cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaboration Between CVB and Local Community in Destination Marketing: CVB Executives' Perspective

ABSTRACT Using collaborative relationships to generate sustainable strategy is becoming a key paradigm in destination marketing practice and literature. However, there has been insufficient empirical research dealing with this issue. This paper examines Convention and Visitors Bureau (CVB) executives' attitudes toward collaboration with stakeholders in destination marketing and executives' assessment of collaborative performance levels of the various community entities. Key attitudinal and performance variables were identified through a literature review of previous empirical research in the area of interorganizational collaboration. Quantitative data were collected through a Web survey with CVB executives who have Destination Marketing Association International (DMAI) membership. The results reveal that there is a varying degree of collaborative efforts between CVBs and community entities. Consistently, CVBs appear to attach the highest level of importance to collaborating with the tourism industry, whic...
Real‐time estimation of dynamic particle‐size distributions in a fluidized bed: Theoretical foundation

Significant noise (random error) is common in an on-line signal when measuring the particle size distribution in a fluidized bed. The application of optimal estimation theory to obtain a filtering algorithm that can rectify such measurements is detailed. Off-line simulation studies demonstrate that the filtering algorithm yields a measure of particle size distribution that is well-behaved, accurate, and able to track in real time as conditions change in the bed.
Principal Plume Dispersion Models: TVA Power Plants

The body of information presented in this paper is directed to those individuals who may be concerned with principal plume dispersion models at coal-burning power plants. About 20 years of comprehensive field surveillance and documentation of dispersion of power plant emissions for a varied range of unit sizes, stack heights, and meteorological conditions have determined the Tennessee Valley Authority’s interpretation of principal plume dispersion models. TVA’s experience indicates that as unit sizes are increased and taller stacks are constructed, the plume dispersion model associated with maximum surface concentrations changes. Maximum surface concentrations for principal plume dispersion models were approximately equal for the early small plants. However, the coning model was considered the critical plume dispersion model because the frequency of recurrence of surface concentrations from this model was appreciably greater than other models. There were progressive changes because of an increase in unit ...
Biophysical Characterization of the Human Telomeric (TTAGGG)4 Repeat in a Potassium Solution

Quadruplex structures arise from four coplanar G bases arranged in a Hoogsteen base pairing motif to create a central pore that can coordinate cations. The termini of eukaryotic chromosomes contain structures, known as telomeres, which are capable of forming quadruplex structures. Quadruplexes have been implicated in a variety of disease states, including cancer. The literature seems to agree that the human telomeric repeat containing four stretches of three guanines displays conformational states that are different in the presence of Na+ and K+ and an unknown number of species involved in the quadruplex to single strand transition. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and singular-value decomposition, the number of species present in the dissociation process is assessed. The results indicate that three species exist in equilibria during the melting process. We present a model for the heat-induced denaturation from the folded to the unfolded state, whereby the hybrid p...
Ethical Decision Making: Panama–United States Differences in Consumer and Marketing Contexts

ABSTRACT Results show that significant differences, both statistical and practical, exist between Panamanians and U.S. nationals in how they intend to behave in various consumption-related and marketing-related ethical situations. As cross-national marketing increases, the need to understand marketing and consumer ethics across countries becomes more critical. Additionally, as Robertson, Brady, and Hoffman (2001) point out, there has been a genuine lack of emphasis in the marketing-related ethics literature in Latin America. This study partially addresses that need by examining and contrasting the intended behaviors in ethical situations of Panamanians and Americans as consumers and marketers. The study contributes to marketing ethics knowledge on several fronts: (i) increasing understanding of ethics of Panamanians in consumer and marketing contexts, (ii) adding to the extant cross-country literature in the area of ethical decision making by consumers, and (iii) incorporating effect sizes, which is very ...
Cancer of the Oropharynx

The oropharynx has a crucial role in swallowing because of the surrounding constrictor musculature, need for mobility and pliability, and proximity of the base of tongue to the larynx. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection as a cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has increased dramatically in proportion and overall numbers of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cases. Better clinical response to therapy and younger age of the HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients have caused functional and quality-of-life considerations to become more important endpoints in evaluating efficacy of therapeutic options; "deintensification" to ameliorate toxicity is under investigation for this population.
A guanidine hydrochloride induced change in ribonuclease without gross unfolding.

Abstract Although denaturation of ribonuclease by guanidine hydrochloride to a random coil has been considered to be a simple two-state mechanism, the time dependence of our calorimetric data indicate that a cooperative endothermic pretransition may occur near 1.25 M. guanidine hydrochloride (pH 6 and 25°C) without gross unfolding of the protein. Reexamination of other observables as a function of guanidine hydrochloride concentrations as well as activity measurements suggests the possibility of some process other than simple binding occurring in the concentration range below the onset of gross denaturation.
Normal Blood Pressure in the Superficial Venous System of Man at Rest in the Supine Position

The mean and range of venous pressure values in the various body surface areas is presented. Attention is directed to the variability of these values, the constantly decreasing pressure gradient towards the heart, and the essentially equal pressures in corresponding veins on opposite sides of the body. The importance of accurately identifying the vein is emphasized. The relation of venous pressure to age, sex, race and other physiologic factors is commented upon.
A hospital as victim and responder: the Sepulveda VA Medical Center and the Northridge earthquake.

