cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corporate Philanthropy: Implications for Urban Research and Public Policy

Corporate philanthropy has become increasingly important to organizations providing voluntary services, particularly in light of recent reductions in government funding for service delivery. This paper is a critical review of the existing literature on corporate philanthropy. It is found that social science research on the patterns of corporate giving and on the reasons for corporate largesse has focused on national level observations and analysis, leaving many unanswered questions about geographic variations in corporate contributions behavior, and about the role of corporate giving in local politics and policymaking. An agenda for additional research on corporate philanthropy is outlined, focusing on urban and regional geographic questions that need to be addressed if governmental decentralization and social expenditure curtailment policies are to be adequately evaluated on equity and efficiency grounds.
SU-FF-P-08: Oversight Protocols in the Management of Network of Facility Sites

Purpose: The management of quality for a network of facility sites poses challenges for an institution. Holding regular meetings, auditing treatment facilities, and requests for documentation are some mechanisms for providing clinical and quality oversights. This presentation discusses our institution protocols in recent auditing of second dosimetric checks and request for RPC‐TLD report for analysis. Methods and Materials: Our institution consists of an integrated network of 20 community (“spoke”) and academic facilities and spread about 150 miles radius from our downtown proper (“hub”). An average of 650 external beam patients are treated daily. With the diversity amongst the facilities, a common set of standards are essential to establishing quality across the facilities. This presentation examined two protocols for this Purpose: auditing second dosimetric checks and request for RPC‐TLD reports. The established protocol recommended second dosimetric checks be performed prior to the third fraction following the start of each new treatment field or field modification consistent with AAPM TG‐40 recommendation. Ten patient treatment records were randomly selected for evaluation by six auditors quarterly. The second protocol requires all RPC‐TLD reports be forwarded to the Office of Medical Physics for analysis and reporting annually. Results: Although the non‐compliance for second dosimetric checks of patient treatment records was low, there was a trend towards non‐compliance at selective facilities. RPC‐TLD analysis showed a bell‐shape curve with the median at 0.98 for the ratio of RPC measurement to institutional stated dose values. Facilities whose dose values are outside ±5% have to repeat measurements. Conclusion: Quality oversight protocols are essential to set standards of performance for institutions having a network of facilities. Establishing oversight protocols will pose challenges for any institution and two examples are given in this presentation, where data are collected by different means.
Discourse, artifacts, and the ozarks: Understanding academic literacy☆

Abstract As we teachers of ESL reading and writing continue our discussions about preparing second language (L2) students for the academic mainstream, we find ourselves on a theoretical and pedagogical frontier that is largely uncharted. In essence, we seem to be moving rapidly toward a broader social view of language with hardly a border check as we cross from one paradigm to another. In order to understand where we are headed and why we should venture there, it seems important to survey the landscape and consider the potential ahead. My survey proceeds as follows: (1) I wrestle with the notion of academic discourse community, for without it we cannot understand or even posit a concept of academic literacy; (2) in light of the socially constructed nature of an academic literacy, I argue for a different way of framing the questions we need to answer as we compose our ESL classes; (3) I discuss the role of personal experience in learning, language acquisition, and academic writing and reading, a role that I claim is essential; and (4) I end with an assessment of the implications for the ESL classroom.
The effects of adrenal hormones on the acquisition of signaled avoidance behavior*1

Abstract Bilateral ablation of the adrenal medulla produced a retardation of the acquisition of signaled two-way shuttlebox avoidance behavior in rats. This decrement in performance could be reversed by treatment with epinephrine. Small doses of epinephrine administered to intact rats produced a decrement in avoidance performance. Dexamethasone did not significantly affect acquisition of the avoidance response in either intact or demedullated rats.
Determining a Range of False-positive Rates for Which ROC Curves Differ

Many indices have been proposed for summarizing the information contained in the ROC curve. When comparing two ROC curves, though, there are times when global summary measures are either not optimal or not appropriate. The author presents a method for directly comparing true-positive rates for two diagnostic, screening or prognostic tools, determining over what range of false-positive values the tests differ. The method is applicable for in dependent or dependent samples. An example concerning gallium citrate imaging is pre sented, as well as an example using a prognostic index for severity of illness in the ICU. The range of false-positive rates for which the ROC curves differ is determined for each example.
Improving the specificity and efficacy of CRISPR/CAS9 and gRNA through target specific DNA reporter

