomic, and health behavior measures. Methods Data were provided by the National Health Interview Survey, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 34,356 respondents aged ≥18 years were examined for 2014, the most recent and only year in which the National Health Interview Survey included questions on e-cigarette use. E-cigarette information included ever and current use. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, poverty, and smoking status. Analyses were conducted in 2016. Results Compared with those who had never tried e-cigarettes, e-cigarette users were more likely to be younger, male, non-Hispanic white, non-married, poorer, and current smokers. Multivariable logistic regression suggested that respondents with high school or some college education had significantly higher adjusted odds of ever using e-cigarettes relative to those with less than high school education. However, the adjusted odds were not significantly different for college or graduate school education. Conclusions The results suggest that, unlike tobacco use, ever using e-cigarettes is positively related to income. Interestingly, e-cigarette use exhibits a non-linear relationship with education. Reasons for the relationship of e-cigarettes with education are unclear and warrant further research.
Community and the American Village on Paradise Drive

The author argues that at the root of American culture is an apparent, though illusory, paradox of a people who are at one and the same time thoroughly individualistic and voraciously communal. This paradox is not only part of the American cultural fabric, it is built directly and purposefully into the U.S. constitutional system itself. By using their individual choice to choose various forms of community, Americans were able to sustain and reproduce the social capital necessary to remain the functional community of communities the constitutional scheme depended upon and prevent the slide into egoism and narcissism that would result in their own personal alienation. In this way, what was once thought to require virtue, discipline and obedience could seemingly be produced by self-interested individualism, the pursuit of happiness and the willingness to respect the rules (read rights of others) of the larger political game. The author explores this idea on two recent “texts” that capture in very general ways a dominant trend in the relationship between community and culture in the contemporary United States. The first text is the recent film by the current master of suspense in American movies M. Night Shymalan The Village (2004). The second is the recent work of non-fiction by the conservative political journalist and regular news commentator David Brooks titled On Paradise Drive: How We Live Now (And Always Have) in the Future Tense (2004).
An agent-based bioenergetics model for predicting impacts of environmental change on a top marine predator, the Weddell seal

Abstract One of the crucial scientific challenges of this century is characterizing the vulnerability of ecosystems to climate change. Bioenergetics models can provide a theoretical construct for addressing specific physiological and ecological hypotheses about how individuals may respond; however, many models fail to link energy deficiencies with reproductive consequences, and thus cannot be used to predict population-level impacts. Here, we present an agent-based, ecophysiological model that simulates the energy balance of adult, female Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii) . The input parameters include physiological values and population-wide ranges for the duration and phenology of life history events. Energy intake depends on foraging effort and stochastic prey availability, whereas energy expenditure is calculated from time- and behavior-specific demands. The simulated seal selects an activity (forage, nurse pup, molt, rest) based on body condition and life history constraints. At the end of each timestep, the energy budget is balanced, and catabolism or anabolism occurs. Following model development and validation with empirical data, simulations were run to study the responses of individuals to: (1) baseline conditions; and (2) reduced prey availability. As expected, the model replicated the known fluctuations in energetic requirements associated with reproduction and molt. A 10% reduction in prey availability resulted in seals foraging more and resting less. At the end of the year-long simulations, animals in the baseline simulation had significantly higher body masses than animals in the perturbation simulation. The model was successfully used to explore decision-based energy allocation strategies that occur under different energetic stressors and to elucidate how extrinsic conditions can impact individual fitness. Identifying the temporal sensitivities of Weddell seals to predicted anthropogenic changes is a valuable contribution to the study of global change biology and can inform management decisions in polar regions.
Women Healers: Global and Local Women’s Knowledge in Psychology—An Introduction

This article briefly addresses key events throughout recorded history of indigenous healing, highlighting the role of women and their work despite predominant patriarchal, societal views and subseq...
Microcirculation and mitochondrial function in focal brain ischemia.

It is well-established that ischemia leads to very complex and heterogenous changes in microcirculation and metabolism of the brain /Siesjo, 1981; Raichle, 1983; Welsh, 1984/. Although the severity of brain damage depends mainly on the degree and duration of the decrease of cerebral blood flow /CBF/, and hence the depletion of macroerg phosphates, mitochondria seem quite resistant to ischemia /Ikrenyi et al., 1976; Ginsberg et al., 1977; Rehncrona et al., 1979; Siesjo, 1981; Dora, 1985b/.
Probing non-Abelian statistics in ν = 12 / 5 quantum Hall state

