cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An assessment of environmental literacy, behaviors, attitudes and lifestyle factors of college students.

OBJECTIVE Evaluate associations between environmental literacy, attitudes, sustainability behaviors, health, and lifestyle factors among undergraduates. PARTICIPANTS Convenience sample of 345 students at a mid-sized, rural university completed the survey fall 2019. METHODS Descriptive statistics, correlations, and exploratory factor analysis were used to evaluate data. RESULTS Overall, though participants exhibited a lack of environmental knowledge (average score five of ten), they possessed pro-health and pro-environment attitudes and were likely to engage in corresponding behaviors (e.g. recycling, waste reduction, etc.). Principal axis factor analysis identified five underlying factors: liberal/progressive views, individual eco-friendly practices, personal health, healthy lifestyle, and waste reduction. CONCLUSION Correlational analyses indicated students who value health and engage in healthier behaviors also value the environment. While most agreed environmental sustainability is important, recycling behaviors and sustainability knowledge were mediocre. Understanding underlying factors such as environmental attitudes and sustainability-related behaviors can drive intervention strategies to move students to action.
Segmenting and tracking the left ventricle by learning the dynamics in cardiac images

Having accurate left ventricle (LV) segmentations across a cardiac cycle provides useful quantitative (e.g. ejection fraction) and qualitative information for diagnosis of certain heart conditions. Existing LV segmentation techniques are founded mostly upon algorithms for segmenting static images. In order to exploit the dynamic structure of the heart in a principled manner, we approach the problem of LV segmentation as a recursive estimation problem. In our framework, LV boundaries constitute the dynamic system state to be estimated, and a sequence of observed cardiac images constitute the data. By formulating the problem as one of state estimation, the segmentation at each particular time is based not only on the data observed at that instant, but also on predictions based on past segmentations. This requires a dynamical system model of the LV, which we propose to learn from training data through an information-theoretic approach. To incorporate the learned dynamic model into our segmentation framework and obtain predictions, we use ideas from particle filtering. Our framework uses a curve evolution method to combine such predictions with the observed images to estimate the LV boundaries at each time. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on a large set of cardiac images. We observe that our approach provides more accurate segmentations than those from static image segmentation techniques, especially when the observed data are of limited quality.
Energy-linked Reactions in Photosynthetic Bacteria IX. Pi-PPi EXCHANGE IN RHODOSPIRILLUM RUBRUM

Abstract Chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum catalyze a Pi-PPi exchange reaction in the dark. This reaction was inhibited by uncouplers of phosphorylation and ADP, and was stimulated by oligomycin. An energized state is therefore participating in this reaction. Methylene diphosphonate and fluoride which are inhibitors of the membrane-bound inorganic pyrophosphatase also inhibited and thus the reaction appears to be catalyzed by the pyrophosphatase. The Km for Pi was high (48 mm). For comparison, the PPi-Pi exchange reaction catalyzed by yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase was studied. Very high Pi and Mg2+ concentrations were required and, as expected, uncouplers had no effect on the reaction with the yeast enzyme. Under similar conditions the ratio of the exchange reaction to the hydrolytic reaction was considerably greater in chromatophores than with the yeast enzyme and this probably reflects the contribution of the energized state. The mechanism of the exchange in chromatophores is postulated to be due to the dynamic reversal of the energylinked hydrolytic reaction [see PDF for equation] where ∼x represents the energized state in general.
Teaching Rape: Some Reflections on Pedagogy

This short essay, which discusses the difficulties of teaching sexual offences, was written for the Oxford Law Society and published in the student run magazine, The Verdict, in Trinity Term 2007.
Patrimonialismo, privilegios políticos e Iglesia en la Lima colonial (1580-1592)

El traslado de los indios de San Lazaro al Cercado en 1590 permite al autor analizar los complejos mecanismos de poder que se esconden tras este hecho, el cual dio a relucir un incidente entre diversos poderes(el Virrey, los jesuitas y el ArzobispoToribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo),asi como alianzas en defensa de su poder y jurisdiccion. Por otro lado, argumentos mas pragmaticos aparecieron detras de las razones humanitarias alegadas para justificar dicho traslado, como el empleo de la mano de obra indigena, la recoleccion del tributo o la venta de las tierras vacantes a cargo delos oficiales reales. El proyecto evangelizador de la Corona y sus intereses economicos involucraron y terminaron por enfrentar no solo a las autoridades sino tambien apersonajes directa o indirectamente relacionados con las redes del poder colonial.
Phase-Shifting Holographic Interferometry

