cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Space weather effects and prediction

Abstract Adverse conditions in the space environment, that is, space weather, can affect the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems. The dynamic near-Earth space environment, driven by solar activity, exhibits large variations of energetic particles, plasma, and electromagnetic fields. Abrupt changes or enhancements in these may cause disruption of satellite operations, communications, and electric power grids, leading to a variety of economic losses and impacts on our security. This chapter describes various space weather effects related to energetic particle populations in the inner magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms. Among the most important of these effects are geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and spacecraft charging. GICs are due to time varying magnetic fields at the Earth’s surface produced by the spatial and time variable electric currents flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere during geomagnetic disturbances. Spacecraft surface charging is due to moderate-energy electrons depositing their charge on spacecraft surfaces and driving potential differences, which can lead to discharges that can damage material and electronics. Spacecraft internal (or “deep dielectric”) charging is due to highly energetic electrons that can penetrate through spacecraft shielding and can damage sensitive subsystems or even cause failure of the entire space system. Recent advances in our understanding of these space weather effects and capabilities for their nowcast and forecast are presented.
The macroeconomic impact of oil earnings uncertainty: New evidence from analyst forecasts

We develop measures of oil earnings uncertainty (OEU) using analyst forecasts drawn from a large firm-level dataset. OEU is related to future economic downturns, so some OEU measures may serve to forecast future downturns. An increase in OEU also has adverse effects on the US oil sector. The results are robust to conditioning on aggregate uncertainty. At the same time, OEU is related to increases in stock prices - unlike aggregate uncertainty, which has the opposite effect. OEU is thus an independent influence on both the oil industry and on economic aggregates.
Abdominal Obesity in Comparison with General Obesity and Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis in Women.

OBJECTIVE Being overweight or obese increases rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk among women, particularly among those diagnosed at a younger age. Abdominal obesity may contribute to systemic inflammation more than general obesity; thus, we investigated whether abdominal obesity, compared to general obesity, predicted RA risk in 2 prospective cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II. METHODS We followed 50,682 women (1986-2014) in NHS and 47,597 women (1993-2015) in NHS II, without RA at baseline. Waist circumference (WC), BMI, health outcomes, and covariate data were collected through biennial questionnaires. Incident RA cases and serologic status were identified by chart review. We examined the associations of WC and BMI with RA risk using time-varying Cox proportional hazards models. We repeated analyses restricted to age ≤ 55 years. RESULTS During 28 years of follow-up, we identified 844 incident RA cases (527 NHS, 317 NHS II). Women with WC > 88 cm (35 in) had increased RA risk (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.06-1.41). A similar association was observed for seropositive RA, which was stronger among young and middle-aged women. Further adjustment for BMI attenuated the association to null. In contrast, BMI was associated with RA (HRBMI ≥ 30 vs < 25 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.68) and seropositive RA, even after adjusting for WC, and, as in WC analyses, this association was stronger among young and middle-aged women. CONCLUSION Abdominal obesity was associated with increased RA risk, particularly for seropositive RA, among young and middle-aged women; however, it did not independently contribute to RA risk beyond general obesity.
Agent-Based Modeling of Wound Healing: Examples for Basic and Translational Research

Wounds either can arise from a disease process or are surgically created as part of therapy. The healing of damaged tissue is a fundamental biological process, involving a complex set of cellular and molecular components acting within a specific spatial context. Impairment or aberration of the wound healing process is a considerable source of morbidity and mortality, likely only to increase in clinical significance given an aging population. Despite considerable advances in the mechanistic knowledge of wound healing, as with all complex biological processes converting that knowledge into effective therapeutics is a substantial translational challenge. As a result, wound healing has been a major focus in the field of Translational Systems Biology, and, in particular, been a subject of agent-based mechanistic computational modeling. The intuitive mapping between biological knowledge and the rules in an agent-based model (ABM), the ability of an ABM to readily represent stochastic processes, and the inherent spatial representation capability of an ABM all facilitate the utilization of this method in the practice of Translational Systems Biology. Presented herein are a series of ABMs of wound healing that demonstrate the translational potential and utility of this methodology in advancing the rational development of wound healing therapeutics.
Porphyrin-based compounds and their applications in materials and medicine

Abstract Porphyrin-based compounds has been the subject of recent investigations for their chemical and biological properties. A variety of chemical modifications have been introduced in the porphyrin skeleton to improve the diversity, stability, and selectivity for porphyrin-based compounds. This review provides an update on a variety of porphyrin-based compounds and highlights new developments in porphyrin-based structural modification, with a specific emphasis on their recent roles in organic solar cells, porphyrin-based functional devices, and for cancer treatment.
A Study of Gronwall Inequalities of Fractional Variable Order

A wide variety of Gronwall inequalities of fractional variable order is presented. These are of left and right sides, applications follow.
The Potential Impact of Solid Organ Reallocation Regulations on Missourians.

