cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MGS electron density profiles: Analysis and modeling of peak altitudes

Abstract We have analyzed most of the electron density profiles returned from the Mars Global Surveyor Radio Science Experiment, with a view toward investigating the shapes of the profiles and the altitudes of the upper ( F 1 ) and lower ( E ) peaks as a function of solar zenith angle and solar activity. We first categorize the shapes of the profiles according to the morphology of the F 1 and E peaks, and find that there is an expected variation with solar activity of the two major types of shapes, those in which the E -peak appears as a shoulder on the bottomside of the F 1 peak, and those in which the E peak is separated by a small minimum from the F 1 peak. Since the peak altitudes have been shown to vary with planetocentric longitude, we divide the data into 36 10°E. longitude bins. We have plotted the peak altitudes of both the upper and lower peaks as a function of ln(effective secant χ ), where χ is the solar zenith angle. The “effective secant” is derived by integrating the densities along the line of sight to the Sun and dividing the result by the vertically integrated densities. We then fit the peak altitudes in each longitude bin with linear least squared regressions, and report the slopes and intercepts of the lines, which, in Chapman theory, correspond to the scale heights and the subsolar peak altitudes, respectively. We find that both parameters are highly variable, and the median slopes for the F 1 and E peaks are about 7 and 4 km, respectively. If interpreted as a scale height, the latter value implies a temperature in the unrealistic range of 70–75 K. In Chapman theory, there is no solar activity variation of the peak heights. When we plot the peak altitudes versus F 10.7 for each longitude bin, however, and fit them to a trendline, we find that the mean slopes are negative for both the F 1 and E peaks, although the slopes are in general smaller for the F 1 peaks. We conclude that the E peak heights are inversely correlated with solar activity, but the evidence is not as strong for the F 1 peaks. We compare electron density profiles from a numerical model to Chapman profiles, and show that the fit is poor for one Chapman profile, but is improved with a superposition of two Chapman profiles, although there are still large deviations, especially on the topside. Finally, we plot the peaks of the near-terminator numerical models for low and high solar activities as a function of ln(effective secant χ ), and find that the linear fits appear to be good, but the slopes are not indicative of the scale heights in our models, nor are the intercepts the same as the peak heights of our 0° models. We conclude from these various studies that there is considerable evidence for non-Chapman behavior in the ionosphere of Mars.
Predictive dynamic thermal and power management for heterogeneous mobile platforms

Heterogeneous multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs) powering mobile platforms integrate multiple asymmetric CPU cores, a GPU, and many specialized processors. When the MPSoC operates close to its peak performance, power dissipation easily increases the temperature, hence adversely impacts reliability. Since using a fan is not a viable solution for hand-held devices, there is a strong need for dynamic thermal and power management (DTPM) algorithms that can regulate temperature with minimal performance impact. This paper presents a DTPM algorithm based on a practical temperature prediction methodology using system identification. The DTPM algorithm dynamically computes a power budget using the predicted temperature, and controls the types and number of active processors as well as their frequencies. Experiments on an octa-core big. LITTLE processor and common Android apps demonstrate that the proposed technique predicts temperature within 3% accuracy, while the DTPM algorithm provides around 6× reduction in temperature variance, and as large as 16% reduction in total platform power compared to using a fan.
Effect of temperature on development, survival, oviposition, and diapause in laboratory populations of Sepedon fuscipennis (Diptera: Sciomyzidae)

Sepedon fuscipennis Loew was reared in the laboratory under constant temperature regimes to determine the effect of temperature on several life history features. Developmental and oviposition rates are greatest at 30/sup 0/C. Total survival of the immature stages is greatest at 33/sup 0/C. The intrinsic rate of increase is positive over the 15--33/sup 0/C range, and it peaks at 30/sup 0/C where r/sub m/ = 0.137 day/sup -1/. Adult longevity increases as temperature decreases. Total fecundity is highest at 21/sup 0/C. In the laboratory, most adults live beyond the age at which they contribute significantly to the intrinsic rate of increase. S. fuscipennis is a typical polyvoltine species exhibiting imaginal facultative diapause. Diapause is characterized by cessation of ovarian development, cessation of spermatogenesis, and hypertrophy of fat bodies. Both temperature and photoperiod influence diapause induction in the sensitive and responsive adult stage.
Interphase Fluorescencein SituHybridization Studies of Ovarian Adenocarcinomas Using the Midisatellite Probe