Genomic engineering by the guide RNA (gRNA)-directed CRISPR/CAS9 is rapidly becoming a method of choice for various biological systems. However, pressing concerns remain regarding its off-target activities and wide variations in efficacies. While next generation sequencing (NGS) has been primarily used to evaluate the efficacies and off-target activities of gRNAs, it only detects the imperfectly repaired double strand DNA breaks (DSB) by the error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) mechanism and may not faithfully represent the DSB activities because the efficiency of NHEJ-mediated repair varies depending on the local chromatin environment. Here we describe a reporter system for unbiased detection and comparison of DSB activities that promises to improve the chance of success in genomic engineering and to facilitate large-scale screening of CAS9 activities and gRNA libraries. Additionally, we demonstrated that the tolerances to mismatches between a gRNA and the corresponding target DNA can occur at any position of the gRNA, and depend on both specific gRNA sequences and CAS9 constructs used.
Selectivity and persistent firing responses to social vocalizations in the basolateral amygdala.

This study examined responsiveness to acoustic stimuli among neurons of the basolateral amygdala. While recording from single neurons in awake mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii), we presented a wide range of acoustic stimuli including tonal, noise, and vocal signals. While many neurons displayed phasic or sustained responses locked to effective auditory stimuli, the majority of neurons (n = 58) displayed a persistent excitatory discharge that lasted well beyond stimulus duration and filled the interval between successive stimuli. Persistent firing usually began seconds (median value, 5.4 s) after the initiation of a train of repeated stimuli and lasted, in the majority of neurons, for at least 2 min after the end of the stimulus train. Auditory-responsive amygdalar neurons were generally excited by one stimulus or very few stimuli. Most neurons did not respond well to synthetic stimuli including tones, noise bursts or frequency-modulated sweeps, but instead responded only to vocal stimuli (82 of 87 neurons). Furthermore, most neurons were highly selective among vocal stimuli. On average, neurons responded to 1.7 of 15 different syllables or syllable sequences. The largest percentage of neurons responded to a hiss-like rectangular broadband noise burst (rBNB) call associated with aggressive interactions. Responsiveness to effective vocal stimuli was reduced or eliminated when the spectrotemporal features of the stimuli were altered in a subset of neurons. Chemical activation of the medial geniculate body (MG) increased both background and evoked firing. Among 39 histologically localized recording sites, we saw no evidence of topographic organization in terms of temporal response pattern, habituation, or the affect of calls to which neurons responded. Overall, these studies demonstrate that amygdalar neurons in the mustached bat show high selectivity to vocal stimuli, and suggest that persistent firing may be an important feature of amygdalar responses to social vocalizations.
Pressure-enthalpy driven molecular dynamics for thermodynamic property calculation II: applications

The pressure-enthalpy driven molecular dynamics technique, developed in a companion paper [1], is used to compute various thermodynamic properties for the Lennard–Jones (LJ) fluid. These properties include the vapor–liquid coexistence curve, the critical point, the Joule–Thomson coefficient and inversion curve, and a complete vapor-compression refrigeration (VCR) cycle. The technique provides a simple and effective means of utilizing molecular dynamics to sample different thermodynamic state points. Results are as accurate as those obtained using Monte Carlo (MC) methods. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Underground Water Leaching of Radionuclides Produced in Soil by Hadrons Created in High Energy Proton Interactions

Soil samples collected from the NAL construction site were irradiated downstream from Target stations at the Argonne National Laboratory ZGS and Brookhaven National Laboratory AGS. Radiochemical analyses were performed to determine the radioactivities induced in the soil. Batch-type leaching experiments were then conducted to determine the distribution of the induced radionuclides between the soil and water. Of the radionuclides uroduced in the soil, only 3H, 22Na, 45Ca and 54Mn were detected in the leach waters. The results were used to determine possible contamination of underground reservoirs.
Network flow based BSM asssignment

in current industry practice, Bottom Surface Metals (BSMs) assignment for high frequency signals on a package device is a tedious manual job. One often needs to change the assignment multiple times in order to produce a routable solution. This paper proposes a network flow based method to assign BSMs automatically. It constructs a network flow graph based on available routing resource, honoring constraints such as wiring/BSM blockages. Then it derives the BSM assignment from the min-cost max-flow solution. The resulting assignment is optimal in terms of routability and wirelength. In practice, some high speed signals require differential pair routing. This paper proposes a two-step BSM assignment algorithm to handle these differential pair constraints. The first step constructs a bi-partite graph which solves the BSM pairing problem automatically. The second step constructs a scaled flow graph to assign BSM pairs to differential pairs. Compared to the manual approach, these methods can provide an optimized solution which also significantly reduces the turn around time of board design process from days to seconds.
Recognizing dementia with Lewy bodies in older people