Abstract Many hospital emergency plans focus on the hospital as a disaster responder, with a fully operational medical facility, able to receive and treat mass casualties from a clearly defined accident scene. However, hospitals need to prepare a response for extreme casualty events such as earthquakes, tornadoes, or hurricanes. This article describes the planning, mitigation, response, and recovery of a major medical-surgical center thrust into a victim responder role following the devastating Northridge earthquake. The subsequent evacuation and care of patients, treatment of casualties, incident command, prior education and training, and recovery issues are addressed.
Work-stress burnout among paramedics.

A survey-based study was conducted among 213 advanced emergency medical technicians (paramedics) to determine if work-related stress and its attendant burnout syndrome could influence the high job ...
The Challenge of Teaching 9/11: Now and in the Future

As we approach the tenth anniversary of 9/11, Americans vividly recall not only where they were but also visual images and strong emotions. Given the power and impact of the events surrounding 9/11...
Regulation of Arabidopsis COPINE 1 Gene Expression in Response to Pathogens and Abiotic Stimuli

The copines are a widely distributed class of calcium-dependent, phospholipid-binding proteins of undetermined biological function. Mutation of the Arabidopsis CPN1 (COPINE 1) gene causes a humidity-sensitive lesion mimic phenotype with increased resistance to a bacterial and an oomyceteous pathogen, constitutive pathogenesis-related gene expression, and an accelerated hypersensitive cell death defense response. Here, we show that the disease resistance phenotype of the cpn1-1 mutant was also temperature sensitive, demonstrate increased CPN1 gene transcript accumulation in wild-type plants under low-humidity conditions, and present a detailed analysis of CPN1 gene transcript accumulation in response to bacterial pathogens. In wild-type plants, CPN1 transcript accumulation was rapidly, locally, and transiently induced by both avirulent and virulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato bacteria. However, induction of CPN1 transcript accumulation by avirulent bacteria was much faster and stronger than that induced by virulent bacteria. Bacterial induction of CPN1 transcript accumulation was dependent on a functional type III bacterial protein secretion system. In planta expression of the avrRpt2 avirulence gene was sufficient to trigger rapid CPN1 transcript accumulation. CPN1 transcript accumulation was induced by salicylic acid treatment but was not observed during lesion formation in the lesion mimic mutants lsd1 and lsd5. These results are consistent with CPN1 playing a role in plant disease resistance responses, possibly as a suppressor of defense responses including the hypersensitive cell death defense response. The results also suggest that CPN1 may represent a link between plant disease resistance and plant acclimation to low-humidity and low-temperature conditions.
Nonlinear dynamics and conformational changes of linear entangled polymers using the Rolie-Poly model with an “effective” maximum contour length

The extended Rouse-CCR tube model for linear entangled polymers recently proposed by the authors (Kabanemi and Hetu, J Non Newtonian-Fluid Mech 160:113–121, 2009), designed to capture the progressive changes in the average internal structure (kinked state) of polymer chains, is here used to analyze, by means of a time-dependent three-dimensional finite element method, chain segment dynamics, pressure drop, and stability of flow through a 4:1:4 constriction in a tube. The model predicts an enhancement of the pressure drop in the stretch-dominated flow regime, which is also observed experimentally. This excess pressure drop was not associated with the onset of flow instability. The model also predicts kinked configurations within chain segments in the entry section to the constriction tube, at the inception of flow, and prior to the development of upstream vortices. It is also shown how these kinked configurations within chain segments influence pressure drop transients.
Binaural and commissural organization of the primary auditory cortex of the mustached bat

In the mustached bat, the primary auditory cortex (AI) can be divided into three subdivisions: the Doppler-shifted constant-frequency processing (DSCF) area, and the anterior (AIa) and posterior (AIp) regions. The DSCF area is composed of two subdivisions: excitatory-excitatory (E-E) and inhibitory-excitatory (I-E). The E-E division is located in the ventral portion of the DSCF area and mainly consists of neurons excited bilaterally, while the I-E division is located in the dorsal portion and mainly consists of neurons which are inhibited by ipsilateral ear stimuli, but excited by contralateral ear stimuli. The E-E division is bilaterally connected by commissural fibers, while the I-E division is not. The AIa and AIp regions have neither E-E neurons nor commissural connections. In the AI of the cat, E-E and I-E neurons form alternating bands which are parallel to the frequency axis. E-E bands are bilaterally connected by commissural fibers, but I-E bands are not. The DSCF area shares a similar functional organization with the AI of the cat.
The thermal and oxidative stability of polychlorinated metallocenes

