cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PCH Power gating domains implementation and design challenges

This paper discusses the methodology used for improving power savings on a new Platform Control Hub (PCH); an advanced System-on-a-Chip (SOC). Low power design techniques had evolved from those used in multiple chips on a package designs towards more efficient ones in a System-on-a-Chip (SOC). The example that this paper is based on, had improved power savings up to 47% compared to the previous generation of PCH. Thus, with the new improvement, we will see a much better battery life span for a mobile computing platform and also make desktop computing platforms more eco friendly. We will be looking at a multiple power domains design; governed by different stages of PFET switches, local power gating controller and central power gating controller implemented in the new Platform Control Hub (PCH). Further more, a newly introduced routing scheme of self-isolated repeater cells which feeds through different power domain will also be discusses; as we also look at design approaches that were taken to avoid causing a big impact to voltage drop and electro migration on power grids of different metal layers. These design are in place to further improve the standby power saving and reduce sub-threshold leakage. However, the design also introduces some challenges and trade-off between wake-up overhead and leakage savings that need to be carefully balance while conducting power delivery modeling analysis. To round up the paper, we will present measurements of power savings in gating and ungating from silicon debugs; to validate the correlation between simulation modeling and actual silicon implementation.
Backlash in Bolivia: Regional Autonomy as a Reaction against Indigenous Mobilization

Politics & Society http://pas.sagepub.com Backlash in Bolivia: Regional Autonomy as a Reaction against Indigenous Mobilization Kent Eaton Politics Society 2007; 35; 71 DOI: 10.1177/0032329206297145 The online version of this article can be found at: http://pas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/1/71 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Politics & Society can be found at: Email Alerts: http://pas.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://pas.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations (this article cites 7 articles hosted on the SAGE Journals Online and HighWire Press platforms): http://pas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/35/1/71 Downloaded from http://pas.sagepub.com at UNIV OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ on July 3, 2008 © 2007 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution.
Phosphobutyrylcholinesterase: Phosphorylation of the Esteratic Site of Butyrylcholinesterase by Ethephon [(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid] Dianion

Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] has two seemingly unrelated types of biological activity. It is a major agrochemical absorbed by crops, slowly releasing ethylene as a plant growth regulator. Ethephon also inhibits the activity of plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in humans, dogs, rats, and mice. This is totally unexpected for an ionized phosphonic acid (mostly the dianion at physiological pH), in contrast to the classical inhibitors (nonionized triester phosphates) which phosphorylate serine at the active site. This study tests the hypothesis that ethephon (as the dianion) also acts as a phosphorylating agent in inhibiting BuChE activity. The sensitivity of plasma BuChE to ethephon (90 min preincubation at 25 degrees C) is greatest for humans, dogs, and mice (IC(50) = 6-23 microM), intermediate for chickens, rabbits, rats, and guinea pigs (IC(50) = 26-53 microM), and lowest for pigs and horses (IC(50) = 92-172 microM). The IC(50) decreases linearly with time on a log-log scale to values of 0.15-0. 3 microM for human, dog, and horse BuChE at 24 h. The inhibition rate is generally related to ethephon concentration, consistent with a bimolecular reaction, e.g., phosphorylation. The extent of inhibition of the esteratic activity of BuChE by ethephon is directly proportional to the extent of inhibition of [(3)H]diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate ([(3)H]DFP) postlabeling which is not reversible on removing the ethephon, either directly or after further incubation for 24 h at 25 degrees C. These observations strongly suggest that ethephon, as DFP, phosphorylates human plasma BuChE at Ser-198 of the esteratic site, or more generally, the formation of a phosphobutyrylcholinesterase. With human plasma BuChE, (2-bromoethyl)- and (2-iodoethyl)phosphonic acids have lower affinities for the site than ethephon but higher phosphorylation rate constants, consistent with their relative hydrolysis rates at pH 7.4 (phosphorylation of water). (2-Chlorohexyl)phosphonic acid is a poor inhibitor, perhaps being too reactive with water. Thus, potency differences for ethephon and its analogues with BuChE of various species depend on both the affinities and phosphorylation rates, i.e., the binding and reactivity of the (2-haloalkyl)phosphonic acid dianion in the esteratic site.
What's new in prognostication of melanoma in the dermatopathology laboratory?

Abstract With the advent of genetic and epigenetic research, molecular techniques could someday be used to discriminate nevus from melanoma so that ambiguous melanocytic lesions could be more accurately classified or that prognostication could be improved in melanoma patients. That promised day might be closer than realized. The last 20 years of research in cytogenetic and genetic alterations in melanoma have culminated in defined chromosomal lesions discriminating benign from malignant melanocytic tumors. Exploiting these differences, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can reproducibly discriminate unequivocal melanomas from melanocytic nevi with high sensitivity and specificity. The discriminating power of FISH in melanocytic tumors with ambiguous histopathology is questionable, however, because there is no standard definition of "malignancy." Additional FISH studies on ambiguous cases are needed through international collaborations where large collections of such cases are shared and the "proof of malignancy" is established by adequate clinical follow-up. This contribution reviews the diagnostic utility of DNA-based FISH technology as it compares the diagnostic accuracy in melanocytic tumors with unambiguous vs ambiguous histopathology. The melanoma epigenome is further characterized through research into various activities of small interfering RNAs, such as microRNAs, providing the pathway for the application of microRNA-based strategies that could be the basis for future diagnostic biomarkers and molecular therapies in melanoma.
Multibody Dynamics of Rolling Element Bearings With Faults

