cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward Phenomenologically Based Research in Psychology

Our position is that psychology must have a sound basis if it is to develop properly. Due to the historical influences of the physical sciences on the development of psychology, we do not believe that psychology has been developing within a proper frame of reference and it is our opinion that a phenomenological perspective can provide a more adequate frame of reference. This is true for experimental psychology as well as clinical psychology and personality theory. However, in order to understand the project of phenomenological psychology, it should be understood that a wholly different way of looking at psychological subject matter and methods is being suggested and thus, standard natural scientific criteria are not applicable. The lack of appreciation of this fact has led to innumerable misunderstandings in the past and still contributes to communication problems in the present. Consequently, after the clarification of key terms and after speaking to these difficulties of communication, the approach in this article was to speak from within the perspective of phenomenological psychology itself and we have tried to describe the general kinds of problems that spontaneously arose when we attempted to do research on psychological phenomena. The presence of these problems in no way altered our fundamental thesis that, in principle, it is possible to conduct precise and rigorous experiments within the framework of phenomenological psychology even though different means of executing precision and rigor will have to be invented. The specific challenge mentioned in this paper concerning the articulation of the praxis of phenomenological psychology was seen in the light of being able to conceive of new ways of approaching the phenomena of psychology, and this is essentially a theoretical task.
Mineral dissolution and the evolution of k0.

Adequate knowledge of the in situ state of stress can be essential to the analysis of geotechnical systems. However, the measurement and prediction of k0 remain difficult. In particular, limited attention has been given to the evolution of k0 during the formation history of the soil and diagenetic processes such as mineral dissolution. Experimental and numerical results show that grain mass loss due to mineral dissolution produces a pronounced horizontal stress drop under zero lateral strain conditions; the state of stress may reach the active shear failure ka condition and internal shear planes may develop. While horizontal stress recovery often follows upon further dissolution, marked differences in fabric are observed between the pre and postdissolution soil structures.
Timing of injury and efficacy of soil-applied insecticides against wireworms on potato in Virginia

Abstract Wireworm control has become a major pest management concern for potato growers in the United States. Studies were conducted from 2002 to 2005 on the Eastern Shore of Virginia to identify the species complex of wireworms and timing of injury to potatoes, and to evaluate the efficacy of various soil-applied insecticides alone or in combination for wireworm control. The cornfield wireworm, Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal), was the dominant species found in potato fields accounting for roughly 80% of individuals collected. Conoderus lividus De Geer and Conoderus vespertinus (Fabricius) comprised the remaining 20% of wireworm specimens found. Wireworms were most apparent on or near potato seed pieces in late April, and were detected less frequently near potato plants over time as the season progressed into July. Most wireworm damage to potato tubers, however, occurred late in the potato crop season (after mid-June). There was a significant positive relationship between tuber size and percentage of wireworm damage. In general, the longer tubers remained in the ground, the higher the percentage of wireworm injury. Results from several insecticide efficacy experiments in potatoes showed that fipronil, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and bifenthrin applied to the soil at planting provided similar wireworm control (50–80%) to that of the organophosphate standards, phorate, and ethoprop. Combinations of imidacloprid or thiamethoxam with fipronil or bifenthrin did not enhance the efficacy of any one of them used alone. The aforementioned products provide much needed alternative insecticide modes of action for wireworm control in potatoes and perhaps other crops in the future.
“I’m not afraid of those ones just ‘cause they’ve been prescribed”: Perceptions of risk among illicit users of pharmaceutical opioids

Abstract Background There has been a rise in the illicit use of pharmaceutical opioids ("pain pills") in the United States. Conducted with young adult non-medical users of pharmaceutical opioids, this study uses qualitative methods and cultural consensus analysis to describe risk perceptions associated with pharmaceutical opioids and to determine patterns of cultural sharing and intra-cultural variation of these views. Methods The qualitative sub-sample ( n =47) was selected from a larger sample of 396 young adults (18–23 years old), who were participating in a natural history study of illicit pharmaceutical opioid use. Qualitative life history interviews, drug ranking task, and cultural consensus analysis were used to elicit participant views about risks and harms associated with pain pills and other drugs, as well as alcohol and tobacco. Results Cultural consensus analysis revealed that the participants shared a single cultural model of drug risks, but the level of agreement decreased with the increasing range of drugs ever used. Further, those with more extensive drug use histories differed from less "experienced" users in their views about OxyContin and some other drugs. Overall, pain pills were viewed as addicting and potentially deadly substances, but these properties were linked to the patterns and methods of use, as well as characteristics of an individual user. Further, risks associated with pharmaceutical opioids were further curtailed because they "came from the doctor," and thus had a legitimate aspect to their use. Conclusions This study highlights potential problems with universal approaches to substance use prevention and intervention among young people since such approaches ignore the fact that substance use education messages may be experienced differently depending on an individual's drug use history and his/her perceptions of drug risks. Findings reported here may be useful in the development of prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing the harm associated with illicit use of pain pills.
The discourse deictics ^ and <-- in a World of Warcraft community

