cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling impact cratering in layered surfaces

[1] Impact craters are potentially powerful tools for probing large-scale structure beneath planetary surfaces. However, the details of how target structure affects the impact cratering process and final crater forms remain poorly understood. Here, we present a study of cratering in layered surfaces using numerical simulations. We implement the rheologic model for geologic materials described by Collins et al. (2004) into the shock physics code CTH; this model includes pressure, temperature, and damage effects on strength as well the option to include acoustic fluidization. The model produces reasonable final crater shapes and damaged zones from laboratory to planetary scales. We show the effects of varying material strength parameters and discuss choosing appropriate strength parameters for laboratory and planetary situations. Results for cratering into idealized terrains with layers of differing material strength are presented. The presence of such layers in the target can significantly alter the ejecta curtain structure and the final crater morphology. Finally, we reproduce the morphologic variations that are observed in small lunar craters by modeling a weak regolith overlying competent rock.
IEEE information assurance activities

An information assurance (IA) community is forming around core activities of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) that include the recently approved IA Standards Committee (IASC), the Task Force on IA (TFIA), and an existing base of related IEEE groups and projects. A brief description is provided of the ideas and activities concerning redefinition of information assurance, works on standards, and initial collaborations. Information assurance guarantees the timely delivery of information, conditioned by requirements for confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, authorization, and nonrepudiation. Active IEEE Information Assurance standards cover a wide range of technologies, with recent projects concerning the definition of information assurance and related terms; baseline operation system security; certificate issuing and management components; software engineering standards; and an architecture for encrypted shared media.
Distribution Analyzer and Risk Evaluator (DARE) Using Fault Trees

Risk and uncertainty are integral parts of modern technology, and they must be managed effectively to allow the development of reliable, high-quality products. Because so many facets of technology and society involve risk and uncertainty, it is essential that risk management be handled in a systematic manner. Fault-tree analysis is one of the principal methods used in the analysis of systems’safety. Its detailed and systematic deductive structure makes it a valuable tool for design and diagnostic purposes. Point probability and the minimization of the expected failure probability have, until recently, dominated fault-tree analysis. A methodology that incorporates uncertainty analysis, conditional expected risk, and multiple objectives with fault-tree analysis is presented. A computer software package termed the “Distribution Analyzer and Risk Evaluator (DARE) Using Fault Trees,” which translates the new methodology into a working decision-support system, is developed. DARE Using Fault Trees is a flexible computer code that is capable of analyzing the risk of the overall system in terms of the probability density function of failure probability. Emphasis is placed on the uncertainty and risk of extreme events. A comparative study between existing codes for fault-tree analysis and DARE demonstrates the strengths of the methodology. A case study for NASA's solid rocket booster is used to perform the comparative analysis.
A thermal analysis study of methyl salicylate

Abstract The evaporation of methyl salicylate is studied using a simultaneous TG–DTA unit. The data are shown to be a zero order rate process. The activation energy calculated from the Kissinger and Ozawa methods as well as from the Arrhenius equations are shown to approximate the latent heat of vaporization calculated from the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The activation energy values range from 52.5 to 60.4 kJ mol −1 for the Kissinger method, 52.2–63.6 kJ mol −1 for the Ozawa method and 47.2–50.3 kJ mol −1 for the Arrhenius equation.
Fast facet edge detection in image sequences using vector quantization

An application that uses vector quantization (VQ) to speed up the process of gradient magnitude edge detection for image sequences is presented. Because image VQ and this type of edge detection operate on block-based neighborhoods, it is possible to use VQ to perform the edge detection. The image is encoded with a VQ for which the edge/no edge decision has already been made for each block. The process of edge detection becomes a simple lookup of this information. The algorithm behaves as a trainable edge detector which has the advantage of having lower computational complexity than the facet edge detector. For a VQ with an average rate of 6 bits per vector, the method requires 55% of the multiplications and 62% of the additions of the conventional facet edge detector. It also enhances the quality of the output by rejecting low-contrast, high-frequency texture edges. >
The Relation of the Formation of Lipofuscin to the Distribution of Oxidative Enzymes in the Human Brain

The present paper provides a systematic appraisal of the deposition of lipofuscin in the nuclei of the human brain. These data were compared with the distribution of certain oxidative enzymes (DPN-diaphorase, succinic dehydrogenase) as obtained in a detailed mapping and measurement of these enzymes in many regions of the human brain (FRIEDE and FL~MI~r 16). Correlation was found between the normal gradations of enzyme activity in nerve cells and the presence of lipofuscin in these cells in the aged brain. The enzyme histochemical data were transcribed from the original paper only to the extent necessary to permit a comparison; for more detailed information the above article or the author's histoehemieal atlas of the cat brain stem 15 should be consulted.
Early reproduction by Calanus glacialis in the Northern Bering Sea: the role of ice algae as revealed by molecular analysis