A detailed bondgraph model of rolling element bearings with direct correspondence between parameters of the model and physical system components was developed as multibody systems, with vector bondgraphs to represent dynamics. The model incorporates gyroscopic and centrifugal effects, contact elastic deflections and forces, contact slip, and bearing faults. The model clearly defines how a healthy or faulty bearing behaves. Dents and pits are modeled through changes in surface profiles. Simulation results in form of time/frequency domain data, orbit plots and Poincare maps show the effectiveness of the multi-DOF bearing model in fault detection.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Effect of Exchange Interactions on the Coercivity of SmCo5 Nanoparticles Made by Cluster Beam Deposition

Single crystal SmCo5 nanoparticles with an average size of 3.5 nm are produced by cluster-beam deposition. When deposited without matrix, the nanoparticles showed a super-paramagnetic behavior with a blocking temperature of 145 K. Dispersion of the SmCo5 nanoparticles in a carbon matrix results in an increase in both the coercivity and the blocking temperature. Room temperature coercivities as high as 12 kOe are obtained for the first time in mono-layers of SmCo5 nanoparticles dispersed in C matrix. δM plots show that the interactions in the samples are of exchange type, which can decrease the overall effective anisotropy and coercivity according to the random-anisotropy model. Coercivity is found to be inversely proportional to the packing density of the particles. SmCo5 nanoparticles with high coercivity are potential candidates for the next generation ultra high-density magnetic recording media.
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

IN 1955 Gasser and his associates1 introduced the term hemolytie-uremic syndrome to describe 5 children with a fatal disease characterized by acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. They considered that the severe renal disease distinguished the disorder in their patients from the disorder called thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura by Moschcowitz2 and microangiopathy by Symmers.3 The coincidence of acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia has subsequently been presented in the pediatric literature as the "hemolytic-uremic syndrome."4 5 6 7 8 9 Most authors have distinguished their patients from those with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura or necrosis of the renal cortex although the differential criteria often have . . .
Effect of silver ion, carbon dioxide, and oxygen on ethylene action and metabolism.

The relationship between ethylene action and metabolism was investigated in the etiolated pea seedling ( Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) by inhibiting ethylene action with Ag + , high CO 2 , and low O 2 and then determining if ethylene metabolism was inhibited in a similar manner. Ag + (100 milligrams per liter) was clearly the most potent antiethylene treatment. Ag + pretreatment inhibited the growth retarding action of 0.2 microliters per liter ethylene by 48% and it also inhibited the incorporation of 0.2 microliters per liter 14 C 2 H 4 into pea tips by the same amount. As the ethylene concentration was increased from 0.2 to 30 microliters per liter, the effectiveness of Ag + in reducing ethylene action and metabolism declined in a similar fashion. Although Ag + significantly inhibited the incorporation of 14 C 2 H 4 into tissue metabolites, the oxidation of 14 C 2 H 4 to 14 CO 2 was unaffected in the same tissue. CO 2 (7%) inhibited ethylene-induced growth retardation but its effectiveness diminished at a greater rate than that of Ag + with increasing ethylene concentration. High CO 2 had just the opposite effect of Ag + since it inhibited 14 C 2 H 4 oxidation to 14 CO 2 without affecting tissue incorporation. In contrast to Ag + , CO 2 did not inhibit ethylene action and metabolism to exactly the same extent, and the inhibition of metabolism did not rapidly decline with increasing 14 C 2 H 4 concentration. However, high CO 2 did alter the ratio of 14 C 2 H 4 tissue incorporation to 14 CO 2 production in a manner consistent with changes in ethylene effectiveness. Lowering the O 2 concentration to 5% reduced ethylene-induced growth retardation from 70 to 58% at 0.22 microliters per liter and inhibited 14 C 2 H 4 (0.25 microliters per liter) tissue incorporation and oxidation to 14 CO 2 by 26 and 45%, respectively. However, in contrast to Ag + and high CO 2 which slightly promoted growth in ethylene-free air, low O 2 reduced pea seedling growth under these conditions thereby severely limiting its usefulness as a specific antiethylene treatment. Collectively these data suggest that the metabolism of ethylene may be related to its action.
Some problems of distributed parameter control with unilateral constraints

Abstract A class of constrained LQ optimal control problems can be abstractly formulated as seeking a nearest point in a “slice” S ∩ b , where S is an affine subspace of a Hilbert space H and b is the (possibly unbounded) closed convex set corresponding to imposition of the constraint. Subject to a slackness condition, it is shown that the optimal control must then be a “nearest point in b ” for some control which would be optimal for some unconstrained problem of similar form . In particular, this is exemplified by minimum-energy boundary control of the heat equation with a non-negativity constraint.
Radiative Properties of Polar Bear Hair