Open in a separate window Henry B. Randall, MD, MBA, FACS, Executive Director, Division Chief, Professor of Surgery, SSM Health Saint Louis University, Abdominal Transplant Center, St. Louis, Missouri.
Altered neuronal physiology, development, and function associated with a common chromosome 15 duplication involving CHRNA7.

Background Copy number variants (CNVs) linked to genes involved in nervous system development or function are often associated with neuropsychiatric disease. While CNVs involving deletions generally cause severe and highly penetrant patient phenotypes, CNVs leading to duplications tend instead to exhibit widely variable and less penetrant phenotypic expressivity among affected individuals. CNVs located on chromosome 15q13.3 affecting the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit (CHRNA7) gene contribute to multiple neuropsychiatric disorders with highly variable penetrance. However, the basis of such differential penetrance remains uncharacterized. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models from first-degree relatives with a 15q13.3 duplication and analyzed their cellular phenotypes to uncover a basis for the dissimilar phenotypic expressivity. Results The first-degree relatives studied included a boy with autism and emotional dysregulation (the affected proband-AP) and his clinically unaffected mother (UM), with comparison to unrelated control models lacking this duplication. Potential contributors to neuropsychiatric impairment were modeled in iPSC-derived cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The AP-derived model uniquely exhibited disruptions of cellular physiology and neurodevelopment not observed in either the UM or unrelated controls. These included enhanced neural progenitor proliferation but impaired neuronal differentiation, maturation, and migration, and increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Both the neuronal migration deficit and elevated ER stress could be selectively rescued by different pharmacologic agents. Neuronal gene expression was also dysregulated in the AP, including reduced expression of genes related to behavior, psychological disorders, neuritogenesis, neuronal migration, and Wnt, axonal guidance, and GABA receptor signaling. The UM model instead exhibited upregulated expression of genes in many of these same pathways, suggesting that molecular compensation could have contributed to the lack of neurodevelopmental phenotypes in this model. However, both AP- and UM-derived neurons exhibited shared alterations of neuronal function, including increased action potential firing and elevated cholinergic activity, consistent with increased homomeric CHRNA7 channel activity. Conclusions These data define both diagnosis-associated cellular phenotypes and shared functional anomalies related to CHRNA7 duplication that may contribute to variable phenotypic penetrance in individuals with 15q13.3 duplication. The capacity for pharmacological agents to rescue some neurodevelopmental anomalies associated with diagnosis suggests avenues for intervention for carriers of this duplication and other CNVs that cause related disorders.
An organ systems-based review of outcomes associated with sleep apnea in hospitalized patients.

ABSTRACT: The current global health crisis due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has prompted the medical community to investigate the effects of underlying medical conditions, including sleep-disordered breathing, on inpatient care. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common form of sleep-disordered breathing that may complicate numerous acquired conditions, particularly in inpatient and critical care settings. Viral pneumonia is a major contributor to intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and often presents more severely in patients with underlying pulmonary disease, especially those with obesity and OSA. This review summarizes the most recent data regarding complications of both OSA and obesity and highlights their impact on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. Additionally, it will highlight pertinent evidence for the complications of OSA in an organ-systems approach. Finally, this review will also discuss impatient treatment approaches for OSA, particularly in relation to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Image Classification with Consistent Supporting Evidence.

Adoption of machine learning models in healthcare requires end users' trust in the system. Models that provide additional supportive evidence for their predictions promise to facilitate adoption. We define consistent evidence to be both compatible and sufficient with respect to model predictions. We propose measures of model inconsistency and regularizers that promote more consistent evidence. We demonstrate our ideas in the context of edema severity grading from chest radiographs. We demonstrate empirically that consistent models provide competitive performance while supporting interpretation.
O Papel doGoverno Federal dosEstados Unidos na Justiça daInfância e Adolescência

This paper focuses on the structure of the law of juvenile justice in the United States and the role of the federal government. In many ways, this is quite different from how the juvenile justice system operates in Brazil, where the national government establishes the law and the two national supreme tribunals interpret both the laws of the states and the federal government. While the role of the United States federal government in criminal justice matters has grown considerably in the last several decades, Congress has chosen not to expand the role of the United States in juvenile matters to the same extent. Basically, the world of juvenile justice is largely left to the states, without federal interference.
Oxygen regulation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity in Rhodospirillum rubrum.