In the written English variety used in a community of World of Warcraft players, two iconic lexical items created from symbols have undergone semantic change. The words analyzed are ∧and <--, which have shifted from iconic deictic items used for discourse reference to non-iconic epistemic meanings. ∧ shifted from a discourse deictic to an affirmative of a previous utterance, and <-- shifted to a self-identifying meaning similar to a pronoun. The existence and evolution of these lexical items are related to the medium in which they were created, as their meanings are associated with a visual-spatial environment created by textual chat in the virtual world. The different meanings of ∧and <-- currently exist in polysemy in the community, and the continuum of meanings are documented using data from natural language use spanning three years. A statistical analysis is performed on the data, and a diachronic change in meaning is found; furthermore, the observed change follows the path of semantic shift processes previously documented in spoken language.
NEW ANOMALY FREE THEORIES BEYOND SUPERSTRINGS

Abstract Many new anomaly-free configurations are found group-theoretically, assuming that they contain N = 1 supergravity and Yang-Mills matter with a simple group and allowing the existence of many Yang-Mills singlets (shadow matter).
Comparison of Methods for Monitoring Changes in the pH of Human Dental Plaque

Changes in human dental plaque pH can be used to obtain estimates of the acidogenic potential of ingested foods. The presence of acid in plaque is influenced by a large number of host, microbial, and substrate factors. Several useful methods have been developed for monitoring changes in plaque pH. Plaque sampling involves repeated removal of small samples of plaque from a number of teeth at intervals after food ingestion, dispersion of the sample, and in vitro measurement of pH. Touch electrode methods utilize glass or antimony microelectrodes, which are placed onto plaque in situ where direct readings can be obtained. Telemetry methods involve placement of glass microelectrodes or ion-sensitive field effect transistors within the dentition. Plaque is allowed to accumulate, and pH changes can subsequently be transmitted with radio or wire. Each of the methods has clear advantages and limitations. The methods have been simultaneously compared in human volunteers using solutions of fermentable carbohydrate. Inter-method differences in response were observed depending upon the site of measurement. Data obtained from caries-prone surfaces via telemetry showed lower pH minima and retarded returns to resting pH levels. The technology is available for controlled comparative plaque pH studies, with the method of choice depending upon the goals of the investigation. It is essential that the results be compared to data obtained with other models designed to evaluate the cariogenic potential of foods.
High-resolution difference methods with exact evolution for multidimensional waves

We consider the generalization of high-order upwind Strang methods for simulating waves. In 1 + 1 dimensions the methods can be defined via the exact evolution over a single time step of an odd-order piecewise polynomial interpolant of the grid data. We construct a true multidimensional version for acoustic waves by applying the solution operator in integral form to the interpolant. We also examine the replacement of polynomials by bandlimited interpolation functions (BLIFs). Numerical experiments with turbulent wave fields are presented to verify the accuracy and stability of the multidimensional methods and to assess the relative effectiveness of the two interpolation techniques.
Modeling of IR sensor performance in cold weather

Noise in an imaging infrared (IR) sensor is one of the major limitations on its performance. As such, noise estimation is one of the major components of imaging IR sensor performance models and modeling programs. When computing noise, current models assume that the target and background are either at or near a temperature of 300 K. This paper examines how the temperature of the scene impacts the noise in IR sensors and their performance. It exhibits a strategy that can be used to make a 300 K assumption-based model to compute the correct noise. It displays the results of some measurements of signatures of a cold target against a cold background. Range performance of a notional 3rd Gen sensor (midwave IR and long wave IR) is then modeled as a function of scene background temperature.
Frustrated spin (J-J') systems do not model the magnetic properties of high-temperature superconductors

We study the t—J model with one hole and the frustrated Heisenberg J—J′ model in a square lattice. Specifically, we compute and compare for both, the doped and frustrated models, the dynamic spin-spin structure factor S(q, ω), and the B1g Raman scattering spectrum R(ω) at zero temperature. The behavior of these quantities differs between the t—J and the J—J′ models. We observe that both the B1g Raman spectrum as well as the structure factor for the t—J model are in qualitative agreement with experimental measurements while the corresponding results for the J—J′ model are not. These results indicate that the magnetic behavior of doped systems cannot be accurately modeled by a purely spin Hamiltonian. These results are of relevance to the claim that the effect of adding holes (doping) on the magnetic properties of the quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet can be described by introducing second and sometimes third nearest-neighbor couplings, J′ and J″ respectively, in the original (undoped) Hamiltonian.
Synergistic soil response to nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilization in hardwood forests