It is not unreasonable to ask if it is, in fact, important to recognize dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) in older people. What follows in this editiorial is a justification for the affir mative response. First of all, it should be clear that diagnosing the presence of dementia is important. The patient, while insight is still present, needs to know that dementing illnesses are progressive, and that plans must be made for the future. The family too, must be made aware that the patient can no longer be relied upon in the same ways as before. Demented people pose risks in medical, financial and social realms. But why should it matter whether the diagnosis of an incurable dementing illness is accurate or not? It is plausible to argue that once it is determined that the dementia is not the result of a treatable disorder then one can reasonably conclude that the die has been cast and nothing much will alter the outcome. Is a name so important? What is wrong with calling everything Alzheimer’s disease (AD)? In days gone by, neurologists were often
Skin care behaviors among melanoma survivors

Introduction Clinical recommendations for survivors of melanoma generally include skin care behaviors, including regular physician and skin self-examination to identify any recurrences or second primary disease early, as well as sun protection. We measured skin care behaviors in a population-based sample of melanoma survivors. Methods Melanoma survivors were approached through the regional National Cancer Institute-funded cancer registry (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) and recruited to this study with a response rate of approximately 75%, for a total sample of n = 313. Results The sample was 99% Caucasian, 56% female, 44% male, 81% married, 62% college educated, and 48% with an income over 70 K annually, with an average age of 56 years. Over the last 7 days, a total of 45% reported wearing sunscreen, 59% reported wearing long sleeves, 80% reported wearing pants, 35% reported wearing something on the head, and 36% stayed in available shade. Skin self-examination behaviors were reported at relatively low frequencies, with only 22% performing a thorough check on skin. A total of 88% of survivors reported that their physician checked their skin in the past few years by having all clothes removed. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression indicated that perceived risk was positively related to having the skin checked by a medical provider but no other skin protection behaviors. Gender effects were also detected for wearing sunscreen and wearing a hat or scarf. Discussion Data indicate that melanoma survivors are performing sun protection behaviors to a moderate extent. Future studies can address barriers to consistent use of these behaviors in melanoma survivors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of research on teacher beliefs and practices

Summary During the past 15 years or so, teacher education research has made significant strides in studying the complex relationships between teacher beliefs and practices. This new line of research has generated important findings that are of practical implications for teacher education. This article reviews this small body of research and, in so doing, elucidates the two competing theses (i.e. ‘consistency’ vs ‘inconsistency') that are recurring in the literature on the relationships between teacher beliefs and practices. It begins with an overview of traditional research on teaching in general, followed by a discussion of teacher cognition under which teacher beliefs/theories are subsumed. After introducing the notion of ‘the Missing Paradigm’ in the mainstream teacher education research, the article examines the theoretical frameworks underlying teacher beliefs and practices research. Next it provides a synthesis of recent research on teacher beliefs and practices, addressing critical issues germane t...
A carbon-13 magnetic resonance study of the helix-coil transition in polyuridylic acid.

The temperature-dependent conformations of poly(U) in 0.5M CsC1 have been studied by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. The transition from random coil to an ordered structure results in broadening of lines in the 13 C spectra, due to intramolecular 1 H- 13 C dipolar interactions and restricted motions in the ordered state. Changes in the chemical shifts suggest that the bases are interacting below the transition temperature. The random coil form shows conformation preferences for internal rotation about C4'-C5', C5'-O5', and C3'-O 3' bonds. The statistical randomness of the coil arises mainly because of flexibility about O-P bonds. The results are analyzed in conjunction with theoretical calculations and light-scattering data.
Characterization of propargyl bromide transformation in soil.

Propargyl bromide is being investigated for its potential as a soil fumigant. Characterization of the fate of propargyl bromide in soil is important in determining both efficacy and the threat of environmental contamination. These experiments investigated some of the factors affecting the rate of propargyl bromide degradation in soil and quantified some of the products formed as a result of propargyl bromide degradation in four soils of differing composition and at three initial propargyl bromide concentrations. In all soils at all initial propargyl bromide concentrations, equimolar formation of Brwas observed during propargyl bromide degradation, but little propargyl alcohol (product of hydrolysis) was formed. The apparent first-order degradation coefficient (k) increased with decreasing initial propargyl bromide concentration in all soils, but the mass degraded per unit time increased with increasing propargyl bromide concentration. The rate of propargyl bromide degradation increased with increasing soil organic matter content, and the k value was correlated to the organic carbon content of the soil (correlation coefficient >0.97 for all concentrations). Repeated application of propargyl bromide did not increase the rate of propargyl bromide degradation in soil. Addition of Brdid not affect the rate of propargyl bromide transformation in soil, so accumulation of Brin the soil is not expected to impede propargyl bromide degradation. Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of Twelve O-Glycosylation Sites in Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin β and Equine Luteinizing Hormone β by Solid-Phase Edman Degradation

