cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental Security Challenges and the Arctic Council’s Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment

The Arctic Council’s Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment (AMSA) released in 2009 has become a framework for the Council’s response to enhancing Arctic marine safety and environmental protection. AMSA can be viewed in three ways: as a baseline, snapshot for Arctic marine activity early in the twenty-first century; as a strategic guide for a host of stakeholders and actors; and, as a policy document of the Arctic Council since the report was negotiated and approved after consensus of the eight Arctic states was reached. The 2009 AMSA Report communicates to the global maritime community the current and future state of Arctic marine activity, and a set of complex drivers of change that must be considered in responding to the future. A set of 17 AMSA recommendations lays out a comprehensive strategy to address three themes: Enhancing Arctic Marine Safety; Protecting Arctic people and the Environment; and, Building the Arctic Marine Infrastructure. AMSA addresses issues related to Arctic indigenous communities, the legal governance of the Arctic Ocean, today’s infrastructure limitations, and significant environmental issues including great concern for the release of oil in Arctic waters. As a holistic assessment providing an integrated framework from which to address the challenges of expanded, Arctic marine use, AMSA represents a first-order guide by the Council to an array of environmental security issues confronting the Arctic Ocean.
The Class-to-Race Cascade

This paper explores neoliberal discourse as a racial discourse in relation to how Roma are conceived by academics and policymakers. I develop the concept of the class-to-race cascade as a way to describe the phenomenon, whereby the marginalization of racialized minorities is attributed entirely to their classposition. The cascade flows as follows: neoliberal policies slash benefits to low-income people, low-income people are disproportionately racially marginalized, thus neoliberal policies affect different racialized minorities, perpetuating racism. I trace the lineage of the class-to-race cascade to the concept of the“underclass” as it was developed in the U.S. particularly through the work of William Julius Wilson after the neoliberal turn. I then critique the work of Ivan Szelenyi and Janos Ladanyi who adapted the “underclass” thesis to Roma, using the class-to-race cascade. Finally, I apply the concept to urban policy discourse inBudapest’s Eighth District, where a large Roma community has lived for nearly a century. I show in this paper that the class-torace cascade is a prominent discursive feature of both policy and academic concepts of Roma.
Evaluation of Force Sensing Resistors for the Measurement of Interface Pressures in Lower Limb Prosthetics.

Understanding pressure distributions at the limb-socket interface is essential to the design and evaluation of prosthetic components for lower limb prosthesis users. Force sensing resistors (FSRs) are employed in prosthetics research to measure pressure at this interface due to their low cost, thin profile, and ease of use. While FSRs are known to be sensitive to many sources of error, few studies have systematically quantified these errors using test conditions relevant to lower limb prosthetics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate FSR accuracy for the measurement of lower limb prosthetics interface pressures. Two FSR models (Flexiforce A201 and Interlink 402) were subjected to a series of prosthetic-relevant tests. These tests included: (1) static compression, (2) cyclic compression, and (3) a combined static and cyclic compression protocol mimicking a variable activity (Walk-Sit-Stand) procedure. Flexiforce sensors outperformed Interlink sensors and were then subjected to two additional tests: (4) static curvature and (5) static shear stress. Results demonstrated that FSRs experienced significant errors all five tests. We concluded that: (1) if used carefully, FSRs can provide an estimate of prosthetic interface pressure, but these measurements should be interpreted within the expected range of possible measurement error given the setup; (2) FSRs should be calibrated in a setup that closely matches how they will be used for taking measurements; and (3) both Flexiforce and Interlink sensors can be used to estimate interface pressures, however in most cases Flexiforce sensors are likely to provide more accurate measurements.
Determining the Soilborne Pathogens Associated with Root Rot Disease Complex of Dry Bean in Michigan

In Michigan, yield reduction as a result of diminished plant vigor owing to root rot is a major constraint associated with dry bean production and is exacerbated when fields have a history of short...
Force, Energy, Entropy, and Energy Dissipation Rate

The science of mechanics has been developed along two parallel lines, that is, the vectorial and the variational approaches. The vectorial approach is based on force and momentum while the variational approach is based on entropy, energy, or energy dissipation rate. This paper provides a review and comparison of the basic characteristics, strengths and weaknesses, and interrelationships between the two approaches. Some of the basic difficulties of solving hydraulic problems from the vectorial approach alone are cited to indicate the need for the variational approach. Examples of applications of principles and theories based on variational approach are given to demonstrate the flexibility and applicability of the approach to solve or explain complicated and diversified phenomena from a simple and unified point of view.
An O(NlogN) hierarchical random compression method for kernel matrices by sampling partial matrix entries

