cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and quantitation of cobalamin and cobalamin analogues in human feces

Background: Cobalamin (vitamin B-12) and cobalamin analogues are present in human feces, but a complete identification has not been established, and the amounts present have not been determined. Objectives: We aimed to develop a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for cobalamin and cobalamin analogues and to identify and quantitiate the amounts present in human feces. Design: Fecal samples were obtained from 20 human subjects in good general health. The samples were analyzed for the presence and amounts of cobalamin and 12 cobalamin analogues that were synthesized with and without the incorporation of stable isotopes. Results: Cobalamin and 7 cobalamin analogues were identified and quantitated in human feces. The mean for the total amount present in 18 subjects whose daily intake was ≤25 μg cobalamin from vitamin supplements was 1309 ng cobalamin equivalents/g wet wt of feces. Cobalamin (1.4%) and cobinamide (1.8%) (an incomplete corrinoid) represented a small portion of the total amount. Six cobalamin analogues that contain a base other than the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidizidole in cobalamin were present. The bases and their mean amounts (in %) are 2-methyladenine (60.6%), p-cresol (16.3%), adenine (12.5%), 2-(methylthio)adenine (15.5%), 5-hydroxybenzimidazole (1.8%), and phenol (0.1%). One subject ingested 1 mg cobalamin/d and another ingested 2 mg cobalamin/d, and they appeared to convert most of the cobalamin to cobinamide and the 4 analogues that contain the bases-2-methyladenine, p-cresol, adenine, and 2-(methylthio)adenine. Conclusions: Cobalamin analogues are present in human feces and account for >98% of the total of cobalamin plus cobalamin analogues. A major portion of large amounts of ingested cobalamin appears to be converted to cobalamin analogues.
Slipping Through the Front Door: Relevant Social Scientific Evaluation in the People of Color Century:

This is an essay about the racialized conventional wisdoms and the academic traditions that impede the ability of social scientists to adequately explain and evaluate the colorization of the life worlds around them, particularly in terms of explanations involving power, privilege, and empowerment. I conclude that it is impossible to discuss adequately the more technical issues of technique and measurement, until we grasp the epistemological and biographical problematics of social sciences and their uses. Traditional frameworks, including traditional conceptions of race, hinder our ability to evaluate culturally and socially different worlds and realities, in this case, those created and transformed by people of color. It is especially important to find alternatives in a society and globe that are becoming increasingly colorized in terms of demographics, power and authority.
Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer

Of the many types of human papillomavirus (HPV), more than 30 infect the genital tract. The association between certain oncogenic (high-risk) strains of HPV and cervical cancer is well established. Although HPV is essential to the transformation of cervical epithelial cells, it is not sufficient, and a variety of cofactors and molecular events influence whether cervical cancer will develop. Early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions can prevent progression to cervical cancer. Identification of precancerous lesions has been primarily by cytologic screening of cervical cells. Cellular abnormalities, however, may be missed or may not be sufficiently distinct, and a portion of patients with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cytomorphology will have higher-grade disease identified by subsequent colposcopy and biopsy. Sensitive and specific molecular techniques that detect HPV DNA and distinguish high-risk HPV types from low-risk HPV types have been introduced as an adjunct to cytology. Earlier detection of high-risk HPV types may improve triage, treatment, and follow-up in infected patients. Currently, the clearest role for HPV DNA testing is to improve diagnostic accuracy and limit unnecessary colposcopy in patients with borderline or mildly abnormal cytologic test results.
Distributing and synchronizing heterogeneous metadata for the management of geospatial information repositories

Cornell University Geospatial Information Repository, CUGIR, is a Web-based repository providing free access to geospatial data and metadata for New York State. Access is enhanced by transforming and re-purposing geospatial (FGDC) metadata into DC-RDF, Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) and MARC 21 that is rendered in XML, HTML, SGML, and ASCII text on-the-fly. Although libraries today are increasingly in the position to create and maintain non-MARC metadata, non-MARC resource sharing is largely unchartered territory. This paper will demonstrate how CUGIR exemplifies efficient heterogeneous metadata management while introducing a new model for metadata creation and maintenance typically based in geospatial information system applications. This new model introduces an abridged SODA model as a viable digital library system.
Modelling criteria for long water waves