The tunneling current and shot noise of the current between two fractional quantum hall (FQH) edges in the $\ensuremath{\nu}=12/5$ FQH state in an electronic Mach--Zehnder interferometer are studied. It is shown that the tunneling current and shot noise can be used to probe the existence of $k=3$ parafermion statistics in the $\ensuremath{\nu}=12/5$ FQH state. More specifically, the dependence of the current on the Aharonov--Bohm flux in the Read--Rezayi state is asymmetric under the change in the sign of the applied voltage. This property is absent in the Abelian--Laughlin states. Moreover, the Fano factor can exceed 12.7 electron charges in the $\ensuremath{\nu}=12/5$ FQH state. This number well exceeds the maximum possible Fano factor in all Laughlin states and the $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ Moore--Read state, which was previously shown to be $e$ and $3.2e$, respectively.
Sensory denervation of inguinal white fat modifies sympathetic outflow to white and brown fat in Siberian hamsters

Abstract White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) have sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and sensory innervations. Previous studies from our laboratory revealed central neuroanatomical evidence of WAT sensory and BAT SNS crosstalk with double labeling of inguinal WAT (IWAT) sensory and interscapular BAT (IBAT) SNS neurons. We previously demonstrated that WAT lipolysis increases IBAT temperature, but this effect is absent when IWAT afferents are surgically denervated, which severs both sensory and SNS nerves. It is possible that WAT sensory feedback can regulate SNS drive to itself and other WAT and BAT depots, and thus contribute to the existence of differential SNS outflow to fat during different energy challenges. Here we selectively denervated IWAT sensory nerves in Siberian hamsters using capsaicin and measured norepinephrine turnover (NETO) i.e., SNS drive to WAT and BAT depots, IBAT uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression, body mass, fat mass, blood glucose, and food consumed after a 24-h cold exposure. IWAT sensory denervation decreased both IWAT and IBAT NETO and IBAT UCP1 expression. IWAT sensory denervation, however, increased mesenteric WAT (MWAT) NETO after the 24-h cold exposure and did not modify epididymal WAT (EWAT) and retroperitoneal WAT (RWAT) NETO compared with respective controls. Body mass, fat mass, blood glucose, and food consumed were unchanged across groups. RWAT and EWAT mass decreased in capsaicin-injected hamsters, but did not in the vehicle hamsters. These results functionally demonstrate the existence of IWAT sensory and IBAT SNS crosstalk and that a disruption in this sensory-SNS feedback mechanism modifies SNS drive to IWAT, IBAT, and MWAT, but not EWAT and RWAT.
Considerations for the Use of Neuroimaging Technologies for Predicting Recovery of Speech and Language in Aphasia.

Purpose The number of research articles aimed at identifying neuroimaging biomarkers for predicting recovery from aphasia continues to grow. Although the clinical use of these biomarkers to determine prognosis has been proposed, there has been little discussion of how this would be accomplished. This is an important issue because the best translational science occurs when translation is considered early in the research process. The purpose of this clinical focus article is to present a framework to guide the discussion of how neuroimaging biomarkers for recovery from aphasia could be implemented clinically. Method The genomics literature reveals that implementing genetic testing in the real-world poses both opportunities and challenges. There is much similarity between these opportunities and challenges and those related to implementing neuroimaging testing to predict recovery in aphasia. Therefore, the Center for Disease Control's model list of questions aimed at guiding the review of genetic testing has...
Ventral striatal dysfunction in cocaine dependence – difference mapping for subregional resting state functional connectivity

Research of dopaminergic deficits has focused on the ventral striatum (VS) with many studies elucidating altered resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) in individuals with cocaine dependence (CD). The VS comprises functional subregions and delineation of subregional changes in rsFC requires careful consideration of the differences between addicted and healthy populations. In the current study, we parcellated the VS using whole-brain rsFC differences between CD and non-drug-using controls (HC). Voxels with similar rsFC changes formed functional clusters. The results showed that the VS was divided into 3 subclusters, in the area of the dorsal-anterior VS (daVS), dorsal posterior VS (dpVS), and ventral VS (vVS), each in association with different patterns of rsFC. The three subregions shared reduced rsFC with bilateral hippocampal/parahippocampal gyri (HG/PHG) but also showed distinct changes, including reduced vVS rsFC with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and increased daVS rsFC with visual cortex in CD as compared to HC. Across CD, daVS visual cortical connectivity was positively correlated with amount of prior-month cocaine use and cocaine craving, and vVS vmPFC connectivity was negatively correlated with the extent of depression and anxiety. These findings suggest a distinct pattern of altered VS subregional rsFC in cocaine dependence, and some of the changes have eluded analyses using the whole VS as a seed region. The findings may provide new insight to delineating VS circuit deficits in cocaine dependence and provide an alternative analytical framework to address functional dysconnectivity in other mental illnesses.
The Development of a Direct Observation Code for Use in Preschool Settings

With the passage of recent preschool legislation, it is essential that school psychologists are prepared to assess children's behaviors and their interactions with others within specific contexts s...
JASON: An Integrated Approach to ROV and Control System Design