The genes involved in ovarian carcinogenesis are largely unknown. Cytogenetic studies have shown a large number of chromosomal abnormalities in ovarian cancers. Molecular studies have additionally found abnormalities. Few in situ hybridization studies have been performed on ovarian cancer tissues. We chose to study the distal region of chromosome 1p with the midisatellite probe and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. A total of 35 patient samples, including various controls and cancers, was collected from our pathology archives. Our cancer cases included some patients with stage I disease, in whom tumors arose in endometriotic cysts. In these cases, both tumor tissue and areas in the cyst distant from the tumor mass were examined. Results showed clear cell carcinoma nuclei to have an increase in both number and size of probe signals, interpreted as representing amplification of the probed region of chromosome 1. Serous carcinomas showed an increase in the number of signals, up to four. We felt this could be a result of amplification, or, because these cells exhibited the highest mitotic counts, to DNA doubling in preparation for mitosis. Endometrioid carcinomas resembled controls in showing up to two small probe signals, but not more. We conclude that amplification in distal chromosome 1p occurs in ovarian clear cell, and possibly serous, carcinomas and may not be important in endometrioid carcinomas. Because alteration was not found in the various control epithelia, including nonmalignant-looking areas from cysts which also contained cancer, we believe that the change, when present, may not be an early step in carcinogenesis.
Intergenerational Conflict in Korean Immigrant Homes and Its Effects on Children's Psychological Well-Being

Abstract This study is concerned with the nature of parent-child conflict in the Korean immigrant home and how such conflict impacts on children's self-esteem, depressive symptoms, sense of marginality and subsequently their coping behavior. Acculturative stresses of immigrant families and potential cultural sources for intergenerational conflict are explored. To test the relationship between intergenerational conflict and its impact on children's psychological well-being, the study relies upon 312 cases of survey data that were collected by Shalom Christian Counseling Center in Los Angeles in 1999-2001. Using a series of bivariate relationships and multiple regression analyses, we evaluate the relative effects of intergenerational relations and perceived marginality along with several demographic factors on dependent variables: self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and coping behavior. Our findings clearly demonstrate that conflictual intergenerational relations impact negatively on the psychological adaptat...
Successful Outcome of Cardiac Arrest Refractory to Advanced Cardiac Life Support Using Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for patients experiencing cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock refractory to standard advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) can improve survival outcomes. We report the successful resuscitation of a 66-year-old male with previous heart transplant who experienced cardiac arrest following a local injection of bupivicaine after an uneventful herniorrhaphy. He was managed with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and ACLS for 90 minutes before initiating CPB. He regained a normal perfusing rhythm and sustained no neurological deficits. Emergent CPB can be life-saving for patients in cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock even after prolonged CPR. doi:10.4021/jmc57e
Establishing schedule control over dropping to the floor

In contrast to inherently dangerous behaviors such as self-injury and aggression, some behaviors are problematic because of the context in which they occur. In the current study, we report on a boy who engaged in dropping to the floor both excessively and at inappropriate times. During the functional analysis, dropping occurred across all conditions, suggesting that it was either multiply maintained or maintained by automatic reinforcement. Treatment involved the use of discriminative stimuli and differential reinforcement with response cost to teach the client when dropping to the floor was and was not appropriate. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparing American Secondary Social Studies Teachers to Teach with a Global Perspective: A Status Report

Although many states and school systems have taken steps to address the need to develop stu dents' global perspectives, lack of teacher preparation is a major obstacle. This study identified 30 tea...
Instrumentation and Computer Based Data Acquisition for in-Situ Rock Property Measurements

This paper discusses instrumentation and computer based data acquisition for in-situ rock property measurements as applied to an experiment conducted at Stripa, Sweden in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Energy and the Swedish government. Electrical heaters were installed in an underground granite mass to simulate thermal loading by canisters of high-level nuclear waste. Extensometers, borehole deformation gages, vibrating wire stress meters, and thermocouples were used to monitor the thermomechanical response of the granite. A computer based data acquisition system recorded data, performed on-line computations and provided graphic output. A summary description is given of the experiment areas, heater systems, data acquisition hardware, and four types of instruments used for the in-situ rock property measurements.
Absence of Msx2 does not affect cardiac conduction or rescue conduction defects associated with Nkx2-5 mutation.

Msx2 and Cardiac Conduction. Introduction: The transcription factors governing embryonic development of the AV conduction system are largely unknown. Heterozygous mutations of the cardiac transcription factor Nkx2-5 causeAV conduction defects, which are associated with anatomic hypoplasia of the conduction system. In situ expression patterns of Msx2 in the mouse and chick embryonic heart have suggested a developmental function for this transcription factor. Homozygous Nkx2-5 knockout mouse embryos express Msx2 ectopically throughout the myocardium, suggesting Msx2 affects conduction system development through a transcriptional cascade starting with Nkx2-5. Several observations support a model in which Msx2 negatively regulates formation of the conduction system and inappropriate Msx2 up-regulation causes the conduction defects associated with Nkx2-5 mutation. Methods and Results: We obtained surface ECGs and performed intracardiac electrophysiologic studies in Msx2 knockout mice and in Nkx2-5 wild-type and heterozygous null mutant mice in an Msx2 null mutant background. Msx2 null mutant mice had normal cardiac conduction and no increased vulnerability to inducible arrhythmia. Absence of Msx2 did not alter the conduction defects observed in heterozygous Nkx2-5 knockout mice. Conclusion: Msx2 likely does not contribute to development of the conduction system. Abnormal Msx2 expression likely does not cause the AV conduction defects present in Nkx2-5 knockout mice.
Entropy of the Mixed State of Some Low-κ Type-II Superconductors

