cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decay scheme of 13.3 h 123I

Abstract The decay scheme of 13.3 h 123 I to levels of 123 Te has been determined with the use of Ge(Li) and NaI(Tl) γ-ray detectors and coincidence equipment. Sources were produced by the 121 Sb(α, 2n) 123 I reaction. A total of 14 γ-rays was observed and placed in the decay scheme. Excited states of 123 Te were established at 159, 248 (117 d 123m Te), 440, 506, 688, 698, 784 and 895 keV. The upper limit for position decay of 123 I is 0.01%. The 11 2 − isomer 123m Te is fed in 0.010±0.005% of the decays of 123 I. The levels of 123 Te are fitted considerably better by the recent predictions by Kisslinger and Kumar than by the older calculations of Kisslinger and Sorensen.
Kinetic Desorption and Sorption of U(VI) during Reactive Transport in a Contaminated Hanford Sediment

Column experiments were conducted to investigate U(VI) desorption and sorption kinetics in a sand-textured, U(VI)-contaminated (22.7 μmol kg-1) capillary fringe sediment from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford site. Saturated column experiments were performed under mildly alkaline conditions representative of the Hanford site where uranyl−carbonate and calcium−uranyl−carbonate complexes dominate aqueous speciation. A U(VI)-free solution was used to study contaminant U(VI) desorption in columns where different flow rates were applied. Sorbed, contaminant U(VI) was partially labile (11.8%), and extended leaching times and water volumes were required for complete desorption of the labile fraction. Uranium(VI) sorption was studied after the desorption of labile, contaminant U(VI) using different U(VI) concentrations in the leaching solution. Strong kinetic effects were observed for both U(VI) sorption and desorption, with half-life ranging from 8.5 to 48.5 h for sorption and from 39.3 to 150 h for de...
The effect of intimacy: reciprocity or retreat?

Three conditions of intimacy were created through varying a confederate's body posture and search for eye contact. Forty-eight male and 48 female undergraduates each interacted with a confederate (either male or female) for one of the three conditions. Predictions derived from the ‘intimacy equilibrium’ hypothesis were not supported. Increased intimacy resulted in an increase in eye contact (P < 0·01), an increase in number of forward leans by the subject (P < 0·05), and an increase in positive attitude towards the confederate (P < 0·005). Rosenfeld's notion of non-verbal reciprocity and Homan's exchange theory are used to explain the results. Some of the variables that may set limits upon the equilibrium hypothesis are discussed.
An epidemic of histoplasmosis in a family.

SUMMARY An "epidemic" of histoplasmosis results when several persons become ill from generalization of a pulmonary infection incurred by simultaneous inhalation of dust containing the organism Histoplasma capsulatum. A number of such epidemics have been reported, involving almost 400 persons. For the most part these have occurred in the endemic area of central United States. The authors report an epidemic in a family from northern Virginia consisting of young parents and four children, five to 11 years of age, who were exposed at the same time to the dust raised during the cleaning of a chicken house. In 10 to 12 days they became variably ill with fever, malaise, non-productive cough, irritability, weakness, nausea, anorexia, and headache. Roentgenograms of the chest showed pathology in all proportional to the degree of exposure and comparable to the severity of the symptoms. The only significant physical abnormalities were mild generalized adenopathy in the children and palpable liver in the father. The skin tests and complement fixation tests were positive in all six members of the family. Cultures of blood and marrow in the mother and children were negative for H. capsulatum, but this organism was ultimately recovered on culture from a specimen of the guano from the floor of the chicken house. The illness lasted about six weeks. The roentgenograms showed a tendency to improvement, but the family, who are migrants, have not been heard from for some months.
Expulsion of proteins from water‐in‐oil microemulsions by treatment with cosurfactant

A quick and simple method has been developed for the recovery of proteins from water-in-oil microemulsions (w/o-MEs), which is needed to further the use of liquid-liquid extraction in bioseparations. By adding a small portion (0.1 v/v or less) of cosurfactant (e.g., 1-alkanol) to w/o-ME solution, proteins were readily expelled, sometimes as solids, while most or all of the surfactant (Aerosol OT) remained in solution. The release of proteins increased with the further addition of cosurfactant and was greater when the molar ratio of protein to w/o-ME or fractional occupancy (f) was high. However, protein expulsion was also significant when f was small. The addition of cosurfactant released ribonuclease, lysozyme, alpha-chymotrypsin, pepsin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and catalase from w/o-ME solution, but the expulsion was greater for BSA relative to chymotrypsin and lysozyme. Protein expulsion also increased with cosurfactant chain length for the homologous series of 1-alkanols starting at 1-butanol; however, water was also coexpelled in significant amounts. An exception to the latter rule was 1-butanol, which readily promoted the release of protein, but not encapsulated water. The addition of 1-butanol to a w/o-ME solution containing alpha-chymotrypsin and BSA selectively released the former protein, with chymotryptic activity occurring in the recovered protein. Possible mechanisms for the cosurfactant-mediated release of protein are discussed. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Petroleum Mergers and Competition in the Northeast United States

