cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abrasive properties of ZnO: Influence of different nanoforms

Abstract This study concerns eight samples of ZnO powders, which can be classified in three categories: 3D-structure samples (ellipsoids, flowers), 2D-structure samples (commercial sample, nanosheets), 1D-structure samples (nanorods; short, long and irregular needles). Apart for the commercial sample, the others were synthesized through wet chemistry processes. The morphological and structural features of the ZnO powders were investigated with the purpose to understand how the friction behaviour is affected by the materials intrinsic properties. The tribological analysis was performed using a pin on disc tribometer, studying the influence of the material properties by a multivariate statistical approach. Results show that the abrasive nature of ZnO nanoforms is correlated with the crystallite dimensions. Spherical particles cause a higher damage on surfaces at the interface, with a consequent major change in the roughness. In the case of 1D-structure samples, the friction coefficient is directly proportional to the aspect ratio of the particles.
A Taxonomy for Characterizing Modes of Interactions in Goal-driven, Human-robot Teams

As robots and other autonomous agents are increasingly incorporated into complex domains, characterizing interaction within heterogeneous teams that include both humans and machines becomes more necessary. Previous literature has addressed the task of characterizing human-robot interaction from different perspectives and in multiple contexts. However, the numerous factors behind interaction work in conjunction, and the insights gained from one perspective can inadvertently affect another, creating a need for unification of these taxonomies and frameworks within an overarching taxonomy that systematically defines these relationships. In this paper we review existing taxonomies related to human-robot interaction, the behavioral sciences, and social and algorithmic taxonomies, and propose an overarching ontology for the factors from these works. We identify three main components characterizing the structure of an interaction (environment, task, and team), and structure them over two levels: contextual factors and factors driven by local dynamics. Finally, we present an analysis of how these factors affect decisions about levels of robot automation and level of information abstraction in an interaction, and discuss curent gaps in the literature that can motivate future research.
Chemistry of 3-hydroxy-2-aryl acrylate: syntheses, mechanisms, and applications

The discovery of the 3-hydroxy-2-aryl acrylate was a significant breakthrough in the field of organic and medicinal chemistry. Due to the presence of both electrophilic and nucleophilic centers, this scaffold acts as a fascinating building block of many bioactive compounds. More importantly, 3-hydroxy-2-aryl acrylate is a vital precursor in the synthesis of natural products and in the development of essential drugs. In this first review, we outline different approaches for preparing 3-hydroxy-2-aryl acrylate with mechanisms and its application in a variety of chemical fields.
Software for an Intelligent Mathematical Programming System

Creating and understanding optimization models, instances, and solutions of any significant size present a serious challenge, even to experts in the field. Greenberg pursued an initiative in the 1980s and 1990s to support research and development of computer-assisted technologies to aid decision makers in developing models and investigating model, instance, and solution structures and implications, which he dubbed the Intelligent Mathematical Programming System (IMPS). Among Greenberg’s contributions is a suite of software tools that demonstrated the potential for the initiative, including MODLER (a structured model and instance builder), RANDMOD (a structured randomization tool), and ANALYZE (a system for analyzing the structure of model instances and solutions). This paper surveys the capabilities of these tools and their underlying technologies.
Bayesian Inference for Generalized Linear Model with Linear Inequality Constraints

Abstract Bayesian statistical inference for Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) with parameters lying on a constrained space is of general interest (e.g., in monotonic or convex regression), but often constructing valid prior distributions supported on a subspace spanned by a set of linear inequality constraints can be challenging, especially when some of the constraints might be binding leading to a lower dimensional subspace. For the general case with canonical link, it is shown that a generalized truncated multivariate normal supported on a desired subspace can be used. Moreover, it is shown that such prior distribution facilitates the construction of a general purpose product slice sampling method to obtain (approximate) samples from corresponding posterior distribution, making the inferential method computationally efficient for a wide class of GLMs with an arbitrary set of linear inequality constraints. The proposed product slice sampler is shown to be uniformly ergodic, having a geometric convergence rate under a set of mild regularity conditions satisfied by many popular GLMs (e.g., logistic and Poisson regressions with constrained coefficients). One of the primary advantages of the proposed Bayesian estimation method over classical methods is that uncertainty of parameter estimates is easily quantified by using the samples simulated from the path of the Markov Chain of the slice sampler. Numerical illustrations using simulated data sets are presented to illustrate the superiority of the proposed methods compared to some existing methods in terms of sampling bias and variances. In addition, real case studies are presented using data sets for fertilizer-crop production and estimating the SCRAM rate in nuclear power plants.
The Effects of Welding Atmosphere Purity on the Lithium Corrosion Resistance of Refractory Alloys

The effects of oxygen contamination, introduced during welding, on the lithium corrosion resistance of refractory alloys of interest in space power systems was investigated.
Much Ado About Homosexuality