Calanus glacialis initiated feeding and reproduction under extensive sea ice in the northern Bering Sea during late winter despite very low mean water column chlorophyll a concentrations. A peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-PCR and clone library analysis of prey 18S rDNA in the guts of C. glacialis, together with the quantification of the more abundant prey species with quantitative PCR (qPCR), demonstrated feeding on sea ice algae. The ice algal diatoms, Fragilariopsis cylindrus, Fragilaria sp. and Pseudonitzschia sp. were the dominant prey species while the most abundant species in the water column, Thalassiosira antarctica, was not important. The total of these speciesspecific ingestion rates was strongly correlated (r 1⁄4 0.93) with, and similar to, those estimated from gut pigments. The increase in feeding and reproduction during the study was significantly related to air temperature lagged by 2 or 3 days. We suggest that warmer temperatures led to a release of ice algae into the water column stimulating feeding and reproduction. The availability of ice algae over an extended period during colder winters when sea ice cover is more extensive and lasts longer will lead to larger population sizes of C. glacialis compared with warmer years with less extensive ice cover.
Management of Chronic Hepatitis B: An Overview of Practice Guidelines for Primary Care Providers

Despite the introduction of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination programs, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains an important disease burden worldwide and in the United States. A number of clinical practice guidelines are available to assist in the clinical management of CHB by providing recommendations regarding screening and diagnosis, treatment indications, and the choice, duration, and monitoring of treatment. Adherence to these guidelines has proven beneficial in terms of better treatment compliance, improved clinical outcomes, and lower likelihoods of emergency admission. This review summarizes current recommendations from the major clinical CHB practice guidelines and presents a simple algorithm for the treatment of patients with CHB to help primary care providers make informed choices in clinical practice. In general, antiviral treatment should be initiated in patients with CHB who have a high risk of liver-related morbidity and who are likely to respond to treatment, that is, patients with persistently elevated serum HBV DNA and either increased serum alanine aminotransferase concentrations or advanced liver disease. In patients who are eligible for antiviral therapy, treatment should be initiated with one of the recommended first-line therapies (pegylated interferon-α, entecavir, or tenofovir), and treatment efficacy should be monitored regularly for serum HBV DNA, alanine aminotransferase, and serologic responses. Patients who are not immediately considered for treatment should be monitored and started on antiviral therapy in case of disease progression. A number of issues in CHB management remain controversial or unresolved, such as identifying treatment candidates, managing partial or nonresponders, and predicting treatment response; we discuss some of the latest evidence around these topics.
Analysis of Mass Transfer Process in the Pore Free Technique

Air entrainment is one of the most significant problems in pressure die casting. A possible solution is to use the Pore Free technique. In this technique an oxygen is introduced into the die to react with the liquid metal. The vacuum created by the reaction reduces the porosity. The life span of the mold is augmented by the reduction of the pressure during the process. In some cases the Pore Free technique yields acceptable results, i.e., low porosity, while in other cases the results are not satisfactory. These differing results can be explained by an analysis of the mechanisms involved. A simple model is proposed based on conservation laws that describes the relationship between mass transfer mechanisms and pressure deviation. The model indicates that there is a critical dimensionless parameter above which the pressure is decreased and below which the pressure is increased. In the first case, when the parameter exceeds the critical value, the technique is useful. In the second case, when the parameter is less than the critical value, introducing oxygen does not greatly reduce the porosity. The analysis demonstrates that the Pore Free and vacuum venting techniques account for two different extremes. The first case is whenmore » the flow is orderly through the chamber in which vacuum venting can produce acceptable results. The second case is when the flow is turbulent and the Pore Free technique is the better choice.« less
Food and Pharmaceuticals Lessons Learned From Global Contaminations With Melamine/Cyanuric Acid and Diethylene Glycol

Recently, contamination of pharmaceuticals with diethylene glycol (DEG) and food with melamine and cyanuric acid has demonstrated the impact of globalization on drug and food safety. By examining the details of these outbreaks, some important lessons can be learned. Toxicoses from contaminated food and drugs are often identified only when large numbers of people or animals are affected and numerous deaths result. Populations most at risk are those repeatedly exposed to a single product. Toxicoses may be complex, involving synergism among relatively nontoxic co-contaminants. Although some contamination may occur inadvertently, practices of deliberate contamination of food and drug ingredients may be widespread but escape detection in poorly regulated markets. If this deliberate contamination is motivated by personal financial gain, it is likely to recur and be concealed. The contaminated raw material produced in a poorly regulated market may cross national boundaries and be used in manufacturing processes for numerous products, sometimes in more well-regulated markets. Once in the production chain, contaminated raw materials may be widely disseminated. It is not clear that regulatory organizations have the capacity to identify significant contaminations despite their best efforts. The veterinary and medical communities, in cooperation with regulatory agencies, should develop cooperative programs designed to detect and limit these global outbreaks. Although addressing regional or national outbreaks remains an important role for regulatory agencies, the veterinary and medical communities must develop proactive global approaches to this global problem.
A measurement-analytic approach for QoS estimation in a network based on the dominant time scale