Plant and microbial processes exert control on the stoichiometry of available nutrients, potentially influencing forest ecosystem responses to nitrogen enrichment and other perturbations that alter resource availability. We tested whether an excess of one nutrient influenced the available pool of another, to learn the net outcome of various feedbacks on mineralization and uptake processes. We examined nitrogen and phosphorus availability (assayed with buried ion-exchange resin strips) in the first year of fertilizing northern hardwood forests with 30 kg/ha N, 10 kg/ha P, or N and P together. Fertilizing with a single nutrient raised the availability of the added nutrient and had no detectable effect on availability of the other nutrient. However, resin-available N was raised substantially more by adding N+P than it was by adding N alone. This effect of N+P must be the result of either reduced biotic uptake of N or increased mineralization of N, and suggests that N loss following forest disturbances will be enhanced in cases where the availability of both N and P are increased. That P interacts with N to enhance N availability, by whatever mechanism, could help explain observations of N and P co-limitation in ecosystems and calls attention to the need to carefully elucidate mechanisms underlying co-limitation of forest productivity.
Exploring the health benefits of an emoting water cooler

The workspace environment is increasingly reflecting a shift from traditional work-oriented objectives to promoting work-life balance. Technology has the ability to play a pivotal role at increasing workplace enjoyment through the incorporation of elements of health, fun, and employee activities. In this paper, we explore how an interactive installation, developed using an open-source toolkit, leverages affective computing and persuasive technology to reinforce an office environment focused on employee engagement and well-being. The result is an anthropomorphized water cooler display designed to reinvent the "water cooler" experience -- conveying emotional properties and interacting with bystanders to encourage water consumption and overall employee interaction.
A Comparative Study of Histoplasmin Tine and Intradermal Skin Tests in Volunteers

Two histoplasmin tine tests of different strengths (10× and 18×) and two standard histoplasmin intradermal tests were simultaneously compared in each of 100 normal young adult volunteers. Thirty-four had positive reactions to all four tests with at least two mm and five mm induration at the tine and intradermal sites, respectively; 66 had all negative reactions. The results indicate excellent correlation between the histoplasmin tine and intradermal methods but are in contrast to previously published studies which reported significant percentages of false-positive and false-negative tine reactions. These discrepancies suggest that further studies are needed to define the exact clinical reliability of the histoplasmin tine method.
El monopsonismo, metáfora del nuevo mercado de trabajo postsindical

Resumen. ?Como es posible que, en todas las partes del mundo, en plena globalizacion, los empleadores sufran problemas cada vez mas graves de escasez de mano de obra??Por que no suben los salarios en las economias en expansion? La tesis que se defiende en este articulo es que, debido a la perdida de fuerza de los sindicatos, los empleadores han tomado la delantera y establecen los salarios y otras condiciones de trabajo conforme a las reglas de un mercado laboral monopsonista. Los autores refutan el modelo de competencia perfecta, con su equilibrio entre oferta y demanda, y sostienen que, lejos de ser una curiosidad pedagogica, el monopsonismo y su desequilibrio en cuanto a la capacidad de negociacion son una realidad muy extendida. Es necesario devolver la palabra a los trabajadores para subsanar consecuencias tan indeseables de los exitos macroeconomicos como la desigualdad de ingresos y la perdida de derechos laborales.
An observation on the mobility and the carrier effective mass in naphthalene

Abstract By relating the theoretical expression for the carrier mobility in naphthalene crystals as derived by Kenkre et al. with the phenomenological treatment in Silinsh and Capek for the same compound, an equivalence is found between an empirical constant T 0 described in Silinsh and Capek and its microscopic formulation in the Kenkre et al. derivation.
Precision measurement of the Casimir-Lifshitz force in a fluid

The Casimir force, which results from the confinement of the quantum-mechanical zero-point fluctuations of electromagnetic fields, has received significant attention in recent years for its effect on micro- and nanoscale mechanical systems. With few exceptions, experimental observations have been limited to interacting conductive bodies separated by vacuum or air. However, interesting phenomena, including repulsive forces, are expected to exist in certain circumstances between metals and dielectrics when the intervening medium is not vacuum. In order to better understand the effect of the Casimir force in such situations and to test the robustness of the generalized Casimir-Lifshitz theory, we have performed precision measurements of the Casimir force between two metals immersed in a fluid. For this situation, the measured force is attractive and is approximately 80% smaller than the force predicted by Casimir for ideal metals in vacuum. We present experimental results and find them to be consistent with Lifshitz's theory.
Differences in arctic tundra vegetation type and phenology as seen using bidirectional radiometry in the early growing season