The O-glycosylation sites for equine LHb (eLHb) and eCGb were identified by solid-phase Edman degradation of four glycopeptides derived from the C-terminal region. Both subunits were O-glycosylated at the same 12 positions, rather than the 4‐6 sites anticipated. These sites were partially glycosylated, with carbohydrate attachment ranging from 20% to 100% for eCGb and from 10% to 100% for eLHb. When the C-terminal peptide containing all but one of the O-linked oligosaccharides was removed by mild acid hydrolysis of either eLHb or eCGb, hybrid hormones could be obtained by reassociating eLHa, eFSHa ,o r eCGa with the truncated b subunit derivatives. These hybrid hormones were identical in LH receptor-binding activity when des(121-149)eLHb or des(121-149)eCGb were combined with the same a subunit preparation. Thus, O-glycosylation appears to be responsible for the b subunit contribution to the substantial difference in LH receptor-binding activity between eLH and eCG. Comparison of the equid LH/CGb sequences with those available for the primate CGb subunits indicated a greater conservation of glycosylation patterns in the former. anterior pituitary, hormone action, LH, placenta
Concurrency control in advanced database applications

Concurrency control has been thoroughly studied in the context of traditional database applications such as banking and airline reservations systems. There are relatively few studies, however, that address the concurrency control issues of advanced database applications such as CAD/CAM and software development environments. The concurrency control requirements in such applications are different from those in conventional database applications; in particular, there is a need to support non-serializable cooperation among users whose transactions are long-lived and interactive, and to integrate concurrency control mechanisms with version and configuration control. This paper outlines the characteristics of data and operations in some advanced database applications, discusses their concurrency control requirements, and surveys the mechanisms proposed to address these requirements.
Tumor neutralization by anti Ehrlich tumor and anti mouse tissue sera.

SummarySera produced by rabbits injected with Ehrlich ascites cells had 3 to 4 times the tumor neutralizing power of sera from rabbits injected with normal mouse tissues. The peak of tumor neutralizing titers was reached after 3 injections of antigen and dropped significantly following 9 injections with tumor cells. Dutch Pee Wee rabbits produced higher titer antibody than did either New Zealand or Ginger Giant rabbits.
Assembling the Pieces of the Invasive Species Puzzle

Mooney, Harold A., Richard N. Mack, Jeffrey A. McNeely, Laurie E. Neville, Peter Johan Schei, and Jeffrey K. Waage, editors. 2005. Invasive alien species: a new synthesis. SCOPE 63. Island Press, Washington, D.C. xvii + 368 p. $70.00 (cloth), ISBN: 1-55963-362-X (alk. paper); $35.00 (paper), ISBN: 1-55963-363-8 (alk. paper).
A dynamic differential demand system: an application of translation

fled through the translation parameters (over time, The differential demand system or Rotterdam or across individuals or households, the translation model is extended to include lagged consumption parameters need not be fixed but may vary). through translation parameters, allowing habit and In this article, the impact of lagged consumption is inventory effects. Applications of the model to an- examined in the differential version of the translation nual U.S. expenditure and weekly juice sales data model. In the next section, the differential demand illustrate the importance of the time interval of an model is extended to include lagged consumption observation on the relative strengths of the habit through translation parameters. The extension ininventory. cludes specifications for the long-run demand responses. For illustration purposes, the model is then
The W-Beijing Lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Overproduces Triglycerides and Has the DosR Dormancy Regulon Constitutively Upregulated

The Beijing family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains has been associated with epidemic spread and an increased likelihood of developing drug resistance. The characteristics that predispose this family to such clinical outcomes have not been identified, although one potential candidate, the phenolic glycolipid PGL-tb, has been shown to mediate a fulminant lethal disease in mice and rabbits due to lipid-mediated immunosuppression. However, PGL-tb is not uniformly expressed throughout the Beijing lineage and may not be the only unique virulence trait associated with this family. In an attempt to define phenotypes common to all Beijing strains, we interrogated a carefully selected set of isolates representing the five extant lineages of the Beijing family. Comparison of lipid production in this set revealed that all Beijing strains accumulated large quantities of triacylglycerides in in vitro aerobic culture. This accumulation was found to be coincident with upregulation of Rv3130c, whose product was previously characterized as a triacylglyceride synthase. Rv3130c is a member of the DosR-controlled regulon of M. tuberculosis, and further examination revealed that several members of this regulon were upregulated throughout this strain family. The upregulation of the DosR regulon may confer an adaptive advantage for growth in microaerophilic or anaerobic environments encountered by the bacillus during infection and thus may be related to the epidemiological phenomena associated with this important strain lineage.
Status of liposomes as MR contrast agents.