ROVS can be made more capable and easier to operate through the use of supervisory control techniques. Supervisory control systems combine precision navigation, closed-loop control, and a well-designed man-machine interface. They can improve ROV performance and decrease operator workload. Survey and inspection tasks can be performed and repeated more precisely and efficiently. Performance can be maintained in poor visibility and high currents. Vehicle motions can complement manipulator movements, so that more difficult manipulative tasks can be completed with simple arms.
Female Behavioral Strategies of Hybrid Baboons in the Awash National Park, Ethiopia

The harem-based social organization of hamadryas baboons has been attributed primarily to the predisposition of hamadryas males to herd females into one-male units (OMUs). Hamadryas females, by contrast, are thought to be behaviorally flexible. In this chapter, we describe and analyze female behavior in a hybrid group located in the Awash hybrid zone of Ethiopia. All individuals in the group are hamadryas-olive hybrids, but individual phenotypes range from mostly hamadryas to mostly olive. We use data across a 40-month period to assess whether or not females of different ancestry exhibit different behavioral strategies within the same mixed group. We found that females follow three distinct behavioral strategies: strict OMU, loose OMU, and non- OMU. Behaviors that suggested a hamadryas-like social organization (e.g., strong intersexual bonds) were associated with the strict-OMU females, and behaviors that suggested an olive-like social organization (e.g., strong intrasexual bonds) were associated with the non-OMU females. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between morphological phenotype and behavior: Females that had more hamadryas-like morphological phenotypes exhibited behaviors characteristic of hamadryas baboons, while females with more olive-like morphological phenotypes exhibited behaviors like that of typical olive baboons. Loose-OMU females ranged across the spectrum both morphologically and behaviorally. Finally, strict-OMU females enjoyed higher reproductive success during this study than females in other kinds of groups. In sum, females under identical ecological pressures still exhibit particular behavioral strategies consistent with their morphological phenotype, suggesting that some aspects of female grouping behavior have a genetic basis.
Assessment of one-dose mumps-containing vaccine effectiveness on wild-type genotype F mumps viruses circulating in mainland China

To clarify the protective effect of one-dose mumps-containing vaccines (MuCV) in mainland China, the antigenic variations of HN gene and cross-neutralization capacities between MuCV and wild type genotype F MuVs were studied. In total, 70 HN gene sequences of genotype F MuV representative strains obtained from 2001 to 2015, two types of MuCV strains, 139 pairs of pre- and post-vaccination serum samples from infants receiving one dose of MuCV vaccination were analyzed. Genotype-specific amino acid variations were observed in the potential antigenic epitopes between MuCV and wild-type genotype F MuVs circulating in mainland China. The mumps neutralization antibody titers induced by one-dose MuCV were found to be generally low. Moreover, significant differences in neutralization titers were observed between vaccine and wild-type strains. It could be concluded that one-dose MuCV had a cross-protective effect against the wild-type genotype F MuVs, but its effectiveness was limited, which might be caused by insufficient doses of MuCV vaccination and the genotype-specific antigenic differences between vaccine and wild-type MuVs as well. In addition, a poor linear correlation between mumps-specific IgG concentrations and neutralization titers was observed in this study, indicating the concentration of MuV-specific IgG could not fully reflect the neutralizing antibody titer in serum. Therefore, it is highly recommended to provide a second dose of MuCV to preschool children to increase MuV neutralizing antibody titers and use MuV cross-neutralization test as preferred tool for assessment of mumps-containing vaccine effectiveness on wild-type MuVs. This is the first report to assess the effectiveness of one-dose Chinese MuCV against wild-type genotype F MuVs, which would be benefit for the development of mumps vaccination strategy.
Leakage Current Issue of Non-Isolated Integrated Chargers for Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicle (EV) chargers are traditionally isolated from the grid. Non-isolated chargers have great potential as they enable higher power density at lower cost. Integrated chargers have the potential to utilize existing onboard, high power-rated electronic components for Level 3 charging. Four possible non-isolated integrated charger topologies based on permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) are introduced at the beginning of this paper. Then, the issue of common mode (CM) leakage current through the on-board filters is identified and analyzed. It is found that the leakage current could rise to dangerous levels and cause potential electric shocks to users. The negative influence and safety risks from the leakage current for different grounding systems are also discussed. Experimental results are presented to validate the leakage current analysis. Finally, possible mitigation techniques of the leakage current are discussed.
Acupuncture activates a direct pathway from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the rostral ventrolateral medulla.