An examination of the thermal and oxidative stability of polychlorinated ferrocenes indicated a decreasing trend in thermal stability and an increasing trend in oxidative stability with increasing chlorine content. The enhanced oxidative stability is best explained on the basis of inductive electron withdrawal from the iron atom by the chlorine atoms. The reduction in thermal stability may also be explained on the basis of the electron-withdrawing inductive effect of the chlorine substituents producing a weakening of the metal-to-ring bonding, although steric crowding due to an eclipsed conformation of the chlorine atoms is also a possible factor in the reduction. 1,1′, 2,2′-tetrachloroferrocene and 1,1′, 2,2′, 3,3′, 4,4′-octachloroferrocene were found to exhibit mesophase formation.
Isothermal Amplification Using a Chemical Heating Device for Point-of-Care Detection of HIV-1

Background To date, the use of traditional nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) for detection of HIV-1 DNA or RNA has been restricted to laboratory settings due to time, equipment, and technical expertise requirements. The availability of a rapid NAAT with applicability for resource-limited or point-of-care (POC) settings would fill a great need in HIV diagnostics, allowing for timely diagnosis or confirmation of infection status, as well as facilitating the diagnosis of acute infection, screening and evaluation of infants born to HIV-infected mothers. Isothermal amplification methods, such as reverse-transcription, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), exhibit characteristics that are ideal for POC settings, since they are typically quicker, easier to perform, and allow for integration into low-tech, portable heating devices. Methodology/Significant Findings In this study, we evaluated the HIV-1 RT-LAMP assay using portable, non-instrumented nucleic acid amplification (NINA) heating devices that generate heat from the exothermic reaction of calcium oxide and water. The NINA heating devices exhibited stable temperatures throughout the amplification reaction and consistent amplification results between three separate devices and a thermalcycler. The performance of the NINA heaters was validated using whole blood specimens from HIV-1 infected patients. Conclusion The RT-LAMP isothermal amplification method used in conjunction with a chemical heating device provides a portable, rapid and robust NAAT platform that has the potential to facilitate HIV-1 testing in resource-limited settings and POC.
Pakistan's Relations with Central Asia: Is Past Prologue?

Abstract Throughout the 1990s Pakistan sought to cultivate ‘strategic depth’ throughout Iran, Afghanistan and the newly emergent Central Asian Republics while seeking to restrict Indian influence in the region. Chastened by its past failures, Pakistan now embraces more modest regional goals. Despite the diminution in objectives, several factors augur failure including Pakistan's policies in Afghanistan, which diminish the likelihood of a stable Afghanistan, and Pakistan's inability to pacify the various insurgencies roiling both Baluchistan and the Pashtun areas of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas as well as the Northwest Frontier Province.
Induced mutations in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

Induced mutations have a long history in both applied and basic aspects of rice research. During the past fifty years, over 500 rice varieties have been developed worldwide, either directly from induced mutants or as a result of crossing such mutants with other breeding lines. More recently, the genomes of the two major subspecies of rice, japonica and indica, have been sequenced. Analysis of the genome sequences has revealed over 30,000 predicted genes. With the structural genomics of rice well in hand, attention is now focused on confirming the identification of these genes and determining their function. This has led to the recent emphasis on the generation of large induced rice mutant populations for gene discovery/confirmation and functional analyses using forward and reverse genetic screens. This mini-review aims to highlight the contributions of induced rice mutants in agriculture and the current state of induced mutant resources for functional genomics.
Carnosine Inhibits (E)-4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal-Induced Protein Cross-Linking: Structural Characterization of Carnosine−HNE Adducts1

(E)-4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is a highly cytotoxic aldehyde generated during peroxidation of lipids, which induces modification and aggregation of low-density lipoproteins and has been found to elicit covalent cross-linking of proteins. Carnosine was previously shown to trap HNE. Results presented here provide evidence that by trapping HNE in stable covalent adducts, carnosine can inhibit HNE-induced protein cross-linking. This trapping effect may be augmented by carnosine-chelating trace transition metal ions that promote oxidative HNE-induced cross-linking. Adducts formed in the reaction of HNE with carnosine have been isolated and structurally characterized. The main carnosine-HNE adduct is shown to be a 13-member cyclic adduct formed through initial Schiff base formation followed by conjugate addition of the imidazole group.
Leptin Increases Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Vivo and in Vitro

Leptin, an adipose-derived hormone, has been implicated in several physiological processes involving the hippocampus. However, the role of leptin in adult hippocampal neurogenesis remains unknown. Here we show that leptin regulates neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult mice as well as in cultured adult hippocampal progenitor cells. Chronic administration of leptin to adult mice increased cell proliferation without significant effects on the differentiation and the survival of newly proliferated cells in the dentate gyrus. The expression of the long form leptin receptor, LepRb, was detected in hippocampal progenitor cells by reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Leptin treatment also increased proliferation of cultured adult hippocampal progenitor cells. Analysis of signal transduction pathways revealed that leptin stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and STAT3 but not ERK1/2. Furthermore, pre-treating the cells with specific inhibitors of Akt or STAT3 attenuated leptin-induced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, our results support a role for leptin in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest the involvement of the Akt and STAT3 signaling pathways in mediating the actions of leptin on neurogenesis.
Application of Fuzzy Functions for Visual Presentation of Medical Data