Abstract This paper examines common modeling assumptions in biologically based sex research and critiques two recently published studies about homosexuality. The studies purported different conceptions of sexual attraction and different causal models and conclusions. Both studies employed large samples, complex statistical analyses, and assumptions about gender role behavior. Critical examination finds that gender role assumptions hinder explication of sexual orientation, and theories about Western homosexuality contribute little to a general science of sexual orientation. Mechanistic androgen models of sexual orientation overly simplify a multi-factorial, interactive developmental process. Researchers of sexual orientation should identify and discuss their modeling and causative assumptions, avoid Western sexual categorization, examine varied erotic attractions, and include cross-cultural comparisons.
Improving energy efficiency in the USA : the Federal role

Abstract Energy efficiency in the USA improved dramatically between 1973–1986. During the past two years, however, efficiency has stagnated. This is unfortunate because improving efficiency saves money for energy consumers, boosts economic productivity, reduces oil imports, and improves environmental quality. This paper discusses ways for the US Department of Energy to further improve US energy efficiency during the 1990s. Such efforts include: make a national commitment to energy efficiency; strengthen the Federal Energy Management Program; update programmes aimed at State and local governments; increase energy-efficiency research; work with utilities and State regulatory commissions to implement least-cost planning; strengthen energy-efficiency standards, and collect more data on energy-use and its determinants.
High-throughput hyperspectral imaging with tomographic reconstruction for weak signal sources

This paper presents a novel technique for wide field hyperspectral imaging using a tomographic approach which yields superior throughput over conventional schemes, an attribute that is highly desirable in spectral imaging of low signal-to-noise ratio sources. This technique is capable of simultaneous multi-object spectroscopy on point sources and imaging spectroscopy of faint diffuse emissions, and consequently has applications in astrophysical and space remote imaging at ultraviolet (UV) and optical wavelengths. Unlike conventional hyperspectral imaging techniques which raster the scene through a slit spectrograph over some time, this method encodes three dimensions of data (two spatial and one spectral) into a two-dimensional signal, using an optical system where photons from the entire scene are collected at all times. Inversion of this data back into the three-dimensional space is accomplished by formulating a tomographic reconstruction problem. Intrinsic presence of noise, however, poses difficulties on conventional inversion methods such as the filtered back-projection (FBP) or the minimum norm least squares methods such that they often produce unacceptable results. This limitation is overcome by the incorporation of regularization schemes, minimizing appropriate l/sub 1/ and l/sub 2/ norm functionals. Through simulations, the performance of this technique is demonstrated quantitatively in comparison with conventional spectral imaging techniques.
Performance of Ultra High Efficiency Thin Germanium P-N Junction Solar Cells Intended for Solar Thermophotovoltaic Application

The theoretical upper limit conversion efficiency as a function of cell thickness and junction position is calculated for a germanium p-n junction solar cell intended for solar thermophotovoltaic energy conversion which incorporates minority carrier mirrors and optical mirrors on both the front and back boundaries of the active part of the device. The optical mirrors provide light confinement reducing the thickness required for optimum performance while minority carrier mirrors diminish surface recombination of carriers which seriously reduce short circuit current and limit open circuit voltage. The role of non-ideal optical and minority carrier mirrors and the effect of resistivity variations are studied. The calculations are conducted under conditions of high incident power (2-25 W/cm2 which are encountered in solar thermophotovoltaic energy conversion systems. For such a cell made of high purity germanium illuminated by a 1500 °C thermal radiation source, the principal conclusion is that optimum efficiencies as high as 15% are possible for cell thickness less than 90 microns when the cell receives 25 W/cm2 of incident power. This shows that properly combined action of minority carrier mirrors and optical mirrors can yield much more efficient germanium thermophotovoltaic conversion systems than those reported heretofore.
Sigmoidectomy and Rectopexy (Frykman-Goldberg Procedure)

7. Continue mobilization of rectum down to the pelvic floor with preservation of the lateral stalks. 8. Reduce the rectum from the pelvis with upward traction, defining distal resection margin to plan the anastomosis at the level of sacral promontory – upper rectum. 9. Define proximal resection margin at the sigmoid colon to plan the anastomosis at the level of the sacral promontory. Avoid mobilizing sigmoid colon proximally into the ●
A novel TRPS1 gene mutation causing trichorhinophalangeal syndrome with growth hormone responsive short stature: a case report and review of the literature