Model equations which describe the evolution of long-wave initial data in water of uniform depth are tested to determine explicit criteria for their applicability. We consider linear and nonlinear, dispersive and non-dispersive equations. Separate criteria emerge for the leading wave and trailing oscillations of the evolving wave train. The evolution of the leading wave depends on two parameters: the volume (non-dimensional) of the initial data and an Ursell number based on the amplitude and length of the initial data. The magnitudes of these two parameters determine the appropriate model equation and its time of validity. For the trailing oscillatory waves, a local Ursell number based on the amplitude of the initial data and the local wavelength determines the appropriate model equation. Finally, these modelling criteria are applied to the problem of tsunami propagation. Asymptotic ( t → ∞) linear dispersive theory does not appear to be applicable for describing the leading wave of tsunamis. If the length of the initial wave is approximately 100 miles, the leading wave is described by a linear non-dispersive model from the source region until shoaling occurs near the coastline. For smaller lengths (∼ 40 miles) a linear dispersive (but not asymptotic) model is applicable. The longer-period oscillatory waves following the leading wave, which can induce harbour resonance, apparently require a nonlinear dispersive model.
Monolithic Verification of Deep Pipelines with Collapsed Flushing

We introduce collapsed flushing, a new flushing-based refinement map for automatically verifying safety and liveness properties of term-level pipelined machine models. We also present a new method for handling liveness that is both simpler to define and easier to verify than previous approaches. To empirically validate collapsed flushing, we ran extensive experiments which show more than an order-of-magnitude improvement in verification times over standard flushing. Furthermore, by combining collapsed flushing with commitment refinement maps, we can monolithically verify complex pipelined machine models with deep pipelines - a salient feature of state-of-the-art microprocessor designs - that previous approaches cannot handle
Sopt: ontology for simulation optimization for scientific experiments

Simulation optimization is attracting increasing research interest from the modeling and simulation community. Although there is much research on how to apply various simulation optimization techniques to solve numerous practical and research problems, researchers find that existing optimization routines are difficult to extend or integrate and often require one to develop their own optimization methods because the existing ones are problem-specific and not designed for reuse. In order to facilitate reuse of the available optimization routines and better capture the essence of different simulation optimization techniques, an ontology for simulation optimization (SoPT) is devised. SoPT includes concepts from both conventional optimization/mathematical programming and simulation optimization. Represented in ontological form, optimization routines can also be transformed into actual executable application code (e.g., targeting JSIM or ScalaTion). As illustrative examples, SoPT is being applied to real scientific computational problems.
A new improved sub-unit vaccine for plague: the basis of protection

In this study, we have determined the limit of protection achievable by immunisation with sub-units of Yersinia pestis against the development of plague in an experimental animal model. Co-immunisation with the purified culture-derived F1 and the recombinant V sub-units afforded a greater level of protection than with either sub-unit alone. The protection given by the combined sub-units was several orders of magnitude greater than that afforded by the whole cell killed (Cutter USP) vaccine and was equivalent to that achieved by vaccination with EV76, the live attenuated Y. pestis vaccine strain. However, the combined sub-unit vaccine has clear advantages over the live vaccine in terms of safety of use and absence of side-effects.
An Investigation Into the Social Context of Low-Income, Urban Black and Latina Women Implications for Adherence to Recommended Health Behaviors

Understanding factors that promote or prevent adherence to recommended health behaviors is essential for developing effective health programs, particularly among lower income populations who carry a disproportionate burden of disease. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews (n = 64) with low-income Black and Latina women who shared the experience of requiring diagnostic follow-up after having a screening mammography with abnormal findings. We found that in addition to holding negative and fatalistic cancer-related beliefs, the social context of these women was largely defined by multiple challenges and major life stressors, factors that may interfere with their ability to attain health. Factors commonly mentioned included competing health issues, economic hardship, demanding caretaking responsibilities and relationships, insurance-related challenges, distrust of health care providers, and inflexible work policies. Black women also reported discrimination and medical mistrust, whereas Latinas experienced difficulties associated with immigration and social isolation. These results suggest that effective health interventions not only address change among individuals but must also change health care systems and social policies in order to reduce health disparities.
Reading Comprehension Instruction: Summarization and Self-Monitoring Training for Students with Learning Disabilities

Forty-five middle-school students with learning disabilities were randomly assigned to one of three reading-comprehension training conditions: (a) summarization training, (b) summarization training with a self-monitoring component, or (c) traditional instruction. All students were interviewed before and after training regarding the strategies they typically employ during reading comprehension; during one training session, “think aloud” protocols were collected. Results indicated that students with learning disabilities trained in summarization procedures performed statistically higher on all dependent measures. In addition, on some transfer measures, students who were trained in the monitoring component statistically outperformed those with only the summarization training.
Molecular properties of the SLC13 family of dicarboxylate and sulfate transporters