Quantitative data can be extracted from holographic interference fringes using Phase-Measurement Interferometry (PMI) techniques. These techniques are used to determine the phase of the secondary interference fringe pattern and can be divided broadly into spatial and temporal techniques. Temporal techniques introduce a known phase shift between the object and reference beams in an interferometer and take a series of data over time as the phase shift is varied. Spatial techniques rely on encoding the phase shift information spatially in a single interferogram by using a large number of fringes as a carrier for the phase information which are generated by tilting the reference wavefront relative to the test wave front. Temporal techniques which process data in electronics are known as heterodyne techniques and were discussed in the last chapter. The processing of spatial phase-measurement data will be discussed in the next chapter. Temporal techniques which process the data analytically on a point-by-point basis will be the concentration of this chapter.
Exchange Rate Regimes and Inflation Persistence

Some empirical research has suggested that inflation is more persistent under floating exchange rates. Theoretically, we should expect a higher variance of inflation persistence across countries under floating rates, but not necessarily a higher mean. It is shown that estimates of inflation persistence are biased upwards by underfitting mean shifts in the sample. After correction for mean shifts, there is evidence of greater inflation persistence in the post-Bretton Woods period, but no evidence of variation across exchange rate regimes. Monetary growth has been much less accommodative of inflation since 1979, with no difference between EMS and non-EMS countries. Copyright 2001, International Monetary Fund
CHAOTIC TRAJECTORIES IN THE RESTRICTED PROBLEM OF THREE BODIES

A complete qualitative understanding of the solutions of a set of nonlinear differential equations requires an investigation of the chaotic properties of the system. The circular restricted problem of three bodies has a long and rich history of qualitative analysis yet few studies have examined the possible existence of chaos in this problem. This study concentrates on the advent of chaos for widely different points in the phase space which correspond to closed Jacobian curves. In addition to observing the non — periodicity of the trajectory, two methods, Liapounov Characteristic Numbers and Poincare Surface of Sections, are used to classify an orbit as chaotic. Regularized and unregularized equations of motion were used in conjunction with a variable — stepsize integrator to produce the orbits.
Graphical Inference in Geographical Research

Graphical inference, a process refined by Buja et al., can be a useful tool for geographers as it provides a visual and spatial method to test null hypotheses. The core idea is to generate sample datasets from a null hypothesis to visually compare with the actual dataset. The comparison is performed from a line-up of graphs where a single graph of the actual data is hidden among multiple graphs of sample data. If the real data is discernible, the null hypothesis can be rejected. Here, we illustrate the utility of graphical inference using examples from climatology, biogeography, and health geography. The examples include inferences about location of the mean, change across space and time, and clustering. We show that graphical inference is a useful technique to answer a broad range of common questions in geographical datasets. This approach is needed to avoid the common pitfalls of “straw man” hypotheses and “p-hacking” as datasets become increasingly larger and more complex.
Technological Leap, Statutory Gap, and Constitutional Abyss: Remote Biometric Identification Comes of Age

Federal interest in using facial recognition technology (“FRT”) to collect, analyze, and use biometric information is rapidly growing. Despite the swift movement of agencies and contractors into this realm, however, Congress has been virtually silent on the current and potential uses of FRT. No laws directly address facial recognition — much less the pairing of facial recognition with video surveillance — in criminal law. Limits placed on the collection of personally identifiable information, moreover, do not apply. The absence of a statutory framework is a cause for concern. FRT represents the first of a series of next generation biometrics, such as hand geometry, iris, vascular patterns, hormones, and gait, which, when paired with surveillance of public space, give rise to novel questions of law and policy. These technologies constitute what can be termed Remote Biometric Identification (“RBI”). That is, they give the government the ability to ascertain the identity (1) of multiple people, (2) at a distance, (3) in public space, (4) absent notice and consent, and (5) in a continuous and on-going manner. RBI fundamentally differs from what can be understood as Immediate Biometric Identification (“IBI”) — i.e., the use of biometrics to determine identity at the point of arrest, following conviction, or in conjunction with access to secure facilities. IBI, in contrast, tends to be focused (1) on a single individual, (2) close-up, (3) in relation either to custodial detention or in the context of a specific physical area related to government activity, (4) in a manner often involving notice and often consent, and (5) is a one-time or limited occurrence. The types of legal and policy questions raised by RBI significantly differ from those accompanying IBI. In the absence of a statutory framework, we are driven to Constitutional considerations, where the Court’s jurisprudence proves inadequate as a way of addressing the concerns that present in the realm of RBI. The Fourth Amendment’s guarantee to protection against unreasonable search and seizure and the probable cause requirement for the issuance of warrants; the Fifth Amendment’s right against self-incrimination; the First Amendment’s protection of speech and assembly; and the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments’ due process protections fail to account for the way in which such measures fundamentally challenge the current norms. The article calls for Congressional action and a judicial framing commensurate with the threat posed by these new and emerging technologies.
Treatment planning for lung cancer: traditional homogeneous point-dose prescription compared with heterogeneity-corrected dose-volume prescription.