While interpretation of medical data is very often an ambiguous process, computers usually display results of recommendations, provided by both human experts and computer algorithms, as concrete data. This study proposes a visual presentation of relative degrees of uncertainty along with “standard” concrete medical data. A medical parameter (mean arterial pressure) is dynamically evaluated during surgery for being too low or too high. Fuzzy membership functions are utilized to display degrees of deviation in the form of a clear and concise pie chart. Thus, in the Operating Room the anesthesiologist can be provided with an easy statistical assessment of uncertainty of existing recommendations.
EVIDENCE FOR A SIX-TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAIN STRUCTURE OF PRESENILIN 1

Mutations in genes encoding presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 account for the majority of cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. The presenilins have been localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, but which of the multiple hydrophobic segments of the polypeptide chain span the lipid bilayer is unclear. To address this question, we have constructed a series of chimeric molecules in which a topologically neutral reporter protein (a C-terminal fragment of prolactin) containing three artificial glycosylation sites is fused to presenilin 1 following each of the 10 potential transmembrane domains identified in hydrophobicity plots. We have expressed these chimeras by translation in reticulocyte lysate containing canine pancreatic microsomes and by synthesis in transfected COS cells. Based on utilization of the glycosylation sites and sensitivity of the reporter to protease digestion, we provide evidence that presenilin 1 has six transmembrane segments with the N and C termini in the cytoplasm. This model provides important clues to the potential functions of different parts of the presenilin molecule and how these might relate to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Pyrheliometric and circumsolar sky radiation measurements by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory from 1923 to 1954

The pyrheliometric and circumsolar sky radiation measurements of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (APO) are examined from 1923 to 1954. The measurements at Mt Montezuma, Chile, in the Southern Hemisphere and Table Mountain, California, in the Northern Hemisphere are examined in most detail. It is found that Paluweh (8° 19?S, 121°42?W), which erupted in 1928, had a dust veil index of 100 using Lamb's (1970) definition of the dust veil index. Quizapu (35°39?S, 70°46?W), which erupted in 1932, has a dust veil index of 35. Both of these volcanoes are climatologically significant. Between April 1932 and 1950 there are no detectable volcanic eruptions in either hemisphere. Local pollution at both stations after 1950 degrades the observations at these sites. There was a change of 0.6–0.7 % in the radiation scale at Mt Montezuma about 1940. No evidence for an 11- or 22-year cycle is found in the pyrheliometer data and any variation in the solar constant on this time scale seems to be a fraction of a tenth of a percent. The pyrheliometer and pyranometer serve complementary purposes and confirm the reality of changes in the atmospheric dust loading. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1979.tb00900.x
Relation between tunneling and particle production in vacuum decay

The field-theoretical description of quantum fluctuations on the background of a tunneling field $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ is examined in the case of a functional Schr\"odinger approach. We apply this method in the case when quantum fluctuations are coupled to the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ field through a mass-squared term, which is ``time dependent'' since we include the dynamics of $\ensuremath{\sigma}.$ The resulting mode functions of the fluctuation field, which determine the quantum state after tunneling, display a previously unseen resonance effect when their mode number is comparable to the curvature scale of the bubble. A detailed analysis of the relation between the excitations of the field about the true vacuum (interpreted as particle creation) and the phase shift coming from tunneling is presented.
A Prescription for Monetary Policy in the Bush Administration

How should the Federal Reserve conduct monetary policy for stable growth and low inflation? Professor Anna Schwartz of the National Bureau of Economic Research in New York, argues that the American central bank should steadily reduce the rate of monetary growth.
Multiband Adiabatic Inversion Pulses

Abstract The conditions necessary to obtain multiple adiabatic population inversion at different frequencies in a two-level system are defined. It is shown how any pulse that produces adiabatic inversion in a single frequency band can be modified to become a multiband adiabatic inversion pulse. Using Floquet formalism, the interaction between the different inversion bands is described and shown to create effective nonlinear irradiation fields. By controlling the reference phase of the single-inversion-frequency-band pulses, these effective irradiation fields can be minimized or canceled. These pulses can be used for multiple selective excitation or selective population inversion in coherent spectroscopy. NMR experiments confirming the theoretical predications are shown. The experimental results agree very well with the theoretical predictions.
Dendrimers and supramolecular chemistry.