Abstract In this paper, we propose an O ( N log ⁡ N ) hierarchical random compression method (HRCM) for kernel matrix compressing, which only requires sampling O ( N log ⁡ N ) entries of a matrix. The HRCM combines the hierarchical framework of the H -matrix and a randomized sampling technique of column and row spaces for far-field interaction kernel matrix. We show that a uniform column/row sampling of a far-field kernel matrix, thus without the need and associated cost to pre-compute a costly sampling distribution, will give a low-rank compression of such low-rank matrix, independent of the matrix size and only dependent on the separation of the source and target locations. This far-field random compression technique is then implemented at each level of the hierarchical decomposition for general kernel matrices, resulting in an O ( N log ⁡ N ) random compression method. Error and complexity analysis for the HRCM are included. Numerical results for electrostatic and low frequency Helmholtz wave kernels have validated the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method in comparison of direct O ( N 2 ) summations.
Awareness of Psychiatric Symptoms in a Mixed Clinical Sample of Older Adults.

Objective:This study examined the neuropsychological correlates and impact on caregiver distress of reduced awareness of mood symptoms in patients with suspected neurodegenerative disease.Method:Re...
DRESS Distress: Auto-Immune Complications of DRESS Syndrome

Introduction: Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) is an uncommon and potentially life-threatening condition that causes extensive skin eruptions, fever, lymphadenopathy and eosinophilia two to eight weeks after exposure to a drug. It can also have systemic effects on the liver, kidney, and lungs. Autoimmune sequelae are rare, but serious, complications of DRESS. We report a case of DRESS secondary to minocycline use in an adolescent male …
GP194 Periodic fever-the irish PFAPA story so far

Introduction Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome is the most common autoinflammatory disorder in childhood, with multifactorial, polygenic causes postulated. Objective To appraise the clinical features, inflammatory characteristics and management of children with PFAPA attending a tertiary Autoinflammatory Clinic. Methods A retrospective observational chart review of all children with confirmed clinical or suspected PFAPA attending the autoinflammatory clinic at Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Dublin from January 2016. Data were collected on basic demographics, route of referral, symptoms and signs and inflammatory markers during disease episodes (febrile) and non-episodes. Molecular gene analysis if performed, were included. Documentation of all therapeutic agents to date was collated. Results Thirteen children were identified as having PFAPA. The median age of disease onset was 16 months, (4 months to 4 years). The route of referral was via Immunology (4 patients), Rheumatology (6 patients) and Infectious disease (3 patients). All children presented with episodic, recurrent febrile episodes with associated features. (table 1). Median range of duration of episodes was 3–4 days. 69% of patients had documented raised inflammatory markers during a flare, with 84% having high serum amyloid A (SAA) levels, the highest documented being 122 0 mg/l ( 11 patients had a significant response to an initial trial of corticosteroids, 2 reported rebound flares. Colchicine was the treatment of choice (11), 9 who had a good response. Tonsillectomy was performed in 5 patients, 3 of whom reported benefit. Biologic agents, Anakinra (2) and Adalimumab (1) were instituted in those refractory to colchicine with variable response. Conclusion This study gives an over view of the burden of disease imposed by PFAPA on an Irish population. All the children presented with fevers, not all had the triad of aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis. The majority of patients had relief of symptoms with an initiation trial of corticosteroid. Colchicine was the most frequently used therapeutic agent to prevent disease flares. Tonsillectomy and biological agents are potential alternative options in some resistant/severe cases.
The Miami Times and the Fight for Equality: Race, Sport, and the Black Press, 1948–1958

In her 2005 essay, “The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past,” in the Journal of American History, Jacquelyn Dowd Hall observes how the decades of organized struggle for bl...
Assessing the ecological impacts of biomass harvesting along a disturbance severity gradient

Disturbance is a central driver of forest development and ecosystem processes with variable effects within and across ecosystems. Despite the high levels of variation in disturbance severity often observed in forests following natural and anthropogenic disturbance, studies quantifying disturbance impacts often rely on categorical classifications, thus limiting opportunities to examine potential gradients in ecosystem response to a given disturbance or management regime. Given the potential increases in disturbance severity associated with global change, as well as shifts in management regimes related to procurement of biofuel feedstocks, there is an increasing need to quantitatively describe disturbance severity and associated responses of forest development, soil processes, and structural conditions. This study took advantage of two replicated large-scale studies of forest biomass harvesting in Populus tremuloides and Pinus bansksiana forests, respectively, to develop and test the utility of a continuous, quantitative, disturbance severity index (DSI) for describing postharvest response of plant communities and nutrient pools to different levels of biomass removal and legacy retention (i.e., live trees and coarse woody material). There was a high degree of variability in DSI within categorical treatments associated with different levels of legacy retention and regression models using DSI as a predictor explained a portion of the variation (>50%) for many of the ecosystem- and community-level responses to biomass harvesting examined. Nutrient losses associated with biomass harvesting were positively related to disturbance severity, particularly in P. tremuloides forests, with postharvest nutrient availability generally declining along the gradient of impacts. Consistent with expectations from ecological theory, species richness and diversity of woody plant communities were greatest at intermediate disturbance severities and regeneration densities of dominant trees species were most abundant at highest levels of disturbance. Although categorical benchmarks will continue to be the primary way through which management guidelines are conveyed to practitioners, evaluation of their effectiveness at sustaining ecosystem functioning should be through continuous analyses, such as the DSI approach used in this study, to allow for the more precise identification of thresholds that ensure a range of desirable outcomes exist across managed landscapes.
Systematic screening of pharmaceutical polymers for hot melt extrusion processing: a comprehensive review.

