cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanowire transistor arrays for mapping neural circuits in acute brain slices

Revealing the functional connectivity in natural neuronal networks is central to understanding circuits in the brain. Here, we show that silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (Si NWFET) arrays fabricated on transparent substrates can be reliably interfaced to acute brain slices. NWFET arrays were readily designed to record across a wide range of length scales, while the transparent device chips enabled imaging of individual cell bodies and identification of areas of healthy neurons at both upper and lower tissue surfaces. Simultaneous NWFET and patch clamp studies enabled unambiguous identification of action potential signals, with additional features detected at earlier times by the nanodevices. NWFET recording at different positions in the absence and presence of synaptic and ion-channel blockers enabled assignment of these features to presynaptic firing and postsynaptic depolarization from regions either close to somata or abundant in dendritic projections. In all cases, the NWFET signal amplitudes were from 0.3–3 mV. In contrast to conventional multielectrode array measurements, the small active surface of the NWFET devices, ∼0.06 μm2, provides highly localized multiplexed measurements of neuronal activities with demonstrated sub-millisecond temporal resolution and, significantly, better than 30 μm spatial resolution. In addition, multiplexed mapping with 2D NWFET arrays revealed spatially heterogeneous functional connectivity in the olfactory cortex with a resolution surpassing substantially previous electrical recording techniques. Our demonstration of simultaneous high temporal and spatial resolution recording, as well as mapping of functional connectivity, suggest that NWFETs can become a powerful platform for studying neural circuits in the brain.
Anti-maternalism: A New Perspective on the Transformation of Gender Ideology in the Twentieth-Century United States

A tribute to Sonya Michel and her influential scholarship, this essay argues that, to understand the transformation of gender ideology in the twentieth-century United States, we need to appreciate the power of “anti-maternalism.” As I define it, “anti-maternalism” refers to the belief that motherhood had become too freighted with political meaning and too laden with sentiment, and that it ought to be construed in a more limited and rational manner. From the 1920s through the early 1960s, numerous American critics advanced anti-maternalist arguments to discredit some of the central principles that undergirded the dominant maternal ideal. They typically fell into one of three categories: modernist commentators who railed against sentimentality, hypocrisy and sexual repression; social scientists and psychologists who sought to extend their professional expertise; and women who disliked the Victorian construction of motherhood, with its associations of self-sacrifice and suffering. Some consciously rejected the ideal of the self-sacrificing mother as a worthy goal, while others simply lashed out at modern mothers for falling short of it. But in both cases, anti-maternalist critics helped to erode the ideological bedrock of mater-nalist politics—the image of American mothers as high-minded, politically disinterested actors who worked on behalf of the public good. As a result, mainstream American culture ceased to represent motherhood as a life-long, all-encompassing identity rooted in notions of self-sacrifice. Instead, it came to be widely viewed in more narrow terms—as a private, deeply fulfilling experience, and a single (albeit still central) component of a more multifaceted female identity.
Central chemoreceptor modulation of breathing via multipath tuning in medullary ventrolateral respiratory column circuits

Ventrolateral respiratory column (VRC) circuits that modulate breathing in response to changes in central chemoreceptor drive are incompletely understood. We employed multielectrode arrays and spik...
A Real-Time Automated Visual Inspection System for Hot Steel Slabs

This paper describes an inspection system designed to automatically detect and classify surface imperfections occurring on continuously cast hot steel slabs in a steel mill. The need to perform inspection at real-time throughput rates of 546 Kpixels/s using off-the-shelf components has led to the development of a unique architecture and algorithm set. The segmentation operations are done in a high-speed array processor front end. The imperfection classification is done in a mini-computer which uses statistical as well as syntactic/semantic classification techniques. The inspection system is currently undergoing evaluation in a steel mill.
UNCOVERING THE INTRINSIC VARIABILITY OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

We develop a robust technique to determine the minimum variability timescale for gamma-ray burst (GRB) light curves, utilizing Haar wavelets. Our approach averages over the data for a given GRB, providing an aggregate measure of signal variation while also retaining sensitivity to narrow pulses within complicated time series. In contrast to previous studies using wavelets, which simply define the minimum timescale in reference to the measurement noise floor, our approach identifies the signature of temporally smooth features in the wavelet scaleogram and then additionally identifies a break in the scaleogram on longer timescales as a signature of a true, temporally unsmooth light curve feature or features. We apply our technique to the large sample of Swift GRB gamma-ray light curves and for the first time—due to the presence of a large number of GRBs with measured redshift—determine the distribution of minimum variability timescales in the source frame. We find a median minimum timescale for long-duration GRBs in the source frame of Δt min = 0.5 s, with the shortest timescale found being on the order of 10 ms. This short timescale suggests a compact central engine (3 × 103 km). We discuss further implications for the GRB fireball model and present a tantalizing correlation between the minimum timescale and redshift, which may in part be due to cosmological time dilation.
Grid Circuit Power Rectification