Abstract Purpose To quantify the differences in doses to target volumes and critical thoracic structures calculated by traditional homogeneous point–dose prescription and heterogeneity-corrected volume–dose prescription. Methods and materials Between 1998 and 2001, 30 patients with inoperable Stage I/II non–small-cell lung cancer underwent radiation treatment planning at our institution. A commercially available convolution/superposition– based algorithm was used. Three treatment plans were calculated for each patient using identical beam geometries: one plan was generated by traditional homogeneous point–dose prescription, a second by the traditional method with heterogeneity correction, and a third by heterogeneity-corrected volume–dose prescription that would cover 95% of the planned target volume (PTV). Target volume coverage, isocenter dose, and dose uniformity in the second and third plans were compared. Results The PTV, clinical target volume (CTV), and isocenter calculated by the heterogeneity-corrected volume–dose method were equivalent to those calculated by the traditional homogeneous point–dose method with heterogeneity correction. The fraction of the PTV covered by heterogeneity-corrected volume–dose prescription was significantly greater than the fraction covered by traditional homogeneous point–dose prescription with heterogeneity correction ( p = 0.05). The dose prescribed using the traditional method would have been delivered to less than 90% of the PTV in 14 of 30 patients. There was no significant difference in the maximum and minimum doses to the PTV, the CTV, or the isocenter calculated by the traditional homogeneous method with heterogeneity correction and the heterogeneity-corrected volume–dose method. There was also no significant difference in the planned volume of lung receiving greater than 20 Gy as calculated by these two methods. Conclusion When compared with traditional homogeneous radiation treatment planning, heterogeneity-corrected methods produce equivalent PTV, CTV, and isocenter doses while providing superior PTV coverage.
Urodynamic Prolapse Reduction Alters Urethral Pressure but Not Filling or Pressure Flow Parameters

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that advanced stages of pelvic organ prolapse can result in a functional obstruction of the urethra, we studied the effects of manual prolapse reduction on urodynamic and urethral electromyographic parameters in women with stage III and IV pelvic organ prolapse.Materials and Methods: Women with advanced pelvic organ prolapse undergoing clinical multichannel urodynamics with concentric needle electromyography of the urethra were invited to participate in this institutional review board approved study. Women underwent filling cystometry and electromyography with prolapse everted and with prolapse reduced. Women were randomized to cystometry order (reduced vs everted). All subjects underwent a third study with prolapse reduction. Maximum urethral closure pressure and quantitative electromyography of the striated urethral sphincter were determined at maximum cystometric capacity. During the pressure flow study voiding parameters, including urethral electromyography quieting, we...
Hormonal chemoprevention of cancer in women

The use of oral contraceptives in the United States during the past three decades has led to a dramatic decline in the incidence of cancers of the ovary and endometrium. The magnitude of these declines was predictable both from epidemiologic data and from the biologic effects of oral contraceptives on these tissues. Although the incidence of breast cancer has not been substantially affected by current oral contraceptives, it may be possible to develop alternative forms of contraception that provide protection against all three cancers. The major goal of hormonal chemoprevention of cancer is to reduce cell proliferation in the relevant epithelial tissue. New chemopreventive agents such as tamoxifen exemplify the application of this principle.
Cosegregation of albuminuria and blood pressure: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis (IRAS) family study.

Background Albuminuria was shown to be heritable and to share common genetic determinants with blood pressure (BP) in individuals of white ethnicity. Our aim in this study was to examine the familial aggregation of albuminuria and its phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations with BP in nondiabetic individuals of Hispanic (HA) and African American (AA) ethnicity. Methods The study included 129 large HA and AA families, providing 1405 nondiabetic individuals; those on antihypertensive medications were excluded. The albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) in a random urine sample was used as a measure of albuminuria. A variance component approach was used in the analysis. Results After adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), the heritabilities of ACR, systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were 11%, 26%, and 28%. The phenotypic correlations between ACR and each of SBP and DBP in HA ( r = 0.17 and r = 0.16 respectively) and AA ( r = 0.26 and r = 0.16) were significant. When partitioned into genetic and environmental factors, the genetic correlations between ACR and each of SBP and DBP were significant in HA ( r g = 0.49 for each), whereas the environmental correlations were not. Conversely, the genetic correlations between ACR and SBP/DBP were not significant in AA (although with DBP it was not significantly different from that of HA), whereas a significant environmental correlation was observed between ACR and SBP ( r e = 0.28, P Conclusions Both albuminuria and BP exhibit familial aggregation in nondiabetic HA and AA. In HA, but not in AA, ACR and especially SBP share common genetic determinants. The mechanism of this ethnic heterogeneity is unclear but merits further investigation.
Color Responses in an Organic Photoconductive Cell