In this paper, we describe a measurement-analytic approach for estimating the overflow probability, an important measure of the quality of service (QoS), at a given multiplexing point in the network. A multiplexing point in the network could be a multiplexer or an output port of a switch or router where resources such as bandwidth and buffers are shared. Our approach impinges on using the notion of the dominant time scale (DTS), which corresponds to the most probable time scale over which overflow occurs. The DTS provides us with a measurement window for the statistics of the traffic, but is in fact itself defined in terms of the statistics of the traffic over all time. This, in essence, results in a chicken-and-egg type of unresolved problem. For the DTS to be useful for on-line measurements, we need to be able to break this chicken-and-egg cycle, and to estimate the DTS with only a bounded window of time over which the statistics of the traffic are to be measured. In this paper, we present a stopping criterion to successfully break this cycle and find a bound on the DTS. Thus, the result has significant implications for network measurements. Our approach is quite different from other works in the literature that require off-line measurements of the entire trace of the traffic. In our case, we need to measure only the statistics of the traffic up to a bound on the DTS. We also investigate the characteristics of this upper bound on the DTS, and provide numerical results to illustrate the utility of our measurement analytic approach.
Allocating inverted index into flash memory for search engines

Although most large-scale web search engines adopt the standard DRAM-HDD storage hierarchy, the usage of hard disk is greatly limited by its long read latency. On the other hand, NAND Flash memory is 100x faster than hard disk and 10x cheaper than DRAM [2]. Therefore, it’s possible to allocate a significant portion of DRAM data into Flash memory, so as to save money on storage. This paper considers the optimal policy that allocates the DRAM portion of inverted index into Flash memory as much as possible. Note that the original hard disk portion of index data is still left in hard disk in our scheme, which actually results in a three-layer storage hierarchy. To our best knowledge, we are the first to show that it’s possible to get substantially better system performance for web index serving by trying some Flash-aware storage management approaches, rather than just plugging in a SSD and treating it as super hard disk. We limit our discussion in the static scenario, where posting lists are allocated atomically in either Flash memory or DRAM only when the index updates and no other data movement is performed at run time. The problem is very similar to static index caching/pruning [1] [4], except that the caching here is exclusive and the target storage is Flash memory. Note that previous work suggested that static policies work well for inverted index caching, compared with their dynamic counterparts [1].
The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis

The late twentieth century witnessed the emergence of numerous infectious diseases that are caused by microorganisms that rarely cause disease in normal, healthy immunocompetent hosts. The emergence of these diseases shows that the existing concepts of pathogenicity and virulence do not take into account the fact that both the microorganism and the host contribute to microbial pathogenesis. To address this impediment to studies of host-microorganism interactions, we propose a new theoretical approach to understanding microbial pathogenesis, known as the 'damage-response' framework.
Crunching Numbers with Formulas and Functions

To make your worksheets deliver the information you want, you’ll probably need to perform calculations with your data. To perform calculations, you enter formulas and functions in cells, as you’ll learn to do in this chapter.
Blood flow in healed and inflamed periodontal tissues of dogs.

The objectives of this study were to determine if increased blood flow associated with gingivitis would decrease following resolution of gingival inflammation in dogs with periodontitis; if increased blood flow in inflamed gingiva was associated with changes in the blood flow of alveolar bone, and if blood flow in gingiva and alveolar bone increased if periodontitis was reactivated by ligating teeth. Regional blood flow was measured in dogs with pre-existing periodontitis, using radioisotope-labelled, plastic microspheres. In the first experiment on 4 adult Beagle dogs, teeth in the left jaws were treated to resolve the periodontitis, while teeth in the right jaws were not treated. Gingival and bone blood flow were measured after 12 wk. Blood flow was significantly (p<0.05) lower in non-inflamed healed gingiva (32.1±2.7 ml/min/100 g) than in inflamed gingiva (46.1±5.3 ml/min/100 g). No differences in the blood flow of alveolar bone underlying inflamed or non-inflamed gingiva were present. In the second experiment, the right mandibular teeth of 5 dogs were treated to resolve periodontitis while teeth in the other quadrants were ligated for 4, 10 or 12 wk. The duration of ligation did not alter blood flow. Gingival blood flow around ligated maxillary and mandibular teeth was comparable and approximately 54% higher than around non-ligated teeth (p±0.03). The difference in blood flow between gingiva with G.I. ± 1 and gingiva with G.I.±2 was significant (p±0.04). Blood flow in bone was not altered by changes in the inflammatory status of the overlying gingiva. The findings suggest that changes in blood flow associated with inflammation are reversible and that blood flow in alveolar bone is regulated independently of gingival blood flow.
Lung cancer in octogenarians: factors affecting morbidity and mortality after pulmonary resection.