Abstract Our previous studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) at the Jianshi-Neiguan acupoints (P5-6, overlying the median nerve) attenuates sympathoexcitatory responses through its influence on neuronal activity in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM). The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) receives input from somatic nerve stimulation. Connections between the NTS and the rVLM during EA stimulation have not been investigated and thus were the focus of the present study. Seven to ten days after unilateral microinjection of a rhodamine-conjugated microsphere retrograde tracer (100 nl) into the rVLM, rats were subjected to EA or sham-EA without electrical stimulation. EA was performed for 30 min at the P5-6 acupoints bilaterally. Perikarya containing the microsphere tracer were found in the NTS of both groups. Compared to controls (needle placement without electrical stimulation, n = 7), c-Fos immunoreactivity and neurons double-labeled with c-Fos, an immediate early gene, and the tracer were significantly increased in the NTS of EA-treated rats (all P
Wet Lab-Based Cataract Surgery Training Curriculum for the PGY 2/PGY 3 Ophthalmology Resident.

Introduction Studies have shown that structured cataract surgery training curricula are beneficial for resident surgeons-in-training, yet nearly one-third of US training programs do not have one, a...
Dynamic prescribed-wake vortex method for aerodynamic analysis of offshore floating wind turbines:

A prescribed-wake vortex model for evaluating the aerodynamic loads on offshore floating turbines has been developed. As an extension to the existing UMass analysis tool, WInDS, the developed model...
Wooden Breast in Commercial Broilers Associated with Mortality, Dorsal Recumbency, and Pulmonary Disease

Occurrence of mortality, wooden breast, and pulmonary disease in broiler chickens during the last 16 days of production in a teaching flock of 4000 commercial broilers was determined. A new syndrome was identified, in which broilers fell over for an unknown reason and were unable to right themselves (dorsal recumbency). Birds affected by dorsal recumbency were alert and responsive and showed no clinical signs except for occasional mild to moderate dyspnea. When turned over, they resumed normal behavior. Mortality (14 culls; 49 dead) during the last 16 days of production accounted for 1.6% of the flock and 36% of total mortality. Among these, 71% were heavy males, 70% had wooden breast, and 71% had pulmonary congestion and edema. Gross lesions of concurrent wooden breast and pulmonary disease occurred in 68% of the mortality, including 21 of 22 dead birds found on their backs. These findings indicate that wooden breast is associated with mortality prior to processing as a result of pulmonary disease in heavy male broilers. When birds with wooden breast fall onto their backs for unknown reason(s), they are unable to right themselves. If not found and turned over, they may not survive. Based on these findings, wooden breast is likely greater than just a problem with meat quality and should be considered an animal well-being issue.
Cumulative selection and genetic change for weaning or yearling weight or for yearling weight plus muscle score in Hereford cattle.

Selection in three lines of Hereford cattle for 1) weaning weight (WWL), 2) yearling weight (YWL), and 3) an index of yearling weight and muscle score (IXL) was studied. Remnant foundation cows and semen from seven foundation sires were used to establish an unselected control line for the last 11 yr of the experiment. Performance data collected over a 23-yr period on birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), postweaning gain (PWG), yearling weight (YWT), muscle score (MSC), and an index (IDX) giving equal weight to standard deviations of yearling weight and muscle score were analyzed. Generation interval of midparents was about 4.16 yr in each selected line. Sire and dam selection differentials, in standard deviation units per generation, for primary criteria were, respectively, 1.59 and .33 for WWT in WWL, 1.75 and .25 for YWT in YWL, and 1.42 and .25 for IDX in IXL. Components of direct and maternal genetic variances, direct-maternal covariance, and dam permanent environmental variance were estimated by REML. The average annual response of males and females in actual units for each trait in WWL, YWL, and IXL was, respectively, BWT, .22, .24, and .27 kg; WWT, .98, .63, and 1.26 kg; YWT, 2.43, 2.64, and 3.44 kg; and MSC, .053, .009, and .104 scores. Average selection responses in BWT, WWT, YWT, MSC, and IDX per unit of primary criteria in each selection line (all in standard deviation units) were .22, .20, .31, .10, and .24 for WWT in WWL; .23, .12, .32, .04, and .21 for YWT in YWL; and .27, .22, .40, .20, and .36 for IDX in IXL. Responses in bold type are realized heritability and others are correlated responses. Realized genetic correlations were .78 for WWT and YWT, .87 for WWT and IDX, and .86 for YWT and IDX. Responses for all traits in IXL were greater than in other selected lines.
The Kurds of Northern Syria: governance, diversity and conflicts

One of the many important consequences of the Syrian civil war that began in March 2011 was the rise of Rojava as a second but opposing ethnic Kurdish proto-state in addition to the already existin...
Short-wavelength violet light (420nm) stimulates melanopsin-dependent acute alertness responses in zebrafish