Since their introduction in 1985 by Tomalia et al. (1) and Newkome et al. (2), dendrimers have attracted much attention because of their fascinating structure and unique properties (3, 4). Dendrimers are globular, size monodisperse macromolecules in which all bonds emerge radially from a central focal point or core with a regular branching pattern and with repeat units that each contribute a branch point. Not all regularly branched molecules are dendrimers because properties of the dendritic state (4), such as core encapsulation (5, 6) and unusually low intrinsic viscosity in solution (7), are reached only when globularity is achieved at a certain generation or size threshold. Therefore, many low-generation dendrons or the early cascade molecules of Vogtle and coworkers (8) are too small to exhibit the properties of dendrimers, but they are frequently used as branched oligomeric building blocks in their construction, and have a size relationship to dendrimers somewhat akin to that between oligomers and polymers.
An update on non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

ABSTRACT The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are a diverse group of diseases characterized by enlargement of the lymph nodes and are indolent or aggressive. The histopathologic subtype provides the best guide to the nature of these diseases. In most patients the etiology Is unknown. Painless peripheral adenopathy is the usual presenting feature. A careful clinical staging without laparotomy is recommended to establish disease extent, prognosis and treatment. In patients with indolent (low grade) lymphomas, a period of observation prior to treatment may be appropriate if the patient is asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients with low grade lymphoma require therapy. For patients with aggressive disease (Intermediate or high grade), immediate treatment with curative intent is indicated. High dose therapy with bone marrow transplantation may be used to cure a small number of patients who relapse following Initial chemotherapy.
Mindless reading revisited: eye movements during reading and scanning are different.

In an extension of a study by Vitu, O’Regan, Inhoff, and Topolski (1995), we compared global and local characteristics of eye movements during (1) reading, (2) the scanning of transformed text (in which each letter was replaced with a z), and (3) visual search. Additionally, we examined eye behavior with respect to specific target words of high or low frequency. Globally, the reading condition led to shorter fixations, longer saccades, and less frequent skipping of target strings than did scanning transformed text. Locally, the manipulation of word frequency affected fixation durations on the target word during reading, but not during visual search or z-string scanning. There were also more refixations on target words in reading than in scanning. Contrary to Vitu et al.’s (1995) findings, our results show that eye movements are not guided by a global strategy and local tactics, but by immediate processing demands.
Variable initial Pb isotopic compositions of rocks associated with the UG2 chromitite, eastern Bushveld Complex

Abstract An investigation of the Pb isotopic compositions of plagioclase and sulfide in a stratigraphic interval including the UG2 chromitite of the eastern Bushveld Complex has been conducted to determine the Pb isotopic composition(s) of the magma(s) that crystallized to form this part of the intrusion, gain a better understanding of why coexisting plagioclase and sulfide commonly exhibit widely different Pb isotopic compositions, and explore the use of Pb isotopes in deducing post-accumulation history. Analyses were obtained in situ with a NuPlasma multicollector ICP-MS coupled with 193 nm Excimer or 213 nm lasers. Most plagioclase compositions fall on the 207Pb/204Pb vs 206Pb/204Pb geochron of 2.06 Ga, which is the solidification age of the intrusion. The measured ratios have not been affected by radiogenic ingrowth, and plagioclase generally remained closed to Pb exchange after initial cooling. The array of plagioclase compositions on the geochron is significantly larger than that defined by analytical error. This indicates that in terms of Pb at least two different magma compositions were present. The composition of the least radiogenic magma was approximated by that of the contemporaneous BSE with μ (238U/204Pb) and ω (232Th/204Pb) values of ≈9.0 and 35, respectively, suggesting a mantle derivation with little or no involvement of the continental crust, while the second magma possessed a Pb isotopic composition similar to the upper crust with μ ≈ 9.6. Compared to plagioclase, sulfides generally possess slightly higher 206Pb/204Pb ratios for equivalent 207Pb/204Pb ratios such that their compositions fall between the 2.06 and 1.86 Ga geochrons. The latter age is much younger than the cooling age. The data are interpreted to mean that the Bushveld Complex remained buried in the crust at temperatures of several hundred °C for about 200 Ma after solidification, and that any sulfides accessible to fluid continued to re-equilibrated during this time with more radiogenic Pb. The sulfide Pb may have been transported into the Bushveld Complex by fluids from an external reservoir when the rocks were still partially molten and thus permeable. Alternatively, the sulfide Pb may have originated mainly from radiogenic decay of U and Th present in minerals other than the sulfides in the immediately surrounding Bushveld rocks, followed by local redistribution of Pb by whatever fluid was present. Indeed, some sulfides are characterized by 208Pb/204Pb ratios sufficiently high that an external source is unlikely. This observation and the fact that the sulfides display small-scale heterogeneity suggest that most, if not all, of the radiogenic sulfide Pb was locally derived. It also implies that during the post-solidification, re-equilibration period there was no large-scale fluid-flow through the microfracture network because otherwise the isotopic heterogeneities would not have been preserved. The minerals in 2 of the 19 samples studied contain young Pb, presumably introduced by meteoric waters that permeated the macrofracture network.
Preferred Thinking Style, Symptom Recognition, and Response by Nursing Students During Simulation

