cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 42 – DNA Repair Models for Understanding Triplet Repeat Instability

This chapter discusses an in vitro model system to understand triplet repeat expansion reflecting events in base excision repair (BER) and single strand (ssDNA) break repair. The model system involves several of the major human BER enzymes and a CAG repeat-containing DNA with an oxidative base lesion, 8-hydroxy-7, 8-dihydro-guanine (8-oxoG). For both the repeat and random sequence substrates, the damaged strand is annealed to its corresponding template strand. The substrates were radiolabeled at the 5' end of the damaged strand. This substrate DNA allows the specific study of Pol j3 gap-filling, reflecting the DNA slippage events occurring downstream of the damage site after the ssDNA break is generated from glycosylase and AP endonuclease reactions. In this system, purified BER proteins and designed substrates can be introduced to study the roles of individual BER proteins, as well as the multiple protein–protein coordination questions in maintaining triplet repeat stability. The system also identifies the roles of DNA base damage and BER specifically in CAG repeat expansion, because this is associated with Huntington's disease.
Hemoglobin pasadena, α2β275(E19)Leu→Arg Identification by high performance liquid chromatography of a new unstable variant with increased oxygen affinity

This report describes structural and functional characteristics of a new hemoglobin variant, Hb Pasadena [β75(E19)Leu → Arg] and illustrates the use of high performance liquid chromatography in the analysis of the substitution. As a consequence of this substitution, there is compensated hemolysis, instability, increased oxygen affinity, and reduced cooperativity. However, the health of the individual is hardly affected.
Well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas with prominent myxoid stroma: analysis of 56 cases

Aims: Occasional cases of well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (LPS) contain myxoid stroma, leading to confusion with other sarcomas. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinicopathological and genetic features of well-differentiated ⁄ dedifferentiated LPS with prominent myxoid stroma. Methods and results: Fifty-six cases of LPS (22 welldifferentiated; 34 dedifferentiated) with prominent myxoid stroma were evaluated. Most arose in the retroperitoneum, abdominal cavity, or spermatic cord. The mean size was 170 mm. Myxoid LPS-like plexiform vessels were conspicuous in 11 cases of well-differentiated LPS. In 22 cases of dedifferentiated LPS, myxofibrosarcoma-like curvilinear vessels were prominent. In other cases, the myxoid component had variably bland or pleomorphic morphology. By immunohistochemistry, staining for MDM2 was positive in 95% of cases, and CDK4 in 78%. Cytogenetics in 13 cases showed ring and giant marker chromosomes. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization showed amplification of 12q13–15 in six cases evaluated. Of 30 patients with follow-up, all but one had local recurrences (up to four), but only one has so far had distant metastases. Conclusions: Well-differentiated ⁄ dedifferentiated LPS with prominent myxoid stroma can closely resemble other sarcoma types, especially myxoid LPS and myxofibrosarcoma. The clinical presentation (large retroperitoneal or abdominal tumour) is a clue to the correct diagnosis; the degree of nuclear atypia helps to exclude myxoid LPS. Immunohistochemistry for MDM2 and CDK4 and genetic analysis can be useful to confirm the diagnosis.
Spontaneous rupture of a primary carcinoma of the ovary complicating pregnancy.

Abstract 1. 1. Primary ovarian malignancy complicating pregnancy is uncommon. 2. 2. Nineteen authentic cases are reported in the literature; of these nine are sarcomas, the remainder being carcinomas. 3. 3. That herewith reported is the only case of ruptured ovarian malignancy associated with pregnancy. 4. 4. Ruptured ovarian malignancy may simulate abruptio placenta, ruptured uterus, and the other conditions associated with pregnancy causing an acute abdomen.
Knowledge Representation Issues in Integrated Planning and Learning Systems

Advances in Machine Learning and in non-linear planning systems in Artificial Intelligence have proceeded somewhat independently of Knowledge Representation issues. In essence, both fields borrow from KR the very essentials (e.g. typed FOL, or simple inheritance methods), and then proceed to address other important issues. However, the increasing sophistication of integrated architectures such as SOAR. PRODIGY and THEO at CMU (that combine problem solving, planning and learning) place new demands on their KR infrastructures. These demands include reasoning about strategic knowledge as well as factual knowledge, supporting representational shifts in domain knowledge, and metareasoning about the system's own reasoning and learning processes. The presentation will focus on the PRODIGY architecture and its needs and implications for KR, especially when these may be in divergence with the primary active topics in modern KR research.
A Statistical Model for the Uncertainty Analysis of Satellite Precipitation Products

AbstractEarth-observing satellites provide a method to measure precipitation from space with good spatial and temporal coverage, but these estimates have a high degree of uncertainty associated with them. Understanding and quantifying the uncertainty of the satellite estimates can be very beneficial when using these precipitation products in hydrological applications. In this study, the generalized normal distribution (GND) model is used to model the uncertainty of the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) precipitation product. The stage IV Multisensor Precipitation Estimator (radar-based product) was used as the reference measurement. The distribution parameters of the GND model are further extended across various rainfall rates and spatial and temporal resolutions. The GND model is calibrated for an area of 5° × 5° over the southeastern United States for both summer and winter seasons from 2004 to 2009. The GND model is used to represent t...
Optimal synthesis of digital counter