Abstract Pharmaceutical research, whether industrial or academic, has attempted to adopt approaches most efficient for the development of innovations. With the abundance of literature and growth of modern techniques available to minimize the number of trials, research is becoming more systematic by the day. Screening and selection of polymers for a pharmaceutical formulation can be challenging, considering the variety of polymers available and under development. Multiple considerations and experimentations are required to select a polymer to attain the target product profile. In this review, a stepwise discussion of techniques useful to screen and select polymers suitable for hot melt extrusion processing are explored and reported. First of all, selecting a range of polymers available for certain formulation types, for example, immediate release or modified release. Secondly, the screening of these selected polymers based on their physical and chemical properties as these properties should be in line with the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and the processing limitations of the equipment. Finally, selecting polymers using theoretical models such as solubility parameters and Flory Huggins modeling. Utilization of these three steps before proceeding to experimental methods will minimize the use of resources and provide a higher degree of accuracy towards the development of efficient, stable, and consistent products.
Research on Distribution Network Fault Simulation Based on Cyber Physics System

The coupling effect between power system and communication system is becoming more and more complex. While the controllability of distribution network has been strengthened, it also has a stronger dependence on information control system. This paper presents a method of distribution network fault simulation based on cyber physical system (CPS). A terminal CPS fusion model based on finite state machine is constructed. Distribution network fault simulation is carried out under Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attack. The feasibility of terminal CPS fusion model based on finite state machine is verified, and the actual distribution network fault handling is realized. The simulation fully simulates the interaction process between physical and information in the actual distribution network fault handling process, verifies the correctness of the method proposed in this paper, and analyzes the impact of communication environment on fault handling.
DNA analysis reveals non-falciparum malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Abstract Background The World Health Organization (WHO) attributes the entirety of malaria infection and transmission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to Plasmodium falciparum, one of the several species of malaria known to infect humans. Recent studies have put forth some evidence that transmission of Plasmodium vivax may also be occurring in the DRC. As interventions and treatments differ between malaria species, it is crucial to maintain the most accurate understanding of malaria species diversity in each region. Methods Blood samples were taken from aymptomatic children 0-5 years old living in three regions of the DRC in 2014. For this study, samples were taken from a larger pool of samples, collected as part of a population-based survey in three regions. Plasmodium infection was screened for using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and species were confirmed by cloning and DNA sequencing. Results Of 336 samples screened by PCR, 62.2% (n=209) initially tested positive for P. falciparum and 14.6% (n=49) initially tested positive for P. vivax. Sanger sequencing was performed on PCR-positive Plasmodium samples to confirm identity of Plasmodium species. Sequencing showed Plasmodium malariae in one blood sample and Plasmodium ovale in another sample. Plasmodium vivax was detected in 12/65 cases (18.5%). Overall, 14/65 sequenced cases (21.5%) were infected with a non-falciparum malaria. 330bp 18s P. vivax DNA sequences were obtained. Conclusions This study reveals Plasmodium vivax and other non-falciparum malaria across several regions of the DRC, and enforces the importance of further testing and more precise diagnostics when testing for and treating malaria in the DRC. Here, we find a higher proportion of cases of P. vivax malaria than found in previous studies. This is the most robust DNA sequencing of Plasmodium vivax in the DRC to date.
CURATIVE LAPAROSCOPIC RECTAL CANCER RESECTION IN A PATIENT WITH ASYMPTOMATIC METASTATIC DISEASE IN THE SMALL BOWEL MESENTERY FROM PROSTATE CANCER

Prostate cancer can cause metastatic deposits in the abdominal cavity and in the GI tract. Even though the incidence of GI metastasis in prostate cancer is very low it can happen and is often asymptomatic. Patients can develop another primary cancer and presence of such asymptomatic tiny deposits should not deter the curative surgery for potentially curable unrelated primary tumors We present a 75 yr old man with rectal cancer who had curative laparoscopic low anterior resection for that rectal cancer in the presence of minute atypical metastatic disease in the small bowel mesentery. Conclusion: Asymptomatic metastatic deposits in the small bowel mesentery can happen in prostate cancer. Curative surgery for other unrelated primary cancer is possible and presence of these tiny metastatic deposits should not deter potential curative resection for other resectable cancer.
Traits that make good police leaders: identify leadership potential during recruit selection

