cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity analysis for transonic unsteady aeroelastic constraints

A method for calculating the sensitivities for transonic unsteady aeroelastic constraints with respect to structural design variables (skin thickness, spar thickness, spar cap cross-sectional areas, etc.) is presented. The method requires that the transonic unsteady aerodynamics be represented in the frequency or Laplace domain. This Indicial Response Technique was used to transform time domain aerodynamics found by solving the TSD equations into the Laplace domain. The indicial responses are performed about a static aeroelastic equilibrium found using the TSD equations for the steady aerodynamics. Once in the Laplace domain the unsteady aerodynamics are used to develop semianalytic equations for the constraint sensitivities. These sensitivity equations include a nonlinear term that must be calculated by finite differences at a considerable computational cost. If a static rigid equilibrium is used, this term vanishes producing fully analytic sensitivities. This method of sensitivity calculation will allow formal unsteady aeroelastic optimization in the transonic flight regime. (Author)
Synergistic effects of insulin-like growth factor-I and human chorionic gonadotropin in the rat ovary.

Insulin and low doses of luteinizing hormone (LH) activity (human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG]) act synergistically in the rat to produce anovulation, large ovarian cysts, and elevated plasma androstenedione levels. Further, both insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I) affect the ability of gonadotropins to enhance both ovarian theca and granulosa cell function in vitro. The present series of experiments were performed to determine if recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) can act in a manner similar to insulin when combined with subovulatory doses of hCG in adult normally cycling rats. Fifty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups at the age of 64 days: (A) vehicle alone (controls, phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.09% pig gelatin), (B) twice-daily subcutaneous injections of 0.5 to 3.0 U insulin, (C) twice-daily subcutaneous injections of 1.5 U hCG, (D) both insulin and hCG, (E) twice-daily subcutaneous injections of rhIGF-I (2.5 mg/kg/d), and (F) both hCG and rhIGF-I. After 22 days of treatment, the animals were killed on day 23, trunk blood was collected, and the ovaries were excised for histological study. Eight of 9 control rats and 5 or 6 of 9 rats treated with insulin, hCG, or rhIGF-I alone displayed normal estrus cycles throughout the in vivo treatment period as assessed by daily vaginal smears. In marked contrast, only 1 animal treated with hCG + insulin and 2 animals treated with hCG + rhIGF-I continued to display vaginal smears indicative of normal cycling. Multiple large ovarian follicular cysts were found only in these latter 2 groups (3 of 9 animals in each group). Mean serum testosterone levels were significantly elevated inanimals receiving insulin + hCG (0.72 ± 0.28 v 0.17 ± 0.03 ng/mL in controls, P = .05). Mean serum androstenedione levels were significantly elevated in animals receiving hCG and animals receiving rhIGF-I + hCG (5.57 ± 0.99 and 2.39 ± 0.68 ng/mL, respectively, v 0.14 ±0.14 ng/mL in controls, P P
Relative impact of course components at Outward Bound Singapore: a retrospective study of long-term outcomes

This study examined the long-term impact of specific course components on participants who attended a 21-day Outward Bound Singapore course between 1997 and 2005. In total, 1029 questionnaires were sent out by mail. Participants were given a choice to complete the questionnaire on paper or online. A total of 318 questionnaires were successfully completed (209 by mail and 109 by the Internet) which resulted in an overall response rate of 34.29%. A series of hierarchical regressions was utilized to explore how course components contributed to participant perceptions of course long-term impact. The results assert there is long-term impact on past participants' lives, even if they participated in the course as far back as 1997. Specific course components that contributed to long-term impact were personal reflection time, group debriefing time, and outdoor activities. The course instructor was not a significant contributor to long-term impact.
Cortical blindness as a rare presentation of cerebral venous thrombosis

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians. Manifesting in a remarkably wide spectrum of symptoms and signs, CVT often presents in a misleading fashion—if unrecognized or misdiagnosed, it carries potentially fatal consequences. Visual loss is quite rare as the initial presentation of CVT and is typically a finding more frequent in chronic cases with associated papilledema on funduscopy Ferro, Lopes, Rosas and Fontes (Delay in Hospital Admission of Patients with Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 19 :152–6). We report a rare case of acute cortical blindness as the initial presentation of CVT in an 18-year-old female patient and review the current literature.
Additive genetic effects on circulating periostin contribute to the heritability of bone microstructure

