cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating Detection Probabilities of Waterfowl Broods From Ground-Based Surveys

Abstract Brood:pair ratios could provide an economical method for assessing spatial or temporal variation in waterfowl productivity, but such estimators are severely biased by incomplete detection of broods. We conducted 3 sequential counts of 1,357 waterfowl broods in northeastern North Dakota, USA, and used closed-population mark–recapture models to estimate total brood abundance while controlling for variation in detection probabilities (p). Blue-winged teal (Anas discors) broods had the lowest average detection probability (p = 0.305), whereas diving-duck broods had the highest average detectability (p = 0.571). Detection was generally highest in morning or evening, but temporal patterns varied among species and there was no survey window that maximized detection probabilities for all species. Detection probabilities averaged 0.108 (SD = 0.056) higher for an experienced observer versus an inexperienced observer. Detection probabilities were 0.044 higher for roadside versus walk-up surveys and increase...
Toward a theory of network gatekeeping: A framework for exploring information control

Gatekeeping theories have been a popular heuristic for describing information control for years, but none have attained a full theoretical status in the context of networks. This article aims to propose a theory of network gatekeeping comprised of two components: identification and salience. Network gatekeeping identification lays out vocabulary and naming foundations through the identification of gatekeepers, gatekeeping, and gatekeeping mechanisms. Network gatekeeping salience, which is built on the bases of the network identification theory, utilizes this infrastructure to understand relationships among gatekeepers and between gatekeepers and gated, the entity subjected to a gatekeeping process. Network gatekeeping salience Salience refers to the degree to which gatekeepers give priority to competing gated claims. proposes identifying gated and their salience to gatekeepers by four attributes: (a) their political power in relation to the gatekeeper, (b) their information production ability, (c) their relationship with the gatekeeper, and (d) their alternatives in the context of gatekeeping. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell spheroids under microgravity conditions

To develop and characterize a novel cell culture method for the generation of undifferentiated and differentiated human mesenchymal stem cell 3D structures, we utilized the RWV system with a gelatin-based scaffold. 3 × 106 cells generated homogeneous spheroids and maximum spheroid loading was accomplished after 3 days of culture. Spheroids cultured in undifferentiated spheroids of 3 and 10 days retained expression of CD44, without expression of differentiation markers. Spheroids cultured in adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation media exhibited oil red O staining and von Kossa staining, respectively. Further characterization of osteogenic lineage, showed that 10 day spheroids exhibited stronger calcification than any other experimental group corresponding with significant expression of vitamin D receptor, alkaline phosphatase, and ERp60 . In conclusion this study describes a novel RWV culture method that allowed efficacious engineering of undifferentiated human mesenchymal stem cell spheroids and rapid osteogenic differentiation. The use of gelatin scaffolds holds promise to design implantable stem cell tissue of various sizes and shapes for future regenerative treatment.
Allergic host defences

Allergies are generally thought to be a detrimental outcome of a mistargeted immune response that evolved to provide immunity to macroparasites. Here we present arguments to suggest that allergic immunity has an important role in host defence against noxious environmental substances, including venoms, haematophagous fluids, environmental xenobiotics and irritants. We argue that appropriately targeted allergic reactions are beneficial, although they can become detrimental when excessive. Furthermore, we suggest that allergic hypersensitivity evolved to elicit anticipatory responses and to promote avoidance of suboptimal environments.
SRLG failure localization in optical networks

We introduce the concepts of monitoring paths (MPs) and monitoring cycles (MCs) for unique localization of shared risk linked group (SRLG) failures in all-optical networks. An SRLG failure causes multiple links to break simultaneously due to the failure of a common resource. MCs (MPs) start and end at the same (distinct) monitoring location(s). They are constructed such that any SRLG failure results in the failure of a unique combination of paths and cycles. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions on the set of MCs and MPs needed for localizing any single SRLG failure in an arbitrary graph. When a single monitoring location is employed, we show that a network must be (k + 2)-edge connected for localizing all SRLG failures, each involving up to k links. For networks that are less than (k + 2)-edge connected, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions on the placement of monitoring locations for unique localization of any single SRLG failure of up to links. We use these conditions to develop an algorithm for determining monitoring locations. We show a graph transformation technique that converts the problem of identifying MCs and MPs with multiple monitoring locations to a problem of identifying MCs with a single monitoring location. We provide an integer linear program and a heuristic to identify MCs for networks with one monitoring location.We then consider the monitoring problem for networks with no dedicated bandwidth for monitoring purposes. For such networks, we use passive probing of lightpaths by employing optical splitters at various intermediate nodes. Through an integer linear programming formulation, we identify the minimum number of optical splitters that are required to monitor all SRLG failures in the network. Extensive simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed monitoring technique.
Invited Reaction: Further Observations on the Relationship Between Work Engagement and Performance A Review of Empirical Literature and a Proposed Research Agenda