The SLC13 gene family consists of five members in humans, with corresponding orthologs from different vertebrate species. All five genes code for sodium-coupled transporters that are found on the plasma membrane. Two of the transporters, NaS1 and NaS2, carry substrates such as sulfate, selenate and thiosulfate. The other members of the family (NaDC1, NaDC3, and NaCT) are transporters for di- and tri-carboxylates including succinate, citrate and α-ketoglutarate. The SLC13 transporters from vertebrates are electrogenic and they produce inward currents in the presence of sodium and substrate. Substrate-independent leak currents have also been described. Structure–function studies have identified the carboxy terminal half of these proteins as the most important for determining function. Transmembrane helices 9 and 10 may form part of the substrate permeation pathway and participate in conformational changes during the transport cycle. This review also discusses new members of the SLC13 superfamily that exhibit both sodium-dependent and sodium-independent transport mechanisms. The Indy protein from Drosophila, involved in determining lifespan, and the plant vacuolar malate transporter are both sodium-independent dicarboxylate transporters, possibly acting as exchangers. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on new advances in this gene family, particularly on structure–function studies and new members of the family.
Long-term analysis of technologically focused smaller manufacturing enterprises

Abstract This study examines the operations of technologically focused SMEs over the past 20 years. A panel of SMEs was studied in 1975, 1985, and again in 1995 to determine (1) whether or non-technologically focused SMEs changed over time and (2) if it was possible to identify the differences between those SMEs that perceived themselves to be technologically focused and those that did not. The panel consisted of over 800 SMEs operating in a single Midwestern State business climate. In 1975 the panel generated almost 500 responses to a research instrument that had been designed in a two-stage process. In the first stage, 23 case studies were developed to generate a conceptual and theoretical understanding of SMEs’ operations. The results of the case studies and available theory were used to design a mail questionnaire that was mailed to the original panel. The study suggests that technologically focused SMEs have changed significantly over the 20-year period from 1975 to 1995. Over this period of time, they have responded to the business conditions and competition around them, but have also changed how they view their own internal planning and operation needs.
Including the kids across the hall: collaborative instruction of hearing, deaf, and hard-of-hearing students.

This study follows graduate interns and their cooperating teachers through a collaborative student teaching experience in D/HH and hearing classrooms at the same grade level. Teacher teams, enrolled in a graduate course on collaboration, designed and conducted collaborative instruction (K junior high school level), which focused on cooperative learning activities. Measures included student evaluations and separate intern and teacher evaluations of student perfor mance, the integrated instructional units, and professional collaboration. Student evaluations included positive responses to integrated instruction by both groups, though there was more trepidation expressed by some D/HH students. Teachers reported very positive outcomes for all students including increased motivation to learn about and to interact with the other group and, for D/HH students, an increase in socially and academically appropriate behaviors. Specific student needs for training prior to integrated experi ences were noted. Teachers stressed the importance of topic selections that would involve the expertise of all participants equally, needs for teacher in-service training and, administra tive support for collaborative planning.
Effects of quingestanol acetate on the histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the human endometrium.

Abstract Quingestanol acetate is a potent progestogen which significantly alters the histology and histochemistry of the endometrium when studied by light and electron microscopy. The steroid did not alter transport mechanisms across the cell surfaces but, probably because of competition with estrogen for binding sites, altered sequences in carbohydrate and protein synthesis. It caused the development of platelet aggregates within the endometrial vessels and degeneration of endometrial cells through the entire menstrual cycle. The effectiveness of quingestanol acetate as a “mini-pill” is related to its alteration of the biology of the endometrial cells as well as its suppression of FSH and LH.
Manipulation of Growth and Photosynthetic Processes by Plant Growth Regulators

The purpose of most plant-related research is to explore possible ways to manipulate growth and increase productivity of plants. Throughout this text it has been shown that plant growth regulators are involved in many aspects of plant growth and development such as flowering, rooting, and other processes. This chapter will focus on restricting plant size and the manipulation of photosynthetic processes. The chemical control of plant growth to reduce size through the use of plant growth retardants is a common practice to make a plant more compact, which in many cases is more commercially acceptable. Plant growth regulators have also been shown to be involved in the regulation of photosynthesis and the movement of photosynthetic products from their site of synthesis in the leaf (source) to their sites of accumulation (sink). Regulation of photosynthesis and movement of photosynthetic products can occur at numerous points, thereby increasing or decreasing plant size.
Reducing Cylinder-to-Cylinder Variation in a V-8 Natural Gas Engine With Cycle Simulation Techniques

During a recent project at Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI® ), a medium-duty turbo-charged V-8 diesel engine was converted to natural gas operation for low-emission power generation applications. Initial cycle simulation studies indicated significant levels of cylinder-to-cylinder variation with the stock induction and exhaust system, which can limit the potential performance gains of a lean-burn spark-ignited engine due to spark knock and lean misfire. Cycle simulation techniques were used to investigate the sources of the cylinder-to-cylinder variation and determine potential solutions. The results indicated that significant improvements could be made with new intake and exhaust manifolds and a different turbocharger configuration.© 2004 ASME
Imaging Surrogates of Infiltration Obtained Via Multiparametric Imaging Pattern Analysis Predict Subsequent Location of Recurrence of Glioblastoma.