Grid circuit power rectification is investigated by studying the ideal rectifier and applying the results obtained to the case of a tube rectifier. Characteristic curves are used in this study to obtain the optimum conditions f6r rectification and the order of the output voltage obtainable. Conditions for minimum loading of the circuit preceding the detector are discussed. Audio-frequency discriminations is also studied as a function of grid circuit impedances and experimentally determined curves showing the magnitude of the frequency distortion are also given.
High-speed switching of a 1.55-μm symmetric SEED

We demonstrate high-speed switching of a symmetric self-electrooptic effect device (S-SEED) operating at 1550 nm. Transitions faster than 10 ps are observed, verifying the suitability of this technology for integrated logic operations beyond 40 GHz.
Reversibly switchable polymer with cationic/zwitterionic/anionic behavior through synergistic protonation and deprotonation

A polymer capable of fully and reversibly switching throughout the entire charge regime is highly desirable for many applications such as drug and gene delivery, controlled ion and molecular transport and tunable filtration membranes. It is essential that for biologically relevant applications the polymer needs to be nonfouling. However, conventional nonfouling zwitterionic polymers have a permanently positive quaternary nitrogen center, making it impossible to switch between charges. Here, we present a rationally designed polymer with a tertiary amine and a carboxylic acid, which is capable of reversibly switching among three distinct charged states, viz., cationic, zwitterionic and anionic, and importantly maintaining the zwitterionic state under physiological pH conditions. Oppositely charged proteins adsorbed on a charged surface selectively can be completely removed by switching the surface to the zwitterionic state. We have also found that these two moieties (i.e., a tertiary amine and a carboxylate moiety) stimulate each other synergistically to achieve a strongly zwitterionic state under physiological conditions and to resist non-specific protein adsorption from undiluted blood plasma and serum when they are close to each other.
ATP Binding by Proteasomal ATPases Regulates Cellular Assembly and Substrate-induced Functions of the 26 S Proteasome

We examined the role of ATP binding by six different ATPase subunits (Rpt1–6) in the cellular assembly and molecular functions of mammalian 26 S proteasome. Four Rpt subunits (Rpt1–4) with ATP binding mutations were incompetent for cellular assembly into 26 S proteasome. In contrast, analogous mutants of Rpt5 and Rpt6 were incorporated normally into 26 S proteasomes in both intact cells and an in vitro assembly assay. Surprisingly, purified 26 S proteasomes containing either mutant Rpt5 or Rpt6 had normal basal ATPase activity and substrate gate opening for hydrolysis of short peptides. However, these mutant 26 S proteasomes were severely defective for ATP-dependent in vitro degradation of ubiquitylated and non-ubiquitylated proteins and did not display substrate-stimulated ATPase and peptidase activities characteristic of normal proteasomes. These results reveal differential roles of ATP binding by various Rpt subunits in proteasome assembly and function. They also indicate that substrate-stimulated ATPase activity and gating depend on the concerted action of a full complement of Rpt subunits competent for ATP binding and that this regulation is essential for normal proteolysis. Thus, protein substrates appear to promote their own degradation by stimulating proteasome functions involved in proteolysis. Background: ATPase subunits mediate 26 S proteasome assembly and function. Results: Defective ATP binding by some ATPase subunits inhibits proteasome assembly, and proteasomes harboring an ATP binding-defective subunit are impaired for proteolysis, substrate-stimulated gating, and ATPase activity. Conclusion: The proteasome requires normal ATP binding for assembly and function. Significance: Protein substrates promote their own degradation by inducing ATP-dependent proteasome functions.
The Effects of Several Organic Acids on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibilities, and Cecal Microbial Populations in Young Chicks

Two experiments were conducted with New Hampshire x Columbian chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet and 1 experiment was conducted with chicks fed a dextrose-isolated soy protein diet to examine the effects of inulin, oligofructose, mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), short-chain fructooligosaccharide (SCFOS), and transgalactooligosaccharide on growth performance, ME(n), digestibility of amino acids (AA), and cecal microbial populations. Each diet was fed to chicks from 0 to 21 d of age, and excreta were collected at 3-4, 7, 14, and 21 d of age in both experiments. Neither 4 nor 8 g of oligosaccharides/kg had a significant effect on growth performance. The ME(n) and AA digestibility values increased with increasing age. Feeding 8 g/kg of inulin and SCFOS had a negative effect (P <0.05) on ME(n) at most ages, and 8 g/kg of most of the oligosaccharides reduced (P <0.05) digestibility of AA at various ages. In experiment 2, 4 g/kg of SCFOS, MOS, and transgalactooligosaccharide significantly reduced ME(n) at 3 to 4 d, but most oligosaccharides increased (P <0.05) ME(n) values at 7, 14, and 21 d. The effects of oligosaccharides (4 g/kg) on AA digestibility were generally small and inconsistent. Feeding corn-soybean meal diets containing 4 g/kg of oligosaccharides had no significant effect on cecal Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillius, Clostridium perfringens, or Escherichia coli populations in 21-d-old chicks. In a third experiment, cecal populations of C. perfringens were reduced when SCFOS and MOS were supplemented at 4 g/kg into a dextrose-isolated soy protein diet. These results indicate that a low concentration (4 g/kg) of an indigestible, prebiotic oligosaccharide can be fed with no deleterious effects on ME(n) and AA digestibility. Feeding a higher level of an oligosaccharide (8 g/kg), however, may depress ME(n) and AA digestibility.
Survey of the year 2003 commercial optical biosensor literature