Context: Genetic factors account for 60–80% of the areal bone mineral density (aBMD) variance, whereas the heritability of bone microstructure is not clearly established. aBMD and microstructure are under the control of osteocytes, which regulate bone formation through the expression of molecules such as sclerostin (SOST) and periostin (POSTN). Objective: We hypothesized that additive genetic effects contribute to serum levels of SOST and POSTN and thereby to the individual variance of bone microstructure. Subjects and Methods: In a retrospective analysis of 432 subjects from the Geneva Retiree Cohort age 64.9 ± 1.4 years and 96 of their offspring age 37.9 ± 5.7 years, we measured serum SOST (sSOST) and serum POSTN (sPOSTN), distal radius and tibia microstructure, hip and lumbar spine aBMD, and bone turnover markers, Heritability (h2, %) was calculated as twice the slope of the regression (β) between parents and offspring. Results: cPOSTN levels were significantly higher in men than women and in offspring...
Interaction between protocol levels in a prioritized CMSA broadcast network

Abstract The high communication bandwidths and low propagation delays available to local area networks have motivated multiplexing techniques that are significantly different from those utilized in geographically distributed networks. In recent years, several local networks have successfully multiplexed a broadcast medium for communication among multiple digital systems. The Hyperchannel product of the Network Systems Corporation is the most ambitious of these networks yet attempted. Discrete event simulation studies of the Hyperchannel demonstrate surprising performance variations resulting from rather subtle protocol, timing, and topology changes. Early analytic and simulation studied showed the effectiveness of the lowest level Hyperchannel contention mechanisms. Later simulations, including the next level of microcoded error and flow control protocols, showed that great care must be taken to maintain high trunk utilization through both protocol levels. Examples of performance degradation arising from interaction between the two protocol levels illustrate the type of information that can be obtained from simulation analysis of communication systems too complex for current state of the art mathematical models.
Digoxin and clinical outcomes in systolic heart failure patients on contemporary background heart failure therapy.

Previous trials have shown that digoxin was beneficial in patients with heart failure (HF). However, these studies were conducted before the incorporation of β blockers as standard therapy for patients with HF. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of digoxin in patients with HF on a contemporary regimen of renin-angiotensin inhibition and β blockade. In 347 almost exclusively men, data pertaining to the index hospitalization and occurrence of all-cause mortality or readmission for HF were collected. Cox proportional hazard modeling was used. Patients on digoxin therapy had a lower left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF), higher prevalence of previous hospitalizations for HF and atrial fibrillation, and lower prevalence of hypertension. After adjustment for age, LVEF, history of HF hospitalizations, New York Heart Association class, presence of chronic renal insufficiency, presence of atrial fibrillation, and prescriptions for β blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, HF hospitalizations (hazard ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77 to 1.50, p = 0.66), total mortality (hazard ratio 1.03, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.35, p = 0.85), or the combined end point of HF hospitalization and total mortality (hazard ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.53, p = 0.52) were not different in patients using digoxin compared with those not using digoxin. Clinical outcomes were not different in subgroups of patients with EF ≤25%, New York Heart Association class III or IV, atrial fibrillation, heart rate ≤60 beats/min, or patients on β-blocker therapy. In conclusion, digoxin use was not associated with a decrease in HF hospitalizations or overall mortality rates in a cohort of hospitalized patients with HF with LV systolic dysfunction on contemporary background HF treatment including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and β blockers.
The global potential for Agave as a biofuel feedstock

Large areas of the tropics and subtropics are too arid or degraded to support food crops, but Agave species may be suitable for biofuel production in these regions. We review the potential of Agave species as biofuel feedstocks in the context of ecophysiology, agronomy, and land availability for this genus globally. Reported dry biomass yields of Agave spp., when annualized, range from o 1t o 34Mgha � 1 yr � 1 without irrigation, depending on species and location. Some of the most productive species have not yet been evaluated at a commercial scale. Approximately 0.6Mha of land previously used to grow Agave for coarse fibers have fallen out of production, largely as a result of competition with synthetic fibers. Theoretically, this crop area alone could provide 6.1billionL of ethanol if Agave were reestablished as a bioenergy feedstock without causing indirect land use change. Almost one-fifth of the global land surface is semiarid, suggesting there may be large opportunities for expansion of Agave crops for feedstock, but more field trials are needed to determine tolerance boundaries for different Agave species.
The Role of Military and Veterans Affairs Chaplains in the Treatment of Alcohol Problems

Chaplains can play a unique and valuable role in the treatment of alcohol dependence, a condition that has physical, psychological, and spiritual dimensions. To best fulfill this role, chaplains need to have a broad understanding of the nature of alcohol problems and current strategies for effectively interacting with individuals who have these problems, especially those with severe problems, and with their families. This article is designed to expand the chaplain’s knowledge about alcohol use disorders as well as evidence-based treatments and to offer recommendations on how chaplains can promote recovery of individuals with alcohol-related problems.
Standards of Care: Potential Implications for the Counseling Profession

The potential implications for development of professionally defined “standards of care” treatment procedures for mental health counseling are presented. The role of xpert witnesses in malpractice cases is examined as one source from which the standards are currently derived. The influence of managed care on the current clinical practices is noted. Finally, the importance of using outcome research as the basis for developing a “best practices” concept of standards of care is discussed. The authors note difficulties and challenges involved in making a commitment to what could be the next major impetus to the mental health movement.
Aging and Altered Resistance to Infection