A better understanding of the relationships between symptom recognition, nursing response, and preferred thinking style is needed to improve nursing education practices. Final semester nursing students (N = 29) completed a high fidelity patient simulation (HFPS) scenario; recognized symptoms (i.e., dyspnea) and responses (i.e., apply oxygen) were recorded, and compared with students' preferred thinking style using the Rational-Experiential Inventory-40. Relationships between concepts were explored. Significant relationships were noted between preference for Rational thinking styles and symptom recognition (p < .05). Preferred thinking style was not related to numbers of therapeutic responses. Thirty percent of students delayed application of oxygen until directed to do so by members of the health care team. Students having a stronger preference for rational thinking demonstrate greater accuracy in cue recognition. More nursing research is needed to explore the cognitive processing during simulation.
Searchers switch tactics under increased mental load

Effects of mental demands on searchers were examined by controlling tasks complexity and by assessing searchers' working memory span (WM). The searchers were divided into low and high WM group. We expected that on more complex tasks all searchers would perform more searches to find more information. However, only high-WM searchers performed more search actions. Low-WM searchers performed about the same number of searches and switched their tactic by visiting significantly fewer search results.
Rapid discriminative acoustic model based on eigenspace mapping for fast speaker adaptation

It is widely believed that strong correlations exist across an utterance as a consequence of time-invariant characteristics of speaker and acoustic environments. It is verified in this paper that the first primary eigendirections of the utterance covariance matrix are speaker dependent. Based on this observation, a novel family of fast speaker adaptation algorithms entitled Eigenspace Mapping (EigMap) is proposed. The proposed algorithms are applied to continuous density Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based speech recognition. The EigMap algorithm rapidly constructs discriminative acoustic models in the test speaker's eigenspace by preserving discriminative information learned from baseline models in the directions of the test speaker's eigenspace. Moreover, the adapted models are compressed by discarding model parameters that are assumed to contain no discrimination information. The core idea of EigMap can be extended in many ways, and a family of algorithms based on EigMap is described in this paper. Unsupervised adaptation experiments show that EigMap is effective in improving baseline models using very limited amounts of adaptation data with superior performance to conventional adaptation techniques such as MLLR and block diagonal MLLR. A relative improvement of 18.4% over a baseline recognizer is achieved using EigMap with only about 4.5 s of adaptation data. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that EigMap is additive to MLLR by encompassing important speaker dependent discriminative information. A significant relative improvement of 24.6% over baseline is observed using 4.5 s of adaptation data by combining MLLR and EigMap techniques.
On the question of non-uniqueness of internal hydraulic jumps and drops in a two-fluid system

Conjugate states to a given two-layer flow of stable configuration confied on top and bottom by horizontal walls are studied in detail. There are at most two such states possible from energy considerations. Uniqueness is established by studying the total problem in which the agency responsible for causing shocks is also included. By establishing a suitable correspondence between the rigid top and free surface cases for purely internal shocks, uniqueness of the conjugate state for the latter case is also established. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb00640.x
The Polarization of Distortional Waves in an Isotropic Medium

Summary For elastic waves propagated in any anisotropic elastic medium it is well-known that, corresponding to any assigned direction of the wave-normal, three different values of the wave-velocity can exist. These are determined by the roots of a cubic equation. In the special case of an isotropic medium two of the roots are equal; one of these roots corresponds to a compressional wave, while the equal roots correspond to distortional waves. The obvious interpretation of this degeneration is that the equal roots correspond to two distortional waves polarized at right angles to one another. However, it is desirable that this conjecture should be verified by treating the isotropic medium as the limiting case of an anisotropic medium; in the present note the result is obtained by considering a medium with cubic symmetry.
The conscience debate: resources for rapprochement from the problem's perceived source

This article critically evaluates the conception of conscience underlying the debate about the proper place and role of conscience in the clinical encounter. It suggests that recovering a conception of conscience rooted in the Catholic moral tradition could offer resources for moving the debate past an unproductive assertion of conflicting rights, namely, physicians’ rights to conscience versus patients’ rights to socially and legally sanctioned medical interventions. It proposes that conscience is a necessary component of the moral life in general and a necessary resource for maintaining a coherent sense of moral agency. It demonstrates that an earlier and intellectually richer conception of conscience, in contrast with common contemporary formulations, makes the judgments of conscience accountable to reason, open to critique, and protected from becoming a bastion for bigotry, idiosyncrasy, and personal bias.
The Rise of the For-Profit Sector in US Higher Education and the Brazilian Effect*