The polar bear’s ability to survive in the harsh arctic night fascinates scientific and lay audiences alike, giving rise to anecdotal and semi-factual stories on the radiative properties of the bear’s fur which permeate the popular literature, television programs, and textbooks [1–5]. One of the most interesting radiative properties of polar bear fur is that it is invisible in the infrared region. Some theories have attempted to explain this by claiming that the outer temperature of the fur is the same as that of the environment. However, this explanation is unsatisfactory because surface radiation depends on both the surface temperature and the surface radiative properties [6].Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Fabrication and characterization of an all optically addressed micromirror array

We describe the fabrication process for an optically addressed adaptive optics array. The device consists of a micromirror array cascaded directly on wafer fused gallium arsenide (GaAs)-gallium phosphide (GaP) photodiodes. Optically addressing a photodiode generates a photocurrent which in turn causes a voltage drop across the cascaded mirror via an integrated thin film resistor. This architecture allows parallel optical addressing of individual elements without the need for wire bonding each pixel, which can enable higher density segmented type arrays. We first describe a fabrication process for releasing a free-standing array of low stress SixN micromirrors on an indium phosphide (InP) support substrate. We then present a process for transferring GaAs p-i-n photodiodes on a transparent GaP support substrate using a specially designed wafer fusion fixture. The two samples when stacked together and electrically connected via a specially formulated and patterned semiconductive SU-8 resist form the final device. We report mirror displacements of up to 500 nm using this technique while requiring an optical signal as low as 150 μW.
Kallikrein and prekallikrein of the isolated basolateral membrane of rat kidney

Kallikrein and prekallikrein of the isolated basolateral membrane of rat kidney. A basolateral membrane (BLM) enriched fraction of the homogenized rat kidney contained kallikrein and prekallikrein which differ from urinary kallikrein. Triton X-100 (0.1%) or melittin (10 -7 – 10 -5 M) solubilized the membrane-bound enzyme. Prekallikrein was activated by trypsin and plasmin. Active kallikrein and activated prekallikrein cleaved the chromogenic substrate S-2266 and released bradykinin from kininogen. Aprotinin and antiserum to rat urinary kallikrein inhibited BLM kallikrein. Gel electrophoresis separated activated BLM prekallikrein and kallikrein; prekallikrein even after activation moved slower (Rf = 0.3) in electrophoresis at an alkaline pH than active kallikrein (Rf = 1). Gel filtration resolved BLM kallikrein to two proteins of low (4 × 10 4 M) and high (1.5 × 10 5 M) molecular weight. After isoelectric focusing of the activated BLM fraction, two kallikreins with pIs of 3.9 and 5.3 were obtained. The BLM fraction also contained renin which became active after Triton treatment. Renin activity was not enhanced by trypsin or acid pH indicating that there was no prorenin present. Thus, BLM of rat kidney contains a kallikrein which is different from urinary kallikrein. This kallikrein, when released from basal membrane, may appear in renal lymph and venous effluent. Kallikreine et prekallikreine dans les membranes basolaterales isolees de reins de rat. Une fraction enrichie en membranes basolaterales (BLM) de reins homogeneises de rat contenait une kallikreine et une prekallikreine differentes de la kallikreine urinaire. Le Triton X-100 (0,1%) et la melittine (10 -7 – 10 -5 M) solubilisaient l'enzyme liee aux membranes. La prekallikreine etait activee par la trypsine et par la plasmine. La kallikreine active et la prekallikreine activee clivaient le substrat chromogene S-2266 et liberaient de la bradykinine a partir du kininogene. L'aprotinine et un antiserum contre la kallikreine urinaire de rat inhibaient la kallikreine des BLM. L'electrophorese sur gel a permis de separer la prekallikreine activee de BLM et la kallikreine; la prekallikreine migrait plus lentement (Rf = 0,3) meme apres activation en electrophorese a un pH alcalin que la kallikreine active (Rf = 1). La filtration sur gel a separe la kallikreine de BLM en deux proteines de faible (4 × 10 4 M) et de fort (1,5 × 10 5 M) poids moleculaires. Apres focalisation isoelectrique de la fraction activee de BLM, deux kallikreines de pI 3,9 et 5,8 ont ete obtenues. La fraction de BLM contenait egalement de la renine qui devenait active apres traitement au Triton. L'activite renine n'etait pas stimulee par la trypsine ni par un pH acide, indiquant qu'il n'y avait pas de prorenine presente. Ainsi les BLM de reins de rat contiennent une kallikreine differente de la kallikreine urinaire. Cette kallikreine, lorsqu'elle est relarguee des membranes basales, pourrait apparaitre dans la lymphe et l'effluent veineux renaux.
Characterization of Sintered Ti-6Al-4V Powders in Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