Abstract Ground-based nadir and off-nadir radiometric measurements were collected on the North Slope of Alaska in early June to determine their utility in 1) differentiating arctic tundra vegetation community types through remote sensing, and 2) examining differences in structure and phenology of arctic tundra vegetation communities. We employed a PS-II (personal spectrometer II) portable field spectroradiometer to measure narrow-band spectra at nadir and the PARABOLA (portable apparatus for rapid acquisition of bidirectional observations of the land and atmosphere) three-channel radiometer to gather bidirectional radiometric data over almost the complete ground hemisphere. Measurements were taken at a lowland wet sedge site and at two tussock tundra sites containing different amounts of woody deciduous shrub cover. PS-II nadir measurements alone allowed spectral differentiation between the highly senescent wet sedge site and the two relatively greener tussock tundra sites but did not allow clear discrimination between tussock tundra sites. Off-nadir measurements, however, permitted good discrimination between the two tussock tundra sites. For example, the reflectance-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI p ) difference between the tussock tundra sites at a 75° forward-scatter view angle averaged 26% over a range of solar zenith angles ( Θ s S). Similarly, NDVIp calculated from PARABOLA spectral hemispheric data averaged 6% higher in woody tussock tundra than in nonwoody tussock tundra. Differences between the tussock sites calculated by using NDVI based on hemispheric radiance (NDVI L ) were greater than those calculated by using hemispheric NDVIp by approximately a factor of two regardless of Θ s Measurements taken when Θ s =75° generally exhibited the largest differences between NDVI at the two tussock tundra sites. Although nadir measurements exhibited minimal differences between tussock tundra types, bidirectional and hemispheric-based NDVI values revealed differences in tussock tundra woody vegetation cover because large view zenith angles were sensitive to the woody shrub foliage that extends above the hummocky tundra surface in early spring. These results may be useful for detecting changes in tundra woody cover through time.
High-throughput Methods Redefine the Rumen Microbiome and Its Relationship with Nutrition and Metabolism:

Diversity in the forestomach microbiome is one of the key features of ruminant animals. The diverse microbial community adapts to a wide array of dietary feedstuffs and management strategies. Understanding rumen microbiome composition, adaptation, and function has global implications ranging from climatology to applied animal production. Classical knowledge of rumen microbiology was based on anaerobic, culture-dependent methods. Next-generation sequencing and other molecular techniques have uncovered novel features of the rumen microbiome. For instance, pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene has revealed the taxonomic identity of bacteria and archaea to the genus level, and when complemented with barcoding adds multiple samples to a single run. Whole genome shotgun sequencing generates true metagenomic sequences to predict the functional capability of a microbiome, and can also be used to construct genomes of isolated organisms. Integration of high-throughput data describing the rumen microbiome with classic fermentation and animal performance parameters has produced meaningful advances and opened additional areas for study. In this review, we highlight recent studies of the rumen microbiome in the context of cattle production focusing on nutrition, rumen development, animal efficiency, and microbial function.
Evaluation of changes in cytoplasmic pH in thrombin-stimulated human platelets☆

Abstract Thrombin causes a dose-dependent cytoplasmic alkalinization of normal human platelets. The pH probe 2′,7′-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) permits an easier and more accurate quantitation of the kinetics of this change previously measured with 9-aminoacridine and 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CF). We report here a modification of the previously published 6-CF technique and confirm the thrombin-induced cytoplasmic pH change in the human platelet using a second fluorescein derivative, BCECF. Maximal thrombin stimulation raises the resting cytoplasmic pH of the human platelet from 7.0 to 7.25.
Correlation of visual in vitro cytotoxicity ratings of biomaterials with quantitative in vitro cell viability measurements

Medical devices and implanted biomaterials are often assessed for biological reactivity using visual scores of cell–material interactions. In such testing, biomaterials are assigned cytotoxicity ratings based on visual evidence of morphological cellular changes, including cell lysis, rounding, spreading, and proliferation. For example, ISO 10993 cytotoxicity testing of medical devices allows the use of a visual grading scale. The present study compared visual in vitro cytotoxicity ratings to quantitative in vitro cytotoxicity measurements for biomaterials to determine the level of correlation between visual scoring and a quantitative cell viability assay. Biomaterials representing a spectrum of biological reactivity levels were evaluated, including organo-tin polyvinylchloride (PVC; a known cytotoxic material), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (a known non-cytotoxic material), and implantable tissue adhesives. Each material was incubated in direct contact with mouse 3T3 fibroblast cell cultures for 24 h. Visual scores were assigned to the materials using a 5-point rating scale; the scorer was blinded to the material identities. Quantitative measurements of cell viability were performed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiozol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay; again, the assay operator was blinded to material identities. The investigation revealed a high degree of correlation between visual cytotoxicity ratings and quantitative cell viability measurements; a Pearson’s correlation gave a correlation coefficient of 0.90 between the visual cytotoxicity score and the percent viable cells. An equation relating the visual cytotoxicity score and the percent viable cells was derived. The results of this study are significant for the design and interpretation of in vitro cytotoxicity studies of novel biomaterials.
Differential feedback in two multiple‐cue probability learning tasks