Abstract Sunoco’s 2004 acquisition of El Paso’s, New Jersey refinery and Valero’s 2005 acquisition of Premcor’s Delaware refinery significantly consolidated refinery control in the US Northeast. The Federal Trade Commission investigated both transactions but challenged neither. We examine the FTC’s enforcement rationale and test whether these mergers were associated with post-merger price increases in either gasoline or diesel at retail and wholesale. Our findings indicate that the transactions were largely competitively neutral. There was some indication that some unbranded rack prices may have increased after the mergers, but this result was not robust across controls or assumptions. In some other instances, prices in merger-affected areas may have fallen relative to prices elsewhere.
Proctodone production in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis☆

Abstract The anatomy of the anterior intestine of the larva of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis , is described. The epithelial cells of the larval ileum are described, with developmental changes in cell details and the appearance of a secretory function. As the borer larvae reach maturity, they cease to feed, and the gut tract becomes empty. At this time the ileal cells begin to undergo structural changes, including enlargement of the nucleus, formation of numerous small cytoplasmic vacuoles, and the elaboration of secretory granules. The granules are formed in the vacuoles and are paraldehyde-fuchsin positive and also display a pale-green autofluorescence. With the appearance of these cellular changes, aqueous extracts of the ileum were found to possess protodone activity as measured by their effects on diapause developmental rates. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the role of photoperiod in the control of morphogenesis.
The resistance to sliding along Coulombic shear faults in ice

Abstract Sliding experiments were performed along Coulombic shear faults in laboratory-grown freshwater ice over a range of sliding velocities (4 × 10 −3 –8 × 10 −7 m s −1 ) and temperatures (−3, −10 and −40 °C). The Coulombic failure criterion was used to describe the observed linear relationship between the shear stress along and the normal stress across the fault. From this relationship the coefficient of friction was determined. At each temperature the coefficient of friction peaks at a transitional velocity (∼8 × 10 −6 m s −1 ). For a given velocity the coefficient of friction increases with decreasing temperature. We propose that the peaked shape of the coefficient of friction vs. sliding velocity graphs are a consequence of a change in sliding behavior from “ductile-like” at low velocities to “brittle-like” at higher velocities. The velocity-strengthening and velocity-weakening friction regimes are attributed to creep and to frictional melting, respectively.
Demonstration of x-ray amplifiers near the carbon K edge.

The Ni-like 4d-4p laser scheme has been extended to wavelengths near the K absorption edge of carbon. A gain of 2.3 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ with a duration of 250 psec was observed in Ni-like Ta at 44.83 \AA{} (a wavelength close to optimal for holographic imaging of live cells). Ni-like W produced a gain of 2.6 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ with a total of seven gainlengths of amplification at 43.18 \AA{}. This is the first demonstration of an x-ray amplifier on the short-wavelength side of the carbon K edge, within the ``water window.'' Both lasers should be scalable to coherent power sufficient for holographic imaging and other applications.
Improved visualization and quantification of 4D flow MRI data using divergence-freewavelet denoising

4D flow MRI is a promising method for providing global quantification of cardiac flow in a single acquisition, yet its use in clinical application suffers from low velocity-to-noise ratio. In this work, we present a novel noise reduction processing for 4D flow MRI data using divergence-free wavelet transform. Divergence-free wavelets have the advantage of enforcing soft divergence-free conditions when discretization and partial voluming result in numerical non-divergence-free components and at the same time, provide sparse representation of flow in a generally divergence-free field. Efficient denoising is achieved by appropriate shrinkage of divergence-free and non-divergence-free wavelet coefficients. To verify its performance, divergence-free wavelet denoising was performed on simulated flow and compared with existing methods. The proposed processing was also applied on in vivo data and was demonstrated to improve visualization of flow data while preserving quantifications of flow data.
Polymerase η and p53 jointly regulate cell survival, apoptosis and Mre11 recombination during S phase checkpoint arrest after UV irradiation