The entropy of the mixed state of type-II superconductors with low $\ensuremath{\kappa}(\ensuremath{\sim}1)$ is studied for the alloys ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{0.96}$${\mathrm{Tl}}_{0.04}$ and ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.88}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.12}$. The current theories are reviewed for approximations valid near ${H}_{c1}$ and near ${H}_{c2}$. The experiments show for the most reversible sample (${\mathrm{Pb}}_{0.96}$${\mathrm{Tl}}_{0.04}$) that ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}S}{\ensuremath{\partial}B})}_{T}$ of the mixed state depends only on temperature, and that ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}S}{\ensuremath{\partial}T})}_{B}$ increases linearly with $B$ from its value for the superconducting state until it drops discontinuously to its normal state value at ${H}_{c2}$. There is no abrupt increase in the specific heat at constant magnetic induction near ${H}_{c1}$ as is observed in the specific heat at constant applied magnetic field. A method of determining the thermodynamic critical field of an irreversible sample without assuming a parabolic form is discussed and applied to the data. The thermodynamic critical field determined in this way is used to calculate ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{2}$. The parameters are very nearly equal for ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{0.96}$${\mathrm{Tl}}_{0.04}$ with a temperature dependence of ${(1+{t}^{2})}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}1}{2}}$. Measurements of ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}S}{\ensuremath{\partial}B})}_{T}$ are also reported on the type-I superconductors Sn and Pb. The conclusion, as expected, is that ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}S}{\ensuremath{\partial}B})}_{T}$ in the intermediate state depends on the temperature only.
Effect of small doses of cortisone upon urinary 17-ketosteroid fractions in patients with ovarian dysfunction.

ABSTRACT. A study was made of the effects of cortisone or hydrocortisone in a dosage of 5 mg either every 8 hours or four times daily upon the 17-ketosteroid fractions in the urine of 10 women with varying degrees of ovarian dysfunction and 1 normal subject. The patterns of excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone and etiocholanolone before treatment varied considerably between different subjects, but were remarkably constant for each individual. Regardless of the pretreatment pattern, treatment resulted in significant decreases in all 3 fractions to a fairly constant pattern similar to that for the normal subject of this study and to the average pattern for normal women. Although these observations tend to favor the adrenal cortex as the primary site of a disorder of steroid metabolism in these patients, the existence of disorders of steroid metabolism in the ovary or liver as causes of similar clinical pictures cannot be excluded.
Teaching Students about Classic Findings on the Detection of Deception

I describe a classroom exercise that demonstrates people's inability to detect deception better than chance. In the exercise, students worked in pairs and took turns asking each other a series of questions. Students lied to their partners some of the time, and they in turn attempted to determine when their partners lied to them. Students also reported their degree of confidence in their lie detection abilities. The results consistently replicated classic findings in this area of research. In addition, students who participated in this exercise retained the knowledge gained from their participation for 6 to 30 months. I discuss the courses in which this exercise might be useful.
β2-Agonists Inhibit TNF-α-Induced ICAM-1 Expression in Human Airway Parasympathetic Neurons

Background Major basic protein released from eosinophils to airway parasympathetic nerves blocks inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on the parasympathetic nerves, increasing acetylcholine release and potentiating reflex bronchoconstriction. Recruitment of eosinophils to airway parasympathetic neurons requires neural expression of both intercellular adhesion molecular-1 (ICAM-1) and eotaxin. We have shown that inflammatory cytokines induce eotaxin and ICAM-1 expression in parasympathetic neurons.
Nanoscale size effects on photoconductivity of semiconducting polymer thin films

Bilayer polymer photoreceptors containing a trap-free tri-p-tolylamine-doped polycarbonate (TTA:PC) layer and a conjugated polymer layer are used to study nanoscale size effects in electronic polymers. A 3-fold enhancement of photogeneration quantum efficiency is observed as the thickness of poly(2,5-pyridylenebenzobisthiazole) (PPyBT) is reduced from 100 to 10 nm. The nanometer size effects originate from the small exciton diffusion lengths and the interfacial nature of the photocarrier generation.
Social responsivity in the profoundly mentally retarded.