Background Glioblastoma is an aggressive and highly infiltrative brain cancer. Standard surgical resection is guided by enhancement on postcontrast T1-weighted (T1) magnetic resonance imaging, which is insufficient for delineating surrounding infiltrating tumor. Objective To develop imaging biomarkers that delineate areas of tumor infiltration and predict early recurrence in peritumoral tissue. Such markers would enable intensive, yet targeted, surgery and radiotherapy, thereby potentially delaying recurrence and prolonging survival. Methods Preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance images (T1, T1-gadolinium, T2-weighted, T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion tensor imaging, and dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images) from 31 patients were combined using machine learning methods, thereby creating predictive spatial maps of infiltrated peritumoral tissue. Cross-validation was used in the retrospective cohort to achieve generalizable biomarkers. Subsequently, the imaging signatures learned from the retrospective study were used in a replication cohort of 34 new patients. Spatial maps representing the likelihood of tumor infiltration and future early recurrence were compared with regions of recurrence on postresection follow-up studies with pathology confirmation. Results This technique produced predictions of early recurrence with a mean area under the curve of 0.84, sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 93%, and odds ratio estimates of 9.29 (99% confidence interval: 8.95-9.65) for tissue predicted to be heavily infiltrated in the replication study. Regions of tumor recurrence were found to have subtle, yet fairly distinctive multiparametric imaging signatures when analyzed quantitatively by pattern analysis and machine learning. Conclusion Visually imperceptible imaging patterns discovered via multiparametric pattern analysis methods were found to estimate the extent of infiltration and location of future tumor recurrence, paving the way for improved targeted treatment.
A New Look at the Three Circles Theorem

In words, log Mr is a convex function of log r. The Three Circles Theorem is remarkable for its lack of obvious intuitive content. However, the statement can be clarified substantially by noticing that it is not really a theorem about analytic functions, but a theorem about subharmonic functions. (Definitions follow in section 2; the critical fact is that log I f I is subharmonic.) If v is a subharmonic real valued function, and MO, M1, Mr denote its maximum values on the circles of radius Ro, R1, r, then
Experiments on Hydrodynamic and Thermal Behaviors of Thin Liquid Films

An experimental study of heat transfer into a thin film of liquid water on a rotating disk is described. The film was introduced from a flow collar at the center of a heated, horizontal disk at a fixed initial film thickness with a uniform radial velocity. Radial distribution of the disk surface temperatures was measured using a thermocouple / slip ring arrangement. Experiments were performed for a range of liquid flow rates between 3.0 lpm and 15.0 lpm corresponding to Reynolds numbers (based on the liquid inlet gap height and velocity) between 238 and 1188. The angular speed of the disk was varied from 0 rpm to 500 rpm. The local heat transfer coefficient was determined based on the heat flux supplied to the disk and the temperature difference between the measured disk surface temperature and the entrance temperature of the liquid onto the disk. The local heat transfer coefficient was seen to increase with increasing flow rate as well as increasing angular velocity of the disk. Effect of rotation on heat transfer was largest for the lower liquid flow rates with the effect gradually decreasing with increasing liquid flow rates. Semi-empirical correlations are presented in this study for the local and average Nusselt numbers. In addition to the heat transfer characterization, the thickness of the liquid film on the disk surface was measured by an optical method, including the characteristics of the hydraulic jump and the subcritical and supercritical flow regions.© 2003 ASME
CANCER OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT.

The vast differences in the incidence of cancer of the digestive tract in various parts of the world are unexplained. These differences and the changes occurring in the incidence of cancer of the various digestive organs may provide some information regarding the cause of the disease. Methods of diagnosing cancer of digestive organs have improved, but early diagnosis is difficult and the cancer metastasizes rapidly. Surgical removal is the only curative treatment for cancer of the digestive tract. Although the success of surgical treatment has increased, it cannot progress much further. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been of limited palliative value. Other methods of treating cancer metastases must be found.
Parent Income–Based Gaps in Schooling: Cross-Cohort Trends in the NLSYs and the PSID

Both income inequality and the achievement test score gap between high- and low-income children increased dramatically in the United States beginning in the 1970s. Recent work by Chetty, Hendren, K...
Study on the Electric Drive Pitch System of Megawatt Wind Turbine

The variable-speed constant-frequency(VSCF) wind generator is the main trend type of current wind generators.And as one part of the core components of VSCF wind generator control system,the pitch system can effectively ensure the safety,stability and efficient operation of the wind generator.In the paper,the principles and the two kinds of actuators of pitch control were briefly introduced,and the basic structures of electric drive pitch system were analyzed significantly.Besides,the applications of dc servo motor and ac servo motor in electric pitch system were also analyzed.Through comparing the respective advantages and disadvantages of dc servo and ac servo systems,it is concluded that the ac servo system has greater advantages than the dc servo system combined with the increasing single wind generator capacity.
A Study on the Dynamic Changes of Ticket Income of Fuzhou National Forest Park

By accounting the ticket income of Fuzhou National Forest Park over the years and analysing the ticket income of the park in different periods,the paper explored the features of the evolution of the park's customers and the trend of development.The research result would serve as a decision-making base for the park's administration in developing tourist market.
Unsupervised Classification of Student Dialogue Acts with Query-Likelihood Clustering.