Police recruit selection is an important process Few agency cycles for selection look for candidate with attributes that seek the potential of leadership Generally selection cycles use a screening out process by eliminating those applicants that do not pass a specific selection phase and are not allowed to move to the next phase of evaluation This article is nbsp about nbsp the nbsp inclusion nbsp of nbsp leadership nbsp potential nbsp when nbsp screening nbsp applicants nbsp This nbsp article also addresses quality leadership traits and how they differ from leadership styles The instrument included four leadership questions asking about potential for future leadership and how important were certain characteristics Police chiefs who were members of the state police chief associations of their respective states were asked their opinions on the importance of the recruits having the following attributes of leadership potential high school and college grades hobbies and interests and reading material How strongly did they believed these attributes should be considered in the selection process for new police recruits A brief review of the literature illustrates some of the contemporary and classic traits of good leadership This article also illustrates differences between leadership traits and styles
Dinuclear Complexes of Flexidentate Pyridine-Substituted Formazanate Ligands

The utility of flexidentate pyridyl-substituted formazanate ligands for assembling dinuclear coordination complexes with iridium(III) and/or platinum(II) building blocks is demonstrated herein. The dinuclear complexes are prepared either via a stepwise strategy, adding one metal unit at a time, or via one-pot self-assembly. Eight of the new complexes, including both mononuclear precursors and dinuclear products, are structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy, revealing several distinct binding modes of the formazanates. All complexes are characterized by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The frontier orbitals are primarily localized on the formazanate ligand, and a characteristic, intense formazanate-centered π→π* absorption band is observed in the absorption spectra.
ASSESSMENT OF PROTEIN QUALITY IN HEAT-TREATED SOYBEAN PRODUCTS USING THE GROWTH RESPONSES OF LAMBS AND CALVES AND A NYLON BAG-ROOSTER ASSAY

Three studies were conducted to evaluate N and amino acid (AA) availability from processed soybean (SB) products. In Exp. 1 and 2, treatments consisted of corn-cottonseed hull basal diets plus SB products including SB meal (SBM); ground, raw SB (RSB); or extruded SB (ESB). In Exp. 1, 15 Suffolk (28.6 kg) and 15 Louisiana native breed (16.3 kg) ewe lambs were used in a 35-d growth trial. Although breed affected (P .10). In Exp. 2, 12 Suffolk wether lambs (34.0 kg) were used in a 3 x 3 multiple-square Latin square design N metabolism trial. Lambs fed RSB tended (P = .13) to retain more N than those fed ESB, but N retained by lambs fed RSB and ESB was similar (P > .10) to that of lambs fed SBM. In Exp. 3, four crossbred steer calves (240 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design N metabolism trial with the above treatments plus heat-damaged SB (HDSB). Calves fed RSB and ESB retained similar (P > .10) amounts of N. Compared with calves fed RSB and ESB, calves fed SBM retained more (P < .10) N. Calves fed HDSB retained less (P < .10) N than those fed other diets. The individual SB products and the total mixed diets used in Exp. 3 were incubated intraruminally in nylon bags and the residual DM recovered and precision-fed to cecectomized roosters to estimate its intestinal AA digestibility. Digestibility of residual AA seemed to be relatively uniform across AA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Integrative molecular navigator in preventable diseases: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and rare diseases

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a debilitating lung condition for which there has been no cure that leads to complications on the right side of the heart. This disorder is currently distinguished from other conditions of the right ventricle by a DNA biorepository, invasive hemodynamics, echocardiography, genotype-tissue expression, imaging, and other diagnostic tools. Present treatment strategies include mainly medications and oxygen therapy choices. Advanced omics developments, including next generational genetic analysis, massively parallel gene-editing, metabolomics, and pharmacogenomics have significantly improved the volume of information that can be analyzed effectively in individuals with pulmonary arterial high blood pressure among other chronic illnesses. Emerging molecular-driven and gene targeting-driven evidence shed light on a new era of innovation as advanced clinical technology for providing patients quality of care in case of systemic arterial morbidity recognition, early diagnosis, therapeutic validation, and safety, including precision treatments based on patients’ genomic data pool obtained through genetic imprinting or genetic mapping.
LISA: Learned Indexes for DNA Sequence Analysis