This paper presents a unified and systematic approach to the analysis and synthesis of digital counters. Our method consists, firstly of analysing a given 3 bit counter to develop the state diagram and to investigate the possibility of hangup states. Based on this, we then synthesized a given logic function. Different synthesis methods are discussed, compared, and finally, an optimum circuit meeting the design specifications is selected.
Estrogen and progesterone affect responses to malaria infection in female C57BL/6 mice

Abstract Background: Previous data from our laboratory suggest that gonadally intact C57BL/6 male mice are more likely than their female counterparts to die from Plasmodium chabaudi infection, to recover more slowly from weight loss and hematocrit loss, and to have reduced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) responses. Removal of the ovaries, and hence, the primary production of sex steroids in females, reverses these differences. Objective: We hypothesized that sex differences in response to P chabaudi may be mediated by differential synthesis of IFN-γ and IL-10 that is influenced by estrogen, progesterone, or both. Methods: C57BL/6 female mice (n = 200; n = 10/time point/treatment/experiment) were ovariectomized and implanted with a 21-day controlled-release pellet containing either 0.1 mg of 17β-estradiol (E2), 10 mg of progesterone (P4), 0.1 mg of E2 plus 10 mg of P4, or cholesterol (placebo). Females were inoculated with 106P chabaudi-infected erythrocytes. Body mass, body temperature, hematocrit, parasitemia, cytokine production, and antibody responses were monitored 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days postinoculation. Results: Administration of E2, either alone or in combination with P4, mitigated infection-induced weight loss, hematocrit loss, and hypothermia, compared with females receiving placebo pellets (P Conclusion: This animal study suggests that physiological levels of estrogen, rather than progesterone, enhance immunity and, possibly, protect females from disease symptoms during malaria infection.
Superfusion of rat testes with mixtures of labeled testosterone and androstenedione

Abstract A tracer superfusion experimental design was applied to the study of testicular steroidogenesis. Decapsulated testes from mature and immature rats were superfused with mixtures of [3H]-testosterone and [14C]-androstenedione. The steady state concentrations of the labeled hormones in superfusate (c.p.m./ml) and in tissue (c.p.m./g) were measured. Isotope ratios in intracellular metabolities were also determined. The levels (ng/g) of testosterone (T) in tissue superfused in parallel, under identical conditions and at the same concentrations of T and androstenedione (A) in the medium, were measured by radioimmunoassay. These data were used to estimate rates of entry, interconversion, metabolism, and release of T and A, as well as rates at which endogenous T was synthesized de novo and secreted during the superfusions. Endogenously formed T and A were found to be preferentially secreted as T by mature testes; a much lower T/A secretion ratio was seen with immature tissue. The conversion factor of T to A is larger in mature than in immature testes as a consequence of 5α reductase acting directly on T, as revealed by the similarity of the isotope ratios in intracellular T, 5α dihydrotestosterone and 3α, 17β androstanediol. The intracellular T/A ratio derived from either of these hormones was always greater than 1. The rate of production (ng/h × g) of T in superfused testes was not very much higher in mature than in immature rats; much greater differences were noted, however, in the rates of secretion of the hormone.
The preischemic combination of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger inhibitor cariporide and the adenosine agonist AMP579 acts additively to reduce porcine myocardial infarct size.

Background We tested whether the combination of two known cardioprotective agents, the type-1 sodium–hydrogen exchanger inhibitor cariporide plus the adenosine A 1 /A 2a receptor agonist AMP579 ([1S-[1a,2b,3b, 4a(S*)]]-4-[7-[[2-(3-chloro-2-thienyl)-1-methylpropyl]amino]-[ 3 H]-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridyl-3-yl]cyclopentane carboxamide), acted additively to reduce myocardial infarct size. Study design Pigs underwent 1 hour of coronary artery occlusion and 3 hours reperfusion. Vehicle-treated controls were compared with animals treated before ischemia with low-dose and high-dose cariporide and AMP579, and low-dose cariporide plus AMP579. The effects of both agents, alone and in combination, were also tested in isolated porcine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). The PMN respiratory burst was induced with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and quantified by the increase in 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, measured by flow cytometry. Results Infarct size in the control pigs was 65 ± 1% of the area at risk. Cariporide dose-dependently reduced infarct size to 39 ± 2% and 24 ± 3% in the low- and high-dose groups, respectively. Infarct size was 54 ± 3% in the low-dose AMP579 group and 47 ± 3% with high dose. The combination of low doses of cariporide and AMP579 reduced infarction to 25 ± 6% of the area at risk. In the PMN studies, cariporide and AMP579 alone had no effect on 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, but the combination of the two agents reduced the PMN 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein increase to 79 ± 5% of the vehicle control response. Conclusions The preischemic combination of low doses of cariporide and AMP579 decreased myocardial infarct size more than either agent used alone in low concentration, indicating an additive effect of the two agents. Given the effects that cariporide plus AMP579 combination exerted on PMN activity, it appears that this combination has the potential to reduce PMN-mediated effects during myocardial reperfusion.
Implications of the pH and temperature of diluted, cooled boar semen on fresh and frozen-thawed sperm motility characteristics