Recent work on the development of liposomal magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents has yielded structures with higher overall relaxivity than that of other nanoparti-cles of similar diameter. Liposomes incorporating membrane-bound complexes of manganese (“memsomes”) produce greater hepatic enhancement per micromole of metal ion than either ferrite particles or paramagnetic chelates. Memsomes also hold promise for targeting of sites outside the liver. Work is in progress to take these agents into clinical trials.
The use of defect prevention in achieving total quality management in the software life cycle

The author describes how a comprehensive defect prevention process can be applied to the software development life cycle as one of several approaches to achieving the TQM (total quality management) objective. First, the concept of TQM is defined, delineating fundamental elements of the philosophy. Then, a life cycle model of a defect prevention process is described, followed by a discussion of how it can be used as a basis for achieving TQM. It is noted that the results of the initiative are increased productivity, high product quality, and better customer satisfaction. >
Complex systems model of dietary choice with implications for improving diets and promoting vegetarianism

An important step toward improving nutrition and promoting vegetarianism in the general population is to understand how consumers make dietary choices. Researchers from many clinical and social sciences are interested in dietary choice but have not combined their research into a comprehensive model to explain consumer actions. No one model has offered a good explanation for the fact that, although many people successfully change their diet significantly (often toward health-improving, plant-based diets) and are happy with the change, the public and health professionals often perceive dietary change as being difficult and unlikely to succeed. I have termed these observations "the paradox of dietary change." The present computer model uses the emerging science of complex systems analysis, which offers an intuitive method for studying evidence about dietary choice from many fields, including public health, clinical science, economics, sociology, marketing, and genetics, and for combining individual choice with social interaction. The results suggest an explanation for the paradox and methods for helping society shift toward healthier and more plant-based diets. In particular, they suggest how and why major changes might be easier to make than incremental ones, and why this makes dietary change seem more difficult to consumers than it actually is.
Surface plasmon resonance: recent progress toward the development of portable real-time blood diagnostics.

There have been numerous molecular biomarkers discovered over the past two decades that have shown considerable potential for use in early disease detection. More recently, a shift from biomarker d...
Classroom Reward Structures and Academic Performance

Classroom reward structures refer to the performance criteria, contingencies, or standards that students must satisfy in order to receive presumably valued or reinforcing consequences such as prizes or high grades. The reward structure typical of most classrooms appears to be some compromise between indirect individual competition, in which grades are assigned to students based on their performances relative to those of their classmates (i.e., the curve), and individual reward contingencies, in which grades are assigned to students on the basis of how much material each student apparently masters (i.e., the percent mastery criterion). The typical classroom reward structure has been increasingly criticized as being less effective than alternative reward structures in strengthening the academic performances of students (e.g., Deutsch, 1949a, 1949b; Coleman, 1959; Spilerman, 1971; and Johnson & Johnson, 1974). The critics have urged more frequent use of group reward structures (i.e., group reward contingencies and intergroup competition) and less frequent use of individual reward structures (i.e., individual reward contingencies and individual competition) in schools. In addition, the critics have presented strong evidence that group reward structures more effectively strengthen certain process variables such as cooperation (i.e., collaboration and coordination), interpersonal attraction among group members, and positive attitudes towards tasks, as well as actual performance on tasks requiring cooperative interaction (i.e., interdependent tasks) such as group discussion and problem solving (e.g., Johnson & Johnson, 1974). However, attempts to demonstrate that group
Biolistic Transfection of Neurons

One method used to study gene function is through the manipulation of gene expression by transfecting cells with DNA constructs designed to overexpress or knock out particular proteins. Unfortunately, transfection of cells and tissues remains a rate-limiting step for molecular studies in many fields, especially neurobiology. Conventional transfection techniques are of limited effectiveness, particularly in intact tissue. This protocol describes an alternative method for transfecting cells, called biolistics. Biolistics is a physical method of transfection in which target tissue is bombarded with DNA-coated gold particles using a "gene gun," produced by Bio-Rad Laboratories. Cells penetrated by gold particles have a high likelihood of becoming transfected. Because biolistic transfection relies only on the physical penetration of a cell's membrane, it is possible to use biolistics to transfect cells that are resistant to transfection by other methods, such as neurons in primary culture and organotypic slice cultures. This protocol provides information on optimizing the biolistic parameters for transfecting neurons in both of these preparations. Once optimized, biolistic transfection is a reliable and efficient method for studying gene function in many cell types, especially postmitotic neurons.
PhotoPDMS: Photodefinable PDMS for Rapid Prototyping

In this paper, we present a new and simple method of patterning polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) directly under normal ambient light. This new photodefinable PDMS (photoPDMS) was applied to simplify otherwise complex microfabrication procedures such as fabrication of multi- layered microfluidic devices and patterning free-standing thin films for shadow masking on planar and non-planar surfaces. This new photoPDMS material offers numerous advantages including: direct patterning eliminating the need for a master template; ability to process under ambient light eliminating the need for sensitive lighting; and finally all advantages of PDMS including low cost and simple fabrication enabling rapid prototyping.
Effects of gamma radiation on viability of Encephalitozoon spores.