The profoundly mentally retarded have been described (Swartz, Cleland, & Altman, 1971) as "doubly shielded" from sociocultural learnings as a function of their early and prolonged institutionalization and their massive cognitive deficit. Similarly, it has been noted that the literature on such persons is marked by pessimism in regard to their potential for therapeutic intervention and skepticism i n regard to their social sensitivity (Cleland & Altman, 1969; Altman, 1971; Cleland, 197 1 ) . Two recent studies have reported marked intra-subject consistency in response to two social stimuli, suggesting behavioral regularity or "personality" at this lowest level of retardation. Altman, Swartz, and Cleland (1970) reported distinct approach-avoidance behavior by profoundly retarded adults in response to steady gaze and Cleland, Altman, and Swartz (1971) were able to classify their adult Ss' responses to simulated aggression along the submission-dominance dimension. T h e present paper extends these earlier findings by reporting responses of a similar sample to one common form of social stimulation, the handshake. Twenry-six profoundly retarded adult males, ranging in CA from 13.3 to 50.9 ( M = 25.8) and ranging in Vineland Social Maturiry Quotients (SQ) from 1.0 to 22.0 ( M = 9.9), were approached by each of two adult male Es with right hand extended as if initiating a handshake. Each E delayed approach until S was attentive to him and all approaches were initiated from a distance of approximately 15 ft. On each trial to elicit the handshake, E kept his hand outstretched for as long as S attended since delayed responses are common in these Ss. A third E observed and recorded Ss' responses. Of this sample of 26 adults, handshakes were obtained by both Es from 20 Ss ( x % 7.54, 1 df, p < . O l ) . Of these 20 Ss 15 appropriately used their right hands for shaking, while 5 inappropriately extended left hands. (Notable was the elicitation of the handshake response from one S whose SQ was I!) In an attempt to validate these findings, Ss were observed in a variety of ocher activities indicative of handedness, including eating. It was noted that 15 of the 20 Ss (75%) exhibiting handshakes used the same preferred hand for eating and other activities. Of the 5 remaining Ss who produced handshakes, 3 used the right but ate with the left while two shook with the left but ate with the right,
A bayesian stopping rule for a single arm study : With a case study of stem cell transplantation

Continuous monitoring of treatment failures is an important issue in clinical studies of a single experimental treatment for high risk therapy such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) of Wald in 1947 and various alternative stopping rules have been proposed for sequential monitoring of adverse events. It is natural to use prior information to improve stopping rules and statistical analysis. A Bayesian stopping rule is developed and applied to an example of an umbilical cord blood transplant study performed at the University of Minnesota. Two strata, based on the number of nucleated cells per kg recipient body weight (the 'dose') are monitored separately and different rules are constructed for each stratum using different prior distributions. It is believed that patients in the lower dose group have a greater chance of graft failure than those in the higher dose group. A program, written in R, is also presented for calculating the stopping rule using the prior beliefs. The program is an improvement upon existing programs and it can be used for larger studies.
Hopf algebra orders determined by group valuations

Hopf algebra orders in the group algebra of a finite group can be used to get information on the representation theory of the group. In this paper, we describe a class of such orders that arises from group valuations on the group and use properties of these orders to get a new bound on the degrees of the absolutely irreducible representations of the group. In Section 1, we discuss the basic properties of group valuations. A group valuation is a real-valued function on the group that satisfies conditions that reflect the product and commutator relations on the group. We also introduce weighted filtrations. These correspond to group valuations and are sometimes more convenient for computation. Next, Hopf algebra orders are introduced and in Section 3, their relation to group valuations is discussed. There is a one-one correspondence between group valuations satisfying certain conditions reflecting the orders of the group elements and the pth power map (the p-adic order-bounded group valuations) and certain Hopf algebra orders in the group algebra. An important invariant associated with a Hopf algebra order A is e(LA), where LA is the ideal of left integrals in A. In Section 4, we compute E(L~) for those Hopf algebra orders associated with p-adic orderbounded group valuations. In Section 5, we apply the results of Section 4 to get a new bound on the degrees of the absolutely irreducible representations of a finite group. In Section 6, we compare the bound given in Section 5 with the bound given in Ito’s theorem (the degree of an absolutely irreducible representation must divide the index of any normal abelian subgroup) for the groups of order 2”, 0 < n < 6. The work in the first six sections is all local; in Section 7, we briefly describe the global situation, and discuss some of the open questions involving Hopf algebra orders. In this paper, we assume that the reader is familiar with the results and techniques of [S]. Throughout this paper, K is an algebraic number field and
Manganese: a transition metal protects nigrostriatal neurons from oxidative stress in the iron-induced animal model of parkinsonism.