Boar semen is typically collected, diluted and cooled for AI use over numerous days, or frozen immediately after shipping to capable laboratories. The storage temperature and pH of the diluted, cooled boar semen could influence the fertility of boar sperm. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of pH and storage temperature on fresh and frozen-thawed boar sperm motility end points. Semen samples (n = 199) were collected, diluted, cooled and shipped overnight to the National Animal Germplasm Program laboratory for freezing and analysis from four boar stud facilities. The temperature, pH and motility characteristics, determined using computer automated semen analysis, were measured at arrival. Samples were then cryopreserved and post-thaw motility determined. The commercial stud was a significant source of variation for mean semen temperature and pH, as well as total and progressive motility, and numerous other sperm motility characteristics. Based on multiple regression analysis, pH was not a significant source of variation for fresh or frozen-thawed boar sperm motility end points. However, significant models were derived which demonstrated that storage temperature, boar, and the commercial stud influenced sperm motility end points and the potential success for surviving cryopreservation. We inferred that maintaining cooled boar semen at approximately 16 °C during storage will result in higher fresh and frozen-thawed boar sperm quality, which should result in greater fertility.
Studies of Cytokine-Expression by Stromal Cells of Varying Maturational Age♦ 805

We have previously reported that fetal bone marrow (FBM) has higher number of CD34+ cells, greater clonogenic capacity, and lowered immunologic reactivity compared to adult bone marrow (ABM), cord blood (CB), and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The present studies were designed to investigate whether similar ontogenetic differences exist in the expression of hematopoietic-related cytokines by stromal cells from FBM, ABM, and CB using RT-PCR. Stromal cells were prepared in long-term cultures supplemented with hydrocortisone to 80% confluency from specimens obtained from 8 FBM (n=8), collected from spontaneously aborted fetuses at gestational age of 18-20 weeks; 8 ABM (n=8) from allogeneic donors; 7 CB (n=7) samples. RNA was extracted from the stromal cells and reverse-transcribed into cDNA which was then subjected to PCR using specific primers for stem cell factor (SCF), GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, respectively. Quantitation of products was measured by densitometry using a Howtech Scanner. A strong expression of SCF and IL-11 was observed in the stromal cells from FBM compared to ABM and CB. Although M-CSF was not detected in any of 8 FBM specimens, it was highly expressed in all ABM and CB samples. IL-6 was detected in 6/8 ABM but in only 1/8 FBM and 0/7 CB. Although G-CSF was not observed in CB, it was expressed in all FBM and ABM specimens. In contrast, expression of GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-10 from different sources of stromal cells was similar. These results strongly indicate that there are age-related changes in cytokine expression in stromal cells at different maturational stages. Further, these results suggest an important role for these cytokines in their capacity to regulate differentiation and proliferation of stem cells during ontogentic development, and these may provide better predictive information for treatment of hematologic diseases as well as selection of stem cells for transplantation.
An Enskog repeated-ring kinetic equation; Long-time tails and the Brownian limit

A kinetic equation for the motion of a particle of arbitrary size and mass through a moderately dense gas is derived and discussed. The “long-time tail” of the velocity correlation function is calculated and found to agree with existing results. For a Brownian particle, the theory gives the Stokes-Einstein law for the self-diffusion coefficient, with the shear viscosity given by its Enskog value.
Influence of 6‐Diazo‐5‐Oxo‐L‐Norleucine (DON), a Glutamine Analogue, on Cartilaginous Differentiation in Mouse Limb Buds in vitro

The antibiotic, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), an analogue of L-glutamine, causes limb malformations in several species, including mice. This report shows that DON also interferes with differentiation of cartilaginous rudiments of mouse limb buds grown as organ cultures for 3 to 8 days in medium containing the teratogen. DON (5 μg/ml) inhibits growth of the explants and interferes with production of normal matrix by chondrocytes. The cartilage of DON-treated cultures exhibits a striking lack of matrix, compared with that of control explants which contains abundant metachromatic matrix. Differentiation of osteoblasts, and secretion of osteoid around the scapula and humerus are enhanced by DON. The direct effects of DON on growth and chondrogenesis, which can be prevented by addition of L-glutamine (1 mg/ml) to the medium, can be attributed to the known interference of DON in L-glutamine-dependent steps in metabolism. The possible relationships between these effects of DON in vitro and the malformations produced in vivo, are discussed.
Room Flexibility and Space Use in a Dormitory