In the powder-based electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) process, preheating is applied, prior to the melting stage, to aggregate precursor powders and to reduce the residual stresses in the build parts. Preheating results in sintering of the powders, which serve as the initial work material for the subsequent melting stage. In this study, sintered Ti-6Al-4V alloy powders from preheating were obtained and studied. The specimens of sintered powders, also processed to prepare metallographic samples, were observed and characterized by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that after preheating, some powders are partially “melted” and necks between adjacent particles are formed with metallurgical bonds. The sintering evidence, necking, can be noted on both the build plane and the side surface (normal to the build plane). The Baktetwave α-β structure is identified in the powders, while the martensitic structure is formed in the solid EBAM part.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Hyperbranched Grafting on Oxidized Polyethylene Surfaces

A new method to prepare functional grafts on polyethylene is described. In this chemistry, a terminally functionalized poly(tert-butyl acrylate) is first attached to an oxidized polyethylene film. Subsequent hydrolysis of the tert-butyl esters at room temperature then produces a film with some poly(acrylic acid) grafts. Although this initial graft is present at low density, repetition of this process through 2−4 more cycles produces a heavily grafted polyethylene that exhibits much of the same chemistry seen for hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) grafts on more defined inorganic surfaces. The resulting grafts are more effective platforms for further ionic modification of polyethylene than simple oxidized polyethylene.
Analytical Procedures for the Sequential Extraction of 14C‐Labeled Constituents from Leaves, Bark and Wood of Cottonwood Plants

A procedure for the extraction, separation, and measurement of photosynthetically fixed 14C in up to 8 chemical fractions (CHCl), amino acids, organic acids, sugars, protein, starch, hemicellulose, and residue) from small samples (1 to 100 mg) of cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) leaf material is described. The different chemical fractions are extracted in a sequence of chemical, ion exchange, and enzymatic steps. The 14C-activity in these major fractions is then determined with liquid scintillation spectrometry. These major fractions (e.g., sugars, amino acids, organic acids) can be further separated into their individual chemical components by standard thin-layer or gas- chromatographic methods for quantitative analysis if specific activities are desired. The major advantage of the procedure is that many chemical fractions can be sequentially separated with good reproducibility from a small amount of plant material without transfer of the material from the original homogenizer or centrifuge tube.
Clinical Magnetoencephalography and Magnetic Source Imaging

Preface Part I. The Method: 1. Basic concepts 2. The nature and origin of magnetic signals 3. Recording the magnetic flux 4. Overview of MSI using the single equivalent current dipole (ECD) model as an example 5. The fundamental problems of MSI 6. Head models 7. Source models - discrete source models 8. Source models - distributed source models 9. Source models - beamformers 10. Pragmatic features of the clinical use of MEG/MSI References Part II. Spontaneous Brain Activity: 11. MEG recordings of spontaneous brain activity - general considerations 12. Normal spontaneous MEG frequently encountered artefacts 13. Spontaneous MEG morphology 14. Abnormal spontaneous MEG 15. Contributions of MEG to the surgical management of epilepsy - general considerations 16. MEG investigations in lesional epilepsies 17. MEG investigations in nonlesional epilepsies 18. Pediatric nonlesional epilepsy surgery References Part III. Evoked Magnetic Fields: 19. Recording evoked magnetic fields (EMFs) 20. Somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) 21. Movement-related magnetic fields (MRFs) - motor evoked fields (MEFs) 22. Auditory evoked magnetic fields (AEFs) 23. Visual evoked magnetic fields (VEFs) 24. Language-related brain magnetic fields (LRFs) 25. Alternative techniques for evoked magnetic field data - future directions References Postscript: Future applications of clinical MEG Overview Normal aging and neurodegenerative disorders Neurodevelopmental disorders Psychiatric disorders Neurological disorders Functional reorganization References Index.
Membership in Speaker's Task Forces A Multivariate Model

Recent research on leadership in the U. S. House of Representatives has emphasized the development of a new "strategy of inclusion," by which party rank-and-file members are included to a much larger extent in the party decision-making process, and hence become more responsive to leadership pressures. This article explores the use of one such mechanism of inclusion, the Speaker's task force, utilized in the House during the late 1970s. A model is developed to test the process by which House members are selected to serve on task forces. Two major sets of motivations are seen as underlying the selection process: (1) the short-term goal by House leaders to maximize the probability that important legislation for which task forces are created will pass the House; and (2) the long-term goal of inclusion and the associated socialization of rank-and-file party members into partisanship and/or followership roles. Based on the analysis of task force membership lists, substantial empirical evidence is found for both...
Natural Variants of the Cellular Slime Mold Acrasis rosea