The role of growth hormone (GH) and its therapeutic supplementation in the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I (TRPS I) is not well delineated. TRPS I is a rare congenital syndrome, characterized by craniofacial and skeletal malformations including short stature, sparse, thin scalp hair and lateral eyebrows, pear-shaped nose, cone shaped epiphyses and hip dysplasia. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and caused by haploinsufficiency of the TRPS1 gene. We report a family (Mother and 3 of her 4 children) with a novel mutation in the TRPS1 gene. The diagnosis was suspected only after meeting all family members and comparing affected and unaffected siblings since the features of this syndrome might be subtle. The eldest sibling, who had neither GH deficiency nor insensitivity, improved his growth velocity and height SDS after 2 years of treatment with exogenous GH. No change in growth velocity was observed in the untreated siblings during this same period. This report emphasizes the importance of examining all family members when suspecting a genetic syndrome. It also demonstrates the therapeutic effect of GH treatment in TRPS I despite normal GH-IGF1 axis. A review of the literature is included to address whether TRPS I is associated with: a) GH deficiency, b) GH resistance, or c) GH-responsive short stature. More studies are needed before recommending GH treatment for TRPS I but a trial should be considered on an individual basis.
The petrogenesis of a platiniferous dunite pipe in the Bushveld Complex; infiltration metasomatism by a chloride solution

The Driekop dunite pipe crosscuts part of the noritic layered sequence of the upper critical zone in the eastern Bushveld Complex. The central orebody of the pipe contains platinum-group minerals, base metal sulfides, magnetite, and iron-rich olivine. The country rock forms a collapse structure around the pipe, with the layered sequence becoming almost vertical near the contact with the pipe.It is proposed that a high-temperature chloride solution flowed through irregular channel-ways along a structural weakness near the axis of the pipe and reacted with the noritic host rocks, leading ultimately to the formation of dunite. Reaction fronts advanced at different rates outward from the channelways and produced a sequence of metasomatic zones. Characteristics of infiltration metasomatism that are evident in the pipe include the movement of material over large distances in predominantly one direction, the formation of a monomineralic rock, the occurrence of a marginal zone that is enriched by displaced components, and plateaus in the compositions of mineral solid solutions.The reactions responsible for the major changes in the bulk composition of the host rocks were desilication of orthopyroxene to produce olivine, and dissolution of plagioclase. The 67 percent volume loss accompanying these reactions can account for the structural collapse of the critical zone around the pipe. Some olivine in the pipe is too fayalitic to have been produced by simple desilication of host-rock orthopyroxene. The enrichment of olivine in iron can take place byMg 2 SiO 4 + 2FeCl (sub 2 (sub (aq)) ) Fe 2 SiO 4 + 2MgCl (sub 2 (sub (aq)) ) (forsterite) (fayalite)Aqueous chloride complexes are also believed to have played an important role in the transport and precipitation of the platinum-group elements, the base metals, and other cations. Interdependent chemical reactions involving a chloride solution, olivine, magnetite, and the platinum-group elements can account for the preferential association of the ore with iron-rich olivine. Infiltration metasomatism by a high-temperature chloride solution may have an important bearing on the interpretation of other features of the Bushveld Complex.
Coaching Students to Academic Success and Engagement on Campus

The University of South Carolina improves struggling students' academic success and engagement on campus using a coaching framework of self-assessment, reflection, and goal setting.
Stress: metaplastic effects in the hippocampus

Memory impairments, which occur regularly across species as a result of aging, disease and psychological insults (for example, stress), constitute a useful area for investigation into the neurobiological basis of learning and memory. Memory researchers have identified the hippocampus as a crucial brain structure involved in key aspects of memory formation. The most widely accepted putative mechanisms of memory storage in this structure are LTP and LTD. The hippocampus is enriched with receptors for corticosterone (a glucocorticoid hormone released in response to stress) and it plays a role in glucocorticoid negative feedback and, therefore, some hippocampal functioning might be particularly susceptible to stress. In support of this view, stress-induced modifications in learning, synaptic plasticity and endangerment of neurons have been seen in the hippocampus. Stress and glucocorticoids appear to exert a metaplastic effect through the modulation of Ca2+ levels. We propose a synaptic model that provides a conceptual scaffold to structure our understanding of the manifold actions of stress on the hippocampus. Accordingly, we suggest that stress-induced metaplasticity could disrupt Ca2+ homeostasis and thus endanger hippocampal neurons.
Biodistribution of N-alkyl and N-fluoroalkyl derivatives of spiroperidol; radiopharmaceuticals for PET studies of dopamine receptors.

Abstract There is great interest in the application of positron labeled ligands to map the dopamine receptor in vivo. A series of fluorine-18-labeled N-alkyl and N-fluoroalkyl spiroperidol (SP) derivatives N-methyl[18F]SP; N-ethyl[18F]SP; N-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)SP; N-propyl[18F]SP; N-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)SP; N-(3-fluoropropyl) [18F]SP; N-(2-[18F]fluoropropyl)SP; N-(2-[18F]fluorobutyl)SP; N-(2-[18F]fluoropentyl)SP; and N-(2-[18F]fluorohexyl) SP were synthesized. The lipophilicity of these ligands (log octanol/water partition coefficient) varies from 2.67 to 5.56 and the initial brain uptake in rats, measured at 2 min, was greatest with the methyl, ethyl, propyl, fluoroethyl, and fluoropropyl derivatives. The highest striatum/cerebellum values 1 h after administration were obtained with the N-methyl, N-propyl, and N-3-fluoropropyl derivatives, while that of N-2-fluoroethyl showed the greatest uptake of total activity in the brain at this time. The uptake of all these ligands in the striatum could be blocked by cold SP showing the striatal uptake to be by the dopamine receptors.
Supernumerary Pregnancy, Collective Harm, and Two Forms of the Nonidentity Problem