Room-flexibility was defined as the extent to which furniture in a room could be moved. In a 2 x 2 design, ten flexible rooms and ten comparable, nonflexible rooms were selected in college dormitories. Each room housed two students, either male or female. Residents were interviewed, and room-use was unobtrusively observed. So-called flexible rooms were rated as more flexible; males gave higher flexibility ratings than did females. Residents of flexible rooms reported more frequent interpersonal recreational activities than residents of nonflexible rooms. Females in nonflexible rooms reported relatively infrequent use of rooms for interpersonal task activities. Observations of room-use indicated the greatest number of visitors in the female-flexible condition, and fewest in the female-nonflexible condition. In a marginally significant effect, residents of flexible rooms spent more time in their rooms than residents of nonflexible rooms. Results suggested that room flexibility enhances interpersonal activit...
Kinetics of Prion Protein Accumulation in the CNS of Mice with Experimental Scrapie

The kinetics of PrPSc and insoluble PrP accumulation in the spleens and brains of CD-1 mice were studied. The mice were inoculated intracerebrally with RML prions and euthanized at various times between inoculation and the onset of illness at ∼130 days. Protease-resistant PrPSc, PrP 27–30, was first detected in brain by histoblotting 49 days after inoculation and by Western immunoblotting at 70 days. In spleen, PrP 27–30 was first detected by Western immunoblotting at 28 days after inoculation. Like PrP 27–30, substantial increases in detergent-insoluble PrP were first detected at 70 days after inoculation in brain and 28 days in spleen. In addition, a progressive increase in detergent-soluble PrP was detected beginning 70 days after inoculation. Further characterization of detergent soluble and insoluble PrP with respect to protease-sensitive PrPSc and prion infectivity will be of considerable interest.
Ultrashort pulses in optical fibers

Phase analysis of femtosecond pulse propagation in fibers is presented. Observation and characterization of pulse evolution as a function of energy, distance, soliton formation and soliton self-frequency shift are described.
The Development of Modern Population Theory

RECENT DISCUSSIONS of the population "explosion" have focused public and scholarly attention on the question of population change to a greater degree than at any time since the high point of the Victorian controversies over birth control propaganda culminating in the Besant-Bradlaugh trials. Contemporary interest stems from the postwar upsurge in the birth rate in this country as well as the population problems of the emerging areas of Asia and Africa.
Condom-use intentions and the influence of partner-related barriers among women at risk for HIV

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To examine intentions to engage in condom use and potential partner-related barriers to condom use including intimate partner violence (IPV) low levels of sexual relationship power and perceptions of monogamy among women at risk for HIV. BACKGROUND: In the United States women account for approximately one in four new HIV infections. Despite the effectiveness of consistent condom use women often confront biological cultural and psychosocial barriers that limit their ability to engage in condom-use. DESIGN: Cross-sectional quantitative study. METHODS: Participants (N = 90) were recruited from a domestic violence shelter a domestic violence support organisation and an obstetrics/gynaecology clinic in Philadelphia PA. Data were collected by questionnaires to assess womens condom-use intentions actual condom-use behaviour sexual partner risk factors experience of IPV level of sexual relationship power and perceptions of monogamy. RESULTS: Fifty-eight per cent of participants (n = 52) indicated a difference between their preference and intentions to use condoms vs. their actual use with 62% (n = 32) using condoms less frequently than they would like. Significant differences in condom use emerged for women with low vs. high sexual relationship power and women who reported being in a monogamous relationship vs. those who did not. Of particular concern a majority of these relationships were with high-risk partners further increasing womens already elevated risk of acquiring HIV. CONCLUSIONS: Condom use is a multifaceted issue particularly in sexual relationships involving power differentials and perceived monogamy. Condom use was complicated by womens own preferences sexual relationship power differentials and by the perceived exclusivity of the relationship with their sexual partners. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: These findings have important implications for nurses as they are uniquely positioned to facilitate HIV risk reduction among their patients through the discussion of sexual health issues and barriers to negotiating condom use that women may confront. (c) 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Oxygen tension has significant effects on human megakaryocyte maturation