The topic of engagement has developed into a current trend in emerging and explorative research within the field of Human Resource Development. The maturation and swiftness at which the construct i...
Magnetic Hardening in Isolated FePt Nanoparticles

The effect of isolation on the phase transition temperature of FePt nanoparticles has been studied systematically by thermal, magnetic and structural characterizations and analyses. Isolated monodisperse L10 FePt nanoparticles embedded in carbon matrix were obtained by adding enough surfactants after chemical synthesis and by post-annealing during which the surfactant decomposed into carbon. It was found that the Al to L10 phase transition temperature is dependent sensitively on the amount of isolation medium. The transition temperature shift reaches 150-200 square from non-isolated particle assemblies to completely isolated particles.
Wireless underground sensor networks: Research challenges

This work introduces the concept of a Wireless Underground Sensor Network (WUSN). WUSNs can be used to monitor a variety of conditions, such as soil properties for agricultural applications and toxic substances for environmental monitoring. Unlike existing methods of monitoring underground conditions, which rely on buried sensors connected via wire to the surface, WUSN devices are deployed completely belowground and do not require any wired connections. Each device contains all necessary sensors, memory, a processor, a radio, an antenna, and a power source. This makes their deployment much simpler than existing underground sensing solutions. Wireless communication within a dense substance such as soil or rock is, however, significantly more challenging than through air. This factor, combined with the necessity to conserve energy due to the difficulty of unearthing and recharging WUSN devices, requires that communication protocols be redesigned to be as efficient as possible. This work provides an extensive overview of applications and design challenges for WUSNs, challenges for the underground communication channel including methods for predicting path losses in an underground link, and challenges at each layer of the communication protocol stack. � 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
How Does Concrete Affect Evaporation of Cryogenic Liquids: Evaluating LNG Plant Safety

With the impending natural gas boom in the U.S., many companies are pursuing DOE approval for exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG), which is a cryogenic liquid. The next decade also promises to demonstrate growth in LNG-fueled fleets of vehicles and marine vessels, as well as growth in other natural gas uses. The future expansion in the LNG infrastructure will lead to an increased focus on managing the risks associated with spills of LNG.Risk analysis involving LNG spill scenarios and their consequences requires the determination of the size of resulting ignitable flammable vapor clouds. This in turn depends strongly on the rate of evaporation of the spilled LNG. The evaporation of a cryogenic LNG spill (and thus the flammable vapor cloud hazard) can be quite a complex process, and it is primarily controlled by the rate of spreading of the pool and by the transient conductive heat transfer from the ground to the spilled liquid. Radiative and convective heat transfer are also present, but the conductive heat transfer rate dominates in the evaporation of a cryogenic liquid spilled into a trench or sump initially at ambient temperature.The time dependent evaporation rate can be calculated using a variety of models, such as the built-in model in PHAST (DNV) or other proprietary models that account for pool spreading, heat conduction within the substrate, and phase change. Trenches and sumps used to contain LNG spills are normally lined with various types of concrete, including insulated or aerated concrete. We have found that for a cryogenic liquid, the choice of thermal properties for concrete can greatly affect the source term.In this work, we perform a sensitivity study of the effects of substrate properties on the evaporation rate of LNG. The study will look at the dependence for a range of sump diameters. The PHAST model results will be compared to results obtained using an in-house Shallow Water Equation (SWE) liquid propagation and heat transfer model. The results of this work will provide guidance for the selection of substrate properties during modeling; as well as a comparison of the relative evaporation rates expected for different surfaces, such as regular concrete and insulated concrete.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
History of trauma associated with post-deployment relationship dysfunction in military veterans with concurrent PTSD and substance use disorders

Aims: To examine correlates of interpersonal relationship dysfunction among Veterans with concurrent Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Methods: Participants (n=112) were treatment-seeking VeteranswhometDSM-IV-TR criteria for current PTSD and SUD (average age=41.2 years old, 91%male, 60.7%Army). Clinician-administered and self-report surveyswere used to collect baseline data as part of a larger study: the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Addiction Severity Index, Lite version, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, and Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory. Results: Over half (56.3%, n=63) of the sample experienced divorce or separation from a partner during post-deployment. Veterans who did vs. did not experience post-deployment divorce or separation reported significantly higher rates of lifetime physical abuse (45.2% vs. 19.1%, p= .005), lifetime sexual abuse (29.0% vs. 10.6%, p= .03) and being physically injured by another person (65.1% vs. 38.8%, p= .006). Rates of lifetime emotional abuse (43.5% vs. 30.6%, NS) and past-month suicidal ideationwere similar across groups (59.7% vs. 51.0%, NS). Veterans who did vs. did not experience post-deployment divorce or separation smoked significantly more cigarettes per day (p= .03), endorsed more years of alcohol intoxication (p= .04), and reported a greater number of hospitalizations for medical problems (p= .03). Conclusions: The findings reveal high rates of relationship dysfunction following deployment in PTSD/SUD Veterans. In addition, high rates of physical and sexual abuse, as well as increased substance use were associated with post-deployment relationship dysfunction. The findings provide useful clinical information and may help inform the development of effective treatment interventions for Veterans with PTSD and SUD. Financial support: NIDA R01 DA030143 (SEB).
2011 Health Confidence Survey: Most Americans Unfamiliar With Key Aspect of Health Reform