Altogether, microbial and parasitic diseases constitute the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They affect preferentially the very young and the elderly, the two age groups that are deficient in immunological competence. This chapter is a review of some of the organisms that are particularly devastating to the elderly. A portion of the chapter deals with the remarkable variability that those microorganisms are capable of manifesting in order to ensure their adequacy to reproduce in their hosts.
Transient rRNA synthesis inhibition with CX-5461 is sufficient to elicit growth arrest and cell death in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells

Enhanced rRNA synthesis is a downstream effect of many of the signaling pathways that are aberrantly activated in cancer, such as the PI3K/mTOR and MAP kinase pathways. Recently, two new rRNA synthesis inhibitors have demonstrated therapeutic effects on cancer cells while sparing normal cells. One of them, CX-5461, is currently in phase 1 clinical trials for hematological malignancies. Here, we investigate the effectiveness of transient treatment with this drug on acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Our results show that short exposure to CX-5461 followed by drug washout is sufficient to induce persistent G2 cell-cycle arrest and irreversible commitment to cell death, in spite of rRNA synthesis returning to normal within 24 hours of drug washout. The magnitude of cell death after transient exposure is similar to continuous exposure, but the time to cell death is relatively delayed with transient exposure. In this report, we also investigate rational drug combinations that can potentiate the effect of continuous CX-5461 treatment. We show that the checkpoint abrogator UCN-01 can relieve CX-5461-induced G2 arrest and potentiate the cytotoxic effects of CX-5461. Finally, we show that ERK1/2 is activated upon CX-5461 treatment, and that pharmacological inhibition of MEK1/2 leads to enhanced cell death in combination with CX-5461. In summary, our results provide evidence for the effectiveness of CX-5461 pulse treatment, which may minimize drug related toxicity, and evidence for enhanced effectiveness of CX-5461 in combination with other targeted agents.
Conditions of Boundary Crossing Research

The researchers’ information activities do not take place in isolation. Their ability to import and export across disciplinary boundaries and conduct integrative research projects is moderated by the organizational and cultural conditions of their work environment. What forces affect interdisciplinary information practices and processes, and what are the conditions of work that lead to successful boundary crossing research? The researchers’ everyday work practices, affinities, affiliations, and interactions direct attention to certain problem areas and in time work to change the shape of disciplines. Global and local organizational structures also influence what problems are addressed and how individuals investigate these problems. In the scientists’ work worlds there are centrifugal forces that help to move people, things, and ideas outward into other domains, and centripetal forces that work to hold elements together in established frameworks. The Center’s research environment has been deliberately designed to facilitate boundary crossing research activities, and many scientists thrive in this climate. There are others who, despite the Center’s amenities, spend little time there. Their cases highlight features and predilections of interdisciplinary research that are not dependent on the Center’s resources.
Paul A. Christensen, Japan, Alcoholism, and Masculinity: Suffering Sobriety in Tokyo

Most foreign visitors to Japan have noted the widespread societal tolerance of public drunkenness as they gingerly step over inebriated salarymen and pools of vomit as they try to catch the last tr...
Stereotactic and computer-assisted neurosurgery at the Cleveland Clinic: review of 501 consecutive cases.

BACKGROUND Stereotactic and computer-assisted techniques have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of many disorders of the brain by directing surgical instruments, the surgeon’s hands, or focused radiation to an imaged target along predefined routes. METHODS This report reviews the basic principles and techniques of stereotactic and computer-assisted procedures in 501 consecutive procedures. RESULTS Procedures performed include biopsy; decompression of cysts, hematomas, ventricles, and abscesses; “point,” computer-assisted volumetric, and frameless stereotactic resection of brain lesions; placement of depth electrodes; treatment of movement or pain disorders; implantation of radioactive seeds in malignant tumors; and radiosurgery. CONCLUSIONS Overall, image-directed stereotactic neurosurgery proved safe, accurate, and versatile.
Extracting Information From Unresolved Sources

An optical vortex coronagraph strips the point spread function from an apparent single light source to reveal otherwise hidden spatial information. Simple power measurements reveal statistical moments of the distribution.
B-Vitamin Supplements Required for Soy Flour-Wheat Germ Diet Used in Rearing Tobacco Budworms

Although no definitive studies have been made on the quantitative or qualitative requirements of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), for B vitamins, most insects require biotin, B12, folic acid, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamine as essential nutrients (House 1965). One goal in the development of the soy flour-wheat germ diet was the reduction of costs in large-scale rearing of the tobacco budworm. Since a high quality vacuum-packed wheat germ containing many of the essential B vitamins was incorporated into this diet, we determined if the Bvitamin supplement could be reduced, quantitatively and qualitatively, to reduce further the costs of rearing the tobacco budworm.
Incipient Motion and Sediment Transport