The carboxylase activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPC/O) decreased when an anaerobic culture of Rhodospirillum rubrum was exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen. From 70 to 80% of the activity was lost within 12 to 24 h. Inactivation was apparent when the enzyme was assayed in situ (in whole cells) and when activity was measured in dialyzed crude extracts. The quantity of enzyme protein, as estimated from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels or as quantified immunologically, did not decrease within 24 h of exposure to air. Following extended exposure to aerobic conditions (48 to 72 h), degradation of enzyme occurred. These results indicate that the inactivation of RuBPC/O in R. rubrum may be due to an alteration or modification of the preformed enzyme, followed by eventual degradation of the inactive enzyme. When shifted back to anaerobic conditions (under an argon atmosphere), the RuBPC/O activity increased rapidly. This increase appeared to be due to de novo synthesis of enzyme. The increase in activity was not observed when the culture was maintained in the dark or in the absence of a suitable carbon source. Thus, the oxygen-mediated inactivation of RuBPC/O appeared to be due to some form of irreversible modification. The cloned R. rubrum RuBPC/O gene, expressed in Escherichia coli, yielded functional enzyme that was not affected by oxygen, indicating that inactivation in R. rubrum is mediated by a gene product(s) not found in E. coli. Images
Vulnerability Analysis of Web-based Applications

In the last few years, the popularity of web-based applications has grown tremendously. A number of factors have led an increasing number of organizations and individuals to rely on web-based applications to provide access to a variety of services. Today, web-based applications are routinely used in security-critical environments, such as medical, financial, and military systems.
Asymptotic Behaviour of the Distribution Density of the Fractional Lévy Motion

We investigate the distribution properties of the fractional Levy motion defined by the Mandelbrot-Van Ness representation: $$\displaystyle{Z_{t}^{H}:=\int _{ \mathbb{R}}f(t,s)dZ_{s},}$$ where Z s , \(s \in \mathbb{R}\), is a (two-sided) real-valued Levy process, and $$\displaystyle{f(t,s):= \frac{1} {\varGamma (H + 1/2)}\left [(t - s)_{+}^{H-1/2} - (-s)_{ +}^{H-1/2}\right ],\quad t,s \in \mathbb{R}.}$$ We consider separately the cases 0 < H < 1∕2 (short memory) and 1∕2 < H < 1 (long memory), where H is the Hurst parameter, and present the asymptotic behaviour of the distribution density of the process. Some examples are provided, in which it is shown that the behaviour of the density in the cases 0 < H < 1∕2 and 1∕2 < H < 1 is completely different.
Building Collaborative Learning Opportunities between Future Veterinary and Design Professionals

Positive inter-professional collaborations and interactions facilitate the effectiveness of veterinarians working on professional teams addressing a wide range of societal challenges. The need for these interactions extend far beyond the different medical professions, which is the limit of many discussions of inter-professional relations for veterinary medicine. Methods of problem solving differ across professions, and clinical veterinary problem solving is quite distinct from the approaches of non-medical professions. These distinctions are particularly obvious when looking at the approaches of design professionals. Yet, most veterinarians work in collaboration with architects and landscape architects at some time in their careers, with varying degrees of success. This case study describes a collaboration between a College of Veterinary Medicine and a College of Design in which a course was offered across both colleges that allowed students to build a real life design to suit the needs of a veterinary medical college considering how to best utilize space for animals, animal and human interaction and the holistic development of healthy spaces for humans. Results of the collaboration indicated that despite initial struggles, students from very different disciplinary backgrounds were able to effectively work in teams, problem solve, communicate and exchange ideas, learn to appreciate their peer counterparts, and produce a high-quality design that may ultimately be adopted by the university.
Planning information systems strategy in the firm, based on business needs

Summary form only as given. Strategic planning for the firm has taken hold strongly in most large firms over the past decade or two. The financial targets in such plans can be readily phrased in terms directly related to sales volume, costs, profits and other metrics. However, when it comes to supporting functions, such as R&D, information systems and human resources, the metrics and targets become, of necessity, vague and general. The authors have worked on improving this situation in the research and development (R&D) field for many years with a wide range of companies and not-for-profit organisations engaged in R&D, and supporting R&D. More recently, they have developed methods of planning for other kinds of technology management applications-primarily in the field of information technology in the firm. The vehicle for this consulting effort has been a procedure developed by the senior strategy group (SSG) for strategic planning of the programs of information systems (IS) departments in a variety of industries and firms. This effort is aimed at the current lack of adequate planning of IS activities in direct relation to the business needs of the firm and using those relationships to derive credible and usable metrics to evaluate the performance and impacts of IS outputs on the firm. This paper describes several of their consulting engagements aimed at overcoming this situation in the information systems area and providing an effective means of developing and applying metrics to its outputs and impacts.
Dehydroepiandrosterone and multiple measures of functional immunity in young adults.