Dialogue acts model the intent underlying dialogue moves. In natural language tutorial dialogue, student dialogue moves hold important information about knowledge and goals, and are therefore an integral part of providing adaptive tutoring. Automatically classifying these dialogue acts is a challenging task, traditionally addressed with supervised classification techniques requiring substantial manual time and effort. There is growing interest in unsupervised dialogue act classification to address this limitation. This paper presents a novel unsupervised framework, query-likelihood clustering, for classifying student dialogue acts. This framework combines automated natural language processing with clustering and a novel adaptation of an information retrieval technique. Evaluation against manually labeled dialogue acts on a tutorial dialogue corpus in the domain of introductory computer science demonstrates that the proposed technique outperforms existing approaches. The results indicate that this technique holds promise for automatically understanding corpora of tutorial dialogue and for building adaptive dialogue systems.
In Vivo Imaging of Free Radicals and Oxygen

Free radicals are highly reactive compounds that play an essential role in many biological processes, both beneficial and deleterious. Detection and quantification of these species is critical to develop a better understanding of normal and pathophysiological functions at the cellular and tissue levels. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is the technique most commonly used for this purpose through the detection of exogenous probes or spin traps that interact with the free radical species of interest. Over the past several years, the spatial and temporal distribution of free radicals within cells and tissues has been of particular interest. This chapter briefly explains the principles and challenges in the use of EPR for biological samples and introduces the concept of EPR for free radical imaging purposes. In addition, specific examples are given for the use of EPR imaging in four principal areas: free radical probes, nitric oxide (NO), redox state, and oxygen (O(2)) concentration.
A three criteria data replication scheme using data mining for wireless cellular network

A centralized collaborative system between nodes and Base Stations (BSs) is developed, and a new data replication scheme based on group and query prediction mobility scheme with Data Mining techniques is proposed. Utilizing the group mobility with the properties of data objects this new scheme (in various sites) minimizes the cost of remote access and improves the response time of the queries. A series of algorithms is developed so that the system can provide the "prefetch" operation for the group of users according to their mobility and their shared data have to wait for them in their next appropriate cell. The data have to follow the user moves. Our new approach contains a prediction scheme for Group and Query Mobility (GQM) based on two phases the Merge Itemset Algorithm (MIA) and the Dynamic Replication Scheme with three Criteria (DRS3C) respectively. After the data reservation operation by site, the DRS3C can guarantee the acceleration of the query execution. DRS3C works in cooperation with MIA and Connection Admission Control (CAC) in order to minimize the network messages, and the response time. It can also be used in the design of any new architecture for distributed query processing. Simulation results are provided.
Deconstructing dis-identification : rethinking psychoanalytic concepts of male development

Contemporary feminist critiques of classical psychoanalytic models of women's development have produced a reconsideration of developmental theory and clinical practice in psychoanalysis-as it pertains to girls and women. Where does that leave boys and men? Taking its spark from the reframing of the psychoanalytic psychology of women, this article attempts to deconstruct traditional conceptualizations of boys' early development, forcing a rethinking of the vicissitudes of healthy adult masculinity. A central component of received psychoanalytic wisdom concerning men has been an expectation that, as boys, they must dis-identify from their mothers in order to achieve adequate masculine engendered identity or healthy male self structure. Now, this autonomy/separation qua mental health paradigm for healthy masculinity will be no longer be seen as an ideal, but rather as pathology-the basis for a normative developmental trauma of premature separation or an emotional abandonment which occurs in many young boys' preoedipal experience, coloring later affective expressions of empathy and intimacy in adult men. A reanalysis of the hidden meaning in the tale of Oedipus, a critical review of modern psychoanalytic infancy research and a clinical vignette will be used to illustrate an alternative, empathic, developmental model of gender and identity within the framework of a psychoanalytic depth psychology - a theory more in tune with men's genuine experience (conscious and unconscious), while remaining respectful of women's unique developmental pathways, as well.
Identifying Technologies and Communicating the Benefits and Risks of Disinfecting Wet Weather Flows