An interesting question, in both the moral and the legal context, is whether babies born of an infertility treatment-induced supernumerary pregnancy (or ITISP) are properly considered to have been harmed. One might wonder how such a question could even arise in the face of data that clearly demonstrate that ITISP leaves an unduly large number of babies blind, deaf, and palsied, and facing lifelong disabilities. In fact, however, a number of arguments, based on the problem of collective form and two forms of the so-called "nonidentity problem," challenge the claim of harm in the ITISP context. The purpose of the present paper is to establish, as against these arguments, that harm has been imposed on the ITISP-damaged offspring.
Sonic boom minimization schemes

R it has been suggested that desirable modifications of objectionable sonic boom pressure signatures may be accomplished by the addition of mass or energy or by electro-aerodynamic means. The possibility of successfully utilizing any of these schemes is a matter of much current controversy." It is the purpose of this Note to present simple analytical techniques with which proposals involving mass or energy addition may be evaluated and to infer some preliminary results concerning their feasibility. The objective of the proposed mass or energy addition schemes is to create a "phantom" boundary which will favorably alter the effective area distribution of a given airplane. Such favorable alterations may be designed to produce either plateau (AeaX) or finite rise time (AeaX*) pressure signatures. The effective area variation required of the addition scheme is, therefore, the difference in effective areas between the phantom and actual bodies
Genetic Assessment of Connectivity in the Common Reef Sponge, Callyspongia vaginalis (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) Reveals High Population Structure Along the Florida Reef Tract

The genetic population structure of the common branching vase sponge, Callyspongia vaginalis, was determined along the entire length (465 km) of the Florida reef system from Palm Beach to the Dry Tortugas based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene. Populations of C. vaginalis were highly structured (overall ΦST = 0.33), in some cases over distances as small as tens of kilometers. However, nonsignificant pairwise ΦST values were also found between a few relatively distant sampling sites suggesting that some long distance larval dispersal may occur via ocean currents or transport in sponge fragments along continuous, shallow coastlines. Indeed, sufficient gene flow appears to occur along the Florida reef tract to obscure a signal of isolation by distance, but not to homogenize COI haplotype frequencies. The strong genetic differentiation among most of the sampling locations suggests that recruitment in this species is largely local source-driven, pointing to the importance of further elucidating general connectivity patterns along the Florida reef tract to guide the spatial scale of management efforts.
A Survey of the SO J K =1 0 -0 1 Transition toward Massive Star-forming Regions

We present the most extensive survey to date of the SO ground state transition JK = 10-01 (30 GHz). We observed 49 regions of massive star formation with the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie (MPIfR) 100 m telescope. In addition, the SO JK = 43-32 transition was observed with the IRAM 30 m telescope toward a subsample of seven sources. Emission in the SO JK = 10-01 transition most likely arises from the parsec-scale molecular clumps surrounding ultracompact H II regions. In general, the SO JK = 10-01 line has a Gaussian shape and appears to be optically thin. We derive SO column densities between 0.58 × 1014 and 12 × 1014 cm-2 and SO abundances in the range 0.18 × 10-9-4.4 × 10-9. Our observations show that the SO ground state transition is an effective tool to study massive star-forming clumps, and the data presented in this paper provide a useful supplement for future multitransition SO studies.
Energetics of Mg incorporation at GaN(0001) and Ga N ( 000 1 ¯ ) surfaces

By using density functional calculations in the generalized gradient approximation, we investigate the energetics of Mg adsorption and incorporation at GaN(0001) and $\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{N}(000\overline{1})$ surfaces under various Ga and Mg coverage conditions as well as in presence of light or electron beam-induced electronic excitation. We find significant differences in Mg incorporation between Ga- and N-polar surfaces. Mg incorporation is easier at the Ga-polar surface, but high Mg coverages are found to cause important distortions which locally change the polarity from Ga to N polar. At the N-rich and moderately Ga-rich GaN(0001) surface, 0.25 ML of Mg substituting Ga in the top bilayer strongly reduce the surface diffusion barriers of Ga and N adatoms, in agreement with the surfactant effect observed in experiments. As the Mg coverage exceeds 0.5 ML, partial incorporation in the subsurface region (second bilayer) becomes favorable. A surface structure with 0.5 ML of incorporated Mg in the top bilayer and 0.25 ML in the second bilayer is found to be stable over a wide range of Ga chemical potential. At the Ga bilayer-terminated GaN(0001) surface, corresponding to Ga-rich conditions, configurations where Mg is incorporated in the interface region between the metallic Ga bilayer and the underlying GaN bilayer appear to be favored. At the N-polar surface, Mg is not incorporated under N-rich or moderately Ga-rich conditions, whereas incorporation in the adlayer may take place under Ga-rich conditions. In the presence of light or electron beam induced excitation, energy differences between Mg incorporated at the surface and in deeper layers are reduced so that the tendency toward surface segregation is also reduced.
Evaluation of occlusal force in patients with obturator defects.