In a learning situation, does the principle “the more information, the better the performance” always apply? Questioned in this article is the traditional use of outcome feedback (knowledge of results) as a means of providing more positive effects on learning. These authors suggest that it is the kind of information that counts in multiple-cue probability tasks.
TESTS TO STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE OF SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM FRAMES SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE EXCITATIONS

This paper presents and analyzes experimental results of tests of 15 four-column frame specimens subjected to progressively increasing unidirectional ground shaking to collapse. The specimens were subdivided into groups of three different column slenderness ratios: 100, 150, and 200. Within each group, the column dimensions and supported mass varied. Ground motion of varying magnitudes was required to collapse the structure tested. The experimental setup is briefly described and results are presented. Test structure performance is compared with proposed limits for minimizing P-Δ effects in highway bridge piers. The stability factor is found to have a strong relation to the relative structural performance in this regard. Performance is also compared with capacity predicted by currently used strength and stability axial-moment interaction design equations by expressing these capacities in terms of acceleration and maximum base shear (as a fraction of the system’s weight). The experimental results exceeded t...
The corporatizing and privatizing of schooling: A call for grounded critical praxis

Our review of Henry Giroux's Stealing Innocence, Alex Molnar's Giving Kids the Business, and Kenneth Saltman's Collateral Damage describes how these authors assess the problems posed by contemporary corporate influences on public schools and considers the solutions they offer to counter those influences. We also examine Henry Levin's edited collection Privatizing Education, in which various authors address research on privatization in schooling. In our analysis of this book, we highlight the underlying themes of the wide-ranging chapters. Next, we critique all four books, focusing primarily on the books by Giroux, Molnar, and Saltman. We suggest that these three authors provide a somewhat totalized and ahistorical portrait of contemporary corporate influences on schooling and offer a solution that depends on teachers acting as democratic revolutionaries, though there is no realistic possibility that teachers today would take on this role. In contrast, we call for a critical theory and practice that is grounded both in a more complex understanding of the current historical context and also in a dialogical engagement with students, teachers, parents, and other community members.
Cerebral herniation in bacterial meningitis in childhood

Among 302 infants and children with acute bacterial meningitis, the syndrome of cerebral herniation occurred in 3 of 10 fatal cases and in 15 patients who survived. The interval from time of admission to herniation was 8 hours or less, and no predictive factors could be determined. Seizures occurring immediately prior to cerebral herniation made diagnosis more difficult. Early recognition of cerebral herniation and prompt treatment with osmotic diuretics can reduce the mortality of bacterial meningitis.
"Banana Starts with Yellow": Curricular Implications of Preschoolers Missing a Concept

In the middle of center time, Derek excitedly approached his preschool teacher. Thinking he had demystified the complexities of the alphabetic principle, he confidently announced, “Banana starts wi...
The low-dose ACTH test in the ICU: Not ready for prime time

Measurements and main results: In each test, serum cortisol levels were measured before (T0) and 30 (T30), 60 (T60), and 90 (T90) mins after corticotropin injection. The maximal increase in cortisol (∆max) was calculated as the difference between T0 and the highest cortisol value at T30, T60, or T90 and considered as adequate if >9 μg/dL (250 nmol/L). Nonresponders to the low dose test had a lower survival rate than responders to both tests (27 vs. 47%, p = .06; Kaplan Meier curves). Interestingly, nonresponders to high-dose test received hydrocortisone treatment and had a similar survival to responders. Multivariable logistic regression disclosed that the response to the combined lowdose test and high-dose test was an independent predictor of survival (odds ratio 28.91, 95% confidence interval 1.81– 462.70, p = .017), whereas basal or maximal cortisol levels in both tests were not. Conclusion
Synthesis of the C16−C35 Fragment of Integramycin Using Olefin Hydroesterification as a Linchpin Reaction

The spiroketal unit of the HIV-integrase inhibitor integramycin has been prepared in an efficient and convergent manner. Key steps in this sequence include the use of ruthenium-mediated hydroesterification reactions of homoallylic alcohols and silyl ethers, and a C,O-dianionic addition into a lactone provides the spiroketal while minimizing protecting group manipulations.
Vertebrate palaeohistology then and now: A retrospective in the light of the contributions of Armand de Ricqlès