Background: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have enabled affordable sequencing of billions of short DNA fragments at high throughput, paving the way for population-scale genomics. Genomics data analytics at this scale requires overcoming performance bottlenecks, such as searching for short DNA sequences over long reference sequences. Results: In this paper, we introduce LISA (Learned Indexes for Sequence Analysis), a novel learning-based approach to DNA sequence search. We focus on accelerating two of the most essential flavors of DNA sequence search-- exact search and super-maximal exact match (SMEM) search. LISA builds on and extends FM-index, which is the state-of-the-art technique widely deployed in genomics tools. Experiments with human, animal, and plant genome datasets indicate that LISA achieves up to 2.2x and 13.3x speedups over the state-of-the-art FM-index based implementations for exact search and super-maximal exact match (SMEM) search, respectively.
Impact of A Required, Longitudinal Scholarly Project in Medical School: A Content Analysis of Medical Students’ Reflections

Medical schools increasingly require students to complete scholarly projects. Scholarly project programs that are required and longitudinal require considerable resources to implement. It is necessary to understand medical students’ perspectives on the impact of such programs. Students at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine participate in a required, longitudinal research program (LRP) throughout all years of medical school training. Authors studied students’ perceptions of this program. Fourth-year medical students submit a written report in which they reflect on their experience with the LRP. Qualitative analysis of students’ written reflections was performed on 120 reports submitted 2012–2017. Content analysis was performed using an inductive approach in which investigators coded information and searched for emerging themes. Four themes were identified. First, students described engaging in many steps of the research process, with many participating in projects from conception to completion. Second, students reported the LRP provided opportunities for leadership and independence, and many found this to be meaningful. Third, students developed appreciation for the difficulty of the research process through challenges encountered and practiced problem solving. Fourth, students acquired skills useful across multiple career paths, including critical appraisal of scientific literature, teamwork, and communication. Through participation in a required, longitudinal research program, medical students reported gaining valuable skills in leadership, problem solving, critical thinking, and communication. Students found that the longitudinal nature of the program enabled meaningful research experiences. These educational impacts may be worth the effort of implementing and maintaining longitudinal research experiences for medical students.
Learning neural decoders without labels using multiple data streams

Recent advances in neural decoding have accelerated the development of brain-computer interfaces aimed at assisting users with everyday tasks such as speaking, walking, and manipulating objects. However, current approaches for training neural decoders commonly require large quantities of labeled data, which can be laborious or infeasible to obtain in real-world settings. One intriguing alternative uses self-supervised models that share self-generated pseudo-labels between two data streams; such models have shown exceptional performance on unlabeled audio and video data, but it remains unclear how well they extend to neural decoding. Here, we learn neural decoders without labels by leveraging multiple simultaneously recorded data streams, including neural, kinematic, and physiological signals. Specifically, we apply cross-modal, self-supervised deep clustering to decode movements from brain recordings; these decoders are compared to supervised and unimodal, self-supervised models. We find that sharing pseudo-labels between two data streams during training substantially increases decoding performance compared to unimodal, self-supervised models, with accuracies approaching those of supervised decoders trained on labeled data. Next, we develop decoders trained on three modalities that match or slightly exceed the performance of supervised models, achieving state-of-the-art neural decoding accuracy. Cross-modal decoding is a flexible, promising approach for robust, adaptive neural decoding in real-world applications without any labels.
Ritual and Rhetoric in Leviticus: From Sacrifice to Scripture

1. Introduction: ritual text and ritual interpretation 2. The rhetoric of ritual instruction 3. The rhetoric of burnt offerings 4. The rhetoric of sin, guilt and ritual offerings 5. The rhetoric of ritual narrative 6. The rhetoric of atonement 7. The rhetoric of priesthood 8. The rhetoric of sacrifice 9. The rhetoric of scripture Bibliography Index of biblical citations Index of other ancient literature Index of authors Index of subjects.
Chapter 1 The discovery of human herpesvirus type 6

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the events that led to the discovery of human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6). The period of 1984–1986 was perhaps one of the most exciting periods in biomedicine because of the epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HHV-6 was discovered in 1984, and in 1985 it was initially reported as a human B cell lymphotropic virus. A segment of this history relates to the finding of HHV-6 in the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology (LTCB) at the National Cancer Institute, in Bethesda. During 1983 and early 1984, it was clear that this newly discovered retrovirus was present in more patients than only those with lymphoadenopathy. In the chapter the author discusses experiences involving specimens from AIDS patients with lymphoma, which led to the discovery of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6).
The Fourier Transform

The definition of a Fourier transform will differ depending on the signal type. The definitions all have a common form, however, and all can be thought of as a means of mapping a signal g = g(t);t ∈ τ, which depends on a parameter t in some time index set τ, into another signal G = G(f); f ∈ S, which depends on a new parameter or independent variable f, which we shall call frequency. As does t, the independent variable f takes values in a domain of definition or index set, denoted S. We will eventually show that there are natural frequency domains of definitions for use with each of the basic signal types, as summarized in Table 2.1.
Oxidative reactions of nitriles—I : Autoxidation