A review of existing literature reveals some disadvantages of using Shields diagram as the criterion for incipient motion of sediment particles on an alluvial bed. A new criterion based on average flow velocity, fall velocity, and shear velocity Reynolds number is proposed herein with the supporting data collected by different investigators. This new criterion is used to calculate the dimensionless critical unit stream power in a dimensionless unit stream power equation for sediment transport. The dimensionless unit stream power is the ratio of the time rate of potential energy expenditure per unit weight of water and the terminal fall velocity of the sediment. More than 1,000 sets of data from both laboratory flumes and natural streams published by different authors are used to support this dimensionless equation for sediment transport.
Application and Management Information Platform for Transmission Line Monitoring System

Transmission line is a very important component of the smart grid.For the safety operation,the monitoring system has been built to monitor the lightning,icing,contamination,weather,and wind vibration conditions of the transmission line.We mainly studied the application and management platform of this online monitoring system,designed the overall system architecture,and built an operation-information-and-data system of the transmission line by the information from the monitoring devices and the monitoring system.This system can evaluate the sensor's reliability by algorithms,and has advanced functions of transmission line fault early warning,fault analysis,data mining analysis,operation condition evaluation,operation environment evaluation.With these functions,this system can report the early warning to different users,to avoid major accidents,and to guarantee stable operation of power grid.
Anti-viral activity of rhubarb extract and emodin in rotavirus-infected cells

Objective To evaluate the antiviral effect of rhubarb extract and emodin on human rotavirus(RV)R709-infected cells.Methods Cytopathic effect(CPE)of human RV R709 was examined by infection of monkey African green kidney MA-104 cell line.Viral inhibition rate was detected by MTT colorimetric assay and the anti-rotavirus effect of rhubarb extract and emodin was evaluated by therapeutic index(TI).Preventive effects were evaluated through analysis of virucidal effect and the anti-viral biosynthesis effect.Ribavirin was used as the anti-viral positive control.Results The extract from rhubarb showed significant and dose-dependent inhibitory activity against rotavirus in MA-104 cells when the extract was added at different stages of viral replication cycles.The 50% inhibitory concentrations(IC50)were(101.08±1.57)mg/L,(111.27±4.94)mg/L and(46.88±3.50)mg/L for rhubarb extract and(35.94±6.80)mg/L,(12.25±0.93)mg/L and(13.65±1.08)mg/L for emodin when the addition of the extract or emodin was before,during and after the viral infection,respectively;and the therapeutic index(TI)were(3.13±0.13),(3.45±0.06)and(7.45±0.56)for rhubarb extract and(0.37±0.07),(1.07±0.08),(0.95±0.08)for emodin,respectively.Conclusions Rhubarb extract is highly effective inhibiting RV in virus infected MA-104 cells,while emodin only showed mild antivirus activity.
Children’s Participation in Legal Proceedings: Stress, Coping, and Consequences

Participating in legal proceedings can be highly distressing and potentially detrimental to children’s well-being, both immediately and over time. In this review, we discuss how children cope with such participation. We focus primarily on children’s experiences and coping when they witnessed or endured crimes and are subsequently involved in criminal or dependency cases, though when possible we include evidence of children’s coping when involved in divorce cases. In the first section, we describe the most challenging, or stressful, facets of legal cases for children. In the second section, we discuss characteristics within children and in their external environment that likely modulate how they cope with legal involvement. We also offer several recommendations about methods that should facilitate children’s coping and reduce potential harm during the case and after it has ended. We close by highlighting several critical questions that remain regarding how best to facilitate children’s involvement in and coping with legal involvement.
Not every Gibbs sampler is a special case of the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm

ABSTRACTIt is commonly asserted that the Gibbs sampler is a special case of the Metropolis–Hastings (MH) algorithm. While this statement is true for certain Gibbs samplers, it is not true in general for the version that is taught and used most often, namely, the deterministic scan Gibbs sampler. In this note, I prove that that there exist deterministic scan Gibbs samplers that do not exhibit detailed balance and hence cannot be considered MH samplers. The nuances of various Gibbs sampling schemes are discussed.
Next generation sequencing identifies ‘interactome’ signatures in relapsed and refractory metastatic colorectal cancer

The West Cancer Center; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC); UTHSC research grant
Taxonomic notes and new species of the southern African genus Babiana (Iridaceae: Crocoideae)