Objectives Human immune function is strongly influenced by variation in hormone concentrations. The adrenal androgens dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) are thought to be beneficial to immune function and disease resistance, but physiologically interact with testosterone and cortisol. We predict that DHEA and DHEA-S will interact with these other hormones in determining immunological outcomes. Understanding the interactive effects of these hormones will aid in understanding variability in immunocompetence and clarify discrepancies in human studies of androgen–immune interactions. Methods Thirty-eight participants collected morning saliva over three days, from which concentrations of DHEA, DHEA-S, testosterone, and cortisol were measured, as well as salivary bacteria killing ability to measure innate immune function. From blood collection, serum was collected to measure innate immune function via a hemolytic complement assay, and whole blood collected and processed to measure proliferative responses of lymphocytes in the presence of mitogens. Results DHEA was negatively correlated with T cell proliferation, and positively correlated with salivary bacteria killing in male participants. Additionally, using regression models, DHEA-S was negatively associated with hemolytic complement activity, but interaction variables did not yield statistically significant relationships for any other outcome measure. Conclusions While interactions with other hormones did not significantly relate with immune function measures in this sample, DHEA and DHEA-S did differentially impact multiple branches of the immune system. Generally characterized as immunosupportive in action, DHEA is shown to inhibit certain facets of innate and cell-mediated immunity, suggesting a more complex role in regulating immunocompetence. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:877–880, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Autocalibration of Multiprojector CAVE-Like Immersive Environments

In this paper, we present the first method for the geometric autocalibration of multiple projectors on a set of CAVE-like immersive display surfaces including truncated domes and 4 or 5-wall CAVEs (three side walls, floor, and/or ceiling). All such surfaces can be categorized as swept surfaces and multiple projectors can be registered on them using a single uncalibrated camera without using any physical markers on the surface. Our method can also handle nonlinear distortion in the projectors, common in compact setups where a short throw lens is mounted on each projector. Further, when the whole swept surface is not visible from a single camera view, we can register the projectors using multiple pan and tilted views of the same camera. Thus, our method scales well with different size and resolution of the display. Since we recover the 3D shape of the display, we can achieve registration that is correct from any arbitrary viewpoint appropriate for head-tracked single-user virtual reality systems. We can also achieve wallpapered registration, more appropriate for multiuser collaborative explorations. Though much more immersive than common surfaces like planes and cylinders, general swept surfaces are used today only for niche display environments. Even the more popular 4 or 5-wall CAVE is treated as a piecewise planar surface for calibration purposes and hence projectors are not allowed to be overlapped across the corners. Our method opens up the possibility of using such swept surfaces to create more immersive VR systems without compromising the simplicity of having a completely automatic calibration technique. Such calibration allows completely arbitrary positioning of the projectors in a 5-wall CAVE, without respecting the corners.
The Conflict Between the Pharmaceutical Industry and Pharmacists

SUMMARYThis article looks at the behaviors of pharmacy and the pharmaceutical industry that are not appreciated by the other party. These are natural, to-be-expected events that are part of each organization's striving to be successful regarding sales growth and profitability. Several examples are cited from both perspectives, and the article concludes that perhaps knowledge about the impact of our decisions and actions upon others might, at least in some small way, contribute to developing more distribution-channel-friendly practices. Both entities can be expected to be around for the foreseeable future, doing what is needed to create shareholder value, but knowledge of the halo effect of their actions might smooth a needed and necessary relationship.
The rock and bong techniques of measuring water levels in wells

Measurement of the depth to water in wells can be accomplished by timing the fall of a marble or BB. Depth to water can also be determined in terms of the frequency of the reverberations heard in a well. These two methods are called the rock and the bong techniques respectively. Their theoretical basis, their proper execution, and their usefulness are discussed.
In Vitro and in Vivo Studies of Streptomycin-Resistant, Penicillin-Susceptible Streptococci from Patients with Infective Endocarditis

The combination of penicillin and streptomycin did not act synergistically in vitro against three streptomycin-resistant strains (MIC, greater than or equal to 1,000 micrograms of streptomycin/ml) of penicillin-susceptible streptococci. Using a model of experimental infective endocarditis, we infected rabbits with a control streptomycin-susceptible strain, with an intermediately streptomycin-resistant strain (MIC, 1,000 micrograms/ml), and with a highly streptomycin-resistant strain (MIC, greater than 32,000 micrograms/ml). Treating animals with a combination of procaine penicillin and streptomycin was more effective (P less than .01) than treating them with procaine penicillin alone only for those animals infected with the control streptomycin-susceptible strain. Treatment with procaine penicillin plus gentamicin was more effective (P less than .01) than treatment with procaine penicillin alone for all three treatment groups and was more effective (P less than .01) than treatment with procaine penicillin and streptomycin for those animals infected with an intermediately or highly streptomycin-resistant strain of streptococci.
Smoothed jackknife empirical likelihood method for ROC curve