It has been suggested that transition metals such as iron and manganese produce oxidative injury to the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system. which may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Intranigral infusion of ferrous citrate (0 to 8.4 nmol, i.n.) acutely increased lipid peroxidation in the substantia nigra and dopamine turnover in the caudate nucleus. Subsequently, it caused a severe depletion of dopamine levels in the rat caudate nucleus. In contrast to iron's pro-oxidant effect, manganese (up to 30 nmol, i.n.) causes neither lipid peroxidation nor nigral injury/dopamine depletion. Manganese (1.05 to 4.2 nmol, i.n.) dose-dependently protected nigral neurons from iron-induced oxidative injury and dopamine depletion. Manganese also suppressed acute increase in dopamine turnover and contralateral turning behaviour induced by iron. In brain homogenates manganese (0 to 10 microM) concentration-dependently inhibited propagation of lipid peroxidation caused by iron (0 to 5 microM). Without the contribution of manganese-superoxide dismutase manganese was still effective in sodium azide and/or heat-pretreated brain homogenates. Surprisingly, iron but not manganese, catalysed the Fenton reaction or the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radicals. The results indicate that iron and manganese are two transition metals mediating opposite effects in the nigrostriatal system, as pro-oxidant and antioxidant, respectively. In conclusion, intranigral infusion of iron, but not manganese, provides an animal model for studying the pathophysiological role of oxidant and oxidative stress in nigrostriatal degeneration and Parkinsonism. The present results further suggest that the atypical antioxidative properties of manganese may protect substantia nigra compacta neurons from iron-induced oxidative stress.
A learning network model of the neural integrator of the oculomotor system

Certain premotor neurons of the oculomotor system fire at a rate proportional to desired eye velocity. Their output is integrated by a network of neurons to supply an eye positon command to the motoneurons of the extraocular muscles. This network, known as the neural integrator, is calibrated during infancy and then maintained through development and trauma with remarkable precision. We have modeled this system with a self-organizing neural network that learns to integrate vestibular velocity commands to generate appropriate eye movements. It learns by using current eye movement on any given trial to calculate the amount of retinal image slip and this is used as the error signal. The synaptic weights are then changed using a straightforward algorithm that is independent of the network configuration and does not necessitate backwards propagation of information. Minimization of the error in this fashion causes the network to develop multiple positive feedback loops that enable it to integrate a push-pull signal without integrating the background rate on which it rides. The network is also capable of recovering from various lesions and of generating more complicated signals to simulate induced postsaccadic drift and compensation for eye muscle mechanics.
Optical scatter from nonuniform molecular films

Particle-induced light scatter reduces sensitivity and degrades performance of optical systems. Though particles are generally considered to be the primary source responsible for stray radiation, there is evidence that molecular contaminants also induce light scatter. The primary objective for this research effort has been to increase our understanding of molecular contaminant film growth and its implications for light scatter. Herein, our new molecular film deposition and imaging facility is described. In-situ imaging data, acquired from non-uniform films of contaminant analogues, has revealed that even small quantities (less than 100 angstrom mass equivalent) of molecular contamination can produce scattered light. These data suggest that small amounts of molecular contamination have the potential to significantly impact the performance of scatter sensitive optical systems.
Israel as Son of God in Torah

In Exodus 4:22, God declares, “Israel is my first-born son.” This image of the individual, Israel, continues through this and the remaining books of Torah. The masculine singular for Israel, the so...
Substrate Specificity of Bacterial Prolyl-tRNA Synthetase Editing Domain Is Controlled by a Tunable Hydrophobic Pocket

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the covalent attachment of amino acids onto their cognate tRNAs. High fidelity in this reaction is crucial to the accurate decoding of genetic information and is ensured, in part, by proofreading of the newly synthesized aminoacyl-tRNAs. Prolyl-tRNA synthetases (ProRS) mischarge tRNAPro with alanine or cysteine due to their smaller or similar sizes relative to cognate proline. Mischarged Ala-tRNAPro is hydrolyzed by an editing domain (INS) present in most bacterial ProRSs. In contrast, the INS domain is unable to deacylate Cys-tRNAPro, which is hydrolyzed exclusively by a freestanding trans-editing domain known as YbaK. Here, we have used computational and experimental approaches to probe the molecular basis of INS domain alanine specificity. We show that the methyl side chain of alanine binds in a well defined hydrophobic pocket characterized by conserved residues Ile-263, Leu-266, and Lys-279 and partially conserved residue Thr-277 in Escherichia coli ProRS. Site-specific mutation of these residues leads to a significant loss in Ala-tRNAPro hydrolysis, and altering the size of the pocket modulates the substrate specificity. Remarkably, one ProRS INS domain variant displays a complete switch in substrate specificity from alanine to cysteine. The mutually exclusive aminoacyl-tRNA substrate specificities of the WT and engineered INS domains is consistent with the evolution of two distinct editing domains that function to clear Ala-tRNAPro and Cys-tRNAPro in vivo.
Brain abscess and bacterial endocarditis in a Kerry Blue Terrier with a history of immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia

Objective: To describe a case of multifocal brain abscessation as a sequela from bacterial endocarditis in a dog with a 4-month history of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) and treatment with immunosuppressive therapies. Case summary: An 8-year-old spayed female Kerry Blue Terrier weighing 13 kg was presented for evaluation of progressive neurologic deficits after a 4-month history of immunosuppressive treatment of ITP. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed lesions consistent with multiple central nervous system abscesses and rupture of an abscess into an adjacent ventricle. Staphylococcus species were cultured from blood and cerebral spinal fluid and a vegetative lesion of the mitral valve was identified by echocardiographic examination. Intensive care, intravenous antibiotics, and supportive therapy led to resolution of clinical signs. Resolution of the vegetative lesion on the mitral valve was documented by serial echocardiographic examination. The dog was clinically normal 11 months after treatment. New or unique information provided: Bacterial endocarditis can be an occult infection and difficult to diagnose. Emboli from endocarditis are common, but those that affect the spleen and kidneys are often clinically silent in dogs. This case represents the first report of multifocal brain abscessation (documented with magnetic resonance imaging) as a sequela from bacterial endocarditis.
Functionalized Mesoporous Materials Obtained via Interfacial Reactions in Self-Assembled Silica−Surfactant Systems

A unique interfacial reactivity of self-assembled mesostructured silica−surfactant systems toward organosilanes was utilized to obtain ordered mesoporous materials such as MCM-41 with different surface functionality. The idea of this process is based on a direct replacement of electrostatic interactions between negatively charged silica species and surfactant cations by strong siloxane bonds. The current study shows that any suitable organosilane, having at least one reactive group (ClSi⋮, EtOSi⋮, MeOSi⋮) in the structure, is able to displace template from self-assembled silica−surfactant mesostructures and form a covalent bonding with the silica surface. The aforementioned displacement process allows for the synthesis of mesoporous materials with high degree of structural ordering, desired surface functionality and high coverage of bonded ligands. Also, a proper choice of silane and templating surfactant provides an opportunity to tune the pore size of the resulting materials. In addition, this process i...
On Speculation, Index Futures Markets, and the Link Between Market Volatility and Investor Welfare

This paper develops a trading model that incorporates informed speculators as well as investors who possess incorrect expectations about asset values. It is shown that the introduction of an index futures market, by stimulating additional misinformed speculation, increases market liquidity and adversely affects price variability and efficiency in the underlying stock markets. An analysis of the welfare of uninformed hedgers suggests that the relationship between uninformed investor welfare and two key parameters that dominate policy discussions, market liquidity and price variability, is quite tenuous.
Pseudopotential theoretical study of the alkali metals under arbitrary pressure: Density, bulk modulus, and shear moduli.

Milstein and Hill previously derived formulas for computing the bulk and shear moduli, \ensuremath{\kappa}, \ensuremath{\mu}, and \ensuremath{\mu}', at arbitrary pressures, for cubic crystals in which interatomic interaction energies are modeled by pairwise functions, and they carried out the moduli computations using the complete family of Morse functions. The present study extends their work to a pseudopotential description of atomic binding. Specifically: (1) General formulas are derived for determining these moduli under hydrostatic loading within the framework of a pseudopotential model. (2) A two-parameter pseudopotential model is used to describe atomic binding of the alkali metals, and the two parameters are determined from experimental data (the model employs the Heine-Abarenkov potential with the Taylor dielectric function). (3) For each alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs), the model is used to compute the pressure-versus-volume behavior and, at zero pressure, the binding energy, the density, and the elastic moduli and their pressure derivatives; the theoretical behavior is found to be in excellent agreement with experiment. (4) Calculations are made of \ensuremath{\kappa}, \ensuremath{\mu}, and \ensuremath{\mu}' of the bcc alkali metals over wide ranges of hydrostatic compression and expansion. (5) The pseudopotential results are compared with those of arbitrary\char21{}central-force models (wherein \ensuremath{\kappa}-(2/3)\ensuremath{\mu}=\ensuremath{\mu}'+2P) and with the specific Morse-function results. The pressures, bulk moduli, and zero-pressure shear moduli (as determined for the Morse and pseudopotential models) are in excellent agreement, but important differences appear in the shear moduli under high compressions. The computations in the present paper are for the bcc metals; a subsequent paper will extend this work to include both the bcc and fcc structures, at compressions and expansions where elastic stability or lattice cohesion is, in practice, lost.
A spring model and equivalent neural network for arm posture control

A model is introduced for the motor program which controls final position. The first part of the model relates the biomechanical properties of the muscles to the EMG activities of the extensor and flexor muscles and thereby generates quatitative predictions for the relationships between the EMGs, final position, external forces, muscle stiffness, and muscle tension. To the extent that comparable data exist, the model is shown to give correct quantitative predictions. When only qualitative comparisons can be made, the model is consistent with the data in the literature. The model is complete and can be tested quantitatively in detail in the future. An equivalent circuit for the neural network that innervates the muscles is given. It is shown to have the advantages of making the programming of final position simple to either compute or lookup in a table. In addition, new situations, such as adapting to a force, or an unusual viewing angle, lead to very simple changes in the basic program in terms of the equivalent circuit.
Outcome predictors of pallidal stimulation in patients with primary dystonia: the role of disease duration

Pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently the most effective treatment for advanced, medically refractory dystonia. However, factors predicting clinical outcome are not well defined. We reviewed the clinical records of 39 consecutive patients with medically refractory primary dystonia who underwent pallidal DBS implants. Thirty-five patients were implanted bilaterally and four unilaterally. Seven patients had fixed skeletal deformities (FSD). The Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) scores at baseline, 3 and 12 months after DBS were used to evaluate clinical outcome. We investigated the outcome predictive role of several demographic and clinical factors. FSD patients had a significantly inferior outcome at 12 months, mostly affected by axial scores. All other patients (n = 32) showed a remarkable improvement (median BFMDRS percentage improvement = 87.8). Only disease duration showed a significant correlation with DBS outcome at 3 and 12 months. No other demographic and baseline clinical features predicted DBS outcome. This study confirms that patients with primary, medically refractory dystonia are generally outstanding candidates for pallidal DBS, with the possible exception of axial FSD. Patients with shorter duration of disease may expect a better general outcome. No particular predictive value should be assigned to age at onset, age at surgery, severity of disease, DYT1 status and the presence of phasic or tonic involuntary movements.
Pitot Tube and Wind Tunnel Studies of the Flow Induced by a One Atmosphere Uniform Glow Discharge Plasma (OAUGDP) Actuator

Summary form only given. The field of plasma aerodynamics is of growing interest, particularly boundary layer control and flow acceleration by paraelectric and peristaltic plasma actuators. In this paper, we will present the results from Pitot tube velocity profile measurements and smoke flow visualization tests conducted in the 7 × 31 low speed wind tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. We will present measurements of the flow fields associated with paraelectric, peristaltic, and a combination of both paraelectric and peristaltic plasma actuators. In the latter case, the paraelectric effect adds to the plasma flow velocity induced by the peristaltic electrostatic traveling wave. We will also present results of our recent development program to build a low cost power supply to energize plasma actuator configurations for both paraelectric and peristaltic flow acceleration. The power supply consists of inexpensive automotive ignition coil transformers, audio amplifiers, and a DC battery. Using this power supply system, plasma actuators were energized at voltages between 2 and 8 kV, at frequencies between 0.5 and 8 kHz. This paper will also present experimental data on paraelectric and peristaltic flow velocities obtained using this economical power supply
Are glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans components of the eukaryotic genome

THE eukaryotic genome is composed primarily of DNA and a complex and heterogeneous array of proteins. Evidence is rapidly accumulating to suggest that these chromosomal proteins are important in determining structural as well as functional properties of the genome1–6. In addition to being implicated in packaging of the cell's genetic information7–12, chromosomal proteins render limited and defined genetic sequences available for transcription13–23. But the specific properties and mode of interaction of genome components remain to be resolved. We present here evidence that several molecular weight classes of chromosomal proteins are glycoproteins. Furthermore, we report the association of glycosaminoglycans, another class of carbohydrate-containing macromolecules, with the eukaryotic genome.
A one-copy algorithm for 2-D shuffles for optical omega networks

Abstract We present a new procedure called the one-copy algorithm which implements various types of shuffles on a 2-D array of signal channels. Both 2-D folded and separable shuffles are considered. Perfect shuffles and r -shuffles on a 2-D array having r m channels, where r is prime and m is even, are studied. We discuss potential applications of this algorithm to 2-D r k -shuffles and their inverse operations. The one-copy algorithm is important for optical implementation of Omega (shuffle/exchange) networks because it leads to systems with very high light efficiency.
Equivalence of the first-order generalized phase shift and first-order time-dependent perturbation treatments of rotational excitation

Abstract For atom-rigid rotor scattering in the limit of high initial rotor states, it is shown that the first-order approximation of the GPS treatment is equivalent to first-order time-dependent perturbation theory, with the assumption of curved, planar trajectories.
Dose-related statin myopathy: is it an issue?

Higher doses lead to more cases of myopathy, a potentially serious problem. Fortunately, the incidence is very low.
Social desirability bias in diary panels is evident in panelists' behavioral frequency.

The purpose was to analyze a large-scale database, a national sample of 1,108 heads of households collected by AT&T, to show that behavioral frequencies of the activities of consumer diary panelists may regress toward the population mean during the diary-keeping period given social desirability bias produced by the conditioning effect of keeping diaries. This effect is distinguished from regression toward the mean, a statistical phenomenon reflecting happenstance of extreme initial values. Social desirability bias is demonstrated in two ways—by observing decreasing coefficients of variation over time and by detecting a greater proportion of panelists' behavioral frequencies moving toward the population mean than moving away from it. Both cannot be explained by regression toward the mean. Social desirability bias was manifest only during the early stages of the diary-keeping period and only for activities high in involvement. The presence of social desirability bias in diary panels implies that, when peopl...
Theoretical Study of the Concerted and Stepwise Mechanisms of Triazolinedione Diels−Alder Reactions