Abstract In addition to his many contributions to the basic anatomy and nomenclature of the osteohistology of extant vertebrates, Armand de Ricqles has been more instrumental than any other researcher of the past half century in elucidating the structure and anatomy of the bone tissues of extinct vertebrates and in guiding the field in interpreting their meaning and application to a variety of important paleobiological problems. As a result of his pioneering work, which began with his doctoral thesis and has continued through five decades of collaborative research, we are now able to answer definitively many questions about the growth, physiology, function, and paleoecology of extinct tetrapods. In some cases we can even clarify their taxonomic status in ways unavailable through gross anatomical studies. This would have been unimaginable several decades ago, and it demonstrates how, thanks largely to the work and influence of Armand de Ricqles, palaeohistology has been thoroughly integrated into palaeobiology.
Organizational change and decision making in the New York city police department: a case study

The New York City Police Department has received an extraordinary amount of attention in recent years. This article addresses the nature of changing informational bases and departmental decision-making processes, particularly in terms of their interaction with recent managerial and strategic changes. This study's methodology of interviews, analysis of documents and participant observations yields findings which suggest that a revolution has occurred in the nature of decision-making in the New York City Police Department.
Rehabilitation of drug and alcohol abusers in the U.S. Army.

SummarySince the inception of the United States Army Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Program in July 1971, the army has been intensively involved in developing rehabilitation programs for alcohol and drugs abusers. The author first reviews the guidelines developed by the army for the establishment of such rehabilitation efforts, and methods for program evaluation. He then discusses the various types of programs which have actually developed and comments on which have proved most workable. He concludes that civilian programs can gain seme insights by reviewing the army's experience, for in spite of various difficulties, the programs on the whole have been successful.
Na/K Pump Current in Guinea Pig Cardiac Myocytes and the Effect of Na Leak

Na/K Pump Current. Introduction: Steady-State Na/K pump current (Ip) in adult guinea pig ventricular myocytes was studied to determine the effect on the Na/K pump of transmembrane Na leak, membrane potential, and pipette Na concentration. Methods and Results: Using conventional whole cell, patch clamp techniques, Ip was identified as either K0-sensitive or ouabain-sensitive current when most other membrane currents were inhibited. Control experiments showed that there were no K0-sensitive currents other than Ip under the conditions of our experiments. Ip was found to be similar to that reported by others being voltage dependent between −130 and 0 mV and having a half maximal activation hy Nai of 28 mM. Ouabain sensitivity was also measured, and it was found that there were two binding sites with the high affinity site comprising 5% to 10% of the total and having an apparent affinity 1000-fold higher than the low affinity site. Apparent affinity of both sites was shifted about 10-fold (higher affinity) by increasing Nai from 10 to 85 mM. When internally perfused with 0 Na solution, Na leak through the membrane was found to be linearly related to Na/K pump activity. In contrast to prior suggestions, Ip was not correlated with series resistance when there was a large transmembrane Na gradient. Conclusion: These data suggest that, under conditions of high transmembrane Na gradient, Na leak through the membrane plays a significant role in determining Na/K pump activity.
IN‐QUOTES: a knowledge‐based system for supporting decision making in weakly structured domains

In complex and weakly structured domains, decision makers often employ multiple techniques, including quantitative modeling and reasoning from past experiences, to address the problem at hand. As such, there has been a call for more research on developing systems that merge problem-solving approaches, such as reasoning from past experiences, with other paradigms to provide support for both the unstructured and structured aspects of the decision-making process. Development of these systems is dependent on acquiring and modeling the knowledge and expertise inherent in the process and then representing and implementing it in an appropriate form. However, in weakly structured domains, knowledge acquisition may be better described as knowledge ‘co-creation’ in which the expert and system builder work together to understand the process and lend as much structure to it as possible. In this paper, we propose that the integration of principles drawn from the paradigms of case-base reasoning, expert systems, and object-oriented programming facilitates this process by providing a powerful approach to acquire and model knowledge in a weakly structured domain. We demonstrate this approach through the development of a system designed to assist a decision maker in the performance of a difficult, somewhat unstructured design and planning task. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructing Paleoredox Conditions through a Multitracer Approach: The Key to the Past Is the Present

Knowledge about paleoredox conditions is essential for reconstructing how the oxygenation of the Earth's surface environment has changed through time and affected the evolution of life on our planet. Some metal stable isotope systems, such as Mo isotopes, record the extent of ocean oxygenation directly. Others, such as Fe isotopes, record redox conditions indirectly through their effects on biological processes that are sensitive to the presence of oxygen. Studies of modern analogs and experiments have improved our understanding of the processes responsible for the observed isotope trends and have helped to advance the use of these isotope tools for paleoredox reconstructions.
The Psycho-Ecology of Armed Conflict