A member of Iridaceae subfamily Crocoideae. Babiana Ker Gawl. comprises some 80 species from southern Africa. Field studies have shown the need for several taxonomic and nomenclatural changes, while a number of new species have been discovered. The type of B flabellifolia Harv. ex Klatt is a short-tubed plant that matches B. truncata GJ.Lewis. and that name falls into synonymy. The name B. flabellifolia sensu GJ.Lewis (1959) has been misapplied to long-tubed plants from the western Karoo which are now renamed B. praemorsa sp. nov. In addition. B. truncata , as originally circumscribed, included two species, one short-tubed and a second with a longer tube, which we describe here as B. cuneata sp. nov. The type off? hypogaea Burch, has also been misinterpreted and matches the species described as B.flavida . which thus falls into the synonymy of B hypogaea . A second species. B.falcata GJ.Lewis. closely matches this species and is also reduced to synonymy. The widespread southern African species long known as B hypogaea ( hypogea sensu GJ.Lewis) matches the type ol B. bainesii Baker and must now be known by that name. Babiana stricta var. erectifolia (GJ.Lewis) GJ.Lewis is appropriately included in typical B. stricta (Aiton) Ker Gawl. However, var. regia GJ.Lewis is a very different plant and is treated as a separate species. B. regia comb, et stat. nov.. as is long-tubed var. grandiflora GJ.Lewis. which is described as the new species, B. longiflora sp. nov. Plants included in B. stricta var. sulphurea sensu GJ.Lewis are also included in var. stricta. We are unable to match the type of Gladiolus sulphureus Jacq.. basionym of var. sulphurea (Jacq.) Baker, with any known species and the name is thus excluded. Lastly, the name B. disticha Ker Gaw l., type of the genus, is superfluous for Gladiolus fragrans Jacq. and the new combination B fragrans comb. nov. is made, reducing B. disticha to synonymy. Babiana fragrans Eckl., which was thought to prevent the transfer of G. fragrans . is a nomen nudum and thus invalid and cannot be taken into account in considerations of nomenclatural priority.
Restaurant managers' knowledge of food allergies : A comparison of differences by chain or independent affiliation, type of service and size

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine restaurant managers, and/or operators' knowledge of food allergies and the level of food allergy training given their employees. The study describes managers' knowledge of food allergies, restaurant procedures for training food service employees about food allergies, and respondents' background by level of education, chain or independent affiliation, size of their establishment, and number of employees. Research was conducted in two phases: (1) respondents contributed information and opinions about food allergies and employee training of food allergies in their restaurants and (2) a survey instrument was designed to evaluate manager knowledge of food allergies. Knowledge scores regarding food allergies include managers' overall knowledge of food allergies (84.8%); managers' ability to discriminate between food allergies and food poisoning (90.4%); and managers' ability to perceive the difference between food poisoning and food intolerances (95.5%). These a...
12. The Potential Benefits of a Fire Safety Program Within Emergency Medical Services: A Point-of-Contact Intervention

Purpose : To determine how often house fires occur at addresses visited previously for emergency medical services (EMS) and were these visits missed opportunities for a point-of-contact fire safety intervention. Method : Retrospective analysis of all Fire Department (FD) responses during 1994. Data studied with descriptive statistics: reason for response, property type, dollar loss estimate, injuries, fatalities, fire cause, smoke detector operation. Results : The FD responded to 94,378 requests for service at 43,556 addresses. 27,406 addresses generated one response. However, 16,150 addresses had multiple requests, receiving 66,972 responses. For the multiple requests, 1,162 addresses had a fire condition of which 728 addresses requested EMS prior to the fire condition. 215 were one/two-family dwelling addresses receiving 489 responses; mean 2.3 EMS responses prior to the fire condition. 182/215 (85%) of these addresses had complete data, incurring a dollar loss estimate of [US]$2,017,470, 33 injuries and 0 fatalities. The top five causes for the fire condition were children playing with smoking materials, arson, suspicious, scorched food and undetermined. 87/182 (49%) of the one/two-family dwellings had a smoke detector present. However, only 31/182 (17%) of the dwellings had an operational smoke detector.
Regulation, Auditor Litigation and Settlements

This paper aims to understand the determinants of lawsuits against auditors in securities class action litigation and the settlement pattern by auditors when the suit is not dismissed. The issues we consider are: (i) when are auditors named as defendants (ii) when do auditors choose to settle and (iii) what proportion of the settlement do auditors pay in relation to the settlement by all the other parties; and (iv) differences in settlement strategies among the big-n firms. We also want to understand how these suit and settlement patterns have changed following the enactment of major regulation such as the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (PSLRA), Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX). Following prior literature, we first establish that auditors are more likely both to be named and to settle in cases involving restatement of earnings, accusations of violation of GAAP or accounting improprieties. We then show that the likelihood of suit and settlement increase in a measure that we construct measuring the complexity of litigation. We then examine differences in settlement patterns across periods preceding and after the passage of PSLRA and SOX. We find that auditors are named less often in the post PSLRA period (relative to the pre-PSLRA period), settle with the same frequency in both periods but pay less proportional damages. The same set of comparisons show that auditors are just as likely to be sued post-SOX as pre-SOX, but settle with lower frequency and pay the same proportion of damages. Overall this study documents the beneficial role of both PSLRA and SOX on reducing the litigation burden on auditors. With regard to settlement strategies, we document the varying strategies employed by the Big-n firms that settle at different rates, vary in their aggressiveness and time to settle signaling the willingness to fight or cooperate in the settlement.
Locating the Earliest “Critics”