Abstract Xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV) cells lack the damage-specific polymerase η and undergo a protracted arrest at the S phase checkpoint(s) following UV damage. The S phase checkpoints encompass several qualitatively different processes, and stimulate downstream events that are dependent on the functional state of p53. Primary fibroblasts with wild-type p53 arrest in S, and require a functional polymerase η (pol η) to carry out bypass replication, but do not recruit recombination factors for recovery. XPV cells with non-functional p53, as a result of transformation by SV40 or HPV16 (E6/E7), recruit the hMre11/hRad50/Nbs1 complex to arrested replication forks, coincident with PCNA, whereas normal transformed cells preferentially use the pol η bypass replication pathway. The formation of hMre11 foci implies that arrested replication forks rapidly undergo a collapse involving double strand breakage and rejoining. Apoptosis occurs after UV only in cells transformed by SV40, and not in normal or XPV fibroblasts or HPV16 (E6/E7) transformed cells. Conversely, ultimate cell survival in XPV cells was much less in HPV16 (E6/E7) transformed cells than in SV40 transformed cells, indicating that apoptosis was not a reliable predictor of cell survival. Inhibition of p53 transactivation by pifithrin-α or inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide did not induce hMre11 foci or apoptosis in UV damaged fibroblasts. Inhibition of kinase activity with wortmannin did not increase killing by UV, unlike the large increase seen with caffeine. Since HPV16 (E6/E7) transformed XPV cells were highly UV sensitive and not further sensitized by caffeine, it appears likely that caffeine sensitization proceeds through a p53 pathway. The S phase checkpoints are therefore, a complex set of different checkpoints that are coordinated by p53 with the capacity to differentially modulate cell survival, apoptosis, bypass replication and hMre11 recombination.
Race and Demographic Trends: The Employment of Minority Teachers in California Public Schools.

Abstract Given the centrality of educators to the functioning of schools, little work has been done to understand how student demographic variations shape school employment practices. This study argues that both the minority status of teachers and the shitting racial composition of schools are important social variables in predicting the probability of public school employment. The study utilizes data on Black. Hispanic and non-minority teachers employed in California public schools. The study concludes that minority student growth rates, interacting with school segregation, are significant predictors of minority teacher employment patterns.
Laser-induced molecular stabilization and trapping and chemical bond hardening in intense laser fields

Abstract We study the intensity-dependent behavior of laser-induced vibrational quasi-energy (VQE) resonance structure and photodissociation rates of H 2 + molecular ions in intense laser fields at 775 nm and report a novel new high-intensity phenomenon. At strong fields, the vibrational levels are shifted and broadened substantially and break into several separate VQE resonance groups. distortion of the internuclear potential by the fields leads to the formation of various (field-dressed) adiabatic potential wells near multiphoton resonances which can support long-lived resonance states. The most striking finding is that high-lying VQE resonance states can in fact become more stabilized and longer lived at higher laser intensities, a phenomenon which may be termed as “bond hardening”. Time-dependent calculations confirm the laser-induced stabilization phenomenon and reveals that molecular population may be trapped simultaneously in different potential wells, at different internuclear separations (multiple well trapping).
An adapted modulation transfer function for x-ray backscatter radiography by selective detection

The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is a quantitative function based on frequency resolution that characterizes imaging system performance. In this study, a new MTF methodology is investigated for application to Radiography by Selective Detection (RSD), an enhanced single-side x-ray Compton backscatter imaging (CBI) technique which detects selected scatter components. The RSD imaging modality is a unique type of real-time radiography that uses a set of fin and sleeve collimators to preferentially select different components of the x-ray backscattered field. Radiography by selective detection has performed successfully in different non-destructive evaluation (NDE) applications. A customized RSD imaging system was built at the University of Florida for inspection of the space shuttle external tank spray-on foam insulation (SOFI). The x-ray backscatter RSD imaging system has been successfully used for crack and corrosion detection in a variety of materials. The conventional transmission x-ray image quality characterization tools do not apply for RSD because of the different physical process involved. Thus, the main objective of this project is to provide an adapted tool for dynamic evaluation of RSD system image quality. For this purpose, an analytical model of the RSD imaging system response is developed and supported. Two approaches are taken for the MTF calculations: one using the Fourier Transform of a line spread function and the other one using a sine function pattern. Calibration and test targets are then designed according to this proposed model. A customized Matlab code using image contrast and digital curve recognition is developed to support the experimental data and provide the Modulation Transfer Functions for RSD.
Dosage Compensation via Transposable Element Mediated Rewiring of a Regulatory Network

Transposable elements (TEs) may contribute to evolutionary innovations through the rewiring of networks by supplying ready-to-use cis regulatory elements. Genes on the Drosophila X chromosome are coordinately regulated by the male specific lethal (MSL) complex to achieve dosage compensation in males. We show that the acquisition of dozens of MSL binding sites on evolutionarily new X chromosomes was facilitated by the independent co-option of a mutant helitron TE that attracts the MSL complex (TE domestication). The recently formed neo-X recruits helitrons that provide dozens of functional, but suboptimal, MSL binding sites, whereas the older XR chromosome has ceased acquisition and appears to have fine-tuned the binding affinities of more ancient elements for the MSL complex. Thus, TE-mediated rewiring of regulatory networks through domestication and amplification may be followed by fine-tuning of the cis-regulatory element supplied by the TE and erosion of nonfunctional regions.
Letter by Soliman Regarding Article, “Improvement in Congenital Heart Surgery in a Developing Country: The Guatemalan Experience”

To the Editor: There is no doubt that the Guatemalan experience described in the article by Larrazabal et al1 has set a good example for developing countries that need to start pediatric cardiovascular services. The emergence of cardiovascular disease as a major health problem in developing countries needs a “wake-up call,” as mentioned in Dr Yacoub’s editorial in the same issue of the Circulation .2 From my past experience as a medical advisor to a few African countries, however, often the question facing policy makers …
Analog-to-digital conversion, a practical approach and its applications in real world system-on-chip (SOC)