SYNOPSIS. Twenty different isolates of the cellular slime mold Acrasis rosea, obtained from diverse sources and geographic regions, were studied to determine similarities and differences in their development and structure in culture and their sensitivity or resistance to selected chemicals incorporated into the culture media. Six different classes of fruiting were defined based on the size, distribution, and type of sorocarps formed on the yeast, Rhodotorula, streaked on agar. In the course of these studies a significant mutant, NC-18V (variant), developed spontaneously from the wild type, normal parent strain NC-18N. The mutant differed considerably from all other Acrasis isolates, appeared several times in purified parental cultures, and represents the first laboratory derived variant of A. rosea to be described. Purified strains of the variant (V) and normal (N) cultures were obtained by single-spore isolation. Normal and variant amebae were mixed in ratios of 10:1 and 100:1 (N:V) and spore and stalk cells were selected from different sorocarps in various regions of the culture plate for analysis. The results of these selection experiments clearly indicate that the individual variant amebae have increased migratory ability and that they develop smaller, morphologically different, and more numerous sorocarps that form at distances further from the food source than NC-18N. Some isolates of Acrasis no longer were able to fruit and were classified as “non-fruiters” and a few other isolates formed only a few, small sorocarps on rare occasions. These isolates were mixed together in various combinations of 2 and 3 to screen for cell interaction, but no synergism contributing to fruiting was found. Although fruiting of many A. rosea isolates was inhibited by exposure to continuous light or constant darkness, some “escape”fruiting was noted in certain isolates even when small inocula were used. Single spore isolates of these escape fruiters still fruited in continuous light or dark, but fruiting was always greatly enhanced by a routine 12 hr light : 12 hr dark incubation cycle. It was shown by biochemical studies that actidione, crystal violet, malachite green, ethyl violet, and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine selectively killed some isolates and permitted a classification of isolates as either sensitive or resistant. In a further study of cell interaction between 2 different sets of Acrasis isolates with contrasting biochemical and morphologic markers the formation of neotypes or recombinants could not be demonstrated. The results of this study clearly indicate the existence of significant variation in A. rosea and the potential for application of these differences to developmental studies.
Heuristics for a robot data explorer

Abstract Exploratory data analysis is concerned with the determination of relationships in data empirically using robust, graphical techniques. This is an iterative, heuristic process. In other words, it is a highly subjective process and could be considered an art rather than a science. This process can be described as the application of expert heuristics or “rules of thumb”. The field of artificial intelligence has had success in identifying and codifying heuristics for several elusive domains. I intend to begin to apply the artificial intelligence, “expert system” technology to data analysis. The first step, proposed here, is to identify and codify data analysis heuristics.
Microwave tubes and semiconductor devices, G. D. Sims and I. M. Stephenson

The object of the book, as stated by the authors, is to present an up-to-date and readable survey of the principles of operation and uses of microwave valves. On this score, it is the reviewer's feeling that the authors have succeeded. The scope of the book covers practically all microwave tube types, including traveling-wave tubes, klystrons, backward-wave amplifiers, parametric amplifiers, magnetrons, etc. There is a chapter on masers and on semiconductor devices.
A Pressure Transient Method for Front Tracking

A pressure transient technique for tracking the advance of cold water fronts during water flooding and goethermal injection operations has been developed. The technique is based on the concept that the steady state pressure buildup in the reservoir region inside the front can be calculated by a fluid skin factor. By analyzing successive pressure falloff tests, the advance of the front in the reservoir can be monitored. The validity of the methods is demonstrated by application to three numerically simulated data sets, a nonisothermal step-rate injection test, a series of pressure falloffs in a multilayered reservoir, and a series of pressure falloff tests in a water flooded oil reservoir.
Elucidation of Aluminum−Fulvic Acid Interactions by Gas-Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium (H/D) Exchange and Electrospray Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR)

A gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange reaction technique using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI FT-ICR) mass spectrometry to study the interactions bet...
Temperature and growth duration influence phosphorus deficiency tolerance classification of rice cultivars

Abstract The classification of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars according to their relative tillering ratio (RTR) shows promise as a means of identifying rice cultivars tolerant to P deficiency. Our objective was to determine if nutrient solution temperature and plant growth duration influenced RTR. Growing 12 genetically diverse rice cultivars in nutrient solution in the greenhouse and in the growth chamber at 25°C and 32°C and characterizing plants after 28, 32, and 40 days of growth showed that both growth duration and temperature influenced the RTR classification of more than half of the cultivars. Increasing growth duration from 28 to 32 to 40 days changed the P deficiency tolerance classification of 4 cultivars. The optimum days of growth was not evident. Increasing the nutrient solution temperature from 25°C to 32°C caused slight to major changes in the P deficiency tolerance classification of nine of the 12 cultivars. The Kanto 51 cultivar's classification changed from tolerant to susceptible to P...
Models of malignant glioma

Malignant gliomas are biologically and clinically aggressive neoplasms with a high mortality rate. Recent therapeutic advances have been modest and incremental at best. An increased understanding of the factors, which promote progressive biologic and clinical behavior, is needed to improve upon current therapeutic modalities. Model systems of glioma, which accurately reflect the biology of the human disease, show promise as a means to accomplish this goal.
China: Ten years after the Tiananmen crackdown