In this paper we propose a smoothed jackknife empirical likelihood method to construct confidence intervals for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. By applying the standard empirical likelihood method for a mean to the jackknife sample, the empirical likelihood ratio statistic can be calculated by simply solving a single equation. Therefore, this procedure is easy to implement. Wilks' theorem for the empirical likelihood ratio statistic is proved and a simulation study is conducted to compare the performance of the proposed method with other methods.
Row orientation affects fruit yield in field-grown okra

ABSTRACT Effects of row orientation on fruit yield of okra (Abel-moschus esculentus [L.] Moench) were studied. Plants in north-south (N-S) rows produced more fruit than those in east-west (E-W) rows. Amounts of photosynthetic (400–700 nm) and morphogenic light (far-red to red light ratio [FR/R]) received by plants grown in N-S and E-W rows were also determined. The mean amounts of photosynthetic light received by plants grown in E-W and N-S oriented rows were similar. Reflected light received by plants in N-S rows had a higher FR/R ratio than that received by plants in E-W rows. We conclude that row orientation affected yield of okra by influencing the morphogenic light received by plants.
Regulating Transnational Citizens in the Post-1996 Welfare Reform Era: Dominican Immigrants in New York City

Research on transnationalism1 poses a formidable challenge to traditional views on citizenship and membership (Joppke, 1999). It documents the complex linkages between sending and receiving communities and tells how immigrants retain and cultivate ties to the country of origin (Click Schiller et al., 1992; Guarnizo, 1997; Smith, 1998; Itzigsohn et al., 1999; Levitt, 2001). Studies of transnationalism emphasize the importance of memberships and allegiances as well as the social and institutional ties that immigrants bring from sending nation-states. The growth of transnational ties, including the increase in dual nationality, challenges many of the assumptions that underlie assimilation and citizenship paradigms (see Faist, 2000; Kivisto, 2001), particularly the idea that when immigrants become legal citizens of the host society, they realign their emotional and psychological attachments from the sending to the host country.
A search for new phases and processing techniques for permanent magnet development

Abstract Our research studies on hard magnets are focused on new processing techniques and new phases with high magnetization, large anisotropy and Curie temperature that can be used for future permanent magnet development. The systems studied include as-cast RFeB, melt-spun RFeC and the new compound SmFeTi with the 1:12 phase. The maximum coercivities obtained in these systems are 7 kOe, 12 kOe and 7.7 kOe respectively.
Further studies on the blood glucose and pancreatic islets of lizards.

In this investigation, the changes in the blood sugar and the pancreatic islet cells of a lizard, Eumeces obsoletus, were studied after the administration of adrenaline, glucagon, hydrocortisone, cobaltous chloride, and Synthalin A and after hypophysectomy and pancreatectomy. Adrenaline, glucagon, and hydrocortisone all produced hyperglycemia and beta cell degranulation. The blood sugar response was the greatest with glucagon while the beta cells were the most stimulated as a result of hydrocortisone hyperglycemia. Cobaltous chloride produced a hyperglycemia but no observable histological changes. Synthalin A evoked a severe hypoglycemia accompanied by alpha cell degranulation together with a small degree of alpha cell necrosis. Hypophysectomy produced a moderate hypoglycemia while total pancreatectomy resulted in a severe hypoglycemia. Insulin given to pancreatectomized animals resulted in a moderately high hyperglycemia. From these and previous studies on the lizard, the pancreatic beta cell, as evidenc...
Studies on the source of hydroxyproline in bovine enamel.

Abstract 1. 1. The content of 3-hydroxyproline and 4-hydroxyproline in the enamel proteins and in the dentinal and cemental collagens of bovine teeth was determined. The ratio of 4-hydroxyproline to 3-hydroxyproline was utilized to help distinguish whether these imino acids are true components of the enamel proteins or whether they reflect the presence of collagen. In addition, the relative solubility of collagen in trichloroacetic acid and in neutral and acid buffers, and its separation by chromatography were used in an effort to isolate collagen from the enamel proteins. 2. 2. Small quantities of both soluble and insoluble collagen with a ratio of 4-hydroxyproline to 3-hydroxyproline similar to dentinal collagen were isolated. However, fractions of the enamel proteins whose amino acid compositions were distinctly different from that of collagen were obtained, which contained small amounts of hydroxyproline. In several of these samples, the ratio of 4- to 3-hydroxyproline differed markedly from that of dentinal or cemental collagen, indicating that these imino acids were components of the enamel proteins. The ratio of hydroxylysine to hydroxyproline of the enamel proteins and collagen was also compared. These results showed that hydroxylysine was also a constituent of the enamel proteins.
The global strategy of emerging multinationals from China

The global strategy of multinational enterprises (MNEs) from China started to emerge recently. While sizable components of their strategy and behavior are consistent with what we observe of MNEs from other countries, Chinese MNEs are characterized by three relatively unique aspects: (1) the previously underappreciated role played by the home country governments of MNEs as an institutional force, (2) the challenge of going abroad in the absence of significantly superior technological and managerial resources, and (3) the rapid adoption of (often high-profile) acquisitions as a primary mode of entry. Overall, this article argues that these three relatively unique aspects of emerging multinationals from China will have significant ramifications for future theory building and empirical efforts of the global strategy research community. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
From the performance principle tO the Development principle: Every Kid a Winner?