Abstract Sunlight throughout the day and seasons strongly influences our biological rhythms and activity. In recent years, it has become evident that night-time overexposure to bright light in urban environments can profoundly affect physiology and behaviour in humans and animals. In particular, the artificial emission of short-wavelength light has been shown to stimulate alertness in humans, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Utilising a diurnal larval zebrafish model, we identified instant, non-image-forming (NIF) responses to short-wavelength violet light (~420nm), which are activated only during light exposure, and are reminiscent of alertness, including increased heart rate, enhanced locomotor activity, and pectoral fin beating (for increased oxygen supply). We further determined that these responses are driven by sympathetic neuronal circuits and depend on the zebrafish melanopsin homologue Opn4a. We also found that these responses can be modulated by the sleep-regulatory hormone melatonin, but that melatonin is not essential. Our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism for violet light-dependent acute alertness.
Revising ventricular septal defect residual shunts without aortic re-cross-clamping: a safe and effective surgical procedure

Background The conventional approach to revising a residual shunt following ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure is to re-occlude the aorta and repair the residual shunt under cardioplegic arrest. The present study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of a new approach for revising residual shunts following VSD repair without re-occluding the aorta. This approach is known as on beating heart surgery. Methods This retrospective study included 80 pediatric patients who underwent surgical closure of a simple VSD. Residual shunts larger than 2 mm were intraoperatively detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and these patients received immediate reintervention. Of the patients, 37 received on beating heart surgery without aortic cross-clamping (Group A) and 43 patients were operated on with aortic cross-clamping and cardioplegia (Group B). Results Residual VSD closures were successfully performed in all patients. Group A had significantly shorter aortic cross-clamp times (P 6 hours) (P=0.04), a lower incidence of prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay (ICU stay >1 day) (P=0.02), and reduced in-hospital expenses (P 5 days) (P=0.24), or the incidence of perioperative complications (P=0.81) between the groups. Conclusions On beating heart surgery is a safe and effective approach for the closure of residual VSDs and is significantly associated with a lower incidence of prolonged ventilation, a lower incidence of prolonged ICU stay, and reduced in-hospital expenses.
The Application of Circuit Debugging by Utilizing Pulse Function in Nano-Probing System

Nano-probing system is a common tool in failure analysis (FA) field and it is widely used for nanoscale defect localization, transistor characterization and local circuit functional debug for soft failure verification. While device hard failure can be easily localized or characterized by DC bias. However, some soft failures related with timing failures are not easy to be diagnosed by DC measurement especially it is related to speed issue. These cases need to be applied with pulse signal to manifest the failure signatures by observe the rising time and falling time behaviors. In this paper, a novel application of circuit debugging by using nano-probing technique will be demonstrated. A full adder is a digital circuit that performs a set of binary numbers, and the function can easily be verified from the signals and truth table. Forcing a voltage in the input side of full adder circuit, and measuring its output signals, FA engineers can easily diagnose whether the full adder function is workable or not.
Projected Cost Simulation in Chronic Ear Surgery: Cost in Chronic Ear Surgery.

OBJECTIVE To examine the projected healthcare costs of intact canal wall (ICW) and canal wall down (CWD) tympanomastoidectomy surgery and associated clinic follow-up visits in the management of chronic ear disease. STUDY DESIGN A review of literature was performed to analyze the cholesteatoma recidivism rates of ICW and CWD tympanomastoidectomy. Projected Medicare cost simulation applied to representative samples of patients undergoing otologic surgery and follow-up clinic appointments projected over 15 years with an annual 25% cholesteatoma recidivism rate. SETTING Tertiary academic center. PATIENTS Simulated patient population status postchronic ear surgery and representative follow-up clinic visits with or without in-office mastoid debridement procedures. INTERVENTIONS Therapeutic and rehabilitative. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Healthcare cost. RESULTS Simulation of cost for chronic ear surgery with follow-up visits produced a higher mean cost for the ICW group compared with the CWD group at year 1 ($9112.06 versus $4954.16). However, CWD patients accumulate cost over time due to routine mastoid debridements. The accumulated costs for the CWD group surpassed the ICW group at 12.54 (CI: 12.02-13.11) years. CONCLUSIONS Using a projected cost analysis model, intact canal wall tympanomastoidectomy incurs a larger upfront cost than the canal wall down technique. However, long-term mastoid cavity maintenance costs accumulate to surpass the intact canal wall group at 12.54 years.
Cognitive Biases in the Era of COVID-19 : A Case of Clostridium sporogenes Bacteremia in a Patient with Small Bowel Obstruction

Clostridium sporogenes bacteremia in immunocompetent patients is rare with very few reported cases in the literature. We present a case of Clostridium sporogenes bacteremia in an 81-year-old immunocompetent man with small bowel obstruction and hypoxemia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Routine monitoring of prognostic inflammatory markers for COVID-19 created a unique challenge in the management of our patient who developed sepsis with respiratory symptoms. Upon review, bacteremia from Clostridium sporogenes was associated with high mortality rates and could produce similar elevations in the inflammatory markers observed in COVID-19 pneumonia. Further, we reviewed the cognitive biases encountered when monitoring these inflammatory markers during the management of our patient with Clostridium sporogenes bacteremia, who was initially thought to have COVID-19 disease. While our patient ultimately tested negative for COVID-19, early administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy without source control failed to prevent clinical decompensation.
Conscience and Justice in Equity