The primary objective of this project was to identify and communicate the benefits and risks of disinfecting wet weather flows by evaluating available disinfection technologies and identifying disinfection by-products and their potential risks to aquatic and human life. A decision-making framework was developed that could be used as a model to guide combined sewer overflow (CSO), sanitary sewer overflow (SSO) and stormwater (SW) disinfection control policies. This project was implemented as a case study in collaboration with the Onondaga County Department of Water Environment Protection (Syracuse, NY). A literature review was completed that identified appropriate disinfection technologies and the associated disinfection by-products. A disinfection demonstration was conducted to verify findings of the literature review and fill data gaps. The data collected during this project were used by local stakeholders to select the most appropriate technologies. Information regarding the benefits and risks of disinfecting wet weather flows was also presented to the public during a public workshop. Based on findings from the literature review and disinfection demonstration, hazards associated with wet weather flow disinfection appear low, but the potential for public opposition can be high. Therefore, proper communication planning to include stakeholders in the decision-making process and conduct public outreach is required. Stakeholders were included throughout the project through workshops. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843397090 (Print) ISBN: 9781780404448 (eBook)
Sigmund Freud: Introverted Spirited Power Physis Type

There can be little doubt that the founder of psychoanalysis, a discipline that relies on paying close attention to the interior world of dreams, fantasies and desires, was an introvert. The term, of course, is Jung’s, and considering the enmity toward Jung from Freud’s major biographers, none of them characterize him in that manner. Also, until recently, the term “introvert” carried a pejorative connotation and was associated with self-indulgent narcissism and deficient social adaptation. Freud’s biographers clearly did not want to emphasize this aspect of his personality. One needs to search carefully for references to his introverted temperament and deduce his introversion from descriptions of his personality and way of life. Ernest Jones, Freud’s authorized biographer, for example, mentions only in passing that in Freud’s university days, “Apart from peace and quiet for reading and the company of like-minded friends, he wanted little else than books”; his chief pleasure was going on solitary walks.1 Later, as a successful and respected psychoanalyst, Freud did not participate in the lively Viennese cafe scene, nor did he frequent theaters or the opera. Joan Riviere, who was analyzed by Freud and translated his early essays into English, observes “he appeared somewhat aloof,” and “could easily be bored by crowds and gatherings.”2 Close friends, family and select colleagues formed his social circle, which is the norm for introverts.
On-line Corrections for Factors That Affect Uniformity and Linearity

This is the second in a series of four continuing education articles on scintillation camera technology. After reading this article, the reader should be able to: 1) discuss the causes for camera nonuniformities; 2) list the methods for making uniformity and linearity corrections; and 3) describe the relative merits and limitations of various correction techniques.
Enhancing light-matter interaction with high-Q Fano dielectric metasurfaces

We experimentally demonstrate largely enhanced light-matter interaction using high-Q Fano dielectric metasurfaces. We observe large enhancements, spectral tailoring and lifetime shortening of the photoluminescence of single photon emitters embedded inside III-V all-dielectric metasurfaces.
A Leadership Intervention to Further the Training of Female Faculty (LIFT-OFF) in Radiology.

Rationale and Objectives Women are under-represented in the field of radiology, occupy a minority of leadership positions, and, at our institution, have not achieved the same level of academic success as their male counterparts. Consequently, the authors designed, implemented, and evaluated the Leadership Intervention to Further the Training of Female Faculty (LIFT-OFF) program to (1) improve access to opportunities for women's faculty development and advancement, and (2) improve clarification of expectations about the role and path of advancement. Materials and Methods LIFT-OFF was developed based on the results of a needs assessment survey. The results generated 14 priority topics, which served as the basis for educational modules conducted by expert speakers. Module effectiveness was assessed with pre- and postsurveys to elicit participant knowledge about the targeted subject matter. A formative program evaluation was performed at the completion of year 1 of 2 to assess outcomes and impacts to date. Results Seventeen of 55 (31%) educational module post-survey questions demonstrated a statistically significant ( P P = 0.046). Conclusions Faculty development programs such as LIFT-OFF can provide career development opportunities and executive skills necessary for women to achieve academic career success and assume leadership positions.
EARLY BOOKS ON INVESTING AT THE DAWN OF MODERN BUSINESS IN AMERICA

The purpose of this study is to enhance understanding of early investment practices and the role financial and other information played in those practices. The primary method employed is to examine early books on investing published in the U.S. Early authors described stock market operations including manipulations of security prices by the bulls and the bears. Their solution to this manipulation was to educate investors and provide company information, mostly through directories and manuals. This study shows that financial and other information was thought by the authors to be critically important at the time that the securities markets were first called upon to provide capital to the railroad industry, the first modern business in America.
A configural theory of transactive memory system

Based on and extending the transactive memory system literature, we take a social network approach to develop a configural framework of knowledge specialization and investigate the dynamic relation...
Method for temporal keyhole lobectomies in resection of low- and high-grade gliomas