This essay critically addresses the hegemony ofthe prolympic system, especially its effects upon children aud youth. It is argued that the prolympic system—its polical economy and socials structure—abrogates the liberal democratic promise that each individual has the right to develop his/her talents to the full. Indeed it is argued that liberal democracy cannot met this challenge because some individuals' extractive powers expropriate the developmental potentials of the many for their own gain. Thus, the prolympic feeder system places far more emphasis on the performance principle than the developmental principle because it is geared to the social reproduction of an elite athletic labor force, which provides asual or symbolic profits. Suggesths a made to combine the knowledges of sport psychology and socialogy to build a plat form which to think about a sport pedagogy system more oriented to democratic participation and more sensitive to the processes in chikh and youth. The work of Erik Erikson is uacd a...
Demonstration of Photophosphorylation by Maize Chloroplasts.

Photophosphorylation by isolated chloroplasts has been reported and studied in several species (21), but no published evidence of the reaction by maize chloroplasts could be found. In a study of this reaction by maize chloroplasts initial experiments using existing isolation techniques (2, 12) failed to give active chloroplasts. One previous report of a smiliar inability to demonstrate photophosphorylation has been made by Heber (11) who was unable to obtain chloroplasts capable of photophosphorylating from Vicia faba. In this case a substance which inhibited the reaction by spinach chloroplasts was found in the bean cell sap. The aims of this study were to determine if maize leaf tissue contained a component that inhibited chloroplast activity and to devise methods of extraction that would permit the isolation of chloroplasts from maize leaf tissue which would be capable of carrying out the Hill reaction and cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation.
Semi-classical transport for predicting joule heating in carbon nanotubes

Abstract A method for predicting the joule heating using Monte Carlo simulation for the electron dynamics is proposed. The joule heating in ( 10 , 10 ) carbon nanotubes is computed. The full energy band is utilized; however the results show that for low temperatures only the lower subband is sufficient, while for temperatures above 900 K, it is important to include all the subbands. Results are compared with a quantum mechanical integral form which uses an approximation for the electron occupation probability. There is a quantitative agreement of the results; however saturation of the heat generated observed in the integral form is not observed.
Statistical Hemodynamics: A Tool for Evaluating the Effect of Fluid Dynamic Forces on Vascular Biology In Vivo

Background. In vivo experimentation is the most realistic approach for exploring the vascular biological response to the hemodynamic stresses that are present in life. Post-mortem vascular casting has been used to define the in vivo geometry for hemodynamic simulation; however, this procedure damages or destroys the tissue and cells on which biological assays are to be performed. Method of Approach. Two statistical approaches, regional (RSH) and linear (LSH) statistical hemodynamics, are proposed and illustrated, in which flow simulations from one series of experiments are used to define a best estimate of the hemodynamic environment in a second series. As an illustration of the technique, RSH is used to compare the gene expression profiles of regions of the proximal external iliac arteries of swine exposed to different levels of time-average shear stress. Results. The results indicate that higher shears promote a more atheroprotective expression phenotype in porcine arterial endothelium. Conclusion. Statistical hemodynamics provides a realistic estimate of the hemodynamic stress on vascular tissue that can be correlated against biological response.
Effect of Planting Date, Mepiquat Chloride, and Glyphosate Application to Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton

Management decisions and common misapplication of glyphosate may impact fruiting of glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Experiments were conducted to determine if planting date affected the ability of GR cotton to compensate for fruit loss after misapplication of glyphosate and to evaluate mepiquat chloride’s (MC) contribution to fruiting. Field studies were conducted in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, from 2001 to 2003. Treatments included optimum and late planting and a series of five glyphosate, 0.84 kg a.e. (acid equivalent) ha 21 , treatments representing recommended and common misapplication timings including a control. The 10 planting date and glyphosate combinations were factored across treatments of MC and no-MC as needed according to growing conditions in 2001 and 2002. All plots were treated with MC in 2003. Optimal-planted cotton produced more than late-planted cotton. Yield was reduced in optimal-planted cotton in 2001 and late-planted cotton in 2001 and 2002 when glyphosate contacted plants after the four-leaf stage. Misapplication of gyphosate did not affect yield in 2003. Yield was improved with MC by 11% in 2001. Bolls were at higher nodes in lateplanted cotton and cotton not treated with MC. Glyphosate contact after the four-leaf stage in 2001 and 2002 shifted the fruitload above Node 10. Late planting of cotton decreases opportunities for fruiting compensation when glyphosate reduced early boll retention. Results support previous research showing application methods that allow glyphosate contact to GR cotton plants after the four-leaf stage increase risk of yield reduction regardless of planting date.
Psyllium-associated anaphylaxis and death: a case report and review of the literature