Data converters play a crucial role in interfacing real time analog signals to the digital processing circuitry. Almost every SOC (system-on-chip) silicon design has an analog front/back end, which includes either an ADC (analog-to-digital converter) or a DAC (digital-to-analog converter). There is a wide range of applications that uses data converters spanning from medical systems to industrial control to audio players like the iPod. The resolution and speed of the converter depends on the application. For example, in video processors, the ADC resolution is 8/10 bits and the clock rate is approximately 150 MHz; whereas in digital audio applications, the resolution is much higher at 16/24 bits and the clock rate is about 44 KHz. We will discuss how ADCs are used in touch screen controllers and in high-energy detectors or medical imaging systems.
Updating Care of Cesarean Section Patients

At a time when prepared childbirth and the participation of both parents in labor and delivery is being stressed, nurses need to reexamine the impact of a cesarean section on the family. Nurses need to he active in modifying those experiences of a cesarean section family that may he in direct conflict with their expectations: loss of participation in delivery, separation of the couple during delivery, diminution of the father's role, and prolonged isolation of the infant front the parents after delivery. Nursing cure of these patients should be maternity‐oriented rather than surgery‐oriented.
Ion Pairing Effects on Bis(Hydrazine) Intervalence Radical Cations

Three bis(2-tert-butyl-2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl) radical cation salts, bridged by 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene-1,4-diyl (1^+PF_6^-), biphenylene-4,4‘-diyl (2^+PF_6^-), and 9,9-dimethyl-fluorene-2,7-diyl (3^+NO_3^-) groups, have been studied in methylene chloride. The transition energy at band maximum (E_(op)) increases as concentration increases and when ^nBu_4+BF_6^- is added, indicating that ion pairing increases E_(op). The E_(op) data fit a simple ion pairing equilibrium, giving ion pairing equilibrium constants at 293 K of 3100, 3100, and 6100 M^(-1), respectively. Electron-transfer rate constants measured by ESR are reported for 0.19 mM 2^+PF_6^- and for 1 mM 2^+PF_6^- and 3^+NO_3^- in the presence of 20 mM ^nBu_4+BF_6^- in methylene chloride. Prediction of k_(ET) from the optical spectrum of 2^+PF_6^- containing excess ^nBu_4^+BF_6^- was made both assuming the optical ET is endoenthalpic by an amount calculated from the increase in E_(op), and that ΔG° = 0 (that is, that the ion pairing effect may be lumped into the electron transfer coordinate along with the vertical and solvent reorganization effects). The predicted rate constant for the latter is only a factor of 2.5 times larger the former, so both agree rather well with the ESR-derived rate constant.
SPECIFICITY OPERATORS IN SpecDP

. In this paper I argue that a common noun phrase DP contains a small clause, including both a predicate (headed by the common noun) and an abstract subject position. DPs that are specific (in the sense of EnG 1991) are argued to have an operator in SpecDP, which A-bar binds the abstract subject position of the DP-internal small clause. This analysis forms the basis of an account of the Specificity Effect on extraction from DP, as well as some other facts concerning the internal structure of DP. The analysis also predicts that while specific nominal predicates are DPs, non-specific nominal predicates are not. The two kinds of nominal predicate differ distributionally, and it is shown that these differences follow from the proposed analysis.
An additional electrostatic interaction between adrenodoxin and P450c27 (CYP27A1) results in tighter binding than between adrenodoxin and P450scc (CYP11A1)

Abstract Mitochondrial cytochrome P450c27 (product of the CYP27A1 gene) is found to have significantly higher affinity for the common redox partner adrenodoxin than another mitochondrial P450, P450scc (product of the CYP11A1 gene). To investigate the basis of the ∼30-fold difference in adrenodoxin binding, two sets of P450c27 mutants were generated, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified. Mutations of one set were within the putative adrenodoxin-binding site containing conserved lysine residues also crucial in P450scc for binding adrenodoxin. The second set included mutations within a sequence aligning with the “meander region” of P450BM-3 proposed to be a site of redox-partner interactions in P450s (Hasemann, C. A., Kurumbail, R. G., Boddupalli, S. S., Peterson, J. A., and Deisenhofer, J. (1995) Structure3, 41–62). Mutation of the P450c27 conserved lysines (K354A and K358A) led to a ∼20-fold increase in apparent K s for adrenodoxin, confirming that these two positively charged residues conserved in mitochondrial P450s are important for adrenodoxin binding. Mutation of Arg-418, conserved in the CYP27A1 family, to serine also decreased the affinity for adrenodoxin ∼20-fold. This residue is predicted to be located in the meander region. A triple K354A/K358A/R418S mutation profoundly reduced adrenodoxin binding. Thus, in contrast to P450scc, where mutation of the two conserved positively charged residues results in virtually complete inhibition of adrenodoxin binding, in P450c27 there are three of such residues (Lys-354, Lys-358, and Arg-418) important for adrenodoxin interaction.
Cortical Signals for Rewarded Actions and Strategic Exploration