In the year 2003 there was a 17% increase in the number of publications citing work performed using optical biosensor technology compared with the previous year. We collated the 962 total papers for 2003, identified the geographical regions where the work was performed, highlighted the instrument types on which it was carried out, and segregated the papers by biological system. In this overview, we spotlight 13 papers that should be on everyone's 'must read' list for 2003 and provide examples of how to identify and interpret high-quality biosensor data. Although we still find that the literature is replete with poorly performed experiments, over-interpreted results and a general lack of understanding of data analysis, we are optimistic that these shortcomings will be addressed as biosensor technology continues to mature.
Therapy Insight: clinical management of pregnant women with epilepsy

SUMMARY In pregnant women with epilepsy who are being treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), careful clinical management is vital because seizure frequency can change during pregnancy, and both seizure activity and AED treatment can have consequences for the developing fetus. Complications of epilepsy and AED treatment include stillbirths, prematurity, low birth weight, major and minor malformations, and cognitive delay later in life. Certain AEDs probably have more adverse effects than others; data from prospective studies indicate that phenobarbital and valproate are associated with significant increases in major malformations, and retrospective studies show lower verbal IQs and greater need for extra assistance in school for children whose mothers received valproate during pregnancy. Monitoring of AED levels and dosage adjustment are warranted throughout pregnancy, and vitamin K 1 at a dose of 10 mg/day should be given in the last month, particularly when cytochrome P450 enzyme-inducing AEDs are being administered. In the postpartum period, breastfeeding is recommended; however, there is differential transfer of individual AEDs in breast milk, and the infant should be observed clinically. For all women of reproductive age, preconceptual counseling is important, and includes optimization of the AED regimen and advising the mother to take supplemental folic acid.
Irrational Wanting and Subrational Liking: How Rudimentary Motivational and Affective Processes Shape Preferences and Choices

People’s wanting and liking reactions reflect not only high-level beliefs, but also the operation of rudimentary biopsychological processes. Previous studies suggest that the following wanting and liking processes may be relevant to political behavior: irrational wanting (where wanting is triggered by activation of the brain dopamine system and becomes dissociated from liking); unconscious liking and wanting (where evaluative judgments and behavior are modified without awareness of the eliciting affective stimuli or of the underlying affective response); and fluency-based liking (where preferences are influenced by the ease of stimulus processing). This review suggests how conceptual and methodological tools from affective neuroscience and psychophysiology can refine our understanding of basic affective and motivational processes that shape political attitudes and choices.
Differential Regulation of Sympathetic Outflows to Vasoconstrictor and Thermoregulatory Effectors

The medullary premotor neurons determining the sympathetic outflow regulating cardiac function and vasoconstriction are located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The present study sought evidence for differential characteristics and baroreceptor reflex sensitivities between the sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) controlling brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism and thermogenesis and cardiovascular SNA such as that controlling mesenteric vasoconstriction via the splanchnic (SPL) nerve. The tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves is determined by the inputs to functionally specific sympathetic preganglionic neurons from supraspinal populations of premotor neurons. Under normothermic conditions, BAT SNA was nearly silent, while SPL SNA exhibited sustained, large-amplitude bursts. Disinhibition of neurons in the rostral raphe pallidus (RPa), a potential site of sympathetic premotor neurons controlling BAT SNA, or icv injection of prostaglandin E2, a pyrogenic stimulus, elicited a dramatic increase in BAT SNA. SPL SNA was strongly influenced by the baroreceptor reflex as indicated by a high coherence to the arterial pressure, while activated BAT SNA exhibited no correlation with the arterial pressure. Since these characteristics and reflex responses in sympathetic outflow have been shown to arise from the ongoing or altered discharge of sympathetic premotor neurons, the marked differences between SPL SNA and BAT SNA provide strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that vasoconstriction and thermogenesis (metabolism) are controlled by distinct populations of sympathetic premotor neurons, the former in the RVLM and strongly baroreceptor-modulated and the latter potentially in the RPa exhibiting little influence of baroreceptor reflex activation.
Chronic CEI alters effect of low Na+ diet in normal and coarcted pups. II. Na+ and H2O balance