Abstract Western press reports have generally stated that memories of Tiananmen have largely faded in China partly because China is now richer, more pluralistic and less ideological and partly because the Chinese government has confronted some of the students’ complaints such as official privilege and corruption. In reality, however, many of the underlying social and political issues that sparked the Tiananmen protests are far from being resolved, and there now exist signs of economic crisis and possible future dislocations. This article examines these issues and shows how, if certain trends intensify, not only will economic well‐being in China be threatened but so might the political stability of the country itself.
Natural history of follicular grade 3 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Purpose of reviewFollicular lymphoma grade 3 is recognized as a distinct entity in the World Health Organization classification of lymphomas. There is confusion regarding the natural history of these lymphomas, because some studies indicate an indolent behavior and others show more aggressive behavi
Using tactic traceability information models to reduce the risk of architectural degradation during system maintenance

The software architectures of safety and mission-critical systems are designed to satisfy and balance an exacting set of quality concerns describing characteristics such as performance, reliability, and safety. Unfortunately, practice has shown that long-term maintenance activities can erode these architectural qualities. In this paper we present a novel solution for preserving architectural qualities through the use of Tactic Traceability Information Models (tTIMs). A tTIM provides a reusable infrastructure of traceability links focused around a commonly implemented architectural tactic, as well as a set of mapping points for tracing the tactic into the architectural design and the implemented code. The use of tTIMs significantly reduces the effort needed to create and maintain traceability links, provides support for visualizing the rationale behind various architectural components, and delivers timely information to maintainers so that they can preserve critical architectural qualities while implementing modifications. Our approach is described and evaluated within the context of a mission-critical software-intensive system.
Advanced thermo‐structural technologies for the NASA terrestrial planet finder mission

The primary objective of the NASA Terrestrial Planet Finder flight missions will be to detect and characterize Earth-like planets around nearby stars. Because of the complexity of the design concepts, the project will rely heavily on the use of analytical simulations to predict on-orbit performance. Furthermore, current understanding of these missions indicates that the 3–8 m class optical systems need to be as stable as picometres in wavefront and sub-milli arcsec in pointing. These extremely small requirements impose on the models a level of predictive accuracy heretofore never achieved, especially in the area of microgravity effects, material property accuracy, thermal solution convergence, microdynamic stability and all other second-order modelling effects typically ignored. New modelling tools and analysis paradigms are developed which emphasize computational accuracy and fully integrated analytical simulations. The process is demonstrated on sample problems using a TPF Coronagraph design concept. The TPF project is also planning a suite of testbeds through which various aspects of the models and simulations will be verified. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Possible use of constructed wetland to remove selenocyanate, arsenic, and boron from electric utility wastewater.

Abstract Wetland microcosms were used to evaluate the ability of constructed wetlands to remove extremely high concentrations of selenocyanate (SeCN − ), arsenic (As), and boron (B) from wastewater generated by a coal gasification plant in Indiana. The wetland microcosms significantly reduced the concentrations of selenium (Se), As, B, and cyanide (CN) in the wastewater by 64%, 47%, 31%, and 30%, respectively. In terms of the mass of each contaminant, 79%, 67%, 57%, and 54% of the Se, As, B, and CN, respectively, loaded into the microcosms were removed from the wastewater. The primary sink for the retention of contaminants within the microcosms was the sediment, which accounted for 63%, 51%, and 36% of the Se, As, and B, respectively. Accumulation in plant tissues accounted for only 2–4%, while 3% of the Se was removed by biological volatilization to the atmosphere. Of the 14 plant species tested, cattail, Thalia , and rabbitfoot grass were highly tolerant of the contaminants and exhibited no growth retardation. Environmental toxicity testing with fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ) larvae confirmed that the water treated by the wetland microcosms was less toxic than untreated water. The data from the wetland microcosms support the view that constructed wetlands could be used to successfully reduce the toxicity of aqueous effluent contaminated with extremely high concentrations of SeCN − , As, and B, and that a pilot-scale wetland should therefore be constructed to test this in the field. Cattail, Thalia , and rabbitfoot grass would be suitable plant species to establish in such wetlands.
Factors involved in initiation of haemoglobin synthesis can be phosphorylated in vitro.

RABBIT reticulocytes, after incubation in a nutritional medium with radioactive inorganic phosphate, contain a significant amount of covalently bound phosphate. Approximately 65% of this phosphate is attached to ribosome-associated proteins which are released into the 0.5 M KCl wash fraction from ribosomes; the remainder is bound to ribosomal protein1. The high salt wash fraction contains various proteins required for the initiation and maintenance of protein synthesis. To analyse the effects of phosphorylation on the regulation of protein synthesis, purified initiation factors from rabbit reticulocytes have been examined for phosphate-acceptor activity through the use of cyclic AMP-regulated and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases. Here we describe the phosphorylation of two factors previously shown to be involved in the initiation of haemoglobin synthesis. Both IF-MP, the Met-tRNAf binding factor, and IF-M2A, a ribosome-dependent GTPase activity, are modified by a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase isolated from rabbit reticulocytes. Initiation factors IF-M1 (ref. 2), IF-M2Bα (ref. 3), IF-M2Bβ (ref. 3), IF-M3 (ref. 4) and IF-M4 (ref. 5) are not phosphorylated by this enzyme.
The Serpin α1-Proteinase Inhibitor Is a Critical Substrate for Gelatinase B/MMP-9 In Vivo