A photovoltaic effect and photoconductivity, each with its own spectral response curve, occur simultaneously in a β-carotene cell. The two effects produce currents in opposite directions and with different response times. The combination of these effects imparts to the total response curve a unique shape for each region of the visible spectrum. Blue light produces a monophasic, negative deflection; red light produces a monophasic positive deflection; and intermediate wavelengths produce diphasic responses, which are mixtures of these two. The relative amount of each component depends upon wavelength.The shapes of these response curves are in detailed agreement with the chromatic “S” potentials found in the retinas of some animals. These results suggest a physical basis for these biological responses. The action spectra for these curves are of the same general nature as the chromatic functions of the Hering opponent-processes theory in vision This suggests that two such cells as these (a red–green, and blue–yellow type) in conjunction with a black–white detector, would suffice to account for all color mixing data, and thus form a new basis for objective colorimetry.Mixtures of light of longer and shorter wavelengths simulate the response to any monochromatic light. Broadband light of a given color produces the same character of response as a monochromatic beam of a similar color. The response curves for a given color are fairly stable with a tenfold change of irradiance The balance (or neutral) point at a wavelength where the opposing currents are equal, is a function of the voltage applied to the cell; it shifts to shorter wavelengths as the voltage increases. A primitive type of color matching can be accomplished with a single cell.
Distribution of butanol molecules along bullfrog olfactory mucosa.

ALTHOUGH electrophysiological1 and gas chromatographic2 studies have indicated that odorant molecules drawn into the intact frog olfactory sac establish a concentration gradient along the olfactory mucosa, conclusive evidence for such gradients requires a direct determination of how the molecules are actually distributed. This requirement is met here by labelling butanol molecules with tritium and directly mapping their sorption along the mucosa.
Synthesis of Methyl 2-O-, 3-O-, 4-O-, 6-O-, 2,3-Di-O- and 4,6-Di-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

Abstract Synthesis of methyl O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside 1, methyl O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside 2, methyl O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside 3, methyl O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside 4, methyl O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-[O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside 5, and methyl O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranoside 6, using 2,3,4,6 tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate or 2,3,4,6 tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl bromide as a glycosyl donor and selectively protected derivatives of methyl O-β-D-glucopyranoside as glycosyl acceptors are described.
Pulmonary Nocardiosis in an Immunocompetent Patient with Cystic Fibrosis

Nocardia spp. are bacteria of low virulence that cause infection classically in immunocompromised hosts with the lungs as the primary site of infection in the majority of cases. Patients with cystic fibrosis have pulmonary disease characterized by frequent and progressive bacterial infections. Reports of Nocardia spp. isolation in CF are rare in the literature and may represent colonization or active infection, the significance and optimal treatment of which are unknown. We report the second case to date of Nocardia transvalensis pulmonary infection in an immunocompetent patient with CF and the first in a child under the age of eighteen.
Percutaneous reduction of incipient malunion of phalangeal neck fractures in children

Abstract Purpose In this article we describe our treatment of partially healed malaligned fractures of the phalangeal neck in children. Methods This was a retrospective study of 8 pediatric patients with phalangeal neck fractures who presented late for care to Children's Hospital in Boston. All patients were diagnosed clinically and radiographically with advanced partial healing of their fracture in a malunited position of extension. The 8 patients were followed up until fracture healing and restoration of normal motion and function were achieved. Results A K-wire was inserted into the fracture site through the dorsal callus and used to mobilize the fracture fragment by breaking down the fracture callus and partially healed bone. The wire then was used as a lever arm for fracture reduction. A separate wire was used to pin the fracture percutaneously. Conclusions This treatment corrects the loss of flexion that occurs with a malunion in the phalangeal subcondylar fossa. It is a minimally invasive procedure that avoids the soft-tissue dissection of an open procedure.
Automated Multi-Track Mixing and Analysis of Instrument Mixtures

Access to hardware and software tools for producing music has become commonplace in the digital landscape. While the means to produce music have become widely available, significant time must be invested to attain professional results. Mixing multi-channel audio requires techniques and training far beyond the knowledge of the average music software user. Achieving balance and clarity in a mixture comprising a multitude of instrument layers requires experience in evaluating and modifying the individual elements and their sum. Creating a mix involves many technical concerns (level balancing, dynamic range control, stereo panning, spectral balance) as well as artistic decisions (modulation effects, distortion effects, side-chaining, etc.). This work proposes methods to model the relationships between a set of multi-channel audio tracks based on short-time spectral-temporal characteristics and long term dynamics. The goal is to create a parameterized space based on high level perceptual cues to drive processing decisions in a multi-track audio setting.
Monocyte-derived macrophages: an in vitro system for studying hereditary lysosomal storage diseases.