In stable environments, decision makers can exploit their previously learned strategies for optimal outcomes, while exploration might lead to better options in unstable environments. Here, to investigate the cortical contributions to exploratory behavior, we analyzed single-neuron activity recorded from four different cortical areas of monkeys performing a matching-pennies task and a visual search task, which encouraged and discouraged exploration, respectively. We found that neurons in multiple regions in the frontal and parietal cortex tended to encode signals related to previously rewarded actions more reliably than unrewarded actions. In addition, signals for rewarded choices in the supplementary eye field were attenuated during the visual search task and were correlated with the tendency to switch choices during the matching-pennies task. These results suggest that the supplementary eye field might play a unique role in encouraging animals to explore alternative decision-making strategies.
Effects of In-Line Filtration on Lipid Particle Size Distribution in Total Nutrient Admixtures

Background The recent Food and Drug Administration Safety Alert recommends in-line filtration for all total parenteral nutrition admixtures. Although rigid crystalline particulates can be effectively removed by in-line filters, the fate of flexible lipid droplets (LDs) enlarged through electromechanical destabilization is less clear. Lipid globules > 5 microns could lodge in the pulmonary microvasculature and produce an embolic syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that TNAs (Total Nutrient Admixtures) with LDs of 5 microns or more constituting > 0.4% of the final fat concentration are unstable. Methods Six pairs of 1.5-L TNA dispersions of varying degrees of stability were prepared in duplicate (n = 12) and studied over 30 hours. The number of enlarged fat globules was assessed by laser light extinction for all LDs > or = 1.75 microns at 0, 6, 24, and 30 hours after preparation. After LD assessments at time 0, admixtures were placed in a temperature-controlled chamber at 25 degrees C +/- 0.1 degree C. At 6 hours, a simulated patient infusion was begun using a 1.2-microns filter at a continuous flow rate of 55 mL/h. Pre- and postfiltration samples were taken at 6, 24, and 30 hours, equal to times 0, 18, and 24 hours of the simulated infusion. A repeated measure two-way analysis of variance assessing treatment and time was performed. Dependent variable analyses included number-weighting of fat globules as > 5 microns (LD1), total number > or = 1.75 microns (LD2), LD1-LD2 ratio (as %), and volume-weighted percent of fat (PFAT) > 5 microns. Results In all cases, time was a significant factor and was an expected finding as the stability of all extemporaneously prepared admixtures deteriorates with time. Of the number-weighted variables, a significant postfiltrate reduction was observed in LD1 (p = .041), LD2 (p 5 microns was significantly reduced by the in-line filter (p = .029). Conclusions The TNA1 1.2-microns filter significantly reduced the total number and concentration of enlarged fat globules. The higher LD1-LD2 ratio may reflect the effects of filtration on electrically destabilized fat globules. However, total exposure to unstable and very large LDs was significantly reduced, suggesting that in-line TNA filtration should be a standard part of nutrition therapy.
Marketing Professional Services to Family Businesses

ABSTRACT Theory from the new field of family business studies, tested empirically here, indicates that family business procurement processes for professional services is significantly different from that of other companies. Family businesses engage in more informal processes, involve family members who are not employees as influencers in the buying center, require a greater investment on the part of their suppliers and take longer to reach a decision. As a result of these process distinctions, marketers of professional services targeting smaller to medium sized businesses should be prepared to address the special needs of family business owners.
Idempotent measures on locally compact semigroups

The structure of the support F of an idempotent probability measure Μ on a locally compact semigroup S is considered. It is shown that if S satisfies the condition (L): AB−1 is compact whenever A and B are compact subsets of S, then F is a completely simple semigroup and has the canonical representation X ×G×Y of which G and Y are compact. Moreover, Μ is a product measure Μ X ×Μ G ×Μ Y where Μ X and Μ Y are probability measures and Μ G is the Haar measure on the group G. We conjecture that a similar result remains true even without the condition (L). We give also a relation between our conjecture and a conjecture of Argabright on the support of an r*-invariant measure.
Considerations in the Formulation of School Drug Policy

This article delineates four areas of school drug policies which need consideration: confidentiality, pupil personnel records, school relationship with police, and rights of students. Although answers are not offered, questions are raised to which schoolmen responsible for formulating school drug policies should address themselves.In addition, the need for and the security associated with written school drug policy are cited and defended. Evidence is offered relative to the lack of written policy pertaining to drug abuse and the lack of knowledge of existent policy on the part of teachers.
The Advancement of Biomarker-Based Diagnostic Tools for Ovarian, Breast, and Pancreatic Cancer through the Use of Urine as an Analytical Biofluid:

Despite considerable advancements, the development of effective cancer screening tools based on serum biomarker measurements has thus far failed to achieve a meaningful clinical impact. The incremental progress observed over the course of serum biomarker development suggests that further refinements based on novel approaches may yet result in a breakthrough. The use of urine as an analytical biofluid for biomarker development may represent such an approach. The unique characteristics of urine including a high level of stability, ease of sampling, and an inactive and low-complexity testing matrix offer several potential advantages over the use of serum. A number of recent reports have demonstrated the utility of urine in the identification of novel cancer biomarkers and also the improved performance of biomarkers previously evaluated in serum. In this review, advancements related to the use of urine biomarkers within the settings of ovarian, breast, and pancreatic cancer are presented and discussed. Findings regarding the identification of specific urine biomarkers for each disease are highlighted along with comparative analyses of urine and serum biomarkers as diagnostic tools.
A pilot family study of childhood-onset mania.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the familial association of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BPD) among the first-degree relatives of children with comorbid ADHD and BPD. Background In contrast to a growing body of literature on childhood non-bipolar depression, little is known about childhood BPD. Among the explanations accounting for the lack of recognition and identification of these children is the symptomatic overlap of BPD with ADHD. Family-genetic studies provide information external to the clinical picture and thus are uniquely suited to clarify such issues of diagnostic comorbidity. Method Structured diagnostic interviews were used to obtain DSM-III-R psychiatric diagnoses on first-degree relatives (n = 46) of referred children (aged less or equal to 12 years) satisfying diagnostic criteria for mania using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic Version (n = 16). For comparison, diagnostic information on the first-degree relatives of non-bipolar ADHD children and control children was examined. Results The results show high rates of comorbidity between BPD and ADHD in children and high rates of both BPD and ADHD in the first-degree relatives of these children. Moreover, ADHD and BPD cosegregated among the relatives of children with BPD. Conclusions These findings, which are consistent with the authors' prior study of children with ADHD, provide family-genetic evidence for the validity of BPD and ADHD when they exist comorbidly in children. Moreover, they suggest that the comorbid condition of ADHD + BPD may be a distinct nosological entity.
Recent Estuarine Deposits, Chesapeake Bay and Apalachicola Bay: ABSTRACT

Estuarine facies are not easily discernible in the ancient record, because they represent a transition stage between fluvial and marine deposits. Modern estuarine sediments, nevertheless, are widespread because of the ongoing marine transgression. This widespread occurrence indicates that, during a highstand, estuaries are important centers for deposition of sediments shed from the continents. Sedimentologic studies have been made of 2 major estuaries: Chesapeake Bay (the largest United States estuary) and Apalachicola Bay (estuary of the largest river in Florida). A detailed sediment budget for the Chesapeake, using radiotracers, clay mineralogy, magnetic stratigraphy, and other methods, demonstrates that the estuary is filling rapidly with sediment. Its remaining sedime tologic lifetime can be measured in centuries. Most of this infilling has come at the expense of shoreline erosion. The rate of sedimentation, as measured by C-14, Pb-210, and Cs-137, has accelerated sharply over the past 2 centuries, from a few millimeters per year to present rates of a few centimeters per year. Sediment trapping effectiveness of the Chesapeake is nearly 100%. For Apalachicola Bay, the filling rate has been slower, although it appears to be nearly as efficient in retaining sediment. It has undergone a comparable change in sedimentation rates and sources over the past few centuries, as shown by magnetic stratigraphy and clay mineralogy. Given favorable conditions, such estuaries might be expected to contribute relatively thin but areally extensive bodies of fine-grained ediment to the rock record. End_of_Article - Last_Page 250------------
Unravelling the Effects of Multiple Life Changes

A previous article demonstrated the importance of considering life changes that occur at or near the time of retirement when examining the effects of retirement. Specifically, it was shown that failing to take changes in marital status into account will confound interpretation of the effects of retirement. In the present article, an alternative method of analysis is used. The analysis reveals that social interaction may be differentially important in influencing the happiness of divorced versus widowed retirees.
Propensity-weighted Long-term Risk of Urinary Adverse Events After Prostate Cancer Surgery, Radiation, or Both