We have identified the key protein substrate of gelatinase B/MMP-9 (GB) that is cleaved in vivo during dermal-epidermal separation triggered by antibodies to the hemidesmosomal protein BP180 (collagen XVII, BPAG2). Mice deficient in either GB or neutrophil elastase (NE) are resistant to blister formation in response to these antibodies in a mouse model of the autoimmune disease bullous pemphigoid. Disease develops upon complementation of GB -/- mice with NE -/- neutrophils or NE -/- mice with GB -/- neutrophils. Only NE degrades BP180 and produces dermal-epidermal separation in vivo and in culture. Instead, GB acts upstream to regulates NE activity by inactivating alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-PI). Excess NE produces lesions in GB -/- mice without cleaving alpha1-PI. Excess alpha1-PI phenocopies GB and NE deficiency in wild-type mice.
Two-dimensional analysis of the redox state of the rat cerebral cortex in vivo by NADH fluorescence photography

Abstract A photographic method for measuring two-dimensional changes in NADH fluorescence and hemoglobin distributions in the rat cerebral cortex in vivo has been developed. Intracellular NADH was excited by UV light peaking at 360 nm and the emission was observed through a window with the maximum transmission at 450 nm. The fluorescence photographs (360 → 450nm) required 20–25 sec exposures at the aperture opening of f/5.6 and the reflectance photographs (360 → 360nm) 10 sec exposures at f/32. The digitization of photographic images was achieved either by a PDP-8-controlled microdensitometer coupled to an A/D converter or by a combination of a manually operated microdensitometer and a computer-controlled digitizer. In the latter case, a photographic negative was scanned with a Joyce-Loebl microdensitometer in parallel lines 170 μm apart, and the densitometric tracings were digitized with a PDP-8-controlled TV digitizer. The digital data were processed by DEC PDP-10 computer and the results were displayed in 3-dimensional surfaces. Nitrogen anoxia caused increases in fluorescence at 450 nm ranging from 10 to 75% of the normoxic fluorescence intensities (after correcting for the logarithmic characteristics of the photographic films) and decreases in reflectance intensities in the range of 10–30%. The spatial resolution of the present technique is limited to approximately 30 μm × 30 μm on the cortical surface and the time resolution to 10–25 sec. The optical properties of the cerebral cortex in vivo appear to be controlled primarily by blood vessel patterns and hemodynamic factors and secondarily by the redox state of the tissue. Evidence for a heterogeneous redox response of the cerebral cortex toward N 2 anoxia was obtained.
Are There Magnetic Moments at the Transition Metal Sites in FeAl, CoAl, and NiAl?

Abstract Measurements of the hyperfine interactions in 57 Fe in the CsCl structure intermetallic compounds FeAl, CoAl and NiAl are reported.
A Preliminary Analysis of Library Holdings as Compared to the Basic Resources for Pharmacy Education List

The catalogs of 11 university libraries were analyzed against the Basic Resources for Pharmaceutical Education (BRPE) to measure the percent coverage of the core total list as well as the core sublist. There is no clear trend in this data to link school age, size, or rank with percentage of coverage of the total list or the “First Purchase” core list when treated as independent variables. Approximately half of the schools have significantly higher percentages of core titles than statistically expected. Based on this data, it is difficult to predict what percentage of titles on the BRPE a library will contain.
Adhesion between Polystyrene and Polymethylmethacrylate

Abstract Measurements have been made of the energy required to break through unit area of polystyrene (PS), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and joints prepared by molding the two polymers in contact. The results were: 1.23 ± 0.5 kJ/m2 (PS), 0.46 ± 0.10 kJ/m2 (PMMA), and 0.22 ± 0.04 kJ/m2 for the bonded joint. Thus, the interface was significantly weaker than either adherend, but surprisingly strong for two incompatible materials. Microscopy and selective dyeing revealed that fracture took place at the interface itself, with no appreciable transfer of material from one side to the other. It is concluded that Van der Waals interactions are sufficient to create relatively strong bonds.
Accuracy in Numerical Solution of the Particle Concentration Field in Laminar Wall-Bounded Flows with Thermophoresis and Diffusion

The accuracy of numerical finite-difference solutions to the one-way-coupled Eulerian partial differential equations for particle concentration in the presence of thermophoresis and diffusion is explored at different Schmidt numbers in laminar boundary-layer flow of a hot gas over a cold wall. Crank-Nicolson and MacCormack space-marching solutions to the coupled partial differential equations are compared with essentially exact solutions to the self-similar ordinary differential equation problem to determine the requirements for achieving accuracy in numerical solutions. When the diffusion sublayer at the wall is to be resolved, in flows laden with nanometer particles, the cell “Peclet” number referenced to the thermophoretic velocity and grid spacing in the wall-normal direction, and particle diffusion coefficient, serves as a criterion for the accuracy of space-marching solutions and determines the required number of wall-normal grid points, which is proportional to the particle Schmidt number. This cri...
A Simple, Multidimensional Approach to High-Throughput Discovery of Catalytic Reactions