Summary: Mature macrophages obtained by the growth and differentiation of blood monocytes have been used to develop an in vitro system for the study of hereditary human lysosomal storage diseases. Maturation of monocytes into macrophages is rapid, and the maximal activities of the lysosomal hydrolases, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-mannosidase, and β-N-acctyl glucosaminidase, is reached by the seventh day in culture. The rate of 35SO4 incorporation into mucopolysaccharides is also maximal at 7 days. Normal macrophages attain a steady state of 35SO4 labeling within 5 hr of culture and degrade about 60% of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in 5 hr. By contrast, macrophages from patients with the Hunter syndrome (MPS II), when grown in MPS II serum, degrade only 19% of sulfated MPS within 12 hr and incorporate more 35SO4 into MPS. Significant correction of the metabolic defects is achieved by incubation of the Hunter syndrome macrophages in normal serum, demonstrating that the abnormal MPS II macrophages are responsive to exogenously supplied enzyme (α-L-iduronate sulfatase). Preliminary studies of MPS turnover in macrophages from two obligate MPS heterozygotes are indicative of partially impaired MPS degradation, with increased 35SO4 incorporation and a lower rate of 35SO4-MPS degradation.
Algorithms for roundoff error analysis —A relative error approach

Methods are presented for performing various error analyses of numerical algorithms. These analyses include forward, backward, and B-analysis (a combination of forward and backward). These analyses additionally provide alternative criteria by which different algorithms that solve the same problem may be compared. The conclusions of various comparison criteria are related to the correlation of errors in each algorithm. Finally, the analysis of a composite algorithm, which is made up of concatenated sub-algorithms, is given in terms of analyses done on its parts.
Electrode flatness requirements for cathode projection microfabrication systems

One of the most promising techniques for large-area submicron electron-beam lithography is the Cathode Projection Microfabrication System. According to published reports, these systems suffer from excessive image distortion. This distortion is partly caused by nonflat photocathodes and silicon wafer anodes. In this paper, a universal curve is obtained which quantitatively predicts and explains the image distortions which result from surface topography. Apparently, the practicality of multilayer submicron lithography in such systems is presently threatened by a requirement that nonreproducible wafer surface waviness be less than 2-3 microns.
Is The Nucleic Acid Message in a Two-Symbol Code?

In order to account for the diversity of adenine : guanine ratios in the deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) of various microorganisms, it is proposed that the code in DNA is a two-symbol code. Specifically, it is proposed that the code is a sequence of 6-amino or 6-keto groups and thus adenine is equivalent to cytosine and guanine to thymine (or, in RNA, to uracil). This hypothesis also provides a convenient explanation of the near-equivalence of 6-amino and 6-keto nucleotides in the total RNA of various organisms.
Gauge-fixing ambiguities and gauge dependence of gauge-variant Schwinger-model correlation functions.

Motivated by recent numerical studies of gauge-variant correlation functions in (3+1)-dimensional lattice QCD, we examine quark and photon correlation functions in the massless Schwinger model on $D=1+1$ Minkowski space ${M}^{2}$. Quantizing ${\mathrm{QED}}_{{M}^{2}}$ in covariant gauges, we find that (i) the effective quark mass depends on the covariant gauge parameter $\ensuremath{\xi}$ and (ii) gauge-fixing ambiguities modify operator-product-expansion coefficients computed by matching nonperturbative quark correlation functions.
Multiple-scattering effects in lidar spectroscopy

We have performed Monte Carlo calculations to investigate the effect of multiple scattering on the frequency spectra due to Brillouin scattering in the ocean. The use of the frequency spectra to determine the speed of sound and temperature profiles and the hydrosol backscattering probability is shown to be stable in turbid multiple scattering waters.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ring magnets in migma systems

Abstract A ring magnet for migma is proposed with strong focusing, alternate gradient properties. It provides the surface “diamagnetic well”-like confinement of migma without diamagnetism, i.e., at any ion density.
13C NMR chemical shifts of some highly‐branched acyclic compounds

A study has been made of the 13C chemical shifts of a number of acyclic alkanes, alkenes, nitriles and ketones which contain quaternary carbon atoms. Similar data have also been obtained for the series of compounds involved in the synthesis of triisopropylacetic acid. Substituent effects and steric factors in these highly substituted compounds are discussed in relation to the chemical shifts.
Relative measurements of stopping cross section factors by back-scattering

From international conference on ion beam surface layer analysis; Yorktown Heights, NY (18 Jun 1973). A procedure for evaluating relative stopping cross section factors from the ratios of two heights in a single back-scattering spectrum is described. The method, which requires a two-layered target, is used to test the stopping cross sections of 1 to 2 MeV /sup 4/He/sup +/ ions incident on Au, Ag, Cu, Si and Al. The ratios of the heights of Au, Ag and Cu are consistent with published stopping cross section data. The Au--Al height ratio is within the errors quoted for the Au and Al stopping cross section measurements. The Al-- Si height ratio differs significantly from the expected value. It is also shown that the height ratio changes slightly as a function of the thickness of the surface layer. (auth)
T-CELLS AND T-CELL CLONES IN RHEUMATIC FEVER VALVULITIS. GETTING TO THE HEART OF THE MATTER ?