1. Rahn AO, Boucher LJ, eds. Maxillofacial prosthetics: principles and concepts. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1970:195. 2. Gold HO, Pruzansky S. Multiple-abutment fixed partial dentures in maxillofacial prosthetics. J PROSTHET DENT 1979; 41:424-44. 3. Cooper HK, Harding RL, Krogman WM, Mazaheri M, Millard RT. Cleft palate and cleft lip: a team approach to clinical management and rehabilitation of patient. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1979:315. 4. Gardner FM, Staukewitz CG. Using gingival facades with fixed partial dentures. J PROSTHET DENT 1982;47:262-4. 5. Andrew JA, Carlson AF. The Andrew bridge-laboratory manual. Institute of Cosmetic Dentistry, 1976. 6. Lew I, Greene BD, Maresca MJ. The Lew passive retainer for overlay and partial prosthesis. Oral Implantol 1977;7:124-37. 7. Livaditis GJ. Cast metal resin-bonded retainers for posterior teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1980;10:926-9.
Enhancement of the infectivity of SARS-CoV in BALB/c mice by IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, including ribavirin

Because of the conflicting data concerning the SARS-CoV inhibitory efficacy of ribavirin, an inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase inhibitor, studies were done to evaluate the efficacy of ribavirin and other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (5-ethynyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR), mizoribine, and mycophenolic acid) in preventing viral replication in the lungs of BALB/c mice, a replication model for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections (Subbarao, K., McAuliffe, J., Vogel, L., Fahle, G., Fischer, S., Tatti, K., Packard, M., Shieh, W.J., Zaki, S., Murphy, B., 2004. Prior infection and passive transfer of neutralizing antibody prevent replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in the respiratory tract of mice. J. Virol. 78, 3572-3577). Ribavirin given at 75 mg/kg 4 h prior to virus exposure and then given twice daily for 3 days beginning at day 0 was found to increase virus lung titers and extend the length of time that virus could be detected in the lungs of mice. Other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors administered near maximum tolerated doses using the same dosing regimen as for ribavirin were found to slightly enhance virus replication in the lungs. In addition, ribavirin treatment seemed also to promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines 4 days after cessation of treatment, although after 3 days of treatment ribavirin inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production in infected mice, significantly reducing the levels of the cytokines IL-1alpha, interleukin-5 (IL-5), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These findings suggest that ribavirin may actually contribute to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV by prolonging and/or enhancing viral replication in the lungs. By not inhibiting viral replication in the lungs of infected mice, ribavirin treatment may have provided a continual source of stimulation for the inflammatory response thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the infection. Our data do not support the use of ribavirin or other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors for treating SARS infections in humans.
An Evaluation of Two Methods for Increasing Self-Initiated Verbalizations in Autistic Children.

Three children with autism and mental retardation were treated for deficits in self-initiated speech. A novel treatment package employing visual cue fading was compared with a graduated time-delay procedure previously shown to be effective for increasing self-initiated language. Both treatments included training multiple self-initiated verbalizations using multiple therapists and settings. Both treatments were effective, with no differences in measures of acquisition of target phrases, maintenance of behavioral gains, acquisition with additional therapists and settings, and social validity.
Elastic and attenuation anisotropy in directionally solidified (hcp) zinc, and the seismic anisotropy in the Earth's inner core

Abstract The inner core of the Earth has been interpreted as being elastically anisotropic, with the direction parallel to the rotation axis fast. There are also observations that north–south rays exhibit greater amplitude reduction and more complex waveforms. In previous work, we found that directionally solidified, polycrystalline, tin (Sn)-rich alloys exhibit a solidification texturing that is measurable ultrasonically, and suggested that such texturing might be a cause for the observed seismic elastic anisotropy. Here, we find that zinc (Zn)-rich alloys also exhibit a measurable elastic anisotropy that is due to a preferred growth direction. We confirm the grain orientation by back-reflection X-ray diffraction. Zn solidifies as a hexagonal closest-packed (hcp) metal, albeit one with a c/a ratio greater than the ideal, unlike hcp iron (Fe), and is 60% elastically anisotropic. We also find that the columnar dendritic grains that grow with a preferred orientation during directional solidification result in anisotropic scattering off grain boundaries, yielding an anisotropic apparent attenuation. In addition, we present results for directionally solidified 100% Zn, which exhibits qualitative differences in both the elastic and attenuation anisotropy from Zn alloys. The laboratory results can be interpreted as a cause for both the seismic elastic and attenuation anisotropy if the cooling near the inner core has more nearly cylindrical than spherical symmetry.
Student Burnout as a Function of Personality, Social Support, and Workload