To assess angiotensin (ANG II) dependence of evolving neonatally induced coarctation hypertension (NICH) in inbred pups, we randomized sex-matched littermates to high-dose converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI: MK-421, 3 mg/kg) or placebo from the time of neonatal aortic banding (coarcted) vs. no banding (control). During phase 1 studies over 4 mo postbanding during ad libitum Na+ intake (Bagby and Fuchs, Hypertension Dallas in press). CEI failed to prevent evolution of proximal blood pressure (BP) excess or to impair renal function. Phase 2 studies examine, in the same pups, responses to low Na+ (LS) diet superimposed on chronic CEI at 4 mo, timed to allow development of BP increase in untreated NICH. The present report details metabolic handling and balances of Na+, K+, and fluid for 3 days before (normal Na+ intake) and daily for 11 days after initiation of LS diet, a companion paper describes BP, renin-angiotensin (RA), and renal functional responses. In no case did metabolic responses of coarcted pups to LS diet differ from those of controls, whether on CEI or placebo, whereas responses to LS diet and to CEI reveal positive findings of independent interest. LS diet induced expected renal and fecal Na+ conservation, no net effect on K+ balance, and, despite unexpected free-water diuresis, mild hyponatremia. Chronic CEI impaired maximal renal (but not fecal) Na+ conservation during LS diet, caused exaggerated free-water diuresis but no change in fluid balance, and thus, with the larger Na+ deficit, accounted for greater hyponatremia. CEI caused no net effect on K+ balance. Results indicate normal renal handling of fluid, Na+, and K+ in evolving NICH and provide no evidence for selective intrarenal RA activation or exaggerated ANG II dependence. Findings also suggest that, during LS diet, ANG II is 1) essential for maximum renal Na+ conservation and normal free-water handling, and 2) not essential for fecal Na+ and water conservation or for maintenance of normal water and K+ balances. Results are also compatible with a CEI-induced thirst stimulation and/or osmotic insensitivity and with functional vasopressin deficiency during LS diet.
La industria del table dance a partir del Tratado de Libre Comercio en México Performance, cuerpo e institucionalismo escaso

El presente documento se deriva de una investigacion cualitativa realizada tanto en Mexico como en Estados Unidos. Se propone desnaturalizar la industria erotica del table dance en Mexico y se considera el contexto del libre comercio y las expectativas que este detono. A partir de lo contextual, lo performativo y lo institucional, se analizan los contenidos conceptuales del cuerpo y de la pornotopia. Se ofrece tambien la categoria de poliperformatividad como un agregado de actos performativos con el proposito de entender la semiotica del table dance. El problema del estigma y mutismo sociales son discutidos y se advierte de la dificultad para construir ciudadania por parte de este colectivo de trabajadores sexuales.
Security, Conflict and the Formalization of Property Rights in Rural Tanzania

One of the most dramatic developments in Tanzania in recent years is the movement to formalize property rights in rural Tanzania. The process, which started in Mbozi District in Mbeya in the Southwest of the country around 2004, has been rapidly spreading to other regions. While there has been a multiplicity of actors involved each with different funding sources, methods, interests, international connections, and locations, one common focal point has been the assumed effect that formalizing property right will have in reducing conflict and securing the property rights of farmers and pastoralists. Our paper explores the impact of the creation of land registries, land tribunals and formalization of customary land rights in two regions. Manyara only began large scale systematic titling in 2009 in a Ministry of Lands Project supported by the World Bank. Mbeyas earlier titling effort allows us to evaluate and compare the impact of the formalization process at different time points. Does conflict get reduced over time? Does security of tenure improve? How does it differ among different socio-groups? Are there clear winners and losers? Based on a household survey and semi-structured interviews we will try to unravel the political economy of the local struggle for land.
What is Internalized Racial Oppression and Why Don't We Study It? Acknowledging Racism's Hidden Injuries

Despite sociology's longstanding interest in inequality, the internalization of racial oppression among the racially subordinated and its contribution to the reproduction of racial inequality has been largely ignored, reflecting a taboo on the subject. Consequently, internalized racism remains one of the most neglected and misunderstood components of racism. In this article, the author argues that only by defying the taboo can sociology expose the hidden injuries of racism and the subtle mechanisms that sustain White privilege. After reviewing the concept and providing examples of the phenomenon, the author draws on critical social theory to examine reasons for the taboo, such as a theoretical fixation on resistance, a penchant for racial essentialism, and the limitations of an identity politics. The author concludes by offering a method for studying internalized racism and resistance concurrently within the matrix of intersecting forms of oppression.
Systematic Review of Radiographic and Symptomatic Brain Infarcts in Carotid Artery Interventions and Cerebral Angiography (P1.230)