This paper presents findings from the 2011 Health Confidence Survey (HCS), the 14th wave of an annual survey that examines a broad spectrum of health care issues, including Americans’ satisfaction with health care today, their confidence in the future of the health care system and the Medicare program, and their attitudes toward health care reform. Findings from the 2011 HCS demonstrate that, despite the passage of health reform a year ago, most Americans are unfamiliar with health insurance exchanges, a key aspect of the health reform law (the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, or PPACA). Under PPACA, each state is to set up an “exchange” (or marketplace) by 2014, where people not covered through their employer’s health benefits would shop for health insurance at competitive rates (the federal government will step in if a state does not set one up). Other key findings from the 2011 HCS:A majority of respondents rate the health care system as poor (27 percent) or fair (29 percent); More than one-half of respondents report being extremely or very confident that they are able to get the treatments they need; Sixty percent of those with health insurance coverage are extremely or very satisfied with their current plan, and 29 percent are somewhat satisfied; Satisfaction with health care quality continues to remain fairly high, with 56 percent of Americans saying they are extremely or very satisfied with the quality of the medical care they have received in the past two years; In 2011, 57 percent of individuals with employment-based coverage reported that they were extremely or very confident that their (or their spouse’s) employer or union would continue to offer health insurance, up from 52 percent in 2010; Many Americans see themselves as good consumers of the health care system and have tried to find objective information about various aspects of health care; When it comes to raising the Medicare eligibility age for full benefits to 68 while at the same time lowering the age for partial benefits to 62, most Americans are against it.The PDF for the above title, published in the September 2011 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the full text of another September 2011 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Is There a Future for Retirement?”
Pragmatic Research Design

Design is the most important aspect of any research study; no other factor can so clearly define or limit a scientific endeavor. Without careful consideration of the objectives and potential obstacles, the study can be flawed beyond repair, and its results are bound to be inaccurate or misleading.
More Than the Woodward Thesis: Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow

Since its publication in 1955, C. Vann Woodward's The Strange Career ofJim Crow has had a fundamental impact on the study of American race relations. Although best known for its so-called Woodward thesis, that is only part of the book as it emerged through four editions over twenty years, and no one has assessed the work in its entirety since the final edition appeared in 1974. What I want to do, then, is to consider three of the contributions of Strange Career. The first, of course, is the Woodward thesis concerning the origins, timing, and nature of segregation or, as Woodward sometimes calls it, Jim Crow. The second is the concept of the Second Reconstruction as a way of gaining perspective on Reconstruction or, in Woodward's term, the "First Reconstruction." The third is the masterful but neglected concluding chapter to the 1974 edition, whose strengths ironically point up some of the limitations of the earlier sections and editions of Strange Career. I suspect that I have read Strange Career in its various forms more often than I have read any other book, except perhaps Woodward's Origins of the New South. Nevertheless, as I began to prepare this essay, I was surprised to discover not only that the book was even more subtle and substantive than I had remembered but also that there was a need to get the different editions straight. In fact, the Strange Career has had several careers, and I think it important to review briefly the structure of the four editions before we consider the contributions. What we really need is something comparable to Woodward's edition of the Mary Chesnut diaries.1 Everything began with the James W. Richard Lectures, which Woodward wrote during the summer months immediately following the Brown v. BoardofEducation decision and presented before a biracial audience of about one hundred at the
Antibody response in the rat. II. Microclasmatosis, a possible mode of antibody release.