Measures of social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), personality (General Temperament Survey), and workload were related to psychological burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory) among 149 college students (M = 20.8 yrs.). High levels of burnout were predicted by negative temperament and subjective workload, but actual workload (academic and vocational) had little to do with burnout. Low levels of burnout were predicted by positive temperament, participation in extracurricular activities, and social support, especially from friends.
Optimizing Selective Withdrawal from Reservoirs to Manage Downstream Temperatures with Climate Warming

AbstractSelective withdrawal systems can take advantage of thermal stratification in reservoirs to manage downstream temperatures. Selective withdrawal might also help adapt operations to environmental changes, such as increased stream temperatures expected with climate change. This exploratory study develops a linear programming model to release water from different thermal pools in reservoirs to minimize deviations from target downstream temperatures. The model is applied with representative thermal dynamics to Lake Spaulding, a multipurpose reservoir on the South Fork Yuba River in California with climate warming represented by uniform increases in air temperature. Optimization results for thermal pool management with selective withdrawal are compared to a single, low-level outlet release model. Optimal selective withdrawal hedges the winter release of cold water to decrease summer stream temperatures. With climate warming, selective withdrawal can help lessen stream warming in the summer but at a cost...
Synthesis and properties of vinyl carbamate epoxide, a possible ultimate electrophilic and carcinogenic metabolite of vinyl carbamate and ethyl carbamate

Vinyl carbamate reacted with dimethyldioxirane in dry acetone to give a high yield of pure crystalline vinyl carbamate epoxide. This epoxide was characterized by its NMR and MS spectra and elementary analysis. It is unstable at room temperature and has a half-life in water solution of approximately 32 minutes. It reacts with adenosine to form 1,N6-ethenoadenosine and more of this etheno nucleoside was found in hydrolysates of hepatic RNA of male mice injected i.p. with the epoxide than with vinyl carbamate. Tests with Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 showed that this epoxide is a strong direct mutagen. It is also more toxic in the mouse than vinyl carbamate. Studies on the carcinogenicity of this epoxide are in progress.
Management of Patients with End-Stage Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Patients with end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have poor quality of life, with limited activity, breathlessness, dependence on others, and recurrent needs for medical evaluation and treatment. Such patients demonstrate significant and progressive impairments in physical, mental, and social functioning. Because the rate of decline is variable, however, it is difficult to predict prognosis of survival. Currently available treatments only partially relieve symptoms, and patients become increasingly more disabled. This article reviews quality of life issues, proposed prognostic indicators, and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments in advanced COPD. Palliative measures to address breathlessness and unmet needs among patients with end-stage COPD are discussed.
Two-phase flow patterns, pressure drop, and heat transfer during boiling in minichannel flow passages of compact evaporators

The small hydraulic diameters employed during flow boiling in compact evaporator passages are becoming more important in diverse applications including electronics cooling and fuel cell evaporators. The high pressure drop characteristics of these passages are particularly important as they alter the flow and heat transfer, especially in parallel multichannel configurations. The pressure drop oscillations often introduce dryout in some passages while their neighboring passages operate under single-phase mode. This article presents a comprehensive review of literature on evaporation in small-diameter passages along with some results obtained by the author for water evaporating in 1-mm-hydraulic-diameter multichannel passages. Critical heat flux is not covered in this article due to space constraints.
Usefulness of left atrial emptying fraction to predict exercise capacity in patients with normal systolic left ventricular function and without myocardial ischemia.

The association of left atrial volume at rest and the left atrial emptying fraction with exercise capacity during stress echocardiography was examined in patients with normal left ventricular function and without ischemia. The left atrial emptying fraction, along with body mass index, was found to be an independent predictor of poor exercise capacity (
Protein SRP54 of human signal recognition particle: cloning, expression, and comparative analysis of functional sites

Signal recognition particle (SRP) plays a critical role in the targeting of secretory proteins to cellular membranes. An essential component of SRP is the protein SRP54, which interacts not only with the nascent signal peptide, but also with the SRP RNA. To understand better how protein targeting occurs in the human system, the human SRP54 gene was cloned, sequenced, and the protein was expressed in bacteria and insect cells. Recombinant SRP54 was purified from both sources. The protein bound to SRP RNA in the presence of protein SRP19, and associated with the signal peptide of in vitro translated pre-prolactin. Comparative sequence analysis of human SRP54 with homologs from all three phylogenetic domains was combined with high-stringency protein secondary structure prediction. A conserved RNA-binding loop was predicted in the largely helical M-domain of SRP54. Contrary to general belief, the unusually high number of methionine residues clustered outside the predicted helices, thus indicating a mechanism of signal peptide recognition that may involve methionine-rich loops.
Drotrecogin alfa (activated) (recombinant human activated protein C) for the treatment of severe sepsis.