“Locating the Earliest ‘Critics’” employs current theories of spatial production by such writers as Henri Lefebvre to examine the space of the early stage, and how this setting impacted the relationship between the playwrights and their audiences, as well as any dynamic connections among them. I borrow next from Foucault’s notion of convenientia and aemulato, as well as other important rhetorical terms of the early modern period such as exemplum and similitude. I apply his notion of “resemblance” in general to the Marlowe/Shakespeare connection, for as he reminds us, a dynamic relation between similar objects—or for my argument, similar writers—represents “a sort of natural twinship existing in things” that emulate one another. More specifically, I suggest that Marlowe and Shakespeare are critically constructed more in terms of opposites or parallels rather than with objective comparisons.
Sex trafficking in the United States: Theory, research, policy and practice

In Sex Trafficking in the United States, Andrea Nichols provides an in-depth exploration of sex trafficking by covering key legislative decisions that impact victims and offenders, while also debun...
Hybrid mechanisms for Vickrey–Clarke–Groves and generalized second-price bids

This paper analyzes mechanisms for selling advertising opportunities for several different positions on a page that would enable some advertisers to bid using Vickrey–Clarke–Groves (VCG) pricing while other advertisers bid using generalized second-price (GSP) pricing. I focus on a setting in which the number of ads displayed may vary with the advertisers’ bids and showing fewer ads enables the remaining ads to obtain more clicks. I illustrate the types of mechanisms one can construct that would ensure that VCG bidders have an incentive to bid truthfully, GSP bidders cannot obtain the same number of clicks at a lower price by varying their bid, and if all bidders bid using VCG (GSP) pricing, then the outcome is the same as it would be under the VCG (GSP) mechanism.
A compact model for selectors based on metal doped electrolyte

A selector device that demonstrates high nonlinearity and low switching voltages was fabricated using HfOx as a solid electrolyte doped with Ag electrodes. The electronic conductance of the volatile conductive filaments responsible for the switching was studied under both static and dynamic conditions. A compact model is developed from this study that describes the physical processes of the formation and rupture of the Ag filament(s). A dynamic capacitance model is used to fit the transient current traces under different voltage bias, which enables the extraction of parameters associated with the various parasitic components in the device.
Destructive Ecstasies: Wargasm and the Joy of Violence

In this chapter, we look at some of the ways that ecstasy has been redirected into violence, transgression, and destruction. In the fascination with violent films and videos of vampires and ghosts, in “wargasm” and joy of killing, we see a transformation of the supernatural and transcendent into the superstitious and dark. Here, we examine ecstatic violence and the joys of terrorism. When no religious form of ecstasy is accessible (whether because it is false, or only available in the future), the desire for intensity can turn to the current evil and monstrous, or to the future apocalypse. Here, we examine the ecstasy of transgression, and the ways that violence has been incorporated into religions, including the tensions between the ethical and the mystical
Creating a Space for Practical Wisdom: The Dance of Transcendence Incarnate

I argue that women’s practical wisdom and the dimensions of knowing, imagining, and acting in the world are shared goals of theorists in feminist philosophy of religion and theorists in feminist critical pedagogy. In this chapter I seek to create a space, for reader and writer, to weave together the voices of Pamela Sue Anderson, Michele Le Doeuff, bell hooks, and Maxine Greene in a conversation to nurture women’s practical wisdom. This interdisciplinary dialogue, the first involving these four theorists together, creates a space for women to transcend the status quo in thinking critically and practically. Transcendence comes about when generating a certain sacred ground on which women come together, figuratively and literally in written word, shared images, dreams, and dialogue, to imagine the new. The dance of transcendence incarnate, for me, describes a community of flourishing women acting confidently and freely in a world-engaging movement of life. As in a dance, transcendence involves individuals in community engaging mind and body, the cognitive and the practical, where each person becomes a subject embodying practical wisdom. Hope emerges as women learn together in textual and actual dialogues.
Questions 41–50

This chapter illustrates a variety of different scenarios of rheumatic disease in succinct question and answer format. It contains ten complex cases with potentially unusual diagnoses designed to stimulate thought and further reading in this rapidly evolving specialty.
Adenotonsillectomy and postoperative respiratory adverse events: A retrospective study