Objective: To describe the rates of radiographic brain infarcts and clinical strokes in cerebral and carotid procedures. Introduction: Reports vary in incidence of silent brain infarcts after cerebrovascular procedures. In a systematic review we compared rates of radiographic brain infarcts (RBI) and clinical strokes in cerebral and carotid procedures: diagnostic cerebral angiography, carotid endarterectomy (CEA), and carotid stenting (CAS). Methods: We searched MEDLINE and 4 other databases for subject headings and text related to brain infarcts in carotid artery interventions from inception through February 2015. We included articles with cerebral angiography and carotid interventions if brain MRI was performed systematically, RBI and stroke incidence were reported. Results: Of 6332 articles retrieved, 77 studies (7296 patients) met the inclusion criteria. There were 12 cohorts in cerebral angiography, 26 in CEA, 39 in CAS with distal protection, 8 in CAS with proximal protection with or without flow reversal, 10 in CAS with unspecified devices and 10 in CAS without protection. MRI diffusion-weighted imaging scan was performed pre-procedure in 75 studies and post-procedure in all studies. The incidence of RBI and strokes in cerebral angiography were 20[percnt] (262/1314) and 1.4[percnt] (18/1314). CEA had lower incidence of RBI compared to CAS (15.9[percnt] (239/1524) vs 34.0[percnt] (1522/4482), p<0.001) but not of strokes (2.5[percnt] (37/1500) vs 3.4[percnt] (154/4482), p=0.07). Across the procedures, one out of 9.7 RBIs were symptomatic. RBI incidences differed among embolism protection methods in CAS: 24.3[percnt] (70/288) in proximal protection, 35.7[percnt] (740/2075) in distal protection, 32.6[percnt] (489/1502) in unspecified devices, and 36.1[percnt] (223/617) without protection; incidence of stroke were not significantly different among the procedures with 2.4[percnt] (7/288), 3.3[percnt] (69/2075), 3.1[percnt] (46/1502), and 5.2[percnt] (32/617), respectively. Conclusion: Only 1 of 10 periprocedural RBI during carotid revascularization or diagnostic angiography were symptomatic. CEA has a lower incidence of RBI compared to CAS. Disclosure: Dr. Cho has nothing to disclose. Dr. Deshpande has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pasupuleti has nothing to disclose. Dr. Diaz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Uchino has nothing to disclose.
Multi-Step Ahead Predictions for Critical Levels in Physiological Time Series

Standard modeling and evaluation methods have been classically used in analyzing engineering dynamical systems where the fundamental problem is to minimize the (mean) error between the real and predicted systems. Although these methods have been applied to multi-step ahead predictions of physiological signals, it is often more important to predict clinically relevant events than just to match these signals. Adverse clinical events, which occur after a physiological signal breaches a clinically defined critical threshold, are a popular class of such events. This paper presents a framework for multi-step ahead predictions of critical levels of abnormality in physiological signals. First, a performance metric is presented for evaluating multi-step ahead predictions. Then, this metric is used to identify personalized models optimized with respect to predictions of critical levels of abnormality. To address the paucity of adverse events, weighted support vector machines and cost-sensitive learning are used to optimize the proposed framework with respect to statistical metrics that can take into account the relative rarity of such events.
Development of a Wireless High-Frequency Microarray Implant for Retinal Stimulation

We have developed an electrical stimulator and diagnostic research microarray with wireless power and communications to facilitate spatial stimulation of retinal tissue. A third generation 32× 32 prototype of this retinal neural implant array has been developed. Integrated into the microarray is a functionally graded Ti/IrO2 microbump electrode system for interface with neural tissue with decreased impedance for stimulation. The microarray is designed for basic research to determine retinal tissue stimulation thresholds and spatial effects. The array is connected to a telemetry chip, which uses magnetic induction for wireless power with a digital overlay for communication. In our design, changes in the induced current in the telemetry coil are used to send information to the reading coil. Since the reading and telemetry coil are magnetically coupled, the current change can be sensed for bidirectional communication. Combined, this chip set provides a 1024 array that can stimulate neural tissue spatially, can sense neural signals spatially, and has wireless power and communication in a package of less than 2 mm size.
Anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) Therapy

The importance of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and allergen-specific IgE in atopic disorders such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis is well established. Omalizumab is a humanized, monoclonal antibody that recognizes and binds to the IgE molecule resulting in a rapid and substantial decrease in free IgE in serum. Omalizumab has been approved for the treatment of allergic asthma and chronic spontaneous urticaria. However, omalizumab has been used successfully to treat a number of other disorders which are summarized in this chapter. Dosing guidelines, administration protocols, and safety of omalizumab treatment are also reviewed.
Time-resoived observation of ballistic electrons in a quantum well

We have used femtosecond optical spectroscopy to probe semiconductor carrier transport on a time scale comparable to the carrier scattering time, where ballistic effects on the transport can be observed.1 Carriers are photoexcited with a short (100-fs) pump pulse into a quantum-well structure in which there is a strong (up to 16 kV/cm) electric field in the plane of the wells. The pump is tuned to resonantly excite heavy-hole excitons, so the initial carrier kinetic energy is zero. A 100-fs white-light continuum pulse then probes the non-equilibrium distribution functions of the electrons as they accelerate under the electric field. Differential transmission spectra (modulating the electric field) are shown in Fig. 1. During the first 150 fs after the pump pulse, a high-energy tail appears on the spectra, which is due to the acceleration of electrons to high energies by the field; the time scale manifests the acceleration as ballistic. The average energy per electron reaches a maximum in about 150 fs, after which it rapidly relaxes, reading equilibrium slightly above the zero-field average energy of 25 meV. We understand this as being the result of the rapid collapse of the electric field in the gap region, coupled to the strong energy relaxation of the electrons (through LO-phonon emission).
A Single Amino Acid Substitution in Poliovirus Nonstructural Protein 2CATPase Causes Conditional Defects in Encapsidation and Uncoating