Background Psyllium use has increased significantly in the United States in part due to its lipid-lowering property. The increased prevalence of consumption has led to its recognition as an emerging food allergen. Objectives To report the case of a 42-year-old woman who experienced fatal anaphylaxis after ingesting a psyllium-based product and to review the literature. Methods The MEDLINE database was searched for articles from 1966 to 2002 using the keywords psyllium or ispaghula and each of the following: allergy, hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, and asthma . Both English and non-English articles were included. Results Psyllium hypersensitivity has been well described in health care workers and pharmaceutical plant employees. Clinical manifestations of allergy range from upper respiratory tract symptoms on inhalation to anaphylaxis on ingestion. The prevalence of sensitization varies between these 2 groups. The allergenic epitope is not known. Conclusions We present a case of psyllium hypersensitivity that resulted in death. There is a clear association between atopy and psyllium allergy. The case underscores the fact that even nonprescription "natural" products can be harmful to people with allergies.
The induction, purification and characterization of 17β-hydroxy-C19-steroid dehydrogenase of the female guinea pig kidney

The female guinea pig kidney cytosol and microsomes contain a trace or no detectable NADP+ or NAD+-linked dehydrogenase activity for several hydroxy-C19-steroids. The administration of testosterone induced a gradual increase in the 17β-C19-steroid dehydrogenase activity of the cytosol, but not of the microsomes, to the level in the male after 50 days. The induced enzyme was purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, Sephadex G-75 nitration and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and CM-Sephadex C-50 chromatography to give a protein which gave a molecular weight of 32,000 and a single protein and enzyme staining band on gel electrophoresis. The pure enzyme dissociated into three gel electrophoretic bands on removal of 2-mercaptoethanol from the solution and was restored by replacement of the mercaptoethanol. The enzyme in the cytosol, however, dissociated on storage at 4°C for 48 h or longer in the presence or absence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The KM value, steroid specificity, gel electrophoretic pattern, isoelectric value, pH optimum and NADP+ and NAD+ requirement were practically identical with those of the purified major 17β-hydroxy-C19-steroid dehydrogenase of the male guinea pig kidney. The several hydroxy-C19-steroid dehydrogenase activities of the liver were not influenced by testosterone administration. The highest enzyme activity was exhibited with 5β-dihydrotestosterone as substrate.
A simple plant polytene chromosome system, and its use for in situ hybridisation.

When the cotyledons of Pisum sativum are cultured in the presence of 2–4D, large populations of cells with polytene chromosomes are stimulated to enter prophase; the use of these chromosome for studies of in situ hybridisation with nucleic acids is described.
Tunable Phononic Band Gap Crystal Using Eccentric Multilayered Scatterers

Phononic band gap materials are a class of materials having the capability to prevent the propagation of waves in a certain frequency range, forming a band gap in the spectrum. Such a material usually consists of a large number of scatterers embedded in a host material in a regular lattice pattern. The band gap is determined by the material properties and the geometry of the microstructure. Usually, when such a structured material is cast, the band gap is fixed. In a recent study by the author, it is found that in the case of single multilayered scatterer, the scattered wave field is extremely sensitive to any eccentricity in the layers of the scatterer. In this paper, effects of eccentricity on single scattering, along with the solution approach, is briefly reviewed. The multiple scattering effects due to the scatterer eccentricity are studied through deterministic analysis of the multiple scattering process in an array of identical dual-layer eccentric scatterers. The analyses are performed by using an analytically exact multiple-scattering solution developed by the author in his earlier publications. Numerical examples are based on the materials used in a metal-matrix ceramic fiber reinforced composite system. Multiple scattering analyses demonstrated that the capabilities of tuning the wave scattering pattern by adjusting the geometric parameters of the eccentricity are significantly enhanced in the multiple scatterer setting. It is suggested that, if the eccentricity can be controlled through external mechanism, it is possible to design tunable phononic sonic crystals using such multilayered eccentric scatterers.© 2004 ASME
Short Sequences of Non-Proline Residues Can Adopt the Polyproline II Helical Conformation

The left-handed polyproline II (PII) helix is a structure that has been given a great deal of attention lately because of its role in a wide variety of physiologically important processes and potential significance in protein unfolded states. Recent work by several authors has shown that residues besides proline can adopt this structure. A scale of relative PII-helix-forming propensities has been generated but only for single guest residues in a proline-based host system. Here, we present multiple guest residues in a proline-based host system. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we have shown that not only single residues, but also short sequences of non-proline residues can adopt the PII conformation.
Aluthge iteration in semisimple Lie group