Abstract Background Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men and has high survivorship, yet little is known about the long-term risk of urinary adverse events (UAEs) after treatment. Objective To compare the long-term UAE incidence across treatment and control groups. Design, setting, and participants Using a matched-cohort design, we identified elderly men treated with external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT; n =44 318), brachytherapy (BT; n =14 259), EBRT+BT ( n =11 835), radical prostatectomy (RP; n =26 970), RP+EBRT ( n =1557), or cryotherapy ( n =2115) for non-metastatic prostate cancer and 144 816 non-cancer control individuals from the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked data from 1992–2007 with follow-up through 2009. Outcome measures and statistical analysis The incidence of treated UAEs and time from cancer treatment to first UAE were analyzed in terms of propensity-weighted survival. Results Median follow-up was 4.14 yr. At 10 yr, all treatment groups experienced higher propensity-weighted cumulative UAE incidence than the control group (16.1%; hazard risk [HR] 1.0), with the highest incidence for RP+EBRT (37.8%; HR 3.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.79–3.66), followed by BT+EBRT (28.4%; HR 1.97, CI 1.85–2.10), RP (26.6%; HR 2.44, CI 2.34–2.55), cryotherapy (23.4%; HR 1.56, CI 1.30–1.87), BT (19.8%; HR 1.43, CI 1.33–1.53), and EBRT (19.7%; HR 1.11, CI 1.07–1.16). Bladder outlet obstruction was the most common event. Conclusions Men undergoing RP, RP+EBRT, and BT+EBRT experienced the highest UAE risk at 10 yr, although UAEs accrued differently over extended follow-up. The significant background UAE rate among non-cancer control individuals yields a risk attributable to prostate cancer treatment that is 17% lower than prior estimates. Patient summary We show that treatment for prostate cancer, especially combinations of two treatments such as radiation and surgery, carries a significant risk of urinary adverse events such as urethral stricture. This risk increases with time since treatment, emphasizing that treatments have long-term effects.
Hemodynamic alterations produced by N,N-Di-n-propyldopamine in anesthetized dogs.

Intravenous infusion of N,N-di-n-propyldopamine (DPDA) (100–900 μg/kg) produced dose-related arterial hypotension which was accompanied by bradycardia at higher doses. Increments in arterial blood pressure induced by carotid artery occlusion were attenuated during administration of DPDA (600 μg/kg, i.v.), whereas cardiovascular compensation to postural change remained unaltered. DPDA-induced hypotension and its attenuation of carotid occlusion responses were prevented by pretreatment with sulpiride (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.), indicating involvement of dopamine receptors in these activities.
Curves with quadric boundary precision

Abstract We describe a method for constructing rational quadratic patch boundary curves for scattered data in R 3 . The method has quadric boundary precision; if the given point and normal data are extracted from a quadric, then the boundary curves will lie on this quadric. Each boundary curve is a conic section represented in the rational Bezier representation.
Experiential Learning Environments: Do They Prepare Our Students to be Self-Directed, Life-Long Learners?

Recent research indicates that traditional academic structures may not effectively promote self-directed learning. We investigated whether an experiential interdisciplinary projects program, called the Global Studies Program, increased readiness for self-directed learning (SDL) and life-long learning (LLL) using three methods: a nationally recognized course evaluation system called the Individual Development and Educational Assessment system (IDEA); an internal student project quality assessment protocol; and the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS). Student self-assessments through the IDEA system showed Global Studies Program students reported much greater progress in LLL-related skills than did national and local comparison groups. Similarly, review of student projects by independent faculty teams found Global Studies Program students consistently outscored on-campus project students in LLL-related measures by wide margins. The SDLRS also showed a positive, but less emphatic increase in SDL readiness among a Global Studies Program cohort. The research demonstrates the success of one experiential learning environment in promoting SDL/LLL, while raising interesting issues regarding alternative methods of measuring potential benefits.
Critical behavior of superfluid 4He in porous alumina

Abstract We have made ultrasonic measurements of the superfluid density and the dissipation in several porous alumina samples filled with 4 He. In one sample (formed by a sol-gel process) with high porosity (92%) and large pores (R=1600 A), we found that the superfluid density disappeared at the transition with essentially the bulk exponent of 0.67, as expected. However, in a second material (slip-cast from fine powder) with lower porosity (52%) and much smaller pores (R=110 A), the superfluid critical exponent was 0.83±.02. The difference in critical behavior in the two media was also reflected in the dissipation. The sound attenuation in the first sample was due to viscous motion of the normal fluid and did not show any unusual behavior at the superfluid transition. In the small pore sample, on the other hand, there was a clear critical attenuation peak centered at the transition temperature.
Theory of energetic trapped particle-induced resistive interchange-ballooning modes

A theory describing the influence of energetic trapped particles on resistive‐interchange‐ballooning modes in tokamaks is presented. It is shown that a population of hot particles trapped in the region of adverse curvature can resonantly interact with and destabilize the resistive interchange mode, which is stable in their absence because of favorable average curvature. The mode is different from the usual resistive interchange mode not only in its destablization mechanism, but also in that it has a real component to its frequency comparable to the precessional drift frequency of the rapidly circulating energetic species. Corresponding growth rate and threshold conditions for this trapped‐particle‐driven instability are derived and finite banana width effects are shown to have a stabilizing effect on the mode. Finally, the ballooning/tearing dispersion relation is generalized to include hot particles, so that both the ideal and the resistive modes are derivable in the appropriate limits.
Effect of pharmacological manipulations of neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing factor neurotransmission on incubation of conditioned fear