Objective To review the data supporting drotrecogin alfa (activated) for severe sepsis treatment. Data sources Published research and data from the Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) trial. Data extraction and synthesis The coagulation cascade and intense inflammation play a central role in the development of organ failure due to severe sepsis. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) has anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, profibrinolytic, and other properties that may explain the beneficial results seen in both animal models and humans with severe sepsis. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) produces a robust reduction in the mortality rate of patients with severe sepsis that is evident across nearly every subgroup examined in the phase III clinical trial and has an acceptable safety profile with bleeding during infusion as the only significant risk associated with therapy. The relative risk reductions for mortality seen in Gram-negative, Gram-positive, pneumonia, abdominal sources, shock, and nonshock are similar to the intent-to-treat population, 19.4%. Treatment also increases days alive and free from mechanical ventilation and shock. Conclusions Coagulopathy and systemic inflammation are almost universal in patients with severe sepsis. Treatment of this disorder with drotrecogin alfa (activated) directly addresses these derangements and substantially reduces morbidity and mortality rates with potential for bleeding during infusion as the only known risk.
Hydrogen bonding as the origin of both liquid crystallinity and polymer formation in some supramolecular materials

The use of lateral substitution on the aromatic rings of the diacid component of diacid/bispyridyl AABB supramolecular LC polymers is effective at retarding crystallization presumably by introducing a 'carbuncle' along the chain which interferes with the requisite efficient close packing of molecular units. We have examined both one and two chloro groups per ring and have observed a glass transition and fiber formation in the least crystalline complex.
Meaningful Sex Education Programs for Individuals with Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities

Individuals with an intellectual or developmental disability (ID/DD) may not have had the experiences to develop social skills for long term relationships. While society has denied the sexuality of these individuals, the individuals have identified their desire for intimate relationships. The purpose of this study was a qualitative inquiry to identify what individuals with ID/DD expect from a sex education program. A small sample size of three participants identified three themes. Data emerged for the future focus of sex education programs to include: friendship, relationships, and safe sex behaviors. The study also revealed methods of education to be used for the program setting. While the generalizability of the study is limited, due to the small number of participants, data from this study can be used for future inquires aimed at the identification of meaningful sex education programs for individuals with ID/DD.
Speciation in western Atlantic stone crabs (genus Menippe): the role of geological processes and climatic events in the formation and distribution of species

Electrophoretically detectable variation in 38 proteins and color morphology were used to determine the evolutionary relationships of crabs of the genus Menippe (Xanthidae) in the southeastern USA. Both allele frequencies (=genotype) and color morphology (=phenotype) showed that one species, Menippe mercenaria, is probably a taxonomic supergroup composed of two taxa (semispecies). One taxon (the western Gulf form) is distributed from northwest Florida westward through Texas. The second (the peninsular Florida form) ranges through the Florida peninsula from northwest to east central Florida, and in North Carolina. The taxa appear to have hybridized in two discrete regions: in the Gulf of Mexico (northwest Florida) and in the Atlantic Ocean (east central Florida to South Carolina). The agreement of patterns of geographic variation in genotype and phenotype with the geological record and estimated times of divergence based on genetic distances suggests that the observed patterns are the product of the influence of Late Cenozoic changes in climate and geology. The Atlantic zone of hybridization was formed prior to the closure of the seaway across north Florida connecting the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic, and the northwest Florida zone at some time subsequent to the closure. The present distribution, and the location of zones of hybridization, between the two semispecies of M. mercenaria illustrate the importance of the interaction of historical geological and climatic events with ecological boundaries in determining the distribution and interactions of shallow water marine species.
The glycine zwitterion does not exist in the gas phase: results from a detailed ab initio electronic structure study

Abstract We have computed the properties of the zwitterionic form of glycine (NH + 3 CH 2 COO − ) using ab initio molecular orbital theory. At the Hartree—Fock level, a shallow minimum on the zwitterion potential energy surface may be located with certain basis sets that do not contain p-type polarization functions on hydrogen. The small barriers ( 2 CH 2 COOH) disappear, however, when corrections are made for vibrational zero point energies or electronic correlation. The zwitterion is not a minimum at the Hartree—Fock level when the basis set contains hydrogen polarization functions nor when correlated wavefunctions are employed.
Structural trends in (BEDT-TTF)2X salts with linear anions: A shear transformation view

Abstract Variations in crystallographic parameters for a series of (BEDT-TTF) 2 X salts with the length of the linear anion, X, are interpreted in terms of a first-order, volume preserving, shear transformation. All salts exhibiting a superconducting ground state are noted to have anion lengths exceeding the first-order metrical anomaly.
HIV super-infection beliefs and sexual practices of people living with HIV/AIDS