Background Predictors of morbidity and mortality after pulmonary resection for lung cancer in patients 80 years of age or older are unknown. Methods The medical records of all patients 80 years of age or older who had pulmonary resection for lung cancer from January 1985 through September 2004 were reviewed. Results There were 379 patients (248 men, 131 women). Median age was 82 years (range, 80 to 95 years). Pneumonectomy was performed in 25 patients (6.6%), bilobectomy in 7 (1.8%), lobectomy in 240 (63.3%), segmentectomy in 29 (7.7%), and wedge excision in 78 (20.6%). The cancer was squamous cell carcinoma in 143 patients (37.7%), adenocarcinoma in 166 (43.8%), bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma in 47 (12.4%), and other in 23 (6.1%). Complications occurred in 182 patients (48.0%). These included atrial fibrillation in 75 patients, pneumonia in 27, and retained secretions requiring bronchoscopy in 37. Morbidity predictors were male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.6), hemoptysis (OR, 2.3), and previous stroke (OR, 3.8). Asymptomatic patients had a significantly decreased probability of complications (OR, 0.56). Operative mortality was 6.3% (24 of 379); significant predictors were congestive heart failure (OR, 6.0) and prior myocardial infarction (OR, 4.3). Factors not associated with mortality included previous myocardial revascularization, renal insufficiency (creatinine >1.5 mg/dL), and diabetes mellitus. Conclusions Pulmonary resection for lung cancer in octogenarians is feasible. Congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction, however, correlated with a significant increase in mortality. Prior myocardial revascularization, renal insufficiency, and diabetes were not associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
Rescuing the Clean Air Act from Obsolescence

The efforts of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to control greenhouse gases through the Clean Air Act have pitted the EPA and some environmental groups against other environmental groups. It is worth understanding this conflict because it reveals a critical development that both the agency and the environmental groups would prefer to conceal: the forty-year-old Clean Air Act is no longer a sensible way to regulate large-volume conventional air pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter. Congress should replace the core of this venerable statute and its "state implementation plans" with an updated, market-based approach such as that proposed by the Breaking the Logjam project. Doing so would require legislators to take responsibility for choosing how fast to cut pollution and how to allocate costs. Congressional accountability would mean less power for the EPA and environmental groups – but better air quality and more economic growth.
Craftsmanship Across the Cornfields: A Survey of Midwestern Covered Bridges

Three master builders created signature creations. Although none were professionally trained, they showed an understanding of how their bridges worked that has allowed them to stand to this day. All three crafted fine arches connected with sophisticated, long lasting joinery. The Kennedys built aesthetically refined portals that are works of art, while Daniels and Britton preferred more of a neat, clean finish. They all showed a sophistication in the types and variety of fishplates they employed in the lower chord, one of the most critical parts of the bridge. Daniels and Britton also demonstrated an ability to artfully incorporate new materials like iron in creating long lasting structures. However, as these builders were completed their careers, threats to their structures were ever present due to the new demands of the automobile. As bridges across the Midwest and across the nation were replaced or allowed to decay, new forces urged their preservation. HABS began documenting these structures in the 1930s, even as they were literally collapsing in front of their eyes. The Parke County Covered Bridge Festival was established in 1957 to help preserve and promote its Daniels and Britton legacy. Indiana tourism. HAER NCB Program. Ongoing threats continue such as the collapse of the Bell Ford Bridge in Indiana and arson of the Hunterdon Bridge in Iowa in 2005. But it is hoped that the success of the National Covered Bridges Preservation Act, which included funding for preservation and protection as well as the research of the HAER National Covered Bridges Program, will insure that this important engineering legacy continues for generations to come.
Ketamine for treatment-resistant depression: recent developments and clinical applications

Approximately one-third of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not respond to existing antidepressants, and those who do generally take weeks to months to achieve a significant effect. There is a clear unmet need for rapidly acting and more efficacious treatments. We will review recent developments in the study of ketamine, an old anaesthetic agent which has shown significant promise as a rapidly acting antidepressant in treatment-resistant patients with unipolar MDD, focusing on clinically important aspects such as dose, route of administration and duration of effect. Additional evidence suggests ketamine may be efficacious in patients with bipolar depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and acute suicidal ideation. We then discuss the safety of ketamine, in which most neuropsychiatric, neurocognitive and cardiovascular disturbances are short lasting; however, the long-term effects of ketamine are still unclear. We finally conclude with important information about ketamine for primary and secondary physicians as evidence continues to emerge for its potential use in clinical settings, underscoring the need for further investigation of its effects.
Abstract 2520: Ku-dependent non-homologous end-joining interferes the efficiency of Mre11 binding to replication related DNA double strand breaks