We recently developed a procedure to study fear incubation in which rats given 100 tone-shock pairings over 10 days show low fear 2 days after conditioned fear training and high fear after 30 or 60 days. Here, we studied the role of the stress-related peptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), in fear incubation. We gave rats either 10 or 100 30-s tone-0.5-s footshock pairings over 1 day (short training) or 10 days (long training) and then assessed tone-cue-induced conditioned suppression of lever responding 2 days after short training or 2 days and 1 month after long training. Prior to testing, we injected NPY (5-10 microg, i.c.v.), the NPY Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO3304 (20-40 microg, i.c.v.), the NPY Y2 receptor antagonist BIIE0246 (2.5-5 mg/kg s.c.), the non-selective CRF receptor antagonist D-Phe CRF(12-41) (10 microg, i.c.v.), or the CRF1 receptor antagonist MTIP (10-20 mg/kg s.c.). Conditioned suppression after long training was higher after 1 month than after 2 days (fear incubation); conditioned suppression was robustly expressed 2 days after short training (non-incubated fear). Both incubated and non-incubated fear responses were attenuated by NPY. In contrast, D-Phe CRF(12-41), MTIP, BIBO3304, or BIIE0246 had no effect on conditioned fear at the different time points. Results confirm previous work on the potent effect of exogenous NPY administration on conditioned fear, but the negative results with BIBO3304 and BIIE0246 question whether endogenous NPY contributes to incubated (or non-incubated) fear. Results also suggest that CRF receptors are not involved in cue-induced fear in the conditioned suppression procedure.
Dental care experience of HIV-infected men in Chicago

In this article, 125 HIV-infected patients at three H IV / AIDS clinics in Chicago were personally surveyed to learn if they have difficulty in securing dental care. Approximately half of the patients who sought dental care disclosed their H IV status to the dentist, and 97% o f those patients received the dental care sought. Press reports and surveys of dentists in the United States suggest that HIV-infected persons may have considerable difficulty in securing dental care. To determine the actual experience of HIV-infected people, a personal interview survey of 125 HIV-infected patients at three HIV/AIDS clinics in Chicago was conducted. The 61 subjects who sought dental care after learning that they were HIV positive were generally successful. Those who concealed their status encountered no difficulty, but one of 32 who disclosed it was refused care. Twenty-five of 26 dentists who knew their patients had HIV infection chose to treat them. Informed, nonrandom selection of dentists by the persons surveyed may partially explain the apparent discrepancy between their experience and that predicted by formal random surveys of dentists.
Limit analysis of flow through conical converging dies

Abstract A variety of mathematical models may be used to analyse plastic deformation during a metal-forming process. One of these methods—limit analysis—places the estimate of required power between an upper bound and a lower bound. The upper and lower bound analyses are designed so that the actual power or forming stress requirement is less than that predicted by the upper bound and greater than that predicted by the lower bound. Finding a lower upper bound and a higher lower bound reduces the uncertainty of the actual power requirement. Upper and lower bounds will permit the determination of such quantities as required forces, limitations on the process, optimal die design, flow patterns, and prediction and prevention of defects. Fundamental to the development of both upper bound and lower bound solutions is the division of the body into zones. For each of the zones there is written either a velocity field (upper bound) or a stress field (lower bound). A better choice of zones and fields brings the calculated values closer to actual values. In the present work, both upper and lower bound solutions are presented for axisymmetric flow through conical converging dies. For the upper bound triangular velocity fields have been solved and compared to previously published work on spherical velocity fields. It is found that each type provides a lower solution over a part of the range of process variables. A previously published lower bound solution for axisymmetric flow is refined.
System Performance and Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis of Airbreathing Pulse Detonation Engines

A modular approach to the study of system performance and thermodynamic cycle efficiency of airbreathing pulse detonation engines (PDEs) is described. Each module represents a specific component of the engine, and its dynamic behavior is formulated using conservation laws in either one or two spatial dimensions. A framework is established for assessing quantitatively the influence of all known processes on engine dynamics. Various loss mechanisms limiting the PDE performance are identified. As a specific example, a supersonic PDE for high-altitude applications is studied comprehensively. The effects of chamber configuration and operating sequence on the engine propulsive efficiency are examined. The results demonstrate the existence of an optimum cycle frequency and valve close-up time for achieving maximum performance in terms of thrust and specific impulse. Furthermore, a choked convergent-divergent nozzle is required to render the PDE competitive with other airbreathing propulsion systems, such as gas-turbine and ramjet engines.
Source-Region EMP Simulator - A Parallel Plate Transmission Line in the Aurora Test Cell

In summary, the authors believe that the natural limitations of AURORA as an SREMP simulator can be overcome by the use of a supplementary pulsed field source--a transmission line simulator. Distortion due to conductive line-loading can be minimized by lowering the line impedance and sectoring the line into a high impedance ionizing sector and a low-impedance, non-ionizing sector. Gases other than air may prove useful in the ionizing ("working volume") sector. Gas properties to be exploited are: high atomic number, low attachment rate, and non-linear conduction.