The Diels−Alder (DA) reactions of triazolinedione (TAD) with s-cis- and s-trans-butadiene have been investigated theoretically with density functional theory. All geometries were fully optimized at the Becke3LYP/6-31G* level. For butadiene, the asynchronous concerted pathway dominates; only stereospecific DA products should be formed. The endo transition structure is 9.7 kcal/mol lower in energy than the exo TS; this exo-lone-pair preference comes from the electrostatic repulsion of the lone pairs on nitrogens with the π-system of butadiene. The stepwise mechanism leads to an aziridinium imide (AI) intermediate. The stepwise formation of AI intermediates is only 2.9−6.0 kcal/mol higher in energy than the asynchronous concerted mechanism. The AI intermediates can open to form a diradical or zwitterion which can react to yield nonstereospecific Diels−Alder, ene, or solvent-trapping products.
Destination loyalty: Effects of wine tourists’ experiences, memories, and satisfaction on intentions:

The present study analyzed survey data from 970 tourists to evaluate their Lake Erie wine region experience. Using structural equation modeling, an adapted scale of the experience economy’s 4Es (i.e. educational, esthetic, entertainment, and escapist experiences) proved reliable and valid for measuring rural wine tourism. This study contributes new information to research examining the 4Es applied to tourism venues by showing the 4Es’ impact on tourist response to loyalty for an entire destination. Structural modeling demonstrated the dominance of the esthetic experience in predicting positive memories and destination loyalty in the wine tourism context. Education played a significant but lesser role in creating memories and satisfaction but not in destination loyalty. Although the esthetic experience’s preeminence was consistent with other findings, these results contradict Pine and Gilmore’s assertion that simultaneous incorporation of the 4Es is necessary.
The Equalizing Hand: Why Adam Smith Thought the Market Should Produce Wealth Without Steep Inequality

That the market economy inevitably leads to inequality is widely accepted today, with disagreement confined to the desirability of redistributive action, its extent, and the role of government in the process. The canonical text of liberal political economy, Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, is assumed even in the most progressive interpretations to accept inequality, rationalized as the inevitable trade-off for increasing prosperity compared to less developed but more equal economies. I argue instead that Smith's system, if fully implemented, would not allow steep inequalities to arise. In Smith, profits should be low and labor wages high, legislation in favor of the worker is “always just and equitable,” land should be distributed widely and evenly, inheritance laws liberalized, taxation can be high if it is equitable, and the science of the legislator is necessary to put the system in motion and keep it aligned. Market economies are made in Smith's system. Political theorists and economists have highlighted some of these points, but the counterfactual “what would the distribution of wealth be if all the building blocks were ever in place?” has not been posed. Doing so encourages us to question why steep inequality is accepted as a fact, instead of a pathology that the market economy was not supposed to generate in the first place.
Patterns of molecular evolution and diversification in a biodiversity hotspot: the California Floristic Province

The California Floristic Province harbours more endemic plant and animal taxa and more identifiable subspecies than any other area of comparable size in North America. We present evidence that physical historical processes have resulted in congruent patterns of genetic diversity over the past 2-10 million years. Using a molecular clock approach we show that diversification and establishment of spatial genetic structure across six taxonomic groups coincide with the putative age of California's mountain ranges and aridification in the region. Our results demonstrate the importance of geographical barriers and climatological events to species diversification and the overall geographical structure of biodiversity. These results should facilitate conservation efforts in this biodiversity hotspot for taxa whose population genetic structure is still unknown and may suggest the potential utility of this approach in regional conservation planning efforts.
Micromechanical and microfluidic devices incorporating resonant metallic gratings fabricated using nanoimprint lithography

Optical filters based on resonant gratings have spectral characteristics that are lithographically defined. Nanoimprint lithography is a relatively new method for producing large area gratings with sub-micron features. Computational modeling using rigorous coupled-wave analysis allows gratings to be designed to yield sharp reflectance maxima and minima. Combining these gratings with microfluidic channels and micromechanical actuators produced using micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology forms the basis for producing tunable filters and other wavelength selective elements. These devices achieve tunable optical characteristics by varying the index of refraction on the surface of the grating. Coating the grating surface with water creates a 33% change in the resonant wavelength whereas bringing a grating into contact with a quartz surface shifts the resonant wavelength from 558 nm to 879 nm, a fractional change of 58%. The reflectivity at a single wavelength can be varied by approximately a factor of three. Future applications of these devices may include tunable filters or optical modulators.
Soft-input soft-output decoding of variable length codes

We present a method for utilizing soft information in decoding of variable length codes (VLCs). When compared with traditional VLC decoding, which is performed using "hard" input bits and a state machine, the soft-input VLC decoding offers improved performance in terms of packet and symbol error rates. Soft-input VLC decoding is free from the risk, encountered in hard decision VLC decoders in noisy environments, of terminating the decoding in an unsynchronized state, and it offers the possibility to exploit a priori knowledge, if available, of the number of symbols contained in the packet.