In spite of almost sixty years of intensive investigation, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the initiation of the disease rheumatic fever remain elusive. This is not to say we have not made any progress. The identification of the organism as a group A Streptococcus by Rebecca Lancefield,1 the pioneering work of the association of Group A streptococci with rheumatic fever by Collis,2 and Coburn,3 and the primary prevention of rheumatic fever by judicious use of penicillin by Rammelkemp and associates4 all represent milestones in our understanding of this host-parasite relationship. What is missing is our understanding of the exact sequence of events starting with a preceding streptococcal pharyngitis, often so mild as to go unnoticed, through a clearly defined latent period and ending with one or more clinical manifestations of disease involving different organ systems. Among the many hypotheses entertained to explain this sequence of events has been the concept that rheumatic fever is a streptococcal-induced autoimmune disease. Thus, there is an abnormal immune response (both at a humoral and cellular level) on the part of the host to those streptococcal antigens cross reactive with relevant mammalian antigens. Implicit in this concept is that the abnormal immune response on the part of the host is genetically programmed. While still speculative, a mounting body of evidence is emerging to support this concept. At the humoral level, heart reactive antibodies are seen …
Block Staining of Nervous Tissue with Silver Studies of Fixatives, Lipid Solvents, and Reducing Solutions

Silver stains of the Cajal type, made on spinal cord of cats were studied to determine the limits of favorable ammonia concentration in alcohol as a fixative and the comparison of ammoniated alcohol with alcohol-chloroform and alcohol-pyridine mixtures. Such material subsequently extracted with various lipid solvents showed staining of a generally similar character. More intense staining was seen after the alkaline fixatives and best penetration of stain into the blocks after the most thoro extraction of lipids.Experiments with reducing solutions which contained various proportions of pyrogallic acid and formalin indicated that pyrogallic acid is the essential ingredient.Post-mortem autolysis up to 5 hours caused no change in fiber staining.
Biomarkers in neurodevelopmental toxicology.

The search for markers of toxicant exposure and effect upon the development of organisms presents a set of challenges that differ in many ways from those encountered in the study of markers in reproduction or pregnancy. These latter two fields specify a relatively narrow set of organs or biological systems. The term development, on the other hand, can apply to any organ system, or to any set of phenomena that changes in an ordered way over time. For this reason the papers presented in the session on development were chosen to narrow the focus to neurodevelopmental markers, as such markers may be altered by neurotoxic exposure. In attempting to meet this task, the authors have been able to select a group of investigators who work at the leading edges of their respective fields of developmental neuroanatomy, neurotoxicology, neuroendocrinology, neuropsychology, and infant development. The notion that toxicants could affect behavior certainly is not new. Recent knowledge that behavioral aberrations can occur at exposures below those which produce organic changes, and that behavioral aberrations can occur at exposures below those which produce organic changes, and that behavioral observation might provide early markers of effect has given rise to two new fields: behavioralmore » toxicology and behavioral teratology.« less
The role of memory representation in the vigilance decrement.

Working memory load is critically important for the overall level of performance on vigilance tasks. However, its role in a key aspect of vigilance—sensitivity decrement over time—is unclear. We used a dual-task procedure in which either a spatial or a nonspatial working memory task was performed simultaneously with a spatial vigilance task for 20 min. Sensitivity in the vigilance task declined over time when the concurrent task involved spatial working memory. In contrast, there was no sensitivity decrement with a nonspatial working memory task. The results provide the first evidence of a specific role for working memory representation in vigilance decrement. The findings are also consistent with a multiple resource theory in which separate resources for memory representation and cognitive control operations are differentially susceptible to depletion over time, depending on the demands of the task at hand.
Characterization of novel fucosyl- and tyvelosyl-containing glycoconjugates from Trichinella spiralis muscle stage larvae

The monosaccharide composition of an affinity-purified family of antigenically-related Trichinella spiralis larval glycoproteins was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. This group of 6 major glycoproteins, designated TSL-1, originates in the muscle stage (L1) larval stichosome. They are present on the L1 surface and in excretory/secretory products of L1 larvae, are stage-specific, and are highly immunodominant. The glycosyl composition of the TSL-1 antigens was remarkable in 2 respects: (1) fucose accounted for 36 molar percent of the glycosyl residues; and (2) a 3,6-dideoxyhexose was identified, which accounted for at least 24 molar percent of the glycosyl residues. Previously, 3,6-dideoxyhexoses have been found only in certain Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides and in ascaroside alcohols (ascarylose) of Ascaris eggs. The 3,6-dideoxyhexose found in the TSL-1 antigens also was found in ES. This Trichinella sugar has been chemically identified as a 3,6-dideoxyarabinohexose, the same as found in Ascaris eggs. However, the absolute configuration of the TSL-1 sugar is D-(tyvelose), not L-(ascarylose) as is found in Ascaris eggs. Methylation analysis indicated that the TSL-1 3,6-dideoxy-D-arabinohexose was present entirely as non-reducing terminal residues. Approximately 83% of the fucose was also present as non-reducing terminal residues, with the remaining fucose found as 3,4-linked branched residues.
14.7 In-situ techniques for in-field sensing of NBTI degradation in an SRAM register file