Background: Camptothecin (CPT), an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I, induces replication related DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Previously, it was reported that Ku-dependent non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) deficient DT40 cells were more resistant to CPT-induced killing than wild type cells (JBC, 279:37343, 2004), however, the mechanism remains unclear. We were interested in testing the hypothesis that Mre11 binding to DNA double strand break (DSB) (the first step for initiating homologous recombination repair (HRR)) is interfered by the Ku-dependent NHEJ and the interference was much stronger in S phase. Methods: Different fork-related DNA structures were designed for testing the efficiency of purified Mre11 protein (kindly provided by Dr. Tainer) in vitro. DT40 cell lines: wild type, Ku70-/, DNA-PKcs-/-, Rad54-/- and Rad51 conditional knock out cells were used in this study. The efficiency Mre11 binding to chromatin DNA in CPT treated the cell lines were detected. The cell cycle distribution was measured by a flow cytometer. The sensitivity of these cell lines to CPT were measured by a clonogenic assay. Results: Compared with their wild-type counterparts, Rad54 −/− and Rad51 conditional knock out cells (essential factors for (HRR)) were much more sensitive to CPT-induced killing but Ku70 −/− and DNA-PKcs cells (essential factors for non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)) were much more resistant to CPT-treated killing, which was accompanied by a huge S-phase block in these resistant cells. Mre11 bound to DNA substrates especially to the mimic DNA replication fork substrates. Mre11 bound to chromatin DNA in Ku70-/- and DNA-PKcs-/- cells stronger than that in wild type cells following CPT treatment. Conclusion: CPT-induced S checkpoint facilitates Mre11 binding and promotes HRR, which protects cells from CPT-induced killing. The Ku-dependent NHEJ block efficiency of Mre11 binding to DNA substrates especially DNA replication related structure, which inhibits HRR and renders sensitivity of the cells to CPT treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2520. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2520
Ein Robotmodell und seine Steuerung

Wir wollen nun ein ganz konkretes Robotmodell untersuchen und uns samtliche Komponenten einer geeigneten, einfachen Steuerung erarbeiten. Wie die grosen Originale besteht auch unser Modell aus folgenden drei Hauptteilen:
Teaching the Ethical Use of Information as an MIL Skill

Abstract This chapter examines teaching the ethical use of information as a media and information literacy (MIL) skill. To be able to use information ethically, educators and students must equip themselves with principles that can be applied as information literacy skills to our information landscape. The chapter traces the evolution of the concepts of ethics and of MIL as they became more closely integrated in standards and guidelines. Four principles of ethical behavior are presented: respect for intellectual property, respect for privacy, fair representation, and nonmaleficence (doing no harm). The connection between the learning environment and the adoption of ethical information literacy skills is presented, and the use of an informed learning approach to teaching and the guided inquiry model are explored. Scenarios and resources are included as examples for inclusion in an integrated curricular approach to teaching the ethical use of information.
Innovation Through Collaboration: Using an Open-Source Learning Management System to Enhance Library Instruction and Student Learning

Moodle, an open-source learning management system (LMS), along with an environment conducive to collaboration, has fostered numerous projects that have enhanced student learning, deepened relationships with teaching faculty, and improved workflows at the Purchase College Library at Purchase College, SUNY. The projects discussed include customization of user roles, embedding tutorials and learning modules, digitization of the student project process, and developing rubrics for authentic assessment, all within Moodle. These projects were born out of extensive collaboration between the library and the Teaching, Learning, and Technology Center (TLTC), have had significant and meaningful impact on teaching and learning at the college. This chapter will provide practical ideas about how to best leverage the LMS to provide information literacy instruction and inspire dialog as well as foster closer working relationships between librarians and teaching and learning center professionals.
Real-Time Characterization of Individual Marine Particles at Sea: Flow Cytometry

Oceanographers have always wrestled with the time-space dilemma. The enormity of the oceans and the manifold physical, chemical and biological processes compound to make ‘sampling’ in the oceanic realm an omni-present problem. For the most part, the oceanographer has been wed to the research vessel. This has heavily restricted and frequently determined experimental design. It is unlikely that measurements which are widely spaced in time and space will provide further fruitful information on the rate of processes in the oceans.
Evaluating formation fluid models and calibrations using clumped isotope paleothermometry on Bahamian dolomites