This short essay introduces and engages several philosophical questions raised by Irit Samet’s Equity: Conscience Goes to Market. Amongst other things, it addresses questions going to: the proper scope of equity; the relationship between equity’s remedial and supplemental functions; whether, and if so, to what extent equity promotes compliance with moral obligations; what, if any, moral aims animate equitable intervention; and whether, and if so, how, equity is distinctively concerned with matters of conscience and “particular” justice. All the while, I express appreciation for Samet’s project while raising some doubts about her views on how law and equity divide labor in ensuring that legal systems respond aptly and adequately to demands of conscience and of justice.
The interactive influence of borderline personality disorder symptoms and social comparison orientation on self-esteem

Abstract Despite evidence for an association between BPD symptoms and low/unstable self-esteem (SE), no research has examined social factors that may moderate the relation between BPD symptoms and SE difficulties. One factor that may be especially relevant is social comparison orientation (SCO). Across two studies, this research examined the main and interactive effects of BPD symptoms and SCO on several SE outcomes, including trait SE, baseline state SE, and in-the-moment threat to SE following an online social interaction task. In Study 1, a university sample of young women (N = 161) completed questionnaires on BPD symptoms, SCO, and trait SE. In Study 2, a university sample of young adults (N = 108) completed questionnaires on BPD symptoms, SCO, and baseline state SE. Participants engaged in a rejection or inclusion condition of an online social interaction task and reported on in-the-moment threat to their SE. Results revealed significant relations between BPD symptoms and all SE outcomes among young adults with high and mean SCO. Results highlight the relevance of SCO to the relation between BPD symptoms and SE, suggesting that BPD symptoms are associated with lower trait and state SE and greater threat to SE among young adults with average or greater tendencies to socially compare.
Using Simulation to Teach Home Health Care.

To describe development, use and outcomes of a Home Healthcare (HHC) simulation experience. Quasi-experimental pre/posttest. Setting: A simulation center for nursing students (N = 108) completing a...
Transient dendritic cell activation diversifies the T cell response to acute infection

The precise timing of T cell priming during infection remains unclear. Here, we mapped the cellular dynamics of all immune lineages during acute infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). We identified highly transient DC activation 2 days post-infection that functions as a critical time window for priming effector T cells. Regulation of this transient state was mediated by DC extrinsic IFN{gamma} provided by lymphocytes. Furthermore, antigen-specific T cells that arrive late to the site of priming and miss peak DC activation acquire only memory T cell fates. This temporal regulation of fate is recapitulated by CD8+ DCs ex vivo, suggesting that shifts in activation state of a single antigen presenting cell population alter T cell fates. These results uncover a novel mechanism for temporal regulation of T cell differentiation during a dynamic immune response to acute infection. One-Sentence SummaryThe immune system generates a balanced protective response through rapidly shifting activation states and recruitment of new cells into an ongoing inflammatory landscape.
Comparison of Code Date Reliability for Freshly Bottled Whole, Lowfat and Nonfat Fluid Milk.

Whole, lowfat, and nonfat fluid milk samples were collected from dairy plants on the day of bottling and each set of the three types of milk was processed from the same raw milk supply. Bacterial analyses for total aerobic count and for specific degradative types were made immediately after collection. Samples were also stored at 1.7, 5.6 and 10.0 C to test for flavor deterioration. Total count of aerobic bacteria and of specific degradative types did not differ significantly among the three types of milk. Organoleptic analysis was made periodically to determine milk quality (flavor score) and defect (flavor). At any of the storage temperatures the keeping quality (days required from bottling to reach a flavor score of < 36) was unrelated to the length of time between bottling and last day of sale (code date) assigned by the processor. At 5.6- and 10.0-C storage, more whole milk samples were criticized for more serious flavor defects (e.g. putrid) than for the less serious ones (e.g. lacking freshness) found in the lower fat milks. Keeping quality of all three types of milks at 1.7- and 5.6-C storage could be predicted from keeping quality determined at 10.0 C with equations previously developed for whole milk.
Fusion Approach to Finding Opinions in Blogosphere

paper, we describe a fusion approach to finding opinion about a given target in blog postings. We tackled the opinion blog retrieval task by breaking it down to two sequential subtasks: on- topic retrieval followed by opinion classification. Our opinion retrieval approach was to first apply traditional IR methods to retrieve on-topic blogs, and then boost the ranks of opinionated blogs using combined opinion scores generated by four opinion assessment methods. Our opinion module consists of Opinion Term Module, which identify opinions based on the frequency of opinion terms (i.e., terms that only occur frequently in opinion blogs), Rare Term Module, which uses uncommon/rare terms (e.g., "sooo good") for opinion classification, IU Module, which uses IU (I and you) collocations, and Adjective-Verb Module, which uses computational linguistics' distribution similarity approach to learn the subjective language from training data.
Capacitive Radiofrequency Skin Rejuvenation