Abstract Megakaryocytes (Mks) mature adjacent to bone marrow sinuses and release platelets within the sinusoidal space or in lung capillaries. Since the sites for platelet release have higher levels of oxygen tension (pO 2 ) compared to the core of the bone marrow where stem and progenitor cells reside, we investigated whether pO 2 influences Mk maturation. Mks were generated from CD34 + cells under 5% and 20% O 2 with TPO, IL-3, and FL (n = 10). At day 15, CD41 + cell expansion in 20% and 5% O 2 cultures was 85-fold and 31-fold respectively. 20% O 2 cultures also had higher levels of polyploid (≥8N) (8-fold higher) and proplatelet-displaying (5-fold higher) Mks. At day 21, 20% O 2 cultures had a 5-fold higher number of apoptotic Mks. In contrast, the total number of CFU-Mks and the proportion of large-colony (≥20 Mks)-forming CFU-Mks were higher under 5% O 2 . Change from 5% to 20% O 2 (n = 4) increased Mk differentiation compared to 5% O 2 . Change from 20% to 5% O 2 (n = 3) reduced the level of Mk maturation and apoptosis compared to 20% O 2 . Cultures initiated with CD41 + cells showed that pO 2 effects on Mks were direct (n = 3). RT-PCR indicated Mks under 20% O 2 had a higher level of NF-E2 mRNA. These culture data may provide insights into in vivo Mk maturation. Decreased Mk differentiation at 5% O 2 may explain observations that hypoxia causes thrombocytopenia in animals. Mk maturation and apoptosis followed similar kinetics under different pO 2 environments supporting the hypothesis that these two processes are closely linked. The differential effects of pO 2 on Mk progenitors versus mature Mks have implications beyond their physiological relevance. Using pO 2 as a control parameter in ex vivo cultures one can (1) extend the level of Mk progenitor expansion (5% O 2 ), or (2) generate a high level of non-apoptotic Mks for reinfusion into patients (5% to 20% O 2 ).
A work-family conflict/subjective well-being process model: a test of competing theories of longitudinal effects.

In the present study, we examine competing predictions of stress reaction models and adaptation theories regarding the longitudinal relationship between work�family conflict and subjective well-being. Based on data from 432 participants over 3 time points with 2 lags of varying lengths (i.e., 1 month, 6 months), our findings suggest that in the short term, consistent with prior theory and research, work�family conflict is associated with poorer subjective well-being. Counter to traditional work�family predictions but consistent with adaptation theories, after accounting for concurrent levels of work�family conflict as well as past levels of subjective well-being, past exposure to work�family conflict was associated with higher levels of subjective well-being over time. Moreover, evidence was found for reverse causation in that greater subjective well-being at 1 point in time was associated with reduced work�family conflict at a subsequent point in time. Finally, the pattern of results did not vary as a function of using different temporal lags. We discuss the theoretical, research, and practical implications of our findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
Characterization of the folding kinetics of a three-helix bundle protein via a minimalist Langevin model.

We use a simple off-lattice Langevin model of protein folding to characterize the folding and unfolding of a fast-folding, 46 residue three-helix bundle. Under conditions at which the C-terminal helix is 30 % stable, we observe a clear three-state folding mechanism. In the on-pathway intermediate state, the middle and C-terminal helices are folded and in contact with each other, while the N-terminal region remains disordered. Nevertheless, under these conditions this intermediate is thermodynamically unstable relative to its unfolded state. The first and highest folding barrier corresponds to the organization of the hinge between the middle and C-terminal helices. A subsequent major barrier corresponds to the organization of the hinge between the middle and N-terminal helices. Hyperstabilizing the hinge regions leads to twice the folding rate that is obtained from hyperstabilizing the helices, even though much fewer contacts are involved in hinge hyperstabilization than in helix hyperstabilization. Unfolding follows single-exponential kinetics, even at temperatures only slightly above the folding transition temperature.
Summary of the particle characterization session

This paper summarizes the sixteen technical papers and nine posters presented in the above session at the Particle Technology Forum Meeting in Denver. Abstracts of all papers and posters are provided, along with a perspective on the changing face of particle characterization in the 90's. Comparing this session to those of a decade ago, movement from laboratory to process measurement is strongly indicated. This requires a new type of instrument that is robust and fast, but with the ability to operate in high concentration and often hostile environments. Interpretation of data from complex and often non-user friendly process measurement signals places more demands on process operators. Particle size distribution remains the primary parameter of interest with concentration and morphology of concern, but to a lesser degree.
Typology of emergent eating patterns in early childhood

The stability of eating patterns from infancy through childhood is largely unknown. This study identified subgroups of children based on emergent eating patterns from ages 1 to 3 years and examined differences between groups in demographic, anthropometric and temperamental variables. We conducted secondary analyses of 262 boys and 225 girls from the Colorado Adoption Project. Three eating styles (Reactivity to Food, Predictable Appetite, Distractibility at Mealtime) and five temperaments were assessed at ages 1 and 3 years. Weight and height (length) were assessed on children and mothers. Correlations examined the stability of eating patterns, cluster analysis identified subgroups of emergent eating styles, and analysis of variance identified variables differentiating the derived subgroups. Eating styles were moderately stable over time, although all increased on average. Four subgroups were identified: Diet Expanding and Preference Establishing Eaters (37%), Emerging Reactive Tendency Eaters (23%), Emerging Food-Indifferent and Non-Fussy Eaters (31%), and Emerging High-Reactive and Fussy Eaters (9%). The subgroups differed in year 1 Wt/L and Reaction to Food, and year 1-to-3 changes in Emotionality and Reaction to Food. Four emergent eating patterns were identified. How these subgroups of children differ in later weight and health trajectories warrants research.
The influence of evaluation and potency on perceivers' causal attributions