As natural resources are depleted and global population grows, environmental security is becoming an increasingly salient dimension of long-term peace. In this article, we discuss current views of environmental security and go on to argue that the social psychological dimensions of resource-based conflict should also be addressed. We briefly describe six examples of such conflicts, and conclude that psychologists can play an important role in promoting peace, by bringing attention to, and helping find ways to mitigate, the psycho-ecological dimensions of armed conflict.
Comparison of those who succeed in losing significant excessive weight after bariatric surgery and those who fail.

Gastric bypass and adjustable gastric banding currently are the most commonly performed weight loss surgeries. The results are encouraging for most patients, but some patients have a better experience than others. This report aims to define differences between those who succeeded and those that failed to lose significant excessive weight after bariatric surgery. The authors retrospectively reviewed their database over the past 4 years. They studied 484 bariatric patients who had 1 year of follow-up evaluation. Success was defined as more than 50% excess weight loss (EWL) and failure as less than 30% EWL. Student’s t-tests were performed between the groups of bypass patients, band patients, men, women, whites, and minorities. An overall success rate of 58% and a failure rate of 15% were observed. The successful group was significantly younger. The starting body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower for the successful band patients. The starting excess weight was significantly less in both the successful band and bypass groups, as was the starting weight. The successful whites were significantly younger, and the starting BMI was significantly lower in the successful minority group. The unsuccessful bypass patients and whites were significantly taller than the successful group. Gender was not a significant variable in success or failure regardless of procedure. Without consideration for the procedure performed, the patients who successfully lost weight were younger. The unsuccessful band patients had a higher starting BMI, whereas the successful band and bypass patients had lower average starting and excess weights. The successful bypass patients were significantly shorter. Among whites, the successful patients were significantly younger and shorter. The successful minorities had a lower starting BMI. These variables give further insight into the complexity of successful excess weight loss.
New algorithm for MODIS chlorophyll fluorescence height retrieval: performance and comparison with the current product

Our previous studies showed that the Fluorescence Line Height (FLH) product, which uses 3 NIR bands at 667, 678, and 746 nm on the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor, and similar bands on MERIS sensor, is not reliable in coastal waters because of a peak in the elastic reflectance spectra which occurs due to the confluence of chlorophyll and water absorption spectra and which overlaps spectrally the chlorophyll fluorescence. This combination of two overlapping peaks makes fluorescence signal retrieval inaccurate. As a consequence, the present FLH algorithm significantly underestimates fluorescence magnitudes in coastal waters. To overcome this problem, we introduce a new and more accurate approach for the retrieval of FLH in turbid waters by the MODIS sensor, which exploits the correlation between the blue-green and red bands reflectance ratios. We show that by making use of the combined remote sensing reflectance's (Rrs) at 488nm, 547nm, 667nm and 678nm we can retrieve fluorescence accurately in case 2 waters even for low fluorescence quantum yield when fluorescence magnitudes are low. The derivation and validation of our algorithm was performed using extensive synthetic datasets which cover a large variability of parameters typical of coastal waters: with CDOM absorption at 400nm 0-2 m-1, mineral concentration 0-5g/m3 and chlorophyll concentration of 0.5-100 mg/m3. In addition, we applied this proposed algorithm to MODIS satellite data and compared it with the traditional FLH algorithm.
Normal kinematics of the unconstrained glenohumeral joint under coupled moment loads.

Abstract The glenohumeral joint presents difficult experimental challenges, large ranges of motion, coupled motions, and multiplanar motions. Many biomechanical tests performed on the glenohumeral joint constrain it or provide conditions that might not be reproducible within and among specimens or treatments. The goal of this study was to determine a means to test the glenohumeral joint in vitro with coupled moments applied to the unconstrained humerus and recording its “6 degrees of freedom” motion relative to the glenoid. This procedure was achieved with the development of a new testing apparatus. Kinematics were described in abduction-adduction, flexion-extension, and abduction, extension, and external rotation, simulating the cocked phase of throwing. The advantage of the techniques was that only the glenohumeral capsule and articular surface contact control the motion of the humerus in response to the applied loading pattern. Also, the motions were unconstrained by the loading apparatus, allowing coupling of rotations and translations and multiplanar motions. Rotations were found to be coupled with translations. For adduction-abduction and flexion-extension, the humeral head was found to translate first in 1 direction, opposite the direction of increasing rotation, at low moments. Then, with increasing moment and angle of rotation, translations changed direction and moved with the primary motion. This occurrence indicates the existence of a region of joint laxity or neutral zone. Rotations were found to be coupled during motion to the cocked position of throwing, as the humerus adducted with extension from full abduction and then adducted further and extends with external rotation. Changes in these motion patterns with pathologic conditions may provide useful information about the nature of shoulder dysfunction and provide insight into appropriate means of repair. (J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1998;7:629-39)
Thermoluminescence properties of the S2-state in chloride-depleted water oxidizing complexes after reconstituting treatments with various monovalent anions.