Spores of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, E. hellem, and E. intestinalis harvested from cultured mammalian cells were suspended in deionized water, exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 0–3.0 kGy, and then tested for infectivity by inoculating spores into monolayer cultures of Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. The cultures were examined for developing microsporidia 4 days later. As the dosage level of radiation increased, corresponding decreases were observed in the number of developing microsporidia for all 3 species. For E. cuniculi and E. intestinalis, 100% inhibition of development was observed after exposure to 1.5 and 2.0 kGy, respectively. Although development of E. hellem was greatly inhibited (97.6% inhibition) after exposure to 3.0 kGy, complete inhibition was not obtained. These findings provide a baseline for investigating the dose levels required to render food products safe when kept under varying temperature, moisture, and other storage conditions.
Adolescents with substance use disorder and assent/consent: Empirical data on understanding biobank risks in genomic research

Abstract Objective This study assessed whether a customized disclosure form increases understanding for adolescents with substance use disorder (SUD) when compared to a standard disclosure for genomic addiction research. Method We gathered empirical data from adolescents with SUD, family members, former patients followed since adolescence, and community counterparts. The study was conducted in four stages. Stage 1: national experts ( n = 32) identified current, future, speculative risks of broadly shared biobanks. Stage 2 assessed participants’ ( n = 181) understanding of current risks as a prerequisite for rating saliency of risks via a Visual Analog Scale. Salient risks were incorporated into a customized disclosure form. Stage 3 compared the understanding of customized disclosure by participants ( n = 165) at baseline; all groups scored comparably. Stage 4 conducted a direct comparison of the standard disclosure to standard disclosure plus customized disclosure ( n = 195). Independent t -tests compared understanding in those receiving the standard disclosure to standard disclosure plus customized disclosure within 6 groups. Results The customized disclosure significantly improved understanding in adolescent patients ( p = 0.002) and parents of patients ( p = 0.006) to the level of their counterparts. The customized disclosure also significantly improved understanding in siblings of former patients ( p = 0.034). Understanding of standard disclosure in patients versus controls was significantly different ( p = 0.005). The groups receiving the customized disclosure scored significantly higher. Understanding of the standard disclosure plus customized disclosure in patients versus controls was not significantly different. Conclusion Adolescents with addictions understand the risks of participating in genomic addiction research as well as their community counterparts when information provided is salient to them.
Crystal Structure of Deinococcus Phytochrome in the Photoactivated State Reveals a Cascade of Structural Rearrangements during Photoconversion

Phytochromes are photochromic photoreceptors responsible for a myriad of red/far-red light-dependent processes in plants and microorganisms. Interconversion is initially driven by photoreversible isomerization of bilin, but how this alteration directs the photostate-dependent changes within the protein to actuate signaling is poorly understood. Here, we describe the structure of the Deinococcus phytochrome photosensory module in its near complete far-red light-absorbing Pfr state. In addition to confirming the 180° rotation of the D-pyrrole ring, the dimeric structure clearly identifies downstream rearrangements that trigger large-scale conformational differences between the dark-adapted and photoactivated states. Mutational analyses verified the importance of residues surrounding the bilin in Pfr stabilization, and protease sensitivity assays corroborated photostate alterations that propagate along the dimeric interface. Collectively, these data support a cooperative "toggle" model for phytochrome photoconversion and advance our understanding of the allosteric connection between the photosensory and output modules.
Chest Physical Therapy for Atelectasis of the Acute Cervical Cord Injured Patient.

声門閉鎖不全と呼吸嚥下協調不全が原因で唾液を誤嚥し、無気肺を形成したと思われる頸髄損傷者に対し、従来のCPTに加え、発声練習と呼吸嚥下協調訓練を実施したところ、効果的であった。急性期頸髄損傷者では、反回神経損傷、挿管による声帯圧迫、頸部の肢位と周囲筋の過剰な筋活動、麻酔の方法等が無気肺や誤嚥の原因となる可能性があリ注意が必要である。特に、嗄声がみられる場合は、声帯機能の観察が不可欠と思われる。
Sourcing of Copper and Lead within Red Inclusions from Trinitite Postdetonation Material.