University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, USAAbstractIn two experiments, this paperexamines how the labels used to describe interpersonal interactions canaffect perceivers’ judgments of who caused the interaction. Two universal, connotative dimensions ofword meaning underlying the labels, evaluation and potency, inﬂuenced expectations about inter-actants’ behaviors and experiences, which in turn affected perceivers’ causal attributions. Evaluationand potency ratings for a set of experiencer verbs, a set of action verbs, a set of trait labels(Experiment 1) and a set of social category labels (Experiment 2) were used to construct sentencesdescribing interactions between two people. The complete set of sentences contained all possiblecombinations of high or low evaluation and potency for all the sentence constituents. Participantswere asked to judge who caused the event—subject or object—without having been told thatevaluation and potency were the dimensions of interest. When the sentence subject and object differedin evaluation, the evaluative match between the sentence subject and the verb was the most importantfactor inﬂuencing attributions. The potency of the constituents and the class of the verb (experienceroraction) affected the magnitude of the attributions. When the sentence subject and object shared thesame valence, attributions were based on verb class. The results highlight the important role oflanguage in interpreting social behavior. Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This paper examines how the labels used to describe interpersonal interactions can affect perceivers’judgments of who caused the interaction. Many times, people’s actions and experiences are verballydescribed or are described in print rather than being observed directly. Therefore, it is important tounderstand how implicit causality is conveyed through language. When perceivers hear or read labelsdescribing two interactants in an interpersonal event, their expectations are activated regarding thetypes of actions or experiences in which the two people are likely to engage. Some expectations mayarise because speciﬁc behaviors are entailed by the denotation of the words labeling the interactants’social categories; for example, upon hearing the label ‘pediatrician’, perceivers expect the targetperson to engage in behaviors related to health service delivery to children. These types of behaviorsare not of interest in the current paper. Instead, this paper examines behaviors and states associatedwith the affective/connotative dimensions of labels. For example, most people judge a pediatrician toReceived 9 May 2001Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 15 August 2001
Human-bacteria nitric oxide cycles in HIV-1 infection.

Abstract The human intestinal tract harbors a complex microbiotic environment containing commensal bacteria and immunocompetent mucosal cells. There is considerable communication between the bacteria and host cells through dietary constituents and metabolic cycles. We propose that in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) triggers a change in a coupled transorganism (human–bacteria) nitric oxide interchange cycle, that may influence the biosynthesis and recycling of nitric oxide (NO) in AIDS patients. Normally, nitric oxide (NO) is produced from arginine through nitrate NO 3 − , which is ultimately eliminated in the urine and feces. In HIV infection, however, the NO 3 − is converted into NO and nitrite NO 2 − and recirculated in the body, perhaps as a result of concomitant opportunistic bacterial infections and cellular hypoxia. Due to the efficient coupling of the human–bacteria nitric oxide cycles, persistently high levels of nitrite and the free radicals peroxynitrite (ONOO − ) may occur in AIDS patients, contributing to the etiology of AIDS-related dementia, persistent immunosuppression and Kaposi's sarcoma
Confessions of a Song‐and‐dance Man

A playful review of America, particularly since the 1960s, taking into account the changing attitudes of society and how this has shaped the destiny of individuals and of America as a whole. Were the “achievements” of each decade really such, or were they trampled upon and lost in the achievements of the next? In the age of ambition, the individual is geared to prosper at the expense of society.
Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis

The study of animal models of IPF has demonstrated that there is a stereotyped response of the respiratory airspace walls to a wide variety of injuries. Inflammatory and immune effector cells play a major and complex role in the fibrosing process. They may contribute to the injury of the lung beyond the original insult. These cells secrete substances that play an important role in determining cell traffic in the lungs and in controlling the connective tissue-producing cells. Products derived from the inflammatory response may interfere with protection of normal lung matrix, although injury to lung matrix itself does not lead to fibrosis. Injury to endothelial cells and especially type I epithelial cells appears to play a major role in the fibrogenic response. Further understanding of the factors that injure these cells, the development of methods of protecting them from injury, and a clear understanding of their role in the fibrogenic process appear to be key to developing better methods of preventing and treating interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
Feasibility of Retention Structures, Settling Basins, and Best Management Practices in Effluent Regulation for Alabama Channel Catfish Farming

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has initiated rule making for aquaculture effluents. The contents of the rule will not be finalized until June 2004, but effluent containment in retention structures, effluent treatment in settling basins, and best management practices have been components of rules for other animal production facilities. The main aquaculture activity in Alabama is pond culture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Fish are harvested with seines, and it is not necessary to drain ponds more than once in 5 to 10 years. Thus, effluents result mainly from storm overflow in winter and early spring. Catfish ponds in Alabama cannot be operated without effluent. A retention structure of enormous size would be necessary to retain storm overflow without discharge. Treatment of storm overflow by sedimentation also is not feasible. Settling basins with enough volume to provide a hydraulic retention time of 8 h would often be larger than production areas. Most catfish farms in Alaba...
Stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of lung neoplasm: initial experience.