Transition metal complexes catalyze many important reactions that are employed in medicine, materials science, and energy production. Although high-throughput methods for the discovery of catalysts that would mirror related approaches for the discovery of medicinally active compounds have been the focus of much attention, these methods have not been sufficiently general or accessible to typical synthetic laboratories to be adopted widely. We report a method to evaluate a broad range of catalysts for potential coupling reactions with the use of simple laboratory equipment. Specifically, we screen an array of catalysts and ligands with a diverse mixture of substrates and then use mass spectrometry to identify reaction products that, by design, exceed the mass of any single substrate. With this method, we discovered a copper-catalyzed alkyne hydroamination and two nickel-catalyzed hydroarylation reactions, each of which displays excellent functional-group tolerance.
A HIGHER WEIGHT SPECIFIC FETAL MORTALITY RATE (FMR) CAN EXPLAIN LOWER NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE (NMR) IN BLACK PREMATURE INFANTS

The low birth weight (LBW) neonatal mortality is known to be better in black than in white population, but the reasons are not clear. To test the hypothesis that a relatively high LBW fetal mortality might be occurring in black LBWs to explain the low NMR, we used a computerized regional perinatal data base, (Spellacy, AM.J.Ob Gyn.’84> and analyzed data from 65,387 births (1982-85). Standard perinatal vital rates weight specific FMR and NMR and their ratios, and log odds ratio of FMR at 250 g b wt intervals in 16,874 black, 35,966 white and 12,547 Hispanic births were analyzed. (Table). The black LBW NMR was significantly lower than white and Hispanic rates, but LBW-FMR/NMR ratio showed that for every 10 LBW neonatal deaths at 1.5-2.5Kg wt. range, (which forms 11.2% of black total births), there were 25 fetal deaths in blacks as compared to 12 fetal deaths in white and Hispanics. The log odds ratios of weight specific NMR models showed that the odds of FMR decreased exponentially with increasing weight in all races, but the slope in the black was 26% flatter, (p<0.01). Because of high LBW rate in the blacks, a higher risk of LBW black FMR can explain why their LBW-NMR is better: A relatively large fraction of black LBW fetuses simply die before birth. (*Black rates significantly different from white and Hispanic rates: Chi square for independent proportions: p<0.05)
Selective dendrite-targeting of mRNAs of NR1 splice variants without exon 5: identification of a cis-acting sequence and isolation of sequence-binding proteins

Abstract Both protein and mRNA for the NR1 subunit of N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors are present in neuronal dendrites and undergo changes in distribution following synaptic excitation. However, the expression of all exonic splice variants of NR1 in dendrites has not been determined. In the present study, antibodies against the exon 5 (ex5) peptide sequence labeled proteins mostly in the soma of hippocampus neurons, whereas antibodies against ex21 or ex22 labeled cell bodies and dendrites. Antisense cRNAs for ex5 hybridized with mRNAs in cell bodies, whereas cRNAs for ex21 with mRNAs in both cell bodies and dendrites. Antisense DNA to a 24-base sequence identified as being present only in the 5′-UTR of cDNAs lacking ex5 (ex5−), hybridized with mRNAs in soma and dendrites and this labeling was coincident, mostly, with RNA granules. Insertion of the 24-base DNA ahead of that for enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) increased the transport of EGFP mRNA and the expression of EGFP in neurites of neurons in culture. Fluorescent sense mRNA that contained the 24-base sequence bound to proteins in dendrites and to two proteins, 60 and 70 kDa, in brain microsomes. Proteins of similar size were also labeled by [32P]CTP-mRNA for NR1-1a, which contains the 24-base 5′-UTR sequence, but not for NR1-2b, which does not. Biotinylated 24-base sense mRNA was used to purify from brain microsomes two RNA-binding proteins (60 and 70 kDa). We concluded that the 24-base sequence in 5′-UTR of ex5− mRNA functioned as a cis-acting, dendrite-targeting element recognized selectively by two microsome proteins.
Analgesic and antipyretic properties of some aspirin derivatives.

Several derivatives of acetylsalicylic acid have been tested for analgesic and antipyretic properties in mice and rats. o-Diphenylacetoxy benzoic acid (O-(diphenylacetyl)salicylic acid; DPA) is a superior analgesic but an inferior antipyretic to aspirin, DPA has a low toxicity: it failed to show significant anti-inflammatory or tranquillising properties. In dogs it produced only slight and transient falls in blood pressure and there was no appreciable effect on the direct or reflex muscle preparation.
National Health Care Expenditure Update: A New Threat or an Opportunity?

Prescription Drug Spending As was predicted, the implementation of Part D led to the first year of high prescription drug spending growth in several years (from a low of 5.8% in 2005 to 8.5% in 2006). Medicare prescription drug spending is now 19% of overall health care spending. There is nothing surprising in this, but it does confirm the increasing influence of this program for both national and fiscal politics.