Background: People living with HIV can be reinfected with a new viral strain resulting in potential treatment resistant recombinant virus known as HIV super-infection. Individual’s beliefs about the risks for HIV super-infection may have significant effects on the sexual behaviours of people living with HIV/AIDS. HIV super-infection beliefs and sexual behaviours among people living with HIV/AIDS were examined in the present study. Methods: Three hundred and twenty men, 137 women, and 33 transgender persons completed confidential surveys in a community research setting. Results: A majority of participants were aware of HIV super-infection and most believed it was harmful to their health. Hierarchical multiple regressions predicting protected anal/vaginal intercourse with same HIV status (seroconcordant) partners showed that older age and less alcohol use were associated with greater protected sex. In addition, HIV super-infection beliefs predicted protected sexual behaviour over and above participant age and alcohol use. Conclusions: Beliefs about HIV super-infection exert significant influence on sexual behaviours of people living with HIV/AIDS and should be targeted in HIV prevention messages for HIV infected persons.
Bayesian inference of BWR model parameters by Markov chain Monte Carlo

Abstract In this paper, the Markov chain Monte Carlo approach to Bayesian inference is applied for estimating the parameters of a reduced-order model of the dynamics of a boiling water reactor system. A Bayesian updating strategy is devised to progressively refine the estimates, as newly measured data become available. Finally, the technique is used for detecting parameter changes during the system lifetime, e.g. due to component degradation.
Ordered phases in concentrated DNA solutions

Abstract Aqueous solutions of concentrated DNA, a strong polyelectrolyte, in 1:1 electrolyte form liquid-crystalline phases analogous to those observed for other semi-rigid neutral polymers and weak polyelectrolytes. Phase transitions were examined in detail for DNA fragments with a contour length (500 A) approximating the persistence length. These fragments form at least three lyotropic phases. The lowest density or “precholesteric” phase appears to be a nematic with a slight and easily variable twist. The intermediate density phase is a true cholesteric with a pitch of ≈2.1 μm. With increasing concentration the cholesteric phase unwinds prior to formation of the third, high density, columnar phase. Phase transition boundaries were determined as functions of DNA concentration from 10 to 300 mg/ml solvent, supporting electrolyte concentration from 0.01 to 1.0 M, and temperature from 20°C to 60°C. Critical concentrations for formation of anisotropic phase (Ci) and disappearance of isotropic phase (Ca) were only moderately dependent on temperature. Ci, Ca, and the pitch of the cholesteric phase were surprisingly insensitive to the supporting electrolyte concentration. The insensitivity can be most simply related to the high concentrations required for anisotropic phase formation by these rather short, highly charged rod-like DNA fragments. At high concentrations the DNA counterions contribute significantly to the effective ionic strength, hence overall charge screening, and the counterion atmosphere as monitored by 23Na NMR, appears to be perturbed by inter-rod interactions.
1990 Front Range Meeting and Abstracts

The theme of the 1990 Front Range Branch meeting was Our Changing Environment. This broad topic was intended to encompass a variety of geophysical disciplines over geologic time, but special emphasis was placed on research relating to the Rocky Mountains, the Front Range, and High Plains. In a departure from earlier years, the meeting was held in Boulder, Colo., at a new conference center addition to the historic Hotel Boulderado. Meeting dates were February 5–6.
Price control in a perfect foresight model of an extractive industry

Abstract This paper examines the dynamic response of an extractive industry to the imposition of a temporary price ceiling which is anticipated in advance. After drawing attention to a related literature on backstop technology, the intertemporal competitive equilibrium is found using simple arbitrage arguments. Then a closed form solution to the monopolist's control problem is derived under the assumption of a constant elasticity of demand. These two types of industrial organization are compared in a concluding section.
Incretin-Based Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Current Status and Future Prospects

Incretin-based therapies encompass two new classes of antidiabetic drugs: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (e.g., liraglutide, exenatide, and exenatide long-acting release), which are structurally related to GLP-1, and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin and saxagliptin), which limit the breakdown of endogenous GLP-1. To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of incretin-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the role of these therapies in clinical practice, a MEDLINE search (January 1985-November 2009) was conducted. Relevant references from the publications identified were also reviewed. Of 28 studies identified, 22 were randomized controlled trials. Data show that these therapies affect insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, achieving clinically meaningful reductions in hemoglobin A(1c) levels, with very low rates of hypoglycemia. In addition, reductions in body weight have been observed with GLP-1 receptor agonists, which also exert a pronounced effect on systolic blood pressure. Various human and animal studies show that GLP-1 improves beta-cell function and increases beta-cell proliferation in vitro, which may slow disease progression. Thus, incretin-based therapies represent a promising addition to the available treatments for type 2 diabetes.