What accounts for the rapid growth in the For-Profit (FP) higher education sector in the US? How will its growth influence educational opportunity and degree attainment rates in a country that first pioneered a mass higher education built largely on expanding public colleges and universities? The current US experience is a version of what I call the ‘Brazilian Effect’: when public higher education cannot keep pace with growing public demand for access and programmes, governments often allow FP's to rush in and help fill the gap, becoming a much larger and sometimes dominant provider. This is the pattern in many developing economies such as Brazil, Korea, Poland and other parts of the world. Despite new federal regulations intended to better regulate For-Profits, my prediction is that they will continue to grow over the long-term in the US not so much because they meet societal demands for diverse forms of higher education, but because of the inability of the public sector to return to the levels of public subsidies they had in the past. The result now, and in the future, is a kind of policy default: the future tertiary market will not be the result of a well thought out policy at the national or state levels, but a quasi-free market consequence that will foster lower quality providers and fail to meet national goals for increasing the educational attainment level of Americans. This article discusses how higher education policymaking is about broad issues of socioeconomic mobility and economic competitiveness, but it is also about money, big business, and political influence.
Embryotoxicity of a regressing corpus luteum in beef cows supplemented with progestogen.

Postpartum cows with short-lived corpora lutea produce embryos that arrive at the uterus, but pregnancy rates are low even with exogenous progestogen. Four experiments were conducted to determine whether prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha, known to cause early luteolysis, could have a direct effect on embryonic loss. Exogenous progestogen was injected s.c. twice daily in each experiment, starting 3 or 4 days after estrus (day of estrus = Day 0). Nonlactating, cycling beef cows were mated and injected i.m. every 8 h on Days 4 through 7 (experiment 1) or 5 through 8 (experiment 3) with either 15 mg PGF2 alpha or 3 ml saline. In experiment 1, cows in a third group received 1 g flunixin meglumine i.m. every 8 h. Ten of 18 PGF2 alpha-treated cows in experiment 3 were luteectomized on Day 5. Pregnancy rates were higher (p < 0.05) in cows given saline or flunixin meglumine (5 of 7) than in cows given PGF2 alpha (1 of 5) in experiment 1, and in cows given saline (6 of 9) or given PGF2 alpha, and luteectomized (8 of 10) than in cows given PGF2 alpha (2 of 8) in experiment 3. Postpartum beef cows, mated at weaning-induced first estrus, received i.m. injections every 8 h on Days 4 through 9 of 3 ml saline or 1 g flunixin meglumine (experiment 2); 14 flunixin meglumine-treated cows were luteectomized on Day 7. Pregnancy rates were higher in cows given flunixin meglumine and luteectomized (7 of 14) than in cows given saline (4 of 15) or flunixin meglumine alone (3 of 15; p < 0.05). In experiment 4, postpartum cows were luteectomized or sham-operated on Day 5. Pregnancy rates (2 of 13 and 2 of 14, respectively) did not differ. Thus, both reduction of endogenous PGF2 alpha and luteectomy were required for embryo survival in postpartum cows with short-lived corpora lutea, whereas luteectomy alone prevented effects of exogenous PGF2 alpha in cycling cows.
Inverse Sampling in Case Control Studies Involving a Rare Exposure

In case-control studies where the outcome is not uncommon but the exposure is rare, inverse sampling may be used to reduce the total number of subjects required to find a fixed number of exposed cases and controls. The sampling distribution is negative binomial rather than binomial. Logistic regression for adjustment of covariates may be implemented on the computer program GLIM by the appropriate use of macros. An example is given.
Two measures of self-regulation for young adults and late adolescents in the academic and social domains:

In this paper we present domain-specific measures of academic and social self-regulation in young adults. We base our scales on Baltes and colleagues’ Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC...
The costs of drug abuse consequences: a summary of research findings.

The purpose of this article is to provide researchers, clinicians, and policymakers with a common source of published cost estimates for drug abuse consequences. Across the broad range of potential complications associated with drug abuse, some of the cost elements are specific and directly related to drug abuse per se (e.g., drug treatment costs), while other items may be related to drug abuse (e.g., typical emergency room cost). The results presented here are based on a review of completed and ongoing studies, which include published papers, monographs, conference presentations, working papers, reports, insurance company records, newsletters, and expert judgment. Whenever possible, we report an average cost estimate and the range of available estimates. Each cost element is normalized to 1994 dollars. The results are organized by type of cost and are presented in tabular format so that the findings can be easily understood and used.
The kinetics of the heterogeneous oxidation of zinc vapor by carbon dioxide

Abstract The heterogeneous oxidation of Zn(g) is a promising reaction pathway for the conversion of CO 2 into CO in the two-step Zn/ZnO solar thermochemical cycle as it eliminates the solid-state diffusion limitation that plagues the oxidation of Zn(l,s). The rate of the heterogeneous oxidation of Zn(g) is measured gravimetrically in a quartz tubular flow reactor operated at atmospheric pressure for temperatures between 800 and 1150 K, Zn(g) concentrations up to 36 mol%, and CO 2 concentrations up to 45 mol%. The surface kinetics are extracted from the global reaction rate using a numerical reacting flow model that accounts for the transport of reacting species in the gas phase. The oxidation of Zn(g) by CO 2 is rapid, on the order of 10 −8 –10 −5 mol cm −2 s −1 , and the rate is proportional to the product of the Zn(g) and CO 2 partial pressures at the reaction surface. The activation energy for the Arrhenius reaction rate parameter is 44±3 kJ mol −1 and the pre-exponential factor is (92±6)×10 −3 mol cm −2 s −1 atm −2 . As a result of the rapid rate of oxidation of Zn(g), less than 1 s is required to convert more than 85% of Zn to ZnO.
Application of panel method to wake vortex/wing interaction and comparison with experiment