Abstract The use of stable oxygen isotopes to understand the mechanisms of dolomite formation has been hampered by the inability to precipitate well-ordered dolomite under normal Earth surface conditions. Several studies have attempted to address this problem, either by precipitating high-temperature ordered dolomites and extrapolating the data to low temperatures or by using more disordered very-high Mg-calcites as a proxy for low temperature dolomites. The result is eight equations that disagree significantly from each other (by as much as ∼3.6‰ in the δ18O value of the precipitating fluid at 25 °C), and produce differences which can greatly affect the interpretation of the formation mechanisms for low temperature dolomites. However, by combining the recently developed clumped-isotope paleothermometer, an independent isotopic measurement (∆47) that directly relates to the temperature of formation, to Late Miocene to Pleistocene aged dolomites from the Bahamas with a well-constrained thermal and fluid history, we have attempted to narrow down the viable equations used to interpret the δ18O values of dolomites. The clumped-isotope temperatures measured on the Bahamian dolomites (16–37 °C) agrees with the range of temperatures expected in the Bahamas. Pairing these temperatures with geological and mineralogical arguments, we favor the equation suggested by Matthews and Katz (1977), as it is the only one that produces realistic δ18O fluid values across the range of clumped-isotope temperatures. Both the clumped-isotope temperatures and δ18O values of the precipitating fluid show a strong positive covariance that we have interpreted as reflecting the mixing of surface brines that have undergone varying amounts of evaporation and normal seawater. The different mechanisms driving these fluids included formation by normal marine seawater driven by the compensatory flow of the mixing zone, bank wide Kohout convection, and evaporative brine reflux.
Tunneling effects in the unimolecular decay of (CH3)2COO Criegee intermediates to OH radical products

Unimolecular decay of the dimethyl substituted Criegee intermediate (CH3)2COO is observed at energies significantly below the transition state barrier associated with hydrogen atom transfer [Y. Fang et al., J. Chem. Phys. 144, 061102 (2016)] with time-resolved detection of the resultant OH radical products. (CH3)2COO is prepared at specific energies in the 3900-4600 cm−1 region through IR excitation of combination bands involving CH stretch and another lower frequency mode, and the OH products are detected by UV laser-induced fluorescence. OH appearance times on the order of microseconds are observed in this deep tunneling regime, which are about 100 times slower than that in the vicinity of the barrier. The experimental rates are in good accord with Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) calculations of the microcanonical dissociation rates for (CH3)2COO that include tunneling. Master equation modeling based on these microcanonical rates is used to predict the thermal decay rate of (CH3)2COO to OH products...
Homogeneous Antibody and Myeloma Proteins with Antibody Activity

Publisher Summary This chapter describes proceedings of a workshop held to discuss results of experiments conducted to study homogeneous antibody and myeloma proteins with antibody activity. Myeloma proteins are useful models for untangling the structural complexity of the immunoglobulins. The workshop discussion centered around three general topics: (1) stimulation of antibody with uniform properties and myeloma proteins with antibody activity; (2) uses of homogeneous antibodies in understanding the biology of the immune system; and (3) human paraproteins with antibody activity. It was observed that homogeneous elicited antibodies or myeloma proteins with binding activity provide a unique opportunity for understanding aspects of the immune response which may not be evaluated by study of paraproteins without known ligands. It was suggested that the antibody-combining site can best be studied with homogeneous proteins. Reports on 12 monoclonal IgG proteins with antistreptolysin O activity were presented. Two of these proteins studied by one investigator did not agglutinate in the later antistreptolysin O agglutination test. The results suggest that the frequency of paraprotein immunoglobulins with anti-DNP activity is surprisingly high.
Parametric Thermal and Flow Analysis of ITER Diagnostic Shield Module

AbstractAs part of the diagnostic port plug assembly, the ITER Diagnostic Shield Module (DSM) is designed to provide mechanical support and the plasma shielding while allowing access to plasma diagnostics. Thermal and hydraulic analysis of the DSM was performed using a conjugate heat transfer approach, in which heat transfer was resolved in both solid and liquid parts, and simultaneously, fluid dynamics analysis was performed only in the liquid part. ITER Diagnostic First Wall (DFW) and cooling tubing were also included in the analysis. This allowed direct modeling of the interface between DSM and DFW, and also direct assessment of the coolant flow distribution between the parts of DSM and DFW to ensure DSM design meets the DFW cooling requirements. Design of the DSM included voids filled with Boron Carbide pellets, allowing weight reduction while keeping shielding capability of the DSM. These voids were modeled as a continuous solid with smeared material properties using analytical relation for thermal c...
The Association of Impaired White Matter Integrity with the Presence and Severity of Depression in Retired National Football League Athletes (S54.005)