ABSTRACT The specificity of encapsidation of C-cluster enteroviruses depends on an interaction between capsid proteins and nonstructural protein 2C ATPase . In particular, residue N 252 of poliovirus 2C ATPase interacts with VP3 of coxsackievirus A20, in the context of a chimeric virus. Poliovirus 2C ATPase has important roles both in RNA replication and encapsidation. In this study, we searched for additional sites in 2C ATPase , near N 252 , that are required for encapsidation. Accordingly, segments adjacent to N 252 were analyzed by combining triple and single alanine mutations to identify residues required for function. Two triple alanine mutants exhibited defects in RNA replication. The remaining two mutations, located in secondary structures in a predicted three-dimensional model of 2C ATPase , caused lethal growth phenotypes. Most single alanine mutants, derived from the lethal variants, were either quasi-infectious and yielded variants with wild-type (wt) or temperature-sensitive ( ts ) growth phenotypes or had a lethal growth phenotype due to defective RNA replication. The K 259 A mutation, mapping to an α helix in the predicted structure of 2C ATPase , resulted in a cold-sensitive virus. In vivo protein synthesis and virus production were strikingly delayed at 33°C relative to the wt, suggesting a defect in uncoating. Studies with a reporter virus indicated that this mutant is also defective in encapsidation at 33°C. Cell imaging confirmed a much-reduced production of K 259 A mature virus at 33°C relative to the wt. In conclusion, we have for the first time linked a cold-sensitive encapsidation defect in 2C ATPase (K 259 A) to a subsequent delay in uncoating of the virus particle at 33°C during the next cycle of infection. IMPORTANCE Enterovirus morphogenesis, which involves the encapsidation of newly made virion RNA, is a process still poorly understood. Elucidation of this process is important for future drug development for a large variety of diseases caused by these agents. We have previously shown that the specificity of encapsidation of poliovirus and of C-cluster coxsackieviruses, which are prototypes of enteroviruses, is dependent on an interaction of capsid proteins with the multifunctional nonstructural protein 2C ATPase . In this study, we have searched for residues in poliovirus 2C ATPase , near a presumed capsid-interacting site, important for encapsidation. An unusual cold-sensitive mutant of 2C ATPase possessed a defect in encapsidation at 37°C and subsequently in uncoating during the next cycle of infection at 33°C. These studies not only reveal a new site in 2C ATPase that is involved in encapsidation but also identify a link between encapsidation and uncoating.
Méconnaissance : lecture des nouvelles sur la pauvreté et les communs urbains en Amérique du Nord

Tout en admettant que la pauvrete est abondamment couverte dans la presse grand public canadienne et americaine, le present article soutient que du fait que le journalisme emploie une narration a la troisieme personne, les acteurs des recits sont rarement reconnus comme faisant partie du « public implicite ». Ainsi, les plus demunis ne sont pas en mesure de dialoguer directement avec le journaliste, ce qui mene a une forme de meconnaissance de premier niveau de la part des communs urbains. Cet argument est appuye par des exemples tires d’une etude exhaustive de la couverture journalistique de quotidiens grand public canadiens et americains en 2010. Des suggestions sont formulees quant a la maniere dont le passage de la troisieme a la deuxieme personne influe sur le public implicite et la culture professionnelle du journaliste. Une glose est presentee a titre d’introduction aux relations entre la communaute et les ressources materielles qui constituent les communs urbains, a leur sphere d’information et au lien conceptuel entre les deux niveaux de reconnaissance qui orientent l’argument.
US hardwood lumber consumption and international trade from 1991 to 2014

Apparent US hardwood lumber consumption (developed from production, import, and export data) was contrasted with estimated consumption based on employment data and lumber utilization coefficients. The two methods of measuring domestic consumption provided similar results, but the use of employment data allowed for a comparison of appearance lumber vs industrial lumber use. Consumption of both appearance and industrial lumber increased between 1991 and 2000 as imported lumber augmented domestic lumber production. Exports increased during the 1990s but at a lower rate than domestic consumption. Beginning in 2000, consumption of appearance lumber started to decrease because of globalization of the furniture industry followed by a decline in US home construction. The 2008-2009 recession was associated with declines for all segments of domestic consumption and a decline in exports. Domestic consumption of appearance lumber continued at depressed levels until 2012. Exports and industrial consumption increased after 2009. In 2014, industrial users accounted for 51% of domestic lumber consumption, and exports represented 37% of consumption of appearance lumber.
Proof-of-Concept Randomized Trial of the Monoclonal Antibody GSK249320 Versus Placebo in Stroke Patients.