The ability of the Vortex Separation AEROdynamics (VSAERO) program to calculate aerodynamic loads on wings due to interaction with free vortices was studied. The loads were calculated for various positions of a downstream following wing relative to an upstream vortex-generating wing. Calculated vortex-induced span loads, rolling-moment coefficients, and lift coefficients on the following wing were compared with experimental results of McMillan et al. and El-Ramly et al. Comparisons of calculated and experimental vortex tangential velocities were also made.
Deformation and Drag Properties of Round Drops Subjected to Shock-Wave Disturbances

Thedeformation,drag, and breakup propertiesof round drops subjected to shock-wavedisturbanceswerestudied computationally for conditions where effects of drop evaporation were small. The objective of the study was to consider effects of liquid viscosity, liquid/gas density ratio, and drop Reynolds number that are dife cult to explore based on experiments but are representative of conditions found in practical sprays. The time-dependent incompressible and axisymmetric Navier‐ Stokes equations were solved in both the gas and liquid phases in conjunction with the level set method to determine the position of the liquid/gas interface for deforming drops. The numerical results were evaluated using earlier experimental results for the wake and drag properties of solid spheres and the deformation and drag and breakup properties of drops subjected to shock-wavedisturbances. There was good agreement between measurements and predictions. The properties of drop deformation and breakup were mainly affected by the drop drag-force/surface-tension-force ratio represented by the Weber number We and the drop liquid-viscous-force/surface-tension-forceratiorepresented by theOhnesorgenumber Oh. WhentheOhwassmall, drop deformation and breakup transitions yielded the classical deformation and breakup regime map suggested by Hinze roughly 50 years ago. However, when the Oh was large the computations revealed undesirable variations of We as a function of Oh for particular deformation and breakup regime transitions when plotted in the classical Hinzeform.An improvedapproachto handlelarge Oh conditionswasfound, however, by directlyplottingthedrop drag-force/liquid-viscous-force ratio We 1=2 /Oh, as a function of the drop surface-tension-force/liquid viscous-force ratio 1/Oh because We 1=2 /Oh is relatively independent of Oh at the regime transitions when the Oh is large. Effects of liquid/gas viscosity and density ratios on the new deformation and breakup regime map were found to be small. The Reynolds number of the gas e ow over the drop, however, was found to have a considerable effect on drop deformation and breakup properties as the low Reynolds number (<100), Stokes e ow, regime was approached. This behavior appears to be caused by the progressive increase of the drop drag coefe cient when the Reynolds number of the gas e ow becomes small, which tends to reduce drop relaxation times and thus times available for drop deformation and breakup.
Organizing for product innovation

The management of commercial products arising from advanced technology presents a serious challenge to traditional practice. This paper recounts an attempt by outside behavioral scientists to study such problems in one enterprise. Partly as a result of the findings, management has experimented with organizational changes in the cycle of new product development. The findings are consistent with and partially replicate earlier research.
R-R variability detects increases in vagal modulation with phenylephrine infusion

High-frequency power, measured from power spectral analysis of R-R variability, reflects vagal modulation of the sinus node. Unexpectedly, a recent study reported a decrease in high-frequency power...
Slab fractures of the third tarsal bone: Minimally invasive repair using a single 3.5 mm cortex screw placed in lag fashion in 17 Thoroughbred racehorses

Reasons for performing the study A technique for minimally invasive repair of slab fractures of the third tarsal bone has not previously been reported. Results of third tarsal bone slab fracture repair in Thoroughbred racehorses are lacking. Objectives To report the outcomes of repair of uniplanar frontal slab factures of the third tarsal bone using a single 3.5 mm cortex screw in lag fashion. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods Case records of horses that had undergone this procedure were reviewed. Results Seventeen horses underwent surgery. Eighteen percent of cases had wedge shaped third tarsal bones. A point midway between the long and lateral digital extensor tendons and centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints created a suitable entry site for implants. The fracture location, configuration and curvature of the third tarsal bone and associated joints requires a dorsolateral proximal-plantaromedial distal trajectory for the screw, which was determined by preplaced needles. There were no complications and fractures healed in all cases at 4-6 months post surgery. Seventy-nine percent of horses returned to racing and, at the time of reporting, 3 are in post operative rehabilitation programmes. Conclusion The technique reported provides a safe, appropriate and repeatable means of repairing slab fractures of the third tarsal bone. Surgical repair is a viable alternative to conservative management.