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe a method of resecting temporal gliomas through a keyhole lobectomy and to share the results of using this technique. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of data obtained in all patients in whom the senior author performed resection of temporal gliomas between 2012 and 2015. The authors describe their technique for resecting dominant and nondominant gliomas, using both awake and asleep keyhole craniotomy techniques. RESULTS Fifty-two patients were included in the study. Twenty-six patients (50%) had not received prior surgery. Seventeen patients (33%) were diagnosed with WHO Grade II/III tumors, and 35 patients (67%) were diagnosed with a glioblastoma. Thirty tumors were left sided (58%). Thirty procedures (58%) were performed while the patient was awake. The median extent of resection was 95%, and at least 90% of the tumor was resected in 35 cases (67%). Five of 49 patients (10%) with clinical follow-up experienced permanent deficits, including 3 patients (6%) with hydrocephalus requiring placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and 2 patients (4%) with weakness. Three patients experienced early postoperative anomia, but no patients had a new speech deficit at clinical follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The authors provide their experience using a keyhole lobectomy for resecting temporal gliomas. Their data demonstrate the feasibility of using less invasive techniques to safely and aggressively treat these tumors.
Integer-Sided Triangles with Trisectible Angles

We consider the problem of finding integer-sided triangles for which all three angles in the triangle can be trisected with a compass and unmarked straightedge. Since some angles (such as 60°) cann...
Induction Cisplatin Docetaxel Followed by Surgery and Erlotinib in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background Data from meta-analyses support the use of induction or adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). This phase 2 study assessed the role of induction cisplatin and docetaxel followed by surgery in patients with resectable stage I to III NSCLCs, followed by 12 months of adjuvant erlotinib. Methods Patients with resectable stage I to III NSCLCs received cisplatin 80 mg/m 2 , docetaxel 75 mg/m 2 every 21 days for 3 cycles, followed by surgery, followed by adjuvant erlotinib for 12 months. The primary endpoint included safety. Long-term efficacy outcomes and exploratory analysis of intermediary endpoints are also reported (NCT00254384). Results Forty-seven eligible patients received a median of 3 cycles of induction treatment, 37 underwent surgical resection, and only 21 received adjuvant erlotinib. Two patients died in the perioperative period (1 sepsis during chemotherapy, 1 acute respiratory distress syndrome postoperatively). Most common grade 3 to 5 toxicities during chemotherapy included hypokalemia (8%), infection (7%), and granulocytopenia (25%). During adjuvant erlotinib, 14% of patients experienced grade 2 rash. Median overall survival was 3.4 years. Major pathologic responses in the primary tumor were observed in 19% (7 of 37) of patients and correlated with improved long-term overall survival. Complete pathologic response in mediastinal/hilar nodes also correlated with superior survival. Conclusions Induction cisplatin and docetaxel was well tolerated. Adjuvant erlotinib did not improve outcomes compared with historical controls. Major pathologic response predicted for improved long-term survival and is a suitable intermediary endpoint for future phase 2 studies.
Why people are always thinking about themselves: Medial prefrontal cortex activity during rest primes self-referential processing

Humans have a tendency to think about themselves. What generates this self-focus? One clue may come from the observation that the same part of the brain that supports self-reflection-the medial pFC MPFC/Brodmann's area 10 [BA 10]-also spontaneously engages by default whenever the brain is free from external demands to attention. Here, we test the possibility that the default tendency to engage MPFC/BA 10 primes self-referential thinking. Participants underwent fMRI while alternating between brief periods of rest and experimental tasks in which they thought about their own traits, another person's traits, or another location's traits. Greater default engagement in MPFC/BA 10 during momentary breaks preferentially facilitated task performance on subsequent self-reflection trials on a moment-to-moment basis. These results suggest that reflexively engaging MPFC/BA 10 by default may nudge self-referential thinking, perhaps explaining why humans think about themselves so readily.
Endoscopic sclerotherapy for dilated gastrojejunostomy after gastric bypass.

Introduction Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is an excellent option for weight loss in the morbidly obese. Unfortunately, some patients do have weight regain or insufficient weight loss. Revisional bariatric surgery is not without risk. Less invasive techniques may provide alternative treatments for patients that regain weight or have insufficient weight loss. This video demonstrates a technique of endoscopic sclerotherapy for dilated gastrojejunostomy after gastric bypass. Methods The technique is applied to patients who have had weight regain or insufficient weight loss following gastric bypass. Patients who have lost the feeling of satiety, undergone reeducation and recounseling of dietary changes, and have documented dilated gastrojejunostomy on upper endoscopy and/or a barium study are offered this technique. If the gastojejunostomy is larger than 12 mm, sodium morrhuate is injected with an endoscopic needle circumferentially. Results The gastrojejunostomy is injected with 6-30 cc of sodium morrhuate. By visual inspection, the anastomosis usually appears smaller after the procedure. Most patients report a subjective feeling of satiety after the endoscopic sclerotherapy. Reinjection after 3 months has been performed in some patients. Except mild nausea, the patients have experienced no morbidity or mortality from the procedure. Conclusions Endoscopic sclerotherapy may offer an alternative treatment for dilated gastrojejunostomy after gastric bypass. The technique described in the video is a relatively easy, safe method that may become the first line of therapy in patients who have a dilated gastrojejunostomy and have lost the feeling of satiety after gastric bypass with an associated weight gain.
In Vivo Significance of Triple-Stranded Nucleic Acid Structures