Under conditions that assured rebinding of the extrinsic 17 and 23 kDa polypeptides, Cl--depleted Photosystem II membranes isolated from spinach chloroplasts were subjected to reconstituting treatments in media containing NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI or NaNO3, or they were kept in a medium without any added salt other than the buffer. After removing most of the unbound reconstituting anions by washing, the O2-evolution activities and thermoluminescence properties of the membranes were compared. While the temperature of maximal thermoluminescence emission was lowest for membranes treated with Cl-, no uniform correlation was evident between the temperature profile of the thermoluminescence emission and the apparent activating effectiveness of the anions in the membranes' water oxidizing machinery. However, the differences between the thermoluminescence features did conform to a trend according to which the emission temperatures were upshifted as the size of the activating anion increased, and its hydration energy decreased, i.e. Cl-<Br-<NO3-<I-. The inactive F- anions were not well retained by the membranes. To explain the experimental data it is suggested that the structural environment of the charge accumulating Mn-center is influenced by the ionic conditions encountered by the Photosystem II membranes after Cl- removal, further enforced by the binding of compatible anions, and then stabilized by the 17 and 23 kDa extrinsic polypeptides. If, as some concepts imply, the anion binding sites are located at or near the functional Mn, only very exceptional characteristics of the water-oxidizing mechanism may account for the observation that the potentially electron-donating I- anion can serve as activator and that it stabilizes rather than destabilizes the S2-state.
Bringing order out of chaos: Psychometric characteristics of the confusion, hubbub, and order scale

Abstract A growing body of research has documented the relevance for children's development of “environmental confusion” (high levels of noise, crowding, home traffic pattern). However, research in this area has been hampered by the high costs of obtaining adequate measures of environmental confusion. In this article we present evidence on the psychometric characteristics of a recently developed parent report measure of environmental confusion: the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS). Study 1, based on a sample of 123 families, presents evidence indicating satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest stability for CHAOS. Study 2, based on a separate sample of 52 families, presents evidence indicating that CHAOS scores are significantly related to directly observed measures of environmental confusion and parental behaviors. Although related to distal demographic factors, CHAOS scores appear to be measuring environmental processes that are distinct from sociodemographic measures. These results support the utility of CHAOS as an economical measure of environmental confusion in the home.
DORMANCY AND GERMINATION IN SEEDS OF COMMON RAGWEED WITH REFERENCE TO BEAL'S BURIED SEED EXPERIMENT

A B S T R A C T Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) was one of 19 herbaceous weedy species used by Beal in his buried viable seed experiment started in 1879. No seeds germinated during the first 35 years of the experiment when germination tests were performed in late spring, summer or early autumn. Germination did occur in seeds buried for 40 years when seeds were exhumed and tested for germination in early spring. Data obtained in more recent research provide the probable explanation for these results. Seeds of common ragweed that do not germinate in spring enter secondary dormancy by mid to late spring and will not germinate until dormancy is broken the following late autumn and winter. Thus, during the first 35 years of the experiment seeds were dormant when tested for germination, whereas seeds buried for 40 years were nondormant. Seeds buried 50 years or longer did not germinate when tested in spring, probably because they had lost viability and/or seeds germinated during burial and seedlings died. IN the autumn of 1879 Dr. W. J. Beal buried freshly collected seeds of each of 19 herbaceous weedy species at Michigan Agricultural College (Michigan State University). Fifty seeds of each species were mixed with moist sand in each of 20 pint bottles and buried at a depth of approximately 18 inches with the open mouth of the bottle facing downward. The plan was to exhume one bottle every 5 years for 100 years and test the viability (germination) of each of the 19 species (Beal, 1884). One set of seeds was exhumed and tested for germination every 5 years for 40 years, and then at 10-year intervals. In the earlier years of the experiment, germination tests were performed in the laboratory under ambient temperature conditions, but starting in 1914 they were carried out in a greenhouse. Germination did not occur in all 19 species in any of the germination tests performed from the 5th to the 90th year, and germination percentages were low for most of the species that did germinate. The latest germination tests were carried out in 1970, after 90 years of burial, and only seeds of Verbascum blattaria L. germinated (Kivilaan and Bandurski, 1973).