SummaryElectron microscopic observations were made of cells in spleens taken from Sprague-Dawley rats during the primary antibody response to bovine gamma globulin. Many of the resulting plasma cells were found to produce a series of vesicles by membrane invaginations which surrounded small pieces of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER). By coalescence of these vesicles, chunks of cytoplasm containing the RER appeared to be liberated from the plasmacytic cells. The process, microclasmatosis, was postulated to represent one physiological way of release and transport of formed antibody globulins.
Separation of amines by ligand exchange

Abstract Chelating, sulfonic and cellulosic exchangers were compared in ligand exchange chromatography. Chelating resins retain metal ions the best, but have a low ligand binding capacity. Cellulosic exchangers show excessive metal leakage. Sulfonated polystyrene resins loaded with nickel ions give best results in most cases. Data are presented on ligand exchange chromatography of simple aliphatic amines, hydrazine and substituted hydrazines, purine and pyrimidine bases.
A Survey on Particular Polyphonic-polysemous Phenomena in Hunan Dialect

The particular polyphonic polysemous phenomena in Hunan dialect occur in two situations: first, when they are homonyms in standard Chinese, the words are polyphonic polysemous for distinct meanings and pronounciations in some Hunan dialect; second, when they are polysemants in standard Chinese, the words are polyphonic polysemous for distinct meanings and pronounciations in some Hunan dialect.
Opportunities and Entrepreneurism

Pathologists are problem solvers both inherently and hopefully by training. Beyond the realm of biopsies and analytes however, solving business problems and solving broader problems can often lead them into the realm of the entrepreneur. Here they encounter the age old paradigms of risk-reward, cost-benefit, build-buy, and me or my competitor anew. Finding the balance individually or as groups becomes either a rewarding endeavor, or a frustratingly elusive search.
Common uses of multivariable models

What are the most common uses of multivariable models in clinical research? The four most common uses of multivariable models are: A observational studies of etiology B intervention studies (randomized and nonrandomized) C studies of diagnosis D studies of prognosis These different uses are discussed in the Sections 2.2–2.5. How is multivariable analysis used in observational studies of etiology? The goal of etiologic studies is to identify causes of an outcome, usually with the goal of removing a harmful substance (e.g., tobacco) or promoting a healthful activity (e.g., exercise). Although observational studies cannot prove causality, multivariable analysis may strengthen the argument for causality by excluding confounding, an alternative explanation of an association. Look back at the example of fitness and mortality in Chapter 1. If the association between fitness and longevity is causal, encouraging people to exercise more will extend their life. If the association between fitness is confounded by smoking (i.e., smoking is the real cause of the decreased lifespan, and because smokers exercise less it appears that fitness is associated with longevity) increasing fitness will not change longevity. The data in Table 1.2 indicate that the effect of fitness on longevity is not confounded by smoking or other factors (at least not the ones the authors adjusted for) and therefore fitness programs are a promising intervention for extending survival.
To Ruin the Repairs: Milton, Allegory, Transitional Justice:

International legal theorists posit historical moments when conceptions of justice are “constituted by, and constitutive of, the transition” (Teitel). This article uses the framework of transitional justice to understand the cultural work of political allegory in the spring of 1660 on the eve of the English Restoration. Insights from transitional justice (1.) help explain how Anglican royalists convinced wary Presbyterians to assent to a restoration of the monarchy; (2.) permit a new reading of Milton’s allegory of Sin and Death in Paradise Lost; and (3.) facilitate a more critical history of the framework of transitional justice itself.
Novae as a Class of Transient X‐ray Sources

Motivated by the recently discovered class of faint (10(exp 34)-10(exp 35) ergs/s) X-ray transients in the Galactic Center region, we investigate the 2-10 keV properties of classical and recurrent novae. Existing data are consistent with the idea that all classical novae are transient X-ray sources with durations of months to years and peak luminosities in the 10(exp 34)-10(exp 35)ergs/s range. This makes classical novae a viable candidate class for the faint Galactic Center transients. We estimate the rate of classical novae within a 15 arcmin radius region centered on the Galactic Center (roughly the field of view of XMM-Newton observations centered on Sgr A*) to be approx.0.1 per year. Therefore, it is plausible that some of the Galactic Center transients that have been announced to date are unrecognized classical novae. The continuing monitoring of the Galactic Center region carried out by Chandra and XMM-Newton may therefore provide a new method to detect classical novae in this crowded and obscured region, an
Aglaonema Cultivars Differ in Resistance to Chilling Temperatures

Abstract Aglaonema is considered one of the most chilling sensitive tropical ornamental foliage plants. However, information on resistance of the ever-increasing number of new cultivars to chilling temperatures is not available. In this study, the chilling response of 12 Aglaonema cultivars was evaluated after exposure to 1.7, 7.2, or 12.8C (35, 45, or 55F) for 24 hours. Results showed that a high degree of genetic variation existed among the cultivars. The cultivar ‘Silver Queen’ demonstrated the greatest sensitivity to chilling with 30% of leaves injured at 12.8C (55F). In contrast, three new cultivars, ‘Emerald Star’, ‘Stars’, and ‘Jewel of India’, were the most resistant, each showing no visible injury at 1.7C (35F). Data also indicated that chilling injury to young leaves was much less pronounced than in either mature or old leaves. Additionally, chilling sensitivity of the cultivars was reduced by pre-exposure to cooler temperatures that were slightly above the chilling range.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation in cardiac troponin T (R95H) attenuates length-dependent activation in guinea pig cardiac muscle fibers.