Historical postdetonation materials resulting from nuclear testing can be used to develop methodologies for source attribution, in particular if the chemical and isotopic signatures of the device are public domain. The samples analyzed in this study are from the world’s first nuclear bomb explosion in 1945, the Trinity Test, and produced the postdetonation material “Trinitite”. The latter is a glassy material that resulted from the melting of the natural sand present at ground zero (Alamogordo, NM) and incorporated components of the device. Chemical and isotopic (e.g., Pu) information on the device is declassified and, therefore, methodologies for fingerprinting fuel and other device components can be verified. One type of Trinitite contains red inclusions that are characterized by high concentrations of Pb (between 438 and 26,631 μg/g) and Cu (between 404 and 22,280 μg/g) that are in general positively correlated. Pb isotope compositions for the red inclusion areas exhibit a large variation and indicate ...
Studies on Erythropoiesis. III. Factors Controlling Erythropoietin Production

Summary and Conclusion1. We studied the erythropoietic response to anemic plasma of a variety of experimental conditions in the rat. Rats subjected to hypophysectomy, an atmosphere of high O2, starvation, and transfusion-induced polycythemia have a decreased rate of erythropoiesis and an exaggerated response to the administration of anemic plasma. 2. Treatment with dinitrophenol increases the rate of erythropoiesis and decreases the response to anemic plasma. 3. These findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that the rate of erythropoiesis is determined by the amount of erythropoietin, the production of which is regulated by the relationship between O2 supply and demand, not by either factor alone.
Restricted transition probabilities and their applications to some problems in the dynamics of biological populations.

In this paper a theory of a class of restricted transition probabilities is developed and applied to a problem in the dynamics of biological populations under the assumption that the underlying stochastic process is a continuous time parameter Markov chain with stationary transition probabilities. The paper is divided into three parts. Part one contains sufficient background from the theory of Markov processes to define restricted transition probabilities in a rigorous manner. In addition, some basic concepts in the theory of stochastic processes are interpreted from the biological point of view. Part two is concerned with the problem of finding representations for restricted transition probabilities. Finally, in part three the theory of restricted transition probabilities is applied to the problem of finding and analyzing some properties of the distribution function of the maximum size attained by the population in a finite time interval for a rather wide class of Markov processes. Some other applications of restricted transition probabilities to other problems in the dynamics of biological populations are also suggested. These applications will be discussed more fully in a companion paper.
Study on factors influencing quality of HIV laboratory testing in Shanghai

[Objective] To further enhance detection quality of HIV antibody, reduce errors of laboratory testing and avoid law suit through the study. [Methods] To collect data of laboratory quality control and evaluation investigation on HIV kit quality in each laboratory. [Results] Influencing factors of HIV antibody testing, included laboratory technicians, lab environment, machines, equipments and diagnostic kits in Shanghai. [Conclusion] To strengthen quality control of HIV Labs, organize the training for laboratory staff periodically and select diagnostic kits and reasonably are the key points for quality control.
Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2000

Mr. President, members of the society, and guests: Thank you so much, President Carlson, and Raymond for those kind words. At the start of the new millennium, I am enormously grateful to be the 50th recipient of the MSA award. On hearing that I had received this award, I did what anyone with a peculiar fascination with the literature might (or might not) do: I wandered to my library and read all of the previous 49 citations and acceptances of this award. This was both a humbling and interesting experience, particularly in identifying the commonalities and differences between myself and previous award winners. Of those 49, the vast majority thanked their parents, so I will begin by thanking mine, without whom (obviously) I wouldn’t be here today. Also, an amazingly large number of previous awardees loved rocks and minerals from the moment they were born: for these the MSA Award seemed to represent a logical career step that was predetermined in vivo. I see myself as having fortuitously arrived at this award through a bit of a random walk, so I will bother you briefly with the details of how I think I got here. I was born and raised in Delaware, a state economically most famous for chemical companies. Geologically, I was brought up on a coastal plain: an area where, when you threw a rock, it shattered—a state composed of solidified mud, overlain by duPonts, chicken farms and quick-and-easy means of incorporation. Rocks held little …
Distributed solar photovoltaic array location and extent dataset for remote sensing object identification.