Background Surgical resection is the standard of care for patients with resectable non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) or limited pulmonary metastases. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) may offer an alternative option for high-risk patients who are not surgical candidates. We report our initial experience with SRS in the treatment of lung neoplasm. Methods Patients who were medically inoperable were offered SRS. Thoracic surgeons evaluated all patients, placed fiducials, and planned treatment in collaboration with radiation oncologists. A median dose of 20 Gy prescribed to the 80% isodose line was administered in a single fraction. The initial response rate, time to progression, and overall survival were evaluated. Results During a 2-year period, 32 patients, 27 with NSCLC and 5 with pulmonary metastases, underwent SRS. Fiducial placement resulted in a pneumothorax requiring a pigtail catheter in 9 patients (28%). An initial complete response was observed in 7 patients (22%) and partial response in 10 (31%). Disease was stable in 9 (28%) and progression occurred in 5 patients (16%), with a median time to local progression of 11 months. The median overall survival was 26 months. The probability of 1-year overall survival was 78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 65% to 94%) for the entire group and 91% (95% CI, 75% to 100%) for stage I patients. Conclusions Our preliminary experience indicates that SRS has reasonable results in this high-risk group of patients, with pneumothorax being a significant morbidity. Surgery continues to offer the best chance of cure for resectable patients; however, SRS offers an alternative to high-risk patients.
ON THE LOGARITHMIC RESIDUES OF MONOGENIC FUNCTIONS IN A THREE-DIMENSIONAL HARMONIC ALGEBRA WITH TWO-DIMENSIONAL RADICAL

UDC 517.96For monogenic (continuous and Gateaux-differentiable) functions taking values in a three-dimensionalˆharmonic algebra with two-dimensional radical, we compute the logarithmic residue. It is shown that thelogarithmic residue depends not only on the roots and singular points of a function but also on the pointsat which the function takes values in the radical of a harmonic algebra.
Constrained agreement protocols for tree graph topologies

This article presents a novel way of manipulating the initial conditions in the consensus equation such that a constrained agreement problem is solved across a distributed network of agents, particularly for a network represented by a tree graph. The presented method is applied to the problem of coordinating multiple pendula attached to mobile bases. The pendula should move in such a way that their motion is synchronised, which calls for a constrained optimal control problem for each pendulum as well as the constrained agreement problem across the network. Simulation results are presented that support the viability of the proposed approach as well as a hardware demonstration.
Cybrd1 (duodenal cytochrome b) is not necessary for dietary iron absorption in mice

Mammalian nonheme iron absorption requires reduction of dietary iron for uptake by the divalent metal ion transport system in the intestine. This was thought to be mediated by duodenal cytochrome b (Cybrd1), a ferric reductase enzyme resident on the luminal surface of intestinal absorptive cells. To test its importance in vivo, we inactivated the murine Cybrd1 gene and assessed tissue iron stores in Cybrd1-null mice. We found that loss of Cybrd1 had little or no impact on body iron stores, even in the setting of iron deficiency. We conclude that other mechanisms must be available for the reduction of dietary iron. (Blood. 2005;106: 2879-2883)
Cryogenic Optical Alignment Stability Test (COAST) of the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) engineering unit for the Cassini mission to Saturn

The composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) of the Cassini mission to Saturn has two interferometers covering the far- IR (FIR) and mid-IR (MIR) wavelength region. The instrument is aligned at ambient temperature, but operates at 170 Kelvin and has challenging interferometric alignment tolerances. Interferometric alignment sensitivity tests of the CIRS FIR breadboard indicated that the instrument was sensitive to alignment perturbations in the few arc second regime; therefore, a cryogenic alignment stability test was designed and implemented to determine the stability of the CIRS optics module. Test beamsplitters were installed in the instrument to allow transmission of HeNe laser beams through both channels of the instrument onto test focal planes consisting of position sensing photodiodes to measure the actual shear and boresight change in the focal planes. Cryogenic vacuum compatible shutters were designed and fabricated to allow separate measurements of the reflected and transmitted components of the test beam. The test determined that the optics bench was distorting an unacceptable amount between ambient and operating temperature, but that the distortion was very repeatable, opening the possibility of performing an interferometric alignment at cryogenic temperature.
Reproduction in Captive Pine Voles, Microtus Pinetorum

A series of three experiments was conducted on captive pine voles to obtain basic reproductive information and to determine factors affecting repro- ductive success in the laboratory. The pine voles studied were induced ovulators, vaginal smear patterns of females paired with males were erratic, the gestation period was 24 days, a placental sign was usually evident between days 14 and 17 of pregnancy, implantation did not appear to be delayed, and a postpartum heat occurred. Successful laboratory reproduction increased with duration of captivity and was attained under standard laboratory conditions without elaborate simulation of the natural environment of the animals.
Functional impairment in geriatric hoarding participants