Mutant cardiac troponin T (TnTR95H) differently affects myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity at short and long sarcomere length, indicating that mechanisms underlying length-dependent activation are altere...
Preliminary investigation of cognitive function in aged multiple sclerosis patients: Challenges in detecting comorbid Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Background Cognitive impairment can be seen in patients of all ages with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, there is limited research on neurocognitive disorder in older adults with MS and how to detect Alzheimer's disease (AD) or its prodromal stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Thus, the MS clinician is challenged to discriminate between signs of MS-related cognitive decline versus a secondary neurodegenerative process. Objective Compare cognition in older MS patients to patients with AD and aMCI. Methods We evaluated cognitively impaired and unimpaired MS patients, AD patients, aMCI patients, and healthy controls (HCs), all elderly (n = 20 per group). AD and aMCI diagnoses were derived by consensus conference independent of the MS research project. Neuropsychological measures assessed domains commonly affected in AD, including verbal memory and expressive language. Results Cognitively impaired and unimpaired MS groups did not differ on any measures sensitive to AD. Unimpaired MS patients were comparable to HCs. Impaired MS patients showed decreased semantic fluency, similar to aMCI patients. Lastly, while both AD and aMCI groups had deficient memory retention, there was no evidence of a retention deficit in either MS group. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the cognitive profiles of MS and AD are distinct. In contrast to AD, MS is not associated with impairment of memory consolidation. However, there may be overlap between cognitive deficits related to MS and aMCI. Thus, evidence of poor memory retention, in an older MS patient may merit comprehensive dementia evaluation. The study is preliminary and includes no AD biomarkers (e.g., amyloid imaging) to confirm or rule out AD pathology.
Evaluation of Algorithms for Orientation Invariant Inertial Gait Matching

With the prevalent use of smart phones in sensitive applications, unobtrusive methods for continuously verifying the identity of the user have become critical. The embedded inertial sensors in these devices provide an opportunity to develop authentication processes based on behavioral biometrics such as gait. However, one major obstacle is that the orientation of the device relative to the user is hard to control and difficult to determine reliably. This paper presents five methods: magnitude (MAG), principal component analysis (PCA), vector cross product (VCP), reduced gait dynamics image (rGDI), and Kabsch alignment (KAB) that make the authentication process independent of device orientation and hence improve the performance. The five methods are evaluated and compared on two large, publicly available, inertial gait datasets. The baseline (orientation dependent) average equal error rate (EER) when the device was freely oriented is 26.4%. The MAG, PCA, VCP, and rGDI methods reduce the average EER to approximately 23%. The Kabsch (KAB) method is more effective and reduces the average EER to 20.2%.
Viruses In Ground Water

Waterborne disease outbreaks are often associated with non-porous media aquifers, such as fractured bedrock (metamorphic rock) or karst (lime- stone) aquifers e.g. South Bass Island Ohio USA (Fong et al., 2007). In these aquifers, ground water flow is fast and direct with little opportunity for inacti- vation or attachment to the aquifer matrix. In addition, coarse, glacial flood, gravel-cobble aquifers also appear to have fast and direct ground water flow. In the United States, public water supplies may be either ground water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as determined by the State. For ground water (only) wells, fifteen public water supply wells in the United State representing several aquifer types are found to be enteric virus positive using BGM cell culture methods. Eight of these wells are located in fractured bedrock, karst or gravel-cobble aquifers and were enteric virus positive using BGM cell culture methods.
Propagation Modeling of IoT Devices for Deployment in Multi-level Hilly Urban Environments

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are deployed in various environments to obtain desired information. Accurate propagation models are required for these devices to adequately relay the gathered information to the processing center. A comprehensive search of the literature reveals there are no sufficient studies on empirical propagation models to support reliable deployment of IoT devices in multi-level hilly and mountainous urban environments. This research provides empirical path loss models and data for low power wireless devices deployed in such environments. This paper compares the proposed models with theoretical models. Results show that theoretical models deviate from proposed models by 10 to 43 %. Finally, results also show that models established at low packet error rate and high signal-to-noise ratio are more reliable than those formed without considering these parameters. The provided models, as well as the measured data, can be used for proficient design and deployment of wireless sensor network that enables IoT in various similar hilly urban environments.
Vibration Simulation of a Space Probe Model Superconducting Energy Storage Coil