Radiofrequency (RF) energy is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. RF energy has been used extensively in medicine over the past century as electrocautery to generate focused heat to cut and to coagulate tissue during surgery. There have been some recent reports of electrocautery being used directly for aesthetic skin resurfacing [1–6]. In a process called coblation, RF current is applied to the skin surface via a conductive medium such as saline, creating a superficial zone of injury [7]. As with other modalities of ablative skin resurfacing (dermabrasion, deep chemical peels, lasers), controlled destruction of the epidermis and dermis down to the reticular layer, followed by the expected 7–14-day healing response, results in rejuvenation of the skin. Ablative resurfacing must be confined to facial skin, where adequate hair density allows for safe reepithelialization. Proper technique and meticulous aftercare to maintain a moist environment conducive to healing are essential to avoid potential scarring. Areas that are resurfaced may remain erythematous and sensitive for several months after treatment, and may be prone to long-term alteration in pigment.
Mac OS X Forensics

This paper describes procedures for conducting forensic examinations of Apple Macs running Mac OS X. The target disk mode is used to create a forensic duplicate of a Mac hard drive and preview it. Procedures are discussed for recovering evidence from allocated space, unallocated space, slack space and virtual memory. Furthermore, procedures are described for recovering trace evidence from Mac OS X default email, web browser and instant messaging applications, as well as evidence pertaining to commands executed from a terminal.
Sinus Bradycardia, Wolff Parkinson White, and Left Ventricular Noncompaction

Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is an uncommon disorder that has recently been recognized as a distinct cardiomyopathy. LVNC is thought to result from an arrest in the normal process of myocardial compaction. The association of Wolff-Parkinson-White with noncompaction of the left ventricle is well recognized. Sinus bradycardia has also been associated with LVNC, although less frequently than that of Wolff-Parkinson-White. We report an infant with LVNC, Wolff-Parkinson-White, and progressive sinus bradycardia who had a myocardial vascular abnormality in the region of the sinus node evident on autopsy. We propose that the progressive nature of the conduction system abnormality was as a result of abnormal angiogenesis.
Measurement Techniques in Laboratory Rotating Flows

The purpose of this chapter is to survey classical and modern measurement techniques used in rotating flow experiments. Since the measurement of rotating flows is now a broad and rapidly developing art, it is clear that only a summary of the essential features of each measurement system can be given. Here we will be primarily concerned with flows driven by rotating boundaries, rotational flows produced inside stationary boundaries, motion driven by thermal heating of a fluid in a basic state of rotation and other flows for which rotational forces are of primary importance. Free vortex flows in the absence of rotation, wind tunnel flow over rotating bodies, and rotating liquid helium flows which necessitate specialized measurement techniques are excluded. Equations and diagrams are incorporated only when they add substantially to the understanding of the operation of a particular measurement system. An attempt is made to include historical perspective and development. Also, I felt it was important to provide an extensive bibliography to exhibit the range of applications of each measurement technique and thereby provide guidance for the experimentalist interested in rotating flows.
Female aggression toward male intimate partners: an examination of social norms in a community-based sample

We investigated the effect of assailant gender on injunctive social norms (i.e., beliefs about what ought to happen) regarding violence toward an intimate heterosexual partner. In a random-digit-dialed survey conducted in four languages, 3,769 community-residing adults were presented with five vignettes in which we experimentally manipulated characteristics of the assailant, victim, and incident. We examined the vignette variables and measured respondent characteristics using multivariate logistic regressions. Judgments about women's violence against male intimates (vs. men's violence against female intimates) were less harsh and took contextual factors more fully into account. The type of violence and the presence of a weapon played a central role in respondent judgments. Respondent demographic characteristics were largely unrelated to their judgments.
Model-based verification for first time right manufacturing

In this paper we will describe the implementation of a system for model-based verification of post OPC data into a manufacturing data flow. Verification is run automatically, upon OPC completion, on the critical levels for every chip run in the 130nm node and beyond to ensure that OPC errors are caught before hardware is committed in the manufacturing line. The checks are derived from the design rule manual, and are written to cover the intent of the design rules. Some of the challenges of implementing a robust model-based verification solution for manufacturing will be discussed, including resource requirements, data management, cycle time, and the creation of a closed loop system to ensure that verification is completed on all chips. The benefits of implementing model-based verification include improved feedback to lithography and OPC teams, enabling constant improvement, as well as increasing the probability of first time right manufacturing of a new chip design.
Economic Opportunity on the urban frontier: nativity, work, and wealth in early chicago