Abstract It has been shown that, in the absence of any base, diphenylacetonitrile, cyclo hexylphenylacetonitrile and phenylacetonitrile do not react with oxygen. In the presence of a strong base, oxygen is slowly absorbed, and ketones or acids are formed in fair to excellent yields, depending upon the nitrile used. In the presence of a base and a trace of a copper salt a different reaction occurs. Excellent yields of tetraphenylsuccinonitrile are obtained from diphenylacetonitrile; methylphenylacetonitrile gives a poor yield of dimethyldiphenylsuccinonitrile; under comparable conditions cyclo hexylphenylacetonitrile, phenylacetonitrile and dimethylacetonitrile do not give dimers.
REACTION TIMES TO BODY-COLOR BRAKE LAMPS

Body-color brake lamps are lamps that in their off state match the body color of a car. When energized, all body-color lamps, as well conventional lamps, appear bright red. The speed of response to a body-color brake lamp may differ from the speed of response to a conventional lamp for two possible reasons. The first is that the difference between off- and on-state luminances varies primarily with off-state luminance. When the difference is larger than for the conventional lamp, the increased luminance contrast may speed reaction time. The other reason that responses for the two types of lamps may differ is the greater chromaticity contrast that body-color lamps have between their on and off states. This study separately evaluated the effects of luminance contrast and chromaticity contrast for body-color brake lamps. One set of chromatically neutral lamps of varying lightness (from black to white) was tested, along with a set of chromatically varied lamps of equal lightness, and a conventional lamp. The lamps were run pair-wise in a dual-task paradigm where one task involved simple compensatory tracking, and the other task was to respond to the onset of either of the two brake lamps. Reaction times were recorded. The primary findings are statistically significant effects of both luminance contrast and chromaticity contrast on reaction time to brake lamps. Neither of these effects is large; the difference between fastest and slowest mean reaction times was 33 msec. The effect of luminance contrast is such that lamps that are light in their off state yield slower reaction times. Performance with the lightest lamp in this study was slightly worse than performance with the conventional lamp. None of the chromatic lamps degraded performance relative to the conventional lamp. The pattern of responses to the chromatic lamps suggests that for all lamps that are different from red in their off state, the effect of chromaticity contrast will be to speed up reaction time slightly compared to the conventional lamp.
The Cauchy-Schwarz divergence for assessing situational information gain

In this paper, we consider the evaluation of information divergence and information gain as they apply to a hybrid random variable (i.e. a random variable which has both discrete and continuous elements) for multi-target tracking problems. In particular, we develop a closed-form solution for the Cauchy-Schwarz information divergence under the assumption that the continuous element of the random variable may be represented by a Gaussian mixture distribution and present the associated relationships for evaluating the Cauchy-Schwarz information gain. The developed information gain relationships are applied to a 0–1 target tracking problem common to space object tracking to determine the sensitivities to the information gain due to probability of detection, prior probability of object existence, and measurement noise.
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the head and neck: Molecular analysis using CRTC-MAML FISH and survival comparison with paired conventional squamous cell carcinoma

Objectives/Hypothesis Adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) is a rare variant of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) generally thought to be uniformly aggressive with poor prognosis. However, it remains unknown how overall survival compare with conventional HNSCC. Here we report for the first time that ASC does not necessarily indicate a worse prognosis than conventional HNSCC. Study Design Case-control retrospective study. Methods Forty-two primary tumors of the head and neck, treated with curative intent, were identified. Next, 2:1 matching of HNSCC was performed using the following matching criteria: gender, site, pathologic tumor stage, and pathologic node stage. Successful matching was performed for 32 of 42 tumors. Additionally, 20 samples were sent for break-apart FISH testing to evaluate for the presence of the CRTC1-MAML2 translocation. Results There was a 1.8:1 male to female ratio, with a mean age of 62 years (range 38–84). The layrnx was the most common site (26%), followed by oropharynx (24%), oral cavity (19%), and sinonasal (17%). Kaplan-Meier analysis of adenosquamous and matched HNSCC showed similar survival curves. Median survival times for ASC and HNSCC were 4 and 6 years, respectively. A random-effects Cox model with Gamma frailty revealed no statistical difference between the two groups (P = 0.25). All cases of ASC were negative for the CRTC1-MAML2 translocation. Conclusion This study directly compares primary ASC with HNSCC. No difference in overall survival was detected in contradistinction to the previously thought uniformly poor prognosis. We also highlight the importance of the CRTC1-MAML2 translocation in distinguishing ASC from mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Level of Evidence 3b. Laryngoscope, 125:E371–E376, 2015
Scaling issues in the evolution of ExCL bipolar technology