A space probe program to investigate the dynamic interaction of a high-energy plasma with the upper atmosphere and the earth’s geomagnetic field requires a compact energy source to create the plasma. The optically traceable plasma released into the ionosphere is excited neon injected at velocities greater than 107 cm/sec at altitudes of greater than 220 km (140 miles). The plasma is generated with a coaxial plasma gun powered by a high explosive current generator. The generator converts chemical and magnetic field energy into electrical energy; however, a fairly sizeable magnetic field is required initially. An explosive generator is essentially a fast-moving conductor in a magnetic field driven by an explosive charge and arranged in a geometry to act simultaneously as a variable inductance to sweep a trapped field to give a high current [1]. In previous experiments this field was furnished by discharge of a capacitor bank into the coil of the explosive generator.
Nutritional Requirements for Sustaining Health and Performance During Exposure to Extreme Environments

Dietary guidelines are formulated to meet minimum nutrient requirements, which prevent deficiencies and maintain health, growth, development, and function. These guidelines can be inadequate and contribute to disrupted homeostasis, lean body mass loss, and deteriorated performance in individuals who are working long, arduous hours with limited access to food in environmentally challenging locations. Environmental extremes can elicit physiological adjustments that alone alter nutrition requirements by upregulating energy expenditure, altering substrate metabolism, and accelerating body water and muscle protein loss. The mechanisms by which the environment, including high-altitude, heat, and cold exposure, alters nutrition requirements have been studied extensively. This contemporary review discusses physiological adjustments to environmental extremes, particularly when those adjustments alter dietary requirements.
Targeting alveolar-specific succinate dehydrogenase A attenuates pulmonary inflammation during acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory lung disease, which manifests itself in patients as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Previous studies have implicated alveolar-epithelial succinate in ALI protection. Therefore, we hypothesized that targeting alveolar succinate dehydrogenase SDH A would result in elevated succinate levels and concomitant lung protection. Wild-type (WT) mice or transgenic mice with targeted alveolar-epithelial Sdha or hypoxia-inducible transcription factor Hif1a deletion were exposed to ALI induced by mechanical ventilation. Succinate metabolism was assessed in alveolar-epithelial via mass spectrometry as well as redox measurements and evaluation of lung injury. In WT mice, ALI induced by mechanical ventilation decreased SDHA activity and increased succinate in alveolar-epithelial. In vitro, cell-permeable succinate decreased epithelial inflammation during stretch injury. Mice with inducible alveolar-epithelial Sdha deletion (Sdhaloxp/loxp SPC-CreER mice) revealed reduced lung inflammation, improved alveolar barrier function, and attenuated histologic injury. Consistent with a functional role of succinate to stabilize HIF, Sdhaloxp/loxp SPC-CreER experienced enhanced Hif1a levels during hypoxia or ALI. Conversely, Hif1aloxp/loxp SPC-CreER showed increased inflammation with ALI induced by mechanical ventilation. Finally, wild-type mice treated with intra-tracheal dimethlysuccinate were protected during ALI. These data suggest that targeting alveolar-epithelial SDHA dampens ALI via succinate-mediated stabilization of HIF1A. Translational extensions of our studies implicate succinate treatment in attenuating alveolar inflammation in patients suffering from ARDS.
Dating app use among rural men who have sex with men and its relationship to HIV prevention and risk behaviors: a mixed-methods analysis

Introduction Men who have sex with men (MSM) in rural areas have limited access to HIV prevention and education resources. Given the growing usage of mobile dating apps among the wider MSM population, this research sought to explore their use among MSM in rural areas and their potential for delivering HIV prevention information. Methods Participants were recruited from different areas of the rural Southern USA. This mixed-methods study consisted of an online survey (n=85) and follow-up qualitative phone interviews with 20 survey respondents. The survey assessed dating app use, sexual behaviors, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness, usage, and attitudes among MSM in the rural, Southern USA. Interviews explored perceptions of dating apps and their potential value as a source of health and HIV prevention information. Results Among survey respondents, 74% had used a dating app, with Grindr being the most frequently used app. Of individuals who were in a relationship, 41% had met their current partner online. Using a dating app was associated with having a greater number of sexual partners. Three-quarters of participants had heard of PrEP, but only 7% had ever received a prescription for it and less than one-third reported that it would be easy to get PrEP if they wanted it. Dating app users were more likely than non-app users to have more positive attitudes toward taking PrEP and interest in taking PrEP. In qualitative interviews, respondents expressed support for integrating HIV prevention information into dating apps. Conclusion Dating app usage is high among rural MSM. Individuals who use these apps have more sexual partners and also are more interested in PrEP for HIV prevention, suggesting that this is an ideal group to target for PrEP education and interventions. This could be especially beneficial for MSM in rural areas, as most have difficulty accessing PrEP and PrEP education.
Hysteroscopic Removal of Foreign Body