OBJECTIVE: We studied a group of retired National Football League (NFL) players to test the hypothesis that impaired white matter integrity would be associated with the presence and severity of depression. BACKGROUND: Impaired white matter integrity, defined by reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is well documented in traumatic brain injury and is also present in subgroups of patients with major depressive disorder. Concussions and subconcussive injuries are common in American style football and these athletes are also at risk for mood disorders. DESIGN/METHODS: Our study population consisted of 26 retired NFL athletes. We measured depression severity using the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI). Depression was indicated by a BDI score >12, confirmed by clinical interview. Each subject received a DTI scan from which FA maps were created and subsequently analyzed using the tract based spatial statistics module in FSL. We performed correlations between the BDI scores and the FA values using both an unbiased voxelwise approach as well as a region of interest (ROI), tractwise approach. A receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve using FA to identify subjects with depression was plotted for the significant tract ROIs. RESULTS: Five subjects were depressed (mean BDI 23.8, range 18-28) and 21 were not (mean BDI 4.2, range 0-11). The voxel-wise analysis identified widely distributed voxels that negatively correlated with BDI scores (p CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms in retired NFL athletes correlate negatively with FA using either an unbiased voxel-wise or an ROI based, tract-wise approach. DTI holds promise as a biomarker for depression in this population. Supported by: BrainHealth Institute for Athletes at the Center for BrainHealth, a research center at the University of Texas at Dallas and partially funded by NIA grant K23AG030006. Disclosure: Dr. Womack has received research support from Allon Therapeutics and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Strain has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cullum has nothing to disclose. Dr. Didehbani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kraut has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hart has received personal compensation for activities with Forest Pharmaceuticals.
Postmortem Ethanol Concentrations and Postmortem Ethanol Production

A review of the literature was conducted in reference to postmortem blood ethanol concentrations and the issue of postmortem production of ethanol. Ethanol in postmortem specimens may occur as a re...
Stopping Memory Disclosures via Diversification and Replicated Execution

With the wide deployment of security mechanisms such as Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR), memory disclosures have become a prerequisite for critical memory-corruption attacks (e.g., code-reuse attack)—adversaries are forced to exploit memory disclosures to circumvent ASLR as the first step. As a result, the security threats of memory disclosures are now significantly aggravated—they break not only data confidentiality but also the effectiveness of security mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a general detection methodology and develop a system to stop memory disclosures. We observe that memory disclosures are not root causes but rather consequences of a variety of hard-to-detect program errors such as memory corruption and uninitialized read. We thus propose a replicated execution–based methodology to generally detect memory disclosures, regardless of their causes. We realize this methodology with Buddy : By seamlessly maintaining two identical running instances of a target program and diversifying only its target data, Buddy can accurately detects memory disclosures of the data, as doing so will result in the two instances outputting different values. Extensive evaluation results show that Buddy is reliable and efficient while stopping real memory disclosures such as the Heartbleed leak.
High Repetition Rate Petawatt Laser and High-Contrast Ultra-High Intensity Second Harmonic Beamline

We demonstrate the generation of 0.85 PW, 30 fs pulses at a repetition rate of 3.3 Hz from a Ti:Sapphire laser system. Ultra-high contrast second harmonic fs pulses at 400 nm were generated with >40% efficiency and focused to an intensity of 6.5×1021 W/cm2.
Identification of lamins as the molecular targets of LBL1 using a clickable photoaffinity probe.

Abstract Phenotypic screening is a powerful approach to discover small molecules targeting pathways or disease biology with complex genetic causes. Following the initial discovery of these small molecules is their target identification, which is at the cornerstone in addressing their biological and clinical utility. Yet, finding the needle in the haystack remains a challenge. Nuclear lamins are type V intermediate filament proteins that form a filamentous structure underneath the inner nuclear envelope to support the mechanical stability of the mammalian cell nucleus. They also participate a myriad of other cellular signaling processes with incompletely understood molecular mechanisms. Small molecules that can directly bind to nuclear lamins will be incredible tools to address lamins' roles in different aspects of biology. However, these small molecules did not exist until recently. We previously discovered an acylpyrroloquinazoline called LBL1 that selectively killed breast cancer cells without harming normal human cells. To help understand the mechanism of action of LBL1, we recently took an unbiased chemical proteomics approach to identify its direct binding targets from the entire human cellular proteome. In this chapter, we describe our detailed methods to identify and validate lamins as the direct targets of LBL1. In this approach, we developed a clickable photoaffinity probe called LBL1-P that contains acylpyrroloquinazoline, trifluoromethyldiazirine and alkyne groups. Furthermore, we described a fluorescence microscopic method to validate that LBL1 directly targets lamin A in living cells. When properly designed, this approach should be broadly applicable to other bioactive small molecules.
Stochastic field theory for the ionospheric fluctuations in Equatorial Spread F