This article uses evidence drawn from the manuscripts of the 1850 and 1860 federal censuses to investigate the correlates of the wealth of adult males in Chicago. The analysis reveals rapidly increasing wealth with age, a substantial positive effect on wealth of duration of residence in the city, and an absence of any significant impact of nativity on wealth when controlling occupation. Mean wealth rose from well below the national average in 1850 to a level far above the national average in 1860. Together these results suggest that early Chicago was a place of exceptional economic opportunity for settlers.
Advanced printed-circuit board design for high-performance computer applications

A new integrated circuit packaging structure was needed to support the new 90-mm multilayer ceramic modules, known as Thermal Conduction Modules (TCMs), used in the IBM 3081 computers. The structure developed eliminates one level of packaging (the card level) and allows up to nine TCMs to be plugged directly into a large multilayer printed-circuit board using a new zero-insertion-force connector system. The board has 18 internal circuit planes for signal and power distribution and accommodates new signal cabling, power bus, terminating resistors, decoupling capacitors, and cooling hardware, forming a packaged unit of up to a quarter million logic gates and half a million bits of memory. This paper focuses on the detailed design of the printed-circuit board and on its signal and power transmission characteristics.
Polarization-resolved transmission measurements of high-contrast cascaded silicon microring optical filter

Polarization-sensitive swept wavelength interferometry is used to measure the transmission spectrum and group delay spectrum of a coupled silicon microring filter, showing high on-off contrast between passband transmission and off-band extinction.
Multi-functional integrated sensors for the environment

We present multi-functional integrated sensors for the environment (MFISEs) combining ten sensor functions on a single silicon die. The purpose of the MFISEs chip is to monitor important environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity and air speed, along with acceleration in three axes. Through a common fabrication process and integrated sensor design, the ten sensing functions required only five photolithography mask steps. To our knowledge, MFISEs demonstrates the highest degree of sensor fusion on a single die. Sensor integration is a key enabler of new applications in mobile electronics and wireless sensor networks, and the potential to use MFISEs for ten sensing functions provides significant cost, size, and power savings over ten individual devices.
GOES satellite imagery for aircraft-based studies of tropospheric chemistry in remote regions

This paper discusses the benefits of real-time high resolution GOES satellite imagery, radar, and other meteorological input transmitted to a remote field site where this type of meteorological support is normally not available. Information describing the equipment used to maintain the data flow between NASA-LaRC and the remote site is given. Operational examples demonstrate the usefulness of real-time data in both pre-flight planning and during the actual missions. It is shown that the availability of current high resolution GOES images and the ability to animate and enhance these images allowed near-real-time guidance of an aircraft-based field mission.
V1 responses to transparent and nontransparent motions

It is well known that a stimulus composed of two independent sets of random dots moving in opposite directions produces a percept of two overlapping transparent surfaces moving across each other, while a counterphase grating composed of two identical sine wave gratings drifting in opposite directions does not. We recorded from the directionally selective V1 cells of behaving macaque monkeys using these two types of stimuli in order to investigate the physiological basis of transparent motion perception. Previous single-unit recording experiments from our laboratory indicated that many V1 cells respond well to transparent random dot patterns, while MT cells' responses to the same patterns are strongly suppressed in comparison with their preferred direction responses. This observation alone would seem to suggest that V1 activity could better explain transparent motion perception than MT activity. However, one could argue to the contrary based on the psychophysical observation that there is a motion threshold elevation under the transparency condition. We decided to determine the correlation between V1 activity and the transparent motion perception directly by recording from V1 cells using both transparent random dot patterns and nontransparent counterphase gratings. It is found that V1 cells on the average could not reliably tell the two types of patterns apart. Our results further the idea that additional processing beyond V1 is involved in transparent motion analysis.
Fungal endophyte presence and genotype affect plant diversity and soil-to-atmosphere trace gas fluxes

Aims Novel fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum; Latch, Christensen and Samuels; Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin) genotypes in symbiosis with tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum; Schreb. Darbysh.) have been recently introduced to agricultural seed markets. These novel endophytes do not produce the full suite of toxins that the ‘common toxic’ form does, and therefore, may not have the same consequences on plant and soil processes. Here, we evaluated the effects of endophyte presence and genotype on ecosystem processes of tall fescue stands.
Complications of Labor and Delivery: Shoulder Dystocia

This article reviews one of the less common but most dreaded complications of labor and delivery, shoulder dystocia, an infrequent but potentially devastating event that results from impaction of the fetal shoulders in the maternal pelvis. Shoulder dystocia occurs most commonly in patients without identified risk factors, and can result in both maternal and fetal morbidity. Because the vast majority of cases of shoulder dystocia are unpredictable, obstetric care providers must be prepared to recognize dystocia and respond appropriately in every delivery. Detailed documentation is essential after any delivery complicated by shoulder dystocia.