Background and Purpose—One class of poststroke restorative therapy focuses on promoting axon outgrowth by blocking myelin-based inhibitory proteins such as myelin-associated glycoprotein. The purpo...
Abstract A08: Dectin-1 signaling drives pancreatic oncogenesis by promoting adaptive immune suppression

Progression of pancreatic oncogenesis requires immune-suppressive inflammation in cooperation with oncogenic mutations. However, the drivers of intra-tumoral immune tolerance are uncertain. Dectin-1 is an innate immune receptor critical in anti-fungal immunity, but its role in sterile inflammation and oncogenesis is not well-defined. Further, non-pathogen-derived ligands for Dectin-1 have not been characterized. We found that Dectin-1 is highly expressed on myeloid cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Moreover, Dectin-1 ligation accelerates PDA, whereas Dectin-1 deletion, or blockade of its downstream signaling, was highly protective. We show that Dectin-1 ligates the lectin Galectin-9 in the PDA tumor microenvironment (TME) leading to macrophage-induced adaptive immune suppression. Upon interruption of the Dectin-1–Galectin-9 axis, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells – which are dispensable to PDA progression in hosts with an intact signaling axis – become reprogrammed into indispensable mediators of anti-tumor immunity. These data suggest that Dectin-1 and Galectin-9 are novel and attractive targets for PDA immunotherapy. Citation Format: Donnele Daley, Neha Akkad, Navyatha Mohan, Atsuo Ochi, Gregor Werba, Vishnu Mani, Rocky Barilla, Constantinos Zambirinis, Mautin Hundeyin, Ki Buom Lee, Steven Chang, Ding Wang, Lawrence Gardener, Beatrix Ueberheide, George Miller. Dectin-1 signaling drives pancreatic oncogenesis by promoting adaptive immune suppression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2016 Oct 20-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2017;5(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A08.
A behavioral rating system predicts weight loss and quality of life after bariatric surgery

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery represents the most effective intervention for severe obesity available today; however, significant variability in postoperative outcomes exists. Effective tools that predict postoperative outcomes are needed for decision-making and patient counseling. Objectives We hypothesized that a validated behavioral assessment tool, the Cleveland Clinic Behavioral Rating Scale (CCBRS), would predict excess weight loss, health-related quality of life, depression, anxiety, and alcohol use after bariatric surgery. Setting Hospital in the United States. Methods A prospective observational study with 2-year planned follow-up was conducted with patients who completed a psychological clinical interview, the Short Form 36 (SF-36) v.2 Health Survey and brief self-report questionnaires measuring depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), and alcohol use (AUDIT) preoperatively. At the conclusion of the preoperative psychological evaluation, the psychologist completed the CCBRS. All questionnaires were readministered at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess whether any CCBRS ratings predicted surgery outcomes. Results One hundred seventy-nine patients (113 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and 66 sleeve gastrectomy) were included in the analyses. SF-36 scores, PHQ-9 scores, and the AUDIT total scores improved significantly after surgery, while GAD-7 scores did not change appreciably. Higher preoperative CCBRS ratings predicted higher SF-36 scores, and lower PHQ-9, GAD-7 and AUDIT scores. The CCBRS social support rating predicted higher postoperative percent excess weight loss. Conclusion A behavioral rating scale (CCBRS) completed before bariatric surgery predicted postoperative weight loss, quality of life, depression, and anxiety. Therefore, this tool may prove useful in patient counseling and expectation management before surgery.
Design, Construction, and Validation of Histone-Binding Effectors in Vitro and in Cells.

Chromatin is a system of nuclear proteins and nucleic acids that plays a pivotal role in gene expression and cell behavior and is therefore the subject of intense study for cell development and cancer research. Biochemistry, crystallography, and reverse genetics have elucidated the macromolecular interactions that drive chromatin regulation. One of the central mechanisms is the recognition of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on histone proteins by a family of nuclear proteins known as “readers”. This knowledge has launched a wave of activity around the rational design of proteins that interact with histone PTMs. Useful molecular tools have emerged from this work, enabling researchers to probe and manipulate chromatin states in live cells. Chromatin-based proteins represent a vast design space that remains underexplored. Therefore, we have developed a rapid prototyping platform to identify engineered fusion proteins that bind histone PTMs in vitro and regulate genes near the same histone PTMs in liv...
Some Stochastic Systems on Manifolds

Some stochastic systems described by stochastic processes with values in a manifold will be considered. The manifolds will be smooth, complete, connected Riemannian manifolds. These manifolds seem to have the properties that are used in ℝn to construct Brownian motion and to study stochastic systems. They have also been the setting for some calculus of variation problems in differential geometry. Furthermore, this family of manifolds forms a large, interesting class for applications. For global differential geometry, principal bundles seem to be the most natural approach. Since the manifolds considered here are Riemannian it is natural to consider the bundle of orthonormal frames.
The Relationship of the Hapten to the Carrier in the Induction and Specificity of the Immune Response