Study Objective To present a unique case of hysteroscopic removal of retained fetal bone Design This is a unique video case report of a patient whose infertility workup revealed evidence of suspected retained fetal bone from a remote second trimester abortion. She was counseled and consented for hysteroscopic removal of suspected foreign body. Setting Operating room. Patients or Participants There is one patient in this video. She presented for infertility workup with past medical history significant for surgical abortion at 20 weeks gestation, 17 years prior. She was unable to conceive following this procedure. Interventions Hysteroscopy to remove foreign object. Measurements and Main Results Ultrasound showed irregular echogenic structure 1.7 by 0.4 cm with dense posterior shadowing in the cervix of uncertain etiology. Differential included retained foreign body such as a fragmented IUD or retained fetal bone from her remote abortion, which was the leading diagnosis. Hysteroscopy was performed for direct visualization and removal of this foreign body. Pathology report confirmed it to be degenerated mature bone. Conclusion Multiple calcified bony remnants, likely from remote dilation and curettage for termination, were extending through the length of the endocervical canal. Hysteroscopy was utilized to directly visualize and remove these bony remnants to clear the endocervical canal and entrance to uterine cavity.
El silenciero de Antonio Di Benedetto: lenguaje, silencio y comunicación

Antonio Di Benedetto wrote a novel titled El silenciero, and its topic, he says, is abandonment; the narrator, without a name, suffers from abandonment and wants to write a novel, the topic of whic...
Multilake River System Operation Rules

The development of seasonal operation rules for a multilake river system under multiuse requirements is conducted with a combination of dynamic programming and the multivariable pattern search technique. The model is formulated to handle linear and nonlinear objective functions. With the application of a river systems transition function, the optimization problem is reduced from a three-decision to a two-decision vector problem. The problem of dimensionality is resolved by employing functional equations expressed in analytical form; multiple regression analysis and random sampling techniques add to the computational efficiency and accuracy of the analysis. The application to the Oswego River System with five major lakes in system-basis operation is described. Two sets of lake-system operating rules are established from the analysis of the lake rule curves and the lake-use priority curves. The effects of system inflow variations and system operations measuring criteria upon the rules derived are also examined.
Class I Antigen Expression in Line 1 Cells: Molecular Biology and Immunological Effects

Cultured line 1 murine lung carcinoma cells normally express very low levels of class I H-2 antigens. We have continued our investigations of line 1 lung carcinoma cells to understand the molecular basis of decreased expression of class I H-2 antigens and class I antigen induction with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). We show that line 1, a murine lung carcinoma cell line, has low levels of class I antigens (H-2K, D, and L) because it is deficient in both class I and beta2-microglobulin (B2M) RNAs, and tha. the mRNAs can be coordinately induced with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Our experiments suggest that interferon can induce surface expression of class I antigens but may act through a different mechanism than DMSO in inducing class I antigens. To further evaluate the regulation of class I expression, H-2Dp genes were transfected into line 1 cells. The transfected H-2 genes appear to be constitutively expressed at much higher levels than are the endogenous class I genes and are associated with endogenous B2M protein. Surface expression of the DP antigens on the transfectants is induced similar to the endogenous H-2d haplotype class I antigens following treatment with DMSO. All the DP transfectants had increased levels of B2M mRNA as well as higher levels of class I RNA when compared to control or untransfected line 1 cells. These results suggest that the regulation of class I and B2M genes is linked and that expression of class I genes can affect expression of B2M genes.
Approaches to Stochastic Programming with Application to Electric Power Systems

We demonstrate how large-scale stochastic linear programs can be efficiently solved by using a blending of classical decomposition and a relatively new technique called importance sampling. We discuss an adaptive importance sampling scheme using an additive approximation function. We show how this technique can be applied to facility expansion planning of electrical power systems. Numerical results of testproblems with numerous stochastic parameters are presented.
Some Remarks on the Interaction between Precision Physical Measurement and Fundamental Physical Theories

With our beginning students we make a big point about the scientific method — a short-leash feedback between observation, hypothesis generation and testing. New experiments lead to refinement of those hypotheses. With more advanced students we speak of physics as an empirical science, one completely based on experiment. We go to great lengths to bring students into contact with a representative sample of those contemporary experimental techniques. Still, in many ways the most important advances in physics are not made primarily with these means. Rather they arise from an inspired synthesis of a large number of smaller facts which can be unified by the adoption of the relatively simple overall principle. A few more logical (but giant!) steps in this direction bring on rare occasion a genius such as Einstein to unify and merge entire subjects, such as kinematics and electrodynamics. Basically no further experimental input is needed — only an inspired expansion of the accepted postulates and mathematical arguments to structure a new reality, i.e., a new way of looking at the natural world.
RESPONSE OF RAPHANUS SATIVUS TO THE AUXIN PRECURSOR, L-TRYPTOPHAN APPLIED TO SOIL