Abstract In order to construct an analytical model of evolution for the plasma structures in the ionospheric Equatorial Spread F, an attempt is presented to include the plasma perturbations “seeding” the instabilities that cause the Equatorial Spread F in a theoretically consistent way. This is done assuming that the local discrepancies from quasi neutrality and from zero ionization-loss-and-production to be noise terms in the ionospheric density balance equation: doing so, the balance equation becomes a stochastic equation. The program is then to obain the probability that a certain evolution of the ionospheric density takes place from the interplay between plasma dynamics and noise statistics, i.e. to produce a stochastic field theory for the ionospheric density. The expression of this realization probability is obtained in the mathematically tractable cases of noises with Gaussian or exponential distribution. Then, practical limits and possible developments of these achievements are discussed.
Mnemonic Discrimination Under Stress and Its Clinical Relevance for Anxiety

Mnemonic discrimination, the ability to differentiate highly similar old and new entities, is a novel mechanism of interest in anxiety disorders. However, little research has been conducted with in...
Soft Magnetic Multilayered FeSiCrB–Fe $_{x}$ N Metallic Glass Composites Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering

Novel multilayered FeSiCrB-Fe x N (1 = 2-4) metallic glass composites were fabricated using spark plasma sintering of FeSiCrB amorphous ribbons (Metglas 2605SA3 alloy) and Fe x N (1 = 2-4) powder. Crystalline Fe x N can serve as a high magnetic moment, high electrical resistance binder, and lamination material in the consolidation of amorphous and nanocrystalline ribbons, mitigating eddy currents while boosting magnetic performance and stacking factor in both wound and stacked soft magnetic cores. Stacking factors of nearly 100% can be achieved in an amorphous ribbon/iron nitride composite. FeSiCrB-Fe x N multilayered metallic glass composites prepared by spark plasma sintering have the potential to serve as a next-generation soft magnetic material in power electronics and electrical machines.
Development and Inequality in Urban China: The Privatization of Homeownership and the Transformation of Everyday Practice

Whereas the existing literature on housing in urban China primarily focuses on the influence of globalization and the state’s strategies of neoliberalism on the national scale, studies of the individual experience of everyday life reveal the multidirectional character of state, market, and society relationship. This chapter based on an ethnographic study uses interviews and participant observation in Nanjing’s four different apartment complexes—two gated communities and two public housing compounds—to capture the experiences of people in the midst of dramatic changes in urban housing. The findings reveal the emerging social spaces of the middle classes, as they engage with new production and consumption processes of the housing market. Citizens negotiate the changing role of the state in service provision, the deterioration of social life in the neighborhood, and the burden of high housing prices. Dynamic conceptions of ownership, responsibility, and individuality constituted by the commercialized housing market create new practices of everyday life.
Abstract 1586: ADAM32 is amplified in a wide range of malignancy

Cytogenetic analysis using karyotyping and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) has been the method of choice for identifying chromosomal abnormalities in cancer and other diseases. FISH is a powerful tool enabling detection the amplification or deletion of specific genes of interest using specific fluorescent labelled DNA probes. It has high sensitivity and specificity and enables detection of chromosomal abnormalities present in many genetic disorders. Unfortunately, FISH is labor intensive, gives information only regarding chromosomal changes specifically designated by the nucleotide sequence of the probes. Recently, DNA microarray techniques have allowed the simultaneous detection of vast number of chromosomal abnormalities including deletions, amplifications and translocations. These assays are suitable for large scale screening to discovery previously unknown associations of chromosomal lesions with many types of cancer. In present studies, we performed a retrospective analyses on anonymized data from the Constitutional v3 Array from the Texas Tech University Cytogenetics Lab (Children’s Oncology Group reference lab) on 198 sequential patients to determine the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and their disease associations. The patient population included children and adults. The majority of patients had malignancy, but some had pancytopenia or immune deficiency. We found chromosomal rearrangements, amplifications or deletions at 794 loci. The most commonly affected loci were 8p11.21-8p11.22, 15q11.1-15q11.2, 14q11.2, 14q32.33, 9p24 and 9p13. The 8p11.2 locus was amplified in 81 cases and deleted in 17 cases, an amplification/deletion ratio greater than any other locus. At this locus, the KAT6A, ADAM32 and TACC1 genes are known to associate with cancer, while no associations of GPAT4 and TM2D2 have been reported. The ADAM32 gene amplification, previously identified only in breast cancer, was also found in hepatocellular carcinoma, T-cell Lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, Wilm’s Tumor, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, fibromatosis, chondroblastoma, enchondroma, and giant cell tumor of the bone. An oncogenic role of ADAM32 should be investigated in a broad spectrum of pediatric and adult malignancy. Citation Format: Aditya Rajan, Vijay Tonk, Kishore Bhende, Sharda Singh, Sahil Tonk, Sanjay Awasthi. ADAM32 is amplified in a wide range of malignancy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1586.