Several issues encountered in scaling ExCL technology are discussed. It is shown that doping profile scaling below 0.15 mu m base width puts severe restrictions on process latitude. It is demonstrated that the polysilicon emitter resistance can be significantly reduced by rapid thermal annealing. Capacitance calculations show that interconnect-related parasitics do not scale below 3 mu m pitch, and intralevel coupling may provide the ultimate limitation of interconnect scaling. Finally, the ExCL metallization scheme is proven to be scalable to 2 mu m metal pitch. >
Small formulas for large programs: on-line constraint simplification in scalable static analysis

Static analysis techniques that represent program states as formulas typically generate a large number of redundant formulas that are incrementally constructed from previous formulas. In addition to querying satisfiability and validity, analyses perform other operations on formulas, such as quantifier elimination, substitution, and instantiation, most of which are highly sensitive to formula size. Thus, the scalability of many static analysis techniques requires controlling the size of the generated formulas throughout the analysis. In this paper, we present a practical algorithm for reducing SMT formulas to a simplified form containing no redundant subparts. We present experimental evidence that on-line simplification of formulas dramatically improves scalability.
What is language and law? And does anyone care?

There has been growing attention paid recently to the interdisciplinary study of language and law. This article explores the nature and parameters of this relatively new discipline, including its relationship to related areas such as law and semiotics, literature, and forensic linguistics. Although the study of language and law has been advancing, it nonetheless remains a relatively marginal and underappreciated field. The article concludes with some suggestions for making the field more prominent.
"I'm talking about pain": sickle cell disease patients with extremely high hospital use.

BACKGROUND: A small minority of sickle cell disease patients accounts for the majority of inpatient hospital days. Admitted as often as several times a month, over successive years, this cohort of patients has not been studied in depth despite their disproportionate contribution to inpatient hospital costs in sickle cell disease. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the subjective experience of extremely high hospital use in patients with sickle cell disease, and generate hypotheses about the antecedents and consequences of this phenomenon. DESIGN: Qualitative study involving in-depth, open-ended interviews using a standardized interview guide. SETTING: A single urban academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Eight individuals, of varying age and gender, identified as the sickle cell disease patients who are among the highest hospital use patients over a 3-year period. RESULTS: A common narrative emerged from the interview transcripts. Participants were exposed to the hospital environment and intravenous (IV) opioids at a young age, and this exposure was associated with extremely high hospital use in adulthood, evident in descriptions of multiple dimensions of their lives: pain and opioid medication use, interpersonal relationships, and personal development. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a systematic, self-reinforcing process of isolation from mainstream society, support structures, and caregivers, based on increasing hospitalization, growing dependency on opioid medications, as well as missed developmental milestones. Further study and interventions should be geared towards breaking this spiraling cycle with long-term strategies in disease management and social integration. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Prepared patients: Internet information seeking by new rheumatology patients

Objective To investigate to what extent and why new rheumatology patients access medical information online prior to first appointments and secondarily to ask whether they discuss information gained from the Internet with physicians. Methods Research was conducted in a teaching rheumatology clinic with a nonrandom sample of 120 English-speaking adults presenting for first appointments in rheumatology. Quantitative and qualitative data were gained in pre- and postappointment patient surveys and interviews, including online information gathering prior to first appointment, demographics, health status, information usage in patient-physician interactions, and satisfaction. Data were analyzed for significant relationships across variables and for qualitative insights into quantitative outcome measures. Results Of all patients, 87.5% looked up their symptoms or suspected condition prior to their first appointment and 62.5% of all patients sought that information on the Internet. Only 20% of online information seekers discussed that information with their physicians. Age and sex were significant predictors of Internet information seeking. Physician and patient appointment satisfaction was significantly higher when Internet information was discussed; however, most patients did not discuss their information seeking because they primarily feared being perceived as challenging their physician. Conclusion The majority of patients research their conditions online prior to initial appointments, but are unlikely to discuss that research with physicians even though discussion is related to higher satisfaction. Physicians may want to consider strategies for enabling communication about online research.
Inversion-symmetric topological insulators