The PyPu tracts necessary for triplex formation occur in the genomes of various organisms. In eukaryotes, PyPu tracts a few dozen base pairs long constitute up to 1% of the entire genome (Birnboim et al., 1979; Hoffman-Liebermann et al., 1986; Manor et al., 1988; Wong et al., 1990; Bucher and Yagil, 1991; Tripathi and Brahmachari, 1991). They are less frequent in prokaryotic DNA but nevertheless are statistically overrepre-sented (Bucher and Yagil, 1991). Many of them have the potential for intramolecular triplex formation (Table 6.1). The nonrandom distribution of the PyPu tracts in eukaryotic genomes has suggested their involvement in various biological processes. The previous discussion dealt with several types of triple-helical nucleic acids: intramolecular triplexes in single (or shortly interrupted) PyPu tract (H DNA), intramolecular triplexes between the PyPu tract and the third strand donated by another distant PyPu tract, intermolecular triplexes between the PyPu tract and external poly(oligo)nucleotides, etc. It is possible that because they differ in structure, the various types of triplexes also have different biological roles. It is also interesting that a number of single-strand-binding proteins specific to homopurine (A,G)- or homopyrimidine (T,C)-containing regions have been found and are suggested to participate in the stabilization of triplex structure.
Glial mechanisms underlying substance use disorders

Addiction is a devastating disorder that produces persistent maladaptive changes to the central nervous system, including glial cells. Although there is an extensive body of literature examining the neuronal mechanisms of substance use disorders, effective therapies remain elusive. Glia, particularly microglia and astrocytes, have an emerging and meaningful role in a variety of processes beyond inflammation and immune surveillance, and may represent a promising therapeutic target. Indeed, glia actively modulate neurotransmission, synaptic connectivity and neural circuit function, and are critically poised to contribute to addictive-like brain states and behaviors. In this review, we argue that glia influence the cellular, molecular, and synaptic changes that occur in neurons following drug exposure, and that this cellular relationship is critically modified following drug exposure. We discuss direct actions of abused drugs on glial function through immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 4, as well as other mechanisms. We highlight how drugs of abuse affect glia-neural communication, and the profound effects that glial-derived factors have on neuronal excitability, structure, and function. Recent research demonstrates that glia have brain region-specific functions, and glia in different brain regions have distinct contributions to drug-associated behaviors. We will also evaluate the evidence demonstrating that glial activation is essential for drug reward and drug-induced dopamine release, and highlight clinical evidence showing that glial mechanisms contribute to drug abuse liability. In this review, we synthesize the extensive evidence that glia have a unique, pivotal, and underappreciated role in the development and maintenance of addiction.
Calculating Trajectories Associated With Solute Transport in a Heterogeneous Medium

Author(s): Vasco, DW; Pride, SR; Zahasky, C; Benson, SM | Abstract: We present a trajectory-based technique for calculating solute transport in a porous medium that has several advantages over existing methods. Unlike streamlines, the extended trajectories are influenced by each of the important parameters governing transport, including molecular diffusion and transverse dispersion. The approach is complete and does not require any additional techniques, such as operator splitting or particle tracking, in order to account for the full dispersion tensor. The semianalytic expressions make it clear how the flow field, the concentration distribution, and the dispersion tensor contribute to the velocity field of an injected solute. The equations are valid for an arbitrary porous medium, including those with rapid spatial variations in properties, overcoming limitations faced by previous approaches based upon asymptotic techniques. A test on a layered model with sharp boundaries indicates that the extended trajectories are compatible with the results of a numerical simulator and differ from streamlines. We also describe a new form of the dispersion tensor that incorporates a known asymmetry. The trajectories indicate that the modifications of the dispersion tensor lead to more focused transport within regions of high conductivity. Finally, the trajectories are used to define a semianalytic relationship between solute travel times and variations in solute velocities along a path that may be used for tomographic imaging. In an application to the injection of a radioactive tracer into a Berea sandstone core, monitored using micropositron emission tomographic (micro-PET) observations, the sensitivities are used to map the spatial variations of permeability within the core.