SRAM register files have sensitive circuitry and often operate with high switching activity and at high temperature. This makes them particularly vulnerable to aging by negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI) degradation of their PMOS devices. We propose a technique to sense this aging degradation; it is an in-situ technique sensing the threshold voltage (V t ) of PMOSs directly in bitcells, and can operate in-field, thanks to the ability to sense V, robustly across temperature and voltage variations. This technique can be foundational for several dynamic reliability management (DRM) approaches, including: 1) sensing V, values periodically (e.g., every several months) for evaluating the amount and the rate of NBTI degradation; 2) sensing V, differences between two PMOSs in a bitcell to determine their strength skew and to estimate the minimum functional voltage (V MIN ) degradation; and, 3) using the skew information across bitcells to create recovery vectors [1], which can be used to recover the aged PMOSs and thereby rebalance the skews. Existing in-situ techniques using ring oscillators [2, 3] or current sensors [4] to sense bitcell reliability and performance cannot support in-field operation, which is a critical issue for DRM since it is impractical to control environmental parameters, particularly temperature, during sensing.
Nuclear transport erupts on the slopes of Mount Etna

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate the active transport of large substrates and allow the passive diffusion of small molecules into the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The EMBO Workshop on the Mechanisms of Nuclear Transport focused on NPCs and on the soluble nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery. This meeting, organized by Valerie Doye (Institut Curie, Paris) and Ed Hurt (University of Heidelberg), was held within view of Mount Etna at Taormina, Sicily (November 1–5, 2003). Presentations emphasized the dynamic properties of the nuclear trafficking machinery, and demonstrated the continuity of nuclear transport with processes in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
An overview of some advanced surface technology in Russia

It is well known that the areas of technology pursued in the former Soviet Union differ from those studied in the West. This is particularly true in surface technology, where the applications of charged particles are in a very advanced phase. In the present work, developments in three areas are reviewed: cathodic arc technology, ion implantation, and pulsed intense electron and ion beams. In the first section, a cathode design needing no insulation is described as well as an efficient method of macroparticle filtering. In the second section, ion implantation is discussed in terms of advanced gas and metal ion sources, plasma ion implantation, high penetration implantation, and the so-called “long-range effect” of hardening at depth. Finally, explosive emission and its application to pulsed intense electron and ion sources is presented together with practical applications in Russia.
On the second transgression of the Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence

Suppose G is a group, N is a normal subgroup of G, Q = G/AT, and .-1 is a G-module. The Lyndon-Hochschild-S erre spectral sequence is a third quadrant spectral sequence {E, , d,.:, with Ez*’ = HP@, EP(N, A)), converging to the cohomology of G. In this paper we determine the structure of the second transgression 7‘): fP(N, A) H3(Q, A) of the spectral sequence in the case that S acts trivially on A4. Ry the structure of 7, we mean the four groups:
Direct evidence for a tryptophan-anthranilic acid cycle in Neurospora

Abstract 1. 1. Experiments are described which permit a more precise understanding of the relationship between metabolism of tryptophan and accumulation of anthranilic acid in tryptophan auxotrophs of Neurospora. A cyclic interconversion of tryptophan and anthranilic acid was postulated earlier. 2. 2. Wild type and two auxotrophic strains of Neurospora, one of which was blocked in the conversion of anthranilic acid to indoleglycerol phosphate were grown in the presence of l -[14C]tryptophan labeled either in the 2-position or randomly in the benzene ring. Protein-tryptophan was isolated after growth and its specific radioactivity was compared with that of the originally supplied tryptophan. No isotopic dilution was observed in any strain grown in the presence of benzene-labeled tryptophan indicating that under these conditions endogenous synthesis of tryptophan is completely inhibited. Extensive isotopic dilution was observed in the two strains not blocked in the conversion of anthranilic acid to tryptophan when these were grown in the presence of l -[2-14C]tryptophan. No significant dilution was observed in the mutant blocked in the conversion of anthranilic acid to tryptophan. These findings indicate that the postulated cycle is operating in growing mycelia. 3. 3. Radioactive products accumulated in the growth filtrate of the blocked mutant were identified as anthranilic acid and formylanthranilic acid. The specific radioactivities of these compounds showed clearly that they were derived exclusively from exogenous tryptophan while it remained in the medium. Upon exhaustion of tryptophan, the specific radioactivity of anthranilic acid fell abruptly indicating that its continued accumulation resulted from endogenous biosynthesis via unlabeled precursors. 4. 4. The implications of these results are discussed with reference to the earlier postulated cycle.
Dopamine transporter is enriched in filopodia and induces filopodia formation