Objectives Postoperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs) are known complications following adenotonsillectomy (AT). Clinical data at a single institution were reviewed to investigate the factors that may contribute to PRAEs in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). The relationship between PRAEs in the PACU and escalation of care, defined as either an unplanned admission for outpatient surgery or unplanned pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, was investigated. Methods The perioperative records for all patients who underwent AT from 2016 to 2018 were reviewed. The surgical procedure was performed at both the main campus and the ambulatory surgery center in accordance with the institutional obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) guidelines. Patient characteristics and intraoperative medications were compared. Categorical variables were summarized as counts with percentages and compared using chi-square tests or Fisher's exact tests. Continuous variables were summarized as medians with interquartile ranges and compared using rank-sum tests. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association of intraoperative dosing with the occurrence of PRAEs. Results The study cohort included 6110 patients. Ninety-three patients (2%) experienced PRAEs in the PACU. Of these 93 patients, 14 (15%) resulted in an escalation of care, nearly all of which were unplanned PICU admissions. PRAEs tended to occur in younger patients, non-Hispanic black patients, and those with a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status. Conclusions PRAEs are infrequent after AT at a tertiary institution with OSA guidelines in place. However, when PRAEs do occur, escalation of care may be required. Risk factors include age, ethnic background, and ASA physical status. Level of evidence III.
Aerial Imagery based LIDAR Localization for Autonomous Vehicles.

This paper presents a localization technique using aerial imagery maps and LIDAR based ground reflectivity for autonomous vehicles in urban environments. Traditional localization techniques using LIDAR reflectivity rely on high definition reflectivity maps generated from a mapping vehicle. The cost and effort required to maintain such prior maps are generally very high because it requires a fleet of expensive mapping vehicles. In this work we propose a localization technique where the vehicle localizes using aerial/satellite imagery, eradicating the need to develop and maintain complex high-definition maps. The proposed technique has been tested on a real world dataset collected from a test track in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This research concludes that aerial imagery based maps provides real-time localization performance similar to state-of-the-art LIDAR based maps for autonomous vehicles in urban environments at reduced costs.
Geographically Weighted Regression

The family of geographically weighted regression (GWR) methods has seen its wide applications in a variety of fields including ecology, agriculture, social science, and public health. The popularity of these methods stems from their ability to depict spatial heterogeneity, easy interpretation of outputs, and the availability of user-friendly software tools. These methods have evolved extensively in the recent decade to address the challenges of multicolinearity in predictors and variable selection in the era of big data, and a comprehensive review is needed to raise both awareness and practical validation of these progresses. Equally needed is an up-to-date introduction to the associated software packages, especially those developed on the popular statistical software platform R. This chapter provides a systematic overview of the foundation and recent development of the methodology of GWR, with a balance between rigidity and practicality. Via a case study, this chapter also offers step-by-step guideline to the use of three major GWR-dedicated R packages, including their facilities for multicolinearity diagnosis and variable selection. We hope a broadened user group of these methods will in turn motivate more methodological advances and improve the contribution of GWR methods to global health.
19. CHARACTERIZING HIGH-VALUE LEADERSHIP TRAINING IN PEDIATRIC RESIDENCY PROGRAMS

Background Increasingly, physicians serve as leaders in varying roles, but often with minimal dedicated leadership training. Existing pediatric residency competencies may not provide a complete description of all leadership skills that should be valued. Objective We sought to identify a set of high-value leadership skills and evaluate current training in these skills in pediatric residency programs. Methods A modified Delphi process that incorporated multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional input was used to identify and define a list of core leadership skills. After reaching consensus, we conducted a national survey of pediatric residency program directors. Programs were asked to rate the perceived importance of each identified leadership skill and the presence of dedicated teaching of these skills during residency. Skills identified as extremely or quite important by e90% of respondents were classified as high-value. Results The modified Delphi process generated 16 core leadership skills to evaluate. A total of 67/204 residency programs (33%) completed the survey. 13 of the 16 leadership skills were rated extremely or quite important by e75% of programs. Six skills met criteria to be considered high-value: managing time effectively (97.0% of programs ranked extremely/quite important), receiving feedback (97.0%), communicating effectively through speaking (97.0%), embodying professionalism (95.5%), demonstrating emotional intelligence (92.5%), and addressing conflict (92.5%). Only 19.4% (13/67) of responding programs reported providing dedicated teaching time for all 6 of the essential skills. The most commonly reported modality for teaching leadership skills was didactic sessions (92.5% of programs). Conclusions Despite a high degree of national agreement among program directors about the importance of specific leadership skills, few pediatric residency programs dedicate time to teaching residents about these skills. We identified a set of high-value leadership skills that could serve as the foundation for developing a common pediatric residency leadership curriculum.
Short-term metformin ingestion by healthy older adults improves myoblast function

Muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) in aged muscle exhibit impaired activation into proliferating myoblasts, thereby impairing fusion and changes in secreted factors. The antihyperglycemic drug metformi...
24.1 A 6.2 GHz Single Ended Current Sense Amplifier (CSA) Based Compileable 8T SRAM in 7nm FinFET Technology