We analyze translationally invariant insulators with inversion symmetry that fall outside the current established classification of topological insulators. These insulators exhibit no edge or surface modes in the energy spectrum and hence they are not edge metals when the Fermi level is in the bulk gap. However, they do exhibit protected modes in the entanglement spectrum localized on the cut between two entangled regions. Their entanglement entropy cannot be made to vanish adiabatically, and hence the insulators can be called topological. There is a direct connection between the inversion eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian band structure and the midgap states in the entanglement spectrum. The classification of protected entanglement levels is given by an integer $\mathcal{N}$, which is the difference between the negative inversion eigenvalues at inversion symmetric points in the Brillouin zone, taken in sets of 2. When the Hamiltonian describes a Chern insulator or a nontrivial time-reversal invariant topological insulator, the entirety of the entanglement spectrum exhibits spectral flow. If the Chern number is zero for the former, or time reversal is broken in the latter, the entanglement spectrum does not have spectral flow, but, depending on the inversion eigenvalues, can still exhibit protected midgap bands similar to impurity bands in normal semiconductors. Although spectral flow is broken (implying the absence of real edge or surface modes in the original Hamiltonian), the midgap entanglement bands cannot be adiabatically removed, and the insulator is ``topological.'' We analyze the linear response of these insulators and provide proofs and examples of when the inversion eigenvalues determine a nontrivial charge polarization, a quantum Hall effect, an anisotropic three-dimensional (3D) quantum Hall effect, or a magnetoelectric polarization. In one dimension, we establish a link between the product of the inversion eigenvalues of all occupied bands at all inversion symmetric points and charge polarization. In two dimensions, we prove a link between the product of the inversion eigenvalues and the parity of the Chern number of the occupied bands. In three dimensions, we find a topological constraint on the product of the inversion eigenvalues thereby showing that some $3$D materials are protected topological metals; we show the link between the inversion eigenvalues and the $3$D Quantum Hall Effect, and analyze the magnetoelectric polarization ($\ensuremath{\theta}$ vacuum) in the absence of time-reversal symmetry.
Gathering Family Stories: Facilitating Preservice Teachers' Cultural Awareness and Responsiveness

Abstract This study examined preservice Teachers' (N = 42) perceptions of the effects of gathering family stories on their cultural awareness and responsiveness. An overarching theme that emerged was the increased communication with families that occurred because of the interns' required participation in the gathering of and listening to family stories. As a result, the interns felt they gained a better sense of the socio-cultural context of family life. The interns stated that from listening to and really hearing the families' voices, they gained insights into how family goals, priorities, and beliefs affect their hopes, dreams, and ultimately the choices they make. The interns felt they discovered an increased awareness and understanding of cultures different from their own and noticed a shift in their views. They indicated that this shift enabled them to make changes to their teaching practices resulting in a more culturally responsive approach to teaching young children.
Perspectives on Death in Relation to Powerlessness and form of Personal Religion

Research on religion and death perspectives has resulted in many contradictory findings. It was hypothesized that one reason for this situation stems from the treatment of both domains as unidimensional. The present study examined the pattern of relationships among multidimensional measures of religion and death outlooks. The possible involvement of powerlessness as a confounding factor was also evaluated. Utilizing religious respondents four forms of personal religion and nine death perspectives were found to be complexly related. These associations weakened when powerlessness was removed from the original matrix. Meaningful correlational patterns among the variables were revealed.
Synthesis and photophysical properties of thioglycosylated- chlorins, isobacteriochlorins and bacteriochlorins for bioimaging and diagnostics

The facile synthesis and photophysical properties of three nonhydrolyzable thioglycosylated porphyrinoids are reported. Starting from meso-perfluorophenylporphyrin, the nonhydrolyzable thioglycosylated porphyrin (PGlc4), chlorin (CGlc4), isobacteriochlorin (IGlc4), and bacteriochlorin (BGlc4) can be made in 2−3 steps. The ability to append a wide range of targeting agents onto the perfluorophenyl moieties, the chemical stability, and the ability to fine-tune the photophysical properties of the chromophores make this a suitable platform for development of biochemical tags, diagnostics, or as photodynamic therapeutic agents. Compared to the porphyrin in phosphate buffered saline, CGlc4 has a markedly greater absorbance of red light near 650 nm and a 6-fold increase in fluorescence quantum yield, whereas IGlc4 has broad Q-bands and a 12-fold increase in fluorescence quantum yield. BGlc4 has a similar fluorescence quantum yield to PGlc4 (<10%), but the lowest-energy absorption/emission peaks of BGlc4 are cons...
Tracking early and late stages of information processing: Contributions of startle eyeblink reflex modification

Startle eyeblink modification was examined as a measure of information processing. College students were presented with tones of 5 and 7 s duration of either high or low pitch, followed by startle-eliciting stimuli at lead intervals of 120, 2,000, 4,500, or 6,000 ms. Attention to tones was manipulated by instructing the task group to count the longer tones of either pitch. The no-task group had no instructed task. Startle eyeblink was inhibited at the short lead interval and facilitated at the long lead intervals in both groups. The task group showed greater inhibition and facilitation during attended than during ignored tones, indicating that early and late controlled processing was occurring. In the task group, the degree of facilitation appeared to reflect the degree of cognitive demands of the task. Startle eyeblink modification may provide a sensitive measure of the nature and timing of stages of processing in active and passive attentional conditions.
Patterned sputter deposited SmCo-films for MEMS applications

Abstract The hard magnetic material chosen for patterning was sputter deposited SmCo with a film thickness between 5 and 20 μm. As a mask material capable of being deposited in the thickness range required as well as withstanding the high process or annealing temperature, electroplated copper was selected. The copper mask was stripped using wet-chemical etching.