Dopamine transporter (DAT, SLC6A3) controls dopamine (DA) neurotransmission by mediating re-uptake of extracellular DA into DA neurons. DA uptake depends on the amount of DAT at the cell surface, and is therefore regulated by DAT subcellular distribution. Hence we used spinning disk confocal microscopy to demonstrate DAT localization in membrane protrusions that contained filamentous actin and myosin X (MyoX), a molecular motor located in filopodia tips, thus confirming that these protrusions are filopodia. DAT was enriched in filopodia. In contrast, R60A and W63A DAT mutants with disrupted outward-facing conformation were not accumulated in filopodia, suggesting that this conformation is necessary for DAT filopodia targeting. Three independent approaches of filopodia counting showed that DAT expression leads to an increase in the number of filopodia per cell, indicating that DAT can induce filopodia formation. Depletion of MyoX by RNA interference resulted in a significant loss of filopodia but did not completely eliminate filopodia, implying that DAT-enriched filopodia can be formed without MyoX. In cultured postnatal DA neurons MyoX was mainly localized to growth cones that displayed highly dynamic DAT-containing filopodia. We hypothesize that the concave shape of the DAT molecule functions as the targeting determinant for DAT accumulation in outward-curved membrane domains, and may also allow high local concentrations of DAT to induce an outward membrane bending. Such targeting and membrane remodeling capacities may be part of the mechanism responsible for DAT enrichment in the filopodia and its targeting to the axonal processes of DA neurons.
Effect of Pyruvate and HEPES on Rat Lung Allograft Acidosis and Cell Death After Long-term Hypothermic Storage

Abstract Background We have previously demonstrated that adding pyruvate to Perfadex increased graft metabolism during 24-hour storage and improved reperfusion lung function. This increased metabolism was associated with progressively lower pH of the storage solution during the preservation interval. Objective To determine whether more effective pH regulation would result in further improvements in lung survival after hypothermic storage. Materials and Methods Rat lungs were stored for 24 hours in Perfadex, Perfadex with HEPES ( N -2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-propanesulfonic acid) buffer, pyruvate-modified Perfadex, and pyruvate-modified Perfadex with HEPES. Change in pH in the storage solution was measured. Structural lung injury was evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue sections. Cell death was quantified by measuring necrotic cells using trypan blue exclusion and apoptotic cells via the TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotide transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling) assay. Results Lungs stored in Perfadex demonstrated the greatest degree of cell death. Lungs in the Pyruvate group exhibited decreased cell death despite greater acidosis. The addition of HEPES reduced cell death and preservation solution acidosis in both Perfadex and pyruvate-modified Perfadex ( P Conclusion Increasing the preservation solution buffering capacity may be a simple strategy for improving lung preservation for transplantation.
The Life Effectiveness of Wilderness Adventure Leaders

The Life Effectiveness of Wilderness Adventure Leaders Cory Maria Dack Southern Illinois University Carbondale Introduction The call of the wild has long been accepted as a true phenomenon by mankind. Throughout history countless scores of women and men have written novels, poems, and symphonies in-spired by the ubiquitous reach of nature. As Sigurd Olson once wrote, "Wilderness to the people... is a spiritual necessity, an antidote to the high pressure of modern life, a means of regaining serenity and equilibrium" (Olson & Backes, 2001, p. 61). Eventually, musings on the powerful effects of nature branched out from the realm of artistic expression and began to take root in the domain of science and research as well. As the academic world has begun to quantify the positive benefits nature has on those who immerse themselves in the wilderness, the populace has simulta-neously looked to nature for an antidote to the ever increasing stressors of life. Wilderness adventure programs are one medium that exposes participants to the numerous benefits associated with nature, including an increase in overall life effectiveness and an increase in holistic well being. Wilderness adventure programs can be recreational, educational, developmental, or therapeutic in purpose (Hans, 2000). Programming can range from an afternoon of recreation in a city park, to a week-long stay at a summer camp, to a 45 day backpacking trip through the arctic. Whatever the level or duration of the program, participants are often attracted to wilderness adventure programming by the inherent benefits of adventure and personal growth. A vast array of nature based benefits research exists (see Brown, 1999; Ewert, 1985, 1989; Klint, 1999; Rog-genbuck & Driver, 2000; Stein & Lee, 1995). Literature concerning these benefits often focuses on researching, testing, and measuring the benefits participants receive after completing a wilderness adventure program. While most of the research has shown that participating in a wilderness adventure program increases the self-confidence, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and overall life effectiveness of participants (see Caulkins, White, & Russell, 2006; Goldenberg, McAvoy, & Klenosky, 2005; and Hattie, Marsh, Neill, & Richards, 1997), there is a deficit of research on the benefits and outcomes that occur to those who guide or lead wilderness adventure programs. To truly understand how wilderness adventure program-ming affects the human mind, body, and spirit, there needs to be more research that focuses specifically on the outcomes experi-enced by those who lead wilderness adventure programs. Methods Research was conducted at two camps located in northern Minnesota over the course of the summer during the 2009 camp season. The two camps, Camp Vermilion and Camp Hiawatha, are church affiliated and offer week long canoe adventures, houseboat trips, and residential in-camp experiences. The proposed research was based off of the following research questions: a) Do in-camp counselors experience an increase in life…