8T SRAM, using domino read, is preferred for small-size and high-performance arrays [1]. Ripple domino circuitry relies on rail-to-rail readout, which forces a trade off between performance and the number of 8T cells on a local read bit line (RBL). To support larger array sizes, without sacrificing performance, arrays are segmented, and several segments are stitched to form the full array. Each segment requires local evaluation circuitry to connect local BL to global BLs. This local circuitry, along with the required layout fencing of each segment results in poor array efficiency.
Learning framework with joint task optimization applied to consumer health applications with behavioral nudges

We consider a consumer-facing healthcare mobile app that recommends optimal user behaviors based on the user’s current and historical engagement with the application, including both inferred and explicit preferences. The app separately pushes intermittent behavioral nudges to elicit specific optimal user health behaviors like messaging a healthcare provider or recording one’s meals after extended disengagement. We propose applying a reinforcement learning approach, and jointly optimizing the recommendation of a menu of items and sending the user behavioral nudges in a multi-stage paradigm. We propose this as an alternative to optimizing the recommendations and nudges separately or in sequence, as is the prevailing approach across different but analogous e-commerce recommender system settings. We argue that this solution approach optimizes user welfare in the short- and long-term across generalized reward functions.
Simplicity and Humility in Late Antique Christian Thought: Elites and the Challenges of Apostolic Life

The social values of upper-class Christians in Late Antiquity often contrasted with the modest backgrounds of their religion's founders – the apostles – and the virtues they exemplified. Drawing on examples from the Cappadocian Fathers, John Chrysostom, and other late antique authors, this book examines attitudes toward the apostles' status as manual workers and their virtues of simplicity and humility. Due to the strong connection between these traits and low socioeconomic status, late antique bishops often allowed their own high standing to influence how they understood these matters. The virtues of simplicity and humility had been a natural fit for tentmakers and fishermen, but posed a significant challenge to Christians born into the elite and trained in prestigious schools. This volume examines the socioeconomic implications of Christianity in the Roman Empire by considering how the first wave of powerful, upper-class church leaders interpreted the socially radical elements of their religion.
Thinking about thinking in paediatric critical care

Abstract Diagnostic errors are an important cause of adverse safety incidents in intensive care units. Many of these misdiagnoses can be attributed to cognitive errors; however relatively little importance is given to this topic in medical education. In this article, we describe how cognitive processes affect decision-making and how the human mind can be susceptible to error. We describe a universal model of cognition and decision-making called Dual Process Theory, which provides a framework to understand the key human cognitive processes and the biases that affect it. We provide three clinical cases as examples to describe common cognitive biases that can lead to diagnostic failures. Finally, we review potential debiasing strategies at individual and at organisational level that can help to mitigate the risks of cognitive errors in clinical decision-making.
Toward an Epistemology of the Form of the Informal City: Mapping the Process of Informal City Making

The current scale of poverty on the planet has overwhelmed the capacity of the formal market to incorporate the masses of impoverished settlers arriving to urban centers all over the world. The informal city now serves as the place for up to one-third of the planet’s urban population. Even with renewed interest in the role of design to improve informal settlements living conditions, the urban design discipline lacks a comprehensive understanding of variations within this urban phenomena and therefore, effective intervention tools. I believe that we must develop new multifaceted methodologies for intervening in informal settlements. This paper seeks to develop such methodologies by analyzing data collected from interviews with residents in informal settlements in the city of Medellin, Colombia, over a period of the last three years. This analysis challenges some misconceptions of urban informality still present in urban design literature in a search to inform more coherent methodologies for the near future.
Oxytetracycline toxicity associated with bovine respiratory disease therapy

Three hundred and forty-two heifer calves were assigned to three treatments; (1) 30 calves exposed to IBR/IPV virus (2) vaccinated against IBR/IPV virus and bovine diarrhoea virus and (3) non vaccinated controls. Treatment groups were housed in separate facilities to prevent spread of disease between groups. Incidence of bovine respiratory disease was 49.1% in exposed calves, 20.2% in vaccinated calves and 14% in controls. Respiratory disease was treated by either high dose (33 mg/kg) or low dose (11 mg/kg) of oxytetracycline (OTC), unresponsive animals were treated with sulfonamides. Of 51 calves treated with low doses of OTC, 25 responded and needed no further treatment, and 4 failed to respond and died. There was no difference in response between treatment groups. Of 45 treated with high doses of OTC 20 failed to respond and died. There was no significant difference in response to treatment with high or low dose OTC between calves fed rations of different calorific value. PM examinations showed lung lesions which ranged in severity from mild bronchopneumonia to severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia. Most pasteurella strains isolated were resistant to tetracyclines and sulfonamides. Diffuse renal tubular epithelial necrosis and tubular casts were seen in 19 of 20 calves that died after high dose OTC.