The term hapten was introduced by Landsteiner in 1921 to describe a material (an alcoholic extract of horse kidney) which had the property of being able to combine with antibody, and yet by itself, was unable to initiate an immune response when injected into rabbits. Landsteiner and Simms (1923) were able to demonstrate also that when a foreign protein (pig serum) was added to this material, and this mixture then injected into rabbits, the animals did make an antibody capable of combining with the alcoholic extract of horse kidney. Thus, in this early example the alcoholic extract was the hapten and the pig serum was the carrier.
Grammar Efficiency and Complexity

An earlier method for measuring grammar efficiency is revisited in this paper. The method is based on a finite analytic grammar which has word order as its dominant component. The grammar description uses the apparatus of set theory, whereas the measure of its efficiency requires some combinatorics and algebra tools, and is related to an optimization problem defining maximally efficient grammars. This results in a numerical representation of the grammatical structure. A simpler and improved formula for measuring grammar efficiency is proposed, enabling a wider and easier applicability of the formula. This is illustrated by many examples, both abstract and those related to natural languages. It is also shown that the reciprocal of grammar efficiency can be used to measure grammar complexity, which indicates how complex a grammar is, relative to the linguistic information it conveys.
Cognitive–affective depressive symptoms and substance use among Latino and non-Latino White patients in HIV care: an analysis of the CFAR network of integrated clinical systems cohort

The disparity in viral suppression rates between Latino and non-Latino White patients in HIV care appears to be narrowing, but it is unclear if depression and substance use perpetuate this disparity. We analyzed electronic medical records from the CFAR network of integrated clinical systems cohort. First observations/enrollment data collected between 2007 and 2013 were analyzed, which included survey (race/ethnicity, depression, substance use, adherence) and clinical data (viral suppression). We estimated indirect effects with a regression-based bootstrapping method. In 3129 observations, Latinos and non-Latino Whites did not differ in depression or alcohol use (ORs 1.11, 0.99, ns), but did in drug use (OR 1.13, p < .001). For all patients, depression and substance use were indirectly associated with small increases (ORs 1.02–1.66) in the odds for a detectable viral load, via worse adherence. We conclude that variables not captured in EMR systems (e.g., health literacy, structural factors) may better explain viral suppression disparities that persist.
David Wexler, Bruce Winick (eds), Law in a Therapeutic Key: Developments in Therapeutic Jurisprudence

(1997). David Wexler, Bruce Winick (eds), Law in a Therapeutic Key: Developments in Therapeutic Jurisprudence. Current Issues in Criminal Justice: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 337-340.
Explicit and Ambiguous Threat Processing: Functionally Dissociable Roles of the Amygdala and Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis.

Highly influential models have proposed that responses to different types of threat are mediated by partially segregated neural systems, with the amygdala underlying phasic responses to explicit th...
Reliability and Efficiency Optimization Assisted by Genetic Algorithm to Design a Quadratic Boost DC/DC Converter

In the last decades, the increasing use of the power electronic devices in space and military applications has led to the reliability analysis of DC-DC power converters. In this paper the design of a quadratic DC-DC converter has been performed in order to improve both reliability and efficiency. The design is performed by the minimization of objective functions using the GA heuristic algorithm, in order to identify the optimum values of the converter parameters that ensure the desired reliability. A complete reliability analysis of the quadratic converter has been done and the proposed design methodology has been demonstrated by simulation.
Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during active behavior. An important tool for quantifying behavior is eye tracking, which is an indispensable tool for studying visual attention. However, eye tracking is challenging to use concurrently with invasive electrophysiology and this approach has consequently been little used. Here, we present a proven experimental protocol to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We describe how the systems are connected and the optimal settings to record neurons and eye movements. To illustrate the utility of this method, we summarize results that were made possible by this setup. This data shows how using eye tracking in a memory-guided visual search task allowed us to describe a new class of neurons called target neurons, whose response was reflective of top-down attention to the current search target. Lastly, we discuss the significance and solutions to potential problems of this setup. Together, our protocol and results suggest that single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans are an effective method to study human brain function. It provides a key missing link between animal neurophysiology and human cognitive neuroscience.
The Asset Price Incidence of Capital Gains Taxes: Evidence from the Real Estate Industry and the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997

In this paper, we examine the asset price incidence of the capital gains tax cut in the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997. By comparing two organizational structures in the real estate industry that differ only in how they should be affected by a change in capital gains tax rates, we isolate the effect of the tax cut from industry trends and firm-level fixed effects. Our estimates indicate that, in this industry, the benefit of a capital gains tax deferral when selling appreciated property accrued almost totally to the buyer of the asset, not the seller. Using share price data, we find that real estate firms that experienced a reduction in their tax subsidy in TRA97, called "UPREITs," had 8.6 percent less price appreciation in 1997 relative to 1996 than did the companies that had no tax change, known as "REITs." Firms that appeared most likely to be purchasers of property ? and which thus received the most benefit from the tax subsidy before it was cut ? endured the largest relative decline in share prices. We also find suggestive evidence that prices for new acquisitions rose for UPREITs relative to the REITs after TRA97. We conclude that up to 25 percent of UPREITs' share values is due to the remaining tax subsidy that they enjoy.