Abstract We extend, in the context of connected noncompact semisimple Lie group, two results of Antezana, Massey, and Stojanoff: Given 0 λ 1 , (a) the limit points of the sequence { Δ λ m ( X ) } m ∈ N are normal, and (b) lim m → ∞ ‖ Δ λ m ( X ) ‖ = r ( X ) , where ‖ X ‖ is the spectral norm and r ( X ) is the spectral radius of X ∈ C n × n and Δ λ ( X ) is the λ -Aluthge transform of X .
Real algebraic curves

INTRODUCTION THE main object of interest in this paper is a non-singular, -projective, irreducible, complex algebraic curve, which is assumed to be defined over the real numbers, and, until 94 is assumed to have a real point. On the underlying compact, connected Riemann surface X, the complex conjugation and real locus appear, respectively, as a differentiable orientation-reversing involution p and its fixed-point-set Xp, which is a disjoint union of, say, r circles, with t 2 1. The main result (Theorem 1) is a matrix expression, depending only on r and the genus g of X, for the action of p on the homology group H,(X,Z). As a corollary, one has an improvement of Harnack’s inequality r-5 1 + g [ 1,2,4], in the sense that the non-negative number 1 + g r is interpreted (in Corollary 1, § 1) as the dimension of a vector space, namely the quotient of Hr(X, Z/22) by the subspace of cycles fixed by p. In an old manuscript[3], which he has most kindly shared with me, Barry Mazur proved, in the special case where X is the modular curve X0@) classifying elliptic curves together with an isogeny of prime degree p, that Hr(X, Z/Z) is a free module over the group-ring 2/2Z[pl. The present paper implies his result, over Z, using nothing about X,(p) except that its real locus is connected; this property was used in [33, and was actually necessary in view of my Corollary 2, 91. I have taken fairly literally from 131 my use of surgery in 02 (done in [3] only for r = 1, of course) and connected sum in P4. The essence of Mazur’s argument was to reduce by surgery to the case of no real points; for me this case (04) is just an appendix. The twisting operation and shearing cycles of 03 are my adaptations to the general case of Mazur’s constructions on the “fundamental domain” for X0(p); while the former was rather implicit in [3], the latter were quite explicit and even named there.
Scintigraphic evaluation of pediatric urinary tract infection

Scintigraphic evaluation of urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, and renal scarring represents a significant portion of a clinical pediatric nuclear medicine practice. Renal scarring from recurring infection remains an important cause of end-stage renal disease and hypertension in the pediatric population. However, the clinical presentation in infants and young children is often elusive, and clinical diagnosis of upper tract involvement is frequently unreliable. As a result, diagnostic imaging has a critical role to play in the localization of infection to the lower or upper urinary tract. Radionuclide cystography and renal cortical imaging have become mainstays of this evaluation. Direct radionuclide cystography is the preferred cystographic screening technique, because it has lower radiation exposure and greater sensitivity for the detection of vesicoureteral reflux than either indirect radionuclide cystography or fluoroscopic contrast cystogrpahy. Renal cortical scintigraphy has become the standard for the detection of pyelonephritis and renal scarring. Correlation with histopathology has demonstrated a high degree of diagnostic accuracy. Acute pyelonephritis has been shown to be the necessary etiologic factor for the development of subsequent renal scarring, and the mechanism of renal injury in pyelonephritis has been extensively studied in experimental models. The ability of prompt and appropriate antibiotic therapy to dramatically reduce the incidence of subsequent scarring also has been conclusively demonstrated both clinically and in the experimental model. Vesicoureteral reflux was once thought to be a necessary prerequisite for the development of renal scarring. Although it is clear that the intrarenal reflux of infected urine will create pyelonephritis in the experimental model, the high incidence of pyelonepritis and subsequent scarring in the absence of demonstrable vesicoureteral reflux leaves the role of reflux in question. Although the role of vesicoureteral reflux is incompletely understood, its detection nevertheless remains a standard part of the patient's evaluation.
The unexpected, thermally induced, cyclization of 1,16-dimethylhexahelicenes into 5h-benzo[c,d]pyrene-5-spiro-1'-indane derivatives

Abstract Heating of concentrated solutions of 1,3,14,16-tetramethylhexahelicene ( 1 ) at temperatures between 180 and 300° results in the formation of two spiro compounds ( 3 and 4 ) containing a benzopyrene and an indane unit. Dilute solutions only racemize. A similar behaviour is observed with 1,16-dimethylhexahelicene ( 2 ) but not with the 1,3- and 1,14-dimethyl derivatives. Presumably the carbon skeleton of the pyrene moiety arises via a sigmatropic H-shift from C 1 -CH 3 to C 19 , followed by an electrocyclic reaction. Suggestions are given for the mechanism of the subsequent rearrangements which lead to 3 and 4 .