Soil microorganisms are capable of producing auxins in the presence of the physiological precursor, L-tryptophan (L-TRP). This study was designed to assess the influence of L-TRP on radish (Raphanus sativus) yield when applied to soil. The amount of L-TRP added to soil to give optimum radish growth in glasshouse studies was 3.0 mg kg-1 soil which enhanced the root yield by 1.31-fold over the control. The root/shoot ratio was increased by 1.10-fold upon this amendment. One L-TRP application was sufficient to promote growth. The best time to apply L-TRP was at the onset of seedling emergence. The application of L-TRP promoted radish yield comparable to those plants treated with indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-acetamide and indole-3-lactic acid. Foliar application of L-TRP had no effect on the root and shoot dry weight. A field study was conducted in which L-TRP applications at a rate of 20.4 and 204 mg m-2 significantly enhanced the radish yield in fertilized plots receiving fertilization. The shoot dry weight was increased by 1.29-fold and the root dry weight by 1.15-fold over the control in response to 20.4 mg L-TRP m-2. These findings indicate that L-TRP, applied at the appropriate times and concentrations, can increase radish yield. The effect of L-TRP on radish growth could be attributed to i) substrate-dependent auxin production in soil by the indigenous microflora, ii) uptake directly by plant roots followed by metabolism within their tissues, and/or iii) a change in the balance of rhizosphere microflora affecting plant growth.
The Evolution of Human Speech Its Anatomical and Neural Bases

Human speech involves species‐specific anatomy deriving from the descent of the tongue into the pharynx. The human tongue’s shape and position yields the 1:1 oral‐to‐pharyngeal proportions of the supralaryngeal vocal tract. Speech also requires a brain that can “reiterate”—freely reorder a finite set of motor gestures to form a potentially infinite number of words and sentences. The end points of the evolutionary process are clear. The chimpanzee lacks a supralaryngeal vocal tract capable of producing the “quantal” sounds which facilitate both speech production and perception and a brain that can reiterate the phonetic contrasts apparent in its fixed vocalizations. The traditional Broca‐Wernicke brain‐language theory is incorrect; neural circuits linking regions of the cortex with the basal ganglia and other subcortical structures regulate motor control, including speech production, as well as cognitive processes including syntax. The dating of the FOXP2 gene, which governs the embryonic development of th...
Switching fault-tolerant control by Youla parametrization

In this paper, we propose a switching fault-tolerant control (FTC) approach for linear systems subject to time-varying actuator and sensor faults. The faults under consideration include effectiveness loss and outage of actuators and sensors. All possible fault scenarios are categorized to different fault cases according to fault type and location. For each case, a parameter-dependent (or constant gain) FTC will be designed to stabilize the faulty system with optimal controlled performance. The synthesis condition of such a local FTC control laws will be formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). To achieve both local optimal performance and switching stability, Youla parameterizations of individual local FTCs are derived and applied to the closed-loop system. The quadratic stability of fast switching closed-loop system is guaranteed by a common quadratic Lyapunov function. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the proposed switching fault-tolerant control approach on a simple faulty systems with multiple faults.
Congruent perceptions in the evaluation of community-care facilities.

The purpose of this research was to determine whether differential perceptions of the environment of a sheltered-care facility by residents and operators of that facility would be of use in predicting a primary outcome variable — a resident's social integration. Differences between resident and operator assessments in a variety of areas were examined as were the conditions contributing to agreement or disagreement, such as resident satisfaction or the extent of a family-like atmosphere at the facility. The implications for using perceptual congruence as an evaluation strategy were discussed.
Of SCOTUS and Chicken

JAMA: Evidence-basedmedicineoncewas criticized as “cookbook medicine.” Do you still encounter thatkindofcriticism,and if so, how do you counter it? DR GUYATT: One of my favorite talks to give is that evidence-based medicine is patient-centered medicine, so there are a number of things to point out. Perhaps most important is that evidence itself never tells you what to do, never. It’s always evidence in the context of values and preferences. In other words, a person with one set of values and preferences will say, “Yes, it’s the right thing.” Another informed individual would say, “No. For me, the undesirable consequences outweigh the desirable consequences.” Evidence-based medicine has highlighted the fact that so often decisions are value and preference sensitive. To do the best for the individual patient, you need to take into account their values and preferences, ideally in the context of shared decision making.
π± Absorption Cross Sections and Neutron Density Parameters

A recent reanalysis1 of the old 700 MeV π± — Pb inelastic scattering experiment of Abashian, Cool, and Cronin2 led to a clear contradiction with current suggestions of a neutron-rich surface or “halo” unless one introduced physically unreasonable neutron distributions. This report will present estimates of the sensitivity of similar experiments to nuclear density parameters for representative nuclei as a function of energy.