Abstract Older adults with clinically significant hoarding ( n =28) and non-psychiatric controls ( n =25) were formally assessed using measures of mental status, psychiatric comorbidity, hoarding symptom severity, and the activities of daily living-hoarding (ADL-H) scale. Moderate to substantial impairment was found in multiple functional domains for a portion of hoarding participants. Significant differences were detected between ADL-H scores in non-psychiatric controls and geriatric hoarding participants. As expected, hoarding severity measures significantly were associated with ADL impairment. The ADL-H is a clinically useful tool for measuring and assessing important functional domains affected by clutter that may not be assessed by traditional hoarding severity or ADL measures. ADL improvement is an important treatment target for older adults with hoarding.
High-affinity kainate receptor subunits are necessary for ionotropic but not metabotropic signaling.

Summary Kainate receptors signal through both ionotropic and metabotropic pathways. The high-affinity subunits, GluK4 and GluK5, are unique among the five receptor subunits, as they do not form homomeric receptors but modify the properties of heteromeric assemblies. Disruption of the Grik4 gene locus resulted in a significant reduction in synaptic kainate receptor currents. Moreover, ablation of GluK4 and GluK5 caused complete loss of synaptic ionotropic kainate receptor function. The principal subunits were distributed away from postsynaptic densities and presynaptic active zones. There was also a profound alteration in the activation properties of the remaining kainate receptors. Despite this, kainate receptor-mediated inhibition of the slow afterhyperpolarization current (I sAHP ), which is dependent on metabotropic pathways, was intact in GluK4/GluK5 knockout mice. These results uncover a previously unknown obligatory role for the high-affinity subunits for ionotropic kainate receptor function and further demonstrate that kainate receptor participation in metabotropic signaling pathways does not require their classic role as ion channels.
Interventional Radiology Workflow Management in the Electronic Medical Record

The electronic medical record (EMR) has significantly improved efficiency in many areas of radiology workflow. Following implementation of an electronic protocol selection process for cross-sectional imaging at the University of Colorado Hospital, the interventional radiology (IR) division desired to have a similar tool. Evaluation of the IR workflow demonstrated the need for a multilayered solution, which accounted for consultation, physician review, authorization and scheduling, pre-procedural nursing evaluation, physician rounding, and resource allocation and prioritization. This paper outlines the rationale for and components of this process.
Light Diffraction Patterns

A group of photographs of light diffraction patterns with varying apertures are shown and the experimental conditions are described for producing them with long exposures in a 35-m light-tight box.
Exploring Sociocultural Borderlands: Journeying, Navigating, and Embodying a Queer Identity

This case study explores experiences of a bisexual Latino male (age 18) whose identities cross various boundaries of heteronormativity routinely legitimized through a variety of school practices. U...
Application development environment for advanced digital workstations

One remaining barrier to the clinical acceptance of electronic imaging and information systems is the difficulty in providing intuitive access to the information needed for a specific clinical task (such as reaching a diagnosis or tracking clinical progress). The purpose of this research was to create a development environment that enables the design and implementation of advanced digital imaging workstations. We used formal data and process modeling to identify the diagnostic and quantitative data that radiologists use and the tasks that they typically perform to make clinical decisions. We studied a diverse range of radiology applications, including diagnostic neuroradiology in an academic medical center, pediatric radiology in a children's hospital, screening mammography in a breast cancer center, and thoracic radiology consultation for an oncology clinic. We used object- oriented analysis to develop software toolkits that enable a programmer to rapidly implement applications that closely match clinical tasks. The toolkits support browsing patient information, integrating patient images and reports, manipulating images, and making quantitative measurements on images. Collectively, we refer to these toolkits as the UCLA Digital ViewBox toolkit (ViewBox/Tk). We used the ViewBox/Tk to rapidly prototype and develop a number of diverse medical imaging applications. Our task-based toolkit approach enabled rapid and iterative prototyping of workstations that matched clinical tasks. The toolkit functionality and performance provided a 'hands-on' feeling for manipulating images, and for accessing textual information and reports. The toolkits directly support a new concept for protocol based-reading of diagnostic studies. The design supports the implementation of network-based application services (e.g., prefetching, workflow management, and post-processing) that will facilitate the development of future clinical applications.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relativistic wave equation and heavy quarkonium spectra

We solve an equal-time relativistic wave equation with a confinement potential for heavy-quark-antiquark systems. A new pair of coupled equations, which are appropriate in the presence of a linear confinement potential, are introduced for the ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ trajectory. With a set of standard potential parameters, we obtain a fit to the charmonium and the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ spectra, which is as satisfactory as the nonrelativistic one, to the extent of neglecting magnetic interactions. In contrast to the nonrelativistic treatment, we obtain the absolute mass values of the quark-antiquark systems. Furthermore, the quark masses are found to be much smaller than the corresponding nonrelativistic values, which we show cannot be identified with the physical quark mass.