Earth-observing remote sensing data, including aerial photography and satellite imagery, offer a snapshot of the world from which we can learn about the state of natural resources and the built environment. The components of energy systems that are visible from above can be automatically assessed with these remote sensing data when processed with machine learning methods. Here, we focus on the information gap in distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays, of which there is limited public data on solar PV deployments at small geographic scales. We created a dataset of solar PV arrays to initiate and develop the process of automatically identifying solar PV locations using remote sensing imagery. This dataset contains the geospatial coordinates and border vertices for over 19,000 solar panels across 601 high-resolution images from four cities in California. Dataset applications include training object detection and other machine learning algorithms that use remote sensing imagery, developing specific algorithms for predictive detection of distributed PV systems, estimating installed PV capacity, and analysis of the socioeconomic correlates of PV deployment. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)
Nutrition in the Prevention of Neoplastic Disease in the Elderly

This review focuses on specific effects of diet on cancer risk and the relevance of these dietary effects to the risk of cancer in the elderly. The authors address the impact of certain dietary factors on cancer risk by reviewing their roles in two distinct phases of carcinogenesis: “imitation" and “promotion”.
High Pressure Probes of Electronic Structure and Luminescence Properties of Transition Metal and Lanthanide Systems

Recent work has demonstrated that unique insight into the electronic structure and optical properties of solid state transition metal and lanthanide systems is achievable through high pressure studies. In this review, we present selected examples that illustrate the advances in understanding possible from high pressure luminescence experiments. The ability of pressure to continuously vary energy level structure and coordination environment is emphasized and related to variations in luminescence properties. Pressure is shown to influence luminescence properties through crystal field, covalency, and spin-orbit coupling effects. The effect of pressure on luminescence energy, intensity, and decay properties will be considered. Additional phenomena to be discussed include electronic crossovers, vibrational coupling, admixing of electronic states, energy transfer and site selective spectroscopy.High pressure luminescence properties of transition metal and lanthanide ions in crystalline solids, metal complexes, and glasses will be reviewed.
High-sensitivity Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT): Safer, faster, and more accurate SPECT

A method and apparatus are described for high-sensitivity Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). The apparatus includes a two-dimensional (2D) gamma detector array that, unlike a conventional SPECT machine, moves to different positions in a three-dimensional (3D) volume space near an emission source and records a data vector g which is a measure of gamma emission field. In particular, the 3D volume space in which emission data g is measured extends substantially along a radial direction r pointing away from the emission source, and unlike a conventional SPECT machine, each photon detector element in the 2D gamma detector array is provided with a very large collimator aperture. Data g is related to the 3D spatial density distribution f of the emission source, noise vector n, and a system matrix H of the SPECT apparatus through the linear system of equations g = Hf+n. This equation is solved for f by a method that reduces the effect of noise.
Theory of hydrogen-related levels in semiconductors and oxides

Hydrogen plays a major role in the electronic properties of semiconductors, oxides, and their interfaces. This paper reviews the present understanding of hydrogen interactions with materials, based on first-principles calculations, and describes how a relatively simple model allows predicting the electronic behavior of hydrogen in a wide range of semiconductors and oxides. Specific predictions are discussed for novel channel materials and gate oxides
Spatial modeling framework for bioethanol plant siting and biofuel production potential in the U.S

Abstract Because of rising fuel prices and increasing energy demand, bioethanol has been recognized as an important future renewable energy source. The goals and mandates developed for renewable fuel production will require construction of several bioethanol plants throughout the U.S. Using high-resolution geospatial data from Geographic Information Systems-Multi Criteria Evaluation (GIS-MCE) a biorefinery suitability model has been developed for identifying feasible sites and appropriate biofuel production capacity in the U.S. The biomass feedstocks considered for analysis were switchgrass, miscanthus and corn stover. We conducted a spatial exclusion and preference GIS analysis subjected to environmental and infrastructure criteria combined with biomass yield estimates and identified 164 basic sites and 17 co-location scenarios. Biorefineries using miscanthus feedstock could produce biofuel satisfying a significant portion of the U.S. mandate. This national-scale assessment enhances strategic decision-making capabilities and understanding of spatial distribution of biorefineries.
WISDOM: Weighted incremental spatio-temporal multi-task learning via tensor decomposition

This paper presents a novel multi-task learning framework for the accurate prediction of spatio-temporal data at multiple locations. The framework encodes the data as a third-order tensor and performs supervised tensor decomposition to identify the latent factors that capture the inherent spatiotemporal variabilities of the data and their relationship to the target variable of interest. The framework is unique in that it trains both spatial and temporal prediction models from the latent factors of the decomposed tensor and aggregates their outputs to generate its final prediction. The latent factors and model parameters are simultaneously estimated by optimizing a joint objective function. We also develop an incremental learning algorithm called WISDOM to efficiently solve the optimization problem, in which the model is gradually updated with new data, either from a previously unobserved location or from its most recent time period. WISDOM can also incorporate known patterns from the application domain to guide the tensor decomposition. Finally, we showed that WISDOM outperforms several baseline algorithms in more than 75% of the locations when applied to a global-scale climate data.